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A New Chemistry: ExoMars Orbiter Discovers New Gas and Traces Water Loss on Mars
ExoMars observing water in the Martian atmosphere. Credit: ESA
A new chemistry
"We've discovered hydrogen chloride for the first time on Mars. This is the first detection of a halogen gas in the atmosphere of Mars, and represents a new chemical cycle to understand," says Kevin Olsen from the University of Oxford, UK, one of the lead scientists of the discovery.
Hydrogen chloride gas, or HCl, comprises a hydrogen and chlorine atom. Mars scientists were always on the look-out for chlorineor sulfur-based gases because they are possible indicators of volcanic activity. But the nature of the hydrogen chloride observations – the fact that it was detected in very distant locations at the same time, and the lack of other gases that would be expected from volcanic activity – points to a different source. That is, the discovery suggests an entirely new surface-atmosphere interaction driven by the dust seasons on Mars that had not previously been explored.
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In a process very similar to that seen on Earth, salts in the form of sodium chloride – remnants of evaporated oceans and embedded in the dusty surface of Mars – are lifted into the atmosphere by winds. Sunlight warms the atmosphere causing dust, together with water vapor released from ice caps, to rise. The salty dust reacts with atmospheric water to release chlorine, which itself then reacts with molecules containing hydrogen to create hydrogen chloride. Further reactions could see the chlorine or hydrochloric acid-rich dust return to the surface, perhaps as perchlorates, a class of salt made of oxygen and chlorine.
"You need water vapor to free chlorine and you need the by-products of water – hydrogen – to form hydrogen chloride. Water is critical in this chemistry," says Kevin. "We also observe a correlation to dust: we see more hydrogen chloride when dust activity ramps up, a process linked to the seasonal heating of the southern hemisphere."
Hydrogen Chloride Detections Over a Martian Year
The team first spotted the gas during the global dust storm in 2018, observing it appear simultaneously in both northern and southern hemispheres, and witnessed its surprisingly quick disappearance again at the end of the seasonal dusty period. They are already looking into the data collected during the following dust season and see the HCl rising again.
"It is incredibly rewarding to see our sensitive instruments detecting a never-before-seen gas in the atmosphere of Mars," says Oleg Korablev, principal investigator of the Atmospheric Chemistry Suite instrument that made the discovery. "Our analysis links the generation and decline of the hydrogen chloride gas to the surface of Mars."
"The discovery of the first new trace gas in the atmosphere of Mars is a major milestone for the Trace Gas Orbiter mission," says Håkan Svedhem, ESA's ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter project scientist. "This is the first new class of gas discovered since the claimed observation of methane by ESA's Mars Express in 2004, which motivated the search for other organic molecules and ultimately culminated in the development of the Trace Gas Orbiter mission, for which detecting new gases is a primary goal."
Rising water vapor holds clues to climate evolution
Liquid water is once thought to have flowed across the surface of Mars as evidenced in the numerous examples of ancient dried out valleys and river channels. Today, it is mostly locked up in the ice caps and buried underground. Mars is still leaking water today, in the form of hydrogen and oxygen escaping from the atmosphere.
Understanding the interplay of potential water-bearing reservoirs and their seasonal and long-term behavior is key to understanding the evolution of the climate of Mars. This can be done through the study of water vapour and 'semi-heavy' water (where one hydrogen atom is replaced by a deuterium atom, a form of hydrogen with an additional neutron).
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"The deuterium to hydrogen ratio, D/H, is our chronometer – a powerful metric that tells us about the history of water on Mars, and how water loss evolved over time. Thanks to the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter, we can now better understand and calibrate this chronometer and test for potential new reservoirs of water on Mars," says Geronimo Villanueva of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center and lead author of the new result.
"With the Trace Gas Orbiter we can watch the path of the water isotopologues as they rise up into the atmosphere with a level of detail not possible before. Previous measurements only provided the average over the depth of the whole atmosphere. It is like we only had a 2D view before, now we can explore the atmosphere in 3D," says Ann Carine Vandaele, principal investigator of the Nadir and Occultation for MArs Discovery (NOMAD) instrument that was used for this investigation.
ExoMars Observing Water in Martian Atmosphere
The ESA-Roscosmos ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter studies water vapour and its components as it rises through the atmosphere and out into space. By looking specifically at the ratio of hydrogen to its heavier counterpart deuterium, the evolution of water loss over time can be traced. Credit: ESA
The new measurements reveal dramatic variability in D/H with altitude and season as the water rises from its original location."Interestingly, the data show that once water is fully vapourised, it mostly displays a common large enrichment in semi-heavy water, and a D/H ratio six times greater than Earth's across all reservoirs on Mars, confirming that large amounts of water have been lost over time," says Giuliano Liuzzi of American University and NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center and one of the lead scientists of the investigation.
Seasonal Variability of Water in Martian Atmosphere
Water is observed to reach high altitudes of greater than 80 km during regional and global dust storms, and at the onset of southern summer (labeled 'aspirator' from the latin word to aspire, or rise/climb up). Colder temperatures at the poles and in the middle atmosphere lead to fractionation of water and an apparent decrease of the D/H. Yet, when water is fully vapourised, it displays a strong enrichment of six times that of Earth's oceans, confirming that large amounts of water have been lost to space over time.
Credit: Villanueva et al (2021)
How ExoMars Studies the Atmosphere
The graphic shows a simple representation (not to scale) of the three observing modes that will be used by the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. In nadir mode (left) the spacecraft looks directly at the sunlight reflected from the surface and atmosphere of Mars. In limb mode (centre) it looks across the martian horizon at emission from the atmosphere. In solar occultation mode (right), the instruments point through the atmosphere toward the Sun and observe how different atmospheric ingredients absorb the Sun's light. Credit: ESA/ATG medialab
"The changing seasons on Mars, and in particular the relatively hot summer in the southern hemisphere seems to be the driving force behind our new observations such as the enhanced atmospheric water loss and the dust activity linked to the detection of hydrogen chloride, that we see in the two latest studies," adds Håkan. "Trace Gas Orbiter observations are enabling us to explore the martian atmosphere like never before."
"Transient HCl in the atmosphere of Mars" by Oleg Korablev, Kevin S. Olsen, Alexander Trokhimovskiy, Franck Lefèvre, Franck Montmessin, Anna A. Fedorova, Michael J. Toplis, Juan Alday, Denis A. Belyaev, Andrey Patrakeev, Nikolay I. Ignatiev, Alexey V. Shakun, Alexey V. Grigoriev, Lucio Baggio, Irbah Abdenour, Gaetan Lacombe, Yury S. Ivanov, Shohei Aoki, Ian R. Thomas, Frank Daerden, Bojan Ristic, Justin T. Erwin, Manish Patel, Giancarlo Bellucci, Jose-Juan Lopez-Moreno and Ann C. Vandaele, 10 February 2021, Science Advances.
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe4386
"Water heavily fractionated as it ascends on Mars as revealed by ExoMars/NOMAD" by Geronimo L. Villanueva, Giuliano Liuzzi, Matteo M. J. Crismani, Shohei Aoki, Ann Carine Vandaele, Frank Daerden, Michael D. Smith, Michael J. Mumma, Elise W. Knutsen, Lori Neary, Sebastien Viscardy, Ian R. Thomas, Miguel Angel Lopez-Valverde, Bojan Ristic, Manish R. Patel, James A. Holmes, Giancarlo Bellucci, Jose Juan Lopez-Moreno and NOMAD team, 10 February 2021, Science Advances.
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc8843
The papers are based on data collected by the ACS and NOMAD instruments onboard the ESA-Roscosmos ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter.
A forthcoming paper "Seasonal reappearance of HCl in the atmosphere of Mars during the Mars year 35 dusty season" by K. Olsen et al has been accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics.
Source: SciTechDaily


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Fixing Potholes with Non-Newtonian Fluid
potholes? Forget waiting around for 5 road workers to stand around and watch
while one guy fills the pothole with asphalt! Just grab a bit of non-Newtonian
fluid and, there – you fixed it:
The students, undergraduates at Case Western Reserve University
in Cleveland, devised the idea as part of an engineering contest sponsored
by the French materials company Saint-Gobain—and took first prize
last week. The objective was to use simple materials to create a novel
"So we were putzing around with different ideas and things
we wanted to work with—and we were like, what's a common, everyday
problem all around the world that everybody hates?" explains 21-year-old
team member Curtis Obert. "And we landed on potholes." He
and four other students decided on a non-Newtonian fluid as a solution
because of its unusual physical properties. "When there's no force
being applied to it, it flows like a liquid does and fills in the holes,"
says Obert, "but when it gets run over, it acts like a solid."
What? Don't believe us? Check out this video clip of people
walking on water in a pool filled with non-Newtonian liquid.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
bed of coals forms. A cast iron bean pot (holds about eleven pounds of dried beans) is lowered into the pit, covered over with dirt and allowed to cook, usually overnight. Several bean pits could keep beans cooking at all times.
It is generally believed that the loggers learned to make bean hole beans form the Indians; others learned from the loggers. The tradition continued after the logging camps declined. Bean holes can be found not only at large community suppers, but also at summer vacation camps throughout Maine.
For more on Maine's bean hole beans visit our exhibits page.


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Map of flight path and driving directions from Boise to Lebanon.
Shortest flight path between Boise Airport (BOI) and Lebanon Municipal Airport (New Hampshire) (LEB).
How far is Lebanon from Boise?
There are several ways to calculate distances between Boise and Lebanon. Here are two common methods:Vincenty's formula (applied above)
- 2177.279 miles
- 3503.992 kilometers
- 1892.004 nautical miles
Vincenty's formula calculates the distance between latitude/longitude points on the earth's surface, using an ellipsoidal model of the earth.Haversine formula
- 2171.385 miles
- 3494.505 kilometers
- 1886.882 nautical miles
The haversine formula calculates the distance between latitude/longitude points assuming a spherical earth (great-circle distance – the shortest distance between two points).
Time difference and current local times
The time difference between Boise and Lebanon is 2 hours. Lebanon is 2 hours ahead of Boise.
Carbon dioxide emissions
Estimated CO2 emissions per passenger is 238 kg (524 pounds).
Frequent Flyer Miles Calculator
Boise (BOI) → Lebanon (LEB).

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


_USER_ {cite-key, title = {A mutational analysis of dishevelled in Drosophila defines novel domains in the dishevelled protein as well as novel suppressing alleles of axin.}, journal = {Genetics}, volume = {161}, number = {2}, year = {2002}, month = {Jun}, pages = {747{\textendash}762}, address = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA.}, abstract = {Drosophila dishevelled (dsh) functions in two pathways: it is necessary to transduce Wingless (Wg) signaling and it is required in planar cell polarity. To learn more about how Dsh can discriminate between these functions, we performed genetic screens to isolate additional dsh alleles and we examined the potential role of protein phosphorylation by site-directed mutagenesis. We identified two alleles with point mutations in the Dsh DEP domain that specifically disrupt planar polarity signaling. When positioned in the structure of the DEP domain, these mutations are located close to each other and to a previously identified planar polarity mutation. In addition to the requirement for the DEP domain, we found that a cluster of potential phosphorylation sites in a binding domain for the protein kinase PAR-1 is also essential for planar polarity signaling. To identify regions of dsh that are necessary for Wg signaling, we screened for mutations that modified a GMR-GAL4;UAS-dsh overexpression phenotype in the eye. We recovered many alleles of the transgene containing missense mutations, including mutations in the DIX domain and in the DEP domain, the latter group mapping separately from the planar polarity mutations. In addition, several transgenes had mutations within a domain containing a consensus sequence for an SH3-binding protein. We also recovered second-site-suppressing mutations in axin, mapping at a region that may specifically interact with overexpressed Dsh.}, issn = {0016-6731 (Print); 0016-6731 (Linking)}, author = {Penton, Andrea and Wodarz, Andreas and Nusse, Roel} }


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Community Goals in Elite: Dangerous
Community Goals in Elite Dangerous is a kind of mission that is shared by the entire community - for example a goal may be for the community to trade/donate enough food to a single system that is suffering a famine, or to trade/donate enough materials to build a large capital ship for one of the navies.
- The progress of community goals is shared between both Open, Private Group and Solo play.
- You cannot try to directly compete against a goal, but there may be individual community goals competing against each other (e.g. a race to build two capital ships)


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Narrative observation is a useful tool for assessing children's educational, emotional and social development. Narrative tenses by rachael nobbs age: adults and young adults exercise 5 checks the meaning and use of the three different narrative tenses focused on. The advantages of narrative observations essay sample there are many different ways to observe children in an early years setting each type of observation has a. 1 ch 6 observational/descriptive methods i observational / descriptive methods a observation is both a research design and a measurement tool. Child observation forms (sample completed) use this form in step 1 and throughout the five steps to write detailed observations of each child child observation form.
To move beyond description to detailed analysis and interpretation of observation takes time and queensland kindergarten learning guideline professional. Observation is the active acquisition of information from a primary source in living beings, observation employs the senses in science, observation can also involve. The method of observation is a written narrative of the 10 minutes of observation as it happened.
I have to do a description on how to do a narrative observation on a child. Narrative observation example in childcarepdf free download here observations and regulation 5 - the galway city & county. Chapter classroom observation in teaching practice introduction observation plays a central role in practice teaching, both observation of your teaching.
Essays - largest database of quality sample essays and research papers on narrative observation of a child. Observational methods in psychology the information obtained would only generalize to the one time period in which the observation observers rely on narrative. Hi i'm starting a new job in september after being on maternity for a year i have a bigger class than i am used to and the old reception teacher did thin.
A narrative observation sheet to aid record making for the eyfs in reception assessing progress for eyfs profile etc. A2–1 appendix 2 daily observation report (dor) and narrative evaluation the daily observation report (dor)and narrative evaluation are key components of. Observation (watching what people do) would seem to be an obvious method of carrying out research in psychology however, there are different types of observational. Calstateteach ~ narrative observation form generated 01/02/07 1 narrative observation form candidate: term: select setting: date: observer. From participant observation to the observation of participation: the emergence of narrative ethnography1 barbara tedlock department of anthropology, state university.
Ofsted outstanding year 2 literacy lesson observation - watch full lesson at - duration: 4:57 mediamerge ltd 312,518 views. Anecdotal observations an anecdote is a short account of a particular incident or event of an interesting or amusing nature, often biographical (anecdote,nd. Classroom observation – narrative form instructor of class: _____ semester and year: _____ class level and title.
The purpose of an observation essay is to provide an how do you begin an observation essay a: what are some tips for writing a narrative essay. Unit 2 - child observation 3 when child a arrives the nursery it is 7 55 in the morning, on a friday, and child a should be arriving at the nursery very. 2 observation essay examples to watch closely the essay then frames the observation in a narrative format to help you see what i mean by this,. 4/3/12 ana-preschool-exampledoc example of preschool observation: documentation and analysis ana, aged 3-1/2, was observed in.


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Background: Specific genes, such as BCAT1 and IKZF1, are methylated with high frequency in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissue compared to normal colon tissue specimens. Such DNA may leak into blood and be present as cell-free circulating DNA. We have evaluated the accuracy of a novel blood test for these two markers across the spectrum of benign and neoplastic conditions encountered in the colon and rectum. Methods: Circulating DNA was extracted from plasma obtained from volunteers scheduled for colonoscopy for any reason, or for colonic surgery, at Australian and Dutch hospitals. The extracted DNA was bisulphite converted and analysed by methylation specific real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). A specimen was deemed positive if one or more qPCR replicates were positive for either methylated BCAT1 or IKZF1 DNA. Sensitivity and specificity for CRC were estimated as the primary outcome measures. Results: Plasma samples were collected from 2105 enrolled volunteers (mean age 62 years, 54 % male), including 26 additional samples taken after surgical removal of cancers. The two-marker blood test was run successfully on 2127 samples. The test identified 85 of 129 CRC cases (sensitivity of 66 %, 95 % CI: 57-74). For CRC stages I-IV, respective positivity rates were 38 % (95 % CI: 21-58), 69 % (95 % CI: 53-82), 73 % (95 % CI: 56-85) and 94 % (95 % CI: 70-100). A positive trend was observed between positivity rate and degree of invasiveness. The colonic location of cancer did not influence assay positivity rates. Gender, age, smoking and family history were not significant predictors of marker positivity. Twelve methylation-positive cancer cases with paired preand post-surgery plasma showed reduction in methylation signal after surgery, with complete disappearance of signal in 10 subjects. Sensitivity for advanced adenoma (n = 338) was 6 % (95 % CI: 4-9). Specificity was 94 % (95 % CI: 92-95) in all 838 non-neoplastic pathology cases and 95 % (95 % CI: 92-97) in those with no colonic pathology detected (n = 450). Conclusions: The sensitivity for cancer of this two-marker blood test justifies prospective evaluation in a true screening population relative to a proven screening test. Given the high rate of marker disappearance after cancer resection, this blood test might also be useful to monitor tumour recurrence.
- Colorectal cancer
- DNA methylation


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Prayer: Does it Make Any Difference?
Multi-award winning spirituality writer Philip Yancey is loved throughout the world for his honest, insightful and inspirational writing. PRAYER: DOES IT MAKE ANY DIFFERENCE? carries all the hallmarks of classic Yancey, a journalist by training. His quest to unravel the mysteries of prayer reads as the journal of a fellow traveller: questioning, challenging, lamenting the unexplainable and rejoicing in the discovery of awesome insights. His journey is beautifully illustrated with moving true stories drawn from around the world.
PRAYER: DOES IT MAKE ANY DIFFERENCE? tackles the following questions: What is prayer? What difference does it make? Why and how should we pray? What about unanswered prayer? How should we understand prayer for physical healing?
Focusing on such a universal theme, this is potentially Yancey's biggest book yet. To date, his books have sold over 14 million copies, and have been translated into 25 languages. His first book with Hodder, SOUL SURVIVOR, sold over 90,000 copies in just five years.


Best Android App To Convert Image Into Text
OCRit app is the perfect Android app to convert images to text. Here is the what, how and why is the OCRit app is the perfect OCR processing application for Android smartphones.
Why OCRit app is the perfect app to OCR images into text?
Because OCRit app is easy to use, fast processing, and free to use. You can install OCRit from Google Play here.
How to use OCRit app?
It is easy to use. Just tap on gallery or camera to import image to the app.
import image from gallery or camera for OCR process
Crop the image to get the text content only.
crop the image to obtain text only
Then click on the floating button on the bottom of the screen to get the text from image.
importing the image to convert it into text
 And voi-la! The text appear on the screen. And you can copy this text by tapping on the floating button down on the screen.
recognize English text from images using OCRit app
What are the features and advantages of OCRit app?
OCRit app is really amazing. It has all the features and advantages we need right now. And here are the features:
- works totally offline, and doesn't require internet connection.
- import image from gallery or camera as you like.
- app size is less than 2 MB.
- OCRit currently supports English, Catalan, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Latin, Norwegian, Polish, Portugese, Romanian, Spanish, Swedish, Tagalog and Turkish languages.
- OCRit app is really smart and doesn't consume the internal storage. because the captured photos are deleted right after finish using them.
Enjoy using OCRit app. If you want to get new posts, make sure to subscribe to Value In Brief by Email.


text: Casablanca translates to White House in Spanish got its international name in the 18th century. Casablanca is Morocco's largest city and its original name was 'Anfa' in Berber language. When Portuguese occupied parts of Morocco in the 15th century, the city was named 'Casa Branca' (Casa =House and Branca=white). Subsequently, the Spanish altered branca to blanca and under the French protectorate, the name 'Casablanca' was retained. In Arabic, the city is called 'A-ddar Al Baidaa' (House of the White princess).


My Paternal Lineage - a Memory of Leatherhead.
My paternal grandparents lived and worked at Polesden Lacey from circa 1899 to 1906, under, first, Sir Clinton Dawkins and then later Mrs Greville.
Their first born was at a large house in Leatherhead; their second born was in the house of Polesden Lacey itself.
They left Surrey at that time and their other children, one of which was my father, were born in Shropshire.
Stories told on the hearth, abound re their time in Surrey, the lanes and places nearby -such as Ranmore Common. Another age, another world, but we keep it in our memories.
A memory shared by Edward Penning on Nov 5th, 2013. Send Edward Penning a message
 Comments & Feedback
Thu Apr 27th 2017, at 12:50 pm
mawigmore commented:
Hi Edward,
Does your family history of Polesden mention the rebuilding of the bridge over Connicut Lane? This would have been around 1903. I have access to the censuses of the time if you'd like me to look them up.
Add your comment
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This week's Places


Marge on the Lam Written by Bill Canterbury Directed by Mark Kirkland =============================================================================== Production code: 1F03 Original airdate in N.A.: 5-Nov-93 Capsule revision J, 21-Jul-96 =============================================================================== > Title sequence =============================================================================== Blackboard :- None due to shortened intro. Lisa's Solo:- None due to shortened intro. Couch :- The family run towards the couch and crash through the backdrop which is painted to look like the living room. Their outlines are left in the backdrop. =============================================================================== > Did you notice... ===============================================================================... the pledges received total $0,000,023.58?... Homer sports a "No Fat Chicks" T-shirt?... Otto wears his walkman inside the dance club?... Brockman incorrectly calls the last book of the bible "Revelations" instead of "Revelation"? Tony Hill:... Homer calls Marge "Marjorie"?... there are Military Police present when Homer is getting injected? Ricardo Lafaurie:... when everyone run through the wall in the couch, everyone's hair made holes too (even Homer's)?... Homer doesn't ask Lenny or Carl for change?... Burns has a heart-shaped carpet and was playing girlie music?... the animation when Bart says "We don't need a babysitter" was obviously recycled from an earlier season?... Otto recognizes Marge right off?... Ruth keeps a _loaded_ gun on her person?... Chief Wiggum drinks gas? (Assuming that's what moonshine is.)... the freak Homer imagines has the pearls on its antennae and the hair as a beard?... the hairs on Hutz's chest?... everyone leaves Seething Sisters when the police siren was heard?... Hutz carries a knife on him?... Hutz passes himself off as a doctor? =============================================================================== > Voice credits =============================================================================== - Starring - Dan Castellaneta (Homer, Barney, Willy, Quimby) - Julie Kavner (Marge, Patty) - Nancy Cartwright (Bart, woman at truck stop, Kearney) - Yeardly Smith (Lisa) - Hank Azaria (Edward, Pope, Carl, rescue worker, redneck, Moe, man with antique cans, Wiggum, cook, truck stop owner) - Harry Shearer (story reader at telethon, army doctor, Lenny, Burns, Smithers, rescue worker, Flanders, Otto, dispatcher, Kent Brockman) - Special Guest Voice - George Fenneman (Narrator) - Phil Hartman (Troy McClure, Lionel Hutz) - Pamela Reed (Ruth, waitress at truck stop) - Also Starring - Pamela Hayden (punk woman, woman at truck stop) - Maggie Roswell (woman drinking coffee, woman getting legs shaved, woman at truck stop) - Russi Taylor (librarian, woman at truck stop) =============================================================================== > Movie (and other) references =============================================================================== + Garrison Keillor, "A Prairie Home Companion" - man reading at telethon + Edward the Confessor - "Edward the Penitent", the award-winning show + Crystal Pepsi - "Crystal Buzz Cola" "The Muppet Show" {ar} - Burns and Smithers in the opera box + "Thelma and Louise" - blue convertible - much of plot + Ted Kennedy/William Kennedy Smith - Quimby partying with his nephews + "Cheers" - Homer: " gotta go where everybody knows your name." + Hollywood - "SPRINGFIELD" letters on hill + "Dragnet" - sentences of characters read at end - music at beginning of credits - badge behind credits =============================================================================== > Previous episode references =============================================================================== - [7F06] Milhouse: "Let's get outta here!" (cf. Lenny in 1F03) {th} - [7F10] Marge's brain {rl} - [7F11], [8F16], [8F23] Unreturned Flanders stuff {rl} - [8F08], [9F19] The big "SPRINGFIELD" sign a la "HOLLYWOOD" appears {jt} - [8F11] "Stick it to the man!" {rl} - [9F04] Technical Difficulties, with same song {rl} - [9F06] Mrs. Ruth Powers is Laura's mother {rl} - [9F07] The whipping sound is made {rl} - [9F10] Homer: "Like a giant billboard that says 'No fat chicks'?" (cf. T-shirt in 1F03) {jt} - [9F20] "Bartina" (cf. "Homina" in 1F03) - [1F04] Space alien's strangled "Doh-ho-ho" sound (same as Edward the Penitent's) =============================================================================== > Freeze frame fun =============================================================================== - Sign outside gymnasium: Springfield High School Tonight: Professional Ballet Tomorrow: Closed to fix gas leak - Names of clubs, etc.: - Jittery Joe's Coffee Shop - Shot Kickers ("o" burned out) - The Hate Box - The Seething Sisters - Magazines at the Kwik-E-Mart: {rc} - "Modern Bride" - "Jet" with Bleeding Gums Murphy on the cover - Garrett Morris' birthday notice inside - Sign on highway: Entering Badlands High Speed Chases Use Diamond Lane - Lionel Hutz tossed into the fire: {ddg} - dollar bills - a pair of socks - a dress shirt - When Brockman goes off the air: {rc} - "Technical Difficulties, Please Stand By" - Brockman in straight jacket w/ cuckoo coming from forehead - Badge behind credits: {rc} - Badge number 318 - Logo is police HQ with flanking nuclear cooling towers =============================================================================== > Animation, continuity, and other goofs =============================================================================== In Homer's vision of Maggie's wedding, how did Homer manage to get the coat of his suit on if he couldn't get his arms free to stick them in the sleeves? {ddg} "Are you holding onto the can?" doesn't explain why Homer was stuck in the candy machine, as he should have been able to just pull the candy out. {ddg} After Ruth and Marge shoot the cans, there are four cans seen in front of the fence; certainly the cans would have been knocked behind the fence when shot (and where's the fifth can?). {ddg} Marge's hair is shorter than usual in the "date behind the Springfield sign" scene; in "The Way We Was", when she put her hair up for the first time, it was pretty much as tall as it is "today". Each of the three handfulls of stuff Lionel Hutz tosses into the fire contain the same things. Where did Wiggum and Homer get the eggs? When Ruth and Marge are heading for the State Line, they head back in the direction from which they just came (otherwise, how did they pass Homer and Wiggum facing the opposite direction?); also, how did all of those police cars end up between Marge and the state line two miles away? (Of course, this assumes the sign "STATE LINE 2 MILES" refers to an actual state border and not just some place called "State Line" located in the middle of the state. Besides, I was told once that if the police are in pursuit, they can legally make an arrest anywhere in the country.) {ddg} The police car doesn't start falling until it is well over the chasm and has stopped forward motion. {ddg} The front door keeps changing places: {ag} - Ruth comes over to borrow the sander, and the front door has a window in it (with 2 bars), and the hinges are on the RIGHT side. - In the next appearance of the front door, there's no window, and the hinges are on the left side. - In the next appearance, there's no window, and the hinges are on the right side again. =============================================================================== > Reviews =============================================================================== Peter Stein: All in all, this ep. was OK. Not as good as "Rosebud," but tons better than "Homer Goes To College." Highlights IMHO were the SH T KICKERS bar, the truth behind Homer's hair loss (plus giddiness and loss of equilibrium!), Chief Wiggum losing Marge and Ruth in the Badlands, and the Seething Sisters Bar. Andrew Ross: I think I see the pattern emerging for this season. They take one major cultural reference each week and try to make an episode around it. So far, we've had the Beatles, Cape Fear, 70s college party movies, Citizen Kane, and now Thelma and Louise. Not that there's necessarily anything *wrong* with this, but anyone who hasn't seen a particular movie may end up scratching his [or her - ed] head throughout the episode. This one was neither magnificent nor bad, but just generically *good*. Ron Carter: I am probably one of the few people in the world that has not seen "Thelma and Louise" and I still liked this episode. Not all that many solid ref jokes, but still funny. The Homer not letting go of the pop can was a little too predictable, but loved the running "Sunshine, Lollipops..." gag. Some continuity loss makes it a B+. Joey Berner: A strange one! I liked it, there were some good gags (but nothing that really had me rolling) The first and second acts were a lot stronger than the third. They seemed to run


Tuesday, March 1, 2011
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, FRS (Tamil: சந்திரசேகர வெங்கடராமன்) (7 November 1888 – 21 November 1970) was an Indian physicist whose work was influential in the growth of science in India. He was the recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930 for the discovery that when light traverses a transparent material, some of the light that is deflected changes in wavelength. This phenomenon is now called Raman scattering and is the result of the Raman effect.
Early years
Venkata Raman was born at Thiruvanaikaval, near Tiruchirappalli, Madras Presidency to R. Chandrasekhara Iyer (b. 1866) and Parvati Ammal (Saptarshi Parvati).[1] He was the second of their eight children. At an early age, Raman moved to the city of Vizag, Andhra Pradesh. Studied in St.Aloysius Anglo-Indian High School. His father was a lecturer in Mathematics and physics, so he grew up in an academic atmosphere.
Raman entered Presidency College, Chennai in 1902. In 1904, he gained his B.Sc., winning the first place and the gold medal in physics. In 1907, he gained his M.Sc., obtaining the highest distinctions. He joined the Indian Finance Department as an Assistant Accountant General.
In 1917, Raman resigned from his government service and took up the newly created Palit Professorship in Physics at the University of Calcutta. At the same time, he continued doing research at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Calcutta, where he became the Honorary Secretary. Raman used to refer to this period as the golden era of his career. Many talented students gathered around him at the IACS and the University of Calcutta.
Energy level diagram showing the states involved in Raman signal.
On February 28, 1928, through his experiments on the scattering of light, he discovered the Raman effect. It was instantly clear that this discovery was an important one. It gave further proof of the quantum nature of light. Raman spectroscopy came to be based on this phenomenon, and Ernest Rutherford referred to it in his presidential address to the Royal Society in 1929. Raman was president of the 16th session of the Indian Science Congress in 1929. He was conferred a knighthood, and medals and honorary doctorates by various universities. Raman was confident of winning the Nobel Prize in Physics as well, and was disappointed when the Nobel Prize went to Richardson in 1928 and to de Broglie in 1929. He was so confident of winning the prize in 1930 that he booked tickets in July, even though the awards were to be announced in November, and would scan each day's newspaper for announcement of the prize, tossing it away if it did not carry the news. He did eventually win the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him. He was the first Asian and first non-White to receive any Nobel Prize in the sciences. Before him Rabindranath Tagore (also Indian) had received the Nobel Prize for Literature.
C.V Raman & Bhagavantam, discovered the quantum photon spin in 1932, which further confirmed the quantum nature of light. [1]
Raman also worked on the acoustics of musical instruments. He worked out the theory of transverse vibration of bowed strings, on the basis of superposition velocities. He was also the first to investigate the harmonic nature of the sound of the Indian drums such as the tabla and the mridangam.
Raman and his student Nagendranath, provided the correct theoretical explanation for the acousto-optic effect (light scattering by sound waves), in a series of articles resulting in the celebrated Raman-Nath theory. Modulators, and switching systems based on this effect have enabled optical communication components based on laser systems. lo
In 1934, Raman became the director of the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore, where two years later he continued as a professor of physics. Other investigations carried out by Raman were experimental and theoretical studies on the diffraction of light by acoustic waves of ultrasonic and hypersonic frequencies (published _PHONE_), and those on the effects produced by X-rays on infrared vibrations in crystals exposed to ordinary light.
He also started a company called Travancore Chemical and Manufacturing Co. Ltd. in 1943 along with Dr. Krishnamurthy. The Company during its 60 year history, established four factories in Southern India. In 1947, he was appointed as the first National Professor by the new government of Independent India.
In 1948, Raman, through studying the spectroscopic behavior of crystals, approached in a new manner fundamental problems of crystal dynamics. He dealt with the structure and properties of diamond, the structure and optical behavior of numerous iridescent substances (labradorite, pearly feldspar, agate, opal, and pearls). Among his other interests were the optics of colloids, electrical and magnetic anisotropy, and the physiology of human vision.
Personal life
Raman retired from the Indian Institute of Science in 1948 and established the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore, Karnataka a year later. He served as its director and remained active there until his death in 1970, in Bangalore, at the age of 82.
He was married on 6 May 1907 to Lokasundari Ammal with whom he had two sons, Chandrasekhar and Radhakrishnan.
Honours and awards
Raman was honoured with a large number of honorary doctorates and memberships of scientific societies. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society early in his career (1924) and knighted in 1929. In 1930 he won the Nobel Prize in Physics. In 1941 he was awarded the Franklin Medal. In 1954 he was awarded the Bharat Ratna.[2] He was also awarded the Lenin Peace Prize in 1957.
India celebrates National Science Day on 28 February of every year to commemorate the discovery of the Raman effect in 1928.
1 comment:
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PPP Multilink Link Fragmentation and Interleaving
PPP Multilink lets us bundle multiple physical interfaces into a single logical interface. We can use this to load balance on layer 2 instead of layer 3. Take a look at the following picture so I can give you an example:
two serial lines and routers
Above we have two routers connected to each other with two serial links. If we want to use load balancing we could do this on layer 3, just configure a subnet on each serial link and activate both links in a routing protocol like EIGRP or OSPF.
When we use PPP multilink we can bundle the two serial links into one logical layer 3 interface and we'll do load balancing on layer 2. PPP multilink will break the outgoing packets into smaller pieces, puts a sequence number on them and sends them out the serial interfaces. Another feature of PPP multilink is fragmentation. This could be useful when you are sending VoIP between the two routers.
Most voice codecs require a maximum delay of 10 ms between the different VoIP packets. Let's say the serial link offers 128 Kbit of bandwidth…how long would it take to send a voice packet that is about 60 bytes?
60 bytes * 8 = 480 bits / 128.000 = 0.00375.
So it takes roughly 3.7 ms to send the voice packet which is far below the required 10 ms. We can run into issues however when we also send data packets over this link. Let's say we have a 1500 bytes data packet that we want to send over this link:
1500 bytes * 8 = 12.000 / 128.000 = 0.093.
So it will take about 93 ms to send this packet over this 128 Kbit link. Imagine we are sending this data packet and a voice packet arrives at the router, it will have to wait for at least 93 ms before the data packet is out of the way…exceeding our 10 ms maximum delay.
Multilink PPP offers a solution by fragmenting the data packets and interleaving the voice packets between the data fragments. This way a large data packet will not delay a voice packet for too long.
Anyway now you have an idea what multilink PPP is about, let me show you how to configure it. I will use the following topology:
two routers serial
I am using two routers with only a single serial link between them. Even though it's called multilink PPP you can still configure it on only one link. This is how we configure it:
R1(config)_TAG_ virtual-template 1
R1(config-if)_TAG_ 128
R1(config-if)_TAG_ address
R1(config-if)_TAG_ multilink fragment delay 10
R1(config-if)_TAG_ multilink interleave
R2(config)_TAG_ virtual-template 1
R2(config-if)_TAG_ 128
R2(config-if)_TAG_ address
R2(config-if)_TAG_ multilink fragment delay 10
R2(config-if)_TAG_ multilink interleave
We will use a virtual-template to configure the IP addresses and to configure PPP multilink. The ppp multilink fragment delay commands lets us configure the maximum delay. In my example I've set it to 10 ms. Don't forget to use ppp multilink interleave or interleaving won't work. I'm using WFQ to prioritize voice traffic before data traffic using the fair-queue command. Interleaving will occur between WFQ and the FIFO queue and has 2 queues, a normal and priority queue. non-fragmented traffic goes to the priority queue and fragmented traffic will use the normal queue. Now let's link the virtual template to PPP multilink:
R1(config)_TAG_ virtual-template 1
R2(config)_TAG_ virtual-template 1
And last but not least, configure the interfaces to use PPP multilink:
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 1. An awesome topic I was looking for. Simple and easy to understand. Thank you Rene
 2. Rene,
 Don't you need a group command to bundle the interfaces together? That's what I have used:
 interface Multilink1
 ip address
 ppp multilink
 ppp multilink group 1
 interface Serial0
 no ip address
 encapsulation ppp
 ppp multilink
 ppp multilink group 1
 interface Serial1
 no ip address
 encapsulation ppp
 ppp multilink
 ppp multilink group 1
 3. Hi… I think that only if you will use more than one interface in our MultLink interface. In the Lesson… Rene use one interface.
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Milne is a surname of Scottish origin, and may refer to: In military: * Sir Alexander Milne, 1st Baronet, British admiral * Archibald Berkeley Milne (1855–1938), admiral of the Royal Navy * Sir David Milne, British admiral * Duncan Grinnell-Milne (1896–1973), English First World War pilot * George Milne, 1st Baron Milne, British field marshal * John Theobald Milne, English first world war flying ace * MacGillivray Milne, United States Navy Captain, and the 27th Governor of American Samoa * William Johnstone Milne, Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross In science: * Edward Arthur Milne, British mathematician and astrophysicist * John Milne, English geologist * William Grant Milne (?–1866), Scottish botanist * James Stuart Milne American mathematician In politics: * Charles Black Milne (1879–1935), Scottish politician, Unionist Party Member of Parliament for West Fife * Christine Milne, Australian politician * David Milne (Ontario politician) * Duane Milne, Republican member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, representing the 167th legislative district * Eddie Milne (1915–1983), British Labour Party Member of Parliament for Blyth, later re-elected as an independent candidate * John Milne (politician) (1839–1922), Canadian Senator and businessman * John Wardlaw-Milne (1879–1922), British Conservative Party politician * Lance Milne (?–1996), Australian Democrats member of the South Australian Legislative Council * Lorna Anne Milne, Canadian senator * Michael John Milne, 34th Baron of Corstorphine * Nanette Milne, Scottish Conservative & Unionist Party politician * Robert Milne (Canadian politician) (1881–1953), Member of Parliament * Ross Milne (Canadian politician) (born 1932), retired Canadian politician * Sir William Milne (politician) (1822–1895), Australian politician * William Ross Milne, Canadian politician In literature: * A. 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Melinda walks Debbie through the entire harvesting process starting with the timing of harvesting for the unique taste and color of honey. She covers why bees collect nectar and pollen and what the bee process is that creates honey. Melinda talks about what tools to use, buy, rent or borrow, the entire harvesting process and how involved you should be as a beekeeper.
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Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to navigation Jump to search
SMP (countable and uncountable, plural SMPs)
 1. (Britain) Initialism of statutory maternity pay (payments made by an employer to an employee who is absent from work due to their pregnancy).
 2. (computing) Initialism of symmetric multiprocessing.
 3. (cryptography) Initialism of socialist millionaire problem.
 4. Initialism of single member plurality.
 5. (computing) Initialism of support and maintenance package.
 6. Initialism of system marginal price (the marginal electricity price in a power system optimization).
 7. Initialism of scalp micropigmentation.
 8. Initialism of statement of monetary policy.
 9. Initialism of sekolah menengah pertama (the junior high school level of the Indonesian education system).
 10. Initialism of shape-memory polymer.
 11. Initialism of signal message processor.
 12. Initialism of silyl modified polymer.
 13. Initialism of slow-moving proteinase.
 14. Initialism of stable marriage problem or stable matching problem.
 15. Initialism of stable massive particle.
 16. Initialism of surface-mount package.
 17. Initialism of system modification program.
Further reading[edit]
DWP - Statutory Maternity Pay
Proper noun[edit]
 1. (computing) Initialism of Symbolic Manipulation Program (a computer algebra system and predecessor of Mathematica).
 2. (computing) Initialism of Supplementary Multilingual Plane, one of the sets of character codepoints in Unicode; formally known as Plane 1, and comprising the range of codepoints from U+10000 through U+1FFFF.
 3. Initialism of Scale Model Products.
 4. Initialism of School Mathematics Project.
 5. Initialism of Shanghai Municipal Police.
 6. Initialism of Sipah-e-Muhammad Pakistan.
 7. Initialism of Sisters of Mary of the Presentation.
 8. Initialism of Standard Motor Products.
 9. Initialism of Simulation Model Portability.
 10. Initialism of SOTA Mapping Project.
 11. Initialism of Serial Management Protocol.
 12. Initialism of Saw Mill Parkway.
 13. Initialism of Shannonville Motorsport Park.
 14. Initialism of Super Mario Party.
 15. Initialism of Sounds of Mass Production or Synthesia Murder Program.
 16. Initialism of Send More Paramedics.
Coordinate terms[edit]
SMP (plural, first-person possessive SMPku, second-person possessive SMPmu, third-person possessive SMPnya)
 1. Initialism of sekolah menengah pertama. (corresponding to junior high school (US) or lower secondary school (UK))


text:
Cancer research today is as imperative as ever, and new research at the University of Calgary is helping shed light on prevention and treatment of the disease. Professor of biochemistry Hans Vogel is researching a protein called lactoferrin that may boost immunity and gives insight into cancer treatment and prevention.
The Canadian Cancer Society released their 2012 Canadian Cancer Statistics report revealing an expected 186,400 new diagnoses of cancer in Canada this year. This number falls in line with the increasing cancer incidence rate for the past 30 years.
Vogel began researching lactoferrin in the 1990s. His research began as an investigation into the protein's iron-binding properties. Lactoferrin is naturally produced in breast milk, and is believed to be important for infants in obtaining mineral iron while nursing.
Vogel came across research describing lactoferrin's unique ability to split into a peptide that can kill bacteria and act like an antibiotic. This prompted him to look into the structure of the peptide.
"We were very interested in that because we thought it was a unique mode of action," said Vogel.
Lactoferrin is also present in white blood cells, indicating that this protein plays a role in boosting immunity. The protein has anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-fungal and anti-cancer roles.
"One of the main things that the protein does is that it actually has a strong immunostimulating effect, and that is why it can probably do so many different things well," said Vogel.
Vogel is part of a research team that collaborates with a research group in Norway to focus on lactoferrin's cancer fighting properties.
Vogel's Norwegian colleagues have treated grafted tumours in animals with lactoferrin-derived peptides. Cancer cell line research using lactoferrin has also been done.
The studies have found that cancer cells will take up lactoferrin and change their gene expression.
"Lactoferrin can be added on the outside of the cell," said Vogel. "The cell goes into a slightly different state, which is probably a healthier state."
Companies have also performed human trials where human lactoferrin genes are cloned and administered to cancer patients. Although the research is still in its trial stage, researchers have found that lactoferrin is effective against some forms of lung and kidney cancer.
According to the Canadian Cancer Statistics report, lung cancer has the highest incidence rate, causing 27 per cent of all cancer deaths in Canada. Among the other most prevalent forms of cancer are kidney, prostate and breast cancer.
"What is unique about this is you can actually take the protein orally," said Vogel. "The protein stimulates the immune system in such a way that helps to actually beat back the cancer."
Vogel said this course of research has taken some unexpected turns.
"We started thinking about metal ions some 15 years ago, and now we are thinking maybe about treating cancer," said Vogel. "We could not have predicted that when we started."
Vogel is currently studying variants of the peptides derived from lactoferrin which may lead to a more potent product than whole lactoferrin.
Vogel hopes this research will help people affected by cancer and develop other positive outcomes with immunity and health.


text:
Rainbows are a symbol of hope. They illustrate the colors and wonder of creation and remind us of the promise given at the end of the story of Noah's ark. I find the rainbow theme to be an inspiring springboard for learning and play.
Rainbow Games and Activities
1. The Rainbow Twist Game
Draw a giant rainbow on pavement with colored chalk. With or without a Twister game spinner, call out right or left, hand or foot, and a color.
- Sometimes we make this a bilingual game by saying the names of the colors in Spanish or another target language. For example, "left hand azul!"
- You can turn this into a tossing game by using rolled up socks. Aim to toss the sock ball onto each color band.
2. The Rainbow Clean Up Game
If it is time to clean up a fairly large mess of toys, papers, etc., enlist children to sort the objects based on their color and then put them away.
Tip: Provide a matching container for each color, or label containers before the clean up begins. You may want to assign a particular color (or colors) to each child.


text:
|Classification and external resources|
Hypervolemia, or fluid overload, is the medical condition where there is too much fluid in the blood. The opposite condition is hypovolemia, which is too little fluid volume in the blood. Fluid volume excess in the intravascular compartment occurs due to an increase in total body sodium content and a consequent increase in extracellular body water. The mechanism usually stems from compromised regulatory mechanisms for sodium handling as seen in congestive heart failure (CHF), kidney failure, and liver failure. It may also be caused by excessive intake of sodium from foods, intravenous (IV) solutions and blood transfusions, medications, or diagnostic contrast dyes.
Excessive sodium and fluid intake:
- IV therapy containing sodium
- As a Transfusion reaction to a rapid blood transfusion.
- High intake of sodium
Sodium and water retention:
- Heart failure
- Liver cirrhosis
- Nephrotic syndrome
- Corticosteroid therapy
- Low protein intake
Fluid shift into the intravascular space:
- Fluid remobilization after burn treatment
- Administration of hypertonic fluids, e.g. mannitol or hypertonic saline solution
- Administration of plasma proteins, such as albumin
Signs and symptoms
The excess fluid, primarily salt and water, builds up in various locations in the body and leads to an increase in weight, swelling in the legs and arms (peripheral edema), and/or fluid in the abdomen (ascites). Eventually, the fluid enters the air spaces in the lungs, reduces the amount of oxygen that can enter the blood, and causes shortness of breath (dyspnea), which is the best indicator of estimating central venous pressure is increased. Fluid can also collect in the lungs when lying down at night, possibly making nighttime breathing and sleeping difficult (paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea).
See also
- Volume status
- Fluid balance
- Anasarca (swelling of skin)
- Pleural effusion (excess fluid in the pleural cavity)
- Low pressure receptor zones
- Page 62 (Fluid imbalances) in: Portable Fluids and Electrolytes (Portable Series). Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2007. ISBN 1-58255-678-4.
- "Complications of Transfusion: Transfusion Medicine: Merck Manual Professional". Retrieved 2009-02-09.
- The MERCK MANUALS > Hyponatremia Last full review/revision May 2009 by James L. Lewis, III, MD
- Hypervolemia symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, and general details
- How Heart Failure causes fluid accumulation – An animated journey through Heart Failure
- CRISP Thesaurus 00004009
|This article about a disease, disorder, or medical condition is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


Consumo de alcohol en escolares.
Translated title of the contribution: Alcohol consumption in schoolchildren
C. Ariza Cardenal, M. Nebot Adell
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
BACKGROUND: The onset of alcohol consumption begins very early in the Spanish society; generally, at the school age. The target of this study is to identify the factors that are linked to alcohol use and abuse, at this age. METHODS: A survey was designed and carried out among 1,816 students of 6 schools of Barcelona and Lleida, Spain (97.5% response rate) between 13 and 18 years old included, through a questionnaire filled-in in the classroom. RESULTS: 85.5% had ever consumed alcoholic drinks, 7.3% reported to drink alcohol every day and 39.6% said that they had drunk four or more glasses of an alcoholic beverage at least once. The multivariate analysis showed that smoking habitually, with an odds ratio (OR) of 9.7; having a larger amount of own money to buy alcohol (OR = 1.5); and the expectations that alcohol helps to enjoy and get along with friends (OR = 2.4) were the most important factors identified as associated with problematic alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS: The study points to several factors related to the habit of smoking, the influence of the environment of schoolchildren and the expectations associated to alcohol consumption are related with the consumption of alcoholic drinks, especially from the beginning in the high school.
Translated title of the contributionAlcohol consumption in schoolchildren
Original languageSpanish
Pages (from-to)481-486
Number of pages6
JournalMedicina clínica
Issue number13
StatePublished - Oct 21 1995
ASJC Scopus subject areas
 - Medicine(all)
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Land leases must be in writing to avail of tax exemptions
A Land Lease sets out both parties' obligations and provides useful legal protection
Leasing is appealing to farmers on many levels. Landowners who do not wish to farm the land are happy to lease their lands to active farmers who wish to expand their production.
The landowners may have recently retired or inherited the land, and may not wish to farm the land, and it is of interest to an active farmer who would like to farm the land, but does not want to bear the high costs of purchasing the land.
There are also tax incentives for farmers to enter into a Land lease arrangement.
A lease document is a written legal agreement between a lessor (the landowner or landlord) and a lessee (the active farmer or tenant).
The lease sets out the obligations of both parties during the period of the lease, providing useful legal protection to all parties.
The lease must be signed by both parties.
Signatures on the lease must be witnessed by an independent person or persons.
A Land lease must be in writing in order to avail of the favorable income tax exemptions.
Lease agreement templates are readily available, and the Irish Farmers Association has produced a precedent master agricultural lease.
But it is advisable to seek the advice of a solicitor, in order to adapt the lease agreement to the specific needs of both the lessor and the lessee in each individual case.
It is imperative that suitable terms are agreed for both parties, and that parties are aware of and understand the nature of the terms they are entering into, and they have obtained the appropriate legal advice in respect of what they are signing.
We recommend that the farmers consider the following points when entering into a lease agreement:
* The lands leased should be agreed beforehand normally, by referring to a folio and a map where the lands are clearly marked.
* What is the term of the lease, and how much rent is to be paid, and when should the rent be paid?
* Is there a rent review clause?
A farmer may be reluctant to become locked into high or low land rents. This can be rectified by making provision in the lease for regular rent reviews during the term of the lease.
* The specific purpose such as tillage or grazing for which the lessee intends to use the lands should be set out in the lease.
* The Land lease must provide that insurance is in place, in order that the lessor is indemnified for all claims or liabilities arising from the lessee's user of the property.
It is also important that the lessor has his or her own public liability insurance.
The lessor will also need to take out insurance.
* If a farmer is leasing the basic payment entitlements, appropriate clauses must be included in the lease, to ensure that the basic payment entitlements revert to the lessor, on the termination of the lease, and that in the event of the lessee not receiving his or her basic payment entitlements, this should not affect the validity of the agreement, and that the monies will still be due and owing to the lessor.
It is recommended a clause is put in, obliging the lessee to process and lodge all paperwork with the Department of Agriculture by the required deadline for the purpose of claiming any entitlements payable.
* A lessee should not have a right to sub-let the land without the lessor's prior written consent, and this should be provided for in the lease.
* A clause should be put in place in the Land lease, prohibiting automatic right of renewal, which is known as a renunciation clause.
The Landlord and Tenant (Amendment) Acts allow the renewal of the lease at market rent, where the property being leased consists predominantly of buildings, and where the land attached to those buildings is considered to be "subsidiary and ancillary" to the building.
Farmers should be aware of this.
Where there are buildings on the land it may be advisable to draft two separate leases.
* It is important that there is provision in the lease covering the manner and time in which notice of termination by either party must be served, if either party wishes to end the lease.
* It is important to make provision for all eventualities in the lease, such as a child who wishes to construct a dwelling house on part of the lands.
The above list is not exhaustive, and any farmer who is contemplating leasing his or her lands should consult a solicitor with experience in the area of agricultural leases, so as to ensure that he or she is fully protected against unexpected pitfalls.
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text:
AP Aerospace Writer
CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. (AP) - NASA has launched a new communication satellite.
An unmanned Atlas rocket blasted off Wednesday night from Cape Canaveral. NASA's Tracking and Data Relay Satellite was on board.
This is the 11th TDRS (T-driss) satellite to be launched by NASA. The space agency uses the orbiting network to communicate with the astronauts living on the International Space Station. The satellites also relay all the images taken by the Hubble Space Telescope.
The first TDRS spacecraft was launched in 1983. The second was lost aboard space shuttle Challenger in 1986.
This newest third-generation TDRS carries the letter K designation. Once it begins working full time, it will become TDRS-11.
It costs between $350 million and $400 million.
(Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)


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There are no laws against homosexual behavior, adultery, fornication, cohabitation, or sexual contact with animals. The encouragement of prostitution, pimping, and pandering are now illegal, however. Prostitutes can be sent to a "women's guidance home" for 6 months in order to be "protected and rehabilitated". Furthermore, there is a law against the public display and sale of "obscene" material. (The Japanese definition of obscenity is rather different from that of Western countries.) The most serious sexual offense is rape, which is punished according to the degree of violence used by the rapist. In simple cases it may carry not more than a 2-year prison term, but if the rape involves a child or results in serious injury or death, the sentence may be life imprisonment. The concept of "statutory rape" is unknown. Sexual molestation, i.e., an "indecent act" with a male or female person which involves force or the threat of force is punishable as "indecency through compulsion". Harmful child molestation (i.e., if the victim is under 13 years of age) can also be prosecuted under this statute. The sentence is usually severe (6 months to 7 years). "Public obscene behavior" carries a maximum prison term of 6 months. On the other hand, several sexual acts which could be considered extremely serious in the U.S. are treated as minor offenses in Japan. For example, a man who "exposes his body in such a way as to cause disgust to the public", or who "secretly peeps into houses, bathrooms, dressing rooms, or toilets" is simply punished with "detention and a minor fine." These acts are listed together with and treated like such offenses as trespassing, starting false fire alarms, and "frightening horses or cows and causing them to run away".


Technology Systems - Dynamic
Dynamic Blog
How to Clean and Sanitize Computer Equipment
23 September, 2020
Cleaning and sanitizing your computer equipment are good practices to follow in normal times. In the midst of a global pandemic, they take on amplified importance. Not only will regular cleaning keep your equipment in top working condition, but it can also remove substantial amounts of contagions from some of the surfaces you touch most in a day.
The Difference Between Cleaning and Sanitizing
Cleaning and sanitizing are related but independent concepts. The former refers to physically removing dust, dirt, grime and debris, while the latter neutralizes bacteria and viruses. Since these infectious molecules cling to dirt, cleaning will remove the majority of any nasty microbes that will make you sick, but your equipment isn't sanitized until you've done so chemically (e.g., with rubbing alcohol or another cleaner).
How often you clean and sanitize depends on your environment and interactions with others. If you work in a garage or shop, cleaning will be a higher priority and might need to be done daily. If you're sharing a computer with others inside an office, you might only need to clean it monthly, but you should sanitize peripheral equipment each day.
How to Clean and Sanitize Computer Equipment
Every piece of computer equipment should be cleaned and sanitized periodically, but the peripherals you touch frequently should be the top priority. These include mice, keyboards and trackpads. Before working on any of these, though, power them down completely and unplug them from your computer. If you're dealing with battery-powered accessories, turn them off and remove the batteries — this includes laptops.
Mice come in many shapes and sizes, from simple ergonomic designs to gamer-style options with numerous crevices and controls. The more unique your mouse is, the more surfaces you'll need to address. Begin by using a clean, damp cloth to wipe down the exterior surface. If grime has built up since your last cleaning, a bit of elbow grease is the best solution. Harsh chemicals or solvents can have unintended effects you want to avoid. For stubborn spots, use something rigid but forgiving, such as a toothpick.
Once you've removed visible dirt and dust, wipe the mouse down with a disinfectant bleach wipe or a paper towel sprayed with rubbing alcohol. If you're using isopropyl alcohol, it needs to be at least a 70- percent concentration; if it's ethanol, be sure to purchase at least a 60 percent concentration. Don't forget to wipe down the cord for non-wireless mice.
Keyboards are a bit more involved. Yours might have come with a keycap removal tool, which will allow you to pull each key off and clean beneath it. If you don't have one, you can buy an inexpensive tool from any computer store. Wipe down the surface of the keyboard with a soft, damp cloth before removing anything. Pull the keys off and use a can of compressed air to get rid of the dust and loose dirt in the key bed. A toothpick can also be useful here if you have any embedded grit. Laptop keyboards should be treated similarly, but with a bit of extra precaution. Unlike an external keyboard, all of a laptop's sensitive components are housed directly beneath the keys. As long as you're careful and don't use too much cleaning solution, though, you should be fine.
When you're done, put the keys back onto the board, but be sure to pull up a picture of your keyboard layout before doing so! Otherwise, you might end up with some interesting (and confusing) combinations.
Trackpads are another area to focus on. Power off your computer completely, then use a soft, damp cloth to wipe down the trackpad and area on either side of it thoroughly. Use a toothpick to trace the recessed lip all the way around the pad and dislodge any grime that you find. Once it's physically clean, use disinfecting wipes or alcohol spray to disinfect it.
Keeping Your Computer Equipment Clean and Sanitized
The best way to clean your equipment is to keep it from getting dirty in the first place. Don't eat at your desk and keep drinks away from the computer. Wash your hands often and have alcohol spray or disinfecting wipes close by so you can use them frequently. If your computer is in a dusty or dirty environment, investing in a washable keyboard cover is a good idea.
If you share computers with someone, consider purchasing your own mouse and keyboard. This isn't always feasible, but it's worth the investment when you can. A simple USB port swap when you sit down to work will prevent you from being exposed to numerous avoidable germs.
Moiz Bhinderwala
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[Photography] Photos by Sherri Harvey
[KELP JOURNAL] Can you talk about why you chose photography? What does this form provide that other media does not?
[SHERRI HARVEY] As a kid with a camera, I learned to see. I learned to tell stories and capture memories. I knew, early on, that I wanted to be an instrument for change. One picture can make me sing. One picture can bring me to tears. When I share them, it's like I am talking to the world in an intimate conversation.
[KELP JOURNAL] What do you look for when framing a shot? What draws you to the pictures you take? Should photographers be cognizant of the narrative they create of a place or time when exhibiting photos?
[SHERRI HARVEY] As a photographer (and writer, and eco-storyteller), I live to advocate for the animals, for the oceans and trees that don't have a voice. In these photos, I had just spent a month photographing the Dayak, orangutans, and the destruction of their habitat in Borneo, and I came to the Derawan Islands as a way to unwind. As you can see, here, in these photos, I wanted to share that tranquility, especially after seeing what is happening to Borneo's jungle.
[KELP JOURNAL] How has the digital age affected photography?
[SHERRI HARVEY] In this digital economy, we have a multitude of ways to make our voice heard. And we have a responsibility to be the voice for those that can't speak. Think about why you're compelled to take a picture of something. Figure out what message you want to share, then shout it from the rooftops. Be an instrument for the changes you want to see.
[KELP JOURNAL] Are there any photographers that have influenced your work?
[SHERRI HARVEY] Photographers who do this well: Ami Vitale took the famous photo of the last northern white rhino. Deanne Fitzmaurice, Suzi Eszterhas, all tell stories about the natural world, and nature—in all of its many glories—now more than ever before, needs our help.
Sherri Harvey lives, teaches, photographs, and writes in Silicon Valley, California. She holds an MA in Fiction and an MFA in Creative Nonfiction and Travel Writing. As a conservationist and animal photographer, she loves to travel and will go anywhere for a story. In February 2020, she spent a month following wild orangutans in Borneo. In 2019, she received an Adobe Digital Ambassador Grant for her sustainability project entitled "Accidental Advocates," which helps students find their own path to advocacy. She has published in a plethora of magazines such as endangered.org, Wanderlust Journal, SnapDragon: Journal of Art and Healing, Dime Show Review, Sunday Night Stories, daCunha Global, Animal Literary Magazine, and 3Elements Literary Review. Check her out at _URL_ and _URL_.


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Since the new generation of waterproof plugs were introduced in the domestic wire rod market, they have become more and more widely used. Especially in the design, they are excellent in terms of structure size, model quality, and so on. Therefore, knowing the design and processing of plugs, its technical advantages are more prominent. So, what should be paid attention to in the production process of outdoor waterproof plugs?
Increased corrosion resistance
Because outdoor waterproof connectors are used outdoors when they are installed in the open air, the corrosion resistance of the plugs needs to be continuously improved, so that the quality advantages of the plugs become more and more obvious.. Only after seeing its corrosion resistance, they all felt that they would be more and more professional in the process of waterproof technology, and they all wanted to achieve first-class technical standards when they were applied.
Material is durable
There are more and more materials for outdoor waterproof plugs, and each material is different in quality and durability. In the selection of materials, it must be durable, in order to be able to use more long-term. In terms of comparison of production and processing requirements, we all feel that the types of plug models on the market have become increasingly diversified. When analyzing and summarizing, it can be seen that the plug design will be more and more professional. When used in an outdoor environment, its effects and effects will become more and more obvious. Plug function or waterproof technology must be constantly reflected in order to achieve first-class technical advantages in processing, and when processing can see the advantages of its use will still be more and more.


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Sala Seminari (Dip. Matematica).
In this talk we introduce a notion of functions of fractal bounded variation. Here, the sup-norm of test functions as used in the classical definition is replaced by the Hoelder norm with respect to some exponent. Characteristic functions of domains with fractal bounderies are particular examples that belong to this class. Among a characterization in terms of currents, we state some properties that naturally extend those of classical BV functions such as higher integrability, decomposition into Hoelder functions and push forwards.


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Diagnosis and prognosis of molybdenum deficiency in black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) by plant analysis
Jongruaysup, S., Bell, R.W. and Dell, B. (1994) Diagnosis and prognosis of molybdenum deficiency in black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) by plant analysis. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 45 (1). pp. 195-201.
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Diagnosis and prognosis of molybdenum (Mo) deficiencies in black gram crops by plant analysis is difficult because Mo standards have not been set and tested in the field. Therefore, critical Mo concentrations, for the diagnosis of Mo deficiency at early flowering and for diagnosis and prognosis at pod filling in black gram, were determined in two glasshouse experiments by examining the relationship of Mo concentrations in young leaves and nodules to shoot nitrogen content or seed dry matter in plants treated with seven levels of Mo supply on a Mo-deficient sandy loam. In severely Mo-deficient plants, shoot dry matter (DM) and shoot nitrogen (N) content were depressed. Molybdenum concentrations in plant parts increased with increasing Mo supply and were closely related to shoot N content. shoot DM, and seed DM. Critical Mo concentrations for diagnosis of hi0 deficiency were obtained from the relationship between N content and &lo concentrations in leaves and nodules. and for prognosis of Mo deficiency were obtained from the relationship between seed yield and Mo concentrations in plant parts. Critical Mo concentrations were much higher in nodules than in leaves, and among young leaf blades, they increased with decreasing leaf age. For diagnosis of Mo deficiency, blades of the leaf immediately older than the youngest fully expanded leaf (YFEL+lb) and nodules are recommended plant parts. Their respective critical concentrations were 22 and 9600 ng Mo/g DM at flowering, and 22 and 3378 ng Mo/g DM at initial pod set. Molybdenum concentrations in the YFEL+lb and nodules at podding were also related to seed production at maturity. Recommended critical h10 concentrations in the YFELflb and nodules at initial pod set for the prognosis of IbIo deficiency for seed DM were 18 and 3000 ng Mo/g DM respectively.
|Publication Type:||Journal Article|
|Murdoch Affiliation:||School of Biological and Environmental Sciences|
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The Importance of Video in Delivering Research Insight
As modern qualitative researchers, we need to push ourselves to be better story tellers and to utilize the power of audio, video, and pictures to convey our experiences in the field to our clients.
Ted Frank from Backstories Studio presented at the QRCA conference in Montreal on how to better share research insights through the use of videos and pictures. He showed an example from an ethnographic project (click here to see the video), but his techniques would also work for focus groups and in-depth interviews. As modern qualitative researchers, we need to push ourselves to be better story tellers and to utilize the power of audio, video, and pictures to convey our experiences in the field to our clients.
Here are some ideas that Ted and others in Montreal shared:
- Make an emotional connection with your audience by turning consumers into heroes and characters with whom they can relate.
- Use music to prime the audience for insights or match the mood. Music can be used for opening, building tension prior to the big idea, and propelling the story forward. Go to sites like greenbuttonmusic.com to purchase rights-free music.
- B-roll (video to illustrate what someone is talking about) conveys a stronger impression than simply a long video of one person talking. It also allows you to edit out "ums" and "ahs" between the relevant comments.
- Use close-ups of the participants with good lighting and audio to ensure the power of their words and expressions are conveyed in a meaningful way.
- When going to an ethnography or similar project, create a shot list of the types of elements to film for B-roll. This will ensure you end the fieldwork with enough diverse footage. It is also helpful to create a list of the types of subjects you want to photograph for use in your presentations.
- Tim Billies from CreativePoint Productions shared advice on editing your own videos and mentioned that professional level editing software can make a major difference. He recommends the Sony Vegas and Sony Movie Studio editing software if you work in the Windows environment. Using programs such as these can save you time in the long run and help take your editing to the next level.
Most clients have numerous demands on their time and less ability to read lengthy reports. Video, when done well, can serve to quickly convey insights from the field in a compelling and motivating way. If a picture is worth 1000 words, what must video be worth?


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Painting is often compared to playing music. When individual notes of pigment or sound are arranged well, a pleasing outcome is produced. This musical comparison makes the palette of the painter the same as a musician's instrument. Both have to be in tune and capable of producing a full range of notes to allow an artist full freedom of expression. To facilitate this, a painter's palette must have a full color spectrum. Think of these as musical notes. It has to be capable of representing them in varying degrees of value (lightness/darkness) and chroma (saturation/intensity). This is akin to playing an instrument quietly or loudly. The wet-media painting palette is more like a violin; four strings are mixed together to produce the complete range. The dry-media pastel palette is more like a piano, in that many individual keys are struck in unison to produce a harmonious sound.
There are many advantages to the pastel color palette keyboard, the least of which is its ability to provide spontaneity, but it also has its disadvantages. One of the pitfalls is the temptation to place too many notes in a pastel painting's composition. A beautiful pastel palette, with all of its color, value and chromatic temptations within an arm's reach, can be a hard thing to deny. When I catch myself striking too many keys on the pastel palette keyboard, I implement a couple of simple pastel techniques to make sure color harmony will be the outcome:
- Pre-select pastel sticks to represent the major base color, value and chroma masses of the painting's composition. Remove these from the working pastel palette, then put it away. Work exclusively with these sticks until it's time for final accents. The adage "Out of sight, out of mind" really can help.
- Limit the pastel selections to no more than can be held in the palm of your hand. Without this limitation, it's too easy to over-select and start chasing nuance. Don't cheat here by selecting very tiny pastel shards. Use pastel sticks approximately three-quarters of an inch in length. You can adjust upward or downward depending on your pastel sticks and hand size.
- To make sure the pastel stick selections will work well together and create visual harmony, test them on a scrap pastel surface in advance of applying them to the painting's surface. Just make abstract non-objective swatches. The purpose is to see how they appear when visually combined. It's easy to believe an individual pastel selection will work, only to find it's the wrong color temperature, too intense or weak in chroma, or out of value range when placed in proximity to one another. If you're working on a toned surface, make sure to test the selections on a similar tone.
By familiarizing oneself with the mechanics of the pastel palette keyboard, and implementing a few harmonic disciplines, the pitfalls that led to painting sour notes can better be avoided. This, coupled with practice, may produce the next pastel Van Cliburn or Horowitz.
MORE RESOURCES FOR PASTEL ARTISTS
- Check out the 12 Days of Deals at NorthLightShop.com. Today, you can get free domestic shipping!


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This document presents a roadmap for developing sport and physical activity among Indigenous peoples. The Indigenous Long-Term Participant Development Pathway is a reference for those who work with Indigenous participants in sport and recreation. It has grown out of the understanding that mainstream models for sport development do not necessarily align with Indigenous needs or experiences. As such, this document tries to address that gap by outlining the key elements that need to be considered when planning, developing, and implementing programs for and with Indigenous peoples and communities.
For more information on the accompanying workshop, please click here.


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In the evolving world of design, Figma has emerged as a powerhouse. With its collaborative capabilities and robust features, it's no surprise that Figma has become the go-to tool for many web designers. However, due to some limitations of the tool, designers often find themselves creating artworks outside of Figma, typically in software like Adobe Illustrator CC or Affinity Designer. This then requires the artwork to be imported back into Figma, making the seamless compatibility of these platforms crucial.
Round 01: Vector Objects with Gradient Color
The process of transferring vector objects adorned with gradient colors across these platforms is straightforward and accurate. Whether moving from Adobe Illustrator CC to Affinity Designer or Figma, the fidelity of the gradients, including the color codes, is impeccably maintained. Similarly, Affinity Designer proves its compatibility with Figma in this regard.
However, an interesting observation is the difference in layer complexity when importing from Adobe Illustrator CC and Affinity Designer into Figma. It seems that Affinity Designer tends to generate slightly more intricate layer structures.
Round 02: Live Text
When it comes to live text, Adobe Illustrator CC and Affinity Designer have proved to be compatible. However, if you're copying live text from Adobe Illustrator CC to Figma, the text converts into a bitmap image, making it uneditable in Figma. Conversely, copying live text from Affinity Designer to Figma poses no such issue.
Round 03: Stroke with Different Weights
The compatibility of stroke weights across these platforms is excellent. Whether you're copying and pasting from Adobe Illustrator CC to Affinity Designer or Figma, or from Affinity Designer to Figma, the color and stroke weight remain exactly the same.
Important Points to Note
Unfortunately, it's currently not possible to copy anything from Figma to Adobe Illustrator or Affinity Designer. This is a limitation that hopefully will be addressed in future updates.
The compatibility between Figma, Adobe Illustrator CC, and Affinity Designer plays a significant role in the design process, and understanding these nuances can aid in a smoother, more efficient workflow. With continuous software updates and improvements, we can look forward to even more seamless design collaborations in the future.


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Your brain's need to be right. Judgement's job is to constantly scan for negative and illogical thoughts.
Why the habit exists
Judgement is fanatical about always making the right decisions. It wants to avoid ambiguous situations and shut down ideas when they are not clear-cut and completely logical. It doesn't want to waste any time or energy unnecessarily and therefore, instructs you to predominantly use your critical intellect to weed out any wrong answers and bad ideas before they cause any disruption.
Judgement controls your amygdala, the alarm centre of your brain, and devotes the majority of its neural activity to scanning for negatives. In neuroscience, this is called a 'negativity bias', where we perceive negative information as being more important to act on.
More than that, Judgement has a reputation of credibility to uphold. It is responsible for shaping your ego, ensuring you act in ways which you believe are right and enabling you to feel powerful or superior. Revealing any weakness is to be avoided and Judgement will fight your corner to demonstrate you are correct. This can lead to an 'overconfidence bias', where the more expert someone believes they are, the more convincing they are going to take to be persuaded otherwise.
How it holds you back
Judgement makes it far easier to criticise than invent and this prevents you from spotting useful concepts within flawed ideas.
Most innovative ideas are fragile. They don't usually seem logical at first because they don't fall in line with an existing approach. As soon as something new is put forward, Judgement will instantly compare it to what's come before and find reason to reject it.
Your mind needs to understand the logic and practicalities before it can be agreeable. That means you won't stop asking probing questions until you are satisfied something makes perfect sense to you.
When you apply your logic too early in the creative process, you close down exploration of alternatives and miss out on potential new connections and hidden strengths in ideas that need a little development.
Let Judgement have its way and you will never get to the point whereby you can hone down the potential of new ideas into workable solutions. It's easy to come to the conclusion seemingly flawed ideas won't work before they even see the light of day.
How you can train it
To overcome the seriousness of Judgement, you can consciously choose to change your mindset in the following ways:
From problem-oriented to solution-oriented
There are always opportunities within challenges. Fixate just on the negative aspects and you'll end up fighting fires rather than blazing new trails.
From practical to playful
Allow ideas room to breath and grow and be explored before they are cut down. A serious mindset will only create practical ideas. Lighten up and explore interesting alternatives with new potential possibilities.
Quick trick
Overcome practical logic to open your mind. Instead of identifying 'what is', try asking 'what if?'. Suspend Judgement's idea of what is know to be correct and allow unrestricted flights of fancy to explore the potential of new situations.
Explore all the Creatures
Creatures of Habit Quiz
How much does Judgement influence your mindset and decision making? Find out with the Creatures of Habit Quiz.
Creative workshops and events
Looking for some extra creative inspiration? Invite the Creatures to your team workshop or event and learn how to become more creative than ever before.


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By: Ehsan Mohammadi
Sounds deposit a symbolic bank of meanings and can reveal the hidden layers and aspects of people and their environments. Sensory experiences, and especially auditory patterns, have changed dramatically through the years due to advancing technologies, material revolution, and different lifestyles of people. If we compare the map of Georgestown from past to present, we can see that many trades and local businesses, and consequently many sounds, no longer exist. What are Georgestown's current sounds? What are its lost sounds?
Sounds in and from Gathering Places
Religious sites can feature prominently in the cultural identity of a neighborhood. In the case of Georgestown, The Basilica Cathedral of St. John the Baptist is a striking presence. The sounds of its bells, organ, and church services are part of the collective memory of many people in the neighborhood. Other sounds are associated with activities of the pub, café, and bakery and their customers. On different occasions during the day, you can see and hear young people playing basketball or soccer in Century Park or on the Saint Bonaventure's College football pitch.
Sounds of Nature
Just as in the other urban neighborhoods, in Georgestown human-made sounds eclipse natural ones and it is not an exaggeration to say that the sounds of nature have become an often overlooked backdrop. However, nature has not entirely lost its voice and on occasion you can hear rain when it's dripping on the leaves or running down into sewers. You can hear dogs barking and when it's sunny, the birds chirping. In addition, one can always hear the wind howling through the trees.
Sounds of Human Beings and their Activities
Despite soundproof ceilings, windows, and doors, in Georgestown, like the other neighborhoods, many different sounds still emanate from houses. These include sounds of music and instruments, sounds of equipment and cars, and casual conversation between the neighbors. If you walk through the neighborhood, you can hear different renovation and construction sounds and even occasionally hear the exhaust from a clothes dryer blowing air through the vent in a house wall. Private cars, delivery trucks, service vehicles, helicopters and airplanes are the other types of sounds in the area. Sometimes you can hear residents, students, children, visitors, and tourists in the streets.
Although there is a Neighborhood Watch program, Georgestown is a safe and quiet neighborhood. People are very friendly, and visitors and tourists are welcomed. With a lack of local markets and corner stores, people shop outside the neighborhood at chain stores. Consequently this cuts down on the interactions among residents and there are not a lot of collective sounds. Natural and human sounds are sometimes drowned out by the sounds of traffic.
In my interview with one Georgestown resident, Laura Winter, she reflected on neighborhood sounds. She spoke with regret about the disappearance of the sounds associated with local stores and with kids playing in the streets. She explained that many children's' play traditions, such as street games, do not exist anymore, and as an elementary school teacher, she tries to introduce similar activities to the children in her classes. She worries that the natural sounds of neighborhood have been replaced by the noise of vehicles, truck horns, and other and machinery. She spoke of changing the location of her bedroom from the front to the back of her house because the muster station of brewery is right out front. Another resident I spoke with echoed some of these thoughts as she reminisced about the lost sounds in the neighborhood and shared how she missed the sound of children skateboarding on the streets.
To sum up, the auditory experience of living in Georgestown has been changed over time in many ways; today Georgestown sounds like a different place than it did in earlier years.