text:
SALT LAKE CITY — SALT LAKE CITY (AP) - A man who challenged the World War II internment of Japanese-Americans will be honored in Utah under a declaration signed by Gov. Gary Herbert.
The declaration signed Friday establishes Jan. 30, 2013, as Fred Korematsu Day of Civil Liberties and the Constitution.
Korematsu, who died in 2005, was arrested in Oakland, Calif., in 1942 after refusing to enter an internment camp. His case led the U.S. Supreme Court to examine the internment order's legality.
The Topaz Internment Camp about 16 miles northwest of Delta processed about 11,000 Japanese Americans from 1942 to 1945.
Thousands of Japanese Americans living in the San Francisco Bay area were sent by train to the remote Utah camp after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941.


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Edit: I discovered a partial answer to my own question in the process of writing this, but I think it can easily be improved upon so I will post it anyway. Maybe there's a better solution out there?
I am looking for an easy way to define recursive functions in a let form without resorting to letfn. This is probably an unreasonable request, but the reason I am looking for this technique is because I have a mix of data and recursive functions that depend on each other in a way requires a lot of nested let and letfn statements.
I wanted to write the recursive functions that generate lazy sequences like this (using the Fibonacci sequence as an example):
(let [fibs (lazy-cat [0 1] (map + fibs (rest fibs)))]
 (take 10 fibs))
But it seems in clojure that fibs cannot use it's own symbol during binding. The obvious way around it is using letfn
(letfn [(fibo [] (lazy-cat [0 1] (map + (fibo) (rest (fibo)))))]
 (take 10 (fibo)))
But as I said earlier this leads to a lot of cumbersome nesting and alternating let and letfn.
To do this without letfn and using just let, I started by writing something that uses what I think is the U-combinator (just heard of the concept today):
(let [fibs (fn [fi] (lazy-cat [0 1] (map + (fi fi) (rest (fi fi)))))]
 (take 10 (fibs fibs)))
But how to get rid of the redundance of (fi fi)?
It was at this point when I discovered the answer to my own question after an hour of struggling and incrementally adding bits to the combinator Q.
(let [Q (fn [r] ((fn [f] (f f)) (fn [y] (r (fn [] (y y))))))
 fibs (Q (fn [fi] (lazy-cat [0 1] (map + (fi) (rest (fi))))))]
 (take 10 fibs))
What is this Q combinator called that I am using to define a recursive sequence? It looks like the Y combinator with no arguments x. Is it the same?
(defn Y [r]
 ((fn [f] (f f))
 (fn [y] (r (fn [x] ((y y) x))))))
Is there another function in clojure.core or clojure.contrib that provides the functionality of Y or Q? I can't imagine what I just did was idiomatic...
share|improve this question
I noticed that writing fibs in this way results in terrible performance because (I presume) the combinator doesn't store results under the symbol fibs, but rather re-generates values on the fly? How can I make this more performant? – ivar Jul 30 '10 at 15:59
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2 Answers
up vote 8 down vote accepted
I have written a letrec macro for Clojure recently, here's a Gist of it. It acts like Scheme's letrec (if you happen to know that), meaning that it's a cross between let and letfn: you can bind a set of names to mutually recursive values, without the need for those values to be functions (lazy sequences are ok too), as long as it is possible to evaluate the head of each item without referring to the others (that's Haskell -- or perhaps type-theoretic -- parlance; "head" here might stand e.g. for the lazy sequence object itself, with -- crucially! -- no forcing involved).
You can use it to write things like
which is normally only possible at top level. See the Gist for more examples.
As pointed out in the question text, the above could be replaced with
(letfn [(fibs [] (lazy-cat [0 1] (map + (fibs) (rest (fibs)))))]
for the same result in exponential time; the letrec version has linear complexity (as does a top-level (def fibs (lazy-cat [0 1] (map + fibs (rest fibs)))) form).
Self-recursive seqs can often be constructed with iterate -- namely when a fixed range of look-behind suffices to compute any given element. See clojure.contrib.lazy-seqs for an example of how to compute fibs with iterate.
c.c.seq provides an interesting function called rec-seq, enabling things like
(take 10 (cseq/rec-seq fibs (map + fibs (rest fibs))))
It has the limitation of only allowing one to construct a single self-recursive sequence, but it might be possible to lift from it's source some implementation ideas enabling more diverse scenarios. If a single self-recursive sequence not defined at top level is what you're after, this has to be the idiomatic solution.
As for combinators such as those displayed in the question text, it is important to note that they are hampered by the lack of TCO (tail call optimisation) on the JVM (and thus in Clojure, which elects to use the JVM's calling conventions directly for top performance).
top level
There's also the option of putting the mutually recursive "things" at top level, possibly in their own namespace. This doesn't work so great if those "things" need to be parameterised somehow, but namespaces can be created dynamically if need be (see clojure.contrib.with-ns for implementation ideas).
final comments
I'll readily admit that the letrec thing is far from idiomatic Clojure and I'd avoid using it in production code if anything else would do (and since there's always the top level option...). However, it is (IMO!) nice to play with and it appears to work well enough. I'm personally interested in finding out how much can be accomplished without letrec and to what degree a letrec macro makes things easier / cleaner... I haven't formed an opinion on that yet. So, here it is. Once again, for the single self-recursive seq case, iterate or contrib might be the best way to go.
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Thanks for the great reply! I'm aware of iterate but it is hard to use in my particular problem (because the real structure of the problem uses data from multiple irregularly shaped trees, not a simple Fibonacci). I will definitely study that macro and rec-seq though! – ivar Jul 31 '10 at 11:48
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fn takes an optional name argument with that name bound to the function in its body. Using this feature, you could write fibs as:
(def fibs ((fn generator [a b] (lazy-seq (cons a (generator b (+ a b))))) 0 1))
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Nice catch! I forgot about that one. – ivar Aug 1 '10 at 21:55
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Magnetotropic Cultivation
Jasper Kim, Allen Greer
Britannia Secondary
Floor Location : M 175 L
Magnetotropism. By growing plants induced with magnetic fields, could this be the start of a new future? Our hypothesis was 'germinating snow peas under magnetic fields with differing directional forces of magnetism would improve plant growth rate and productivity'. In our study, we examined the effects of magnetic fields and their directional forces on plant growth in Pisum sativum var. saccharatum. We discovered increases in growth rate, height and development. Comparisons were made between the control group and four magnetically altered test groups. Results and observations were recorded using statistical analysis and p-values. Our project has been proven statistically significant, therefore further replica tests and branches are currently being tested and looked into. In conclusion, our hypothesis was proven correct. rnrnReal life application for a project such as ours is planetary. Currently, food sources wordwide are lacking and it is predicted there will be an absence of food adequacy for everyone. By using 'Magnetotropic Cultivation', we hope to increase production levels on farmlands and thereby enabling farms to produce more food for availability. rnrn


text:
What Is XPS?
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which is also known as Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA), provides quantitative compositional information from the top atomic layers of a sample surface for the elements lithium to uranium. The center can also obtain information regarding the chemical states of any elements present.
XPS is used to analyze the change in surface chemistry of a material after certain chemical or physical treatments such as:
- cutting or scraping in air or UHV to expose the bulk chemistry;
- ion beam etching to clean off some of the surface contamination;
- exposure to heat to study the changes due to heating;
- exposure to reactive gases or solutions;
- exposure to ion beam implant;
- and, exposure to UV light.
How Measurements are Obtained
A sample is irradiated with a beam of monochromatic soft X-rays. Photoelectron emission results from the atoms in the specimen. The kinetic energies of these electrons relates to the atom and orbital from which they originated. The distribution of kinetic energies from a sample is then measured directly by the electron spectrometer.
Atomic orbitals from atoms of the same element in different chemical environments are found to possess slightly different (but measurable) binding energies. These "chemical shifts" arise because of the variations in electrostatic screening experienced by core electrons as the valence and conduction electrons are drawn towards or away from the specific atom. Differences in oxidation state, molecular environment and co-ordination number all provide different chemical shifts.
Photoelectron binding energy shifts are, therefore, the principal source of chemical information. It should be noted that these shifts can be very small and can only be detected using a high performance instrument with suitable software such as our Kratos Axis Ultra DLD instrument equipped with a monochromated Al Ka x-ray source and hemispherical analyzer.
SIMS stands for secondary ion mass spectrometry. A high energy primary ion beam is focused to bombard the surface of materials. The impact ruptures surface structures, producing neutral species, electrons, and ions (secondary ions) ejected from the surface. Analyzing the secondary ion provides surface chemical composition information. SIMS is the most sensitive material characterization technique, with a detection limit from parts per million to parts per billion. The most important application for SIMS is to perform a depth profiling (also called dynamic SIMS) of materials. At USC, our SIMS capability is directly attached to XPS system.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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May 21, 2021
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call them and modify them using a simple dot operator. For example:
_TAG_ Index(['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E'], dtype='object'
The assignment operator is the best way to modify this attribute:
df.columns = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
Pandas DataFrame Name Columns
How to Deal With Missing Data in Pandas DataFrames
In an ideal world we will always work with perfect data sets. However, this is never the case in practice. There are many cases when working with quantitative data that you will need to drop or modify missing data. We will explore strategies for handling missing data in Pandas throughout this section.
The DataFrame We'll Be Using In This section
We will be using the np.nan attribute to generate NaN values throughout this section.
_TAG_ nan
In this section, we will make use of the following DataFrame:
df = pd.DataFrame(np.array([[1, 5, 1],[2, np.nan, 2],[np.nan, np.nan, 3]]))
df.columns = ['A', 'B', 'C']
A Pandas DataFrame With Missing Data
The Pandas dropna Method
Pandas has a built-in method called dropna. When applied against a DataFrame, the dropna method will remove any rows that contain a NaN value.
Let's apply the dropna method to our df DataFrame as an example:
A Pandas DataFrame After Using Dropna
Note that like the other DataFrame operations that we have explored, dropna does not modify the original DataFrame unless you either (1) force it to using the = assignment operator or (2) specify inplace=True.
We can also drop any columns that have missing values by passing in the axis=1 argument to the dropna method, like this:
A Pandas DataFrame After Using Dropna On Its Columns
The Pandas fillna Method
In many cases, you will want to replace missing values in a pandas DataFrame instead of dropping it completely. The fillna method is designed for this.
As an example, let's fill every missing value in our DataFrame with the?:
A Pandas DataFrame After Using Fillna
Obviously, there is basically no situation where we would want to replace missing data with an emoji. This was simply an amusing example.
Instead, more commonly we will replace a missing value with either:
 - The average value of the entire DataFrame
 - The average value of that row of the DataFrame
We will demonstrate both below.
To fill missing values with the average value across the entire DataFrame, use the following code:
To fill the missing values within a particular column with the average value from that column, use the following code (this is for column A):
The Pandas groupby Method
In this section, we will be discussing how to use the pandas groupby feature.
What is the Pandas groupby Feature?
Pandas comes with a built-in groupby feature that allows you to group together rows based off of a column and perform an aggregate function on them. For example, you could calculate the sum of all rows that have a value of 1 in the column ID.
For anyone familiar with the SQL language for querying databases, the pandas groupby method is very similar to a SQL groupby statement.
It is easiest to understand the pandas groupby method using an example. We will be using the following DataFrame:
df = pd.DataFrame([ ['Google', 'Sam', 200],
 ['Google', 'Charlie', 120],
 ['Salesforce','Ralph', 125],
 ['Salesforce','Emily', 250],
 ['Adobe','Rosalynn', 150],
 ['Adobe','Chelsea', 500]])
df.columns = ['Organization', 'Salesperson Name', 'Sales']
An Example Pandas DataFrame That We'll Be Using To Demonstrate Groupby
This DataFrame contains sales information for three separate organizations: Google, Salesforce, and Adobe. We will use the groupby method to get summary sales data for each specific organization.
To start, we will need to create a groupby object. This is a data structure that tells Python which column you'd like to group the DataFrame by. In our case, it is the Organization column, so we create a groupby object like this:
If you see an output that looks like this, you will know that you have created the object successfully:
Once the groupby object has been created, you can call operations on that object to create a DataFrame with summary information on the Organization groups. A few examples are below:
_TAG_ mean (or average) of the sales column
_TAG_ sum of the sales column
_TAG_ standard deviation of the sales column
Note that since all of the operations above are numerical, they will automatically ignore the Salesperson Name column, because it only contains strings.
Here are a few other aggregate functions that work well with pandas' groupby method:
_TAG_ the number of observations
_TAG_ the maximum value
_TAG_ the minimum value
Using groupby With The describe Method
One very useful tool when working with pandas DataFrames is the describe method, which returns useful information for every category that the groupby function is working with.
This is best learned through an example. I've combined the groupby and describe methods below:
Here is what the output looks like:
An Example Pandas DataFrame That We'll Be Using To Demonstrate Groupby
The Pandas concat Method
In this section, we will learn how to concatenate pandas DataFrames. This will be a brief section, but it is an important concept nonetheless. Let's dig in!
The DataFrames We'll Use In This section
To demonstrate how to merge pandas DataFrames, I will be using the following 3 example DataFrames:
df1 = pd.DataFrame({'A': ['A0', 'A1', 'A2', 'A3'],
 'B': ['B0', 'B1', 'B2', 'B3'],
 'C': ['C0', 'C1', 'C2', 'C3'],
 'D': ['D0', 'D1', 'D2', 'D3']},
 index=[0, 1, 2, 3])
df2 = pd.DataFrame({'A': ['A4', 'A5', 'A6', 'A7'],
 'B': ['B4', 'B5', 'B6', 'B7'],
 'C': ['C4', 'C5', 'C6', 'C7'],
 'D': ['D4', 'D5', 'D6', 'D7']},
 index=[4, 5, 6, 7])
df3 = pd.DataFrame({'A': ['A8', 'A9', 'A10', 'A11'],
 'B': ['B8', 'B9', 'B10', 'B11'],
 'C': ['C8', 'C9', 'C10', 'C11'],
 'D': ['D8', 'D9', 'D10', 'D11']},
 index=[8, 9, 10, 11])
How To Concatenate Pandas DataFrames
Anyone who has taken my Introduction to Python course will remember that string concatenation means adding one string to the end of another string. An example of string concatenation is below.
str1 = "Hello "
str2 = "World!"
str1 + str2
_TAG_ 'Hello World!'
DataFrame concatenation is quite similar. It means adding one DataFrame to the end of another DataFrame.
In order for us to perform string concatenation, we should have two DataFrames with the same columns. An example is below:
pd.concat([df1, df2, df3])
Pandas DataFrame Concatenation Example
By default, pandas will concatenate along axis=0, which means that its adding rows, not columns.
If you want to add rows, simply pass in axis=0 as a new variable into the concat function.
In our case, this creates a very ugly DataFrame with many missing values:
Pandas DataFrame Concatenation Along Columns Example
The Pandas merge Method
In this section, we'll learn how to merge pandas DataFrames.
The DataFrames We Will Be Using In This section
In this section, we will be using the following two pandas DataFrames:
import pandas as pd
leftDataFrame = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['K0', 'K1', 'K2', 'K3'],
The columns A, B, C, and D have real data in them, while the column key has a key that is common among both DataFrames. To merge two DataFrames means to connect them along one column that they both have in common.
How To Merge Pandas DataFrames
You can merge two pandas DataFrames along a common column using the merge columns. For anyone that is familiar with the SQL programming language, this is very similar to performing an inner join in SQL.
Do not worry if you are unfamiliar with SQL, because merge syntax is actually very straightforward. It looks like this:
pd.merge(leftDataFrame, rightDataFrame, how='inner', on='key')
Let's break down the four arguments we passed into the merge method:
 1. leftDataFrame: This is the DataFrame that we'd like to merge on the left.
 2. rightDataFrame: This is the DataFrame that we'd like to merge on the right.
 3. how=inner: This is the type of merge that the operation is performing. There are multiple types of merges, but we will only be covering inner merges in this course.


text:
Linguistik-Klassifikation: Grammatikforschung / Grammar research
Semiotactics as a Van Wijngaarden grammar
Frederik H. H. Kortlandt
- 1. There are two classes of theories of Universal Grammar: (1) Formalist theories, such as the widespread varieties of generative grammar. These theories start from the assumption that certain strings of linguistic forms are grammatical while other strings are ungrammatical. A grammar of this type produces grammatical strings and does not produce ungrammatical ones. All theories of this class fail in the same respect: they do not account for the meaning of the strings. (2) Semiotactic theories, which describe the meaning of a string in terms of the meanings of its constituent forms and their interrelations. The only elaborate formalized theory of this class presently available is the one advanced by C.L. Ebeling (Syntax and Semantics, Leiden: Brill, 1978). I shall discuss some of its mathematical properties here.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Professor Margo Jackson, Ph.D., is leading a university-wide collaborative project for new faculty to develop critical consciousness and skills to facilitate challenging diversity dialogues in the classroom.
The Constructive Diversity Pedagogy PAR (Participatory Action Research) with New Faculty will develop
- critical consciousness of potential blind spots;
- empathic resources for recognizing pervasive social injustice influences in our classrooms at internal, interpersonal, and contextual (environmental, structural, institutional) levels; and
- skills to constructively facilitate challenging diversity dialogues in our classrooms that include multiple voices, consider alternative perspectives, promote social justice, and expand learning.
The aim of the (PAR) project is to engage a team of faculty as participants, formative evaluators, and contributors to documenting and sharing useful results.


text:
Cloned horses are galloping their way toward the Olympic Games. The organization that presides over international equestrian events has reversed its position on prohibiting cloned horses from participating in competitions. The Fédération Equestre Internationale in Lausanne, Switzerland, announced their decision in June following a meeting in which up-to-date information on cloning was presented to the federation. Federation members then held a debate, after which it was decided that, for equestrian, cloned horses do not have a clear competitive advantage over non-cloned horses. Because the ruling is so recent, cloned horses do not number amongst the competition at the London Games. But we're sure to see them at future Olympic Games. The ruling also raises a broader question: how will cloning impact animals in other sports as well?
Dr. Graeme Cooke, the veterinary director for the federation, cites variables outside of genetics that go into making a horse a winner. Maternal environment, training, the rider's skill and his or her relationship to the horse all have major influence on how competitive the horse will be. The cumulative effect of these variables, he says, means that there can be no unfair advantages conferred by cloning a prize horse.
For Mary Chapot, a former equestrian Olympian who now breeds and trains horses, cloning was the only thing that saved her prized show-jumper stallion's bloodline. The stallion, named Gem Twist, could not reproduce. Stallions are hard to train and castrating them makes them easier to train but, obviously, makes them useless for breeding. But Chapot cloned her horse and gave rise to its genetic double, Gemini. Gemini has already sired two offspring. As the ruling applies to both clones and their progeny, if the offspring prove to have attributes similar to Gem Twist, these offspring would be eligible for the Olympics in the future. It will be a while before we know, however, as show-jumpers are not allowed to compete until they are nine years old.
So would cloning do away with the need to spend millions on studs coming from the best lineages? This is a very real concern for Thoroughbred racing, which prohibits reproduction by any means other than natural. This may sound similar to Europe's resistance to genetically modified foods in the name of purity, but the Thoroughbred's registry, the Jockey Club, is almost certainly concerned about profits as much as it is about purity. Dr. Doug Antczak, an equine geneticist at Cornell University, told Forbes that were the top stallions made sources of unlimited offspring through cloning, it would "disrupt the structure of the Thoroughbred breeding industry by reducing the need for lots of stallions." Moreover, it seems as though cloning star performers has the potential to impact Thoroughbred racing, where speed dominates, much more than equestrian sport. It's easy to imagine, especially at a time when we're cloning our pets, drug-sniffing dogs, even bringing back an extinct species, that animal cloning could impact a number of sports. People are already dishing out exorbitant amounts of money to replace 'priceless' show dogs, but will cloning the speediest greyhounds be allowed? No doubt Iditarod sled mushers would love to stack their entire team with their strongest husky. That's now possible with cloning. If cloning regulations aren't already in place for a given sport involving an animal, they soon will be.


text:
Alaska is nearing the peak of its all-important tourist season, when the land of the "midnight sun" beckons cruise ship passengers and hiking enthusiasts with its mountains and abundant wildlife. Yet instead of sunny skies lasting late into the night, like June usually brings, the air over much of the state has been filled with eye-burning smoke, with more than 300 individual fires burning as of Thursday.
A handful of new large wildfires ignited on Wednesday, according to the National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC) in Boise, Idaho, which coordinates federal firefighting operations. Hundreds of firefighters are battling blazes across the state, attacking them from the land and the air, with a growing fleet of tanker aircraft streaming into the state from their bases in the Western U.S., Canada, and locally in Alaska.
The fires are connected to weather conditions dating back to the winter, when much of the state saw a profound lack of snow and unusually mild temperatures. The absence of snow cover starved the lands of much-needed moisture to fend off fires ignited by human activities, such as building campfires, and natural sources, like lightning.
Following the anemic snow covering large swaths of the state came a warm spring, with May setting a record for the warmest such month the state has seen since records began there 91 years ago. The statewide average temperature for the month was 44.9 degrees Fahrenheit, which was 7.1 degrees above average. Barrow and Juneau both set records for the warmest such month.
June is bringing little relief, with high temperatures nearing 70 degrees all the way to Barrow, the northernmost community in the U.S., which lies above the Arctic Circle.
Barrow had a record high temperature of 67 degrees on June 19, for example, which was 17 degrees above average for the date. Many other communities set or tied record highs between June 15 and 20, as they had during much of May.
The wildfires are burning across central and southern portions of the state, and have been increasing over time as summer thunderstorm season gets underway, touching off storms that deliver little rain but lots of lightning. These storms are known as dry thunderstorms, and they're a major cause of fires from Alaska to Canada and across the parched Western U.S.
The fires are far above average for this time of year, and are in keeping with a long-term trend toward more frequent fires and larger fires in the "Frontier State."
The proximate cause of the heat and fires is a massive dome of high pressure extending from near the surface to high altitudes. This high, or heat dome, has extended its influence from the Bering Sea to the border between Alaska and Canada, hundreds of miles to the east. At times, the high has pumped mild air across interior Alaska on strong southwest winds.
— NWS Alaska Region (_USER_) June 24, 2015
At other times it has backed off a bit, allowing temperatures to cool, only to come roaring back at a greater intensity than before, parking itself across western Alaska in recent days. This has caused a northerly flow of dry, warm air to affect much of the state. Just enough atmospheric instability has been present to spark afternoon thunderstorms across the state's many mountain ranges, touching off new blazes.
The heat this year is not confined to Alaska. Record warmth is also gripping the Western U.S., setting off wildfires in California, while Siberia just had its warmest spring on record. Siberian fires as well as fires in parts of Alaska release higher amounts of carbon dioxide and other planet-warming emissions than fires in other parts of the U.S., because of the soil composition and presence of permanently frozen soil (permafrost).
Fires reflect a long-term trend
The unusually hot weather and widespread fires are becoming the norm in Alaska, as the state has warmed more than twice as fast as the rest of the country in the past 60 years, with about 3 degrees Fahrenheit of average warming overall, according to a report this week from the nonprofit research group Climate Central.
2004 was a bad fire year but look at MODIS Fire det. from June 30 of 2004 and compare that this year. Big difference. _URL_
— NWS Alaska Region (_USER_) June 24, 2015
The analysis found that the number of large wildfires, each burning 1,000 acres or more, increased in the 1990s. The past decade saw about twice as many large wildfires as were recorded during the 1950s and '60s. The area burned by wildfires in Alaska is also skyrocketing as temperatures warm, snow cover melts earlier in the year and weather patterns change.
Climate Central found that in two years, 2004 and 2005, wildfires burned a larger area than in the 15 years combined between 1950 and 1964.
Perhaps more importantly, researchers found that Alaska's wildfire season is about 40% longer now than it was in the 1950s. The fire season is now about three months long, from May to August, which is more than a month longer than it used to be. In addition, fires are encroaching on areas that have been immune from them during colder times.
A study published in 2010, for example, found that central Arctic fires in tundra ecosystems have been burning at rates unprecedented in the past 5,000 years.
According to a federal climate report published in 2014, the area burned by wildfires in Alaska could double by 2050, and triple by 2100, if emissions of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, are not curtailed significantly.


text:
Right to Participation and Right to Identity
When a girl or a boy is born, birth registration is very important. The official record of the child's existence gives the child an identity and legal recognition. Yet, the Right to Identity is much more than this. It is the possibility for each child to develop his or her individuality, as a unique and unrepeatable child. Identity means belonging to a culture, sharing a language and maintaining family ties. Without an identity, there are no rights!
Participation is a right and one of the fundamental principles of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. To participate means to be part of something: to become interested, to reflect, to make decisions and to perform actions towards a common goal. If one wants to learn how to participate, the best thing to do is: to participate!


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I was wondering how one can rescue all of the prediction results when using the Java API for liblinear.
As it is well documented one can rescue the accuracy of the prediction with the following code:
Feature[] instance = new FeatureNode[5];
double prediction = Linear.predict(model, instance);
But how can we rescue the rest of the results kept in a file that is given to us when running for example:
./predict -b 1 testfile.test modelfile.model resultfile.out
Hope you can help, for the moment I am rescuing the data from the file but is most inefficient having to go to disk to get it. Thanks in advance.
Best regards, Daniel Marín Subiabre
PS: small result file example
labels 4 6 1 2
4 0.384792 0.384792 0._PHONE_ 0.168375
4 0.384792 0.384792 0._PHONE_ 0.168375
2 0.127897 0.127897 0.303788 0.440419
2 0.127897 0.127897 0.303788 0.440419
2 0.137623 0.137623 0.121928 0.602825
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1 Answer 1
If I understand you correctly, you're trying to get the probability results in runtime. Well, what i'm using is the following code:
double[] probabilityResults = new double[];
double prediction = Linear.predictProbability(model, instanceToTest, probabilityResults);
in the probabilityResults array, you'll find the probabilities of prediction. Good luck!
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This Seaweed-Covered House Is the World's Coziest Sushi Roll
The history of modern architecture has been tightly coupled with technological development, from the Bessemer steel that provided structure for Louis Sullivan's skyscrapers to CAD simulations that transformed Frank Gehry's sketches into swirling, titanium clad landmarks. Yet in Denmark, this thoroughly modern house draws its unique feature not from a scientific advance, but from the era of Viking sagas.
The Modern Seaweed House is a 1100 square-foot, $360,000 vacation home on the Danish island of Læsø and incorporates seaweed as a building material in three ways. The most obvious is the array of cylindrical, seaweed-stuffed "pillows" on the building's facade that take the place of traditional shingles or clapboards. The adaptable algae is also stuffed into the light pine walls and serves as a replacement for mineral wool insulation. The ceiling is padded with the curious construction material and provides insulation as well as acoustical dampening for the open floor plan.
The New Seaweed House is a collaboration between architecture firm Vandkunsten and Readania Byg an organization that spends millions of dollars each year preserving Denmark's material cultural by restoring historical properties and funding the development of new experimental designs that reflect Danish sensibilities.
The seaweed provides a surface texture unlike any other building material. Photo: Helene Høyer Mikkelsen/Realdania Byg
"Seaweed is unruly and needs to be tamed," says Søren Nielsen.
This project sprouted up after Realdania finished restoring a cottage with a traditional seaweed thatched roof. After getting direct experience with the material, the team wanted to see if the unruly, undersea feedstock could be used in a more modern design. "The idea is to revive interest for the unique tradition of seaweed thatching," says Jørgen Søndermark, Project Manager and architect at Realdania. "And in a broader sense, re-introduce overlooked or disregarded organic materials at a time where low-carbon solutions are much called for." The structure serves as an object lesson in how natural resources like seaweed can be integrated in a contemporary design and is intended to inspire others to explore alternative materials.
The main challenges was figuring out how to use the messy material in a way that would reflect Scandinavia's modern style, not a medieval hut. "Seaweed is unruly and needs to be tamed," says Søren Nielsen, the project architect from Vandkunsten. The solution is tubular wool net that seaweed is stuffed into transforming the wayward weed into a manageable building block. The seaweed pillows were created by hand for this project, but could be mechanized if there is sufficient demand from the architectural community.
The other major consideration was preventing moisture build up. The roof's pitch is steep allowing rain water to drain quickly, the pillows are kept a few inches off the roof to provide airflow, and a layer of roofing felt provides the real waterproofing. The seaweed used as insulation inside the walls is kept try by exterior layers of wood and waterproofing materials. The concept sounds wild, but construction process follows all the local building codes.
This is the seaweed thatched cottage that inspired Realdania to consider the material as a modern building block. Photo: Helene Høyer Mikkelsen/Realdania Byg
Contrary to popular belief, seaweed doesn't smell or itch like straw and the designers estimate the exterior pillows could last a hundred years, or more. According to the designers, they act like moisture batteries, pulling water out of the air during humid periods and releasing it as the air dries. The only time seaweed seems to fail is when its true nature is compromised. "The seaweed has to be handled as it is," says Søndermark. "Attempts have been made previously to cut it short in order to use it for blown-in insulation but that failed because the seaweed lost its insulation powers and started to deteriorate."
Seaweed doesn't smell or itch like straw, and could last a hundred years or more.
The house is expected to last as long as any other building, but the architects hedge a bit, pointing out that their kelp construction process is unprecedented. Seaweed is robust and doesn't sprout mold or attract pests, yet birds do tend to make nests in thatched roofs and given enough time, small trees may grow on the roof. Fortunately, a scheduled maintenance plan can keep this slick shelter from devolving into something from the Shire. Locals have no concerns about the building, seaweed has been used on the island for hundreds of years and building inspectors were happy to see that the material has been tested at labs in Germany receiving certificates of safety and efficacy.
The high level of insulation, airtight assembly, heat recovering system, and low-energy windows—not to mention the seaweed's natural color—makes this a very green building. An independent lifecycle analysis estimates that the building has negative carbon footprint equal to 8,500 kilograms worth of CO2 and the designers expect the building will operate for 20 years before it has any appreciable energy impact.
The use of seaweed is a uniquely Danish innovation, but the team feels the design reflects their cultural sensibilities even looking past the curious wall covering. The lightly decorated open spaces, clean lines, and exposed wood are Scandinavian trademarks. The long, narrow floorplan is typical of the vernacular architecture on the island. However, Nielsen says there is another highly characteristic Danish design principle at play in the building: prefabrication. As he points out, "There is a reason that Lego is a Danish invention."


COVID-19: Irish people need to resist tendency of going into work sick if upsurge is to be avoided Oireachtas Committee hears
Posted 10 June, 2020
The Oireachtas' COVID-19 committee has heard Irish people need to resist their tendency of going into work sick if Ireland is to avoid an upsurge in the virus.
As the country prepares to loosen several restrictions aimed at halting the spread of the coronavirus, Dr Cillian De Gascun, Director of the UCD National Virus Reference Laboratory, told the committee it was important for people to stay home if they're unwell.
"Irish people tend to be very good about going to work when they are sick," he said when asked about the risk of a second wave of coronavirus.
"We have that complex whereby we feel we cannot call in sick or stay at home. That is really important as well. If people have respiratory symptoms for whatever reason, they need to stay at home in the coming flu seasons because if they are going to work while coughing and sneezing, they are transmitting something."
Addressing other concerns about an upsurge in COVID-19 cases, Dr De Gascun said there was not a lot of evidence that the virus was stopped by non-medical grade masks.
He further added that inappropriate masks could potentially increase the risk of transmission.
"We know that the evidence on cloth masks and non-medical grade masks is not fantastic. As a barrier, it certainly prevents some particulate matter from spreading. Where people are symptomatic and coughing and sneezing, the mask will prevent onward transmission of particles that, we presume, contain virus.
"However, many of the experiments that have been done to date have really been to demonstrate a proof of principle rather than actually demonstrating that virus is not transmitted."
Dr De Gascun suggested more regular cleaning for schools and other areas, good hand hygiene, physical distancing, and good respiratory etiquette as examples of measures that will help reduce the risk of a resurgence.
He also recommended all categories of society getting the flu vaccine this year, and that manufacturing of medical grade masks be scaled up if the Government plans to give each household a supply of masks.
"We know there is an inequity where some people cannot afford to purchase their own face masks or are not in a position to make their own face masks," he added.


text:
Jordan Davies has always enjoyed the more creative side of life, growing up watching Disney and eventually wanting to be become the person who created the movies and characters she decided to study animation in the hope of learning what it takes to become a character designer. Using her 2D skills to design multiple characters and stories this then developed into learning the tricks to converting into 3D. Focusing on how to tell a story with character and emotion with a mix of both 2D and 3D can help to add what one cannot do without the other. She uses inspiration from both old and new techniques in movies to create her own and add her own twist to it by adding her skills and knowledge prior entering this course.
Opting to take 3D Computer Animation meant mixing with those who came from different backgrounds and learning from those that have already been in the industry and take that into her own work to create characters and stories of her own and to hopefully show them off to different audiences globally.


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45 year old with IgA Nephropathy has gross macroscopic glomerular hematuria. Following that, an episode of AKI ensues. Is this pigment nephropathy? How does AKI result from gross hematuria?
1. 25% of patients with gross hematuria associated AKI had adverse long term outcomes
2. Of all the glomerular diseases, IgA is the most common cause of gross hematuria associated AKI
3. Older age seems to be a risk factor for longer recovery time from AKI from the hematuria
4. Severe ATN was the cause on biopsy for cause of late recovery
5. No cases of Alport's Syndrome and AKI with hematuria in the literature and one case of thin basement membrane disease with Aki with hematuria.
6. Oral anticoagulation related injury has been now described and cases of warfarin associated renal disease have been identified
7. Hemoglobinuria from entities such as paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria have been associated with AKI due to hemolysis, intra-tubular cast obstruction.
8. Overall, why does hematuria cause AKI and renal damage. Initially, it was thought to be from intra-tubular obstruction from RBCs or hemoglobin casts.
9. Recent data suggest that there is direct tubular toxicity of hemoglobin, heme, iron molecules released from RBCs. There is decrease in nitric oxide leading to intra renal vasoconstriction and ischemia.
A recent CJASN article summarizes these studies.
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text:
Throughout this topic we think about superheroes! In science we use our senses to explore and recognise the similarities and differences between different materials. We identify, name and describe a variety of materials and investigate which type of material would be most suitable to use as a cape to keep a superhero dry. We look at magnetic materials and explore how some materials are attracted to magnets.
In PSHCE we think about friendships and what makes a good friend. We learn to understand how to choose the right behaviour and how different behaviours makes us feel.


By Ed Yong | October 25, 2012 12:00 pm
And spiky penises. That too.
Goran Arnqvist from Uppsala University has been studying the seed beetle's nightmarish penis for years, using it as a model for understanding the more general evolutionary pressures behind diverse animal genitals. In 2009, he and colleage Cosima Hotzy found that males with the longest spines fertilise the most eggs and father the most young. It wasn't clear why. Maybe they help him to anchor himself to the female, or scrape out rival sperm. Or perhaps the fact that the spines actually puncture the female is important. Regardless, long spines seemed to give males the edge in their sperm competitions.
But Hotzy and Arnqvist had only found a correlation, by comparing the penises of male seed beetles from around the world. To really test their ideas, they wanted to deliberately change the length of the spikes to see what effect that would have.
They did that in two ways: they artificially bred males for several generations to have either longer or short spines; and they shaved them with a laser. (This marks the second time I've written about scientists who have given a laser Brazilian to insects.) Both techniques produced males with differently sized spines, but similarly sized bodies.
The duo found that males with the shorter spines were indeed less likely to successfully fertilise the females. They also found clues as to why the males benefit from their long spines. Both short-spined and long-spined individuals mated with females for the same amount of time and ejaculated the same amount of sperm—that rules out the idea that the spines act as anchors for prolonging sex.
Instead, Hotzy and Arnqvist found that the spines puncture or erode the female's genital tract, allowing sperm to seep into her bloodstream. The duo labelled the sperm of their males with a mildly radioactive chemical so they could track its whereabouts in the female. They found that around 40 percent of the sperm ends up outside the female's reproductive tract, in other parts of her body. And the longer the penis spines, the greater the leakage.
Why does that help? The sperm obviously aren't going to be fertilising any eggs in the female's bloodstream. But seminal fluid contains more than sperm – it's also a cocktail of other behaviour-bending chemicals. Some make the female more receptive to mating; others seem to induce egg-laying. For the seed beetle, as with many other insects, ejaculation is an act of manipulation as well as fertilisation.
This explanation makes sense, but there are still gaps for Hotzy and Arnqvist to fill. Their females laid the same number of eggs whether they mated with long-spined or short-spined males, and were just as likely to mate again. So it's entirely reasonable that the substances in the male's sperm are affecting the female's behaviour, and that the spines send these substances into her blood more effectively, but we still don't know exactly what they do, or how the male benefits. It seems that Arnqvist isn't done with his terrifying beetles yet.
Reference: Hotzy, Polak, Ronn & Anqvist. 2012. Phenotypic Engineering Unveils the Function of Genital Morphology. Current Biology
Pictures by N.Kaval (top) and Johanna Ronn (below)
More on terrifying penises:
Comments (6)
 1. Brian Too
 If this isn't a penis Friday item, I don't know what is!
 2. Peryite
 That picture is terrifying. To think I usually consider beetles cute.
 3. Greg Smith
 Hmm, there's a character "Archimandrite Luseferous" in Iain Bank's 2004 novel "The Algebraist" who has had similar capabilities added via genetic modification. Creepy.
 4. "It seems that Arnqvist isn't done with his terrifying beetles yet."
 Seems like that ought to read, "It seems that Arnqvist isn't done terrifying his beetles yet."
 5. Entomologist
 It's not just "certain flies" – MANY insects can only be identified to species by the shape of the aedeagus (what we call a penis).
 6. Malcolm
 The duo found that males with the shorter spines were indeed less likely to successfully fertilise the females.<— could it because of the injuries sustained from the laser operation?
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Multi-Wall PP Paper Bag Making Machine
The complete machine consists 6 sections i.e. clothes stand, 3 color printing unit, pasting unit, forming unit, cutting unit, and delivery unit to integrate the production to produce all kinds of multiply PP tube bags for packing cement, fertilizer, sugar, flour, chemical, grain, etc.
- It is available to make 6-ply flat or gusset tubes.
- Pure paper bag, sandwich bag, single PP laminated cloth + paper bag are available.
- Cloth stand is equipped with auto. alignment tracer controller to detect the edge of the material precisely ensuring flat and neatly winding for finished product.
- The extruder performs durable sticky quality by the melting of plastic material (PP or PE)
- The printing unit uses water-based ink, the color registration is adjusted by front/back, left/right during the operation. To make different bag length needs to change gears and printing roller based on 0.5 inch.
- The conveyor stacker with auto. counting helps to stack the bags automatically on requested quantity for the convenience of transportation.


3.1 History of Written Tunisian
The history of Tunisian begins with the Roman conquest of Carthage in 146 BC. With the annexation of northern Africa into the Roman Empire came the introduction of Latin as the language of administration and learning. Classical Latin became the dominant written language in the region, though Vulgar Latin was the dominant language amongst the general population. The Crisis of the Third Century brought about a sudden decline in literacy in the region; it is from this era that we begin to see the first written traces of North African Latin in the form of misspellings in graffiti and occasional use of words of Berber origin. There is very little written evidence from the era of Vandal occupation in the fifth and early six centuries. When the Eastern Roman Empire reconquers the province in 533, Latin would presumably have returned to its former social status, though few texts seem to have survived.
The Arab conquest of Tunisia in 698 AD brought about significant changes to the region. Though Latin continued to be used in religious contexts and was widely used by the educated elite alongside Arabic in the region (particularly due to the sizable Christian population and persistant trade relations with Europe), knowledge of formal Latin amongst the lower classes was virtually nonexistant, and they would write in their own Romance vernacular using Arabic script. Thus, uniquely amongst the Romance languages, the first texts that are clearly written in Old Tunisian were written using the Arabic alphabet rather than the Roman one.
In the 12th century, Christian crusades had resulted in the establishment of several Christian city-states along the Tunisian coastline. Though governed by the Normans, Middle Tunisian was the language of daily life, and a deliberate effort to expunge traces of Muslim rule led to the re-emergence of Latin script. The spelling of this time was heavily influenced by Middle French. The unification of Tunisia under a Christian king in the 16th century began a new era of Middle Tunisian as a prestige language, and educated writers, usually being multilingual, introduced a number of French and Italian spelling conventions into the language.
Tunisian spelling was first codified formally in the early 18th century by L-Ucdimie Regale yt Tenès, the Royal Academy of Tunisia (then spelled Lu Acadimie Regale de Tenes), a standard heavily influenced by Latin and French pronunciations. In 1803, a major reform resulted in a new spelling system with a much closer correspondence to the spoken language, particularly with respect to vowels. A number of minor changes have taken place since then, but the modern orthography is essentially the same as the one created by the 1803 reform.
3.2 Modern Tunisian Alphabet
The modern Tunisian alphabet consists of 27 letters: A B C Ć Ç D E F G H Ħ I J L M N O P Q R S T U V Y Z Ź. Tunisian also makes use of a number of letters that are not part of the alphabet: Á, É, È, Í, Ó, Ú; these are considered variants of the basic letterform they derive from, so that a dictionary would include words beginning with both A and Á in the 'A' section.
3.3 Spelling and Orthographic Conventions
3.3.1 Representation of Vowels
Tunisian vowel representation is for the most part quite regular. The letters a, i, o, and u correspond to the short vowels /a i o u/. An acute accent marks a long vowel, so á, é, í, ó, and ú represent /aː eː iː oː uː/. However, given that the contrast between /a/ and /aː/ has been neutralized in non-word-final position in most dialects, the distribution of orthographic a and á is mostly historic and by and large must be memorized.
The representation of /e/ and /ə/ is more complicated. The acute form é always represents /eː/ (since there is no long schwa), while the graveaccent è marks short /e/ unambiguously. However, not all /e/ is spelled with è, meaning that e can represent both /e/ and /ə/. The following rules describe the vast majority of cases:
 1. /eː/ is represented with é.
 2. /e/ in a monosyllabic word or word-initially is spelled e.
 3. /e/ in all other circumstances is spelled è.
 4. /ə/ is spelled e.
Before /m n r l/, where the length contrast in vowels is neutralized, the use of acute accents is mostly historic and cannot be predicted: óm /oːm/ "person" and nóm /noːm/ "no", but dom /doːm/ "house" and com /koːm/ "like, as".
The letter y is more complicated. It can represent both /i/ and /ə/, although the latter is only found in clitics. Historically, the letter y represented a reduced vowel no longer present in Tunisian that eventually merged with /i/. This includes historical epenthetic vowels (ystle /ˈistlə/ "star" from Latin stēlla) or a former diphthong or vowel + /n/ sequence that collapsed in unstressed environments (pysá /piˈsaː/ "weigh" from Latin pensāre). This later evolved into its modern of indicating a 'mutating /i/', that is, an /i/ that is prone to mutating under certain morphosyntactic conditions (cf. l-ustle /ˈlustlə/ "the star", peis /ˈpejs/ "I weigh"). Consequently, modern Tunisian orthography has many instances of y that do not descend from this one-time reduced vowel, but appears in words where these same alternations appear, as in ysme /ˈismə/ "name" ~ l-usme /ˈlusmə/ "the name", in contrast to istat /ˈistat/ "summer" ~ l-istat /ˈlistat/ "the summer". Note that y always represents short /i/; there is no corresponding long vowel *ý glyph used in Tunisian. All non-mutating instances of /i(ː)/ are typically spelled with i and í.
In diphthongs, the glide /j/ is usually represented with i: ai ei oi ui ia ie io iu /aj ej oj uj ja je jo ju/; morpheme-finally, y may be used instead, as in tçay [ˈtʃaj] "tea". The glide /w/ is represented by o, except if the nucleus is /o/, in which case u is used: ao eo io ou oa oe oi uo /aw ew iw ow wa we wi wo/. The spellings io and oi are ambiguous.
An acute accent on a vowel located after another vowel serves as a diaeresis, indicating that the two vowels should be pronounced as separate syllables and not as a diphthong. It does not necessarily mean the acute vowel is long: /aji, ajiː/.
In many foreign loans, and especially in scientific or international vocabulary, the spelling of vowels may be far more conservative than the pronunciation, with the spelling more closely reflecting the foreign form. In such cases it is not possible to predict the pronunciation from the spelling alone: bióloggie /biˈjoːlgə/ "biology", telefone /təlˈfonə/ "telephone", gèneral /ˈʒeːndraːl/ "general (n.)".
3.3.2 Representation of Consonants
The following table summarizes the spelling of consonants sounds in regular environments.
Spelling Context Pronunciation Examples
b /b/ bivey /ˈbivej/ "to drink"
republicce /rəˈpublikə/ "republic"
promb /ˈproːm/ "lead"
c before e, é, è, i, í, y /s/ císer /ˈsiːseːr/ "caesar"
revoltciun /rəˈvolsjuːn/ "revolution"
pièce /ˈpjesə/ "coin"
everywhere else /k/ cude /ˈkudə/ "tail"
catracte /ˈkaːtraktə/ "waterfall"
dec /ˈdek/ "ten"
cc intervocalically, before e, é, è, i, í, y /k/ accé /aˈkeː/ "maple"
fremicce /frəˈmikə/ "ant"
iccest /ˈikəst/ "this"
ch word-initially or post-consonantally, before e, é, è, i, í, y /k/ chyntá /kinˈtaː/ "to sing"
ymche /ˈimkə/ "female friend"
musche /ˈmuskə/ "music"
ć /θ/ ćéatr /ˈθjaːtr/ "theater"
praće /ˈpraːθə/ "plaza"
oareć /ˈwaːrəθ/ "heir"
ç /�


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Pacific Cod is a relatively fast growing fish that can produce several hundred thousand eggs per year. It is commercially fished in two regions, the Gulf of Alaska and the Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands, and both populations have good abundance.
The main fishing methods for Pacific Cod are bottom trawl, pot, longline, and jig gear. Management in Alaska uses a series of catch limits, observer counts, closures, and permits to limit the overall ecosystem effects of the Pacific Cod fishery.
Concerns regarding seabird bycatch and food availability for Steller's sea lions have been addressed by recent management that has changed gear requirements to reduce seabird catch, and implemented a series of closures to protect critical sea lion habitat.
In January 2010, the Marine Stewardship Council certified all gear types in the Gulf of Alaska and the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands as sustainable fisheries.
This fish may have high levels of mercury that could pose a health risk to adults and children. More mercury info here.


Karma reasons for concrete message
 Posts: 7525
 - Darwins +1095/-6
Oh, and the sandstone thing. Gee, why do you think there isn't any of that same sandstone in South Dakota, Ohio or Mississippi? Or Alaska or California, or Maine, let alone Brazil or England or Japan. Why would it be localized? Why is there no sandstone whatsoever around where I live in Montana? A big flood would be, you know, big. Geologists have an explanation, but you find it inconvenient so you prefer making up stuff. That is your prerogative. Just don't expect to be impressive too.
Did you expect the sandstone to cover the earth? How big exactly is big enough for you? Edit: Obviously many other places have sedimentary rock too, what I used is an example, not a thorough discourse
And yes, there are also good reasons to doubt other dating methods, mostly with similar reasoning as c-14.
You don't get to have it both ways. You can't point out that something points to proof for you, and then dismiss it as irrelevant. In one part of that deposit, you can find some of the purest sandstone in the world, while in other parts, not so much. One big flood forming different kinds of sandstone in the same region at the same time? "sure, why not!" you say, and you suggest it as proof or at least evidence of a flood, then when it is pointed out that, as a localized phenomena it appears to be proof only of a localized geologic event (which is what I implied, though I was busier making fun of you), then you say "Golly gee, that was just an example. And there is other sandstone in the world, so that is more proof. And I feel no need whatsoever to explain the lack of consistency is the worldwide deposits of sandstone after implying that a really big flood formed sandstone, because, you know, my source hasn't made up an excuse yet either so I have to beg off."
So since you've already dismissed this argument, I won't ask questions like how come none of the sandstone around the world, often full of fossils, has no fossils of drowned sinners in it? It seems like all your creation scientists could jump in a mini-van, run out to a sandstone deposit anywhere they choose, and start digging out human corpses so lovingly zapped by your favorite deity. And that would go a long way towards proving once and for all that your favorite bedtime story for kiddies, the near total destruction of the earth, was true.
So while you are inconvenienced by the facts of the matter, you are still demanding that your one minute synopsis of the matter take precedence over the work of scientists who tell us that this particular sandstone formed over 400 million years ago, and it took millions of years to form. And the fact that this particular sandstone contains no large animal fossils whatsoever, and in fact contains very few fossils at all. Compared to many other sandstone deposits. But that's okay, because a large, churning, angry sea, blending the drowned biomass of an entire planet, can still carefully separate materials and drop them where you want. But then it goes to all that trouble and you dismiss the importance of differing deposits as "just an example". You aren't very appreciative, are you.
Of course you seemed to imply that you were leaving, but I noticed that you posted again on another thread this morning. Lacking a know-it-all attitude, I can't speak, like you do, with an inconsistent air of superiority, but I do hope that this morning's appearance means that you will respond with poor sarcasm to this post of mine, as you have so often done before.
Changed Change Reason Date
Anfauglir Damn good point about the fossils of sinners! September 16, 2013, 03:22:56 AM


Monday, June 18, 2007
PeopleCode Basics
Component Buffer:
Only search Record Fields are available, remaining which are not search key or Alternate Search keys are not available in this buffer.
All Field values of Level-0 record are available, whether all record fields are placed in a page or not.
Primary scroll record fields are available
Only fields of derived work record placed on a component are available. Remaining are not available.
Declared translate fields are available remaining not.
Component Processor:
PeopleTool runtime engine controls the processing of the application from the time the end user requests a component from an application menu through the time that the DB is updated and processing of the component is complete.
Application Processor:
The engine dictates when PeopleCode executes; take care of which event has to fire in which situation.
The Application Processor controls how PeopleSoft manages applications from initial data retrieval through updating the DB.
Through this process the Application Processor applies PeopleCode at specific times.
PeopleCode is PeopleSoft's own proprietary language, used to incorporate sophisticated business rules into PeopleSoft applications. The language is designed specifically to interact with Component Processor, giving the capability to enhance applications beyond the capability of the PeopleTools.
Using PeopleCode, we can accomplish virtually any editor or validation, in addition to a tremendous amount of online processing. PeoleCode gives the flexibility to set default values, set display characteristics of fields, dynamically derive values for pages, and update other tables based on sophisticated business rules.
We can also place PeopleCode on Application Message, Component Interface and Application Engine Program.
Accessing PeopleCode
PeopleCode programs are accessed using the Application Designer. PeopleSoft treats PeopleCode programs as an attribute of an object definition. PeopleCode may be placed on all of the following:
· Record filed
· Page
· Component (at the component, record, and record field level)
· Menu item (for pop-up menus only)
· Component interface
· Message and Message Channel
· Application Engine
There are 2 ways to access PeopleCode programs by drilling down in the Project Workspace.
1. Existing PeopleCode programs are displayed beneath their associated record field with a lightning bolt icon. Double-click one of these items in the project to display the corresponding PeopleCode program.
2. Right-click a record, field, or PeopleCode event and select view PeopleCode from the popup menu. This displays the corresponding program, or the first encountered, if more than one applies.
PeopleCode is case-insensitive, except for quoted literals.
Referencing Fields in PeopleCode:
PeopleCode programs can refer to any field on any record definition. However, for the program to work, all of the fields referenced must be in the component buffer on the application server while the program is being performed. This is controlled by a process called Buffer allocation.
There are 3 methods of referencing to a field when entering PeopleCode. Regardless of the method used, in PeopleTools 8.4, all fields in a program must be fully qualified. That is, they must reference a specific record in the format RecordName.FieldName.
We can use a shortcut to refer to the field on the current record, instead of typing the entire field name, use the caret (^) character. When the editor formats your PeopleCode, it will replace the caret with the appropriate field name.
Referencing a field Meaning
^ The field is on the current record definition.
FieldName The field is on the current record definition.
RecoreName.FieldName The field is on the different record definition.
As in all types of program code, commenting can prove useful and imformative in PeopleCode. There are 2 different ways to insert comments in PeopleCode.
Remark ;
/* */
Fieldsname = |&||;
&variable = |&||;
If condition Then
PeopleCode applies NOT first, then AND, then OR.
The ERROR & WARNING statements
Error statements display a message to the user, informing him or her of invalid data. Processing stops until the user corrects the data and passes the error test.
Syntax: Error('');
Warning statements displays a message to the user, informing him or her of data that may be invalid. Unlike Error, warning allows processing to continue.
Syntax: Warning('');
The EVALUATE statement
There may be times when we need to analyze the different values of a field. Based on these different values, we many need the system to perform more complex logic. Many nested If statements could be used to accomplish this processing, but the code could become quite messy. A single Evaluate statement can check all possible values of a field.
An Evaluate statement is a more straightforward approach than having a series of If Statements. The syntax for an Evaluate statement is as follows:
When =
When =
When =
An Evaluate statement can have unlimited When clauses.
Evaluate field
When = 1
When = 2
When = 3
Multiple When clauses with no code between them act as an implied Boolean OR. Otherwise no Boolean logic used in a When clause.
The BREAK Statement
In an Evaluate statement, PeopleCode always examines each When clause, even after a match is found. If the values in the different When clauses can never be true at the same time, processing time can be saved by jumping out of the Evaluate statement; to the next PropleCode statement when a match is found. This can be accomplished with a Break statement.
Evaluate field
When = "1"
When = "2"
When = "3"
1. Every PeopleCode program is associated with an Application Designer component and with an event.
2. PeopleCode programs are input or modified in the PeopleCode Editor.
3. PeopleCode is not case-sensitive, except for quoted literals
4. The '^' caret character can be used to refer to the current field in a PeopleCode program.
5. To comment PeopleCode, the /*..*/ or the REMARK (or REM) statement can be used
6. The Evaluate statement allows to check for all possible values in a field
7. Each Evaluate must have a corresponding End-Evaluate.
8. The Break statement takes you immediately out of an Evaluate or looping statement.
The Component Processor
The Component Processor controls how PeopleSoft manages applications from initial data retrieval through updating the database. Throughout the process, the Component Processor applies PeopleCode at specific times.
Reset State and the Search Record
After logging on to the application (or exiting a component), application data is cleared from the buffer. This is called reset state. When the user selects a component from the portal menu, the Component Processor displays an Add or Search page. The Component Processor uses the entered or selected search criteria to identify what data to retrieve.
After the Search
At this point, the Component Processor can retrieve all the data needed for the entire component. It knows which tables to get data from based on the record definitions in the component. It also knows which rows of data to retrieve based on the search key selected. All the rows from the tables used in the component where the search key matches the search key entered in the search process will be selected.
Once all the data is selected, the Component Processor needs to allocate buffer space to hold the application data temporarily on the WebServer while the component in use. The amount of data allocated is determined by the rules of buffer allocation. After the Component Processor has allocated buffer space and loaded the appropriate data, it applies any record defaults, displays the component to the user, and waits for an action.
Field Action Events
The user may then decide to change one of the values of a field. In edit boxes and long edit boxes, a field is considered to be changed when we exit the box and the value is different from when the field was entered. Check box and radio buttons will record a change immediately. Drop-down lists are considered changed immediately when you select a different value.
After each field is changed, the Component Processor does some standard edits, such as formatting and checking against prompt tables. If the contents of the field don't pass the standard system edits, the Component Processor displays the page with an error or warning message and turns the field red. Until the error is corrected, the Component Processor will not let the changes be saved. If the contents of the field pass the standard system edits, the Component Processor accepts the change into the buffers and displays the page again.
Row Action Events
Scroll areas are used to move through rows of data online. Rows of data within a scroll area can either be added using a Row Insert or deleted using a Row Delete. The Component Processor adds or removes a row of data, then displays the page again and waits for another use action.
Save Action Events
A Component will be saved when the user clicks the Save Button
After the component is saved, the component issues the appropriate SQL updates to the database, after which a SQL Commit command is performed to finalize the changes. The Component Processor then evaluates whether it needs to display a new component. If the user has not requested a new component, the Component Processor displays the page and waits for another user action.
Pop-up Menu
If the end user clicks the pop-up icon next to a field a pop-up menu appears. This can be a default pop-up menu or one that has been defined by the developer. If the user clicks the Related Links button in the component toolbar, the pop-up menu for the page displays. PeopleCode may be placed on pop-up menus. The ItemSelected event is triggered when the user chooses a menu item from a pop-up menu.
PeopleCode and the Component Processor Flow
Every PeopleCode program is associated with one object and one PeopleCode event. PeopleCode events fire at particular times and particular sequences during the course of the Component Processors flow of execution. When an event fires, it triggers PeopleCode programs on specific objects.
Whenever we are coding PeopleCode to enforce a business rule governing your data, you will need to


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بررسی مطالعات انجام شده بر روی پروژه های مشارکت عمومی ـ خصوصی در صنعت ساخت و ساز
|کد مقاله||سال انتشار||مقاله انگلیسی||ترجمه فارسی||تعداد کلمات|
|3531||2010||12 صفحه PDF||سفارش دهید||6500 کلمه|
Publisher : Elsevier - Science Direct (الزویر - ساینس دایرکت)
Journal : International Journal of Project Management, Volume 28, Issue 7, October 2010, Pages 683–694
Public–Private Partnership (PPP) in construction is gaining in popularity. Although papers published in major journals have documented real cases of PPP projects, there appears to be a lack of systematically summarizing what they have already provided. Consequently, this paper reviewed PPP studies published in the six top journals in the construction field. The objectives are to compare and contrast the findings of the studies so as to provide insights for directing further PPP research and improving the existing practices of PPP projects. To achieve the review objectives, studies were first classified as either empirical or non-empirical. Empirical studies were further grouped under three themes: risks, relationships, and financing. Non-empirical studies were grouped under five themes: financing, project success factors, risks, and concession period. Suggestions for further research are risks, financing, contractual agreements, development of PPP models, concession periods, and strategies in choosing the right type of PPP.
Public–Private Partnership (PPP) projects have caught researchers' attention since this kind of project was introduced in the construction industry. Many researchers have attempted to improve the operation of PPP projects by identifying key aspects of these projects (e.g. Erridge and Greer, 2002, Grimsey and Lewis, 2002 and Li et al., 2005b). Though the PPP approach was widely implemented in the late 1990s, private investment in public infrastructure can be traced back to the 18th century in European countries. A notable example is the concession contract that supplied drinking water to Paris. In the 19th century, further similar cases were added from not only the European community (e.g., the Suez Canal and Trans-Siberian Railway, as well as canals, turnpikes, and railroads in Europe) but also their American and Asian counterparts (e.g., United States, China, and Japan) (Kumaraswamy and Morris, 2002). Since 1997, the PPP approach has been heavily utilized in England (Winch, 2000). Specifically, private companies have so far been involved in facilities development, including designing, financing, construction, ownership, and/or operation of a public sector utility or service (Akintoye et al., 2003a and Akintoye et al., 2003b). In China, on the other hand, it is foreign firms or international financial institutions rather than domestic institutions that have been involved in PPP projects (Luo et al., 2001). For example, the most successful PPP project in China perhaps is Laibin B power station in Guangxi in 1997. In fact, there are many forms of PPP, which include the outright privatization of previously state-owned industries (Ng, 2000) and contracting out of services (Efficiency Unit, 2005a). The latter includes services to be performed by private firms, such as refuse collection and cleaning and the use of private finance in the provision of social infrastructure (Li and Akintoye, 2003, Sindane, 2000 and Tanninen-Ahonen, 2000). In addition to lessons learned from case studies (James et al., 2005), researchers have suggested the advantages of various aspects of PPPs, which include: • Enhanced partnership between the public sector and the private sector (e.g. Erridge and Greer, 2002, Ysa, 2007, Zhang and Kumaraswamy, 2001a, Zhang et al., 2002, Zhang, 2004a and Zhang, 2004b). • Better risk management (e.g. Grimsey and Lewis, 2002 and Li et al., 2005a; Shen et al., 2006). • Clearer government policies (e.g. Ball and Maginn, 2005 and Hart, 2003). • Revealed critical success factors (e.g. Li et al., 2005b). • Improved maturation of contract (e.g. Ho, 2006 and Tranfield et al., 2005). • More appropriate financial analysis (e.g. Akintoye et al., 2003a, Akintoye et al., 2003b, Norwood and Mansfield, 1999, Huang and Chou, 2006 and Saunders, 1998). Despite the fact that studies focused on PPP in construction have been increasing, to date there appears to be a lack of attention paid to the need for summarizing what has already been presented in the literature. In addition, a critical review of the existing literature may improve our understanding of the PPP's advantages and disadvantages. As Li et al. (2000) suggested, "rather than arguing for a particular viewpoint, it would be more beneficial to investigate systematically what we do know and how we can proceed to learn more". Therefore, a systematic review of relevant PPP studies is undertaken in this paper. In particular, two research objectives have been derived: (1) To compare and contrast the findings of the studies by use of a structure set for this paper. This structure is built up by empirical and non-empirical studies. (2) To provide insights for directing further PPP research. By conducting more research, the existing practices of PPPs can be improved. The paper starts with a description of the background of the PPP, including its definitions and various forms. The review methodology is then described, including a classification system made for categorizing the retrieved studies. The findings section presents the comparison of results, followed by the discussion section, in which suggestions for further investigation will be given. The final section concludes and summarizes the present research.
نتیجه گیری انگلیسی
The review undertaken in this paper covers popular research topics in the PPP area. In empirical studies, three specific characteristics of PPP – risks, relationships, and financing – have been mainly studied. Research has been carried out on identifying risk categories, analyzing risk factors and formulating risk strategies. Factors affecting relationships between the public sector and the private sector have also been identified based on win–win situations. Financial sources and the way to achieve best value for money are important for the private sector. In non-empirical studies, research has been conducted on such aspects as financing, project success, risks, and concession periods. Models and simulation methods have been used to value factors for success in these four aspects. Moreover, insights have been provided to offer further research directions for PPP in construction. By conducting extra research, more effective ways can be developed to manage the relationship between the public sector and the private sector. In the past decade or so, great changes have happened in the construction industry because of PPP practices, especially to urban development and city building. It is expected that changes will continue to evolve in the future when more research has been undertaken and new findings have been reported.


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We are here to learn How to Create Child Theme in WordPress, A child theme is derived from Parrent theme of WordPress which inherits all the functionality, features, style and other parts of the parent theme. A child theme is the best and safe way of update/modifying a WordPress theme without touching parent. to understand the How child theme worked and how to create a child theme from the parent theme.
What is a Parent Theme?
A parent theme is a complete WordPress theme which consists of all files excluding child themes is know as a parent theme.
What is child theme and Why use a child theme?
a child theme is inherited from parent theme which looks exactly the same as parent theme which helps to override the changes of parent theme without any effect on parent theme. using child theme let you allow any upgrade of parent theme without any loss of any customization which takes place into a child theme.
Child theme May Use for The Following Reasons
- Allow customization through child theme files
- It helps to update the parent theme without loss of any changes into a child theme
- Safe and best way to customization any part of a theme
- The best way to know how to develop a custom theme into WordPress
Complete Guide How to Create Child Theme in WordPress
Follow these steps to create a child theme from a parent theme.
Step 1: First create a new folder into WordPress themes directory wp-content/themes/twentyfifteen-child
Note: I am making a child theme for twentyfifteen, you can do for themes accordingly, the best practice is to add a hyphen(-and child) into existing theme name.
Step 2: Create style.css into a child theme directory and import the parent style sheet by import function
Theme Name: Twenty Fifteen Child
Theme URI: _URL_
Description: Twenty Fifteen Child
Author: Hozaifa Sheikh
Author URI: Twenty Fifteen Child
License: GNU General Public License v2 or later
Text Domain: twentyfifteen-child
Step 3: Now go to your WordPress admin panel and activate the child theme
Step 4: congratulation you have successfully created a child theme from twentyfifteen.


Here is a spreadsheet with the raw data from the 2010 league tables. Please see the copyright notice included in the file for permissions: use this data at your own risk, and if you publish anything based on it, we ask you to attribute the source. The data is in a single table, allowing you to do your own summaries. Each row in the table has the following:
 - The composer name
 - The composer's date of birth
 - The start of the decade of the composer's year of birth
 - The period as classified in the Bachtrack database
 - The country in which the concert took place (so you can do Germany-only if you want)
 - The "detail id", which is simply a unique identifier for each row
 - The "event id", which is a unique identifier for the concert
If you're feeling particularly strong, the combination of detail and event ids will allow you to analyse how different works are clustered together in the same concert. For example, you could answer questions of the form "which is the work most commonly paired with Beethoven's Symphony no. 7" or "how many concerts contain one modern work in a programme otherwise composed entirely of romantic music".
Happy data hacking...


1st grade math games
1st Grade
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2nd Grade
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3rd Grade
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4th Grade
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Fun Skill Games
Fun Games for Kids
Fraction Forest is a game of exploration. Part of the fun is figuring out what to do.
On Level 1, the sign contains a recipe with the fraction of chocolate needed. How can you use the cutting tool to cut the chocolate bar and make that fraction?
On many of the levels, the forest animal is thinking about the fraction it needs. Your job is to make the right size pieces and give them to the animal. TIP: To finish most levels, select the final fraction piece. Then select the animal or object that is asking for the fraction.
Want more practice more problems like this? Try Fraction Forest Playground.
Need a simpler challenge? Try Fargo and Denny Part 1.
Fargo and Denny Part 2 - Learning Connections
Essential Skills
Mental Math - solve fraction puzzles visually
Common Core Connections
Fraction 1/b is formed by 1 part when a whole is partitioned into b equal parts.
Fraction a/b is formed by a parts of size 1/b.
Understand a fraction as a number on the number line.
Represent the fractions 1/b and a/b on a number line.
More Math Games to Play
Math Playground


On leverage, best times to trade
by: Colibri Trader
How to define a trend, enter trades, leverage and the best times to trade… The idea of trading due to a sudden change of mind and notion might seem intriguing but in reality it is increasingly onerous as compared to someone who has conventional way to perceive markets in a systematic way. The key rule for trading and investing is to deal with information in a calculated and tactical way.
While building a strategy the trader needs to have a look at basic areas of trade; there are indeed various ways of doing so. This article will give an account on them.
successful trading
The first step is decision making, a trader needs to plan which sort of market condition they are searching to take advantage of. The market displays three general conditions:
 1. Trend (Uptrend or Downtrend)
 2. Range
 3. Breakout
Trend vs RangeThe above mentioned market conditions exhibit noticeable different hues, for instance, ranges. Ranges normally occur during quiet markets but as soon as the price breaks out usually in the shape of stimuli or in the form of news the support and/or resistance that denote the ranges are broken.
Breakouts are rapid and unrestrained, jumping swiftly to a traders stop or limit. They are fraught (very volatile) and because of this in terms of money and risk management strategies must be build otherwise as compared to range or trend techniques.
The next step after speculating which market condition a trader is building a strategy for is forming a decision on timeframes. The decision will help them in surveying and accomplishing their trade in a specific holding time.
A trader can use two kinds of charts in the case of time-frames:
 1. Long-term charts: to compute the general trends that may occur in a currency pair (or another security).
 2. Short-term chart: to get a more detailed view as they enter the trade
types of traders
successful trading
How to enter the trades? This is the next step in forming a strategy. As ranges are generally represented by support and resistance, by defining breakouts, traders can somewhat assist themselves with risk management in trend-based strategies.
This can often aid the trader by allowing various techniques for ensuring which of these levels are suitable and relevant
Entering the Trade
Moving forward, the next step is finding a way to rank the strength of price moves; this must be done after the trader has decided the peculiarity of support and resistance that is required in the strategy. Depending on how strong a trend has been, the following things should be taken into account:
Successful Trading
Market Conditions
Risk Management
For sustaining a trading approach, traders consider risk management as the most important part of their trading plan. In other words, this is how a trader manages the risk.
An experiment was conducted in an effort to find what had worked the best and how traders could work on attaining those results. In the experiment the results from actual traders on over 12 million trades were inspected.
It was observed that the winning percentage was greater than 50% which concluded that even if many traders may win more often than they lose their success or failure in the markets was predicted by the amount of gains and losses. Furthermore, usage of risk-to-reward ratios were also taken into consideration, in which the trader is said to make more if they are correct than they could lose if they are wrong. Below the picture illustrates the reward ratio.
Risk to Reward Ratio
-fourth and final installment of a successful trade,
generally provides very discerning information. Our investigation on this concept concluded:
At the bottom of the graph we can see lower level of leverage. The traders with larger balances between $5,000 and $9,999 used them resulting into greater profitability.
There is a huge divergence between traders using normal 5:1 leverage ratio and traders using 26:1 leverage ratio. Those who used the former one were in profit 78% more than those who used the later one. Traders using leverage of 5:1 gained profit 37.37% of the time, on the other hand traders with balances below $1000 made only 20.91% of the profit while using 26:1 leverage.
Conclusion: for making more profit, an effective leverage of 10-to-1 or less should be used by the traders
When to Execute Your Strategy
Many of the areas that traders would want to keep in mind while building their strategies have already been covered. Here comes the most important point, when to utilise the strategy that we have created?
Key factor of FX market that separates it from the rest is that it never closes.
Even though the market is open around the clock, based on time of the day and where the liquidity is being offered from, price action usually takes on markedly various hues.
Let's take Asian (Tokyo) session as an example. It offers slower price action with stronger help to support and resistance and the potential for big moves are seemingly lower. Due to this fact, traders who want to apply range-based techniques are better served in Asian session if they focus on their entries.
FX HeartThe "heart" of FX market according to some traders is when the liquidity starts to flow in from London at 3AM ET (8 AM GMT). London being the hub of trading, allows few advantages. Firstly, it allows bringing in a high volume of activity in the market and secondly right after the opening enormous moves can be seen on the major currency pairs (and also other securities). The support and resistance can be broken easily here because of the onrush of liquidity coming from London – a cautious point for the traders who were formerly using range strategies in Asian session. A plus point for the traders who are using the breakout strategy is that they can profit by the swift and volatile markets they are searching for after the London open.
More activity can be witnessed into the FX market as the US opens for business at 8AM. The most extensive period of the day in FX market is the overlap period. It is the time when both London and New York market centers are in business. Ample quick moves, high volatility, as the capacity for turnaround can decry even the toughest range strategies.
US session changes a little after London closes for the day. Normal hourly moves are decreased, the price moves are diminished. Slow price moves underlined by a greater degree of respect for formerly described support and resistance levels are an imitation to Asian session. In the chart below, the different trading sessions have been marked for your ease.
trading sessions
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1. Health 360°
 2. Mental health
 3. Stress and anxiety
Flo Fact-Checking Standards
Gephyrophobia: How to Cope with a Fear of Bridges
Crossing a bridge may seem easy for some people, but for those affected by gephyrophobia, or a phobia of bridges, this fear can be very real. If you get scared driving over water or have a fear of bridges, read on for information about how to cope with gephyrophobia.
A phobia is an irrational or overwhelming fear of a particular object. Different phobias are given different names to make a diagnosis and find ways to treat that particular fear. Gephyrophobia is a fear of crossing bridges.
There are a few things that contribute to a phobia of bridges. The person may be afraid of driving off the bridge or that a gust of wind will sweep them off. Others with a bridge phobia may be afraid of the bridge collapsing. When an incident like this appears in the news, it can reinforce that fear and cause the person to justify their fear of driving over bridges and overpasses.
One of the more obvious signs of a bridge phobia is avoiding crossing a bridge. People with this condition may choose a daily commute that goes around a bridge or refuse to travel across bridges when vacationing.
If they have to cross a bridge, the person with gephyrophobia may experience symptoms of anxiety, such as shortness of breath, tightly gripping the steering wheel, racing heartbeat, heart palpitations, and crying.
Gephyrophobia may be an isolated phobia or part of a cluster of anxiety-related conditions. People who have generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) or who experience panic attacks may have gephyrophobia in addition to other phobias.
One way that some cities help people with a fear of crossing bridges is by having a government employee drive the person's car across a bridge once a year. Transit authorities in New York, Maryland, and Michigan offer this service in certain cities. Demonstrating the safety of crossing a bridge, especially in the person's own car, may help reduce some of their anxiety. However, finding a cure for a fear of driving over bridges may be more complex.
Because many phobias are linked to generalized anxiety, treating the underlying cause of the phobia may be the best first step in managing it. Some phobias can lead to mood disorders, substance abuse, and feelings of helplessness.
Other ways to manage a phobia can include learning stress management techniques. Daily meditation can reduce your overall stress levels, allowing you to center your mind to find peace. Many people who regularly meditate find that they can direct their minds to this peaceful state when under stress, helping them control the fear and work through the situation.
Regular exercise and a good night's sleep also help reduce overall stress levels and may make it easier for you to talk yourself through your bridge phobia when you're frightened. Exercise helps regulate your mood and decreases stress while also boosting the production of dopamine, the hormone responsible for lifting your mood. Sleep is essential for your health. If you're overtired, it can be harder to manage your anxiety and phobia.
If gephyrophobia is taking over your everyday life — for example, if you're going out of your way to avoid driving over bridges or you can't visit friends because you have to cross a bridge to get there — then seeking professional treatment can help. If this phobia is associated with GAD or other phobias, then treating the entire cluster can have a significant effect on your overall mental health.
Some phobias can lead to phobophobia, a fear of your phobia. This "fear of fear" can trickle into your everyday life, even when you aren't crossing bridges. Worrying about having a panic attack can affect how you feel in general. Prolonged anxiety can have adverse effects on your mental and physical health.
Some people with gephyrophobia benefit from anxiety-reducing medication. Others benefit from cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). CBT focuses on discovering troublesome thought patterns that lead to the phobia and providing conscious cues to redirect thoughts in a healthier way.
If your phobia is causing you problems outside the physical act of crossing a bridge, then speak with a professional counselor or your health care provider.
Although others might not experience the phobia, it is very serious to the person affected by it. Gephyrophobia is a very real medical condition and may be linked to other types of anxiety disorders. If you feel nervous crossing bridges, especially if it's causing you stress in your daily life, there are treatment options available for you in a safe, nonjudgmental environment.
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"bosh" Definition
 1. nonsense, stupidity.—_Gipsy_ and _Persian_. Also pure _Turkish_, BOSH LAKERDI, empty talk. The term was used in this country as early as 1760, and may be found in the _Student_, vol. ii. p. 217. It has been suggested, with what reason the reader must judge for himself, that this colloquial expression is from the _German_ BOSH, or BOSSCH, answering to our word "swipes."
 2. a fiddle. This is a _Gipsy_ term, and so the exclamations "Bosh!" and "Fiddle-de-dee!" may have some remote connexion.
More About bosh
Position in the dictionary: 299 of 4022 slang words.
Next words in the dictionary: bosh-faker, bosky, bosman, boss-eyed, bostruchyzer, botany bay, bother, botheration!, bottle-holder, bottom
Previous words in the dictionary: bos-ken, bore, boozy, boozing-ken, booze, boon-companion, boom-passenger, boom, books, bookmaker's pocket
The Slang Dictionary's Entry for bosh
Read The Slang Dictionary's historical definition of the slang word "bosh" on this page. Also learn other useful information about "bosh", including the position in the dictionary and the next and previous terms to be discovered.


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Have you ever wondered what it looks like when an oven transforms the dough you mixed into flavorful and tasty muffins?
This process is possible thanks to the heat of the oven that gets transferred to the dough and makes it rise and solidify. Heat transfer is an essential process of many real-world applications. It does not necessarily imply that something gets warmer. In fact, heat transfer is essential to remove excessive heat and control temperatures, for example, when cooling down your electronics to avoid overheating and get the best performance.
The heat gets transferred from one system to another, making things heat up or cool down.
In this lesson we will discover what heat transfer is and how it is applied in real-world application.
Here are the accompanying handout slides for the lesson.