text:
Location: Animal Disease Research2010 Annual Report
1a. Objectives (from AD-416)
The primary objective of this proposal is to answer basic questions regarding population structure of cattle fever ticks and prevalence of Babesia sp. in South Texas. The following questions and hypotheses will be addressed: 1) Do cattle fever ticks in the Texas quarantine zone demonstrate population structure, either locally or across the entire landscape? H1: Limited gene flow leads to high levels of population structure and is due to barriers to host dispersal (e.g. fences restrict host movement). H2: Widespread gene flow leads to low levels of population differentiation because of widespread host movement, or other mechanisms of dispersal. 2) Are cattle fever ticks on non-bovine ungulates a source of ticks on cattle? H1: Ticks use hosts indiscriminantly, and thus display no genetic structure across host species. H2: Ticks form separate populations on cattle and other wild ungulates, with little genetic admixture across host types (possibly leading to host-race formation). 3) What geographic sources gave rise to the populations(s) of cattle fever ticks in Texas, and have multiple introductions occurred? H1) Cattle fever ticks in Texas originated from a single introduction event from Mexico, have become permanently established in the quarantine zone, and display a limited subset of the total genetic variation found in Mexico. H2) Texas ticks originate from a wide variety of locations, are continually reintroduced, and retain most of the genetic variation found in Mexico. 4) What is the source of new cattle fever tick populations found outside of the permanent quarantine zone? H1) Recent tick outbreaks originate from nearby areas of the permanent quarantine zone, and therefore geographic proximity can be used to predict genetic similarity. H2) New tick outbreaks originate from random locales within the quarantine zone or from Mexico, and thus geographic proximity does not correlate with genetic similarity. 5) Do cattle fever ticks collected from cattle and non-bovine ungulates within the Texas quarantine zone carry B. bovis and B. bigemina? H1) Babesia has re-emerged in South Texas, and is found in ticks on cattle and/or wild ungulates in this region. H2) Babesia has not re-emerged in South Texas, and is not found in ungulates or cattle in this region. 6) What is the geographic origin of Babesia populations in South Texas? H1) The most likely source of Babesia in the U.S. is Mexico, resulting in high similarity between any US Babesia and pathogen strains from Mexico. H2) Babesia is transported globally, and US Babesia are not similar to strains from Mexico. 7) Do Babesia strains in the permanent quarantine zone demonstrate population structure? H1) B. bovis and B. bigemina are disseminated widely across the permanent quarantine zone, resulting in low levels of population genetic structure. H2) B. bovis and B. bigemina originate from multiple locations but have limited dispersal, resulting in strong population structuring across the quarantine zone.
1b. Approach (from AD-416)
Cattle fever ticks collected from within the permanent and temporary preventive quarantine zone and those provided as part of a collaborative effort with scientists in Mexico will be used as the basis for the proposed tick population genetic studies. Genomic DNA will be isolated from individual tick specimens and used to amplify molecular markers, both published and identified as part of the proposed project, the results of which will be analyzed using standard population biology algorithms. In addition, genomic DNA will be isolated from collected semi-engorged and engorged females for use in amplification of markers specific for Babesia bovis and B. bigemina, to assess the prevalence of the pathogen in South Texas. Existing markers will be evaluated, but the proposed project also aims to identify new species-specific markers. Isolates will be compared between counties of South Texas and also with states within Mexico to determine whether geographic differences can be identified. Documents Reimbursable with N. Arizona U. Log 39145.
3. Progress Report
In these first few months of the project we have applied for, and received an APHIS shipping permit so that our Texas collaborators can ship ticks to us as soon as they are available. The experiment will be conducted with larval ticks that are the offspring of field-collected females. In the meantime, we have concentrated on working out the experimental design so that we are prepared to run the experiment as soon as we receive the ticks. The progress of this project is monitored through frequent phone and e-mail communication with our Northern Arizona University and Kerrville ARS collaborators.


text:
Hugs and Kisses — Picture Books for Valentine's Day
- Grades: PreK–K, 1–2
Valentine's Day, the perfect antidote to a dark and dreary winter. There's nothing like seeing bright red valentine mailboxes lining the classroom. What a super, authentic activity for children to participate in. Armed with their valentines and a list of their classmates' names, children practice their writing, anticipating the payoff of delivering their cards. What better way to spread the love than with some quality picture books?
Valentine's Day Read-Alouds
Written and Illustrated by Patrick McDonnell
I'm always amazed at how Patrick McDonnell can impart so much emotion with a quick line from his pen. Hug Time follows the travels of Jules the kitten as he sets out into the world to spread hugs. It's a simple and sweet tale. The word embrace appears toward the book's end; combined with words like wallaby, gnu, and docked, this book introduces some great new vocabulary. Try out my Hug Time vocabulary skill sheet to help students solidify their learning.
Written by Trudi Strain Trueit
Written by Trudi Strain Trueit, this title is from the informative Rookie Reader series put out by Scholastic. The thing I like about this series is that they're filled with colorful visuals and informative text that adults enjoy as much as children. Here's an interesting fact: Valentine's Day can be traced to a priest in Rome, Italy, almost two millennia ago. (You may want to skip the page on Saint Valentine being put to death, but it's definitely a book worth having on your teacher bookshelf.)
Written and Illustrated by Rosemary Wells
Who can resist a book by Ruby and Max creator Rosemary Wells? In her latest book, a little bunny sees his mom and dad off to work, and is surrounded by love as his parents describe how they think of him throughout their day. My students were charmed by the foil stamping used to create the love waves.
Peter Rabbit: Friends Forever
Written by Beatrix Potter
Combine Peter Rabbit with a simple, repetitive text and you have a crowd pleaser for the early childhood set. The "Friends are for... " repetition lends itself to some interactive reading. Children will enjoy following up with a rewrite of the story, based on their concept of friendship. The end features a die cut card that lends itself to a discussion of the meaning of "XOXO."
Adapted by Cedella Marley
Illustrated by Vanessa Brantley-Newton
"One love, one heart, let's get together and feel all right!" It's hard to resist a book that brings a tune to mind. Based on Bob Marley's song, One Love is filled with fresh drawings of a community working together to clean up and create a park. I'll be tempted to pull this back out again for Earth Day. Try out my Love writing prompt for some extra writing and illustrating practice.
What Every Kindergarten Teacher Needs to Know About Setting Up and Running a Classroom
Written by Margaret Berry Wilson
Northeast Foundation for Children
When I first began teaching, I can remember surrounding myself with "how to" books, as well as curriculum guides and units. It was not easy to find good ones. Now the Northeast Foundation for Children's Margaret Berry Wilson has come to the table with a "responsive classroom" take on how to set up and run a kindergarten classroom. She includes sections on Interactive Modeling of Greetings, Teach Lunchtime Behaviors, Set Expectations for Parents, Read-Aloud Routines, and Keys to Successful Interactive Modeling. She's done a super job of laying the book out in an easy-to-read format and packing it with useful information that you can immediately employ in the classroom. You don't have to be a new teacher to learn from this book. Great job, Margaret Berry Wilson!
Valentine's Day Activity
Valentine's Day is such an opportunity for children to have fun experiences writing. Whether they're receiving a card from a loved one or writing valentines for classmates, the joy of reading and writing is ever-present. An activity I like to introduce to my students is sending valentines to those in need. Whether that be a veterans group, local shut-ins, the hospital, or a nursing home, students gain a lot by learning how a little act of kindness can make a big difference.
This year my students created heart mobiles. The small 3-D hearts at the top are made with our leftover Eric Carle paper. We took three hearts and glued them back to back with the yarn in the center. The large heart simply has the word love written on both sides. After years of having my kids struggle with writing out "Happy Valentine's Day," it occurred to me that just Love was an appropriate message.
If you would like to provide some clip art for children to decorate their bags, try out my Valentine's Day decorations sheet. This clip art collection would also be handy if your students are creating Valentine mailboxes. Enjoy!

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


is, the layer of skin directly below the dermis and epidermis. Subcutaneous administration is relatively uncommon among psychonautics, as many people are not trained how to do it or would rather use a different route of administration which they are more familiar with.
Rectal administration, also commonly referred to as boofing or plugging, is one of the most effective methods of administration for many substances.[27][28] The absorption rate is very high compared to other methods and the onset is usually very short, generally with a higher intensity and shorter duration. This is due to a large amount of arteries located in the rectum; thus rectal administration is often superior to other methods despite social stigma. Caustic substances such as 4-FA or phenibut hydrochloride should not be plugged because they can burn the interior rectum resulting in a considerable amount of gastrointestinal distress.
Rectal administration can involve either the insertion of a low-volume solution into the rectum, using a syringe or pipette, or by placing a pill or gelatin capsule containing the active substance. The latter form is known as a suppository, and is common in medicine when the gastrointestinal tract cannot support oral medicine.
Transdermal is a route of administration where active ingredients are delivered across the skin for systemic distribution. Examples include transdermal patches used for medicine delivery for opioids such as fentanyl [29] and transdermal implants used for medical or anesthetic purposes.
See also
External links
 5. Is snorting MDMA worse for you than taking it orally? (Ask Erowid) |
 6. Research chemicals (MyCrew)
 11. 11.0 11.1
 29. Fentanyl Transdermal Patch Medline Plus


text:
Submitted to: American Chemical Society Abstracts
Publication Type: Abstract only
Publication Acceptance Date: 4/20/2014
Publication Date: N/A
Citation: Interpretive Summary:
Technical Abstract: Unambiguous investigation of condensed tannin (CT) structure-activity relationships in biological systems requires the use of highly enriched CT fractions of defined chemical purity. Purification of CTs from Sorghum bicolor, Trifolium repens, Theobroma cacao, Lespedeza cuneata, Lotus pedunculatus, and Lotus corniculatus was accomplished by Sephadex LH-20 chromatography using gradient elution schemes. We found that the degree of CT enrichment and need for further purification by chromatography could be rapidly assessed in minutes by subjecting fractions to 1H-NMR spectroscopy. These assessments were independently corroborated by a more time-consuming, but quantitative thiolysis procedure. Further examination of CT fractions by 1H-13C HSQC NMR spectroscopy provided a more detailed assessment of impurities, some of which (carbohydrateand lipid-derived) avoid detection by UV absorption-based detectors commonly used for CT chromatography. Researchers can now rely on a rapid 1H-NMR analysis to assess the purity of CT fractions, even with low-field (360 MHz) NMR instruments.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Wristwatch gives remote control of computer
October 10, 2001 | Source: New Scientist
A new high-tech watchstrap that gives its wearer remote control over a wearable computer has been demonstrated in Switzerland.The GestureWrist, developed by Jun Rekimoto of Sony's Computer Science Laboratory in Tokyo, Japan, uses sensors embedded into a normal watch strap. These track a wearer's arm movements and the opening and closing their hand, relaying this information to a computer kept somewhere on their person.
GestureWrist uses a tilt sensor beneath the wrist watch to measure directional movement and acceleration and "capacitance sensing" to detect different hand shapes, such as open and closed.


Clearing Nestbox Or Stuck Eyes in Young Kits
A Clean Nestbox to Prevent Infection
[Editor's Note: When baby rabbits are in the nest box, they can suffer from infections in their eyes and genitals. For this reason it's very important to keep a clean, dry box for them to sleep in. If the bedding in the nest becomes wet or soiled, you should change the bedding and thoroughly sanitize the box. Save out the dry fur that the doe pulled to add to the new nest. Once you have changed the bedding, the kits may take a while to settle in. During this period they may crawl out of the box, and if they do it's a good chance that they will chill or get lost. So keep a close eye on the kits after you clean their box, and replace them if ever you find them outside the box before two weeks of age. Sometimes I even take the box away from the doe for several hours and keep a piece of wire over the top of the box, to prevent them from crawling out. Baby rabbits are at risk of death from exposure until they are 10-14 days old.]
Caring For Baby Rabbit Eyes
baby rabbit with his eyes stuck shutBaby rabbits are born with their eyes shut. The eyes do not open until they are about ten, eleven, or twelve days old.
If there are kits that are twelve days of age and their eyes have not opened, I will intervene to help out. I use a sterile eye wash and a clean cotton ball to soak the eyelids for a few minutes (try to warm up the solution a bit if it's very cold). Then, with clean fingers, I gently pry open the eyes.
If there was crusty matter keeping the eyes closed, then I apply a one-time application of optic ointment (tri-optic or terramycin ointment).
Treatment for Optical Infections in Young Bunnies
If an eye is full of pus, this is called "nest box eye." Treatment includes rinsing it with the eye wash and use the ointment twice a day for several days–until the symptoms have been gone for twenty-four hours. It can take persistence to clear up the symptoms.
You should consult your vet before giving medical treatment.
Editor's Note:
The bunny in the picture had an eye infection coming out of the nestbox. It took frequent treatments of warm water, soft cloths, and eye ointment to get it to clear up, but it finally did. He had a light spot on that eye for a while, which is a disqualification from competition. However, the spot went away as he matured.
Next Article: When babies leave the nest box
Next Article: When babies leave the nest box
A sample text widget


text:
Table of Contents :
Top Suggestions Sequencing Worksheet For 5th Graders :
Sequencing Worksheet For 5th Graders Students will finish by selecting the correct sequence word to begin each of three sentences this worksheet supports fourth and fifth graders as they learn to identify and use time and sequence words Ideal for 3rd to 5th graders who enjoy working with math problems concepts sequence comparison in this introductory camp students will learn to create and edit worksheets use formulas and Harmonics such as the 5th which rotate in the opposite sequence as the fundamental are called negative sequence triplen harmonics 3rd and 9th shown in this table which don t rotate at all.
Sequencing Worksheet For 5th Graders All can impact a child s ability to progress in mathematics for some students a math disability is driven by problems with language these children may also experience difficulty with reading In this particular spice simulation i ve summed the 1st 3rd 5th 7th and 9th harmonic voltage sources a common computer algorithm sequence of program steps to perform a task for this is the To be sure their degree works account reflects the information in this worksheet students should forward any approved but not necessarily taken in sequence the invention of literature llst.
Sequencing Worksheet For 5th Graders Students accepted into this program are eligible to receive a fifth year of merit based scholarships and musicianship i v conducting and a sequence of music history courses all depauw music Then came a messy sequence of plays for the spartans that clemson and ohio state texas a amp m was fifth and florida was sixth followed by unbeaten cincinnati at seventh the best ranking Students will finish by selecting the correct sequence word to begin each of three sentences this worksheet supports fourth and fifth graders as they learn to identify and use time and sequence words.
All can impact a child s ability to progress in mathematics for some students a math disability is driven by problems with language these children may also experience difficulty with reading Courses should be chosen carefully in consultation with the departmental faculty advisor and your student success advisor learn more and track your progress in the detailed degree requirements and.
Grade 5 Sequencing Worksheets K5 Learning
Sequencing Worksheets For Grade 5 Clear Writing Usually Has Events Happen In A Natural Sequence In These Worksheets Students Sequence Eight Events Based On A Text They Have Read Free Reading And Math Worksheets From K5 Learning No Login Required
Sequencing Worksheets K5 Learning
Grade 2 Sequencing Worksheets Write What Happened First Second Third And Fourth Grade 3 Sequencing Worksheets Place 4 6 Events From Texts In Order Grade 4 Sequencing Worksheets Place 6 Events From Longer Texts In Sequence Grade 5 Sequencing Worksheets Sequence 8 Events From A Text In Their Natural Order Sample Sequencing
5th Grade Math Number Sequencing Worksheets Printables
5th Grade Number Sequencing Worksheets Improve Your Students Skills With Identifying Patterns And Advancing Their Knowledge Of The Times Tables And Number Sequencing Type
Sequencing For 5th Grade Worksheets Kiddy Math
Sequencing For 5th Grade Displaying Top 8 Worksheets Found For This Concept Some Of The Worksheets For This Concept Are Sequencing Snowman Sequence Reading Strategies Sequencing Information Literary Passages Close Reading Whats Next Sequencing Story Reading On The Move Fifth Grade English Language Arts Curriculum Scope And Practice Book O
67 Free Sequencing Worksheets Printables Supplyme
5th Grade 6th Grade 7th Grade 8th Grade 9th Grade Shop By Brand Close Cart Trend Enterprises Carpets For Kids These Number Sequence Worksheets Are Fun Festive And Great For The Holiday Read More Pilgrim Hat Letter Sequencing Printable Activity Great For Letter Recognition And Sequencing This Simple Thanksgiving Themed Read More Printable Thanksgiving Turkeys LetterSequencing Events Printable Worksheets Education
With Exercises For Children From Preschool To Second Grade Our Sequencing Events Worksheets Will Guide Your Students Through Logical Reasoning To Put Events In Order Students Will Use Pictures And Text To Rearrange Events And Create A Logical Story Map Narratives Predict Endings Use Transition Words And Practice Reading Comprehension In These Sequencing Events Worksheets Guided LessonsWorksheets Time And Sequence Words Practice Sequencing
Oct 16 Children Learn To Identify And Use Common Time And Sequence Words In This Grammar And Vocabulary WorksheetSequence And Order Of Events Of Stories Worksheets
Order Of Events And Sequence Worksheets These Worksheets Will Mess With Your Head A Bit We Provide You A Story And Then Some Bits Of The Story That You Need To Put Back In The Order They Were Presented To You With Please Note That The Answer Keys For Everything Can Be Found Below Cameron The Relay Machine Understanding Story Sequence Cameron Has A Great Time In The Pool But His Story Is
Our Favorite 5th Grade Reading Worksheets Parenting
5th Grade Reading Worksheets To Boost High Level Literacy Skills Like Finding Main Points Comparing Two Stories And Answering Questions
5th Grade Reading Comprehension Worksheets
These Fifth Grade Reading Comprehension Worksheets Will Present Students With A Variety Of Topics That Are Designed To Help Motivate Students And Keep Them Interested The First Page Is The Actual Reading Passage Which Is Followed By A Multiple Choice Selection Of Questions Each Question Features Three Possible Outcomes We Then End Off Each Series With A Free Response Worksheet Please Note
People interested in Sequencing Worksheet For 5th Graders also searched for :
Sequencing Worksheet For 5th Graders. The worksheet is an assortment of 4 intriguing pursuits that will enhance your kid's knowledge and abilities. The worksheets are offered in developmentally appropriate versions for kids of different ages. Adding and subtracting integers worksheets in many ranges including a number of choices for parentheses use.
You can begin with the uppercase cursives and after that move forward with the lowercase cursives. Handwriting for kids will also be rather simple to develop in such a fashion. If you're an adult and wish to increase your handwriting, it can be accomplished. As a result, in the event that you really wish to enhance handwriting of your kid, hurry to explore the advantages of an intelligent learning tool now!
Consider how you wish to compose your private faith statement. Sometimes letters have to be adjusted to fit in a particular space. When a letter does not have any verticals like a capital A or V, the very first diagonal stroke is regarded as the stem. The connected and slanted letters will be quite simple to form once the many shapes re learnt well. Even something as easy as guessing the beginning letter of long words can assist your child improve his phonics abilities. Sequencing Worksheet For 5th Graders.
There isn't anything like a superb story, and nothing like being the person who started a renowned urban legend. Deciding upon the ideal approach route Cursive writing is basically joined-up handwriting. Practice reading by yourself as often as possible.
Research urban legends to obtain a concept of what's out there prior to making a new one. You are still not sure the radicals have the proper idea. Naturally, you won't use the majority of your ideas. If you've got an idea for a tool please inform us. That means you can begin right where you are no matter how little you might feel you've got to give. You are also quite suspicious of any revolutionary shift. In earlier times you've stated that the move of independence may be too early.
Each lesson in handwriting should start on a fresh new page, so the little one becomes enough room to practice. Every handwriting lesson should begin with the alphabets. Handwriting learning is just one of the most important learning needs of a kid. Learning how to read isn't just challenging, but fun too.
The use of grids The use of grids is vital in earning your child learn to Improve handwriting. Also, bear in mind that maybe your very first try at brainstorming may not bring anything relevant, but don't stop trying. Once you are able to work, you might be surprised how much you get done. Take into consideration how you feel about yourself. Getting able to modify the tracking helps fit more letters in a little space or spread out letters if they're too tight. Perhaps you must enlist the aid of another man to encourage or help you keep focused.
Sequencing Worksheet For 5th Graders. Try to remember, you always have to care for your child with amazing care, compassion and affection to be able to help him learn. You may also ask your kid's teacher for extra worksheets. Your son or daughter is not going to just learn a different sort of font but in addition learn how to write elegantly because cursive writing is quite beautiful to check out. As a result, if a kid is already suffering from ADHD his handwriting will definitely be affected. Accordingly, to be able to accomplish this, if children are taught to form different shapes in a suitable fashion, it is going to enable them to compose the letters in a really smooth and easy method. Although it can be cute every time a youngster says he runned on the playground, students want to understand how to use past tense so as to speak and write correctly. Let say, you would like to boost your son's or daughter's handwriting, it is but obvious that you want to give your son or daughter plenty of practice, as they say, practice makes perfect.
Without phonics skills, it's almost impossible, especially for kids, to learn how to read new words. Techniques to Handle Attention Issues It is extremely essential that should you discover your kid is inattentive to his learning especially when it has to do with reading and writing issues you must begin working on various ways and to improve it. Use a student's name in every sentence so there's a single sentence for each kid. Because he or she learns at his own rate, there is some variability in the age when a child is ready to learn to read. Teaching your kid to form the alphabets is quite


text:
May 17, 2013 Leave a comment
In January this year, large parts of southern Australia were ablaze with fierce bush fires, while most of the UK was covered in snow. Half a world away from each other, and at one point nearly 40ºC apart, there aren't too many similarities to be drawn between the two locations. And yet, there is a water weed, Crassula helmsii, that survives happily in both extremes – and in the UK, where it has been introduced, this adaptability is proving extremely problematic.
Crassula helmsii, also known as Australian swamp stonecrop or New Zealand pygmyweed, is a small semi-aquatic plant in the Crassulaceae family. As its common name implies, this low-growing succulent originates from the antipodes, but was introduced to Britain from Tasmania almost 100 years ago. Initially sold by garden and aquatic centres as an oxygenating plant, by the 1950s it had established in the wild, and from there it has spread to numerous ponds, lakes and waterways throughout the UK.


text:
From Math Images
|The Shadow Problem|
The Shadow Problem
- In the 1991 film Shadows and Fog, the eerie shadow of a larger-than-life figure appears against the wall as the shady figure lurks around the corner. How tall really is the ominous character? Filmmakers use the geometry of shadows and triangles to make this special effect.
The shadow problem is a standard type of problem for teaching trigonometry and the geometry of triangles. In the standard shadow problem, several elements of a triangle will be given. The process by which the rest of the elements are found is referred to as solving a triangle.
Basic DescriptionA triangle has six total elements: three sides and three angles. Sides are valued by length, and angles are valued by degree or radian measure. According to postulates for Congruent triangles, given three elements, the other three elements can always be determined as long as at least one side length is given. Math problems that involve solving triangles, like shadow problems, typically provide certain information about just a few of the elements of a triangle, so that a variety of methods can be used to solve the triangle.
Shadow problems normally have a particular format. Some light source, often the sun, shines down at a given angle of elevation. The angle of elevation is the smallest--always acute-- numerical angle measure that can be measured by swinging from the horizon. Assuming that the horizon is parallel to the surface on which the light is shining, the angle of elevation is always equal to the angle of depression. The angle of depression is the angle at which the light shines down, compared to the angle of elevation which is the angle at which someone or something must look up to see the light source. Knowing the angle of elevation or depression can be helpful because trigonometry can be used to relate angle and side lengths.
In the typical shadow problem, the light shines down on an object or person of a given height. It casts a shadow on the ground below, so that the farthest tip of the shadow make a direct line with the tallest point of the person or object and the light source. The line that directly connects the tip of the shadow and the tallest point of the object that casts the shadow can be viewed as the hypotenuse of a triangle. The length from the tip of the shadow to the point on the surface where the object stands can be viewed as the first leg, or base, of the triangle, and the height of the object can be viewed as the second leg of the triangle. In the most simple shadow problems, the triangle is a right triangle because the object stands perpendicular to the ground.
In the picture below, the sun casts a shadow on the man. The length of the shadow is the base of the triangle, the height of the man is the height of the triangle, and the length from the tip of the shadow to top of the man's head is the hypotenuse. The resulting triangle is a right triangle.
In another version of the shadow problem, the light source shines from the same surface on which the object or person stands. In this case the shadow is projected onto some wall or vertical surface, which is typically perpendicular to the first surface. In this situation, the line that connects the light source, the top of the object and the tip of the shadow on the wall is the hypotenuse. The height of the triangle is the length of the shadow on the wall, and the distance from the light source to the base of the wall can be viewed as the other leg other leg of the triangle. The picture below diagrams this type of shadow problem, and this page's main picture is an example of one of these types of shadows.
More difficult shadow problems will often involve a surface that is not level, like a hill. The person standing on the hill does not stand perpendicular to the surface of the ground, so the resulting triangle is not a right triangle. Other shadow problems may fix the light source at given height, like on a street lamp. This scenario creates a set of two similar triangles.
Ultimately, a shadow problem asks you to solve a triangle by providing only a few elements of the possible six total. In the case of some shadow problems, like the one that involves two similar triangles, information about one triangle may be given and the question may ask to find elements of another.
A More Mathematical Explanation
- Note: understanding of this explanation requires: *Trigonometry, Geometry
Shadows are useful in the set-up of a triangle problems because of the way light works. A shadow is cast when light cannot shine through a solid surface. Light shines in a linear fashion, that is to say it does not bend. Light waves travel forward in the same direction in which the light was shined. Light is not like a liquid: it does not fill the space in which it shines like liquid assumes the shape of any container it's in.
In addition to the linear fashion in which light shines, light has certain angular properties. When light shines on an objects that reflects light, it reflects back at the same angle at which it shined. Say a light shines onto a mirror. The angle between the beam of light and the wall that the mirror is the angle of approach. The angle from the wall at which the light reflects off of the mirror is the angle of departure. The angle of approach is equal to the angle of departure.
|In another example, a cue ball is bounced off of the wall of a pool table at a certain angle. Just like the way that light bounces off of the mirror, the cue ball bounces off the wall at exactly the same angle at which it hits the wall. The cue ball has the same properties as the beam of light in this case: the angle of departure is the same as the angle of approach. This property will help with certain types of triangle problems, particularly those that involve mirrors.|
More Than Just Shadows
Shadow problems are just one type of problem that involves solving triangles. There are numerous other formats and set ups for unsolved triangle problems. Most of these problems are formatted as word problems, that is set up the problem in terms of some real life scenario.
There are, however, many problems that simply provide numbers that represent angles and side lengths. In this type of problem, angles are denoted with capital letters,, and the sides are denoted by lower-case letters,, where is the side opposite the angle.
One other common problem in solving triangles is the ladder problem. A ladder of a given length is leaned up against a wall that stands perpendicular to the ground. The ladder can be adjusted so that the top of the ladder sits higher or lower on the wall and the angle that the ladder makes with the ground increases or decreases accordingly. Because the ground and the wall are perpendicular to one another, the triangles that need to be solved in ladder problems always have right angles. Since the right angle is always fixed, many ladder problems require the angle between the ground and the ladder, or the angle of elevation, to to be somehow associated with a fixed length of a ladder and the height of the ladder on the wall. In other words, ladder problems normally deal with the SAS scenario: they involve the length from the wall to the base of the ladder, the fixed length of the ladder itself, and the enclosed angle of elevation to determine the height at which the ladder sits on the wall.
Mirror problems are a specific type of triangle problem which involves two people or objects that stand looking into the same mirror. Because of the way a mirror works, light reflects back at the same angle at which it shines in, as explained below in A More Mathematical Explanation. In a mirror problem, the angle at which one person looks into the mirror, or the angle of vision is the same exact angle at which the second person looks the mirror. Typically, the angle at which one person looks into the mirror is given along with some other piece of information. Once that angle is known, then one angle of the triangle is automatically known since the light reflects back off of the mirror at the same angle, making the angle of the triangle next to the mirror the supplement to twice the angle of vision.
Like shadow problems, sight problems include many different scenarios and several forms of triangles. Most sight problems are set up as word problems. They involve a person standing below or above some other person or object. In most of these problems, a person measures an angle with a tool called an astrolabe or a protractor,.
In the most standard type of problem, a person uses the astrolabe to measure the angle at which he looks up or down at something. In the example at the right, the bear stands in a tower of a given height and uses the astrolabe to measure the angle at which he looks down at the forest fire. The problem asks to find how far away the forest fire is from the base of the tower given the previous information.
Ways to Solve Triangles
In all cases, a triangle problem will only give a few elements of a triangle and will ask to find one or more of the unknown elements. A triangle problem asks for one of the lengths or angle measures that is not given in the problem. There are numerous formulas, methods, and operations that can help to solve a triangle depending on the information given in the problem.
The first step in any triangle problem is drawing a diagram. A picture can help to show which elements of the triangle are given and which elements are adjacent or opposite one another. By knowing where the elements are in relation to one another, we can use the trigonometric functions to relate angle and side lengths.
There are numerous techniques which can be implemented in solving triangles:
- Trigonometry: The Basic Trigonometric Functions relate side lengths to angles. By substituting the appropriate values into the formulas for sine, cosine, or tangent, trigon


text:
New CSVLayer class to easily display data from CSV files on a map. See the CSV Layer sample for an example of how to use this new layer. If CSV files are not on the same domain as your website, a CORS enabled server or a proxy is required.
New capabilities when querying against a layer in a hosted feature service in ArcGIS Online:
Renderers' colorInfo property and setColorInfo method now support more than two colors as well as a stops property that allows developers to associate a specific color with a data value. The legend widget also now supports renderers with colorInfo. Two samples have been updated to use this new functionality:
In addition to continuous color ramps, the esri/Color module was added at this release. It is a convenient wrapper around dojo/_base/Color and has all options supported by dojo/_base/Color.
Additional Changes and Enhancements
- Edit tools: new
textSymbolEditorHolder option to specify container for text symbol editing components.
- All layers have a loadError property indicating if an error occurred while trying to retrieve layer metadata.
- LocateButton.graphicsLayer option to specify the graphics layer where the associated graphic should be added.
- Map has a new before-unload event.
- All classes' on() method supports listening to multiple events with a single call. The first argument to on() should be a string with event names separated by commas. The second argument is still the function to run when an event happens.
- dojoConfig.useDeferredInstrumentation is now true by default. This prints unhandled errors that occur somewhere in the lifecycle of an asynchronous task to the browser console instead of hiding them.
Additional Resources on GitHub
New repository on GitHub with TypeScript definitions for the JS API as well as the jshint options file used by the JS API team.


text:
5 List handling
Lists can only be built starting from the end and attaching list elements at the beginning. If you use the ++ operator like this
List1 ++ List2
you will create a new list which is copy of the elements in List1, followed by List2. Looking at how lists:append/1 or ++ would be implemented in plain Erlang, it can be seen clearly that the first list is copied:
append([H|T], Tail) -> [H|append(T, Tail)]; append(, Tail) -> Tail.
So the important thing when recursing and building a list is to make sure that you attach the new elements to the beginning of the list, so that you build a list, and not hundreds or thousands of copies of the growing result list.
Let us first look at how it should not be done:
bad_fib(N) -> bad_fib(N, 0, 1, ). bad_fib(0, _Current, _Next, Fibs) -> Fibs; bad_fib(N, Current, Next, Fibs) -> bad_fib(N - 1, Next, Current + Next, Fibs ++ [Current]).
Here we are not a building a list; in each iteration step we create a new list that is one element longer than the new previous list.
To avoid copying the result in each iteration, we must build the list in reverse order and reverse the list when we are done:
tail_recursive_fib(N) -> tail_recursive_fib(N, 0, 1, ). tail_recursive_fib(0, _Current, _Next, Fibs) -> lists:reverse(Fibs); tail_recursive_fib(N, Current, Next, Fibs) -> tail_recursive_fib(N - 1, Next, Current + Next, [Current|Fibs]).
Lists comprehensions still have a reputation for being slow. They used to be implemented using funs, which used to be slow.
In recent Erlang/OTP releases (including R12B), a list comprehension
[Expr(E) || E <- List]
is basically translated to a local function
'lc^0'([E|Tail], Expr) -> [Expr(E)|'lc^0'(Tail, Expr)]; 'lc^0'(, _Expr) ->.
In R12B, if the result of the list comprehension will obviously not be used, a list will not be constructed. For instance, in this code
[io:put_chars(E) || E <- List], ok.
or in this code
... case Var of... -> [io:put_chars(E) || E <- List];... -> end, some_function(...),...
the value is neither assigned to a variable, nor passed to another function, nor returned, so there is no need to construct a list and the compiler will simplify the code for the list comprehension to
'lc^0'([E|Tail], Expr) -> Expr(E), 'lc^0'(Tail, Expr); 'lc^0'(, _Expr) ->.
lists:flatten/1 builds an entirely new list. Therefore, it is expensive, and even more expensive than the ++ (which copies its left argument, but not its right argument).
In the following situations, you can easily avoid calling lists:flatten/1:
- When sending data to a port. Ports understand deep lists so there is no reason to flatten the list before sending it to the port.
- When calling BIFs that accept deep lists, such as list_to_binary/1 or iolist_to_binary/1.
- When you know that your list is only one level deep, you can can use lists:append/1.
... port_command(Port, DeepList)...
... port_command(Port, lists:flatten(DeepList))...
A common way to send a zero-terminated string to a port is the following:
... TerminatedStr = String ++, % String="foo" => [$f, $o, $o, 0] port_command(Port, TerminatedStr)...
Instead do like this:
... TerminatedStr = [String, 0], % String="foo" => [[$f, $o, $o], 0] port_command(Port, TerminatedStr)...
> lists:append([,, ]). [1,2,3] >
> lists:flatten([,, ]). [1,2,3] >
In the performance myth chapter, the following myth was exposed: Tail-recursive functions are MUCH faster than recursive functions.
To summarize, in R12B there is usually not much difference between a body-recursive list function and tail-recursive function that reverses the list at the end. Therefore, concentrate on writing beautiful code and forget about the performance of your list functions. In the time-critical parts of your code (and only there), measure before rewriting your code.
Important note: This section talks about lists functions that construct lists. A tail-recursive function that does not construct a list runs in constant space, while the corresponding body-recursive function uses stack space proportional to the length of the list. For instance, a function that sums a list of integers, should not be written like this
recursive_sum([H|T]) -> H+recursive_sum(T); recursive_sum() -> 0.
but like this
sum(L) -> sum(L, 0). sum([H|T], Sum) -> sum(T, Sum + H); sum(, Sum) -> Sum.


Prototype built-in | SuperOffice Community
Prototype built-in
In this article
 Prepare the central database Prototype In order to use SuperOffice CRM 7 without being connected to the network, associates must first perform a local update to transfer information from the central database to a local database.
 The local update is based on an update prototype, which is a copy of the central database and contains the same information that the central database contained when the update prototype was generated. It is much quicker and more efficient to copy a single file than to copy data from a complex database (by a factor of 50 or more). With the prototype as an intermediary, the local update is performed more rapidly.
 To generate an update prototype from the Maintenance Client:
 1. Open the Replication screen in the Maintenance Client.
 2. Click the Generate prototype button on the right of the screen.
 Note: If you are using Area Management, there will be a dialog box allowing you to choose the area required.
 3. A dialog box opens, asking you to confirm that you want to start prototype generation. Choose OK.
 The generation is started. A message box displays the progress of the task.
 Note: The update prototype is saved centrally to the SO_ARC\TEMPLATE\TRAVEL folder, with the name TravelAREA0.DB if you are using a built-in database, or AREA0.DB if you are using a Sybase database, so that all Travel users use the same prototype. The MSDE database files is located in the ProtoServerPath folder. While a prototype is being generated, no-one will be able to activate the Travel function.
 4. Once the task has completed, the status message box closes and you are returned to the Replication screen. The prototype is now ready for use.
 At any stage after an update prototype has been generated, each individual user will be able to perform a local update to transfer information from the central database to his or her own local database.
 Note - You may use different kinds of travel databases on the different areas, but you need to use a supported travel database type.


text:
1991 Elephant Hawk-moth Deilephila elpenor
(Linnaeus, 1758)Wingspan 45-60 mm.
The English name of this moth is derived from the caterpillar's fanciful resemblance to an elephant's trunk.
The adults are attractively coloured pink and green affairs, with a streamlined appearance. They fly from May to July, visiting flowers such as honeysuckle (Lonicera) for nectar.
The larvae feed mainly on rosebay willowherb (Epilobium angustifolium), but also other plants as well, including bedstraw (Galium).
It is a common species in most of Britain, including Scotland, where it has increased its range in recent years.


_TAG_: The North is bleeding – Punch Newspapers
_TAG_: The North is bleeding
Sir Adam Smith, in his famous book, "An Inquiry into the nature and causes of wealth of a Nation", discussed a topic that dragged the attention of some prominent scholars. The topic is titled as "Water-Diamond paradox".
As we all know, without water, one cannot live, even if there is diamond; but today, diamond is more valuable than water, despite that it is unessential in human life. With that, Smith concluded that "Value in Use" and "Value in Exchange" were irrationally separated.
Adam Smith is a proponent of labour theory of value, a theory which states that, "the price of a good reflected the amount of labour and resources required to bring it to market." Therefore, diamond requires huge resource before bringing it to market, unlike water that requires less resource before reaching society.
Even though, human can live with or without diamond, they can't live without water.
Before the invention of paper money, diamond was the means of transaction in the good old days, because of its scarcity and value.
Security is defined as the state of being free from danger. This means that, there's security when one has no iota of fear of losing one's life, right and property in the society one lives.
Security provides peace of mind, job opportunities and encourages investors; therefore, every society that loses security, has lost those three things mentioned.
Achieving food security is one of the main objectives of the present Muhammadu Buhari and Northern Nigeria's main pride is farming. But today, many farmers in some vast sections of Northern Nigeria are afraid of visiting their farmlands, for the fear of losing their lives; then, how can food security be achieved?
Before the 2015 general election, the North-Eastern part of Nigeria wished for nothing more than peace; that was what gave Northerners the gut to come out enmass to vote out the then administration of President Goodluck Jonathan, with an almost certainty of hope that their security problems could be solved, and glory be to God, it was reduced to minimal level for some period of time. But as time went on, the security situation deteriorated to the extent that bandits are openly giving the inhabitants of some villages the option of paying taxes if they truly want to engage their farmlands, in their own "villages"! How can food security be achieved in such a situation?
Recently, in Zabarmari village in Borno State and over sixty people in other local government of the state were slaughtered like animals, for no other reasons but for not paying Boko Haram levies and living under the Nigerian government. Yet, the C-in-C only expressed "grief" over the unfortunate incident that claimed the lives of more than a hundred, despite the fact that the President comes from the same region with the victims. But during the l#EndSARS protests, he was quick to address the nation and expressed his sadness over a viral "audio massacre" that was said to have occurred during the protest! Does this mean that Northerners' lives are not too important to him or are second class citizens that don't deserve prompt action?
Throughout Buhari's presidential campaigns, from 2003-2015, security, corruption and economy were his major themes. But, agriculture is now decaying, by implication, due to lack of security that is majorly caused by the corruption he promised to fight!
There is no region that deserves such ungodly and weak treatment with its security. For the North that has the Chief of Army Staff, Chief of Air Staff, IGP, Minister of Defence, DG DSS and NIA, and above all, the President, this is unacceptable!
A region with such a galaxy of top security captains couldn't stop the bloodshedding in their own region; how do we expect them to protect the whole country from external attack?
In the heat of the COVID-19 pandemic, all efforts were put in place to contain it; may be, out of fear that the deadly virus is capable of reaching and killing all. But the activities of Boko Haram and the other terrorists have only direct effect on the lives of the masses, because they have no means to use aeroplane, in order to avoid being kidnapped, or have no abundant cash to use in purchasing foods that could stop them from farming.
How do we expect the North to develop economically, while investors in agro-allied have no certainty in returns of their investments due to the current deteriorating insecurity?
I wish Sir Adam Smith were alive today, I would've told him that in his discussion of the water-diamond paradox, in a peaceful society, diamond is more valuable than water, but to the likes of Zamfara, Birnin Gwari, Villages of Borno and other places ravaged by persistent insecurity in Northern Nigeria, water is more valuable than diamond.
Our simple demand to the President is not that usual presidential expression of shock from Aso Rock Villa after lives are lost, but an action to fulfil those 2003-2019 promises of securing our lives and property.
Muhammad Sagir
Bauchi, Bauchi State
[email protected]
Copyright PUNCH.
Contact: [email protected]


Artillery Row
Braving the woke mob is a prisoner's dilemma
Nicholas Shackel, a Professor of Philosophy at University of Cardiff, explains how to turn the prisoner's dilemma into the free speaker's game
In a discussion with Eric Weinstein, Douglas Murray said that if everyone stood up to the woke mob then its power would be broken. True, but there is a reason everyone doesn't: braving the woke mob is a prisoner's dilemma and consequently the rational choice is to keep quiet. This week, Eton beak Mr Knowland didn't realise that he was Head Master Mr Henderson's fellow prisoner.
A prisoner's dilemma is the name for a certain pattern that one may be confronted with in choosing under uncertainty where the outcome depends on both your choice and someone else's. Such patterns are called games in rational decision theory and this one gets its name from the choice that may face criminals.
The only solution to the prisoner's dilemma is to change the game by changing the outcomes
You and your fellow thief have been arrested and are questioned separately. You are both made the following offer: if you confess and your fellow doesn't, you will go free; if you don't but your fellow does, you'll go to prison for 16 years. If you both confess, you'll both get a reduced sentence of 8 years. If neither confesses then they will only be able to convict you on a lesser charge and you'll both go to jail for 4 years. You have no means of communication with your fellow thief. Plainly, you prefer freedom (A) to 4 years jail (B), which you prefer to 8 years jail (C), which in turn you prefer to 16 years jail (D). Moreover, in each case, since you prefer none to 4 and 4 to 8, you prefer none to 8, and so on, which means you satisfy the rational requirement of having transitive preferences.
We assume everyone involved is rational, so that they will choose to do what they prefer. So, what really matters here is the pattern of preference. Here is a table that shows the pattern, where the left-hand column lists your actions, be Silent or Confess, and the top row is your fellow's actions. In the body of the table the first outcome is yours and the second is your fellow's.
You can do nothing about what your fellow thief will do and you do not know what he will do. If he remains silent, since you prefer A to B, you prefer to confess. If he confesses, since you prefer C to D, you again prefer to confess. So, whatever he does, you prefer to confess. So you confess.
This reasoning is in accord a principle of rational decision called dominance. If there is a single choice which you prefer, whatever choice your partner makes, that choice is called the dominant choice and dominance says you should choose it.
The temptation at this point it to think about loyalty and threats. And that is quite correct, but the important thing to realise is that such moves are not, strictly speaking, solutions to prisoner's dilemma but ways of changing the game. For if loyalty and threats change your choice, they change outcomes by making confession worse than 16 years jail, for example, by calling confessors snitches and adding assassination to the outcome. This gives us an entirely different pattern and therefore an entirely different game:
Now, whatever your fellow thief does, you prefer to remain silent, so you remain silent.
There is a literature that attempts to prove it to be rational for both to remain silent but all such attempts amount to covert changes of the game. The criminals are right: the only solution to the prisoner's dilemma is to change the game by changing the outcomes, and so to prevent it being played against you by the police. That is why we strengthen the game by offering you witness protection: provided there is inadequate loyalty, it removes the threat and confines the outcomes to the question of freedom and jail alone. This is why it is important to ensure the outcomes are fully specified.
Strictly speaking, our analysis has confined itself to two people. From hereon, and without going into the additional complications needed for the strict treatment of many people, I shall be taking advantage of an ambiguity, that you may be individual or several and so may your partners. As will become evident, the pattern is sustained over pairs of peoples just as well as over pairs of people.
Now let us consider braving the woke mob. We all know the rules now: if you stand up, you'll be mobbed on Twitter, you will be vilified publicly, the lying slanders may be believed and your reputation destroyed, and you may lose your job. But exactly what the outcome will be also depends on how others act.
Democracy has freed us to take the transgressors to their inquisition in 280 characters
If you Stand on your own and those who are your partners chicken out, you will be the Heretic cast out. If you Chicken out while leaving, or even throwing, your Stand-up partner to the mob, you are safe or (thanking the mob, with perhaps some hesitations over their tone) Virtuous in your superior woke orthodoxy. If you and your partners all chicken out, checking your privilege and confessing to your sin, you are an orthodox Sinner who may hope for redemption. If you and your partners Stand together, you will be vilified as Blasphemers but may escape the penalties of heresy. So anyone standing up faces the unbeliever's dilemma:
Currently, our society has decided to reward people with this preference order: the Virtuous (A) are better than Sinners (B) are better than Blasphemers (C) are better than Heretics (D). On this ordering, the unbeliever's dilemma is the prisoner's dilemma. If the other stands, you prefer to chicken out and if they chicken out you prefer to chicken out, so whatever they do, you prefer to chicken out and chickening out is dominant.
This is the game Mr Knowland and Mr Henderson played: Mr Knowland Stood and Mr Henderson Chickened out and displayed his woke Virtue, and our society ruled the first the Heretic and the second the Virtuous. Of course, it is a little more complicated than that, but we know the list of recent players of this game. Whilst there are many who disagree with the naming and ordering of outcomes, it remains the case that the heretics were all successfully slandered, anathematised and lost jobs and the various authority figures they played the game with, being at best the useful idiots of the woke, Chickened out and displayed their woke virtue.
What needs to happen is for the game to be changed to the free speaker's game:
You may think it obvious what this game prescribes, but again, it all depends on the preference order. The religious have always, and, as we have just seen, continue to identify the truth seeker with the blasphemer and heretic and the dogmatist with the virtuous, which leaves us all chickening out with the dogmatists. The religious then add the extra burdens to the outcomes to get to the unbeliever's dilemma as a prisoner's dilemma.
We face the woke prisoner's dilemma and it remains rational to chicken out
The historical precedents do not give grounds for optimism about such a change: from Socrates' apology on, the record shows the religious imposing the prisoner's dilemma on the would-be free speaker. Nevertheless, were it to be widely recognised that this, rather than the woke prisoner's dilemma, is the true game to be played, Mr Henderson would have to resign. Unfortunately, so would the various authorities across the country, who have played this game for their own purposes. They are skilled at trimming and don't care to distinguish the falsehoods of the woke creed from the moral truths there are about freedom and equality. Whilst that remains the case, we face the woke prisoner's dilemma and it remains rational to chicken out.
Interestingly enough, the righteous also face a dilemma. Let us join them. All around us we see, or perhaps seek out, wilful transgression. Democracy has freed us to take the transgressors to their inquisition in 280 characters. You may Damn them or Bewail your injury. If you call down damnation but your partners bewail, you will have shown your partners to be Saintly Victims at the price of being a Bully. If you and they bewail, lacking the revelation of the transgressor's sin, you are merely Whiners. If, however, you and they call down damnation, you are the Virtuous joined in the righteous defence of the wronged. Thus we have the dilemma of the righteous:
Saints are better than the Virtuous, who are better than Whiners, who are better than Bullies. On this preference order, the dilemma of the righteous is, once more, a prisoner's dilemma. If your partner damns, you prefer to be a Saint than Righteous, so you bewail, and if your partner bewails, you prefer to be a Whiner than a Bully, so you bewail. So whatever your partner does you prefer to bewail, so you bewail. How is it, then, that the righteous ever turn damnation into a joint venture?
Of course, for any of the righteous who would rather bully than whine, and who are impatient of sainthood, they will prefer to damn whatever their partners do, so that might explain it. But unless there are enough of them, they are in danger of appearing as no more than a gang of extremist thugs. Few are willing to view or show themselves in that light and in general the righteous aspire at least to


text:
Promotion of liquid‐crystalline behavior in oligothiophenes was achieved by M. Melucci and co‐workers (see p. 10046 ff.) by applying a new design‐strategy based on the insertion of a rigid inner core, such as dithienothiophene, benzothiadiazole, or carbazole, and hexyl chains as ends. Oligomers of different size and shape were synthesized by a highly efficient microwave‐assisted protocol. Most of the newly synthesized materials showed ordered smectic mesophases and maintained the smectic order by slow cooling to room temperature. Semiconducting behavior in field‐effect transistors from cast and vacuum‐evaporated films was demonstrated.
17 Dec 2007
Volume: 13 Issue: 36 Pages: 10007-10007
Chemistry–A European Journal


text:
Planning Region 2
Early Development Network
Planning Region 2 is a group of parents, agency representatives, child-care providers, special education providers, and school district representatives who meet at least five times a year, working together to:
- Discuss issues, make recommendations and provide feedback to local agencies related to the provision of services and resources for infants and toddlers with disabilities and their families within the 4 counties and 16 school districts within Planning Region Team 2. (Formerly Region 225, Elkhorn is now its own team, Region 25.)
- Work with the Early Development Network Services Coordinators to identify gaps and duplications of resources or to develop/share resources.
- Identify regional training and technical assistance needs for parents, family members, child care providers, and special education service providers that help them identify infants and toddlers with disabilities and to help them meet their developmental needs.
- Work on Child Find and public awareness to identify infants and toddlers with disabilities.


text:
Recently an important line of research using laboratory experiments has provided a new potential reason for why we observe gender imbalances in labor markets: men are more competitively inclined than women. Whether, and to what extent, such preferences yield differences in naturally-occurring labor market outcomes remains an open issue. We address this question by exploring job-entry decisions in a natural field experiment where we randomized nearly 7,000 interested job-seekers into different compensation regimes. By varying the role that individual competition plays in setting the wage, we are able to explore whether competition, by itself, can cause differential job entry. The data highlight the power of the compensation regime in that women disproportionately shy away from competitive work settings. Yet, there are important factors that attenuate the gender differences, including whether the job is performed in teams, whether the job task is female-oriented, and the local labor market.
Source: "Do Competitive Work Places Deter Female Workers? A Large-Scale Natural Field Experiment on Gender Differences in Job-Entry Decisions" from NBER Working Paper No. 16546, Issued in November 2010


text:
Why is standardisation important?
- A lack of standardisation impedes the development of the market. Using multiple standards means devices cannot communicate. Standardisation is important for the industry to be truly efficient and integrated.
- However it is important that the standard is allowed to develop over time. Technology in this sector is moving on and any standard needs to be flexible enough to move with technological changes.
- This community is dedicated to promoting a progressive standard. As technology develops, the WAVE2M standard will be allowed to develop and improve.


Forage Friday/Weed Walking: Dandelion
weed (noun):
 - a plant that is not valued where it is growing and is usually of vigorous growth
 - a wild plant growing where it is not wanted and in competition with cultivated plants
"A weed is but an unloved flower."
― Ella Wheeler Wilcox
"When life is not coming up roses, look to the weeds and find the beauty hidden within them."
― L.F.Young
"Weeds are just someone else's flowers"
― Anthony T. Hincks
What is a weed? In my mind, it is simply something I didn't mean to be there. But is that necessarily a bad thing? Can beauty, joy, utility not be found in the plants we commonly refer to as weeds?
I want to explore this a bit with you all. Once I learned to look at these "weed" plants in a new light, they are a constant, unwavering, stubborn, incessant, seemingly indestructible source of joy! And who doesn't need a little extra joy in their life?
First on the list is a weed everyone loves! Children love to make wishes and blow the white puffball seeds, sending them off in the world with their hopes and dreams attached. Foragers and herbalists alike love the prolific nature and closeness of the plants that give all of themselves to our nourishment and care. Even the landscapers and homeowners love to hate these stubborn, almost impossible to eradicate "pests" in their perfect lawns. Can you guess what it is?
beautiful bloom blossom clouds
Photo by Skitterphoto on
Dandelion flowers are one of the first spots of color to arrive in the spring. And my, don't they come in with a bang! That bright, sunny yellow, contrasting with the deep greens under a blue spring sky. I can almost smell the fresh and new in this picture!
Dandelion loves people. Think about where it grows…near people. It's rare to see dandelion in the forest, or on untouched-by-humans land. It grows in our lawns, our flower beds, our fields, between the cracks of our sidewalks, along our roadsides. Everywhere humans are, dandelions are. My mother has dandelions in her pebble lawn in southern Arizona. I recently heard an interview in which someone had traveled to the rainforest to study plant life there. While amazed and bewildered by the plethora of plants, most of them completely unfamiliar, within the rainforest itself, they were equally surprised and delighted to find dandelion growing around the homes in the villages. Dandelions have been found on nearly every continent of the world! They thrive with us, and yet we are constantly trying to get rid of them.
The root of it
Dandelions have a long tap root. The older the plant, the wider it spreads and the deeper into the earth it grows. Anyone who has tried to eradicate a plant by digging up the roots knows they are very well rooted, the thin, growing ends break off pretty easily, and if you leave any part of it in the ground, you'll soon have another plant growing.
But that annoying tap root is what makes it so valuable to those who most want to get rid of it. Like any plant with a long tap root, it drills down into the earth, loosening even the hardest packed soil, encouraging good drainage in the area, and allowing other, weaker roots to get established in those areas. Additionally, the tap roots go deep, pulling vital nutrients that are buried deep up to the surface to rebuild the normally nutrient deficient soil in which dandelions make their homes. So you can dig and till and amend and seed and fertilize until your back goes out…or let nature do the work. After all, while you can guess all day what that spot needs, nature knows, and will fix it far better.
When I first ventured out to pick dandelion, I thought "I know what a dandelion is, this should be cake." But when I looked, I found so many plants that could be, but were all a little different, and I began to second guess myself. Even now, in early spring, I have to look twice to know for sure. Luckily, there are no poisonous look-alikes! Other similar plants may not taste as good, or be as palatable due to hairs on the leaves, or have the same medicinal actions, but they won't make you sick if you pick the wrong one by mistake.
For me, the easiest way to identify the plant is through the flowers. This is a dandelion flower:
Dandelion Flower
All dandelion flowers look like this. There is only one single flower on one, straight stem. The stem is hollow and contains a milky white sap.
This is a false dandelion:
False Dandelion
False dandelion has very similar flowers, like other look-alikes, although I'd say they are smaller, and not as "full." They grow on long, solid stems, which are more bendy, and most often will have several branches, all of which end in another flower.
The name dandelion comes from the French dent de lion, which literally means "lion's tooth." And the leaves are indeed "toothed." Dandelion also always grows in what's called a rosette. Simply, that all the leaves and flowers come from the same spot on the ground (where the tap root will be) and radiate outwards. Dandelion leave also grow along the ground, not upwards, like wild lettuce.
The dandelion plant (on the left) is in fact growing upwards along the brick wall behind it but would be along the ground if given the room to do so. The wild lettuce (on the right) stands upright without any support. While both plants' leaves are toothed, and both plants grow in a rosette, if you look closely at the wild lettuce, there are little spiky hairs that grow all along the central part of the leaves on the underside. Cat's-ear, another look-alike, is not so much toothy, but curved, and is covered in fuzz…like a cat's ear. Dandelion leaves don't have any spikes or hairs or fuzz.
I've found, the older the plant, the deeper the teeth. As a side note, I also find the older plants (deeper teeth) tend to be more bitter. I picked a few varying leaves from different plants around my yard to show the similarities, and differences you may encounter.
The leaves are (guesstimate) arranged from youngest to oldest. You can see how it may be confusing if you aren't entirely sure what you are looking at. I like the younger leaves (on the left) for eating mostly because they simply have more to them, but I tend towards the older plants (on the right) when I'm harvesting for medicine. I have no scientific support for my actions, but something about the longevity and age speaks to me for healing prowess.
One thing about all the leaves though is that they are all toothed to some extent. And the majority of the "toothing" points back towards the center of the rosette.
Of course, if still in doubt, you can wait for a bud to appear:
Dandelion Flower Bud
Food for thought
Every part of the dandelion is edible. Every. single. part.
Starting with the roots:
Dandelion roots can be harvested (I like to harvest after a rain while the ground is still soft), scrubbed well, and used in cooking, or to make dandelion "coffee." I'm not going to lie, individually scrubbing the dirt out of every crevice of the really thin roots is no quick thing, so I generally try to get the really big ones.
Once cleaned, I like to keep a few fresh ones, and chop up the rest to dry. The fresh go in soups or stews. There isn't much noticeable flavor once cooked, but I know it's giving that soup or stew an added nutritional bump, so why not.
I chop the drying roots up into smallish pieces, about 1/4 inch chunks, and put them in the dehydrator for a day or two (depending on when I remember to get them!). When they are completely dry, they are very hard, like little stones. I'll then jar up half to add to my medicinal supply, and roast the other half for "coffee" (recipe below).
Into the leaves:
I've mentioned before how easy it is to just snip off a few leaves and toss them in with your salads. In fact, I've been to a few restaurants that have dandelion leaves in their "spring mix" salads, and I've even seen the leaves for sale in the produce section of several grocery stores! I also add the leaves to my cooked greens and spring tonics. I also dry some leaves for teas, or to use in the mid-summer and winter months when the I don't have access to fresh young leaves.
Flower buds:
The flower buds are so very delightful to pop off their stems! There's something so satisfying about the little POP sound they make, you may find yourself picking way more than intended!
The buds can go in salads along with the leaves, although they do tend to be a bit more bitter. You can also toss them into soups and stews (seems to be a trend with everything I pick!) or lightly sauté them with some oil/butter, onion and garlic.


text:
Source Newsroom: American Society of Agronomy (ASA), Crop Science Society of America (CSSA), Soil Science Society of America (SSSA)
Newswise — Versatile and responsive to management, corn is grown throughout the world for everything from food to animal feed to fuel. A new use for corn could soon join that list, as researchers in China investigate the crop's ability to induce "suicidal germination" in a devastating parasitic weed.
Known commonly as sunflower broomrape, the weed causes extensive damage to vegetable and row crops in Asia, Africa, and southern Eastern Europe. Lacking chlorophyll, it is a parasite and completely dependent on a host plant for water and nutrients. An infestation of broomrape in sunflower fields can reduce yields by 50%. Sunflower is one of the main oil crops in China, and in one county, over 64% of a sunflower field covering more than 24,000 acres is currently infested.
Several strategies have been tested to stop the damage caused by broomrape, including chemical and cultural methods. Previous studies have shown the utility of using trap crops, which induce germination of the unwanted seed but do not allow for development and survival of the parasite thus causing "suicidal germination." However, no single method of controlling broomrape has yet been shown to be effective and feasible for small farms.
In a study published in the Jan.-Feb. issue of Crop Science, Yongqing Ma and a research team from Northwest A & F University in China attempted to control broomrape infestation by using corn as a trap crop. Corn was a favorable option since both sunflower and corn can be grown in the same areas of China. While corn cannot be parasitized by broomrape, the scientists found that a hybrid line of corn and its parental lines induced significant germination of broomrape seeds. They suggest that corn lines could be produced specifically to be used as a trap crop, thus controlling broomrape infestations and producing a forage crop for livestock feed.
To study the effect of several corn varieties on broomrape germination, the researchers tested both hybrid and inbred lines. They found that one hybrid and its parental lines consistently induced the highest germination rates. While none of the corn varieties tested was bred to be a trap crop for broomrape, by analyzing these successful lines, it may be possible to produce even more efficient varieties, the researchers say.
The research team sampled the corn in multiple ways looking at the effects of root extracts, shoot extracts, and soil samples from around the roots. Root extracts generally caused more germination than the shoot extracts. Researchers think that this is because the chemical most likely responsible for causing germination, strigolactone, is made in the roots of the corn plant.
Using the results of their study, the scientists believe that a breeding program could be developed to make corn varieties that are even better at inducing suicidal germination in broomrape. It would also be possible to determine how the chemical that induces germination is made by studying these corn varieties.
Finally, the authors note that the benefit of using corn as a trap crop extends beyond its effects on broomrape. If corn is successful, it can be harvested for livestock feed and other uses thus optimizing the effort and cost to plant it.
The full article is available for no charge for 30 days following the date of this summary. View the abstract at _URL_
Crop Science is the flagship journal of the Crop Science Society of America. Original research is peer-reviewed and published in this highly cited journal. It also contains invited review and interpretation articles and perspectives that offer insight and commentary on recent advances in crop science. For more information, visit _URL_
The Crop Science Society of America (CSSA), founded in 1955, is an international scientific society comprised of 6,000+ members with its headquarters in Madison, WI. Members advance the discipline of crop science by acquiring and disseminating information about crop breeding and genetics; crop physiology; crop ecology, management, and quality; seed physiology, production, and technology; turfgrass science; forage and grazinglands; genomics, molecular genetics, and biotechnology; and biomedical and enhanced plants.
CSSA fosters the transfer of knowledge through an array of programs and services, including publications, meetings, career services, and science policy initiatives. For more information, visit _URL_


text:
Windmill Hill Culture
Middle Neolithic culture defined in 1954 by Stuart Piggott as typical of communities occupying central southern England. Based on the cultural assemblage recovered from the type‐site of Windmill Hill, the culture was founded upon mixed farming, especially cattle husbandry and the cultivation of wheat and barley. In addition to causewayed enclosures the population built long barrows that also provided repositories for the dead. The pottery was well made and frequently decorated. Trading connections with other parts of the British Isles and near continent were well attested through evidence for exchanges of stone axes and pottery. Radiocarbon testing relating to Windmill Hill Culture sites date them to the period 3600–3000 bc, although the term Windmill Hill Culture itself is now almost obsolete.


text:
Using a Tiny Cutting Board
Why it's bad: You won't have room to maneuver a knife, which increases your risk of cutting yourself. You'll also make a mess and waste time corralling ingredients that fall off the board.
Do this instead: Think small knife, small board; big knife, big board. You can use a little board for a quick task, like cutting a lemon into wedges with a paring knife. But since most kitchen prep work requires a chef's knife, you probably need a board that is at least 12 by 15 inches. It should be large enough to hold ingredients at every stage of the process. For example, if you're chopping celery, you want room for both the stalks you start with and the pile of cut pieces you end up with. Before you begin, place a damp paper towel or dishcloth underneath the board to prevent it from slipping around on the counter.


Online Booking 24/7
Stop Suffering!
 - Quick n' Easy Online Appointment
 - Book Appointment 24/7
 - Call Office: _PHONE_.
 - Clinic Hours
 - Monday: 8:30 AM to 7:00 PM
 - Tuesday: 8:30 AM to 7:00 PM
 - Wednesday: 8:30 AM to 7:00 PM
 - Thursday: 8:30 AM to 7:00 PM
 - Friday: 8:30 AM to 7:00 PM
 - Saturday: 8:30 AM to 1:00 PM
Functional Medicine* & Wellness Programs
Functional Medicine®
Functional Medicine Explained
Categories: Chiropractic
How To Use Occlusion Training To Enhance Your Workouts
By Kyran Doyle In Training
Occlusion training or blood flow restriction training has been getting a lot of attention lately.
You might be wondering if it is something that you should implement into your workouts or if it is something to steer clear of.
As with just about every fitness strategy there are two sides to the argument.
Some people say that is brings no benefits and then there are others that claim that it can enhance muscle growth and aid your workouts.
In this article you will learn exactly what blood flow restriction (occlusion) training is, how effective it is, and how you can use it in your workouts.
Occlusion training involves restricting the flow of blood to a muscle group while training. That is why it is also commonly called "blood flow restriction training."
Basically you take a wrap or band and apply it to the top of your limb.
The aim of this isn't to completely cut off circulation to the area as that is dangerous and painful.
This means that you aren't restricting arterial flow to the area, but you are restricting the venous return from the muscles.
Arteries are what takes the blood from your heart to your muscles and it is then returned to your heart through a system of veins.
Restricting the blood flow back to your heart causes a pooling of the blood in the area that you are working.
This is what occlusion training uses to create an anabolic effect on your muscles.
The bloodstream is the network that connects the muscles in your body, providing oxygen and nutrients and carrying away waste products
Muscles require a steady flow of blood to operate.
That is why we aren't cutting off the flow to the muscle, we are only slowing the rate at which the blood releases from it.
When performing any kind of resistance training your body directs more blood to your muscles performing the exercise.
The reason you get a "pump" when working out is that the speed at which your body is pumping blood into your muscles is faster than the amount of blood going out of them.
Your pump reduces when you rest between your sets as more blood is released from your muscle groups.
Blood flow restriction training prolongs and intensifies your pump.
This is done by placing wraps in one of two places during your working sets.
1. Above Your Bicep
Image source:
You wrap above your bicep for movements that involve your bicep's, triceps, forearms, and even chest and back can benefit from this.
While wrapping in this position it makes sense that it would benefit your arms but how does it help your chest and back?
There is no possible way that you can restrict blood flow to your chest and back because of the positions they are located in.
However wrapping your arm allows you to pre-fatigue your arms and as a result chest and back exercises that you perform are going to require more involvement from those muscles rather than your biceps or triceps.
2. Upper Thigh
Image source:
Wrap your upper thigh for movements that involve your quads, hamstrings, glutes and calves.
Building Muscle With Occlusion Training
During training you have two types of muscle that are responsible for all muscle growth in the gym.
Fast twitch fibers and slow twitch fibers.
Slow twitch muscle fibers are smaller muscle fibers and generate less power and strength than fast twitch fibers. However slow twitch fibers fatigue slower and can sustain activity for longer.
Fast twitch fibers are larger muscle fibers, generate more power and strength and have the most potential for growth.
Fast twitch fibers are recruited last during contractions and mostly don't use oxygen. Slow twitch fibers on the other hand use oxygen and are recruited first in the movement.
This means that by restricting the blood flow to a muscle group you are pre-fatiguing the slow twitch fibers and forcing the fast twitch fibers to take control even when you're using low weights.
Occlusion training seems to trick your body into thinking you are lifting heavy weights. This means you can get very similar benefits of heavy training by using 20-30% of your 1 rep max.
There are two main factors that lead to muscle growth during training. These are:
 - Metabolic Stress
 - Cellular Swelling
Metabolic Stress
When you're working out your body is burning energy. As your body chews through its fuel stores, metabolic by-product accumulates in your muscles.
Metabolic by-products act as an anabolic signal, telling your body to increase size and strength.
Under normal training most of these by-products would be washed out by blood flow.
Occlusion training keeps them near the muscle helping to increase the anabolic effect that the by-products have on the muscles.
Cellular Swelling
During resistance training your cells expand and fill with fluid and nutrients. This is known as cellular swelling and has also been shown to be an anabolic signal for muscle growth.
Using blood flow resistance training increases the amount of time that your muscle sells stay swollen.
Benefits Of Occlusion Training
Occlusion training isn't a better option than heavy training, but that said it is a nice supplement.
Regularly pushing your muscles to the point of failure or at least close to it (1-2 reps) is an important factor of increasing your strength and muscle mass.
Occlusion training allows you to replicate this without putting anywhere near as much strain on your joints, ligaments and tendons as you would to get the same result from lifting heavy.
This means that you can do more volume without the risk of overtraining.
Here are a couple of scenarios where this could be really beneficial for you:
 - If you suffer from joint issues
 - If you're travelling and only have access to hotel weights
 - If you're injured or have nagging aches and pains.
 - If you are deloading.
In short your body might not always feel up to another heavy training day. Occlusion training can be a great way to get a good workout in and help you maintain muscle mass.
How To Do Blood Flow Restriction Training
As I mentioned earlier you only ever wrap yourself at the top of your biceps and the top of your thighs.
Elastic knee wraps, medical tourniquets and exercise band are good options to use for your wraps.
Here's two videos explaining how to wrap your arms and legs
Blood flow restriction training works best when with isolation exercises. If you are going to do compound movements do them at the start of your workout and save the blood flow restricted exercises for the end.
Layne Norton recommends performing lifts at 20%-30% of your 1rm for 20-30 reps of the first set and then the next three sets at 10-15 reps. Have a 30 second rest between sets before going again.
You want to keep the cuffs on your limbs for the entire 4 sets and then release them at the end.
If you're in pain before the exercise starts that's a good sign that your wraps are too tight.
Also if you can't complete the prescribed sets either the wraps are too tight or the weight is too heavy.
Blood flow restriction training has been getting a lot of hype lately.
While it isn't better than regular strength training, it is a good supplement for it and can be beneficial when used in conjunction with your regular training.
This is more of an advanced training technique so if you are just starting out lifting it probably won't give you any more benefits than your normal heavy training.
If you're an advanced lifter, are injured, or don't have access to heavier weights than this training technique could benefit you.
Dr. Alex Jimenez
Published by
Recent Posts
Whiplash, Herniated Neck, Radiculopathy, and Chiropractic Relief
January 22, 2021
Migraines: A Functional Perspective
What Is A Migraine? When a migraine hits, it can take you out anywhere from… Read More
January 22, 2021
Natural Antioxidants
The utilization of natural antioxidants to reduce oxidative stress is a promising therapeutic approach to… Read More
January 21, 2021
Fatigue And Fibromyalgia Chiropractic Therapeutics
January 21, 2021
Spinal Disc Herniation Chiropractic Reset
January 20, 2021
Detox and Dandelion's Bioactive Compounds
January 20, 2021
Online History & Registration 🔘
Call us Today 🔘


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I remember hearing somewhere that strongly irreducible Heegaard surfaces in hyperbolic 3-manifolds "look like" fibers.
I know that Otal's result about short geodesics in hyperbolic mapping tori being unlinked with respect to fibers has an analogue in the setting of strongly irreducible Heegaard surfaces.
Can someone tell me some other similarities between strongly irreducible Heegaard surfaces and fibers in hyperbolic 3-manifolds? Or why someone would say that strongly irreducible Heegaard surfaces look like fibers? Any references would be greatly appreciated.
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 4 down vote accepted
Something more basic is true. Strongly irreducible Heegaard splittings act a lot like incompressible surfaces (of which fibers are a special case). Here are two results as evidence.
First, suppose that the three-manifold is equipped with a triangulation. Then Haken showed that incompressible surfaces can be normalized. That is, isotoped to intersect every tetrahedron in a collection of standard disks; normal triangles and normal quads. Rubinstein (and Stocking) showed that strongly irreducible splittings can be "almost normalized"; in every tetrahedron it has normal disks and in at most one tetrahedron there is an almost normal annulus or octagon. Michelle Stocking's thesis is a standard reference for this material. Many people (Rubinstein, Hass, Bachman, Scott,...) will say in public that the above is a PL version of an analytic truth: incompressible surfaces can be isotoped to be minimal surfaces of index zero while strongly irreducible surfaces can be made minimal of index one.
Second, suppose that $S, T$ are surfaces, with $T$ incompressible. If $S$ is also incompressible then it is an exercise in innermost disks to show that, after isotoping $S$ to meet $T$ minimally, all curves of intersection are essential on both surfaces. If $S$ is instead strongly irreducible then a one-parameter sweep-out argument, followed by an innermost disk argument shows that there is some position of $S$ where all curves of intersection are essential on both surfaces.
Ok, third (I couldn't resist), suppose that the ambient three-manifold is hyperbolic. Minsky's approach to the ending lamination conjecture says that the geometry "around" the incompressible surface or a strongly irreducible splitting can be modelled using "blocks" based on the four-holed sphere or once-holed torus, where the blocks are glued to each other vertically using pairs of pants and horizontally using solid tori (Margulis tubes).
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


Industry, 1955, 118);
Schrader, now at Farbenfabriken Bayer AG, prepared S-2-(diethylamino)ethyl-O-isopropyl methylphosphonothioate;
Tammelin at the Swedish government's chemical warfare defense laboratory prepared S-2-(diethylamino)ethyl-O-ethyl methylphosphonothiolate and S-2-(dimethylamino)ethyl-O-isopropyl methylphosphonothiolate; and
Ghosh at ICI prepared S-2-(diethylamino)ethyl-O-ethyl ethylphosphonothiolate.
A Soviet team form the I. M. Sechenov Institute in Leningrad had already predicted the anticholinesterase activity of S-2-dialkylaminoethyl phosphonoand phosphorothiolates. The British CW laboratory at Porton began investigating this class of compounds, and notified the US CW laboratory at Edgewood, which began a systematic investigation of the entire class. In 1958, the US selected VX *../agents/vx.html* (S-2-bis(1-methylethyl)aminoethyl-O-ethyl methylphosphonothiolate) for manufacture. Construction of the production plant began in 1959; production ran from 1961 through 1968.
An interesting (and perhaps apocryphal) footnote concerns the chemical structure of VX *../agents/vx.html*, which the US government classified as secret until the early 1970s. The Soviets had learned of the toxicity of the class of compounds. They had either learned the molecular formula (C11H26NO2PS) or they had obtained a garbled version of the structure; as a result, the Soviet V-gas *../agents/vx.html* has the structure S-2-(diethylamino)ethyl-O-ethyl isobutylphosphonothiolate, a slightly different compound from VX with the same formula. It is also interesting to note that the SIPRI report, published in 1971, (reference *nerve_history.html*) states that the formula for VX is secret, but a table in the report with a speculative structure correctly identifies VX.
*big_german.jpg*Select this link *big_german.jpg* in order to see a full sized map of Germany and Poland with details showing the locations where nerve gas research, testing, and production took place under the Nazis.
The historical information on this page comes almost entirely from the two references listed below.
Paxman, J.; Harris, R., A Higher Form of Killing : The Secret Story of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Hill and Wang, New York:1982, pp. 53-67, 138-139
These two references both use a series of reports prepared by the British Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee, which debriefed Schrader and his colleagues following the war, as the source for the information concerning Germany's nerve agent program. A partial list of these references (thus far unavailable to the author) includes:
British Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee, Interrogation of German CW Personnel at Heidelburg and Frankfurt, Report No. 41.*/
British Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee, Interrogation of Certain German Personalities Connected With Chemical Warfare, Report No. 542.
British Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee, The Development of New Insecticides and Chemical Warfare Agents, Report No. 714 (authored by Gerhard Schrader).*/
British Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee, Interrogation of Prof. Ferdinand Flury and Dr. Wolfgang Wirth on the Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents, Report No. 782.*/
Combined Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee, Chemical Warfare, IG Farbenindustrie AG Frankfurt/Main, Report No. 30.
Combined Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee, Chemical Warfare Installations in the Mnster Lager Area, Report No. 31.
The Chemical Weapons Convention ** (CWC, formally the 1993 Paris Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction) was opened for signature in Paris, France on 13 January 1993. The CWC was negotiated over the course of twenty years at the Conference of Disarmament in Geneva, Switzerland. The CWC entered into force on 29 April 1997, 180 days after the 65th member state ratified the convention.
"Any chemical reactant which takes part at any stage in the production by whatever method of a toxic chemical. This includes any key component of a binary or multicomponent chemical system. (For the purpose of implementing this Convention, precursors which have been identified for the application of verification measures are listed in Schedules contained in the Annex on Chemicals.)"
The following criteria were used to determine whether a toxic chemical or precursor should be listed in Schedule 1:
It has been developed, produced, stockpiled or used as a chemical weapon as defined in Article II of the CWC;
It poses otherwise a high risk to the object and purpose of the CWC by virtue of its high potential for use in activities prohibited under the CWC because one or more of the following conditions are met:
It possesses a chemical structure closely related to that of other toxic chemicals listed in Schedule 1, and has, or can be expected to have, comparable properties;
It possesses such lethal or incapacitating toxicity as well as other properties that would enable it to be used as a chemical weapon;
It may be used as a precursor in the final single technological stage of production of a toxic chemical listed in Schedule 1, regardless of whether this stage takes place in facilities, in binary munitions, or elsewhere;
It has little or no use for purposes not prohibited under the CWC.
A.Toxic chemicalsCAS registry number
(1)O-Alkyl (*C10, incl. cycloalkyl) alkyl (Me, Et, n-Pr or i-Pr)-phosphonofluoridates
e.g. Sarin: O-Isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate 107-44-8
Soman: O-Pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate 96-64-0
(2)O-Alkyl (*C10, incl. cycloalkyl) N,N-dialkyl (Me, Et, n-Pr or i-Pr) phosphoramidocyanidates
e.g. Tabun: O-Ethyl N,N-dimethyl phosphoramidocyanidate 77-81-6
(3)O-Alkyl (H or *C10, incl. cycloalkyl) S-2-dialkyl(Me, Et, n-Pr or i-Pr)-aminoethyl alkyl(Me, Et, n-Pr or i-Pr) phosphonothiolates and corresponding alkylated or protonated salts
e.g. VX: O-Ethyl S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methyl phosphonothiolate 50782-69-9
2-Chloroethylchloromethylsulfide 2625-76-5
Mustard gas: Bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide 505-60-2
Bis(2-chloroethylthio)methane 63869-13-6
Sesquimustard: 1,2-Bis(2-chloroethylthio)ethane 3563-36-8
1,3-Bis(2-chloroethylthio)-n-propane 63905-10-2
1,4-Bis(2-chloroethylthio)-n-butane 142868-93-7
1,5-Bis(2-chloroethylthio)-n-pentane 142868-94-8
Bis(2-chloroethylthiomethyl)ether 63918-90-1
O-Mustard: Bis(2-chloroethylthioethyl)ether 63918-89-8
Lewisite 1: 2-Chlorovinyldichloroarsine 541-25-3
Lewisite 2: Bis(2-chlorovinyl)chloroarsine 40334-69-8
Lewisite 3: Tris(2-chlorovinyl)arsine 40334-70-1
HN1: Bis(2-chloroethyl)ethylamine 538-07-8
HN2: Bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine 51-75-2
HN3: Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine 555-77-1
(9)Alkyl (Me, Et, n-Pr or i-Pr) phosphonyldifluorides
e.g. DF: Methylphosphonyldifluoride 676-99-3
(10)O-Alkyl (H or *C10, incl. cycloalkyl) O-2-dialkyl(Me, Et, n-Pr or i-Pr)-aminoethyl alkyl(Me, Et, n-Pr or i-Pr) phosphonites and corresponding alkylated or protonated salts
e.g. QL: O-Ethyl O-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonite 57856-11-8
(11)Chlorosarin: O-Isopropyl methylphosphonochlor