were less mentally exhausted than those in the two-year group (Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, vol 34, p 419).
Of course, there is a form of mental exhaustion that doesn't require thought: nag them into submission. Children have got this technique sussed, says Burkley.
5. The medium is the means
In this fast-paced world, we seldom have time for face-to-face meetings. You are just as likely to conduct your personal and business negotiations by email, or some other electronic medium, as you are in person. How does this impact your powers of persuasion?
The question intrigued Rosanna Guadagno of the University of Alabama and Robert Cialdini of Arizona State University, who have been comparing the persuasive power of online communication with face-to-face meetings.
In a study published in 2002, Guadagno and Cialdini had a group of students discuss the introduction of new exams (Group Dynamics: Theory, Research and Practice, vol 6, p 38). The group was split into same-sex couples. Unbeknown to the subjects, each pair included an accomplice of the experimenters whose role was to provide arguments in favour of the idea. Half the discussions took place in an online chatroom, the other half sat face-to-face.
While overall men rated the proposals similarly whether they participated in the electronic or face-to-face sessions, women in face-to-face sessions rated them more highly than those who only took part online. Guadagno and Cialdini suggest this is because groups of women tend to form communal bonds and reach agreement. Electronic communication disrupts the exchange of social cues women use to establish a communal bond and is therefore less conducive to persuasion.
On the other hand, groups of men typically try to establish their competence and independence, which can lead to competitive encounters. When two men who have not met before debate a point, online interaction is about as effective and persuasive as face-to-face.
But if they have met and had a competitive exchange, subsequent face-to-face meetings are less productive, whereas online exchanges fare far better. So while online communication can prevent women "connecting", it can help men suppress competitive urges that hamper persuasion.
So, if you're a woman and want to persuade other women you'd be better off meeting face-to-face, while men are less confrontational if contacted by email. The researchers are now studying these effects in mixed couples.
6. Style over substance
It was midnight when the knock came at the door. It was "Paul", a "neighbour", who'd "just moved in". He spoke non-stop, without pause or hesitation, detailing a problem with a truck that had run out of gas and his need for $20, which he would, of course, return first thing in the morning. Later, Kurt often looked back and wondered just how it was he got taken in so easily.
"Paul" was a master of his craft: Kurt later learned that four other people on the street had also been taken in by the con.
Maybe we shouldn't be so surprised when things like this happen. Persuasion, it turns out, may have as much to do with how you say something as what you're saying. And the less time you're allowed to think about the content, the more the style of delivery matters. At least, those are the findings of two marketing professors who decided to tease style and substance apart.
John Sparks at the University of Dayton in Ohio and Charles Areni at the University of Sydney, Australia, knew from earlier work on courtroom transcripts that people equated certain kinds of speech with lack of credibility. In particular, hesitant phrases such as "I mean", "you know" and "isn't it?" reduced a speaker's power. But no one had looked at the exact relationship between style and content.
The researchers asked 118 undergraduates to read a transcript of a testimonial about a scanner. In one version, the speaker used hesitations like "I mean" and "ummm"; in the other, he used none. They also gave half the students enough time to read it thoroughly, while the others got just 20 seconds, to see how limiting a person's understanding of the substance would alter the persuasiveness of the style.
The researchers found that in both versions style was important. When hesitant language was used, people were less easily convinced that this was a scanner worth buying - even when it was a better scanner at a lower price. Style was especially important, the researchers found, when time was limited (Journal of Applied Social Psychology, vol 38, p 37). "If you can't pay attention to what the speaker is saying," Sparks says, "you pay attention to how they say it."
So take a lesson from Paul, the conman. If you want to be persuasive, don't stumble, pause or use language that shows hesitation. And for goodness sake, don't give your listeners time to think about what you're really saying.
7. Get them angry
Angering people may seem like an odd way to go about persuading them, but according to Monique Mitchell Turner, a communications professor at the University of Maryland, College Park, it is seriously underrated as a tool of persuasion.
Much study has gone into how emotions aid persuasion. The best known and most studied is fear. It serves well in campaigns that try to steer you clear of certain activities, like smoking or unprotected sex.
But fear doesn't always work, says Turner, and over time, people become more resistant to scare tactics. The same applies to guilt. It can be effective (think of maternal guilt), but not once people clue into the fact they're being manipulated. Worse, it has to be carefully calibrated: too much and people resist. "We don't want people telling us we're bad people," says Turner.
Anger is different. For one thing, it's focused on someone else's misdeeds, not your own. Also, it's a very utilitarian emotion, she says, usually in response to a perceived injustice. "Anger makes people feel empowered," Turner says.
There has been a long debate, she says, about whether anger can be constructively harnessed. In studying groups that employ anger as a tactic - most notably animal rights groups such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, as well as environment organisations and even political campaigns - she has found that, given the right conditions, it can.
First, people have to be convinced that the issue is relevant to them, that it affects them or their children or their community. At that point, says Turner, you need to hammer home what's wrong with the world as it is. Once you have got people roiled up, you can offer them a way to remedy the situation (Public Relations Review, vol 33, p 114).
"When those feelings of anger are accompanied by the feeling that there is a solution to this problem, then the message is more likely to be persuasive," she says.
8. Resistance isn't futile
Historically, psychologists studying persuasion have concentrated on what makes certain messages more appealing than others. But over the past few years researchers have begun revising that idea. A growing body of evidence suggests that breaking down people's resistance to persuasion can be even more important.
The reason for this is that people are naturally suspicious of attempts to persuade them. This is especially true if they think they are being duped.
In laboratory studies, merely reminding people that they are vulnerable to manipulation - for example, showing them magazine adverts with celebrities or models endorsing products they clearly know nothing about - makes them generally more difficult to persuade (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol 83, p 526).
So far so obvious, but there's a useful point here. Resistance means that very persuasive arguments can backfire. People who successfully resist persuasion often become even more entrenched in their wrong-headed opinions, and the stronger, more credible or authoritative they perceive the attempt at persuasion to be, the more certain of their opinions they become when they resist it (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol 83, p 1298).
At first blush, this seems paradoxical. You might think a strong, authoritative argument would hold greater sway. Not necessarily. It seems that if people resist good arguments presented by an expert, they conclude their own arguments must be even stronger.
This sets up a bit of a catch-22. "If you want to change people's attitudes, it's good to have strong arguments," says Zakary Tormala of Stanford University. "But if they manage to resist your message, they might become more certain of the very attitudes you want to change."
How to overcome this deadlock? Tormala's colleague Richard Petty of Ohio State University says: "Present positions closer to your target's views, then move them towards your goal a little at a time." You could also try charming them by boosting their self-esteem. "When people feel good about themselves, they are more open to challenging messages," he says.
RELATED ARTICLE: 5 Ways to Persuade Anyone to Do What You Want
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Fitness Rush Personal Training Blog
Eat that fatty fish!
Eat that fatty fish!
Eat that fatty fish!
It is common knowledge that fish is a healthy food. This is particularly true when it comes to fatty fish, like salmon, which is full of omega-3 fatty acids and many other nutrients.
This includes the fat-soluble vitamin D, a nutrient which most people are deficient in. It acts like a steroid hormone in the body, which is perfect towards our muscle growth goals.
The Fatty acids are crucial for the body and brain to function optimally and are strongly linked to a reduced risk of many diseases.
Evidence shows that people who eat high quantities of fish have a lower risk of various diseases, including heart disease, dementia and depression.
Fitness Rush Tip
It's fair to say, all types of fish are good for you. They have a high content of many nutrients that of us are not consuming enough of. These include high-quality protein, iodine and various vitamins and minerals, so eat well and enjoy your fish.


text:
iPlayer for Kindle
Over the last few years the BBC's video on demand service iPlayer (a kind of British Hulu) has moved beyond desktop PCs, to games consoles, mobile phones, tablets, set top boxes and internet connected TVs. But there's still a segment of the population who aren't being catered for; those whose primary computing device is an eReader.
To address this I've designed a system to automatically convert a terrestrial digital TV transmission, as captured by a DVB card or PVR, to a sequence of static images annotated with the subtitles from the stream that convey the story as a kind of comic strip format. This can be viewed as HTML or PDF, so expanding the number of devices the content can be viewed on.
In this example I've converted an episode of Britain's favourite aspirational soap, 'Eastenders'. The technical details of the conversion process are given later on in this post, but for now the basic operation of the system is discussed.
A basic strategy is to only render the frames where subtitles appear (subtitle frames). This is very simple to implement given a video file and corresponding timestamped subtitle file, and for some sequences this is quite adequate. For example:
However introductions and reaction shots often have no dialogue but may still contain key plot points. These will be missed by using the subtitle strategy alone. In a programme like Eastenders where the characters spend much of their time staring in to the distance in despair, these silent scenes must be included. To cope with this, scene detection software is used to produce a list of the start and end frames of each scene, then a snapshot is taken from the midpoint of each scene (scene frames). For example, here's a sequence where Phil sneaks a look at somebody else's mail after they've left the room:
To produce a complete rendering of the entire programme, the subtitle frames and the scene frames are combined. Then any scene frames from scenes that also contain a subtitle frame are discarded. A HTML file can now be created that simply presents the remaining frames in order. This HTML file can then be used as is, converted to a PDF for download on to an e-reader, or sent to a printer. This last format is not only for inveterate Luddites, it also allows the content to be consumed in areas where electronic devices are not suitable, for instance on the beach, or in an aircraft during take off and landing. This format also allows distribution via the postal service. With a typical PDF episode weighing in at only 20MB and with offline viewing, this format has a clear advantage over existing mobile iPlayer services.
Here's the complete programme presented in an embedded player:
Eastenders, BBC1, Tue 31 May 2011 19:30 BST
Press the 'Play' button to advance to the next frame, and the other transport buttons to navigate the programme.
In order to convert the video, first the DVB stream is demultiplexed in to the audio, video and subtitle streams using ProjectX. The DVB subtitles are actual images of the rendered captions carried as a subpicture stream. These could be used directly, however I had access to a pre-processed subtitle file in XML format. This gave a file with the caption text together with the start time, end time, position and colour of the caption. This was created from the subpicture titles using OCR and so occasionally suffers from misspellings and incorrect caption colours, but the XML format is extremely easy to process. An example XML subtitles file is given in the resources section of this post and more information about DVB subtitling can be found in the ETSI document ETSI 300 743 'DVB Subtitling Systems'.
Once the subtitles are available, a list of scenes in the programme is obtained. I used lav2yuv to do this, which works well enough for this demonstration. To use this first convert the MPEG file to MJPEG using ffmpeg:
ffmpeg -i source_video -r 25 -an -vcodec mjpeg destination_video.avi
Then build the scene list using lav2yuv:
lav2yuv -S list.txt destination_video.avi
This produces a file which is simply a list of start and end frames for each scene. Finally a simple PHP script is used to generate the final HTML output which can be passed through wkhtmltopdf to produce a PDF file. The whole process could easily be added to iPlayer's current automated transcoding chain.
- The DVB stream also includes an audio descriptiontrack for the visually impaired which provides commentary about the scenes. Currently this only exists as audio, however if it were available as a timecoded text file similar to the subtitles file it would greatly improve the contextualisation of scenes. As an example, here's the audio description immediately prior to the scene above with Masood:
- It would be simpler and more accurate to use the DVB subpicture subtitles directly. Perhaps this can be done with the mplayer -sid option when capturing frames? However mplayer had difficulty capturing specific frames, preferring instead to capture the nearest keyframe.
- The scene detection software currently doesn't work infallibly and can miss some scenes. It also requires the programme be converted to MJPEG before processing which is slow. A more efficient, tunable solution would be desirable.
Here's the HTML version on a Kindle, inside a lovely case courtesy of Velvetmutineer
The embedded HTML player shown above can also be viewed directly on a mobile device at _URL_

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Textile Finishing | De-watering Machine | Slitting Machine | Dryers | Sueding Machine | Textile Study Center
Home Uncategorized Textile Finishing | De-watering Machine | Slitting Machine | Dryers | Sueding Machine
Textile Finishing
Finishing is the term used for a series of processes to which all bleached, dyed, printed and certain grey fabrics are subjected before they put on the market. Finishing is done to render textile goods fit for their purpose or end-use or serviceability of the fabric. It should be considered that every finishing process should improve the serviceability of the fabric like dimensional stability, fastness to washing, fastness to storage, wearing quality, resistance to fibre slippage, strength of the fabric, fabric handle etc. Cotton and polyester has different processes of finishing. Fabric that contains lycra needs another additional process done that is called heat setting.
The finishing processes are classified into two main streams:
 1. Mechanical finishing
 2. chemical finishing
Most of the finishes that are given to the fabric are mechanical finishes. Mechanical finishes are :
 1. Shearing
 2. Sueding
 3. Compacting
 4. Calendaring
 5. Steam/ Heat setting.
Chemical finishes includes bio-polishing and softening but bio-polishing is carried out with dyeing in exhaust method. Softening is done in exhaust method as well as in mechanical method.
The main procedures of softening can be divided into two segments:
 1. Open width finishing line for fabric of open form
 2. Tube width finishing line for fabric of tubular form
Machines Used in Finishing :
 1. De-watering Machine
 2. Dryer Machine
 3. Compactor Machine
 4. Stenter Machine
 5. Slitting Machine
 6. Sueding Machine
 7. Tumble Dryer Machine
1. De-watering Machine : De-watering machines are used to reduce the excess water remaining on the wet fabric after dyeing. Softening chemicals and other finishing chemicals can be applied while de-watering as well. De-watering machines also help to keep in control the GSM of the fabric by maintain proper tension around the whole process. The padding rollers help to apply mixtures of finishing chemicals on the fabric surface. D-ewatering machines can remove from 40-50% of the water content of the fabric. The main parameters of a de-watering machine that are to be considered while operating are the followings:
 1. Machine speed (m/min)
 2. Padder pressure (bar)
 3. Wet stretching (%)
Fig : Path diagram of a dewatering machine
2. Slitting Machine : This machine basically opens a tubular fabric into open form by slitting along the needle mark of the fabric to aid the slitting process. In addition to opening the fabric, it also untwists the fabric via. rope de-twister device, maintains the fabric width, mangles water from the fabric by extracting up to 60% prior to slitting. The slitting line of the tube fabric is monitored carefully to avoid unnecessary wastage of fabric.. The fabric is passed through a set of padders into a de-twister by which the rope fabric untwists and is spread out with the help of a spreader and the fabric is opened. The fabric is then passed through a few sets of rollers in order to create an even and crease-free surface for stentering.
Fig : Path diagram of a slitting machine
 The main parameters of a slitting machine that are to be considered for operating based on the difference among the fabric types are:
 1. Feed %
 2. Padder pressure (bar)
 3. Machine speed (m/min)
Fig : Slitting Machine
4. Dryers: De-watering and slitting processes of the fabric removes up to 60% of the water content of the fabric. But the dyed fabrics need to be dried completely before proceeding towards further processing. This is why dryers are used to remove water from the fabric without applying any tension. Another thing that the dryer does is controlling lengthwise shrinkage of the fabric which eventually leads to the controlling of the GSM of the fabric.
Dryers are of two types-
 1. Tube dryers for the tubular fabrics
 2. Chain dryers/relax dryers for the open fabrics.
Dryer have heating chambers with blowers that provides the necessary heat required to dry the fabric. A conveyer belt passes the fabric through the heat chambers. Temperature of the heat applied depends on the shade of the fabric. There are motors in the heating zone that controls and regulates the gas release of the machine. Chain dryers have a 100% overfeed system and an underfeed system up to 50%. The width of the fabric is controlled by sticking it widthwise to a pinned chain-rail that can be controlled manually. The fabric width is extended with the chain-rail before it enters the heating chambers, keeping the width still while the fabric dries. The receiving end of the machine has a to and fro plaiting system which leads the fabric to pile on easily having the same width.
Fig : Schematic diagram of a chain dryer
 Setting parameters for different fabric type of knit fabric :
Fabric type
Overfeed speed
Temperature (°C)
Machine speed
Single jersey White 15-25 120-140 8-15
Dyed 15-25 140-150 8-15
White 35-40 120-140 8-10
Dyed 35-40 140-150 10-15
Rib White 15-20 120-140 10-15
Dyed 15-20 140-160 8-15
Interlock White 20-25 120-140 15-20
Dyed 20-25 140-160 15-20
Lacoste 30 140 20
6. Sueding Machine :
Sueding involves creating peach skin like surface on the fabric which gives soft, smooth feel and provide more formal look while maintaining comfort and casual feel. Method of Application: Open width knitted fabric is passed over rotating high speed carbon brushes. There are a total of six rollers active, three rotating in the opposite direction of the fabric direction and the other three rotating along the fabric direction. By adjusting angle of
contact with the brushes, pressure against fabric and speed of fabric being sueded, the intensity of sueding can be varied.
Effect: Peaching softens fabric handle and gives a greater degree of warmth to the fabric. Surface hairs of the fabric are separated from each other, giving a sort piled surface. It however lightens the shade of a colored fabric and can give slight unevenness. Where grey fabric is emersed, the subsequent wet processing, that is dyeing and washing, may be used to remove the dust generated.
Factors affecting the degree of sueding
 1. Number of rollers in operation
 2. Direction of rotation of the rollers against the fabric
 3. Fabric tension
 4. Fabric speed
 5. Wrapping angle on the roller
Path Diagram Of A Dewatering Machine 300x131
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Swarmmy Chair
The Swarmmy Chair is built up based on
Through the process of attract the swarm.
The swarm will drop the trail.
We use the Path of the swarm particles as the base to
build up the mesh.
The concept is that we build up the powerlines first,
then we set up the starting points for the swarm to them
attract to the powerlines.
The growing effect is like how the nature grows things.
The result could be rough or smooth based on the parameters of the mesh.
For the Line Based
rough mesh:
smooth Mesh:
Base on the Line, it can be some kind of the customize chair,
which designers and user can put their ideas to build up their
one and only


text:
Courses in the Calculus Sequence
The systematic study of mathematics begins with one of the following two alternative sequences:
Honors Math A-B is aimed at students with a strong interest in and aptitude for Mathematics who also have a strong Calculus background from high school. This is a course for the best prepared and most able mathematics students. It covers the material of multivariable calculus and linear algebra from a thoroughly mathematical point of view as well as other topics chosen by the instructor. This course serves as an introduction to the upper level undergraduate mathematics courses offered by the Department.
Placement in the Calculus Sequences
For the Fall Semester 2012, students with questions about Calculus Placement should come to the:
Academic Resources Fair, Wednesday August 29, 11:00-1:00 in the Roone Arledge Auditorium, Lerner Hall
Math Infosession, Wednesday August 29, 3:30-4:30 in the Lerner Cinema, Lerner Hall.
School of Engineering and Applied Science Students:
- with a score of 5 on the Calculus BC Advanced Placement (AP) exam must begin with Calculus III (or Honors Math A).
- with a score of 4 on the Calculus BC Advanced Placement exam, or a score of 4 or 5 on the Calculus AB Advanced Placement exam must begin with Calculus II.
- with a score of 6 or 7 on the IB HL Calculus exam, or a grade of A or B on the A-Level GCE Further Maths exams must begin with Calculus II.
- with an A grade in a full-year high school calculus course must begin with Calculus II.
- with other AP scores, below an A in a full year high school calculus course, or less than a full year of calculus in high school must begin with Calculus I.
Columbia College and other non-SEAS students:
- with a score of 5 on the Calculus BC Advanced Placement, or a score of 7 on the International Baccalaureate Calculus exam or an A in A-Level Further Mathematics may begin with Calculus III (or Honors Math A).
- with a score of 4 on the Calculus BC Advanced Placement exam, or a score of 5 on the Calculus AB Advanced Placement exam, or a 6 on the IB HL Calculus exam or a B on the A-Level Further Maths exam may begin with either Calculus II or Calculus III. The Mathematics Department recommends that these students begin with Calculus II, except those whose prospective majors don't require Calculus II (mainly the Economics department, prospective Economics majors should consult the Economics department website for their guidelines).
- with a score of 4 on the Calculus AB Advanced Placement exam or with an A grade in a full-year high school calculus course should start with Calculus II.
- all others should start with Calculus I.
Calculus II: Those with a score of 4 or 5 on the AB exam or 4 on the BC exam may receive 3 points of AP credit upon completion of this course with a grade of C or higher.
Calculus III: Upon completion of Calculus III with a grade of C or higher, those students with a score of 5 on the BC exam may receive 6 points of AP credit, and those students with a score of 4 on the BC exam or 5 on the AB exam may receive 3 points of AP credit.
Honors mathematics A: Students who want a proof-oriented theoretical sequence and have a score of 5 on the BC AP exam may begin with Honors mathematics A, which is especially designed for mathematics majors. Upon completion of this course with a grade of C or higher, they may receive 6 points of AP credit.
For questions either contact your instructor or the relevant person below.
Director of Undergraduate Studies: Professor Panagiota Daskalopoulos
Undergraduate Administrative Assistant: Mary Young
Some sections of all Calculus classes will be using WebAssign, an on-line system integrated with the course textbook.
The print version of the textbook for Calculus I-IV is
Calculus: Early Transcendentals, 7th Edition
The Columbia bookstore carries a bundled package which includes the print version of the textbook, and access codes for an electronic version of the book as well as the on-line WebAssign system. This is
The cost at the bookstore for this package is $277.35
It is also available from the publisher at CengageBrain.com for the price of $237.99
Access to WebAssign is only required for students in those sections of Calculus that will be using it to assign homework problems. In other cases it is optional, but students may find it a useful study tool.
Students can buy an eBook version of the textbook together with access to WebAssign at the bookstore for the price of $103.35, this is
Note that the nook eBook sold by Barnes and Noble is only an eBook, with no WebAssign access. This is not recommended.
Students can also buy the eBook + WebAssign access directly from the publisher at CengageBrain.comfor $95, this is
Access to WebAssign and the eBook version of the textbook for one semester can be purchased directly from WebAssign after enrolling in the appropriate class there. The price is $75 for one semester, $110 for multiple terms (usable if you take more than one semester of Calculus). It is no longer possible to purchase just access to WebAssign, it is sold together with the eBook.
The book store may also be selling a slightly cheaper "Single Variable" version of the textbook which is usable if you only take Calculus I and/or II, but does not contain the material used in Calculus III and IV.
The publisher also sells a cheaper "Hybrid" version of the print textbook that doesn't contain the problems, and is intended to be sold together with WebAssign access. Note that this version of the textbook does not contain the problems, so you need the eBook or some other way to access the book problems you will be assigned if you purchase this version.
Note that used versions of the textbook will not come with WebAssign access. In addition prices for used copies of the 7th edition of the textbook will be high since it is relatively new. In principle, students may be able to use copies of the 6th edition, which has much the same content, although the numbering of problems is different.
While different instructors will choose to cover somewhat different topics, we have a web-page giving suggested and typical syllabi for the four courses in the Calculus sequence.
Frequently Asked Questions
- Is it possible to switch between sections, levels and sequences of calculus?
- I am not sure that, following department guidelines, the scores on my AP exam place me in the appropriate section. What should I do?
- How does Advanced Placement credit work?
- What pocket calculator should I get?
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: Is it possible to switch between sections, levels and sequences of calculus?
A: Students can always go to the first few lectures of one Calculus class and then, if it seems appropriate, switch to another level or a different sequence. Such transfers require the approval of the instructors and, after the drop/add date, the class dean.
Q: I am not sure that, following department guidelines, the scores on my AP exam place me in the appropriate section. What should I do?
A: These are guidelines only, but they are based on years of experience.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Congratulations on your decision to maximize Red Light Therapy!
Your breath can be an invaluable resource when it comes to bettering your health and maximizing Red Light Therapy. Download your PDF to learn 2 proven strategies that you can implement immediately to either promote deep relaxation or create energy on demand.
Most people are chronically dehydrated so one of the fastest and most effective ways to compound the benefits of Red Light Therapy is to hydrate while you are actively engaged in therapy.
Movement is an incredibly important aspect of overall health and well-being. The challenge is that we often place significant constraints around how we move and that doesn't serve us. There are many ways that you can move more and do so enjoyably.
As a result of modern agricultural practices, the soil that our food is grown in has become very deficient in many important minerals. One key mineral, that many people refer to as the "Master Mineral", can have a significant impact on your overall health quite quickly. Find out more about it by downloading your PDF now.


text:
Sugar cane mill is another name for the sugar industry, from which sugar production is carried out. Cane is a cash crop, as is well known. "Effluent treatment plant in sugar industry" Although the biggest industry that contributes to the development of the nation is the sugar industry. However, it is considered to be one of the main sectors that has been listed as a polluting sector. The effluent from the sugar industry is very polluted.
For every tonne of crushed sugar cane produced by the sugar industry, 1,000 L of effluent is produced. If released without treatment, sugar industrial wastewater can pollute both aquatic and terrestrial environments.
Let's talk about effluent treatment plant in sugar industry, in detail.
Sources of effluent in sugar industry
Water splashed to extract the most juice and water used to cool the roller bearings are among the waste products from the sugar industry. Because of the machines and sugar, the mill house waste has a high BOD content. "Effluent treatment plant in sugar industry" The juice filtering cloth has to be cleaned. Despite its tiny volume, the effluent produced in this manner has a significant BOD and suspended particles content.
Additional waste is also produced as a result of molasses handling as well as juice, syrup, and molasses spills and leakage in various parts. The regular cleaning of the floor adds significantly to the pollutant burden. Despite the fact that these wastes are intermittently emitted and tiny in amount, they have a very high BOD.
Effluent treatment plant for sugar industry
Large-scale water consumption and the production of organic compounds as liquid effluents pose serious environmental issues for the sugarcane processing sector. Due to the environmental issues connected to this activity. The inadequate and careless disposal of this effluent in soils and aquatic bodies has attracted a lot of attention in recent years.
However, an improved water and material economy can help sugar mills, like all other sectors, minimise their pollution output. Therefore, water should be used wisely in effluent treatment plant processes and recycled whenever possible. The steps included in Effluent treatment plant are described as follows:
- Screen chamber cum oil & grease tank: The huge floating objects are removed using the screen chamber (Bar Screen). Untreated wastewater may include paper, big floating particles, and other things. The screening chamber stops these debris from fouling the pumps, impellers, and equipment, as well as from choking the piping system. All of these materials are removed from this chamber using a 10 mm wide by 50 mm deep bar screen that is set with 20 mm between each bar. Frequent cleaning operations are conducted to remove stuck materials. The purpose of the oil and grease chamber is to remove oil and grease from the influent, which can harm the pumping system and jeopardise biological treatments.
- Equalization Tank: Peak daily or wet-weather flow can be temporarily stored in equalization basins. In addition to serving as a temporary holding area for incoming effluent during plant maintenance. Basins also allow for the batch dilution and distribution of toxic or highly concentrated wastes that might otherwise prevent biological secondary treatment (such as portable toilet waste, waste from vehicle holding tanks, and septic tank pumpers). Aerators may also be included in flow equalisation basins, which also often have capabilities for bypass and cleaning and variable discharge control. If the basin is located after screening and grit removal, cleaning might be simpler.
- Mixing Tank: In general, mixing tanks are created by mixing the influent that is kept in the equalization tank. Mechanical stirrers are used to perform the mixing.
- An aerator-equipped aeration tank: A liquid or substance is aerated when air is pumped through it, combined with it, or dissolved in it. As a result, aeration tanks are provided to aerate the effluent so that biological waste treatment can proceed more effectively.
- Clarifier: Clarifiers are sedimentation tanks with mechanical mechanisms for continuously removing sediments that are being deposited. A clarifier is frequently used to remove solid particles or suspended solids from a liquid in order to clarify and/or thicken it. Additionally, sludge is referred to the concentrated pollutants that are released from the tank's bottom, whereas scum refers to contaminants that float to the liquid's surface.
- Drying sludge bed: The settled sludge is dewatered using sludge drying beds. In order to keep the concentration of MLSS in the aeration tank constant. The extra sludge from the clarifier is periodically discharged to sludge drying beds. The drainage lines are located 2.5 to 6 metres apart. The bed should incline at a rate of 1 in 200 towards the discharge end.
The effluent treatment plant's overall performance is quite satisfactory. Additionally, the individual units operate effectively, and their removal efficiencies are acceptable. Therefore, it can be concluded that the effluent treatment plant in sugar industry is operating efficiently. Because the treated effluent complies with the MPCB requirement for discharge in inland surface water. This treatment facility has a strong potential for pH, temperature, TDS, and COD reduction. At the ETP's output, the industry's garden area receives the treated effluent.
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text:
Experimental and clinical transplantation : official journal of the Middle East Society for Organ Transplantation 2017 09 26() doi 10.6002/ect.2016.0340
Several scoring systems have been developed to noninvasively predict the presence of advanced fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease. Hepatitis C virus and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are the 2 most common indications for orthotopic liver transplant and are associated with disease recurrence that can lead to fibrosis progression. Here, we evaluated the performance of commonly used fibrosis scores in assessing the presence of advanced fibrosis in patients after orthotopic liver transplant.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Our study consisted of consecutive patients with hepatitis C virus or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease who underwent a liver biopsy after transplant and had laboratory measurements within 1 week of biopsy. Graft fibrosis was determined by an experienced pathologist (stage F0-F4). Advanced fibrosis was defined as stage F3-F4. The following fibrosis scores were calculated for each patient: aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase ratio, aspartate aminotransferase/platelet ratio index, and fibrosis-4 index.
We analyzed 93 patients with median age of 59 years (25th and 75th percentile of 53 and 64 y) and median body mass index of 31.8 kg/m² (25th and 75th percentile of 27 and 37.6 kg/m²). Of total patients, 41 (44%) were diabetic. Median time to liver biopsy posttransplant was 27.7 months (25th and 75 percentile of 10.8 and 59.9 mo). We found that 54 patients (58%) had no fibrosis, 15 (16.1%) had F1, 8 (8.6%) had F2, 7 (7.5%) had F3, and 9 (9.7%) had F4. Overall, advanced fibrosis (F3-F4) was present in 16 patients. Aspartate aminotransferase/alanine amino-transferase ratio, aspartate aminotransferase/platelet ratio index, and fibrosis-4 index were not significantly different between patients with and without advanced fibrosis (all P >.05). The calculated fibrosis scores had poor diagnostic accuracy for presence of advanced fibrosis posttransplant.
Commonly used liver fibrosis scores are not accurate in predicting the presence of advanced fibrosis in patients after liver transplant.


HSSEAS LABORATORY ACCESS home | search
Access to a Research Laboratory
Safety is of paramount importance to all people within HSSEAS. To ensure laboratory safety, all research personnel must be properly trained. To gain access to a research laboratory in HSSEAS (a key or electronic access), you need to take the following steps and complete them:
 1. Contact your department's management service officer or other designated staff who handle new hires and you should be given the following information
 1. An up-to-date schedule of the EHS Safety Training Course
 2. Research Laboratory Hazard Assessment and Personal Protective Equipment Use
 3. A list of Chemical Use Hazards
 4. A key request form
 2. Attend and complete the following EHS laboratory safety training courses
 1. Laboratory Safety Fundamental Concepts
 - This is required for ALL researchers. NO exception.
 2. Hazardous Chemical Waste Training
 - This is required for ALL researchers who handle and generate chemical waste.
 3. Any additional laboratory safety training course required for your research
 - This should be done in consultation with the PI/research advisor.
 3. Complete the key request form and submit it along with the EHS certificates on the safety courses
Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science


text:
Проблемы обработки естественного языка в диалоговых системах
Nowadays, a field of dialogue systems and conversational agents is one of the rapidly growing research areas in artificial intelligence applications. Business and industry are showing increasing interest in implementing intelligent conversational agents into their products. Many recent studies has tended to focus on possibility of developing task-oriented systems which are able to have long and free social chats that occur naturally in social human interactions. In order to better understand the user's expression, and then feedback the correct information, natural language understanding plays an extremely important role. Despite progress made in solving NLP problems, it remains very challenging today in the field of dialogue systems. In this paper, we review the recent progress in developing dialogue systems, its current architecture features and further prospects. We focus on the natural language understanding tasks which are key for building a good conversational agent, and than we are summarizing NLP methods and frameworks, in order to allow researchers to study the potential improvements of the state-of-the-art dialogue systems. Additionally, we consider the dialogue concept in context of human-machine interaction, and briefly describe dialogue evaluation metrics.
The paper describes the structure and possible applications of the theory of K-representations (knowledge representations) in bioinformatics and in the development of a Semantic Web of a new generation. It is an original theory of designing semantic-syntactic analyzers of natural language (NL) texts with the broad use of formal means for representing input, intermediary, and output data. The current version of the theory is set forth in a monograph by V. Fomichov (Springer, 2010). The first part of the theory is a formal model describing a system consisting of ten operations on conceptual structures. This model defines a new class of formal languages – the class of SK-languages. The broad possibilities of constructing semantic representations of complex discourses pertaining to biology are shown. A new formal approach to developing multilingual algorithms of semantic-syntactic analysis of NL-texts is outlined. This approach is realized by means of a program in the language PYTHON.
The book contains the proceedigs of the 18th International Conference on Automatic Processing of Natural Langage (France, Montpellie, 27th June - 1st July 2011).
This paper presents an algorithm that allows the user to issue a query pattern, collects multi-word expressions (MWEs) that match the pattern, and then ranks them in a uniform fashion. This is achieved by quantifying the strength of all possible relations between the tokens and their features in the MWEs. The algorithm collects the frequency of morphological categories of the given pattern on a unified scale in order to choose the stable categories and their values. For every part of speech, and for all of its categories, we calculate a normalized Kullback-Leibler divergence between the category's distribution in the pattern and its distribution in the corpus overall. Categories with the largest divergence are considered to be the most significant. The particular values of the categories are sorted according to a frequency ratio. As a result, we obtain morphosyntactic profiles of a given pattern, which includes the most stable category of the pattern, and their values.
This paper is an overview of the current issues and tendencies in Computational linguistics. The overview is based on the materials of the conference on computational linguistics COLING'2012. The modern approaches to the traditional NLP domains such as pos-tagging, syntactic parsing, machine translation are discussed. The highlights of automated information extraction, such as fact extraction, opinion mining are also in focus. The main tendency of modern technologies in Computational linguistics is to accumulate the higher level of linguistic analysis (discourse analysis, cognitive modeling) in the models and to combine machine learning technologies with the algorithmic methods on the basis of deep expert linguistic knowledge.
This paper concerns discourse-new mention detection in Russian. This might be helpful for different NLP applications such as coreference resolution, protagonist identification, summarization and different tasks of information extraction to detect the mention of an entity newly introduced into discourse. In our work, we are dealing with the Russian where there is no grammatical devices, like articles in English, for the overt marking a newly introduced referent. Our aim is to check the impact of various features on this task. The focus is on specific devices for introducing a new discourse prominent referent in Russian specified in theoretical studies. We conduct a pilot study of features impact and provide a series of experiments on detecting the first mention of a referent in a non-singleton coreference chain, drawing on linguistic insights about how a prominent entity introduced into discourse is affected by structural, morphological and lexical features.
A framework for fast text analysis, which is developed as a part of the Texterra project, is described. Texterra provides a scalable solution for the fast text processing on the basis of novel methods that exploit knowledge extracted from the Web and text documents. For the developed tools, details of the project, use cases, and evaluation results are presented.
This workshop is about major challenges in the overall process of MWE treatment, both from the theoretical and the computational viewpoint, focusing on original research related to the following topics:Manually and automatically constructed resources Representation of MWEs in dictionaries and ontologies MWEs in linguistic theories like HPSG, LFG and minimalism MWEs and user interaction Multilingual acquisition Multilingualism and MWE processing Models of first and second language acquisition of MWEs Crosslinguistic studies on MWEs The role of MWEs in the domain adaptation of parsers Integration of MWEs into NLP applications Evaluation of MWE treatment techniques Lexical, syntactic or semantic aspects of MWEs
Due to evolutionary increase of the software complexity, graphical user interfaces have been becoming more and more complex, and often this process encounters the restricted possibilities of reflecting graphics on a display. This paper describes an original approach to designing natural language interfaces for the action-based applications as the complements and alternatives to traditional graphical interfaces. The principal peculiarity of this approach is that it is based on a formal model of natural language structured meanings. The first part of the paper outlines the main properties of the class of SK-languages (standard knowledge languages) which is used for building semantic representations of user commands. The class of SK-languages can be employed for representing the meanings of input texts from practically interesting sublanguages of Russian, English, French, German and other natural languages. The theory of K-representations (knowledge representations), introducing the class of SK-languages, was developed by V. A. Fomichov and described in his monograph published by Springer in 2010. The second part presents an application of this theory to the design of a natural language interface to an action-based software system, it is called NLC-1 (Natural Language Commander – Version 1).
We consider certain spaces of functions on the circle, which naturally appear in harmonic analysis, and superposition operators on these spaces. We study the following question: which functions have the property that each their superposition with a homeomorphism of the circle belongs to a given space? We also study the multidimensional case.
We consider the spaces of functions on the m-dimensional torus, whose Fourier transform is p -summable. We obtain estimates for the norms of the exponential functions deformed by a C1 -smooth phase. The results generalize to the multidimensional case the one-dimensional results obtained by the author earlier in "Quantitative estimates in the Beurling—Helson theorem", Sbornik: Mathematics, 201:12 (2010), 1811 – 1836.
We consider the spaces of function on the circle whose Fourier transform is p-summable. We obtain estimates for the norms of exponential functions deformed by a C1 -smooth phase.
I give the explicit formula for the (set-theoretical) system of Resultants of m+1 homogeneous polynomials in n+1 variables


Difference Between Similar Terms and Objects
Difference Between Civil engineering and Architecture
architectureCivil engineering vs Architecture
You may already have an idea on the process of designing and the construction of buildings, mansions, and other edifice; and you know for a fact that the job requires professionals like Architects and Civil Engineers.
It is very likely that your idea of their work is vague. Maybe when you think of architects, you would only visualize a person making drawings on large sheets of paper and when you think of civil engineers, you imagine someone with a hardhat analyzing on the field of construction, yelling instructions to workers involved in the assembly. If you were thinking along these lines, though stereotypical, you are to some extent accurate.
However, there are marked differences between the fields of architecture and civil engineering. In fact, the two practices have well-defined responsibilities that make them distinct from each other.
Architecture is mainly a practice of designing structures with aesthetics and spatial functionality in mind. Architects may have the basic to advanced knowledge of structural mechanics but their primary focus is always, first and foremost, the creativity, look and feel, and functionality of the design. Structural vision starts in the field of architecture.
Civil engineering, also referred as structural engineering, specializes in the structural elements of systems, ensuring that facilities can withstand normal and extreme loading conditions. Civil engineers work closely with architects and they are responsible for making the vision of architects into a realization. Civil engineering deliberates on the physics involved in the construction process of the architect's design.
Civil engineering may also tackle the particulars of design but the practice is often not concerned with the aesthetics and intended function of structures. Civil Engineers will rather focus on innovative ways to make the design work. When they see something in the design as impractical, they can suggest a design modification from the ones involved in the architectural department.
A good engineer-architect relationship is vital to have a more efficient, high quality project result.
A good civil engineer will always give the best efforts to make the design into a reality. A good architect, on the other hand, will always consider the practicality of the design so it can be built with less cost and at a faster rate. They may overlap each other's work but in the ideal world, each has its own expertise to be esteemed.
1. Architecture is more into the creativity of designs. Civil engineering focus on innovation to realize that design.
2. Architecture involves the design of structures with the focus on aesthetics and functionality. Civil engineering will not normally care about those things; Civil Engineers will rather deliberate and plan the methodology to construct the design.
3. Architecture initiates the project through architects' drafts. Civil engineering involves studying drafts and examining the practicality of the design; civil engineers ensure that the design can withstand normal and extreme loading conditions.
4. Architects will need engineers help to make their designs work. Civil engineers will be guided by the architectsÂ' outlines and dimensions.
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 1. Thank you for explaining the difference between the two jobs! I always found it very confusing which job does what. That's cool that the engineers deliberate on the physics involved with the architects! Thanks for all the fun information!
 2. Your post is extremely useful post
 3. Yes you are exactly right about this Civil engineers work closely with architects and they are responsible for making the vision of architects into a realization, this sentence will clear all the doubts about difference between Architecture and Civil Engineer, thank you so much for this post!! waiting for another post.
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text:
Cannabis Analysis Cannabis Under (Moisture) Control
The determination of moisture in cured cannabis is an indicator of microbial contamination, a key variable used to calculate other constituent results on a dry basis and required for the pressing process of extracting CBD oil from cannabis. Thermogravimetric moisture determination can provide valuable services here.
Moisture determination in plant and food products plays a vital role as a basic parameter for the analysis in a modern laboratory. As an example, the determination of moisture in cured cannabis is discussed here. Besides being an indicator of microbial contamination, it is a key variable used to calculate other constituent results on a dry basis. Additionally, determination of moisture content of cannabis is also required for the pressing process of extracting CBD oil from cannabis. Measurement of moisture using a gravimetric oven drying technique is difficult due to the influence of constituent properties of cannabis including, but not limited to, terpenes, cannabidiols, and THC, which may have low temperature volatility or sublimation.
According to many standards, the moisture content in plants is determined as LOD (Loss on drying) which is performed at temperatures of 105° C. There is a threat that oven drying of plant matter may result in thermal decomposition of the plant tissue resulting in a false high value for moisture content when higher temperatures (such as 105 °C) are used. Importantly a false high value for moisture determination will yield a false high value for any subsequent analytical determination. As a result, it is very important that the proper temperature for moisture determination is selected. In addition, LOD incorporates all the components lost for a given set of conditions, including moisture and the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are the result of thermal decomposition or sublimation.
The TGM800 is a thermogravimetric moisture determinator designed to indirectly determine moisture content of materials using a mass loss-on-drying technique. Mass loss of the sample is measured as a function of the oven temperature by controlling the atmosphere and ventilation rate. The instrument consists of a computer, an integrated four-place balance, and a multiple sample oven that allows up to 16 samples to be analyzed simultaneously with a maximum temperature of 175 °C.
Some key features:
- Supports 1.5 in diameter aluminum foil crucibles.
- Supports 2.4 in diameter aluminum foil crucibles.
- Analysis can be performed in air or nitrogen atmosphere.
- Automated crucible and sample mass recording
- Optional fixed time or constancy method parameters.
Moisture determination in cannabis can be a critical factor in expressing accurate analytical results for other constituents on a dry basis. However, due to the presence of low temperature VOCs, obtaining a true moisture value becomes more complicated. Utilizing a special water/carbon determinator (Leco RC612) water can be determined directly and simultaneously with carbon allowing for the comparison of moisture and evolved VOCs. The Leco RC612 is able to perform the analysis at multiple temperatures, starting at a lower temperature and ramping to a higher temperature. This allows for the determination of the proper temperature to optimize moisture determination and minimize VOC evolution.
The data presented in Figure 3 illustrates that the evolution of carbon attributed to VOCs at 80 °C is minimal compared to the carbon at 105 °C for both recreational cannabis and hemp. The water peak at 105 °C is attributed to hydrogen in the VOCs combusting to form water as the water peak coincides with the carbon peak. These plots indicate that the determination of moisture at 80 °C represents a closer approximation to the true moisture content of cannabis.
The dry (cured) cannabis samples were ground using a hand tobacco grinder, and a knife mill was utilized for the wet (uncured) samples. The wet samples were prepared immediately prior to analysis to minimize moisture loss during sample preparation. The following table display the results from the Leco TGM800 determining moisture at 80 °C and 105 °C until constant mass is obtained.
From the methodology and subsequent information obtained for the analysis of cannabis on the Leco RC612, a precise, close approximation of the true moisture in cannabis flower and plant tissue may be obtained using thermogravimetric analysis. Analysis of cannabis above 80 °C results in the evolution and decomposition of VOCs contributing to a high moisture bias as shown in the data table above. The Leco TGM800 is able to analyze up to 16 samples simultaneously, resulting in high throughput with accurate and repeatable results. Furthermore, utilizing the TGM800 mass constancy option the analysis time is reduced from five hours, as stated in standard methods, to approximately two hours.
The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that moisture determination in plant material can be performed using a modern thermogravimetric determinator, such as the Leco TGM800.


text:
-paper-scissors scenario - boxer beats brawler, swarmer beats boxer, and brawler beats swarmer.
A classic "boxer" or stylist (also known as an "out-fighter") seeks to maintain distance between himself and his opponent, fighting with faster, longer range punches, most notably the jab, and gradually wearing his opponent down. Due to this reliance on weaker punches, out-fighters tend to win by point decisions rather than by knockout, though some out-fighters have notable knockout records. They are often regarded as the best boxing strategists due to their ability to control the pace of the fight and lead their opponent, methodically wearing him down and exhibiting more skill and finesse than a brawler. Out-fighters need reach, hand speed, reflexes, and footwork.
Notable out-fighters include Muhammad Ali, Larry Holmes, Joe Calzaghe, Floyd Mayweather Jr., Salvador Sanchez, Gene Tunney, Ezzard Charles, Willie Pep, Meldrick Taylor, Ricardo Lopez, Roy Jones, Jr., and Sugar Ray Leonard. This style was also used by fictional boxer Apollo Creed.
A boxer-puncher is a well-rounded boxer who is able to fight at close range with a combination of technique and power, often with the ability to knock opponents out with a combination and in some instances a single shot. Their movement and tactics are similar to that of an out-fighter (although they are generally not as mobile as an out-fighter), but instead of winning by decision, they tend to wear their opponents down using combinations and then move in to score the knockout. A boxer must be well rounded to be effective using this style.
Notable boxer-punchers include Wladimir Klitschko, Lennox Lewis, Joe Louis, Oscar de la Hoya, Archie Moore, Manny Pacquiao, Miguel Cotto, Nonito Donaire, Sam Langford, Henry Armstrong, Sugar Ray Robinson, Tony Zale, Carlos Monzón, Alexis Argüello, Erik Morales, Terry Norris, Marco Antonio Barrera, Naseem Hamed, Thomas Hearns and Victor Ortiz.
Counter puncher
Counter punchers are slippery, defensive style fighters who often rely on their opponent's mistakes in order to gain the advantage, whether it be on the score cards or more preferably a knockout. They use their well-rounded defense to avoid or block shots and then immediately catch the opponent off guard with a well placed and timed punch. A fight with a skilled counter-puncher can turn into a war of attrition, where each shot landed is a battle in itself. Thus, fighting against counter punchers requires constant feinting and the ability to avoid telegraphing ones attacks. To be truly successful using this style they must have good reflexes, a high level of prediction and awareness, pinpoint accuracy and speed, both in striking and in footwork.
Notable counter punchers include Vitali Klitschko, Floyd Mayweather, Jr., Evander Holyfield, Max Schmeling, Chris Byrd, Jim Corbett, Jack Johnson, Bernard Hopkins, Laszlo Papp, Jerry Quarry, Anselmo Moreno, James Toney, Marvin Hagler, Juan Manuel Márquez, Humberto Soto, Roger Mayweather, Pernell Whitaker and Sergio Gabriel Martinez
Counter punchers usually wear their opponents down by causing them to miss their punches. The more the opponent misses, the faster they'll tire, and the psychological effects of being unable to land a hit will start to sink in. The counter puncher often tries to outplay their opponent entirely, not just in a physical sense, but also in a mental and emotional sense. This style can be incredibly difficult, especially against seasoned fighters, but the pay-off from winning a fight without getting hit is often worth it. They usually try to stay away from the center of the ring, in order to outmaneuver and chip away at their opponents. A large advantage in counter-hitting is the forward momentum of the attacker, which drives them further into your return strike. As such, knockouts are more common than one would expect from a defensive style.
A brawler is a fighter who generally lacks finesse and footwork in the ring, but makes up for it through sheer punching power. Mainly Irish, Irish-American, Mexican, and Mexican-American boxers popularized this style. Many brawlers tend to lack mobility, preferring a less mobile, more stable platform and have difficulty pursuing fighters who are fast on their feet. They may also have a tendency to ignore combination punching in favour of continuous beat-downs with one hand and by throwing slower, more powerful single punches (such as hooks and uppercuts). Their slowness and predictable punching pattern (single punches with obvious leads) often leaves them open to counter punches, so successful brawlers must be able to absorb substantial amounts of punishment.
A brawler's most important assets are power and chin (the ability to absorb punishment while remaining able to continue boxing). Examples of this style include George Foreman, Sonny Liston, John L. Sullivan, Max Baer, Prince Naseem Hamed, Ray Mancini, David Tua, Arturo Gatti, Micky Ward, Michael Katsidis, James Kirkland, Marcos Maidana, Jake Lamotta, and Ireland's John Duddy. This style of boxing was also used by fictional boxers Rocky Balboa and James "Clubber" Lang. Manny Pacquiao is also a great example of an exceptional brawler.
Brawlers tend to be more predictable and easy to hit but usually fare well enough against other fighting styles because they train to take punches very well. They often have a higher chance than other fighting styles to score a knockout against their opponents because they focus on landing big, powerful hits, instead of smaller, faster attacks. Oftentimes they place focus on training on their upper body instead of their entire body, to increase power and endurance. They also aim to intimidate their opponents because of their power, stature and ability to take a punch.
In-fighters/swarmers (sometimes called "pressure fighters") attempt to stay close to an opponent, throwing intense flurries and combinations of hooks and uppercuts. A successful in-fighter often needs a good "chin" because swarming usually involves being hit with many jabs before they can maneuver inside where they are more effective. In-fighters operate best at close range because they are generally shorter and have less reach than their opponents and thus are more effective at a short distance where the longer arms of their opponents make punching awkward. However, several fighters tall for their division have been relatively adept at in-fighting as well as out-fighting.
The essence of a swarmer is non-stop aggression. Many short in-fighters utilize their stature to their advantage, employing a bob-and-weave defense by bending at the waist to slip underneath or to the sides of incoming punches. Unlike blocking, causing an opponent to miss a punch disrupts his balance, permits forward movement past the opponent's extended arm and keeps the hands free to counter. A distinct advantage that in-fighters have is when throwing uppercuts where they can channel their entire bodyweight behind the punch; Mike Tyson was famous for throwing devastating uppercuts. Julio César Chávez was known for his hard "chin", punching power, body attack and the stalking of his opponents. Some in-fighters, like Mike Tyson, have been known for being notoriously hard to hit. The key to a swarmer is aggression, endurance, chin, and bobbing-and-weaving.
Notable in-fighters include Joe Frazier, Mike Tyson (in his early career), Rocky Marciano, Jack Dempsey, Wayne McCullough, Amir Khan, Harry Greb, David Tua, Ricky Hatton and Julio César Chávez.
Combinations of styles
All fighters have primary skills with which they feel most comfortable, but truly elite fighters are often able to incorporate auxiliary styles when presented with a particular challenge. For example, an out-fighter will sometimes plant his feet and counter punch, or a slugger may have the stamina to pressure fight with his power punches.
Style matchups
There is a generally accepted rule of thumb about the success each of these boxing styles has against the others. In general, an in-fighter has an advantage over an out-fighter, an out-fighter has an advantage over a brawler, and a brawler has an advantage over an in-fighter; these form a cycle with each style being stronger relative to one, and weaker relative to another, with none dominating, as in rock-paper-scissors. Naturally, many other factors, such as the skill level and training of the combatants, determine the outcome of a fight, but the widely held belief in this relationship among the styles is embodied in the cliché amongst boxing fans and writers that "styles make fights."
Brawlers tend to overcome swarmers or in-fighters because, in trying to get close to the slugger, the in-fighter will invariably have to walk straight into the guns of the much harder-hitting brawler, so, unless the former has a very good chin and the latter's stamina is poor, the brawler's superior power will carry the day. A famous example of this type of match-up advantage would be George Foreman's knockout victory over Joe Frazier.
Although in-fighters struggle against heavy sluggers, they typically enjoy more success against out-fighters or boxers. Out-fighters prefer a slower fight, with some distance between themselves and the opponent. The in-fighter tries to close that gap and unleash furious flurries. On the inside, the out-fighter loses a lot of his combat effectiveness


text:
Patterns Are the Mirrors of Future
Those who think too much of the past have no time to think of the future.
What is gone is gone.
Forget about the past and enjoy the present.
Are the above statements correct? Or, do we need to challenge them? If we think within patterns inherited from the past that extend into the future is forgetting about the past a wise thing to do?
Nature has many patterns. Look at sand waves in sand ripples, waves in water, spirals in fossils and cauliflower, in minerals, ring patterns in trees, patterns in snowflakes, stripes on animals as they all indicate natures' tendency to "think" in patterns. DNA has repeating patterns as well. There are repeating patterns in the elements periodic table. These patterns explain the properties of the elements and the way in which elements and compounds behave when they react with each other. Patterns allow us to predict the future. The periodic table allowed us to predict magnesium years before it was discovered.
You may enjoy this super video on patterns in complex systems:
The mystery of repeating stripe patterns on some animals such as giraffe has been resolved recently. And the findings are awfully interesting as they reveal some very interesting findings. Animal Shapes and Skin Pigment Patterns are made by a Wave. Yes, it is waves that create sand ripple are responsible for making the animal stripes. If two chemical substances expand while reacting with each other, differences in their concentration may make waves. Pigments are responsible for the formation of stripes. Interestingly, when a striped grows, the number of stripes increases, but the spacing between the stripes remains the same. A line splits into two and opens little by little as a zipper does. Sugars in human bodies show a zipper-like behavior as well.
Human behaviors in the stock markets and in mountaineering show wave-like behavior. I have shown this to be the case in my presentation Emotions in Actions. Do humans form waves similar to the waves that cause the formation stripes of animals? When ideas are viewed as interacting molecules so that if they expand while reacting with each other, differences in their concentration may make waves? Do we human have hidden stripes of thinking? New perspectives are emerging.
Patterns in nature may repeat in different forms. The repeating hexagons of ice crystals, the hexagonal patterns on a giraffe's skin and molecular hexagons are typical examples. You may find very interesting images of hexagons in liquid crystals here. A very interesting new finding is that light and atoms arrange themselves to form striking hexagon and honeycomb patterns. Indeed, patterns are everywhere.
The crack pattern we see zebra skin are similar in shape to the cracks observed in basalt as it cools. Is this the reversal of two molecules reacting with expansion to form waves? Are the shrinking waves of cooling? More importantly, so these cracks help us in understanding societal cracks? Patterns and their repetition in different systems have a story to unfold.
wonder if the molecules of past event would react with the present event to
form the future. I wonder if time is like a human cell with a membrane allowing
the concentrated past events to diffuse in our present and expand to form
stripes of repeating patterns that dictate our behavior. The reality is pattern
have their roots and extend from the past to the present and extend to the
future. They affect us. Patterns are the strange attractor that we fall in. To
forget the past means blindness to the foggy future. Our pasts are our finger
like patterns. They may predict our behavior in the future. Human resources
staff may study past behavior patterns to predict a candidate's future
Can we afford to forget the past and live in the present? I doubt it. Patters are our mirrors to the future.


text:
Sep. 19, 2008 Menus and advertising affect our emotions, and if we understand those emotions, we make better food choices, according to a new study in the Journal of Consumer Research.
Authors Blair Kidwell, David M. Hardesty, and Terry L. Childers (all University of Kentucky) examined the "emotional intelligence" of consumers, including obese people. They found that people who made the healthiest choices had high correlations between their emotional intelligence and confidence in their emotional intelligence—what the authors call "emotional calibration."
"When perusing a restaurant menu, many consumers may not be aware of the subtle implicit feelings of arousal elicited by visually appealing presentations of unhealthy food choices," the authors write. Faced with choices between healthy and unhealthy food options, individuals who are confident that they can appropriately interpret and employ their emotions, but who do not actually possess these emotional abilities, are likely to make low-quality decisions."
In the first of two studies, the authors measured emotional ability, confidence, and nutritional knowledge. They asked participants to plan meals from a menu with a wide range of options—some healthier than others. They found that people with emotional miscalibration chose foods higher in calories, even more so than people with low levels of nutritional knowledge.
In the second study, obese individuals conducted an online survey. The researchers found that among obese people, emotional miscalibration leaves them susceptible to impulsive eating triggered by vivid pictures of food.
These results may be helpful in finding ways to help overeaters regain control. Since emotional calibration can reduce obese people's impulsive eating, encouraging emotional calibration may be useful in improving these consumers' food choices and overall health
"Specifically, we have found that possessing greater ability (for both low and high confidence groups) is necessary and fundamental to better decisions. However, we find that consumers must also possess sufficient levels of heightened confidence to capitalize on those abilities," the authors conclude.
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
- Kidwell et al. Emotional Calibration Effects on Consumer Choice. Journal of Consumer Research, December 2008; 080822100129612 DOI: 10.1086/591107
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.


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Construction and Demolition Recycling
Did you know that Construction and Demolition, (C&D), materials account for approximately 28% of the waste stream? That means construction materials, such as wood, bricks, asphalt, metal, porcelain, landscaping, concrete, and dirt are being landfilled, when in fact, they could otherwise be recycled!
The City of San Bruno adopted a C&D Recycling Ordinance No. 1659 on March 26, 2002. This ordinance requires that:
- 50% of all C&D debris generated on new construction of residential or commercial buildings is recycled.
- The material generated from the demolition of any commercial or residential building, and from any alterations to existing buildings at a cost of $50,000.00 or more, is diverted from the landfill.
Although this program has helped reduce the amount of waste going to the landfill, there are many projects taking place in San Bruno that do not meet the criteria of the Ordinance, and therefore are not required to recycle or salvage construction debris.
That's where you can help. The next time you start a home improvement project; ask yourself "Can any of these materials be recycled or salvaged?" If the answer is YES, then it's up to you to make it happen.
The good news is that the City of San Bruno and Recology San Bruno are working together to help make C&D recycling easy for residents and businesses. Here are some ways to help keep C&D materials out of the landfill:
- Debris Box Program Recology San Bruno, the exclusive franchise debris box hauler for the City of San Bruno, operates a C&D Recycling Program. C&D Materials collected in a debris box by Recology San Bruno are diverted to a recycling facility, which achieves an diversion rate that averages approximately 60%.
- Recycling: Appliances, such as water heaters, dishwashers and stoves, which are collected by Recology San Bruno, are recycled through a metal recycling company.
- Salvage: Contact a salvage yard, such as Urban Ore or Whole House Building Supply, to donate reusable materials like appliances, doors, windows, furniture, light fixtures, etc.
- Reuse: Donate reusable items, such as tables, chairs and other furniture, to a non-profit organization.


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Surveying and construction has been at the forefront of all successful human civilizations since the beginning of time. Evidence of this is written down in plenty of history books; all one has to do is open and read to understand the significance of surveying and the extent of which construction work depends on it.
Traditionally explained as the science and technique of calculating the positions of 3D points and calculating the distance between them, the Egyptians are the ones who first used it (in recorded history) back in 1400BC, the purpose of which was to separate lands into plots so that they could tax people over it. In 1200BC the Greeks gave birth to geometry and used it to take surveying a step further. They also developed the Diopter; a unit that could be used to measure the optical power of lens, making it the first surveying equipment to be invented. The true importance of surveying was realized in 1800 A.D, when the boom of the industrial revolution increased the need for exact borders and governments realized the importance of improving roads, railway stations, canals and other public buildings. From such humble beginnings, surveying and construction have risen to one of the largest job opportunities in the world. Today surveying is used for anything from preparing maps to constructing bridges. A multitude of equipment has been developed to assist and make the job easier. Surveying tripods, magnetic locators and GPS equipment are some of the little equipment required for success. A green beam laser level is also one of the most critical pieces of equipment needed in the field of surveying and construction. It houses a projector that projects a laser beam, and can be fixed to a tripod.The end result is that a green beam is projected along the horizontal or if needed the vertical surface.
A green beam laser level is preferred to a red beam due to the proven fact that the human eye can detect the color green up to four times more than it can detect the color red. In construction and engineering terms, this means the beam emitted can be seen at a further distance in comparison with red laser beam levels and hence in most cases, don't require detectors which save you a great deal in money.
Green diodes are excellent for interior designing and such, but they are generally more expensive than red diodes. For firms or workers who do all round tasks, green diodes are the best option. Online websites allow you to search deep so you can find the sweetest deals out there. Most diodes also comes with a great selection of enhancements that make it easier to view the beam and include large batteries for long battery lives and are constructed with a rugged body to withstand the harsh environments of construction work places.


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Statement of Significance (as of designation - July 17, 1991):
Designed and constructed in the late 1950s as the first nuclear merchant ship, this combination cargo/passenger vessel was developed as part of President Dwight Eisenhower's Atoms for Peace initiative. Even though the market for such vessels never materialized, the design, construction, and operation of a new type of pressurized water reactor, utilizing low-enriched uranium, represented a major technological success. NS SAVANNAH was also a success in accomplishing her unique public relations role as a floating exhibit on the peaceful use of nuclear energy. She sailed 1/2 million miles around the world, and was visited by 1.5 million people. This exposure, unprecedented for a nuclear facility, is credited with easing anxieties over nuclear energy.


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Ivan Finlay Leadership Award
The Ivan Finlay Leadership Award recognizes Alberta university engineering and geoscience students who demonstrate exceptional leadership qualities.
There are up to 10 awards available, each with a prize of $1,000.
To be eligible, a student must be enrolled in an engineering, geology, or geophysics undergraduate or graduate degree program in Alberta. Graduate students must also be either a member-in-training or applicant with APEGA.
Award recipients will be students who can demonstrate that they have achieved the following criteria within the last two years:
- Participated in planning career or personal development activities for university students, relevant to engineering or geoscience
- Volunteered at student events
- Provided impact/value by improving the reputation of the engineering or geoscience profession beyond the faculties (e.g., university-wide or community-wide)
- Demonstrated leadership skills by motivating and inspiring the people around them to accomplish more than they would have normally
- Actively shared responsibility, authority, information, and credit when working towards the achievement of a goal
- Taken prompt decisive action to resolve issues quickly and effectively
- Set a high standard of integrity by leading through example and maintaining high personal standards
- Effected positive change while in a leadership role.
Submissions must include:
- Completed nomination package
- Supporting documentation that describes the nominee and their achievements
- Any other supporting evidence that the Selection Committee should consider
- At least 2 professional letters of recommendation
- Proof of enrolment at a post-secondary institution
Detailed selection criteria are outlined in the nomination package.


Fabrication of materials nowadays
Fabrication is the act of forming structures or parts with the help of multiple processes of building, uniting, forging, and constructing. It is part of the overall manufacturing process. The tools used to fabricate vary just like the methods used to form the object do. However, materials used in fabrication in general in relation to manufacturing are forming metals. Other materials like thermoplastic and thermoset can also be used in combination with fabrication methods however, these methods include molding and casting. It can be employed to create components that are used in manufacturing products ranging from automobile fenders to toys. Manufacturing buildings can be done as well of course. This actually relies heavily on metal fabrication, which is shaping raw metal materials into parts and components for complete assemblies or subassemblies. Fabrication will shape a metal sheet into a custom piece. This can be done by selectively removing material from the sheet or by deforming the material into the desired form.
Not a lot of people know that 3D printing San Diego consists of many different techniques. This is also the case with sheet metal fabrication. This is essentially a broad term for multiple types of fabrication processes. Below you will find five extremely common fabrication techniques that are used to mold, cut, or shape raw metal materials into the final product.
Forming is a fabrication process used to distort or bend metal to develop components and parts. This can also be done through rolling, which is a method that utilizes CNC press brakes. Sheets of metal will be continuously fed through parallel rollers. These will shape the material into the desired shape. During the forming process, the workpiece will not lose its mass, just its form.
Stamping creates an indentation during fabrication, so not an actual hole in the workpiece. The turret will press against the metal, which forces the die to stamp images, letters, or shapes into the metal material. This way metal sheets can be formed into specific sizes and shapes with the help of hydraulic or mechanical means. Besides that, these machines can also punch, cast, cut, and shape sheet metals to produce a ton of items.
Cutting is an extremely common fabrication process. This technique will split or cut the material into smaller parts. Cutting is usually the first step in a way larger fabrication project, while it can also be the only step needed in the process. The modern ways of cutting makes use of machinery, which could be a CNC cutter. Methods used today include waterjet cutting, laser cutting, power scissors, and more.
Shearing is used to remove or trim unwanted material from metal. It is done by mounting two blades beneath and above the workpiece in order to create one straight and long cut. The upper blade will force the material down, while the lower blade is fixed or stationary to fracture the metal in order to create separation. Shearing is often used to cut differently shaped and smaller lengths materials.
Another common fabrication technique is welding, which is when two or more pieces of metal will be joined together with the help of a combination of pressure and heat. The metals used can vary in size or shape. There are three main types of welding techniques: MIG Welding, TIG Welding, and Stick or Arc Welding.


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The Coriolis Effect
The Coriolis force comes from the rotation of Earth. Earth spins on its axis at a rate of one rotation per 24 hours. At the equator, this is equivalent to approximately 1,600 km per hour—this is the speed a person standing at the equator experiences. But at the North and South Poles, the speed is zero. This differential in speed causes eddies (swirling patterns) in the atmosphere. These in turn affect weather patterns.
Put a few drops of food coloring on a tennis ball, gently lower it into a tub of water, and give it a spin with your fingers. Note the patterns of motion that the food coloring makes in the water.
Hurricanes spin counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere because of the Coriolis force.
We don't notice the spinning of Earth directly, because we move at constant velocity (speed and direction).
A popular myth holds that the water in toilets and sinks demonstrates the Coriolis effect (the observed effect of the Coriolis force) by draining counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. However, this actually has to do with the design of the toilet or sink rather than where it is located on Earth.
NASA scientists must take Coriolis effects into consideration when they launch rockets. In fact, space launching facilities, including the Johnson Space Center in Houston and Cape Canaveral in Florida, are located in the south to take advantage of the greater speed of Earth's surface at those latitudes (distances north or south of the equator, measured by imaginary lines running east to west parallel to the equator). This activity shows you several ways to demonstrate the Coriolis force and its effects.
- 2-L soda bottle
- food coloring
- metric ruler
- merry-go-round or a swivel chair and weights
- safety goggles
- steel washer, nut, or other small weight
- I-m nylon fishing string or line
These effects were first described by GaspardGustave de Coriolis (1792–1843), a French engineer and mathematician.
- Fill a 2-L soda bottle with water. Turn it upside down and let the bottle begin to pour out. Swirl the bottle clockwise until a miniature cyclone starts. Study the cyclone as the water pours out. Notice that the swirl will remain powered by gravity even if you hold the bottle still. For a more dramatic effect, first release a drop of food coloring from a height of 10 cm and allow it to settle into the water. As an extension, you can vary bottle sizes and mouth openings to find out what conditions work best to support this motion.
- Get on a small merry-go-round and give it a good spin. Move toward the center. Notice what happens to the rate of rotation. You spin faster because of a principle called the conservation of angular momentum.
- Put on your safety goggles, and swing a small weight in a circular orbit at the end of a I-m string. Let the string wind around your finger as shown. The result is always the same—as the length of the string decreases, the speed of the weight increases. The string may be compared to a nearly massless merry-go-round and the weight to a heavy person.
Angular momentum is a quantity that is based upon an object's mass and rate of rotation.
Move back to the edge and the spinning slows down. You can demonstrate the same effect in a swivel chair by holding weights in your arms, spinning, and then moving your arms toward and away from your body, or by observing figure skaters as they change their rate of rotation using their arms.
In physics terms, the weight has a radial velocity (speed of rotation in respect to angle) toward your finger because of the shortening of the string. The radial velocity interacts with the rotational velocity (the speed and direction the weight turns) to produce an acceleration that is tangential (touching but not intersecting) to the path of the weight and acts to speed up the weight.I
As artificial satellites fall toward Earth out of their orbit, the radius of their orbit (the distance to Earth's center) decreases and their speed increases, until friction becomes so great that they burn up in the atmosphere.
Rocket Science: 50 Flying, Floating, Flipping, Spinning Gadgets Kids Create Themselves by Jim Wiese (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1995).
The Spinning Blackboard and Other Dynamic Experiments on Force and Motion (Exploratorium Science Snackbook series) by Paul Doherty (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996).
Warning is hereby given that not all Project Ideas are appropriate for all individuals or in all circumstances. Implementation of any Science Project Idea should be undertaken only in appropriate settings and with appropriate parental or other supervision. Reading and following the safety precautions of all materials used in a project is the sole responsibility of each individual. For further information, consult your state's handbook of Science Safety.


Nigel Townson, Director of the British Council Romania : The Significance of Cultural Relations between Romania and the United Kingdom - Nine O' Clock
17.1 C
April 12, 2021
Firstly, what do we mean by cultural relations? At the British Council we have an official definition, as follows: Cultural relations is the building of engagement and trust between people of different cultures through the exchange of knowledge and ideas. This is a short and simple statement, but it encapsulates just why the cultural relationship between our two countries has been so significant over the past 135 years, particularly, although not exclusively, during the politically turbulent years from 1938 to 1990.
I have chosen to focus on those years because it is when nations are politically distant that the power of cultural relations is most in evidence. In fact, the British Council was formed in 1934 as a direct response to the rise of right-wing extremism in Europe, its aim being to provide what as then termed 'cultural propaganda' in countries where freedom of speech was curtailed and the persecution of minorities was rife.
The British Council opened its doors in Bucharest in 1938 just as British-Romanian relations were about to reach their lowest point. Our long-standing alliance, founded on the marriage of Queen Marie to King Ferdinand, faltered at the outbreak of World War II. It is true that the United Kingdom and Romania ended that conflict as allies, but ideological differences then kept the two nations at arm's length for the next forty-five years.
Yet throughout that difficult period, when mutual distrust was the default position of our respective governments, cultural relations kept alive the flickering flame of friendship. For many observers, the 1960s and 1970s represented the nadir of political distrust between Romania and the United Kingdom, and yet the exchange of knowledge and ideas thrived. Academic exchanges were plentiful (mostly Romanians studying in the UK, but with a few return visits) and arts events of the highest quality brought each country's achievements to the attention of the other. In 1964 London hosted the George Enescu International Festival and this played to packed houses and received extremely flattering reviews. Mircea Basarab, Director of the George Enescu State Philharmonic in Bucharest appears to have been the darling of the press and, in turn, was delighted with the reception the music and the musicians received. In the spirit of cultural reciprocity Henry Moore's sculptures were exhibited with great success in Romania in 1966. In both cases, cultural exchange was the vehicle which allowed us to undercut policy differences and learn about each other's culture, without political or ideological interference.
It is also worth noting the potential for sport to make cultural relations impact, and it is cited alongside music as an area where the Romanians had a growing reputation in the 1960s. In an internal British Council memo in 1969, R. Brash writes warmly of recent success by the Romanians. 'Romanian achievements are steadily becoming better known in Britain. Sometimes the process has been spectacular, as when the Romanian tennis players beat us in the Davis Cup or when Mr. Radu Lupu defeated all opposition to win first prize at the Leeds International Pianoforte Festival this year. The ability of the Romanian Football Team to force England to a draw at two matches last winter created a profound impression in this country.' Indeed, as England were reigning world champions at the time.
I gained personal experience of the power of cultural relations to build engagement and trust when I was visiting lecturer at Babes-Bolyai University in Cluj at the end of the 1980s. For my students of English, I was the only window on the world outside Romania. For me, my students were the real face of Romania, one which extremely few of my compatriots were able to see at that time. If you go back to the beginning of this text and re-read our definiton of cultural relations, then this is just what we mean by that.
These days, our political alliance is strong again and there are relatively few barriers to physical and cultural movement between our countries. Thousands of Romanians study in the UK, millions more are learning English and enjoying our music and popular culture. At the same time, albeit more slowly, Romania is becoming more familiar to my compatriots. It boasts extraordinarily beautiful and varied landscapes, it has a uniquely creative film industry, and I know from my own experience that its people are gracious and generous hosts who are proud of their heritage.
It is, I suppose, possible that our relationship would be just as strong now even if the British Council had not been active here during the years of the Cold War, but I sincerely doubt it. In the 1990s our excellent relationship with the Ministries of Culture and Education was built on the foundations that had been laid during those years of political mistrust. We were received with open arms when we wanted to reform the teaching of English because we had built up trust over decades, not because we came with a blank cheque (we didn't). The work we did in the arts during that decade was also the result of relationships formed over the previous thirty years. Even now, I come across people who tell me with pride that they were members of the British Council library during the time of Ceausescu, and that we were their only connection to the world outside Romania.
Cultural inquiry and exchange, in a nutshell, is what has maintained the warmth of the relationship between Romania and the United Kingdom, even when the political temperature was well below zero. That is the significance of cultural relations.
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How is the Weather in Olon?
Olon is located right next to Montañita in the Santa Elena province of Ecuador, which has a more Temperate Climate than Salinas, Manta and other coastal cities and towns. The average temperatures according to BING Weather History is:
January - May = 26 to 29°C
June - December = 23 to 26°C
That means it's never cold in Olon. When it rains, it mostly does so at night and never very hard. That makes Olon the ideal spot to stay for a longer while!
Of course, Olon has one of the nicest sandy, wide & long Beaches and romantic Sunsets there are!
Below you can see the current Weather from AccuWeather. But this is not often very accurate, the closest weather station (in Manglaralto) doesn't seem to be very capable of registering and predicting the Weather very accurately.
The area is Green all year, with seasonal streams and small rivers. There is a variety of wildlife to be seen and heard at the Beach and in the Forested Hills. Find many Birds and Butterflies, Howler Monkeys, Deer and other local species!
Olon gives you more options and things to do. The Water Temperature is agreeable all-year-round. When it rains, it's normally in the early morning. There is often a nice breeze from the Ocean in daytime and from the Hills at night, so you don't always need your Air-Conditioning.


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Sure, Jessie! The potential for a rubber plant to be poisonous depends upon which kind of plant it is. The term 'rubber plant' is used to represent a variety of different plants. This may be where your conflicting information comes from.
Certain rubber plants do have some toxic potential, depending upon the genus and species. For example, the Japanese rubber plant (Crassula arborescens) can potentially produce vomiting, depression and a loss of coordination. The ingestion of the rubber tree (Ficus elastica) and variegated rubber plant (Ficus honduras) can result in moderate gastrointestinal tract irritation. The baby or american rubber plant (Peperomia obutsifolia), along with many others of the genus Peperomia, is not considered to be toxic?although it can cause some mild stomach upset.