Media Trials in India
3 Sep 2020 Read 12711 Views
Media is regarded as one of the four pillars of democracy. And it plays a vital role in moulding the opinion of the society and it has the potential of changing the whole viewpoint through which people make their perceptions on various events. Media Trial describes the impact of television and newspaper coverage on a person's reputation by creating a widespread perception of guilt irrespective of any verdict in a court of law.
Media Trials can be traced back to the 20th century although the phrase "Media trials" had been coined lately but the phrase had derived its meaning from the case of Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle (1921) who was discharged by the court of law, but had lost all his reputation & prestige along with his job after the media had declared him "guilty". Another renowned case was the trial of O.J. Simpson (1995), where the media had promoted the case and deeply influenced the minds of the viewers even above the status of the court. It is obvious that media deeply encourages or influences the views of public.
There has been no legal system where the media is given the power to try a case. Every coin has two sides so is the case with media trials and journalism, at certain instances journalist portrays a predecided image of an accused thereby tearing his/ her reputation that can eventually affect the trial and the judgment, henceforth trial by media. Sheena Bohra murder case is a famous case in which the excruciating eyes of the media have influenced the personal life of the main accused Indrani Mukherjea that arose a debate on the matter of media trial of the accused. In the awake of such cases the ethics of journalism were usually questioned.
Media Trials v. Judiciary
In India, media trials have assumed significance. There have been several cases where the media had taken the case into their own hands and declared judgment against an accused contrary to fair trials in court. There have been quite infamous cases as well that outraged the public and impacted the Judiciary such as The Jessica Lal case(2010) where the media rejoiced over their efforts in bringing justice to Jessica Lal and the trial court had acquitted the accused of all the charges. The Priyadarshini Mattoo case (2006) where a law student was raped and murdered and the judgment of this case was suspected to have been influenced by Media Trial.
The Bijal Joshi rape case and Nitish Katara murder case gave credits to media where the accused would have gone unpunished if media wouldn't had intervened. But on the other side media also pinpointed innocent people in the case of Malegaon blast and Maria Susairaj case ignoring the importance of accuracy.
Even Judiciary is not free from faults. Judges and other judicial officers being humans cannot be said to be free from faults either. They can also be "subconsciously influenced" by media trials or media publicity. Therefore, it becomes important to pass regulations with respect to media publicity while a trial is going on or pending.
Freedom of Speech Vs. Media Trials
Freedom of speech i.e. Article 19(1)(a) plays an important role in the formation of public opinion on social, political and economic matters. Thus, it can be said that freedom of speech is the mother of all other liberties. Complying to the statement Justice Venkataramiah of the Supreme Court in Indian Express Newspapers (Bombay) Pvt. Ltd. v. Union of India (1984)has iterated:
"Freedom of press is the heart of social and political intercourse. The press has now presumed the role of the public educator making formal and non-formal education feasible in a large scale particularly in the developing world, where television or modern communication devices are not still available for all sections of society." Sometimes where there has been high publicity of court cases, the media has played a crucial role in creating panic among the viewers, making fair trial nearly impossible. There have been grounds why the attention of the media around certain cases is sensationally high. The grounds are:
 1. Cases could involve children or they could be so barbaric or gruesome that the media considers it mandatory to sensationalize such cases.
 2. The case could concern a leading celebrity either as a victim or as an accused.
In the cases where leading celebrities are involved, the influence of the media could drastically change the opinion of the "fans" of such influential celebrities. One such case has been Rhea Chakraborty v. State of Bihar, 2020 (Sushant Singh Rajput Death Case) where media had played a crucial role and the accused raised the issue of media trials.
Interplay between Media Trial v. Fair Trial.
At the same time, the "Right to Fair Trial", i.e., a trial uninfluenced by extraneous pressures is acknowledged as a basic tenet of justice in India. Legal provisions aimed at securing the said right is contained under the Contempt of Courts Act, 1971 and under Articles 129 and 215 of Indian Constitution (Contempt Jurisdiction that is; Power of Supreme Court and High Court to punish for Contempt of itself respectively).
The major concern of media are the restrictions that are imposed on the discussion or declaration of matters relating to the merits of a case pending before a Court. A journalist can be held responsible for contempt of Court if he publishes anything which prejudices a 'fair trial' that impacts the impartiality of the Court to decide a cause on its merits, irrespective of the nature of the proceeding whether civil or criminal?
Media trials often provokes the atmosphere of mob lynching or influences the perception of general public but it also plays a very crucial role in moulding the mindset of the present generation and does an outstanding job in bringing the criminal on the hook. Although the mob mentality exists independently of the media which merely voices the opinions which the public already has. Media also assists with the problems arising due to the celebrities or corrupt people bribing authorities in order to escape court trials and thereby fearlessly bringing the truth into display in compliance with justice.
About the Author: Kakoli Nath | 21 Post(s)
Kakoli Nath is a legal Content writer at Finology Legal, pursued BBA.LL.B (5 years integrated course) from ITM University, Raipur with core interests in criminal law and IPR and had also been a judicial aspirant. she pursued advanced certification in Forensics Psychology and Criminal Profiling from IFS, Pune; and had also undergone training as a patent analyst under IIPTA.
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text:
Awwww! Can anyone resist the sweet little face of a hedgehog? We certainly can't! They are quite cute, but not so cuddly. The nocturnal mammal's distinctive look includes prickly spines covering its back. They serve a very important purpose and provide protection while the animal sleeps or if they feel threatened.
Let's create an adorable hedgehog of our own to celebrate the arrival of autumn. We can make its prickly back with fall leaves collected outside in your own backyard, neighborhood, or local trail. If you live in a location without seasonal changes, just use your imagination to hunt for other items like pine needles, small twigs, or even dry grasses.
To get started, print this hedgehog template, and watch this video to see how your hedgehog will come together. You'll also need the following items:
- Hedgehog Template (.pdf provided)
- Colored Pencils or Crayons
- Fall Leaves (collected outside!)
- Extra Sheet of Paper
- Book or Something Heavy (to flatten leaves)
- Color the body of your hedgehog. You can leave its back white or color it in—your choice! (This is where you'll be using those items you collected.)
- Now begin making its prickly coat by gluing a few leaves down to create the top layer. Stop about halfway down.
- Flatten your leaves by placing a protective sheet of paper over your work so far. Now use a book or something heavy to press it down while it dries for a few minutes.
- Finish the back of your hedgehog by gluing down more leaves or natural materials to cover the rest of the open space. (I bet it's looking good!)
- Repeat step 3 by flattening the leaves once more during the drying process.
- You did it! You created your own unique hedgehog!
Now, consider giving your new pet a name and be sure to find a good spot to display your work! You can read about more hedgehog facts here.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text: We address anomalous transport phenomena in arrays of semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots): Transient power-law decay of current as a response to a step in large bias voltage applied across the array, as well as memory effects observed after successive applications of the bias voltage. A novel phenomenological model of transport in such systems is proposed, capable of rationalizing both anomalous transport and memory. The model describes electron transport by a stationary Levy process of transmission events and therefore requires no time dependence of system properties. The long tail in the waiting time distribution gives rise to a nonstationary response in the presence of a voltage pulse. Noise measurements agree well with the predicted non-Poissonian fluctuations in current. We briefly discuss possible microscopic mechanisms that could cause the anomalous statistics in transmission.


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[Pabst Blue Ribbon] was originally named Select, but people kept asking for the "Blue Ribbon" beer when Pabst brewing started tying blue-silk ribbons to the bottles in 1882. "Blue Ribbon" became part of the name in 1895.
Pabst also put beer in cans for the first time in 1934 and called it Export when sold by can. The can included a picture of a can opener on the side with instructions on how to open the can, obviously with a can opener.
Pabst painted cans olive drab in World War II, and all canned beer went to the military. Pabst wasn't sold to civilians in cans during the war because of tin rationing.
After reading that I decided to hit up Wikipedia to what they might have. Of course, since Wikipedia is awesome, it had the details from the column I quote above and some more:
- The practice of tying the blue ribbon to the bottle lasted from 1882 to 1916.
- Pabst started using caps on bottles instead of corks in 1906.
- Not only did Pabst start canning beer in 1934 (Wikipedia lists 1935), but they were the first brewery to do so.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


little reason to look at the source. 8-}
Comments can Interfere with Filtering
Because of the way Filter::Simple works, ostensibly "commented-out" select loops like the following can actually break your program:
 # select (_USER_)
 # { ; }
 select (_USER_) { ; }
A future version of Filter::Simple (or more precisely Text::Balanced, on which on which it depends) may correct this problem.
In any case, there's an easy workaround for the commented-out select loop problem; just change select into eslect when you comment it out, and there'll be no problem.
For other problems involving troublesome text within comments, see "Failure to Identify select Loops".
Failure to Identify select Loops
When a properly formed select loop appears in certain contexts, such as before a line containing certain patterns of dollar signs or quotes, it will not be properly identified and translated into standard Perl.
The failure of the filtering routine to rewrite the loop causes the compiler to issue the following fatal error when it sees the { following the (LIST):
syntax error at filename line X, near ") {"
This of course prevents the program from running.
The problem is either a bug in Filter::Simple, or one of the modules on which it depends. Until this is resolved, you may be able to handle such cases by explicitly turning filtering off before the offending code is encountered, using the no directive:
 use Shell::POSIX::Select; # filtering ON
 select (_USER_) { print ; }
 no Shell::POSIX::Select; # filtering OFF
 # $X$
Restrictions on Loop-variable Names
Due to a bug in most versions of Text::Balanced, loop-variable names that look like Perl operators, including $m, $a, $s, $y, $tr, $qq, $qw, $qr, and $qx, and possibly others, cause syntax errors. Newer versions of that module (unreleased at the time of this writing) have corrected this problem, so download the latest version if you must use such names.
Please Report Bugs!
This is a non-trivial program, that does some fairly complex parsing and data munging, so I'm sure there are some latent bugs awaiting your discovery. Please share them with me, by emailing the offending code, and/or the diagnostic messages enabled by the debug option setting (see "IMPORTS AND OPTIONS").
More Shell-like Menus
In a future release, there could be options for more accurately emulating Bash and Korn-style behavior, if anybody cares (the main difference is in how the items are ordered in the menus).
More Extensive Test Suite
More tests are needed, especially for the complex and tricky cases.
EXPORTS: Default ^
This variable is localized to each select loop, and provides the menu-number of the most recent valid selection. For an example of its use, see "menu_ls.plx".
EXPORTS: Optional ^
See "IMPORTS AND OPTIONS" for details.
 Tim Maher
- +
I probably never would have even attempted to write this module if it weren't for the provision of Filter::Simple by Damian Conway, which I ruthlessly exploited to make a hard job easy.
The Damian also gave useful tips during the module's development, for which I'm grateful.
I definitely wouldn't have ever written this module, if I hadn't found myself writing a chapter on Looping for my upcoming Manning Publications book, and once again lamenting the fact that the most friendly Shell loop was still missing from Perl. So in a fit of zeal, I vowed to rectify that oversight!
I hope you find this module as useful as I do! 8-}
For more examples of how this loop can be used in Perl programs, watch for my upcoming book, Minimal Perl: for Shell Users and Programmers (see _URL_ in early fall, 2003.
 man ksh # on UNIX or UNIX-like systems
 man bash # on UNIX or UNIX-like systems
perldoc -f select, which has nothing to do with this module (the names just happen to match up).
 This document describes version 0.05.
Copyright (C) 2002-2003, Timothy F. Maher. All rights reserved.
syntax highlighting:


TX3990 - End of 3rd year internship
TX3990 - End of 3rd year internship
General objective:
At the end of this internship, the student will be able to describe a company business operation and constraints
Detailed objectives:
At the end of this internship, the student will be able to :
1. Characterize the company
1.1. Range the company in a wider context (Group dependency)
1.2. Define the company business domain
1.3. Position the company on a given market
1.4. Identify the competitors
1.5. Identify the company financial turnover
2. Know a company internal organization
2.1. Identify the company structure and internal organization
2.2. Identify the leadership hierarchy
2.3. Identify the company internal functions : production, operations, sales, human resources, trade unions,...
2.4. Identify the links between these functions
2.5 Identify human, social, economical aspects of safety and health at work.
3. Know how a company operates
3.1. Identify the clients, the contractors
3.2. Identify critical contractors
3.3. Identify the most important clients
3.4. Identify and understand the constraints applicable to the company: regulations, safety and security, financial constraints….
3.5. Understand why a company shall be profitable to survive
4. Adapt to the company procedures and rules
1.1. Use the host organisation's tools, methods and standards
4.1. Respect the working hours, constraints, company codes
In brief
ECTS credits : cf Teaching Unit
Responsable pédagogique
Chef de programme pédagogique/Academic program manager
Email : franck.steunou @ enac.fr


🌟 Creating a clean city
Jurisdiction: Victoria
Our residents and businesses produce, consume, and dispose of waste every day. Many residents are unaware of what happens to their waste once it enters a bin or simply don't care. How might we use data to empower and educate our community about their waste?
We aspire to be a clean and clever city and want to ensure we don't waste one of our most valuable resource, our data.
With population growth comes an increased amount of waste being generated.
We need to support people to make smart choices at each step of the waste life cycle.
How can we paint a picture of the waste life cycle for our community using data?
Eligibility Use atleast 1 City of Ballarat waste dataset from data.gov.au
Entry: Challenge entry is available to all teams in Australia.
Dataset Highlight
Data.gov.au - city of Ballarat
Go to Dataset
Challenge Entries
Back to Challenges


text: Constant bitterness can actually make a person ill, a new university study warned yesterday. Researchers who examined the link between failure, bitterness and quality of life found that blaming others could lead to physical disease. Prof Carsten Wrosch, of Montreal's Concordia University, said persistent bitterness can cause biological dysregulation- a physiological impairment that can affect metabolism, immune response or organ function and ultimately, a physical disease. Unlike regret, which is about self-blame, it points the finger elsewherelaying the blame for failure on external causes. He said bitterness could be avoided, if people who experience failure could find other ways to fulfill their goals. If they could not, it was essential to stop the fruitless effort such as trying to get promoted or saving a doomed marriage.


text:
Make this Star Garland for a really effective home made Christmas Decoration which you can drape around a Christmas tree or use as a wall hanging.
Use glittery or shiny paper for a real Christmas feel.
- Coloured paper
How to make a Star Garland…
- With the paper held landscape, cut strips of paper 1-2cm wide.
- Fold each strip in half and half again.
- Unfold and cut the strip along the creases so you have four short lengths of paper.
- Hold two pieces of paper together and staple the ends together.
- Repeat with the other two strips of paper.
- Open up each of the strip couples and attach together with some more staples.
- Repeat steps 2-6 with all the strips of paper.
- Attach the stars together into a garland using tape or a stapler and hang wherever you would like a decoration for Christmas.
- When folding your paper into four and cutting, do several strips of paper at a time to make the process quicker.
- If you use glue instead of a stapler, make sure the glue is dry before attaching the stars together.


Origapy - a Python module to sanitize PDF files
Origapy uses a simple Python/Ruby bridge based on pipes, as described on this page.
WARNING: this is still work in progress. The current version of the Origami parser may trigger errors on some PDF files.
 - 2010-09-12 v0.09: updated Origami engine to v1.0.0-beta3
 - 2009-10-02 v0.08: updated Origami engine to v1.0.0-beta1
 - 2009-09-30 v0.07: detects when a file is clean or cleaned, raise an exception when an error occurs
Origapy and Origami are open-source, published under GPL v3.
Pick the attached file below.
 - Python 2.x
 - Ruby 1.8.x
Unzip and run install.bat on Windows, or "python setup.py install" on other platforms.
import origapy
pc = origapy.PDF_Cleaner()
pc.clean('file.pdf', 'cleaned.pdf')
origapy-0.09.zip141.02 KB
Comment viewing options
I really don't understand. PDFid is not a tool for sanitizing PDF files. Primaly, it's a mean for us to get a quick view at a particular PDF file to see if the file is malicious. So what are the advantages of Origami over PDFid?
Origami vs. PDFiD
PDFiD is primarily an analysis tool, but it may also be used to disarm PDF files by disabling JavaScript, embedded files, launch actions, etc with the "-d" option on the command line, or the disarm=True parameter. This is the same as using the pdfclean.rb script provided with Origami.
The advantage of Origami over PDFiD is that it is a full PDF parser which can decode all complex PDF structures (such as indirect objects hidden inside object streams), whereas PDFiD is only meant to quickly find well-known keywords in the structure without analyzing the content of objects.
Let's me try it out. Anyway, thank you so much for this exciting tool! :)


text:
If you have a small kitchen, here are 5 ideas for maximizing space:
1. Use your oven for storage. You can store your baking dishes, cookie sheets, cooling racks, and muffins tins in the oven. Remember take them out before you turn the oven on!
2. Install hooks wherever you can. Use a hanging pot rack, and add hooks to the bottom of a cabinet for cups, strainers, oven mitts, etc.
3. Create your own pantry. If you don't have an officially designated pantry, you can put shelves in your garage to store canned goods, extra cooking supplies, etc. Or add a cabinet to your dining area, or borrow space from the laundry area.
4. Add a roll-away counter. Use a butcher block counter on wheels. It can sit in the corner and store the big kitchen appliances, like your food processor and blender.
5. Store pots and pans up high. Many of us have several feet of free space between the tops of our cabinets and the ceiling. Use it to store your biggest pots and pans.
Ready to move out of your small space? Let's go look at properties together!!


Derick Rhodes is a footage content producer at Shutterstock. This post was originally published on the Shutterstock blog and has been adapted with permission.
Most video editors, production companies, and broadcasters around the world have been adjusting to working with the new 4K video format. Here's some information to help you decide if 4K is right for your projects.
What is 4K?
4K refers to displays and videos that offer a horizontal resolution close to 4000 pixels and a vertical resolution close to 2000 pixels (HD, by comparison, is 1920 x 1080). The reason this resolution is described as "close to" these measurements is that slightly different standards have been adopted for television broadcast and cinema projection.
Video: Seattle Space Needle Aerial by spotmatik
For TV broadcast, 4K is commonly referred to as 4K Ultra HD. The resolution of this format is twice that of HD, which equates to the pixels being exactly doubled horizontally (3840) and vertically (2160). In other words, you can fit exactly four full HD videos into one 4K Ultra HD frame. This is the size that has been adopted by the vast majority of manufacturers producing 4K Ultra HD TVs, as well as the broadcasters and streaming services (including Netflix and Amazon) currently producing 4K content.
For 4K digital cinema projection, a standard horizontal width of 4096 pixels (2160 vertically) was established by the Digital Cinema Initiatives group, a joint venture of the major motion picture studios.
4K Chart New 730x410 What is 4K video? A guide to the rising industry standard
4K is roughly four times the size of HD, which equates to much more detailed videos, shot on cameras capable of capturing a level of depth and clarity that far surpasses HD.
Why is 4K important?
4K is quickly becoming the industry standard for capturing video, with an increasing number of feature films, television shows, and even amateur videos being shot in the format. As 4K Ultra HD televisions become less expensive and more content is made available in 4K, it's anticipated that it will become the new standard, both in broadcasting and online.
Video: Family footage by spotmatik
Making the move to 4K now, whether you're producing a video for web streaming, TV broadcast, or a feature film, ensures that your project will have enough resolution to work well as 4K adoption takes hold. In short, licensing 4K is a great way to future-proof your work. One of the other benefits—if your final video is HD or smaller—is the ability to crop without losing resolution.
How big are 4k files?
Currently, our average 4K file size is 816MB. 4K files tend to be much larger than HD, since so much more data is involved, so it's important to be sure you have a computer with enough processing power and memory to work with such large files.
Video: Joshua Tree Timelapse by Mount Airy Films


Tải sách – Download sách Star Wars What is A Wookiee? của tác giả William Shakespeare thuộc thể loại Ages 9 to 12 miễn phí định dạng PDF, EPUB, MOBI.
Explore the galaxy with your guide, C-3PO in Star Wars™: What is a Wookiee? Find out all about friendly, furry Wookiees and the other amazing creatures and aliens from the Star Wars world.
DK Reads are levelled into stages to help every child progress and become a confident reader. They feature engaging and highly illustrative topics with true kid appeal. Each page is supported with interactive questions to encourage children to access information from a range of sources and develop comprehension skills.
Good reads build great readers
Star Wars What is A Wookiee?
Từ khóa tìm kiếm


text:
IMAGINE getting inside the mind of a shark: swimming silently through the ocean, sensing faint electrical fields, homing in on the trace of a scent, and navigating through the featureless depths for hour after hour.
We may soon be able to do just that via electrical probes in the shark's brain. Engineers funded by the US military have created a neural implant designed to enable a shark's brain signals to be manipulated remotely, controlling the animal's movements, and perhaps even decoding what it is feeling.
That team is among a number of groups around the world that have gained ethical approval to develop implants that can monitor and influence the behaviour of animals, from sharks and tuna to rats and monkeys. These researchers hope such implants will improve our understanding of how the animals interact with their environment, as well as boosting research into tackling human paralysis.
More controversially, the...
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.


Puerto Williams in Spanish is a Chilean port. It is situated on Isla Navarino in front of the Beagle Channel.
Port Stanley, also known as Stanley, is the capital and the one true city of the Falkland Islands.
Peru's Pisco Port has been named as San Clemente de Macera in 1640 by Spanish explorers.
Located along the shores of the Amazon River in Brazil, the Parintins Port is strategically situated as a major port of call for cruise ships.
Located in Brazil, Parati Port is establishing itself to be one of the major ports in Brazil.
Paranagua port is Brazil's major exporter of agricultural commodities sold in bulk.
The Paracas port, located in the bay of Paracas, is a popular port of call for many cruise ships.
North Seymour Port is located in the picturesque island of Galapagos in Ecuador.
The Natal Port is your port of entry to Brazil's City of Sun.
Located near the center of Montevideo, the Montevideo Port serves Uruguay, one of the smallest countries in South America.
Manta Port is the gateway to the bustling and developing city of Manta in the Manaba Province of Ecuador.
Maceio is the capital city of Alagoas state.
The Los Roques islands are about ninety miles from Caracas, Venezuela.
Laguna San Rafael is located in Chile's lake region in the far south. It has been recognized as a national park by the Chilean government.
The third oldest city in Chile, La Serena Port of call was founded in the mid-sixteenth century by Juan Bohon, a Spaniard Captain.
Itajai Port was founded in the year 1824; it is one of the leading economic ports on Brazil.
Isla Floreana Port is located on the sixth largest island in the Galapagos Archipelago; the Isla Santa Maria.
The Isla de la Plata Port in Ecuador is often touted as the 'poor man's Galapagos,' in that cruisers can experience all the nature and beauty of the Galapagos Islands but at a fraction of the cost.
When your cruise ship docks at the Isabela Port, you are entering an island that occupies approximately 60% of the Galapagos land area.
Iquique Port is located in the city of Iquique, Chile.
llheus Port used to be Brazil's main place of export for cocoa and dates back in the early 1500s.
The Ilhabela Port is situated in an archipelago in Sao Paulo in Brazil.
Ilha Grande Port is located in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. This island is not developed; the island is preserved.
Guayaquil Port is located on the Guayas River; it is 44 miles away from Gulf of Guayaquil located on the Pacific Coast of Ecuador.
General San Martin Port is named after the South American liberator General Jose de San and is located in Callao, Peru.
The Fortaleza Port is the capital city of the State of Cear in Brazil, pulling visitors to her shores for decades.
Florianopolis Port is located on Santa Catarina Island, Brazil.
One of the first ports in northern Florida is Fernandina Port; it is located along the western narrow coastline opening on Amelia Island.
Espanola Port is located in the oldest island of Espaola in the southern part of Galapagos group of islands in Ecuador.
Find a Cruise


Leadership optimize
There are 10 decisions to make before you build your next PC
While building a custom system lets you tailor the components to meet your needs and hold down costs, you'll need to make some decisions first.
This post was originally published in the 10 Things Blog in August 2011.
Building PCs is a hobby that many tech enthusiasts enjoy. Even if building PCs is not your hobby, it is sometimes the only way to get a machine that exactly meets your needs or meets them at a reasonable price. Here are 10 things to think about when building your next PC, some of the choices you may have, and what to keep in mind when making these choices.
1: SSD vs. platters
At this point in time, I think the drive selections have more to do with performance than the CPU choice does. Modern CPUs have more than enough power for typical loads, but as the applications we use get bigger and the data they handle gets larger (video games, multimedia editing, giant-size Outlook PSTs, etc.), the drives can become the bottleneck.
Solid state drives (SSDs) are lightning quick, especially for accessing lots of small files at a time (like when the system boots). The price to pay is in the cost-per-gigabyte: They are many times more expensive on a per-GB basis than traditional drives. While there is debate about whether traditional drives are as fast reading long, sequential files or if the read/write limits on SSDs make them less reliable than the mechanical failures of traditional drives, the performance on typical usage is not a question.
One possibility, especially with an OS like Windows 7 or Linux that make it easy to separate data from applications, is to use an SSD for the main OS and application space and put user data on a traditional drive. That way, you can get both speed and disk size at a reasonable price.
2: Video card
People often tend to buy either too much video card or too little. Unless you are playing video games, the on-board video card should be sufficient -- so long as it has enough of the right kinds of ports and can meet your resolution needs. You should not need to devote too much system memory to it, either.
If you are playing video games, keep in mind that games are now putting the lion's share of the hard work onto the video card. There is a definite price curve on the video cards. You can often get last year's top-end models for a good price, and they will handle all but the most modern and intense games at reasonable settings (often the highest settings). If you are doing a lot of multimedia, numerical analysis, and other computationally intense tasks, check to see whether your applications can leverage the video card and, if so, what cards it is compatible with.
3: x86 or x64?
When installing the OS, there is no reason to not use the x64 version at this point, unless you have an extremely outdated application that refuses to run on it. And you should almost always install the x64 version of applications. That said, there are some things where you need to make a choice. Internet Explorer is an example. While it installs both versions, always use the x86 one -- the one labeled "Internet Explorer" instead of "Internet Explorer (64-bit)" -- because the modernized JavaScript engine in IE 9 is available only in the x86 version. Many IE users I've met have been baffled by the lack of speed in IE 9, and that was the reason.
Also, be very wary about installing Microsoft Office's x64 versions. Many, if not most, plugins still do not run under x64 Office, and it looks like they probably never will. The only reason to go for x64 Office is if you routinely work with monstrously huge files that the x86 version can't handle.
4: RAM density
Let's say your motherboard holds up to four DIMMs, each one with a maximum size of 8 GB, and supports Dual Channel RAM, and your goal is to have 8 GB of RAM. If you buy one 8 GB DIMM, you are leaving lots of room open to eventually fill the machine to 32 GB, but you are giving up the speed advantages of Dual Channel. If you buy two 4 GB DIMMs, you get the speed of Dual Channel. But if you want to get the full 32 GB in the future, you'll have to replace the two 4 GB DIMMs with an 8 GB DIMM. Personally, I like to buy the smaller DIMMs and get the Dual (or Triple) Channel advantage, worrying about the extra costs down the road if I ever need an upgrade. You may prefer to leave as much space for future expansion as you can.
A RAID (redundant array of inexpensive disks) allows you to combine various physical disks into one volume. The main RAID levels to think about on a desktop are:
 - RAID 0: Allows multiple disks to be combined into one large disk; a single drive failure takes down the whole RAID and often loses data. The volume size is the total size of all the disks.
 - RAID 1: Mirrors a pair of disks into one volume; if one disk fails there is no data loss, and the drive can be replaced (and the data automatically copies to the replacement), usually with no downtime. The volume size is the size of the smaller of the two disks.
 - RAID 5: This is more complex. It takes three drives and combines them in a way that they all provide some redundancy for the others, with an optional fourth drive as a "hot spare" to be immediately incorporated into the RAID if the drive fails (highly recommended). A little bit of drive space is lost due to the way the redundancy is performed.
Each of these RAID types can bring some speed benefits. Due to the high level of drive failures I experience, the value of my data to me, and the cost of downtime, I choose RAID 1 for all my personal PCs and have done so for quite a few years now. It has saved my neck many times!
6: Case
Even if you are not the sort to care what your computer looks like (other than a nondescript beige, gray, or black box), the case selection is still important. Cases with better airflow reduce internal temperatures, which in turn reduce failure rates and allow temperature-controlled fans to spin slower (which makes the machine quieter). Larger fans turn more slowly to move the same amount of air, which also reduces the noise. Some cases even have air filters to keep the dust levels low. In addition, better cases make it easier (and less painful, if they have smoothed edges on the metal) to replace components. Look for removable motherboard trays and drive cages to make maintenance easy. The pricier aluminum cases weigh a lot less, which is important if you plan to move your PC often.
7: Power supply
People tend to overestimate how big a power supply unit (PSU) they need. You're better off having a smaller PSU with higher efficiency than a larger PSU with lower efficiency. Not only will it deliver the same power to your components, but it will save on your electric bill and produce less heat. (Again, heat reduces reliability and makes the fans work harder, which increases noise.) Unless you have a super-powerful video card or a lot of hard drives, it is hard to argue for more than 350 - 450 watts of PSU capacity.
8: CPU choice
I am not going to get into the Intel vs. AMD debate. Just compare capabilities and price and get the cheapest CPU that meets your needs. Here are some questions to ask yourself when picking a CPU:
 - Does it support virtualization and do I need that support? As a developer and author who occasionally needs to run VMs for testing, the answer is "yes" for me.
 - Does it support HyperThreading (HT)? HT allows one CPU core to act as two, and while it does not always improve performance, it can often increase it.
 - How many cores do I need? Remember, many applications still are not written to leverage multicore architecture, but the OS will. And more cores means a better experience on the whole if you like to do many things at once or play games.
 - What speed do I need? Few things will actually max out a modern CPU long term. I would rather have four cores at 2.0 gHz than two cores at 4.0 gHz, all else being equal.
9: Backups
Thinking about backups should start when you are putting your PC together. If you are using online backups, you don't need any additional hardware. But for onsite backup, now is the time for it. Some people like external drives for backups because they are easily switched, moved to other places, etc., but they are a bit more expensive.
I've got a large internal disk (much larger than the data I will ever store on the machine) that I perform a nightly backup to, and I backstop that with the Carbonite online backup service. Between this and my RAID 1, if I ever permanently lose data, it means that I have bigger things to worry about than my data! If you use an external drive, eSATA is much faster than the ubiquitous USB 2.0. In terms of software, there are lots of great choices out there. While the built-in Windows Backup is adequate for most home user needs, it does have its gaps and you will want to consider a third-party application.
10: Malware protection
Now that your fresh, pristine system is up and running, it's time to protect it from viruses, spyware, and other nasty applications.


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Want to stay on top of all the space news? Follow _USER_ on Twitter
Researcher Jinha Lee at MIT has developed a remarkable way to interact with computers — via a programmable, intelligent and gravity-defying metal ball.
The concept, called "ZeroN", is demonstrated in the video above. Fascinating!
Using magnets and computer-controlled motors, ZeroN hovers in mid-air between two control units. Its movements can be pre-programmed or it can react to objects in its environment, and it can apparently "learn" new movements as it is interacted with.
Lee demonstrates how it could be used to control camera positions in 3D applications, and (my favorite) model the motions of planets and stars.
"ZeroN is about liberating materials from the constraints of space and time by blending the physical and digital world," Lee states on his website.
ZeroN is still in its development stages and obviously needs refining (the 3D camera isn't much use if the ball is wobbling) but the premise is interesting. I can see something like this being, at the very least, a mesmerizing interactive display for museums, classrooms and multimedia presentations.
Of course, with a little ingenuity a whole world of applications could open up for such a zero-g interface. (I'm sure Tony Stark already has a dozen on pre-order!)


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The utilization of microscope objectives (MOs) in digital holographic microscopy (DHM) has associated effects that are not present in conventional optical microscopy. The remaining phase curvature, which can ruin the quantitative phase imaging, is the most evident and analyzed. As phase imaging is considered, this interest has made possible the development of different methods of overcoming its undesired consequences. Additionally to the effects in phase imaging, there exist a set of less obvious conditions that have to be accounted for as MOs are utilized in DHM to achieve diffraction-limit operation. These conditions have to be considered even in the case in which only amplitude or intensity imaging is of interest. In this paper, a thorough analysis of the physical parameters that control the appropriate utilization of MOs in DHM is presented. A regular DHM system is theoretically modeled on the basis of the imaging theory. The Fourier spectrum of the recorded hologram is analyzed to evaluate the performance of the DHM. A set of the criteria that consider the microscope features and the recording parameters to achieve DHM operation at the diffraction limit is derived. Numerical modeling and experimental results are shown to validate our findings.
© 2014 Optical Society of AmericaFull Article | PDF Article


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If your corn fields have been one of the lucky few to receive rain recently, the added moisture can actually increase the risk of nitrates in the plant.
"The first significant rainfall to moisten the upper soil profile will stimulate microbial activity, causing a flush of nitrate nitrogen to be released into the soil system," says Kurt Steinke, an Ag Bio Research scientist with Michigan State University. "As corn plants then begin to recover from drought conditions, the plants take up nitrate at rates greater than they are fully able to assimilate, resulting in the accumulation of nitrate within the plant.
"This process of intense nitrate uptake and accumulation may require up to two weeks following significant rainfall to fully assimilate nitrate in the plant," he says. "In order to minimize the risk of nitrate poisoning, a general rule of thumb is to wait at least two weeks before harvesting corn."
For Steinke's complete report, click here.


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by Dr. Teodoro Diaz Fabelo
Translated by AfricaniasOnline
The Sutumutukuni Rule of the Kongos have in Cuba five orders, to know:
1- The Kimbisa Order, is the original and did not admit the christian transculturation impose by the slavers owners; it keep "judias" and secret; give origin to other four mysticreligious orders:
2- Of the Kimbisa Order the wise Andres Petit derive the Saint Crist of Good Journey Order, that was approve by the Pope. This Order also are maintain secret in Cuba.
3- Malongo Order, christianized. It derive from the Kimbisa.
4- Shamalongo Order, christianized. It derive of Malongo.
5- Order of the Shangani. Have origin in Shamalongo.
All the Palo Monte Orders have african foundation in an iron cauldron of three legs. This foundation is called Nganga. The cauldron have in the bottom a circle divided in four quadrants. This drawing represent the earthly center. The fields and cardinal points correspond it with seven forces called nsambie, equivalent to the orishas lukumi.
Insight the cauldron of the Nganga are 21 "palos", been the principal the Palo Yaya, that goes in the center in vertical position; also carry the "palos" Tengue, Moruro, Jaguey and others, moreover of land of cemetery, four roads, of the door of the court, of the church and of the jail; carry the skull in which spirit accept be "nfuiri" or dead of the Nganga; carry worm, tongue of rooster, head of turtle, blood of the animals of sacrifice, guinea pepper and money. Is buried it 21 days into a ant hill and 7 days at the base of the Ceiba tree; afterward is sacrifice it a small pig and is make it an special soup with the head; is sprout it hard liquor and fume of tobacco; is destine it to a place into the Sanctum Sanctorum, where is light a candle and is make a reunion of priests to test it.
Each Nganga have name and characteristics, have songs, date and commemoration; have owner, dog and godsons. The Nganga of women is not work for man and to the inverse. The women could be Godmother of Nganga, Yaya, but not could to develop a Nganga without a Tata. The women with menstruation not could to bring near to the Nganga.
The cardinal points mark the "nsambes" or forces that work into the Nganga; N, Tiembla Tierra; S, Sinando; E, Nsasi; O, Oggun; SE, Madre de Agua; SO, Mama Kengue; NO, Oya, Siete Sayas; NE, the Nfuiri or Dead.
When a person receive Nganga, form Munanso or house of foundation and can make "scratching" or "rayamiento". The first grade is Father of Foundation; the second is of the Tata. To the reunions of Tatas can not to concur the Fathers and Mothers of Foundations.
If you want to belong to an Order of Palo Monte concur to an "registro" with The Nkobos, the congo shells, "caracoles"; if go out "letra" of "scratching", receive indications to prepare it; have to take a rooster, a bottle of hard liquor of cane, tobaccos and the money of the "derecho". Is mark a date to celebrate the spiritual session where is investigate it his spiritual square, his path, is require it permission to his Internal Being and to the Protector Guide; this say what nsambe or path correspond it. The Godfather, Father or Tata, will said when you should be present in the Munanso to effect the ceremony; you should become present at late afternoon bathed and dress of cleanses white clothes and with three days of sexual abstinence; should be bath with "omiero", be make rogation of head and will be put to rest in the floor without pillow near the Nganga of the Godfather; at dawn the "scratching" or initiation will be make; after will be put to rest in the "estera"; at nightfall the foundation and the indications will be given. Each first of January should take his foundation to the house of his Godfather to fortify it.
Ngangas and Munansos are subject to a rigorous familiar relationship, where the respect is primary and demanding.
Free Subscription form To receive free the Updated Report of AfricaniasOnline.
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Last Updated on December 29, 1997 by David Camara
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Custom tag and variable templates are defined in the Templates section of Google Tag Manager. The main Templates screen will list any tag or variable templates that have already been defined in your container. You can also create new templates from this screen.
The Template Editor
The Template Editor enables you to create, preview, and test custom templates. It has four primary areas for input to help you define your tag template:
- Info - Define basic properties of the template, such as the tag or variable name and icon.
- Fields - This is a visual editor to add input fields to your tag template.
- Permissions - View and set limits on what your tag or variable is permitted to do.
Create your first custom tag template
This example will walk you through how to create a basic example pixel tag. When this tag is fired on a web page, it will send a hit with the correct account information to the tag provider's servers.
1. To begin your first template, click Templates in the left navigation and click the New button under the Tag Templates section.
2. Click Info and define the tag's Name (required), Description, and Icon.
Name is what will be presented to users when they go to implement this tag throughout the Tag Manager user interface.
Description is just what it sounds like - a brief (200 characters or less) description of what this tag does.
Icon lets you choose an image that will appear when the tag is displayed in lists that support the icon property. Icon images should be square PNG, JPEG, or GIF files that are no larger than 50 kB and at least 64px by 64px.
3. Click Refresh to preview your template.
To the right of the field inputs, there is a Template Preview window. Every time a change is made in the editor, the Refresh button will appear. Click Refresh to see what your changes do to the appearance of your tag.
4. Click Fields to add fields to your tag template.
The Template Editor's Fields tab lets you create and edit fields in the tag template. Fields are used to enter custom data, such as an account ID. You can add the standard form elements like text fields, drop down menus, radio buttons, and checkboxes.
5. Click Add Field and select Text input. Replace the default name (e.g. "text1") with "accountId". In the Template Preview, click Refresh.
The field will have familiar variable selector () icon next to it. Users of this template can click the variable selector icon to choose variables that are active in this container.
The next step is to add a label to the field:
6. Click the expand icon (). next to the text field to open more options for this field. Enter "Account ID" in the Display name field. In Template Preview, click Refresh.
A text label titled "Account ID" should appear above the field.
// require relevant API const sendPixel = require('sendPixel'); const encodeUriComponent = require('encodeUriComponent'); // capture values of template fields const account = data.accountId; // use the provided APIs to do things like send pixels const url = '_URL_ + encodeUriComponent(account); sendPixel(url, data.gtmOnSuccess, data.gtmOnFailure);
The first line of code,
const sendPixel = require('sendPixel'), imports the
The second line of code,
const encodeUriComponent = require('encodeUriComponent'), imports the
The next line,
const account = data.accountId;, gets the value of
accountId that was created in step 5, and stores it in a constant called
The 3rd line of code,
const url = '_URL_ + encodeUriComponent(account);, sets up a
url constant that concatenates a fixed URL endpoint that logs analytics data and the encoded account ID with which the tag has been configured.
The last line,
sendPixel(url, data.gtmOnSuccess, data.gtmOnFailure), runs the
sendPixel() function with the required parameters and makes a request to the specified URL. The
data.gtmOnFailure values tell Google Tag Manager when the tag has completed or failed its task, and are then used by Google Tag Manager for features such as tag sequencing or preview mode.
8. Click Save to save your progress. This will load any detected permissions into the Template Editor.
Some Template APIs have permissions associated with them that dictate what they can or cannot do. When you use a template API such as
sendPixel in your code, Tag Manager will show relevant permissions in the Permissions tab.
9. Click Permissions to refine what domains
sendPixel is allowed to send data to. For the Send Pixels entry, click the expand icon () and enter
_URL_ in Allowed URL Match Patterns.
When a tag template is configured to send data, you must specify an Allowed URL Match Pattern under the associated permission to restrict where data can be sent to. If the URL specified in your code does not match an allowed URL match pattern, the
sendPixel call will fail.
A URL match pattern must use HTTPS and specify both host and path patterns. The host can be a domain (e.g. "
_URL_ or a specific subdomain (e.g. "
_URL_ The path must consist of at least a "
/". Use an asterisk (
*) as a wildcard to indicate a subdomain or path pattern of any length (e.g. "
https://\*.example.com/test/"). The asterisk is a wildcard character that will catch the various possible patterns, e.g. "
\*.example.com/" will match
blog.example.com, etc. The asterisk must be escaped with a backslash character: "
\*". A URL with no additional characters (e.g. "
_URL_ is treated as ending in a wildcard (i.e. equivalent to "
Specify additional URL match patterns on separate lines.
10. Click Run Code and look at the Console window for any problems.
Any detected errors will appear in the Console window.
11. Click Save, and close the Template Editor.
The tag template should now be ready for use.
Use your new tag
The process to create a new tag that uses your newly-defined custom tag template is just like any other tag:
- In Google Tag Manager, click Tags > New.
- Your new tag will appear in the Custom section of the New Tag window. Click it to open the tag template.
- Fill in the necessary fields for the tag template configuration.
- Click Triggering and select an appropriate trigger for when the tag should fire.
- Save the tag and publish your container.
Create your first custom variable template
Custom variable templates are similar to tag templates, with a few notable differences:
Custom variable templates must return a value.
Instead of calling
data['gtmOnSuccess']to indicate completion, variables return a value directly.
Custom variables templates are used in different parts of the tag manager UI.
Instead of going to Tags > New to create a new variable based on your custom variable, you go to Variables > New
See create a custom variable for a full guide to creating a custom variable template.
Export and import
To share a custom template with your organization, you can export the custom template and import it into other Tag Manager containers. To export a template:
- In Tag Manager, click Templates.
- Click the name of the template you wish to export from the list. This will open the template in the Template Editor.
- Click the More Actions menu (more_vert) and select Export.
To import a template:
- In Tag Manager, click Templates.
- Click New. This will open a blank template in the Template Editor.
- Click the More Actions menu (more_vert) and select Import.
- Select the
.tplfile that you would like to import.


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India's dwindling forests could be revived with the help of an artificial topsoil made from waste. Initial studies suggest that the mixture of sewage sludge, fly ash (the residue from burning coal) and weed compost can increase plant growth by between 50 and 200 per cent on poor eroded soils.
Researchers from the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Western Ontario, Canada began testing the artificial soil at two plantations in the state of Orissa in eastern India. This week they will start two new trials in Orissa and larger scale use of the soil substitute is planned for next year.
Michael Powell, who heads the project, says the idea is to create a soil with similar properties to normal, organic soil, and add to it soils that have lost essential minerals. 'The results to date have been quite amazing.'
So far, Powell and his colleagues have tested...
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.


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Experiment with your magical practice by learning how to apply art, pop culture, neuroscience, psychology, and other disciplines to your magical work, as well as exploring fundamental underlying principles of what makes magic work. You'll never look at magic in the same way!
The Literacy of Magic Pt 2
In my previous post, I explained how literacy is an institution, and how a literacy of magic would be an extension of the institution of literacy, in the sense that a given institution typically determines who is or isn't included in the institution and also establishes what constitutes institutional legitimate actions vs actions which don't fit into the institution. I explored why I felt literacy is a loaded term and why it can be problematic to apply it as a concept to magic. I also explored how trying to define magic as a literacy would inevitably end up excluding certain people or practices because of the institutional aspects of literacy. In the 2nd post to this series, I'm going to explain why the literacy of magic isn't the same as the practice of magic and why it is more useful to examine magic as a practice instead of as a literacy.
Literacy, as it applies to magic, would seem to deal with the ability to read, write, and design magic, which could include among other things the ability to read, write, and design rituals, spells, and other associated magical activities. However, once again we are left with a question: Who determines what the literacy of magic is, and what is their agenda for defining it in the way they have? An additional question that is useful to ask is: "What activities, techniques, etc., are left out of the literacy of magic?" I'd argue that a variety of activities, techniques, etc., are left out if we look at magic as a form of literacy. Now some people might argue that I'm being overly literal by exploring magic as a form of literacy and perceiving it in terms of what are considered traditional activities of literacy, but I think that we need to be particular about the words that we use when trying to define a concepts such as magic or literacy. When we conflate these two concepts together without being particular, what results is a lot of theoretical confusion and armchair arguments that do little to substantively advance the discipline of magic.
Thus I don't think it's useful to define magic as a literacy. If anything, I find literacy to be too confining and limiting in terms of describing what magic seems to be or what one can possibly do with it. At best a literacy of magic can describe certain activities and how those activities are performed, but even in that case the above questions should be asked.
I think it is more useful to define magic as a practice, in part because practice in and of itself isn't associated with an institution, and also because practices can be highly personalized. A practice of magic for one person may not be the same as another person's practice, but nonetheless both people can practice magic and call it that because they understand that what they are doing is a spiritual practice that is personalized to their needs. The practice of magic can also fit into those spiritual traditions where magic is considered to be a part of the spiritual tradition (in some cases, the practice of magic is considered optional, but even in those cases, magic can still be a spiritual practice associated with the tradition). Magic as a practice is also inclusive of activities and techniques which may not fit into a literacy of magic. For example, meditation may not fall under the literacy of magic, but it is nonetheless a practice of magic that many people use. By defining magic as a practice we are inclusive of that technique as well as other ones which either wouldn't fit under the literacy of magic or might only partially apply.
Another benefit of defining magic as a practice is that it emphasizes the practical aspects of magic. Magic isn't just read or written or even designed. Magic is practiced as an activity that brings about changes, internal, external, spiritual, or all of the above to the person choosing to practice it. It's an activity that calls on the practitioner to engage it on a variety of levels beyond the reading, writing, and design of magic. These other levels of experience need to be factored in, in order to really understand magic and its application to your life and the world around you. When we don't factor those levels in, we are left with an armchair experience of magic, which leaves us with little practical experience, but lots of ideas about how magic might work. Those ideas can only become a reality when we actually choose to practice magic and make it a part of our lives beyond the intellectual understanding that would be cultivated through a literacy of magic.
A practice oriented perspective of magic keeps us open to the different practices we discover in the various traditions that integrate magic as part of their spiritual paths. By examining magic as a practice, we can continue to hone our own practices as we apply them to our lives, and as a result engage more meaningfully with magic as a spiritual force for change than if we focus on it as a form of literacy.
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Wind versus traditional grid supply
Switching to renewable energy systems that provide energy security and a future-proofed fixed cost makes sense.
Remote, Off-grid & Backup power market:
In remote areas, grid supply is either intermittent, unpractical or prohibitively expensive due to the need to build, maintain and connect extra transmission and distribution lines to the usage points.
Individuals and businesses operating in such areas have traditionally relied on diesel fuel generators which are expensive to run due to high operation and maintenance costs, volatile commodity prices and complex transport and delivery logistics. This type of generator also produces large amounts of greenhouse gases and poses a health and safety risk to the locals and the environment. Spills frequently occur, even in the most technologically advanced regions of the world.
Renewable energy systems are the safest and most cost-effective solution. Axis Energy offers stand-alone wind or hybrid (wind/solar/energy storage) installations that provide a compelling economic case for implementation.
Grid-connected market:
Most households and businesses located in urban areas are connected to the national electricity grids. While reducing one's carbon footprint can be an overarching reason itself, there is further justification to switch to renewable energy.
Electricity prices are soaring across the globe. Consumers have to pay a retail charge regardless of their actual electricity consumption. This charge can be as high as a third of the electricity bills, and could be avoided altogether if consumers produced their own electricity.
Further to that, the cost of electricity is not just volatile, but also upward trending. In Australia, the Australian Bureau of Statistics figures show a 20% increase in electricity price between 2012 and 2016. A study from the Australian National University demonstrated that electricity prices rise more in states highly reliant on fossil fuel such as coal for power generation. Queensland's electricity prices have increased 136% between 2006 and 2016 while those of South Australia only increased by 87%. Queensland's share of renewable energy mix only increased 3% as opposed to South Australia's 48% over the same period of time.
Renewable energy systems have a fixed capital cost and small O&M costs over their lifespan. Axis Energy provides solutions that have minimal O&M costs meaning the capital costs are recovered faster through savings on energy bills. Customers know what their electricity will cost years ahead.
Wind versus solar
Solar energy stand-alone systems are a mature solution for those located in sunny areas.
There are, however, inherent limitations with such systems, for instance:
 - they only produce power during sunshine hours;
 - they require a large footprint to generate meaningful volumes of power; and
 - large capacity batteries must be installed in order to minimise reliance on grid supply of electricity and be able to use solar power at night time when the demand is the highest (this drastically increases upfront capital costs).
Where the local resource is adequate, installing a small wind turbine instead of solar energy systems - or installing a hybrid system comprising of wind and solar energy converters - often offers better economics than a stand-alone solar energy system.
Axis Energy's stand-alone wind energy system is more cost-effective and a better alternative to solar energy systems in windy locations, areas with seasonal or low solar irradiation exposure and when the space available for installation is limited.
Unlike solar, our solutions are not limited to produce energy during daylight hours only. It has the major advantage of being able to produce energy day and night, as long as the wind blows. Windy nights are more common during Autumn and Winter, when solar radiation is already lower, providing a much more holistic solution than stand-alone solar energy systems.
In the residential sector, night time is precisely when most people are at home, often back from work, university or school, and have numerous appliances and lighting going which therefore require the largest amount of energy. Likewise, the commercial and industrial sectors can use night time wind energy for the overnight operation of the equipment such as HVAC, fridges/freezers, and other machinery that operates continuously.
In additional to that, Axis Energy's technology is able to produce much larger amounts of energy than solar energy systems for a given footprint. Two masts consisting of three modules each can produce up to 15 kW, and take only about 10 m2 of space. Efficient solar panels produce about 170 W per square metre, meaning a 85 m2 roof space is required for a 15 kW capacity system. This allows better use of the available space on rooftops and enables commercial volume power production within the 'built environment'.
97 Upton Street
Bundall QLD 4217
 Brisbane Office
The Capital Lvl 4 155 Queen Street
Brisbane City QLD 4000
Contact us
Phone: +61 488 764 724
LinkedIn: Axis Energy Group


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When you want to broadcast a live stream there are different steps to follow:
1. You have to connect your camera (or several) to an encoding software.
2. Configure the stream on a streaming server through the encoding solution.
3. Receive the video stream through the streaming server.
The necessary equipment:
-A good internet connection, it's important to send your video in high quality.
Thanks to this article you are going to be able to set up Flash Media Live Encoder as well in order to broadcast a live streaming from Libcast platform.
First, you have to download the software, here.
This free software can be setting up on every computer. The screenshots are made on IOS, but the software is the same on Windows.
Step 1 : Upload and set up Flash Media Live Encoder:
First, visit the website to upload for free the software. Once it's uploaded, open the software and select the source of the stream in "Device" for both "Video" and "Audio" entries.
Step 2 : Configure the Flash Media Live Encoder broadcasting settings:
Once the audio and video sources are defined, you just have to configure the broadcasting server.
The first field "FMS URL" is about the streaming video server address. You have to fill it up with the destination address, it's always beginning with "rtmp://". For example if you have a Libcast account it will be: rtmp://live.libcast.com/publish
The next field is "stream", thanks to this you can send your live toward your account.
Finally, you can connect and try the stream in order to validate the information. You are now connected to the broadcast server but you are not sending your stream.
But when you connect your stream you might have a windows that tells you "Problem with Primary Server", this might be because the 1935 port of your Internet box is closed. You just have to contact your ISD in order to be able to send your live stream.
Finally, you just have to start your live.
If you have other streaming details, you can also use them.


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As the Bengali immigrants settled down to raise families, they created for their offspring a hybrid cultural milieu, where annaprasanfor the new-born and aashirvad for the newly-wed bracketed a life of shuttling between PTA meetings and scout camps, or bouncing from soccer practices to ballet lessons. The children grew up learning how to navigate the channel between the cultures of their parents and their peers. The stories of the second and succeeding generations are also part of the mosaic of the Bengali immigrants' life experiences and will have a prominent place in this website.
Here are the published articles related to this theme:
The Language of Our Kin (Kooheli Chatterji)
An Immigrant Childhood: Growing up with GSCA (Aparna [Molly] Debroy)
Second Generation Experiences


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Animal Species:Cape York Sheathtail Bat
Very little is known about Cape York Sheathtail Bats in Australia. They are also found in Papua New Guinea.
Cape York Sheathtail Bats seem to roost in tree hollows in Australia, but in New Guinea they are known from limestone caves.
Feeding and Diet
Cape York Sheathtail Bats eat beetles, flying ants, grasshoppers and moths. They fly high and straight over the top of trees in open forests hunting for prey.
Cape York Sheathtail Bats are vulnerable to destruction of roost sites in hollows trees by clearing for agriculture and changes to feeding areas by agricultural activities.


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Talk of Darkness: Human Rights in Morocco
A public reading and lecture by author and human rights activist Fatna El Bouih
Published: Saturday, March 10, 2007
Fatna El Bouih was first arrested in Casablanca as an 18-year-old student leader with connections to the Marxist movement. Over the next decade she was rearrested, forcibly disappeared, tortured, and transferred between multiple prisons. While imprisoned, she helped organize a hunger strike, completed her undergraduate degree in sociology, and began work on a Master's degree.
Beginning with the harrowing account of her kidnapping during the heightened political tension of the 1970s, Talk of Darkness tells the true story of one woman's struggle to secure political prisoners' rights and defend herself against an unjust imprisonment.
Fatna El Bouih went on to become a high school teacher after her release from prison and continues to devote herself to human rights. She is one of the founders of the first shelter for battered women in Casablanca and works for released prisoners' reintegration into society and the abolition of the death penalty in Morocco.


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Surgical technologists, sometimes called "scrub techs" are Allied Health Professionals who assist in surgical procedures under the supervision of surgeons and registered nurses. A surgical technologist provides surgical care to patients in a variety of settings. They possess expertise in theory and application of sterile and aseptic technique and combine the knowledge of anatomy, surgical procedures and implementation of tools and techniques to assist the surgeon in performance of invasive procedures.
What do Surgical Technologists do?
The surgical technologist's role as a member of the operating room team is to ensure quality patient care during the operative procedure and constant vigilance in maintaining a sterile field. The surgical technologist can perform a variety of functions depending on their work environment. They check supplies and equipment for the procedures, set up sterile tables with instruments, supplies, equipment and medications/solutions, perform appropriate counts with the circulating nurse, drape the sterile field, pass instruments to surgeon and assistants, prepare sterile dressings and clean instruments for terminal sterilization.
Skills and Helpful Traits
Is this for me? The ability to perform under pressure in stressful and emergency situations is an essential quality for a surgical technologist. Manual dexterity to handle instruments quickly and physical stamina are vital. A stable temperament, a strong sense of responsibility, considerable patience and exceptional organizational skills are also required. They are expected to keep abreast of new developments in the field and should make a commitment to lifelong learning. Other skills that are required to succeed as a surgical technologist include: physical strength, eye/hand coordination, critical thinking skills, concentration, good interpersonal relations, memorization and sequencing. Technologists must respond quickly and know the procedures well enough to have instruments ready for the surgeons.
Education and Certification
The trend today is to graduate from an accredited surgical technology training program and attain professional certification through the National Board of Surgical Technology and Surgical Assisting (NBSTSA). Programs may be offered in community and junior colleges, vocational and technical schools, the military, universities and structured hospital programs in surgical technology. Accredited programs vary from nine to fifteen months for a diploma or certificate to two years for an Associate's Degree.
The choice to become certified exhibits pride in the profession, the desire to be recognized for mastery of scientific principles, as well as ongoing commitment to quality patient care. Certification is a means for upward mobility, a condition for employment in some areas, a route to higher pay and a source of recognition nationwide.
According to the Department of Labor, employment of surgical technologists is expected to grow faster than the average for all occupations through the year 2016 as the volume of surgery increases. The number of surgical procedures is expected to rise as the population grows and ages. Technological advances, such as fiber optics, laser technology, and robotics will also introduce new surgical procedures. Hospitals will continue as the primary employer of surgical technologists, although much faster employment growth is expected in offices and clinics of physicians, including ambulatory surgical centers. A few, known as private scrubs, are employed by surgeons who have special surgical teams, such as those for organ transplantation.
Technologists advance by specializing in a particular area of surgery, such as neurosurgery or open heart surgery. Some surgical technologists manage central supply departments in hospitals, or take positions with insurance companies, sterile supply services and surgical equipment firms. Job opportunities will be best for technologists who are certified. There is very high demand nationwide, with about five job openings for every graduate.
Surgical Technologist Work Environments
- Operating rooms in hospitals
- Central Sterile Processing in hospitals
- Dental and orthodontic offices
- Private surgical facilities
- Experienced surgical technologists may return to teach future technologists
- Organ and Tissue donation organizations
The professional organization for surgical technologists is the Association of Surgical Technologists (AST). Formed in 1969 with the support of the American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association (AMA), American Hospital Association (AHA), and Association of periOperative Registered Nurses (AORN), AST represents the interests of over 80,000 surgical technologists.
AST's primary purpose is to ensure that surgical technologists have the knowledge and skills to administer patient care of the highest quality and is the principal provider in conjunction with more than 40 state organizations of continuing education for surgical technologists. AST also works with Accreditation Review Committee on Education in Surgical Technology and the National Board of Surgical Technology and Surgical Assisting to set standards for education and certification and represent the profession at state and national levels to ensure graduation from an accredited program.
$32,490 and $46,910
US Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Occupational Outlook Handbook,
$36,025 and $43,583
Professional Organization Websites
I began my career as a hospital secretary but I knew I needed a bigger challenge while still wanting to help people. I moved into a position as a nursing assistant and then an orderly. At the urging of my peers I began to explore my options as a surgical technologist. After completing a training program at the local community college and attaining my certification I finally found my life's goal.
If it's broke, we can fix it
I have always found the human body fascinating. I love the idea that when something is wrong with a patient's body, we can go inside and make it better. Surgical technologists get to work in almost every area of the body. Some of the most common surgeries include joint replacements, ear, nose and throat procedures and "simple fix" operations like removing a patient's gall bladder.
Surgical Technologists work best as a team
I work at one of Cleveland Clinic's regional hospitals. I am able to assist with a variety of surgical procedures on a daily basis. Working in a regional hospital allows for a stronger camaraderie among the other surgical technologists, doctors and the rest of the surgical team members due to the closeness of our daily interaction. Teamwork is an essential element of my job.
A surgical technologist's typical shift begins at 7 a.m. and may or may not end at 3:30 p.m. If one is required to be "on call" that day or maybe pick up extra time for a colleague your day can last for several extra hours beyond that of your normal routine. Ambulatory surgery center surgical technologists work a set schedule of Monday through Friday with no call time.
Stitching it together
Communication and a willingness to work with many personality types is a must in order to be a surgical technologist. Knowledge of the many tools and procedures, working in a demanding field and responsibility for maintaining a sterile environment is vital to success for the surgical technologist.
Who says you can't travel if you are a surgical technologist?
I began my career as a surgical technologist in North Carolina. The excitement of traveling to other hospitals across the United States gave me the opportunity to see a variety of procedures and many different techniques. I came to the Cleveland Clinic because their philosophy of "patient's first" was a strong passion of mine. I also get to be a part of surgeries that do not happen anywhere else in the country. Working at Cleveland Clinic's Main Campus has allowed me to work with some of the world's finest doctors and see a wide variety of procedures.
It's never too early to start
I share my insight into my profession to all that I meet who may be interested in becoming a surgical technologist. There are educational programs available in Cleveland and throughout the United States. Not only is your education important for use on the job, but observing surgeries and talking with other surgical technologists will help you decide if this career path is the right one for you. Certification for a surgical technologist is strongly recommended. Joining with your fellow "techs" through networking in the Association of Surgical Technologists allows one to keep informed and stay on top of the newest policies and procedures.
Patients are the reason for the job
One of the biggest rewards of my job is that you can truly feel as if you have improved a person's quality of life after a successful procedure. The patient's protection and wellbeing is my number one priority. Although we cannot always bond with our patients, we sometimes have the opportunity to meet them before or after surgery. They are always so grateful for what our team does. It makes our job that much more satisfying and another way we can exhibit our "world class service."


text: A simple but engaging story in Spanish about a new student at school. There is even a volcano explosion! I read it aloud asking the students many circling questions. They "act it out" in silence as I read. I draw a volcano on the board, etc. The next day, we recycled the story, read it quietly, and answered a few comprehension questions on a google form.


text:
The visibility status of a library determines whether it can be used in one project (Project) or can be re-used at the IDE level (Global).
The scope of a library defines the set of files and folders in which the library is considered as library, that is, it is write-protected, excluded from check for errors and refactoring, affects the completion list and highlighting.
- Create a folder test at the same level as the src folder
- Populate the test folder. For each production file, create a separate test file and name it as follows: ..js
- Mark the folder where the tests are stored as test folder.
- If necessary, have PhpStorm detect and enable the required testing framework on-the-fly.


text:
These resources provide information for teachers and students on the key elements of both organic and intensive farming. We hope to provide as balanced a view as possible, but acknowledge that our principal aim as an organisation is to promote the benefits of organic farming.
Stuffed sets out debates about the future of food, for students to explore the issues surrounding how our food is produced and what impact this is having on our environment, society and animal welfare. Each debate has resources - relevant articles, weblinks and information - that will confirm or challenge their understanding about the impact of our current food production and consumption. This resource is aimed at Key Stage Four students.
Farm trails online
You and your students can discover more about organic farming by 'walking' one of our web-based farm trails. Online activities include:
- Meeting organic farm animals
- Finding out more about wildlife on the farms
- Getting a sneak preview of a farm before you visit
- Accessing downloadable teaching resources
- Learning about organic farming principles
One Planet Food film
The Soil Association led Food for Life Partnership has an award-winning short film called One Planet Food. In the film, three young secret agents embark on a mission to discover the true impact of food and farming on the environment and investigate where food actually comes from.
Crops and livestock factsheet
For additional resources from other organisations about food and farming, sustainability and climate change, visit the websites listed below.


Lesson 8: The Church of Jesus Christ Has Prophets to Teach Us
Primary 3, (1994), 35–39
To help the children understand the importance of listening to and obeying the teachings of the prophets.
 1. 1.
 Prayerfully study Luke 1:70.
 2. 2.
 Ask a Melchizedek Priesthood holder from your ward or branch to come to class and tell the children that he is pretending to be King Benjamin. (He may want to wear a bathrobe or something similar over his clothes to symbolize a king's robes.) Ask him to introduce himself as King Benjamin. Have him explain to the children that he was a righteous king who worked with his own hands to support himself so he wouldn't be a burden to his people. Ask him to briefly explain that he had a tower built and that the people came from near and far to hear his message. Ask him to briefly teach the children one of the principles that King Benjamin taught (see Mosiah 2–5).
 3. 3.
 Print each of the following teachings from the prophets and Presidents of the Church on separate pieces of paper or have a picture representing each one. Place the papers in a container (or place the pictures face down on a table). Add more teachings if needed so that each child can have a turn.
 "Have family home evening."
 "Study the scriptures."
 "Go to church every Sunday."
 "Pray daily."
 "Don't take things that belong to others."
 "Honor your parents by helping them at home."
 "Pay tithing."
 "Love one another."
 4. 4.
 Display a copy of a Church magazine that contains a message from the prophet on a table or somewhere in front of the class. Before class, hide pieces of paper with clues about the location of the magazine written on them around the room, such as under a chair, in the window, and on the chalkboard. Each clue should tell the children where to look for the next clue. The final clue should lead them back to the magazine on display. In the magazine, underline or mark in some way a short message from the prophet that the children can understand.
 5. 5.
 Materials needed:
 1. a.
 A Bible.
 2. b.
 A picture of the current prophet.
 3. c.
 Picture 3-19, President David O. McKay.
 6. 6.
Suggested Lesson Development
Invite a child to give the opening prayer.
Jesus Christ's Church Is Led by a Prophet
Attention activity
Tell the children that they have an important visitor in class today. Ask them to listen closely to his message because he will tell them about a righteous king and prophet. After your visitor has finished talking, invite the children to shake hands with him and thank him for coming.
Scripture discussion
Ask the children to listen to a scripture and see if they can learn something about prophets. Read Luke 1:70. Help them understand that sometimes the Lord teaches us by telling his prophets what we need to know, and the Church always has a prophet leading it.
 - Who was the first prophet on this earth? (Adam.)
 - Who was the first latter-day prophet? (Joseph Smith.)
 - Who is our prophet and President of the Church now? (Show his picture and have the children practice saying his name.)
 - What Bible and Book of Mormon prophets can you name?
 - Can anyone choose to be a prophet? (See John 15:16.)
Explain that not everyone is called to be a prophet. Jesus Christ himself chooses who his prophet will be. When Jesus Christ chooses a prophet, he gives him all the authority he will need to preside over the Church. This prophet is also the President of the Church.
Heavenly Father Has Given Us Prophets to Lead and Bless Us
Ask the children to listen carefully to the following statements. If they agree with the statement, they should stand up. If they disagree, they should sit down. Take time to explain any statements the children do not understand. (Since all the answers to the following statements are "agree," have the children sit down between each statement. The activity is designed to give movement and large muscle activity in the classroom.)
 1. 1.
 We receive messages from our prophet at general conference. (Agree. Explain that the prophet's counselors and the Twelve Apostles are also prophets.)
 2. 2.
 Our prophet will never tell us the wrong things to do. (Agree. Explain that we believe that what the prophet tells us will always be the right thing to do.)
 3. 3.
 President (name the current prophet) is the prophet and President of the Church. (Agree.)
 4. 4.
 Our prophet tells us the things that Heavenly Father and Jesus Christ want us to do so that we will be happy and be able to live with them again. (Agree.)
Teacher presentation
Explain that the prophet gives us messages in the Church magazines, speaks in meetings, and directs and teaches other Church leaders.
Explain that Jesus Christ was the greatest prophet who has lived on the earth. He taught the gospel and performed many miracles.
Picture and story
Tell the children that you are going to tell them a story about President David O. McKay, one of the latter-day prophets. Explain that latter-day prophets are those who have lived since Joseph Smith, or close to the time that we live. Show picture 3-19, President David O. McKay, as you tell the following story:
When President David O. McKay was the prophet, he traveled throughout much of the world to meet and lead the members of the Church. Once when he was in Germany, he heard about a mother who was paralyzed (she could not move parts of her body) and could not come to the conference to hear him speak.
This mother had two children, and she wanted them to go to the conference and see and hear the living prophet. With great faith she said, "I know if I send my children to shake hands with President McKay, and then they come home and take my hand—if I can hold their little hands in mine—I know that I shall get better."
Arrangements were made so that her two children were able to go to the conference. The children were thrilled and excited as they traveled to see the prophet.
At the end of the conference, President McKay shook hands with many people who were there. He knew that these two children were coming, and when he saw them, he shook hands with them and said, "Will you take this handkerchief to your mother with my blessing?"
The children took the handkerchief back to their mother. She was very happy and thanked the Lord every day for the handkerchief and the blessing which President McKay sent through her two children. Immediately after the children came home, she began to get better, and she was soon able to move her body and take care of her children. (See Cherished Experiences from the Writings of President David O. McKay, comp. Clare Middlemiss [Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 1955], pp. 149–51.)
We Can Follow the Prophet
Treasure hunt
Have a simple progressive treasure hunt. Begin by stating: "Somewhere in this room is a message from the prophet of the Church to the members of this class. See if you can find it." Then tell the children the first clue. As each clue is found, either read it aloud or have a child who can read do so. The last clue could state something like, "It is printed on paper. It is with other pages of paper. It has a colorful cover." When the children discover the magazine, read or have a child read from the magazine the marked message from the prophet. Then explain what a treasure the words of a prophet are. Prophets can tell us how to live so that we can return to Heavenly Father.
Bear your testimony of the blessings that have come to you through studying the teachings of the prophets in the scriptures and obeying the living prophet. You might want to share a personal experience of how a teaching from a prophet has influenced your life.
Invite a child to give the closing prayer.
Enrichment Activities
 1. 1.
 Have the children stand in a line and march quietly around the room while saying or singing the words to the chorus of "Follow the Prophet" (Children's Songbook, pp. 110–11). After finishing the chorus each time, the child at the front of the line should tell how he or she will follow the teachings of the prophet and then go to the end of the line. Be sure each child gets a turn to be at the front of the line.
 Follow the prophet, follow the prophet,
 Follow the prophet; don't go astray.
 Follow the prophet, follow the prophet,
 Follow the prophet; he knows the way.
 2. 2.
 Explain that when we follow the prophet by doing what he asks us to do, we will be blessed and be able to return to live with Heavenly Father and Jesus Christ. Pass out a copy of the maze (located on the next page) to each child and ask them to color the right path to get back to Heavenly Father and Jesus. The children who can't read may need some help.
 3. 3.
 Share facts and stories about the current prophet as you show his picture.
 4. 4


text:
Look around you. Where did all of the "stuff" you use every day come from? Are you sitting on a plastic chair? Do you have rock countertops in your kitchen and bathrooms? Do you use pencils or powder?
Almost everything we use every day comes from our natural resources, and many of those natural resources are geological – they come from under the surface of the earth. Rocks, minerals, water, oil and gas are all geological resources that we depend on every day.
Where do we get the water and the oil that we pump up from underground? Is it in pools and rivers running underground? Or is it trapped somewhere else? Let's find out!
Our favorite links for information on Natural Resources:
We have had two very busy months to start out 2009. We visited all of the 3rd graders at Mattawan Later Elementary School - once to talk about Michigan Geology and Natural Resources and once to talk about Climate Change. We also visited the 3rd grade Visions class at Plainwell's Starr Elementary to explore Michigan Geology and we will visit them again in late February to talk about Michigan's Geological Natural Resources.
CoreKids and MGRRE also hosted several field trip groups in January and February.
Field trip groups had the opportunity to explore the concepts of porosity and permeability of rocks and sediments and learned why these concepts are important in everyday life. They also used data from an oil well in SW Michigan to determine at what depth geologists would have expected to find natural resources and then examined the rock core from the well to see what rocks holding our natural resources look like.
What is that black stuff in the rocks? Could that be OIL? So maybe oil, gas and water isn't really flowing in underground rivers and streams, maybe, as our visitors learned, it is really inside the pore spaces in rocks. Parents, ask your CoreKids about porosity and permeability and they can probably set you straight!
2242 thru 2244 feet deep
2235 thru 2237 feet deep
2226 thru 2228 feet deep
The numbers written in black on the rock are the depths below the surface of Allegan County that the core sample was taken at. The oil well the students worked with data and samples from was drilled in July of 1987 and the rock core is preserved at the Michigan Geological Repository for Research and Education, where today's geologists can go to examine data and rocks from the past in order to better explore for and manage Michigan's natural resources today.
Check back again – we have more resources coming.


text:
Just Ask is an after-school support project located in the heart of Dublin's North West Inner City which transforms the lives of children and young people aged 6-18 years living in extremely challenging circumstances through educational support. It provides weekly activities for up to 120 children, teens and their families.
After School Club Monday to Thursday
(Primary & Secondary age children)
Just A.S.K. activities include:
- Provides nutritious meals for children after school
- Promotes learning of core skills such as literacy and numeracy through homework assistance, particularly for those struggling with the education system
- Provides fun activities where they can exercise, be creative and build relationships
- Rewards young people with outings, Summer camps and weekend retreats throughout the year
- The 12 step programme seeking to challenge teens to think ahead and prepare for their future.
- Provides them with an opportunity to participate in group work that inspires them socially and physically
- Provides vital educational support for students as they make the transition from primary and progress through secondary school
- Reduces antisocial behavior young people engage in by providing appropriate and meaningful alternatives
- Organises regular trips out of the area (e.g. to Howth), residential camps and projects during school holidays
- Leads to more young people in the area completing school
- Provides young people from an area of high unemployment, social problems and negative stereotypes with a structure and positive path, which in turn instills confidence, a pride in their community and increased opportunities to achieve success in their lives.
Just A.S.K. also run school based work that helps young people adjust to the change from primary to secondary education.
As part of our extensive summer programs Just A.S.K. runs 3 residential summer camps for Children 7-12, Teens and a Family camp.


A common question for people starting to program on Windows is, "What makes a valid Windows file name?" You want to use this information to make simplifying assumptions in your code: that names can be no longer than MAX_PATH, that two names won't differ only by case, etc. Unfortunately, the answer to what makes a valid file name in Windows is not simple.
Due to the layering of Windows architecture, the definition of a "legal" file name may vary depending upon the component of the operating system you are dealing with.
· NTFS and the Posix subsystem have the most permissive definition of a "legal" name. The name may be up to 32,768 Unicode characters long. The name can contain trailing periods, trailing spaces, and two files may have names that differ only in case (e.g., README.TXT and readme.txt).
· The Win32 subsystem enforces additional constraints on legal file names. The name can be at most MAX_PATH characters long (defined in windef.h as 260 characters), may not have trailing dots or spaces, and file names are case preserving, not case sensitive — if two files exists with names that differ only in case, you will only be able to manipulate one of them through Win32 APIs.
· DOS and 16-bit Windows applications are still limited to "8.3" names.
See Inside Windows 2000, pages 729ff, for more information on the different constraints on file names.
These differences have practical consequences for any code that attempts to manage files that could be created by another program. If your management code uses DOS (heaven forbid!) or Win32 APIs to manipulate files, it is possible for the untrusted program to create files that your program cannot open or manipulate. For example, a user connected to Posix-based FTP server could create files with file names longer than MAX_PATH. If the administrator uses a Win32-based program to manage the FTP upload directory, then he will not be able to open, delete, or otherwise manipulate the files with long file names.
If you are writing a Win32-based program that manages arbitrary files, consider prepending "\\?\" to the start of file names before you call CreateFile( ), DeleteFile( ), RenameFile( ), etc. This escape sequence at the start of a file name instructs the Win32 subsystem to bypass its normal name checking functions, and you will be able to use any valid NTFS name from your Win32 program.