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A procedure is a series of steps followed in a regular, definite order to achieve a specified result. The goal of a written procedure is to enable a user to carry out an action with which he or she might not be familiar. Procedures save the writer time, transfer expertise, ensure consistency, and prevent errors and accidents. Procedures may amount to a single sheet for assembling a table, a lengthy manual of operating routines for a nuclear reactor, or a computer manual full of routines for using an operating system like UNIX or DOS.
A procedure is generally organized as follows:
An important aspect of procedures is their extensive use of chunking and step-syntax. Chunking is the sorting of parallel elements into prose sentences or elements that are easily located on the page. Step-syntax is the use of special imperative sentences to identify the action in each step of the procedure. A typical imperative begins with the action first, as follows:
Cut the end of the cable, as shown in Figure 2-1, removing any sharp wire ends that protrude from the jacket.
Most instructions contain one or more safety elements. A warning is given before any step that may present an element of harm to the individual performing the step. A caution is given before any step that could present some risk to equipment. A note is included before or after any step that may need some additional explanation.
Assembling the Interference Cable Seal
Warning: Do not work with live cables, which may electrocute you.
- Ensure that the cable is not attached to a power source.
- Determine whether or not the optional seal boot will be used and assemble the seal parts (parts list, Section X).
- Cut the end of the cable, as shown in Figure 2-1, removing any sharp wire ends that protrude from the jacket.
Caution: Do not use lubricants that may degrade the cable sheath.
- Apply a light coating of silicone compound, such as DC-55, to several inches of the cable.
- Slide the retaining washer over the cable and push it back out of the way.
- Slide the boot (if used) over the cable and push it back out of the way.
- Slide the seal packing onto the cable.
- Thread the cable the desired amount through the housing bore and out the small opening at the end of the housing.
- Lubricate the outer surface of the packing with silicone compound.
Note: If the packing has been lubricated, the next step is easily accomplished with thumb pressure only. If additional pressure is required, use a blunt rod to squeeze the packing into the housing.
- Gently squeeze the packing and slide it into the annular space of the housing bore.
- Slide the boot (if used) and retaining washer into place and fasten them with the retaining ring.
- Prepare the end of the cable for making electrical connections.


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Some workers claimed they found it after they exploded the rock. No actual proof that it was imbedded.
Now that we have ways to test the thing, it's gone.
The Dorchester Pot was a metal vase, which was recovered in two pieces after an explosion used to break up rock at Meeting House Hill, in Dorchester, Massachusetts in 1852. According to text reprinted by Anonymous (1852) from the "Boston Transcript", a local paper, in the June 5, 1852 Scientific American, the two pieces of the Dorchester Pot were found, not in situ within local bedrock, but loose among debris thrown out by the explosion. Apparently, it was inferred from the locations of the two pieces of this pot among the explosion debris that this pot had been blasted from solid puddingstone (conglomerate), which is part of the Roxbury conglomerate, from about 15 feet below the surface of Meeting House Hill (Anonymous 1852).
The bell-shaped vessel about was described as being about 4.5 inches (11.5 cm) high, 6.5 inches (16.5 cm) in diameter as the base and 2.5 inches (6.4 cm) in diameter at the top. The body of this object was said to resemble zinc alloyed with silver in color. It reportedly exhibited floral designs on its side and a wreath or vine design around its lower part, which were both inlaid with silver (Anonymous 1852).
PureInsight (2006) also provides, without any attribution, a picture of an unknown object from an unknown source, which is used to illustrate what they apparently believe the Dorchester Pot looked like, as well as an age of 100,000 years. Anonymous (1852), the primary source of information about this object, provides neither any picture of nor age estimate for the Dorchester Pot.
A web page created by archaeologists Keith Fitzpatrick-Matthews and James Doeser with the stated goal of examining fringe archaeology identifies the object as "clearly a candlestick of obviously Victorian style" [_URL_
; they presumably base this identification on the unsourced photograph of the Dorchester Pot mentioned above.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Betsy's Plesiosaur, Nichollsia borealis
Nichollsia borealis, one of the oldest and most complete plesiosaur fossils recovered in North America, and the oldest yet discovered from the Cretaceous Period, was uncovered in a Syncrude Canada Ltd. mine near Fort McMurray, Alberta, in 1994.
Two U of Calgary scientists, Dr. Patrick Druckenmiller and Dr. Anthony Russell have named the 2.6m long plesiosaur Nichollsia borealis in memory of the late Elizabeth (Betsy) Nicholls, former curator at the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology. Nicholls was a renowned palaeontologist who is credited with transforming the understanding of prehistoric ocean life by describing the largest-ever marine reptile, a 23-metre-long ichthyosaur, discovered in northern British Columbia in 1999.
Elizabeth (Betsy) Nicholls conducting field work in northeastern B.C. Photo:Rolex Awards/Tomas Bertelsen.
"We chose this name because Betsy was a key player in the study of marine reptiles, a mentor to me, a former student of Tony, and a great person," said Druckenmiller, who is now Curator of Earth Sciences at the University of Alaska Museum of the North in Fairbanks, Alaska. "We felt it was a fitting way to honour both her memory and her accomplishments in palaeontology."
The fossil was discovered by machine operators Greg Fisher and Lorne Cundal in 1994 during routine mining operations at Syncrude's Base Mine, about 35 kilometres north of Fort McMurray near the Athabasca River. Amazingly, the specimen was serendipitously exposed by one of Syncrude's 100-ton electric shovels approximately 60 metres below ground surface. It is complete except for its left forelimb and shoulder blade.
Nichollsia is also very significant because it fills a 40-million-year gap in the plesiosaur fossil record and greatly increases the understanding of the ancient seaway that once split North America in two and whose shores abounded with dinosaurs.
"This individual was a pioneer in the marine waters that would eventually become the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway, which ran the length of North America during much of the Cretaceous and was home to one of the world's most diverse communities of marine reptiles," Druckenmiller said. "It represents the oldest known forerunner of this amazing period in North American prehistory."
Nichollsia borealis is currently on display in the Discoveries Gallery at the Royal Tyrrell Museum. The paper is published in Palaeontographica Abteilung A, but I can't find a doi for it.


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Affiliation: University College London Medical School, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
In this review, we analysed the role of stem cell and growth factor therapy on rotator cuff tendon repair. The injury to the rotator cuff tendons can be sustained in numerous ways and generally causes significant pain and disability to the affected individual. Following surgical repair of ruptured rotator cuff tendons re-rupture rates can be as high as 20-60%. In order to augment this repair process and to decrease the re-rupture rates tissue engineering methods can be used. These include the use of stem cells and growth factors. Mesenchymal stem cells are stem cells which can differentiate into a variety of connective tissue cell types and can therefore be utilised in repairing tendons. So far there has only been one human study using stem cells in rotator cuff tendon repair. This study has produced a positive result but consisted of only 14 patients and lacks a control group for comparison. Similar work has also been done using growth factors. Both individual and combination growth factor therapy have been used to improve rotator cuff tendon repair. However, the results so far have been disappointing with growth factors. For the purpose of future studies better techniques should be explored with regards to the delivery of stem cells and growth factors as well as the possibility of combining growth factor and stem cell therapy to improve repair rates.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Silicon Valley Education Foundation believes in improving public education by establishing effective partnerships with local school districts, the private sector and other community organizations to support students and educators. A critical means by which we, as a community, can improve public education is by empowering our educators through valuable resources such as our Teacher Innovation Grants, Lessonopoly online curriculum and professional development programs.
We have researched and gathered over 100 links to conveniently provide teachers with some of the most valuable online resources. Here you will find professional sites for credentials and similar information, general teacher sites for lesson plans and standards/frameworks, federal government sites with thousands of classroom materials, subject area sites and organizations, and teacher sites keyed to all of California's state adopted texts. Check out how these resources can help you with developing new lesson plans or planning your professional development needs.
Teacher Innovation Grants are now available. The deadline for applications is Wednesday, March 27, 2013. Learn more about our guidelines to prepare an application.
Read about our KBAY Teacher of the Month program and learn how Teacher Innovation Grant awardees have used their grants to inspire and challenge students in new ways of learning.


The Effect of Random Edge Removal on Network Degree Sequence
Thomas DuBois, Stephen Eubank, Aravind Srinivasan
Many networks arise in a random and distributed fashion, and yet result in having a specific type of degree structure: e.g., the WWW, many social networks, biological networks, etc., exhibit power-law, stretched exponential, or similar degree structures. Much work has examined how a graph's degree-structure influences other graph properties such as connectivity, diameter, etc. Probabilistic edge removal models link failures, information spreading, and processes that consider (random) subgraphs. They also model spreading influence of information as in the independent cascade model. We examine what happens to a graph's degree structure under edge failures where the edges are removed independently with identical probabilities. We start by analyzing the effect of edge failure on the degree sequence for power-law and exponential networks, and improve upon results of Martin, Carr & Faulon and Cooper & Lu; then, using intuition from the power-law case, we derive asymptotic results for almost any degree sequence of interest. Our major result shows a classification of degree sequences which leads to simple rules that give much of the new expected degree sequence after random edge-removal; we also provide associated concentration bounds.
random graph; degree distribution
Full Text: PDF


text:
02 May 2012, 18:12
UNICEF stresses importance of breastfeeding as rates decline in East Asia
UNITED NATIONS. May 2. KAZINFORM The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) on Tuesday voiced alarm at the decline of breastfeeding across East Asia, and stressed the need to ensure that mothers understand the long-term benefits of this importance practice for the survival and development of their children.
According to the agency, evidence shows that exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of a baby's life not only improves their future growth and educational achievement, but also significantly reduces national health costs and helps prevent chronic malnutrition, the UN News Center said.
The low breastfeeding rates across East Asia result from economic developments that enable more women to enter the workforce, as well as "aggressive" marketing of infant formula in the region, it added in a news release.
"The falling rates of breastfeeding across East Asia are alarming," said UNICEF's Nutrition Advisor for East Asia and the Pacific, France Begin.
As little as five per cent of all mothers breastfeed in Thailand, while around ten per cent do so in Viet Nam. In China, only 28 per cent of babies are breastfed.
"Mothers across the region face increasing demands on their time, often have to return to work early after childbirth, and may have limited opportunities to breastfeed or express their milk in the workplace," said Ms. Begin.
"At the same time, baby food companies are targeting the fast-growing economies in East Asia with aggressive marketing campaigns, persuading mothers to give up breastfeeding and purchase their products despite the drawbacks for their children," she added.
To help stem the decline in breastfeeding rates in the region, UNICEF is calling on baby food companies to adhere to the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes. The Code does not ban the sale of formulas, only the marketing practices that entice mothers to replace their breastmilk with commercial substitutes.
"When companies adhere to the Code of Marketing it will be easier for mothers to make an informed choice," noted Ms. Begin. "No formula can substitute the importance of breastmilk for children's survival, growth and development."
UNICEF is also working closely with businesses in the region to ensure that women can enjoy the right to adequate maternity leave and nursing breaks.
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Wind energy potential in Kazakhstan 18 times higher than existing generation capacity - Advisor to the UN


Hayachine Kagura
Country(ies): Japan
Hayachine Kagura
In the fourteenth or fifteenth century, when the people of Iwate Prefecture in the northern part of mainland Japan worshipped Mt. Hayachine as a deity, they began a tradition of folk performance that continues to enliven the Great Festival of the Hayachine Shrine held in Hanamaki City on the first day of August. The Hayachine Kagura is a series of masked dances accompanied by drum, cymbals and flute: six ritual dances begin the performance; five dances recount stories of the deities and medieval Japanese history, and a final dance features a performer dressed as a shishi, an imaginary lion-like creature representing the Hayachine deity himself. Originally danced by holy officers of the Shrine to demonstrate the power of the mountain deity and bless the people, the Hayachine Kagura is now performed by representatives of the entire community, who take pride in their distinctive culture. To transmit and display the ritual is to reconfirm a sense of identity within the group and to contribute to the continuity of an important tradition. Its enactment also commemorates events from Japanese history and celebrates one of the mountain deities worshipped throughout the country.
Decision 4.COM 13.51
 - R.1: Hayachine Kagura has been transmitted for centuries, changing over time but remaining relevant for a clearly defined community and providing it with a sense of belonging and identity;
 - R.2: Inscription on the Representative List of this element, practised by a small population but essential to its identity, would demonstrate the spirit of respect for customary practices that abound in intangible cultural heritage;
 - R.3: The Association for the Preservation of Hayachine Kagura and the State will organize a coherent set of safeguarding measures, emphasizing education in particular;
 - R.4: The nomination includes evidence of the free, prior and informed consent of the community concerned;


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Free typing tutor * Online typing test * Typing games
AmpheType - layout-agnostic typing program
Home Page: Project Gutenberg
Platform: Windows 2000/XP/2003 Server, ( Mac OS X, Mac OS 9, Linux )
Licence: Freeware, $0 USD
Advanced typing program - import texts, auto-generate lessons, detailed statistics, etc. Amphetype is a layout-agnostic typing program aimed at people who don't need an on-screen keyboard, but would still like to improve their speed and accuracy.
Main AmpheType advantages
- WPM, accuracy, and viscosity (as the opposite of fluidity) statistics on texts, words, keys, and trigrams. Historical data can be grouped in several different ways (by days, averages of 10, etc.).
- Advanced lesson generation: auto-review slow and mistyped words after every text or generate custom lessons to practice problem words, keys, trigrams, etc.
- You can generate text fragments to type from Project Gutenberg or any other plain text source to practice typing with your favorite novel. There's even an option that lets you type texts in order, fragment by fragment. Read a book with your fingers!
Really cool, thanks for sharing it for free with the public.
this helps me with my college work and making videos! i can type so much quicker! i practiced typing for years but never got the hang of it until i used this software! this is awesome you need to download it!
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text:
These spiders are found from occur from southern Canada south through the lower 48 United States, Mexico, and Central America as far south as Costa Rica. (Milne and Milne, 1980; Platnick, 2004)
Biogeographic Regions: Nearctic; Nearctic :: Native
- Milne, L., M. Milne. 1980. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Insects and Spiders. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.


Food politics hits India's most malnourished children
Children have a meal of two flatbreads and a scoop of boiled potato curry at a government-run program serving lunch five days a week at Madkheda, Madhya Pradesh state, India. (File Photo: AP)
They are among the 120 million malnourished children across India who depend on a government-run program serving lunch five days a week.
Still, the modest menus are clearly not enough to make up for the calories and nutrition that poverty has denied. All 35 or so children gathered on the dirt floor of their preschool in Madkheda, a village in the state of Madhya Pradesh, show the telltale signs of malnutrition - coarse hair lightened to a sandy brown for lack of nutrients, limbs stick thin, and bellies swollen from chronic hunger.
More than half the children in Madhya Pradesh state, with a population of nearly 77 million, are underweight and malnourished.
So last month, it was suggested that eggs - a key source of protein - be added to the lunch program. But that idea was rejected by Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan, the state's top elected official, a member of Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party and a strict vegetarian. He suggested that milk and bananas be given to children instead.
"As long I am the chief minister of Madhya Pradesh, eggs will not be introduced," Chouhan declared in the state capital, Bhopal. "The human body is meant to consume vegetarian food, which has everything the human body requires."
The decision has outraged nutritionists and social activists who say politicians are using food to push a religious and political agenda at the expense of children's health. They accuse governments of pandering to a nationwide agenda led by the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party to draw poor and tribal communities, with their mostly animist beliefs, toward the majority religion by forcing them to become vegetarian.
India has the highest number of vegetarians in the world owing to Hinduism's predominance, although not all Hindus are vegetarians and there are millions who eat meat. Most of Madhya Pradesh's undernourished children come from ethnic, non-vegetarian tribes, some of whom are animists, who have lived for centuries in central Indian jungles, or belong to the lowest castes.
The move suggests that Modi's party hopes to spread and deepen Hinduism's influence in India by appeasing vegetarians.
"There is a deep political motive behind the decision to stop eggs. The government is forcing these people to become vegetarians and draw them closer to Hinduism," said Naresh Biswas, a food rights activist working to revive traditional farming methods and improve nutrition in Madhya Pradesh.
Similar allegations were made amid the Modi government's push to make yoga compulsory in schools nationwide, with many Muslims objecting to what they see as attempts at a "Hinduization" of the country.
Chouhan found support for his decision from his party colleague, India's Minister for Women and Child Development, Menaka Gandhi, who said the benefits of eggs were exaggerated. Besides, "eggs are expensive and there are cheaper sources of protein that could be used to feed children" in government lunch programs, Gandhi told reporters in New Delhi.
India has the world's highest number of chronically undernourished people in the world, with nearly 195 million scarcely able to afford even one meal a day, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization. That number has barely changed despite a decade of rapid economic growth that has created legions of millionaires and a burgeoning middle class.
Only 10 out of India's 29 states include eggs in children's meal programs. While none of the BJP-ruled states include eggs in children's lunch scheme, activists say even states run by other parties, such as in the Congress Party-led Karnataka state, have not included eggs to appease Hindu sentiments.
Earlier this year, the government of the neighboring state of Maharashtra, also ruled by the BJP, banned cattle slaughter and beef sales in a move that has deprived millions of lower caste and non-Hindus of a cheap source of protein. Beef in India is mostly buffalo meat and is cheaper than chicken, goat or lamb.
Development economist Jean Dreze said excluding eggs from the school supplement program was a "missed opportunity," given that they not only boost nutrition but also improve school attendance, according to studies carried out in several states.
"Indian children are among the most undernourished in the world," said Dreze of the Delhi School of Economics. "The situation is worse when it comes to rural and tribal people, who are even more deprived. They are starved of protein, vitamins, iron and other essential nutrients."
Poor nutrition leaves the children vulnerable to disease, susceptible to infections and diseases such as tuberculosis and cholera. Deprived of adequate nutrition in their formative early years, these children remain mentally and physically stunted for life.
Nutritionists say eggs are one of the cheapest ways of delivering nutrition-dense meals, with their vitamins and minerals easily absorbed by young children.
In other states, such as Bihar, one of India's poorest, the government has successfully introduced eggs in the state-run meal programs for young children and seen a rise in attendance.
Welfare workers note that eggs are easy to distribute with very little risk of being contaminated by chemicals or pollution - a huge problem in India, where there is almost no refrigeration, few storage facilities and poor transportation links.
The sleepy village of Madkheda, on a stony dirt road lined with acacia forests a couple of hours away from the city of Gwalior, had not received wheat supplies for two full weeks, leading one former teacher to buy flour on credit to keep the children's meals going.
"Unlike milk, which can be diluted, or lentils, or wheat flour, which can be adulterated, an egg is a neat package," said Sachin Jain, a food rights activist.
The vegetarian agenda promoted by high-caste politicians has even baffled and embarrassed some Hindus.
"Why would we mind if eggs are served to other peoples' children?" Sapna Baghel asked while feeding bits of bread soaked in lentils to her 2-year-old daughter at a state-run nursery in Gwalior. "We don't eat eggs, but we shouldn't stop others from eating what they like."
Her neighbor, Uma Pal, nodded in agreement. "If they could afford it, these children would eat eggs every day," she said. "Disallowing eggs from the children's lunch is a shame. This is all politics."


text: The study of communication in a network setting has gained increasing popularity in recent years. While audience effects on aggressive interactions have been studied extensively, male–female interactions have often been overlooked. In addition, little is known about how reproductive status affects the nature of audience effects. Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens, are a popular subject for communication network studies, but male–female interactions have not been explored in this setting. In this study, pairs of male and female Betta were presented with a male, female or no audience to determine whether the presence of an audience alters the behaviour of the interactants. Within these three audience types, there were four reproductive status conditions with receptivity indicated by nest presence for males and reproductive barring for females. It was predicted that male–female interactions would be affected by the presence of an audience, especially when both interactants are receptive as has been found in male–male interactions in this species. The results suggest that presence of an audience and reproductive status act in combination to influence male–female interactions, but only in interactant-directed behaviours. Not all behaviours were equally affected by these factors. For example, while tail beats to the other interact were greatest when a female audience was present and both the interactants were receptive, this was not true for gill flaring. This study is among the first investigations into audience effects on male–female interactions including the first in Betta and suggests that courtship as well as aggression should be explored in a network setting.


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- Create a gift query.
- On the Criteria tab, select:
Gift Information, Gift type equals Pledge
AND Gift date less than or equal to [specific date]
- Create a pledge status report.
- On the General tab:
- Include the query created in steps 1 and 2.
- Select specific date for the date range. In the End field, enter the specific date to see the balance as of this date.
- Mark create constituent output query.
- On the Gift Types tab:
- Mark Calculate gift balance based on campaign, fund and appeal.
- Unmark Include outstanding pledges only.
Connect and collaborate with fellow Blackbaud users.


text:
Clues Uncovered on Day One
By Sheila Eppolito
Perhaps the prayers of St. Patrick's pastor, Rev. James Taggart, helped. On day one of the excavation of a former shanty town located on parish grounds and inhabited by Lowell's early Irish settlers, University students unearthed a section of 150-year-old rosary beads, remnants of a clay pipe and several iron nails.
The dig — part of an international collaboration between UMass Lowell and Queen's University in Belfast — has piqued the interest of many people, and resulted in extensive media coverage, including a front-page Boston Globe story, two Lowell Sun stories, interviews on Boston radio and television stations and a potential story in the Dublin-based Irish Times.
"People are definitely intrigued," says Frank Talty, director of academic programs in the College of Arts and Sciences and co-director of the Center for Irish Partnerships.
"The Irish laborers who came to Lowell to help build the canals to power the mills left a lasting legacy in the city, and it's fascinating to be able to piece together clues of their lives here," he says.
Dave McKean, archivist at St. Patrick's, described the first few days of the project.
"Archaeology is a lot like an onion. There are layers upon layers. Each time you reach one, there is another underneath it. The students made detailed sketches of the two pits. They sprinkled water on top of the layers of soil to make color variations which help archaeologists assess what the land was used for. Looking for answers actually brought more questions. Was a foundation located? Is this coal? Does this mean there was a hearth here?"
McKean reports that many interested parties dropped by the site, and that some old research is being revisited. Antique maps are being adapted to new GPS technology to pinpoint locations, 19th century photos are helping archaeologists identify structures and their foundations and primary source documents are giving leads to new findings.
"There are new pieces to the jigsaw puzzle, but we're still missing pieces," says McKean.
The Lowell dig is one of many outcomes resulting from the University's initiative to develop international partnerships to expand global learning experiences for students and enrich the research portfolios of the faculty.
The six students - Dimitrios Booras, an undergraduate English major from Lowell; Jonathan Brown, a work environment graduate student from Dracut; Eunice Delice, an undergraduate political science major from Methuen; Alaina Puleo, a biology graduate student from Tyngsboro; Kimberly Scarfo, an undergraduate history major from Chelmsford; and Amanda Veiga, a Regional Economic and Social Development graduate student from Lowell ߝ applied to the program by writing essays as to why this project is important to them.
The findings will help form a picture of the lives of the Irish who immigrated to Lowell looking for work during the Great Famine, a period of mass starvation and disease in Ireland between 1845 and 1852. As part of the exchange program, plans call for the students to excavate an abandoned rural settlement in County Fermanagh, Ireland next summer.
UMass Lowell has established nine international centers ߝ African, Asian, European, Franco-American, Hellenic, Irish, Latin and South American, Middle East and Turkish ߝ that are working with other universities to provide student exchange opportunities, joint degree programs and cooperative research projects.


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From Wookieepedia, the Star Wars wiki.
A battle droid (also referred to as war droid, killer droid or clanker) was any droid designed for combat.
There were numerous types of battle droids. They predated the Galactic Republic by thousands of years, with the earliest known being Rakatan ancient droids and the war-robots used by Xim the Despot.
Many of the best known battle droids were those used by the Confederacy of Independent Systems during the Clone Wars.
By the time of the Battle of Yavin, however, battle droids were extremely rare, most likely due to the Clone Wars, or because the Empire didn't want an army that could be easily built and used against it.
Types of battle droids
B2 super battle droids precede B1 battle droids into battle on Geonosis


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Neonatal survival of prenatally diagnosed exomphalos.
Patel G., Sadiq J., Shenker N., Impey L., Lakhoo K.
PURPOSE: Exomphalos is a midline defect, with a viable sac composed of amnion and peritoneum containing herniated abdominal contents with an incidence of about 1 in 4,000 live births. Associated major abnormalities can be karyotypic, syndromic or structural in up to 70% of cases. The aim of this study is to determine the factors that influence survival of antenatally diagnosed exomphalos. METHODS: All antenatally diagnosed and postnatally confirmed exomphalos registered with our fetal medicine unit, during 2002-2007, were reviewed. Both prenatal and postnatal outcomes were analysed. RESULTS: Of 88 cases identified with exomphalos, 85 were prenatally diagnosed. Fifty-five of them died in utero (45 terminations, 5 spontaneous abortions and 5 still births). There were 33 live births (37.5%), 7 of which were premature (30-35/40 gestation). Five babies died before coming to surgery (all with major exomphalos as well as abnormal karyotype) while 28 were operated upon. Fourteen cases with minor exomphalos, all isolated, were primarily closed and all survived to discharge. Of 14 babies with major exomphalos, 4 were closed primarily. Nine required silo formation and six successfully underwent secondary closure (one of which had a prenatal diagnosis of giant ruptured exomphalos). Three died before closure, two from sepsis and multi-organ failure, and one from an undiagnosed tracheo-oesophalgeal cleft. All three deaths had antenatally diagnosed giant ruptured exomphalos and were less than 34/40 weeks gestation. One baby was managed conservatively with antiseptic solution applied to the sac and left to heal by secondary intention. There were 17 cases of isolated exomphalos (with no other structural abnormalities), all of which survived. CONCLUSION: Antenatal diagnosis of exomphalos is 96% sensitive. Severe karyotypic and structural abnormalities were present in all intra-uterine and early postnatal deaths. Overall survival to discharge was 28%. Both minor and isolated exomphalos carried a good prognosis. Isolated exomphalos was a better prognostic factor than severity of the exomphalos itself. Ruptured giant exomphalos were associated with a poorer outcome especially in premature babies.


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Why is it called a tablespoon?
why is it called a tablespoon? - cookthink
A spoon used at the table to serve or to eat soup is referred to as a tablespoon. But the tablespoon is also a measure of volume (roughly equal to 1/2 fluid ounce) that first appeared as a word in the middle of the 18th century.
As recipes began to be written down with greater frequency, the unit of a tablespoon may have been used as a measurement simply because it was a utensil that was already there (like the teaspoon). Today, most people use specially made measuring spoons when following recipes rather than dipping into their own silverware drawers.
In French, the tablespoon is called a cuillière à soupe, or soup spoon; the teaspoon is called a cuillière à café.
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Mossi Political Art: Royal Figures for the Ruling Elite
By Christopher D. Roy
Professor of Art History
The University of Iowa
The Mossi states were founded over five hundred years ago' when a group of horsemen from what is now northern Ghana rode into the basin of the White Volta River and imposed their political authority over the acephalous agriculturalist groups who originally occupied the land.2 The invading horsemen and their descendants, who held all political power in traditional Mossi society before the arrival of the French, and still have considerable power at the village level, are called Nakomse ("children of the nam," the nam being the right and power to rule).3 The diverse groups that were subjugated by the Nakomsé are called Tengabisi ("children of the earth"). The large group of Tengabisi may be further broken down into the blacksmith clans (Saya, sing. Saaba) and the clans of farmers who are collectively called Nyonyosé ("the old ones"), without regard for the ethnic group to which they originally belonged. Mossi society as it has existed since the arrival of the horsemen from Dagomba, is an amalgamation of the descendants of the Nakomsé, who hold all political power, and of the descendants of the conquered Tengabisi, who, by right of first ownership of the land, exercise all authority over the use of the land and are responsible for the propitiation of the earth deity Tenga, through the offices of the earth priest, the Tengsoba.
The Nakomsé and Tengabisi both complement and conflict with each other. The Nakomsé maintain order in the community and intervene with their powerful ancestors for the benefit of the community, while the Tengabisi propitiate the spirits that permeate the environment and manipulate the forces of nature, the elements, for the common good. Both groups are aware of the "stranger" status of the Nakomsé, and the Tengabisi express resentment about the power the Nakomsé hold as a result of their centralized political and military organization. At the same time the Nakomsé fear the magical ability of the Tengabisi to turn the forces of nature against their enemies. The use of sculpture parallels the division of Mossi society into these two strata: masks are used exclusively by the descendants of the subjugated groups, and figures are used by the Nakomse as symbols of political power. The chiefs and their relatives who use the figures never attend the Tengabisi funerals at which masks appear, and the Tengabisi rarely participate in the celebrations in front of the chief's dwelling in which figures are used. In this article I will describe three types of Mossi chiefs' figures, in both wood and brass, how these figures are used, and the functions they serve in the traditional political system.
Mossi figures are monoxylous, ranging in height from 40 to 100 centimeters. The majority of human figures are female. The most notable characteristics are the tall, central ridge running from the front to the back of the head, representing the female coiffure calledgyonfti, an attenuated, cylindrical torso, arms extended rigidly at the sides with forearms parallel to the thighs, pendulous breasts, prominent umbilicus, and incised facial and ventral scars that imitate the scars traditionally worn by Mossi women. The face may be slightly concave in profile. The sex may be clearly indicated. It is important to remember that not all Mossi figures are female, and so may lack the sagittal crest that is too often used as the sole basis for attribution to the Mossi. Very few figures display all of the characteristics I have described.
The examples illustrated (Figs. 2-4) include some of these characteristics. The figure in the Stanley collection has the flattened face, semicircular head, with a small lobe of the hairstyle echoing the shape of the head, and the sagittal crest that are typical of the Mossi style (Fig. 3). The piece in the Whipple collection has a heavy, projecting brow, curved shoulders, and hands held palms forward rather than against the thighs (Fig. 4). The figure in a St. Louis collection is quite similar to the Whipple piece, with palms held forward, and with similar chest and belly scars (Fig. 2). It bears the vertical parallel lines between ear and eye, "cat's whiskers" at the corners of the mouth, and horizontal lines at the corners of the eyes; in combination, these markings are distinctly Mossi.
While all of these examples conform to the conventions of the Mossi style in some ways, they are also quite different from each other, illustrating the extreme diversity of individual artists' styles that is so evident in Mossi figures. This diversity has led to many problems of attribution of objects in public and private collections outside Africa. Mossi figures are sometimes ascribed to other groups in Burkina FAso, especially the Bobo, while the sculpture of groups across the Western Sudan is sometimes erroneously ascribed to the Mossi. The variety of carving styles may be the result of any number of factors. Artists in each of several geographical areas of Mossi country have been influenced by the styles of the groups that originally lived in the area: an artist working in the northwestern Yatenga area may carve figures similar to those carved by the original Dogon inhabitants of the region, while an artist working in the southwestern Ouagadougou area may carve figures that have been influenced by the sculptural style of the original Gurunsi inhabitants of that region. This has led to the extreme diversity of Mossi mask styles described in my dissertation (Roy 1979) and in several papers I have presented since 1977. In addition, each Mossi artist may produce only one or two chiefs' figures during his lifetime for one or two traditional chiefs in his region. A group of figures in the ancestral spirit house of a single Mossi chief may represent the work of several different carvers working over a period of decades for several generations of chiefs in one community. Because an artist who has been asked to carve a figure for a chief need only satisfy the demands and requirements of a single client, unusual objects result, such as the figure of a soccer player (Figs. 12, 13). Finally, although chiefs' figures are placed on view in the community once a year, they are far more private works of art than are the wooden masks, which are used by a different segment of the Mossi population. While the masks travel from one community to another to perform at funerals of clan members who have left their home villages, resulting in stylistic influences that extend over a broad geographical area, chiefs' figures never leave the compound of their owner and are seen only by the local population and by one or two artists living near by.
Figures in collections outside Africa are unclothed. When exposed to public view in Nakomsé year-end ancestral sacrifices, they invariably wear a small cloth wrapper that covers the lower portion of the body and the thighs in imitation of traditional female dress (Figs. 12,13). The head may be wrapped in a cloth tie, and cheap earrings and strands of beads are usually added. The same rules of modesty that respectable Mossi women follow apply to the wooden figures. It is considered a breach of etiquette to cover the breasts in the presence of a chief or an important clan elder, but when a European appears, an older woman may discreetly cover the breasts of the figure with a bit of the cloth wrapper, as women do on visits to large urban areas like Ouagadougou.
Although male Mossi figures are rare outside Africa, they are not unknown. There is a male-female pair in the collection of Katherine White (Fagg 1968, nos. 40, 41). The recently carved male soccer player belongs to the Nakomsé chief of La Titon (Figs. 12, 13). There are also a number of male figures, including a tall example in the collection of Paul and Ruth Tishman, that once belonged to pairs at the entrances to chiefs' compounds.
Less well known outside Burkina Faso, but apparently more numerous in Mossi country than human figures, are wooden carvings of animals (Fig. 9). There is a well-carved figure of a hornbill in the Museé National in Ouagadougou (Fig. 8). In the Yako region the most frequently carved animals are the ram and the guinea hen, both commonly associated with the Nakomsé and frequently used as offerings to the royal ancestors.
All of the figures I have described are freestanding and easily portable. A second type, also of wood, is made as part of a short post to be placed in the ground at each side of a doorway, where it holds the straw-mat door against the side of the building (Figs. 10, 11). These posts appear in pairs that are usually recognizably male and female. Finally, the Mossi produce figures cast in brass that represent deceased Mossi emperors, or Mogho Naba. These are carefully guarded in a small village several kilometers northeast of Ouagadougou. All Mossi figures, regardless of size, sex, function, or material, are called ninande (sing. ninana), which simply means "modeled figures."
The earliest published mention of Mossi figures is provided by the French ethnographer Ruelle, who notes, "Men carve wooden figures representing people or animals" (1904:683). Louis Tauxier states that "images of div


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Formal - relating to form.
For example, formal logic reasons about a logical argument based only on the form and not on the meaning.
Socrates is a man
all men are mortal,
then Socrates is mortal
The conclusion follows from propositional logic. We can see the soundness of this argument by substituting in symbols to make the form clear.
S is a P
all P are M,
then S is M
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text:
In the currently study, it should be noted that the bond characteristics between steel plate with stud and concrete has been remained to be estimated by the experimental study of one side or both sides shear experiments. However, it seems to be difficult to apply the simply accumulation resistance of stud and frictional resistance of steel plate and concrete with confined stress, to real concrete structures so as to be under comprehensive stress state i.e. bi-axial or tri-axial stress state. In this study, the experimental estimation for the effect of lateral pressure on the shear behavior is performed due to the modified experimental method of previous shear experiment in which the lateral pressure is controlled continuously to be constant values, and then the detailed modeling of the bond characteristics between steel plate with stud and concretes which is depend on the laconfined stress, is developed. Moreover, the applicability of developed model is estimated due to the comparison with experiment results.
The strength characteristic of Air Mortar has not been sufficiently clarified until now. So we carried out the unconfined compression tests, static loading tests and cyclic loading tests. The followings were obtained from the present study; 1) Unconfined strength was evaluated by two parameters, i.e., air content and water cement ratio; 2) The Air Mortar embankment has enough structural performance for loads of train.
Fly ash cement prepared from high early strength cement (HPC) and fly ash (FA) was proposed and its ecological evaluation was performed. It has the following characteristics. Compared to ordinary portland cement (OPC), it has a shorter set time and has similar hardening characteristics to those of HPC. Its early strength up to age 7 days is higher. Its adiabatic temperature rise was about the same as that of OPC. Based on the ecological evaluation, the fly ash cement prepared from HPC and FA can reduce CO2 gas emission at its production by 20 mass% compared to OPC.
It was clarified that highly fluid concrete (HFC) added with slowly cooled blast furnace slag powder (CFS) showed the same degree strength of as that of HFC added with lime stone powder (LSP) and that it was hard to carbonation. The HFC added with CFS showed a greater increase in strength during the carbonation process as compared with the HFC added with LSP and, as a result, pore volume decreased as well to become rigid and dense. We assumed that carbonation after that was suppressed thereafter. It was also found that, as a result of carbonation, melilite and α-CS, which were main components of the CFS, reacted as well.
This paper describes the results of an experiment and the estimation of applied cement grout materials on the seismic retrofitting construction of reinforced concrete piers, where epoxy resin is generally used as an injection material. As a result, the value of compressive strength, unit weight, etc. shows no significant difference between heights, and it is stronger than that of normal concrete piers. In the two methods of construction, injection methods and dropping down, there is no difference in performance, therefore it is found out that the cheap method of dropping down is economically favorable. Cement grout materials are heavier than epoxy resin materials. Therefore, in the construction of cement grout materials, it is necessary to take notice of the stress in steel casing. However, it is possible to use less than allowable stress by evaluating the performance of the anchor bolts and arrangement suitably.
In Japan, many RC structures are damaged by chloride attack under marine environments. Based on this situation, establishment of "Repair Design System" for damaged structures and "Durability Oriented Design System" for newly constructed structures is strongly required. The indispensable information in these design systems is a quantitative evaluation of environmental conditions, in which structures are exposed. However, enough research data on this topic are not obtained. In this study, 2 years' exposure test of small size mortar specimens in 19 ports located from Hokkaido to Okinawa was carried out. From test results and their analysis, quantitative evaluation of environmental factors, affecting deterioration of mortar specimens is discussed. Through a series of experimental work, several environmental factors are selected as key factors that affect the steel corrosion in mortar and mortar deterioration.
Formerly, the experimental data indicating the expansion of Laumontite contained concrete under seawater environments is reported. However, the expansion mechanism or factors affecting the expansion are not clarified. In this study, through the analysis of expansively deteriorated old concrete, the cause of the expansion is confirmed to be the ettringite formation inside concrete. Furthermore, through the expansive test of mortar specimens, including several different factors, the following conclusions are obtained. Cement type or steam curing has no significant effect on the expansion generation and its magnitude. However, seawater supply to concrete surface is indispensable to generate the expansion of concrete.
The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of low-heat portland cement which control thermal cracking in thick concrete wall of cut and cover tunnels, through the measurement for massive concrete structures and the numerical analysis of a crack width by the finite element method. As a result of the examination, since use of low-heat portland cement reduces heat of hydration, and the compressive strength of concrete with it became high at early age and increased smoothly later when curing with high temperature was conducted. It is learned that use of low-heat portland cement is effective to control a thermal cracking of massive concrete structures.
In recent years, a technique for producing slag (MSW slag) by melting municipal solid waste or its incinerated ash at more than 1,300°C, and cooling it has been developed. This study examines 4 kinds of gasification MSW slag (rotary kiln, thermo select, fluidized-bed and coke-bed) and discusses the possibility of its utilization as fine aggregate for concrete. It is clear that the possibility is high because almost every MSW slag satisfies the quality standard as fine aggregate for concrete. Moreover, a concrete product of 50% slag replacement ratio to fine aggregate had no problem with strength and freeze-thaw resistance. It is, therefore, judged that the product can be put to use.
We study the expansive concrete filled steel tube with a flat bar in center using for a brace member of the energy dissipative braced frame. From the discussion of the compression test results of the expansive concrete with a water-(cement+admixture) ratio 20 and 30% in the tube, we proposed the estimation formulae of the chemical prestress of the concrete at yield of the steel tube and we showed the idealization of the compression characteristics of the concrete and the steel tube
Currently, a large amount of municipal solid wastes including domestic wastes are finally dumped and therefore the rate of recycling is not high. Technology for the production of MSW slag is being developed to assist in the recycling of these wastes. MSW slag is made from municipal solid wastes by high temperature processing, melting, and solidifying. If the MSW slag is able to be used for RC structures, the municipal solid wastes will contribute to the reduction of the final disposal of wastes. This report conducted some experiments with fine aggregate using MSW slag, and investigated whether MSW slag could be used for RC structures in terms of the seismic performance. Experiments were conducted to examine the flexural, shear, and bond failures of RC beam members. As a result, the RC beam members with MSW slag showed the same seismic performance as those of normal concrete. This indicated that the MSW slag could be used for RC structures in terms of structural performance.
This paper reports the performance of repair method with carbon fiber sheets for prestressed concrete beams, which were members of highway bridges, damaged by alkali aggregate reaction. Test cores were taken both parallel (horizontally) and perpendicular (vertically) to the direction of prestressing. Compressive strength and Young's modulus of the vertical cores were smaller than that of the horizontal cores. It was clarified that microstructure of horizontal cores were denser than vertical cores, because the prestressing prevented the expansion of horizontal concrete. The cores were effectively restraind with carbon fiber sheets in the expansion. The carbon fiber sheets can be expected to restrain the expansion of concrete damaged by alkali aggregate reaction because of water resistability and confinement.
Eco-cement is made from municipal waste incinerator ash, which contains much amount of Al2O3 and Cl-. Consequently Eco-cement contains much more amount of interstitial phase and Clthan OPC. Although 20 to 40 mass% of Clin Eco-cement dissolved into free water within 3 hours, Clconcentration decreased rapidly after that. In the case that Clcontent in cement was adjusted to 0.1 mass% by NaCl, almost all of Clin free water was bound as Friedel's salt in mortar with Eco-cement, OPC and Blastfurnace Slag Cement. The value of [Cl-/OH-] molar ratio of free water in each mortar was under 0.6 at 28 days, so steel corrosion is likely not to occur. In the case that Clcontent was increased to 1.0 mass%, Eco-cement bound more amounts of Clthan other cements by producing much amount of Friedel's salt. Remained Clin free water, which was not bound as Friedel's salt was sorbed in hydrates such as C-S-H.
Distributed fiber optic sensing technique is being considered as a promising method to monitor continuously structural behavior such as the detection of crack, and the measurements of crack widths and overall deformation with a real-time manner, because current structural inspection technologies are not capable of responding to many of the monitoring needs pertinent to concrete structures. In this paper, in order to investigate and improve the monitoring capability


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Dr. Bruce Schultz
The Schultz laboratory focuses on the function of cells that line hollow organs—epithelial cells. Two ongoing epithelial research projects have tremendous implications for cancer as well as other clinically relevant applications. The male reproductive ducts provide the optimal environment for sperm maturation, storage and delivery. Some segments of this system (e.g., prostate) are particularly prone to cancerous growth, as well. Likewise, mammary epithelial are extremely hormone sensitive and, in certain life stages, produce milk. Mammary epithelium is also prone to cancerous growth. In each case, experiments in the laboratory are designed to determine physiological mechanisms that contribute to cell growth and to epithelial functions such as salt transport, nutrient secretion, and barrier function. Pharmacological interventions are being identified and/or optimized for the development of novel therapies that target distinct cell populations and modify selected aspects of epithelial function.


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29 students from SMK Puterijaya Girl's Secondary School in Kuala Lumpur participated in Global Peace Foundation Malaysia's Self Discovery Workshop on November 9th, 2016. GPF representatives and students bonded in a day of icebreakers, team activities, and discussion, learning more about themselves in the process. The program seeks to empower students to transform their schools and communities.
GPF Malaysia Director, Dr. Su Thye Teh, talked about the importance of self-discovery. Understanding one's personality, strengths and weaknesses is an important step to creating positive change both as individuals and within a team.


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View source on GitHub
Shards computation along the batch dimension for parallel execution.
Convenience wrapper around shard().
inputs must be a list of Tensors or None (equivalent to an empty list). Each input is split into num_shards pieces along the 0-th dimension, and computation is applied to each shard in parallel.
Tensors are broadcast to all shards if they are lexically captured by computation. e.g.,
x = tf.constant(7) def computation(): return x + 3... = shard(computation,...)
The outputs from all shards are concatenated back together along their 0-th dimension.
Inputs and outputs of the computation must be at least rank-1 Tensors.
computation A Python function that builds a computation to apply to each shard of the input.
inputs A list of input tensors or None (equivalent to an empty list). The 0-th dimension of each Tensor must have size divisible by num_shards.
num_shards The number of shards.
device_assignment If not None, a DeviceAssignment describing the mapping between logical cores in the computation with physical cores in the TPU topology. Uses a default device assignment if None. The DeviceAssignment may be omitted if each shard of the computation uses only one core, and there is either only one shard, or the number of shards is equal to the number of cores in the TPU system.
name (Deprecated) Does nothing.
A list of output tensors.
ValueError If num_shards <= 0


text: The Japanese crane (Grus japonensis) known as the red-crowned crane, also called the Manchurian crane, is a large East Asian crane among the rarest cranes in the world and is sacred and seen as a symbol of fidelity, good luck, love and long life in the Orient. It is also the second rarest crane species in the world. These tall, graceful birds are mainly white in colour with black lower wings.The wingspan of the Japanese crane measures up to 2.5 metres! Japanese cranes are the most aquatic species of crane and prefer to forage in deep water. Japanese cranes usually pair for life and perform an elaborate, synchronised, balletic courtship dance to reinforce this bond.


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Dr. Adam Garfein has written numerous research and business articles and is the author of two business books: Execution Dynamics (Amazon, 2012) and Profit Mapping (McGraw Hill 2006).
This book is about operational and business transformation. More specifically, it is about the process of radically improving processes and policies using granular as well as holistic insights to create precise actions for the best possible customer and financial performance. Leading organizations understand the importance of competing on more than just their structural capabilities; they also master time-based competition. Often and without realizing it, organizations are immersed in improvement efforts that only harvest the lower hanging fruit when much more is within grasp. Superior business execution calls for more than the status quo of process improvement as product flows and financials are integrally tied to customer, process, and supply chain dynamics.
Although ripe with opportunity execution dynamics are inherently more difficult to exploit without the aid of the right business methods, integrated thinking, and analytical tools. While it is imperative to pursue the easier targets, senior managers and stakeholders continue to ratchet up their improvement expectations. They demand bottom line results now and have less tolerance for risk. To proactively address these challenges, we demonstrate in this book how to translate customer requirements into optimal space and time configurations throughout the value creation and delivery process. This requires on-demand adjustment to execution to gain competitive advantage, increase agility, and reduce risk. As a result, this approach simultaneously accelerates customer satisfaction and financial competitiveness. Moreover, using a holistic process is faster than conventional solutions and often yields hidden gems—simple actions that produce immediate and dramatic results.
A wise manager knows that success only comes with operational excellence that is properly aligned with strategy. The challenge is knowing what actions to take and when to take them-navigating without knowing the impact of your actions on the bottom line is a risk you can't afford to take.
Profit Mapping delivers a forward-looking management decision tool that allows you to proactively navigate business strategy and execution. The authors' exclusive ProFITMAP method is a navigation system for operations that has been used successfully with leading businesses such as Ford Motor Company and General Motors. It enables you to test the impact of any number of factors on operational execution-from product demand and mix changes to process and technology changes to resource limitations-prior to taking any action.
ProFIT-MAP helps you make informed process and product decisions and reach your operational and product objectives by answering the following questions:
- Can it be done? Is it possible? If not, then what additional capabilities are needed?
- Will it be profitable?
- What is the impact of my particular decision across the product mix and the functional capabilities of the organization?2
- How do I get to the desired future (the roadmap)?
With ProFIT-MAP, you'll gain the ability to change strategic direction with agility in response to changing market dynamics. ProFIT-MAP also allows you to enhance your existing approaches (including Six Sigma, Lean Operations, and Balanced Scorecard) by providing insight into which actions will be effective. Instructive strategic, tactical, and operational case studies illustrate its practical implementation.
Applicable to more than 30 unique operational areas and usable from the front lines to the executive suite, Profit Mapping enables you to control your operational destiny and deliver on your strategic goals.


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Ryuusei no Rockman Tribe
The second series is to follow the events of the second video game, focusing on the lost continent of Mu. The ancient civilization vanished ages ago, and a few of its remnants still exist as myths and legends called UMAs (unidentified lifeforms). The UMAs begin merging with humans in order to search for the treasures of Mu, the powerful ooparts, which will give them the power to revive Mu. After Subaru and War-Rock encounter several unusual enemies, they meet a professor named Doctor Orihime who sends them on a quest to find the ooparts and stop the UMAs. Using the ooparts, Rockman is able to take new forms, including Thunder Berserk, Fire Dinosaur, and Green Shinobi.


Marshall's Manual
Directing a Reading of Your Play
Created by Marshall Mason; Edited by Dawson Moore and further edited and amended by Erma Duricko
The following material was written by Marshall W. Mason to give advice to playwrights who would be directing their readings in the Lab. There are great tips in here for anyone directing a reading, regardless of the venue.
At the Last Frontier Theater Conference, you will be participating in the Play Lab, where you will hear actors read your play aloud in front of an audience. After the reading, a panel of respondents will tell you how they were affected by your play, and offer constructive criticism. Then you will have a private one-on-one conversation with one of these panelists which can take whatever form the two of you agree on.
You can contribute to the success of this process by applying the following suggestions on how to make your reading as representative of your script as possible.
Guiding principle: Clarity
Goal: To let the play speak for itself. Do NOT try to direct the performances. Do NOT try to direct the performances. Do NOT try to direct the performances.
Script preparation (private):
 1. Decide which stage directions are essential. These would include the time and place of the action, but many other directions can be simplified or omitted for the reading. The key here is that you do not want to stop the action, the interaction, or the dialogue any more than is absolutely necessary.
 2. Cut ALL stage directions that indicate acting, such as "He nods or "She laughs" and all indications of "Pause" or "Beat." Your actors will supply these simple actions.
 3. On the other hand, "They kiss" may be needed. Extreme physical action, such as "She slaps him hard" or "He plunges the dagger into his chest" will need to be read as stage directions.
 4. Trim the essential stage directions to as few words as possible. There is no need to have bothBlackout" and End of scene." But it is often necessary to read the final stage direction: "The lights dim. End of play."
 5. Eliminate all poetic descriptions in the stage directions.
 6. Include character descriptions only if the actors are markedly different from the characters they're reading, or if the nature of their clothing, hair style, etc. is necessary to understanding what happens. For example, in the first scene: "She wears a black cocktail dress" and in the second scene: "She is now wearing a sexy swim suit," will help the audience to understand the circumstances of these respective scenes. Anything less drastic than these examples is probably not needed.
 7. Prepare a one sentence statement that captures what your play is about or/and prepare a brief statement of the inherent fight — "Everyone in this play is fighting to create a safe harbor."
Rehearsal and Speaking with Your Actors:
 1. Go over with the cast which stage directions will be read, and which will NOT. Make the decisions ahead of time and have your script marked.
 2. Describe the world of the play to the cast, emphasizing where and when the play takes place. Give your cast a one sentence statement of what you consider your play to be about or/and your brief "spine" of the play.
 3. Give the cast an idea of what is MOST important about the tempo of the reading: whether the tempo needs to be, for example, slow and easy or at breakneck speed. Most readers should be encouraged to pick up cues as quickly as possible, so the action flows. All readings are too slow – general rule of thumb. Large dramatic pauses tend to obfuscate the story. Ask the actors to take pauses only when you have written a pause into your play.
 4. Give the cast a chance to ask specific questions about their characters, relationships, or history after you have read through the play – otherwise, you might never get to read the play.
 5. If you give the actors ANY notes, be specific and clear about what you want. Do NOT indulge in intellectual analysis about abstract matters such as interpretation, motivation, metaphors, etc. Do NOT give line-reads or try to direct performances. Do NOT give line-reads or try to direct performances. Do NOT give line-reads or try to direct performances. Do NOT give line-reads or try to direct performances. Remember – the goal – the goal – the goal. Make sure the story is being told clearly! Actors are really quite marvelous artists – tell them that you can't follow the story on page 22 and they will immediately clarify for you.
Stage the reading: At the Conference, chairs, stools, and music stands are available in each room.
 1. Arrange chairs (or stools) at the center of the stage to represent the onstage presence of the characters.
 2. Arrange chairs on each side of the area, perpendicular to the central chairs to indicate an off-stage area. Alternatively, the off-stage chairs may be placed behind (or "upstage") of thestools where the actors will go when there are on stage. Or they may simply stand when they "enter."
 3. Stage all the entrances and exits of the characters from the "off-stage" chairs to the "on-stage" stools at the front center. This will prevent the necessity of reading such stage directions as "She enters" or "He exits." The stages at the conference are small. Therefore, if you have a large cast – do not try to do this. I'll show exactly how to handle large casts.
 4. Make sure the center chairs (or stools) are arranged with a slight arc, so that the actors can see each other and play together.
 5. The provided music stands will allow the actors to have their hands free.
 6. Place your stage direction reader outside of the realm of the "playing area" — either SR or SL.
Set up the Stage: Usually at the Conference, you will not need to monitor some of the following concerns, but in another situation, you may. Here, it should be enough to check the levels of the sound system, the direction of the microphones, and that the outside doors are shut (both to the hallway and backstage). It is important, though, that the actors do a vocal level check in the room to make sure you can hear them from the back.
 1. Arrange the chairs as you rehearsed in them. Make sure there is adequate light behind the actors so they can clearly see the pages.
 2. Make sure there is sufficient front light for the audience to see the actors clearly.
 3. Make sure the temperature of the room is as comfortable as possible. Be aware of the sound of the air conditioner (or street noises), and give last-minute adjustments to the actors accordingly.
 4. If possible, arrange for the actors to have a "backstage" gathering place so they can be quiet and focused before beginning.
 5. If you use music stands, make sure the actors can be seen over them.
 6. Put one chair with a music stand (and maybe a reading light) to one side of the stage for the reader of stage directions.
Music: If your play requires or would be significantly enhanced by using music at the reading, record the cues on a CD if possible. Be sure to check the CD player before the reading to ascertain whether it has power and pre-set the desired volume.
1. If the reader of the stage directions is to operate the CD player, make sure he or she knows exactly which button to push to start, stop and/or pause the machine. A piece of tape on the play/pause button is useful.
2. DO NOT plan to operate the machine yourself: your concentration needs to be free to listen to the play and the audience response.
 Introducing the reading: At the Conference, the actors will mostly already be in place as the audience is coming in. Your reading will be assigned a panel of respondents who will take charge of starting the reading. BUT, you might wish to have the actors enter as group, with the reader of stage directions entering last. He or she should introduce himself (or herself) and then ask each actor to introduce himself (or herself) and the characters they are reading. The Reader should then announce the title of the play, the time and setting and read the opening stage direction.
Basic Types:
Entrances and Exits
Use of Time
Stage Directions
Talking with the Actors
Stage Hot Spots


challenges Challenges Challenges Challenges 2078-1547 MDPI 10.3390/challe3020194 challenges-03-00194 Review Particle Handling Techniques in Microchemical Processes Flowers Brian S. Hartman Ryan L. * Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Box 870203, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0203, USA; Email: Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; Email:; Tel.: _PHONE_; Fax: _PHONE_. 22 08 2012 12 2012 3 2 194 211 27 07 2012 14 08 2012 © 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. 2012
microreactors solids handling plugging heterogeneous reactions particles laminar flow
1. Introduction
The field of microfluidics has grown extensively over the last decade, interfacing problems in biology, chemistry, and materials science to name a few [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. A major challenge that continues to limit this exciting field is the ability to perform operations involving particles in microfluidic devices [11]. Heterogeneous systems of relevance to microfluidics are becoming increasingly common. A lack of technological approaches or fundamental understanding of how to deal with particulate matter in microscale laminar flow often leads to devices that clog, significantly reducing device life-cycles, or worse, rendering them inoperable. Advancing the ability to control particles in microfluidics [2,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41] promises to create new areas of research and discovery with microsystems.
There are numerous microfluidic problems where solids are encountered yet limit the discovery of new science and engineering insights. Performing synthetic chemistry in microreactors can improve the selectivity and the yield while simultaneously elucidating the kinetic information needed to scale-up from the laboratory to an industrial process [42,43,44]. The majority of reactions relevant to the preparation of fine chemicals, however, involve the use of solid reagents, catalysts, products, and by-products. The manipulation of cells and biomolecules in microfluidics also demands control strategies for heterogeneous matter [6,20,45,46,47,48]. Microfluidic cell culturing can offer improvements on the nutrient conditions and hence cell yield, therapy, and response [49,50]. Devices have been engineered small enough to constrain a single cell, revealing deeper understanding of individual cellular mechanics [51,52]. Healthcare diagnostics and purification devices also take advantage of micro-scale flows to enhance the selectivity of biofluid separations, which can be used to isolate and purify proteins, cells, and lipids among others [53,54]. The microfluidic synthesis of inorganic crystals, another example of the flow and reaction of solids in micro-scales, can generate advanced nanomaterials for applications in catalysis, material science, and healthcare [5,10,55,56,57,58,59,60,61]. There exists the potential for device clogging in each of the aforementioned systems. Understanding the differences between the particle interaction mechanisms that constrain fluid flow is critical to exploiting microfluidics for research discovery and the development of devices that improve society.
There are important design considerations to be made when engineering microfluidic devices that will encounter particles. The mechanism(s) of device clogging depends on the nature of the particle-to-particle and particle-to-device interactions. Investing time up front to identify the dominant interactions can mitigate or prevent device failure. Techniques that can be applied to manage solids generally fall into one of two categories: active or passive particle manipulation. A combined understanding of the clogging mechanism(s) with the appropriate engineering strategy can ensure the flow of new knowledge.
This mini-review summarizes the fundamental concepts that one might consider when encountering solids in microfluidic systems, while the theme of chemical manufacturing is emphasized. Clogging mechanisms are described and examples drawn from the literature highlighted to demonstrate the basic concepts. A toolbox of engineering strategies to manage solids is presented, including advancements in both active and passive particle manipulation techniques. Finally, current limitations are discussed and opportunities for future advancements are delineated.
2. Particles Encountered in Microreactors
The synthetic methodologies applied in the preparation of pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals commonly involve solids in the form of reagents, catalysts, inorganic by-products, and organic products [62,63]. The coupling of aromatic molecules to prepare useful intermediates and final products presents virtually unlimited pathways and methodologies that involve the use of solids. Palladium-catalyzed bond forming reactions, for example, have found broad utility in the preparation of pharmaceuticals, natural products, and specialty materials [64,65,66]. This ubiquitous class of transition-metal catalyzed reactions commonly involves the use of starting materials that are introduced as solids into chemical reactors. As part of the catalytic cycle, palladium precipitates as a colloid (e.g., palladium black) and insoluble inorganic halide salts are formed as by-products. The example of palladium-catalyzed amination is one of many methodologies in pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals that involve substrates, catalyst, and by-products that become insoluble during chemical transformations.
Microfluidic devices also find utility in operations involving insoluble biomolecules, cells, and the synthesis of nanocrystals. The continuous separation of blood cells from lipids [19,20,22] or operations involving proteins [67,68] creates the potential for adhesion and/or agglomeration. The microfluidic synthesis of inorganic nanocrystals (e.g., CdSe nanoparticles) [58,61,69] has also been demonstrated to improve material properties, yet the continuous production creates the potential for reactor accumulation.
Microreactors can be used to accurately and rapidly extract the intrinsic kinetic information needed to scale-up microfluidic processes from the laboratory to intermediary and full production. Strategies are therefore needed to take advantage of microreactors for continuing discovery and development. Choosing the appropriate strategy depends on the chemistry and the physics of particle interactions that lead to clogging events.
3. Particle Formation, Stability, and Accumulation Considerations 3.1. Nucleation Theory
The root of the clogging problem in microfluidics begins with events that take place at the molecular scale, while keeping in mind that much larger scales of tens-to-hundreds of microns ultimately result in device failures. If the thermodynamics predict reactive particle formation, then nucleation theory is the appropriate starting point to understand how to control particles in microfluidics [15,34,35,36,70]. The solubility product of each compound should be estimated for a given reaction solvent and the corresponding supersaturation ratio, the driving force for nucleation, approximated. Precipitation can be anticipated when supersaturation exists, where the primary rate of nucleation is dependent on the induction time; the time from when supersaturated conditions have been achieved to the appearance of the first detectable nucleus. It is common for nucleation kinetic predictions to vary by orders of magnitude due to heterogeneous nucleation and other molecular level variations. The presence of impurities, the reactor surface characteristics, axial and radial concentration and temperature gradients, and molecular interactions between compounds can all influence the prediction of the nucleation kinetics. If a reasonable estimate for the induction time has been experimentally validated, then a quantity useful in evaluating the potential for reactor fouling is the ratio of the induction time, tind, relative to the time necessary for a molecule to flow from the entrance to the exit of a reactor (i.e., the residence time τ), α, which can be expressed as [62]:
Such a dimensionless quantity is, as a worst case, useful for reducing the risk of particle accumulation on continuous reactor surfaces. In continuous operation, the large surface-to-volume ratios of microreactors are exposed to infinite residence time. Evaluation of Equation (1) can offer insight, from a heterogeneous nucleation perspective, on whether or not production goals can be met before any material accumulation begins. Classical nucleation theory and extensive models derived from it have been developed for inorganic and organic crystallization [71,72,73,74].
3.2. Particle Inertia
A reasonable starting point once bulk particles grow to a critical size (or in the absence of particle growth) is the consideration of inertial forces, which influence the motions of particles in microscale laminar flow. Stokes number, the ratio of the viscous to the inertial forces acting on a flowing particle, written as [75]
can be estimated to approximate the potential for particle-to-wall interactions. When St < 1, particles do not spend enough time in the vicinity of a microchannel wall to undergo inertial impaction. When St > 1, particle trajectories along streamlines are modified and collisions with microreactor walls possible. When the inertial forces are favorable for impaction, or the onset of crystal growth on reactor surfaces takes place, estimation of the constriction rate, rc, gives the ratio of the constriction rate to the convective transport rate through the reactor and in the axial direction, written as
Equation (3) is useful to approximate the accumulation time scale relative to the residence time, which similar to Equation (1) can help to identify a process window in which the accumulation influences production. Comprehensive understanding of each materials class, crystalline or amorphous


Why should I Hire a Lawyer if there is a Real Estate Agent or a Mediator involved in my House Purchase?
One of the reason is because the Real Estate Agent is not responsible by law for legal issues or urban verifications in the property purchase in Italy.
The Real Estate Agent's responsibility in Italy is limited to the intermediation work linking the buyer and the seller. This task will be carried out through the normal diligence which simple consists in the performance of aforementioned service referred to a broker with medium capacity.
Therefore, he is not responsible if in the closing phase of the notarial deed he didn't informed and alerted the buyer on the fact that the chosen property was subject to urban issues and that issue wasn't allowing its marketability.
The damages requested to the mediator were huge, in addition to the down payment (Caparra) also the damage for the non-purchase of another property that would have been optioned if the promissory buyer had known from the first moment the urban differences.
Therefore, the mediator has the obligation to inform the parties of the circumstances known to him, all those things of which he became aware in carrying out the assignment, and also of all the circumstances that could have been acquired by a mediator with only medium professional skills, with the use of normal diligence. Definitely, not legal skills or obligations.
However, nothing can be claimed about the responsibility of the Real Estate Agent with regards to the control and verification of the mortgage deeds and the urban situation.
The Italian Supreme Court (Corte di Cassazione) has repeatedly reiterated that in the ordinary diligence is not required that the mediator does any of the technical-legal investigations, such as, for example:
 - the mortgage and land registry surveys;
 - the verification of the urban situation;
 - the assessment and the check in the Real Estate Registers;
 - the freedom of the property subject to negotiation from transcripts or prejudicial registrations;
 - or even the urban planning examination.
In this regard, the same Court refers to a very long jurisprudence composed of dozens of sentences that have affirmed the same principle.
Therefore, the Court condemned the promissory purchasers who had turned to the Real Estate Agent to be compensated for damages above mentioned because of the differences found they could not be part of that level of elementary knowability for which the estate agent would not provide justifications based on his personal lack of knowledge.
Different fate would have had in the case in which the mediator received an express assignment from the promissory buyer (with specific and more expensive remuneration, different from the commission) to carry out mortgage-cadastral or urban planning surveys, his obligation to fulfill the task is clearly outlined, and he could have civil responsibility in the hypothesis that the job was not well done.
It follows that if Real Estate Agents do not check the urban situation, they have no responsibility whatsoever, except that they have failed to communicate the information known, or in any case elementary diligence, while if the Estate Agents received an express assignment with specific and more expensive remuneration he has to provide information of a mortgage-cadastral or urbanistic nature assuming the particular responsibilities of the case, but still he is not a legal professional.
In conclusion, prudence requires to abstain from reckless steps and to delegate everything related to your real estate transactions in Italy to a professional Trusted Lawyer.


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By Jessica Hopper
Samba Diarra, 15, journeyed 200 miles to live in a plastic hut alone and work in an artisanal gold mine in Mali. The teen came to the mine to help support his five younger brothers and sisters.
"The main reason I left home is to help my parents and sending them money is my main goal," Diarra said.
Diarra's parents can't afford to send him to school because he has to support his younger siblings. He is one of at least 20,000 children working in Mali's artisanal mines.
Mali is Africa's third largest gold producer. Artisanal mines rely on heavy human labor and little mechanization. People throughout West Africa are flocking to work in the primitive pits.
"Globally, we've seen an increase with the number of artisanal gold miners because of the rise of gold prices, but that doesn't necessarily translate to better living conditions," said Juliane Kippenberg who helped author a Human Rights Watch report on Mali's mines.
The skyrocketing price of gold has led to a rush on the precious metal in the United States and throughout the world, but some of the mining that's helping feed the world's craving involves child labor and a dangerous process involving mercury.
Approximately 100,000 to 200,000 people in Mali are working in artisanal mines, according to the Human Rights Watch report. Kippenberg told NBC News Chief Foreign Correspondent Richard Engel that 20 to 30 percent of the workforce in African artisanal mines is child labor.
The report entitled, "A Poisonous Mix: Child Labor, Mercury and Artisanal Gold Mining in Mali," details abysmal working conditions.
"There couldn't be a bigger contrast between the situation of a 7-year-old or a 14, 15-year-old working day in and day out in the very harsh conditions of these mines and the beautiful world of jewelry somewhere in Switzerland or the U.S. or elsewhere," Kippenberg said.
The children working in the mines, some as young as six years old, help dig shafts with pickaxes, lift and carry heavy bags of ore and pan the gold with an amalgamation process involving mercury.
"Not only is it hard work and then you're tired from it, but it is hard work that everyday gives you pain: headaches, back pain, joint aches and it will create long-term spinal injury for some of these children who are carrying very heavy loads and they are very small," Kippenberg said.
Diarra spent his first day pulling up gold ore that was mined by men working deep underground. At the end of his first day, he was paid with a bag of dirt. Gold is currently trading at around $1742 an ounce.
"After I wash and refine it, I'll get paid for the gold that might be inside," he said.
Some children working in the mines never get paid. Those who do, get just a few dollars a week.
Diarra still has dreams of a life away from the mines.
"I would like to study if I have the opportunity, I would also like to be a footballer," he said.
Kippenberg said that it will be hard for Diarra to leave the mines.
"The sad news is that he is not going to be able to realize his dreams. In almost all of these situations where children come here to work by themselves, they are terribly exploited and will probably end up working in artisanal gold mines for the rest of their lives or for very long periods, making, eking, out a living," Kippenberg said.
Malian law actually bans child labor in artisanal mines, but the law is not heavily enforced. One miner told Rock Center that he simply can't afford the fees to send his children to school so instead they work with him.
Diata Lissoko, the traditional leader of one of the mines said, "With this kind of physical labor, life is short."
Lissoko said that just two days prior to Rock Center's visit, a young man had suffocated deep in the mine.
"It was 30, 40 meters deep. When you descend a mine that deep, there is no oxygen down there, so if you breathe in the gas, you are killed immediately," Lissoko said.
Others are dying slowly from toxic mercury vapors. To speed up the refining process, workers are mixing mercury with the crushed ore. The mercury adheres to the gold flakes. Then the mixture is burned. Those vapors are the most toxic. Women and children often are in charge of panning the gold and often use the mercury in their backyards in the middle of their villages.
"Working with mercury in a residential area is a particularly bad practice because it affects so many people," said Kippenberg of Human Rights Watch. "They will be exposed to mercury poisoning. Just to give you an idea, it's not something that happens very quickly, but people will begin to have coordination problems, memory problems in high doses. It can lead to kidney failure, heart problems and it can even kill people."
Approximately 12 percent of the world's gold is born from the grueling process of artisanal mining, Kippenberg said.
"It's not the majority of the gold, but at the same time, it's a significant proportion," Kippenberg said.
The gold is sold to middlemen and eventually ends up in places like Dubai and Switzerland where it is melted and mixed with gold from large scale mines before it's turned into jewelry worn throughout the world.
"Even if it is a long, long supply train, at the end of the day, it is the gold from these artisanal mines in Mali and other parts of the world that is exported and then goes to the world's markets and is turned into jewelry," Kippenberg said. "So, yes, there is a direct link between the people who wear the jewelry and buy it and the refiners, the big international companies who trade the gold globally and those who work in these mines, the depths of these shafts, who risk their lives in doing so."


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Would you drive your car with the wheels out of alignment? If you tried, you probably wouldn't get too far without causing unnecessary wear and tear to your vehicle. Well, what about the human vehicle? You walk with your "wheels" (feet) out of alignment all the time. When you walk with your feet turned out, you create what is known as stress risers.
Stress risers amount to wear and tear in the body. As a Restorative Exercise Specialist (RES), what's been discovered is the wear and tear on the joints isn't the only problem. The result of this degeneration of tissue can be arthritis, inflamed nerves, low bone density, joint and muscle pain, and foot problems. Restorative Exercise™ is based in biomechanical science and Newtonian physics.
The program was developed by my teacher Katy Bowman, a biomechanical scientist. She developed this model of biomechanical preventative health when she noticed a relationship between poor physical alignment and common diseases such as cardiovascular disease, joint degeneration, osteoporosis, and foot issues.
Basically it's all about using your body the way it is designed to be used in order to decrease cellular degeneration. Cellular degeneration equals accelerated aging.
Restorative Exercise encompasses the alignment of the whole body starting with the feet. If the feet are out of alignment, everything else is thrown out of alignment. Just as in a house, you can't build a structurally sound house if the foundation is off. Let's say your feet are turned out when you walk, so-called duck feet.


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Chair Yoga Training for Educators and Clinicians
How can you bring the essential benefits of movement to students while practicing social distancing, learning virtually, or when your school simply doesn't have enough space?
Chair yoga makes it possible and provides a timely break from screens for students to move their bodies, release stress, and stay engaged and ready to learn.
In this experiential online course, The School Yoga Project Director Mayuri Gonzalez teaches simple and effective chair-based practices you can immediately bring to students, incorporating movement, breathing, mindfulness, and relaxation. This course includes a wealth of take-away resources to support your learning and implementation, plus bonus tools to deepen your personal practice and well-being during these trying times.
Why Chair Yoga?
- Children today sit still for developmentally inappropriate periods. This is only being intensified with virtual and hybrid learning. Many schools are increasing rigor and standardized tests while decreasing time for physical education and movement breaks. Additionally, many schools and families at home lack the space for mat-based yoga, and with increased health measures, it isn't advisable for students to be sharing yoga mats.
- Chair yoga is an effective and sustainable way to bring daily yoga practice to children and adolescents in a classroom setting or at home, without the need for additional space or yoga mats.
- This course is best suited for classroom teachers, PE teachers, school-based clinicians, yoga instructors, and mindfulness educators. All others who work with children are welcome to join (including parents).
After completion, you will be ready to:
- Create and implement chair yoga sequences to meet the needs of children and adolescents.
- Teach various yoga poses, breathwork, mindfulness, and relaxation practices to students seated in chairs or using chairs as supports.
- Understand how movement connects to learning and how chair yoga powerfully complements mindfulness programs, providing meaningful benefits, and engaging experiences for students.
This course meets Yoga Alliance CE requirements.


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Definitions of stop:
- noun: a brief stay in the course of a journey
Example: "They made a stopover to visit their friends"
- noun: the act of stopping something
Example: "The third baseman made some remarkable stops"
- noun: (music) a knob on an organ that is pulled to change the sound quality from the organ pipes
Example: "The organist pulled out all the stops"
- noun: the event of something ending
Example: "It came to a stop at the bottom of the hill"
- noun: a spot where something halts or pauses
Example: "His next stop is Atlanta"
- noun: a restraint that checks the motion of something
Example: "He used a book as a stop to hold the door open"
- noun: a mechanical device in a camera that controls size of aperture of the lens
- noun: a consonant produced by stopping the flow of air at some point and suddenly releasing it
Example: "His stop consonants are too aspirated"
- noun: a punctuation mark (.) placed at the end of a declarative sentence to indicate a full stop or after abbreviations
Example: "In England they call a period a stop"
- noun: an obstruction in a pipe or tube
- noun: the state of inactivity following an interruption
Example: "He spent the entire stop in his seat"
- verb: stop from happening or developing
- verb: cause to stop
Example: "Stop a car"
- verb: come to a halt, stop moving
Example: "The car stopped"
- verb: interrupt a trip
Example: "We stopped at Aunt Mary's house"
- verb: have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense; either spatial or metaphorical
Example: "Your rights stop where you infringe upon the rights of other"
- verb: put an end to a state or an activity
- verb: stop and wait, as if awaiting further instructions or developments
- verb: seize on its way
- verb: prevent completion
Example: "Stop the project"
- verb: hold back, as of a danger or an enemy; check the expansion or influence of
- verb: render unsuitable for passage
Example: "Stop the busy road"
Search for stop at other dictionaries: OneLook, Answers.com, Merriam-Webster
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