ASHRAE 170 Pressure Room Pressurization
Certain rooms in a healthcare building should be correctly pressurized with respect to surrounding areas. If rooms are not properly pressurized, an imbalance may exist between the supply and exhaust rates for the room. The following are examples of positively pressurized rooms:
 - Operating Rooms
 - Delivery Rooms
 - Trauma Rooms
 - Laser Eye Rooms
 - Pharmacy
 - Surgical Supply Clean Workrooms and Sterile Storage
McKenney's engineers collaborate to offer the their expert knowledge on ASHRAE 170 Room Pressurization.
 1. What is room pressurization?
 2. How do we determine and set room pressurization?
 3. What types of rooms require pressurization?
Definitions of terms used throughout this blog:
 - Protective Environment (PE) Room:
Defined by ASHRAE as "a patient room that is […] intended to protect a high-risk immuno-compromised patient from human and environmental airborne pathogens."
 - Airborne Infection Isolation (AII):
The isolation of patients infected with severe airborne diseases. This paper will refer to "AII" Rooms" as the room that provides this isolation.
 - Facilities Guideline Institute (FGI):
An organization that develops guidelines for the design and construction of hospitals and other heath care facilities.
1. What is room pressurization?
Room pressurization is a ventilation method that allows for control of the migration of airborne contaminants between rooms. This is accomplished by controlling the amount of air supplied, returned, or exhausted on a room by room basis.
Room pressurization is leveraged in stairwell systems to control smoke during fire events, in restaurants to help control food odors, as well as in hospitals to inhibit the transmission of airborne diseases. This white paper will focus on medical applications of room pressurization.
2. How do we determine and set room pressurization?
There are two main factors when it comes to room pressurization, airflow rates and infiltration. As mentioned in a previous paragraph, room pressurization is achieved by controlling supply, return, and exhaust airflow. By supplying more air than is being returned or exhausted, a room becomes positively pressurized to its surroundings. By returning or exhausting more air than is being supplied, the room becomes negatively pressurized to its surroundings. But if we are positively pressurizing a room, where does the excess air go? This is where infiltration and ex-filtration come in to play.
Rooms, and even buildings, are not 100% airtight. There are gaps beneath doors, around window seams, and in other places. If we positively pressurize a room, the excess air ex-filtrates outwards through these nooks and crannies into adjacent spaces due to a difference in pressure. When a room is negatively pressurized, the reverse is true. Air infiltrates into the negatively pressurized room from adjacent rooms. This is what allows us to control the migration of contaminants.
ASHRAE 170 defines the minimum pressure gradient be tween pressurized spaces to be a minimum of 0.01 in. wc. This pressure gradient is measured using pressure transducers, which are required to be maintained and checked at intervals specified in the FGI Guidelines.
3. What types of rooms require pressurization?
ASHRAE 170 Table 7-1 (see Appendix) outlines room pressure requirements for different medical room types. The pressurization requirements work to minimize the spread of airborne contaminants between rooms. Protective environment rooms are required to be positively pressurized to keep airborne contaminants out of rooms housing patients with weakened immune systems. On the other hand, Airborne Infection Isolation rooms, which house patients with severely contagious diseases, are required to be negatively pressurized to prevent the spread of these diseases to other people in the hospital. Refer to ASHRAE 170 Table 7-1 when questioning room pressurization requirements. An example of how to use Table 7-1 is shown in the appendix.
Above is a sample of ASHRAE 170 Table 7.1. When using this table, first, identify the type of room you are working with. This example will use a protective environment room. You will want to look to determine the pressure relationship required by code for this space. For a protective environment room, a positive pressure relationship is required. The next columns outline required air change rates, expressed in ACH (air changes per hour).
CFM can be obtained from ACH by multiplying the volume of the room in question by the required air change rate found in the table and dividing that value by 60. Both outdoor air change rates and total air change rates are specified in the table. For rooms under positive pressure, your total air changes per hour is dictated by your supply air. For rooms under negative pressure, your total air changes per hour is dictated by exhaust air. A 10% difference between supply and return/exhaust is a good rule of thumb for maintaining proper pressurization in a room.
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Ask a question about 'Carl Sandburg Village'
Start a new discussion about 'Carl Sandburg Village'
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Carl Sandburg Village
is a Chicago
Chicago is the largest city in the US state of Illinois. With nearly 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the Midwestern United States and the third most populous in the US, after New York City and Los Angeles...
Urban renewal is a program of land redevelopment in areas of moderate to high density urban land use. Renewal has had both successes and failures. Its modern incarnation began in the late 19th century in developed nations and experienced an intense phase in the late 1940s – under the rubric of...
project of the 1960s in the Near North Side
The Near North Side is one of 77 well-defined community areas of Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is located north and east of the Chicago River, just north of the central business district. To its east is Lake Michigan and its northern boundary is the 19th-century city limit of Chicago,...
community area of Chicago. It was named in honor of Carl Sandburg
Carl Sandburg was an American writer and editor, best known for his poetry. He won three Pulitzer Prizes, two for his poetry and another for a biography of Abraham Lincoln. H. L. Mencken called Carl Sandburg "indubitably an American in every pulse-beat."-Biography:Sandburg was born in Galesburg,...
. Financed by the city, it is between Clark
Clark Street is a north-south street in Chicago, Illinois that runs close to the shore of Lake Michigan from the northern city boundary with Evanston, to 2200 South in the city street numbering system...
and LaSalle Streets between Division Street and North Avenue. Solomon Cordwell Buenz was the architect.
The intent of the development was to buffer the encroaching blight from the north and west to the Gold Coast neighborhood in Chicago. In the process of constructing these mammoth structures an entire community of the first Puerto Ricans to Chicago was displaced. They moved north into the adjoining Lincoln Park neighborhood and west into Humboldt Park. Both of these new barrios of Puerto Ricans were also gentrified as Latinos continued to be displaced. In 1968, youth who were displaced by the Carl Sandburg Village began organizing their community to oppose urban renewal and transformed their local street club into a human rights movement by the same name: Young Lords. In 1979 Carl Sandburg Village was converted to condominium
A condominium, or condo, is the form of housing tenure and other real property where a specified part of a piece of real estate is individually owned while use of and access to common facilities in the piece such as hallways, heating system, elevators, exterior areas is executed under legal rights...
While many urban renewal projects failed to fulfill the dreams of their developers, Sandburg Village succeeded. Today, while it is no longer as affordable as it once was, it is still a reasonably priced housing option within the popular and affluent north side of Chicago.

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7 Stress-Busting Tips for Parents of Children With Friedreich's Ataxia
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by Wendy Henderson |
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Caring for a child with a chronic illness such as Friedreich's ataxia can be very stressful and can take its toll emotionally. The Friedreich's Ataxia Parents' Group suggests ways parents can better cope with stress, taking some of the pressure off themselves.
1. Have some "me" time
Taking some time out from looking after your child even if it's just for a few hours can help immensely. Use this time to pamper yourself or do something you enjoy. If you can have someone babysit, take a day trip somewhere or an overnight stay. Even just a few hours spent shopping or relaxing in a warm bath with some soothing candles can help you de-stress and feel ready to face the world again.
2. Take comfort in meditation or faith
Some people find strength in their faith and through prayer, while others find that meditating or mindfulness helps them through the tough times.
Join the Friedreich's Ataxia News forums: an online community for people with FA and their caregivers.
3. Enlist support
Talking about our problems helps humans cope. Talking to close friends and relatives can help, but also joining a support group where you can connect with others going through the same experience will allow to you share best practices and advice as well as receive emotional support. Knowing that you are not alone in your journey can help immensely.
Lean on friends and family to help with chores around the house and yard, leaving you with more time and fewer things to worry about.
MORE: Patient stories: Life at college with Friedreich's ataxia
4. Educate yourself
Take the time to find out as much about Friedreich's ataxia as you can. The more you know, the more proactive you can be in your child's treatment, which will make you feel like you have some control. Find out about clinical trials for new medications or treatments that may help your child.
5. Let it all out
It's OK to get upset, angry and frustrated. Go somewhere quiet and allow yourself the time to cry and release the pent-up feelings.
6. Remember that not everything your child goes through will be related to FA
Children and teens have other issues. If they're feeling sad or down, it may not be because they have FA. It could be because of something unrelated but perfectly normal for their age. Also, sometimes illnesses or viruses can temporarily make FA symptoms worse.
7. Look after yourself
Try to keep yourself physically and mentally well, seek medical advice if you feel emotionally overwhelmed so that you can be treated accordingly. Try to eat a healthy balanced diet, get some regular exercise and quality sleep so that you don't become ill.
MORE: Ronde Barber and Kyle Bryant talk about Friedreich's ataxia


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Create a metaphor for an organism and explain it's four levels of organization.
*** For example, if the organism is Nashville then an organ system might be the MNPS school system, an organ might be a school, a tissue could be a classroom, and cells could be the students.
Other organisms could be Major League Baseball, a farm, a factory, a country, or any other complex system.
Be creative!!! DO NOT REPEAT ANYONE'S ANSWER!!!

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 75 (1995) 3–23
(with Matthias Baaz)
Jan Krajicek posed the following problem: Is there is a generalization result in the theory of real closed fields of the form: If \(A(1 + \dots + 1)\) (\(n\) occurrences of 1) is provable in length \(k\) for all \(n = 0, 1, 2, \dots\), then \((\forall x)A(x)\) is provable? It is argued that the answer to this question depends on the particular formulation of the "theory of real closed fields." Four distinct formulations are investigated with respect to their generalization behavior. It is shown that there is a positive answer to Krajicek's question for (1) the axiom system RCF of Artin-Schreier with Gentzen's LK as underlying logical calculus, (2) RCF with the variant LKB of LK allowing introduction of several quantifiers of the same type in one step, (3) LKB and the first-order schemata corresponding to Dedekind cuts and the supremum principle. A negative answer is given for (4) any system containing the schema of extensionality.


What is a Valedictorian?
If you're wondering what is the valedictorian definition, search no further. A Valedictorian is a title, often accompanied by an award and recognition, to high school and college students who give the final, farewell speech upon graduating from an educational institution. Almost always, a Valedictorian achieves the highest cumulative grade point average at their university.
The term "Valedictorian" comes from the Latin phrase, "vale dicere," which means, "to say farewell." A Valedictorian address is considered the final farewell it classmates at the education institution, and usually includes words of farewell, nostalgia, thanks, and inspiration. The Valedictorian speech is held at the graduation ceremony.
A school's valedictorian is almost always based upon the student who has the highest GPA at that education institution. This student is considered to be a representative of the class year they are graduating with. There can be exceptions to this, but the student with the highest GPA is almost always awarded the honorary valedictorian title. The exceptions to this rule are schools where multiple factors and extra-curricular activities are considered, such as speaking ability, extracurricular activities, participation level, and possibly selection from classmates. By and large, it's wholly or primarily based on grade point average.
In some cases, schools allow two valedictorians, sometimes called "co-valedictorians." This is usually done as a matter of affirmative action, school tradition, or some other exceptional or unusual reason.
Selecting a valedictorian can be a difficult and controversial decision for the school administration to make. This is because the difference in grade point average among the top students – potential valedictorians – is often minute. Some differ by hundreds of a percentage. Some cases are particularly controversial – when a student's GPA factors in weighted classes, for example.
Valedictorian addresses, typically called the valediction, is the farewell addressed that is given by the selected Valedictorian and a graduation ceremony. Typically, the graduation speech is inspirational, a persuasive speech, nostalgic, and sometimes even controversial or unconventional. Typically the valedictory is intended to inspire the students of the graduating class to go out and succeed in life, many times revolving around a central or class theme. The speech is also regarded to be the final farewell to the class as they move on to the "real world" and start their life.


Basic+ Word of the Day: dark
dark (noun, adjective) LISTEN
Glow in the dark clothes
The dark is when there is no light—for example, at night.
 - When I was little, I was scared of the dark.
If something is dark, it means that there isn't a lot of light there.
 - The room was dark because the curtains were closed.
If a color is dark, it means that it is closer to black than white.
 - The sea was dark blue.
 - My hair is dark, but my sister's is blond.
Did you know?
If something is glow in the dark, it means that you can see it in the dark. Glow in the dark things are usually very bright colors like yellow, orange and green. In the picture at the top of this page you can see a man wearing glow in the dark clothes!
In pop culture
At some restaurants you can eat your food in the dark. People do this because it's fun and you can taste the food better. In this video, two women are trying it for the first time, but one of them is scared of the dark! Would you like to try it too?
There are other meanings of dark.
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A BIRD WITH A THERMOMETER?
Youíve had your temperature taken, right? But, have you ever heard of a bird with a built-in thermometer? There is a bird living in Australia that has oneóand its thermometer is far more accurate than the one used to measure your temperature! It is called the mallee fowl and it is yet another example of Godís wisdom.
When the time arrives for the female to lay her eggs, she doesnít fly to the top of a tree. Instead, the male bird digs a pit in the ground and piles a large mound of sticks and leaves in the pit. He covers the leaves and sticks with sand. When heís finished, the mound may be as high as four feet! With the sand on top, the leaves begin to rot, which produces heat. The male makes a hole in the top of the mound into which the female lays an egg. The male covers the egg. About a week later, the male will make another hole and the female will lay another egg. They will do this until there are about 18 eggs in the nest.
The female stays away from the nest except to lay eggs. The male does most of the work. Several times a day, he pokes his beak into the mixture of leaves and sand. He sticks out his tongue, which is such a good thermometer that it can measure temperature changes of as little as 1/10th of a degree! If the temperature is too low, he adds more sand. If the temperature is too high (which would kill the baby birds growing in the eggs), he scratches away some of the leaves and sand with his feet.
Finally, after about seven weeks, the young birds begin to hatch and dig their way out of the sand and leaves. The parents donít help, or care for, their baby birds. The newborn babies are designed to care for themselves!
How does the mallee fowl know to prepare the right mixture of sand and leaves? And how does the male know exactly the right temperature for the eggs? And who gave him the "thermometer" tongue that measures temperatures so accurately? Some people want you to believe that these things happened by accident through the process called evolution. But this is not a good answer. Instead, we should give God the credit for such wonderful things. After all, the Bible says that He even takes care of the small sparrows on the Earth (Matthew 10:29). The mallee fowl of Australia is just one more example of Godís wonderful creation!


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chure_0.pdf.
 The ResUp MeetUp community was designed to help research uptake and communication professionals keep up-to-date with this rapidly evolving field. ResUp convened a two-day Symposium to explore emerging issues to develop a deeper understanding of the concept of 'research uptake'. This was followed by a two-day Training Exchange. _URL_.
 The Impact Initiative for International Development Research is a four year programme (2015–19) that aims to increase the uptake and impact of research from two research programmes jointly funded by the UK's ESRC) and DFID: the Joint Fund for Poverty Alleviation Research and the Raising Learning Outcomes in Education Systems Research Programme. The Initiative is led by a partnership between the University of Cambridge's Research for Equitable Access and Learning Centre (REAL) and the Institute of Development Studies (IDS) at the University of Sussex. _URL_.
 'A knowledge broker is an intermediary (an organization or a person), that aims to develop relationships and networks with, among, and between producers and users of knowledge by providing linkages, knowledge sources, and in some cases knowledge itself, (e.g. technical know-how, market insights, research evidence) to organizations in its network. While the exact role and function of knowledge brokers are conceptualized and operationalized differently in various sectors and settings, a key feature appears to be the facilitation of knowledge exchange or sharing between and among various stakeholders, including researchers, practitioners, and policy makers' (Wikipedia, accessed 24 January 2017).
 Evidence and Policy Group (2011–16) of the DFID ESRC Growth Research Programme, supports academics to improve the impact of their work. _URL_.
 GSDRC has provided knowledge services on demand and online since 2005. A specialist research team supports a range of international development agencies, synthesising the latest evidence and expert thinking to inform policy and practice. Clients have included: DFID, the Australian Government, the European Union, the OECD, the World Bank, and UNDP. _URL_.
 The Ebola Response Anthropology Platform (ERAP) and the related Ebola: lessons for development initiatives led by Professor Melissa Leach at the Institute of Development Studies (IDS) won the prestigious Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) Outstanding International Impact Prize for their rapid and effective response during the epidemic. _URL_


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Australian Bureau of Statistics
1352.0.55.086 - Research Paper: Socio-Economic Indexes for Individuals and Families (Methodology Advisory Committee), Jun 2007
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 23/08/2007 First Issue
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The Australian Bureau of Statistics has released Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA) based on the Census of Population and Housing since 1986. The SEIFA indexes are widely used measures of relative socio-economic status at a small area level. The indexes rank and identify areas that are relatively more, or less, disadvantaged. They provide contextual information about the area in which a person lives. Yet, within any area there will be individuals and sub-populations with very different characteristics to the overall population of the area. When we make judgments about individuals, based on the characteristics of the area in which they live, there is potential for error in our conclusions. This potential for error is referred to as the ecological fallacy.
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This page last updated 23 August 2007


Classroom Activity
Pet Survey
Take a survey to help children collect information about pets.
AGES 5–6
 - chart paper and marker
 - drawing paper and drawing materials
Objective: Children will create a survey to gather information about the types of pets people have. This activity will encourage social interaction and early-math (sorting and graphing), geography, and language skills.
 1. Ask the children to think about different types and numbers of pets that they or people they know have. Record their responses on chart paper. Create a list based on the responses and review it with children. What do they notice about the list? Which animals are more popular? Which type of animal is the least popular? Does their community or the size of their homes determine the types of pets they have? Ask children to predict what would be the most common types of pets in their community. Record their predictions.
 2. Explain to children that a survey is a way of gathering information by asking questions and that they will develop a survey to find out about pets in their community. Ask them to think of questions that would give them specific information about pets: What kinds of pets do people have? How many pets? What types (Siamese cat, collie dog, parakeet, and so on)? Where do their pets live (in the house, the yard, a cage)? Compile these questions and create the surveys.
 3. Send a surveys home to each child's family with a note requesting that they give a survey to a family member or friend who has pets. Surveys and a note can also be sent to families of another class in your school or program. Specify a date for all surveys to be returned.
 4. Work with children to create a graph to detail the information gathered in the survey. Small groups of children can take turns recording the specific information. Review the completed graphs with children. What did they learn from conducting their survey? Did their initial prediction match the outcome of their survey?
 5. Provide children with materials to draw and write about what they learned and exhibit the drawings and graphs in the classroom. With children, develop a fact sheet to share the information they learned about pets with families or another classroom.
Curriculum Connection
Geography: Different Kinds of Pets.
Discuss the type of environment you live in: Is it a city, suburban, or rural community? What type of yearly weather conditions do you have? What is the land like (desert, farm, mountainous)? Then review a map of the United States and find a place with a different type of environment from your own. Discuss the differences with the children and ask them to think about how pets might differ in that area of the country. If you have Internet access, contact a school in that part of the country and use e-mail communications to learn about the types of pets in that community.
I Love Guinea Pigs by Dick King-Smith
(Candlewick Press, 1997; $5.99)
Life in the Deserts* by Lucy Baker
(Scholastic Inc.; $5.99)
Too Many Puppies* by Patience Brewster
(Scholastic Inc.; $3.99)


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Breaking News: Deaf People Fly Too
1. Deaf People Travel Too. There are an estimated 48 million deaf and hard of hearing people in America. The number of deaf and hard of hearing individuals and people with other disabilities worldwide is equal to the population of China. This does NOT include the number of friends and family including children who travel with us.
2. We Would Like to Access Onboard Entertainment Too. • • • more


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Vista: Disable UAC for select applications
Microsoft has released a Knowledgebase article that explains how users can disable UAC, that is the User Account Control, for select applications in Windows Vista.
This solution requires an administrator account and the Application Compatibility Toolkit which can be downloaded from Microsoft directly.
The advantage of this solution is that you can disable the User Account Control for selected applications only while keeping it enabled for most programs.
This is for instance useful if you use an application day in day out but get UAC prompts whenever you fire it up. This can be annoying especially if you trust the program and don't think Windows should display the prompt each time as you accept it anyway.
The following process has to be run only once but it takes some time, here are the steps:
- Download and install the Application Compatibility Toolkit.
- In the Start menu, locate the new folder of the Application Compatibility Toolkit.
- Find the shortcut for Compatibility Administrator.
- Right click it and click Run as administrator.
- In the left hand pane, right-click on the database under Custom Databases and select Create New, and then Application Fix.
- Enter a name and other details of the application you want to alter behavior on and then browse to it to select it. Click Next.
- Click Next until you are in the Compatibility Fixes screen.
- On the Compatibility Fixes screen, find the item RunAsInvoker, and check it.
- Click Next and then Finish.
- Select File and Save As. Save the file as a filename.SDB type file in a directory you will easily find it.
- Copy the.sdb file to the Vista computer you want to alter the elevation prompt behavior on.
- Click Start>All Programs>Accessories. Right click Command Prompt and click Run as administrator.
- Run the command below: sdbinst \.sdb
- For example, if you saved the.SDB file as abc.sdb in the c:\Windows folder, the command should be this: sdbinst c:\windows\abc.sdb
- It should prompt: Installation of complete.
If everything went fine, Windows Vista should not display an UAC prompt anymore for the program.Advertisement


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Figures 5 and 6 below show the mixture of renewable and non-renewable primary energy quoted by each manufacturer (including renewable energy from burning waste wood on-site). The ICE database does not provide an energy breakdown with its carbon factors. However, the Wood for Good (2013) EPDs, which formed part of the ICE database study and represented a 2013 UK industry average, has been used to give an indicative energy mix for the study period. Several observations can be made:
- Less energy is typically used by each manufacturer to produce 1m3 of mass timber compared to the Wood for Good analysis
- Less non-renewable energy is typically used by each manufacturer to produce 1m3 of mass timber compared to the Wood for Good analysis
- The A1-A3 embodied carbon factors correlate to the non-renewable energy component quoted by each manufacturer
Based on industry engagement, primary contributing factors also include varying transport distances during production, the energy mix of the country of manufacture and the utilisation of the factories studied.
It is also useful to compare the new embodied carbon factors derived to the value for conventional sawn and dried softwood timber.
The softwood value given in the ICE database and the IStructE guide is 0.263 kgCO2e/kg – very similar to the new values for CLT and glulam proposed. A review of current EPD data from Europe's largest sawn and dried softwood timber producers suggests that this value may also warrant reduction, and further work by the industry in this space is suggested.


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GEOC 3201 Sequence Stratigraphy
Definitions of seismic and sequence stratigraphy and seismic geomorphology. History of seismic and sequence stratigraphy. Lithostratigraphy. Chronostratigrapy. Recent advances and the future; impact of technologies. Seismic geomorphology. Fundamentals of sequence stratigraphy time basis of stratigraphic analysis. Importance of scale in sequence stratigraphy. Sequences, parasequences, systems tracts, facies. Biostratigraphy and importance to sequence stratigraphy. Trace and body fossils. Condensed sections and sequence boundaries. The Lowstand Systems Tract. Types and distribution of reservoir, source, and seal rocks. The Transgressive Systems Tract. Types and distribution of reservoir, source, and seal rocks. The Highstand Systems Tract. Types and distribution of reservoir, source, and seal rocks. G. A workflow for building an integrated sequence stratigraphic framework. Integration of rocks, fossils, well logs, geochemistry, seismic, and well tests. Application of sequence stratigraphy workflow to common clastic rocks (non-marine, shallow and deep marine). Carbonate sequence stratigraphy. Example case studies from: U.S. Mexico Gulf of Mexico, onshore North America, Australia, Indonesia, and elsewhere.
Página del catálogo en este curso


text: whole HVACconcept of the building. Especially the last type is predestined to be used for example as a part of the air ductsystem where even solar air heaters may be installed (see chapter 4). The application of double-skin-facades is not only limited to corporate identity administrative buidlings shown above but also for the refurbishment of residential buildings. By the installation of a second transparent facade layer the overall heat transfer coefficient of the building may be improved up to 30 %. The austrian facade manufacturer ALU-SOMMER for example has developed a double-skin-construction that may be installed in front of a building without interrupting the operation of the building. Figure 15 shows a picture of an administrative wing of the ALU-SOMMER plant where a conventional facade was turned into a double-skin-facade to demonstrate the new system. Figure 15: Double-skin testing facade (Twinface) of ALU-SOMMER, Stoob, Austria 3. ADVANTAGES and PROBLEMS All double-skin-facade systems presented above are showing to a different extent the following advantages, depending on the geometric design of the air inand outlets: 1. Natural ventilation gets possible to some extent even in high rises due to reduction of the wind pressure by installing a second transparent facade-layer (up to 60% of the operating time of office buildings). As a result the runtime of the unit for ventilation and air conditioning may be reduced to 40%. 2. Improvement of the noise reduction features of the facade. Using double-skinfacades the sound reduction index can be improved from 28 dB (conventional facade) up to 47 dB. - equivalent to a reduction of two sound reduction categories. Even when the windows of the primary facade are open values of 30 dB could be measured. 3. Reduction of the energy consumption of the building in winter. Because of the „green-house effect" in the additional air gap the heat losses due to transmission (reduced temperature difference between inand outside) and ventilation (pre-heated incoming air) may be reduced up to 30%. 4. Weather protected installation of shading devices in the gap between primary and secondary facade followed by reduced investment and lower expenditures for maintenance (Protection against mechanical demolition by storm and hail). 5. Reduction of the cooling load of the building in summer compared with buildings showing shading devices which are installed inside the office (avoiding secondary heat gain). 6. Natural cooling of the building during night-time by opening the windows because of 7. Improved protection against burglary. The secondary facade in general consits of a burglar-proof 10 to 12 mm single thickness security glass 8. Decentral or central heat recovery in combination with natural ventilation (central heat recovery especially for type e of the double-skin-facade systems) On the other side double-skin-facades are faceing the following problems: 1. Extremely high temperatures of the air in the gap between primary and secondary facade in summer so that natural ventilation gets impossible and secondary heat gains of the office are increasing due to a heat flux from the outside 2. Low temperatures of the air in the gap between primary and secondary facade in winter so that natural ventilation gets uncomfortable (draft appearance and cold air section in the office) 3. No possibility for cleaning the incoming air (if working with natural convection and stack effect only) which is extremely relevant at highly frequented city highways 4. Higher cost for facade cleaning (factor 2 to 3) 5. Higher capital expenditure for installation(factor1,5 – 2 ) compared to conventional facades Half year ago the austrian facade manufacturer ALU-SOMMER (Stoob) started a project in cooperation with the Technical University of Munich to gain more knowledge about the function principles of the complex Twinface-facade. One goal of the theoretical and experimental studies is to compare the effects on the indoor climate of a conventional facade and a double skin facade The testing facade itself (fig. 15) and the offices behind were equipped with metrology recording above all airand surface temperatures, humidity, air-mass flow rate and the outdoor climate. Furthermore the Twinface-system is going to be improved by analysing the systems performance in a forced convection mode in combination with the installation of solar components (air heaters etc.). First results are showing that the thermal and hygienic problems described above may be solved or minimized by using ventilators within the gap. 4. SOLAR APPLICATIONS IN DOUBLE-SKIN-FACADES Installing a transparent second facade in front of a building already means to turn the shell of the building into a kind of air heater (greenhouse effect, radiation trap). Therefore the gap and the secondary facade itself are cut out for the integration of solar energy using components like photovoltaic (PV) modules for electricity production (secondary facade) as well as solar thermal components such as air heaters (i.e selective absorbers) or different kind of water-collectors for solar heating and cooling purposes. The installation of solar energy using components makes it possible to reduce the conventional energy input for heating and air conditioning of the entire building by one third at least. Special air heaters such as matrix collectors consisting of blackened metal wire mesh can heat up the air to such an extent that this preheated ambient air can be used as air supply for the building in wintertime (figure 16). In summer this matrix absorber may be used as a shading device in front of the windows. By means of three different layers the transparency can be easily adjusted by the user (figure 17) Even PV-modules may be used not only for electricity production but for shading (see semitransparent modules in figure 17) or for preheating the ambient air (hybridmoduls). Furthermore ordinary absorbers may be installed in the nontransparent sections of the building to improve the stack effect and to heat up the air that may be led to a heat exchanger in summer (hot water production) or may be used for a central or decentral air supply of the building in winter. If a stationary shading device is required even these components may fulfill this purpose. Figure 16: Single functional application of solar energy using components Figure 17: Multifunctional application of solar energy using components By means of special vacuum-tube collectors in the secondary facade, replacing the air inlets and partly the glass panes, hot water of about 110°C may be produced. In winter this water may be used for a hot water heating system whereas in summer it may serve to run decentral absorption cooling units of about 4kW cooling capacity installed in the offices. At the moment the energy potential of all these components and some of their technical and architectural possibilities of integration are determined by the authors at the Technical University in Munich. First results will be presented in summer 1999. 5. CONCLUSION Double-skin-facade constructions are showing a lot of advantages but should not be applied for each office building. Especially for high rise and administrative buildings near busy urban highways they are often the best solution. Considering the enormous technical potential double-skin facades should be integrated in the HVAC concept of the buildings in future. There is still a big demand on further research activities to understand the complex 3-dimensional unsteady thermofluiddynamic processes within the air gap to design these facade systems properly. REFERENCES: J. Blumenberg, A. Zoellner: „Doppelfassadenkonzepte in der modernen TGA/HLKFassadenpower nicht nur für HighTech-Tower." In: Clima Com-merce International (CCI), Offprint of Issue 4/1998, Promotor Verlag, Karlsruhe, 1998. J. Blumenberg, A. Zoellner: „Strom und Wärme aus der zweiten Haut-Nutzung von Regenerativenergien bei Doppelfassaden-Gebäuden." In: Clima Commerce International(CCI), Special Issue for the Constructec in Hannover, 28. Oct. 1996, Promotor Verlag, Karlsruhe. A. Kolb: „Theoretische und experimentelle Untersuchungen an einem neuen solaren Luftkollektor mit durchströmtem Absorber". Ph.D.-Thesis at the Technical University Munich, Institute C for Thermodynamics, Munich 1996. SOLAR PASSIVE ARCHITECTURE PROGRAMME AT THE SOLAR ENERGY CENTRE Ashvini Kumar5 and T.C. Tripathi Solar Energy Centre, Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources, Block-14, C.G.O. Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi - 110003. ABSTRACT This paper discusses the solar passive programme at the Solar Energy Centre (SEC). The basic elements of the programme are i) construction of SEC's own buildings based on solar passive concepts, ii) monitoring and evaluation of thermal performance of these buildings, iii) carrying out R&D to enhance utilization of solar passive concepts, and iv) providing technical consultancy for incorporation of these concepts into the building design. Preliminary monitoring results of roof surface evaporative cooling system installed on the roof of technical blocks are also presented. Thermal performance of guesthouse building, which is the only residential building in the campus, is discussed in the paper. Simulation results of a study carried out at SEC for assessing the potential of energy savings through the use of energy efficient windows in the country are also presented in the paper. INTRODUCTION Weather and climate influence human health and longevity. The history of shelter engineering reveals an unremitting effort by mankind to provide itself with an indoor climate to which man is best adapted. Man's preference for appropriate and controlled thermal


Category Archives: TI Lessons
Drawing Connections with TI-Nspire Functions vs Derivatives
function vs derivative nspireRecently, I was very honored to have the opportunity to speak at a professional development day at Illinois Central College. The math department their asked me to introduce them to the TI-Nspire, as they are starting to see a significant number of their students show up with the Nspire. In addition to a basic overview of the device, I presented the ICC math department with series of activities I might use in algebra, calculus, and statistics.
I thought TPM readers might be interested in the calculus activity, which involved graphing the derivative of a function on the TI-Nspire. In my experience, there are always some students that struggle to make the graphical connections between a function and its first derivative, despite possible problem solving methods such as curve sketching, sign tables, and matching the function with a list of possible derivatives.
In this video I offer another method to add to your bag of tricks, which is the TI-Nspire's dynamic geometry software. You can easily use its "construct perpendicular" feature to try to make clearer to students exactly where the key points are in the derivative that align to critical points in the original functions. Check out the video below for a more thorough explanation.
TI-84+C Asymptote Detection
TI-Nspire Formula Documents
TI-Nspire Formula Documents
Over the next few weeks, I'm going to be releasing a series of TI-Nspire formula "cheat sheets." Of course, cheat sheet is just a nickname for this kind of document, don't actually use them to cheat. Having the formulas on your graphing calculator can serve as a very valuable study guide when you are either… Continue Reading


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Algorithm to clone a tree is quite easy, we can do pre-order traversal for that. Is there an efficient algorithm to clone a graph?
I tried a similar approach, and concluded we need to maintain a hash-map of nodes already added in the new graph, else there will be duplication of nodes, since one node can have many parents.
share|improve this question
modified bfs/dfs where nodes are copied when they are marked as "visited"? – Oren Jan 26 '13 at 12:00
Depends heavily on the data-structure. – Zeta Jan 26 '13 at 12:11
Graph traversal on wikipedia. Relatively big article that might give you something. – ᴋᴇʏsᴇʀ Jan 26 '13 at 12:17
_USER_ Assuming graph is represented as Adjacency Matrix – Amit Jan 26 '13 at 12:29
_USER_ DFS/BFS with flag in original graph will help me to not visit the node again. But in the new graph i do want a link between the current node and a node already added in the graph. Since the already added node has more than one parents. Think of it as some social network graph where in you will have mutual friends. – Amit Jan 26 '13 at 12:32
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3 Answers
It suffices to do a depth first search and copy each node as it's visited. As you say, you need some way of mapping nodes in the original graph to corresponding copies so that copies of cycle edges can be connected correctly.
This map also suffices to remember nodes already visited in the DFS.
So in Java you'd have something like:
class Node {
 // Contents of node...
 Data data;
 //... member declarations like array of adjacent nodes
 final ArrayList children = new ArrayList<>();
 // Recursive graph walker for copying, not called by others.
 private Node deepCloneImpl(Map copies) {
 Node copy = copies.get(this);
 if (copy == null) {
 copy = new Node(data);
 // Map the new node _before_ copying children.
 copies.put(this, copy);
 for (Node child : children)
 return copy;
 public Node deepClone() {
 return deepCloneImpl(new HashMap());
A different approach is to put an additional field in each node that points to the copy if there is one and is null otherwise. This merely implements the map by another method. But it requires two passes over the graph: one to make the copy and another to clear these map fields for future re-use.
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Your hash map approach seems viable if you had some quick way of uniquely identifying every node.
Otherwise, you would be best off if you:
 1. used data-structure to store graph that allows you to store "is duplicated" unique flag directly in every node (for example, 0 not duplicated, 1 to numberOfNodes for duplicated nodes),
 2. traversed nodes (via BFS, DFS) taking care of the already duplicated nodes and reconstructing all connections from the starting graph.
Both your starting graph and finishing graph should have corresponding unique "is duplicated" flag in every node, so you are able to reconstruct connections from starting graph properly. Of course, you could use "is duplicated" flag and "unique identifier" as separate variables.
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add comment
As you copy nodes from the source graph, place each node in a map (thus numbering the nodes from 1 to N).
As you paste nodes in the destination graph, place each node in a map (again numbering from 1 to N, but with mapping in reverse direction for reasons that will be clear soon).
When you find a backlink in the source graph, you can map that backlinked "source copy" node to an integer i using the first map. Next, you use the second map to lookup the integer i and find the "destination copy" node which needs to have the same backlink created.
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I just realized this is pretty much the same answer Gene posted above, but with the Node<->Node map exploded into two maps. Oh well. :-) – The111 Aug 10 '13 at 0:24
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text:
Energy is an emerging and expanding sector that encompasses all aspects of energy generation, distribution, and consumption, including research and development, design, construction, installation, and maintenance. Core industries in this sector include:
- Renewable and alternative energy such as wind, solar, and biomass
- Power generation and distribution
- Fossil fuels
- Energy efficiency
The Energy SHSM gives students an opportunity to specialize, gain qualifications, and plan a career pathway in various areas of the Energy sector while still in high school. The SHSM Program has a number of required components, designed to give students a "leg-up" to pursue post-secondary opportunities in each of the identified sectors, valuing apprenticeship, college, community, university and the workplace.
Check out: Green Collar Careers
This major is offered at :
Resurrection | St. Benedict | St. Mary's
Required Components :
- Provided to students FREE of charge, certifications, trainings and workshops led by industry professionals, help students develop their skills and discover more information about their future career.
- Six certifications/training/workshops related to the industry
- 3 Compulsory, 3 Elective
- Examples include: Basic Electrical Safety, Confined Space Awareness, Solar Panel/Energy Efficiency Training, Customer Service Training, Health & Safety, Land Surveying Basics, Scaffold Safety, Standard First Aid & CPR-C, WHMIS, Working at Heights and more!
- View all Certification & Training topics for Energy SHSM Here
- A bundle of nine credits in Grade 11 and Grade 12 which students earn:
- Four Energy major credits
- One English credit,
- One Math credit
- One Other credit in either Business, Science or World Studies
- Two Co-operative Education credits to gain workplace experience that enables students to refine, extend and practice sector-specific knowledge and skills.
Course Information: Resurrection | St. Benedict | St. Mary's
- Co-operative Education (Co-op) provides students with workplace experience that enables students to refine, extend and practice sector-specific knowledge and skills.
- Examples of Energy Co-op Placements:
Architecture and Engineering firms, City Planning, Home Renovation & Inspection Services, Demolition Services, Energy Auditing Companies and more!
- Examples of Energy Co-op Placements:
- Construction Millwright & Industrial Mechanic
- Contractor & Supervisor, Electrical Trades & Telecommunications
- Electrical Mechanic
- Electrical Power Line & Cable Worker
- Industrial Electrician
- Power Systems Electrician
- Power Systems and Power Station Operator
- Biological Technologist & Technician
- Civil Engineering Technologist
- Construction Electrician
- Energy Guide & Quality Control Manager
- Geological & Mineral Technologist
- Geothermal Installer
- Geothermal System Designer
- Land Surveyor
- Mapping and Related Technologist/Technician
- Chemical Engineer
- Electrical Engineer
- Geological Engineer
- Mechanical Engineer
- Assembler, Fabricator, Inspector & Tester of Transformers & Electrical Appliances
- Electronic Service Technicians
- Gas Maintenance Workers
- Home Energy Evaluator
- Renewable Energy Products Salesperson
- Residential/Commercial Installer/Servicer
- Solar Panel Technician
- Wind Turbine Material Controller
For more information, speak to the guidance counselor at your school
Students in a Specialist High Skills Major program complete learning activities that are contextualized to the knowledge and skills relevant to the economic sector of the SHSM. Contextualized Learning Activities (CLA's) enhance your learning in your English, Math, Science and Business classes. They connect your interest in your chosen sector to your learning in these classes.
CLA's will be delivered by your classroom teacher. It is not additional work to be completed – it may replace the work being done by non-SHSM students or the teacher may choose to have the entire class complete the CLA.
- Building An Electric Vehicle (video)- format not supported
- Canadian and World Issues CGW4U – Independent Study
- Regional Geography CGG3O – Sustainable Tourism in Developing Countries
- Canadian Law CLU3E – Mock Trials – Energy and the Environment
- English ENG4U – ISU – Novel Study
- Math MBF3CI – Chevy Volt
- Science SVN3E – Conserving Energy and Saving You Money


text:
What's the "een" in Halloween?
silver-white metallic element, 1818, with element ending -ium + lithia, Modern Latin name given by Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius (_PHONE_) to the earth from which it was extracted, from Greek lithos "stone" (see litho-). So called from its mineral origin and to distinguish it from two previously known alkalis of vegetable origin.
lithium lith·i·um (lĭth'ē-əm)
A soft, highly reactive metallic element. Atomic number 3; atomic weight 6.941; melting point 180°C; boiling point 1,342°C; specific gravity 0.534; valence 1.
A soft, silvery metallic element of the alkali group that occurs in small amounts in some minerals. It is the lightest of all metals and is highly reactive. Lithium is used to make alloys, batteries, glass for large telescopes, and ceramics. Atomic number 3; atomic weight 6.941; melting point 179°C; boiling point 1,317°C; specific gravity 0.534; valence 1. See Periodic Table.


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Model Array with Single Parameter Variation
This example shows how to create a one-dimensional array of transfer functions using the stack command. One parameter of the transfer function varies from model to model in the array. You can use such an array to investigate the effect of parameter variation on your model, such as for sensitivity analysis.
Create an array of transfer functions representing the following low-pass filter at three values of the roll-off frequency, a.
$$F\left( s \right) = \frac{a}{{s + a}}.$$
Create transfer function models representing the filter with roll-off frequency at a = 3, 5, and 7.
F1 = tf(3,[1 3]);
F2 = tf(5,[1 5]);
F3 = tf(7,[1 7]);
Use the stack command to build an array.
Farray = stack(1,F1,F2,F3);
The first argument to stack specifies the array dimension along which stack builds an array. The remaining arguments specify the models to arrange along that dimension. Thus, Farray is a 3-by-1 array of transfer functions.
Concatenating models with MATLAB® array concatenation commands, instead of with stack, creates multi-input, multi-output (MIMO) models rather than model arrays. For example:
G = [F1;F2;F3];
creates a one-input, three-output transfer function model, not a 3-by-1 array.
When working with a model array that represents parameter variations, You can associate the corresponding parameter value with each entry in the array. Set the SamplingGrid property to a data structure that contains the name of the parameter and the sampled parameter values corresponding with each model in the array. This assignment helps you keep track of which model corresponds to which parameter value.
Farray.SamplingGrid = struct('alpha',[3 5 7]);
Farray(:,:,1,1) [alpha=3] =
 s + 3
Farray(:,:,2,1) [alpha=5] =
 s + 5
Farray(:,:,3,1) [alpha=7] =
 s + 7
3x1 array of continuous-time transfer functions.
The parameter values in Farray.SamplingGrid are displayed along with the each transfer function in the array.
Plot the frequency response of the array to examine the effect of parameter variation on the filter behavior.
When you use analysis commands such as bodeplot on a model array, the resulting plot shows the response of each model in the array. Therefore, you can see the range of responses that results from the parameter variation.
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Ace Your DMV Written Test with our Guaranteed Cheat Sheet.
Cheat Sheet
Sample TN Driver's Test 2021
Number of tests: 24
Number of questions: 30
Passing score: 24
Directions: You will be given a knowledge test to determine how well you know Tennessee traffic laws and safe driving practices. Getting a driver's license in TN becomes possible in case you have successfully passed the DMV TN driving test. Practice online with our sample DMV tests and get the highest exam results.
You have made error so far
Passing grade —
6 or fewer errors
If the roadway is wet or icy, you should:
Reduce your speed.
Drive at the posted speed.
Speed up.
An orange and red triangular sign on a vehicle always means:
california slow moving vehicle road sign
The vehicle has the right-of-way.
Slow-moving vehicle.
Shoulder work ahead.
This sign means:
tennessee traffic blending road sign
You should stop for other traffic.
Traffic is entering from another road and you should allow additional space for drivers to merge safely into the flow of traffic.
Traffic is entering from another road and you should keep right.
In traffic moving at 50 to 55 mph, you are least likely to have an accident if you:
Drive a few miles per hour faster than most other vehicles.
Stay within that speed range.
Drive a few miles per hour slower than most other vehicles.
When you see this black and yellow sign, it means:
alaska sharp turn to right road sign
The road to the right is for one-way traffic only.
There is a detour to the right due to road construction.
The road ahead changes direction at an extreme angle.
"No passing zone" signs tell drivers:
To speed up slightly.
That it is not safe to pass.
To maintain a steady speed.
Which of the following substances can affect the ability to drive?
Tranquilizers, marijuana, and sedatives.
Cough syrups and cold tablets containing codeine or antihistamines.
All of the above.
Collisions are more likely to happen when:
All vehicles are traveling at about the same speed.
One lane of traffic is traveling faster than the other lanes.
One vehicle is traveling faster or slower than the flow of traffic.
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text: Study guides can come in quite handy at times. One such time is when a student is preparing for a Biology exam. These tests can be quite complex. Studying from an excellent guide can mean the difference between passing with flying colors and failing miserably. A study guide will help the student go over any information he or she may have forgotten. Additionally, the study guide will help go over key points, as a way of before test content reviewing.


text:
Within a VBScript class the Property block allows you to set the value of the property in the class. This statement works in conjunction with the Property Let and Property Get statements and can only be used inside a class inside VBScript– and no where else in the script.
This would in turn be called in VBScript in your function after you create an instance of the class like so:
By default the Property Set statement is public but you can declare it to be private if you need to do so. Since this statement is used in a block, it is required that you end the block with the End Property statement. The block of code will look something like this:
Property Set PropertyName
' Property setting code goes here


text:
In other countries, there are increasingly more people who are obese.
Adults have a higher prevalence of obesity than their teenager counterparts, even though obesity affects people from all walks of life. A recent study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that there is not only a lack of racial diversity among healthcare professionals who treat obese patients but also a lack of systematic tracking of the racial makeup of the field. Here are some examples of how and why increased representation could benefit more Americans' health.
The ability of a practitioner to establish a rapport with a patient can have a positive impact on health outcomes regardless of the illness state or concern in question. Given the history of how some communities have been treated by the medical profession as a whole and the perceived risks of obtaining medical care in the first place, experts say representation and cultural mirroring are especially crucial when it comes to treating BIPOC communities.
"Being treated by someone who shares the same ethnic, cultural, and racial background allows a patient to feel seen and understood," says Alice Figueroa, MPH, RDN, chef, and author. "Historically, many BIPOC communities have a distrust of the healthcare system establishment. Although our population is becoming more diverse, most doctors, dietitians, nurses, physical therapists identify as white, and BIPOC health professionals are underrepresented in every sector of the healthcare industry."
According to Figueroa, it's critical for the healthcare system to train medical staff members to deliver culturally-humble care while also working to help BIPOC medical professionals who are working today and in the future. This viewpoint is shared by Ashley Carter, RD, LDN, and Jasmine Westbrooks, MS, RD, LDN of Eatwell Exchange, Inc.
"There's a different dialogue that occurs when your healthcare provider is able to relate to you and that opens the door for effective problem-solving," Carter says. "Equitable healthcare will provide a higher retention rate amongst minorities thus reducing health disparities in the long run."
Beyond concerns about equitable, competent care, Figueroa and the dietitians of EatWell Exchange Inc. also voice concerns about the criteria and methods used to classify obesity, in addition to the lack of diversity among healthcare professionals who treat obese patients.
"With regards to obesity treatment, I believe that our current medical system uses poor or insufficient tools to assess a person's health," Figueroa says. "BMI is a measure that was developed using a white, male population and was not initially intended to become a health marker."4
She claims that a sample of the world population that includes women and BIPOC was not included to develop the current BMI equation. She suggests that as a result, it might not be the best indicator upon which to make health judgments.
"l firmly believe that a person can be healthy at any size, regardless of their BMI and weight," Figueroa says.
Both Carter and Westbrook feel that treating patients with a weight loss-focused approach is dismissive and fails to address or recognize the main reason they are looking for assistance. Obesity interventions shouldn't be thought of as a one-size-fits-all idea. According to Carter and Westbrook, culturally competent care for obese patients entails that medical personnel have considered the patient's race/ethnicity, socioeconomic situation, food insecurity, cultural customs, and lifestyles throughout therapy.
"Specifically for patients diagnosed with obesity, healthcare professionals should educate themselves on obesity as it relates to an individual culture to accurately assess that patient's health needs," Carter says. "If a patient enters your office with health concerns that aren't directly related to their weight status, the first response shouldn't be discussing their BMI and recommending they lose weight."
According to the study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, having a more diverse medical field is important since it will lead to greater research on ethnic groups that are typically underrepresented. Figueroa points out that the task is more complicated than simply employing a workforce that is more diverse in the healthcare industry.
"It is key for RDs to construct partnerships with BIPOC people and groups that champion antiracism initiatives and provide representation, support, and space that champions empowerment for people from diverse backgrounds," she says. "Ignoring the existence of systemic racism within health organizations only worsens the problem, stunts organizational growth, and delays progress, justice, and equity."
According to Figueroa, it's critical to support the growth of BIPOC dietetic students, interns, and new professionals through mentoring, financial support for scholarships, and training initiatives that increase access to and affordability of dietetics education.
"Equitable healthcare will provide a higher retention rate amongst minorities thus reducing health disparities in the long run," Carter and Westbrook say. "How do we increase diversity in the healthcare system? We challenge the discrimination, lack of promotion and job opportunities, and other obstacles minorities face in the healthcare workforce. As a result, we will begin to see increased engagement and more satisfying interactions between minorities and their healthcare providers."
_TAG_ _TAG_ _TAG_ _TAG_ _TAG_ _TAG_ _TAG_ _TAG_ _TAG_ _TAG_


text:
If you want to use ActiveDirectoryMembershipProvider on your website to manage users specially the password reset functionality, you will also need to create few attributes in the active directory schema for the "USER" object. You can check this MSDN article to know more about this, but again, it doesn't list how to create the needed attributes, but it tells you what are all the attributes needed if you are considering "Password Reset" functionality.
Firstly, ActiveDirectoryMembershipProvider does not support retrieving the password, but you can reset the password by providing secret-question, and secret-answer. You may also need to create few more attributes in the active directory schema associated with this. Below are those attributes:
- Password Question - Unicode String
- Password Answer - Unicode String
- Failed Answer count - Integer
- Last time at which the user supplied an invalid answer - Large Integer/Interval
- Account locked out time - Large Integer/Interval
These are the 5 new attributes which you need to add in the active directory schema for the "USER" object. I will explain how to add new attributes and associate them to an existing object.
- You need to first install the schema snap-in by registering schmmgmt.dll (regsvr32 schmmgmt.dll)
- Now, open an MMC, and add "Active Directory Schema" snap-in
- Expand the Active Directory Schema, and right click on Attribute, and select "Create Attribute"
- Enter the common name, LDAP name, other fields for the attribute you are creating. For example, "PasswordQuestion" - this would be having its type as Unicode String. See the above list of attributes and its types appropriately. If Integer, enter minimum/maximum values too.
- For the OID, you need to check this MSDN article.
Now follow the above steps to create all the 5 attributes which are needed. After creating these attributes, we need to attach them to the "USER" object.
- In the same MMC, Expand "CLASSES" and select user object.
- Right click on user and select properties
- Go to its attributes tab, and click Add
- Select the attributes that you've created one by one and click on OK
That's it. Now, your user object would have all those attributes, and you can store values using any method you like. If you create an user using CreateUser wizard control, it would populate and store the values of the secret-question, answer automatically. ActiveDirectoryMembershipProvider would take care of storing, retrieving values of these attributes itself, you no need to program anything for them.
But, there would be some situation the users have been already created, but you need to attach these attributes to them. Follow the above methods to add attributes to the user object. And, now open the particular user's properties in ADSIEDIT.msc, and add values to them.
After following all the above steps, follow the other steps mentioned in this article to configure your web.config sections to map the attributes you've created in AD.
NOTE: Password-answer is the only one attribute out of these 5 which would be stored in an encrypted format. section would be used for the encryption of this, if you create an user using the CreateUser wizard. But, if you have already created the user in the AD, and you want to just store the secret-question and password, you may want to check my next blog where I'll explain how to use the same encryption method used by the MembershipProvider to store the secret-password in the active directory for the user.


text:
Mullein is the common name of a number of species in the Verbascum genus. Verbascum thapsus (also Verbascum densifolium) grows throughout Germany in open fields and roadsides. It is a biennial which prefers sandy soils and its stately second-year growth is a welcome sight for the interested observer. Mullein is a native Eurasian plant with a long history of medicinal use. It was brought to North America by early settlers and it did not take long before it became part of the ethnobotanical repertoire of many Native American tribes. Smoking the leaves was thought to have a calming effect in addition to clearing the respiratory tract. Interestingly, Native Americans realized that mullein could be an effective fishing aid. Once released in a stream, the seeds temporarily paralyze the fish, thus facilitating their catch. Indeed mullein contains rotenone, a fish poison which naturally occurs in certain plants and is found in both mullein seeds and seed capsules.
Mullein has a number of suggestive common names in German, from Koenigskerze (king's candle) to Wetterkerze (weather candle). The latter reveals an understandably common preoccupation of northern Europeans, namely the weather. According to German folklore, careful observation of the flowering display of mullein can predict future weather patterns. Mullein plants with a greater number of flowers on the lower part of the stalk forecast snow before Christmas, whereas a greater number of flowers on the upper part of the stalk means the first snow will not arrive until after the New Year. Fortunately, our (admittedly amateur) first reading of the mullein flower arrangements in Berlin predicts a late winter. So, we've decided to interpret this as a long and hopefully warm fall this year!
If you'd like to make your own weather predictions, feel free to look at our map to see where you can find some mullein nearby (although it grows freely all over Berlin).


text:
Friends of Kootenay Blog
Access stories and photos about the natural and human history of Kootenay National Park and Columbia Valley Includes highlights about the Friends of Kootenay National Park activities and programs.
Redwall Fault & Hot Water
The Redwall Fault by Larry Halverson
The iron-rich cliffs of this dramatic park entrance are known as the "Iron Gates". They were formed by intense heat and pressure during the building of the Rockies. It is the best example of fault breccia (shattered and reconsolidated rock) in the Rocky Mountain parks.
The Radium Hot Springs Pools can thank the Redwall Fault for its source of water, which originates from the fault's depths. Normal rain water filters down into the earth's crust continuously. Since the temperature rises one degree Fahrenheit every eighteen meters we go into the earth, the water must percolate down at least 2.5 km below the surface in order to encounter rock that is hot enough to turn it to steam. As the steam is forced to rise, it condenses back to water, and like water everywhere, it follows the path of least resistance. In the case of Radium Hot Springs, the easiest path is through the shattered zone where the rock is broken up.
Radium Hot Springs - A place to take the chill off this time of year.


text:
Sinking lake levels have exposed some of Hill County's hidden secrets.
Fossils and Native American tools from eight thousand years ago are easy to find at Lake Whitney, and looters are taking advantage.
They used to be buried in underwater caverns, but the drought has evaporated that protection.
"The looter and scavenger comes and digs up the site," said U.S. Army Corps Engineer Brad Demsey. "They just destroy all that and leave it to the side."
Even in remote parts of Lake Whitney that were once buried under concrete for security, scavengers unearth and discard valuable history.
There are fossils and Native American tools from prehistoric times.
Texas and federal laws ban the removal of Native American artifacts from archaeological sites, but burial grounds have been disturbed.
It has been decades since the lake has been this low. Demsey said it has been 20 years since anyone has seen the caverns.
Authorities patrol Lake Whitney and have made 30 arrests. Violators were put on probation and fined thousands of dollars.
But, state and federal agents fear the only the thing that can truly protect the historic artifacts is enough rain to end a historic drought.


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Currently most adverts that are found at places such bus stops and train stations are static. That advertisement space is usually leased at a fixed price for a fixed period of time. From an advertiser's point of view, this is risky. Is that location good for showing that advert? Is the target audience being reached?
What it does
Really Smart Ads only shows adverts when that advert's target audience is present. It determines which advert to show based on the crowd's emotions, average age and gender. For example, if there a lot of children in a crowd, then an advert specific to children (such as an animated movie poster) is shown. It also tracks how many times that advert is shown during a period of time. As a result, the advert's company only pays for the total time it is displayed, rather than the whole lease period, therefore saving money. On the other hand, people are more likely to see adverts targeted at them, while the owner of the advert space can have multiple clients in the same poster space/screen. The owner can then access an admin portal to see the most shown advert, and how much to charge for the advert.
How we built it
Each advert in the system consist of target gender/s, target age group/s and target emotion/s. The advert space is equipped with a webcam which takes an image every 10 seconds. From that image, we determine the general emotion, gender and age group using Microsoft's Cognitive API. Based on the data received from the cognitive API, an advert is chosen and is displayed on the screen for 10 seconds. the whole process repeats itself.
Challenges we ran into
Setting OpenCV and libraries, React
Accomplishments that we're proud of
We did it, despite coming from different areas.
What we learned
New technologies, teamwork, definition of MVP i.e. focusing on the simple first.
What's next for Really Smart Ads
Add more attributes, such as pets, live capturing, attention trancking, uploading different adverts, video adverts


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Chimps using tools: Archaeology's most fascinating discovery of 2007
A team of researchers led by Dr. Julio Mercader of the University of Calgary in Alberta undertook excavations in the West African nation, Côte d'Ivoire. They encountered a series of hammer stones, some of them dating back 4,300 years, that are thought to have been used by chimps to crack open nuts. Starch residue from several nuts known to be staples in the chimpanzee diet, but not the human diet, suggests that chimps, rather than humans, manufactured these tools.
Dr. Mercader was the first to coin the term "chimpanzee archaeology." His discoveries have resulted in the opening of a new research niche within archeology bearing the same name.
Discoveries like these have prompted humans to add the qualifier "complex" in front of the word "tool." It is an elegant, yet necessary, way to acknowledge that non-human beings (in this case, chimps are also capable of manufacturing tools, but that until further notice, it is only us humans who use, say, e-mail.
The announcement also showcases how science works: its practitioners are by nature curious creatures. Someone somewhere will inevitably come up with new questions that they will investigate to yield further insights into human behavior. In this case, such insight was achieved by researching non-human primate tool making. For this step forward, we owe Dr. Mercader and his colleagues a debt of gratitude.


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For driving in Honduras, a foreign visitor must have a full driving license valid in the country of his residence and an International driving permit.
To rent a vehicle in Honduras, a driver must be at least 21 years of age and have held a driver license for 2 years or more. Drivers under 24 and have to pay a young drivers surcharge.
The main road traffic rules:
- Driving is on the right hand side of the road.
- The minimum driving age is 18 years.
- Seat belts when driving are mandatory for drivers and passengers.
- Children under 12 years must be transported in the back sits.
- The use of a mobile phone while driving is prohibited, with the exception of a hands-free system.
- The maximum speed limit in urban areas is 40 km/h, and outside the urban areas 80 km/h.
- The permitted blood alcohol level is 0.07%.
- It is required to have in the car warning triangle, spare tire, and tools.
- It is not permitted to smoke while driving.
- Helmets are mandatory for all motorcycle riders.
- It is not permitted the following types of turns, unless allowed by the signaling and traffic management:
- right turns with caution in crossing areas covered by light;
- left turns;
- U-turns or return.
- To park vehicles in urban areas and in permitted areas, the vehicle tires must be at a maximum of 15 inches from the curb.
- It is prohibited to park on driveways and sidewalks, curves, bridges, less than 5 meters of intersections, street and pedestrian crossings.
Driving Overseas - Short Information
- Drivers must carry at all times while driving their valid driver licenses, car registration and insurance documents.
- Honduran roads are poorly lit and marked. People and animals are on the roads at all hours.
- In Honduras, there are no toll roads.
- In case of an emergency, foreign travelers should carry mobile phones in case of an emergency.
- Rockslides are common, especially in the rainy season which is from May through December.
- Foreign drivers should always drive with their doors locked and windows closed to avoid robberies. It is recommended to park vehicles in secure parking areas.
- In a case of an accident, vehicles may not be moved until the traffic police arrive.
- Any vehicle traveling in the country, must carry corresponding plates identification, one positioned in the front of the vehicle and another in the rear, except for vehicles requiring a single plate, which must be placed on the rear with a lighting device. Vehicles with foreign license plates entering the territory of Honduras can run with permit issued by the customs Honduran admission location.
- The back down is only allowed to park or accommodate a vehicle. It is forbidden to drive on public roads and making turns as long as it recedes.


constantinopleen.wikipedia.orgConstantinople as it would look by air.
What New York City was in the 1900s, London was in the 1800s, Constantinople was in the 600s, and so forth, back to Jericho in 7000 BC.
They were the largest cities in the world, and arguably the epicenters of human civilization.
These cities led mankind to new heights of culture and commerce—though in the end each of them was surpassed and some of them destroyed.
Historians Tertius Chandler, Gerald Fox, and George Modelski identified the largest cities throughout history through painstaking study of household data, agricultural commerce, church records, fortification sizes, food distribution, loss of life in a disaster, and more. We have parsed their work in the following slides.


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Embrace's seizure monitoring is based on an algorithm we've developed that is designed to recognize unusual movements, electrodermal activity variation, and peripheral temperature.
Most devices on the market consider two threads of information: duration and intensity of your movements. Instead, Embrace takes into account additional variables, such as skin temperature and electrodermal activity variations, that accompany tonic-clonic seizures. In addition, we created our algorithm using advanced machine learning methods, trained on data collected in epilepsy monitoring units in hospitals.
To learn more about the algorithm Embrace uses to detect unusual patterns in movement and physiological signals we recommend this article: Event detection accuracy
We also encourage you to learn more about how Embrace works.


EV1527 and Learning Code Remotes Explained Simple
So what is EV1527 and Learning Code?
EV1527 is a format of learning code receivers commonly used by radio frequency transmitters such as garage door remotes. The format was designed to allow a large keyspace (number of possible unique remote identifiers) and a practical number of possible channels on each remote while still remaining cost effective.
To put it simply, learning code systems have fixed codes assigned to each remote (which do not change). These codes are then learnt into the receiver which allows them to change the state of a relay. This learning function is usually performed through a button on the receiver being held down while pressing the desired button on the transmitter.
The EV1527 data transmission format uses the following layout to identify the remote and buttons:
Each bit can be either a 0 or 1 in value. Using 20 bits for identifying the remote allows 2^20 possible remote identifiers which is a little over 1 million. This means that there is a 1 in 1 million chance of another remote having the same identifier. For this reason, the EV1527 format is not used for high security applications.
The 4 bits for button identification are a great strength of the EV1527 format. This allows for 16 channels to be controlled through one remote transmitter. This feature is perfect for systems which require activation of many different relays via one remote.
These chip-sets can be found in devices ranging from 3V to 12V. It is important to note that the transmission distance of EV1527 chip-sets is limited by the voltage of the device.
EV1527 is often used in residential alarm systems, gate control and garage door controllers. When compared to traditional fixed code formats such as PT2262 (key space of 6561 unique addresses), EV1527 offers a much more secure and practical list of applications.
Higher security options
If EV1527 isn't going to make the cut for your setup, try a rolling code systems.


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A list of integers is pairwise relatively
prime if every pair of the
items in the list are relatively prime. For example,
the integers 121, 122, and 123 are pairwise relatively prime (even though they are each composite).
If two integers have greatest common divisor one, then they are pairwise relatively prime (since there is only one pair). This happens over 60% of the time (6/2).
The list of integers involved may even be infinite! For example, the set of all Fermat numbers is pairwise relatively prime, as is the set of all Mersenne numbers with prime exponents. This fact is sometimes used to prove the number of primes is infinite.
Related pages (outside of this work)


text: There is plenty of movement in the skies, as birds seek better weather and better access to food. Large flocks of lapwings have been seen heading south in many places. They are heading for coasts and estuaries, where they feed on the unfrozen foreshore. In the air, their floppy wings flash black and silver, as they show alternately the upper and lower sides. Once the snow has gone from the fields, and the earth has become softer, they will quickly return inland. Groups of skylarks have been heading south-west. They fly quite low, and one can hear their liquid chirrups.


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Fundación Centro Canario del Agua
The Centro Canario del Agua Foundation (FCCA) is an independent and non-profit organization whose objective is the research and development of innovative products for water treatment. It was founded on December 14, 1998 by the General Directorate of Water of the Canary Islands Government, the Insular Water Councils of the seven islands and a series of private companies with interests in the Canary Islands water sector.
The FCCA carries out and promotes R&D work autonomously and in combination with public institutions and private companies.
The FCCA conducts applied research mainly in the following areas:
- Equipment for remineralization of desalinated waters
- Design of filtering and draining floors
- Optimization of reverse osmosis plant control
- Treatment of hard water and rich in silica
- Improvement of desalinated water quality


18 Amazing Healing Powers of Fragrant Lavender Oil.
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Lavandula (common name lavender) is a genus of 39 species of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae. The English word lavender is generally thought to be derived from Old French lavandre, ultimately from the Latin lavare (to wash), referring to the use of infusions of the plants.
As an herb, lavender has been in documented use for over 2,500 years. In ancient times lavender was used for mummification and as a perfume by the Egyptians, Phoenicians, and peoples of Arabia. Romans used lavender oils for bathing, cooking, and scenting the air. Perhaps first domesticated by the Arabians, lavender spread across Europe (first to France) from Greece around 600 BC. The 'English' lavender varieties were introduced in the 1600s, right around the time the first lavender plants were making their way to the Americas.
18 Amazing Healing Powers of Fragrant Lavender Oil:
 1. Soothes Aches and Pains: A warm soak bath with few drops of lavender essential oil and some epsom salts thrown in can relax strained and overworked muscles and tissues, providing instant relief.
 2. Cures Acne: Lavender's anti bacterial properties help prevent the secretion of sebum, the primary food source for the bacteria that causes acne.
 3. Anti Bacterial: Lavender is a powerful antibacterial agent that fights typhoid, TB & diphtheria causing bacteria and also has anti-viral properties when combined with Lemon Balm.
 4. Soothes Minor Burns: When lavender oil is gently applied to the affected area, it leads to immediate pain relief, triggers the healing process, and prevents scarring.
 5. Heals Bruises and Cuts: When applied to a bruised or cut area of the body, Lavender oil prevents bacterial infection and burning sensation, and alleviates the healing process.
 6. Relieves Earache: Since ancient times, Lavender oil has been recommended for soothing earache due to colds or infections in infants and adults. Gently massaging a few drops of Lavender Oil into the skin around the ears and throat relieves the aching sensation and aids the healing process.
 7. Fights Eczema: Lavender oil mixed with any carrier oil or lotion (like calamine) can be applied directly on eczema afflicted dry and itchy skin, providing moisturization, cooling and healing effects, especially beneficial for small children.
 8. Instant Fatigue Buster: Soaking your feet in hot foot bath infused with a few lavender oil drops, helps relax your stressed system instantly. Lavender's soothing elements enter your bloodstream through your foot pores, exerting its stimulating and soothing effects on various systems of your body.
 9. Lowers Fever: Lavender Oil drops in tepid water can be used as an effective sponging bath for kids with fever. It not only gets the temperatures down but also calms the senses allowing for good nights sleep.
 10. Beats Anxiety and Stress: Placinga compress, of a piece of cloth or muslin soaked in icy cold water sprinkled with a few drops of lavender oil, on your forehead, or directly massaging a few drops on your forehead, temples and nape of the neck, helps restore calmness and relieves from throbbing headaches and helps to dispel stress, sadness and anxiety.
 11. Sleep inducer: A few drops of lavender oil on your pillow, or in your diffuser can instill deep restful sleep. Use as a massage oil (with carrier oil) or in bath water to calm down hyperactive kids especially close to bed time.
 12. Helps control Motion Sickness: Lavender, rosemary, & sage oils can be either dabbed into your pulse points or carried in hand baggage to cope with motion sickness on long travels.
 13. Calms Menstrual Cramps: If you are troubled by cramps during their menstrual periods, can get instant relief by either massaging lavender oil on their lower abdomen or applying a lavender oil infused hot compress onto the area.
 14. Keeps Insect and pests at bay: Splashing yourself with lavender oil (in water) before stepping out or keeping a soaked cotton ball on the window will keep irritating moths, midges & mosquitoes out. Lavender oil is also a terrific remedy for insect bites, soothing itching & to stop inflammation.
 15. Cures Scabies: Caused by a tiny mite burrowing into your skin, scabies can be very annoying and cause more problems if untreated. Use neat lavender oil along with alcohol to dab yourself against scabies and sprinkle on beddings to drive mites away.
 16. Treats Shingles: Also called Herpes Zoster, Shingles are a painful, contagious rash caused by the chickenpox virus. Lavender oil's analgesic, antiviral & scar preventing properties helps soothe the pain and heals the wound faster.
 17. Effective in treating Sinusitis: Inhaling vapors from alavender and thyme oil concoction in near-steaming water and has long been suggested as a potent cure for people suffering from chronic Sinusitis.
 18. Heals Sunburns: A soothing bath ofpure Lavender Mist – Hydrosol or a combination of lavender oil, peppermint oil and jojoba oil can help recover from sun burns effectively and immediately.
Side Effects and Precautions:
 - Gynecomastia: Lavender oil seems to have hormone effects that could disrupt the normal hormones in a young boy's (not yet reached puberty) body resulted in some boys developing abnormal breast growth called gynecomastia.
 - Skin Irritant: Lavender is traditionally regarded as a 'safe' oil and, but people with hyper sensitive skin have reported allergic reactions on applying lavender oil on skin.
CureJoy Editorial
CureJoy Editorial


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The Climate of New Jersey
New Jersey is located about halfway between the Equator and the North Pole, on the eastern coast of the United States. Its geographic location results in the State being influenced by wet, dry, hot, and cold airstreams, making for daily weather that is highly variable.
The Garden State is 166 miles long from north to south, and its greatest width is about 65 miles. While this may not seem too large, there is a marked difference in climate between Cape May in the south and the Kittatinny Mountains of northwestern New Jersey.
The dominant feature of the atmospheric circulation over North America, including New Jersey, is the broad, undulating flow from west to east across the middle latitudes of the continent. These "prevailing westerlies" shift north and south and vary in strength during the course of the year, exerting a major influence on the weather throughout the State.
Some general observations about the temperature and precipitation in New Jersey include:
1) Temperature differences between the northern and southern parts of the state are greatest in the winter and least in summer. All stations have registered readings of 100 degrees F or higher and have records of 0 degrees F or below.
2) Average number of freeze free days in the northern highlands is 163, 179 in the central and southern interior, and 217 along the seacoast.
3) Average annual precipitation ranges from about 40 inches along the southeast coast to 51 inches in north-central parts of the state. Many areas average between 43 and 47 inches.
4) Snow may fall from about October 15 to April 30 in the highlands and from about November 15 to April 15 in southern counties.
5) Most areas receive 25 to 30 thunderstorms per year, with fewer storms near the coast than farther inland. Approximately five tornadoes occur each year, and in general, they tend to be weak.
6) Measurable precipitation falls on approximately 120 days. Fall months are usually the driest with an average of eight days with measurable precipitation. Other seasons average between 9 and 12 days per month with measurable precipitation.
Although New Jersey is one of the smallest states in the Union, with a land area of 7,836 square miles, it has five distinct climate regions. The geology, distance from the Atlantic Ocean, and prevailing atmospheric flow patterns produce distinct variations in the daily weather between each of the regions. The five regions, Northern, Central, Pine Barrens, Southwest, and Coastal, are described below and shown in the accompanying figure.
The Northern climate zone covers about one-quarter of New Jersey and consists mainly of elevated highlands and valleys which are part of the Appalachian Uplands. Surrounded by land, this region can be characterized as having a continental type of climate with minimal influence from the Atlantic Ocean, except when the winds contain an easterly component. Prevailing winds are from the southwest in summer and from the northwest in winter.
Being in the northernmost portion of the state, and with small mountains up to 1800 feet in elevation, the Northern Zone normally exhibits a colder temperature regime than other climate regions of the State. This difference is most dramatic in winter when average temperatures in the Northern Zone can be more than ten degrees Fahrenheit cooler than in the Coastal Zone. Annual snowfall averages 40 to 50 inches in the northern zone as compared with an average of 10-15 inches in the extreme south.
A storm track extending from the heart of the Mississippi Valley, over the Great Lakes, and along the St. Lawrence Valley is a major source of precipitation for this region. Coastal storms, with precipitation shields that reach well enough inland add to the precipitation totals.
The highlands and mountains in this area play a role in making the climate of the Northern Zone different from the rest of the state. Clouds and precipitation are enhanced by orographic effects. For instance, following a cold frontal passage, air forced to rise over the mountains, produces clouds, and even precipitation, while the rest of the state observes clear skies. The latter is due in part to subsiding air flowing off the highlands.
During the warm season, thunderstorms are responsible for most of the rainfall. Cyclones and frontal passages are less frequent during this time. Thunderstorms spawned in Pennsylvania and New York State often move into Northern New Jersey, where they often reach maximum development in the evening. This region has about twice as many thunderstorms as the coastal zone, where the nearby ocean helps stabilize the atmosphere.
The Northern Climate Zone usually has the shortest growing season, about 155 days. The average date for the last killing Spring frost is May 4. The first frost in Fall is around October 7. The exact dates vary significantly within the region as well as from year to year. Some valley locations have observed killing frost in mid-September and as late as mid-June.
The Central Zone has a northeast to southwest orientation, running from New York Harbor and the Lower Hudson River to the great bend of the Delaware River in the vicinity of Trenton. This region has many urban locations with large amounts of pollutants produced by the high volume of automobile traffic and industrial processes. The concentration of buildings and paved surfaces serve to retain more heat, thereby affecting the local temperatures. Because of the asphalt, brick, and concrete, the observed nighttime temperatures in heavily developed parts of the zone are regularly warmer than surrounding suburban and rural areas. This phenomenon is often referred to as a "heat island".
The northern edge of the Central Zone is often the boundary between freezing and non-freezing precipitation during wintertime. In summer, the northern reaches often mark the boundary between comfortable and uncomfortable sleeping conditions. Areas to the south of the Central Zone tend to have nearly twice as many days with temperatures above 90 degrees F than the 15-20 commonly observed in the central portion of the state.
Pine Barrens Zone
Scrub pine and oak forests dominate the interior southern portion of New Jersey, hence the name, Pine Barrens. Sandy soils, which are porous and not very fertile, have a major effect on the climate of this region. On clear nights, solar radiation absorbed during the day is quickly radiated back into space, resulting in surprisingly low minimum temperatures. Atlantic City Airport, which is surrounded by sandy soil, can be 15-20 degrees cooler than the Atlantic City Marina on the bay, which is only about thirteen miles away.
The porous soil permits any precipitation to rapidly infiltrate and leave surfaces quite dry. Drier conditions allow for a wider range between the daily maximum and minimum temperatures, and makes the area vulnerable to forest fires.
The Southwest Zone lies between sea level and approximately 100 feet above sea level. The close proximity to Delaware Bay adds a maritime influence to the climate of this region. The Southwest has the highest average daily temperatures in the state and without sandy soils, tends to have higher nighttime minimum temperatures than in the neighboring Pine Barrens.
This region receives less precipitation than the Northern and Central regions of the state as there are no orographic features and, it is farther away from the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence storm track. It is also far enough inland to be away from the heavier rains from some coastal storms, thus it receives less precipitation than the Coastal Zone.
Prevailing winds are from the southwest, except in winter when west to northwest winds dominate. High humidity and moderate temperatures prevail when winds flow from the south or east. The moderating effect of the water also allows for a longer growing season. Autumn frosts usually occur about four weeks later here than in the North and the last spring frosts are about four weeks earlier, giving this region the longest growing season in New Jersey.
In the Coastal Zone, continental and oceanic influences battle for dominance on daily to weekly bases. In autumn and early winter, when the ocean is warmer than the land surface, the Coastal Zone will experience warmer temperatures than interior regions of the state. In the spring months, ocean breezes keep temperatures along the coast cooler. Being adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean, with its high heat capacity (compared to land), seasonal temperature fluctuations tend to be more gradual and less prone to extremes.
Sea breezes play a major role in the coastal climate. When the land is warmed by the sun, heated air rises, allowing cooler air at the ocean surface to spread inland. Sea breezes often penetrate 5-10 miles inland, but under more favorable conditions, can affect locations 25-40 miles inland. They are most common in spring and summer.
Coastal storms, often characterized as nor'easters, are most frequent between October and April. These storms track over the coastal plain or up to several hundred miles offshore, bringing strong winds and heavy rains. Rarely does a winter go by without at least one significant coastal storm and some years see upwards of five to ten. Tropical storms and hurricanes are also a special concern along the coast. In some years, they contribute a significant amount to the precipitation totals of the region. Damage during times of high tide can be severe when tropical storms or nor'easters affect the region.
Acknowledgments and Further Information
This narrative borrows liberally from David Ludlum's New Jersey Weather Book, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1983, and also includes information from Climate of New Jersey, by the National Climatic Center, Asheville, North Carolina, June 1982. Each of these sources, plus our list of NJ Climate Publications, provide a considerable amount of information on New Jersey's climate.