Copyright © 2006 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.
JSR 216 (Maintenance Release)
Package java.awt
Interface Summary
ActiveEvent An interface for events that know how to dispatch themselves.
Adjustable The interface for objects which have an adjustable numeric value contained within a bounded range of values.
Composite The Composite interface defines the methods to compose a draw primitive with the underlying graphics area.
ItemSelectable The interface for objects which contain a set of items for which zero or more can be selected.
KeyEventDispatcher A KeyEventDispatcher cooperates with the current KeyboardFocusManager in the targeting and dispatching of all KeyEvents.
KeyEventPostProcessor A KeyEventPostProcessor cooperates with the current KeyboardFocusManager in the final resolution of all unconsumed KeyEvents.
LayoutManager Defines the interface for classes that know how to lay out Containers.
LayoutManager2 Defines an interface for classes that know how to layout Containers based on a layout constraints object.
MenuContainer The super class of all menu related containers.
Shape The Shape interface provides definitions for objects that represent some form of geometric shape.
Stroke The Stroke interface allows a Graphics2D object to obtain a Shape that is the decorated outline, or stylistic representation of the outline, of the specified Shape.
Transparency The Transparency interface defines the common transparency modes for implementing classes.
Class Summary
AlphaComposite This AlphaComposite class implements the basic alpha compositing rules for combining source and destination pixels to achieve blending and transparency effects with graphics and images.
AWTEvent The root event class for all AWT events.
AWTEventMulticaster A class which implements efficient and thread-safe multi-cast event dispatching for the AWT events defined in the java.awt.event package.
AWTKeyStroke An AWTKeyStroke represents a key action on the keyboard, or equivalent input device.
AWTPermission This class is for AWT permissions.
BasicStroke The BasicStroke class defines a basic set of rendering attributes for the outlines of graphics primitives, which are rendered with a Graphics2D object that has its Stroke attribute set to this BasicStroke.
BorderLayout A border layout lays out a container, arranging and resizing its components to fit in five regions: north, south, east, west, and center.
Button This class creates a labeled button.
Canvas A Canvas component represents a blank rectangular area of the screen onto which the application can draw or from which the application can trap input events from the user.
CardLayout A CardLayout object is a layout manager for a container.
Checkbox A check box is a graphical component that can be in either an "on" (true) or "off" (false) state.
CheckboxGroup The CheckboxGroup class is used to group together a set of Checkbox buttons.
CheckboxMenuItem This class represents a check box that can be included in a menu.
Choice The Choice class presents a pop-up menu of choices.
Color The Color class is used encapsulate colors in the default sRGB color space or colors in arbitrary color spaces identified by a ColorSpace.
Component A component is an object having a graphical representation that can be displayed on the screen and that can interact with the user.
Container A generic Abstract Window Toolkit(AWT) container object is a component that can contain other AWT components.
ContainerOrderFocusTraversalPolicy A FocusTraversalPolicy that determines traversal order based on the order of child Components in a Container.
Cursor A class to encapsulate the bitmap representation of the mouse cursor.
Dialog A Dialog is a top-level window with a title and a border that is typically used to take some form of input from the user.
Dimension The Dimension class encapsulates the width and height of a component (in integer precision) in a single object.
Event NOTE: The Event class is obsolete and is available only for backwards compatilibility.
EventQueue EventQueue is a platform-independent class that queues events, both from the underlying peer classes and from trusted application classes.
FileDialog The FileDialog class displays a dialog window from which the user can select a file.
FlowLayout A flow layout arranges components in a left-to-right flow, much like lines of text in a paragraph.
FocusTraversalPolicy A FocusTraversalPolicy defines the order in which Components with a particular focus cycle root are traversed.
Font The Font class represents fonts, which are used to render text in a visible way.
FontMetrics The FontMetrics class defines a font metrics object, which encapsulates information about the rendering of a particular font on a particular screen.
Frame A Frame is a top-level window with a title and a border.
Graphics The Graphics class is the abstract base class for all graphics contexts that allow an application to draw onto components that are realized on various devices, as well as onto off-screen images.
Graphics2D This Graphics2D class extends the Graphics class to provide more sophisticated control over graphics operations.
GraphicsConfiguration The GraphicsConfiguration class describes the characteristics of a graphics destination such as a printer or monitor.
GraphicsDevice The GraphicsDevice class describes the graphics devices that might be available in a particular graphics environment.
GraphicsEnvironment The GraphicsEnvironment class describes the collection of GraphicsDevice objects and Font objects available to a Java(tm) application on a particular platform.
GridBagConstraints The GridBagConstraints class specifies constraints for components that are laid out using the GridBagLayout class.
GridBagLayout The GridBagLayout class is a flexible layout manager that aligns components vertically and horizontally, without requiring that the components be of the same size.
GridLayout The GridLayout class is a layout manager that lays out a container's components in a rectangular grid.
Image The abstract class Image is the superclass of all classes that represent graphical images.
ImageCapabilities Capabilities and properties of images.
Insets An Insets object is a representation of the borders of a container.
KeyboardFocusManager The KeyboardFocusManager is responsible for managing the active and focused Windows, and the current focus owner.
Label A Label object is a component for placing text in a container.
List The List component presents the user with a scrolling list of text items.
MediaTracker The MediaTracker class is a utility class to track the status of a number of media objects.
Menu A Menu object is a pull-down menu component that is deployed from a menu bar.
MenuBar The MenuBar class encapsulates the platform's concept of a menu bar bound to a frame.
MenuComponent The abstract class MenuComponent is the superclass of all menu-related components.
MenuItem All items in a menu must belong to the class MenuItem, or one of its subclasses.
MenuShortcut The MenuShortcutclass represents a keyboard accelerator for a MenuItem.
Panel Panel is the simplest container class.
Point A point representing a location in (x, y) coordinate space, specified in integer precision.
Polygon The Polygon class encapsulates a description of a closed, two-dimensional region within a coordinate space.
PopupMenu A class that implements a menu which can be dynamically popped up at a specified position within a component.
Rectangle A Rectangle specifies an area in a coordinate space that is enclosed by the Rectangle object's top-left point (xy) in the coordinate space, its width, and its height.
Scrollbar The Scrollbar class embodies a scroll bar, a familiar user-interface object.
ScrollPane A container class which implements automatic horizontal and/or vertical scrolling for a single child component.
SystemColor A class to encapsulate symbolic colors representing the color of native GUI objects on a system.
TextArea A TextArea object is a multi-line region that displays text.
TextComponent The TextComponent class is the superclass of any component that allows the editing of some text.
TextField A TextField object is a text component that allows for the editing of a single line of text.
Window A Window object is a top-level window with no borders and no menubar.
Exception Summary
AWTException Signals that an Absract Window Toolkit exception has occurred.
IllegalComponentStateException Signals that an AWT component is not in an appropriate state for the requested operation.
Error Summary
AWTError Thrown when a serious Abstract Window Toolkit error has occurred.
Package java.awt Description
Contains all of the classes for creating user interfaces and for painting graphics and images. A user interface object such as a button or a scrollbar is called, in AWT terminology, a component. The Component class is the root of all AWT components. See Component for a detailed description of properties that all AWT components share.
Some components fire events when a user interacts with the components. The AWTEvent class and its subclasses are used to represent the events that AWT components can fire. See AWTEvent for a description of the AWT event model.
A container is a component that can contain components and other containers. A con tainer can also have a layout manager that controls the visual placement of components in the container. The AWT package contains several layout manager classes and an interface for building your own layout manager. See Container and LayoutManager for more information.
Additional Specification
JSR 216 (Maintenance Release)
For more information, please consult the JSR 216 specification.


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A Field Guide to the Reptiles of South-East Asia by Indraneil Das | New Holland | September 2010 | Hardback | 376 pages | 74 colour plates | RRP: £34.99 | ISBN 9781847733474
South-East Asia is one of the richest parts of the world in terms of reptiles.
This first comprehensive guide to the reptiles of this region covers all the reptiles recorded from mainland South-East Asia, from Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia to Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia, as well as the islands of the Great Sundas (including Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Bali).
A detailed account with key identification characteristics, habitat and behaviour is included for each species, from crocodiles, tortoises and turtles, to lizards and snakes.
Every recognized species is described, and 74 magnificent specially commissioned colour plates by top wildlife artists depict 700 major species in meticulous detail. Where useful, details such as plastrons (for turtles and tortoises), juveniles, variants and head patterns are also shown on the plates.
So those of you who, like me, like to know what other taxa they saw on a foreign trip in addition to the birds, will find a lot of answers here.
Buy this book from _URL_
Created: 14th Jul 2010

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Johannes Eckart, more commonly known as Meister Eckhart, was born near Gotha in eastern Germany in around 1260. He had an illustrious career in the Dominican Order, holding senior ecclesiastical and teaching posts all over Europe including Saxony, Bohemia, Paris, Strasburg and Cologne. Eckhart is one of the great speculative mystics of Western Europe, who sought to reconcile traditional Christian belief with the transcendental metaphysics of Neoplatonism. Although accused of heretical teaching during his own liftime, Eckhart is widely regarded today not only as fundamentally orthodox but also as a foremost exponent of Christian mysticism and Christian philosophical theology. He died in the winter of 1326/7 in Avignon.
Find Books by Meister Eckhart


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Since my last entry about Asian skin being less prone to getting sunburn, I've found more information about Asian skin type that might interest some of you. Keen to find out? Here goes:
1. Asian skin is more prone to sensitivity
Our skin is said to be prone to irritation as we have a thinner stratum corneum or the outermost layer of skin, compared to other ethnic groups. As a result, our skin becomes extremely sensitive to environmental factors and chemicals, which can disrupt the skin's pH balance (source: Dr Anthony Rawlings).
This means: we need to be careful with what products and treatments we use on our skin as most of us may not react well to harsh treatments such as peelings or acidic chemical solutions.
2. Asian skin scars more easily
Because of our thinner stratum corneum, it is also said that Asian skin are genetically predisposed to scar more easily than others. Hence, greater care must be given when one has acne breakout and when one is trying to heal from some skin scarring.
This means: do not go squeezing that pimple and poking at that acne. Use gentle products like emu oil or vitamin E to heal the scars.
3. Asian skin has more issues with hyperpigmentation
I read that all skin contains about the same number of melanocytes but the amount of melanin they produce varies. Melanin is a natural skin pigment that protects the skin from UV damage. Obviously, dark skinned people produce more melanin and light skin people produce less. While research have indicated that Asians have more photo-protective pigment melanin – Dr. Kwame Osei, who has studied genetics, indicated that we have three layers of melanin – we actually have more issues with pigmentary disorders such as hyperpigmentation, melasma, freckles and lentigines, compared to other ethnic groups. This is why you see lots of Asian cosmetics including skin lightening and brightening ingredients. The problem I see with this is, because our skin is also sensitive, it means we have to be careful with what we use to correct some of these pigmentary disorders as well.
This means: use sunscreen religiously and use a product containing gentle skin brightening properties from your early twenties. Avoid hydroquinone!
4. Asian skin loses moisture more easily
Some studies have suggested that the Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL) values were highest in Asians – Berardesca and Maibach (2002) found that Asian skin showed the highest levels of TEWL, as well as increased levels of permeability (source). TEWL is the amount of water vapor lost through the skin under non-sweating conditions.
This means: we need more skin hydration and it'll be good to choose a moisturizer high in water-binding ingredients such as hyaluronic acid.
5. Asian skin gets oily more easily
It is often said that Asian skin has more sebaceous glands and is oilier than Caucasian skin type. I guess this might have to do with the weather as well but it is generally true that most of us are constantly fighting to keep shine away from our skin. As a matter of fact, I have a greasy scalp because of very active sebaceous glands.
This means: our skin may get clogged easily and it'll be good to exfoliate once or twice a week. In addition, do not use harsh products that will strip away our natural skin lipids and make the skin oilier.
6. Asian skin is more resistant to aging
While we have a thinner stratum corneum, we also have a thicker dermis that contains greater collagen (source).
This means: our skin show fewer signs of pre-mature aging. YAY!
These information, while mostly based on research data, may not apply across the board to all Asians as it also depends on where we live. However, generally speaking, I think they make a lot of sense. What do you think?


46.3403 Attempt-Affirmative defense.
Cite as [A.S.C.A. § 46.3403]
(a) When the actor's conduct would otherwise constitute an attempt under 36.3401 through 46.3404, it is an affirmative defense that he abandoned his effort to commit the crime or otherwise presented its commission, under circumstances manifesting a complete and voluntary renunciation of his criminal purpose. The establishment of the defense does not, however, affect the liability of an accomplice who did not join in that abandonment or prevention. Renunciation of criminal purpose is not voluntary if it is motivated in whole or in part, by circumstances not present or apparent at the inception of the actor's course of conduct, which increase the probability of detection or apprehension or which make more difficult the accomplishment of the criminal purpose. Renunciation is not complete if it is motivated by a decision to postpone the criminal conduct until a more advantageous time or to transfer the criminal effort to another but similar objective or victim.
(b) The defendant has the burden of injecting the issue of renunciation of criminal purpose under 46.3401.
History: 1979, PL 16-43 § 2.
Research Guide: MPC 5.01(4).


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This distinctive succulent is endemic to the area I'm now in. It ranges in height from about 2,5 to 5 meters and occurs in dry rocky deserts, among boulders and stony hillsides.
The name "Halfmens", translated from Afrikaans means 'Half Person' - or 'almost human'.
According to local legend, these trees are half man and half plant. This makes sense because, when seen against the skyline from a distance, they could easily be mistaken for humans.
An unusual feature of this plant is that the tip of the stem always inclines towards the north.
Related Post: Halfmens In Bloom


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|home|||||about us|||||contact|||||site map|
|| Information about Children's Environmental Health
Resources for Community Education and Outreach
We invite you to share information with others about issues of children's health and the environment. Below are links to resources for community education and outreach.
National Institute of Environmental Health
A list of lesson plans are available here:
Programs for students, teachers and other professionals are available here:
A list of resources arranged by topic, audience, language, and formats is available here:
US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)
Read more about Children's Environmental Health
|© 2006 Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Units
This site links to the regional PEHSU sites, state and federal agencies, and professional
associations representing clinicians in ACGME-recognized medical specialties.


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American Studies (AMST)
As much of America's farmland is lost to development, Americans are rapidly losing their connection with the farms where their food comes from and the entire process of how their food is raised. In my thesis I address how sustainable agricultural methods can help preserve New England's farm landscapes, rural views, and green spaces by examining partnerships between local land conservation projects and sustainable farmers. By examining collaborations between land conservationists and sustainable farmers, I examine different models for sustainable land use and ways to maximize the public good gained from conserved properties. By focusing on farms in highly developed areas, I compare how different farms preserve working landscapes and enhance the environmental quality of an area while bringing locally grown produce to different sectors of their communities. To address these questions I examined three farms: a recreated historic garden at the Old Manse in Concord, MA, Urban Oaks Farm in New Britain, CT, and Crystal Spring Farm in Brunswick, ME. After comparing three different models for local groups to conserve open landscape while providing sustainably grown food for their communities, I examine the successes and shortcomings of the different partnerships and make general suggestions for future partnerships.
Burson, Allison, "Eat Your View: How Sustainable Farms Connect Communities to their Food Supply and Landscape" (2007). Honors Theses - All. Paper 7.
© Copyright is owned by author of this document


Romantic Period Essay example
Submitted By purple_twentytwo
Words: 649
Pages: 3
Romanticism doesn't mean lying dreamy-eyed on a patch of clover or gazing wistfully into your lover's eyes. It doesn't refer to romance at all. Romanticism, could be defined as a "Cult of Sensibility". "Sensibility refers to the late 18th century social conventions of the genteel society that relied heavily on the exaggerated expression of emotions". It's direct emphasis on women and children, and the isolation of the Artist or narrator. It was also commonly depicted as something unworthy, and not needing any serious attention. Wordsworths "the Ruined Cottage" depicted a way of life of how during the Industrial Revolution the lives of formerly self-reliant farmers within the Cottage Industry were greatly impacted.
Armytage, tells us the life of Margaret, specifically tells us about the tragic events that follow after her husbands disappearance. The disappearance of her husband is representing the lack of employments, for the people who worked in the Cottage Industry due to the increasing production by the factories during the Industrial Revolution. Margaret's character seems like she is a symbol that represents an entire group of people. She would represent the group that suffered due to the rise of the industrial revolution. She symbolizes what it's like for a person to be excluded from a community.
At the beginning of the Poem, Armytage describes Margaret and her husband as hardworking people, they are happy despite their hardships. Their family consists of Margaret, her husband Robert, and her two young children. Robert was determined in his work. He would be "up and busy at his loom…Ere the last star had vanished" (begin his work before the sun rose (122-125)) Although the life of Margaret's family is not exactly comfortable, there are described as living "in peace and comfort" (131) The cottage Industry was hard work, but this was the only means for peasants to make profit. "Two blighting seasons" and a "plague of war" are all it takes to see "many rich/sunk down as in a dream among the poor, / and of the poor did many cease to be" (134, 136, 141-143) It's implied that the industrialization contributes to the descending conditions of the peasants, along with crummy harvests. Now with the absence of her husband and continuing unemployment, Margaret's life is declining in a state of confusion, isolation, and neglect. This decline is demonstrated when Armytage visits Margaret at her cottage. Margret attempted to bear the adversities when her husband was still there she "went struggling on through those calamitous years/ with cheerful hope" (147-148). But now that her husband is gone


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|Ding, Fujian - UNIV OF KY, VISITING SCI|
Submitted to: Proceedings of SPIE
Publication Type: Proceedings
Publication Acceptance Date: January 20, 2007
Publication Date: February 21, 2007
Repository URL: _URL_
Citation: Ding, F., Chen, Y.R., Chao, K. Development of a wavelength-changeable multi-band color-mixing device and its application. Proceedings of SPIE. Online 02/21/2007. Technical Abstract: Previously, we showed that twoand three-band color-mixing techniques could be used to achieve results optically equivalent to twoand three-band ratios that are normally implemented using multispectral imaging systems, for enhancing identification of single target types against a background and for separation of multiple targets by color or contrast. In this paper, a prototype of a wavelength-changeable twoand three-band color-mixing device is presented and its application is demonstrated. The wavelength-changeable device uses changeable central wavelength bandpass filters and various filter arrangements. The experiments showed that a color-mixing technique implemented in a pair of binoculars coupled with an imager could greatly enhance target identification of color-blindness test cards with hidden numbers and figures as the targets. Target identification of color blindness cards was greatly improved by using two-band color-mixing with filters at 620 nm and 650 nm, which were selected based on the criterion of uniform background. Target identification of a different set of color blindness test cards was also improved using three-band color-mixing with filters at 450 nm, 520 nm, and 632 nm, which were selected based on the criterion of maximum chromaticness difference. These experiments show that color-mixing techniques can significantly enhance electronic imaging and visual inspection.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Scop of MA English literature and linguistics in Pakistan
Pakistan is a progressing country. We have been teaching English as Second language to our students. So, Everyone is curious about the scope of the Master or BS level degree in English in Pakistan. I have explained in detail the concepts associated with the scope of bs in English or MA in English in Pakistan.
Bs and MA english literature and linguistics scope
Scope of BS English / MA English in Pakistan
The difference between MA English and BS English is very minor. BS in English Literature and Linguistics is equal to a Master in English literature and linguistics.
 So, both degrees have the same scope and importance in Pakistan.
Is BS English / MA English a good degree?
MA English is the best degree to choose at master level, it not only polishes your reading and writing abilities but also gives you the best options in your career.
It's not because it is an international language, the main reason is that it is our official language used at educational institutes and courts.
English is a mandatory language for almost every job and a master's degree in English opens several upcoming opportunities.
You can read details about MA English syllabus and subjects in a separate post on this blog.
The degree is of two years offered by several universities and you can attempt it as a private student. The admission criteria differ for each institution but it basically depends upon the graduation marks. You will cover both classical and modern English in these two years.
If you are not interested in English, you can choose a subject from a list of all subjects for Private MA and do an MA in any subjects you want.
Jobs and Careers after MA English
After getting a master's degree in MA English you can show excellence in various fields. A master of the English language is unbeatable in communication skills.
Many companies and firms demand persons to handle national and international communication with clients. If you are holding a degree in MA English following are the major careers you can adopt.
You can do the following jobs after MA English in Pakistan:
1. Teaching:
The first best career for a person who has his major in English is to be a teacher. You can try into the government sector after having a professional education degree.
Teaching at different levels like school, college or a coaching center is a very respectable job. You can attend international teaching seminars to get a job at the best educational institutes.
Instead of traditional teaching, you can work as a remote teacher to help out students in learning English. You can also start writing or spoken English program and teach students online.
This not only makes you in ease but also you can charge a handsome fee for international students.
2. Freelancing:
People are usually looking for a remote job. If you have an English degree your excellence in writing and communication gives you a high opportunity here.
You can work as a Virtual Assistant for different persons. All you need to make an account on a Freelancing platform, make a grabbing profile, get clients, and work anytime and from anywhere.
You can work more than a Virtual Assistant, a Freelance Writer, or a Rewriter, more than it you can do academic research for clients. If you have a good voice, you can also work as an English Voiceover artist.
3. Professional Writer:
Every proposal and record are present in a well-mannered written format in most companies. Different businesses and companies demand a proposal to be properly documented and written in a defined form.
Major companies hire specialists to write their letters, professional E-mails to the clients, and proposals to be documented. A person having a master's in English should try this job.
4. Articulate at a Company:
In the industry, companies need to communicate with each other and with clients. This communication not only confined to document sharing but sometimes it needs to have personal meetings and conversations to attend.
Employees having a high command of their work sometimes lose clients because of poor attitude in communication.
Companies then give jobs to specialists who can handle verbal communication at offices. An English degree holder is the best person to act as a verbal assistant at a company.
5. Content Writer:
This is the era of technology; everything is moving online. Business, firms, and associations are building their Websites and Webpages to reach out to more clients. They need persons to write their content on their websites, day by day changes and writings are required for several areas of a Website.
You can work as a content writer for more than one company. International companies also offer online jobs as Content Writer remotely.
These companies not only offer a good package but also you get experience and can reach out to more clients.
6. Civil Services Jobs and Tests
If you have enough command on English and good at writing skills you can go for a civil service exam like CSS and PMS.
A person with a strong background in English finds it a great option for their future as they have a good knowledge of literature and history. These White-Collar jobs are not only highly paid but also give you a strong position at working place.
BS English is good for CSS as it gives you an excellent writing skill in English. Moreover, you have a sound knowledge of English language and literature which helps you a lot in CSS.
You can read my other post on a Complete guide and information about CSS.
7. Editor:
If you have a high command of English you can work as an Editor at different places. Many offices, law firms, educational institutes, publishing houses, and newspaper publishing places requires a highly skilled and professional editor.
As a MA English degree holder, you can work as an Editor at these places.
Moreover, you can also work as a script editor, web content editor, and indifferent magazine publishing company. Many offices related to publishing also need editors to refine their work.
8. Journalist:
Another well-paid job is being a journalist or to join a media center either print or electronic media. As an MA English degree holder, you can well describe the facts using catching words than others.
You can do research, edit content, write news stories; for magazines, journals, newspapers, and for online media places. You can also join media places as an anchorperson as you have proficient skills in English.
But for journalism, you need to have a good vocabulary, high command on word usage, and expressive in your writing.
Related post: Scope of mass communication in Pakistan
9. English Learning Academy:
If you want to be a self-employer after getting a MA English degree, you have your option. Many people are searching for an English academy or a tutor.
Open your own academy, arrange classes for both English speaking and writing. Both courses are always in demand as people wanted to improve their English skills. You will get a handsome income from this self-employment job.
10. Translator, Proofreader etc
You can apply for this job. You also join Fivver to get you the order for this service. People will hire you to do the translation, proofreading and other content manipulation jobs. But being a success on Fivver is not easy. You can read our post which will help you get your first order on Fivver with simple tips and tricks
Benefits of MA English in Pakistan
The best advantage of having an English degree is that you have a hold on grammar and writing capabilities. This opens a lot of options as you can write whatever you want and covert your ideas in an efficient manner.
If you have some knowledge about SEO, you can also start your website or write articles for others. You can work as a reporter, an Urdu translator, proofreader, and much more.
MA English or BS English salary in Pakistan
The salary of MA English or BS English depends upon the nature of Job and the scope of the company in which you are working.
The salary of an English teacher at secondary level is usually between Rs 20,000 to Rs 30,000. But the colleges offer a higher salary between Rs 30,000-50,000 to English teachers.
Similarly, if you do content editing and translation and proofreading jobs, you may get Rs 30,000 to Rs 50,000 in a month easily.
I hope you will like this article as it covers all the major fields which well suited for a person having its major degree in English. The scope of BS English and MA English is good in Pakistan but it all depends upon your hard work and secondary skills.
You may like to read more about these topics by following the links below:
1. What to do after BA in Pakistan
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Tree Kernels: Quantifying Similarity Among Tree-Structured Data
An in-depth, informative overview of tree kernels, both theoretical and practical. Includes a use case and some code after the discussion.
Tree Kernel Based on Subpaths
The tree kernel above used a horizontal, or breadth-first, approach to converting trees to strings. While this approach is quite simple, this conversion means it cannot operate on the trees directly in their original form.
This section will define a tree kernel that operates on the vertical structures in trees, allowing the kernel to operate on the tree directly.
A subsection of a path from the root to one of the leaves is called a subpath, and a subpath set is the set of all subpaths included in the tree:
Let us assume that we want to define a tree kernel K(T1, T2) between two trees T1 and T2. By using the subpath set, we can define this tree kernel as:
Where nump(T) is the number of of times subpath p occurs in tree T, |p| is the number of nodes in subpath p, and P is the set of all subpaths in T1 and T2. w|p| is the weight, similar to that introduced in the previous section.
Here, we present a simple implementation of this kernel using a depth-first search. Although this algorithm runs in quadratic time, more efficient algorithms exist using suffix trees or suffix arrays, or an extension of the multikey quicksort algorithm, which can achieve linearithmic time ( O(|T1|log|T2|) ) on average:
In this example, we used the weighting parameter w|s| w|p| = 1. This gives all subpaths equal weighting. However, there are many cases when using k-spectrum weighting, or some dynamically assigned weight value, is appropriate.
Before we wrap up, let's briefly look at one real-world application of tree classification: categorization of websites. In many data-mining contexts, it is beneficial to know what "type" of website some data comes from. It turns out that pages from different websites can be categorized quite effectively using trees due to similarities in how web pages for similar services are structured.
How do we do that? HTML documents have a logical nested structure, which is very much like a tree. Each document contains one root element, with additional elements nested inside. Nested elements in an HTML tag are logically equivalent to child nodes of that tag:
Let's take a look at some code that can convert an HTML document into a tree:
This will produce a tree data structure that might look something like this:
The implementation above makes use of a couple of helpful Python libraries: NetworkX, for working with complex graph structures, and Beautiful Soup, for pulling data from the web and manipulating documents.
html_to_dom_tree(soup.find("body")) will return a NetworkX graph object rooted at the
Say we want to find groups in a set of 1,000 website homepages. By converting each homepage into a tree like this, we can compare each, for example by using the subpath tree kernel given in the previous section. With these measurements of similarity, we could find that, for example, e-commerce sites, news sites, blogs, and educational sites are easily identified by their similarity to each other.
In this article, we introduced methods for comparing tree-structured data elements to each other, and showed how to apply kernel methods to trees to get a quantifiable measurement of their similarity. Kernel methods have proven to be an excellent choice when operating in high-dimensional spaces, a common situation when working with tree structures. These techniques set the stage for further analysis of large sets of trees, using well-studied methods that operate over the kernel matrix.
Tree structures are encountered in many real-word areas like XML and HTML documents, chemical compounds, natural language processing, or certain types of users behavior. As demonstrated in the example of constructing trees from HTML, these techniques empower us to perform meaningful analysis in these domains.
Bio: Dino Causevic has over five years of experience as a software developer. For the past two years, he has worked in Java and related technologies, mostly in implementing big data solutions using NoSQL technologies and in implementing REST services. He also has experience with.NET and PCI DSS security standards and with REST solutions using Python combined with established frameworks.
Original. Reposted with permission.


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Drawp for School is a great tool for managing workflow in a one-to-one classroom and can be used across the content areas. With this app students complete tasks designed by the teacher. This can include drawing a picture or labeling a diagram. Drawp is as flexible as paper – it can be used with any subject.
In the science and STEM classrooms students can complete a variety of tasks that demonstrate their understanding. This could include snapping a picture of a plant in a school garden and labeling each part or creating a model of s cell and naming each part. Students can represent data with graphs and charts and show how well they have grasped a concept. Drawp for School lets teachers create engaging and innovative tasks for their students that are tailored to specific tasks in any subject.
Visit Drawp for School's website to learn more!
cross posted at classtechtips.com
Monica Burns is a fifth grade teacher in a 1:1 iPad classroom. Visit her website at classtechtips.com for creative education technology tips and technology lesson plans aligned to the Common Core Standards.


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Units Of Measure
Today's topic is units of measure (those words and symbols that come after numbers).
Page 1 of 2
Today's topic is units of measure—those words and symbols that come after numbers.
Put a Space Between Numbers and Units of Measure
This first point may seem self-evident: you put a space between the number and the unit of measure. Even though it seems obvious, I'm telling you because I've seen people do it wrong, and there are also exceptions to the rule.
For example, if you want to say you threw a ball 100 feet, there is a space between the number 100 and the whole word feet. Obvious, right? But what if you use the abbreviation ft. instead of the word feet? It's the same rule: there's a space between 100 and ft., and if you just think of the abbreviation as the word, it should be easy to remember, but I've seen them squished together without a space many times.
Most style guides do recommend writing out units of measure (e.g., the word feet instead of the abbreviation ft.) unless you are writing a technical or scientific document, but abbreviations are acceptable in tables in other kinds of writing too.
Degrees and Percentages
Sometimes I think people get confused because there are a few exceptions to that rule—percent, degrees, and foot and inch symbols—but it helps to remember that these exceptions occur when you are using symbols instead of abbreviations. For example, if you are writing out the words 100 degrees, there is a space between the number 100 and the word degrees, but if you are using the degree symbol, that little superscript circle, you butt it right up against the number without any spaces in between (100°—no space). The same holds true if you want to use the percent sign. Even though you use a space when you are writing out the word percent, if you use the percent sign, it goes right after the number without any spaces (100%—no space). It's the same for the foot and inch symbols (those little prime and double prime marks). If you write four feet five inches with symbols (4'5''), it's written all together.
Units of Measure in Compound Modifiers
For the next point, let's go back to talking about feet. The singular is obviously foot, and the plural is usually feet, but when you are using it as a compound modifier, you use the singular. For example, you would say that Squiggly climbed a tree that was 10 feet tall.* But you don't say Squiggly ran up a 10-feet tree—you say Squiggly ran up a 10-foot tree. I don't have a good explanation for why—that's just the way it is. (If you know why, please leave a comment!) That's also true for other units of measure such as inches and pounds. Squiggly was running from a 100-pound monster, and he was terrified of its 10-inch tentacles.
Similarly, the abbreviations for units of measure are the same whether the units are singular or plural. The abbreviation is ft. whether it is foot or feet. Occasionally you will see an s after the abbreviation for pounds, lbs. For example, the AP Stylebook notes that lbs. is sometimes used in sports such as weightlifting, (1) but in most cases, the s isn't necessary.
Should You Put a Period After Abbreviations?
Although it's technically a style choice, most US style guides recommend putting periods after abbreviations for English units of measure such as feet, inches, and pounds. (2, 3) In general, it's more common to use periods in the US than in Britain. (4) With the metric system, or more formally the International System of Units, you never use a period after the abbreviations. (5)
Next: Why Is Pound Abbreviated "Lb"?


Genius Puzzles:: Hard Math Puzzles With Answers
Hard Math Puzzles #1 - Beggars Cant Be Choosers
Difficulty Level Popularity Quotient
As they say, beggars can't be choosers, in fact begger take what they can get. A begger on the street can make one cigarette out of every 6 cigarette butts he finds. After one whole day of searching and checking public ashtrays the begger finds a total of 72 cigarette butts. How many cigarettes can he make and smoke from the butts he found?
Hard Math Puzzles #2 - Seven Digit Number Puzzle
Difficulty Level Popularity Quotient
Can you find a seven digit number which describes itself.
The first digit is the number of zeros in the number.
The second digit is the number of ones in the number, etc.
For example, in the number 21200, there are 2 zeros, 1 one, 2 twos, 0 threes and 0 fours.
Hard Math Puzzles #3 - Well Known Hens Eggs Problem
Difficulty Level Popularity Quotient
A chicken farmer has figured out that a hen and a half can lay an egg and a half in a day and a half. How many hens does the farmer need to produce one dozen eggs in six days?
Hard Math Puzzles #4 - Find The Next Number In The Series
Difficulty Level Popularity Quotient
Find Next Number in the Series
2 9 3 1 8 4 3 6 5 7?
Hard Math Puzzles #5 - Nice Mathematics Riddle
Difficulty Level Popularity Quotient
Aishwarya Rai walks into a bank to cash out her check.
By mistake the bank teller gives her dollar amount in change, and her cent amount in dollars.
On the way home she spends 5 cent, and then suddenly she notices that she has twice the amount of her check.
How much was her check amount?
Hard Math Puzzles #6 - Very Hard Maths Riddle
Difficulty Level Popularity Quotient
Can you find the smallest positive number such that if you shuffle the digits of the number in a particular order, the shuffled number becomes twice the original number.
Hard Math Puzzles #7 - Tricky Math Race Riddle
Difficulty Level Popularity Quotient
Rooney beats Hernandez by 20 meters.
Hernandez beats Robin by 20 meters.
How many meters does Rooney beat Robin by?
Hard Math Puzzles #8 - Math Handshake Riddle
Difficulty Level Popularity Quotient
At a party, everyone shook hands with everybody else. There were 66 handshakes. How many people were at the party?
Hard Math Puzzles #9 - Indian Scientist Magical Number Puzzle
Difficulty Level Popularity Quotient
Ramanujan found out that 1729 is a magical number.
What so magical about it?
Hard Math Puzzles #10 - Beneficiary Maths Puzzle
Difficulty Level Popularity Quotient
Population of the pagalpur village is 500.
Its a very poor village so sahara group organized a beneficiary cricket match for these people.
The event raised Rs300000.
Tickets were priced as follows:
Rs 748 for males
Rs 712 for ladies
Rs 45 for kids
How many males,ladies and kids were there?


text:
An innovative assessment requires an objective evaluation of all the factors that could affect the process from idea generation to successful implementation.
Areas that should be evaluated as part of any innovation assessment should include:
- Identify all the factors that are either feeding or starving innovation in your organization.
- Define how your customers or clients needs require you to change your business mode.
- Recognize the technology available to provide you new opportunities for innovation.
- Understand the difference between change and innovation.
- Develop a process for encouraging and permitting new ideas to be heard in your organization.
- Identify where you sit on the innovation structure scale (predictability vs. creativity).
- Ascertain any possible constraints (staff, group, organization, market etc.) that would inhibit identifying & implementing innovation.
- Discover how your employees perceive innovation and make part of every person's job description.
- Recognize how your employee award system can drive or hinder greater creative thinking.


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Q & A
Cold Laser Power Levels And Their Effect On Cold Laser Therapy
This article is a common sense guide to the importance of power in cold lasers. To illustrate a point, I want to give you a slightly off-the-wall example about electromagnetic power levels and how they interact with certain opjects.
Microwave ovens are a widely accepted device that is based on using the transmission of electromagnetic waves to put energy into object. This object can be tissue like animal meat. Microwave ovens use the fact that 2.4 GHz (way lower than a cold laser) waves naturally excite molecules of waters deep inside an object. Almost every microwave oven has different power levels. If you want to cook your food faster, you increase the power level.
This higher the power level, the more power is transferred into the object and the faster is finishes the process. In many cases, the big difference between a low-power and a high-power laser is treatment time but in some cases, the treatment time can be so great that the product will never reach an appropriate energy density in a resonalble amount of time.
Now let us take a look at cold lasers:
- Operate at a very different wavelength (800nM vs. 2.4GhZ)
- Are much lower power level (50 watt vs. 1500 watts)
- Are designed to promote healing and not generate heat
With these differences in mind, we can see that there is still one area in common. In both cases, power is the main factor in determining how much energy is transferred into the target in a reasonable time.
- In high-power surgical lasers, we know they transfer enough energy to the tissue to cut and burn it.
- We know that lasers are regulated based on the power level and wavelengths they produce.
If we add up these factors, we may conclude that power is a critical factor in the effect that lasers have on tissue. With most products, the goal is to maximize the power transfer to the tissue to maximize healing without any risk of thermal damage.
Another illustration is the common light bulb. The power level (measured in the wattage of the bulb) is clearly displayed on every box so users can select the right power level for their application. Since light energy is absorbed and diffused as it travels through a medium, it is important to find the right power level for each application. A higher power-level output device (or bulb) will have a larger effect on the conditions of a room. Cold Lasers work in a similar way.
The higher the power level of the laser, the greater the effect on the tissue.
Lasers can be extremely powerful and they are regulated. In fact, Laser are classified based on their power, wavelength and possible exposure time.
Classes of Lasers
In general, the classifications of laser were specified by IEC 60825-1 in 08-19-07. Lasers are classified by wavelength and maximum output power but the following classes of lasers are based on the lasers ability to produce damage in exposed people, from class 1 (no hazard during normal use) to class 4 (severe hazard for eyes and skin). Classes 2 and higher must have the triangular warning label and other labels are required in specific cases indicating laser emission, laser apertures, skin hazards, and invisible wavelengths. The MPE or Maximum Permissible Exposure is based on the combined effect of power, wavelength and time (powered on).
- Class 1
A class 1 laser is safe under all conditions of normal use. This means the maximum permissible exposure cannot be exceeded in normal operation. The MPE is measured at the cornea of the human eye or at the skin, for a given wavelength and exposure time. The maximum emission is also related to the pulse duration in the case of pulsed lasers and the degree of spatial coherence. Most LEDs are Class 1.
- Class 1M
A Class 1M laser is safe for all conditions of use except when passed through magnifying optics such as microscopes and telescopes. Class 1M lasers produce large-diameter beams, or beams that are divergent. The MPE for a Class 1M laser cannot normally be exceeded unless focusing or imaging optics are used to narrow the beam. If the beam is refocused, the hazard of Class 1M lasers may be increased and the product class may be changed. A laser can be classified as Class 1M if the total output power is below class 3B but the power that can pass through the pupil of the eye is within Class 1.
- Class 2
A Class 2 laser is safe because the blink reflex will limit the exposure to less than 0.25 seconds. It only applies to visible-light lasers (400â??700 nm). Class-2 lasers are limited to 1 mW continuous wave, or more if the emission time is less than 0.25 seconds or if the light is not spatially coherent. Intentional suppression of the blink reflex could lead to eye injury. Many laser pointers are class 2.
- Class 2M
A Class 2M laser is safe because of the blink reflex if not viewed through optical instruments. As with class 1M, this applies to laser beams with a large diameter or large divergence, for which the amount of light passing through the pupil cannot exceed the limits for class 2.
- Class 3R
A Class 3R laser is considered safe if handled carefully, with restricted beam viewing. With a class 3R laser, the MPE can be exceeded, but with a low risk of injury. Visible continuous lasers in Class 3R are limited to 5 mW. For other wavelengths and for pulsed lasers, other limits apply.
- Class 3B
A Class 3B laser are hazardous if the eye is exposed directly, but diffuse reflections, such as from matte surfaces like paper, are not harmful. Continuous lasers in the wavelength range from 315 nm and up are limited to 0.5 W. For pulsed lasers between 400 and 700 nm, the limit is 30 mJ. Other limits apply to other wavelengths and to ultrashort pulsed lasers. Protective eyewear is typically required where direct viewing of a class 3B laser beam may occur.
- Class 4
Class 4 lasers include all lasers with beam power greater than class 3B. In addition to posing significant eye hazards, with potentially devastating and permanent eye damage as a result of direct beam viewing, diffuse reflections are also harmful to the eyes within the distance called the Nominal Hazard Zone. Class 4 lasers are also able to cut or burn skin. In addition, these lasers may ignite combustible materials, and thus represent a fire risk.
There is not one solution for every applications but one thing seems to ring true, power level is an important fact when selecting a cold laser.


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Temperate Deciduous Forest
An Amazing Ecosystem
Deciduous forests can be found in the eastern half of North America, and the middle of Europe. There are many deciduous forests in Asia. Some of the major areas that they are in are southwest Russia, Japan, and eastern China. South America has two big areas of deciduous forests in southern Chile and Middle East coast of Paraguay. There are deciduous forests located in New Zealand, and southeastern Australia also.
One thing that is interesting about this biome and its climate is that it has four distinct seasons; spring, summer, autumn, and winter. Most deciduous forests have mild summers averaging about 70 °F. Summer months usually begin in early June and end in late August. Winter months don't begin until December. Winter temperatures are fairly cool with an average temperature of a little below freezing. Almost all of the world's deciduous forest is located by an ocean. The ocean and the wind are two big factors of why the temperature and climate change so much in this biome.


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1The study of the use and characteristics of missiles.
- Yet, it was one of Goddard's 'firsts' in the now booming significance of rocket propulsion in the fields of military missilery and the scientific exploration of space.
- Suggestions that modern developments in missilery make it unnecessary for us to have bases overseas might be quoted from surviving massive retaliationists, but also from The Liberal Papers.
- The branch can concentrate more objectively on a balanced career for its officers, knowing that its prime responsibilities lie in one path, that of missilery and radar electronics.
- The album focuses on the role of top-rank designers in creating missilery and the Baikonur's infrastructure components.
- Israel did not realize, the full scale of the accommodated missilery and should have known and been prepared to deal with it.
- I've been around missilery for a long time, and in my mind it is the most spectacular piece of missilery that has ever been done.
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: mis|sil¦ery
Definition of missilery in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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The St. Francois County
ELECTRIC RAILROAD WAS
A LINK TO COUNTY PROGRESS
Journal, Flat River, Mo., Monday, March 19, 1979
article in the 1909 Detailed Financial Report
of St. Francois County
should be forgiven if it took too much for granted. But it
to underscore the importance of railroad transportation in the first
decades of the 20th century. "In addition to these (the
had mentioned other railroad lines) we have the St. Francois County
Electric Railway, connecting the county seat and the lead belt with the
St. L.I..& S. at Delassus, the M.R. & B.T. at Flat
the I.S. at Esther," the article said.
"The probabilities are that when the
Number' of this pamphlet will be issued, and the history in
respect recorded, it will tell of trolley lines from St. Louis through
the lead belt of St. Francois County and on to the county seat,
connecting here with points south and southwest of us." The
vision of the pamphlet's author Joseph A. Lawrence, never
materialized. Today Farmington has no railroad connections at all.
But for over five decades, the city had its own commuter and freight
system. Trolleys at one time hauled passengers to Flat River to work in
the mines, returning them in the evening. Links were achieved
with the other railroads, providing shipment routes to points in all
directions for the town. But the dream of Lawrence and the founders of
the line in Farmington disappeared as other surface transportation
achieved dominance in the area. Today, only along North
are rails of the line still found protruding through the
pavement. Over the remainder of its former run, strips of
blacktop between concrete lanes or the telltale cracking of asphalt
streets provide a remainder of the bygone days.
From March 1901, when a group of civic leaders proposed the
November 1957, when the last train pulled through town, the trolley and
later, diesels, were a familiar sight. Its longest route covered the
distance from Delassus to Flat River. The railroad
spurs to take cars to the notable businesses in the town. Just for a
second in this historic look backward, a trip on the railroad is
required. It will provide a glimpse of the road as it was.
The three railroads mentioned by initials in the Detailed
Report were the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern, the Mississippi
River and Bonne Terre and the Illinois Southern. Today, the
Louis and Iron Mountain, better known as the Belmont branch of the
Missouri Pacific, is out of service. The Illinois Southern is
Missouri-Illinois Railroad, which indirectly serves Farmington with a
freight siding at Ogborn Junction north of town. The Bonne
route is now owned by Missouri Pacific. Most of the M.R.
B.T. road was torn out, but parts of it are used in Mo Pac connections
The county railroad line started at Delassus where a siding
for connection with the Belmont. It intersected Columbia
at the area around the Clardy Farm and State Highway Department
shed. From there, it moved up Columbia Street to swing around
county courthouse. Its Farmington depot is now the site of
IGA on North Washington Street. The line turned on Spring
running west to A Street before turning north. Money troubles plagued
the line from the very start. The county electric railroad
link to county progress. From A Street the tracks turned west onto
North Street and then headed north again on Potosi Street. The line
left town along Potosi Street, heading past its powerhouse, which was
located near where the intersection of Electric Place and Potosi would
be, if Potosi was extended. The journey went to Hurryville,
following the Hurryville Road where several bridges still stand,
railless but looking fully capable of holding the weight. Once the
right of way reached Hurryville, it originally turned west to parallel
the present Missouri-Illinois tracks. In Esther it linked
mine spurs and later, to the Missouri-Illinois tracks. The last leg of
the longest run would take the train, first in 1906, to the Illinois
Southern depot and later, via a spur that crossed Flat River Creek and
through and behind the city's central business district to
M.R.& B.T. railroad station that now serves at the Flat River
Police Department building.
The reason an electric railway became necessary for the city
because of voter frugality. By 1856, the St. Louis and Iron
Mountain had a link to Pilot Knob, allowing a stage coach connection to
Farmington. But voters of the city in 1869 turned down a bond
issue that would have brought the Belmont branch through
Instead, it moved on the outskirts of Delassus and south of the city.
That line is the right of way that crosses Route W just outside
Delassus and Highway 67 south of the city sewage treatment facility.
Attempts continued, unsuccessfully, to get a rail connection
town. One railroad went broke trying to get to
a narrow gauge line was turned down; and a new attempt was being made
to approve a rail connection when the citizens took matters into their
own hands. "The Brief Authentic History of St. Francois
County," a work put together during the Depression by J. Tom
Miles, reported, "The St.Francois County Electric Railway
was formed in March 1901, by Peter Giessing, H. Sleeth, J.P. Cayce,
W.R. Lang, M.L. Clardy, John Giessing, Thos. Lang, Louis Miller, W.F.
Doss, A.T. Nixon, J.M. Morris, Dr. E.C. McCormick and others.
the first annual meeting of the board Peter Giessing was made president
and J.W. Buck, secretary, and actual work was begun in 1902.
"The power house was erected, machinery installed,
and the road
completed from Delassus to the power house, a distance of four and
twenty-six hundredths miles when the money gave out because the company
was unable to sell al of the bonds." Financial problems would
continue to plague the company. But despite changes in
the first official run of the train was made on July 24, 1904. At 10:11
a.m. that day, the first electric car rumbled down the
street. Thomas Lang Sr. turned the
controller which started the journey from the train sheds in Delassus
to the powerplant. The car was in charge of
Rickard and conductor Guy Tullock. "In six minutes the city
limits had been reached," history book said, "and
stop was at the Presbyterian Church. At the post
(then in the building now occupied by Mercantile Bank) there was a stop
of several minutes for a photography contest. John Doughty
the prize of 10 tickets for the best amateur photograph of the first
car. "The run continued to the power house and an inspection
made. At 11 o'clock a return to the depot was made in time
all to attend church who wished to go."
The work of the railroad, both as a passenger and freight
expanded with the needs of Farmington's businesses.
the stockholders and managers of the company had interests because of
their businesses. The company built a siding to the Farmington State
Hospital, which would supply the company most of its operating funds
through the hauling of coal to the powerplant there. A spur was added
to bring the line down East College Street to Middle Street, where it
moved sought to Harrison Street. There it served the Schramm
and Creamery Co., and its coal bins, the Farmington Milling Co. (the
old mill next to the swimming pool that was razed in 1978) and Lang and
Brothers wagon works. Also, its turn through College Street west gave
access to the Giessing Milling Co. (also razed in 1978).
town, on the north end, it passed the DeForrest Oil Co.
As mentioned, the railway's early financial status
good. It switched hands and went in and out of
until 1912, when it was purchased by the M.R.& B.T.
time, the cost of the complete railroad was valued at $366,170. The
line returned to local ownership in 1926, when 20 businessmen put up
working capital of $20,000. Listed stockholders were M.P.
president; C.H. Giessing, vice president and business manager; G.B.
Snider, F.W. Schramm, D.F. Giessing, C.E. Rozier, W.R. Lang, P.A. Shaw
estate, L.H. Williams, W.C. Fisher, Morris Brothers, George Tetley,
C.A. Tetley estate, O.J. Mayberry, B.T. Gentges, C.Y. White, E.J.
Lawrence, Henry Giessing and Klein Grocer Co.
group also improved the railroad and shortened its
route from Hurryville to Esther was abandoned, and a link with the
Illinois Southern was achieved in Hurryville. The first
gasoline-powered engine, a used locomotive, was added to the line. The
company


A Couple of Things, and a Couple More
The word couple literally means "two," but it is often used to mean "an indefinite small number." So if you were to say, "I only have a couple of dollars," you would probably not be called out if you really had three or four.
However, your friend the grammar stickler might take exception if you said you had "a couple dollars." Although "a couple dollars" is common in everyday speech, traditionalists insist on "a couple of dollars." And since a couple of dollars doesn't sound stuffy or pretentious, why leave of out?
But things get tricky when couple is used with words and phrases of comparison, such as more, fewertoo many, too few. Many people would say a couple of more dollars, but in that construction the of is dropped: a couple more dollars and a couple too few dollars are correct. However, if we slightly revise those phrases, of must be put back: a couple of dollars more and a couple of dollars too few are correct.
When the noun couple refers to two people, you often see it used as a singular: The couple was having dinner. But the more one writes, the more one discovers that with couple the plural verb should be used unless there is an excellent reason not to.
While it is true that The couple was having dinner is unobjectionable, what if we expand the sentence a bit. If the subject of a sentence starts out singular, it should remain singular. So if we wanted to say where the dinner took place, we would be forced to write The couple was having dinner in its home. That is atrocious, but so is The couple was having dinner in their home. Therefore, make it The couple were having dinner in their home. And make couple plural whenever possible (which is most of the time). You'll be in good company.
We recently heard from a reader who objected to a sentence she found in one of our online quizzes: We'll hire the applicant whom we talked with. She urgently informed us that "you do not end a sentence with a preposition!!!!"
This "rule" is the Walking Dead of English-grammar superstitions—a festering pest that cannot be destroyed. We are scolded about it at least once a year, and without exception those who upbraid us offer no evidence to substantiate their claims. (That is because none exists.) So we hereby challenge anyone who still swears by this dubious principle to relocate the preposition in this sentence: Speak when you are spoken to.
20 Comments on A Couple of Things, and a Couple More
20 responses to "A Couple of Things, and a Couple More"
 1. Janice says:
 Is it a couples' banquet or a couple's banquet? I would hate to correct and be the one who needs correcting.
 2. Ramses IV says:
 Good devil! And I thought that the Portugese grammar was a nuts matter! Thanks for the savant clarifications. So it's not wrong to say: I had a couple of days off to sort things out?
 3. MK Harman says:
 Which is correct: a couple of more thoughts OR a couple more thoughts?
 4. David Teems says:
 The CMS (15th ed.) says, "Using COUPLE as an adjective is poor phrasing. Add OF (We watched a COUPLE OF movies). Hollywood particularly seems to have accepted the use of the word "couple," without the preposition "of." It is maddening to hear phrases like "a couple days" instead of "a couple of days," and so on. It is even more hideous to see it in print. Shudder. When we speak the word "couple" as in "a couple hours" the preposition seems to be there, though it is not. It is an illusion. To say "cup coffee" has the same effect. You almost hear the preposition though, again, it is absent. The deception is aural.
 5. Mark says:
 Speak when you are spoken to. At the risk of proven wrong with your challange, I submit the sentence below, removing the ending preposition. Is this acceptable?
 When spoken to, you may speak.
 - Your sentence does not solve the problem. Those who believe the discredited rule about prepositions at the end of a sentence would still object, because the preposition (they say) must always be followed by its object. Your preposition is followed by a comma. We used that sentence to show that English is not meant to follow Latin rules. English is a Germanic language, and such languages commonly place prepositions after their objects, and at the end of sentences.
 6. Chris says:
 The "couple was" problem is an example of why the British English system of notional agreement (synesis) is better than the American English system of unnecessarily formal agreement. Sense should trump form.
 7. Steven says:
 Speak only after someone has spoken to you.
 8. Sara says:
 "Speak when someone speaks to you."
 Ending a sentence with a preposition drives me crazy!
 - Nice try, but no soap. You had to rewrite the sentence.
 Our point was that in English, as with other Germanic languages, a preposition ending a sentence is the most natural thing in the world. What drives us crazy is the time wasted avoiding something that is perfectly acceptable. In this case, you have taken a clear, simple sentence that everyone has heard and seen many times, and unnecessarily replaced it with a clumsy paraphrase.
 - Dr. Jazz Normand says:
 "Speak when addressed." No, it doesn't have the alliteration. But it's correct grammar. (And yes, it's correct to begin a sentence with but or and.) However, you point out the complexities of English verbs that take prepositions, e.g. 'to point out.' Another is 'to be up to' as in "What are you up to?" English grammar is fun!
 - Your sentence is indeed "correct grammar," but so was our sentence. Our point was that the preposition in Speak when you are spoken to cannot be relocated, and it is pointless to rewrite clear, grammatical sentences in service to some daft, discredited superstition.
 9. Jared says:
 Thanks for this blog post. I was wondering about the extension of this concept to "group," "team," "family," etc. In these cases I'm much more likely to use "its," even if sounds a little awkward. "The team was practicing in its stadium," or "The family was piling into its minivan." Or would these be better as plurals as well?
 Also, I've noticed that Brits often take the approach of using a plural to refer to groups, even without a phrase of comparison. For instance, "The family are eating dinner," "The group are against that idea," or even with companies, "Morgan Stanley are keen to move forward." I was wondering if you had any thoughts on this? I always try to avoid plurals and go with singular in these cases, but I thought that was American English versus British.
 Thanks again!
 10. Chuck says:
 What about the phrase, we will couple the train cars together. Than it is used as a verb, and means a action. It does not mean two. Am I correct?
Leave a Comment or Question:


text:
A large-volume microfiltration system for isolating suspended particulate organic matter: fabrication and assessment versus GFF filters in central North Pacific
Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 7:64-80 (2009) | DOI: 10.4319/lom.2009.7.64
ABSTRACT: We describe the construction and testing of a home-built ultrafiltration (UF) system, based on commercially available hollow fiber polysulfone membranes, for isolation of suspended particulate organic matter (POMsusp) from large volumes (200010,000 L) of ocean water. The overall apparatus consists of two sequential UF steps: a main filtration system (100 L reservoir) driven by a stainless steel centrifugal pump, and a subsequent reduction/diafiltration system (2 L reservoir) driven by a peristaltic pump. The system can be readily assembled using off-the-shelf parts at a fraction of the cost of commercial UF systems. Our system functioned comparably to previously described commercial units. We conducted a series of tests using both surface (21 m) and mesopelagic (674 m) N. Pacific central seawater from ocean pipeline sources at the Natural Energy Laboratory Authority of Hawaii (NELHA), while simultaneously collecting GFF-POM samples. We evaluated flow rates, fouling behavior, carbon and nitrogen recoveries and compositions, and also bacteria and virus retention of ultrafiltered-POM (UPOM) using both 0.1 µm and 500 kilodalton pore size membranes. We also compared composition of UPOM versus GFF-POM, finding clear differences, which also varied between surface and mesopelagic waters. Finally, to evaluate the appeal of large-volume filtrations at NELHA to study central N. Pacific Gyre POMsusp, we compared our data with offshore station ALOHA.


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Keep Things Running Well with Fuel System Services
The fuel system is a critical part of your vehicle's internal combustion process. Whether it runs on gas or diesel, it has a fuel system that collects and distributes fuel to the appropriate parts of the engine. Without this process working as it should, your vehicle generates no power and can't move.
We have a full list of fuel system services designed to keep your car, truck, or other vehicle moving. Whether you're looking for help maintaining your fuel system components or have a repair need, our mechanics can get the job done.
Components of the Fuel System
Without fuel, your vehicle can't move. The work of the engine comes to a grinding halt when something is wrong with the fuel system. The components of this critical system include:
Fuel Tank – The fuel tank stores the fuel. It contains baffles that help keep the fuel from sloshing around when the vehicle stops and starts.
Fuel Pump – This pumps fuel from the tank and sends it through the fuel lines.
Fuel Lines – These hoses and steel lines move the fuel from the fuel tank to the engine.
Fuel Filter – Filters contaminants and particles out of the fuel to give you the best possible gas mileage.
Keeping all of these things running as they were designed is essential to keeping your car on the move. Over time, wear and tear on the fuel system can hurt your gas mileage and cause more serious problems with your vehicle, but we can assist with fuel system services. Whether you need repair or maintenance, our mechanics can get the job done.
Common Problems with Fuel Systems
If your fuel system has an issue, you may notice subtle signs or serious ones. Some things to look for that may indicate a fuel system problem include:
Changes in Gas Mileage – Minor problems with your fuel system can change your car's efficiency. If you're needing to fill up more often than usual.
Poor Start – If the car is having trouble starting, or won't start at all, a problem with the fuel system is possible. If the internal combustion process isn't working, the vehicle cannot run.
Misfiring or Stalling – Again, there are many things that can cause a misfire or stall, but problems with the fuel system is one of those things.
Hesitation – Does your car feel like it's hesitating when you drive? A dirty air filter can cause this common problem, as can other issues with the fuel system.
EGR Deposits – A Common Fuel System Problem
One of the most common problems you can have with your fuel system relates to exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) carbon deposits. During the internal combustion process, soot or carbon is created. This can build up in the system, and the build-up acts like a sponge, soaking up fuel. This tricks the car's computer into thinking it is running on low fuel levels, so it signals the fuel system to deliver more fuel. This causes you to use more fuel than you should in normal operation, and it causes the fuel system to work harder. Keeping your fuel system well maintained and replacing the fuel filter every 20,000 miles can help prevent this problem.
Comprehensive Fuel System Services
If you suspect fuel system problems or wish to avoid them through better maintenance, our team is here to help. With expert diagnostics and repair services, we can get to the bottom of your fuel system problems and offer effective repair solutions.
We offer a full list of fuel system services. At the first sign of trouble with your fuel system, give us a call. Let us keep you moving with a fully functional fuel system.


Political Science | Pol of Wilderness & Nat Parks
Y401 | 3707 | Tilton
 As midwesterners, we sometimes fail to appreciate how controversial
the politics of national parks and wilderness can be. Caught up in the
Stegner) and the general support of the l964 Wilderness Act, we miss the
in-fighting over park appropriations, boundaries, inholdings,
and development as well as the contentious western politics surrounding the
designation of Bureau of Land Management wilderness under the 1976 Federal
Land Policy Management Act. In this course we will examine the history of
national park and wilderness policy and survey current problems and policy.
We may briefly compare some foreign systems with the United States. I hope
to arrange a field trip to the Deam Wilderness (Indiana's only wilderness).
On this expedition we will consult with government personnel, but will also
feel an obligation to experience the natural setting that causes all the
excitement! Some of our central issues will be: What land gets set aside
as national parks or wilderness, and why? How has the federal domain
evolved and how do the holdings of the Forest Service, the National Park
Service, the Bureau of Land Management, and other federal agencies affect
the politics of states and the nation as a whole? How has the
preservationist idea evolved? How well does the national government succeed
in preserving ecosystems?
What is "wilderness" and how should it be managed? How much should there
be? What sort of constituency is there for national parks and wilderness
and what is its future? Students will be expected to contribute to the
discussion of these issues and to produce a research paper on an issue of
this sort. I will try to set a good example by reporting on my own research
into the fascinating controversy over wilderness designation in Utah.


Quarterly scientific journal
The global burden of mental disorders and the need to improve the quality of mental health services
Μagdalini Triantafyllidou
Introduction: Mental disorders are one of the main causes of the overall disease burden worldwide as it is estimated that one of four people will experience a mental health problem in their lifetime. Purpose: The purpose of the current article is to present the extent of the impact of mental disorders on personal health as well as the factors that afflict health. Furthermore it aims to describe the need of integration of the World Health Organization's (WHO's) recommendations into health policies in order to improve the quality of mental health services. Material and Methods: The methodology that was followed in this paper was the review of Greek and international bibliography on the PubMed, Scopus and Medline databases on the subject of quality of health services and the presentation of the latest data in the global burden of mental disorders as well as in the socio-economic factors that affect mental health. Moreover, WHO recommendations for the improvement of mental health services quality and the changes in mental health legislation that Greek government introduced in 2017, are presented. Results: The negative mental health impacts urge the adoption of WHO's recommendations by introducing measures that focus on improving quality in mental health services. In Greece, the most recent attempt to reform mental health services is intended to help improve the quality of mental health services. However, it does not appear to be in line with WHO's recommendations as necessary quality improvement components, such as the efficiency and evaluation criteria, are absent. Conclusions: Overcoming the administrative deficiencies of the healthcare system in Greece is of great importance for the national adaptation policy processes in improving the quality of mental health services.
Keywords: Quality of healthcare and mental healthcare services, WHO's recommendations, administrative reform of mental health services, global burden of mental disorders
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A Suffolk farmer is believed to have become the first human victim of 'rabbit flu', following his death earlier this month.
A post-mortem examination of John Freeman, from Aspall in Suffolk, discovered that the young farmer has been infected with the bacteria pasteurella multocida, which causes flu-like symptoms in rabbits.
Although a common animal infection, it is not thought that there have been any other instances of animal-to-human transmission, although a few non-fatal cases caught from cats and dogs are recorded.
Mr Freeman is though to have unwittingly contracted the infection from a dead rabbit on his farm. He developed flu-like symptoms soon afterwards, and then collapsed days later as a result of septicaemia.
If caught early enough, the infection can be quickly treated with antibiotics, preventing it from entering the bloodstream.
However, problems arise when the infection is caught less obviously, from a cut or graze rather than through an animal bite.


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Can I make a request for a topic? Since you're the resident expert on the theory of the firm, can you write something about any work that's been done on risk averse firms? (I.e. in contrast to the standard assumption about risk neutral firms). Does the risk neutrality assumption have any major implications for standard economic theory?I've been away but now I'm back at home I can attempt a rough answer. Better late than never, I hope.
Back in 1974 when discussing the topic of 'risk, uncertainty, and the firm' Michael Crew wrote,
Like growth theory of the firm, the theory of the firm under uncertainty is not highly developed. Much of it is speculative.And not much has changed since then, the theory still isn't that well developed. Knightian uncertainty rather than risk has become more important to the modern theories of the firm.
While little has been written on the topic of risk and uncertainty to do with the firm, the amount is not zero. Back in 1970, for example, Lintner wrote a paper in which pricing decisions of the firm are made on a fully rational profit maximising basis subject to risk aversion with respect to the uncertain profits involved. Assume the uncertainty is due to uncertainty to do with demand. It is uncertainty about the quantity that will be sold. Under the assumptions Lintner makes he can show, not surprisingly, that for a given price change the higher the degree of risk aversion the greater is the increase in expected profits profits requires by a firm (decision maker) in order to induce it to accept greater profits uncertainty. Also the effects of risk aversion on price and output are such that prices are lower when (1) the greater the uncertainty and (2) the greater the risk aversion the closer the price gets to marginal cost and thus the further a firms gets from the monopoly outcome. In addition Lintner can show that the greater the uncertainty about sales and volumes and the greater the risk aversion of the decision maker the greater will be the expected quantity sold.
Different forms of uncertainty can deliver different results. If uncertainty is about realised prices, rather than quantities, then Day, Aigner and Smith show that price is set higher than the monopoly outcome, the greater the degree of risk aversion.
Marcus Asplund has a 2002 paper on 'risk-averse firms in oligopoly'. Does risk aversion lead to softer or fiercer competition? This paper provides a framework that accommodates a wide range of alternative assumptions regarding the nature of competition and types of uncertainty. It shows how risk aversion influences firms' best-response strategies. Only in the case of marginal cost uncertainty does higher risk aversion make competition unambiguously softer. The risk-averse best response strategies depend on the level of fixed costs. This fact is used to analyse strategic investments in capacity and the importance of accumulated profits. The paper concludes with a discussion of ways of empirically testing for risk-averse behaviour in oligopoly.
In more modern approaches to the firm the work of Frank Knight on risk and the firm has been developed. The standard view of Knight's rationale for the existence of the firm doesn't depend on profit, but on risk, or more accurately, risk distribution. The entrepreneur forms a firm as a way of specialising in risk-taking. Employees receive a stipulated income and the entrepreneur takes the residual income of the firm and thereby bears most of the risk associated with uncertainty about the future. The advantage of the firm, according to the standard view, is that there are gains to be made from this distribution of risk between the entrepreneur and the firm's employees. The profit and loss consequences of fluctuations in the business outcomes can be better absorbed by the entrepreneur than the employees. The entrepreneur contracts to pay a fixed wage to workers, thereby protecting them from the fluctuations in business outcomes. Knight sees this as efficient since the entrepreneur is less averse to bearing risk. Presumably, risk is not handled as well without firms.
Other views of Knight have been put forward in papers by Barzel and McManus. Each puts forward a moral hazard explanation for the Knightian firm. The firm arises here because, for certain kinds of risks, the functions of risk taking and management are inseparable due to the prohibitively high costs of enforcing constraints that would induce one individual, the manager, to maximise the wealth of another, the risk-taker. As noted in the distribution of risk story above, firms are one way of specialising in risk-taking. Knight was aware of contractual and insurance arrangements as alternatives to the firm as ways of specialising in risk-taking but thought, because of the moral hazard problems, they were particularly costly to enforce in the case of risks of enterprise and hence the need for the creation of a firm. Presumably monitoring the manager is easier for the risk-taker in a firm that it is on the market.
In 1991 Holmström and Milgrom made two observations to do with the firm and its (risk-averse) employees. First, they note that there are a number of ways that an employee can spend their time, many of which can be of value to an employer. But if these multiple activities compete for the worker's attention then the incentives offered for each of the activities must be comparable. Otherwise, the employee will put most effort into those things that are most well compensated and put less effort into the others activities. The second observation relates to the provision of strong incentives to a risk-averse employee. Providing strong financial incentives is costly because it loads extra risk into the worker's pay. In addition, the cost is greater the more difficult it is to measure performance. This means that, other things being equal, tasks where performance is hard to measure should not be given as intense incentives as ones that are more accurately observed. But having low-powered incentives means that the employer needs to be able to exercise authority over the use of the employee's time, since the employee will not have the proper incentives to be productive.
The above are all partial equilibrium models but a general equilibrium approach is taken in a 1979 paper by Kihlstrom and Laffont. They construct a theory of competitive equilibrium under uncertainty using an entrepreneurial model with historical roots, again, in the work of Knight in the 1920s. Individuals possess labour which they can supply as workers to a competitive labour market or use as entrepreneurs in running a firm. All entrepreneurs have access to the same risky technology and receive all profits from their firms. In the equilibrium, more risk averse individuals become workers while the less risk averse become entrepreneurs. Less risk averse entrepreneurs run larger firms and economy-wide increases in risk aversion reduce the equilibrium wage. A dynamic process of firm entry and exit is stable. The equilibrium is efficient only if all entrepreneurs are risk neutral. Inefficiencies in the number of firms and in the allocation of labour to firms are traced to inefficiencies in the risk allocation caused by institutional constraints on risk trading. In a second best sense which accounts for these constraints, the equilibrium is efficient.


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The USB to Serial Adapter - Generally
A USB to serial adapter, also referred to as a USB serial converter or USB RS232 adapter is a small electronic device which can convert a USB signal to serial RS232 data signals. RS232 is the type which is in many older PCs and is referred to as a serial COM port.
A USB to serial adapter typically converts between USB and either RS232, RS485, RS422 or TCP signals, however some USB to serial adapter / USB RS232 serial converter designs have other special conversion features.
Even the USB to serial adapter RS232 standard is an older communication protocol it is still used by many modern USB to serial adapter devices in both business and consumer markets and is also often used for personal and office USB to serial adapter devices. More recently most new computers do not have a COM port so a USB serial adapter is often used to connect many types of devices. A USB to serial adapter is a very useful device for connecting equipment such as USB to serial adapter printers, scanners, scales and GPS devices, but also most USB to serial business and consumer equipment. A USB to serial adapter is typically either a RS232 USB serial adapter, a RS485 USB serial adapter or a RS422 USB serial adapter. Many new USB to serial adapter devices are today designed with a multiple USB to serial adapter RS232/RS485 and even USB to serial adapter RS422 interface, which makes it very convenient since you then can use it for both RS232 and RS485 products.
The USB serial adapter protocol has been around for many years and is a very reliable protocol. The USB serial adapter is usually used in industrial, office and business environments however also often as a consumer product for connecting USB serial products to personal computers. The RS485 USB to serial adapter is most often only used in industrial environments, labs and similar facilities since the RS485 USB to serial adapter protocol is very useful in these environments.
The USB to serial adapter is made in a variety of models and types, the standard non-isolated USB to serial adapter is most commonly used in business, office and laboratory environments. The isolated USB to serial adapter is often used in industrial environments due to its resistance to voltage spikes and ground loops.


Overeating Bursts Stomach
Can eating too much make your stomach burst?
Can you actually eat yourself to death?
By Melissa Dahl
"I ate so much I'm about to burst!"
Someone at your Thanksgiving table will likely say some version of this tomorrow, after you've all stuffed your faces with turkey, mashed potatoes, sweet potatoes and the rest. But how much would you have to eat in order for your stomach to actually burst? Is that even possible?
"Interestingly enough, you can rupture your stomach if you eat too much," says Dr. Rachel Vreeman, co-author of "Don't Cross Your Eyes … They'll Get Stuck That Way!" and assistant professor of pediatrics at Indiana University School of Medicine. "It is possible, but it's very, very rare."
A handful of reports over the years document the tales of people who literally ate themselves to death, or at least came dangerously close: Japanese doctors wrote in a 2003 case report that they believed it was a 49-year-old man's "excessive over-eating" that caused his stomach to rupture, killing him. And this 1991 case report describes a similar "spontaneous rupture" in an adult's stomach "after overindulgence in food and drink."
Normally, your stomach can hold about one or one-and-a-half liters, Vreeman says — this is the point you may reach if you overdo it tomorrow, when you feel full to the point of nausea. Pathologists' reports seem to suggest the stomach is able to do OK handling up to about three liters, but most cases of rupture seem to occur when a person has attempted to stuff their stomach with about five liters of food or fluid. (One of the reports Vreeman came across described the sad case of a woman whose stomach contained 12 liters of stuff.)
It takes a certain amount of misguided determination to manage to override your natural gag reflex and continue to eat (and eat and eat), which is why, not surprisingly, reports of ruptured stomachs caused by overeating are most common in people with some sort of disordered eating, or limited mental capacity, Vreeman says.
"They have unusual eating habits to an extent that their bodies' reflexes no longer respond as they normally do," Vreeman explains. "Their bodies' reflexes have been ignored or abused for so long that they no longer vomit at the appropriate time. And then once the stomach gets to this extremely distended point, the stomach muscles are too stretched out to be strong enough to vomit the food out."
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Can You Interact With Ghosts?
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Re: Can You Interact With Ghosts?
I am reasonably convinced that there are a class of apparitional experiences that are the product of the experient's impressions of information that in some way becomes relevant to them. The so-called "residual" or "hauntnig" apparitions are examples of these. There is, in other words, something about a place or a thing with which living people interact that produces the mental image of another time or place. Essentially these experients seem to be reading the memories of those involved with that place or thing.
On the other hand, the interactive apparitional events seem at first quite different. Until we realize that two things are true in the data: 1) sometimes experients are unsure initially if they experience an interactive or residual apparition, and 2) different experients may have differing experiences with what appears to be the same apparition. In other words, some might perceive the same apparition as residual while others perceive it as interactive. The famous Morton ghost was a wonderful example of this. Rose Morton had some experiences with the late woman of the house that were highly interactive and other experiences that seemed more residual.
So it appears we are looking for a mechanism that can explain both types of apparitions. But what is that mechanism? I think it is the same mechanism that makes it possible for two living people to know what each other is thinking, or for a remote viewer to locate a target to which he or she has never been or that makes it possible for a medium to know, in advance, characteristics and traits of a sitter they will read later that day. Every one of these phenomena and abilities suggests some form of tuning or, as I have come to call, relevance bonding.
If you think about how you think on a daily basis, we have lots of information in our heads. We don't focus on everything at once. Those who try to do so (and you know who you are) get little accomplished in fact. We simply are not wired for that level of multi-tasking much as we might wish to the contrary. So we prioritize. We prioritize based on the relevance of the thought to the current moment. This is likely based originally in our species' survival. At one time it was important if the predator was at the cave door. Today we are concerned if the boss is standing near the desk, or the significant other is nearby and the assigned household chore is undone. You get the idea: relevance is important.
This well may apply when it comes to bonds across individual as it relates to our memories. There is interesting mathematical theory that suggests our minds might exist in hyperspace. This would mean that our memories are there. We may bond to these information hyper spaces because they are of highest relevance to us. What after all is more important than our memories? Actually the answer is, nothing is more important!
So what would happen if we found a way to establish a relevance bond to someone else's memories? We would have psi cognitive phenomena and abilities. And if we found a way to selectively influence that other information space, we would have a way to both establish relevance with another and across that semantic bond share information.
It is possible this is what is happening with telepaths, mediums and sitters and so on. Apparitional agents in some cases may be establishing relevance bonds with others in the interactive cases such as with experimental and crisis apparitions. Haunting apparitional agents may influence the environment in such a way that others later reconstruct the informational relevance and through that access the relevant information space of the original agent thus sharing selective memories.
This introduces an important point: it links actions of the haunting apparitional agent (a living person don't forget) to a form of PK. So it appears that our inherent ability to influence our environments may make apparitions possible, whether they are interactive or haunting (residual). Thus there is a common mechanism. And once we admit that PK is used to produce the mechanics of the apparition, we see that the living are the likely candidates for more commonly recognizable phenomena, such as Poltergeists and related PK.
So from my pespective, the REAL SECRET to all forms of psi is that we seem to be able to varying degrees to perturb or influence not only our own material and mental worlds, but also those of others. Mental and material perturbation lies at the heart of all psi. It is, I think, the secret to everything.
Anomalous Phenomena is Unexplained not Impossible
Psi is Subtle not Absolute
Anything is possible, it'a all a matter of Probability
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National Support for Film Production in the EU: An Analysis of the Commission Decision-Making Practice
This article deals with the cultural welfare concerning cinema, a medium capable of both painting and shaping society. It aims to investigate the impact of the European integration on national film promotional law, by studying the European Commission decision-making practice in the field of State aid to cinematographic works. The analysis shows that this practice can be understood in two main phases that are delineated by the adoption of specific criteria. These criteria are explored by highlighting the most elucidating cases. Furthermore, this analysis discloses two relevant conflicts: within the Commission itself and between the Commission and the Member States. Particular emphasis is placed on the latter, which is explored with regard to: the European national film agencies' polarisation of the conflict, the main form of dispute settlement adopted by the Commission, and the legal obligations imposed by Member States upon TV broadcasters to invest in audiovisual 1 production. The analysis ends with an evaluation of the above-mentioned impact and a few remarks on some unresolved issues related to the conflict between the Commission and the Member States.
Document Type: Research Article
Affiliations: Università degli Studi di Milano, Law School
Publication date: March 1, 2010