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With NSF Grant, ODU's Burdige Will Be Looking for Missing Neodymium Flux
Old Dominion University oceanographer David Burdige will do some scientific sleuthing in what might be called "The Case of the Missing Neodymium Flux" as an investigator on a $264,000 project funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF).
Isotopes of the rare earth element neodymium are present in varying forms in the oceans. Scientists use the slight atomic differences between these isotopes to trace them back to the land mass where they originated, and because of this, the isotopes serve as tracers of circulation in today's oceans. Also, in the layers of sediments at the ocean's bottom, neodymium isotopic signatures form a record of ocean circulation going back millions of years.
But while more and more scientists are looking to neodymium isotopes for answers about the oceans and global climate, there remain unanswered questions about the oceanic neodymium budget. There seems to be more of the element getting into the oceans than anyone has accounted for. This has been dubbed the "neodymium paradox."
Some researchers have speculated that particles deposited in the oceans by winds or rivers release more neodymium upon contact with seawater than has been measured so far. Burdige and his partner in the NSF study, Karen H. Johannesson, a geochemist at Tulane University, believe, on the other hand, that groundwater discharges that happen under the surface of the oceans contain precisely the concentrations and forms of isotopes needed to balance the neodymium budget.
The three-year NSF grant was funded through a program at NSF called Emerging Topics in Biogeochemical Sciences and is titled "Collaborative Research: Evaluating the Role of Submarine Groundwater Discharge in the Oceanic Neodymium Budget."
Burdige, who is professor and eminent scholar of ocean, earth and atmospheric sciences, said the questions about the neodymium budget limit the ability of researchers to "confidently interpret the geochemistry of neodymium in the modern oceans and, perhaps more importantly, to read the paleoceanographic neodymium isotope record."
Preliminary analysis by Burdige and Johannesson, which was reported in an article they wrote for the journal Earth and Planetary Science Letter, suggests that submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) to the oceans is a major component of the missing neodymium flux.
"A primary goal of this project is to assemble a data base of neodymium concentrations and isotope ratios for groundwaters from a range of locations that discharge to the coastal oceans," the researchers wrote in their project proposal. "These data will subsequently be used to develop a global mass balance model to test whether the measured neodymium concentrations and isotope ratios of SGD are sufficient to balance the oceanic neodymium budget. The model will also be used to evaluate the impact of varying groundwater neodymium fluxes, and their associated isotopic composition, on the paleoceanographic neodymium isotope record preserved in hydrogenous sediments."
Burdige said he believes the proposal also hits on other important issues beyond neodymium, "namely the ability to begin to quantify groundwater discharge to the oceans, in general." This has become a hot topic in recent years, and he thinks that this aspect of the project caught the attention of geochemists, hydrogeologists and oceanographers more broadly interested in better understanding land-ocean couplings. The NSF grant runs from Oct. 1 of this year thru September 2011.
This article was posted on: October 7, 2008
Old Dominion University
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Old Dominion University is an equal opportunity, affirmative action institution.


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This is one of my favorite things about ants -- the ant death spiral. Actually, it's a circular mill, first described in army ants by Schneirla (1944). A circle of army ants, each one following the ant in front, becomes locked into a circular mill. They will continue to circle each other until they all die. How crazy is that? Sometimes they escape, though. Beebe (1921) described a circular mill he witnessed in Guyana. It measured 1200 feet in circumference and had a 2.5 hour circuit time per ant. The mill persisted for two days, "with ever increasing numbers of dead bodies littering the route as exhaustion took its toll, but eventually a few workers straggled from the trail thus breaking the cycle, and the raid marched off into the forest."
Folks interested in things like self-organization, emergant properties, complex systems, etc. etc. like to point to this as a cautionary tale. I even found a reference to a group programming robots to interact like ants that accidentally produced this behavior in their robots. Apparently you can also reproduce this behavior in the lab by placing a glass jar into the surface. The ants will eventually circle the jar and continue to do so even after the jar has been removed. I assume just army ants. Wow, I wish we had an army ant colony in the lab.
Anyway, in tribute to this fabulously bizarre phenomenon, I made some Ant Death Spiral T-shirts. Check them out!
- Schneirla, T. C. (1944). A unique case of circular milling in ants, considered in relation to trail following and the general problem of orientation. American Museum Novitates, (1253), 1--26.
- Google Video -- Crazy Ants in Panthanal - Why do they walk like this?
- Beebe, W. 1921. Edge of the Jungle. Henry Holt, New York
- Couzin ID, Franks NR (2003) Self-organized lane formation and optimized traffic flow in army ants. Proc R Soc Lond B 270:139–146
- Army Ants Trapped by Their Evolutionary History
- Experiments in Path Optimization via Pheromone Trails by Simulated Robots, Jason L. Almeter September 17, 1996

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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E2_About Page_Header Image-748174-edited
Four Ways Incentives Promote Innovation
Innovation leads to new growth avenues and creative strategies
The rapid evolution of communication, technology and other processes have given way to a mantra in business: Innovation. Innovation leads to rethinking existing products, the savviest services, and the happiest customers.
Many CEOs, owners and managers will agree innovation leads to engaged employees, but how to achieve it? Exorbitant salaries? Unlimited time off? Benefits? Pool tables and draft beer in the break room?
One low cost option to promote innovation is through the use of incentives.
Here are four ways using incentives can promote innovation:
1. Motivate behaviors that promote innovation
Using incentives is one way to motivate specific behaviors. In terms of innovation, organizations can begin to reward behaviors that foster creativity and innovation by identifying measures that lead to these behaviors.
A great example of a company that does this is Google. Their famed "20 percent time" was implemented to encourage employees to spend about 20% of their time experimenting and pursuing their own ideas outside of immediate projects. This led to the creation of some of the most profitable products that Google has ever created.
2. Change organizational culture
Align business strategies with behaviors that promote innovation. It's not enough to just say and hope your organization would like to be innovative and promote that among your employees; but your company culture must reflect that same view.
Ensure that this approach is part of your mission statement and core values. Align objectives and projects that will promote this type of behavior to make sure everyone within your organization is on the same page.
3. Create an environment where innovation thrives
This doesn't necessarily mean one giant room filled with desks and no cubicles, and it doesn't mean rows and rows of cubicles either. What it means is, use events, team meetings, suggestion programs, and other similar activities that encourage peer-to-peer and inter-department collaboration.
4. Use a mix of team incentives and individual incentives
Motivate the group AND the individual. Using a mix of incentives to motivate work groups and individuals members of your organization has two major advantages:
1. Encouraging collaboration
2. Ensuring accountability
Managers dread the team where one or two people carry the weight while everyone just rides their coattails. However, working in groups is one of the best ways to bounce ideas around and come up with new and innovative products and services. By mixing incentive types this helps to motivate behaviors that will pull from the best of both worlds.
How YOU Can Promote Innovation
By implementing these strategies you can begin to start incentivizing to promote innovation with an On The Spot or Strategic Recognition program. However, it takes more than incentives to encourage behavior. Building out a comprehensive improvement strategy that is supported by incentives is essential to make sure that program supports the organizational objectives and that those who will be participating in the program realize the benefits of it.
As an employee engagement and sales growth company, Energy 2 Engage offers reward and recognition programs that can be customized to reward employees, sales channel partners, and business partners with rewards program, including a rewards platform and VISA Digital Debit Card branded for your company.
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Percy Pilcher
Percy Sinclair Pilcher (16 January 1866 – 2 October 1899) was a British inventor and pioneer aviator who was his country's foremost experimenter in unpowered flight at the end of the 19th Century. He was planning a flight with a motor-driven hang glider, but died in the crash of another glider before he could make the attempt.
Early life
Percy Pilcher was born in Bath in 1866, and served in the Royal Navy
Royal Navy
 for seven years from 1880. Thereafter he became an apprentice with the shipbuilders, Randolph, Elder and Company, of Govan in Glasgow.
In 1891 Pilcher began work as assistant lecturer at Glasgow University and took a growing interest in aviation. He built a hang glider called The Bat which he flew for the first time in 1895; the Bat had a double use of the triangle control frame (TCF) as both a piloting device as well as an airframe part that doubled in kinposting utility.
Later that year Pilcher met Otto Lilienthal
Otto Lilienthal
Otto Lilienthal was a German pioneer of human aviation who became known as the Glider King. He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights. He followed an experimental approach established earlier by Sir George Cayley...
, who was the leading expert in gliding in Germany. These discussions led to Pilcher building two more gliders, The Beetle and The Gull. Based on the work of his mentor Otto Lilienthal, in 1897 Pilcher built a glider called The Hawk with which he broke the world distance record when he flew 250 m (820 ft) at the grounds of Stanford Hall near Lutterworth
Lutterworth is a market town and civil parish in the Harborough district of Leicestershire, England. The town is located in southern Leicestershire, north of Rugby, in Warwickshire and south of Leicester. It had a population of 8,293 in the 2001 UK census....
 in Leicestershire, England.
Pilcher set his sights upon powered flight: he developed a triplane
A triplane is a fixed-wing aircraft equipped with three vertically-stacked wing planes. Tailplanes and canard foreplanes are not normally included in this count, although they may occasionally be.-Design principles:...
 that was to be powered by a 4 hp
 (3 kW) engine; however, construction of the triplane put him heavily into debt, and Pilcher needed sponsorship to complete his work.
Pilcher formed a company with Walter Gordon Wilson
Walter Gordon Wilson
Major Walter Gordon Wilson was an engineer and member of the British Royal Naval Air Service. He was credited by the 1919 Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors as the co-inventor of the tank, along with Sir William Tritton....
 (later to become a successful motor engineer and inventor of the first tanks).
On 30 September 1899, having completed his triplane, he had intended to demonstrate it to a group of onlookers and potential sponsors in a field near Stanford Hall. However, days before, the engine crankshaft had broken and, so as not to disappoint his guests, he decided to fly the Hawk instead. The weather was stormy and rainy, but by 4 pm Pilcher decided the weather was good enough to fly. Whilst flying, the tail snapped and Pilcher plunged 10 metres (30 ft) to the ground: he died two days later from his injuries with his triplane having never been publicly flown.
He is buried in Brompton Cemetery
Brompton Cemetery
Brompton Cemetery is located near Earl's Court in South West London, England. It is managed by The Royal Parks and is one of the Magnificent Seven...
, London.
A stone monument to him stands in the field near Stanford Hall at the point where he crashed, and a full-sized replica of his "The Hawk" glider is also displayed at Stanford Hall. The original Hawk has survived and is in the collections of National Museums Scotland.
Renewal of interest
Pilcher's plans were lost for many years, and his name was also long forgotten except by a few enthusiasts. When the centenary of the Wright brothers
Wright brothers
' flight approached, a new effort was made to find the lost work, and some correspondence was found in a private American collection. From this it was possible to discern the general direction of his plans and the basis of his design. Based on Lilienthal's work, Pilcher understood how to produce lift using winglike structures, but at this time a full mathematical description was years away, so many elements were still missing. In particular, Pilcher was stuck trying to design a wing that could lift the weight of an engine, the aircraft itself and the occupant – each increase in wing area increased the weight so much that yet more lift was required, requiring a larger wing – a seemingly vicious circle. Pilcher's breakthrough, thanks to correspondence with another pioneer, Octave Chanute
Octave Chanute
, was to stack smaller, lighter wings one atop the other in an arrangement we know today as the biplane or triplane. This allowed the wings to generate much more lift without a corresponding increase in weight.
In 2003, a research effort carried out at the School of Aeronautics at Cranfield University
Cranfield University
Cranfield University is a British postgraduate university based on two campuses, with a research-oriented focus. The main campus is at Cranfield, Bedfordshire and the second is the Defence Academy of the United Kingdom based at Shrivenham, Oxfordshire. The main campus is unique in the United...
, commissioned by the BBC2 television series "Horizon", has shown that Pilcher's design was more or less workable, and had he been able to develop his engine, it is possible he would have succeeded in being the first to fly a heavier-than-air powered aircraft with some degree of control. Cranfield built a replica of Pilcher's aircraft and added the Wright brothers' innovation of wing-warping as a safety backup for roll control. Pilcher's original design did not include aerodynamic controls such as ailerons or elevator. After a very short initial test, the craft achieved a sustained flight of 1 minute and 25 seconds, compared to 59 seconds for the Wright Brothers' best flight at Kitty Hawk. This was achieved under dead calm conditions as an additional safety measure, whereas the Wrights flew in a 25 mph+ wind to achieve enough airspeed on their early attempts.
External links


Give Theists Respect?
I've noticed a lot of people saying we should give Theists respect for their beliefs.
At first mention this sounds peaceful, enlightened even, but I've come to realize they deserve no respect whatsoever.
These are people who spit in the face of scientific discoveries, the work of Einstein, Darwin, Newton and other great men just totally disregarded.
All our technological progress ignored and mankind's achievements forgotten.
These are people who actually refuse to accept Evolution! Treat it as a religious faith rather than a proven scientific theory!
Then they teach their, frankly dangerous, beliefs, to children! These are people who live in a fantasy world and want the rest of us dragged down into it with them.
They believe animals and plants once talked and that firebreathing dragons will one day kill us all.
They believe love pours from the sky from an omnipotent being who needs nothing yet demands worship from human lifeforms.
They believe that people can be turned into salt and that the entire globe was once flooded, ignoring all the other ancient civilizations who didnt notice this global flood.
They believe 2 (and 14) of each animal on the globe lived on a boat together for a year.
They believe all people are inbred.
They believe dinosaurs, and everything that lived before dinosaurs and between man and dinosaur, all lived together at the same time.
They believe the entire universe is only 6000 years old and ruled by something that is invisible yet looks like a man.
They believe in an afterlife but not a beforelife.
They believe in infinite punishment for finite crimes.
They believe people can rise from the dead and then fly into the sky.
They believe inanimate objects can turn into animals, or people, or bread, etc.
They believe in an omnibenevolent God who created hell.
They believe they can enjoy a heaven while fellow human beings burn in hell.
These are not only ridiculous, but disturbing, and even more so when they teach these things to your Children!
These people deserve no respect, no respect at all!
 1. An interesting list. I think you would regard me as a Theist, I would regard myself as one anyway. So by your definition I deserve no respect.
 Yet I read through you list, and fully 50% of it I would have to say 'No, I certainly do NOT believe that'.
 The majority of the rest of the statements I would require moderate to severe rewrites for them to anyway reflect my beliefs.
 The fact is there are only THREE statements in your list that I could give a Yes to. Are your definitions of Theists so very accurate?
 Now I try to have respect to other people. I consider all people are equal human beings. However you seem to consider this to be a wrong principle, and that you should only respect people that think the same way as yourself. Well that is great for civilisation!
 How about a few other things (you decide the options):-
 – Let's not respect – women/men (you choose!!) – because they are different to me.
 – Let's not respect other races, because they are different to my race.
 – Let's not respect those that earn more/less than me because they don't deserve it/are too lazy to earn more.
 – Let's not respect the Democrats/Republicans (in USA) because they believe different to me.
 I am sure you could add extensively to the list.
 Maybe you feel that is the way to put the world to rights, but I certainly don't.
 But then of course that would be another reason not to respect me.
 2. Hey Q, at least we haven't burned any of you good Christians at the stake like you have unbelievers.
 3. I don't know whether to comment, or to just sadly shake my head and turn off my computer for the evening.
 I have to raise the issue of unfair stereotyping here. And, I believe that's at the root of all the arguments amongst ACOG type atheists, Armstrongites, and other types of Christians. You can't really conduct a debate or discussion that makes sense if you are not familiar with the actual beliefs of the other individuals involved. Accusing "Christians" in general of believing the world is 6,000 years old makes about at much sense as referring to some Argentinian that you meet in the supermarket as being Mexican, just because he looks Hispanic. No intelligent conversation would result from that!
 Chauvinism can be a kind of cheerleading for one's "team", but can often be very misleading. As an example, Christians have been put to death by atheists in Russia, China, North Korea, and other nations. Seems like everyone can be guilty of killing everyone. Hindus over in India are currently slaughtering Christians. We've been asked on Christian radio to pray about this, in fact.
 There's nothing like inflammatory rhetoric to get people to comment on blogs and forums. Remember the good ol' days at PT Forum when we all butted heads over politics? It sometimes took hours to read and respond to just one day's postings. As the Who proclaimed at the end of "Won't Get Fooled Again",'s the new boss, same as the old boss... Ah well, at least nobody here has yet called me the Unabomber, or falsely labeled me as a Neocon. But, my point would be that any false labels at all just aren't cool. The Romans accused the first generation of Christians of sacrificing their children back in the day.
 4. Tell me Bicycle Bob, how much respect do you have for people who perpetuate the myth of a flat earth? How about astrology? How about witches on broomsticks? How about witch boards? How about hobgoblins? How about people like Balaam who can curse a people because he knows the real name of their God?
 Yeah, that's what I thought. So, throw your myth on the pile and we can burn it all and be done with it.
 5. I'll agree with Questeruk that stereotypes are no help here. Misinformation will not change truth, no matter how strongly it is stated.
 Since you mention such individuals as Newton and Einstein, have you ever bothered to enquire into what they believed? Why would I want to spit in the face of someone like Newton who as far as I know both believed the truth and produced good science?
 Keep your faith in a "proven scientific theory" if you want to. I will keep mine in something truer and more believable. Continue the religious wars espousing your own religion if you so choose: just reinvestigate those claims and drop the idea that "science" and truth are always the same, because they aren't and never have been.
 6. Corky, once again we're getting into the ridiculous. I know of a satirical "flat earth society", but don't know of anyone who seriously believes that we live on a flat earth today.
 As for astrology, Dennis Diehl would probably be a better person to consult with over that. He's written on that topic on a regular basis.
 Sometimes stereotypes evolve from misunderstanding. I have a friend who is a Wiccan priestess. Wiccans consider themselves to be white witches, aligned with the forces of the universe. It deeply bothers her when some Christians associate her with Satan.
 I only know about Balaam what I read in scripture, but I have heard some quite disturbing tales about Ouija boards over a period of decades.
 As for bicycles, I happen to enjoy all manner of two wheel transportation. I really gutted myself on a nice 10 mile ride on my bicycle last evening. It provides for an excellent cardio workout to supplement my weight training. Hiking is cool, too.
 7. Questeruk,
 I gotta say that the last line, "These people deserve no respect, no respect at all!" by itself sounds pretty bad but in the context it should be understood as, "These people deserve no respect, no respect at all (for their beliefs)".
 Have you ever read the Bible? It's a lot more complicated than my writing. It has huge gaps that are not written but are *understood* to be there.
 IOW, "it goes without saying".
 Yes, true – but this has resulted in hundreds of different groups, each with their own 'special' reading of particular scriptures, as well as many others giving up on the Bible entirely.
 But then surely the Bible was written that way for specific reasons.........
 9. Questeruk said...
 Heh heh, what makes you think so? It's been edited so many times that we can't make head or tail of it.
 The only reason I can think of is to tell you to throw the thing out the window. It definitely can't be understood because if it could be there wouldn't be 30,000 sects of Christendom.
 10. If we begin to classify or group people, one subset would consist of those who attempt to have a relationship with God, and those who would prefer to distance themselves from Him. We all go running about trying to find support for our particular point of view, or ignoring the issue completely and hoping that it would go away.
 Unfortunately, in the course of doing this, others who believe differently from ourselves are often reduced to a state of vulnerability, a point from which they can be easily attacked, diminished, or felt sorry for. But, such activities do nothing to resolve the basic question or issue, and are at best a self-serving exercise.
 At the end of the day,


text:
|Online Judge||Problem Set||Authors||Online Contests||User|
A Mini Locomotive
A train has a locomotive that pulls the train with its many passenger coaches. If the locomotive breaks down, there is no way to pull the train. Therefore, the office of railroads decided to distribute three mini locomotives to each station. A mini locomotive can pull only a few passenger coaches. If a locomotive breaks down, three mini locomotives cannot pull all passenger coaches. So, the office of railroads made a decision as follows:
1. Set the number of maximum passenger coaches a mini locomotive can pull, and a mini locomotive will not pull over the number. The number is same for all three locomotives.
2. With three mini locomotives, let them transport the maximum number of passengers to destination. The office already knew the number of passengers in each passenger coach, and no passengers are allowed to move between coaches.
3. Each mini locomotive pulls consecutive passenger coaches. Right after the locomotive, passenger coaches have numbers starting from 1.
For example, assume there are 7 passenger coaches, and one mini locomotive can pull a maximum of 2 passenger coaches. The number of passengers in the passenger coaches, in order from 1 to 7, is 35, 40, 50, 10, 30, 45, and 60.
If three mini locomotives pull passenger coaches 1-2, 3-4, and 6-7, they can transport 240 passengers. In this example, three mini locomotives cannot transport more than 240 passengers.
Given the number of passenger coaches, the number of passengers in each passenger coach, and the maximum number of passenger coaches which can be pulled by a mini locomotive, write a program to find the maximum number of passengers which can be transported by the three mini locomotives.
The first line of the input contains a single integer t (1 <= t <= 11), the number of test cases, followed by the input data for each test case. The input for each test case will be as follows:
The first line of the input file contains the number of passenger coaches, which will not exceed 50,000. The second line contains a list of space separated integers giving the number of passengers in each coach, such that the ith number of in this line is the number of passengers in coach i. No coach holds more than 100 passengers. The third line contains the maximum number of passenger coaches which can be pulled by a single mini locomotive. This number will not exceed 1/3 of the number of passenger coaches.
There should be one line per test case, containing the maximum number of passengers which can be transported by the three mini locomotives.
1 7 35 40 50 10 30 45 60 2
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Draw Me a House: A Book of Colouring in, Ideas and Architectural Inspiration by Thibaud Herem
Cicada Books, 2012
Paperback, 240 pages
A green home for Sophie and Henry by Andreas Ernstberger
DETAIL kids, 2012
Hardcover, 48 pages
Sky High by Germano Zullo, illustrated by Albertine
Chronicle Books, 2012
Hardcover, 48 pages
Raising a child means opening oneself up to the literature that caters to developing brains and bodies. There is a heck of a lot out there, especially if we take television, movies, and interactive education as well as books into account. Regardless, very little of this output touches directly upon the impact of design on the built environment. Amander Walter discovered two dozen books fitting into that mold (later expanded by three times)—two of which I've reviewed here—but that is a pretty dismal number when seen in the context of how many children's books are produced even in a given year. Architecture and related disciplines are ripe subjects for many more kid's books, especially in relation to the impact of building and cities on our futures. Here are but three books that might point the way forward.
Draw Me a House is a book that prompts kids to understand architectural form and function through drawing. It is somewhere between a coloring book and sketchbook because many of its pages are filled with drawings but a lot of them are blank, usually accompanied by provocations like, "Draw a green roof on this house," or "Draw a magnificent dog palace for this pampered pup." Thibaud Herem's hand drawings have just the right amount of detail (not too much to leave room for imagination, but enough to lend understanding of the different drawing types) and a good ink thickness for coloring.
My four-year-old daughter is a bit young for grasping its ideas, but I look forward to her using it someday as intended. My only quibble is that at 240 pages the book might have been better as a spiral binding, due to the two-page spreads where kids are encouraged to create a single drawing (the connect-the-dots Sydney Opera House is one example), which is hard to do in the fold without breaking the glued binding. Otherwise it's a great introduction to kids of various ages to draw what they see in the buildings around them, and to create new things from their imagination.
A green home for Sophie and Henry bills itself as "a short story about energy, carbon dioxide and architecture." It tells the story of Sophie, Henry and their dog, Sam, as they learn about energy, carbon dioxide, and how to build a green home. I'd guess the book is intended for kids of at least eight or ten years old, both in terms of the subject matter and the way the story is told. The writing is informative if a bit dry, but the drawings are wonderful, telling the story through long lines, patches of gray, and splashes of yellow. I love, for example, how a drawing of the earth (akin to the cover) illustrates the sun's rays hitting the oceans and sea creatures that over time turned into oil and gas, which is piped out of the ground into a flying airplane flown by Henry and Sam—just one story told on that spread. At each point of the story the information is clear and carefully drawn, aiding in understanding a simple yet profound message—the impact of too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and what to do about it. This sort of children's book should have been around when I was a kid, but nevertheless I'm glad it's here now for my daughter and the rest of her generation.
A green home for Sophie and Henry:
Sky High is a fantastical account of two neighbors that keep building their houses higher and higher, as if in a race with each other and the laws of nature—gravity, mainly. Flipping a page reveals a little bit more that has been added to the houses, each facing the other across the spread. Each element looks like it should exist by itself, rather than as part of a supertall tower. Therefore toward the end of the book each tower is completely absurd, both in its form and the construction required to keep building higher. The little bit of text that is keyed to the drawings is often humorous, such as the ever-changing "highest paid architects in the world" and the long description needed to direct the pizza delivery person from the ground to nearly 4,000 feet in the air.
The book's end is surely a commentary on humankind's current preoccupation with building taller, even as the neighbor's creations are as far removed from them formally as is possible. But it's a book that can be enjoyed outside of any connection to real-world parallels, particularly due to Albertine's whimsical illustrations. The tall-format of the book, reminiscent of a menu at a fancy restaurant, is a nice touch, making it something special that will stand out on a child's bookshelf.


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|FOCUS ON THE FACULTY
INCREASING TECHNOLOGY LITERACY AMONG C OF C STUDENTS
|By Kristin Weber
Lancie Affonso (left) with a group of his students
A movement is underway on the College of
Charleston campus to ensure that students are better prepared for
today's technology driven world. Basic software programs such as
and Power Point should not seem like foreign languages to many
students. Lancie Affonso, an
instructor in the computer science department, is working to raise
the bar on the level of information technology every student should
To combat this problem College of
Charleston President Lee Higdon proposed that "the College needed a
clear and shared understanding of student outcomes in order to carry
out Information Technology planning appropriate to the
Higdon would like to see each individual
department come up with a timeline of technology skills a student
should have mastered by sophomore, junior, or senior year.
Affonso is working in conjunction with the school's Faculty Educational Technology Committee to set up a system to judge and excel the student skills. Affonso conducted pilot information technology tests in the summer of 2003 to evaluate the proficiency of C of C students. Affonso's research involves identifying a suitable test to judge the students, to evaluate the test giving process and results, and to make recommendations.
The research is designed to judge if a students' information technology knowledge is sufficient for the college level. Students will have to seek additional help to improve their skills if they are found to be behind. Taking basic computer classes at the college is just the "tip of the iceberg," says Affonso, and mastering certain computer skills will save time for both the students and the faculty.
The pilot tests were performed at the students' personal rate and included feedback to help students understand where improvement is needed. These tests were done in an online environment. Affonso believes this method will benefit the students greatly, going beyond a basic multiple choice test and actually having the students apply their knowledge. The plan is that similar tests will be given to all incoming students starting with the Class of 2008.
Affonso believes students with computer skills have a much easier time at college, while students not as skilled may struggle with a simple concept or simple software, often wasting their time battling with the computer and not putting necessary effort into their work.
The main goals of the project are to enhance productivity skills, technology communication skills, research skills and ethical decision making. For example, Affonso says, a general understanding is needed by students-- and everyone-- about copyright laws as they pertain to electronic materials. Plagiarism issues and problems due to the ease of accessing information-- and the ethical/legal ignorance of many of those doing the accessing-- is a growing concern at schools on all levels across the country and world.
Affonso and others at the College of Charleston are optimistic that the hard drive to higher computer and technology literacy levels will be successful. If so, class time will potentially become more effective as fewer and fewer professors will have to waste time going over basic technology skills. And students will finally be able to call a truce with their computers and focus more on their homework.


text:
Editors Choice – Best Swazi Language Books
Discover the world in Siswati and English together with your multilingual child. It has get over 40 every day objects to point at and share with your baby. Mommy can do it in Siswati and Daddy in English.
Each every day object is also illustrated to help make the connection with the real world. You can let toddlers color in the illustrations too. Older children can practice their writing skills by filling in the included workbook.
My First Swazi Dictionary is a picture book for introducing your multilingual child to Siswati and English. Suitable for children between the ages of 0 to 6 years.
Why is Swazi an important language to learn?
eSwatini is a country in South Africa that used to be known as Swaziland. This intriguing destination has an abundance of wildlife, thrilling adventures, and enough local cultures to keep you learning for a decade. Swazi is the local language in eSwatini and at least one million people speak it there, as well as other regions in South Africa. Swazi is considered a Bantu language and learning it is the best way to immerse yourself into the cultures and traditions of the locals.
Swazi language is taught in schools in eSwatini, so you will begin to hear more of this language as it continues to grow in popularity. Learning Swazi will boost your language skills, especially if you do business anywhere in Africa now or in the future. Since many people will never consider learning this language, you will continue to move ahead at work and in your personal life, because you will have the skills that are needed in this part of the world.
Learn to speak Swazi
Let's count 1 2 3 to 20 in Swazi and English! My First Swati Counting Book is a coloring activity book for introducing your multilingual child to numbers in Swazi and English. Count up to 20 with your baby. Mummy can teach in Swati and Daddy in English. Each number is a separate coloring activity! Support older children to practice their number writing skills. Discover the world in Swati and English together with your multilingual child. Suitable for children 0 to 7 years old. Written in Modern Swati by Kasahorow.
Did you ever want to teach your kids the basics of Swazi (siSwati)? Learning to speak Swazi can be fun with this picture book. In this book you will find the following features: Swazi alphabets, Swazi words, and English translations.


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BDSM is a term most often used to describe a range of sexual behaviors, but it's also an approach to sex and sex play. The term comes from three other acronyms:
B&D, which stands for bondage and discipline
D/s, which stands for dominance and submission
S&M, which stands for sadism and masochism
BDSM isn't a clinical term universally used by medical or health care professionals; it's more often a term used by people to describe their own sexual practices, and sometimes used by others to denounce the way others choose to have sex.
There isn't one accepted definition for BDSM. A very general one might be that BDSM is a form of sexual expression that involves the willing and consensual exchange of power. Notice that the definition is "sexual expression" and not just sexual activities. A lot of people who engage in BDSM talk about the fact that most of it happens in your mind, and often the sexual activities you can see are the least interesting aspect of the action.
An example of BDSM might be using a pair of stockings to tie your partner to a bed post during sex to elaborate scenarios of dominance and submission that include role play, costumes, and days of preparation (and often no intercourse at all).
The key to understanding BDSM is that it only describes actions that all parties choose to participate in. Any sexual activity that is unwanted or forced upon someone would not be considered BDSM -- it would be considered harassment or assault.


The Witch of Blackbird Pond Analysis
Historical Context
Colonial Exploration and Expansion
Rather than being set in a single historical context, The Witch of Blackbird Pond might be better considered in light of several overlapping historical contexts, all of which would have shaped the world and characters of the novel in different ways. The first of these is that of colonial exploration and expansion. The Witch of Blackbird Pond opens in 1687 and is set in Connecticut Colony. This is less than 60 years after the famous landing of the Mayflower in 1620 and roughly 50 years since the River Colony was founded in 1636. The River Colony combined with two other colonies, Saybrook Colony (founded 1644) and New Haven Colony (founded 1662) to become Connecticut Colony. These factors combine to mean that older characters such as Hannah Tupper may well remember the origins of their community. The multiple origins of the colony also meant that though the colony is relatively new and relatively homogeneous in ethnicity and religion, it has known political change and historical diversity; these period farmers and craftsmen are politically savvy in many ways.
Protestant Reformation
However, these northern colonies most often referred to in the novel (Massachusetts and Connecticut) were not just new political entities. They were very deeply devoted to living religious lives and as such should be viewed as one of several ongoing expressions of the Protestant Reformation. While popular unrest regarding the abuses within the Catholic church had existed for decades earlier, the traditional starting date for the Reformation is Martin Luther's dramatic nailing of his 95 theses to the church door in 1517. This started a wave of what was intended to be reform internal to the church and meant to bring decadent existing practices into line with the ideals articulated in the Bible. When this proved impossible, new religious denominations formed: Lutherans, Anabaptists, Presbyterians, and Anglicans all branched off, each making its own interpretation of the Bible and developing worship practices and codes of conduct based on those interpretations.
The Puritans who founded Connecticut had themselves rebelled against the Anglican church in the late sixteenth century. At first they were "merely" dissenters against England's official church and were...
(The entire section is 992 words.)
The Witch of Blackbird Pond Topics for Further Study
 - Review any of the available firsthand accounts written by inhabitants of the New England colonies. Examine what they give their attention to, as opposed to where Speare focuses her novel. Consider how closely these align, where and how they differ, and why.
 - Kit is rather relaxed and accepting of slavery, as one might expect her to be, given that she grew up with the practice. Research period arguments against slavery. Which of these would be effective to a young girl like Kit from the seventeenth century?
 - Hannah Tupper's Quaker philosophy is mentioned but not explained in any real detail. Research Quaker history and philosophy until you can explain why it might threaten the Puritan worldview as it did.
 - Several British colonies are mentioned in this novel. Research their origins and the nature of their economies. How differently are they organized, what are they trading, and how will these political and economic factors pull them in different directions? In other words, why wasn't someplace like Barbados, which was very much part of the same trading network and extended British colonial society, part of the United States when the colonies rebelled?
 - The Puritans emphasized a literal interpretation of the Bible and put great energy into reading and understanding it. Research the Puritan view of the world and the perspectives held by contemporary Christian denominations that emphasize strict interpretations of the Bible. How are their worldviews similar, and how do they differ?
 - The Puritans of Wethersfield put a lot of energy and attention into policing the actions of community members. Their efforts ranged from fining Hannah Tupper for not attending worship services to hitting boys whose attention wandered during those services with sticks. Since that time, such an active emphasis on policing community virtue has fallen away. Research and consider that change. When did attitudes toward such activity change? Were they the same at the time of the American Revolution?
The Witch of Blackbird Pond Media Adaptations
An audiobook version of The Witch of Blackbird Pond was issued in 2003 by Listening Library/Random House. Mary Beth Hurt reads the novel, and the adaptation takes 6.5 hours.
The Witch of Blackbird Pond What Do I Read Next?
 - Like The Witch of Blackbird Pond, Arthur Miller's play The Crucible (1952) dramatizes the New England witch trials. Also like The Witch of Blackbird Pond, The Crucible was written in the 1950s, when the McCarthy anti-Communist "witch hunts" occurred.
 - Calico Captive (1957), another of Elizabeth George Speare's novels for young adults, follows young Miriam Willard and her family when they are captured by Indians.
 - Elizabeth George Speare published The Bronze Bow in 1961, and it won her a second Newbery Award the following year. Like her other historical novels, this features a young protagonist trying to fit into a community in flux. However, this one leaves Speare's favorite setting of early New England behind: it is set in the time and place of Jesus, and deals with the period's religious and political upheaval.
 - John Holbrook reads Anne Bradstreet's poems aloud to the Wood family one evening. Bradstreet was one of the first major American writers and was the first major American poet. Her works will give glimpses into the mind of a Puritan woman from that period.
 - Jerry Spinelli's young adult novel Stargirl (2000) has a contemporary setting, but it also features an unconventional heroine who is shunned by her community. Like Kit, Stargirl is compassionate to those whom the community would have her ignore, has magical powers attributed to her, and is shunned for her actions.
 - If you can find some of them, the works of Cotton Mather will give another useful point of view on the Puritan mind. A major Puritan religious leader, Mather wrote several hundred books and pamphlets, including some against witchcraft, and was friends with some of the judges at the Salem Witch Trials.
 - William Bradford sailed over on the Mayflower and was one of the leaders of the colony at Plymouth. He kept diaries, and his book History of Plymouth Plantation gives a firsthand account of the first decades of life in colonial New England.
 - This New Land by G. Clifton Wisler (1987) is another fictional account written for young adults focusing on a child protagonist (narrator Richard Woodley is 12), and like The Witch of Blackbird Pond, This New Land follows the Pilgrims as they came over on the Mayflower.
 - Beyond the Burning Time (1996) by Katherine Lasky is another novel for young readers about the seventeenth-century witchcraft scares. This one focuses on an even younger protagonist than Kit; Mary, age 12, goes through the witch scare in Massachusetts.
The Witch of Blackbird Pond Setting
The events of the tale begin in April 1687 and continue through the following spring. Wethersfield, the principal scene of the action, is...
(The entire section is 202 words.)
The Witch of Blackbird Pond Literary Qualities
One of Speare's outstanding achievements as a writer is her ability to create a strong sense of place. In The Witch of Blackbird Pond,...
(The entire section is 284 words.)
The Witch of Blackbird Pond Social Sensitivity
There is little in The Witch of Blackbird Pond that is likely to offend readers, though one reviewer has taken issue with the...
(The entire section is 143 words.)
The Witch of Blackbird Pond Topics for Discussion
1. Why does Speare load the first chapter with so many important characters? Are all the principal characters well drawn?
2. Does...
(The entire section is 84 words.)
The Witch of Blackbird Pond Ideas for Reports and Papers
1. Explain Kit's process of maturation in the novel.
2. Is Speare's description of the Puritan society in New England...
(The entire section is 109 words.)
The Witch of Blackbird Pond For Further Reference
Buskin, Barbara H., and Karen H. Harris. Notes from a Different Drummer: A Guide to Juvenile Fiction Portraying the Handicapped. New...
(The entire section is 226 words.)
The Witch of Blackbird Pond Bibliography and Further Reading
Apseloff, Marilyn Fain. 1991. Elizabeth George Speare. Twayne's United States Authors Series 541. New York: Maxwell Macmillan International.
Bartlett, Robert M. 1978. The faith of the Pilgrims: An American heritage. New York: United Church Press.
Beetz, Kirk H. 1990. Beacham's guide to literature for young adults. Vol. 3. Washington, DC: Beacham Publishing.
Codgill, Oline H. 2003. Showtime. South Florida Sun-Sentinel, January 17, 35.
Langdon, William Chauncy. 1937. Everyday things in American life, _PHONE_. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Polk, William R. 2006. The birth of America: From before...
(The entire section is 386 words.)


text:
For small parts. the positioning is not easy done by hand.
Dingchuang Laser launches a new identifying&positioning fiber laser marking machine.
As the small parts are hard to be positioned and marked by hand
The machine adopts a 5 Megapixel coaxial CCD camera can realize automatic identifying and positioning for marking
It will enlarge the marking area,identify the shape and marking area of the object in the software,and achieve high positioning accuracy.
The CCD Camera Visual Position laser marking machine
IC chips, circuit boards, resistors
more suitable for the parts which is not possible for positioning by hand.
- Automatically CCD positioning and identifying
- With new developed CCD visual system
- It greatly increase the productivity and simplify the process of production.Itwork with conveyor belt for production lines which has high requirement for speed and precision.
2. CCD camera with 5-megapixel. High resolution, and clearly capture the feature points in real time.
3. Beautiful appearance, compact structure. Rotary system is optional item.
4. No consumables and wearing parts.
5. CCD camera software supports win7 32-bit and 64-bit computer systems.
6. The industrial laser marking machine supports AI, BMP, DST, DWG, DXF, DXP, LAS, PLT and other graphic formats
- This CCD Camera visual positioning laser marking system has three positioning systems: coaxial, pseudo-coaxial and paraxial.
- and the accuracy is optional. It can be equipped with Fiber laser marking machine
- UV laser marking machine and CO2 laser marking machine equipment. It can be used for static desktop marking or automatic marking with assembly line.
|Visual positioning laser marking machine
|Single CCD camera position/dual CCD camera position
|Vector graphics, text, barcode, QR code, etc.
|Power supply and work temperature
|AC 220V/10A/50Hz，temperature 10℃~40℃
3C industry,auto industry


text:
When you spend $120 on The Why Cry baby cry analyzer, you're not getting what looks like a remote control to an air conditioner in Toontown [Or, that's not all you're getting, anyway.] No, my friend, once you're able to identify scientifically which of the five reasons your baby is crying--boredom, discomfort, hunger, sleepiness, or stress-- what you'll be getting is "invaluable peace."
Or you will once the kid actually stops crying. My guess is, whichever of the five reasons it says, you're still gonna run through every possible tactic if the kid doesn't rest his pipes PDQ.
The Why Cry takes just 20 seconds to run the kid's bawling frequency, pitch, and whatnot through its top secret algorithm. And even if you spent that same 20 seconds studying your kid's reactions, it might take you several days, weeks even, to begin to understand him. And who has time for that these days?
The main Why Cry site asks, "How much would most parents give to know why do their babies cry?" If you answer to that question is "why, 66 pounds, at least," then click right on over to the UK site and have your credit card ready. [whycry.com, via DT reader Mark]


text:
CLOSE READING INFERENCE MYSTERY: WHO TOOK THE FLOWERS FROM THE SCHOOL GARDEN?
This missing flowers close reading inference mystery is a fun way to engage your students and challenge them to look for text evidence, infer information, and read more closely. The resource includes everything you need to facilitate the activity in your classroom.
The newly established gardening program at Riverside High School is a hit among students. Mrs. Ross, who runs the program, visits the garden at the end of the day and realizes, much to her disappointment, that her beloved pink lilies are missing. Your students need to find out who picked the flowers from the soil.
Included in your purchase:
- A teacher presentation that guides the mystery with the backstory, evidence, the culprit reveal, and detailed explanations for why each suspect is innocent and why the culprit is guilty.
- A classroom poster that reads "Who picked the flowers?" that you can put up on the door to hook students into the activity.
- An original narrative backstory that sets up and initiates the mystery.
- A variety of clues that require students to close read and use their inference skills. There is an email, a photosynthesis lab assignment, a high school funding request, a school band poster, a student absence note, a student detention notice, a lawn care work order, and a text message.
- A graphic organizer where students can keep track of their findings that support or refute different suspects in the mystery.
- A detailed teacher answer key in print format and within the presentation slideshow.
How it works:
- Start by putting up the poster on your door to build anticipation when students enter the room. When students enter, put them in small groups, so they can work together to try to solve the mystery.
- Use the presentation slides to guide you through each element of the lesson. The slides will help you introduce the story and evidence to each of the groups.
- Hand out all the evidence to students and allow them time to make their predictions and inferences and solve the mystery.
- Once each group has made their final prediction, use the presentation slides to reveal the culprit and go through each of the suspects to show the evidence of their innocence or guilt.
© Presto Plans


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Remote Authentication in SharePoint Online Using Claims-Based Authentication
SharePoint 2010
Summary: Learn how to authenticate against Microsoft SharePoint Online in client applications using the SharePoint client-side object models.
The decision to rely on cloud-based services, such as Microsoft SharePoint Online, is not made lightly and is often hampered by the concern about access to the organization's data for internal needs. In this article, I will address this key concern by providing a framework and sample code for building client applications that can remotely authenticate users against SharePoint Online by using the SharePoint 2010 client-side object model.
Note Note
Although this article focuses on SharePoint Online, the techniques discussed can be applied to any environment where the remote SharePoint 2010 server uses claims-based authentication.
I will review the SharePoint 2010 authentication methods, provide details for some of the operation of SharePoint 2010 with claims-mode authentication, and describe an approach for developing a set of tools to enable remote authentication to the server for use with the client-side object model.
In Office SharePoint Server 2007, there were two authentication types: Windows authentication, which relied upon authentication information being transmitted via HTTP headers, and forms-based authentication. Forms-based authentication used the Microsoft ASP.NET membership and roles engines for managing users and roles (or groups). This was a great improvement in authentication over the 2003 version of the SharePoint technologies, which relied exclusively on Windows authentication. However, it still made it difficult to accomplish many scenarios, such as federated sign-on and single sign-on.
To demonstrate the shortcomings of relying solely on Windows authentication, consider an environment that uses only Windows authentication. In this environment, users whose computers are not joined to the domain, or whose configurations are not set to automatically transmit credentials, are prompted for credentials for each web application they access, and in each program they access it from. So, for example, if there is a SharePoint-based intranet on intranet.contoso.com, and My Sites are located on my.contoso.com, users are prompted twice for credentials. If they open a Microsoft Word document from each site, they are prompted two more times, and two more times for Microsoft Excel. Obviously, this is not the best user experience.
However, if the same network uses forms-based authentication, after users log in to SharePoint, they are not prompted for authentication in other applications such as Word and Excel. But they are prompted for authentication on each of the two web applications.
Federated login systems, such as Windows Live ID, existed, but integrating them into Office SharePoint Server 2007 was difficult. Fundamentally, the forms-based mechanism was designed to authenticate against local users, that is, it was not designed to authenticate identity based on a federated system. SharePoint 2010 addressed this by adding direct support for claims-based authentication. This enables SharePoint 2010 to rely on a third party to authenticate the user, and to provide information about the roles that the user has.
Because computers are designed to accommodate multiple users, authorization has always been a challenge. At first, the operating system validated the user. Then, the operating system told the application who the user was. This was the very first claim, made by the operating system to the application. The essence of this claim was the identity of the user. The operating system had determined who the user was, probably through a password that the user provided. The application did not have to ascertain who the user was; it simply trusted the operating system.
This authentication process worked well until it became necessary for a user to use applications on systems that they were not logged in to. At this point, the application had to perform its own authentication. Applications started with the same approach that operating systems had used—requiring the user's name and password. Authentication works well this way, but it requires that every application validate the user name and password. Maintaining multiple separate authentication databases became problematic, because users would want to use their same user names and passwords across applications.
Creating accounts with the same user name and password is a manageable problem. However, as the concern for security grew, the requirement for users to periodically change their passwords created an unmanageable situation, where the users would find it difficult to keep their passwords synchronized between different applications. Shared authentication mechanisms were developed to solve this problem. Once again, an application could rely upon a third party for authentication of the user.
The most popular approach for a shared authentication database is one that uses the Kerberos protocol. The Kerberos protocol provides mechanisms that enable a user to authenticate against a centralized server and then convey his or her identity through a ticket signed by that server. The advantage of this approach is that the centralized server is the only one that must know the user's password or other identifying information. This works well for providing authentication information, but it relies on a single store for user identities.
Today, some of the users of your application are using identities that you do not control. Consider an organization that provides payroll or retirement plan services for other companies. These organizations may need to accept users who belong to many other companies, and have no requirement to authenticate them individually. They have to know only that the organization that they have a contract with can identify the user. In these cases, the centralized server for authentication does not exist; there is no centralized entity that can validate every user.
Similarly, if you have an extranet website that is designed to work with multiple partners, you may not want to manage user accounts for all of your partners' employees, or even let the partners manage them. Instead, you just want to take the remote server's claim of the user's identity.
This is one of the great features of a claims-based login. Another system, which your system trusts, provides a claim of the user's identity.
There are many standards, such as WS-Federation, WS-Security, and WS-Trust that define how this sort of arrangement should work. WS-Federation is the most relevant because it describes a specific approach for the exchange of federated authentication. SharePoint 2010 implements the WS-Federation standard, as do many other Microsoft and non-Microsoft products. This means that the SharePoint claims implementation can talk to many other systems.
In addition to the authentication information described previously, there is the capability for the infrastructure to make other claims about the user, including profile properties such as name and email address. The claim can also contain the roles, or groups, that a user belongs to. This opens the door for applications, including SharePoint 2010, to use what the claims provider (known as an issuing party) trusts about the user. Then, applications can set authorization to do something to the roles that are conveyed in the claims token.
The ability for a claim to convey more than just simple identity necessitates the requirement to enforce rules about what types of claims an application will accept from a third party. The WS-Trust standard supports the idea that one party may rely on another party, as described previously. In addition, it also allows for a chain of trust, where the application, such as SharePoint 2010, trusts an internal provider such as Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS) 2.0, which in turn trusts another party or even multiple other parties. AD FS 2.0 creates its own claims token for SharePoint, based on the information that it received from the issuing party that it trusts. This is particularly useful because AD FS 2.0 is a claims transformation engine. That is, it can change one claim, such as a property, into another claim, such as role membership. AD FS 2.0 can also filter the claims made by a third party, so that the third party cannot pass a claim to the application that a user is an administrator for.
Now that you have learned about the advantages of claims-based authentication, we can examine what actually happens when you work with claims-based security in SharePoint. When using classic authentication, you expect that SharePoint will issue an HTTP status code of 401 at the client, indicating the types of HTTP authentication the server supports. However, in claims mode a more complex interaction occurs. The following is a detailed account of the sequence that SharePoint performs when it is configured for both Windows authentication and Windows Live ID through claims.
 1. The user selects a link on the secured site, and the client transmits the request.
 2. The server responds with an HTTP status code of 302, indicating a temporary redirect. The target page is /_layouts/authenticate.aspx, with a query string parameter of Source that contains the server relative source URL that the user initially requested.
 3. The client requests /_layouts/authenticate.aspx.
 4. The server responds with a 302 temporary redirect to /_login/default.aspx with a query string parameter of ReturnUrl that includes the authentication page and its query string.
 5. The client requests the /_login/default.aspx page.
 6. The server responds with a page that prompts the user to select the authentication method. This happens because the server is configured to accept claims from multiple security token services (STSs), including the built-in SharePoint STS and the Windows Live ID STS.
 7. The user selects the appropriate login provider from the drop-down list, and the client posts the response on /_login/default.aspx.
 8. The server responds with a 302 temporary redirect to /_trust/default.aspx with a query string parameter of trust with the trust provider that the user selected, a ReturnUrl parameter that includes the authenticate.aspx page, and an additional query string parameter with the source again. Source is still a part of the ReturnUrl parameter.
 9. The client follows the redirect and gets /_trust/default.aspx.
 10. The server


Heavy Railroad Cargo Shipments. Discussions through Heavy World Network
What challenges modern industry of heavy lift and oversized railroad shipments faces? Heavy World specialists share their experience.
Railroad shipment is among the oldest traditional ways of cargo transportation. Railroad freight shipment allows dealing with bulk materials, general types of freight, containers, and heavy cargoes. Traditionally this way of transportation was used to deliver ores, coal, wood, products of agricultural industry, and other resources, to the points of destination or to the bigger transport hubs for sea transportation.
Railroad has good parameters of cost-efficiency in terms of a price of ton transportation per kilometer. Huge factories traditionally build their manufacturing facilities or warehouses near the rail arteries in order to build the most cost-efficient manufacturing, covering both supplying of materials for production of goods and delivery of final product.
One of the most obvious challenges lies in creation of branched network of railroad connections. A so-called network effect is the phenomenon of the system being more effective and profitable when more connection points make it up.
Even though modern technologies promote building new reliable bridges, crossing the mountains and renewing the old branches or railroads, the possibilities of using heavy lift and oversized railroad shipment are still limited by the geography of rail connections, making up additional transshipment costs at the absence of direct rail access.
Heavy World community invites representatives of major and minor businesses, local administrations, and specialists in heavy lift and oversized railroad freight shipment to take part in Heavy World events that are hold in five countries worldwide in 2017. Plenary discussions in Russia, Belarus, India, Turkey, Iran, and Uzbekistan, are going to cover such important topics as challenges of international railroad transportation of OOG and heavy lift cargoes, recent changes in legislation of certain countries, engineering challenges, successful projects, perspectives of trade and interaction between different countries, political issues, and many others.
Professionals in heavy lift and oversized railroad freight industry are invited to be our honored keynote speakers, and all of you are very welcome to attend Heavy World events in 2017.


text:
There's a new flaw in the W3C XMLDsig standard, found by Thomas Roessler. This standard specifies the procedure for signing and validating XML data, such as for SOAP. The document is validated with HMAC; however, an additional parameter can be supplied, . This allows the signer to use a truncated HMAC.
As you may remember, an HMAC is a way of validating data by using a secret key and a cryptographic hash algorithm. I avoid using the term "keyed hash" as that leads to bad implementations like "HASH(key || data)". The output of an HMAC is the size of the hash algorithm, say 160 bits for SHA-1. This value is sometimes truncated in space-constrained designs. For example, only the first 128 bits might be sent and verified. This is sometimes acceptable because circumventing an HMAC requires a second-preimage attack (2n), unlike forging a signature which only requires a collision (2n/2).
The problem is that there is no specified lower bound on . So this is a perfectly valid signature field in XMLDsig:
 0
Yes, an attacker can send any request and any signature and it will be accepted if the server follows the field blindly and validates only 0 bits. Even a server that checked for 0 might allow a truncated length of 1 bit or 8 bits or whatever.
According to the advisory, it has taken 6 months to release this simple spec erratum. This is because it affected so many vendors. This is a great example how a little leniency in crypto can have a huge impact on security.
Also, I'm not certain this bug is actually fixed. For example, I see that the algorithm can be specified by the same field. So could an attacker specify a broken algorithm like MD4, which has a second-preimage attack? If the server's crypto library just maps the given Algorithm field to a hash function, this might be possible.
The spec says:
Requirements are specified over implementation, not over requirements for signature use. Furthermore, the mechanism is extensible; alternative algorithms may be used by signature applications.
So it's not clear whether or not this is a problem, although ambiguity in crypto is one of the biggest sources of flaws.
The most annoying thing about this entire vulnerability is why were truncated HMACs even included in the standard at all? This is XML we're talking about, not some packed binary protocol. The difference between full HMAC-SHA1 and the new minimum allowed truncated value is 10 bytes (plus base64 encoding expansion). You're telling me that it's worth exposing all your implementers to this kind of crypto risk to save 10 bytes? Really?


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Strong and consistent communication between key players of the Buyer and Seller is ideal to create an environment conducive to a business sale. Both buyer and seller have resources tied up to make the deal happen. So when miscommunication or lack of communication jeopardizes a deal, it can hurt both sides. Let me break down why communication is key when buying a company.
When negotiating the purchase of a company, keep communication on point by designating one person or team to coordinate and communicate. Otherwise you end up with Thanksgiving at my house: too many cooks in the kitchen, pandemonium, and an overcooked bird. Instead designate point people to keep the line of communication consistent. There are countless recipes to cook a turkey and you can get countless responses when you are cooking with too many people.
Identify and empower the folks who can orchestrate the sale. Their job will be to keep egos in check, coordinate financing requirements, apply for third party/governmental approval, and take steps to integrate the transition. Keeping communication open will give you something to be thankful for at the end of the sale.


text:
A function call terminates if it returns to its caller or throws an exception. A function call does not terminate if it goes into an infinite loop, halts execution of the program (gracefully or not), or jumps in such a way that it does not return or throw an exception that could be caught by its caller.
Taking termination into account, we can model a C++ function by
a nontotal relation from proper pre-states to post-states.
A state is proper if it is not
(see section 2.8.2 Formal Model of States);
bottom represents infinite looping and other kinds of
A pre-state may or may not be related to a post-state by the relation
specified in a Larch/C++ specification,
and if it is related to a post-state, that post-state could be
(A pre-state that is not related to a post-state value is one for which
execution is "refused" [Nelson89] [Hesselink92].
Such relations cannot be implemented in C++, but are useful for purposes
of program refinement.)
Go to the first, previous, next, last section, table of contents.


text:
In a technetium-labeled red blood cell bleeding scan, blood is taken
from you, and a small amount of radioactive material called technetium is added
to the blood. The blood with the technetium is then injected back into
Red blood cells with the technetium attached to them accumulate
at the location of active bleeding. A machine scans the body to find where the
technetium accumulates. This method of finding bleeding is sometimes
more effective than angiography. The technetium-labeled red blood cell
bleeding scan may find slow bleeding that can't be seen using
The technetium-labeled red blood cell bleeding scan is used:
July 19, 2012
Adam Husney, MD - Family Medicine & Jerome B. Simon, MD, FRCPC, FACP - Gastroenterology
How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions.
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text:
Houseplants Size Chart
Petite air plant has unique trichomes that give it fluffy, bright white appearance. Flower spike is purple featuring lavender blooms. Prefers drier conditions than most air plants, and does not like to be submerged.
- Size: 1"-3" tall, 2"-3" width
- Light Requirement: Bright Indirect Light
- Water Needs: Very Low
- Growth Habit: Upright
- Growth Rate: Slow
- Attributes: Easy Care, Evergreen
Green Thumb Guide
Air plants thrive in bright indirect light and do not require soil to grow. High water use. Lightly mist and allow to dry completely once or twice a week. In drier conditions, increase watering frequency. Will rot if submerged or left on a wet surface for a long period of time. Fertilize, with a mild solution once a month. Keep away from drafts and windows.


text:
Biologists have discovered an intriguing new type of palm tree in Madagascar.
For most of its life, the tree looks like a regular old palm. After about 100 years or so, a sort of large, asparagus-like stalk sprouts from its top. The stalk spreads out, and hundreds of small, white flowers appear.
As it turns out, all that growing, sprouting, and flowering burns up so much energy that a few months later, the tree calls it a life and dies.
Scientists are still unsure why the tree develops in this way. There are only about one-hundred of the trees in Madagascar, which might explain why scientists haven't noticed it until now.


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Culture-based education (CBE), and more specifically Hawaiian culture-based education (HCBE), is a key lever to achieving Kamehameha School's (KS) Vision 2040 of a thriving lāhui. We believe that HCBE instills confidence and resiliency in Native Hawaiian learners to improve the well-being of the lāhui. An HCBE system engages Native Hawaiian learners to reach positive socio-emotional and academic outcomes. For that reason, KS is committed to creating and promoting an HCBE system where all students, Native Hawaiian learners in particular, will thrive and reach their full potential.
CBE is grounded in the foundational values, norms, knowledge, beliefs, practices, experiences, and language of a(n indigenous) culture. It "places significance on Native language; place-based, and experiential learning, cultural identity; holistic well-being; and personal connections and belonging to family, community, and ancestors" (Alcantara, Keahiolalo, and Peirce, 2016). The literature base for CBE describes five basic elements that comprise this approach: Language, Family & Community, Context, Content, and Data & Accountability.
In HCBE, the five elements of CBE are applied specifically from a Native Hawaiian perspective. For example, HCBE practitioners strive to incorporate ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi (Hawaiian language) in the classroom and involve family and community in the development of Hawaiian-centered curricula relevant to learners. By sustaining the values, traditions, and language of Hawaiʻi through HCBE, we hope to see Native Hawaiians grow in success and contribute to their communities both locally and globally.
This HCBE collection includes exclusively research-focused resources that explore CBE and HCBE in varying contexts. Users should make their own assessments of the quality of the data from these sources. It is our hope that these resources will support your journey to ʻimi naʻauao, or seek wisdom, that would strengthen the lāhui.
If you would like a research study to be included in this collection, please email us at _EMAIL_.
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I was reading the definition of smooth manifold and i am little bit of confused. Informally it says
A smooth manifold is a topological manifold (i.e. a topological space locally homeomorphic to a Euclidean space) equipped with an equivalence class of atlases whose transition maps are all smooth. Here transition maps are from Euclidean space to Euclidean space.
Now what if I replace the word Euclidean space by topological vector space $\mathbb{R}^n$. Still we will get some object as we can talk about smoothness in topological vector space $\mathbb{R}^n$ without using any reference of coordinate system. So how much difference is there if I do the replacement? And my other question is
What are the properties of Euclidean space, we use to study Smooth manifolds, which are not present in $\mathbb{R}^n$ just as a topological vector space.
Till now what I have found that to describe local coordinates in manifold or to describe basis in tangent space one need a coordinate system in $\mathbb{R}^n$ so that you can pull it back to the manifold to define local coordinate there. Apart from these, where do we use the properties of Euclidean space to study smooth manifold?
share|improve this question
Any n-dimensional Euclidean space is isomorphic to $\mathbb{R}^n$, so the terms are used interchangebly. – Nick Alger Jun 20 '13 at 21:54
@ Nick: Of which isomorphism between $\mathbb{R^n}$ and Euclidean space you are talking about.Is it vector space isomorphism you are talking about?Is it true $\mathbb{R^n}$ with $l^1$ norm and Euclidean space are Isomorphic? – timon Jun 21 '13 at 5:42
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Euclidean spaces are, by definition, $\mathbb{R}^{n}$. See if this clears things up for you. If not, come back and I'll try to help you some more.
Also, as the previous comment noted, any open set homeomorphic to an open ball will also be homeomorphic to all of $\mathbb{R}^{n}$ since open balls are homeomorphic to $\mathbb{R}^{n}$. Hence, in the definition of locally Euclidean, it does not matter if we a priori decided that our spaces should be locally homeomorphic to all of $\mathbb{R}^{n}$, an open ball, or an open set.
share|improve this answer
This is roughly Exercise 1.1 in Lee's, "Introduction to Smooth Manifolds". – Dylan Yott Jun 20 '13 at 22:58
@ Alex: I think there is a distinction between R^n as just topological vector space and Euclidean Space i.e. R^n with inner product structure. So how locally Euclidean and locally R^n could be same? Although topologically they are same but then why in the definition of manifold it asks to be locally Euclidean? – timon Jun 21 '13 at 5:10
@ Alex: If you don't have a standard co-ordinate in R^n,how you will talk about local coordinate in manifold? – timon Jun 21 '13 at 5:12
@ Yott: You are mistaken.May be I was not able to pose my question properly.But I am not asking the Exercise 1.1 mentioned in Lee's book. I want to know why call it locally Euclidean instead of locally R^n.What property of Euclidean space (where you can talk about angle and distance) we are going to use in future to study smooth manifold. – timon Jun 21 '13 at 5:27
Eventually, when you go deep enough to get to Riemmanian Geometry, you will starting putting inner product structures on your manifolds, but that's not for a while. For now, the words "locally Euclidean" and "locally $\mathbb{R}^{n}$" are synonymous. Also, locally Euclidean sounds better. The book you're reading doesn't make the distinction between $\mathbb{R}^{n}$ as a topological vector space and as an inner product space. The reason we use $\mathbb{R}^{n}$ as opposed to any topological vector space is that we already know how to do calculus on $\mathbb{R}^{n}$. – Alex Lapanowski Jun 21 '13 at 15:12
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text:
Do you bite your nails?
You may be deficient in MINERALS
What are minerals?
Yes, nail biting often begins with boredom or impatience or fidgeting.
If you are among the millions who regularly bite their nails, you've probably said to yourself "I wish I could stop biting my nails!"
But often your body needs the minerals in the nail material that your body is recycling. So the reward-cycle begins and continues.
Studies show that the mineral content of hair or nails is similar to the mineral content of bone.
The human body, like everything else in nature, is made up of chemicals.
Since the trace minerals group includes over 50 chemical elements, scientists further subdivide this group into three categories, to separate the minerals that are important in health from others that are in our bodies just because they are in the environment and probably have no special role. The first category is the essential trace minerals. These are minerals that are required in the diet for full health, and when the intake is insufficient, symptoms of deficiency will arise. They include nine known to be essential: zinc, copper, selenium, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, iodine, fluoride, and cobalt. About 10 more minerals are thought to be essential but the full proof is not yet in; these are arsenic, boron, bromine, cadmium, lead, lithium, nickel, silicon, tin, and vanadium.
You will note in this list several minerals (arsenic, cadmium, lead) that are normally thought to be toxic. This leads to the second category of trace minerals, the toxic trace minerals. The term is used for minerals that give problems with toxicity at levels that may be encountered normally in the environment and for which health concerns are more likely to arise from too much rather than too little in the body. This category is fairly loose, changing from time to time, and includes aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and tin.
Actually, all nutrients are toxic if too much is ingested; how much is too much depends on the nutrient. For essential minerals like copper, there is a definite gradation for health; if the intake is below the requirement, illness due to deficiency will develop; as the intake goes up, health will improve until a plateau is reached, where small increases in intake will not make any difference to health; above the top safe level (the end of the plateau), increases in intake will cause toxic illness. In extreme cases, both deficiency at one end and toxicity at the other end of the spectrum may get so severe as to cause death. This pattern is seen for all nutrients, including, for example, vitamins, macro-minerals, and protein.
Some will cause debilitating disease. A classic example is vanadium which can cause manic depression.
The third category of nonessential trace minerals is everything else: all the other minerals that are present in the body but are not essential in the diet and are not thought to have any function, and that do not cause any concern over toxicity or deficiency. In practice, virtually everything is essential.
Biting your nails becomes addictive because of the reward process. You're probably deficient in minerals.
Find out more about minerals
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text:
Introduction to Modeling and Simulation of Technical and Physical Systems with Modelica
September 2011, Wiley-IEEE Press
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Modelica, the new object-based software/hardware modeling language that is quickly gaining popularity around the world, offers an almost universal approach to high-level computational modeling and simulation. It handles a broad range of application domains, for example mechanics, electrical systems, control, and thermodynamics, and facilitates general notation as well as powerful abstractions and efficient implementations. Using the versatile Modelica language and its associated technology, this text presents an object-oriented, component-based approach that makes it possible for readers to quickly master the basics of computer-supported equation-based object-oriented (EOO) mathematical modeling and simulation.
Throughout the text, Modelica is used to illustrate the various aspects of modeling and simulation. At the same time, a number of key concepts underlying the Modelica language are explained with the use of modeling and simulation examples. This book:
Examines basic concepts such as systems, models, and simulations
Guides readers through the Modelica language with the aid of several step-by-step examples
Introduces the Modelica class concept and its use in graphical and textual modeling
Explores modeling methodology for continuous, discrete, and hybrid systems
Presents an overview of the Modelica Standard Library and key Modelica model libraries
Readers will find plenty of examples of models that simulate distinct application domains as well as examples that combine several domains. All the examples and exercises in the text are available via DrModelica. This electronic self-teaching program, freely available on the text's companion website, guides readers from simple, introductory examples and exercises to more advanced ones.
Written by the Director of the Open Source Modelica Consortium, Introduction to Modeling and Simulation of Technical and Physical Systems with Modelica is recommended for engineers and students interested in computer-aided design, modeling, simulation, and analysis of technical and natural systems. By building on basic concepts, the text is ideal for students who want to learn modeling, simulation, and object orientation.


Mosley, Nicholas
war deal politics british
(British, 1923– )
Mosley's complex novels are serious and morally questioning, sometimes told in narrative fragments; their subjects are politics, science, and religion. This daunting combination is rendered palatable, however, by the relationships and human emotions with which his books also deal. The change from the realism of his early work to a more experimental style was signalled by Accident (1965); narrated by a philosophy don in an elliptical fashion, it concerns a triangular affair and was made into a film by Joseph Losey. Mosley's major novel is Hopeful Monsters (1990, Whitbread award), part of a project attempting to deal with the history of twentieth-century politics and experience. Spanning the period from 1919 to 1939, with a post-war epilogue, this is cast in the form of exchanges between a German-Jewish woman and a British scientist, ending with a moving reconciliation in old age. Children of Darkness and Light (1996) is a thriller with spiritual and political elements, featuring a previously cynical journalist investigating strange events involving children in Cumbria and war-ravaged Bosnia.
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Soil science and agri-systems approaches
Food security in the context of this priority covers the sustainable production of sufficient, safe, nutritious and affordable food to supply the world's growing population. The overall BBSRC food security priority aims to encourage research that will enhance UK and/or global food security, by providing knowledge and evidence that will enable food producers and processors, retailers, consumers and governments to respond to and manage the challenges facing the UK food system, and related global issues including those confronting the developing world.
Tackling the food security challenge will require multifaceted and cross-disciplinary approaches. Multidisciplinary approaches are strongly encouraged under this priority, including those that draw on expertise from across the biosciences and, where appropriate (and provided the majority of the work falls within BBSRC's remit), proposals at the interfaces with other Research Councils. These might include collaborations between biologists and physical, environmental, medical or social scientists. Integration of the latest bioscience and modelling techniques is encouraged at all scales from molecules and cells to agricultural systems and landscapes.
This priority covers research to maintain the essential functions of soils for agriculture, underpinning the efficiency and sustainability of food production from crops and animals. In particular, we encourage multidisciplinary research to minimise inputs such as energy, fertilisers and water; control undesirable outputs such as N2O, CO2 and run-off; improve soil fertility and structure, including water retention; and explore the potential for enhancing carbon capture and storage in soils.
Understanding of agricultural systems can be improved through the development of research-based management systems at a range of scales (farm, catchment, regional) to optimise food production in ways that are reconciled with maintaining biodiversity and the delivery of other critical ecosystem services. This includes:
- whole systems and agri-ecosystems approaches to land management practices that enhance biodiversity conservation in agricultural and associated ecosystems
- maintenance of onor near-farm natural resources (e.g. structure and fertility of soils)
- competition for farm land (e.g. with non-food / bioenergy crops)
- maintenance of ecosystem services (e.g. carbon sequestration or the health of beneficial invertebrates for pollination or pest control)
- biological based management of agricultural waste
Soil science and ecosystems research not primarily focused on agriculture is excluded from this priority.
Applications in this area may also overlap with the remit of the LWEC priority.
Tackling the food security challenge will require cross-disciplinary approaches which may span a number of the challenges under the broader food security priority. BBSRC would particularly welcome applications that address the food security priority in a broader context and would recommend applicants to read all five strategic priorities in the food security area before applying.
Outputs and impacts
The translation of research outputs into practical use and application by consumers, the agriculture and food industries, policy makers and non-governmental organisations will be critically important in meeting the future challenges. Impacts on training and the UK skills base should be considered. Ultimately the key output from this priority will be research underpinning a secure global supply of safe and healthy food.