text:
Procedure for vacuum assisted operative vaginal delivery
- James Greenberg, MD
James Greenberg, MD
- Associate Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
- Harvard Medical School
In 1953, the Swedish obstetrician, Tage Malmström, introduced a hollow disc-shaped stainless steel metal cup for vacuum assisted delivery. Suction tubing attached to the dome of the cup and a traction chain passed through the tubing. The Malmström cup quickly became the template for all subsequent vacuum extractor systems [2,3].
By the 1970s, the vacuum extractor virtually replaced forceps for assisted deliveries in northern European countries. However, in many English-speaking countries, including the United States and the United Kingdom, adoption of the vacuum device was slower. Nonetheless, by 1992, the number of vacuum assisted deliveries surpassed the number of forceps deliveries in the United States, and by 2000, approximately two-thirds of operative vaginal deliveries were by vacuum.
The technique for vacuum assisted operative delivery will be reviewed here. An overview of methods for operative vaginal delivery, including risks and outcomes, can be found separately. (See "Operative vaginal delivery".)
INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
Indications — A vacuum assisted delivery should only be attempted when a specific obstetric indication is present [5,6]. The three major categories of indication are prolonged second stage of labor, nonreassuring fetal status, and maternal cardiac or neurological disease, but there is no absolute indication.
The indications and prerequisites for operative vaginal delivery are discussed in detail separately. (See "Operative vaginal delivery", section on 'Indications' and "Operative vaginal delivery", section on 'Prerequisites'.)
- Malmström, T. The vacuum extractor: An obstetrical instrument. Acta Obstet Gyncol Scand 1957; 36:5.
- Miksovsky P, Watson WJ. Obstetric vacuum extraction: state of the art in the new millennium. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2001; 56:736.
- Vacca, A. Vacuum-assisted delivery. OBG Manag 2004; Suppl:S1-7.
- Demissie K, Rhoads GG, Smulian JC, et al. Operative vaginal delivery and neonatal and infant adverse outcomes: population based retrospective analysis. BMJ 2004; 329:24.
- FDA Public Health Advisory. Need for caution when using vacuum assisted delivery devices. U.S. Food and Drug Administration: Center for Devices and Radiological Health: _URL_
- Johanson, RB. Instrumental vaginal delivery. Guidelines and Audit Committee of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 2001.
- Attilakos G, Sibanda T, Winter C, et al. A randomised controlled trial of a new handheld vacuum extraction device. BJOG 2005; 112:1510.
- Groom KM, Jones BA, Miller N, Paterson-Brown S. A prospective randomised controlled trial of the Kiwi Omnicup versus conventional ventouse cups for vacuum-assisted vaginal delivery. BJOG 2006; 113:183.
- Ismail NA, Saharan WS, Zaleha MA, et al. Kiwi Omnicup versus Malmstrom metal cup in vacuum assisted delivery: a randomized comparative trial. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2008; 34:350.
- Johanson R, Menon V. Soft versus rigid vacuum extractor cups for assisted vaginal delivery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; :CD000446.
- Muise KL, Duchon MA, Brown RH. The effect of artificial caput on performance of vacuum extractors. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 81:170.
- Hofmeyr GJ, Gobetz L, Sonnendecker EW, Turner MJ. New design rigid and soft vacuum extractor cups: a preliminary comparison of traction forces. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1990; 97:681.
- Hammarström M, Csemiczky G, Belfrage P. Comparison between the conventional Malmström extractor and a new extractor with Silastic cup. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1986; 65:791.
- Ross MG, Fresquez M, El-Haddad MA. Impact of FDA advisory on reported vacuum-assisted delivery and morbidity. J Matern Fetal Med 2000; 9:321.
- Billings, RG. The physics of vacuum extraction. OBG Manag 2004; Suppl S7.
- Suwannachat B, Lumbiganon P, Laopaiboon M. Rapid versus stepwise negative pressure application for vacuum extraction assisted vaginal delivery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 8:CD006636.
- Duchon MA, DeMund MA, Brown RH. Laboratory comparison of modern vacuum extractors. Obstet Gynecol 1988; 71:155.
- MISHELL D Jr, KELLY JV. The obstetrical forceps and the vacuum extractor: an assessment of their compressive force. Obstet Gynecol 1962; 19:204.
- Moolgaoker AS, Ahamed SO, Payne PR. A comparison of different methods of instrumental delivery based on electronic measurements of compression and traction. Obstet Gynecol 1979; 54:299.
- Laufe LE. Divergent and crossed obstetric forceps. Comparative study of compression and traction forces. Obstet Gynecol 1971; 38:885.
- Vacca A. Vacuum-assisted delivery: an analysis of traction force and maternal and neonatal outcomes. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2006; 46:124.
- Baskett TF, Fanning CA, Young DC. A prospective observational study of 1000 vacuum assisted deliveries with the OmniCup device. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2008; 30:573.
- Vacca A. Handbook of vacuum assisted delivery in obstetric practice, 2nd ed, Vacca Research, Brisbane, Australia 2003.
- Bofill JA, Rust OA, Schorr SJ, et al. A randomized trial of two vacuum extraction techniques. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 89:758.
- Kudish B, Blackwell S, Mcneeley SG, et al. Operative vaginal delivery and midline episiotomy: a bad combination for the perineum. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 195:749.
- Johanson RB, Rice C, Doyle M, et al. A randomised prospective study comparing the new vacuum extractor policy with forceps delivery. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1993; 100:524.
- Bofill JA, Rust OA, Devidas M, et al. Neonatal cephalohematoma from vacuum extraction. J Reprod Med 1997; 42:565.
- Teng FY, Sayre JW. Vacuum extraction: does duration predict scalp injury? Obstet Gynecol 1997; 89:281.
- Bird GC. The importance of flexion in vacuum extractor delivery. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1976; 83:194.
- Sadan O, Ginath S, Gomel A, et al. What to do after a failed attempt of vacuum delivery? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2003; 107:151.
- Towner D, Castro MA, Eby-Wilkens E, Gilbert WM. Effect of mode of delivery in nulliparous women on neonatal intracranial injury. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:1709.
- Revah A, Ezra Y, Farine D, Ritchie K. Failed trial of vacuum or forceps--maternal and fetal outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 176:200.
- INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
- Extractor cup
- - Soft versus rigid
- - Bell versus mushroom shape
- - Occiput posterior position
- Patient preparation
- Determine the flexion point
- Place the cup
- Apply suction
- Exert traction
- FAILED PROCEDURES
- REDUCING THE RISK OF COMPLICATIONS
- Confirm correct cup placement
- Avoid entrapping vaginal soft tissues
- Know when to abandon the procedure
- COMPLICATIONS AND OUTCOME
- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS


3 Gifts for positive thinking
Counting the Good Stuff – '3 Gifts' to Reduce Stress and Lift Your Mood
There is lots of research that shows that just by noticing more of the positives in your life you can reduce stress, begin to lift depression and have a better experience of life all round. Studies conducted by the Positive Psychology team at Penn State University have shown this simple exercise to be as effective at lifting depression as certain medications that are often prescribed by GP's in the UK.
This exercise is called three gifts. Why not try it out and see what a positive difference it can make?
It's easy, just follow these simple steps:
1. Get a lovely new notebook – preferably one that makes you smile just to own it but any notebook containing paper will do!
2. At the end of each day write down 3 things that could be considered gifts in your life. They can be something from nature, something someone said to you, something you read or saw.?Anything that could be considered a gift to you.?Some days you might struggle to find 3 and other days you might struggle to only pick 3 of many.
3. Write down how you were responsible for bringing each of these gifts into your life.
Do this for at least 28 days and at the end of the month you will have a gorgeous record of so many things in your life that could make you smile.
Doing this exercise at the end of the day is great as you will fall asleep with these gifts in you mind and it primes your unconscious to go looking for more gifts the following day – lifting your mood,?relieving?stress and allowing you to?experience?life in a much more positive way.
Do let me know how you get on and if you suffer from stress, anxiety or depressive symptoms and you'd like to discuss how I can help you even further with Coaching and Cognitive Hypnotherapy in London do get in contact here.


dimensioned
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 elements of an array.
 Variable Typing And Conversion
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 integers. Thus, given
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 a = 12
 b = a ""
 Gawk performs comparisons as follows: If two variables are numeric,
 of course, as strings. According to the POSIX standard, even if two
 strings are numeric strings, a numeric comparison is performed. Hownumeric, should be treated that way.
 Uninitialized variables have the numeric value 0 and the string value
 "" (the null, or empty, string).
 If the pattern is missing, the action will be executed for every single
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 { print }
 which prints the entire record.
 have their statements automatically continued on the following line.
 which case the newline will be ignored.
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 /regular expression/
 relational expression
 pattern && pattern
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 ! pattern
 pattern1, pattern2
 combined with other patterns in pattern expressions. BEGIN and END
 patterns cannot have missing action parts.
 For /regular expression/ patterns, the associated statement is executed
 for each input record that matches the regular expression. Regular
 A relational expression may use any of the operators defined below in
 the section on actions. These generally test whether certain fields
 match certain regular expressions.
 It does not combine with any other sort of pattern expression.
 Regular Expressions
 Regular expressions are the extended kind found in egrep. They are
 composed of characters as follows:
 c matches the non-metacharacter c.
 \c matches the literal character c.
 . matches any character including newline.
 ^ matches the beginning of a string.
 $ matches the end of a string.
 r1|r2 alternation: matches either r1 or r2.
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 r+ matches one or more r's.
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 Interval expressions are only available if either --posix or
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 \' matches the empty string at the beginning of a buffer
 also legal in regular expressions.
 Character classes are a new feature introduced in the POSIX standard.
 ters that have a specific attribute, but where the actual characters
 character differs in the USA and in France.
 the class, and :]. Here are the character classes defined by the POSIX
 Alphanumeric characters.
 Alphabetic characters.
 Space or tab characters.
 Control characters.
 Numeric characters.
 Characters that are both printable and visible. (A space is
 Lower-case alphabetic characters.
 Printable characters (characters that are not control characPunctuation characters (characters that are not letter, digits,
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 match all the alphabetic and numeric characters in your character set.
 Two additional special sequences can appear in character lists. These
 (called collating elements) that are represented with more than one
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 A collating symbols is a multi-character collating element
 ment, then [[.ch.]] is a regexp that matches this collating
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 Equivalence Classes
 "e," "e'," and "e'." In this case, [[=e]] is a regexp that
 matches any of
 .BR e,
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 .BR e'.
 library functions that gawk uses for regular expression matching currently only recognize POSIX character classes; they do not recognize
 collating symbols or equivalence classes.
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 In the default case, gawk provide all the facilities of POSIX
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 Traditional Unix awk regexps are matched. The GNU operators are
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 Allow interval expressions in regexps, even if --traditional has
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 consist of the usual assignment, conditional, and looping statements
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 The operators in AWK, in order of decreasing precedence, are
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 $ Field reference.
 assignment operator).
 * / % Multiplication, division, and modulus.
 + - Addition and subtraction.
 space String concatenation.
 < >
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 in Array membership.
 && Logical AND.
 || Logical OR.
 and expr3 is evaluated.
 = += -=
 operator-assignment (the other forms) are supported.
 Control Statements
 The control statements are as follows:
 if (condition) statement [ else statement ]
 while (condition) statement
 do statement while (condition)
 for (expr1; expr2; expr3) statement
 for (var in array) statement
 delete array[index]
 delete array
 exit [ expression ]
 { statements }
 I/O Statements
 The input/output statements are as follows:
 close(file) Close file (or pipe, see below).
 getline var file
 Format and print on file.
 status. (This


text:
Student Success in College: Creating Conditions That Matter
By George D. Kuh, Jillian Kinzie, John H. Schuh, Elizabeth J. Whitt and Associates
And the Companion Volume
Assessing Conditions to Enhance Educational Effectiveness
By George D. Kuh, Jillian Kinzie, John H. Schuh, and Elizabeth J. Whitt
Learning Resource Center
California State University, Fresno
Student Success in College: Creating Conditions That Matter and its companion volume, Assessing Conditions to Enhance Educational Effectiveness, address an increasing interest in retaining students and creating educational environments conducive to their success (graduation). While this topic is not new in higher education, universities across the nation are being pressed with new challenges from federal and state governments to increase retention and raise graduation rates. Organizations such as American College Testing and the American Association of State Colleges and Universities have conducted recent studies on retention and graduation rates and published reports attempting to provide insight and guidance to university leaders.
Student Success in College: Creating Conditions That Matter endeavors to answer the question, "what does an educationally effective college or university look like at the turn of the 21st century?" (xvi). The authors systematically examined twenty colleges and universities with higher-than-predicted graduation rates and scores on the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE). The companion text, Assessing Conditions to Enhance Educational Effectiveness, offers suggestions and support for college and university leaders working to improve student engagement and graduation rates.
Student Success in College uses data-driven exploration to illuminate effective practices of these campuses in seeking to engage students as partners in learning. The introductory Part One describes the project Documenting Effective Educational Practice (DEEP), which through analysis of NSSE results has probed into twenty campuses in order to glean the essence of their success in engaging students.
Part Two outlines these six overarching features found in common among the twenty campuses:
- "Living" Mission and "Lived" Educational Philosophy
- An Unshakeable Focus on Student Learning
- Environments Adapted for Educational Enrichment
- Clear Pathways to Student Success
- An Improvement-Oriented Ethos
- Shared Responsibility for Educational Quality and Student Success
Each chapter addresses a different feature in detail with examples drawn among these campuses. "An Unshakeable Focus on Student Learning" describes a profound commitment on all study campuses for holistic student learning. It includes examples and suggestions for valuing undergraduates, experimenting with active and collaborative learning, connecting students with faculty, and emphasizing practical application of knowledge.
The authors are quick to point out that having these six features does not necessarily mean the institutions are the best of the 700 that used NSSE by 2003. Rather, because their performance was noteworthy, by examining these practices, other institutions might beneficially adapt them. The authors also emphasize that it is not merely the existence of particular programs or practices, but rather how well they have been implemented and how they have touched large numbers of students in meaningful ways, that are key to the success of these campuses.
Part Three uses five elements of student engagement measured by NSSE (academic challenge, active and collaborative learning, student-faculty interaction, supportive campus environment and enriching educational experiences) to showcase what the twenty campuses do to engage large numbers of students in educationally meaningful activities. A variety of programs, behaviors and activities are described from the twenty campuses studied that fall within and overlap these five areas. Part Four outlines principles for advancing student success, and recommends steps for campuses to consider.
The companion volume, Assessing Conditions to Enhance Educational Effectiveness, offers a blueprint of questions and exercises to guide a campus, department or program in evaluating current practice and implementing measures to engage students in learning. The book is divided into two parts, "Student Success in College: Why It Matters and What Institutions Can Do About It" and "Inventory for Student Engagement and Success." Part One reviews the guiding principles and rationale for implementing change.
Part Two, Chapter 3, uses the six overarching features to guide educational leaders in assessing conditions on their own campuses and to identify action for improving student success. Chapter 4 guides educational leaders through an assessment of effective educational practice, using the five NSSE elements measuring student engagement. Through lists of questions and vignettes from other campuses, educational leaders are encouraged to explore their own campus practices and implement measures to enhance student engagement and learning.
Numerous interesting and important findings emerge from this study. While all study campuses had multiple programs in place for helping students become successful, it was not the programs alone that had the greatest effect. No one program was common among these campuses. The greatest effect was due to a campus culture based on the belief that students are important and that all students are capable of success. Further, their success is viewed as everyone's responsibility, from president to faculty to staff to students. Collaboration across reporting lines and inclusion of administration, faculty, staff and students on committees and work groups was prevalent and intentional. These institutions are never satisfied with where they are but are always asking how they can improve. No matter what programs or other features were in place, these elements permeated the campus culture.
These two volumes are indispensable for educational leaders seeking to enhance student engagement and success through effecting a cultural shift on their campuses.
American Association of State Colleges and Universities. (2005). Student
success in state colleges and universities: A matter of culture and leadership.
Washington, D.C.: author.
Habley, W. R., & McClanahan, R. (2004). What works in student
retention? All survey colleges. Retrieved June 2005 from _URL_
Posted April 5, 2006.
All material appearing in this journal is subject to applicable copyright laws.
Publication in this journal in no way indicates the endorsement of the content by the California State University, the Institute for Teaching and Learning, or the Exchanges Editorial Board. ©2006 by Sonya Hildreth.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Question: What Is Low Income For A Family Of 6?
What do low income families struggle with?
What is classified as low income UK?
The government's department of work and pensions defines low pay as any family earning less than 60% of the national median pay. On this basis, there are more than 13 million people in the UK living in low-income households. … By their calculations, anything less than £15,000 a year, before tax, counts as low pay.
What is meant by low income?
not having or earning much money: Many struggle to make ends meet, particularly those from low-income families. low-income areas/communities/countries The fund helps low-income countries to increase their renewable energy use. Compare. high-income.
How much can you earn and still get universal credit?
Who are the poorest of the poor?
Womankind, female new-borns and old people are said to be the poorest of the poor. Within a poor family, such individuals suffer more than the others. As per the fact, they are systematically denied equal access to the resources available to the family.
What is the definition of a low income family?
A low-income household is one whose income is low, relative to other households of the same size. A household is commonly classified as low-income, and can be eligible for certain types of government assistance, if its income is less than twice the poverty threshold.
What is the income limit for universal credit?
Universal Credit then takes into account any: earned income. savings and capital between £6,000 and £16,000 (if above £16,000 you will not be eligible for Universal Credit) other benefits received.
What is the average household income UK?
2. Main points. Median household disposable income in the UK was £29,600 in financial year ending (FYE) 2019, based on estimates from the Office for National Statistics's (ONS's) Living Costs and Food Survey.
What are the 3 types of poverty?
On the basis of social, economical and political aspects, there are different ways to identify the type of Poverty:Absolute poverty.Relative Poverty.Situational Poverty.Generational Poverty.Rural Poverty.Urban Poverty.
What are the six types of poverty?
What are the characteristics of the poor?
Characteristics of PoorLow level of income. Poor people usually look assets as well as in urban area. … Bad Housing Condition. The housing condition of a majority of the Nepalese people is very bad. … Literacy. … Occupation. … High Expenditure Pattern. … Demographic Pattern. … High Gender Disparity. … Lack of access to state facilities.


text:
Index of content:
Volume 113, Issue 20, 28 May 2013
- Lasers, Optics, and Optoelectronics
113(2013); _URL_ Description Hide Description
Calculations of the optical properties of GeTe in the cubic NaCl and rhombohedral ferroelectric structures are reported. The rhombohedral ferroelectric distortion increases the band gap from 0.11 eV to 0.38 eV. Remarkably, substantial changes in optical properties are found even at high energies up to 5 eV. The results are discussed in relation to the bonding of GeTe and to phase change materials based on it.
113(2013); _URL_ Description Hide Description
We investigated the characteristics of terahertz pulses generated from antireflective GaAs surfaces with nanopillars under femtosecond laser excitation. Although the antireflective nanostructures contribute to the enhancement of free photocarrier excitation in GaAs, they could reduce the transient photocurrent density and advance the start time of the photocurrent decay. Thus, the relative amplitudes of the high-frequency spectral components of terahertz pulses increased, whereas the energies of the pulses decreased. However, we showed that thinly distributed nanopillar structures could generate a short terahertz pulse without a reduction in the pulse energy.
113(2013); _URL_ Description Hide Description
Focussed ion beam milling can be used to introduce aperiodic distributed feedback (ADFB) gratings into fully packaged, operational terahertz (THZ) quantum cascade lasers to achieve electronically controlled, discretely tunable laser emission. These aperiodic gratings—designed using computer-generated hologram techniques—consist of multiple slits in the surface plasmon waveguide, distributed along the length of the laser cavity. Tuning behaviour and output power in ADFB lasers operating around 2.9 THz are investigated with a variety of slit dimensions and grating scales. Mode selectivity and grating losses are found to be strongly dependent on milling depth into the upper waveguide layers, dramatically increasing as the metallic layers are penetrated, then rising more slowly with deeper milling into the laser active region. Grating scale and placement along the laser cavity length are also shown to influence mode selection.
First-principle prediction of single-carrier avalanche multiplication in chalcopyrite semiconductors113(2013); _URL_ Description Hide Description
A critical requirement for high gain and low noise avalanche photodiodes is the single-carrier avalanche multiplication. We propose that the single-carrier avalanche multiplication can be achieved in materials with a limited width of the valence band resulting in a restriction of kinetic energy for holes while allowing electrons to participate in the multiplication cascade. This feature of the electric structure is not common to the majority of technologically relevant semiconductors, but it can be anticipated in chalcopyrite Cu(AlGa)Se2 alloys based on the presented electric structure calculations.
Threshold improvement in uniformly lying helix cholesteric liquid crystal laser using auxiliary π-conjugated polymer active layer113(2013); _URL_ Description Hide Description
We propose a device structure to lower the lasing threshold of a uniformly lying helix cholesteric liquid crystal (ChLC) laser. We place a π-conjugated polymer active layer beneath the ChLC layer to provide auxiliary gain, and demonstrate an improvement in the lasing threshold by a factor of 2.3. We also perform finite difference time domain calculations coupled with rate equations for a four-level system, and clarify the effect of the additional active layer on both the photonic density of states and the inversion population density. Although the addition of an extra layer lowers the photonic density of states, the gain provided by the auxiliary layer is sufficient to overcome the losses and decrease the lasing threshold. Our concept is useful for obtaining high-performance ChLC lasers.
113(2013); _URL_ Description Hide Description
Extreme ultraviolet Mo/Si multilayers protected by capping layers of different materials were exposed to 13.5 nm plasma source radiation generated with a table-top laser to study the irradiation damage mechanism. Morphology of single-shot damaged areas has been analyzed by means of atomic force microscopy. Threshold fluences were evaluated for each type of sample in order to determine the capability of the capping layer to protect the structure underneath.
An indirectly pumped terahertz quantum cascade laser with low injection coupling strength operating above 150 K113(2013); _URL_ Description Hide Description
We designed and demonstrated a terahertz quantum cascade laser based on indirect pump injection to the upper lasing state and phonon scattering extraction from the lower lasing state. By employing a rate equation formalism and a genetic algorithm, an optimized active region design with four-well cascade module was obtained and epitaxially grown. A figure of merit which is defined as the ratio of modal gain versus injection current was maximized at 150 K. A fabricated device with a Au metal-metal waveguide and a top GaAs contact layer lased at 2.4 THz up to 128.5 K, while another one without the top GaAs lased up to 152.5 K ( ). The experimental results have been analyzed with rate equation and nonequilibrium Green's function models. A high population inversion is achieved at high temperature using a small oscillator strength of 0.28, while its combination with the low injection coupling strength of 0.85 meV results in a low current. The carefully engineered wavefunctions enhance the quantum efficiency of the device and therefore improve the output optical power even with an unusually low injection coupling strength.
Optical absorption of Mg-doped layers and InGaN quantum wells on c-plane and semipolar GaN structures113(2013); _URL_ Description Hide Description
We studied optical absorption of Mg-doped AlInGaN layers using excitation-position dependent and polarization resolved photoluminescence from the slab-waveguide edge of a laser structure. The major absorption in the Mg-doped layers was found only when p-doping is activated. It increases with the removal of residual hydrogen, which in case of Mg doping is a p-type passivation impurity, and reversibly disappears after passivation by hydrogen. This absorption is weakly wavelength and temperature dependent, and isotropic. This can be attributed to acceptor-bound hole absorption, because those holes concentration is nearly equal to that of activated acceptors and weakly temperature dependent (unlike the free hole concentration, which is much lower and is an exponential function of temperature due to high ionization energy). The cross section of photon absorption on such activated acceptor was quantified to be in the order of 10−17 cm−2. The absorption cross section of free electrons was found to be at least one order of magnitude lower and below detection limit. The same technique was used to experimentally quantify band structure polarization components along basis directions for green InGaN quantum wells (QWs) grown on c- and semipolar planes. The A1 and B1 valence subbands of c-plane QW were found to comprise mostly |X⟩ and |Y⟩ states. There was rather minor amount of |Z⟩ states with average square fraction of only 0.02. In (20-21) plane, due to small band anticrossing near gamma-point, we observed highly polarized absorption edges of A1- and B1-subbands consisting mainly of |Y⟩ and |X⟩ states, respectively, and found their energy splitting to be ∼40 meV. For (11-22) plane with smaller band splitting and polarization, we observed polarization switching with indium (In) concentration greater than 30% in the QW (or photon energy less than 2.3 eV). We confirmed our study of valence band structures by optical gain measurements.
Negative differential resistance induced by thermalization of two-dimensional electrons in terahertz quantum-well photodetectors113(2013); _URL_ Description Hide Description
Negative differential resistance (NDR) behavior existing in dark current-voltage (IV) curves of terahertz quantum-well photodetectors (QWPs) is theoretically investigated. Due to electron-electron scattering, the localized two-dimensional (2D) electrons in terahertz QWPs are thermalized. In steady state, the effective temperature of the 2D electrons is found to be higher than that of lattice. A self-consistent model is used to simulate the dark IV curves of terahertz QWPs, taking into account the thermalization effect of the 2D electrons. The NDR behavior is qualitatively reproduced. The periodic structures of electric-field domain and 2D electron occupation are formed in the NDR regime. The improved self-consistent model is useful for further understanding of the electron transport properties and improving the performance of terahertz QWPs.
113(2013); _URL_ Description Hide Description

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Why Do Mice and Hamsters Love Wheels In Cages and How Do They Know How To Use Them?
Mice and hamsters have an instinctual need to run whenever they can.
why do hamsters love wheels
Their metabolism is fast, and they burn off energy almost as fast as they consume food. Fortunately too, mice are quick learners.
Curiosity leads them to the wheel to explore. Once on the wheel, it doesn't take long for them to reach upward and roll a couple of times.
They soon learn that the wheel will move continuously, satisfying their need for physical activity.
About Karen Hill
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A scalable system requires little hardware resources, if there are only a few users. But if the game gets popular, it will be easily adapted to run on huge server farms.
This requires that the game is coded in a way which allows for load balancing. A common approach is to identify services such as (chat, friends list, authentication, world, map) that can be split onto different servers.
More sophisticated approaches allow for seamless load balancing within one type of service such as a continuous world.
Related topics
If a system is scaled up, it will get more likely that things break, both at the software and hardware level. Therefore fault isolation and high availability (serverfault) are important topics.
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Single Idea 13546
[catalogued under 4. Formal Logic / F. Set Theory ST / 5. Conceptions of Set / f. Limitation of Size]
Full Idea
We group under the heading 'limitation of size' those principles which classify properties as collectivizing or not according to how many objects there are with the property.
Gist of Idea
The 'limitation of size' principles say whether properties collectivise depends on the number of objects
Michael Potter (Set Theory and Its Philosophy [2004], 13.5)
Book Reference
Potter,Michael: 'Set Theory and Its Philosophy' [OUP 2004], p.227
A Reaction
The idea was floated by Cantor, toyed with by Russell (1906), and advocated by von Neumann. The thought is simply that paradoxes start to appear when sets become enormous.


text:
Safe Solid Waste Disposal
English: % of households that dispose of their solid waste in a safe way
French: % de ménages qui jettent leurs déchets solides d'une manière sûre
Portuguese: % de agregados familiares que depositam os seus resíduos sólidos de forma segura
Czech: % domácností, které se pevného odpadu zbavují bezpečně
What is its purpose?
The indicator assesses the proportion of households which dispose of their solid waste in a way that does not threaten human and environmental health (which can occur, for example, from the breeding of flies and rodents or from polluting water sources).
How to Collect and Analyse the Required Data
Collect the following data by conducting individual interviews with a representative sample of your target group members:
RECOMMENDED SURVEY QUESTION (Q) AND POSSIBLE ANSWERS (A)
Q1: Where do you dispose of your household's solid waste?
1) bury it
2) burn it
3) carry to a designated waste disposal site
4) carry it to an unofficial waste dump
5) other – specify: …………………………
NOTE: Only answers 1-3 count as "safe disposal" (option 3 only if it is an officially designated place posing no health hazards).
To calculate the indicator's value, divide the number of households that dispose of their solid waste in a safe way (i.e. answers 1-3) by the total number of interviewed respondents. Multiply the result by 100 to convert it to a percentage.
Disaggregate the data by location.
1) BHA phrases this indicator differently, as "percent of households targeted by the WASH promotion program that are properly disposing of solid waste".


text:
One of the quickest ways to get from PowerPoint to e-learning is to use Adobe Presenter. This PowerPoint add-on enables designers to add e-learning features to a PowerPoint deck, and then publish it as e-learning. The resulting content will work well with your learning management system (LMS), and you also can publish your creations as PDFs or as HTML5 modules accessible by mobile devices.
Here is a run-down of the e-learning features you can create with Presenter.
First, you can record and edit a voiceover narrative for your project. Although it is not the equivalent of a full-service audio editing program, Presenter does allow you to record your voiceover, delete unwanted segments or sounds, cover stray sounds or noises with silence, adjust the volume, and add specific amounts of silence to adjust the timing of your audio.
What I really like about Presenter's audio capability is its nifty tool for synchronizing a voiceover with PowerPoint transitions and builds. Although it is best to create a separate voiceover recording for each slide, you can quite easily use one recording across multiple slides, perfectly synchronizing the voiceover with the slide transitions.
What has become even more important for me, though, is the ability to synchronize a voiceover with slide builds—having the correct text or image appear on the slide just as the voiceover mentions it. Now, I know bullet points are currently frowned upon, but I think having synchronized audio helps minimize the negative effects of the occasional bulleted slide.
Even if you have a well-designed PowerPoint deck, e-learning touches, such as background scenes that are officeor industry-specific, can improve its look. Adding a screen character to conduct the lesson can also add engagement—a key component in improving learner retention of e-learning content. Presenter gives you a selection of backgrounds and characters to enhance your lessons.
Having clickable objects that your learner can explore at their own pace is another e-learning element that Presenter can add. "Interactions," as Adobe calls them, allow you to convey a lot more data on a screen without the impression of an overwhelming amount of text. They also serve as another antidote to "death by PowerPoint" bullets.
The "skin" of an e-learning lesson—a sidebar with a table of contents, titling and other identifying information, and the ability to insert a video of the presenter—really take your project out of the realm of PowerPoint and into the world of e-learning. You also can embed training videos and graphics or SWFs of software demonstrations created in Adobe Captivate into your slides.
Add a quiz with different question types that go beyond multiple choice and true or false, such as drag-and-drop matching and sequencing questions, and you have capped off the transformation of a dry and "deadly" PowerPoint deck into effective and worthwhile e-learning.
Despite a little quirkiness in its functioning (for example, to access a functional PDF lesson, it requires your learner to have the latest Flash player installed), Adobe Presenter is an effective tool for quickly taking your training content from PowerPoint into the world of e-learning.
To learn more insider design tips, join me for the Essentials of Adobe Presenter Certificate program, starting online December 3, 2014.


for the call to an undefined function.
 The AUTO_LIST is an optional list of variables that are for "local"
use. The syntax of the auto list (if present) is "'auto' NAME,... ;".
(The semicolon is optional.) Each NAME is the name of an auto
in parameters. These variables have their values pushed onto a stack
zero and used throughout the execution of the function. At function
parameters are really auto variables that are initialized to a value
provided in the function call. Auto variables are different than
traditional local variables because if function A calls function B, B
auto variables and parameters are pushed onto a stack, 'bc' supports
recursive functions.
 The function body is a list of 'bc' statements. Again, statements
are separated by semicolons or newlines. Return statements cause the
versions of the return statement. The first form, "'return'", returns
the value 0 to the calling expression. The second form, "'return' (
EXPRESSION )", computes the value of the expression and returns that
value to the calling expression. There is an implied "'return' (0)" at
return 0 without an explicit 'return' statement.
 Functions also change the usage of the variable IBASE. All
constants in the function body will be converted using the value of
IBASE at the time of the function call. Changes of IBASE will be
ignored during the execution of the function except for the standard
function 'read', which will always use the current value of IBASE for
conversion of numbers.
 As an extension, the format of the definition has been slightly
as the 'define' keyword and all other parts must be on following lines.
This version of 'bc' will allow any number of newlines before and after
the opening brace of the function. For example, the following
definitions are legal.
 define d (n)
 { return (2*n); }
File: bc.info, Node: Math Library Functions, Prev: Functions, Up: Functions
Math Library Functions
 If 'bc' is invoked with the '-l' option, a math library is preloaded
and the default SCALE is set to 20. The math functions will calculate
library defines the following functions:
's (X)'
 The sine of X, X is in radians.
'c (X)'
 The cosine of X, X is in radians.
'a (X)'
 The arctangent of X, arctangent returns radians.
'l (X)'
 The natural logarithm of X.
'E (X)'
 The exponential function of raising E to the value X.
'J (N,X)'
 The bessel function of integer order N of X.
File: bc.info, Node: Examples, Next: Readline and Libedit Options, Prev: Functions, Up: Top
variable PI.
 The following is the definition of the exponential function used in
the math library. This function is written in POSIX 'bc'.
 scale = 20
 When x is small enough, we use the series:
 define e(x) {
 /* Check the sign of x. */
 if (x<0) {
 m = 1
 x = -x
 /* Precondition x. */
 z = scale;
 scale = 4 + z +.44*x;
 while (x > 1) {
 f += 1;
 x /= 2;
 /* Initialize the variables. */
 v = 1+x
 a = x
 d = 1
 if (e == 0) {
 scale = z
 if (m) return (1/v);
 return (v/1);
 v += e
 The following is code that uses the extended features of 'bc' to
implement a simple program for calculating checkbook balances. This
without having to retype it at every use.
 print "\nCheck book program\n!"
 print " Remember, deposits are negative transactions.\n"
 print "Initial balance? "; bal = read()
 bal /= 1
 print "\n"
 while (1) {
 "current balance = "; bal
 "transaction? "; trans = read()
 if (trans == 0) break;
 bal -= trans
 bal /= 1
 The following is the definition of the recursive factorial function.
 define f (x) {
 if (x <= 1) return (1);
 return (f(x-1) * x);
File: bc.info, Node: Readline and Libedit Options, Next: GNU 'bc' and Other Implementations, Prev: Examples, Up: Top
Readline and Libedit Options
 GNU 'bc' can be compiled (via a configure option) to use the GNU
'readline' input editor library or the BSD 'libedit' library. This
allows the user to do more editing of lines before sending them to
'bc'. It also allows for a history of previous lines typed. When this
option is selected, 'bc' has one more special variable. This special
variable, HISTORY is the number of lines of history retained. A value
This is the default value. Setting the value of HISTORY to a positive
the user manuals for the GNU 'readline', 'history' and BSD 'libedit'
libraries. One can not enable both 'readline' and 'libedit' at the
same time.
File: bc.info, Node: GNU 'bc' and Other Implementations, Next: Limits, Prev: Readline and Libedit Options, Up: Top
GNU 'bc' and Other Implementations
 This version of 'bc' was implemented from the POSIX P1003.2/D11
draft and contains several differences and extensions relative to the
draft and traditional implementations. It is not implemented in the
traditional way using 'dc'. This version is a single process which
for debugging the parser and preparing the math library.
 A major source of differences is extensions, where a feature is
extended to add more functionality and additions, where new features
 This version does not conform to the POSIX standard in the
 processing of the LANG environment variable and all environment
 variables starting with LC_.
 Traditional and POSIX 'bc' have single letter names for functions,
 variables and arrays. They have been extended to be
 multi-character names that start with a letter and may contain
 letters, numbers and the underscore character.
 Strings are not allowed to contain NUL characters. POSIX says all
 characters must be included in strings.
 POSIX 'bc' does not have a \fBlast variable. Some implementations
 of 'bc' use the period (.) in a similar way.
 POSIX 'bc' allows comparisons only in the 'if' statement, the
 'while' statement, and the second expression of the 'for'
 statement. Also, only one relational operation is allowed in each
 of those statements.
 POSIX 'bc' does not have an 'else' clause.
 POSIX 'bc' requires all expressions to be present in the 'for'
&&, ||,!
 POSIX 'bc' does not have the logical operators.
 POSIX 'bc' does not have a 'read' function.
 POSIX 'bc' does not have a 'print' statement.
 POSIX 'bc' does not have a continue statement.
 POSIX 'bc' does not (currently) support array parameters in full.
 The POSIX grammar allows for arrays in function definitions, but
 does not provide a method to specify an array as an actual
 Traditional implementations of 'bc' have only call by value array
 POSIX 'bc' requires the opening brace on the same line as the
 'define' key word and the 'auto' statement on the next line.
 POSIX 'bc' does not require these "old style" assignment operators
 assignments. Use the 'limits' statement to see if the installed
 assignment operators, the statement "a =- 1" will decrement 'a' by
 1 instead of setting 'a' to the value -1.
 Other implementations of 'bc' allow spaces in numbers. For
 same statement would cause a syntax error in this version of 'bc'.
 This implementation varies from other implementations in terms of
 what code will be executed when syntax and other errors are found
 definition, error recovery tries to find the beginning of a
 statement and continue to parse the function. Once a syntax error
 becomes undefined. Syntax errors in the interactive execution
 code will invalidate the current execution block. The execution
 block is terminated by an end of line that appears after a
 complete sequence of statements. For example,
 a = 1
 b = 2
 has two execution blocks and
 { a = 1
 b = 2 }
 has one execution block. Any runtime error will terminate the
 execution of the current execution block. A runtime warning will
 not terminate the current execution block.
 During an interactive session, the SIGINT signal (usually
 execution of the current execution block to be interrupted. It
 will display a "runtime" error indicating which function was
 interrupted. After all runtime


text:
our work
The yard operation is the most complicated part at a terminal because it handles both incoming and outgoing container flows (Zhang, 2002). The container yard work as an interface for loading and unloading containers and to transship containers between vessels (Lee et al., 2006). Therefore, yard planner will assign optimal allocation of storage areas for import, export and transshipment containers (Yun and Choi, 1999). From the previous research, it can be seen that various problem associate with yard operation have been addressed. The most problem that is usually faced in the yard operation is the insufficient storage space in the yard to store all the containers. Therefore, it makes the duty of yard planners are more challenging if yard storage allocation problem is not handled properly the traffic congestion might arise.
Besides the yard utilization, yard crane assignment also influences the operation of the terminal. Legato, Canonaco and Mazza (2009) proposed optimisation model to determine which yard crane will be transferred in order to satisfy the crane capacity and minimize the total cost for block matching and crane activation. This paper using Ranking and Selection (R&S) techniques and later extend by includes simulation techniques which representing the main subsystems of a terminal.
Background of the Case Study Container Terminal
The case study container terminal is located along the Northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia and it serves one of the busiest trade routes in the region and links Malaysia to more than 200 ports internationally. The case study container terminal is one of the trader's choice ports because of its deepwater wharf and it has be the major shipping lanes in the Straits of Malacca. Furthermore, it is easy reach of all major economic regions in the country, linked directly to the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia through the East-West Highway.
The case study container terminal is in development of third phase. Currently, there are twenty hectares of container yard which is capable to store a total of two million TEUs annually. This container terminal was equipped with 15 gantry cranes, 32 transfer cranes, 93 prime movers, 127 trailers and 360 refer points.
The case study container terminal handles the import and export activities around the Asia-Pacific region. To be a competitive port, the performance of the container terminal should be efficient and effective to make sure the container terminal can survive. Growth of water transportation services contribute to the congestion and delay in the container terminal operation. Congestion is cause by huge vessels which can bear a high volume of containers and eventually cause the loading and unloading activities to be slow hence contribute to the delay problem.
In order to make any experiment to the real system, it will cause very huge expenses and of course will disrupt the real system operation. By using the simulation model that mimic the real system, the management can investigate the flow of system run and can do any changes in the model without disrupt the real system operation.
Objectives of study
The main objective of this study is to develop simulation models of the case study container terminal, which can be used to improve the performance of the different activities at the container terminal. The focused activity starts from the arrival of vessels, containers unload from the vessel until the vessels depart from the port.
In order to achieve the stated main objective, the following objectives were identified and pursued:
Evaluate the performance of the current container terminal model, measured by waiting time of vessel in port, number of vessel in queue and utilization of berths and cranes.
Evaluate the proposed model to improve the container terminal performance.
Compare the performance of the proposed model with the current model.
Scope of study
This research focused on identified and developed a container terminal model for arrival of vessels and unloading container activities until vessels depart only. The developed system was tested by the data gathered from the case study container terminal. This study covered the vessel which is load with container only.
Contribution of the study
In this section, the implications of the study especially to the case study container terminal management and to the body of knowledge are discussed.
The results of the study will beneficial to the managerial of container terminal to evaluate the decisions and actions proposed to improve container terminal performance. This study will help the container terminal to reduce the average waiting time of vessels, number of vessels in queue and increased the utilization of the berths and cranes. By using the right proposed model, the case study container terminal performance can be improved and customer satisfaction was increased.
Implication to the body of knowledge
This research will give benefit to body of knowledge of simulation because it would present on how the idea and concept of modelling in simulation can be applied in order to solve the real world problem. Related to this situation, we can conclude that simulation modelling is a discipline that shows the best approach to get the best solution of a problem.
Organization of the thesis
This thesis is divided into five chapters. Chapter one discusses the introduction of container terminal, background of case study container terminal, problem statement, objective of the study, scope of study an contribution of study. Chapter two presents the reviews of previous studies related to the container terminal. Methodology of this thesis are discusses in chapter three. Chapter four discusses the model constructions and implementation. This thesis ends with the conclusion and recommendation for future research extension in chapter five.


Question: How Much Does Plastering Walls Cost?
How much does it cost to plaster a wall?
Plastering walls costs between $2 and $10 per square foot.
If you have high walls, you can expect to pay an additional $0.40 to $2 per square foot for scaffolding..
How do I calculate plastering costs?
Subtotal material cost = cement cost + sand cost = 28 + 25 = INR 53. step 4 :- labour rate and charges:- labour rate and cost for internal wall plastering is INR 15 to 18 per sq ft or INR 161 to 193 per sq m, consider labour rate and cost in this calculation is INR 180 per sq meter. Total cost = 233 + 35 = INR 268.
How much do plasterers charge UK?
On average, a plastering project in the UK will cost between £150 – £500. The total plastering cost will vary depending on the size of your room. Remember that any additional items, such as the need for scaffolding, can add on to the cost.
What's the difference between plastering and skimming?
Skimming is the name provided to a plastering method where a wall is plastered with a layer of thin coat. It is usually applied to an existing plaster to smooth the surface area. … Another difference between skim and plaster is that plaster surface areas are constantly rough whereas a skimmed surface area is smooth.
How much does it cost to plaster a brick wall?
The cost of plastering typically costs between $2-$10 per square foot, so you can expect to pay a renderer anywhere from $500 to $20,000 depending on the size and complexity of the job.
How long does it take to do a plastering course?
around two yearsAn intermediate plastering apprenticeship takes around two years to complete. If your employer can provide you with the right experiences you can progress onto a Level 3 qualification.
Is it easy to plaster over Artex?
Is plaster more expensive than drywall?
Because it is hand applied by skilled artisans, it is a higher quality, more expensive material. When building a new house, real plaster walls are more expensive than drywall.
How much do plasterers charge per day UK?
How much do plasterers charge per hour? Plasterers don't only charge per job or per day. They also charge by the hour as well. A typical hourly rate, depending on whereabouts you are in the country but can be from £8 to £19 per hour, with a median of about £12 per hour.
How much do plasterers charge per hour?
In New South Wales plasterers charge $48 per hour and in South Australia and Western Australia, they charge $50 per hour, so they will be closer to the $20 per square metre rate.
Can I plaster a wall myself?
Anyone can plaster a wall (really, anyone), but you need to follow a formula. You can't just pick up a trowel and start throwing plaster on the walls. … Knowing what plastering tools and general DIY tools to use. Correctly preparing your walls for plastering (failing to do this can cause chaos)
How much does a plasterer charge per day?
Replastering Walls Repairing or re-skimming over existing plaster to correct blemishes in plaster. For a small room, prices range between £380 and £500. For medium rooms, you can expect to pay from £420 and £550 respectively. Average duration is between 1 and 2 days depending on the size of the room.


text:
Use the video and step-by-step drawing instructions below to learn how to draw Namine from the Kingdom Hearts video games. A new cartoon drawing tutorial is uploaded every week, so stay tooned!
Intro: Start drawing Kingdom Hearts' Namine with a pencil sketch. In the beginning stages, don't press down too hard. Use light, smooth strokes for sketching.
Step 1: To draw Namine, start with an egg shape in the middle of the page. You don't have to draw the egg shape perfectly; it's just a guide for Namine's head.
Step 2: Underneath the egg shape, draw two wavy lines that extend outward toward the sides and then curve down toward the bottom. These lines make Namine's neck and shoulders.
Step 3: Next, draw two intersecting lines across Namine's head shape, one vertical and one horizontal. In between the horizontal line and the bottom of the head, draw a small horizontal line. Below that one, draw a slightly longer horizontal line. These will be construction lines that will help you place Namine's features later on.
Step 4: Now draw the basic shapes for Namine's eyes, which are two small ovals with pointed ends, like footballs. Draw these ovals so they sit on top of the horizontal construction line on either side of the vertical construction line.
Step 5: Draw some guides for Namine's hair. Draw a line that starts at the top of her head and then moves left around her head and a bit below the left shoulder. Draw another line on the opposite side that ends right on top of the right shoulder.


text:
Automakers are improving fuel economy by exploiting a new controls approach that uses the waste heat from vehicle engines. Currently, up to 65% of the heat energy produced in internal combustion engines, whether gasoline or diesel, is wasted. Typically, the powertrain or engine dissipates the heat by convection, where it is carried to the cooling circuit or lost out of the tailpipe in exhaust gases.
A joint team from Chrysler and the Center for Automotive Research at The Ohio State University recently developed a practical approach to maximizing drivetrain efficiency and reducing fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. Together, engineers in industry and research, along with students, determined how to capture and effectively distribute the useful heat energy to the transmission and engine oils from a controls standpoint, requiring additional hardware such as a transmission heat exchanger and associated plumbing, and new software. Higher temperature oil is less viscous, so less torque is required for operation and the transmission and engine can operate at higher mechanical efficiencies.
Controlling Oil Temperature
Automakers can improve fuel economy by selecting optimal coolant-circuit architectures, heat exchangers, and flow-control devices. The goal of this work was to warm up the drivetrain oils rapidly and run at a slightly higher temperature without additional hydraulic power. Kevin Laboe, who leads the Powertrain Thermal Management Team at Chrysler's Advanced Powertrain Group, Detroit, MI, and who led the simulation and testing teams, says the challenge was to distribute the heat in the most effective way.
Currently, up to 65% of the heat energy produced in internal combustion engines is wasted.
"We first needed to understand how much heat was available from the powertrain during various drive cycles and cold start conditions," he says. By simulating thermal components that control the powertrain heat, such as the electronic thermostat, cooling fans, grill shutters, and water valve, they determined the best way to distribute the available energy.
The team ran simulations to maximize drivetrain efficiency and minimize fuel consumption under various driving conditions, and tested their model-based approach by delivering control commands to actuators that modulated powertrain heat on a test vehicle. They monitored engine coolant temperature, engine oil temperature, transmission oil temperature, and vehicle fuel consumption, and ultimately found no additional coolant pump power was necessary for rapid warm-up and control of the drivetrain oils.
All actuators needed to work in concert to heat the oil fast and keep the temperature steady. Opening the grill shutters or running the electric air fan consumes power. Controlling actuators in concert is a new way of addressing thermal management. While more complex, it enables the system to arrive at a steady temperature quicker and under all operating conditions, which extends the life of each thermal-control actuator, Laboe says.
Significant Fuel Savings
The group found that using the waste heat with optimal controls consistently delivered higher oil temperatures and significantly reduced warm-up times. This translated to fuel economy improvements of almost 4% compared to conventional thermal management strategies. The largest efficiency gains occur while heating oil from a cold start, and approximately half of the improvement comes from the powertrain and transmission sides.
This type of system is used by a number of suppliers, most commonly in Europe, but hasn't yet come to the market in many areas of the world. Laboe says the amount of increase in fuel economy demonstrated is significant. This technology is coming to meet upcoming regulatory obligations, and Chrysler is interested in this approach because it benefits fuel economy using available energy, and, most importantly, can be incorporated into existing powertrain architectures.
Debbie Sniderman is CEO of VI Ventures LLC, a technical consulting company.
We first needed to understand how much heat was available from the powertrain during various drive cycles and cold start conditions.
Kevin Laboe, Chrysler's Advanced Powertrain Group
More on this topic
Current trends in automotive engineering largely focus on improving engine efficiency and fuel economy.
Harley-Davidson motorcycles, affectionately known as "hogs," have a "Born to Be Wild" image, but the real power of the iconic 110-year-old brand comes...


Take the 2-minute tour ×
What is the difference between putting $DB::single=1 and $DB::single=2 in your code? Both seem to have the identical effect of halting execution at the statement following the assignment when I do a 'c' on the perl debugger command line.
perldebug says that a value of 1 is equivalent to having just pressed's' to get to the next statement, and 2 is the same as 'n', but what difference does it make how you got to the statement?
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 10 down vote accepted
From perldebug:
If you set $DB::single to 2, it's equivalent to having just typed the n command (which executes over subroutine calls), whereas a value of 1 means the s command (which enters subroutine calls).
That much you know already.
From a user point of view, I'm pretty sure there is no difference. I base this on an examination of the actual DB.pm source code.
Let's follow this logically. You may want to refer to the source code. I've simplified some of the code to remove unnecessary detail but you should be able to get the idea from my descriptions.
When you are executing code in the debugger, there are (at least) two important variables, running and single. The combination of these is what decides whether code is run:
running single description
 0 ? not running
 1 0 running flat-out
 1 1 single stepping, execute into function
 1 2 single stepping, execute over function
The DB() function is executed for every single line, and it contains the following snippet which will stop the running if single has been set (it always executes the current line regardless):
if ($DB::single) {
 $DB::single = 0;
 $running = 0;
That's why, if you set the variable in your Perl code, it will break (by break, I mean "stop running the code", not "damage somehow") the debugger at the next line.
When running is 0, the DB() function enters this little loop:
# Now sit in an event loop until something sets $running
do {
 $c->idle; # call client event loop; must not block
} until $running;
In other words, it waits on a user command which sets running back to 1. This can be done by one of the following three functions:
sub next {
 $DB::single = 2;
 $running = 1;
sub step {
 $DB::single = 1;
 $running = 1;
sub cont {
 $DB::single = 0;
 $running = 1;
You can see that these three commands set up a different combination of single and running which will be used while executing the next Perl line (see the earlier table to see what these combinations mean).
The ability to use either 1 or 2 in your Perl code is a direct result of the fact that you're using a sneaky but clever trick to break execution from your Perl code itself, by setting a variable that would normally be set by a debugger command.
That's why it's not the value that matters so much as the fact you're forcing the debugger into a particular state.
share|improve this answer
not sneaky, well documented. – ysth Dec 20 '10 at 21:54
It may be well documented now but I'm of the opinion that it was a simple side effect of the way DB.pm worked, that someone discovered was useful (even if that someone was the original author). No-one in their right mind would design an API like this :-) They would have provided a function to do it so as to not expose the inner workings, not just let a variable be set to two different values, the difference between those values being absolutely nothing in terms of the use. – paxdiablo Dec 20 '10 at 23:23
Your Answer


text:
A precursor of the modern day helicopter, the Aerial Screw designed by Leonardo da Vinci was designed to compress air in order to obtain flight. Now you can build this model straight from da Vinci's musings and marvel at how ahead of his time he truly was. Snap together assembly, no glue required.
Recommended ages 8 and up.
Made of plastic, the assembled model measures approx. 5" H and 7" W.
Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the predecessor to the modern helicopter in the late 15th century. Dubbed the "aerial screw," this simple machine was designed to compress air to obtain flight through its unique shape. When originally designed, da Vinci's helicopter measured more than 15 feet in diameter and was made from reed, linen and wire. The four men depicted on this model represent the original four men in the sketches who stood on a central platform, turning cranks to rotate the shaft. However, due to weight constraints, this model would never have been able to take flight.
A true Renaissance man, da Vinci was everything from a sculptor to a mathematician to an anatomist. He is credited with designing many original prototypes of modern inventions.
WARNING: Choking Hazard - Small parts. Not for children under 3 years.


Hachi - Meaning of Hachi
What does Hachi mean?
See also the related categories, wise (holy), leaf, and japanese.
Baby names that sound like Hachi include Ha'iku, Hachey, Hachie, Hachy, Hagae, Hagai, Hagay, Hagaye, Hagee, Hagey, Haggae, Haggee, Haggey, Haggi, Haggie, Haggy, Hagi, Hagie, Hagos, and Hagy.
Baby Name Explorer for Hachi
Hachi Popularity Charts
blue:boy name
red:girl name
italics:unisex name
bold:primary name


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 Comment: Published by Scroll Versions from this space and version 1.0
 Welcome to a tutorial on basic submission and dependencies using the Qube! API. API
 By running through this tutorial you will have a basic understanding of how to:
 1. Use
 python to submit a basic job
 2. Understand Job packages and what is required to submit jobs
 3. Discover how to find the required fields for job packages in the Qube! GUI
 4. Link jobs using dependencies
 This tutorial will be based loosely on a Renderman workflow which is a commonly requested pipeline.pipeline
 Requirements: A basic knowledge of Python python is advisable. Most most of the contents of this tutorial can be copy and pasted to suit basic needs but further development would be required for complex pipelines.pipelines
 Children Display
 See Also
 Python qb module documentation:
 Python-based jobtypes module documentation:


text:
Graphical models are a powerful statistical abstraction that are capable of representing important mathematical properties of probability distributions in a visual and intuitive way. Recently, they have started being investigated for use in understanding and processing natural language. In the first half of this talk, we will give a broad overview of graphical modeling methodologies, and how they can be used for natural language processing. In the second half, we will cover our efforts in applying graphical models to the statistical machine translation problem. In particular, we will demonstrate how various forms of graphical model can be used to express some standard machine translation systems, and will describe how we have begun using them for various translation tasks. We will emphasize the representational and computational aspects of our efforts.
Back to symposium main page


text:
USDA – Rural Development - Water and Environmental Programs
Solid Waste Management Grant Program
Due: December 31, 2010
The objectives of the Solid Waste Management Grant Program are to:
- Reduce or eliminate pollution of water resources in rural areas; and
- Improve planning and management of solid waste sites in rural areas.
NOTE: Rural areas are defined as any area not in a city or town with a population in excess of 10,000, according to the
latest decennial census of the United States.
Solid Waste Management grants may be used to:
1. Evaluate current landfill conditions to determine threats to water resources.
2. Provide technical assistance and/or training to enhance operator skills in the operation and maintenance of
3. Provide technical assistance and/or training to help communities reduce the solid waste stream.
Provide technical assistance and/or training for operators of landfills which are closed or will be closed in
the near future with the development and implementation of closure plans, future land use plans, safety and
maintenance planning, and closure scheduling within permit requirements.
For More Information:


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Why Should We Care About Low Probability Yet Catastrophic Events? By Eddie McCullough, Senior Vice P
Piper Alpha was the event which lead to the oil and gas industry reassessing its approach to safety. Even with new standards and an increased awareness of what causes large process safety events like these, almost 30 years on from one of the biggest disasters the industry has experienced, we continue to see large and fatal disasters occurring: Texas City, Buncefield and Richmond refinery to name a few.
However, it is not only the oil and gas industry which is at risk of high consequence, low probability events such as these. Any industry where quantities of dangerous substances meet the threshold outlined in the Control of Major Accident Hazards (COMAH) Regulations are also at risk, including chemical, storage, explosives and nuclear sites. Distilleries are another industry at risk of a process safety event and some are even classed as top tier sites. Large events at distilleries have occurred, some within the last few years, suggesting a focus on process safety is required within this industry as well. The Burghead Malting Fire in Elgin (Scotland) in 2015, Cheapside Whisky Bond in Glasgow (Scotland) in 1960, and Silver Trail in Kentucky in 2015 are only a few distilleries to have experienced a major event.
Although the number of large events like those mentioned above occur less frequently these days, they still happen. In 2016, the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (OGP) published their annual Safety Performance Indicators report which outlined the number and causes of process safety events in 2015 as reported by participating oil and gas organisations themselves. They reported 254 (rate 0.14) Tier 1 events (loss of primary containment (LOPC) with the greatest consequences) and 795 (rate 0.44) Tier 2 events (LOPC with lesser consequences). OGP also reported onshore Tier 1 process safety event rate (PSER) to be around 2.5 times the offshore Tier 1 PSER, and onshore Tier 2 PSER to be 1.6 times the offshore Tier 2 PSER.
High hazard industries, now more than ever, need to pay attention to not only their safety performance but also their process safety performance if they are to avoid experiencing the worst case scenario. It is important that high hazard industries such as COMAH sites operationalise their COMAH plan or process safety plan and ensure they are paying attention to even the weakest signals which may indicate the potential for an accident to occur.
However, the question is what can organisations do to prevent events like this from happening? The key to this is focusing on behaviours and decision making. Our experience has taught us that organisations tend to have all the systems and processes in place however how people interact with or use these systems opens the organisation up to the potential of a major event occurring. What influences a person's behaviour and how they make decisions is the culture they work in. Specifically, the organisation's safety culture; that is how much an organisation cares about their safety performance over their financial or operational performance and who within the organisation takes responsibility for safety.
There are specific concepts around behavioural safety that have been shown to make a real difference in improving a company's safety culture. The most effective way to influence an organisation's safety culture is by generating an input of care. When we talk about care we aren't talking about hugs and kisses, we are talking about feeling concerned or interested for something. Explicitly, we are talking about caring for people, the systems and processes, the plant and equipment. This care can be demonstrated in many different forms such as by asking your team "can we do anything more", or simply by following processes, rules and procedures, or even by maintaining your equipment and plant to ensure they are working effectively. If care is demonstrated in these areas, an organisation is likely to see an increase in their safety performance. Furthermore, with the creation of a culture of care, an organisation is also likely to see an improvement in their operational performance, the predictability of the performance of their people as well as their plant and equipment, and the efficiency in the way people and the organisation function, which itself can lead to a financial return.
Throughout our experience and research, and working with various high hazard industries including oil and gas, petrochemical, construction, mining, steel etc, the importance of process safety management has become apparent. Furthermore, as an organisation that is continually learning from our experience and the continuous research we do, we have noticed an increased focus on process safety wherever we go. As a result of this we have incorporated the creation of a process safety culture into how we create a culture of care.
Even with this increased attention being paid to process safety, one thing we have noticed is a lack of attention to the weak signals and warning signs which indicate the potential for danger. Through our in-field work and training workshops, we have discovered barrier defects in existence almost everywhere we go. For example, inhibits being put on fire and gas detection systems to allow work to be performed in that area without setting it off however these are not removed upon the completion of work meaning this barrier to detect something bad happening would be ineffective when it is needed. Furthermore, the level of knowledge that leadership and the workforce have in regards to process safety and the barriers to prevent a process safety event occurring is generally low. On a regular basis we often observe a mention of "pay attention to process safety hazards" from leaders to the workforce, however, this is not expanded upon to specify exactly what hazards people should be paying attention to. Combined with a low level of knowledge in regards to process safety hazards, it begs the question, is saying "pay attention" enough to prevent something bad from happening? Do people know what to pay attention to? If people aren't aware of what process safety is, the barriers their organisation has in place or need in place to prevent something bad from happening and, more specifically the role they play in managing process safety, the prevention of a major incident will be difficult for any organisation. It is therefore essential everyone, from the CEO to front line supervisors to the person on the tools, know and understand process safety management, and more importantly, their role in preventing accidents from happening.
With our experience and learning, we believe there is a necessity to raise awareness to high hazard industries including COMAH sites of the need to focus on their process safety management to prevent something bad from happening. It is important organisations who are at the greatest risk of a process safety event understand how they can operationalise their COMAH plan or process safety plan, that is how they can bring to life what is written on paper to prevent the worst case scenario happening.
Lives are precious and it is up to an organisation, specifically the senior leaders within it, to take responsibility to take care of those lives. Research shows that humans are heavily influenced by the culture they work in when they make decisions, if this culture does not see safety as a priority, how decisions get made and how people behave will reflect this. This means an organisations culture is crucial to keep people safe and by creating a culture of care, everyone can do the right thing.


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See also: présentable
- In good enough shape to be shown to other people; tidy; attractive.
- Before we go out, let me just go to the washroom and make myself presentable.
- 1900, L. Frank Baum, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Chapter 23
- Before they went to see Glinda, however, they were taken to a room of the Castle, where Dorothy washed her face and combed her hair, and the Lion shook the dust out of his mane, and the Scarecrow patted himself into his best shape, and the Woodman polished his tin and oiled his joints. When they were all quite presentable they followed the soldier girl into a big room where the Witch Glinda sat upon a throne of rubies.
- (ecclesiastical) Capable of being presented to a church living.
able to be presented
presentable (masculine and feminine plural presentables)
presentable (plural presentables)


Marcia Coyle explains today's Supreme Court arguments on IQ and the death penalty
BY Marcia Coyle March 3, 2014 at 8:06 PM EDT
Supreme CourtTwelve years ago, the U.S. Supreme Court, in a 6-3 decision, held that the execution of mentally retarded persons violated the Constitution. On Monday when the rest of the federal government enjoyed a snow day, the justices returned to this area of the law to examine how one state determines who is "intellectually disabled" and exempt from the death penalty.
In the last 12 years, the term "mental retardation" has fallen into disfavor with the psychological and social welfare community. Instead, "intellectual disability" is the preferred term, and the justices in oral arguments on Monday, for the most part, adopted the current phrase.
However, after those arguments, it seemed unlikely that a majority would adopt the state of Florida's approach to deciding who is intellectually disabled for purposes of a death sentence.
Freddie Lee Hall, on Florida's death row for the 1978 abduction, rape and murder of a 21-year-old woman who was seven months pregnant, has challenged Florida's rule that intellectually disability is proved by an IQ of 70 or below. That inflexible cutoff, he contends, violates the justices' 2002 decision in Atkins v. Virginia because it fails to include the standard error of measurement (plus or minus five points), a range that clinicians say is necessary to counter the inherent imprecision in IQ tests.
Those five points mean life or death for Hall who, although considered "mentally retarded his entire life" by state courts, has scored above 70 on a number of IQ tests.
In their 2002 decision, the justices did not define "mental retardation" and left the implementation of their ruling to the states. But the justices did suggest the definition had three elements, saying that "clinical definitions of mental retardation require not only subaverage intellectual functioning, but also significant limitations in adaptive skills such as communication, self-care, and self-direction that became manifest before age 18."
Hall's attorney, Seth Waxman, a former solicitor general in the Clinton Administration, argued that if a state is going to rely on IQ test scores to demonstrate mental disability, it cannot ignore measurement error in those scores. "That is a feature, a statistical feature of the test instrument itself," he said.
But Justice Antonin Scalia, who dissented in Atkins, said that the court 12 years ago did not look to the American Psychiatric Association or other medical groups for the answer to what degree of intellectual disability exempted someone from the death penalty. "We looked to what the states did," he said, adding that a number of them had adopted the IQ score of 70 at the time.
Waxman countered that the court pointed out in Atkins that this is a clinical condition that can only be diagnosed properly by professionals. The justices, he said, should pay considerable deference to those professionals' use of the standard error of measurement.
Florida's solicitor general, Allen Winsor, argued that the medical criteria used by those professionals was constantly changing or evolving and because of that, should not be "constitutionalized." Justice Scalia had earlier picked up on that argument, noting that the American Psychiatric Association once said homosexuality was a mental disability "and now says it's perfectly normal. They change their minds."
But Winsor faced his most skeptical questioning from the court's more liberal justices. Justice Stephen Breyer asked "what's so terrible" about allowing a defendant to produce an expert to testify that the IQ score was subject to error—testimony that the prosecution could counter with its own experts. And Justice Elena Kagan said the 70 cutoff seemed inconsistent with the court's death penalty decisions which require individualized consideration of a defendant's eligibility for that sentence. It "stops that in its tracks," she added, and prevents a defendant from getting to the two other elements that the court suggested in Atkins: limits on adaptive skills and onset before age 18.
Winsor argued that adopting Hall's approach would "double the number of people eligible for exemption" from the death penalty and that would be "inconsistent" with Florida's purposes of the death penalty.
Death penalty scholars and mental health groups say most states have developed appropriate standards for determining intellectual disability in the death penalty context. But Florida and seven other states, they say, have imposed a hard IQ cutoff that does not comport with current views.
Winsor told the court that those other states are Alabama, Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, North Carolina, and Virginia, and Maryland, which has repealed the death penalty.


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Ways forward: national Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health policy
Northern Territory five year development plan
This plan provides an overview of Mental Health Services in the Northern Territory. This is constituted by a network of services organised into seven districts. Districts are responsible for identifying and meeting service needs and supervising staff. While the Centre Program Directorate is responsible for formulating goals and objectives, developing policies and procedures and monitoring goal achievements.
Community based services are provided in all districts and encompass assessment, treatment and continuing care. Services include consultation, liaison, community outreach, and accommodation services. In smaller Districts (Darwin Rural, Alice Springs Rural, Katherine, East Arnhem and Barkly) services are provided by Community Psychiatric Nurses, and in some Districts, Aboriginal Health Workers. The community staff provide visiting services to remote communities in their Districts. Districts are visited on a regular (4-6 weekly) basis by a Psychiatrist from either Darwin or Alice Springs. Darwin and Alice Springs have full Community based multidisciplinary teams for assessment, treatment and ongoing management of people with mental health problems and mental disorders. Living skills, social skills training and other day rehabilitation programs are provided. In Darwin there is also a specialist Child, Adolescent and Family Therapy Team. This provides both direct service and consultation and Liaison to hospitals and other agencies. There is also a Forensic Team in Darwin, and limited Child and Forensic services are provided by the community team in Alice Springs. There is no psychiatric hospital but there are 12 acute, 10 rehabilitation and 10 secure beds in Darwin, and 7 acute, 5 rehabilitation, and 0 secure beds in Alice Springs. There are also 8 transitional beds in Darwin. There is no stand alone psychiatric hospital in the Territory. Current Services vary substantially across districts and are both mainstreamed and integrated.
Services are distributed as far as possible to the population areas delineated below.
Table 5: Estimated prevalence of mental disorder in the NT
ABS Statistical Subdivision
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population
Total population Northern Territory
Number of people with a mental disorder
|Lower Top End NT|
It is estimated, in general, that this service treats about one percent of the population (see 1992–93 Mental Health Act report) and using Andrews' conservative estimate of the treated prevalence rate of 3% this suggests that only one of the population who would be receiving treatment is so doing.
With respect to the Aboriginal people 68.9% reside in rural areas. The 1992-93 report indicates that a total of 172 Aboriginal people were admitted to hospital with 91 into Royal Darwin and 80 into Alice Springs. This was one third of the total numbers in Alice Springs and 16% of those in Darwin. There appears to be no other data available on other utilisations.
It is intended that the plan will continue to fulfil the 1992 National Mental Health Policy principles that notes several issues relevant to Aboriginal Mental Health. The need to address cross cultural issues is emphasised, both for Aboriginal people and the significant numbers of people from ethnic backgrounds.
A key Territory objective is to increase the participation of Aboriginal people in the delivery of Mental Health Services. The draft discussion paper on "Aboriginal Mental Health Training: Identifying the Need' proposes that a mental health curriculum should be developed in conjunction with educational institutions. Pilot training programs in Aboriginal Mental Health, and Aboriginal Mental Health Worker positions will be further developed. As well cultural training for Department staff will be actively developed. In terms of workforce development Aboriginal Mental Health workers will be identified as a new category of Clinical Staff.
Research developments in terms of Aboriginal Mental Health Research are also seen as a priority with the Northern Territory being ideally placed to research this field. There is currently underway a project to develop a measure to assess depression in Aboriginal people (Dr Kyaw, Rural Psychiatrist).
Future directionIt is proposed that the service will continue to provide "a comprehensive, accessible Mental Health Service that encapsulates the concepts of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention, and which is provided in the least restrictive way" (p25).
The relatively recent establishment of this service means that the emphasis is on development rather than reform.
It is proposed that a resource allocation model will be developed to ensure the equitable distribution of mental health resources across the Territory. It is believed that the establishment of Aboriginal Mental Health Workers positions will enhance access. Community services will be enhanced through formalising case management and supplying additional staff, particularly to refine outreach and accommodation services. Community education will also be enhanced.
A specific Objective and Strategy was proposed by the Northern Territory Report with respect to Aboriginal Mental Health as well as other strategies which will be relevant.
Objective 14: Increase participation of Aboriginal people in service delivery
Strategy: To negotiate for Aboriginal Health Workers and Aboriginal Mental Health Workers and to develop and implement pilot training programs and packages and to establish positions by the end of 1995.
Indicators would be the number of positions.


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Micro Journal Club: E. coli competence
kuehn at MENDEL.BERKELEY.EDU
Mon Sep 12 20:30:22 EST 1994
Dear Fellow Netters:
I think we are ready to begin the first "coordinated" discussion of a
journal article Thurs. Sept. 15th.
An interesting and very short paper has come up (with thanks to contributor
Tom Schneider) regarding the cycle of E. coli competence. Considering that
transformation of DNA into E. coli is important for most cloning projects
in many labs, it seemed an appropriate article of general interest. In
addition to the obvious technical advance, it also brings up the question
of the biochemical basis for competence and how it is related to the cell
Title:"The optimization of preparations of competent cells for
transformation of E. coli"
Authors: X. Tang, H.-O. Li, M. Zhang, H. Gao, A. Fujita, O. Sakatsume, T.
Ohta and K. Yokoyama
Reference: Nucleic Acids Research (1994) V.22, N.14, pp. 2857-2858.
Summary: (Due to the brevity of the paper, there is no abstract, so I will
attempt to summarize the results here.) The authors showed that the degree
of competence of several commonly used strains of E. coli changed during
their growth cycle. The authors noted that normally protocols advise
densities of 1 x 10^8 cells/ml (OD600=0.3-0.4) for optimal preparation of
competent cells using the calcium chloride method. However, the authors
demonstrated that E. coli cultures experience 2 peaks of competence: one
at the known OD=0.3-0.4 (5 x 10^7-1 x 10^8 cells/ml) and one at
OD=0.94-0.95 (4 x 10^8 cells/ml). In addition, they showed that the second
peak gave twice the tranformation efficiency. Thus, they forsee two
benefits: 1) a greater amount of competent cells can be prepared which 2)
take up DNA at higher efficiency. This method can be used for both RecA+
and recAstrains.
There are both basic and more complex questions to consider: What are the
factors that are involved in making E. coli competent for DNA uptake? How
might the cell cycle effect the competence of E. coli? Is competence
associated with cell division?
Comments and discussion of any related topics (ie, competence in other
types of bacteria..) by any and all bionetters are encouraged.
JC disclaimer: If the author(s) of the paper are listening, please forgive
and correct any errors made during the presentation or discussion of the
contents of the article.
More information about the Microbio


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Putting Soil Health First
A Climate-Smart Idea for Ontario
On November 15, 2016, the Environmental Commissioner of Ontario released a report, Putting Soil Health First: A Climate-Smart Idea for Ontario.
Modern agriculture has been a great success at feeding the world, but the environmental price has been very high. Now there is an exciting opportunity to both feed ourselves efficiently and to protect the natural world - by rebuilding soil health, soil ecosystems and soil organic matter. Rebuilding carbon levels in Ontario agricultural soils can reduce our greenhouse gas emissions, enhance our ability to adapt to climate changes, and reduce the overall environmental footprint of modern agriculture - all while sustaining or increasing yields and profitability.
This report describes the basic science behind the soil health approach and outlines its main principles and practices. It also draws on the example of several successful soil health practitioners, including two farms that are leading the way here in Ontario. It outlines both the benefits of a soil health focus and the challenges faced by farmers adopting its methods. It calls on the Ontario government to lead in taking this new approach from its current status of leading-edge innovation to where it needs to be - the new normal.


While your employees are probably top-notch, when it comes to printing documents, many may treat the practice like they're playing with the house's money (which they are). It's been estimated that the average U.S. office worker prints out approximately 34 pages every day, and that nearly two-thirds of printed office documents are unused — either due to printer error or overall user carelessness — and are discarded on the day that they are printed.
Wasteful printing can have a significant effect on overhead costs. The expenses related to printing can equal as much as 3 percent of your business's yearly revenue, so imagine how much money you'd save just by minimizing or even eliminating wasteful printing!
Why Employees Are Such Careless Printers
Your workforce might have adopted careless printing practices because they aren't expected to bear the brunt of the costs, or because they don't have the right tools and resources to allow them to print efficiently. Not only does this waste money, but it might also undermine your office's information security if partially printed sensitive documents are simply being discarded. Your team must have an awareness of the costs of printing documents, the right equipment, and the supervision necessary to ensure lean printing practices.
Here are a few steps you can take to save money on your printing expenses and reduce wasteful printing.
Adopt printer management software.
Printer management software is an excellent tool for monitoring your printer output. It empowers you with the knowledge you need to optimize your office expenses and gives you the printing costs of individual projects. The information you glean from print management software reporting can help you conduct effective routine audits of your document printing.
Make sure your printers default to black-and-white after each print task.
Color printing is extraordinarily expensive – approximately three times higher than black-and-white per page. If you occasionally print out color-saturated graphs, make sure your printer doesn't have to be manually transitioned back to black-and-white, because you could be needlessly using your color ink to print out standard work documents before anyone notices!
Adopt secure release printing solutions.
Secure release printing is a feature that requires authentication before printing is initiated. This prevents the printing of sensitive materials that could be left unsecured in the printer tray. Moreover, this ensures that all of the printing tasks are necessary and that all printing materials are collected quickly.
Upgrade your printer/copier equipment.
Your office equipment might not be up to the task of managing your document printing needs. While purchasing a new printer/copier system might seem like a heavy short-term expense, the money you save on not only long-term maintenance but also printer inefficiencies could yield long-term benefits. One high-performing multifunction office printer could do a more effective job than a multitude of individual desk printers, particularly if they have to be individually serviced.
Image Source connects organizations of all sizes to the best office equipment solutions for their operations, industry, and budgets, offering office printers, scanners, VOIP phone systems, and much more for lease and purchase. for more details about our products and services, please visit our information page.


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ED) treatment.
Falls are a frequent reason geriatric patients visit the emergency department (ED). To help providers, the Geriatric Emergency Department Guidelines were created to establish a standard of care for geriatric patients in the ED. We conducted a survey of emergency providers to assess 1) their knowledge of fall epidemiology and the geriatric ED guidelines; 2) their current ED practice for geriatric fall patients; and 3) their willingness to conduct fall-prevention interventions.
While simulation plays a prominent role in healthcare education at every level,1 the ability to perform traditional, in-person simulation has been practically eliminated by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV), or COVID-19, pandemic. Simultaneously, COVID-19-related education has become vital, as providers work to expand their knowledge base and learn new skills. Were it not for social distancing, simulation would play a major role in addressing the pandemic's challenges. Simulation-based education could help providers optimize patient care while minimizing viral aerosolization. Simulation could even teach strategies for coping with the emotional consequences of working during a pandemic.
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to social distancing and decreased travel in the United States. The impact of these interventions on trauma and emergency general surgery patient volume has not yet been described.