July 13, 2020
Discussing MHC Peptide Analysis
with Eustache Paramithiotis
We recently sat down with our Vice-President of Research and Development, Eustache Paramithiotis to discuss some of the finer points of MHC peptide analysis, why it is important for a complete understanding of an immune response, and how it is supporting new waves in drug development.
Insight from our expert_edition 1
Q: Let's begin with the basics, what is the MHC system and how does it help regulate immune responses?
A: The immune system surveys what is going on in the body through the MHC. There are three kinds of MHC, Class I, Class II, and non-classical, all presenting peptides and sometimes other things like lipids. This is how T cells do their surveillance and identify anything unusual or "non-self". Thus, the MHC is essential for launching an immune response, the first step of it all!
Q: With the recent advancement of immune therapies, is MHC peptide presentation critical information to know?
A: In fact, it is absolutely essential! Modern immune therapies involve the host immune system. The antigen is either directly provided to educate the immune cells, or modified cells, as per CAR-T cell therapy, are introduced to attack the tumor. Some immune responses are obtainable with non-MHC based system, including innate immunity and NK cells, but an optimal and complete immune response will require MHC presentation.
Q: Characterizing MHC peptides is a significant technical challenge, how does your team tackle it?
A: Immunologists had determined many years ago that antigen was presented in the 'context of MHC', a concept developed from functional studies, though they didn't know how that actually worked. The concept was confirmed by crystal structures, which showed directly that antigen – in this case a peptide – was embedded in the MHC and the MHC-peptide complex was what the T cell receptors bound to. The peptide's length and composition may vary with the type of MHC, but the concept remains the same, a peptide embedded in a macromolecule and both presented together. All the analytical techniques that have been developed over time to isolate, process, and analyze peptides come into play here. Having the capability to perform accurate and reproducible mass spectrometry and evaluate results with strong bioinformatic tools is essential for productive experiments. All of which we invested in and can now do at scale.
Q: Can you expand on the importance of the direct measurement of peptides?
A: The most physiologically relevant way to see what the host is presenting is to look directly in the tissue. Given the structure of the MHC Class I or Class II, presented peptides tend to have themes in their sequence, anchor points and motifs, which led to the use of computer algorithms to predict what would be presented. With all the projects we have done, we have seen that what is actually presented is far more complex than what the algorithms are able to tell us. The algorithms are much better at modelling peptide-receptor interactions once you have a peptide sequence, but since we don't fully understand the regulation of antigen processing and selection for what will get loaded onto the MHC it is difficult to accurately predict what will get presented.
So, when it comes to the kind of personalized targets that are ideal for cancer immunotherapies, including neoepitopes (peptides with somatic mutations), prediction is inefficient. The variety of modifications we can observe directly in tissues is much broader than the one obtained with prediction algorithms. Nowadays, if you cannot directly observe what is being presented, there will be gaps in your understanding.
Q: In addition to direct detection, what are some of the learnings about MHC peptides that differentiates Caprion-HistoGeneX's approach from what others are doing?
A: MHC presentation is necessary to initiate and maintain an immune response, but it's not the only thing you need. To be able to judge how well peptides induce an immune response, you need a range of immune monitoring or immune evaluation capabilities. That is where Caprion-HistoGeneX comes in and has put all those pieces together. We provide the complete picture of all the factors involved, from identifying the target in tissue, to the levels of MHC I expression, and to characterizing the responsiveness of the host T cells to target.
Q: How does the Antigen Atlas fit into this picture and your ability to characterize the MHC presentome?
A: The Antigen Atlas is primarily a prioritization tool. It was built to help prioritize the targets based on their lack of presentation in other tissues. The Atlas contains MHC I presented peptides from a library of healthy and tumor adjacent tissues (usually a bit more inflamed than healthy tissue), and it includes a wide range of different MHC I alleles. The database has on the order of 400,000 entries right now and is often updated to stay current. If you have a peptide you are interested in from a target tissue, you can check if it is presented in other tissues. Typically, therapies are concerned with understanding on-target and off-target effects. Immune therapies as well, but also need to understand on-target but off-tissue effects, because you don't want to trigger an attack to the liver 5 years after curing a lung cancer. A large database, made to our quality standards, can also do a lot of other things than just help prioritize targets. For example, you can use it to better understand baseline mutation presentation in healthy tissues, identify protein presentation hotspots that are independent of the MHC I alleles an individual expresses, and identify tissue-specific presentation patterns to name a few.
Q: In the next few years, what innovations do you think MHC peptide analysis will help drive?
A: Right now, all of it is focused on MHC Class I and effector/cytotoxic T cells, because that is the pointy end of the stick. To mount a complete robust immune response with memory, you need Class II involvement and that has not yet become as prominent in the current analysis. We will eventually need to know what helper and regulatory T cells as well as B cell are presenting, which means both Class I and Class II MHC. Another aspect we will need to further investigate is the heterogeneity of presentation. Right now, we don't really know where in the tissue peptides are presented. Are they presented in a homogenous way, or are they presented in pockets, which may be less accessible to infiltrating lymphocytes? A better understanding of peptide distribution, especially when it comes to solid tumor therapies, is going to become very important.
Q: What are your key takeaways or what you would like the readers to know about MHC peptide analysis with Caprion-HistoGeneX?
A: Key takeaways would be that MHC peptide analysis is now practical, it's doable on just about any kind of system. It is also necessary for the understanding of immune responses. And finally, it should be considered as an essential part of a larger assessment of immune function. Caprion-HistoGeneX can evaluate, understand, and monitor the entire immune response. You get to find the antigens and what is presented, but then we'll also help you figure out what to do with them and how to get them to react.
Download the interview


now to fight for the equilibrium that makes it possible for us to live on the earth. Pagan ideas can teach us a lot about conservation, as many of them revolve around working closely with the land and wasting nothing. From working on your garden at home to engaging politically, this time of year is an ideal moment to remember the power and importance of the earth—and to implement the vital changes that need to occur so we can keep living on it.
Image via WildUtopia
However you celebrate, make sure you do so mindfully. Be careful of where you pick herbs and exercise caution with fire, and however you practice, make sure that your actions honor the sanctity of all living things.
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DEFINING NUMBER RANGE IN PENTAHO DATA INTEGRATION
In arithmetic, the range of a set of data is the difference between the largest and smallest values.
However, in descriptive statistics, this concept of range has a more complex meaning. The range is the size of the smallest interval which contains all the data and provides an indication of statistical dispersion. It is measured in the same units as the data. Since it only depends on two of the observations, it is most useful in representing the dispersion of small data sets.
In the following example we have defined a range between two date values to address the issue of a project's performance through Pentaho.
1. Initially we took a Data Grid step where we have defined 3 columns namely project_name, start_date,end_date with certain values stored in it.
2. In the following step we have taken in a calculator step in which we have made some calculations where we are adding a new field which will contain the value for the difference between dates.
If we preview the data until this point we will have the output as shown below.
3. Now we add a NUMBER RANGE step to the calculator step to find the range between min and max values and we have categorized the ranges in terms of excellent, good and average.
4. Finally we push the output to a dummy step where you can see the final output by previewing. One thing to notice in the output is that the field which contains no end_Date has range value as Unknown.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Jan 7 2014
This post was co-written with Asenta's Roberto Cortés and Juan Ortega, based on a joint project in Spain in October, 2013. A detailed analysis of the video recordings on two operations was key to generating improvement ideas that the plant has implemented since. The company had shot some videos of operations before, but not used them this way before, and it was a learn-by-doing experience for the participants.
The demand for the company's products is growing, and it is struggling to keep up. Its core technology is a fabrication process, and engineering has focused its attention on it to increase capacity. After fabrication, however, the product needs several assembly operations. From direct observation, it was clear that the operators were working at a pace that could not be sustained for a whole shift. The manager confirmed that the pace slackened and the quality dropped towards the end of the shift.
The challenge was therefore to change the assembly process so that the operator could complete the tasks within the takt time of about 60 seconds, at a steady, sustainable pace, without running ragged or getting exhausted. While on site, we focused on two operations, shot videos as recommended in earlier posts — from an elevated position and focusing on the operator's hands — and coached the plant team on reviewing the videos, with the goal of enabling them to do it on their own for the other operations.
The detailed review breaks the operation down into its smallest identifiable steps to discover improvement opportunities for each. If you are going to do this on a regular basis, you should probably invest in software to collect timestamps from videos, categorize the steps, and record improvement ideas, like Timer Pro or Dartfish. Timer Pro was developed specifically for Manufacturing; Dartfish, for sports, but it has also been used in Manufacturing.
For the first time, it is best to do it on short operations, and you can make do with an Excel spreadsheet on which you manually record the timestamps. It needs the following columns:
- Step number
- End time
- Step duration, calculated from the timestamps.
- Cumulative time, aggregated from step durations.
- Operation Description
- Operation Category
- Improvement Ideas
Sufficient time has to be allowed for the detailed review. It is customary to allow between 3 and 5 times the length of the recording and even more if the recording is very short. It is recommended to have a sample of the product and components at hand where the review is being held.
The video is analysed and the spreadsheet completed step by step. For short steps, you can play the video in slow motion to give time to observe details. Because you are going to be adding times, you need record the timestamps at a higher precision than you are really interested in. For example, to analyze time in second, you need to record the timestamps to one tenth of a second. The video and the form are shown on the screen at the same time.
While conducting the analysis, do the following:
- Describe each step with an action verb and a single object. If you find you can't, break it down further until you can.
- Do not criticize ideas. Write them down for later evaluation.
- Aim to eliminate unnecessary steps (muda), reduce the variability in how the steps are carried out (mura) and their inconvenience (muri).
- Assign a category to each step so that you can aggregate times by category.
You can generate your own categories as you go along and standardize them as you reach conclusions. There must not be too many (5 better than 10) and they are usually of the following type:
- Pick up/put down
- Inspect or test
If there are large differences in how different operators perform the operation, several videos can be screened at the same time, with the same task carried out by different operators. It is essential to carry out this detailed review with the operators in the videos. They know things that nobody else knows, and have ideas that you want to use.
When you analyze operations for the first time, it is common to discover that about 40% of the time is spent on activities other than assembly or test. This is due to a combination of wrong sequencing, redundant steps, multiple handling, inadequate fixtures, inconveniently located tools or parts, etc.
Of course, not all of these can be eliminated easily. Some can be, by redesigning or retrofitting the work station; others can be taken out of the assembly flow and performed in parallel so that, for example, the operator does not have to prepare a part while the product waits. The net productivity increase that can usually be accomplished is on the order of 30%, without overburdening the operator. In our client's case, this means making the assembly jobs sustainable while absorbing a higher demand.
Once the summary of times by category has shown the "gold in the mine" — that is, the improvement potential, the team fleshes out the ideas generated during the review of the video, tries them out as much as possible immediately, and turns them into proposals. The following pictures shows the flip chart with sketches of the proposals generated in our sessions, and a snapshot of try-storming.
The team then turns the improvement proposals into a detailed action plan for the short, medium-, and long term.
Once the improvements are implemented, the team shoots another video of the operation, for the following purposes:
- Validating the improvements.
- Standardizing the sequence of operations
- Training other operators


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Travel topics > Food and drink > Balkan cuisines
Balkan cuisines
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The nations of the Balkans have had culinary exchanges with German cuisine, Central European cuisines, Italian cuisine, Greek cuisine, Russian cuisine and Middle Eastern cuisine.
The Balkans have been divided between different nation-states, languages and religions, but many dishes and ingredients are similar across the borders. The Roman Empire, the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire have left their mark in the cuisines of the Balkans.
While Balkan cooking has not been internationalized in the same way as the Italian or Greek cuisines, the South Slavic and Albanian diaspora have brought their cuisine to other parts of Europe.
Bread, meat, potatoes and cheese are ubiquitous around the Balkans. Pork is the most common meat, except among Muslims and Jews, who substitute it with beef, lamb, and poultry.
Seafood is common in Croatia, Montenegro and Albania.
A full meal on the Balkans can consist of soup and bread, followed by a meat dish (grilled meat, meat pies, etc) and cakes or confectionaries as dessert.
A meze is a buffet of small savoury dishes, of Turkish origin. Many of the dishes have analogues in the Middle East.
Ajvar is a sauce made of bell peppers and oil, which can be mild or very spicy. It is usually eaten with bread.
Ćevapi or ćevapčići is grilled ground meat, and the national dish of Bosnia and Hercegovina.
The Balkans have a great range of beer, wine and distilled beverages. Muslim communities usually substitute alcohol with tea and fruit juices. Coffee is common, in Turkish and Italian styles.
Serbia and Bulgaria have particularly longstanding traditions of wine-making, dating to ancient times.
Rakı is a sweetened liquor, originally from Turkey, produced in most Balkan countries, usually consumed as an aperitif.
Yoghurt is eaten plain, and as a condiment. Ayran is a light drink made from yoghurt and salt.
This travel topic about Balkan cuisines is an outline and needs more content. It has a template, but there is not enough information present. Please plunge forward and help it grow!


It is known that Jupiter is mostly made of hydrogen, but that it is not massive enough to start nuclear fusion. In other words, Jupiter is not a star, but could be a star if someone added hydrogen to the planet.
How can the critical mass, where there is sufficient thermal energy at the core to start nuclear fusion, be calculated?
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ Related: physics.stackexchange.com/q/776 $\endgroup$ – user139561 Dec 19 '16 at 11:20
 - $\begingroup$ I look forward to people's answers, but to my knowledge there isn't a good way to calculate the value from first principles. Observationally it seems to be between about $0.5-0.1 M_\odot$, with the lower end of the range (seemingly) favored more strongly as of late. $\endgroup$ – DilithiumMatrix Dec 19 '16 at 22:25
Yes, your logic is correct, if we kept adding hydrogen to jupiter, it could eventually become a star.
See: _URL_
So long as you understand the basic thermodynamics in there then you will be able to follow through to the end, if not, and you are not interested, then the critical mass for collapse into a star is approximately 0.08 * (Mass of Sun).
Your Answer


>>> text | sources
DURATION: ca. 5 Min.
Dreimal tausend Jahre," op. 50A, sets a short lyric poem from the "Jordan Lieder" by Dagobert Runes. The second of the series Opus 50 uses the original Hebrew of Psalm 130, the "De Profundis"; while the third is bases on Schönberg's own text, the first of sixteen short "psalms" written during the last ten months of his life. Between 29 September 1950 and 3 July 1951 Schönberg drafted the texts of "Modern Psalms," which formulate his deeply religious thoughts in the form of a multi-faceted personal address to God in paraphrases of the Old Testament psalms. The composer had entitled each of the individual texts either "Psalm" or "Modern Psalm" and given them the collective title of "Modern Psalms," presumably with the intention of setting them to music; at the time of his death (on 13 July 1951), however, he had composed music only for the first text, now simply referred to as "Modern Psalm," op. 50C. Schönberg related the full title of his work-in-progress to Oskar Adler in a letter dated 23 April 1951: "Psalms, Prayers and other Discourses with and about God." The text for op. 50C ("O, you my God: all people praise you") encompasses both direct address to God as well as discourse about God, just as the title related to Adler describes. Schönberg composed eighty-six measures of music for this text, music whose texture alternates between a Speaker (using "Sprechstimme" or "speaking voice") and a six-voice chorus, accompanied by orchestra.
© Arnold Schönberg Center


text:
Wade with caution. Wade with care.
Always keep these two rules in mind when wading in any body of water. There are obvious and not so obvious dangers inherent with wading. Following these tips will help you experience a safe and enjoyable trip.
- Use a wading staff to feel the bottom before stepping.
- Never wade alone.
- Always wear waders that fit properly.
- Wear a wading belt to create a seal between your body and the wader.
- In rivers and streams, identify potential dangers down current such as waterfalls, log jams or undertows before entering the water.
- Walk slowly, smoothly and carefully.
- Wear a personal floatation device.
- Be aware of tides, currents and water level changes.
- If you fall, don't panic. Don't fight the current, work with it. Allow the current to drift you downstream as you work your body towards the bank.
- Never continue wading if your waders are full of water.
- Always match for wading shoe soles with the terrain for best traction.


text:
Movement - unpredictable or jerkyDefinition:
Jerky body movement is a condition in which a person makes fast movements that they cannot control and that have no purpose. These movements interrupt the person's normal movement or posture.
The medical name of this condition is chorea.
Chorea; Muscle - jerky movements (uncontrolled); Hyperkinetic movements
This condition can affect one or both sides of the body. Typical movements of chorea include:
- Bending and straightening the fingers and toes
- Grimacing in the face
- Raising and lowering the shoulders
These movements do not usually repeat. They can look like they are being done on purpose. But the movements are not under the person's control. A person with chorea may look jittery or restless.
There are many possible causes of unpredictable, jerky movements, including:
What to expect at your health care provider's office:
The doctor will perform a physical exam. This may include a detailed examination of the nervous and muscle systems.
The doctor will ask about your medical history and symptoms, including:
- What kind of movement occurs?
- What part of the body is affected?
- What other symptoms are there?
- Is there irritability?
- Is there weakness or paralysis?
- Is there restlessness?
- Are there emotional problems?
- Are there facial tics?
Tests that may be ordered include:
Treatment is based on the type of chorea the person has. If medicines are used, the health care provider will decide which medicine to prescribe based on the person's symptoms and signs.
Treatment is aimed at the cause of the movements.
- If the movements are due to a medicine, the medicine should be stopped, if possible.
- If the movements are due to a disease, the disorder should be treated.
- For people with Huntington disease, if the movements are severe and affect the person's life, medicines such as tetrabenazine may help control them.
Excitement and fatigue can make chorea worse. Rest improves chorea. Try to reduce emotional stress.
Safety measures should also be taken to prevent injury from the involuntary movements.
Call your health care provider if:
Call your health care provider if you have unexplained body motions that are unpredictable and do not go away.
Griggs RC, Jozefowicz RF, Aminoff MJ. Approach to the patient with neurologic disease. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman's Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2011:chap 403.
Lang AE. Other movement disorders. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman's Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2011:chap 417.
|Review Date: 1/5/2013|
Reviewed By: David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc., Editorial Team: David Zieve, MD, MHA, David R. Eltz, Stephanie Slon, and Nissi Wang
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997-
A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


In the newborn, stroking the low back on one side of the spine will result in side flexion of the lumbar (low back) spine away from that side, with raising of the hip on the same side. It appears to take an active role in the birth process, with movements of the hip helping the baby to work its way down the birth canal. Stimulation down both sides of the spine simultaneously will activate a related reflex, which causes urination.
If the Spinal Galant reflex is retained it may be elicited at any time by light pressure on the low back region causing uncontrollable spinal movement. The stimulation of bedsheets may activate the related urination reflex, causing bedwetting long after toilet training.
 Spinal Galant Reflex retention may lead to:
 - Inability to sit still (the "ants in the pants" child who wriggles, squirms and constantly changes body position)
 - Attention and concentration problems
 - Difficulty co-ordinating normal walking gait
 - Bladder control (bedwetting is common)
 - Can contribute to the development of scoliosis (curvature) of the spine
 - Clumsiness while trying to manipulate objects
 - May affect fluency and mobility in physical activities or sports


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Ecology Center Seminar Series
Dr. Vanessa Ezenwa (University of Georgia):"From host immunity to pathogen invasion: linking helminth co-infection and microparasite dynamics." Interactions between parasites co-occurring within a single host can have profound effects on the host response to infection. Although key immunological mechanisms underlying these within-host interactions between co-infecting parasites have been described, the ecological consequences of these interactions are poorly understood. In particular, it is unclear if and when interactions between co-infecting parasites can alter population level patterns of infectious disease. In this talk, I discuss how immunological processes underlying parasite interactions within individual hosts can scale up to affect the population level dynamics of disease. The study provides insight into the role that within-host processes can play in the distribution and spread of infectious diseases in the wild.


Feng shui your child's bedroom
By Emma McFadyen | February 23, 2010
Feng shui your child's bedroom
Does your little one sleep soundly through the night, or do they end up in your bed?
Children can be much more sensitive to the energies in their environment than adults,
and their sleeping habits can be a good indiciation of how comfortable their bedroom
really is.
Create a cosy haven with a good flow of energy to encourage a good night sleep with
these easy-to-apply feng shui tips from Living Edge Feng Shui:
The head of the bed should be placed against a solid wall to encourage support
and stability, while the placement of the bed should not be underneath a window or
in direct alignment with the door.
The fewer the electrical items in the bedroom the better! The electromagnetic fields
(EMFs) created by this equipment can be energy-depleting - particularly electric
blankets. Ensure clocks, computers, lamps, etc, are at least 2 metres away from
sleeping areas.
Clutter causes stagnant energy and disrupts sleep. With a simple storage system you
can ensure that everything in the bedroom has its own home.
Make a point of going through your children's toys and clothes at least once a year.
Items can be categorised into three areas: keep (for items still used), charity (for items
no longer used and in good condition), or bin (for broken items).
Never use underneath the bed as a place for storage as this creates stuck energy
and disrupts sleep.
Pastel colours work best to create a relaxed and harmonious environment. Avoid
bold and bright colours such as hot pink or red which are energising and known to
create hyperactivity, making it hard for your kids to fall asleep at night.
If your child's bedroom is also their playroom, use the furniture and furnishings in a
clever way to create zones. Ensure the sleeping side of the room is clutter free and
cosy to encourage rest, while the play side can be more creative, colourful and fun!
Avoid mirrors in the bedroom! They are too 'yang' (active) and can make it hard to
fall asleep at night. Instead, hang a happy family picture or a snap of their favourite
pet on the wall which will create positive feelings and a sense of happiness and
security for your little one.
Find more kids bedroom ideas:
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text:
Painting from Inspiration was the theme of the day for a Hummingbird creative painting group. The activity specialist leading the session brought many objects of interest to offer inspiration to the artists; birds, flowers, American flag, a map, fruit, a coffee percolator, and a taxi cab. The birds were the most popular. First, artists drew the objects and then painted them.
Betty liked the duck, but found it daunting to sketch. Her activity specialist suggested she lay it on the paper and trace it's shape. This worked out well, and Betty continued from there. She requested different shades of black and brown, which the activity specialist helped her mix to her liking.
What to get creative with your activity partner? Grab your watercolors and favorite objects for inspiration, trace them for outlines if that helps you get started, and then let your imagination fly!


text:
2. Revision of the Catholic Letters
The Editio Critica Maior sets new standards in providing source material relevant to the history of the text and in analysing it systematically. Therefore, the versions and the quotations from patristic literature are cited in the present edition according to the second edition of the ECM of the Catholic Letters. The selection of Greek manuscripts cited in the present edition comprises the witnesses that are most important for reconstructing the text.
Compared to the 27th edition, the text differs at altogether 34 passages, for example:
|Jak 2,3||ἢ κάθου ἐκεῖ||ἐκεῖ ἢ κάθου|
|1 Pt 4,16||μέρει||ὀνόματι|
|2 Pt 2,11||παρὰ κυρίῳ||παρὰ κυρίου|
|2 Pt 2,18||ὄντως||ὀλίγως|
|Jd 5||ἅπαξ πάντα ὅτι Ἰησοῦς||πάντα ὅτι [ὁ] κύριος ἅπαξ|
The reconstructed text of the Catholic Letters reflects the second edition of the ECM in one further respect. Passages for which the editors had to leave open the decision as to which of the variants is the initial text are specially marked. The second edition of the ECM has a split guiding line at these passages. In the new Nestle-Aland the reading text remains unchanged in such cases, but the sign ♦ precedes the reference mark in the text and the citation of the variant seen as equal to it in the apparatus. As a consequence square brackets, which could in any case be used only for possible additions, have become obsolete in the Catholic Letters.
Defining the Consistently Cited Witnesses for the Catholic Letters
The ECM text of the Catholic Letters was established by means of the Coherence-Based Genealogical Method (in what follows "coherence method"). One essential concept of this method is that of "potential ancestor". One of two textual witnesses may be classified as potential ancestor of the other, if it more often supports a variant from which the variant of the other witness can be derived. Some witnesses have many, others have a few or only one potential ancestor. The percentages of agreement between witnesses compared are used to arrange the potential ancestors of a witness in a ranking order, according to their degree of relationship. The method can also be applied to a comparison with the reconstructed initial text. Hence we can say for which manuscript texts the initial text A has the highest rank among their potential ancestors. This is the case, apart from a couple of highly fragmented papyri and majuscules, for altogether 18 majuscels and minuscules. Their text is more closely related to A than to anymanuscript text. In addition, there are a few other consistently cited witnesses, partially only for individual writings. In addition, all the papyri containing the thext of the Catholic Letters were included.


Sewage Sludge Incineration For Wastewater Treatment
Sewage sludge incineration plants are used as multiple hearth furnaces and fluidized bed incineration. The majority of operating sludge incinerators are multiple hearth designs, while the other designs are fluidized bed combustors. HOFFMAN & LAMSON blowers are used in multiple hearths and fluidized bed sludge incineration as either cooling or fluidizing air blowers.
Our blowers are custom manufactured and designed to deliver a specific airflow and pressure making these blowers very efficient. This is why HOFFMAN & LAMSON blowers are the preferred technology for the wastewater industry and have the best reputation for longevity and service.
Multiple Hearth Furnaces
The air-cooled variation of the multiple hearth furnace (MHF) is used to incinerate sewage sludge. The basic multiple hearth furnace is a vertically oriented cylinder. The outer shell is constructed of steel, lined with refractory, and it surrounds a series of horizontal refractory hearths. A hollow cast-iron rotating shaft runs through the center of the hearths.
Cooling air is introduced into the shaft and its "rabble arms," which extend above the hearths. Each arm is equipped with several teeth that are shaped to rake the sludge in a spiral motion.
Sewage Sludge Incineration
In most multiple hearth furnaces, partially dewatered sludge is fed onto the perimeter of the top hearth. The rabble arms move the sludge through the incinerator by raking the sludge toward the center shaft where it drops through holes located at the center of the hearth. In the next hearth, the sludge is raked in the opposite direction. The effect of the rabble motion is to break up solid material to allow better surface contact with heat and oxygen.
Scum may also be fed to one or more hearths of the incinerator. The scum quantities are generally small compared to those of other wastewater solids.
Ambient air is first ducted through the central shaft and its associated rabble arms. A portion, or all of this air, is recirculated from the top to the bottom as preheated combustion air. The combustion air flows upward through the drop holes in the hearths, countercurrent to the flow of the sludge, before being exhausted from the top hearth. Air also enters the bottom to cool the ash. Provisions are usually made to inject ambient air directly into the middle hearth.
Multiple hearth furnaces can be divided into three zones:
 - The drying zone (upper hearths) where most of the moisture in the sludge is evaporated.
 - The combustion zone (middle hearths) where the temperature is higher.
 - The cooling zone (lowermost hearth), where the ash is cooled as its heat is transferred to the incoming combustion.
Multiple hearth furnaces are sometimes operated with afterburners. Afterburners further reduce odors and concentrations of unburned hydrocarbons. In afterburning, furnace exhaust gases are ducted to a chamber where they are mixed with supplemental fuel and air and completely combusted.
Under the normal operating condition, 50%-100% excess air must be added to a multiple hearth furnace to ensure complete combustion of the sludge. Besides enhancing contact between fuel and oxygen in the furnace, these high rates of excess air are necessary to compensate for normal variations in both the organic characteristics of the sludge feed and the rate at which it enters the incinerator.
Fluidized Bed Incinerators
Fluidized bed incineration is used to convert dewatered sludge cake to ash. This process is complex and usually found in medium to large plants but in cases where land for disposal of the sludge is not available, then smaller plants may incinerate.
Fluidized bed combustors consist of a vertically oriented outer shell constructed of steel and lined with refractory. Nozzles designed to deliver blasts of air are located at the base of the furnace within a refractory-lined grid. A bed of sand, approximately 2.5 feet (0.75 meters) thick rests upon the grid.
Fluidized Bed Incineratior
Two general configurations:
 - In the "hot windbox" design the combustion air is preheated by passing through a heat exchanger.
 - Alternatively, ambient air can be injected directly into the furnace from a "cold windbox".
Partially dewatered sludge is fed into the lower portion of the furnace. Air is injected into fluidized beds of hot sand and the incoming sludge. As the sludge burns, fine ash particles and some sand are carried out at the top of the furnace.
Combustion of the sludge occurs in two zones:
 - Within the sand bed itself - evaporation of the water and pyrolysis of the organic materials occur nearly simultaneously as the temperature of the sludge is rapidly raised.
 - In the freeboard area - the remaining free carbon and combustible gases are burned. This zone essentially functions as an afterburner.
Fluidization achieves ideal mixing between the sludge and the combustion air. The turbulence facilitates the transfer of heat from the hot sand to the sludge. Smaller amounts of excess air are required for complete combustion of the sludge. Typically, fluidized bed incinerators can achieve complete combustion with 20%-50% excess air, about half of that required by multiple hearth furnaces.
Other Technologies
Electric Infrared Incinerators
Electric infrared incinerators consist of a horizontally oriented, insulated furnace. A woven wire conveyor belt extends the length of the furnace and infrared heating elements are located in the roof above the conveyor belt. Combustion air is preheated by the flue gases and injected into the discharge end of the furnace.
Cyclonic Reactors
Cyclonic reactors are designed for small capacity applications. Preheated combustion air is introduced into the vertical cylindrical chamber at high velocity. The sludge is sprayed radially toward the hot refractory walls.
Rotary Kilns
Rotary kilns are used for small capacity applications. The kiln is inclined slightly from the horizontal plane, with the upper end receiving both the sludge feed and the combustion air. A burner is located at the lower end of the kiln.
The Wet Oxidation Process
The wet oxidation process is not strictly incineration; it utilizes oxidation at elevated temperature and pressure in the presence of water or flameless combustion. The thickened sludge is first ground and mixed with compressed air. The slurry is then pressurized and the mixture is circulated through a series of heat exchangers before entering a pressurized reactor.
Co-Incineration And Co-Firing
Virtually any material that can be burned can be combined with sludge in a co-incineration process. Common materials for co-combustion are coal, municipal solid waste, wood waste, and agricultural waste. Refuse co-fired with sludge is limited to multiple hearth incinerators only.
Trusted Experts


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Survey of Energy Resources 2007
Peat from a Climate Impact Point of View
The question of whether or not peat is a fossil or a renewable fuel was studied comprehensively, and probably for the first time, in 2000 when scientists proposed that peat should be referred to as a'slowly renewable fuel' (Crill, Hargreaves and Korhola, 2000). Since then, several new studies have been carried out, none of which has defined peat as a fossil fuel. The latest, by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) changed the classification of peat from fossil fuel to a separate category between fossil and renewable fuels (25th session of IPCC, Port Louis, Mauritius, 2006). Peat now has its own category: 'peat'. It should be mentioned that the latest life-cycle studies referred to in this commentary were not considered by the IPCC because they were completed after its 25th session.


HIV effects not only the person with HIV but also their family
 - There are an estimated 2.4 million people living with HIV/AIDS in India
 - Costs for monitoring HIV is extremely high, both in terms of economics (e.g. lost wages, lost hours of work) and social burden (e.g. family members need to take care of sick relatives).
 - Although centrifuging blood is not necessary for all diagnostic test for HIV/AIDS, those tests we saw and were supplied by the government in India required separated blood. CentriCycle will also be able to support diagnosis by allowing preservation of blood in case tests cannot be performed on-site


Administration Console Online Help
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Record WLST Scripts
To help automate the task of configuring a domain, you can record your configuration actions in the Administration Console as a series of WebLogic Scripting Tool (WLST) commands and then use WLST to replay the commands.
WLST is a command-line scripting environment that you can use to create, manage, and monitor WebLogic Server domains. It is installed on your system when you install WebLogic Server.
The Administration Console does not record WLST commands for the following:
The main steps for recording WLST scripts are as follows:
 1. (Optional) Specify the name of the file in which you want to record WLST commands and set other preferences. See Set Preferences for WLST Recording.
 While setting preferences, you can specify WLST commands that the Administration Console inserts before and after the commands that you record. For example, you can insert a series of commands that connect WLST to an Administration Server and append commands that terminate the connection. Unless you add such commands, you cannot run your recorded commands as a WLST script.
 For examples of WLST scripts, see WLST Online Sample Scripts.
 2. Start WLST Recording.
 You cannot remove or undo a command once it has been recorded. Instead, you can edit the script file after you stop recording or you can set your preferences to overwrite the script file and re-record the commands.
 3. (Optional) View the commands that have been recorded. See View Recorded Commands.
 4. Stop WLST Recording.
 If you choose the Append To File preference, you can start and stop recording several times before moving to the next steps.
 5. If you record commands that get or set the values of encrypted attributes (such the password for a server's Java Standard Trust keystore), the Administration Console creates two files in addition to the script file: a user configuration file that contains the encrypted data and a key file that contains the key used to encrypt the data. Use the file system to limit read and write access to the key file. Users who can read the key file can read all of the encrypted data that you recorded.
 The key file and user configuration files are created in the same directory as the recorded script file and are named recording-fileConfig and recording-fileSecret where recording-file is the name of the recorded script file.
 6. (Optional) Open the script file in a text editor and modify the recorded commands. You specify the name and location of the script file when you set your recording preferences.
 7. Run the script in WLST. When you use WLST to run the commands, WLST must be connected an Administration Server. See Main Steps for Using WLST for more information.
 If you recorded commands that get or set the values of encrypted attributes, the user configuration and key files must be in the same directory as the script file. If you move the script file, you must also move the user configuration and key files. Only the key file that was used to encrypt the data can be used to unencrypt the data.
Related Topics
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monoids-0.1.36: Monoids, specialized containers and a general map/reduce frameworkSource codeContentsIndex
Turn an instance of Ord into a SemiRing over max and min
module Data.Ring
newtype Order a = Order {
getOrder :: a
data Priority a
= MinBound
| Priority a
| MaxBound
module Data.Ring
newtype Order a Source
A SemiRing using a type's built-in Bounded instance.
getOrder :: a
show/hide Instances
Functor Order
Pointed Order
Copointed Order
(Bounded a, Ord a) => Reducer a (Order a)
Bounded a => Bounded (Order a)
Eq a => Eq (Order a)
Ord a => Ord (Order a)
Read a => Read (Order a)
Show a => Show (Order a)
(Bounded a, Ord a) => Monoid (Order a)
Arbitrary a => Arbitrary (Order a)
CoArbitrary a => CoArbitrary (Order a)
(Bounded a, Ord a) => Multiplicative (Order a)
(Bounded a, Ord a) => SemiRing (Order a)
(Bounded a, Ord a) => RightSemiNearRing (Order a)
(Bounded a, Ord a) => LeftSemiNearRing (Order a)
(Bounded a, Ord a) => Ringoid (Order a)
data Priority a Source
A SemiRing which adds minBound and maxBound to a pre-existing type.
Priority a
show/hide Instances
Functor Priority
Pointed Priority
Ord a => Reducer a (Priority a)
Bounded (Priority a)
Eq a => Eq (Priority a)
Ord a => Ord (Priority a)
Read a => Read (Priority a)
Show a => Show (Priority a)
Ord a => Monoid (Priority a)
Arbitrary a => Arbitrary (Priority a)
CoArbitrary a => CoArbitrary (Priority a)
Ord a => Multiplicative (Priority a)
Ord a => SemiRing (Priority a)
Ord a => RightSemiNearRing (Priority a)
Ord a => LeftSemiNearRing (Priority a)
Ord a => Ringoid (Priority a)
Ord a => Reducer (MinPriority a) (Priority a)
Ord a => Reducer (MaxPriority a) (Priority a)
Produced by Haddock version 2.3.0


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Accurate clinical data and cost information is vital so that healthcare services, performance and payments accurately reflect the patient care being delivered. This promotes understanding, transparency and trust between commissioners and providers.
Our industry leading healthcare assurance team works with national and local healthcare bodies to improve the quality of data and the accuracy of contracts and payments. We have worked with the NHS and private providers for over 10 years to support the effective implementation of the payment system.
Our team consists of specialist managers with a background in audit, clinical coding, and contracting and information departments. They provide independent, credible reviews that deliver real and sustainable improvements.
We use that knowledge to support contracting arrangements in health economies. This helps to increase the trust and transparency between providers, commissioners and regulators and supports health economies to resolve system issues relating to the cost of care within tightening financial constraints. Overall system sustainability is dependent on ensuring that organisations are appropriately reimbursed for services they provide, and that services are managed effectively based on accurate clinical cost and activity data.
The benefits of working with us include:
- Assurance -the assurance programmes we develop ensure that patient information is coded, recorded, classified and reported in line with national guidance and local expectations.
- Independent and authoritative view – we assure boards, commissioners and regulators that contracts, payments and cost information accurately reflects the care delivered.
- Experience - we work across the healthcare sector with regulators, commissioners, acute trusts, mental health and community providers, as well as independent healthcare providers.
- Proven methodologies - our analytically driven, bottom-up approaches review of patient records examines all data items that inform payment, not just clinical coding, using a flexible approach to follow through on issues identified.
- Identifying root causes - we engage directly with clinicians and service leads to ensure clinical buy-in to our findings, and identify the underlying causes of incorrect data, in order to produce detailed recommendations for improvement that result in real change.
- Expertise - the team previously managed and delivered the Payment by Results data assurance framework on behalf of the Audit Commission, the Department of Health and Monitor (now NHS Improvement). It has delivered over 2,000 audits at every acute trust in the country, assessing over £350 million of payments.
- Benefits beyond payment - improving contracting data will also improve the data that underpins service management and redesign and the monitoring of clinical quality. The same data is used in the Get It Right First Time (GIRFT) programme, the model hospital and SHMI mortality indicators.
+44 (0)20 7865 2158Find out more


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Parties are social events often involving a lot of activity and a lot of eating! Despite this, hypos may still occur when enormous amounts of energy are burnt up through games and excitement. Making sure your child gets enough carbohydrate (every three hours or so) to prevent hypos is the main concern.
Your child should be allowed to enjoy the foods offered at the party, including snack foods and birthday cake. Diet soft drinks or cordials can be provided for all the children to enjoy.
If you are not at the party, provide your host or another adult with simple instructions about hypo management and make sure that your child knows what to do if they have a hypo. It's also important to be aware that the extra activity at parties can lead to delayed hypos so extra supper may be needed.
Birthdays may seem to occur every week but they are not an everyday event and are important in the development of your child's social skills. So it's important to let your child join in and have fun!


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What are Outdoor Skills Camps?
Outdoor skills are the skills you learn to feel at home in the woods and nature. Skills such as reading a map and recognizing your surroundings, obtaining drinkable water, pitching a tent and hanging your food, leaving no trace when hiking or camping in the woods, knowing first aid and being comfortable and safe, being able to tie a good knot, starting a fire in various ways.
Outdoor science is part of knowing outdoor skills. Recognizing the trees, shrubs and flowers, knowing the life habits of local animals, being aware of types of insects that you hear and see, observing topography and where the water flows, predicting weather and knowing the time of day by the light and angle of the sun.
And then there is outdoor activities such as fishing and archery, hiking, playing camouflage and creek-crawling, pressing flowers, making observations of animals signs such as tracking, scat and nests, catching bugs, building forts, and just hanging out in an outdoor spot that means something special to you.
And just as important is creating something beautiful and useful in the outdoors – journaling, drawing and painting, writing, creating a sculpture or pattern of natural materials, plant dyes and pigments, weaving, and so much more….
All these things and more are part of outdoor skills camps.


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A case study of thin film stress evolution at a dissimilar material interface via molecular dynamics simulations: Gold film growth on a nickel substrate
M Al and EB Webb, NANOMATERIALS AND NANOTECHNOLOGY, 8, 1847980418778427 (2018).
Evolution of deformation and stress in growing thin films has been studied in this work using computational simulations that resolve matter at atomic length and time scales. For the surface layers of films laying on the substrate of a dissimilar material, the stress distribution analysis around defects becomes more challenging. Herein, spatial and temporal distribution of deformation and associated stress evolution are presented for different thin film formation events including (1) submonolayer growth during an early film nucleation stage and (2) coalescence of adjacent monolayer "islands." Validity of the stress computed via local computations of the virial expression for stress in a system of interacting particles was checked by comparing to results obtained from considerations of local atomic deformation in conjunction with existing expressions for epitaxial thin film growth stress. For the geometries studied here, where a monolayer of film with a highly characterized linear defect, as in the case of a stacking fault, was simulated for coalescence, fairly good agreement was found. This result demonstrates that, for similar defects at the surface layer, with sufficient sub-ensemble averaging of the standard virial expression for stress, semiquantitative spatial stress distribution information can be obtained from atomic scale simulations. Using our validated stress computation method, we reveal significant stress localization during thin film growth processes, leading to pronounced differences in maximum and minimum stress observed over very small spatial extent (of order multiple GPa over 3-6 nm distances). One prominent mechanism of stress localization revealed here is coalescence between adjacent growing islands. For geometries explored here, stress manifesting during coalescence is highly localized.
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Maya. Maya caused the illusion that we are different from the truth and that we have to seek it. It also causes the illusion of 'merging' with the truth as we become self-aware. Then the illusion or Maya also disappears. Why? Maya by definition is illusion. So it doesn't exist. Or it is 'that which does not exist'.
Let me explain this by an example. There was a kingdom ruled by an unknown king. You start to find the unknown king. Some learned man tells you: "Go to the palace and open the king's rest room. Open his secret wallet. You see a script. Read it and it is written in it, who is the king". You followed the instructions and read the script. It is written on it: "As you read this script, you will remember that you are the king of this kingdom". Initially you feel that there is a king and there is, you. Finally you finds that there are no two people and you are the king you sought. The idea that, you and the king were different was an illusion or Maya. The truth or the singular reality is the object of discussion of the Adwaita philosophy. Truth is something that doesn't change or that which will not undergo any transformation. Things like shape or name undergoes changes. They have a beginning and an end. They get created and destroyed. They are perishable. We see many objects around us. Like book, paper and pen, planets and stars. Each has a shape. So we gave a name also to each of them. There are some things that which don't have a shape, for example, the objects of our thought, like kindness, love, relativity-theory or mass.
Beyond the name and shape of an entity, is the entity itself. Name and shape are just some attributes of the entity. The entity itself is hidden. We see only its shape and remember its name. But we don't see or remember 'it'. What is this 'it'? It is some thing that prompted us to give a name and associate a shape, to it. Consider that we are observing a book. We see its shape and color, or find its weight and volume and give a name to the book. But all these are attributes of the book. We observe the attributes of the entity, but the entity is hidden. Let us call it as 'x' or the unknown. So something that is unknown is causing us to see a book. The book can bend and change its shape or can be renamed. Still the unknown remains unchanged which still causes us to call it a book.
|That unchanged unknown is the truth.
Consider the concept of love. It doesn't have a shape. But it is having a name. But it is some thing, that we feel, and love, is the name that we give to this feeling. The feeling will remain the same though we change the name of the feeling to something else. So there is a truth that causes the feeling of love.
|That unchanged unknown is the truth.
Thus, the truth is the pure-existence behind objects (example: - book) and ideas (example:-love). Thus truth is something that is hidden behind all the shapes and names. It is some thing that causes all the shapes and names of the cosmos, yet remains hidden behind it, and beyond them. Adwaitist say that truth is hidden behind Maya. In other words all the plural shapes and names are Maya and the single reality that gives rise to this pluralistic construct is the Truth. (Remember, even the name Truth is just a name and by that we only mean that something which is single. That is why it is difficult to explain adwaita concept in a human language. It is a real test to any language. How will you comprehend the following description about truth?
|Truth is single.
|Truth is hidden and unknown.
|Yet truth can be attained and thus be known.
|The act of knowing the truth makes you the truth.
All these sentences explain the truth only partially. But all of them together give an idea about the truth. Full knowledge of the truth is nothing but an experience. This experience is the ultimate experience of any conscious being. In Upanishads it is described as brahma-sayujya, the merger with Brahman, synonym of the word Truth.) The singular truth is wrapped in the pluralistic construct called the cosmos or the Maya. In other words the singular truth radiates or projects itself as the pluralistic world of names and shapes. Rotate a flake in a circle and you see a ring of circle. In the same way the universe is projected by the power of the truth within.
Make mud-pot using clay. Destroy it and powder it and you gets the clay back. In a similar way the universe emerges out of the truth and goes back into it. The shape of the pot and the name 'pot' was temporary or illusory and thus is Maya. Similarly the universe is temporary or illusory and thus is Maya. The clay exists even before the pot was made out of it. During the existence of the pot, clay existed inside the pot. The shape of the pot was not clay's property. It was pot's property. So is the name 'pot'. But both this shape and name is possible only due to the clay. But clay is beyond this shape and name. As the pot is destroyed all this shape and name vanishes. Clay still exists. In all these three stages, clay remained unchanged as clay. But in the middle stage, a thing called pot existed, by the power of clay and it vanished as it emerged. In this example the truth is analogous to the clay and the universe is analogous to the pot.
That which have name and form, undergoes evolution and perishes. That which is beyond the name and form, remains unchanged and is the source of all the names and forms. This principle, which is hidden, unchanged and singular, is the truth. Following are some thoughts that are directly or indirectly related to our line of thought. This include, concepts present in relativity-theory, biologicalevolution and many other topics.
The ones and zeros of the Computer Language
We are now living in the era of information revolution. Computers, beyond there role as number crunchers, has become part and parcel of human life. Let us focus our attention on computer's ability to visualize object that really doesn't exist. For example, researchers use computer to visualize mathematically definable surfaces and objects as real as any object that we see around. Using virtual reality technology, one can experience a virtual world that is generated by a computer from pure mathematical constructs and numerical data. You may be in a game, fighting against the evil forces of the universe, or driving a car or a helicopter, or riding a rover on the surface of Mars!!
But underneath this mesmerizing, virtual-realities are just a lengthy-stream of binary digits, consisting of Ones and Zeros! All those sense of time created by the movement of shapes, all those exotic visuals and audios and senses reduces to 1's and 0's. That is all behind everything the computer does! Among the ones and zeros, zero is the absence of 1 and one is the presence of 1. So there is only one. Here 1 is analogous to the truth that we speak about in Adwaita philosophy and 0 is the Maya. The interplay of Maya on the Truth gives rise to the plural world. Similarly the pattern of 1 and 0 creates all the virtual reality of the computer. Maya is defined in Adwaita philosophy as that which is both existent and non existent. Zero is also like that. We use it to represent the absence or nothingness. But since we go for a representation, the nothingness gets represented as if it is something that exists. We almost forget that it really means nothingness and uses it as something that is really out there.
Information and knowledge
Another way of looking at the way computer project an unreal world onto us, is by considering the fact that it is the information or knowledge stored in the form of data and algorithms that finally appears as the virtual world. Same is the case with the Truth of Adwaita. The truth is described as an imperishable body of knowledge (chit). This knowledge generates information to create the illusory universe. Scientists also agrees that a finite amount of information is sufficient to create the universe as it is created by finite blocks as dictated by the quantum theory and each quanta can be represented by a finite amount of data. Thus it is possible that this whole universe, which we feel to be so real to us, is just a feed of data to our five senses, as it is shown in the movie The Matrix.
Ocean and Life
Observe the vast ocean and the waves in it. The waves are continuously being created and destroyed from the ocean. The universe is created and destroyed from the Truth in the similar way. As one sail across the ocean, we think less about the vast depth of the ocean, chill and calm. But we are forced to think more about the numerous and turbulent waves, against which we sail. Similarly one is so engaged in the daily miseries of life that he/she forgets the real truth about all that is around. Knowing the truth is like knowing the ocean as a whole. All these multitudes that we see around are nothing but the random fluctuations of its skin surface. The truth is singular and steady. All the million waves are just part of the ocean. Thus all of us and all we see around us are just part of the whole truth.
The reality of the universe
The stand point that, the universe is illusory may lead to a doubt that one is


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More information: Otten, Pinto, Paffen, Seth & Kanai (in press). The Uniformity Illusion: Central stimuli can determine peripheral perception. Psychological Science
Four examples of the uniformity illusion with motion as an example.
- Open the video fullscreen.
- Keep your eyes fixated on the centre of the screen for a good amount of time (tens of seconds to minutes).
- In the first two examples the central stimuli are present from the start, in the latter two the central stimuli appear after a while. The first and the third example contain no fixation spot, the second and the fourth do. Some people find that the illusion works better without a fixation spot, but you can try out which works best for yourself.
- The fifth example is similar to the third, but now all the motion is much slower.
For more information, see the text below the examples.
In all examples the dots in the periphery rotate four times as fast as the central dots, but all dots seem to be going at the same speed after a while. When the central stimuli appear later (in the latter two examples), it leads, for some people, to a more dramatic effect. Now the peripheral stimuli abruptly appear to slow down. In the last example there can be some strange effects, because now the central motion is very slow. Again the peripheral motion is four times faster than the central motion. When the centre is empty, the periphery can be seen to move slowly and smoothly. However, when the central moving dots appear, the whole screen sometimes seems to become static. The peripheral motion can seem jerky at moments, as if it stops and goes.


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Kornberg Korn·berg (kôrn'bûrg'), Arthur. Born 1918.
American biochemist. He shared a 1959 Nobel Prize for work on the biological synthesis of nucleic acids.
|a children's mummer's parade, as on the Fourth of July, with prizes for the best costumes.|
|a stew of meat, vegetables, potatoes, etc.|
|Kornberg (kôrn'bûrg') Pronunciation Key
American biochemist who discovered DNA polymerase, the enzyme that synthesizes new DNA. For this work, he shared with Severo Ochoa the 1959 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine. In 1967 Kornberg became the first person to synthesize viral DNA.


- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari
The Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM) develops research in fundamental biology, with biotechnological applications in biomedicine, the environment and agrifood using interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches.
IBPM laboratories are hosted within the University of Rome La Sapienza
MISSION The IBPM develops research in the following areas:
- Structural bases of protein and nucleic acid function, particularly in regulation of the expression of genes and genomes, of structural and regulatory proteins, and of molecules involved in the immune response;
- Molecular mechanisms of evolution and differentiation in animal and plants and biotechnological and biomedical applications;
- Design, synthesis, biosynthesis, purification and characterization of biologically active molecules: development of innovative chemical and molecular methods; characterization of their mechanisms of action; implications in human health.


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Small Group Study Questions for Eat, Pray, Love
by Nynke Passi
Here the questions we examined on Friday afternoon. We'll keep discussing on Monday.
1) Find a few places in the "Italy" section of Eat, Pray, Love where Elizabeth Gilbert handles time shifts–a flash back to an earlier time or memory (something that preceded the action and gives insight into the present), or a flash forward or skip in time. What devices doe she use (white space, verb tense shifts, exposition)?
2) Find a few places where Elizabeth Gilbert handles scene shifts or shifts in location/place. How does she set you up for that and avoid getting her reader confused? What devices does she use?
3) Find a few strong and brief character descriptions in "Italy" or another part of Eat, Pray, Love.
4) Find a few strong and brief setting descriptions in "Italy" or another part of Eat, Pray, Love.
5) Find a few places where Elizabeth Gilbert uses particularly vivid and evocative descriptive language.
6) Find a few places where Elizabeth Gilbert uses particularly startling or effective figurative language (metaphors, similes). What is the effect?
7) Who is your favorite character in Eat, Pray, Love and why?
8) Find a place where the dialogue is particularly rich and engaging. Is there subtext? Why did you like this portion of the dialogue?
9) What plot arch do you find in book 1 of Eat, Pray, Love ("Italy")? What elements of plot can you trace? Does the plot arch satisfy? Why or why not?
10) How do you respond to Elizabeth Gilbert's narrative voice? Do you resonate it or not, and why? Do you think she is a reliable narrator? Is there anything you observe about her that she does not tell you?


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I've been working in the studio for over 40 years, so I've accumulated a vast repository of ideas and techniques. These works use prime numbers and geometric shapes to create visually compelling paintings.
— Robert Straight
The toroids, or spinning forms in the painting, have spokes which are based on prime numbers. These are overlayed with a grid which also uses a number sequence in establishing the color. In this painting I'm exploring dichotomous space relationships; flat space as opposed to deep space.
This painting has a grid over the ground of the painting which follows the alternating sequence of opaque color, and open spaces. The underlaying image is based on the number 11 and the toroid form also alternates with light "spokes" and darker "spokes." A circular gradation of color radiates within the darker blue color.
There are 11 petal forms in center of this painting. The grid or plaid in the background follows a number sequence of 3 while there are 22 circles interlocking around the edge of the painting. There are also soft concentric circles which radiate from the center of the painting.


text: Abstract : Diabetic macular edema (DME) is characterized by hard exudates. In this article, we propose a novel statistical atlas based method for segmentation of such exudates. Any test fundus image is first warped on the atlas co-ordinate and then a distance map is obtained with the mean atlas image. This leaves behind the candidate lesions. Post-processing schemes are introduced for final segmentation of the exudate. Experiments with the publicly available HEI-MED data-set shows good performance of the method. A lesion localization fraction of 82.5% at 35% of non-lesion localization fraction on the FROC curve is obtained. The method is also compared to few most recent reference methods.


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Exploring Tokyo: Past and Present
Exploring the evolution of Tokyo from its historical roots to its modern glory is a fascinating journey that offers insight into the city's development.
Here's a glimpse into some key attractions and a comparison of Tokyo's past and present:
Tokyo of the Past (Edo):
Edo Castle (Tokyo Imperial Palace): Edo Castle, later known as the Tokyo Imperial Palace, served as the residence of Japan's shoguns from the 17th to the 19th century. The palace still stands and serves as the residence of the Japanese imperial family.
Asakusa District: Asakusa is home to one of Tokyo's oldest and most traditional markets. Its centerpiece is the Senso-ji Temple, dating back to the 7th century, making it one of Tokyo's oldest temples.
Yanaka District: Yanaka is a preserved district in Tokyo that retains a classical charm and has largely avoided the post-World War II redevelopment. Here, you can explore historic temples, wide alleys, and experience the ambiance of old Tokyo.
Tokyo Skytree: The Tokyo Skytree is one of Tokyo's modern landmarks. Completed in 2012, it stands as the world's tallest broadcasting tower and offers breathtaking panoramic views of the entire city.
Shibuya Shopping and Entertainment District: Shibuya is one of Tokyo's most famous shopping and entertainment districts. Its iconic Shibuya Crossing is a spectacle where thousands of pedestrians cross the street when the lights turn green.
Akihabara District: Akihabara, often referred to as "Electric Town," is a hub for electronics, computers, and notably, manga and anime stores. It's a focal point for otaku culture enthusiasts.
Ginza District: Ginza is Tokyo's upscale shopping and dining district, featuring high-end fashion boutiques, restaurants, and bars. It's the place to indulge in luxury shopping and dining experiences.
Exploring Tokyo's past and present provides a deeper understanding of the city's transformation from its Edo-era heritage to its status as a thriving modern metropolis, making it a must-visit destination for history buffs and contemporary culture enthusiasts alike.


No to 'Deaf' Embryos
Tomato Lichy and his partner, Paula Garfield, are deaf and have a 3-year-old deaf daughter. Now they want to have another child using in vitro fertilization, hoping the newborn will be deaf, too.
But fertility legislation under debate in the U.K. Parliament could make it illegal for such couples to use embryos that have a known genetic flaw when healthy embryos are available.
The human embryology and fertilization bill would allow parents to decide whether to have their embryos screened before implantation into the womb.
If they don't, Lichy and Garfield could take their chances in the hopes that a deaf one is chosen. If they do, they will have to opt for the "normal" embryos over the others.
In response to what they believe is a discriminatory bill, Lichy and Garfield are determined to challenge the traditional concept of disability. Rather than seeing deafness as an impairment, they perceive it as the key to a different world with its own language, its own culture and its own history.
They consider themselves part of a minority group, like any other that might have perceived flaws or disabilities. Yet, as Lichy puts it in an interview with ABC News, "that doesn't mean we must kill off anyone who is not a straight white male Christian."
Lichy and Garfield, Londoners who communicated with ABC News via e-mail and text messaging, said they lead a perfectly normal life.
She runs a theater company that regularly produces plays in sign language, and he is a governor at their daughter's school, as well as a lecturer at the Tate Modern museum. They go to see Shakespeare and Pixar films at the local cinema, with subtitles. They pick up their daughter at school and get stuck in traffic jams, just like everyone else. "I can't see where our life is stunted," Lichy said.
They claim that the bill doesn't acknowledge their normality, believing it implicitly states that deaf people are not equal to people who hear.
This is a concept they also refuse to accept for the sake of their daughter, Molly.
She is a child growing up in the belief that deaf is good and normal, Lichy and Garfield said. She is perfectly at ease with sign language and is learning how to speak. Her parents say it would be hard to explain to her that she can't have a deaf sister or a brother because the law says that deaf embryos shouldn't be knowingly accepted.
Lichy and Garfield accuse the state of deliberately shaping the biological quality of its citizens and of treating deaf people as second-class citizens.
"We've always said the point is that the government wants to impose state-enforced eugenics upon us," Lichy told ABC News. "For us, personally, we would love a deaf baby, but fundamentally, what we want is the same rights as hearing people."
They are not the only ones making such claims. In an open letter about the bill, Francis Murphy, chairman of the British Deaf Association, said that "motivations for prohibiting genetic selection should be carefully evaluated for eugenic bias preferring certain physical characteristics." On the other hand, though, the concept of deliberately picking a deaf embryo looks like eugenics to many hearing people.
Luca Mazzarella, a biology researcher at the Imperial College in London, told ABC News that once the embryos are screened and checked, a eugenics process is already taking place, regardless of the parents and their preferences.
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The Caffe strategy for convolution is to reduce the problem to matrix-matrix multiplication. This linear algebra computation is highly-tuned in BLAS libraries and efficiently computed on GPU devices.
For more details read Yangqing's Convolution in Caffe: a memo.
As it turns out, this same reduction was independently explored in the context of conv. nets by
K. Chellapilla, S. Puri, P. Simard, et al. High performance convolutional neural networks for document processing. In Tenth International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, 2006.


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Newswise — A single-letter change in the genetic code is enough to generate blond hair in humans, in dramatic contrast to our dark-haired ancestors. A new analysis by Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) scientists has pinpointed that change, which is common in the genomes of Northern Europeans, and shown how it fine-tunes the regulation of an essential gene.
"This particular genetic variation in humans is associated with blond hair, but it isn't associated with eye color or other pigmentation traits," says David Kingsley, an HHMI investigator at Stanford University who led the study. "The specificity of the switch shows exactly how independent color changes can be encoded to produce specific traits in humans." Kingsley and his colleagues published their findings in the June 1, 2014, issue of the journal Nature Genetics.
Kingsley says a handful of genes likely determine hair color in humans, however, the precise molecular basis of the trait remains poorly understood. But Kingsley's discovery of the genetic hair-color switch didn't begin with a deep curiosity about golden locks. It began with fish.
For more than a decade, Kingsley has studied the three-spined stickleback, a small fish whose marine ancestors began to colonize lakes and streams at the end of the last Ice Age. By studying how sticklebacks have adapted to habitats around the world, Kingsley is uncovering evidence of the molecular changes that drive evolution. In 2007, when his team investigated how different populations of the fish had acquired their skin colors, they discovered that changes in the same gene had driven changes in pigmentation in fish found in various lakes and streams throughout the world. They wondered if the same held true not just in the numerous bodies of water in which sticklebacks have evolved, but among other species.
Genomic surveys by other groups had revealed that the gene – Kit ligand – is indeed evolutionarily significant among humans. "The very same gene that we found controlling skin color in fish showed one of the strongest signatures of selection in different human populations around the world," Kingsley says. His team went on to show that in humans, different versions of Kit ligand were associated with differences in skin color.
Furthermore, in both fish and humans, the genetic changes associated with pigmentation differences were distant from the DNA that encodes the Kit ligand protein, in regions of the genome where regulatory elements lie. "It looked like regulatory mutations in both fish and humans were changing pigment," Kingsley says.
Kingsley's subsequent stickleback studies have shown that when new traits evolve in different fish populations, changes in regulatory DNA are responsible about 85 percent of the time. Genome-wide association studies have linked many human traits to changes in regulatory DNA, as well. Tracking down specific regulatory elements in the vast expanse of the genome can be challenging, however.
"We have to be kind of choosy about which regulatory elements we decide to zoom in on," Kingsley says. "We thought human hair color was at least as interesting as stickleback skin color." So his team focused its efforts on a human pigmentation trait that has long attracted attention in history, art, and popular culture.
Kit ligand encodes a protein that aids the development of pigment-producing cells, so it made sense that changing its activity could affect hair or skin color. But the Kit ligand protein also plays a host of other roles throughout the body, influencing the behavior of blood stem cells, sperm or egg precursors, and neurons in the intestine. Kingsley wanted to know how alterations to the DNA surrounding this essential gene could drive changes in coloration without comprising Kit ligand's other functions.
Catherine Guenther, an HHMI research specialist in Kingsley's lab, began experiments to search for regulatory switches that might specifically control hair color. She snipped out segments of human DNA from the region implicated in previous blond genetic association studies, and linked each piece to a reporter gene that produces a telltale blue color when it is switched on. When she introduced these into mice, she found that one piece of DNA switched on gene activity only in developing hair follicles.
"When we found the hair follicle switch, we could then ask what's different between blonds and brunettes in northern Europe," Kingsley said. Examining the DNA in that regulatory segment, they found a single letter of genetic code that differed between individuals with different hair colors.
Their next step was to test each version's effect on the activity of the Kit ligand gene. Their preliminary experiments, conducted in cultured cells, indicated that placing the gene under the control of the "blond" switch reduced its activity by about 20 percent, as compared to the "brunette" version of the switch. The change seemed slight, but Kingsley and Guenther suspected they had identified the critical point in the DNA sequence.
The scientists next engineered mice with a Kit ligand gene placed under the control of the brunette or the blond hair enhancer. Using technology developed by Liqun Luo, who is also an HHMI investigator at Stanford, they were able to ensure that each gene was inserted in precisely the same way, so that a pair of mice differed only by the single letter in the hair follicle switch—one carrying the ancestral version, the other carrying the blond version.
"Sure enough, when you look at them, that one base pair is enough to lighten the hair color of the animals, even though it is only a 20 percent difference in gene expression," Kingsley says. "This is a good example of how fine-tuned regulatory differences may be to produce different traits. The genetic mechanism that controls blond hair doesn't alter the biology of any other part of the body. It's a good example of a trait that's skin deep—and only skin deep."
Given Kit ligand's range of activities throughout the body, Kingsley says many such regulatory elements are likely scattered throughout the DNA that surrounds the gene. "We think the genome is littered with switches," he says. And like the hair color switch, many of the regulatory elements that control Kit ligand and other genes may subtly adjust activity. "A little up or a little down next to key genes–rather than on or off–is enough to produce significant differences. The trick is, which switches have changed to produce which traits?
"Despite the challenges, we now clearly have the methods to link traits to particular DNA alterations. I think you will see a lot more of this type of study in the future, leading to a much better understanding of both the molecular basis of human diversity and of the susceptibility or resistance to many common diseases," Kingsley said.


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Book of Hours. Tours, ca. 1470. (Ms. 7).
Albrecht Durer. Apocalypse.
Nuremberg: A. Durer, 1511.
The song of songs which is Solomon's.
Chelsea: Ashendene Press, 1902.
The tradition of the book in the Western World is well documented in the Watkinson.
- Medieval manuscripts and manuscript leaves, 12th- 15th century
- 3,000-4,000 early printed books (15th-17th centuries)
- Trumbull-Prime collection of early illustrated books, especially strong in 16th-century German and Italian materials, including works of Albert Durer, emblem books and Florentine and Venetian book illustration
- ca. 10,000 18th-century titles
- 19th-century illustrated books on a wide range of subjects and from many lands, including an extensive Cruikshank collection
- Alphabet books (ca. 350 titles)
- Fine printing from the Private Press collection including:
- a nearly complete run of the Ashendene Press
- classic titles from the Private Press movement
- 100+ contemporary artists' books and examples of fine printing
- Examples of fine bookbinding (15th-20th centuries)
- Extensive secondary holdings on the history of printing and bookbinding
Book Arts and the History of the Book Guide


How to Rate Cooper Tires
by Tom Streissguth
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Jupiterimages/ Images
When considering replacement tires for your car, there are many options available. Cooper tires, like other brands, are sized and rated according to several factors. Your best option is to retain the original tire rating and size for your vehicle. When shopping for new tires, it's useful to know the universal tire code used to describe Cooper and other brand tires.
Step 1
Check the tire sidewall for the tire size and type. The description will begin with the letter P (passenger cars) or LT (light trucks), tires designed to carry heavier loads under tougher conditions.
Step 2
Check the width of the tire, given in millimeters. Following the width is a slash and the number indicating the tire's aspect ratio, which is the height of the sidewall (tire only, without wheel or hubcab) in proportion to the width. An aspect ratio of 75 means the tire height is 75% of its width. The lower the aspect ratio number, the shorter the sidewalls and the better the handling of the vehicle. A higher aspect ratio means the tire is proportionally higher and delivers a smoother ride.
Step 3
Next check the letter following the aspect ratio number. This letter indicates the tire's construction type. R indicates radial construction, while D (diagonal) or B (belted) indicates a bias tire.
Step 4
Check the number following the construction type designation. This is the wheel size number, showing the distance across the interior hole of the tire. The wheel diameter of your vehicle must match this number. Never attempt to mount a tire with the wrong wheel size.
The final indicator is what Cooper Tires calls the "Service Description." This consists of a load index and a speed symbol. The load index shows the carrying capacity of the tire, which should be equal to or greater than that of the original tires on the vehicle. The letter showing the speed symbol shows the maximum recommended speed for a vehicle mounted with this tire: S 180 km/h (112 mph) T 190 km/h (118 mph) U 200 km/h (124 mph) H 210 km/h (130 mph) V 240 km/h (149 mph) W 270 km/h (168 mph) Y 300 km/h (186 mph)
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text: |It is widely known to be in form of a powder since antiquity when it was first discovered in the Far East civilizations, and was mainly used for medical reasons. It is referred in Indian and Sumerian texts that date back to 3000 BC. The Romans used to grind the mustard seeds and mixed them with wine that would make a sauce that did not differ much from what we use today. Even more, in the 6th century BC Pythagoras used it as an antidote to the scorpion bites. Mustard seeds can be of different types and can be used as the base for the manufacturing of other products. It is widely known as a flavor enhancer, which renders it a bona fide novelty in food.


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19 + 19 = 38. Thus the amount of information inherent in Alice and Bob jointly obtaining royal flushes is 38 bits.
Since lots of events are probabilistically independent, information measures exhibit lots of additivity. But since lots of events are also correlated, information measures exhibit lots of non-additivity as well. In the case of Alice and Bob, Alice being dealt a royal flush is probabilistically independent of Bob being dealt a royal flush, and so the amount of information in Alice and Bob both being dealt royal flushes equals the sum of the individual amounts of information. But consider now a different example. Alice and Bob together toss a coin five times. Alice observes the first four tosses but is distracted, and so misses the fifth toss. On the other hand, Bob misses the first toss, but observes the last four tosses. Let's say the actual sequence of tosses is 11001 (1 = heads, 0 = tails). Thus Alice observes 1100* and Bob observes *1001. Let A denote the first observation, B the second. It follows that the amount of information in A&B is the amount of information in the completed sequence 11001, namely, 5 bits. On the other hand, the amount of information in A alone is the amount of information in the incomplete sequence 1100*, namely 4 bits. Similarly, the amount of information in B alone is the amount of information in the incomplete sequence *1001, also 4 bits. This time information doesn't add up: 5 = I(A&B) _ I(A)+I(B) = 4+4 = 8.
Here A and B are correlated. Alice knows all but the last bit of information in the completed sequence 11001. Thus when Bob gives her the incomplete sequence *1001, all Alice really learns is the last bit in this sequence. Similarly, Bob knows all but the first bit of information in the completed sequence 11001. Thus when Alice gives him the incomplete sequence 1100*, all Bob really learns is the first bit in this sequence. What appears to be four bits of information actually ends up being only one bit of information once Alice and Bob factor in the prior information they possess about the completed sequence 11001. If we introduce the idea of conditional information, this is just to say that 5 = I(A&B) = I(A)+I(B|A) = 4+1. I(B|A), the conditional information of B given A, is the amount of information in Bob's observation once Alice's observation is taken into account. And this, as we just saw, is 1 bit.
I(B|A), like I(A&B), I(A), and I(B), can be represented as the negative logarithm to the base two of a probability, only this time the probability under the logarithm is a conditional as opposed to an unconditional probability. By definition I(B|A) =def -log2P(B|A), where P(B|A) is the conditional probability of B given A. But since P(B|A) =def P(A&B)/P(A), and since the logarithm of a quotient is the difference of the logarithms, log2P(B|A) = log2P(A&B) – log2P(A), and so -log2P(B|A) = -log2P(A&B) + log2P(A), which is just I(B|A) = I(A&B) – I(A). This last equation is equivalent to
(*) I(A&B) = I(A)+I(B|A)
Formula (*) holds with full generality, reducing to I(A&B) = I(A)+I(B) when A and B are probabilistically independent (in which case P(B|A) = P(B) and thus I(B|A) = I(B)).
Formula (*) asserts that the information in both A and B jointly is the information in A plus the information in B that is not in A. Its point, therefore, is to spell out how much additional information B contributes to A. As such, this formula places tight constraints on the generation of new information. Does, for instance, a computer program, call it A, by outputting some data, call the data B, generate new information? Computer programs are fully deterministic, and so B is fully determined by A. It follows that P(B|A) = 1, and thus I(B|A) = 0 (the logarithm of 1 is always 0). From Formula (*) it therefore follows that I(A&B) = I(A), and therefore that the amount of information in A and B jointly is no more than the amount of information in A by itself.
For an example in the same spirit consider that there is no more information in two copies of Shakespeare's Hamlet than in a single copy. This is of course patently obvious, and any formal account of information had better agree. To see that our formal account does indeed agree, let A denote the printing of the first copy of Hamlet, and B the printing of the second copy. Once A is given, B is entirely determined. Indeed, the correlation between A and B is perfect. Probabilistically this is expressed by saying the conditional probability of B given A is 1, namely, P(B|A) = 1. In information-theoretic terms this is to say that I(B|A) = 0. As a result I(B|A) drops out of Formula (*), and so I(A&B) = I(A). Our information-theoretic formalism therefore agrees with our intuition that two copies of Hamlet contain no more information than a single copy.
Information is a complexity-theoretic notion. Indeed, as a purely formal object, the information measure described here is a complexity measure (cf. Dembski, 1998, ch. 4). Complexity measures arise whenever we assign numbers to degrees of complication. A set of possibilities will often admit varying degrees of complication, ranging from extremely simple to extremely complicated. Complexity measures assign non-negative numbers to these possibilities so that 0 corresponds to the most simple and _ to the most complicated. For instance, computational complexity is always measured in terms of either time (i.e., number of computational steps) or space (i.e., size of memory, usually measured in bits or bytes) or some combination of the two. The more difficult a computational problem, the more time and space are required to run the algorithm that solves the problem. For information measures, degree of complication is measured in bits. Given an event A of probability P(A), I(A) = -log2P(A) measures the number of bits associated with the probability P(A). We therefore speak of the "complexity of information" and say that the complexity of information increases as I(A) increases (or, correspondingly, as P(A) decreases). We also speak of "simple" and "complex" information according to whether I(A) signifies few or many bits of information. This notion of complexity is important to biology since not just the origin of information stands in question, but the origin of complex information.
3. Complex Specified Information
Given a means of measuring information and determining its complexity, we turn now to the distinction between specified and unspecified information. This is a vast topic whose full elucidation is beyond the scope of this paper (the details can be found in my monograph The Design Inference). Nonetheless, in what follows I shall try to make this distinction intelligible, and offer some hints on how to make it rigorous. For an intuitive grasp of the difference between specified and unspecified information, consider the following example. Suppose an archer stands 50 meters from a large blank wall with bow and arrow in hand. The wall, let us say, is sufficiently large that the archer cannot help but hit it. Consider now two alternative scenarios. In the first scenario the archer simply shoots at the wall. In the second scenario the archer first paints a target on the wall, and then shoots at the wall, squarely hitting the target's bull's-eye. Let us suppose that in both scenarios where the arrow lands is identical. In both scenarios the arrow might have landed anywhere on the wall. What's more, any place where it might land is highly improbable. It follows that in both scenarios highly complex information is actualized. Yet the conclusions we draw from these scenarios are very different. In the first scenario we can conclude absolutely nothing about the archer's ability as an archer, whereas in the second scenario we have evidence of the archer's skill.
The obvious difference between the two scenarios is of course that in the first the information follows no pattern whereas in the second it does. Now the information that tends to interest us as rational inquirers generally, and scientists in particular, is not the actualization of arbitrary possibilities which correspond to no patterns, but rather the actualization of circumscribed possibilities which do correspond to patterns. There's more. Patterned information, though a step in the right direction, still doesn't quite get us specified information. The problem is that patterns can be concocted after the fact so that instead of helping elucidate information, the patterns are merely read off already actualized information.
To see this, consider a third scenario in which an archer shoots at a wall. As before, we suppose the archer stands 50 meters from a large blank wall with bow and arrow in hand, the wall being so large that the archer cannot help but hit it. And as in the first scenario, the archer shoots at the wall while it is still blank. But this time suppose that after having shot the arrow, and finding the arrow stuck in the wall, the


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A good filing system is comprised exclusively of records. Although almost every bit of information we create or receive as University employees, regardless of its paper or electronic format, is considered a record there are some records which should not be filed. We call these records "Material That May Be Disposed of Without A Specific Retention Period."
We define Material That May Be Disposed Of Without A Specific Retention Period as having been created or kept for convenience or reference. It can be destroyed at any time. Common examples of Material That May Be Disposed Of Without A Specific Retention Period include drafts, worksheets, routine replies, extra/duplicate copies of documents, and hardcopy printouts from a database.
Eliminating Material That May Be Disposed Of Without A Specific Retention Period from filing systems results in faster retrieval of information, faster filing, and increased ease of disposal. Eliminating Material That May Be Disposed Of Without A Specific Retention Period reduces the need for filing space, equipment and supplies.
Identifying Material That May Be Disposed Of Without A Specific Retention Period
The following questions may help identify material that may be disposed of without a specific retention period:
- Are all publications or reports received necessary? Who uses them? How long are they needed?
- Are all "information only" copies necessary? Is it really necessary to file them once they have been reviewed? Can we send them out through email and have the receiver delete their copy once they have read it?
- Are all extra copies necessary? Is it really necessary to keep duplicate sets of documents?
- Are all email distributions necessary? Have the copies been requested? Will they really be read? How can we ensure they are deleted once they have been read?
Filing reference materials and miscellaneous records
Although it should not be integrated into the major office filing system, Material That May Be Disposed Of Without A Specific Retention Period that is created or kept for reference may be managed as follows:
Published reference materials: Published reference materials are best maintained in a centralized office library.
Stocks of publications: Stocks of publications are best maintained in a centralized storage/publication area. Publications include maps, brochures and newsletters.
Miscellaneous notices or memoranda: Miscellaneous notices or memoranda that do not relate to the functional responsibility of the department may be maintained separately and discarded when superseded or no longer needed.
Blank forms: Blank forms are best filed together in a specifically designated cabinet or file drawer. They should not be integrated into the actual filing system.


text:
The mission of the Victim/Witness Program is to inform, assist, and support victims of violent crime in their interactions with the criminal justice system, and to protect their rights in a manner no less vigorous than the protection afforded to criminal defendants.
Victims will be treated with dignity and respect to reduce the trauma and insensitive treatment that can be experienced in the aftermath of a crime. We will also work to improve the system's understanding of the needs of crime victims and their families.
Services We Offer
Services are offered to the victims of violent crimes and other eligible family members. These crimes include sexual assault, elder abuse, physical and sexual child abuse, domestic violence, murder, attempted murder, assault, robbery, homicide, hit‑and‑run accidents with injury, and driving under the influence of an alcoholic beverage or drugs that causes injury or death.
The services provided include:
- Coordination with Criminal Justice Agencies
- Crisis Intervention
- Assistance with Claims Reimbursement
- Court Escort
- Explanation of Court Procedures and Case Status Information
- Liaison and Referral to Community Resources
- Information Regarding Restraining Orders
- Follow‑up Support to Victims and Their Families
- Employer Notification and Creditor Intervention
- Bereavement and Injury Notification
- Restitution Information
- Victims' Rights
- Victims' Marsy Rights ‑ English ‑ Spanish
- Post Sentencing Services
If you are a victim of a crime and the offender is under the supervision of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, you have the right to request Notification Upon an inmate's:
- Parole status/hearing
- Special Conditions of Parole
- A victim's request for special conditions of parole, will be considered by the Parole & Community Services Division at the time of release