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The Archaeology of Ocmulgee Old Fields, Macon, Georgia
Publication Year: 2005
A Dan Josselyn Memorial Publication
A 17th-century trading post and Indian town in central Georgia reveal evidence of culture contact and change.
Ocmulgee Old Fields near Macon, Georgia, is the site of a Lower Creek village and associated English trading house dating from the late 17th and early 18th centuries. It was excavated in the early 1930s as part of a WPA project directed by A. R. Kelly, which focused primarily on the major Mississippian temple mounds of Macon Plateau. The specific data for the Old Fields was not analyzed until nearly 30 years after the excavation.
Part of the significance of this site lies in its secure identification with a known group of people and the linkage of those people with recognizable archaeological remains. The Old Fields site was among the very first for which this kind of identification was possible and stands at the head of a continuing tradition of historic sites archaeology in the Southeast.
Carol I. Mason's classic study of the Ocmulgee Old Fields site has been a model for contact-period Indian archaeology since the 1960s. The report includes a discussion of the historic setting and an analysis of the archaeological materials with an identification of the Lower Creek town and possibly of the English trader who lived there. Now, for the first time, the original report is widely available in book form. With a new foreword by the author and a new introduction from Southeastern archaeology expert Marvin T. Smith, readers have the benefit of a contemporary view of this very fine piece of careful scholarship.
Carol I. Mason is Adjunct Professor of Archaeology at Lawrence University in Appleton, Wisconsin, and author of Wisconsin Indians: Prehistory to Statehood. Marvin T. Smith is Professor of Anthropology at Valdosta State University and author of Coosa: The Rise and Fall of a Southeastern Mississippian Chiefdom.
"This volume is valuable as a landmark in Southeastern research. It is somewhat outdated in its archaeological comparisons, but it is an excellent source for site findings and historical documentation.... The book provides greater insight into more current documents on the topic of these early relationships between the Old and New Worlds in the Southeast. It is a starting point from which to move forward and is valuable as a catalyst for future research."—Southeastern Archaeology
" Mason's work presents the analysis and interpretation of a large body of material excavated by Works Progress Administration archaeologists during the 1930s and, in this case, continued into the 1940s. Large-scale projects, undertaken by field crews numbering in the hundreds of workers, amassed quantities of artifactual material and supporting documentation. In many instances, substantial amounts of material remain unanalyzed and unreported to this day.... The Ocmulgee Old Fields site with its mix of indigenous and European people, local material culture and trade goods, and varied functions represents an opportunity to study the Lower Creeks between 1670 and 1717....I recommend (this volume) to all colleagues laboring to understand the early historic peiod in the Southeast."—The Florida Anthropologist
"A masterful blend of meticulous archaeological analysis and wide-ranging historical research... with extraordinary style and wisdom."—Journal of Field Archaeology
Published by: The University of Alabama Press
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List of Plates, Tables, and Figures
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Foreword by Marvin T. Smith
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When I was asked to write the introduction to Carol Mason's "The Archaeology of Ocmulgee Old Fields, Macon, Georgia," I jumped at the chance. In my opinion, this volume is one of the most outstanding works to come out of the 1960s. In many ways, it was way ahead of contemporary archaeological studies of contact period archaeological sites, and it still provides...
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Ocmulgee Old Fields near Macon, Georgia, is part of the multi-component, major Mississippian site of Macon Plateau. This great temple mound siteearly attracted archaeological attention, and the Lower Creek village and associated English trading house were but small parts of the large-scale excavations that took place there as part of public works following the Great...
Original 1963 Preface
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During the years immediately following the depression of 1929, a numberof large archaeological sites were excavated with labor provided by government agencies. Some of these sites have yet to be written up and their datamade generally available; others have provided much of the backbone for archaeological interpretation in the Southeastern United States. The present...
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In recent years, research in the early colonial history of the eastern United States has been receiving information from purely archaeological sources. Excavations at Jamestown (Cotter 1958), Williamsburg (Hume1958), Hopewell Iron Furnace (Mason 1958), and other early white settlements are contributing significantly to a more realistic and detailed picture...
1. The Historical Setting
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The brief thirty-year interval during which the Creek Indians and the Carolinian trading house shared the site at Macon is but one short scene in a long and complex series of events that moved inevitably toward the eventual displacement of the Indians. The principal actors in this scene were the Carolinian settlers and traders, whose dreams for commercial empire and...
Part I. Archaeological Evidence
2. Excavations at Ocmulgee
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The trading house and the Creek town site at Ocmulgee National Monument in Macon, Georgia, are geographically part of the Macon Plateau, one of the most familiar and most excavated Mississippian sites in the southeastern United States (Kelly 1938; Fairbanks 1956a). Directly on the fall line, this large site overlooks the Ocmulgee River and the low plain that...
3. The Trading House
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It has been common knowledge in the Macon area for many years that the Ocmulgee National Monument mound group was once an Indian town during the earliest days of white penetration into the Southeast. For many years, it has been customarily called the "Old Fields," a designation used by many white settlers as well as by the Indians to refer to a once-occupied...
4. The Lower Creek Town Site
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The Lower Creek town that supplied the trading house with skins was one of eleven Indian towns settled on or near Ochese Creek after 1690. The land that was chosen for this particular village after its removal from the Chattahoochee River was already an "old fields" when the Lower Creeksarrived there; and in their legends, at least, they believed it to be the site of...
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Because the Macon Plateau is a multi-component site with no really air-tight stratigraphic separation of cultures, it is often totally impossible to determine whether a given artifact belongs to the Lower Creek occupationor not. Only in the cases of pottery, a few other aboriginal tools and ornaments, and, of course, the articles brought into the town by trade can...
Part II. Archaeological and Historical Implications
6. Identification of the Creek Town
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There are two lines of evidence bearing on the identification of the specific Lower Creek town that occupied the Macon site during the tenure of the Lower Creeks on the Ocmulgee River. The first of these indicates that the town was Hitchiti Town, the head (and probably mother) town o fa number of Hitchiti-speaking settlements. In later years, at least, this group...
7. The Lower Creeks and Their Neighbors
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For a number of years, attempts have been made to reconcile the succession of archaeological cultures in Georgia and Alabama, particularly as it is expressed in ceramic traditions, with the various modern Indian groups that lived in those two states at the time of European contact. The two main, and also conflicting, points of view on this matter involve the...
8. The Origins of Lower Creek Ceramics
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Combining historic information on the Lower Creeks with data from the areas of their supposed prehistoric residence is anything but a simple exercise in archaeological correlation. Tracing the roots of Lower Creek ceramics into the prehistoric past has always foundered on the total lack of demonstrably precontact sites bearing pottery recognizable as Lower Creek...
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The Lower Creek town and Carolinian trading house at Ocmulgee National Monument are together representative of an important juncture both in English colonial history and in Creek archaeology. The establishment of Charles Town and the first attempts at English colonization in Carolina stood for a while on a precarious footing. The spread of the Indian...
Appendix I. Catalogue Numbers of Illustrated Artifacts
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Appendix II. Pottery Types
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Page Count: 241
Publication Year: 2005


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Published in Proceedings of the Symposium on Flow Measurement in Open Channels and Closed Conduits: Gaithersburg, MD, February 23, 1977, pages 471-477.
NOTE: At the time of publication, the author William Durgin was not yet affiliated with Cal Poly.
Laser doppler anemometers are non-invasive, linear, and inherently precise. Calibration, in the usual sense, is not necessary; length and frequency measurements suffice to establish velocity at a spatial point. Measurements were made at points in the cross-sections of two square ducts containing water flow. The points were selected in conformance with a numerical integration scheme to be used for volumetric flow rate determination from the velocity measurements. The experiments were performed in a primary calibration facility at flows up to 1.25 m3/sec using ducts with sides 46 and 92 cm. The anemometer, operating in forward scatter differential mode with a 15 mw He Ne laser, was positioned with a special traversing frame. Windows in the ducts allowed transmission of the beams into the flow and reception of scattered light. Two grid patterns, 4 x 11 and 11 x 11, were used so that 44 and 121 velocities were measured for each test. A total of eight tests were conducted covering a Reynolds number range from 1.1 to 3.9 X 108. After accounting for errors due to the discreet integration scheme of 0.61% and 0.13% for the 4 x 11 and 11 x 11 schemes, respectively, comparison with the calibration facility indicated extreme errors of +0.81/-0.16 and +0.84/-0.61. The major limitation of the set-up used was the time required to move the anemometer and obtain a new velocity value. It was pointed out that either better mechanical positioning or optical scanning could be employed to reduce the time required for a flow determination.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Evaluating Tagging Methods and Movement Patterns of Round Gobies
The round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) is an invasive fish species introduced in the St. Clair River in 1990 and is now found throughout the Great Lakes basin. Information on round goby movement and behavior is needed to understand their potential impact on the Great Lakes. Research on potential tagging methods and movement of round gobies is scant. We explored the use of marking round gobies with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags in order to determine the effects of tagging on growth and mortality. In general, we found that the presence of a tag in the fish had no strong effect on growth or mortality. We also conducted a study on the movement patterns of round gobies in Muskegon Lake. Using PIT tagged fish we followed 48 round gobies enclosed in a 20x20-m block net for 22 days. Our goal was to determine the movement patterns of the gobies within the block net and examine the effects of various factors on these patterns. However, during the course the study, we found that the equipment used was not optimal for use with round gobies. Due to a high escape rate and low detection rate of fish, no conclusions could be surmised on round goby movement. Overall, we determined that although PIT tags do not strongly affect the growth or mortality of round gobies, the equipment available currently seems to be inadequate for tracking round gobies in shallow-water, lake habitats.
Faculty Mentor: Carl Ruetz
Page last modified July 14, 2009


Design for adding ifdown script to KVM
This is a design document about adding support for an ifdown script responsible for deconfiguring network devices and cleanup changes made by the ifup script. The first implementation will target KVM but it could be ported to Xen as well especially when hotplug gets implemented.
Current state and shortcomings
Currently, KVM before instance startup, instance migration and NIC hotplug, it creates a tap and invokes explicitly the kvm-ifup script with the relevant environment (INTERFACE, MAC, IP, MODE, LINK, TAGS, and all the network info if any; NETWORK_SUBNET, NETWORK_TAGS, etc).
For Xen we have the vif-ganeti script (associated with vif-script hypervisor parameter). The main difference is that Xen calls it by itself by passing it as an extra option in the configuration file.
This ifup script can do several things; bridge a tap to a bridge, add ip rules, update a external DNS or DHCP server, enable proxy ARP or proxy NDP, issue openvswitch commands, etc. In general we can divide those actions in two categories:
 1. Commands that change the state of the host
 2. Commands that change the state of external components.
Currently those changes do not get cleaned up or modified upon instance shutdown, remove, migrate, or NIC hot-unplug. Thus we have stale entries in hosts and most important might have stale/invalid configuration on external components like routers that could affect connectivity.
A workaround could be hooks but:
1) During migrate hooks the environment is the one held in config data and not in runtime files. The NIC configuration might have changed on master but not on the running KVM process (unless hotplug is used). Plus the NIC order in config data might not be the same one on the KVM process.
2) On instance modification, changes are not available on hooks. With other words we do not know the configuration before and after modification.
Since Ganeti is the orchestrator and is the one who explicitly configures host devices (tap, vif) it should be the one responsible for cleanup/ deconfiguration. Especially on a SDN approach this kind of script might be useful to cleanup flows in the cluster in order to ensure correct paths without ping pongs between hosts or connectivity loss for the instance.
Proposed Changes
We add an new script, kvm-ifdown that is explicitly invoked after:
 1. instance shutdown on primary node
 2. successful instance migration on source node
 3. failed instance migration on target node
 4. successful NIC hot-remove on primary node
If an administrator's custom ifdown script exists (e.g. kvm-ifdown-custom), the kvm-ifdown script executes that script, as happens with kvm-ifup.
Along with that change we should rename custom ifup script from kvm-vif-bridge (which does not make any sense) to kvm-ifup-custom.
In contrary to kvm-ifup, one cannot rely on kvm-ifdown script to be called. A node might die just after a successful migration or after an instance shutdown. In that case, all "undo" operations will not be invoked. Thus, this script should work "on a best effort basis" and the network should not rely on the script being called or being successful. Additionally it should modify only the node local dynamic configs (routes, arp entries, SDN, firewalls, etc.), whereas static ones (DNS, DHCP, etc.) should be modified via hooks.
Implementation Details
 1. Where to get the NIC info?
We cannot account on config data since it might have changed. So the only place we keep our valid data is inside the runtime file. During instance modifications (NIC hot-remove, hot-modify) we have the NIC object from the RPC. We take its UUID and search for the corresponding entry in the runtime file to get further info. After instance shutdown and migration we just take all NICs from the runtime file and invoke the ifdown script for each one
 1. Where to find the corresponding TAP?
Currently TAP names are kept under /var/run/ganeti/kvm-hypervisor/nics//. This is not enough. As told above a NIC's index might change during instance's life. An example will make things clear:
 - The admin starts an instance with three NICs.
 - The admin removes the second without hotplug.
 - The admin removes the first with hotplug.
The index that will arrive with the RPC will be 1 and if we read the relevant NIC file we will get the tap of the NIC that has been removed on second step but is still existing in the KVM process.
So upon TAP creation we write another file with the same info but named after the NIC's UUID. The one named after its index can be left for compatibility (Ganeti does not use it; external tools might) Obviously this info will not be available for old instances in the cluster. The ifdown script should be aware of this corner case.
 1. What should we cleanup/deconfigure?
Upon NIC hot-remove we obviously want to wipe everything. But on instance migration we don't want to reset external configuration like DNS. So we choose to pass an extra positional argument to the ifdown script (it already has the TAP name) that will reflect the context it was invoked with. Please note that de-configuration of external components is not encouraged and should be done via hooks. Still we could easily support it via this extra argument.
 1. What will be the script environment?
In general the same environment passed to ifup script. Except instance's tags. Those are the only info not kept in runtime file and it can change between ifup and ifdown script execution. The ifdown script must be aware of it and should cleanup everything that ifup script might setup depending on instance tags (e.g. firewalls, etc)
Configuration Changes
 1. The kvm-ifdown script will be an extra file installed under the same dir kvm-ifup resides. We could have a single script (and symbolic links to it) that shares the same code, where a second positional argument or an extra environment variable would define if we are bringing the interface up or down. Still this is not the best practice since it is not equivalent with how KVM uses script and downscript in the netdev option; scripts are different files that get the tap name as positional argument. Of course common code will go in net-common so that it can be sourced from either Xen or KVM specific scripts.
 2. An extra file written upon TAP creation named after the NIC's UUID and including the TAP's name. Since this should be the correct file to keep backwards compatibility we create a symbolic link named after the NIC's index and pointing to this new file.


Quiz 9.5 to 9.6
Day 135
Students did well with calculating a confidence interval and running the significance test for the matched pairs. Since they knew the quiz was only on sections 9.5 and 9.6, they knew they only needed to use the formulas for matched pairs. Make sure to have questions on the quiz where students have to decide what type of test to run based on a given scenario. Students had a hard time deciphering between a two sample t test and a one sample t test (matched pairs).


Decriminalizing Abortion, the Case of Vannesa Rosales: A Conversation with Venus Faddoul
Original piece published in Venezuelanalysis
The case of a young activist arrested for allegedly helping a 13-year-old rape victim terminate a pregnancy has galvanized feminist movements in Venezuela.
Venus Faddoul is a lawyer and the director of 100% Estrógeno, an organization that focuses on women's rights in Venezuela. Today Faddoul forms part of Vannesa Rosales' defense team. Rosales is a young teacher and activist now under house arrest for allegedly assisting a 13-year-old rape victim to abort. Many Venezuelan feminists hope that her case will open the path for decriminalizing abortion in the country. In this interview, the lawyer talks to us about Venezuela's legislation regarding abortion and explains Rosales' case.
What can you tell us about Venezuela's legislation regarding abortion which, as we understand, dates back to the late 19th century?
Venezuela's legislation is indeed backward. The regulation that criminalizes abortion dates back to Venezuela's 1873 Penal Code, and it hardly changed throughout the 20th century. In fact, there were no amendments made in the last reform to the Penal Code in 2005.
In other words, our legislation regarding the voluntary interruption of pregnancy dates back to the 19th century! This legal framework clashes with international agreements, treaties, and conventions that defend and protect human rights in general and women's sexual and reproductive rights in particular. In fact, the current Penal Code clashes with agreements that Venezuela has signed and ratified, including Belém do Pará and CEDAW.
Are there any circumstances that would allow for a legal abortion?
The Penal Code states that a pregnancy can only be legally terminated if the doctor determines that the woman's life is in imminent danger. In such a case, only the doctor can decide to proceed. A pregnant minor cannot have an abortion, a woman who has been raped cannot have an abortion, a pregnancy resulting from incest cannot be terminated, and there are no economic or psychological conditions under which an abortion can go forward legally. Basically, a pregnant woman cannot legally decide to terminate a pregnancy in Venezuela.
If a woman is convicted for carrying out an abortion, what is the sentence?
According to the Penal Code, it can be six months to five years in prison.
Venezuela is going through a profound crisis. What are the consequences of criminalizing abortion on women in general, and especially the poorest women in our society?
All Venezuelan women are affected by the legal norms regarding abortion, but of course, poor women are the most vulnerable. They cannot afford contraceptives, which have a monthly cost of up to ten minimum wages, and it is even harder for them to interrupt a pregnancy in a safe way, because purchasing the pills on the black market is exorbitantly expensive. Obviously, women with economic resources have access to both contraceptive methods and safer mechanisms to terminate a pregnancy, but they too face an unregulated underground market.
Poor women confront very dangerous situations: their health and even their lives are in danger, and the state limits their reproductive autonomy. Poor women are the big victims of this situation: if an abortion is needed, they have to resort to obscure methods that endanger their physical integrity. In addition to that, because these operations are clandestine, that means that those with mercantile interests will most often extort huge amounts of money from women.
In fact, even those women who have resources and have access to a private medical service face risks. Criminalization imposes clandestinity, which affects the safety and autonomy (and therefore human rights) of all women. How do we learn about the profile of the doctors offering the service in an opaque and unregulated subworld? Are they really going to help us? What are their economic interests? Will they continue to accompany us, if a problem comes up?
The situation is very complex for all women, but again it is important to emphasize that those on the margins are much more vulnerable: it affects their physical and psychological integrity. Moreover, it is no secret that death is a possible outcome for women who are forced to carry out clandestine abortions.
Abortion is criminalized regardless of a woman's class. If a woman is accused of voluntarily terminating a pregnancy – and if it can be proven – she will be prosecuted.
Left: Vannesa Rosales. Right: Venus Faddoul with Vannesa Rosales. (Archive). Credit: Venezuelanalysis
Vannesa Rosales was detained in October 2020 for allegedly assisting a very poor 13-year-old girl to terminate her pregnancy. Tell us about her case.
Vannesa was arrested on October 12, 2020, through a highly questionable procedure: the police stormed into her home without a search warrant. She then spent nearly three months in the jails of the Mérida CICPC [criminalistic and forensic police force]. While she was locked up there, she was not able to talk to us [the defense], and she was only allowed to meet with her family twice. Following a January 8 communique that was subscribed by more than 200 organizations, both national and international, she was granted house arrest.
As you mentioned, Vannesa is accused of assisting in the termination of a pregnancy of a 13-year-old girl who had been raped.
Vannesa's case is very complex. From the moment I was called to defend her, it was clear to me that the case could represent a turning point. It has all the ingredients to put the issue in the public arena and to shake the foundations of Venezuelan conservatism and false feminist politics.
Unfortunately, over the past few years, there has been no real policy plan to promote gender equity. Some steps were taken under Chávez's mandate. However, those were the unilateral decisions of a single person, and they did not change the existing conservative and misogynist structures.
Here, what should have been a trial for the rape of a 13-year-old girl turned into an indictment for assisting an abortion. In fact, as far as we know, the rapist remains free!
In all of this, the most infuriating issue is that the authorities, even though they were aware of what was happening and knew that a human rights defender [Vannesa Rosales] was locked up, did not intervene. The perspective of the police and the judicial system is sexist and patriarchal. State institutions are ignorant of women's human rights.
What is worse, they didn't even have enough empathy to consider what would have happened if their own teen daughter became pregnant as an outcome of rape. They applied the full weight of the law for two reasons: because this 13-year-old girl and her mother were vulnerable people who had no support, and because they saw an opportunity for extortion.
Thus, the key elements in Vannesa's case are legal and social ones. At the end of the day, we are once again talking about the criminalization of poverty. Right now Vannesa is under house arrest, pending a preliminary hearing.
Could you explain the case in greater detail? Can Vannesa give declarations, and are the legal proceedings on schedule?
In principle, Vannesa could give declarations, but given the complexities of the case, anything could harm her defense. Additionally, the legal proceedings are under judicial seal for now, so we cannot give many details about the case.
However, I can offer a brief history. Vannesa was arrested on October 12, and on November 30 the Attorney General's Office filed the accusation. After the accusation has been submitted, the law establishes a 20-day statutory period – 15 days plus 5 days extension if necessary – to proceed with the preliminary hearing. It is now mid-February and we do not have a date for the preliminary hearing. Thus, Vannesa is facing procedural delay.
As it turns out, we are in legal limbo: a Supreme Court's communiqué states that the time limits established by law do not apply because of the Covid-19 quarantine, while another communiqué states the opposite. Meanwhile, Vannesa is being detained and in a situation of huge legal uncertainty.
Unfortunately, as a lawyer, I can tell you that procedural delay has become all too common in Venezuela. The justice system is in crisis. In a report that we put together about Vannesa's case, we found at least eight violations of due process and even breaches of the Constitution. The problems that we face with her defense are not unique.
In any case, we are pressing for the preliminary hearing and working on the defense strategy, which I cannot explain here for obvious reasons.
Venezuelan women struggle for the decriminalization of abortion. Credit: Araña Feminista and Comadres Púrpura
Who is Vannesa Rosales? What can you tell us about her life and work?
Vannesa is a 31-year-old teacher. She studied pedagogy and committed her life to education. For eight years now she has been working in the Pueblo Nuevo barrio in Mérida, where she is a professor and the coordinator of various "learning nuclei" for the Universidad Territorial de Mérida. She focuses on reinserting children and adults into education, both at the pre-university and university level.
Vannesa is also a committed activist and defender of women's sexual and reproductive rights.
The struggle for legalizing abortion has been going on for a long time in Venezuela. However, Vannesa Rosales' case has reactivated people and movements here. It has the potential to bring together diverse feminist organizations with one shared goal: the decriminalization of abortion. What are your thoughts on this matter?
We do think that Vannesa's case could mark


UN Mapping Report
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Q & A
1. What does the report address?
It maps and documents "the most serious violations of human rights and international humanitarian law committed with the territory of the DRC between March 1993 and June 2003."
2. Which entity was responsible for producing the report?
The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights under the leadership of Navanethem Pillay was responsible for producing the report
3. Why has this report generated such widespread press reports?
The claim that the victims of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda may be culpable of committing a genocide in the Congo has generated a great deal of interest.
4. Why was the report leaked?
The authors of the report indicated that they were concerned that the language of "genocide" may be watered down before the official publishing of the document, therefore they felt it necessary to leak the report to safeguard the integrity of the report. See Le Monde August 27, 2010
5. Did the report actually charge Rwanda with committing genocide in the Congo?
No it said "it will be for a competent court to make a decision on the issue."
6. A lot of the focus has been on Rwanda; does the report focus on other countries?
Yes, it does. It looks at the commission of human rights violations by numerous external players such as Uganda, Burundi, Angola, Zimbabwe and others. Also, it documents some of the internal human rights violations that have taken place internally.
7. Is it true that core elements of the mapping report was established in other UN reports as early as 1997?
Yes, in the late 1990s, the United Nations charged Roberto Garreton then to investigate human rights violations in the Congo. Garreton's report documented gross human rights violations, crimes against humanity and possible genocide.
8. What initiated the launch of this report?
The discovery of three mass graves in North Kivu in 2005 was a stark reminder to the United Nations that the past human rights violations in the Congo had remained largely uninvestigated. This prompted the UN to reactivate earlier UN investigative efforts but on a much larger scale.
9. What is the ultimate purpose of the report?
The ultimate purpose of the study as outlined by its authors is "to provide Congolese authorities with the elements they need to help them decide on the best approach to adopt to achieve justice for the many victims and fight widespread impunity for these crimes."
10. Seeing that the report has referenced charges of genocide, does the International Criminal Court (ICC) have a role to play in bringing perpetrators to justice?
When a state is either unwilling or unable to carry out investigations and prosecute, the ICC is brought in, however, the ICCs jurisdiction is limited only to crimes under international law committed in the DRC since July 1, 2002 and most of the crimes addressed in the mapping report occurred before 2002.


HomeAutomobile enggWhat is SU Carburetor? and How It Works?
What is SU Carburetor? and How It Works?
SU Carburetor:
SU carburetor is an example of a constant vacuum type of carburetor. It consists of a single jet in which a tapered needle operates. The area of the throat is varied by means of a piston which slides up and down. The tapered needle is connected to the accelerator.
S.U. Carburetor
Working of SU Carburetor:
When the accelerator is operated, the piston moves up and down in the throat controlling the supply of air, and the needle moves up and down to the jet controlling to the supply of fuel.
su carburetor
When the piston moves up, throat area increases, for more air passes through it. The needle also moves up increasing the annular area in the jet to pass more fuel.
When the piston moves down, throat area decreases, less air passes through it. The needle also moves down decreasing the annular area in the jet to pass less fuel.
The piston tapered needle is so designed that they maintain the correct air-fuel mixture at the different operating condition of the engine. By changing the tapered needle and adopting a suitable one, the same carburetor can be used on different H.P. engine to some extent.
 - The upper side of the piston is connected to the throttle passage through a slot cut in the piston.
 - The lower side the exposed to the atmospheric pressure.
Contant Variable Chock Carburetor
Thus, the piston at any instant depends upon the balance of its own weight (downward) against the vacuum force (upward). As the load of the piston is constant the vacuum also remains constant.
The jet can be moved up and down about to the tapered needle, by an adjusting screw fitted at the bottom of the screw. This is done for adjusting the mixture strength. There is to separate idling or slow speed system and on accelerating pump
Types of SU Carburetor
SU carburettors were provided in several "throat sizes" in both inch and millimetre measurement. These carburetors are identified by letter prefix which indicates the float type. "H", "HD", "HS", "HIF", "HV", "OM" and "KIF".
"H" types have float bowl with an arm cast into its base. It is mounted to the bottom of the carburetor with a hollow bolt. Fuel passes in carburetor body through the arm.
"HD" it has the float bowl with its arm fastening directly below, and concentric with the jet. The arm has a flange that tightened with four screws at the bottom of carburetor. A sealed rubber diaphragm is integral with the jet.
"HS" The main body is covered with rubber, fuel is supplied by an external pipe to the jet.
"HIF" It has horizontal Integral Float.
"HV", "OM" and "KIF" types less commonly used.
Advantages and Uses
The main advantage of SU carburetor is the rapid response during accelerating. Hence it is fitted with racing cars and in most of the scooters and motorcycle.
SU Carburetors were widely used in automobile vehicles from much of the twentieth century. These are also used in aircraft engines including the early versions of the Rolls Royce.
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elect one of the following forms of media: Social media Television/Movies Video games Music and/or music videos Using the selected media, write a 750-1,000-word paper addressing the impact the media has on the cognitive, physical, and psychosocial development during middle childhood. Include the following in your paper: How the selected media can change brain functioning How the selected media can disrupt physical development How the selected media influences social development How the selected media can positively influence a child Briefly summarize how Bronfenbrenner's bioecological systems theory would describe the impact of the selected media on the different systems that effect childhood development (refer to page 37 of the text as a guide). Your paper should include at least three scholarly references, in addition to the textbook.1 Process Name Approvals Purpose in Summary Receiving all the details of the visiting HCP details and responding to them either accepted or rejected. communication mostly between 3 external entities such as visiting HCP, Management, HR Management Input Data Flow(s) HCP personal details, Request accepted, user ID approvals Output Data Flow(s) Request rejected, Notify HR, Data Store(s) Used D1 employee data base Detailed Process This is the first process place in the system which would be Description the key process for the creation of any user ID in the organisation. It acts in between 3 external entities. Management and visiting HCP and HR. at this process employee details are verified and the make decision after across check the details and it can get back with the accepted and rejected details to the Visiting HCP and notify the HR manager status of the request. Process Number 2 Process Name Generate user profile Purpose in Summary Generally, receive the verified details of any employee from the external entity and receive the stored details of any employee. Input Data Flow(s) Verified details of visiting HCP details, stored details Output Data Flow(s) Recorded details Data Store(s) Used D1 employee database Detailed Process First step in this process receive the details of any new Description employee details which has been verified by the management. Moreover, receive the details from the employee database. Furthermore, those details send to another process for the organising the role of the employee. Process Number 3 Process Name Organise employee Purpose in Summary Organising the employee's user ID as per their roles connected with system admin and resident database D2 Input Data Flow(s) Recorded details, access to only notes Output Data Flow(s) Access to visiting HCP, Data Store(s) Used Resident database D2 Detailed Process Receive the stored employee user information and send to Description system admin to organise the user ID according to their and given access to resident database accordingly. 11 Process Number
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1993 / xii + 140 pages / Softcover / ISBN-13: 978-0-898713-20-6 / List Price $54.50 / SIAM Member Price $38.15 / Order Code FR13
Multilevel adaptive methods play an increasingly important role in the solution of many scientific and engineering problems. Fast adaptive methods techniques are widely used by specialists to execute and analyze simulation and optimization problems. This monograph presents a unified approach to adaptive methods, addressing their mathematical theory, efficient algorithms, and flexible data structures.
Rde introduces a well-founded mathematical theory that leads to intelligent, adaptive algorithms, and suggests advanced software techniques. This new kind of multigrid theory supports the so-called "BPX" and "multilevel Schwarz" methods, and leads to the discovery of faster more robust algorithms. These techniques are deeply rooted in the theory of function spaces. Mathematical and Computational Techniques for Multilevel Adaptive Methods examines this development together with its implications for relevant algorithms for adaptive PDE methods. The author shows how abstract data types and object-oriented programming can be used for improved implementation.
Graduate students and specialists interested in adaptive methods will use these techniques to solve simulation, optimization and other problems. Knowledge of basic multigrid and finite element methods and programming are necessary to understand the book.
Chapter 1: Introduction. 1.1: Purpose and motivation; 1.2: Notation; 1.3: Basics and model problems; Chapter 2: Multilevel Splittings. 2.1: Abstract stable splittings; 2.2: Finite element spaces; 2.2.1: Approximation property, inverse property, and stable bases; 2.2.2: Besov norms; 2.2.3: Upper bounds; 2.2.4: Lower bounds; 2.2.5 Main theorem; 2.3: Stable bases; 2.4: Induced splittings; 2.5: Multilevel iterations; 2.6: Multilevel error estimators; Chapter 3: The Fully Adaptive Multigrid Method. 3.1: Adaptive relaxation; 3.1.1: Sequential adaptive relaxation; 3.1.2: Simultaneous adaptive relaxation; 3.1.3: Evaluation; 3.2: Algebraic structure; 3.3: Application of the theory of multilevel splittings; 3.4: Multilevel adaptive iteration; 3.4.1: Tracing dependencies between levels; 3.4.2: Cycling strategies; 3.4.3: Selection of the critical tolerances; 3.5: Analysis of the V-cycle; 3.6: Hierarchical transformations; 3.6.1: Hierarchical basis; 3.6.2: Efficient implementation of the multilevel adaptive iteration by hierarchical transformations; 3.7: Virtual global grids; 3.8: Robustness; 3.9: Parallelization; 3.10: Numerical examples; 3.10.1: Adaptive refinement at a re-entrant corner; 3.10.2: Virtual global grids and multilevel adaptive solution; 3.11: Perspectives; 3.12: Historical remark; Chapter 4: Data Structures. 4.1: Introduction; 4.1.1: Overview; 4.1.2: Relations; 4.1.3: Specification of software; 4.1.4: Efficiency and modularity; 4.2: Finite element meshes; 4.2.1: Classification; 4.2.2: Triangulations; 4.2.3: Topological structure of a finite element mesh; 4.2.4: Geometric structure; 4.2.5: Algebraic structure; 4.3: Special cases; 4.3.1: Uniform meshes; 4.3.2: Quasi-uniform meshes; 4.3.3: Piecewise uniform and quasi-discretionary unidiscretionary form meshes; 4.3.4: Unstructured meshes; 4.4: Adaptive techniques; 4.4.1: A-priori adaptivity; 4.4.2: Self-adaptive refinement; 4.4.3: Algorithmic eequirements; 4.4.4: Nested triangulations; 4.4.5: Regular refinement; 4.4.6: Refinement by bisection; 4.4.7: Self-adaptive refinement with uniform patches; 4.4.8: Virtual global grid refinement; 4.5: Hierarchical meshes; 4.5.1: Relations in the multilevel hierarchy; 4.5.2: Element-based data structures; 4.5.3: Node-based data structures; 4.5.4: Classification of nodes; 4.5.5: Semi-edges and connections; 4.5.6: Partially refined meshes; 4.5.7. Characteristic sets; 4.6: Implementation using C++; 4.6.1: Node classes; 4.6.2: Efficiency for special cases requiring limited mesh flexibility; 4.6.3: Virtual overloaded functions; 4.6.4: The role of C++; References; Index.
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Thomas ArcherArticle Free Pass
Thomas Archer, (born c. 1668—died May 23, 1743, Whitehall, London, Eng.), British architect and practitioner of what was, for England, an extraordinarily extravagant Baroque style, marked by lavish curves, large scale, and bold detail.
Archer, the son of a Warwickshire squire, was educated at Trinity College, Oxford, and then spent four years abroad. After receiving several lucrative royal appointments, he bought the manor of Hale, Hampshire, in 1715 and rebuilt the house and church.
Archer's dynamic work borrowed much from the 17th-century Italian architects Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Francesco Borromini. Although he was not as original as some of the prominent English architects of his time, he was considered important. Most of his designs were executed from 1705 to 1715, including the north front of Chatsworth House (c. 1705) in Derbyshire, Heythrop House (1707–10) in Oxfordshire, a garden pavilion at Wrest Park (1709–11) in Bedfordshire, Roehampton House (c. 1712) in Surrey (now in Wandsworth, London), and the churches of St. Philip (c. 1710–15) in Birmingham, St. Paul (1712–30) in Deptford, and St. John (1713–28) in Westminster. The last two resulted from his appointment in 1711 as a commissioner for the building of 50 new churches.
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|A Hollow-Ion Resonance of Unprecedented Strength|
A so-called hollow ion is formed when core electrons are removed or excited to higher energy levels, leaving an empty inner shell. Such states can be produced in He-, a fundamental three-electron system and prototypical negative ion. The nuclear Coulomb attraction is efficiently screened in negative ions, greatly enhancing the effects that the electrons have on each other and providing an ideal opportunity to verify and further motivate theoretical models of electron correlation. Our understanding of these basic interactions can elucidate processes of importance in many fields, from the interpretation of cosmic spectra to x-ray lasing efforts using inner-shell ionization and hollow-ion formation. At the Ion-Photon Beamline at the ALS, researchers have detected in negative helium ions a resonant simultaneous double-Auger decay of unprecedented strength, evidence of a triply excited hollow-ion state that has eluded observation for 25 years.
In contrast to valence-electron excitations, decay pathways of core excited states are highly correlated phenomena, typically involving multi-electron processes such as Auger decay. States located above the double-ionization limit (such as triply excited hollow-ion states) can decay via two-electron emission in a single step if one electron is demoted with the simultaneous emission of two others (double-Auger decay). The significant challenges presented by these complex and exotic multi-electron processes to high-level theoretical models make detailed studies in computationally accessible three-electron prototype systems of prime interest.
The first experimental investigation in Heindicated that some of the observed structure was inconsistent with predictions and stimulated renewed theoretical interest. Included in these new ab initio calculations were detailed investigations of hollow-ion resonances. The positions, widths, and cross sections of these resonances present sensitive parameters for evaluating the calculations; however, such measurements remained unavailable. In addition, while the lowest triply excited quartet state in He- (the 2s2p2 4P state) was predicted 25 years ago, until now it has eluded observation. In fact, this state has not been observed in photoexcitation of any three-electron system.
At the Ion-Photon Beamline at the ALS, researchers were able to measure, for the first time, the photoexcitation widths, line shapes, and absolute cross sections of Hetriply excited (hollow-ion) states. A rubidium-vapor charge-exchange ion source was used to produce a 9.96-keV Hebeam in the 1s2s2p 4Po ground state. A 60-nA beam of Hewas merged with a counter-propagating photon beam from ALS Beamline 10.0.1, leading to excitation of the Hefrom its ground state to the 2s2p2 4P, 2p3s3p 4D, and 2p3s3p 4P states. Subsequent Auger decay in the merged region led to two-electron loss. The resulting He+ ions (the signal) were deflected by a demerging magnetic field and counted to obtain the cross sections (i.e., probabilities) of the various resonances versus incident photon energy.
Because the 2s2p2 4P state lies below the 2s2 threshold, there is no intermediate state to accommodate sequential (two-step) Auger decay. The observed signal must therefore be due to a double-Auger process, involving all three electrons of the ion simultaneously. This represents the first observation of double-Auger decay from a photoexcited negative ion, and its strength is three to four orders of magnitude larger than similar observations in other systems. Calculations of double-Auger decay in Heare not yet available and would be of great value in improving our understanding of this unexpectedly strong resonance. Otherwise, theory is in good general qualitative agreement with the new data, except for differences in the position and shape of certain features. A fourth feature in the spectrum, resolved for the first time, is observed to be Lorentzian in shape, contrary to predictions. The researchers conclude that, while our understanding of this three-electron system has advanced considerably in the past few years, further improvements in theory are still needed.
Research conducted by R.C. Bilodeau and G. Turri (Western Michigan University and ALS); J.D. Bozek and G.D. Ackerman (ALS); A. Aguilar (ALS and University of Nevada, Reno); and N. Berrah (Western Michigan University).
Research funding: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Operation of the ALS is supported by BES.
Publication about this research: R.C. Bilodeau, J.D. Bozek, A. Aguilar, G.D. Ackerman, G. Turri, and N. Berrah, "Photoexcitation of Hehollow-ion resonances: Observation of the 2s2p2 4P state," Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 193001 (2004).


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Through analysis and visualization of existing data sources such as the US Census data, Neighborhood Indicators provide information to contextualize factors impacting the West Philly Promise Neighborhood. This may include neighborhood context such as housing, safety, and the demographic characteristics of residents. We also summarize between—and within—neighborhood information about population-level outcomes such as education and health, with the added purpose of detecting any change over time as a result of Promise Neighborhood or other programs. The data snapshots created by our team help to achieve the above purposes but are created to share with community-based organizations and leaders to advance their own community programming and advocacy goals.
If you want access to the data used to create the briefs or the dashboard, please fill out a brief survey.
Click on the links below each brief if you would like to download the graphics for a grant or report.


[ smit-n ]
/ ˈsmɪt n /
Save This Word!
struck, as with a hard blow.
grievously or disastrously stricken or afflicted.
very much in love.
a past participle of smite.
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Origin of smitten
Middle English word dating back to 1200–50; see origin at smite, -en3
un·smit·ten, adjective
What does smitten mean?
Smitten is most popularly used to mean deeply in love.
It can also mean infatuated due to being extremely impressed or fond of someone or something, as in I'm just smitten with your new hairstyle or She's smitten with her new granddaughter. Another way to say any of these things is in love.
In a more negative sense, smitten can mean severely or intensely affected or afflicted, such as by illness.
All of these senses derive from the fact that smitten is the past participle of the verb smite, which means to strike, damage, injure, attack, or afflict. While smite is often associated with archaic uses (such as its use in the King James Bible to refer to the wrath of God), most senses of the word smitten don't have this association.
Example: I can tell just by the look in your eyes that you're smitten. What's his name?
Where does smitten come from?
The first records of smitten come from the 1200s. The verb smite is recorded earlier, before 900. It derives from the Middle English word smiten and is related to several Germanic words, like the Old High German smīzan, "to smear," and the German schmeissen, "to throw." Smitten is the past participle of smite is the exact same way that bitten is the past participle of bite.
The most common use of smitten is to imply that someone is in love, especially so deeply that it's just obvious—a person who's smitten in this way is always smiling. People also use smitten to express that they're infatuated with something or have a strong (and often new) fondness for it. People are usually smitten with a new puppy. A fashion critic might say they're smitten with a designer's new collection.
Similar ways of saying this are in love with and taken by. You can be smitten with things, but you can also be smitten by things, meaning you're strongly affected by them, as in I was completely smitten by her charm. Often, this sense of the word applies to negative situations, such as being smitten by the flu. In these cases, smitten is very similar to the word stricken or afflicted.
Smitten can still be used literally as the past participle of smite (in which case it means "struck down"), but this is much less common.
Did you know...?
What are some other forms related to smitten?
 - smite (verb)
 - unsmitten (adjective)
What are some synonyms for smitten?
What are some words that often get used in discussing smitten?
How is smitten used in real life?
Smitten is most commonly used to imply that someone is in love, but it's also often used to refer to an infatuated fondness.
Try using smitten!
Which of the following words is NOT a synonym for smitten?
A. affected
B. infatuated
C. indifferent
D. taken
Example sentences from the Web for smitten
British Dictionary definitions for smitten
/ (ˈsmɪtən) /
a past participle of smite
(postpositive) affected by love (for)


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Indexed on: 17 Sep '14Published on: 17 Sep '14Published in: Dalton Transactions
Zintl phases are attractive for thermoelectric applications due to their complex structures and bonding environments. The Zintl compounds Ca(5)Al(2)In(x)Sb(6)and Ca(5)Al(2)In(x)Sb(6) have both been shown to have promising thermoelectric properties, with zT values of 0.6 and 0.7, respectively, when doped to control the carrier concentration. Alloying can often be used to further improve thermoelectric materials in cases when the decrease in lattice thermal conductivity outweighs reductions to the electronic mobility. Here we present the high temperature thermoelectric properties of the Ca(5)Al(2-x)In(x)Sb(6)solid solution. Undoped and optimally Zn-doped samples were investigated. X-ray diffraction confirms that a full solid solution exists between the Al and In end-members. We find that the Al : In ratio does not greatly influence the carrier concentration or Seebeck effect. The primary effect of alloying is thus increased scattering of both charge carriers and phonons, leading to significantly reduced electronic mobility and lattice thermal conductivity at room temperature. Ultimately, the figure of merit is unaffected by alloying in this system, due to the competing effects of reduced mobility and lattice thermal conductivity.


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I tell you what, the guy has a future as a stripper.
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Starting in Python 1.4, Python provides a special make file for building make files for building dynamically-linked extensions and custom interpreters. The make file make file builds a make file that reflects various system variables determined by configure when the Python interpreter was built, so people building module's don't have to resupply these settings. This vastly simplifies the process of building extensions and custom interpreters on Unix systems.
The make file make file is distributed as the file Misc/Makefile.pre.in in the Python source distribution. The first step in building extensions or custom interpreters is to copy this make file to a development directory containing extension module source.
The make file make file, Makefile.pre.in uses metadata provided in a file named Setup. The format of the Setup file is the same as the Setup (or Setup.in) file provided in the Modules/ directory of the Python source distribution. The Setup file contains variable definitions:
and module description lines. It can also contain blank lines and comment lines that start with "#".
A module description line includes a module name, source files, options, variable references, and other input files, such as libraries or object files. Consider a simple example::
This is the simplest form of a module definition line. It defines a module, ExtensionClass, which has a single source file, ExtensionClass.c.
This slightly more complex example uses an -I option to specify an include directory:
EC=/projects/ExtensionClass cPersistence cPersistence.c -I$(EC)
This example also illustrates the format for variable references.
For systems that support dynamic linking, the Setup file should begin:
to indicate that the modules defined in Setup are to be built as dynamically linked modules. A line containing only "*static*"can be used to indicate the subsequently listed modules should be statically linked.
Here is a complete Setup file for building a cPersistent module:
# Set-up file to build the cPersistence module. # Note that the text should begin in the first column. *shared* # We need the path to the directory containing the ExtensionClass # include file. EC=/projects/ExtensionClass cPersistence cPersistence.c -I$(EC)
After the Setup file has been created, Makefile.pre.in is run with the "boot" target to create a make file:
make -f Makefile.pre.in boot
This creates the file, Makefile. To build the extensions, simply run the created make file:
It's not necessary to re-run Makefile.pre.in if the Setup file is changed. The make file automatically rebuilds itself if the Setup file changes.


Optimization for Retargetable Compilers
Using tools like Processor Designer from Synopsys it is possible to rapidly design Application Specific Processors (ASIPs). In order to efficiently apply them in applications it is necessary to also provide programming support. This is done by using retargetable compilers which can be adapted to new processors. However, those compilers usually generate code that does not perform as well as hand written assembly. Due to the high cost of assembler programming and the low portability of the resulting programs, highly optimizing retargetable compilers are desirable.
The developments being done in this project aim to close the gap between hand-written assembly and compiled C-Code. Examples of such transformations are:
 - An optimization for Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) instructions
 - An optimization to exploit the conditional execution feature found primarily in VLIW processors.
 - Retargetable linear scan register allocation
In addition to being efficient the optimizations also have to be retargetable. That means a possibility of describing the algorithms's machine dependent part is also needed.
Project overview
All the development is done using the CoSy platform by the Netherlands based company ACE. There is a close research relationship with ACE, which includes student exchanges and regular meetings. The CoSy platform has been chosen because it provides a powerful and extensible framework to build compilers. This allows us to focus on the actual optimization, while resting assured that the remainder of the compiler is up to the latest standards.
The CoSy frameworks consists of several modules called engines. The optimizations are implemented as a set of additional engines. They can then be adapted to a specific processor instance by using configuration files that describe the specifics of a certain processor.
The following paragraphs offer more detailed descriptions of selected sub-projects that are part of this project.
SIMD optimization
Many embedded processors feature a set of multimedia extensions known as SIMD. These interpret a single register as a short vector of a smaller data-type. Common setups allow the use of 32 Bit registers for two 16 Bit or for four 8 Bit values. A single arithmetic operation, like an addition or multiplication, can then be executed for all vector elements in a single step.
A retargetable approach to SIMD optimization has been explored and integrated into the CoSy framework. Retargetability is achieved by reusing CoSy's code selection capabilities.
Conditional execution
Many processors, especially in the VLIW class, support conditional execution: an instruction is only evaluated if a Boolean condition, which is usually stored in a register, is met. If the condition is not met, the instruction behaves like a NOP. This feature is especially important on pipelined architectures, since it can be used to reduce jump operations in the code. Since jumps incur pipeline stalls, this often results in improved runtime behavior.
 When used on VLIW processors the advantage is even more evident. In addition to the elimination of br/anch delays, basic blocks can be merged. This leaves more freedom to the scheduler and therefore enables more instructions to be executed in parallel. However this effect decreases with increasing size of the basic block. From a certain size onwards, there may be no noticeable effect or even an decrease in efficiency. It is therefore necessary, to decide on a case-by-case basis, whether the use of conditional instructions is profitable.
 Felix Engel, Manuel Hohenauer, Maria Auras-Rodriguez, Sergey Yakoushkin
 Engel, F., Leupers, R., Ascheid, G., Ferger, M. and Beemster, M.: Enhanced structural analysis for C code reconstruction from IR code, in 14th International Workshop on Software and Compilers for Embedded Systems(New York, NY, USA), pp. 21--27, ACM, Jun. 2011, ISBN: 978-1-45030-763-5, 10.1145/_PHONE_._PHONE_ ©2011 IEEE
 Hohenauer, M., Engel, F., Leupers, R., Ascheid, G. and Meyr, H.: A SIMD Optimization Framework for Retargetable Compilers, 2009
 Hohenauer, M., Engel, F., Leupers, R., Ascheid, G., Meyr, H., Bette, G. and Singh, B.: Retargetable Code Optimization for Predicated Execution, in DATE(Munich, Germany), in DATE(Munich, Germany), Mar. 2008
 Hohenauer, M., Schumacher, C., Leupers, R., Ascheid, G., Meyr, H. and van Someren, H.: Retargetable Code Optimization with SIMD Instructions, in CODES+ISSS(Seoul, Korea), in CODES+ISSS(Seoul, Korea), Oct. 2006


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I'm going to tackle, with no padding or helmet, the fearsome "Lay versus Lie". I murder this nugget of grammardom often. So here I teach myself, and if others learn, so be it!
1. The verb "to lie" is when a person reclines in the horizontalish position.
2. The verb "to lay" always involves an object that is put down. Physically, that is. We are not insulting the object!
First off, Present tense.
1. George lies on the bed.
2. George lays the book on the table. Or, I lay the book down. Here, there is always an object being put down. An easy way to remember? "The chicken lays an egg." Though the meaning is different, luckily it still works as a handy reference. It never sounds right to say, "The chicken lies an egg." There's always an object.
1. George lay on the bed. Oh crap. Here's where it gets confusing. Because past tense of "to lie" is the same word for present tense of the verb "to lay", see above. Also, it's triple confusing when you say "George lay down on the bed" Because we often follow "lay" with "down" and the slurring of the words makes it sound like "laid down". In conversation, who cares. On paper, "laid down" is wrong. Also, there is no such thing as "lied down," either, so chuck them both far, far away.
2. George laid the book on the table.
Past participle. Stay with me! Drink a cappucino if you need to!
1. George had lain on the bed for hours, unable to understand his grammar lesson.
2. George had laid the book on the table before he collapsed from a grammar stroke.
Here's a handy-dandy reference from the FreeTeach website.
I have a headache! Good luck!
18 hours ago


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and the escapement. (The period drawing of the Graf action shows no space between the beak leather and the escapement. The drawing of Nannette Stein's action from 1801 shows a slight gap.) The beak leather must slip smoothly and immediately under the escapement lever when the hammer returns to rest position.
- The hammers should fall in a smooth gliding motion, neither too fast nor too slow.
- When the hammer escapes at 2 mm from the string the key should be fully depressed. Hence the action is regulated without the aftertouch typical in the English action. It should not take additional finger pressure to achieve escapement when maximum key dip is reached. [The only exception to this is in the high treble, where regulators in Vienna often use a slightly shallower key dip and some finger pressure is needed to achieve escapement.]
- There can be several causes if a strong blow results in a weak tone: The beak leather may be loose and require regluing; the beak leather may be bending because it is worn and has lost its firmness, or the escapement spring tension may be too weak. Any adjustment of spring tension will also change the let-off.
- The hammer should check at the highest possible point, but it must not rub or catch on the check when ascending.
- The damper lift should begin at about half key dip.
- The action should be completely free of extraneous noises.
- The damper function, particularly with leather dampers, should be instantaneous and complete. (So lang der Finger auf der Taste liegen bleibt, dauert der Ton fort, weil der Dämpfer dadurch von der Saite weggehoben wird, und sie frey vibriren lässt:zieht sich der Finger von der Taste zurück, so verschwindet auch plötzlich der Ton, weil der Dämpfer wieder auf die Saite fällt, und dadurch ihre Schwingung hindert. Andreas Streicher. Kurze Bemerkungen über das Spielen, Stimmen und Erhalten der Fortepiano welche von Nannette Streicher, geborne Stein in Wien verfertiget werden. Vienna, 1801, p. 5) Leather dampers over pearwood cores, must be replicated if thy are worn or missing. Never replace leather dampers with modern felt.
- Viennese fortepianos may have from two to six pedals. They should all be silent in function and perfectly regulated. In a fortepiano with six pedals, the pedals usually have the following functions:
- keyboard shift (often all the way to una corda)
- damper lift
- single moderator
- double moderator
- Janissary pedal (drums, bells, triangle)
Lubricating and Adjusting the Capsules.
Remove the hammers from the capsules with a expanding pliers. Clean rust and corrosion from the axle pins by revolving the pins into the end grain of a piece of soft pine. In the field, period technicians often used the end grain at the rear of the key to clean the axel pins. Historical instruments often have small holes in the ends of the keys. Clean the dimples in the brass capsules with a toothbrush with the bristles cut to the nub. Clean dust from the capsules with a piece of soft leather glued to a thin board. With a thin wire, lubricate the capsule dimples with a tiny drop of watch-maker's oil. (The traditional lubricant was probably thinned olive oil.) Lightly squeeze the capsule together. Open the capsule from above with expanding pliers. Fit the hammer shank axles into the dimples in the capsule (put the key under your arm while performing this work.) A special machine was developed by Viennese builders to turn new capsules into the keys without damaging the forks. An ingenious press was used to insert the axel pins(Kerne) into the hammershanks.
Check the capsule tension.
Hold the hammer end of the key upright at about 45 degrees. Lift and drop the hammer onto its rest pad. When the correct capsule tension is achieved the hammer should bounce two to three times on its rest pad. The capsule tension is too loose if the capsule rattles or if the hammer bounces more than three times. Check for a loose capsule by lightly holding the hammershank onto its rest cushion. Knock on the key. If the capsule tension is insufficient the axle will rattle in the capsule. The hammer must be removed from the capsule to adjust capsule tension. The sequence is always the same: remove the hammer, squeeze the capsule lightly, open the capsule gently with the pliers (just enough to place the axle in place), and check the capsule tension. The swing test is absolutely critical for a careful regulation. The capsule tension must be regulated to the size and weight of the hammers, as the hammers progress from large, heavy hammers in the bass to light hammers in the treble.
The beak leather must be tightly glued with hide glue to the hammerbutt. Make sure there is no glue on the end of the beak leather or it will knock against the escapement. If the leather is loose it will flex against the escapement lever and repetition will be poor. The beak leather should stick out a bit from the hammer shank and should have minimal space (lost motion) under the escapement lever. There should be just enough lost motion so that, when one releases the key slowly, there is space for the beak to slip back under the escapement lever.
The hammers must rise absolutely perpendicularly and should not let off closer than 2 mm from the strings. The hammers must not block against the strings. On early Viennese actions, the fine let-off is regulated by slightly adjusting the tension of the escapement spring. Later instruments have let-off screws which help adjust the distance between the beak and the escapement lever.
When the hammer has reached its highest point, the deepest point of the key dip should also have been reached so that there is no aftertouch. Extra pressure should not be necessary to make the hammer escape when the key is depressed slowly. On some later Viennese actions with heavy hammers, I often use an aftertouch of about.010". Remember the key dip is controlled at the rear of the key on the Viennese action. The dip is regulated by gluing and removing shims to the upper surface at the rear of the keys.
Check the action with a strong blow to make sure that the instrument plays and that the beak does not simply slip away from the escapement without making any sound. If this occurs, check for loose beak leather or worn beaks. The escapement spring tension may also need to be slightly increased by pressing it forward lightly at its base. (You must remove the rail which protects the springs and the escapement levers when doing spring adjustments). Increasing spring tension will also change the let-off of the hammer.
The check rail must not catch the hammer on its way up. The hammers must strike the unison squarely and must show even spacing in rest position. To repair an oinking or ringing damper, the offending damper can be brushed lightly with a soft brush. Parchment or soft leather shims can be inserted between the pear-wood molding of the damper and the damper leather. With the damper at rest on the unison, pluck the strings to locate ones that ring and regulate according to the above description. Damper lift on early Viennese actions begins almost as soon as the key is depressed. On later actions the damper lift begins at half key dip.


text: 1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data A stunt driver wants to make his car jump over 8 cars parked side my side below a horizontal ramp. (a) With what maximum speed must he drive off the horizontal ramp? The vertical height of the ramp is 1.5m above the cars and the horizontal distance he must clear is 20m. (b) What is the new minimum speed if the ramp is now tilted upward, so that "takeoff angle" is 10 degrees above the horizontal, and nothing else is changed? 2. Relevant equations I have worked out the answer to part (a), with a speed of 36.166 ms-1 leaving the horizontal ramp. 3. The attempt at a solution I have a few queries... If the ramp is 10 degrees sloped, does that mean the ramp is taller than 1.5m or is it sloped so that it is at the same height? I'm lead to assume its still 1.5m as everything is the same. Please Help!


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In saying that something doesn't exist, is it unusual to use the ga particle (が) and a negative verb? For example, would "(Uchi ni) Terebi ga arimasen" be an unusual way to say "There isn't a TV (at my house)"?
The reason I'm wondering is that lesson 8 of Japanese For Busy People, which introduces the ga particle and the existence of people and things, teaches "place ni noun ga arimasu/imasu" to say "The object exists at this location!". (If you were talking about a noun whose existance was already known, and you were just providing additional information, it currently suggests using "wa" and "desu" - eg "terebi wa ookii desu" - "the television is big")
Also, at the start of chapter 9, it teaches "place ni noun ga arimasu ka", and tells you how to do the positive answer "Hai, noun ga arimasu".
However, it doesn't teach "noun ga arimasen/imasen" to say "The object doesn't exist!". The only time it mentions the negative form is with "Nani mo arimasen" and "Dare mo imasen", which is to say that nothing or no-one exists at a specific location.
Since it doesn't teach "noun ga arimasen/imasen", I'm wondering if it's because that's not gramatically correct.


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Soccer – the beautiful game – does not need any introduction. But thinking of a soccer ball description, regardless of its source, is likely to introduce you to a bunch of questions.
At the outset, the thought of a soccer ball can give rise to the following questions on your mind:
- What are soccer balls made of?
- What is the actual process of manufacturing these balls?
- How did the soccer ball get its current shape and form?
There is a long list of questions that you can relate to the ball that is used to play the beautiful and popular game of soccer.
This post will answer the aforementioned questions alongside shedding some light on some of the other questions that you can think about.
How Was the First Soccer Ball Made?
Since its inception, the soccer ball has been a popular sports item throughout the history of mankind.
It has a rich and vivid history, spanning through various civilizations. On its journey, it has stood the test of times by going through variations to emerge in its correct form.
In the past, soccer balls had a distinctive look in comparison to what they look like at present.
The ancient version of the ball dates back to Chinese Civilization. In those days, soccer balls made of animal skin and hair were in use.
Back then, animal skin formed the external covering, whereas animal hair featured in its interiors.
How Did the Soccer Ball Attain Its Current Form?
In the pre-medieval period, the animal skull was used as a soccer ball. Subsequently, it got replaced by the aerated bladder of a pig.
Thereafter, people started covering the external portion of the inflated pig bladder with leather to give it a definite shape.
The soccer with these attributes had one fundamental problem, though. Due to its composition, it lacked a uniform shape.
Vulcanized rubber soccer ball and inflated rubber bladder were introduced to address this problem. But it could not meet the expectations of the players.
The current form of the soccer ball came into being with the introduction of new football rules by the English Football Association in 1882. It stated that the shape of a soccer ball should be spherical and its perimeter should range between 27" and 28".
Despite the use of a variety of materials, including hard rubber, for the manufacturing of soccer balls, its shape and the measurement of its perimeter remains the same as stated by the English Football Association.
What Does a Soccer Ball Involve?
Leather has been one of the important soccer ball materials since the beginning. This trend has remained intact till date.
Its version has undergone some changes, though. Most manufacturers prefer using synthetic leather instead of the standard version.
Though soccer balls are made of leather, its architecture can be broken down into two categories: the inner bladder, and the external covering.
Further, these two fundamental parts of a soccer ball can be broken down into four parts of a soccer ball. These include the following:
- The exterior
- The stitching
- The lining
- The bladder
The architecture of a modern-day soccer ball revolves around these core aspects. Almost all soccer ball manufacturing units attach importance to building the exterior layer of the item.
They make it by filling several layers of foam and pasting them with one another.
Here I Found an Interesting Video on What's Inside Soccer Ball
How Is Soccer Ball Made?
Typically, the process of soccer ball production comprises the following steps:
- Placing the exterior in the form of a line: The external part of a soccer ball consists of a combination of synthetic leather sheets and multiple layers of cloth. A latex adhesive keeps the layers of both the materials attached. Two layers and four layers of clothes are used for cheaper and expensive units respectively.
- Cutting the panels: In the next step, workers cut the leather sheet and cloth combo by using a die-cutting machine. The machine cuts the combo into hexagons with stitched holes.
- Putting the manufacturer's logo on the panel: Following the individual silk-screening of the hexagonal panels, workers use a quick-drying paint to imprint the logo of its manufacturer on their surfaces.
- Building the bladder: Synthetic or natural soccer ball fabrics are generally used to build the bladder. Workers turn the raw material into a mold by introducing it to heat. By doing so, they turn their shape into that of mold. Next, they allow it to cool for some time so that it develops wrinkles. Thereafter, they take out the bladders and inflate them slightly so they form a smooth surface.
- Stitching and assembling various parts: Lastly, a stitchery stitches as many as 32 panels together to give the football its actual form. For best results, they use their hand instead of a machine. They conclude the process by stitching the final seams after the insertion of the bladder.
Must Watch Video on How to Make Soccer Ball from Scratch
How Many Leather Panels Does a Soccer Ball Have?
On average, a soccer ball consists of 32 leather panels. Out of these 32 panels, twenty panels take the shape of a hexagon, and the rest of the panels are pentagons.
This arrangement for soccer ball stitching is based on a valid reason. When players play the game of soccer, the soccer ball needs to roll freely to keep them engaged and provide entertainment to the crowd.
Final Thoughts on Manufacturing of Soccer Balls
As much fascinating as it looks on the surface, a soccer ball goes through several steps as mentioned above.
If you are a soccer enthusiast with interest in details, the story of the evolution of soccer ball to its current form and the method of its manufacturing will interest you a lot.
Though the implementation of certain FIFA requirements has not left much room for maneuvering, manufacturers have not stopped experimenting with different materials keeping the measurements the same.
You can expect more changes in the coming years.
Now that you have detailed information about soccer balls, do not be surprised at soccer ball description anymore.


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USGS Body-Wave Moment Tensor Solution
13/03/26 13:04:48.30 Epicenter: 16.212 -98.136 MW 5.4 USGS MOMENT TENSOR SOLUTION Depth 12 No. of sta: 14 Moment Tensor; Scale 10**17 Nm Mrr= 1.18 Mtt=-0.72 Mpp=-0.46 Mrt= 0.22 Mrp=-0.75 Mtp= 0.72 Principal axes: T Val= 1.47 Plg=68 Azm= 94 N 0.02 16 318 P -1.49 14 224 Best Double Couple:Mo=1.5*10**17 NP1:Strike=292 Dip=34 Slip= 60 NP2: 147 61 109
The figure above shows a visual representation of the style of faulting (focal mechanism) derived from the estimated moment tensor. Shaded areas show quadrants of the focal sphere in which the P-wave first-motions are away from the source, and unshaded areas show quadrants in which the P-wave first-motions are toward the source. The dots represent the axis of maximum compressional strain (in black, called the "P-axis") and the axis of maximum extensional strain (in white, called the "T-axis") resulting from the earthquake.


text:
is the practice of
- acquiring goods and services in a restrained manner, and
- resourcefully using already owned economic goods and services, to
- achieve a longer term goal.
Strategies for frugality
of frugality include the reduction of waste
, curbing costly habits
, suppressing instant gratification
by means of fiscal self-restraint, seeking efficiency
, avoiding traps, defying expensive social norms, embracing free (as in gratis) options, using barter
, and staying well-informed about local circumstances and both market and product/service realities.
Frugality in the context of certain belief systems, is a philosophy in which one does not trust, or is deeply wary of "expert" knowledge, often from commercial markets or corporate cultures, claiming to know what is in the best economic, material, or spiritual interests of the individual.
Different spiritual communities consider frugality to be a virtue or a spiritual discipline. The Religious Society of Friends and the Puritans are examples of such groups. The basic philosophy behind this is the idea that people ought to save money in order to allocate it to more charitable purposes, such as helping others in need.
There are also environmentalists who consider frugality to be a virtue through which humans can make use of their ancestral skills as hunter-gatherers, carrying little and needing little, and finding meaning in nature instead of man-made conventions or religion. Henry David Thoreau expressed a similar philosophy in Walden, with his zest for self-reliance and minimal possessions while simply living in the woods.


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NEW YORK, NY.- New York Universitys Grey Art Gallery
presents the first American museum exhibition of artists posters created in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) during the 23-year period preceding reunification. Opening on September 7, Künstlerplakate: Artists Posters from East Germany, _PHONE_ showcases more than 120 examples that were produced and circulated primarily in the countrys three principal art centers: Dresden, Leipzig, and Karl-Marx-Stadt (now Chemnitz). These artists posters―Künstlerplakate in German―reveal the art forms evolution from early examples in the 1960s to impressive highpoints in the late 1980s. Drawn entirely from the extensive collections of and organized by the Kunstsammlungen Chemnitz, the exhibition also demonstrates the wide range of styles employed by East German artists.
Künstlerplakate function both as advertisements for cultural events and works of art in their own right, with most printed either by or in the presence of the artist. Limiting the editions to less than 100 copies, painters, sculptors, and graphic artists were, for the most part, able to bypass strict GDR censorship boards. While paintingwith its associations of bourgeois conspicuous consumption―was discouraged by Communist officials, printmaking and graphic design―with their emphasis on reproducibility and visual communication―were encouraged. Artists posters thus provided a potent vehicle for individual expression and experimentation. Despite pressure to conform to the dictates of socialist realism, East German artists were challenged to produce creative and engaging posters while skirting the edges of ideological orthodoxy. Over time, GDR printing policies and censorship standards eased; a majority of the posters featured in Künstlerplakate date from the 1980s and many obliquely address the stifled promise of East German Communism.
The Kunstsammlungen Chemnitz is thrilled to share these remarkable and vibrant posters with New York audiences, states Ingrid Mössinger, executive director of the complex of museums located in Chemnitz, a major city in Saxony, and co-curator of the exhibition with Katharina Metz. The posters, over 100 of which were donated to the Kunstsammlungen Chemnitz by collectors Margrit and Gert Becker, demonstrate that the East German art scene was much more diverse than previously assumed. They also offer eloquent testimony to what artists had to cope with and what they suffered at the time, observe Mössinger and Metz.
With tightly restricted access to Western newspapers, art magazines, and television, GDR artists had limited exposure to contemporary international art developments and turned their attention to historical avant-gardes. During the 1950s, impassioned debates about the proper role of the visual arts in East German culture flared regularly, pitting realism against formalism and abstraction. By the mid-1970s, artists were incorporating new techniques such as offset lithography and silkscreen. Posters produced throughout the 1980s until the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 reveal East German artists interest in experimental art as censorship standards began to relax.
While the GDR sponsored official artists whose work met specific criteria and paid them a monthly stipend for living expenses, those outside this network had to support themselves via other means. They also faced significant obstacles in finding exhibition spaces. Before the founding of the state-run network of galleriesthe Staatlichen Kunsthandel der DDRin the late 1970s, this challenge was partly resolved through the establishment of public print fairs and markets. These venues provided exposure as well as an income stream for artists unable to secure state-funded commissions. A number of unofficial artists groups were also founded, including Autoperforation Artists, Dresdner Sezession 89, and Clara Mosch. The latter, whose name derived from the first few letters of the last names of its members―Carlfriedrich Claus, Thomas Ranft and Dagmar Ranft-Schinke, Michael Morgner, and Gregor Thorsten Schade―staged events in the spirit of Happenings, Fluxus, and performance artwhich were known primarily through journals and magazines surreptitiously imported from the West. The group also operated an alternative gallery space in Chemnitz in the late 1970s and early 80s.
Carlfriedrich Claus, widely considered one of the most important unofficial artists in East Germany, was also a poet and philosopher who earned a living copying musical scores. In the poster he designed to promote an exhibition at Städtische Museen Karl-Marx-Stadt (now the Kunstsammlungen Chemnitz) of his Sprachblätter (language sheets), he explores the intersection of text and image along with the graphic possibilities of noise as the source of music and gesture as the source of the alphabet.
Gerhard Altenbourg is another prominent East German artist in the postwar period. The poster promoting an exhibition of his woodcuts at Schloss Hinterglauchau in 1976 reproduces one of his brightly colored prints depicting a yellow lyre, green mountains, and a red zoomorphic form. Recognizing that Altenbourgs artworks were in dialogue with contemporary Western art trends, local Communist Party officials attempted to prevent the show from opening. Although the public was finally allowed to view it, catalogue sales were restricted.
Künstlerplakate produced near the close of the 1980s reveal the uncertainty of the times. For his poster advertising his show at the Galerie Eigen+Art in 1990, Holger Fickelscherer combines the bold black, white, and red of early Communist propaganda posters with a Western cultural iconMickey Mouse. As a grimacing figure shovels a pile of Mickeys into the locomotives combustion chamber, the phrase Lustig Lustig (Merrily Merrily) appears above in a billowing cloud of smoke, signaling East Germanys pending reunification with the West and its full-speed-ahead move into the global economy. Founded in 1983 by Gerd Harry Judy Lybke, Galerie Eigen+Art occupied a central position in the Leipzig art scene and operated under the radar until the end of the decade, offering often-controversial exhibitions and programs.


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In December 1852, Edmond Bacot, a man of independent means living in Caen, traveled to the Isle of Jersey with resources gathered by the republicans of Caen and Bayeux for Victor Hugo and the exile community. He also carried with him photographs of the Gothic monuments of Normandy, pictures that Hugo described as "marvels" and that prompted him to write to Bacot, "I congratulate the sun for having a collaborator such as you." In the year that followed, Bacot taught photography to Hugo's son Charles and sent additional photographs, which Charles ultimately had bound. The album containing this print and twenty-seven others by Bacot from around 1853, all with elaborately calligraphed titles, is thought to be the volume assembled from photographs sent to the exiled writer and his family.
By photographing in strong sunlight and with a long lens, Bacot transformed the flamboyant Gothic facade of the Church of Saint-Maclou into patches of deep shadow and patterns of light playing on Gothic tracery. Hugo's love of such photographs surely stemmed from a recognition that they articulated a highly romanticized view of the medieval—a view deeply colored by Hugo's own writings and poetic drawings of Gothic architecture.


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Coand Nifree oxygen electrode performance improvement by electrode/electrolyte interface tuning
Claire Ferchaud, Frans van Berkel, Loek Berkveld, Mark Sillessen, Jakobert Veldhuis, Erik Schuring
One of the present challenges for Solid Oxide Cells (SOC) developers is to produce durable and high performance cell units for high temperature electrolysis applications, utilizing cost efficient raw materials with low recycling costs to reach a large scale industrialization. Nickel and cobalt, which are state-of-the-art compounds in the manufacturing of SOC electrodes, bring critical concerns regarding the need of high conditioning and recycling costs related to their carcinogenic properties.
... n addition, cobalt is recognized since 2017 as Critical Raw Materials (CRM) for the EU community, due to the high economical risk associated to its supply within Europe (55% of the world's cobalt being sourced from Central Africa). Use of Coand Nifree electrode materials would provide a significant reduction of use of CRM in European SOC manufacturing, and offers SOC cell and stack manufacturers the benefit of a more environmental-friendly and lower cost manufacturing process and the potential of using recycled materials from previous manufacturing. To this end, TNO has undertaken to develop a novel Coand Ni-free oxygen electrode design based on the (La,Ca,Sr)FeO3 perovskite class of materials. However the removal of nickel and cobalt in the oxygen electrode tends to increase the overpotential of the electrode. Taking into account this last drawback, TNO aims to optimize the performance of this new Coand Ni-free compounds by microstructural improvement in terms of particle size, porosity and surface roughness. In addition, a novel electrode architecture is proposed by creating a patterned electrode/electrolyte interface, thus enhancing the triple phase boundary density between electrolyte and oxygen electrode. This novel concept is envisaged to improve the electrode performance and to prevent electrode delamination during SOC operations. A higher triple phase boundary density contributes to lower the local partial oxygen pressure between electrolyte and oxygen electrode, known as critical degradation phenomena of t [...]