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I am trying to create a flood modelling system. The system consists of two parts mainly a river flooding simulation and rainfall simulation. To do this I am running the latest version of GRASS 6.4. Also I am using the SRTM obtained from CGIAR as my DEM.
I would like to ask what are the most appropriate commands to run a simulation. Ex. Terraflow
Also since we are modelling flooding based on a river, is it advisable to use HEC-RAS? It was created by the same folks who made GRASS. :)
Sorry again for the dumb question. I am more of a programmer rather than an engineer. It is my first venture into simulation systems as part of my degree.
Thanks for your insights.
BTW as of now Here is our plan for the rainfall (pseudocode):
int i = 0, j = 0;
int passes, numberOfmesh;
double rainAmount;
double store1[][];
double store2[][];
numberOfmesh = getTotalMeshCells();
passes = computePasses(numberOfmesh());
rainAmount = getRainAmount();
/* rainAmount corresponds to the input of the user in the textfield.
store1 contains the elevation and the number of times an amount of water
has been passed to it (per pixel)
store2 contains the elevation and the total accumulated water (per pixel)
Both store1 and store2 have 'n' number of rows and 2 columns;
while(i!= passes)
 while(j!= numberOfmesh)
 direct = getDirection(store[j][0]);
 /* direct corresponds to the direction of a mesh cell;
 I don't know what id the datatype for direct; */
 store2[j][6] += rainAmount;
//Here is what gotoDirect is supposed to do:
 /* How can we determine the elevation of the mesh cell to where the
 'direct' points to?
 In the following code, j refers to the elevation of the mesh cell where
 the 'direct' point to.
 store1[j][7] += 1;
 /* increases the number of times that an amount of water
 was passed to it */
//Here is what computeAccumulated is supposed to do:
 while(j!= numberOfmesh)
 store2[j][8] += store1[j][9] * rainAmount;
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4 Answers 4
I can't speak much on GRASS specifically, but it looks like what you're trying to do here is develop flow direction and accumulation grids - I'm pretty sure GRASS already has that functionality built-in.
Once you've developed those grids, you can use a regression equation (the USGS develops these: _URL_ to compute the flow at a specific cell, and use those flows in a HEC-RAS model. HEC-RAS is good for flood modeling, but it has a number of limitations - namely that it's clunky and there isn't any documentation that I'm aware of on the file structures. But it's free and very widely-used by civil engineers.
If what you're looking to do is integrate hydrology and hydraulics into a single process, be prepared to do a lot of reading on fluid dynamics.
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+1 lots of reading. books.google.com/… – Kirk Kuykendall Feb 8 '11 at 20:13
The rainfall part gets complicated fast if you want to be realistic....How much rain sinks into the ground? evaporates? causes snowmelt? How quickly does it flow over saturated ground? etc. etc. If this is just an "exercise", go ahead and treat the whole world as concrete and be done with it.
Flow out of a gate, constant and long term is classic steady state. HEC-RAS is appropriate.
Otherwise, you would need to team with an engineer to guide you in the application of the governing equations for open channel flow...totally reinvinting the wheel. Realistically, you would need channel bathymetry unless the flow is much larger than the channel can accomodate. SRTM is too crude for a credible simulation, but again, it sounds like this is an exercise in coding.....
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It wasn't clear from the description of your project whether you are trying to model the passage of a flood wave through a 2-D flow grid (i.e., the change in inundation area as a function of time as the flood passes from upstream to downstream), or whether your output is to show the highest flood elevation at any given point caused by a single flooding event (like what is shown in the FEMA flood insurance maps).
The method suggested by thwllms (using the USGS regression equations at each cell) would give you the PEAK flow of a given return period (probability of being equalled or exceeded in any given year) at a particular location in a river. Running HEC-RAS for the river in question will give you the steady-state water surface elevation FOR THAT ONE FLOW at any given river cross section. (HEC-RAS is mostly a one-dimensional, steady-state "water surface profile" model.) The water surface elevations thus obtained are then transferred onto a paper topo map or to a DEM to derive the inundation areas caused by that level of flood flow. This is the method traditionally used (with some variations) for the FEMA flood insurance studies.
If your project is to model the passage of a single flood wave over time, then the flows are not steady-state, and HEC-RAS may not be the best model to use. There are other models used by USGS, the Corps of Engineers, and the Bureau of Reclamation (along with the engineering agencies of state governments) that model such flows. Unfortunately, I'm not very familiar with these unsteady-state models.
Once you've decided on what kind of river flows you want to model, it'll be appropriate to seek out the appropriate model to use. Good luck!
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My project is to create a flood modelling software. I will simulate the possible floods caused by the outflow of a dam. It is the outflow from the opening of the gates of the dam (not by dam break) to be channeled along a river. Is this considered as a steady-state? – teamAngat Feb 9 '11 at 4:07
Sorry, just saw your comment this afternoon. Joseph Jones has answered your question about flow from an open gate, and I agree with his answer. – Howard Y Feb 10 '11 at 20:22
For the rainfall simulation, you should definitely take a look at the iHacres module in SAGA GIS. More information here: _URL_
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, or theBecause of the loss of face, she completely severed communications with me, even though she was supposedBut we have to learn diplomacy to show there is no loss of face in having basic skills improved, and 1) Face to Face Communication Creates More Motivation.Face to face communication is particularly suitable for discussion as there is immediate feedback from the listener.Free Communication Skills Resources.
Definition of face-to-face - English Dictionary.B1 directly, meeting someone in the same place: Weve spoken on the phone but never face-to-face. She came face-to-face with her attacker in the courtroom.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


1 What is university really like?
It's hard to know what university is like until you get there, and all universities are different. In some ways it's easier to describe what university isn't! Well, everyone says that it is not like school or college, or work, or home. So, what IS university really like? This activity aims to give you a realistic view, based on things students told us they wish they had known.
Full article
7 What are lectures really like?
Lectures changed during the covid-19 restrictions. It may be that some of your lectures take place online, and some take place in person.
Lectures in-person at university can be quite different from lessons at school and college, particularly when you are taught in a big group. This activity will help you to make the most out of these lectures.
Full article


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Mon June 25, 2012
Greek Workers Find Ancient Highway In Subway Dig
A Greek city's new subway project has led to the discovery of an ancient road made of marble that was laid nearly 2,000 years ago. The road in Thessaloniki is made of paving stones that show signs of use by both horse-drawn carriages and local children, the AP reports.
Archaeologists tell the news agency that the discovery in Greece's second-largest city unearthed a 230-foot section of an ancient road that was built by Romans. They believe it was a main thoroughfare for the city, some 1,800 years ago. The road's path is roughly mirrored by an existing road in the city.
Portions of the road were shown to the public Monday. The surface of some large stones bore ruts from carts; others seemed to have been used to play board games.
The city reportedly plans to display it in a part of the subway system when it opens. Archaeologists also found a Greek-built road beneath the Roman-built surface. They estimate it to date from 2,300 years ago.
It was Thessaloniki's second brush with history in a week. On Friday, workers found a six-foot torpedo buried along a busy coastal highway along a waterfront that's being renovated. The torpedo was removed without incident.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
This iconic breakfast is dear to the heart of Sam I Am and millions of others. Use this recipe to prepare Dr. Seuss's famous meal.
Step 1: Make pesto Make pesto by blending the basil, parsley, garlic, pine nuts, cheese, and olive oil into a smooth paste, adding additional oil if it's too thick. Then add salt and pepper to taste.
Step 2: Make toast Warm the bread in the oven or toast it.
Step 3: Cook the ham Add a tablespoon of oil to a skillet and fry the ham for one to two minutes -- until it gets crispy around the edges. Then put it in the oven with the toast.
Step 4: Scramble the eggs Melt a pat of butter in the skillet and scramble the eggs.
TIP: If you prefer, you can cook the eggs sunny side up or poach them. There are as many recipes available for fixing green eggs and ham as Sam I Am suggests in the book.
Step 5: Arrange the plates Take the toast out of the oven or toaster and divide it onto four plates, put two eggs on each piece, and drizzle pesto over the eggs. Add a slice of ham, and sprinkle Parmesan cheese over everything. Garnish the plates with basil leaves.
Step 6: Eat Enjoy your green eggs and ham in a box, with a fox, in a house, or with a mouse. You can eat them here or there -- you can eat them anywhere!
FACT: The Dr. Seuss classic, Green Eggs and Ham, is the result of a challenge issued to the author by his publisher -- to write a book using fewer than 50 words.


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About National Federation of the Disabled, Nepal
National Federation of the Disabled Nepal is an organization that advocates for the rights, interests and entitlements of persons with disabilities across the country. NFDN was established in 1993 (2050 BS) as an umbrella organization run by persons with disabilities as regional organization with nine member organizations. Now, with more than 300 member organizations in 74 districts, the umbrella organization has been working in coordination and partnership with national and international governmental and non-governmental bodies, UN agencies to establish disability inclusive structure, laws, system, safeguard access to services, enhance capacity and promote meaningful participation of persons with disabilities in all social, political, cultural and economic sectors.
NFDN complements to the advocacy efforts of its member organizations from local level to federal structure of the state in promoting human rights of persons with disabilities and in inclusive development for the dignified life of persons with disabilities. NFDN contributes in promoting and protecting the rights of persons with disabilities and Disability Inclusive Development in Nepal through its strategic actions–Advocacy, Awareness, Capacity Building and Networking & Collaboration and in a joint venture of its member organizations from local to federal level.
As a non-governmental organization, NFDN has been leading disability rights movements in Nepal since 1993. Internationally, NFDN is the member assembly of Disabled Peoples' International (DPI) and represents Nepal in the DPI Asia Pacific region as vice-president, and South Asia as president. At national level, NFDN is the member of the Disability Advisory Desk under Prime Minister's office, Special Education Council under Department of Education, National Development Council and Law Improvement Commission under the Ministry of Law and Justice.
NFDN has very influential and proactive roles for formulating, changing, implementing disability related legal provisions, and building the leadership and advocacy capacity of Disabled People's Organization (DPOs) in Nepal. NFDN has its presence in all seven provinces in the leadership of Provincial Executive Committees in the capital cities of the provinces.
Vision of NFDN
National Federation of the Disabled Nepal envisions a society and state where all persons with disabilities are living a quality and productive life without any barrier in an inclusive environment with full and equal realization of all human rights.
Mission of NFDN
- Effective Leadership of NFDN and its member organization for the human rights
- Promotion, protection, access to services and inclusion of persons with disabilities.
- Protection, promotion and effective implementation of Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) in Nepal.
- Meaningful participation of persons with disabilities or their representatives in the process of policies and laws formation, its implementation and monitoring and all other decision making process of the state affecting to their life.
Long term goals of NFDN
Achieving the following condition shall be the goals of NFDN in long term.
A condition, where there is;
- Institutional sustainability of NFDN and its member organization.
- Adequate constitutional provisions, policies, laws to address the all human rights and needs of persons with disabilities.
- Availability and mobilization of adequate countrywide structure, mechanism and resource (human, technology, knowledge, skills, finance and information) for the effective implementation of disability related constitutional provisions, laws and policies
- Meaningful participation of persons with disabilities in decision making process of policy formation and implementation of state from local to central level.
- Easy access of persons with disabilities to health, education, employment/livelihood, empowerment, social participation, physical facilities, assistive devices and attendants, rehabilitation services, reasonable accommodation, including all services, facilities and opportunities connected to their special needs as their rights.
- Sensitive and responsible government and relevant stakeholders towards the rights, issues and needs of persons with disabilities
- Institutionalization of the Rights based Approach of Disability in community level.
Contribute to achieve the overall objective of inclusive development of the nation by mainstreaming disability issues in all development process and persons with disabilities in all decision making process.
- To be instrumental to ensure the rights of persons with disability in an equal basis and ensure their access to services, opportunity and facilities without any discrimination.
- Promote disability issues in rights based approach.
- Introduce and include disability issues as a key agenda of development process.
- Increase the level of awareness on disability in society and community, government and non-government actors and to have their active involvement for promoting the rights of persons with disabilities.
- Increase the size of NFDN's network all over the nation.
- Strengthen the capacity of member organization of NFDN in management, advocacy leadership and local resource mobilization.
- To obtain the NFDN organizational objectives through the maximum power decentralization and regional mobilization.
- To increase the effectiveness and quality of NFDN programs and daily activities
- Develop NFDN as a resource centre on disability.
- Increase the collaboration and cooperation of various national and international stakeholders to work on disability rights promotion.
- Be instrumental for the effective implementation of existing of disability related legal framework and UNCRPD as well.
- Bring necessary changes in the policy, laws and rules to ensure the rights of persons with disabilities in line with UNCRPD.


text:
Separating the sound from the noise in hot plasma fusion
In the search for abundant clean energy, scientists around the globe look to fusion power, where isotopes of hydrogen combine to form a larger particle, helium, and release large amounts of energy in the process. For fusion power plants to be effective, however, scientists must find a way to trigger the low-to-high confinement transition, or "L-H transition" for short. After a L-H transition, the plasma temperature and density increase, producing more power.
Scientists observe the L-H transition is always associated with zonal flows of plasma. Theoretically, zonal flows in a plasma consist of both a stationary flow with a near-zero frequency and one that oscillates at a higher frequency called the geodesic acoustic mode (GAM), which is a global sound wave of the plasma. For the first time, researchers at Hefei University of Technology have detected GAM at two different points simultaneously within the reactor. This new experimental setup will be a useful diagnostic tool for investigating the physics of zonal flows, and their role in the L-H transition. The researchers report these findings in a new paper published in Physics of Plasmas, from AIP Publishing.
Zonal flows occur anywhere there is turbulence, such as inside a fusion device or in a planet's atmosphere. "The most famous zonal flows in nature may be the well-known Jovian belts and zones, which make Jupiter look like a colorful, multilayered cake," said Ahdi Liu, an author on the paper. In fusion plasmas, zonal flows are crucial for regulating turbulence and particle transport within the reactor. "With the gradual improvement of diagnostic technology, zonal flows in fusion plasma has become a research hot spot in the past two decades," Liu said.
In these experiments, researchers used the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), a magnetic fusion energy reactor in Hefei, China. They installed two Doppler reflectometers on different sides of EAST, which can detect fluctuations in turbulence and plasma density with high precision. The detected GAM had a pitch of F, five octaves above middle C.
Previously, researchers at ASDEX-U, the fusion research device at the Max Plank Institute of Plasma Physics, used a similar system to detect GAM, but they measured the plasma at a single location, which makes the setup prone to interference. "This disadvantage is the main motivation for using two sets of Doppler reflectometers," Liu said. "We could 'purify' the GAM information by comparing the two location's measurements."
The measurements taken at the two points did not entirely agree, showing that each reflectometer also picked up information from nonzonal flows. "It is completely necessary to extract accurate zonal flows information from multipoint measurement," Liu said. Using both measurements, they could clearly show that GAM interacted with the ambient turbulence. Going forward, the researchers will further investigate the role of zonal flows in turbulence and turbulent transport within EAST.
Materials provided by American Institute of Physics. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


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Robot - MetamorphicThis is a robot whose design is so flexible it can change into 2 or more forms, each possessing different Physical Abilities and Physical Powers. Most Metamorphs have a dual nature. The primary form is a human-shape; the secondary form may be a vehicle or usuform. Both forms weigh the same, but may be different sizes. A Metamorph can change into a form that is up to 3X's larger than the smaller form. If the metamorph possesses size-altering Powers, this limit is replaced by that Power's limit.
Note: The player must generate separate Physical abilities for each form and assign Powers to either or both forms.Metamorphs have a minimum of 2 forms. In the creation process, additional forms can be gained at a cost of -1CS to all Primary Abilities for each additional form gained.
Body Armor: Their Material Strength acts as Body Armor.
Self-Healing: Player character robots possess self-repair facilities that simulate normal Healing.
Note: There is Karma loss if a hero purposely destroys a sentient robot. Robots are people too. Non-sentient robots are cannon fodder.These Robots roll their Abilities on Column 4 of the Random Ranks Table.


Friday, May 14, 2010
Architecture and Music - It's Personal
Architecture is Frozen Music...
Perhaps you've heard about that quote, from late 18th century writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Goethe elaborated, by suggesting that architecture produces the same "tone" or effect in your mind as music.
But what about the reverse? If architecture is frozen music, does that mean music is liquid architecture? Are there connections between architecture and music - or more specifically, historic preservation?
Folks at The National Trust for Historic Preservation have given this some thought. Their forum list discussion resulted in contributors building a playlist of songs that refer to the designed environment. Called "Songs of the Preservationist,"
it's a fun read, and amazingly varied - everything from traditional songs (Little Old Sod Shanty on the claim or Stephen Foster's My Old Kentucky Home) to popular 20th century pieces (Rosemary Clooney's Come On - My House or The Beatles In My Life) to contemporary pieces (Vampire Weekend's Mansard Roof or rapper Eminem's "Beautiful.")
You can see the entire playlist here.
They've even put a video playlist on Youtube, where you can enjoy several of the songs and their videos (just be aware that there is a bit of "adult" language in some of the songs. Did I mention Eminem?)
The playlist on Youtube can be enjoyed here:
Goethe was certainly a deep thinker, comparing the effect of architecture to the effect of music on our minds - That it gives you a sense of the art, of what is greater or bigger than ourselves, what transcends our lives. While I appreciate that philosophical perspective, I prefer the way music - and architecture - connects intimately with the personal level in my life.
We've all experienced hearing a song from a past period in our lives - maybe when you were in college, when you were 10 years old, when you were first married - and felt that pull to your earlier time. For a moment it's as if the intervening years have disappeared.
Don't you think the physical environment of the architecture around us has the same effect?
This thought crossed my mind when I heard Miranda Lambert's new song, "The House That Built Me." It's a touching tribute to the memory and meaning of our childhood home. The singer visits the house where she grew up, hoping the new owners will let her in, as she promises to "take nothing but a memory." She hopes the visit will help her recapture her authentic sense of self.
Think about your childhood home. What can you recall about living in that home? Think about how it felt, as a kid, to live there. Remember the feeling of the banister - or the doorknob - or the way the windows opened?
In the historic preservation field, we get accustomed to thinking on a larger scale - the house's architecture, the streetscape, the preservation district, the city. It's enlightening to bring it back to a personal level - and what could be more personal than the spaces you inhabited as a child?
I didn't know that I was growing up in a classic American Foursquare house. I remember the feeling of perching at the top of the staircase when I was supposed to be in bed. I'd peer through the balusters of the handrail at the adults watching TV in the living room.
Those balusters were my "bird blind" - where I got to observe the adult world in secret (at least until the night I fell asleep and got caught.) Is it any wonder I grew up to be someone who liked the secret spaces and staircases of older homes?
I bet you know a bunch of people living in their childhood homes today. I mean the children you know! They are building their memories and future attitudes about the "frozen music" of architecture now. They know their own personal spaces. It's our job as adults to help them see the bigger picture. If the kids you know are in elementary school, check out our summer program "Arch-KID-Tecture" where they will have lots of fun getting a wider perspective. Just visit our website for all the details.
I'm grateful that singer Miranda Lambert's song helped me make this connection between my past and present experiences in architecture.
It's a good thing that her house was still standing.
Posted by Director of Museums and Education Cindy Boyer


Year 6
Mrs Jenkins
Mr Nichol
Reading Plus helps children to develop the skills that they need to be proficient readers and lifelong learners. Through regular Reading Plus practice, reading will become increasingly more fluent, comprehension of a wide range of text types will improve, and children will make meaningful connections between what they are reading and what they are learning.
Please login at the following link: _URL_
Educational Visits
Each term, every class goes on three Educational visits. These visits provide a fun and valuable learning experience which will link with teaching back at school. This was highlighted as a strong feature of our school by OFSTED on their last visit. Currently, we are unable to go on any educational visits, however, we have arranged virtual visits to continue learning and experiencing educational content outside of the classroom.
Have a look at some visits that we have been on in Year 6 recently.
Newcastle Airport
Newcastle Airport
Victoria Tunnel
Victoria Tunnel
Heugh Battery Museum
Heugh Battery Museum
Newcastle Airport
Newcastle Airport
Homework will be given out every Friday and needs to be completed and returned to school by the following Wednesday. Maths homework will be linked to developing the arithmetic skills which are being taught that week. Another short homework task will be set, and this may well be related to English, but could be a research question connected to which ever theme the children are studying at the time. If the children need Internet access for the research, and this is not available at home, arrangements will be made for them to complete the work in school.
Children are also encouraged to take home their spelling books and reading books every night so that they can practise and improve.
In addition to this there is a list of words that the children will be learning throughout the year. Any support and practice that you can do at home would be most beneficial.
Useful links:


- Owner
Who can be an economic officer?
Updated: Feb 14, 2019
In the US system, anyone can be an economic officer. You don't need a special degree for it. Like in other career tracks in the Foreign Service, diplomats learn the necessary skills after they're hired, and mostly on the job (although there's a 10-month economic course diplomats can take at the Foreign Service Institute).
To pass the entry test for the Foreign Service you have to be able to answer a few questions about basic economic concepts, but they're not so difficult that you'd need an economics degree to answer it—general knowledge and a healthy interest in economic concepts and international economic systems is enough.
That said, having a general degree in economics is a good way to prepare you for the job and may help you during the selection process, because it demonstrates your interest and expertise in economics. Lots of current economic officers have some background in economics, which is also good because it makes them more comfortable (and effective) when addressing economic issues with foreign governments.
Also, having practical experience with economics helps, like having been involved in making economic policy; internships and consultancies with multinational companies; or teaching business literacy in a developing country. Or—if nothing else—a proven ability to pick up related knowledge and skills quickly.
Then again, a big part of the job is not about technical expertise but about analyze general trends overseas and being diplomatic. The added value of economic officers is that there's a worldwide network of them to understand the issues, constraints and local contexts in all countries and regions. And that they're able to make qualitative predictions and evaluations of new economic policies, and effectively communicate these to both their own and foreign governments.
In 2018, about 20% of US foreign service officers was on the economic career track, which makes sense since it's one of five career tracks. How "hard" it is to get hired in this career track varies; when hiring is low, you may need a relatively high score on your entry exam to be competitive. Personally, I have a feeling that economic affairs is not the most popular career track of the five so—especially when hiring is normal/high—almost all people who pass the exams and get on the register are probably competitive.
What kind of person do you have to be to be an economic officer? It's not about extrovert versus introvert; there are plenty of diplomats in either category. The economic career track might be the more natural choice for people who are analytical, know their way around numbers, and like to (learn how to) produce high-quality written reports. But you don't have to be a number cruncher. Economic officers are generalists who keep an eye on the bigger picture and should be effective communicators.
Another question you should ask yourself is: what motivates you? Political officers mostly work on maintaining good relations with a limited number of government officials, which rarely produces the kind of results that can be measured with numbers. Economic officers, on the other hand, have frequent interactions with the wider public (the government, the business community, and many others) and are more often involved in making deals, like large sales, tenders, infrastructure and energy projects, and introducing chains—clothing stores, restaurants—into new countries.
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Related posts:
Economic affairs: the issues
Economic affairs: the goals
Being an economic officer: what it's really like
My own experience with economic diplomacy
Other posts:
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FSOA: Wear a lucky jacket and other advice
My FSOA experience: long version
Foreign Service exam advice: for college students
What's up with hiring and the Foreign Service?
Why I applied for the Foreign Service (Late)
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text:
How to Use the VAM Web Site Simulations with
There are two ways that you can use the simulations on the VAM web
site in Powerpoint presentations depending on whether you have fast
Internet access in the lecture room.
If you have fast Internet access in the lecture room:
Create a slide with hypertext that points to a URL for the simulation
that you want to use. During the lecture, click on the hypertext to
access the desired simulation. Run the simulation. When you are done
using the simulation, use the back arrow button on your web browser
toolbar to return to your slide show.
If you do NOT have fast Internet access in the lecture room:
STEP1. To teach with the desired simulation in an area without fast
Internet access, first access the simulation from a laptop, notebook
or portable computer at a nearby location with Internet access. Once
the simulation is working the computer can be disconnected from the
Internet. Make sure your battery has sufficient charge for the trip.
Keeping your portable computer powered and your web-browser running,
transport the computer to the location without Internet access and you
should be able to use the simulation there. If you will use the VAM
simulation and your laptop goes into "sleep" mode, click on
"Reset" (on the orange column on the right of the VAM simulation
screen) and then "Pause Simulation" (an instructor VAM feature)
before transport. When you arrive at the lecture hall, click on "Reset"
before using the VAM simulation.
STEP 2. Create your Powerpoint presentation and create a page with placeholder
text to remind you to go to the simulation. Open your Powerpoint slide
show. When you get to the reminder slide, press the "Alt"
and "Tab" buttons simultaneously. A series of icons representing
the different programs running should be displayed. To navigate to and
select the desired program, keep the "Alt" key down while
pressing and releasing the "Tab" key until the desired icon
is selected. When the icon representing the browser running the simulation
is selected, a square will appear aroud the "e" icon if you
are using Microsoft Internet Explorer. When the desired icon is selected,
release the "Tab" key to bring that program "to the front".
When you are done using the simulation, use the "Alt"/"Tab"
key combination to select the Powerpoint slide show icon and resume
Please address any questions or comments to Sem


Categories: Weather
8 Most Thrilling Attractions of Albania You Can't Dare to Miss
Albania is rich in diverse historical and cultural attractions, which attract both locals and tourists' attention. If you wish to explore this amazing country, check on the weather in Tirana and head to meet thrilling adventures!
Albania Weather and Climate Data
The climate of Albania varies depending on the region, however, in general it is qualified as the Mediterranean. Tirana, the capital of this country, is characterized by hot, sunny summers and cold, but mild winters. The average daily temperature is 7°C in January, while in July and August it reaches 25°C.
Summer, which runs from June to August, is the best time for attending Albania. The sun shines almost every day, and the Adriatic Sea is warm and comfortable for swimming and water activities. This period of time is also characterized by the least precipitation amount. In total, rainfalls number ranges from 800 to 1000 millimeters per year, depending on a region.
Tirana Weather Forecast for June 2020
June of 2020 is hot and sunny, with a bit of rainfall. The temperature ranges from 18 to 31 degrees Celsius on average. The wind speed is about 15 km/h and precipitation amount around 1.50 mm daily.
Related Post
Top 8 Must-Visit Albanian Sights of Seeing
Albania can boast of numerous stunning national parks, mountains, beaches, architectural buildings, and other places of interest. All of them are absolutely unique and worth visiting, especially those we've listed below:
 1. Albanian Riviera.
 2. Berat.
 3. Porto Palermo Castle.
 4. Llogara Pass.
 5. Korça.
 6. Vlora.
 7. Syri I Kalter.
 8. Lake Koman.
Tags: Tirana, Albania, mountains, archipelago, weather, forecast, temperature, climate, precipitation, nature, parks
Pictures used in post taken from: Unsplash, Pexels


text:
Working Out Loud Week is from 5-11 June 2017. Working Out Loud Week is a chance for a global community of practitioners to find new freedom to work together to practice sharing work in progress with relevant communities for learning and collaboration. The theme of this WOLWeek is 'Contribute and Create Value'
Day 3: Contribute
When we think of working out loud, our thoughts often go first to sharing. We begin with how our work can be shared with others. However, in the design of these five days of WOLWeek, we have put contribution before sharing. The generosity of contribution is what turns a network into a community. To share effectively and for mutual benefit, it helps to begin with generosity.
Our work is built on the foundation of our knowledge, our skills, our experiences and our place in the world. Everyone has this foundation to their work and each person's set of capabilities and context is unique. We all have the ability to contribute our attention, capabilities, and context to the work of others.
Contributing generously to others builds our networks into communities. This develops relationships for future collaboration and learning.
We don't need to be interesting to work out loud. We have unique abilities to contribute to others. We need to be interested in others and contribute to their work.
How can you show interest in the work of others? How can you recognise their efforts? How can you share your capabilities and context to advance their work?
Choose someone relevant to your work and make a contribution today.


Sunday, March 19, 2017
GIT Alumni Association
A gentle reminder for those who have yet not registered for the GITAA. The registration closes on March 15, 2017 End of Day for Sachin-Jigar Concert.
So if you're planning on attending Sachin-Jigar Concert @ GIT head over to the and get details about registration forms and payment!
Please note that the registration process is completed only when you have submitted ( the GITAA registration form and the payment transaction ID.
All members of GITAA are requested to take entry before 7:00 P.M. and there is no "on the spot" registration or enrollment process available for Sachin-Jigar Concert.
Note:- For future event/activities all the alumnus are welcome to get themselves enroll with GIT Alumni Association, 17th March 2017 on wards.
Amazing Facts About the Human Brain
Amazing Facts About the Human Brain
The Human Brain is the most interesting organ of the body. It is the hub for the human nervous system. It receives input from organs like sensory organs and sends output to other part of the body like muscles, for appropriate actions to be taken. That's not all. Human Brain has some amazing features and characteristics which will make your jaw-drop. We will discuss more about human brain but first let's explore this organ's whereabouts to know it better.
1. Brain consume more energy than other parts or organs of the body. The mind or the brain is the powerhouse which processes all mental and psychic activities, may be this is a probable reason why it consume more energy than any other part of the Body. The brain is only 2% on the total body weight but consumes about 20% of the energy.
2. Lack of oxygen in the brain for 5 to 10 minutes will result in permanent brain damage. After a cardiac or respiratory arrest, resuscitation, suffocation, prolonged seizure, drowning, choking, or (smoke) poisoning, if there is oxygen deficiency, then the brain may damage permanently.
3. Your Brain Keeps Developing Until your Late 40s. In other words, brain only fully'matures' in middle age.
4. Every time you form a memory, a new brain connection is created inside your brain and is supported by patterns of neuron activity in the prefrontal cortex. Each neuron has the capability to connect with 40,000 synapses on an average.
5. Your brain mostly consists water. Yes, you read it right! 73% of human brain is water and 2% of dehydration is enough to affect the memory, attention and other cognitive skills.
6. The dry weight of the brain is around 3 pounds or 1.5 kilograms. You will be amazed to know that it is the fattiest organ of your body as it contains 60% fat (dry weight).
7. Human brain Contains about 100 billion neurons. Neurons also have the capability to connect more than 10,000 other neurons which implies that it can be a huge connection. Thee connection of neurons aids you to develop ideas, recall memories and develop a certain personality trait etc. Human brain is said to contain roughly 86 billion brain cells. For example, a student learn about Physics Formulas or Geometry Formulas, which will help him/her to understand the real-life problems throughout their life.
8. Human beings are said to the most intelligent animal in the world but it's astonishing to know that we use merely 10% or more of our brain. Though there are still other theories which states that this 10% theory is entirely bogus and human use way, way more than 10% or the brain power.
9. During pregnancy, the neurons in a foetus brain grow at a rate of 250,000 neurons per minute. Cells and neurons develops for several years after birth. A 2-year-old's brain is said to of 80% of adult brain's size. Not only in foetus, but also a pregnant lady's neurons multiplies at a faster rate. There are no proper explanations for this but scientists states that this rapid multiplication of neurons in a pregnant lady, makes learning new things and remembering old ones is much faster and easier than someone who isn't.
10.The human brain pumps a lot of blood per minute and is capable of pumping more. Your brain also uses 20% of the total oxygen present in your body.
11.Brain is vulnerable to a virus which can attack the human DNA and make them dull, less intelligent, cause harm to the brain activity, memory and learning power.
12.Human brain has tremendous capability. When awake, it can produce sufficient electricity to power a small light bulb. It produces 12-25 watts of electricity.
13. Cholesterol is a vital component for brain. Brain cells continue to live with the aid of cholesterol. 25% of the human body's cholesterol is present and used in the brain. Lack of cholesterol can lead to the death of brain cells as well.
14.There are almost 10,000 types of neurons present in the brain. Within which more than 1 lac chemical reactions takes place every second.
15.An average human brain is believed to sow the seeds of near about 50,000 thoughts each day and scientists estimate that 70% of these thoughts are negative.
16.Irrespective of the body size or weight, Men's brain size is 10% bigger than that of Women's.
17.Over the ages, the size of the human brains have shrink by the size of a tennis ball; IQ level has gone down by 1.6 points per decade; and the average attention span has dropped from 12 seconds to 8 seconds since 2000, but Human civilization is developing. Thus it would be inappropriate to state whether we are growing or declining in our development chart.
We want to conclude with a small yet significant fact for you. Albert Einstein's brain weighed 1,230 grams which is near about 10% smaller than the average human brain weight. But it was his brain's neuron density which was way higher than the average and this is what mattered in making him such a great and intelligent scientist.
Author - Payel Bhowmick
Author Bio - With a degree in Journalism, Mass Comm. and Human Rights, and with an experience of 5 years+ in the Online Media, Payel is a Content Analyst by Profession and Dreamer, Writer, and Blogger by choice. Currently a Content Marketing enthusiast as well and exploring all about the Education Industry with BYJU's - The Learning App.


- Outdoor Boiler Bypass Kit for Downdraft Furnace
Outdoor Boiler Bypass Kit for Downdraft Furnace
$215.14 $249.50
For a downdraft forced air furnace, the water to air heat exchanger must be located below the furnace. But in the off cycle, excess heat will radiate from the heat exchanger and the furnace has a safety feature that will sense extra heat and turn on the fan only mode. This cycle continues and overheats the building. This kit bypasses flow of hot boiler water around the heat exchanger during the off cycle to prevent this overheating.
A downdraft furnace is commonly used in manufactured homes, and mobile homes commonly referred to as a "Single Wide" or a "Double Wide" homes. A downdraft forced air furnace pushes air over a gas heat exchanger downward into air ducts located under the floor of the home. These are highly efficient furnaces and their designs have passed the test of time.
However, when adding a water-to-air heat exchanger to such furnace, the heat exchanger often needs to be installed at the bottom of the furnace, instead of the standard plenum location for an updraft forced air furnace. This often requires raising the furnace a few inches to install the heat exchanger, and a box must be fabricated in which to install the heat exchanger.
The reason the heat exchanger is installed underneath a downdraft furnace is because normally the heat exchanger is installed downwind of the blower fan. In some cases, the heat exchanger can be installed in a return air duct that is above the downdraft furnace and before the blower fan, but this is not often possible, or reliable, because this orientation relies upon the blower fan sucking air through the heat exchanger, and that often will not work. A qualified HVAC contractor may need to be consulted.
If the heat exchanger is installed underneath the downdraft furnace, this will create a problem - but we have the solution! The problem is that when the thermostat no longer calls for heat and the blower fan shuts off, hot water will continue to flow through the heat exchanger under the downdraft furnace. This is a normal and required part of the system since the outdoor boiler pump must run continuously. The problem that this creates is that since heat rises, there will be considerable heat rising from the heat exchanger into the downdraft furnace. These downdraft furnaces have a temperature sensor in them as a safety feature. When that sensor senses higher than normal temperatures, it thinks that there is still heat that must be removed from the furnace so it turns the downdraft furnace blower fan back on to cool it off. Since the heat exchanger continues to radiate heat, this blower fan will run continuously and the home will become overheated indoors.
The solution is to BYPASS the heat exchanger when the house thermostat turns off the downdraft furnace blower fan. This is accomplished using this product: Kit - Bypass for Downdraft Furnace.
This Bypass Kit will, once the indoor furnace blower fan shuts off, stop water from flowing from the outdoor boiler through the water-to-air heat exchanger, and re-route the flow of this hot water back to the outdoor boiler.
This kit contains the following items:
1 - HSSFA71U (Control Valve Actuator - 24V)
1 - HS599-00533 (3-Way Control Valve Body 1")
1 - HSF1PT (Fitting - PEX 1" Tee)
3 - HSF1PMPT (PEX 1" Crimp x 1" NPT Brass Male)
12 - HSF1PCR (Fitting - PEX 1" Crimp Copper Ring)
See attached photo (Drawing under development - beta only)


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Driven by technology
QolorTech has a great deal of know-how when it comes to pigments and dispersion technology. This know-how is harnessed to provide technical support in the following areas:
- coloristics of primary polymers and recycled products
- quality control and standardisation
Much of this technical expertise is developed and applied in the analytical lab and the applications lab.
In the analytical lab use is made of the following:
- a fully automated device for establishing the MFI of thermoplastics;
- infrared analysers for determining moisture levels;
- Colibri equipment for colour measurement;
- DSC and TGA for measuring the thermal properties of polymers;
- microscopics for visual inspection;
- FTIR for ascertaining the composition, levels and purities of additives as part of the quality control process.
- Bandol wheel for simulating outdoor conditions so that testing of plastics with specific additives can be done more speedily with respect to their weather resistance.
The applications laboratory houses various machines which enable testing of the masterbatch's behaviour in production conditions. These include:
- three 2-roll mills and two presses;
- two injection moulding machines;
- two blown-film extruders;
- four twin-screw and one single-screw extruder.


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Nuclear Waste and Caves
What are the benefits of storing nuclear waste in
subterranean salt mining caves?
The main advantage is that since the salt has been in its deposit for
millions of years, there could not have been groundwater flowing through the
deposit for at least that long. If there had been, it would have carried
the salt away. So, if nuclear waste is placed inside the salt bed, chances
are good that groundwater won't carry it anywhere else. The nuclear waste
will decay away to nonradioactive elements before it leaves the salt
Richard E. Barrans Jr., Ph.D.
PG Research Foundation, Darien, Illinois
Click here to return to the Physics Archives
Update: June 2012


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- Greatest Engineering Achievements of the Twentieth Century
- National Academy of Engineering : WTOP Radio Series Archive
- Working with WTOP Radio and Federal News Radio, the National Academy of Engineering has created hundreds of radio features that highlight engineering innovations and stories that add technical context to issues in the news.
- Online Ethics Center at the National Academy of Engineering
- The sites mission is to provide engineers, professionals, and students with resources that will help them understand ethical problems that arise in their work or study, and the responsibilities of research.
- provides radioactive waste management professionals with sources via its WasteLink directory. The Choice review states: Since radioactive waste is a hotly debated and emotional issue, the site developers tried to present all facets of the story in nonpartisan fashion. This attempt at nonbiased coverage has earned the respect of a wide range of organizations and institutions representing very diverse views.
- Why Tech Engineering
- A brief outline of the benefits of an engineering degree from Georgia Tech's School of Engineering
- Ultimate Civil Engineering Directory
- Zero Waste America
- an advocacy Web site whose goal is the promotion of a federal waste management plan; as such it contains much that is editorial in nature, but it also presents a considerable amount of useful factual information.
- What You Need to Know about Energy
- Developed by the National Academy of Sciences this site is aimed at the general public and grades 8-12 education institutions. The site is easy to navigate, and the layout is simple and very readable, yet visually pleasing. The information is presented in a way that is understandable to high school students or non-scientists in the general public.


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University of Wyoming Division of Information Technology
CSI: UW Pilot Episode
Most people are familiar with the television show CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. On the show, a group of crime lab technicians, police, and others examine evidence using tools and procedures to uncover killers and/or discover the circumstances of a crime. There is a new group at the University of Wyoming who will endeavor to bring tools, procedures, and information to the campus community for computer, data, and identity protection. This group is the Computer Security Initiative: University of Wyoming team; otherwise known as CSI: UW.
The CSI: UW team will, over the course of the academic year, raise the awareness of computer users about the risks of networks and the Internet. They will provide information on how to keep users safe, and guide users towards safe computing practices. The team will offer training and informational lectures for individuals and groups on campus, as well as discuss such information through articles in the Branding Iron and other campus communications channels.
The primary focus of the CSI: UW team is to make users – faculty, staff, and students – aware that they are responsible for their own computer and data security and instill in them a personal commitment to online safety. Well-known security issues such as passwords, viruses, spyware, hacking, and phishing will be discussed, along with some possible solutions. Information will be provided throughout the year on less known issues. The CSI: UW team will help teach physical and system security precautions, establish realistic expectations, teach users to share best practices with peers, and improve security in the workplace and in home work environments. Some of the topics the team will touch on in upcoming episodes include:
 - Who is responsible for security?
 - What does the University of Wyoming do to protect computers and data?
 - What can happen to you, your computer, and your data?
 - How do these things happen?
 - What can someone do with your password, and how can you make it more secure?
 - What about identity theft?
 - How safe is e-mail, surfing the web, or downloading?
 - What are some of the top security tips?
 - How do I protect the University of Wyoming's network and data?
 - How do I protect my computer?
 - How can I prevent unauthorized access to my computer?
 - How do I know if something has happened to my computer or data?
 - How do I fix my computer if it becomes compromised?
Episode 1: Who Killed My Computer?
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Tunkin Depression
"The Tunkin Depression volcanic field (also known as the Tunka Depression) covers a broad area immediately west of the SW tip of Lake Baikal. The Khobok group of basaltic cinder cones near the village of Tunka, one of five groups of cinder cones characterized by some sources as late-Pleistocene to Holocene in age, has the largest concentration of vents. Drill cores show that the upper 500 m of the basin is filled with Quaternary tuffs and a dozen lava flows; subsidence continues, partially burying volcanic features. Other well-preserved cinder cones of probable Pleistocene age are located to the SE in the Khamar-Dayan Range. The youngest cinder cones and lava flows are in the NE part of the Tunkin Depression. The age of the latest eruptions has variously been considered to be Pleistocene-to-Holocene or late-Pleistocene." -Smithsonian Volcano Archive
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(1926–87). U.S. experimental composer Morton Feldman was associated with the New York group of composers led by John Cage. Highly influenced by the painting style known as abstract expressionism, Feldman's music was typically minimalist in its simplicity, austerity, and meditative quality.
Feldman was born on Jan. 12, 1926, in Brooklyn, N.Y. He started playing the piano as a small boy, and he was composing songs by the time he was eight. After graduating public high school, he studied composition privately with the composers Wallingford Riegger and Stefan Wolpe. In the 1950s, much more influenced by abstract expressionist painters than by other composers, Feldman began using a method of graphic notation that included such devices as indicating the length of a note by a horizontal line drawn in the score, or specifying the number of notes to be played in a segment by a number. His first major work, Projections (1950–51), was composed using this graphic notation. Pitch and rhythm were indicated in general terms.
After further experiments in the 1960s, Feldman returned to conventional notation in his compositions. He explored original timbres by means of slowly paced repetitions of unrelated, soft sounds, creating a hushed and ethereal mood with them. Some of his other works include an opera, Neither (1977), based on a text by the Irish playwright Samuel Beckett; Three Voices (1982), in which a soprano soloist is accompanied by two tapes of her own voice with text by the poet Frank O'Hara; and First String Quartet (1979) and Second String Quartet (1983), lengthy instrumental pieces. From 1973 Feldman taught at the State University of New York at Buffalo, and he continued there until his death on Sept. 3, 1987, in Buffalo.


Fresh Del Monte Produce and Queensland University of Technology (QUT) of Brisbane, Australia, are partnering on a project to develop disease-resistant bananas. One goal of the partnership is to utilize breakthroughs in plant trait developments to cultivate bananas that are resistant to crop-threatening diseases, specifically Tropical Race 4 (TR4), a fungus that has plagued banana crops for decades, spreading faster over the last decade and potentially impacting the future availability of bananas for consumers.
Fresh Del Monte seeks to further improve many of the challenges faced by—and contribute to the long-term sustainability of—the produce industry, particularly with managing catastrophic disease. Their investment in this partnership openly funds scientific research to address this threat against farmers, their livelihoods, and the entire supply chain.
At QUT, the scientific team is led by Professor James Dale, whose research career has spanned more than 30 years on critical tropical fruit research with an emphasis on biofortification, molecular farming, and disease resistance, including both traditional and genetically modified bananas. Dale's research team has developed promising results utilizing the revolutionary CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) family of DNA sequences utilized to edit genes within organisms, or "gene-editing." This technology allows for a wide variety of applications, including the development of plant biotechnology products.
The Fresh Del Monte and QUT research collaboration will take place in multiple phases over the next 5 years, ultimately resulting in novel resistant banana variety releases commercially. Both groups see this effort as the first step in leading future innovations in the banana sector.


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Geographical Research in the Field (Human Geography Overseas Field Course)
Module code: GY2153
Module co-ordinator: Dr Margaret Byron
During this module students will develop the skills required to undertake research in human geography, including how to review the literature and come up with their own research questions, how to formulate aims and objectives of their research, select appropriate methodological approaches, consider and address moral and ethical dimensions of research, plan and undertake fieldwork and other forms of data generation, and construct a research proposal.
The module will also involve a field trip to an overseas location where students will be required to apply and develop their research skills, as well as evaluate theoretical ideas in human geography in relation to understanding practices and processes impacting a specific place and the people connected with this place.
The module will lead to the submission of a full dissertation research proposal that will be the basis of students' dissertation research. A dissertation advisor will be available to discuss the develop of their research plans. The research proposal is a qualifying element of this module and a minimum mark of 40% is required in order for the module to be passed.
Intended Learning Outcomes
At the end of this module, typical students should be able to:
- Identify a focussed and viable geographical research project via a literature review
- Develop a research question
- Write a research proposal, showing a firm grasp of how to design a research methodology and to recognise and appreciate the moral and ethical issues involved in undertaking research
- Use appropriate fieldwork techniques for description and analysis of geographical features and collect data relevant to specific research questions and theories
- Design and undertake an independent piece of fieldwork
Teaching and Learning Methods
Lectures, Seminars, Field Courses & Visits, Independent Research and Independent Study.
Dissertation research proposal and essay.


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10 times as many prostate cancers in 2021?
MANAGED CARE May 2011. ©MediMedia USA
Canadian researchers say there could be as many as 267,329 new cases of prostate cancer diagnosed each year by 2021. That would be 10 times as many as in 2009 (25,355 cases).
Researchers in the department of radiation oncology at the Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center at the University of Toronto calculated prostate cancer cases using best-, most likely-, and worst-case scenarios.
"The trends we're anticipating in Canada are going to be very similar to the United States," says Andrew Loblaw, MD, lead author. He's a staff radiation oncologist and clinician scientist at the center.
"For clinical executives, this would mean about 650,000 men diagnosed in the United States. So there's going to be the need for increased capacity to diagnose these men. You're going to need better quality in active surveillance. You're going to have to increase your treatment capacity — both surgery and radiation. And lastly, it's about cost. Both countries are struggling to effectively manage those health care dollars," he says.
The four factors likely to affect the incidence of prostate cancer are an increase in the aging population, increased prevalence of PSA screening, lowered PSA cutoff to recommend biopsy, and improved sensitivity to prostate biopsy. Of the four factors, the aging population and the possible lowering of the PSA threshold before biopsy are expected to be the major influencers in new cases.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention makes no such predictions. Jun Li, MD, PhD, MPH, an epidemiologist at the CDC, says the latest data available for prostate cancer incidence are from 2006. The agency reports that the incidence of prostate cancer has decreased significantly, by 2.4 percent per year from 2000 to 2006.
With better screening, physicians are better equipped at finding prostate cancer earlier, and plotting an effective treatment plan. Loblaw points out that the "men who died this year from prostate cancer were diagnosed 17 years ago. And those men who are diagnosed today are going to have markedly different treatments, so these men will have different mortality rates 17 years from now."
Source: Quon H, Loblaw A, Nam R. Dramatic increase in prostate cancer cases by 2021. BJUI. Apr 20. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10197.x. [Epub ahead of print]
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. United States Cancer Statistics. 2007


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A Transportation and Environmental Justice Case Studies booklet is now available. The introduction to the case study booklet is available as HTML and PDF (252 KB). Case studies have been posted on this website as they have been completed. Below are summaries of selected case studies that were screened and selected for the booklet. The full studies are available in HTML and Adobe Acrobat PDF format.
PDF files can be viewed with the Acrobat® Reader®
Case studies illuminate effective practices on how to better promote environmental justice principles. They profile how various transportation agencies have integrated environmental justice considerations in their activities to improve transportation decision making. The case studies detail both analytical and procedural issues relevant to a diverse community including: FHWA, FTA, State DOTs, MPOs, transit providers, other partnering government agencies, community organizations, environmental interest and environmental justice advocacy groups, businesses, academic institutions, and the public. Use the matrix and links below to help find summaries of case studies of interest.
|Case Study Name||
Community Impact Assessment
|x||urban and rural||Transit|
|x||urban||Highway & Transit|
|x||x||urban||Road and Transit|
|x||urban||Bike, Ped. and Transit|
Description: In 1997, Wisconsin DOT initiated a needs assessment study process focusing on two heavily used arterials in Madison. The study examined how the two corridors presently served traffic and how they could be expected to serve traffic in 2020. Wisconsin DOT carried out the analysis with a high degree of sensitivity to the needs of minority and low-income residents. A predominantly minority community is located adjacent to the study area and is isolated from the rest of Madison by several major road corridors, including those that are the focus of the study. The project strategy included community meetings, workshops, neighborhood open houses, and other efforts to involve all stakeholders as a means of addressing the segregation of neighborhoods by major highways.
Key Concepts: This case study illustrates several effective practices from an environmental justice standpoint, including public involvement and the incorporation of environmental justice principles into the transportation planning process. The needs assessment study process featured several innovative practices, including the involvement of youth in the identification of pedestrian and bicycle needs and the use of a community workshop (charrette) using a format typically used for land-use planning and visioning.
Description: The NJ Department of Human Services carried out an assessment to examine the potential use of the state's bus transportation network in serving WorkFirst participants (welfare clients) reentering the workforce. The study was carried out with a high degree of sensitivity to factors affecting this population group, including known locations of jobs held by the WorkFirst participants, child care facilities, job training centers, and location of bus routes. Findings indicated that the NJ bus transportation network could meet the needs of many of WorkFirst participants trying to reenter the workforce: statewide, 94 percent of the participants resided within a half mile radius of an existing bus route. Over 90 percent of job training centers and 77 percent of registered family day cares were also within half mile radius of transit. Therefore, the state's bus transit could be used as an arm in assisting the state's health and social services agency attain their goal of increasing the number of welfare recipients reentering the workforce.
The Northern New Jersey MPO, the North Jersey Transportation Planning Authority, also championed this issue with its recent preparation of a Regional Job Access and Reverse Commute Plan. The study was funded by a Job Access Challenge Planning Grant from the Federal Transit Administration (FTA). The purpose of the plan is to identify opportunities for cooperative efforts, or linkages, between counties to coordinate county-based services across borders and to implement a prioritization method for evaluating future job access/reverse commute projects.
Key Concepts: There are several noteworthy aspects to this case study. The study creatively employed geographic information system tools alongside highly current data sources on residential locations of welfare recipients, potential work sites and significant facilities essential to encouraging workforce participation. While the study was initially sponsored by a non-transportation agency, the state's largest MPO has recognized its importance in a subsequent initiative. The study profiles an important funding tool available to MPOs to target transportation spending as a way of identifying and addressing the needs of low-income and minority populations.
Description: The 10-mile limited-access highway was designed to serve as a connector between I-85 and I-40 in the area now known as the "Research Triangle". Half of the project was completed when the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), required the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) to prepare an EIS in compliance with NEPA. The remainder of the planned Expressway traversed a small African-American neighborhood known as Crest Street. Although 40 percent of the households in this community were under the Federal poverty limit, Crest Street was a stable, cohesive community. Acquainted with the unpleasant experiences of other neighborhoods displaced by various segments of the Expressway, the community began voicing its opposition to this project. Community residents worked closely with professionals from FHWA, NCDOT, the City of Durham, Duke University, HUD and others to develop a comprehensive mitigation and enhancement plan to preserve the cohesiveness of the Crest Street community. This case study expands upon some elements initially described in the FHWA Report, Community Impact Mitigation Case Studies.
Key Concepts: This case study offers several lessons applicable to successfully addressing environmental justice related to project development (NEPA), community impact assessment initiated by active community involvement, and effective mitigation measures. The case also explains how the Title VI Administrative Complaint review process was used during the process as well as how the "housing-of-last-resort" provision supported mitigation and the development of nearby replacement housing.
Description: This case study presents the goals and methods of the Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG) 1998 Regional Transportation Plan (RTP), Community Link21. Developed after three years of dialogue and discussions with the community in the Southern California Region, this 20-year transportation plan sets goals, objectives and policies to address equity and accessibility issues in transportation planning. The regional plan employs the use of performance indicators (accessibility, environment, reliability, safety, livable communities, equity and cost-effectiveness) each with a quantifiable objective. The RTP is noteworthy because of SCAG's effective use of performance measures to address not only its transportation mobility and air quality measures, but also social policy objectives.
Particularly noteworthy is the RTP's method for measuring benefits and burdens by income quintile--thereby, introducing an additional "equity" dimension into a study method more traditionally focused upon "efficiency." The user benefit methodology explores the stratification of automobile and transit trips by income level as well as an individual's ability and "willingness to pay" characteristics. The case study also details how accessibility measures can be used to assess the impacts of transportation strategies for promoting improved access to jobs and other essential opportunities for various low-income and minority populations.
Key Concepts: This case study highlights a transportation planning analysis that extends the traditional user benefit methodology by assessing the benefits and burden impacts by income segment. The plan explicitly incorporates equity performance measures to meet transportation goals. The case study is targeted to engage transportation planners who rigorously employ transportation economics into their decision-making processes as part of the metropolitan and statewide transportation planning process. The case study illustrates how data sources and methods can integrate environmental justice considerations into transportation decision-making.
The Cypress Freeway was originally built in the 1950s, driving a wedge into the community of West Oakland. When it collapsed in 1989 during the Loma Prieta earthquake, Caltrans' original plan was to simply rebuild the highway in its existing location. In response to pressure by the West Oakland community, however, the roadway was moved west to a location along the path of the Southern Pacific railroad that is less disruptive to the community. Caltrans has said that residents were more involved with this replacement road than any other project undertaken by the agency. Caltrans and the City of Oakland signed a Freeway Performance Agreement that included a provision for minority set-asides in the awarding of contracts for highway construction and a number of additional mitigation measures.
Key Concepts: This project illustrates effective environmental justice practices related to project planning and development, evaluating "right-of-way," mitigation and enhancement activities, and public involvement. The case describes several ways in which the concerns and needs of low-income and minority community were incorporated into planning, design and construction activities.
Description: The Fruitvale community in Oakland is a primarily low-income Latino neighborhood with sizable African-American and Asian populations. In 1991, Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) proposed the construction of a multi-level parking facility adjacent to the Fruitvale BART station. BART held a community meeting to receive input on the proposal. Many people were concerned that the parking facility would do little to promote economic development in the area. Community members wanted a more pedestrian-friendly atmosphere between the station and the nearby commercial district to encourage BART users to patronize local businesses. BART abandoned the parking garage proposal and agreed to work with a local community development corporation, the Unity Council, to create a pedestrian plaza connecting the station and the nearby commercial district. Since then, the Unity Council and its partners have competed successfully for local and federal planning grants and engaged in various efforts to involve community members in project planning and design.
Key Concepts: This project illustrates several effective environmental justice practices, including public involvement; the creation of partnerships to overcome legal, financial, and regulatory hurdles; and the use of mass transit as a lever for revitalizing an urban community.
Description: Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) around the country have begun developing methodologies to assess the impacts of their transportation plans and planning processes on low-income and minority populations. One such agency is the Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission (MORPC), the MPO for the greater Columbus, Ohio region. In January 2000, MOR


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What does False Acceptance mean?
False acceptance is an error in biometrics that causes an unauthorized person to be authenticated. Biometrics uses distinguishing human characteristics as a mode of authentication, such as fingerprints or voice. False acceptance is the most serious biometric security problem, as it permits unauthorized users to access sensitive systems.
Techopedia explains False Acceptance
For example, assume that User A owns a laptop, which boots using a fingerprinting mechanism. User B tries to log on to User A's laptop. If User B succeeds, this is false acceptance. In reality, no biometric system is ideal, so the best designers can do is to minimize false positive results.
One way of determining the accuracy of a biometric system is by calculating the false acceptance ratio. An independent trial may be conducted to test the system, using people with different physical characteristics. To obtain an accurate reading, many participants need to be involved. Facial recognition can fail in low light conditions due to poor picture quality. Similarly, voice recognition systems may fail in a noisy environment. Testing helps determine situations where false positives are likely to occur and thus minimize them.
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Whatever you do to avoid it; sooner or later there is a plant with rot. We recently experienced this with a quiver tree which prosphered in one of the gardens for more than 6 years. And suddenly, at the brink of the South African Autumn, the tree let us know that there was such a 'soft feeling' at its neck. Taking the soil away we discovered that part of the neck just started to rot. We took it out (almost 150 kilogram) and laid it to rest in the barn. The past week we've taken the rot parts away and let dry for the next few months until Spring before we replant it. Luckely for both, us and the tree, some of the roots were not attached. In October we will replant the almost 3 metre high tree on a somewhat higher spot and we'll cover the neck and the top part of the roots with coarse sand for better drainage.
Rot can never be avoided in full but some measurements can avoid at least 90 percent of the misery.
It starts with buying your succulents.
And plant them in the right soil; more or less the mix as described in one of the contributions last month.
The top layer of the soil should be 30 to 50 cm deep and the subsoil should be able to drain the surplus of water sufficiently even after a heavy rainfall.
Keep the soil around the plants free of weeds.
Plant vunerable succulents on a small sandy heep (5-10 cm high).
After (heavy) rainfall aerate the soil around the plant (loosening the top few centimetres).
But still than, as in our case with a very valuable quiver tree, rot can strike suddenly.
Neck-rot is caused by phytophthora. This is a fungus which also occurs in potatoes and caused the Irish famines in the 19th century and with that the Irish influx in the America's.
There is not much what you can do in a natural way other than taking the affected plant out and cut the rot part out. If you discover the disease in a late stage it can be too late for the whole plant. The only thing left is to cut the plant off above the neck and let the stem dry first and than root again as a cutting.
ALWAYS remove the soil around the affected plant (it might be contaminated) and do not add the attached parts (or whole plants) to the compost heep for it will spread the disease to all the places where you spread the compost.
Connie Krochmal, the cactus and succulent editor of Bella Online, recently wrote an informative article about all kinds of (rot-related) diseases in cacti and other succulents such as fusarium, botrytus and (powdery) mildew.
At last but not at least: communicate with your plants. They will tell you about their needs, their shortcomings, their symptoms of 'illness'. Talk with them with your eyes, your fingers, you nose and also with your mouth. It helps. Really.


text: The IIF was formed in 2001 by a group of largely zoo-based professionals that had been actively providing funding and other resources to iguana conservation programs, primarily in the Caribbean. The group organized in response to the perennial shortage of funds needed to support critical iguana conservation projects. To ensure effective impact, the IIF works in tandem with the IUCN SSC Iguana Specialist Group (International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission), whose responsibility it is to ensure that the threats facing endangered iguanas are both understood and abated. While the ISG is "long on expertise" it is short on financial resources, hence the need for a separate group to assume responsibility for fund-raising. The ISG is one of more than 100 Specialist Groups organized through the IUCN SSC and provides backbone scientific advice to conservation organizations, government agencies, and other IUCN members. Members of the ISG are leaders in the field of iguana conservation and provide status assessments and assign conservation priorities for all iguanine lizards. The close relationship between the IIF and the ISG ensures that funding decisions are based on the best available science and reflect the needs of the species most in need of conservation.


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Effect of rear-end extensions on the aerodynamic forces of an SUV
Paper i proceeding, 2014
Under a global impulse for less man-made emissions, the automotive manufacturers search for innovative methods to reduce the fuel consumption and hence the CO2-emissions. Aerodynamics has great potential to aid the emission reduction since aerodynamic drag is an important parameter in the overall driving resistance force. As vehicles are considered bluff bodies, the main drag source is pressure drag, caused by the difference between front and rear pressure. Therefore increasing the base pressure is a key parameter to reduce the aerodynamic drag. From previous research on small-scale and full-scale vehicles, rear-end extensions are known to have a positive effect on the base pressure, enhancing pressure recovery and reducing the wake area. This paper investigates the effect of several parameters of these extensions on the forces, on the surface pressures of an SUV in the Volvo Cars Aerodynamic Wind Tunnel and compares them with numerical results. To decrease the dependency of other effects within the engine bay and underbody, the SUV has been investigated in a closed-cooling configuration with upper and lower grille closed and with a smoothened underbody. These results might change if the study would be conducted with a less smooth underbody and in an open-cooling configuration. Extensions with different shapes and dimensions have been placed around the perimeter of the base exterior. The chosen design philosophy of the extensions allowed for different combinations with variable inclination angles depending on their position along the base perimeter, multiple extension lengths and shapes to be investigated. The results show that the extension shape is an important factor in reducing the aerodynamic drag. Significant drag reductions could be obtained while maintaining the vehicle's rear lift within acceptable levels for stability with a kicker attached to the extension. The investigation shows the reduction with a kicker holds for up to 7.5° yaw angles. With a beneficial shape, the extension length can be significantly reduced. The reduced drag is visible in the wake by a more concentric wake.


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Outcomes and Conclusions
The creek naturalization project improved 0.3 miles of creek bed in Bryan Park, located in the heart of Bloomington's downtown residential area. By establishing native plants along the creek bed, the project enhanced aquatic and terrestrial habitat in the park, and increased wildlife viewing and educational opportunities for park visitors. Biodiversity has noticeably improved as the new flora support more varieties of songbirds, pollinators and stream macro-invertebrates. Citizen scientist volunteers have monitored and tracked these species successes through Hoosier Riverwatch and the Bloomington Adopt-A-Stream program. Furthermore, for many years the creek had suffered from increasing sediment loads, dead zones and high sun exposure. This project corrected bank erosion, improved water quality in the creek and increased availability of shaded habitat. Since the completion of the project, the native vegetation has been able to hold the banks more effectively than turf during heavy storm events. Indeed, after the project was completed in 2007, it successfully managed a large flood just one year later in 2008.
Overall maintenance required for the creek shrunk and shifted such that it reduced mowing and thus fossil fuel use, and cost, in the park. The Department of Parks and Recreation maintains the improvement area along with some community volunteers. Maintenance requirements include invasive species removal, weeding, trimming existing plants, planting new plants, mulching and monitoring stormwater drainage.
Additional naturalization projects underway in Bloomington include a five-acre prairie planting funded through the Indiana Department of Natural Resources and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services. The site was planted in 2018 with the goal of creating new, drought-resistant habitat for wildlife and native plants.
While overall creek bed maintenance time and costs have decreased, maintenance requirements remain a challenge for the City. Aspiring for a biodiverse, herbaceous creek bed and eliminating mowing shifted the requirements to more hands-on tasks. The City has experienced mixed success in using volunteers to assist. Other challenges have included invasive species crowding out desired plants and winter-time aesthetics.
Project manager Steve Cotter said, "If I had to do it all over again, I would have incorporated trees into the vision from the outset and focused on selectively guiding the succession of the creek bed foliage rather than maintaining specific native plants. Initially we had only planned to plant wildflowers, grasses, and sedges. Cultivating a long-term herbaceous riparian zone for 0.3 miles of creek bed was an unrealistic goal without annual burning or mowing."


text:
Helping Children Cope With Sept. 11 Anniversary
By Jim Garamone
American Forces Press Service
WASHINGTON, Aug. 29, 2002 Many adults will have a tough time coping with the anniversary of the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. But children and adolescents were also affected. What should parents do to help their kids get through this period?
While the initial signs of stress in children will grow smaller or disappear as time goes by, this first anniversary may cause them to reappear. Daniel Dodgen, an official with the American Psychological Association, said parents need to understand this is normal and they should not overreact.
Speaking at the Pentagon Aug. 28 at a seminar sponsored by the Pentagon Employee Referral Service, Dodgen said it is important that children feel safe. He said parents should make plans and communicate them to their children.
"They need to know what to do in the event of an emergency," he said. Parents need to help their children develop coping skills and encourage them to share their feelings about the event.
Parents should not be surprised if children regress during times of stress. This means they might act younger than they are. This, too, is normal and will pass. Children, just like adults, may dream of the experience or have reawakened memories. They may go through anger, anxiety and sadness all over again.
As the anniversary of the attacks nears, parents should:
- Listen to your children. Find out how they are reacting and help them come to grips with it.
- Attend a memorial service or other community activities.
- Create your own family ritual to observe the anniversary.
- Monitor what your children are watching on television and set limits on the time spent in front of the tube.
- Maintain a schedule and take care that the children receive adequate rest and nutrition.
- Take care of themselves. Children learn by example.


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How to boost your exam grade
We all get a bit stressed out and nervous before important exams but according to new research, a simple bottle of water could help improve your grade
As a student, hours of revising, plenty of research and the correct exam equipment are high on the check list for important exam preparation, but it seems you could be missing one simple thing: a bottle ofwater. New research has found that bringing in refreshments to the exam hall could boost exam results by a whole grade.
CAN YOUR FOOD CHOICE HELP YOU IN EXAMS?
The study looked at hundreds of university students and compared the results of those who took in a bottle of water and those who went in empty handed. The results demonstrated those with a drink did around 5% better then those who didn't.
DID YOUR A LEVELS PREPARE YOU FOR UNIVERSITY?
While it is not completely clear why staying refreshed help in an exam helps, the study does suggest that staying well hydrated can improve the flow of brain cells and calm any pre-exam nerves, yay! It also suggested that many students can dehydrate mid-exam and good old H20 is best to combat this.
BEAT FIRST DAY NERVES
Other research from the University of East London also showed that children who drink water did better on tests of visual attention and memory.
So not only can water boost our skin it can boost exam results too! Still or sparkling anyone?


Does Fafsa Really Check Bank Accounts?
Does fafsa know how much money I have?
The FAFSA will specifically ask "As of today what is the cash balance of checking, savings…" accounts for the student.
Because the question is phrased "As of today" it leaves room for interpretation.
Cash assets sink financial aid eligibility, but are virtually untraceable unless admitted to on the FAFSA..
Does fafsa hurt your credit score?
However, filing your FAFSA® will not impact your credit score. In fact, the grants and scholarships you receive from FAFSA® is money you don't have to pay back. Since most of the federal aid you will receive is need-based, FAFSA® does not check your credit report or rating.
What happens to leftover Pell Grant money?
If you have money left over from your Pell Grant, you can ask the school to hold the funds for you, or you can receive the remaining amount as a refund. Pell Grants go toward education expenses, except student loan expenses. … After the add/drop period to ensure only enrolled students receive money.
Does fafsa see your bank account?
Does FAFSA Check Your Bank Accounts? FAFSA doesn't check anything, because it's a form. However, the form does require you to complete some information about your assets, including checking and savings accounts.
Will my savings account affect my financial aid?
Assets in the child's name — including a savings account, trust fund, or brokerage account — will count more heavily against the financial aid award than assets in a parent's name. Money saved in an account owned by the child could cost you four times as much in financial aid as money in an account owned by a parent.
What assets does fafsa look at?
Money in cash, savings, and checking accounts. Businesses. Investment farms. Other investments, such as real estate (other than the home in which you live), UGMA and UTMA accounts for which you are the owner, stocks, bonds, certificates of deposit, etc.
How does parents income affect fafsa?
Parent income only affects financial aid for dependent students. For the FAFSA, dependency is based on the federal government's criteria, not whether the parent claimed the student as a dependent on last year's tax return. … Parent income does not affect financial aid at all for independent students.
What assets are excluded from fafsa?
For example, the net worth of the family's principal place of residence is ignored on the FAFSA, as are any small businesses owned and controlled by the family. Likewise, pensions, 401(k) plans, IRAs and other qualified retirement plans are ignored. The car also isn't reported as an asset on the FAFSA.
How does fafsa disburse money?
In the case of financial aid, the payment of money comes from your aid source (the federal government, school, private student loan lender, etc.), and in most cases, will be paid directly to your school. That's right, your school. … The aid goes to pay your direct costs owed to your school –like tuition and fees.
Does financial aid go into your bank account?
If there are any funds from grant or student loan disbursements left over once tuition, fees, and room and board are paid, the remaining balance will be paid directly to you in the form of cash or check, or deposited into your bank account.
How do you cheat on fafsa?
Hacking the FAFSA Article Type: Quick and DirtyUnderstand the FAFSA. Yeah, you have to know what you're filling out. … Empty Your Accounts. If you have college cash stashed in a checking or savings account in your name, get it out—immediately. … Coordinate Your Family. … Pay Your Debt. … Simplify Your Needs.
Do my parents make too much for fafsa?
MYTH 1: My parents make too much money, so I won't qualify for any aid. FACT: The reality is there's no income cut-off to qualify for federal student aid. … In fact, some schools won't even consider you for any of their scholarships (including academic scholarships) until you've submitted a FAFSA.
How much money do my parents need to make to get financial aid?
Unless the parents earn more than $350,000 a year, have only one child and that child will enroll at an in-state public college, they should still file the FAFSA, as there is a good chance they may qualify for federal, state or institutional grants.
What happens if you mess up on your Fafsa?
Corrections: If you made a mistake, such as using an incorrect Social Security number or misspelling your name, you can edit the FAFSA in order to correct it. Updates: If your situation has changed since you've submitted the FAFSA, you can — and should — update it accordingly.
Does fafsa check parents income?
The Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA®) (and most other financial aid formulas) is heavily weighted toward income: Your income. Your parents' income (if you're a dependent student) Your spouse's income (if you're married)
Should I skip questions about my assets on fafsa?
This question cannot be left blank. Based on your answers to certain questions on the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA®), you may be given the option to skip additional questions. … However, answering these questions will not affect your eligibility for federal student aid, such as a Federal Pell Grant.
What happens if you accidentally lied on fafsa?
Intentionally providing false and misleading information on the FAFSA is fraud. The penalties for lying on the FAFSA include, but are not limited to, fines of up to $20,000 and up to five years of jail time, in addition to repaying the financial aid received by the student.
Do you get to keep leftover fafsa money?
If there is money left over, the school will pay it to you. In some cases, with your permission, the school may give the leftover money to your child. If you take out a loan as a student or parent, your school (or your child's school) will notify you in writing each time they give you any part of your loan money.


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Definitions for umbriaˈʌm bri ə
Random House Webster's College Dictionary
Um•bri•aˈʌm bri ə(n.)
a region in central Italy. 819,000; 3270 sq. mi. (8470 sq. km).
Category: Ancient History, Geography (places)
a mountainous region in central Italy
A region of central Italy.
The Nuttall Encyclopedia
a province of ancient Italy, between Cisalpine Gaul and the territory of the Sabines; inhabited originally by a powerful Latin race.


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normal form (4NF) is a level of database normalization where there are no non-trivial multivalued dependencies other than a candidate key. It builds on the first three normal forms (1NF, 2NF and 3NF) and the Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF).... Multivalued dependency is best illustrated using an example.
Joins (Theta, Equi, Outer, Inner, Semi).
Join (SQL)... An SQL join clause combines columns from one or more tables in a relational database. It creates a set that can be saved as a table or used as it is. A JOIN is a means for combining columns from one (self-table) or more tables by using values common to each.
A theta join allows for arbitrary comparison relationships (such as ≥).
An equijoin is a theta join using the equality operator.
A natural join is an equijoin on attributes that have the same name in each relationship.
Additionally, a natural join removes the duplicate columns involved in the equality comparison so only 1 of each compared column remains; in rough relational algebraic terms:
Inner joins eliminate the rows that do not match with a row from the other table. Outer joins, however, return all rows from at least one of the tables or views mentioned in the FROM clause, as long as those rows meet any WHERE or HAVING search conditions
In semi join, first we take the natural join of two relations then we project the attributes of first table only. So after join and matching the common attribute of both relations only attributes of first relation are projected
However with a semi-join you are only getting one row back from Table A regardless of how many matches there are for that row in Table B.
Please Remember me in your Prayers!


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Chain Tool by Florian
If you have some function, say some custom refactoring operation, you can call it from a dired buffer, and have it run on each marked file, using the code below.
Go into a dired buffer, mark some files, and then do M-x and run your command. In this case it would be test-for-each-dired-marked-file
;;; iterating over files in dired
;;; usage example - for-each-dired-marked-file returns a filename and path
;;; for each marked file, so this is what a function using it looks like
"opens up the file and gets the length of it, then messages the result"
(let (fpath fname mybuffer len)
(setq fpath filename)
(setq fname (file-name-nondirectory fpath))
(setq mybuffer (find-file fpath))
(setq len (buffer-size))
(message "Buffer length %d %s" len (buffer-file-name mybuffer))))
; Usage example
"Do stuff for each marked file, only works in dired window"
(if (eq major-mode 'dired-mode)
(let ((filenames (dired-get-marked-files)))
(mapcar fn filenames))
(error (format "Not a Dired buffer \(%s\)" major-mode))))
Tags: emacs mark files dired elisp


Boeing and Aviation Safety
Continuous Monitoring for Continuing Enhancements
Boeing Operations Center
Boeing continually monitors in-service aircraft performance to proactively identify areas where the design of current and future models can be enhanced.
These enhancements incorporate new discoveries and new technologies over the life of an airplane, improving the safety and operational efficiency of the Boeing fleet. Boeing also monitors events that occur to non-Boeing airplanes to identify issues that might apply to Boeing airplanes so preventative actions can be developed and implemented if necessary.
Boeing monitors service information and addresses any concerns discovered in the fleet through a formal and disciplined process. Through the process, Boeing gathers relevant data, identifies potential safety issues and determines appropriate action to address those issues.
This safety process includes participation at all levels of the company including experts from a variety of technical disciplines; senior leaders from engineering, flight operations and training; and executive leaders.
In addition, the executive leaders constitute the Boeing Aviation Safety Council, which formally oversees a unified safety plan rooted in the company's long history of continuously improving the design, assembly, operation and maintenance of Boeing airplanes. As part of the safety process, Boeing works with the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Together, using a program called the Continued Operational Safety Program, Boeing and FAA engineering teams thoroughly review data from in-service events.
Boeing also works with its customers to understand and address potential safety issues.
When safety-of-flight issues arise, Boeing, together with the FAA, takes appropriate action to mitigate the risk, and communicates airplane part or procedural changes to its customers.
Regulatory authorities typically convert those changes into mandatory airworthiness directives (ADs) if the issues affect safety of flight.
Permanent solutions to an issue may take longer to develop and implement, because changes to an airplane design must be thoroughly tested, analyzed, validated and re-certified. In these cases, interim mitigating action is used to assure fleet safety until the permanent solutions are available.