Calculation of the Earth's Effective Temperature.
The effective temperature of a planet is the temperature it would have if it acted like a black body, absorbing all the incoming radiation received at its surface and reradiating it all back to space.
Distance from Earth to Sun = 150x106 kilometers.
Radius of the Sun = 6.96x108 meters.
Radius of the Earth = 6.4x106 meters.
Surface area of a sphere = 4pr2.
Area of a circle = pr2.
p = 3.1416.
Maximum output from the Sun occurs at a wavelength of 0.5 microns.
Lets walk through the steps together:
 1. Since we know the wavelength of the Sun's maximum output, we can use Wein's law to calculate the Sun's temperature. Go ahead and do it. You should get a number near 5796 K. For convenience you can round this off to 5800 K.
 2. If we know the Sun's temperature, we can calculate the intensity of the solar output (I, flux per square meter), by using the Stephan Boltzman equation. Go ahead and calculate it. (To calculate the fourth power of a number with your hand calculator square it twice.)
 3. To calculate the Sun's total output (total flux or luminosity, L) we must multiply the intensity (I, flux per square meter) by the total number of square meters on the Sun's surface. Use the radius of the sun and the equation for the surface area of a sphere, given above, to do this.
 4. Now, since energy is conserved, any sphere of any radius with the Sun at its center will receive the same total radiation from the Sun as is emitted from the Sun's surface. Therefore the intensity of solar radiation at the Sun-Earth distance is related to that distance by the intensity to distance relationship you learned about earlier.
 The Earth intercepts a small part of the total radiation that arrives in its neighborhood of the solar system (its distance from the Sun). If we could hold an enormous sheet of paper on the other side of the Earth from the Sun and orient it so the plane of the paper is perpendicular to the rays of the Sun, then the earth would cast a shadow on the paper and the area of that shadow would be the amount of solar radiation the Earth intercepts. This circular shadow will have a radius equal to the radius of the Earth. If you calculate the area of the shadow and multiply it by the intensity of the solar beam at the Earth's distance from the sun, you will have the total energy the Earth intercepts. Now the Earth rotates like a chicken on a rotisserie and is heated on all sides. Therefore, the area that receives the radiant energy from the Sun is not that of a disk, like the shadow of the Earth on the paper, but that of a sphere which has a different surface area. Calculate the average radiation (Watts/square meter) the Earth's surface receives from the Sun.
 5. Now you have arrived at the last step. Since you know the average intensity of the radiation the Earth's surface receives from the Sun (and if the Earth is a black body it will reradiate the same amount to space), you can use the Stephan-Boltzman equation to calculate the effective temperature of the Earth.


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Probabilistic Inference in Hybrid Domains by Weighted Model Integration / 2770
Vaishak Belle, Andrea Passerini, Guy Van den Broeck
Weighted model counting (WMC) on a propositional knowledge base is an effective and general approach to probabilistic inference in a variety of formalisms, including Bayesian and Markov Networks. However, an inherent limitation of WMC is that it only admits the inference of discrete probability distributions. In this paper, we introduce a strict generalization of WMC called weighted model integration that is based on annotating Boolean and arithmetic constraints, and combinations thereof. This methodology is shown to capture discrete, continuous and hybrid Markov networks. We then consider the task of parameter learning for a fragment of the language. An empirical evaluation demonstrates the applicability and promise of the proposal.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Protect your plant's root system from high or fluctuating temperatures with AutoPot WhitePots. The WhitePot reflects extremes of heat away from the root system. By shielding the roots in this way WhitePots help prevent the adverse effects of hot or varying temperatures on a plants growth management.
Growing in WhitePots is a simple and effective way to maintain constant temperatures for your roots allowing your plants to steadily thrive.
Reflects light and heat
Specially designed for use in hot environments
Can help reduce substrate temperatures by 5-10%


text: This second edition of European Basic Treaties contains the texts of the Treaty on European Union, the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (including the latter's 'Explanations'). This edition incorporates all rectifications and treaty amendments, up until 1 July 2013, including those that follow from the accession of Croatia to the EU on that date. It also contains the provisions of the Treaty of Lisbon that exist alongside these three core texts. Furthermore, a selection of the Protocols and of the most important Declarations has been added. The numbers of provisions of the former EC Treaty and EU Treaty before they were renumbered by the Lisbon Treaty are also included. Thus, older jurisprudence, legislation and literature remain accessible. Finally, this edition introduces an extensive set of concise keywords to the provisions of the European Treaties as well as an Index.


text: Eating enough food to meet nutritional needs and maintain good health and good performance in all aspects of life--both at home and on the job--is important for all of us throughout our lives. For military personnel, however, this presents a special challenge. Although soldiers typically have a number of options for eating when stationed on a base, in the field during missions their meals come in the form of operational rations. Unfortunately, military personnel in training and field operations often do not eat their rations in the amounts needed to ensure that they meet their energy and nutrient requirements and consequently lose weight and potentially risk loss of effectiveness both in physical and cognitive performance. This book contains 20 chapters by military and nonmilitary scientists from such fields as food science, food marketing and engineering, nutrition, physiology, psychology, and various medical specialties. Although described within a context of military tasks, the committee's conclusions and recommendations have wide-reaching implications for people who find that job-related stress changes their eating habits.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Just for curiosity I have done a quick web-search and I have seen that some people are studying manifolds with amenable fundamental group. On the other hand, any finitely presented group and then, in particular, Thompson's group arises as the fundamental group of a compact 4-manifold. So I have a series of questions:
Question 1: Is there any characterizing property of 4-manifolds having amenable fundamental group?
Question 2: Is there any explicit way to construct a 4-manifold whose fundamental group is the Thompson group $F$?
Mark Sapir's answer below says that something is known, but not enough to help for proving/disproving amenability of $F$.
The last question is very general:
Question 3: Is there anybody who's approaching the amenability of $F$ in this way, i.e. studying particular topological properties of a 4-manifold whose fundamental group is $F$?
Also in this case Mark Sapir's answer below shows that some (unsuccessful) attempt was made. Does anybody know something more?
Thanks in advance,


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When a person is sick a doctor makes a diagnosis based on the unique needs of the individual. The doctor seeks to strike the right balance of treatments in order to bring the patient to a place of wholeness and wellness. The doctor begins this process by asking the question, "Exactly what is wrong with my patient?" The answer to this question is the diagnosis which will drive and dictate what will be prescribed.
When a parent or caregiver analyzes a child's reading problems he/she is much like a doctor making a diagnosis. Adults caring for children have valuable knowledge about how the child learns and can evaluate needs with specificity. The child may need interventions, basic support, enrichment or all of the above. To determine what is needed, one must consider what is (and what is not) working for the reader. Once the diagnosis is made, the appropriate prescription can be written, and the problem can undergo correction.
The specific nature of reading problems can be revealed by taking a look at the common causes of reading difficulties. Listed here are the types of reading difficulties defined under Step 1: Diagnose. Click on the these links to learn more about these common reading problems:
Child Needs Glasses?
Child Needs Vision Therapy?
Child is Not Ready to Read?
Child Needs Phonics Instruction?
Child Needs Sight Word Instruction?
Child Needs Fluency Instruction?
Child Needs Comprehension Help?
Child Needs Schema Building?
Child Needs Appropriate Reading Material?
Go to Step 2: Prescribe to write a prescription for addressing your child's reading problems.
Go to Step 3: Correct to learn about reading approaches that will correct your child's reading problems.
Remember that parents and caregivers spend great amounts of time with their children and, therefore, can have a tremendous impact on how their children learn. Don't shy away from getting involved. You can help correct problems in reading. You can partner with your child's teacher, school personnel and other professionals to help your child overcome reading difficulty. Use this website to help you get started on facilitating this valuable partnership.


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Outstanding adaptability. Applied to forming complex shapes with just
the right qualities to suit your needs.
In high performance ball-, controlor butterfly valve applications, the tight shut off performance of the valve is strongly related to the interference of disc and seats. Fluoropolymer-based seat designs are most commonly used throughout the chemical, petrochemical and food and pharma industries for their excellent chemical resistance, temperature performance and low operating torque capability in harsh, corrosive environments.
Packed columns are typically used to optimize contact surface between two phases in a chemical or physical process. Packed beds are found in chemical reactors, distillation, and refining processes or in a scrubber. Fluoroplastics are used as packing materials for their chemical resistance, non-stick performance and thermal stability in combination with their ability to create a large surface area.
Circuit breakers are a well known requirement for electrical circuits, designed to automatically interrupt electrical power and avoid damage caused by overload or short circuit. PTFE and PTFE compounds are used in high voltage SF6 gas circuit breaker nozzle applications because of their electrical insulation and thermal resistance characteristics.
Located in the exhaust pipe of a car, the lambda probe is the key sensor which measures the amount of oxygen in the flue gas. The sensor's input is used to control the fuel mixture and adjusts it when necessary. This optimizes fuel consumption and reduces exhaust emissions. The optimum service temperature of the probe is about 300° C.
In future engine concepts, the space available for exhaust gas sensors will be getting ever smaller. In addition, the sensors will be subjected to even higher temperatures. Smaller, lighter, more versatile and above all ready for operation in the shortest possible time: these will be the outstanding advantages of our further developments.
In order to meet future more stringent exhaust gas regulations, high-quality materials which can withstand higher temperatures, including at connection points, will be essential.
3M™ Dyneon™ Fluoropolymers are a perfect match, as they combine the ability to withstand the highest service temperatures with extraordinary chemical resistance.
Typical products used for separators, corrugated tubes or cable insulations are:


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At the beginning of September, the International Olympiad in Informatics (IOI) was held in Tsukuba, Japan, and Rakuten Institute of Technology was honored to both sponsor the event and participate as presenters during it. The IOI is an annual international informatics competition for high school students from around the world, held every four years, with this being the 30th time it is held and the first time for Japan to be the host.
As well as the competition, the week is also filled with social and cultural programs to foster friendship across nations, and this year it was attended by more than 900 participants representing 85 different countries. The competition consists of two days solving several complex algorithmic informatics problems, combining skills in problem analysis, design of algorithms and data structures, programming and testing, and the results are then tallied up to decide the winners. As a revered international event, the opening ceremony was even attended by Princess Kako, the second-eldest grandchild of Japan's emperor.
Satoshi Egi, one of our researchers, represented Rakuten Institute of Technology at the event by holding a presentation on Egison, a programming language based on pattern matching that he developed. To commemorate the event, we designed a special t-shirt to showcase the language that you can see below.
The front has the definition of a multiset matcher, an Egison-specific object used to define a multiset pattern matching algorithm, and the back has a program using the multiset matcher to describe different poker hands. The combination allows for the wearer to simultaneously explain how the multiset matcher works, and at the same time use the poker program as an example, and is sure to make an impression at any informatics party.
The many participating students participated with a flurry of enthusiastic questions, turning it into a very active and captivating session. In the words of the presenter himself, it was an honor to present to so many young people with impressive knowledge of programming, and he looks forward to running into them again at future events and workplaces.
For more information on IOI and Egison, see the below links.


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Spring in the Mountains 2008 / Spring in the Mountains trek pix-13
May 2–4, 2008
The Smokies are home to many species of land snails. Identification is possible (with practice) by examining features such as the shell spiral, overall size, and whether the opening is toothed or not. Snails are important part of the leaf litter and some species are an important source of calcium for many other animals.


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Geography - Copthorne Detective - Copthorne Village Now and Then
Copthorne Detective Task 2 - Copthorne Village Now and Then - Task Video Introduction by Mr T starring as 'The Teacher'
HOME LEARNING - SPRING TERM - WEEK 4 - COPTHORNE DETECTIVE
Comparing Copthorne Village: Then and Now!
As part of becoming a 'Copthorne Detective' and an expert in local geography and history, we need to look at the past to understand why Copthorne looks the way it does today.
For our second task, we want you to look at how Copthorne Village itself has changed over the last 100 years or so.
CLICK ON THE LINK BELOW TO JUMP TO THE TASK AREA FROM LAST SUMMER WITH ALL THE COPTHORNE PHOTOS AND LOTS OF WORK EXAMPLES SENT IN BY YEAR 3
Look through the photos (you can download or print them if you prefer) of how Copthorne Village used to look. Some of the pictures date right back to Victorian times! There are some great photos of the shops and houses on Copthorne Bank.
The shops, roads, cars (number and type) and landscape have all changed so much over the last 100 years... can spot them?
Look carefully at the pictures. Try to spot what has changed. Look for differences in:
- The roads - are they tracks, gravel or tarmac?
- The shops - how have they changed in use?
- The houses - which ones are missing? How have they changed?
- Cars and buses - how they look and number of them
- Outfits of people - what has changed?
TASK - Use the photo evidence to identify and write about changes over time you can see in Copthorne Village
In your own words, write about the differences you can see in how Copthorne Village, the shops, streets and surrounding area have changed over the last 150 years. Think about how the village looks today (maybe go and have a quick look!) and what it used to look like. You can print off some of the photos and add these in if you want to - or maybe add them into a PowerPoint or Word document.
If you find it easier, write in sections for each difference/change you spot. LOOK AT THE EXAMPLE FROM Mr T BELOW TO HELP GET YOU STARTED - Also, use the link below to look through a few of the examples from Year 3 sent in from last year to give you some extra ideas!


INA Urinj Case Study
INA Urinj Case Study
January 2020 Spotsie helped track progress and provide insights during a reconstruction project at a local oil refinery. Construction workers were given beacons to wear.
Work was divided between three separate areas. Zone A was an on-site container area, zone B a flat open work space and zone C was in the heart of the refinery where the bulk of the work was done. All three locations were covered with our gateways, placed on strategic locations to maximize signal coverage. As work in zone C had been done on multiple height levels, we placed gateways so to cover the whole height of the structure.
This meant we were able to track vertical displacement as well. During the project we tracked worker circulation between the three different areas and at each instant we knew the exact number of people on each of those sites. This is crucial information in an emergency situation where evacuation is needed, as the rescue and disaster control teams knew exactly where to send help.
Spotsie Cloud continuously performed safety checks on all individual beacons. For example, we tracked suspicious vertical displacements which could indicate a construction worker fall from significant height. Also, we measured continuous inactivity time which is a strong indication of a worker being injured.
All failed safety checks would automatically raise an alarm and notify the health and safety department. From a project management perspective, the number of man-hours at each area is related to the amount of work done.
So by looking at the trends calculated by the Spotsie Cloud, the management team could easily track the project progress and pace. Enabling them to react quicker to potential delays and help them achieve set timelines.
Want more posts


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VDO is software that provides inline block-level deduplication, compression, and thin provisioning capabilities for primary storage. VDO installs within the Linux device mapper framework, where it takes ownership of existing physical block devices and remaps these to new, higher-level block devices with data-efficiency properties. Specifically, VDO can multiply the effective capacity of these devices by ten or more. These benefits require additional system resources, so it is therefore necessary to measure VDO's impact on system performance.
Storage vendors undoubtedly have existing in-house test plans and expertise that they use to evaluate new storage products. Since the VDO layer helps to identify deduplication and compression, different tests may be required. An effective test plan requires studying the VDO architecture and exploring these items:
VDO-specific configurable properties (performance tuning end-user applications)
Impact of being a native 4 KB block device
Response to access patterns and distributions of deduplication and compression
Performance in high-load environments (very important)
Analyze cost vs. capacity vs. performance, based on application
Failure to consider such factors up front has created situations that have invalidated certain tests and required customers to repeat testing and data collection efforts.
31.1.1. Expectations and Deliverables
This Evaluation Guide is meant to augment, not replace, a vendor's internal evaluation effort. With a modest investment of time, it will help evaluators produce an accurate assessment of VDO's integration into existing storage devices. This guide is designed to:
Help engineers identify configuration settings that elicit optimal responses from the test device
Provide an understanding of basic tuning parameters to help avoid product misconfigurations
Create a performance results portfolio as a reference to compare against "real" application results
Identify how different workloads affect performance and data efficiency
Expedite time-to-market with VDO implementations
The test results will help Red Hat engineers assist in understanding VDO's behavior when integrated into specific storage environments. OEMs will understand how to design their deduplication and compression capable devices, and also how their customers can tune their applications to best use those devices.
Be aware that the procedures in this document are designed to provide conditions under which VDO can be most realistically evaluated. Altering test procedures or parameters may invalidate results. Red Hat Sales Engineers are available to offer guidance when modifying test plans.


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The PCM is designed to maintain exhaust emission levels to Federal/California/other standards while providing excellent Driveability and fuel efficiency. Review the components and wiring diagrams in order to determine which systems are controlled by the PCM. The PCM monitors numerous engine and vehicle functions. The following are some of the functions that the PCM controls: • The engine fueling • The ignition control (IC) • The knock sensor (KS) system • The evaporative emissions (EVAP) system • The secondary air injection (AIR) system (if equipped) • The exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system • The automatic transmission functions • The generator • The A/C clutch control • The cooling fan control
Powertrain Control Module Function.
The PCM constantly looks at the information from various sensors and other inputs and controls systems that affect vehicle performance and emissions. The PCM also performs diagnostic tests on various parts of the system. The PCM can recognize operational problems and alert the driver via the malfunction indicator lamp (MIL). When the PCM detects a malfunction, the PCM stores a diagnostic trouble code (DTC). The problem area is identified by the particular DTC that is set. The control module supplies a buffered voltage to various sensors and switches. The input and output devices in the PCM include analog-to-digital converters, signal buffers, counters, and output drivers. The output drivers are electronic switches that complete a ground or voltage circuit when turned on. Most PCM controlled components are operated via output drivers. The PCM monitors these driver circuits for proper operation and, in most cases, can set a DTC corresponding to the controlled device if a problem is detected.


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Thoughtful architectural details grace nearly every angle of Princeton's magnificent campus. From intricate stained glass ceilings to an antique orrery designed to demonstrate our solar system, the "Looking Up at Princeton" video explores settings that inspire contemplation and reflection. A tiger holding a Princeton shield, shown above, can be found perched atop a pillar next to Blair Hall.
Photos by Evelyn Tu
Video Feature: Looking Up at Princeton
Posted July 5, 2012; 12:00 p.m.
Princeton's campus has been thoughtfully designed to balance tradition with the best of modernity. Considered by many to be one of the most magnificent college campuses in the world, its aesthetic qualities are a large part of the experience of living, learning and working in this community.
Play the "Looking Up at Princeton" video.
In the "Looking Up at Princeton" video, glancing sunlight accentuates Princeton's special sense of place. Every adornment, large or small, reminds students and visitors to stop and appreciate what's here now.
Each new discovery inside and outside Princeton's buildings and along its well-groomed walkways inspires contemplation and reflection. No detail has been spared in order to provide endless sources of exploration, from the Rittenhouse orrery, which was built by astronomer David Rittenhouse in 1771 to demonstrate the planets' orbits around the sun and is now displayed in Peyton Hall; to the soaring stained glass ceiling in Victorian-era Chancellor Green; and to the extreme angles of Lewis Library, which opened in 2008.


PHOTO: Canadian Fisherman Catches Extremely Rare, Intimidating-Looking Black Lobster
by Madison Miller
As it turns out, there's about 80% of our oceans unmapped and unexplored. This means that there are more than likely undiscovered creatures and organisms surviving right below where we as a society can reach them.
For one fisherman keeping busy at North Lake in Canada, he happened upon an extremely rare sight to see.
Instead of a traditional cherry red lobster, the fisherman caught a rare jet black lobster. The unique color adds a bit of a frightening feeling to the crustacean. It kind of looks like a giant scorpion in some ways, so pulling it out of the water was likely quite the surprise.
As one person commented on the tweet funnily, "Not my favorite of the Marvel spin offs."
While the black lobster is very rare, there are other variations swimming out in the water as well. For example, a split black and orange lobster went viral in 2019.
Where Did the Black Lobster End Up?
According to CNN, a fisherman caught the calico-colored lobster off the coast of Maine. This crustacean is split perfectly down the middle like it was handpainted. The black-and-orange creature is the result of a rare genetic aberration. This means it most definitely did not just end up at a local Red Lobster.
Instead, the fisherman donated it to the Maine Center for Coastal Fisheries. Here it shared a tank with three other rare lobsters — two orange lobsters with what looks like freckles and a dark blue lobster. Both are also incredibly rare.
The odds of catching one of these lobsters is about one in 50 million. This is the same odds as winning a Megabucks jackpot.
Rare Lemur Stolen
It's no secret that there's plenty of animals out there similar to the all black lobster — rare and exciting.
However, there are also many creatures that require protection. This is the case for the rare ring-tailed lemur that called the San Francisco Zoo home.
According to USA Today, a man from California broke into the zoo last year and proceeded to steal this animal. Luckily, the lemur, named Maki, was found safe in nearby Daly City a few days later.
The man responsible, Cory John McGilloway, has recently been charged with one misdemeanor count of violating the Endangered Species Act, which is a federal offense. Now he could be facing a year in prison as well as $50,000 for his crime.
The ring-tailed lemur is defined as endangered as the population of the animal is decreasing.
The El Paso Zoo in Texas also had an issue with a person breaking the rules. In May 2021, a woman trespassed into the spider monkey exhibit. The zoo found out about the incident from a video on social media that shows her under a waterfall trying to feed the monkeys.
The zoo decided to press charges against the woman. Her actions could have been detrimental for both her and the monkeys. The monkeys saw it as an intrusion into their territory.


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Rediff News All News » News » Are Maoists 'political prisoners'?
Are Maoists 'political prisoners'?
Last updated on: September 25, 2012 18:28 IST
Bibhu Prasad Routray examines how that decision will affect India's battle to control and fight the Maoist menace.
Two judicial decisions in Kolkata have opened up a dormant debate on the status of the jailed cadres of the Communist Party of India-Maoist. Whether the arrested left-wing extremists should be treated as 'political prisoners'? Whether India should recognise the Maoist movement as essentially political in nature?
In August, the Kolkata high court declared seven suspected Naxalites, including CPI-Maoist backed leader Chhatradhar Mahato and Maoist spokesperson for Bengal and Gaur Chakraborty as 'political prisoners'.
Following the trend, on September 21, a sessions court in Kolkata bestowed a similar status on nine suspected Maoists -- including head of the outfit's technical committee, Sadanala Ramakrishna.
This piece attempts to provide answers to three important questions relating to this debate.
First, do the Maoists qualify to be 'political prisoners'?
Second, what could have prompted the judiciary in Kolkata to take such decisions?
Third, what are the implications of such decisions on the future developments with regard to Maoist activities in the country?
Extremism: Political dichotomy
Being given 'political prisoner' status has been the long-standing demand of the CPI-Maoist. It is one of the three pre-conditions laid down by the outfit for peace negotiations with the government.
Legal teams representing the Maoists have persevered to gain a 'political prisoner' status for all the high-profile Maoists lodged in different state prisons today.
This yearning for a 'political' status, however, coexists with a strategy that seeks to uproot all that is commonly understood as 'political'. For the Maoists, all forms of elections held in India are a sham. The outfit opposes the parliamentary form of government, regularly calls for boycotting polling, coerces candidates to withdraw from the electoral processes and kills those who disobey.
The mass resignation of gram panchayat members in various states under duress is a successful implementation of the Maoist strategy. The demand for a 'political' status, thus, represents bit of a paradox for the Maoists who display intense contempt for the political set-up.
The Maoist objective of replacing the prevalent structure of governance relies not on peaceful political means, but a doctrinaire violent protracted people's war aimed at annihilating all class enemies.
Although the Maoists justify their violence as a response to the 'active and structural' violence of the State, more often than not the 'annihilation' has been the first streak of actual violence in areas now dominated by the extremists.
This grand strategy of people's war has resulted at least 5,291 dead bodies of civilians and security forces since 2004, the year the CPI-Maoist was formed, till 2011, averaging 755 deaths per year and 63 deaths per month.
An overwhelming proportion among the fallen have been from the very classes and communities the Maoists claim to be seeking to 'liberate'.
The class war has further left school and gram panchayat buildings, road stretches, bridges, electricity and mobile phone towers destroyed. By no stretch of imagination, this trail of blood, gory and destruction qualifies to be a political struggle.
The CPI-Maoist's overt reliance on violence and mayhem is intrinsic to its larger strategy of weakening the State, ensure its retreat if not disintegration, thus allowing the Maoist functionaries a free hand to establish a janathana sarkar (people's government) -- an euphemism for an extreme form of authoritarianism devoid of any respect for commonly accepted legal principles including basic human rights.
Such forms of government are a reality in the territories under firm extremist control.
This extremist plan of action is more than evident from the profiles of the two of the 16 Maoists granted 'political prisoner' status by the judiciary. Chhatradhar Mahato, who started as a defender of tribal rights in the Jangalmahal area of West Bengal's West Midnapore district, swiftly degenerated into running errands for the Maoist leader Kishenji.
Mahato was a key figure in the numerous Maoist activities in the district including giving shelter to the extremist cadres and murdering cadres of the then ruling Left Front.
Mahato's People's Committee Against Police Atrocities was the front organisation used by the Maoists to build up their 'liberation struggle' in the area and provide their wanton violence a legal and humane facade.
Charges against 60-year-old Sadanala Ramakrishna are even more unambiguous. RK, as he is commonly known, was the head of the outfit's 'technical committee', overseeing manufacturing arms and spares and supplying them deep into the Maoist territories all over the country.
During his stay in Kolkata, from where he was arrested in February, the team headed by RK collected explosive substances, ammunition and oversaw a project to manufacture rocket launchers and other weapons.
Close to Rs 1 crore (Rs 10 million), ammunition, explosive materials, several diagrams and literature on rocket launchers were recovered from the arms factory he had set up in Kolkata.
It requires no complex science to understand that neither Mahato nor RK excelled in essentially 'political' activities.
Why the decision?
Given that the Maoist ideology and end game is fairly well articulated and understood in the country's strategic circles, the court decision could be treated with a sense of disbelief.
It appears that the judgments are based on an unwarranted focus on the end 'political' objective of the Maoists, while disregarding the'means' the outfit adopts to achieve such an objective.
However, this sense of bewilderment needs to be weighed in the wider context of the culture of political opportunism in West Bengal.
Maoists are not banned entities in West Bengal. While New Delhi and all the states affected by Maoist activities have proscribed the outfit, West Bengal has chosen to bypass such a decision.
The Left Front government considered the Maoist problem a 'political' issue, which it said should be fought politically. Only after the goons of the Left Front, the 'Harmad Bahini', were systematically butchered by the Maoists did the Budhhadeb Bhattacharya government agree to a central force-led initiative against the extremists.
However, the facade of a political fight against the Maoist was maintained till the very end of Left Front rule in the state. It is, thus, not surprising that the Communist Party of India has welcomed the latest court decisions.
Surprisingly, close to 18 months since the Left citadel was knocked off in West Bengal by the Trinamool Congress, the status quo has been maintained. In spite of Mamata Banerjee's proclivity to label all strands of critics -- students, cartoonists, farmers -- as Maoists, the chief minister has sidestepped the administrative expediency of proscribing the CPI-Maoist.
In these circumstances, unless the law enforcement agencies manage to prove their charges of sedition against the arrested extremists, nothing stops the courts from declaring the Maoists, 'political prisoners'.
The bigger picture
On the surface, the 'political prisoner' status bestows only rudimentary benefits on the arrested Maoists, which should have been granted to all prisoners under the long-pending prison reforms project.
Compared to the benefits some of our corrupt politicians manage to enjoy while behind the bars, the provision of newspapers, better food and a cot to sleep for the arrested Maoists vide the court judgment does not exactly threaten the existence of the nation.
The bigger issue, however, is the distinction the judgments establish between Maoism and other forms of extremism. It elevates Maoist activities to a higher level. It makes the Maoist violence an acceptable form of dissent articulation. And it attaches a stamp of legality behind ideology inspired use of carnage for political objectives.
This is no doubt a dangerous and unacceptable trend. Needless to say, the court rulings in West Bengal have been nothing sort of a moral victory for the CPI-Maoist.
Dr Bibhu Prasad Routray is a Singapore-based security analyst and a senior analyst at Wikistrat. He was deputy director at India's National Security Council Secretariat.
Bibhu Prasad Routray


Senso Minds
Is your child a Chewer? Here's how you can support them.
Has your child come home from school with shirt collars that are malformed and ruined? Are your child's shirt sleeves and cuffs are widened and mangled with teeth marks? Your child may be a chewer, but you probably already knew that.
Before we delve deeper, for parents, it is important to understand the context of these chewing behaviour.
Under what circumstances does your child chew?
Does your child chew often?
Does your child chewing habits interfere with their lives?
Understanding your child's unique needs is the first step to better supporting them. If you are ever concerned, consulting a healthcare professional is always recommended and will better educate you on how to best support your child's needs.
Why does your child chew?
You may still be asking though, why does my child chew on their clothing (or any item for that matter). Well usually, children chew to satisfy a need. Excessive chewing is a common behavior within the sensory processing disorder (SPD) realm.
All children require stimuli for their sensory needs. For children on the spectrum, they may require more stimulation than normal. For these children, chewing is required to help satisfy this craving, calming them down. The key takeaway is to provide a means to curve those needs to chew.
How to support a chewer
Luckily, if you have a child who chews, regardless if they are on the spectrum, there are multiple resources and products available on the market.
Sensory chewing necklaces are a great option for chewers. Made of BPA free, safe silicone material, the necklace design allows a child to suffice their sensory needs at any time. Sensory chew necklaces also come in different textures and are visually appealing. Our best selling line of chew necklaces come in 5 different vibrant colours.
As parents of a chewer, embracing your child's chewing tendencies and encouraging them to meet that need safely is the best way to improve the situation. Knuckle and shirt collar chewing exposes your child to germs and dental damage. Tending towards your child's chewing needs is one of the first steps to truly supporting them as they enter the world. Instead, have your child safely chew on SensoMind chew necklaces.
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united states | resilience
The strength and skills to cope when adversity hits home.
Children's Education Initiatives in United States | Finding strength in the face of adversity
Challenges, big and small, are part of life. Whether it's a playground conflict, bullying, or life-changing experiences such as a family member's divorce or imprisonment, the pressure and anxiety these experiences inflict can be overwhelming for a young child. That is why Sesame Workshop is extending a furry hand to vulnerable children confronting these and other tough situations.
Featuring the lovable cast of Sesame Street, our Child Resilience Initiative gives children ages 2 to 5 and their families valuable education and skills to cope with adversity at home and school. Developed with input from psychologists and child-development experts, this multimedia toolkit is designed to bolster kids' sense of self, help them develop positive conflict resolution skills, and express their feelings in positive ways. Armed with these skills and the secure support of adults, children can find the strength to face everyday challenges and whatever else life may bring.


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About the Australian Student Christian Movement
The Australian Student Christian Movement (ASCM) is an ecumenical movement of tertiary students, university faculty and senior friends with a history in Australia dating back over a hundred years. It is an affiliate movement of the World Student Christian Federation (WSCF), an international federation of over 100 national movements spanning six WSCF regions: Africa, Asia-Pacific, Europe, Latin America and Caribbean, Middle East and North America.
In 2004 the General Assembly of WSCF affirmed the following statement as the guiding vision of the federation:
The WSCF is a global community of Student Christian Movements committed to dialogue, ecumenism, social justice and peace. Its mission is to "empower students in critical thinking and constructive transformation of our world by being a space for prayer and celebration, theological reflection, study and analysis of social and cultural processes and solidarity and action across boundaries of culture, gender and ethnicity."


text:
By Jinhoon Lee
As essential to a fulfilled life as shelter and food, a sense of belonging is one of our basic human needs. Our different actions in life, therefore, are directed so we can establish a good relationship with one another, whether it is through brotherhood, parenthood, or friendships. Each of these relationships not only provides us with a sense of belonging, but also provide us with experiences that promote growth and give us meaning, purpose, and happiness in our lives.
However, not all relationships help us to thrive. Indeed, relationships often become a source of great distress. For example, ideally, the unconditional love of parents makes family a place that promotes the healthy development of children. However, negative experiences in a family can give rise to different individual and societal problems. According to an article by Maccari et al., "Consequences of Early-Life Adversity," negative early-life experiences are associated with increased risk of disease, levels of anxiety and depressive-like symptoms, and cognitive impairments. Such an example shows that our relationships have the power to enrich our lives as well as to damage it.
Then what makes the difference between positive and negative relationships?
As advocated by many volunteers with Global Peace Foundation (GPF), there is a strongly held belief that the core value of living for the greater good is a key for developing positive relationships within the family, community, and society at large. Launched on May 4, 2019 by Global Peace Youth Indonesia, the Give Me Sunshine program established a community of 38 youth under the shared value of living for the greater good and the vision of One Family Under God. Such a community with an atmosphere that promotes the value of service and love toward others fosters positive relationships within the community and prepares them to expand that positive influence in their society.
In the community, volunteers teach and guide participating youth to learn and practice a set of core values, including teamwork, ownership, and dreaming big. They also organized different activities such as drawing and storytelling classes. Through these experiences, volunteers help equip them with a stronger sense of morals and values that promote positive relationships with one another.
Through the program, the volunteers, as elders, were able to show their spirit of volunteerism and culture of service. This helps the volunteers not only to practice but exemplify their value of service, so the younger brothers and sisters can too take on the same values and responsibilities to have a positive influence in their circle of communities.


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The purpose of this online book, Ri4CTV Journey, is to provide all the information necessary for effective participation in the making of Ri4CTV. Each and every page herein must be necessary in the making of Ri4CTV. It is necessary when it meets any of the following criteria:
- A concept important to Ri4CTV is introduced.
- A person important to Ri4CTV is introduced.
- A project important to Ri4CTV is introduced.
- An event important to Ri4CTV is captured.
- A deliverable important to Ri4CTV is explained.
Pictures taken in an event important to Ri4CTV are not necessary for participation in the making of Ri4CTV. Click here for an example.
If the information on the page is not absolutely true in the far future, it does not belong in this online book. That's why all work plans are to be excluded.
When a new page is appended to this online book, it should be set to be published on the next day for which no pages have been scheduled. This gives its author extra time for any further revision.


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By Tanel Poder
Thanks to IOUG team for giving me the IOUG Select Journal Editor's Choice award (2011) for this article!!!
As an Oracle DBA, developer or performance analyst, you may have run into what is termed "latch contention" at various points. So what exactly is a "latch" and why do we have contention on this "latch". In this article, we will take an in-depth look at latches and how we determine and resolve such contention. Whether you are a newbie or an experienced old-timer, we hope this article will cast a little more light on this ill-understood subject.
I will put it very simply: Latch is a lock. In fact, a latch is just another special type of lock in Oracle. Oracle uses many different types of locks internally, for example enqueue locks, library cache locks, library cache pins, buffer cache pins, mutexes and latches and these different lock types are useful for different purposes. Enqueue locks are sophisticated, provide ordered queuing capabilities and are used for cases where the locks are held for relatively long durations. Latches on the other hand are much less sophisticated, more lightweight and are used for protecting very short operations on memory structures such various internal linked list modifications, shared pool memory allocation, library cache object lookups and so on. Latches are very low-level locks managed deep inside Oracle kernel code and users or applications can not directly acquire nor release them.
So, how is a latch physically implemented? Every latch is just a memory structure in SGA, usually 100-200 bytes in size, depending on your Oracle version, hardware platform and whether you are running 32 or 64-bit Oracle.
Contrary to a common misconception, latches are in no way related to OS synchronization mechanisms such as mutexes or semaphores! Latches are just plain memory structures in SGA and the OS doesn't even have an idea that latches exist. Taking a latch does not require any system calls or OS interaction. If that were the case, latch operations would slow down considerably as such system calls are expensive. If a process wants to take a latch, it just reads latch memory to check whether the latch value is zero (i.e. latch is not taken) and if it is zero, then it changes the value to indicate that the latch is taken. For "exclusive-get-only" latches, the value will be hardcoded, such as "0xFF" on Intel platforms, but for "shared-get-capable" latches, the acquiring process will put its own Oracle PID in there if it takes that latch in exclusive mode. If a shared latch is held by many processes simultaneously then the latch value will just show the reference count (the number of shared mode holders) and tracking individual processes is done via state objects memory structures.
So, if a latch is just some memory content in SGA, modified by processes at will, who then guarantees that two processes (running on different CPUs) don't accidentally take the same latch simultaneously, without knowing about each other? This would be a race condition, and if allowed, the Oracle instance could quickly end up in a crash or a hang. The solution lies in atomic "test-and-set" and "compare-and-swap" (CAS) instructions which all modern hardware supports. This allows the Oracle kernel code to perform latch value checking and changing in a single atomic instruction. On some platforms (such as Intel), this needs to be combined with a special flag which locks the memory line where the latch lives for a single CPU access only for the duration of the latch get. This is done with LOCK CMPXCHG instruction on Intel platform. CMPXCHG means Compare and Exchange and the LOCK prefix guarantees that only one CPU at a time can access that latch (remember, latches are usually held for very short periods, measured as low as just microseconds).
Since the Oracle SGA holds lots of information in various types of memory structures, it is not enough to have just one latch for each type of memory structure to be protected. For example, if you have an 8 GB buffer cache for 8 KB blocks, then you have one million buffers in the buffer cache. Reasonable concurrent access to all these million buffers can't be provided by a single latch (in this case a "cache buffers chains" latch). As well, the library cache holds thousands if not hundreds of thousands of cursors and objects in it, reasonable access to all of them would not be possible with a single "library cache" latch, especially if you have lots of CPUs in your database server box. Therefore, Oracle has split the memory structures that need protection into logical sub-pieces and each piece is protected by a separate sub-latch known as a child latch. Some structures such redo log buffer are physically split into ranges and each range is protected by (and accessed using) a separate latch (redo allocation latch for log buffer). In some cases, an algorithm such as a hash or modulus function is used for determining which exact child latch should be used when accessing an object. For example, if you run a database with large buffer cache (100GB+), you may have millions of cache buffers chains child latches in use. When accessing a data buffer block, Oracle will run a modulus function on the data block address (DBA) of the block to determine which cache buffers chains latch to get to satisfy that access. The right library cache latch is also determined by running modulus function on the hash value of library cache object name (the hash_value column in V$SQL for example).
Since latches are held for very short periods, if a latch is busy due some other process, then the acquiring process doesn't give up immediately when it cannot get the latch on the first try. If a latch is busy, the acquiring process tries again few thousand times instead of going to sleep (and wait) immediately. The reasoning here is that if a latch is currently busy, it normally will be freed very quickly, so instead of taking the trouble of going to sleep (requires a syscall and context switch) we "spin" and burn some more CPU and test with the hope of getting the latch some (hundreds) of microseconds later. In other words, some CPU time is sacrificed but ultimately this will save time as it may avoid the needing for the process to "sleep" or suspend itself. This is called spinning (busy-waiting). Oracle registers a "latch free" wait event only after the process has failed to acquire the latch after the initial spinning and goes to sleep.
Note that some latch get operations explicitly don't perform a "spin-get" and hence the latch get will fail immediately after the first attempt to get it didn't succeed. This technique is used for some latches where Oracle doesn't care which exact child latch to take and is called immediate latch gets or "not willing to wait" latch gets. The "redo copy" latch is one such example as this helps the LogWriter (LGWR) process to know whether anyone is currently copying redo data to log buffer, but not who exactly is copying and where, as this does not matter to LGWR.
So after this brief introduction to latching in Oracle, let's see why latch contention occurs and how to troubleshoot it. Remember – essentially, a latch is a type of lock. It allows controlling concurrent access to some SGA memory structures so we wouldn't end up with race conditions, SGA corruptions and crashes. So, take note of this simple, but important concept in latch (or any lock) contention: Such latch contention occurs only when there is some other process already holding the latch which our process wants to acquire!
In other words. latch contention can only happen when these two conditions are satisfied:
1) Someone must try to get the latch
2) Someone else must be already holding the latch
Latch contention means that some process is forced to sleep as it cannot acquire the latch it wants due someone else already holding it. There will be no latch contention if both of the above conditions aren't met! Therefore, whenever we see latch contention, we need to find out two things:
1) Who is trying to get the latch (and why)?
2) Who is already holding the latch (and why)?
These two questions need to be asked for any lock contention and is applicable here as well. The following sections explain how to answer these questions in Oracle.
The first question can be answered with the help of any session-level tool based on the Oracle Wait Interface, such as the V$SESSION_WAIT view, Active Session History or SQL_TRACE. All these tools would let you know for which exact (child) latch address the wait occurred.
Note that I did not mention instance-level performance data collection tools such as Statspack or AWR reports in the above list. The problem with these tools is that they only gather and store system-wide performance data such V$SYSSTAT or V$SQL snapshots, and thus they don't know anything about which exact sessions are experiencing the latch contention and waits. These tools would show that someone is experiencing latch contention problems in the database instance, but finding out who and exactly why would involve a significant amount of guesswork, previous experience and luck. Thanks to this information gap, there currently are no systematic approaches to latch contention troubleshooting published and hence such troubleshooting is still perceived as a very complex task. This article aims to change this as there are ways to fill this information gap, which allows us to become systematic and not depend on luck.
There are two common trigger points for latch contention troubleshooting. One is that a DBA sees (from Statspack or AWR report or other monitoring tools) that a significant amount of instance-wide response time is spent waiting for some latch (from the "Top 5 Timed events" section for example). The other


Think about this scenario: suddenly, all electric devices stop working, and your first thought is that the power grid is down due to a temporary malfunction. You think that everything is going to turn back to normal in minutes, but six hours later you're still in the dark. Is this just a simple blackout? Or the feared EMP has happened?
There is at least one way to get an easy answer. All you need to determine whether you are experiencing a regular power outage or an EMP are only three transistor AM/FM/ Shortwave radios.
Find out how this works in the following article.
How to Apply the Three Radios Method
Using three transistor AM/FM/Shortwave radios, an improvised Faraday cage and a simple SOP, you can determine whether you are experiencing a simple blackout or an EMP and if it is an EMP, whether it is geomagnetic or nuclear in nature.
Let's see the steps that you should take to find out if the EMP is the one that caused the blackout:
 1. Tune the three radios to your local emergency frequency.
 2. Plug one into a grid-connected power outlet and fully extend the antenna. It does not matter if the power is on or 1
 3. Run the second radio on batteries with the antenna fully extended.Radio 2 - Running off battery with antenna extended but not plugged into a wall outlet
 4. Wrap the third radio in a non-conductive envelope and store it (turned off) in a Faraday cage.Radio 3 - Turned of and stowed in a Faraday bag or non-conductive lining and stored in a Faraday cage
After the power goes out, check the first radio. If you hear your local radio station, the outage was probably not caused by an EMP or it was a very minor one.
If the first radio is dead, proceed to the second radio which runs off batteries and is not connected to a wall outlet. If the second radio works, the first radio is likely a casualty of a geomagnetic EMP, but it is possible that it may have succumb to a spike, surge or other power problem outlet caused by a blackout.
If it was a blackout, you should still pickup radio stations since they have backup power. If it was a geomagnetic EMP, the radio will still function, but many local radio stations many not be transmitting because they have been affected by the EMP or because they were intentionally shut down to reduce the effect of a geomagnetic EMP since there is often forewarning.
In either case, you may be able to receive shortwave transmissions from outside the affected area since they travel very great distances. If you are able to receive transmissions, listen for news as to the cause, scope and expected duration of the outage. In a large solar storm of long duration, the second radio will still work, but it may be a day or so before you begin receiving transmissions again.
If the second radio is also dead, there is a significant probability that you have experienced a nuclear EMP. Remove the third radio from the Faraday cage. If the electromagnetic shielding provided by the Faraday cage is sufficient, and there are no leaks in the shielding, the radio should work.Baygen FreePlay Radio
Depending on the extent, duration and repetition of the use of nuclear weapons, just realize that after a nuclear EMP, it will take several hours before shortwave transmission return to normal since the upper atmosphere will be disturbed and that subsequent nuclear EMPs could destroy the radio once you remove it from the Faraday cage.
The three radios should be known, good AM/FM/Shortwave radios, but you can use cheap models for the "victim" radios. The certainly of this experiment with a group of three radios will not be absolute, but it will give you a reasonable degree of certainty.
Repeating the observations with other radios in your community, you can arrive at a greater degree of certainty about what is happening.
Why This Method Works
In order to understand the significance of geomagnetic vs nuclear EMP, and why this type of experimentation works, you must first understand that there are two main types of EMP: EMP caused by man and EMP which occurs naturally.
Of the natural origins of EMP, the type scientists believe is the most probable comes from our sun, when it spits out a CME that lobs an electromagnetic solar storm which intersects with the earth's orbit. It interacts with the Earth's magnetic field, resulting in geomagnetically induced EMP.
This type of EMP will not affect things that are not plugged into power lines, phone lines or other long conductors which run parallel to the surface of the Earth (and consequently parallel to the Earth's magnetic field) and essentially act as EMP antennas.
So, an EMP that originates from the sun, should not affect cars or battery-operated microelectronics that are not plugged into a wall receptacle, but they can, and do cause blackouts.
A blackout caused by a geomagnetic events could affect an area as small as a portion of a city or county or could be so large that it affects entire continents or anything in between. A protracted geomagnetic event or EMP tracing its origins to sources outside our solar system or even our galaxy, could conceivably knock out every electrical grid on Earth, but we are most comfortable believing that the chance of that happening is so infinitesimally small that is unreasonable waste time considering it.
But, what people are comfortable believing does not always line up with reality.
Let's say we accept the optimistic view that in all probability, all naturally occurring EMP's in our lifetime will originate from the sun. When EMP originates from the sun, you may very well receive advance notice. In this case, power companies should preemptively shut down power plants in the area the EMP will affect, de-engergizing the grid, to some extent, and helping to prevent cascading failures and help limit the effect of the EMP.
In a best-case scenario, this type of EMP could just cost us a big pile of money and cause a temporary, possibly self-inflicted, blackout of limited scope … no airplanes plunging out of the sky, nuclear meltdowns, freeways instantly transformed into parking lots or other catastrophic consequences that Hollywood loves to depict.
In a worst-case scenario, a large solar storm will destroy the grids large transformers which are all custom-built and have lead times measured in years. The world lacks the production capability to replace them in less than years. This would be complicated by the fact that no one knows how to rebuild the grid from scratch and reboot it.
There is not book or class on the subject. The grid was built one piece at a time and grown slowly. There is no template for patching it back together after such an event. A large solar storm connecting with the Earth is inevitable. It is not a "maybe." It has happened before and will happen again.
Behrens Locking Lid 10-Gallon Steel CanSo how do you get any forewarning of a naturally occurring EMP? If you have your feelers out, you may very well receive advance warning via our emergency communications channels since equipment constantly monitors the sun.
If you do not hear about beforehand, other folks probably would, but even if you were alone, you could deduce that it was an EMP and not a garden-variety power outage by the fact that it would be accompanied by an interruption in RF communications.
So when in doubt, grab a transistor radio and tune in to your local emergency station. If the radio seems to be working, but the station is off the air, your area may have experienced an EMP of natural origin but may still be able to receive stations transmitting from farther away. Determining the scope and duration will require more a more persistent intel collection effort on your part.
Man made EMP occurs when nuclear weapons are detonated high enough in the atmosphere to excite high energy electrons via Compton Scattering. This results in a thousand-fold increase in the EMP that would normally accompany such a nuclear detonation. EMP theory is common knowledge available to anyone. Specific weapons programs and testing is all classified, but it would be beyond naive to think that both we and our enemies have not developed super-EMP weapons.
Outside game theory, it may not possible to accurately predict the probability of when EMP weapons will be used, but rest assured that our enemies have been developing them … likely for 50 years or more.
This article has been written by Cache Valley Prepper for Survivopedia.
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Latest comments
 - Or,you could try to start your car.If it does nothing,and nothing from AM or FM, EMP!
 - Rick,
 Thanks for reading and commenting.
 Geomagnetic EMP would not disable a car. NHEMP may or may not disable a given vehicle based on model, year, orientation, distance and many other factors.
 - Why didn't you store all 3 radios in a Faraday Cage? A Faraday Cage can be as simple as wrapping the item in aluminum foil and making sure that all edges are rolled together to prevent any gaps. The tiniest gap will allow EMP waves to enter. Taping the seam would also be a good idea. When your 'regular' RF source, a daily radio, tv, computer, etc. fails to respond, THEN take a protected radio out and test.
 - Bill – a layer a tin foil would barely protect against the even slightest EMP much less a dedicated EMP producing weapon designed to overcome military/heavy civilian electronics ….
 Besides – you don't even mention the need for an insulating layer between the electronic device and the EMP pulse conducting tin foil layer – Where's the protection?
 Wrap your storage electronics in a non-conductor material like poly or paper – enclose them in a totally enclosed heavy metal container like a metal garbage


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Gothic: From Ghost Town to Field Station
The excitement began in May 1879 when brothers John and David Jennings discovered a rich silver lode at nearby Sylvanite Basin. Hundreds of eager prospectors rushed to the area, seeking their own quick riches. By August 'Gothic City' was officially organized. Along its streets quickly appeared numerous log and frame residences, two hotels, three restaurants, several saloons, two general stores, a school, law and medical offices, a bank, two saw mills, other merchants' buildings, and a post office. Yet, as revealed in Gothic's newspaper, The Gothic Miner, the feverish venture effectively lasted for little more than two years because it became evident that too few diggings yielded ore rich enough for processing. Gothic became such a well-known boisterous mining town that in 1880 Ex-President Ulysses S. Grant came for a personal visit.
Gothic's decline started in the summer of 1881 and, although the town government lived on for a time, it was virtually abandoned by 1890. From then until 1928 few people remained. The notable exception was the colorful Garwood Hall Judd --'The Man Who Stayed'-- who until his death in 1930 was the wily self-appointed Gothic caretaker. Seeing chance for Gothic's revival, Judd played a key role in aiding Dr. John C. Johnson, RMBL founder, in obtaining personal title to part of the abandoned townsite.
Dr. Johnson, then Professor of Biology and Dean at Western State College (WSC) in Gunnison, first saw Gothic in July 1919. From then through 1927 he regularly took college biology students on overnight field trips to Gothic. During those years he became convinced not only that a high-altitude field station was needed, but also that Gothic, with its abundant diverse biota and spectacular location, would be the ideal site.
Since Colorado's political climate at the time barred WSC from providing support, Dr. Johnson went ahead on his own. By 1928 he had persuaded Dr. A. O. Weese and Dr. Aute Richards of the University of Oklahoma, and Dr. L. A. Adams of the University of Illinois, to join him and his wife, Vera, in forming RMBL, an independent Colorado Corporation. He assumed all initial financial responsibility and turned over his Gothic properties to the promising new institution that later acquired additional land. RMBL's first session began in June 1928.
The dilapidated Gothic Hotel and several other ancient buildings remaining from the silver-mining days were repaired and used in RMBL's earliest years until new residences, classrooms, laboratories, and service buildings could be constructed. Three buildings from the 1880s, including the old Gothic Town Hall (now the Gothic Store), and two from about 1910, have been preserved.
During the following years Dr. Johnson, Director of RMBL for its first thirty years, built its instructional and research programs while improving its physical facilities. Students and prominent biologists from all over the United States and other countries come to Gothic to study and gather research data concerning the biota within the area's unique ecosystems. Now more than 80 years later RMBL has become a renowned high-altitude field station dedicated to excellence in biological education and research.
by Dr. John C. Johnson, Jr., RMBL Archivist, 2002


text: A taxonomic review of tenebrionid platyopoid genera of the subfamily Pimeliinae from Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan is given. This group of taxa was known before 1994 as the tribe Platyopini Motschulsky, 1849, which is now interpreted as a junior synonym of Pimeliini Latreille, 1802. The group is different from other Pimeliini in having dorso-lateral eyes, located above the level of the genae, and it includes the following ultrapsammophilic genera at least from Central and Southern Asia: Apatopsis Semenov, 1891, Habrochiton Semenov-Tjan-Shansky, 1907, Habrobates Semenov, 1903 [= Kawiria Schuster, 1935 syn. nov.], Dietomorpha Reymond, 1938, Przewalskia Semenov, 1893, Mantichorula Reitter, 1889, Platyope Fischer von Waldheim, 1820 [= Homopsis Semenov, 1893 syn. nov.], Earophanta Semenov, 1903. These genera are distributed in almost all large deserts of Palaearctic Asia: Karakum, Kyzylkum, Muyunkum, Taklamakan, Gobi, Registan, Dasht-e-Kawir, Dasht-e-Lut, as well as in other arid and semi-arid sandy landscapes from European Russia to the south of Eastern Siberia. The group of platyopoid genera is polyphyletic. We propose at least two monophyletic branches: the Habrobates genus group (the first four genera mentioned above), which represents the subtribe Habrobatina Nabozhenko & S. Chigray subtrib. nov. and the Platyope genus group (latter four genera) within the nominotypical subtribe. A new species is described from Pakistan (Balochistan): Dietomorpha gonzalesi S. Chigray & Nabozhenko sp. nov. Platyope granulata Fischer von Waldheim, 1820 is recorded for Kazakhstan for the first time. The following synonymy is resurrected: Apatopsis grombczewskii Semenov, 1890 = Apatopsis conradti Semenov, 1890, syn. resurr. Two new combinations resulting from the synonymy of genera are given: Habrobates gabrieli Schuster, 1935 comb. nov. (from Kawiria), Platyope grumi Semenov, 1893 comb. nov. (from Homopsis). Lectotypes are designated for the following taxa: Apatopsis grombczewskii (Semenov, 1891), Apatopsis conradti Semenov, 1891, Habrochiton vernus Semenov-Tjan-Shansky, 1907, Habrobates vernalis Semenov, 1903, Kawiria gabrieli Schuster, 1935, Platyope dilatata Reitter, 1887; Mantichorula semenowi Reitter, 1889, Mantichorula grandis Semenov, 1893, Homopsis grumi Semenov, 1893, Platyope serrata Semenov, 1893, Platyope planidorsis Reitter, 1889, Platyope tomentosa Semenov, 1893. Additional information for type specimens studied by the authors is given for Habrochiton primaeveris Semenov-Tjan-Shansky, 1907 (holotype), Habrobates vejisovi Kelejnikova, 1977, Platyope ordossica Semenov-Tjan-Shansky, 1907 (holotype), Earophanta autumnalis Semenov, 1903 (holotype, junior synonym of E. planidorsis Reitter, 1889), Earophanta loudoni Semenov, 1903 (holotype, junior synonym of Earophanta pilosissima Reitter, 1895), Earophanta pubescens Skopin, 1960 (holotype, paratypes), Earophanta beludzhistana Bogatchev, 1957 (holotype).


text:
DEVELOPMENT OF INSPECTION SYSTEM FOR CORROSION CRACK IN R.C. FOR SECOND TUNNEL LINING BY USING KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEM
- 1 Southwest Jiaotong University, China
Copyright: © 2020 Yousif Abdulwahid Mansoor and ZhiQiang Zhang. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
During the last two or three decades, incidence of failure of reinforced concrete structures has been seen widely for many reasons, such as increasing service loads and/or durability problems and the economic losses due to such failures are costly. Nowadays, the size and the form of repair and rehabilitation market are too large since there has been an increased emphasis on repair and retrofitting of defected structures over demolition and new construction. For safety in concrete tunnel, periodic inspection has been conducted using many testing technologies and techniques. However, these technologies cannot replace visual inspection because of their slow and complicated procedures. For this reason, the Knowledge-Based Systems (KBS) are used with lab tests results to diagnose R.C tunnel lining corrosion crack damage (DICRCTL). In this study, we attempt to propose an alternative to the human expert, to give technical decisions in diagnosing corrosion crack damages in second segment of R.C. tunnel lining. To overcome this requirement, an expert system is developed to achieve the research aim. This proposed system was constructed on a knowledge base that incorporates with the gathered information, tests in the form of rules which is suitable to implement in an expert system environment to diagnostic advisory nature. The proposed application results show an easy, fast and satisfactory answer to engineering needs.
- 1,260 Views
- 8,156 Downloads
- 3 Citations
- Knowledge Base System
- R.C Tunnel Lining Crack Damage


Definition of coitus interruptus in English:
coitus interruptus
Pronunciation /ˌkōədəs in(t)əˈrəptəs/ /ˌkoʊədəs ɪn(t)əˈrəptəs/
Translate coitus interruptus into Spanish
 - Sexual intercourse in which the penis is withdrawn before ejaculation.
 'Such incomplete discharge was brought about by practices like masturbation or coitus interruptus, or simply by sexual abstinence.'
 - 'Freud insisted that neurotic behavior was the result of libido deflected from normal activity-e.g., coitus interruptus, abstinence, or unconsummated or repressed sexual excitation.'
 - 'To explain how the rate was kept low is not easy: late marriage, abstinence, prostitution, abortion, and infanticide were elements; contraception probably played the biggest part, which usually meant coitus interruptus.'
 - 'And large numbers of Catholics evidently believed that coitus interruptus was less gravely sinful than the use of 'devices' like condoms or pessaries.'
 - 'Similarly, coitus interruptus, birth control, and all other ways of avoiding conception were prohibited by the Catholic Church (and in most cases, still are).'
 - 'By the late thirteenth century there were far more people living in Britain than there had been in 1086-notwithstanding the fact that men and women were familiar with coitus interruptus as a method of birth control.'
 - 'Mother Ann Lee instructed her followers, the Shakers of New York, to consistently practice coitus interruptus, thus ensuring a declining community.'
 - 'The vast majority believed that birth control through use of coitus interruptus was permissible, although a minority disagreed.'
 - 'The unrestrained art of performance is far more fulfilling for him than stop-start filming for television, which he amusingly likens to coitus interruptus.'
 - 'Alfreda, helpfully suggested that a good dose of cold water sploshed over the couple would shock Freddie sufficiently to bring about coitus interruptus.'
 - 'I wouldn't be a bit surprised if taking cellphone calls had become the major cause of coitus interruptus.'
 - 'He cannot understand why Gabi can't wait out nine more years, after which their marriage will cease to be a continual coitus interruptus.'
 - 'Abstention then is like a coitus interruptus, a spectacular thing to feel from a partner whom you love.'
From coitus + Latin interruptus 'interrupted'.


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C. elegans are tiny worms that exist as hermaphrodites or rare males. A male rubs against a hermaphrodite with the mating apparatus on his tails and if he thinks she's sexy enough, he'll try to mate with her. And what turns on a male worm? Answer: an older lady.
No one knows what the male is sensing on the hermaphrodite to gauge her sex appeal. But now, researchers Natalia Morsci, Leonard Haas, and Maureen Barr have discovered that males respond to whether the hermaphrodite has active sperm stored in her.
Hermaphrodite worms technically don't need to mate. They can fertilize about 300 eggs all without ever encountering a male. But once those 300 or so sperm are used up, they can never make any more, even though they can make more eggs. Hermaphrodites that mate will have about 1400 offspring (compared to 300), which would seem to make mating the better strategy. The catch? Hermaphrodites want to make sure they fertilize as many of their eggs as possible with their own sperm, so they can pass on more of their genes to the next generation. If they mate with a male while they still have their own sperm, the male sperm will win and the wimpy hermaphrodite sperm might get wasted.
Males, on the other hand, should want to mate all the time because they can only pass on their genes after mating. In fact, this is what you see in a controlled laboratory setting with normal male worms: they don't care how old the hermaphrodite is, they'll try to mate her. But this is a somewhat optimized situation for the male, so the researchers wanted to find a more sensitive way to measure how the male perceives the hermaphrodite.
In order to test whether males might be sensing something on hermaphrodites to measure their sex appeal, they used a mutant male. These mutants (pkd-2 if you want the technical details), are pretty bad at mating. When presented with a hermaphrodite, they're only 22% as efficient as normal males at starting the mating process. Well, with a young hermaphrodite, that is.
When these same mutant males were given the chance to mate with older hermaphrodites, they were much more eager to get it on. The efficiency went up to 75%. (By the way, if you're interested in the male mating apparatus in worms, check out this link).
The next question was: do normal males also prefer older partners? For this, they gave the males a choice. If the male was put onto a petri dish with lots of young and old hermaphrodites, 66% of the time he would prefer an older mating partner.
What is it about older hermaphrodites that males find so sexy? Well, hermaphrodite worms generally use up all their sperm by about 3 days into adulthood. The young hermaphrodites used in the experiments were 1 day old, and the "old" ones were 3 days old. So, maybe the males are turned off by the presence of sperm already in their prospective mates?
Through a number of very elegant genetic experiments the authors showed that males are sensing the presence of activated, or mature, sperm in the hermaphrodites. If it's just premature sperm that can't mature because of a defect, the sex is on. You can also mutate a hermaphrodite to be basically female (with a gene called fog-2), so she has no sperm, and these "females" are sexy to males even when they're young.
It's still a mystery how the males are sensing the presence of active sperm. One clue in the paper was that a gene called ceh-2 is needed to detect sperm. Ceh-2 turns off the signal within the hermaphrodite that tells her to make eggs because there's sperm available. If you get rid of ceh-2, her body thinks there's active sperm in storage even if there aren't. Males can somehow pick up on this, too.
A big question still remaining is when and why did this sperm-sensing mechanism evolve? It kind of makes sense for hermaphrodites, who don't want male sperm until they're out of their own stuff. But does this mystery signal also exist in worm species that have normal males and females?
The authors hinted that the signal might be the same in other worm species by showing that the mating-mutant males are very attracted to female worms of another species, but only if they were virgins. If they had sperm from a male stored inside them already, the males weren't interested anymore. Maybe the original purpose of the signal was to tell males when there's going to be competition so they can decide if they want to save their sperm for another female.
Hopefully, this is just the beginning of the story. We still don't know what chemical, or chemicals, the male is sensing on the hermaphrodites to warn him of sperm presence. Do these chemicals exist in other animals, too?
There is also a hint of sexual conflict going on here: hermaphrodites are making the males wait until they've used up their own sperm. What are males doing to fight back? After all, all's fair in love and evolutionary war.
Morsci, N., Haas, L., & Barr, M. (2011). Sperm Status Regulates Sexual Attraction in Caenorhabditis elegans Genetics DOI: 10.1534/genetics.111.133603


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PVC water belt use precautions
High temperature resistant hose
It is also a kind of steam hose, which is mainly used to transport hot water with a temperature greater than 100 degrees and less than 180 degrees. We all know that the maximum temperature of water at a standard atmospheric pressure is 100 degrees, but if the pressure of the closed pipe is more than 100 degrees, the hose must be pressurized and temperature. The higher the pressure, the greater the pressure. High-temperature water-receiving hoses When selecting the type, the pressure of the hose must be taken into consideration to prevent the steam hose from rupturing or injuring the equipment due to too much pressure. It is preferable to use a threaded joint or a high pressure joint to ensure the safety of the hose.
High temperature resistant acid hose
Because the material of the steam hose is generally EPDM rubber or EPDM rubber, this rubber has good corrosion resistance, so the steam hose can also be used to transport various acids with high temperature, such as hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid. Wait.learn more about Hydraulic pipe leakage solution


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Most people expect wine to have various fruit flavors, but vegetable flavors? What's up with that?
The answer is a class of chemical compounds called pyrazines. These compounds can add flavors like green bell pepper, jalepeno, and asparagus to a wine. There are a handful of grapes that tend to have a higher quantity of pyrazines and for which these green flavors are considered typical. They include: Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Carmenere.
Climate, vineyard management practices, and winemaking practices can all greatly influence the degree to which these flavors show up in the finished wine. At times, these flavors can come from picking grapes before they are fully ripe, especially with the red varietals listed above, which require lots of heat to fully ripen. However, studies have shown that there's no measurable decrease in green flavors for grapes that are left on the vine past the point at which they are fully ripe.
Winemakers are often challenged in the vineyard to find the right balance of how much fruit to grow in order to produce enough wine to make money, but to not grow so much that the fruit does not have enough flavor concentration. Managing pyrazine flavors can factor in here as well. Studies have shown that vines that produce more grapes will have less pyrazines than vines that produce fewer grapes, but having fewer grapes can often be desirable for more overall flavor concentration.
Green flavors in Sauvignon Blanc have become a hallmark of the styles of wine produced from that grape. Red wines from Chile are also often known for having a distinct vegetal note, due to the cooler climate. While those flavors may be considered acceptable as part of the overall flavor profile, too much may be considered a fault. Virginia Cabernet Francs tend to exhibit vegetal notes that you don't find in Cabernet Francs from Loire or California. Whether or not these flavors are bad or desirable is hotly contested and largely up to the winemaker and individual consumer. It just depends on what you like.


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The Deafblind Program is built on a tradition of success that began at Perkins as early as 1837 with the admission of Laura Bridgman, and later with Helen Keller in 1886 -- two of the first individuals who were deafblind to be formally educated. Today, our program continues to be one of the few worldwide dedicated specifically to working with students with deafblindness.
We offer comprehensive educational services to students age 3 to 22 who are deafblind or deaf with additional disabilities, taking a developmental approach to language, communication and curriculum. Many students also participate in our residential program, which enhances their overall educational experience and reinforces learning through consistency.
We offer enrollment options for both day and residential students designed to support each individual student's abilities and goals. Options include academic programs that can lead to a high school diploma for eligible students or a certificate of accomplishment, and a comprehensive vocational and transitional program for students beginning at age 14.
Our curriculum options are highly individualized and represent a continuum of educational services. Options include:
- Preschool, a curriculum for children ages 3 through 6, which focuses on development of early language and communication, as well as play and cognitive development, using multisensory materials and sensory integration.
- Early Academics, designed for young children ages 6 through 12, which focuses on cognition and early academic skills, encourages play skills in small group settings and emphasizes social and behavioral skills.
- Academic, offered for students ages 6 through 22, which includes a full range of subjects including English language arts, math, science and social studies, as well as language and communication. We also focus on Expanded Core Curriculum subjects such as independent living skills and vocational training.
- Functional Academic and Life Skills, a program for ages 12 through 22 that focuses on preparing every student for the transition to adult life using the classroom and community to teach skills. Instruction includes reading, writing, time and money skills, cooking and grocery shopping, as well as life skills such as following a sequence or a routine, personal care and organizational skills.
Focus on Communication
Committed to exploring the endless ways students who are deafblind can connect with the world around them, this program incorporates a Total Communication environment, where any and every means of communication that works best for each student is taught and encouraged. This approach helps us meet each student at his or her own level of communicative ability, and may include any or all of the following:
- Sign and spoken language
- Written language
- Other low and high tech augmentative communication systems
A Creative Approach to Learning
Learning within natural environments is critical for children with deafblindness, from cooking in the kitchen to shopping at the local grocery store, planting flowers in the greenhouse, working in a cafeteria, or learning about cause and effect concepts in computer class. Activities are structured to meet the individual student's language and communication needs and incorporate the curriculum content into the activity.
Our experienced staff has specialized training in educating and working with students with deafblindness. Our staff's specialties include:
- Behavior consultation
- Health services
- Occupational therapy
- Sensory motor integration
- Social work
- Speech and language
- School psychology
- Orientation and mobility
- Adaptive physical education
- Low vision
- Computer technology
- Assistive technology
- Vocational training
- Transition services
- Residential services


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This is the old United Nations University website. Visit the new site at _URL_
Changes in food and essential amino acid availability from 1961 to 1992
Group and country data: 1961 versus 1992
The availabilities of food energy (kilocalories per day), total protein, animal protein, cereal protein, and pulse-soya protein (grams per day) are shown in table 13 (see TABLE 13. Comparison of food energy, protein, and essential amino acids (mg/day) between 1961 and 1992 for selected regions and countries). Also shown are the availabilities of essential amino acids (milligrams per day) for developed countries, developing countries, and least developed countries as well as for the three major countries of the Indian subcontinent -Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan. These are tabulated for 1961 and 1992, the first and last years of the current FAO/Agrostat data set.
Significant changes took place between 1961 and 1992 in food availability for both the developed and developing country groups. For the developing countries, increases can be seen for food energy (26%), total protein (26%), and animal protein (76%), although pulse-soya protein declined by 35%. The availabilities of the essential amino acids (milligrams per day) all increased, with lysine increasing by 25% from a mean value that was below the estimated need in 1961 to one slightly above the need in 1992. Developed countries also showed increases of 15% to 30% for food energy, total protein, animal protein, and lysine although these all took place from a considerably higher baseline level.
In contrast, however, these increases between 1961 and 1992 did not occur for the poorest countries. For the least developed countries and for Bangladesh, over the same period, changes are almost non-existent, and some nutritional indicators, including lysine even declined. For example, for the least developed countries, animal protein availability in 1961 (9.8 g/day) was greater than in 1992 (8.7 g/day), as was animal protein availability for Bangladesh (7.1 versus 4.8 g/day). In contrast, India and Pakistan both showed increases over this period, especially for food energy, total protein, and animal protein. Legume availability declined by as much as 47% in India, however.
When lysine values are considered, the developed countries showed increases from 5,413 mg/day in 1961 to 6,666 mg/day in 1992, and the developing countries from 2,401 to 3,014 mg/day, while the least developed countries declined from 2,433 to 2,278 ma/day during this same period. Similarly, in Bangladesh lysine availability declined from 2,193 mg/day in 1961 to 1,883 mg/day in 1992, while in India and Pakistan there were modest increases.
In table 14 (see TABLE 14. Comparison of food energy, protein, and essential amino acids (mg/g protein) between 1961 and 1992 for selected regions and countries) these same groups and countries are compared, with the animal, cereal, and pulse-soya protein tabulated as percentages of total protein, and the essential amino acids shown in terms of protein quality as milligrams per gram of protein. Animal protein percentage increased in both developed and developing countries, as well as in India and Pakistan, but declined in the least developed countries and Bangladesh. The increases were uneven but were as high as 40% for developing countries as a group. In contrast, animal protein percentage declined by 8% in the least developed countries and by 27% in Bangladesh.
Pulse-soya protein percentage showed significant declines in almost all groups, with a nearly 50% decline in the developing countries as a group, a 51 % decline in India, and a 63% decline in Pakistan. The proportion of protein from cereals increased in all countries except the developed countries. These changes in dietary patterns are reflections of both wealth and the generally greater availability of cereals.
For lysine expressed as milligrams per gram of protein, only the developed countries were above the FAD/WHO 1991 requirement figures in both 1961 and 1992. The other countries or groups changed little over this period, except for Bangladesh, where lysine fell from 48 to 44 mg/g protein as a result of the lower availability of animal protein.
Countries of South-East Asia: 1961 to 1992
Although for reasons of space, the full tabular data are not presented, the changes in food energy, fat, protein, and lysine (both milligrams per day and milligrams per gram of protein) were evaluated for Bangladesh, India, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Thailand for the period 1961 to 1992 using the FAO/Agrostat database. Protein (grams per day) was categorized as total protein, animal protein, cereal protein, and pulse-soya protein. Lysine values were calculated from these data using the regression equation shown above.
Several patterns of change with time emerge from these data and are illustrated in figures 3 (see FIG. 3 Six-country comparison of total protein availability _PHONE_ ) to 5 for all the above countries except Sri Lanka. Values for all variables can be deduced for Sri Lanka, since they were generally between those for Bangladesh and those for India. The key determinant of dietary modification appears to be changes in economic status of the countries over the years. Wealth (per capita gross national product) significantly correlates with protein availability (quantity and quality) in the diet. Bangladesh and Sri Lanka changed least, and India, Pakistan, and Thailand showed modest increases. In South Korea and Japan the changes were marked. In Japan protein availability was already at a reasonable level in 1961. In South Korea, however, the values in 1961 were quite low, especially for animal protein, and major changes did not really start until the 1970s and then proceeded rapidly.
Total protein and animal protein are major determinants of lysine availability and are illustrated for six countries in figures 3 and 4 (see FIG. 4. Six-country comparison of animal protein availability _PHONE_ ). In both Bangladesh and Sri Lanka (not shown), total daily protein availability remained on the order of 40 to 45 g/day, and animal protein availability averaged only 5 to 10 g/day, with lower values for animal protein in Bangladesh than in Sri Lanka. In South Korea animal protein availability was 6 g/day in 1961, but this had increased to 33 g/day by 1992. Japan, whose total protein availability ranged from 73 to 98 g/day over this period, showed changes in animal protein availability from 24 to 56 g/day. India and Pakistan changed far less, with total protein availability averaging between 50 and 60 g/day for both countries. Animal protein availability ranged between 6 and 10 g/day in India and between 13 and 15 g/day in Pakistan. Although not shown, changes in food energy availability generally were parallel to increases in total protein. Hence Bangladesh and Sri Lanka changed the least and South Korea the most.
For all the countries, the lysine values (milligrams per day and milligrams per gram of protein) parallel the changes in food energy and protein. These changes for lysine (milligrams per day) are graphically illustrated (except for Sri Lanka) in figure 5 (see FIG. 5. Six-country comparison of lysine availability _PHONE_ ). Very distinct differences can be observed. Japan differs from all others in that lysine (milligrams per day), already at a moderately high level in 1961 (4,000 mg/day), increased continuously until 1992 (6,500 mg/day). In contrast, South Korea and Thailand had inadequate lysine values in 1961 (2,300 and 2,200 mg/day), but both had increased by 1992. Thailand increased to a modest extent, but the South Korean diet was providing nearly 4,700 ma/day by 1992.
The other three countries remained almost static over the three decades, with Bangladesh at inadequate levels throughout and even declining. Because of the very high proportion of wheat in the Pakistani diet, the values for Pakistan may have been slightly overestimated by the use of the regression equation and are thus closer to the values for India than they appear from figure 5. The mean values for both these countries approximate requirement estimates, and therefore on statistical grounds many would be at risk in both societies. Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka all have lysine values that appear to be marginal or below requirements for the whole period, but South Korea and Thailand, which had inadequate lysine values in the earlier years, have shown significant increases since the early 1980s.
When lysine is considered as milligrams per gram of protein, again only the values for Japan can be considered adequate throughout the whole period. Although the South Korean diet has shown significant changes, from 40 mg/g protein in 1961 to 54 mg/g protein in 1992, protein quality must still be considered marginal. Poorer quality is, however, compensated for by adequate protein quantity. Other countries, especially Bangladesh but also Pakistan and India, average below the estimated needs of 58 mg/g protein.
Changes for Pakistan: Food balance sheet calculations for selected years
Because of future research plans and hence particular concern for the lysine value (in milligrams per day and mill