- November 26, 2014
That Elastic Term
When discussing resilience, scholars in different fields grope for a shared meaning
That Elastic Term That Elastic Term 1
James Balog
An alder grows in land only recently exposed to daylight by a receding glacier.
Forty years after C.S. Holling gave academic status to the word "resilience," the concept has found a home in several different disciplines.
From ecology, where Holling first defined resilience in 1973 as the measure of a system's ability to maintain its operational integrity, the term is now cropping up frequently in economics, psychiatry, robotics, medicine, military strategy, and many more disciplines.
Resilience kicker
Related Stories
After Catastrophe
Nature's Limits
Bouncing Back May Be Tough, but So Are We
That Elastic Term
Selected Works on Resilience, 2001-12
Centers of Gravity and Risk Interconnections
Less clear, though, is whether "resilience" is a term of real scientific precision, or if it's just flittering through academe, a chameleon noun most popular as a lazy tool of opportunistic imagery.
Even Holling—now retired as a professor of ecological sciences at the University of Florida—can't say his work has led to a common understanding of the idea across fields. He has made his most determined hunt for commonality by working with economists, driven by the idea that the 2007-8 financial collapse was similar to numerous environmental disasters in showcasing society's chronic tendency to misread the true linchpins in a system. But five years of organizing conferences involving leading ecologists and economists have largely led him to frustration.
The problem, by Holling's account, is that too many economists pay little or no attention to such tipping points, preferring to emphasize strategies that grow systems rather than dwell on their potential instabilities.
"There was never a good bridging between the ecosystem ecology of resilience and the economic theory of efficiency and growth," Holling says of his global series of seminars and workshops. "It didn't really happen."
Others make similar observations. Several researchers at the University of Melbourne, in Australia, recently completed a study comparing the understanding of resilience between the social and natural sciences.
Their findings, published in March in Environmental Research Letters, identified substantial differences both in methodological approaches and in fundamental understandings that prevented finding common ground.
The University of Melbourne team compiled a list of a dozen different definitions for resilience found in published papers in the ecological and social sciences, covering concepts that include coping, recovering, adapting, withstanding, and self-organizing.
"It just means different things now to different people in different fields," said one of the authors, Barbara J. Downes, a professor of resource management and geography.
The simple fact that tipping points, or thresholds, when they are reached, often surprise experts in a field shows the lack of widespread academic development of the concept of resilience, says David D. Briske, a professor of ecosystem science and management at Texas A&M University.
"It's become widely used, and it's captured, certainly, a lot of imagination and attention," Briske says of the term. But "when it comes down to applying it or operationalizing it or quantifying it, it becomes extremely difficult."
That doesn't necessarily mean the idea of resilience won't eventually become meaningful in more disciplines. To Holling, in fact, an academic field's ability to understand resilience may be a good measure of its maturity.
One example, he said, involves Hyman P. Minsky, a longtime professor of economics at Washington University in St. Louis who died in 1996. Minsky's understanding of the fragile nature of financial markets, and the risk of their sudden collapse, proved prescient in 2007.
An economist who got even more recognition was Elinor Ostrom, a professor of political science at both Indiana University and Arizona State University. Ostrom, who died last year, won a share of the 2009 Nobel prize in economics for improving the standard analyses of how well common property, including the natural environment, is managed by societies.
For example, she studied life on the boundaries of a national park in the developing world, where the needs of very poor people conflict with conservation priorities, says Molly Miller Jahn, a professor of agronomy at the University of Wisconsin at Madison.
"She thought she was studying political theory, but what she was actually studying was sustainability, or you could call it resilience," because of the intersecting patterns she was uncovering, Jahn says.
There are other instances of resilience finding common understandings across disciplines. Mark E. Servis, a professor of clinical psychiatry at the University of California at Davis, says his field recognizes resilience themes traditionally associated with ecologists. They include ideas such as diversity, flexibility, and strength in terms of personalities and neuropsychological characteristics, Servis said.
And engineers may not use the term resilience, said Stuart L. Pimm, a professor of conservation ecology at Duke University, but they do understand an eigenvalue—a mathematical construct for measuring the long-term probability of a particular event happening, such as when the routine vibration of a bridge from winds and other pressures might lead to its collapse. As such, Pimm said, an eigenvalue is essentially a measure of resilience.
Speaking a common language across disciplines is just part of the challenge of making use of resilience theory, according to Holling and other experts. The next big step, he said, will involve finding ways to balance and mesh the competing theories of how best to tackle a particular problem.
How might a wheat farmer, for example, anticipate the exact mix of genetic variations that both protects from pests and affords long-term sustainability and profitability?
"Research on resilience, especially in the social-ecological context, has been fairly theoretical," says F. Stuart Chapin III, professor emeritus of ecology at the University of Alaska at Fairbanks. "My sense is that the next major developments in resilience will be to come up with predictions that are more useful to managers than those that have emerged to date."
Paul Basken is a senior reporter at The Chronicle.
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The learner will examine methods of positive, effective, developmentally appropriate guidance for School Age children.
Total Hours: 45
SACT 101, ECTA 119, and ECTA 101 or ECED 120 or SACT 120, Courses can be taken concurrently, or by permission of the instructor.
- Understanding behaviour
- Defining goalsand examining the Macrosystem
-Developmentally Appropriate Child Guidance
- Understanding and preventing problem behaviour
-Theoretical approaches to child guidance
-Dealing with groups
- Developing a personal approach
-Supporting children and families
- Support services in your community
- reflect on beliefs and values about school-age guidance
-develop long term goals for behaviour management
- understand the implications of developmental appropriateness as applied to child guidance
-identify types of problem behaviour and how environment and programming can be arranged to prevent problem behaviour
-gain an understanding of several theoretical approaches and develop a personal approach combining elements of these.
- examine strategies of empowering children and encouraging prosocial behaviour and character development
-explore strategies for communicating effectively with families
- explore services available in your community for children and families with severe problems
Assignments: 100 %
School Age Care Certificate

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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by Nicolas Guigo
ICPin is an Intel pintool leveraging the framework's JIT mode designed to track a binary's integrity checks. It records all reads and all writes performed by the target executable or dynamically loaded library on its text section and outputs a human readable text file describing each memory access with its type (R|W) and in case of a write, the list of values successively written at that address.
Additionally, it also tracks dynamic memory allocations and outputs the address, size and disassembled instructions executed from them. While pintools are by design immune to some common anti-debug techniques, ICPin also hooks a number of system calls such as NtQueryObject and NtQueryInformationProcess and includes potential anti-debug calls as part of its output. In a similar fashion, it also records anti-debug breakpoints such as INT 3. Finally ICPin's output includes BBL-granular backtraces for all detected occurrences.
While ICPin currently supports MS Windows environments, Intel Pintool's portability should allow straightforward porting to *NIX systems.
ICPin is released today under a GPLv2 license and the C++ source can be found at _URL_
The repository includes build instructions, visual studio project files and a sample output.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Sisters improve chances of reproduction in Asian elephants
July 24, 2019
Researchers at the University of Turku found that the presence of a maternal sister was positively and significantly associated with annual female reproduction in a population of working elephants in Myanmar. In addition, an age-specific effect was found: young females were more sensitive to the presence of sisters and even more likely to reproduce when living near a sister.
- We studied Asian elephants working in the teak industry in Myanmar. The elephants are released to the forest for the evenings and nights and other holiday periods, when they can move around freely, eat and meet other elephants. Our study compared the annual reproductive rate of females living with and without maternal sisters. We found that young females, in particular, are more likely to reproduce in a given year when living near a maternal sister, and this effect was strongest when the sister was 0-5 years younger, says Emily Lynch, lead author of the study.
The authors claim that while the proximate mechanism driving enhanced reproduction may be related to improved health generated by sociality, such age-related benefits suggest other factors may be at play.
- Especially because the parenting experience may be crucial for successfully rearing offspring, young, inexperienced females are at a disadvantage and assistance from relatives may therefore be particularly valuable to young females.
Relationships among females have an important evolutionary basis
- Although there is widespread evidence that individuals prefer relatives over non-relatives as social partners, little is known about the potential benefits associated with living with kin in long-lived, social mammals, Lynch says.
Because elephants are highly social and matrilocal animals, meaning that females remain in their natal group with female relatives throughout their lifetime, it is likely that social relationships provide varying benefits across a female's lifetime.
- Sociality is known to improve both physical and mental health in humans, for example. This study shows that in elephants socialising with female relatives improves the changes of female reproduction. However, the motivation to nurture relationships with female relatives is age-dependent, which, in turn, results in a variety of fitness benefits. Overall, the study suggests that relationships among female kin are of evolutionary importance in long-lived social mammals, Lynch says.
These results build on previous work on this population, in which it was discovered that the presence of a maternal grandmother is associated with improved grand calf survival and increased reproductive output of the daughter, and this effect was particularly strong among young daughters.
- This study is particularly exciting because we were able to access information on elephant reproduction across several generations to effectively examine the evolutionary consequences of female social relationships with kin. Access to such longitudinal data on a long-lived, social mammal is rare and we are now able to have a better grasp of the importance of living with relatives in elephants, Lynch says.
Emily C. Lynch, Virpi Lummaa, Win Htut and Mirkka Lahdenperä: Evolutionary significance of maternal kinship in a long-lived mammal on the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences: The evolution of female-biased kinship in humans and other mammals.
More information: visiting researcher Emily Lynch (, University of Turku
University of Turku
Related Relationships Articles from Brightsurf:
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We can make predictions about relationships - but is this necessary?
Disruptions of salesperson-customer relationships. Is that always bad?
Implications from sales relationship disruptions are intricate and can be revitalizing.
Do open relationships really work?
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Positive relationships boost self-esteem, and vice versa
Strong family relationships may help with asthma outcomes for children
In romantic relationships, people do indeed have a 'type'


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Via the Nanowerk website, we get a story about efforts by the Institute of Energy Research at the German Research Center Jülich (FZJ) to deal with some of the practical problems in developing solid oxide fuel cells for application in advanced power stations.
As with many other groups working on SOFCs, FZJ's recent focus has been the lowering of the fuel cell's operating temperature in order to achieve faster warmup, operational cost reductions and better stability. One particular route they are researching is to shrink the thickness of a SOFC's electrolyte layer. To this end, a FZJ team has come up with a planar anode-supported SOFC that has achieved an average power output of 1.4 W/cm2 at 750°C and 0.7 V
In FZJ's SOFC concept the anode substrate serves as the mechanical supporting component. The substrate consists of nickel oxide and yttria-stabilised zirconia, fabricated with ceramic powders, using FZJ's patented Coat-mix process, and subsequent warm pressing. The substrate is fired at temperatures >1000°C. Next the anode functional layer and electrolyte are deposited by vacuum slurry coating. After sintering, the electrolyte is gastight, but the substrate is still porous. The substrate/electrolyte unit is cut to size and then a double-layered cathode is applied using wet powder spraying.
Nanonetwork reports that FZJ is speeding up their work by using a table top scanning electron microscope.


2020 Impact factor 1.890
Soft Matter and Biological Physics
Eur. Phys. J. E 7, 205-208 (2002)
DOI: 10.1140/epje/i200101182
Rapid Note
Line defect dynamics around a colloidal particle
J.C. Loudet, O. Mondain-Monval and P. Poulin
Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal - CNRS, Avenue A. Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France
(Received 21 December 2001)
We study experimentally the dynamics of a topological defect located around a colloidal particle suspended in a thermotropic nematic liquid crystal. The considered defect consists of a disclination loop encircling the particle at the equator. Under specific conditions, it is shown that this disclination continuously shrinks to a hedgehog defect located in the immediate vicinity of the particle. This phenomenon corresponds to a transition between an elastic quadrupolar configuration and an elastic dipolar configuration. We performed a basic numerical calculation to get an estimate of the dissipated energy during the transition; we compare the results with theoretical predictions that describe the elastic energy of particles surrounded by defects.
61.30.Jf - Defects in liquid crystals.
61.30.Gd - Orientational order of liquid crystals; electric and magnetic field effects on order.


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Since we are constantly searching for new ways to help study abroad students learn languages before, during, and after their trips, we were delighted to find a new, extremely portable way to do so. Not only is PlaySay handy and portable, it is available in Japanese and Chinese as well as Spanish! The system consists of audio image flashcards that are available in audio files to learn each word pair in either language direction. You can put these on your iPod or cell phone to easily review vocabulary anywhere you happen to be.
A really cool aspect of the PlaySay program is what is offered:
- Chinese offers preparation for the HSK (Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi) levels 1-4, as well as the Integrated Chinese textbooks, and the New Practical Chinese Reader series. While studying Chinese recently, my class used the Integrated Chinese textbooks and I painstakingly made hundreds of flashcards by hand… I wish I had known about PlaySay!
- For Japanese, you can get vocabulary for the Japanese Language Proficiency Test (JLPT), grammar dictionaries, common phrase books, and several others such as Japanese for Busy People.
- For Spanish learners, flashcards are available for learning and practicing verbs, as well as vocabulary and textbooks too.
Since the flashcards are available through instant download, you can get started right away. We found PlaySay to be an easy to use, highly effective way to practice, learn, and retain relevant vocabulary for Japanese, Chinese, and Spanish.


Spring Data Neo4j Webinar Follow Up
Hey everyone,
As promised, here are the rest of the questions that we weren't able to cover during the Spring Data Neo4j session:
What's the difference between RelatedTo and RelatedToVia?
RelatedTo refers to the node-entities at the other end of the relationship, while RelatedToVia refers to relationships themselves (as relationship-entities).
Is there any facility for "supernode" relationship navigation? For example, if Movie has 1M Ratings, but I only care about obtaining the Director, to have an "automatic" IndexedRelationshipExpander
You might add indexing to the relationship-entities to write the index (with Indexed. You can also look into using computed properties with GraphTraversal and TraversalBuilder or go for template.traverse() or repository.traverse() to retrieve those (and use a custom expander there).
Can I open the same Neo4j graph database in two different applications using Embedded?
No. For embedded, only one JVM can access the store files at a time. You would have to make your own mini-server exposing a protocol (TCP, RMI, HTTP, Websockets, JMX) on top of that database to interact with it from other processes.
For more info on Spring Data Neo4j check out the following resources:


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Wearable medical devices for continuous monitoring of oxygen levels are becoming increasingly more popular in recent years. These devices are designed to be worn on the wrist or finger and use sensors to measure oxygen saturation levels in the blood continuously.
The impact of these devices has been significant, particularly in the healthcare industry. For instance, doctors can use these devices to monitor the oxygen levels of patients with chronic respiratory conditions, such as asthma or COPD and make adjustments to their treatment plans as needed.
Wearable medical devices for continuous monitoring of oxygen levels have also been useful for people with sleep apnea. These devices can alert users to changes in their oxygen levels during the night, allowing them to take action to prevent a potentially dangerous situation.
In addition to their practical uses, wearable medical devices for continuous monitoring of oxygen levels have also helped raise awareness about the importance of maintaining healthy oxygen levels in the blood. With the ability to easily monitor oxygen saturation levels, people can take steps to improve their health and prevent potential health problems down the line.
Overall, wearable medical devices for continuous monitoring of oxygen levels have had a significant impact on the healthcare industry, as well as on individual health and fitness. As technology continues to improve, these devices are likely to become even more advanced and accessible, further improving the lives of people around the world.


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Scenario scripts were introduced in SpaceEngine 0.990. Older versions does not supports scripts.
This manual describes how to make scenario scripts in SpaceEngine. Before continuing, it is recommended to read this manual: Introduction
SpaceEngine console and *.se files
SpaceEngine 0.990 introduced a new type of file – *.se. These are scenario script files. They contains code which can be executed by SpaceEngine. A great example of what scenarios are capable of are Tutorials, introduced in 0.990. The default location for *.se files is data/scripts/ or addons/*/scripts/. You can run an *.se file from SpaceEngine by opening the console ([~] key by default) and typing this command:
If the file filename.se exists in the mentioned folders, it will be executed. Another way to run *.se files is by passing them into SpaceEngine's executable through a command line argument. The best way to do that is to associate the *.se extension with SpaceEngine.exe in your system. In that case double-clicking on the file will launch SpaceEngine and order it to execute the scenario script. If SpaceEngine is already running, this running instance will execute the script.
All commands could be executed in the 'direct mode' by typing them in the console, or executed from a *.se script file. Commands and most of their parameters are not case-sensitive, but string constants such as names of GUI widgets and names of triggers are case-sensitive.
Some commands can have (or even must have) additional parameters, provided in the curly braces block (i.e. those commands are actually tags). Example:
Additional parameters could be typed in a single row:
Using the single-row style sometimes makes the script code more compact and easy to read and understand.
All commands are split into groups according to their functions. Unroll the blocks below to read details.


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Purchase this article with an account.
H Matsuo, G Tomita, Y Suzuki, S Kunimatsu, M Araie; Difference in FDT Outcome in a Normal Hemifield between Early-Stage Open Angle Glaucoma Eyes with Elevated and Normal Intraocular Pressure. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2002;43(13):2175.
Download citation file:
© ARVO (_PHONE_); The Authors (2016-present)
Purpose: Frequency-doubling technology (FDT) can reportedly diagnose early glaucomatous changes through detecting damage in magnocellular projecting retinal ganglion cells (M cells), which are more liable to pressure-induced damage. In eyes with open-angle glaucoma(OAG) with visual field defects confined to either lower or upper hemifield, early glaucomatous damage is also likely in the half optic disc corresponding to the spared hemifield. This study aims to study difference in M cell damage between OAG with elevated pressure (primary open angle glaucoma:POAG) and that with normal pressure(normal tension glaucoma:NTG) by FDT outcomes obtained from the spared hemifield. Method: Fifty-eight eyes of 58 early-stage OAG patients with elevated pressure (POAG) patients and 68 eyes of 68 early-stage OAG patients with normal pressure (NTG) with visual field defects as detected by HFA 30-2 program confined to either lower or upper hemifield were included. In FDT testing, patients were first tested with C-20 screening program, then with N-30 threshold program in each regularly visit. Data of the second results obtained with N-30 program were used. FDT-measured thresholds of each test point and its averages (FDT hemifield mean) over the hemifield judged to be normal or abnormal by HFA were compared between the POAG and the NTG groups. Results: Age, refraction (spherical equivalent), and mean deviation (MD) measured by HFA showed no significant of inter-group difference (55.6 ± 10.2 vs 58.6 ± 9.3 years, -3.2 ± 2.8 vs -2.4 ± 3.4 D, and -3.9 ±3.2 vs -4.1 ± 3.3 dB, respectively), while the highest intraocular pressure(IOP) recorded was 24.9 ± 4.4 mmHg in the POAG and 17.6 ± 1.9 mmHg in the NTG group, (p<0.001;Wilcoxon rank sum test). Mean of TD values in either damaged or spared hemifield showed no significant inter-group difference. In the hemifield judged to be normal by HFA, FDT-measured thresholds at 8 of 9 points and FDT hemifield mean (27.5 ± 2.8 vs. 24.4 ± 3.2 dB; p < 0.001) were significantly higher in the NTG than in the POAG group. In the abnormal hemifield, FDT-measured thresholds at all points and FDT hemifield mean showed no significant inter-group difference. Conclusion: The present result suggest difference in contribution of IOP-dependent damage between the two types of OAG and that FDT can sensitively detect IOP dependent damage, being more useful for early detection of glaucoma with elevated IOP.
This PDF is available to Subscribers Only


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REP LIEU STATEMENT ON TRUMP PLAN TO REVOKE CALIFORNIA AUTHORITY TO SET CAR POLLUTION STANDARDS
WASHINGTON – Today, Congressman Ted W. Lieu (D-Los Angeles County) issued the following statement after it was announced that President Trump is expected to revoke California's authority to set stringent car pollution standards.
"As the President visits my district this week, he's working simultaneously to destroy a critical part of our state's efforts to combat climate change and protect public health. California's ability to set stringent car emissions standards has put our state at the forefront of developing fuel efficient cars and reducing car pollution. From fires to droughts to flooding, our state and the health of Californians are uniquely susceptible to the impacts of climate change, which is why it is critical that the state be able to set higher emissions standards than the Federal government.
"What has become clear is that Trump is harming California – a beacon of progress, innovation and prosperity – and is punishing our efforts to make the world a safe and livable place for future generations. This latest step in his efforts to target our state is reprehensible and legally dubious. Climate change is our greatest existential threat. We will fight to stop this Administration from wreaking havoc on our environment."


vim tips and tricks
text selection
If you want to do the same thing to a collection of lines, like cut, copy, sort, or format, you first need to select the text. Get out of insert mode, hit one of the options below, and then move up or down a few lines. You should see the selected text highlighted.
V - selects entire lines
v - selects range of text
ctrl-v - selects columns
gv - reselect block
After selecting the text, try d to delete, or y to copy, or :s/match/replace/, or :center, or!sort, or...
Here's one way to move selected text over a few spaces:
 - select a chunk of code using capital V and the arrow keys (or j, k)
 - type colon
 - then type s/^/ /
 - hit return
What you've done is replace the beginning of each selected line (the ^ symbol means "the beginning of the line") with spaces.


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Fire Hydrant Inspection for Commercial Buildings
When a fire breaks out in your building, fire protection—including fire sprinklers and kitchen fire suppression systems—engage automatically in fighting the blaze. When these systems aren't enough, you count on the fire department to put out the flames completely with their powerful hoses. This requires a working fire hydrant on your property that a fire truck can tap into.
Are your fire hydrants in good working order? The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) requires annual inspections to make sure this is the case.
If it's time to have your fire hydrants inspected, contact Unifour Fire & Safety today to schedule services. We provide fire hydrant inspections for businesses throughout the Southeast.
Why Do Fire Hydrants Require Inspections?
Fire hydrants are subject to many problems, including:
- Wear and tear
- Rust and corrosion
- Accidental damage
- Mechanical malfunction
- Accidental closing of hydrant tap valves
While you hope your building never experiences a fire, regular fire hydrant inspections help you detect and repair any damage that could prevent it from working when you need it most. The time and effort to arrange annual fire hydrant inspections is a small price to pay for the peace of mind that comes from knowing your hydrants will perform properly and reliably if you need it in an emergency.
What Happens During a Fire Hydrant Inspection?
According to NFPA 25, fire hydrants should be inspected annually and after use. At Unifour Fire & Safety, our fire hydrant inspection procedure is designed to thoroughly check that your property's fire hydrants meet all codes.
Here are the types of checks we perform during each inspection:
Assess Fire Hydrant Locations
Hydrants should be plotted correctly on water district maps. We note any errors and take steps to correct them. Hydrants should also be easily accessible and visible from all directions. No obstructions should interfere with approaching the hydrant or coupling hoses to it.
Test the Fire Hydrant
The most important part of a fire hydrant inspection is the flow test, which determines water availability for fighting fires. Here's what the test entails:
- Install a pressure gauge in preparation for the flow test.
- Open the fire hydrant fully and let the water flow for at least 60 seconds. This disperses foreign material from the water line and allows the fire hydrant to operate smoothly for an accurate pressure reading.
- Stop the flow of water and assess whether the fire hydrant drains correctly.
- Record data from the pressure gauge to determine whether it meets NFPA standards.
Inspect the Fire Hydrant
After the flow test is complete, our crew carefully examines the fire hydrant and its parts. We include the following in our inspection:
- Clean and lubricate cap threads and chains. Replace missing or cracked caps.
- Make sure valves open and close easily. Tighten leaky valves and report any valves that are difficult to operate or don't open and close fully.
- Touch up chipped paint or rusted areas with aerosol paint. Make sure any necessary markings and curb spray paint are present and easily discernible. Report hydrants that are in severe need of repainting.
Benefits of Annual Fire Hydrant Inspections
Make fire hydrant inspections a priority for your Southeast business to enjoy:
- Improved safety and peace of mind, knowing your building is protected by a functional fire hydrant.
- Insurance coverage and potentially lower monthly premiums.
- Code compliance and the chance to avoid costly fines and penalties.
Call Unifour Fire & Safety for Fire Hydrant Inspections in the Southeast
For over three decades, we have been the company to call for fire hydrant inspections! One of the main reasons your neighbors have been trusting Unifour Fire & Safety for over 30 years is because we are a one-stop shop for fire protection services in the Southeast. Our knowledgeable fire safety professionals specialize in all aspects of fire protection, including:
- Fire sprinkler systems
- Fire extinguishers
- Fire alarm systems
- Commercial kitchen fire suppression
- Backflow preventers
- Fire hydrants
- Emergency lighting
Our team offers fire protection services in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Virginia. Unifour Fire & Safety is also licensed in Tennessee, Alabama, West Virginia, and Maryland. If you're ready to schedule fire hydrant inspection, contact Unifour Fire & Safety today!
We proudly serve the following cities and their surrounding areas:
North Carolina (NC) – Charlotte, Greensboro, Greenville, Hickory, Raleigh, Durham
South Carolina (SC) – Charleston, Columbia, Greenville, Spartanburg
Georgia (GA) – Athens, Atlanta, Savannah
Eastern Tennessee – Knoxville
Virginia (VA) – Blacksburg, Richmond, Roanoke


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SPLITTING TERRACED HOUSES INTO SINGLE UNITS USING OBLIQUE AERIAL IMAGERY
- Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, DLR Berlin, Germany
Keywords: Façade Splitting, Oblique True Ortho, Building Segmentation
Abstract. This paper introduces a method to subdivide complex building structures like terraced houses into single house units comparable to units available in a cadastral map. 3D line segments are detected with sub-pixel accuracy in traditional vertical true orthomosaics as well as in innovative oblique true orthomosaics and their respective surface models. Hereby high gradient strengths on roofs as well as fac¸ades are taken into account. By investigating the coplanarity and frequencies within a set of 3D line segments, individual cut lines for a building complex are found. The resulting regions ideally describe single houses and thus the object complexity is reduced for subsequent topological, semantical or geometrical considerations. For the chosen study area with 70 buidling outlines a hit rate of 80% for cut lines is achieved.


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in the UV region at > 3 eV, in the visible between 1.7 and 3 eV,
in the IR at < 3 eV
1, 2, 3
A plot of these three emission bands is shown below. Which of the three
peaks corresponds to the transition from E3 to E1?
1, 2, 3
Will they have the same intensity of color in a given pathlength?
A, B, C, D
Complete the equilibrium reaction shown below for this dopant:
The charge on the product ion is:
The ionization of N leads to the production of a(n):
Which arrow shown below represents the electronic transition corresponding
to the ionization of N?
According to LeChatelier's Principle, adding boron (an acceptor) to N-doped
diamond will shift the equilibrium of equation 1 toward the:
(A similar set of questions could be asked about doping with B, which
can produce yellow diamonds, such as the Smithsonian
A, B, C
233. When intense red light strikes a sample of Cs metal in a photoelectric effect experiment, no electrons are ejected from the surface. In contrast, exciting the sample with weak blue light ejects electrons, whose kinetic energy can be measured.
These results are consistent with which of the following conclusions?
Red photons have more energy than blue photons.
Red photons have less energy than blue photons.
Red photons have the same energy as blue photons.
A plot of the kinetic energy of the ejected electron vs. incident photon frequency,, would look like
An equation describing this experiment is
235. (Nuclear chemistry, periodic properties) Researchers are trying to prepare element 114 (Science, 24 October 1997, 278, 571-572.). If a compound could be made from only this element and hydrogen, based on its position in the periodic table, how many H atoms would you expect to bond to element 114?
1, 3, 4, 5
239. Consider two LEDs, one red and one green, both emitting at their band gap energy. Which operating LED can cause a photovoltage in the other LED?
The red LED causes photovoltage in the green LED
The green LED causes photovoltage in the red LED
More questions are needed for this section. Please submit contributions to _EMAIL_..


2010 review: The year in technology
14:59 23 December 2010
From cyberwarfare and ray guns to all sorts of extra dimensions in games and video, the future got an awful lot closer in 2010. Here's New Scientist's pick of the biggest technology stories of the year.
Image 5 of 10
Is the body the best model for a green city?
Cities that manage their energy, water and waste like our bodies could provide a blueprint for a greener planet. That's the thinking behind an eco-city in Portugal that its backers are aiming to build by 2015.
Taking its cue from the nervous system, the city's central computerised brain will be linked to sensors in its power generation, water and waste plants so that will choreograph operations in the greenest way possible at all times. You can think of it as an urban metabolism, the inventors say.
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After reading part of one of my stories, my friend said that it was like "reading a scratch and sniff". It was the biggest compliment she could have given me. I've always been told that my descriptions of food are amazingly realistic and make my readers hungry, but they don't understand how I am capable of it. I really can't explain it, but I love writing about food in my stories. No one ever thinks about ways to describe the foods they eat. They should, because it makes the process of eating even more pleasurable.
Think about how it feels in your mouth when you eat a piece of cake. The first thing your taste buds recognize is the sweet flavor of sugar, but as it melts in your mouth those buds explode like fireworks. Velvet frosting slides across your tongue and down your throat, chased by the pleasure. Your nerves go on high alert, ready for the sensations that come with the next bite. You were hasty when the first bite had entered your mouth, but now, as your take the second bite, the fork slowly descends into the slice of rich chocolate cake and makes its journey up to your mouth.
Want a piece of cake yet?
Passage that my friend read when she made the comment:
Cookies were in the oven and the scent of sugar and butter melded together in the air to create an intoxicating aroma; tinged with a hint of the rich savory smell of chocolate.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED


text:
Is today Thanksgiving in Canada, or is it tomorrow? Either way, Monday's a holiday up there, bring on the turkey and side dishes.
But questions remain: what is the safest way to cook a turkey or chicken?
Thawing and preparing the bird to minimize cross-contamination present their own microbiological issues. Today, however, the big, really big news is that the Canadian government has spoken: poultry should be cooked to an end-temperature of 82C of 180F, not the 85C or 185F previously recommended (maybe they'll change the advice). The U.S. says 165F or 74C.
I'm not so concerned about the specifics – there are lots of microbiologists who can make those arguments. I am concerned about taxpayer-funded public health organizations and rather spectacular failings in accountability.
For those who want to follow the British advice and cook their birds until they are piping hot, I refer you to Martin Mull's History of White People, where it was concluded, "You can't overcook turkey. That's what the gravy is for."
Color is also a lousy indicator. The only way to tell a bird has reached a microbiologically temperature is using a tip-sensitive digital thermometer. But at what temperature is poultry microbiologically safe? Should I make extra gravy?
Health Canada and government agencies in many countries issue all kinds of consumer advice: don't smoke; wear condoms (but don't flush them down the toilet); floss.
There are reams of consumer food safety advice, but sometimes, the PhDs from different countries disagree on the recommendation. That's normal, scientists disagree all the time. But to ensure confidence in those consumer recommendations, it's best to have a process that says, "Look, you may not agree with what we decided, but here's how we came to that conclusion, and here are the assumptions we made, so you take a shot at it and see if you can do better." That's the fancy way to describe the role of value assumptions in risk assessments and overall risk analysis.
For over a decade I have been politely asking Health Canada how they determine consumer recommendations for preparing poultry. What is the best way to thaw poultry? How do they determine the safe end-point internal temperature? What references do they use? (This discussion is specific to consumer practices in the home, not in food service).
I've never received an answer.
At one point I was less polite, and wrote a piece entitled, Health Canada pulls holiday recommendations from its ass. One of my favorites.
Either Health Canada media and science types I talked to didn't know, or weren't telling.
The process inspired no confidence.
In the U.S. in 2006, the recommended end-point cooking temperature for all poultry was lowered to 165F from the previous 180F. This was based on recommendations by the National Advisory Committee on Microbiological Criteria for Foods. Where the 180F recommendation came from, no one really knows. Diane Van, manager of the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Meat and Poultry Hotline, was quoted as saying in a Nov. 2006 L.A. Times story about the old 180F advice, "I've looked all over and I really have no idea. I think it happened sometime back in the 1980s, but I don't know what it was based on."
At least that's honest.
In Canada, the Health Canada recommendation for whole poultry is 185F. How was that temperature decided? Are there peer-reviewed journal articles that were used to develop that recommendation? Do bacteria behave differently north of the 49th parallel?
Given such inconsistencies, and the utter lack of accountability, why would consumers be expected to blindly follow what some governmental agency proclaims?
On Thursday, Oct. 7, 2010, seven Health Canada types had a paper published in the journal, Food Protection Trends, outlining Health Canada's recommendation for the safe endpoint temperature when cooking whole raw poultry. The abstract is at the end of this post.
The curtain has been pulled back. Being in Kansas, I could use some Wizard of Oz metaphors, but won't. And I wouldn't say the three studies were "recently performed" as they were conducted in 2003-2007, 2000, and 1994.
Now, what is the process within Health Canada to translate scientific evidence into public policy recommendations? I expect that answer in another 10 years.
Safe endpoint temperature for cooking whole raw poultry: Health Canada recommendation
Food ProtectionTrends,Vol.30, No.9, Pages 580–587
Gosia K. Kozak, Helene Couture, Thomas Gleeson, Kim Hopkins, Pauiett Maikie, Thuy Phan and Jeffrey M. Farber
Poultry is a known carrier of Salmonella. however, it can be safely consumed when cooked to an appropriate internal temperature. The United States Department of agriculture and some Canadian provinces recommend 74°C, whereas health Canada currently recommends 85°C, as a safe internal temperature for cooking raw whole poultry, a difference that can potentially create consumer confusion. To address this, health Canada evaluated three studies recently performed in Canada to examine the survival of Salmonella in raw inoculated whole poultry (stuffed and unstuffed whole chicken and turkey), at six different endpoint temperatures. It was found that 82°C was a safe endpoint cooking temperature for whole unstuffed and stuffed poultry. The studies found that variability exists between and within ovens, and that shorter cooking times typically resulted in positive Salmonella tests in poultry. The thickest part of the breast was determined to be the optimum location for temperature measurement, as it was the last to reach the desired endpoint temperature. Thigh readings were often inaccurate and difficult to perform. As a result of the evaluation of these studies, Health Canada will likely be recommending changing its endpoint temperature recommendation for raw whole poultry to 82C, as measured in the thickest part of the breast.


Farmers will find it much easier to handle livestock if they understand an animal's point of view.
That's what national animal welfare expert Temple Grandin told close to 400 attendees at the Virginia Forage and Grassland Council's winter beef conference.
When Grandin first started working with beef cattle in the 1970s, she determined the only way she could find out how cows perceive the world was to get inside the chutes in cattle-handling facilities. "I'm an extreme visual thinker because of my autism, so I got down in the chutes to see what was going on."
What she found is that animals are easily distracted and, therefore, easily scared.
"Here's the basis of good animal care: Calm animals are easier to handle than excited, fearful animals," Grandin told livestock producers at the conference. "I don't care what kind of animal you work with."
Grandin, who is a professor of animal science at Colorado State University and designs livestock handling facilities, said allowing animals to move voluntarily is much better than forcing them to move.
"Lead them, and let them follow," she said. "Out West we drive cattle, but here on the East Coast we do lots of pasture rotation, so you need to lead the cattle."
Additionally, Grandin said, livestock handlers should be more aware of what's in the environment on a farm. A plastic lid in the middle of a road may not bother them, but an animal will balk when it sees an unfamiliar object.
"Animal vision is tuned in to see little distractions," Grandin said. Things like shadows, reflections, moving objects and air blowing on them are all reasons for cattle to try to back out of a chute. "If those are there, they won't go in."
In her 35-year career designing handling facilities for ranches, farms and meat processing facilities, she said, she learned that well-engineered facilities provide the tools for calm, low-stress handling of livestock but they don't replace good animal management.
"Good cattle handling involves no screaming or waving of the arms, just a calm voice."


text: However, it turns out that this loss of the sense of smell, known as anosmia, occurs for two very different reasons. Since the sense of taste is closely linked to the sense of smell, both take a steep dive during the plugged-up phase of an illness. When it comes to COVID-19, researchers have recently uncovered the surprising reason for anosmia as one of the earliest symptoms of infection. Rather than congestion, as with a cold or the flu, the loss of smell in people with COVID-19 occurs due to how the virus affects the nervous system. The good news is that for most patients, recovery from COVID-19 includes a return of their sense of smell.


We have a glass fuse for a 12v lighting circuit that has "Siran No. F 13 4A" written on paper inside it. The circuit takes 5.5A at the moment with all the lights switched on without the fuse blowing. Can someone tell me what this is rated at? It seems to be a fast blow (F) so can it really be a 4A?
I figure my options are
13A (so what does the 4 mean?)
4A (why is it still working at 5.5A?)
Thanks for reading, Steve
Edit: Images added as requested. Fuse shown with left side in holder Fuse with writing fuse wire
 - \$\begingroup\$ Can you make a picture? Normally the F13 stays for dimensioning and type and 4A the current. It still can be a slow blow fuse. \$\endgroup\$ – rfkortekaas Dec 31 '15 at 9:59
It might be a 4A fuse allowing 5.5A at the moment. To understand why/how this can happen, you need to know the working of a fuse. The fuse will have some finite resistance R and a current I through it will start adding heat to the fuse as per the equation - IxIxRxt where t is the time. This heat energy will raise the temperature of the fuse and at one point, it will melt. However this isn't the only thing going on in there. The fuse is also losing some of the heat to its surroundings and hence the surroundings also play a role in deciding the current at which the fuse will blow and the time it will take to blow. Here is an excerpt from a fuse sizing guide:
Fuse selection guide
Fast fuse
In your case, one of the following might be the case:
1) Lack of quality control - Maybe the fuse company didn't control the tolerance very well.
2) Fuse is losing too much heat to its surroundings.
3) Fuse is not a fast one and it might blow given enough time.
4) It's not a 4A fuse.
 - \$\begingroup\$ Thanks for that. I'm guessing that the next step would be to figure out the gauge of the wiring and get a suitable fuse? This is the only time I've ever switched on all 5 lights - regular use is 2 or 3 at the most. \$\endgroup\$ – Steve Dec 31 '15 at 12:15
Your Answer


text:
Non-Contact and Contact Ultrasonic Detection of Fiber Orientation in Orthotropic Composite Laminates
Since layup orientation of the laminates greatly influences its properties, an NDE technique for layup orientation determination would be very beneficial. It is desirable to perform contact-less nondestructive evaluation to assess material properties and defects of composites because of permeation of coupling medium such as water. An ultrasonic technique would be very useful, which could be used to test the part after and before curing laminates and requires less time than the optical test. First of all, conventional ultrasonic experimentations were conducted using water as a transmitting medium. In contrast, air-coupled ultrasound is non-contact and has clear advantages over water-coupled testing. Therefore ultrasonic systems for air-coupled and conventional ultrasound were set out for different measurement modalities for acquiring ultrasonic signals as a function of in-plane azimuthal angle. Firstly, a manual scanner was built for making transmission measurements using a pair of normal-incidence shear wave transducers to find the effect of fiber misorientations of orthotropic composite laminates. With the transmitter and receiver on the same side of a laminates, Lamb waves were generated and used for the amplitude magnitude. As a result, it was confirmed that the influence of fiber direction in the laminates could be detected by the non-contacting or contacting inspection from one-side and the detectability was improved by using shaped tube for reducing the specular reflection on transmitting. Furthermore, a vector decomposition model was utilized for lay-up error of the orthotropic laminates. Finally, aircoupled results well corresponded somewhat to those of contact ultrasonic examination in the orthotropic laminates.
M.H. Aliabadi, Qingfen Li, Li Li and F.-G. Buchholz
I. Y. Yang et al., "Non-Contact and Contact Ultrasonic Detection of Fiber Orientation in Orthotropic Composite Laminates", Key Engineering Materials, Vols. 324-325, pp. 419-422, 2006


text:
Lesson One Leader Guide | Lesson One Student Activity | Lesson One Grocery List | Lesson One Student Feedback
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Lesson Three Leader Guide | Lesson Three Student Activity | Lesson Three Grocery List | Lesson Three Student Feedback
Lesson Four Leader Guide | Lesson Four Student Activity | Lesson Four Grocery List | Lesson Four Student Feedback
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Topic: 4D Visualization
Replies: 9 Last Post: Apr 8, 1994 10:36 AM
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Evelyn Sander
Posts: 187
Registered: 12/3/04
4D Part 3: Minimal Surfaces
Posted: May 27, 1993 10:49 AM
Given a fixed boundary in nD, what n-1 dimensional
hypersurface with this boundary has the minimum area?
This is the question to answer in the field of minimal
surfaces, studied by Ken Brakke and John Sullivan of the
Geometry Center. In three dimensions, this question
becomes: given a boundary in 3D, such as a loop or shape
made out of wire, what is the surface with minimum area
with this wire as its boundary? The answer should be quite
familiar to everyone; the soap film formed by dipping a
wire frame in soap solution gives a surface of minimum
area with that boundary.
Sometimes these surfaces are unexpected. For example, a
tetrahedral frame makes a soap film with planes starting
at each edge, all meeting at a point in the center, whereas
a cubic frame makes a soap film with surfaces headed
towards the center but which meet at an interior square
with rounded edges. (Many science museums have soap
bubbles and frames for people to play. It is also not
difficult to make solution and wire frames.)
Although it is easy to obtain minimal surfaces, they are
mathematically difficult to describe. Even for the
simple case of a cubic boundary, there is no known
mathematical equation which describes the soap film.
Even after gaining an understanding of the mathematics,
researchers always are going back to soap films.
"Whenever I get stuck, I take out the wire frames and soap
solution again," says Brakke.
Sullivan looks at n-1 dimensional minimal
hypersurfaces in nD, where n is arbitrary. He observes
that there are hypersurfaces which are locally minimal
but not necessarily globally minimal; in other words,
two different surfaces spanning a given boundary may
have the property that each minimizes area with respect
to perturbations in a small neighborhood of each point of
the surface. For example, in 3D, given two parallel
circles as a boundary wire, one can get two different soap
films: namely, a flat disk inside each circle
separately, and a catenoid connecting the two circles.
The catenoid surface is the shape you get if you form a
surface of rotation using the St. Louis Arch, rotating
around a line above it and in its same plane.
Sullivan finds general conditions to determine which of
the locally minimal surfaces actually has the minimum
area. His conditions apply any arbitrary dimension, so
he does not actually have to work specifically with
problems in 4D.
Brakke looks at higher dimensional singularities in
minimal surfaces. Singularities are just the possible
ways in which a surface could be lacking in smoothness.
For example, in the tetrahedral boundary case, the
planes starting at the edges intersect three at a time
along lines toward the center. These lines are singular.
Also, the planes all meet at a singular point in the
The two singularities above are both mathematical cones
on some geometric object, where the cone on an object is
defined as all the lines connecting that object to the
origin. The first singularity was three planes meeting
along a line at 120 degrees. This is the cone on the
vertices of a triangle extended into 3D. The second
singularity was six planes meeting at a point. This is the
cone on a tetrahedral wire frame.
Jean Taylor proved the two types of singularities
described are the only possibilities in three
dimensions. See the article on Taylor's work in the
May/June issue of The Sciences. Thus Brakke is trying to
classify singularities for minimal hypersurfaces in
higher dimensions.
Since each dimension builds on the singularities of the
previous dimensions, Brakke concentrates his work
specifically on 4D. He has been successful; using his
program Surface Evolver to help guess possible surfaces
with singularities, then checking his guesses
analytically, Brakke proved that the 3D cone on the 2D
hypercube frame in 4D is a minimal surface. In fact, in all
dimensions higher than three the n-1 dimensional cone on
the n-2 dimensional hypercube frame is a minimal surface
with a singularity.
The new singularity, along with singularities obtained
by extending 3D surfaces to 4D hypersurfaces, is almost
the whole story in the 4D case. Brian White proved that all
possible singularities occur on flat sided cones in 4D;
the result is specific to 4D and not true in 5D. Based on
White's result, Brakke was able to show that there were
only a finite number of cases of singularities in 4D minimal
surfaces; for all but the simplex frame, hypercube frame, and one other
case, he proved that these surfaces were not minimal.
Brakke is currently trying to prove or disprove this last
case; this would complete the 4D classification.
Brakke says that even after his work in 4D, he is unable to
really visualize it. His responded with skepticism to
the idea that anyone can visualize 4D. He said, "Give them
a test. Show them a bunch of projections of similar 4D
objects and ask them which are pictures of the same
object. Show them one'side' of a 4D object, and have them
describe the other'side.' I think you'll find that
nobody can really visualize 4D. The best they can do is try
to understand a few theorems and see that the objects
obeys these theorems."
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text:
Favourite Herbs for Brain Health
Herbs, fungi and medicinal plants have long been used to optimise overall health and well-being, and our ancestors used many plants to support brain function. Problems with cognition can be due to chronic/acute stress, trauma, or aging, and we need to look after our brain throughout the life cycle. Here are a few of our favourite "nootropics", or plants that naturally support brain health:
- Lions Mane: Our favourite mushroom for brain support. Lion's Mane has a traditional history of use by Buddhist monks to enhance brain power and heighten focus during meditation. It stimulates production of nerve growth factor (NGF) which helps to maintain the neurons, which are the brain cells responsible for helping us to process and transmit information, aiding learning and memory, as well as optimizing neurogenesis; the creation and growth of new brain cells.
- Holy Basil: An adaptogenic herb that helps to support cognitive functioning and protect the body from damage induced by stress. It helps to bring mental clarity and studies have found it decreases stress hormone levels which helps to improve cognitive functioning.
- Rhodiola: Rhodiola is one of the most powerful adaptogenic herbs and thrives under harsh conditions. It is revered for its ability to support physical and mental performance particularly when under stress. Rhodiola has an anti-fatigue effect so can help to improve mental processing and brain function.
- Turmeric: Due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant nature, turmeric helps to support cognitive function, nourishing and protecting the brain. It can also increase levels of BDNF in the brain, which is a naturally occurring growth hormone responsible for neurogenesis. Decreased levels of BDNF are linked to many brain disorders.
- Green Tea: One of the oldest nootropic herbs, long utilized by Buddhist monks in the far East. Rich in antioxidants and L-Theanine which helps to promote calm and a clear mind. Helps to support learning, alertness and mental performance.
These are just a few of our favourite herbs, foods and fungi for brain health. We need to optimize our diet, sleep and stress management to support brain functioning and we can turn to these ancient herbs and foods for a little bit of extra cognitive support along the way.
At Living Nutrition we have formulated our kefir-kombucha fermented Cognitive blend combining some of our favourite herbs mentioned above including Lions Mane mushroom, Holy Basil, Green Tea, and Turmeric to offer the best herbal support for brain health. We also have our Rhodiola Alive and Holy Basil Alive fermented supplements which have a calming effect and support the body's ability to manage stress and anxiety.


text:
1. BUSINESS PROCESS ASSESSMENT
Frameworks for business processes and financials related to distribution functions were prepared. The business process framework is structured as a collection of "7S" process groups – Source, Stock, Store, Sell, Ship, Supply Chain Planning, and Support Services. The financial framework is defined based on four financial drivers – Asset Efficiency, Cash Flow, Profitability, and Revenue Growth.
Each of the "7S" process groups was further expanded which resulted in 42 business processes critical to any distributor function. The financial framework was expanded into 10 financial metrics. The workbook (shown above) was developed to assess the 42 distributor business processes and serve as a guidance to identify process gaps.
2. GAP IDENTIFICATION (BUSINESS PROCESS & PROFITABILITY)
Common, good, and best practices were defined for each of the identified business processes. These benchmarks served as an assessment platform to evaluate business process performance. Cross-channel benchmarking numbers for the 10 financial metrics were also used to benchmark financial results. The deliverable, "Distribution Process Gap Report", enables distributors to assess their branches and potential acquisition targets
3. SHAREHOLDER VALUE MAP
Having identified the business process gaps, distributors need to understand the importance of those gaps by linking the corresponding business processes to shareholder value. Each business process is linked to shareholder value. The 'Supply Chain Profitability Framework' was developed depicting each of the 42 business processes and their connection to shareholder value. This framework helps to understand the impact of various distribution functions on shareholder value and the interaction between the major process groups.


text: Report Ralfativity in Physics and Mathematics Posted yesterday at 02:23 AM · Edited yesterday at 02:25 AM by ralfcis Let us begin to construct the mathematical framework for ralfativity. There are 3 axes ( ct, ct' and x) plotted on a Cartesian coordinate system. There is no 2nd Minkowski coordinate system so equations like the Lorentz transforms do not exist. Because the two time axes ct and ct' look to be in distance units, relativists declare that time is a 4th spatial dimension. This is not true if you algebraically derive relativity's equations from the main equation which defines there is only one velocity in the universe (c) that has velocity through space (v) and velocity through time vt components. The faster you are observed to go through space, the slower you are observed to go through time. The relativistic combo equation similarly limits the combination of any two relative velocities through space to c. c2 = v2 +vt2 also written as the gamma function Y = c(c2-v2)-1/2 ( vt = c/Y ). _URL_ Ratios of the various axes define different types of velocity and the reciprocals of those velocities represent different types of lines of simultaneity (not shown and not important for now). What is important is the 1/slope of the.6c line represents the velocity (x/ct) the stationary observer sees with his clock while x/ct' = Yv =.75c is the velocity the moving observer sees using his own clock. The distance common to both is invariant and proper and does not require any assumption of length contraction or reference to the stationary clock. Using this info about Yv, algebraically multiply both sides of Y = c(c2-v2)-1/2 by v Yv = cv(c2-v2)-1/2 =x/ct' and v=x/ct and you get the main equation as (ct')2 = (ct)2 - x2 which represents all 3 axes. It could have just as easily been written as t'2 = t2 - x2 /c2 which would have led to the conclusion that all distance axes were really time axes according to relativist's logic. The time axis and length axes cannot be joined into the concept of spacetime because time does not behave like a distance axis and their lame logic does not make it so. I will next show how the simple spacetime diagram I showed here can be combined with light signals to define the basic mathematical building block for relativity. Time slowing during constant relative velocity is an illusion. What causes that illusion is a mismatch in how start and end times are recorded differently from each perspective. Relativity of simultaneity causes the illusion of time dilation because perspective observations are illusion.


Escape And Evade Danger Like A Special Forces Veteran
If you run scared, you're going to die. This is the rule of thumb when it comes to evasion, and...
Escape And Evade Danger Like A Special Forces Veteran
If you run scared, you're going to die.
This is the rule of thumb when it comes to evasion, and there's a reason for it. If you're confronted with a threat you can't overcome, you should escape it. That makes complete sense, but there's a difference between running scared and evading.
Successfully evading someone or something comes down to planning, making a deliberate decision, and maintaining your situational awareness, says Mike Glover, an Army Special Forces veteran. Glover is also the chief executive officer and co-founder of FieldCraft LLC, a company that teaches civilians how to survive natural disasters and extreme situations.
Glover walked Task & Purpose through the different types of evasion techniques, their basic principles, and what you can do in everyday life to avoid losing your shit and running wildly into danger during a catastrophe.
Related: A survival expert lays out what you need in your bug-out bag »
"When you think about evading, you're obviously evading something that's dangerous," explains Glover. "The way we look at it, is number one, everything we do, if your point is to avoid a potential danger that you know about, we always pre-plan for those potential dangers."
Pre-planning is the number one priority and you can use it to evade everything from a stalker, to a bad neighborhood, to a war zone, according to Glover, who adds that "the principles kind of remain the same."
Pulling off a successful evasion requires you do three things.
 1. Develop a plan to facilitate your evasion.
 2. Get as far away from the epicenter, or disaster area, as quickly as possible.
 3. Establish a safe house, or safe haven, where you can start planning your next move.
Additionally, there are things you can do to avoid having to evade a threat, says Glover.
For example, if you're you're trying to dodge a stalker boyfriend or girlfriend, don't follow the same routes to and from work, school, or the store. Switch it up.
"Evading in military or civilian life is basically avoiding detection," explains Glover.
But once you've been found out, it's time to escape. For that, there's a whole other set of steps to follow, and they vary based on the situation and how much time you have to react.
There are two types of evasion: pre-planned and hasty.
Pre-planned, or deliberate evasion, involves logistical or pre-placed elements that aid in your escape, for example, pre-planting supplies at a series of places along your escape route.
"The number one priority is develop a plan to facilitate your evasion," says Glover, adding that this means making a safe route with pre-planned destinations.
If you work and live in the city, that might mean making a call to grandma saying "Hey, if something happens, you're going to be the first person I call, expect me to show up on your doorstep," says Glover, who notes that yes, grandma's house can be a safe house.
That might be the halfway point to a friend or family member's home out in the country, where you've placed some food or water in case of emergency. You can even go old school and give a grid coordinate like, "by the white mailbox near the old windmill."
But, it's essential that you fully plan your evasion, you can't half ass it. For example, if you plan on bugging out to someone's house, you need to let that person know that you'll be heading there.
On the opposite end of the spectrum, we have a hasty evasion, which is an escape plan that's developed on the fly in response to an unexpected or unforeseen danger. A hasty evasion may not have a fully laid-out plan, but you still need to think it through, says Glover, adding that in this case it might be a few steps at a time, literally.
This can be as simple as immediately assessing the situation. Maybe you're stuck on a crowded street during a catastrophe. Find the quickest way to a safe place, whether that's home, work, or a friend's place, and see if you can get there on side streets.
Ultimately, pulling off a successful evasion hinges on being decisive.
Whatever you do, don't panic.
"At least have the wits about you to make a hasty plan of evasion, as opposed to doing what 80% of people do in survival situations, which is freeze, and about half of those people die," says Glover.
Don't be that guy. Just think a few steps in advanced and whatever you do, don't freak out.


TinyVGA.com: VGA Microcontroller projects
Atmel ATmega Video generator with SDRAM
This projects uses 8MByte SDRAM from a 168 pin DIMM SDRAM and generates videosignal for a VGA monitor with a resolution of 512x480 pixels with 256 colors at 60Hz using mega8515.
The project uses burst mode of SDRAM, which can feed up to 512 bytes without MCU help. This means that MCU can do anything (i.e. generate another graphics) during that time. 8MB SDRAM can be used to store up to 32 frames, so you can display one frames while generating another one.
So far this project works but is not yet complete.
The text demo application shows a text stored in flash memory. Graphics demo receives a BMP image large 512x512 pixels with 256 colors.
The data throughput of SDRAM is as fast as the AVR clock, and the CPU load is much lower than if DRAM or SRAM is used.
Here is a test image in the graphics mode. This picture shows the construction of the circuit: Besides the mega8515, SDRAM, the RAM DAC, a 18432MHz clock and a delay line (or just several gates in series) requires no additional components.
Text mode (rendered in graphics).


Structure and Mechanism of Monoamine Oxidase | Bentham Science
Structure and Mechanism of Monoamine Oxidase
Author(s): D. E. Edmondson, A. Mattevi, C. Binda, M. Li, F. Hubalek
Journal Name: Current Medicinal Chemistry
Volume 11, Issue 15, 2004
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Monoamine oxidases A and B (MAO A and MAO B) are mitochondrial outer membrane-bound flavoproteins that catalyze the oxidative deamination of neurotransmitters and biogenic amines. A number of mechanism-based inhibitors (MAOIs) have been developed for clinical use as antidepressants and as neuroprotective drugs. To facilitate the development of more effective and specific inhibitors, a detailed understanding of the structures and catalytic mechanisms of these enzymes is required. The recent development of high level expression systems for producing recombinant human liver MAO A and MAO B in Pichia pastoris has facilitated the determination of the three dimensional crystal structures of MAO B (up to 1.7 Å resolution) in complex with different reversible (isatin, 1,4-diphenyl-2-butene) and irreversible inhibitors (pargyline, N-(2-aminoethyl)-p-chlorobenzamide, and trans-2-phenylcyclopropylamine). The binding of substrates or inhibitors to MAO B involves an initial negotiation of a protein loop occurring near the surface of the membrane and two hydrophobic cavities; an "entrance" cavity and an "active site" cavity. These two cavities can either be separate or in a fused state depending on the conformation of the Ile199 side chain, which appears to function as a gate. The amine function of the bound substrate approaches the re face of the bent and "puckered" covalent FAD through an "aromatic cage" formed by two tyrosine residues that are perpendicular to the plane of the flavin ring. No amino acid residues that could function as acids or bases are found near the catalytic site. The existing structural data on MAO B support previous QSAR results and are also supportive of a proposed polar nucleophilic mechanism for MAO A and B catalysis rather than the alternatively proposed single electron transfer mechanism.
Keywords: monoamine oxidase a (mao a), monoamine oxidase b (mao b), catalytic mechanisms, three-dimensional structure
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Year: 2004
Page: [1983 - 1993]
Pages: 11
DOI: 10.2174/0929867043364784
Price: $65
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Top-Notch Infant Care Specialists In Colorado
Top-Notch Infant Care Specialists In Colorado
Our little one's medical care must be focused on a compassionate, attentive, and comprehensive understanding of the particular health problems affecting newborns and children. At Westmed Family Healthcare, Colorado, the Westminster infant care specialists are highly-qualified and experienced in the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatments for little ones. From conditions such as high blood sugar and obesity to the common cold, they guarantee parents specialty care for their infant's health. To schedule an appointment, call, or schedule online.
What is Infant Care?
Infant care is medical attention for children and infants. It is centered on the health complications common in infants and enhancing their overall health wellness. Also, it focuses on child development and growth. Since babies grow and develop fast, the Westmed Family Healthcare specialists conduct follow-up patient care to every infant they attend to.
Different infants will respond differently to the environment, illness, and treatments, depending on several factors, such as overall health, age, family, or past medical history. The team of infant care specialists at Westmed Family Healthcare provides numerous and active testing and screening alternatives, vaccinations, and medications to keep the babies healthy during their growth and development.
What are the Most Prevalent Health Issues Affecting Infants?
Some of the most prevalent health issues in infants are also common in adults. These problems include obesity, infections, insulin intolerance, or high blood sugar. Typically, these particular infections will have a more significant effect on the child than adults because their immune system is weaker, and they are small in stature. Nevertheless, some health issues, such as ear infections or tonsillitis, are more common in infants than adults.
Pulmonary Medicine | Providing Care For Lung Disease
What is the Significance of Infant Care?
Infant care is very delicate. Hence, it requires trained specialists with both skill and knowledge in the specific and unique care of children. Depending on the child's age, the providers at Westmed Family Healthcare will emphasize pediatric patient education. This patient education is centered on better lifestyle choices and how to maintain excellent overall health.
The providers work closely with the infant's parents to help reduce the risk of any chronic diseases that might affect their babies and improve their emotional and physical health, not forgetting their social and behavioral concerns. All these factors have a direct impact on the overall health and wellness of the newborn. The physicians at Westmed Family Healthcare understand the need to pay attention to the newborn's emotional state and see that they are healthy and stable.
Since most children are quite active and adventurous, they should be educated about the necessary safety precautions to protect themselves against injury. Thus, the team of infant care specialists at the facility provides all the guidelines required to help infants protect themselves against injury and maintain a safe and secure home environment.
In conclusion, Westmed Family Healthcare offers state-of-the-art infant care. Since infant care is sensitive, it requires someone well-qualified and experienced in handling newborn's health issues. Find out more about their services and how they can expertly handle your infant's condition by calling or requesting an appointment online with Westmed Family Healthcare today.


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Tuesday, October 23, 2012
Failure to Respond to a Permission Request: What Does it Mean?
Why seek permission? If permission is unnecessary for a fair use defense, why ask for it? First, acquiring permission bypasses the need for a legal dispute (and the uncertainties and expenses associated with it). Second, seeking permission also demonstrates your good faith and may mitigate the damages assessed if your fair use defense fails and there is a negative decision against you.
Does a failure to respond to a permission request mean that there is a lower risk of being pursued. We doubt it. Although, as anecdotal evidence, we can offer this story: Our mom called a lawyer at a well-known movie company for permission for her nonprofit to use a licensed character in a presentation. His response, "You never made this call." In other words, having to say "no," would have obligated the attorney to follow up.
FYI Dept. -- Silence doesn't mean legal assent. We remember getting letters from lawyers that would say things like, "A failure to respond shall confirm blah, blah, blah." But 99.9% of the time that's just not the case. Inaction, or silence rarely triggers any legal conclusion (either affirmative or negative). For example, there's a famous 19th-century English contract case in which a man offered to buy a horse and stated that unless he heard otherwise from the seller, "I consider the horse mine." The British court ruled that his assumption didn't create a contract; the other party's acceptance had to be clearly expressed.


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Ticino - Geography
The canton of Ticino is located still quite far from the sea, but its climate is nevertheless greatly influenced by the Mediterranean, which thus distinguishes it greatly from the other regions of Switzerland. The impressive number of sunshine hours and the high average temperatures favour the good maturing of the grapes. The plentiful rainfall, although they are a blessing on one hand, can also be a danger on the other. As the risk of hailstorms is quite important in the region, it forces the winegrowers to take good measures, using anti-hail nets.
January: 1.9°C / 35.4°F
July: 21.3°C / 70.3°F
Year: 11.7°C / 53°F
Rainfall: 1750 mm./yr. (68 in.)
The highest in Switzerland.
The annual hours of sun exposure:
Between 2100-2286 hrs.
More than anywhere else in Switzerland.
Altitudes vary from 220 m.(722 ft.) near Locarno to plots at over 500
m. (1640 ft.) in mountain valleys.


I am curious if there is a way for a disease to negatively effect the intelligence of humans;reducing them to non-sapient ferals in the end. I am curious what such a disease would need to do to effectively achieve this and how it could originate.
The disease,parasite,etc can be naturally occurring or artificial for the purposes of answers. I simply wish to know if and how this can happen.
Edit: Keep in mind that the use of feral in this case is the adjective use. These humans act like wild animals, similar to chimpanzees or smart dogs in remaining intellect. They are no longer who they once were. Effectively becoming a wild animal in human skin.
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_ The world building relevance is that I am trying to figure out if this disease (for a world and story) needs to be artificial or not; and if not normally possible be prepared to explain it. This question helps determine quite a bit about the world I am writing up. $\endgroup$ – Obelisk Mar 26 '19 at 4:39
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 $\begingroup$ _USER_ Clarified. $\endgroup$ – Obelisk Mar 26 '19 at 4:42
Sure; we already have diseases that negatively affect human cognition to varying degrees. The problem is that they're almost all terminal.
Alzheimer's Disease and dementia are just two examples of diseases in which neural degeneration is one of the symptoms. As they occur later in life in the majority of circumstances the debate about whether Alzheimer's actually kills you indirectly or not is still happening in some circles, but ultimately it is known that complications from Alzheimer's can be a contributor to deaths in those with the diagnosis.
Another (arguably more conventional) disease that causes neurological damage is rabies. Rabies is considered in many circles to be the origin of both vampire and werewolf lore, especially given that it's primarily infected from either dog or bat bites. The problem with Rabies as your disease is that it IS terminal and the neurological damage proceeds apace eventually destroying the body's ability to support autonomic functions like breathing.
This is going to be the real test of your disease; you need one that destroys neurological function, but only up to a point and ideally focuses on the cerebral cortex while leaving the amygdala and cerebellum alone (or at least mostly intact).
Possible? Yes. Probable? No.
Ideally you want a nerfed version of Rabies. One that does the neurological damage for a period of time before dying out in the brain and only being infectious to other people. I don't know how you get that in a virus, whose sole function is to replicate via the organic matter around it, but if you could build a virus that only had a timed effect on the brain rather than infecting it completely, you would get the function you need.
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 $\begingroup$ There are plenty of parasites in the animal world that preferentially damages/disables certain neurological functions in their victims while leaving others fully functioning. Wasps are particularly good at this. So I don't think it's that improbable that you could get something similar in humans, particularly if it was engineered. $\endgroup$ – Gene Mar 26 '19 at 15:43
I've actually seen a similar story arc in Stargate SG-1, the episode called the Broca Divide. In that episode there is something in the genes that predisposes certain people to be susceptible to the disease. The disease impacts histamine levels, returning people to caveman-like mental capabilities and behaviors.
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 $\begingroup$ If I remember correctly immunity was conferred by antihistamines, not genetics. They basically starved the illness out. $\endgroup$ – Joe Bloggs Mar 26 '19 at 9:44
The definition of Sapience is that of wisdom or sagacity.
Wisdom in so far as being the property of an individual, is roughly the ability to identify the situation you are in, and respond more or less correctly to that situation.
Darwin provides an interesting and pragmatic definition of correct. Any creature that fails to identify and react correctly dies. This is the law of natural selection.
It has a corollary in more advanced life forms called the law of sexual selection. ie. Its not just enough to have survived the environment you must also successfully convince a mate to reproduce with you and succeed at that too.
So a thing has Sapience if it correctly perceives and responds to its environment, and to be correct this thing must have managed to survive the law of natural selection long enough to have successfully passed the law of sexual selection.
Therefor, any disease that kills, sterilises, or otherwise disables the individual from reproduction/mating can be considered a disease that renders any individual non-sapient.
Across a population most diseases will have these effects, some individuals will manage to survive without becoming non-sapient, but most won't. It is only recent medical history that has changed the status quo.
Perhaps not quite what you meant
That being said, perhaps you meant a reduction the range of human behaviours to approximate those behaviours much more inline with our primate, or mammalian cousins. Those cousins being quite well adjusted, intelligent individuals capable of wisely acting in their environments, even though they don't understand offices.
To say that a Human can be reduced to a specific form of primate or mammalian intelligence is quite probably rude. Presuming the human mind could be transplanted into an avatar of appropriate scale, a full functioning human would not survive as a rat, or as a horse. They might, be able to survive as an ape... but they would likely be a very stupid ape as judged by their contemporaries.
Perhaps what you meant is for a human to have removed from them apparently human behaviours, and traits. As a quick list:
 - The ability to make complex plans involving alternate futures, and precise outcomes.
 - The ability to control fine motor actions, particularly around their hands
 - Free will, or at least the apparent ability to choose against some set of personally held values.
Most higher order human behaviour is contained in the Cerebral Cortex particularly the frontal lobes, the pre-motor cortex and supplementary motor cortex. As a nod toward Stargate, Brocca's area exists in the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex.
These lobes are largely responsible for our ability to imagine scenarios and construct and execute complex non-instinctual motions. When they are disrupted the ability to plan, the ability to be dexterous, and the ability to move with free will are hampered or removed.
Just to note, many complex motions overtime become somewhat instinctual, like bad habits. If those cortical regions above were disrupted, these habits will likely still occur when instinctively activated.
Neurological Disease
There are a number of neurological conditions/diseases that can affect these areas.
Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia slowly erode the things learned over a lifetime. Those who suffer from it are still physically skilled at whatever actions they learned early in life such as riding bicycles, walking, etc... But lose the higher order skills to plan, or learn new motor actions. This allows older exploratory, and predator defense systems to dictate behaviour explaining why they explore, and react defensively to many novel situations.
Parkinson's disease acts the motor cortex itself. Progressively rendering the individual incapable of intentional movement. The disease also attacks the somatic system, which deals with involuntary actions such as breathing, digesting, and heart beats. So not quite what you are looking for.
Huntington's Disease is another candidate. It too works by attacking motor-control systems, often leaving the individual conscious but an unmoving prisoner in their own bodies.
Technically speaking it is quite possible to remove most of the human from a human through disease.
It is certainly possible via other techniques such as removing portions of the brain, or chemically with drugs (anesthetics temporarily disrupt the function of the cerebral cortex).
However there aren't many diseases that would cause this, primarily because such a disease would for all intents and purposes kill the person. A fast acting disease would almost certainly guarantee the individuals death, those around them being confused, or completely understanding the situation would probably kill out of fear. So such diseases tend to be slow, and occur later in life (when most individuals would have already succeeded at sexual selection).
Hypothetical Disease
That being said, a hypothetical disease could cause these effects and somehow stop before too much damage had occurred.
By functioning like Huntington's/Parkinson's and attacking the motor functions, particularly fine motor functions. Potentially it could give a shambling gait to their walk, and interfere enough with grasping, that only crude tool use is possible (ie bashing rocks together but not threading a needle).
By functioning like Alzheimer's and attacking the personality/experience/planning regions the individual could loose significant portions of their verbal memories becoming more child-like, and non-verbal (unable to speak though they can make guttural sounds), and their effective liquid IQ would be significantly reduced as the damage inhibits learning. Although they will retain much of their crystallised IQ (the physical actions, and behavioural modes learnt previously) thus they might be able to fix a watch, without being able to explain that they can, and being completely mystified while they do it, then follow the butterfly through town, across the train tracks, and onto the roof.
The last ingredient is the wild aspect. The disease could simultaneously hyper-activate the predator systems and predator avoidance systems. These are much older portions of the brain, and will have a great influence over exhibited behaviour.
The predator


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A Powerful Partnership
Geothermal energy – the heat stored below the earth's surface – is renewable, clean, reliable, and, in Idaho, plentiful. In fact, the state is consistently ranked as a top state for geothermal energy potential.
However, finding and extracting geothermal energy is neither easy nor cheap, often requiring expensive, labor-intensive, and sometimes unproductive, exploratory drilling. Consequently, Idaho's geothermal energy resources remain largely untapped.
"The real costs associated with developing this kind of energy are related to identifying where the resources are and building the infrastructure to get the resources to the surface so they can be used," said Robert (Bob) Smith, geothermal researcher and University of Idaho associate director of the Center for Advanced Energy Studies (CAES).
Smith is heading up a multi-institutional team of CAES geothermal researchers to explore turning the abundant volume of hot water flowing beneath Idaho's surface into an economical power source. As the push for renewable energy intensifies, Smith said the researchers are aiming to make geothermal energy a more viable option for Idaho.
"Geothermal energy is a 24/7 kind of energy that can meet our increased needs for baseload energy without burning additional fossil fuels," he said. "Geothermal energy could help Idaho reduce its reliance on out-of-state electrical generators and give our state better control over its energy resources."
Created in 2006, CAES is a partnership between the University of Idaho, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho State University, and Boise State University. The collaboration pools all four institutions' expertise, resources and innovations to promote economic development and help move Idaho and the nation toward a future of sustainable energy.
"Idaho is a small state. By working together, we leverage the capabilities of each institution to make the state more competitive in this arena, and we can develop the breadth of expertise necessary to tackle the most complex energy problems," Smith said.
CAES supports research and education in nuclear science and engineering, geofluids energy science, bioenergy, advanced materials, energy efficiency, and energy policy. This work provided an 11 to 1 return on the state of Idaho's $1.6 million investment in CAES in 2011. The collaboration has a significant impact on Idaho's economy, contributing $64 million in regional sales, 889 jobs, and $1.4 million in tax revenue to the state of Idaho from 2009 to 2011.
"CAES is a testament to what can be done when people decide to work together," Smith said. "We're four different institutions, working collaboratively on a common set of goals, achieving quite remarkable things."
This includes the work of University of Idaho professor, Milo Manic, who is part of a team of CAES scientists studying fuel efficiency in buses. Manic and a group of students developed a virtual bus simulator that mimics controls, pedals and road conditions. The tool can be used to better understand bus driver behavior and how decisions behind the wheel affect mileage. The ultimate goal is to create an Intelligent Driver System that would provide real-time feedback to help drivers improve fuel efficiency.
"Instead of telling drivers how they did after they finish a route, this tool would let them know what is coming up, whether they should slow down or speed up, and what else they can do to improve efficiency," Manic said.
As part of the CAES collaboration, the University of Idaho has developed its graduate degree programs in nuclear science and engineering to help build the Idaho National Laboratory and the nation's workforce. Graduate students are heavily engaged in CAES research and often partner with the private sector to gain relevant real-world training. Recently, students worked with nuclear energy companies to examine safety issues for next-generation power plant design. CAES is also leading a statewide initiative in which students work to improve energy efficiency of industrial systems at regional companies.
"We are educating and training the energy professionals that will implement the advanced energy systems of the future," Smith said. "CAES is committed to training the scientists, engineers, and social scientists necessary to advance our country forward."


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AWS Data Pipeline is a web service that you can use to automate the movement and transformation of data. With AWS Data Pipeline, you can define data-driven workflows, so that tasks can be dependent on the successful completion of previous tasks.
For example, you can use AWS Data Pipeline to archive your web server's logs to Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) each day and then run a weekly Amazon Elastic MapReduce (Amazon EMR) cluster over those logs to generate traffic reports.
In this example, AWS Data Pipeline would schedule the daily tasks to copy data and the weekly task to launch the Amazon EMR cluster. AWS Data Pipeline would also ensure that Amazon EMR waits for the final day's data to be uploaded to Amazon S3 before it began its analysis, even if there is an unforeseen delay in uploading the logs.
AWS Data Pipeline handles the ambiguities of real-world data management. You define the parameters of your data transformations and AWS Data Pipeline enforces the logic that you've set up.


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Australian Bureau of Statistics
1362.1 - Regional Statistics, New South Wales, 2004
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 27/05/2004
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Where are the greenest households in New South Wales?
The Northern Beaches Statistical Region (SR) recycled 99% of household waste, compared to 95% for all New South Wales (NSW) households in March 2003, according to figures released by the Australian Bureau of Statistics today.
Northern Beaches SR also led the way in the re-use of household waste (98%), compared to any other region of the state (80% for all of NSW).
From Bourke to Bankstown and from Dubbo to Deniliquin, other highlights from Regional Statistics New South Wales include:
Further information is in Regional Statistics New South Wales 2004 (cat. no. 1362.1).
Media Note: This publication includes information on labour force status, educational attainment, crime, population, births, deaths, building statistics, hotels and motels and local council finances for different regions of NSW. It also features information on environmental issues, community preparedness for emergencies, and census data on dwelling structure and tenure type.
These documents will be presented in a new window.
This page last updated 8 December 2006


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Launching Your Career with Geography at Central Washington University
The Geography Department at CWU provides our majors with the knowledge and requisite skills to succeed after graduation. This diverse preparation includes:
A Toolkit of Concepts and Theories:Students will be thoroughly familiar with the discipline's vocabulary, concepts and themes, and the complexity of physical, human, and cultural systems and issues.
Knowledge of Patterns and Processes:Students will be able to identify the patterns created through the interactions of human systems and physical systems, the networks of intra-and inter-national interdependence, and the manner in which human and physical systems modify each other and control the Earth's surface and resources.
Communication Skills: Students will be able to communicate effectively in oral, written, and a variety of graphical forms.
Spatial Analysis and Critical Thinking Skills: Students will learn a set of skills useful in spatial analysis. Depending on the courses taken, these skill may include mapping, the use of remote sensing and geographic information systems, quantitative methods, and a wide variety of field methods. All students will sharpen their critical thinking skills.


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Metallography is that branch of science which deals with the study of properties and structure of metals and alloys by making use of X-Ray Diffraction and other Microscopic Techniques. The main objective of carrying out metallographic tests is to examine the microstructure of any metal or an alloy sample. The three dimensional arrangement of the atomic elements ranging from 1pm to 1mm is examined by the means of Light Optical or Scanning Electron Microscope.
Some of the interesting features which are studied under microstructure are phase transformation, volume fractions, grain size, phases, grain boundaries, morphology, effective case depth, banding, non-metallic inclusions in steel, porosity, cross contamination and several others. The microstructures signify the mechanical properties such as corrosion resistance, toughness, strength, mechanical workability and ductility and influence their applications. The specimen preparation for carrying out metallographic testing is a very crucial step and Spectro has set a well devoted workshop for this purpose. The steps that needs to be followed for sample preparation are documentation, sectioning, cutting, mounting, planar grinding, rough polishing, final polishing, etching, microscopic analysis and hardness testing.
Significance of Metallographic studies:
It gives an idea about the composition of an alloy, like the amount of Carbon in Steel, % of Tin present in Bronze, etc.
It gives information about the annealing temperature, tempering and quenching ranges.
It signifies the type and extent of corrosion, internal and external both.
It provides details about the nature of surface coating.
It provides information about the manufacturing details of an object like soldering, welding, casting, etc.
Because a complete knowledge of microstructure of metals and alloys is required to understand and control their behavior thus, Spectro offers metallographic testing facilities which aids to quality assurance, failure analysis and also research and development.
Tests under Metallographic Testing:
Hardness Testing: Rockwell, Vicker, Knoop, Microhardness and Case depth.
Coating Testing: Adhesion, Bend test, Spot test, Weight test, Thickness test, pore count,
Metals Chemistry: Coating weight, Elemental analysis through ICP-OES, Density and Specific
Forming Evaluation: Vickers Hardness Test Bend test, Flare test, Coil test
Microstructure Evaluation:Rockwell Hardness Test SEM, Heat treatment, Weld evaluation, Grain size, Carburization
and Decarburization, Case depth, Casting discontinuous, Inclusion content, etc.
Corrosion Rate Testing
Tensile, Yield Stress/0.2% Proof Stress, Elongation, Reduction in area and Crushing Test