text:
Horses and Kicking
Can a horse kick kill you? Standing too close to a horse puts a person at risk of severe injury from a powerful kick, and in certain situations, it can even result in fatality within seconds.
To ensure safety around horses, it is crucial to respect their boundaries, be aware of potential triggers, and take preventive measures to avoid hazardous accidents.
Can a Kick From a Horse Kill You?
Yes, a horse's kick can kill you if it strikes you in some regions of the body, such as the skull. The force of a horse kicking can cause anything from bruising to severe fractures or even cardiac arrest in the victim.
Horses kick as a defense against danger when frightened, annoyed, or in a foul mood. Sometimes, a kick is unpredictable; other times, you can see it coming and take corrective action.
How Strong is a Horse Kick?
The estimated horse kick force is about 2,000 pounds per square inch (907.2 kilograms per square centimeter), with an average speed of 200 miles (321.9 kilometers) per hour. To put this into perspective, the force of a horse's kick is more than the most brutal punch any professional boxer could ever deliver.
Horse Kick Injuries to Humans
Horse kick injuries to humans can be severe and pose significant risks. Some common horse kick injuries include:
- Bruises and contusions: A horse's kick can cause bruises and contusions, resulting in localized pain and swelling. While these injuries are generally less severe, they can still be painful.
- Fractures: The impact of a horse kick, especially with their powerful hind legs, can lead to bone fractures in the affected area. Fractures may require medical intervention, such as casting or surgery, depending on the severity.
- Soft tissue injuries: Horse kicks can cause injuries to soft tissues, including muscles, tendons, and ligaments. These injuries may result in pain, swelling, and limited mobility, requiring appropriate medical attention.
- Internal injuries: In certain instances, a forceful kick can result in internal harm, such as organ damage or internal bleeding. These injuries can be life-threatening and may necessitate immediate emergency medical attention.
- Head injuries: A kick to the head poses a significant risk, potentially causing skull fractures, concussions, or brain injuries. You should treat head injuries as emergencies, and seek prompt medical assistance.
- Infections: Open wounds from a horse kick are prone to infections. It is essential to thoroughly clean and dress any wounds to prevent infections, which could worsen the seriousness of the injury.
- Psychological impact: Beyond physical harm, horse kicks can have a psychological toll on individuals, inducing fear, anxiety, or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Preventing horse kick injuries involves practicing proper safety measures around horses, such as maintaining a safe distance, being aware of the horse's body language, and using appropriate equipment, such as helmets and sturdy footwear.
Additionally, proper training and handling of horses can reduce the risk of aggressive behavior. If someone experiences a horse kick injury, seeking medical attention promptly, even if the injury seems minor, is essential to ensure proper evaluation and treatment.
Why Do Horses Kick When You're Behind Them?
Horses may kick when approached from behind due to an instinct for self-defense. In the wild, a horse's primary means of defense against predators is to use its powerful hind legs to kick and ward off potential threats.
This instinct can still be present in domesticated horses, and various factors may trigger kicking responses:
- Startle reflex: Horses have a strong startle reflex, and approaching them suddenly from behind can startle them. In response to the surprise, a horse may kick instinctively as a defensive reaction.
- Blind spot: Horses have a blind spot directly behind them, where they cannot see what's happening. Approaching a horse from this blind spot can make them feel vulnerable and trigger a defensive response.
- Sensitivity to touch: Some horses are more sensitive to touch than others. A sudden touch or an unexpected presence behind them can cause discomfort or fear, leading to a defensive kick.
- Discomfort and pain: If a horse is experiencing pain or discomfort in its hindquarters, it may react defensively to any approach from behind. Painful conditions, such as injuries or soreness, can make a horse more likely to kick.
- Previous negative experiences: Horses have good memories; if they have had negative experiences when approached from behind, they may develop a defensive behavior to protect themselves.
Always seek guidance from experienced handlers or trainers, especially if you are unfamiliar with a particular horse's behavior. Understanding and respecting a horse's instincts can contribute to a safer interaction between the horse and the handler.
Signs of a Potential Dangerous Horse
Identifying signs of a potentially dangerous horse is crucial for the safety of handlers and those around the horse. While not all horses display aggressive behavior, some may exhibit warning signs indicating they could pose a risk. Here are some signs to be aware of:
When a horse flattens its ears against its head, it can indicate irritation, anger, or aggression. Also, a horse holding its head and neck high may display dominance or aggression.
Excessive Restlessness or Nervousness
An overly restless or constantly moving horse may be anxious or agitated, potentially leading to unpredictable behavior. Additionally, while tail swishing can signify annoyance, excessive or aggressive tail swishing may indicate a horse's agitation or unhappiness.
Horses may bear their teeth as a display of threat, especially if accompanied by other signs of aggression.
Charging or Striking
A horse that charges forward or lunges aggressively can pose a physical threat.
Moreover, striking out with front or hind legs is a clear sign of aggression and can cause serious harm.
A horse with unpredictable or inconsistent behavior may be more challenging to handle safely.
Resistance to Handling
A horse that consistently resists handling, grooming, or basic care may have behavioral issues that need addressing.
Excessive Fear or Nervousness
A horse that overreacts to stimuli with fear, such as sudden movements or loud noises, may be more prone to unpredictable behavior.
History of Aggressive Incidents
If a horse has a history of aggressive behavior or injuring handlers or others, you should approach it cautiously.
Sudden Changes in Behavior
You should evaluate a horse suddenly becoming aggressive or displaying a significant behavior change for potential underlying issues. It's essential to note that individual horses vary, and some behavioral signs may result from fear, pain, or inadequate training.
Suppose you suspect a horse may be dangerous. In that case, consulting with an experienced equine professional, such as a trainer or veterinarian, is advisable for further assessment and guidance on handling and managing the horse safely.
Additionally, always prioritize safety and adhere to proper handling techniques when interacting with any horse, regardless of its perceived temperament.
Precautions to Take When Around Horses
Handling horses requires knowledge, respect, and caution to ensure the safety of both the handler and the horse. Here are some essential precautions to take when around horses:
Use a calm and reassuring voice when around the horse. This can help keep the horse at ease and reduce the risk of startling.
Stay Alert to the Horse's Body Language
Pay attention to the horse's body language, including ear position, tail movement, and overall demeanor. Understanding these cues can help you anticipate the horse's reactions.
Avoid Sudden Touch or Loud Noises
Avoid sudden touches or loud noises, as these can startle a horse. Make your presence known and give the horse time to acknowledge you.
Maintain a Safe Distance
Keep a safe distance from the horse, especially around its hindquarters. Horses may kick if threatened, so be cautious when working nearby.
Wear Appropriate Gear
Wear appropriate gear, including sturdy footwear, gloves, and, when necessary, a helmet. This can protect in case of accidental kicks or other incidents.
Approach With an Open Hand
When offering treats or petting, approach the horse with an open hand, allowing it to see and sniff before making contact.
Be Mindful of the Horse's Blind Spots
Horses have blind spots directly in front of and behind them. Be aware of these areas and move gradually when nearby.
Avoid Fast Movements
Avoid fast movements or sudden gestures, as they can startle the horse. Move slowly and deliberately.
Secure Fencing and Enclosures
Ensure that fencing and enclosures are secure to prevent the horse from escaping or injuring itself.
Supervise Interactions With Children
Supervise interactions between horses and children closely. Teach children to approach horses with caution and to follow safety guidelines.
Seek Professional Guidance
If you are unfamiliar with handling horses or encounter challenging behavior, seek guidance from experienced handlers, trainers, or veterinarians.
How to Stop a Horse From Kicking
Stopping a horse from kicking requires understanding the horse's behavior, proper training techniques, and consistent positive reinforcement. It's essential to approach this process with patience, respect, and a focus on building trust. Here are some steps to help stop a horse from kicking:
Observe the horse to identify specific triggers that lead to kicking. This could include certain situations, people, or activities that make the horse feel threatened or uncomfortable.
You can reinforce positive behavior with rewards, such as treats or praise when the horse behaves calmly and does not exhibit kicking behavior.
Gradually desensitize the horse to potential triggers. Introduce the horse to situations or objects that may have caused kicking in the past in a controlled and non-threatening manner.
Training With Distraction
Train the horse to focus on commands or tasks to distract it from potential triggers. This can help redirect its attention and prevent kicking.
If the horse's kicking behavior is persistent or dangerous, consider seeking help from a professional horse trainer. They can assess the specific situation and


text:
Efforts by the World Development Movement... have got GATS exactly where the WTO does not want it to be: in the public domain
Nick Cohen, The Observer.
WDM worked on The General Agreement on Trade and Services (GATS) between 2000 and 2005.
Have you heard about the sale of the century? The world's services are up for grabs and the governments and corporations of rich countries are busy snapping up the best bargains from around the world. Following WDM's campaign, GATS moved from an obscure issue that no-one had heard of, to the political centre-stage.
From the moment we wake to the moment we sleep, we depend on services. We wouldn't get far without our water, health and education services, or our banks, telephone and transport systems. The service industry is huge - international trade in services is worth a staggering £1.5 million a minute.
A key role of governments should be both to ensure that people can get access to affordable basic services and to support the local economy. They do this through rules and regulations. For example, governments in many poor countries subsidise water supplies, transport and phone services in poor, rural areas by using profits generated from these services in densely populated urban areas.
But universal access to basic services and their adequate regulation are under threat with the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), part of the World Trade Organisation's (WTO) package of legally binding rules on global trade.
The World Development Movement (WDM) believes that GATS spells bad news for people, especially those in poor countries. For poor countries, GATS is another barrier in their efforts to break the vicious cycle of poverty.
WDM GATS successes
WDM launched its GATS campaign in 2000, with a massive public meeting in London. Over 1000 people turned up to hear WDM speak alongside author-activists George Monbiot and Naomi Klein.
Highlights of WDM's GATS campaign include:
- WDM supporters urge 262 MPs to sign an Early Day Motion calling for assessment of the impact of GATS.
- Several local councils pass anti-GATS motions.
- The International Development Committee in Parliament calls for a Commission on the trade in services.
- The Association of University Teachers, the National Union of Students, Unison and the Scottish TUC all pass motions on GATS.
- Major organisations, such as Save the Children and Christian Aid, follow WDM's lead and begin their own GATS investigations.
- Leaked minutes of a high-level LOTIS committee of business and government reveal that WDM's campaign on GATS is causing them problems.
- WDM's GATS campaign receives substantial media coverage, including Radio 4's You and Yours programme, Newsnight and The Face magazine.
- The UN Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights adopts a resolution calling on the World Trade Organisation (WTO) to conduct a full assessment of the impact of GATS.
- In 2002, drafts of the European Union's (EU) GATS requests for 29 countries were sensationally leaked to GATS campaigners and the press.
- In 2003, 25 Southern and Northern civil society groups declared their objections to GATS.
- In 2003, European GATS campaigners scored a victory when European Trade Commissioner Pascal Lamy announced that the European Commission would not further commit Europe's health and education sectors to the free market rules of GATS.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Before we may design a crystal filter it is necessary to know the crystal's data.
Unfortunately this information is not in the datasheet - or we have no datasheet
because the crystals were bought on a market some decades ago...
Fig.1: A crystal, it's symbol and equivalent circuit
Fortunately these values may be measured using a small adapter - which may be built on the fly.
We measured our crystals using the circuit below :
Fig.2: Measurement Adapter
Fig.3: Measurement Adapter Schematics
The Capacitors used are Mica (Glimmer) obtained from _URL_
With a jumper either the short or one of the series capacitors ( 15 pF or 33 pF ) may be selected.
The tree positions of the jumper result in 3 different Transmission curves when using
a Network Analyser or Spectrum Analyser with built in generator.
( of course you may use a generator and a hf-voltmeter or anything equivalent... )
The Amplitude response looks somehow like this :
Fig.4: Measured Amplitude Response S21
You will notice, that the maximum (fs) will move while the minimum (fp) remains constant.
With the short selected we measure the lowest frequency where Transmission
is maximum. The maximum ( with 33 pF selected ) is next and then the
maximum ( with 15 pF selected ).


MPGe explained
EPA electric label
Unlike the NEDC (New European Driving Cycle), EPA's fuel economy data is considered reliable and feasible in the real world. Unfortunately EPA uses MPGe for plug-in cars instead of kWh per 100 miles, or Wh per mile.
Since in Europe we are accustomed to use L/100 km in gas cars, let's use kWh/100 km for the conversion.
We need to convert gallon to kWh and miles to kilometers.
EPA considers that one gallon of gas contains 33,7 kWh worth of energy. For the miles to kilometers conversion we can use the online calculator in the links at the bottom.
Taking the 2016 BMW i3 BEV as an example we have:
124 MPGe combined (city and highway driving).
This means that with 33,7 kWh of electricity we can drive for 199,56 km.
To get kWh per 100 km:
33,7 kWh / 199,56 km x 100 km = 16,89 kWh/100 km
Using the Nissan Leaf 30 kWh as example:
33,7 kWh / 180,24 km x 100 km = 18,7 kWh/100 km
If you want to buy an electric car and don't know what range in one charge can you expect, it's a good idea to check the fuel economy data in the links below.
More info:
Pedro Lima
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Үндсэн товъёог
Цаг: 0:00Нийт үргэлжлэх хугацаа:3:46
Ижил хуваарьтай бутархай тоог харьцуулах нь
Video transcript
let's compare five six and five eighths let's think about what they mean five six means five out of six pieces if you have a whole let's say a whole cake and you cut it into six pieces five six is five of those six pieces five eighths again is five pieces that's something that's the same we're both talking about five pieces but this time we split our cake into eight pieces so it's five out of eight pieces we can represent that by drawing it maybe we can draw here's one whole and then another one so these are two equal holes and on one of them we can shade five six and the other five eight that way we can look and compare them so four five six if we divide this whole we were using the example of cake into six equal sized pieces not sure if those are perfect but let's say those are six equal sized pieces five six is talking about five of those pieces so one two three four five this image represents five six now four five eight let's think about it for a second well the piece is in five eighths be bigger or smaller than five six are eight bigger or smaller than six well we can draw and see if we have the same size hole which we need to have the same size hole and we draw and we split it into eight pieces this time so now we have fourths and eight these pieces these eighths one eighth is smaller than a six because this time we had to split the cake between eight people so we got smaller pieces now again we can shade five of them seems like five pieces might be equal to five pieces but we can look and see four five and now we can look and see the five six takes up more space takes up more area this is a larger amount and the reason is because each six each piece is larger so five larger pieces is more than five smaller pieces or is greater than and remember with our symbol the open side the larger side should be facing our larger number so five six is greater than five eighths here's one more but this time let's try to compare them without drawing let's just think about what these mean two fifths means two pieces out of five so one hole will split five ways and we got two of the pieces two thirds needs that same hole we'll split three ways and we got two of the pieces well which two pieces are larger the two thirds are larger because if we only have to split our pieces three ways we can have larger pieces so the two fifths are smaller these two smaller pieces are less these two smaller pieces are less than the two larger pieces and again the open end of our symbol should be facing the larger number so two fifths is less than two thirds


English to Spanish: more detail...
 1. pry:
Detailed Translations for pry from English to Spanish
to pry verb (pries, pried, prying)
 1. to pry (browse; nose; ferret; smell)
Conjugations for pry:
 1. pry
 2. pry
 3. pries
 4. pry
 5. pry
 6. pry
simple past
 1. pried
 2. pried
 3. pried
 4. pried
 5. pried
 6. pried
present perfect
 1. have pried
 2. have pried
 3. has pried
 4. have pried
 5. have pried
 6. have pried
past continuous
 1. was prying
 2. were prying
 3. was prying
 4. were prying
 5. were prying
 6. were prying
 1. shall pry
 2. will pry
 3. will pry
 4. shall pry
 5. will pry
 6. will pry
continuous present
 1. am prying
 2. are prying
 3. is prying
 4. are prying
 5. are prying
 6. are prying
 1. be pried
 2. be pried
 3. be pried
 4. be pried
 5. be pried
 6. be pried
 1. pry!
 2. let's pry!
 3. pried
 4. prying
pry [the ~] noun
 1. the pry (ferreter)
 el husmeador; la husmeadora
Translation Matrix for pry:
NounRelated TranslationsOther Translations
husmeador ferreter; pry
husmeadora ferreter; pry
- crowbar; pry bar; wrecking bar
VerbRelated TranslationsOther Translations
curiosear browse; ferret; nose; pry; smell browse; ferret about; ferret around; hunt; investigate; look about; nose about; nose around; poke about; research; roam about; root up; rove about; rummage; search; search about; search for; sniff; sniff around; snoop; wander
- horn in; intrude; jimmy; lever; nose; poke; prise; prize
Related Words for "pry":
Synonyms for "pry":
Related Definitions for "pry":
 1. a heavy iron lever with one end forged into a wedge1
 2. be nosey1
 - Don't pry into my personal matters!1
 3. to move or force, especially in an effort to get something open1
 - Raccoons managed to pry the lid off the garbage pail1
 4. make an uninvited or presumptuous inquiry1
 - They pried the information out of him1
 5. search or inquire in a meddlesome way1
Related Translations for pry
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
While listening to a podcast from SpanishPod recently, I came across this section where they were discussing the Spanish for various computer-related terms and one of the hosts gave liga as the Spanish for link, the stuff that when clicked leads to a different web page.
Elsewhere, I have also heard two other words for the same term: vínculo and enlace. Do all three really mean the exact same thing? I want to know if there's any, just any, difference among the three whatsoever. Any subtle difference?
And if they are all really the same thing, which is the preferred word in which region? Which of the three is preferred in Mexico? What about other parts of the world?
share|improve this question
Vínculo, that evil word from Microsoft... – JoulSauron Jun 13 at 12:53
5 Answers 5
up vote 3 down vote accepted
In México we can use vínculo or enlace but it is more common to use liga.
The later is used in a day to day conversation, vínculo and enlace are more formal.
By the way... ligar as a verb is used here when referring to flirting.
 ¿Cuál es la liga para comprar esa bolsa en ebay?
 Pásame la liga para entrar a tu sitio.
share|improve this answer
The original meaning of link, IIUIC, is each of the rings of a chain. That is Spanish is eslabón. (cf. The missing link / El eslabón perdido).
Then, in English, link is also used to mean conection or even relation. That in Spanish would be conexión, enlace or relación.
In Internet, link is actually a short form of the original hyperlink (remember that HTTP stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol). That was usually translated as hiper-enlace or hiper-vínculo (with our without dashes). Then, when the English form shortened to link the Spanish one did the same to vínculo or enlace.
As a new meaning for an old word, I don't think that neither vínculo or enlace are better than the other. Personally, I prefer enlace. It just sounds better to me (I'm from Spain).
However, about the other word you comment, liga, I think it is used solely because it sounds similar to the English one, so would be it better avoided. Ligar means tie or bind, only somewhat similar to link.
share|improve this answer
I agree enlace is really the only thing that works, but vínculo makes sense as well. – Cayetano Gonçalves Jun 13 at 15:17
_USER_: The thing is that enlace sounds nice, but the older hiperenlace sounds a bit weird to Spanish ears, maybe because of the syllabification: it would be natural to do it as hi-pe-ren-la-ce, but the speaker tries to keep the prefix separated as hi-per--en-la-ce. Hipervínculo does not have this issue so it may have been preferred in the early days of Internet. – rodrigo Jun 13 at 15:45
Here in Chile, we say link, vínculo or enlace.
share|improve this answer
Link, in the meaning you describe, is indistinctly translated in Spain and Mexico as vínculo or enlace.
There are no nuances when using one or the other, so probably is a matter of habitude in using one or the other.
For example, Microsoft uses vínculo exclusively for their software localized in Spanish from Spain (es_es), and vínculo or enlace, depending of the package, when in Spanish from Mexico (es_mx). However, enlace is as widely used as vínculo in Spain.
share|improve this answer
Though, looking to Microsoft for translations is probably not the best idea. They after all translated English font as fuente (tipografía or tipo being the words actually used by typographers) and refuse to fix it even after I've reported it many times. – guifa Jun 26 at 3:00
Yes, that's true, they used to use "mouse" as spanish translation for "mouse". But the fact is that sometimes the wide use of a translation makes it more understandable; even bad uses of words have become accepted because of its wide use. Think of the use of "incierto" as synonym for "false" (which is incorrect as "incierto" means "uncertain"), widely used by spanish politicians as a more politically correct way to say "falso". Finally, "incierto" is now accepted by the Real Academia Española de la Lengua as synonym for "false". – Roberto Jun 27 at 8:56
The three words are exatly the same, but enlace and vínculo are for the formal speech and text while liga and link are the "informal" ones but ther's no problem for using both words in formal talking. Personally I've never said liga, me and my environment use link. I'm from México.
 1. That's the link.
 2. Ese es el enlace.
 3. Ese es el vínculo.
 4. Esa es la liga.
 5. Ese es el link.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


text:
- Single signal switches activation of genes in a sequential order
- Each state ensures that the previous state is switched off
- Each state 'primes' the next state to make it ready to be switched on
- Signal need only be pulsed for a short time
- First signal pulse is sent, activating On1, On2 and On3
- On2 and On3 cannot yet do anything
- On1 activates Gene1 (which maintains itself) and Prime2 (which also maintains itself)
- After the signal pulse, On1, On2 and On3 will degrade. This leaves Prime2 and Gene1 in the system
- Therefore, the system state is Gene 1 = ON, Gene 2 = OFF, Gene 3 = OFF
- Second signal pulse is sent, activating On1, On2 and On3
- On3 cannot yet do anything
- On1 effectively does nothing because it tells Prime2 and Gene1 to switch on but they already are on
- On2 combined with Prime2 activates Gene2 (which maintains itself) and Prime3 (which maintains itself)
- Gene2 also activates Off1 (self-maintaining), which represses Gene1 and On1
- After the signal pulse, On1, On2 and On3 degrade, leaving Prime 3 and Gene2 in the system
- Therefore the system state is Gene 1 = OFF, Gene 2 ON, Gene 3 OFF
- Third signal pulse is sent, activating On1, On2 and On3
- On1 is repressed
- On2 would activate Prime3 and Gene2 but they are already active
- On3 combined with Prime3 activates Gene3 (which maintains itself)
- Gene3 activates Off2 (self-maintaining), which represses Gene2 and On2
- On1, On2 and On3 degrade after the pulse is stopped, leaving Gene3 in the system
- Therefore the system state is Gene 1 = OFF, Gene 2 = OFF, Gene 3 = ON and we have a system that goes from 0→1→2→3 with a pulse of a single signal.
- The kinetics of this model would be very important, Prime2 cannot accumulate after the first pulse until On2 degrades
- Possible solution, make On2 be activated by Signal + Prime2
- Would it be possible to make all the On proteins the same, with just the Prime protein being the determinant of which state gets turned on next?
- Should the Off1 protein be activated directly by On2/Prime2 to decrease the time until Gene1 is switched off?
- 1. It is great to see a non-binary clock model. How modular will this design be (ie. Can it be easily recombined with other modules for functions other than telling time?)
- 2. If we want to time above 3, what is needed (this again is related to modularity and extension)?
- 3. If this is going to be implemented in a single cell, your pulsing and processing of the entire gene1,2, and 3 expression need to finish prior DNA replication (ie ~ 20mins in E.coli). This also goes to say that lloyd's model001 will encounter this problem too because it is a single cell implementation. Lloyd's model002 is currently underway and it is a B0, B1, B2 cells (ie multicells) approach. Can you explain if this will be a single cell or multicell model?
- 4. How different is your implementation to Elowitz repressilator that also did gene1 ON, gene2 OFF, gene3 OFF, AND THEN gene1 OFF, gene2 ON, gene3 OFF AND THEN gene1 OFF, gene2 OFF and gene3 ON in a cycle manner?
- 5. How does your model deal with asynchronous gene expression responses?

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Joy of Teaching
Opportunities for learning exist everywhere. The Joy of Learning is an sttempt at school, showing some ways in which these opportunities can be made use of. We believe that learning can be more fun. both for the student and the teacher, when based on real experiences.
The joy of Learning is fundamental to our philosophy of preschool education where the xpeerience of learning is carried out in a relaxed and fun-filled atmosphere.
Learning takes place in a full-filled and relaxed atmosphere. The activities like bird feeding, role play, nature walk help children understand environment better and they give gheir share in saving the environment. Children learn from their teachers and in turn, children's activities encourage teachers to further explore.


Kirkus Reviews QR Code
FEAR OF PHYSICS by Lawrence M. Krauss
A Guide for the Perplexed
Pub Date: Sept. 15th, 1993
ISBN: 0-465-05745-4
Publisher: Basic
 Physics made easy this is not. Physics for the sophisticated but nontechnical, maybe. Krauss is a theoretical physicist who teaches one of those physics-for-poets courses at Yale. This volume, though, is a lofty view of certain unifying themes with particular reference to particle physics and quantum mechanics. The first section deals with process, describing how physicists work by excluding the irrelevant. Thus a cow can be reduced to a sphere or maybe a sphere attached by a pipe to a smaller sphere. By a simple application of scaling laws relating to area and volume, one can show that a huge ''supercow'' is not possible without radically altering the dimensions or the materials involved. Galileo excluded the effects of the medium to demonstrate that all objects fall at the same rate, and so on. Process also depends on mathematics, so Krauss enlarges on the use of orders-ofmagnitude notation in science. In the second section, he explains how scientific revolutions (pace Thomas Kuhn) do not throw out the past so much as extend and revise theory to suit new scales of observation. So we go from Galileo and Newton to Einstein and special relativity to Hawking and black holes, with emphasis on how fundamental laws of force and motion hold at one scale but are revised at the quantum level. The last parts of the book are really very elegant discussions of unifying principles and symmetries, such as the equivalence of mass and energy and electricity and magnetism. Krauss introduces gauge theory, argues for the superconducting supercollider to seek the Higgs particle, discusses the possible ''end'' of physics, and--new to books of this type- -describes condensed matter physics, by which one can demonstrate that water and iron behave the same way at certain critical points. Less a guide for the perplexed than a theoretical introduction to the weirdness and beauty of the universe.


text:
Evolutionary Biology & Genomics
Work in my laboratory is broadly aimed at understanding biological evolution, from the molecular level to species diversification. We specialize in spiders, one of the most species-rich animal groups, and our current projects largely concern the evolution of proteins that have enabled their proliferation. Spider silks are renowned for their impressive mechanical properties and exhibit tremendous functional variation within and across species. We are using genomic tools to characterize the polymer-like proteins that make up spider silks from a variety of species. Because these proteins are encoded by a gene family, phylogenetic analyses of spiders and the silk proteins they synthesize are used to trace the long and complex history of silk evolution. Another major project is focused on the evolution of venom from black widow spiders and their close relatives. We are determining the molecular composition of these venoms to investigate the origin and diversification of potent toxins that enable prey capture. Such evolutionary work facilitates the discovery of beneficial and hazardous toxins with biomedical significance.


text:
Can you measure how chip something is? People don't even seem to be able to agree on what chip music is anyway, so how can you begin to measure something when you dont even know what you are measuring? Maybe someone could do some graphs with data or something.
I don't know but 8GB can because this is 85/90% with Protracker 2.3 on Amiga. It is maybe a bit vague for me but given the circumstances, what can you do?
Another great little something for people who don't like chipmusic that sounds like unicorns ejaculating rainbows into your ears.


Documentation Center
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Assertions for debugging
Use only in the MuPAD Notebook Interface.
This functionality does not run in MATLAB.
The statement assert(cond) declares that the condition cond holds true at the moment when the statement is evaluated. By default, MuPAD® does not care about assertions. After setting testargs(TRUE), however, MuPAD checks every assertion and stops with an error if boolean evaluation of cond does not give TRUE.
Assertions are a major debugging tool for programmers: by stating frequently what they think to have achieved, programmers make it easy for themselves to detect the first unintended intermediate result.
Example 1
Suppose we want to write a function f that takes an integer as its argument and returns 0 if that integer is a multiple of 3, and 1 otherwise. One idea how to code this could be the following: given an integer n, n modulo 3 must be equal to one of - 1, 1, or 0. In any case, abs(n mod 3) should do what we want:
f := proc(n: DOM_INT): DOM_INT
local k: DOM_INT;
 k := n mod 3;
 assert(k = 1 or k = -1 or k = 0);
Checking assertions is switched on or off using testargs:
oldtestargs := testargs(): testargs(FALSE): f(5)
The result does not equal 1. For debugging purposes, we switch on assertion checking:
testargs(TRUE): f(5)
Error: Assertion 'k = 1 or k = -1 or k = 0' has failed. [f]
This shows that the local variable k must have gotten a wrong value. Indeed, when writing our program we overlooked the difference between mod and the symmetric remainder given by mods.
A boolean expression
Return Values
assert returns TRUE or raises an error.
See Also
MuPAD Functions
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Brake Press Tooling
The Basic Structure Of Press Brake Tooling
1 – Upper Beam
The upper beam is an integral part of the press brake and features a kind of rail which the punch holder will mount to. On down acting brakes this is the part of the machine that moves, transferring power to the work piece.
4 – Punch Holder
The punch holder attaches semi-permanently to the upper beam and serves to hold a variety of punches. They come in two basic forms, European and American, understanding the difference is important. See our post on European Vs. American Style Tooling for more information. Punch holders will typically have a built in shimming mechanism for balancing them with the lower die.
3 – Punch
Punches are the upper part of the tooling system and are classified by their Tip Angle, Relief Shape and their Installed Height. Standard Tip Angles are 30 °, 45 °, 60 °, 75 °, 88 ° and 90 °. The 30 ° and 45 ° types are known as acute punches. 60 ° and 75 ° Punches are used for Air Bending. 88 ° and 90 ° Punches are used for Bottom Bending. 90 ° Punches will be used for Coining. The relief shape allows for return bends to fold into the punch area.
The installed height of press brake tooling is the distance from the tip of the punch to where it contacts the upper beam / holder. For European Tooling there are 7 standard heights. 65mm, 67mm, 70mm, 90mm, 95mm, 104mm, and 105mm.
Punches come in two styles when connecting to the upper holder, European Style and American Style. European Tooling has an offset holder (as shown above) where American Tooling has an inline holder. Check our post on tooling styles for more information.
When bending deep boxes which have long flanges around a base tab you'll want to investigate different tooling options. Some are basic such as extending the punch holder and some are a bit mroe creative such as window bending and 30-60 bending. For more information look into this post on Box Bending.
4 – Work Piece
Commonly referred to as the work piece the sheet metal being bent is the driving force for all tooling selection. The type of material, its mechanical properties and the intended bends drive all other aspects of the tooling set up. Sheet metal is classified by it's material and its gauge. The gauge is a numerical value assigned to the thickness of the metal. See our Gauge Chart for a better understanding of gauges and tolerances.
5 – Die
The bottom section of the tooling is known as a die. Dies are classified by the shape of the groove, the number of grooves and the height of the die. The most common shape of die is a v die, which, as its name suggests, is a block of tooling steel which has a v shaped groove cut into it. A v die with a single groove is known as a 1V Die, dies with two grooves are known as 2V Dies and so on. 2V Dies will always feature the same angle on both grooves to prevent accidental damage, however the v opening size will typically be different. This allows an operator to quickly switch from bending a light gauge to bending a heavy gauge without having to retrieve a new die. Second to v dies the most common type is a U Die. U dies feature a rectangular cutout with 45 ° chamfered edges and flat tops. Because of this geometry U Dies lend themselves to having grooves cut into more than one side of the die. It's not uncommon to see a 3U Die. There is much more information on 3 sided dies here.
6 – Rail
The rail is a manufactured piece of tooling which is attached to the press brake and holds various dies. The rail typically features a protrusion or groove which matches with the die set. This piece of tooling allows you to level and straighten a single piece of tooling and then interchange dies with confidence.
7 – Lower Beam / Die Holder
The lower beam is part of the actual press brake which features a kind of vice clamp for holding the raid or die set. On up acting brakes the lower beam is moves upward to bend the metal. When inspecting and maintaining your brake it is crucial to make sure the lower beam is clean and level in relation to the punch holder.
Basic Requirements
First the tooling should be of a size and weight which allows for handling, installation and removal. Unless you have a fully automated system there will be an operator responsible for setting up the Brake Press, taking this into account is important to selecting your tooling. Second to the safety of the operator is the accuracy of the tooling geometry. Variance in the tooling geometry will directly contribute to under or over bending of the work piece, or in extreme cases the damaging of the tooling. Due to the high tonnages involved in bending any imperfections on the surface of the punch or die can transfer to the workpiece. Third the tooling should have excellent strength and wear resistance. Typically heat treatment is applied to all Brake Press tooling, greatly improving its hardness, strength and subsequently its resistance to fatigue. Finally your tooling should be interchangeable between your machines. There are two basic types of tooling for Brake Presses, American and European, consider which type of machinery and holders you have before purchasing new tooling.
Tooling Strength
During the bending process the tooling will undergo both compressive forces and bending moments. The repetitive nature of bending operations the necessity for high strength and wear resistance demands quality steel properly heat treated. When heat treating steel there are two methods, hardening and thermal refining. To be referred to as tooling the piece should be treated by one of these methods. Strictly speaking punches and dies made from raw, untreated, metal should not be referred to as tooling because it will not be effective when bending.
Hardened Tooling:
Two common steels used for Brake Press tooling are Chromium Molybdenum Steel, Type 4 (SCM4) and Yasuki Steel. Chromium Molybdenum Steel is a structural steel used in aircraft parts, weapon components, roll cages and structural car parts in addition to their use in tooling. The steel is used for Brake Press tooling because of its receptiveness to heat treatment. Typically this steel will obtain a HRC of 43 to 48 when treated for tooling. Yasuki Steel is a product of the Japanese company Hitachi and is made from very high quality iron sand. It has one of the highest purities in commercial steel and is used in knives in addition to tooling. Like SCM4 Yasuki Steel is very receptive to hardening by heat treatment. Surface treatments like Wilson Tool's Nitrix Coating can bring the surface hardness of tooling to HRC 70, further preventing wear of the tool's geometry.
The manufacturing process of hardened steel tooling is typically a 4 step operation; Forming, Hardening, Correcting and Finishing. First the tool profile is created from the stock material. Extra material is left on to be removed later. The majority of the machining and forming is before the hardening stage because after the tool has been hardened it will be difficult to work with. The tooling is then hardened. Because of the high heat the hardening process the tool will not finish with the exact profile as before hand so additional correcting is done before the tool is finished. The tool's critical areas such as the punch tip and v-opening are then ground by precision grinders, typically using diamond or CBN coatings. On a die with a multiple v-opening the different v's are often ground together from one wheel.
Thermally Refined Tooling:
Steel used for thermally refined tooling is typical a Carbon Steel, S45C. The refining process unifies the internal structure of the steel increasing its strength and hardness. Thermally refined tooling will not be as hard as hardened tooling, typically only reaching HRC 23-28. Thermally refined tooling is typically used for large or complicated pieces. The larger pieces are more difficult to harden due to oven and grinder size restrictions so thermal refining can be preferable. Small or complicated pieces lend themselves to this method in order to eliminate expensive correcting operations.
The manufacturing process of thermally refined steel varies for the large and small pieces. Large pieces follow similar steps as hardened tooling. Unrefined metal is Formed, Refined, Corrected and Finished. For small tooling the already Refined Material is Formed and Finished. Generally speaking the reason for the different processes is because refined stock is not available in large pieces due to a property called the mass effect. The mass effect means that the inside of a large piece of metal will not experience the same refining as the outside of the same piece of stock. This is because the inside and outside of the material cool at different speeds, resulting in different properties


text:
Land, resources and self-government agreements combine land claim and self-government into a single agreement. These agreements describe certain Aboriginal and Treaty rights in relation to land, resources and self-government. In addition to bringing clarity to Aboriginal ownership of land and resources, these agreements define the jurisdictions, authorities and responsibilities of Aboriginal Governments.
Self-government agreements are intended to implement the Aboriginal party's inherent right to self government. As such, self-government agreements describe the structure of Aboriginal government(s), at potentially both the community and regional levels, and describe the powers and responsibilities of the self-government(s).
Land and resources agreements (sometimes referred to as land claim agreements) provide clarity and certainty in relation to Aboriginal and Treaty rights over land and resources. These agreements bring clarity with respect to the Aboriginal party's ownership title of land and resources, cash compensation, royalties from resource development, harvesting rights and rights to participate in the regulation of the land, water, and environment.
The Aboriginal governments in the process of negotiating land, resources and self-government agreements are:


text:
Date of Award
Master of Science
The mammalian ovary contains a vast reserve of oocytes, most of which are enclosed within preantral follicles. A Biopsy Pick-Up (BPU) method was tested to determine the feasibility of retrieving preantral follicles from mare ovaries in vivo. BPU fragments were collected from 5 to 21 yr old mares during the breeding season and processed using a tissue chopper, submitted to histological analysis or submitted to in vitro culture for 1 or 7 days. In conclusion, the BPU method is a reliable way to repeatedly harvest large numbers of viable, morphologically normal preantral follicles from living mares without affecting ovarian function or general reproductive health. Additionally, equine preantral follicles undergo development and growth when submitted to in vitro culture in α-MEM for 7 days, with some follicles maintaining morphological normality throughout. These technologies could be used in the future to enable the use of numerous oocytes present within the equine ovary to preserve genetic material or for large-scale embryo production.
This thesis is only available for download to the SIUC community. Others should
contact the interlibrary loan department of your local library.


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Based on Wikipedia's article on Bresenham's line algorithm I've implemented the simplified version described there, my Java implementation looks like this:
int dx = Math.abs(x2 - x1);
int dy = Math.abs(y2 - y1);
int sx = (x1 < x2)? 1 : -1;
int sy = (y1 < y2)? 1 : -1;
int err = dx - dy;
while (true) {
 framebuffer.setPixel(x1, y1, Vec3.one);
 if (x1 == x2 && y1 == y2) {
 int e2 = 2 * err;
 if (e2 > -dy) {
 err = err - dy;
 x1 = x1 + sx;
 if (e2 < dx) {
 err = err + dx;
 y1 = y1 + sy;
Now I do understand that err controls the ratio between steps on the x-axis compared to steps on the y-axis - but now that I'm supposed to document what the code is doing I fail to clearly express, what it is for, and why exactly the if-statements are, how they are, and why err is changed in the way as seen in the code.
Wikipedia doesn't point to any more detailled explanations or sources, so I'm wondering:
What precisely does err do and why are dx and dy used in exactly the shown way to maintain the correct ratio between horizontal and vertical steps using this simplified version of Bresenham's line algorithm?
share|improve this question
Your formula over simplified. After the "if (e2 > -dy) {" block you should have another check to see if it's at the end, if so, plot then break the loop. There's cases where you'll miss one point along the x axis. – Joseph Lennox Nov 26 '13 at 18:20
2 Answers 2
up vote 12 down vote accepted
There are various forms of equations for a line, one of the most familiar being y=m*x+b. Now if m=dy/dx and c = dx*b, then dx*y = dy*x + c. Writing f(x) = dy*x - dx*y + c, we have f(x,y) = 0 iff (x,y) is a point on given line.
If you advance x one unit, f(x,y) changes by dy; if you advance y one unit, f(x,y) changes by dx. In your code, err represents the current value of the linear functional f(x,y), and the statement sequences
 err = err - dy;
 x1 = x1 + sx;
 err = err + dx;
 y1 = y1 + sy;
represent advancing x or y one unit (in sx or sy direction), with consequent effect on the function value. As noted before, f(x,y) is zero for points on the line; it is positive for points on one side of the line, and negative for those on the other. The if tests determine whether advancing x will stay closer to the desired line than advancing y, or vice versa, or both.
The initialization err = dx - dy; is designed to minimize offset error; if you blow up your plotting scale, you'll see that your computed line may not be centered on the desired line with different initializations.
share|improve this answer
Just want to add one bit of "why" information to jwpat's excellent answer.
The point of using the f(x) = dy*x - dx*y + c formulation is to speed up the calculation. This formulation uses integer arithmetic (faster), whereas the traditional y = mx + b formulation uses floating point arithmetic (slower).
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


Calculus (3rd Edition)
Published by W. H. Freeman
ISBN 10: _PHONE_
ISBN 13: 978-1-46412-526-3
Work Step by Step
The composite function $f (u, v)$ is $$f (u, v)=ue^v=rse^{r+s}.$$ So the correct answer is (a).
Update this answer!
Update this answer


text:
This report describes a method for the determination of atrazine, desethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine, didealkylatrazine, and hydroxyatrazine from soil pore waters by use of solid-phase extractionfollowed by chemical derivatization and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The analytes are isolated from the pore-water matrix byextraction onto a graphitized carbon-black cartridge. The cartridge is dried under vacuum, and adsorbed analytes are removed by elution with ethyl acetate followed by dichloromethane/methanol (7:3, volume/volume). Water is removed from the ethyl acetate fraction on an anhydrous sodium sulfate column. The combined fractions are solvent exchanged into acetonitrile, evaporated by use of a nitrogen stream, and derivatized by use of N- methyl-N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)- trifluoroacetamide. The derivatized extracts are analyzed by capillary-column gaschromatography/electron-impact mass spectrometry in the scan mode. Estimated method detection limits range from 0.03 to 0.07 micrograms per liter. The mean recoveries of all analytes and surrogates determined at 0.74 to 0.82 micrograms per liter in reagent water in soil pore water were 94 percent and 98 percent, respectively. The mean recoveries of all analytes and surrogates determined at 7.4 to 8.2 micrograms per liter in reagent water and in soil pore water were 96 percent and 97 percent,respectively. Recoveries were 90 percent or higher, regardless of analyte concentration or matrix composition, for all compounds excepthydroxyatrazine, whose recoveries were slightly lower (77 percent) at the low concentration.
Additional publication details
USGS Numbered Series
Determination of atrazine and its major degradation products in soil pore water by solid-phase extraction, chemical derivatization, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
U.S. Geological Survey ;
Branch of Information Services [distributor],


text:
Online Documentation for SQL Manager for MySQL
Stored functions are routines that are available in 5.x and later versions of MySQL server. A Stored function is a set of SQL commands that returns the result and can be stored in the server. Once this is done, clients do not need to keep re-issuing the individual commands but can refer to the stored function instead.
Function Editor allows you to define function properties. It opens automatically when you create a new function and is available on editing an existing one.
To open a function in Function Editor, double-click it in the DB Explorer tree.
- Using Navigation bar and Toolbar
- Creating/editing function
- Browsing object dependencies
- Editing function description
- Viewing DDL definition
- Executing function


text:
People You May Know (PYMK) allows members to grow their network by recommending new potential connections. It's one of the most recognizable features at LinkedIn. PYMK was invented at LinkedIn and is responsible for building more than 50% of LinkedIn's professional graph.
Two of the challenges of PYMK are relevance and scale.
At the heart of it is binary classification problem to predict whether two people know each other or not. There are many feature or signals used for predicting whether two people know each other. For example, one of the first things to look at is friends-of-friends, or triangle closing. Here, if Alice knows Bob and Bob knows Carol, then maybe Alice knows Carol. One can then score these closed triangles with such features as whether the pair overlapped at an organization or school, their age difference (you're more likely to know someone near your own age), their geographical distance, etc.
PYMK uses a logistic regression model for the binary classification problem to combine hundreds of features. PYMK uses LinkedIn's open-sourced large-scale machine learning library for training models with billions of samples for training.
There are many interesting modeling challenges in feature engineering. For example, as part of our research to understand how two people working in the same organization know each other, we built a novel model factoring in the time of joining and departing an organization, the size of the organization, likelihood of knowing each other in an organization (as some organization are more social than the others) as published in WWW'13. The logic is simple: the affinity between two members who worked together in a small organization for 10 years is greater than members who've worked together for only a few months.
Another interesting modeling challenge is how to incorporate user feedback through impression discounting, that is, discount the PYMK results that are seen by users and ignored (see our KDD'14 paper for more details). The intuition is simple: PYMK results that are seen by users and did not lead to any connection are ignored by users and should be lowered in the ranking of PYMK results.
In terms of scale, PYMK system daily processes 100s of terabytes of data, 100s of billions of potential connections, and pushes new PYMK results every day. As PYMK look at second degree network (connections of connections), the rate of growth in the data processing is much faster than the site growth. This poses a unique challenge in scale that we need to keep optimizing PYMK system to deal with such high growth in data processing while keep refreshing PYMK results every day. Our ecosystem of big data for addressing scaling challenges in PYMK including many systems such as Voldemort key-value store, Azkaban Hadoop workflow management, Apache Kafka for streaming, and more.
There are many interesting ongoing work to improve People You May Know further, for example,
- Large-scale distributed machine learning
- Large-scale social graph processing
- Network A/B testing


text:
Among the many benefits of educating girls in Africa is its potential for reducing population pressure, Camfed International Director Ann Cotton said at the Footprint Forum Conference public day. Girls' education has moved center stage from being viewed as a gender and equality issue to one that is increasingly seen as central to global security and the elimination of poverty, Cotton said. "Every child is born to a mother, and when a child is born to a mother who is not educated, that child is at a disadvantage from the start."
Educating girls also has a significant impact in reducing family size, an important issue in impoverished regions where access to basic resources can be a challenge. "In Zambia, in all of the schools in which we work, we've seen a reduction in pregnancy by 90 percent," Cotton said.
By funding the relatively minimal costs that it takes for a girl to acquire the school books and uniforms she needs to attend school, Camfed has enabled 400,000 young women to complete an education. Some 14,000 of those young women have gone on to be ambassadors for positive change in their countries and their communities.
"When change is coming from the outside, it is far less likely to be significant," Cotton told attendees. Girls who would have been resigned to a life of illiteracy and poverty are now influencing at the highest levels, speaking to organizations such as the World Economic Forum and the United Nations.
When Cotton researched the issue of why girls in Africa were not educated as widely as boys, she discovered it wasn't because of cultural attitudes, but because of poverty. "The opportunities are clearly profound, if we are not talking about attitudinal change, which is very difficult, but about the material costs of sending girls to school." Camfed's work is an example of how seizing on the right opportunities can enable widespread transformation, said Global Footprint Network President Mathis Wackernagel.


text:
Marimo might be the cutest plant on Earth. It's round, bright green, and fuzzy. It even dances, albeit slowly: In the morning, marimo balls float to the top of lakes, and at night, they sink back down again.
It's tempting to raise the plant up to your cheek and ask, "Why do you do that, little buddy?" (Do not do this: In many areas, marimo is a protected species.) But it took new research from the University of Bristol to actually figure it out.
Marimo balls may look like autonomous mini-muppets. But they're actually made up of a green macroalga called Aegagropila linnaei. In many environments, A. linnaei acts like more typical algae, growing on top of rocks and shells or floating around in the water in small pieces. But sometimes, scraps of the algae meet and get tangled up in clumps. Under certain conditions, these clumps grow large and sink to the bottom, and the motion of the water pushes them back and forth over the sand like a kid with a snowball, sculpting them into spheres.
The balls make an impression wherever they show up, which is generally in shallow, sandy lakes in the Northern hemisphere. Lake Svityaz in Ukraine has them, as does Lake Mývatn in Iceland, where fishermen named them Kúluskítur, or "round shit," because they'd get tangled in their nets.
There are so many of them floating in Japan's Lake Akan that they're the subject of an annual Marimo Festival, which has been held since 1950. They are also popular among aquarium aficionados—so much so that people sell fake ones, made of styrofoam wrapped in java fern.
For this new study, which was published in Current Biology, the researchers brought some aquarium-grown marimo balls into the lab. First, they wanted to test a theory about why they float: namely, that when the algae photosynthesize, they exhale tiny bubbles of oxygen, which catch on the ball's tendrils and pull it up to the water's surface. The researchers coated a group of marimo with DCMU, a chemical that stops photosynthesis, and put them inside graduated cylinders. When they exposed these balls to light, they didn't blow bubbles or float. Instead, they stayed stuck at the bottom of their tubes.
With that settled, the researchers went on to test whether the marimo balls float more readily at certain times of the day. They first got them on a particular "sleep" schedule, exposing them to 12 hours of light followed by 12 hours of darkness. Then they put them in dim red light for a while, to try to throw them off. But it didn't work: When the researchers flicked a bright light on in the morning, the balls popped up much more quickly than they did in the afternoon. (Many plants have circadian rhythms like this, which help them know the best times to grow, flower, and photosynthesize.)
Natural marimo balls are rare, and getting rarer—a 2010 study found that their populations are declining worldwide. Those researchers pinned the problem mostly on eutrophication, or an excess of nutrients that other plants and algae feed on, crowding the water.
University of Bristol researchers hope that figuring out these balls' behavior might help save them: "By understanding the responses to environmental cues and how the circadian clock controls floating, we hope to contribute to its conservation and reintroduction in other countries," lead author Dora Cano-Ramirez said in a press release. In the meantime, keep dancing, little cuties.


text:
JPlag is a system that finds similarities among multiple sets of source code files. This way it can detect software plagiarism. JPlag does not merely compare bytes of text, but is aware of programming language syntax and program structure and hence is robust against many kinds of attempts to disguise similarities between plagiarized files. JPlag currently supports Java, C#, C, C++, Scheme and natural language text.
JPlag is typically used to detect and thus discourage the unallowed copying of student exercise programs in programming education. But in principle it can also be used to detect stolen software parts among large amounts of source text or modules that have been duplicated (and only slightly modified). JPlag has already played a part in several intellectual property cases where it has been successfully used by expert witnesses.
JPlag has a powerful graphical interface for presenting its results. See our example.
Just to make it clear: JPlag does not compare to the internet! It is designed to find similarities among the student solutions, which is usually sufficient for computer programs.


Brief – Poor lag behind in access to the internet
Women have overtaken men in the use of ICT and the elderly are
taking up the new skills, but the poor still lag behind, says a new
EU report on digital divide.
The report, 'eInclusion revisited: the local dimension of the
information society', concludes that differences in usage of
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) remain both between
member states, regions, urban and rural areas and according to
socio-economic criteria, age and gender. In some cases
these gaps are narrowing and may one day disappear, but for
people with low levels of income and education there are no such
encouraging signs.
Luxembourg and the UK have caught up with the Nordic countries
and the Dutch with an internet access rate above 50 per
cent. Portugal and Greece score the lowest and have been
overtaken by all the new member states, where at least
one quarter of their population use the internet. Before EU
enlargement, an average of 43.5 per cent of EU
citizens were using the internet. In the EU-25 the
number has fallen to 41.4 per cent and remote and rural
areas all over the EU still lack even basic internet
eInclusion is closely linked to various EU activities in social
and regional aspects of the information society. Achieving "an
information society for all" is the eEurope
's objective. It consists of overcoming social and
geographical differences to ensure that everyone can
access the internet and be part of an inclusive digital
Subscribe to our newsletters


text:
Large bowel resection
Large bowel resection is surgery to remove all or part of your large bowel. This surgery is also called colectomy. The large bowel is also called the large intestine or colon.
The large bowel connects the small intestine to the anus. Normally, stool passes through the large bowel before leaving the body through the anus.
You will get general anesthesia
before your surgery. This will make you sleep and keep you pain-free. The surgery can be performed laparoscopically or with open surgery.
Depending on what type of procedure you have, your surgeon will make one or more cuts in your belly.
With laparoscopic colectomy, the surgeon uses a tiny camera to see inside your belly and small instruments to remove part of your large bowel. You will have three to five small cuts in your lower belly. The surgeon passes the medical instruments through these cuts.
- You may also have a cut of about 2 to 3 inches if your surgeon needs to put a hand inside your belly to feel or remove the diseased bowel.
- During laparoscopy, your belly will be filled with gas to expand it. This makes the area easier to see and work in.
- Your surgeon will remove the diseased part of your large bowel.
- The surgeon will then sew the healthy ends of the bowel back together. This is called anastomosis.
- Then the cuts on the skin will be closed with stitches.
For open colectomy, your surgeon will make a 6- to 8-inch cut in your lower belly.
- The surgeon will find the part of your colon that is diseased.
- The surgeon will put clamps on both ends of this part to close it off.
- Then the surgeon will remove the diseased part.
- If there is enough healthy large intestine left, your surgeon will sew or staple the healthy ends back together. Most patients have this done.
- If you do not have enough healthy large intestine to reconnect, you may have a colostomy
In most cases, the colostomy is short-term. It can be closed with another operation later. But, if a large part of your bowel is removed, the colostomy may be permanent.
Your surgeon may also look at lymph nodes and other organs, and may remove some of them.
Colectomy surgery usually takes between 1 and 4 hours.
Ascending colectomy; Descending colectomy; Transverse colectomy; Right hemicolectomy; Left hemicolectomy; Hand assisted bowel surgery; Low anterior resection; Sigmoid colectomy; Subtotal colectomy; Proctocolectomy; Colon resection; Laparoscopic colectomy; Colectomy - partial; Abdominal perineal resection
Why the Procedure Is Performed
Large bowel resection is used to treat many conditions, including:
Other reasons to perform bowel resection are:
Injuries that damage the large bowel
Intussusception (when one part of the intestine pushes into another)
Precancerous polyps (nodes)
Severe gastrointestinal bleeding
Twisting of the bowel (volvulus)
Talk with your doctor about these possible risks and complications.
Risks for any anesthesia are:
- Reactions to medicines
- Breathing problems
Risks for any surgery are:
- Blood clots in the legs that may travel to the lungs
- Breathing problems
- Heart attack or stroke
- Infection, including in the lungs, urinary tract, and belly
Risks for this surgery are:
- Bleeding inside your belly
- Bulging tissue through the surgical cut, called an incisional hernia
- Damage to nearby organs in the body
- Damage to the ureter or bladder
- Problems with the colostomy
- Scar tissue that forms in the belly and causes a blockage of the intestines
- The edges of your intestines that are sewn together come open (anastomotic leak -- this may be life-threatening)
- Wound breaks open (dehiscence)
- Wound infections
Before the Procedure
Always tell your doctor or nurse what drugs you are taking, even drugs, supplements, or herbs you bought without a prescription.
Talk with your doctor or nurse about these things before you have surgery:
- Intimacy and sexuality
During the 2 weeks before your surgery:
- Two weeks before surgery you may be asked to stop taking drugs that make it harder for your blood to clot. These include aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), Naprosyn (Aleve, Naproxen), and others.
- Ask your doctor which drugs you should still take on the day of your surgery.
- If you smoke, try to stop. Ask your doctor for help.
- Always let your doctor know about any cold, flu, fever, herpes breakout, or other illness you may have before your surgery.
- Eat high fiber foods and drink 6 to 8 glasses of water every day.
The day before your surgery:
- A few days before surgery, you will be given a bowel prep that includes drinking fluids and taking laxatives and enemas. This is done to make sure that the colon is free of any stool.
- You may be asked to drink only clear liquids such as broth, clear juice, and water after noon.
- Do not drink anything after midnight, including water. Sometimes you will not be able to drink anything for up to 12 hours before surgery.
On the day of your surgery:
- Take the drugs your doctor told you to take with a small sip of water.
- Your doctor or nurse will tell you when to arrive at the hospital.
After the Procedure
You will be in the hospital for 3 to 7 days. You may have to stay longer if your colectomy was an emergency operation.
You may also need to stay longer if a large amount of your small intestine was removed or you develop any complications. By the second or third day, you will probably be able to drink clear liquids. Your doctor or nurse will slowly add thicker fluids and then soft foods as your bowel begins to work again.
Most people who have a large bowel resection recover fully. Even with a colostomy, most people are able to do most activities they were doing before their surgery. This includes most sports, travel, gardening, hiking, and other outdoor activities, and most types of work.
If you have a long-term (chronic) condition, such as cancer, Crohn's disease, or ulcerative colitis, you may need ongoing medical treatment.
Fry RD, Mahmoud N, Maron DJ, Bleier JIS. Colon and rectum. In: Townsend CM, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, Mattox KL, eds. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 19th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2012:chap 52.
John A. Daller, MD, PhD, Department of Surgery, Crozer-Chester Medical Center, Chester, PA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc., Editorial Team: David Zieve, MD, MHA, David R. Eltz, Stephanie Slon, and Nissi Wang.


? – Mr.Wizard Jun 2 at 0:14
Ok I edited my post to include the results. I do not know where to put the input though, since it is huge. I will see tomorrow where to put it. – erazortt Jun 2 at 1:11
I have managed to strip down the example to something presentable. Have fun – erazortt Jun 2 at 8:07
I ended up with this code:
NumberComplexity[x_Integer] := IntegerLength[x];
NumberComplexity[x_Real] := Round[Precision[x]];
NumberComplexity[x_Rational] := NumberComplexity[Numerator[x]] +
NumberComplexity[x_Complex] := NumberComplexity[Re[x]] + NumberComplexity[Im[x]];
MyComplexityFunction[x_] := LeafCount[x] +
 Total[NumberComplexity /@ Cases[x, _Integer | _Real | _Rational | _Complex, {0, ∞}]];
Please suggest improvements.
share|improve this answer
You might want to be careful of the Hold attributes of these functions. When you put in, for instance 4000/2000, Mathematica will automatically convert this to 2 before calculating the complexity of the expression in its original form. Try using Trace to see precisely what is happening. When you ask for improvements, it also depends what you are looking for. You haven't specified precisely what you want so it's hard to recommend improvements. Finally, I would recommend using lower cases for your function names as this avoids accidentally chosing Mathematica's built in functions. – Jonathan Shock May 31 '13 at 0:45
Your Answer


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Topic: Python, arduino and stepper motor won't work (Read 1 time) previous topic - next topic
I have a problem for driving a stepper motor out of python(blender). The stepper should make the same rotation as cube in Blender3D. I'm using Blender 2.63, Pyserial 2.6, Arduino Mega2560, a big easy driver and a 1A stepper motor with 200 steps.
Python code:
Code: [Select]
import bpy
import math
from math import degrees
import serial
ser = serial.Serial('COM5',115200,timeout=1)
def my_handler(scene):
 data = ''
 eulx = bpy.data.objects['Cube'].rotation_euler
 x = degrees(eulx.y)
 a = (x/360)*200
 data = bytes([int(a)])
Arduino code:
Code: [Select]
_TAG_
int motorSpeed = 115200;
int motorAccel = 8000;
int motorDirPin = 9;
int motorStepPin = 8;
AccelStepper stepper(1, motorStepPin, motorDirPin);
void setup(){
 pinMode(5, OUTPUT);
 pinMode(6, OUTPUT);
 pinMode(7, OUTPUT);
 digitalWrite(5, LOW);
 digitalWrite(6, LOW);
 digitalWrite(7, LOW);
int num;
void loop()
 if (stepper.distanceToGo() == 0)
 num = Serial.read();
When I try this, the shaft moves and immediately moves back to its origin position. When I replace the "num" in the arduino code for testing, everything works fine (the shaft moves half of a full rotation).
Has anybody an idea why this could happen?
Thank you very much!
What does the data you are writing out the serial port look like? Is it a byte or integer or string? Are you processing it correctly at the Arduino end? It sonds sort of like the motor is turning back to the ZERO position.
thank you for trying to help me. The output for the example above is:
Code: [Select]
>>>data = ''
>>>x = 180
>>>a = (x/360)*200
>>>data = bytes([int(a)])
So b'd' is the data sent. This works perfectly for my servos....
Any idea why it won't work on the steppers?
Thank you
Hello! could well turn the engine?
I want to move a stepper motor from Blender and not how.
Never call Serial.read() unless you have first checked that there is a character available using
Serial.available() > 0....
[ I won't respond to messages, use the forum please ]
I think that the problem has to do with datatypes. Let's look at the Python code:
Code: [Select]
x = 180
a = (x/360)*200
x is an integer with the value 180. In the next line you divide the integer 180 with the integer 360 which becomes the integer 0 as it's rounded down, multiplied with 200 is still 0.
Change the code to:
Code: [Select]
x = 180
a = (x/360.0)*200.0
and the computation will be a floating point computation. You could also make explicitly convert x to floating point like so:
Code: [Select]
x = 180
a = (float(x)/360)*200
and still get the expected result.
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Question 142: Are Employees required to sign commitments upon their job commencement as a basis for LD action in case of their subsequent violation?
Labour laws do not force Employees to sign commitments with Employers such as maintenance of the corporate properties, failure to sexually harass in the workplace upon their job commencement. However, if Employers intend to apply disciplinary measures to Employees when they breach these commitments, such commitments and remedies as permitted by the law should be documented at least in Employers' ILRs. In principle, Employers can only discipline Employees if they have committed a violation specified in the ILRs (that have been registered)[1]. Accordingly, when new Employees are engaged in any job, the essential thing is that Employers just requires them to sign after having read and understood the ILRs and then comply with them. Note that these commitments must be consistent with the current labour laws. This alternative is feasible if the number of Employees is small and a human resources department may appoint a person to have these commitments signed and keep them for use when necessary.
For job positions where Employees are at a high risk of violation or for the management level, depending on the specific nature of each job, Employees will be required to sign additional commitments with more detailed content and under higher levels of sanction than other regular Employees due to their specific job positions.
In addition, the said commitments may be included in LCs. However, due to any too long commitment and/or security of the commitment information, the parties cannot record such commitment and confidential information in LC because this will change the LC format. Instead, an appendix to LC will be made and signed at the same time with the LC.
[1]Article 128.3 Labor Code


text:
We Shall Overcome: Historic Places of the Civil Rights Movement
A "National Registry of Historic Places Travel Itinerary" covering 42 places of significance with regard to the postwar African-American civil rights movement. Churches, colleges, private homes, places of business, neighborhoods, and government offices, primarily located in the South, are each described in 300-word entries illustrated with one or two photographs. An introductory 5,000-word essay offers a narrative history of the movement with annotations to specific sites. Focuses on the 1950s and 1960s, with no attempt to cover civil rights struggles of groups other than African Americans. A few sites cover events and persons active prior to the 1950s, such as Ida B. Wells's home in Chicago and the W. E. B. Du Bois Homesite in Great Barrington, MA.
Users can access sites from a map of the U.S. or by a list organized by states. Information for visiting each site is also provided, as is a list of 39 related websites and a 34-title bibliography. The site's creators note that the places were nominated by states and thus "do not represent a systematic effort to survey, identify, and list all important civil rights sites in the National Register." A useful way to introduce students to civil rights history.


text:
- Course Reserves
- Digital Collections
- Government Information
- Interlibrary Loan
- Site Search
- Need Help?
- Faculty Information
- Student Information
- Campus Libraries
- About UA Libraries
"Bringing Alabama's African American History to Light: A Model Partnership," funded by the National Historical Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC), is a project designed to make available to the public collections of personal papers and company and organizational records held by the University of Alabama Libraries and the Tuskegee University Library which shed light on the lives of African-Americans in Alabama. In addition, it will assist in establishing policies, procedures, and practices for the Tuskegee Archives.
Septimus Douglass Cabaniss was a prominent Alabama attorney who is perhaps best remembered for his role as executor for the estate of Samuel Townsend, a plantation owner who intended to emancipate his slaves upon his death. After attending the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, Cabaniss returned to Huntsville and was admitted to the Alabama Bar in 1838. An examination of his legal papers shows that Cabaniss concentrated on civil matters, particularly the settlement of estates, from the inception of his legal career. In 1853, Cabaniss was employed by the wealthy, unmarried Samuel Townsend to draft a will that would allow him to manumit and leave property to a selection of his slaves, many of who were his children. Townsend was concerned because his brother Edmund Townsend's will had been held void by the courts at the time of his death in 1853. Edmund had left the bulk of his estate to two of his slaves, whom he acknowledged as his children. However, the extended family of Edmund protested and succeeded in nullifying his will for their benefit. Samuel Townsend was concerned that his own will could be held void and hired Cabaniss to draft a will which would protect the interest of his chosen heirs. At his death in 1856, the Samuel Townsend estate was valued at approximately $200,000 and included eight plantations.
The will was unsuccessfully contested for nearly two years by the natural heirs of Samuel Townsend, but in 1858 it was finally probated, though more legal battles and the Civil War would soon interrupt its disbursements. Townsend's former slaves were relocated to Ohio and Kansas, and after the Civil War, Cabaniss continued trying to liquidate and settle the remainder of the estate.
The University of Alabama Libraries' Digital Services Department has been awarded a grant by the National Historical Publications and Records Commission to digitize the papers of Septimus D. Cabaniss. The project will provide contextualized, freely-available online access to approximately 44,563 images (including 59 bound volumes), the complete holdings of the Septimus D. Cabaniss Papers Collection, linked out from the online searchable finding aid.
First Report (July 1, 2006 - January 31, 2007)
Second Report (February 1, 2007 - July 31, 2007)
Third Report (August 1, 2007 - January 31, 2008)
Fourth Report (February 1, 2008 – July 31, 2008)
Fifth Report (August 1, 2008 – January 31, 2009)


text:
Adhesions are scar tissue that forms between two structures or organs inside the body that are not normally connected to each other. This tissue may bond to nearby surfaces because of inflammation, surgery, or trauma.
For example, scar tissue can develop on the abdominal organs after any abdominal surgery or as a result of inflammation or infection in the abdominal area. Abdominal adhesions can cause pain, blockage, or other problems, depending on where they are located.
If adhesions cause pain and other problems, surgery may be needed to cut the scar tissue and separate the structures or organs, although adhesions may recur after this surgery.
Last Revised: June 29, 2010
Author: Healthwise Staff
Medical Review: Sarah Anne Marshall, MD - Family Medicine & Deborah A. Penava, BA, MD, FRCSC, MPH - Obstetrics and Gynecology
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© _PHONE_ Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.


text:
Did You Know?
Universiade is also referred to as the World University Games. Universiade is a combination of words derived from "University" and "Olympiad". The World University Games is an International multi-sport event that began in 1947. It is organized for university athletes by the Fédération Internationale du Sport Universitaire (FISU), with Canada's universities represented by the Canadian Interuniversity Athletic Union (CIAU).
The University's Home Economics Department acquired the Klondike dress that Princess Diana wore during her Royal visit (with HRH Prince Charles) to Edmonton in 1983.
During 1981 and 1982, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau's National Energy Policy, world oil prices, Alberta's intense over-reliance on the energy sector, a general recession in the Western world, and high interest rates led to Alberta's economic bust. Thousands of employees were laid off by oil companies and by related service businesses. Bankruptcies, business closures, and bank foreclosures were commonplace occurrences. Local banks and credit unions tumbled. Real estate values experienced a major meltdown. Alberta's imploding markets led to a huge migration out of Alberta.
Alberta's first food banks surfaced in the early 1980s. By the end of the twentieth century, there were 80 food banks scattered throughout the province. On a national scale, the 1982 Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms was entrenched. The Charter changed laws, social attitudes, and advocacy initiatives throughout Canada.
Sports have always been important to Albertans, so, in 1978, Edmonton hosted the Commonwealth Games at the Kinsmen Centre and Commonwealth Stadium. In 1988, Calgary hosted the Winter Olympic Games.
Myer Horowitz was President of the University of Alberta from 1979 to 1989. During his tenure, the University experienced a number of milestones. The University won the bid to host the World University Games (Universiade) in 1983. It was the first time that this event was held in North America. The World University Games had 6,000 participants from 87 countries. In preparation for the event, the University built the Tennis Centre and the Universiade Pavilion (Butterdome) and increased student housing in the Garneau community.
The year 1983 also marked the University's 75th anniversary and was honoured by a variety of celebrations. Prince Charles and Princess Diana made a royal visit to Edmonton and on June 30, 1983 at the special 75th Anniversary Convocation held at the Northern Jubilee Auditorium, the Prince gave an address to the Convocation. Prince Charles also received an honorary law degree. (Read his convocation address.)
Construction of the Business Building began in 1982. The official opening ceremony was held on November 26, 1984. More than 600 people attended, including University President Myer Horowitz and Dean of the School of Business, Roger S. Smith. Other dignitaries who attended the ceremony include the Minister of Municipal Affairs and MLA for Edmonton Strathcona, Julian Koziak; Provincial Minister of Advanced Education, Dick Johnston; University Chancellor Peter Savaryn; Chairman of the University's Board of Governors, John Schlosser; and Robert Stollery, Chairman and CEO of PCL Construction Ltd. Premier Peter Lougheed gave an address that emphasized the challenges Alberta faced in international trade and business. Other platform guests included Mrs Shirley Stollery; Eric Geddes, past chairman of the Business Advisory Council of the School of Business; William A. Weir, President of A.V. Carlson Construction Corporation Ltd; Donald Bittorf, Principal-in-charge of Donald G. Bittorf Architect Ltd; and Peter R. Winters, Chairman of the Building Committee, School of Business.
In the late 1960s, the University made plans for a health sciences centre. Plans became reality with the construction and opening of the Walter C. Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre, Phase 1 in 1984.
In 1984, the School of Native Studies was established. In the same auspicious year, the campus radio station CJSR went public.
Premier Peter Lougheed retired and was replaced by Don Getty in 1984. Oil prices took another drop in 1986, further aggravating Alberta's economic plight. In 1989, the Conservatives won the election and imposed a wage freeze on the civil service and cut public services.
On December 14, 1992, Ralph Klein became the Premier of Alberta. His primary mission was to eliminate Alberta's debt. Cutbacks prevailed, particularly in education, social services, and health. Between 1990 and 1994, the Alberta government cut 21% from the University of Alberta's budget.
In July 1993, construction of the University's Book and Record Depository (BARD) began; the facility opened in February 1994. It was located off campus in an old Ikea building.
Construction of the Timms Centre for the Arts, which began in 1993, was a testimony to what could be achieved through donations and partnerships. At a time of intense fiscal restraint, the construction of the Drama Department's $11.23 million Timms Centre was made possible by a large donation from Albert Timms. When Timms passed away in the 1970s, he left the bulk of his estate to the University with the stipulation that his family name be given to a building. By 1993, Timms's estate had grown to more than $7 million. His donation was topped up by other contributions from private donors, major banks, and by the Government of Alberta. The Timms Centre had its first theatrical debut, Ring Round the Moon in 1995.
Paul Davenport was installed as the University's tenth President in 1989. He resigned in 1994 to become President of the University of Western Ontario. That same year, the Governor General presented the University with an official coat of arms. The University's Board of Governors was also forced to declare a state of financial exigency.


The (Non)Uniqueness of Environmental Law
61 Pages Posted: 22 Apr 2005
See all articles by Jay Wexler
Jay Wexler
Boston University School of Law
In everyday discourse, the label "environmental law" signifies a distinct and unique area of the law. The uniqueness of environmental law stems most obviously from the subject matter of environmental legislation and regulation. But does environmental law also differ from other areas of law with respect to how judges ought to approach deciding cases? Should judges act differently somehow when they are deciding an environmental law case as opposed to, for example, a labor law or banking law case? At least one influential scholar - Richard Lazarus of the Georgetown University Law Center - has argued that the distinctive features of ecological injury justify treating environmental cases differently from other types of cases. This Article critically examines this claim, by identifying and evaluating seven potential paradigms that federal courts could use to relate environmental law to other areas of law, particularly administrative law, when deciding environmental law cases. In sum, the Article argues that when relevant under the appropriate legal standards, courts should consider the distinctive features of ecological injury when applying facts to law, and in some situations they should draw on their knowledge of those distinctive features when fashioning rules of general application. They should not, however, reach pro-environment decisions in a non-principled manner, automatically vote to protect the environment whenever the relevant legal materials prove substantially indeterminate, or otherwise act as though protection of the environment is an inherent aspect of the judicial role. Nor should they fashion completely distinct rules to govern environmental law cases or alter generally applicable rules to apply differently in environmental law cases. The point of the Article is not to suggest that environmental law should not exist as a separate legal category, but rather to suggest that generally judges need not approach environmental law cases differently from how they approach other types of cases.
Keywords: Administrative Law, Environmental Law, Judging, Judicial Role, Judicial Decision-Making
JEL Classification: Q50, Q58, Q59
Suggested Citation
Wexler, Jay, The (Non)Uniqueness of Environmental Law. Available at SSRN:
Jay Wexler (Contact Author)
Boston University School of Law ( email )
765 Commonwealth Avenue
Boston, MA 02215
United States
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text:
Some subsurface animals burrow and dig tunnels. Others, in sandy environments like the deserts of Arizona or the Sahara, wiggle along under the surface in a way that looks like swimming.
And it is, according to Daniel I. Goldman, a physicist at Georgia Tech, because granular substances like sand have the properties of solids and fluids. For this kind of swimming, he and a group of colleagues have shown that long and skinny is a very good shape. And they have also shown some surprising reasons for that.
Dr. Goldman and his colleagues had done a lot of research on a lizard called the sandfish. They used something called resistance force theory, developed decades ago to explain how some micro-organisms move.
The theory involves treating a moving body as many independent small bits and analyzing each separately. The theory predicted that although the somewhat stubby sandfish was good at sand-swimming, something long and slender was likely to be better.
The shovel-nosed snake seemed like a good animal to test.
Dr. Goldman, Sarah S. Sharpe, then also at Georgia Tech, and other researchers at Harvard and Zoo Atlanta captured the snakes in their native Arizona and took them to Georgia Tech, where they used high-speed X-ray video to track their movement. The scientists published their results in The Journal of Experimental Biology.
"We were interested in how they move in the sand — nobody actually knew that — and how they compared to the lizard we've studied extensively," Dr. Goldman said. The first answer was that long and thin did work better. The snake body was quicker and more efficient than the lizard shape.
It might seem that streamlining — having to push less sand aside — would be the reason, but it wasn't. Instead, the length and flexibility of the snake's body allowed it to move with all the twists and turns necessary as waves moved down its body from head to tail.
In sand-swimming, Dr. Goldman said, the animals produce what could be thought of as a kind of puddle in the tube they are moving through — not of real liquid, but of sand grains that behave as a liquid. And the theory also predicted that the snake's skin should produce a lot less friction than the skin of the lizard. That was also proved true, at least on the snake's belly.
The snake and lizard each use motions that are most economical for their body shapes, Dr. Goldman said, but over all, the long, slick snake is the more efficient sand swimmer.
That may be because it seems to spend more time underground than the lizard, which also runs along the surface. So the conclusion is that evolution has more finely honed the snake's body for swimming.
ScienceTake combines cutting-edge research from the world of science with stunning footage of the natural world in action.
- Trump Unleashes on Kavanaugh Accuser as Key Republican Wavers
- Kavanaugh's Yearbook Page Is 'Horrible, Hurtful' to a Woman It Named
- Opinion: Padma Lakshmi: I Was Raped at 16 and I Kept Silent
- Bill Cosby, Once a Model of Fatherhood, Is Sent to Prison for Sexual Assault
- Mormon Women's Group Calls for Probe of Allegations Against Kavanaugh
- Trump Boasts and Scorns Globalism to Skeptical U.N. Crowd
- Opinion: Trump to China: 'I Own You.' Guess Again.
- Opinion: President Trump Addresses the United Nations (laughter)
- He Took Home Documents to Catch Up on Work at the N.S.A. He Got 5½ Years in Prison.
- Opinion: Pigs All the Way Down


text:
This project examines the theatrical spaces of holy graves in Shi'a Islam and Roman Catholic Christianity and the rituals connected with them - rituals which range from public events to personal experience. The space, which carries the grave and the dead into the realm of the living, also attests to the transition from the public practice of rituals of faith to the reproduction of religious acts in private.
The actors in these rituals are people committed to their faith. Without religious beliefs, they would not be able to carry out their role authentically as part of the ritual and could not reproduce the same effect in the religious acts. Both the religious practitioners and the theatrical space they use to practice their faith create an array of performative acts, which can be studied as a theatre.
The construction of holy craves and mausoleums creates a space that is sanctified to bear a dead body. A mausoleum is, furthermore, a space to see and be seen. The connection between Roman-Catholicism and Iranian-Shi'a makes the space's basic characteristics even more obvious, especially when two specific geographical places are contrasted. Both places date back to ancient times and were built near water. One is Napoli (Naples) in southern Italy and the other is Rasht (Resht) in the north of Iran.
The latter is an extraordinary setting and was home to multiple religions before Islam reached northern Iran. The hybrid identities that exist as part of a performing culture can be analysed through their various acts, in this case ritual. Two different important examples are the shrines of Imam's Sister and of Danay-e Ali, both located in Rasht. The first shrine is dedicated to a female saint and the second to a prophet-like Sufi. Both are the most important theatrical spaces in the project's focus on Shi'a rituals.
For the case of Roman-Catholic Napoli, the Miracle of Saint Januarius (San Gennaro) might be considered the most significant example of theatrical space for religious acts in this context. During this ritual, that takes place multiple times a year, thousands of Neapolitans gather to witness the dried blood of Januarius, the city's patron saint, liquefy. The martyr's blood and the process of its melting are meant to safeguard the city and prove that Januarius is the city's most important patron.
The project aims to analyse theatrical systems rooted in religion thought. They work and communicate, like all theatrical systems, with the means of textual and performative elements. Transcendence and immanence as theatrical acts are the two most important in the case of religious rituals; they are the main reason why a ritual can be repeating itself, without losing their Audience, the believers.


text:
Do you need these mail server settings?
You can use the mail server settings in this article to manually set up your email app to send and receive email with an iCloud email account. However, you shouldn't need to do that if you meet iCloud system requirements and can use any of these setup methods:
- Use iCloud Preferences on your Mac in OS X Lion 10.7.4 or later.
- Use iCloud for Windows on your PC in Microsoft Windows with Outlook 2010 through Outlook 2016. Set up two-factor authentication and, if needed, generate an app-specific password* to use for iCloud Mail.
- Use iCloud settings on your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch with iOS 7 or later.
Mail server settings
Refer to your email app's documentation for information about how to use these settings. iCloud Mail uses the IMAP and SMTP standards supported by most modern email apps. iCloud does not support POP. If you set up an account using iCloud System Preferences or macOS Mail in 10.7.4 or later, you won't see these settings because they're automatically configured.
IMAP information for the incoming mail server
- Server name: imap.mail.me.com
- SSL Required: Yes
If you see an error message when using SSL, try using TLS instead.
- Port: 993
- Username: This is usually the name part of your iCloud email address (for example, emilyparker, not _EMAIL_). If your email client can't connect to iCloud using just the name part of your iCloud email address, try using the full address.
- Password: Generate an app-specific password.
SMTP information for the outgoing mail server
- Server name: smtp.mail.me.com
- SSL Required: Yes
If you see an error message when using SSL, try using TLS or STARTTLS instead.
- Port: 587
- SMTP Authentication Required: Yes
- Username: Your full iCloud email address (for example, _EMAIL_, not emilyparker)
- Password: Use the app-specific password that you generated when you set up the incoming mail server.
* You only need to use an app-specific password if you're manually setting up mail with your iCloud account in Windows, if you use Mac OS X Mail (10.7.4 and earlier), or if you use any other third-party mail client.


Paper Submission
Please closely follow the manuscript preparation guidelines before submitting your paper!
Step 1: Paper Submission For Review
 Please ensure that your paper is formatted in accordance with IEEE Computer Society's guidelines. Visit for detailed paper formatting instructions.
 2. Submit your paper using the EasyChair online submission system on or before the paper submission deadline. The link for the submission to the PAMS 2011 is
 3. Each paper will undergo independent review by at least two reviewers. You will receive an e-mail notification of the outcome of this review.
Step 2: Final Camera-Ready Paper Submission
 1. For the camera-ready paper submission, please format your paper according to the workshop paper instructions posted on the AINA 2011 website:
 2. To submit your camera-ready paper, please follow the instructions given at:
 3. In case of questions or problems, just write an e-mail to pams2011 (at)