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I am trying to write an array (data = [][]) to a worksheet I will create using xlwt. My question is can I specify a column to start from? I am planning to use a for loop to iterate through the array retrieving the values row by row starting a new line with each row ex: first row starts at C1, next row starts at C2 etc... I have read the documentation and examples but cannot find a clear way to do this. Any help would be greatly appreciated!
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Insert two blank cells at the front of each row? – Thomas K Jun 21 '11 at 20:59
The examples are included in the documentation if one knows where to look... Also typing the first '(' will often give a description of the parameters a method accepts and what they do – Corey Jul 13 '11 at 14:07
1 Answer 1
up vote 5 down vote accepted
Something like:
wb = xlwt.Workbook()
ws = wb.add_sheet('Sheet1')
for r, row in enumerate(data):
 for c, col in enumerate(row):
 ws.write(r, 2 + c, label=col)
share|improve this answer
Thanks! worked great – Corey Jun 22 '11 at 12:31
Your Answer


text:
National Cocoa Day
Cuckoo for cocoa? December 12 is National Cocoa Day!
The weather outside may be frightful, but cozying up with a mug of hot cocoa can make the day more delightful.
The Mayans are first credited with cultivating the cacao bean to brew xocoatl, an unsweetened version of modern-day hot chocolate. Much later in the 17th century, Spanish doctor Antonio Colmenero de Ledesma published the first recipe as an elixir, adding different spices to treat a number of ailments. Even President George Washington washed down his breakfast of cornmeal hoe cakes with a cup of hot chocolate.
Even though "hot chocolate" and "hot cocoa" are often used interchangeably, purists stress that there is a difference. Hot chocolate is made from mixing heated water or milk with melted chocolate pieces, while hot cocoa is made from cocoa powder and warmed water or milk.
In 1828, Dutch chemist Coenraad Van Houten patented his process of extracting some of the cocoa butter from the beans, leaving behind a cocoa powder with a reduced fat content. He added alkaline salts to the cocoa powder so that it would dissolve more easily with liquid. The final product is "Dutch-process" or "Dutched" cocoa power. An added advantage to having a naturally lower fat cocoa powder is that you can pile on the marshmallows and whipped cream!
Copyright 2012 by CNN NewSource. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
The single most important factor that affects the long-term durability of
a hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavement is the density of the mix that is achieved
by the contractor at the time of construction. The density of a material
is defined as the weight of the material, which occupies a certain volume
of space. The compaction process causes the asphalt-concrete mix to be compressed
and its volume reduced. As the density of the HMA material increases, the
air-void content of the mix decreases (they are inversely proportional to
each other). Properly designed, a HMA mix should have an air-void content
in the range of 3% to 5%.
If the compacted mix has a high air-void content (greater than 8%), the
mix will not perform as well under traffic. Similarly, if the compacted
mix has a low air-void content (less than 3%), the mix will be susceptible
to permanent deformation or rutting and also to distortion under the applied
traffic loads. Thus, for the mix to perform as expected, the contractor
must be able to compact the mix to the desired level of density or air-void
The density of the asphalt-concrete mix controls its durability. All of
the following factors are related to the air-void content of the HMA material:
fatigue life; permanent deformation; oxidation; moisture damage; distortion;
As the air void of the HMA decreases, the fatigue life or number of repetitions
of load to failure of that mix increases. Tests have shown that reducing
the air-void content of a given asphalt-concrete mix from 8% to 5% can double
the fatigue life of the pavement. Thus, for a given thickness of HMA as
part of the pavement structure, the ability of the mix to carry load can
be increased significantly when the mix is compacted to a lower air-void
The amount of permanent deformation or rutting that develops under load
in a HMA material also is directly related to the air-void content of the
mix. As the air-void content decreases, the amount of rutting that will
occur in that mix also decreases. If the mix design is proper, a well compacted
mix will not rut under the action of the traffic loads. If the mix design
is deficient in some aspect, proper compaction of the mixture can still
significantly reduce the amount of rutting and lateral distortion that will
occur under repeated load applications. If, however, the air-void content
of the mix is reduced to less than 3%, an increase in the rate of rutting
of the mix can result.
With time, the asphalt-cement binder in an asphalt-concrete mix will oxidize
and become more brittle. This oxidation or aging process causes the asphalt
cement to decrease in penetration and increase in viscosity. The rate of
oxidation is directly related to the air-void content of the mix. The lower
the air-void content, the less quickly the HMA material will age and become
Moisture damage or stripping occurs when water is able to enter the mix
and, under the repetitive action of traffic, works its way in between the
asphalt coating on the aggregate and the surface of the aggregate. The degree
of moisture damage is primarily related to the characteristics of the aggregate
used in the mix but also is directly related to the air-void content of
the mix. As the air-void content in the mix decreases, the amount of moisture
damage also decreases. Indeed, a mix that may strip badly at an air-void
content of 8% may not suffer any moisture damage if it can be compacted
to an air-void content below 4%.
Distortion or shoving is the displacement of the mix, typically in the longitudinal
direction, under the action of traffic. Distortion is primarily related
to the design and properties of the mix but also is related to the air-void
content. For a given mix, a decrease in the air-void content at the time
of construction will decrease the amount of distortion that the mix will
undergo when exposed to traffic loads, particularly stopping or turning
movements. An increase in the density of the mix (a decrease in the air-void
content) will increase the internal stability and strength of the mix and
may significantly reduce the amount of distortion that occurs under load.
Disintegration or raveling is directly related to the air-void content of
the mix. If a mix is properly compacted (to an air-void content of 8% or
less), the mix generally will not ravel if the asphalt content is correct.
If the same mix is compacted to a high air-void content, however, major
raveling may occur under the applied traffic loads. As the air-void content
of the mix decreases, the amount of raveling also will decrease.
An asphalt-concrete mix must be fully compacted before it cools to a temperature
of about 175 F. At temperatures above this value, the mix is normally still
warm enough for the compaction equipment to reorient the aggregate particles
into their densest configuration. Below that temperature, however, the mix
is generally too stiff to increase in density any significant amount with
continued rolling, although roller marks can often be removed below this
compaction cutoff temperature. The mix must, therefore, be compacted while
it is still hot. Five factors directly affect the rate of cooling of the
asphalt concrete mix when that material is placed on top of another existing
layer of the pavement structure. Those variables are: air temperature;
base temperature; mix laydown temperature; layer thickness; and wind velocity.
All other factors being equal, as the ambient air temperature increases,
the time available for compaction also increases. The mix will take longer
to cool to the cutoff temperature of 175 F on a warm day than on a cool
day. An increase in the air temperature allows more time for the compaction
equipment to achieve the desired density level in the mix.
More important than air temperature in the rate of cooling of the HMA mix
is the temperature of the surface of the layer on which the new mix is placed.
It is well known that heat in an asphalt concrete layer is lost in two directions.
The surface of the mixture cools as heat is transferred to the air. The
bottom portion of the mixture also cools as heat is transferred to the underlying
base material. There is more rapid cooling of the mix downward into the
base than upward into the ambient air.
Base temperature-the temperature of the layer on which the new asphalt concrete
mix is placed-is actually more important than air temperature in determining
the time available for compaction. An increase in the base temperature allows
more time for compaction.
As the temperature of the mix coming out from under the paver screed increases,
the time available for compaction also increases. A mix placed at a temperature
of 300 F, for a given lift thickness and other environmental factors, will
take longer to cool to the cutoff temperature of 175 F, than will the same
mix placed at a temperature of 250 F.
Probably the most important factor in the rate of cooling of an asphalt
concrete mix is the thickness of the layer being placed and compacted. As
the thickness of the layer increases, the time available for compaction
also increases. It takes considerably longer for a 3-in. thick layer of
HMA to cool to the cutoff temperature of 175 F than for a 1-in. layer to
cool to the same temperature. The cooling time is not directly proportional
to the lift thickness but is geometrically proportional. For example on
a 40 F day with the temperature of the base at the same value, a 3-in. thick
layer of HMA placed at a temperature of 250 F will take 19 minutes to cool
from the laydown temperature to the cutoff temperature of 175 F. On the
same 40 F day, with the same base temperature and for the same mix laydown
temperature of 250 F, a 1-in. thick HMA layer will cool to the cutoff temperature
in only 3 minutes.
A thin lift of asphalt-concrete mix will cool more quickly when exposed
to a high wind velocity than when there is little or no wind. Wind has a
much greater effect on the surface of the mix than at various depths within
the HMA layer. A strong wind can cause the surface to cool so rapidly that
a crust will form. This crust must be broken down by the rollers before
the compaction process can be accomplished. The higher the wind velocity,
the less time available for compaction, all other factors being constant.
Dickson and Corlew published a set of cooling curves for asphalt concrete
mixtures. Those curves show the amount of time available for compaction
under different combinations of conditions. The curves are reproduced in
Section Six of Part Three of the Hot Mix Asphalt Paving Handbook, available
from the National Asphalt Pavement Association. Three variables are used
to enter the graphs: Mix-laydown temperature, base temperature (which is
assumed to be equal to the air temperature), and compacted layer thickness.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
What Are Retroactive Payments?
The SSDI retroactive payments are payments made to disability applicants for the time passed between the onset of the disability to the date that the application was passed. Retroactive payments are paid for 12 months prior to the date of the application being passed.
Factors When Making Retroactive Payments
The Social Security Administration considers three factors when making retroactive payments:
- Date of onset
- Date of application
- Wait period
By default, the date of filing of application for your disability is considered the date of onset of your disability. This date is referred to as the alleged onset date (AOD), and all your retroactive payments are calculated back to this date.
If the disability began much before the date of application, it is mandatory to prove that in order to change the AOD and obtain a new established onset date (EOD).
All SSDI claims have a mandatory wait period of 5 months after the onset of the disability. No payments are made during this period. Therefore, your retroactive payments are made only at the beginning of the sixth month.
Are you eligible for retroactive payments?
An applicant for social security benefits is eligible for retroactive payments if:
- The disability claim has been approved
- Over 5 months have elapsed since the EOD
- The payments are not to be withheld for any reason
The SSDI allows retroactive payments for a maximum of 12 months prior to the date of application, subtracting the waiting period. That means that a minimum of 17 months that will have passed since the date of onset (EOD) and the date the application is approved.
In addition, no matter when the EOD may be, retroactive payments will be made for a maximum of only 12 months, meaning that the applicant will remain unpaid for any time before the considered 17 months.
How a Social Security Attorney Can Help
The process of applying for benefits and obtaining them is not only tedious, but also confusing. Besides a number of legalities beyond the comprehension of a general applicant, not all applicants receive a fair review, because not all applicants have knowledge about:
- The proper documentation and records to be submitted with the application
- The required presentation to be given before the judge
- The amount of benefits that can be requested
- The procedure to change the EOD from the AOD
Hiring an SSDI lawyer can ensure that your application receives a fair review and you are given the benefits you deserve for your disability.


text:
This week, the Department of Education, ASCD and the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards hosted the first-ever Teach to Lead Supporter Convening at ED. The meeting was designed for the more than one hundred organizations that have committed support for Teach to Lead and the hundreds of teacher participants to reflect on this work and collectively envision a true teacher leadership movement.
To be clear, many of these organizations have long advocated for teacher leadership in their work. In fact, a key goal of Teach to Lead is to shine a light on all of the good work that is already happening to encourage more of the same commitments. However, this Supporter Convening acknowledged that it is only through the work of a coalition of organizations that teacher leadership has come to the national stage, and is gaining momentum. While Teach to Lead is a partnership among the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards, the U.S. Department of Education and ASCD, it is the combination of ideas, resources, man-power, and support for teachers from these organizations that has elevated the conversation about teacher leadership to where it is today.
While the list of organizations that have worked alongside us continues to expand, I want to share a few examples of some of our shared, core beliefs about the importance of teacher leadership:
Teacher Leaders Serve as Models for their Peers
Edcamp believes teacher leaders are critical to bringing about change in classrooms. When teachers who are working with students every day lead the way, their peers can watch and learn how to grow their own practice. Teacher leaders deal with the same daily challenges as their peers. Through their actions and their words, they impact both students and colleagues.
Teacher Leaders Get Results
America Achieves understands that outstanding teachers and principals get results for children; it's something they do every day in their classrooms. The challenge is to create pathways for these outstanding educators to share their expertise on a wider level. Whether by leading colleagues in their buildings, solving complex district challenges, or advising policymakers at the state and federal levels, educators who have achieved results and who remain closest to this work, must be positioned and supported to lead.
Teacher Leaders Speak to Policy at the Classroom Level
Hope Street Group supports a growing network of teacher leaders that play a critical role in crafting solutions to some of the greatest challenges in education. Two Hope Street Group Teacher Fellows share why they believe teacher leadership is key: "I believe teacher leadership is a necessary part of improving education. Teachers know firsthand what works or not in the context of school communities and can speak with authority on what education policies look like in action at the classroom level—where the process of teaching and learning lives."
Another Hope Street Fellow shares that "teacher leadership is critical because teachers are the ones in the classroom and are the ones that see the true picture of education. Being able to bring our experiences with students and our districts is critical for creating sound educational change."
Teacher Leadership is a Sustainable Model
Leading Educators supports the idea that great teachers should not have to leave the classroom to increase their impact. Developing teacher leadership skills and opportunities to support colleagues toward increased student learning leads to a more dynamic, high-impact career.
Leading Educators knows that by enhancing the skills and knowledge of our best educators, we (a) increase the prospect of every student having a great teacher; (b) sustain teaching careers by creating satisfying career pathways; and (c) demonstrate the benefits of a distributed leadership model where workload, responsibility and ultimately accountability are shared by teachers and the principal.
Teacher Leaders Drive School Improvement
The National Education Association stands by teachers and acknowledges the important impact they make in our children's success: "Positive change in education must be driven by the profession and shaped by the experience of teachers working with students in schools and classrooms. Teacher leaders use their expertise and knowledge in multiple ways to benefit students, influence instructional practice and policy development."
The American Federation of Teachers (AFT) Teacher Leaders Program (TLP) brings together a select group of teachers throughout the school year to learn how to take active leadership roles in their schools, unions, and communities. Participants in the TLP help to strengthen the union and its connection to the community, building greater support and understanding of public schools. Several teacher leaders involved in the AFT's program have presented their original action research at national conferences (TEACH, Learning Forward) and have used the skills honed in the program to advocate in their schools and communities. For example, Mona Al-Hayani from Toledo Public Schools (TPS) is now the district's trainer on recognizing and mitigating sex trafficking of minors in TPS. She has trained all TPS employees and works with the county health department on training and mitigation.
Teacher Leadership is Indispensable
The VIVA project knows that "without teachers' professional expertise and wisdom gained from experience, we cannot meet our promise to all American students to give them an equal opportunity to learn. Teachers are our most important ambassadors to help the public understand what happens in our public schools. They are also our most important partners in making policies that assure all students have a fair chance to reach their full potential. Teacher leadership at every level of our system is indispensable."
Teacher Leadership is About Student Success
The Department's Teaching and Principal Ambassador Fellowships are designed to improve education for students by involving teachers and principal in the development and implementation of education policy. Teacher Leadership is a critical component when we look at how to support student success. When we allow our teachers to lead, and have space for them to remain in the classroom, they make an impact both with their students, and with all of our students.
John King is senior advisor delegated duties of deputy secretary at the U.S. Department of Education.


text:
Find below a list of Side Events related to Health Systems that are taking place during this year World Health Assembly session.
Starting from 20–28 May 2013, in Geneva.
Universal health coverage is defined as ensuring that all people have access to needed promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative health services, of sufficient quality to be effective, while also ensuring that people do not suffer financial hardship when paying for these services. Universal health coverage has therefore become a major goal for health reform in many countries and a priority objective of WHO.
- Improving quality for better treatment and greater access
- Clinical pharmacology: in health care, teaching and research clinical pharmacology
- WHO country assessment tool on the uses and sources for human resources for health (HRH) data
- A practical handbook on the pharmacovigilance of medicines used in the treatment of tuberculosis
- What is the impact of noncommunicable diseases on National Health Expenditures: A synthesis of available data [pdf 680kb]
- The Interagency Emergency Health Kit 2011
- Guidelines for medicine donations - revised 2010


}, pages = {Article Number: 010202}, abstract = {
By means of numerical simulations, we show that assemblies of frictionless rigid pentagons in slow shear flow possess an internal friction coefficient (equalto0.183\±0.008 with our choice of moderately polydisperse grains) but no macroscopic dilatancy. In other words, despite side-side contacts tending to hinder relative particle rotations, the solidfraction under quasistatic shear coincides with that of isotropic random close packings of pentagonal particles. Properties of polygonal grains are thus similar to those of disks in that respect. We argue that continuous reshuffling of the force-bearing network leads to frequent collapsing events at the microscale, thereby causing the macroscopic dilatancy to vanish. Despite such rearrangements, the shear flow favors an anisotropic structure that is at the origin of the ability of the system to sustain shear stress.
}, issn = {_PHONE_}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.91.010202}, author = {Emilien Az{\'e}ma and Farhang Radja{\"\i} and Jean-Noel~ Roux} } _USER_ {159, title = {Interplay of curvature and temperature in the Casimir{\textendash}Polder interaction}, journal = {Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter}, volume = {27}, year = {2015}, month = {Jun-03-2015}, pages = {214018}, abstract = {
We study the Casimir-Polder interaction at finite temperatures between a polarizable small, anisotropic particle and a non-planar surface using a derivative expansion. We obtain the leading and the next-to-leading curvature corrections to the interaction for low and high temperatures. Explicit results are provided for the retarded limit in the presence of a perfectly conducting surface.
}, issn = {0953-8984}, doi = {10.1088/0953-8984/27/21/214018}, author = {Bimonte, Giuseppe and Emig, Thorsten} } _USER_ {146, title = {Investigating carbon materials nanostructure using image orientation statistics}, journal = {Carbon}, volume = {84}, year = {2015}, month = {Apr-2015}, pages = {160 - 173}, abstract = {
A new characterization method of the lattice fringe images of turbostratic carbons is proposed. This method is based on the computation of their orientation field without explicit detection of fringes. It allows meaningful insights into the material nanostructure and nanotexture at several scales, either qualitatively or quantitatively. The calculation of pairwise spatial statistics of the orientation field at short distance provides measurements of the coherence lengths along any direction, in particular along and orthogonally to the layers. These statistics also allow representing orientation coherence patterns typical of the observed nanostructure. At larger distances, the mean disorientation of the fringes is computed and information about the homogeneity of the sample is obtained. An experimental validation is carried out on various artificial images and an application to the characterization of four bulk turbostratic carbons is provided.
}, issn = {00086223}, doi = {10.1016/j.carbon.2014.11.048}, author = {J. Philippe Da-Costa and Weisbecker, P. and Baptiste Farbos and Jean-Marc Leyssale and G{\'e}rard L. Vignoles and Germain, C.} } _USER_ {184, title = {Ion-specific adsorption and electroosmosis in charged amorphous porous silica}, journal = {Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.}, volume = {17}, year = {2015}, month = {Oct-14-2015}, pages = {24683 - 24695}, abstract = {
Monovalent and divalent aqueous electrolytes confined in negatively charged porous silica are studied by means of molecular simulations including free energy calculations. Owing to the strong cation adsorption at the surface, surface charge overcompensation (overscreening) occurs which leads to an effective positive surface next to the Stern layer, followed by a negatively charged diffuse layer. A simple Poisson-Boltzmann model in which the single-ion potential of mean force is introduced is shown to capture the most prominent features of ion density profiles near an amorphous silica surface. Nevertheless, due to its mean-field nature, which fails to account for correlations, this simple model does not predict overscreening corresponding to charge inversion at the surface. Such an overscreening drastically affects the transport of confined electrolytes as it leads to flow reversal when subjected to an electric field. A simple continuum theory is shown to capture how the electro-osmotic flow is affected by overscreening and by the apparent enhanced viscosity of the confined electrolytes. Comparison with available experimental data is discussed, as well as the implications of these phenomena for \ζ-potential measurements.
}, issn = {_PHONE_}, doi = {10.1039/C5CP03818A}, author = {Hartkamp, Remco and Bertrand Siboulet and Jean-Francois Dufreche and Benoit A. Coasne} } _USER_ {311, title = {An improved technique for characterizing the fracture toughness via scratch test experiments}, journal = {Wear}, volume = {313}, year = {2014}, month = {May-15-2014}, pages = {117 - 124}, abstract = {
The scratch test consists in pushing a tool across the surface of a weaker material at a given penetration depth; and it has several applications in Science and Engineering including strength testing of rocks and ceramics, damage of polymers and metals and quality control of thin films and coatings. Despite numerous attempts in the scientific literature, the application of scratch tests to the characterization of fracture properties remains a challenge and a heavily controversial topic. Therefore, this investigation aims at articulating a rigorous theoretical and experimental framework in order to assess the fracture toughness at both the macroscopic and the microscopic length scales, using scratch tests. First, we apply optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to investigate the physical evidence of crack initiation, crack propagation and material removal mechanisms during scratch tests. Then, we employ Finite Element simulations of crack growth during macroscopic scratch tests to assess the influence of the blade back-rake angle, the friction coefficient between the blade and the material and the wear flat of the blade on the scratching forces, thus testing the robustness of our Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics scratch model. Finally, at the microscopic scale, a meticulous scratch probe calibration procedure is described to improve the accuracy of the fracture properties determination by addressing important issues such as moisture content, specimen surface cleanliness and choice of reference material. In summary, we bring forward a robust, convenient and accurate method that is applied to polymers, ceramics and metals and can be further applied to the multi-scale study of fracture processes in complex and challenging materials such as gas shale, cement paste and cortical bone.
Fig.1. (color online) (a) Macroscopic scratch tests experiments on paraffin wax with a{\textellipsis}
Fig.2. (color online) Fracture processes in scratch tests at both the macroscopic and{\textellipsis}
Fig.3. (color online) (a) Numerical Scratch Fracture model: 0<=θ<=20{\textdegree} is the blade{\textellipsis}
Fig.4. (color online) (a) Ratio of the stress intensity factor in mode II (in-plane{\textellipsis}
Fig.5. (color online) Wear flat configuration: the interface between the blade and the{\textellipsis}
Fig.6. (color online) Example of damage to the scratch probe as a result of misuse or{\textellipsis}
}, issn = {00431648}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2014.02.015}, author = {Ange-Therese Akono and Franz-Josef Ulm} } _USER_ {275, title = {Initiation of immersed granular avalanches}, journal = {Physical Review E}, volume = {89}, year = {2014}, month = {May-09-2014}, pages = {Article Number: 052203}, abstract = {
By means of coupled molecular dynamics-computational fluid dynamics simulations, we analyze the initiation of avalanches in a granular bed of spherical particles immersed in a viscous fluid and inclined above its angle of repose. In quantitative agreement with experiments, we find that the bed is unstable for a packing fraction below 0.59 but is stabilized above this packing fraction by negative excess pore pressure induced by the effect of dilatancy. From detailed numerical data, we explore the time evolution of shear strain, packing fraction, excess pore pressures, and granular microstructure in this creeplike pressure redistribution regime, and we show that they scale excellently with a characteristic time extracted from a model based on the balance of granular stresses in the presence of a negative excess pressure and its interplay with dilatancy. The cumulative shear strain at failure is found to be ≃ 0.2, in close agreement with the experiments, irrespective of the initial packing fraction and inclination angle. Remarkably, the avalanche is triggered when dilatancy vanishes instantly as a result of fluctuations while the average dilatancy is still positive (expanding bed) with a packing fraction that declines with the initial packing fraction. Another nontrivial feature of this creeplike regime is that, in contrast to dry granular materials, the internal friction angle of the bed at failure is independent of dil


text:
Mar. 23, 1998 Engineers at the University of Toronto have developed a software program that could save the transportation, mining and manufacturing industries millions of dollars.
The software, known as EXAKT, indicates the optimal time to renew, repair or replace equipment, says Professor Andrew Jardine of the department of mechanical and industrial engineering, one of the project's two principal researchers. The program, using mathematical models and equations, focuses on the equipment's current performance data as well as economic factors such as the initial cost of the equipment and estimated resale value of machine parts.
"This new software allows maintenance managers, for the first time, to combine risk assessment and economic considerations in terms of decision-making for industrial equipment," Jardine says. "The cost of replacing an item after it has failed completely will obviously be greater than replacing it under preventive conditions. It's not just a matter of running equipment into the ground."
Currently, managers considering parts replacement rely on one of two approaches -- the age-based technique that calculates equipment longevity based on the age of the equipment or the condition-based approach that relies on other measures such as the level of mineral-to-oil ratios in equipment.
Research was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, Materials and Manufacturing Ontario, a provincial centre of excellence, and the Condition-Based Maintenance Consortium, an international partnership that includes various industries in Canada, the United States and Hong Kong.
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University Of Toronto.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
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Spinach tortillas
Compatibile with Thermomix TM5 and TM31
Spinach tortillas
45 min
Serves 8
 - 2 oz spinach
 - 6 oz water
 - 16 oz (cooked) bakers flour
 - 2 oz olive oil
 - 1 tsp salt
 1. Put into the bowl spinach and water: 1 min. speed 7.
 2. Add flour, oil and salt: 30 sec. speed 6.
 3. Then: 3 min. speed Knead.
 4. Allow the dough to rest for 15 minutes then divide it into 8 pieces.
 5. Roll out each piece of dough into thin circles very thin (they will cook quickly).
 6. Place a large frying pan on a medium heat and start cooking tortillas on it.
 7. They must cook for about two minute on each side (once they start bubbling, flip it over).
 8. They must be cooked but still soft and flexible.
 9. Stack the cooked tortillas on a plate while cooking others, they will remain warm.
 10. The tortillas are ready to roll with your favorite filling.


text:
Introduction: How to Make a Battery Out of Mud
While trying to make a microbial fuel cell apparently I stumbled upon how to make an Earth battery, which is something whose existence I really had no clue about until I made one. While the current it generates is pretty much non-existent I've found that several of these in series are capable of dimly lighting a 3 volt LED for weeks, which I still think is pretty good for what amounts to a jar of mud.
To make this "mud battery" you'll need:
An Empty Container
Insulated Copper Wire
At Least 5 cm of Graphite (taken from a pencil)
A Digital Multimeter
A Hand Shovel
Step 1: Obtain and Insert the Dirt
For this step, just go outside and find a spot where you can dig up some dirt. Though I've yet to experiment with how various types of dirt affect the mud battery's function, I've found while making the some dozen cells I've tried that the blackish-brown sort of topsoil pictured works well. If I had to guess, I'd say the dirt I use is towards the "loamy" side of things because it retains water well without holding it up so much that it prevents the diffusion of ions between the electrodes
Besides finding the right kind of soil to use, this step really is easy as just filling up your container with dirt.
Step 2: Prepare the Anode
To prepare the anode strip a piece of wire such that one end has a little bit of copper exposed (~2 cm) while the other has significantly more copper exposed (~4 cm). Now take a piece of aluminum foil and wrap it around the long end of the wire so as to form a sort of "pin" of aluminum foil. Once finished stick the anode into the dirt.
Step 3: Prepare the Cathode
Preparing the cathode is simple: cut second piece of wire, strip about 2 cm of insulation from one side, strip about 4 cm of insulation from the other, and then wrap the exposed wire from the 4 cm end around one of the ends of the piece of graphite. Once this is all done, just stick the end of the graphite that doesn't have copper wire wrapped around it into the dirt within your mud battery.
Step 4: Turn the Dirt Into Mud and Then Wait
At this point I usually test the battery to see if an electric potential exists within it using my digital multimeter. Though the voltage usually wavers a bit, all of the mud batteries that I've made with this method at this point have displayed a voltage that hovered around a point between 0.3-0.6 volts +/-0.09.
Now feel free to correct me if I'm wrong on this, but I've found that even though the battery does (or at least should) generate an electric potential, wiring several of these devices together in series in an attempt to get at least a little function from them provides a far lower voltage than would be expected due to (what I'm assuming is) the high resistance posed by each battery in the series.
Though I knew from I've found, however, that moistening the dirt until it becomes mud greatly ameliorates this situation, as mud cells (in comparison to dirt cells) not only boast higher voltages (0.8-1.0 volts) but also seem to fair far better when wired into a series.
This step is pretty much as easy as it sounds: just add water (tap water works) to your mud battery until the soil within it is completely saturated with water.
The benefits of mud over dirt in this battery aren't immediately presented; to see the increased voltage one must allow the battery to incubate overnight. While I don't really know exactly why it has to incubate over night to work (I initially thought that it was because the voltage was generated by microbial activity and that the increase in voltage following incubation was due to microbial colonization of the anode), if I had to guess I'd say that the incubation is likely necessary because it takes time for the water to dissolve some of the salts within the soil into solution.
People to Thank
In closing I'd kind of like to thank egbertfitzwilly because I gleaned a lot of what I know of homemade electrodes from reading his instructables and HarveyH44 and Kiteman because they pointed out why what I thought I made (a microbial fuel cell) wasn't what I actually made and showed me what it was I actually concocted (an Earth battery).
We have a be nice policy.
Please be positive and constructive.
What is length breadth and width of aluminum foil and copper wire


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World News from Africa
"A society where everyone, regardless of background or disability, feels welcome, included and supported"
Barriers and Abuse for Women with Disabilities in Uganda
(By Human Right Watch-HRW- 12.09.10) Women with disabilities in northern Uganda experience ongoing discrimination and sexual and gender-based violence, Human Rights Watch said in a report released today.
Many are unable to gain access to basic services, including health care and justice, and they have been largely ignored in post-conflict reconstruction efforts.
The 73-page report, "'As if We Weren't Human': Discrimination and Violence against Women with Disabilities in Northern Uganda," describes frequent abuse and discrimination by strangers, neighbors, and even family members against women and girls with disabilities in the north. Women interviewed for the report said they were not able to get basic provisions such as food, clothing, and shelter in camps for displaced persons or in their own communities. One woman with a physical disability who lived in such a camp told Human Rights Watch that people said to her, "You are useless. You are a waste of food. You should just die so that others can eat the food." The research was conducted in six districts of northern Uganda – a region recently emerging from over two decades of brutal conflict between the rebel Lord's Resistance Army and the government.
"One of the untold stories of the long war in Northern Uganda and its aftermath is the isolation, neglect, and abuse of women and girls with disabilities," said Shantha Rau Barriga, disability rights researcher and advocate at Human Rights Watch. "As Ugandans in the north struggle to reclaim their lives, the government and humanitarian agencies need to make sure that women with disabilities are not left out."
The report is based on interviews with 64 women and girls with a wide range of disabilities, some caused by diseases such as polio and others by landmines or gunshot wounds during the protracted conflict. According to a 2007 national survey, approximately 20 percent of people in Uganda have disabilities. However, northern Uganda is believed to have higher disability rates because of war-related injuries and limited access to treatment or vaccinations for illnesses.
Human Rights Watch's research suggests that women with disabilities are particularly vulnerable to sexual and gender-based violence. More than one-third of the women interviewed told Human Rights Watch that they had experienced some form of sexual or physical abuse. None had been able to press criminal charges or pursue prosecutions of their attackers.
"Women with disabilities are often not given any information about sexual or reproductive health and HIV," Barriga said. "But they have real sexual health needs, and they also need to be protected from sexual violence and be able to get justice if abused."
Women with disabilities, the report notes, are especially vulnerable to HIV because of poverty, difficulty in negotiating safe sex, lack of accessible information, and susceptibility to violence and rape. Many of the women could not reach health centers or police stations, which are often situated far away or are inaccessible for lack of sign language interpreters, Braille signage or ramps for physical access. Others encountered discriminatory attitudes by staff and could not get assistance even from family members.
"I cannot bathe near others," Candace, a woman with HIV and who has an amputated leg from a landmine, told Human Rights Watch. "My neighbors think that the water that comes off of me has HIV in it. They say I will get the community sick if they touch the water. There has been HIV sensitization in the community but there is no real change in attitudes."
Among the recommendations in the report is that the Ugandan government should adequately address the needs of women with disabilities in post-conflict development plans and programs. The report also calls on the government to ensure access for women with disabilities to mainstream government programs, particularly with regard to sexual and gender-based violence, reproductive health, and HIV.
Human Rights Watch found that the vast majority of humanitarian aid organizations do not have specific programs to meet the needs of people with disabilities. The report recommends that humanitarian aid organizations partner with organizations representing people with disabilities to ensure that information about the resettlement process and available support services reach them.
One of the key problems is the lack of data on the number of women with disabilities in northern Uganda and their access to services, Human Rights Watch said. The government and humanitarian agencies need to collect this information and use it to develop more inclusive programs for women with disabilities.
The government of Uganda has an obligation to respect the rights of persons with disabilities under international and regional laws, the national constitution, and other domestic legislation. As a state party to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Uganda should ensure that women with disabilities enjoy all human rights on an equal basis with others. In practice, the government of Uganda needs to do more to implement its laws to protect women with disabilities in northern Uganda from violence and to ensure their access to basic services, Human Rights Watch said.
"The war has hidden and compounded the isolation and discrimination against women and girls with disabilities," Barriga said. "But now the government has a special opportunity – and a special responsibility – to meet their needs."
Selected accounts from individuals interviewed for "As If We Weren't Human"
"There were 12 people in the house on the day it was burned down [by the Lord's Resistance Army]. Those of us closer to the door survived. I lay on my stomach and protected my heart. My head got burned, and I lost my sight. I don't hear well."
– Edna, a 29-year-old woman who fled her rural village for Lira town in 2004. Edna is also HIV-positive.
"I was raped three times in this house one week ago. The man came at night, so I was unable to recognize him. I have not told anyone, not even my mother. I was thinking of bringing a panga [machete] to bed with me in case he comes again. I fear that if I report, then I will need to know my HIV status. I want to check my HIV status at a health center but I do not have transport to town. The hospital is far and my [hand-crank] bicycle is broken. Others in the community will say that it's my fault and that I run around with men."
– Angela, a 20-year-old woman born with a physical disability, Amuru district
"If I go back to my original home, I'll be like a child, waiting to be fed."
– Mary, woman with physical disability living in a displaced persons camp, Amuru district
"Delivery beds are extremely high and have wheels. [The nurses] tell you to get on the bed. You try to get on, but the bed is rolling. They say, 'You get on the bed! How did you get on the bed where you got pregnant?'"
– Hon. Nalule Safia Juuko, member of parliament representing women with disabilities
"The neighbors beat my children. When they played with the neighbors' children, they were told to go away. They said, 'You'll spread deafness to my family.'"
– Erica, a deaf woman who lost one of her children during childbirth because the nurse did not communicate to her that she was going to have twins, Lira district
To read "'As If We Weren't Human': Discrimination and Violence Against Women with Disabilities in Northern Uganda," please visit: _URL_
At Elections Cater for People With Disabilities
(Crispy Kaheru, Kampala 29.12.09) I recently attended the launch of the human rights report by the Foundation for Human Rights Initiative (FHRI). The report specially focused on the abuse of the rights of Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) in Uganda.
Even though the Government has excelled in laying down disability friendly policy frameworks through the Persons with Disabilities Act 2006, the breadth and implementation of these policies remains defective.
The Act provides guidelines in terms of the rights of PWDs in relation to subjects like access to education, health and employment services.
Where the Act has provided specific guidelines, both the Government and private agencies have done a relatively commendable job to promote and protect the rights and needs of PWDs in respective fields.
However, the optimism of PWDs has continued to wither in certain key areas like participation in electoral matters and access to transport services, where the Disability Act does not shade light. In the wake of the 2011 elections, the key question remains, how effectively will PWDs participate in the electoral activities?
In order for the PWDs to effectively take part in electoral events, the Government has to consider availing sign language interpreters at each of the campaigning activities. Informational material has to be translated into diverse forms like braille, audio, tactile, or pictorial to ensure easy accessibility by all categories of people. Election related events such as candidates' rallies, polling activities or even voter registration exercises should be situated in places that can be easily accessed by PWDs.
Prior to the 2006 general elections, members from the disability movement proposed the introduction of braille ballot papers for the blind voters.
However, the proposal seemed to have come at the last minute when the Electoral Commission (EC) had already finalised formalities of printing the ordinary ballot papers.
Therefore, as we embark on preparations for the 2011 election, the Government through the EC should endeavour to put in place special arrangements to accommodate PWDs in elections.
During the 2006 elections, at least 5% of the 10.5 million registered voters had a given form of disability - a significant fraction of these were visually impaired.
Out of these registered PWDs, a small percentage is thought to have participated in the polling exercises. Due to deficient conditions, other PWDs did not even get to the


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Skip to Main Content
This paper describes and compares several practical equalization schemes for space-time-coded transmissions over broadband wireless channels. For space-time trellis codes (STTCs), we describe and compare two reduced-complexity trellis-based joint equalization and decoding schemes whose performance is further optimized by a front-end finite-impulse response (FIR) channel-shortening prefilter. For space-time block codes, we describe and compare three joint equalization and decoding schemes based on a block-level implementation of the well-known Alamouti scheme either in the time or frequency domains. We consider the third-generation time division multiple access (TDMA) cellular system known as Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) and recommend a promising equalization scheme for space-time trellis-coded and for Alamouti-type space-time block-coded dual-antenna transmissions based on simulation results for typical urban channel conditions where the delay spread is few symbol periods.
Date of Publication: Oct 2002


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for students
understanding of differences.
2. Assessment will occur informally through observations made by
the teacher during the guided discussion.
3. As the groups of students discuss the questions for numbered
heads, the teacher will walk around the room and monitor children's
participation in the discussion. Final oral responses will also be
4. Letters will be assessed for their understanding of Ruby
5. Assessment will occur based on children's participating in the
Value Whips activity.
6. Assessment of the family involvement will be made through
observations of the students reactions, questions and comments about
each family's "difference."
TO TITLE PAGE FOR FAMOUS PEOPLE UNITS


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Who is Mummy Bear and where did he come from?
Starting from the left, click each year on the timeline to read about Mummy Bear.
How to understand the Timeline...
Today we are in the year
CE. If we count backwards, we reach the year 0. Between the year 0 and today is a time of history called the Common Era or CE. The year 0 is the start of the Common Era. If we keep going backwards past the year 0, we get into a time of history called Before Common Era or BCE. For example, 2560 BCE means 2,560 years before the beginning of the Common Era. This is a time when ancient Egyptians lived. And long before the ancient Egyptians, there was the fabled continent of Atlantis.


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History of the
Algernon Sydney Sullivan Award
The Algernon Sydney Sullivan Awards were established by the New York Southern Society in 1925 in memory of Mr. Sullivan, a southerner who became a prominent lawyer, businessman, and philanthropist in New York in the late nineteenth century. The Society and carefully selected colleges and universities jointly arrange for the issue of Medallions, which are to be perpetual reminders of Algernon Sydney Sullivan, the memory of whose life has been handed down with loving and grateful admiration as one that was a continuous expression of those high qualities which ennoble and beautify living and bind man to man in mutual love and helpfulness. Such lives must ever be encouraging and inspiring; they justify our highest ideals and hopes.
Algernon Sydney Sullivan, born in Indiana in 1826, rose to success in New York City as a respected lawyer and a man who "reached out both hands in constant helpfulness" to others. After his death in 1887, the Society sought to honor him and the award bearing his name was established in 1925 by the Sullivan Memorial Committee and the New York Southern Society, which Mr. Sullivan had served as its first president. The award seeks to perpetuate the excellence of character and humanitarian service of Algernon Sydney Sullivan by recognizing and honoring such qualities in others. It was first presented in June 1925 at the George Peabody College for Teachers in Nashville, Tennessee, now a part of Vanderbilt University.
Funded by the Algernon Sydney Sullivan Foundation and administered by the New York Southern Society the awards stem from the Society's wish to establish a permanent reminder of the "noblest human qualities as expressed and followed in the life of its first president, Algernon Sydney Sullivan; and to do so in a manner which will perpetuate the influence of such a man, not so much as an individual but as a type." The prestigious awards are given only by selected "representative institutions." After the New York Southern Society closed its doors, the awards were continued by the Sullivan Foundation and grew to include more and more institutions throughout the South. The University of Kentucky has been recognizing Sullivan Award winners since 1927.
Mary Mildred Sullivan, Algernon Sullivan's wife, a Virginian, was likewise a person imbued with humanitarian spirit. In 1940, the New York Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, which Mrs. Sullivan had helped establish and which she had been the first president, created the Mary Mildred Sullivan Award. It honors persons who demonstrate the "spirit of helpfulness and an awareness of the beauty and value of the intangible elements of life." In 1949, the Southern Society agreed to administer the award and did so until the Society went out of existence in 1973.
Since 1973 the Sullivan Foundation, formalized in the late 1920s by Mary Mildred Sullivan and son George, has administered both the Algernon Sydney Sullivan Awards and the Mary Mildred Sullivan Awards.
The University of Kentucky is one of several southern universities that present the Algernon Sydney Sullivan award -- sponsored by the Algernon Sydney Sullivan Foundation -- to recognize those faculty, staff or students who exhibit Sullivan's ideals of heart, mind, and conduct as evince a spirit of love for and helpfulness to other men and women." In addition, the non-student must have a connection with the University as an employee, alumnus or friend.


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An anatomy project can display well-researched information pertaining to an interesting question about human anatomy and physiology, such as "Why do people cry?" or "Does stress increase a person's chances of catching a cold?" Another idea involves conducting an experiment on the impact of caffeine consumption on heart rate.Continue Reading
To set up an experiment investigating the impact of caffeine on heart rate, a student should first gather a group of 10 or more adults and assign half of them to a placebo group and half to a control group. To perform a true blind study, the adults should not be made aware of whether they are in the placebo or control group. The adults should receive instruction not to eat or drink anything at least two hours prior to the experiment to control for the impact of other foods or beverages on heart rate.
After having the adults rest for about five minutes, the resting heart rates of each adult should be recorded. Then, each adult drinks either a caffeinated or placebo beverage. It is important that the student makes sure to keep a record of which adults have the caffeinated or placebo drinks. After the adults drink their beverages, they are measured three times for pulse rate after five, 10 and 15 minutes have passed.
Once all information is recorded, the student can gather it onto a graph and present the findings to a science class or at a science fair.Learn more about K-12 Curriculum


Hybrid Identities Instead of "Überfremdung"
On Why the Death of Stuart Hall Is a Loss for our Academy Programs
Stuart Hall, the renowned British cultural theorist and sociologist, passed away exactly one month ago, on 10 February 2014. His death prompted in us a deep sense of personal loss. His groundbreaking writings on cultural studies, in particular on racial inequality, were first translated into German in the mid 1990s—a time when people here were beginning to acknowledge the importance of racism as an issue.
Demonstrators in front of a memorial with the Magen David and a poster with the words "Ausländerfeindlichkeit" (xenophobia) and "We need more courage."
Silent vigil of the Jewish Community at the Putlitz Bridge Deportation Memorial
Photo: Michael Kerstgens, Berlin Tiergarten, 1992
Hall's approach incited a new discussion and coined a new vocabulary: until then, Germans in the Federal Republic had spoken of "Fremdenfeindlichkeit" (xenophobia), which they regarded as a marginal social phenomenon. Politicians and the media spoke matter-of-factly of society "reaching breaking point" when "the boat gets too full" owing to "Überfremdung." The latter term denotes the state of 'being overrun by foreigners.' It is itself deeply racist and was accordingly voted Non-word of the Year 1993. "Being overrun" was presumed however to be explanation enough for the fire-bombings and other attacks then being carried out almost daily on asylum-seekers' accommodation centers or immigrants' apartments—and likewise for the hate campaigns, man-hunts, and pogrom-type riots erupting in Rostock, Hoyerswerda, and elsewhere, or the emergence of no-go areas in other towns and rural centers. In consequence, the law on asylum was altered in 1993 such that judicial opinion held it to have been "de facto repealed." Therefore, anyone who wished to address the issue of racism as a structural phenomenon and thereby draw on theoretically sound academic sources had necessarily to turn to authors from England, France, the USA, or Canada—and repeatedly to Stuart Hall. continue reading


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Fertilizer and Fuel
Biosolids are the organic residuals generated during the treatment of sewage sludge. Appropriate management of these biosolids is critical to protection of the environment and public health. This industry engages myriad stakeholders — including municipal residents, commercial sewer users, agricultural interests, and environmental groups. At a cost of more than $2 billion dollars annually and with population growth continuing to expand wastewater volume, effective biosolids management is a daunting challenge for communities.
While the proper treatment and disposal of sludge is a public necessity for communities, the advancement of technologies also provides for opportunities. These include beneficial uses of biosolids as a fertilizer to increase crop productivity and, even more promising, the use of biosolids as a solid fuel and renewable energy feedstock.
Today, wastewater is routinely treated to destroy naturally occurring but sometimes harmful organisms. The process of separating the solids from the water produces a relatively dry, soil-like product called "cake," which can be recycled back into the earth. In NEFCO facilities, this cake is exposed to high temperatures killing 95 percent of the pathogens present and substantially reducing odors. Water is removed from the biosolids, producing a high-quality, Class A pellet which can be used as a high-end fertilizer for agriculture. Using biosolids fertilizer pellets through land application safely enhances the soil with rich organic product that conditions it and increases plant growth.


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According to the International Continence Society, overactive bladder is a symptom-defined condition characterized by urinary urgency, with or without urgency incontinence, usually with urinary frequency and nocturia (night-time urination). The term overactive bladder is appropriate if there is no proven urinary tract infection or other obvious pathology.
Overactive bladder was identified in 6.5% of Finnish men and 9.3% of women. In younger age groups the condition was more common among women, but among those over 60 years old it was more common among men. Urinary frequency and nocturia were generally more common than usual among those with an overactive bladder. However, most reported urinary frequency and nocturia was not overactive bladder.
The research is based on a questionnaire conducted 2003-2004 among 3,000 Finnish women and 3,000 Finnish men. Their ages ranged from 18 to 79. The subjects were taken from the population register.
Professor Teuvo Tammela and Professor Anssi Auvinen are in charge of the research group, whose members are from the University of Tampere, Tampere University Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital and the South Karelian Central Hospital in Lappeenranta.


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The image depicts the brain activity of a healthy subject and a patient in… (HO / AFP / Getty Images )
In a study certain to rekindle debate over life-sustaining care for those with grievous brain injuries, researchers report that five patients thought to be in a persistent vegetative state showed brain activity indicating awareness, intent and, in at least one case, a wish to communicate.
Of 54 unresponsive patients whose brains were scanned at medical centers in England and Belgium, those five appeared able, when prompted by researchers, to imagine themselves playing tennis, and four of them demonstrated the ability to imagine themselves walking through the rooms of their homes.
One of those patients -- a 22-year-old man who had been unresponsive for five years after an automobile crash -- went on to respond to a series of simple questions with brain activity that clearly indicated yes or no answers, researchers said.
Their work is the first to give physicians and families the prospect of a biological test to determine whether a patient who shows no response to his or her surroundings is conscious and aware of them.
That information, in turn, could bring comfort to families and better care to patients who are able to demonstrate their awareness and communicate their needs. For those consistently unable to respond, such tests may bring a measure of comfort to families inclined to end life support.
The research was published online Wednesday in the New England Journal of Medicine.
But some neurologists cautioned that such a new diagnostic technique might further confound families.
In an accompanying editorial, Harvard University neurologist Allan H. Ropper wrote: "It will now be difficult for physicians to tell families confidently that their unresponsive loved ones are not 'in there somewhere.' " Even when a patient has shown purposeful brain response, "we cannot be certain whether we are interacting with a sentient, much less competent, person."
Regardless, the study demonstrates that a form of brain scanning called functional magnetic resonance imaging might be used to discern the extent of a patient's consciousness. It is the latest in a growing body of research suggesting that the medical profession's methods of classifying unresponsive patients are crude, imprecise and often fail to predict the possibility of recovery.
That imprecision became a touchstone for impassioned political debate in the months leading up to the 2005 death of Terri Schiavo, a 41-year-old heart attack victim who languished, unresponsive, for 15 years before a Florida judge allowed the removal of the feeding tubes that had kept her alive.
Unlike Schiavo, whose brain was deprived of oxygen for five crucial minutes, all of the subjects whose brains showed signs of awareness and intent in the study had suffered traumatic brain injury -- most commonly sustained in falls, motor vehicle accidents, collisions and assaults. Of the 49 patients who failed to respond, 29 had sustained brain trauma and the rest had been subject to illness or injury that deprived them of oxygen.
An estimated 9,000 to 37,000 people in the United States are in a persistently vegetative or minimally conscious state; the number ranges widely because diagnostic definitions are vague.
Dr. Jamshid Ghajar, president of the Brain Trauma Foundation and a neurosurgeon at Weill Cornell Medical College, called the study "very innovative." Ghajar -- who was not involved in the research -- said it was "remarkable" that a patient considered vegetative for five years could follow complex instructions.
The study's lead author, Martin M. Monti, said in an interview that he and his colleagues were "absolutely stunned" when, watching the shadowy images of Subject No. 23's ostensibly vegetative brain, they detected clear responses to yes or no questions.
A staff neuroscientist with the British government's Medical Research Council, Monti said the possibility of unlocking the wishes of previously mute patients "certainly contributes to the debate" over a patient's right -- and ability -- to express his or her desire to die. But that was not among the questions asked of Subject No. 23, he said.
Several times when Subject 23 was asked to imagine playing tennis, Monti said, the region of the brain most closely associated with complex motor planning became highly active, and stayed active for 30 seconds after researchers prompted such imagery by saying "tennis."
Similarly, when researchers asked the patient to imagine walking through the house where he grew up and then said the word "navigate," Subject No. 23 responded with bursts of activity in the region of the brain involved in constructing and navigating a mental map.
The young, French-speaking man was the only subject who was then trained to answer simple yes or no questions -- whether his father's name was Paul (yes) or Alexander (no), whether he had siblings and how many -- using the imagery technique he had already learned.
Checking the patient's responses for accuracy and comparing them to the yes-no brain responses of a group of healthy volunteers, researchers discerned that Subject No. 23 was not only still "in there," but capable of purposeful thought and communication.
Ghajar cautioned that the failure of some patients to show responses could have a wide range of meanings: that they were temporarily asleep or unconscious; that they could hear and understand, but not sustain their focus long enough to answer; or that they had no conscious awareness at all.
Bioethicist Arthur Caplan said the study would complicate decisions about sustaining life in the netherworld between alertness and unresponsiveness.
"The more these measures of consciousness get complex and fine-tuned, the harder it is to write a recipe about them" in advanced directives, said Caplan, director of the University of Pennsylvania's Center for Bioethics.


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This is an over the counter product - it does not require prescription.
Veterinary Specialties, Antiseptic, Antiseptic-Protective.
Pellitol Ointment is a unique combination of the natural ingredients echinacea
extract, resorcinol, zinc oxide, calamine, bismuth, and juniper tar in a petroleum
base. It contains no antibiotics.
It has been available to the veterinary profession for several decades and
its efficacy in the treatment of otitis is well know to those practitioners
that employ it.
The Pellitol Advance
There are several features of Pellitol Ointment that provide an advantage in
1. The viscosity or thickness of the ointment allows nearly all of it to stay
in the ear canal and not be expelled by head shaking. By doing so it's healing
and soothing powers work for several days. The plastic applicator that comes
with each tube insures ointment will be deposited in the horizontal ear canal.
2. The long lasting effectiveness of Pellitol allows the practitioner to treat
and pack the ears in the office and then send the patient home for several days
before re-examination. This allows the ears to "rest", calm down,
and for Pellitol to do its work. At home the client does nothing except to gently
swab the top of the lateral ear canal with a cotton ball 2 or 3 times a day
to remove any Pellitol that has been expelled.
Generally speaking, Pellitol Ointment can be used as follows:
1. Initial therapy in acute otitis.
2. Alternative therapy in chronic otitis.
3. A final preventative step following successful topical antibiotic therapy.
In both the acute and chronic otitis situations treatment should be as follows:
1. Clean and flush the ear followed by otoscopic examination.
2. If no obvious cause of the otitis such as a foreign body, etc is found, pack
the entire ear canal with Pellitol Ointment.
3. Re-check and repack the ears in 3-4 days.
4. Re-check and repack the ears weekly for 2-3 weeks.
As a final preventative step following successful topics antibiotic therapy,
one packing of the ear should be done.
In all cases, the owners should gently swab the top of the lateral ear canal
daily with a cotton ball or tissue to clean up any Pellitol that has been discharged.
Active Ingredients. Contains: Resorcinol, 5%; bismuth subgallate, 1%; bismuth
subnitrate, 9%; zinc oxide, 17%; calamine, 10%; juniper tar, 1%.
Indications: For use on domestic animals as an aid in the treatment of minor
wounds, abrasions, and inflammation of the external ear canal. PELLITOL®
Ointment forms a protective coating and helps reduce pain, irritation and itching.
Directions for Use: Apply a layer of PELLITOL® Ointment, approximately
one-eighth inch thick, over the affected area once or twice daily. Cover with
a bandage, if possible.
Ears should be checked for the presence of foreign bodies and/or parasites
and treated as necessary before application of PELLITOL® Ointment. Attach
applicator to tube and gently insert into the ear canal. Continually apply pressure
to the tube as applicator is withdrawn from the ear canal. Apply a layer of
PELLITOL® Ointment over any existing lesions on the outer surface of the
ear. Repeat the application once or twice daily.
Warnings: Do not use in eyes. Keep out of reach of children.


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The Vacuum Infusion Process (VIP) is a technique that uses vacuum pressure to drive resin into a laminate. Materials are laid dry into the mould and the vacuum is applied before resin is introduced. Once a complete vacuum is achieved, resin is literally sucked into the laminate via carefully placed tubing. This process is aided by an assortment of supplies and materials.
- Basfiber® Fabrics.
- Vacuum Pump.
- Sealing Tape.
|Vacuum infusion Application Process|
|Basalt Fiber Tech Vacuum infusion Application Process©2015 - Designed by Lucas Sant'Anna|
- A Mould is placed over a Plastic Layers, using a sealing tape you cover the edges. In the next step Basfiber® Fabrics will be applied over the mould. The amount of layers of fabrics depends on final product specifications.
- Basfiber® Fabrics layer is placed over the mould. A second plastic layer is applied. Pressurizing the tape on the edges of the plastic, the mould should be completely sealed.
- Vacuum Pump is attached to the plastic, a resin is also connected. Both hoses must be connected to the plastic providing sealed bag strong enough to pull the resin until air is removed.
- Resin Impregnation occurs when all the air is removed from the plastic bag forming a vacuum. When all bubbles are removes and the pump reaches the maximum pressure, the resin input is closed and the resin excess is removed from the mould.
- Remove from Plastic and Trim edges and make sure there is no resin bridging the line between the mould and the part. Sand this edge where necessary. Continue separation by pulling and flexing.
- The Final Product is now painted and completed with accessories. The source mould can be used again, this process is very useful to recreate parts using them as original mould substituting the original then by a lighter resin infused Basfiber® composite.
Benefits of Vacuum Infusion
Vacuum infusion provides a number of improvements over traditionally vacuum bagged parts.
These benefits include:
- Better fiber-to-resin ratio.
- Less wasted resin.
- Very consistent resin usage.
- Unlimited set-up time.
VIP offers a better fiber-to-resin ratio than vacuum bagging. A typical hand lay-up usually results in excess of 100% fabric weight by resin. Resin alone is very brittle, so any excess will actually weaken the part. Vacuum bagging can reduce this number significantly; however, it is still not ideal and can lead to additional problems.
While vacuum bagging certainly improves on the hand lay-up, there is still a hand lay-up involved. Because of this, the laminate will always begin in an over-saturated state. Vacuum pressure will remove much of the excess resin, but the amount removed still depends on a variety of variables including reinforcement, resin, time factors, and others.
Vacuum infusion takes a different approach, in that a vacuum is drawn while the materials are still dry. From that point, resin is infused using vacuum pressure. Rather than starting with excess and drawing resin out, VIP starts with none and pushes resin in. Ideally, any excess resin that is introduced will eventually be sucked out into the vacuum line. As a result, only the minimum amount of resin is introduced. This lowers weight, increases strength, and maximizes the properties of fiber and resin. Parts constructed using VIP can approach PrePreg levels of resin content.
Due to the nature of VIP, resin usage becomes very predictable. While a standard lay-up varies in resin content due to the human variable, VIP is remarkably consistent. Even when creating a large product, resin usage will be predictably similar upon repeated attempts. This results in less wasted resin, and more importantly, less wasted money.
Vacuum infusion provides another valuable benefit: time. A frequent problem that can arise in vacuum bagging is the time factor. Many resins have a pot-life of about 30 minutes, though there are certainly some (such as our System 2000 Epoxy) that offer work times of up to 2 hours. Even so, that time limit is extremely critical in vacuum bagging applications. Large projects can easily approach the 2 hour mark, and even small, seemingly simple projects can quickly turn frantic when a pesky leak in the vacuum seal cannot be found. Also, depending on when the bag is applied, the amount of resin removed can vary from part to part.
Vacuum infusion, however, offers unlimited set-up time. Because the vacuum is applied while reinforcements are still dry, there is no resin clock to work against. After the bag is applied, leaks can be patiently sought out. If something is not sitting properly, simply release vacuum and readjust. No time constraints are introduced until it is decided that it is time to infuse the resin. Until that moment, changes can be made again and again.
Finally, vacuum infusion is a much cleaner process. There are no brushes or rollers, and therefore no splashing or spattering. No one will be required to hover over an open mould, saturating a laminate by hand, trying not to drip on himself. In addition, there are less resin fumes to contend with. Because the only fumes radiate from the resin reservoir, they are somewhat containable. VIP provides a cleaner, safer, and friendlier work environment, though it is still important to work in a well ventilated area and wear a respirator and other appropriate safety equipment.


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Update[symbol] tells Mathematica that hidden changes have been made which could affect values associated with a symbol.
Update[ ] specifies that the value of any symbol could be affected.
Update manipulates internal optimization features of Mathematica. It should not need to be called except under special circumstances that rarely occur in practice.
One special circumstance is that changes in the value of one symbol can affect the value of another symbol by changing the outcome of Condition tests. In such cases, you may need to use Update on the symbol you think may be affected.
Using Update will never give you incorrect results, although it will slow down the operation of the system.
See Section 2.6.13.
New in Version 1.


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A paradigm shift in MRI detection
Unconventional thinking led PhD student David Brunner to make a discovery that could revolutionize MRI. He succeeded in exciting and imaging nuclear magnetic resonance in the human body by propagating electromagnetic waves.
It was a colleague's MR images
that gave David Brunner, a PhD student from the Institute
of Biomedical Engineering of the ETH Zurich and the University
of Zurich, the idea
to use propagating waves for MRI. His colleague had taken images of a hand and
captured so-called fold-over artifacts that seemed to originate from outside
the detector. Clearly, signals were recorded not only from the target region
but also from a considerable distance – although the detector was supposed to
be sensitive only to its immediate surroundings. «This is only possible if the
signals travel, that is, if they propagate as waves», explains Brunner.
The perfect wave
Klaas Prüssmann, Professor at the
same Institute and David Brunner began to look for the optimal conditions for propagating
waves together with other researchers from ETH Zurich
and the University of
Zurich. For efficient
signal transmission they required a suitable waveguide with a sufficient diameter
to support wave propagation. Here, the researchers were helped by a stroke of
luck as their strongest magnet with a field strength of 7 Tesla (T), was just
wide enough (58 cm) for unhindered propagation at the resonance frequency of 300
MHz. Lined with a conductive material, the magnet's bore effectively acts as a
waveguide. An antenna was used to generate propagating waves that penetrated the
imaging sample and passed through the entire bore virtually without loss. Resonance
signals, again in the form of propagating waves, were recorded by the same antenna,
yielding MR images of greater coverage than previously possible at such high
fields. The results of the study were published today in the current issue of Nature.
Antenna as a detector
Traditionally, MRI is based upon so-called near-field coupling, for which the detector is placed as close as possible to the body. Stationary radiofrequency fields are used to excite magnetic resonance in hydrogen nuclei (see box). According to the textbook, a good MRI detector is a resonator with optimal near-field coupling to the sample. However, at 7 T the signal wavelength in tissue is so short, about 10 cm, that the stationary radiofrequency fields form node regions, from which no image information can be obtained. As a consequence, structures that are larger than the wavelength – such as the human head – can no longer be fully covered with the traditional concept. The scientists have now solved this problem by abandoning the stationary approach and rather adopting traveling radiofrequency waves, which do not form field nodes. In their study they show that the new method permits covering large parts of the body more uniformly, while receiving the underlying signals across distances in the meter range.
Current clinical MRI systems typically operate at a field strength of 1.5 T, corresponding to a signal frequency of 64 MHz. At this relatively low frequency the traditional, stationary detection principle does not limit coverage because the signal wavelength is much larger. However, compared to higher fields, the current clinical systems are less sensitive, yielding lower spatial resolution. Furthermore, close-range transmitters and detectors are often perceived as uncomfortable by patients and require special precautions to rule out exposure to excessive short-range electric fields in the event of malfunction.
Potential for hospitals and research
Initial imaging results from a volunteer's lower leg and foot demonstrate more extensive coverage than possible with a traditional detector. «And the fact that MRI signals can be received with an antenna and across such large distances is remarkable; it's a paradigm shift», says Klaas Prüssmann. The translation into clinical settings will take time notwithstanding. «Unfortunately, the cost of the strong magnets is still substantial and the clinical benefits of very high fields first need to be proven in extensive studies», he says. Yet traveling-wave MR detection from large volumes holds promise not only for medical imaging but could also facilitate very different applications. For instance, it may be used to examine large numbers of material samples or small animals in parallel for high-throughput screening.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the imaging variant of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). It is based on an effect that occurs when hydrogen atoms are brought into a strong, static magnetic field and additionally exposed to an oscillating magnetic field in the radiofrequency range. At a certain resonance frequency the nuclei of the hydrogen atoms respond by oscillating and emitting weak radiofrequency signals themselves. MRI amounts to detecting these signals and rendering them in the form of images. In such depictions the contrast between different tissues reflects different hydrogen content and differences in the nuclei's microscopic surroundings. The foundations of MRI were laid over 60 years ago by the American Edward M. Purcell and ETH Zurich graduate Felix Bloch through their discovery of NMR. In recognition of this achievement the two researchers jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1952. NMR went on to revolutionize chemistry and structural biology, including key developments for which the Zurich-based scientists Richard R. Ernst and Kurt Wüthrich received Nobel Prizes in Chemistry. Still today, research at ETH Zurich and the University of Zurich is at the forefront of MRI development, including efforts to boost the speed, versatility and accuracy of the technique.
Brunner DO, De Zanche N, Fröhlich J, Paska J & Pruessmann KP: Travelling-wave nuclear magnetic resonance, Nature (2009), 457, 944-998, doi:10.1038/nature07752.
- 20.02.09: MRI Detection


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Australian photographer Daniel Shipp's photographic series "Botanical Inquiry" blends the beauty of every day plants along side ghostly urban environments. The composition of the plants highlights and accents their subtle botanical beauty. It creates a striking contrast with the often haunted background. His arrangements have the pants framing the urban scene. The viewer looks through their foliage to see the world beyond.
I enjoy that you can tell the images are constructed. The plants are collected and posed in relationship the their background. The resulting technique creates a strong cinematic image that's aware of it's artifice. The resulting image creates a more interesting narrative. You see the world through the plants perspective, on its scale.


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In the X-Men comics, Sentinels are a type of advanced robots created to hunt and capture mutants. They were designed by Bolivar Trask, a scientist who believed that the existence of mutants posed a threat to humanity.
The Sentinels are programmed to identify mutants and capture or eliminate them. They have a wide range of capabilities, including advanced weaponry, flight, and shape-shifting abilities. Some versions of the Sentinels are even capable of adapting to the powers of the mutants they are fighting, making them a formidable opponent.


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Hi i'm a college student and i am just wondering if i could write on my pdf lecture notes or do i have to send it to onenote first thanks guys. How to overwrite pdf document converted to word but can't overwrite document david fontanella 1 answer to export a pdf's page content to word you used acrobat. Write on pdf is a convenient pdf annotator for you you can take notes by your own handwriting with a variety of pen and tools • features : - list of. How can i write in a pdf with a tablet and a pen (aka is there a xournal alternative for android) more like one would write on paper - in a pdf. Someone sends you a pdf doc and you need to sign it or you need to fill out a form how to write on a pdf without adobe how to write in pdf.


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Residues are the most important among social factors. P.A. Sorokin has explained the meaning of residues. According to him, "Human actions depend greatly on the character of their drives. Among these drives, the especially important are those which are relatively constant. Pareto calls them residues. His "residue is not an instinct, nor is it exactly a sentiment." "The Residues are the manifestations of instincts and sentiments as the elevation of mercury in a thermometer is the manifestation of a rise in the temperature."
Pareto says. Residues no doubt, are the manifestation of sentiments and instincts but the manifestations is not constant. Residues are intermediary between sentiments and concomitant behaviour. These are related to human instincts but not synonymous with them. Residues are those permanent elements in man's rationalization of behaviour are intermediary between sentiments.
Pareto says, "Residues are intermediary between the sentiments, we cannot know directly and the belief systems and acts that can be known and analyzed. These are related to man's instinct, but they do not cover all the instincts, since the method we have followed enables us to discover only those of the instincts which give rise to rationalizations."
Pareto believed that society was a system of equilibrium. He treated individuals as the parts of this system, and he assumed that such individuals are affected by certain forces, the most important of which he described as "sentiments." Sentiments cannot be observed. They change slowly over time, if at all.
Pareto claimed that it is possible to observe the effects of sentiments. These effects are psychic states, described as unchanging "residues" in social action. Residues represent the underlying psychological substratum of social action. They are not figments of the socialist's imagination but "facts" that can be documented.
Characteristics of Residues:
Residues have certain characteristics:
1. Residues are not instincts and sentiments.
2. They are the manifestation of sentiments and instincts.
3. Residues are related to individual instincts but these residues do not cover all of them.
4. Residues are intermediary between the sentiments we cannot know directly and the belief system and acts that can be known and analyzed.
5. Residues are non-logical.
6. Residues are not based on any reason.
7. Residues are more or less permanent motivators of human behaviour. They guide human behaviour.
8. Residues represent the general elements of human actions and behaviour.
9. Residues cannot be explained with the help of logic and experimentation.
10. Residues are responsible for maintaining social equilibrium.
11. Residues may change according to the demand of time and condition even if they are relatively stable elements.
In his work "Treatise on General Sociology", Pareto explained about residues by saying that residues as conceived as manifestation of sentiments or at least corresponding to them and not as equivalent of sentiments. Residues, pareto says are motivating forces coming directly from sentiments. He considered residues as a fundamental analytical concept of sociology.
Classification of Residues:
Pareto classified residues into six groupings which corresponding more or less to certain instincts or emotional propensities of mankind.
These six types are:
1. Residues of Combination:
It is the combination of various similar and opposing elements. They are established on the grounds/basis of physical and psychological elements. These elements have no logical base. The principle is similar things produce similar results.
This is class-I residue. "It is an inclination to combine ….things."
It explains human intellectual curiosity and ability to synthesize information. Legends and myths are built up by this residue.
Devotion to God leads to salvation. Likewise butterfly in dream indicates future happiness. There is no logic behind the working of such residues but they effectively control our social behaviour. Class-I residues are found in inventors, speculators and politicians.
2. Residues of Persistence of Aggregates:
These residues are responsible for giving stability to the social relations and the relations between individual members of a particular social life. These residues are born because of certain circumstances but they continue even when that situation has ceased to exist. This is class-2 residues. It explains the inertia associated with group membership. It explains the persistence of kin groups, ethnic groups and socio-economic classes.
Traditions and customs are good examples of these residues.
There is a natural tension, or anti-thesis between class-2 and class-I residues.
Class-2 residues are found in churchmen, family men and "good subordinates."
These residues are responsible for giving stability in two areas:
(i) Social relationship as a whole.
(ii) Individual behaviour within the society.
Members of society have respect for these residues. Pareto called these residues as residues of social integrity and stability. Pareto feels that these residues help in maintaining relationship in three levels.
1. Relationship of man with man.
2. Relationship of man with environment.
3. Relationship of living with dead or spirit or soul.
These residues are emerged because of certain circumstances. These also will continue even when these situations have stopped to exist.
3. Residues of Manifestation of sentiments through external activities:
Residues of this class are connected with external activities. These activities deal with the unexpressed desires of the individual. These feelings express themselves in form of religious feelings and worship etc. These class 3 residues are manifested in ceremonies, religious ecstasies and festivals. Political movements in order to achieve political freedom and such other social and economic movements those are intended at getting economic and social emancipation are parts of these residues.
4. Residues of Sociability:
Because of this residue man becomes a social animal and tries to modify his behaviour according to social norms and values. These residues make for communal living. These residues are also connected with life in society. These Class 4 residues explain the persistence of fashion, feelings of pity and cruelty and acts of self-sacrifice. Co-operation, sympathy, fears, kindness are the results of these residues. This kind of residues is very important for social organisation.
5. Residues of the integrity of Personality:
These residues of class 5 involve "the defence of integrity and development of personality." This class is manifested in "sentiments" to alterations in the social equilibrium. The sentiments to which class 5 residues correspond are "sentiments of interest." They refer to individual acts based on self-interest. These residues are for maintaining the integrity and balance of personality. These are also helpful in making people moral in maintaining high moral standards.
6. Residues regarding sex:
The sex residues, i.e. the class 6 residues are responsible for "mental states" having to do with sexual activities. All those residues that are responsible for establishing, maintaining and strengthening the sex relations come under this residue. These residues are also concerned with sexual urges. These residues influence our outlook, attitude and thinking. According to Pareto, debauchery that is carried out in the name of welfare of women is based on these very residues. Since there are many sex taboos, therefore sexual residues are very complex and complicated.