text: A variational framework for the identification and analysis of general nonlinear optimal disturbances in compressible flows is derived. The formulation is based on the compressible Navier–Stokes equations in conserved variables for an ideal gas with temperature-dependent viscosity. A discretely consistent implementation based on generalized coordinates allows the accurate analysis of a wide range of settings. An application in the identification of the optimal disturbances which experience the highest amplification in kinetic energy in pipe flow is presented. At low Mach numbers and moderate initial amplitude, the disturbances undergo a sequence of Orr mechanism, oblique nonlinear interaction and lift-up mechanism, and the energy amplification is consistent with results reported for incompressible flow (Pringle & Kerswell, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 105, 2010, 154502). When the Mach number is increased, the gain in perturbation kinetic energy grows appreciably, and the initial disturbance field becomes increasingly localized. Nonlinear optimal disturbances which are rescaled to higher initial kinetic energy than prescribed in the optimization procedure are demonstrated to evolve into a chaotic state. For a constant time horizon, the initial perturbation energy to reach a high-energy state decreases monotonically with Mach number.


text:
the part of a plant or tree that grows under the ground and gets water from the soil:
These plants produce a number of thin roots.
the main cause of a problem
cause of a problem
be/lie at the root of something (=be the cause of something)
Allergies are at the root of a lot of health problems.
The love of money is the root of all evil.
A competent mechanic should be able to get to the root of the problem (=find out the cause of a problem).
the root causes of crime
the origin or main part of something such as a custom, law, activity etc, from which other things have developed
a legal system with roots in English common law
Jazz has its roots in the folk songs of the southern states of the US.
be/lie at the root of something
the liberal economic policies which lie at the root of American power
your relation to a place because you were born there, or your family used to live there:
immigrants keeping in touch with their cultural roots
Alex Haley's story about his search for his roots became a bestseller.
if you put down roots somewhere, you start to feel that a place is your home and to have relationships with the people there:
Because of her husband's job, they'd moved too often to put down roots anywhere.
the part of a tooth, hair etc that connects it to the rest of your body:
She'd pulled some of Kelly's hair out by the roots.
if an idea, method, activity etc takes root, people begin to accept or believe it, or it begins to have an effect:
Economists believe that economic recovery will begin to take root next year.
if a plant takes root, it starts to grow where you have planted it
8 British English informal
to search for something by moving other things around
the basic part of a word which shows its main meaning, to which other parts can be added. For example, the word 'coldness' is formed from the root 'cold' and the suffix 'ness' [↪ stem]
a number that, when multiplied by itself a certain number of times, equals the number that you have:
2 is the fourth root of 16.
if you destroy or change something root and branch, you get rid of it or change it completely and permanently because it is bad:
a root and branch reform of the electoral system

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Almost incandescent in the soft light of an overcast sky, the remarkable color of this scrub oak apple gall contrasts sharply with the muted greens, grays and browns of the surrounding chaparral.
The gall forms in response to the larvae of the California gall wasp. The gall protects the developing larvae, as well as providing it a source of food.
On the right side of the gall there appears to be a "sun print" of an oak leaf in the red color, where a nearby leaf may have shielded the surface from sunlight.
From today's run on the Backbone Trail in the Santa Monica Mountains, near Saddle Peak.


text:
How many words in a speech. How Many Words are in a Five 2022-11-09
How many words in a speech Rating:
The number of words in a speech can vary greatly depending on the purpose and length of the presentation. A short speech might be a few hundred words, while a longer keynote address could be several thousand words. Ultimately, the most important consideration is not the specific number of words, but whether the speech effectively communicates its message to the audience.
One way to determine the appropriate length for a speech is to consider the time allotted for the presentation. For example, if you have 20 minutes to speak, it may not be feasible to deliver a speech that is several thousand words long. On the other hand, if you have an hour or more to speak, you may be able to include more content and use more words.
Another factor to consider is the audience and the topic of the speech. If the topic is complex or technical, it may be necessary to use more words to fully explain the concepts and ideas being presented. On the other hand, if the topic is more straightforward or familiar to the audience, you may be able to use fewer words to get your point across.
Ultimately, the key to a successful speech is to find the right balance between the number of words and the time allotted for the presentation. By carefully considering the purpose of the speech, the audience, and the topic, you can determine the appropriate number of words to use to effectively communicate your message.
How Many Words Should Be in My Speech? (Based on Number of Minutes)
See all the 5 exercises to develop an adaptive speaking rate Tips taken from 1. These estimates use the average speaking pace of 150 words per minute to estimate. A tip is to divide your 750 words into the points you want to impart. By preparing in this way, you can deliver a powerful and effective presentation that will leave your audience impressed. How Do You Estimate How Many Words You Speak Per Minute? Rate of Speech Speed can be calculated in words per minute wpm just like the typing speed. Get to the stage where you no longer require anything gradually. A 32-minute speech should contain between 4000 and 6400 words.
Resultedly, you would cover between 625 to 750 words per minute if you were to write a speech.. A 37-minute speech should contain between 4625 and 7400 words. If you can record yourself, do so. How minutes is 1,500 words? There are 9,000 words in a 1-hour speech. It is easy to get tired of listening to your voice as you get closer to five minutes. Thus, they will remain engaged on what else you have to say.
How Many Words is a 5 Minute Speech? — Word Counter
If you speak at an average speed between: 1200 — 1600 words. How Many Words in a 19-minute speech? There is no tried and true method to get the exact number of minutes it will take you to do a speech except to practice. If you do too many words, you are in danger of repeating points that you have previously made and it will dilute the overall quality of the speech. How Many Words in a 35-minute speech? There are a few key steps you can take to propose something: In order to understand how proposals are created, it is helpful to understand the three main types of proposals. On average if the font is plain, sans-serif, without embellishment, like Arial or Verdana, its size is set for 12px, and the line spacing is set for 1. There are many reasons why either option might be the best one, but ultimately it comes down to personal preference.
A 26-minute speech should contain between 3250 and 5200 words. How many words in an 8-minute speech? The average person speaks 125-150 WPM. A 3-minute speech should contain between 375 and 600 words. Citing concrete examples to prove a point is a persuasive method as well. Another is to get their permission firstthis will ensure that your proposal is truly theirs and not something they think is best for them.
How Many Words In A 10 Minute Speech? [A Word Count Guide]
A 51-minute speech should contain between 6375 and 10200 words. Build Career Skills Online Fast-track your career with award-winning courses and realistic practice. Read again incorporating your changes. Final Thoughts The significance of practice cannot be overstated. After some revision, practise it once more.
How Many Words Is A 4 Minute Speech And The Best Way To Prepare For It
Preparation Tips to Nail Your Speech Presentation Speaking is just talking, right? To help you with that, here are some pointers: 1. Most people can simply hear his voice, mid-speech, and know who is talking. Nowadays you can easily test your English Speaking Speed with TypingMaster's Free Speech Test above. Beyond the word count, being able to communicate the essence of your speech clearly and eloquently is more important. How Many Minutes is 6500 words? They cannot tell you are not looking at them, and it gives you the chance to look up from your notes without making you completely uncomfortable. Also included are some tips for any speaker. You can probably recognize the patterns of speech of famous actors or politicians.
Do you give a speech when you propose? What is your Speech Rate? How Many Words in a 36-minute speech? You should aim to write about 600 to 650 words in this section. A 43-minute speech should contain between 5375 and 8600 words. It will help you master your time You only have 3 minutes to impress your audience. Most expert speakers agree, preparing well can be your best protection against nervousness. What Is The Word Count For A 5 Minute Speech? Naturally this will slow down your speaking rate.
Try not to detract from the flow and coherence of your speech or from the essence of your message. You can use our. How minutes is 5,000 words? Introduction As always, your introduction should be the shortest part of your speech and should remain as concise as possible. How To Fix Voice Recognization Speed Test Problems? Should I really have to write more just because I speak fast? How Many Words in a 15-minute speech? If you are a fast speaker between: 3,200 - 4,000 words. How Many Words in a 46-minute speech? If what you have written is under 4 minutes, then you need to write more. If you speak at an average speed between: 720 — 960 words. Would it be fair to take the number above for a two-minute speech 250 and simply double it when giving a four-minute speech? How Many Minutes is 5500 words? How Many Minutes is 1500 words? If you limit the time or have a minimum amount of time it must be, then you are forcing the speech to be written to a time rather than being written for what needs to be said.
That is all you have to explain your product, tell your story, and convince them to buy it. This article will serve as your guide to writing a 10 minute speech with the appropriate word count. When it comes to three-minute speeches, you still have a limited time to give the information, but the audience gets more time to listen to the content. A 10-minute speech should contain between 1250 and 2000 words. Conclusion How Many Words Is A 3 Minute Speech Since the average number of words a person speaks per minute is 140 to 160, the average word count for a 3-minute speech is 450. How Many Minutes is 7750 words? The average reading speed is exactly as it sounds, it refers to how many words a person can typically read on average per minute.
A 38-minute speech should contain between 4750 and 7600 words. How Many Words in an 8-minute speech? This can be done through writing a proposal, or even just talking about your idea with someone else. With fewer words, you can say more. Many people believe that preparing a speech in advance is a waste of time. Regardless, the following estimations can help you get a good idea of how long it will take you to say a certain number of words based on your speaking speed—slow, medium, or fast. Scholastic gives some Avoid tongue-twisters or big words that are difficult to articulate in one breath. Speaking Speed Test NOTE: Please allow this page to access your Microphone after clicking the Start button.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text: AbstractCellulose fibres from sugarcane bagasse were bleached and modified by zirconium oxychloride in order to improve the mechanical properties of composites with high density polyethylene (HDPE). The mechanical properties of the composites prepared from chemically modified cellulose fibres were found to increase compared to those of bleached fibres. Tensile strengths of the composites showed a decreasing trend with increasing filler content. However, the values for the chemically modified cellulose fibres/HDPE composites at all mixing ratios were found to be higher than that of neat HDPE. Results of water immersion tests showed that the water absorption affected the mechanical properties. The fracture surfaces of the composites were recorded using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM micrographs revealed that interfacial bonding between the modified filler and the matrix was significantly improved by the fibre modification.


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Chart of Accounts Settings
Chart of Accounts Settings
Out of the box, Zuora can provide you with basic revenue data to use in your general ledger accounting system. If you later decide to use Zuora as a full-featured revenue sub-ledger system, you can access more powerful and complete features by upgrading to Zuora Finance. But in the meantime, you can immediately start applying accounting codes to your Zuora transactions, providing basic accounting information right away and ensuring that valuable historical accounting data will be in place later.
Review your Zuora Chart of Accounts
Zuora uses a set of accounting codes (stored in a chart of accounts) to identify different types of financial transactions within your Zuora data. This allows you to use your Zuora data for revenue accounting.
To do this, you'll need to configure the Zuora chart of accounts to contain a subset of your primary accounting system's general ledger account codes. For new tenants, a standard set of codes is provided as a starting place, and that may be all you need.
You'll find a better explanation of these ideas in the instructions linked below.
Assign Accounting Codes to your Financial Transactions
Once you've made sure that the chart of accounts is tailored to your needs, you can configure your system to automatically assign the correct accounting codes to the various types of transactions - invoices, payments, credits, and refunds. In some cases, your users can override the automatically-assigned accounting code for an individual transaction. You'll find detailed explanations of all this in the instructions linked below.
The instructions are on the following pages in this section:
Next Steps
When you've completed steps 1 and 2 above, begin using accounting codes with all your transactions. Where Zuora wants you to provide or approve an accounting code, you'll see a drop-down list that lets you choose an appropriate code. As your data accumulates, you can draw basic reports and data exports that include this accounting data, which you can use to provide revenue data for your accounting system.


I am a 16 year old male who has recently been gifted a big encyclopedia on computer science by a friend of mine. I am usually not that interested in computers and technology, but computer science has started to fascinate me. I do however intend to study Physics and/or Mathematics and not CS, so my question is, would it be useful to conduct a self-study of computer science? I'm not of course going for the level of a BSc but just the basics of CS (it is an encyclopedia with ~600 pages).
 - 3
 $\begingroup$ What is the name of the encyclopedia? $\endgroup$ – Guy Coder Sep 14 '12 at 19:50
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_: Wikipedia $\endgroup$ – Thomas Eding Sep 18 '12 at 20:14
I think that learning about computer science certainly can be an advantage. Here are a number of (related) skills computer science has to offer.
 1. Programming – knowing how to program is a useful skill for any discipline. Statisticians and sociologists, geographers and engineers, and so on, often find themselves needing to program. Following a CS degree should teach you to program properly.
 2. Modelling – one of the key things computer scientists do is modelling the world. True, physicists, biologies and sociologists do too, but the kinds of models they are different. Knowing about the kinds of models computer scientists build can often help modelling in other disciplines. Even better, computer science models are generally executable (see point 1).
 3. Abstraction – computer science is all about abstraction, ignoring irrelevant details to bring out the core of a problem. When modelling a programming language, not every single detail is modelled. One can abstract away from almost all details and study the concurrency model in isolation or just the classes in an object-oriented language. This kind of abstraction is less common in other sciences (I claim), but they are crucial for understanding phenomena computer scientists are interested in. I'm sure that other fields could benefit from some abstraction.
This is probably best summed up in an article about Computational thinking by Jeannette Wing.
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ Nice article! People tend to forget that 'computer' can qualify both a machine and a human. $\endgroup$ – mrk Sep 14 '12 at 21:16
 - $\begingroup$ Here is a talk by Jeannette Wing on the same subject. $\endgroup$ – mrk Sep 14 '12 at 21:30
 - $\begingroup$?? _USER_ link missing $\endgroup$ – vzn Sep 22 '12 at 17:51
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ _USER_ Wops! Don't know how I missed it. Here we go: youtube.com/watch?v=C2Pq4N-iE4I $\endgroup$ – mrk Sep 22 '12 at 22:05
I would say that anyone in a Science/Engineering track should have at least some CS. Familiarity with at least one programming language, data structures, and basic knowledge of algorithms will come in handy more than you think...
I never thought it would matter much, but now I wish I had tackled these things earlier in my career.
Not sure about a good "intro to programming book" but this was a decent intro to algorithms book.
Not sure about the suggestion to take "real" courses either. Be careful and ask around about the teacher/work load. I was not impressed by the ones I took and feel like I was better off on my own in some respects. Don't feel bound to the prerequisites, talk to the advisers and get placed in the classes that will help you the most.
Computers are a great tool for physicists, say you want to run a simulation about a physical phenomenon it would be useful to know the fastest algorithm avaliable, if it can be computed in a reasonable amount of time, etc.
I'm a software engineer and love computer science, it's good to know what problems computers can solve as well.
If you have been studying physics or maths, studying computer science wont be a problem for you, and it is always good to get some knowledge from a good source. You are also right in your own sense if you dont have to pursue a degree in computer science why you should study that, but you can think it in other way also, inspite of spending your time here and there during your vacations you can learn computer science, as of today you dont want to pursue carrier in computer science, but tomarrow your opinion may change with time. Even if you dont change your mind a knowledge earned is never wasted. Just try with introduction part of few chapters you will be convinced to read more and then you can move further.
Your Answer


HomeAdvice Centre Ford Models Ford Focus Ford Focus Road Costs Ford Focus ST-Line and ST Fuel Consumption
Ford Focus ST-Line and ST Fuel Consumption
There are multiple factors to consider when buying a new or used car that will likely affect its initial price point as well as any other costs that may be incurred later in its lifetime. Fuel cost is one recurring cost that is often subject to change and is often dependent on the car and its fuel consumption, it can also have an impact on the CO2 emissions of your car so it's an important factor to consider.
Whether you're buying a used or new Ford Focus, being aware of the ongoing costs may have an impact on the model you choose to buy.
This guide is intended to provide an overview of the Ford Focus ST and ST-Line, with the aim being to provide an informed decision when comparing these models to other vehicles on the market.
In this guide:
Learn more about the impact that fuel consumption can have on the ongoing running costs of your new or used car.
Find out more about the fuel consumption rates for the Ford Focus ST range.
Find out more about the fuel consumption rates for the Ford Focus ST-Line range.
Learn more about the key differences between the Ford Focus ST and Ford Focus ST-Line
Fuel consumption impact on running costs
Fuel consumption makes up a large portion of the running costs for a vehicle. In most cases, it will be the largest ongoing running cost, especially for older models. The average UK household spends 14% of its total budget on fuel, totalling up to around £1,100.
The amount of fuel that a car uses, whether diesel or petrol, is known as its fuel consumption. Many different variables contribute to a given car's fuel consumption from the design of the vehicle chassis to the size of its engine and your driving style. The more energy a vehicle can utilise from its fuel, the more fuel efficient it is.
This is then measured in terms of how far the car can travel in miles for every gallon in the tank, often written as MPG (miles per gallon). The higher the MPG, the better, as it means fewer refuelling stops and more money saved.
Ford Focus ST fuel consumption
The Ford Focus ST is a hatchback that comes with increased performance with a top speed of 155mph, as well as a sport mode. There are two options available for the engine in the form of a 2.3 litre petrol or 2.0 litre diesel engine.
The turbocharged petrol engine can be extremely thirsty when really put to the test and driven fast. However, when driven normally, it achieves an average of 34 MPG, bringing it to the same level as the UK average. This is, in part, due to the EcoBoost Ford engine technology which only injects the right amount of fuel into the engine when it is needed.
The 2.0 litre diesel ST model does manage to squeeze more out of the tank than its petrol-fuelled counterpart. This comes in at around 50 MPG which is close to 20% above the average for a modern diesel car.
Fuel consumption for Ford Focus ST-Line
The Ford Focus ST-Line is a less powerful version of the ST but still comes with all the sporty exterior trim and details. Due to the smaller engine, the ST-Line can be pushed further in terms of fuel consumption and efficiency at the cost of a top speed of 130mph compared to 150mph for the ST.
The petrol version is, again, powered by Ford's EcoBoost petrol engine and can produce around 50-54 MPG. The much smaller 1.0 litre engine is the reason for this dramatic increase when compared to the sportier Ford Focus ST.
As can be expected, the diesel-fuelled ST-Line squeezes yet more MPG from the engine, with an official rating of 54-58 MPG for the 1.5L. and 57-60 MPG for the 2.0L versions. This makes it the most fuel-efficient of the entire new Ford Focus range, making it a popular choice.
Differences between Ford Focus ST/ST-Line
The differences between a used or new Focus ST and ST-Line in terms of MPG are clear, with a near doubling of mileage gains from the fuel that's put into the tank, whether it's petrol or diesel.
For those wanting the additional power and performance, then the Ford Focus ST is a reliable and easily maintained choice. However, for those who are looking to reduce fuel costs but keep the same reliability, the ST-Line will provide more value. The Ford Focus ST-Line is the best choice when it comes to fuel efficiency so if you want a Ford Focus model with lower ongoing costs, this is the car for you.
These differences are not only important for fuel economy but also for vehicle taxation. The ST-Line will incur a higher tax cost simply due to the fuel type, larger engine size and increased CO2 output, all of which are a factor when calculating standing vehicle tax.
In summary
As we have already mentioned, fuel cost is the most significant of all the standing costs of a vehicle over the course of its lifetime. As the car depreciates over time, the efficiency of its engine will reduce.
By buying a car with an efficient engine, that depreciation will be mitigated and the value gained from owning a vehicle that can travel further for less will be maintained. This means that initial cost benefit calculations from fuel savings will stay true for longer when factoring in time and use wearing the engine out.
To talk to our team of experts about your options when it comes to the Ford Focus ST and ST-Line or to find your nearest TC Harrison Ford dealer, please contact us today.


Bird watchers prepare to document different species tomorrow
Bird Watching
Bird Watching
Bird watchers in the Tri-Cities are getting ready to wake up early tomorrow to see what species of birds are flying around our area.
Tomorrow, members of the Lower Columbia Basin Audubon Society are holding their annual Christmas Bird Count.
They'll spend the day looking for birds, and documenting what species they find, and how many birds there are in the Tri-Cities.
The event started out as a hobby for bird watchers, but became a post-Christmas tradition in 1968.
"As the number of counts have increased, the amount of data that has been collected has been a phenomenal source of information about where birds have been moving to, where birds are less-found, or more birds are found" said William Barchet, count coordinator.
The count starts tomorrow morning at 7:30 AM.
Anybody can participate.
For more information, click here.


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The practice of offering turkey to God was popular in the time of King David, which is why it appears so often in Psalms. It derived from an older practice of offering turkey to one's parents: people thought, Why offer it to our parents? We can offer it to God!, and did so. The older practice of offering one's parents turkey is alluded to in the verse in Genesis (37:3):
וְיִשְׂרָאֵל אָהַב אֶת יוֹסֵף מִכָּל בָּנָיו כִּי בֶן זְקֻנִים הוּא לוֹ וְעָשָׂה לוֹ כְּתֹנֶת פַּסִּים
En hamikra omer ela "Darsheni!". This verse makes no sense on first read — what does having a beard have to do with a shirt? — and must be read at a deeper level.
"אהב" is clearly an acronym for "אכל הודו בלילות", "ate turkey at night", so the verse reads:
Jacob ate turkey, from all his sons, at night with Joseph. Because his son [=Joseph] was bearded, he made him a shirt of stripes.
The "shirt of stripes" that Jacob made for Joseph was actually a sort of bib to prevent the barbecue sauce from getting in his beard. It had stripes so that stains would not appear as visibly as they would on a bib that was all one color.
Later, after the time of King David, the custom evolved further. People stopped offering turkey wholly to God and started eating parts of it, as with a korban sh'lamim. Eventually, they stopped offering it at all, and just ate it themselves, from which derives the modern practice of eating turkey on Thanksgiving.


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Dictionary Mode: easton:Fast
Fast @ The sole fast required by the law of Moses was that of the great Day of Atonement (q.v.), Leviticus:23:26-32. It is called "the fast" Acts:27:9). The only other mention of a periodical fast in the Old Testament is in Zechariah:7:1-7 Zechariah:8:19, from which it appears that during their captivity the Jews observed four annual fasts. (1.) The fast of the fourth month, kept on the seventeenth day of Tammuz, the anniversary of the capture of Jerusalem by the Chaldeans; to commemorate also the incident recorded Exodus:32:19. (Comp. Jeremiah:52:6-7.) (2.) The fast of the fifth month, kept on the ninth of Ab (comp. Numbers:14:27), to commemorate the burning of the city and temple Jeremiah:52:12-13). (3.) The fast of the seventh month, kept on the third of Tisri (comp. 2Kings:25), the anniversary of the murder of Gedaliah Jeremiah:41:1-2). (4.) The fast of the tenth month (comp. Jeremiah:52:4; Ezekiel:33:21; 2Kings:25:1), to commemorate the beginning of the siege of the holy city by Nebuchadnezzar. There was in addition to these the fast appointed by Esther (4:16). Public national fasts on account of sin or to supplicate divine favour were sometimes held. (1.) 1Samuel:7:6; (2.) 2Chronicals:20:3; (3.) Jeremiah:36:6-10; (4.) Nehemiah:9:1. There were also local fasts. (1.) Judges:20:26; (2.) 2Samuel:1:12; (3.) 1Samuel:31:13; (4.) kjvKings:21:9-12; (5.) Ezra:8:21-23: (6.) Jonah:3:5-9. There are many instances of private occasional fasting ( 1Samuel:1:7: 20:34; 2Samuel:3:35 2Samuel:12:16; kjvKings:21:27; Ezra:10:6; Nehemiah:1:4; Daniel:10:2-3). Moses fasted forty days Exodus:24:18 Exodus:34:28), and so also did Elijah (kjvKings:19:8). Our Lord fasted forty days in the wilderness Matthew:4:2). In the lapse of time the practice of fasting was lamentably abused Isaiah:58:4; Jeremiah:14:12; Zechariah:7:5). Our Lord rebuked the Pharisees for their hypocritical pretences in fasting Matthew:6:16). He himself appointed no fast. The early Christians, however, observed the ordinary fasts according to the law of their fathers Acts:13:3 Acts:14:23; 2Corinthians:6:5).
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2012 - pBiblx2 Field Wise Bible System Version 2.0.9d - GPL3


text:
Acceleration due to gravity
A downloadable resource in which students determine a value for gravitational acceleration.
This downloadable resource is a worksheet for a practical activity where students determine a value for the acceleration due to gravity and then compare it to 9.8 ms-2.
Students drop a ball from a height and measure the distance covered and time taken.
The worksheet details the necessary calculations.
- Year 10 > Science Inquiry Skills > Processing and analysing data and information > Analyse patterns and trends in data, including describing relationships between... > ACSIS203
- Year 10 > Science Inquiry Skills > Processing and analysing data and information > Use knowledge of scientific concepts to draw conclusions that are consistent... > ACSIS204
- Year 10 > Science Understanding > Physical Sciences > The motion of objects can be described and predicted using the laws of physics > ACSSU229
- Year Senior Secondary > Science Understanding > Physical Sciences


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The Feasibility of Micronutrient (Iron) Food Fortification in Pacific Island Countries (A report of Mr Robert Hughes prepared for WHO Western Pacific Regional Office)
The main aim of the consultancy was to obtain information on food production and distribution, availability and consumption in the Pacific to determine the best vehicles for food fortification. Specific objects were:
1. Determination of the total volume of possible vehicles for fortification available for consumption in Pacific Island Countries (PIC) by source of origin.
2. Description of distribution and marketing structure (in bulk or labeled), as well as agreements among countries regarding importations and food control.
3. Investigate the availability of information from food consumption studies that can help determine the distribution of the above foods (potential vehicles for fortification) in each country in order to estimate nutritional implications for urban vs rural population, different age groups, males/females and socio-economic classes.
4. Draw conclusions on the most suitable vehicles for a fortification program for the Pacific countries and propose the steps needed to implement this.
The prevalence of anaemia is high in the region and the most likely causes are diets insufficient in iron and/or parasite infections.
The prevalence of anaemia in women and children in PICs is high enough to warrant a public health intervention.
Fortifying the food supply with iron would be an effective way of increasing population iron intakes.
The most effective programs to reduce iron deficiency anaemia would involve the elimination of helminth and parasite infections and increasing dietary iron intakes of Pacific populations.
Food import volumes were determined for 10 PICs.
The principal sources of origin of flour and rice for most PICs were Fiji, Australia and the USA and imported rice and flour from these countries now provide the main staple foods.
Literature searches found only three recent Pacific food consumption studies.
Low proportions of rural populations consume flour and rice (14.7%) in Vanuatu and possibly most of rural/remote Melanesia.
On the basis of evidence food availability data and limited consumption studies, flour and rice appear to be the most suitable vehicles for fortification.
Results of 3 food consumption studies may not be sufficient on which to base a food fortification program.
Imported flour and rice is already enriched in many PICs.
Food production in Australia, NZ and the USA shows a general trend towards enriching foods for domestic consumption with additional nutrients, including iron.
The issue of fortifying multiple food vehicles becomes an alternative to fortification of a single food.
Food availability data collected and analysed by FAO remains the best source of food availability in the Pacific. Unfortunately, these data only provide information for 8 PICs and at best, are only rough estimates.
In many cases country import data were either, unreliable, inappropriate, or not available in a form that could be analysed, raising more issues than solely determining the nutrient quality of the food supply.
From the results of this consultancy, it is recommended that:
1. Wheat flour and rice are the most suitable vehicles for iron fortification in PICs.
Issues such as levels and safety of iron fortificants, policing of mandatory fortification, quality control, contamination and producer compliance are beyond the scope of this consultancy.
2. Fortification and helminth elimination programs be undertaken in unison.
There is enough evidence to suggest that a food fortification program should not be undertaken in isolation. Iron deficiency anaemia is an outcome of a range of influencing factors that include an iron deficient diet and helminth/parasite infections. Since fortified foods seem to be imported into many PICs, the question of whether a fortification program is necessary arises. More data should be collected to determine the exact proportions of fortified foods already entering PICs. Pacific governments should be alerted to this in order to make informed decisions about the development of national and/or regional food fortification programs. This also enables governments and regional bodies to determine whether a single or multiple food vehicle program will be the most effective.
3. Regular low-cost food and nutrition surveys be undertaken.
The searches undertaken during this consultancy showed that little is known about the dietary habits and food consumption patterns of Pacific populations. Very little is known about food distribution within countries and what proportion of anaemia prevalence is due to parasitic infection. Accurate information on food consumption is necessary for governments to make decisions about a range of food and health issues in order to develop policy and programs.
4. A uniform regional approach to food import and availability data collection and analysis be taken.
This consultancy found it difficult to access individual PIC food availability data and of data received, many were incomplete, difficult to interpret and/or inconsistent. This raises issues of national food security, disaster preparedness and emergency relief. Every country government should have easy access to up-to-date per capita food availability of nutrient rich foods in order to determine quantities of foods available to feed populations in times of emergency.


text:
This study examines student teaching of elementary teacher preparation programs in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the United States of America (USA). Two programs comparable in program design, course requirements and goals were selected for exploration. The key aspects that were studied about student teaching include its unit ratio in a program, features of placements, written work by student teachers and evaluation. Findings indicate that these programs share the same basic elements related to student teaching but differences exist in student teaching sequence, focus on candidates' practice to assume teaching responsibilities, participation in evaluation and level of peer interaction. The PRC program places an emphasis on teamwork of candidates and makes them active evaluators in a three-step sequence including mock mini lessons. The USA candidates are required to gain considerably more field and teaching experience in duration and number of lessons to teach cross multiple subjects. They also reflect on their practices regularly in addition to fulfilling other credential requirements beyond the program. Educational implications are discussed regarding the characteristics of the programs in an international context.
Student Teaching Practice in Two Elementary Teacher Preparation Programs.
Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 37(1).


Exploring Israel on foot, Dr. Seuss's humanity and preserving Eritrean culture through Art
This show reflects an appreciation for culture through the arts–writing, fine art and Dr. Seuss's illustrative art.
NBC News correspondent and former Middle East Bureau Chief, Martin Fletcher, joins World Footprints to share his new book, Walking Israel. Fletcher's book chronicles his adventures and insights as he walked along the coast of Israel meeting people and immersing himself in his surroundings. We will discuss some of the misperceptions that some have of Israel and why a visit to the historic country is worth considering.
Then, the art of human rights in the African Nation of Eritrea takes center stage as we introduce you to artist and activist Elsa Gebreyesus who is using her art to encourage hope, preserve history and fight political oppression across an ocean.
Finally, "Who-ville" comes alive and everyone from Horton to the Cat in the Hat raises awareness of a variety of social issues when curator Bill Dreyer takes us inside the art of Ted Geisel (Dr. Seuss). Dreyer represents the Art of Dr. Seuss and he will tell us why Dr. Seuss was ahead of his time with his art and its commentary on everything from discrimination, the environment, to the state of the economy.


text:
a typical SoDIMM.
The SoDIMM package proved so compelling it has been adapted for SDRAM modules. The SDRAM SoDIMMs are slightly longer than those used by older technologies, measuring 2.67 inches (67.6 millimeters) long.
As with full-size DIMMs, SDRAM SoDIMMs come in two physically incompatible styles for SDR and DDR.
SDR SoDIMMs have 144 contacts on their edge connectors. DDR modules have 200. Each style of SoDIMM has a single notch, but the position of the notch is different for SDR and DDR modules. With SDR modules, the notch is only slightly offset from the center; with DDR modules, the notch is near one edge (the pin 1 side) of the module. Figure 16.7 shows the difference in the notches used by the two varieties of SDRAM modules.
|[ Team LiB ]|


Laravel Upset
Admin Laravel _PHONE_-14 09:41:51
laravel upset
When to use eloquent upserts
You've probably come across a situation before where you needed to do some kind of mass update or sync with external data. A naive way you might approach this could be similar to below.
collect($csvContacts)->each(function (array $row) {
 $contact = Contact::updateOrCreate(
 ['email' => $row['email']],
 ['name' => $row['name'], 'address' => $row['address']]
Under the hood, this will make 2 queries for each record. First, it will find the first row matching all of the key/value pairs in the first array. If a row already exists, it will update it, otherwise a new row is inserted.
With small imports this will work fine, but imagine you had 100,000 rows in your CSV. This would result in 200,000 queries, which is going to take forever.
Using Upserts
When using upserts a single query is made containing all the rows. This query includes on duplicate key update on MySQL and on conflict... do update set on Postgres which instructs the database to update records if they already exist in the database.
It's important to note that you must have either a primary or unique index on the column you are upserting on the database. If you forget to add the index you'll get an error.
Obviously, making a single query is much more efficient and lets the database internally compute duplicate rows (which is very quick since you have an index on the column).
It's also a good idea to chunk these queries into blocks, especially if your queries are inserting/updating lots of data. If you don't do this, you may hit query size limits on some databases.
 ->map(function (array $row) {
 return Arr::only($row, ['email', 'name', 'address']);
 ->each(function (Collection $chunk) {
 Contact::upsert($chunk, 'email');
Additional Reading


Important: Please read the Qt Code of Conduct -
Get signal on activate a certain cell in a tableview
 - Is there a way to get a signal when a certain cell (or column) in a qtableview loses the focus or get activated (a QAbstractItemView witch is inherid by a qtableview holds the signal "activated").
 Is it possible with a connect statement similar to this:
 connect(ui->myTableview->"here I don't know how to point to cell 0, 1",SIGNAL(activated), this, SLOT(myFunction))
 If it is possible like in the connect statement above, how do I write the sender (e.g. cell 0,1 in the tableview) correct
 Or is there an other way??
 Thank you in advance!
 - Lifetime Qt Champion
 What about using
 You get new QModelIndex which has
 So when u get this signal, u can check if the "watched" col and do your thing.
 You also get last QModelIndex, so you can check if a cell is "left" that way.
 Meaning its the last ModelIndex.
Log in to reply


text:
Researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy and Energy System Technology (IWES) have launched a project to automate the process of manufacturing rotor blades wind turbines in an effort to reduce production costs by more than 10 percent.
Using an $8 million euro (about $11 million US) investment from German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Reactor Safety, scientists at the German research facility will work alongside research partners to analyze the current, mainly manual process of producing wind-turbine blades through the BladeMaker project to assess the potential for automation, Florian Sayer, department chief of Fraunhofer IWES' rotor blade competence center, told Design News.
"It is obvious at the moment that it is a very labor-intensive project, and reducing labor efforts by automated technology could reduce the cost," he said. "It is also very challenging to actually develop such systems and processes."
Because the production of the rotor is about 25 percent of the entire production of a wind turbine, researchers think that by cutting the cost of this process, they can significantly cut the entire production cost of turbines themselves. Sayer said a 10 percent reduction in the manufacturing cost represents about 10,000 euros (about $13,000 US) in savings per blade.
Manufacturing the rotor blades for wind turbines like this one, from REPower Systems AG, is still mainly a manual process. Now Fraunhofer Institute has embarked on a research project to find a way to leverage automation to cut more than 10 percent of the costs out of the current process. REPower is one of the partners on the project, called BladeMaker.
(Source: REPower Systems AG)
Wind turbines increasingly are being used as a
green energy source, and Germany is one of the leading countries to invest in the technology. The US and other countries in Europe -- including France, Spain, Portugal, and the United Kingdom -- also are adoption leaders.
The current method for rotor-blade production is by a vacuum-infusion process in which two molds -- one each of each half of the blade -- are reinforced with fiberglass or carbon-fiber matting. Currently, workers do this process nearly entirely by hand, generating a vacuum and injecting resin to bond the mats. Once hardened, another manual process blends the two halves of the blade, which is then varnished.
One blade usually takes about a day to manufacture, Sayer said, but it's more cost cutting than a reduction in the time it takes to build a rotor that the BladeMaker project aims to achieve. "Reducing cycle times is always an issue, but in the end it's the cost we want to reduce," he said.
As part of the project, Fraunhofer will develop a lab to act as a proving ground for automation technologies and processes that could be viable in the production of rotor blades. This has been one stumbling block to an investment in automation by blade manufacturers, Sayer told us. "Blade manufacturers are not investing in automation because they need to make 100 percent sure that the systems actually work."
Project partners will analyze and assess a number of processes and factors in the manufacturing process -- including fiber placements, mold creation, the use of new materials, and the overall design of the blades -- to see how they can be adapted or, if necessary, adapted to an automation process, Sayer said.
Industry partners in the project include rotor manufacturers SINOI and REPower Systems AG, automation provider Siemens AG, and the University of Bremen, among 13 others. The project will conclude its work at the end of September 2017.


Reaching the Unreached Tribes of Peru
by Peter Hocking
The apostle Paul had the strategy of taking the gospel 'where Christ was not known' (Rom. 15:20). Similarly in this article we will consider as 'unreached' any tribe that does not have an evangelical church of any kind.
The years _PHONE_ saw the first mission work in the jungles of Peru, which focused on evangelising Spanish-speaking people. Progress was slow, but the Lord blessed the work and a number of small churches were established. From 1940 mission workers arrived with a call to reach tribal people. They began the work among tribes that were open to engaging with outsiders. As more workers arrived, progress was made in establishing relationships with tribal groups that previously had been hostile to foreigners. By 2000, most of Peru's tribes had at least a few groups of believers and parts of God's Word in their own language. At this stage, some mission groups felt that their task had been completed and began to phase out their work among the tribes of Peru. However, from field research we realise that there is still much to be done and so our concern remains. We hope to see a healthy church, capable of reproducing itself, in every tribal group.
In Peru, tribes can be classified as follows:
- Tribes that have numerous churches - 19 tribes, including: the Machiguengas and the Shipibo Conibo in the Amazon Basin. Most of these have formed their own association of churches and several have Bible institutes, as well as the New Testament and some books of the Old Testament in their own language.
- Tribes that have a few weak churches - 22 tribes, including: the Amarakaeri, along the Madre de Dios and Colorado Rivers; the Kulina, in south-eastern Peru; and the Piro or Yine, living in the Cusco, Loreto and Ucayali Regions. These tribes have a few churches and some sections of the Bible, but are weak due to syncretism and a lack of spiritual leadership. Mission workers are needed to work with them, to encourage, teach and improve their understanding of how to apply the Scriptures to their lives.
- Unreached tribes who have no church - 16 tribes, including: the Maijuna, found in the north-eastern Peruvian Amazon; and the Yora, in the Madre de Dios and Ucayali Regions. As yet ten of these tribes have no gospel contact.1
From this third group, there are six unreached tribes that have had some outside contact and have formed small villages. Among these are the Maijunas, the Chitonahuas and the Yaminahuas. They plant crops, speak a little Spanish and trade farm produce with travelling merchants. The ten other tribes live as families scattered in the jungle and depend on hunting and gathering wild fruit. They are primitive, nomadic people, almost entirely naked and possess very few tools.
These tribes have a long history of being exploited and mistreated either by a powerful neighbouring tribe or the Mestizo, those from the Spanish-speaking culture. When the lumber industry invades their territory, the natives who protest at the cutting down of their trees are then killed.
Members of these tribes believe that everything is controlled by spirits, most of which are evil. However, they also believe that there are good spirits that protect and heal them. The shaman is the most important person in their community, as they believe he understands how to bring protection from evil spirits and how to engage good spirits. They think that all sickness is caused by a form of witchcraft and consequently are beholden to the shaman.
These tribes are animist, living in constant dread of the jungle's evil spirits. They fear death, believing that in the next life their spirits will spend their existence wandering around unable to find rest. Drunkenness and immorality are endemic in their culture. They have no concept of sin or the power of Christ, who defeated evil through His death on the cross.
Due to their negative experiences with the timber industry, the tribes fear strangers and attack mission workers who penetrate their territory uninvited. However, some of these nomads are beginning to emerge from the jungle of their own accord, cautiously seeking peaceful contact with neighbouring tribes. This gives hope for sharing the gospel with them.
When the Lord first led us, and our Peruvian co-workers, to evangelise the Yanesha tribe 30 years ago, we limited each visit to a duration of two weeks. Based in the Peruvian Amazon, the tribe had weak churches and had asked for our help in training local leadership. The Yanesha are bilingual so we taught in Spanish, sometimes requesting that one of the church leaders explain to others what we were teaching. However, it appeared that believers were not taking the teaching seriously and were failing to put it into practice in their lives. We prayed more and provided clearer teaching, but there was no significant change. Some of our co-workers decided to stay and live in one of their villages; this revealed that 'Christians' still went to the shaman with their health problems, would get drunk at village feasts and were unfaithful to their wives. Outwardly they seemed to be good Christians, but in their private lives they were no different from other tribal people. This was because of their animistic world view. They had embraced Christianity and had added it to their other beliefs but what really ruled their lives was animism. They had become syncretistic.
We changed our pattern of teaching and began to lay a solid foundation of Old Testament truth that would enable people to better understand the gospel. Previously, people believed in Christ as the 'Powerful One', but not as their Lord and Saviour. They did not understand the seriousness of sin, or the holiness and justice of God. They could not recognise that the spirits, whose help they sought, were demonic, bent on deceiving and destroying them.
From experience, it is necessary to teach the Old Testament chronologically, beginning with Genesis Chapter 1, explaining the nature of God, how He views sin and the need of a substitutionary sacrifice for the forgiveness of sins. Through providing a foundation, people begin to understand their lost condition, understand the person of Jesus Christ and have a genuine conversion experience. Several years ago, we began teaching in this way to the Christians we were working with in the Asháninka tribe, based in the rainforests of Peru. Encouraging changes are now evident in their lives. After a teacher-training seminar, one of the Christian leaders testified: "I have come to realise that I have been preaching about God without really knowing Him! With what I have learned now, I cannot continue doing some of the things that I have been doing!"
It is our prayer that the unreached tribes of Peru, and of the world, may receive and gain an understanding of the gospel, leading to their salvation and laying a firm foundation for church growth.
1. For more information on this ministry, see the Asosiación Segadores (Segadores Association) website:


text:
Wednesday November 18, 2009
The Fudan-Queen's Centre for Environment and Sustainability Research opened this month at Fudan University in Shanghai, China. The new centre will allow Queen's professors to work in collaboration with colleagues in China, helping the Chinese address environmental challenges in a sustainable fashion.
"With our partners, we hope to help move China along a more sustainable path," says Urban and Regional Planning professor John Meligrana. "We'll also provide more learning opportunities for Queen's students and gain a better understanding of the challenges facing our planet when it comes to sustainable development."
The centre brings together expert researchers from both universities, and other institutions. It provides research and educational opportunities for graduate and undergraduate students, and potential for hosting conferences and workshops related to environment and sustainability research.
The Queen's-Fudan Centre is the newest element in the partnership between Queen's and Fudan universities. Its creation recognizes the need for global cooperation to identify, assess and provide practical solutions to some of the world's most pressing environmental problems, especially as they arise in the context of China, the world's greatest emerging economy


Health authorities in the United States and the United Kingdom are alerting hospitals to be on the lookout for an emerging multidrug-resistant yeast in patients that is causing potentially lethal, invasive infections in healthcare settings. First brought to the attention of medical authorities in 2009 in Japan, outbreaks of Candida auris infections have now occurred in nine countries on four continents.
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Patients who have been in intensive care for a long time appear to be particularly susceptible to invasive infection by C. auris.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the U.S. and Public Health England (PHE) in the U.K. have issued alerts to hospitals and testing labs warning that healthcare facilities in several countries have reported that C. auris has been causing severe illness in hospitalized patients.
Invasive infection – where the yeast enters the bloodstream – with any Candida species can be fatal. Based on information from a limited number of patients, the CDC note that 60 percent of patients with C. auris infection have died. However, many of them had serious illnesses that, on their own, raised their risk of death.
There are three main reasons to be concerned about C. auris infections, say the CDC. First, it is often multidrug-resistant; second, it is difficult to identify; third, it has caused outbreaks in hospital settings.
C. auris can enter the bloodstream and spread through the body, causing severe invasive infection. It often does not respond to commonly used antifungal drugs, making infections difficult to treat. The yeast can also cause wound infections and ear infections.
The yeast infection was first identified in 2009 in Japan after being isolated from ear discharge of a patient. Since then, C. auris infections that have entered the bloodstream have been reported from South Korea, South Africa, India, and Kuwait.
Infections have also been identified in Colombia, Pakistan, the U.K., and Venezuela, although these are not detailed in any published reports, note the CDC.
Sporadic cases have been identified throughout England since 2013. One English hospital has identified more than 40 cases in its adult critical care unit.
Two other cases have also been identified in another English hospital, and investigations are under way to find if there are any other cases, says Dr. Berit Muller-Pebody, head of the antimicrobial resistance section at PHE.
So far, however, no multidrug-resistant strains of C. auris have been found in the U.K.
A review of samples collected in the past has raised the possibility of there having been at least one case of C. auris infection in the U.S. that occurred in 2013.
Why C. auris has recently emerged in so many different places is somewhat of a mystery. Molecular analysis of strains suggests while they are related within a country or region, they are highly distinct between continents.
Retrospective testing of samples have revealed that the earliest known infection with C. auris was in South Korea in 1996.
C. auris can only be identified reliably with molecular analysis; conventional lab techniques can mistakenly confuse it with another related fungus.
Misidentification leads to the wrong treatment and raises the chance of the infection spreading to other patients.
Unlike its cousin C. albicans – the yeast that causes thrush infections in the genitals and mouth – C. auris has also been found in urine and respiratory samples. However, it is not clear whether it causes infections in the lung or bladder.
There is not much data on risk factors for C. auris infections, but the CDC say evidence suggests these are much the same as for other types of Candida infections, including recent surgery, diabetes, use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and antifungals, and use of central venous catheter (catheter in a large vein).
Patients who have been in intensive care for a long time appear to be particularly susceptible.
The CDC note it is unlikely that travel to the countries with known outbreaks of C. auris will increase a person's chance of becoming infected with the yeast, as infections have primarily affected patients who were already in the hospital for other reasons.
Most C. auris infections are treatable with a class of antifungals called echinocandins. However, in some cases, the yeast infections have been resistant to all three main classes of antifungals, making them more difficult to treat. In such cases, the infection is treated with high doses of several classes of antifungal drugs at the same time.
The authorities say more work is needed to understand how C. auris spreads, but early evidence suggests it could be via contact with surfaces or medical equipment, or from person to person.
However, certain infection control measures – such as strict hand hygiene and wearing gowns and gloves – are likely to prevent spread. Thorough environmental cleaning of hospital rooms could also help.
Other measures include screening of patients, isolation of those infected, and temporary closure of affected wards to enable thorough deep cleaning with an approved, fungus-targeting product.
The CDC say:
C. auris may not represent a new organism so much as one that is newly emerging in various clinical settings. Although the causes for such emergence are unknown, they may include new or increasing antifungal selection pressures in humans, animals, or the environment."
The CDC recently called for more effort to fight superbugs.


FATIGUE Nursing Care Plan
This is a nursing care plan sample about fatigue of Mr. Ong, 29 years old, civil engineer. Mr. Ong is working very hard; he even works almost 18 hours straight without even napping. Just few eats and drinks and he will back to work again. For almost two weeks of doing this kind of routine, Mr. Ong felt something different with him and it is not good. He immediately went to the hospital for check-up.
"I'm so tired, I need some rest," as verbalized by the patient.
The patient is lethargic and drowsy. He/she is not interested to his/her environment and he/she didn't want to socialize with others. Vital signs are taken and noted as follows: Body temperature is 36.5 degrees Celsius, blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg, respiratory rate is 17 cycles per minute, and pulse rate of 88 beats per minute.
Fatigue related to lethargy as manifested by lack of energy and disinterest in the surroundings. (Lethargy is a condition when a person is irritable, can't stay still and can't find his/her comfort).
After 8 hours of nursing intervention, the patient will report improve sense of energy.
- Ascertain Mr. Ong's belief of about what is causing his fatigue. Assess Mr. Ong's vital signs to evaluate his fluid status and cardiopulmonary response to activity. Determine presence of sleep disturbances because his fatigue can be a consequence of sleep deprivation. Note daily energy patterns. Measure physiological response to activity: changes in blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate. Evaluate need for individual assistance. Established realistic activities with the Mr. Ong and encourage forward movement.
- Instruct Mr. Ong in methods to conserve his energy such as sitting instead of standing during daily care, carry several small leads instead of big one, combine and simplify activity. Take frequent short rest breaks during activities and delegate task for assistance. Encourage Mr. Ong the use of activities device to conserve energy for his other tasks. Avoid exposure to extreme temperature and humidity which can negatively impact his energy level. Provide pleasurable activities. Discuss to Mr. Ong routines to promote restful sleep. Promote his overall health measures: nutrition, adequate fluid intake and appropriate vitamin supplementation.
Note the age, gender and developmental stage; although, some studies show a prevalence of fatigue in working adult, the condition may be present in any person at any age. Identify presence of Mr. Ong's physical and psychological conditions such as factors said above. Review his medication regimen or use. Certain medications, including prescription (especially beta - adrenergic blockers), over-the-counter, herbal supplements, and combinations of drugs or substances, are known to cause and exacerbate his fatigue. Note Mr. Ong's recent lifestyle changes, including his conflicts (expanded responsibilities or job related conflicts), his maturational issues such as adolescent with eating disorder, and developmental issues such as new parenthood and loss of spouse. Assess psychological and personality factors that may affect reports of fatigue level. Evaluate aspect of "learned helplessness" that may be manifested by giving up. This can perpetuate a cycle of fatigue, impaired functioning, and increased anxiety and fatigue. Obtain Mr. Ong descriptions of fatigue like lacking energy or strength, tiredness, weakness lasting over length of time. Note presence of additional concerns such as irritability, lack of concentration, difficulty making decisions, problems with leisure, relationship difficulties. These assist in evaluating impact on Mr. Ong's life. Rate his fatigue from 1-10 and note its effects on his ability to participate in desired activities. Discuss his lifestyle changes or limitations imposed by his fatigue state. Interview Mr. Ong's parent regarding specific changes observed in his child or elder, Mr. Ong may not be able to verbalize feelings or relate meaningful information.
After 8 hours of nursing intervention, the patient reported improved sense of energy.
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Apply These Techniques To Improve ML Model Deployment With AWS Lambda | Hacker Noon
Author profile picture
However, the special requirements of ML models as related to hardware and resources can cause impediments to using serverless architectures. To provide the best solution to our customers, we ran extensive benchmarking to compare serverless to traditional computing for inference workloads. In particular, we evaluated inference workloads on different systems including AWS Lambda, Google Cloud Run, and Verta.
This post talks about how to get started with deploying models on AWS Lambda, along with the pros and cons of using this system for inference.
What is AWS Lambda?
AWS lambda is AWS's serverless offering and arguably the most popular cloud-based serverless framework. Specifically, AWS Lambda is a compute service that runs code on demand (i.e., in response to events) and fully manages the provisioning and management of compute resources for running your code. Of course, as with serverless offerings, it only charges you for the time Lambda is in use.
The main appeal of AWS Lambda is the ease of use on multiple levels: first, the developer doesn't have to worry about infrastructure or resources and can focus only on business logic; second, the developer doesn't need to maintain infrastructure, so upgrades, patches, and scaling is fully taken care of; and finally, as mentioned prior, using Lambda can be cheaper in terms of total cost of ownership (TCO).
In this blog, we will describe how to run ML models on AWS Lambdas. In particular, we will demonstrate how to run DistillBERT on Lambda.
Note that this blog post focuses on the ML-specific aspects of deploying to AWS Lambda. For a primer on how to deploy to Lambda in general, check out these tutorials: Hello World with consoleHello world with AWS SAM.
Step 1: AWS Setup
First, go to the AWS Console and perform the setup for Lambda. In our case, we choose to trigger the Lambda via an HTTP request to an API gateway.
API Gateway provides a HTTP POST endpoint which passes the request body to the actual Lambda function. The logs and metrics from the gateway and Lambda are stored in AWS CloudWatch.
Step 2: Write your inference code!
For this example, we use the DistillBERT question and answer model from HuggingFace. Our inference function performs the following actions:
 - Initialize the Lambda with the relevant libraries such as HuggingFace transformers and torch
 - Load the relevant model from the transformers library
 - Make a prediction on the input data
 - def predict_answer(event, context):
 body = json.loads(event['body'])
 answer = model.predict(body['question'], body['context']) # model is a wrapper class I have defined
 return {
 "statusCode": 200,
 "headers": {
 'Content-Type': 'application/json',
 "Access-Control-Allow-Credentials": True
 "body": json.dumps({'answer': answer})
 except Exception as e:
 return {
 "statusCode": 500,
 "headers": {
 'Content-Type': 'application/json',
 "Access-Control-Allow-Credentials": True
 "body": json.dumps({"error": repr(e)})
Note that the model was serialized by the following two lines of code.
DistilBertTokenizer.from_pretrained('distilbert-base-uncased',return_token_type_ids = True).save_pretrained('./model')
Now that the code is ready, we upload the Lambda function to an S3 bucket as a deployment package and we are good to go.
Step 3: Let's give it a spin
Our setup above looks almost perfect but we immediately hit a resource limitation. The DistillBERT model is 253MB and the PyTorch + HuggingFace libraries and their dependencies (support for only cpu) are 563MB uncompressed. These are well outside the limits for AWS (relevant ones shown below, full list at here).
It looks like we cannot deploy the model on AWS Lambda.
Step 4: Let's fix that
Now that we understand the restrictions in using DistillBERT on Lambda, let's try to fix them by reducing the size of our models and or libraries or the way that we load the model into the lambda.
Optimization 1: Download the model into memory
First, we choose to download the model into memory vs. disk when the lambda boots up. This allows us to work on the 3GB memory buffer and use memory to simulate disk. For this approach, we download the model on our local machine (via save_pretrained) and upload it to S3. Then when the Lamda starts up, we will download the model into memory. In Python, this is feasible since the model is one big binary and many python libraries can operate with streams as opposed to files. The snippet below shows how to do this:
 def load_model_from_s3(self, model_path: str, s3_bucket: str, file_prefix: str):
 if model_path and s3_bucket and file_prefix:
 obj = s3.get_object(Bucket=s3_bucket, Key=file_prefix)
 bytestream = io.BytesIO(obj['Body'].read())
 tar =, mode="r:gz")
 config = AutoConfig.from_pretrained(f'{model_path}/config.json')
 for member in tar.getmembers():
 f = tar.extractfile(member)
 state = torch.load(io.BytesIO(
 model = AutoModelForQuestionAnswering.from_pretrained(
 pretrained_model_name_or_path=None, state_dict=state, config=config)
 return model
 raise KeyError('No S3 Bucket and Key Prefix provided')
Optimization 2: Reduce library size by deleting modules that are not used
Downloading the model into memory was easy. When we get to Python libraries, things get trickier. As mentioned before, libraries required for this model amount to 563MB on disk uncompressed. Most of this size comes from binaries with C extensions for Python. Removing those files and placing them in memory is a non-trivial task, since we'd have to change how python module loading works.
Instead, we used a technique similar to this tutorial: delete everything you know you won't need. It takes a bit of trial and error to get this right. In the case of this model, the following was enough to get the package to fit in the 512MB of space on /tmp.
find. -type d -name "tests" -exec rm -rf {} +
find. -type d -name "__pycache__" -exec rm -rf {} +
find. -type d -name "include" -exec rm -rf {} +
rm -rf./{caffe2,wheel,wheel-*,pkg_resources,boto*,aws*,pip,pip-*,pipenv,setuptools}
rm -rf./{*.egg-info,*.dist-info}
find. -name *.pyc -delete
find. -type d -name "test" -exec rm -rf {} +
We then compress the requirements and the compressed file amounts to 124MB, which unfortunately doesn't fit in the 50MB compressed limit for the package. It also wouldn't' fit in the 250MB uncompressed limit either. So we have to do yet another layer of manipulating the packages to place them in exactly the right place and use them in the right way.
In this case, we uploaded the compressed artifact into S3 and, at the start of the function, we download it (into memory since it won't fit in disk together with its uncompressed version!), unzip to /tmp and alter sys.path to change where python looks for packages. This is done via the following snippet:
import os
import shutil
import sys
import zipfile
from io import BytesIO
import boto3
import zipfile
venv = '/tmp/venv'
venv_tmp = '/tmp/venv_tmp'
if not os.path.exists(venv):
 s3 = boto3.client('s3', use_ssl=False)
 obj = BytesIO(s3.get_object(Bucket='', Key='bert/')['Body'].read())
 if os.path.exists(venv_tmp):
 with zipfile.ZipFile(obj, 'r') as zip_ref:
 os.rename(venv_tmp, venv)
if venv+"/packages" not in sys.path:
Now that we have everything in the right place (either in disk or memory), we can actually load the libraries, models and run predictions! It does take a while to spin up a new worker since a lot of work needs to be done by our customized code and can't be cached by Lambda to use in other workers.
 So should you use AWS Lambdas for ML inference?
So now we have our model deployed on AWS Lambda. But the big question is should you?
The complexity of running a ML model on Lambda is directly proportional to the size of the model and its dependencies. A very simple model with dependencies in a few MBs can be easily deployed on lambda in a matter of minutes. However, as the size of the model and its dependencies increase, the problem of deploying to Lambda becomes progressively harder. It involves hours of trial and error to get the model + dependencies to fit within the constraints imposed by AWS. Moreover, this effort must be repeated for every model that is deployed.
In addition, from a performance standpoint, the optimizations to fit into the Lambda resource constraints, have side effects during execution. In our case reading and uncompressing the dependencies to '/tmp' or reading the compressed model from s3 to memory impose an overhead on the cold start latency of the lambda. This overhead is in addition to the typical cold-start overhead for serverless systems that


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Why does Octoparse only click the first item in a loop and stop?
Monday, December 02, 2019
Sometimes, you might find the problem with a task where Octoparse extracts only the first item and stops to loop through other items. In fact, it can be considered that Octoparse cannot return to the list page after scraping data from detail page. This issue could be divided into two different situations.
1. The detail page is not set up to be opened in a new tab. Click the "Click Item" and you will find an advanced option named "New Tab". You should click on the "New Tab" and re-create the following steps.
Do remember to re-create the steps following the "Click Item" because Octoparse needs to identify a new page to extract and the previous steps would not work out.
2) The website is not compatible with Octoparse.
If Octoparse still cannot work even though you click "New Tab", incompatible issues must be considered. It relates to application compatibility and adaptability between Octoparse and websites you want to scrape. In this case, you should divide your task into two steps. Extract detail page URLs with Octoparse firstly, and then scrape data you want with the URL list. If you are new to URLs list extraction, please follow this video tutorial to learn more. [Click here ]
You can follow these steps to manually check if Octoparse can return to the list page once it enters the detail page.
1. Click "Go To Web Page" to open the website.
2. Click "Loop Item" box in your workflow.
3. Click "Click Item" to open the detail page.
4. Click "Loop Item" again and see if Octoparse can return to the list page. If not, you should follow the above steps to revise your workflow.
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is returning all of the contacts that it has knowledge of.
This is a primitive operation, not an iterative one.
The name of this RPC is misleading. Even if the key to the RPC is the nodeID of an existing contact or indeed if it is the nodeID of the recipient itself, the recipient is still required to return k triples. A more descriptive name would be FIND_CLOSE_NODES.
The recipient of a FIND_NODE should never return a triple containing the nodeID of the requestor. If the requestor does receive such a triple, it should discard it. A node must never put its own nodeID into a bucket as a contact.
A FIND_VALUE RPC includes a B=160-bit key. If a corresponding value is present on the recipient, the associated data is returned. Otherwise the RPC is equivalent to a FIND_NODE and a set of k triples is returned.
This is a primitive operation, not an iterative one.
Node Lookup
This section describes the algorithm that Kademlia uses for locating the k nodes nearest to a key. It must be understood that these are not necessarily closest in a strict sense. Also, the algorithm is iterative although the paper describes it as recursive.
The search begins by selecting alpha contacts from the non-empty k-bucket closest to the bucket appropriate to the key being searched on. If there are fewer than alpha contacts in that bucket, contacts are selected from other buckets. The contact closest to the target key, closestNode, is noted.
The criteria for selecting the contacts within the closest bucket are not specified. Where there are fewer than alpha contacts within that bucket and contacts are obtained from other buckets, there are no rules for selecting the other buckets or which contacts are to be used from such buckets.
The first alpha contacts selected are used to create a shortlist for the search.
The node then sends parallel, asynchronous FIND_* RPCs to the alpha contacts in the shortlist. Each contact, if it is live, should normally return k triples. If any of the alpha contacts fails to reply, it is removed from the shortlist, at least temporarily.
The node then fills the shortlist with contacts from the replies received. These are those closest to the target. From the shortlist it selects another alpha contacts. The only condition for this selection is that they have not already been contacted. Once again a FIND_* RPC is sent to each in parallel.
Each such parallel search updates closestNode, the closest node seen so far.
The sequence of parallel searches is continued until either no node in the sets returned is closer than the closest node already seen or the initiating node has accumulated k probed and known to be active contacts.
If a cycle doesn't find a closer node, if closestNode is unchanged, then the initiating node sends a FIND_* RPC to each of the k closest nodes that it has not already queried.
At the end of this process, the node will have accumulated a set of k active contacts or (if the RPC was FIND_VALUE) may have found a data value. Either a set of triples or the value is returned to the caller.
The original algorithm description is not clear in detail. However, it appears that the initiating node maintains a shortlist of k closest nodes. During each iteration alpha of these are selected for probing and marked accordingly. If a probe succeeds, that shortlisted node is marked as active. If there is no reply after an unspecified period of time, the node is dropped from the shortlist. As each set of replies comes back, it is used to improve the shortlist: closer nodes in the reply replace more distant (unprobed?) nodes in the shortlist. Iteration continues until k nodes have been successfully probed or there has been no improvement.
Alpha and Parallelism
Kademlia uses a value of 3 for alpha, the degree of parallelism used. It appears that (see stutz06) this value is optimal.
There are at least three approaches to managing parallelism. The first is to launch alpha probes and wait until all have succeeded or timed out before iterating. This is termed strict parallelism. The second is to limit the number of probes in flight to alpha; whenever a probe returns a new one is launched. We might call this bounded parallelism. A third is to iterate after what seems to be a reasonable delay (duration unspecified), so that the number of probes in flight is some low multiple of alpha. This is loose parallelism and the approach used by Kademlia.
This is the Kademlia store operation. The initiating node does an iterativeFindNode, collecting a set of k closest contacts, and then sends a primitive STORE RPC to each.
iterativeStores are used for publishing or replicating data on a Kademlia network.
This is the basic Kademlia node lookup operation. As described above, the initiating node builds a list of k "closest" contacts using iterative node lookup and the FIND_NODE RPC. The list is returned to the caller.
This is the Kademlia search operation. It is conducted as a node lookup, and so builds a list of k closest contacts. However, this is done using the FIND_VALUE RPC instead of the FIND_NODE RPC. If at any time during the node lookup the value is returned instead of a set of contacts, the search is abandoned and the value is returned. Otherwise, if no value has been found, the list of k closest contacts is returned to the caller.
When an iterativeFindValue succeeds, the initiator must store the key/value pair at the closest node seen which did not return the value.
If no node lookups have been performed in any given bucket's range for tRefresh (an hour in basic Kademlia), the node selects a random number in that range and does a refresh, an iterativeFindNode using that number as key.
A node joins the network as follows:
 1. if it does not already have a nodeID n, it generates one
 2. it inserts the value of some known node c into the appropriate bucket as its first contact
 3. it does an iterativeFindNode for n
 4. it refreshes all buckets further away than its closest neighbor, which will be in the occupied bucket with the lowest index.
If the node saved a list of good contacts and used one of these as the "known node" it would be consistent with this protocol.
Replication Rules
 - Data is stored using an iterativeStore, which has the effect of replicating it over the k nodes closest to the key.
 - Each node republishes each key/value pair that it contains at intervals of tReplicate seconds (every hour). The republishing node must not be seen as the original publisher of the key/value pair.
 - The original publisher of a key/value pair republishes it every tRepublish seconds (every 24 hours).
Expiration Rules
 - All key/value pairs expire tExpire seconds (24 hours) after the original publication.
 - All key/value pairs are assigned an expiration time which is "exponentially inversely proportional to the number of nodes between the current node and the node whose ID is closest to the key", where this number is "inferred from the bucket structure of the current node".
The writer would calculate the expiration time when the key/value pair is stored using something similar to the following:
 - find the index j of the bucket corresponding to the key
 - count the total number of contacts Ca in buckets 0..j-1
 - count the number of contacts Cb in bucket j closer than the key
 - if C = Ca + Cb, then the interval to the expiration time is
 - 24 hours if C > k
 - 24h * exp( k / C ) otherwise
The requirement that data expires tExpire (one day) after the original publication date is more than ambiguous and would seem to mean that no data can ever be republished.
In any case, the system is required to mark the stored key/value pair with an original publication timestamp. If this is to be accurate, the timestamp must be set by the publisher, which means that clocks must be at least loosely synchronized across the network.
It would seem sensible to mark the key/value pair with a time to live (TTL) from the arrival of the data, tExpire (one day) or a fraction thereof.
Implementation Suggestions
It would seem useful to add to the Contact data structure at least:
 - an RTT (round trip time) value or a set of such values, measured in ms
 - more IP addresses, together with perhaps
 - protocol used (TCP/IP, UDP)
 - NAT information, if applicable
 - whether the address is local and so reachable by broadcast
Adding an RTT or set of RTTs to the Contact data structure would enable better decisions to be made when selecting which to use.
The round trip time (RTT) to the contact could be as measured using a PING RPC or using a conventional Internet network ping.
Possible Convoy Effects
Implementors should take care to avoid convoy effects. These occur when a number of processes need to use a resource in turn. There is a tendency for such bursts of activity to drift towards synchronization, which can be disasterous. In Kademlia all nodes are requird to republish their contents every hour (tReplicate). A convoy effect might lead to this being synchronized across the network, which would appear to users as the network dying every hour.
Random Number Generation
Implementors should remember that random number generators are usually not re-entrant and so access from different threads needs to be synchronized.
Also, beware of clock granularity: it is possible that where the clock is used to seed the random number generator, successive calls could use the same seed.


A brain teaser, What is the longest word without any repeated letters?
1 Answers
Phineous J. Whoopee Profile
 1. The longest words with no repeated letters are dermatoglyphics, misconjugatedly and uncopyrightables. The longest word whose lettersare in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun.
Answer Question


)=PL (^ CASE)=ACC) forces the case to be accusative whenever the number is plural.
System-defined templates
The COMPLETE template
The COMPLETE template has a built-in interpretation in XLE. It indicates that any sub-c constraints that apply to the designated f-structure should be replaced by FALSE if they are not satisfied within the local subtree (e.g. the daughter tree designated by * plus the local subtree constraints). Normally, sub-c constraints are replaced with FALSE if they are not satisfied within the entire input. Checking sub-c constraints locally changes the grammar. It shouldn't be done unless it is linguistically valid. However, when it is linguistically valid it can lead to substantial performance improvements, especially for complicated constructions such as long-distance dependencies that are triggered by the presence of a feature that rarely occurs. For instance:
 CPrel -->... NP: (^ SUBJ)=!
In this case, if the NP doesn't have an ADJUNCT whose object is a relative pronoun, then the CPrel will be pruned immediately. If the COMPLETE template call wasn't there, then XLE would continue with the CPrel on the chance that the PRON-TYPE would get filled in later. Checking for PRON-TYPE =c rel locally is linguistically valid since relative pronouns cannot be extracted from a relative clause.
The COMPLETE template is not recursive: it only applies to the given designator, and not to any attributes of the designator. For instance, @(COMPLETE (^ SUBJ)) would only check sub-c constraints and existentials on (^ SUBJ), and would not check (^ SUBJ NUM) or (^ SUBJ ADJUNCT). The COMPLETE template is implemented this way to avoid copying up the more embedded structure since this might negate the performance advantage of completing the given f-structure early.
Using the COMPLETE template when it is not linguistically valid can lead to subtle bugs. For instance, it might seem lingustically valid to complete the SPEC on the object of a VP:
 VP -->... NP: (^ OBJ)=!
@(COMPLETE (! SPEC))...
However, this will eliminate linguistically valid solutions if the SPEC gets filled in by another rule higher up:
 VPanaphsubj -->... VP: (^ OBJ SPEC SPEC-TYPE)= null...
Finally, if a grammar gives a template definition for COMPLETE, then XLE will use that definition instead of giving COMPLETE the built-in interpretation.
The RIGHTBRANCHING template has a built-in interpretation in XLE. If a daughter category in a rule has the RIGHTBRANCHING template at the top level (e.g. not within a disjunction), then XLE will compile the rule up to that daughter with pseudo-categories that will make the rule right branching. For instance, if the rule looked like:
 S --> NP: (^ OBJ)=!;
NP: (^ OBJ2)=!;
NP: (^ SUBJ)=!.
Then XLE would compile the rule as if it had been written as:
 S --> S.1 NP: (^ SUBJ)=!.
S.1 --> NP: (^ OBJ)=! S.2.
S.2 --> NP: (^ OBJ2)=! S.3.
S.3 --> V.
Writing right-branching rules like this by hand can make XLE run faster when a rule is head-final. However, it is much more difficult to maintain such a grammar. Using the RIGHTBRANCHING template can produce a similar improvement in speed without sacrificing clarity.
Using RIGHTBRANCHING doesn't change how a grammar works unless the grammar has c-structure constraints that involve LEFT_SISTER, RIGHT_SISTER or MOTHER. If the grammar has constraints to eliminate spurious c-structure ambiguities, these may need to be rewritten to disprefer the spurious c-structure ambiguities instead.
The CONCAT template
The CONCAT template has a built-in interpretation in XLE: all arguments except the last argument are concatenated to produce the last argument. For instance, the constraint:
@(CONCAT look '- up %FN)
would set %FN to be "look-up".
CONCAT is defined as a relation instead of a function. This allows it to be used for generation as well as parsing. For instance, the constraint:
@(CONCAT %ROOT '- up look'-up)
would set %ROOT to look.
The arguments to CONCAT do not have to be bound to symbols within a lexical entry. However, all but one of the arguments must be eventually bound to a symbol in order for the CONCAT relation to be invoked and a variable to be set to a new value. If more than one argument is left unbound after all of the constraints in the chart have been processed, then the CONCAT template will be considered INCOMPLETE, and no solution will be produced. If the arguments are all bound but they do not form a valid concatentation relationship, then the constraint will be considered INCONSISTENT (e.g. @(CONCAT a b c abz)).
Here is an example of how to use the CONCAT template for a particle verb:
look V XLE @(CONCAT %stem '- %PART %FN)
(^ PRED)='%FN<(^ SUBJ)(^ OBJ)>'
(^ PART) << %PART.
During parsing, %FN will be set to look-up once the up particle is found and (^ PART) is set to up. During generation, %PART will be set to up if the input specifies that %FN is look-up. Note that (^ PART) subsumes %PART, instead of being equated to it using =c. This is so the value of (^ PART) flows to %PART during parsing, but the value of %PART doesn't flow to (^ PART) during generation. Also, if (^ PART) is instantiated, you should use (^ PART BASE) << %PART instead. The BASE feature extracts the base of the instantiated value.
Here is an example of how the CONCAT template might be used to remove the prefix from a lexical entry:
ein#scannen +V-S xle @(CONCAT %PART '# %FN %stem)
(^ PRED)='%FN<(^ SUBJ)>'
(^ PRT-FORM) << %PART.
This is useful if you want to make verbs with attached prefixes have the same f-structure as verbs where the prefix is separated (instead of the other way around). Note that you still have to use subsumption for (^ PRT-FORM) in this situation.
In order for the generator to operate efficiently, XLE must be able to determine the possible PRED FN values of a lexical entry from the information in the lexical entry. If XLE cannot determine the possible PRED FN values of a lexical entry, then it will add that lexical entry to the generation chart of every generation attempt, not just those that might actually use it. For this reason, XLE prints a warning whenever it encounters a lexical entry like this while indexing lexical entries for generation. You can help XLE determine the possible PRED FN values of a lexical entry by adding more information to the lexical entry. For instance, you can add a $c constraint that lists the possible values of a particle. The $c constraint should not adversely effect performance. Here is an example:
(^ PART) << %PART
(^ PART) $c {up over}.
Finally, the CONCAT template should not be used in an unknown entry (e.g. -unknown or -token). For instance, the following is NOT recommended:
-unknown V XLE @(CONCAT %stem '- %PART %FN)
(^ PART) << %PART.
This will work while parsing, because the parser knows the value of %stem from the morphology. However, it will not work while generating, because the generator cannot determine the value of %stem during lexical lookup, and so it cannot generate with this lexical entry. This may be fixed at some future point.
Template notation
To summarize, a functional template T is defined in a Template section by statements of either of the forms
T = s.
T (param1 param2... paramn) = s.
Where s is a Boolean combination of schemata and designator rewrites. The second form provides for some number n of formal parameters, where each parami is a symbol that presumably appears in s in the position of either a proposition or a designator. The ith realization at a particular invocation is systematically substituted for the symbol parami everywhere in s.
An invocation of a template T appears in the position of a proposition in a lexical entry, in some other template definition, or in the annotation of a category in a grammatical rule. It is a term of either of the forms
@(T real1 real2... realn )
The first form is appropriate for a template with no realizations. The realization expressions reali in the second form are themselves arbitrary schemata and designators. When an invocation is expanded, those expressions are first substituted in place of the corresponding parami symbols in the definition of T. Second, if there are designator rewrites in the result of performing any necessary substitutions, it is converted to disjunctive normal form and the rewrites are executed. Third, any nonthematic function adjustments are carried out. The formula that emerges from this expansion process takes the place of the template invocation. As templates mutually invoke each other in complex patterns of composition, the possibility arises, just as for metacategories and macros, that a template will lead back to itself in a self-recursive cycle. A warning message will be printed if this situation is detected, and the expansion will be terminated by substituting the constant FALSE for the self-recursive invocation.
XLE's functional templates provide a well-defined and carefully implemented mechanism for capturing generalizations that would otherwise be distributed throughout the lexicon and grammar. Mutual invocation, parameter substitution, and designator


text:
From the almighty Wikipedia :
"A navy shower (or "sea shower") is a method of showering that allows for significant conservation of water and energy by turning off water during the "middle" portion. An initial thirty seconds or so are used to get wet, followed by soap and lather, which is then rinsed off in a minute or less. The total time for the water being on is typically under two minutes.
Navy showers originated on naval ships, where supplies of fresh water were often scarce. Using this method, crew members were able to stay clean, while conserving their limited water supply. The idea has been adopted by many people who wish to conserve water and the energy needed to heat the water, for both environmental and economic reasons. Maritime cruisers often take navy showers when they are not in a port with easy access to fresh water. A ten-minute shower takes as much as 230 L (60 U.S. gallons) of water, while a navy shower usually takes as little as 11 L (3 U.S. gallons); one person can save 56,000 L (15,000 U.S. gallons) per year."