text:
Enter the face value, bond yield rate, and time to maturity into the calculator to determine the zero-coupon bond.
- Bond Equivalent Yield Calculator (+ Formula)
- Modified Duration Calculator
- Yield To Maturity Calculator
- Imputed Interest Calculator
Zero Coupon Bond Formula
The following formula is used to calculate the value of a zero-coupon bond.
ZCBV = F / (1+r)^t
- where ZCBV is the zero-coupon bond value
- F is the face value of the bond
- r is the yield/rate
- t is the time to maturity
Zero Coupon Bond Definition
A zero-coupon bond is a security that does not pay interest but trades at a discount and renders a profit at maturity when the bond is redeemed for its face value.
Zero Coupon Bond Example
How to calculate a zero coupon bond value?
- First, determine the face value.
Calculate or determine the face value of the bond.
- Next, determine the yield.
Determine the rate/yield of the bond.
- Next, determine the time to maturity.
Calculate the number of years until maturity.
- Finally, calculate the value.
Calculate the value of the bond using the equation above.
A zero coupon bond is a bond that does not pay interest but can be redeemed from a profit at it's time of maturity.


text:
Main navigation | Main content
Islands in the Sun is a four-year research project funded by the University of Minnesota's INSTITUTE ON THE ENVIRONMENT and the College of Food, Agricultural, and Natural Resource Sciences to monitor the urban heat island of the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area. The project aims to improve understanding of the mechanisms contributing to urban heat islands with a goal of finding ways to lessen their effects through landscape design.
Urban heat islands are regions of strong warming that are localized around the core downtown region of a city with progressively lower temperatures as one travels away from the central region of warming – hence the name "heat island".
Urban heat islands exist because of large differences in land use, building materials, and vegetation between cities and their rural surroundings. This difference can be in excess of 1-10°F during the daytime and as much as 12-20°F at night.
Hear University of Minnesota climate scientists Peter Snyder and Tracy Twine talk about their research aimed at reducing the adverse impacts of the urban heat island effect.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
[ The PC Guide | Systems and Components Reference Guide | Motherboard and System Devices | The
Motherboard | Motherboard Integrated Components ]
Jumpers are pins on a motherboard or other device, that are used to provide
configuration information to the hardware. A single jumper consists of a pair of pins,
with a small rectangular shunt that can be placed over both pins to short them together.
The hardware is programmed to act one way when the jumper is shorted, and another way when
it is left open. The jumpers are normally numbered JP1, JP2 etc.. For some functions, a
group of jumpers is used.
Every motherboard differs in its jumper numbering, positioning, and most importantly,
what the settings for each jumper mean. This is why having the motherboard manual is so
crucial for anyone who wants to work on their PC. This
procedure provides specific instructions and caveats for configuring your motherboard.
One of the newest innovations on the market is the "jumperless" motherboard,
such as the IT5H made by Abit. With these boards you make many of the hardware settings,
such as CPU type and speed, and even CPU voltage, using BIOS
settings, while some others are retained as regular jumpers (typically, CMOS clear and
cache size). This arrangement lets you change the clock speed of the CPU as easily as you
would change any other BIOS setting, and makes upgrading the processor a snap. It also
makes it easier for motherboard manufacturers to add support for new processor types as
they are put onto the market.
Many people think that "jumperless" is the new wave of motherboard design,
and certainly the ability to change more settings without opening up the box is a great
advantage. Others like the control of being able to physically set a jumper (recalling
with frustration some of the problems with new technologies like Plug
and Play that remove this control to software with sometimes mixed results). Frankly,
considering that most people set their motherboard jumpers only once (or at most, once a
year or so when they upgrade) I consider the whole jumperless motherboard thing more of a
fad than a real evolution in design. For those that like to overclock, jumperless designs have obvious
Here is a list and brief explanation of the settings that you are most likely to find
in your manual:
- Processor/CPU Voltage: Almost all newer boards have one or more jumpers to set
the voltage for the processor. Obviously, this needs to be set correctly or you risk
destroying the chip. In addition, newer processors use two voltages: an
"external" I/O voltage and an "internal" core voltage. For your
motherboard to support these newer processors, it must have jumpers to set both of these
Sometimes there can be a mismatch between the voltage that the processor requires and the
voltage that the motherboard supplies. This often happens because the motherboard is
designed to support a new processor based on the spec, but the voltage is changed for
design reasons later on. You should contact the motherboard manufacturer in this case.
Usually you can still use the processor if the motherboard can supply a voltage close to
the number required--say, within 0.1V--because processors have a range of voltages they
can use, not just a single number. See here for more on
- Processor Speed / Bus Speed / Multiplier: Every 486 class or later motherboard
(excluding jumperless designs) has a way to specify the speed of the processor. There are
two main methods for selecting processor speed, and your manual will show you which your
motherboard uses. Some motherboards provide a list of the various speeds supported, and a
diagram of how to set the jumpers to match that speed. Others instead require you to set
two separate jumpers: one controls the memory bus speed, and the other sets the processor
"multiplier" (how many times the memory bus speed the processor runs).
- Processor Type: You may find this instead of, or in addition to, the two settings
listed above. In an effort to save the user the hassle of figuring out voltages and
speeds, some motherboards combine the jumpers into one jumper set or group. Then, they
provide a long list with each processor type and speed that the board supports, and tell
you how to set each of a group of jumpers so that it works appropriately. If you are
setting up a Pentium 133, you'll find it on the list and be told how to set jumpers 1, 3,
7, 12, and 18, for example.
The only problem with this arrangement is that unless they also tell you what each of the
individual jumpers is actually controlling, it can be difficult to set up a newer
processor that may be supported just fine by the board but not be listed in their
documentation. You have less information about how the board actually works. You can
sometimes find help in this case on the manufacturer's web site.
- Cache Size and Type: Some boards can have different amounts of cache, and some
can have cache either built in or on a COASt module.
There is often a jumper or two to set which is used and how much is on the board. Other
boards only come with one arrangement of cache or can auto-detect when you insert a COASt
module, so they will lack these jumpers.
- Memory Size/Type: Almost all newer PCs auto-detect the amount and type of RAM in
the system, but many older 486 (and earlier) models require jumpers to be changed when
changing the amount of memory (this is a pain in the butt, which is why it was done away
- Flash BIOS Enable: Many boards require you to set a jumper to a special position
in order to enable the flash BIOS update feature.
This jumper is usually set to the "normal" position except when doing a BIOS
- CMOS Clear: One of the most famous of annoying PC problems is the "lost BIOS setup password"
problem, that locks the user out of the BIOS setup program.
You'd be amazed how often this happens. Some newer PCs have built into the motherboard the
ability to clear the BIOS by temporarily setting a jumper and then replacing it (in
essence this disconnects the CMOS memory from the battery so it discharges and resets).
This jumper is also usually set to the "normal" position.
- Battery Source: Some boards let you switch the battery from an internal to an
external source, and a jumper is used to control the setting.
- Disable Jumpers: Some motherboards use special jumpers to enable you to disable
parts of the circuitry. This is entirely board-dependent.
Next: Ports and Headers
Home - Search
- Topics - Up


zander stephens
Stephens, Arkansas
Stephens is a city in Ouachita County, Arkansas, United States. The population was 1,152 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Camden Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Stephens is located at (33.415025, -93.068311).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.8 square miles (7.1 km²), of which, 2.7 square miles (7.1 km²) of it is land and 0.04 square miles (0.1 km²) of it (0.73%) is water.
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,152 people, 448 households, and 317 families residing in the city. The population density was 421.8 people per square mile (162.9/km²). There were 509 housing units at an average density of 186.4/sq mi (72.0/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 53.04% White, 45.83% Black or African American, 0.35% Native American, 0.17% from other races, and 0.61% from two or more races. 0.69% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 448 households out of which 30.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.8% were married couples living together, 19.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.2% were non-families. 28.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 19.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.14.
In the city the population was spread out with 28.3% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 23.5% from 25 to 44, 22.0% from 45 to 64, and 17.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 79.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 74.3 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $22,045, and the median income for a family was $30,903. Males had a median income of $25,568 versus $20,333 for females. The per capita income for the city was $10,608. About 30.4% of families and 32.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 41.7% of those under age 18 and 28.8% of those age 65 or over.
Notable natives
External links
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Tag Archives: Research
Whence we know the photon exists
In my previous post, I laid out the argument discussing why the photoelectric effect does not imply the existence of photons. In this post, I want to outline, not the first, but probably the conceptually simplest experiment that showed that photons do indeed exist. It was performed by Grangier, Roger and Aspect in 1986, and the paper can be found at this link (PDF!).
The idea can be described by considering the following simple experiment. Imagine I have light impinging on a 50/50 beamsplitter and detectors at both of the output ports, as pictured below. In this configuration, 50% of the light will be transmitted, labelled t below, and 50% of the light will be reflected, labeled r below.
Now, if a discrete and indivisible packet of light, i.e. a photon, is shone on the beam splitter, then it must either be reflected (and hit D1) or be transmitted (and hit D2). The detectors are forbidden from clicking in coincidence. However, there is one particularly tricky thing about this experiment. How do I ensure that I only fire a single photon at the beam splitter?
This is where Aspect, Roger and Grangier provide us with a rather ingenious solution. They used a two-photon cascade from a calcium atom to solve the issue. For the purpose of this post, one only needs to know that when a photon excites the calcium atom to an excited state, it emits two photons as it relaxes back down to the ground state. This is because it relaxes first to an intermediate state and then to the ground state. This process is so fast that the photons are essentially emitted simultaneously on experimental timescales.
Now, because the calcium atom relaxes in this way, the first photon can be used to trigger the detectors to turn them on, and the second photon can impinge on the beam splitter to determine whether there are coincidences among the detectors. A schematic of the experimental arrangement is shown below (image taken from here; careful, it's a large PDF file!):
GRA experiment
Famously, they were essentially able to extrapolate their results and show that the photons are perfectly anti-correlated, i.e. that when a photon reflects off of the beam splitter, there is no transmitted photon and vice versa. Alas the photon!
However, they did not stop there. To show that quantum mechanical superposition applies to single photons, they sent these single photons through a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (depicted schematically below, image taken from here).
They were able to show that single photons do indeed interfere. The fringes were observed with visibility of about 98%. A truly triumphant experiment that showed not only the existence of photons cleanly, but that their properties are non-classical and can be described by quantum mechanics!
Critical Slowing Down
Graduate Student Stipends
If you're in the United States, you'll probably have noticed that there is a bill that is dangerously close to passing that will increase the tax burden on graduate students dramatically. This bill will tax graduate students counting their tuition waiver as part of their income, increasing their taxable income from somewhere in the $30k range to somewhere in the $70-80k range.
Carnegie Mellon and UC Berkeley have recently done calculations to estimate the extra taxes the graduate students will have to pay, and it does not provide happy reading. The Carnegie Mellon document can be found here and the UC Berkeley document can be found here. The UC Berkeley document also calculates the increase in the tax burden for MIT graduate students, as there can be large differences between public and private institutions (private institutions generally charge more for graduate education and have a larger tuition waiver, so graduate students at private institutions will be taxed more).
Most importantly, the document from UC Berkeley states:
An MIT Ph.D. student who is an RA [Research Assistant] for all twelve months in 2017 will get a salary of approximately $37,128, and a health insurance plan valued at $3,000. The cost of a year of tuition at MIT is about $49,580. With these figures, we can estimate the student's 2017 tax burden. We find that her federal income tax would be $3,993 under current law, and $13,577 under the TCJA [Tax Cuts and Jobs Act], or a 240% increase. We also note that her tax burden is about 37% of her salary.
This is a huge concern for those involved, but I think there are more dire long-term consequences at stake here for the STEM fields.
I chose to pursue a graduate degree in physics in the US partly because it allowed me the pursue a degree without having to accrue student debt and obtain a livable stipend to pay for food and housing (for me it was $20k/year). If I had to apply for graduate school in this current climate, I would probably apply to graduate schools in Canada and Europe to avoid the unpredictability in the current atmosphere and possible cut to my stipend.
That is to say that I am sure that if this bill passes (and the very fact that it could harm graduate students so heavily) will probably have the adverse side-effect of driving away talented graduate students to study in other countries or dissuade them from pursuing those degrees at all. It is important to remember that educated immigrants, especially those in the STEM fields, play a large role in spurring economic growth in the US.
Graduate students may not recognize that if they collectively quit their jobs, the US scientific research enterprise would grind to a quick halt. They are already a relatively hidden and cheap workforce in the US. It bemuses me that these students may about to have their meager stipends for housing and food be taxed further to the point that they may not be able to afford these basic necessities.
Research Topics and the LAQ Method
Image result for broad to specific triangle
Mott Switches and Resistive RAMs
Over the past few years, there have been some interesting developments concerning narrow gap correlated insulators. In particular, it has been found that it is particularly easy to induce an insulator to metal transition (in the very least, one can say that the resistivity changes by a few orders of magnitude!) in materials such as VO2, GaTa4Se8 and NiS2-xSx with an electric field. There appears to be a threshold electric field above which the material turns into a metal. Here is a plot demonstrating this rather interesting phenomenon in Ca2RuO4, taken from this paper:
It can be seen that the transition is hysteretic, thereby indicating that the insulator-metal transition as a function of field is first-order. It turns out that in most of the materials in which this kind of behavior is observed, there usually exists an insulator-metal transition as a function of temperature and pressure as well. Therefore, in cases such as in (V1-xCrx)2O3, it is likely that the electric field induced insulator-metal transition is caused by Joule heating. However, there are several other cases where it seems like Joule heating is likely not the culprit causing the transition.
While Zener breakdown has been put forth as a possible mechanism causing this transition when Joule heating has been ruled out, back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that the electric field required to cause a Zener-type breakdown would be several orders of magnitude larger than that observed in these correlated insulators.
On the experimental side, things get even more interesting when applying pulsed electric fields. While the insulator-metal transition observed is usually hysteretic, as shown in the plot above, in some of these correlated insulators, electrical pulses can maintain the metallic state. What I mean is that when certain pulse profiles are applied to the material, it gets stuck in a metastable metallic state. This means that even when the applied voltage is turned off, the material remains a metal! This is shown here for instance for a 30 microsecond / 120V 7-pulse train with each pulse applied every 200 microseconds to GaV4S8 (taken from this paper):
Electric field pulses applied to GaV4S8. A single pulse induces a insulator-metal transition, but reverts back to the insulating state after the pulse disappears. A pulse train induces a transition to a metastable metallic state.
Now, if your thought process is similar to mine, you would be wondering if applying another voltage pulse would switch the material back to an insulator. The answer is that with a specific pulse profile this is possible. In the same paper as the one above, the authors apply a series of 500 microsecond pulses (up to 20V) to the same sample, and they don't see any change. However, the application of a 12V/2ms pulse does indeed reset the sample back to (almost) its original state. In the paper, the authors attribute the need for a longer pulse to Joule heating, enabling the sample to revert back to the insulating state. Here is the image showing the data for the metastable-metal/insulator transition (taken from the same paper):
So, at the moment, it seems like the mechanism causing this transition is not very well understood (at least I don't understand it very well!). It is thought that there are filamentary channels between the contacts causing the insulator-metal transition. However, STM has revealed the existence of granular metallic islands in GaTa


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Our pets sometimes do strange things. For example when your cat gives you a gentle head butt, why do they do that? Today I'll tell you about one possible explanation in this of Pet Pointers.
To view our videos, you need to
install Adobe Flash 9 or above. Install now.
Then come back here and refresh the page.
Cat people call it the bonk or the head butt, when your cat rubs their head and face on you. Scientists call it "bunting" and it's a complex behavior seen in domestic house cats as well as their wild cousins. When cats exhibit bunting they are actually depositing pheromones on objects, other animals or their people but not simply out of love, but as a mark of trust. Each time your cat bunts a piece of furniture or you they are marking it as a safe place.
Behaviorists believe it is more like leaving a trail of bread crumbs leading to comfort and safety than claiming territory. It is a sign of trust from your cat, they know you are safe.
Your cat has scent glands all over their head, face and body and leave traces of their scent for various reasons including communicating with potential mates in the area, creating a colony scent and even communicating acceptance of their house mates whether they are cats or other species like dogs.
It is also an attention seeking behavior. Chances are your cat has trained you well. When they jump up and bunt you, you pet them. Cats know how to get what they want.
If your cat doesn't bunt you, don't worry. Animal behavior varies from one to another; it just depends on their personality. Some cats that seem aloof and never bunt can suddenly start.


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Are there specific terms or grammatical structures that make a question including a statement rhetorical?
For example. The statement and question is
Ist das römische Reich an seiner eigenen Grösse zugrunde gegangen?
How would you formulate this using german terms/grammar to denote/imply to a non historian that the statement
 - is true
 - is wrong (simple negation to is true not allowed ;)
 - is highly uncertain (i take this case also as not everyone picks up a question immediately as rhetorical but as a real question)
I mean especially more subtly ways (single terms/grammar shifting the meaning completely, no use of subordinate clauses) as
Wir wissen doch alle, dass das röm. Reich... gegangen ist, oder nicht?
Your questions should differ in as less terms/grammar as possible ;)
Can all rhetorical german questions literally be translated without loosing their meaning or are there examples bound in any way to german grammar/terms as in English?
share|improve this question
3 Answers 3
Ist das römische Reich nicht an seiner eigenen Größe zugrunde gegangen?
communicates "is true".
Ist das römische Reich etwa an seiner eigenen Größe zugrunde gegangen?
communicates "is wrong". "Nicht" and "Etwa" can also be placed directly after "Ist".
With a different intonation, the first sentence could also be used by someone who speculates that the statement is true, but is not sure, and asks for confirmation.
share|improve this answer
Although the placement of "nicht"/"etwa" makes a difference in meaning: "Ist etwa das Römische Reich...?" takes the Roman Empire as an example in a discussion about any subject, introducing the topic of the Roman Empire's demise as an example to make a point. "Ist das Römische Reich etwa...?" would more often be invoked in a discussion about the Roman Empire itself (although it could also be used in the same fashion as its counterpart). – Jan Aug 3 '11 at 10:29
+1 some side questoins: What does Ist das röm. Reich etwa nicht... gegangen express then? :)... Is there way to make the three cases without basing it on intonation/pronounciation for written language? Im not totally convinced by the etwa - is wrong, this would more state the uncertain/hypothetical case to me? Or is this clear cut in German? Imo your examples are prob. correct for native speaker. But maybe a bit too subtly to differ all 3 cases surely? ;) – Hauser Aug 4 '11 at 19:06
Your side question: Ist das römische Reich etwa nicht an seiner eigenen Größe zugrunde gegangen? applies the "probably true" connotation to the negated statement, i.e., the statement The Roman empire did not perish because of its size is probably true. – Oguk Nov 18 at 1:58
_USER_ No, the "etwa" applies a "probably false" connotation. So, the question Ist das römische Reich etwa nicht an seiner eigenen Größe zugrunde gegangen? implies that the statement The Roman empire did not perish because of its size is probably false. – Georg yesterday
_USER_ The "etwa nicht" is similar to the "nicht", but stronger. The "etwa" conveys a mood of surprise ("Nein, ich trinke heute keinen Alkohol." -- "Bist du etwa schwanger?!"). This is the same mood that is used in the rhetorical question, i.e., "I'd be surprised if the statement is true". The "etwa" is not used for the uncertain/hypothetical case, Wäre es vielleicht möglich, dass das römische Reich an seine Größe zugrunde gegangen ist? – Georg yesterday
A common combination is question word + denn as in
Wozu mach' ich mir denn die Mühe?
Another possibility is question word + wohl
Weshalb bin ich wohl hierher gekommen?
But note, that it highly depends on the intonation and on what the actual question aims at.
share|improve this answer
Stefan Walter already gave quite adequate answers to your questions 1 and 2. So I will aim to answer your third one:
Ist das römische Reich wirklich an seiner Größe zugrunde gegangen?
This construction type of questions I stole from boring gonzo documentaries, where it is used to imply that something stunningly unlikely is about to be "revealed" to the audience. That's the moment I switch off the telly.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


brownish/red spot on a dwarf albera spruce
Hi, I live in Michigan and after the snow melted our Dwarf Alberta Spruce had a brownish/red spot on the front of it. What is this caused from? There is new growth starting but I would like know what, if anything I can do differently in the future to protect it. Thank you!!
Submitted by BHGPhotoContest
This sounds like winter burn on your Dwarf Alberta spruce. I suspect that it's on the south or southwest side of the tree. During winter when the ground is frozen, the tree can't readily pull moisture out of the ground. Yet, on warm days it is transpiring and losing water. So essentially the plant is under mid-winter drought stress. It helps to make certain the soil is saturated going into winter. And if the tree is exposed, you may need to put up a temporary shade barrier of burlap or similar material to keep the browning from recurring.
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said, 'jeet.' Now if we were to pronounce that the way it's written, we would say 'did you eat yet?' But in rapid, spoken English, the 'did you' gets reduced. Do you see how the nature of the consonants changes, it's not 'did you,' it's 'juh' Let's suppose that you had already eaten lunch, so I could ask you 'hoodjeet with with?'"
RS: "Who did you eat with?"
BAKER: "That's right. Whadja eet?"
RS: "'What did you eat?' to translate."
BAKER: "Right. The reductions occur in words that are not stressed. So going back over those three examples, which admittedly are rather extreme -- and we'll go back and look at a few cases that are less extreme -- notice that it's the auxiliary verb, which is 'did,' and the pronoun 'you' gets reduced, and the word 'eat,' which is the verb in this sentence, is the stressed word. The word 'yet' is unstressed; it's an adverb. So it comes out 'jeet yet?'
Now let me give you some examples of reductions that occur frequently, or even all the time. One example would be the preposition 'to,' which we normally in spoken language pronounce 'ta,' 'I hafta go,' 'I hafta,' right? Haf-ta. It's not 'to.' Same thing with the word 'you.' How does that get reduced?"
RS: "Ya."
BAKER: "That's right, it becomes 'ya.' So instead of 'how are you doing,' we say 'how ya doin'?"
AA: "You drop the g on doing."
BAKER: "We drop the g. So that would be -- remember, there are two changes that occur in pronunciation when forms are reduced. One is that consonants change or disappear, and other one is that there's a change in the vowel quality. So 'how ya doin',' the word 'are' disappeared all together, the 'you' changed to 'ya' and on the word 'doing' the g dropped."
RS: "It would sound really strange if I would say in casual conversation, 'how are you doing?'"
AA: "Unless you're talking to someone who's hard of hearing or you know doesn't understand the language very well."
BAKER: "Yeah, it would be very unnatural. Think of other forms like 'gotta.' 'I gotta go.' We don't say 'I have got to go.' The word 'have' drops, 'got to' becomes 'gotta.' Notice 'got to,' when we pronounce them together, the 't' in American English changes to a 'd.' So there's a example of where, as I said before, consonant quality changes."
RS: "And we see this with 'going to,' 'I'm gonna go.'"
BAKER: "And very interesting, because most of my students, even at a low intermediate level, are familiar with 'gonna.' They've heard it so many times in movies and in songs and so on, so much so that I'll receive essays where the students have written g-o-n-n-a. But what I'm teaching people is academic English, and so I have to teach them that it's not OK to write reduced forms. It's OK to say them, but you shouldn't write them."
AA: "So is any of this related to social class or to education?"
BAKER: "I think the use of reduced forms is tied more to the situation. You'll find that when people are talking with their friends in a more casual situation, where we're feeling more relaxed, we tend to use more reduced forms -- because, one of the reasons that we do reduce forms, that we do have so many reductions in our speech, is that it's just much easier to pronounce words. Whenever we pronounce consonants, the mouth has to be in a certain position, and to move from one position to another requires a certain amount of muscular effort."
RS: Lida Baker teaches at the American Language Center of the University of California at Los Angeles. She also writes textbooks for English learners.
AA: You'll find our previous Wordmaster segments with Lida on our Web site, _URL_. And our e-mail address is _EMAIL_. Or write us at VOA Wordmaster, Washington DC 20237 USA. With Rosanne Skirble, I'm Avi Arditti.
MUSIC: "What You Gonna Do"/The Jeanette Williams Band
Pronunciation Tips
Are You How You Talk?
(Beginner - Listening, reading)
A video lesson to help with your understanding of American dialects.
The English is spoken at 75% of normal speed.
Click here to visit the lesson page.
Are You How You Talk?
(Beginner - Listening)
An audio lesson to help with your understanding of American dialects. The English is spoken at 75% of normal speed. Click here to visit the lesson page with the written script for this audio program.
Improve Your Pronunciation by Training Your Ears
(Beginner - Listening)
An audio lesson to help with your pronunciation and English language reductions. The English is spoken at 75% of normal speed. Great English pronunciation tips. Click here to visit the lesson page with the written script for this audio program.


text:
This item is available under a Creative Commons License for non-commercial use only
Applied mathematics, Probability
Nonlinear sea waves generated by the wind, including freak waves, are considered to be phenomena that can be modelled using the nonlinear (cubic) Schrodinger equation, for example. However, there is a problem with this approach which is that sea surface waves, driven by wind speeds of varying strength, must be considered to be composed of two distinct types, namely, linear waves and nonlinear waves. In this paper, we consider a different approach to modelling 'nonlinear' waves that is based on a solution to the linear wave equation under a low-gradient, phase-only condition. This approach is entirely compatible with the fluid equations of motion (the Navier-Stokes equations) and is thereby not based on a phenomenological model such as the nonlinear Schr¨odinger equation.
Blackledge, J., Coyle, E.,Kearney, D.:Nonlinear Behaviour of Sea Surface Waves Based on Low-Gradient Phase-Only Scattering Effects.International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering, 2011, Rome,

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Reference: _PHONE_
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Gabbeh is the name of a special rug woven by the Lori and Kashghai tribes. It is coarsely woven, made from hand spun wool and dyed in vegetable dyes. Gabbeh has light colours and a thick pile. Most Gabbeh rugs are sold in the bazaars of Shiraz. Typically, the warp, weft, and pile are all made of handspun wool, and have no fringes. The ends are Kelims that have been bent and sewed up. The patterns are most often geometrical, although the Kashghai Gabbeh sometimes display motifs in their finer rugs. Sometimes figure patterns can be seen; goats, camels, and lions, covered by small geometrical motifs, and copies of reliefs from Persepolis (the main city of the Achaemenid dynasty, near Shiraz). Typical colours are beige, red, orange, and dark blue.
Ref: _PHONE_
Country of origin: Persia
Dimensions: 244 x 168 4.1 m²
Manufacturing: Genuine hand knotted rug
Pile: Wool
Warp: Wool
Knot density: 150-250.000 knots per sqm.
Condition: In very good condition
Age: 0-20 years (not used)
Shape: Rectangular
Color: Beige
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text:
internal dynamics and interdisciplinary interaction
- ISBN: 9783110186178
- Editorial: Walter de Gruyter & Co.
- Fecha de la edición: 2006
- Lugar de la edición: Berlin. Alemania
- Colección: Cognitive linguistics Reserach
- Encuadernación: Cartoné
- Medidas: 23 cm
- Nº Pág.: 430
- Idiomas: Inglés
The book testifies of the great tolerance of Cognitive Linguists towards internal variety within itself and towards external interaction with major linguistic subdisciplines. Internally, it opens up the broad variety of CL strands and the cognitive unity between convergent linguistic disciplines. Externally, it provides a wide overview of the connections between cognition and social, psychological, pragmatic, and discourseoriented dimensions of language, which will make this book attractive to scholars from different persuasions. The book is thus expected to raise productive debate inside and outside the CL community. Furthermore, the book examines interdisciplinary connections from the point of view of the internal dynamics of CL research itself. CL is rapidly developing into different compatible frameworks with extensions into levels of linguistics description like discourse, pragmatics, and sociolinguistics among others that have only recently been taken into account in this orientation. The book covers two general topics: the relationship between the embodied nature of language, cultural models, and social action; and the role of metaphor and metonymy in inferential activity and as generators of discourse ties. More specific topics are the nature and scope of constructional meaning, language variation and cultural models; discourse acts; and the relationship between communication and cognition, the argumentative role of metaphor in discourse, the role of mental spaces in linguistic processing, and the role of empirical work in CL research. These features endow the book with internal unity and consistency while preserving the identity of each of the contributions therein.
Eds. Francisco J. Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez, M. Sandra Peña Cervel


I using bcrypt to create a password hash and in the php documentation it says
Caution: Using the PASSWORD_BCRYPT for the algo parameter, will result in the password parameter being truncated to a maximum length of 72 characters.
If I allow users to type more than 72 characters it's like I fooling them because they not using the passsword that they think that they use. So my question is do I need to set maximum length or not
Well Dmitry is right when he says 72 characters is good. If the characters are random enough. (1.78 bits per character).
You can use the approach described (security warning that password is "too long"). Or simply limit password length (with security warning).
If you expect your users to enter more than 72 characters, you could as well use SHA-512 to prehash the password, so you'd feed the hash into the bcrypt (as password) and not the actual password. There are no security issues with this approach. However it is non-standard, so if you do need to provide interopability with other applications (not yours) you can't use it.
I wouldn't worry about it. 72 characters is a quite decent password length, and password truncation is a common practice. Your users will trust you with many security options (like hash algorithm and the number of iterations) which affect security much more than password length.
Implementing a warning wouldn't hurt though, that is, if you have nothing else to implement instead.
 - 1
 Or: "72 characters is the same size as this sentence; don't worry about it :)" – Maarten Bodewes Apr 13 '15 at 21:16
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text:
Safeguarding Food & Agriculture
Greenpeace is campaigning for safe, ecological agriculture that's good for the planet and good for people.
China has one of the world's greatest agricultural dilemmas: it must feed 22% of the world's population on just 7% of the world's land.
Unfortunately, China has adopted an unsustainable solution: a chemical-intensive system of agriculture, with high levels of chemical pesticide and fertiliser use. What's more, our food supply is also threatened by genetically engineered foods – a move that would gamble with the health of millions of people.
Greenpeace is working in China and Hong Kong to protect our food from dangerous chemicals and genetically engineered ingredients, for the sake of our families and our future.
For e-mail updates on safeguarding food & agriculture: subscribe here.


The Most Dangerous Game: Chasing a Sea Snail? | Travel | Smithsonian
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The Most Dangerous Game: Chasing a Sea Snail?
They're clammy. They're rubbery. They're often deep-fried in vegetable oil. And though the red abalone of California was once a staple of dirt-cheap seafood shacks, this big slippery sea snail is today one of the most prized seafoods in the world.
Abalone is also the goal of one of the most dangerous recreational games in America. Abalone diving season kicked off in Northern California on April 1, and though no fatalities have yet been reported, well, let's just knock on wood. Because since 1993, at least 54 people have lost their lives while pursuing abalone, including eight in 2008 and seven in 2007, and rare is the season in which at least one diver doesn't perish in the cold and rough waters of the North Coast. Yet so fervent is the urge to get in the water and bag one's daily limit of three abalone that many divers who have driven hours to get to their favorite spot only to find the sea surging and violent just brave the waves anyway. Sometimes they die. Kelp may be the greatest of hazards to the diver, who are prohibited from using SCUBA gear. This spectacular seaweed, so gentle in appearance and symbolic of the California coast, occurs in nasty thickets in many locations. Kelp may grow more than a foot per day, and in the summer sun during calm periods, kelp forests can burgeon seemingly out of control until the fronds layer the surface like a carpet. Underwater, the long, cord-like stipes hang ceiling to seafloor. Among the rocks at their base is where the abalone dwell. Some divers wait until a large storm rips these kelp plants from the seafloor, clearing the water, while most just deal with it—the sensation of long, rubbery cords of kelp sliding over one's legs is familiar to any abalone diver. Many carry knives strapped to their lower leg to cut through the kelp should they become entangled. Ironically, divers have drowned when their knives become snagged on the kelp.
Other divers die of exhaustion or heart attacks, sometimes collapsing on the rocks after a particularly strenuous dive. Among the least of dangers is the great white shark—though the fear of being eaten is one of the most persistent and haunting. In 2004, a well-known diver in Mendocino County was decapitated by a shark in one swift attack. Though dozens of abalone hunters have died from other causes since, Randy Fry remains a name that Northern California divers speak with a tone of regret and unmistakable dread. Today, many divers, as well as kayakers and surfers, wear "Shark Shields," a relatively new device that emits an electric field that may deter sharks as large as great whites.
So, what is all the fuss and excitement about? For many people, abalone means nothing more than an excuse to get wet in one of the world's most beautiful underwater settings. For some divers, it's a treasure hunt—all about locating the big snails and prying them out of their crevices and holes. For a few divers, eating abalone isn't even the point—collecting them is. After sacking their limits an driving home, they hand out the snails to their friends. (I recently joked with one such diver that she might just hunt for rocks instead and leave the abalone, which may be decades old, to their peaceful business.)
For others, abalone hunting is an obsessive game of numbers. These dedicated trophy hunters will take nothing but "tens," that is, abalone at least 10 inches wide. (The minimum legal size is seven inches.) So particular are "ten divers" about this hallowed but arbitrary dimension that they usually measure and record their catches down to the hundredth of an inch, with the difference between a 10.64- or 10.47-inch abalone being a worthy distinction. The shells they polish and display on walls, and there is even a website dedicated to the hunt for huge abalone called Abalone Ten. Large abs, as divers often call their quarry, often occupy dark crevices 20 feet or more beneath the surface, and one may wonder as shivers creep up the spine how many divers have drowned with their heads stuck in an underwater cave.
The snails, meanwhile, keep meekly minding their business. They slide slowly across the seafloor, seeking kelp scraps, their chief food source, by day and returning to cracks and caves by night, and little do they know of the storm that their existence stirs—a storm of economic activity, weekends spent camping, poaching busts and car chases, photo ops, celebrations and family feasts... and funerals.
By the numbers:
Of about 35,000 licensed abalone hunters in California, more than 50 have died in the past 20 years.
Of about 300,000 licensed hunters in California, 27 died in accidents from 1994 to 2009.
20: Fatal mountain lion attacks in North America since 1890, including 6 people in California.
934: Commercial fishermen killed in America between 1992 and 2007.
6,000 to 8,000: Estimated total number of mountain climber deaths on Mont Blanc.
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Formulary managers
Do you want to give physicians access to your formulary?
Medication management is the key to an electronic prescription system. Formularies are not booklets that can be flicked through occasionally, but crucial links in the clinical process with many national, regional and local implications.
Various existing formularies are accessible in Prescriptor, including NHG-formularium, Formularium Nijmegen, Groninger Formularium, and ETAS. These formularies are maintained regionally or locally and can be accessed by the prescribers using Prescriptor and a special license key. The advantage is that regional agreements in the clinical practice automatically appear on the 'desktop', which promotes compliance. This allows better coordination of regional and local (transmural) therapy guidelines for the purpose of efficiency and drug safety.


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Going Beyond Earth Day to Look at Ice on Our Planet
Posted on April 25 2021
Going Beyond Earth Day to Look at Ice on Our Planet
Dear Educators,
You will have celebrated Earth Day this past week on the 22nd, but at Maps 101, we want to take your students beyond Earth Day itself to help them learn the importance of being stewards of planet Earth in their future. One indicator of Earth's health is the condition of ice on the planet. Scientists keep their eyes on Earth's ice because it is melting faster, most likely due to climate changes brought on by human interaction.
Geography News Network
At one time, scientists thought ice shelves were relatively stable. Ice shelves are floating sheets of ice that connect to a glacier resting on a land mass. Most ice shelves are in Antarctica. Sheets of ice extending from melting glaciers float on the seawater. They form along the coasts and can survive for thousands of years. However, warming oceans are causing the bottoms of ice shelves to melt more quickly. Eventually there are fractures and separation, creating icebergs. Over time, the ice completely melts, making sea levels rise and lessening the amount of ice on Earth. Have students learn more about this process in this fascinating Geography News Network article.
Iceberg Infographic
Maps101's exclusive infographic on icebergs will ensure your students understand this important topic. Visual learners especially will be able to make connections among what they have read in the article above, seen in the accompanying map with GNN, and their visual analysis of the infographic, to fully understand ice on Earth.
 FieldTrip Library
To extend students' understanding of the effects of climate change, project the Climate Change Field Trip on the board. Each point of interest is highlighted on a map for direct context to place. Each place includes an image or graphic and written content that explains what students need to know to easily grasp this complex topic. Look, too, for More Information at each point of interest. Field Trips provide students with an interactive, complete tour of a wide variety of topics. Look for dozens of trips on Maps101.
This new map, made especially for Earth Day 2021, shows the path an iceberg, known as C19A, has followed over the course of time. It also shows the locations and movement of other major icebergs.
Creating a Climate Change Seminar for Project-Based Learning There are 14 points of interest (POI) in the Climate Change Field Trip. Divide the class into appropriate groups if needed and assign individuals or groups one of the POIs to further research. They should provide images, captions, and text, to create a slideshow that delves deeper into their topic. Then, hold a Climate Change Seminar for the school. Travel through the Maps 101 Field Trip and stop along the way to allow students to show their expanded research on each point of interest. After the seminar presentation, hold a Q&A session and allow your students to be the "experts" to answer the questions from the audience. If there are any questions that need additional research, write down the questions and have your experts research to find the answers. Then, create a newsletter that asks and answers these questions and distribute it to attendees.
Summarizing Project this week's map of iceberg tracks on the board. Referring to the map and what students have learned in the GNN article on "Melting Antarctica" and the iceberg infographic, ask them to summarize how icebergs form and explain what an ice shelf is.
Asking and Answering Questions to Make Maps Have students develop their own inquiries as to why a map like this week's is helpful to scientists. Then, have them research to answer their own questions. Once they understand the characteristics that make maps important, they can then create their own maps. Have them decide what they think would also be helpful to scientists as a map. Make sure they explain in a paragraph why they think the subject of their map is important, and include it in the map key. Display their maps in class.
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For something so important, mobile phones can be remarkably fragile. Dents, chips and cracked screens are sadly all too common, and problems with the battery or buttons are even worse. Fortunately, you can usually still sell a broken phone.
There's no official industry-wide classification for the condition of a phone, but by and large, a handset falls into four brackets:
 - New - brand new, still in its original packaging and hasn't even been turned on
 - Used or working - has been used, but works fine and is largely undamaged
 - Broken - is damaged but recyclers will still buy it
 - Beyond economic repair - so damaged that it can't be sold
The condition of the phone will determine the payment you'll get from a recycler, and it's important to be honest when you send them your device - otherwise they may downgrade your quote later. With that in mind, it's a good idea to have an idea what exactly constitutes a broken phone.
Sell my phone now
How to sell your broken phone
Selling your phone is easy at SellMyMobile - just follow these steps:
 1. Find your phone model by typing it into the search bar. Click or tap your model to start comparing offers.
 2. On the comparison table, select 'broken' from the condition options. This will filter results to only show valuations for damaged handsets.
 3. When you find a deal you like, click it to get more information, or head over to the recycler's website to sell your phone.
Make sure you're honest about the condition of your phone when getting your quotes. With damaged phones, there's a greater chance that recyclers will revise their initial quote once they receive your phone and check it over.
Be prepared for that possibility, and remember that you're free to reject it. Many recyclers offer free returns if their quote is changed so if your nervous pick one of these companies.
Sell your phone now
Frequently asked questions
Can I sell my water damaged phone?
If your phone has suffered water damage, it can be tricky to sell. Some recyclers will take it, but many will not. As a general rule:
 - if it's suffered water damage but otherwise switches on and works, some recyclers will buy it as a broken phone
 - if it doesn't switch on or shows other significant signs of damage you probably won't find a recycler to buy it
Our best recommendation is to search for broken phone deals, and click through to a recycler's website when you find a quote you like. Check through their terms and conditions and they'll state their policy on accepting water-damaged handsets.
What counts as broken a phone?
A disclaimer: the precise conditions for a broken phone change by recycler. They typically make them clear, so when you compare devices, and click through to a company's website, you should be able to check for yourself. There are common factors though - you should definitely class your phone as broken if:
 - it has a cracked screen
 - it has lots of dents, scratches, and chips in the body
 - the battery is faulty
 - it has broken buttons
 - it has broken microphones, speakers, SIM gates or other parts
 - the phone doesn't switch on
 - the operating system is missing or corrupt
 - the back cover is missing
 - there are dead or damaged pixels on the display
Even if your phone has one or more of these imperfections, you can still sell it. Simply head search for your specific model on and make sure the 'broken' option is selected. We'll find you the best price.
Sell your broken phone
What phones cannot be sold?
Sometimes a phone considered beyond economic repair - in other words, it's too broken. While some recyclers may take a phone in that state, your options will be rather limited if:
 - the phone is bent, twisted, or snapped in two
 - the body is crushed
 - there has been serious liquid damage
 - the SIM or SD card is glued in
There are some other scenarios where the phone won't be accepted - in some cases, selling it might actually be illegal.
If, for example, you're trying to sell a stolen phone, not only will you not get any money, you may be investigated by the police. Every handset has a unique IMEI number and recyclers will check it. If that code has been tagged as stolen or lost, the device will be passed onto the authorities. To find out more, check out our information page:
Selling stolen phones


Czechia, destination of the Vietnamese diaspora in Europe
Vietnamese children in Chrastava (Czechoslovakia). 1956. Source: Růžena Tupé Archive
The Czech Republic has one of the largest Vietnamese communities in Europe, surpassed only by France and Germany. About 60.000 Vietnamese live in this Slavic country. This places them as the third largest group of foreigners in Czech territory, behind Slovaks and Ukrainians.
Most foreigners with temporary or permanent residence in the Czech Republic are Europeans. These include, in addition to Slovaks and Ukrainians, Germans, Poles and Russians.
However, in this Central European country, where it is difficult to find people who are not European, the Vietnamese stand out remarkably. In order to understand the cause of this, we have to look back to the times of the Cold War. A period in which Czechoslovakia and North Vietnam began military, educational and economic cooperation.
First steps
In the middle of the 50s, when the Vietnam War had broken out (_PHONE_), the Socialist Republic of Czechoslovakia began providing military assistance to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, known as North Vietnam[1].
The Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. Source: Wikiwand
In addition, in 1956 both countries established their first educational agreements. For this reason, the northern village of Chrastava, in Liberec province, welcomed a hundred Vietnamese children for education at primary school.
After finishing primary school, some studied at secondary school and went on to university in Czechoslovakia. Others returned back to Vietnam. This educational programme in Chrastava continued for three more years. It was such an important step in bilateral relations that Hô Chi Minh, the president of North Vietnam, visited this village in 1957[2].
Later, in 1967, Hanoi and Prague reached agreements so that the Vietnamese could come to study and work. In this way, Czechoslovakia would train its colleagues from the Indochina Peninsula academically and practically to enable them to rebuild their country economically after the war.
David Nguyen, a financial advisor and student of International Development at Mendel University in Brno, is a Czech with Vietnamese roots, since his mother is Czech and his father is Vietnamese. Nguyen tells that his father came to Czechoslovakia in the 1980s, when he was 18, to study agricultural mechanization and then applied his knowledge on a Czechoslovakian farm.
Nguyen highlights that his father, according to Vietnamese law at the time, had two options: to do military service or to go to Czechoslovakia as a worker or student. This is one of the reasons why his father considered the agreements that existed between the two countries to be favourable. In this way, he was able to come to Europe and make a better future for himself in order to help his family in Vietnam financially.
The first generation
As mentioned, the first Vietnamese in Czechoslovakia were students or workers who came to this country for academic and work training. After their training, they were supposed to return to Vietnam, so they were foreigners passing through the country. Many of them stayed here or returned to Czechoslovakia after having been in Vietnam for a while.
Ta Thuy Dung, known as Chili Ta, is a famous cook and singer. She also has a degree in Business Administration from New York University in Prague. She was born in Vietnam, but came to the Czech Republic when she was a child.
Chili Ta's father was one of the workers who came to Czechoslovakia in the 1980s. The well-known cook recounts that after a few years her father returned to Vietnam, where he married and she was born. Later, in 1995 – when Czechoslovakia had already been dissolved (1993) – Chili Ta and her mother moved to the Czech Republic, as her father had arrived earlier.
Despite having to deal with a different culture and language, Chili Ta says his father adapted easily to Czechoslovak society in the 1980s. For his part, Nguyen stresses that his father earned the respect of Czechoslovaks thanks to his perseverance at work.
Uyen Huu Pham, the Vietnamese representative on the Council Government for National Minorities, says that he also came here in the 1980s. He studied Mathematics and Computer Science at Charles University in Prague and it was not difficult for him to adapt.
Most Vietnamese who came or returned to the Czech Republic after the fall of communism established their own businesses. Many of them opened clothing shops or restaurants. This is the case with Nguyen's father, who felt it was more profitable to run his own business than to work on a farm or in a factory.
It is worth noting that according to the Czech Ministry of the Interior, 61.131 Vietnamese live in the country. Pham states that it is estimated that this community, including Czechs citizens with Vietnamese origin, is formed of around 70.000 people.
The most common nationalities of foreigners in the Czech Republic. Source: Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic and Česko v datech
Recent generations
The new Vietnamese generations are practically Czech. Some were born in Vietnam and came to the Czech Republic as children, and others are Czechs of Vietnamese descent.
These generations grow up surrounded by Czech culture and people. Many of them do not speak Vietnamese, but Czech. For this reason, they are called "banana children". It means that they are yellow on the outside and white on the inside. It is certainly an advantage for them, since they do not need to integrate into society because they are already part of it. Chili Ta and David Nguyen are clear examples of this.
Something very peculiar about these young people is that they are brilliant students. Pham explains his parents are very demanding concerning their children's studies. "They believe that with a good education, their children will be able to escape from their current position and advance higher up the social ladder", Pham states. For this reason, several of them now specialize in law, finance or information technology (IT).
On the other hand, many of them are still doing business like their parents, but on a large scale. For example, Pham highlights the big food and sportswear companies, TAMDA FOODS and SPORTISIMO, which are run by Vietnamese.
While this country's community is thriving in the private sector, there is a notable lack of them in the public sector. The first generation had the barrier of language and new culture. However, their descendants are still not very present in hospitals, schools or police departments. Pham says that in recent years there have been more Vietnamese in public jobs, but not many, and that the exact number is not known. It is one of the necessary steps for complete integration.
The Vietnamese are generally believed to be very well integrated into society. According to Pham and Nguyen, it is due to the Vietnamese being very hard-working, supporting Czech economy and using the social system minimally. However, both of them highlight that there is still a long way to go.
Chili Ta, Pham and Nguyen all agree that the younger Czech generation is also more respectful and inclusive of this minority. Chili Ta and Nguyen point out that some of the older generations still do not treat them as equals. In Pham's opinion, this situation has greatly improved since the 1990s, when there were physical attacks by extremists.
Czechs open up to Vietnamese culture
Like the new generations of this distinctive ethnic group in the country, the Czechs also want to get to know the culture of this Asian country. Apart from the friendships that are formed between them, Czechs are increasingly visiting Vietnamese sites.
At the end of the 1990s, SAPA was inaugurated in Prague. It is a marketplace where there are shops, restaurants and Vietnamese cultural events. In the beginning, only Vietnamese people came. However, gradually Czechs began to visit this market and were fascinated by the Vietnamese nook of the city. Today, there are also SAPA in the cities of Brno and Ostrava.
Due to SAPA's success among the Czechs, "the Vietnamese decided to open Vietnamese food restaurants outside this market", Chili Ta notes. Today, this cuisine is very popular in the Czech Republic. It should be noted that the first restaurants run by the Vietnamese were Chinese, since they did not expect these Slavs to like Vietnamese food, and China is one of the best-known Asian countries[3].
SAPA in Prague. Source: Wikipedia
In addition to this, the Czech Government recognised the Vietnamese in the Council Government for National Minorities in 2013. Since then Pham has been the representative of this community. He explains that, for example, this allows the Vietnamese and their organisations to participate in cultural and educational activities organized by the Ministries of Culture and Education, Youth and Sports. He also stresses that they work to ensure that the rights of minorities are not violated. Apart from that, he highlights that no other country in Europe has taken the same step so far.
Czechia is still a destination
The Velvet Revolution of 1989 marked the end of communism in Czechoslovakia. However, it did not end the arrival of the Vietnamese. Many of these Asians still come to the Czech Republic.
According to Chili Ta, Europe is considered a prestigious continent in Vietnam. For this reason, there is still Vietnamese immigration. In addition, Chili Ta points out that family ties are very strong and that is why there are people who want their uncles or cousins to come to the Czech Republic for family reunification.
For his part, Pham indicates that the Vietnamese government is sending new workers to various countries, especially people from poor regions; therefore the


An Introduction to Lately Developed Closed Method Drug Transfer System
Research have identified that the use of shut systems for managing hazardous medicines resulted in important reduction of contamination in the instant surroundings. As a result, pharmaceutical engineers and technicians are occupied in planning effective shut drug transfer techniques for these kinds of poisonous substances. They have previously produced some of the closed method products. The post handles a variety of shut technique and a brief dialogue of its layout aspects.
PhaSeal is a closed method for handling of harmful drugs exactly where the component devices are focused to every other to create the program. are designed to market safe dealing with medications, specifically cytotoxic drugs. Leakage of drug into the environment is effectively averted for the duration of the preparing, administration and squander handling of these medication, when this method is employed.
This closed program has three ingredient products – Protector, Injector Leur lock and Infusion Adapter. All these are sealed off with an elastomeric membrane. The membranes are joined with each other by way of a specially reduce injection cannula and act as restricted seals to prevent leakage.
The Protector, also named drug vial transfer adapter is equipped to drug vial and is utilized as a docking station amongst drug vial and injector. It essentially equilibrates the strain variation which happens when fluid or air is included or removed from the drug vial. Liquid transfer will take place by way of tightly fitting membranes to lessen publicity to probably dangerous drug aerosols and spills that arise during the reconstitution, administration and disposal procedures.
Injector Luer Lock is a drug transfer needle system having a solitary lumen needle encapsulated in a plastic chamber. Its a single conclude locks on to an external unit outfitted with leur lock fitting. Drug transfer will take location through the identical elastomeric limited sealed membrane. Also it has a wider cannula for increased movement of medications.
Infusion Adapter is an intravascular administration established and serves as the connecting part between the IV bag and an exterior IV line. It has a developed-in connector which makes it feasible to admix medications into the infusion answer employing sealed double membrane technique.
This closed system is already utilized in several health care configurations and is located to be effective in minimizing the risks of exposure to harmful drugs.


text:
These and Those
Source: AFMentor.com and multiple
I was sitting in a briefing one day and started to wonder who really are "those" people?
Where every I go, I hear its those people. Its those people who are causing problems, winning awards, stretching the rules, being successful.
But who are they? Are they those who are different than the group, me, us? Are those people; in a better standing? Are those people a class onto themselves? And that class is only recognized by those people whom are not in it?
A lot of it depends on the connotation. Try to talk to some about a group of people different from you. Is the group those people? If so, would it make those people a minority or a majority? Is there prejudice or bias affecting these or those people?
Is it those people whom are different, or those people who there isn't any want of ownership?
Maybe its just the definition of the words. I started looking at the definitions provided from Oxford Dictionaries, and I left with something to think about….
- pronoun & determiner (pl. these) 1 used to identify a specific person or thing close at hand or being indicated or experienced. 2 referring to the nearer of two things close to the speaker. 3 referring to a specific thing or situation just mentioned. 4 as determiner used with periods of time related to the present.
- pronoun & determiner (pl. those) 1 used to identify a specific person or thing observed or heard by the speaker. 2 referring to the more distant of two things near to the speaker. 3 referring to a specific thing previously mentioned or known. 4 used in singling out someone or something with a particular feature. 5 as pronoun (pl. that) used instead of which, who, when, etc. to introduce a defining clause.
What is the difference between these and those? The Oxford view of the "differences of these/those are the plural forms of this/that, and behave in the same way. As a determiner this is used to identify a specific person or thing close at hand or being experienced. As a determiner that refers to the more distant of two things near to the speaker, or to a specific thing previously mentioned. "
So in thinking about it, are those airmen different than you or me? Or are airmen, "Airmen"? Maybe I am splitting hairs, but in a number of educational environments and briefing, I remember talking a lot of those "Airmen". When in the truth of it, we really ought to have been talking about our "Airmen", these "Airmen". These Airmen, all from different walks of life and experiences are still close to the very fundamentals of our service. Its funny, how one letter; an "o" or an "e" can keep people at arms length or invite them into a circle of acceptance.
Pay attention to those around you… What feeling do you get? Feel free to comment back on this. I am curious if it is only me.


text:
Sea Garden Motel Pismo
This blog post about Sea Garden Motel Pismo was posted at March 22, 2017 at 7:24 am. It is posted on the Garden category. Sea Garden Motel Pismo is tagged with Sea Garden Motel Pismo, Sea, Garden, Motel, Pismo..
Seasea (sē),USA pronunciation n.
- the salt waters that cover the greater part of the earth's surface.
- a division of these waters, of considerable extent, more or less definitely marked off by land boundaries: the North Sea.
- one of the seven seas;
- a large lake or landlocked body of water.
- the degree or amount of turbulence of the ocean or other body of water, as caused by the wind.
- the waves.
- a large wave: The heavy seas almost drowned us.
- a widely extended, copious, or overwhelming quantity: a sea of faces; a sea of troubles.
- the work, travel, and shipboard life of a sailor: The sea is a hard life but a rewarding one.
- at sea:
- on the ocean.
uncertain: completely at sea as to how to answer the question.Also, asea.
- follow the sea, to pursue a nautical career: Many boys then dreamed of following the sea.
- go to sea:
- to set out on a voyage.
- to embark on a nautical career.
- half seas over, [Slang.]partly or completely drunk: They came home at dawn, looking half seas over.Also, half-seas over.
- put to sea, to embark on a sea voyage: The expedition is nearly ready to put to sea.Also, put out to sea.
- of, pertaining to, or adapted for use at sea.
Gardengar•den (gär′dn),USA pronunciation n.
- a plot of ground, usually near a house, where flowers, shrubs, vegetables, fruits, or herbs are cultivated.
- a piece of ground or other space, commonly with ornamental plants, trees, etc., used as a park or other public recreation area: a public garden.
- a fertile and delightful spot or region.
- [Brit.]yard2 (def. 1).
- pertaining to, produced in, or suitable for cultivation or use in a garden: fresh garden vegetables; garden furniture.
- lead up or down the garden path, to deceive or mislead in an enticing way;
delude: The voters had been led up the garden path too often to take a candidate's promises seriously.
- to lay out, cultivate, or tend a garden.
- to cultivate as a garden.
Motelmo•tel (mō tel′),USA pronunciation n.
- a hotel providing travelers with lodging and free parking facilities, typically a roadside hotel having rooms adjacent to an outside parking area or an urban hotel offering parking within the building.
Sea Garden Motel Pismo have 7 images, they are Sea Garden Motel - Pismo Beach - United States Of America, Sea Garden Motel, Pismo Beach, Booking.com, Booking.com, Sea Garden Motel, Pismo Beach, Photo Of Sea Garden Motel - Pismo Beach, CA, United States, Booking.com. Following are the attachments:
But grey is just a simple color that seems nevertheless simple to fit with additional colors more distinction. So that the shade Sea Garden Motel Pismo that is chosen works for those who desire to employ neutral colors like less, although white. To have the mixture right colour coloring, you must consider these methods and criteria in choosing color combinations. Select a colour to paint the surfaces a vivid color combinations of dull.
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The Human Brain Sees the World as an 11-dimensional Multiverse
 - Alt
The team of scientists led by a group from Scientists at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in Switzerland detected the previously unknown complexities of the brain while working on the Blue Brain Project. The project's goal is to create a biologically accurate recreation of the human brain.
During their research, the scientists created simulations of the brain and applied an advanced form of mathematics, called algebraic topology, to their computer-generated models.
What Hess and her colleagues found was that the brain processes visual information by creating multi-dimensional neurological structures, called cliques, which disintegrate the instant they are understood, according to Newsweek who first reported on the research that was published in the journal Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience.
The cliques have up to 11 different dimensions and form in holes of space, called cavities. Once the brain understands the visual information, both the clique and cavity disappear.
"The appearance of high-dimensional cavities when the brain is processing information means that the neurons in the network react to stimuli in an extremely organized manner," said researcher Ran Levi.
Henry Markram, director of Blue Brain Project, explained just how momentous a discovery the multi-dimensional structures could be.


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- What is Business Aviation?
- Flight Department Administration
- Aircraft Operations
- Professional Development
- News & Publications
- Products & Services
A Temporary Flight Restriction (TFR) is a restriction on an area of airspace due to the movement of government VIPs, special events, natural disasters, or other unusual events. On any given day, there are typically several TFRs in place across the National Airspace System (NAS). Most non-VIP TFRs are small in scope, in non-critical locations, or allow for some aspect of general aviation to operate within them, albeit with some restrictions.
However, some TFRs do have a significant restrictive impact on general and business aviation. The most common of these are VIP TFRs, which are issued in association with the movements of the President and the Vice President. Not quite as common are special event TFRs, such as those established each year in association with the Super Bowl or the UN General Assembly.
The dimensions, timing, and level of restriction for each TFR vary. For VIP TFR's, these determinations are made by the United States Secret Service (USSS), in coordination with FAA Security. Once finalized, TFR information is typically distributed via Flight Data Center (FDC) Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) in advance of the event.
For additional information about the types of TFR, review the information below:
There are two basic types of VIP TFRs:
- Presidential, reserved for use in association with Presidential movement,
- Vice-Presidential, used for Vice Presidential movement or movement by other lower-ranking government officials.
These TFRs are governed by FAR 91.141 and are generally not made available to the public until two or three days before the event.
VIP TFRs are normally set up as one or more rings of airspace, surrounding the VIP, which become active for a specific amount of time. The normal arrangement is to have one ring covering the VIP's arrival and departure location(s) and another covering the area where the VIP will be between arrival and departure. While these rings are stationary, there are occasions where "rolling" TFRs are created to accommodate a moving event (such as one involving a train or bus).
Presidential VIP TFRs
In the case of Presidential movement, the TFR is usually comprised of an outer ring (usually 30 nautical miles, but sometimes slightly more or less) and one or more inner rings (usually 10 nautical miles, but sometimes 8, 9, or 10 nautical miles). The dimensions and, even the shape, of the rings are sometimes altered to suit specific needs. For example, some TFRs are structured so that the outer ring consists of the lateral limits of a particular airport's Class B airspace, or are created with cut-outs, as noted later in this resource.
The inner ring(s) constitute the most significant challenge to general and business aviation, since they are almost always inaccessible to general aviation aircraft. This is primarily due to the fact that general aviation aircraft are not subject to TSA passenger and aircraft screening.
The result is that GA aircraft cannot fly through these areas below 18,000 feet and any airports within these areas are unavailable to GA aircraft during the specified times. In addition, these "no fly" areas may result in required reroutes being issued to move aircraft away from them.
There are occasional exceptions that will allow certain GA aircraft to penetrate the inner ring(s). In some cases, the USSS will agree to set up "gateway" airports, at which GA aircraft can be screened before proceeding into the TFR. In other cases, GA aircraft are permitted into the inner ring(s) only after obtaining TSA waivers, sometime used in combination with gateway airports. However, these exceptions are relatively rare and are normally made for TFRs that impact multiple airports for several days.
On other occasions, a TFR might be structured with a "cut-out" to allow operations into an airport that lies just inside the inner ring. This happens quite often for Teterboro Airport (TEB) when TFRs are placed over the New York City area. In these cases operators need to be aware that certain approaches and departures may not be available for the airport in the cut-out.
The outer ring(s) are much less problematic for general and business aviation. Between this outer limit and the inner ring(s), GA aircraft are permitted as long as they are on IFR flight plans and in communication with air traffic control. However, aircraft cannot loiter in this airspace and certain other types of activities, such as flight training, practice approaches, and sightseeing flights, are not permitted within this area.
Vice-Presidential VIP TFRs
In the case of Vice Presidential movement, TFRs normally consist of one or more 3 nautical mile rings and no outer ring. These TFRs are less restrictive for GA aircraft, allowing access to aircraft that are on IFR flight plans and in communication with ATC – restrictions very similar to those in the outer rings discussed above.
However, when an airport is contained within a Vice-Presidential TFR, airport operations are typically halted for a short period of time while the VIP is at the airport or is departing or arriving. As a result, operators flying into an airport sitting under a 3 nautical mile ring can expect minor delays during the TFR's active times.
Special Event TFRs
Large-scale and high profile special events, such as the Super Bowl and political conventions, will also often require the use of TFRs. These TFRs are, in many ways, similar to VIP TFRs, but they are governed under a different set of regulations – FAR 99.7. Normally, an inner ring/outer ring arrangement, similar to a Presidential TFR, is utilized to secure an area around the event.
One key difference between these TFRs and VIP TFRs is that special event TFRs are generally released much further in advance – sometimes as much as two weeks ahead of the event.
Other Relevent Information About TFRs
One item that confuses many operators is that, occasionally, more than one NOTAM is issued for the same TFR. The reason for this is that some TFRs lie close to the boundary between two en route centers. When this happens, each center will release an identical NOTAM for the TFR. So, as an example, a TFR in Indianapolis might generate two identical NOTAMs –one issued by Chicago Center (ZAU) and another by Indianapolis Center (ZID).
It is also important to note that airports lying just outside the boundary of an inner ring may still be impacted by the TFR. For example, if traffic needs to depart to the north from a particular airport, and a 10 nautical mile ring sits 2 miles north of that airport, traffic will not be permitted to depart, since it would put them on a direct course into the TFR.
In other instances, a missed approach procedure for an airport just outside an inner ring may place an aircraft into that ring. It should be noted that, while ATC will usually advise the flight crew that this is about to occur, some ATC facilities may not be familiar with the impact that the TFR has on general aviation aircraft. As a result, pilots should always remain vigilant whenever operating in the vicinity of a TFR's inner rings.
With regard to TFR times, flight planners and flight crews should be aware that, while specific times are provided for each TFR, VIP TFRs can either be cancelled early or be extended later, with little or no notice, based on the actual movements of the VIPs. If an operator is planning to arrive at an airport shortly after a TFR there is scheduled to end, they should plan for possible airborne holding, or a diversion, in the event that the TFR is extended.
Where to Find TFR Information
The official sources for TFR information are the FAA's Graphic TFR web page and the FDC NOTAMs. Both will provide information regarding what TFRs are scheduled or are in effect.
However, since TFR NOTAMs can be difficult to decipher, NBAA provides, as a service to its Members, notification of VIP (and certain special event) TFRs, along with associated impact statements.
When a VIP TFR is issued, Air Traffic Management Specialists with NBAA Air Traffic Services compile a synopsis of the TFR's details, highlighting
- The type and dimensions of the TFR
- The times during which the TFR is in effect
- What specific airports (if any) are impacted by the TFR and at what times
- Any additional guidance as needed
The NBAA notifications and impact statements are available using one of two methods:


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About the Program
Could playing video games and watching popular television programs actually make people smarter? That's the question technology writer Steven Johnson addresses in his book, "Everything Bad is Good for You: How Today's Popular Culture is Making Us Smarter." In it, the author writes that games like Grand Theft Auto and Tetris force players to recognize and interpret complex patterns which in turn develop the cognitive abilities of those playing the games. It is along these same lines that shows like the Apprentice and C.S.I. force viewers to track often complex relationships between characters and predict behavior based on given information.


Sanitizer Rotation to Prevent Bioresistance
Sanitizer Rotation to Prevent Bioresistance Sanitizer Rotation to Prevent Bioresistance
Nov 21, 2019
Chemical sanitizers are designed to address specific microorganisms in food, beverage, dairy and pharmaceutical processing hygiene. However, in most facilities, the microflora of a processing line may shift due to changing production conditions. In these cases, sanitizer rotation is a worthwhile action to address the spectrum of microbial activity as well as concerns about the development of microbial resistance.
What is Microbial Resistance?
Microbial resistance is broadly defined as the ability of the microbe to survive and propagate under conditions that were previously lethal. Some of these conditions include temperatures, pH, water availability, and chemical exposure. There are two accepted types of microbial resistance: intrinsic and acquired.
What is the difference between intrinsic resistance and acquired resistance?
Intrinsic resistance is the microbe's natural ability to survive certain types of chemicals. For example, Iodophores are effective against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria but are less effective against spores or bacteriophage.
Acquired resistance is when organism strains have survived sub-lethal exposure to chemicals. Sub-lethal exposure can be low concentrations of acids or low parts per million (ppm) of chemicals. Acquired resistance can be further classified. Some of those definitions are listed below:
 - Acid Tolerance: tolerance to acidic conditions.
 - Chemical Tolerance: tolerance to chemical exposure.
 - Cryo Tolerance: tolerance to freezer, or sub-zero conditions.
 - Thermo Tolerance: tolerance to thermal conditions.
Why use chemical sanitizers in processing plants?
There are two goals for plant sanitizing. The first is to maintain control of the plant sanitizing program and the second is to prevent any existing microbial situation from becoming worse.
A processing plant can maintain control of its sanitizing program by identifying areas of concern and maintaining them on a master Standard Sanitation Operating Procedure (SSOP) schedule. This includes the identification of problem areas (biofilm formations, bioaerosols, etc.) and the routine monitoring of these areas by microbiological means (either by adenosine triphosphate (ATP), daily plating, or monthly baseline numbers).
Preventing existing situations from worsening can be accomplished easily by putting the plant on a sanitizer rotation program. It is recommended that plants alternate sanitizers during the week to prevent bioresistance or proliferation of specific flora1.
Why rotate sanitizers?
The reason for sanitizer rotation is that using only one type of sanitizer may eliminate one type of organism, but allows others to proliferate instead. For example, a plant uses a sanitizer that is highly effective against Gram-positive bacteria. However, the sanitizer actually allows Gram-negative bacteria to flourish because there are no Gram-positive bacteria to compete for resources. The site can combat this issue by using a different type of sanitizer once a week that is more efficacious against Gram-negative bacteria thus leveling the microbial field.
Does switching sanitizers to a product like chlorine cause additional corrosion problems?
Sanitizers are highly effective and relatively low in corrosion when used at the appropriate dilution. Please refer to the label for correct dosage rate, metal interactions if listed, and contact times for sanitizing.
What precautions do you need to take when rotating sanitizers?
It is important to note that sanitizers may not be compatible with each other. For example, do not follow the use of an acid cleaner or sanitizer with a chlorinated sanitizer without rinsing well between chemical applications. Nor should you follow a quat with chlorine without rinsing well. Both of these situations can produce a dangerous chemical reaction where toxic gases can be produced. It is best to thoroughly read all Safety Data Sheets (SDS) and technical data sheets prior to application.
Most sanitizers are ineffective against large amounts of organic debris. Residual organic debris will effectively cancel the germicidal ability to sanitize2. To enhance the effectiveness of a sanitizer, thorough cleaning of the equipment, or area to be sanitized, is necessary.
Remember: a dirty surface cannot be sanitized. It is important to thoroughly clean equipment before sanitizing.
Note that when a sanitizer is rendered sub-lethal, microorganisms may become resistant.
It is also possible to employ a technique known as double sanitizing. In double sanitizing, the surface is exposed to a very strong solution, thoroughly rinsed with potable water and then sanitized. In this case, the initial sanitizer application oxidizes away any interference.
Another issue to be aware of is the fact that employees may not follow the master sanitation schedule. Employees may routinely forget to rotate sanitizers. The sanitation schedule must be clearly posted for all employees to follow. While these are just a few of the issues that can occur when rotating sanitizers, overall, sanitizer rotation is more beneficial than harmful. By incorporating a sanitizer rotation schedule into a master Sanitation Standard Operating Procedure, processors can both maintain biological control of their environment and prevent any existing microbial situations from worsening.
Diversey's hygiene specialists can help design bespoke sanitizer rotation programs aligned to the specific requirements of individual production plants. Contact us for a consultation.
1Gregersen, J., "Clean Sweep Sanitizers and Disinfectants are Only as Good the SSOP's that Govern Them", Meat Mark. Technology, 53-58, 2005.
2Yousef, A. and Juneja, V., Microbial Stress Adaptation and Food Safety, CRC Press, 2003.


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Sixty-nine years ago, the SS Paul Hamilton — carrying 7,000 tons of explosives — was torpedoed, resulting in the loss of the ship and all 580 men aboard.
The ship left Hampton Roads, Virginia, on April 2, 1944, and was headed with munitions and fresh troops to the theater of operations in North Africa.
Near sunset, on April 20, the Hamilton was attacked by German Ju 88 bombers, 30 miles off the Coast of Cape Bengut, Algiers, in the Mediterranean Sea.
The attacking aircraft launched its torpedo less than 150 feet from the Hamilton.
Immediately after the torpedo hit, a violent explosion threw debris and black smoke high in the air, and when the smoke cleared, there was no sign of the ship.
During the attack on that convoy, the USS Lansdale also was sunk, with the loss of its
47 crew members.
In a Veterans Today article, Jim W. Dean noted that, "details [surrounding the Hamilton] were classified for 50 years... only two bodies were recovered and are buried at the Allied cemetery in Algiers.
They were identified through fingerprints, so those two families had some closure."


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Autumn sale: up to 30% off on a selection of sports watches! Shop Now
The logbook stores the logs of your recorded activities. The maximum number of logs and the maximum duration of a single log depends on how much information is recorded in each activity. GPS accuracy (see GPS accuracy and power saving), for example, directly impact the number and duration of logs that can be stored.
You can view the log summary of your activity right after you have stopped recording or through the Logbook under the start menu.
The information shown in the log summary is dynamic: it changes depending on factors such as sport mode and whether or not you used an heart rate belt or GPS. By default, all logs include at minimum the following information:
If the log includes GPS data, the logbook entry includes a view of the full route track as well as the altitude profile of the track.
You can see many more details of your recorded activities in Suunto app.
To view log summary after stopping a recording:
You can also view the summaries of all your recorded sessions(logs) in the logbook. In the logbook recorded sessions are listed according to date and time.
To view summary log in the logbook:


You are in site section: Collections
Andrew Stoddart's bat
Andrew Stoddart's bat
This ruthless rout of Australian cricket will do and has done more to enhance the cause of Australian nationality than could ever be achieved by miles of erudite essays and impassioned appeal.
The Bulletin, 1898
A photograph of a cricket bat. The bat is in a horizontal postion, with its handle to the left in the photo. The wood of the bat is dark. There are dark marks on the face of the bat. A narrow strip of cloth has been wrapped around the bat just above its bottom. The bat handle has concentric scratches or wear marks on its middle section. The bat has been photographed against a white background. It casts soft shadows against the background.
Stoddart's wooden bat has a string binding around the handle and the toe where the wood has split. Photo: George Serras.
Take a closer look at Stoddart's bat
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We think that English captain Andrew Stoddart used this bat during his team's 1897 tour to Australia. The Ashes was established as a regular Test series between Australia and England by the 1880s. Every few years Australia would visit England, or England Australia, to contest up to five matches.
A black and white photograph of the 1897 English cricket team. Thirteen men are in front of the entrance to what appears to be a clubhouse. They all wear light-toned trousers, shirts, shoes and caps with a circle motif on them. Six of them stand in a row at the back of the group. Five of them sit on chairs in the middle of the group. Two sit at the front of the group, on the edge of the verandah of the building, almost at ground level. All of the men except for one have moustaches. A large double door and the brick front of the building are visible behind the group. At either side of the group are wooden posts and part of the wooden railing that contains the verandah. The man sitting at the left end of the five on chairs wears batting pads on his lower legs.
Left: England dominated these contests until, in 1897, Australia emphatically claimed the Ashes, defeating England four matches to one. The victory was hailed by the Australian press as more than just a sporting triumph. As the nation approached Federation, the win seemed to signal that an independent Australia had emerged as Britain's equal if not superior. The 1897 English cricket team. Courtesy: La Trobe Picture Collection.
A cartoon depicting a lion encircled by nine kangaroos. The lion, standing on its hind legs, wears a cap with the Union Jack flag on it and a green coat or shirt. Batting pads are visible on its hind legs and it faces to the left side of the cartoon. It holds a cricket bat over its left shoulder. The kangaroos, all holding paws, wear striped coats. The coats on the kangaroos closest to the viewer have 'West Australia', 'New South Wales', 'Queensland' and 'Victoria' in the hems. One kangaroo wears a boater-style hat. At the left of the cartoon stands a man wearing a hat, coat, trousers and shoes. He has his hands clasped behind his back and stands looking at the kangaroos around the lion. A cricket bag containing a bat and pads lies on the ground to the right of the man. At the bottom of the cartoon is the following text: 'Combine, Australia! Umpire Punch. "You've done jolly well by combination in the cricket field, and now you're going to federate at home. Bravo, boys!"
Left: As a united Australian cricket team emerged in the 1890s, the English press delighted in drawing parallels with the impending federation of the Australian states.
This cartoon appeared in Punch magazine in June 1899. Photo: George Serras.
Take a closer look at the cartoon
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Unpaid Work (Census 96) 1996
A full list of the definitions and terms used in the 1996 Census of Population and Dwellings is contained in the report An Introduction to the Census of Population and Dwellings. Refer to Statistics New Zealand for a complete list of concepts, definitions and classifications.
Access to a telephone
Area of usual residence
Available for work
Census night address
Cigarette smoking behaviour
Country of birth
De facto marriage
De facto population
Duration of residence in New Zealand
Highest school qualification
Hours of unpaid work outside the home
Hours worked in employment
Income (total income)
Industry is the type of activity undertaken by the organisation, enterprise, business or unit of economic activity within which a person is employed. Any individual business can be assigned an appropriate industry category on the basis of its predominant activity, which is its main income-producing activity.
Inlets and harbours, oceanic waters and islands
Job search methods
Labour force participation rate
Labour force status
Looked for paid work
Main means of travel to work
Means of cooking in a dwelling
Means of heating dwelling
Means of water heating in a dwelling
Number of children
Number of inmates or guest occupants
Number of occupants
Number of rooms/bedrooms
Number of rooms is the number of living and sleeping areas that the respondent states are contained in a dwelling.
A room includes living and sleeping areas, such as a bedroom, lounge or living room, dining room, kitchen, games room, rumpus room, family room, study, studio, hobby room, or a conservatory that you can sit in, but excludes service areas, such as a shower, pantry, hall, garage, spa room or walk-in wardrobe.
A room is considered to be a bedroom if it is furnished as a bedroom even if it has never been used or is not being used at the time of the data collection. A sleepout or caravan adjacent to a private dwelling should be counted as a bedroom if it is used and/or furnished as a bedroom.
Overseas visitor population
Permanent private dwelling
Place of residence
Population resident in New Zealand
This subject population consists of all enumerated people who usually reside in New Zealand and excludes people who usually reside overseas.
Population usually resident in area
Post school qualifications
A person who is currently legally married and has previously been legally married and subsequently divorced or widowed is said to be remarried.
Sector of landlord
Status in employment
Temporarily absent (household and family statistics)
Temporary private dwelling
Refers to any private dwelling that is temporary or mobile (such as a tent, caravan, campervan or boat) and occupied on census night.
In order to provide family statistics on persons living in temporary accommodation, residents of motor camps, caravan parks and camping grounds who resided or intended residing there on a permanent basis - that is, had no other address, planned to live in such accommodation or had lived in such accommodation for three months or more - are enumerated as separate private households. Accordingly the category of "Caravan, cabin or tent in a motor camp" is now included in the "Temporary Private Dwelling" category. Short-term guests and visitors in motor camps continue to be enumerated in the "Non-Private Dwelling" category.
Tenure of dwelling
Tenure of dwelling refers to the nature of occupancy of occupied private dwellings including whether or not the usual resident(s) make a payment for that occupancy. It does not include the tenure of the land on which the dwelling is situated.
There is a total of 74 territorial authorities (including 15 cities and 59 districts). The boundaries of territorial authorities are defined according to "community of interest" considerations (including the relevance of the community components to each other and the ability of the unit to efficiently service its community).
Total fertility rate
The total fertility rate for a particular year indicates the average number of children a woman would expect to have during her lifetime, were she to be exposed to the age specific fertility rates for that year. The total fertility rate is sometimes used as an indicator of family size.
Total household income
Unemployed and seeking work
Usual residence five years ago
Weekly rent refers to the amount paid per week by a household to rent or lease an occupied permanent private or temporary private dwelling.
A widowed person is a person who has not remarried following the death of his or her legal husband or wife.
Year of arrival in New Zealand
Years lived at usual residence
Years at usual residence is the length of time in completed years (ignoring temporary absences) that a respondent has lived at their current usual residence.