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Yungaburra, a rural town of over 900 people on the Atherton Tableland is 45 km south-west of Cairns.
Originally named Allumbah Pocket, Yungaburra was on a track formed by John Atherton and John Robson in 1878. Robson's track proved to be a good means of access to Cairns, and was joined to others when mining discoveries were made at Herberton in 1880.
Allumbah was chosen as a village settlement site in 1886, but settlement of any consequence did not occur until the 1890s. The district was under dense tree cover, much of it rainforest cedar, silver ash and giant fig. So prolific was the timber, an early pit-sawn home was mostly silky oak, including the roof shingles. Dairying and mixed farming was taken up, particularly as families left towns such as Charters Towers and Herberton when mining prospects faltered. A school was opened in 1909.
When the Cairns railway was extended to Yungaburra in 1910 it enabled dairy produce to be transported to the Golden Grove factory at Atherton (1913) and timber to be marketed in large volumes. The Lake Eacham Hotel was also opened, to grasp the possibilities brought by rail tourists. In 1911 the inhabitants of Tolga, Millaa Millaa and Yungaburra, dissatisfied with the distant Shire Councils, successfully petitioned for the creation of Eacham Shire, headquartered at Yungaburra and, soon afterwards, Malanda.
When the railway reached Allumbah is was realised that it sounded like Alloomba, and the change of name was made. It is thought the name was derived from an Aboriginal expression describing the silver ash (Flindersia schottiana), a good furniture timber.
Anglican and Catholic churches were opened in 1911 and 1913, and a Methodist church in 1925. Pugh's Queensland directory (1925) revealed something of a timber town - two sawmills, a timber merchant and a cabinet maker - as well as the hotel. A change came in 1926 when the Gillies Highway from Gordonvale was opened. Lakes Barrine and Eacham were serviced by tourist boats, the hotel installed tennis courts and a golf course, and visitors could marvel at the giant fig trees with an arch and a curtain wall formed from their aerial roots.
Yungaburra became the tourist centre of Eacham Shire (Malanda became the administrative centre), and the creation of Lake Tinaroo for irrigation and hydro-electricity (1958) provided a recreational destination about a kilometre from the town centre. The heritage-listed Lake Eacham Hotel has retained a strong profile, complemented by three motels, restaurants and art and craft galleries. There is also a heritage walk.
Cedar Street has nine of Yungaburra's sites listed on the Queensland heritage register. They include the court house and police station (1921) and the post office (1926). A plywood and timber mill complex in Eacham Road (1910-86) is heritage-listed, as are the Anglican and Catholic churches (1912, 1914).
Yungaburra has local shops, three churches, a community hall, a primary school and a bowling club. Its median weekly income per person in 2001 was $332, higher than that in Malanda and Millaa Millaa. Yungaburra's census populations have been:
Yungaburra: place of haunted spirits, Eacham, Eacham Historical Society, 1983


Country Listing
Ghana Table of Contents
The Armed Forces in the Past
Ghanaian infantry depart Accra for a peacekeeping mission in Liberia
Courtesy Embassy of Ghana, Washington
The armed forces have traditionally played a significant role in Ghanaian society. The most important factors associated with the growth of the military's role in national life include the emergence of Asante militarism, the British conquest of Ghana, and the political activities of the armed forces following independence.
Data as of November 1994


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The article of Jan Clevers and Lammert Kooistra: Using Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Data for Retrieving Canopy Chlorophyll and Nitrogen Content, has been published in IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol. 5, No. 2, April 2012.
AbstractPlant stress is often expressed as a reduction in amount of biomass or leaf area index (LAI). In addition, stress may affect the plant pigment system, influencing the photosynthetic capacity of plants. Chlorophyll content is the main driver for this primary production. The chlorophyll content is indirectly related to the nitrogen (N) content. In this paper emphasis is on estimation of canopy chlorophyll content and N content using remote sensing techniques. Hyperspectral reflectance data representing a range of canopies were simulated using the PROSAIL radiative transfer model at a 1 nm sampling interval. Various indices were tested for estimating canopy chlorophyll content. Subsequently, tests with field data were performed for sampling locations within an extensively grazed fen meadow using ASD FieldSpec measurements and within a potato field with a Cropscan radiometer for estimating canopy N content. PROSAIL simulations showed that the red-edge chlorophyll index (CLred edge) was linearly related to the canopy chlorophyll content over the full range of potential values (R2 = 0.94). In contrast, highly non-linear relationships of chlorophyll content with most traditional red-edge indices were found. At the study sites the (CLred edge) was found to be a good and linear estimator of canopy N content (no chlorophyll was measured) for both the grassland site (R2 = 0.77) and for the potato field (R2 = 0.88). The latter number refers to plots showing no "luxury" N consumption. However, for the full potato data set, including highly fertilized plants, an exponential relationship yielded a better fit (R2 = 0.85) as compared to a linear fit (R2 = 0.65). Currently, this approach can, e.g., be applied with MERIS and Hyperion data and with the upcoming Sentinel-2 and -3 systems.
Keywords: Chlorophyll, hyperspectral, nitrogen, PROSAIL, remote sensing, spectroscopy.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


If you have developed a bacterial infection in your gums, it is important to control the infection and prevent it from spreading to other areas of your smile. Dr. Erfan Imeni offers ARESTIN®, an antibiotic treatment to slow infection and prevent it from recurring.
Gum infections typically occur when plaque and bacteria are allowed to remain on the smile. The bacteria cause pockets to form between the teeth and gums, making it difficult for those areas of your smile to be cleaned and remain disease free. To prevent the development of infection, our dentist can utilize ARESTIN to protect the hard-to-reach areas of your gum tissue.
ARESTIN is myocycline hydrochloride, an antibiotic that kills infection-causing bacteria. Dr. Erfan Imeni places the antibiotic directly in the infected pockets of the gums. The ARESTIN sits in the pockets for a long time, about 30 days, killing off the bacteria and preventing it from returning. It can be a stand-alone treatment but is typically used in conjunction with a deep cleaning procedure known as scaling and root planing.
Please contact Smile Design – Family & Cosmetic Dentistry at _PHONE_ if you have developed any redness, irritation, or easy bleeding along your gum line, as these are common symptoms of a gingival infection. Please feel free to speak with our dentist if you have any questions about ARESTIN in Durham, North Carolina.


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DEVELOPMENT OF SAFE, EFFICIENT ENGINEERING MEASURES FOR DESIGN, ANALYSIS, AND REHABILITATION OF HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES AND CHANNELS
Location: Hydraulic Engineering Research
Title: A step in the right direction: new flow depth relationships for stepped spillway design
Submitted to: State Dam Safety Officials Association Proceedings
Publication Type: Proceedings
Publication Acceptance Date: August 15, 2012
Publication Date: September 19, 2012
Citation: Hunt, S.L., Kadavy, K.C., Hanson, G.J. 2012. A step in the right direction: new flow depth relationships for stepped spillway design. In: Dam Safety 2012. Proceedings of the Association of State Dam Safety Officials Annual Conference, September 16-20, 2012, Denver, CO. CDROM.
Interpretive Summary: Many earthen dams that were originally built to protect agricultural land from flooding are now protecting residential and commercial property. These changes have taken place over a period of 50 years or more, and as a result, these dams need evaluation to assure they are designed according to current dam safety regulations. In some instances, the spillway capacity of these dams is inadequate to carry the design flood flow downstream. To address this issue, roller compacted concrete (RCC) stepped spillways have become a popular choice for dam overtopping protection. Researchers at the USDA-ARS Hydraulic Engineering Research Unit in Stillwater, OK are conducting studies to evaluate the design of stepped spillways. Equations are being developed to determine the design properties of the spillway (i.e. wall height) and for sizing the stilling basin. The focus of this paper is to introduce new equations for determining the flow depth in stepped spillways.
A common deficiency for embankment dams changing from a low hazard to a high hazard dam is inadequate spillway capacity. Roller compacted concrete (RCC) stepped spillways are a popular method to address this issue. Stepped spillway research has gained momentum in recent years due to the need for design guidance when an RCC spillway is retrofitted to an existing embankment. Researchers at the USDA-ARS Hydraulic Engineering Research Unit (HERU) in Stillwater, OK are conducting generalized research on RCC stepped spillways to provide the design guidance necessary to determine stepped spillway design parameters including inception point, flow depth, air entrainment, and energy dissipation. The research has shown the normalized clear water flow depth downstream of the inception point is a function of chute slope and the ratio of step height to critical depth, and the normalized flow depth upstream of the inception point is a function of chute slope, the ratio of step height to critical depth, and the normalized length from the crest. The objective of this paper is to introduce two new relationships that can be used to determine the flow depth at any location upstream and downstream of the inception point for stepped spillways on embankment dams.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


If I hear somebody substantially mispronounce a bracha, should I say amen anyway (recognizing the intent) or remain silent? I'm not talking about nuances like pronouncing 'ayin or distinguishing tzere from segol; I mean errors like reading a reish as a dalet (like a vision-challenged person might do) or transposing letters (like a dyslexic might do). I can not necessarily tell whether the resulting words are nonsense or different words, and, if the latter, what they mean.
If I should not respond, does that change if my non-response will be obvious (e.g. I'm the only other person there and I clearly heard)?
 - If it's unintentional on the part of the person making the Berachah, I think you should respond unless it is absolute gibberish. And even then it would depend on the context. I'm sure someone can bring a source, though, so I'll stay out of the answer section unless and until I see one myself. – Seth J Apr 26 '12 at 14:07
The Shulchan Aruch writes (OC 215:2) that one should not respond amen to a bracha recited by an adult Jew if שינה ממטבע הברכות he changed the way the bracha was coined. The Mishna Berura there notes that this is due to the fact that if he changed it too much that he would not fulfill his obligation, it is then a bracha levatala to which one is forbidden to recite amen (per OC 215:4).
How much of a change is considered שינוי מטבע? The Rambam (Brachot 1:5) defines the minimum as a mention of "God's name, His Kingship, and the notion of the bracha." For instance, the Shulchan Aruch rules (OC 167:10) that if instead of HaMotzi, one said "Blesses is God the King who gave me this bread" he has post facto fulfilled his obligation, even though he changed the text of the bracha (and I mean content-wise, not because of the translation). So as long as they pronounce enough words correctly that they still have imparted the proper "notion," they have fulfilled their obligation and you may recite amen. (I recognize that this is a little vague, but there is no way the texts can cover every possibility. One has to be aware of the meanings and potential differences in similar sounding words, just like the one correcting a ba'al keriyah.)
As for how clearly you need to say a word for it to be considered the word you wanted, see my answer here where I discuss the matter and conclude that you have to actually say the correct phonemes, and the only wiggle room is with "minor" differences like shva na' and separating similar consonants (like in the phrase "black coat").
Finally, if you are alone and your silence would be noticeable, I can personally recommend using the old "amem" trick to avoid any bad feelings.
 - 1
 However, there are many Ba'alei Teshuvah whose Hebrew pronunciation is quite imperfect, to say the least. Russian immigrants, for example, say "g" instead of "h", as there is no "h" in the Russian language. Many people overemphasize or underemphasize certain vowels. I know of one person who has a terrible stutter. I'm sure he make Berachoth and that his family and friends say "Amen" when they hear him do so. People who are deaf often do not speak clearly to those who can hear. There are many reasons someone might "mispronounce" words of their Berachoth. Are you saying one should not say Amen? – Seth J Apr 26 '12 at 21:10
 - _USER_ If they have a different dialect (accepted in a whole community) then that may be fine as a version of leshon hakodesh, and for the stutterer we can argue about toch kedei dibbur connecting the syllables, but in general if they aren't saying the words then they aren't saying the words. You wouldn't eat from the shechita of someone who has a strong tremor in their hand such that they can't hold a knife steady, no matter how good their intentions are. – Double AA Apr 26 '12 at 21:23
 - _USER_ Again, they can mess up some words as long as the overall gist of the words they do say is the minimum "notion" of the bracha, but for someone who's Hebrew is really so poor that they can't even manage that, it's probably better for them to just say it in English (or whatever language they understand). – Double AA Apr 26 '12 at 21:49
 - "You wouldn't eat from the shechita of someone who has a strong tremor in their hand such that they can't hold a knife steady, no matter how good their intentions are." True, but Tefillah is 'Avodah SheBelev. Intention is 99% of the game. Pronunciation is really just the vehicle to get the intention out into the world. It's important, but I wonder just how important it is, if in fact the intention is sincere and the words (however mangled) were introduced into the world. I am not saying you should say Amen; I'm pushing you on just how certain you are that you shouldn't say Amen. Are you sure? – Seth J Apr 27 '12 at 0:56
 - 1
 OK, I was just checking. On your last point, about responding Amen to non-Berachoth, we also respond Amen to children's "Berachoth" for purposes of encouraging them and teaching them about reciting them. – Seth J Apr 27 '12 at 13:00
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Accident Reconstruction Biomechanics
Following an accident, a detailed analysis of the situation can be provided to clients to help them make informed decisions on what truly happened, and which scenario was most likely to have occurred. This can be done by one of Envista's biomechanical engineers, who have investigated numerous accidents and provided expert testimony for decades.
Examples of typical investigations include:
- Ladder incidents and falls
- Personal injury (trip and fall)
- Playground equipment failures
- Handicap accessible ramps or equipment incidents
Building code and industry standard requirements
Aside from the accident alone, other factors can come into play to complete an accident investigation, including building code and industry standard reviews. This is especially important for worker's comp or regulatory health and safety incidents. An Envista biomechanical engineer can evaluate:
- Building code requirements for stairs, railings, interior or exterior steps and doors
- Ladder testing that adheres to local standards (based on where the accident occurred, e.g. CSA, OSHA, etc.)
- Walking surfaces and floors to ensure they adhere to industry and local standards
Vehicle collision and personal injury
When addressing personal injuries, both medical and personal information will be required to help with our analysis. Our biomechanical engineer will analyze injury mechanisms, probable causation and seatbelt effectiveness no matter the speed of the vehicle.


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We report the results of a 100-ps molecular dynamics simulation study of triple helical DNA with explicit water, counterions, and salt using periodic boundary conditions at 300 K. The simulation involved an antiparallel reverse-Hoogsteen-like homopolymeric CGG 7-mer triple helix, 837 water molecules, 21 Na+ ions, and 1 M NaCl. We have used the Ewald method to compute the electrostatic interactions. Specific ion and water associations as well as relative solvent and ion mobilities are reported. Specific patterns of ion and water molecule associations are found which are novel and may have implications for stability and recognition of triplex-forming oligonucleotides by duplex DNA. Exchanges of ions around neighboring phosphate were found to correspond to a concerted mechanism of displacement. Comparisons are made with available data from related systems.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry


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Your iPhone has been storing general data about it's location since at least last September.
It has been doing this in an unencrypted data file that is stored on your phone and in your backup files on your computer. That file is easily accessible to anyone with physical access to your phone or your computer.
That information used to be in the inaccessible system partition of the iPhone previous to the release of iOS 4.0. This information was not contained in iPhone backups and was ostensibly accessible only to Apple or people that had Jailbroken iPhones.
Now, the information resides in a section of your iPhone's memory that is contained in iPhone backups and that is easily accessible to programs like the iPhone Tracker. Both GSM and CDMA iPhones record this location data.
Those are the facts. Anything else is conjecture or based off of unsubstantiated inside information.
The creators of the iPhone Tracker app made a short video demonstrating the way that the iPhone records your movements.
Where is the information stored?
The fact that the iPhone was collecting and keeping this data was originally discovered last September by iPhone security expert Alex Levinson. The file, called consolidated.db is stored on the User partition within the iPhone's file structure, making it accessible and allowing it to be contained in iPhone backups.
The file where this data used to be collected pre-iOS 4.0, was called h-cells.plist and it was located in the system partition and, while still accessible with enough effort, was much harder to get to and was not contained in backups.
Why was the data moved?
Some conjectures have been made that Apple moved this data in order for it to be easier for Apple itself or government officials to track iPhone users.
The fact of the matter is that the data was most likely moved for a much less nefarious reason. Developers needed access to the data to use in Multitasking and background location APIs. With the data behind the system partition, developers would not have been able to take advantage of cell tower triangulation in addition to GPS location to determine the iPhone's location.
Why is it being gathered?
There are two main possibilities for the data collection. First, it's obvious that making the data available to developers who are using location based services in their apps is necessary.
If you've ever used Google Maps and had the blue dot pop up a couple of blocks away from where you are with a large blue circle around it, that location was obtained using the same data that's stored in this file. Your exact location is then determined by the GPS radio in your phone. If you're indoors or have the GPS turned off, this data is used to approximate your location for apps that need it.
The other main reason that it could be being collected is that Apple is gathering information on the distance between, strength and positioning of cellular towers. A recent update to the iPhone Location app has determined that the information is recorded on both CDMA and GSM phones.
We've contacted Apple to confirm the exact reason that it's being gathered but have not heard back from them yet. If we receive more information we will let you know immediately.
Why is it being kept?
This is the question that many who understand what we've discussed above are asking. If your iPhone only needs it for basic positioning, then why is the data being stored long term?
One theory has been posed by John Gruber of Daring Fireball.
I don't have a definitive answer, but my little-birdie-informed understanding is that consolidated.db acts as a cache for location data, and that historical data should be getting culled but isn't, either due to a bug or, more likely, an oversight.
The supposition here is that Apple always intended for the data to be erased a short time after it was recorded. After it was used for whatever positioning purposes that it was gathered for, it would be erased from the log file. Most likely this would happen on a revolving time-frame. Once data passed out of the time frame of usefulness, it would be deleted from the end of the database.
The answer as to why it is being kept can only be answered by Apple at this point, another item that we have reached out to them for comment on.
Is the information being sent?
Here is the important question. Apple has already acknowledged publicly that they do record and transmit data about cell phone towers in a letter to congress. In that letter, prompted by an inquiry from Congressmen Edward J. Markey and Joe Barton, Apple explains that they do gather this data and that it is transmitted but that it is done so in an encrypted packet.
Whether or not the data is sent encrypted remains to be seen, but the file is certainly not encrypted on your hard drive or the iPhone itself.
Although there was never any official confirmation of this, there is a strong possibility that the mysterious data transmissions many users have seen their iPhones performing in the wee hours of the night do, in fact, contain this location tracking information. The file size of the consolidated.db file and the amount of data being transmitted are similar enough to posit a possible link.
You can read the full thread of information about those strange nocturnal transmissions here, all 86 pages worth.
Can I stop it from being recorded?
Currently the only way to stop it from being recorded is to jailbreak your iPhone and use a jailbreak app written specifically for the purpose. Turning off location services will not disable the recording of this data as it's considered diagnostic information.
You can also encrypt your iPhone backups which will protect the file from anyone attempting to access it on your machine. Doing this will not protect the file on your phone itself however.
In order for the file itself to be protected from access it would either need to be moved back to the system partition, where it is still possible to find but much more difficult for the average user, or encrypted by Apple on-device.
Should I be worried?
At worst the gathering of location data from GSM and CDMA cellular towers should be of mild concern to anyone who is in danger of their iPhone or computer being accessed by people that could be in a position to use your location to harm you.
This cross-section of people should be fairly limited.
That doesn't mean that Apple shouldn't have to do something about this file though. It's unnecessary to have all of your movements for the past 8 months just sitting on your phone. A software update that either aggressively culled the file of old data or made it more secure will most likely be incoming.
We will be sure to inform you immediately if Apple responds to our inquiries regarding the iPhone recording your location and whether or not it is in fact being transmitted.


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Animal Welfare Policy
CanCog Technologies conducts non-invasive research that does not jeopardize the health of our animals. As
a company we are committed to providing a comfortable and safe environment that meets or exceeds
regulatory standards. We ensure that high quality veterinary care is provided for all animals. The goal
of our studies is to improve the health and welfare of animals and people.
- Only non-invasive research is conducted by CanCog Technologies. This research may involve collection of
blood, urine or fecal samples and non invasive imaging techniques: no other invasive procedures are
No research is conducted that requires euthanasia of the subjects.
All research studies embrace the three Rs of research: replacement with non animal alternatives
whenever possible, reduction in the number of animals used and refinement of the study to minimise the
potential for distress to the animals involved.
Our research facilities strive to meet or exceed the requirements of the Ontario Animals for Research
Act and the guidelines of the Canadian Council on Animal Care.
All animals have environmental enrichment with toys, group housing and socialisation with people.
- Our research is conducted on healthy animals or animals with naturally occurring disease. We do not
induce diseases in our animals.
A colony of older dogs and cats is maintained specifically for the investigation of aging and associated
naturally occurring diseases. Appropriate veterinary care is provided for all animals. Each animal's
quality of life is reviewed on at least a yearly basis. Humane euthanasia is provided when quality of
life declines and cannot easily be treated.
Some of our research involves clinical trials with pets living at home. These pets are always provided
with appropriate veterinary care as required.


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If an entity has a foreign key as part of its primary key and you try to query that entity in a subselect clause in DQL, an exception is thrown in ClassMetadataInfo->getQuotedColumnName. The problem seems to be that it's only considering the field mappings rather than both the field and association mappings when it's looking for the correct column name.
- Article(id primary key, title, content)
- ArticleTag(article_id, tag, primary key (article_id, tag))
Example DQL: select art from Article art where exists (select tag from ArticleTag tag where tag.article = art)


Grandparents Can Affect Grandchildren in Divorce
If you're getting a divorce and your children are close to their grandparents, that's great. Especially considering how these days, not all families are as close as they were in generations past. Sometimes though, when children of divorce visit their grandparents it can be a double edged sword.
If your soon-to-be ex's parents don't like you, their attitude towards you may bother your children. As their mother or father, seeing your child distraught can be hard, especially when your child wants to feel good about loving their grandparents.
It's Natural to Take Sides
We suppose it's only natural to take sides when a son or daughter divorces. But, just as you and your spouse shouldn't be dissing each other in front of your kids, the same goes for the grandparents; this is often overlooked.
While your former mother-in-law may believe that she's only hurting you when she makes hurtful remarks about you to your kids, she is causing her grandchildren distress.
Should you take the high road?
If you are the grandparent and your son or daughter is getting a divorce and you cannot stand your former daughter or son-in-law, should you refuse to talk about them? Unfortunately, that's not the best strategy.
If you never talk about your former son or daughter-in-law, or if you change the subject when your grandchild mentions their name, it could make your grandchild feel bad.
Whatever your thoughts or feelings about your grandchildren's parents, you should speak of their good qualities to the kids. "Your mom is a great cook," or "Your father can fix anything," or "Your mother loves you very much."
If you don't like your son or daughter's ex, there's no point in making it clear to the kids – by your actions or your words – that you strongly dislike their mother or father.
Even if your former son or daughter-in-law is a terrible person, your grandkids will figure it out. In the meantime when they are with you, it's important that they don't feel like they have to choose sides.
If your words or actions cause them distress, they will resent that, or they may not want to spend so much time with you so they can avoid feeling that way.
It's best to empathize with your grandkids. If you are divorced or a child of divorce, try to remember how it made you feel and do your best to be accommodate their needs.
Need family law advice? Call Claery & Green, LLP for a free consultation.


Russia
San Marino[edit]
Main article: Women in San Marino
Women in San Marino are European women who live in or are from the Republic of San Marino. Present-day San Marinese women, or Sammarinese women as they are also called, currently share almost all social and political rights with men in San Marino.[28] San Marino introduced women's suffrage following the 1957 constitutional crisis known as Fatti di Rovereta. San Marinese women received the right to vote in 1960. They received the right to hold political office in 1973.[28] However, in a 1982 referendum, the women of San Marino did not win the right to retain their San Marinese citizenship if they married male foreigners (19,000 San Marinese voters voted to not abolish the 1928 law that striped San Marinese women of San Marinese citizenship if they married foreigners); as a result of losing San Marinese citizenship, the women also lost the right to vote, to work, to own property, to reside in, and to inherit property in the Republic of San Marino.[29] These citizenship laws were later changed by the parliament in 2000,[30] and 2004,[31] allowing women to keep their citizenship and transmit it to their children and husband.
Main article: Women in Serbia
Main article: Women in Slovakia
Main article: Women in Slovenia
Main article: Women in Spain
Modern-day Spaniards - the people of Spain - recognize the independence of Spanish women.[10] But the delegation of labor to women may vary in the different regions of Spain and may also be affected by their class in Spanish society. Traditional work for Spanish women may primarily include child rearing, gardening, taking care of the household, laundry work, and religious activities. At present, many female Spaniards have left their customary status as homemakers to become active in the fields of business, professions, politics, and the military.[10] Apart from attaining prominence as "queens and noble women" in Spain's history, Spanish women now also excelled in establishing their role as women of present-day Spain "without a marked feminist rebellion".[10]
Main article: Women in Sweden
Main article: Women in Switzerland
Women in Switzerland are women who live and are from Switzerland. Tradition dictates that the place of Swiss women is in the home in charge of housework and child care. Being in a society with strong patriarchal roots, Swiss tradition also places women under the authority of their fathers and their husbands.[10] Such adherence to tradition changed and improved when the women of Switzerland gained their right to vote at the federal level in February 7, 1971.[32] However despite of gaining status of having equal rights with men, some Swiss women still have to be able to attain education beyond the post-secondary level, thus they earn less money than men, and they occupy lower-level job positions.[10] According to swissinfo.ch in 2011, Switzerland's State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (Seco) were encouraging business companies to "appoint more women to top-level positions". Those who are already working in business companies, according to same report, mentions that "women earn on average 20% less than men" in Switzerland, and the ratio was 6 out of 10 women were working part-time.[33]
Main article: Women in Turkey
The role of women in contemporary Turkey is defined by an ongoing gender equality struggle, contributing elements of which include predicate conditions for EU membership candidacy, prevalent political tides that favour restrictive Islamic patriarchal models, and woman's rights activism.
Main article: Women in Ukraine
Women in Ukraine have equal constitutional rights as men in the economic, political, cultural and social fields, as well as in the family. Women receive lower salaries and have limited opportunity for career advancement. Most of the around 45 percent of Ukraine's population (45 million[34]) who suffers violence – physical, sexual or mental – are women.[35]
United Kingdom[edit]
Women in the United Kingdom include those that live in or are from England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. The status of women in the Victorian era in the UK is often seen as an illustration of the striking discrepancy between the United Kingdom's national power and wealth and what many, then and now, consider its appalling social conditions. During the era symbolized by the reign of British monarch Queen Victoria, women did not have suffrage rights, the right to sue, or the right to own property. At the same time, women participated in the paid workforce in increasing numbers following the Industrial Revolution. Feminist ideas spread among the educated female middle classes, discriminatory laws were repealed, and the women's suffrage movement gained momentum in the last years of the Victorian Era.
Main article: Women in England
Women in England are women who live in or are from England. The A Guide to English Culture and Customs described the English women of the United Kingdom to be "equal to men, and should be treated fairly" and that they do "equal share of (...) household tasks and childcare"; but such description may be different in some "more traditional British families" where each couple may have their "own arrangement".[36] As part of the English culture, social drinking is acceptable for women.[36]
Northern Ireland[edit]
Women in Northern Ireland are women who live in or are from the "traditional, conservative" and religious society of Northern Ireland. Their basic role, whether from Protestant or Catholic background, was to perform their duties as "wife and mother" in the family units. During the Industrial Revolution in Northern Ireland, the young and old women of Ireland worked for factories and mills. They struggled through the years of violence involving the Catholic Provisional Irish Republican Army (also known simply as the IRA) and the Protestant Ulster Defence Association (UDA), including when the internment of men - at the time - was enforced by the British army.[37]
Main article: Women in Scotland
Women in early modern Scotland were part of a theoretically patriarchal society, but how absolute this was in practice is unclear. Women retained their family surnames at marriage and did not join their husband's kin groups. In higher social ranks, marriages were often political in nature and the subject of complex negotiations in which women as matchmakers or mothers could play a major part. Women were a major part of the workforce, with many unmarried women acting as farm servants and married women playing a part in all the major agricultural tasks, particularly during harvest. Windows could be found keeping schools, brewing ale and trading, but many at the bottom of society lived a marginal existence.
Main article: Women in Wales
Vatican City[edit]
Main article: Women in Vatican City
Women in Vatican City are women who live in or are from Vatican City. According to the Herald Sun in March 2011, there were "only 32 female citizens" residing in the "smallest state in the world". Out of 572 citizens issued with Vatican passports, one of them is a nun.[38] On February 26, 2013, Worldcrunch reported that there were around 30 women who are citizens of Vatican City. Ten years ago, also according to Worldcrunch, there were 2 South American women, 3 Swiss women, 2 Polish women, and some Italian women. As of February 2013, the majority of the women were from Italy.[39]
European women in states with limited recognition[edit]
Main article: Women in Abkhazia
Abkhazian women or Abkhaz women, particularly those of older age, are traditionally portrayed as peacemakers, decision makers, and mediators in times of combat and conflict. Despite of this distinction and character, female Abkhazians are underrepresented in the "councils of elders" of Abkhazian society.[40] The Women in Abkhazia only have a marginal in number within the showground of Abkhazian politics. At present, the Abkhazian females are more active as participants in the realm of business and in activities related to establishing organizations for women in their country.[41][42]
Main article: Women in Kosovo
Women in Kosovo are women who live in or are from the Republic of Kosovo. As citizens of a post-war nation, some Kosovar (or Kosovan) women have become participants in the process of peace-building and establishing pro-gender equality in Kosovo's rehabilitation process.[43] Women in Kosovo have also become active in politics and law enforcement in the Republic of Kosovo. An example of which is the election of Atifete Jahjaga as the fourth President of Kosovo[a], and as such she became the first female,[44] the first non-partisan candidate, and the youngest to be elected to the office of the presidency in the country. Before becoming president, she served as Deputy Director of the Kosovo Police,[45] holding the rank of Major general,[46] the highest among women in Southeastern Europe.[47]
The women in Nagorno-Karabakh are, in general, composed of Armenian women, Azerbaijani (Azeri) women, and other ethnic groupings. This "blend of races" of women in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic resulted because, historically, Nagorno-Karabakh became a part of Azerbaijan after the fall and disintegration of the Soviet Union. However, after the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict in the 1988 to 1994, Nagorno-Karabakh is currently occupied and governed by Armenia. The declaration of independence by Nagorno-Karabakh had not been endorsed by Armenia and Azerbaijan. At present, Nagorno-Karabakh is not officially recognized as a de facto nation by the international community.[48]
Northern


- AnaM
How to Calculate the Paid Time Off (PTO)
If you're thinking that paid time off policies sound great for the employee but not so great for the employer, think again.
This policy is beneficial to employers because it encourages employees to take shorter stretches of PTO throughout the year. This is useful because companies don't need to plan around key employees being gone for long amounts of time, yet employees still get to enjoy time off throughout the year.
Calculating paid time off varies, but as a small business, it's important to ensure you have adequate staffing when creating a paid time off policy.
When calculating PTO, you need to consider many guidelines for this use:
 - The PTO accrual rate
 - The PTO limits
 - Types of PTO your company have
How you calculate PTO depends on the way that time is awarded. These are the most common PTO accrual rates:
 - Hours worked
 - Daily
 - Bi-monthly
 - Every two weeks
 - Once a month
 - Yearly
Determine the number of hours you accrue annually
First, determine the number of hours that you accumulate during the course of the year.
Divide your annual hours by 12 or 24
Next, you need to calculate the number of hours you accumulate during each pay period. If you are paid monthly, you will divide the total number of hours you accrue annually by 12, the months in the year. If you are paid twice per month, you will divide the total number of hours by 24.
Multiply pay period PTO by time worked
To calculate the amount of time you have accumulated, you need to multiply the amount of time that you accrue in each pay period and multiply that by the time that you have worked. For example, let's say that you have worked for three months without taking any PTO. During those three months, you have had six pay periods—two per month.
If you know that you accumulate five hours of PTO time per pay period, you can easily calculate your PTO by multiplying five by six, which equals 30 hours of PTO. To determine how many days of PTO that is, you can divide that number by eight. For our example, that would mean dividing 30 by eight, which equals 3.75 days of PTO. This example, of course, assumes that you did not have any PTO prior to that three-month period. If you do, you will need to add the additional time, minus any vacation hours you have already used.
The difference between paid time off policies and vacation policies are the following:
 - It's important to understand that a paid time off policy is different from a vacation policy and that your small business will likely use one policy or the other, but probably not both at the same time.
 - Though these two categories aren't the extent of it: there are different types of both PTO and vacation policies, such as unlimited, flexible, floating, and more.
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Pr Ntr Kmt Pharaoh Khufu
Pharaoh Khufu
 Khufu was the second Pharaoh of the fourth (4th) Dynasty. The Greeks called him Cheops.
 4th dynasty 2589 - 2566 B.C.E., son of Pharaoh Sneferu and Queen Hetepheres, father of Djedefra (his successor), Khafra, other sons, and daughter Queen Hetepheres II
See list of Pharaohs.
picture courtesy of
John Moore's the Ancient Egyptians were Black
hieroglyph cartouche for Khufu
 Khufu (pronounced kew-foo), called Cheops (pronounced key-ops) by the Greek, was the second pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty, ruled for 23 years, and was the builder of the first of the Great Pyramids of Giza (the only Seven Wonders of the Ancient World that is still standing).
 The Turin Papyrus states that Khufu came to power in his twenties and was remembered in folk history as cruel and ruthless. Manetho claims Khufu ruled for 65 years, while Herodotus claimed that Khufu ruled for 50 years. The funerary cult for Khufu lasted until the 26th Dynasty, the last native Egyptian royal dynasty (almost, 2,000 years after his death).
 Only one miniature statuette of Khufu has survived to modern times (pictured above).
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70-degree angle of incidence at coincidence (5 kHz) and non-coincidence (7 kHz) frequencies, respectively. Above the panel the incident and reflected sound waves interfere and form the checkered pattern as seen in the pressure field. Underneath the panel the transmitted sound wave carries itself along the same direction as the incident wave but with a discounted pressure amplitude. It is clear from the comparison that the amplitude of both the flexural wave displacement in the solid and the transmitted sound pressure in the air gets enhanced when coincidence happens.
Following Eqns. (1) and (2), the sound transmittance for a certain combination of incident angle and sound frequency can be calculated by taking the ratio between the averaged sound intensities on the upper and lower surfaces of the panel. Using this model, one can take a step further and derive the overall STL spectrum for a given panel structure by integrating sound transmittance over all the incident angles and scanning through a range of audio frequencies.
Further verification of the model was conducted comparing the simulated STL with the actual measurement, as shown in Figure 5. These measurements were taken from laboratory acoustic testing on samples of a finite size following ASTM E90. The dash lines in the figures represent the mass law as determined by the surface density of the panel. Note that the measured STL tends to exceed what is limited by the mass law at frequencies below 500 Hz.
This should not be considered violations to the law of physics, but rather a result of complication to the physical processes at lower frequencies. As the sound frequency comes down to a point where the acoustic wavelength is not significantly smaller than the panel size, the generation of vibration or wave propagation in the panel is affected not only by the weight of the material in the thickness dimension but also by the boundary conditions at the edges of the panel in the lateral plane.
At frequencies over 500 Hz the measurement conforms to the mass law, indicating that the boundary effect diminishes and the test piece becomes practically unbounded to the sound waves with short wavelengths. It can be seen from the figure that the simulation faithfully describes the physical process thus providing on-point STL prediction for the majority of the audible spectrum.
Using the same model, a case study was carried out demonstrating the difference in sound insulation characteristics between standard and acoustic PVB. The results are shown in Figure 6 depicting the STL spectra of laminated glass with a variety of glass thicknesses. An obvious feature to pick up in this graph is that thicker laminates outperform thinner ones because of the extra weight and stiffness as discussed in preceding sections.
Apart from the baseline shift, the laminates using standard PVB all show a prominent coincidence dip in the STL curves. In other words, none of them is really effective keeping the coincidence effect from sabotaging the acoustic performance. It is worth mentioning that the center frequency where the coincidence dip is located is determined by the bending stiffness of the composite. The higher the bending stiffness, the lower the coincidence frequency.
As seen in Eqn. (4), the bending stiffness increases with thickness. It is therefore expected that the coincidence dip in the STL spectrum move to a lower frequency as the laminate becomes thicker. Even though the coincidence frequency may shift, it is still confined between 500 Hz and 10 kHz for common glazing thicknesses (3-25mm). From a human perception point of view, our hearing sensitivity does not change much (< 2 dB) in this frequency range, therefore the excess noise the laminate lets through within the coincidence frequency band will still be noticeable.
Laminates containing acoustic PVB, on the other hand, do a much better job at dealing with the coincidence effect. The acoustic PVB brings two benefits to the table: first, the softer material reduces the bending stiffness of the laminate, moving the coincidence frequency up by approximately one octave band thus extending the portion of the curve under the mass law; second, the material features high damping factor covering a wide range of audio frequencies, hence less damage done to the STL when coincidence takes effect.
In light of both mechanisms, the performance of acoustic-specific laminates surpasses their nonspecific counterparts under the same glass configuration. At frequencies where the latter is at the bottom of the coincidence dip, the STL can be improved by as much as 10 dB owing to the acoustically engineered interlayer. This improvement can also be seen in singlenumber ratings. As shown in Table 1, one can gain as much as 6 units in the sound transmission class (STC) rating when making the interlayer upgrade from standard PVB to acoustic PVB.
In this paper, the physics of sound transmission through a glazing panel is reviewed. Three frequency regimes are defined based on the length scale of the problem, and the physical processes associated with each frequency regime are carefully analyzed.
Following proper understanding of the physical problem, a numerical model is established and implemented for predicting the sound transmission loss signature of glazing panels. Comparisons are drawn amongst monolithic and laminated glass panels as well as laminates using standard and acoustic PVB.
Results show that acoustically engineered PVB unlocks superior sound insulation performance compared to what nonspecific interlayers have to offer. The acoustic product also shows versatility as improvement in noise reduction can be seen in a variety of glass configurations.
 H. Lamb, "On Waves in an Elastic Plate," Proc. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. A 93, 114-128, 1917
 F. Fahy, P. Gardonio, "Sound and Structural Vibration," 2nd Ed., Academic Press, 2007
 ASTM Standard E90, 2009, "Standard Test Method for Laboratory Measurement of Airborne Sound Transmission Loss of Building Partitions and Elements," ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2009, DOI: 10.1520/E0090-09
 ASTM Standard E413, 2010, "Classification for Rating Sound Insulation," ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2010, DOI: 10.1520/E0413-10


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Traffic Signal Warrants
Traffic signals are valuable devices for the control of vehicle and pedestrian traffic. However, because they assign the right-of-way to the various traffic movements, signals exert a profound influence on traffic flow. Properly located and operated control signals may provide for the orderly movement of traffic, increase the traffic-handling capacity of an intersection, and reduce the frequency of certain types of accidents. After extensive study and analysis, the Federal Highway Administration developed the 8 traffic signal warrants contained within the Manual On Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD).
Eight Warrants from the Manual On Uniform Traffic Control Devices.
These 8 warrants define minimum conditions under which signal installations may be justified. The Manual suggests that traffic control signals should not be installed unless one or more of the signal warrants are met. However, the satisfaction of a warrant or warrants is not in itself justification for a signal. Every situation is unique and warrant guidelines must be supplemented by the effects of specific site conditions and the application of good engineering judgment. Installation of a traffic signal should improve the overall safety and/or operation of an intersection and should be considered only when deemed necessary by careful traffic analysis and after less restrictive solutions have been attempted.
Warrant 1 - Eight-hour vehicular volume - at a location where a large volume of intersecting traffic exist for each of any 8 hours of an average day, is the principal reason to consider installing a traffic control signal.
Warrant 2 - Four-hour vehicular volume - at a location where traffic conditions are such that for a minimum of 1 hour of an average day, the minor street suffers undue delay when entering a major street.
Warrant 3 - Peak hour vehicular volume - at a location where traffic conditions are such that for a minimum of 1 hour of an average day, the minor street traffic suffers undue delay when entering or crossing the major street.
Warrant 4 - Pedestrian volume - at a location where the traffic volume on a major street is so heavy that pedestrians experience excessive delay in crossing the major street.
Warrant 5 - School crossing - at a location where school children cross the major street, is the principal reason to consider installing a traffic control signal.
Warrant 6 - Coordinated signal system - progressive movement in a coordinated signal system sometimes necessitates installing traffic control signals at intersections where they would not otherwise be needed in order to maintain proper platooning of vehicles.
Warrant 7 - Crash experience - at location where the severity and frequency of crashes are the principal reasons to consider installing a traffic signal.
Warrant 8 - Roadway network - at location where it might be justified to encourage concentration and organization of traffic flow on a roadway network.
Listed below are general characteristics of traffic signals:
Traffic control signals that are properly located, operated and maintained may have one or more of the following advantages:
- Signals may provide for the orderly movement of traffic by assigning right-of-way to conflicting movements of traffic.
- Signals may increase the traffic-handling capacity of an intersection by permitting conflicting streams of traffic to share the same intersection.
- Signals may reduce the frequency of certain types of accidents, especially right-angle (broadside) collisions.
- Signals may provide for continuous movement and progression of traffic through coordination with surrounding traffic signals.
- Signals may interrupt heavy traffic to allow both vehicular and pedestrian traffic to cross.
Traffic control signals may have one or more of the following disadvantages:
- Signals may increase delay - both overall intersection delay and/or specific movement delay.
- Signals may encourage the use of alternate and/or less adequate routes by drivers wishing to avoid the signal.
- Signals may encourage increased volumes of traffic on the minor street by drivers wishing to use the signal.
- Signals may encourage disobedience and disregard of traffic control devices. (During periods of lesser volume on the main street, drivers on the minor street may have sufficient gaps to cross and/or enter traffic, but be prohibited from doing so by the signal.)
- Signals may cause an increase in the frequency of certain types of accidents, especially rear-end collisions.


text:
Light Blue has a strong ability to enhance creativity and inspiration, it is the colour that calms and balances the mind and the emotions, the colour of peace. Light blue can also enhance the ability to focus and concentrate, assisting with clear thinking and decision-making, and the development of good organisational skills, thus increasing intelligence.
This rose colour would work perfectly as a gift for:
- A Work Associate
- A Friend
- A Friend Starting a New Business Venture
- Someone who you consider to be creative or intelligent or needs a sense of peace.
This would work well for:
- Overcoming a Stressful Occasion
- A Work Associate for Motivation to Succeed
- A token of Physical & Mental Relaxation
- A token of Calm & Peace


text:
The Australian Taxation Office (ATO) has released its first Taxpayer Alert of the decade in TA 2020/1, which identifies two principal concerns regarding intangibles:
- arrangements related to the development, enhancement, maintenance, protection and exploitation of intangible assets (known as the DEMPE functions) that have not properly remunerated an Australian entity on an arm's length basis; and
- arrangements where intangible assets and/or associated rights are migrated from an Australian entity to an international related party, as part of non-arm's length arrangements (for example where there is a lack of commercial rationale for the transfer from the perspective of the Australian entity).
This is a salient reminder of the need to appropriately characterise and remunerate an Australian entity by reference to its actual contribution to the value chain, following an enquiry as to whether the Australian entity would enter the same arrangements if it was independent of the international related parties with which it is dealing.
High-level summary of TA
The ATO's concerns are that the types of the arrangements considered in the Alert are not conducted at arm's length for the purpose of determining if an entity has obtained a transfer pricing benefit under Australia's transfer pricing laws. This requires having regard to the functions performed, risks used and assets assumed by Australian entities, and also an enquiry if the arrangements even make sense from the perspective of the Australian entity.
With the litigation of high-profile transfer pricing cases in recent years (in particular Chevron and Glencore) TA 2020/1 illustrates the importance of robust transfer pricing documentation in assessing arm's length transactions and the greater power that may be wielded by the Commissioner in reconstructing existing arrangements that do not make sense for the Australian entity to enter into, particularly when it comes to intangibles.
TA 2020/1 focuses on two types of arrangements in relation to intangibles:
- Arrangements involving the bifurcation of intangible assets and the mischaracterisation of Australian DEMPE activities (e.g. "run down/run-up" models):
- Where the ownership of intangibles assets is artificially or arbitrarily split and/or transferred to an international related party; and
- subsequently, the internal remuneration structure does not align to the value of the DEMPE activities conducted by the Australian entity;
- Arrangements involving insufficient recognition of Australian DEMPE activities:
- Where the internal remuneration structures do not align to the value of the DEMPE activities conducted by the Australian entities, including certain cost contribution and licencing arrangements.
The examples bring out two key concerns:
- the Australian entity may be making a significant contribution to the value chain but be deriving an insufficient remuneration; and
- there may be a lack of commercial rationale and/or the arrangements are not consistent with the Australian entity's best interest or options realistically available for the Australian entity.
The transfer "mispricing" can be corrected by reference to the transfer pricing rules (including the "reconstruction" rule and the other "exceptions" to the basic rule of following the actual arrangements), the general anti-avoidance rule or – for significant global entities – the diverted profits tax.
- TA 2020/1 is consistent with RSM's understanding of the operation of Australia's transfer pricing laws. The ATO is quite reasonably foreshadowing greater scrutiny of arrangements where the actual arrangements differ from the substance of the activities and the commercial reality, or what independent parties would have done.
- Intangibles continue to be considered a high-risk area from the perspective of the ATO (consider TA 2016/1 and TA 2018/2 on similar issues) and taxpayers should take additional care when pricing R&D activities, and/or when structuring or re-structuring arrangements that involve intangible assets.
- By way of example, setting a cost-plus remuneration for R&D activities conducted by an Australian entity may not be sufficient in some cases. Further investigation may be required.
- Groups seeking to migrate intangible assets from Australia must consider the business rationale for entering into the arrangement – not just from a group perspective but also from the perspective of the Australian entity or entity. For example, what options were "realistically available" to the Australian entity (as set out in Taxation Ruling TR 2011/1). Business restructures are complex and widely misunderstood area transfer pricing tax law and additional consideration and care should be taken with the respect to intangible assets.
- Generally, taxpayers should review existing arrangements to consider whether the appropriate transfer pricing policy and documentation are in place, supporting the substance of the arrangements, particularly with respect to the OECD report in relation to BEPS Actions 8, 9 and 10 (Aligning Transfer Pricing Outcomes with Value Creation). Click here to read more on the OECD report.


Energy Magic is a type of magic involving pure energy, magical energy, spiritual energy, physical energy, etc. There are several types of magic, including elemental magic such as Fire fire, Lightning electricity, and Light light, that are considered Energy Magic. There are several different spell phrases for energy-related spell and some of the pure energy-related spell phrases are "Bogi" (ボギ, for "pink energy"), "Furei" (フレイ, for "red energy"), "Neshi" (ネシル), etc. A lot of mamodos are capable of using energy-based magic.
Known practitioners
See also
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text:
One of the most valuable things you can help your children to do is to memorize verses from the Bible. I remember as a youth going to the Awana Clubs on Wednesday nights, learning from my Sparks and Pioneer books various Bible truths and the accompanying Bible verses. Having been given a keen mind, I was able to memorize whole chunks of the Bible, which efforts subsequently earned me large Timothy and Workman trophies. The trophies ultimately began collecting dust in the closet, but the Bible verses stayed with me.
As I grew older and went off to Bob Jones University, under the constraints of coursework and encouragements from teachers, I developed a systematic plan of Bible memorization. I would take spiral bound 3×5 index cards and write a different verse on each index card. Sometimes these would be whole books, such as the book of Romans or Psalms, such as 1, 23, 32, 100, etc.; other times the verses would arranged topically (you can get the color-coded cards to help with this!). These could then be carried around with me everywhere, and if I was waiting in a line or waiting for class to start or waiting at the Dining Hall for my fiancé, the verse cards were always ready at hand. The cards could also be propped up on a desk or on a shelf as daily reminders or ready reference. In this way, my mind was constantly being filled with the Word of God. After graduation, these cards were put away into boxes or filing cabinets–but the verses remain in my head to this day.
Today, having several children of my own, the benefits of Bible memorization remains as important as ever, though the methods have changed over time. My family benefits greatly from the memorization system in the wonderful Kids 4 Truth Bible Clubs as well as catechising using the grand old confessions of the Christian faith, but whatever your family chooses to use, what matters most is that you memorize faithfully and consistently. Here are 10 benefits to Bible memorization.
This list is adapted and added to from John Piper's excellent suggestions on why and how he memorizes.
1. Memorizing the Bible produces spiritual growth
2. Memorizing the Bible keeps us from sin
3. Memorizing the Bible stores up truth for later
4. Memorizing the Bible uses time wisely
5. Memorizing the Bible guards our thinking from error
6. Memorizing the Bible equips us for witnessing
7. Memorizing the Bible provides tools to comfort others
8. Memorizing the Bible sharpens our spiritual battle skills
9. Memorizing the Bible opens up heart fellowship with the Lord Jesus Christ
10. Memorizing the Bible establishes gospel priorities
So if you've never tackled Bible memorization before, now's the time to start! Children especially have eager, quick minds and a voracious appetite. Sometimes you can even put verses or Scripture truths to music. Perhaps you can use one of the methods mentioned at the opening of this article, or maybe other tools such as the NavPress Topical Memory System or maybe put the Bible Memory app on your iPhone or iPad or find the perfect fit ina host of other software, clubs, tools, etc to help you and your children hide God's Word in your heart.
I leave you with one thought-provoking quote from John Whitlock, a Puritan preacher from 1662:
"Men scarcely forget where they have laid their treasures or their jewels…Divine meditation fixes truths in the head and fastens them to the heart."
Enjoy memorizing your Bible and perhaps one day, we'll see you at the National Bible Bee!


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I-Pop: International Journal of Indonesian Popular Culture and Communication, published by Program Studi Ilmu Komunikasi Universitas Bakrie, is an interdisciplinary journal of popular culture and communication in (the context of) Indonesia, about Indonesia (or related to Indonesia), and the pop work created by or involves Indonesians. Published biannually, the I-Pop Journal follows a rigorous double-blind review process, in which reviewers and authors do not know each other, to ensure the objectivity of the assessment. I-Pop Journal has four typical rubrics:
- ORIGINAL ARTICLE (research paper or constructive conceptual paper)
- BOOK REVIEW (review and criticism of the latest book)
- POP REVIEW (review and criticism of the latest work of popular culture and communication) and
- REFLECTION (reflective experiences and/or exclusive interviews with the creators or actors of Indonesian pop culture work).


TV report transcript
U.S. Labor Secretary Elaine Chao has repeated her support for the fight against trafficking in human beings. She spoke at a meeting of representatives of the United States, Canada and Mexico on trafficking in Persons in North America.
U.S. Labor Secretary Elaine Chao outlined the international scope of human trafficking during a conference in Washington DC. She demanded a vigorous and sustained international effort to rescue victims and protect future generations.
"There is nothing more demeaning and debilitating to the dignity of the human spirit than for a man, woman and children to be trafficked. It is a form of modern day slavery."
Every year over 600,000 people are trafficked across international borders to be used as labor or sexual slaves. More than 17,000 of them are in the United States. U.S. Labor Secretary Elaine Chao said the U.S. government is waging war against the traffickers.
"A lot, including children, are trafficked into the sex trade underworld and many others are exploited as laborers with no rights, no pay and no way to escape. The problem is worldwide and it is daunting."
The Conference is part of the ongoing cooperative activities among the governments of Canada, Mexico and the United States.


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点击这里成为作者 · 更新于 2018-11-28 11:00:43
Synchronized methods are methods that are used to control access to an object. A thread only executes a synchronized method after it has acquired the lock for the method's object or class. Synchronized statements are similar to synchronized methods. A synchronized statement can only be executed after a thread has acquired the lock for the object or class referenced in the synchronized statement.


's outer liquid core. For perfectly conducting boundary with temperature, we have 𝜃=0,𝐻𝑧=0on𝑧=0,𝑧=1𝑥,𝑦.(23) Also the normal component of the velocity would vanish on 𝑧=0, 𝑧=1, that is, 𝑤=0on𝑧=0,𝑧=1𝑥,𝑦.(24) However, there are two more conditions to be imposed on velocity depending on the nature of the surface. In this paper we consider free-free boundary conditions, that is, on surfaces the tangential stresses vanish, which is equivalent to 𝑃𝑥𝑧=𝜇𝜕𝑢+𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑤𝑃𝜕𝑥=0,𝑦𝑧=𝜇𝜕𝑣+𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑤𝜕𝑦=0,(25) where 𝜇=𝛾𝜌0 is dynamic viscosity. Since 𝑤 vanishes for 𝑥,𝑦 on 𝑧=0, 𝑧=1, it follows that 𝜕𝑢/𝜕𝑧=𝜕𝑣/𝜕𝑧=0 on a free surface 𝑧=0,𝑧=1. Hence from equation of continuity we have 𝜕2𝑤/𝜕𝑧2=0 on 𝑧=0,𝑧=1 for all 𝑥, 𝑦. In this paper we have considered only the idealized stress-free conditions on the surface and vanishing of temperature fluctuations. Thus 𝑤=𝐷2𝑤=𝐷4𝑤=0 at 𝑧=0,1. 𝑤 and its even derivatives vanish at 𝑧=0 and 𝑧=1.
3. Linear Stability Analysis
We perform a linear stability analysis of the problem by substituting𝑤=𝑊(𝑧)𝑒𝑖𝑞𝑥+𝑝𝑡,(26) into linearized version of (19) is 𝑤=0, and obtaining an equation𝐷2𝑞2𝑝𝑀𝐷2𝑀𝑞2𝑝𝜙Pr2Pr1𝐷2𝑞2×Λ𝑀𝐷2𝑞21𝑀𝐷𝑎𝑝𝑀2𝜙Pr1𝑊=𝑅𝑞2𝑀𝑀𝐷2𝑀𝑞2𝑝𝜙Pr2Pr1𝐷+𝑄2𝑞2𝐷2𝑞2𝐷𝑝2𝑊.(27) We consider stress-free boundary conditions, then 𝑊=𝐷2𝑊=0 on 𝑧=0, 𝑧=1 for all 𝑥,𝑦. Thus we can assume 𝑊=sin𝜋𝑧.
Substituting 𝑊=sin𝜋𝑧 and 𝑝=𝑖𝜔 into (27), we get𝑀𝑅=𝑞2𝐴1𝐴+𝑖𝜔2𝜔2+𝐴3,(28)𝐴1=𝒦𝑀𝛿61𝐷𝑎+Λ𝛿2+𝑀𝛿4×𝑄𝜋2𝜔2Pr2𝑀2Pr21𝜔2𝑀𝜙Pr1𝜔2𝜙Λ𝑀Pr2Pr1+𝜔2Pr2Pr1Pr2Pr1𝛿4𝜙2Λ𝑀𝜔2𝑀𝜙Pr21×𝛿41Λ𝜙+𝑀Pr1+𝑄𝜋2𝜙+𝛿𝜙2Pr2𝑀𝐷𝑎Pr1,(29)𝐴2𝛿=𝒦2Pr2Pr12𝜙2Λ𝑀+𝜙𝑀2Pr1+𝜙2Pr22𝑀𝐷𝑎Pr21,(30)𝐴3𝛿=𝒦41𝑀Λ+𝜙Pr1+𝑀𝛿2𝐷𝑎+𝑄𝜋2𝑀𝜙Pr2Pr1,(31) where 𝒦=𝛿2(𝑀4𝛿4+𝜔2𝜙2Pr22/Pr21)1 and 𝛿2=(𝜋2+𝑞2), from relation equation (30), 𝐴2>0.
3.1. Stationary Convection (𝜔=0)
Substituting 𝜔=0 in (28), we get𝑅𝑠=𝛿2𝑠𝑞2𝑠𝛿2𝑠1𝐷𝑎+𝛿2𝑠Λ+𝑄𝜋2,(32) here 𝑅𝑠 is the value of the Rayleigh number for stationary convection. The minimum value of 𝑅𝑠 is obtained for 𝑞𝑠=𝑞sc. where𝑞2Λ𝜋6+13Λ+𝜋2𝐷𝐷𝑎𝑞𝜋4𝑄=Λ+𝜋2+1𝜋2𝐷𝐷𝑎.(33) The wave number is identical to that for the single component fluid, while the threshold for the onset of stationary convection at pitchfork bifurcation is given by (34) with 𝑞𝑠=𝑞sc,𝑅sc=𝛿2sc𝑞2sc𝛿2sc1𝐷𝑎+𝛿2scΛ+𝑄𝜋2,(34) where 𝛿2sc=𝜋2+𝑞2sc. Thus the magnetic field inhibits the onset of stationary convection.
3.2. Oscillatory Convection (𝜔2>0)
For the oscillatory convection (𝜔0) and from (28), 𝑅 will be complex. But the physical meaning of 𝑅 requires it to be real. The condition that 𝑅 is real implies that imaginary part of (28) is zero, that is,𝐴2𝜔2+𝐴3=0,(35) where 𝐴2 and 𝐴3 are given by (30) and (31). For oscillatory convection 𝜔2=𝐴3/𝐴2>0 since 𝐴2>0, for oscillatory convection 𝐴3<0. For 𝐴3=0, (35) implies that 𝜔=0 is a double zero corresponding to Takens-Bogdanov bifurcation point. For oscillatory convection, we have𝜔2=𝛿4𝑜𝑀Λ+1/𝜙Pr1+𝑀𝛿2𝑜/𝐷𝑎+𝑄𝜋2𝑀𝜙Pr2/Pr1𝛿2𝑜Pr2/Pr12𝜙2Λ/𝑀+𝜙/𝑀2Pr1+𝜙2Pr22/𝑀𝐷𝑎Pr21,(36)where 𝛿2𝑜=𝜋2+𝑞2𝑜. A necessary condition for 𝜔2>0 isPr2Pr1>1𝜙.(37) However, this is not sufficient condition and one must have in addition𝛿𝑄>4𝑜𝑀Λ+1/𝜙Pr1+𝑀𝛿2𝑜/𝐷𝑎𝜋2𝜙Pr2/Pr1.𝑀(38) At Takens-Bogdanov bifurcation point 𝑅𝑜(𝑞𝑜)=𝑅𝑠(𝑞𝑠)=𝑅𝑐(𝑞𝑐), 𝑞𝑜=𝑞𝑠=𝑞𝑐, and 𝜔2=0 is a double zero at 𝑄=𝑄𝑐(𝑞𝑐) where𝛿𝑄=4𝑐𝑀Λ+1/𝜙Pr1+𝑀𝛿


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A repertoire is a type specifier for a subtype of type character. This term is generally used when describing a collection of characters independent of their coding. Characters in repertoires are only identified by name, by glyph, or by character description.
A repertoire can contain characters from several scripts, and a character can appear in more than one repertoire.
For some examples of repertoires, see the coded character standards ISO 8859/1, ISO 8859/2, and ISO 6937/2. Note, however, that although the term ''repertoire'' is chosen for definitional compatibility with ISO terminology, no conforming implementation is required to use repertoires standardized by ISO or any other standards organization.


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The Somali Bantu people are a group with an extraordinary story. After a history of persecution and violence, the Somali Bantu people have made a remarkable journey which has taken them out of their country, through refugee camps, and eventually to the United States. The US has provided Somali Bantus with a home, stability, and most importantly, a new life. However, this new life is totally different from the one that they led in the Jubba Valley in Somalia. From sweltering heat to powerful blizzards, sandy camel paths to four lane highways, and camel's milk to Nesquick, the changes in Somali Bantus' lives have been significant. Before coming to America, most Somali Bantu had never had access to running water and electricity, had never watched TV, and had only seen a handful of white people. Few knew any English and most were illiterate in their own language. Most children had never attended school. As Somali Bantu refugees adjust to their new lives in America, they find themselves to be strangers in a distant land and face issues of race, religion and a language barrier. Despite these difficulties, the Somali Bantu are thankful to be alive and are grateful to once again discover peace after their grueling journey.
The future of the Somali Bantu community in America remains a question. Can the Somali Bantu elders preserve their culture in this distant land? How will an American education adjust the lives of the young Somali Bantu? What will happen to the upcoming generation? What will they do with their lives? Further information on some significant questions about education, culture, and socio-economic status can be found by clicking on the links below. Additionally, some of the Somali Bantu teenagers discuss some of these questions about their future, including Shobow Saban, who is featured in the video below.


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Biological organisms have a nifty trick, where they can grow uniform materials into three dimensional shapes by limiting growth in certain areas. As some cells expand, others don't, causing the object to warp in three dimensions. Now researchers have applied that same theory to gel sheets, and developed a way of transforming them between flat planes and 3D shapes.
The technique has been dubbed halftone gel lithography — the scientists used an ultraviolet sensitive thin polymer sheet, and exposed it to differing levels of light. The areas exposed would become crosslinked, and not able to expand when placed in water. Thus, areas that were illuminated would stay stationary, and the ones less so would shift and expand when soaked.
By mimicking printmaking, the researchers used halftone patterns, exposing the gel to dots of light of varying size and shapes. By strictly controlling these, a number of shapes were able to be developed, including spheres, saddles and cones. Simply soak it, and it achieves the shape, and then dry it and it'll return to flat. The researchers hope this technique could help with creating a new type of tissue engineering, or an alternative form of 3D printing.
Image: A halftone printing method is used to program the growth of a flat sheet into a sphere through a pattern based on the Peirce quincuncial map projection (shown in the background). Gel images: J. Kim, J.A. Hanna, M. Byun, C.D. Santangelo, R.C. Heyward; Background Map: NOAA's Office of Coast Survey Historical Map & Chart Collection.


,000 people every year.
But as high as these numbers sound, they aren't as high as we need them to be. Canada is facing a skills shortage. According to the Ontario Chamber of Commerce, 25,000 workers are needed immediately, and we'll need an estimated one million workers by 2020. That's from the Ontario Chamber of Commerce in September 2005.
We know that a skills-focused education pays off. Carpenters, plumbers and machinists can earn $30 an hour, plus benefits and more. Building a skilled workforce is one of the main elements of the McGuinty government's economic plan. We've committed to increasing the number of new apprenticeship registrations to 26,000 annually by 2007-08. I'm pleased to be able to report that we're firmly on our way to reaching that goal. In the 2005-06 year, 21,489, to be exact, registered in apprenticeship training, a number that exceeded the year's target. The number of new apprenticeship registrations received by the end of August 2006 puts the province on track to meet its target of 23,500 registrations in 2006-07, and to meet our annual registration goal of 26,000 in 2007-08. To continue our progress, the McGuinty government will invest more than $100 million in apprenticeship-related programming in 2006-07.
Here's a rundown on where we are with our suite of initiatives.
We've got the Ontario youth apprenticeship program, which encourages high school students to stay in school while learning a skilled trade. They can earn credits and learn the trade at the same time. In 2006-07, we are investing $8.25 million in OYAP, giving more than 20,000 students the opportunity to begin their knowledge of a trade.
The pre-apprenticeship training program provides individuals -- such as youth, aboriginal people, women and other under-represented groups -- the opportunity to upgrade trade-related skills so they can be eligible for an apprenticeship.
In July, we announced funding to support pre-apprenticeship training programs such as those through the James Bay Employment and Training Board, which prepare workers for work in the De Beers diamond mine.
There is much more. Since 2004, the government has invested $33.2 million in more than 2,500 co-op diploma apprenticeship spots, which give you not only the start of a trade but also a college diploma at the same time.
Classroom instruction is an essential part of the apprentice's training. This year, Ontario's $31-million investment will help more than 27,000 apprentices undertake the classroom portion of their training at 24 community colleges and 39 training centres.
We respect the important role that employers play in the apprenticeship system. We know that training apprentices is an investment, but we need more employers training apprentices. To encourage more, we have the apprenticeship training tax credit, a $95-million program that provides employers of apprentices with $5,000 a year -- up to $15,000 over three years -- if they hire and train an apprentice in a designated trade. It is a substantial encouragement to train. The Ministry of Finance, which administers the program, is collecting data on the number of claims made under the tax credit.
If I could just touch on a couple of other areas, we have the Job Connect program, which brings in and connects job seekers, or those who seek an improvement in employment status, with everything from counselling to academic upgrading to apprenticeship opportunities to employment opportunities. It's an essential program. We've expanded it. It serves almost 200,000 people every year, adults and young people. We've put another $10 million into it for 2006-07, which brings the total to $127 million.
As I say, these services are essential. They also connect Ontarians to other services such as bridge training programs for the internationally trained, language assessment and training, apprenticeship training, and even high school and post-secondary training programs.
Literacy has been in the news a lot lately. We are at substantial investments in literacy: $69 million for this year, including $10 million in academic upgrading, which will ensure that 4,000 students are able to improve and increase their academic standing so that they can go on to better opportunities.
In short, knowledge and skills: These are the drivers for the economy of the future. These are the drivers that will ensure that Ontarians have the broadest range of opportunities that individuals may wish for. Collectively, these are the drivers that will ensure that the province of Ontario can reach its potential.
Thank you very much.
The Chair (Mr. Tim Hudak): Minister, thank you very much for the presentation. Deputy, thank you very much for your attendance as well.
Following our rotation model, the official opposition is batting first. Mr. Wilson, you have 30 minutes.
Hon. Mr. Bentley: Before you proceed, I didn't introduce my deputy.
The Chair: Please go ahead.
Hon. Mr. Bentley: Philip Steenkamp, Deputy Minister.
The Chair: Welcome, Deputy. Any opening comments by yourself?
Mr. Philip Steenkamp: No.
The Chair: Mr. Wilson.
Mr. Jim Wilson (Simcoe-Grey): It's a dig from last year, I think.
Thank you, Minister and Deputy, for appearing today.
I'm just going to start by reading from a document. I'll read it into the record, and then you can comment on it, Minister, with respect to the $6.2-billion commitment. It's entitled "Funding Background." It will take me a few minutes to read it into the record here.
"Reaching Higher: By the Numbers"
It's by Scott Courtice of the Ontario Undergraduate Student Alliance. He writes:
"Ontario budget day 2005 was an important occasion for post-secondary education, with the government announcing a $6.2-billion cumulative investment spread over six years, the largest multi-year commitment to post-secondary education in over 40 years. Post-secondary stakeholders -- OUSA included -- were ecstatic, and had high hopes that the long period of government disinterest and retrenchment had finally come to an end.
"The government followed the budget announcement with a media blitz to sell the benefits of their higher-education investment to a health-care-obsessed public. The communications exercise was large in scale, with over 40 announcements and counting, since the budget.
"During a seemingly endless bombardment of media releases and announcements, I began asking myself two troubling questions: In all the hype, has the government convinced the public that the crisis in higher education is over, when so much remains to be done? And, in doing so, have they inadvertently reduced public support for future investments in higher education?
"Thus, in an effort to peer behind the hype and restore clarity, I felt it was time to provide a quick by-the-numbers refresher of the details and likely impact of the government's Reaching Higher plan for higher education.
"First, a look at the commitment as explained in the government's budget papers" -- and then he provides a chart under this, which I'll provide to Hansard later, which combines 2005 and 2006, and he uses up-to-date budget figures from your own budget documents. He puts as a note to this chart -- it does accumulate to a total in three categories: student financial assistance, operating grants to colleges and universities, and training and apprenticeship. By the year 2010, which is three years after your mandate, it does add up to $6.202 billion.
Here are his notes:
"It is important to note several things:
"(a) The $6.2-billion investment is the total cumulative investment, not an absolute increase over spending in 2004-05. Thus, in 2009-10 the government will have increased total annual spending by $1.6 billion over 2004-05; many students and members of the general public I've spoken with have been left with the incorrect impression that total government spending will have increased by $6.2 billion."
So you may want to comment on that.
There's a little more here. His second note:
"(b) The final two years of the investment, 2008-09 and 2009-10, stretch beyond the current government's mandate, and these 'beyond mandate' commitments represent close to 50% of the total cumulative investment. Thus, the government is able to take credit now for spending commitments they may not get a chance to make later. To be fair, universities and students have been asking for predictable, long-term funding commitments -- but the investment is only as predictable as the outcome of the October 2007 election result.
"To get a better understanding of the impact of 'Reaching Higher,' the investment must be placed in the broader context of enrolment growth, tuition fee increases, inflation and the share of operating grants targeted to universities. The Council of Ontario Universities recently released a chart that includes these elements" -- and the chart is called "Government Investments: University Share, Enrolment Growth, Tuition, and Inflation." The notes to this chart say, "This chart demonstrates that when inflation, enrolment growth, tuition and the university sector's share of the funding are factored into the equation, funding per basic income unit will actually decrease slightly over the course of the investment."
"How can this be," he continues. "Two factors come into play:
"(a) The government has committed to increase enrolment by 14,000 students by 2009-10. While enrolment growth is laudable -- additional enrolment will allow


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Un Canadien errant - theme from the 'Patriotes Soundtrack' 1/2
It was during the first hard years of the Patriotes' exile, in 1842, when a student wrote new topical lyrics for an old folk song. It became an instantly popular because it eloquently expressed the longing of an exile for his native land.
It is the rare matching of words and ideas with a simple, honest melody.
If sung as a "chansonàrépondre" you can imagine a canoe full of men in the northwest. The leader sings the couplet, then the rest of the voyageurs repeat it - using the rhythm to synchronize and pace their strokes … and the sentiment to divert their minds from the hard labour and the long day.
One could hear Un Canadien errant sung both in the bush and the cities of Upper Canada - from the Rockies to Lake Winnipeg and at the most distant outposts in Canada's northwest.
from: Chansons Populaires du Canada; Ernest Gagnon; 1880; Librairie Beauchemin.


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Science may have the solution: a chemical "hydrogel" coating made from chitosan, derived from the shells of crabs and shrimp. Chitosan is already sprayed on lots of other fruits and vegetables to kill bacteria and keep produce fresh. And on Wednesday, Xihong Li of Tianjin University presented data at a meeting of the American Chemical Society showing that it can work to delay banana ripening -- bad news for fruit flies, good news for you.
"We found that by spraying green bananas with a chitosan aerogel, we can keep bananas fresh for up to 12 days," Li said in a statement Wednesday. "Such a coating could be used at home by consumers, in supermarkets or during shipment of bananas."
Like other fruits, bananas don't die when they're picked. They respire through their skin, taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. Increased respiration means quicker ripening. The chitosan coating used by Li and his colleagues slowed down respiration enough to keep the fruit fresh.
Bananas also release a compound called ethylene, which encourages ripening. So leaving a bunch of bananas in a bag will trap a lot of ethylene gas in there, which makes them ripen faster. Other fruits and vegetables produce ethylene too, so keeping your banana in the same bowl as a bunch of apples will hasten its progress toward gooey oblivion.
Chitosan, with its seafood origin, could possibly pose problems for strict vegetarians and vegans, but it wouldn't be the first food additive that flew under the radar. Shellac, which you might primarily think of as something to polish furniture, is also applied to apples to replace natural waxes lost during the cleaning process. It's also made from a resin secreted by the female lac bug. Starbucks caught flak from its crunchier customers after it was revealed that the coffee giant was using crushed beetle shells to color its strawberry frappuccinos.
Still, if you're not squeamish about animal products, chitosan could be a good way to keep good bananas from going bad.


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jueves, 19 de septiembre de 2013
Study finds medical panellists have links to pharmaceutical industry / RAY MOYNIHAN
A study of the people who make up the expert US disease panels, which make changes to the definitions and diagnostic factors of common conditions, has found that 75 per cent of them have links to major medical and pharmaceutical companies.
The panel members make recommendations on conditions like hypertension, cholesterol, Alzheimer's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. These recommendations can lead to more preventative medication being prescribed.
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Whats Orange
 - Whats Orange?
 Analyze the cases presented in chapter 8 of the text, Looking Back for
 Future Lessons: Some Important Cases, located on pages 311-316.
 Provide brief summaries, 200-250 words each, of the New York City and Orange County cases.
 Explain how the New York City and Orange County financial crises impacted:
 1 Each government
 2 Other local governments
 3 The bond market, including prospectus requirements
 Explain what the financial crises implied about the operational and/or capital budgeting processes in each case.
 Explain what government can do to anticipate and remedy financial crisis. Apply these actions to each of the cases.
 Instructors will be using a rubric to grade this assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.
 New York City Financial Crisis
 In April 1975, New York City hovered on the brink of default on its obligations. With
 help from New York State, the federal government, and others, it averted default, but
 two significant consequences emerged after the crisis. The first was that state and local
 governments now paid higher interest rates. The second was the financial community
 now required more elaborate financial disclosures.
 The nation felt the effects of the New York crisis, and North Carolina is one example.
 In Southern City Kenneth Murray (1976, 6) reported that a study by the Municipal
 Finance Officers Association (MFOA) showed "that the New York City
 financial crisis already cost local governments in North Carolina $424,000 in first year
 added interest costs on bonded indebtedness and $5.1 million total in interest
 over the life of municipal bonds issued in 1975."
 Exhibit 8–6 shows the credit rating change for New York City. Notice from
 1965 to 1975 the remarkable drop to a low of Caa. Also note that since 1977 the rating
 has improved. In the precrisis era, state and local governments sold their bonds
 without revealing much about their financial situation. Since the crisis, investors have
 demanded greater disclosure of facts about the community and bonds.
 Washington State Public Power Supply System (WPPSS)
 In 1983, the WPPSS defaulted on its revenue bonds because the revenue from the nuclear
 power electric generation did not meet debt service requirements. WPPSS defaulted
 on payments of $2.3 billion in bonds issued to finance two nuclear power
 plants in the state of Washington. Epple and Spatt argued that the default of the
 WPPSS raised that state's general obligation borrowing costs. Because the market
 held the jurisdiction responsible for repayment of principal and interest of this revenue
 bond default, potential GO bondholders viewed the revenue bond default as evidence that the jurisdiction managed itself poorly. Epple and Spatt posited that reputation
 costs affect borrowing across all jurisdictions within a state when a local bond
 default occurs. Moreover, following years of contentious bankruptcy proceedings, the
 jurisdiction did make some $500 million in payments to bondholders.
 Orange County, California
 The more significant local government financial crisis was the Orange County situation
 discussed earlier in this chapter. Orange County, one of the wealthiest local governments
 in the world, defaulted on general obligation bonds. Prior to that time,
 American local government, with very few exceptions, considered GO debt "sacred,"
 with governments going to great lengths to protect their GO bond rating. Overnight,
 Orange County changed the rules and traditional financial emergency signals, which
 this chapter explains later, were inadequate in dealing with poor financial management
 using derivatives.
 What are the consequences of Orange County? Fortunately, investors did not
 abandon the municipal market, which investors had considered about the safest place
 to invest. Interest rates did not spike up, except for California issuers. Most of Orange
 County bond investors were money market fund managers, and they reacted by either
 buying at par or by acquiring letters of credit or portfolio insurance with the permission
 of the U.S. Security Exchange Commission. Fortunately, the bond fund managers
 sold off their shares to investors because they realized that the Orange County median
 family income was a full 20 percent higher than that of the state as a whole. Unfortu nately, the county's voters rejected a half-cent increase in the county sales tax to address
 the debt problem, but the county did divert other revenues to debt service, did
 radically cut services (41 percent), and selectively did refinance portions of the debt.
 Unlike when other cities fell into fiscal disgrace, California State government did nothing
 due to its own weak fiscal situation and the antigovernment citizen attitude in the
 state. One clear consequence is that Orange County and California taxpayers in general
 shall pay many millions more for debt service for many years in the future.
 Lynch, T. D., & Smith, R. W. (2004). Public budgeting in America. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.


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blue and white pottery pitcher, very tall and elegant
Ming Dynasty porcelain pitcher (before Manchu China)
What was the Ming Dynasty?
Early modern Chinese history starts with the Ming Dynasty, about 1500 AD. The Ming Dynasty was very powerful, with a big army and a big navy and a lot of land. But they needed a lot of silver to make coins, to keep the economy moving. China didn't have much silver, so they had to import it.
Earlier history of China
More about the Ming Dynasty
All our China articles
When European traders began to sail directly to China with huge amounts of silver from South America, the Ming emperors were able to find all kinds of things to sell to Europeans in exchange for the silver, especially porcelain, silk, and tea.
History of silver
What is porcelain?
Where does silk come from?
What is it with tea?
The Chinese economy used more and more silver. But by around 1580, they finally had enough silver. Then the West didn't have anything to buy Chinese products with. The resulting slowdown in trade, combined with the Little Ice Age, made the Ming emperors seem like they were doing a bad job, and in 1644 the Ming Dynasty collapsed.
What is the Little Ice Age?
Manchu China and the Qing Dynasty
drawing of Chinese man sitting at a low desk with shelves to one side and a potted plant Manchu China
Jiaqing Emperor in his study: Manchu China
With the Ming Dynasty out of the way, people invaded from the north just like in the time of the Mongols. This time the invaders were the Manchus, and they ruled China as the Qing dynasty.
Who were the Manchu?
More about the Qing Dynasty
Qing Empress Cixi
The Qing dynasty ruled China from 1644 AD until 1911 – nearly three hundred years. Over time, they fell more and more under European control, until by the late 1800s under the Empress Cixi they were unable to defend China against British warships and troops with modern weapons.
The Republic of China
In 1911, the idea of a government run by the people reached China. Rebels forced the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty to abdicate (quit) and formed the Republic of China.
Sun Yat-Sen and the Revolution
The Republic of China formed a modern Chinese army, and gradually also transformed Chinese culture and agriculture, creating a modern society that is now once again one of the richest in the world.
Ming Dynasty
Qing Dynasty
Opium Wars
Empress Cixi
People's Republic
Ancient China
Bibliography and further reading about Chinese history:
Ming Dynasty
Qing Dynasty
Opium Wars
Empress Cixi
People's Republic
Ancient China home


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We have investigated the defect accumulation and amorphization in14N+implanted 6H-SiC as a function of ion fluence using confocal micro-Raman scattering. Raman spectra are very sensitive to changes in the chemical short-range order and to the formation of Si-Siand C-C-bonds, which are not present in the unimplanted material. The technique also allowed the determination of the optical absorption coefficient. It increases proportional to the ion dose until the formation of the amorphous layer, and this increase is related to the formation of absorbing centers.
|Journal||Materials Science Forum|
|Publication status||Published - 1 Jan 2000|