text:
BUILDING 2G SPORT SURFACE – FROM START TO FINISH
Project Name: Ruthin Leisure Centre
Project Address: Denbighshire, North Wales
Size of Project: 6300 m² sand filled all weather pitch
Works Carried Out: Replacement of the existing poor quality field into a brand new and improved all-weather hockey pitch. The current ground suffered heavily with standing water issues. The construction of this new sports pitch included groundworks, soil stabilisation, sports pitch drainage, engineered macadam subbase, sports rebound fencing, 300 lux sports floodlighting and sand filled multi-use carpet.
"We are very pleased with the outcome. Our surface was awful and unusable before these works and now it has been transformed and the students are making the most of this new facility."
The pitch was very muddy and uneven which made the playing and performance characteristics poor, as well as potentially unsafe for players. Therefore, they decided to construct a new all-weather sports pitch facility for use all year round.
EXCAVATION FOR NEW ARTIFICIAL PITCH:
The excavation process involved removing the existing layer of topsoil in preparation for the new surfacing and pitches to be constructed. The pictures below show the initial ground works for the new multi-use sports court after the original topsoil was removed.
SOIL STABILISATION GROUNDWORKS:
The process of soil stabilisation was carried out to ensure that the pitch had a good quality subbase to install our surfacing on, as the initial ground conditions didn't meet the CBR levels we required to build our synthetic turf pitch onto.
SPORTS PITCH DRAINAGE INSTALLATION:
A sports pitch drainage system was installed to prevent the build-up of water on the surface of the pitch, this could have had a negative effect on the playing characteristics, or have led to the pitch being unusable. This ensures that the surface is an all-weather pitch which is suitable for a variety of conditions.
POROUS STONE SUB BASE SPECIFICATION:
The installation of porous stone works as part of the sports pitch drainage system as it contains lots of air pockets to allow water to pass through it quickly and prevent flooding on the surface of the 2G pitch. This allows the drainage system to combat all weather pitch flooding by disposing of the excess water.
SPORTS FLOODLIGHT COLUMNS:
The installation of sports floodlighting around the pitch allows continued use in low light conditions. This means that the leisure centre can increase its revenue as a result of extending the opening hours.
REBOUND TWIN BAR FENCING:
Sports pitch rebound fencing was put up around the 2G surface to prevent the risk of balls getting lost or causing an inconvenience for other people outside of the playing area. This also reduces maintenance costs by stopping sports surface contamination from external factors.
MACADAM SPORTS SURFACES:
The construction of the Macadam subbase surfacing over the groundworks of the pitch ensures an even playing field and gives a bound subbase specification to work from as a firm platform whenever you might need to have the pitch resurfaced in future.
QUALITY CONTROL TOLERANCE TESTS:
Surfacing tests were carried out to assess the quality and performance characteristics of the pitch, this was to ensure that the safety of the players was not compromised at any time. This surface testing also checks to make sure that the pitch meets all the relevant accreditations of the sport's governing bodies.
INSITU RUBBER SHOCK PAD:
The installation of shock pads between the subbase and the playing surface, which act as an underlay for the artificial grass, ensures that the surface meets the recommended safety requirements and provides a comfortable playing experience for the users.
COMPLETED SYNTHETIC SURFACING:
The final result is a 2G all-weather artificial grass sports pitch which meets all the required performance and safety criteria and provides a much better playing experience for the users when it comes to playing both hockey and other sports like football. With the added floodlighting the Leisure Centre can now increase usage hours.


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Lake Vermilion derived its name from the translation of "Onamuni", the Ojibway name, meaning the "Lake of the Sunset Glows", which the French translated to "Vermilion" a Latin word for a color ranging from yellow to red. Fortunately for us, the sunsets are still beautiful.
Well known for great fishing and panoramic views, Vermilion is a lake also rich in history. In fact Lake Vermilion has had more to do with the development of our north woods area than any other factor.
In the mid-1600s, even before the original colonies were fully settled, French explorers and fur traders became the first Europeans to view the shores of Vermilion. They quickly built a friendly and lucrative trading relationship with the Sioux Indians and several decades later, with the Chippewa who still reside in the area today. This fur trade flourished and led to the French establishing the first port on Lake Vermilion in 1670.
Vermilion was an important link in the chain of rivers and lakes that connected Lake Superior to Rainy Lake, Lake of the Woods and Hudson Bay. So important was the Duluth-Rainy Lake travel route, it was used as the definition of the international border under the Treaty of Paris in 1763 in which France ceded Canada to Great Britain. The northeast shore of Vermilion, and the area that is now Tower, were considered part of Canada, while the southwest shore, and what is now the Cook area, were considered part of the American territory. With this, the British made economic claim to all of Lake Vermilion and built their own trading posts on the lake. All furs from the region were sent north to the Hudson Bay Company in Canada. In 1842, American officials convinced Great Britain that the Grand Portage travel route located to the north was the proper border described by the Treaty of Paris and thus both Lake Vermilion and the Arrowhead region were brought into the United States.
In 1865, deposits of gold along Vermilion were reported by a geological survey team and a gold rush was on. An expedition was sent to cut and clear a crude road from Duluth to the gold fields along a centuries-old travel route used by the Native Americans. The road they built became known as the Vermilion Trail and is roughly followed by County Road 4 and State Hwy. 135. Mining began in 1866, but after several years of effort, no appreciable amount of gold was found. What was found however, were rich veins of iron ore and by 1882, the town site of Tower was laid out in anticipation of the iron mining industry.
Lumber camps, homesteads and businesses developed quickly across the lake. To maintain water levels, Tower logging interests erected a dam in 1890 at the head of the Vermilion River. The site was also the location of a lumber camp and sawmill. In 1907, the camp was converted to a moose hunting camp named Hunters Lodge, making it one of the first resorts on the lake. The lodge site is still used today as a resort and is now called Vermilion Dam Lodge. Other early destinations included Fabian's Resort on Birch Point, Peterson's Landing on Wak-em-up Bay, Goodwill's Landing on Frazer Bay and Fernlund's Landing which is now the site of the Landing Supper Club.
Maintaining the growth of the mining industry demanded food and lumber. The lumber producing town of Ashawa began to develop near the west end of Vermilion in 1902. The town was renamed Cook (after a local lumberman) because Ashawa was similar to the name of another town in Minnesota. Today, Cook remains closely tied to the same forest products industry that helped shape the town one hundred years ago.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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A 2007 paper by Roth looked at the role of moral repugnance in constraining otherwise economically efficient markets.
Like dwarf tossing:
Dwarf tossing is an activity in which a large person throws a small person. The venue often is one in which alcohol is served. It is often a source of livelihood for the small person, with the large person paying for the privilege. While dwarf-tossing is legal in many places, it is sometimes banned by law. These bans suggest a concern quite different from occupational health and safety regulations that might attempt to regulate how to conduct such an event (for instance, by requiring the wearing of helmets and kneepads). For example, the summary of the Ontario Dwarf Tossing Ban Act of 2003 states: "The Bill bans dwarf tossing in Ontario and makes it an offence to engage in dwarf tossing."
The matter came before the United Nations Human Rights Committee after the French Ministry of the Interior in 1991 issued a statement saying that "dwarf tossing should be banned on the basis of, among other things, article 3 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms." After bans were subsequently enforced in some municipalities, a French dwarf, who had been employed by a company called Socie'te' FunProductions, successfully sued in French courts to have the bans overturned. However, the bans were upheld on appeal in 1995 by the French Council of State on the grounds that "dwarf tossing... affronted human dignity." The dwarf then brought his complaint to the United Nations, asserting that he was the victim of a discriminatory violation by France of his right to employment. A report from the Ofﬁce of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (2002) further notes that he stated "that there is no work for dwarves in France and that his job does not constitute an affront to human dignity since dignity consists in having a job." However the UN committee found in favor of France: "The Committee considers that [France] has demonstrated... that the ban on dwarf tossing... did not constitute an abusive measure but was necessary in order to protect public order, which brings into play considerations of human dignity that are compatible with the objectives of the Covenant." Thus the UN committee, like the French Council of State, essentially concluded that dwarf tossing was so repugnant that it imposed a negative externality by diminishing human dignity, a public good
Dwarf-tossing is banned because of its repugnance. Likewise other markets, like a kidney donation market, may be constrainted by repugnance.
Game theorists like Roth have to consider things like repugnance. These insights helped him to create systems for matching kidney donors, as well as matching students to public high schools in New York and Boston.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Naturopathic Doctor Asks, 'Is There Comfort Found in Sickness?'
Before you respond (or react) to this question, this focuses on a specific scenario in which we will analyze together.
Let me paint a picture for you:
You are a pastor. You routinely pray for people each Sunday during a time of ministry. You know that it's important, and you certainly believe in the power of prayer.
You noticed that one particular parishioner, let's call her Bernice, routinely asks you for prayer for persistent numbness in her feet and mysterious nonhealing wounds on her lower legs. She tells you the numbness is beginning to affect her balance and she is very concerned about the open wounds increasing tendencies for infection.
You pray over her, agreeing for healing, week after week. However, Bernice continues to return with the same prayer request and no change in symptoms. Upon further discussion, you eventually find out that Bernice has a group of symptoms that are called type 2 diabetes. You also find out that she is routinely seeking doctor's care, and they tell her repeatedly to avoid sugars, processed foods, grains and other refined foods that are driving the current existing condition.
When considering this scenario, here's some questions: What is your specific prayer about now? Did it change? What is your agreement? What is healing? Is healing for the numbness to go away? The wounds to heal? Or is your prayer that Bernice will be healed of type 2 diabetes?
We bring up these questions since we have previously educated our readers on self-driven disease processes. To that end, it is clear that choices have contributed and are contributing to Bernice's current condition.
Based upon that, our prayer should center on a change in mindset, therefore, a change in choices.
It is very important to understand that changing mindset and certain behaviors are extremely difficult when we're talking about lifestyle. Could Bernice lose something by getting well? Perhaps she could lose your comfort, attention and prayers as her pastor? Would this make her happy or give her a letdown?
The purpose of this is to get one thinking about the possibility that there exists a deception wrapped around finding comfort in the midst of a continued disease process. Remember, Satan, our enemy, is the master of telling us that diseases are only supposed to be managed. Jesus, however, exhibited complete healing and total remediation of disease processes.
The encouragement is this—discern how to pray, be bold with instruction and encouragement and understand that people need to be loved and experience true healing.
Mark Sherwood, naturopathic doctor, is on a mission to help you achieve wellness in every area of your life. Dr. Sherwood and his wife, Michele L. Neil-Sherwood, D.O., have a successful medical practice, the Functional Medical Institute; have a television and radio program; and provide resources, including their Amazon bestseller, The Quest for Wellness; nutrition plans; fitness instructional videos and helpful mental and emotional steps to provide relief from stress and to help people form better habits so they can live well.
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text:
This MR adds:
- The symmetric and reflexive/transitive/symmetric closure of a relation
- Different notions of confluence: diamond property, confluence, local confluence (following the naming conventions in _URL_
- Standard properties such as diamond ⊢ confluence ⊢ local confluence, the Church-Rosser property, Newman's lemma
As part of this MR, I removed the hint database
ars. The name made no sense and it was not used anywhere to my knowledge. If it was used anywhere, it would be very unreliable as it contained hints like
rtc_trans that would generally lead to loops.


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The Director of Undergraduate Studies can set up an independent study course after a proposal has been received that follows the guidelines below. The deadline for your proposal is the end of the first week of classes however an earlier submission is better in case you you are required to revise your proposal. The DUS can be reached at _EMAIL_.
- If approved, mathematics department staff will e-mail you a section number and a permission number that will enable you to sign up for the course on DukeHub.
- If your proposal needs further work before it can be accepted, you will be informed by e-mail.
Research Independent Study can be used as the basis for Graduation with Distinction.
1. The first step is to download the Request for Independent Study/Independent Study Permission Form. Please complete this form noting the following modifications which are specific to the math department:
- The Description of Proposed Study (Item 1 on the bottom of the permission form) should be typed out on a separate sheet (or sheets) of paper according to the guide below.
- The Nature of Final Product statement (Item 2) and the Grade to be based on statement (Item 4), should include a verbatim copy of the corresponding portions of this webpage below.
2. Work together with your mentor to write the proposal. The length of your Description of Proposed Study will depend on the particulars, but should be ideally between 1-3 pages.
3. In preparing your independent study proposal a good model to follow is a complete course syllabus. While your study proposal doesn't need to be as full as an actual syllabus, it should be more substantial than a bulletin-style course description.
4. Be sure to communicate clearly. You want your proposal to be well organized and carefully written so that your reader will be able to understand what you are writing. While your intended reader will be a mathematician with at least a basic working knowledge of mathematical concepts, they may not be as familiar with specialized terms in a given subfield. These specialized terms – or terms from science, economics, and engineering that may not be familiar to a broad range of well-educated lay people – should be defined in your proposal.
5. Turn in your typewritten sheet (or sheets) together with the completed independent study permission form (signed by you, the supervising faculty member, and the instructor if different) to the Director of Undergraduate Studies for Mathematics. This should be done as early as possible during the first week of classes. It is acceptable to submit your forms as an e-mail attachment to _EMAIL_ (however scanned documents must be "clean" — the background cannot be gray). If the application is not acceptable you will be notified of the problems and you may revise and re-submit. If it is acceptable you will be notified in the second week of classes and given a course/section number and a permission number in order to register.
6. At the end of the semester, on or before the last day of final exams, you mustl e-mail an electronic copy of your final paper to the Director of Undergraduate Studies of mathematics at _EMAIL_.
1. Clearly state the problem you will be working on in as precise a manner as possible.
- The statement should be understandable to a mathematician whose specialty is far removed from the field in which you propose to work.
- It may be necessary to include background information to provide context before coming to the statement of the actual problem.
- In case the source of the problem is outside mathematics, it may be necessary to first discuss the scientific, engineering, or economic context and then explain how mathematics enters in before describing the specific problem itself.
2. What previous work has been done related to the problem?
- Did you work on this problem, or a related problem, during the summer or during a previous research independent study course? If yes, it is important to communicate any previous work that you completed. Please summarize what you did and include an electronic copy of your final paper from a previous semester.
- If others have worked on this problem, you need only summarize what is necessary to set the context for how you propose to approach the subject.
3. Describe how you propose to make progress towards solving the problem.
- What methods will you try?
- Will there be techniques that you need to learn? If so, from what sources will you learn them? List chapters in books or articles in journals.
- What courses have you taken previously which will provide you with some of the background necessary to approach your problem?
4. Proofread carefully what you have typed to be sure that the issues above have been addressed.
The final product for your research independent study will be a formal paper (as opposed to an informal report) that meets the criteria listed below.
1. The paper describes important aspects of the work done during the course.
2. The paper is thoughtful, well organized, and well written. It should be carefully proofread.
3. The paper communicates well to as broad an audience as would reasonably be assumed to have interest in your research topic.
4. The first part of the paper (two pages minimum) describes the broader context in which the project took place. This section should be written in a way that is understandable to an individual who has no specialized knowledge beyond the standard course content regularly offered by the Duke math department.
- Specialized technical terms should be defined or avoided.
- If your project involved a particular problem in a field of pure mathematics, it should be related to broader questions within that field.
- If your project involved an application of mathematics, appropriate background material should be explained to motivate the problem and set it in a suitable context.
- If non-standard mathematical techniques are used, they should be compared to standard techniques.
The final paper may, at the discretion of the instructor, include relevant excerpts from any paper or report that you had written for a previous related independent study course or in connection with a previous related research project. However, such excerpts may only constitute a small portion of your final paper.
Work on the final paper, especially on that part that explains the broader context of the research, may be begun early in the semester.
Student will e-mail an electronic copy of their final paper to the Director of Undergraduate Studies of mathematics on or before the last day of final exams.
The final paper will contribute substantially to the course grade – that is to say, a student will not receive an "A" grade if their final paper clearly fails to meet the criteria listed above under "Nature of Final Product".


The masks are coming off in stores around the country.
Following last week's revised guidance from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, more and more grocery and retail chains are allowing customers to ditch their face coverings while inside, as long as local law allows it. In many but not all cases, they are offering their employees the same option.
The change from federal health officials has led to a patchwork of different rules from one company to the next, and even at different locations of the same chain. That's because retailers still must abide by local regulations, and some cities and states are keeping their mask mandates in place for the time being.
The CDC's new guidance says that fully vaccinated people can go without face coverings in most situations, including inside, while those who are still not vaccinated should continue masking up.
Grocery giant Kroger on Wednesday added itself to the list of retailers that have adopted looser rules, allowing vaccinated shoppers and most employees to stop wearing masks if they choose to. The switch was notable because Kroger is the largest grocery conglomerate in the U.S. ― it includes chains such as Fred Meyer, Harris Teeter and Ralphs ― and many of its workers belong to a union that has criticized the relaxed guidelines.
Kroger said it was updating its policy "based on the CDC's science-based guidance and the input of our associates." The company said employees in its pharmacies and clinics would have to keep wearing masks regardless of their vaccination status.
The following major retailers have all dropped their mask requirements for vaccinated customers as of May 21, though in some cases workers must continue wearing them:
Retailers have spent the last year trying to navigate evolving guidance from federal and local health officials while getting roped into politicized fights over mask usage. If a company wanted to maintain a strict nationwide mask mandate moving forward, it would risk backlash from angry shoppers pointing to the CDC's new, more lenient guidance.
Worker advocates have said the new rules put store employees in an awkward and unsafe position, since they have no way of knowing which customers are vaccinated and which are not. So far, around two out of five U.S. adults are fully vaccinated.
Many major grocery chains have dropped their mask requirements for vaccinated shoppers and employees.
The National Employment Law Project, a worker advocacy group, said workplaces where employees are in close contact should still require masks and social distancing, despite the new CDC guidance. The group said the new recommendations from federal officials have "created confusion in the workplace, leaving the nation's most vulnerable workers, such as those in meatpacking, poultry, and retail, unprotected."
During the pandemic, many retail workers have had to deal with hostile shoppers who ignored requirements on face coverings and social distancing. The United Food and Commercial Workers union said many of those same customers will surely go without masks before they are vaccinated. On Thursday, the union asked retailers to "assure customers that the vast majority of people in their stores will still be masked."
"Keeping retail mask rules in place for most people will help us protect each other and our families," Marc Perrone, the union's president, said in a statement.
CDC Director Dr. Rochelle Walensky defended the agency's new guidance while testifying before lawmakers on Capitol Hill this week.
"The country is not uniform," Walensky said Wednesday. "You really do need to interpret our guidance in the context of what is happening in your community."
Many workplaces are not ready to get rid of their mask requirements for vaccinated employees. In consultation with the United Auto Workers union, the Big Three automakers of Ford, General Motors and Stellantis have decided to keep their mask mandates in place at their factories until the Occupational Safety and Health Administration addresses the CDC's new guidance. Industrial workplaces do not have to contend with the same customer dynamic that retailers do.
"We know that masks can be uncomfortable, but we ask that everyone comply," the UAW said in a statement.
OSHA, which is part of the Labor Department, has been developing an emergency temporary standard for coronavirus that employers would be obligated to follow, under threat of fine. The standard has not been issued yet and is sitting at the White House under review, even though the Biden administration originally suggested it would implement one by mid-March.
Most safety health experts assumed the standard would include a mask requirement, but the new recommendations from the CDC have scrambled that expectation. If OSHA tried to move ahead with a workplace mask mandate now, it would conflict with the guidance just issued by a different federal agency.
The CDC guidance, paired with the delay of an OSHA standard, has drawn criticism from Democrats. Rep. Bobby Scott (D-Va.), the chairman of the House Committee on Education and Labor, said in a statement that the White House was "dragging its feet on a review process that has no end in sight."
Scott said it was a mistake to leave workplace safety guidelines for coronavirus voluntary rather than mandatory.
"One clear lesson from the last 16 months is that the honor system does not protect workers from COVID-19 infections," he said.
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URI patterns of the web application's alternate docroots.
To specify an alternate docroot for a web application or a virtual server, use the alternatedocroot_n property, where n is a positive integer that allows specification of more than one. This property can be a subelement of a sun-web-app element in the sun-web.xml file or a virtual-server element in the domain.xml file. For more information about these elements, see sun-web-app in Sun GlassFish Enterprise Server v2.1.1 Application Deployment Guide and virtual-server in Sun GlassFish Enterprise Server v2.1.1 Administration Reference.
A virtual server's alternate docroots are considered only if a request does not map to any of the web modules deployed on that virtual server. A web module's alternate docroots are considered only once a request has been mapped to that web module.
If a request matches an alternate docroot's URI pattern, it is mapped to the alternate docroot by appending the request URI (minus the web application's context root) to the alternate docroot's physical location (directory). If a request matches multiple URI patterns, the alternate docroot is determined according to the following precedence order:
Longest path match
For example, the following properties specify three docroots. The URI pattern of the first alternate docroot uses an exact match, whereas the URI patterns of the second and third alternate docroots use extension and longest path prefix matches, respectively.

The value of each alternate docroot has two components: The first component, from, specifies the alternate docroot's URI pattern, and the second component, dir, specifies the alternate docroot's physical location (directory).
Suppose the above examples belong to a web application deployed at _URL_ The first alternate docroot maps any requests with this URL:
To this resource:
The second alternate docroot maps any requests with a *.jpg suffix, such as:
To this physical location:
The third alternate docroot maps any requests whose URI starts with /myapp/jpg/, such as:
To the same directory as the second alternate docroot.
For example, the second alternate docroot maps this request:
The third alternate docroot maps:
If a request does not match any of the target web application's alternate docroots, or if the target web application does not specify any alternate docroots, the request is served from the web application's standard docroot, as usual.
You can specify that a request for an old URL is treated as a request for a new URL. This is called redirecting a URL.
To specify a redirected URL for a virtual server, use the redirect_n property, where n is a positive integer that allows specification of more than one. This property is a subelement of a virtual-server element in the domain.xml file. For more information about this element, see virtual-server in Sun GlassFish Enterprise Server v2.1.1 Administration Reference. Each of these redirect_n properties is inherited by all web applications deployed on the virtual server.
The value of each redirect_n property has two components, which may be specified in any order:
The first component, from, specifies the prefix of the requested URI to match.
The second component, url-prefix, specifies the new URL prefix to return to the client. The from prefix is simply replaced by this URL prefix.
To enable Comet support for an HTTP listener and all its associated web applications, set the cometSupport property to true. For more information, see http-listener in Sun GlassFish Enterprise Server v2.1.1 Administration Reference.
 CheckIn CheckInServlet 0
Use the contextXmlDefault property to specify the location, relative to domain-dir, of the context.xml file for a virtual server. For more information about virtual servers, see Virtual Servers. For more information about the context.xml file, see The Context Container.
To enable WebDav in the Enterprise Server, you edit the web.xml and sun-web.xml files as follows.
First, enable the WebDav servlet in your web.xml file:
 webdav org.apache.catalina.servlets.WebdavServlet debug 0 listings true readonly false
Then define the servlet mapping associated with your WebDav servlet in your web.xml file:
 webdav /webdav/*
To protect the WebDav servlet so other users can't modify it, add a security constraint in your web.xml file:
 Login Resources /webdav/* Admin NONE BASIC default Admin
Then define a security role mapping in your sun-web.xml file:
 Admin Admin
If you are using the file realm, create a user and password. For example:
asadmin create-file-user --user admin --host localhost --port 4848 --terse=true --groups Admin --authrealmname default admin
You can now use any WebDav client by connecting to the WebDav servlet URL, which has this format:
You can add the WebDav servlet to your default-web.xml file to enable it for all applications, but you can't set up a security role mapping to protect it.
To set up mod_jk, follow these steps:
Obtain the following software:
Apache Tomcat Connectors (_URL_
Apache Tomcat 5.5.16, needed for just one JAR file (_URL_
Apache Commons Logging 1.0.4 (_URL_
Apache Commons Modeler 1.1 (_URL_
Install mod_jk as described at _URL_
Copy the following Tomcat and Jakarta Commons files to as-install/lib:
Create and configure the following files:
/etc/httpd/conf/worker.properties or domain-dir/config/glassfish-jk.properties (to use non-default values of attributes described at _URL_
Examples of these files are shown after these steps. If you use both worker.properties and glassfish-jk.properties files, the file referenced by httpd.conf, or referenced by httpd.conf first, takes precedence.
Enable mod_jk using the following command:
asadmin create-jvm-options -Dcom.sun.enterprise.web.connector.enableJK=8009
If you are using the glassfish-jk.properties file and not referencing it in httpd.conf, point to it using the following command:
asadmin create-jvm-options -Dcom.sun.enterprise.web.connector.enableJK.propertyFile=domain-dir/config/glassfish-jk.properties
Restart the Enterprise Server.
Here is an example httpd.conf file:
LoadModule jk_module /usr/lib/httpd/modules/mod_jk.so JkWorkersFile /etc/httpd/conf/worker.properties # Where to put jk logs JkLogFile /var/log/httpd/mod_jk.log # Set the jk log level [debug/error/info] JkLogLevel debug # Select the log format JkLogStampFormat "[%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y] " # JkOptions indicate to send SSL KEY SIZE, JkOptions +ForwardKeySize +ForwardURICompat -ForwardDirectories # JkRequestLogFormat set the request format JkRequestLogFormat "%w %V %T" # Send all jsp requests to GlassFish JkMount /*.jsp worker1 # Send all glassfish-test requests to GlassFish JkMount /glassfish-test/* worker1
Here is an example worker.properties or glassfish-jk.properties file:
# Define


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Tube-casts are formed in most, if not all, conditions of kidney deterioration. To a limited extent also, they occur apart from other evidences of deterioration. This fact, bearing on the diagnosis of early renal disease, warrants a close study of their origin and significance.
The literature on the subject discloses many divergent views, of which even a partial review cannot be given. The objects here intended are to consider certain primary differences in casts and to account for their origin.
Tube-casts may originate from a number of the materials entering into the structure and composition of the kidney and blood, unchanged chemically and morphologically, or broken down and altered by processes of degeneration or by the action of the urinary secretion. It is evident therefore that uniformity of composition cannot be looked for. The protein units forming cellular matter are complex and subject to great variations, and so also are


What You Need to Know About Gold Nuggets
Gold begins in a raw form before it reaches our hands. Take a look through the listings available on eBay and find nuggets of various sizes.
How are nuggets and bars weighed?
Precious metals are first weighed by their manufacturers. These metals must be weighed by a market standard known as troy ounces. This measurement is important because the value of these metals is a moving target. The holding of gold, silver, and platinum shows an historic increase in value over time. Marking this value, however, is done by a live price market thats known as a spot price. For every price printed in this market, it will represent an entire troy-ounce for the metal being weighed. This means that every troy-ounce of gold would be worth whatever the current spot price is per troy ounce.
What ensures the purity of gold bars and nuggets?
Knowing the purity of any bullion product is of great importance. You can uncover that information by referring back to the maker or founder of it. Metal bars are often stamped with a seal of approval by the entity that made them. These are confirmations provided for bullion metals made into collectibles. Look for certificates for gold nuggets on eBay.
How do mint coins become rare?
The first factor to a coins rarity is age and the quantity thats been created. The variables for coins are very interesting as they rely on multiple factors, and knowing the different features of the coin to look out for can help you make a more informed choice. Here are some factors that make some eBay coins rare:
 - Timestamps - The year is always a factor. If the 100,000 copies mentioned above were only made yesterday, then this would be considered.
 - The maker - The entity that issued the gold coins play a role. Gold coins issued by the ancient Roman Empire can hold more value than even the oldest issued United States American Eagle.
 - The metal used - Gold bars or nuggets are rarer than silver, and silver is rarer than copper. These factor into the value of gold bullion collectibles of all kinds.


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Coursework GCSE Maths – Building a Foundation for a Career in Math
Students who are doing their GCSE coursework will find that math is one of the subjects for which coursework assignments are hardest. But, this task cannot be avoided as math is a compulsory subject. Coursework GCSE maths is entitled for 40% of the final grade and hence needs to be attended to with same dedication as attending to the GCSE exam paper. Both scores together will form the final grade for the GCSE Math subject.
Receiving a good grade and learning how to do math coursework for GCSE is vital for students who wish for careers such as engineering and teaching and many other areas. Furthermore, as perfornace in math is used as a yardstick of a person's intelligence, getting a good grade in Math is important to any student. Doing your math coursework to perfection will cover half the task associated with this challange.
Reasons for Doing GCSE Math Coursework
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There are different modules when doing Coursework GCSE maths. These include, number modules, data handling, algebra and shape and spaces. It is important that students have good understanding of these modules and on which module the coursework will face. With an idea as to which module the coursework will consist of, you will be able to study the relevant syllabus and review the topic areas which fall under this category. This will make doing math coursework for GCSE easier.
Writing Aspect of Math Coursework
Coursework writing for math GCSE forms a partial component of the assignment. Students will be assigned to do reports on math, the history of math and its importance to everyday life. This type of writing assignment provides students doing GCSE math coursework the knowledge to understand math and it will make the solving of math problems more interesting to students.
As with writing English coursework or any other coursework, math GCSE coursework too should be written conforming to the basic writing requirements. Therefore, students need to ensure that what they write is legible, clear and does not have any spelling, grammar or punctuation mistakes. They also need to select and use a form of writing which is suitable to the type of subject matter. Information should be clear and coherent and correct and accurate mathematical notations should be used.
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Integration of Predictive Technologies into Mainsaver
There are many predictive technologies that may be used to identify problem areas before catastrophic failures occur. These technologies might focus on rotating components such as bearings and couplings and electrical components such as a motor control center. Five of the most common technologies are listed below.
3. Oil Analysis
4. Monitor Amperage Draw
5. Vibration Analysis
The technologies may be applied with in-house personnel or specialized contractors. In using predictive technologies, it is important to establish baseline values and then to trend periodic readings in order to identify a condition heading out of tolerance indicating a potential future failure. The identified issue may be remedied as a scheduled work order rather than incurring a failure and possible downtime.
1. Establish asset hierarchy
The pump skid below is made up of 5 components, each of which might have some level of predictive maintenance (PDM). The motor, gearbox, pump and 2 couplings might also have their own set of documents, specifications and work order history. For these reasons, it is important that the asset hierarchy go down to the component level.
Pump Skid setup in Mainsaver as a parent and 5 child assets
2. Determine High Risk Components
Limitations on budget and manpower dictate that we apply predictive maintenance to the components that will give us the biggest bang for our maintenance dollar. Although there are many methods to prioritize these components, three are discussed below. • Asset Criticality Factor – a dropdown list in Mainsaver on each asset record which indicates the relative importance of the equipment. User definable in System administration, the asset criticality factor is a required field on the asset record and may also include a number factor known as RIME (Ranked Index for Maintenance Efficiency) which may be used to prioritize work orders. Using this method, the criticality 'A' assets would be priority with respect to predictive maintenance.
- Risk Matrix – Mainsaver allows users to perform a risk assessment on each asset and identify the assets with the highest risk factor. Within Mainsaver, risk is computed by multiplying 3 risk components which are setup in system administration with a related numeric value for the computation; o Condition Code o Consequence of Failure (COF) o Probability of Failure (POF)
The higher the risk score, the higher the risk
- FMEA (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis) Dating back to the 1950's, FMEA is a systematic approach to determining the higher risk areas in a plant, system or subsystem looking at several contributors to risk.
3. Setup PM Master Records or Routes
It is common to use Mainsaver to setup PM tasks to perform the predictive work on a calendar interval however the completion of a simple PM work order does not allow the trending of data values. Mainsaver Routes and Job Plans allowing setting up predictive maintenance rounds and recording the readings in the database.
PM record for a quarterly PDM task
Mainsaver Route with a combination of data feedback types
4. Trend Data
A single data point outside of the context of historical values typically does not provide enough information to determine a potential failure condition. The user needs access to historical data values in order to identify a trend.
Contractors and vendors who specialize in predictive maintenance tools may have their own software for recording and trending values. Oil analysis and other reports often contain baseline data and past test history. The documents may be scanned and/or linked to the Mainsaver asset, PM or work order record to maintain an electronic bridge to this history through the references tab in Mainsaver.
If the data values are recorded in a Mainsaver Route, the historical data may be accessed in graph format on a tablet or laptop while recording new values.
5. Send failed components to 'Quarantine Area' for forensic analysis
When a component fails, there might be some lessons learned. What was the cause of the failure? Were we over-greasing the bearing? Do we have a misaligned coupling? Rather than just trashing failed components, they should be placed in an area for forensic investigation. Learn what cause the failure and what countermeasures may be employed to prevent such failures. Countermeasures might include re-engineering the component, changing lubrication processes, adding additional PM steps of increasing the frequency of predictive techniques.
Benefit of Predictive Maintenance
Heading off a catastrophic failure by finding failing components has obvious benefits with respect to downtime and productivity. Additionally, many of the PDM tools provide the ability to diagnose issues with the machine running and all safety guards in place.
Mainsaver offered a variety of CMMS solutions that matched the way our business works. They provided customizable solutions and integration options that effectively manage our maintenance requirements and save us quite a bit of money in the process.


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"Clann an Drumma" or "children of the drum," is a fun band, I'll say that right off the bat. Combining the great Highland bagpipe with a bunch of loud drums is unquestionably a fun listen. However, that's not what this article is about.
Why? Because the band refers to its sound as "tribal" Gaelic music, derived from the traditions of the ancient Picts, and because people believe them. And that's just a bunch of nonsense.
First, Gaelic music in general didn't even include percussion until the Chieftains popularized a previously rare and obscure type of drum known as the "bodhran," which had up until then been known only in one small corner of the Irish southwest. Traditional Irish and Scottish music outside of this small area simply did not include the drum before the Chieftains made it popular a few decades ago.
Second, because the bagpipe only came into Gaelic music sometime late in the middle ages. It was completely unknown to the ancient Picts, or to the Gaels of any era that could really be called "tribal." Gaels of the later part of the clan era did use the bagpipe, and made it an integral part of their culturebut a clan is different from a tribe.
Third, because Clann an Drumma does not play Gaelic music. They play fun music, as I saidbut it's not Gaelic. Listen to Clann an Drumma, and then listen to the singing of Donnie Murdo MacLeod. You won't hear more than the faintest hint of a similarity.
It's true that Highland Regiments in the British Army maintained both drummers and pipers on the payroll. That's because drummers were used to control troop movements, and bagpipes were used to inspire the Highland troops. The most you could say is that Clann an Drumma is freely inspired by the tradition of Highland Regiment pipe and drum units. But "tribal and Gaelic"?


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February 26, 2007
Saving by using.. in the rainforest and elsewhere …
Is utilization sometimes the best path to conservation? From adaptive reuse of historic buildings to preservation of the rainforest, students of land use are accepting more often the notion that limited use of a special place may be the most stable method of conserving it for future generations. This variant of sustainable use, sometimes derided as an apology for degradation, runs counter to the traditional model of using strict land use barriers. It is only a second-best solution, more strict preservationists contend.
But usage has often been a large part of the most successful efforts to protect special places. Congress was encouraged to enact the legislation that reserved Yellowstone National Park in 1872 in part by the political support of the Northern Pacific Railroad, which foresaw a tourist magnet for its rail lines. The bison is unlikely ever to go extinct in the United States in part because it is now ranched for meat on private land (there are more bison on ranches than in the wild). And historic buildings such as Daniel Burnham's Rookery in Chicago are less likely to feel the pressure of the wrecking ball if they are adapted to modern desires such as new HVAC, bigger restrooms, and brighter lighting, even if some of these changes diverge from the original architecture.
A similar argument about saving by using is set forth in "The Last Forest," a new book by veteran Amazon journalists Mark London and Brian Kelly. According to early reviews, London and Kelly develop arguments for allowing controlled development in the Amazon, including the certification of eco-friendly forestry and other land uses that do not require extensive deforestation or road-building.
February 26, 2007 | Permalink
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Can someone explain me in simple words what $\sigma$-additivity is? For example, if we have a probability space ($\Omega$,$\mathcal{F}$,P), what it means that the application $$ B \mapsto P(A\cap B) $$ is $\sigma$-additive over $\mathcal{F}$?
I found it for the first time in probability theory and I don't understand the implication that it has in the theory.
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2 Answers 2
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A map $m\colon \mathcal F\to \Bbb R_{\geq 0}$ is $\sigma$-additive if for each sequence $\{B_n\}\subset \mathcal F$ of pairwise disjoint measurable sets, we have $$m\left(\bigcup_{n=1}^{+\infty}B_n\right)=\sum_{n=1}^{+\infty}m(B_n).$$ This is the formal definition.
This means that the "measure" of a disjoint union is the sum of the "measures" of each elements of the union. The letter $\sigma$ expresses an idea of countability, as we can work with maps finitely-additive. It allows us to work with sequences of sets.
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An $f$ function is additive, if for any finite sequence of elements $a_i$, $$f\left(\sum_i a_i\right) = \sum_i f(a_i)$$ Then, $f$ is $\sigma$-additive, if it also holds for any countable infinite set $\{a_i\}_i$ of elements.
In measure (and probabilistic) context, it is only said so for pairwise disjoint sets in place of the $a_i$'s, and $\sum a_i$ is meant their union. And its meaning is the usual 'additivity' property of the area (and volume and similar) notion.
$P$ is a probability measure, so, by definition it is assumed to be $\sigma$-additive, and so is $B\mapsto P(B\cap A)$.
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The AND gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) only if all its inputs are high. A dot (.) is used to show the AND operation i.e. A.B. Bear in mind that this dot is sometimes omitted i.e. AB.
"If both Inputs are true the Output will be true"
3 Input AND gate Truth table :
TTL AND gate :
TTL Logic gates are constructed by Transistor-Transistor Logic. Fig-2 shows a RTLResistor Transistor Logic. The TTL based AND gate ICs are as below :
- 74LS08 Quad 2-input
- 74LS11 Triple 3-input
- 74LS21 Dual 4-input
CMOS AND gate :
Three(3) p-type and three(3) n-type MOSFETs constructs a 2 input AND gate logic. The first 2 p-type and 2 n-type MOSFET construct a NAND gate logic and the rest two p-type and n-type construct an Inverter logic. So the first portion gives NAND output and the second part getting that output gives AND output doing the NOT logic operation (inverting) see the Fig-3. The CMOS type AND gates are shown below :
- CD4081 Quad 2-input
- CD4073 Triple 3-input
- CD4082 Dual 4-input
AND gate analogy :
Fig-4 shows an analogy of AND logic gate. Which constructed by a battery, 2-switches(SPST) and a electric bulb; where 2 switches are indicates AND inputs and the electric bulb as the AND output. If the switch A is closed and B is open the bulb will not light. If again switch A is opened and B is closed the output will be the same as previous, the bulb will not light. But if the both switches ( A and B) are closed the bulb will give light. That means this circuit follows the Truth table of an AND logic gate.


Ammonite Fossil Specimen PolishedLarge
7-inch Polished ammonite from Madagascar
Ammonites are the extinct relatives of sea creatures such as the modern Nautilus from Palau. Ammonites lived during the periods of Earth history known as the Jurassic and Cretaceous. Together, these represent a time interval of about 140 million years.
Though many pieces are similar, no item at Crystal Galleries is exactly the same as every item uses a unique stone that is non-fabricated. Every item at Crystal Galleries is truly "one of a kind". Slight variations in color, size, and bead shape exist.
Related Items
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Welcome to our world of fun trivia quizzes and quiz games:
"The Anzacs were little known heroes of World War One and World War Two. The Anzacs consisted of Australian and New Zealand forces and fought in all theatres."
15 Points Per Correct Answer - No time limit
How many Anzacs were in the Allied fighting force in World War One?
In which Western Front battle did the Anzacs fight in the second half of WWI?
Battle of Britain
What were the Anzac casualties in WWI?
20 000 dead, 50 000 wounded
18 000 dead, 40 000 wounded
30 000 dead, 40 000 wounded
100 000 dead, 150 000 wounded
According to the New Zealand Prime Minister, what was the greatest success for the Anzacs in the war?
Not being forced to surrender
Saving the Mother Country, Great Britain
A new sense of nationhood
Killing more Germans than the Americans
On which day do Australia and New Zealand celebrate Anzac day?
In World War Two, who was commander in chief of Anzac forces in the Mediterrean and African theatre of war?
General Bernard Montgomery
General Bernard Cyril Freyberg
General Dwight Eisenhower
General Douglas MacArthur
In terms of the percentage of the population committed as soldiers to the Allies in World War Two, where did Australia and New Zealand rank?
Which of these was *not* a theatre that the Anzac ground forces fought in in World War Two?
What were the Anzac casualties in World War Two?
15 000 dead, 17 000 wounded
12 000 dead, 17 000 wounded
10 000 dead, 19 000 wounded
18 000 dead, 23 000 wounded
Which author wrote a book about the Anzacs in 1978, popularising an Anzac legend?
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Presentation on theme: "00-014. Verifying the Presence of Eggs Once the egg chamber discontinuity is located by patient digging and scraping, the presence of eggs is confirmed."— Presentation transcript:
00-014. Verifying the Presence of Eggs Once the egg chamber discontinuity is located by patient digging and scraping, the presence of eggs is confirmed by gently digging into the neck of the egg chamber with fingers until eggs are seen. The sand is replaced to continue to protect the ping-pong sized eggs and the excavation backfilled. Loggerhead clutches on St. Catherines average 113 eggs per clutch. After validating the egg chamber, the position of the clutch is marked and the body pit is refilled to the level and contour of the beach surface.
00-015. Probing Problems Other methods of locating clutches of eggs are employed in other sea turtle programs. One of these, probing, is a technique using a rod or stick to gently probe the bottom of the nest to locate the typically softer sand of the egg chamber neck. Although effective, this technique has been found to be extremely hazardous as the eggs may easily be broken by probing too vigorously. This technique is used only as a last resort in our program and only by experienced personnel.
00-016. Screening to Protect from Predators Once the clutch is validated it is protected from predators by screening. A wire screen is placed directly over the egg chamber and held in place with steel stakes made from iron reinforcing rods called "rebar." This protects the eggs from being dug and eaten by raccoons or pigs. A second screen with a 1 x 2 mesh may be used on top of the flat screen. In areas liable to depredation we also place a Cumberland Cage over the other one or two screens. A painted stake is then marked with the nests number and placed near the screened nest.
Predation Management Management of predators involves l 1. Covering of nests l 2. Trapping l 3. Targeted Hunting
00-017. Relocating Nests Some areas of the beach are prone to be eroded or inundated by storm-driven tides. Some nests deposited during neap tides are deposited on the back beach in areas certain to be inundated by the higher spring tides. Such nests are moved to safer, nearby areas within twelve hours of their deposition. New egg chambers are dug to conform to the actual egg chamber, the eggs are carefully removed one or two at a time and cradled in a bucket on a cushion of sand, carefully transported to the nearest safe area, and redeposited one or two at a time, then covered as if an in situ nest.
00-018. Locating the Nest on Beach Grid The nest is then surveyed in onto a beach grid survey to locate the nest within a meter of its geographic position on St. Catherines Island. A beach grid can be established either by direct measurement with a 100m tape or measuring wheel or by geographic positioning system (GPS).
00-019. Notebook Documentation Data on the nests, its date of deposition, photographic documentation, geographic location, position of the beach, nature of the local habitat, and other unique aspects of the nest are then recorded in each scientists notebook. Other observations made during the days work are also entered to make a permanent record of each scientists activity each day. Data on nest dimensions and morphology was collected in 1994 to document relative size of egg chambers and nests to determine the chance of a randomly digging predator discovering the egg chamber.
00-020. Computerization of the Data The data taken in the field is transcribed onto a computerized data base and onto computerized data forms. These data can then be manipulated by computer to analyze patterns and attributes and to generate required reports. Daily work efforts, an up-to-date monitoring list, and cumulative nest data were recorded on a spreadsheet.
00-021. Conservation Research Each year we initiate a line of research to study and enhance the production of Loggerhead sea turtles on the Georgia coast. During 1993 and 1994 we monitored temperature of the sand above, within, and below nests, during 1994 we studied learned behavior in predators, during 1995 we studied the effects of ground water on nesting habitat, in 1996 we continued the ground water study and initiated a study of moving nests to small areas called "nurturies." Research is important because it allows us to experiment with techniques to enhance hatchling production to help conserve threatened Loggerhead sea turtles.
00-022. Daily Monitoring From the time the first nest is deposited on St. Catherines Island until the last nest hatches every nest is monitored every day, except at the very end of the season. Daily observations allow us to recover screens eroded by blowing winds, to exhume nests buried by blowing sand, and to expediently deal with predators who are learning depredation techniques too rapidly. Tracks of predators and other significant nest events are recorded as a code on daily monitoring lists which list all nests in location sequence on the beach.
00-023. Emergence of Baby Turtles After 50-60 days, the eggs hatch and the hatchling turtles begin wiggling their way toward the surface. As they do, the sand falls below them and they work their way to a location just below the surface. In the dark of the evening, the hatchlings suddenly become active and emerge as a group onto the beach and scurry into the ocean. Once in the ocean they enter a swimming frenzy which lasts for many hours which assures that they become widely dispersed in the ocean. The large clutch size, night time emergence, and swimming frenzy are mechanisms which have evolved to assure survival of some individuals from the ravages of predation. Evidence of an emergence includes an emergence crater or hole and a myriad of small crawlways made as the turtles scamper to the sea.
00-024. Stoping After hatching the mass of baby sea turtles begin digging their way to the surface. As they dig upward, sand falls around and under them. This process, called stoping in the mining industry, allows the turtles to loosen sand above them and pack it in beneath them, forming a floored chamber, a stope. Occasionally a rain will occur as the baby turtles are stoping their way to the surface. When this happens, the sand becomes cohesive and does not easily fall from the ceiling, but forms an arch across the top of the nest. In extreme circumstances, this arch will not allow the sea turtles to touch the ceiling, stopping the stoping and exposing the turtles to death by drowning (if the rain continues) or by desiccation (if the conditions last too long). St. Catherines protocols mandate digging nests which are hatching and have been inundated by heavy rains (3" or more).
00-025. Hatchling The baby sea turtles are small 2-3 inch replicas of adults which often reach 300-400 pounds and 3-4 feet in length at maturity. The baby sea turtles normally crawl across the beach at night enter the ocean and then enter an instinctive swimming frenzy for about 36 hours which acts as a dispersal mechanism to protect them from predators. Conservationists believe that 1 in 1,000 hatchlings may survive to reproductive age.
00-026. Real-World Experience! Three to five days after the last hatchlings emerge, each nest is carefully dug to find any hatchlings remaining in the egg chamber. Eggs are sorted into categories in stacks of 10 hatched eggs, unhatched eggs, and dead sea turtles to be counted. Whatever the condition of the eggs in the nest, it must be dug; leading to interesting sounds, smells, and sights.
00-027. Hands-On Science! Interns particularly enjoy finding live baby sea turtles remaining in the egg chamber. The babies are carried back to the Turtle House in insulated coolers to await release during the darkness of night by the interns and faculty. The St. Catherines Island Sea Turtle Conservation Program protocol calls for their release in as natural a way as is feasible; involving crawling across the beach, no artificial lights, and as little noise as is feasible.


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What's the difference?
I've already seen Terminator.
I've seen Terminator before.
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2 Answers 2
up vote 5 down vote accepted
They arrive at propositions with the same truth conditions, but by different means; and with somewhat different contextual expectations. In fact, they arrive at the truth value of the sentence without them. They both mean:
 - I have seen Terminator.
When that is true, both of the sentences are also true (when else could you have seen it that wasn't before or already?), and when that is false, both of them are false; and vice versa, in all combinations. They're synomymous. All of them. That's mostly because they all use the Perfect construction.
Adverbials like before, already, never, etc. are used to add nuance and build the background context. Language does that a lot; there's almost never just one way to say something.
Semantically, the before clause is a simple Existential perfect, "used to indicate the existence of past events", and emphasizing the pastness of the event with a redundant before (when else could you have seen it?).
The already clause, however, has a more complex semantics. Already presupposes expectations on the part of the speaker about the timing of events; normally one uses already to refer to events that occur before they are expected to
 - Are you finished already?
 - He left early, so he's probably home already.
 - He only died yesterday, and already the vultures are circling.
So, either before and already might be used in a case where the speaker classifies seeing Terminator as an event that, like registering to vote or getting married, need not be performed more than once. But the one with already is quite definite, in my opinion, that the speaker is not interested in seeing it again.
 - Q; Wanna see Terminator tonight? A: I've seen Terminator before.
 - Q; Wanna see Terminator tonight? A: I've already seen Terminator.
I think the second one is more likely to count as a No answer. Of course, that could be just my perceptions; there's a lot of room for individual variation here.
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+1 I like your answer better than mine. It occurs to me however that before is not completely redundant: it contrasts with just and implies that the prior viewing is more distant than the "immediate" past. – StoneyB Oct 2 '12 at 2:28
Yes, there's a whole suite of durational specifiers like yet, any more, already, still, before, after, while, etc. Each one has its own syntactic foibles, and they contrast in various ways in various dimensions. – John Lawler Oct 2 '12 at 2:57
Thanks, John! :) – Mori Oct 3 '12 at 20:26
Before is a very flexible word. It can be an adverb, a preposition and a conjunction. A word of similar skills is since.
Already, in the other hand, is an adverb.
In theory, both already and before could be used in their adverbial form to modify seen in the examples given, and would be correct.
However, at least in US, before, in its adverbial form, is more often used in referring to location or action rather than viewing something.
I have been there before.
I have done this before.
When referring to visual experience, before just doesn't seem comfortable.
I have seen the Picasso before. [No]
I have seen the Picasso exhibit already. [Yes]
I have read Jane Austen before. [No]
I have read Jane Austen already. [Yes]
And yet
I have been to the library before. I took out Jane Austen. [Yes]
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That sounds like it could have been a hot date. – StoneyB Oct 2 '12 at 0:30
Your Answer


Libra Hilde
Libra HildeAssociate Professor, History
Current Research Activities
My current book project uses quantitative (census reports) and qualitative (diaries, letters) data to examine the social and political impact of Civil War mortality in the U.S. South, a region that lost 18% of its white male population.
What contributed to your research interests?
I became a history major in college after taking a course with Leon Litwack, and my current interests are still shaped by this formative experience.
How does your research relate to current issues?
The book coming out in Fall 2020, on slavery and fatherhood, counters stereotypes of the African American family and enduring conceptions of black masculinity. The next project explores the impact of high mortality in the South on post Civil War marriage patterns, household formation, regional migration, gender roles, politics, race relations, and memory, topics with relevance for modern American politics.
Social Media: SJSU


The Concept
pH Scale Of Reality..
...there is a state when soul, mind and body reach a peaceful agreement through the filter of artistic and musical expression. A state when the inner world and perception is connected with the universe, creating a sense of fulfillment and communication.
This sense leads to a whole new reality. A reality that can create a mutual feeling among people just by filtering their differences and similarities through the channels of expression, finally bringing a harmonic bond of communication and compassion.
But this situation is derived by a magical paradox. Reality, as an existing quality rather than imagined; actually depends more or less on imagination for its existence. A Psylent Harmony...
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Definition of "level of quantification"
65.1 In section 65, "level of quantification" means, in respect of a substance, the lowest concentration that can be accurately measured using sensitive but routine sampling and analytical methods.
Marginal note:Domestic Substances List
66. (1) The Minister shall, for the purposes of sections 73, 74 and 81, maintain a list to be known as the Domestic Substances List, and the List shall specify all substances that the Minister is satisfied were, between January 1, 1984 and December 31, 1986,
(a) manufactured in or imported into Canada by any person in a quantity of not less than 100 kg in any one calendar year; or
(b) in Canadian commerce or used for commercial manufacturing purposes in Canada.
Marginal note:Non-domestic Substances List
(2) The Minister shall, for the purpose of section 81, maintain a list to be known as the Non-domestic Substances List, and the List shall specify substances, other than
(a) the substances referred to in subsection (1); and
(b) living organisms within the meaning of Part 6.
Marginal note:Amendment of Lists
(3) Where a substance was not included on the Domestic Substances List and the Minister subsequently learns that, between January 1, 1984 and December 31, 1986, the requirements set out in paragraph (1)(a) or (b) were met in respect of the substance, the Minister shall add the substance to the List and, where necessary, delete it from the Non-domestic Substances List.
Marginal note:Amendment of Lists
(4) Where the Minister includes a substance on the Domestic Substances List and subsequently learns that, between January 1, 1984 and December 31, 1986, the requirements set out in paragraph (1)(a) or (b) were not met in respect of the substance, the Minister shall delete the substance from the List and may add it to the Non-domestic Substances List.
Marginal note:Publication of Lists
(5) The Minister shall publish in the Canada Gazette and in any other manner that the Minister considers appropriate the Domestic Substances List, the Non-domestic Substances List and any amendments to those Lists.
(6) The Minister may, by order, designate any person or class of persons to exercise the powers and perform the duties and functions set out in this section.
Marginal note:Regulation of criteria
67. (1) The Governor in Council may, on the recommendation of the Ministers, make regulations
(a) respecting a property or characteristic of a substance, including, without limiting the generality of the foregoing, persistence and bioaccumulation;
(b) prescribing the substances or groups of substances in respect of which the property or characteristic may be applicable;
(c) prescribing the conditions under which and the circumstances in which the property or characteristic may be applicable; and
(d) respecting the conditions, test procedures and laboratory practices to be followed for analysing, testing or measuring the property or characteristic.
(2) No regulation that is applicable to a mineral or metal may be made under subsection (1) unless, in the opinion of the Ministers, the natural occurrence, properties and characteristics of that mineral or metal in the environment have been taken into consideration.
- 1999, c. 33, s. 67;
- 2001, c. 34, s. 28(F).
- Date modified:


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Lightning storms in the Top End
People living in the Top End of Australia say they go a bit 'troppo' or crazy as the heat and humidity builds towards the wet season. When the storms finally break, tropical northern Australia will be treated to some of the most spectacular lightning shows in the world.
In just a few hours Darwin can experience as much lightning as Perth does in one year.
In just a few hours Darwin can experience as much lightning as Perth does in one year. (Source: Michael Bath - Australian Severe Weather Association)
The Top End of Australia is one of the most lightning prone areas on Earth. At this time of year, the region is about to get it's annual dose of massive thunderstorms. Last summer a single thunderstorm over Darwin produced an incredible 1,634 lightning flashes in just a few hours. Perth only gets this much lightning in an entire year.
Thunder storms can cause chaos, as the Northern Territory's Power and Water Utility knows only too well. Manager of Network Maintenance Chris Yam said that for the first few months of the wet season, there will be lightning most nights. About 40 per cent of all the electricity outages are caused by lightning, and burn marks are frequently seen on local power poles and other tall structures.
In Australia, lightning accounts for 5 to 10 deaths and well over 100 injuries annually, according to the Bureau of Meteorology (BoM). The BoM predicts these figures are likely to increase, with the growing number of retired people engaged in outdoor, recreational activities such as walking, cycling, golf, fishing, boating etc. Of the many lightning strike injuries each year, about 80 result from people using fixed telephones during thunderstorms when the phone system may become highly charged near where lightning is striking. Related injuries may include hearing damage, burns, or even electrocution.
Fact file:
When: Summer
Where: Northern Territory, Western Australia
Other info: A single thunderstorm in 2002 in Darwin produced an incredible 1,634 lightning flashes in just a few hours.
The local Aboriginal people had a fiery Dreamtime spirit called the Lighting Man who carried a lightning bolt across his shoulders, and stone axes with which to make thunder.
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Extreme seasons
The extreme seasonality of the Top End has profoundly shaped the natural environment. After the hot dry season, the land is blackened by fires which burn throughout the winter across the tropical woodlands.
With the coming of the rains, cycads, onion lillies and other plants burst into green new growth. Frilled neck lizards appear and begin hunting for a mate. They are not worried by the thunderstorms which rage around them, because these storms bring the rain which begins a new phase of growth in the Top End. In Kakadu National Park, the rains pour off the escarpment in massive waterfalls, bringing moisture to the parched landscape.
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Hot spot
Why is Darwin such a lightning rod? Dr Michael Foley from the Bureau of Meteorology's Severe Weather Section says it is a combination of factors.
Firstly, being a tropical area, there is a strong amount of energy coming in from the sun, which heats the ground and causes the air to rise. Being close to the coast, this air is quite moist.
As the moist air travels up into the sky, it cools and eventually forms ice crystals, which become the seeds of lightning once they are inside clouds. A storm is often triggered by a sea breeze moving inland, and colliding with hotter air.
Meteorologists love doing storm research in Darwin. Professor Steve Rutledge from Colorado State University is a world expert on lightning and says there is no finer place to do his research than Darwin because of the storms, and also the fact that the region experiences two distinct weather regimes.
In November at the beginning of the Wet, the storms are very intense, with strong updrafts travelling up to 50 metres per second, and plenty of lightning around. Then in January when the monsoon starts to set in, the convection (movement of heat through the air) gets weaker. This results in less lightning but lots of rain, a transformation from continental tropical convection to weaker convection.
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How is lightning created?
How lightning is actually created inside a cloud is still the subject of active research. Professor Rutledge said that for a storm to become a thunderstorm (to produce lightning and therefore thunder), it needs to produce lots of ice in the atmosphere. This is what happens in Darwin early in the wet, when energetic storms take raindrops and raise them up to where they can freeze. These ice particles, he says, collide with one another, and they become charged.
A negative charge is acquired by the larger particles, while the smaller ones become positively charged. Heavier ice particles tend to move down to the bottom of the cloud and so most of the negative charge is transferred down there. The top of the cloud tends to remain positive.
For a while, the atmosphere acts as an insulator for the two charged parts of the cloud. But eventually the charge difference becomes so great that the insulation breaks down, the electrons flow towards the positively charged area, and you get a lightning stroke produced as the accumulated electricity is discharged.
Surprisingly, only about 10 per cent of lightning goes from cloud to ground (the most familiar kind of lightning). Much more common is cloud to cloud lightning, or cloud to air lighting. Occasionally, lightning will go up from the ground to the cloud. This can happen when positively charged areas of the storm are near the ground.
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Global thermometer
Lightning research can be difficult, expensive and even dangerous. Why then study it? One reason, says Professor Rutledge, is to develop an early warning system which could predict how severe storms will behave in the first few hours, a branch of meteorology called "now-casting".
A unique signal of a severe storm is that it has a very high intercloud flash rate, that is, cloud to cloud lightning, but at the same time, produces few cloud to ground flashes. If lighting from a particular storm could be observed both from above, via satellite, and from the ground, this combined information could indicate if the storm is going to become severe, or just maintain as an ordinary rainstorm or weak hail storm.
Professor Rutledge says the hope is that one day, there will be satellites which measure lightning around the globe routinely, to enable these kinds of predictions to be made.
Another, more speculative area of research is using lightning to predict global warming, by measuring how storms are changing over time. If the lowest few kilometres about the surface of the earth is warming up, it will tend to create more thunderstorms which are more intense, globally. This low level warming would also lead to more intense convection, and therefore more lightning. It may be that lightning could be used as a kind of 'global thermometre' to measure planet-scale temperature changes.
"We don't know if that is really going to play out in a global warming scenario," says Professor Rutledge. "We'd like to be able to document global lightning for a decade and then see if it is increasing with the increasing temperature. If we got more lightning, that would tell us if we are getting more intense thunderstorms, as opposed to more weaker convective storms around the earth [which would indicate that global temperatures were increasing]."
In the meantime, Darwin will continue to attract researchers from around the world who come to study the spectacular storms and the stunning lightning shows they create.
Lightning facts
 - When struck, people do not glow or 'fry to a crisp' but the heart and breathing are often affected.
 - Only about 30 per cent of people struck actually die, and the incidence of long-term disability is low, particularly when appropriate first aid is applied promptly.
 - If your clothes are wet, you are less likely to be seriously injured if struck, as most of the charge will conduct through the wet clothes rather than your body.
 - Average lightning bolts carry a current of 10,000 to 30,000 amps. An average radiator draws 10 amps.
 - Lightning can, and often does, strike more than once in the same place.
 - Worldwide, thunderstorms produce approximately 6,000 lightning strikes every minute.
- from Emergency Management Australia and the Bureau of Meteorology
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Further info and credits
How lightning forms
Top End seasonal calendar
Lightning and atmospheric electricity research
Michael Bath's Australian lightning images
Severe Weather Association
Australian Bureau of Meteorology
Special thanks to:
Michael Bath and the Australian Severe Weather Association for permission to reproduce the superb lightning images
Dr Michael Foley, Bureau of Meteorology, Professor Steve Rutledge, Bureau of Meteorology
CSIRO for permission to reproduce lightning image, Northern Territory Power and Water Utility.
Tags: storm
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Published 10 December 2002


text:
Doctors have always made notes about patients. By the 1800s doctors published their diagnoses and treatment records. However, there were no agreed standards for records or requirements to keep any.
Medical records became an important medical practice during the late 1800s. Treating large numbers of patients in hospitals and private practice relied on written records. In the early 20th century professional medical organisations pressured practitioners and hospitals to keep patient records.
Medical records were written on paper and kept in folders, but managing thousands of paper-based records became complex and expensive for hospitals during the 20th century. Tabulating machines sorted and managed patient records until the 1960s. Patient information was recorded onto key-punched cards which were sorted into groupings by the tabulating machine.
During the 1970s hospitals stored patient records electronically using computers. Computers stored and retrieved vast amounts of information at high speed and low cost. They became invaluable. However, there are concerns about the privacy and safety of electronic patient records.
J Howell, Technology in the hospital: transforming patient care in the early twentieth century (John Hopkins University Press, 1995)
S Teng Liaw, 'The Computer-Based Patient Record - An Historical Perspective,' Informatics in Healthcare Australia November, 2/5 (1993), pp 17-21
S J Reiser, Medicine and the Reign of Technology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978)
S J Reiser, 'Creating form out of mass: the development of the medical record' in E Mendelsohn (ed.), Transformation and Tradition in the Sciences: Essays in Honor of I. Bernard Cohen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), pp 303-16


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Gene technology and environmental risks
Gene technology in Finland
Gene technology is widely used in basic research in Finland. Additionally, about 120 biotechnology companies in the medical, diagnostic, biomaterial, foodstuffs and chemicals industries currently use gene technology for their research and development purposes. Almost all current applications using genetically modified organisms (GMO) take place in contained conditions (they are not released into the environment). In addition, several field trials involving GM crops, trees and microbes have been carried out. No GM crops are cultivated in Finland as yet, but one GM microbe product designed to measure traces of antibiotics in milk was approved for the EU market, but is no longer in use.
Possible environmental impacts of GMOs in Finland
Key concerns associated with the use of gene technology include the possible uncontrolled spreading of GMOs in the environment, the possible integration of transferred genes (transgenes) into other organisms (relatives or non-relatives), putative effects on non-target organisms and the indirect environmental impacts of cultivating GMOs. These indirect impacts may include changes in biodiversity due to changed agricultural procedures in the use of herbicide-tolerant GM crops, or effects of insecticide-producing GM crops on predatory species that feed on the target insects.
The possible impact of e.g. the possible spread of transgenes into the wild relatives of GM plants is very difficult to assess. Gene flow has been especially discussed in the context of forest trees, due to their ecological and economic importance in Finland. Also oilseed rape may be of special concern as it can interbreed with turnip rape and potentially also with some wild crucifers.
Cold winters and short growing seasons
When assessing the environmental risks of GMOs, one must take into consideration the special features of the local environment. Finland's cold winters and short growing season significantly affect the spread and propagation of organisms, as well as the interactions between them. On the other hand, due to short growing season the flowering times of GM crops and their wild relatives may coincide, making interbreeding more likely. However, in comparison with Central and Southern Europe, the most common GM plants have few or no compatible wild relatives in Finland. Oilseed rape is an exception having several wild relatives in Finland.
Cold winters slow down the decomposition of substances in the soil. This should be taken into consideration when e.g. assessing the decomposition rates of pesticides used on herbicide-tolerant GM crops.
Finland has very large areas of natural habitats compared to many Central European countries. These habitats may be fragile, and it is vital that their biodiversity should be preserved. The possible impacts of GM crops on any extensive natural habitats in the vicinity of GM cultivation must be carefully assessed. The special features of Finnish forests must likewise be carefully considered in the environmental risk assessments of GM trees. Norway spruce, Scotch pine and silver birch are the key species of Finnish forest ecosystems. A large number of organisms are dependent on them in various ways.
The possible indirect ecological impacts of GM plants in Finnish conditions should be examined in detail, using carefully selected indicator species. The impacts of GM crops will largely be limited to farmland habitats.
Legislation on gene technology in Finland
The Gene Technology Act controls the contained us of GMOs and the deliberate release of GMOs into the environment. The aim of the Act is to promote safe and ethical use of gene technology according to precautionary principle, and to protect the environment and human and animal health. The latest revised version came into force on 15.9.2004, bringing Finnish legislation up to date with the requirements of the EU Directives 219/90/EC, 98/81/EC and 2001/18/EC, which regulate the contained use of genetically modified micro-organisms and deliberate release of GMOs into the environment. These directives are directly applied into the national legislation in Finland.
The Gene Technology Act (No.377/1995) is available in English
In accordance with the Gene Technology Act, more detailed regulations and instructions have been adopted to complement the provisions of the Act and the Decree (928/2004), including: Decree of the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health (90/2005) on the differentiated procedure concerning deliberate release of GMOs into the environment in any other purpose than placing on the market and Decree of the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health (110/2005) on the deliberate release of GMOs into the environment in any other purpose than placing on the market.
Finland has ratified the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety in 2004. The Protocol is set up under the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, in order to regulate international trade of living modified organisms (LMOs). LMO means any living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology.
GMO registration system and supervision
Continuous supervision of the use of GMOs in Finland is based on the official national registration system. All applications and notifications submitted to the Gene Technology Board concerning the use of GMOs must include details of the results of environmental risk assessments performed by the applicants. These assessments should also cover risks to the health of humans and animals.


text:
Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
- There are three things in life that people like to stare at: One is a rippling stream, another a fire in a fireplace, and the other is the Zamboni going around and around and around.
An ice resurfacer is a truck-like vehicle used to clean and smooth the surface of an ice rink, originally developed by Frank J. Zamboni in 1949. The Zamboni Corporation and other companies manufacture ice resurfacing machines, but because of the success of the Zamboni Corporation, Zamboni has become a genericized trademark and most people refer to any ice resurfacer as a Zamboni.
Ice resurfacers are needed because usage (such as ice hockey and figure skating) creates many pits and ridges in the ice. Before ice resurfacers, resurfacing a rink was done with scrapers and hoses which took many workers over an hour to complete. Zamboni's invention led to a great improvement in the speed and quality of ice resurfacing, thereby contributing greatly to the popularity of ice sports today.
The heart of an ice resurfacer is the conditioner, a large device dragged behind the vehicle. A large, very sharp blade, similar to those used in industrial paper cutters, shaves the surface off the ice, and an auger in front of the blade sweeps the shavings to the center of the conditioner, where a second auger (or, in early models, a paddle-and-chain conveyor) picks them up. Behind the blade, wash water is often sprayed on the ice by nozzles at either end of the conditioner; this wash water is confined inside the conditioner by the runners on either end, and a rubber squeegee at the rear or the conditioner, and picked up by a vacuum nozzle, to be filtered through a screen, and recirculated. This washing process removes any foreign material that might otherwise become embedded in the ice surface. At the rear of the conditioner, a sprinkler pipe and a cloth mop lay down clean water to fill the residual grooves and form a new ice surface. Hot water is typically used because melts the ice underneath it to form one solid layer instead of a thin sheet of ice that cracks off.
The rest of the machine exists to support the conditioner. An engine or electric motor provides propulsion (four-wheel drive with carbide-tipped tire studs) and hydraulic power. The main tank holds clean water for making new ice. The wash tank holds a supply of water for the optional wash function. The dump tank holds the shaved ice picked up by the augers. The conditioner and dump tank are raised and lowered by hydraulic lifts, while the augers are powered by hydraulic motors.
Many ice resurfacers are fitted with a board brush, a rotary brush powered by a hydraulic motor, extended and retracted on the left side of the machine on a hydraulic arm. The brush sweeps accumulated bits of loose ice along the dasher boards of the rink into the conditioner, before the ice-making water fuses it into a solid mass. The use of a board brush can dramatically reduce the need for edging of the rink.
Zamboni ice resurfacers are built and designed in many styles and sizes for different sized spaces of ice. The smallest "ride-on" type of resurfacer from Zamboni fits on a John Deere tractor and is painted yellow and green to match. Also, Woodstock from the Peanuts comic strip drives a minature Zamboni on a frozen bird bath as well as makes an apparance in Snoopy Rocks! - On Ice, the ice skating Peanuts show at the Cedar Point Amusement Park.
In an ice rink, because a strip of ice several inches wide along the dasher boards cannot be reached by the blade of an ice resurfacer, a build-up of ice at the edges is inevitable. An ice edger is a device, typically similar to a rotary bob, which is used to cut away this build-up, usually by plowing a trench a bob of an inch deep so that the ice resurfacer can form a level surface at the edge.
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Propofol detection and quantification in human blood: the promise of feedback controlled, closed-loop anesthesia
The performance of a membrane-coated voltammetric sensor for propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) has been characterized in long term monitoring experiments using an automated flow analytical system (AFAS) and by analyzing human serum and whole blood samples by standard addition. It is shown that the signal of the membrane-coated electrochemical sensor for propofol is not influenced by the components of the pharmaceutical formulation of propofol (propofol injectable emulsion). The current values recorded with the electrochemical propofol sensor in buffer solutions and human serum samples spiked with propofol injectable emulsion showed excellent correlation with the peak heights recorded with an UV-Vis detector during the HPLC analysis of these samples (R2 = 0.997 in PBS and R2 = 0.975 in human serum). However, the determination of propofol using the electrochemical method is simpler, faster and has a better detection limit (0.08 ± 0.05 μM) than the HPLC method (0.4 ± 0.2 μM). As a first step towards feedback controlled closed-loop anesthesia, the membrane-coated electrochemical sensor has been implemented onto surface of an intravenous catheter. The response characteristics of the membrane-coated carbon fiber electrode on the catheter surface were very similar to those seen using a macroelectrode.


text: Application of using rare earth salts with acid dyes for dyeing wool fabrics have been investigated. The rare earth salts used include neodymium chloride, samarium oxide and gadolinium oxide; and acid dyes used are C.I. Acid Red 114, C.I. Acid Yellow 42 and C.I. Acid Blue 113. The results of these experiments exhibit that the addition of rare earth salts does lower the dyeing temperature of wool slightly, and the addition of neodymium chloride achieved the better result. The result of mixing different rare earth salts is not very distinct, although the mixture of neodymium chloride and gadolinium oxide in the ratio 8:2 has the best effect. Moreover, the addition of rare earth salts has no great impact on the tenacity of dyed fabrics. Among the color range of dyed fabrics, Red 114 has better color strength. Furthermore, the washing fastness of fabrics can be up to grade 4-5 in general, while its dry rubbing fastness can be up to grade 4-5 and its wet rubbing fastness can be up to grade 3-4.


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Brain signals travel at lightspeed?
Posted 10 February 2009 - 05:56 PM
I'm not asking how fast the brain processes the info, just how quickly it's reached by the signals.
Posted 10 February 2009 - 06:02 PM
This page covers it pretty well:
Action potentials can travel along axons at speeds of 0.1-100 m/s. This means that nerve impulses can get from one part of a body to another in a few milliseconds, which allows for fast responses to stimuli. (Impulses are much slower than electrical currents in wires, which travel at close to the speed of light, 3x108 m/s.) The speed is affected by 3 factors:
- Temperature - The higher the temperature, the faster the speed. So homoeothermic (warm-blooded) animals have faster responses than poikilothermic (cold-blooded) ones.
- Axon diameter - The larger the diameter, the faster the speed. So marine invertebrates, who live at temperatures close to 0°C, have developed thick axons to speed up their responses. This explains why squid have their giant axons.
- Myelin sheath - Only vertebrates have a myelin sheath surrounding their neurones. The voltage-gated ion channels are found only at the nodes of Ranvier, and between the nodes the myelin sheath acts as a good electrical insulator. The action potential can therefore jump large distances from node to node (1mm), a process that is called saltatory propagation. This increases the speed of propagation dramatically, so while nerve impulses in unmyelinated neurones have a maximum speed of around 1 m/s, in myelinated neurones they travel at 100 m/s.
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