Research Article Current Issue Versions 2 Vol 3 (4) : 20030408 2020
Machine Learning based Optical Proximity Correction Techniques
： 2020 - 10 - 09
： 2020 - 12 - 15
： 2020 - 12 - 30
70 6 0
Abstract & Keywords
Abstract: The shrinking of the size of the advanced technological nodes brings up new challenges to the semiconductor manufacturing community. The optical proximity correction (OPC) is invented to reduce the errors of the lithographic process. The conventional OPC techniques rely on the empirical models and optimization methods of iterative type. Both the accuracy and computing speed of the existing OPC techniques need to be improved to fulfill the stringent requirement of the research and design for latest technological nodes. The emergence of machine learning technologies inspires novel OPC algorithms. More accurate forward simulation of the lithographic process and single turn optimization methods are enabled by the machine learning based OPC techniques. We discuss the latest progress made by the OPC community in the process simulation and optimization based on machine learning techniques.
Keywords: optical proximity correction; machine learning; deep learning; lithography
1. Introduction
Optical proximity correction (OPC) becomes critical for the process of current advanced technological nodes. The conventional methods of the optical proximity correction rely on the empirical rules or the combination of the parametric models and traditional optimization methods most likely in the iterative sense. The empirical rules highly depend on the experience of process engineers and works well for the early technological nodes with larger critical dimensions, but the model based methods are required for the sub 100nm technological nodes. Considering the difficulty of the rigorous mathematical simulation of the physical and chemical process involved in the optical lithographic process, simplified models with empirical parameters are usually applied in the actual OPC process[1, 2]. Even the contemporary numerical methods such as Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD)[35] or Finite Element Method (FEM) et. al. are able to provide more accurate solutions to the optical imaging process, photo-chemical reactions and so on, the formidable cost of computation power hinders the application of such methods to larger scale systems such as full chip level optimization problems. The past efforts in deriving more accurate analytical or semi-numerical models for the forward simulations of relevant physical chemical processes[6,7] boost the development of more practical and efficient OPC technologies. Even the complexity of the photo-resist reactions slows down the progress of obtainment of more reliable resist model, and so does the etch model, the optical imaging problems can usually be well resolved after simplified assumptions are made to the optical imaging systems. The appearance of the computational tractable models makes the iterative optimization of the mask shapes possible which becomes the corner stone of the current OPC technologies. Combining with the latest setup of the optical lithography machines which enables the variable illumination conditions[8, 9], source-mask optimization (SMO)[1012] also becomes an important part of the OPC workflow. Until the techniques of the insertion of sub-resolution assist features (SRAF) being added to the arsenal of OPC toolkit to enlarge the process window of the optimized mask patterns, the framework of contemporary OPC is settled down. However, the room of the improvement of current OPC workflow remains and the rise of data science as well as machine learning provides huge amount of opportunities for the computational lithography community.
2. Optical Lithographic System
Figure 1. Illustration of an optical lithographic projection system[13].
The optical microlithography system mainly includes four parts: source, mask/reticle, exposure system and wafer. To avoid the inhomogeneity of illumination on the photomask, Kohler's method of illumination is applied. The source or the image of the source is placed at the focal plane of the condenser. The photomask/reticle is then illuminated by the parallel beam and the energy distribution on the top plane of the mask is then homogenous in the idealistic situation. Traditional mask is the binary intensity mask. They are formed by the chromium on glass. Different types of fused silicon are applied for varied illumination wavelengths. Phase shift masks are also introduced to improve the image quality. The image of the scattering sources on the photomask is formed on the wafer after the projection optics. The standing wave pattern is formed by the reflection from the photoresist/wafer interface. There are two types of photoresist: positive resist and negative resist. They response differently to the illumination.
3. Machine Learning Based OPC
The machine learning and data driven perspective may change the OPC workflow mainly in three aspects. Firstly, more accurate and fast models become accessible after the introduction of novel tools such as deep neural networks as a good universal approximator which should be beneficial even they are simply embedded into the traditional OPC framework; Secondly, the expensive and time consuming iterative optimization process of prevailing OPC techniques may be replaced by the single run computation of well trained models which directly perform the optimization process including the mask optimization (MO), SMO, SRAF insertion and so on; Third, the whole workflow of the OPC may be modified by the data driven methodology and the changes may not be constrained within the scopes of feature pattern selection and hotspots detection. The novel full chip level solution may be enabled in the future. We shall discuss the recent progress of the machine learning based OPC technologies in the three directions mentioned above separately.
3.1. Machine Learning Based Simulators
The simulation of the lithography mainly contains three parts: Optical model, Resist model and Etch model. The first two process is coarsely shown in Figure 1.
Figure 2. Lithography simulation[14].
The ideal situation of the forward simulation is the success of the ab initio calculation. For the optical imaging system, this target is more achievable. The realistic imaging system is usually simplified and mathematical abstraction can be done within the framework of optics[15]. In Figure 2, a typical optical configuration is shown. The aerial image is computed approximately with methods such as Hopkins method The chemistry involved in the resist model is complicated to compute from the first principle[16-18]. Sometimes, a simple threshold model is applied for the resist model and the threshold can be either constant or variable[19]. The etch model is more intractable due to the complicated physicalchemical process and multi-factorial control parameters involved such as plasma nature, chamber configuration Historically, variable etch bias (VEB) model is applied for the optimization purpose[20]. However, the approaches mentioned above may not be able to meet the requirement of the OPC techniques developing for the advanced technological nodes and more accurate and rigorous models are necessary while the nodes shrink. The machine learning based resist model and etch model turn out to be effective and becomes good candidates for future OPC application.
The general purpose of the ML based simulators is to obtain a general function approximator with the local geometric features as input and values of the height or threshold at the pixel level as the output. In principle, it can be done with the multilayer neural networks.
Figure 3. ANN-based 3D resist model[21].
Seongbo Shim et. al. applied the full connected neural network to fit the resist model with the points sampled from the geometry of layout as the input and the resist height at center of the window as the output. The configuration of their model is shown in Figure 3. Youngchang Kim et. al. use the similar method to realize the prediction of etch bias[20].
Figure 4. CNN architecture[14].
Since the inventions of new architectures of neural networks emerge, more efficient and suitable approaches are fetched by the OPC community to improve the performance of the forward simulators. Yuki Watanabe et. al. use convolutional neural networks which are widely applied in the computer vision computation to estimate the resist pattern instead[14]. The architecture of their net is shown in Figure 4. Since sometimes, the rigorous simulation or experimental data are hard to obtain especially for new technical nodes, to obtain the trained model with the required accuracy with fewer data, Yibo Lin et. al. take the advantage of the transfer learning and active learning while they are trying to solve the same problem[22]. Later, the generative adversarial net is also introduced by the same group for simulating purpose[23].
3.2. Machine Learning Based Optimizers
Early days, the mask optimization relies on the empirical rules which usually depend on the geometry of the layout patterns. The contours of the layout patterns are decomposed into the edges and corners and the positions of their end points are varied and optimized according to the rules subtracted from the experimental facts[24]. Even though computationally efficient, the rule based optimization methods are not able to provide the required accuracy and fail to fulfill the requests of the advanced technological nodes. A more robust iterative optimization method based on the optical models, photoresist models et. al. is introduced. The basic idea is to change the positions of the end points of the edges and corners mentioned above and the simulated images on the wafer are obtained accordingly. The full optimization cycle is stopped once the target patterns and the simulated images match each other. Different kinds of error functions are applied to provide a quantitative estimation of the deviations between the target patterns and the simulated images. The Edge Displacement Error (EDE)[25], Edge Placement Error (EPE)[26] or Pixel-wise Error Summation[27] et. al. are usually calculated. The optimization process is usually computationally expensive due to the slow convergence of the iterations. While coarser models which are more computationally tractable are applied at the cost of the accuracy, the effort of the reduction of the iterations inspired the early application of machine


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|Developer||Mark R. Rubin|
|Licence||Full version (39.95 US$)|
This article describe the version 2.0 of doodle.
Among the features:
- Draw circles, lines, boxes, and the full Commodore character set.
- Print on Commodore 1525, C. Itoh 8510, NEC 8023, Epson, Okidata and other popular printers.
- Clear the screen (if you want to start all over again)
- Change colors of both the graphic as well as the background
 Load & Run
Doodle is loading and starting with
LOAD "DOODLE",8 RUN
The BASIC start line is:
The pictures shows the main menu with 10 submenus and other subscreens:
 Graphic format
The file type is dd, which isn't showing by loading and saving doodle files.
Doodle saved uncompressed color hires images, which in RAM handled at $5C00:
$5C00 - $5FE7: Screen-RAM $6000 - $7F3F: Bitmap
An image as disk file has 9216 bytes (37 blocks).
Compressed images has the file type jj, which aren't loaded or saved by the C64 version of doodle.
PC file types of doodle imageer are:
.dd.ddl.jj (compressed)

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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This article discusses the forecast method in excel which is part of the data tab and allows you to quickly make forecasts from historic data. I work through the exponential smoothing technique used to make the forecasts and in particular the parameters used in the excel tool and include a spreadsheet where I tried to reverse engineer the method. Using forecasts from the parameters implied by the excel forecast I try to back out the implied parameters.
One of my students asked me how the excel forecast works. At the time I had no idea that there was even a forecast in excel. Then I saw the excel forecast which looks pretty cool. When you go to the internet and google forecasting in excel, you get a whole bunch of discussion of how you can press a couple of buttons and get some forecasts. A lot of the explanations also tell you how you can use the FORECAST.ETS function and retrieve statistics such as alpha and beta and the root mean squared statistic. These explanations also tell you how you can get confidence intervals from the FORECAST.ETS.CONFINT function. One website called real statistics does walk you through how to make your own forecast (and I used this). I originally worked on this whole forecasting business because of a question from a person in one of my classes who wanted to know how the confidence intervals are calculated.
But here is the problem, the ETS.FORECAST is a black box. None of the websites tells you in detail how to replicate the forecast and the confidence intervals in detail. This is a big problem because the forecast is made from exponential smoothing which is a very simple process. When I have tried to make my own model in the worksheet file below I have not been able to replicate the forecast parameters in excel.
Maybe this is because I am just stupid (probably). The forecasts for different GDP per capita growth look good, but I think there is something very odd with the excel reported parameters from the forecasts. First, the forecasts often have a clear trend. But the trend parameter — the beta — reported in the ETS.FORECAST.STATISTICS is.001. I really may be missing something here so I must be careful about my statements. Maybe they are mis-modelling the beta parameter, but I don't think so. The really bad thing about this is that the beta parameter is by far the most important factor in making a forecast. Without the beta parameter the exponential smoothing forecast is a flat line.
The file that you can download by clicking the above button begins by demonstrating how the excel forecast tool works like all of the other websites (this is really no big deal). In seconds, you can make a time series forecast now in excel. You just select a series of data adjacent to a series of dates, and you get a series of forecasts along with a confidence interval. You can export the forecast to a separate sheet. The only question is what are the techniques that excel uses to do this. First, just get some data. You can get the file for the economic variables and make forecasts for things like GDP per capita, population, life expectancy etc. The only thing you do is to select the date and then go to the DATA ribbon and then click on the forecast tab as shown below. This uses the FORECAST.ETS function.
Once you do this you can select the option to list the statistics. This is computed with the FORECAST.ETS.SEASONALITY function. An example of this output is shown below.
This is all quite boring. The real question is how are the forecasts made. To illustrate how the forecast is made using exponential smoothing, begin with a simple case without a trend. This forecast will be the same for each year of the forecast. The forecast is a weighted average of the current data value and the prior forecast. The current data is given a weight of alpha and the prior forecast is given a weight of (1-alpha). This means the alpha is multiplied by the current value and the prior forecast is multiplied by 1-alpha as illustrated below. The illustration demonstrates that the forecast remains constant. The absolute error and the mean square error can be used to find the best value of alpha with a data table or with a macro. The column Q has the alpha multiplied by the current data value. The error is the difference between the predicted value and the actual data.
It is more interesting to include a trend in the analysis then to only weight the prior forecast and the current value. To do this trend analysis you can include a beta factor. This beta or trend factor is applied to the trend rather than the forecast. The trend is computed as the difference between the prior value without a trend and the current value without a trend. These are computed in a similar as the simple exponential smoothing. For me, the key is to have the correct number of columns. One column is for the exponential smooth without the trend. The next computes the trend. Then, finally the trend forecast can be computed.
The single smooth is the last forecast value without the trend plus the current value multiplied by the alpha as shown below.
It is more interesting to understand the trend in the analysis. To do this you can include a beta factor. This factor is applied to the trend rather than the forecast. The trend is computed as the difference between the prior value without a trend and the current value without a trend. These are computed in a similar as the simple exponential smoothing.
I demonstrate how the forecast is made for GDP per capita in many different countries in the video below. By pressing the spinner button you can see the forecast results and how the trends occur and how the variance of the forecast is affected by the variability in the historic prices and the size of the alpha and beta parameter. This is in the forescast page of the file below. In the next sheet of the file I show I have replicated the excel forecast and the alpha and beta parameters are completely different. I use either a goal seek or a solver technique to match the forecast. This replication results in very different parameters from excel and shows how the excel generated parameters do not make sense.
After showing the problems I demonstrate how exponential smoothing works. I first demonstrate the simple smoothing method and how to compute the mean absolute error, the mean square error and the root mean square error. Then I show you you can use a data table to find the alpha statistic the minimises the error. After working through the simple smoothing I move to smoothing with a trend. I think this is the most important. In this case you can make a two way data table or use the solver add in to compute the alpha and the beta. I demonstrate the effects of different alpha and beta parameters.
Finally, I have tried to replicate the forecast error. The forecast error uses some measure of standard deviation and multiplies the standard deviation by 1.96 to get a 95% confidence (2.5% of being below the forecast and 2.5% of being above the forecast). I have not been able to precisely replicate the forecast error and I cannot find any explanation as to how this is done. But you can look at the formulas that I have collected and see how the forecast error increases with higher value of alpha and beta.


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1884 Drew Pocket Map of Florida
Description: An extremely scarce and important map of Florida drawn by Horace Drew in 1884. This highly uncommon map, the earliest known example of which was issued in 1867, is considered to be the only pocket map of Florida actually printed in Florida. The first edition of this map was printed by Columbus Drew from his offices in Jacksonville Florida and subsequently updated in an unknown number of editions into the 1880s. This example was printed by Horace Drew, son and successor to Columbus. It reflects the rapid and hopeful development of Florida through the middle and late 19 century, with numerous railways, roads, and canals noted.
Of particular note is the Lucie Canal, shown here leading from Lake Okeechobee to the Atlantic. This canal was part of a plan, supported by Drew, to drain the Everglades via a series of well placed water channels. Fortunately the Lucie canal was never built and the unique Everglades biosphere has been preserved for us to enjoy today.
Also of interest is the extensive notation in the lower left quadrant regarding the Florida Land Survey. Even in the late 19th century much of Florida remained federally administrated Public Land. It was the work of the Florida Land Survey, upon which this map is based, to plat out the land for sale to settlers. Drew's notations explain the process and how do identify land available for purchase. Drew additionally notes the sites of various important battles during the Seminole Wars.
Considered the Holy Grail of 19th century Florida cartography, this map is a must for any serious collection focusing on the American Southeast. Dated and copyrighted, "Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1884 by Horace Drew, in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington."
Date: 1884 (dated)
References: Rumsey, 5190.001 (1870 edition). Fitzgerald, 167 (1874 edition). Phillips, (maps) 285 (1874 edition). Library of Congress, Map Division, G3931.P3 1874.D7 RR 195. Baxter, J. M., Tequesta - An Annotated Checklist of Florida Maps, p. 115.
Cartographer: Columbus Drew (1820 - 1891) was a Florida physician, politician, writer, bookseller, publisher and printer active in the mid to late 19th century. Drew acquired a degree in medicine from Washington University in Baltimore before relocating to Florida to establish a practice in Jacksonville. Drew quickly became a leading citizen and, being an ardent Union Man, held the post of state Comptroller during the post Civil War Reconstruction. Drew was a leading figure in the development of Florida following the Civil War. His influence impacted the course and development of state railways, canals, drainage projects, and other civil world. Cartographically he is best known for the publication of his "New Map of the State of Florida", which, through numerous editions and revisions, chronicles the history and development of the state during a critical period. This map is now extremely scarce in any edition. Columbus Drew passed his publishing company to his son, Horace Drew, who continued to publish an update Drew's important map. The Drew family became leading citizens in Jacksonville and today their historic Victorian home enjoys landmark status. Click here for a list of maps by the Horace and Columbus Drew.
Size: Printed area measures 25 in height x 26 inches in width (63.5 x 66.04 centimeters)
Condition: Very good. Minor discolorations along original fold lines. Professionally removed from binder (included) and flattened.
Code: Florida-drew-1884 (to order by phone call: _PHONE_)
© Geographicus Rare Antique Maps, Kevin Brown, 19/6/2013

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Especially since Muhammad Yunus, founder of the Grameen Bank and a renowned example of a social enterprise, won the Nobel Peace Price in 2006 there is increasing interest in social entrepreneurship for development yet the current academic literature does not provide is a sufficient link between social entrepreneurship and economic development policies. How important are social entrepreneurs for economic development? What value is created by social entrepreneurship?
To answer these questions I researched the work of over 20 authors from Bornstein, Schumpeter, the OECD, the World Bank and many others for a paper for the UNSW. My findings conclude that the social entrepreneur sector is increasingly important for economic (and social) development because it creates social and economic values:
1. Employment Development
The first major economic value that social entrepreneurship creates is the most obvious one because it is shared with entrepreneurs and businesses alike: job and employment creation. Estimates ranges from one to seven percent of people employed in the social entrepreneurship sector. Secondly, social enterprises provide employment opportunities and job training to segments of society at an employment disadvantage (long-term unemployed, disabled, homeless, at-risk youth and gender-discriminated women). In the case of Grameen the economic situation of six million disadvantaged women micro-entrepreneurs were improved.
2. Innovation / New Goods and Services
Social enterprises develop and apply innovation important to social and economic development and develop new goods and services. Issues addressed include some of the biggest societal problems such as HIV, mental ill-health, illiteracy, crime and drug abuse which, importantly, are confronted in innovative ways. An example showing that these new approaches in some cases are transferable to the public sector is the Brazilian social entrepreneur Veronica Khosa, who developed a home-based care model for AIDS patients which later changed government health policy.
3. Social Capital
Next to economic capital one of the most important values created by social entrepreneurship is social capital (usually understood as "the resources which are linked to possession of a durable network of... relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition"). Examples are the success of the German and Japanese economies, which have their roots in long-term relationships and the ethics of cooperation, in both essential innovation and industrial development. The World Bank also sees social capital as critical for poverty alleviation and sustainable human and economic development. Investments in social capital can start a virtuous cycle (for more explanation see my PDF below):
4. Equity Promotion
Social entrepreneurship fosters a more equitable society by addressing social issues and trying to achieve ongoing sustainable impact through their social mission rather than purely profit-maximization. In Yunus's example, the Grameen Bank supports disadvantaged women. Another case is the American social entrepreneur J.B. Schramm who has helped thousands of low-income high-school students to get into tertiary education.
To sum up, social enterprises should be seen as a positive force, as change agents providing leading-edge innovation to unmet social needs. Social entrepreneurship is not a panacea because it works within the overall social and economic framework, but as it starts at the grassroots level it is often overlooked and deserves much more attention from academic theorists as well as policy makers. This is especially important in developing countries and welfare states facing increasing financial stress.
This is the executive summary from my 10 page PDFread more: 'Is Social Entrepreneurship important for Economic Development Policies?'


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Aboriginal migration into Australia, Aboriginals wipe out megafauna, Australian bush poetry, australian formal poetry, Australian poet, Australian traditional poetry, bush poet, Bush Poetry, poem, poetry, sonnet
Now gone, the moat of ocean wide and deep,
As in the north appears a bridge of land
And on the beaches, footprints in the sand.
The spreading hordes through virgin forests creep.
With club and spear, a harvest rich they reap,
As fire-sticks strike and high the flames are fanned
As winds of change sweep through this ancient land
To wake it from its long primeval sleep.
Now clear are seen and heard portents of doom:
The plumes of smoke, and too, the warning sound
Of feet that stamp upon the blackened ground.
Thus giants the land had nurtured in her womb
Will but in dreaming legends soon be found –
Invaders will consign them to the tomb.


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Phone breaking down can be a troublesome experience, because all your important data was on the device which you can't access anymore, including text messages. The worst thing is you don't even have a backup of text messages on your Android device. If you don't know how to retrieve text messages from a broken Android phone without a backup, just read on this guide to learn the best way to get it done without effort.
Is It Possible to Recover Text Messages on Your Broken Android Phone [in Various Scenarios]
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Water Damage: For any other phone, accidental moisture can fry the circuits and ruin your device. Water damage is mostly non-reversible and results in loss of your data.
Virus Attacks: Those viruses and malware attack specific data types on your device and the most vulnerable and most likely target are your text messages.
Upgrade Failure: Upgrading the firmware of your device manually can sometimes result in the phone going blank. That may result in loss of your data, including the precious text messages.
Physical Damage: Physical damage might break your phone to the point where it is not useable. This can result from accidentally dropping the phone, slipping from your bag or trouser pocket, or in case of hitting a bus.
data loss scenarios
But do not worry! As we mentioned above, you can still retrieve all your important text messages with a professional data recovery tool if you experienced any of the above-mentioned data loss scenarios. And iMyFone D-Back (Android) is highly recommended to do the recovery task. Next we will guide you more details about this app, including its recovery feature and steps.
The Best Solution to Recover Text Messages from A Broken Android Phone
If you prefer a 100% safe and efficient way to get back text messages from a broken Android, the best solution is to use D-Back (Android). It is a feature-rich Android data recovery tool for your Android devices, even for the broken ones. D-Back (Android) can not only recover lost text messages, but also get back more data types, including contacts, call history, WhatsApp messages & attachments, photos, videos, audios and documents. A large number of Android users have successfully recovered their lost data from the broken phones by using this app, for it has over 99% success rate in data recoveries. So it is highly recommended by those users for broken Android data recovery.
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How to download and use D-Back (Android)
You can use D-Back (android) to retrieve the lost text messages from your phone's internal memory or SD card. All you need to do is download D-Back (Android) on your computer. And just follow the simple steps given below to recover text messages from a broken Android phone.
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Step 1. launch D-Back (Android) and choose "Broken Android Data Extractor" mode.
Run D-Back (Android) on your computer. Then choose the recovery mode called "Broken Android Phone Data Extraction" to continue.
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Next confirm your device information by selecting the correct name and model of your Android phone, which is required before downloading the data package. After that，connect your phone to computer and follow the on-screen instructions to enter downloading mode.
connect android to pc
Step 3. Scan for your lost text messages and retrieve them from your broken Android phone.
Select "Messages" option on the tap of the file types, or other files you want to recover, then D-Back (Android) will start to scan for your lost text messages on your broken phone. If you only want to retrieve only the important messages from your broken Android phone, you can preview and check the found text messages in detail, and select only needed ones to recover. Once you have recovered the text messages from your broken Android phone, all these text messages can be exported and saved on your computer with various formats, including CSV, HTML and VCF.
choose files to recover
Bonus Tip: Backing Up Your Text Messages is A Good Habit!
Your Android phone stores all the text messages from friends, family and colleagues. However, losing those precious text messages when your phone is broken is like a big disaster, so it is necessary to prepare for the worst. The point is you should backup your important data including text messages regularly, which can give you peace of mind because you can easily get them back at any time. There are several ways to backup your text messages, like using your Gmail account or Google Drive to store those backup files. Once you have backup files of the messages, then that is easy to retrieve them at any time!
backup sms on google drive
Using a 3rd party software application can help get your life on track by recovering all your important text messages from the broken Android phone. D-Back (Android) provides a safe and efficient solution for your data loss problem. It can retrieve texts from broken Android phone easily and do all a lot extra. You will never have to worry about losing anything on your device anymore.
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By Elvin Powell, to Undelete Android
Posted on Jan 18, 2020 ( Updated: Jul 23, 2020 )


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Emergency Medical Services
Graduates of the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Program will be able to:
- Evaluate for and address potential hazards to the patient(s), civilians, and emergency management team during an emergency.
- Access and utilize knowledge necessary to conduct a patient evaluation and administer emergency treatment short of those rendered by advanced life support personnel.
- Effectively operate and care for equipment used in emergency patient care.
- Operate as an emergency service provider using sound judgment; applying rationality, self-awareness, critical thinking and discipline in responding to emergency situations.
- Communicate essential continuing patient care information to advanced life support personnel.
*EMS program outcomes are approved by the EMS Advisory Committee, March 1, 2017.
Critical, Creative, and Reflective Thinking (CCRT)
Graduates will evaluate, analyze, and synthesize information and ideas in order to construct informed, meaningful, and justifiable conclusions.
Effective Communication (EC)
Graduates will be able to exchange messages in a variety of contexts using multiple methods.
Information Competency (IC)
Graduates will be able to seek, find, evaluate and use information and employ information technology to engage in lifelong learning.
Graduates will demonstrate knowledge of diverse ideas, cultures, and experiences, and develop the ability to examine their own attitudes and assumptions in order to understand and work with others who differ from themselves.
Graduates will be able to critically examine the relationship between self, community, and/or environments, and to evaluate and articulate potential impacts and consequences of choices, actions, and contributions for the creation of sustainable systems.


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Pop-up book of Ancient Egypt, £14.99
Explore / Online Tours
Word into art
Word into Art
This tour brings together the work of contemporary artists from the Middle East and North Africa. The use of writing - quotations, words and even single letters - has emerged as a common theme in this vibrant and original art. Each object presented here is inscribed in or draws its inspiration from Arabic, the main script of the region used to write a variety of languages including Persian.
A Sacred Script looks at artworks which are based around the holy texts of the Qu'ran and the Bible. Literature and Art shows how poetry and the rich literary traditions of the Middle East have inspired artists in different ways. The works in Deconstructing the Word have been created using single words or letters. History, Politics and Identity examines how art has responded to crises and wars that have affected the Middle East. In the entry for each work, the artist's country of origin is cited first after their name, and their current place of residence second.
The tour includes highlights from Word into Art: Artists of the Modern Middle East, a free exhibition at the British Museum (Room 35) from 18 May to 3 September 2006. The exhibition draws mainly on works collected by the British Museum, with some loaned objects. It includes pieces by about eighty different artists, some of whom are represented here. This tour shows how writing, so important as both a method of communication and an art form in the ancient and Islamic cultures, continues as a powerful thread running through the art of the region today.
The exhibition was part of Middle East Now, a season of special events which includes lectures, films, poetry readings and music. The exhibition and the season were produced in partnership with Dubai Holding.


Question: What Instruments Are Used In Middle Eastern Music?
What is an Arab flute called?
In Romanian, the word nai is also applied to a curved pan flute while an end-blown flute resembling the Arab ney is referred to as caval..
What is the Arabic drum called?
DarbukaThe Darbuka (also known as Doumbek, Tablah, or Derbeke) is the most iconic percussion instrument in middle-eastern music, and has been played by drummers for over 100 years. The name "Darbuka" most likely came from the word "daraba", which means "to strike" in Arabic.
What instrument is more than 3000 years?
TrumpetsTutankhamun's Trumpets. The pair of trumpets from Pharaoh Tutankhamun's tomb are believed to be the oldest playable trumpets in the world. These trumpets are the only ones that have survived from ancient Egypt and are over 3,000 years old.
Which Arab country has the best music?
EgyptEgyptian music is, by far, the most popular type of music among Egyptians (98%), and music from Egypt is also enjoyed by a majority of listeners in Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, and Tunisia (75%, 61%, and 61%).
What is a maqam in music?
Arabic maqam (Arabic: مقام, romanized: maqām, literally "place"; pl. مقامات maqāmāt) is the system of melodic modes used in traditional Arabic music, which is mainly melodic. The word maqam in Arabic means place, location or position. The Arabic maqam is a melody type.
How do you play Ney flute?
To play the ney flute, you keep the ney 10 cm far from your lips, your head looks forward. And then you whistle, you close the ney to your lips. The headpiece called baspare covers your lips and you blow to the opened side. Practicing this, again and again, might help those who cannot make a sound with their ney flute.
What form is often used in Arab music?
Although any melodic instrument can be used to perform taqsīm, those most often used in Arabic music are the ʿūd (short-necked lute), buzuq (long-necked lute), and qānūn (plucked dulcimer) and in Turkish music, the ney (end-blown flute).
What is the most natural instrument?
human voiceThe human voice is the first and most natural musical instrument, also the most emotional.
Which is the oldest instrument?
Where did the goblet drum come from?
The origin of the term Darbuka probably lies in the Arabic word "daraba" ("to strike"). They have been around for thousands of years, used in Mesopotamian and Ancient Egyptian cultures. Goblet drums were seen in Babylonia and Sumer, from as early as 1100 BCE.
Who invented the darbuka?
Misirli AhmetMisirli Ahmet from Turkey invented a new style called Split Hand 20 years ago, using the individual fingers to attain unprecedented dexterity and speed. This prompted a "darbuka revolution" in Turkey, and nowadays there are incredible virtuosic players in Turkey, Misirli Ahmet, Bünyamin Olguncan, and Suat Borozan.
Where did Middle Eastern music originate?
The oldest system of music in Middle East was called the Khosravani. It was developed by Barbad, a musician of the courts of the king. The origins of Persian music are recorded to have existed even before Islam. There are drawings of people playing the harp and huge tambourines, which is the only evidence of the music.
Who invented music?
PythagorasThey usually put forward several answers, including crediting a character from the Book of Genesis named Jubal, who was said to have played the flute, or Amphion, a son of Zeus, who was given the lyre. One popular story from the Middle Ages credits the Greek philosopher Pythagoras as the inventor of music.
What instrument is used in Arabic music?
The traditional Arabic music ensemble is known as Takht (literally bed) and consists of 4 main melodic instruments: Oud, Nay, Qanun and violin, and one main percussion instrument (riq). Sometimes the riq is supplemented/substituted with the tabla.
What makes Middle Eastern music unique?
What makes Middle Eastern music different? Some factors include the use of micro-tones, absence of chords or harmony, the distinctive rhythms used, and use of improvisation.
What is Middle Eastern music called?
maqam) or modes (also known as makam in Turkish music). … The early Arabs translated and developed Greek texts and works of music and mastered the musical theory of the music of ancient Greece (i.e.
What instruments are used in world music?
10 World Instruments Worth KnowingQanun (or Kanun) The qanun is a Middle Eastern string instrument. … Tama. Often called the "talking drum", the tama has an hourglass shape, scalable pitch, and is held under the player's arm. … Sarod. … Shamisen. … Bansuri. … Irish Bouzouki. … Duduk. … Hang.More items…•
Is Drum allowed in Islam?
There are some Muslims who believe drums are permissible, but no other instruments. Still other Muslims believe that all instruments are allowed, provided they are used for acceptable or halal types of music. … The vast majority don't have a problem with music, it's just this minority that happens to be very, very loud.
What is the difference between Western and Eastern music?
A major difference between Western music and Middle Eastern music is that Western music tends to be based on a scale (sometimes called a key), while Oriental music is based on a maqam. … It also consists of a melody scrap based on certain key notes from that scale and a certain tendency of movement.
What scale does Middle Eastern music use?
The Persian scale is a musical scale occasionally found in guitar scale books, along other scales inspired by Middle Eastern music. It is characterized by the liberal use of half steps (4), augmented seconds (2), and frequent use of chromaticism.
Which instrument is mostly used in Pakistani music?
Rabaab—a plucked lute with gut strings is the most distinctive instrument of northern Pakistan and Kashmir. Tabla—a pair of hand drums that contrast in sound and size. The tabla are among the most popular percussion instruments used in Pakistani music—traditional, religious, and popular.


text:
Investigating Taste Rewiring During Chemotherapy Treatment
Many commonly prescribed chemotherapy drugs have adverse side effects that include disruptions in taste. It is reported that 50-80% of cancer patients who receive chemotherapy treatments experience taste alteration in the form of reduced taste sensitivity. distorted taste perception. or even complete loss of taste during treatment1-5. These deficits can persist for months beyond the end of therapy. Indeed. the side effects of chemotherapy on taste is listed as one of the most disturbing elements of treatment. affecting the patient???s ability to eat and drink and maintain healthy nutritional balance4. This can result in loss of appetite. malnutrition. poor recovery. and a reduced quality of life. To date. most research on the mechanisms leading to chemotherapy induced taste dysfunction has focused on the loss and repopulation of Taste Receptor Cells (TRCs) within taste buds. A critical element that is missing in these studies is the role of gustatory sensory neurons in re-establishing functional taste circuits. It is important to note that nerve fiber innervation maintains the TRCs within the taste bud. and that signals originating from both the TRCs and the peripheral fibers work together to maintain the taste bud and the specificity of rewiring6-9. It is not yet known how chemotherapy treatment affects the sensory fibers innervating the taste buds. My lab investigates the connectivity of peripheral taste circuits. and we have developed new tools to visualize gustatory fibers and taste synapses in vivo. Here. we propose to apply these techniques to investigate the process of taste re-wiring after cancer treatment. These experiments will provide new information about the basic processes of taste wiring in normal conditions and how this is disrupted over the course of chemotherapy treatment. This work will also create a platform to screen for therapeutics that could protect taste function during and after cancer treatment by reducing TRC loss or by enhancing rewiring.


Chain of Responsibility Pattern in Java
Chain of Responsibility Pattern is a Behavioral Pattern in which, a Request is sent through a chain of handling Objects without knowing which Object will handle it. With Chain of Responsibility Pattern, we can avoid coupling the Sender of a request to received Objects and create a processing sequence automatically based on type of request.
Chain of Responsibility Pattern defines a set of Handlers that receive request from Sender. Each Handler processes it if possible or pass to another Handler, or does both: process and pass it on.
This is a simple diagram of the Pattern:
– We have an Abstract Handler class that contains inner Successor and handle method for processing Request and pass it to another Successor.
– All Handlers extend Abstract Handler class. Each Handler sets its own Successor (the next Handler).
– Client just gives Request for the first Handler to process, next Handler will handle Request automatically anytime it receives.
1. Project Overview
The customer has a problem with a specific level of difficulty. We have 3 people with different standards: Regular Developer, Senior and Expert. Depending on the problem level, we choose person to give customer advice. So we pass problem (level) to Regular Developer first, if he is not qualified enough to solve the problem (his level is not equal problem level), he will pass the problem to people who has higher standard, and so on.
2. Step by Step
2.1- Create AbstractConsultant class:
package com.javasampleapproach.chainofresponsibility.pattern;
public abstract class AbstractConsultant {
 protected int level;
 protected AbstractConsultant nextConsultant;
 public void setNextConsultant(AbstractConsultant nextConsultant) {
 this.nextConsultant = nextConsultant;
 public void giveAdvice(int level) {
 if (this.level >= level) {
 } else {
 abstract protected void advise(int level);
2.2- Create ProblemLevel enum:
package com.javasampleapproach.chainofresponsibility.pattern;
public enum ProblemLevel {
 private int value;
 private ProblemLevel(int value) {
 this.value = value;
 public int value() {
 return value;
2.3- Create some Handlers class that extend AbstractConsultant class:
RegularDeveloper can give advice for problem level up to 2, Senior is up to 5, and Expert is up to 7.
package com.javasampleapproach.chainofresponsibility.pattern;
public class RegularDeveloper extends AbstractConsultant {
 public RegularDeveloper() {
 this.level = 2;
 protected void advise(int level) {
 System.out.println("RegularDeveloper helps to solve problem level " + level);
package com.javasampleapproach.chainofresponsibility.pattern;
public class Senior extends AbstractConsultant {
 public Senior() {
 this.level = 5;
 protected void advise(int level) {
 System.out.println("Senior helps to solve problem level " + level);
package com.javasampleapproach.chainofresponsibility.pattern;
public class Expert extends AbstractConsultant {
 public Expert() {
 this.level = 7;
 protected void advise(int level) {
 System.out.println("Expert helps to solve problem level " + level);
2.4- Create Client Test Class:
package com.javasampleapproach.chainofresponsibility;
import com.javasampleapproach.chainofresponsibility.pattern.AbstractConsultant;
import com.javasampleapproach.chainofresponsibility.pattern.Expert;
import com.javasampleapproach.chainofresponsibility.pattern.ProblemLevel;
import com.javasampleapproach.chainofresponsibility.pattern.RegularDeveloper;
import com.javasampleapproach.chainofresponsibility.pattern.Senior;
public class MainApp {
 public static void main(String[] args) {
 AbstractConsultant developer = new RegularDeveloper();
 AbstractConsultant senior = new Senior();
 AbstractConsultant expert = new Expert();
 System.out.println("--- ProblemLevel = NORMAL ---");
 ProblemLevel difficultLevel = ProblemLevel.NORMAL;
 System.out.println("--- ProblemLevel = DIFFICULT ---");
 difficultLevel = ProblemLevel.DIFFICULT;
 System.out.println("--- ProblemLevel = INSANE ---");
 difficultLevel = ProblemLevel.INSANE;
2.5- Run the code, the console window shows:
--- ProblemLevel = NORMAL ---
RegularDeveloper helps to solve problem level 2
--- ProblemLevel = DIFFICULT ---
Senior helps to solve problem level 4
--- ProblemLevel = INSANE ---
Expert helps to solve problem level 7
By grokonez | March 19, 2017.
Last updated on May 10, 2021.
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text:
Michelle Grabowski, UMN Extension Educator
Photo 1: Young crown gall on a rose Photo by FL dept. Ag and CS Bugwood.org.
As you purchase new plants for your garden or landscape this spring, one plant disease to look out for is crown gall. Crown gall is caused by the bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens
. As its name implies, the crown bacteria causes a tumor like growth on the stems and roots of infected plants. Galls are round, rough textured growths. New galls are often light colored and may be smooth and slightly spongy. Older galls become hard and dry; often dark in color with many rough cracks and fissures. The most common place for galls to form is on the main stem, at the point where it enters the soil. Galls can also form on below ground roots. In some plant species, the bacteria travel through the plants vascular system and initiates rows of galls along branches.
The presence of galls on roots or the main stem of a plant may or may not affect the overall growth and productivity of the plant. Young plants with many galls and plants with a gall completely encircling the main stem are the most severely affected. Galls can restrict the flow of water and nutrients through the plant, resulting in reduced growth, low flower and fruit production, and in some cases wilting and death of leaves and stems. Plants with crown gall are more susceptible to drought stress, winter injury and secondary diseases like Armillaria root rot, that enter the plant through cracks in the gall. That being said many plants tolerate a few galls without showing any obvious above ground symptoms. Mature trees of some species have been found with many galls that appear to have little effect on the trees overall growth and productivity.
Photo 2: Crown gall on the trunk of a peach tree Photo by G.Felton UMN Extension.
Over 600 species of plants from over 90 different families can be infected with crown gall. This includes a wide variety of ornamental trees and shrubs, fruit trees, as well as several perennial flowers and vegetables. In Minnesota, the most commonly affected plants are roses, willow or poplar trees and fruit trees like apple, plum, cherry or apricot. All of these plants are especially susceptible to crown gall.
The crown gall bacteria are often brought into a yard or garden on infected plants or soil. A wound is necessary for the crown gall bacteria to infect a plant. Nursery activities like grafting, pruning and transplanting provide ample opportunity for the bacteria to enter and infect susceptible plant tissue. If the plant is actively growing at the time of infection, a gall can be seen in 2-4 weeks and hopefully the plant will be culled before sale. If the plant is dormant however, it may be a much longer time before the gall is visible and of course below ground galls may go completely undetected. If an infected plant is placed in the landscape, the crown gall bacteria can move into the soil and spread to other plants.
Photo 3: Older crown galls on rose stem and roots Photo by M. Grabowski UMN Extension.
As galls age, they begin to break down. Layers of the gall slough off, releasing the crown gall bacteria into the soil. Crown gall bacteria can survive for a long time by living freely in the soil or in association with the roots of a wide variety of plants. Once established in an area, it can be difficult to get rid of the crown gall bacteria, so prevention is the best method of control. Be sure to inspect all new plants prior to planting them in the yard or garden. Pay especially close attention to roses, fruit trees, and poplars or willows as these are known to be highly susceptible to crown gall. Do not plant any tree or shrub with galls on the roots or stem. If crown gall is found on a recently planted tree or shrub, dig up the plant along with the soil immediately around the roots and dispose of them. Large established trees have been shown to tolerate infection with crown gall. If an established tree or shrub is found in the garden, it can be left but care should be taken to sterilize pruning tools after use on these plants. In addition presence of an infected tree indicates presence of the crown gall bacteria. Gardeners with infected trees or shrubs should avoid planting the highly susceptible trees and shrubs mentioned above.


text:
Article 210—Branch Circuits;
Article 220—Branch-Circuit, Feeder, and Service Calculations;
Article 350—Flexible Metal Conduit;
Article 410—Lighting Fixtures, Lampholders, Lamps, and Receptacles;
Article 430—Motors, Motor Circuits, and Controllers; and
Article 450—Transformers and Transformer Vaults (Including Secondary Ties)
Number of outlets on a branch circuit
Q: Is there any limit to the number of receptacle outlets, or the number of lighting outlets, permitted on a 20-ampere general-purpose branch circuit? Is there a difference in the requirements between dwelling units and commercial applications?
A: To the answer the second question first, the answer is yes, there is a difference in requirements for dwellings and commercial buildings. Let's look at some of the differences.
The minimum lighting loads for various occupancies are shown in Table 220-3(a), and vary from a minimum of 0.25 volt-ampere per square foot for storage warehouses to a maximum of 3.5 volt-amperes per square foot for banks and office buildings. After the total lighting load is determined by Table 220-3(a), Lighting Load Demand Factors for some occupancies are permitted by Table 220-11. Also, Section 220-3(b) points out that the minimum load for each outlet for general-use receptacles and outlets not used for general illumination must be computed in accordance with items (1) through (11) of Section 220-3(b). For receptacle outlets in other than dwelling units, a load of 180 volt-amperes must be applied for every receptacle outlet with three or fewer receptacles mounted on a single strap. Where there are four or more receptacles installed on a single outlet box, each receptacle is assigned a load of 90 volt-amperes. For example, four receptacles are considered to be a 360 volt-ampere load. This requirement has the effect of limiting the number of 125-volt, 15- or 20-ampere duplex receptacles to 13 on a 20-ampere branch circuit or 10 duplex receptacles on a 15-ampere branch circuit.
Although there is no restriction in the National Electrical Code (NEC) on the number of receptacle outlets that may be connected to a 20-ampere, or 15-ampere general-purpose branch circuit in a dwelling unit, there are some municipalities that limit the number of openings on general-purpose branch circuits in dwellings. The numbers are usually 13 for 20-ampere branch circuits and 10 for 15-ampere branch circuits.
These are some of the significant differences in the requirements for 20-ampere general-purpose branch circuits installed in dwellings and for those installed in commercial occupancies.
Transformer secondary overcurrent protection
Q: The primary conductors for an indoor transformer are the service conductors for a building. I installed six circuit breakers on the secondary of the transformer to supply six feeders—one feeder for each floor. The inspector said I need a single main disconnect on the secondary side of the transformer. Is he correct in this interpretation?
A: The inspector could be right or wrong, depending on other facts that are missing from the question. We need to establish the primary voltage, kVA rating of the transformer, ampere rating of the overcurrent protection, and percent impedance of the transformer. Let's assume we have a three-phase dry-type transformer rated 150 kVA with 2.4kV primary and a 480Y/277-volt secondary. The transformer impedance is 5.5 percent. The primary full load current is (150,000) divided by (2,400 x 1.73) about 36 amperes. Table 450-3(a) allows a 100-ampere fuse to be used to protect the primary of the transformer. Also, this table and Note 2 to the table allows up to six circuit breakers to be used as the secondary overcurrent protection provided that the sum of the ampere ratings of the overcurrent devices does not exceed the value allowed for a single overcurrent device. The rated secondary current of the transformer is (150,000) divided by (480 x 1.73) 181 amperes. The Table (450-3(a)) allows the overcurrent protection to be increased to 125 percent of full load current; therefore, the sum of the ampere ratings of the overcurrent devices cannot be greater than 225 amperes. Four 30-ampere, three-pole circuit breakers and two 50-ampere, three-pole circuit breakers are one combination that does not exceed the ampere rating of the single overcurrent device permitted by Section 450-3(a) and the table.
Since your job has been turned down by the electrical inspector, either the sum of the ampere ratings of the overcurrent devices exceeds the ampere rating allowed for a single secondary overcurrent device or all of the disconnects are not grouped at one location. Both of these requirements appear in Note 2 to Table 450-3(a).
Although this size transformer is probably not adequate to carry the total load in a six-story building, it was used to make the calculations easier to handle.
Replacing a standard motor with a Design E motor
Q: Is it necessary to increase the horsepower rating of a 10 hp motor starter and disconnect switch when replacing a 10 hp, three-phase, 460 motor with a Design E motor of the same horsepower and voltage?
A: Yes it is. The motor starter and disconnect switch must be replaced because of the different electrical characteristics of a Design E motor.
Section 430-83(a)(1) covers the requirements for motor controllers and part of this paragraph reads as follows: "A controller for a Design E motor rated more than 2-hp shall (1) be marked as rated for use with a Design E motor, or (2) have a horsepower rating not less than 1.4 times the rating of a motor rated 3 through 100 hp, or not less than 1.3 times the rating of a motor rated over 100 hp." Therefore, the controller will have to be replaced with one that is suitable for use with a Design E motor or one with a 15 hp rating.
If the existing disconnecting means is a motor-circuit switch rated in horsepower, it will also have to be replaced. The switch requirements are similar to those for the motor controller, and are found in Section 430-109(a)(1). The switch can be replaced by one that is marked for Design E motors or by a 15 horsepower rated switch.
Sports arena lighting
Q: Am I permitted to use 70-ampere branch circuits with No. 4 Type THWN copper conductors to supply 1000-watt lighting fixtures in a sports arena? The full-load current for each fixture is four amperes and the voltage is 277. I plan to install 14 lighting fixtures on each circuit, which will limit the load to less than 80 percent of the branch circuit rating.
A: The maximum ampere rating of a branch circuit that supplies lighting fixtures is 50 amperes. This restriction is located in Section 210-23(c) and (d). Part (c) recognizes 50-ampere branch circuits for supplying fixed lighting units with heavy-duty lampholders in other than dwelling units. Part (d) prohibits branch circuits larger than 50 amperes from supplying lighting equipment. Therefore, the maximum branch circuit rating cannot exceed 50 amperes, and the maximum number of lamps permitted on this circuit is 10. (The number of lamps permitted on a circuit is based on 80 percent of the circuit capacity, because lighting in the arena is considered a continuous load.)
A heavy-duty lampholder is defined as one having a rating of not less than 660 watts if of the admedium type, and not less than 750 watts if of any other type. This information is found in Section 210-21(a).
Bonding gas piping
Q: What size of bonding conductor is required to bond the gas piping in a building? This requirement appears in part (b) of Section 250-104 and is new in the 1999 edition of NEC.
A Notice that an "x" appears along with this change. Actually, this text is extracted from paragraph 3.14(a) of NFPA 54-1966 National Fuel Gas Code.
Where it can be determined which circuit could energize the gas piping, I would use the ampere rating of that circuit to select the size of the bonding conductor from Table 250-122. Where there are a number of gas-fired appliances, or it is difficult to determine what wiring may energize the gas piping, the bonding jumper may be sized from Table 250-66.
In the 1996 and previous editions of the NEC, all interior metal piping with the potential to become energized was required to be bonded by an equipment bonding conductor whose size was based on the ampere rating of the circuit that may energize the piping. In the 1999 Code this wire size is shown in Table 250-122, which was formerly Table 250-95.
Since underground metal gas piping cannot be used as a grounding electrode, I see no reason why the bonding conductor cannot be sized according to Table 250-122 where the ampere rating of the circuit that may energize the piping can be determined.
Wiring fluorescent fixtures
Q: May I use 3/8-inch flexible metal conduit containing two No. 18 type TFN


Skip to definition.
Verb: liquidise 'li-kwi,dIz
Usage: Brit (N. Amer: liquidize)
 1. (physics) make (a solid substance) liquid, as by heating
 - liquefy, liquify, liquidize
 2. Get rid of all one's merchandise
 - sell out, sell up, liquidize
Derived forms: liquidised, liquidises, liquidising
Type of: alter, cast aside, cast away, cast out, change, chuck out, discard, dispose, fling, modify, put away, throw away, throw out, toss, toss away, toss out


Containment building
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Nuclear power reactor defense layers
Containment building is a building with a nuclear reactor in it. It is built around the reactor to keep the radiation from getting out, if something happens to the reactor. The containment building is the last barrier to the radiation getting into the environment. Containment systems for nuclear power reactors are distinguished by size, shape, materials used, and suppression systems. The kind of containment used is determined by the type of reactor, generation of the reactor, and the specific plant needs.[1]
The Chernobyl accident was very bad partly because Soviet reactors had no containment buildings.
Layers of nuclear defense[change | change source]
The diagram shown to the right demonstrates the order of defense layers for a nuclear reactor. The first layer of defense is the inert, ceramic quality of the uranium oxide itself. The second layer is the air tight zirkonium alloy of the fuel rod. The third layer is the reactor pressure vessel made of steel more than a dozen centimeters thick. The fourth layer is the pressure resistant, air tight containment building. The fifth layer is the exclusion zone around the reactor.
Notes[change | change source]


text:
ACCOUNTING TERMS - ACCOUNTING DICTIONARY - ACCOUNTING GLOSSARY
From the web's #1 provider of financial analysis / ratio analysis
NON-CURRENT ASSETS Definition
NON-CURRENT ASSETS includes PPE (property, plant and equipment) as opposed to current assets which includes cash, cash equivalents (e.g. securities, short-term notes, etc.), inventory and accounts receivable.
Learn new Accounting Terms
HIGH-YIELD DEBT is a business term referring to a corporate debt instrument (non-investment grade or junk bond), that has a higher yield (compared to investment grade debt) because of a high perceived credit risk (default risk). See also JUNK BOND.
OPERATING COST is the expense of maintaining property (e.g., paying property taxes and utilities and insurance) it does not include depreciation or the cost of financing or income taxes. Also known as OPERATING EXPENSE.


text:
My love for nature and adventure led me to Howrah India to view the Great Banyan tree. I visited Howrah which is located in the west bank of River Hooghly. My visit to Howrah would not have been complete without visiting the Great Indian Banyan Tree. The botanical garden that hold the wonder tree is referred to as Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose and it is the oldest in the country.
The tree is rated in the Guinness World Record as being the widest tree in the whole universe. It was first noticed in 1978.This tree occupies 1.6 hectares and it has more than 3,500 roots. The tree attracts a huge number of visitors from all over the world. The tree is more than 300 years old. Its circumference is 1.15 km and it is the broadest tree in the world in terms of the canopy it occupies. The tree does not have any clear history however it is stated in the nineteenth century travel books.
The most amusing thing was to learn that the tree main trunk was damaged by the cyclones in 1986. However this can hardly be noticed because of the many roots that support it. After the damage by the cyclones the tree was attacked by a hard fungus which led to the decay of its trunk. This means that the tree is being supported by the many prop roots as it lives without its main trunk. From a distance the tree looks more like a forest as compared to the single tree it is. The tree branches are more than 24.5 meters high. The Great Banyan tree is classified as the most interesting Botanical plant of India.
Surprisingly it was also amusing to learn that visiting celebrities that come to India ensure that they visit the Great Banyan Tree. Interestingly the tree is known to evoke huge interest from world photographers. However there is no any big difference between the photos taken in 1850s and those taken today as the tree has not evolved a lot.
Just sitting and watching the world widest and oldest tree brought a sheer feeling in my heart. Amazingly the tree is the only living witness of Howrah city's history for a period of more than 300 years. It was also interesting to note that the government of India has developed many postage stamps of the tree. Additionally many artists across the globe continue to sculpture and sketch the Great Banyan tree.


Stone keeper
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Redirected from Stonekeeper
For the mob in Uldaman, see Stone Keeper.
Stone keeper
ClassificationMedium Construct
Primary language(s)Titan
Secondary language(s)Any
Weight1,300 lbs
Organization(s)Solitary or gang (2-4)
AlignmentAlways neutral
Sources: Magic & Mayhem, 204-205
A stone keeper appears to be an animated stone statue. A stone keeper has a humanoid body, although it is otherwise nearly featureless. It is made from a smooth, grey marble alien to Azeroth. It stands 7 feet tall and weighs 1,300 pounds. Stone keepers have relatively plain features, as though their creators could not be bothered with the details of appearance. They are functional, and nothing more. Only a few colored crystals embedded in its left forearm are particularly distinguished.
The titans created stone keepers to be servants and assistants. These constructs were granted an almost sapient intelligence, though little of the brute strength of the stone watcher. While stone watchers served as guardians of the titans' property, stone keepers often served as companions; one might even think as pets. Stone keepers possess a programmed intelligence so sophisticated that observers have a difficult time distinguishing one from a sentient being. A stone keeper is able to communicate in the ancient language of the titans. However, few creatures (if any) are alive who understand this language. Not all is lost. The constructs can use powerful magic to analyze languages, and are able to communicate with any intelligent being capable of speech.
A stone keeper is generally not programmed to fight, but is usually programmed to defend itself. Stone keepers tactics often include simple frontal assaults, but some employ tactics when necessary. A stone keeper can manipulate the crystals on its forearm to generate any number of spell-like abilities, such as tongues. Further, a stone keeper can activate its crystals to retrieve archived information. Most of the stone keeper's knowledge tends to be millennia out of date. A transmute rock to mud spell slows a stone keeper, while transmute mud to rock heals it completely. A stone to flesh spell does not actually change the keeper's structure.
The secrets of constructing a stone keeper were lost long ago with the titans. Today, those who have located and studied stone keepers may try to replicate these masterpieces; but they succeed only in replicating basic traits, not its programmed intelligence.[1]
Known stone keepers Edit
Related typesEdit
References Edit
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Language in Immigrant America
Language in Immigrant America
by Dominika Baran
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Exploring the complex relationship between language and immigration in the United States, this timely book challenges mainstream, historically established assumptions about American citizenship and identity. Set within both a historical and a current political context, this book covers hotly debated topics such as language and ethnicity, the relationship between non-native English and American identity, perceptions and stereotypes related to foreign accents, code-switching, hybrid language forms such as Spanglish, language and the family, and the future of language in America. Work from the fields of linguistics, education policy, history, sociology, and politics are brought together to provide an accessible overview of the key issues. Through specific examples and case studies, immigrant America is presented as a diverse, multilingual, and multidimensional space in which identities are often hybridized and always multifaceted.
Product Details
ISBN-13: 9781107689817
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Publication date: 10/12/2017
Pages: 388
About the Author
Dominika Baran is Assistant Professor of English at Duke University, North Carolina, specializing in sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology in transnational contexts. Her interest in language and immigration in the United States stems partly from her own background as a political refugee from Poland who settled in New York at age fifteen and spoke only minimal English. Her ongoing projects include a discourse analytic study of narratives of migration among Polish immigrants in Anglophone countries.
Table of Contents
Introduction; 1. Whose America?; 2. The alien specter then and now; 3. Hyphenated identity; 4. Foreign accents and immigrant Englishes; 5. Multilingual practices; 6. Immigrant children and language; 7. American becomings.
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text:
Viticulture - n. : the cultivation or culture of grapes
Enology - n. :a science that deals with wine and wine making
The V&E Department combines the sciences of viticulture and enology in a single research and teaching unit that encompasses all of the scientific disciplines that impact grape growing and winemaking. For over one hundred years the University of California has maintained an active and productive program in research and education in viticulture and enology. The continuing excellence of the Department has enabled California growers and vintners to develop practices that have allowed the Golden State to achieve its potential and become a premier wine-producing region.
History & Mission
History and Mission
On April 15, 1880, the California Legislature mandated the Regents of the University of California to establish a program providing for instruction and research in viticulture and enology. The leaders in business and state government at the time realized that California had the potential to become one of the world's foremost wine and grape producing regions. They also recognized the establishment of a premier research and educational institution as a critical ingredient in the recipe for economic success. Today, one hundred and twenty years later, the California grape and wine industries are internationally renowned and competitive multibillion dollar enterprises. Their success is a testament to the p...
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text:
32-bit Microcontroller Chip – Next-Generation, Eco-Inspired
The purpose of this project is to announce:
- a "new 32-bit microcontroller chip named DREAM-1" aimed at Wearables and the Internet-of-Things; and,
- Kickstarter campaign to perfect DREAM-1's micro-architecture and chip design.
- DREAM-1 is a Next-Generation, Eco-Inspired 32-bit microcontroller chip for Wearables and the Internet-of-Things;
- No limitations – powered by Eco-Logic technology: minimal energy, maximum speed, event-driven, instantaneously responsive and energy-performance adaptive;
- Fully compatible – DREAM-1 apps can be developed with existing software flows, programming languages and configured wirelessly over Bluetooth;
- Exclusive – limited sampling batch only available on Kickstarter to perfect its design.
What is DREM-1?
It represents the first practical step towards a new breed of 32-bit microcontroller, which is:
- Specifically designed – for the next-generation of physical computing: Wearables and the Internet-of-Things;
- Targeted – for to low-to-medium function embedded end-products;
- Driven -by a Eco-Inspired micro-architecture, design and technology.
- Purposely – mimics the high-level behavior of Eco and Bio life processes;
- Delivers – maximum speed, and is performance-energy adaptive by running as fast as operating conditions and the silicon allow, or as software-defined;
- Is Event-driven – rather than system clocked and runs only when needed on-demand;
- Is instantaneously responsive; and,
- Consumes minimal energy.
Using it – It comes as a stand-alone electronic circuit board module or with an extra development board, supported by a full software stack and peripheral modules (PMODs) to implement arbitrary designs i.e., circuit break-out boards.
Configuring and programming – A variety of programming languages can be used to program it (Java, Python and Ruby) via supplied libraries or natively using C. This allows you to easily blink LEDs, read/write analog values, make motors and servos move, play sounds, write data to SD cards, communicate wirelessly, etc.
DREAM-1 is a consequence of the frustrations we had with 1) existing 32-bit microcontroller chips; and 2) implementing low-to-medium one function embedded Healthcare apps for Wearables and the Internet-of-Things.
Specifically, these Healthcare apps required 1) sophisticated security algorithms and protocols (e.g., public-key); 2) long lithium battery-life operation and small batteries; 3) complex data analysis (often real-time); 4) low peak energy and spikes (i.e, a flat EMI spectrum); and, 5) small overall product form-factor, which was inhibited by the required lithium battery size.
Based on these experiences we observed that, or there was a:
- Lack of differentiation – between 32-bit microcontrollers for low-to-medium one function embedded applications;
- Data-security needs – are often not being met by existing 32-bit microcontroller chips and vitally important going forward;
- System clock speeds – dictate performance and energy consumption, and these limiting clock speeds effectively throttle performance;
- Lack of performance – while a microcontroller chip's silicon can typically deliver more (up to 10x sometimes);
- Poor battery life – in part, happens as energy is consumed unnecessarily due to existing microcontroller micro-architecture design and system clocking. That is, energy is not minimal or featuring low peaks;
- Complicated energy modes – are required to manage the microcontrollers energy consumption;
- Slow response times – are frequently caused by Milli-second "wake-up response times" from so-called low energy or sleep modes. This is usually due to the system clock source stabilizing; and
- Extra PCB components – are often used due to lack of performance which guzzle energy (e.g., motor-control), but could be easily software-emulated. Thus prolonging battery-life, allowing form-factor and bill-of-material cost reduction.
In addition, we knew we had the technical know-how from silicon-to-software to develop a radically different 32-bit microcontroller alternative.
For More Detail : 32-bit Microcontroller Chip – Next-Generation, Eco-Inspired
JLCPCB – Prototype 10 PCBs for $2 + 2 days Lead Time
China's Largest PCB Prototype Enterprise, 300,000+ Customers & 10,000+ Online Orders Per Day
Inside a huge PCB factory: _URL_


How come Barbaro never sired a foal?
Answers to your questions about the news.
Jan. 30 2007 6:55 PM
Did They Save Barbaro's Semen?
Why the champion racehorse will never be a dad.
Beloved Kentucky Derby winner Barbaro was euthanized Monday after an eight-month struggle to recover from the broken hind leg he suffered at the Preakness Stakes last year. Barbaro's owners stressed soon after his injury that they wanted him to live whether or not he could breed. How healthy does a horse have to be to sire a foal?
In theory, Barbaro could still get a mare pregnant. A stallion can father foals through artificial insemination or embryo transfer even after he's dead. But Barbaro was a special kind of racing horse called a Thoroughbred. (Only a Thoroughbred can compete for horse racing's triple crown.) According to the rules of the Jockey Club, which sets the standards for Thoroughbred breeding in the United States, no offspring that results from artificial insemination or embryo transfer can have the coveted designation. The only way a thoroughbred is allowed to reproduce is by "live cover"; i.e., horse-to-horse sexual intercourse. Barbaro was never able to become a father; his nagging leg injuries made it dangerous for him to even attempt mounting a mare.
The Jockey Club has never allowed artificial insemination, or AI. Vials of frozen sperm are easier to transport and dilute and can impregnate more mares than live cover, so AI could produce a glut of thoroughbreds born from popular studs and mares. Some breeders believe this could result in the overproliferation of offspring from particularly desirable studs, and limit genetic diversity. If too much of a thoroughbred's sperm were available, it would be less rare, and perhaps less valuable. (It was estimated that Barbaro, who was 4 years old when he died, could have commanded $1 million a year had he recovered enough to mate. His virility was so valuable that his owners had it insured.)
The breeding registries for other equines, like Standardbred horses * and quarter horses, do permit artificial insemination. AI is less physically dangerous for both the male and female than natural breeding, and can be done in a couple of ways. Handlers have a stallion mount a "breeding phantom," which resembles a pommel horse and comes outfitted with a rubber-lined vagina that can be adjusted to match the temperature, pressure, and lubrication level of the real thing. Breeders can also use a female in heat or one who has been given hormones as a "mount mare," to attract the stallion for mounting and semen collection in an artificial vagina. The deposit can be chilled to around 39 degrees Fahrenheit and refrigerated for up to 70 hours before use. For longer storage, horse semen can be frozen, but this doesn't always work.
Meanwhile, Barbaro's bloodline lives on, even though he wasn't able to breed. His parents, Dynaformer and La Ville Rouge, have produced about 1,000 thoroughbreds combined.
Got a question about today's news? Ask the Explainer.
Explainer thanks Dan Metzger of the Thoroughbred Owners and Breeders Association and Dan Fick and John Cooney of the Jockey Club.
Correction, Jan. 31: The article originally misnamed Standardbred horses as standard horses. ( Return to the corrected sentence.)


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Miseno, Cape (mēzĕˈnō) [key], S Italy, at the northwest end of the Bay of Naples. Augustus founded (1st cent. B.C.) a naval station ( Misenum ) there, which was destroyed by the Arabs (9th cent. A.D.). Remaining are ruins of the imperial villa, baths, a theater, and a reservoir.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Italian Political Geography


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Are you using mouse acceleration settings in Reflex or QL and want to get the same feeling in the other game or driver? Do you want to take your driver settings and use them in a game where the computer doesn't have the driver installed? I can help (if QL is involved, I'm assuming cl_mouseaccelstyle 1). First, here's a table of the equivalent options/commands between the driver, Quake Live, and Reflex:
Use this calculator if you want to convert from Quake Live to Reflex or the driver:
Note: Once you've set post-scale values to work as m_yaw and m_pitch values, you will want to set m_yaw back to 0.022 and m_pitch back to 0.022 or -0.022 (depending on if you use inverted mouse).
Use this calculator if you want to convert from Reflex to Quake Live or the driver:
Use this calculator if you want to convert your driver settings to a specific game:
There are multiple ways to perform these conversions. If you want to do any math yourself, keep in mind that sensitivity is multiplied in before the acceleration, offset, and sensitivity cap calculations are performed, whereas post-scale values are multiplied in after.


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It is not known when Brigus was settled. Some people believe that is was settled shortly after Cupids but we don't know much about it before the first census of Newfoundland was compiled in 1675. The origin of the name Brigus is unknown. One theory has it coming from the town names of Brickhouse or Brighouse, in Yorkshire, England. Another has the name coming from the French word for intrigue or plot, "Brigue."
Sir John Berry's census of 1675Â lists 34 people living in Brigus, with three fishing rooms in operation. Two years later, the Poole census showed three families operating five fishing rooms, as well as raising cattle and pigs.
Captured by the French
In 1697, Brigus was captured and burned by the French under Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville. The French did not want residents of Brigus to escape to Carbonear Island, which had been fortified. Houses at Gallis Cove and Riverhead were burned. Legend has it the French were on their way out of the harbour when they heard either a crowing rooster or a barking dog in Frogmarsh where other houses were hidden by the trees. They returned and burned the seven houses.
AbbĂ© Baudoin's Description
At this time AbbĂ© Baudoin, the priest who accompanied d'Iberville, reported that Brigus "was a well established English settlement, where there were about sixty men." He said the French found 6000 salt cod fish stored at Brigus.
In March 1705, a French force commanded by Jacques Testard de Monigny burnt Brigus a second time. However there were no lasting effects on the community. The war ended in 1713 without any further attacks. The community prospered and went on to become a successful sealing and fishing port.
Today Brigus is a very popular destination for tourist, who enjoy its quaint peacefulness and its beautiful scenery.
Cupers Cove? Early English Settlement
The Building Blocks of a Colony
Cupers Cove's First Laws
A Year in the Life of a 17th Century Newfoundland Planter
Journey of the Indeavour
John Mason in Cupers Cove
Squanto in Cupers Cove
John Berry's Census
Cupers Cove - Later Settlement
Using Archaeology to Understand the Life of a 17th Century Newfoundland Planter
Bay De Verde
Winterton (Scilly Cove)


Predicting future coexistence in a North American ant community
Global climate change will remodel ecological communities worldwide. However, as a consequence of biotic interactions, communities may respond to climate change in idiosyncratic ways. This makes predictive models that incorporate biotic interactions necessary. We show how such models can be constructed based on empirical studies in combination with predictions or assumptions regarding the abiotic consequences of climate change. Specifically, we consider a well-studied ant community in North America. First, we use historical data to parameterize a basic model for species coexistence. Using this model, we determine the importance of various factors, including thermal niches, food discovery rates, and food removal rates, to historical species coexistence. We then extend the model to predict how the community will restructure in response to several climate-related changes, such as increased temperature, shifts in species phenology, and altered resource availability. Interestingly, our mechanistic model suggests that increased temperature and shifts in species phenology can have contrasting effects. Nevertheless, for almost all scenarios considered, we find that the most subordinate ant species suffers most as a result of climate change. More generally, our analysis shows that community composition can respond to climate warming in nonintuitive ways. For example, in the context of a community, it is not necessarily the most heatsensitive species that are most at risk. Our results demonstrate how models that account for niche partitioning and interspecific trade-offs among species can be used to predict the likely idiosyncratic responses of local communities to climate change.


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Frequent eye blinking can be perfectly normal, such as when someone gets something in their eyes. It sounds like there is not an obvious reason for your sons eye blinking. It is something new for him. Plus, it is happening too often. When this is the case, the eye blinking may be called a tic.
Talk with your sons pediatrician to see if she thinks his eye blinking is a tic. The doctor will be able to diagnose a tic by asking a bunch of questions about his eye blinking. The doctor also can check his eyes and his vision.
Tics are sudden, repetitive movements or sounds. They happen on their own. Tics are hard to control. They can happen a lot throughout the day or only once in a while.
Tics usually involve the face and neck. Some of the most common forms are:
- Eye blinking
- Shoulder shrugging
- Facial grimacing
- Neck twisting
- Throat clearing
- Dry coughs
Tics happen in about 1 of every 5 school-age children. We dont know what causes them. They often show up after physical or social stress. You are more likely to see or hear them more when a child is nervous or tired.
A tic usually goes away on its own within several months. It usually does not require treatment. A doctor may prescribe medicine when the tic is severe enough to interfere with daily life.
If your sons eye blinking is a tic, do these things to help him deal with it.
- Do not scold him about it.
- Discuss anything that may be causing stress or worrying him.
- Look for ways to lower any stress he may be feeling.
- Spend extra time with him.
- Give him positive attention.
- Reassure him that there is nothing wrong with him.


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Peppers Cultivation Technology
Our agronomists experts are able to assist you to reach primium quality peppers. Sweet and hot peppers.
Peppers regarded as one of the most tolerant plants to high temperature, thus it can stand hight night temp. than tomatoes.
In tropical climate
peppers aclimate much better than tomatoes.
Shading in summer time is needed.
When temp. drops bellow 15 c, fruit set is affected and partinocarpic fruits (with out seeds)develope as deformed.
Heating is needed to optain optimal range of temp. when it drops bellow 16c.
Net House Greenhouse
Peppers capacity of fruits per plant is related with fruit size and variety.
Hot or small fruit size plants have higher capacity and contiuos fruit set and harves.
Big fruit size and sweet varieties carry in waves or flashes but not continuos.
Prunning of side branches may help to balance the growth and fruit set to reduce the waving habit.
trillising as dutch (2 branches) or Spanish system is suitable to cultivation method, climate conditions and selected hybrid
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Thermal energy storage (TES) using phase change materials (PCMs) is being widely considered as one of the alternative solutions for effective use of solar energy. This paper presents a multi-objective optimisation strategy for TES systems using PCMs for solar air systems, in which two performance indicators of average heat transfer effectiveness and effective PCM charging time were used as the conflicting objectives. The influence of the key design variables on the performance of an air-based PCM TES system was first experimentally investigated using Taguchi method, and the results were used to develop two performance models for optimisation. A genetic algorithm was used to search for an optimal Pareto front and a multi-criteria decision-making process was employed to determine the compromise optimal solutions. The results showed that the average heat transfer effectiveness of the PCM TES system can be improved from 44.25 to 59.29% while the effective PCM charging time increased from 4.53 to 6.11 h when using the solutions identified by the proposed strategy with the weighting factors of 0.5/0.5 for both objectives, in comparison to a baseline case. A further comparison showed that the optimal design identified by the proposed strategy outperformed the two designs identified using Taguchi method.
Available for download on Saturday, August 22, 2020


Gallery: What's brewing inside Microsoft Research?
The Family Archive uses touchscreen technology to allow people to explore family photos and souvenirs.
At the bottom of the screen is a box labelled with a particular holiday. The user has "tipped" the box over using the touchscreen, spilling the photos onto the surface. They can then look through the photos and enlarge them to get a better look.
The idea is for people to be able to explore their pictures in a more interactive way rather than going through files on a PC.
Photo credit: Tim Ferguson/


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Is Quality of Care Better in Canada?
Americans like to think that our healthcare quality is second to none. But how does the United States compare with other countries—particularly with our neighbor to the north: Canada?
A new review of the evidence on quality differences between the U.S. and Canada finds that each country performs better in different quality-related studies. But overall, the bulk of the research gives the edge to Canada, the researchers say. So how can this be?
Making the comparisons in the first place is challenging, according to one of the study's authors, Robert Berenson, MD, an institute fellow at the Urban Institute in Washington, DC. In looking at quality in the U.S., as compared to other countries, including Canada, "We found that the evidence was mixed as to where the U.S. stands on quality," he wrote in his blog.
"There was no objective evidence that the U.S. has the best quality in the world—although personal testimonials of exceptional care in particular circumstances should not be dismissed," Berenson said. "Overall, there is a lot of room for improvement [in the U.S.]."
Here's how it breaks down:
Overuse vs. Underuse. While only a small number of studies have compared the rates of overuse of health services, available evidence suggests that higher rates of certain surgeries and procedures in the United States "put more Americans at risk, in comparison with their counterparts," according to the study.
When the degree of variation among populations receiving particular services is greater than what would be expected, this raises a question on whether there is underuse of certain procedures in countries with relatively low rates or overuse in the countries with relatively high rates?
For example, several industrialized countries' rates of Caesarean sections per 100 live births range from 13.6% to 37.9%, with American rates among the highest. However, the World Health Organization has stated that rates above 15% offer no benefits in terms of population health.
Higher rates of surgery may have both a positive and negative impact of health outcomes, the researchers said. On one hand, the surgery could have positive benefits in terms of life expectancy and morbidity associated with the underlying condition. On the other hand, greater rates of heart surgery may contribute to the higher rates of mortality due to surgical and medical errors in the U.S.
Patient Safety. Problems with patient safety appear more prevalent in the U.S. However, few studies have compared patient safety at an international level. Available evidence, though, suggests that patients could be at greater risk of safety problems in the U.S. than elsewhere, including Canada.
Some international comparisons on mortality related to surgical and medical errors show that the U.S. has relatively high rates, in comparison with other countries. But the rates still could be problematic due to differences in reporting accuracy across countries.
Access Barriers and Uninsurance. Barriers to access that are encountered by those without health insurance raise another dilemma. Close to a fifth of the U.S. population under age 65 is uninsured. The U.S. is one of the few larger countries (with Mexico and Turkey), which have a sizeable share of their population lacking coverage. In Canada, coverage is universal.
- Healthcare Leaders Seek Strategic Sweet Spot
- 3 Reasons Wellness Programs Fail
- CMS Issues Health Insurance Exchange Proposed Rules
- Patients Shoulder Nearly 25% of Medical Bills
- ACOs Widespread, Yet Challenged
- MGMA: Physician Compensation Increasingly Based on Quality Measures
- HFMA: Patient Financial Interaction Guidelines Sharpened
- Data Collaborative Taps Predictive Analytics to Coordinate Care
- Physician Pay Will Soon Depend on Outcomes
- HFMA: Revenue Cycle, Reimbursements Share the Spotlight


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Definition of vorticose
a. - Vortical; whirling; as, a vorticose motion. 2
The word "vorticose" uses 9 letters: C E I O O R S T V.
No direct anagrams for vorticose found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after vorticose (in bold), or to ceioorstv in any order:
n - coinvestor
All words formed from vorticose by changing one letter
Browse words starting with vorticose by next letter


Marshall Scholarship*
Gustavus Fellowships Office
Initial Gustavus Deadline: Early September
Campus Interview: Mid-September
Final Gustavus Deadline:Late September/Early October
Web site:
Campus Contact: Eric Vrooman, Fellowships Coordinator
Marshall Scholarships finance young Americans of high ability to study for a degree in the United Kingdom. Up to 40 Scholars are selected each year to study at graduate level at an UK institution in any field of study. Each scholarship is held for two years. As future leaders, with a lasting understanding of British society, Marshall Scholars will strengthen the enduring relationship between the British and American peoples, their governments and their institutions. Marshall Scholars are talented, independent and wide-ranging, and their time as Scholars will enhance their intellectual and personal growth. Their direct engagement with Britain through its best academic programs will contribute to their ultimate personal success. The objectives of the Marshall scholarships are:
 - To motivate Scholars to act as ambassadors from America to the UK and vice versa throughout their lives thus strengthening British American understanding.
 - To promote the personal and academic fulfillment of each Scholar.
The total value of a Marshall Scholarship varies a little according to the circumstances (subject area, place of residence, marital status, etc.) of each Fellow but the figure tends to average to be about £23,000 a year. Please see the Web site for complete details.
 - Applicants must be citizens of the United States of America (at the time they apply for a scholarship).
 - By the time they take up their scholarship (i.e. September), applicants must hold their first undergraduate degree from an accredited four-year college or university in the United States.
 - Applicants must have graduated from their first undergraduate college or university after April.
 - Applicants must not have studied for, or hold a degree or degree-equivalent qualification from a British University.
*Information derived from


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What are Sweet banana peppers, and how can you tell them from hot banana peppers? Tips for growing banana peppers from seed. When to pick and how to store the fresh fruit. Plants and seed for sale.
Banana peppers are pale yellow at the time of harvest with a waxy, translucent skin. They are 5-8 inches long by 1 1/2 inches wide at maturity. They curve in the middle and taper to a blunt point like the fruit for which they are named. The peppers begin green, pass through a yellow stage and then turn red when fully ripe.
The banana pepper is a close relative of the Hungarian wax pepper. The two fruits look just alike, but you can easily tell which one you have by tasting it.
Hungarian yellow wax peppers are as hot as a jalapeno. Banana peppers are mild. If you buy them at the market, you might want to taste them before adding them to a recipe to avoid unpleasant surprises.
Plant banana pepper plants into rich, moist soil that drains well. Space them 18 inches apart.
They need all-day sun to ripen. Feed the plants every two weeks with a high phosphorus (the middle number) fertilizer. Protect the plants from strong, drying winds.
The banana pepper plant will reach a height of 2-3 feet tall. They are very productive and most gardeners find them easier to grow than bell peppers.
How to Grow Banana Peppers from Seed
Sow the seeds in individual pots of good quality potting soil at least 6 weeks before you plan to set them out. Barely cover them with soil. Moisten the soil gently so as not to disturb the seeds.
Bottom heat will speed germination considerably.
As soon as the seedlings emerge, move them into bright light.
Tomato & Pepper Automator Trays Increase yields up to 40%. Works for tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, melons, and even cucumbers.
They have a crisp, juicy, mild flavor at the yellow stage but a ripe banana pepper will be much sweeter than a yellow one.
When are banana peppers ripe?
When they turn bright red.
When you pick it depends entirely on which taste you prefer.
When harvesting banana peppers, cut the fruit from the plant leaving half an inch of stem attached. If you try to pull or twist them off, you may damage the plant.
Place the peppers in a paper bag. Fold it closed and set it inside your refrigerator. Sweet banana peppers stored in this fashion will keep for about a week.