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The imperative mood expresses direct commands, requests, and prohibitions. In many circumstances, using the imperative mood may sound blunt or even rude, so it is often used with care.
whether there are direct or indirect object pronouns
Positive formal commands.
To form postive formal commands, start with the form of the verb that goes with the pronoun "yo" (e.g., abro, muevo, vengo, etc.). Then take the "-o" off of that verb ending. If the verb is an AR verb, replace the "-o" with "-e." If the verb is an ER or IR verb, replace the "-o" with "-a." If the command is given to more than one person, the endings are "-en" and "-an" respectively. If the verb is reflexive, put the reflexive pronoun "se" after the verb form. If there are object pronouns (it, them) put them after the verb too. The following examples help to clarify.
INFINITIVE "YO" FORM SINGULAR PLURAL
acostarse "to lie down" me acuesto acuéstese acuéstense
calmarse "to be calm" me calmo cálmese cálmense
escribir "to write' escribo escriba escriban
explicar "to explain' explico explique expliquen
sentarse "to sit down' me siento siéntese siéntense
Note: There are some irregular forms as well because the "yo" form does not end in an "-o" as follows:
INFINITIVE "YO" FORM SINGULAR PLURAL
dar "to give" doy dé dén
estar "to be" estoy esté estén
irse "to go away" voy váyase váyanse
saber "to know" sé sepa sepan
ser "to be" soy sea sean
Negative Formal Commands.
The negative formal commands are similar to the positive ones. The difference is that the word "no" goes before the verb and reflexive pronouns and object pronouns also go before the verbs.
No se calme.
No se vaya.
Given the difficulty and the variety of direct command forms, one solution is to use indirect command forms. These are easier to form and do not involve as many choices. There are three phrases that are helpful in giving indirect commands: "hay que..." (one must), "favor de..." (please do the favor of...) and "usted tiene que...." (you have to...). Each of these phrases is followed by a verb in the infinitive. As such, it is not necessary to know the verb conjugation. Be aware, however, sometimes the regular command form sounds much better.
Hay que escucharme primero.
You must listen to me first.
Hay que explicar todo.
You must explain everything.
Hay que levantar el pie.
You must raise your foot.
Favor de mostrarme los papeles.
Do the favor of showing me the papers.
Favor de ayudarme con esto.
Do the favor of helping with this.
Usted tiene que sacar las manos.
You have to take your hands out.
Usted tiene que dejarlo aquí.
You have to leave it here.
Usted tiene que salirse ya.
You have to go away now.
Direct Commands in Spanish (Imperatives)
Let's start our discussion of commands, which are sometimes called "imperatives",y by dividing them into two groups. We know that when we speak with someone in Spanish, we have to decide which form of "you" to use. When we know someone well enough to call him/her by the FIRST NAME, we use the word "tú". If we feel that it is proper to use a title and the last name (for example: Mr. García, Mrs. Fernández, Senator González, President Fujimori), out of respect for the persons age or social position, we use the word "usted". This same distinction must be kept in mind when we use commands. Remember, when we give a command to someone, since it is the person with whom we are speaking directly, the subject of the command is "you". When we say, "Do this," what we really mean is, "I want you to do this".
Now, let's assume that we are talking with someone in a more formal way. We want someone to do something. We have studied "influence" sentences for a long time now. Do you remember what we have to do with the verb in an "influence" sentence? I hope that you recall that we have to use a different form of the verb. For verbs in the "A" category, we change to "e", and for verbs in the "E" category, we change to "a". We have to do this in sentences in which we express how someone feels about what someone else does or will do. Now just think about it for a moment. A command is just a very direct way of expressing our feelings about what we want someone else to do. We could say that it is a direct "influence" sentence. Look at the following example:
Señor García, quiero que usted estudie el documento.
If we just take away the first part, "Señor García, quiero que usted...", we are left with, "estudie el documento". This is exactly what we would say in order to make a direct command in Spanish. The verb form which we are using is the subjunctive, just like we use in "influence" sentences. Really, there is nothing new here. We have used the same verb form. This is because in a command we are expressing our feelings about him doing something, not actually giving information about what he is really doing. Remember, it's feeling, not fact that we are dealing with here.
We can do the same thing with the negative, however in this case we are going to put the negative word "no" in front of the command directly. Here is an example:
Señor García, no quiero que usted firme el documento.
Notice that we have put the negative word "no" in front of "want", so that we are saying, "I don't want you to sign ("firmar") the document." When we make the negative command, we will move the word "no" right in front of the command itself. That would give us the following:
Señor García, no firme el documento.
I hope that you can see that up to this point, it isn't really very complicated. We are just using the same forms that we used before. We are just using them in a different way, so that they tell the person directly what we want him to do, rather than telling him indirectly.
One thing that you may have noticed which is important is that in these command's the verb is the same for the negative command and for the positive command. It doesn't matter whether I say, "do it" or "don't do it". The verb will be the same in both cases.
Mande la carta.>No mande la carta.
If we talk with someone that we know well, the situation is going to be different. Remember that in this case we must use "tú",not "usted". For the negative command with "tú", we will use the subjunctive verb form, just like we did with "usted". However, you should realize than with "tú" there will be an "s" on the end of the verb. For example:
Juan, no mandes la carta.
John, don't send the letter.
When we have a positive command using the "tú" form, the situation changes. In this case we use the "positive informal command", which is in most cases the same thing as the present tense forms for "él" or "ella". That is, for "A" verbs we will just have the first part of the verb, followed by the letter "a". For "E" verbs, we would have an "e" on the end. There is no change of the vowel, like we do with the other commands. Look at the following example:
Juan, manda la carta.
John, send the letter.


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The Australian climate, like most other parts of the world, is unique to a certain level. There's a difference between the American/European summer and Australian summer. Air conditioners that work in those countries don't necessarily do well in Australia, thanks to the harsher Aussie climate. Fortunately for Australia, the country has a home-grown AC company that knows what harsh Australian summers are like. Yes, we are talking about Actron Air. In this article, we'll focus specifically on Actron Air's Energy Smart Performance (ESP) Platinum and its benefits.
Introduction to ESP Platinum
ESP Platinum is a ducted system that's engineered to bear Australia's coldest and hottest climatic conditions. It's designed to excel in scenarios where other brand ACs would struggle and potentially stop working for a period of time. Besides this resilience, the ESP Platinum Ultima setup has several marquee features built into it. For instance, there is Energy Smart Zoning that uses sensors to virtually split the house in different areas and offer cooling based on a specific zone's requirements. There are several other benefits to ESP Platinum, which is discussed in a bit more detail in the following paragraphs.
- Superior Operating Range
Most non-Australian ACs have an upper operating temperature level of 43 to 46-degree Celsius. ESP Platinum can operate up to 50-degree Celsius. The difference of 4 degrees may not look much on paper but makes a marked difference in real life. The temperature near the outdoor AC unit could reach much higher than what's said on weather reports, thanks to the direct heat or sun radiation off the ground. These outdoor units are usually attached against a fence or wall where there isn't much air circulation. The higher operating conditions of ESP Platinum enables it to excel during higher temperature periods.
- Vertical Air Discharge
The ESP Platinum's outdoor unit is clever in the way that it has a vertical and not the industry-standard horizontal air discharge. Sides of Australian homes are certainly handy outdoor unit spaces, but they usually are jam-packed. There is, therefore, not much space for the air to escape the area. In case of horizontal discharge, there are more chances of hot air surrounding the unit, resulting in increased energy consumption, reduced performance and the possibility of the system completely stopping to protect itself till it cools off. The ESP Platinum discharges air vertically and eliminates all of these issues.
- Increased Energy Savings
As aforementioned, Energy Smart Zoning in the ESP Platinum ULTIMA ensures you receive air-conditioned air only when it's needed. An Australian home may have a big living area along with other smaller areas that will be split into various operating zones. Regular inverter systems during night time operation in particular, may deliver excessive air than is required, when a particular zone is shut off. As a result, the zone that's open experiences the "air dump" effect that is inefficient, noisy, and blows the curtain away. ESP Platinum's Variable Fan Technology delivers appropriate levels of conditioned air to your required zones, with the ability to descend to as much as 20 percent of total airflow capacity, and 20% of the total system capacity.
As a result, the ESP Platinum system delivers performance that's almost 75 percent more energy-efficient compared to traditional fixed-speed ACs. With such savings, you can save close to $4500 in 5 years on your electricity bill.
A better comparison is against inverters as every Japanese and Korean system on the market is an inverter system. The number in $$$$ saving won't be as high but it will be a comparison against all of Actron's competitors.
- Tru-Inverter Technology
Unlike traditional inverter compressors that induce a jump in capacity step-by-step, ESP Platinum's Tru-Inverter is much more reactive to demand, which means it can attain desired temperature smoother and faster. In other words, Tru-Inverter can cool and heat your house five times faster compared to a traditional inverter system. Tru-Inverter also contributes to improved efficiency of the system by operating down to 20 percent of total capacity. On the other hand, conventional inverters can go down to only 50 percent of capacity. Some other systems may also claim similar capabilities but they may only reach high capacity output for as little as 20min bursts, which obviously slows the process down. Once the 20min burst is complete the system can only run at 100% capacity till you turn it off and back on, as opposed to the ESP Platinum Plus / Ultima systems which can run at 120% 24/7. These short 20min bursts are not going to make any difference on a hot summer day which defeats the purpose of a Tru compressor system.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


The Hellenic Foundation for Culture (HFC):
Was established in 1992 and is based in Athens. Its main aim is to promote Greek culture and language throughout the world.
Organises events in many parts of the world: exhibitions, concerts, theatre performances, screenings, lectures and discussions, in co-operation with other cultural and educational institutions.
Participates in European and international anniversaries as well as theatre, cinema and music weeks.
Promotes Greek language by offering courses at its branches outside Greece; also by providing material and information to other agencies and by organising seminars.
Disseminates Greek books by presenting authors and new titles, by providing support for translations, participating in international book fairs, etc.
HFC Networks
HFC has created a network of branches outside Greece organising cultural events, disseminating Greek books, promoting Greek cinema, and teaching the Greek language.
The HFC branches are based in: Alexandria, Belgrade, Berlin, Bucharest, Moscow, Odessa, Trieste.
HFC is a member of two European cultural networks:
the European Union of National Institutes for Culture (EUNIC)
and the Anna Lindh Foundation. It co-operates with
Greek Studies university departments, Greek language schools,
embassies, cultural centres, museums and libraries the world over.


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Natural Gas Infrastructure: Compressor Stations and Underground Storage Part 1
Posted: September 11, 2011
Compression. Underground gas storage. Marcellus Shale. What do these mean for the East Coast natural gas market? After having the opportunity recently to tour a Dominion Energy compressor and gas storage facility in western PA, my answer would be a lot.
Over the last 60-plus years, natural gas infrastructure has been installed in this part of the state, with interstate pipelines intersecting and traveling through southwestern PA to various compressor stations in the region. All of these contribute to some of the advantages western PA holds in the development of Marcellus Shale.
Compression of gas is required to increase or stabilize the pressure in interstate pipelines to ensure its delivery to markets of residential, commercial, and industrial customers in PA and beyond. Underground storage provides a place to "inventory" gas during periods when production is greater than demand, typically during the summer. When usage demands increase during the winter, this inventory is then tapped to meet those demands.
This compressor station was constructed during 1950-51 and currently employs about 90 individuals who work amid a complex of large pipelines and buildings stuffed full of giant engines, compressors, and electronic monitoring and control panels. Interstate pipelines carry natural gas from outside the region as well as locally produced Marcellus Shale gas to this compressor station, with some gas being injected into the underground storage as inventory.
The underground storage area has a geographic footprint covering an area about 3 miles wide and 13 miles long. Natural gas, under pressure, is injected into 2 geological sand layers _PHONE_ feet underground. The gas is fed into these porous sands from about 360 wells spaced across the storage footprint. As it is injected into the sands, the natural gas migrates throughout the depth of the layer and equalizes in pressure.
How do they know where the gas is after injecting it underground, and why does it stay there? A series of strategically drilled "observation wells" located just outside the footprint of the gas storage area are continuously monitored by facility engineers to detect any pressure changes of the gas being stored, which could indicate that gas may be migrating outside the storage area. Additionally, a solid rock layer sits on top of and below the layers of sand storage, so natural gas does not have a chance to escape either up or down.
Stay tuned, because next time, we'll talk about the compressor station component of this facility.
Jon Laughner, Penn State Extension, Beaver County

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Coins (also referred to as gold pieces, gp, gold, or simply money) are the most common form of currency in Old School RuneScape. They can be used to represent the value of virtually every single tradeable item in the game, as well as various services offered throughout.
When the number of coins in a single stack exceeds 99,999, then the examine text reads "____ x Coins", where the blank is the exact number of coins in the stack. If there is less than that, the examine text reads "Lovely money!" when examined in the inventory. When a stack of coins on the ground is examined, the examine will always show the exact amount.
Players often refer to one thousand (1,000) coins as 1k and one million (1,000,000) coins as 1m or 1mil. Both can be applied to larger numbers, for example, 10m refers to ten million coins (10,000,000). More rarely, 1b or 1bil refers to one billion coins (1,000,000,000).
Alchemy spells, which create coins, cannot be cast on coins. If a player attempts it, a message will inform the player that "Coins are already made of gold." You can, however, turn other items made of gold like gold ore and gold bars into coins.
The alternate terms for coins have seen seldom official usage since RuneScape Classic was replaced by RuneScape 2. One of the only NPCs who say "GP" ingame is the brewer dwarf in Keldagrim. The reason given is that he prefers to associate with gold at the expense of proper terminology. Additionally, when the glassblower was added to Entrana, he always referred to coins as 'gold pieces'. Another instance that a player may find coins referred to as "gp" is when attempting to pass through the gates to Al-Kharid, right-clicking upon the gate will give the player the option to spend 10 gp to go through.
- 3 coins respawn can be found from Varrock West Bank basement, more can be telegrabbed from the locked room.
- There are a few coin spawns in the room with Elvarg.
- There are a few coin spawns in the Taverley Dungeon near ghosts.
- There are a few coin spawns in the Haunted Mine.
- There are a few coin spawns in the King Black Dragon's den.
- There are a few coin spawns in the Asgarnian Ice Dungeon.
- There are some 5-coin spawns in Varrock Sewers near the red spiders.
- Asking Anja at Rimmington for some free stuff, will lead to a long dialogue, followed by Anja giving 1 to 3 coins.
- There are some gold spawns all over the Wilderness.
- There are 7 coins that spawn in the Edgeville Dungeon.
Real world trading
Some players purchase coins in exchange for real-world money using websites such as eBay. This is known as real world trading. Although players can potentially gain monetary value within RuneScape by such means, this method is not recommended, as Rule #12 of the RuneScape Code of Conduct forbids the trading of RuneScape items for items outside of RuneScape, and can result in a player ban.
- Coins appear in the inventory as plain flat cylinders, but during Grim Tales, it is revealed that coins have more intricate designs imprinted on their faces.
- During the quest Shilo Village, there is an item that looks like coins in one of the tunnels; however, the coins can be picked up only by use of Telekinetic Grab. They are not the same as normal coins, being non-stackable and untradeable. If a player tries to pick them up without Telekinetic Grab, they will be attacked and the coins will turn to dust.
- The maximum number of coins in a stack is 2,147,483,647, because RuneScape uses 32-bit signed integers to store values, which are unable to represent a higher number. Theoretically it would be possible to use higher values by storing them in larger data types like long (64-bit integer with a maximum value of 9,223,372,036,854,775,807).
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Monday 12 April 2021
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Exactly what is a Buying and selling Method?
Buying and selling Method Definition:
A buying and selling method might be understood to be a process employed for investment purposes that may help you be effective while buying and selling stocks, options, foreign exchange, futures, ETFs, along with other investment markets.
Essentially, a buying and selling method provides you with the tools and skills you have to invest your hard earned money in a way that you'll be lucrative while increasing the need for your portfolio.
Why Is A Buying and selling Method Good?
A Buying and selling Method must contain a number of things for it to become effective. Even though it is always your decision, the investor or trader, to locate or create a buying and selling method which works for you, there are several fundamental stuff that all buying and selling methods must have:
Shows You How You Can Identify A Buying and selling Chance
If your buying and selling method does not demonstrate at length how you can identify When you should trade, then you're left for your own devices to guess when to get involved with the marketplace. A Buying and selling Method must demonstrate just how to recognize potential buying and selling possibilities so that you can focus on other activities without having to worry on how to determine when you enter a trade.
Shows You How To Prevent "False" Possibilities
Some tips will educate you plenty of methods for getting right into a trade, however the good buying and selling methods may also demonstrate how you can avoid a trade when you. Buying and selling Methods should contain information and rules that demonstrate you the way to recognize false buying and selling possibilities so you do not get caught inside a exchange the incorrect direction. Many occasions indicators can look like a good trade chance, however if you simply look carefully, there'll frequently be false signals which should flag it as being a trade you should not enter into.
Shows You When To Get Involved With The Marketplace
A great buying and selling method provides you with step-by-step rules on exactly When you go into the market. When the method does not explain when to go into, you can get in too soon (and perhaps generate losses inside a false trade signal), or you might enter far too late (and that means you will reduce and sometimes eliminate your potential profit). Always make certain a buying and selling method you research includes rules on when to get involved with the marketplace for maximum potential profit.
Shows You When You Should Exit The Trade
Personally i think this is an essential requirement of all of them. Very couple of buying and selling methods give more information about when to get away from the trade. Most of the market analysts the thing is on television or perhaps your personal broker might let you know to purchase a regular, and keep it for dear existence as lengthy as you possibly can. That might have been true 20 or 3 decades ago, but these days, that mindset will more often than not lose lots of money for you personally. So locate a buying and selling way in which will explain exactly when you get free from the trade, which supports you safeguard your profits and reduce your loses, in addition to lower your risk.
Shows You How You Can Minimize Your Risk
This really is most likely the #2 most significant factor. We as stock traders may have losses. We'll enter dangerous trades. A number of them goes against us. That's the fact of existence within the markets. Accept it. But MINIMIZE it. A great buying and selling method may have rules and information about how to reduce your risk inside a trade, to be able to safeguard your hard earned money. Yes, we'll also have bad trades and generate losses. But minimizing the danger within our trades will reduce individuals losses, meaning overall we are more lucrative and effective when buying and selling.
When searching for Buying and selling Methods, you have to always make certain the buying and selling method contains individuals 5 needs like a minimum. When the Buying and selling Method doesn't have individuals things, then the probability is excellent the buying and selling method won't work, and can find yourself hurting your general portfolio instead of helping it. So that as always, be skeptical associated with a buying and selling way in which promises you success, or states that you simply will not ever generate losses, or guarantees an income percentage or amount. There aren't any Holy Grails in buying and selling. You'll win some, and you'll lose some. The important thing is to locate a buying and selling method which works for you that maximizes your profits and minimizes your losses.


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new energy | for and about students and emerging solar professionals
New Book Teaches Solar to Kids
Judith Love Cohen is a retired aerospace engineer who designed systems for the Hubble Space Telescope and
the lunar lander. Since 1991, she's been writing books —
colorfully illustrated by her husband, David A. Katz — aimed
mostly at elementary school
girls. The stories encourage students to seek careers in science
In recent years, Cohen and
coauthor Robyn C. Friend have
expanded their audience to
include boys and shifted their
focus to sustainability issues.
The new books, written for 9 to
12 year olds, include "A Clean
Sea: The Rachel Carson Story";
"A Clean Sky: The Global Warming Story"; and "A Clean City: The
Green Construction Story."
The latest in the series is "A Clean Planet: The Solar
Power Story" ( 41 pages, from Cascade Pass, cascadepass.
com). Using material contributed by Don Buchalski of Dow
Corning, Greg Bausch and Dave Pasek of Hemlock Semiconductor and silicon crystal expert Ethan Good, the team
has produced a clear and lively short course on the power
of the sun and its uses. Starting with an explanation of the
ways the sun drives weather and plant growth, the authors
explain that we often use solar power indirectly, by burning
wood, plants or fossil fuel. Then they explain ways we use
solar power directly.
With Trojan Battery, you just may forget you're off-the-grid. Trojan's complete line of advanced eep cycle batteries in Flooded, GEL and AGM offers optimum life, durability and performance.
Learn more on our website at
_URL_ or call
_PHONE_ for the nearest
Trojan Battery partners near you.
Receive your FREE Technical Brief on Deep Cycle Technology:
visit our website at ww.trojanbattery.com/RE013
10 May 2010 SOLAR TODA Y solartoday.org
Copyright © 2010 by the American Solar Energy Society Inc. All rights reserved.


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Existing monotone cubic interpolation methods are successful in solving many practical problems. However, they are C1 and not fit for certain applications that require a higher degree of smoothness. For a C2 continuous monotone interpolation, a quintic polynomial is required , or some subdivision of intervals needs to be performed . An issue with these methods is that the derivative of the interpolation curve can have global oscillations and this limits their usage. There are methods existing for either monotone or with nonoscillation derivatives . In general, a monotone polynomial spline method requires certain constraints on their slope estimate to be satisfied.
In this article, we propose an unconditionally monotone interpolation method that is only quartic, with the C2 continuity over the entire domain. The new method has no nonphysical oscillation with its derivative and is 3rd order accurate in space.
2. The Solution Procedure
2.1. Description of the Problem
A set of points are specified for with ordered increasingly as well as, i.e. and hold for each integer i in range, as shown in Figure 1. Here N is the number of intervals defined by the given points.
The problem is to construct an explicit polynomial curve that passes all the given data points, i.e.,, for, and has a continuous second derivative. In addition, the curve must be strictly increasing (being monotonic ). Furthermore, the derivative of the interpolation function, should have no unnecessary oscillations. Figure 2 demonstrates the oscillation in the derivative space of a monotone interpolation obtained with a simple Hermite-interpolation method applied to a radioactive particle energy distribution problem.
Figure 1. A monotone interpolation of a strictly increasing data set.
Figure 2. Oscillation in the slope-space of a monotone interpolation. Although the slope of the spline function (red curve) is positive and matches the given areas in each interval defined by the black polylines, thus, exactly passes each data point, such a monotone interpolation is unfit in certain applications like rebinning a data set of radiation energy counts.
2.2. Reduction of the Problem
We consider a reduced problem in the slope space of the original problem. Let the slope function, then if satisfy that
and has a continuous first derivative (being C1). Then, we can see that the integral of
not only passes through all the data points, but also has a well-defined second derivative. Therefore, we pursue the solution of the reduced problem by finding certain that satisfy the above given constraints.
The domain is divided to N intervals with interval i defined by. The partial area is bounded by two lines:, and the boundaries of interval i, here
where. A solution of the problem must satisfy Equations (1), (2), and (3), and without unnecessary oscillation.
The above description corresponds to certain statistics problems such as re-binning of a radioactive particle energy distribution (see Figure 3 on the next page), with the x-axis being the energy and y-axis being the denisty of particles in each energy bin. A requirement for energy re-binning is that the curve has to be smooth for differentiation, i.e. is C2. Not only that, the solution needs to have no oscillation for a minimal slope variation. Therefore, as the solution is mapped to a different bin-structure, it still makes physical sense.
There can be an infinite number of candidates of the solution. To limit the choices we consider a Hermite cubic-spline between an arbitrarily given pair of data points and (here L and R stand for the "left" and "right" boundaries of an interval) such that
where is a non-dimensional parameter. are the estimates of, are the estimates of on the left and the right ends of a given interval. are the Hermit cubic spline base functions that
Next, we will show that how can be constructed with the above Hermite spline to satisfy Equations (1), (2), and (3), by properly choosing a set of control points.
Figure 3. A good monotone interpolation should have no nonphysical oscillations in its slope space besides matching the given areas under the black polylines bounded inside each interval exactly. The green curve is such a positive function that satisfies the said constraints, obtained with the proposed interpolation method.
2.3. Area-Matching for Selecting Control Points on Interval-Walls
The slope of, at each inner data point can be estimated numerically. For example, using a quadratic interpolation on the three points and, one is able to obtain an estimate of, except at the left and right boundaries. We consider the reduced problem as an interface reconstruction problem for volume conservation. The approach is to construct the geometry of the interface contained in interval i and to match the partial volume (area) for each i. The interface piece constructed in interval i in general does not match with the pieces constructed in its neighbor intervals on boundaries. We will apply a Hermit spline later to eliminate the gaps and ensure a global slope continuation of.
To start with, we consider a given internal as shown in Figure 4. The average of in this interval, hi is defined in Equation (4). We replace the subscripts "i" with "L" (left) and "i + 1" with "R" (right) for generality and let the width of the interval be. We build a local Cartesian coordinate system with its origin at, and let a quadratic curve represent the interface, such that
For slope match at the left end and the right end, we have
The area matching means the integral of over the interval is 0, or
Figure 4. A quadratic fitting in the local coordinate system in. The two end slopes and the area under are exactly matched. The blue dots on the ends are to be repositioned by finding the intersection between the interval wall and a Hermite spline passing the current yellow control points. The yellow control points in the middle are to be lifted/lowered later with another round of area-matching.
Solving for a, b and c, one arrives at
The constant term c carries the position of the interface at the middle of the interval to the 3rd order accuracy (for our fitting here is quadratic).
We will use these mid interval interface positions obtained from the above quadratic fitting as a set of control points to construct our first approximation of the solution. Each interval wall intersects the Hermit spline curve passing the set of the mid-interval control points and the intersection is taken as a fixed control point. We have control points. The of them with even subscripts are on the walls of the intervals and are fixed, the rest N of them above the middle points of intervals are to be shifted vertically by matching volumes again.
2.4. Area-Matching for Selecting Mid Interval Control Points
We are to construct a Hermit spline that passes all the control points. For an exact area match, we break each original interval into two subintervals about the control point in the middle of the interval, see Figure 5. With the two neighbor mid interval points, there are three mid interval control points involved in the area-matching. We compute the heights of the mid interval control points by solving a tri-linear linear system.
In Figure 6, the shadowed area under a Hermite cubic spline in the interval can be calculated with
Let the control point immediately left to be, and the
Figure 5. The yellow dots at the middle of each interval on their quadratic area fitting curves (green curves) are to be lifted or lowered. The blue control points are the intersection between the interval walls and a cubic spline (red curve) passing the yellow control points. The interval is broken to two subintervals for another round of area-matching.
Figure 6. The area under a Hermit spline curve defined in a general interior interval. To compute the area bounded for the original interval, two areas from the two subintervals are to be added together. In another word, each of the intervals, and in this figure should be considered as a subinterval.
one immediately right to be. Evaluation of the above area integral provides that
Our choices of the x-slope terms are
and the y-slope terms are
They have been explicitly substituted in Equation (9) the expression of the physical area. The terms depend only on the x-coordinates of the boundaries of an interval. The terms are area integrals of the Hermit spline defined as
Each of takes the values 0 or 1. These integrals are evaluated as the following
Now let us consider the ith interval, with which 3 control points are involved, see in Figure 7. They are and with, and to be determined. For area matching we
Figure 7. The area under the Hermit spline curves on interval i is the sum of two half-interval areas defined with Equation (13). Each area matching involves three mid interval control points (yellow). The solution of a tri-diagonal linear system determines their heights.
need to enforce that the sum of the area contribution from the left subinterval and the right subinterval to equal an known value that
Utilizing Equation (9) one arrives at
Because each of the terms involves only the x-coordinates of the control points, it is a constant. The sum of areas under each Hermit cubit splines defined on a subinterval is simply a linear combination of,, and. Therefore, we have a tri-diagonal linear system involving all intervals to solve in order to match the area exactly in each interval, with certain boundary conditions provided for the left-most and the right-most intervals.
2.5. Boundary Conditions
For the interval on the left boundary, we must specify the slope terms. For the interval on the right boundary, we must


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Holy Grail in America
Has the Holy Grail been in America all along? In 1898, a Minnesota farmer uprooted a large stone covered with mysterious runes that tell a story of land acquisition and murder. Initially thought to be a hoax, new evidence suggests that the find, allegedly dating to 1362, could be real–and a clue that the Knights Templar discovered America 100 years before Columbus. Follow along as experts use erosion studies on the rune stone and match symbols in Templar ruins in Europe to support this theory. 100 minutes.


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Wuppertal is a German city that is located on the territory of North Rheine-Westphalia on the Wupper River that is a tributary to the Rhine River. The city was founded in 1929 in result of merger of 3 towns – Barman, Elberfeld and Brill.
Wuppertal is home to one of the most unusual sights in Germany – a monorail road. The construction of the road began in the end of the 19th century. Despite the fact that you can see such objects...
According to the data of 2000, the population of Wuppertal estimates 369 thousand of people.
Wuppertal is known as a large center of textile, chemical, machine building and pharmaceutical industry. This is also a large transportation crossing, an industrial and a trading center of Ruhr.
1. While communicating with the locals, it is worth keeping in mind some important nuances. When you talk to other person, you should say not only his/her name, but also the position of the person....
Architectural style of this city does not have traditional traits of gothic and baroque influences. Lutheranism has had strong positions here and so this fact is reflected in the city's architecture as well. After many ancient cities Wuppertal looks minimalistic. Even churches here are not distinguished by their elegant design. However, this doesn't mean there's absolutely nothing to see in Wuppertal. Here are not many historical sights and places of interest as the majority of them have been destroyed during bombings on World War II. Many buildings were completely burnt during the war as well. During the war times a large concentration camp was organized here. This wasn't a camp for condemned men, but a place for concentration of labor forces.
Among the sights of the city we can mention the oldest monorail pendant road in the country. The road is 13.5 kilometers long. Even it was built 110 years ago the road is functioning even now. You can also visit the city's town hall that has been renovated after the war, Bismarck's tower, the house of Engels, the local Botanical Garden, and see performances in Opera Theatre.


Article thumbnail
The Bacteria and the Formed Elements in the Urine in Normal Pregnancy *
By J. W. Hirshfeld, D. C. Leary and W. R. Foote
Topics: Articles
OAI identifier:
Provided by: PubMed Central
Suggested articles
 1. (1928). A bacteriologic study of the puerperal bladder.
 2. (1932). A clinical address on the importance of examining the urine bacteriologically. Guy's Hosp. Rep.,
 3. (1923). A contribution to the study of pyelitis in pregnancy.
 4. (1908). Acute and chronic infection of the urinary tract due to Bacillus coli. Lancet,
 5. (1905). Die Pyelonephritis Gravidarum et Puerperarum.
 6. Engelhorn: Ueber Pyelitis in der Schwangerschaft.
 7. (1928). Factors predisposing to pyelitis in pregnancy.
 8. (1930). Investigation of the bacterial content of the urine in normal pregnancy.
 9. (1916). Pyelitis of pregnancy with especial reference to its etiology.
 10. (1936). The microscopic and bacteriologic study of urine of obstetric patients.
 11. (1937). The relationship between infected urine and the etiology of pyelitis in pregnancy.
 12. Ueber den Keimgehalt des Urins Schwangerer.
 13. Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Aetiologie der Schwangerschaftspyelitis.


syntax if variable includes more less specific string of text - search 4 some magic
Hello folks!!
I'm searching for a magical symbol I guess... The issue is following:
I'm trying to assign certain string of text a specific value in new variable. Imagine a situation when I am searching that string of text in eg. people's opinions on whatever and my task is to separate those ones who used a specific swear word, in this case it's (let's say) "pencil". That's not problem though. The issue is (and that's what's important) that my task is to separate people who used various forms of this word in this way - "pxcil" while x can be any letter or number (for the sake of argument I wanna get rid of people who say "poncil" or "ppncil" or whatever).
Yeah, I know of order counting however this ain't the case to use it.
So, to sum it up my question is following: is there some sort of symbol or whatever to use in command such as:
if char.index(opinion_final, "p#ncil")>0 opinion_filtered=1.
Could you please help me in this quest or at least state that you're 1000% of no such magical symbol?
Thanx in advance...


Creative writing describing emotions
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Nadya Fouad, University Distinguished Professor at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, explains how the study of psychology has impacted the workforce. Many studies have shed light on a variety of topics, including equality, gender roles, effective evaluations, and more.
Non-traditional careers refer to jobs that are typically filled by one gender, and the US Department of Labor defines non-traditional jobs as occupations in which one gender comprises less than 25 percent of all people employed in that occupation. A man interested in pursuing nursing, for instance, is entering a non-traditional career.
Dr. Nadya Fouad, Distinguished Professor at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, explains some of the benefits and possible problems with non-traditional jobs.
In November 2009, Dr. Romila Singh and myself launched a national longitudinal study, funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF), to investigate women engineers' experiences in technical workplaces. The study reveals some of the challenges that women in engineering have to confront in their careers, and as of August 2012, over 5,500 women have completed the survey and more than three quarters have agreed to be re-contacted in future waves of the study.
Through the Center for the Study of the Workplace we are sharing with you the full report of our most current version of the study. An extract of our Executive Summary follows:
Women comprise more than 20% of engineering school graduates, yet only 11% of practicing engineers are women, despite decades of academic, federal, and employer interventions to address this gender gap. The Project on Women Engineers' Retention (POWER) was designed to understand factors related to women engineers' career decisions. Over 5,500 women who had graduated with an engineering degree responded to our survey and indicated that the workplace climate was a strong factor in their decisions to not enter engineering after college or to leave the profession of engineering. However, workplace climate also helped to explain current engineers' satisfaction and intention to stay in engineering.
Key Findings: Some women left the field, some never entered and many are currently engineers:
Those who left:
- About 11% said they left because of working conditions, too much travel, lack of advancement, or low salary.
- Approximately one-in-five women left because they did not like the workplace climate, their boss or the culture.
- Eight percent left to spend time with family.
- Those who left were not different from current engineers in their interests, confidence in their abilities or the positive outcomes they expected from performing engineering-related tasks.
Those who didn't enter engineering after graduation:
- A third said it was because of their perceptions of engineering as being inflexible or the engineering workplace culture as being non-supportive of women.
- Thirty percent said they did not pursue engineering after graduation because they were no longer interested in engineering or were interested in another field.
- Many said they are using the knowledge and skills gained in their education in a number of other fields.
Work decisions of women currently working in engineering:
- Women's decisions to stay in engineering are best predicted by a combination of psychological factors and factors related to the organizational climate.
- Women's decisions to stay in engineering can be influenced by key supportive people in the organization, such as supervisors and co-workers. Current women engineers who worked in companies that valued and recognized their contributions and invested substantially in their training and professional development, expressed greatest levels of satisfaction with their jobs and careers.
- Women engineers who were treated in a condescending, patronizing manner, and were belittled and undermined by their supervisors and co-workers, were most likely to want to leave their organizations.


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Briefly describe the four factors which contributed to the emergence of sociology as a discipline in the nineteenth century.
Sociology, in studying society, including economic, political and cultural systems, has origins in the common stock of human knowledge and philosophy. Social analysis has been carried out by scholars and philosophers at least as early as the time of Plato.
Sociology emerged as a scientific discipline in the early 19th century as an academic response to the challenges of modernity and modernization, such as industrialization and urbanization. Sociologists hoped not only to understand what held social groups together, but also to develop responses to social disintegration and exploitation.
Modernity is a term used to describe the condition of being related to modernism. Since the term "modern" is used to describe a wide...
The solution discusses the four factors which contributed to the emergence of sociology as a discipline in the nineteenth century. Terms and concepts are part of the discussion which has text of 440 words.


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Concawe has developed PETROTOX, a spreadsheet model, designed to calculate the toxicity of petroleum products to aquatic organisms.
Petroleum hydrocarbons are complex mixtures that exert a narcotic mode of toxic action, which is assumed to be additive. This model calculates the solubility of a petroleum product and then uses the Target Lipid Model (TLM) (Di Toro et al. 2000) and toxic unit theory of additivity to calculate the toxicity or environmental risk limits of these mixtures.
The spreadsheet uses a three-phase (air, water, free product) oil solubility calculation (McGrath et al. 2004) that is coupled with a database of physical and chemical properties of typical petroleum hydrocarbons to calculate the distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons among the exposure water, headspace and free product phases. The properties database was developed by Concawe and contains physical/chemical properties such as boiling point, solubility and octanol-water partition coefficients (Kow) for 1462 hydrocarbon structures that are possibly found in petroleum products. This version of the Petrotox model performs the solubility and toxicity calculations with physiochemical properties derived from the database for each hydrocarbon block.
A variation of the model, PETROTOX-UDM allows the user to define the physio-chemical properties of the hydrocarbon blocks instead of relying on the representative library structures from CONCAWE's hydrocarbon database. This version has many of the same features as the library-based version and can be utilized for the same types of applications. The user is required to input log(KOW), solubility, Henry's Law Constants, molecular weight (MW) and chemical class for each hydrocarbon block.
These spreadsheet models can be used to analyze dose response data, calculate LL50s, or toxic units for user-input dose response data as a means of analyzing and designing toxicity experiments. The models can be used to analyze the results of fate models to calculate environmental toxicity and potential risk of hydrocarbon emissions in aquatic compartments. The environmental toxicity of individual hydrocarbons or specific hydrocarbon blocks can also be evaluated using the user-defined spreadsheet model.
Before downloading the Petrotox files, we require you to register so that we have your e-mail address and can notify you of any updates when these become available.


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Enter the thermal voltage, the depletion layer capacitance, and the gate-oxide capacitance into the Subthreshold Swing Calculator. The calculator will evaluate the Subthreshold Swing.
- Parallel Wire Capacitance Calculator
- Coax Cable Calculator (Impedance-Inductance-Capacitance)
- Velocity Factor Calculator
Subthreshold Swing Formula
The following formula is used to calculate the Subthreshold Swing.
Ss = ln(10) * kt/q * (1 + Cd/Cox)
- Ss is the Subthreshold Swing ( )
- kt/q is the thermal voltage
- Cd is the depletion layer capacitance
- Cox is the gate-oxide capacitance
How to Calculate Subthreshold Swing?
The following steps outline how to calculate the Subthreshold Swing.
- First, determine the thermal voltage.
- Next, determine the depletion layer capacitance.
- Next, determine the gate-oxide capacitance.
- Next, gather the formula from above = Ss = ln(10) * kt/q * (1 + Cd/Cox).
- Finally, calculate the Subthreshold Swing.
- After inserting the variables and calculating the result, check your answer with the calculator above.
Use the following variables as an example problem to test your knowledge.
thermal voltage = 30
depletion layer capacitance = 14
gate-oxide capacitance = 30
Ss = ln(10) * kt/q * (1 + Cd/Cox) =?


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ASTM D3039 describes the standard method for tensile testing polymer matrix composites. It covers test methods for a wide range of specimen dimensions as well as many different testing configurations. In this application we tested carbon fiber specimens. The specimens were prepared with tabbed ends that allowed for a secure grip on the specimen and ensured that breaks occurred within the gauge length and not in the jaw face. Testing was performed at both high (85° C) and low (-60° C) temperatures.
For this test, we used a 5985 floor model system because it is designed for tensile testing applications. To test the specimens at the required temperatures, we used an environmental chamber with a range from -80° C to 350° C. This chamber allowed us to run tests at 85° C using the internal heating coils and then at -60° C by piping in liquid nitrogen. Before starting the test we placed the specimen in 250 kN precision mechanical wedge grips, attached our clip-on extensometer, and waited for the chamber to reach the set temperature. When testing far below or above ambient temperatures, polymer composites will often expand or contract, putting the specimen in tension or compression as the temperature changes. The 5900 Series frames used with Bluehill® 3 Software come with a specimen protect feature that allows you to set a load threshold that won't be exceeded until the test is started. Additionally, we used the optional specimen alignment device to ensure optimal alignment of the specimen in the jaw faces, since offset loading can greatly effect tests results.
We successfully tested the specimens using this setup and Bluehill 3 software calculated the modulus, maximum load, tensile strength, and strain at break.


Place:Chislehurst, Kent, England
Alt namesChiselhurstsource: Family History Library Catalog
TypeParish, Urban district, Suburb
Coordinates51.412°N 0.075°E
Located inKent, England ( - 1965)
See alsoBromley Rural, Kent, Englandrural district of which it was part _PHONE_
Chislehurst and Sidcup, Kent, Englandurban district of which it was part _PHONE_
Bromley (London Borough), Greater London, EnglandLondon Borough covering the area since 1965
source: Family History Library Catalog
the following text is based on an article in Wikipedia
Chislehurst is now a suburban district in the southeastern part of Greater London, England and a part of the London Borough of Bromley. It borders the London Boroughs of Bexley and Greenwich, and lies east of Bromley and south west of Sidcup. It is 10.5 miles (16.9 km) south east of Charing Cross (a basis for measuring distances in the centre of London).
The Chislehurst civil parish formed an urban district of Kent from 1900 to 1934 (for the six years previous it had been part of Bromley Rural District). In 1934 it became part of the Chislehurst and Sidcup Urban District, which was split in 1965 between the London boroughs of Bromley and Bexley.
A nineteenth century description
A Vision of Britain through Time provides the following description of Chislehurst from John Marius Wilson's Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales of 1870-72:
"CHISELHURST, a village, a parish, and a [registration] sub-district in Bromley [registration] district, Kent. The village stands on a fine common, elevated about 300 feet above sea-level, near a station of its own name on the Direct Tunbridge railway, 3 miles E of Bromley; and has a post office under London SE., and a fair on Whit-Wednesday. The parish comprises 2,738 acres. Real property: £10,973. Population: 2,287. Houses: 424. The property is subdivided. The manor belonged to the Walsinghams; and passed to the Betensons and the Lords Sydney. Camden Place was the residence of Camden the antiquary, and is now a seat of Marquis Camden. The living is a rectory in the dio. of Canterbury. Value: £487. Patron: the Bishop of Worcester. The church is early and later English; was well restored in 1849; has a spire, rebuilt in 1858; and contains interesting monuments. The vicarage of Sidcup is a separate benefice. There are a church-school, Wesleyan and Roman Catholic chapels, national schools, a R. Catholic orphanage, and charities £79. Sir Francis Walsingham and Sir Nicholas Bacon were natives.
"The [registration] sub-district contains eight parishes. Acres, 16,809. Population: 8,613. Houses, 1,594.
The list of "Famous Residents" given in Wikipedia extend beyond the 16th century and contain other historic people. The "Places of Worship" may also be of interest.
Greater London Research Tips
Kent Research Tips
Archives and Libraries
Civil Registration and Census
Family History Societies
Probate Records
Kent Probate Records Numerous links provided by Maureen Rawson
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Chislehurst. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.


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The MP-7217 Pellistor, a sturdy device with low power requirements, is often, but not solely, utilized in mining applications. With a certified fire-retardant enclosure, it is inherently safe and resistant to poison.
This device has been built to offer the essential sensor performance required to allow an appropriate instrument to be compliant with the numerous Group 1 mining performance standards. Although they are designed with methane response (up to 5% volume in air) in mind, the MP7217 sensors are also able to detect other combustible gases and vapors.
- Small in size (Ø14 mm), and designed for low power, battery operation
- Determined to be inherently safe, with strong resistance to mechanical shocks
- Low orientation effect
- Certified according to ATEX and IECEx, and UL recognized (File E186043)
Principle of Operation
The structure of the silicon pellistor comprises a pair of precisely micro-machined diaphragms with two implanted planar heater meanders covered with a coating which incorporates a noble metal catalyst for the detector device and an inert layer for the compensator device.
The meander can be used as both a resistance thermometer and as an electrical heater. The device is attached to a PCB using wire bonding and is enclosed by a plastic can with an open end. If a combustible gas is detectable when the device's temperature is increased to approximately 400 – 500 °C, the gas will oxidize and the ensuing relief of energy will cause the device to become even hotter.
This surge in temperature is perceived as an increase in resistance of the meander. Ambient temperature, as well as changes in thermal conductivity of the air as a result of the potential present of inert gases (e.g. carbon dioxide), can also have an impact on the temperature of the meander.
A second inert device is therefore used to offset temperature variation which is not a result of the oxidation of the flammable gas. This compensator is constructed similarly to a detector device, but rather than including a catalyst within the coating layer, the device is treated to ensure that oxidization is not possible.
The two devices are then applied within a circuit that senses the variance in their resistance levels. As the two devices are usually different in color, they have varying emissivity and thus, varying slope resistances. As a result, to achieve optimum temperature performance, it is sometimes a requirement to connect a fixed resistor alongside the compensator to account for its greater slope resistance.


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Two methods, one is relatively stable, the upper and lower weights and the larger floor area of the sculpture, the iron expansion screw at the bottom, welded by welding and sculpture steel keel can be; the other is not light, the bottom is not the big center of gravity is not very stable. The steel plate and the inner keel should be welded firmly on the ground. The ground should have pre-embedded iron.
The upper part of the steel plate with multiple turning rebars is buried under the concrete and has a deep structure. The layer steel plate is welded firmly, and the stone structure or planting grass is buried outside the foundation to reveal the steel structure outside the sculpture.


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TRANSSHIPMENT STATION FOR URBAN SOLID WASTE: AN ANALYSIS CONSIDERING CITY LOGISTICS CONCEPTS
Free (open access)
559 - 569
LEISE KELLI DE OLIVEIRA, RENATA LÚCIA MAGALHÃES DE OLIVEIRA, LILIAN SILVIA TEIXEIRA DE AVELAR RUEDA
In this paper we analyze the impact of a transshipment station on the urban solid waste management, considering the trade-off among (i) transportation and operational costs of the transshipment; (ii) operational costs of the trips considering the transshipment station; and (iii) costs for the collection trips from the districts directly to the landfill. The study was carried out in the city of Belo Horizonte (Brazil), which produces 1,730 tons of urban solid waste per day. We have evaluated three scenarios: (i) baseline scenario, in which part of the solid waste is consolidated on a transshipment station and the other part is destined directly to the landfill; (ii) transport direct to the landfill; and (iii) consolidation of all solid waste on the transshipment station. We have evaluated these scenarios considering the cost of collecting and transporting the solid waste. We then analyzed the correlation between cost and distances: distance and total transportation cost have a positive correlation, and distance has a negative correlation with the unitary transportation cost (R$/km), i.e., when the distance increases, the cost of transportation per kilometer decreases. Our results indicate that the transshipment station has economic advantages for consolidating and transporting solid waste to a landfill. However, direct transport to a landfill is more profitable if the transportation cost (R$/km) increases up to 9.28%. If the transportation cost increases more than 15%, the operation cost of a transshipment station can increase up to 62%. However, an efficient operation in the transshipment station is critical to ensure this level of profit. Finally, the location of the transshipment station is imperative, and baseline scenario presents a better network for the urban solid waste logistics management.
urban waste management, transshipment station, urban freight transport


MIT scientists study spider web structure by translating it into music
April 15, 2021 by No Comments
Now you can walk through a virtual spider web, using VR headset and controllers to interact with a web sonification model.
A spider weaving its intricate web is a bit like a person composing a song, at least in the eyes of MIT materials engineer Markus Buehler, whose research involves translating web structure into musical melodies. Together with his collaborators, he has devised a way for humans to "enter" a 3D spider web and explore its structure both visually and aurally via a virtual reality setup. Buehler described the ongoing project during a talk at the (virtual) meeting of the American Chemical Society (ACS) this week.
The work may one day lead to a means of rudimentary communication with spiders in their own "language" of web vibrations, such as when they stretch a strand of silk while building a web or when the strands vibrate in response to a gust of wind or to the presence of trapped prey. "The spider lives in an environment of vibrating strings," Buehler said during an online press conference. "They don't see very well, so they sense their world through vibrations, which have different frequencies."
As we've reported previously, several years ago, Buehler led a team of MIT scientists that mapped the molecular structure of proteins in spider silk threads onto musical theory to produce the "sound" of silk in hopes of establishing a radical new way to create designer proteins. The hierarchical elements of music composition (pitch, range, dynamics, tempo) are analogous to the hierarchical elements of a protein structure. Much like how music has a limited number of notes and chords and uses different combinations to compose music, proteins have a limited number of building blocks (20 amino acids) that can combine in any number of ways to create novel protein structures with unique properties.
That work inspired a sonification art exhibit, "Spider's Canvas," in Paris in 2018. Artist Tomas Saraceno worked with MIT engineers to create an interactive harp-like instrument inspired by the web of a Cyrtophora citricola spider, with each strand in the "web" tuned to a different note. To create the harp, the team scanned a spider web with a laser to capture the 2D cross-sections and then reconstructed that 3D network with computer algorithms. Next they assigned specific frequencies to the web strands to serve as musical notes. Combine those notes in various patterns in the web's 3D structure and you can generate melodies.
"The sounds are very complex, and they don't sound like conventionally tuned instruments, because of course a spider does not use the same tuning system we do in musical creation," said Buehler. "Rather, the spider has tuned the web to their own idea of how the web should be tuned as the optimal sensor, an optimal prey-catching apparatus. It's quite haunting in its sounds—unusual, but quite beautiful."
In 2019, Buehler's team subsequently developed an even more advanced system of making music out of a protein structure—and then converting it back to create novel proteins never before seen in nature. They assigned each amino acid a tone based on its natural resonant frequency—actually more akin to a chord, since amino acids vibrate at several overlapping frequencies. The different 3D structures of the molecules determined the duration of each tone.
Enlarge / Cross-sectional images (shown in different colors) of a spider web were combined into this 3D image and translated into music.
Isabelle Su and Markus Buehler
Since there are 20 amino acids, this produced a 20-tone scale. The team also developed a free Android app, called the Amino Acid Synthesizer, so users can create their own protein "compositions" from the sounds of amino acids. And last year, Buehler's lab applied the same approach to model the vibrational properties of the spike protein responsible for the high contagion rate of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.
Buehler's presentation at the ACS meeting focused primarily on the virtual reality environment that allows the user to enter a virtual spider web and wander through its structure The idea is that one might be able to pick up more interesting structural features by combining both vision and hearing, since it gives the user a much richer sensory experience of the spider web.
While most people are familiar with two-dimensional spider webs, according to Buehler, most spiders actually build three-dimensional cobwebs, and it was those structures he was most interested in exploring through sound. He thinks of spiders as "autonomous 3D printers," constructing their webs without any supportive scaffolding, unlike manmade 3D printing processes. "So we have a material that is created or spun by the spider in real time with a very low energy consumption, creating these very complex structures in three-dimensional space," Buehler said.
Some of the MIT experiments involved scanning a spider web as it was being constructed, translating each stage into music so the team could study the process in audible form. "We can create a harp for each construction state, so you can begin to see how the spider harp actually changes during the construction, almost like a living musical instrument," said Buehler. The researchers were also able to virtually study how the web's sound changes in response to different mechanical forces, such as stretching a particular strand and increasing the tension until the strand breaks, producing a snapping sound.
The ultimate aim is to learn to create similar synthetic spiderwebs and other structures that mimic the spider's process. "We're interested in changing the overall paradigm of how we think about materials," said Buehler. "A spider is able to sense the integrity of the web through the vibrations. If it's damaged, they can repair it. They have a whole different relationship to the structure they built; they are actually a part of it." He imagines future manmade structures, such as bridges, designed with a similar built-in repair mechanism. "You wouldn't build something and wait for it to break, but continuously repair it," he said. "It would become a living organism."
Spiders use their webs to catch prey, but they also use them to collect sensory information via the vibrations of the various strand and as a means of communication, tapping the web to produce vibrational patterns. In other experiments, Buehler et al. recorded the various web vibrations as the spiders went about different activities: constructing their webs or sending courtship signals, for example. They designed a special machine-learning algorithm to distinguish between the various sounds, since the frequencies pretty much all sound alike to human ears.
"Now we're trying to generate synthetic signals to basically speak the language of the spider," Buehler said. "If we expose them to certain patterns of rhythms or vibrations, can we affect what they do, and can we begin to communicate with them? Those are really exciting ideas."
Spider web sonification during construction, first premiered at Saraceno's OnAir exhibition, Paris, 2018.
Listing image by Isabelle Su and Markus Buehler
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Sounds in cars for improved safety communication and comfort
29 May 2012
Luleå University of Technology
In a new project "3D sound design" at Luleå University of Technology, scientists from several disciplines are to develop information systems for cars, in cooperation with the automotive company Volvo Cars. Acousticians, psychologists, musicians, composers and designers are going to collaborate and develop systems such as can warn drivers of dangers such as moose or a pedestrian near the car
- Such a system should be able to provide an indication to the driver that it is an object at the side of the road where a danger is associated. We will examine what is the best way to provide the driver with information about this, says Anders Ågren Professor of Engineering acoustics at Luleå University of Technology.
7 million SEK will fund "3D sound design" which is co-financed by automotive company Volvo and Swedish transport administration in the FFI program. The purpose of the "3D Sound Design" is to use sound to improve road safety and better driving environment and strengthen the Volvo brand. Engineering Acoustics is the research area of the project, but unique is that it works across multiple disciplines as composition, design and technical psychology. The latter is about how older drivers who have poorer working memory capacity can handle "right now" situations and the former how audio signals must be composed to convey the level of risk, urgency, type of information and brand identity.
- We are good at this, and unique in that we are connecting these topics with the acoustics, says Professor Anders Ågren.
It is to create sounds from ideas and holistic approach that musicians and composers have been linked to the project. It is about finding a design methodology for noise, similar to how designers visualize images, and develop tools that make it possible to sketch sound along with vehicle developers.
- We brought in musicians and composers who sketched, one can say, and then we developed visual and auditory interfaces that made it easy to communicate with users and decision makers in this process, says Arne Nykänen, researcher in Engineering Acoustics.
Researchers in the "3D sound design" will examine how communication with the driver shall be undertaken so that driving is as safe as possible. Is a sound to warn for e.g. moose in the vicinity of a vehicle, perhaps in combination with signals to other senses, the best way to provide the driver with information about a hazard and in what form and from which direction should the warning in this case come, are some of the research issues.
- One important aspect is to draw attention to important events in the environment without pulling it from other important things, to have balance and set the right level of warning, says Professor Anders Ågren.
In the researchers lab there is driving simulators which one under controlled conditions can test driving abilities while the test pilot perform other tasks of various kinds. Using these can measure how the performance is affected by diffrent noises. In a pilot study the researchers have demonstrated that it actually becomes a difference in performance depending on where you place the sounds.
- We will extend this pilot study to find effects of placement of the sound and so we are working on technology to virtually place the sounds in the room anywhere, even outside the car, says André Lundkvist, PhD, Dep. of Engineering acoustics at Luleå University of Technology.
The project "3D sound design" led by fr. left Researcher Arne Nykänen, Professor, Anders Ågren Andre Lundkvist PhD, all within the research topic of Technical Acoustics at Luleå University of Technology. Photo Leif Nyberg
Inside the LTU-acousticlab researchers are driving simulator in which the impact of different types of warning information and driving ability can be simulated. Photo Leif Nyberg


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Favored Strategies for Facing Fiscal Constraint
A 2005 research study finds that, when higher education administrators at public colleges and universities face budget challenges, they prefer generating additional revenue and developing outside partnerships to taking across-the-board cost cuts. Position type also plays a part in determining strategy preferences.
By Mark Garrett
When economic times are tough, decisions about dealing with financial shortfalls vary greatly depending on who's doing the deciding. At least, that's what indicated by the study "The Influence of Financial Pressure on Academic Administrators' Selection of Management and Resource Allocation Strategies," which I conducted in 2005. The study used a survey to explore the type of management and resource allocation strategies that college and university administrators implement to handle fiscal constraint. The most preferred actions were activities that generated additional revenue or developed partnerships with outside entities. The least popular were those strategies that required any type of reduction in, for example, staffing, cost of instruction, or other forms of budget cuts.
While based on responses to earlier periods of economic difficulty, the study provides insight into the wide variety of management and resource allocation options available to higher education leaders and how a leader's position—chief business officer, provost, or academic dean—might affect the decision preference.
In Search of Preferred Strategies
The survey instrument presented 34 statements designed to address the issue of the ways higher education leaders at public institutions would prefer to deal with economic challenges. Each of the statements represented a specific resource allocation or management strategy that can be used to handle fiscal constraint. The survey queried administrators as to how likely they were to adopt a particular strategy, with choices based on a five-point Likert scale ranging from one (never) to five (always).
Examples of the type of resource allocation and management strategies that survey respondents could choose from included deferring maintenance, increasing the number of adjunct faculty, initiating a hiring freeze, and so forth. Use of the Factor Analysis statistical procedure reduced the 34 individual strategies to a total of 8 index variables:
1. Increase revenue generation and partnerships.
2. Increase technology.
3. Introduce innovation.
4. Reduce cost of instruction.
5. Reduce staff positions.
6. Reduce funding.
7. Reduce activities.
8. Adopt across-the-board funding reductions.
The attached table shows the resulting means for each of the 34 management and resource allocation strategies, based on the ranking preferences of provosts, chief financial officers, and academic deans. The higher the mean, the more likely the administrator was to implement the designated strategy. The table is organized by category and includes a miscellaneous category of strategies that did not factor into any of the other eight categories. The overall mean for each category was calculated by adding together the total means for each strategy in that particular category and then dividing by the number of strategies in the designated category. The table is organized such that the category with the highest overall mean is listed first, followed by the second-highest category, and so forth.
Overall, the most popular category of strategies chosen to be implemented by administrators was the one that could be defined as generating additional revenues for the institution and developing partnerships with outside entities. Other popular types of strategies among all administrators included increasing the use of technology, and implementing innovative strategies that focus on improving the overall operations of the institution through resource sharing and a greater emphasis on teamwork.
The categories of strategies not favored for implementation by administrators were those that result in any type of reduction, whether in positions, funding, or activities. It would appear that administrators do not want to implement resource allocation and management strategies that they perceive could potentially harm the institution. It should be noted that these are preferences—for example, most institution leaders "prefer" not to have to reduce staff or make other budget cuts. But, we have seen during this recession and others before it that, if necessary, institution leaders can and will make such cuts.
Analyzing the mean responses to specific strategies by category type indicates there are similarities as well as differences among administrators based on their staff positions, as to the likelihood they will implement certain responses to fiscal constraint. Analysis of the eight categories resulted in the following findings:
Increase revenue generation and partnerships. These options were quite popular among all three types of administrators, with the strategies of increasing fundraising and development and cultivating alternative funding sources being the most likely to be implemented of the 34 types presented in this study. Use of the ANOVA (analysis of variance) means tests found the mean difference in responses to the strategy of cultivating alternative funding sources to be statistically significant, with provosts and deans more likely than chief financial officers to prefer this way of dealing with fiscal challenge.
Increase technology. The actions that make up this category are generally favored by all three types of administrators, with provosts and CFOs more likely than deans to implement such initiatives. One only has to look around our campuses to see how much the use of technology has increased in our day-to-day operations and how technology solutions can increase productivity and efficiency.
Introduce innovation. Based on mean responses, it appears that all three categories of administrators were more in favor of implementing new and creative ideas as compared to some of the other types of strategies. CFOs were more likely than provosts and deans to implement reengineering work tasks. It makes sense that CFOs would spend time examining work-related tasks and seeking ways to improve them. However, CFOs indicated that they were less likely than provosts and deans to favor options that emphasize coordination and resource sharing among academic units, which is appropriate given the business officer's areas of focus.
Reduce costs of instruction. These are also popular among all three types of administrators. The cost of instruction can be significant for an institution of higher education, so seeking out methods to reduce this cost while not devaluing quality seems appropriate.
Reduce staff positions. Actions in this category are not overly popular, especially those that result in any reduction in the number of faculty. There is a significant mean difference among strategies that reduce the number of administrative positions, with deans being less likely than provosts and CFOs to opt for such human resources changes. It could be argued that deans are more closely aligned with the staffing needs of their departments and thus are not as willing as other administrators to reduce positions as a cost saver. At the same time, all three types of administrators favored reallocating positions when openings became available, with provosts exhibiting a significantly higher mean response than that of deans and CFOs. It should be noted that, during the current recession, a number of institutions have, in fact, cut positions (many in the adjunct area).
Reduce funding. The options in this category were not favored by those in any of the three surveyed positions. The strategy of deferring maintenance was found to have a statistically significant mean difference among administrators, with academic deans being less inclined toward deferring necessary renovations and upgrades than provosts and CFOs. Similar to the surmised reason why deans would be less willing to reduce positions, it could be argued that deans are also more in tune with the physical needs of their buildings, thus not as accepting as other administrators to deferring maintenance needs.
Reduce activities. Administrators were less likely to select the actions that make up this category. It is conceivable that administrators interpreted these strategies as resulting in a negative circumstance for their institution, and thus were less inclined to consider them.
Adopt across-the-board funding reductions. These options were not favored by administrators, as indicated by mean responses, although CFOs were more willing than provosts and deans to allocate funds based on equal increments across programs. It can be argued that provosts and deans realize the need to allocate additional funds to certain programs based on need, prestige, and other factors.
Miscellaneous strategies. Various resource allocation and management strategies that did not fit in one of the other eight categories were grouped in the miscellaneous section of the table. Although these options could not be categorized, they were still important to the study because of their popularity or lack thereof. For example, the idea of increasing student tuition and fees was favored by all administrators, especially provosts and CFOs. While not popular with the public or elected officials, raising tuition and fees is one sure way of generating additional income. Of course, in many states, the setting of tuition is controlled by the state legislature—so it is sometimes the case that CFOs and presidents might not want to raise tuition or have a preference for that strategy, but they have no other choice than to do so.
The strategies of encouraging the development of new programs, allocating funds based primarily on program needs, decentralizing and revamping administrative functions, and outsourcing services previously provided internally all exhibited significant mean differences in responses depending on administrator type. The strategy of limiting institutional enrollment is not one that is implemented by administrators to any great extent.
MARK GARRETT is graduate programs coordinator, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.


Description of the headless booting sequence (Buckminster)
From Eclipsepedia
Revision as of 10:16, 21 September 2006 by (Talk | contribs)
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This mechanism will be supplied in two forms:
Look and feel
For Buckminster, there should be a launcher that is accessed by simple typing 'buckminster'. This should work on any supported platform. An important point is that it also must be accessible from scripting languages/environments without the need to 'know' more (e.g. it must not require use of some platform specifics).
Option format
An example from 'ls':
C:\tmp>ls --help
 -b, --escape print octal escapes for nongraphic characters
 -C list entries by columns
 -d, --directory list directory entries instead of contents
 --full-time list both full date and full time
Option names are always case-sensitive though.
java --jar startup.jar --application .
On the surface, this should work. However, once again problems arise:
 - While eclipse.exe would help manage any specific java options to send to the VM, this form would require a user to manage this. Small problem to be sure.
 - Some (many) options will be acted upon by the startup.jar code before dispatching to the application. Especially this means the
-data
While that might be ok, the option is arguably a bit badly named - '-workspace' would have felt more natural. On a related note - it is generally impossible for a plugin to later change the workspace once startup.jar has established it (not exactly true, but close enough). This restriction implies that whatever the solution, selection of a workspace must be somehow specified before actually running startup.jar.
 - What is absolutely worst however is that the startup.jar code appears to indiscriminately walk the command line and interpret any options anywhere it recognizes them and then remove them (ouch!). A typical example of this is to say the imaginary
'buckminster build --clean
If this is done directly through startup.jar, end result is that '-clean' is acted on by startup.jar and when the 'build' command gets control, there no longer is any '-clean' to see.
Hence, to make this work the way it needs to, Buckminster code must be in control all the way. A suggested implementation:
 - A Buckminster boot startup class (BOOT)
 This class is a regular Java class that is run completely without relying on anything in Eclipse (except for startup.jar). The objective for this class is to interpret the raw command line and preprocess it similar to what startup.jar does (but with Buckminster semantics and awareness of the issues described above) and then run startup.jar after the preprocessing. Specifically, this class and the internal APPEXT class below follow a common protocol to transfer various information without having it mangled by startup.jar
 - This jar is started using the full incantation of 'java --classpath...' etc. For convenience, a suitable 'buckminster' executable should be provided for various platform in order to give the user the experience of using 'just another tool'.
 - The internal application extension class (APPEXT)
 This is the regular Buckminster plugin to which startup.jar eventually transfers control. Again, this knows about the protocol BOOT uses and will do what's necessary to get the real data, eventually transferring control to a COMMAND
 - The set of installed commands (COMMAND)
 A command is dynamically installed through the use of an extension point. The APPEXT will present such commands with what seems to be a clean, nice command line for them to process in whatever manner they choose.
Each of these has it own set of options they will respond to, most likely modifying the initial raw command line as it goes. As BOOT will have to recognize all APPEXT options, and the parsing behavior should be the same, it is beneficial to ensure that BOOT and APPEXT share relevant code.
As the BOOT class provides a parser for the raw command line, it can do anything with it and hence, Buckminster can define all of the option names as needed.
There are a few separate classes of options/information:
 1. influencing the behavior of the BOOT code
 2. front ends to influence behavior of whatever BOOT is starting
 3. influencing the behavior of the APPEXT code
 4. transparently passed on to COMMAND
Class 1 & 2
Given the current Java BOOT implementation, it only understands one class 1 option: '-‑forcenewvm'. This pertains to the fact that BOOT defaults to running the startup.jar code in the same VM as itself. But if forceNewVM is specified, it spawns a completely new process.
Future additions should be made here in order to support transparent specialization of VM options (e.g. using '-vmargs --Xmx512M); using such flags requires it to internally force a new VM. This is especially necessary if the 'buckminster' executable is used; since that is merely an embedded command line starting java, it's difficult to insert special VM options there.
Also, it currently understands one class 2 option: '‑-workspace '. This is merely a more sensible (?) name for the '-data' option that startup.jar knows about - thus, --workspace will be transformed to --data and inserted at the proper place.
Suggested class 1 options
flag explanation
--bootlog This causes the boot process to log what happens internally and then via internal protocol make the APPEXT aware of this log so that APPEXT can log it 'properly' using the core logging mechanisms.
This behavior is default, hidden from the user and useful in after the fact debugging. Can be turned off with --nobootlog.
--boottrace This causes the boot process to trace what it's doing directly to stdout. This is not default; useful in debugging things if it never even gets to the point of starting APPEXT (i.e. not even the bootlog is present).
--forcenewvm Regardless of what the decision is, always force a new VM.
Common to class 1 options are that they will be removed from the command line as they are acted upon by BOOT. Note that this only happens up to the first argument on the command line that doesn't start with a dash (signifying that it's actually a command name) - a COMMAND is free to use these option names if they so wish.
Suggested class 2 options
flag explanation
--workspace Will be transformed to \--data when sent to startup.jar.
--vm This is useful if the user specifically wants to run with another VM than the one selected by using just 'java'. Will force a new VM regardless.
--vmarg [--vmarg \]... This allows the user to customize the VM settings for the new process. These are location dependent in that they will be fed to the new VM (use of these flags forces a new VM regardless) in the order they're seen on the cmdline.
Common to class 2 options are that they will be removed from the command line as they are acted upon by BOOT, generally transformed into something else that BOOT starts. Note that this only happens up to the first argument on the command line that doesn't start with a dash (signifying that it's actually a command name) - a COMMAND is free to use these option names if they so wish.
Class 3
The only reason for BOOT to recognize these is to be able to correctly find the supposed COMMAND name (instead of thinking that an option argument is the command name).
Class 4
BOOT never touches these; it's sent along unchanged to APPEXT.
BOOT/APPEXT protocol
The primary need here is to transmit an arbitrary command line from BOOT to APPEXT without startup.jar destroying it or inappropriately acting on something not intended for it. BOOT solves this by simply writing class 3 & 4 data (i.e. after removing class 1 & 2 data) to a temporary file, one line per command line argument. It then sends the name of the command line file to APPEXT.
APPEXT in turn knows it will receive a file name, and thus simply reads the file, and treats the result as if it was a regular command line.
However, there are some minor things APPEXT must handle:
 - If (as noted, it's optional) BOOT has produced a boot log file, it will send along that filename as well so APPEXT can properly log it. Note that this happens before the cmdline file is read, so the information can not be placed there.
 - If the application extension point is invoked by the PDE, i.e. interactively through the Eclipse IDE, it always sends along '-pdelaunch'. APPEXT must be able to parse this (and simply discard it or do something whatever with it).
APPEXT takes a number of options. Part of the APPEXT responsibilities is to provide a common context for all commands, i.e. somewhat like metadata settings applicable to all commands. Some settings sets up things that a COMMAND can ignore (intentionally or non-intentionally - e.g. a default progress monitor is set up depending on settings and a COMMAND is expected to use that if they need a progress monitor) and others simply sets internal things that all COMMAND's unwittingly become subject to (e.g. turning on logging so that System.out is trapped and logged).
Common to both APPEXT and


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This worksheet will produce groups of symbols for the students to determine the ratios of the different symbols.
You may enter a message or special instruction that will appear on the bottom left corner
of the Ratio Worksheet.
Include Ratio Worksheet Answer Page
Now you are ready to create your Ratio Worksheet by pressing the Create Button.