text:
- A new study of nearly 400 mother-and-infant pairs analyzed bacteria in breast milk.
- It found that milk from moms who pumped had a different balance of bacteria than milk from moms who breastfed directly.
- Milk from moms who pumped had lower levels of one type of bacteria that experts believe to be beneficial, and higher levels of bacteria that are potentially harmful, according to the study.
- But the study doesn't show that pumped milk is bad, co-author Dr. Meghan Azad told INSIDER.
- Instead, the findings can drive future research toward better nutrition for all babies, she said.
Breast milk from nursing moms who pump could have lower levels of good bacteria and higher levels of potentially harmful bacteria, according to a new study.
The study, published Wednesday in the peer-reviewed journal Cell Host and Microbe, looked at 393 mother-and-infant pairs enrolled in the long-term Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development birth cohort study, known as the CHILD study. The long-term project is a collaboration to explore the effects of genetics and environmental factors on participants' health over time.
For this study, researchers analyzed breast milk samples from the mothers to see what microbes they contained. Breast milk was previously thought to be sterile, but it does contain bacteria, the authors wrote in the paper.
"The initial question was, what does the milk bacteria profile really look like? This has been relatively understudied," study co-author Dr. Meghan Azad, a research scientist at the Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, told INSIDER. "We saw that it was highly variable — milk from different mothers contained different types and combinations of bacteria. So then our second question was, why the difference?"
Using information they'd collected about the mothers, the researchers analyzed how different factors, like how their baby was delivered, feeding methods, and body mass index, might be related to the differences in their milk's bacteria.
Different feeding methods were linked with a different mix of bacteria in breast milk, according to the study
"The most consistent factor, after exploring many possibilities, was the method of feeding," Azad said. "So moms who only fed at the breast had a different mix of bacteria in their milk than moms who used a pump."
First, the researchers found that compared with milk from moms who breastfed directly, pumped milk had lower levels of bifidobacteria, which is common in the infant gut and "generally thought to be a good and helpful bacterium," Azad said.
Second, milk from moms who pumped had a higher abundance of "potential opportunistic pathogens," Azad said.
"These are microbes that in certain contexts could possibly lead to infection, but this depends on other factors like what other bacteria are present, and whether the individual is immunocompromised," Azad said. "So it is not the case that if your milk contains these bacteria, your baby will necessarily get sick. It's not that straightforward. But it is an interesting finding that deserves further investigation."
The study didn't show that pumped milk is bad
Azad added that the study "does not show that pumped milk is bad."
"Breast milk is beneficial for many reasons, and for some moms, pumping might be the only way they can provide breast milk to their babies for a variety of reasons," she told INSIDER. "So we certainly don't want to discourage pumping, but rather raise the question of what does this mean and what further research needs to be done."
Instead, she added, the findings raise questions about what the difference in bacteria means and what future research should be done to better understand it.
Previous research has shown that babies fed pumped milk can have different health outcomes
Azad and her research group previously published studies showing that different infant feeding methods are linked with different health outcomes for babies.
One published in 2017 looked at how infants were fed and whether or not they developed asthma. Another, published in 2018, looked at feeding methods and how much weight babies gained over time.
"In those studies... we've seen that babies who were exclusively breastfed at the breast have the healthiest body weights and also the lowest risk of developing asthma when compared to babies who received only formula," Azad said. "Breastfed babies who received some pumped breastmilk were in between — meaning they had a higher risk than babies fed exclusively at the breast, but a lower risk than formula-fed babies."
Azad said there are many possibilities that could potentially explain these differences. One idea is that pumping milk might change its composition — after pumping, certain bioactive elements in the milk might degrade, or the pump itself might introduce new elements, she added. For this new study, the researchers simply honed in on one specific aspect of breast milk composition: its bacterial profile.
The new findings could provide one clue that may explain why her research group observed different health outcomes in babies who were fed in different ways, Azad explained.
For now, the authors of the paper wrote that more research is needed to replicate these findings in new groups of participants and investigate their implications for babies' health.
Future research can help improve nutrition for all babies
Azad said that further investigation on this subject can lead to helpful recommendations for parents.
"By understanding more about the difference between pumped milk and breastfeeding...we can empower all moms, regardless of how they choose to feed their babies. This might involve new recommendations about bottle feeding, cleaning breast pumps, or storing pumped milk, or new supplements for babies that can't be breastfed," she said. "These are all things that we'll learn by doing the research."
She added that the message from this new study is not for any parents to feel alarmed or guilty.
"We know that parents are already under a lot of stress," she said. "But I think the bigger picture is that this type of research is important to improve informed decision making and nutrition for all babies in the future."


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The evolution of a ZENFORM requires that the Protector has enough skill points which are spent to allow the evoluton to occur. ZENFORMS branch their evolution based on their stats, which are attack, defense and and speed meaning each ZENFORM has the protential to become powerful attackers, strong defenders or swift speedsters.
ZENFORMS have five stages of evolution. The Newborn can progress to Child, Adolescent, Adult and finally to the Grand stage. When evolving a zenform the rank will change, a little bar with stars on it as you can see in battle. The color the bar is shows what stage of evolution a zenform is, newborn is clear, child is green, adolescent is blue, adult is red, but grand is currently unknown.
The Child stage is the second in the evolutionary chain of ZENFORMS. What Child form a Newborn takes relies on its highest Physical Stat. Evolving a ZENFORM to the Child stage costs 1000 SP.
Child stage ZENFORMS evolve into one of four Adolescents depending on their current form and highest physical stat(s) not represented by their form. Evolving a ZENFORM to the Adolescent stage costs 2500 SP.
The Adult stage is dependent on the highest Elemental Stat of the Adolescent. Each Adolescent has four Adult variants.
The method for reaching the Grand stage is largely unknown - only the very best Protectors have discovered it.Yay!

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
high speed to partially dry the crystals the machine then slows down and a plough shaped arm is deployed which ploughs out the sugar from the sides of the centrifuge from the top to the bottom onto conveying plant underneath where it i tranported ino a rotating granulator where it is dried using warm air.
The high green syrup is fed to a Raw Sugar vaccum pan from which a second batch of sugar is produced. This sugar ("raw") is of lower quality with more colour and impurities, and is the main source of the sugar dissolved again into the mother liquor. The syrup from the raw (Low green syrup) is boiled for a long time in AP Pans and sent to slowly flow around a series about eight crystallisers From this, a very low-quality sugar crystal is produced (known in some systems as "AP sugar") that is also redissolved. The syrup separated is molasses, which still contains sugar, but contains too much impurity to undergo further processing economically.the molasses is stored on site and is added to dried beet pulp to make animal feed some is also sold in bulk tankers
Actual procedures may vary from the above description, with different recycling and crystallisation processes.
||This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2012)|
In a number of countries, notably the Czech Republic and Slovakia, beet sugar is used to make a rum-flavored hard liquor known as tuzemák. On the Åland Islands, a similar drink is made under the brand name Kobba Libre. In some European countries, especially in the Czech Republic and Germany, beet sugar is also used to make rectified spirit and vodka.
- Sugar beet syrup
An unrefined sugary syrup can be produced directly from sugar beet. This thick, dark syrup is produced by cooking shredded sugar beet for several hours, then pressing the resulting mash and concentrating the juice produced until it has the consistency similar to that of honey. No other ingredients are used. In Germany, particularly the Rhineland area, this sugar beet syrup (called Zuckerrüben-Sirup or Zapp in German) is used as a spread for sandwiches, as well as for sweetening sauces, cakes and desserts.
Commercially, if the syrup has a dextrose equivalency (DE) above 30, the product has to be hydrolyzed and converted to a high-fructose syrup, much like high-fructose corn syrup, or isoglucose syrup in the EU.
Many road authorities in North America now use desugared beet molasses as de-icing or anti-icing products in winter control operations. The molasses can be used directly, combined with liquid chlorides and applied to road surfaces, or used to treat the salt spread on roads. Molasses can be more advantageous than road salt alone because it reduces corrosion and lowers the freezing point of the salt-brine mix, so the de-icers remain effective at lower temperatures. The addition of the liquid to rock salt has the additional benefits that it reduces the bounce and scatter of the rock salt, keeping it where it is needed, and reduces the activation time of the salt to begin the melting process.
- Alternative fuel
The feedstock-to-yield ratio for sugarbeet is 56:9. Therefore, it takes 6.22 kg of sugar beet to produce 1 kg of ethanol (approximately 1.27 l at room temperature).
Sugar beets are an important part of a crop rotation cycle.
Sugar beet plants are susceptible to Rhizomania ("root madness"), which turns the bulbous tap root into many small roots, making the crop economically unprocessable. Strict controls are enforced in European countries to prevent the spread, but it is already endemic in some areas. It is also susceptible to the beet leaf curl virus, which causes crinkling and stunting of the leaves.
Continual research looks for varieties with resistance, as well as increased sugar yield. Sugar beet breeding research in the United States is most prominently conducted at various USDA Agricultural Research Stations, including one in Fort Collins, Colorado, headed by Linda Hanson and Leonard Panella; one in Fargo, North Dakota, headed by John Wieland; and one at Michigan State University in East Lansing, Michigan, headed by J. Mitchell McGrath.
Other economically important members of the Chenopodioideae subfamily:
In the United States, genetically modified sugar beets, engineered for resistance to glyphosate, a herbicide marketed as Roundup, was developed by Monsanto as a genetically modified crop. Glyphosate-resistant sugar beets contain a biosynthetic gene that protects it from the effects of glyphosate when it is applied to the crop as a means to control weeds. In 2005, the US Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA-APHIS) deregulated glyphosate-resistant sugar beets after it conducted an environmental assessment and determined glyphosate-resistant sugar beets were highly unlikely to become a plant pest. Sugar from glyphosate-resistant sugar beets has been approved for human and animal consumption in the European Union and the United States. Studies have concluded the sugar from glyphosate-resistant sugar beets has the same nutritional value as sugar from conventional sugar beets (not genetically modified or non-GMO).
Role of glyphosate-resistant sugar beets in the United States
Glyphosate-resistant sugar beets play an important role in the United States' sugar industry. The United States imports 10% of its sugar from other countries, while the remaining 90% is extracted from domestically grown sugar beets and sugarcane. Of the domestically grown sugar crops, half of the extracted sugar is derived from sugar beets, and the other half is from sugarcane. After deregulation in 2005, glyphosate-resistant sugar beets were extensively adopted in the United States. About 95% of sugar beet acres in the US were planted with glyphosate-resistant seed in 2011.
The ability to effectively and efficiently control weeds in glyphosate-resistant sugar beets is one of the many reasons why the glyphosate-resistant sugar beet has been widely adopted in the United States. Elimination of weeds is important in sugar beet fields because they compete with the crop for water, nutrients and light. Weeds may be chemically controlled using glyphosate without harming the crop. After planting sugar beet seed, weeds emerge in fields and growers apply glyphosate to control them. Glyphosate is commonly used in field crops because it controls a broad spectrum of weed species and has a low toxicity.
Prior to glyphosate, growers used other herbicides to control weeds in conventional sugar beet fields. While these chemicals are still available in small quantities, they are not as effective as glyphosate and require stricter application procedures. They also tend to injure the sugar beet crop.
Since herbicide options are limited in conventional sugar beet fields, growers rely on different methods to control their weeds. One method to reduce weed populations is mechanical control, which uses tillage equipment to move soil and disturb weeds. Tillage equipment is necessary in both glyphosate-resistant and conventional sugar beet fields, but it is used more frequently in conventional systems. This may be problematic because greater use of tillage equipment directly correlates to higher input production costs, as more fuel is required to run the equipment.
In addition to greater use of tillage equipment in conventional sugar beet fields, hand labor is another useful approach to control weeds. Each year, thousands of migrant workers travel around the United States to work in agricultural fields, including sugar beet fields. The widespread adoption of glyphosate-resistant sugar beet, however, has decreased the demand for migrant workers. Unlike conventional sugar beets, weed control is greater in glyphosate-resistant sugar beet fields and migrant workers are no longer needed.
According to Monsanto, "Weeds that emerge prior to or with sugarbeets cause the most yield losses" because these weeds "can compete with the crop for nutrients, soil moisture, and light, therefore reducing yield and sugar content" and glyphosate-resistance sugar beets allow the use of glyphosate to kill those weeds without harming the sugar beet. One study from the UK supports that contention, while another from the North Dakota State University extension service found lower yields.
- Weed resistance
Many weeds in the United States and worldwide are resistant to glyphosate. Resistance develops when growers use the same herbicide, or mode of action, every year to control their weeds. Applying different herbicide modes of action reduces the risk of resistance.
The introduction of glyphosate-resistant sugar beets may contribute to the growing number of glyphosate-resistant weeds because sugar beets may be rotated with other glyphosate-resistant crops, such as soybeans. If using all glyphosate-resistant crops, growers may control their weeds every year solely using glyphosate - a weed-control strategy that is not recommended because it increases the likelihood of resistance.
Monsanto has developed a program to encourage growers to use different herbicide modes of action to control their weeds in all cropping systems. Growers receive financial support when purchasing multiple herbicides.
Litigation over glyphosate-resistant sugar beet
On January 23, 2008, the Center for Food Safety, the Sierra Club, and the Organic Seed Alliance and High Mowing Seeds filed a lawsuit against USDA-APHIS regarding their decision to deregulate glyphosate-resistant sugar beets in 2005. The organizations expressed concerns regarding glyphosate-resistant sugar beets' ability to potentially crosspollinate with conventional sugar beets.
On September 21, 2009, U.S. District Judge Jeffrey S. White, US District Court for the Northern District of California, ruled that USDA-APHIS had violated federal law in deregulating glyphosate-resistant sugar beets without adequately evaluating the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of allowing commercial production. The USDA estimated a sugar shortage would cost consumers $2.972 billion in 2011.
On August 13

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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As I understand it, the phase where it interpolates between images is called "blending". I don't think it's feasible to achieve 100% perfect alignment, so instead is there some way I can disable blending, and just have each pixel come from the nearest photo? It's ok if that causes some edge effects between photos.
You can tell Hugin to keep the intermediate corrected images by checking Exposure corrected, low dynamic range as shown in the image below. The intermediate images will be corrected for lens distortion, vignetting, and exposure issues. You can then merge the images in the program of your choice. You'll have a difficult time doing better than Enblend unless you're very adept at merging images.
Judging from your pano, you'll probably find that your intermediate images won't merge well because the control point generator most likely had a hard time picking control points since your image is a seething sea of sameness (the trees/brush look very similar). You'll find that the lens distortion correction will be off due to large control point errors.
When you do an optimization, Hugin will report a mean error after optimization. If your error is large (perhaps larger than 20 pixels), time to manually pick your control points (click on the Control Points tab). The Control Points tab will also show errors (be sure to optimize before looking at the errors). If you find that a pair of control points have a large error, you can delete the control points or improve the positions.
There's also another point of how you shot the pano. There are techniques for shooting panos that need to be adhered to for best results, mainly panning the camera about the entrance pupil, or the no-parallax point, of the lens (you need to experimentally determine this point). For your shot, I don't think you have parallax problems since the scenery is far away, just a confused control point generator. [edit addition] It's also recommended that you have a minimum of 30% overlap of your images which allows the pano program to correct for lens distortion and vignetting as well as generating enough control points.


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Heartbreaking story of 18-month-old Roona who is suffering because her family cannot afford to pay for treatment
These heartbreaking pictures show a rural Indian girl of just 18 months old suffering from hydrocephalus, a build up of fluid inside the skull.
The family of Roona Begum, from the village of Jirania in India's north-eastern state of Tripura, cannot afford to pay for her to be treated.
Her father Abdul Rahman, 26, works in a brick factory, where he earns the equivalent of just £1.79 a day.
Babies who are born with hydrocephalus would normally require prompt surgical treatment to avoid being left permanently disabled.
But without the means to pay for a doctor, Mr Rahman and his family can only do their best to keep Roona comfortable as they watch her condition slowly and inexorably deteriorate.
Sometimes misleadingly known as water on the brain, hydrocephalus is caused by a build-up of the cerebrospinal fluid inside the skull, increasing pressure on the brain inside.
The brain constantly produces new cerebrospinal fluid at the rate of about a pint a day, while old fluid is released from the brain and reabsorbed into the blood vessels.
But if this process is interrupted, as in individuals with hydrocephalus, levels of the fluid can quickly build up and place pressure on the brain, causing headaches, blurred vision and, eventually, permanent brain damage.
'Left untreated, if it progresses very quickly, the babies usually die because their brain tissues are unable to adapt,' said Gill Yaz, health development manager for Shine, a UK charity set up to help people affected by hydrocephalus.


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Jump to Main Content
Thermally-treated strawberry extrudate: A rich source of antioxidant phenols and sugars
- Rodríguez-Gutiérrez, Guillermo, Cardoso, Juan Cubero, Rubio-Senent, Fátima, Serrano, Antonio, Borja, Rafael, Fernández-Bolaños, Juan, Fermoso, Fernando G.
- Innovative food science & emerging technologies 2019 v.51 pp. 186-193
- agricultural wastes, antioxidant activity, antioxidants, bioactive compounds, food waste, heat treatment, landfills, liquids, phenols, solubilization, strawberries, sugars
- Strawberries have antioxidant, cardiovascular, and antiproliferative properties. The agroindustrial production of strawberry concentrate generates a food waste after extrudation that is usually landfilled. This strawberry extrudate is a rich source of valuable bioactive compounds such as phenols and sugars. In the present study, industrial thermal treatments currently in use for the valorization of other agricultural wastes were determined to be suitable for the treatment of strawberry extrudate. Thermal treatment conditions in the range of 90 °C to 200 °C were studied. Thermal treatment at 150 °C for 60 min without acid addition was the most efficient process based on the solubilization of sugars and phenols as well as the antioxidant capacity of the liquid phase produced. Instead of sending this residual fraction to landfill, such treatment would permit the use of strawberry extrudate as a source for the recovery of valuable bioactive compounds.


Swedism: 'Racist' Bird Names Banned by Sweden's Ornithological Society
Eli Stenson
Daily Stormer
February 21, 2015
These swifts will no longer be called "kaffers" because of political correctness.
Thanks to Swedism, these swifts will no longer be called "kaffers."
Sweden's at it again, folks. Their Ornithological Society has decided to ban certain bird names that "sound racist" or whatever. Because things that sound racist are just another stumbling block to the emergence of a post-racial utopia.
The Local:
Four different bird species which include the word "neger" ("negro") have been renamed using "svart" ("black") instead.
Other feathered creatures known as "swifts" in English will no longer be called "kaffer" in Swedish. This word, which can also be spelt "caffer" and "kaffir" is a racist term that has been used by white South Africans towards black South Africans.
So white-rumped swifts will now be known as "vitgumpseglare" in Swedish.
"Hottentott", a species of dabbling duck is also being renamed because the word "Hottentot" is a derogatory term for a group of indigenous people called the "Khoikhoi" living in South Africa. The term is thought to refer to their language, which includes clicking sounds.
"Zigenarfågel" which translates as "gypsy bird" will take the name "hoatzin", the English word already used to describe a type of tropical pheasant found in swamps and forests.
The racial sensitivity of Sweden is so remarkable. Humanity ought to be thankful for Sweden's role as a beacon of light in the world.


Standard Auto
Standard Auto,
Standard Auto Meanings:
 1. Car insurance for the average driver with relatively few accidents in life
Literal Meanings of Standard Auto
Meanings of Standard:
 1. A measure of quality or performance.
 2. An idea or thing that is used as a reference, standard or model in benchmarking.
 3. A popular melody or song.
 4. Military or formal flags are hoisted on poles or waved on ropes.
 5. A tree or shrub that grows taller on a vertical trunk.
 6. Vertical piping for water or gas.
 7. Used or accepted as normal or medium.
 8. (From a tree or shrub) that grows on a full, upright trunk.
Sentences of Standard
 1. The restaurant offers a high quality service
 2. Low wages by today's standards
 3. Many songs were sung in Western countries in the form of jazz and pop kiss Nova standards.
 4. Sir Marcus Versley paid tribute to the Queen Mother and members of the Malton and Norton branches of the British Royal Legion raised flags.
 5. Regular tax rate
 6. Standard waves are useful in situations where direct altitude is required.
Synonyms of Standard
ordinary, traditional, set, usual, banderole, conventional, quality, paradigm, specification, requirement, expected, exemplar, fixed, colours, gauge, typical, ideal, principle, law, customary, archetype, quotidian, benchmark, criterion, pattern
Meanings of Auto:
 1. A basket
 2. Summary for Automatic (which means name 3)
Synonyms of Auto
machine, automobile, motor


Negrette has an interesting story and despite being most closely associated with being a native French wine grape, it actually was brought back to France during the Crusades from the island of Cyprus.
As with many grape varieties though, once it landed on French soil it was given much better growing conditions and viticulture practices than it had ever experienced and therefore crafted a much higher quality of wine.
This is a seriously unknown grape, most closely associated with its intense set of aromas. Many have speculated that this strong aroma profile reminds us of a Mediterrean garden at its height of blooming.
It's worth a find, especially if you eat food along the lines of Korean spare ribs and other aromatic dishes.


a reference or undef if it does not exist. The C<$variable_name> must contain a leading sigil. =item B<< $metapackage->get_or_add_package_symbol($variable_name) >> Given a variable name, this method returns the variable as a reference. If it does not exist, a default value will be generated if possible. The C<$variable_name> must contain a leading sigil. =item B<< $metapackage->has_package_symbol($variable_name) >> Returns true if there is a package variable defined for C<$variable_name>. The C<$variable_name> must contain a leading sigil. =item B<< $metapackage->remove_package_symbol($variable_name) >> This will remove the package variable specified C<$variable_name>. The C<$variable_name> must contain a leading sigil. =item B<< $metapackage->remove_package_glob($glob_name) >> Given the name of a glob, this will remove that glob from the package's symbol table. Glob names do not include a sigil. Removing the glob removes all variables and subroutines with the specified name. =item B<< $metapackage->list_all_package_symbols($type_filter) >> This will list all the glob names associated with the current package. These names do not have leading sigils. You can provide an optional type filter, which should be one of 'SCALAR', 'ARRAY', 'HASH', or 'CODE'. =item B<< $metapackage->get_all_package_symbols($type_filter) >> This works much like C, but it returns a hash reference. The keys are glob names and the values are references to the value for that name. =item B<< Class::MOP::Package->meta >> This will return a L instance for this class. =back =head1 AUTHOR Stevan Little =head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE This software is copyright (c) 2011 by Infinity Interactive, Inc.. This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself. =cut __END__


Helmet Library user regulations
Helmet is an abbreviation of the words Helsinki Metropolitan Area Libraries.
Helmet library service consists of Espoo, Helsinki, Kauniainen and Vantaa City Libraries. Helmet libraries have a shared customer register and library system.
Helmet libraries are open for everybody. Anyone who follows the customer regulations is allowed to use the libraries' collections, services and customer facilities. You are obliged to use library materials, media and facilities in an appropriate way.
When you receive a library card (a customer registration number) or when you accept becoming a contact person, you are committed to follow these user regulations and the potential changes of the regulations. The current user regulations and the separate instructions and rules about the various appliances to be used at the library along with the rights to use them are to be found at _URL_ -> Info -> Using the library.
Library card and pin code
Library card is a card or a customer registration number in some other form approved by the library (later in this text referred to as library card).
You can get a personal library card, the right to borrow and a PIN code at any Helmet library or mobile library. The first library card is free of charge. You will get the library card when you state your address and present a valid ID card with a photograph and personal identity number accepted by the library. To be able to receive a library card you need an address in Finland. If you do not have a Finnish personal identity number, your library card is valid for twelve months at a time.
Children under 15 can have a library card with a written consent by a guardian or other statutory representative (later representative). The representative is responsible for the loans on the library card of a child under 15 years, as well as for the child's use of other services, equipment and facilities of the library.
A day care centre, school, other institution or community can have a library card for twelve months at a time. A contact person is appointed for the card. This person will oversee that the card is used appropriately.
The library card is personal. This also applies to using the library's self-service.
You are responsible for the items that have been borrowed with your library card.
In order to prevent the misuse of your library card you can ask the personnel in the customer service to always check the identity of the borrower. Lending by the automatic lending machine is protected with your PIN code. A staff member of an institution or community can use the institution's or community's library card with the consent of the representative of the institution or community.
You must inform the library immediately if your library card disappears. This responsibility also concerns the contact person. If you have lost your library card, you can call the telephone number 09 3108 5309 when the libraries are closed and leave a message in the answerphone. You are not responsible for the material that has been borrowed with the lost library card after you have informed the library that the library card is missing. A library card that has been reported lost will be removed from use.
Along with the library card you will need a PIN code, if you wish to use the library's web services, lending machines, customer computers and self-service libraries. You will get the PIN code from the library or mobile library when you present a valid ID card approved by the library. The PIN code will not be given by e-mail or phone.
Please keep your contact information up-to-date. You must notify the library without delay about the changes of your address, email address and your name. You can check your contact information on the website _URL_.
The relationship between the library and the customer is confidential.
The library is responsible for the accuracy of the customer register. The personal Information on the borrower and the representative is recorded in the libraries' customer register. The library is responsible for keeping the customer register up to date according to the law in force.
In accordance with the Personal Data Act, the library has the right to record the customer's personal identity number into the register. The register report is on view at the libraries and on the website _URL_ -> Info -> Using the library.
You are entitled to check the information recorded about you in the library's customer register. You will be shown the information in question at the library's customer service desk when you prove your identity by presenting a valid ID card accepted by the library. The representative of a person younger than 15 years of age is entitled to get information about the guarantee's overdue loans and unpaid fees. The contact person of an institution or community is entitled to check the information about the institution or community in question.
Loans, returns and renewals
You may have simultaneously 100 loans of which 5 can be console games. The loan period varies from 1 day to 28 days. You will find specific information about the loan periods in the appendix of the user regulations. Movies and games will not be lent to a customer who does not fulfill the age limits approved by Kansallisen Audiovisuaalisen Instituutin Mediakasvatusja kuvaohjelmayksikkö MEKU (Media education and visual program unit of National Audiovisual Institute).
Due dates are on the check-out receipt. Please return your loans on the due date at the latest. You can return the material to any Helmet library during its opening hours. If you wish you can get a receipt of the return. Some libraries have so-called returning boxes. The items returned via the returning box are registered as returned on the next opening day of the library. Returning your loans via a returning box is on your own responsibility.
You will receive a notification of an approaching due date 48 hours in advance, if you have a functioning email address in the library's client register.
You can renew your loans five (5) times at the library, mobile library or in Your record at _URL_. It is not possible to renew the loans if the material has been reserved or if you have lost your right to borrow. There may be restrictions in renewing the loans. E.g. bestsellers and most objects that are to be borrowed cannot be renewed.
The first reminder of overdue loans will be sent 14 days after the due date, the second reminder 28 days after the due date. The first reminder can also be received by email. The Helmet library system also sends reminders on unpaid payments in order to avoid the expiration of the debt.
You will lose the right to borrow
- if your loans are more than 28 days overdue
- if you have lost or damaged the material of the library
- if you fail to pay your overdue fees when they have amounted to or exceeded the sum indicated in the payments appendix
An exception to the above is a borrower who has started the process of a loan arrangement and whose debt to the library belongs to the freezing of payments. In the case of a debt like this, the debtor may not be targeted by the loss of borrowing rights due to a delay in payment.
You will regain your borrowing rights
- by returning the items that are overdue
- by compensating for lost or damaged items
- by paying the accumulated fees
The restoring of the borrowing rights can take about a week depending on the method of payment. If you pay the fees to the bank account of the library, the borrowing rights are restored after the library has dealt with the payments in its own bookkeeping. If the payment has been transferred to a collection office the borrowing rights are restored only after the collection office has made the payment to the library's account and the library has checked the payment.
Reservations and interlibrary loans
You can reserve material either at the library or by logging in _URL_.
You may not have more than 50 pending reservations at the same time. You will receive a notification about reservations that can be picked up by a text message, email or letter. There may be restrictions in reserving materials.
Most libraries have a self-service pick-up shelf for reservations. The protection of customers' data will be taken into consideration when arranging the pick-up of reservations.
You can order an item as an interlibrary loan from elsewhere in Finland or abroad, if the item is not available in the collections of any Helmet library. The service is subject to a charge. If, however, the material in question is available in some scientific or special library in the metropolitan area, it cannot be ordered as an interlibrary loan.
In general, using the library is free of charge. However, fees will be charged for items returned or renewed after the due date, reservations that are not picked up, and for certain special services. The most important fees charged by the libraries are listed in the appendix of the user regulations.
The overdue fee will accrue every calendar day after the due date until it reaches the maximum amount. No overdue fee will be charged for materials from the children's and teens' departments. The overdue fee will be charged even if you fail to renew the loans due to a break in the internet connection or some other technical problem.
For a reservation that has been delivered to the pick-up shelf but not picked up by the customer, customers aged 18 or older will be charged a fee. The fee will be charged even if the pick-up notification has not arrived due to a delivery error, a fault in telecommunications, or another reason.
You must compensate for lost or damaged material. Instructions to compensate for material are to be found in the appendix of the user regulations. NB. The library is not responsible for damages which the recordings you have borrowed possibly have caused to your appliances or for those damages caused to a third person by using the library appliances.
The library uses a collection office to collect outstanding payments. The outstanding payments are transferred from the Helmet library system to the collection office used by each city library in question approximately 60 days after the due


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Do you see repeated destructive patterns or make the same old mistakes occurring over and over in your intimate relationships and despair of ever being in a long-term, deeply nurturing bond?
You are not alone—sadly, many millions of people long for deep closeness, commitment and connection, and yet lack the skills to sustain one. They may be able to meet and form partnerships for short periods, but cannot "go the distance". Or perhaps they find that their best attempts to meet that "special someone" are having dismal results, leaving them very alone.
This is widespread and heart-wrenching phenomena, but easily understood if we consider that we are expecting more than ever from a "soulmate" and living longer, which means that bonds must be strong enough to weather life's tremendous turbulence and the deadening boredom of familiarity. All that—and we are given NO training in HOW to master the skills of committed, collaborative alliances. Add to that the burden of pain many people bear from disastrous endings that have never been processed, and it can become a real predicament to attach meaningfully.
You will learn and develop:
- The nature and nurture of the bond with the Inner Beloved as a prerequisite for partnership
- The difference between alone and lonely and how to respond proactively to both of these familiar states in life
- The understanding of the sensuous and erotic Shakti/Shiva energy of all beings regardless of their partnership status—and the gorgeous journey of owning YOURS should you wish to
- The experience of being the cake of your life and inviting a partner as delicious sweet icing—not the meaning or purpose of your life.
Yes, Relationship Readiness Skills can be learned. Let's Begin!


Producer Consumer Thread Race Conditions
Recently, on StackOverFlow.com, a question was asked about why java.util.concurrent.ArrayBlockingQueue use while loops instead of if around calls to await(). The accepted answer was that it was due to spurious wakeups. I strongly disagree with this answer and instead believe that it is due to bad programming around race conditions. This is an all too common problem with producer/consumer models from threaded/reentrant applications. See the wikipedia section on it.
I'm not saying that spurious wakeups aren't an issue and the while protects against them as well, but the incidence rate of them is 3-4 orders of magnitude less than the race conditions described here. As you can see running the following Java code, you can get the race conditions to happen extremely reliably.
The Problem
In producer/comsumer applications you have threads which are producing some items and threads which are consuming the items and working on them. This can be a website with servlet threads queueing up aynchronous database requests, a thread reading lines from a file and queueing up work that needs to be done on each line, etc..
Typically you have some sort of blocking queue so that when a producer has a item, it adds it to the end of the queue, possible blocking if the queue has too many items in it already. The consumer, when it needs a new item, gets from the front of the queue, possibly blocking if the queue is empty. It is the fact that both sides are blocking and need to signal the other side is where the complexity and confusion originate.
In the code listed at the bottom of the page, the consumer locks the lock and tests whether the items list is empty. If it is empty then it waits until a producer signals the hasItems condition. However, when an item is added to the list, and the condition is signaled, the consumer goes to re-lock the lock and may end up behind another consumer waiting for the same lock. That other comsumer will get the lock first and de-queue the item that the first consumer was signaled for. This race to the dequeue is why what we call a race condition and it is the real source of the problem.
The Race
race condition
Here is a more specific enumeration of the race condition. It shows the interaction of 2 consumer threads (getter-A and getter-C) a single producer thread (putter-B).
 1. getter A is waiting for there to be items in the queue (line #31)
 2. putter B locks the lock (line #54)
 3. getter C finishes the last item, calls get(), tries to lock the lock, waits for B to unlock (line #25)
 4. putter B adds an item into the queue and signals that there is an item there (line #72)
 5. getter A is awoken and tries to lock the lock, has to wait for B to unlock (after line #31)
 6. putter B unlocks (line #74)
 7. getter C is ahead of getter A waiting for lock so it is given the lock first (line #25)
 8. getter C dequeues the item that getter A was notified for (!!), and then unlocks (line #48)
 9. getter A is finally able to lock, goes forward and calls remove on an empty list (line #40)
The race is between getter A and C on who is able to get the lock first to dequeue the new item. The race condition would be solved by changing lines 26 and 51 from if statements to while statements. Once getter A gets the lock it would check again to see if items is empty and would go back to waiting if C had already dequeued. The producer would also check again to see if the list is at capacity.
This is the real problem with many producer/comsumer models instead of spurious wakeups which I'm sure do happen but not nearly as frequently. As an interesting historical note, I had submit corrections to the original O'Reilly Pthreads book which suffered from the same problems -- errata had to be issued and a new version published.
Other Reading
Sample Code
Click to download sample code.


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Acoustic sensors to monitor critical assets (OIC 2019)
Market Facilitation & Blockchain
The NEMO Link converter station connects the electricity system of Belgium and Great Britain via subsea cables. The cooling systems of the converters ensures its safe operation. This already closely monitored cooling system serves as an ideal reference system to test a new type of sensors in a challenging environment. The goal of this POC is to understand if the sensors in combination with the Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithm can provide additional health indicators to complement the existing monitoring and alert system. Beside the capability of the algorithm, we give answers to practical questions of mounting the sensors, ensuring stable operation and safe data transmission.
Three phases define this proof of concept:
- Firstly, a feasibility study describes the possibilities as well as the limitations of the project.
- In the second phase, the sensors to start collecting acoustic samples. Those samples cover typical operational modes of the system. That information enters a deep learning algorithm and together with Nemo Link experts, OKTO Acoustics trains its algorithm to define a healthy operation mode. Special attention is given to the cooling pumps that undergo the first maintenance interval during the POC. Differences before and after those measures shall deliver valuable insights on the status of the asset.
- In the last project phase, the monitoring system will go in live operation mode.
OKTO Acoustics won Elia Group's Open Innovation Challenge is awarded with a budget of 20.000€ to run a proof-of-concept at Elia Group.
Mounting of sensors
OKTO Acoustic developed custom-made mounts to attach the sensors on the assets of the cooling system. The special environment is adding another layer of complexity to this project.
Training the algorithm
Automatic detection of unhealthy operation or faults requires the sampling of those cases. Since this is not possible for a system in operation, the analysis is based small deviations in the sound spectrum before and after maintenance measures. Additionally the neural network is trained on the different standard operation modes of the cooling system such as pump switches and different valve positions. Operational log files serve as a basis and Nemo Link's technical experts provide expertise that allows OKTO Acoustics to train the algorithm ex-post and to prepare for live operation.
After training of the basic operation modes, the system goes into live operation. The system needs to prove its capability of providing the current operation mode and the state of each monitored asset out of the complex set of information. In case the system proves to operate successfully, Nemo Link is considering a long-term test of the smart sensors.
The technology has proven its potential
With the installation of acoustic sensors on the cooling pumps at the Nemo Link converter stations in Zeebrugge (Belgium) and Richborough (UK) in October last year, OKTO Acoustic started to test their AI-based system on Nemolink assets. The solution successfully proved its potential to provide a health indication by "listening" to the acoustic information emitted from the bearings of the pump during operation. Since the technology caught the attention of transformer experts during its presentation at our innovation week in December, a new use case has been identified and is currently tested in Belgium
This non-intrusive method captures the acoustic information from bearings and analyses their condition close to real time for all of the 8 pumps. This condition state information (on/off status as well as health indication) is accessible through an online user interface. To get there, the experts from OKTO Acoustics trained their algorithm with acoustic samples recorded from their sensors and combined it with information from Elia experts. With the help of the analysis, the unique acoustic spectrum and the emitted acoustic energy of each of the pumps became visible. The sensors have on board microprocessors that are now able to process and label the acoustic pattern while filtering irrelevant background noises. The results show substantial differences between the pump's acoustic signatures and the experts identified the critical frequency bands in which wear and tear becomes noticeable.
Nevertheless, there are still some hurdles to take before such a system could be brought into full operation and provides actionable insights to the operators and engineers. To give a reliable indication on the state of a bearing, the ground truth under the format of an acoustic signature of a new and healthy bearing (and ideally of a worn out one as well) is required. Under the assumption that this data is available, also a threshold for critical acoustic spectrum deviation should be defined as from which the system should raise a warning or even an alarm to the operators and engineers. Further, it is an open question
The technology is developing towards industrialization and has proven its potential. The sensors can be applied for a wide spectrum of use cases and we are continuing to explore their capabilities.


MySQL Cookbook (second edition) recipes Distribution Paul DuBois, This is the recipes distribution that accompanies MySQL Cookbook, second edition (O'Reilly Media, (c) 2007). The latest version of the distribution and the errata list for the book are available at: If you find that files appear to be missing from this distribution, please let me know. If you are using a database name other than "cookbook", substitute that name wherever you see cookbook in the distribution files. If you were using scripts from the first edition of MySQL Cookbook and now have "upgraded" to the second edition, there are some important notes you should read at the end of this file. Directories in this distribution: tables SQL scripts for creating tables used in the book mysql Using the mysql client program (chapter 1) api MySQL programming; API basics (chapter 2) lib Library files use by lots of programs (chapter 2, other later chapters) select Record selection techniques (chapter 3) tblmgmt Table management scripts (chapter 4) strings Using strings (chapter 5) dates Date and time manipulation (chapter 6) sorting Sorting operations (chapter 7) summary Summary operations (chapter 8) metadata Using metadata (chapter 9) transfer Data import/export (chapter 10) sequences Using sequences (chapter 11) joins Multi-table joins (chapter 12) union UNION operations (chapter 12) stats Statistical techniques (chapter 13) dups Duplicate processing (chapter 14) transactions Performing transactions (chapter 15) routines, triggers, events Using Stored Routines, Triggers, and Events (chapter 16 apache Web programming using Apache (Perl, PHP, Python, chapters 17-19) tomcat Web programming using Tomcat (Java/JSP, chapters 17-19) progdemo Executing Programs from the Command Line (appendix B) misc Miscellaneous stuff Other files: setCLASSPATH Example tcsh/csh script for setting CLASSPATH (to use it, execute this command: source setCLASSPATH) To install a script or program for general use, put it in a directory that is listed in your PATH setting. (PATH settings are discussed in chapter 1.) For example, under Unix, you might put a script in /usr/local/bin, or in the bin directory under your home directory. Web scripts should be installed according to the instructions given in the book. Files often contain lines with "#@ _IDENTIFIER_" sequences. These are just placemarkers, used to block out sections that are used for examples in the book, and may be ignored. You'll note that many of the Perl scripts include lines that look like this: { # begin scope } # end scope Their purpose is to allow similar examples within the same file that use the same variables all to declare the variables with "my". By introducing a new scope for each example, the declarations don't trigger warnings from Perl. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Some important differences between the recipes distributions for the first and second editions: Note 1: Scripts for the first edition typically included a line that added a library directory to the script's language processor search path. For example, Perl scripts included this line: use lib qw(/usr/local/apache/lib/perl); That directory was assumed to contain any library Cookbook-related Perl library files. For the second edition, scripts do not include these lines. Instead, you should set your environment to name the relevant directories. Suppose that you put the library files in /usr/local/lib/mcb. Then for tcsh, you might set the environment like this: setenv PERLLIB /usr/local/lib/mcb setenv RUBYLIB /usr/local/lib/mcb setenv PYTHONPATH /usr/local/lib/mcb For Bourne shells: export PERLLIB=/usr/local/lib/mcb export RUBYLIB=/usr/local/lib/mcb export PYTHONPATH=/usr/local/lib/mcb For PHP, modify your system's php.ini to include the directory where you install PHP library files. (Set the value of the include_path directive.) For Java, set the CLASSPATH environment variable. Note 2: If you have the first edition of MySQL Cookbook, be warned that the PHP library files in the second edition have the same names as in the first edition, but are incompatible with them. If you are using any PHP scripts that depend on the first edition library files, they will break if you install the second edition library files on top of them. To prevent this from happening, use the following procedure: 1. Change location into the directory where you installed the first edition library files and make a copy of each one: % cp Cookbook.php Cookbook1.php % cp Cookbook_Utils.php Cookbook_Utils1.php % cp Cookbook_Webutils.php Cookbook_Webutils1.php % cp Cookbook_Session.php Cookbook_Session1.php 2. Find all PHP scripts that include the first edition library files, and change them to include the *1.php files instead. For example, a script that includes Cookbook_Utils.php should be changed to include Cookbook_Utils1.php. (Some of the library files themselves include other library files, so you'll also need to edit the *1.php files.) 3. Test the modified scripts to make sure that they work correctly with the *1.php files. Now you can install the second edition library files on top of the first edition files that have the same names. PHP scripts from the second edition will use these new library files, and old scripts should continue to work correctly. ----------------------------------------------------------------------


text:
- ticket (n.)
- 1520s, "short note or document," from a shortened form of Middle French etiquet "label, note," from Old French estiquette "a little note" (late 14c.), especially one affixed to a gate or wall as a public notice, from estiquer "to affix, stick on, attach," from Frankish *stikkan, cognate with Old English stician "to pierce" (see stick (v.)).
Meaning "card or piece of paper that gives its holder a right or privilege" is first recorded 1670s, probably developing from the sense of "certificate, license, permit." The political sense of "list of candidates put forward by a faction" has been used in American English since 1711. Meaning "official notification of offense" is from 1930; parking ticket first attested 1947. Big ticket item is from 1970. Slang the ticket "just the thing, what is expected" is recorded from 1838, perhaps with notion of a winning lottery ticket.
- ticket (v.)
- 1610s, from ticket (n.). Related: Ticketed; ticketing.


What's The Difference Between Neon and Led Neon?
Neon is a gas, which is placed in a tube and used as a colorant in light. The process involves passing an electric current through the gas, causing it to emit light. 'Turning' neon lamps on and off creates the electroluminescence commonly seen in neon signs.
The main difference between neon and LED is that LEDs are used primarily on fluorescent light. An electric discharge in the tube reacts with the phosphorescent material creating light. LEDs are solid devices whose color and brightness are dependent on their overall structure rather than the gas itself. While in the case of neon lights, the gas is fitted in a hand-crafted glass tube, often flexible, and the light is created when the gas reacts with the electric current. You can learn more about neon lights by visiting Neon Mama.
Neon Lights
The history of neon started with the discovery of Neon gas in 1898 by British scientists William Ramsay and Morris W. Travers. The first neon light was made by a French engineer Georges Claude, who discovered a method to extract neon from the air in 1910. In 1917, Claude invented the first neon lamp.
While the earliest forms of neons were not very practical for use in a commercial setting as they used high voltages, they were still used on special occasions such as World War II. Some neons were also used in advertising during the 1920s and 1930s, but they were too expensive for widespread use. Neon signs became more common after World War II when Claude developed a more efficient low-voltage system.
Neon lights have come a long way since then; nowadays, they are common at most shops and restaurants. However, even though neon signs are no longer quite as vital to industrial operations, they are still used in a variety of ways.
LED Lights
The history of LED lights is a fascinating topic. Albeit the notion of a light-emitting diode (LED) was first proposed in 1962, and a very crude LED light was patented in 1968, LEDs have only recently become popular. The critical factor limiting their success is the cost. Although the price has dropped steadily over the years, even with economies of scale and technological improvements, LEDs still cost more than comparable incandescent or compact fluorescent lights (CFLs).
 Cost Implications
The traditional style of neons has been used for ages to create signs for businesses. Howeverpopularcost makes them out-of-reach for most common uses. While LED technology has made great improvements over the past few years, neon has still remained a standard on any business. The biggest difference between the two is that LED bulbs are solid-state lights that produce light by chemical reactions, while neon lights are made by ionizing gases and then passing an electric current through them.
Due to this fundamental difference, LEDs have rapidly become popular as they are usually small in size, consume less energy, come in a wide variety of colors and shapes, and last up to 25 years. LED signs also usually have smaller footprints, so they are more suitable for small businesses. Neon lights do have their advantages; however, neon signs last much longer than LED signs and don't need to be replaced as often. It is also very difficult to match the brightness of neon lights with LEDs as well.
Power Requirements
All electronics require power to perform the functions they were designed for. This is true of LED lights as well as neon lights. Energy is required to convert electricity into photons that are perceived as light. The amount of power used to execute that is what describes how much energy is required to run a light source. These differences are related to how the two different types of lights are made.
While it is true that both LED and neon lights use electricity, they do not use it in the same ways. The LED light uses a diode as a means to convert electricity into photons. This diode usually functions from three to thirteen volts and requires no stabilizing voltage, making the power required for an LED light source very low. This is the main reason that LED lights are so small and consume such little energy. Neons, on the other hand, require a stabilizing voltage to function. This voltage is usually between one to three volts.
These high voltages require a steady electric current to maintain them at their required levels of brightness. This is why neon lights are expensive compared to LED lights; not only do they have high voltages, but they also consume an enormous amount of energy while operating at the same time.


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The National 5 Exam is made up of three parts.
Explaining and commenting on the meaning and context of religious beliefs, practices and sources.
Morality and Belief
Presenting detailed and reasoned views about contemporary moral question
Religious and Philosophical Questions
Analysing religious and philosophical questions and responses.
It lasts 90 minutes, so roughly 30 minutes per section. Within each section there are different topics, you need to make sure you answer only the topic you have studied.
Each section will have 3-4 questions, the whole section will be worth 20 marks.
There are two main skills you will need in your exam, alongside basic description questions.
Analysis is a pivotal skill in National 5. The focus in analysis is on breaking down factual information. Analysis can follow knowledge and understanding and very often excellent knowledge and understanding is, in fact, analysis. Similarly, analysis often precedes evaluation. Analysis includes the following:
- making connections
- explaining the background
- predicting consequences
- identifying implications
- interpreting sources and viewpoints
There will be an 8 marker question in each section, this will be an Evaluation question.
For some time now, 'evaluating' has been misunderstood as simply listing two sides of an argument. The skill demands much more than this and expects candidates to discuss the quality of any positions taken. This involves:
- making a supported judgement on an issue
- making a supported measurement of the effects, impact or significance of an issue
- presenting a case for or against a position
- commenting on the quality of positions taken on issues


text:
Israeli Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman said Thursday that Israel had effectively frozen construction in West Bank settlements, The Jerusalem Post reported. Lieberman's comments substantiated earlier reports that the Israeli government had not issued a single tender for building in West Bank settlements, including large settlement blocs, since March.So, while Netanyahu complains about the pressure for a settlement freeze, and declares that he cannot agree to such a freeze, he has in fact totally frozen any and all construction over the Green Line. No new apartments, no schools, no nurseries. Nothing. Our parshah has a word for this type of pressure.
Ki Tavo begins with with the ceremony of Bikkurim, presenting the declaration that every Jew would make as he presented his first fruits to the Kohen in the Beit Hamikdash. As part of the declaration that a Jew would make as he brought his bikkurim to the Beit Hamikdash he would say,
What is the meaning of the term לחצנו - our oppression? In what way did the Egyptians "oppress" the Children of Israel? Clearly they oppressed us in numerous ways including enslavement, torture and murder. But which specific way do we allude to in this verse? The Midrash points us back to Shemot which also speaks about this very same לחץ. There God says to Moshe,וַיִּשְׁמַע יְהוָה אֶת-קֹלֵנוּ, וַיַּרְא אֶת-עָנְיֵנוּ וְאֶת-עֲמָלֵנוּ וְאֶת-לַחֲצֵנוּand the LORD heard our voice, and saw our affliction, and our toil, and our oppression (Devarim 26:7)
Again we wonder: what specific oppression does He refer to? Rabbeinu Chananel (in Shemot) offers the following explanation:וְעַתָּה, הִנֵּה צַעֲקַת בְּנֵי-יִשְׂרָאֵל בָּאָה אֵלָי; וְגַם-רָאִיתִי, אֶת-הַלַּחַץ, אֲשֶׁר מִצְרַיִם, לֹחֲצִים אֹתָםAnd now, behold, the cry of the children of Israel is come unto Me; moreover I have seen the oppression wherewith the Egyptians oppress them. (Shemot 3:9)
Communities grow. People, thank God, have babies. Kollel families looking for reasonably priced housing in either Beitar Illit or Kiryat Sefer are watching real estate prices slowly climb out of their price range, asdwindling supply of apartments in those Chareidi cities inevitably leads to rising prices. (That's right: when the meshulach knocks on your door asking for money for a poor kollel family in Israel that can't pay the rent, there's a good chance that some part of the reason they can't pay that rent is that Barack Obama has made it more expensive to rent an apartment in Israel precisely where those kollel families live.) Children, after finishing college and starting families of their own, often want to move back into the communities were they grew up and raise their children. Only right now they can't, because the government of Israel, under tremendous pressure from the United States, refuses to let anyone build so much as a tool shed in Yehuda or the Shomron.שנכנסו למצרים בשבעים נפש, והושיבם יוסף בארץ גושן ולא היתה הארץ מכילה אותם כי היתה הברכה בהם. והמצרים לא היו מניחים אותם להתרחב בארץ, אבל היו לוחצים ודוחקים אותםWhen they entered Egypt with seventy souls, Joseph settled them in the Land of Goshen, but the land could not contain them for blessing was within them. Yet, the Egyptians would not permit them to spread out in the [Goshen], but instead pressured them and crushed them.
That's לחץ - "pressure." And Barack Obama should remember that while the Jewish people suffer under לחץ in the short-term, he who applies that pressure never ends up better off in the end.


text:
This guide is provided as a resource for students focusing on Nursing Administration and related disciplines, as well as those interested in the topic. The resource guide is divided into various general categories, and each resource is annotated with a brief description. This resource guide also contains links to several professional associations, educational publications, databases and journals to assist with dissemination of information regarding the field of Nursing Administration.
Included also are educational resources for nurses and nursing administrators. These educational resources are designed for both students and teachers in nursing. Social media accounts to follow are listed in order to obtain the latest updates in the field.
The position of nursing administrator is sometimes referred to as "head nurse." The nursing administrator's position involves supervision of nursing staff, recommendations for policy change and facilitation of implementation of policy change. Nursing administrators are generally Registered Nurses who have continued their education to include a Master's degree in nursing or a certification in Nursing Administration. Nursing administrators are often experienced nurses who have worked in the field for a number of years and seek to further their careers by moving into a supervisory role.
- American Medical Association – The AMA was founded in 1847 and is one of the oldest and most established medical associations in the United States. The AMA is the premiere organization for improving health care and establishing standards for the practice and education in the field of medicine.
- HealthCare.gov – This resource covers all relevant and timely topics related to health care. Site hosted and maintained by the United States Department of Health and Human Services.
- Health Care Administration – Site covers education, accreditation and other topics relevant to those interested in public health, medical and nursing administrators.
- Medi-Smart – Medi-Smart is a general resource for nursing and nursing administration education.
- Nurse.com – Nurse.com is a clearinghouse site published by Gannett Healthcare Group. The site provides news relevant to the field of nursing, lists nursing positions and offers continuing education opportunities for nurses. In addition, the site hosts a social media community for nurses and provides an advice forum.
- ThinkQuest Nursing Administrator – Site covers basic description of the job of nursing administrator, salary and educational requirements.
- Healthy Living – Huffington Post's blog for health care.
- Alliance for Aging Blog – Blog discusses obesity, stem cell research, Alzheimer disease and injuries at home for the elderly.
- All Nurses – General nursing blogs. Includes topics related to nursing administration.
- Consumer Reports Health – Health blog hosted by the renowned publication, Consumer Reports.
- MedScape Nursing Blog – Discusses various nursing topics, including transitioning from practicing nurse to nurse administrator.
- Health Beat Blog – Commentary by Maggie Mahr regarding public health, politics, nursing and policy issues.
- Health Care.gov – Blog hosted by federal Healthcare.gov agency.
- Health Care Technology News – News and issues with regards to technology in health care.
- Health Care Policy and Marketplace Review – Health care policy and law blog by Bob Laszewski. Discusses health care reform in its impact within the health care community.
- Heath Affairs – Public health, nursing and policy blog discussing news, relevant topics and political impact of the health care reform bill.
- Infusion Nursing Blog – Remicade nursing blog for those practicing infusion nursing.
- Medi-Smart Blog – Blog covering nursing and nursing administration education and learning.
- Nursing Administration Blog – Blog addressing scope and standards of practice for nursing administrators.
- Nursing Theory Blog – Blog created and maintained by students in the Masters Degree program at the University of Philippines.
- Nursing World Blog – Blog hosted and maintained by the Nursing World organization for nurses and nursing administrators.
- NurseZone Blog – Nursing diary discussing issues in nursing and nursing administration.
- Official Nursing Blog – Blog for nursing administrators and human resources professionals responsible for staffing and managing nurses.
- The Health Care Blog – Contributors include renowned names in medical practice and theory. Covers legal and political issues in medicine of interest to nursing administrators.
- The Nursing Site Blog – The Nursing Site Blog is maintained by Kathy Quan, RN BSN. Blog covers topics relevant to nursing and nursing administration.
- The Registered Nurse as an Administrator – Blog is dedicated to RNs who are ready to advance into the field of Nursing Administration.
- Travel Nursing Blog – Blog discusses topics relevant to traveling nurses.
- WebMD Women's Health Blog – Women's health issues blog by Jane Harrison-Hobner, RN, RNP.
- American Association of Colleges of Nursing – The American Association of Colleges of Nursing hosts several conferences throughout the year. The association offers accreditation and is involved in federal policy making initiatives. The association is open for membership to students, faculty, policy makers and administrators.
- American College of Medical Quality – The association provides leadership quality standards and training for health care quality management.
- American Health Care Association – This association is generally for nursing administrators and other professionals who provide longterm care services, such as services to the elderly and infirm.
- American Nurses Association – American Nurses Association is the professional association for Registered Nursing professionals. The association's membership currently includes over 3.1 million RNs throughout the United States. The association lobbies Congress for improved health care conditions and workplace rights for nurses.
- Association for Benchmarking Health Care – This association provides cross-industry benchmarking data for nursing administrators and other health care professionals.
- Association of Clinical Research Organizations – Association representing the largest clinical research organizations. Dedicated to promotion of biomedical research across disciplines.
- Center on Budget and Policy Priorities – The Center is a policy organization working at the state and federal levels to affect policy for low and middle income health care recipients.
- Commission of Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools – Commission provides verification of credentials for nurses who graduate from foreign nursing schools.
- Emergency Nurses Association – Association for nursing administrators, practitioners, students and all others who work in emergency departments.
- Employee Benefit Research Institute – Founded in 1979 to provide education and research regarding fair and equitable employee benefits programs.
- Governance Institute – Independent organization providing leadership information and training to health care executives, administrators and leaders.
- National Association of Medical Staff Services – Association provides professional services and support for nursing administrators and others responsible for hiring and managing medical staff.
- National Council of State Boards of Nursing – Organization that provides information and education about state boards of nursing.
- National Institute of Health Care Management – Non-profit, non-partisan group that enables and conducts research on health care related issues.
- Rural Nurse Organization – Organization that was formed to address the concerns of nurses and nursing administrators who work in rural areas of the U.S.
Databases and Journals
- MedConditions – Online dictionary of medical conditions and terminology.
- United States Library of Medicine PubMed – The U.S. Library of Medicine published and hosted by the National Institutes of Health.
- American Nurses Credentialing Center – Online credentialing organization for nurses and nursing administrators.
- All Nursing Schools – Directory of all nursing schools in the U.S. offering degrees in nursing and nursing administration.
- EHealth Initiative – Organization linking health care administrators and professionals with technology.
- Jones and Bartlett Learning – Jones and Bartlett provides educational resources for nursing students and others.
Societies, Conferences, Professional Organizations
- Academy Health – National organization that serves nursing administrators, health care professionals and policy researchers with information, news and recent findings in the health care industry.
- American College of Health Care Administrators – The American College of Health Care Administrators offers annual meetings and conferences for nursing administrators and others. The organization is open to students and faculty, as well.
- American College of Health Care Architects – Organization dedicated to providing support for those who design health care programs.
- American Journal of Nursing – Peer reviewed nursing journal. Published monthly.
- American National Standards Institute – U.S. standards and conformity organization.
- American Public Health Association – Established in 1872, the American Public Health Association is the oldest and most established organization for public health professionals, officials and administrators.
- American Society for Health Care Human Resources Administration – American organization dedicated to meeting the needs of nursing administrators and other professionals involved in human resources administration in health care.
- Alliance of Community Health Plans – Provides a network for communities to link with cross-discipline health care providers.
- Alliance for Health Reform – Health care information for nursing administrators, policy makers, elected officials, journalists and policy advocates.
- Association of Hispanic Health Care Executives – Association of Hispanic Health Care Executives is dedicate to the promotion of access to health care in the Hispanic community.
- National League of Nursing – Organization for leaders, administrators and educators in the field of nursing.
- Nursing World – News and information for nurses and nursing administrators.
- Society for Human Resource Management – With over 250,000 members in 14 countries across the globe, the Society for Human Resources Management serves the needs of human resources professionals.
- URAC – Independent non-profit society promoting health care through accreditation, measurement and educational programs. Offers benchmarking programs.
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (Nursing) – Site lists several nursing grants, traineeships, apprenticeships, fellowships and community based funding opportunities.
- Aida _USER_ – renowned RN and educator.
- American Journal of Nursing on Twitter _USER_ – Relevant articles for nurses and nursing administrators.
- American Medical Association _USER_ – Twitter account for news and updates from the American Medical Association
- American Nurse Today _USER_ – Twitter account for the American Nurses Association
- American Red Cross _USER_ – Updates and news from the American Red Cross
- All Nurses _USER_ – Twitter account for All Nurses organization connecting over 416,000 nurses and nursing administrators.
- Bobby the RN _USER_ – BonnieRN is a legal nursing consultant and medical care manager.
- Christian Nurse _USER_ – News, resources and information for Christians in Nursing, nurse administrators and other health care disciplines.
- Harvard Health _USER_


.18.48 PM
…to this:
Screen Shot 2013-03-04 at 5.20.52 PM
Clearly this t-value is wrong. Students can adjust the value of the time in that cell until the velocity in the cell below is zero. A weak student will get how to do this – they are involved in the process. The tedium of doing this will prompt the question – is there a better way? Is this when we finally switch to an algebraic approach? No, not yet. This is where we introduce the Goal Seek tool.
Screen Shot 2013-03-04 at 5.23.12 PM
The spreadsheet will do the adjustment process for us and find the answer we are looking for. With this answer in hand, we can then move on to posing other questions, and using goal seek to find the values we are looking for.
The process of answering a projectile motion question (how far does it go? how high does it go?) through a spreadsheet then becomes a process of posing the right questions:
Screen Shot 2013-03-04 at 5.26.42 PM
This is the type of reasoning we want the students to understand within the projectile motion model. Whether your tool of choice for answering these questions is the graph, equations, or a table of values, posing these questions is the meat and potatoes of this entire unit in my opinion.
The next step is to then introduce algebraic manipulation as an even more general way to answer these questions, including in cases where we don't have numbers, but are seeking general expressions.
Today I had a student answer the following questions using the goal seek method with the numerical models I've described above:
A ball is thrown horizontally from a window at 5 m/s. It lands on the ground 2.5 seconds later. How far does the ball travel before hitting the ground? How high is the window?
He solved it before anyone else. This is a student that has struggled to do any sort of algebraic manipulation all year. There's something to this, folks. This is the opening to the fourth class of this unit, and we are now solving the same level questions as the non-AP students did a year ago with an algebraic approach and roughly the same amount of instruction time. Some things to keep in mind:
 - My students are consistently using units in all of their answers. It is always like pulling teeth trying to get them to include units – not so much at the moment.
 - They are spending their time figuring out the right questions to ask, not which equation to 'plug' into to get an answer.
 - They immediately see what information is missing in their model at the beginning of a problem. They read the questions carefully to see what they need.
 - The table of values gives them an estimate they can use for the problem. They have an idea of what the number should be from the table, and then goal seek improves the accuracy of the number.
 - At the end of the problem, students have all of the initial information filled out to describe all of the parts of the problem. They can check that the horizontal range, maximum height, and other waypoints of the path match the given constraints of the problem. This step of checking the answer is a built-in feature to the process of matching a model – not an extra step that I have to demand at the end. If it doesn't match all of the given constraints, it is obvious.
I am looking for push back – is there anything I am missing in this approach? I get that deriving formulas is not going to come easily this way, but I think with a computer algebra system, it's not far away.
Playing with robots – a weekend well spent
This weekend marked the culmination of a few months of work from my robotics students. We traveled to Shanghai to compete in the FIRST Tech Challenge tournament with 47 other teams. I got involved in FIRST nine years ago when teachers at my school in the Bronx tracked me down after hearing of my engineering background. They had just won the Rookie of the Year award the season before, and were excited to have an engineer around to help. Given that it was my first year teaching, I wasn't able to be nearly as involved as I wanted to be. It was enough of a hook to get me to see how powerful programs like FIRST really are for working on the 'demand' side of the educational system, the problem-solving-hands-on-building stuff that makes students see what the end game of education can be. Playing with robots on a competition field is no more 'real world' than estimating the number of pennies in a pyramid, but the learning opportunities in both are rich and demanding. Nine years later, I am still as convinced as ever that these are the types of activities our students need to understand the context of the skills we teach them in our classrooms.
This weekend, we met stiff competition from our Chinese competitors. They built cascaded elevator systems, scissor lifts, and sensor systems that helped to play this year's game, a tic-tac-toe variant played using colored rings on a set of horizontal pegs. More impressive for me was seeing the mentors noticeably bored and checking their phones while the students were the ones focused on tweaking their robots and fixing programming snafus.
This, however, was not our main challenge. The biggest issues that we faced were of our own creation – how to achieve consistency in our lifting mechanism using a web of zip-ties, or discovering just how unstable our own lifting mechanism was. The students were constantly sawing different parts of the robots off to make room for the solution to the last problem they created while trying to solve another. Clearing the complex residue of multiple good ideas to leave a simple, capable solution is the ultimate goal of a good design. The overall process of doing this is difficult, even with experience. They are early enough on the curve to know that there is much that they do not know though, and their positive and cheerful manner throughout was inspiring. Even after multiple technical issues and defeats on the field, they left the competition today feeling accomplished and full of ideas.
I was most inspired by my students' reactions to seeing the clever designs of their Chinese counterparts. I have witnessed students wandering the pits at FIRST events and greeting unique and capable designs with accusation as the immediate reaction. "They could do that because they have so much more money" or "the mentors did all the work – it isn't fair because we do everything on our team." I understand the sentiment, but have always passed it off as being overly pessimistic. Some skilled teams make it look easy without always making obvious the associated level of effort required to execute such designs.
What made me particularly proud of my students this weekend was seeing them look at other designs and go through two stages of processing them. First, they would remark how cool it was that the team was able to solve the problem in such a unique way. Second, with some thinking about just how, they would say something along the lines of we could have done that.
While our ranking was closer to the bottom than I (or they) will reluctantly reveal, I don't care much at this point. The team is young and will hopefully have more opportunities to learn and build together over the next couple of years. Their satisfaction was evident in watching the final matches with a clear sense of accomplishment, even while not being part of them. Their sense of togetherness is stronger than ever.
Our bus lost its headlights on the way back, forcing us to spend an hour and a half at a repair place while the driver and nine other people figured it out while the usual pattern of loud Mandarin was punctuated with hacking and drags off cigarettes. The team, meanwhile, procured a healthy supply of snacks and seemed content to sing along to music played off their school laptops. This is a close group that has only grown closer. Easily the highlight of the whole weekend right there.
Computational Thinking & Spreadsheets
I feel sorry for the way spreadsheets are used most of the time in school. They are usually used as nothing more than a waypoint on the way to a chart or graph, inevitably with one of its data sets labeled 'Series 1'. The most powerful uses of spreadsheets come from how they provide ways to organize and calculate easily.
I've observed a couple things about the problem solving process among students in both math and science.
 - Physics students see the step of writing out all of the information as an arbitrary requirement of physics teachers, not necessarily as part of the solution process. As a result, it is often one of the first steps to disappear.
 - In math, students solving non-routine problems like Three Act problems often have calculations scrawled all over the place. Even they are written in an organized way, in the event that a calculation is made incorrectly, any sets of calculations that are made must be made again. This can be infuriating to students that might be marginally interested in finding an answer in the first place.
 - Showing calculations in a hand written document is easy – doing so in a document that is to be shared electronically is more difficult. There are also different times when you want to see how the calculation was made, and other times that you want to see the results. These are often presented in different parts of a report (body vs. appendix) but in a digital document, this isn't entirely necessary.
Here's my model for how a spreadsheet can address some of these issues:
Screen Shot 2013-02-01 at 7.47.59 PM
Why I like it:
 - The student puts all of the given information at the top. This information may be important or used for subsequent calculations, or not. It minimally has all of


Determination of absolute structure using Bayesian statistics on Bijvoet differences
 - Rob W. W. Hooft, Leo H. Straver, Anthony L. Spek
 - Journal of Applied Crystallography, January 2008, International Union of Crystallography
 - DOI: 10.1107/s0021889807059870
Determine the absolute structure of C-H-N-O containing crystal structures with confidence
What is it about?
For crystal structures containing no atoms heavier than oxygen, it has been very difficult to determine the absolute configuration. The statistical methods described in this paper, using ALL measure data points and no extra parameters or choices, make it possible to do this anyway. The only thing needed is a complete data set including Bijvoet pairs. The method presented calculates the likelihood that the assignment is correct, depending on the accuracy of the measurements.
Why is it important?
Many drug molecules considered by pharmaceutical companies do not contain atoms heavier than oxygen. Determining the (required!) absolute structure of such compounds has sometimes be a barrier to development of new pharmaceuticals. This has now become much easier, potentially speeding up the development process by multiple months.
Read Publication
The following have contributed to this page: Rob Hooft


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The volcanoes of Java are part of the "Ring of Fire," an area of heightened seismic activity around Pacific Ocean Basin. Just three days after an earthquake struck Java, on May 27, 2006, the island's Semeru Volcano showed signs of heightened activity.
The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) flying onboard NASA's Terra satellite took this picture on May 30, 2006. In this image, Semeru's summit is outlined in red. The outline indicates that MODIS detected unusually high surface temperatures. To the west of the summit are gray-brown clouds that dissipate as they move westward. These clouds could result from volcanic ash emitted by the Semeru Volcano.
Semeru ranks among Indonesia's most active volcanoes. It is Java's highest volcano, rising 3,676 meters (over 12,000 feet) above the nearby coastal plains. Like its neighbor Merapi Volcano, it has claimed human lives in historical eruptions.
NASA image created by Jesse Allen, Earth Observatory, using data provided courtesy of the MODIS Rapid Response team.
- Terra - MODIS


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This blog will analyze how to achieve data merging of different two back end systems, we can assume the following scenario.
1. Step 1 : Create a Gateway builder project in SEGW in both CRM and BW with same EDM model.
2. Step 2 : Implement the data providers in CRM and BW systems.
3. Step 3: Register the service in GW Hub (from one system at-least)
4. Step 4: Assign the system alias of both CRM and BW in GW Hub.
5. Step 5 : Test and consume the services.


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Also Known As:
Most Famous For:
Published in 1563, Vignola's treatise, The Five Orders of Architecture (compare prices), was translated into many languages and became the definitive guide for architects in the Western World. The Five Orders of Architecture describes the ideas of the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius and outlines detailed rules for proportioning buildings.
About Giacomo da Vignola:
Giacomo da Vignola was a practical architect who was chosen by Pope Julius III to build important buildings in Rome. After the Renaissance artist and architect Michelangelo died, Vignola continued his work on St. Peter's Basilica and built two smaller domes according to Michelangelo's plans. Combining Medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque ideas, Vignola's church designs influenced ecclesiastical architecture for many centuries.
Giacomo da Vignola is widely known for his treatise, The Five Orders of Architecture (compare prices), based on the writings of the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius.
See images from The Five Orders of Architecture >>


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Differential Equations For Dummies
To confidently solve differential equations, you need to understand how the equations are classified by order, how to distinguish between linear, separable, and exact equations, and how to identify homogenous and nonhomogeneous differential equations. Learn the method of undetermined coefficients to work out nonhomogeneous differential equations.
Classifying Differential Equations by Order
The most common classification of differential equations is based on order. The order of a differential equation simply is the order of its highest derivative. You can have first-, second-, and higher-order differential equations.
First-order differential equations involve derivatives of the first order, such as in this example:
Second-order differential equations involve derivatives of the second order, such as in these examples:
Higher-order differential equations are those involving derivatives higher than the second order (big surprise on that clever name!). Differential equations of all orders can use the y' notation, like this:
Distinguishing among Linear, Separable, and Exact Differential Equations
You can distinguish among linear, separable, and exact differential equations if you know what to look for. Keep in mind that you may need to reshuffle an equation to identify it.
Linear differential equations involve only derivatives of y and terms of y to the first power, not raised to any higher power. (Note: This is the power the derivative is raised to, not the order of the derivative.) For example, this is a linear differential equation because it contains only derivatives raised to the first power:
Separable differential equations can be written so that all terms in x and all terms in y appear on opposite sides of the equation. Here's an example:
which can be written like this with a little reshuffling:
Exact differential equations are those where you can find a function whose partial derivatives correspond to the terms in a given differential equation.
Defining Homogeneous and Nonhomogeneous Differential Equations
In order to identify a nonhomogeneous differential equation, you first need to know what a homogeneous differential equation looks like. You also often need to solve one before you can solve the other.
Homogeneous differential equations involve only derivatives of y and terms involving y, and they're set to 0, as in this equation:
Nonhomogeneous differential equations are the same as homogeneous differential equations, except they can have terms involving only x (and constants) on the right side, as in this equation:
You also can write nonhomogeneous differential equations in this format: y'' + p(x)y' + q(x)y = g(x). The general solution of this nonhomogeneous differential equation is
In this solution, c1y1(x) + c2y2(x) is the general solution of the corresponding homogeneous differential equation:
And yp(x) is a specific solution to the nonhomogeneous equation.
Using the Method of Undetermined Coefficients
If you need to find particular solutions to nonhomogeneous differential equations, then you can start with the method of undetermined coefficients. Suppose you face the following nonhomogeneous differential equation:
The method of undetermined coefficients notes that when you find a candidate solution, y, and plug it into the left-hand side of the equation, you end up with g(x). Because g(x) is only a function of x, you can often guess the form of yp(x), up to arbitrary coefficients, and then solve for those coefficients by plugging yp(x) into the differential equation.
This method works because you're dealing only with g(x), and the form of g(x) can often tell you what a particular solution looks like.


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Primitive Sea Creature Sports Eyes Made of Rock
This lined chiton, whose anterior end is to the right, lives about 50 feet below the water's surface near Whidbey Island, Washington.
CREDIT: Kirt L. Onthank.
A tiny sea mollusk uses eyes made of a calcium carbonate crystal to spot predators lurking above, researchers say of the first such rocky lenses found in the animal kingdom.
While scientists had discovered the hundreds of eye-like structures on the surface of this armored mollusk, called a chiton, decades ago, they didn't know what they were made of or whether they could actually see objects or just sensed light. [Image of chiton eyes]
"Turns out they can see objects, though probably not well," said study researcher Daniel Speiser, who recently became a postdoctoral fellow at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
For comparison, the study found that chiton vision would be the equivalent of humans looking in the sky and seeing a disk the diameter of 20 moons, making human vision about a thousand times sharper than chiton vision, the researchers said. [Jellyfish Have Human-Like Eyes]
Chitons first appeared on Earth more than 500 million years ago. But according to the fossil record, the oldest chitons with eyes didn't emerge until the last 25 million years, making their eyes among the most recent to evolve in animals.
The eyes likely evolved so chitons could see and defend against predators, Speiser said.
To figure out how the stony eyes held up against predators, Speiser and Duke biologist Sönke Johnsen studied West Indian fuzzy chitons (Acanthopleura granulata), which are 3 inches (nearly 8 cm) long, in the lab. Like other chitons, these creatures have flat shells made of eight separate plates with hundreds of tiny lenses on the surface covering clusters of light-sensitive cells beneath.
The team realized in a lab experiment that the animal's lenses were made of aragonite (calcium carbonate), rather than proteins like other biological lenses. Then, the duo placed the chitons on a slate slab and as soon as the animal lifted part of its body to breathe, the researchers showed them either a black disk of varying sizes or a corresponding gray slide that blocked the same amount of light. The objects were held just above the chitons.
The blocked light got no response, but when the hovering disk at least an inch (3 cm) or larger came into view the chitons clamped down.
Because the chitons responded to the larger disks and not the gray slides, they seem to be seeing the disk and not simply responding to a change in light, said University of Sussex biologist Michael Land, an expert on animal vision who was not involved in the research. But it's not yet clear if they respond only to the removal of light by the disk as opposed to added light.
The experiments also suggested the eyes had similar abilities in both water and air, suggesting the chiton could see above and below the water.
The results of the chiton study will appear in the April 26 Current Biology.
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