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Assertive discipline is a structured, systematic approach to discipline that is extremely effective to educators along with other tools of the trade in running an organized, teacher-in-charge classroom environment. Often, it seems, teachers have a difficult time managing or unable to control undesirable behavior(s) from occurring in their classrooms. Part of this can be attributed to a greater frequency of ill-mannered students lacking the basic concept of respecting other people and their property, but can also be attributed to teachers who are weak in areas of behavior management. Assertive discipline has evolved over the years and is more or less a combination of an authoritarian discipline approach with a tendency toward more democratic and cooperative elements.
The underlying philosophy of assertive discipline is that a teacher deserves the right to teach her students without anyone preventing her from teaching or without anyone preventing another student from learning. It encompasses a teacher's right to decide what is best for the students within her classroom and to establish rules and guidelines to assist in attaining the goals and expectations that she's established. Through the effective implementation of assertive discipline including student compliance in creating and maintaining an efficient learning environment, teachers can attain the academic goals established by handling discipline problems and disruptions assertively instead of aggressively.
When using assertive discipline in the classroom, there are a few basic criteria in order to make its use effective. For instance:
- A few clearly stated classroom rules (posted & reviewed regularly).
- A teacher's ability to immediately and confidently react when a situation presents itself requiring behavior management.
- Providing firm, clear and concise directions to students in need of redirection/focus.
Additionally, much the same with any effective behavior management plan, are effective techniques necessary for any level of compliance and success:
- Reinforcement of appropriate behavior(s) by complying students.
- Negative consequences imposed on students disobeying rules and directions.
When utilizing assertive discipline in the classroom, teachers must control their impulses to use abrasive, sarcastic or hostile comments. Students are not a teacher adversary. Additionally, teachers must avoid reacting in a passive, inconsistent, timid or non-directive manner. Children are able to determine the strong vs. weak and will take advantage of and conquer those not capable of taking charge.
Just like children needing direction, rules and boundaries set by their parents in order for them to feel secure and learn to behave in both acceptable and appropriate ways; students arrive at school expecting the same of their teachers. It is a teacher's responsibility to establish the rules and boundaries that students must operate within and without a clear and concise plan, a teacher will be unsuccessful in managing her classroom.
Teachers implementing assertive discipline are more than just directors of their classrooms. They must establish and build positive, trusting relationships with their students and are responsible for teaching appropriate classroom behaviors utilizing various methods in which to effectively communicate the expectations set in place. For instance, simply telling a classroom full of students might reach 2 our of 24 students, but what about the remaining 22? Teachers need to "teach" students appropriate classroom behaviors through not just direct instruction but through the following as well:
- Describing expectations. Some children require a "painted picture" in their minds in order to clearly understand the information being shared. Using examples and non-examples allows students to clearly envision what is expected of them.
- Modeling rules, routines and expectations. Not only must you use words to describe the behaviors which you would like your children to adhere, modeling (role play) is another valuable tool to insure clear delivery. Involving the students in modeling is a wonderful method for teaching children to internalize the information disseminated – especially utilizing students that have more difficulty adhering to the established rules and routines.
- Practicing & reviewing expectations. Teachers should provide opportunities for students to simply practice the rules and lessons taught as they relate to behavior management. During the first week of school, I provided many opportunities teaching and re-teaching my students what was expected of them. I found that allowing the extra time in the beginning stages of the school year my students were able to internalize my established routines and behaviors making each and every week thereafter more rewarding for all of us. By occasionally reviewing the rules & expectations, I was able to "nip" inappropriate behaviors before they got out of control.
- Encouraging words vs. condescending words. In all of the years in the classroom and raising my children, I've found that "honey" is sweeter than "vinegar" when it roles off the tongue. Students respond to your requests, rules and demands 9 times out of 10 when encouraged in a positive manner. This practice came into play this week when I returned to the classroom. One student in particular had earned a reputation for being a little unruly and difficult to manage. I paid careful attention to his interactions my first day with my classroom assistance who'd been in the classroom since his first day in attendance and found that he didn't respond well to negatives. Sure, he'd eventually stop the misbehavior, however typically not until after making a scene, disrupting others and often becoming so upset that he was unable to regain focus. The second day, knowing his triggers and what areas he found particularly difficult in which to conform, I offered him affection, kindness, a "hug" and a peck on the cheek as well as a "class responsibility" as line leader encouraging him to set a good example for his classmates by following the rules of the classroom. Almost immediately his attitude changed. We had a pleasant, positive day in which he earned, for the first time the entire year, a small treat for excellent behavior(s) and attitude.
- Rewarding efforts and attitudes. People of all ages enjoy the rewards of following established rules and guidelines and for putting forth the effort needed to do so. Children especially enjoy rewards for their efforts to follow rules, live within the boundaries established and for demonstrating a positive attitude. Children, like adults, will make mistakes. However, they also will do things that are exceptional and recognizable through words of praise, encouragement and even a simple reward at times. It might be something as little as earning an M & M for walking down the hall quietly; perhaps five extra minutes of recess or free-time; or even a big shiny star on the behavior chart. Whatever the reward, children will be grateful and elated to have been recognized for their efforts. After all, everything tastes better with sugar!
Assertive discipline works most effectively if you adhere to the following techniques:
- Never fall victim to the belief that there is any acceptable reason for misbehavior (unless biologically based misbehavior)
- Establish four to five rules that you'll implement within your classroom. Post them in a clearly visible location.
- Determine negative consequences for failure to follow the rules. You'll want to choose three to six negative consequences in order to have a "discipline hierarchy" in order to effectively manage and correct repeated misbehavior. Remember, you'll enforce consequences EVERY time a student misbehaves. (NOTE: The first course of action when teaching appropriate and inappropriate behaviors is to "talk" to the student. Often times, simply conversing with the student about his/her behavior and your expected behaviors will correct the behavior without the need for extreme penalty.
- Create positive consequences for appropriate behaviors. There are many types of positive(s) that a teacher should use daily in the classroom including verbal praise, stickers, special "leadership" roles i.e. line leader, caboose, lunchroom monitor, etc.. The sky is the limit and an area that most teachers have very little difficulty in creating. Including "Group Rewards" is also a wonderful method for encouraging the desired behaviors you expect within your classroom. This not only encourages individual students but reinforces positive behaviors amongst your students as they encourage one another to behave appropriately. Group rewards might include a special Friday snack, recess at an out-of-the ordinary time or even a movie.
- Class meetings are an effective method for teaching your rules, expectations, routines, boundaries, rewards and consequences. Children need to be aware of "how" the program is going to work in order for it to work and be successful.
- Include your students in 1) establishing the rules; 2) recording them (age appropriate) and taking them home to be signed by their parents. Parents should also be aware of your disciplinary style and classroom management program in order for it to be effective.
- Begin your program immediately. Never allow a day to pass without rules, rewards and consequences being in place.
- Practice assertive discipline daily and techniques that lead to its success:
Express your displeasure with the student's behavior (not the student) and then explain what the child should have done instead. Providing examples of correct behaviors are necessary to encourage the child to practice what you desire.
Immediate recognition of appropriate behaviors is necessary if you want them to continue. By focusing only on the negatives at the expense of failing to note the positives, you'll end up dealing with more negatives. Keep in mind that some children may become embarrassed when praised or disciplined so remember to practice both verbal and non-verbal forms of both.
Repeat, repeat, repeat! To be effective you'll need to repeat your commands and/or rules repeatedly until they are internalized by your students and can be followed. My husband tells me I sound like a broken record which is exactly what it is, "broken record" technique. What he doesn't realize is that he does the same thing at work with his employees who are all adults??? An example:
Teacher: "Sara, you need to complete your math. Please return to your seat.
Student: "But I want to see the bird on the fence."
Teacher: "I understand but you need to complete your math now."
Student: "Just one minute, OK?"
Teacher: "No Sara, I want you to return to your seat now and finish your math."
Student: "A


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The Quiet Ensemble sees music everywhere in nature.
"Quintetto" is an installation based on the study of casual movement of objects or living creatures used as input for the production of sounds. The basic concept is to reveal what we call "invisible concerts" of everyday life. The vertical movements of the 5 fishes in the aquariums is captured by a video camera, that translates (through a computer software) their movements in digital sound signals. We'll have 5 different musical instruments creating a totally unexpected live concert.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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A lock failure would hurt U.S. farmers who use the waterways to ship their products and also U.S. consumers who eventually buy those products. In addition, farmers and consumers would see prices for fuel and coal increase.
Visit _URL_ to view a map that shows what a lock failure could do to farmers in your area.
The new, interactive map was recently developed by the soy checkoff to make information about this critical issue more accessible as well as more specific to local areas.
That information was compiled recently in soy-checkoff-funded research that shows the importance of the U.S. inland waterway system to U.S. soybean farmers. According to the checkoff's most recent study, U.S. waterways make a staggering impact on U.S. farmers' bottom lines as well as on the price U.S. consumers pay for food. The new, interactive map shows the effect a failure at each of five locks on the Ohio, Mississippi and Illinois rivers would have on U.S. soybean and corn prices.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Architecture analysis techniques and related tools allow an IT architect to evaluate a design relative to alternatives, describe the structure and state of a design, and analyze the design's dynamic behavior in response to external events. They can then test a design as an artifact for completeness, correctness, efficiency, and a number of other criteria.
Highest priority techniques such as selected ATAM techniques, failure analysis, optimization, prototyping, simulation, scaled modeling, and various forms of walk-throughs and design reviews can be used to perform analysis and testing.
- Has participated in design analysis
- Has identified and mitigated poor design early
- Validates architecture that solves the intended business problem
||The ability to discover and quantify patterns in the design, validate the adequate application of the pattern and analyze the probable outcomes of using (or not using) the pattern.
|Identification and Remediation of Poor Design
||Analysis techniques and related tools that allow an architect to evaluate and qualify design choices relative to alternatives.
|Validation of Design Elements
||The process of checking that a solution meets stated requirements and specifications and that the design elements fulfill the intended purpose.


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OriginThe Nelore is of the species Bos indicus (Zebu), and has great dissimilarities to breeds of the Bos taurus (European) species, like the Angus, Hereford, Charolais and others. Their most distinctive characteristic is the presence of a prominent "hump" behind their neck, but there are many other fundamental differences between the Nelore and the European breeds.
There has never existed in India a breed called Nelore. This name corresponds to a district of the old Presidency of Madrás, now belonging to the new State of Andra, by the Bengal Sea. It was in Brazil that some authors started to use the name Nellore as a synonym to Ongole, the Indian breed that contributed most to the creation of the Nelore. The history of the Ongole dates back 2,000 years before Christian times. It was the Aryan people that brought the ancestors of the Nelore to India, where they were submitted to extreme weather conditions. The arid lands of Belushistan, the cold winters of Punjab, the alluvial lands of Ganges and the torrid lands by the Bengal sea provided the Ongole breed with the adaptation genes that are now favorably expressed in the modern Nelore.
Brazil has become the largest breeder of Nelore, and from there the breed was exported to Argentina, Paraguay, Venezuela, Central America, Mexico, United States and many other countries. In all those places, the contribution of the Nelore was remarkable, whether through purebred selection within the breed or through crosses with local breeds, many times of European origin.
The Nelore was first acknowledged in Brazil in 1868, when a ship on its way to England carrying two Ongoles stopped in Salvador, Bahia, and the animals were there sold. Ten years later, a breeder from Rio de Janeiro, named Manoel Ubelhart Lemgruber, bought another couple from the Hamburg Zoo in Germany. Then the Nelore breed expanded gradually, first in Rio de Janeiro and Bahia, then in Minas Gerais, having reached Uberaba in 1875.
The creation of the Nelore Herd Book and the definition of the breed standards in Uberaba, 1938, was of great relevance in the formation of the Nelore. In 1960, 20 animals were imported, and in 1962, the last and most relevant purchase of live animals from India authorized by the Brazilian Government, 84 Ongoles were imported. These became founders of important breeding lines like Godahvari, Karvadi and Taj Mahal, and were decisive to the great expansion of the Brazilian herd in the last 30 years, going from 56 million in 1965 to 160 million in 1995, 100 million of which are Nelore.
Distinguishing CharacteristicsIt is said that there is no ideal breed, and that every breed has strong points and none is better for all important economic traits, the Nelore is certainly the best alternative for economic beef production in the tropics, which are responsible for 65% of the world's bovine population.
- Hardiness. The main advantage that the Nelore has over other breeds of beef cattle is its hardiness. Calves are alert, with an active behavior, standing up and suckling soon after they are born, without any need for constant human intervention. The Nelore has notable physical strength and is unexcelled in its ability to thrive under harsh climatic, nutritional and sanitary conditions, frequent in the tropics. Because of their hardiness and rustling ability, Nelores surpass all other breeds under conditions of poor range and drought.
- Heat and Insect Resistance. The Nelore has a loose skin with sweat glands that are twice as big and 30% more numerous than those of the European breeds. The Nelore's black skin, covered by a white or light gray coat helps filtering and reflecting harmful sun rays. Its low level of metabolism also contributes to heat resistance, as the Nelore feeds less but often, generating less internal heat. Nelores possess natural resistance to various insects, as its skin has a dense texture, making it difficult for blood sucking insects to penetrate. Nelores also have a well developed subcutaneous muscle layer which enables them to remove insects simply by shaking their coat.
- Metabolic Efficiency. The Nelore can efficiently convert poor quality forages into beef, and withstand long periods without water. Due to their habit of feeding lightly but frequently, Nelore and Nelore hybrid cattle are highly resistant to bloating, and death losses rarely occur from this cause. Excellent feed conversion ratio and good disposition allow the Nelore to be early finished in feedlots, with highly positive results.
- Meat Quality. While the beef of some breeds have excessive marbling, or intra-muscular fat, beef from Nelore cattle have enough fat to be highly palatable. The Nelore matches the recent shift in the beef industry towards a low calorie, leaner meat diet, without compromising taste. This was demonstrated at the 1991 Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo, when a purebred Nelore steer won the "Best Overall in Taste" contest, competing against dozens of hybrid and European steers.
- Reproductive Efficiency. Nelores have long, deep bodies with clear underlines, keeping vulnerable parts out of the way of infection. Cows have small udders and short teats, while bulls' sheaths are also short. These characteristics contribute to the breed's reproductive efficiency. Nelore dams have a long and prolific reproductive life, pronounced mothering ability, and plenty of milk for their calves. The Nelore cows calve very easily due to their greater frame, wide pelvic opening and larger birth canal, which reduces the incidence of distocia.
- Maternal Instinct and Disposition. Nelore dams have highly developed maternal instinct throughout the whole milking period, which is of great importance for extensive breeding systems. They lick their newborn, put them to suckle and look for a safe place to hide them from predators. The active and vivid disposition of the Nelore is largely responsible for their unusual thriftiness, hardiness and adaptability to a wide range of feed and climate. Nelores like affection and quickly respond to kind handling methods, becoming extremely docile.
SelectionA lot of genetic variation exists among all breeds, and the selection within a breed is almost as important as the choice of the breed itself. Generation after generation, during thousands of years favoring the survival of the strongest and better prepared to withstand the intense heat, the lack of forages, the prolonged dry season and the many diseases has shaped anatomically and physiologically the ancestors of the modern Nelore with a common denominator: hardiness, fertility and longevity.
Once in Brazil, this natural selection base was then managed and redirected for beef production. The result was encouraging. In a few decades, the Brazilian Nelore became an impressive biotype in terms of uniformity, conformation and quality, still preserving the attributes of hardiness and vivid disposition. Once the ethnic purity was consolidated, the Brazilian Nelore breeders have been selected for body size and muscular development, as well as skeletal soundness.
Each and every registered Nelore sire is the outcome of a complex process of selection. Breeders receive assistance from a nationwide association, the Associação Brasileira dos Criadores de Zebu or ABCZ. Birth weight, weaning weight, yearling weight, scrotal circumference, are some of the traits measured. Research centers and universities calculate EPDs (Expected Progeny Difference) through complex mathematical models and powerful super-computers, making the results available to breeders to support their selection decisions.
Genetics and BreedingToday, the number of purebred registered Nelore is above 5 million. The challenge faced by selection is to multiply the genetic gains to a much larger population. To multiply the genetic potential of Nelore sires, Artificial Insemination is being used in large scale since the 60's. Sales of Nelore semen represent 65% of the AI market of all beef breeds in Brazil. The leading Nelore sire there produced and sold 34,000 straws of semen in 1995, followed by another Nelore that sold 30,000, which means that both sires must have bred more than 20,000 cows.
Effort is also being made to multiply the genetic potential of Nelore dams through the use of embryo transfer. With more than 50,000 embryos transferred per year, a great part of which are Nelores, Brazil is already the 3rd country in this technology, after the United States and France. Work is also well under way with frozen embryos, embryo splitting and In Vitro Fertilization of Nelores.
The Polled NeloreThere is a worldwide tendency for the elimination of horns in all cattle breeds through the use of naturally polled animals. The advent of the Polled Nelore, some 50 years ago, has presented the beef cattle industry with an option to avoid the mechanical removal of horns, a common practice, especially in feedlots. This dehorning method is expensive, time consuming and painful for the animal, causing stress and weight loss, besides exposing the steers to various infections. If horns were necessary for defense purpose in a wild environment, today a naturally polled animal brings many advantages.
Management of polled herds is easy and friendly, as herds are more homogeneous and it is possible to gather more animals at one time in the corral or in a truck for transportation. The polled Nelore also presents less injuries from fights, preserving their coats for the leather industry. As a result of these advantages, the number of genetically polled steers in commercial herds is rapidly increasing.
Since


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Being a member of the Kinesin-13 family, murine KIF2A suppresses collateral branch extension of the neuron, and murine mitotic centromere-associated kinesin (MCAK), which is also a member of the Kinesin-13 family, has already been crystallized.
So I wish to raise the following three questions:
2. Can we identify the vesicle(s) it transports more specifically than its murine ortholog's case?
3. Does it antagonize human netrin-1's axon guidance function by some unknown mechanism(s)?
Two possibilities about functional overlapping between human KIF2A and KIF2B have been raised.


free shipping on all domestic orders.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Who should use Runbell?
Runbell is ideal for runners or joggers who encounter other people while out on a run. If you run on crowded city sidewalks or on jogging paths that get a lot of use, Runbell can help you signal your approach to others.
What are the benefits of Runbell?
Runbell lets you alert pedestrians, bicyclists, and other joggers that you are drawing near, without having to shout a verbal warning. It produces a bright, clear ring! that cuts through ambient noise. It is also a more polite solution than a warning shout or a last-second, grunted, "Coming through!"
Are there disadvantages to using Runbell?
Although most pedestrians appreciate a Runbell alert, some may bristle at the perception that you want them to move out of your way. "Why should we move?" some people ask. "We were here first."
Nevertheless, use of Runbell is not meant to assign priority to runners. It is simply a polite way to alert others of your presence. Even if pedestrians do not choose to move out of your path, at least they are aware that you are coming and won't accidentally step in front of you.
Running is a mostly silent activity, despite the sounds of footfalls and deep breathing. A clear ring of a bell to let someone know you are there is a considerate act, whether that someone agrees with you or not.
When should I ring my Runbell?
A good rule of thumb is to ring the bell when you are about 30 feet away from another pedestrian. This gives others about three seconds to get out of your way without losing their footing or balance. However, this "three-second rule" can vary. Cyclists move more quickly, but bikes are more difficult to maneuver. Older pedestrians, in particular, require more time to react.
What if pedestrians don't get out of my way?
Runbell is a tool that helps runners safely share paths and sidewalks with others. Even if a pedestrian or cyclist should fail to get out of your way after you signal with Runbell, that is no excuse to barrel through a gaggle of sightseers or race into a skateboarder's path. Use common sense when approaching others, and avoid tight bottlenecks. Most importantly, be polite.
How do I wear a Runbell?
Wear Runbell so that the dome of the bell rides atop your knuckles. This keeps the palms of your hands free for turning doorknobs, picking up objects, or bracing yourself against a fall.
Is Runbell right-handed or left-handed?
You can wear Runbell on either hand with equal ease.
How do I ring the bell?
To produce the bell sound with Runbell, simply flick the striker with your thumb. The striker spring flexes, and then springs back to strike the dome of the bell. You can either push the striker forward, or pull the striker to the side, whichever motion is easier for you.
How much does Runbell cost?
Runbell costs $25.00 per item, plus shipping fees.
What are shipping costs, and how long does Runbell take to arrive?
Shipping for U.S. orders is FREE for standard shipping, and $4.99 for expedited shipping.
Non-U.S. orders ship within 2 to 4 business days via USPS and arrive within 7 days. USPS varies by country, $6.99-$13.75 for Canada, and $9.99-$19.99 for the rest of the world.
All orders ship from our Portland, OR headquarters.
Does Runbell have a warranty?
If the product you purchased is flawed or doesn't perform as expected, we will make things right. During production we have reviewed each Runbell, one by one. However, we might have missed something. Simply let us know by email what's broken or what doesn't perform as expected.


News & Politics
comments_image Comments
7 Reasons America's Mental Health Industry Is a Threat to Our Sanity
Drug industry corruption, scientifically unreliable diagnoses and pseudoscientific research have compromised the values of the psychiatric profession.
Why do some of us become dissident mental health professionals?
The majority of psychiatrists, psychologists and other mental health professionals "go along to get along" and maintain a status quo that includes drug company corruption, pseudoscientific research and a "standard of care" that is routinely damaging and occasionally kills young children. If that sounds hyperbolic, then you probably have not heard of Rebecca Riley, and how the highest levels of psychiatry described her treatment as "appropriate and within responsible professional standards."
When Rebecca Riley was 28 months old, based primarily on the complaints of her mother that she was "hyper" and had difficulty sleeping, psychiatrist Kayoko Kifuji, at the Tufts-New England Medical Center in Boston, Massachusetts, diagnosed Rebecca with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Kifuji prescribed clonidine, a hypertensive drug with significant sedating properties, a drug Kifuji also prescribed to Rebecca's older sister and brother. The goal of the Riley parents—obvious to many in their community and later to juries—was to attain psychiatric diagnoses for their children that would qualify them for disability payments and to sedate their children making them easy to manage.
By the time Rebecca was three years old, again based mainly on parental complaints, Kifuji had given Rebecca an additional diagnosis of bipolar disorder and prescribed two additional heavily sedating drugs, the antipsychotic Seroquel and the anticonvulsant Depakote.
At the age of four, Rebecca was dead.
At the time of her death, Rebecca had a life-threatening amount of clonidine—enough to kill her—in her body, according to the former director of the Massachusetts toxicology lab and the medical director of a regional poison control center. The medical examiner who performed the autopsy concluded that Rebecca died from intoxication of clonidine, Depakote and two over-the-counter cold and cough medicines that led to heart failure, lungs filled with bloody fluid, coma, and then death. Rebecca's abusive parents went to prison for the over-drugging that led to their daughter's death.
Kifuji's fate? The psychiatric establishment rallied around Kifuji, enabling her to return to Tufts Medical Center practicing child psychiatry without any restrictions, penalties or supervision. After Rebecca's death, Tufts-New England Medical Center defended Kifuji. A Tufts spokesperson told "60 Minutes" in 2009, "The care we provided was appropriate and within responsible professional standards."
Apparently, psychiatric care that is considered appropriate and within responsible professional standards includes diagnoses of ADHD for a two-year-old and bipolar disorder for a three-year-old when the symptoms of those disorders are normal behaviors for those ages; prescribing three heavily sedating drugs that have not been approved by the FDA for child psychiatric treatment; ignoring the warnings from a school nurse about over-dosages for Rebecca; and making diagnoses based almost entirely on the reports of Rebecca's mother, who herself was diagnosed with mental illness and heavily medicated to the point of falling asleep in Kifuji's office.
Long before the Rebecca Riley tragedy hit the headlines, I was embarrassed by the mental health profession for seven major reasons:
1. Corruption by Big Pharma
How did it become within responsible professional standards for a two-year-old to get an ADHD diagnosis, for a three-year-old to get a bipolar diagnosis, and for toddlers to be prescribed multiple heavily sedating drugs? The short answer is drug company corruption of the mental health profession.
Congressional hearings in 2008 revealed that psychiatry's "thought leaders" and major institutions are on the take from drug companies.
On June 8, 2008, the New York Times reported about psychiatrist Joseph Biederman: "A world-renowned Harvard child psychiatrist whose work has helped fuel an explosion in the use of powerful antipsychotic medicines in children earned at least $1.6 million in consulting fees from drug makers from 2000 to 2007."
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To create a new project, first visit a file that you want to include in that project. If you have a hierarchy of directories, first visit a file in the topmost directory. From this buffer, type M-x ede-new, or click on the 'Create Project' item in the 'Development' menu.
The ede-new command prompts for the type of project you
would like to create. Each project type has its own benefits or
language specific enhancements. Not all projects that EDE supports
also allow creating a new project. Projects such as
linux are designed to recognize existing projects only.
Project types such as 'Make' and 'Automake' do support
creating new project types with ede-new.
A subproject is merely a project in a subdirectory of another project. You can create a subproject by using the ede-new command (or the 'Create Project' menu item), while visiting a buffer in a subdirectory of the project root. This new project is automatically added to the parent project, and will be automatically loaded when EDE reads the parent project.
When using a project command that involves a makefile, EDE uses the top-most project's makefile as a starting place for the build. How the toplevel project handles subprojects in the build process is dependent on that project's type.


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Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5232
The carbonate-rock aquifer of the Great Basin is named for the thick sequence of Paleozoic limestone and dolomite with lesser amounts of shale, sandstone, and quartzite. It lies primarily in the eastern half of the Great Basin and includes areas of eastern Nevada and western Utah as well as the Death Valley area of California and small parts of Arizona and Idaho. The carbonate-rock aquifer is contained within the Basin and Range Principal Aquifer, one of 16 principal aquifers selected for study by the U.S. Geological Survey's National WaterQuality Assessment Program.
Water samples from 30 ground-water sites (20 in Nevada and 10 in Utah) were collected in the summer of 2003 and analyzed for major anions and cations, nutrients, trace elements, dissolved organic carbon, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), pesticides, radon, and microbiology. Water samples from selected sites also were analyzed for the isotopes oxygen-18, deuterium, and tritium to determine recharge sources and the occurrence of water recharged since the early 1950s.
Primary drinking-water standards were exceeded for several inorganic constituents in 30 water samples from the carbonate-rock aquifer. The maximum contaminant level was exceeded for concentrations of dissolved antimony (6 μg/L) in one sample, arsenic (10 μg/L) in eleven samples, and thallium (2 μg/L) in one sample. Secondary drinking-water regulations were exceeded for several inorganic constituents in water samples: chloride (250 mg/L) in five samples, fluoride (2 mg/L) in two samples, iron (0.3 mg/L) in four samples, manganese (0.05 mg/L) in one sample, sulfate (250 mg/L) in three samples, and total dissolved solids (500 mg/L) in seven samples.
Six different pesticides or metabolites were detected at very low concentrations in the 30 water samples. The lack of VOC detections in water sampled from most of the sites is evidence thatVOCs are not common in the carbonate-rock aquifer. Arsenic values for water range from 0.7 to 45.7 μg/L, with a median value of 9.6 μg/L. Factors affecting arsenic concentration in the carbonate-rock aquifer in addition to geothermal heating are its natural occurrence in the aquifer material and time of travel along the flow path.
Most of the chemical analyses, especially for VOCs and nutrients, indicate little, if any, effect of overlying land-use patterns on ground-water quality. The water quality in recharge areas for the aquifer where human activities are more intense may be affected by urban and/or agricultural land uses as evidenced by pesticide detections. The proximity of the carbonate-rock aquifer at these sites to the land surface and the potential for local recharge to occur through the fractured rock likely results in the occurrence of these and other land-surface related contaminants in the ground water. Water from sites sampled near outcrops of carbonate-rock aquifer likely has a much shorter residence time resulting in a potential for detection of anthropogenic or land-surface related compounds. Sites located in discharge areas of the flow systems or wells that are completed at a great depth below the land surface generally show no effects of land-use activities on water quality. Flow times within the carbonate-rock aquifer, away from recharge areas, are on the order of thousands of years, so any contaminants introduced at the land surface that will not degrade along the flow path have not reached the sampled sites in these areas.
First posted February, 2006
Part or all of this report is presented in Portable Document Format (PDF); the latest version of Adobe Reader or similar software is required to view it. Download the latest version of Adobe Reader, free of charge.
Schaefer, D.H., Thiros, S.A., and Rosen, M.R., 2005, Ground-water quality in the carbonate-rock aquifer of the Great Basin, Nevada and Utah, 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5232, 41 p.
Description of Study Area
Study Design and Methods
Appendix 1. Water-quality constituents analyzed in ground-water samples from wells and springs in the carbonate-rock aquifer, Nevada and Utah


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Recombinant Human Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2/MECP2 (C-6His)
Recombinant Human MECP2 is produced by our Mammalian expression system and the target gene encoding Met1-Ser486 is expressed with a 6His tag at the C-terminus. Bon Opus Cat. _TAG_
BackgroundThe MeCP2 helps regulate gene activity (expression) by modifying chromatin, the complex of DNA and protein that packages DNA into chromosomes. The MeCP2 protein is present in cells throughout the body, although it is particularly abundant in brain cells.In the brain, the MeCP2 protein likely plays a role in maintaining connections (synapses) between neurons, where cell-to-cell communication occurs. The alternative splicing of proteins is critical for normal communication between neurons and may also be necessary for the function of other types of brain cells.
FormulationLyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution of 20mM Tris,150mM NaCl,pH 8.0.
ALTnamesMethyl-CpG-binding protein 2,MECP2,MeCp-2 protein


What Are Lantern Riddles And How to Solve Them Like A Chinese Scholar This Mid-Autumn!
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Lantern Riddles, also known as 灯迷(deng1 mi2), are riddles written on lanterns, slips of paper attached to lanterns or simply riddles displayed during Mid-Autumn festivals. Anyone can guess the answer to the riddles – if it doesn't befuddle them.
What are Lantern Riddles?
The lantern riddles often contain messages of wisdom and good fortune, they are a fun way of practising language and problem-solving skills. Hints are provided to indicate whether the answer is a person, place, thing or idiom. If you have tried solving the riddles, you might have required the "might of the tiger" since it was considered very challenging. Thus, lantern riddles were also called 文虎 (wen2 hu3) or 灯虎 (deng1 hu3).
When did the tradition of Lantern Riddles begin?
When did the tradition of Lantern Riddles begin?
It seemed to have begun in the 13th century when Zhou Mi's book "Memoirs of Life in Southern Song's Capital of Hangzhou" mentioned people attaching riddles to lanterns. The riddles were based on poems, folklore, historical events and even jokes about social issues. Scholars would write the riddles and the crowd would try to guess the correct answer. The riddle-solvers may even win a small gift.
READ: Treehouses in Singapore Where Kids Can Climb and Play
Lantern riddles were even used by the emperor's advisers to make suggestions or give advice which the emperor may not like. If the suggestion did not go down well, the advisers would interpret the riddles in a different way. I cannot imagine the number of beheadings which happened if the riddles were too challenging. In modern-day China, some things remain unchanged as some Chinese netizens send lantern riddles ridiculing the government using messaging platforms escaping the wrath of the censors. Lantern riddles are certainly a covert means of communicating when Big Brother's watching.
Where to find Lantern Riddles in Singapore?
Where to find Lantern Riddles in Singapore?Lantern riddles are usually displayed during Mid-Autumn celebrations. They were seen recently at Wan Qing Yuan and Gardens by the Bay's Mid-Autumn festivities. You could even design your own riddles at your Mid-Autumn party!
Ready to solve some Riddles? Let's try them! (Scroll down for the answers.)
Lantern Riddles to Solve
 1. Sometimes it's curved like a smile, other times, it's round like a plate. (Hint: something in space)
 2. A thousand threads, a million strands. Reaching the water, vanishing all at once. (Hint: a natural phenomenon)
 3. Two houses with doors wide open. They allow a million people in but can't stand a tiny grain. (Hint: a body part)
 4. It wears over 300 pieces of clothes and takes off one piece each day. At the end of the year, only one piece of cardboard is left. (Hint: Household item) 一物生来身穿三百多件衣，每天脱一件，年底剩张皮。(猜一日常用品)
 5. Bottomless Pit (Hint: An Idiom) 无底洞（猜成语）
Scroll down for the answers
 1. Moon
 2. Rain
 3. Eyes
 4. Calendar
 5. 深不可测
READ: Treehouses in Singapore Where Kids Can Climb and Play


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Date: Summer 2012
Why do engineers often use superheated steam to transfer heat?
There are several reasons:
1. It has high heat content (and heat content is tunable with pressure)
2. It is made of water, which is cheap and readily available (and other than being hot, is pretty safe stuff)
3. It is easy (and cheap) to pump (gas) compared with other heat transfer fluids
4. It readily transfers heat owing to it being a vapor (conduction and convection)
Hope this helps,
Engineers use superheated steam to transfer heat because it is the most efficient means to do so.
Some nuclear reactor designs use liquid sodium to transfer heat, but that is a much more hazardous (corrosive) and expensive process.
We can go down the list of other heat transfer mediums, but steam always comes out to be the most efficient.
Click here to return to the Engineering Archives
Update: November 2011


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De-Kun Li, MD, PhD; Hong Chen, MPH; Roxana Odouli, MSPH
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Published online August 1, 2011. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.135
Objective To determine whether maternal exposure to high levels of magnetic fields (MFs) during pregnancy is associated with the risk of asthma in offspring.
Design A prospective cohort study. Setting Kaiser Permanente Northern California. Participants Pregnant Kaiser Permanente Northern California members in the San Francisco area.
Main Outcome Measures Asthma was clinically diagnosed among 626 children who were followed up for as long as 13 years. All participants carried a meter to measure their MF levels during pregnancy.
Results After adjustment for potential confounders, a statistically significant linear dose-response relationship was observed between increasing maternal median daily MF exposure level in pregnancy and an increased risk of asthma in offspring: every 1-mG increase of maternal MF level during pregnancy was associated with a 15% increased rate of asthma in offspring (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-1.27). Using the categorical MF level, the results showed a similar dose-response relationship: compared with the children whose mothers had a low MF level (median 24-hour MF level, 0.3 mG) during pregnancy, children whose mothers had a high MF level (>2.0 mG) had more than a 3.5-fold increased rate of asthma (aHR, 3.52; 95% CI, 1.68-7.35), while children whose mothers had a medium MF level (>0.3-2.0 mG) had a 74% increased rate of asthma (aHR, 1.74; 95% CI, 0.93-3.25). A statistically significant synergistic interaction was observed between the MF effect and a maternal history of asthma and birth order (firstborn).
Conclusion: Our findings provide new epidemiological evidence that high maternal MF levels in pregnancy may increase the risk of asthma in offspring.
Phillips, J.L.; Singh, N.P.; Lai, H.;
Pathophysiology 16 (2009) 79-88
A major concern of the adverse effects of exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic field (EMF) is cancer induction. Since the majority of cancers are initiated by damage to a cell's genome, studies have been carried out to investigate the effects of electromagnetic fields on DNA and chromosomal structure. Additionally, DNA damage can lead to changes in cellular functions and cell death. Single cell gel electrophoresis, also known as the 'comet assay', has been widely used in EMF research to determine DNA damage, reflected as single-strand breaks, double-strand breaks, and crosslinks. Studies have also been carried out to investigate chromosomal conformational changes and micronucleus formation in cells after exposure to EMF. This review describes the comet assay and its utility to qualitatively and quantitatively assess DNA damage, reviews studies that have investigated DNA strand breaks and other changes in DNA structure, and then discusses important lessons learned from our work in this area.
Electromagn Biol Med. 2008;27(2):103-26.
Nittby H, Grafström G, Eberhardt JL, Malmgren L, Brun A, Persson BR, Salford LG. Department of Neurosurgery, The Rausing Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. _EMAIL_
During the last century, mankind has introduced electricity and during the very last decades, the microwaves of the modern communication society have spread a totally new entity–the radiofrequency fields–around the world. How does this affect biology on Earth? The mammalian brain is protected by the blood-brain barrier, which prevents harmful substances from reaching the brain tissue. There is evidence that exposure to electromagnetic fields at non thermal levels disrupts this barrier. In this review, the scientific findings in this field are presented. The result is a complex picture, where some studies show effects on the blood-brain barrier, whereas others do not. Possible mechanisms for the interactions between electromagnetic fields and the living organisms are discussed. Demonstrated effects on the blood-brain barrier, as well as a series of other effects upon biology, have caused societal anxiety. Continued research is needed to come to an understanding of how these possible effects can be neutralized, or at least reduced. Furthermore, it should be kept in mind that proven effects on biology also should have positive potentials, e.g., for medical use.
Effects of Cell Phone Radiofrequency Signal Exposure on Brain Glucose Metabolism
Nora D. Volkow, MD; Dardo Tomasi, PhD;Gene-Jack Wang, MD; Paul Vaska, PhD;Joanna S. Fowler, PhD; Frank Telang, MD;Dave Alexoff, BSE; Jean Logan, PhD;Christopher Wong, MS
Author Affiliations: National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, Maryland (Dr Volkow); National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda (Drs Volkow, Tomasi, and Telang and Mr Wong); and Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York (Drs Wang, Vaska, Fowler, and Logan and Mr Alexoff).
Context The dramatic increase in use of cellular telephones has generated concern about possible negative effects of radiofrequency signals delivered to the brain. However, whether acute cell phone exposure affects the human brain is unclear.
Objective To evaluate if acute cell phone exposure affects brain glucose metabolism, a marker of brain activity.
Design, Setting, and Participants Randomized crossover study conducted between January 1 and December 31, 2009, at a single US laboratory among 47 healthy participants recruited from the community. Cell phones were placed on the left and right ears and positron emission tomography with (18F)fluorodeoxyglucose injection was used to measure brain glucose metabolism twice, once with the right cell phone activated (sound muted) for 50 minutes ("on" condition) and once with both cell phones deactivated ("off" condition). Statistical parametric mapping was used to compare metabolism between on and off conditions using paired t tests, and Pearson linear correlations were used to verify the association of metabolism and estimated amplitude of radiofrequency-modulated electromagnetic waves emitted by the cell phone. Clusters with at least 1000 voxels (volume >8 cm3) and P <.05 (corrected for multiple comparisons) were considered significant.
Main Outcome Measure Brain glucose metabolism computed as absolute metabolism (μmol/100 g per minute) and as normalized metabolism (region/whole brain).
Results Whole-brain metabolism did not differ between on and off conditions. In contrast, metabolism in the region closest to the antenna (orbitofrontal cortex and temporal pole) was significantly higher for on than off conditions (35.7 vs 33.3 μmol/100 g per minute; mean difference, 2.4 [95% confidence interval, 0.67-4.2]; P =.004). The increases were significantly correlated with the estimated electromagnetic field amplitudes both for absolute metabolism (R = 0.95,P <.001) and normalized metabolism (R = 0.89;P <.001).
Conclusions In healthy participants and compared with no exposure, 50-minute cell phone exposure was associated with increased brain glucose metabolism in the region closest to the antenna. This finding is of unknown clinical significance.
Long-term use of cellular phones and brain tumours: increased risk associated with use for > or =10 years.
Hardell L, Carlberg M, Söderqvist F, Mild KH, Morgan LL.
Department of Oncology, University Hospital, Orebro, Sweden. _EMAIL_
AIM: To evaluate brain tumour risk among long-term users of cellular telephones. METHODS: Two cohort studies and 16 case-control studies on this topic were identified. Data were scrutinised for use of mobile phone for > or =10 years and ipsilateral exposure if presented. RESULTS: The cohort study was of limited value due to methodological shortcomings in the study. Of the 16 case-control studies, 11 gave results for > or =10 years' use or latency period. Most of these results were based on low numbers. An association with acoustic neuroma was found in four studies in the group with at least 10 years' use of a mobile phone. No risk was found in one study, but the tumour size was significantly larger among users. Six studies gave results for malignant brain tumours in that latency group. All gave increased odd ratios (OR), especially for ipsilateral exposure. In a meta-analysis, ipsilateral cell phone use for acoustic neuroma was OR = 2.4 (95% CI 1.1 to 5.3) and OR = 2.0, (1.2 to 3.4) for glioma using a tumour latency period of > or =10 years. CONCLUSIONS: Results from present studies on use of mobile phones for > or =10 years give a consistent pattern of increased risk for acoustic neuroma and glioma. The risk is highest for ipsilateral exposure.
Epidemiological evidence for an association between use of wireless phones and tumor diseases.
Hardell L, Carlberg M, Hansson Mild K.
Department of Oncology, University Hospital, SE-701 85 Orebro, Sweden.
During recent years there has been increasing public concern on potential cancer risks from microwave emissions from wireless phones. We evaluated the scientific evidence for long-term mobile phone use and the association with certain tumors


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Nuclear Forensics: Deterrence by Attribution
The cobalt-60 incident in Delhi has thrown open many questions. Whether it was implementation of laws regarding the disposal of radioactive substances or the lack of knowledge among authorities dealing with such hazardous material, things have been found wanting. However, the most important was the question of attribution of the source of radioactive materialwhere the material came from? It took more than two weeks for Delhi police to come to a conclusion that the scraped gamma irradiator, the source of cobalt-60, came from Delhi University. This investigation was handled completely by the Delhi police who went around the job without any technical inputs form the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board or the Department of Atomic Energy, following the lead of the source from one scrap dealer to another as is done in ordinary criminal cases.
A similar question of attribution of the radioactive or fissile material source underlies the case of nuclear terrorism. How can one determine the source of radioactive or fissile material if and when a terrorist incident of such nature takes place? Unlike conventional terrorist attacks, the use of nuclear material will bring in a completely different dynamics in to play. The fear and anger which it will generate can compel governments to take punitive actions against terrorist organizations they think are responsible and also, the states supporting them. Even if the situation is triggered by a non-state actor, it can easily snowball into a confrontation between states. Such a scenario in South Asia is not very hard to imagine. Determining the source of nuclear material therefore becomes extremely crucial.
Nuclear Forensics seems to provide some answers to the dilemma of attribution. Nuclear material, both radioactive as well as fissile material, have a unique signature or fingerprint developed during the nuclear fuel cycle. This signature or fingerprint depends upon the kind of radioisotopes present in the material, the isotopic composition and their mass ratio, age of the material (determined through its half-life), impurity content, kind of alloying (other metals) or cladding (metal with which the surface of the nuclear fuel is coated) and the presence of trace elements such as oxygen and strontium. These characteristics can define the origins and history of the material. Some of these fingerprints can be present from the time of mining of the ore (kind of impurities) and others get induced while the material is enriched or processed. Most of the times, nuclear signatures can either lead to determination of the reactor type in which fuel is burnt/ irradiated or can provide vital clues about the geographic location where uranium ore is mined.
In case of a nuclear detonation, the signature of the detonated material can be compared with a database of such nuclear signatures of other states to determine the source of nuclear material. The ability to attribute the source of nuclear material can act as a deterrent against those states who seek to deliberately shell out some material to the terrorists. It will also help in fomenting international legitimacy for punitive action against such terrorist organization as well as states that mentor them. However, negative attribution is equally important as is a case of positive attribution. In other words, determining non-involvement of certain states can prove equally helpful. Moreover, it will also augment the need for states to be more vigilant about safety and security of their nuclear material. Even if the material for detonation is stolen from premises of a state without its deliberate involvement, attribution will help in fixing liabilities for damage inflicted on the victim state. Since, it is a duty of individual states to protect their nuclear material, negligent states must be made to pay.
However, technology has seldom been a replacement for political will. The most critical input needed in Nuclear Forensics is the availability of a database of nuclear signatures from all states having such capabilities. Though, IAEA, under the Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement, possesses a database for civilian nuclear fissile material, the real problem exists for weapon grade fissile material. Not many countries are willing to provide such critical information. For countries with advanced nuclear capabilities especially USA, sharing signatures may lead to proliferation since fledgling nuclear countries can improve their weapon designs with the help of such information. For Russia, on other hand, divulging such information may compromise its deterrent capabilities. The problem is more acute for countries with smaller nuclear forces like Pakistan. For them, because of their small inventory, maintaining ambiguity about nuclear capabilities is a part and parcel of their nuclear posturing. Moreover, sharing signatures may also divulge critical information about their nuclear histories, especially their proliferation record, which can be source of embarrassment. Maintenance of standard nuclear signatures is again a problem. States, bent on supporting clandestine nuclear activities and supporting terrorist, would like to alter the composition of their nuclear material to avoid detection.
Many initiatives have been taken both multilaterally as well as by individual states to come to a solution for database and increase prospects of success for Nuclear Forensics. Nuclear Smuggling International Technical Working Group (ITWG) is one such multilateral effort in place since 1995. More than 45 nations have joined this effort. Under this project a number of national laboratories coordinate their efforts to develop the science of nuclear forensics. The Joint Research Center at the Institute of Trans-uranium Elements (ITU), Germany of the European Commission is also actively involved in Nuclear Forensics and constitution of a database of nuclear signatures. ITU has collaborated with Bochvar Institute in Russia to establish a small database of nuclear signatures. This is important since Russia is a source of lots of loose fissile material. The first time the institute carried on analysis of seized nuclear material was in the year 1992 and successfully traced it to Russian type graphite moderated reactor (RBMK). Moreover, the Department of Atomic Energy, USA has its own Spent Nuclear Fuel database of nuclear fuel produced in USA. France is also involved in compiling such data called the Spent Fuel Isotopic Composition Database (SFCOMPO). IAEA also maintains a small database from the information collected from the nuclear facilities safeguarded by it.
Successful attribution will be very crucial in post-detonation international environment. If the post 9/11 world is an example, the picture of international politics after a successful nuclear terrorist attack is not very hard to conceptualize. Moreover, equally important is the issue in context of South Asia. The rousing public passions on terrorist attacks have indicated the kind of unrest in the society. What is also to be witnessed is the frustration which follows the rounds of accusations and counter-accusations between India and Pakistan over the responsibility of terrorist attacks? Successful Nuclear Forensics will provide a firm base on which claims of liability and responsibility can be made. Moreover, it can also provide sound justification for retaliation. However, most important is the fear of retribution which any successful attribution of source of the nuclear material can bring into play. Deterrence by attribution can well be an asset in case of nuclear security.
* Author is Research Officer in the Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, New Delhi
The Nuclear Fuel Cycle involves mining of Uranium ore, milling and processing it to chemical compounds like Uranium Hexafluoride (UF6) or Uranium Oxide (UO2). It is enriched to increase the content of the radioactive isotope of Uranium called U235 which can then be used in weapons or for energy production in nuclear reactors. This is generally known as the front side of the NFC. When Uranium is burned or irradiated in nuclear reactors, it produces plutonium. However, plutonium in this stage exists with many other very radioactive elements called actinides and has to be reprocessed for use in weapons. This is called the back side of the NFC. _URL_


Connectors for car audio
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 (Redirected from ISO 10487)
Jump to: navigation, search
Several types of connectors for car audio systems are used.
ISO 10487[edit]
ISO 10487 connector in car, fits into head unit
Power (A)[edit]
 - Pin 2 is optional; used for phone mute
 - Pin 6 is optional; used for vehicle instrument illumination
Loudspeaker (B)[edit]
Miscellaneous (C)[edit]
The connector C is optional. Some times, it appears as one 20-pin connector, often red in colour, or it may be divided into three separate connectors which may be hooked together, in which case C1 is usually yellow, C2 is usually green which C3 is usually blue in colour. The contact spacing is narrower than the other connectors, so the C connector is sometimes referred to as mini-ISO.
C1 (external amplifier)
1) line out left rear 4) line out left front
2) line out right rear 5) line out right front
C2 (remote control)
7) receive data 10) +12V switched (out)
9) chassis ground 12) remote control ground
8) transmit data 11) remote control in
C3 (CD changer)
15) +12v permanent (out) 18) audio ground
14) data out 17) data ground 20) audio right
Navigation (D)[edit]
From 2000 and onwards, manufacturers, such as BMW, Citroen, Ford, Mercedes Benz, Peugeot, Volkswagen, Rover, Audi, Seat, Opel and Škoda have sometimes started using a 40 pin connector instead, called the Quadlock (or Fakra, after the manufacturer). The Quadlock connector consists of a block of 16 flat pins analogous to the two main ISO 10487 connectors. While the physical contact pins are the same, the pin allocation is not entirely the same, and the connector housing is not compatible. In addition to the 16 pins, like ISO 10487, there are minor connectors for optional equipment. They fit within the frame of the main connector, and has coding so that they cannot be interchanged. Minor connector B has 12 pins for audio output signals. Minor connector C has 12 pins for various audio sources such as CD-changers, MP3 players.
Quadlock A
1) right rear + 5) right rear - 9) I-bus (BMW) 13) antenna (out)
2) right front + 6) right front - 10) phone mute 14) illumination
3) left front + 7) left front - 11) tel on 15) 12V battery
See also[edit]
External links[edit]


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One of the big botanical finds last year was the population of stinking hawk's-beard Crepis foetida at Dungeness, possibly the only extant native population of this species in the UK. More than 2000 plants were present. How would it survive this years drought, and would it benefit from additional scarification of neighbouring land? Well, the answers are not very well and No!
At least 229 plants were counted on the site this year (though not all of the grassland was accessed) and no plants were found on the scarified strip. This had lots of bare ground however and offers ideal germinating conditions this summer.
Many of the plants Read the rest of this entry »


Germany: Rainbow stadiums to commemorate Holocaust
source: [MK]
Germany: Rainbow stadiums to commemorate Holocaust This weekend German stadiums might be more colourful than usually. Illuminations, corner flag, captains' armbands – these are some of the means to commemorate LGBT people as part of this year's Remembrance Day in German Football.
When Bayern announced that Allianz Arena would shine in rainbow colours this weekend, some commentators on social media were amused, others stunned, some irritated. Presumably part of the reaction was owed to the fact that it's part of the annual Holocaust Memorial Day.
The initiative isn't Bayern's alone, though. All clubs of Bundesliga and 2. Bundesliga are using the week around January 27 (Auschwitz liberation anniversary) to remind fans about the cruelty of Nazi Germany, in order for the history to not repeat itself. Thus the hashtag _TAG_ or _TAG_. And this year the theme is LGBT, which means rainbow illuminations are paired with rainbow flags, armbands, interviews and other materials published by clubs.
Allianz Arena© FC Bayern
Why the link between Holocaust and LGBT?
Remembrance Day in German Football is a 17-year-old annual initiative, aimed at commemorating Auschwitz in a way that would prevent it from ever happening again. A theme is selected every year to honour those killed or persecuted by the Nazi regime.
Choosing sexual minorities is no coincidence. It's estimated that as many as 100,000 men were sanctioned for homosexualism during Nazi rule (_PHONE_), with one in ten of them ending up in concentration camps, others incarcerated and/or castrated. Those most unlucky were subject to cruel experiments.
Difficult history
One of such people was Emil Martens, HSV president of _PHONE_. Remembered by the club this weekend, Martens was first imprisoned and then castrated after release. He joined the Nazi party but that failed to shelter him from further persecution.
There are more stories like these, some still being uncovered as part of continued efforts to document the history of football during Nazi rule. Some clubs commission historical studies to learn about their own involvement. This was the case for Schalke 04, who ordered a study in 2004 and are still trying to learn the fate of some minority players, officials and sponsors, who fell victim to Nazism.


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The banana argument is a variation on the argument from design, saying that some things are the way they are because they were designed especially for our pleasure and comfort.
Note that the banana:
- Is shaped for the human hand
- Has a non-slip surface
- Has outward indicators of inward content:
- Green — not ripe enough
- Yellow — just right for eating
- Black — too ripe
- Has a tab for easy removal of its wrapper
- Is perforated on the wrapper for easy peeling
- Has a biodegradable wrapper
- Is shaped for the human mouth
- Is pleasing to the taste buds
- Is curved towards the face to make the eating process easy
The conclusion: obviously the banana was designed by "Almighty God" for the benefit of human beings.
- The banana argument is built upon the assumption that everything that "looks designed" must have a designer. It inherits all of the weaknesses of other arguments from design.
- Even if the argument showed that bananas were designed, it would not prove that there is only one designer; maybe millions of banana designers participated.
- Even if the argument showed that there once was a banana designer, it wouldn't prove that the banana designer still exists.
- Even if the argument supported the existence of a banana designer, it wouldn't prove that the banana designer is supernatural.
- Even if the argument supported the existence of a supernatural banana designer, it wouldn't prove the existence of an eternal, omnipotent, omniscient banana designer who also created the universe (i.e., God). There is nothing about bananas to indicate that only God could design one.
- The argument provides no good reasons to suppose that a naturalistic, non-design explanation for bananas is improbable, let alone impossible.
- The list of features above smacks of cherry picking to devise a good example. Given the range of variation in fruits and vegetables, the enormous number of possible combinations of their attributes, and the fact that the foods we eat are almost by definition the ones "most suited" for our consumption, it would be extremely improbable that no fruit or vegetable would seem "especially well-suited" for our use.
- Bananas aren't even a good example: the bananas that we eat today were specifically bred by humans to be a size that we like. Natural bananas are much smaller and are full of cherry-pit sized seeds. Far from being evidence of God, this is actually evidence of human "design". Cultivated bananas are parthenocarpic, which makes them sterile and unable to produce viable seeds and can therefore not survive without human intervention.
- The fact that a banana fits perfectly in our hand might say more about the evolution of hands than it does about bananas. The human hand is very versatile, able to change shape enough to hold a tiny pebble or a large tree branch. Lots of things not designed for our enjoyment also fit in our hands (e.g., weapons).
- The number of objects in the universe that are inedible and even dangerous to humans far outweighs the number of objects that are tasty. Is this evidence of a malevolent designer, or none at all?
- Humans evolved to be able to eat naturally-occurring foods. From this perspective, the argument sounds a bit like Douglas Adams' analogy of a puddle thinking that the hole it's in was perfectly designed to contain it.
- More animals than humans eat bananas (especially naturally occurring bananas). Perhaps bananas were created for monkeys and humans just knew a good thing when they saw it.
- Humans eat all kinds of food and not all of it is easy to get at. The coconut is also enjoyed by humans and yet, apart from having a non-slip surface (like almost all natural objects) and tasting good (like most foods humans eat), it holds none of the other properties of the banana. A cow, whose meat some might say is far more delicious than a banana, is fairly difficult to hold in the hand when in its natural form. Like many other foods, cows also require special preparation before eating, otherwise some dangerous diseases can result. The diseases, by the way, come from bacteria that theists would also say were created by God.
Ray Comfort conceded that this is a bad argument in episode #103 of the Hellbound Alleee show.
He maintains that he no longer uses the banana argument as evidence of a designer because atheists have maliciously removed the argument from its proper context, a segment in which Comfort compares evolution to the spontaneous natural formation of a Coke can over millions of years.


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PLEASE VISIT: _URL_
The OLPC Asia Workshop, the first of several OLPC regional workshops, was held in Bangkok, Thailand at King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT) from July 28, 2008-August 1, 2008. Participants came from across Asia and the South Pacific to participate; learn more about the future of learning, technology and, of course, the XO laptop.
The primary objectives of this workshop were to:
- a progressive deepening understanding of the learning process;
- how the XO laptop enables more effective learning through construction, expression, and collaboration;
- the roles of technology in general and one-to-one environments in particular;
- the pragmatics of children, laptops and learning;
- introduction to and participation in a regional and international network of practitioners of 1:1 environments
There were five types of activities at the workshop:
- Talks by renowned theorists and practitioners
- Mini-courses on the laptop and activities with the laptops
- Hands-on projects by participants
- Small group discussions
- Reflection and discussion by larger group
OLPC greatly appreciates the synergy, enthusiasm and collaboration that was achieved during this workshop. We hope you have walked away from this experience with your questions answered and will continue to be champions for education in your respective countries.
Please feel free to contact the OLPC Learning Team if you have any questions or concerns as you move forward:
- David Cavallo, Vice President of Learning: _EMAIL_
- Nia Lewis, Manager of Learning Team: _EMAIL_
- Julia Reynolds, Asst. to Learning Team: _EMAIL_
Or members of the OLPC International Team:
- Anthony Wong, Director, Asia: _EMAIL_
- Michael Hutak, Director, Oceania: _EMAIL_
Dr. David Cavallo, Vice President of Learning, OLPC coming shortly
Dr. Arnan "Roger" Sipitakiat, Professor, Chiang Mai University: "File:Using Computational Thinking as means for human comprehension.ppt"
Dr. Barbara Barry, Learning Consultant, OLPC: "File:BB Slides OLPC Bangkok 7 28 08-1-.pdf"
Mr. Paron Isarasena Na Ayudhaya, President, Darunsikkhalai School for Innovative Learning & Dr. Suchin Petcharugsa, Teacher, Northern Region Non-Formal Education: "File:Khun Pisuth Learning Community part1-1-.pdf"
List of Participants
Please feel free to use this space to post ideas, suggestions, comments and share information
- Ms. Paola Dimaio has set up a google group for all participants. Feel free to join:
- Khun Pisuth Paliboonrat has set up a wiki page for the workshop:
General OLPC Information
OLPC's mission is to provide a means for learning, self-expression, and exploration to the nearly two billion children of the developing world with little or no access to education. While children are by nature eager for knowledge, many countries have insufficient resources to devote to education—sometimes less than $20 per year per child (compared to an average of $7,500 in the United States). By giving children their very own connected XO laptop, we are giving them a window to the outside world, access to vast amounts of information, a way to connect with each other, and a springboard into their future. And we're also helping these countries develop an essential resource—educated, empowered children.
Give 1 Get 1 Program
Purchase a laptop for the child in your life and, in turn, a laptop will be donated to another deserving child in a developing nation
Please Note: OLPC has begun planning for the next Give One Get One (G1G1) program which will be available to the US, Canada, and several other countries. It is expected to launch later this year. Please check our website for more information after September 1.
_URL_ To give 100 or more laptops and direct them to a location you designate, send email to _EMAIL_


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Selfbalancing robots are a topic of curiosity amongst students, roboticists, and hobbyists. A robot that is capable of balancing upright on its two wheels is known as a two wheeled balancing robot. Aug 27, 2018 if you are not familiar with these two components then it is recommended to read through mpu6050 interfacing and l298n motor driver tutorial. In this paper, considering this characteristic of balancing robot, kinematic constraint that the balancing robot should satisfy is presented and the dynamic model is derived through lagrangian equation. The system in itself requires active control in order to be stable. To design a complete digital control system with the state space model. The goal is to control the robot so that it can move with only two wheels. Contains pdf and microsoft word files of the thesis, presentation slides, seminar. In order to balance a twowheeled inverted pendulum robot it is necessary to. I didnt feel like buying another wheel so it just drags itself around. The open source balancing robot balanduino supplied by tkj elec tronics. Because the robot could not be balanced based on a control system derived from the original analytical model, additional system dynamics in the form of frictional losses in the motors were incorporated. Two wheel self balancing robot benjamin giacoppo segways are two wheeled self balancing electric vehicles controlled primarily by the user shifting their body weight, leaning in the direction they wish to travel.
Tubbs april 24, 2018 motivation we chose a selfbalancing mobile robot similar to a segway as our project to implement a mpc. This company has a nice pdf document on building a two wheel balancing robot like steves legway using lego parts and a couple of photo reflector sensors for measuring the angle to the floor. Nxtg software gives better performance considering the execution time, time taken to code the program etc than the nxc language. The process of balancing is typically referred to as stability control. To design and develop the prototype for twowheel balancing robot with pid controller. Pdf two wheeled balancing robots are an area of research that may well provide the future locomotion for everyday robots. Arduino uses an tmega168a chip from atmel corporation that runs on a clock speed of 16mhz with 1kb of sram and 16kb of flash memory. This projects purpose was to design and build a two wheeled upright robot. This is a tiny robot measuring 4 inches wide and 4 inches tall and is based on the arduino pro mini development.
This paper elaborates the design and evaluation of its chassis. This way i would be able to grasp the underlying concept behind all these scooters and also learn how pid algorithm works. Two wheel self balancing robot linkedin slideshare. Autonomous balancing robot chalmers publication library. Each cad and any associated text, image or data is in no way sponsored by or affiliated with any company, organization or realworld item, product, or good it may purport to portray. Selfbalancing robot is based on the principle of inverted pendulum, which is a two wheel vehicle balances itself up in the vertical position with reference to the ground. The word balance means the robot is in equilibrium state, which its position is like standing upright 90 degrees. A two wheel balancing robot are based on inverted pendulum configurations which rely on dynamic balancing systems for balancing and maneuvering. To reduce cost and ensure safety, this projects aim was to build a small, remotecontrolled segwaylike robot. To demonstrate the methods and techniques involved in balancing an unstable robotic platform on two wheels. Now we have to program our arduino uno board to balance the robot. Bageant submitted to the department of mechanical engineering on may 6, 2011, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of bachelor of science in mechanical engineering abstract in this thesis, i designed and constructed hardware for a two wheeled balancing segway robot. The dynamics model is established in view of the selfdesigned, two wheeled, and self balancing robot.
This gives the bot the ability to resist rapid changes in. Selfbalancing two wheeled robot university of akron. Feb 23, 2008 two wheel inverted balancing robot duration. Thus, the twowheeled balancing robot is designed and its performance has also been evaluated from the detailed study of the nxtg and nxc software. Pinkfong baby shark drinks vending machine toys play. Nov 26, 2018 after being inspired by ryno motors and other self balancing scooters from segway, i always wanted to build something similar. Development of a two wheel balancing robot using the stm32f3discovery board as an educational platform for traditional and modern control schemes phillip eustace rukidi, john manuel fernandes and grant phillips electrical department, faculty of engineering, built environment and information technology. System model this section describes modelling and simulation of the self balancing two wheeled robot. To evaluate the performance of the developed selfbalancing robot using a standard approach. It receives commands from an rf radio frequency remote control. Take the necessary header files and global variables to support the main. Diy self balancing robot using arduino circuit digest. As the robot is mechanically unstable, it becomes necessary to explore the possibilities of implementing a control system to keep.
It is commonly modelled as a rigid rod fastened by a frictionless joint to a rigid cart moving in one direction. Controller implementation of a balancing robot through a. Jun 03, 2015 instead we need to move forward while rolling vertically b. How to build a selfbalancing autonomous arduino bot make. Sep, 2019 self balancing robot is the bot balance itself on two wheels, by constantly correcting its position. Mechanical model based on the state space design of the cart, pendulum system. The computeraided design cad files and all associated content posted to this website are created, uploaded, managed and owned by third party users. The goal of this project is to build a twowheel selfbalancing robot. Nonminimum phase zeros and transfer function analysis 4. The controller board is equipped with pwm channels.
The free body diagram of the balancing robot is shown in figure 1. Twowheeled balancing robot is one of interesting nonlinear plant. I am using an interrupt on each edge of both phases of the quadutrature signals for each wheel. The kit is based on a popular openarchitecture development board arduino.
All of mechanical kits are covered with a corrosion resistant coating. Next we take the velocity of the wheels and feed that forward into the desired speed. It consist both hardware and software implementation. This paper uses the particle swarm algorithm to optimize the parameter matrix of lqr controller based on the lqr control method to make the two wheeled and self balancing robot realize the stable control and reduce the overshoot amount and the oscillation frequency of the system at the same time. Balancing a two wh ee led robot designing and imple menting a pr ot otype for a twowheeled vehicl e. This work details the derivation of the model of the system and lays out the framework of the robots control system. The following figure contains the physical view for the robot designed as part of this project.
The primary goal is to get it balancing on upright position. Using open source microcontroller arduino uno and reliable. The control algorithm that was used to maintain balance on the autonomous self balancing two wheel robot was the pid controller. Balancing a twowheeled autonomous robot robotics uwa. Nov 11, 2008 two wheel balancing robot white tseng. Twowheel inverted pendulum, arduino, accelerometer, gyroscope, kalman filter, pid. The first and second chapter provides an introduction to the existing technology available in balancing such system. This type of robot has earned interest and fame among. The chassis is constructed with lego mind storm nxt and controlled by the nxt controller.
Self balancing robot is based on the principle of inverted pendulum, which is a two wheel vehicle balances itself up in the vertical position with reference to the ground. Modeling, simulation and fabrication of a balancing robot. The two wheels are situated below the base and allow the. This paper describes a two wheel balancing robot which was designed for a project course engr6971 under supervision of prof. Two wheeled balancing robots are an area of research that may well provide the future locomotion for. A gyro sensor is used in self balancing robot, which continuously sends the robot orientation data to the controller. Thinking for while, i decided to build a self balancing robot using arduino. Alistair sutherland and thomas braunl are working on a couple of two wheel balancing robots they call ballybots based around the excellent eyebot robot controller. Pdf development of self balancing robot researchgate. In this instructable, ill show you how to build a small self balancing robot that can move around avoiding obstacles. Two wheeled balancing robot is an unstable dynamic system. These types of robots can be based on the physical problem of an inverted pendulum 12. The theory and design of a kalman filter is presented in the fourth chapter followed by the. To perform the simulation of a twowheeled balancing robot based on its existing mathematical model with the robot actual parameters.
In essence, it is an inverted pendulum on wheels, a. The 2 wheel balancing mechanical kit can handle your entire off road allterrain needs. Unstable means that robot is free to fall forward or backward without any applied forces. A twowheeled differential drive mobile robot based on the inverted pendulum model is built as a platform to investigate the use of a kalman filter to estimate the tilt angle. The mybot is alive, now its your turn to do exciting projects with it.
This is the


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3-4 years while avocado seedlings (not grafted) take longer to produce (7-10 years), if at all. So one of the reasons why avocados won't produce fruit is just because it's not a grafted variety.
Avocados planted in the area with a hot temperature zone can bear fruit, but if you are in a cooler region, the tree can survive but never produce fruit. In the Fuerte variety, for example, there is no good fruiting below 13 ºC and above 40-45 ºC.
The high temperature causes the fruit to drop and the low one leads to the formation of parthenocarpic fruits, without commercial value. Also, avocados often produce fruit that is heavy one year and the following year produces a much lighter fruit set. This is called a biennial fruit.
Lack of water
As the avocado is considered very demanding in water, the low availability of water causes a reduction in the size of the fruit and the excess is also not tolerated by the plant.
It is often thought that if the water is life, the more we give plants it will be better, but the reality is very different. If we water too much, the roots will rot. For this reason, it should be watered only when necessary.
The frequency will vary depending on the weather and the season we are in, but it will generally be about 4 times a week in summer and every 3-4 days the rest of the year.
If we have a fruit tree that has suffered from excessive irrigation, it is important to treat it with fungicides since the fungi may be attacking it.
Lack of nutrients
As for nutrients, nitrogen and potassium are the most important for the production of avocado. If there is a lack of these nutrients in the soil where the avocado is planted, it may not bear the fruit.
The fact that the fruits do not develop is due to excess nutrients. Therefore, it is best to acquire nutrient meters so that it can be controlled in the best way. Also, the mulch helps to avoid this problem.
Lack of light
If the tree or plant does not receive enough sunlight, it may not produce the fruit.
Excess use of fertilizer
An excess of a fertilizer, especially if it is synthetic chemical can burn the roots and greatly weaken the trees. For this reason, it is necessary to follow the instructions specified on the packaging to avoid the risk of overdose.
Not yet fruitful period
It is possible that your plant does not want to bear fruit because their age has not yet reached the age limit for fruiting. The age limit for fruiting depends on the type of plant and the type of seed. Is it from seed, cuttings, or grafting?
One of the other causes can also be due to infertile flowers. These changes usually occur due to gene mutations. The nature of plants that were originally flowers should be fruit, changed from their original nature due to environmental influences.
Climate and environment do not support
All types of fruit plants will live and bear fruit well if their living conditions such as climate (rainfall, wind, temperature, humidity, sunlight), soil conditions, and the environment are met. If not, plants will be hampered by growth and productivity.
Poor care and attention
Your plants may be reluctant to bear fruit because of their need for light (for photosynthesis), air temperature and humidity, irrigation, air circulation, and nutrients are insufficient.
Plants will flower and bear fruit just in time with productivity when selecting seeds, environmental conditions, and how to care well.
If the soil has been over-watered or the water is not drained properly, there may be an accumulation of the liquid rotting the roots and, therefore, it will not be able to bear fruit.
Lack of pollination in the garden
The lack of insects can cause the absence of fruits. So brightly colored plants would need to be secured to attract pollinating insects. As these visits are generated in the garden, you can have trees full of fruits.
Avocados have an extraordinary flowering behavior called protogynous dichogamy. All the meaning of this complicated word is that the tree has both male and female organs that function in each flower.
During the two days, the first bloom opens as a woman, and the next day as a man. Each flower opening lasts about half a day.
To further complicate matters, the pattern of the flowering of avocados is divided into two groups: type A and type B. Type A flowers open as females in the morning and then as males, while Type B blooms open as males followed by females.
For these reasons, if you have a type A avocado plantation only, pollination will not occur because the flowers have a different fertilization time than pollen release. With that in mind, planting should be done by intercalating type A avocados with others of type B, so that the release of pollen from one coincides with the reception time of the other.
Temperature plays a role in how well-synchronized bloom patterns are achieved. The optimal temperature for flowering is 68-77 F. (20-25 C.). Higher or lower temperatures can change how well the tree pollinates.
The plant doesn't flower
The tree has not flowered, either because it has grown too much in previous years and it needs to replenish its reserves, or because the climatic conditions were not favorable for flowering. So obviously no flower no fruit. The other reasons for the tree not blooming flowers can be:
- It is perfectly natural for young avocado trees to drop flowers in their first or even second year.
- Avocados need a cold period to promote flowering and fruiting. They need to experience temperatures between 0 and 7 C during the period of inactivity. Temperatures should be fairly constant for several months. A sudden cold snap could affect flower production. As the buds form, a late frost could cause them to die and fall.
- A common mistake is to prune at the wrong time and remove too much wood from the tree. Avocados do not need much pruning, removing more than a third of the wood, especially the terminal ends, can remove the yolk. However, light pruning can improve light circulation and penetration, promoting budding.
- Fertilizing a tree, especially with nitrogen, can also help prevent the avocado fruits from blooming.
A flower doesn't get fertilized
The tree has flowered but the flowers have not been fertilized: lack of pollinating insects, dry wind at the time of flowering, etc.
- Another possibility: The flowers are fertilized but the young fruits fall before reaching maturity.
It can take about 10-15 years from the time the seed is struck to become productive. An avocado tree ripens 150-200 fruits a year. It prefers well-drained soil, so make sure the soil you plant it in is always moist, but it suffers from over-irrigation. It is not cold and frost tolerant, it likes diffused light the most.
Diseases of the avocado tree
External factors such as animals, parasites, or diseases caused by unsuitable soil can affect the development of the avocado tree. Let's look at some of these:
- Phytophthora root rot: The Phytophthora root rot, also known as ring rot, a type of fungal disease, a parasitic fungus that is located below ground level. Phytophthora cinnamomi is the cause of this disease. As a result of the infection, the roots will become black and sensitive. The parasite can also attack the trunk of the tree, which manifests itself in the form of bark death. It spreads quickly if not treated in time. The disease detected at an early stage can be stopped by dissecting the infected tissues.
- Anthracnose fruit rot: This disease is caused by a fungus called Colletotrichum gloeosporoides. It infects the young stem, leaf, flower, and fruit and destroys it. Dark, patchy depressions appear on the infected fruit and spread rapidly. Regular use of fungicides can effectively treat anthracnose, thus preventing rot of the avocado fruit.
- Powdery mildew: Disease caused by powdery mildew in the avocado tree can become severe if treatment is neglected. The leaves have dark green or purple-brown spots on the backs and yellowish-green spots on the upper sides, followed by a white or gray powdery protrusion. Spray the leaves with an officially approved fungicide against powdery mildew to stop the spread of infection.
- Black stripes of avocado: The disease is characterized by the appearance of black streaks on the trunk and young shoots of the avocado tree, the yellowing of the leaves, and the sparse fruit. Symptoms include the death or alteration of the bark of the tree, which is a serious problem for the grower. Effective intervention can be soil disinfection or proper irrigation to prevent the disease from destroying the tree.
- ASBV (Avocado Sunblotch Viroid): The virus, known as sunblotch, infects the bark and fruit of the avocado tree, which shows colored streaks. White or yellow spots may also form on the leaves. This disease usually spreads through infected seeds, so ask for the virus-free nature of the seeds at the source of their purchase.
The diseases and pathogens of the avocado tree must be known to all growers to be able to defend themselves effectively against them. The tree can fall victim to strong sunlight, frost, infections, insects, mites, naked snails, and other pests.
Requirements for an avocado plant to Bear Good Fruit
- Selection of good fruit plant seeds. Choosing a good and superior fruit seeds are very necessary. We should know


Where Your Needs Come First
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 4. — Quitting a job raises legal bar for winning discrimination claim
Quitting a job raises legal bar for winning discrimination claim
| Jun 20, 2017 | Workplace Discrimination |
California employees who are contemplating leaving their jobs due to harassment or discrimination should understand the different views that courts take of hostile work environments and constructive discharge claims. In general, a hostile work environment arises when an employee in a protected class experiences discrimination or harassment. A constructive discharge describes an employee leaving a job because the unfair treatment has become unbearable. The Supreme Court of the United States defines it as an act that a reasonable person would consider necessary to escape an unendurable situation.
Evidence of discriminatory treatment could suffice to win a hostile work environment claim against an employer, but a claim of constructive discharge faces a higher legal standard. In a case before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit, the ruling specified that discrimination such as unequal pay did not justify leaving a job because additional aggravating circumstances were necessary to assign liability to the employer for lost wages after the employee chose to quit.
Another appeals court determined that a constructive discharge suit needed to show intentional discrimination, a deliberate desire to make a job environment intolerable and additional aggravating factors that eliminated the option of staying at a job. Although a constructive discharge case is harder to win, cases have succeeded for people who left a job because of mistreatment based on pregnancy, religion, race, sex, national origin and whistleblower retaliation.
A person suffering from mistreatment at work could ask an attorney questions about how the law might view a claim of workplace discrimination. If appropriate, the attorney might find it advisable to initiate the procedure by filing a claim with the appropriate federal or state agency.


Apple releases iOS update to patch Spectre chip flaw
The latest version of the iPhone operating system addresses a major flaw in the processor that could leak sensitive information.
Screenshot by CNET
Apple on Monday released an update to iOS, the software that runs iPhones and iPads, that fixes a major problem that haunted the processors in those devices.
The flaw, dubbed Spectre by the researchers who found it, made the silicon chips vulnerable to a hacking attack that could reveal secret information your devices normally keep locked down.
The update comes less than a week after news broke that chips made by Intel, ARM and AMD contained the flaw. Researchers also found that most Intel chips have a second variation of the vulnerability, called Meltdown. The revelation of the flaws has been followed by a flurry of announcements by chip-makers, computer manufacturers and cloud service providers reassuring customers that they are finding ways to prevent hackers from using them.
Both flaws let attackers take advantage of a design flaw that temporarily makes sensitive information like passwords and encryption keys more easy to steal. For the attack to work, hackers need to install malicious software onto your device before taking advantage of the flaws.
Intel CEO Brian Krzanich said going forward, the company will make chips that don't have the Spectre and Meltdown vulnerabilities. For the hundreds of millions of devices in the world that contain the flawed chips, software updates like the one released by Apple will be the next best thing.


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Poetry – types & devices
The following websites explain different types of poems and give examples of each type:
Shadow poetry – different types of poems with a couple of examples of each.
Poetry Foundation – Fairly detailed description of each type of poetry with good examples.
Types of poems – 55 types with some examples
Writers' Digest – List of 50 poetic forms for poets
Online Learning Centre – brief description of each device and limited examples
Best Library – List of many different devices and in depth examples
Poetry Foundation – poetic devices with examples


Memory Alpha
Graviton catapult
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File:Subspace catapult.jpg
"Can we ask you what it's supposed to do?"
- Commander Chakotay and Tash
A graviton catapult propels spacecraft across space. The power core of the catapult generates a massive graviton surge, that locks on to a ship through an array of projectors. The surge sends the ship hurtling into null space for some hours. Upon emerging back to normal space, the vessel has jumped many hundreds or even thousands of light years. The distance is determined by the graviton field strength.
Having helped Tash's starship to successfully use the catapult to get home, Tash sent recommendations for deflector shield adjustments to the Voyager, so they would not experience similar system overloads during mid-flight. Following the enhancements to the shield variance, the crew of the Voyager used this device to travel across 30 sectors in less than an hour, taking three years off their journey home.
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