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A revised inventory of Antarctic subglacial lakes
The locations and details of 145 Antarctic subglacial lakes are presented. The inventory is based on a former catalogue of lake-type features, which has been subsequently reanalysed, and on the results from three additional datasets. The first is from Italian radio-echo sounding (RES) of the Dome C region of East Antarctica, from which 14 new lakes are identified. These data also show that, in a number of occasions, multiple lake-type reflectors thought previously to be individual lakes are in fact reflections from the same relatively large lake. This reduces the former total of lake-type reflectors by six, but also adds a significant level of information to these particular lakes. The second dataset is from a Russian survey of the Dome A and Dome F regions of East Antarctica, which provides evidence of 18 new lakes and extends the coverage of the inventory considerably. The third dataset comprises three airborne RES surveys undertaken by the US in East Antarctica over the last five years, from which forty three new lakes have been identified. Reference to information on Lake Vostok, from Italian and US surveys taken in the last few years, is now included.(Received September 1 2004)
(Accepted February 8 2005)
Key Words: ice sheet; radio-echo sounding; sub-ice water.
c1 corresponding author: _EMAIL_


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Nothing to Write Home About
British Family Correspondence and the Settler Colonial Everyday in British Columbia
In the context of surging interests in reconciliation and decolonization, settler colonialism increasingly occupies political, public, and academic conversations. Turning from the emphasis on Indigenous-settler relations and state policy, Nothing to Write Home About uncovers the colonial significance of trans-imperial families, the everyday, and silence in British family correspondence sent between the United Kingdom and British Columbia between 1858 and 1914.
Drawing on thousands of letters, Nothing to Write Home About is a detailed study offering insights into epistolary topics including intimacy and conflict, boredom and food, and what correspondents chose not to write about. Analyzing both the letters' content and their loaded silences, Laura Ishiguro traces how Britons used the post to navigate the family separations integral to their migration and understand British Columbia as an uncontested settler home. This book argues that these letters and their writers played a critical role in laying the foundations of a powerful, personal settler colonial order that continues to structure the province today.
Nothing to Write Home About is the first substantial study of family correspondence and settler colonialism. By underscoring the entwined significance of family and the everyday in a formative period in British Columbia, it offers a timely new lens into the global and local dynamics of settler colonialism.
Scholars of history, post-colonial studies, literary studies, biography writing, space and cultural geography, Canadian Studies, British Studies, and in the burgeoning field of settler colonial studies will find this book to be of interest.
Laura Ishiguro has written a fine book. Her meticulous examination of colonial correspondence is engaging and illuminating. She displays a considerable sensitivity for the language used by white settlers to discursively claim British Columbia and normalise their presence there. Ishiguro is especially skilful in summarising her conclusions at the end of each chapter, fluently articulating the tangled voices of British settlers.
Nothing to Write Home About brings to light some of the less-tangible, subtler aspects of British settler colonialism. It does an excellent job of showing how to make meaning out of silences, omissions, and formulaic statements in the historical record.
Laura Ishiguro's adroit study of British settler correspondence carefully and pointedly intervenes in the historiographies of British Columbia, of the imperial world, and of settler colonialism. This book is something to write home about.
Laura Ishiguro is an assistant professor in the Department of History at the University of British Columbia, where she is a historian of settler colonialism, mobility, family, and the everyday in Canada and the British Empire. Her research has been published in a number of edited collections and journals, including a 2016 article in BC Studies – "Growing Up and Grown Up […] in Our Future City: Discourses of Childhood and Settler Futurity in Colonial British Columbia" – which won the 2017 Canadian Committee on Migration, Ethnicity, and Transnationalism article prize. She has also coedited (with Esmé Cleall and Emily J. Manktelow) a 2013 special issue of the Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History on histories of family in the British Empire, and edited a 2016 special issue of BC Studies on histories of settler colonialism in British Columbia. She is an associate of the Wilson Institute for Canadian History at McMaster University (2017–20) and a recipient of the Killam Teaching Prize at UBC (2018).
Part 1: Relative Distances
1 "Bind the Empire Together": The Postal System, Family Letters, and British Columbia
2 "Affection Can Overstep Distance": The Letter as Trans-Imperial Family
Part 2: The Colonial Commonplace
3 "Absolutely Nothing Going on": Epistolary Emotion and Unremarkable Colonial Knowledge
4 "A Dreadful Little Glutton": Settler Food Practices and the Epistolary Everyday
Part 3: Family Faultlines, Fractured Knowledge
5 "Irreparable Loss": Family Rupture and Reconfiguration in Letters about Death
6 "Say Nothing": Epistolary Gossip, Silence, and the Strategic Limits of Intimacy
Notes; Bibliography; Index
Indigenous Peoples and Settlers in 19th-Century Pacific Rim Cities
Crossracial Encounters and Juridical Truths in British Columbia, _PHONE_
Guiding Modern Girls
Girlhood, Empire, and Internationalism in the 1920s and 1930s
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


How we know that this is a piece of fossilized lightning
Lightning struck the Sahara desert about 15,000 years ago, and left a sign of its presence behind. The heat from the lightning reached a little over 1,800C and melted certain elements in the soil until they fused together. This solid form, called a fulgurite, most often shows up in sandy soil, or soil with a lot of… » 2/28/13 12:40pm 2/28/13 12:40pm


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Mountaintops, like Mount Dana in Yosemite National Park, have extreme conditions of cold and wind. The mountaintops are isolated from one another and so create a small island of favorable conditions for some plants.
Why It Matters
- Yosemite has high flat plateaus at around 12,000 feet elevation. The plateaus stuck up while glaciers carved around them.
- On these rocky plateaus are plants that grow nowhere else. They are endemic to these high altitude environments.
- Animals can be found up this high too but they are rare. Some, like the marmot, hibernate during the long winters.
Explore More/Show What You Know/Can You Apply It?
With the link below, learn more about sky islands. Then answer the following questions.
- Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Nature Notes – 16 – Sky Islands (video): _URL_
- Why are the locations discussed in the video called sky islands?
- As you move up in altitude along the Tioga Road in Yosemite, what happens to the vegetation?
- What characteristics of the plants in the sky islands are the scientists putting in their inventory?
- What is the long-term goal of this type of study? Why are scientists interested in doing studies like this long-term?
- As climate warms, what will happen to these plants that live at the tops of mountains?
- How much biodiversity is found in sky islands in Yosemite National Park?


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In years gone by, the process specified was to "pickle and passivate"- a two-step method in order to create a surface on stainless steel that would be resistant to corrosion. Today, we differentiate between the two. It is two separate processes. Pickling (or Chemical Descaling) is done to remove scale and to clean the part before the passivation process takes place. The passivating of stainless steel is a post-fabrication process with the end goal of making the surface more passive and corrosion resistant by restoring the surface to the original characteristics with a protective oxide film.
How Does Passivation Work?
The passivation process returns the stainless steel or other metals back to its original specifications by removing unwanted debris and oils from the surface and then submerging the part into a passivating bath. When a part is machined, various particles can permeate the surface of the base metal, weakening it's resistance to corrosion and making the part more susceptible to environmental factors. Debris, dirt and other particles and residue such as free iron, grease and machining oils all affect the strength of the natural surface and can become embedded in the surface during the machining process. These often go unseen to the human eye and are often the cause of the deterioration. As stated above, "passive" is defined as being less affected by environmental factors. The process improves and purifies the surface of the part. The restored surface acts as a protective coating to environmental factors such as air, water, and other extreme environments. It is important to note that passivation does not change the outward appearance of the base metal.
Advantages of Passivation
- Improved Corrosion Resistance
- Uniform, Smooth Appearance & Finish
- Deburring (Polished Surface)
- Improved & Extended Life of Product
The passivation of stainless steel is a process performed to make a surface passive, i.e., a surface film is created that causes the surface to lose its chemical reactivity. Stainless steel is already known as being corrosion-resistant, however, the passivation process further strengthens its' natural coating by improving the exterior surface of the overall part. Stainless steel passivation unipotentializes the stainless steel with the oxygen absorbed by the metal surface, creating a monomolecular oxide film. Passivation can result in the very much-desired low corrosion rate of the metal. Passivation also is accomplished by stainless steel electropolishing.
Delstar is the industry leader in passivation services, delivering the highest quality of passivated products to our customers since 2002. Here at Delstar Metal Finishing, we offer on-site passivation services on all types of metals with a focus on stainless steel, Inconel, Hastelloy, and other nickel alloys. Call or contact us today to speak to a Delstar specialist about passivating!男人和美女睡觉亲热在线观看 男人和美女睡觉亲热无删减 男人和美女睡觉亲热在线观看 男人和美女睡觉亲热无删减,伊人狠狠色丁香婷婷综合在线观看 伊人狠狠色丁香婷婷综合 伊人狠狠色丁香婷婷综合在线观看 伊人狠狠色丁香婷婷综合


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It's essential for any company, in any industry, to choose a web content management (WCM) solution that both meets immediate requirements and supports longer-term, strategic business needs for change and growth.
Some organizations instinctively opt to use Microsoft® SharePoint®, a family of software products for collaboration, file sharing and web publishing, to manage their web content. But while SharePoint is well suited for document-oriented enterprise content management (ECM), can it grow to deliver the advanced digital marketing capabilities you need?
You will learn the strategic impact of choosing a full-fledged, "future-proof" WCM solution such as Sitecore, in comparison to pressing an ECM application, such as SharePoint, into duty for web content management. See a feature-by-feature comparison, and examine the downstream impact of this choice on the IT organization, in the context of two critical business issues:
- What is the true total cost of ownership (TCO) of using SharePoint, compared to Sitecore, to manage web content?
- What is the opportunity cost of choosing SharePoint over a marketing-oriented WCM solution such as Sitecore, which is designed to grow with future needs?
This paper also discusses optimal scenarios for SharePoint, and how Sitecore and SharePoint can co-exist, helping companies to extract maximum value from their investments in both providers' solutions.


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Carbonate Fuel Diagnostics
Methods of Diagnostics of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells.
Tech Area / Field
- NNE-MEC/Miscellaneous Energy Conversion/Non-Nuclear Energy
8 Project completed
Senior Project Manager
Komarkov D A
VNIIEF, Russia, N. Novgorod reg., Sarov
- International Fuel Cells, USA, CT, South Windsor\nArgonne National Laboratory (ANL), USA, IL, Argonne
Project summaryFuel cell industrial technology mastering demands the manufacture to be equipped with control and measurement means. They are necessary for manufacturing and maintenance of operating fuel cells and fuel cell stacks. The expertise in development of the electrochemical generator with molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC) at the Russian Federal Nuclear Center (RFNC) also justifies to this.
Electrochemical impedance method is one of the most informative and one of the most available methods to achieve these goals. The analysis of MCFC impedance characteristics permits to determine the limiting stages of the electrochemical reaction, to define the matrix-electrolyte plate state, to control important fuel cell parameters, such as electrolyte resistance, the rate of current-generation reaction and value of the electrodes exchange current. Conduction of measurements in different fuel cell modes gives an opportunity to control the pores flooding with electrolyte and to check the condition of the three-phase "gas-electrolyte-metal" interface. All these methods may become the base for the development of diagnostic methods for fuel cells and fuel cell stacks.
The impedance measurements, especially in the infra-low frequencies areas, are used actively in such important electrochemical sphere, as laboratory researches and development of chemical current sources. But during series industrial research work on current sources, and especially research work on electrochemical systems with molten electrolytes, impedance measuring devices are to meet the requirements of operability with very low Ohm electrochemical objects. For example, the value of MCFC impedance module with ordinary 1m2 active area electrodes is 0.0001-0.001 Ohm. While measuring electrochemical impedance of such objects, the demanded value of current, flowing through it, is 10-100 A. Besides, for MCFC diagnostics under industrial conditions appropriate electro-measuring equipment must have high resolution during measuring electrochemical impedance during one or two periods of influence of object harmonic polarization. The known impedometers for electrochemical researches in infra-low frequencies, such as the measuring complex "Electrochemical interface 1286" and "Analyzer of frequency characteristics 1250" of Schlumberger Electronics Corp. don't provide performance to meet the above mentioned demands.
RFNS's specialists consider that they can realize the development of diagnostic methods of electrochemical properties and technical characteristics of fuel cells and their components. So, to achieve this goal, it is necessary to create a complex of electro-measuring equipment to work with operating electrochemical powerful-current devices in "in situ" mode. Complex being designed is the automated informative measuring system (AIMS), including two basic sets. The first set is a fast-operating precision measuring convertor, which converts research object's impedance into the electric voltage signal. The second set is the vector-scalar reformer for selection the parameters being searched out from the information complex signal. That reformer uses the analogue-to-digital conversion of the measured signal and correlation methods of procession the results of measurements using the programmed mode. Electro-measuring equipment being designed will have the necessary technical characteristics and meet the above mentioned diagnostic complex requirements.
The impedance measurements on the base of AIMS being designed can be also used while analyzing operability of separate MCFC components:
- for control of porous electrodes structure;
- to determine the degree of burning out the pore-maker during the electrodes production;
- for express-diagnostics of the structure changes in porous electrodes;
- for control of the binding material burning-out degree, ions and electrons conductivity of the matrix-electrolyte plate (МЕР), МЕР homogeneity, and it's structure changes in the course of manufacture and technological starting-up of electrochemical generator.
As a result of this project realization a diagnostic system within a measurement complex will be created and introduced for conduction of impedance research on fuel cells, and methodical software for obtaining information on electrochemical properties and technical parameters of MCFC will be created.
The team includes highly qualified specialists in theoretical and experimental electrochemistry, specialists in sphere of development of measurement methodics of electric values, specialists in electronics and development of software.
While working on the project, it is supposed to discuss technical issues and exchange technical information with collaborators. Conduction of joint research is possible.
There is a preliminary agreement on collaboration with:
1. Dr. Alan P. Sylvester
Manager of the Applied Energy Program
Technology Integration Department
Sandia National Labs
Albuquerque, NM 87185-0749
Phone _PHONE_
Fax: _PHONE_.
2. Richard Goldstein
Fuel Cell Program
Generation and Storage Division
3412 Hillwiew Ave.,
Porlo Alto, CA 94303 USA
Fax [41 5] _PHONE_.
3. Vince Petraglia
Director of Operations
M-C Power Corporation
8040 S.Madison Street
Burr Ridge, Illinois 60521-5808
Fax 986-8 153
Phone _PHONE_.
The International Science and Technology Center (ISTC) is an intergovernmental organization connecting scientists from Kazakhstan, Armenia, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Georgia with their peers and research organizations in the EU, Japan, Republic of Korea, Norway and the United States.
ISTC facilitates international science projects and assists the global scientific and business community to source and engage with CIS and Georgian institutes that develop or possess an excellence of scientific know-how.


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HISTORY OF PASCO COUNTY
This page was last revised on Sept. 21, 2012.In a 1937 newspaper article, A. S. Gower recalled that as mill superintendent he sawed the first log at Fivay in 1904 and the last one in 1912. Gower said the saw mill equipment included four separate mills, 14 locomotives, 75 miles of tram road, 50 log cars, two big steel loaders, big steel skidder, and 150 mules. He said the town of Fivay had three hotels, a club house, a 100,000 gallon 100 foot water tank with electric lights and running water in all the houses. One big commissary with a stock of $40,000 provided a shopping place for the citizens.
According to MacManus, "At its peak in 1910 Fivay was probably the largest sawmill operation in Florida. At that time, the town had a population of 1,500. Employees worked round-the-clock in day and night shifts to keep the boilers operating continuously."
Walter I. McNatt recalls: "In the early 1900s, five men whose last name started with an 'A' settled in the Griffin Park vicinity. They built a big saw mill and a railroad where Fivay Junction is now. Named Tucker at the time, the junction took its name from the five men. The town had a population of about 2,300 including children and was less than a square mile in size. When the supply of lumber was exhausted in 1914, the mill was closed, and the railroad track removed."
The names of the five men for whom the town was named are here.
A newspaper article datelined May 30, 1901, reported, "John J. McDonough, of [Savannah, Ga.], has just concluded a deal by which he secures 175,000 acres of heavily wooded timber lands in Hernando and Pasco counties, Florida. The price paid is in the neighborhood of $500,000. The land is said to be among the best wooded in the state, and will cut not less than two billion feet of lumber. Mr. McDonough does not propose to manufacture this timber into lumber himself, but will sublease timber privileges to sawmills. Ten mills will probably be put into operation in the tract shortly. The land covers approximately twenty by twenty-four miles."
Aripeka Saw Mills was incorporated under the laws of Georgia on Sept. 17, 1903.
On Sept. 19, 1903, the Atlanta Constitution reported, "Judge J. H. Lumpkin granted a charter to the Aripeka saw mills in the superior court yesterday. The petitioners for the charter were H. M. Atkinson, John J. McDonough, Martin F. Amorous and P. S. Arkwright. The concern is capitalized at $500,000, and under the charter granted has the privilege of increasing this to an amount not exceeding $3,000,000. The chief office of the company will be located in Atlanta. W. B. Stovall is attorney for the concern."
The Fivay post office was established on Sept. 23, 1904. The first postmaster was Mrs. Alice Gregg. Subsequent postmasters were Sallie M. Perkins, Oct. 2, 1907; and Daisy V. Gower, July 11, 1911.
An article in the Atlanta Constitution on July 7, 1905, reported: "Macon, Ga., July 6 — (Special) — Sidney J. and Bartow Stubbs are the purchasers of large interests in the Aripeka Lumber Company at Fivay, Fla. The purchase was made through a deal closed with Atlanta attorneys and over half a million dollars is invested by the new purchasers. They will take charge of the new business on August 1. Both men are well-known Macon capitalists and are also experienced in the lumber business."
On Aug. 10, 1905, the Tampa Weekly Tribune reported, "F. B. Stubbs and S. J. Stubbs, of Macon, Ga., with their associates, C. E. McRae and P. J. Curry, have purchased the controlling interest in the Aripeka mills at Fivay, on the B. & H. railroad. They are men of vast experience in the milling interest."
On Apr. 15, 1907, the Ocala Evening Star reported: "The big mill at Fivay, Hernando county, 30 miles west of Brooksville, was destroyed by fire Friday night. Loss $90,000; insurance $37,000. Besides the saw mill the planing mil, and dry kiln went up in smoke."
On July 2, 1907, the Ocala Evening Star reported:
Carter H. Dame, the untiring organizer for the Woodmen of the World, returned from Fivay, Hernando county [sic], Saturday, where he put in a camp of twenty-five members. He said the big saw mill at that place which was destroyed by fire in the spring, is being rebuilt. In fact, two mills are going up in place of the one burned. The capacity of the mills will be 250,000 feet a day and the company has enough timber to last for ten years. Fivay is a hive of industry. Last week $2000 was paid out to employes. Labor is in great demand. Unskilled workmen receive $1.50 a day, while those who are handy receive from $2.50 to $5 a day. V. B. Potts, late of Martel, contractor and builder, is now at Fivay, and is engaged in erecting a Woodmen's hall building 30x60 feet, two stories high.
In 1907 Fivay had a population of 1500, according to a 1937 newspaper article.
On July 25, 1908, the Ocala Evening Star reported, "As is generally known, the stockholders of the Tampa Northern own the large mills at Fivay. These mills are cutting quantities of lumber now and are storing it against future demands, and it will be shipped to the east and to other sections through this port."
On Sept. 30, 1908, a meeting was held at the office of the Aripeka Saw Mills Co. for the incorporation of the town of Fivay. The following officials were selected: Mayor, W. H. Hope; Council members: Ernest Christian, Ed S. Haines, J. T. Donaldson, C. A. Blatchford, M. E. Sperry, T. A. Hughes, T. H. Martin. Town Marshall: Robert Nix. Treasurer: L. E. Thornton. Assessor: T. J. Pearce. Collector: J. F. Gardner, M. D. Clerk: C. G. Puleston. Hope was sworn in as Mayor on Oct. 2; the others were sworn in the following day. The election was overseen by J. S. Calow, J. H. Smith, and A. A. McCullom. The eligible voters were: T. H. Martin, T. J. Pearce, L. E. Thornton, E. C. Baughman, C. H. Cook, W. C. James, W. C. Wills, J. T. Donaldson, W. P. Taylor, W. G. Perkins, A. A. McCallum, C. A. Blatchfort, W. H. Hope, T. A. Hughes, C. Deason, J. B. Kennedy, C. E. Marsh, J. L. Waite, H. S. Harman, J. T. Gardner M. D., J. S. Spaws, Irb Sessions, T. H. Hovard, A. B. Porter, D. B. Whittle, M. L. Wingate, W. C. Ray, W. A. Walden, John L. McCreery, J. B. Perry, Ernest Christian. The town was centered at what is now the intersection of Little Road and S. R. 52. It consisted of these quarters of sections in T25, R16E: SE 1/4 of S2, SW 1/4 of S1, NE 1/4 of S11, NW 1/4 of S12. Mayor W. H. Hope was presumably William H. Hope, who was 24 years old in the 1910 census. Information in this paragraph was provided by Jeff Cannon.
On Nov. 6, 1908, the Ocala Banner reported:
The dedication of the No. 2 Aripeka saw mill was quite an event on Saturday afternoon, the 25th of this month, there being no larger mill than this one in the south. The celebration was attended by a really large crowd from Brooksville and Hudson, and also from Fivay. C. A. Blachford. Mr. Blachford had but very little to say, he however, expressing his appreciation to Mr. Martin for praising his work so highly. He also said he had put the work before the public, and didn't know anything more to say. His plans on everything were carried out to a successful conclusion. J. Carraway took the floor next and gave quite an interesting talk on farming, also how the farmers were pleased to

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


The Call Stack and Event Loop in Node
An overview of how Node.js handles and responds to asynchronous events.
Scroll down...
This lesson dives deep into the guts of Node.js to illustrate how the Node event loop works. By the end of this lesson, you'll understand what makes Node.js asynchronous and why it is referred to as having non-blocking event-driven I/O.
What is a Call Stack?
A call stack is many times referred to as "the stack". It stores data about procedures that are currently running in a given program.
...the main reason for having one (a stack) is to keep track of the point to which each active subroutine should return control when it finishes executing.
A stack is also a data structure that stores items. It is a LIFO data structure in that the last item to be stored (pushed) on the stack is the next or "first" item to be removed (popped) from the stack. Why is this significant?
There are various places for stacks and their counterparts queues. Basically, they are important because they store procedures so that they can be executed in an organized fashion. So how do stacks and queues work in the Node.js event loop?
The Node.js Event Loop
Before we dive into what the Node.js event loop is and how it works, we need to identify the various parts of the whole.
 1. Chrome V8 Engine: Google's open source high-performance JavaScript engine, written in C++.
 2. The C libuv library: libuv is a multi-platform support library with a focus on asynchronous I/O. It was primarily developed for use by Node.js.
 3. The Operating System: system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. All computer programs, excluding firmware, require an operating system to function.
The Chrome V8 engine is responsible for executing JavaScript code. It can actually be embedded into a C++ application which is what Node.js is at its core. The V8 engine takes in JavaScript as a string, executes it and then prints the result to STDOUT. However, there is an issue with this because JavaScript is synchronous. So how does Node.js allow V8 to execute synchronous JavaScript code while performing asynchronous operations?
The following diagram illustrates the communication between these various pieces of Node's event-driven I/O.
Node.js event loop
The diagram can be broken down into these steps:
 1. V8 runs JavaScript that requires an asynchronous task to be performed
 2. The libuv library submits a request to the OS to perform the task
 3. The task is placed onto a queue of tasks that will complete sometime in the future
 4. The event loop constantly checks to see if any tasks in the queue are complete
 5. Once the event loop finds a completed task it returns it to continue executing the corresponding JavaScript callback
By viewing this diagram and understanding these steps, it is easy to see that the Node.js event loop is exactly that: it is a continuously looping process that is checking to see if other processes have completed. Let's examine the code from the previous lesson again:
var fs = require('fs');
var path = './data/lorem.txt';
fs.readFile(path, 'utf8', function(err, data) {
 err? console.error(err) : console.log(data);
It should now be more clear how the program logs "Done!" before it logs the contents of the file. The V8 engine continues to execute the JavaScript outside of the callback and when the asynchronous task is complete the Node.js event loop notifies V8 and runs the callback.
Wrapping Up
Having a solid understanding of the Node.js event loop is key to forming a clear mental model of how Node.js works. You now have been given a tour of the various major pieces of Node.js and that which enables it to have event-driven non-blocking I/O.
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Next Lesson: File I/O Basics and Callbacks in Node


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Produced in our orchards
Virgin hazelnut oil is made with French hazelnuts produced in our orchards, in the heart of Lot-et-Garonne.
The hazel trees, of the Pautet variety, produce small, well-known fruits:
- for their tasting wealth,
- their nutritional qualities,
- their aromatic power,
- their high content of fatty acids.
An oil rich in vitamin E
The virgin hazelnut oil Gascony Pearls is a highly recommended ingredient in the implementation of cosmetic formulations, recipes or vitamin E-enriched food supplements.
Its high content of vitamin E, 47.5 mg of vitamin E per 100 grams of oil, or 80% of the recommended dietary intakes *, allows it to carry the regulatory functional claim relating to the protection of cell membranes.
* ANC per day for an adult with an average intake of 2000 kcal. These values may vary with age, sex and physical activity.
Source of Omega 9
Composed of 75% oleic acid, hazelnut oil is a concentrate of omega 9. It plays a beneficial role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and acts on cholesterolemia.


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The Alternative Health Benefits of Tuning Fork Therapy
Today many people are learning about the tremendous benefits associated with alternative health practices. There are now physicians who embrace alternative health practices and advise patients to consider their benefits. One of them many beneficial alternative health practices is Tuning Fork Therapy.
A tuning fork is a long metal object that has a handle with two long sides that form a U-shape. The U-shaped portions of the tuning fork are called the tines. They are usually constructed with steel or aluminum and when they're hit on an object they vibrate and create a certain pitch. The length of a tuning fork's tines will determine the level of pitch it produces.
Using a tuning fork for therapy consists of hitting it and having it vibrate. It is then put next to a spot on the body that needs treatment. There is a mineral tuning fork that can be used to stimulate the minerals in a person's body. There are also cellulite reduction tuning forks that have been proven to decrease cellulite. A crystal resonator tuning fork can increase the therapeutic strength of crystals with its vibration. A variety of tuning forks can be used for many different types of therapy.
In an article by Alan Sales called "Tuning Forks for Healing Therapy" he explains some of the health benefits of using tuning forks for therapy.
"In the case of tuning fork therapy a beneficial process of resonance occurs. This means that if the frequency measured in vibrations per second (vps) is applied by focusing the sound generated by tuning forks on various parts of the body, it can help to establish a new pattern of balance, erasing the detrimental patterns caused by the negative resonance pattern of ill health."
The article also sites documented cases of people who experienced healing as a result of using tuning forks for therapy.
To see the variety of tuning forks utilized during therapy and learn about the many health benefits contact Tools for Wellness.


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At the beginning of life,
性 本善： Sex is good.
性 相近： Basically, all the sex are same.
習 相遠： But it depends on how you do it.
苟 不教： If you do not practice all the time,
性 乃遷： Sex will leave you.
教 之道： The way of learning it,
貴 以專： It is very important to make love with only one person.
昔 孟母： Once a great mother, Mrs. Meng
擇 鄰處： Choose her neighbor to avoid bad sex influence.
子 不學： If you don't study hard,
斷 機杼： Your dick will become useless.
竇 燕山： Dou, the Famous,
有 義方： Owned a very effective exciting medicine.
教 五子： All his five sons took it.
名 俱揚： And their sexual ability were well -known.
養 不教： If your children don't know how to do it,
父 之過： It is all your fault.
教 不嚴： If they had lots of problems with it,
師 之惰： Their teacher must be too lazy to tell them details on sex.
子 不學： You may refuse to study this,
非 所宜： But that is a real mistake.
幼 不學： If you don't learn it in childhood,
老 何為： You will lose your ability when aged.
玉 不琢： If you don't exercise your organ,
不 成器： It won't become hard and strong.
人 不學： If you don't learn sex,
不 知義：You can by no means enjoy its sweetness.


Info>
The difference between the two is not big. Although the names are different, they are basically the same. They can still be understood as the packaging of the collection of Route.
2. Request processing stage:
<=2.1: 1. Match the requested URL with the route template recorded in the RouteCollection.
2. After finding the matching Route, determine whether there is a corresponding Controlled and Action according to the URL of the request.
3. If the above passes, call the Route Handler to process the HttpContext.
2.2+ : 1. When processing the request for the first time, first make a match according to the route set List and _actions.ActionDescriptors.Items (the information of all actions) configured in the startup phase, and generate a list. This list is stored. All URL templates that may be matched, as shown in Figure 2, this list is also List, which records all possible URL patterns. It actually lists the detailed addresses that can be accessed, which is the final address. That is, the endpoint, perhaps why it is called Endpoint routing.
2. The requested Url matches the generated table to find the corresponding MvcEndpointInfo.
3. Call the RequestDelegate method of the matched MvcEndpointInfo to process the request.
The difference between the two is that for the matching of _actions.ActionDescriptors.Items (the information of all actions), the original version is first matched according to the routing template, and then according to ActionDescriptors to determine whether there is a corresponding Controller and action, and the new version first uses the action The information matches the routing template and then matches with the requested URL. Since this kind of work is only performed at the first request, although it is not tested for efficiency, it should feel faster than before.


can communicate telepathically with any creature that has a language and is within 30 feet of the psicrystal, while the psicrystal is also within 1 mile of the owner.
Flight (Su): If the owner is 9th level or higher, he can, as a standard action, will his psicrystal to fly at a speed of 50 feet (poor). The psicrystal drifts gently to the ground after one day (or sooner, if the owner desires).
Power Resistance (Ex): If the owner is 11th level or higher, the psicrystal gains power resistance equal to the owner's level + 5. To affect the psicrystal with a power, another manifester must get a result on a manifester level check that equals or exceeds the psicrystal's power resistance.
Sight Link (Sp): If the owner is 13th level or higher, the character can remote view the psicrystal (as if manifesting the remote view power) once per day.
Channel Power (Sp): If the owner is 15th level or higher, he can manifest powers through the psicrystal to a distance of up to 1 mile. The psicrystal is treated as the power's originator, and all ranges are calculated from its location.
When channeling a power through his psicrystal, the owner manifests the power by paying its power point cost. He is still subject to attacks of opportunity and other hazards of manifesting a power, if applicable (for instance, he becomes visible when manifesting an offensive power if invisible, as does the psicrystal).
Psicrystal Personality (Ex): Each psicrystal has a distinct personality, chosen by its owner at the time of its creation from among those given on the following table. At 1st level, its owner typically gets a feel for a psicrystal's personality only through occasional impulses, but as the owner increases in level the psicrystal's personality becomes more pronounced. At higher levels, it is not uncommon for a psicrystal to constantly ply its owner with observations and advice, often severely slanted toward the psicrystal's particular worldview. The owner always sees a bit of himself in his psicrystal, even if magnified and therefore distorted.
Psicrystal Personalities
PersonalityBenefit to Owner
+3 bonus on Craft checks
Bully+3 bonus on Intimidate checks
Coward+3 bonus on Hide checks
Friendly+3 bonus on Diplomacy checks
Hero+2 bonus on Fortitude saves
Liar+3 bonus on Bluff checks
Meticulous+3 bonus on Search checks
Nimble+2 bonus on Initiative checks
Observant+3 bonus on Spot checks
Poised+3 bonus on Balance checks
Resolved+2 bonus on Will saves
Sage+3 bonus on checks involving any one Knowledge skill owner already knows; once chosen, this does not vary
Single-minded+3 bonus on Concentration checks
Sneaky+3 bonus on Move Silently checks
Sympathetic+3 bonus on Sense Motive checks


text:
If you are searching online for 2 way switches/switching and 3 way stitches/switching the results can be very confusing to the layman depending on wether you land on a US or UK website. This is because the terminology used is very different.
This site follows UK usage. So for the benefit UK visitors searching online and American visitors to this site, hopefully the following will help to clarify:
UK – So, this (Fig 1) is what we call a 2 way switch: when you switch it one 'way' (on or position 1) the COM terminal is connected to the L1 terminal. When you switch it the other 'way' (off or position 2) the COM terminal connects to the L2 terminal.
If you are describing this switch to an electrician or electrical supplier you should refer to it as a 1 gang 2 way light switch and they will know exactly what you mean (see gangs and ways).
US – Strangely, our friends across the pond refer to this switch as a 3 way switch because it has 3 terminals.
Generic – if you asked someone in the field of electronics, they would probably describe this switch as a Single-pole, Double-Throw (SPDT) switch, to my mind a more useful description as this means the same in UK and US. A good electrician would understand this terminology but they, historically, rarely use it.
UK – so, this (Fig 2) is what we call an intermediate switch, so called because it is used 'in between' two x 2 way switches to achieve 3 way switching (clarified below under multiway switching). Sometimes called a crossover switch for obvious reasons.
If you are describing this switch to an electrician or electrical supplier you should refer to it as a 1 gang intermediate light switch and they will know exactly what you mean.
US – in America they refer to this switch as a 4 way switch because it has 4 terminals.
Generic – Double-pole, Double Throw (DPDT) switch.
Now we understand the different terminology used for the actual switches it is easy to appreciate why different switching arrangements are referred to using different terminology also.
Scenario 1: we have 1 light that can be turned on and off from two different light switches:-
UK – we would call this 2 way switching. Why? well a layman probably uses this terminology because 2 switches are used, whereas an electrician because two 2 way switches are used to achieve this. Either way, we are both referring to the same thing.
US – This would be referred to as 3 way switching because its uses what they would refer to a two 3 way switches.
Scenario 2: we have 1 light that can be turned on and off from three different light switches:-
UK – we would call this 3 way switching, well a layman certainly would (because of the three switches) and an electrician would assume this is what is meant but may also refer to it as 2 way plus intermediate switching.
US – This would be referred to as 4 way switching because it utilises what they refer to as a 4 way switch (what we in the UK call an intermediate or crossover).


text:
2018 - Functional Analysis of Membrane Proteins Produced by Cell-Free Translation
Port-a-Patch and Orbit mini article in Protein Engineering (2018)
Dondapati S.K., Wüstenhagen D.A., Kubick S.
In: Protein Engineering (2018), chapter: "Functional Analysis of Membrane Proteins Produced by Cell-Free Translation" pp 171-186
Cell-free production is a valuable and alternative method for the synthesis of membrane proteins. This system offers openness allowing the researchers to modify the reaction conditions without any boundaries. Additionally, the cell-free reactions are scalable from 20 μL up to several mL, faster and suitable for the high-throughput protein production. Here, we present two cell-free systems derived from Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf21) lysates. In the case of the E. coli cell-free system, nanodiscs are used for the solubilization and purification of membrane proteins. In the case of the Sf21 system, endogenous microsomes with an active translocon complex are present within the lysates which facilitate the incorporation of the bacterial potassium channel KcsA within the microsomal membranes. Following cell-free synthesis, these microsomes are directly used for the functional analysis of membrane proteins.


The initial description here has been shifted from the "Trace"
section of WL#2360 Performance Schema. This task depends on WL#2360.
"Trace" is not a requirement. However, this task description
must be here to show that, with WL#2360 as a basis,
we could produce trace files if we wanted.
Providers could dump to a trace file as well as copy to performance-structures.
It's certain to be slow (10%?) so doing it from the start would be an error.
The benefit is mostly to professional performance analysts.
Enabling Trace
There will be a new column in SETUP_INSTRUMENTS:
it affects the instrument code path, and because we want to
enable/disable depending whether the event is a WAIT, a STATEMENT, etc.
The default value is 'no'.
It is an error to set TRACE_ENABLED='yes' if ENABLED='no'.
There will be a new column in the SETUP_ACTORS table (see WL#4674):
The default value is 'no'.
Use of this column is affected by the FILE privilege and --secure-file-priv.
Trace file writing will occur for a particular instrumentation if:
There is no maximum length of a trace file.
Creating a trace file
For each new thread,
or for each existing thread when a user updates a TRACE_ENABLED value:
 If (this thread is a thread for this setup_actors value)
 Set thread file name = datadir/"thread".actor.thread.
 For example, for datadir 'd' actor 'a' thread 1, = d/thread.a.1
 Create this file.
If a thread is associated with multiple actors,
for example host 'h' user 'a' role 'r', MySQL
will combine all names that fit the thread.
One File Per Thread
We turn on tracing "per actor" but we have
one file "per thread". This is necessary
because we don't want two threads writing
to the same file at the same time -- either
thread#1 would wait for thread#2 (which is bad),
or thread#1 would not wait for thread#2 (which is bad).
It should be simple to make a utility
which combines all per-thread files and sorts
the rows by one of the timer columns (but not EVENT_ID
because EVENT_ID is now a per-thread counter).
The instrument start_wait() and instrument end_wait()
code (both!) will write to the trace file.
There is no attempt to fsync, flush, or whatever.
You crash, you lose some of the trace.
The writing looks like
This is a good possible spot for a plugin,
that is, we could replace "write(buffer)"
with "plugin(buffer)" if instead of writing
we wanted to examine the contents, cause a
crash, send an email, etc. We'll decide not
to do this.
File Errors
All kinds of errors can occur.
For example, the create fails due to privileges missing,
or the write fails due to full disk.
MySQL will not display an error message and stop
the statement processing. That is not what the
user, who is issuing the statement, expects.
MySQL will disable the trace for all threads
for the current actor. Thus, users will be able
to discover that a failure happened by seeing
Thus, any error will disable tracing permanently.
Content and Format
This is a text file containing lines which
are equivalent to "events" rows in PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA
tables. Doubtless it would be quicker to dump raw
data from underlying structures, but when you ask
for a trace file you've given up on speed.
Doubtless it would be interesting to output
things in summary or state tables, but then
it wouldn't be tracing.
The header row is:
"/* MySQL Trace File for (actor_name) on (datetime) */".
This is redundant. Users can find out the
time the file was created, the actor, and the
thread, by saying 'ls -l'.
Each detail row takes one line and looks like an
INSERT statement, with all the columns of a row of
Since different lines might be for rows of
different 'tables', a simple CSV format is not
possible. But it's easy to produce a database
file from INSERT statements.
Since writing occurs both before and after the
instrumentation point, everything is duplicated.
Suppose user Harry has thread 5.
Harry has privileges to update performance_schema tables.
Harry says:
 SET enabled='yes', trace_enabled='yes';
INSERT INTO performance_schema.SETUP_ACTORS
 VALUES ('%','%','%','yes');
This causes creation of trace files.
Harry now executes a statement
SET _USER_=5;
which happens to cause one mutex lock, no stages.
As a result, there is a trace file named
It contains
/* MySQL Trace File for Harry on 2009-04-07 14:18:00 */
INSERT INTO events_statements_current VALUES ('SET _USER_=5',...);
INSERT INTO events_waits_current VALUES ('mutex',...);
To distinguish between'start' and 'end' rows, check if TIMER_END is NULL.
The cost of taking a performance-struc and formatting it as
an INSERT statement is between 100 and 200 cycles. Most of
the time is string-move instructions. The cost of invoking
a write function is about 20 cycles on Peter's x86. The writing is deferred
so you don't immediately see the actual cost of writing to disk.
We have Kelly Long's test for "how many transactions per second on a
loaded system". We'll run it with "trace on and no update of
performance schema tables" versus "trace off and update of
performance schema tables".
mysqld option
Marc Alff pointed out: if one can enable a trace file with a mysqld option,
there's no need to worry about adding dozens more mysqld options that would
enable particular performance schema instruments for analyzing operations
that happen before the first user connects, for example crash recoveries.
For this, we could say that, if the server started with
mysqld --performance-schema-trace-enabled=true,
then any instrument which is 'enabled' is considered to be 'trace_enabled'.
More settings
We've said that there is no maximum length for a trace file,
and said that the destination is datadir/"thread".actor.thread.
But we know that users sometimes need to choose such things somehow.
So we could say that these things are
(a) specifiable in SETUP_INSTRUMENTS,
(b) specifiable via global variables similar to Oracle 11g's
(c) specifiable in one of the ways described by WL#3824 Resource Limits.
We've said that errors will be visible because SETUP_ACTORS.TRACE_ENABLED
becomes 'no'. But we can guess that users sometimes want to choose
what action to take on error. They could want to increment a counter,
or change file destination, or cause a warning from the SQL statement.


text:
Portal hypertension can result in dilated abdominal veins surrounding the umbilicus (caput medusa).
Normally abdominal veins are invisible or barely visible. Loss of abdominal wall fat or increased pressure in the superior vena cava (SVC), inferior vena cava (IVC), or portal vein can make the vessels visible, particularly in the red or infrared spectrum.
The normal direction of blood flow in abdominal veins is upward above the umbilicus, and downward below the umbilicus. In portal hypertension the direction of flow is normal; in SVC obstruction, the flow is all downward; and in IVC obstruction the flow is all upward.


text:
I was asked to write a blog post about farmers - to explain what are the difference between chalupník (chalupner, cottager), sedlák (rusticus, Bauer, farmer), who was gruntovník and so on. I'll try to do my best to explain the differences and introduce different kinds of Czech farmers.
Let's start with hide (lán in Czech). It's a historical measurement used in both Bohemia and Moravia. There were different kinds of hides used, the one used for farmers was usually about 18 hectares (45 acres) large. It was a basic measurement and farmer who owned one hide of land and more (this is important to emphasize) was called láník (Lähner in German) or celoláník (Ganzlähner, celý, ganz = whole). I usually translate it as a farmer owning one hide of land. These farmers belonged among the largest farmers among our ancestors.
Those owning three quarters of hide to one hide were called třičtvrtěláník (Dreiviertlähner or Dreiviertler in German). It means they had between 13,5 and 18 hectares of land. Those owning half to three quarter of hide were called pololáník or půlláník or půlník (Halblähner in German).
Farmers owning from one quarter to one half of hide were called čtvrtláník or čtvrtník (Viertllähner or Viertler in German). One quarter of hide was minimum to be called sedlák (farmer), but you can see (mainly in southern and south-eastern Moravia) also farmers with half of one quarter of hide, called půlčtvtník (Halbviertler). This is historical case when houses were divided between two sons and both of them received half of the quarter - you can see such houses for example in Nová Lhota (Hodonín district). For people who had very small amounts of land (or none, but worked in agriculture), see this post.
Example of house divided among two people. Nová Lhota, Hodonín district.
Those who owned less than one quarter of hide were called chalupník (Chalupner in German, usually translated as cottager). These people belonged among farming class but weren't called sedlák. Their fields quite often weren't large enough to provide enough food to the family so they were often also craftsmen.
There is one more name you will most probably see in the registries if your ancestors were from Eastern Moravia - pasekář (Passeker in German). Paseka is forest clearance and this gives us a hint how these farms were founded - by clearing part of forest and settling there. The area of such farm wasn't strictly set, so it's hard to say how much land they had - the best way to find out is to check cadastral books in archives.
Example of pasekář settlement in Držková, Zlín district. Forests are grey.
Gruntovník was anyone owning a farm. Grunt means farm house, so anyone owning such house could be called gruntovník in parish books.
Ownership of farms
The question of ownership was also raised. Were farms owned by farmers or by the domain holders? Generally, as long as serfdom existed they were owned by the domain holders even the fact that the farmers lived on one farm for centuries. The farm was often inherited in the family but it didn't mean the farm couldn't have been taken away from the family - if the farmer was a bad housekeeper the domain owner has his right to decide he is going to change the keeper of the farm.
There were several serf duties connected to the ownership of the farm - farmers paid interest out of the farm (was set during the purchase) and they were also obliged to robota, labour for the domain owner, usually on his fields. Robota was set differently for various farmers, it always depended on the area of the farm.
I definitely forgot something I wanted to mention so this post will be most probably updated in future. :)


Postcode Alma Street, Melbourne, Derby, UK
About the Address Alma Street, Melbourne, Derby
Postcode DE73 8GA is the address of Alma Street, Melbourne, Derby which is in East Midlands region of England. Alma Street, Melbourne, Derby is within Melbourne ward It falls under constituency South Derbyshire. The nearest station is Peartree which is 8.44km away from the postcode. The postcode DE73 8GA is under the Derbyshire police force and Severn Trent is the main water supplier in the area
Postcode Search Result Alma Street, Melbourne, Derby
DE73 8GA
Address Details: Alma Street
United Kingdom
DE73 8GA
Parish: Melbourne
Ward: Melbourne
Country/State: Derbyshire
Constituency: South Derbyshire
Region: East Midlands
Country: England
Map of DE73 8GA - Alma Street, Melbourne, Derby, UK
Tavel around DE73 8GA
Nearest Station: Peartree
Distance: 8.44 km
Other Useful Info of DE73 8GA
Water: Severn Trent
Police: Derbyshire
What is Postcode Finder?
What is Postal Code?
What is the Difference Between Postcode and ZIP Code?
A Postcode Area is the first part of the Outward Code. It is an initial string of the letters(all the characters before the first number). It is 1 or 2 characters long and always alphabetical. In the postcode DE73 8GA, DE is the Postcode Area whic falls under post town Derby.
The Postcode District is the last part of Outward Code. It is one digit, two-digit or a digit followed by a letter. In the postcode DE73 8GA, 73 is the Postcode Disctrict.
The Inward Code is the second part of the postcode(after space). It is always three characters long and always begins with a letter. The Inward Code assists in the delivery of post within a postal district. In the postcode DE73 8GA, 8GA is the Inward Code. You can find out the Inward Code of a postcode using the Postcode Finder tool.
Postcode Sector is the first part of the Inward Code. It is made up of a single digit (the first character of the inward code). In the postcode DE73 8GA, 8 is the Postcode Sector.
Postcode System in the UK
UK has one of the best postal code system in the world. This system was adopted nationally between 1960 - 1970 and then improved by Royal Mails which is the oldest postal service company in the UK. Each postcode(e.g. DE73 8GA) is consist of two parts, named as Outward Code (e.g. DE73) and the Inward Code (e.g. 8GA). The Outward Code and Inward Code are separated by a single space.
Postcode Finder Result Details
Postcode Statistics
Total postcode areas 124
Total postcode district 2,984
Total postcode sectors 11,197
Total postcode units 1,767,416
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What America can learn from India
Image: Mercer Marketing and Communications
Mary Lathem, Arts and Lifestyle Editor
There are two things America can learn from India.
My fellow Service Scholars and I spent three weeks in Kerala, India, where we had the unique opportunity to completely immerse ourselves in the city of Trivandrum in the context of service.
When I arrived at home after the trip's conclusion, I was proud to reflect on all my class had accomplished, but what I thought about most was the quality of the people I observed each day in India. Everywhere I traveled, the streets were filled with citizens whose kindness, honesty and contentedness were extremely apparent.
Additionally, I was excited to see that the Indian culture values music, art and writing much more deeply than American culture does. Though my visit was brief, my experiences led me to believe that the American people could learn a great deal about morality and cultural values from the people of India.
As we passed an enormous rice paddy during a boating excursion one weekend, one of our professors explained to me that people groups who rely on rice are believed to be more community-minded. This is due to the fact that rice growing requires a team while wheat can be grown by a single farmer.
True to this sentiment, the attitude of community benefit is something I witnessed almost every day, especially in the forms of helpfulness and honesty.
One small but memorable instance of this is that I once had a shopkeeper chase me through a crowded market after realizing I had not collected my change of two rupees (around three cents). In the American culture, care for others does not seem to be as highly valued as individual prosperity and a small difference like this one might have gone unnoticed.
During our first few days in India, I noticed that there were a large number of statues in the surrounding area and made it my goal to find out what person each monument represented. To my surprise, most of the monuments were constructed in memory or honor of influential musicians, artists and writers.
The cultural esteem of music is obvious. In particular, each assembly we attended throughout the trip began with at least 15 minutes of singing. Our students at a local high school begged us to share English songs with them, and everyone who asked about my studies was visibly delighted to learn that I am a music student.
I believe that the reverence for music I witnessed comes from a mentality of cultural preservation; India's musical style was independently developed over thousands of years and musicians devote their lives to ensuring that music has a place in their society's future.
As a music student, I may be biased, but I believe that America should hold the same viewpoint on the arts. Too often, the arts lose funding in schools before anything else, and pursuing art as a career is looked down upon by those who do not believe in its value.
If artists, musicians and writers were viewed as preservers of Western and American culture for future generations rather than pursuers of a lesser career type, the arts would thrive in America — and America would thrive with them.


Wednesday, May 20, 2020
Schelling Points - Space combat - Same as a real life project at work or a bid, except for the lethality
In COADE or some of these space combat mechanics (Non-Dog-Fight Mechanics) can be simplified as ONE shelling point. The GM works back from that shelling point. There are limited kinds of Schelling Point - most often its Range of Intercept (the GM prepares the problem statement and Iterates the most important point and assumptions and uncertainties).
The GM says the Schelling point/Event Horizon is 30 hours away. This Schelling Point can thousands of KM away or Millions or Hundreds, it all works out as the GM working back from the Schelling point and detailing it. the GM explains the problem and the options based on initial rolls. You can say or make Initiative, not an Initiative Roll but an Information Roll - Who has the better Awareness and Grasp of the Situations to SETS THE PACE. Who acts and will react.
The SCALE of time is interesting. It begins with the largest Unit, where everyone takes a turn, then scales down. The GM can set it at 1 man day, everyone gets a Manday turn. Then he proceeds to resolve what has happened in that Manday - sometimes the PCs Live or Die in what happens in that Manday and may not feel it until the schelling point.
The GM asks them their Actions - what Posture/Preparation or Actions they will take - and then asks them to roll. The Adversary adapts or implements their plan. NO PLAN survives initial contact.
The GM resolves the consequences of the actions, failures, success, and successes of the adversary. He can simplify BUILDING into the PC's difficulty roll or making a Contested Roll. He shows and doesnt tell. He resolves everyone's concerns on a time budget and then proceeds to summarize the total effect with drama and tension (meaning he raises more uncertainties; take the players question and answer it by referencing what remains to be known or is this enough).
Now 6 hours remain, and the GM asks them their actions for those 6 hours. The Players/Crew then adjust and adapt to the situation. They plan their actions for these 6 hours. The GM repeats the same process and updates the crew the consequences and results of their actions, building the tension with Key Questions. Were you fast enough to escape, can you maneuver, who survived, who is crippled, etc...
Reviewing relative Velocity and realize I'll simplify Angular Relative Velocity by checking if they are Perpendicular or Parallel vs Same or Opposite directions.
Dog fights is the Space Combat we know - but this reminds me of the Tension filled Week of a BID or a Project - where we perform a lot of long actions to get to a Schelling point which determines if we make or lose money.
No comments:


At What Age Can Kids Start Practicing Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu
The question that parents often ask me when I tell them that I teach kids BJJ or when they stop in to check out a class is: "At what age can my kids start practicing?".
My recommendation? The youngest age would be 6 years old. With this comes disclaimers. What I mean by this is lets face it, BJJ can be pretty boring. The rest of us who do BJJ are either weird or insane. To truly get BJJ you have to spent countless hours on the mats and to be good you need to be drilling. Its all about repetition and mat time. For a six year old, the world moves at too slow a pace and their attention lasts 5 seconds at most. If a parent really wants to sign up their child, they need to make sure the class takes into account these points and ask these questions:
 1. Is there a class dedicated to them?: There needs to be a class dedicated to ages of 6 – 8. Mix classes with a wide range between the ages is very hard to manage and quite frankly not very productive (in most cases).
 2. What does the class focus on: At that age, classes should be more about learning very basic movements and games. For most 6 year olds, they are just too young to take in the wide range of techniques in BJJ. The class should be fun for them, a place where they can get their energy out. Kids at that age are still developing and learning. It is very easy to burn out or get bored of BJJ if you are not careful.
 3. Who are the instructors and their teaching methods?: The instructors need to be able to be creative in their teaching method. As mentioned before, on one hand they need to be able to keep the kids moving and attentive and on the other tie in BJJ principles and basics. This is not very easy to do, but if the instructor can find his/her own working formula, then that class will be well worth it.
Overall, I'm not say the kids cant learn BJJ. In fact many of the champions and successful competitors today all started at a very young age. The point I am trying to get across is that starting that young, there needs to be a class dedicated to that age group. Once they get older and get the basics down, that is when the classes become more serious and more focused. So if parents are looking to sign up their kids for BJJ, definitely make sure to do your research and ask the right questions.
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Christopher Columbus House Museum
Christopher Columbus House Museum
Christopher Columbus House Museum is located in Porto Santo island.
Porto Santo
Christopher Columbus
Columbus House Museum of Porto Santo is located on Porto Santo Island.
The navigator Christopher Columbus lived in this house, during his passage through the Golden Island, in 1478, after his marriage to Filipa de Moniz, daughter of Bartolomeu Perestrelo, first Captain Donatory of Porto Santo.
The museum opened in 1989, having had several interventions over the years regarding its museum content.
The museum is divided into two floors: the ground floor, which has a shop and a temporary exhibition room on themes of Portuguese maritime expansion, and the first floor, which has three thematic rooms.
The first is dedicated to the Portuguese Expansion, where the strategic position of the island of Porto Santo and the archipelago of Madeira is presented in the context of the Portuguese maritime expansion.
The second room exposes elements related to the importance of the Spanish crown in world expansion and as a financier for the Christopher Columbus expedition in 1492; this space gathers a summary biography of the navigator and his family relations with Porto Santo, as well as some notes of reference to his trips to the American continent.
The third is dedicated to the Dutch colonial empire that was shown in the exhibition of part of the collection of the galleon of the Dutch East India Company "Slot ter Hooge", sunk in 1724, north of the island of Porto Santo.
The entrance ticket costs about 2 €.
sunday - 10:00 to 13:00;
tuesday - 10:00 to 12:30; 14:00 to 17:30;
Additional info:
Telephone: (+351) 291 983 405
Travessa da Sacristia 2 e 4, Porto Santo
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text: These are mostly white or bluish flashes that precede large earthquakes and last for several seconds. They have been reported infrequently for hundreds of years, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. It wasn't until the 1960s, when people took pictures of this phenomenon during the Matsushiro earthquakes, that the scientific community started to take it seriously. Since then, scientists have created many theories for the origin of the lights, involving everything from piezoelectricity and frictional heating to phosphine gas emissions and electrokinetics. But most recently scientists suggested that the lights are caused by pre-earthquake elements that awaken the natural electrical charge of rocks, causing them to sparkle and glow.


text:
Venafi Trust Protection Platforms (TPP) has the ability to work as a SCEP server. This feature is referred to as Network Device Enrollment (NDE). This article describes the steps to setup and configure TPP and SSCEP a command line SCEP client to work together.
Configure NDE on TPP side in WebAdmin:
1. Create Password object to use for SCEP requests
2. Go to Platform Tree to configure NDE settings
3. Select Engine or root of Platform tree and go to "Network Device Enrollemnt" > Settings
4. Configure settings:
Enable "SCEP Reply Delay"
Default Challenge Password = Password for requests to use
Default Certificate Container = Where to create cert objects
Default Certificate Authority = What CA Template to use
RA Certificate = Certificate used for Registration Authority (cert that was issued by CA we are going to use)
5. Save settings and restart IIS
Use SSCEP to test NDE
1. Unzip SSCEP (found here: _URL_
2. Generate a certificate request providing a Common Name and the Challenge Password when prompted by openssl:
openssl.exe req -config scep.cnf -new -key priv.key -out test.csr
3. Retrieve the CA and RA certificates from your SECP/NDES:
sscep.exe getca -u _URL_ -c ca.crt
4. Enroll a new certificate and make sure to specify the correct RA (-c flag)
sscep.exe enroll -u _URL_ -k priv.key -r test.csr -l test.crt -c ca.crt-0
5. If things work, certficate is stored in test.crt
What to look at when things aren't working?
1. Check the Engine object logs in Platform tree for "Network Device Enrolment" errors
2. Check to see if the Certificate object got created
- Did creating and retrieving the cert take too long?
- Was there an issue during cert enrolment?
3. Check that the RA Cert is correct
4. Check that CA Template has root/intermediate certs configured
5. Check SCEP server url and that it is http
6. Double check that challenge password in CSR is correct:
openssl req -in test.csr -noout -text
7. Check that the vedscep URL (_URL_ works with a browser. It should return "Bad Request"
Other scep related resources:
SSCEP source code - _URL_
NDES/SCEP Windows Test Tool - _URL_


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maximum in the spectrum. The "Recursive threshold" algorithm is based on an earlier method implemented in MZmine [3,4] and adds two additional parameters of minimum and maximum peak m/z width. This method reduces the false positives by avoiding detection of noise peaks. The "Wavelet transform" algorithm is particularly suitable for noisy data. It processes each spectrum using continuous wavelet transform, matching the m/z peaks to the "Mexican hat" wavelet model. This algorithm is based on a previously reported method. The "Exact mass" algorithm assumes high quality spectra (high mass resolution, low noise) and determines the center of each m/z peak using the "full width at half maximum" paradigm: m/z value is placed in the middle of the line, which crosses the peak at half of the maximum intensity (as shown in the insets in Figure 3A). Finally, the "Centroid" algorithm is suitable for already centroided data. It detects all data points above the specified noise level as m/z peaks.
Data obtained by Fourier transform mass spectrometry instruments provide very high mass resolution, but suffer from the presence of noise signals known as "shoulder peaks" (Figure 3B). These peaks are residues of the Fourier transform function calculated by the instrument and their intensity is usually below 5% of the intensity of the main (true) m/z peak. To remove these noise peaks, we introduced an optional filtration plug-in that builds a theoretical model (such as Gaussian or Lorentzian) with given mass resolution around each peak, and removes all noise peaks below this model. Peaks are processed in the order of decreasing intensity. In the preview (Figure 3B), the main m/z signal is indicated by the red color, while the shoulder peaks subject to removal are indicated in yellow. Again, it is possible to implement other filtration algorithms as plug-ins.
The next step consists of an algorithm that connects consecutive m/z values spanning over multiple scans into chromatogram objects. The default algorithm provided by MZmine 2 connects m/z values in the order of their intensity, with the most intense peaks connected first. A chromatogram spanning a given minimal time range is constructed for each m/z value (within user-defined tolerance). Each chromatogram is then deconvoluted into individual chromatographic peaks (Figure 3C). Several algorithms are provided as plug-ins. The "Baseline cut-off" algorithm recognizes each chromatographic peak that has an intensity above a given minimum level and spans over a given minimum time range. The "Noise amplitude" algorithm adds another parameter specifying the intensity range, which is considered noisy. The algorithm then finds the intensity level where most of the noise is concentrated and sets the baseline level to this intensity, individually for each chromatogram. Following the setting of the baseline, the procedure is the same as the "Baseline cut-off" algorithm. The Savitzky-Golay algorithm uses the smoothed second derivative of the chromatogram curve to detect the borders of individual peaks. The "Local minimum search" algorithm attempts to identify local minima in the chromatogram as border points between individual peaks. Several restrictions are placed on possible peak shapes, such as minimum absolute and relative intensities, or a minimum ratio between peak maximum and edge.
We also implemented an experimental module, which fits the (potentially noisy) set of data points of each deconvoluted peak with an ideal peak model such as Gaussian or Exponentially Modified Gaussian (Figure 3D). Such an approach may reduce the chromatographic noise between samples, but the practical applicability of this method has not yet been thoroughly validated.
Assignment of intuitive metabolite or peptide names to detected m/z values greatly assists with the process of data interpretation. In MZmine 2, identification of peaks can be performed either by searching a custom database of m/z values and retention times, or by connecting to an online resource such as PubChem, KEGG, METLIN, or HMDB directly from the MZmine 2 interface (Figure 4). For each ion subjected to identification, its neutral molecular mass (mneutral) is calculated from its m/z value. For that purpose, the charge of the ion (z) can be automatically determined from its isotope pattern. Ionization mode (positive or negative) and ionization adduct (e.g. H+, Na+, K+, etc.) are selected by the user as parameters. Neutral mass is then calculated as mneutral = (m/z × z) ± madduct, where the sign (±) is defined by the ionization mode and madduct is the mass of the selected ionization adduct. The neutral mass mneutral is the primary term for database search, within user-specified tolerance. Isotopic pattern similarity can be used as a second filter to select optimal candidates, by comparing the ratios of the detected isotopes and matching isotopes from the predicted isotopic pattern of the database compound. Because the online identification module is itself modularized, support for other molecular databases can be easily added. For proteomic applications, a module allowing identification of peptide peaks using the MASCOT search engine and MS/MS spectra is under development.
Figure 4. Peak identification using the PubChem Compound database. (A) A peak list showing the row selected for identification. (B) Dialog for setting search parameters. (C) Table of candidates obtained from the database within a given mass tolerance. (D) 2D and 3D structural views of the candidate compound.
RANdom SAmple Consensus (RANSAC) aligner
The purpose of peak list alignment is to match relevant peaks across multiple samples. The original MZmine software introduced a simple alignment algorithm that first creates an empty master peak list and then aligns each peak from given peak lists (samples) to the best candidate of the master list using a two-dimensional alignment window (AW) represented by user-specified m/z and retention time tolerances. If no suitable candidate is found, a new row is created in the master list. In MZmine 2, this algorithm is referred to as the "Join aligner". One disadvantage of the Join aligner is the inability to cope with a non-linear deviation of the retention times among samples. For this purpose, we introduced a new peak list alignment method based on the RANSAC algorithm.
The RANSAC algorithm is a non-deterministic iterative algorithm that estimates parameters of a mathematical model from a set of observed data, which may include outliers. The probability of obtaining a good result increases with the number of iterations. In each iteration, a random subset of observed data points is selected and a model is fit to this data. In our specific case, we used 4 points to find a non-linear model. The remaining data is tested against the fitted model and if a value fits well, it is considered a part of the model. Finally, the model is evaluated and when the iteration is finished, the model with the most data points fitted to it is considered the best.
The RANSAC method of alignment makes use of two user-defined two-dimensional windows, the RANSAC window (RW) and Alignment window (AW), respectively. The RW is defined by the m/z threshold rm0 and retention time threshold rr0, and AW constitutes the same m/z threshold rm0 but a different retention time threshold ar0. The retention time threshold in RW should be as big as the maximum observed deviation in the retention time among all peaks. The procedure for aligning a sample Sj with the master list L is as follows:
Step 1: For every row i in L, let
ri = the average retention time of all individual peaks in the row
mi = average m/z of all individual peaks in the row
RWi = [(m, r) | mi - rm0 ≤ m ≤ mi + rm0 and ri - rr0 ≤ r ≤ ri + rr0], the RANSAC window for row i.
Then, for row i in L, mark all peaks in sample Sj in RWi as candidate alignments.
Step 2: Build a scatter plot representation of all candidate alignments, and apply the RANSAC algorithm to build a candidate model for alignment. This model represents a list of matching retention times.
Step 3: Apply the locally-weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOESS) method for regression on all points in the model obtained with RANSAC.
Step 4: Using this regression model, for each row i in L, predict the correction for the retention time shift to locate the new center (mi, r'i) of the alignment window AWi. RANSAC alignment can correct the retention time deviation by centering the position of the AW to the correct position in the new sample.
Thus, the alignment window AWi = [(m, r) | mi - rm0 ≤ m ≤ mi + rm0 and r'i - ar0 ≤ r ≤ r'i + ar0]
Step 5: For each row i in L, apply the Join algorithm for alignment using the alignment window AWi.
Figure 5 shows a preview of the RANSAC alignment in MZmine 2. Each dot represents a candidate alignment of two peaks. Red dots represent those candidate alignments that were fitted to the best model (blue line).
Figure 5. RANSAC aligner. Dialog shows preview of RANSAC alignment of two peak lists using the given parameters. Each possible candidate alignment (peak pair) within a defined m/z and retention time tolerance is shown as a dot. A model is fitted to the data (blue line) and red dots indicate those fitting to the model and therefore selected for the final alignment.
RANSAC aligner performance
Two types of errors can be introduced during the alignment process. Either two non-related peaks could be


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Tag Archives: cardboard
Cardboard Cardboard is a generic term for a heavy-duty paper of various strengths, ranging from a simple arrangement of a single thick sheet of paper to complex configurations featuring multiple corrugated and un-corrugated layers. Despite widespread use in general English, the term is deprecated in business and industry. Material producers, container manufacturers, packaging engineers, and standards organizations, try to use more specific terminology. There is still no complete and uniform usage. Often the term "cardboard" is avoided because it does not define any particular material. Chipboard Chipboard, more commonly called Paperboard is a thick paper based material. While there is no rigid differentiation between paper and paperboard, paperboard is generally thicker than paper. According to ISO standards, paperboard is a paper with a basis weight above 224 g/m2, but there are exceptions. Paperboard can be single or multi-ply. Paperboard can be easily cut and formed, is lightweight, and because it is strong, is used in packaging. Another end-use would be graphic printing, such as book and magazine covers or postcards. Sometimes it is referred to as cardboard, which is a generic, lay term used to refer to any heavy paper pulp based board. Paperboard is also used in fine arts for creating sculptures.


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Looking for ways to teach students critical thinking, analytical writing, collaboration, and public speaking - all while linking them to important social issues that ask them to practice care and compassion? Join Ileana Jiménez in this webinar as she shares her work connecting her high school students (both male and female) to feminist texts and activism. Participants will receive concrete tips, activities, and curriculum ideas they can use to explore gender, racial, and economic justice with their students.Cost is $29.95 Cost is Cost
This site is supported by Grant/ Cooperative Agreement No. 1UF2CE002359-02 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.


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POLK (also known as DNA polymerase kappa, DINB protein and DINP) is involved in DNA repair. POLK plays an important role in translesion synthesis, where the normal high-fidelity DNA polymerases cannot proceed and DNA synthesis stalls. Depending on the context, it inserts the correct base, but causes frequent base transitions, transversions and frameshifts. POLK lacks 3'-5' proofreading exonuclease activity. POLK is a nuclear protein that binds to REV1L and PCNA. POLK is detected throughout the nucleus and at replication foci. Multiple alternative splice variants have been detected for this protein. POLK is found at low levels in testis, spleen, prostate and ovary and at very low levels in kidney, colon, brain, heart, liver, lung, placenta, pancreas and peripheral blood leukocytes.
DinB homolog 1 (E. coli) antibody, DINB protein antibody, DINB1 antibody, DINP antibody, DNA damage inducible protein b antibody, DNA polymerase kappa antibody, POLQ antibody
This affinity-purified antibody was prepared from whole goat serum produced by repeated immunizations with a synthetic peptide corresponding to amino acids 817-830 of Human POLK (polymerase (DNA directed) kappa).


Should I fast if I don't have a cycle?
Should you fast if you don't have a cycle? The short answer is yes! In fact, fasting may be the healing tool that energizes your cycle. Fasting has the ability to bring the body into homeostasis and balance, allowing to naturally regulate sex hormones, estrogen, progesterone and testosterone. The key is understanding how to use fasting to help your cycle. Women can lose their cycle for a variety of reasons. Women may be on birth control, have had a hysterectomy, are in the perimenopausal, menopausal or postmenopausal stage of life, or have a condition such as PCOS. However, many women aren't sure why they don't have a cycle. In these cases, I recommend doing a Dutch Hormone Test. The


Zenu Triangles Bracelet
Geometric decoration consisting of lines, circles, triangles and spirals were found in deep tombs of important dignitaries. In a society which sought to trascend to other levels of conscience through shamanism, the light effects and the sensation of movement as they rotated this patterns, must have induced to special mental states during ceremonies and rituals.
This astonshing bracelet was made from the Zenu tradition findings.


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asa - interpret carriage-control characters
asa [file...]
The asa utility will write its input files to standard output, mapping carriage-control characters from the text files to line-printer control sequences in an implementation-dependent manner.
The first character of every line will be removed from the input, and the following actions will be performed:
If the character removed is:
- The rest of the line will be output without change.
- A newline character will be output, then the rest of the input line.
- One or more implementation-dependent characters that causes an advance to the next page will be output, followed by the rest of the input line.
- The newline character of the previous line will be replaced with one or more implementation-dependent characters that causes printing to return to column position 1, followed by the rest of the input line. If the "+" is the first character in the input, it will have the same effect as the space character.
The action of the asa utility is unspecified upon encountering any character other than those listed above as the first character in a line.
- A pathname of a text file used for input. If no file operands are specified, the standard input will be used.
The standard input will be used only if no file operands are specified. See the INPUT FILES section.
The input files must be text files.
The following environment variables affect the execution of asa:
- Provide a default value for the internationalisation variables that are unset or null. If LANG is unset or null, the corresponding value from the implementation-dependent default locale will be used. If any of the internationalisation variables contains an invalid setting, the utility will behave as if none of the variables had been defined.
- If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the other internationalisation variables.
- Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data as characters (for example, singleas opposed to multi-byte characters in arguments and input files).
- Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format and contents of diagnostic messages written to standard error.
- Determine the location of message catalogues for the processing of LC_MESSAGES.
The standard output will be the text from the input file modified as described in the DESCRIPTION section.
The following exit values are returned:
- All input files were output successfully.
- An error occurred.
The following command:permits the viewing of file (created by a program using FORTRAN-style carriage control characters) on a terminal.
The following command:formats the FORTRAN output of a.out and directs it to the printer.
a.out | asa | lp


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Are you always on the move and need to charge your laptop in your car? Look no further! In this article, you'll discover three proven and easy ways to charge your laptop while on the road.
Have you ever tried using a car charger to charge your laptop, only to find out it doesn't work? Don't worry, there are two other options you can explore.
Keep reading to take control and never run out of battery power on your laptop during long drives again.
- Car chargers are not suitable for charging laptops due to the voltage difference.
- Power converters can convert 12-volt DC to 220 AC, allowing you to charge any laptop in a car.
- Power converters are a safer option compared to using car chargers for charging laptops in a car.
- Inverters convert DC power from a car battery into AC power, allowing you to charge your laptop using its regular charger.
Car Chargers: Limitations and Alternatives
Car chargers' limitations and alternatives are essential to consider when charging your laptop in a car.
While car chargers are convenient for charging mobile devices like smartphones and tablets, they aren't suitable for charging laptops due to the voltage difference. Laptops require 19 volts of DC to charge, while car chargers typically have an output voltage of around 5 volts. Using a car charger to charge a laptop may cause damage to both the charger and the laptop.
To safely charge your laptop in a car, consider using a power converter or an inverter.
A power converter converts 12-volt DC to 220 AC, allowing you to charge any laptop. When choosing a power converter, make sure it's suitable for your laptop's power requirements.
Inverters, on the other hand, convert DC power from a car battery into AC power, allowing you to charge your laptop using its regular charger. Select an inverter with the appropriate power capacity for your laptop's needs.
Using a Power Converter
To charge your laptop in a car, you can easily use a power converter. A power converter is a device that converts the 12-volt DC power from your car's battery into 220 AC power, which is the type of power that laptops require.
One of the main advantages of using a power converter is that it allows you to charge any laptop in the car, regardless of its power requirements. Power converters are widely available in electronic stores and come in different capacities to meet your laptop's power needs.
However, it's important to consider the pros and cons of using a power converter compared to an inverter. While power converters are more suitable for charging laptops, they may not be as versatile as inverters when it comes to powering other electronic devices in your car.
Ultimately, the choice between a power converter and an inverter depends on your specific needs and preferences.
Using an Inverter
Now let's explore how you can charge your laptop in the car using an inverter, a device that converts DC power from your car battery into AC power.
Using an inverter to charge your laptop in the car has several benefits. Firstly, it allows you to use your laptop's regular charger, ensuring compatibility and optimal charging. Secondly, inverters come in different power capacities, so you can choose one that meets your laptop's power needs. Additionally, inverters are widely used for powering various electronic devices in cars, making them a reliable option.
However, it's important to take safety precautions when using an inverter. Ensure that you use a properly rated inverter and connect it securely to your car's battery. Additionally, be mindful of the power consumption of your laptop to avoid draining your car's battery.
In conclusion, when it comes to charging your laptop in the car, car chargers may not be the solution. However, there are two effective alternatives: using a power converter or an inverter.
These methods allow you to convert the car's power into a compatible form for your laptop charger, ensuring you never run out of battery during long drives.
So, hit the road with confidence, knowing you can keep your laptop charged and ready to go.


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In May 2012 we ran a PDC at Strawberry Fields Eco-Lodge on which we trained four local teachers, along with other participants, two from each of two local schools in Konso, South Ethiopia, where we are based. The selected teachers from the two schools, Konso Secondary and Jarso Primary, are science teachers responsible for the schools' environmental clubs. During the training they produced permaculture designs for their school compounds, which they have gone on to begin implementing with their school communities.
The training, as well as a 6 month post-training, implementation, monitoring and evaluation program is supported by the UK-based Ethiopia Permaculture Foundation.
We also had a great opportunity to add extra impetus to the implementation in these two schools this July as we had three summer expedition school groups from the UK sent to us by World Challenge. World challenge asked us to design a 9-day program for their groups which would include:
- a 1-day introduction to permaculture for the group
- a 4-day volunteer project in a local school
- a 3-day trek around Konso to visit the local villages, experience local cultural activities and experience the everyday life of the Konso community.
Brilliant! With design plans for the schools already laid out by the teachers we had trained in May we had a chance to start implementing according to the school's own plans.
The volunteer program was designed for the three groups, one from Queen Mary's Grammar School, Warsall, who volunteered in Jarso Primary School and two groups from King Edwards, Lichfield, who volunteered in Konso Secondary School and Jarso Primary respectively. The groups worked alongside local community members on the implementation, although, since it was the summer holidays, the environmental club members were mostly not available to work on the implementation with them. Hence the real benefit of doing the work was to get things going on the ground, provide examples of the work which can be scaled up by the environmental clubs once they return to school in September. All of the materials used were affordable and locally available.
Day 1: Clay pot garden and compost heap
Clay Pot Garden
The clay pot garden is a technique combining raised beds with a technique used traditionally in some arid areas of the world to economise effectively on irrigation water. It is a Zone 1 system designed to make efficient use of water for growing annual vegetables in an arid climate. Un-glazed clay pots are porous and water will slowly seep through the clay to the surface of the pot to slowly irrigate without water loss. If the pot is above ground, the evaporation of this water from the surface of the pot will cool it down, which is a technique used to cool water in many parts of the world. However, if the pot is buried in the ground the water will soak into the surrounding soil and can be accessed by plant roots if they are growing around the pot.
The water seeps out of the pot over the course of a week or two, depending on the soil type, ambient moisture, temperature, etc. The slow release of water will maintain an area of increased soil moisture around the pot as long as there is water inside, meaning watering needs to be done far less frequently than in a conventional vegetable bed which will need at least daily irrigation.
However there are still some inefficiencies in this system. Firstly, as the water level falls in the pot the water becomes less accessible to shallow-rooted annual plants, with more water seeping out from the bottom of the pot than the sides, so becomes less accessible. Secondly, the area around the pot in which high moisture is maintained is only about a 10 to 15cm radius, so that the area of bed into which vegetables can be planted is quite small compared to the area taken up in the ground by the pot itself.
In order to address these problems we combined the clay pots with the standard permaculture technique of raised beds, which use a base of cardboard, over which successive layers of compost and organic materials are laid out and mulched over.
Cardboard is a great material for use in dry-land permaculture as it can act as a barrier to water movement, but also as a wick. It both holds water in, but also transfers it across its area. The compost increases the water holding capacity of the soil, while the mulch insulates and protects the growing medium from sun and wind.
To build a clay pot raised bed:
- Dig a hole about 20% bigger than the bottom half of the pot and water the ground till saturated (don't make a puddle, stop when it starts pooling).
- Line the hole and the ground with cardboard to about a 30cm radius and water it all down till well soaked.
- Add 5cm of compost-soil mix in the bottom of the hole.
- Place the pot into the hole.
- Cover the rest of the pot, up to the neck, and the cardboard to 10cm deep with compost-soil mix and water well.
- Mulch with seedless organic material to 10cm deep, then water.
- Fill the pot with water and place a cover over the mouth.
- Plant seedlings into the bed.
Day 2: Making a Tree Nursery
A tree nursery is a microclimate we engineer to provide optimal conditions for germination of seeds and the early stage of the seedlings' growth, which are the most vulnerable parts of the trees' life-cycle. It may seem easier to run around planting tree seeds around the place and just letting them grow naturally and in some cases this may be a more efficient way to operate. The tree nursery requires labour and materials for maintenance. However what it really comes down to is how many seeds of a particular species we have, how valuable they are, and how robust the species is to germinate, survive and grow in the local conditions. Pelleting of seed (possibly combined with scarification, where necessary) is an alternative technique we can use to widely distribute seed in the dry season for resilient local species with abundant seed.
The tree nursery has the following needs:
- Shade; 30-60% shade is best — tree seedlings in natural conditions usually grow under the cover of other plants and mature trees, hence they are adapted to lower light conditions than mature trees. Exposure to direct sun may burn them, as well as dying them out and the soil they are growing in.
- Shelter from wind — wind will quickly dry seedlings out and kill them. Seedlings have shallow roots and cant access much water to replace moisture lost by excess transpiration.
- Security from herbivores.
- Ideal soil conditions for the germinating seed — to give the best possible survival rate we make a soil mix which will be a) fertile b) hold enough water for the seed but c) be well draining enough that the seed does not get rotten and die. To do this we used a mix of 1 part compost, 1 part sand and 1 part top-soil from the site. If the soil is a clay soil, however, it will be better to make it 2:2:1 since clay is very sticky and poor draining. We also need containers to hold the soil mix.
- Placement near a water-source, to reduce labour for watering.
- Placement near to other related elements — compost heap, seed bank, tool store, etc. — tree nurseries are usually placed in Zone 1.
To provide these conditions in the school we selected an appropriate spot, which already had some natural shelter from the wind, 10m from a rainwater harvesting pond which was constructed in the school by an NGO.
1) We built a frame for shade using wooden poles and bamboo screens.
2) We cut up old water bottles (known locally as "Hightland!") chopped up into 10cm sections to make containers for holding the soil mix.
3) We sifted the three components for the soil mix (compost, sand, top-soil) to make a nice fine growing medium for the germinating seed. Then mixed them 1:1:1 and packed them into the tubes.
4) We seeded seeds into the mix-filled containers; we seeded two species of legume tree (Sesbania and Leucinnea) as well as Papaya. These will be planted out onto the swales we have dug once the seedlings mature.
5) With the second group in Jarso, we also added a fence around the nursery for extra security from goats. We also used brush (which we had cleared from the area we were digging a swale) to provide extra shelter.
Day 3: Digging a Swale, Planting out Tree Seedlings and Installing a Grey Water System
Digging the Swale
Swales are level excavations which run along a contour line. They comprise a ditch and bund. The ditch is dug along the contour and the soil heaped on the down-hill side to form the bund. Swales are dead level so will hold any water that runs into them (assuming it is not beyond the swale's capacity) and infiltrate it into the ground. Tree seedlings can be planted on the bund, downhill from the bund, in the ditch or next to the ditch, where they will be able to access the infiltrating water inside the ground. The swale thus prevents run-off, reduces erosion, and increases the survival and growth rate of trees.
- To survey the swale we used an A-frame
- Next we cleared the brush along the path of the swale
- We dug out the swale
Planting Out Tree Seedlings
We planted out two species of fruit trees (mango and guava) and two indigenous species — "weybetta" (Terminalia birownii) and "kopt