© 2020
The Structure of Complex Images
Part of the Palgrave Close Readings in Film and Television book series (CRFT)
Table of contents
 1. Front Matter
 Pages i-xii
 2. Robert B. Ray
 Pages 1-14
 3. Film Studies and Its Problems
 1. Front Matter
 Pages 15-15
 4. Cinephilia, Cavell, and Description-as-Method
 1. Front Matter
 Pages 77-77
 2. Robert B. Ray
 Pages 79-100
 3. Robert B. Ray
 Pages 101-120
 5. Movie Star Performance
 1. Front Matter
 Pages 121-121
 2. Robert B. Ray
 Pages 123-136
 3. Robert B. Ray
 Pages 155-162
 6. Memory Theaters
 1. Front Matter
 Pages 163-163
 2. Robert B. Ray
 Pages 165-196
 7. The Structure of Complex Images
 8. Back Matter
 Pages 249-259
About this book
After over a century of existence, the cinema still has its mysteries. Why, for example, is the job we call movie stardom unlike any other in the world? How do films provide so much unconcealed information that we fail to notice? What makes it hard to define what counts as "acting"? How do movies like Casablanca and Breathless store the film and world histories of their generations? How can we reconcile auteurism's celebration of the movie director's authority with the camera's automatism? Why have the last four decades of film criticism so often neglected such questions? After beginning with an overview of film studies, this book proposes a shift from predictable theoretical approaches to models that acknowledge the perplexities and mysteries of the movies. Deriving methods from cinephilia, Wittgenstein, Richard Rorty, Stanley Cavell, Eleanor Duckworth, V. F. Perkins, and James Naremore, Robert B. Ray offers close readings that call attention to what we have missed in such classic films as La Règle du Jeu, It Happened One Night, It's a Wonderful Life, Vertigo, Holiday, The Philadelphia Story, Casablanca, Breathless, and Tickets.
Images Film Studies Complexity Mystery Classic Cinema Close Reading Structure Film Theory
Authors and affiliations
 1. 1.Department of EnglishUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleUSA
About the authors
Robert B. Ray is Professor of English at the University of Florida, USA. He is the author of A Certain Tendency of the Hollywood Cinema: _PHONE_, The Avant-Garde Finds Andy Hardy, How a Film Theory Got Lost and Other Mysteries in Cultural Studies, The ABCs of Classic Hollywood, and Walden X 40. He is also a member of The Vulgar Boatmen, whose records include You and Your Sister, Please Panic, Opposite Sex, and Wide Awake.
Bibliographic information
 - Book Title The Structure of Complex Images
 - Authors Robert B. Ray
 - Series Title Palgrave Close Readings in Film and Television
 - Series Abbreviated Title Palgrave Close Readings in Film and Television
 - DOI
 - Publisher Name Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
 - eBook Packages Literature, Cultural and Media Studies Literature, Cultural and Media Studies (R0)
 - Hardcover ISBN 978-3-030-40630-1
 - Softcover ISBN 978-3-030-40633-2
 - eBook ISBN 978-3-030-40631-8
 - Edition Number 1
 - Number of Pages XII, 259
 - Number of Illustrations 26 b/w illustrations, 14 illustrations in colour
 - Topics Close Reading
 Film Theory
 Film History
 - Buy this book on publisher's site


Analyzes, instruments, and transpiles JS to help beginners.
Aether aims to make it easy for people to learn and write JavaScript and CoffeeScript by helping them catch and fix bugs, letting them see and more easily understand the execution of their program (like Bret Victor commanded!), and giving them tips on how they can improve their code. CodeCombat is behind it.
You can use the GitHub issues, the Discourse forum, the HipChat, or email Nick.
It's a JavaScript library (written in CoffeeScript) that takes user code as input; does computer-sciencey transpilation things to it with the help of JSHint, Esprima, JS_WALA, escodegen, and traceur; and gives you linting, transformation, sandboxing, instrumentation, time-travel debugging, style analysis, autocompletion, and more.
Devour for docs, demos, and developer discourse
The MIT License (MIT)
If you'd like to contribute, please sign the CodeCombat contributor license agreement so we can accept your pull requests. It is easy.


text:
General Comment No. 2: Implementation of article 2 by States Parties, CAT/C/GC/2, 24 January 2008
21. The protection of certain minority or marginalized individuals or populations especially at risk of torture is a part of the obligation to prevent torture or ill-treatment. States parties must ensure that, insofar as the obligations arising under the Convention are concerned, their laws are in practice applied to all persons, regardless of race, colour, ethnicity, age, religious belief or affiliation, political or other opinion, national or social origin, gender, sexual orientation, transgender identity, mental or other disability, health status, economic or indigenous status, reason for which the person is detained, including persons accused of political offences or terrorist acts, asylum-seekers, refugees or others under international protection, or any other status or adverse distinction. States parties should, therefore, ensure the protection of members of groups especially at risk of being tortured, by fully prosecuting and punishing all acts of violence and abuse against these individuals and ensuring implementation of other positive measures of prevention and protection, including but not limited to those outlined above.
22. State reports frequently lack specific and sufficient information on the implementation of the Convention with respect to women. The Committee emphasizes that gender is a key factor. Being female intersects with other identifying characteristics or status of the person such as race, nationality, religion, sexual orientation, age, immigrant status etc. to determine the ways that women and girls are subject to or at risk of torture or ill-treatment and the consequences thereof. The contexts in which females are at risk include deprivation of liberty, medical treatment, particularly involving reproductive decisions, and violence by private actors in communities and homes. Men are also subject to certain gendered violations of the Convention such as rape or sexual violence and abuse. Both men and women and boys and girls may be subject to violations of the Convention on the basis of their actual or perceived non-conformity with socially determined gender roles. States parties are requested to identify these situations and the measures taken to punish and prevent them in their reports.
Link to full text of the report: General Comment-CAT-2-implementation article 2-2008-eng

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Charles de Freycinet
Freycinet, Charles de (shärl də frāsēnāˈ) [key], 1828–1923, French statesman. A mining engineer, he helped Léon Gambetta organize resistance to the Germans during the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71). Later he was elected (1876) to the senate. He repeatedly held cabinet posts—public works, foreign affairs, and war—and was four times premier. As minister of public works, he proposed a massive program to construct new railroads, highways, and canals. In the war ministry he extended (1889) military service to three years.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Can Vaping Help with Anxiety?
By // April 8, 2021
Vaping and smoking are completely different. In fact, e-cigarettes or vaping devices offer a lot of benefits compared to traditional cigarettes.
In this context, you will get to know more about how vaping helps with anxiety.
How Vaping Helps with Anxiety?
If you're dealing with anxiety or even stress, vaping helps in relaxing the tension from your mind. Actually, there's an upfront explanation for this wonder. As you vape, the flow of information will slow down and you'll receive a calm sensation. Perhaps, this is one reason why many people choose vaping over smoking.
When you inhale the smoke, your body will release chemicals that affect your brain to slow down. This approach is crucial if you have a mental problem like anxiety and depression. The palliative effect is one major reason why smoking facilitates resolving anxiety problems.
Vaping, on the other hand, is just a way to get this and you will feel relax after a long, stressful day. In fact, vaping works like a hug we receive from family and friends. When you vape, your body will tell you that everything is going to be alright and you will be able to release all the stress and tension.
The liquid in Vapes Contain Nicotine
Often liquids utilized in vaping have some traces of nicotine. The presence of nicotine is one of the many reasons why vaping offers a positive effect on anxiety. According to some health professionals, there are other advantages that you can obtain from vaping because of the nicotine presence. One essential advantage is that vaping aids in replacing a regular smoking cigarette, consisting of a considerable amount of nicotine as well as other dangerous toxins.
The Calming and Sweet Aromas of Vape Juice Help
In addition to nicotine, some aromas are added to vape juices that can help in reducing anxiety and stress among people. At the moment, you will be able to see a lot of flavors on the market. Thus, you will be able to pick whichever will suit your preference.
The aromas present in the liquids are better compared to the smoke coming out from cigarettes. Vaping these liquids doesn't have any stimulant that may trigger anxiety. Thus, vaping a liquid doesn't boost the stress rate. Instead, it will help you to distress and enjoy your life the way it's destined to be enjoyed. By picking vape over smoking cigarettes, you're just taking a minimal amount of toxins and chemicals.
Research shows that a vape device like SMOK Mag Grip produces little to no toxins other than smoking a cigarette. So, when you're vaping, you are not just reducing your anxiety and stress but also cleaning your body from toxins.
Safer Than Smoking
Vaping is a safer option in terms of smoking. By opting to vape rather than smoking a cigarette, you're consuming fewer toxins and chemicals. Research shows that vape devices only give off 95% fewer toxins than cigarettes. So, by vaping, you're reducing anxiety and stress. Not only that, but you're also cleansing your body from toxins. In fact, the simple process of vaping will calm you down.
One of the cheapest and most affordable ways to lessen anxiety and stress is vaping. It doesn't cost you a significant amount to purchase your vaping pen. And if you maintain or take good care of your device properly, all you need to do is buy the battery and liquids that are very affordable. But, if you are using a rechargeable device, then you will be able to save more. Therefore, if you're trying to save and not to spend too much in order to destress, you may want to consider vaping.
Are There Any Ingredients to Avoid?
The FDA (Food and Drug Administration) is regulating vaping liquids and devices, even the ones that do not contain nicotine. Vape manufacturers should include warning labels on their products especially when they have nicotine.
Whether you want to vape to reduce anxiety or for other personal reasons, make sure to avoid the following ingredients or flavoring found in vape fluids.
■ Citral
■ Acrolein
■ Acrylonitrile
■ Acrylamide
■ Eucalyptol
■ Ethylvanillin
■ Benzaldehyde
■ Vanillin
■ Pulegone
■ Propylene Oxide
■ Formaldehyde
However, manufacturers are not required to offer customers a list of ingredients. Thus, knowing which product should be avoided becomes more difficult.
Nevertheless, you may find it easier to stay away from flavors associated with respiratory irritants such as:
■ Berry
■ Bread
■ Almond
■ Cinnamon
■ Burnt
■ Cotton Candy
■ Powdery
■ Nutty
■ Jam
■ Herbal
■ Thyme
■ Tomato
■ Woody
■ Spicy
■ Creamy
■ Pineapple
How to Vape Safely?
In order for you to reap all the benefits of vaping for anxiety, it is important that you vape safely or responsibly. Because if you don't, you may end hurting yourself. Nevertheless, here are some tips that you need to follow when vaping.
Do Not Set the Temperature of Mod Too High
On some vape devices, you can adjust the temperature. However, we highly recommend that you shouldn't set it too high. It's because you'll feel that the inhale is dry whereas the flavor goes nasty. Also, if you use the highest temperature, it may cause different chemical reactions to occur. This, in turn, will release unnecessary chemicals that are dangerous to your health.
Do Not Modify Your Liquids
When buying liquids from a trustworthy retailer or manufacturer, they have already undergone a lot of processes to make sure that their formulations are totally safe. With that in mind, it is not recommended to modify your liquids by adding other ingredients or substances.
Keep in mind that, if you are not totally sure of what you are doing, modifying will create a chance for unwanted chemical reactions that may cause adverse side effects.
Final Message
As you can see vaping can be a great help when it comes to easing or reducing anxiety. However, to reap all these benefits you will need to vape responsibly. Most importantly, ask your doctor if you are allowed to vape especially if you're taking medications.
Leave a Comment


text:
Data for Instruction
The careful analysis of student assessment data is at the core of all the decisions teachers make about instruction. Several sources of formative and summative data — include the astute observations of watchful teachers — draw a clear picture of the academic progress of each child.
Analyze & Synthesize
Teachers use their PLC time to analyze assessment data at the level of the individual student. The results of this close analysis and synthesis across multiple data sets provide the raw material for any changes to instruction and student placement in whole and small groups for math and reading.
Share Data & Make Decisions
This assessment form and (sample) Master Intervention Schedule provide two mechanisms to share data among the Evergreen Heights teaching team and the families whose children they teach.
Teachers use the information captured on these forms to design specific interventions and decide grouping for academic enrichment. In the report card that goes out every trimester, parents receive a special insert that explains this formative data.
We Can Make the Connection
Multiple and layered sources of assessment data and its careful analysis on a weekly basis, create a solidly structured center of gravity for teaching and learning. Every day, teachers at Evergreen Heights are able to add to what they know about how well their students are grasping and applying new concepts, which underscores and reinforces the commitment to each child's academic achievement, irrespective of the challenges they face — one of the Nine Characteristics of High-Performing Schools.
Teachers and staff believe that all students can learn and meet high standards. While recognizing that some students must overcome significant barriers, these obstacles are not seen as insurmountable. Students are offered an ambitious and rigorous course of study.


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"Fuming" is a method of coloring wood by exposing it to ammonia fumes. In short, the wood and ammonia are sealed into a fuming chamber where the concentrated fumes react with the tannin in the wood and cause it to turn anywhere from a rich brown to almost black, depending on the length of exposure. The method became popular around the turn of the century, especially with Arts and Crafts furniture makers, who liked it because it evenly colored the quarter sawn white oak they favored. The process lives on, and is still considered the method of choice for Mission style furniture. And it's not all that difficult, although there a few important safety considerations. Below, Michael Dresdner explains the process – including how to protect yourself – in answer to a Woodworkers Journal eZine reader's question.
Q. "Fuming wood. It's a finishing technique used in Mission style furniture. What strength ammonia is required and where to obtain it? Does it require heat and how much heat? How long does the process take, and how much ammonia is required? Does anyone have any ideas for the "Fuming Chamber"?
A. Michael Dresdner: "Fuming is a dangerous process, so gear up with eye protection, respirator, and gloves. Suit up BEFORE you open the jug, or open the chamber. Use 35% solution ammonium hydroxide, which you can get from a chemical supply house or blueprint supplier (this is the ammonia used in blueprint machines — something becoming increasingly rare thanks to computer plotters.) The ammonia generates fumes that are trapped in a chamber — hence, very little is required, since a small amount will generate a good bit of fumes. One bowl will do a tented table or chair, and a gallon will do an entire chamber full of furniture. Naturally, it can be used again and again."
"The longer the furniture is in the chamber, the darker it gets. Typical schedules go from 12 hours (a very light fuming) to 72 hours (rather dark). Test scraps first.
"The temperature in the chamber not only affects speed of fuming, but also color. The hotter the chamber, the more reds it brings out. Colder chambers result in a more greenish brown. Make one section of the chamber of clear plastic, and shine a heat lamp into it. Remember, ammonia corrodes aluminum, so no electrical connections should be inside the chamber. You'll notice that when the air inside gets up to 80 or 82 degrees, the reaction goes faster and the colors get slightly redder."
"A simple chamber can be nothing more than a frame draped with clear or black 2 mil plastic. Make the frame of wood scraps or plastic pipe — anything that will hold up plastic and surround the piece you are fuming. Seal the plastic at the bottom with duct tape. (Obviously, don't fume on a wood floor — fuming works even through most finishes.) For a more permanent, reusable one, try one of those ubiquitous Rubbermaid storage sheds. Close it and seal up the edges and seams with duct tape."
From the Woodworker's Journal eZine Archives
You'll also find some great tips on fuming white oak in the Woodweb Knowledge Base. As a bonus, the discussion includes a glimpse of how they did things in the old days:
"There was this old story about fuming my grandfather told about oak and some other woods done in France. He said the work was interior installations of small stores. When the work was complete, everything inside the space was removed, and all windows and doors were sealed except one. This would be sealed from the outside. When it was sealed really tight, the finisher would set a big flat pan of ammonia on a metal grate, and light a real thick candle under it. Next morning he'd come by, check the color, make sure the candle was still lit, and wait for the right tint to the wood. (Ahh… the old tricks–who would care to hand stain an entire architectural molded interior space?)"
(We assume that wood fumers of years past used appropriate, government approved safety equipment as well – of course they did. – ed.)
If you have access to the Fine Woodworking magazine archives (a modest subscription fee is required) make sure you read Kevin Rodel's "Fuming with Ammonia" (FW # 126). You'll find a thorough explanation of the process and a look at how fuming works with species other than the traditional white oak. Marc Spagnuolo (aka the Wood Whisperer) offered his wood fuming method recently (see May 14). Note the emphasis, again, on taking the proper safety precautions.
Finally, if you want to learn Mission furniture making from start to finish, pick up a copy of The Furniture of Gustav Stickley. It covers the entire process, including how to fume your finished projects to the point of perfect authenticity.


Genus: Gymnadenia
Fragrant Orchid
Gymnadenia is a genus of terrestrial orchids containing about 16 species, primarily distributed throughout Europe and Central to Eastern Asia. One species, Gymnadenia conopsea, has been introduced to North America and is found in Connecticut. This genus has two lobed tubers, with several thick roots extending horizontally, or even vertically towards the surface, from the tubers. Gymnadenia orchids produce several stem leaves and an inflorescence of multiple small, resupinate flowers, usually pink or red, occasionally white or yellowish green. The lateral petals and dorsal sepal are connivent and form a hood over the column, and the labellum is spurred. Gymnadenia usually grow in moist fens, meadows, and grasslands.
North American Species in this Genus
 - Gymnadenia conopsea


Click an image to enlarge.
Food don't waste it print
During the First World War Britain was heavily reliant on food imports from the United States and Canada. To target this important lifeline, Germany, in 1917, introduced unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic. The sinking of huge numbers of merchant ships bound for Britain soon caused drastic shortages in staple foods, such as bread, and led to food price rises.
In response, the British government initially introduced a voluntary rationing scheme, issuing posters such as this one, that encouraged self-restraint in food consumption.
Produced during the First World War
© IWM (Art.IWM PST 13375)
Food don't waste it print
£ 6.00
Product Code:
In Stock


text:
The Fayoumi is a breed of chicken originating in Egypt. Fayoumis are a very old breed in their native region, and are named for the Faiyum Governorate southwest of Cairo and west of the Nile.
Representations and descriptions of domestic fowl first appear during Egypt's New Kingdom. King Tutankhamen had pet Sri Lanka junglefowl procured through the ancient cinnamon trade. Fayoumi chickens are believed to be descendants of junglefowl hybrids with domestic fowl that have adapted for life in thorn palm forests and marshes in Egypt ~ 3,000 years ago. They have been present in the West since at least the 1940s, when they were imported from Egypt by an Iowa State University Dean of Agriculture. However, they are not officially recognized for exhibition by the American Poultry Association, and are not included in the Standard of Perfection.
With their upright tails and forward jutting breast and neck, they are sometimes likened to a roadrunner. They are a lightweight fowl, with roosters weighing in around 2 kilograms (4.4 lb) and hens 1.6 kg (3.5 lb). They appear only in a single variety. In roosters, the plumage is silver-white on the head, neck, back and saddle, with the rest in a black and white barring. Hens have heads and necks in the silver-white hue, with the rest barred. Fayoumis have a single comb, earlobes, and wattles are red and moderately large, with a white spot in the earlobes. They have dark horn colored beaks, and slate blue skin. Their appearance is remarkably similar to the silver variety of the Campine breed of Belgium, and the Campine may be descended from a Fayoumi-like chicken brought north in Europe by the Romans.
Fayoumis are a hardy breed, and particularly well suited to hot climates. The breed, through poultry genetics research and anecdotal reports, is thought to be especially resistant to viral and bacterial infections. They are also very good foragers, and if left to their own devices on a free range basis they can fend for themselves in a nearly feral manner. Fayoumi hens are good layers of small, off-white eggs. They are not given to broodiness as pullets, but can be when they reach two or three years of age. The breed is fast to mature, with hens laying by four and half months, and cockerels crowing at five or six weeks.


text:
Religious Studies: The Key Concepts
By Carl Olson
Published September 15th 2010 by Routledge – 320 pages
Series: Routledge Key Guides
Religious Studies: The Key Concepts is an accessible, A-Z resource, defining and explaining key terms and ideas central to the study of religion. Exploring broad and recurring themes which are applicable in both eastern and western religions, cross-cultural examples are provided for each term to give a comprehensive overview of the subject. Subjects covered include:
With cross referencing and further reading provided throughout, this book provides an inclusive map of the discipline, and is an essential reference for all students, academics and researchers.
Preface List of Key Concepts Religion and Religious Studies: An Introduction Key Concepts Bibliography
Carl Olson is Professor of Religious Studies at Allegheny College where he has held the National Endowment for the Humanities Chair and the Teacher-Scholar Professorship of the Humanities. He is currently a permanent fellow of Clare Hall, University of Cambridge


Swiss Scientists Design a Turbine to Fit in Human Arteries
Vascular turbine could generate enough power to recharge pacemakers; blood clots a potential problem
Photo: Alois Pfenniger, ARTORG Cardiovascular Engineering, University of Bern, Switzerland
16 May 2011—Coaches admire athletes for showing a lot of heart, and poets praise the organ's passions, but engineers see the human cardiovascular system otherwise. The heart is a pump in a prime location, brimming with energy for the taking, says biomedical engineer Alois Pfenniger. So together with colleagues at the University of Bern and the Bern University of Applied Sciences, in Switzerland, Pfenniger has tested small turbines designed to fit inside a human artery, like an implantable hydroelectric generator.
But attendees at the meeting raised a heart-stopping possibility: Could the turbine's turbulence provoke a blood clot? When blood gets trapped in eddies, it starts to coagulate. Pfenniger's research showed that all three turbines produced some turbulence, though in differing amounts, and he and his colleagues acknowledge that they'll have to address turbulence to avoid blood clots. They may try a different design or tweak an existing design, using computer simulations to improve it.
A competing design by electrophysiologist Paul Roberts of Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust avoids that problem because it does not have a rotating part in the path of the blood flow. Instead, it's attached to a pacemaker lead, and it works by using the blood pressure changes of a heart beating to move a magnet back and forth. But a prototype tested in a pig produced only about one-fifth of the energy a pacemaker needs—much less than Pfenniger's turbine. Roberts has discussed commercializing his device with potential business partners; he is currently seeking government funding to improve it.
Similarly, Dan Gelvan, CEO of Sirius Implantable Systems, acquired a patent for extracting energy from the circulatory system in 2005. But Gelvan's device, which was also tested in animals, uses a piezoelectric transducer located alongside moving organs instead of inside an artery. Gelvan says that for systems such as his, "the most important challenge is that you're working with low-frequency, highly variable systems."
Other research groups are experimenting with still more ways of scavenging energy from the pulse of arteries, the temperature gradients inside the body, and other neglected power sources. "The drive for all of this is to potentially reduce sizes of devices," Roberts says, "and equally to accommodate increasing demands placed on devices, such as more diagnostics and wireless communications."
A correction to this article was made on 23 May 2011.
About the Author
Lucas Laursen is a freelance journalist based in Zurich. In the September 2010 issue of IEEE Spectrum, he wrote about a computer system that warns farmers when laying hens are going to start murderous rampages.


A treasury is either
 - A government department related to finance and taxation.
 - A place where currency or precious items (gold
 , diamond
 s, etc.) is/are kept.
The term was first used in Classical
Classical antiquity
, such as the Siphnian Treasury
Siphnian Treasury
The Siphnian Treasury was a dedicated building to the Greek polis, or city-state, of Delphi, by the Greek city-state of Siphnos. Such dedications were common among city-states in order to win the favor of the gods....
 in Delphi
 or many similar buildings erected in Olympia, Greece
Olympia, Greece
 by competing city-states to impress others during the ancient Olympic Games. In Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece
 treasuries were almost always physically incorporated within religious buildings such as temples, thus making state funds sacrosanct and adding moral constraints to the penal ones to those who would have access to these funds.
The head of a treasury is typically known as a treasurer
A treasurer is the person responsible for running the treasury of an organization. The adjective for a treasurer is normally "tresorial". The adjective "treasurial" normally means pertaining to a treasury, rather than the treasurer.-Government:...
The adjective for a treasury is normally "treasurial". The adjective "tresorial" can also be used, but this normally means pertaining to a treasurer.
In the United Kingdom
United Kingdom
, Her Majesty's Treasury is overseen by the Chancellor of the Exchequer
Chancellor of the Exchequer
. The traditional honorary title of First Lord of the Treasury
First Lord of the Treasury
The First Lord of the Treasury is the head of the commission exercising the ancient office of Lord High Treasurer in the United Kingdom, and is now always also the Prime Minister...
 is held by the Prime Minister
Prime minister
. Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs
Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs
 administers the taxation system.
In the United States
United States
, the Treasurer
Treasurer of the United States
The Treasurer of the United States is an official in the United States Department of the Treasury that was originally charged with the receipt and custody of government funds, though many of these functions have been taken over by different bureaus of the Department of the Treasury...
 reports to an executive-appointed Secretary of the Treasury
United States Secretary of the Treasury
The Secretary of the Treasury of the United States is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury, which is concerned with financial and monetary matters, and, until 2003, also with some issues of national security and defense. This position in the Federal Government of the United...
. The IRS is the revenue agency of the US Department of Treasury
United States Department of the Treasury
Ministry of finance
In many other countries, the treasury is called the "ministry of finance" and the head is known as the finance minister. Examples include New Zealand
New Zealand
, Canada
, Malaysia, Singapore
, Bangladesh
, India
 and Japan
. In some other countries, a "treasury" will exist alongside a separate "Ministry of Finance", with divided functions (Ukraine
In the Australia
n federal government a treasurer and a finance minister co-exist. The Department of the Treasury
Department of the Treasury (Australia)
The Department of the Treasury is an Australian Government department. Its role is to focus and develop economic policy.-History:The Commonwealth Treasury was established in Melbourne in January 1901....
 is responsible for drafting the government budget, economic policy (except monetary policy
Monetary policy
), some market regulation and revenue policy (which is administered by the Australian Taxation Office
Australian Taxation Office
The Australian Taxation Office is an Australian Government statutory agency and the principal revenue collection body for the Australian Government. The ATO has responsibility for administering the Australian federal taxation system and superannuation legislation...
). The Finance Minister, who manages the Department of Finance and Deregulation, is responsible for budget management, government expenditure and market deregulation.
The government of Poland
 includes the Ministry of Finance as well as the Ministry of State Treasury. It was the same in Italy
 before the creation of the united Ministry of Economy.
See also
 - Bank
 - Finance Minister
 Finance minister
 The finance minister is a cabinet position in a government.A minister of finance has many different jobs in a government. He or she helps form the government budget, stimulate the economy, and control finances...
 - Fiscus
 Fiscus, from which comes the English term fiscal, was the name of the personal treasury of the emperors of Rome. The word is literally translated as "basket" or "purse" and was used to describe those forms of revenue collected from the provinces, which were then granted to the emperor...
 - Mint
 Mint (coin)
 - Treasury management
 Treasury management
 Treasury management includes management of an enterprise's holdings, with the ultimate goal of maximizing the firm's liquidity and mitigating its operational, financial and reputational risk. Treasury Management includes a firm's collections, disbursements, concentration, investment and funding...
 - UK Treasury
 HM Treasury
 - US Treasury
 United States Department of the Treasury


IBM Rational Change: Highlight on the ListBox "Any" default value
Technote (troubleshooting)
Every ListBox created (or already present by default) in the IBM Rational Change's "ListBox Manager" is supposed to have a default value, commonly called "Any".
This document gives better understanding on the impact of modifying this default value, and gives general guidelines on how to fix your database if this value is missing or inconsistent.
The following situations are clarified below:
 - If your Listboxes don't display the value "Any"
 - If you have changed your default value but still see "Any" in your Listboxes
 - If you see both values ("Any" and your new default value)
 - If some of your Listboxes show one of the symptoms above, and some other ListBoxes inconsistently how another one of the symptoms above.
Every value present in a ListBox is read from the file "pt_listbox.cfg", which doesn't get modified if you edit the file "pt.cfg" that contains the default value "Any".
Therefore, your ListBoxes might not necessarily reflect the changes you made to your default value.
Resolving the problem
Please note that the information present in this Technote is not meant to help you customize IBM Rational Change.
This is only a general highlight on Change's default value, meant at helping you fix your ListBoxes (and the underlying database attributes) if you mistakenly damaged them.
This information has been tested with IBM Rational Change patch 07, but most likely applies to the whole 5.x generation.
1. What is the default value?
The "default" value may also be called the "undefined" value.
It is the value that will be displayed and selected in an IBM Rational Change ListBox if the corresponding attribute was actually not given any of the "real" values also present in the ListBox.
2. The default value is mandatory
By default, Rational Change offers the default value "Any". You should see that value in every single ListBox.
When you use Change's ListBox Manager (as an administrator), Change doesn't allow you:
- to remove it
- to duplicate it
3. How does Change identify the default value?
 3.1. When you are in the ListBox Manager
 Change compares the ListBox entry that you are trying to modify with the default value defined in the file "pt.cfg" (as follows):
 If you change that value in the file, and then reload Change's configuration (admin interface --> "General" --> "Load"), then you will witness that Change immediately prevents you from tempering with that new default value in the ListBox Manager.
 You will also witness that you are now free to temper with the now-obsolete default value (e.g. "Any"), as it now has no particular meaning.
 CAUTION: You might witness a few glitches while you use the ListBox manager, during the transition (as you are not supposed to act this way):
 For example, you might witness that all entries of that ListBox get actually deleted when you save them, until Change finds again that your ListBox contains consistent values, especially the default value. Therefore, act carefully if you find yourself in the situation described above.
 3.2. When you are in Change (user interface)
 We assume the admin has reloaded Change's configuration (admin interface --> "General" --> "Load").
 Then Change will display in each ListBox the values it has read from pt_listbox.cfg (which defines every ListBox). (Exception: Dependent listboxes are generated "on the fly", therefore you might immediately observe any change made in either pt_listbox.cfg or pt.cfg).
 The default value is considered to be the very first entry of the ListBox, whatever it may be (that is, the entry with id 0).
 That is because:
 - As explained earlier, a default value is always expected to be present in each ListBox.
 - On an HTTP form, a "listbox" is always set to one of the values it contains. It can't be set to "blank".
 3.3. In the underlying Synergy/Informix database
 For optimisation reasons, Change simply does not save an attribute that has an undefined (that is, "default") value. If you run queries on a CR, you will see that it does not contain any of the undefined attributes.
 Symmetrically, an attribute that is expected in a CR but is found not to exist in the database, will be considered by Change as "undefined", and will therefore be rendered with the "default" value.
 Note: You might still witness such output in your event.log file, but it's only to make the information more readable. If the attribute is undefined, then it does not exist in the database.
4. What inconsistencies should I be prepared to observe?
 4.1. An attribute I know as being set to "default" ("Any") still appears to be set to an actual value
 This is a direct consequence of 3.2.
 Ask yourself: "Is it the first ListBox entry?" - "Where has my expected default value, that should be the first entry, gone?").
 In reality, the attribute actually has no value (i.e. it has the default value), even though the very first ListBox entry seems to be selected.
 4.2. Some of my ListBoxes show one default value (e.g. "Any"), and some others show a different default value (e.g. "MyDefaultValue")
 See 3.2. for an explanation. Are some of them dependent ListBoxes?
 See 4.3 for a solution.
 4.3. I have changed my default value in pt.cfg, but not all my ListBoxes offer to select it
 That's because the ListBoxes entries are read from "pt_listbox.cfg", which is not necessarily re-generated after you modify "pt.cfg".
 You need to force Change to re-generate pt_listbox.cfg, so that every ListBox it contains has a default value matching the one from pt.cfg. Until that becomes true, you will find yourself in a dangerous state of inconsistency (see caution from 3.1).
 In order to do so, you can :
 a. Manually modify/add/remove some entries in the ListBox manager, as described in 3.1, until you end up with the entries you wish to see AND the new default value (re-read from pt.cfg by Change as you save your ListBox).
 As explained in 3.1, you might lose all your ListBox entries at some stage. But provided you remember what they should be, and provided you need change only a few ListBoxes, then this is a rather user-friendly fix.
 b. Edit pt_listbox.cfg and update the first entry of each ListBox to match the default value from pt.cfg.
 This is the cleanest and safest solution.
 4.4. The attributes in the Printer Friendly View don't have the same values as in the CR I'm viewing.
 This is a variation of 4.1.
 The Printer Friendly view is right.
 However the form you're currently watching displays flawed information, for the reason explained in 4.1.
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text: Dirt is still being produced all the time, albeit in much lesser quantities. Beneath the soil's surface, rocks constantly react with rainwater or groundwater and slowly grind together to break down into smaller minerals. So in that respect, dirt really isn't that old. Then again, Pavich notes, a lot of what came out of the big bang was essentially dust, which then condensed to form the stars and, later on, planets. "If you think about it," he says, "dirt and its origin are older than the stars."


text:
|Author Name||URATA Shujiro (Faculty Fellow, RIETI / Waseda University) /MATSUURA Toshiyuki (RIETI) /Yuhong WEI (RIETI / Hitotsubashi University)
|Creation Date/NO.||February 2006 06-E-006|
|Download / Links|
Authors analyze the pattern of intrafirm transfer of management technology from Japanese multinational corporations (MNCs) to their overseas affiliates by using firm-level micro data and discern the determinants of the extent of technology transfer achieved. Defining intrafirm transfer of technology achieved as the case where responsibility of the task such as top management, sales, and labor management is given to local staff rather than Japanese staff, authors found that top management has been transferred at a limited number of affiliates, while the task of labor management has been transferred at many affiliates. Among the affiliates in different regions, technology transfer has been relatively more extensively achieved at affiliates in Europe, while it has been relatively limited at affiliates in ASEAN countries. An examination of the determinants of technology transfer revealed that the length of operation of the affiliates, and the quality of labor in the host countries have significantly positive impacts for the affiliates in Asia. These observations indicate the importance of providing an FDI friendly environment, under which MNCs are likely to stay for a long period, and the importance of improving the quality of human resources through education and training, in order to promote intrafirm transfer of management technology.


text:
Essentially Ada's protected objects encapsulate data and operations, and the operations then have automatic mutual exclusion. Guards can also then be placed on these operations for condition synchronization.
They used to be called protected records because the data is like a record structure.
You have protected procedures and protected entries and protected functions. What's the difference?
- Function for just reading data.
- If you don't need any conditions satisfied apart from mutual exclusion use a procedure.
- Otherwise use an entry.
The example he gave was a bounded buffer, where he needed to use entries for
put because it needed to make sure the buffer was not empty/full respectively.
Entries are declared similarly to a procedure, except the start of it looks like:
entry Get (Item : out Data_Item) when Num /= 0 is
Looks a bit like Erlang guards really. Note that the barrier/guard is evaluated under mutual exclusion as well.
Calling a protected object is how you would expect. Something like:
Which will now block indefinitely until you can put that data. Wow, this is exactly what the
Chute package uses for
Get_Ball(). So this is interesting:
If you want a timeout, you can use a
select My_Buffer.Put(Some_Data); or delay 10.0; -- do something else end select;
You can also use
else instead of
or delay x which is essentially like
or delay 0.
There is a
'Count attribute for Entries which maintains the number of tasks queued on the entry.
There are a couple of different examples in the slides of using all this:
- Resource Control
- Broadcast (broadcast to everyone queued on an entry, uses 'Count)
Private Entries and Entry Families
Tasks can have private entries; entries that can't be called from the outside. The Ada 'requeue' operation uses them, but we wont deal with that yet.
A family of entries is a way of declaring an array of entries with simple declarations. Sounds a bit odd. The example given was a multicast system (as opposed to the broadcast example) where you have different groups and an array of
Booleans that are used as guards. The body of the example is in the slides and isn't too complicated.
What can't protected objects do?
- The reason most people tend not to allow functions to be executed in parallel (apparently) is because protected objects are usually used to pass data around; and so code should be as short as possible. Therefore there's no real need to have functions run in parallel.
- The Ada Runtime environment thing disallows blocking operations inside protected objects to encourage you to write code as short as possible. It can detect this at compile time or run time;
Program_Error. So for example you can't use a delay statement, or task creation or activation or a select statement or an accept statement. That kind of thing.
- A call to an external protected procedure/function is not considered potentially blocking. Apparently there's some reason for this, but he said we'd find out another time.
The Readers and Writers Problem, again
You may think that because Ada allows parallel reads that the Readers and Writers problem is simple because the runtime system can take care of it. However:
- The reading and writing may require you to access the disk which will block you, and you're not allowed to do that in a protected object.
- Even if there isn't, you can't control the order of the read and writes.
Therefore you have to use the same theory we used with standard monitors last time, which is to define an access control protocol for the read and write operations rather than encapsulate them in the protected object.
Full code detail is in the slides. The implementation basically uses a protected object only for
Control, which is essentially a high level way of obtaining and releasing read/write locks by using commands like
Protected Objects, good or bad?
- They are elegant
- They are efficient
- They aren't object oriented
- Ada's protected objects give structured mutual exclusion and high-level synchronization using barriers (guard clauses).
- Protected procedures have read/write lock.
- Protected functions have read lock.
- Protected entries have read/write lock and can have conditions (barriers) associated with them.
You should (exam?) be able to compare these with Java synchronized methods.


text:
Division of Neonatology
The Division of Neonatology has a robust research program that focuses on several key areas: understanding the fundamental biology of preterm birth and its complications, rigorously testing new therapeutics in newborns through expertly designed clinical trials, developing new knowledge about risk factors for poor outcomes in sick neonates through rigorous observational studies, and developing new understanding of the social and medical impact of the organization and economy of healthcare delivery structures on maternal and child health.
The research strengths in the Division of Neonatology include a health services and maternal-child health epidemiology research core focusing on health care systems, social determinants of health, quality care assessment, and environmental-genetic drivers of adverse perinatal outcomes. The Division has recognized strength in neonatal follow-up and outcomes research; laboratory research into the fetal origins of adult disease, the causes of preterm birth and fetal growth restriction, inflammatory lung diseases, and drug discovery for rare genetic diseases; and research in neonatal infectious disease, antibiotic stewardship and the microbiome and its impact of long term health.
In addition, the Division also serves as a national leader in the development and conduct of multicenter and single-center clinical trials. As a member of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network, the Division is at the forefront of academic centers in clinical and epidemiological research in the U.S.
Through Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Frontier Program, the Division of Neonatology is the only center in the country investigating the novel therapeutic intervention of liquid ventilation, which holds a potential for commercialization of a radical new therapy for neonatal lung disease and injury.


text:
We study fundamental groups of projective varieties with normal crossing singularities and of germs of complex singularities. We prove that for every finitely-presented group G there is a complex projective surface S with simple normal crossing singularities only, so that the fundamental group of S is isomorphic to G. We use this to construct 3-dimensional isolated complex singularities so that the fundamental group of the link is isomorphic to G. Lastly, we prove that a finitelypresented group G is Q-superperfect (has vanishing rational homology in dimensions 1 and 2) if and only G if is isomorphic to the fundamental group of the link of a rational 6-dimensional complex singularity.
|Original language||English (US)|
|Number of pages||24|
|Journal||Journal of the American Mathematical Society|
|State||Published - Oct 1 2014|
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Applied Mathematics


text:
Turning Proteins To Gold
Ivan J. Dmochowski, University of Pennsylvania CHE-_PHONE_
Proteins come in a variety of shapes that range from 1-20 nm in size. Properties, such as metal binding, can be tuned by changing the constituent amino acids, and most soluble proteins can be characterized at atomic resolution by x-ray crystallography. Thus, proteins are versatile building blocks for synthesizing and assembling inorganic materials into highly ordered structures.
Our lab is studying ferritin proteins, which mineralize a wide range of metals. Twenty-four 4-helix bundles self assemble to form a spherical ferritin with large central cavity. We have recently found that citrate-capped Au nanoparticles can be encapsulated very efficiently within a thermophilic ferritin. This protein normally exists as a 4-helix bundle dimer at low salt concentrations, and assembles to form the 24mer at 600 mM NaCl (top right). Remarkably, a 10-nm citrate-capped Au nanoparticle can template ferritin assembly at low salt. In capsule form (bottom right), the protein stabilizes the internal gold particle and provides new routes for particle functionalization and assembly.


text:
This java applet generates Fresnel diffraction patterns, which are the shadows cast by small apertures when using a plane source of monochromatic light as a light source.
When you start up the applet, a circular aperture will be used. This is the pattern generated when a plane source of monochromatic light is shined on a small circular hole (about 5 mm across) in an otherwise opaque object. The red line is the outline of the geometrical shadow (the shadow which would be cast if there were no diffraction).
You can select a different aperture shape (such as a half plane, double slit, triple slit, rectangle, etc.) from the Aperture popup. Or you can change the size of the circle by dragging the red line with the mouse.
|Special Thanks to Paul Falstad, _URL_|
- Laser Drilling
- Material Guidance
- Exact Leaks
- Flow Calibration
- Laser Marking
- Quality Assurance


text:
An examination of the observed placebo effect associated with the treatment of low back pain - a systematic review
AA Puhl | CJ Reinhart | ER Rok | HS Injeyan
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the nonspecific effects that occur following the use of sham interventions to treat nonspecific low back pain (LBP) are large enough to be considered clinically meaningful.
DESIGN: Electronic databases were searched systematically for randomized placebo-controlled trials of interventions for LBP that used sham ultrasound, sham laser or sham drug therapy as the placebo control. Study selection was accomplished via independent evaluation of scientific admissibility by three reviewers and final decisions of inclusion were based on consensus.
RESULTS: None of the studies using sham ultrasound as the placebo control in the treatment of LBP were acceptable for inclusion. Twelve studies were included in the present evaluation of the placebo effect - eight trials that met the strict inclusion criteria for best evidence (three using sham laser placebo and five using sham medication placebo) and four sham medication studies that 'just missed' the inclusion criteria for best evidence. Although the evidence from studies using sham laser was inconclusive, the present review did find a clinically meaningful change in LBP scores following the use of sham oral medications.
CONCLUSIONS: The present best-evidence review found a clinically meaningful change in pain scores following the use of sham oral medications for the treatment of nonspecific LBP. This finding suggests that further clinical research is warranted to identify which patient subgroups could benefit most from such treatment and to distinguish the true contribution of the placebo effect from other nonspecific effects.


text:
In general, the quality of Canterbury's groundwater and surface waters is extremely high. However, industrial, agricultural, and urban development has had varying effects on the quality of all the region's water bodies. Generally, water quality declines from the mountains to the sea, reflecting the increasing intensity of land use, changes in catchment geology, and the accumulation of contaminants.
Over the past 20 years, the quality of some of the most degraded surface waters in Canterbury has improved owing to a decrease in the impact of many point-source discharges to surface waters. However, there has been a subsequent increase in discharges to land, increasing the risk of groundwater contamination. Less attention has been paid to non-point source discharges, and these are now generally having a greater effect on water quality across Canterbury than point source discharges.
The following discussion summarises the state of water quality in this region, and describes some of the main influencing factors. The water resources have been divided into 4 main groups, based largely on their geography. The discussion on the water bodies of the Plains has been further subdivided, reflecting the diversity of water types in this area.
Lakes in the high country have the highest water quality of any surface water body in the Canterbury Region. However, all the small high country streams, small lakes, wetlands and tarns are vulnerable to contamination owing to their size.
Lake Alexandrina is the only high country lake recorded as being permanently enriched (i.e., having high nutrient concentrations) and is subject to periodic algal blooms. Lake Emma (Ashburton River catchment) and Lake Grassmere (Waimakariri River catchment) are also subject to nutrient enrichment.
High stock densities in the catchments of the small lakes and tarns, stock access to water bodies, grazing in lake margins and marginal wetlands, removal of riparian vegetation, high numbers of water birds, and drainage and/or over-sowing and top-dressing of wetlands will all adversely affect water quality and habitat values of high country water bodies.
Microbiological water quality in the foothills tends to be lower than in the High Country and Intermontane Basin zones owing to the more intensive land use and a general absence of dense riparian vegetation. The upper Selwyn River is an example, with sites around Glentunnel at times exceeding microbiological water quality guidelines for contact recreation.
There is a high risk of microbiological contamination of Banks Peninsula streams owing to stock having access to streams and defecating in or near them. Incidents of stream and spring contamination by pesticides have also been recorded. Surface water contamination is of particular concern on Banks Peninsula because stream and spring water provide the main source of domestic water supply.
Lake Forsyth (Wairewa) is eutrophic and the lake is subject to frequent toxic algal blooms.
Sediment from accelerated erosion on the Banks Peninsula hills discolours coastal waters. Concern has been expressed over the possible effects of sedimentation on the local coastal fisheries and other coastal ecosystems and on the clarity of the water for diving.
The impacts of human activity on water quality are of greatest concern in the smaller surface water bodies of the Plains, and in areas with high recreational use.
The Plains sections of the foothill-sourced rivers and groundwater-fed streams tend to be particularly vulnerable to contamination owing to the intensive land uses in their catchments combined with natural low flows (e.g., parts of the Opihi River system). The groundwater-fed streams often have nitrate concentrations, reflecting the quality of the groundwater. Many of the water bodies at times also support high populations of water birds that contribute microbiological contaminants (e.g., the Ashburton River).
All the water bodies in this area receive agricultural runoff, and some also have inputs from urban drainage systems. Most streams and the drains and stock water races that flow into them, are unfenced and stock generally have unrestricted access. Environment Canterbury is currently trying to identify the type and extent of contaminants in these systems and the need to manage them.
Concern has been expressed over present and future water contamination resulting from increases in dairying, especially in small catchments and where it is combined with border-dyke irrigation (e.g., North Waitaki floodplain streams, such as the Waikakahi Stream).
Low concentrations of pesticides (e.g., simazine and terbuthylazine,) have been found in a number of water bodies in the greater Christchurch area and other parts of the region. These concentrations fall well below the water quality guidelines to protect aquatic ecosystems;. However, for one river (the L2) two different herbicides were present in concentrations exceeding water quality guidelines for irrigation use.
Reduced water quality in the lower reaches of the Waimakariri River and the smaller foothill sourced braided rivers (the Selwyn, Ashburton and Opihi) is frequently a result of point sources of contamination, such as community sewage discharges, and, in the case of the Waimakariri River, meat processing wastes. However, these impacts are compounded by the cumulative effects of upstream non-point source activities, such as runoff from adjacent land and the effects of large numbers of water birds.
Lowland lakes, coastal lagoons, and estuaries, including Lakes Ellesmere (Te Waihora), Forsyth (Te Wairewa) and Wainono Lagoon, have the highest nutrient status of any water bodies in the region owing to their location at the lower reaches of their catchments where they act as a sink for contaminants from upstream. These water bodies also receive contaminants from runoff from surrounding intensive agricultural land uses.
The main water quality issues in urban water bodies result from contaminants (sediment, nutrients and hazardous substances) carried through the stormwater systems. Stormwater is contaminated predominantly from runoff from industrial and urban areas, and from runoff from roads and paved areas. Earthworks associated with residential developments can result in substantial increases in sediment discharge, particularly in hill catchments.
Although groundwater quality within the Plains aquifers is generally very high, there are exceptions:
(03) _PHONE_
0800 324 636 (EC INFO)
More contact details »


text:
Somehow, in our "school at home" this summer, we missed reading any interesting picture books about Europe. We did an activity together and learned about the geography and countries via an atlas and a puzzle, but we didn't read picture books about it. Do you have any suggestions for fiction or interesting nonfiction about Europe? Raisin has decided that Italy is his favorite country because it's shaped like a boot.
On the other hand, we moved on to Africa. Our study focused on learning the basic geography of the continent as well as general habitats (i.e., dry desert, Savannahs, and rain forests) and the animals in each habitat. Raisin is well into early readers these days (more about his favorite fiction in the future) and we enjoyed finding a few nonfiction early readers that he enjoyed about Africa.
The Sahara: The World's Largest Desert by Jil Fine is a good example of nonfiction for an early reader. I found a number of great books about deserts and savannahs, but in general, they had far too much text for a youngster to be able to sit through. This book, which features photographs, provided a nice background for kids about how the Sahara desert is unique in the world for its sheer scope and its extreme weather.
Oh Why Oh Why Are Deserts Dry? by Tish Rabe is a "Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot about That!" book, which means it told in (slightly irritating) rhyme and yet still manages to contain valuable information about a nonfiction subject. I like the approach of this series because it is truly nonfiction (the cat is simply explaining how things work) but it's written like a fun adventure with a familiar friend: The Cat in the Hat. Although this particular volume was not specific to Africa, it was still a valuable book to read in context of the deserts of Africa. It addressed how people live in the deserts of the world and how animals and plants survived on very little water. It also introduced concepts such as a mirage and oasis in the desert.
I searched for early reader nonfiction about the African savannah and the African rain forests without a lot of success, but I did find some fun fictional stories, with animals at the center, that helped provide a context for African wildlife in context. Jan Brett is a genius of children's books, due to both her illustrations and her original stories.
Some of you may claim this story is not original: after all, Three Little Dassies is a retelling of the "Three Little Pigs" tale. However, I feel that only Jan Brett is able to retell a familiar story like that in a completely new setting and convey new (factual!) information to the young reader. Set in the Namib desert, Jan Brett's story takes three dassie sisters (truly adorable creatures) and place them in a setting at the bottom of an eagle-inhabited mountain. The house of grasses doesn't stand up to the eagle, nor does the house of branches. But the rock house is successful in protecting the sisters! The story ends with an explanation of how dassies in Namibia live in rock houses to protect themselves from the eagles. I loved how she made the way things really are into a folk story, much like Rudyard Kipling does in his Just So Stories! The art is truly fantastic, as only Jan Brett can do: the textiles on the anthropomorphic dassies follows traditional Namibian patterns, and the hats and dress styles fit modern-day dress of the local inhabitants as well.
Likewise, Jan Brett's illustrated version of a Botswana tradition, Honey — Honey — Lion! lavishly gives credit to all the animals of the African savannah. The entire bush is alive with the tale of what happens when the badger does not share his honey with honeyguide bird. My son loved the story, which follows the same kind of rhythm as that of a "bear hunt" chant, and I personally loved the illustrated animals of the savannah, from the warthog to the giraffe and lion. Gorgeous!
Those two African books by Jan Brett have sent me on a hunt to read Jan Brett's entire backlist. Her illustrations are so gorgeously executed, and I love how I leave each of her stories having glimpsed an otherwise unfamiliar tradition or setting of the world. What Jan Brett book do you enjoy the most?


text: Isabel Lopez was chosen as the Faculty Focus Friday employee for elementary schools. Ms. Lopez is a 2nd and 3rd grade Special Education teacher at Winchester Elementary School. Her teaching practices are vital to the learning of our special education students. Ms. Lopez is known for her fair, consistent, and caring demeanor that she demonstrates to all students. She is truly a dedicated educator and is passionate about helping students grow and learn each and every day. Thank you Ms. Lopez for your dedication and continued efforts to improve the lives of the students at Winchester!


text:
State of Texas Assessment of Academic Readiness (STAAR)
Beginning with the 2011-2012 school year, students in grades 3-9 will be assessed with the grade or appropriate course assessment in the STAAR program. In grades 3-8, the assessments are grade based and vary on tested content areas, except that all grades will be assessed in reading and math. Starting at the point in a student's education where they begin to earn high school credits, the students will be assessed with exams based upon specific courses in the core areas. For students in the STAAR system, they will have to meet the minimum score on the specific test, as well as a total cumulative score for the content area. The students will have to meet a specific cumulative score in each content area in order to graduate. Students will be assessed and given information on their readiness for college within these assessments. There are version of the STAAR assessments for students who qualify and meet the eligibility guidelines. The versions include STAARModified, STAARAlternate, and STAAR-L.
STAARAlternate will replace TAKS-Alt for all students in grades 10 and 11 for the 2011-2012 school year as well.
Click here for more information on the STAAR program.


1. Business
 2. Estimates
6 Budget Planning Steps to Professional Project Estimates
Freelancers are often faced with the question of how much to charge for a project. When the project is similar to others you have done, then you have a good idea of the number of hours it will take you, and the costs you will face. But what about when you are pitching for a project that is a bit different from your normal work?
As a freelancer, it is essential to get your estimates right. Too high, and you might not get the project; too low, and you won't make a profit. With a professional estimate, you will be able to show your client how you have arrived at your cost, which will help them see that your price is fair.
This step-by-step guide will help you think through all the considerations involved in making a professional freelance project estimate, as well as how to set it out clearly so that potential clients can understand your breakdown.
How to Estimate a Budget for Your Client Projects
In this tutorial, we look at two approaches to professional freelance project estimates: the top-down approach, and the bottom-up.
 1. The top-down approach is for when a client comes to you and says, can you do this project for $X? You have to decide whether to take the project, but first you need to work out all the costs involved to understand what (if any!) profit there would be in it for you.
 2. The bottom-up approach is for when a client asks how much you charge for a project, so you have to put all the elements together to work out your project rate.
First Approach: The Top-Down Estimate
For this tutorial, we are going to use the example of creating a finished version of a white paper, including layout and graphics. As a freelancer, you may only do one part (in this case, writing) so when the client comes to you and says, "We have a budget of $6,000 for this 10-page white paper, are you able to supply the finished product for that?" you need to be able to work out an accurate budget estimate to understand if you are able to take it on.
Step 1: Direct Costs
1. Direct Labor Costs
Direct labor costs cover the costs of hiring other freelancers… but don't forget to include your costs too! You will need to research the rates and time involved in hiring other freelancers so that you can estimate this accurately.
2. Materials
Do you need to physically print any of the white papers? If so, the cost of materials may include paper and ink for printing. Also think about software or hardware costs if you have to update your existing computing equipment.
3. Travel
Do you need to travel to meetings with the client, or pay for the travel of your sub-contractors? Do you have a mileage rate? You need to estimate your travel costs at the start and be clear who is paying for them.
Step 2: Indirect Costs
Many people estimating projects forget to include the indirect costs – and then find themselves out of pocket by the end of the project. Indirect costs include overheads, such as office space rent, furniture, and equipment costs. These can often be difficult to estimate precisely, but you should be aware of them and factor them into your budget.
1. Office Costs
If the project takes a number of weeks, it is worth considering the ongoing costs of office rental, especially if this is not already included in your hourly rate. There may also be internet, electricity, water and heating costs to take into consideration.
2. Equipment
Equipment costs may include the computer and printer you are using. You can think of this more as 'wear and tear' because you are not buying them solely for this project.
3. Administrative Costs
You may have a contract with an administrative assistant. Although they are not a direct part of the project, they are still part of your overhead costs. If you are hiring an admin assistant specifically for this project, you should add them to the 'direct labor' costs.
Step 3: Estimating the Indirect Costs
Once you have an idea how long a project is going to take (see my previous post on creating a project plan), you can calculate the approximate total for the indirect costs. If it will only be a matter of days, you may choose to disregard these costs, but if the project takes weeks or months, you may well want to add them up to ensure your profit margin will not be eaten up by these ongoing costs.
If you know your weekly or monthly bills, you can estimate the costs for the duration of your project. For example, if your project will take 6 weeks and your internet bill is $50 per month, then the cost will be approximately $75 over the project. For other costs, you could look back at what you spent over the last year as a whole and divide it by 52 to give an average weekly cost for expenses such as equipment.
Of course, you may have already calculated your hourly rate to include these expenses, but if not, it might be worth re-visiting your hourly rate to be sure that you take these ongoing costs into consideration.
This table assumes you will be working on this project exclusively for 6 weeks. If not, you could estimate the total number of days you will be working on the project, and calculate the costs based on this total.
Step 4: Questions to Ask the Client
Once you have a detailed breakdown of the costs involved in the project, go back to the client and clarify what the project does and does not cover. Travel expenses, office costs (will you work from their offices or your own?) may have to be discussed at this point. The important thing is that you are discussing these now, rather than after you have your quote agreed on.
Make sure to double-check the exact specifications of the brief, for example whether you are providing hard copies of the white paper or simply the PDF.
The schedule may have an impact on your costs: if the deadline is tight, sub-contracting other freelancers may become more expensive, so you may want to ask about the timescales involved before you agree to anything.
You may also want to ask whether the client would like a breakdown of the costs involved. This is more unlikely if they have come to you with a budget and asked whether you can meet it.
Step 5: Agreeing to the Brief
Once you have determined all your direct and indirect costs, you will have arrived at an overall figure.
The original question asked by the client was, "We have a budget of $6,000 for this 10-page white paper, are you able to supply the finished product for that?"
The total cost estimate for the project is: $5,822, which includes your hourly rate. Any spare money in the budget on top of that can be extra profit.
So the answer is "Yes, I can!"
Step 6: What if Your Estimate is Too High?
Our estimate came out as very close to the proposed budget, but what if it was too high?
You have a few options here:
 - Go back to each of your sub-contractors and explain the situation. They may agree to do it for less if it is a substantial project.
 - Take a hit on your own hourly rate because of the prestige this project will bring to your portfolio: once you can say you have experience of writing white papers as a service you may be able to increase your rates for next time.
 - Offer your sub-contractors something in return for a lower fee. Could you give them any free advertising, such as including a link to their company on your website? Or else trade several hours of your time?
 - Are there any other costs you can cut, such as using video conferencing instead of travel?
Second Approach: The Bottom-Up Estimate
This approach is broadly similar to what we have already covered, except instead of giving us a budget and asking whether we can work within that, a client may come to us and ask, "What would you quote for this work?"
In this case, it is more important to show exactly how we have arrived at this figure. If we came back to the client and said that we would charge $5,800 for producing a white paper, they may think this sounded very high. Once we had presented them with a breakdown of all the costs, however, this may seem more reasonable.
1. Hourly Rates Versus Overall Charges
Many freelancers prefer to give an overall fee for a job such as writing a 10-page white paper. This is because an hourly rate can sound high to a client, who doesn't realize the costs of freelancing (your rate may already reflect all your indirect costs, as well as pension payments and healthcare). Giving an overall figure for freelancers can sound more persuasive.
Notice that we have simply taken out the hourly rates in this version.
2. Simplifying Your Estimate
Although you may need to go into a high level of detail for yourself to ensure that you account for all your costs, your client will not need to see this level of breakdown. What your client wants is an easy-to-read account of where their money is going: they need to see they are getting value for money.
If you have your indirect costs built into your hourly rate, then you could remove the Indirect costs section to give a concise estimate to the client.
Another option is to give the total for indirect costs (without a breakdown) and name it Administration, which will greatly simplify this estimate.
Final Client version
Professional Appearance
Presenting a well-researched project estimate can go a long way towards securing you the job. Even if yours isn't the lowest quote, your potential


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Recording videos with an external program
GTK - Record My Desktop
This recorder does not seem to create too much lag in processing, so videos should be smooth and there should be no problem while playing. First open up the program and it should start up with this screen:
- The Main Screen This main screen you have a few options: you can activate or deactive the recording of sound, via the check box. The two slide bars are a quick adjustment to the quality of your recording, before you record.
- Selecting a Window When you click the "select window" button, go over and click the Xmoto (or whichever) screen and it will draw a black box around that window and display a red outline in your GTk recorder screen. (NOTE: if you want just the Xmoto window to be recorded then click INSIDE the Xmoto window, NOT on the title bar.)
- Start and Stop of Recording After you have selected a window, before you push start you should see a red circle in your task bar like: You can either click this circle or you can click the record button on the main screen.:
- Encoding/Processing When you push stop it will bring up this screen and start to write out your video to a file. Depending on if you have "Encode on the fly" activated you may not see this screen.:
Advanced Screen from the button on the main screen:
- Files From this tab you can:
- Overwrite the file it records to, or have incremental file names (ie. video001, video002, video003, etc...)
- The Temporary Directory that it uses for recording the video. (sometimes it will not write the video out fully to your chosen directory and it will keep the completed video in the TEMP folder, so if you dont see it check the TEMP folder.)
- Performance From this tab you can:
- Frames per second change the rate at which the video will record in. (NOTE: the higher the fps, the more lag there will be. 15fps is smooth for human eyes, 24fps is movie, 30fps is normal tv, and this is what I use to get more detail for each second.) Frame Rate depends on how fast of a processor you have.
- Encode on the Fly means that it will record and process the video while it is recording it. This requires a lot of processing, but is you have the ability, then it will save when you are done recording.
- Zero Compression this will only work if you have encode on the fly active. this will require less processing power, but will require more hard disk space. This does not compress temporarily recorded files.
- Quick Subsampling this requires less processing, but may (and probably will) cause some color and other defects in the outputted video.
- Full shots at every frame use this when you are recording 3D windows.
- Sound From this tab you can:
- Channels is the amount of sound is recorded. Mono = 1 channel, Stereo = 2 channels. Stereo would give better quality, but if it requires too much processing, then do Mono or no sound at all.
- Frequency is the number of wavelengths recorded in a segment of audio data. Most Stereo sound files have 44100 frequency, but the higher the number the more processing is needed.
- Device is the audio device you are using, Default usually works just fine.
- Jack, used for those you use Jack as part of their sound output/input.
- Miscellaneous From this tab you can:
- Display is the connection to the Xserver. (not Xmoto server, but it is some other server.)
- Mouse Cursor, this enables the mouse to be seen or not seen while you are recording your video.
- Follow Mouse will keep the mouse centered in the video, but for recording Xmoto, I do not recommend this feature.
- MIT-Shm Extension, leaving this enabled is recommended, it allows for some memory extension. if it is disabled it will slow down the program drastically.
- Include Window Decorations will record the window decorations of what is being recorded.
- Tooltips, display pop-up windows that give a short description.
- Outline Capture Area On Screen will record the outline that the "select window" feature displays.
- Reset Capture Area, this will reset the "selected window" every time you stop recording. If you are recording multiple times in a row, I recommend that you do not have this active.
- Extra Options allows for separate commands that will allow the program to do other things.
Final Notes on GTK
- You should be able to leave most of the settings on default, but play with settings until you find out what does best for you and your computer ability. Otherwise have fun recording videos with GTK, here is an example of my video recording of the level "Lavine" for/posted/edited by Mig: (NOTE: the music was not recorded in this video it was added afterwards, I was not recording sound when I recorded this video.)
- Currently, I have not written any tutorial for this....


same family + drag + overlapp
 - Hey guys,
 if you could help me with my problem, I would appreciate it very much.
 Short description: Ten squares, all in one family with one family behavior: drag'n'drop. When you drag one square over another, call the action (in this case: restart layout).
 Problem: Version 1 is not working. Version 2 (same as version 1, but the order of event and sub-event has been inverted) is working, but I think it is way more performance-heavy and I also cannot use in my project since I need to call an 'else' later.
 Could you advise me on how to make version 1 work? Creating another family with another name, but with the same objects as in the first family is not an option.
 Thank you.
 Here is the.capx:....capx?dl=0
 - Wel, you read those events wrong. Forget for once that "IF THIS THEN THAT" dinosaur.
 In event 2. You pick the square that is dragging. Not one square more. Not one square less. So at this moment the List Of Picked Objects contain that ONE object. The dragged object.
 For each following condition, this is the PREVIOUS PICKED OBJECTS LIST. Until you forget that list by making a new top level condition.
 So, If you gooing to look for that overlap as you do. You have ONLY ONE object picked. That condition is only true when that object overlaps itself. Wich is kinda impossible.
 In event 5 you Pick All the Squares that overlap another Square. For each following condition, this is the PREVIOUS PICKED OBJECTS LIST. So the next event looks in that list (the list of all squares that overlap another square) and filter out of THOSE... the square that is dragging. If it finds on, the conditions is TRUE.
 Your calculation is also wrong. For the last one its (10 * 10) - 10. Look in the debugger.
 For the first one it is obvious (10 * 0) + 1. Again look at the colission checks in the debugger.
 - Thank you for your fast reply, 99instances.
 1.) Sorry about the debugger thing. I used the debugger in the bigger project (from where I extracted this problem from) and the number of checks per tick kept changing without me doing anything so I got confused. Should have looked at the debugger for this example project too.
 2.) Ok, so you are saying that after line 2 the Previous Picked Object List consists of only the one square that is dragging. But now let's say in line 3, I would change it to the following:
 This seems to work, so even though the circle is not on the Previous Picked Object List, it is still considered for this condition. Then why in this version
 all the instances and objects of the square family are not considered for this condition? Yes, they are not on the Previous Picked Object List, but neither is the circle. Is it because - in constrast to the circle - they have been excluded in line 2 from being considered for subevents after line 2? Why is that? I mean what is the reason for Scirra to have made it like that?
 3.) Hmmm. This doesn't bring us closer to the solution I think. I have to go work in the garden now, I will check back in later when I have come up with a solution or to see if someone else has found one.
 - Yes, the circle is unreferenced. It is not previous picked. So it just adds the circle to the previous picked list.
 An other way to understand this is.. to state that for the circle it is the first 'top event'. So its previous picked list was forgotten.
 Read this:
 It is way more clear then i can ever explain it. You are not the only one. A lot of beginners are using Contruct the wrong way. And i, me myself, still fall in that trap. Why i dont consider myself as a avid user.
 But serious, once you got the hang on picking objects, the system is absolutly beatyfull.
 Now you would ask, how do i forget a picked list? Just make a new top level pick event. A function is very handy, it is a top level event.
 On more thing on optimizing. You captured that there are loops behind the scenes. If you make a condition like 'pick by comparisation' it loops behind the scenes trough all the specified objects and compares them to what you want em them to compare to. Those loops are just inevitable. And to be honest, dont worry about them to much.
 Unless they look for overlaps and collisions. Those are performance eaters.
 I have Two examples for you. This one should explain what happens. How it picks. It is importand to understand this.....capx?dl=0
 This one showes a way to minimize collission dedections. It comes down to make 'behind the scenes loops' that dont check for overlaps/collissions. So, forget all the other optimizing you have read about. (that statement gonna make me public enemy nr1, hehe)....capx?dl=0
 Check the debugger and enjoy a collission dedection of only ONE every tick.
 Do i recoment this? I dont know. Construct is supposed to be easy. This aint easy coding for most.
 You seem to understand those things.
 - Try Construct 3
 Try Now Construct 3 users don't see these ads
 - Hehe okay I see. Like I said in the first post, I'd rather not have two families with the same content just for workaround purposes because then everytime I create or delete a new object I have to remember to do it in two families. But I guess this is the best solution at the moment. You can even put the whole code segment in a group that becomes active on Drag Start and becomes deactivated on Drop so that it only uses resources when in fact a dragging is in process. Thank you!
 I suppose you can prove that? Getting the collsions check/dt under the 90 while dragging this way? And having a working logic?
 - LOL, you just set my own dragging solution active/non active. Its k, dude.
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text:
Volume 9, Issue 2
Tricks of the Trade
In and Out
Download This Issue
Learning about Differential Equations from Their Symmetries
Application of MathSym to Analyzing an Ordinary Differential Equation
In the previous section we used a scaling symmetry to help understand the solutions of a pair of differential equations. In each case, the scaling symmetry was found by inspection. Here I present the computation of the complete set of point symmetries for two additional differential equations. Our third example is a nonlinear ordinary differential that we analyze using its two symmetries. The final example is the partial differential equation known as the cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation.
Example three is the ordinary differential equation
that arises in the study of nonlinear water wave equations. I also show that we can use its two symmetries to begin to learn something about the structure of its solutions.
MathSym returns a system of equations, the determining equations, whose solutions generate the symmetries of equation (8). Internally, the MathSym package denotes all independent variables in an equation as and dependent variables as. This way it can be run on systems of equations with arbitrary numbers of independent and dependent variables without needing to know how to treat different variable names. Furthermore, constants are represented as internally and printed as. With this notation, constants are treated correctly by Mathematica's differentiation routine Dt. MathSym's output is the following list of determining equations.
With the output from MathSym we can continue our analysis of equation (8). First, we solve the determining equations:
The functions and determine two symmetries that can be used to convert equation (8) into two integrals. The reader is directed to similar computations for the Blasius boundary layer equation which appear on pages 118-120 of.
We begin by considering the symmetry that occurs because of the term. Setting and produces a transformation and. We next look for two quantities that do not change under this transformation. Obvious choices are and. If we assume that is a function of and write the differential equation for that arises by insisting that satisfy equation (8), we find
This is a standard reduction of order for autonomous equations that may be found in a sophomore differential equations text such as.
This equation in and has a symmetry that is generated by the constant appearing in equations (9) and (10). From this symmetry we can derive new variables and and consider as a function of. In terms of and, equation (11) becomes
We have now converted the problem of solving the original equation into two integrations. First we find as a function of giving us a solution of equation (12) and hence of equation (11). Then we return to the original variables and have implicitly as a function of. Integrating again gives a relationship between and.
We can make Mathematica carry out some of these computations. First we will ask that it determine a solution to equation (12) by integrating both sides of the equation.
In the equation for we can return to the original variables and.
What results is an implicit relationship between and and while MathSym has been successful in generating the symmetries of equation (8), it still is a challenge to solve this equation.
About Mathematica | Download Mathematica Player
Copyright © 2004 Wolfram Media, Inc. All rights reserved.


text:
Tidmarsh's parking lot & trails are open to the public; all buildings remain closed. Read More
Through multi-sensory discovery and investigation, students will observe the natural world of using all five senses and explore the pond, forest, and streams of Tidmarsh. This three hour field trip (includes lunch) will focus on using observation skills to gather information and learn about a selection of the animals and plants of Tidmarsh through hands on activties and guided exploration.
$150/class up to 20 students. Additional students $10/each. Maximum 30 students.


text:
Kelleher, Luke and Smyth, Austin (2008) Increasing school choice: sustainability paradox. In: Transportation Research Board 87th Annual Meeting, 13 - 17 Jan 2008, Washington DC.
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The UK government wants school travel to be safer, healthier and more environmentally friendly-with more pupils walking and cycling. In addition in 2005, it published the 14-19 Education and Skills White Paper. One of the key aims of the paper was to improve school choice for all pupils. This is to be achieved by giving more choice to disadvantaged children; and promoting fair admissions in order to give parents access to a wider range of schools. Allowing parents to look further than their local catchment area school is likely to result in greater numbers of children traveling longer distances. Therefore, as this paper illustrates, if school choice is really to be open to all, school transport must be included as part of the tool kit promoting choice and targeted at those who need it most.
|Item Type:||Conference or Workshop Item (Paper)|
|Research Community:||University of Westminster > Architecture and the Built Environment, School of|
|Deposited On:||16 Apr 2009 12:45|
|Last Modified:||16 Apr 2009 12:45|
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text:
If you're considering buying a surface acoustic wave (SAW) touchscreen, you might wonder whether they are long-lasting. Some touchscreens last longer than others. They are better protected against premature wear and tear, resulting in a longer usable life. And with their long-lasting properties, they offer greater value than their counterparts.
SAW Touchscreens Explained
To better understand whether SAW touchscreens are long-lasting, you must first understand the technology that powers them. SAW touchscreens are characterized by their use of ultrasonic waves. They produce, as well as sense, ultrasonic waves.
When you initially turn on a SAW touchscreen, it will produce ultrasonic waves across the display interface. Sensors on the opposite ends of the display interface will pick up and register these ultrasonic waves. Performing a touch command will disrupt the sound waves in the respective area of the display interface. The SAW touchscreen will then register this disruption as a touch event.
Yes, SAW Touchscreens Are Long-Lasting
Without any moving parts, SAW touchscreens are long-lasting. SAW touchscreens leverage transducers to detect touch commands. They use transmitting transducers to produce ultrasonic waves, and they use receiving transducers to receive and sense ultrasonic waves. Regardless, SAW touchscreens don't use any moving parts to detect touch commands.
SAW touchscreens still feature a glass top layer — just like many other touchscreens. But the glass layer doesn't move, nor does it feature any mechanical components. The glass layer is the top layer that, as previously mentioned, contains the transducers. SAW touchscreens use transmitting and receiving transducers to detect touch commands via ultrasonic waves.
How long do SAW touchscreens last exactly? Many of them last for over 50 million touches. Whether you're looking to buy a new touchscreen for personal or commercial usage, a SAW touchscreen will last a long time.
Other touchscreens may feature moving parts. Resistive touchscreens, for instance, have two layers. When you perform a touch command on a resistive touchscreen, you'll press the top layer into the bottom later. Over time, these movements can wear down resistive touchscreens while potentially shortening their usable life.
You can rest assured knowing that SAW touchscreens will last a very long time. SAW toushcreens don't contain any moving parts. Rather, they feature transducers on a glass top layer. Some of the transducers produce ultrasonic waves, whereas others receive and sense ultrasonic waves. Regardless, SAW touchscreens don't contain any moving parts, so they last longer than many other touchscreens.


text:
The English Textura and Great Primer Uncials
Textura, known more commonly as "blackletter," is the oldest form of European movable type: it was this style of letter which appeared in the 42-line bible printed by Johann Gutenberg in Mainz around 1455. The subject chosen for this digitization is the English Textura cut by Henric Pieterszoon Lettersnijder before 1492, which emerged as the most common type for Dutch books of the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. Amazingly, the brass "matrices" from which this type was cast still survive, in the collection of the Enschedé Museum in Haarlem. They may be the oldest set of matrices in the world.
Accompanying the textura lowercase is a set of "uncials," a medieval analogue of the modern drop cap, also cut by Pieterszoon around 1508. Both faces are reproduced from Sixteenth Century Printing Types of the Low Countries, by H. D. L. Vervliet and Harry Carter, Menno Herzberger & Co, Amsterdam, 1968. The textura's lowercase a has been borrowed from the a-macron sort, the hairlines of its lowercase o have been thinned, and its lowercase d has been widened. As with the other faces in the Historical Allsorts package, characters that postdate the original source have been fabricated; it is otherwise authentic.


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Jean Frédéric Joliot-Curie (19 March 1900 – 14 August 1958) was a French physicist, who shared the 1935 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with his wife Irène Joliot-Curie for the discovery of artificial radioactivity.
|This article about a physicist is a stub. You can help Wikiquote by expanding it.|
- It is because I know all that science can bring to the world that I shall continue my efforts to ensure that it contributes to the happiness of all men, whether they be white, black, or yellow, and not to their annihilation in the name of some divine mission or other.
- Pierre Biquard, translated by Geoffrey Strachan (1966). Frédéric Joliot-Curie: the man and his theories. Eriksson. p. 129.


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There's a course at Yale University in which undergraduates travel to the Amazon rain forest to collect fungi.
The fungus samples are often nothing you've encountered. One of them, however, which will be featured in a paper accepted by a scientific journal, might solve the problem of polyurethane building up in our landfills. The fungus basically eats the plastic and breaks it down into carbon.
That's just one discovery being studied in the Rainforest Expedition and Laboratory course taught by professor Scott A. Strobel.
"We take 15 undergraduates into the Ecuadorean rain forest and collect plant samples," said Kaury Kucera, co-instructor of the course and a postdoctoral researcher in the department of molecular biophysics and biochemistry.
The fungus they're looking for "grows in the inner tissues of plant samples that is symbiotic with the plant and often produces natural compounds that are interesting to medicine," Kucera said.
Click "source" for entire article.