Democracy Brett Murray's painting "The Spear."
Brett Murray's painting "The Spear."
Brett Murray's Painting "The Spear"
In the last two weeks, South Africans have been in an uproar over Brett Murray's painting "The Spear" which presents the figure of President Jacob Zuma in a Lenin-style pose with his genitals exposed.
The artist who painted the portrait, the Goodman Gallery which exhibited the painting and the City Press which published a photograph of the painting have all been accused of racism, and a lack of respect for human dignity. There were protests outside the Goodman Gallery; the painting was defaced; the matter was taken to court where an advocate was reduced to tears at the insult to the President and black people in general; the ANC led a formal protest march to the gallery; and demands have been made that the painting be taken down and photographs of it be removed from websites.
Barend la Grange and Louis Mabokela were arrested for defacing the painting at the Goodman Gallery. La Grange a white man and Mabokela, a black man, worked on the painting at the same time, but independently of each other. Strangely, it seems they were hardly aware of each other, did not even speak to each other. When they were arrested, the white man was treated with dignity but the black man was pushed around and handled very roughly by black policemen. This little noted complex of racist behaviour continued into the media. La Grange was invited to appear on TV programmes to explain his motive in defacing the painting. He said that he wanted to demonstrate that not all white people are racist. As far as I can tell, no one interviewed Mabokela, who was as intent on restoring human dignity. Why? Because he is black and not a prominent citizen? The complexity of racist attitudes that is implied in the treatment of these two men has been overlooked. Such subtleties cannot compete with exposed genitalia, but they are indicative of ingrained racism. As long as we take for granted that whites and blacks are to be treated differently, we will never be rid of racism
Andile Mngxitama, criticises the ANC for allowing such a situation to prevail. In his article, "Murray's 'Spear' exposed ANC's inability to deal with racism," (Sowetan, 29 May 2012) he writes: "Murray's painting is racist from beginning to end. The fact that the ANC has no language to explain and speak back to white arrogance speaks volumes about its state of mind as a party in power." This statement unwittingly echoes Brett Murray's view of the impotence of the ANC. Where Murray depicts it visually, Mngxitama depicts it verbally.
Puleng Mmila of Seokodibeng in an article "Painting is not racist" (Sowetan, 29 May 2012) writes: "... it is a fallacy to claim, as Mantashe and others seem to suggest, that the painting is an insult to all black people. ... To label all whites racist because of Murray's action is no different than labelling all blacks corrupt because they are in charge of the government, where graft is rife. What an iniquitous generalisation."
It is too easy, but very common in South Africa, to label racist that with which we do not agree. This tendency to label things racist diverts us from real issues and makes it difficult to solve actual problems. Mmila reminds us that the tendency to use the race card is in itself racist because it denies individual freedom, confines us to group-think and leads to racial stereotyping. Individual freedom is the cornerstone of democracy.
In news24 (Internet) article, " I Am Not A Racist", Brett Murray explains:
The Spear had a dual purpose: it was a work of protest or resistance art, and a satirical piece.
"For me, The Spear has a far broader meaning.... It is a metaphor for power, greed and patriarchy,"
"From my perspective as an artist, I felt a sense of betrayal, where heroes of the struggle now appeared to be corrupt, power-hungry and greedy, or where ideals that many had died or made sacrifices for were abandoned on the altar of expedience."
"For me, satire is critical entertainment. While I might be attacking and ridiculing specific targets, what I am actually doing is articulating my vision of an ideal world in which I want to live."
Many people in South Africa, Black and White, identify with these views. It is unfortunate that the real meaning of the painting was lost in the furore over human dignity and the witch hunt for racism. The penis was more compelling in itself rather than as "a metaphor for power, greed and patriarchy." The symbolism of the painting was completely lost. No one could see that the figure in the painting was symbolic.
It is time to recognise that we live in conflicting paradigms: tradition versus democracy.
We have consciously chosen democracy as a way of life. Our traditions are what we are born into and traditions are conservative. There can be no democracy without freedom of expression and that means the freedom to criticise. Democracy does not recognise sacred cows; everyone lives under scrutiny and is subject to criticism, even presidents. So we have to make up our minds. Do we have the courage for democracy? Or do we want the security of restricting social conventions? Do we want to live under authoritarianism again?
Muthal Naidoo
30 May 2012
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In politics, centrism or the centre is a political outlook or specific position that involves acceptance or support of a balance of a degree of social equality and a degree of social hierarchy; while opposing political changes which would result in a significant shift of society either strongly to the left or the right.[1] Centre left and centre right politics both involve a general association with centrism combined while leaning somewhat to their respective sides of the spectrum. The term is often used interchangeably with the Third Way, a political position popularized by Bill Clinton, Tony Blair and Paul Keating in the 1990s, whereby policies favored a balanced approach and the removal of extreme ideologies.
Centrists usually support to a degree of equal opportunity and economic freedom. They can generally lean conservative on economic issues and lean liberal on social issues and sometimes vice versa.
Usage by political parties by country[edit]
The Australian Democrats is a centrist party with a social liberal ideology. South Australian Senator Nick Xenophon had launched his own centrist political party called the Nick Xenophon Team (NXT) in 2014. The Palmer United Party has been suggested as being a centrist party as well however the party itself does not make such formal claims of being politically centrist.[3]
Czech Republic[edit]
Czech Republic has only one centrist political party named ANO (Yes) which was founded in 2011 and has seats in the Government of the Czech Republic.
In Greece centrism has its roots to centrist politician and founder of Agricultural and Labour Party, Alexandros Papanastasiou. In 1961 Georgios Papandreou created along with other political leaders the coalition party of Centre Union. Five parties were merged: Liberal Party, Progressive Agricultural Democratic Union, National Progressive Center Union, Popular Social Party into one, with strong centrist agenda opposed equally to right wing party of National Radical Union and left wing party of United Democratic Left. The Centre Union Party was the last Venizelist party to hold power in Greece. The party nominally continued to exist until 1977 (after the Junta it was known as the Center Union - New Forces), when its successor Union of the Democratic Centre (EDIK) party was created.
Union of Centrists was created by Vassilis Leventis in 1992 under the title "Union of Centrists and Ecologists". The name was changed shortly after. The Union of Centrists claims to be the ideological continuation of the old party Center Union. The party strives to become "the political continuance of the centrist expression in Greece". Leventis aimed to become part of the Venizelist legacy of some great politicians of the past, such as Eleftherios Venizelos and George Papandreou Sr. However, the party's total influence has been marginal, with 1.79% of the total vote (in the Greek legislative election, 2015) being its highest achievement to date.
In the Republic of Ireland, the two main political parties, Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael, both claim the political centre ground, but seem to mostly lean to the centre-right and be mostly made up of centre-right memberships.[4][4][5] The two parties have shared broadly similar policies in the past, with their primary division being perceived as being steeped in Irish Civil War politics. Fine Gael is aligned to Christian democratic parties in Europe via its membership of the European People's Party, and is described internationally as centre-right by the likes of Reuters.[6] The consensus in analysis seems to be that Fianna Fáil is mostly centrist, expanding to the centre-right space, and that Fine Gael is mostly centre-rightist, expanding also to the centre space.
New Zealand[edit]
In New Zealand, there are two main current centrist parties. One is the United Future party, founded by a fusion of a previous centrist social liberal party and a previous Christian conservative party. United Future currently has one seat in the New Zealand parliament, supporting the current Government led by the National Party alongside ACT and the Maori Party.
The other is New Zealand First, which was founded by Winston Peters, and has a mix of nationalist and populist views with a conservative social policy. It is currently in opposition with 12 seats, in the 121 seat House of Representatives.
Nordic countries[edit]
Neither the Centre Democrats (a now defunct centrist political party) nor the Liberal Alliance (a political party founded as a centrist social liberal party but that now is a classical liberal party), both of Denmark, are rooted in centrist agrarianism.
Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf(PTI) founded by Imran Khan, claims to be a centrist/centre-right political party.[8] PTI emerged as the second largest political party in Pakistan, following the general election of 2013, by number of votes.[9]
Palestinian Authority[edit]
The Third Way is a small centrist Palestinian political party active in Palestinian politics. Founded on 16 December 2005, the party is led by Salam Fayyad and Hanan Ashrawi. In the January 2006 PLC elections it received 2.41% of the popular vote and won two of the Council's 132 seats. The party presents itself as an alternative to the two-party system of Hamas and Fatah.
United Kingdom[edit]
In the late 1990s, the traditionally socialist Labour Party, under the leadership of Tony Blair, began to move towards a centrist Third Way policy platform, creating the New Labour movement.
United States[edit]
Currently, centrists in the two major US political parties are often found in the New Democrat Coalition[15] and the Blue Dog Coalition of the Democratic Party and the Republican Main Street Partnership of the Republican Party.
See also[edit]
 3. ^ _URL_
 5. ^ Irish Poll Hits Fianna Fáil, 2nd paragraph
 7. ^ Politieke Barometer: D66 middenpartij bij uitstek.
 8. ^ _URL_
 9. ^ _URL_
 10. ^ DISTRIBUCIONES DE FRECUENCIA MARGINALES DEL ESTUDIO 2909 CUESTIONARIO 0 MUESTRA 0, CIS-Centro de Estudios Sociológicos (see Question number 27) (Spanish)
 11. ^ a b Jonsson, Patrik (29 July 2011). "Americans Elect launches centrist third-party bid amid Washington dysfunction". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
 12. ^ Ekins, Emily (29 August 2011). "Reason-Rupe Poll Finds 24 Percent of Americans are Economically Conservative and Socially Liberal, 28 Percent Liberal, 28 Percent Conservative, and 20 Percent Communitarian". Reason. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
 14. ^ "4 Types of Independent Voters Who Could Swing the 2012 Elections", Linda Killian, 2 February 2012
 15. ^ Pollard, Vic (March 15, 2007). "Pollard column: 'Mod squad' lockout has Parra steamed". The Bakersfield Californian. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
External links[edit]


text:
Planting Design Essentials (Paperback)
|Author: Jill/ Johnson Anderson|
From the Publisher:
A step-by-step guide to successful plant choice and long-term planting, using design techniques and good horticultural practice
Plants are a major part of most gardens and fulfil many roles within them, providing color, shade, scent, form, texture, and much more. Choosing the right plants can be a challenge but this book is both inspirational and practical, helping gardeners to interpret their visions and understand growing conditions for all styles and types of planting. It also looks at creative maintenance for the future of the design, emphasizing the need for good techniques and best practice to ensure that the garden matures beautifully.
In response to demand from landscape architects and home gardeners,...

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Date of Award
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Jaynt Kale - Chair
This paper examines the impact of CEO turnover from an internal capital allocation perspective. We test whether new CEOs make different divisional investment decisions than their predecessors, and if yes, how would this difference affect firm performance. We find that segment investments respond to factors, such as segment investment opportunity, segment cash flow, and other segments' cash flows, differently after CEO turnover. Evidence also indicates that new CEOs adjust the segments' previous over-investment /under-investment status to match industry average investment level, and they adjust the relative investment preference among divisions. These findings support the argument that different CEOs have their own set of skills and incentives, which directly affect their internal capital allocation decisions after they take over the office. We also examine the affiliation relationship between certain divisions and new CEOs, and find that new CEOs do not make capital allocation in favor their affiliated divisions. Furthermore, the analyses on firm-level internal capital allocation sensitivity do not support the literature about positive relationship between firm performance and the "Q-sensitivity". But, our analyses do find a positive and robust relationship between changes in firm performance and changes in the "cash flow-sensitivity". This suggests that new CEOs making internal capital allocation in favor of their "cash cow" segments are more likely to improve firm performance after CEO turnover.
Li, Qian, "CEO Turnover and Divisional Investment." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2005.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
but because this is the difference between the surrounding air's temperature and the heated air, the process can continue right down as low as 34°F.
Pros and Cons of Desiccant Based Dehumidifiers
- Operate in temperatures ranging from 34°F to approximately 104°F
- Efficient in a range of temperatures – no loss of efficiency as temperature falls
- Can achieve RH as low as 35%
- Relatively compact and lightweight
- Very quiet to operate – sounds no louder than a desk fan. A compressor based dehumidifier is loud in comparison
- Relatively small capacity – compared to compressor based models, which can remove twice as much moisture in some conditions
- Expensive – a similar priced compressor based model will remove more moisture


text:
This is how you would write ·á in pazhaya lipi:
Notice how, instead of the á maatra, pazhaya lipi uses a line (attached to the last stroke of the letter, which, in this case, is ·) that, as I mentioned before, looks like the word hai in Urdu or, more simply, like a long, skinny capital "U" turned sideways.
This same ending stroke is also used for the following letters:
» Ä Í Ö Ù
The letters »á Äá Íá Öá Ùá are shown below in pazhaya lipi, so I can be sure you understand...:
Why not continue to the next lesson and see how to write µá and øá?


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3 months.
Four Department of Education Teams received the prestigious Hammer Award in fiscal year 1996 for their work in helping to reinvent the Department and increase the efficiency of government. The Hammer Award is Vice President Gore's recognition to teams throughout the federal government who have supported the President's National Performance Review (NPR) principles---putting customers first, cutting red tape, empowering employees and getting back to basics. The following four teams received a framed hammer and a note from the Vice President: the Cooperative Audit Resolution and Oversight Initiative Team, the Performance Appraisal System Implementation Team, the Rehabilitation Services Administration Service Delivery Reform Team and the Reinvention Coordinating Council. The Department has received a total of ten Hammer Awards since the President's NPR initiative began in 1993.
In September 1996, the Department received the Eagle Award from the National Partnership Council for its success in transforming labor-management relations and for helping to build a government that "works better and costs less." The National Partnership Council recognizes achievements of labor-management partnerships working together to create better government. The Department was one of 93 federal agencies/installations nationwide nominated, and one of only five to receive the award.
Reengineered Management Processes
Fiscal year 1996 was also a year of significant redesign of management processes to better serve the Department's internal customers. In addition to the family-friendly program described above, several key management processes have been overhauled to improve the timeliness and quality of services. For example:


Male Teacher Fired For NOT Watching Naked Middle School Girl
 In the age of _TAG_ and fears of The Patriarchy™, one would expect a male P.E. coach to be fired for watching a 12 or 13 year old female student strip naked and shower, especially with dozens of young males present in a locker room together. However, one would be wrong when said female identifies as a "boy", and the woke new rules requires that not only the underage boys who are of the age when puberty hits and they may be uneasy with their own bodies' transformations, but that an adult male coach supervise and keep watch over a naked middle school girl. Refusing, then to "knowingly place himself in a position to observe a minor female in the nude or otherwise in a state of undress", means being punished for not "doing [his] job in the locker room".
"A Florida school district allowed a self-described transgender female student regular access to the boys' locker room, with no advance warning to the boys or their parents. The first time she walked in, she caught 'boys (literally) with their pants down, causing them embarrassment and concern by the fact that they had been observed changing by an obvious girl,' says a complaint letter to Pasco County School District from Liberty Counsel, a pro-bono constitutional law firm.
"With a 'gag order,' school administrators forbade teachers from talking about the change, and ordered a male P.E. teacher to supervise the potentially undressed girl in the Chasco Middle School locker room, the letter says. When he refused to 'knowingly place himself in a position to observe a minor female in the nude or otherwise in a state of undress,' administrators told him 'he will be transferred to another school as discipline for "not doing your job in the locker room."'
"In an email, an administrator initially threatened to put the male coach on administrative leave, telling him that refusing to supervise a potentially naked female student would 'not be tolerated,' said Liberty Counsel attorney Richard Mast. The school's other P.E. teacher, who is female, also objected and was ignored."
 If it is not only acceptable, but also mandatory, to have pubescent youth of both sexes shower together, then why even bother having separate facilities? Why is it so important to segregate those who "identify" as a "boy" and those who "identify" as a "girl"? Upon what rational basis can one argue for "separate but equal" facilities based on "gender identity" but not one's biological sex? To answer this, one would need an objective definition of "boy" and "girl"; that there is none raises the question of how a subjective personal identity can justify putting one group together while segregating them from the other group? The answer is obvious: To delegitimize that there are physical and actual physiological differences between the sexes by appropriating the appellations of the sexes and applying them to "social constructs" with no basis in objective reality.
 For those who don't think that this isn't about pushing an agenda that is kept from parents, let's meet the schools psychologist/LGBTQ&c. advocate:
"Jackie Jackson-Dean, a school psychologist, credits herself as lead author of a 'Gender Support Plan' (Plan) and 'Best Practices Guide' (Guide) adopted without school board approval. Page two of the Guide credits her as 'lead content developer.' The documents encourage improper locker and bathroom access, the use of false gender pronouns, and withholding of information from parents. The unauthorized Plan imposes one person's beliefs about gender over the beliefs of teachers, other students, and parents. The Plan and Guide require teachers to refer to some children by false gender pronouns, rather than pronouns consistent with biological gender, and to promote false ideas about gender to other children.
"The school psychologist also abused her position as the Gay Straight Alliance (GSA) club advisor, in directing students from Pasco GSA clubs to non-district, outside 'resources' and 'support groups' like METRO. Without parental permission, METRO is providing contraception, HIV/AIDs 'PrEP' drugs, and sexual activity counseling to children, and encourages them toward homosexual behavior. METRO also arranges meetings for 'youth' ages 13-22 years old, again without parental permission. Despite having no policy of written parent permission for these referrals, Pasco has failed to subject all METRO personnel or affiliates having contact with Pasco children to background checks."
 The youth are in the best of hands, amirite?
Comments are closed.


text:
Colonial homes combines understated elegance with a touch of history, and a variety of unique touches developed through regional influences.
As the name suggests, colonial house plans draw on the architectural styles prevalent in America's original East Coast settlements. Colonial settlement covered territory ranging from the blustery New England coastlines to sultry Georgia swamps, therefore, colonial design varies depending on the climate. European settlers brought their own architectural traditions, giving rise to Dutch Colonial, French Colonial, and other variations. In general, colonial home plans feature symmetry, with centered doorways and a balanced array of windows. The second story generally has the same footprint as the first, and the exterior is usually brick or clapboard siding.
Details such as chimney placement, gables, porch styles, and the like vary widely depending on the regional design variations of colonial styles. The modern colonial home design will have up-to-date amenities. However, the general feel is one of tradition, elegance, and a tie to history that brings the traditions of the colonial past into play in a modern lifestyle.


text:
- GSH Resource Float Pool
- Auburndale, FL, USA
- Full Time
- CNA/Hospice Aide
As a compassionate non-profit organization since 1983, Chapters Health System is committed to enhancing the lives of those affected by advancing age or illness. Through our comprehensive system of healthcare choices, we deliver expert care and heartfelt support to guide the community during the aging and end-of-life journey. From hospice and palliative care for adults and children suffering with life-limiting illnesses to in-home and community-based services for frail but independent seniors, Chapters Health offers a wide range of support services along life's ever-changing landscape.
Under RN direction and supervision, the Hospice Aide performs personal care, homemaker assistance and defined nursing procedures for terminally ill patients and their caregivers.
- Current Florida certificate as CNA.
- Valid driver's license and automobile insurance in the State of Florida.
- Reliable transportation to meet work schedule.
- One (1) year CNA or home health aide experience (Hospice Aide Training Program can be substituted for homecare/hospice experience).
- Ability to use equipment with visual and auditory mechanisms.
- Ability to communicate (written and oral) in English.
- Ability to manage the emotional stress of working with and caring for terminally ill patients and their families.
- Ability to perform the essential functions and physical requirements (including, but not limited to: lifting patients and/or equipment, bending, pushing/pulling, kneeling) of the job with or without reasonable accommodation.
- Must be able to physically access any home or facility in assigned area, i.e., navigate stairs, and narrow spaces, tolerate heat and lack of air conditioning.
- Must be able/willing to have contact with individuals with communicable diseases.
- Maintain competencies/contact hours as required by HPC and state.
- Provide patient/caregiver services according to written Hospice Aide/Caregiver Plan of Care and HPC policies and procedure
- Practice safe and proper body mechanics relative to moving, positioning and transferring patients.
- Assist patient and or caregiver in maintaining a clean and safe home.
- Provide caregiver relief as part of the plan of care.
- Transport medications, supplies, lab specimens, documents and other items needed to meet the plan of care as requested by the RN Care Coordinator.
- Under the direction or supervision of an RN, the Hospice Aide may perform activities that promote activities of daily living, including:
- Vital signs/weights
- Bed Bath
- Sponge Bath
- Tub Bath
- Perineal care
- Mouth care
- File Nails
- Shampoo hair
- Skin care - basic: application of lotion
- Apply over-the-counter ointment
- Positioning body/alignment
- Transfer to bed, chair
- Assist with ambulation and exercises
- Range of motion
- Ted hose application/removal
- Give food and fluids
- Light meal preparation
- Offer/empty urinal/bedpan
- Empty colostomy bags
- Empty foley/external catheter bags
- Measure urinary output
- Emotional support
- Reality orientation/socialization
- Caregiver relief
- Make occupied/unoccupied bed
- Light housekeeping
- Laundry related to patient's care
- Report significant changes and needs
- Document significant observations
- Provide input into planning and evaluation of care
The Hospice Aide may not perform the following:
- Administer medication
- Change sterile dressings
- Tracheostomy care
- Gastric feedings
- Trim fingernails/toenails
- Visit after hours unless pre-approved by supervisor
- Visit survivors unless pre-approved by supervisor
- Run errands that require exchange of money
- Apply heat
- Any procedure not in HA Plan of Care
- Colostomy care (change wafer)
- Apply ointments containing prescription medication
- Transport patient/family
- Contribute to the development of the Hospice Plan of Care by reporting observations to RN
- Immediately report to the RN or supervisor any changes in patient/caregiver needs
- Maintain medical records in accordance with HPC policies and procedures, i.e., Santrax documentation.
- Attend HPC and mandatory scheduled meetings and participates in committees.
- Attend HPC and community educational offerings as appropriate.*
- Perform other job related duties as requested.


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Modeling the Detection and Localization of Anti-Personnel Landmines using Ground-Contact Antennas for Ground-Penetrating Radar
In 2011, over 5,000 casualties due to landmines were reported worldwide, necessitating the development of effective detection techniques. Over the last few decades ground penetrating radar (GPR) has developed into a popular tool for subsurface imaging and a promising technique to fulfill this requirement. However, landmines are typically buried under rough ground surfaces where conventional air-coupled GPR data is difficult to analyze, as the surface scatters the signal in unpredictable ways. This is particularly true for small non-metallic mines which have very small radar contrast with the soil background. By utilizing a ground-contact radar system, wave penetration is dramatically improved and data analysis is simplified.
This work demonstrates the feasibility of using three bistatic ground-coupled antennas to triangulate the location of a landmine buried in rough, dispersive soil using a geometric analysis. Additionally, the limitations of this method are analyzed with regard to the correlation length and height variance of the rough surface. In this work the received GPR data is simulated using a 3-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) model. As shown in the results, the presented method is highly effective in both detecting and locating the target independent of the landmine casing and the surface parameters. Though this research currently focuses on localizing landmines, this technology will have numerous potential imaging applications for cases when traditional GPR cannot be used due to the roughness of the surface.


The main purpose of Agriculture Loan is to assist Agriculturists and farmers to increase their productivity and earn better income. The loan under this category appraised and sanctioned against satisfactory collateral & guarantee based on the following product features;
 1. Eligibility: Any individual including members of legally formed groups and cooperatives.
 2. Purpose:
 1. Purchase of farm equipment such as tractor, power tiller, etc.;
 2. Purchase farm land/orchards;
 3. Construction of fences to protect the crops;
 4. Purchase of seeds, saplings, manures and any other agriculture inputs;
 5. Establish new livestock /dairy / (purchase of livestock, livestock feeds and care facilities);
 6. Construction of Green House facility in the community; and
 7. Setting up of cold storage.
 1. Rate of Interest: As may be determined from time to time based on institution's cost of fund and regulatory norms.
 2. Tenor: Maximum of five years.
 3. Quantum: Maximum of Nu.500,000.00 (five hundered thousand).


text:
Some people carry around a handkerchief to sneeze or cough into while others carry or run to find the nearest tissue.
But is one better than the other? Which should you use?
Back in the day, the hanky or handkerchief was the number one way to blow your nose or catch a sneeze. However, when the 20th century rolled around, we began making a disposable alternative known as tissues. The tissue was made for women to remove cream from their face. However, this tissue had more uses when the husbands would use the wife's tissues to blow their noses. Today, many people view the hanky as old-fashioned and the tissue is the way to go.
The Handkerchief VS Tissue
The hanky is viewed as old-fashioned and unhygienic. This is when the hanky is compared to a disposable tissue. However, it the tissue better or more hygienic than a handkerchief? The answer is not that simple. It is both yes and no.
For us to break this down, we must look at the people who are most concerned about hygiene. People who use disposable tissues can contain the germs inside the tissue by folding it. They can then throw the tissue in the trash. They can also wash their hands. People like this are not likely to spread germs because they have taken all the precautions.
However, those who are using the handkerchief are using areas that are wet or already used. They are then touching the parts with their hands and throwing it back into their pocket or bag. This allows germs to spread very easily to other items.
However, there is more than just those two examples. If it were based on those examples alone, the tissue paper would win hands down. Let us take a look at a more practical situation.
You are in a rush and you blow or wipe your nose. You are busy and do not throw the tissue away. The tissue gets wadded up and thrown in your pocket or on your desk. When you do this you are also not washing your hands which means that you are spreading germs.
When you use a handkerchief, you oftentimes use it more than once. Most people who use hankies, fold them after they have used. This means that they are using a new spot each time it is used. Plus, if they fold the hanky it is not spreading germs in their pocket. Many people who use hankies also put them in the wash every night they are used.
When it comes to tissues and handkerchiefs, it depends on who is using each item and how. Both ways can be completely sanitary which makes neither one better than the other. However, if you are not using either properly, they are both bad. The hanky is not dirty or non-hygienic and neither is the tissue. It all depends on who is using it and how they are using it.
Now you know the debate. Neither the hanky or the tissue is better than the other. It just depends on how you use each item. The hanky has its positives and so does the tissue, however, both can have their negatives as well. No matter what method you choose, simply make sure that you are a good example for each... not the bad one.
If you do happen to use a hanky or you even used your shirt once or twice to sneeze, it's best to wash it as soon as possible.
Our Wash Wizard naturally deep cleans your clothes without the harmful chemicals you find in detergents.
Plus it lasts for a thousand washes without refills, so you can save money on laundry every month!


text:
Do bananas contain starch?
Bananas and plantains (cooking bananas) are nowadays grown in all humid tropical regions. The bananas are picked green from the trees, shipped and kept from ripening until they reach the shops. Imperfectly ripened bananas are composed of starch; but as the natural ripening proceeds, the starchy material is converted into dextrin and glucose.
The cooking banana is larger, coarser and less sweet than the kinds that are generally eaten raw. Its starch content is about 25%.


PHP Programming/Alternative Hungarian Notation
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How To Get Started with PHP Alternative Hungarian Notation
Hungarian Notation is a programming language variable naming convention. Since around 1999 when Charles Simonyi, who originated from Hungary, introduced the naming convention, some have tried to adapt it to various new programming languages. It helps one not only understand what the variable is for, but the intended data type inside it as well.
For PHP, the PHP Alternative Hungarian Notation (or PAHN) is an attempt at setting forth a naming convention for PHP based on Hungarian Notation, but in a more simplified format, and one that addresses difference in the PHP language from the one that Simonyi was using.
 - By using a naming convention for variables that is different than functions, class methods, or class variable names, it helps make the code more readable so that you don't confuse a variable for a function call, for instance.
 - It helps other programmers coming back to your project understand the intent of that variable.
 - By sticking to a simple standard like PAHN that is easy to learn, it is one measure (of many) to make the code from several team members look identical. Otherwise, one team member may use one variable naming convention, while another team member may use another.
 - There are not a lot of published standards for PHP-based variable naming conventions. By having one set down here, it is one opportunity to settle the issue, and to have a central document on the web to which many can refer.
 - Class variables used for model objects, such as $Member, need to stand out more so than $nMember or $sMember, for instance. Using a naming convention helps improve readability for separating the two.
 - Imagine we want to delineate that $sMemberID means an ID that may be alphanumeric, while $nMemberID is going to be an integer. If we do $MemberID, you don't pick up on that so easily. So, again, this naming convention improves readability.
 - If we were to use $NamesArray, it's more typing than $asNames. Plus, we have no idea with $NamesArray whether it's an array of Names objects, an array of Names' strings, or what. So, again, we can improve readability of the code by using this naming convention.
The PAHN variable naming convention begins with a series of prefix characters, followed by a ProperCase variable name. Example:
 global $gasNames;
 $gasNames = $Members->getNames();
The $gasNames would mean global + array + string, or global array of strings.
The prefixes are:
_ = a private class variable
a+ = array (often combined with the data type used inside the array)
c+ = character
s+ = string
o+ = object
d+ = date object -- as in what's returned from a date() or gmdate()
v+ = variant -- used very infrequently to mean any kind of possible variable type
i+ = integer -- an integer
f+ = float -- a floating point number, e.g. an integer with a fractional part
n+ = numeric (unknown if it's float, integer, etc. Use infrequently)
x+ = to let other programmers know that this is a variable intended to be used by reference rather than value
rs+ = db recordset (set of rows)
rw+ = db row
h+ = handle, as in db handle, file handle, connection handle, curl handle, socket handle, etc.
hf = handle to function, as in setRetrievalStrategy(callable $hfStrategy)
g+ = global var (and used sparingly, and often combined with the datatype used for the variable)
b+ = boolean
Some examples:
 $oMember -- a Member object
 $hFile -- a handle to a file, for instance as passed from the fopen() statement
 $cFirst -- first character retrieved from a string
 $rsMembers -- records of Members, as returned from a database table
 $rwMember -- a single Member record from the database
 $bUseNow -- a boolean flag
 $sxMemberName -- a byref string variable for a name of a member.
 $nCounter -- a numeric counter
 $dBegin -- a beginning date
 $sFirstName -- a string to represent someone's first name
 $_hDB -- a private class variable to store a database connection handle (often addressed by $this->_hDB)
For class variable names, PAHN does not use this prefix. Thus you might see something like:
 $Members = new Members();
For constants, PAHN uses just an uppercase word like MEMBER, and this is often used with only inserting variables in PHP Alternative Syntax or CCAPS.
As for what comes after the prefix, it is preferred to stick with ProperCase, as in $sMemberName rather than $sMEMBERNAME, $sMember_Name, $s_Member_Name, or $smemberName. There are several reasons for this. In the case of $sMEMBERNAME, it would imply that the variable is to be treated like a constant (where uppercasing is often seen), when it is not. In $sMember_Name, it makes for more unnecessary typing, as does $s_Member_Name. And $smemberName runs the s+ prefix against the word "member" and makes for a confusing variable name. Now, saying this, there are some rare exceptions where adding an underscore does help with readability, and in those cases it can be used with PAHN. A good example of this rare exception is with an acronym like FIFO. So, $bFIFOIndicator might be more confusing than $bFIFO_Indicator and the latter would be more preferred.
There is also an exception to this prefix for variables used as loop iterators. Many programmers may be familiar with the short variables: $a, $b, $c, $d, $i, $x, $y, $z used in many textbooks. These are great for when you want to have an iterator variable that you address in a loop and use within arrays. For example:
$asMemberNames = array();
 $asMemberNames[$i-1] = $Member->getMemberByID($i);
Therefore, this exception for loop iterators is allowed because it saves time with less typing, and does not reduce readability.


text:
The critical technology that enables standoff through-the-wall radar imaging has been the development of a small, low power, software defined radar sensor module. Software control of the radar allows the user to control emissions both to tailor sensor performance to specific operational requirements, and to simplify compliance with spectrum management regulations.
Different systems can be configured using a single radar sensor as the common sensing element. The modular nature of the radar has allowed the development of special interface and antenna boards that facilitate the implementation of each system. Implementation of each system differs primarily in the number and types of radars employed, and the system control and communication link used.


text:
A UK-based artist by the name of William Utermohlen was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 1995 and he chronicled his own mental demise over his years of living with the disease. Unfortunately, Utermohlen died in 2007, but he drew a self-portrait every year until he was no longer able to before his death.
The artworks offer a unique glimpse into the mind of an Alzheimer's patient, and how their mind deteriorates over time. Strikingly, we can see slow decay until 1999, where we can no longer distinguish any facial features. This serves as a potent demonstration of the exponential deterioration of the condition.
An essay by the artist's widow Patricia explains perfectly exactly why these images are so powerful;
In these pictures we see with heart-breaking intensity William's efforts to explain his altered self, his fears and his sadness.
It is unknown if the changes in his artworks came about through loss of artistic skills, or if it is a visual glimpse into his psyche. Perhaps most disturbing is that his final portrait was drawn a full 7 years before his death, but already shows substantial decay of abilities, be they physical or metal.
Images courtesy of Bored Panda.
1967 (before Diagnosis)
1996 (post diagnosis)


Swedish museum to recover lost scientific artifact
Updated at: 08/20/2013 2:35 PM
The collector, whose name was not made public, had not been seeking any reward and was "beyond reproach" in the case, Marinello said.
Bengt Kylsberg of Skokloster Castle, north of Stockholm, said Tuesday he is "just happy to get the piece back" and his museum is not planning to press any charges.
Kylsberg said Burius had also had access to Skokloster's collections during the period of the thefts, but stopped short of saying Burius was thought responsible for the astrolabe's disappearance.
"It's still a mystery how it was taken," he said, adding "we don't intend to investigate it further."
Known since ancient times, astrolabes use stars for a variety of measurements. They can be used among other things to tell what time it is; to determine when sunrise and sunset will be; to determine latitude; and to quickly locate celestial bodies in the sky.
"It's as good today as it was in 1590," he said. "It still can be used, if you know how to work it and do the calculations."
German scholar Petra Schmidl of Bonn University, who studies astrolabes, described them as a "two-dimensional model of the three-dimensional world."
Schmidl, shown images of the Skokloster astrolabe, said it was interesting that Weiler appeared to have used silver for the "rete," or part of the astrolabe that denotes the position of stars, and brass for the Earthly plates behind it.
She said that modern clocks, while precise, tend to leave our understanding of time "stripped from its astronomical origins."
Meanwhile, modern astronomy is sometimes more about abstract physics, and less about things that have been important to people historically, such as the length of a year or the phases of the moon. "Before telescopes, the astrolabe was the way you could say: 'What time does the sun rise? When will it set?,'" she said.


text:
Sampled aperiodic triangle
y = tripuls(T)
y = tripuls(T,w)
y = tripuls(T,w,s)
y = tripuls(T) returns
a continuous, aperiodic, symmetric, unity-height triangular pulse
at the times indicated in array
T, centered about
with a default width of 1.
y = tripuls(T,w) generates
a triangular pulse of width
y = tripuls(T,w,s) generates
a triangular pulse with skew
s, where –1 ≤
s ≤ 1. When
s is 0, a symmetric triangular
pulse is generated.
Generate 200 ms of a symmetric triangular pulse with a sample rate of 10 kHz and a width of 40 ms.
fs = 10e3; t = -0.1:1/fs:0.1; w = 40e-3; x = tripuls(t,w);
Generate two variations of the same pulse:
One displaced 45 ms into the past and skewed 45% to the left.
tpast = -45e-3; spast = -0.45; xpast = tripuls(t-tpast,w,spast);
One displaced 60 ms into the future, half as wide, and skewed completely to the right.
tfutr = 60e-3; sfutr = 1; xfutr = tripuls(t-tfutr,w/2,sfutr);
Plot the original pulse and the two copies on the same axes.
plot(t,x,t,xpast,t,xfutr) ylim([-0.2 1.2])


text:
- ATIS is otherwise known as Aconitum heterophyllum.
heterophyllum belongs to the aconitum family, it is non-toxic if used
- Aconitum heterophyllum, commonly known as Patris, has become
an endangered species due to habitat destruction and extensive
exploitation for the drug industry and local medicinal system.
- Aconitum Heterophyllum Wall is a biennial herb with tuberous and
paired roots and grows in the Himalayas.
heterophyllum plant thrives in most soils and in the shade of trees.
- Most of all it
prefers a moist soil which contains the characteristic of calcium
carbonate, calcium, or limestone, also in the sun or semi shade.
pre-germination treatments, maximum response and plant establishment was
obtained by treating the Aconitum heterophyllum seeds with water (45°C)
for 90 seconds.
- Aconitum heterophyllum and Dactylorhiza hatagirea
under 100 ppm concentration of NIAGARA showed a considerable increase in
sprouting percentage in comparison to control. 12% of Aconitum
heterophyllum plants reached to flowering stage within one year.
- Germination of Aconitum atrox and Aconitum heterophyllum
observed under three textural groups of soil exhibited a very
heterophyllum is used in cases of diarrhea, liver disorders,
hemorrhoids, edema, dysentery, inflammatory infections with cough, cold,
flu, or dyspepsia and is a mild diuretic.
- In Unani system, the
roots of Aconitum heterophyllum
are used as an astringent in bleeding piles, amenorrhoa and leucorrhoea.
- It is said to help
revitalize sexual desire and reduce obesity.
- Owing to high market
demand of some of the medicinal plants like Aconitum heterophyllum,
Jurinea macrocephala, Picrorrhiza kurrooa and Podophyllum hexandrum are
being harvested and collected regularly on large scale for commercial
- A study reveals
that only 0.18 hectares of land in the entire Malla Johar is
actually under cultivation of medicinal plants (0.85% ). The
cultivation of medicinal plants is done by 11 families and generates
a mere Rs 9000 annually.
- Medicinal plants
market in the country is today unorganised due to several problems.
At present 95 % collection of medicinal plants is from the wild.
Entrepreneur who wants the informations
on "General Information, Cultivation,
Process, Technology, Uses, Patent, Consultants, Company Profiles,
Reports, Market, Suppliers" can email us to


Cleft of Dimensions Wiki
The Surface of the Cleft is spherical like any normal planet but there are some things that hang in the heavens high above.
It's not certain whether these celestial bodies are truly celestial bodies or whether they are just illusions/constructs/mana spirits. Theoretically, the dimension of the Cleft should extend infinitely into the void, so, at the very least, we have room for any celestial bodies we like. Note: even if the void is infinite, it doesn't mean that the whole thing is filled with stars! Any stars that are in the Cleft are probably either created by the immortals or brought here from other dimensions in the cataclysmic events that created this place.
Note that Final Weapon is somewhere in space, in orbit.
The Cleft has a series of constellations, and the visible constellations vary depending on what time of year it is. Here are our current constellations:
 - North Star, Raphael the Raven
 - The Sword of Mana
 - The Pool of Stars
 - Fortissimo the fallen
 - The Chimes of Aquilon
 - Queen Diana of diamonds
 - Chain of Hope, Sarai's brilliantly shining constellation
The Moon[]
The Cleft also has a moon. The lunar cycle is 27 days. The new moon occurs on the 1st day of the cycle and the full moon occurs on the 14th day. These are hardcoded facts.
Assuming Luna Moon Base is part of the Cleft, the moon must be real enough to be habitable.
For more information, see Time.
The Sun[]
A sun also appears to be in the Cleft's outer space. It works like any regular sun, rising in the east and setting in the west. Solar luminosity is pretty much constant throughout the Cleft, weather aside.


text:
The National Latin Exam is written annually worldwide, under the sponsorship of the American Classical League and the National Junior Classical League. Students who are enrolled in or have completed a Latin course are eligible to take the exam, which is distributed by mail and taken under the supervision of a proctor. During its last administration date, more than 149 000 Latin students wrote the NLE.
The NLE consists of 40 multiple choice questions and may be written at the following levels:
- Introduction to Latin
- Latin I
- Latin II
- Latin III
- Latin III-IV Prose
- Latin III-IV Poetry
- Latin V-VI
Students may choose to write the exam at a course level above — but never under — their own.
Various ribbons, certificates and medals are awarded to those who perform particularly well. Those who have achieved top exam scores in Latin III and above and promise to take at least one course in Latin or Classical Greek at a post secondary level may apply to receive a $1000 scholarship.
Up-to-date information on the NLE can be found at its official homepage, which informed most of my write-up.


text:
This week's edition of Tombstone Tuesday covers those tombstones that aren't stone — they're metal. Specifically, we're going to discuss zinc or "white bronze" markers.
Zinc markers have a characteristic blue/gray color and feature raised lettering. If you're in doubt as to whether a marker is zinc, tap on it. If it sounds hollow, it's zinc.
These markers were made by only one company — the Monumental Bronze Company of Bridgeport, Connecticut. Monumental Bronze had subsidiaries/distributors in Detroit, Chicago, and Des Moines and their work can be found across the United States. However, their years of production were very short — 1875 to 1912.
Customers could chose a variety of motifs (such as the anchor shown above). Panels on the sides of the marker could bear words or motifs (and sometimes both). Customization, such as the inscription, was cast in separate plates that would be screwed into a standard base.
The monument itself is hollow. Although the markers remain extremely legible, they are not immune from damage, such as being hit by lawnmowers or a fault in a seam causing the obelisk to fall. Such is the case of the marker shown below.
Zinc markers did not come in only obelisk form. Other shapes and styles included chest-like monuments, books, lambs, and even praying children.
There are several good articles about zinc monuments on the Internet. Two of them are:
- "Metal Monuments of Greenwood Cemetery" by Mark Culver at _URL_
- "What are White Bronze Monuments?" at _URL_


text:
Wheat grass are not the type of plants that are attractive to kids. They might even hate it if you force kids to drink fresh wheat grass juice in the morning. If you want kids to have fun with wheat grass, why don't you try some fun crafts for kids with wheat grass?
These wheat grass head men are just an example. Kids will love to have these cute figures on their study table or on the windowsill in their room. Thanks Delia for this nice idea and tutorial.


text:
, p. 793-803, DOI/10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.10.009.
- Koterba, M.T., Andres, A.S., Vrabel, J.P., Crilley, D.M., Szabo, Zoltan, DeWild, J.F., Aiken, G.R., and Reyes-Padro,
Betzaida, 2006, Occurrence and distribution of
mercury in the surficial aquifer, Long Neck Peninsula, Sussex County, Delaware, 2003-04: U.S. Geological Survey
Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5011, 159 p.
- Nemec, J.A., Marinkovic, N.S., Cano, K.E., Linkous, D.H., Flinn, J.M., and Jones, B.F., 2005, Effects of dietary
consumption of zinc and iron on beta-amyloid conformation using synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy, in
Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Washington, D.C.
Compiled and Edited by David W. Morganwalp


text:
This Research Brief is a synthesis of nearly 200 research studies on calculator use in the classroom. The goal is to provide practitioners and researchers advice on how the research knowledge base can guide classroom practice and support future research. In this Research Brief the authors address the common question of practice: Are there consistent findings in mathematics education technology research about the use of calculators?
In general, the body of research shows that the use of calculators in the teaching and learning of mathematics does not contribute to any negative outcomes for skill development or procedural proficiency, but instead enhances the understanding of mathematics concepts and student orientation toward mathematics.
Studies analyzed in this Research Brief examine four kinds of calculator use: Four function, scientific, graphing, and advanced use (such as CAS or dynamic geometry software).
This is available to members of NCTM. Please log in now to view this content. If you are interested in a NCTM membership join now.


text:
Gap Effect on Performance of Podded Propulsors in Straight-Ahead and Azimuthing Conditions
Abstract:This paper presents results of an experimental study on the effect of gap distance on propulsive characteristics of puller and pusher podded propulsors in straight-ahead and static azimuthing open-water conditions. The gap distance is the axial distance between the rotating (propeller) and stationary (pod) parts of a podded propulsor. The propeller thrust and torque, unit forces, and moments in the three-coordinate directions of a model podded unit were measured using a custom-designed pod dynamometer in various operating conditions. The model propulsor was tested at the gap distances of 0.3%, 1%, and 2% of propeller diameter for a range of advance coefficients combined with the range of static azimuthing angles from +20° to 20° with a 10° increment. The tests were conducted both in puller and pusher configurations in the same loading and azimuthing conditions. In the puller configuration, the gap distance did not have any noticeable effect on propeller torque in straight course condition, but had an effect in azimuthing conditions. The propeller thrust and efficiency were also influenced by the change of gap distance, and the effects were more pronounced at high azimuthing angles and high advance coefficients. For pusher configuration, however, the gap distance did not affect the propeller performance characteristics in straight-ahead and azimuthing conditions. Both in straight course and azimuthing conditions, the unit thrust and efficiency were not influenced by the gap distance in either puller or pusher configurations. The gap distance had a noticeable effect on unit transverse force and steering moment both in puller and pusher configurations, and both in straight course and azimuthing conditions. An uncertainty estimate of the measurements is provided at the end.
Document Type: Research Article
Publication date: 2010-01-01
More about this publication?
- Marine Technology is dedicated to James Kennedy, _PHONE_, marine engineer, and longtime member of the Society, in recognition and appreciation of his sincere and generous interest in furthering the art of ship design, shipbuilding, ship operation, and related activities. The Technical papers in this quarterly flagship journal cover a broad spectrum of research on the latest technological breakthroughs, trends, concepts, and discoveries in the marine industry. SNAME News is packed with Society news and information on national, section, and local levels as well as updates on committee activities, meetings, seminars, professional conferences, and employment opportunities. For access to Volume 47 Issue 2 and later, please contact SNAME
- Information for Authors
- Membership Information
- Volume 47 Issue 2 and later
- Ingenta Connect is not responsible for the content or availability of external websites


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Futhark Runes - Interpretation & Meaning: Uruz
Futhark Rune - Uruz
Uruz: Aurochs (wild oxen)
Keywords: Energy, vitality, instinct, wildness, sexuality, fertility, rite of passage, irrationality, shamanism.
Meanings: Following the mundane, day to day survival represented by fehu, it is the first recognition by mankind of the divine in nature. Uruz is the rune of the God of the sacred hunt and his shaman. The energy of this rune is raw and powerful and is pure, elemental fire. This is a rune of passage, from boyhood to manhood through being given a glimpse of the mysteries of nature.
Buy Handcrafted Futhark Runes


text:
One of the more heated debates in human medical genetics in the last decade or so has been centered around the Common Disease-Common Variant (CDCV) hypothesis. As the name implies, the hypothesis posits that genetic susceptibility to common diseases like hypertension and diabetes is largely due to alleles which have moderate frequency in the population. The competing hypothesis, also cleverly named, is the Common Disease-Rare Variant (CDRV) hypothesis, which suggests that multiple rare variants underlie susceptibility to such diseases. As different techniques must be used to find common versus rare alleles, this debate would seem to have major implications for the field. Indeed, the major proponents of the CDCV hypothesis were the movers and shakers beind the HapMap, a resource for the design of large-scale association studies (which are effective at finding common variants, much less so for rare variants).
However, CDCV versus CDRV is an utterly false dichotomy, as I'll explain below. This point has slipped past many of the human geneticists who actually do the work of mapping disease genes, and I feel the problem is this: essentially, geneticists are looking for a gene or the gene, so they naturally want to know whether to take an approach that will be the best for finding common variants or one for finding rare variants. However, common diseases do not follow simple Mendelian patterns– there are multiple genes that influence these traits, and the frequencies of these alleles has a distribution. A decent null hypothesis, then, is to assume that the the frequencies of alleles underlying a complex phenotype is essentially the same as the overall distribution of allele frequencies in the population– that is, many rare variants and some common variants.
This argument would seem to favor the CDRV hypothesis. Not so. The key concept for explaining why is one borrowed from epidemiology called the population attributable risk–essentially, the number of cases in a population that can be attributed to a given risk factor. An example: imgaine smoking cigarettes gives you a 5% chance of developing lung cancer, while working in an asbestos factory gives you a 70% chance. You might argue that working in an asbestos factory is a more important risk factor than cigarette smoking, and you would be correct–on an individual level. On a population level, though, you have to take into account the fact that millions more people smoke than work in asbestos factories. If everyone stopped smoking tomorrow, the number of lung cancer cases would drop precipitously. But if all asbestos factory workers quit tomorrow, the effect on the population level of lung cancer would be minimal. So you can see where I'm going with this: common susceptibility alleles contribute disproportinately to the population attributable risk for a disease. In type II diabetes, for example, a single variant with a rather small effect but a moderate frequency accounts for 21% of all cases[cite].
So am I then arguing in favor of the CDCV hypotheis? Of course not– rare variants, aside from being predictive for disease in some individuals, also give important insight into the biology of the disease. But it is possible right now, using genome-wide SNP arrays and databases like the HapMap, to search the entire genome for common variants that contribute to disease. This is an essential step–finding the alleles that contribute disproportionately to the population-level risk for a disease. Eventually, the cost of sequencing will drop to a point where rare variants can also be assayed on a genome-wide, high-throughput scale, but that's not the case yet. Once it is, expect the CDRV hypothesis to be trumpted as right all along.


text:
Patent application title: Method and apparatus for imaging three-dimensional structure
Noam Babayoff (Rishon Le Zion, IL)
Noam Babayoff (Rishon Le Zion, IL)
Isaia Glaser-Inbari (Givataim, IL)
IPC8 Class: AA61C1900FI
Class name: Dentistry apparatus having means to emit radiation or facilitate viewing of the work
Publication date: 2009-06-11
Patent application number: 20090148807
An apparatus for determining surface topology of a portion (26) of a
three-dimensional structure is provided, that includes a probing member,
an illumination unit, a light focusing optics, a translation mechanism, a
detector and a processor.
18. A method for determining surface topology of a portion of a three-dimensional dental structure, comprising providing an apparatus comprising a focusing optics and a probing member having a front face and a sensing face; the focusing optics defining one or more focal planes forward of said sensing face in a position changeable by said optics;(a) providing an array of incident light beams propagating in an optical path leading through said focusing optics and through said probing member, each light beam having its focus on one of said one or more focal planes; the beams generating a plurality of illuminated spots on the structure, said apparatus being hand held to direct said optical path at a desired location with respect to said dental structure via said sensing face;(b) detecting intensity of returned light beams propagating from each of the plurality of illuminated spots along an optical path opposite to that of the incident light;(c) repeating steps (a) and (b) a plurality of times, each time changing position of the focal plane relative to the structure;(d) for each of the illuminated spots, determining a spot-specific position, being the position of the respective focal plane yielding a maximum measured intensity of a respective returned light beam; and(e) generating data representative of the topology of said portion.
19. The method according to claim 18, wherein said method is applied to determining surface topology of teeth in an oral cavity of a patient.
20. The method according to claim 18, wherein said array of incident light beams are produced by splitting a parent light beam.
21. The method according to claim 18, comprising in step (a) internally folding said incident light beams in said probing member prior to directing said incident light beams towards the dental structure via said sensing face.
22. The method according to claim 18, comprising in step (a) internally folding said incident light beams a plurality of times in said probing member prior to directing said incident light beams towards the dental structure via said sensing face.
23. The method according to claim 18, comprising in step (a) deviating said incident light beams passing through said probing member from said front face to said sensing face by a net deviation substantially greater than 0 degrees.
24. The method according to claim 18, comprising in step (a) deviating said incident light beams passing through said probing member from said front face to said sensing face by a net deviation substantially greater than 90 degrees.
25. The method according to claim 18, wherein said optical paths of said incident light beams through said probing member pass through said front face substantially perpendicular thereto.
26. The method according to claim 18, wherein said optical paths of said respective incident light beams are substantially parallel with respect to one another within said probing member.
27. The method according to claim 18, wherein said focusing optics comprises confocal optics and wherein in step (c) the position of the focal plane is changed each time by displacing said confocal optics.
28. The method according to claim 18, wherein in step (a) an illumination unit provides said incident light beams and in step (b) a detector detects said intensities of returned light beams, and wherein the optical path of said incident light beams from said illumination unit to said sensing face excludes passage through said detector.
29. The method according to claim 28, wherein said apparatus comprises an optical component, said optical component separating the incident light beam optical path from the returned light optical path thereat, allowing transmission of said incident light beams therethrough towards said focusing optics in step (a), while redirecting said returning light beams to said detector in step (b).
30. The method according to claim 29, wherein said separating of said incident light beam optical path from the returned light optical path occurs between the illumination unit and the focusing optics.
31. The method according to claim 18, wherein each said returned light beam corresponds to a said incident light beam.
32. The method according to claim 18, wherein in step (c), the position of the focal plane relative to the structure is changed in a telecentric manner.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention in the field of imaging techniques and relates to a method and an apparatus for non-contact imaging of three-dimensional structures, particularly useful for direct surveying of teeth.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
A great variety of methods and systems have been developed for direct optical measurement of teeth and the subsequent automatic manufacture of dentures. The term "direct optical measurement" signifies surveying of teeth in the oral cavity of a patient. This facilitates the obtainment of digital constructional data necessary for the computer-assisted design (CAD) or computer-assisted manufacture (CAM) of tooth replacements without having to make any cast impressions of the teeth. Such systems typically includes an optical probe coupled to an optical pick-up or receiver such as charge coupled device (CCD) and a processor implementing a suitable image processing technique to design and fabricate virtually the desired product.
One conventional technique of the kind specified is based on a laser-triangulation method for measurement of the distance between the surface of the tooth and the optical distance probe, which is inserted into the oral cavity of the patient. The main drawback of this technique consists of the following. It is assumed that the surface of the tooth reflects optimally, e.g. Lambert's reflection. Unfortunately, this is not the case in practice and often the data that is obtained is not accurate.
Other techniques, which are embodied in CEREC-1 and CEREC-2 systems commercially available from Siemens GmbH or Sirona Dental Systems, utilize the light-section method and phase-shift method, respectively. Both systems employ a specially designed hand-held probe to measure the three-dimensional coordinates of a prepared tooth. However, the methods require a specific coating (i.e. measurement powder and white-pigments suspension, respectively) to be deposited to the tooth. The thickness of the coating layer should meet specific, difficult to control requirements, which leads to inaccuracies in the measurement data.
By yet another technique, mapping of teeth surface is based on physical scanning of the surface by a probe and by determining the probe's position, e.g. by optical or other remote sensing means, the surface may be imaged.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,372,502 discloses an optical probe for three-dimensional surveying. The operation of the probe is based on the following. Various patterns are projected onto the tooth or teeth to be measured and corresponding plurality of distorted patterns are captured by the probe. Each interaction provides refinement of the topography.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to a method and apparatus for imaging three-dimensional structures. A preferred, non-limiting embodiment, is concerned with the imaging of a three-dimensional topology of a teeth segment, particularly such where one or more teeth are missing. This may allow the generation of data for subsequent use in design and manufacture of, for example, prosthesis of one or more teeth for incorporation into said teeth segment. Particular examples are the manufacture of crowns or bridges.
The present invention provides, by a first of its aspects, a method for determining surface topology of a portion of a three-dimensional structure, comprising:
(a) providing an array of incident light beams propagating in an optical path leading through a focusing optics and a probing face; the focusing optics defining one or more focal planes forward said probing face in a position changeable by said optics, each light beam having its focus on one of said one or more focal plane; the beams generating a plurality of illuminated spots on the structure;(b) detecting intensity of returned light beams propagating from each of these spots along an optical path opposite to that of the incident light;(c) repeating steps (a) and (b) a plurality of times, each time changing position of the focal plane relative to the structure; and(d) for each of the illuminated spots, determining a spot-specific position, being the position of the respective focal plane, yielding a maximum measured intensity of a respective returned light beam; and(e) based on the determined spot-specific positions, generating data representative of the topology of said portion.
By a further of its aspects, the present invention provides an apparatus for determining surface topology of a portion of a three-dimensional structure, comprising: a probing member with a sensing face; an illumination unit for providing an array of incident light beams transmitted towards the structure along an optical path through said probing unit to generate illuminated spots on said portion; a light focusing optics defining one or more focal planes forward said probing face at a position changeable by said optics, each light beam having its focus on one of said one or more focal plane; a translation mechanism coupled to said focusing optics for displacing said focal plane relative to the structure along an axis defined by the propagation of the incident light beams; a detector having an array of sensing elements for measuring intensity of each of a plurality of light beams returning from said spots propagating through an optical path opposite to that of the incident light beams; a processor coupled to said detector for determining for each light beam a spot-specific position, being the position


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Homogenization heat treatment can be useful for improving the performance and life of an alloy while in service or for improving the processability during fabrication and hot working. This article describes the identification of incipient melt point, slowest-diffusing elements, and microstructural scale for homogenization of metal alloys. It also discusses the CALPHAD software to optimize the homogenization heat treatment and the Scheil module of the commercial thermodynamic modeling software.
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Over 8,000 websites created by students around the world who have participated in a ThinkQuest Competition.
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Photography 101 gives information on several different areas of photography. Photography 101 contains information on the history of photography, types of cameras, types of film, how cameras work, and how to take a picture. Photography 101 tries to make learning about photography interesting and fun!
KyleDundee Middle School, Gilberts, IL, United States
KevinDundee Middle School, Gilberts, IL, United States
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The red-collared widowbird (Euplectes ardens) is a species of bird in the Ploceidae family. Red-collared widowbirds are found in grasslands and bush clearings in Eastern and Southern Africa. They are known for their long tails and brilliant red badges, both which act as sexual ornaments. They are often associated with other widowbird and bishop species. They are polygynous, where males acquisition of territory is an important determinant in their access to mates. Red-collared widowbirds have a wide range and there is little concern in terms of conservation status.
Similar to other widowbirds, male red-collared widowbirds have both seasonal and sexual dimorphism. Males are about 25 cm (9.8 in) in length while females are only 13 centimeters. A similar trend is seen with weight, where males range from 20 to 26 g (0.71 to 0.92 oz) and females are only between 16 and 22 grams. During non-breeding seasons, the male plumage is brown, while in breeding season, October to April, they have black plumage with a long tail, approximately 22 cm, and crescent –shaped carotenoid based chest patch. There is significant variation in brightness, hue, and chroma of the carotenoid badges. In contrast, females and subadults, like nonbreeding males, are streaky dull brown with a short tail, approximately 4 cm. Nonbreeding males, however, retain their black tails, while females and subadults' tails are dark-brown.
Red-collared widowbirds are found throughout Eastern and Southern Africa. While their habitats are varied, they are often found in open grasslands, agricultural areas, clearings in forests, and on slopes with limited tree coverage. source


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In 1987, Florida began to develop a statewide system of underwater parks featuring shipwrecks and other historic sites. The shipwreck preserves have become popular attractions for skin and scuba diving visitors to witness a part of Florida's history first-hand. They contain not only interesting archaeological features, but also an abundance of marine life that make the parks living museums in the sea. Each site is interpreted by an underwater plaque; a brochure and laminated underwater guides are available from local dive shops. The parks are open to the public year round, free of charge. There are eleven parks at present, and several others under development. For a virtual experience on these sites please visit _URL_. Each Preserve has underwater video footage of the wreck a nd the marine life, as well as a video about the history of the vessel.
If, in the course of your underwater explorations, you find a site that might be a potential candidate for a new Underwater Archaeological Preserve, you are encouraged to nominate it for consideration. For a nomination form, please use the following link (Underwater Archaeological Preserve Questionnaire -.PDF). The Bureau of Archaeological Research invites nominations for new underwater preserves throughout the State of Florida, whether located in inland waters, or offshore within Florida's territorial waters. A preserve should have public access, favorable diving conditions, and interesting cultural and natural site features. If selected, a site may then be designated as a preserve through a cooperative project between government and the public. The development of a new park is an excellent opportunity for a diving group to become involved in an underwater project with lasting results.
The parks are only made possible by a cooperative effort on the part of state and local government, waterfront businesses, and volunteer divers who appreciate Florida's heritage. By placing underwater resources in the public trust, and by explaining their archaeological and historical value to visitors, these sites become important for everyone to preserve. At present, California, Maryland, Michigan, New York, North Carolina, and Vermont have established similar programs. Other state governments are likely to follow this example of education through recreation in the near future.
Visit Our Preserves
Visit our eleven underwater preserves at


text: Transcript uses AI to scan a students digital activity and provide them with the correct answers. it even has the ability to select the answer itself in some cases. Will AI destroy digital learning by removing a students willingness to learn? Will students transition to simply completing assignments like a robot with no effort to comprehend them? Will we have to revert back to paper based assignments and text books in order to get students to learn? Was Dennis from 30 Rock correct!?


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Introduction to Graphic Displays
Displaying categorical data in simple graphical formats such as bar charts and pie charts
Displaying quantitative variable data in simple graphical formats such as dot plots, frequency histograms, and stem‐and‐leaf plots
Using box plots to display numerical measures of data
Interpreting graphic displays to make conclusions about the distribution of the variable
Understanding scatter plots
Pie charts and bar charts are graphic displays of data for categorical variables. Dot plots, stem‐and‐leaf plots, histograms, and box‐and‐whisker plots are graphic displays of data for numerical variables.
As an example, consider the yearly expenditures of a college undergraduate. After collecting her data (expense records) for the past year, she finds the expenditures shown in Table 1.
These figures, although presented in categories, do not allow for easy analysis. The reader must expend extra effort in order to compare amounts spent or relate individual proportions to the total. For ease of analysis, these data can be presented pictorially.


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Our Resource Center is open to women still in the sex industry (stripping, escorting, prostitution) or those trying to get out of it. You don't need to be a member in our Program to get help from the tools and training we offer.
The Resource Center is a place where women can work to improve their lives and the lives of their children. Women are able to learn practical job skills and get access to technology resources and educational materials. With computer access you'll be able to search:
- Job Listings
- Apartments and Houses
- Social Services
Resources to help with change include:
- Initial meeting with a New Friends New Life staff member
- Resources for basic needs
- Budgeting assistance
- CareerWorks program to help build resumes, search for jobs, and prepare for interviews
- Computer skills training
- GED test preparation
- College preparation and enrollment assistance
- The Resource Center also provides individual and group counseling, including art therapy.
- Quality Camp program to help improve critical thinking skills, identify priorities and work place norms, create back up plans to address barriers to long-term employment, identify patterns of negative coping that cause job loss, and create a life and career plan
The Resource Center is open Monday through Friday, 9 a.m. – 5 p.m. If you're interested in an appointment for resources and training call _PHONE_. If you need help on weekends or nights to fit your work or family schedule, we can be flexible to find a time to meet your needs. Childcare is available on a reservation basis.


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Alibaba, the world's largest fintech company, is using Alipay to tap into mobile games to fight desertification, greening China in the process.
China's Gobi desert–the fastest growing desert on the planet–transforms more than 3600 kilometers of grasslands into inhospitable wastelands every year. Its expansion has eaten away hectares of agricultural lands and human habitats besides creating unbridled sandstorms that batter cities located near its edge. The Chinese government has been fighting the desertification with ambitious programs like 'the great green wall' creating a 4500 km tree belt on the edge of the Gobi, where more than 66 billion trees have been planted so far.
Now an app called Ant Forest by the world's largest financial technology company Ant Financial Services Group (Alipay) is sweeping across China rewarding its millions of users for their low-carbon lifestyle by planting trees on behalf of them to stop the desertification. Ant Forest rewards its users with green energy points for choosing low-carbon activities like taking public transportation, recycling waste, using less plastic, etc. Once users have earned enough points, they can plant a virtual tree in the app. For every single tree planted in this app, Alipay plants a tree near the Gobi desert.
Unlike traditional government-led forestation campaigns, Ant Forest is highly interactive and transparent. Users can choose different types of drought-resistant plants based on the number of points they earned, and monitor the growth of their trees in real time using satellite imagery. They can also share or pool their points with their friends to plant a bigger tree.
Alipay has partnered up with conservation groups like China Green Foundation (CGF) and the Society of Entrepreneurs and Ecology (SEE) to materialise the tree plantation drive.
Over 500 million people–more than 6% of the world's total population–have signed up for the app while Alipay has so far planted over 100 million real trees in Inner Mongolia and Gansu province, which share borders with the Gobi desert. The newly planted trees cover over 1000 sq km–an area almost the size of Hong Kong. The users' behaviour changes and low-carbon lifestyle have reduced carbon emissions by more than three million tons so far.
You might also like: Renewable Energy Can Support Economic Growth Post-COVID-19
Experts say that Alipay has gamified carbon footprint tracking and mitigation making sustainable living fun for millions of people in China. The app has tapped into the addictive nature of mobile games to reduce China's carbon emissions.
"Emerging digital technologies are enabling a bottom-up approach to the battle–avoiding greenhouse gas emissions gram by gram, bus fare by bus fare, day by day," says Ant Forest's Chief Executive Officer Eric Jing. "This is essential to complement top-down action, such as the Paris Agreement and the 2030 Agenda on sustainable development. The success of the programme is a sign of the powerful change we can create when people are provided with the opportunity to live a greener life."
Ant Forest has received high praise from conservationists across the world for their innovative approach. "This (the app) shows that digital finance holds a huge untapped power to mobilise people in support of sustainable development and the fight against climate change," says Erik Solheim, Head of UN Environment. "And this power is literally at our fingertips through our mobile devices."
According to a 1982 regulation, every Chinese citizen aged above 11 is legally obliged to plant three to five trees every year. Now, a large number of people use Ant Forest to fulfill their obligations. The app, which is now officially recognised by the National Afforestation Commission (NAC), allows users to apply for the certificate issued by NAC.
China has been tackling its increasing carbon footprint with aggressive afforestation, and Ant Forest's digital clout is helping the country to achieve its 2035 target of increasing its forest cover by 26%.


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Japanese have talents for elaborating patterns on cloth and clothes. Several examples from the traditional Japanese goods exist as the Kimono (着物), Yukata (浴衣), hachimaki (鉢巻き), handkerchieves (ハンカチ), etc. Numerous items still used in everyday's life. It can be employed as clothes, as tools, as decoration, etc.
How about the "furoshiki" (風呂敷)?
"Furoshiki" cloth is a traditional Japanese wrapping cloth, mainly used to transport clothes, gifts, or other goods. Sometimes food, especially, bento boxes are usually wrapped in a "furoshiki". You might also have seen Geishas, Maikos or someone wearing a kimono that are hanging a bag that reminds small bunches of laundry, tied up into spheric shape. Sumo wrestlers use also "furoshiki", when being out and wearing traditional Japanese clothes. "Furoshiki" also is considered as the casual traditional bag in Japanese culture.
The origin goes way back to the Nara period, where "furoshiki" was used when people going to onsen (温泉, hot spring) try to avoid to mix up their clothes, by wrapping them up in "furoshiki" (furo=風呂='bath' / shiki=敷く= 'spread'). Later it was used by merchants to wrap up and therefore protect their goods.
Sizes and material of "furoshiki" vary though the standard shape is squared. The usual used materials have to be light, such as silk, chirimen, cotton, rayon, and nylon. the design is, in general, repetitive or inspired from traditional motifs, some are also made by shibori, which is a traditional Japanese tie-dying technique. Most common size would be 45 cm or 68–72 cm, though some can be even bigger than blankets.
Recently wooden or plastic ring hangers are sold at specialised stores, to make your own "furoshiki" bag. That needs certain wrap and tie technique, you can easily employ your "furoshiki" as a small bag. Do not hesitate to use "furoshiki" and let your taste of decoration and imagination blowing away, and if you are in search of a unique souvenir, a "furoshiki" will guarantee a smile of gratitude.


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Language changes all the time and I see various uses of the words defining the data we use in GIS in our day-to-day lives.
But what's right? Is there a right answer out there that we would all agree on or just break out into riots (or simply not care)?
We have spatial data, geodata, geospatial data, geographic data - anymore missing?
Spatial is quite generic and geospatial a bit more defining geographically spatial - but what about geodata?!
If you were writing a scientific paper about data that is spatial within the geographical and geological domains what term would you use?
share|improve this question
If you are writing about geographic data you use the term "geographic data". Not constructive. – Pablo Oct 2 '12 at 13:33
you answered your own question - If you were writing a scientific paper about 'geographic data' what term would you use? – Mapperz Oct 2 '12 at 13:41
Mapperz - good point. I've changed as such – Rob Oct 3 '12 at 6:35
3 Answers 3
up vote 6 down vote accepted
there is a good information about these terms on Basudeb Bhatta's Blog at this link. _USER_ Nesom definations are good but i thought that geodata was abbrevation of geographic data. However Brad's defination of geodata is quite logical.
beside these in my opinion:
spatial data > geospatial data == geographic data == geodata
Often my students ask about the difference(s) between spatial and geospatial. These two words appear very frequently in remote sensing and GIS literature.
The word spatial originated from Latin'spatium', which means space. Spatial means 'pertaining to space' or 'having to do with space, relating to space and the position, size, shape, etc.' (Oxford Dictionary), which refers to features or phenomena distributed in three-dimensional space (any space, not only the Earth's surface) and, thus, having physical, measurable dimensions. In GIS,'spatial' is also referred to as 'based on location on map'.
Geographic(al) means 'pertaining to geography (the study of the surface of the earth)' and'referring to or characteristic of a certain locality, especially in reference to its location in relation to other places' (Macquarie Dictionary). Spatial has broader meaning, encompassing the term geographic. Geographic data can be defined as a class of spatial data in which the frame is the surface and/or near-surface of the Earth. 'Geographic' is the right word for graphic presentation (e.g., maps) of features and phenomena on or near the Earth's surface. Geographic data uses different feature types (raster, points, lines, or polygons) to uniquely identify the location and/or the geographical boundaries of spatial (location based) entities that exist on the earth surface. Geographic data are a significant subset of spatial data, although the terms geographic, spatial, and geospatial are often used interchangeably.
Geospatial is another word, and might have originated in the industry to make the things differentiate from geography. Though this word is becoming popular, it has not been defined in any of the standard dictionary yet. Since 'geo' is from Greek 'gaya' meaning Earth, geospatial thus means earth-space. NASA says 'geospatial means the distribution of something in a geographic sense; it refers to entities that can be located by some co-ordinate system'. Geospatial data is to develop information about features, objects, and classes on Earth's surface and/or near Earth's surface. Geospatial is that type of spatial data which is related to the Earth, but the terms spatial and geospatial are often used interchangeably. United States Geological Survey (USGS) says "the terms spatial and geospatial are equivalent".
i hope it helps you...
share|improve this answer
Aragon - that's a great answer from the blog, definitely makes it clear. – Rob Oct 3 '12 at 6:40
Sometimes I might ask if the data has either temporal or location information, and then get into details about how to use it. Really this is no different than asking if a column in the database is float, decimal, or money. Significantly different to work with -- you need to know your data.
So I do not define the data as spatial or not, I simply expect to see either geography or geometry columns (or create them if need be).
Usually the collection, view, or USE CASE of the data becomes the defining term we will use, e.g. "These data are for prioritizing the underground tank clean up based on the volume and depth of the leaking hazard" or "This maps the water pressure deliverable across the city at fire hydrants."
In sum: we don't call it financial data, or monetary data, or spatial data. Its just data, sometimes with a geometry or geography column.
share|improve this answer
Since this is a Community WIKI this is my opinion.
As for actual definitions I don't know. And how (or why J) you write a scientifc paper as well.
But what I see in my mind is this.
geospatial data, spatial data can be data in any format with any coordinate reference in any storage type.
geographic data (outside the national geographic context) is rdbms native spatially enabled lat/lon data.
geodata is any type of data as a service served by a web server.
Again I re-iterate that these are NOT definitions simply how I use the terms in context when discussing and how I think of them to keep stuff seperate. FWIW.
share|improve this answer
our rdbms is in canlam but we do transform on the fly to lat/lng - generally I use spatial/geographic data. – Mapperz Oct 2 '12 at 15:05
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This article explains how to view the hardware serial number in EMC Elastic Cloud Search (ECS). There is a difference between the License Serial number and the Hardware Serial number.
OnCommand Insight (OCI) always displays the License Serial Number of ECS.
In EMC ECS, we have the following information:
PSNT = Hardware serial number
SWID = License serial number
ECS uses the SWID as the identifier on how storage nodes are identified. The SWID is also visible in OCI as the serial number; this is the License serial number.


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Intracellular scaling mechanisms
Organelle function is often directly related to organelle size. However, it is not necessarily absolute size but the organelle-to-cell-size ratio that is critical. Larger cells generally have increased metabolic demands, must segregate DNA over larger distances, and require larger cytokinetic rings to divide. Thus, organelles often must scale to the size of the cell. The need for scaling is particularly acute during early development during which cell size can change rapidly. Here, we highlight scaling mechanisms for cellular structures as diverse as centrosomes, nuclei, and the mitotic spindle, and distinguish them from more general mechanisms of size control. In some cases, scaling is a consequence of the underlying mechanism of organelle size control. In others, size-control mechanisms are not obviously related to cell size, implying that scaling results indirectly from cell-size-dependent regulation of size-control mechanisms.
Issue number 12


Ben Nicholson (_PHONE_) was one of the leading British Modernist artists who had significant influence on the direction of sculpture.
This iconic print was made after his eponymous masterpiece, titled after a meeting with Mondrian.
The original canvas, which measures nearly seven feet wide, has been in the permanent collection of the Tate (London) since 1955.
In his paintings Nicholson was interested in exploring how flat simple shapes of pure color could create the illusion of depth and greater forms. This work epitomizes these types of aesthetic explorations.
Nicholson is credited with further expanding the possibilities of Modernism. He was able to extract and elaborate on key ideas from early Modernist contributing movements, whether Constructivism or Cubism.
Alongside Barbara Hepworth (Nicholson's ex-wife) and Henry Moore, the trio are the key figures of British Modernist sculpture.
Additional images available on request.
Questions about this piece? Contact us or call _PHONE_
Published by the Tate (London)
Circa 1983
20"H 25"W (artwork)
28"H 32"W (framed)
Good condition.
- Where does the inventory ship from?
Our inventory is divided between New York and Toronto.
- Where do you ship to?
- How much does it cost to ship?
- Are there additional taxes or fees?
- Do you provide a certificate of authenticity?
What is your return policy?
- What payment methods do you accept?
Caviar20 does not accept personal checks or Zelle.
Canadian clients are welcomed and encouraged to pay with interac.
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Current Temp : 76.0 ° F
Humidity : 77 %
Wind : South at 4.6 MPH (4 KT)
Scarless Surgery for Kids
BACKGROUND: Tumors are lumps of tissue that form when cells divide uncontrollably. Not all tumors are malignant (cancerous); benign tumors don't spread from their original location but can come back at the same site. One type of tumor that affects children is a teratoma. Teratomas are characterized by being made up of tissues not native to the site of the tumor. These types of tumors generally develop before birth and are made of the three types of cells found in a growing baby: the ectoderm, entoderm and mesoderm. Teratomas are generally benign and have the potential to form human structures like hair and bone. According to Children's Hospital Boston, the cause of teratomas is not completely understood. The first line of treatment is normally surgery to remove the tumor.
SINGLE-PORT SURGERY: Single port laparoscopic surgery is a procedure performed through a single incision in the patient's belly button, leaving behind no visible scar. Surgeons insert a tiny camera to view the surgical area and perform the operation with laparoscopic instruments. The procedure has only recently been performed on children. In a study presented at last year's American Academy of Pediatrics convention, surgeons suggested "single port laparoscopy is safe and efficacious in children of all ages." Twenty-six children were involved in the study and underwent single port laparoscopic operations. Two cases required an additional incision, and the duration of the operations were found to be significantly longer than traditional, multi-incision laparoscopic surgery. Among the surgeries performed with the new method were splenectomies and appendectomies.
Surgeons at St. Christopher's Hospital for Children in Philadelphia recently performed a rare surgical feat in children -- removing a large ovarian tumor through single port surgery. The medical team drained the tumor while it was inside the patient and then removed it through the belly button. The patient suffered a teratoma the size of a grapefruit on her ovary and now has no visible scar.


Higher National Certificate and Diplomas
If you have a specific career path in mind and want to receive practical training for it, then a HNC or HND could be the qualification for you.
What are Higher National Diplomas and Certificates?
HNCs (Higher National Certificates) and HNDs (Higher National Diplomas) are vocational higher education qualifications.
How long do HNCs and HNDs take to complete?
HNCs can take one year to complete full time and two years part time (or through distance learning).
HNDs take two years full time and can also be taken part time, which means it will take longer to complete.
What are the different levels for HNCs and HNDs?
What HNC and HND subjects are available?
What are the entry requirements for HND and HNC qualifications?
Most HND courses require one A level (or equivalent). Check UCAS.com for full details on the entry requirements for a particular course.
How will I be assessed during my HND or HNC?
HNCs and HNDs are mainly assessed through projects and practical assignments that you complete throughout the course.
If you successfully complete an HNC or HND, the grades in each subject unit are shown as:
 - pass
 - merit
 - distinction
If you are not happy with how you did in a particular task, don't worry - you will have the chance to improve your performance. We recommend you speak to your teacher or tutor if this is the case.
If you are still not happy with the mark or grade you have been awarded, there are appeals procedures you can follow.
Again, you should speak to your tutor for more advice.
What can I do after my HND or HNC?
Since HNCs and HNDs are designed to give you the skills for a particular field of work, they can lead straight to your chosen career.
Further information
For more about course options after your GCSEs, please see: