text:
After examining the cobs, the researchers determined that the Peruvian sites' ancient occupants didn't only pop their corn: they also ground it into flour and may have cooked it in other ways as well. At this early stage of maize's history, however, it didn't represent a major component of their diet. This would change by the 12th century, when maize cultivation became vital to the Inca Empire's rise and subsequent expansion across Peru.
Corn was first domesticated from a wild grass in Mexico nearly 9,000 years ago, according to study co-author Dolores Piperno, a curator at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History. It then made its way across Central and South America, where hundreds of distinct maize types—including the ancestors of sweet corn, which many people eat today—arose. The cobs and other corn scraps found at Paredones and Huaca Prieta indicate a diversity of kernel shapes and colors, a sign that this process was already in full swing.
"Our results show that only a few thousand years [after its domestication] corn arrived in South America where its evolution into different varieties that are now common in the Andean region began," Piperno said. "This evidence further indicates that in many areas corn arrived before pots did and that early experimentation with corn as a food was not dependent on the presence of pottery."
The discovery described in the study suggests that popcorn came about 1,000 years earlier than previously thought. It also represents a rare example of early maize remains; since the humid tropics between Central and South America are not conducive to the grain's preservation, much of what we know about corn evolution comes from microscopic remnants. "Because there is so little data available from other places for this time period, the wealth of morphological information about the cobs and other corn remains at this early date is very important for understanding how corn became the crop we know today," Piperno explained.
How did popcorn's earliest addicts prepare the crunchy treat in a world without microwaves, stovetops or artificial butter? Since they didn't even have ceramic pots at their disposal back then, chances are they roasted the cobs directly over coals or flames. Later inhabitants of Peru's northern coast would perfect the technique by developing the world's oldest known popper—a shallow vessel with a handle and a hole on top—around 300 A.D. The first popcorn machine made its debut 1,500 years later at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair.


Distinguishing Between Weaknesses and Liabilities
In my previous post, I discussed a three part process for becoming a more confident leader:
 1. Make the most of your strengths (those things that you are consistently good at and enjoy doing).
 2. Correct your liabilities (the things that keep you from being effective as a leader).
 3. Make peace with your weaknesses (the parts of your leadership that are not "ideal," yet not keeping you from accomplishing the mission of your organization).
Let's talk about how to separate "liabilities" and "weaknesses." The most helpful metaphor I know for this is to talk about "paper tigers" and "real tigers." Harvard Business Review calls this separating "weaknesses" from "fatal flaws."
Let's explore the real tiger versus paper tiger image for a bit. Imagine you are walking in a local park with a wooded area. Something pops up in your peripheral vision and your body goes taught – perched on the precipice of a fight or flight response. You just spotted a tiger in the wild.
Your body freezes and you turn your head slightly to get a better look at the threat – and then discover that what you saw only has the shape of a tiger. In fact, it is a paper-mache tiger! The key distinction here is that while a real tiger can hurt you; a paper one can't.
Imagine if you had allowed yourself to go into a full-on panic at the sight of a "tiger." What if you had started screaming at everyone in the park to run for their lives – how would you have felt afterward? Or, what if you had gone into full blown attack mode and attempted to neutralize the threat? How would people around you perceive your violent dismemberment of something akin to a grade school art project? Either way, how much energy would you have wasted on something that wasn't a real threat?
Distinguishing between weaknesses and liabilities is like distinguishing between paper tigers and real tigers. Weaknesses may at first look like a real threat, but when we take a second look at the situation, we realize that those perceived threats do not pose long term consequences. Here are some examples from the world of work:
 - Going over budget on one item – yet the larger project is still on budget.
 - When a team member tells you about a "big problem," yet it is one that you know how to solve.
 - Not knowing how to handle a problem when there are other people on the team who can handle it.
Let's further consider that last bullet point for a moment, as it is a common one for teams I work with. The Gallup Strengthsfinder assessment divided up their 34 strengths into 4 categories of leadership strengths: executing, relating, influencing, and strategic thinking. When I use this tool with coaching clients, we start by identifying the categories where they are strong and the categories where they are either weak or missing top skills entirely. The next step is to ask, "Who do you know that can make up for this gap? What kind of relationship do you have with that person?" To the extent that a leader has strong and collaborative relationships with people whose top strengths lie in areas where the leader is deficient, those deficiencies are only weaknesses. If the leader does not have strong collaborative relationships with others who have top strengths where the leader is deficient, then that gap is a liability.
The mindfulness techniques taught in Claremont Lincoln University first graduate class also helps leaders distinguish between paper tigers and real tigers by giving them self-awareness and self-management skills to know both when they are entering a fight-or-flight state and how to manage that state.
So, what are your tactics for distinguishing between paper tigers and real tigers?
Possible Action Items:
 - Use the Gallup strengths finder assessment to identify where your team members have gaps and can rely on each other more than they currently do.
 - Use mindfulness apps like headspace to help develop your self-awareness and emotional management skills.
 - To really dig into mindfulness, take CLU's fully-online mindfulness course for your personal and professional development.
Claremont Lincoln University is an educational partner with Southern California Leadership Network.


text:
A non-profit site educating Canadians and Americans
about the differences between human-beings,
natural-persons and artificial-persons
created by God.
|How the Government created your new identity
how you can reclaim your unalienable rights.
created by Man.
|For the text of this web-site is with the absence of the legal-advice.||
|National ID Card:
URGENT AND EXTREMELY IMPORTANT, ESPECIALLY FOR BRITAIN:
This page has been posted as an introductory page for the National ID Card. A more comprehensive page is begin prepared and should be ready soon. Until such time, this should make you think about the dangers of having a National ID Card:
Question: What is wrong with a National ID Card?
Answer: Nothing, as long as you don't mind being a slave for the rest of your life.
Question: How does a National ID Card make me a slave?
Answer: The Card 'identifies' you as the property of the government.
Question: What is the definition of Identify and/or Identity?
Answer: The definition of Identify and/or Identity means 'the same as'.
Question: How can a National ID Card make me the property of the government?
Answer: The ID Card is only for legal entities, and therefore the Card 'identifies' you to be 'the same as' the legal entity (artificial person) which exists on the Card.
Question: Who has legal title to the ID Card?
Answer: The government has legal title to the ID Card (they created it), and therefore has legal title to the legal entity (artificial person) created thereon. The holder of the ID Card may have equitable title (to use) the Card.
Question: What happens when I agree to have a National ID Card?
Answer: By agreeing to be identified by the Card, you have just agreed (by contract) to be 'the same as' the legal entity which was created by the government. In other words, you have agreed, by contract, to be owned by the government (because they own the entity and now you have agreed to be the same as the entity, so they own you).
Question: Can I terminate the contract if I already have a National ID Card?
Answer: No. According to contract law, unless written otherwise into the contract, the contract will only be terminated when both parties to the contract agree to termination. Although you may wish to terminate the contract, the government will never agree to do so. You are their slave for life, and your property (children, estate, etc.) becomes their property in perpetuity (forever).
Question: Who can identify me?
Answer: You, your God (if he shows up), and possibly your parents (provided babies were not swapped). Practically speaking, only YOU can identify you for sure, nobody else. You have to self-identify, viz: "I am the same as I am, I am I and nobody else."
Question: How can a government tell me who I am?
Answer: The government cannot tell you who you are, but if you agree to be the same as their entity, now they can tell you who you are and make you their slave.
Solution: Know who you are, and don't let anybody else tell you who you are. Whatever you do, DO NOT agree to have a National ID Card if you wish to remain free.
A slave once said "Oh master, please tell me who I am."
For those in BRITAIN who may be forced to have a National ID Card in order to obtain a passport to leave their own country, they should learn, and quote, from the following Artilce 12 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which states:
"1. Everyone lawfully within the territory of a State shall, within that territory, have the right to liberty of movement and freedom to choose his residence.
Please be aware that the Article 12, as quoted above, does NOT say every person; it clearly says everyone, clearly not including artificial-persons. This Article also appears to indicate that it is not necessary to have a passport in order to travel anywhere in the world.
"Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law,"

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


.PLX File Extension
PERL programming language script
Question: What is an PLX File?
Have you found, downloaded or received an PLX file, but don't know which software program is required to open it?
Before attempting to open an PLX file, you'll need to determine what kind of file you are dealing with and whether it is even possible to open or view the file format.
Answer: Files which are given the.PLX extension are known as PERL programming language script files, however other file types may also use this extension. If you are aware of any additional file formats that use the PLX extension, please let us know.
How to open a PLX file:
The best way to open an PLX file is to simply double-click it and let the default assoisated application open the file. If you are unable to open the file this way, it may be because you do not have the correct application associated with the extension to view or edit the PLX file.
Tip: Try to open the PLX file using a text-editor such as Notepad, as many file types contain simply contain unformatted plain-text and can viewed correctly using this method.
Rate Extension
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2011-04-05 13:40:57
I am looking for what type of programs are compatible in importing.plx files. Also if the origin of the program (which is unknown in this case) would be standard or metric.


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Certified Thermographer - I.T.C. - #9866
About Infrared Thermography
Thermography is the use of an infrared imaging and measurement camera to 'see' and 'measure' thermal energy emitted from an object. Thermal, or infrared energy, is light that is not visible because its wavelength is too long to be detected by the human eye; it's the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that we perceive as heat. Unlike visible light, in the infrared world, everything with a temperature above absolute zero emits heat. Even very cold objects, like ice cubes, emit infrared. The higher the object's temperature, the greater the IR radiation emitted. Infrared allows us to see what our eyes cannot. Infrared thermography cameras produce images of invisible infrared or 'heat' radiation and provide precise non-contact temperature measurement capabilities.
FLIR BCAM SD
An infrared camera is a non-contact device that detects infrared energy (heat) and converts it into an electronic signal, which is then processed to produce a thermal image on a video monitor and perform temperature calculations. Heat sensed by an infrared camera can be very precisely quantified, or measured, allowing you to not only monitor thermal performance, but also identify and evaluate the relative severity of heat-related problems.
Moisture Intrusion at Window
We have added Infrared Thermal Imaging to our Mold Inspection and EIFS Inspection services. We use this tool mainly to locate and pinpoint sources of leaks and water intrusion in buildings and roofs thus eliminating the need for destructive source finding. Using Thermal Infrared Imaging method is the most effective method of locating moisture. It is most effective when performed shortly (within a few days or weeks) after a leak occurred and less effective when no moisture remains in the building material.
Moisture Intrusion behind Siding
How does it work?
The camera senses the difference in temperatures, down to fraction of a degree, and displays the differences in a gradient gray scale on the display. We can determine where the water intrusion is located and confirm the findings with a probe moisture tester when needed. With Infrared Thermal Imaging we can quickly inspect a large building, a multi-unit apartment or hotel to determine where the moisture problems are located. No need for destructive exploratory inspections by opening walls and ceilings to look for leaks! If it's wet the camera will find it!
Wet Floor Decking
Other uses for Infrared Thermography
Missing or damaged wall and ceiling insulation
For non-destructive detection of areas of missing, moisture-laden or otherwise damaged insulation in walls, crawlspaces and attics, or around doors, windows, electrical outlets and other access plates, Infrared technology can't be beat! All of these problems can increase a building's energy costs by allowing cold air to enter the building and heated air to escape in the winter, and the reverse in the warmer, summer months.
Faulty Electrical and Mechanical Components
Infrared cameras are very effective at detecting overloaded circuits, faulty wiring, and loose electrical connections, which all will generate heat, and can pose serious fire hazards.
The use of EIFS (Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems), stone, stucco and brick veneers as facades on residential, as well as commercial buildings, invites the possibility of water intrusion if they are not properly installed. Infrared cameras can detect or verify moisture infiltration in these weatherproofing 'barrier' systems, often the result of insufficient details such as inadequate or improperly applied flashing or sealants. In addition, IR can monitor and track moisture migration paths within the wall cavity.
Call _PHONE_ for Inspection Fee Information
(fee's are based on project requirements)


text:
Closing Event: Lecture by Momoyo Kaijima
We are happy to welcome Momoyo Kaijima here in the HCU Atrium. Momoyo Kaijima founded Atelier Bow-Wow, a Tokyo based firm, in 1992 with Yoshiharu Tsukamoto. Yoichi Tamai joined the studio as partner in 2015. The practice has realised houses, urban interventions and public spaces in Japan, Europe and the United States. Its publications include the Pet Architecture Guide Book, Made in Tokyo, Graphic Anatomy 1 and 2, Behaviorology and the Window Scape Series. All of them are books one should not just read but bring to work – full with methods, tools, theories and discourses to reorganise what's what in Architecture. Thank you for being here.
Hi, this is Momoyo Kaijima – nice to meet you. Today I would like to talk about Atrium Behaviorology. Why behaviorology? The very simple answer is: We live. We have a life, which is to be continued, we are breathing and performing activities. And why the atrium? The atrium has been the space for multiple aspects of life since Roman times.
Today, I think this particular typology was created here to achieve a specific goal for the HafenCity University. However, the summer school's question is: What happens here now? Behaviorology is always about life in different aspects, for example human behaviour – I behave, I breathe, I walk, I study or I sleep and so on. That is the first thing. The second thing is, we have light, wind, many climate issues, temperature, hot or cold, air blows – all these things are always present and these conditions compete and negotiate, like temperature, and also the sunlight coming from the east and west and so on. So - these kind of movements affect space. The third thing is architecture itself. As I mentioned before, the atrium, is a strong typology of space, translated from the roman period. So to understand what this means for us, we have to ask why and how we should or could continue to realise this typology today. This kind of typological aspect – the genealogy of space or the genealogy of architecture – offers a very important discourse or a platform for architecture and urban planning. These three things constitute a frame of study for Behaviorology and we used these three frames together with the students to observe behaviours in the atrium during the summer school.
Before my lecture Dominique and Lisa talked about how the students performed this kind of research and explained how we can record movements. Mostly, different behaviours occur time after time according to different conditions. Consequently we need a method to record how changes occur time after time. One method could be the drawing. Architecture students, architects, artists, urban planners or designers are capable of drawing their ideas. However, by drawing we can represent observations. That's why in our studies [with Architectural Behaviorology] we are producing several drawings. Through making drawings, students can create feedback from the drawings themselves. The drawing tells to ourselves what we observe. We can draw by hand or by thought. Facing drawings, observations and thinking creates a feedback loop, which makes us more conscious about what is important for us, for oneself, the methods and the meanings of space. This kind of loop can be very prolific for a development of our thought.
In the focus of changing patterns of our lives, Behaviorology is related to ethnography. Each area or each specific space is used by a different member or a different citizen or a different group of people. We want to know about a common sense between these people or members. Insights from ethnographies or the application of an ethnographic method will help architects to understand how they can transpose this common behaviour into the design of space. If we want to contribute to a conceptional practice about »common space« we might look at hybrid common spaces and ask what the frame of the common is and what social group is behind these common spaces.
It is very important to think about this kind of relationship between the common and people or society, this kind of relational study, in terms of ethnography. We tried to test this methodology in this atrium.
At the end of the week we installed several kinds of places. During the workshop we found a lot of interesting aspects like sounds. For example this atrium echoes very strongly, because of the hard materials which surround it and several different levels of activities [feeding the sound of the atrium]. The echo announces disturbances or collaborations of different actors. Students transposed the observation of these behaviours into the radio format including the radio station. The delay you are hearing listening to my lecture is a very interesting effect. It is in the same space, yet not in the same time. For me, this is a very interesting affection.
[Showing behaviours on a drawing] This space follows certain time lines. In this case, the people have a table and they eat breakfast on the table. They are very close to these people, but different activities happen. They share some moment. This is also very interesting. The atrium has a lot of light but we don't have any water supply. That is why students use a special machine to water the plants. Where is this special machine now? Leonie [HCU students assistant and related to AStA at HCU] stores it in the AStA offices. I like this machine. This machine is a very important instrument to connect the plants to the people.
Sometimes this atrium gives too much light on sunny days. Sometimes these Banana leaves give beautiful shadows for the people. This kind of relationship happens in the atrium.
Originally, the Atrium is a kind of meeting space, a space enabling exchange, in which different actors like plants, air, light, the smell of food and many more of these kinds of things create a more habitable situation and somehow increase the comfort of the space. One important thing is coffee. Students proposed coffee to go. Very, very simple, just put ground coffee in a coffee machine and, in result, this space suddenly plays a different role. I think it is very important to enable play with different roles in the same space. And coffee produces a very nice smell as well.
We expected to enable this kind of diversity of space as much as possible and as long as possible. Unfortunately, after one week, many of the plants were taken out because of a cleaning procedure and also because of new programs scheduled. The atrium should be open to everything. That's why some of our instruments were taken out of the space. That's why we couldn't continue this experiment until today, unfortunately. But I think this is also an interseting element in the testing condition of our summer school.
This is the end of my lecture, so thank you very much.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Links to ornithology programs at Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD, including large scale survey analysis of bird populations, research tools, datasets and analyses, bird identification, and seasonal bird lists.
Describes how social scientists and natural resource managers work together to develop cooperation and public help in solving complex natural resource issues. Links to the use of public surveys in a project for black-tailed prairie dog management.
Hydrologic data web page for the Water Resources Inventory Area 1 (WRIA 1) Watershed Management Project studying surface and ground water in the Nooksack watershed in northwest Washington. Links to environmental data and maps.
We removed non-native fish from a section of the river and the endangered native species humpback chub increased in abundance. But it is not yet clear that decreased competition explains the rebound in population.


text:
Studies Towards the Synthesis of DKP Analogues. Investigations of Bis-lactim Ether Reactivity with Aldehydes and Ketones
AuthorKadysjev, Arslan Maratovitsj
A group of molecules with the name diketopiperazines (DKP) are called so, because of their diketopiperazine ring as the core structural unit. Mainly there are 3 types of diketopiperazies which only differ in in the position of the keto group, one type has the keto groups in 2,3- position; another in 2,5-; and the third in 2,6- position. The 2,5- isomer has attracted great interest, because of compounds that have the same core structure unit occur in nature. One good example of such compounds that have been studied lately is Barettin. Since DKPs have some similarities to peptides and are biologically active natural products, like Barettin, studies in synthesis of DKP analogues have been performed to use DKP analogues to improve the metabolic properties of peptides. In this thesis, studies towards the synthesis of DKP analogues from the 2,5- isomer are described. The preparation of 2,5-diketopiperazine itself is described by two different methods. The first one is the more general approach and the second method is microwave assisted synthesis. Exploration of the use of Schöllkopf bis-lactime ethers in the synthesis of functionalized DKPs. The Schöllkopf ether was studied in a range of transformations through aldol condensation with aldehydes and ketones with various bases followed by dehydration. Both 2,5-DKP syntheses and alkylation were found to be successful whereas the aldol condensation step turned out to be a little bit problematic. Through the course of the project a range of compounds were synthesized for analogue library.
PublisherUiT Norges arktiske universitet
UiT The Arctic University of Norway
The following license file are associated with this item:


Washing, conveying and milling
Voran's machines can significantly reduce the time spent on different processes and increase the efficiency of production. The cleaning and sorting table is a combination device for cleaning and manual sorting of fruit and vegetables that helps to prepare fruit for milling process more efficiently.
Washing-elevating-milling systems help to save time on transporting fruits and vegetables from washer to the mill and allow higher throughput. These Voran machines are washing fruits and vegetables and also shred them in the same device right after washing process. After milling process the fruit pulp is ready to be pressed.


January 23, 2004
Keeping the Found Things Found
This weeks New York Times Circuits article: Now Where Was I? New Ways to Revisit Web Sites, which covers the Keep the Found Things Found research project at University of Washington. The program is summarized:
This topic is at the heart of the Personal Information Cloud. How does a person keep the information they found attracted to themselves once they found that information. Keeping the found information at hand to use when the case to use the information arises is a regular struggle. The Personal Information Cloud is the rough cloud of information that follows the user. Users have spent much time and effort to draw information they desire close to themselves (Model of Attraction). Once they have the information, is the information in a format that is easy for the user or consumer of the information to use or even reuse.
Web Mentions


Fine Needle Aspiration
Continuing Education Activity
Fine-needle aspiration is a minimally invasive way to obtain a cell sample to confirm a diagnosis or guide treatment. Fine-needle aspiration is an alternative to more invasive methods such as incisional or excisional biopsy. This activity reviews the procedure of fine-needle aspiration and reviews the role it plays in evaluating suspicious masses, as well as highlighting the role of the interprofessional team in this procedure.
 - Identify the indications for fine-needle aspiration.
 - Describe the technique in regards to effectively performing fine-needle aspiration.
 - Review the appropriate evaluation of the potential complications of performing fine-needle aspiration.
 - Summarize interprofessional team strategies for improving care coordination and communication to properly perform fine-needle aspiration and improve outcomes.
Whether found on personal examination, by a physician on clinical examination, or incidentally found on imaging, new growth or mass can be extremely alarming to a patient. Ensuring a quick and accurate diagnosis with minimal psychological and physical suffering on the part of the patient should be the healthcare team's highest priority.[1] While an effective and thorough history and physical combined with advanced imaging modalities can now diagnose with a high degree of confidence, the etiology of many new masses, sometimes there is still diagnostic uncertainty. In these cases, a tissue or fluid sample is typically necessary to confirm the diagnosis. Furthermore, in the era of advanced biologic drugs and genotyping, a tissue sample combined with genetic and molecular testing may be necessary to determine the most effective treatment modality even when a diagnosis is known. Finally, in limited cases, fine-needle aspiration may be used therapeutically to remove fluid from abscesses, cysts, or seromas.
Anatomy and Physiology
While fine-needle aspiration can technically be used on essentially any region of the body, it is most commonly used to biopsy newly identified masses in the breast, the thyroid, suspicious lymph nodes, or suspicious skin masses.[2][3][4][5][6] The development of endoscopic ultrasound, as in conjunction with advanced endoscopes, means that pancreatic, gastrointestinal, esophageal, and tracheal pathology may be biopsied with a fine needle as well.[7][8][9][10] Finally, as imaging modalities become more advanced, CT-guided fine-needle biopsies can be taken of almost any region in the body.[11][12][13][14][15][16] In essence, all but the most inaccessible regions of the body are amenable to fine-needle aspiration.
Given the diverse array of anatomical structures that may be accessed by fine-needle aspiration, detailing the anatomical nuances of each is beyond the scope of this chapter; however, there are a few universal principles worth mentioning. The first is to plan any fine-needle aspiration so that it avoids any critical intervening structures or blood vessels; it is inappropriate to biopsy the liver through the gallbladder or the thyroid through an intervening artery, for example. Secondly, while fine-needle aspiration can be used to aspirate abscesses, particularly in cosmetically sensitive areas such as the breast, infected areas should otherwise be avoided as it will seed infectious material along the tract of the needle.[17] Finally, the healthcare provider performing the fine-needle aspiration should be intimately familiar with the anatomy of the area being investigated to minimize the risk of complications and give the highest chance of the biopsy giving the correct diagnosis.
Fine-needle aspiration is indicated in any situation where a tissue or fluid sample would aid in diagnosis or treatment. This can include determining the cell type of nonfunction thyroid nodules, suspicious skin masses, or suspicious breast masses. Fine-needle aspiration can investigate if there is malignancy contained within suspicious lymph nodes or new masses that may arise from any of the previously mentioned organs. In the setting of a known diagnosis, particularly with metastatic disease, fine-needle aspiration of suspicious lymph nodes or masses can be used to determine genetic or molecular markers that indicate the cancer is susceptible to specific chemotherapeutic or biologic treatments. Fine-needle aspiration may be used to aspirate the contents of an abscess to treat it when combined with antibiotics, and this treatment is used rather than the standard incision and drainage in cosmetically sensitive areas such as the breast, although data on its efficacy is mixed.[17] Finally, fine-needle aspiration may be used to remove fluid from a seroma if necessary. However, this is typically avoided since it presents the chance of potentially infecting an otherwise sterile fluid collection.[18]
Fine-needle aspiration is also an important triage in deep-seated lesions such as in lung, mediastinum, and abdominal organs, including pancreas and lymph nodes, especially in patients who are not fit for more invasive biopsy sampling.
Fine-needle aspiration is contraindicated in any situation where it would not alter management; for example, if a patient has a large, isolated, and symptomatic pancreatic mass, there is no need to biopsy it since it already mandates surgical excision and, if malignant, runs the risk of seeding the needle tract with cancer cells.[19] Fine-needle aspiration is also contraindicated if a safe biopsy window is unobtainable, although this is relatively rare given the small size of the needle. As previously mentioned, fine-needle aspiration is contraindicated in the setting of an infected field where it may introduce infectious material into a sterile space. Fine-needle aspiration is relatively contraindicated when there is a high degree of suspicion that cytology will not be sufficient to make the diagnosis and histology are needed; this is most commonly seen in the setting of suspected lymphoma. A few of the lesions which should not be attempted for fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) include paraganglioma, hydatid cyst, and vascular neoplasms. An additional relative contraindication is if the patient is supratherapeutically anticoagulated or extremely coagulopathic. Once again, the small size of the fine needle used in this procedure generally ensures that even these patients have minimal bleeding risk and that any bleeding that does occur can be stopped with manual compression.
Fine-needle aspiration requires a minimal amount of equipment. If the lesion to be biopsied is superficial, it will require just a small needle, an aspiration device such as a syringe, sterile gloves, and an antiseptic swab or wipe to sterilize the biopsy site. Local anesthesia, such as lidocaine, is typically not needed during the procedure as administering the anesthetic itself may cause more pain than the small-bore needle. If the lesion is within the abdominal cavity, it may undergo fine-needle aspiration with a specialized percutaneous or laparoscopic device. Fine-needle aspiration can also be performed via an endoscope or bronchoscope, again via a specialized device. In addition to the needle and aspiration device, appropriate material to maintain sterile technique is required. If the aspiration is to be image-guided, then imaging equipment such as an ultrasound will also be necessary.
If the lesion is superficial, then a solo healthcare provider may perform the fine-needle aspiration by themself. As with many minor procedures, it may still be helpful to have an assistant available in case extra supplies or an extra set of hands become necessary.
If the procedure is to be performed laparoscopically, endoscopically, or percutaneously then the additional personal necessary to anesthetize and monitor the patient will also be required.
If the area to be aspirated is superficial, then simply sterilizing the area before performing fine-needle aspiration is all that is necessary.
If the procedure is to be performed laparoscopically, endoscopically, or percutaneously then additional preparation is required as there would be for any procedure performed that way, including confirming the planned site and sedating or anesthetizing the patient.
If the area to undergo fine-needle aspiration is superficial and palpable, then once the area is sterilized, simply inserting the needle into the lesion while gently aspirating is all that is necessary. If the lesion is not palpable, then ultrasound guidance should ensure an appropriate sample is taken. Even if the lesion is palpable, ultrasound can be useful to guide the needle. CT-guided fine-needle aspiration may be performed similarly except under CT guidance.
If the fine-needle aspiration is to be performed via endoscopy or bronchoscopy, the lesion may be aspirated through direct visualization or with the addition of ultrasound guidance. If the lesion is not visible, for example, if a paratracheal lymph node needs to be sampled, then an ultrasound will be necessary. This requires a specialized scope with an ultrasound probe attached as well as a device on the tip of the scope to deploy the needle. Still, the ultimate technique is the same: inserting the needle into the area under investigation while aspirating.
Fortunately, complications associated with fine-needle aspiration are relatively rare. Bleeding, damage to surrounding structures, and fistula creation are all minimized by the small size of the needle. The greatest risk is for bleeding in patients that are coagulopathic for any reason. In these patients, manual compression is typically enough to stop the bleeding. The other major potential complication is to seed tissue planes with infection or neoplastic cells while passing the needle through them to reach the area to be aspirated. This is why it is essential to consider whether a fine-needle aspiration is necessary to guide treatment or whether definitive treatment should be pursued in the absence of fine-needle aspiration.
Clinical Significance
Fine-needle aspiration is a


How to Plan A High Calorie Diet For Athletic Dogs
How to Plan A High Calorie Diet For Athletic Dogs
Table of Contents
If you are a parent to an athletic canine you must pay close attention to their diet and asses whether they are indeed an athletic dog or just one that has high energy. What qualifies for an athletic dog? If your dog does either of the following they are an athletic dog:
 - Is a working dog and must stay alert for long hours
 - Is involved in high agility sports
 - Is a working dog and trains for long hours everyday
 - Accompanies you in morning jogs/runs that are more than 30 minutes long
 - Has a rigorous training session and often does shows
 - Runs/Plays continuously for more than half an hour everyday
If your dog does any one or more of the activities above, they are an athletic dog and therefore need a special athletic diet. However, just like for human athletes, there is no one diet that serves all high agility dogs. Similarly for dogs, their diet should be planned according to their workout routine, the amount of calories they burn and their breed and body type.
Things to Keep Before Outlining A High Calorific Diet For Athletic Dogs
The first step is to find out how many calories they burn in a day. We suggest consulting your vet about your dog's metabolic energy requirement and basing it to create a detailed calorie chart. The next step is to divide the calories into small equal portions to feed them throughout the day. For athletic canines it is ideal for them to eat small quantities of food frequently throughout the day rather than having two large portions.
Small portions of carbohydrates are good for dogs but instead of grains, try to source their starch from complex carbohydrates like potatoes and other dog safe vegetables. Carb loading is a common practice done by many athletes and though it works well for us, there are various reasons why it is not as effective for dogs.
Research shows that dogs have more mitochondria (small organelles present within cells that provide energy) in their cells than humans do. This means that they do not burn glycogen as their primary source of energy, rather, they burn fat. So, don't load their system with carbs, weeks before an event. Chances are it will ruin their performance instead of enhancing it. Energy drinks (which many allow their dogs to sip on) and glucose will not help them as much as a hard boil egg will.
Another important thing to keep in mind is how often they are in their peak. Some dogs must maintain a stable agility level as they are working every day in the year. Others must maintain their peak only during certain months of the year and live the rest like a high energy dog. If your dog falls in the latter category, make sure you gradually change their diet to a performance enhancing meal during their training months. Performance enhancers are usually lot more expensive than a regular meal, but since you need lesser amounts of it, it is a reasonable exchange. It is made to keep your athletic dog light and active.
Performance enhancers work well if they are taken for a short period of time. Gradually increase their intake as they are closer to their peak in fitness and decrease it slowly after they have completed the season. Too much of any high protein and fat diet can easily cause obesity if they are not burning as many calories.
To make sure that we provide our athletic canines with the best, we must understand that athletic dogs and highly energetic dog are different from each other. If you have an athletic dog – one that is constantly involved in various canine sports – you will have to specially form a diet that caters to their needs. If your dog does strenuous activities a few times a month, like trekking with you, or going to the beach during the weekends, they largely fall into the second category. This means that though they are not 'athletic' their energy levels are above average dogs. They have a good metabolism and you can get away with a few extra (dog safe) fruit pieces and treats in the day. Fruits have antioxidants that help dogs the same way as it helps humans. It nourishes them and supplies the rest of their body. But, because of the increased amounts of mitochondria, it does not provide them with instant energy.
If your dog isn't a working dog but walks for long hours every day, they will not be considered an athletic dog but will require more calories than an average dog. In this case you need not alter their diet completely, but you can add a small portion of healthy fats to it. Just add half a teaspoon of olive oil, coconut oil or fish oil (like salmon oil), to their daily diet. This will not only enhance the taste, but also help them restore energy from the rigorous workout they had with you earlier.
Lastly, it is important to understand your dog and their needs. High calorie diets are effective only when they are burning that many calories. Otherwise, it just becomes a recipe for obesity. So, watch them closely, keep tabs on their weight and only make changes if it is necessary.
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HowTo: Convert metadata from GXplorer 6.0 to GXquery 4.0 Upgrade 6
Unofficial Content
This document attempts to explain all the things to take into account if you want to convert a GXplorer6.0 metadata to a GXquery 4.0 Upgrade 6 metadata.
What things should I know before converting the metadata?
There are a few things to take into account before even think to convert a whole metadata from GXplorer 6.0 to a GXquery 4.0 Upgrade 6. The most important one is knowing how GXquery works (for more information, please refer to GXquery course ) and having a GXquery 4.0 Upgrade 6 installation.
Another important thing you have to know that this conversion involves a change of paradigm, GXplorer 6.0 uses the OLAP paradigm and GXquery 4.0 uses Attribute paradigm. So the consequences of converting a metadata imply changes or lost, of concepts.
The following concepts are changed when the conversion is done:
 - A partitioned measure is converted to N differents attributes on differents fact tables and without any relationship between them. Now the user will have to choose very carefully the table to navigate to make an effective Query.
 - At GXplorer 6.0 a dimension has an Id and a description attribures, that are considered just one thing. In GXquery 4.0 this is considered as two differents attributes.
 - If the dimension Id has more than one attribute, they will be considered as different attributes without any special relationship between them.
 - Filters at GXplorer 6.0 are defined for a measure or for a dimension. In GXquery those filters will be applied to some of the attributes of the measure or the dimension.
The following concepts are lost when the conversion is done because they are not supported in GXquery:
 - Filters of the following type: Ranking, Minimum and Maximum.
 - Aggregation restrictions (none, partially or totally).
 - Measures defined as a Count formula in GXplorer Manager.
How can I make the metadata conversion?
GXquery 4.0 Upgrade 6 provides a tool to convert a GXplorer 6.0 metadata easily to a GXquery 4.0 metadata.
This tool is called MetadataConverter and we can execute it by running (as administrator) the Artech.GXquery.Converter.exe application located in the Metadata Converter folder at the GXquery 4.0 installation folder.
Step By Step
Step 1: Open the metadata converter and select the GXplorer 6.0 catalog.
GXplorer conversion 1
Step 2: Select the destination folder and start the conversion.
GXplorer conversion 2
Obs: by selecting Advanced the following window will be open, and we have the option to set the server or credentials for SQL Server (the tool needs a SQL Server to create a temporary Knowledge Base as part of the conversion process).
GXplorer conversion 3
Also, we can follow the status of the conversion progress and get the conversion log.
Step 3: Done!
The conversion process it's done. As a result, we have now an.export file ready to be imported to GXquery 4.0 Upgrade 6 installation. For more information about how this step it's done, please refer to HowTo: Creating a GXquery metadata in GXquery.


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Ensuring transaction-safety in Google App Engine
In last week's exciting post, I described an alternative to transactions that we use at Khan Academy, to ensure atomic datastore operations.
When used correctly, both the user-write lock and transactions are effective at avoiding a particular form of database corruption -- call it "data stomping." Data stomping happens when two requests try to modify the same datastore entity at the same time.
Request B does not see A's modifications, and its PUT overwrites A's PUT. A's modifications are entirely lost, even when they don't conflict with B's.
Transactions solve this problem by noticing the contention at request B's put() time, and forcing request B to retry from the beginning. Locks solve the problem by not allowing the time-overlap at all.
Note that for both techniques, you need to follow the GET - MODIFY - PUT idiom. It is an error -- a db stomping waiting to happen -- to do the GET outside the transaction/lock!
In this blog post, I describe the infrastructure we put in place at Khan Academy (which uses Google App Engine) to notice that error, and to make it easy to modify the source code to prevent it. We are making the source code available in two files:
- db_hooks.py: a generic db/ndb hooking infrastructure
- txn_safety.py: the specific hooks we use to detect and alert for transaction-safety violations
How do people use transactions (and locks) wrong?
The mistake people make is simple: they do the GET outside the transaction (or lock). Then when the transaction retries, it doesn't re-GET, so you end up with request B stomping out request A's changes.
You may think it's easy to remember to always do your GET's inside a transaction, but there are many ways to get this wrong:
- You do the PUT in a function that's far removed from the GET.
- You are given an entity and forget to run entity = entity.key.get() to "re-GET" inside the transaction
- There are multiple codepaths used to GET an object, and only some of them -- maybe the ones used 99% of the time, so everything seems mostly-fine -- are done inside the transaction
- The get() call gives a cached result
This last cause was a big problem for us: we would cache the entity corresponding to the current user, for efficiency. Then, whenever we wanted to update the current user, we'd do get_current_user().modify().put() inside a transaction, without realizing that get_current_user() was returning some cached entity that was fetched way before the transaction started.
The solution is pretty straightforward, once you realize there's a problem. The issue is finding out there's a problem in the first place, and then tracing through the code to find the problematic GET.
A Taxonomy of Data Stomping Errors
While the GET-outside-transaction error is the most common, there are many related types of data corruption. The infrastructure we put in place catches the following three types:
Doing the PUT inside a transaction or user-lock, but not the GET.
_USER_.transactional def seems_ok_but_is_not(uid): user_data = UserData.get_from_id(uid) # cached! user_data.points += 5 user_data.put()
The problem here is that get_from_user_id() gets the user-data entity from a cache. So even though it looks like you're doing the GET from within the transaction, you're actually (potentially) just seeing some object that was gotten much earlier in the request, outside this transaction.
- Totally unprotected stomping
Doing a GET - MODIFY - PUT entirely outside a transaction or user-lock.
def badfunc(user_data): user_data_again = db.get(user_data.key()) user_data_again.points += 5 user_data_again.put()
- Internal stomping
Doing two nested (or interleaved) GET - MODIFY - PUT's inside a single transaction/lock.
_USER_.transactional def _internal_fn(uid): user_data1 = get_user(uid) user_data1.points += 5 user_data1.put() _USER_.transactional def public_fn(uid): user_data2 = get_user(uid) user_data2.points += 10 _internal_fn(uid) user_data2.put()
The problem here is that user_data1 and user_data2 are totally different python objects. When we do the user_data2.put(), it totally overwrites the change made in user_data1. This is the classical db-stomping problem, but within a single request!
How To Use It
To get the benefits of transaction-safety checking, you must annotate a db/ndb model with a decorator saying what method you use to guarantee safe put()'s:
- _USER_() -- super rare!
- _USER_() -- commonly for polymodels and utility classes
- _USER_() -- for (Local)StructuredProperty models
- _USER_() -- easiest to use correctly (no need for transactions)
- _USER_() -- you put get-modify-put in a transaction
- _USER_(lockid_fn) -- you put get-modify-put in a user write lock
- _USER_() -- appengine lets you schedule cron jobs; if an entity is only accessed via a cron job, we know two requests will never access that entity at the same time
- _USER_() -- for legacy code
- _USER_() -- ditto
These instruct the transaction-safety system what kinds of violations to look for. There is much more documentation of each choice at the bottom of txn_safety.py. Note that _USER_ takes an argument: that should a be a function that takes an entity and returns the lock_id for that entity. For instance, if the lock is protecting a single user, the lock_id might be the user-id. This is necessary because a single lock can protect many different entities. Example:
_USER_.written_with_user_lock_model(lambda e: e.kaid) class UserVideo(db.Model): """A single user's interaction with a single video.""" user = db.UserProperty(indexed=True) kaid = db.StringProperty(indexed=True) # user's user-id video_key = object_property.KeyProperty(indexed=True)...
Second, you have to wrap your WSGI application in the transaction-safety middleware:
app = webapp2.WSGIApplication([...routes...]) app = txn_safety.TransactionSafetyMiddleware(app)
Then you just run your application. If there is a transaction-safety violation, the system will log it:
Did a put() of the same entity from two different python objects: . Other put: --- File "/api/internal/scratchpads.py", line 408, in update_user_scratchpad old_points, old_challenge_status, client_dt, time_taken) File "/api/internal/scratchpads.py", line 436, in add_actions_for_user_scratchpad finished=(progress == "complete")) File "/scratchpads/models.py", line 2775, in record_for_user_and_scratchpad scratchpad=scratchpad) File "/rewards/triggers.py", line 119, in update_with_triggers_no_put user_data, possible_badges, dry_run=dry_run, **kwargs) File "/rewards/util_rewards.py", line 158, in maybe_award_badges_no_put badge.award_to(user_data=user_data, **kwargs) File "/badges/cs_badges.py", line 450, in award_to user_data, self.name, self.description) File "/notifications/cs_notifications.py", line 201, in send_certificate_notifications coach.put() File "/user_models.py", line 4173, in put result = super(UserData, self).put(*args, **kwargs) --- Traceback (most recent call last): File "/api/internal/scratchpads.py", line 408, in update_user_scratchpad old_points, old_challenge_status, client_dt, time_taken) File "/api/internal/scratchpads.py", line 436, in add_actions_for_user_scratchpad finished=(progress == "complete")) File "/scratchpads/models.py", line 2777, in record_for_user_and_scratchpad user_data.put() File "/user_models.py", line 4173, in put result = super(UserData, self).put(*args, **kwargs) File "/db_hooks.py", line 55, in wrapper hook(model_or_models) File "/db_patching.py", line 613, in _examine_put_state _examine_tainted_put(entity) File "/db_patching.py", line 605, in _examine_tainted_put % (type(entity), tb))
This is an example of "internal stomping." If you had access to the source code, these tracebacks would be enough to tell you that record_for_user_and_scratchpad does a get() + put() of some user-data, and send_certificate_notifications does a nested get() + put() of the same user-data.
For power users, the source code documents functions like disable_user_write_lock_checking_in_test().
In the last blog post I mentioned that lock_util.py's fetch_under_user_write_lock could not be used at that time. Well, with the functionality in this blog post, it can be!, making it really easy to re-fetch an entity -- or not, as needed -- under the user write lock.
def update_points(user_data): with fetch_under_user_write_lock(user_data) as ud_again: ud_again.points += 5
If we are already under the write


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Several oil slicks occurred on Lake Maracaibo in northwestern Venezuela between December 2002 and January 2003, and were observed by various satellite instruments. These images from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) provide new information relating to one such event near the center of Lake Maracaibo on December 26, 2002.
In unpolluted areas, the water surface is "ruffled" by wind and the resulting wave facets divert reflected rays into many directions. An oil film dampens the presence of small wind-driven "capillary" waves, resulting a smoother, more mirror-like surface. Also, oil is more strongly absorbing than the surrounding water. Therefore, at most viewing angles, a surface slick will appear darker than the surrounding unpolluted areas, whereas near the specular angle (the angle at which a perfect mirror reflects light) it will appear brighter. Simultaneous observation at multiple view angles therefore enhances the reliability of oil-slick detection using optical imaging.
An example of how the optical contrast of an oil film on a water surface changes as a function of viewing angle is illustrated by these false-color MISR images, comprised of near-infrared, red and blue spectral data at three different angles, using the vertical-viewing camera (left), the 26°-forward-viewing camera (center) and the 46°-forward-viewing camera (right). A swirly area in the middle of the lake appears darker than the surrounding waters at both the nadir and 46° views, but brighter than the surrounding waters at the 26° view. Of the three images, only the 26° camera observes close to specular reflection angle.
Lake Maracaibo is the largest lake in South America. The lake is somewhat saline, since it is connected to the Gulf of Venezuela by a narrow strait in the north. Venezuela is the largest oil producing nation in the Western Hemisphere, and the Lake Maracaibo basin includes the largest oil fields and almost a quarter of this nation's population.
The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer observes the daylit Earth continuously from pole to pole, and every 9 days views the entire globe between 82 degrees north and 82 degrees south latitude. These data products were generated from a portion of the imagery acquired during Terra orbit 16081. The panels cover an area of 72 kilometers x 225 kilometers, and utilize data from blocks 81 to 83 within World Reference System-2 path 8.
MISR was built and is managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, for NASA's Office of Earth Science, Washington, DC. The Terra satellite is managed by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD. JPL is a division of the California Institute of Technology.


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Authors: H.-J. Hochecker
I stick metal foil on an a 1 square meter large and 10 kilograms heavy dielectric so that a condenser is build. By putting a tension of 10 kV on the condenser or by short-circuiting it I measure a real reduction of the weight of about 0.1 grams each time. This result confirms my theoretical conclusion which says that the weight of a body is related with the movements of its charges (protons and electrons). Keywords: Gravitation, movement of electrical charges, relativity
Comments: 3 Pages.
[v1] 3 Aug 2010
Unique-IP document downloads: 47 times
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Heart & Cardiology/Pericardial window
QUESTION: How long after a pericardial window/ biopsy would you expect an otherwise healthy person to return to full time work
ANSWER: Hi Amy,
The operation is a relatively minor procedure. Recovery in an otherwise healthy person should be uneventful (full recovery in <4-6 weeks). However, it is not the operation but the illness for which it is being done that will determine how quickly a patient is back to normal. Thus the real question is why is this type of surgery necessary?
Hope this helps,
---------- FOLLOW-UP ----------
QUESTION: I have had chronic sinus inflammation for 8 months. Two months ago I started getting work ups from an ID doctor,rheumatologist and immunologists. About 16 vials of blood latter, all bloodwork was normal except measures of inflammation which were high but non specific. I was getting increasingly fatigued, winded and had a few occasions where I woke not being able to breathe, pacing, anxious and tried to lean forward to take a breath. The following day I had a ct of the
Chest which showed a large pericardial effusion. I was admitted the I spiral that evening and had a liter of bloody fluid drained. I went home the following day. The fluid was tested and negative for infection, cancer, TB but positive doe Inflammation. I was re admitted three days later with a moderator to large effusion reforming which was causing the aortic chamber to collapse. The immunologist wanted me to have a biopsy to see it would provide a reason for the inflammation so I was transferred to a hospital with cardio thoractic surgeons who could do a biopsy and window. So far the test results. Are negative except for Inflammation. The tissue biopsy is still pending. If the tissue biopsy is also inconclusive what is the next step?
The surgery accomplishes two goals:
1. Diversion of the accumulated fluid to the pleural space around your lungs where repeat drainage is easier to perform.
2. A biopsy may render a diagnosis if this is pericardial disease. If not positive for a definite diagnosis, it may mean the effusions are caused by a problem yet to be discovered.
Biopsies often show inflammation, but unfortunately not necessarily a cause. Often, no cause can be identified. Sometimes this means an understanding that the disease will "burn itself out", and anti-inflammatory therapy and steroids are used to facilitate that period.
Hope this helps,


Monday, March 21, 2005
Unnatural selection?
Remember the old rhyme: "I never saw a purple cow, and hope I never see one; but I can tell you, anyhow, I'd rather see than be one."
H. halobium may have appeared earlier in the history of life than organisms that use chlorophyl. It is not unreasonable to imagine that they might have remained the chemical template for all successive plant life, in which case even land plants might be purple.
And if plants were purple, then some animals might have evolved purple protective coloration. Hence, purple cows. (wink)


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The fundamental question raised by these postulates of special relativity is how different coordinate systems (reference frames) are related, i.e., how one transforms between them. (x, y, z, t) denotes the coordinates of some event in frame S, what are the coordinates (x', y', z', t') in the frame S' moving at the velocity v relative to S? But first, a clarification on proper time and coordinate time:
Proper time is time measured between events by use of a single clock, where these events occur at the same place as the clock. It depends not only on the events but also on the motion of the clock between the events. An accelerated clock will measure a shorter proper time between two events than a non-accelerated (inertial) clock between the same events.
In standard special relativity, we often want to express results in terms of a spacetime coordinate system relative to an implied observer. In this case, an event is specified by one time coordinate and three spatial coordinates. The time measured by the time coordinate is referred to as coordinate time, to distinguish it from proper time.
The answer is given by the Lorentz transformations:
x' = y(x-vt)
y' = y
z' = z
t' = y(t-vx/c2)
where y = 1/(1-v2/c2)1/2
(Notes from a lecture delivered by Bruce Gordon,
"Relativity Theory and the Nature of Time")


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Course Demo - Excelsior College
Page Hero - Online Courses
Courses: Course Demo Page
Discover the convenience of online courses.
Courses: Course Demo Content
In each online course you'll find most of the navigation is similar with tools and essential elements in the same place.
The interface has four main areas:
- Tabs - Navigate to My Institution and other areas
- Breadcrumbs - Navigation path shows where you are
- Course menu - Links to tools and resources
- Content area - All course content is in this area
Online courses at Excelsior College are broken down into these learning modules, which are listed in order on the Homepage. Modules are chunks of related information and activities. Some modules may be one week long, while others may last multiple weeks. Refer to the Course Schedule in the Course Syllabus for more information on how long each module will last and when activities are due.
Each module generally contains:
- An overview statement, orienting you to the topics covered in the module
- Course and module outcomes, which are goals for completing the module
- Lecture or instructor notes, presentations, charts, etc. that explain the topics of the module
- Textbook readings, links to websites, videos, etc. that are required for you to complete for the module
- Activities to complete during the module, such as:
- Course-related questions discussion area where you can ask your instructor or classmates questions about the topics or activities in the module
Messages are a way to communicate privately with your instructor and other students within the course. The Mail tool, or "My Messages", is located in the Course Menu. Please note that this is not an e-mail account. People outside of the course cannot send messages to this Message box, nor can you send message to people other than those in that particular course. If you are enrolled in multiple courses, you will have a separate Message box for each course. The video tutorial below will provide you with a glance at how to use the My Messages tool within a course.
You will find at least one discussion question in each module. Discussion are a vital part of the online course experience. The Discussion Board allows students and instructors to post, read, and reply to messages posted from within a course. Discussions are strings of messages that have been posted and replied to. For example, one person can post a discussion message, and another person can read that message, post a reply, or choose to post their own unrelated message. The video tutorials below will provide you with a look at how to use the Discussions tool within a course.
Assignments are one type of evaluation method that your instructor may choose to have you complete as part of your course. They can consist of many different kinds of submissions such as essay questions, papers, case studies, PowerPoint presentations, etc. Each assignment will include instructions and/or attachments, grading criteria and a due date. The video tutorial below will provide you with a glimpse at how an assignment is completed within a course.
Assessments are one type of evaluation method that your instructor may choose to have you complete as part of your course. Assessments are given in one of three forms: quiz, survey, or self-test and may have a variety of different question types. Your instructor will post instructions for each assessment, set a due date and timer (if applicable). Depending on the course and your instructor, there may be one or more assessments within each course. The video tutorial below will provide you with a peek at how an assessment is completed within a course.
The My Grades tool displays grades for completed activities, such as assessments, assignments, graded discussion posts, etc. Your instructor controls which grades you will be able to see in this area. It is possible that not all of your grades will be listed in the My Grades tool since your instructor controls the release of grades. If your instructor has chosen to display a grade for a particular activity but has not yet graded the activity, you will see the Needs Grading icon. If you have questions about what grades do/do not display in the My Grades tool, please contact your instructor. If your instructor has used a Grading Form to determine your grade, you can view the completed form by viewing the attempt.
The activity status, which is listed in the Grade column (see above) displays in the form of an icon. There is always an Icon Legend handy underneath the My Grades rows. The icons stand for the following:
When you enroll in an online course you will gain access to BB100: Getting Started - Blackboard Orientation for Students. This orientation course will provide you will a detailed understanding of how Excelsior College uses Blackboard for online course and what you will encounter when taking an online course. We strongly recommend that you complete the Blackboard orientation prior to beginning your course.


What Is Actions Speak Louder Than Words?
How do you tell someone to talk louder?
You can blame your connection quality to get them to speak louder.
If you need them to speak up, say something like this: "I'm having trouble hearing you..
Would you mind saying that one more time?" OR "My ears aren't working today.
Would you mind saying that one more time?".
Do your actions match your words?
Integrity is revealed when your actions match your words. Action speaks louder than words, but when action matches words there is no room for doubt. If you are a leader, your team will trust and follow you when your actions and words are congruent. … Admit it, apologize, and realign your actions and words.
What is an example of actions speak louder than words?
In this expression, actions are more important than words. Or rather, what someone does has more value than what someone says. For example, a husband can say to his wife, "I love you," over and over again, but if he never does anything to show her he loves her, then his words become empty or less meaningful.
Which is more powerful words or actions?
Words are more powerful than actions. … Words cannot only make us think, but they can change the way we actually live our lives. Words can allow someone to take over your mind completely, while actions can only force you to do something out of fear. Think about it, ideas and words are what start wars.
Are words stronger than actions?
Yes, words are more powerful than actions because they create what kind of actions we take in our lives, relationships, and business.
What are actions words?
Action words, or action verbs, simply express an action. The action is something the subject of the sentence or clause is doing and includes sleeping, sitting, and napping—so even though there is no movement, there is still an action. Other examples are: Crawl.
Who said words speak louder than actions?
Abraham LincolnThe exact origin of the phrase is not well documented. Sources say that the expression can be found in use as far back as the early 1600s. The phrase was first used in the form we use today in the United States by Abraham Lincoln in his Cooper Union Address.
When your actions speak louder than words?
what you do is more important than what you say, because the things you do show your true intentions and feelings: Team USA is not expected to win, but they believe actions speak louder than words.
Is actions speak louder than words a cliche?
Prov. Cliché What you do is more significant than what you say. You keep saying that you'll do your fair share of the housework.
Do you agree that actions speak louder than words?
I agree with the statement actions speak louder than words because actions are the only thing that actually does anything. Without actions nothing would be done and words don't do anything. … Overall, because words don't actually do anything so actions are much stronger and more important than words.
Why Do actions speak louder than words in relationships?
The Greater the Actions, the Louder the Words It is so naturally human that it cannot be avoided. The more a person cares about you and does for you, the more they expect from you and of you. Actions come with expectations, and these expectations get expressed in words (or shouts if they go repeatedly unmet!).
Why does silence speak louder than words?
Silence can be an indication of empathy. When we are really tuning in to how the other person is feeling about what they're saying, we're listening more to the tone of their voice, cadence and speed rather than the actual words, and so replying with words may not be the attuned response.


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Chrysaora hysoscella has a thickened bell (manubrium) that can grow up to 30 cm in diameter. The edges of the bell are developed into 32 lobes and bear 24 marginal tentacles. These are arranged in eight groups of three which alternate with eight sensory organs and are capable of great elongation. The marginal tentacles are conical in shape with a flattened thicker base giving the jellyfish a fluted appearance. They are also covered with clusters of stinging cells (nematocysts). It has a long and slender manubrium which leads onto 4 oral arms that are fused for a short distance at its base. Typically Chrysaora hysoscella is yellowish white in colour with a highly distinctive brown pattern like the radii of a compass.May be confused with the common jellyfish Aurelia aurita when stranded. Aurelia aurita however, has shorter tentacles with no brown v-shaped markings on the bell. Instead it has 4 purplish-blue horseshoe shaped gonads that are easily distinguished through the upper surface of the bell. The stinging cells and venom of Chrysaora hysoscella are strong and can produce painful, long lasting weals in humans.
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At first glance, it looks like a nebula seen through the Hubble Telescope. But these expanding patches of flashing, colored light depict migration patterns across the North American continent, spanning a period of 400 years.
The map is the creation of Maximilian Schich, a professor of art and technology at the University of Texas at Dallas. Schich and his research team compiled data on the locations where thousands of notable individuals were born (colored blue) and died (colored red).
A summary in the Dallas Morning News notes:
Yet the dichotomy is not as straightforward as it might seem. "Places that are net losers aren't necessarily unattractive," says Schich. They may just be hubs, like Boston, which happens to fall into this category. Many people are born in Boston to visiting professionals, such as college professors or performing artists, and then travel elsewhere as circumstances dictate.
Top "attractor" cities across the centuries include New York City, Los Angeles, Washington, D.C., Hollywood, Santa Monica, Burbank and Bethesda.
Top birthplaces of notable individuals who later moved away include Chicago, Philadelphia and Brooklyn.


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The Aerofex hover vehicle undergoes flight tests in California's Mojave Desert.Aerofex
The Aerofex hover vehicle recalls the futuristic look of 'Star Wars' speeder bikes.Aerofex
A resurrected hover vehicle won't fly through dense forests as effortlessly as the "Star Wars" speeder bikes from "Return of the Jedi," but its intuitive controls could someday allow anyone to fly it without pilot training.
The aerial vehicle resembles a science fiction flying bike with two ducted rotors instead of wheels, but originates from a design abandoned in the 1960s because of stability and rollover problems. Aerofex, a California-based firm, fixed the stability issue by creating a mechanical system — controlled by two control bars at knee-level — that allows the vehicle to respond to a human pilot's leaning movements and natural sense of balance.
"Think of it as lowering the threshold of flight, down to the domain of ATV's (all-terrain vehicles)," said Mark De Roche, an aerospace engineer and founder of Aerofex.
Such intuitive controls could allow physicians to fly future versions of the vehicle to visit rural patients in places without roads, or enable border patrol officers to go about their duties without pilot training. All of it happens mechanically without the need for electronics, let alone complicated artificial intelligence or flight software. [Video: Hover 'Bike' Flies on Pilot's Intuition]
'They have demonstrated flight within trees, close to walls and under bridges.'
- Aerospace engineer Mark De Roche
"It essentially captures the translations between the two in three axis (pitch, roll and yaw), and activates the aerodynamic controls required to counter the movement — which lines the vehicle back up with the pilot," De Roche told InnovationNewsDaily. "Since [the pilot's] balancing movements are instinctive and constant, it plays out quite effortlessly to him."
But Aerofex does not plan to immediately develop and sell a manned version. Instead, the aerospace firm sees the aerial vehicle as a test platform for new unmanned drones — heavy-lift robotic workhorses that could use the same hover technology to work in agricultural fields, or swiftly deliver supplies to search-and-rescue teams in rough terrain.
Even the soldiers or Special Forces might use such hover drones to carry or deliver heavy supplies in the tight spaces between buildings in cities. U.S. Marines have already begun testing robotic helicopters to deliver supplies in Afghanistan.
The hovering drones would not fly as efficiently as helicopters because of their shorter rotor blades, but their enclosed rotors have the advantage of a much smaller size and safety near humans.
"They are less efficient than a helicopter, which has the benefit of larger diameter rotors," De Roche explained. "They do have unique performance advantages, though, as they have demonstrated flight within trees, close to walls and under bridges."
Aerofex has currently limited human flight testing to a height of 15 feet and speeds of about 30 mph, but more out of caution rather than because of any technological limits. Older versions of the hover vehicles could fly about as fast as helicopters, De Roche said.
Flight testing in California's Mojave Desert led to the presentation of a technical paper regarding Aerofex's achievements at the Future Vertical Lift Conference in January 2012. The company plans to fly a second version of its vehicle in October, and also prepare an unmanned drone version for flight testing by the end of 2013.
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Google Updates The Nest Hub With New Sleep Sensing Soli Technology
Google has just announced its 2nd-generation Nest Hub that will further improve its technology and add Sleep Sensing to track and help our sleeping patterns.
The next-gen Nest Hub will retain much of its look and thick bezel to retain its real-life photo frame look. It will be available in Chalk (White), Charcoal (Black), Sand (Pink) and a new Mist (Blue) colour.
What's unique about the Nest Hub has always been its technology. The new Nest Hub consists of a machine learning chip that lets your common Assistant commands be processed much faster locally, has an all-new improved sound system with 50% more bass and a third far-field microphone. Another addition is also the hidden Soli radar chip that helps you to play/pause media by just tapping in the air. There is also a wave gesture to snooze alarms.
The Sleep Sensing powered by the Soli technology uses sensors to analyze your sleep based on your movement, breathing and other sleep occurrences such as coughing, snoring, or temperature changes. Behind the Soli technology isn't a camera that can see you visually, what it does is generate movement graphs to determine and analyze those sleep patterns you have daily. These results can be deleted easily in the morning.
Simply check-in with Google in the morning by asking "Hey Google, how did I sleep?" or tap the "Sleep Summary" button for the entire breakdown of your sleep. There are also weekly summaries to check your breathes per minute, snoring or cough data. Google will then analyze these data and suggest recommendations for you to improve your sleep.
So if you're always worried about bad sleeping patterns, perhaps this might be a good investment that you can consider, because sleep is forever important.
The new Nest Hub is available for pre-order for only US$99.99 on the Google Store and will launch officially on 30 March.
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Konopinski, DI; Hudziak, S; Morgan, RM; Bull, PA; Kenyon, AJ; (2012) Investigation of quartz grain surface textures by atomic force microscopy for forensic analysis. Forensic Sci Int, 223 (1-3) 245 - 255. 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.09.011.
Full text not available from this repository.
This paper presents a study of quartz sand grain surface textures using atomic force microscopy (AFM) to image the surface. Until now scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has provided the primary technique used in the forensic surface texture analysis of quartz sand grains as a means of establishing the provenance of the grains for forensic reconstructions. The ability to independently corroborate the grain type classifications is desirable and provides additional weight to the findings of SEM analysis of the textures of quartz grains identified in forensic soil/sediment samples. AFM offers a quantitative means of analysis that complements SEM examination, and is a non-destructive technique that requires no sample preparation prior to scanning. It therefore has great potential to be used for forensic analysis where sample preservation is highly valuable. By taking quantitative topography scans, it is possible to produce 3D representations of microscopic surface textures and diagnostic features for examination. Furthermore, various empirical measures can be obtained from analysing the topography scans, including arithmetic average roughness, root-mean-square surface roughness, skewness, kurtosis, and multiple gaussian fits to height distributions. These empirical measures, combined with qualitative examination of the surfaces can help to discriminate between grain types and provide independent analysis that can corroborate the morphological grain typing based on the surface textures assigned using SEM. Furthermore, the findings from this study also demonstrate that quartz sand grain surfaces exhibit a statistically self-similar fractal nature that remains unchanged across scales. This indicates the potential for a further quantitative measure that could be utilised in the discrimination of quartz grains based on their provenance for forensic investigations.
|Title:||Investigation of quartz grain surface textures by atomic force microscopy for forensic analysis.|
|UCL classification:||UCL > School of BEAMS > Faculty of Engineering Science > Electronic and Electrical Engineering|
UCL > School of BEAMS > Faculty of Engineering Science > Security and Crime Science
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Since quintessential means "representing the perfect example of a class" is it correct to use "the quintessential example" as in this sentence:
"Electrons are the quintessential example of (apparently)-elementary particles."
or is it better to write:
"Electrons are quintessential (apparently)-elementary particles."
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2 Answers 2
up vote 6 down vote accepted
I would tend to think the word quintessential would not apply in this case as 'elementary particles' are a well-defined, factual and concrete concept.
When a class has certain, and usually multiple, subjective traits associated with it, then the best exemplar of those traits would be the quintessential member of that class.
If the class does not have a variable 'essence' then quintessential will not apply. Membership in the 'elementary particle' class is binary - either something is a member of the class or not. There is nothing variable about the essence of being an elementary particle.
You can say that the Higgs boson is the quintessential elusive particle that keeps modern physics interesting. Note that the words 'elusive','modern' and 'interesting' have added a subjective gradualism for which the search for the Higgs boson is the perfect exemplar.
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Several dictionaries (eg, Collins, MacMillan, Cambridge) essentially agree with the definition of quintessential mentioned in the question. Thus quintessential example is effectively equal to most exemplary example, which from a pedantic point of view is a bit redundant. However, aside from those pedants who recoil in horror from quintessential example as a monstrosity, most English speakers will have no trouble understanding what is meant.
As suggested in akberc's answer, it is slightly perverse to refer to the electron as the quintessential apparently-elementary particle, when most of the 31 elementary particles are representative only of themselves, rather than being representative of elementary particles in general. But that is a semantic-content issue, rather than an English-language question. From a language point of view, your alternative wording is better than the first. However, the parentheses around apparently are a noisome distraction and should be dropped. Or in some other sentence explain that wherever you write elementary you actually mean apparently-elementary, or elementary according to theory X, etc.
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I agree with you, about the "apparently-elementary" but it is not my writing, it is from this blog _URL_-posts/…. I am actually writing a comment about that exact point, that it is one of Aristotle's 13 sophistries, the Accent sophistry changingminds.org/disciplines/argument/fallacies/accent.htm. – Zeynel Feb 24 '13 at 0:49
Thank you. Your answer made me think. Perhaps the writer is forced to use 'example' with 'quintessential' and had the usage been more appropriate, it would not require 'example' with it. – user32135 Feb 24 '13 at 1:01
There's also something quite jarring about using a word originally meaning "a fifth element that exists along with the four elements" and anything held to be elementary by modern physics. – Jon Hanna Feb 24 '13 at 1:42
I have no problem with electrons being identified as the quintessential elementary particle (out of the 31 that could have been chosen). NOAD defines the word as representing the most perfect or typical example of a quality or class (emphasis mine). I think electrons could be considered the most "typical" elementary particles; if we surveyed 100 people on the street, and asked: "Name an elementary particle," I'd guess that more than half – assuming they understood the question – would reply with the electron. Moreover, electrons seem to be put to good use more than quarks. – J.R. Feb 24 '13 at 8:57
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Drought Stress lawn conditionDrought Stress
Drought Stress is a condition that usually occurs during the summer months when periods of high heat and reduced water-fall take their toll on turfgrass. Initially it usually begins along edges of driveways and sidewalks where the combination of the above factors and the surrounding concrete or blacktop aid in the loss of moisture to those areas. While turfgrasses are very resilient and will usually recover from moderate periods of stress, regular watering during extended dry periods are crucial to preventing serious damage from drought stress.


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Create a Polynomial Algebra Worksheet
This page will create a practice worksheet for you, dealing with polynomials.
Configure your practice problems by answering the question on the right, then click "Do it!"
 1. What type of polynomial problems to you want to generate?
 2. Select the number range for any coefficients in your problems:
 Largest number to use:
 Smallest number to use:
 3. What is the most number of terms you want to appear in a polynomial?
 4. What is the largest exponent any polynomial can have?
 5. Finally, how many problems would you like to generate?
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The problem is to solve a set of linear equations with one unknown for each point in a provided mesh. There is a symmetric adjacency relation among the points. For each point there is one equation expressing the unknown for that point as a constant plus a linear combination of the unknowns for the adjacent points.
(When the mesh is a line of points there is a particular solution that is especially easy, simple and fast. You should not study the solution here unless you are curious or really need it. Even then the 1D case is a good intro.)
The points are numbered consecutively and the numbering has nothing to do with logic of most of the code.
For me this code is an unhappy mixture of patterns from the world of mutable arrays and for (do) loops, and the world of Lisp and immutable lists. It could be well transcribed to C but better debugged here in the Scheme world.
Several of the routines take or return a block which is a Scheme pair of a list of dimensions and an array of lc's. ((5 8). vector-of-lcs) would be a 5 by 8 rectangular mesh with an array of 40 elements representing 40 points. Most of the current code is either oblivious to the dimensions or assumes that there are exactly two dimensions.
Of the procedures named in the top level Scheme name space just retire and bs modify the lc array within their block argument. One must keep this in mind to follow the program logic. The routine retire takes an array and an index into the array and eliminates that unknown from the set of equations. These concepts are taken directly from the first lecture on simultaneous equations from a high school algebra course. The routine replaces the point state by another in the form ("d". lc) where lc is in the original form. The rules are also relaxed to allow the new expression to refer to non-adjacent points. The meaning, however, remains the same as above. Point states of unretired points will remain in the first form but will be replaced by states that do not mention the retired point.
After all of the points have been retired, the routine bs (back substitution) is invoked for each element of the array in the inverse order that the elements were retired. These invocations modify only the one array element, replacing it by one of the form ("k". num) where the number within is the final answer that particular unknown.
The routine solve invokes retire and bs in the most obvious manner, which is adequate for many problems including the demonstrations below.
The code vg generates an array for a rectangular mesh where only nearest neighbors are adjacent. At the top and bottom edges there are imaginary neighbors with values 1 whereas at the right and left edges there are such neighbors with value −1. Within the mesh proper points are required to be the average of their four neighbors, real and imaginary. This is the meaning of the Poisson equation. It is curious and profligate to solve this problem with Scheme's rational arithmetic. A 10 by 10 mesh is solved in about 30 seconds on a 400 MHz PowerPC. Intermediate values are rational fractions with numerators and denominators of 25 digits and more. The n by n mesh problem requires n4 floating point operations but requires n6 steps with rational arithmetic.
A strong test of the results is to note that the solution has the same symmetry as that of the posed problem. Routine flipH flips the array horizontally and flipV vertically. flipD is a diagonal flip that also flips the sign. cmpv reports the maximum absolute difference between two arrays. The line of code (cmpv s t) compares the exact solution with the one produced with double precision floating point arithmetic. All output is less than 2−50 which is remarkable given that IEEE floating point provides 53 bits and that many of the value magnitudes are near 1.
The routine verify takes the cheat sheet, (known answers) and an array that is part way thru the sequence of steps towards those answers, and verifies that the developing theory of the solving code is still in conformance with the truth.
Bugs were found in the following hierarchy:
Here is some speculation on how to do this in multiprocessor system.


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Below are some common delegation issues with examples. Give your own examples of over-delegation, under-delegation, and refusal to accept a legitimate delegation, and explain what you would do in each case.
Over-delegation. (Would you pass my medications for me and sign off my orders? I'm really busy).
Under-delegation. (I'll do it myself. The nursing assistant argues with me when I ask her to do something/I always have to do it over).
Refusal to accept assignment of legitimate delegation. (I don't know how to do that very well/I have too much work already/It's always me that gets the work; ask someone else/I'm too busy/I won't be able to do a very good job, but if that's what you want…)
Your initial posting should be at least 400 words in length and utilize at least one scholarly source other than the textbook.
Delegation in Practice
What does your State Board of Nursing say about Unlicensed Assistive Personnel and their role, and the role of the Registered Nurse? Describe the responsibilities of the Registered Nurse when delegating patient care tasks.
How does the ICU environment differ from a general medical-surgical unit as far as assigned responsibilities for Unlicensed Assistive Personnel?
Length: 750 to 1000 words
Structure: Include a title page and reference page in APA format. These do not count towards the minimum word count for this assignment. Your essay must include an introduction and a conclusion.
References: Use appropriate APA style in-text citations and references for all resources utilized to answer the questions. Please include at least one reference in addition to the textbook.
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Introduction: Delegation is an essential skill for nurses to ensure the efficient and effective delivery of patient care. However, issues related to delegation can occur, such as over-delegation, under-delegation, and refusal to accept a legitimate delegation. As a medical professor, it is important to teach students about delegation and how to address these issues effectively.
Over-delegation: An example of over-delegation is when a nurse asks a colleague to pass medications and sign off on orders because they are too busy. In this case, it is important to remind the nurse that passing medications and signing off on orders is within their scope of practice, and they need to take responsibility for their actions. If the nurse continues to over-delegate, it may lead to medication errors and jeopardize patient safety.
Under-delegation: An example of under-delegation is when a nurse insists on doing a task themselves, even though they can delegate it to a nursing assistant. For instance, a nursing assistant may offer to assist with bathing a patient, but the nurse refuses and insists on doing it themselves because they have had issues with the nursing assistant in the past. In this case, it is important to address the nurse's concerns and provide guidance on how to delegate tasks effectively. It is also important to emphasize the importance of teamwork and respect for colleagues.
Refusal to accept assignment of legitimate delegation: An example of refusal to accept a legitimate delegation is when a nursing assistant refuses to assist with a task because they feel they are already overloaded with work. In this case, it is important to provide support to the nursing assistant and discuss how to prioritize tasks effectively. It is also important to emphasize the role of delegation in improving patient outcomes and ensuring that everyone is working to their full potential.
Delegation in Practice:
According to the State Board of Nursing, Unlicensed Assistive Personnel (UAP) are individuals who are trained to perform certain tasks under the general supervision of a Registered Nurse (RN) or other licensed health care professional. The role of the RN is to delegate tasks to UAP based on their level of knowledge, skills, and abilities. The RN remains accountable for the delegation decision and outcomes of the delegated tasks.
The responsibilities of the RN when delegating patient care tasks include assessing the patient's needs and determining what tasks can be delegated safely and effectively. The RN must ensure that the UAP is competent and trained to perform the delegated tasks and that they have the necessary resources and support to complete them. The RN must also provide clear instructions and communicate any changes in the patient's condition to the UAP.
The ICU environment differs significantly from a general medical-surgical unit as far as assigned responsibilities for UAP. In the ICU, UAP are often responsible for critical tasks such as monitoring vital signs, providing basic patient care, and assisting with medical procedures. This requires the UAP to have advanced training and skills, such as the ability to read and interpret EKGs and manage complex equipment. Additionally, the RN must closely supervise the UAP and provide ongoing training and support to ensure that they can perform these tasks safely and effectively.
Delegation is a critical aspect of nursing practice, and it is essential for nurses to understand the issues related to delegation and how to address them effectively. By teaching students about delegation and the responsibilities of the RN, we can ensure that patient care is delivered safely and efficiently. Furthermore, understanding the differences in assigned responsibilities for UAP between different units can help ensure that these personnel are being used effectively and safely.
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Microsoft released qchain.exe in 2001. This utility, which works with Windows 2000 and Windows NT, lets you chain hotfixes (i.e., install multiple hotfixes one after another without having to reboot in between). In the past, chaining was difficult because you had to install fixes in a specific order so that the update procedure wouldn't overwrite new system files with earlier versions. The problem with chaining was that the last hotfix applied "won." To address that problem, Qchain manages the file-replacement process by recording files in the registry's Pending File Rename queue. Qchain analyzes the contents of the Pending File Rename subkey and applies only the most current version of the files of all applied patches.
Listing A shows sample code that illustrates how to use Qchain in a script to deploy hotfixes. The first three lines of the sample script apply three hotfixes. The -z switch applies the hotfix without rebooting; -m applies the hotfix in unattended mode, without administrative intervention; and -q applies the hotfix in quiet mode, hiding the extract and copy actions that take place. If you're applying patches manually, you might want to leave out the -q switch to view the progress of the hotfix.
The fourth line in the script runs Qchain and specifies a file in which to log Qchain's results. The sample code puts the log file in the Logs directory on a server named Fschicago and specifies a unique filename based on the computer name and the date the script ran. Because you're likely to run Qchain at a later date, a unique log name prevents you from overwriting older logs. Finally, the Shutdown utility (from the Microsoft Windows 2000 Server Resource Kit or the Microsoft Windows NT Server Resource Kit) performs a local reboot of the machine by using the /l and /r switches. The /l switch performs a logoff; the /r switch performs a clean shutdown and a restart.