text:
Meet our Communications and Public Information Director
City of Oak Park
14000 Oak Park Blvd.
Oak Park, MI 48237
Boards and Commissions:
Communications & Public Information
The central mission of the Communications and Public Information Department is to serve as an effective communication and engagement conduit between the City of Oak Park and its community members, including residents, the business community, community stakeholders, and the media. The department creates a streamlined process that opens and invites lines of communication and interaction through the creation, development, implementation, and evaluation of communication initiatives. Department objectives include:
- Strengthening the City's brand;
- Effectively managing and maximizing the quality of the City's existing communications;
- Increasing engagement, support, and participation in City initiatives, programs, services, and activities;
- Helping the City earn favorable and supportive media coverage; and
- Helping the City earn exceptional customer service ratings in providing communication support.
The Communications and Public Information Department maximizes opportunities to:
- Inform and educate the public – Gain awareness, interest, and knowledge of the City's programs, activities, and services through the efficient dissemination of information that is accurate, relevant, easy to understand, appealing, timely, and appropriate. The ultimate goal is to foster an informed, supportive, and knowledgeable public.
- Encourage engagement and participation – Seek to open dialogue, create communication networks, and build relationships with the community. The ultimate goal is to create greater involvement and improved two-way communication between the City and its constituency that not only builds more support for government policy, process, and initiatives, but builds more supportive service to the community at large.
- Mobilize resources – Increase participation, volunteerism, sponsorship, and support through individuals and businesses that wish to become more active in the City's initiatives, economic development, boards and commissions, events, activities, and sponsorships.
The Communications and Public Information Department uses communication tools, opens networks, and builds relationships through five, community engagement channels:
- Print, Production, and Publication – Produces and disseminates print materials such as the City's annual report, calendar, newsletter, flyers, Community Resource Guide, and Resident Handbooks.
- Online Production – Manages, builds, and promotes the City's web content, online communications, social media communities, and marquee announcements.
- Media Relations – Builds relationships with the media, serves as frontline triage for media inquiries and crisis communications, and disseminates press materials.
- Community Relations – Actively participates in the planning, promotion, and implementation of City initiatives, programs, services, and events.


_TAG_ scribble/doc @(require "base.ss") _USER_[#:tag "persistent-struct"]{Persistent structures} @(declare-exporting (planet untyped/snooze/snooze)) _USER_{era} A _USER_{persistent structure} is a PLT structure that Snooze can save to a database. Snooze attaches _USER_{entity metadata} to each persistent struct type via a property called _USER_[prop:entity]. The metadata serves two purposes: _USER_{ _USER_{it tells Snooze how to serialize and deserialize structs of that type;} _USER_{_USER_{queries}it indirectly allows the programmer to refer to the entity in queries.}} A persistent structure type with _USER_{n} fields is mapped to a database table with _USER_{n+2} columns: an integer _USER_[id] which acts as a primary key for table, an integer _USER_[revision] number which helps prevent against concurrent writes in multi-threaded applications, and a column for each attribute in the type definition. _USER_[ids] and _USER_[revisions] are automatically allocated by Snooze and should not normally be updated by application code: the lifecycle of these fields is described in _USER_{save+delete}. _USER_-section{define-persistent-struct.scrbl} _USER_-section{id-revision.scrbl}


text:
Creating Indexes (Database Engine)
This topic describes major index creation tasks and provides implementation and performance guidelines to consider before you create an index.
The following tasks make up our recommended strategy for creating indexes:
Design the index.
Index design is a critical task. Index design includes determining which columns to use, selecting the index type (for example, clustered or nonclustered), selecting appropriate index options, and determining filegroup or partition scheme placement. For more information, see Designing Indexes.
Determine the best creation method. Indexes are created in the following ways:
By defining a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE constraint on a column by using CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE
The SQL Server Database Engine automatically creates a unique index to enforce the uniqueness requirements of a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE constraint. By default, a unique clustered index is created to enforce a PRIMARY KEY constraint, unless a clustered index already exists on the table, or you specify a unique nonclustered index. By default, a unique nonclustered index is created to enforce a UNIQUE constraint unless a unique clustered index is explicitly specified and a clustered index on the table does not exist.
Index options and index location, filegroup or partition scheme, can also be specified.
By creating an index independent of a constraint by using the CREATE INDEX statement, or New Index dialog box in SQL Server Management Studio Object Explorer
You must specify the name of the index, table, and columns to which the index applies. Index options and index location, filegroup or partition scheme, can also be specified. By default, a nonclustered, nonunique index is created if the clustered or unique options are not specified. To create a filtered index, use the optional WHERE clause. For more information, see Filtered Index Design Guidelines.
Create the index.
Whether the index will be created on an empty table or one that contains data is an important factor to consider. Creating an index on an empty table has no performance implications at the time the index is created; however, performance will be affected when data is added to the table.
Creating indexes on large tables should be planned carefully so database performance is not hindered. The preferred way to create indexes on large tables is to start with the clustered index and then build any nonclustered indexes. Consider setting the ONLINE option to ON when you create indexes on existing tables. When set to ON, long-term table locks are not held enabling queries or updates to the underlying table to continue. For more information, see Performing Index Operations Online.
The following table lists the maximum values that apply to clustered, nonclustered, spatial, filtered, and XML indexes. Unless specified, the limitations apply to all index types.
Maximum index limits
Clustered indexes per table
Nonclustered indexes per table
Includes nonclustered indexes created by PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE constraints, and filtered indexes, but not XML indexes.
XML indexes per table
Includes primary and secondary XML indexes on xml data type columns.
Spatial indexes per table
Number of key columns per index
Clustered index is limited to 15 columns if the table also contains a primary XML index or any spatial indexes.
Index key record size
Does not apply to XML indexes or spatial indexes.
For a table to support spatial indexes, the maximum index key record size is 895 bytes.
*You can avoid index key column and record size limitations of nonclustered indexes by including nonkey columns in the index. For more information, see Index with Included Columns.
Generally, any column in a table or view can be indexed. The following table lists data types that have restricted index participation.
CLR user-defined type
Can be indexed if the type supports binary ordering.
Large object (LOB) data types: image, ntext, text, varchar(max), nvarchar(max), varbinary(max), and xml
Cannot be an index key column. However, an XML column can be a key column in a primary or secondary XML index on a table.
Can participate as nonkey (included) columns in a nonclustered index except for image, ntext, and text.
Can participate if part of a computed column expression.
Can be indexed. This includes computed columns defined as method invocations of a CLR user-defined type column, as long as the methods are marked deterministic.
Computed columns derived from LOB data types can be indexed either as a key or nonkey column as long as the computed column data type is allowed as an index key column or nonkey column.
Varchar columns pushed off-row
The index key of a clustered index cannot contain varchar columns that have existing data in the ROW_OVERFLOW_DATA allocation unit. If a clustered index is created on a varchar column and the existing data is in the IN_ROW_DATA allocation unit, subsequent insert or update actions on the column that would push the data off-row will fail.
Can be indexed with multiple spatial indexes.
The following are some additional considerations for creating an index:
You can create an index, if you have CONTROL or ALTER permission on the table.
When created, the index is automatically enabled and available for use. You can remove access to an index by disabling it. For more information, see Disabling Indexes.
The amount of disk space required to store the index depends on the following factors:
The size of each data row in the table and the number of rows per page. This determines the number of data pages that must be read from disk to create the index.
The columns in the index and the data types used. This determines the number of index pages that have to be written to disk. For more information, see Estimating the Size of a Clustered Index and Estimating the Size of a Nonclustered Index.
Temporary disk space required during the index creation process. For more information, see Determining Index Disk Space Requirements.
The time taken to physically create an index is largely dependent on the disk subsystem. Important factors to consider are the following:
The recovery model of the database. The bulk-logged recovery model provides greater performance and reduced log-space consumption during the index creation operation than full recovery. However, bulk-logged recovery reduces the flexibility for point-in-time recovery. For more information, see Choosing a Recovery Model for Index Operations.
The RAID (redundant array of independent disks) level used to store the database and transaction log files. Generally, RAID levels that use striping will have better I/O bandwidth.
Number of disks in the disk array, if RAID was used. More drives in the array increases data transfer rates proportionally.
Where the intermediate sort runs of the data is stored. Using the SORT_IN_TEMPDB option can reduce the time that is required to create an index when tempdb is on a different set of disks than the user database. For more information, see tempdb and Index Creation.
Creating the index offline or online.
When an index is created offline (the default), exclusive locks are held on the underlying table until the transaction creating the index has completed. The table is inaccessible to users while the index is being created.
Except for XML and spatial indexes, you can specify that the index be created online. When the online option is set to ON, long-term table locks are not held, enabling queries or updates to the underlying table to continue while the index is being created. Although we recommend online index operations, you should evaluate your environment and specific requirements. It may be better to run index operations offline. In doing this, users have restricted access the data during the operation, but the operation finishes faster and uses fewer resources. For more information, see Performing Index Operations Online.
To create a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE constraint when you create a table
To create a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE constraint on an existing table
To create an index

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained.
A spring of naturally hot water.
well headView synonyms
- 'There are worse things one can do than lie about in alpine thermal springs all day in the sunshine, getting the knots worked out of your spine by expert Japanese masseuses.'
- 'The healing power of water has been known since antiquity, and in Valais tourists can recover their lost energy and get back in shape in thermal springs or health spa centres.'
- 'The Gaulish tribe of the Tarbelli established a settlement on this low alluvial terrace on the left bank of the Adour river, but it was the Roman passion for thermal springs that ensured its prosperity from the first century BC onwards.'
- 'While Antigua boasts 365 beaches, Dominica claims a river for every day of the year, as well as umpteen waterfalls, freshwater pools, thermal springs, brilliantly plumed birds and 1,000 species of flowers.'
- 'It boasts thermal springs, uncrowded beaches and, in early summer, a riot of crimson-blossomed pohutukawa trees.'
- 'Yes, the waters from the thermal springs that feed the town's impressive fountains and the blissful spa really must have magical powers.'
- 'There are geysers here, and hot mud pools, and thermal springs, and steam coming from rocks in the centre of the city park, and oh, so much more.'
- 'The town, which was a famous spa with thermal springs, was on the Adour River, about 80 km north of the Pyrenees and the border with Spain.'
- 'The region is known for its radioactive thermal springs, gibber plains, fossils and extinct lakes, which are considered to have 'astrobiological significance'.'
- 'Since the first European settlement of Rotorua by Christian missionaries in 1835, the lakeshore's hot pools and thermal springs have attracted visitors.'
- 'At the south end of the island, you can visit hot thermal springs, walk on paths around peaceful ponds or relax in front of tiered water cascades.'
- 'Hot Springs is the country's oldest national park, originally created by Congress in 1832 to preserve the 47 naturally flowing thermal springs in the area.'
- 'They don't believe in interfering with nature's gifts and so do nothing to the bubbling waters of the town's thermal spring other than cool them to 32 degrees.'
- 'In the late 1970s, the water flowing from the thermal spring was diverted for the development of a spa.'
- 'The Roman settlement of Aquae Sulis developed where a number of thermal springs erupt from the floor of the Avon valley.'
- 'For example, pollution can be caused by the emission of sulfur dioxide from volcanoes, by the presence of toxic elements in certain types of soil, by thermal springs or vents, and by other natural phenomena.'
- 'Natural thermal springs abound and scores of tourist spots feature bubbling pools or jets of steam shooting from the ground.'
Top tips for CV writingRead more
In this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot-on CV.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
A development plan is an aspect of town and country planning in the United Kingdom comprising a set of documents that set out the local authority's policies and proposals for the development and use of land in their area. The development plan guides and informs day-to-day decisions as to whether or not planning permission should be granted, under the system known as development control or development management in Scotland. In order to ensure that these decisions are rational and consistent, they must be considered against the development plan adopted by the authority, after public consultation and having proper regard for other material factors.
Legislation (Section 25 of Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1997 and Section 54A of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990) requires that decisions made should be in accordance with the development plan unless material considerations indicate otherwise. Although development plans do not have to be rigidly adhered to, they provide a firm basis for rational and consistent planning decisions.
In England and Wales, the development plan may contain a number of documents: Counties and most non-metropolitan unitary districts are covered by structure plans (in which the county, national park or unitary authority set out key strategic policies as a framework for local planning) and local plans (in which district councils and national park authorities set out more detailed policies to guide development in their areas, including proposals for specific sites). Structure plans may in some cases be prepared on a joint basis between two or more authorities (e.g. a county and a unitary authority or a national park).
County, national park and some unitary authorities also prepare minerals and waste local plans are also deemed to be local plans.
In London and the metropolitan areas, and in a few non-metropolitan unitary areas, authorities produce unitary development plans (UDPs), which combine the functions of structure and local plans and include minerals and waste policies.
Local plans and UDPs identify particular areas as suitable for housing, industry, retail or other uses, and set out the policies which the authority proposes to apply in deciding whether or not development will be permitted. The preparation of Local Plans and UDPs gives the community the opportunity to influence the detailed policies and specific proposals for the future development and use of land in their area. Because the plan forms the statutory basis for planning decisions, local people are involved in its preparation.
In Scotland, following the passing of the Planning etc. (Scotland) Act 2006, the development plan comprises Strategic Development Plans (covering a number of city areas/urban authorities), Local Development Plans and statutory Supplementary Guidance. National Park Authorities in Scotland also act a Planning Authority for the development of planning policy, and the Loch Lomond and the Trossachs and the Cairngorms National Park Local Plans also form part of the wider development plan.
In India Development Plan process is a provincial/state subject. There are various town planning authorities under each province/state that assess the growth of areas, identify suitable areas for housing, industry, public infrastructure and allocate budgets. Each of the metropolitan cities in India has an Agency which is responsible for Development Planning exercise of the cities. Mumbai city has Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority commonly known as MMRDA. Similarly there is Delhi Development Authority for Delhi, Bangalore now called as Bengaluru has Bengaluru Development Authority, Kolkata has Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority and there is Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority for the south Indian city of Chennai.
Current practice
The Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 has introduced a number of additional documents that will eventually supersede those mentioned above. These include:
- "MMRDA". MMRDA. Retrieved 12 February 2013.


Quick Answer: Is Airlift Movie Based On True Story?
Who is the wife of Akshay Kumar?
Twinkle Khannam.
2001Akshay Kumar/Wife.
Why did Iraq invade Kuwait in 1990?
In August 1990, Iraq invaded the country of Kuwait to its southeast in a bid to gain more control over the lucrative oil supply of the Middle East. In response, the United States and the UN Security Council demanded that Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein withdraw Iraqi troops from Kuwait, but Hussein refused.
What is the meaning of airlift?
: a system of transporting cargo or passengers by aircraft often to or from an otherwise inaccessible area. Other Words from airlift Example Sentences Learn More about airlift.
Who is real Ranjit Katyal?
Akshay KumarThe airlift, which began in the first week of September 1990, lasted 59 days and involved 499 sorties. Mathews was among the last to leave. Makers of Airlift recently acknowledged that Ranjit Katyal, played by Akshay Kumar, was a fictional character based on Mathews and another Indian businessman, Harbhajan Singh Vedi.
What is the story of airlift movie?
Who was the Kuwaiti girl in airlift?
In 2016 Feryna appeared in film Airlift as Tasneem alongside Akshay Kumar and Nimrat Kaur, set in Kuwait 1990 when Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait. She also acted in a short British film titled as A Secret Heart by director Cary Shawney. In this film, she is seen in the role of a British Jewish girl from World War 2.
How many Indians were evacuated from Kuwait?
170,000 IndianMore than 170,000 Indian citizens evacuated. The 1990 airlift of Indians from Kuwait was carried out from August 13, 1990 to October 20, 1990 after the Invasion of Kuwait.
How did Kuwait respond to invasion by Iraq?
The Iraqi invasion and occupation of Kuwait was unanimously condemned by all major world powers. … NATO members were particularly critical of the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait and by late 1990, the United States had issued an ultimatum to Iraq to withdraw its forces from Kuwait by 15 January 1991 or face war.
Is airlift based on true story?
The real story of this Malayali entrepreneur who coordinated the evacuation in Kuwait in 1990. Akshay Kumar claims to have lived the life of Mathunny Mathews in his head for nine long months, while essaying the real character in the current Bollywood flick Airlift. … The film has caught Indians by their heart.
Who was the heroine in airlift?
Airlift is a 2016 Indian Hindi-language historical drama film directed by Raja Krishna Menon, starring Akshay Kumar and Nimrat Kaur.
Who is nimrat Kaur husband?
Nimrat Kaur Height, Weight, Age, Husband, Affairs & MoreBioReal NameNimrat KaurMarital StatusUnmarriedAffairs/BoyfriendsNot KnownHusbandN/A35 more rows
Does Netflix have airlift?
Airlift – (2016) – Netflix.
Why is airlift banned in Kuwait?
This ban definitely reflects on the fact that the Kuwaiti people(at least the censor board) did take offence to what was shown in the movie, as the events showed in the movie projected them to be a government which fled during a major crisis(the iraq invasion), leaving their own behind.
How old is nimrat Kaur?
38 years (March 13, 1982)Nimrat Kaur/Age
When did Iraq invade Kuwait?
August 2, 1990 – August 4, 1990Invasion of Kuwait/Periods


text:
An Introduction to the Ethics of Geoengineering
Ethical issues related to geoengineering are numerous and complex, resisting simple overviews. If one has to overview the terrain, one way to survey the issues is to categorize them in terms of the temporal order in which the ethical challenges might initially arise. Some issues arise when first contemplating the prospect of addressing climate change through geoengineering. Others emerge when moving towards deployment of various technologies and still others when discussing how to bring geoengineering to a close. This temporal categorization is not perfect; several issues transcend these categories or appear in more than one category, but this organization provides a helpful introduction to the ethics of geoengineering. Click on the timeline below to find some of the different challenges that occur at different times.
Before beginning your survey, it is important to remember the background context in which this discussion takes place. What should the global community do to forstall the considerable human and environmental harm in store if efforts to address climate change through mitigation prove to be inadequate?[A more detailed account of this categorization can be found in the article Ethics and Geoengineering: Reviewing the Moral Issues Raised by SRM and CDR Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 4 (2013): 23–37 by Christopher J. Preston]


text: Whether you use plywood or thick-set mortar, or "mud bed," there must be a solid floor underneath before you lay ceramic tiles. If you live in an older house, it is likely to have two or three layers of wood underneath. If there are no wood layers underneath, the traditional thick-set mortar method may cause the tiles to crack. The thick-set mortar method can be more solid, but it requires a certain degree of skill to apply it and a fair amount of time to set properly. If not, you will encounter problems later on. I find that the plywood method is just as effective and much easier to do correctly. It is important to remember that either method will cause the floor level to rise, posing a potential problem with door clearance.


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I want to know difference between
varchar(255) in terms of memory usage and programming problems of using more memory.
The difference is going to be in how much data you are allowed to store there. The memory and disk space will depend on how much is actually stored, not what limits you put in place.
Most db's (MySQL included) store varchar fields with a length identifier and then a variable length data string. This means that the size of the field on disk goes up more or less linearly with the actual data stored. Similarly in memory, you aren't going to be allocating a large amount of memory for a small string unless it is padded (so varchar uses a lot less memory than char does regardless of underlying storage of the latter). In fact some db's like PostgreSQL store VARCHAR() and TEXT fields the same (and there is a 1GB compressed size limit there) and try to optimize storage based on actual requirements of the data being used.
In general these decisions should be made based on what your data retention and collection needs are, not based on the performance considerations. The performance can be tuned and that's the lovely thing about an RDBMS.
Since varchar takes disk space proportional to the size of the field, so the length of a field should be appropriate to the data that is being stored there, not least because there is a limit to the length of single record in each database e.g. SQL Server (it's ~8000 bytes).


text:
The researchers, publishing in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, suggest that the chemical serotonin, which is involved in fetal brain growth, may play a role. A stressful or deprived womb environment may interfere with the development of the fetus and its serotonin system; other studies have shown that the brains of people who exhibit suicidal behaviors have reduced serotonin activity.
Ultimately, these findings reveal that suicide brains differ from other brains in multiple ways—in other words, "we're really dealing with some sort of biological imbalance," Poulter says. "It's not an attitude problem." And because epigenetic changes typically occur early in life, it may one day be possible to identify young people at risk for suicide by studying their methylation patterns and then to treat them with drugs that regulate this mechanism, Szyf notes.
Note: This article was originally printed with the title, "The Suicidal Brain".


text:
How to find the (x,y) combinations that make z=0?
39 views (last 30 days)
I have a matrix Z(i,j) that is a function of X and Y. Surface and contour plot look fine, but are difficult to interpret.
Is there a way to plot a function of X and Y, such that Z is equal to zero (or as close to zero as possible, since non of the elements in the Z matrix is actually zero)? What I'd like to find out is for which combinations of X and Y the Z-value is above and below zero.
My code is very long, but I did something like this to get matrix Z:
for i = 1:numel(X)
Z(:,i) = functionZ(X(i))
Z(j) = %functionZ(X)
for j = 1:numel(Y)
Z(j)= %function with parameter X
thanks in advance for any tips!
Kevin Phung on 16 Sep 2019
Edited: Kevin Phung on 18 Sep 2019
Correct me if I am misinterpreting your goal:
You have a function z(x,y).
You are trying to find the values of x and y that give you some particular values of Z, in this case very close to 0. You can try something like this:
% define some condition for Z values, in this case I want to look for all Z values in my
% Z matrix that are between 0 and 0.001.
% find() those values, and use ind2sub in order to grab the [row,col] pairs.
[x_ind,y_ind] = ind2sub(size(Z),find(and(Z=<0.001,Z>0 )));
xy_pairs = [X(x_ind) Y(y_ind)] % this will give you the x and y pairs
edit: you have already accepted my answer, but I forgot to include an '=' sign


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SAO/NASA ADS -> Help -> The ADS Data
|SAO/NASA ADS Help Pages||Prev | Next|
1.2 - About the Data in the ADS
The main body of data in the ADS consists of bibliographic records, which are searchable through our Abstract Service query forms, and full-text scans of much of the astronomical literature which can be browsed though our Browse Service
1.2.1 - Origin
The abstracts database contains data from many different sources. The initial dataset was from NASA's Scientific and Technical Information group (STI) and covered the years _PHONE_. After that, we began collecting data directly from the journals as agreements were reached with them individually. In addition, we have collected references from SIMBAD, NED, conference editors, and individual authors. We have created electronic records from table of contents of most journals and conference series back to volume 1 as we have scanned them in order to provide complete bibliographic coverage.
All bibliographic records include an Origin field which details where a given abstract came from. In cases where we have the same paper from multiple sources, we currently list them in the order above, but will soon merge the information into one complete record. It should be noted that we no longer receive data from STI, but that those abstracts in the system from STI are rewritten versions of the original author abstract. Our list of origins includes information on where some of our data come from.
Click on our Journal Abbreviation List to see a full list of journals and their abbreviations.
The full-text scans available in the ADS can be browsed through the ADS Browse Service. The scans were created by digitizing printed issues of astronomical publications. For more information on the full-text archive, please see the Scanned Literature help page.
Many articles that are not scanned in the ADS may be ordered from the Center for Aerospace Information (CASI).
Many of the dissertation citations contained in the ADS are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) _PHONE_ Web page: _URL_
The abstract databases contain records from hundreds of publications, colloquia, symposia, proceedings, and internal NASA reports. These sources cover diverse loosely astronomy-related subjects, ranging from Electrical Engineering through Optics to Particle Physics. They include the larger American astronomical journals: Astronomical Journal, Astrophysical Journal, Icarus, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, etc, as well as many Non-American journals: Astronomy & Astrophysics, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Publications of the Astronomical Societ of Japan / Australia / India, Astrophysical Journal of the Soviet Union / Australia / Ireland, etc., as well as more general interest journals such as Science, New Scientist, Nature, Mercury, Sky and Telescope, etc.. Complete coverage is only guaranteed for those journals we have scanned and placed online. That information is listed on our article service page.
1.2.3 - Bibliographic Identifiers
Creating unique Bibliographic codes (bibcodes from here on) allows us to identify literature in our database. Using a standard bibliographic format, as explained below, we can easily identify different bibliographic records and users can efficiently search for them.
The bibliographic code is a 19 digit identifier which describes the journal article. The format was originally adopted by the SIMBAD and NED projects, and follows the syntax:
A list of journal abbreviations already in use is available on-line. Here are some abbreviations for the most popular Journals:
ApJ: Astrophysical Journal ApJS: Astrophysical Journal Supplements ApJ: Astrophysical Journal Letters (with an L in the Qualifier position). AJ: Astronomical Journal A&A: Astronomy & Astrophysics A&AS: Astronomy & Astrophysics Supplements MNRAS: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society PASP: Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific PASA: Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia PASAu: Proceedings of the Astronomical Society of Australia PASJ: Publications of the Astronomical Society of JapanIn order to accommodate conference proceedings and technical reports, the ADS has modified the original bibliographic code definition in order to present identifiers which are easily recognizable to the user. Conference proceedings, books, colloquia, workshops, and reports in the ADS typically contain a four letter word in the volume field such as conf, book, coll, work, or rept; all other type of proceedings use the identifier proc. For these bibliographic codes, the journal field typically consists of the first letter from important words in the title (e.g. ioda.book for ''Information and On-Line Data in Astronomy'').
Several oddities exist for bibcodes which do not fit into this paradigm. PhD theses, for example, contain a counter in lieu of a page number to distinguish between those written during the same year by authors whose surnames start with the same letter.
Physical Review bibcodes began using an 6-digit id number in the late 1990's instead of a page number. For these articles, we have converted the first 2-digits of the id (which correspond to the issue number) into a lower-case letter in the 14th column. We then use the remaining 4 digits in the page number field.
For conference abstracts submitted by the editors of a proceedings prior to publication, we often do not have page numbers. In this case, we use a counter in lieu of a page number and use an "E" (for Electronic) in the fourteenth column, the qualifier for publication. If these conference abstracts are then published, their bibliographic codes are replaced by a bibliographic code complete with page number. If the conference abstracts are published only on-line, they retain their electronic bibliographic code with its "E" and counter number.
We have created two separate interfaces to assist our users and collaborators in searching and verifying the existence of records in our databases:
Updates to our databases are performed approximately every week, then mirrored to all of our mirror sites. Therefore, any new information added or change made to the databases does not become available immediately; rather it may take up to a week to become active. Corrections are always welcome, for example misspellings, missing pages/scans, broken links, etc. We also encourage you to submit original author abstracts to us through our _URL_ Abstract Submission Form.
1.4 - Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the following publishers for their contributions and cooperation:
* Heinz Andernach, Universidad de Guanajuato, Mexico * Marsha Bishop, NRAO * Will Graves, CfA * Chris Erdmann, CfA * Sergei Grebenev, Space Research Institute, Moscow * Uta Grothkopf, ESO * Jill Lagerstrom, SCScI * Richard Mathar, Sterrewacht Universiteit Leiden * Megan Nunemaker, NRAO * Wayne Osborn, Central Michigan University * Joe Tenn, Sonoma State University * Lance Utley, NRAOAdditionally we thank those who have donated materials to be scanned.
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text:
Edward S. Mason Senior Lecturer in International Development
Externally supported Public Financial Management (PFM) reforms often have limited success in developing countries. The reforms commonly introduce new laws and systems that are not fully implemented or used, especially by distributed agents—budgeters, accountants, and such in sector ministries, provinces, and districts. This article asks why this should be expected and what could be done about it. It builds a theory of institutional change and tests such using data from a survey of public sector accountants in Eastern and Southern African countries—one sub-set of which was distributed. The evidence supports a simple explanation of why distributed end users often limit PFM reform success: they are likely to support incumbent institutions and question reform alternatives and are less engaged in reforms than more concentrated agents who champion reforms. The article suggests that research and practice needs to better account for the influence of distributed agents on externally supported reform success.
Andrews, Matthew. "Why Distributed End Users Often Limit Public Financial Management Reform Success." HKS Faculty Research Working Paper Series RWP14-026, May 2014.


text: BANGALORE: The Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) is planning to install an online real time monitoring system to check air pollution in 15 districts across the state in a phased manner.The initiative is aimed at identifying and mitigating pollution levels across the state, said Karnataka State Pollution Control Board Chairman A S Sadashiviah. He said, "For the installation of equipment, we are finalising the districts based on the pollution level. In the first phase we will be installing the systems at Bellary, Mangalore, Chitradurga, Belgaum, Gulbarga, Mysore and Tumkur.""The other districts will be finalised later and taken up in the second and third phases depending on the requirement," explained."This system will be in the lines of the two similar systems which are currently functioning at the city railway station and Basveswaranagar at Bangalore," he added.Speaking about the working of the system, Sadashivaiah said, "Analysers for major pollutants like sulphur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) will be installed. All the four analysers will work on different principles and represented pollution content graphically.""Once the major polluting elements and particulates are identified, we can specifically put a check on it. This way we can reduce the level of pollution," the chairman of the Pollution Control Board observed.


FamilySearch Wiki:Assume good faithEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 14:31, 24 November 2011 by Cottrells (Talk | contribs)
It is assumed that contributors' edits and comments are made in good faith. Most people try to help the project, not hurt it. If this were false, a project like FamilySeach Wiki would be doomed from the beginning.
When disagreement occurs, try the best of your ability to explain and resolve the problem and not cause more conflict, and give others the opportunity to do the same. Consider whether a dispute stems from different perspectives and look for ways to reach consensus.
When others cast doubt on their own good faith, continue to assume good faith yourself where you can. Be civil and follow dispute resolution processes, rather than attacking contributors or edit warring with them. If you wish to express doubts about the conduct of fellow Wikipedians, then please substantiate those doubts with specific diffs and other relevant evidence so that people can understand the basis for the concerns. Although bad conduct may be apparently due to bad faith, it is usually best to address the conduct without mentioning motives (which mention would tend to exacerbate resentments all around).
Be careful about citing this principle too aggressively. Just as one can incorrectly judge that another is acting in bad faith, so too can one mistakenly conclude that bad faith is being assumed, and exhortations to "Assume Good Faith" can themselves reflect negative assumptions about others if a perceived assumption of bad faith was not clear-cut.
About good faith
Everyone makes mistakes, both behavioral (like personal attacks) and content-based (like adding biographies), and we can correct them with reminders most of the time. However, there will be disagreements on Wikipedia for which no policy or guideline has an easy answer. When disagreements happen, it may not be that someone has ill intent. Keep a cool head, and consider dispute resolution if disagreements seem intractable; many of them are not.
This guideline does not require that contributors continue to assume good faith in the presence of contrary evidence. Assuming good faith does not prohibit discussion and criticism, but instead contributors should not attribute the actions being criticized to malice unless there is specific evidence of malice.
Violation of some policies, such as engaging in sock-puppetry, violating consensus, and so on, may be perpetrated in either good or bad faith. There are processes for dealing with all of these, and sanctions for repeated violation of policy apply regardless of whether bad faith was involved.
Good faith and newcomers
Main article: FamilySearch Wiki:Be kind to newcomers
A newcomer's behavior probably seems appropriate to him/her, and a problem in that regard usually indicates unawareness or misunderstanding of Wikipedian culture. It is not uncommon for a newcomer to believe that an unfamiliar policy should be changed to match their notion of how things should function, especially if they notice that there is already some level of disagreement over the policy in question. Similarly, many newcomers want to have their contributions to articles accepted without question, especially which pertain to subjects on which they have extensive knowledge. Behaviors arising from these perspectives are usually not malicious, and many new users who lack an intuitive grasp of Wikipedia customs are gradually brought around once the logic behind them becomes more clear.
Good faith and copyright
Main article: FamilySearch Wiki:Copyrights
When dealing with possible copyright violations, good faith means assuming that contributors intend to comply with site policy and the law. That is different from assuming they have actually complied with either. Contributors have a proactive obligation to document image uploads, etc. and material may be deleted if the documentation is incorrect or inadequate. Good faith corrective action includes informing contributors of problems and helping them improve their practices.
Demonstrate good faith
Dealing with bad faith
FamilySearch Wiki administrators and other experienced contributors involved in dispute resolution will usually be glad to help, and are very capable of identifying policy-breaching conduct if their attention is drawn to clear and specific evidence.
Accusing others of bad faith
Making accusations of bad faith can be inflammatory and hence these accusations may not be helpful in a dispute. It can be seen as a personal attack if bad faith motives are alleged without clear evidence that the others' action is actually in bad faith and harassment if done repeatedly. The result is often accusations of bad faith on your part, which tends to create a nasty cycle.
Related articles from Wikipedia


Tip of the week # 612
6 July 2020
Play a sound when pressing Caps Lock (Windows 10) *
Have you ever hit the Caps Lock button on your keyboard without realising? If so, and you are a "hunt-and-peck" typist and look at your keyboard rather than your screen when you type, you must have torn your hair out.
OK, you can use the Change Case button in Word, Outlook and PowerPoint (or press SHIFT + F3 to toggle between UPPER CASE, lower case and Sentence Case) but why not set an "alarm" to notify you when you - accidentally - hit Caps Lock.
Here's how:
 1. Press the WIN key (the one with the Windows logo) and type caps.
 2. Make sure Play a sound when pressing Caps lock, Num Lock or Scroll lock is selected and press ENTER.
 3. Click on the button under Use Toggle Keys.
In future, whenever you press Caps Lock, Num Lock or Scroll Lock, a sound will be played.
Related tips
 1. Set the Print Screen key to open screen snipping : tip_603.php
 2. Shortcut key to quickly vary the case of text : tip_19.html


At the U.S. Olympic trials on Saturday, July 2, Michael Phelps captured victories in both the butterfly races and the 200 individual medley. Phelps likely won in part due to his outstanding psychological approach, which is evident when he talks about his past successes. Even if you're not a world-class swimmer like Phelps, staying cool, calm, and collected while your competitors try to knock you down can result in a big payoff.
Phelps does not compare himself to anybody else to set his standards. He doesn't even look backward to what he's done in the past. Instead, he forms new, clear goals that take into account current circumstances. This lack of comparison has benefits: The bulk of the pressure Phelps feels is self-imposed, and his sense of worth stays high. He can control his stress level and focus. In business, the lack of comparison translates to:
 - Letting go of previous accomplishments to take your business in a different direction.
 - Defining success based on the specific events that happen or resources you have each quarter.
 - Looking inside yourself, rather than to others, for a purpose behind your work, thereby reducing the odds of burnout.
Phelps wasn't born wearing swimming trunks and goggles. Putting them on and hitting the water feels good to him now, though, because it's an activity he's experienced hundreds of times before. His words testify to the strong psychological truth that people tend to seek out and feel best with what is familiar. In the corporate environment, that means:
 - Change or inexperience can shake you up, but the more you engage in an activity for your business, the less stressful it likely will become.
 - You shouldn't give up just because you initially fail at something new.
"Things won't go perfect. It's all about how you adapt from those things and learn from mistakes."
Phelps has collected 22 Olympic medals overall, but only 18 of them are gold. By letting down the protective shield of perfectionism, he keeps himself in a healthier place, where the journey toward the finish is just as valuable as the finish itself. His emphasis on excellence says to business leaders that:
 - Every "failure" is an opportunity to do analysis that could result in positive shifts in processes, resources, or products.
 - Moving forward often means that logic has to outweigh what you feel.
 - You cannot protect yourself from everything, so have resources in place that will help you recover.
Phelps's success testifies to the power of a positive psychological mindset. Tap his mental energy, and you just might go further in your business than you've ever anticipated.


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This page draws together table tennis-related information for all of Special Olympics. The coaching materials and other links will help you get a good sense of how this sport contributes to Special Olympics.
About Table Tennis
Every athlete aims in passing the ball to the opponent side of the table over the net, striking it with a Table Tennis racquet.
Table Tennis is a fast sport that requires excellent coordination of hands and eyes. Special Olympics athletes share the essential elements of force and ability so that they can play Table Tennis. Apart from the traditional events, Special Olympics competition includes individual skill events that allow the athletes to work and compete in basic skills of table tennis. The development of these basic skills is necessary for the athletes to take part in the events. These skills include bounce of the ball with the racket, volley and backhand.
The Table Tennis Coaching Guide
Special Olympics coaching guides are the key source of coaching information for our volunteer coaches worldwide. The guides are written by experts in the sport who understand that people with intellectual disabilities need extra time and attention to master new skills. The guides are helpful to anyone teaching a sport but are especially valuable when coaching Special Olympics athletes.


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The adoption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by the United Nations General Assembly paved a new pathway for the inclusion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) people in international development policy. The 2030 Agenda also reaffirms the principles of nondiscrimination already embodied in international human rights treaties. Since its adoption, the UN Development Programme (UNDP) developed a proposal for an LGBTI Inclusion Index to measure development outcomes for LGBTI people in each country. One of the keys to improving inclusion of LGBTI populations in the SDGs is the capacity to gather data about the gender and sexuality of target populations.
LGBTI People and Development
The stigmatization of LGBTI people continues to impede development progress. An analysis of global attitudes in 141 countries since 1980 reveals that, while the most accepting countries have experienced higher levels of acceptance, the least accepting countries have decreased levels of acceptance, with average levels of acceptance not improving over the past several decades.
A small but growing body of empirical research demonstrates the impact of stigmatization on development outcomes and the measurable differences for LGBTI people. For example, one review found high prevalence for violence motivated by perceived sexual orientation and gender identity in 50 countries. Another study in Thailand showed that the bullying of LGBTI students and effeminate boys caused increased rates of school absence, attempted suicide, and substance abuse. With respect to employment and economic disparities, one international review revealed that LGBT employees experience formal (firing, barriers to promotion, and unequal wages) and informal discrimination (verbal harassment, loss of credibility, and lack of acceptance and respect by colleagues), and a global meta-analysis showed that gay men make 11 percent less than their heterosexual counterparts. From a mental health perspective, a systematic review of 199 studies showed that sexual minorities were at increased risk for depression, anxiety, suicide attempts, or suicides.
The Need to Disaggregate Data
The 2030 Agenda pledge that "no one will be left behind" can only be realized if development data is disaggregated to track development outcomes for LGBTI populations in areas such as education, income, health, civic participation, violence, and relationship status. Unfortunately, as noted by the 2016 UN Human Development Report, LGBTI people remain "largely invisible in data" due to the lack of data gathering efforts by governments. Commencing such data collection will require addressing several questions.
A foundational question is how to classify individuals according to their sexuality, gender, and sex characteristics. To illustrate, let's look at sexual orientation. How do we know someone is lesbian, gay, or bisexual? Sexual orientation consists of at least three elements: behavior, attraction, and identity. Sexual behavior, which looks at whether the individual has sex with a person of the same or a different gender, is particularly relevant to health issues. Those in the field of HIV/AIDS often use this criterion to classify people as MSMs and WSWs (men/women who have sex with men/women). Those working in the area of adolescent development and school climate often seek to understand sexual orientation according to the second element, feelings of desire and attraction.
The last element, identity, refers to how a person describes their own sexual orientation. In addition to the well-known Western identities of straight, lesbian, gay, and bisexual, individuals could choose culturally specific terms such as methis (Nepali), kathoey (Thai), kuchu (Swahili), bakla (Tagalog), hijra (Hindi), or any term they wish. Identity may be particularly important when dealing with issues of discrimination and violence.
Each of the three elements encompasses overlapping, but distinct, groups of people. In other words, someone who experiences same-sex attraction may not engage in same-sex behavior, and someone who engages in same-sex sexual activity may not identify as anything other than straight.
Gender also has several aspects. For most people, the gender they are assigned at birth becomes their gender throughout their life. Such individuals are referred to as cisgender (the prefix "cis" meaning same). Some people, however, may begin to form an inner awareness that their actual gender does not match their gender assigned at birth. This inner awareness is often referred to as a person's gender identity.
At some point, some people begin to express a different gender through their appearance, mannerisms, or modification of their body. Individuals whose current gender identity or gender expression is different than their gender assigned at birth are referred to as transgender (the prefix "trans" meaning across or opposite). However, a person may have an inner awareness of being one gender and may express a different gender. Each aspect of gender has different consequences for development outcomes.
UN bodies have recognized that sex characteristics are used as a basis for multiple human rights violations such as forced surgery, torture, discrimination at school and work, and denial of healthcare. Sex characteristics include physiological features related to sex, such as genitalia, reproductive anatomy, chromosomes, and hormones. Some people, referred to as intersex, may have sex characteristics that do not match cultural and medical notions of male or female. Intersex status is distinct from sexual orientation and gender, though responding to the needs of intersex people may include measures relating to gender categories.
Data Collection and Lived Reality
Because of these challenges of classification, figuring out who is LGBTI will require focused effort. First, we need data that accurately reflects the lived reality of local populations. There is a tendency to use the umbrella term "LGBTI" as a system to classify individuals as lesbians, gay men, transgender people, or intersex people. However, using LGBTI in this way may produce inaccurate data.
For example, in Thailand some homosexual women identify as Tom, a well-recognized cultural classification for women who adopt masculine gender roles and patterns of expression. Homosexual women who identify as Dii adopt more feminine gender roles and appearance. Some evidence indicates that Toms experience higher rates of violence and Diis experience higher rates of exclusion from the workforce. Aggregating both groups under the label "lesbian" obscures the differences in violence and discrimination faced by each group.
Even the basic concepts of sexuality and gender may be challenging. There is not a word for sexuality in Chinese. Nor is there a word for gender in Arabic. These linguistic differences reflect the fact that sexuality and gender are conceptualized very differently in different populations.
Second, with regard to identity, data should reflect identities that are self-determined by local populations. The ability to determine one's own identity is a core priority for the LGBTI movement and a core value of international human rights. Using a classification that does not reflect the choices of a local population risks violating this cherished principle. Guidance from the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) has recognized that "disaggregation of indicators (or not) is not a norm or value-neutral exercise…. Personal identity characteristics (particularly those that may [be] sensitive, such as religion, sexual orientation, gender identity or ethnicity) should be assigned through self-identification, and not through imputation or proxy." The task, therefore, will be to develop classifications that are standardized enough to permit country-to-country comparison of data but specific enough to respect the self-determination of different populations.
Data Collection and "Do No Harm"
Another major consideration is whether data collection should be encouraged in countries where legal and social hostility may entail too many risks to LGBTI people and to those who collect such data. Homosexuality is criminalized in 70 countries, and many other countries lack basic legal protections for LGBTI people. In these context, revealing an individual's sexual orientation, gender identity, or sex characteristics may carry risks of discrimination and criminal prosecution.
The standards articulated by international principles of research ethics, such the Declaration of Helsinki, provide guidance. These principles state that research should "only be conducted if the importance of the objectives outweighs the risks and burdens on the research subjects." In addition, such research ethics mandate measures to protect the privacy of individuals and the confidentiality of data.
Additionally, the UN Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics and accompanying Implementation Guidelines identify legal protections that need to be in place in order for data gathering to be independent, trustworthy, and respectful of human rights. Further guidance will likely come from the UN independent expert on sexual orientation and gender identity, whose forthcoming report is expected to include a set of draft guiding principles for states engaging in data collection activities. Over the next few years, we can expect the discussion on this issue to accelerate in all areas of the world.
Andrew Park is a former director at the Williams Institute at the UCLA School of Law and teaches International Development Studies at UCLA. He most recently was a consultant with UN OHCHR where he helped draft Guiding Principles on the Application of International Human Rights Standards to State Data Collection Activities Regarding Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity.


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Welcome to my underground lesson!
This lesson is here to teach you how to impress all of your friends, using different scale patterns, runs and arpeggios. We teenagers think that speed is everything!
Lets start off with everyone's favorite scale, the Harmonic Minor. My favorite key to play the harmonic minor in is A, because its in a comfortable spot. The harmonic minor is basically a natural minor scale with the 7th note raised 1/2 step. Telling that to your friends won't impress them, so heres how to play it
Practice this scale untill your fingers bleed! The only way to get good is to practice! You'll notice that there are some large stretches here, practicing will eliminate the pain of those stretches.
In order to rip through this scale as fast as possible, you must learn to speed pick.
Speed picking is also known as economy picking. To speed pick/economy pick, you must first know what downpicks and uppicks are. A down pick is when you hit the string while your pick is moving DOWN, towards the ground. An UPpick is when you hit the string while your pick is moving UP, towards your face.
- When going up the scale, from lowest note to highest note, pick using this pattern: D,U,D,D,U,D,D,U,D,D,U,D,D,U,D,D,U,D.
- Then to DECEND DOWN the scale, play it like this - U,D,U,U,D,U,U,D,U,U,D,U,U,D,U,U,D,U.
This style of picking enables you to go as fast as you like. Now at first, it will take a while to develop ANY speed, but remember to PRACTICE.
Once you have the Harmonic Minor scale under your fingers, try to break away from the economy picking pattern and do a little bit different of a pattern, such as the sequence below shows. This may sound impossible to play. It did to me when I first started playing. The key is to know your scale like the back of your hand. When your left hand doesn't have to think about where its going next, only then can you really attain Yngwie'ish speed.


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International Journal of Intelligent Systems
The Role of User Models in Cooperative Interactive Systems
January 1, 1989
For interactive systems to communicate in a cooperative manner, they must have knowledge about their users. This article explores the role of user models in such systems, with the goal of identifying when and how user models may be useful in a cooperative interactive system. User models are classified by the types of knowledge they contain, several user modelling characteristics that serve as dimensions for an additional classification of user models are presented, and user model representations are discussed. These topics help to characterize the space of user modelling in cooperative interactive systems — addressing how they can be used—but do not fully address when it is appropriate to include a user model in an interactive system. Thus, a set of design considerations for user models is presented, while a final example illustrates how these topics influence the user model for a hypothetical investment consulting system.
Downloads: 1240 downloads


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Friday, November 14, 2008. Join us in NSC 231 at 3:05 for refreshments. Talk starts at 3:20 in NSC 224.
Prof. Robert Palumbo, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Valparaiso University
During the past two years, faculty and students of Valparaiso University's Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Departments have been investigating the industrial potential of using concentrated sunlight as process heat for the electrolytic production of Zn from ZnO at temperatures from _PHONE_ K. Through fundamental thermodynamic and electrolysis transport phenomena studies, we hope to develop a deeper understanding of how reactor design, reactor materials, and operating variables influence the performance of the process. With this insight, we will develop a numerical model so that we can use experimental results from a 10 kW solar reactor to estimate the performance of a 0.5 MW reactor.
In this presentation, I develop the motivation for the project and report on its current status. With respect to motivation, you will learn how STEP addresses environmental and energy concerns as well as see its relationship to the international research effort in the domain of solar thermal chemistry. With respect to project status, you will learn of our latest findings.


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IBT MATHEMATICAL NEUROSCIENCE AWARD AT BRAINTECH 2019
The prize honors researchers who have significantly advanced our understanding of the neural mechanisms of perception, behavior and thought through the application of mathematical analysis and theoretical modeling.
This year again, two winners were selected to each receive this prestigious $100,000 prize for their achievements.
CONGRATULATIONS TO THE WINNERS!
Professor Naftali Tishby
Prof. Tishby holds the Ruth and Stan Flinkman Chair for Brain Research at the Hebrew University, works at the interface of computer science and neuroscience. His research on information processing in biological systems has led to new insights important for both machine learning and brain function including language, the action-perception cycle, biological sensory hierarchies and deep learning.
Professor John Rinzel
Prof. Rinzel is Professor of Neural Science and Mathematics at New York University who has played a pioneering role in the application of mathematical analyses to neural systems. His work has illuminated our understanding of the role of neural dynamics in cognition and behavior, with key contributions in fields ranging from neuronal biophysics to auditory perception.


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how to make a team of welders produce the best results as efficiently as possible.
As an example, Odermatt brought up the issue of overwelding. For a groove weld, a welder must fill that groove—the shape of an upside-down triangle—with consumables to create a robust joint. "You can make that triangle bigger or smaller," Odermatt said, "and each requires a certain amount of filler metal to make a weld, depending on thickness."
If given a drawing that leaves out the weld specifics (which is not a rare occurrence), the welder usually uses too much filler metal. "Some of this is common sense," he said. "More [filler metal] may seem like it will hold better, but that's not necessarily the case. The welder may be overheating the metal, which adds brittleness." Ensuring weld joints are just the right size—with the correct amount of filler metal—can ensure better quality and, at the same time, reduce consumable costs.
As part of overall manufacturing, "welding is often forgotten … It's, 'Oh, by the way, we have to weld this thing,'" Odermatt said. "This has to change, and it is changing. It has to become part of concurrent engineering."
Helping that change, he concluded, should be the certified welding supervisor.


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Journal of Micro/Nanolithography, MEMS, and MOEMS • Open AccessWhispering-gallery modes of μ-optic silicon bottle resonator examined using a Fourier–Bessel eigen-state approach
The whispering-gallery mode space of a cylindrically symmetric silicon micro-optic bottle resonator with an axial Gaussian dielectric profile is theoretically examined. Maxwell's wave equation for the magnetic field, expressed in cylindrical coordinates, is converted into an eigenvalue problem using a Fourier–Bessel basis space to expand the inverse dielectric and field components. The order of the eigen-matrix is reduced using symmetry arguments and azimuthal order segmentation such that the matrix can be solved on a desktop PC. The eigen-space reveals that several states can be confined in the bottle region, whereas another set of states extends the axial length of the structure similar to ridge waveguide modes. The hollow core bottle is also presented as a design modification. The micro-optic bottle resonator structure size makes it directly compatible with silicon-based photonics increasing its potential as a key component in sensing, communication, and other applications.


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- by Jeroen Fijan, 27/03/20
Richard Mollier was a professor of Applied Physics and Mechanics and a pioneer of experimental research in thermodynamics in the late 19th century. He carried out meticulous calculations for every state and property of air.
The result: the emblematic HX diagram.
An easy-to-read tool still in use today. In this issue of our blog, we explain how the diagram works and how to read it.
Why make thousands of calculations every time you need to predict the state of a medium? Richard Mollier saved us a tremendous amount of time by making all those calculations for us and instead giving us this powerful tool.
The diagram provides a graphic representation of the relationship between physical conditions and the corresponding changes in the system: the two can be linked simply by drawing some lines and knowing what their intersections represent.
Constant temperature lines in the diagram are largely horizontal, but slightly tilted. Each line corresponds to a temperature, and they are simple and proportionate – in other words, if you need the line for 21.5°C and this is not indicated in the graph, you can simply imagine a line exactly in the middle between those for 21 and 22°C.
The vertical lines in the diagram represent absolute humidity in grams per kilogram, with a range from 0 to 40 g/kg. They show how much water vapour the air can contain at different temperatures: the warmer the air, the more water vapour it can contain.
The curved lines in the diagram represent the relative humidity of air. As we mentioned above, air can hold a fixed amount of water vapour. Relative humidity is the ratio of existing water vapour in the air to the maximum possible amount of vapour the air could potentially contain.
The 100% humidity line is also called the saturation line. This is the maximum amount of vapour that air in a given condition can contain.
The diagonal lines in the diagram represent specific enthalpy, which indicates the internal energy of the air. Again, as with humidity, this is higher when the air is hotter.
The last set of lines in the diagram are the lines of air density, which range from 1.1 to 1.35 kg/m³. Colder air is heavier than hotter air as colder molecules are packed more closely together and thus denser in low temperatures. As temperature rises, the atoms enter a more excited state, and space between them increases, reducing density.
The dew point and wet bulb temperature are two important variables that can be read indirectly from the Mollier diagram. The dew point is the temperature at which air starts to condense. The wet-bulb temperature is the theoretical temperature read by a thermometer covered in water-soaked cloth over which air is passed.
As an example, let us imagine an arbitrary state, like 25°C with 50% relative humidity. You can find the dew point by drawing a line from the point where the 50% relative humidity curve intersects with an imaginary line indicating a temperature of 25°C in the graph straight down to the saturation line (which, as you remember, represents 100% relative humidity). The temperature corresponding to this point is the dew point temperature – in this case 14°C.
For the wet bulb temperature, we again start from the point where relative humidity is 50% and temperature is 25°C, but instead of a vertical line, we follow the specific enthalpy line down to the saturation line. The temperature at this point is the wet bulb temperature, or around 18.3°C in our example.
In the next blog, we'll show you how to make practical use of the diagram by making calculations with it.
Jeroen Fijan | R&D Manager
Jeroen Fijan has been working at Heinen & Hopman since 2001. He started as a draughtsman and, over the years, worked his way up to the top of the R&D division. Sustainability is a top priority in the quest to improve H&H's products and processes.
The diagram lets us establish the relationship between physical conditions and the corresponding changes in the system simply by drawing some lines.
- R&D Manager
- R&D Manager


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In every NAEP assessment, the student sample falls into the following groups:
Withdrawn students are those students who have left the school before the assessment data have been collected. Excluded students are those who cannot be assessed even with an accommodation because they are classified as students with disabilities (SD) or as limited-English-proficient (LEP) students. Assessed students are either assessed in the initial session, or if they were absent for that session, perhaps in the makeup session. The last category in the list includes students who were not excluded (i.e., "were to be assessed"), but were not assessed, either due to absence (from both sessions) or a refusal to participate.
Assessed students are also classified as assessed without an accommodation or assessed with an accommodation. The latter group can be divided into SD students assessed with an accommodation, LEP students assessed with an accommodation, or students who are both SD and LEP and accommodated (students neither SD nor LEP can only be assessed without an accommodation). Note that some SD and LEP students are assessed without accommodations.


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of 1,600,000 or more. Protestantism in the country dates from 1911, when a Canadian evangelist from the Christian and Missionary Alliance The Christian and Missionary Alliance (C&MA) is an Evangelical Protestant denomination within Christianity.
Founded by Rev. Albert Benjamin Simpson in 1887, the Christian & Missionary Alliance did not start off as a denomination, but rather began as two distinct parachurch arrived in Danang. The two official recognized Protestant churches This is a list of Protestant churches by denomination. Anglican/Episcopal Church
Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia
Anglican Diocese of Auckland
= Archdeaconry of Waimate=
= Parish of Kaitaiaare the Southern Evangelical Church Evangelical Church: see Evangelical United Brethren Church. of Vietnam (SECV SECV Standard Error of Cross Validation (statistics)
SECV State Electrical Commission of Victoria (Australia) ), recognized in 2001, and the much smaller Evangelical Church of Vietnam: North (ECVN), recognized since 1963. The SECV has affiliated churches in all of the southern provinces of the country. The ECVN has 15 approved churches in the northern part of the country. The ECVN also has issued papers of affiliation to over 800 ethnic-minority house churches in the northern and northwestern mountainous regions, although it has not formally applied for official registration of' any of these. There are estimates that the growth of Protestant believers has been as much as 600 percent over the past decade, despite government restrictions on proselytizing activities. Many of these persons belong to unregistered evangelical house churches. Based on believers' estimates, two-thirds of Protestants are members of ethnic minorities, including Hmong, Thai, and other minority groups in the Northwest Highlands, and members of ethnic minority groups of the Central Highlands (Ede, Jarai, Bahnar, and Koho, among others). The house church movement in the Northwest was sparked in part by Hmong language Noun 1. Hmong language - a language of uncertain affiliation spoken by the Hmong
natural language, tongue - a human written or spoken language used by a community; opposed to e.g. a computer language radio broadcasts from the Philippines beginning in the late 1980s. In more recent years, missionaries, mostly ethnic Hmong, have increased evangelism in the area.
The Cao Dai religion was founded in 1926 in the southern part of the country. Official government statistics put the number of Cao Dai at 2.4 million, although Cao Dai officials routinely claim as many as 4 million adherents. Cao Dai groups are most active in Tay Ninh Province Tây Ninh is one of the 64 provinces (tỉnh) of Vietnam. Its capital is the city of Tay Ninh.
Tây Ninh has a population of 989,800 and an area of 4,028 km²., where the Cao Dai "Holy See" is located, and in Ho Chi Minh City and the Mekong Delta. There are 13 separate groups within the Cao Dai religion; the largest is the Tay Ninh Tay Ninh (tā nĭn), city, S Vietnam, NW of Ho Chi Minh City. It is the center of the Cao Dai, a politically active religious group that was suppressed by South Vietnamese forces after an armed insurrection in 1955. sect, which represents more than half of all Cao Dai believers. The Cao Dai religion is syncretistic syn·cre·tism
1. Reconciliation or fusion of differing systems of belief, as in philosophy or religion, especially when success is partial or the result is heterogeneous.
2., combining elements of many faiths. Its basic belief system is influenced strongly by Mahayana Buddhism, although it recognizes a diverse array of persons who have conveyed divine revelation Noun 1. divine revelation - communication of knowledge to man by a divine or supernatural agency
making known, informing - a speech act that conveys information, including Siddhartha, Jesus, Lao-Tse, Confucius, and Moses. During the 1940s and 1950s, the Cao Dai participated in political and military activities. Their opposition to the communist forces until 1975 was a factor in their repression after 1975. A small Cao Dai organization, the Thien Tien branch, was formally recognized in 1995. The Tay Ninh Cao Dai branch was granted legal recognition in 1997.
The Hoa Hao branch of Buddhism was founded in the southern part of the country in 1939. Hoa Hao is largely a quietist qui·et·ism
1. A form of Christian mysticism enjoining passive contemplation and the beatific annihilation of the will.
2. A state of quietness and passivity. faith, emphasizing private acts of worship and devotion; it does not have a priesthood and rejects many of the ceremonial aspects of mainstream Buddhism. According to the Government, there are 1.6 million Hoa Hao followers; affiliated expatriate groups estimate that there may be up to 3 million followers. Hoa Hao followers are concentrated in the Mekong Delta, particularly in provinces such as An Giang, where the Hoa Hao were dominant as a political and military as well as a religious force before 1975. Elements of the Hoa Hao were among the last to surrender to communist forces in the Mekong Delta in the summer of 1975. The government-recognized Hoa Hao Administrative Committee was organized in 1999. Many Hoa Hao follow other sects that do not have official recognition.
Mosques serving the country's small Muslim population, estimated at 65,000 persons, operate in western An Giang Province An Giang (, Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, and provinces in the southern coastal part of the country. The Muslim community is composed mainly of ethnic Cham, although in Ho Chi Minh City and An Giang Province it includes some ; Hán Tự: ; written identically in both English and Vietnamese) is a province of Vietnam. ethnic Vietnamese Ethnic Vietnamese may mean:
Islam, Muslimism - the civilization of Muslims collectively which is governed by the Muslim religion; "Islam is predominant in northern Africa, the Middle East, Pakistan, and. Sunni Muslims are concentrated in five locations around the country. An estimated 15,000 live in Tan Chau district of western An Giang Province, which borders Cambodia. Nearly 3,000 live in western Tay Ninh Province, which also borders Cambodia. More than 5,000 Muslims reside in Ho Chi Minh City, with 2,000 residing in neighboring neigh·bor
1. One who lives near or next to another.
2. A person, place, or thing adjacent to or located near another.
3. A fellow human.
4. Used as a form of familiar address.
v. Dong Nai Province Đồng Nai. Another 5,000 live in the south central coastal provinces of Ninh Thuan and Binh Thuan. Approximately 50 percent of Muslims practice Bani Islam, a type of Islam unique to the ethnic Cham who live on the central coast of the country. Bani clerics fast during Ramadan; ordinary Bani followers do not. The Bani Qur'an is an abridged version of approximately 20 pages, written in the is a province of southeastern Vietnam, located east of Saigon. The largest city in Đồng Nai is Biên Hòa. Cham language Cham is the language of the Cham people of Southeast Asia, and formerly the language of the kingdom of Champa in central Vietnam. A member of the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian family, it is spoken by 100,000 people in Vietnam and up to 220,000 people in Cambodia. The Bani also continue to participate in certain traditional Cham festivals, which include prayers to Hindu gods and traditional Cham "mother goddesses." Both groups of Muslims appear to be on cordial cordial: see liqueur. terms with the Government and are able to practice their faith freely. They have limited contact with Muslims in foreign countries, such as Malaysia.
There are several smaller religious communities not recognized by the Government, the largest of which is the Hindu community. Approximately 50,000 ethnic Cham in the south-central coastal area practice a devotional de·vo·tion·al
Of, relating to, expressive of, or used in devotion, especially of a religious nature.
A short religious service.
de·vo form of Hinduism. Another 4,000 Hindus live in Ho Chi Minh City; some are ethnic Cham but most are Indian or of mixed Indian-Vietnamese descent.
There are an estimated 6,000 members of the Baha'i Faith, largely concentrated in the south. Prior to 1975, there were an estimated 200,000 believers, according to Baha'i officials. Open Baha'i practice was banned from 1975 to 1992, and the number of believers dropped sharply during this time. Since 1992, the Baha'i have met in unofficial meeting halls. Community leaders say they have good relations with authorities. Some Baha'i members in Ho Chi Minh City were allowed to hold a quiet ceremony to mark the 50th anniversary of the Baha'i Faith in the country in May 2004.
There are several hundred members of the Church of Jesus Christ Church of Jesus Christ may refer to:
At least 10 active but unofficially unrecognized congregations of Jehovah's Witnesses, with several hundred members, are present in the country. Most of the congregations are in the south, with five in Ho Chi Minh City.
Of the country's approximately 83 million citizens, 14 million or more reportedly do not practice any organized religion. Some sources strictly define


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Here's how you can get involved in the Women's March 2019 this weekend
Two years ago, the world came together to protest the election of Donald Trump on the first day of his presidency. From New Zealand to Zambia, Thailand to Peru, millions of people united in solidarity with our American sisters, with the main march in Washington D.C, becoming one of the largest protest days in US history.
Today, the Women's March has evolved into a global feminist movement that brings thousands of people together to fight for gender equality, and pushes for much-needed social change.
Tomorrow, in keeping with annual tradition, another demonstration has been organised in the capital. This time around, the protest is a little different, with a 'Bread & Roses' rally that looks to target austerity in the UK. If you're planning on taking part, here's everything you need to know:
What's it about?
Organised by Women's March London, this year's 'Bread & Roses' aims to protest the UK government's harsh austerity cuts which have been identified as "the common denominator in the rise of economic oppression, violence against women, gender pay gap, racism, fascism, institutional sexual harassment, hostile environment and Brexit."
From the gender pay gap to cuts to domestic violence services, reduced welfare payments to the closure of childcare facilities, while women bear the brunt of economic injustice, there is a need to march.
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Why is it called the 'Bread & Roses' rally?
The Women's March honours the legacy of the 1912 Bread & Roses rally in the US, which united women textile workers in their fight for fair wages and workers rights.
The phrase 'bread and roses' actually has its roots in women's suffrage, as it was originally used in a speech by American union leader Rose Schneiderman in 1911, who declared that "The worker must have bread, but she must have roses." In other words, women should be entitled to both bread (decent wages) and roses (dignified conditions).
In the early 1900s, her words became a defining phrase of the women's labour movement, and have remained a popular political slogan for feminists ever since. In a post-Weinstein, _TAG_ era, the request for fair pay and safe working conditions are more relevant than ever.
When is the Women's March 2019?
The London Women's March is taking place on Saturday 19 January. Starting at noon, participants will meet outside the BBC headquarters at Portland Place, Marylebone, W1A.
From Portland Place, the march will proceed towards Regent Street, then along Haymarket before finishing up at Trafalgar Square for the rally, where renowned campaigner Helen Pankhurst, Labour MP Dawn Butler and trans activist Munroe Bergdorf will address the crowds.
Who can attend?
While the march will be women-led, people of all ages, abilities, genders, sexualities and ethnicities are welcome to join - the more the merrier.
In keeping with the legacy of the march, organisers have asked participants to bring flowers to symbolise new beginnings, while you can share your support on the day with the hashtag _TAG_.
The _TAG_ call to action, as defined on the Women's March website, is as follows:
(i) a PLEDGE to protect and serve each other with love, unity and solidarity;
(ii) a PROMISE to exercise our civic duty to vote in every circumstance that will shape a progressive society; and
(iii) a CONVICTION to call out any racism or form of phobia we see online and offline.
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Where can I find more information?
You can find all details on the Women's March London on the official website.
See you there!


What is creamed honey?
Creamed honey is also known as whipped honey, churned honey, spun honey and even 'honey fondant'. This naturally conjures up thoughts of a thick, creamy consistency, and of the type of process that is likely to be involved, but the reality is far different!
Honey will naturally crystallize with age; this occurs when the sugars harden and the honey thickens as a result. This process is completely normal and does not mean that the honey has gone off or spoilt as some people may think. The easiest way to reconstitute the honey back to its original pouring consistency is to place the jar of honey in some warm water. Be careful, because much hotter than about 40oC and you run the risk of killing all the good enzymes, vitamins and minerals.
Creamed honey is actually honey that has undergone controlled crystallization. The crystals are incredibly fine – much smaller than normal – giving it the luxurious feel of double cream on the tongue! Production involves adding a 'creamed honey culture' which then starts to spread throughout the honey, creating those fine crystals. The entire process may take anything from a few weeks up to a number of months to complete, depending on the sugar structure of the honey.
What do with creamed honey? Well, it has an irresistably smooth, spreadable consistency. Use it in exactly the same way as you would any other honey. Add a little creamed honey to buttered crumpets for a yummy breakfast dish that's hard to beat!
What is Creamed Honey?
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text:
Interplanting With Broccoli
by National Gardening Association Editors
Just because a garden row is occupied, don't think you've used up all its growing potential. By planting a few cool-weather seedlings under and around established cole crops, you can get a jump on your fall gardening. You also save space by planting more than one vegetable in a row, and the new plants benefit from the shade of the older plants. This can be a real help in the heat of midsummer. It's not a good idea to rely on this method for your main crop, but it can give you quite a harvest bonus later in the season.
When your broccoli plants are up and growing in midsummer, try planting loose-leaf lettuce seedlings in the partial shade of the broccoli's broad leaves. Prepare a planting hole four to five inches from the base of each broccoli plant and set in a seedling. If you fertilized or side-dressed the broccoli, the new lettuce seedlings will probably have enough food for growing. If not, you can side-dress them after they're established. The broccoli shade will protect the seedlings from the hot sun. When your broccoli plants have finished bearing, just cut them off; the lettuce will continue growing. You can also try this multiple planting method around Brussels sprouts, but you may have to experiment to see if any extra fertilizer is needed.
You might try planting a few quick-maturing seeds such as radishes, lettuce or spinach in the soil around mature plants. Just plant, weed and water as usual, thinning if the plants appear crowded. After that, enjoy the extra harvest.
Filling in the Gaps
There's another way to maximize your garden space. Whenever you harvest a cabbage or cauliflower, pull the whole plant from the row. In the gap that's left, plant a new seedling. Depending on your climate and the length of your growing season, you can replace these early-season vegetables with lettuce, kale, tomatoes, peppers or even flowers. The tender seedlings will be partially shaded by the foliage of the remaining cabbage or cauliflower plants, and you won't have to look at empty spaces in your garden.
|Spacing Cole Crop Plants||Table of Contents||Feeding Cole Crops|


Ford Developing Thermally Sprayed Nano-Coating for Cylinders to Reduce Friction, Support Lighterweight Construction
GM To Introduce FlexFuel Version of 2009 Buick Lucerne
Trailer with aerodynamic sideskirts.
Creating an improved aerodynamic shape for heavy-duty truck trailers by mounting sideskirts can cut fuel consumption and emissions by up to 15%, according to road testing by the Dutch research partnership PART (Platform for Aerodynamic Road Transport). PART is a partnership between TU Delft, TNT, Scania Beers BV, FOCWA Carrosseriebouw, Ephicas, Kees Mulder Carrosserieën, Van Eck Carrosseriebouw, Syntens, Squarell Technology, Emons Group and NEA.
Sideskirts are plates which are mounted on the sides of trailers, primarily with a view to underrun protection. The new aerodynamic design of the sideskirts substantially reduces the air currents alongside and under the trailer and thereby also the air resistance.
Initial driving tests with a trailer equipped with the aerodynamic sideskirts over a straight stretch of public road revealed a cut in fuel consumption of between 5% and 15%. Subsequent research comprising long-term operational tests by TNT displayed a fuel reduction of 10%.
These results confirm calculations and findings from the wind tunnel tests that had established that the observed 14 - 18% reduction in air resistance led to 7 - 9% less fuel consumption. In practice, the figures are in fact even better.
In 2005, 10,000 new trailers were taken into use in the Netherlands. With an average fuel consumption of 30 liters per 100 kilometers [7.8 mpg US], that translates into 750 million liters of diesel consumption in the Netherlands each year. We can cut fuel consumption by 5% or more for 50% of those trailers. That means a reduction of 50 million tons of CO2 emissions a year. This research can therefore result in a substantial, structural contribution to cutting fuel consumption and an annual saving of tens of millions of Euros, next to that cut in CO2 emissions by the road transport sector.
—Prof. Michel van Tooren of TU Delft's Aerospace Engineering faculty
Road tests have also already been initiated on boat tails. These constructions on the rear of a trailer ensure a reduction in the wake—the vacuum and air currents which arise when the trailer is moving. In theory, a boat tail could also mean a cut in air resistance of 30%, with a fuel reduction of 10 - 15%. These road tests should also confirm the earlier, highly positive results from the windtunnel.
Boat tails, however, are limited in practical use, in particular when loading and unloading—safety aspects and problems with exceeding maximum vehicle sizes prevent these being used for many types of vehicles.
It took them this long to figure it out. When you can draft behind a large truck, you are punching one seriously big hole in the air. It is pretty obvious.
Other studies like this have been done here
and companies like WalMart have been using these for years
and you know that if WalMart is doing it, it's for the bottom line (and not for environmental reasons).
So why isn't everyone getting getting a truck skirt? Especially those independent truckers that went on a silly strike a few weeks ago to protest diesel prices.
Mark Gutting-Kilzer
Rather than just covering a void, cannot the space beneath the trailer floor also provide useful storage or hauling space? Sure, place skirts over the wheels, but place cabinets below the floor.
My guess is the skirts will also serve to mitigate the spray mist ejected from the tire wells while driving on wet pavement - a safety hazard to moving traffic in the immediate vicinity.
Here's a company that sells them
I wonder how much these things cost?
Inflatable boat tail.
Also, whatever happened to the (I thought brilliant) idea of using compressed air jets out of nozzles on the rear to make the vehicle effectively longer and streamlined?
it seems to me that the biggest component of drag is the square tail. has anyone looked at the various components of drag (nose, wetted area, tail etc)?
This is a good idea also for safety reasons. Everyday a lot of peatons, cyclists and motorcyclists die under trucks wheels.
It seems that maybee a decade ago in Europe there was interest in installing inflatable spoilers on the end of trailers. It wouldn't help the first truck on fuel use but it would reduce the fuel consumption on the trucks following close. There must have been a GPS-device regulating the rear trucks engine speed for safety reasons. The main reason at the time was to be able to cram more trucks in the lane.
A 5-15% reduction in fuel consumption. That seems like pretty low hanging fruit to me. We are talking about billions of gallons of oil saved per year.
Honestly, I can't see a downside.
Gerald Shields
sjc, you said:
Waitaminute. I don't think anyone has thought about fuel efficiency with a truck much less a heavy duty or an 18 wheeler. I get the feeling that truck companies should be considering testing their trucks in a wind tunnel to improve fuel efficiency.
probably the cost of installing the system too high; also doubtful if you save more energy than you spend compressing the air.
One can also place partition pieces out in front of the nose of a truck and create a more streamlined shape.
Renault tried the air jet thing in a concept car
They put the jets on the top of the rear which would be a problem for container trucks.
But you could do it for buses, SUVs, MPVs etc.
However they quote the savings at 80mph which is probably faster than they want people to go.
[ Green types anyway ]
I wonder could you electronically link trucks together so they could slipstream (and keep it safe) - imagine being hit by a convoy of 10 trucks!
You attributed Karkus' quote to me. I saw a video of a pickup truck that hit the side of a jack knifed trailer and sheared the top of the pickup cab right off. It is a safety issue as well as a fuel savings and by extension, national security issue to get more mileage out of truck travel.
I would guess the reason that independent truckers have not done something like this is cost. They are paying for their rigs and fuel, they do not want to pay for this. Maybe the government and tax payers could help. It is good to save fuel for lots of reasons and when you combine safety, it is in the public interest to do so.
Harvey D
Didn't everybody know that moving a very large brick at 75-80 mph takes a lot of energy. Truck/bus builders and operators should have known that and figured ways to reduce drag decades ago.
John Taylor
The fuel saving idea is not really new.
Side skirts help, but so will underskirts, as will either boat-tails or some other rear square-reducing method to improve airflow.
However, often trailers are owned by the transport company, while the truck is owned by the independent trucker.
It would be nice to see side-skirt and under-skirt kits made available for all standard sized trailers, with perhaps a tax incentive or grant program to have them installed, and perhaps extra charges at tolls for trucks without them.
Well, John beat me to the answer. Independent truckers just own the rig, not the trailer. They get a contract to go somewhere, latch it on, and bring it somewhere else.
I am seeing and expect to see more good ideas being used by the large in house over road truck operators such as Wal-Mart. They probably control both the truck and the trailer.
I would be interested in seeing a trade off between this type of add on and the reduction in speed in 5 mph increments. My guess is you could get some very quick results close to these just by changing driving habits.
Another option would be to have a spoiler that extends from the front bumper at highway speeds to improve the aerodynamic profile of the vehicle.
Frontal configurations have the most effect on aerodynamic drag as compared to rear aerodynamics. Frontal streamlining & rear boattails make the truck-trailer combination longer which are already at the maximum legal length. One method from 1960's station wagons would be an aluminum fixed curved spoiler at the top rear of the trailer(& spoilers along the verticle rear edge if possible) which would skim boundary layer air & force it to fill the vacuum behind the trailer. These devices would often be subject to damage.
Making the sideskirt bottom strong enough to carry extra cargo would make placing cargo down between the wheels difficult & would require extra power equipment other than folklifts. Special strapping so forklifts could lower cargo between the wheels would really reduce a cargo area already pretty small.
Question. In the US many truckers are independent. They own and operate their rig. Is that true in the EU?
It seems to me that independent truckers would have a greater desire to maximize profit and employed drivers would be more content to follow parameters set by the employer. And employers will at least try to look socially responsible by minimizing fuel consumption.
As for all this drag reduction. The Arabs announced an embargo in 1973 during a war with Israel. For a month or so there were shortages in the US. In the aftermath the merits of various skirts and shapers were studied and many were added to trucks. The current rising fuel costs will lead to further adaptions.
But this time I expect we will see mandated improvements rather than leaving it up to the truckers.
I beliefe most truck drivers are just contractors or


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Skinner presentation at GEOIDE 2009
The Geoweb Goes Wild: Developing A Participatory Geoweb Site As An Aid In Determining Rare Species Distribution, Randy Skinner, Yolanda Wiersma Erioderma pedicellatum (Ep), or boreal felt lichen, is critically endangered worldwide. Newfoundland currently has 95% of the known world population. The province of Newfoundland and Labrador has developed a five year management plan to assess the spatial distribution of Ep on the island. Surveys in the past have been largely opportunistic and focused on two hyperpopulated regions on the island. The provincial government has restricted use and development in regions where Ep has been found. To facilitate public awareness, as well as foster stewardship practices, our project will tap into the use of participatory Geoweb applications to gauge public awareness of the species in the province. Our project has a two‐fold focus. Web 2.0 widgets and applications will be used to develop a map-based interactive website so that users can pinpoint Ep sightings, add photos, or post forum info online. Web‐based aids will be provided to give the novice lichen hunter information and field tools to find and identify Ep. The ultimate goal is to determine the amount and degree of public input with Ep – a species that is still relatively unknown to the general public (i.e., uncharismatic), with a secondary objective of gathering more information on the spatial distribution of Ep. The second focus of our project will be to expand the Geoweb to allow for citizen‐derived observation about a suite of species, some of which will be more well‐known (charismatic) to the public. Public participation will be measured with each species via web statistics and user-generated input, noting the types of users, and the amount of participation and interest with each species. This project is part of a larger Phase IV Project (Team 41) on the Participatory Geoweb, which is being led by Dr. Renee Sieber of Mc Gill University.