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#1 2020-05-22 16:43:59
From: UK
Registered: 2008-03-24
Posts: 6,517
Plant discovered on Mars? (Is the question mark even necessary?)
I normally reference Joe White's videos on the Real Mars thread, which is something of a ghetto for discussion of possible life on Mars (present or past). However I think this video really deserve a separate thread (even though I have already mentioned it on the Real Mars thread):
Looks like Joe might have discovered a genuine plant on Mars - analogous to a type of cactus, possibly.
It's particularly interesting because we have not just something that could be a plant (growing up directly out of the soil, thin and perpendicular fashion, like many cacti on Earth) but there are four other crucial pieces of evidence:
1. Close to the plant we see what looks like an exposed root system.
2. The root system is by an area of damp sand.
3. The damp sand is just where you would expect melted frost water to drip down from the higher level sedimentary rock layer.
4. One of the roots is embedded in the damp sand, suggesting it is drawing out water (and, presumably, nutrients).
So this is not just a video of something that looks like a plant. It is a video that can go a long way to explaining how a plant might survive on Mars:
There could be extensive plant root systems spread over a wide area where statistically it is likely that melt water will be formed (from frost on exposed flat sedimentary rock layers). When areas of damp sand occur (probably in the summer period, maybe over say 100 sols out of the Mars year), the root system draws up water. The water entering the plant system is then able to germinate seeds (or trigger some similar process) so that a cactus-like plant shoots up from beneath the surface sand. Presumably this plant has some vital reproductive system e.g. the production of tiny seeds that can be blown on the winds of Mars. The "knobbly" parts of the plant in the video might well be seed pods that burst open when conditions are right e.g. when the wind blows relatively strongly. Seeds that land by chance in areas of damp sand may then be able to start forming new root systems and so the process continues.
This is absolutely fascinating. The fact that NASA can publish such an image and make no comment about its extraordinary content is perhaps an apt comment on the dilapidated state of the organisation.
#2 2020-05-22 17:50:35
Registered: 2011-12-29
Posts: 3,710
Re: Plant discovered on Mars? (Is the question mark even necessary?)
I will be very surprised, if you get much support in your assertions. However, conditionally, I feel I do have limited support to offer.
A life form would need an energy source, water, and nutrients at the minimum, I presume.
While light is a possibility, for Mars, it is complicated with U.V. Over billions of years of adaptation could plants tolerate U.V? Well, maybe to a degree. I have read that plants capturing visible light is like them catching bullets. U.V. would be even harder.
So, I am inclined to think that fungi would be the most reasonable life form that Mars and the Earth could have supported, before a Oxygen atmosphere on either planet.
With a CO2 dominated atmosphere each planet could support such life through photolysis.
I will try to offer some supporting links for that proposal of possibility. … e-to-land/ … n-air.html
"This new understanding about how life can still exist in physically extreme and nutrient-starved environments like Antarctica opens up the possibility of atmospheric gases supporting life on other planets," study leader Belinda Ferrari, a microbiologist at the University of New South Wales in Australia, said in a statement.
Life on the outer limit
The researchers collected soil microbes from two regions in eastern Antarctica, both of which are ice-free and devoid of vegetation. The soil is also very low in vital nutrients like carbon and nitrogen. The first sample area was a spot called Robinson Ridge in Wilkes Land. The second was a desolate stretch called Adams Flat in Princess Elizabeth Land.
The team was able to scan the genomes of 23 separate microbes, including two bacterial groups never before described by science, dubbed WPS-2 and AD3. The most dominant microbes, the scientists found, were also those with the genes that leant them air-scrubbing abilities. [Extreme Life on Earth: 8 Bizarre Species]
"They can get most of the energy and carbon they need by scavenging trace atmospheric gases, including hydrogen and carbon monoxide," Ferrari said. They can also pull carbon dioxide from the air, the researchers reported.
Slow living
This method of feeding on air may be prevalent throughout Antarctica, the researchers wrote, though they said more sampling is needed to find out whether that's the case. Microbes in other nutrient-poor spots, like the Atacama Desert in South America — the driest desert in the world — could use atmospheric gases to survive, too, the researchers wrote.
Bacteria have been known to survive on carbon monoxide and hydrogen alone, Don Cowan and Thulani Makhalanyane of the University of Pretoria, South Africa, wrote in a News and Views article accompanying Ferrari's paper. Usually, microbes live like this in oxygen-free environments like the sediments in the deep sea, but some bacteria, like Geobacter sulfurreducens, are known to pull carbon monoxide from the air as their energy source, added Cowan and Makhalanyane, who weren't involved in the original study.
The Antarctic bacteria spend most of the year dormant, Cowan and Makhalanyane noted, actively eating, growing and reproducing for likely only a few hundred hours annually. That means life moves at a slow pace for these organisms, the authors wrote. But the find is still exciting, Cowan and Makhalanyane added, especially for astrobiologists.
"It adds another dimension to our understanding of the survival and energy-sufficiency mechanisms of organisms living in places at the limits of where life is thought to be possible," the authors wrote.
Original article on Live Science.
So, my thinking about early life on the Earth and maybe Mars land is that the shoreline of oceans might have had a lot of organic matter for fungi to feed on, and eventually they might have adapted to feed on CO, and maybe Hydrogen and trace Oxygen.
Complex Fungi could perhaps live mostly underground, and as today, perhaps have protected Mushrooms, as reproductive organs.
It can be understood that in Antarctica, some Lichen can grow at subzero temperatures, and also absorb water from the atmosphere. It would not be necessary for a "Plant" on Mars to have roots. But some parts of a fungi could be like roots and extract nutrients from the regolith.
However, I have reasoned how tolerably "Fresh" water could emerge from a freeze/thaw cycle as in the Arctic ice pack.
I feel that I will not go much further, other than to mention that if there was Fungi on Mars, it would have had billions of years to adapt, if adaptation were at all possible.
I will also say that I have been informed long ago that the British are notorious pranksters.
Last edited by Void (2020-05-22 18:29:47)
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On the Train
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"On The Train" is a poem by Gillian Clarke. Its chief subject matter is the Paddington rail crash and its aftermath.
The poem imagines commuters on the train heading towards the "bone-ship" and refers to the anxiety of passengers and loved ones alike in the days following the disaster. Clarke uses the technology of 1999 to ground her poem in reality - the mobile phones of the victims lie in the wreckage of the train while their friends and family frantically try to ring them. She quotes the phrase:
"The Vodafone you are calling
May have been switched off.
Please call later."
This everyday phrase takes on a new, more sinister meaning in context. Clarke concludes the poem by taking a lenient view, post-Paddington, of train passengers who make mobile phone calls - they no longer seem irritating, merely essential for reassuring people that they are still alive.
This poem was written soon after the mobile phone boom of the late 1990s and as such is one of the first comments on the phenomenon. Two years later, mobile phones would again be closely linked with tragedy during the September 11 attacks.
The poem has been included in the AQA Anthology for study at GCSE alongside several other of Gillian Clarke's poems. It is one of a number of Clarke poems - including "A Difficult Birth" and "The Field-Mouse" - that comment on contemporary events alongside the minutiae of Clarke's own life.
External links[edit]


text:
Profiling stainless steel welding processes to reduce fume emissions, hexavalent chromium emissions and operating costs in the workplace
Nine gas metal arc welding (GMAW) processes for stainless steel were assessed for fume generation rates, fume generation rates per g of electrode consumed, and emission rates for hexavalent chromium (Cr6+). Elemental manganese, nickel, chromium, iron emissions per unit length of weld, and labor plus consumables costs were similarly measured. Flux-cored arc welding and shielded metal arc (SMAW) processes were also studied. The objective was to identify the best welding processes for reducing workplace exposures, and estimate costs for all processes. Using a conical chamber, fumes were collected, weighed, recovered, and analyzed by inductively coupled atomic emission spectroscopy for metals, and by ion chromatography for Cr6+. GMAW processes used were Surface Tension Transfer, Regulated Metal Deposition, Cold Metal Transfer, short-circuit, axial spray, and pulsed spray modes. Flux-cored welding used gas shielding; SMAW used E308 rods. Costs were estimated as dollars per m length of a ¼ in (6.3 mm) thick horizontal butt weld; equipment costs were estimated as ratios of new equipment costs to a 250 ampere capacity SMAW welding machine. Results indicate a broad range of fume emission factors for the processes studied. Fume emission rates per g of electrode were lowest for GMAW processes such as pulsed-spray mode (0.2 mg/g), and highest for SMAW (8 mg fume/g electrode). Emission rates of Cr6+ ranged from 50–7800 µg/min, and Cr6+ generation rates per g electrode ranged from 1–270 µg/g. Elemental Cr generation rates spanned 13–330 µg/g. Manganese emission rates ranged from 50–300 µg/g. Nickel emission rates ranged from 4–140 µg/g.
Labor and consumables costs ranged from $3.15 (GMAW pulsed spray) to $7.40 (SMAW) per meter of finished weld, and were measured or estimated for all 11 processes tested. Equipment costs for some processes may be as much as five times the cost of a typical SMAW welding machine.
The results show that all of the GMAW processes in this study can substantially reduce fume, Cr6+, manganese and costs relative to SMAW, the most commonly used welding process, and several have exceptional capabilities for reducing emissions.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Find you way back…
Main Properties
 - Text – the text of the "label" i.e. the text shown next to the field where you enter information.
 - Check align – the label's position in relation to the field where you enter information
 - Tooltip text – text that will display when you hover the mouse over that control
 - Output destination – part of the clinical notes that the text will be copied into e.g. history. Add output on same line – you can choose to add the "output" on the same line as text you have previously entered or on a new line.
 - Name – name of the control. This can be different from the "label" text – if you send the results of this control, it will be sent under the "name" while the "label" text is what will show up when you open the form.
 - Required – whether or not the question must be answered. Check the box to make the control mandatory.
 - Save back – save the question and answer to the patient's records, to make available for future use to pre-populate other forms (e.g. eye colour).
 - Left/top/right – position of the control (in pixel points). These act like co-ordinates. To manually line up several controls, you could ensure they all have the same value in the "left" section.
 - Tab index – the order in which you select this control when you press [Tab] to navigate around the screen. This will usually be filled in for you based on the layout of the page; howeverÂ you can also enter it manually. Note: to automatically order the controls, right click the screen and select "Set tab order from layout".
 - Anchor – as you increase the size of the screen, the control will also increase in size. Select "anchor" to ensure the control stays to that side of the form.
 - Dock – ensure the control sticks to one side of the form.
 - Pre-populate – you can choose to have this control filled in automatically when you open the form. Select the type of information or a code from the list (e.g. patient's name), and the box will be filled in based on information in the system. See the information on rules to learn about advanced pre-population.
Checkbox properties:
Leading text what is copied into the notes if the box is ticked
Trailing text what is copied into the notes if the box is unticked (or left blank).
Checked whether the box will be checked or unchecked by default. Change this by checking/unchecking the box.
Textbox properties:
Multiline whether or not you can write on more than one line.
Leading text the text that appears in the notes before the value you enter e.g.Prescribed and over-the-counter treatments tried:
Trailing text the text that appears in the notes after the value you enter e.g. for a measurement value, the trailing text may be the unit.
Radio Buttons:
List values the options for each radio button. They are entered (name of button, display name). For example, (1,None of the time), (2,A little of the time), (3,Some of the time) etc.
Selected value the value of each button. You enter these values by clicking on each individual button and entering the value, e.g. 2. These can be used for calculating totals or scores based on the answers given.
Drop-down menu properties:
List values options in the menu. They are entered: (saved value, display name). The display name is what will appear in the menu. They could be the same e.g. (yes, yes) or different e.g. (0, dry skin).
Selected value default value
Dropdown style Dropdown means you can also type values not on the list. Dropdown list means you can only choose from the list.
Max dropdown list how many values show up before the scrollbar appears.


Turin | englesko - srpski prevod
1. Capital city of the Piemonte region of northwestern Italy; Also called: Torino.
2. City in Iowa (USA); zip code 51059.
3. Town in Georgia (USA).
4. Village in New York (USA); zip code 13473.
(Italian Torino) Capital of Piedmont, NW Italy, on the river Po; Industries include iron, steel, automobiles, silk and other textiles, fashion goods, chocolate, and wine. There is a university, established 1404, and a 15th-century cathedral. Features include the Palazzo Reale (Royal Palace) 1646–58 and several gates to the city. It was the first capital of united Italy 1861–64.
Turin became important after the union of Savoy and Piedmont 1416. Its growth as a major city dates from 1559 when Emanuele Filiberto chose it as the capital of the House of Savoy, with Italian as the official language. In 1706 Prince Eugčne defeated a French army besieging the city, thus ensuring the survival of the Savoy duchy.
1. Torino
muški rodgeografija
Grad u Italiji.
Da li ste možda tražili neku od sledećih reči?
tea urn | tern | Terni | terrain | Tiranë | Tirana | Torino | tourney | train | traineau | trainee | tureen | turn
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Škole stranih jezika | Sudski tumači/prevodioci


text:
Hida City is a quiet picturesque town outside of Takayama City. The people of Hida generally live a simple lifestyle and have fostered a distinct culture different from many parts of Japan. For hundreds of years, this area was highly isolated, and until recent years the only access to the area were the high mountain passes.
For visitors, it will seem like a trip back in time with the beauty of the rice terraces and the snow covered traditional Japanese houses.
The Hida area, known for its extreme cold climate during the winter months, have created and ideal environment for tasty vegetables, fruits, and rice. Sake made from local spring water is also considered a delicacy in the area.
The Hida area, blessed with abundant forest resources, was known for skillful woodworkers and carpenters.
Dating back to Nara Period(700AD), these workers went to the ancient capitals to build palaces and temples. Because of their excellent craftsmanship, people in the capitals called them "Hida no Takumi" or Hida's Master Builders. For approximately 500 years, 40,000-50,000 craftsmen worked in the Japanese capitals.
These workers brought back new culture and knowledge they acquired while working at the capital and integrated the knowledge into building their own hometown culture in Hida. These traditions are still reflected today in the traditional houses built by "Hida no Takumi" which still stand peacefully in the town of Furukawa.
Different from ordinary tourist destinations, Hida City is a place where visitors can see closely the daily life in rural Japan. Visitors can see the friendly locals fishing in the rivers, growing vegetables in the farm fields, drying persimmons hung under the eaves, and preparing for pickling vegetables.
The center of Hida Furukawa town is small enough to walk around. If you want to see rice fields and traditional farmhouses in the countryside, getting around by bicycle is recommended. For visitors wishing to enjoy the outdoors, hiking the local mountains is another way to enjoy this area.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Sydney Padua. Pantheon, $28.95 (320p) ISBN 978-0-307-90827-8
This print edition of Padua's webcomic is a must-have for anyone who enjoys getting lost in a story as brilliant in execution as conception. Padua's debut graphic novel transforms the collaboration between Ada Lovelace (the daughter of Lord Byron) and Charles Babbage (a noted polymath) into an inspired, "What If?" story. Lovelace was a talented mathematician and helped translate a paper on Babbage's ideas for an Analytical Engine, the world's first computer. The notes she added to the translation were so cleverly detailed that experts today recognize them as the first example of computer programming. Although Lovelace died a few years later and Babbage was left to tinker with his Analytical Engine until his death, Padua imagines an alternate reality where they build the engine and use it to "have thrilling adventures and fight crime!" The immensity of Padua's research and the wit and allusions of her prose are striking, saying as much about what drove her to explore the possibilities of her protagonists' relationship as about the protagonists themselves. Permeated by delightful illustrations, obsessive footand endnotes, and a spirit of genuine inventiveness, it's an early candidate for the year's best. (Apr.)
Reviewed on: 01/26/2015
Release date: 04/21/2015
Genre: Comics
Discover what to read next


text:
Ostia to Rome distance, location, road map and direction
Ostia is located in Italy
at the longitude of 12.29 and latitude of 41.73. Rome is located in Italy
at the longitude of 12.5 and latitude of 41.9.
- Driving Distance : 30 KM and 871 meters / 19.2 miles.
- Straight Line Distance : 25 KM and 900 meters / 16.1 miles.
- Travel time : 0 hours and 30 minutes.
- Direction and bearing : North East side, 42 degree.
Distance between Ostia and Rome
The total straight line distance between Ostia and Rome is 25 KM
(kilometers) and 900 meters. The miles based distance from Ostia to Rome is 16.1
miles. This is a straight line distance and so most of the time the actual travel distance between Ostia and Rome may be higher or vary due to curvature of the road.
The driving distance or the travel distance between Ostia to Rome is 30 KM and 871 meters. The mile based, road distance between these two travel point is 19.2 miles.
Time Difference between Ostia and Rome
The sun rise time difference or the actual time difference between Ostia and Rome is 0 hours, 0 minutes and 50 seconds
Ostia and Rome time calculation is based on UTC time of the particular city. It may vary from country standard time, local time etc.
Ostia To Rome travel time
Ostia is located around 25 KM away from Rome so if you travel at the consistent speed of 50 KM per hour you can reach Rome in 0 hours and 30 minutes. Your Rome travel time may vary due to your bus speed, train speed or depending upon the vehicle you use.
Midway point between Ostia To Rome
Mid way point or halfway place is a center point between source and destination location. The mid way point between Ostia and Rome is situated at the latitude of 41.816930102015 and the longitude of 12.391181156223. If you need refreshment you can stop around this midway place, after checking the safety,feasibility, etc.
Ostia To Rome road map
Rome is located nearly North East
side to Ostia. The bearing degree from Ostia To Rome is 42 ° degree
. The given North East direction from Ostia is only approximate. The given google map shows the direction in which the blue color line indicates road connectivity to Rome. In the travel map towards Rome you may find en route hotels, tourist spots, picnic spots, petrol pumps and various religious places. The given google map is not comfortable to view all the places as per your expectation then to view street maps, local places see our detailed map here.
Ostia To Rome driving direction
The following diriving direction guides you to reach Rome from Ostia. Our straight line distance may vary from google distance.
Travel Distance from Ostia
The onward journey distance may vary from downward distance due to one way traffic road. This website gives the travel information and distance for all the cities in the globe. For example if you have any queries like what is the distance between Ostia and Rome? and How far is Ostia from Rome?. Driving distance between Ostia and Rome. Ostia to Rome distance by road. Distance between Ostia and Rome is 25 KM / 16 miles. distance between Ostia and Rome by road. It will answer those queires aslo. Some popular travel routes and their links are given here :-
Travelers and visitors are welcome to write more travel information about Ostia and Rome.
- It can be your previous travel experience between Ostia and Rome.
- Available transport routes to reach Rome like train routes, bus routes, air routes and cruise routes.
- Tourist places or any other important places on the routes between Ostia and Rome.
- Hotels, restaurant information on the way to Rome.
- Photos related to Ostia and Rome or en route.
- Travel queries and other relavent information related to this page.


text:
Key points to know
- Stunting and yellowing are above-ground symptoms of SCN.
- Early senescence of fields is an indirect above-ground symptom of SCN.
- There can be serious yield loss due to SCN without any obvious above-ground symptoms.
- Root stunting, discoloration, and fewer nodules are below-ground symptoms of SCN.
- You can see SCN females with the naked eye.
1. Stunting and yellowing can be above-ground symptoms of SCN


Forty five of the 80 students were girls. What is the ratio of girls to boys?
Correct answer:
r = 9:7
Step-by-step explanation:
g=45 n=80 b=ng=8045=35 r=g/b=45/35=97=_PHONE_=9:7
We will be pleased if You send us any improvements to this math problem. Thank you!
Tips to related online calculators
Need help to calculate sum, simplify or multiply fractions? Try our fraction calculator.
Check out our ratio calculator.
Related math problems and questions:
 - The ratio
 skola The ratio of girls to boys in Mrs. White's class is 3:2. If there are 12 boys, how many girls are in the class room?
 - Students
 family_1 There are 2/6 girls out of 1050 students at the school. Of these, 4/5 have another sibling. How many girls are in school? How many boys are in school? How many girls do not have a sibling?
 - Pupils 7
 skola_4 There are 40 pupils in a certain class. 3/5 of the class are boys. How many are girls?
 - The classroom
 school In the seventh class the number of boys and girls are at a ratio of 4:5. Boys are 16. How many total students are in the classroom?
 - Ratio of counts
 skola_2 There are 15 boys and 13 girls in the class. What are the ratio of boys and girls?
 - Groups
 children2_1 In the 6th class there are 60 girls and 72 boys. We want to divide them into groups so that the number of girls and boys is the same. How many groups can you create? How many girls will be in the group?
 - Exhibition
 skola_vola The teacher paid for 280 Kč for 4.A students for admission to the exhibition. How many students were on the exhibition?
 - Boys to girls
 boy_5 The ratio of boys to girls at a party is 3:5. If six more boys arrived and four girls left the party, the ratio of boys to girls would be 5:6. How many people were at the party initially?
 - Classroom
 trieda_1 There are eighty more girls in the class than boys. Boys are 40 percent and girls are 60 percent. How many are boys and how many girls?
 - Report 2
 skola_4 A School reports students to teacher ratio of 6:1. If there are 45 teachers in the School, how many students are there?
 - Pupils
 family_29 There are 32 pupils in the classroom, and girls are two-thirds more than boys. a) How many percents are more girls than boys? Round the result to a whole percentage. b) How many are boys in the class? c) Find the ratio of boys and girls in the class. Writ
 - Foot in bus
 havo It was 102 people on the bus. 28 girls had two dogs. A 11 girls had one dog. At the next stop seceded 5 dogs (even with their owners). They got two boys together with three dogs. The bus drove one driver. How many foot were in bus?
 - 80 students
 venn_intersect 80 students were asked what type of test they preferred. 50 students said they liked multiple choice and 42 liked true or false. If 36 liked both multiple choice and true or false types, how many students preferred multiple choice only?
 - Boys and girls 2
 boy_2 The ratio of boys to girls in math club is 4:3. After 8 more girls joined the Club, the ratio become 1:1. How many members are there in the club now?
 - Andre
 stamp_6 Andre, Thomas, and Ivan split 88 postage stamps in a 2:5:4 ratio. How much did Thomas get?
 - Shirts
 skola_3 In a classroom, 1/6 of the students are wearing blue shirts and 2/3 are wearing white shirts. There are 36 students in the class. How many students are wearing a shirt other than blue or white?
 - Florist
 kvetinarka Florist has 84 red and 48 white roses. How many same bouquets can he make from them if he must use all roses?


text:
A feature of a programming language for a parallel processing system which allows or forces the programmer to annotate his program to indicate which parts should be executed as independent parallel tasks. This is obviously more work for the programmer than a system with implicit parallelism (where the system decides automatically which parts to run in parallel) but may allow higher performance.
[ik-splohd] /ɪkˈsploʊd/ verb (used without object), exploded, exploding. 1. to expand with force and noise because of rapid chemical change or decomposition, as gunpowder or nitroglycerine (opposed to ). 2. to burst, fly into pieces, or break up violently with a loud report, as a boiler from excessive pressure of steam. 3. to burst forth […]
noun 1. a drawing, photograph, or the like, that shows the individual parts of a mechanism separately but indicates their proper relationship. noun 1. a drawing or photograph of a complicated mechanism that shows the individual parts separately, usually indicating their relative positions
[ik-splohd-nt] /ɪkˈsploʊd nt/ noun 1. an explosive.
- Exploding star
noun 1. an irregular variable star, such as a nova, supernova, or flare star, in which rapid increases in luminosity occur, caused by some form of explosion


Contempt of Court
Throughout my years practicing law and in my role as a guardian ad litem, I often hear misconceptions about contempt. Usually I hear statements along the lines of "I don't want a criminal record" or "if I am found in contempt I will be arrested." This post is intended to dispel some of these misunderstandings and to set the record straight.
Contempt can be civil or criminal, direct or indirect. The difference between civil or criminal lies in the purpose of the punishment. Direct or indirect contempt contrasts between acts committed either in the presence or outside of the presence of the court.
Civil Contempt
A finding of civil contempt results in an order that is remedial, coercive and for the benefit of the other party. The punishment is intended to force the contemnor's compliance with court orders. Examples of the consequences of a contempt finding include money fines, orders directing compliance with the court orders, or even an indefinite jail sentence until the contempt is cured. It is often said that the contemnor "holds the key to the jail in his pocket" because curing the contempt will set him free. In family matters, motions for contempt are often brought for failure to pay child support, failure to abide by the parenting schedule, or selling or encumbering property in violation of a non-hypothecation order. Jail is a remedy of last resort, and one that usually only follows repeated, intentional refusals to abide by court orders or extreme behavior. The court will usually exhaust other remedies, such as payment of the other parties' attorney's fees, before sending a person to jail for civil contempt. A civil finding of contempt does not appear on a person's criminal record.
Criminal Contempt
In contrast, a person who has been found in criminal contempt does not hold the keys to the jailhouse, and remedying the contempt will not set him free. The punishment is punitive, and intended to protect and preserve the dignity and authority of the court. Indirect criminal contempt proceedings must generally follow to procedural formalities of criminal proceedings. The defendant is entitled to reasonable notice, providing a date and time for the proceeding and warning that the contempt is considered criminal. The prosecutor must prove the elements of contempt beyond a reasonable doubt, and the contemnor is entitled to counsel and holds the right against self-incrimination. If the court intends to impose a sentence of greater than six months, the defendant has the right to a jury trial.
An example of criminal contempt, and the confusion that can result between criminal and civil contempt, is the New Hampshire case of Mortgage Specialists v. Davey. Mortgage Specialists sued the defendants for violation of trade secrets. Following a preliminary injunction, the defendants destroyed documents in violation of the court order. The court found the defendants in contempt, believing that they had thumbed their noses at the trial court's authority and thwarted the dignity of the process, and issued penalties including attorney's fees, fines and a penalty of three times the amount of profits unjustly reaped from the violation of trade secrets. The Supreme Court vacated the finding because the defendants were not provided notice that the contempt proceedings would be criminal.
Indirect Contempt
Indirect contempt is conduct that takes place outside of the presence of the court. The court does not have first-hand knowledge. Instead, the acts of contempt must be proved through evidence. An interesting case that distinguishes direct contempt versus indirect contempt is Kristen McGuire v. Suzanne Collins. In McGuire, a litigant in a custody matter arrived at the courthouse smelling of alcohol. The court security officer approached the litigant, and a state trooper performed a preliminary breath test. The results were not provided to the litigant, or her attorney. However, when she appeared before the court for the hearing, the judge informed her that she had blown a.20, well above the legal limit. However, the litigant displayed no disorderly behavior in the courtroom. The judge sentenced to litigant to 30 days in jail for direct, criminal contempt for appearing before the court in an inebriated state. However, the sentence was overturned by the Superior Court following a filing for a writ of habeus corpus because the family division judge had not personally observed the elements of contempt. Instead, the court had to rely on the observations of the court staff and the preliminary breath test conducted by the state trooper to prove the elements of contempt. Therefore, the court did not have direct knowledge and could not conduct summary proceedings resulting in the immediate incarceration.
Direct Contempt
Direct contempt takes place in the presence of the court where the judge personally observes all of the elements of contempt. The following is a perfect example of direct contempt from Maryland in the case of Patrick Smith v. State of Maryland:
THE DEFENDANT: What is the maximum on contempt, sir?
THE COURT: What is the maxim um on contempt? If I am going to give you in excess of six months, I believe I have to give you a jury trial, is that correct...?
THE COURT: Mr. Smith, I am not going to give you in excess of six months.
THE DEFENDANT: Let me tell you something.
THE DEFENDANT: You say you won't give me in excess of six months.
THE DEFENDANT: You know what? You have been sitting up there in the trial in every hearing I have had for this far, right? From day one, you have been very prejudiced to the defense. I asked you, right, a while ago, you tried to skip out on even bringing forth an allegation. You say it is only a bald allegation. I am not asking you to believe me. I am asking you to bring forth the witnesses in this case who could testify --
THE COURT: I asked you if you had anything you want to say as to what sentence the Court should impose --
THE DEFENDANT: Yeah. You know what? You can give me six more months, motherfucker, for sucking my dick, you punk ass b itch. You should have a white robe on, motherfucker, instead of a black. Fuck you.
THE COURT: I find you in contempt again.
THE DEFENDANT: Fuck you in contempt again.
THE COURT: I find you three times in contempt --
THE DEFENDANT: Fuck you. And fuck.
THE COURT: On each charge, the Court will impose a sentence of five months to run consecutive to each other and consecutive to any sentence you are now serving or obligated to serve.
THE DEFENDANT: Yeah. You better leave now, you, Ku Klux Klan.
Other examples of direct contempt include assaulting another person in the courtroom or refusing to testify when ordered to do so. When direct contempt occurs, the court may skirt procedural formalities required of indirect contempt in light of the court's direct knowledge of the contempt. The word "summarily" does not refer to the swiftness of the punishment, but rather the dispensing with the formalities that accompany a conventional trial such as service of process, notice of hearing, and submission of evidence. Instead, the court must give the contemnor oral notice of the contempt observed, an opportunity to speak in his defense, where after the court may issue a finding of guilty and pronounce sentence.
Brandon Sousa - June 26, 2013 9:32 AM
If I have full custody and sole decision making can I be found in contempt?
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Antonyms of UNSTABLE
Examples of usage:
 1. Man seems the unstable thing, Fevered and hurrying. "Poems" by Muriel Stuart
 2. Further out they are unstable. "LRL Accelerators The 184-Inch Synchrocyclotron" by Lawrence Radiation Laboratory
 3. It is safer and swifter to ride the magnetic currents than it is to ride the unstable currents of the air. "Astounding Stories of Super-Science, March 1930" by Various
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Kids-at-Play Designs
Craft fun-loving layouts around your child's favorite toys, activities, and hobbies.
Lego Layout
Design by Laina Lamb
Use basic shapes as building blocks for a pieced accent. Laina attached small punched circles to larger squares of the same color to create the look of Lego toys. Foam adhesive gives the building blocks a dimensional look.
Scrapbooking Classes


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Definition of the noun Althos obscurator
What does Althos obscurator mean as a name of something?
Althos obscurator is a species of Althos, described by Fabricius in 1803.
- synonyms: species Althos obscurator / Coreus obscurator / species Coreus obscurator / Margus impudens / species Margus impudens / Margus obscurator / species Margus obscurator
- kingdom: Animalia
- phylum: Arthropoda
- class: Insecta
- order: Hemiptera
- family: Coreidae
- genus: Althos
Online dictionaries and encyclopedias with entries for Althos obscurator
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Go to the thesaurus of Althos obscurator to find many related words and phrases!


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Turing Machines can be encoded as in the EXPSPACE proof, but that doesn't mean a travel planning search engine will be able to run them! Every search engine has limitations, and given the computational complexity of the planning problem it is difficult to imagine very large simulations succeeding. In the case of ITA Software's engine as of early 2003, it is possible to simulate TMs with small numbers of states for between 10 and 20 steps on tapes of length from 10 to 20 (depending on the specific TM and tape alphabet). Fundamentally, ITA Software's engine will not generally duplicate airports for a user-requested portion of a trip, which limits the size of the tape and number of time steps to a polynomial in the size of the databases. The net effect is that ITA Software's engine can execute non-deterministic TMs over small tapes for small numbers of steps, or in other words, that it can solve small instances of problems in NP - as one would expect.
After the databases have been constructed, the machine is run by posing a query with one trip segment per time step, between made-up airports. For example, to run for 3 time steps one poses a query "find solutions from XXA to XXB, then from XXB to XXC, then from XXC back to XXA". The flights in each trip segment encode the tape at that time step as well as the transition to the next time step.


text:
The Wilson's phalarope is a shorebird that breeds in the Northern Prairie Pothole Region of North America. It is a migratory species that migrates down to South America for the winter. In breeding they are found in clear shallow wetlands. It is the female phalarope which is larger and more brightly colored. She is the one in charge. She will choose her mate and territory and will defend that territory. Shortly after she lays her eggs she will begin to migrate south leaving the male to incubate the eggs and care for the young. While migrating back to South America they will often stop at bodies of salt water where they will forage for food by swimming in a tight circle. This forms a small whirlpool which helps to bring aquatic insects and crustaceans to the surface.
3 hours ago


Talk:Common Intermediate Language
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Too Specific[edit]
The notion of a common intermediate language is not specific to Microsoft's.Net; this idea has been around since the time people tried to understand computation and compilers. If anything, this article should be discussing things like UNCOL as well, and Microsoft's CIL should be just one example. --Lingwitt (talk) 12:19, 26 May 2008 (UTC)
Broken Link for Kenny Kerr's intro to CIL (called MSIL in the tutorial)[edit]
The closest thing I could find in 10 seconds of googling is this link, and even it has a link to that same 404 page:
Machine Symbolic Intermediate Language?[edit]
I have never heard of the term "Machine Symbolic Intermediate Language". Google and MSDN don't bring up any 1:1 matches. Is there any evidence of this usage? Vector4F 20:17, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
Likewise. Perhaps this statement should be removed. There are enough acronyms in the world without people inventing new ones for the sake of it! Rickyp 11:10, 20 September 2006 (UTC)
Why does MSIL redirect to here? In all the documentation I've come across, this language has always been called "MSIL." Do a Google search for CIL and you'll get pages on unrelated material. Do a search for MSIL and--remarkably--you'll get pages about.NET and the Microsoft Intermediate Language. If no one objects within a few days, I'll redirect CIL to MSIL and change all references to CIL to MSIL. If you have a compelling contrasting viewpoint (with references), please submit it.
To back up my argument, you may go to MSDN (Microsoft's technical website) and type in CIL. There you'll get hits on unrelated material. Type in MSIL and you'll get hits on MS's MSIL compiler. You can also check out Jesse Liberty's book Programming C#. He also discusses MSIL and never mentions CIL. Frecklefoot | Talk 14:30, Jun 24, 2004 (UTC)
IL was referred to as MSIL for a long time before Microsoft officially changed the name to CIL. That is why you will find more references to MSIL. Be that as it may, the official name of the language has been CIL since before the v1.NET Framework shipped. I fixed up the references in the wikipedia to be up-to-date with current terminology, while leaving in references to the original name.
The reason for the change is the the runtime was standardized, including IL, and so they didn't want any Microsoft-specific names in the standardized portions of the runtime.
Perhaps relevant: uses CIL. - Bevo 17:27, 30 Jun 2004 (UTC)
I don't consider a count of google search hits to be indicative of how up-to-date a term is. In fact, the more out of date term is likely to have more hits, by default I would think.
Onebit 20:07, Jun 24, 2004 (UTC)
Thanks for the update! Frecklefoot | Talk 20:32, Jun 24, 2004 (UTC)
Sure thing! Onebit 20:38, Jun 24, 2004 (UTC)
Byte me[edit]
The CIL is not bytecode (byte = 8 bits), it is actually word based (WORD = 16 bits). Saying "wordcode" however sounds weird. Is there a way to describe it so it is correct and not weird-sounding? Right now it says it is bytecode, which is not correct (Java is bytecode based). Frecklefoot | Talk 18:57, Jun 25, 2004 (UTC)
Use of "bytecode" is appropriate. Originally the term "bytecode", no-doubt, referred to the size of the instructions. However, bytecode has been around for a long time, and not every example of bytecode centers around bytes in terms of the actual data stream. Even the existing wikipedia entry for bytecode refers to the fact that not all bytecodes are byte-length. At this point "bytecode" is a word unto itself; on the other hand, using "wordcode" would be making up a new word.
Meanwhile, the CIL portion of the CLI spec refers to the instructions as "bytecodes". --Onebit 20:47, Jun 30, 2004 (UTC)
I suppose one of the earliest examples of this type of computer language was called P-code (or pseudo-code), see UCSD p-System. I'd have preferred that a term like P-code to have been used instead of bytecode, but I guess it's too late now. - Bevo 21:06, 30 Jun 2004 (UTC)
It's a generic name and it's easy to say, sounds like a computer term, and has been used a lot. P-code, as Bevo mentioned, stands for psuedo-code, but it's really too generic of a name. I've even seen it used to refer to Java, Perl, Python bytecode etc.. This harks back to it's more common meaning - pseudo-code is what you jot down on the back of napkins, not for processing. That's probably why we use bytecode and not p-code. I have only used the term "bytecode" to refer to an intermediate language while I have used pseudo-code many times to refer to generic programming.
Vector4F 05:10, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)
It needs to be called p-Code. Pseudo-code can mean both bytecode and "compiler nonspecific" code (for writing algorithms), but p-Code is always used to refer to bytecode (or wordcode, or dword code). And these articles need to be merged. You guys aren't discussing -whetherthey should be merged; everyone agrees they should. You're discussing which term is more appropriate, which deserves a whole different "disputed article" sticky note.
Cheburashka 20:49, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
MSIL is one kind of CIL[edit]
The microsoft research project phoenix uses the term CIL with its own intermediate language wich has nothing to do with MSIL. In my oppinion CIL stands for all bytecode languages that are 1) shared between multiple compilers and 2) meant to be compiled to machine code instead of being interpreted. Have a look at
SealedSun 21:33, 27 January 2006 (UTC)
That's understandable, but as it says in the article, after it was standardized it dropped the "Microsoft" bit, because it is a spec developed jointly with IBM and others. Technically it would make more sense to merge the MCIL article with CIL. But until there is an article made about "other" CILs, I wouldn't worry about it. Foofy 00:21, 7 February 2006 (UTC)
Well, articles about other CILs, they'll be pretty rare because the only other implementation that counts[Mono] aims to achive Binary Compatibility with Microsoft's runtime. So, their CIL needs to mimick Microsoft's CIL. Yuvi
CIL can be targeted by a regular C/C++ compiler[edit]
This should be mentioned somewhere - CIL, notably, has pointers, unlike JVM, which uses segmented memory. Take basically any C/C++ application, feed it to a C++/CLI compiler and you get a 100%.NET executable (well, not really true in practice, but it's more an accident of implementation than anything else, like how executables produced by Visual C++ will still depend on the native C runtime DLL. No reason a C/C++ runtime couldn't be implemented on top of BCL)
Well, I'll invite you to add it, it's wikipedia after all:)
text/bytecode contradiction[edit]
Is CIL a textual programming language, like a scripting language, or a type of bytecode? This article claims it is both! Herorev 19:53, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
"Upon execution of a.NET assembly, its CIL is passed through the Common Language Runtime's JIT compiler to generate native code" - so where does bytecode come into all this? -Wootery 20:59, 24 May 2007 (UTC)
CIL has both a textual representation as well as a bytecode representation. The bytecode version is used when persisting the code in an.NET assembly. When disassembled, the textual representation is used. Both are semantically same. (Excuse me for ressurecting an archaic thread) --soum talk 17:06, 16 February 2008 (UTC)
Merge from MSIL[edit]
I merged MSIL into this article basically by copy-pasting the MSIL article. Please make sure all the references to MSIL/CIL/IL within the text are correct. Tocharianne 00:52, 30 December 2006 (


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Jakarta: Seaport city bathed in history
By Lauren Said-Moorhouse, for CNN
August 30, 2012 -- Updated 0947 GMT (1747 HKT)
The Indonesian capital of Jakarta is a fascinating city, with a long and proud maritime history. The Indonesian capital of Jakarta is a fascinating city, with a long and proud maritime history.
Sunda Kelapa
Jakarta: Seaport city
Pinisi schooners docked at Kelapa
Jakarta's maritime museum
"Pasar Ikan" or "Fish Market"
Visiting Pasar Ikan
Kota Tua
Fatahillah Square
Indonesian independence
 - Jakarta boasts a vibrant maritime history because of its location along the spice route
 - Travelers can get a taste of Jakarta's nautical past
 - Indonesia is a melting pot of cultures and people
Each week The Gateway goes behind the scenes of the world's major transport hubs, revealing the logistics that keep goods and people moving. This month, the show is in Jakarta, Indonesia.
Sunda Kelapa port
Sunda Kelapa port
The "coconut of Sunda" (the port's name translated from Sundanese) soon flourished and attracted the attention of other maritime-invested nations including the Portuguese, Dutch and British. To this day, you can still see the influence of the Dutch colonialists in the architecture of many of the buildings in the old city.
Today, Indonesia is an independent republic that has become a melting pot of cultures and people. Nicknamed by travelers as the "Big Durian" (a pungent-smelling but sweet-tasting local fruit), the modern metropolis of Jakarta is a swelteringly smoggy city bursting at the seams with people.
Watch: Jakarta's maritime history
Jakarta's maritime history
Female captain fights armed robberies
Its moniker is probably a good description of the city. It may not be everyone's idea of a typical vacation spot -- some portions of the city are grungy, dilapidated streets with scruffy slums. But underneath the seemingly overpopulated, polluted exterior lies a vibrant city rich in history and eclectic tourism options. Here are our top picks for tourists wanting to sample Jakarta's maritime heritage.
Often missed by vacationers, the historic harbor of Sunda Kelapa sits at the mouth of the Ciliwung River. The original settlement is a fantastic insight into the city's history and is home to what is said to be the world's last wind-powered seafaring trade fleet.
Walk amongst the traditional pinisi ships -- simple but sturdy wooden vessels -- that once provided trade from Indonesia to Europe and Africa. Climb up Syahbandar Tower and gaze upon the beautiful views from the top.
Pasar Ikan
Pasar Ikan
Literally meaning "Fish Market" in Bahasa Indonesia (the country's native tongue), Pasar Ikan sits at the end of Sunda Kelapa harbor. Although the market now sells all types of wares, Indonesian fishermen still gather here daily to sell their catch. The best time to visit and join locals purchasing the best goods is in the morning before it gets too hot and the smell of fish becomes overwhelming.
In numbers: The world's shipping industry
Nearby, you can also see traditional kampung houses (dwellings on stilts) where local families live. Don't be shy and say hello to the incredibly friendly and welcoming folks that reside next to the market.
Museum Bahari
Museum Bahari
A short distance from Pasar Ikan are several repurposed Dutch East India Company warehouses, which now operate as Museum Bahari. Today, the museum lets you step back in time through the country's nautical past and emphasizes how important the sea still is to the economy of present-day Indonesia.
On display are beautifully decorated fishing boats and pinisi schooners as well as shipbuilding tools and explanations of Indonesian folklore and maritime traditions.
Steering away from the old harbor, visit the Kota Tua (Old Batavia) area. In the 16th century, the Dutch settled in Indonesia -- renaming Jakarta "Batavia" -- after seeing a high demand for the country's spices. It is in the popular Kota district that tourists can see the influence left by Indonesia's former colonists.
Kota Tua
Kota Tua
The buildings surrounding Fatahillah Square have distinct Dutch facades and architectural elements. Stroll down roads lined with stalls, street acts and tourists to visit the Jakarta History Museum, Wayang (Puppet) Museum and the Museum of Fine Arts and Ceramics.
Outside the Jakarta Historical Museum sits Si Jagur -- a disused Portuguese cannon that is believed to bring fertility to women who touch it. And a few blocks west of Fatahillah Square is the Great Canal, with its historical Dutch drawbridge, Jembatan Pasar Ayam, rising over the waterway. No longer operational, in the past the drawbridge was built to connect the Dutch and British forts stationed on each side of the canal.
Finally, end your visit to Jakarta by visiting the National Monument (known locally as "Monas") in the center of Merdeka Square. It was erected in the 1960s as a tribute to Indonesian independence and today stands as a reminder of Jakarta's vibrant and multicultural history.
Part of complete coverage on
A ropeway hangs above the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro.


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Chapter 13: Further Output
The main output primitives and their aspects were defined in Chapter 3. Three other primitives of less importance complete the set available. These are cell array, annotation text and generalized drawing primitive. Cell array is provided to allow images to be displayed with the other graphical output. Annotation text provides annotations to graphical objects where the transformations to the object are not required on the annotation. Finally, the generalized drawing primitive gives the ability to extend the basic set of output primitives.
13.2 CELL ARRAY
The functions provided are:
CELL ARRAY(PX, PY, QX, QY, DIMX, DIMY, ISC, ISR, DX, DY, COLIA) CELL ARRAY 3(CPXA, CPYA, CPZA, DIMX, DIMY, ISC, ISR, DX, DY, COLIA)
Cell array defines an image as an array of areas to be given specific colours from the colour table. The parameters up to DIMX define the complete area of the image. DX and DY define how many cells the image is to be broken up into in the X and Y-direction. The remaining parameters specify the entries in the array COLIA of dimension (DIMX, DIMY) to be used as the colour index values into the colour table. These specify the colours of the individual cells. Both primitives are planar primitives. The 2D version defines a rectangular array of cells in modelling coordinates on the Z=0 plane while the 3D version defines an array of parallelograms on an arbitrary plane. In both cases, modelling and viewing transformations are applied to the cells so that the grid of cells to be rendered can be quadrilaterals and the various clipping facilities will have been applied to these quadrilaterals.
In the 2D form, the points (PX, PY) and (QX, QY) specify the opposite corners of the rectangle. The cells are numbered with the one nearest (PX, PY) being (1,1) and the one nearest (QX, QY) being (DX, DY).
In the 3D form, the points (CPXA(I), CPYA(I), CPZA(I)) define the 3 adjacent corners of a parallelogram. The point P (I=1) is the equivalent of (PX, PY). The point R (I=2) is the point that defines the X-axis of the parallelogram which extends from P in the direction of R. The point S (I=3) defines the Y-axis of the parallelogram which extends from P in the direction of S. The fourth corner Q is defined as R+S-P. The points (PX, PY, PZ) and (QX, QY, QZ) define the opposite corners of the parallelogram. The cells are numbered as for the 2D case.
The remaining parameters allow a part of the COLIA array to be used to define the colour indices associated with the cells. The entries used start at the position COLIA(ISC, ISR). The colour of the (I, J)th cell is defined by the entry COLIA(ISC+I-l, ISR+J-l).
Cell array is unusual in that its geometric and rendering attributes are all provided within the function definition. Only the identification attributes are set globally.
13.3 ANNOTATION TEXT
Annotation text is provided to add labels associated with specific points in the object to be displayed. Normal text could be used for this purpose but, in this case, it would be possible for the text to be rotated through 90Â° making it visible only from the end on or the perspective transformations applied could make it difficult to read. Annotation text solves the problem by adding the text to the object after it has been viewed and its position in Normalized Projection Coordinate (NPC) space established. The functions provided are:
ANNOTATION TEXT RELATIVE(RPX, RPY, APX, APY, CHARS) ANNOTATION TEXT RELATIVE 3 (RPX, RPY, RPZ, APX, APY, APZ, CHARS)
The 2D version has the Z-values of the positions set to Z=0.
The reference point, RP, defines a point in modelling coordinates to be annotated. This is transformed and projected to produce an equivalent point, RPN, in NPC coordinates. If RPN is outside any of the clipping regions specified by the modelling, viewing, or workstation clips, nothing appears. If not, the annotation text appears at the point RPN+AP. That is, AP defines an offset from the point to be annotated. The annotation text appears with this point as its origin. The text is output in the Z=RPN+AP plane and so appears parallel to the display surface.
Annotation text has a similar set of geometric attributes to normal text (annotation text character height etc) with functions to set each individually. It shares a common text bundle table with normal text.
The attribute ANNOTATION STYLE specifies the visual effect. If set to 1, the annotation text is output by itself. If set to 2, a line is drawn from RPN to RPN+AP as well. This is rendered as though it was defined as a polyline. Other values of ANNOTATION STYLE are implementation dependent (see Section 3.2.3).
13.4 GENERALIZED DRAWING PRIMITIVE
The functions are:
GENERALIZED DRAWING PRIMITIVE (N, PXA, PYA, PRIMID, LDR, DATREC) GENERALIZED DRAWING PRIMITIVE 3 (N, PXA, PYA, PZA, PRIMID, LDR, DATREC)
The 2D form has the PZA values set to 0. The first set of parameters define N points (PXA(I), PYA(I), PZA(I)) as I goes from 1 to N and these are used in the definition of the generalized drawing primitive (GDP). Other non-positional information associated with the GDP is defined in the data record DATREC of length LDR. This is constructed in the same way as the data record for INITIALIZE VALUATOR described in Section 10.2.4.
PRIMID identifies which of the set of GDP or GDP 3 primitives is required. Little can be said about GDPs as they are implementation dependent. They are provided to allow special primitives such as circles, ellipses, arcs and curves to be defined and implemented. They are allowed to use any of the attributes of the other primitives. For example, a filled area with the points on the boundary defined as markers and some text displayed in the filled area could be defined as a GDP.
The only constraint on the GDP defined is that it must behave like the other primitives under transformation. The geometry of the primitive must be transformed by the modelling and viewing transformations. Consequently, a circle cannot be specified as a single point and a radius value in the data record as this would still remain a circle under transformation. It has to be specified by at least three points so that the appropriate transformations take place.


text: [Excerpt] Discussions of the impact of immigration policy on the population and labor force of the United States typically center on why the nation has such a policy (i.e., the national interests that are involved) and what are the specific policy elements that are used to accomplish those ends. Far less attention is given to the process issues as to who administers those policies and how is the policy actually implemented and enforced. But answers to the who and the how questions are of equal importance when it comes to understanding policy outcomes. This is because the administrative processes provide the means to the ends. They determine the way in which policy priorities are established and they provide the mechanisms by which resources (both dollars and manpower) are assigned to accomplish policy objectives. No matter what the national interests sought or what are the laws, rules, regulations, and guidelines enacted to achieve them, the degree to which they are accomplished depends largely on the importance assigned to the issue and the material support devoted to reaching those ends.


Many art teachers have great ideas for seeking donations of goods and services but may lack the time or fundraising experience to achieve the results they need. Fresh Artists brings art teachers into the studio to provide one-on-one coaching and mentoring and guide them through the course of their project, helping them flesh out their ideas and develop a plan for implementation. We can also identify potential funders and collaborators and provide assistance with press materials and contacts, as well. If art supplies are fish, Greenhouse shows art teachers how to fish!


What is Secondary DNS?
Secondary DNS is available for domains on Enterprise plans.
Secondary DNS allows Cloudflare to act as a Secondary DNS provider to another organization's Master DNS. With Secondary DNS, DNS entries are edited in a system outside of Cloudflare and changes are transferred to Cloudflare's infrastructure.
If the current DNS provider does not support Zone Transfer, Cloudflare cannot become a Secondary DNS provider.
1. Contact your Cloudflare Account team:
 - Request Secondary DNS to be enabled.
 - Request the configuration parameters to set at the primary DNS provider.
2. In the Cloudflare Overview app for the domain requiring Secondary DNS:
 - Identify the Cloudflare Account ID.
 - Identify the Cloudflare Zone ID.
 - Note the two Cloudflare Nameservers.
If the Cloudflare Nameservers don't contain secondary in the name, confirm the Cloudflare Account team has enabled Secondary DNS.
3. Consult the Master DNS provider's documentation for instructions on configuring the Master zone.
4. Determine the configuration parameters from the Master zone:
 - Master IP Address - The IP address that Cloudflare should accept Zone Transfers from.
 - Zone transfer type - Will zone transfers be full (AXFR) or incremental (IXFR)?
 - (Optional) TSIG Secret - The secret string used to authenticate zone transfers.
 - (Optional) TSIG Algorithm - The algorithm used to authenticate zone transfers.
Once the list of prerequisites have been completed, configure the Secondary Zone at Cloudflare.
Configuring a Secondary Zone through the CloudFlare API
DNSSEC is currently unsupported when Cloudflare is configured as a Secondary DNS provider.
Secondary DNS can only be configured via the Cloudflare API. Requests can be sent to the API via a command-line utility like cURL or a browser plugin such as Postman.
Refer to the Cloudflare API documentation for full examples on the supported API methods available:
For each POST example provided in the steps below, replace :account_tag with the Account ID identified from the Prerequisites section of this article:
STEP 1 - Configure TSIG (Optional)
In the example request below, name and secret must be provided by the primary DNS provider and algomust reflect the correct TSIG algorithm from the Master DNS server.
_TAG_ _URL_
{"name": ":tsig_secret_name",
"secret": ":tsig_secret_string",
"algo": "hmac-sha512"}
A successful POST request will respond with an id. Include this id when adding a Master.
STEP 2 - Add a Master
Multiple Masters can be added via the Cloudflare API.
_TAG_ _URL_
{"ip": ":master_ip",
"port": 53,
"ixfr_enable": true,
"tsig_id": ":tsig_tag"}
 - :master_ip is the IPv4/IPv6 address of Master nameserver.
 - ixfr_enable set to true enables IXFR transfer protocol. The default is AXFR.
 - :tsig_tag (optional) is the id provided in STEP 1 - Configure TSIG, if configured
A successful POST request will respond with an id for the Master DNS server and must be included when creating a Secondary Zone via the Cloudflare API
STEP 3 - Create Secondary Zone
_TAG_ _URL_
{"id": ":zone_tag",
"name": ":zone_name",
"masters": [ ":zone_master_tag" ],
"auto_refresh_seconds": 30 }
 - :zone_tag is the Zone ID of the domain configured for Secondary DNS.
 - :zone_name is the domain name configured for Secondary DNS.
 - :zone_master_tag is the list of Master IDs created in STEP 2 - Add a Master.
The Cloudflare DNS UI will be disabled for Secondary Zones since records are managed through the primary DNS provider's Master server.
STEP 4 - Testing Secondary DNS
Add a TXT record to the primary DNS provider to test transfer to Cloudflare's Secondary DNS servers. Then, verify the TXT record is visible when querying Cloudflare's nameservers. Replace nsNNNN with the correct name of a Cloudflare Secondary DNS servers for the domain:
dig _USER_.secondary.cloudflare.com :zone_name txt +short
The Cloudflare Analytics app will continue to provide DNS data but only for DNS requests that Cloudflare's nameservers answer.
Related Resources


Excel Store Sales Data
Pipeline for the demonstration of Datrics' abilities to preprocess and aggregate historical data from different files related to different departments' store sales. The main goal is to align data and create one united dataset on a store level for further processing.
Problem Statement
As an input, we have 4 CSV files appr. 50k of rows each with historical data from 4 different countries with data from stores within each of them. All files contain the same data with alike column names and mixed data types.
Data Processing Scenario
Each file contains data related to the store, department, regional activity for the given dates, and total weekly sales. After aligning column names each file contains the following fields:
 - Country - the country id
 - Store - the store number
 - StoreSize - the store size
 - Department - the department number
 - Date - the first day of the week
 - Temperature - average temperature in the region
 - FuelPrice - cost of fuel in the region
 - MarkDown1-5 - anonymized data related to promotional markdowns that the store is running. MarkDown data is only available after Nov 2011 and is not available for all stores all the time. Any missing value is marked with an NA.
 - CPI - the consumer price index
 - UnemploymentRate - the unemployment rate
 - IsHoliday - whether the week is a special holiday week
 - WeeklySales - total amount of sales
The second step is to filter columns that are needed for further union and aggregation. As we want to have sales data on a store level, columns such as MarkDown1-5 are filtered.
The next step is to unite all the data in one dataset and align the data types within it, and aggregate the dataset to get weekly data for each store.
All bricks are logically gathered into three sub-groups: preprocessing, aggregating, and visualizing data.
notion image
Final dataset can be visualised using Pivot Table.
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====================================================================== FILE ORIGINATES FROM: <> UPLOADED BY: Tom Mickus DATE OF UPLOAD: JAN/14/1990 ====================================================================== ====================================================================== KLASDOTY.TXT [ ***] JAN/88 Interview with Klass and R. Doty ====================================================================== ====================================================================== NOTE: The file is reproduced verbatim, except for use of "(sic)". Use of "{}" and "()" brackets, along with CAPITALIZATION and underlining "___" are evidently the work of the author of this transcript. Additionally, all personal comments and characterizations contained within, are also of the author's. "PJK:" = Phillip J. Klass "RCD:" = Richard C. Doty ======================================================================= ======================================================================= Richard (Rick) C. Doty: Telephone interview: Jan. 8, 1988 (Highlight/Excerpts) 1. Says unable to meet with PJK this weekend, will not be in the area, returning Thursday/Friday. 2. He asked what he could do for me and I said I wanted to get him (sic) comments on allegations against him in Just Cause and in MUFOn (sic) Journal. Said he has seen both. PJK: Are you planning to take any action? RCD: I've already taken action. I've an attorney that last summer took some action on my behalf regarding the allegation that I allegedly had leaked these documents. {{PJK Note: But that allegation would not (sic) made publicly by Greenwood until Sept. 1987}} And Greenwood, Gersten, Moore and a couple other people were involved. WELL, I HAVE AN AFFIDAVIT SIGNED BY BILL MOORE THAT WAS EXECUTED IN COURT WITH MY ATTORNEY PRESENT THAT SAYS THAT BILL MOORE NEVER, EVER RECEIVED ANYTHING FROM ME OTHER THAN SOME BITS AND PIECES ABOUT AN INCIDENT THAT HAPPENED AT KIRTLAND IN 1980. {{PJK doubts this could have occurred in the few months since allegations were made public.}} "HE GAVE THE PERSON'S NAME IN THE AFFIDAVIT THAT HE RECEIVED THE DOCUMENTS FROM, AND THIS PERSON--I DON'T KNOW HIM--THIS PERSON IS IN WASHINGTON D.C. AND MY ATTORNEY WENT TO WASHINGTON D.C. AND SPOKE TO THIS PERSON AND HE DENIED EVER GIVING BILL MOORE ANYTHING ALTHOUGH HE SAID HE HAD REGULAR CONTACT WITH BILL MOORE. {{PJK: Very doubtful claim}} So, allegedly, Peter Gersten was given this information and then apologized saying that they never had any concrete information that I had given him anything anyways, but they had kind of put two and two together and thought that it must have come from me. PJK: You say that Moore signed an affidavit. Have you made that affidavit public? RCD: No, no I haven't. PJK: Do you plan to? RCD: I don't know. It's up to the attorney. Again, this happened last year and I have had (sic) any further contact with MUFON or the CAUS people. {He later changes this story.} When that article came I was inundated with phone calls and letters and people trying to interview me saying they want to know what this is all about. And I don't even know, I didn't know, I didn't see these documents until October or November. {NOTE: he is referring to the MJ-12 papers, which were first made public in late May/early June, 1987} And I too (sic) one look at them and said, these are phoney. (Laughs) These aren't even credible documents. What I was shown had some legitimate documents in that was obtained FOIA but these other ones that were released--apparently Bill Moore released it in some kind of a news release. He claimed to have gotten these in (PJK: In December, 1984). Well I wasn't even in the country, nor would anyone have had access to me in 1984. All these things were started in the lawyer's--I can't remember what the legal term was he used--but the court document refuting the claim that I gave him. PJK: Would you be willing to give me the name of your lawyer? RCD: Ah, I can give him your name and he can contact you. But why would you want to know that? PJK: (Explains I am long-time UFO skeptic/investigator, that if MJ-12 papers were authentic, it would be biggest story for AW&ST. So I dug into MJ-12, found evidence to indicate they are a hoax.) RCD: Yeah, you just have to look at them. A fifth grader could tell they're not properly classified and down grade instructions. I've been working in classified for 20 years, from all levels. When my lawyer showed me copies of them--and my lawyer is retired military, of course, and he could tell they're phoney. Apparently Gersten's crew knew they were phoney. PJK: (Explains prevailing view among UFO believers is that MJ-12 is a hoax, but question is who is responsible for producing them.) RCD: WELL, THE FBI KNOWS THAT. THE FBI KNOWS WHO DID IT. THAT INFORMATION WAS PROVIDED TO THE FBI, THE FBI INTERVIEWED THIS PERSON AND OF COURSE THIS PERSON DENIED HE EVER GAVE THEM TO HIM (Moore). But I thin what this person did was he created the documents--I don't know if Bill Moore was actually involved in it, I don't think he was, but it's a possibility. The FBI never pursued it, I don't know why, unless they just couldn't. I don't know if there was any law that this guy broke. I don't if that is public record or not, but you'd have to go to the FBI to find out. BUT I KNOW FOR A FACT THEY INTERVIEWED HIM--THIS PERSON IN WASHINGTON D.C. PJK: And about when would that have been? RCD: Ah, gee, last year (ie. 1987) PJK: How would the FBI have located this person in Washington--I'll call him Mr. X-- RCD: As a matter of fact that's what William Moore called him, Mr. X. PJK: Are you suggesting that Moore told the FBI who X is? RCD: I don't. To tell you the truth I don't remember how--and I don't even know if I was privvy (sic) to that information as to how the FBI found ought (sic) who this guy was, but I think that after this stuff came out the Justice Dept. investigated it or made some inquiries or something and then found out, I don't know how. I don't have that information. --------------------------------------------------------- PJK then raises allegations made by CAUS and reads the first: "In 1984, Linda Moulton Howe, who produced the well-known cattle mutilation film STRANGE HARVEST, was contacted by a government source {{CAUS later identifies this source as Doty}} to aid in producing a UFO documentary, essentially providing the answer to UFOs. She was invited by the source, briefed on the story, then sworn to secrecy about it unti the film's eventual release. The deal was never completed. Details of the story given to her match the MJ-12 tale, along with much extra detail about contacts with 'EBES' {{Extraterrestrial Biological Entities}}, Nordic type aliens called 'Highs' and conflicting alien factions." What can you tell me about your contact with her? RCD: (Laughs) OK. In my duties, in my official government duties I made contact with her AND I CAN'T TELL YOU WHY, I made contact with her for information that she had that she was willing to share with us. The information had nothing to do with UFOs, absolutely nothing to do with UFOs. {{PJK note: Howe is a slightly wacky free-lance TV producer who focuses on UFOs, cattle mutilations, UFO-abductions, etc. --What kind of info would she have that Doty would seek "in an official" capacity--and which is so sensitive he could not tell me??}} When she found out I was with a government agency and I was the same one that had investigated the (UFO) incident (at Kirtland) in 1980, she started asking me questions about UFOs, about what I thought about UFOs, and what my beliefs were about them, and if I could tell her anything about what the government had. And I told her, I don't know very much. I can tell you what happened at Kirtland, because I investigated it. Probably it can be explained away. She said that she had been involved with Budd Hopkins and a number of people who claimed to have been abducted (by UFOs) and then she gives me this whole story about aliens abducting people, and they're called EBES, and then she said she had a contact--I later found out who it was--that had showed her some government documents pertaining to MJ-12 and all this other stuff. But I never, ever originated any contact regarding UFOs with her. Because of our continuing interest in what she was doing--NOT UFOs but to something else--she would ask me questions like what do you think about this, what do you thing (sic) about that? I can tell you that in 1985, excuse me in May, 1986, I TOOK AN EXTENSIVE POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION PERTAINING TO AN AL


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Date of Award
Bachelor of Arts (Psychology) Honours
School of Psychology and Social Science
Computing, Health and Science
Dr Ken Robinson
Dr Ricks Allan
Fluid intelligence and working memory has been improved by training on a visual working memory n-back task (Jaeggi, Buschkuehl, Jonides & Perrig, 2008). The present study investigated whether n-back training can improve visual memory using a test of visual recognition. A sample of 47 participants were trained for 20 days on either the single n-back task (n = 26) or a general knowledge and vocabulary task (n = 21). The results showed that training using the single n-back task did not significantly increase scores on a test of visual recognition when compared with general knowledge and vocabulary training. However, when initial scores were compared with final scores at completion of the training period, participants who had a high gain in scores on the vocabulary training task improved their visual recognition scores significantly more than those participants who had a low gain in scores on the vocabulary training task. This pattern was not repeated for those participants who were trained in the n-back task. During debrief, participants in the high gain vocabulary training group described shape recognition strategies which they used to improve their performance. It was concluded that the vocabulary task was more successful at training visual recognition than the n-back task which suggested the vocabulary task had a confounding effect on the results of this experiment.
Prandl, A. (2012). Visual memory improvement in recognition. Retrieved from _URL_


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- Buffer overflow checking
What is a buffer overflow? A simple definition of buffer overflow is writing data outside designated memory blocks when the memory block is full. VirusScan 8.0i uses pattern files to detect the buffer overflows.
To configure buffer overflow checking launch the VirusScan console, right click Buffer Overflow Protection and select properties:
A window appears that allows you to enable buffer overflow protection in either Warning or Protection mode. Warning mode will record the activity in the log but not block the process that is detected as causing a buffer overflow. Protection mode will stop a process that is detected as causing a buffer overflow. Exclusions can also be added (to exclude certain processes) as well as enabling an onscreen pop notification of detections.
It is recommended that this feature be enabled in protection mode (default).
- Script blocking
Script blocking is Behavioral blocking of potentially malicious Java and VB scripts.
This is designed to prevent malicious Java and VB scripts from running. To enable or disable script blocking, open up the VirusScan console, right click On-Access Scanner and select properties. Select the ScriptScan tab and either check or uncheck the checkbox to enable or disable ScriptScan.
ScriptScan is enabled by default. It is recommended that this feature be disabled by unchecking the Enable ScriptScan box and selecting apply.
- File blocking
Using VirusScan to lock down or block access to shares, directories and files.
To enable, disable or create rules, launch the VirusScan console, right click Access Protection and select properties. Select the File, Share, and Folder Protection tab.
The window that appears shows the rules that are entered into VirusScan. The ones that are checked are enabled. You can create your own rules by selecting add or modify a current rule by selecting edit. The rules will allow you to block write and create access to directories on the machine. Be very cautious about creating rules so that you do not block patches or useful programs and services. Additionally you can block all shares or make all shares read only regardless of the permissions set on the share itself.
It is recommended that this feature be disabled by unchecking all of the rules and selecting apply.
- Potentially unwanted programs
What are they? – Programs you may consider unwanted such as Adware, Spyware, Jokes or other programs you do not wish to have running on your machine.
To enable, disable or create rules launch the VirusScan console, right click on Unwanted Programs Policy and select properties.
By default the Unwanted Programs Policies are not enabled. From this window you can choose what policies you wish to enable by checking the checkbox next to each category of programs you want VirusScan to look for. You can also set exclusions to tell VirusScan what not to look for. It is recommended that this feature be enabled to detect Adware, Spyware and Dialers. To enable the features check the Spyware, Adware and dialers boxes and select apply.
Selecting the User-Defined Detection tab brings up the window below. This allows you to set specific programs/files that you do not want on your system. Be very cautious about creating rules so that you do not block patches or useful programs and services. This could also be used in the event of a new virus that is not detected by the current DAT file to be blocked or deleted. To set such a rule you would need to know the name of the virus file and directory that the virus file is created in. To create a new rule select add and to modify an existing rule select edit and the rule you wish to edit.
- Firewall like capabilities
VirusScan 8.0i includes the ability to block both TCP and UDP port inbound and outbound. The default ports that are blocked are 25 outbound and 6667-6669 inbound and outbound. The blocking rules may be modified to allow exception by program (e.g. Outlook.exe)
To enable, disable or create rules, launch the VirusScan console, right click Access Protection and select properties.
The window that appears shows you the rules that are entered into VirusScan. The ones that are checked are enabled. You can create your own rules by selecting add or modify a current rule by selecting edit. It is recommended that this feature be disabled. To disable this feature make sure all the Rule check boxes are unchecked then select apply.
To download a Microsoft Word document with screenshots that describe the advanced features of VirusScan 8.0i, click here.


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Join Surgent's Academic Solution's Team for a tour of University Pass, our breakthrough adaptive learning curriculum solution. Find out how to incorporate this FREE CPA Exam Review content into your classroom, and what makes it so easy and efficient for you, the professor, as well as engaging and effective for your students.
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Developing Minds (Concepts for Critical Psychology)
- Psychology, neoliberalism and power
Beskrivelse: Development policy makers and practitioners are becoming increasingly sophisticated in their ability to target 'development' interventions and the psychological domain is now a specific frontier of their interventional focus. This landmark study considers the problematic relationship between development and psychology, tracing the deployment of psychological knowledge in the production/reproduction of power relations within the context of neoliberal development policy and intervention. It examines knowledge production and implementation by actors of development policy such as the World Bank and the neo-colonial state - and ends by examining the proposition of a critical psychology for more emancipatory forms of development. The role of psychology in development studies remains a relatively unexplored area, with limited scholarship available. This important book aims to fill that gap by using critical psychology perspectives to explore the focus of the psychological domain of agency in development interventions. It will be essential reading for students, researchers, and policy makers from fields including critical psychology, social psychology, development studies and anthropology.
- Forlagets pris
- kr. 294,35


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The regression equation was of the form y = bx + a, where b is the slope or regression coefficient and a is the intercept or regression constant. The symbols used vary and are commonly reversed as well! The correlation strength, for quantitative (interval or ratio) data, was expressed in terms of r, the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient, with values in magnitude near 1 indicating a strong correlation and values near zero indicated no or little correlation. When the regression equation slope is positive, the regression is said to be positive and the correlation coefficient will be positive as well. When the regression equation slope is negative, the regression is said to be negative and the correlation coefficient will be negative as well. When the slope is zero (b = 0), the correlation coefficient will be 0 (r = 0). r2 is called the coefficient of determination and is a measure of the variation in y explained by the variation in x.
Unless there is perfect correlation (|r| = 1), there will be some scatter of the data about the best fit regression line. Ideally, the distribution of the data about the regression line, the conditional distributions, will conform to normal distributions with the mean on the regression line and standard error of estimate: syx = sysqrt(1-r2)sqrt((n - 1)/(n - 2)). In addition, ideally, these conditional distributions will have equal variances (hence standard deviations). This assumption is homoscedasticity.
Against this background we can establish probabilities regarding scores away from the predicted score. We will do this by use of z-scores formed from a test y value less the predicted y value, and that difference divided by the standard error of the estimate: z = (y - y) / sy. We then use these z-scores and a normal distribution to establish probabilities.
When used for confidence intervals, we have to take into account how far we are away from the centroid (the ordered pair (mean x, mean y)) and for the standard error of predicted score sy = syxsqrt(1 + (1/n) + (x - x)2/SSx). SSx = (n - 1)s2x. Since we typically have a small number of observations, the t-distribution should be used with n - 2 degrees of freedom. The confidence interval than is:
|CI = y +/- tcvsy,|
Note that this increase in the standard deviation of the conditional distribution is also indicative of our being better able to predict a distribution mean than an individual score within that distribution.
Example: Using homework 6
we can put a confidence interval around our predicted score.
Solution: Since n = 9, there are seven degrees of freedom and our tcv = 2.365 for a 95%, two-tailed, confidence interval. We calculate our standard error for the predicted score of 48.8 + 2.549 = 71.66. We see that syx = 20._PHONE_.069 = 8.22 and sy = 8.221.086 = 8.93. Thus 71.66 - 2.3658.93 to 71.66 + 2.3658.93 or (50.54, 92.78) is our 95% confidence interval. Not what you would call reassuring!
Rounding errors may slightly change the results, but that is the only difference between these two ways of checking for the significance of the regression. Note again the population correlation coefficient is often termed rho.


If you found the low water sprinkles in your garden but have significant water pressure. This means there could be trouble in sprinklers. You can make the necessary repairs at home if you want to save some bucks. But calling an expert saves you lots of time.
Before reaching any decision let's know some common sprinklers troubleshooting and ways to resolve them either on your own or from a professional.
Water Pressure Troubleshoot
 1. The Elevation Could Be Troubling
This is the most common mistake and many people avoid it. The experts recommend there must be a one feet gap between the sprinkler and water supply pipe. It makes lower water pressure and affects the sprinkler's working efficiency.
 1. Malfunction of the Water Regulator
Water regulator helps to regulate the functioning of water supply. If it is too tight or loose, it will affect the efficiency of the sprinkler and create high or low water pressure. On the other hand, if it is broken it can create great troubleshooting in your garden. Therefore, check the water regulator and in case of damage, replace it.
 1. Head Adjustment
While fixing your sprinklers' water pressure, you can also check head adjustment. Sometimes waterline and pressures work fine, but the root cause of troubleshooting lies in the head. Therefore, it is recommended to adjust head clockwise or anticlockwise, until you get the desired results. You can also call experts if you believe it could be hard to adjust from your end or to be on the safer side of accidents.
 1. Head Cleaning
READ Sensible Upgrades to Make to Your Home
It is very common that sprinkle's head could be the culprit of Nesty build-ups. This could lead to bad water pressure in your sprinklers from inside the pipes or head. Therefore, if the above three steps do not succeed you can try head cleaning. You can also conduct a weekly inspection of sprinkler heads as dust and dirt are common to build-up clogs. You can also rise head with water.
 1. Head Replacement
If everything fails, it will be great to replace a sprinkler head. Sometimes sprinklers do not work properly, the damaged head could be the biggest problem. Therefore, rather than focusing on fixing it, it will be great to replace it. While fixing, allow water pressure at a normal level and then move to high and low levels. For better support, you can also call a professional that can replace the sprinkler's head.
 1. Improve Pump Installation
If everything is fine and still you are struggling with low water pressure, means the problem might be somewhere else. You need to check the main pressure line. You can also install a new pump. Keep in mind, while installing a pump check certain requirements that fulfil your pocket and garden with enough water supply. You can also seek assistance from professionals to save the future hassle
It is important to have good water pressure in your garden. This will save water and spread an equal proportion of water in the whole garden. Following the above tips helps you to fix sprinklers water pressure troubleshoot in a short time.
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March 22, 2011
Tahoe Native Fish Population Declines Sharply, Invasives On The Rise
University of Nevada, Reno, researcher and team complete year-long study
In a lakewide study, a team of scientists lead by University of Nevada, Reno limnologist Sudeep Chandra has found a considerable decline in native fish species density at Lake Tahoe since 1951. In their final report, they are recommending establishing and implementing a management plan to protect the nearshore zone habitat, which is critical to native fish."The numbers are alarming, and likely caused by multiple stressors in the nearshore zone," Chandra an assistant professor in the University's Department of Natural Resources and Environment said. "The good news is that the composition is there. The bad news is the decline in number, the decline in native species and the proliferation of non-native fish species."
The Lake Tahoe aquatic ecosystem is impacted by the stressors of nutrient loading, algae growth, invasive species, and habitat alterations, Chandra said. In particular, the nearshore area is of critical concern since it is heavily influenced by human disturbances and is the primary interface with the general public, and it's also the area where fish spawn and develop into adulthood.
Chandra's study found that 58 percent of the 26 historically sampled locations surveyed around the lake showed a decline of species or no native species at all.
Several species of nonnative coldwater sport fish, such as Mackinaw, rainbow, brown and brook trout, have been intentionally introduced to Lake Tahoe to provide and support recreational sport fishing. The Kokanee salmon that run up Taylor Creek at the south end of the lake every fall were introduced to Tahoe in the 1940s. Mackinaw trout, brought here from Michigan in 1894, contributed to the extinction of Tahoe's native Lahontan cutthroat trout in 1939.
For the study, the team focused on the nonnative warmwater fish species bluegill and largemouth bass, both illegally introduced into the lake. By the end of the 1990s, nonnative largemouth bass and bluegill were common in the Tahoe Keys, while native Lahontan redside shiner and speckled dace populations declined or were virtually eliminated from the Tahoe Keys, at the south end of the lake, an important rearing ground for native fish.
"Our knowledge of Lake Tahoe's nearshore fishery is very limited. There have only been a few sporadic assessments and documentaries of the nearshore fishery in the past 60 years, and no studies were conducted in the last 20 years after the establishment of invasive, warmwater fishes," Ka Lai Ngai, a researcher in the University's Department of Natural Resources and Environment said.
This knowledge gap stimulated the process of conducting a contemporary assessment and developing ecologically relevant metrics to assess the nearshore fishery. Chandra proposes one of those metrics be ultraviolet radiation exposure, and a new TRPA threshold be developed for it, the Ultraviolet Attainment Threshold. The UVAT is a target value for water clarity based on surface UV exposure during peak spawning season, and experimentally derived UV exposure levels lethal to larval warmwater fish.
"We've found that decreased ultraviolet radiation is one of the major factors in the changes that make it easier for invasive species to proliferate, including fish, plants and mollusks," Chandra said.
Tahoe watchers are accustomed to hearing about clarity of the water, and it's decline, and UV radiation penetration is affected by clarity. In Lake Tahoe the average annual Secchi transparency dropped from 102 feet in 1968 to 69 feet by 1998. The summer 2010 Secchi reading was 68 feet. During this same time a number of nonnative warmwater fish species became established in portions of the lake suggesting that decrease in water transparency may create a refuge for nonnative species that are less sensitive to the optical properties of water such as ultraviolet radiation.
To get a more objective, quantifiable measure, and rather than rely on the secchi dish invented in 1865, as a means for measuring clarity or turbidity, members of Chandra's team from Miami University in Ohio used a UV radiometer to measure the intensity of the light in the nearshore zone at 28 locations. Eleven of those nearshore sites were identified as having a high potential for improvement, so Chandra and his team propose that TRPA and other agencies concentrate efforts there first with the goal of threshold attainment.
Further study found that non-native fish indeed have a lower tolerance to ultraviolet radiation, enabling them to survive in the nearshore areas where clarity is degraded in comparison to the majority of the lake where UV transparency is high, making it undesirable for nonnative fish.
"We proposed that this differential UV sensitivity could be used to develop a "UV Threshold" that could be attained to minimize susceptibility to aquatic invaders," Chandra said. "This value can be easily measured and monitored with a profiling UV radiometer or modeled from water samples analyzed for transparency in the lab with a spectrophotometer, and used to manage nearshore waters."
"We hope that our recommendations will assist in preserving nearshore native fish populations, increasing the cost effectiveness of eradication efforts of invasive warmwater species, and inform mitigation efforts to increase water clarity at compromised sites around Lake Tahoe," Chandra reported in his presentation to Nevada Division of State Lands and the PSW. "Given the potentially high cost of a full scale warmwater fish invasion any expense to implement these largely preventative measures is money well spent."
Chandra and his team completed the "Nearshore Indicators for Clarity, Habitat and Ecological Sustainability; Development of Nearshore Fish Indicators for Lake Tahoe" study for the Pacific Southwest Research Station of the USDA Forest Service and the Nevada State Lands Division, both of which funded the research.
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