text:
|Do Some Seed Need Special Treatments to Germinate?|
Most annual and even perennial seed need no special treatment to germinate. However, some have evolved over the centuries to need certain specific conditions to start their growth cycle, such as the scarification caused by going through a bird's digestive tract, or the heat and chemical changes resulting from a forest fire. Some need total darkness to germinate, and others need total light, some have a hard, impermeable seed coat, and some will die if they dry out at all. For a quick reference as to which seeds require special treatments, see What Seed Need for Good Germination. Of course, the individual listings of seed and their cultural requirements include any special treatments that a particular genus and species might require.
At this point, let us examine the different basic treatments needed by particular seed, including scarification, soaking, stratification, chilling, moisture maintenance, and storage conditions.
1. Scarification - Some seed have seed coats so hard that they cannot absorb moisture. Of course, this usually means that they store very well over a long period, but it also means they need to have their coats broken, scratched or mechanically altered so water can interact with the seed to trigger germination. This process is called scarification, and it can be done with a knife, sandpaper or a file. This should be undertaken with care so the seed is not injured, which can prevent germination or allow pathogens to attack the seed.
In general, you can expect seeds of the Fabaceaee, Malvaceae, Cannaceae, Geraniaceae, Convolvulaceae, Solnaceae, Chenopodiacae and Aeacaceae families to have hard seed coats. Some seed (Pelargonium, for example) are shipped from the grower already mechanically scarified, which makes it easier for the home gardener to get them to grow, but also means they do not store well over a long period. Some seed are too small to be easily handled and mechanically scarified; these should be soaked to soften their hard seed coat.
2. Soaking - The germination of some seeds is greatly aided by soaking, which will significantly reduce the time required for them to germinate. Some have a hard seed coat that is softened by soaking, some need to have chemical inhibitors leached out to start germination. Soaking for 24 hours is usually sufficient. If more time is needed for a particular plant, change the water once a day to provide needed aeration and to prevent the buildup of microorganisms.
Place the seed to be soaked in a container and add 5-6 times their volume of hot (190 degrees F.) water. Never boil seed in water, as this will injure and even kill them. Plant the seed immediately after soaking, and do not let them dry out before sowing.
3. Stratification - This is the process of exposing seed to cold, moist conditions before sowing to trigger the germination process. It is necessary for seed that have an immature or dormant embryo when harvested, which includes most perennials and woody plants. Some plants, such as Lettuce and Delphinium, become dormant when exposed to temperatures over 75 degrees F. for an extended period; these must be chilled to induce germination.
There are a couple of methods to stratify seed, depending on your preference and the size of the seed. You may go ahead and plant your seed in your chosen container filled with moistened medium, place the whole container in a plastic bag and put it in the refrigerator (for temperatures around 40° F.) or freezer (for temperatures of 32° F. or lower) for the required time.
An alternative is to mix your seed in 2 to 3 times their volume of moistened medium, place them in a plastic bag tied and then store them in your refrigerator or freezer. When the chilling period is over, do not separate the seeds from the medium, but sow them together.
Another method of stratifying your seed is to place them outside for their chilling period, provided your area has the right cool temperatures for a sufficient time to meet the seed's requirements. You can sow your seed in beds or in flats in late fall or early winter and winter them outdoors. They will germinate when the weather warms in spring. If you use flats, place them on the north side of the house away from drying winds and sun, sink them into the ground to just below their top or place them in a coldframe.
You will find specific time and temperature recommendations for individual plants that require stratification in the Flower or Vegetable section. Do not refrigerate or freeze the seed while in the packet for stratification purposes, and do not cold treat seeds in water. They need contact with air as well as moisture for the chilling to be effective, and you may send your seed into a second dormancy or severely injure them if you don't give them proper conditions!
4. Simple and Double Dormancy – In speaking of seed, dormancy refers to any conditions that keep the seed from germinating. This, of course, is quite different from the dormancy of perennials, woody plants or bulbs, for which dormancy refers to a resting period between active growth periods.
When only one special treatment is needed (usually stratification), this is referred to as simple dormancy. Some seed, however, need more than one special treatment to begin their growth cycle, and this is called double dormancy. For example, some Ilex, Taxus, Viburnum, and some Lilies and Tree Peonies need a warm period (68-86 degrees F.) of three months in which the root develops, followed by stratification for one to three months which triggers stem development, before emergence of the growing tip will occur.
5. Wet Shipment – Seed of some tropical and woody plants are shipped fresh in moistened sphagnum moss immediately after they are harvested and must be sown immediately. If the seed coat is allowed to dry out, absolutely nothing will cause these seed to germinate! These seed include Anthurium, Philodendron, Ginkgo and Clivia.
6. Special Treatments for Seed Storage – One of the most frequently asked questions that gardeners ask me is "How long can I store my seed and still have them viable?" Well, there are stories of Evening Primrose seed lasting 50 years and Lotus germinating after 1,000 years, but these are definitely the exception, and not the rule! Most annuals and vegetables will store well for two to three years, provided they are kept in a cool dry place. Moisture frequently triggers germination, so until you are ready to plant, it is important to keep your seed dry. If seed are kept in an unopened, moisture-resistant package and not subjected to abnormal temperatures, most will keep perfectly well for several years. Some vegetables, such as beets, cucumbers and radishes, will even keep for as long as ten years.
If your seed packet is already opened, store the seed in a dry, airtight container in a cool place. It helps to store the seed as cool as possible (refrigeration helps) for reduced temperatures will lengthen storage life, and this is especially true for seed of woody plants.
As you might expect, there are some seed that just do not follow the norm in what they require, and you should not try to store them for any length of time as they will not be viable no matter what you do. These include Asparagus species, Tanecetum coccinium (formerly known as Chrysanthemum coccinium or Pyrethrum), perennial Delphinium, Dimorphotheca, Geranium, Gerbera, Kochia, Magnolia, Passiflora, Potentilla, Salvia splendens and Impatiens, as well as onions. The Wet Shipment group mentioned above should also not be stored.
NASA Seeds in Space
"You can tell which diseases tomatoes are resistant to by looking for letters such as V, F, N and T after the name of the tomato. Each letter represents a problem the plant is bred to resist, and the more letters the better!"
---from Orene Horton's book, "Clippings from Orene's Garden"---


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Use the search function to navigate to topics of interest, and apply to the relevant health
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EE for supervisors
One of the core requirements for the IB Diploma Programme is the Extended Essay. Students complete a 4,000-word essay, exploring a research question and topic of choice, developing inquiry, writing and critical thinking skills. Our in-school workshops on the EE help teachers become confident supervisors, so that they can support their students effectively. We have also done half-day worksops for staff, followed by half-day workshops for students. Check out sample workshop materials on the EE Support Site
Sample agenda
1: Skills and assessment (45-90 minutes): What do we already know about the EE? What skills are assessed and how can they be developed? What does a good script look like? What does the journey to this final product look like? How do we develop critical thinking skills?
2: Supervision and reflection (45-90 minutes): What are the roles and responsibilities of supervisors, coordinators and candidates? How can reflection skills be developed? What does a good RPPF look like?
3: Inquiry and research (45-90 minutes): What do good research questions look like? How can students evaluate sources effectively? How can supervisors help students develop research habits?
4: Writing (45-90 minutes): What does good writing look like? How can supervisors help students write critically and think critically? How should an EE be structured?
Workshop leader
Brad Philpot has a passion for language, literature and learning. He is an experienced examiner, workshop leader, speaker, teacher and textbook author. He has authored two editions of English A: Language and Literature and English B for the IB Diploma Programme with Cambridge University Press. He is the original author of the ThinkIB Subject Site for English A: Language and Literature. Since 2008, he has shared his passion, experiences and expertise with over 3,000 teachers all around the world through Philpot Education, a provider of educational resources and workshops. Since 2020, he has taught English at Frankfurt International School.
"The personal touch Brad Philpot offered made the difference. A very holistic approach for a workshop provider." - Kathleen Battah, Wellspring Learning Community, Beirut, Lebanon
"This workshop was ideal for getting all our supervisors on the same page. Brad's resources were great. I'm sure they'll inform our EE processes for years to come." - Timothy Patton, Head of IB Core, American International in Egypt
Let's talk!
Contact Brad Philpot directly ( to explore the possibilities of in-school training, consultancy or coaching.
Last modified: Tuesday, 30 June 2020, 10:19 AM


text:
|This article does not cite any references or sources. (November 2011)|
The Babar Islands (Pulau-pulau Babar) are located in Maluku Province, Indonesia between latitudes 7 degrees 31 minutes South to 8 degrees 13 minutes South and from longitudes 129 degrees 30 minutes East to 130 degrees 05 minutes East. Tepa (population 2000 people) is the capital of the Babar Islands municipality ("Kecamatan Pulau-pulau Babar") actually now reduced in size to encompass only the western half of Babar Island, Wetang Island and Dai Island. The town of Letwurung on the east side of Babar island is the capitol of the new municipality called "East Babar" ("Kecamatan Babar Timor") in the east half of the Babar Islands, consisting of the East half of Babar Island, Marsela Island, Dawera Island and Dawelor Island.
The islands take their name from the large central island of Babar which is roughly 20 miles across and 60 miles around. Babar Island has a maximum elevation of approximately 750 meters and is lightly covered with sub-tropical montane forest, although the 5 rivers and 2 large year-round springs afford tropical forest in their narrow ravine courses.
The topography of all the Babar islands is distinctive for their marked stepped appearance, the result of a combination of periodic uplifting of the tectonic plate interacting with the erosive action of the constant ocean waves. Water action on the coral base over the millennia has created many caves and shafts.
Agriculture and fisheries
Rain is plentiful from December to July so corn, plantains, bananas, cassava, various tubers and red rice (unirrigated) grow plentifully. Fish is the main source of protein. Sufficient potable water on Babar Island is provided by year round springs and shallow wells. Coconut oil is important for consumption while the oily meat called copra, is sold. Other items harvested and sold for export are sea shells, sea weed, sea cucumbers, shark fins, live lizards and birds, cattle, cashews, nutmeg, cloves and eucalyptus oil.
This situation contrasts markedly with the much smaller islands ringing Babar Island. These are low-lying, uplifted reef and limestone (with the exception of Dai Island, which is largely granite), infertile, not heavily forested and lacking in fresh water sources. The more difficult environment leads the indigenous inhabitants to focus more of their energies on fishing and hand-crafts which are then traded for garden produce from Babar Island. The people collect rain water in large above ground cisterns which can last them through the driest time of the year (September to December). When the drought is longer than usual the water in these tanks is exhausted and the people have to walk miles to the few villages with springs or wells, and queue up for a turn to draw a few liters of water. People camp overnight beside the well waiting their turn. The Indonesian government has provided funds for many more collection tanks for rain water, so the situation has improved markedly in the last few years.
There is no airport or landing strip in the Babar Islands. Small freighters that have contracts to carry passengers service the islands. It is a minimum twelve hour ride to the nearest city with an airport where one can catch a commercial flight to other towns in Maluku being Tual, Larat, Wonreli (Kisar) and Ambon.
In comparison to the majority of Indonesians living nearer the political centre of the country, the indigenous Babar Islanders tend to darker epidermal pigmentation, have kinky hair and generally lack the epicanthic eyefold of East Asians.
Most indigenous Babar Islanders are baptised into the Protestant Church of Maluku (Gereja Protestan Maluku, GPM). The GPM's roots are in the Dutch Reformed Church started by the Dutch colonists. Due undoubtedly to the aridity of the islands and the lack of natural resources, there has been no mass transmigration from more populous Indonesian areas. In Tepa, there are 3 other denominations with church buildings: a Catholic church, a Seventh-day Adventist church, and a Pentecostal church. There is also a mosque in Tepa that serves the small community of Muslims. All the other towns have one GPM church each, totaling 56 GPM churches in the entire GPM diocese of Babar islands ("Klasis GPM Pulau-pulau Babar"). While these world faiths are represented, there is much hybridization with the preexisting animist beliefs and practices. The traditional dance of Babar is "Seka".
Islands in the Babar Islands cluster (in alphabetic order)
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Babar Islands|

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Australia's record floods have spread to one of the nation's leading wine regions. Authorities have told 9,000 residents of the state of Victoria to evacuate dozens of towns as floods threaten one quarter of the state. Growers estimate that about 20 percent of the area's wine grape crop has been destroyed by heavy rain and flooding. With harvest just weeks away, winemakers across southeastern Australia are expressing widespread concern over possible fungal diseases triggered by the extreme summer rainfall.
Less than one week after La Niña-triggered floods swept through Queensland, inundating 17,000 homes, record rainfall in Victoria spawned its own floodwaters. The winegrowing regions of Grampians, Great Western and Pyrenees in the western part of the state were hardest hit.
Workers had put up sand bags at Mount Avoca winery in the Pyrenees when the water broke the banks of a dam. "We have lost all of our Cabernet and about half of the rest of the vineyard," said director Matthew Barry. He feared that disease in the sodden vineyard would wipe out most of what the flood left behind. Barry didn't let the rising waters dampen his sense of humor. "We found an unlucky 9-pound yellow belly [fish] lost in one of our flooded paddocks. Lunch was caught and the barbecue was fired up!"
In Great Western, not considered to be a flood-prone region, Best's Wines' Concongella Vineyard had 8 inches of rainfall in 48 hours and one meter of floodwater around its vines. The historic Seppelts Winery became the evacuation point for local residents as floodwaters lapped the lower reaches of its St. Peter's vineyard.
Throughout southeastern Australia, downy and powdery mildew are already threatening to become the primary concerns this vintage. In the Clare Valley in South Australia, locals estimate that more than 10 percent of the region's crop has already been affected by these fungal diseases. As floodwaters from both the Victorian and Queensland floods make their way toward the river systems of the Riverina and Riverland, Australia's largest wine regions, there are widespread fears of outbreaks of botrytis.
Floodwaters are getting higher in Seppelts Winery's St. Peter's Vineyard.
"Australia's grapegrowers are being challenged big time at the moment due to the wet and humid conditions, and it will take a considerable effort to ensure that grapes are delivered ripe and disease-free to wineries," said Alister Purbrick, CEO and head winemaker at Tahbilk in the central Victorian region of Nagambie. "I suspect that disease will cut the vintage intake by a fairly large number." Precisely how much is very much in the hands of the weather over the coming months, but some estimate a national crop of less than 1.4 million metric tons (about 1.54 million U.S. tons), suggesting a reversal of Australia's wine glut this vintage.
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text:
- barrage •
bahr-ij, bê-rahzh • Hear it!
Part of Speech: Noun
Meaning: 1. (Engineering) A dam, barrier, or other obstruction built in a stream to create an area of deeper water or to divert the stream's flow. 2. A heavy, overwhelming outpouring that prevents response, such as a barrage of artillery fire or barrage of words.
Notes: Today's Good Word has at least two pronunciations that correspond to the two meanings above. Barrage in the sense of a dam is pronounced [bahr-ij] in the US while in the sense of an overwhelming outpouring it is pronounced [bê-rahzh]. This latter pronunciation is in the process of being Anglicized, so don't be surprised to hear [bê-rahj] from time to time.
In Play: The sense that today's word has in engineering is closer to the sense of the verb "to bar" and for that reason is pronounced as though it was based on bar: "The kids loved to build barrages in the stream behind the house and catch the minnows that collected behind it." The other sense is by far more common: "Congressman Mander received a barrage of questions from reporters about the fur coat he had recently given to his secretary."
Word History: Today's Good Word is purely French in origin, which is why the accent is on the final syllable and the G is pronounced [zh]. It is a noun derived from the verb barrer "to bar, to stop," from the noun barre "a bar, barrier". This is the same word that became bar when borrowed by English. I have mentioned before that French is Latin as it is spoken today in France (Spanish is Latin as spoken today in Spain, Italian, Latin as it is spoken today in Italy, and so on for all Romance languages). The language spoken in France before the arrival of the Romans was a Celtic language called "Gaulish", sometimes "Gallic". Barre came from that language. The sense of a barrage of artillery fire came from the French phrase tir de barrage "curtain of fire", first used in World War I. (OK, time for a barrage of thanks to Thel Casper for suggesting today's very interesting Good Word.)
Come visit our website at for more Good Words and other language resources!

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The name "Kythera" (ky-the-ra) was derived from the Antikythera Mechanism which is a mysterious device that was discovered by sponge divers off the coast of the Greek island Antikyther. The mechanism was so advanced in design that scientists have been studying it for decades to discover its purpose. The machine dates from around the end of the 2nd century B.C. and is the most sophisticated mechanism known from the ancient world. Nothing as complex is known for the next thousand years. The Antikythera Mechanism is now understood to be dedicated to astronomical phenomena and operates as a complex mechanical "computer" which tracks the cycles of the Solar System.
For this reason we used the name Kythera for the valve mechanism at the core of a new line of PolarStar mechanical HPA systems. Although it contains very few parts and is easy to install and maintain, the system incorporates a very intelligent design and is unlike anything else on the market. The system was designed as a mechanical system from the ground up and uses a realistic trigger mechanism which can be applied to single-shot, semi-automatic and fully-automatic systems.
The first of these systems is Kythera SA (Semi-Automatic), the semi-auto-only variant for use in AEG gearboxes.
So, what makes the Kythera so unique?
What sets this system apart from other mechanical systems is the design of its trigger. The trigger mechanism is designed to replicate the function, weight and feel of a real single-action firearm trigger. It feels real because it is real. The hardened alloy steel sears catch and release the stainless steel spool valve in the same way the sears of a real firearm catch and release the hammer or striker. This gives the Kythera trigger the distinct break and reset you would expect to feel when firing a real single action firearm. The trigger mechanism in the Kythera SA is also adjustable, allowing the user to fine tune the weight and over travel. Additionally, the internal firing valve is balanced and the only force applied during firing is the main spring. This means the function and feel of the trigger is independent of input pressure and velocity.
Complete Shot Cycle
The design of the Kythera SA completes a shot cycle on the trigger pull. This gives you the proven closed bolt performance of the Fusion Engine and F2 in a completely mechanical, waterproof system with a realistic trigger. It does not require the trigger to be released before the nozzle chambers the next round and the firing volume is refilled. This occurs automatically and consistently every shot, with adjustable nozzle dwell and return speed.
As the system resets and recharges immediately after firing, it is ready to fire again before the trigger has been released. This means the system can cycle very quickly for faster follow up shots.
Extremely Efficient and Consistent
The valve design of the Kythera operates without the need for air to control the opening or closing of the valve. Without a pilot valve, 100% of the air going into the system is fired through the nozzle allowing it to operate very efficiently. In addition to being extremely efficient, the system is also extremely consistent. The valve is released at the same point every shot with the same force applied, regardless of trigger input.
Universal Charging Cord
The steel cord visible at the back of the system is attached to a cocking mechanism for the internal spool valve. Although the system automatically cocks the spool valve when the system is pressurized, since the Kythera uses a balanced valve, it is possible in certain situations that the valve could stall and needs to be manually cocked. This typically only happens if the system is run completely out of air so that the pressure drops below the operating range of the system. The cord is designed to be either routed through the grip of the rifle for easy access or even possibly attached in some fashion to the charging handle.
The Kythera SA system installs into a standard gearbox as a single assembly and typically does not require any modification to the gearbox. The only parts needing to be retained from the gearbox is the trigger, spring guide, selector and safety components.
- Designed from the ground up as a high performance mechanical HPA system, not a modification of a solenoid operated design.
- Patent pending valve mechanism provides excellent efficiency and consistent velocity combined with a realistic trigger pull and reset.
- Completes a full shot cycle on the trigger pull alone which translates into consistent nozzle movement and rapid follow up shots.
- Adjustable trigger. Adjustments include: Weight, length of pull and over travel.
- Adjustable nozzle dwell/return speed.
- Wide operating pressure range of 60 to 180psi.


text: 's request for a special diet is because of a sincerely held belief and religious in nature, the inmate has a constitutionally protected interest. Under RLUIPA, a request for a special religious diet can only be refused based on a compelling prison interest and if it is the least restrictive means possible for the prison protecting that interest. Prisons may offer more limited food selection to prisoners with religious dietary limitations, such as providing only cold kosher meals rather than hot food. In the past, when determining whether a prison was required to provided a special diet for a prisoner, courts have considered whether the dietary restrictions were central to the prisoner's religious observance. Under RLUIPA, such a determination would probably not be relevant. The threshold question in evaluating the prison's obligation to accommodate a request would still be whether the inmate's dietary request arose out of sincerely held beliefs that were religious in nature.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Is there a way to show the complete internal structure of an R object in an unambiguous and human readable way?
The str function doesn't exactly do this, as it shows custom representations. For example, applying it to an igraph object gives something like
IGRAPH U--- 3 3 -- Full graph
+ attr: name (g/c), loops (g/x)
+ edges:
[1] 1--2 1--3 2--3
This is nice and readable, but it's specific to igraph objects (it's clear that it uses a custom formatting for them). I'm looking for something general. I found dput, and for a while I thought that this provides complete information. The same igraph object is shown as
structure(list(3, FALSE, c(1, 2, 2), c(0, 0, 1), c(0, 1, 2),
 c(0, 1, 2), c(0, 0, 1, 3), c(0, 2, 3, 3), list(c(1, 0, 1),
 structure(list(name = "Full graph", loops = FALSE),.Names = c("name",
 "loops")), list(), list())), class = "igraph")
But then I read about pairlists in the R Language Definition and I noticed that dput(pairlist(1,2)) gives list(1,2). The information that we started with a pairlist is gone.
So is there something similar to dput that shows the internal structure of an R object and gives complete information about it? (The main reason I want this is that it would help me understand the structure of R objects better.)
If there isn't, how would I query an R object to get enough information about it (in a human readable way---not machine readable) to be able to reconstruct it completely?
share|improve this question
How about.Internal(inspect(foo))? – Joshua Ulrich May 3 '13 at 20:16
I think dput is what you want and the pairlist exception is just that - an exception. As far as I understand you're not supposed to use pairlist's, so the issue of dput'ing it is a bit moot. – eddi May 3 '13 at 20:18
Thanks for the reply _USER_, why don't you put that as an answer? – Szabolcs May 3 '13 at 20:31
I read in your dput output in and str-ed it. I got the standard output for a list with an extra class. I guess you're getting something different because igraphs come from some package. I wonder if there's something like base::str (which doesn't exist) that you can use here. – Frank May 3 '13 at 20:45
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2 Answers
up vote 8 down vote accepted
I don't have much more to add besides my comment, so this is just for completeness for future generations :)
dput is doing what you want. With rare exceptions, one of them being pairlist (I assume there might be other exceptions as well, but I don't actually know what they are), it will not be exactly the same object, but, at least in the case of pairlist there is a reason for that. Since pairlist is not supposed to be used outside of internal code, the output of dput can be considered to be doing the user a favor by converting an internal object into the equivalent external one.
share|improve this answer
There are more exceptions. Environments are dput'ed simply as "", even if they have attributes. Closures lose srcref attributes, the enclosing environment and the bytecode (if present). – Ferdinand.kraft May 4 '13 at 1:33
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dput is a somewhat disappointing solution, as the result is very messy. (It is, however, better than what I was doing before.)
I'd suggest (1) dput, (2) make a copy, (3) assign the base class to the result (as seen in the dput) and (4) str it.
In this case:
> x<-dput(my_graph)
> class(x)<-"list"
> str(x)
List of 9
 $ : num 3
 $ : logi FALSE
 $ : num [1:3] 1 2 2
 $ : num [1:3] 0 0 1
 $ : num [1:3] 0 1 2
 $ : num [1:3] 0 1 2
 $ : num [1:4] 0 0 1 3
 $ : num [1:4] 0 2 3 3
 $ :List of 4
 ..$ : num [1:3] 1 0 1
 ..$ :List of 2
 ....$ name : chr "Full graph"
 ....$ loops: logi FALSE
 ..$ : list()
 ..$ : list()
share|improve this answer
I haven't used dput before, so I don't know how general this approach is. This is basically the same solution _USER_ gave, but with some new steps. I learned a lot from his answer and the comments above. What I've written here was just too long to be a comment on his answer, which is already good enough. I hope someone comes along with a more satisfying answer, though. (I starred the question.).Internal(inspect()) (which _USER_ Ulrich mentioned) might be the next best thing, but I'm not yet programmer enough to read that output at a glance. – Frank May 4 '13 at 2:37
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Your Answer


Least Common Multiple Calculator
Calculate the least common multiple of a set of numbers.
LCM Calculator Instructions
Use the LCM calculator to compute the least common multiple of a set of two to 10 numbers. Individual values must be integers between -_PHONE_ and _PHONE_, separated by commas, spaces, tabs or newlines.
Once you are done entering the values press Calculate LCM to submit your data. The 'Reset' button clears the form and starts a new session.
What is the Least Common Multiple
The least common multiple (or LCM) of a group of integer numbers, as the name implies, is the smallest number that is multiple of all the numbers in the group. It is useful, before performing additions or subtractions of fractions with different denominators, to convert all fractions so that the denominator is the least common multiple of all denominators. In this case the lcm is referred to as the lowest common denominator or LCD
For a more complete description see the Least Common Multiple article on Wikipedia.
How is the least common multiple calculated?
There are many ways to find the lcm. This calculator uses the greatest common divisor method described in the above article. The formula used to calculate LCM(a,b) is:
$ LCM(a,b) = \frac{\left| a \cdot b \right|}{GCD(a,b)} $


text:
The interaction between dependent or connected risk and independent risk is interesting and will significantly change the overall probability of success or failure of an endeavour or organisation.
As discussed in my last post on 'The Flaw of Averages' using a single average value for an uncertainty is a recipe for disaster. But there is a difference between averaging, connecting and combining uncertainties (or risk).
Where risk events are connected, the ability to model and appreciate the effect of the risk events interacting with each other is difficult. In 'The Flaw of Averages' Sam Shaw uses the simile of wobbling a step ladder to determine the uncertainty of how safe the ladder is to climb. You can test the stability of one ladder by giving it a good 'wobble'. However, if you are trying to determine the stability of a plank between two stepladders doubling the information from wobbling just one is not a lot of help. Far more sophisticated modelling is needed and even then you cannot be certain the full set of potential interactions is correctly combined in the model. The more complex the interactions between uncertainties, the less accurate the predictive model.
However, when the risks or uncertainties are independent, combining the risks through the creation of a portfolio of uncertainties reduces the overall uncertainty quite dramatically.
The effect of portfolios
Consider a totally unbiased dice, any one throw can end up anywhere and every value between 1 & 6 has an equal probability of being achieved. The more throws, the more even the results for each possibility and consequently there is no possibility of determining the outcome!
The distribution after 10, 100 and 1000 throws.
As the number of throws increase, the early distortions apparent after 10 throws smooth out and after 1000 throws the probabilities are almost equal.
However, combine two dice and total the score results in a very different outcome. Whilst it is possible to throw any value between 2 & 12, the probability of achieving a number nearer the middle of the range is much higher than the probability of achieving a 2 or a 12. The potential range of outcomes starts to approximate a 'normal distribution curve' (or a bell curve). The reason for this is there is only one combination of numbers that will produce a 2 or a 12; there are significantly more combinations that can make 7.
The more dice you add to the 'throw', the closer the curve becomes to a 'normal distribution' (or bell curve), which is normally what you expect/get, which is the origin of the name!
The consequence of this phenomenon is to demonstrate that the creation of a portfolio of projects will have the effect of generating a normal distribution curve for the outcome of the overall portfolio, which makes the process of portfolio management a more certain undertaking than the management of the individual projects within the portfolio. The overall uncertainty is less than the individual uncertainties……
Each project carries its level of uncertainty and has a probability of succeeding off-set by a probability of failing (see Stakeholder Risk Tolerance) but as more projects are added the probability of the overall portfolio performing more or less as expected increases, provided each of the uncertainties are independent! This effect is known as the Central Limit Theorem.
One important effect of the Central Limit Theorem is the size if the contingency needed to achieve a desired level of safety for a portfolio of projects is much smaller than the sum of the contingencies needed to achieve the same level of 'safety' in each of the individual projects. Risk management is a project centric process; contingency management is better managed at the portfolio level. Not only is the overall uncertainty reduced, but the portfolio manager can offset losses in one project against gains in another.
Whist this theorem is statistically valuable, the nature of most organisations constrains the potential benefit. From a statistical perspective diversity is the key; this is why most conservative investment portfolios are diversified. However, project portfolios tend to be concentrated in the area of expertise of the organisation which removes some of the randomness needed for the Central Limit Theorem to have its full effect.
It is also important to remember that whilst creating a portfolio will reduce uncertainty, no portfolio can remove all uncertainty.
In addition to the residual risk of failure inherent in every project, there is always the possibility of a 'black swan' lurking in the future. Originally conceptualized by philosopher Karl Popper and refined by N. N. Taleb, a 'black swan' is a risk event that has never occurred before, if it did occur would have and extreme impact and is easy to explain after the event, but is culturally impossible to predict in advance (ie, the event could be foreseen if someone is asked to think about it but it is nearly impossible to think the thought for a compelling reason). For more on black swans see our blog post and White Paper.
The Law of Averages
The Central Limit Theorem is closely aligned to The Law of Averages. The Law of Averages states that if you repeatedly take the average of the same type of uncertain number the average of the samples will converge to a single result, the true average of the uncertain number. However, as the 'flaw of averages' has demonstrated, this does not mean you can replace every uncertainty with an average value and some uncertain numbers never converge.
Both the Law of Averages and Central Limit Theorem are useful concepts; they are the statistical equivalent of the adage "don't put all your eggs in one basket". When you create a portfolio of projects, the average probability of any one project succeeding or failing remains the same as if the project was excluded from the portfolio, but the risk of portfolio suffering an overall failure becomes less as the number of projects included in the portfolio increases.
However, unlike physical laws such as gravity, these laws are not immutable – drop an apple within the earths gravitational pull and it will fall; create a portfolio and there is always a low probability that the results will not conform to normal expectations!
Certainly the probability of a portfolio of projects 'failing' is lower then the average probability of each project failing but a reduced level of risk still leaves a residual level of risk.


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Roman Glass
Own a piece of ancient history when you buy Roman glass jewelry from YourHolyLandStore.com. Roman glass jewelry is crafted from the finest fragments of hand-blown glass that was unearthed in various dig sites throughout the Judean desert. These Roman glass jewelry items may be made from fragments of Roman glass that was used in everything from bowls, cups, flasks, and other items of ancient dinnerware to pots, lamps, vases, and jugs that were used in ancient everyday life.
This glass is a unique medium for use in a range of Roman glass jewelry, including necklaces, earrings, bracelets, cuff links, and more—many of them featuring the different symbols and emblems of the people of Israel and the world of Judaism.
How Old is Roman Glass?
Although there are no guarantees as to the age of the Roman glass used in our Roman glass jewelry, Roman glass in general that is unearthed during archaeological digs generally dates anywhere from 100 BC to 300 AD. Dig sites are generally throughout the whole of Mesopotamia and Egypt. Originally, thousands of years ago, the glass used in these exquisite Roman glass jewelry items, was likely made from the sands of the Mediterranean along with lime that was obtained by the ancient Romans by crushing the shells of various marine life.
What Gives Roman Glass Its Colors?
The colors that you'll see in the Roman glass jewelry we sell encompasses many colors in the color spectrum, but many of them are green or a beautiful shade of aqua blue. When you see these beautiful colors, it is likely that the glass was crafted in Israel, and the blue or green colorings that are hallmarks of Roman glass from the period, contains traces of potassium and/or iron. These and other rich colors are formed throughout the passage of time as the chemical reaction of the materials that go into making the glass react with the sun and moisture content of the earth surrounding it during its burial. Extreme temperatures in the region can even cause restructuring of the glass, helped along by flash flooding and the dry heat of the Middle East.
Beauty of Roman Glass Jewelry
Roman jewelry is made using Roman glass accents along with other materials, including gold or silver, or even cheaper alternative metals, such as stainless steel. From bracelets and pendants to rings, necklaces, earrings, and cufflinks, Roman glass jewelry is nothing short of stunning. While Roman glass jewelry has substantial appeal just based on its history and the knowledge of where it comes from, it can also hold specific religious significance to the wearer when jewelry is chosen that incorporates a religious symbol or emblem important to Jewish followers.
Religious Emblems in Roman Glass Jewelry
Some of the most revered symbols in the Jewish faith are incorporated into the design of Roman glass jewelry. The Star of David is a popular emblems that is seen in items of Roman glass jewelry ranging from earrings to pendants and necklaces. The Hamsa hand or Hand of Miriam is also quite popular, especially when it includes the eye emblem that is said to ward off the evil eye while inviting good health, fortune, and happiness into the life of the wearer. Earrings and pendants with the Hamsa hand emblems featuring the eye made from Roman glass are beautiful and bound to be welcome in any jewelry box. Menorahs, pomegranates, and hearts are also seen often in the construction of Roman glass jewelry found in among the pages of inventory available at YourHolyLandStore.com—with pieces suitable for both practicing and non-practicing Jews and even those of other faiths who want to own a piece of ancient history.


The Abdominal Plain FilmGasless vs FeaturelessThis is a featured page
Gasless and featureless abdominal plain films have a 'look of the abnormal'. This page examines the difference between gasless and featureless patterns and their significance.
A gasless abdominal plain film refers to an absence or minimum of gas in the gastrointestinal tract.
A featureless abdominal plain film is one in which there is little or no visualisation of the normal abdominal viscera.
The Gasless Abdominal Plain Film
Gas in the gastrointestinal tract can commonly accumulate from two sources. Firstly, gas in the stomach and small bowel can be ingested with food. Some patients habitually air swallow or may air-swallow when in pain. Gas in the large bowel can be endogenous, resulting from fermentation processes of faecal material.
An absence of gastrointestinal gas on abdominal plain film is not specifically abnormal (but is suspect). However, consideration should be given to the possibility of a gasless obstruction. Equally, a check of the patient history may reveal relevant information such as total colectomy.
-A gasless abdomen could indicate
-Patient is not an 'air-swallower'
-Mesenteric ischaemia
-Obstruction of the stomach or oesophagus
-Persistent vomiting from conditions such as pancreatitis or gastroenteritis
Stephen R. Baker
The Abdominal Plain Film
1990, p161
Normal Gasless Small Bowel
The Abdominal Plain FilmDifferentiating Large and Small Bowel - wikiRadiography This patient appears to have a gasless small bowel. Fluid-filled loops of small bowel are present but are never as well visualised as air-filled loops.
There is debate regarding what is a normal amount of small bowel gas. Gas enters the small bowel during eating and drinking. Some people habitually air-swallow while others air-swallow at times of stress or when they are in pain. If the patient is air-swallowing at a higher rate than the small bowel can absorb the air, it will be visualised in the bowel. Some texts will claim that up to seven fluid levels in the small bowel on an erect abdominal film can be normal. Most texts quote a more conservative figure (2 is common).
Don't confuse gasless with featureless. A featureless abdomen can be a result of tumour or ascites. This patient has a gasless rather than featureless abdomen. Note that the renal, liver, psoas muscles and urinary bladder outlines are visualised
Note also that this abdominal film is not guaranteed to be normal. It could represent an early gasless small bowel obstruction. Clinical correlation is required.
Gasless Small Bowel Obstruction
The Abdominal Plain FilmDifferentiating Large and Small Bowel - wikiRadiography You could be forgiven for thinking that this patient has been drinking dilute gastrografin. This appearance is a gasless small bowel obstruction and the opaque looking small bowel loops (white arrow) are filled with normal succus entericus, and/or ingested fluid, rather than gastrografin. If you compare this image with the gasless small bowel image above you can see that this small bowel is significantly more prominent.
There can be difficulty in distinguishing an early gasless small bowel obstruction from a normal appearance of the small bowel in someone who has just eaten a large meal.
Clinical correlation and follow-up imaging will usually provide confidence in the diagnosis.
The large bowel is not clearly visualised suggesting that it may be collapsed.
The Abdominal Plain Film in Clinical Context - wikiRadiography This patient has Crohn's disease and has had a previous colectomy. Note the absence of the large bowel. Note also a faint suggestion of a stoma in the left iliac fossa.
The Featureless Abdominal Plain Film
The Abdominal Plain FilmGasless vs Featureless - wikiRadiography This patient has prominent loops of gas-filled small and large bowel. The normal abdominal viscera are not demonstrated. Apart from the prominent bowel, the abdomen is featureless. The cause of this appearance is a large quantity of ascites. Note that the liver, spleen, kidneys, psoas and urinary bladder outlines are not seen. The reason that the bowel is somewhat centrally located is that it is floating in the ascites.
If you are suspicious that the patient has air-filled bowel floating in ascites, it can be useful to perform an erect or decubitus view. This left lateral decubitus view demonstrates that the air-filled bowel floats up to the right flank which is the least dependant part of the abdominal cavity in the left lateral decubitus position.
Note that this is not a "right decubitus"- The 'right' annotation refers to the right side of the abdomen and the "decubitus" annotation refers to the patient position.
The Abdominal Plain FilmGasless vs Featureless - wikiRadiography
The Abdominal Plain FilmGasless vs Featureless - wikiRadiography
This is more likely to be tumour than blood or ascites
Bowel loops look more like they are pushed down by tumour(s) rather than floating in fluid
Mass Effect
The Abdominal Plain FilmGasless vs Featureless - wikiRadiography
This patient has a rounded mass (arrowed) which appears to be displacing bowel. Note that the psoas shadows are preserved suggesting that the mass is not adjacent to the psoas muscles.
The Abdominal Plain FilmGasless vs Featureless - wikiRadiography
The CT abdomen shows the mass (arrowed) sited anterior to the psoas muscles.
BloodAAA
The Abdominal Plain FilmGasless vs Featureless - wikiRadiography
This patient presented to the Emergency Department with a known history of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA).
The aneurysmal abdominal aorta is visible (arrow) because of its calcified wall. The abdominal viscera are not well visualised. The psoas, renal and kidney outlines are not well demonstrated. This raises the question of whether the AAA is leaking blood into the peritoneal cavity.
BloodRuptured Viscus
The Abdominal Plain FilmGasless vs Featureless - wikiRadiography
This patient presented to the Emergency Department after a car accident. He looked pale. He had a falling blood pressure which stopped falling spontaneously (sign of retroperitoneal bleed with self-tamponade).
The supine abdominal plain film demonstrates a featureless pattern. There are no clearly defined psoas, kidneys or spleen. A CT abdominal scan revealed extensive laceration of his left kidney and spleen.
Artifact is external to patient
Gasless and featureless plain abdominal films often strike the observer as having an unusual appearance. It is useful to be able to distinguish between those images that are likely to be normal from those that are not. As with all abdominal plain film imaging, the appearance of the abdomen on plain film can have greater meaning when placed in the context of patient history, clinical presentation and other test results.
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text: Remember when Lady Gaga pinged smartphones and presumably alarmed dogs by transmitting inaudible, high-frequency audio at a concert with Sonic Notify tech? It turns out Apple's applying for a patent to do something similar, namely "audio hyperlinking" that can be contained within an audio stream. Cupertino's application says that such sound waves could be audible or outside the normal hearing range of 20Hz to 20KHz and "cause an effect in the user interface" of a receiving device. That could be useful during a podcast, for instance, to give users links to articles relevant to a discussion via sound waves alone. The application goes on to describe how such data could be encoded into an audio stream and read by the receiving device, and leaves wiggle room for a wide range of uses. Call us cynical, but we imagine that includes a way of sneaking in more ads.


text:
SIROM is a European Commission H2020 project with the objective of developing a standard set of connections that allow coupling of payload to the manipulators and payloads to other payloads. These robotic manipulators or robot arms are increasingly being used in complex in-orbit infrastructures or space exploration due to its effectiveness and optimum performance in space conditions. However, there are still some problems due to the dynamic coupling between the manipulators and the spacecraft.
These connections will be integrated by mechanical interfaces in order to put together the blocks, electrical interfaces for power transmission, thermal interfaces for heat regulation and interfaces to transmit data throughout the satellite.
SIROM standardized model will be crucial for on-orbit servicing missions such as docking, berthing, refueling, repairing, upgrading, transporting, rescuing, and orbital debris removal. Besides, it will be also key for the future of planetary robotic exploration, currently depending on a range of robotic assets such as lander and rovers and on the interaction between them and the additional payload elements.
MAG SOAR is in charge of the design, development, and manufacturing of the thermal interface, one of the main pieces of this robotic puzzle led by SENER.


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Please see the work below.
Work Step by Step
We can find the length of the wire as $L=r\theta$ We plug in the known values to obtain: $L=(8.1)(1.4)$ $L=11cm$
You can help us out by revising, improving and updating this answer.Update this answer
After you claim an answer you'll have 24 hours to send in a draft. An editor will review the submission and either publish your submission or provide feedback.


text:
Peptides could be key to battling Parkinson's disease
The hormones at the centre of the Australian sports doping scandal are being investigated for their potential to treat Parkinson's disease.
Australian scientists are exploring the use of peptides, which help human cells to repair and regenerate, to combat the degenerative nerve illness.
Parkinson's disease occurs when the cells that produce the chemical dopamine die or become damaged. It is characterised by involuntary shaking and muscle stiffness.
Deakin University researcher Richard Williams, who is working with scientists from the Australian National University and the Florey Neuroscience Institute, said peptides could be used to effectively build a new brain. He said the team had already created the tissue structure needed for cells to grow.
The project aims to combine this tissue with a patient's own stem cells to regenerate dopamine cells.
''We expect that when implanted, the material and stem cells would be accepted by the brain as normal tissue and grow to replace the damaged or dead cells,'' Dr Williams said. He said the creation of the tissue structure also had the potential to treat parts of the body which struggle to repair themselves, such as heart cells.
''Ultimately, it will be like taking your car to the garage to have new parts fitted to replace the worn-out ones,'' he said.
An Australian Crime Commission report last month identified widespread misuse of prohibited peptides in professional sport.


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Here's How You Should Be Storing Leftover Onions
After you're done chopping, there is an exact way to make sure your onions stay fresh for as long as possible.
Onions: either you love them or you hate them. The root vegetable, which comes in all different shapes, colors, and sizes, may have a peculiar taste and make you cry when you cut into them, but onions are often a leading ingredient in the kitchen. Think about it: they're key in salads, vegetable stir fry, and onion rings, to name a few. So it's important to know how to store onions properly to avoid spoilage.
That said, we checked in with the National Onion Association and Dr. Gitanjali Kundu, assistant professor of biology at Brookdale Community College in Lincroft, New Jersey, for the best onion storing practices—especially because the ingredient is often purchased in bulk.
Here's everything we learned about how to store onions—both uncut and cut—the right way.
Find a dark, cool, well-ventilated place to store uncut onions.
onions in a basket stored in a cabinet
Kiersten Hickman/Eat This, Not That!
Torn on what to do with that big bag of onions when you return from the grocery store? Skip the refrigerator. René Hardwick, Director of Public and Industry Relations for the National Onion Association, suggests keeping all bulb onions in a "dark, cool place: such as a pantry, basement, or garage, which can give the onions a shelf life of up to four weeks.
Dr. Kundu also points out that a dry, well-ventilated place is very important because "the mold, which is a fungi, cannot grow in dry environments because they need moisture for growth." The result? Slowed-down spoilage. In fact, according to one 2016 study, it's ideal to store uncut onions at a temperature of 40-50°F.
It's also imperative to store the uncut onions in a mesh bag or open basket rather than a plastic bag because plastic bags don't have the proper ventilation to help the onions last longer.
But what happens if you store the uncut onions in the refrigerator rather than in a dry, ventilated area? Because the refrigerator has little ventilation, the cold, humid conditions "triggers the growth of mold, so they will get spoiled faster," Dr. Kundu notes.
Have you ever noticed your refrigerated onions becoming sappy, soggy, and soft sooner than you'd like? That's because the plants store carbohydrates as complex sugar called starch, and when they're stored in a cool temperature, those complex starches get converted into simple sugar molecules. Dr. Kundu says: "Microorganisms, [such as mold], love sugar because sugar gives them the energy to grow."
Once you cut an onion, it's crucial to store any leftovers in the refrigerator.
chopped onions in a container and half an onion in a bag
Kiersten Hickman/Eat This, Not That!
When buying onions in bulk, it's oftentimes difficult to use them all at once. While there are ways to get creative with leftover onions (caramelize them or toss them with peppers and onions, for example), we often get in the habit of storing half an onion or diced/sliced onions for later use. But what's the best storage practice to avoid spoilage of cut onions? Store them in the refrigerator.
According to the USDA, whole peeled onions have a shelf life of 10-14 days refrigerated, while diced and sliced onions typically last 7-10 days refrigerated. It's recommended to store cut onions in a sealed container or plastic bag while in the refrigerator.
So why do we choose the refrigerator over a cool, dry place? Remember those rumors that you should never eat an onion out of the refrigerator because of bacteria? Not true. According to a 2017 McGill article, "bacteria are not spontaneously generated. They have to be somehow present to start with. Cutting boards and dirty hands are a possible source, but food spoilage bacteria do not become airborne; you need contact." Basically, this means that your onions are safe to be stored and eaten at a later date, as long as you didn't cut them on a cutting board that could be contaminated and you made sure your hands were clean while you were handling them.
Dr. Kundu explains, "It's like when you have a cut, you can introduce germs, and that compromised area can become infected more quickly….that has happened to the onion now."
Even though there are microorganisms inside the refrigerator, most of them can't multiply that quickly due to low metabolism at a temperature of 4°C. This leads to slowed down onion spoilage, she adds. "But if you had kept the uncut onion in room temperature, it is a good place for fungi to grow."
Cooked onions should be stored in the refrigerator as well.
"Sometimes cooked onions not stored properly can allow the growth of toxin-producing bacteria like enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Clostridium botulinum, etc.," Dr. Kundu says.
So, why in cooked onion, but not in raw?
"Because in raw onion, the active ingredients are there. So when you cook the onions, many antimicrobial compounds (including sulfuric acid) are diminished. Therefore you find more of a bacterial growth taking over."
"Several toxin-producing bacteria can take resistant forms called endospores. Getting rid of the endospores is a challenge to the food industry because these structures are very resistant to heat and cooking," Dr. Kundu adds. "So what it means is you have cooked the food thinking you've killed the bacteria, but endospores can still be present. They behave like a dead bacteria, and upon entering the human body become alive again and may further cause pathogenesis."
That said, store cooked onions for up to five days in a sealed container in the refrigerator.
Here's how to know if your onions have spoiled.
If you practice good onion-storing habits, you'll have a better grip on knowing when your onions have spoiled. But there are a few things to look out for to help you decide whether or not you should toss the vegetable.
"Change in the color is the biggest evidence of how you can tell an onion has gone bad," Dr. Kundu says. "[Look out for] gray spots, brown spots, black spots, and those velvet-like, fuzzy, cottony growths."
It helps that you are able to see the spoilage of the onions. "Molds are better at growing on onions rather than bacteria, because the molds like to grow in acidic pH. We call fungi acidophiles, which means acid-loving microorganisms."
"Sometimes, [the] presence of slime is also a sign depicting microorganisms have fed on the cells and sugar of the onion," she adds.
Our best advice? If you notice any mold on your onion, just send it right to the garbage.
There could be health risks associated with eating contaminated onions.
Back in 2012, there was an instance where contaminated onions were recalled. "There have been cases where people thought there was contamination of Listeria monocytogenes that could grow in refrigerator temperature," Dr. Kundu notes. "Listeria monocytogenes causes a fatal disease called listeriosis, which affects the immunocompromised population, which is people who have weak immune systems, such as pregnant women, infants, elderly people, people who have AIDS, or people who have undergone chemotherapy. It can be fatal to them."
According to Up to Date, Cladosporium, Alternaria, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Aspergillus are common genera of fungi that can be found indoors. "Fungi exposure can indeed cause adverse health effects, including infections, hypersensitivity disorders, and toxic/irritant effects from their by-products," the article reads. According to one study, toxins can also be associated with allergic incidents.
"Ingested in higher amounts, these fungi could be involved in toxin associated illnesses," Dr. Kundu additionally notes. "Some dangerous toxins produced by several species of fungi are mycotoxins, aflatoxin, fumonisin, ochratoxin, etc."
It's also important to note that last year, NOA confirmed onions cannot help cure the flu (yes, people really believed this!) and are not responsible for food poisoning. Phew!
Samantha Faragalli Younghans
Filed Under


Type Checking Modular Multiple Dispatch with Parametric Polymorphism and Multiple Inheritance
The Formalization in COQ might also be of interest to some.
Comment viewing options
Most specific instance selection
Thanks for the post, Sandro. This fits in well with our recent discussions on overloading.
I wonder if someone can justify this mechanism on semantic grounds. Why is it a good idea to even be asking the question of which is the most specific instance? When we are defining a function by pattern matching, we don't list a bunch of patterns in random order and let the compiler tease out which pattern is most specific. It seems to me that there are two cases with overloads:
1. At least one of the overloads is aware of the other and there is a particular order in which overloads should be tried (using the first that applies). This is the case with typical pattern matching of closed algebraic datatypes.
2. The overloads are mutually unaware of each other. In this case, I would argue that no ambiguity should be tolerated. Even if one is more "specific" than another, that may be accidental and shouldn't be used to resolve the overload.
It seems likely to me that the idea of "most specific dispatch" arose out of an attempt to handle both of these cases with a single mechanism. I'd question whether that is a good idea.
Your second case is handled
Your second case is handled in Fortress using the meet rule, where the definitions of each overloaded function must form a meet semilattice, ie. in the paper's words, "The Meet Rule requires every pair of declarations to have a disambiguating declaration, which is more specific than both and applicable whenever both are applicable. (If one of the pair is more specific than the other, then it is the disambiguating declaration.)".
If I understand you correctly, you're positing a scenario where some function foo has definitions on types (t1, t2) and (t0, t3) but dispatched on (t1, t3), where t1 <: t0 and t3 <: t2. In this case, the second definition isn't aware of the first, nor the first aware of the second. The meet rule would require a disambiguating overload to resolve this case.
Edit: as to whether it's a good idea, I'm not sure. I think most of the difficulties arise from the pervasive subtyping of Fortress. I can imagine a simpler language with more controlled subtyping, like an algebraic constructor being its own type that's a subtype of the algebraic type, to be much more straightforward.
Not that case, exactly
For example if one module defines f(Nat) and another f(Number), I'm saying it is a mistake to not report the ambiguity just because Nat is more specific. It's possible the person writing the call only had in mind the Number definition.
Perhaps a more specific
Perhaps a more specific example where this would be undesirable might demonstrate why this would be a bad idea. I'm not seeing how your example differs from overriding a method f by inheriting from Number. The code calling f on Number would know that it's calling a method that could be overridden by any subtypes.
I read this as "most OO languages don't have sensible semantics anyway, so how is this any different?" Fair enough, but I think you can often interpret object encodings in a somewhat sensible way, with methods contributing both an interface and a default implementation. A subclass can be seen as overriding the default implementations while building a record of methods. There is no "most specific type" based dispatch going on in this view, even if that would produce the same result. When we switch to multi-methods, there is no longer a corresponding (somewhat) sensible semantics.
When we switch to
Isn't there? What's the meaning of "sensible"? The Fortress semantics seem quite sensible to me, which is why I asked for a specific example where you think it, or even a single inheritance overriding, isn't sensible and so I can understand precisely what that means.
Edit: consider the example I brought up earlier, of limited subtyping where sum constructors are types that subtype the sum type itself. "Most specific" is then simply pattern matching, and moreover enables a form of extensible sums and cases. There doesn't seem to be anything nonsensical about the principle of "most specific" itself, so what I'm trying to say is that I think your problem with Fortress or multimethods probably lies elsewhere, like with the pervasive subtyping.
"Most specific" is then
But one that suffers from the problem of more specific patterns silently overriding more general patterns. In a modular setting, this looks like a misfeature to me. The "more specific than" relation looks like a proxy for "is intended to specialize". That seems dangerous when these patterns are spread among modules and the authors might not even be aware of each other.
Dangerous and Useful
Usually these specialisations are different algorithms that do the same thing. For example sorting is a family of algorithms. Current languages only impose syntactic and type constraints on the specialised algorithms in a family, but ideally there should be semantic constraints in the form of axioms.
However there will always be things that are difficult to enforce, for example how do you prove that vector addition is actually the same thing as integer or floating point addition.
Rust actually places constraints on where implementations can be declared, which is more restrictive than the axiomatic approach but much simpler to implement. Rusts rules are something like you can only implement a trait declared in another module for a type declared in the same module as the implementation. This leads to the common pattern of declaring a wrapper type in your module to allow you to implement library traits on generic type parameters (which might be instantiated with types declared elsewhere, so you need to wrap in a local type). This means you cannot redefine addition in integers, but you can define a wrapper and redefine addition on wrapped integers. Its overly restrictive because you cannot redefine addition on types that implement the integer-trait, because some of those types might already have addition defined elsewhere, but you can redefine addition on types that implement the integer-trait, and are wrapped in your local type wrapper.
Obviously these features have uses that would be affected if you just removed them and didn't replace them with anything else, but that's usually true for bad features as well as good ones. The question is whether the proposed mechanism is better than alternatives.
I'm generally skeptical of the approach to language design that starts with a mechanism and tries to tweak it until it has nice properties. I'd prefer to start by finding semantics that faithfully model the aspects of the problem we are interested in and then build a language around that semantics. "Most specific" dispatch still seems to me to be a fairly ad hoc mechanism.
Programming as Abstract Algebra
We want to model abstract algebra, so we start with implementing algorithms over common algebraic concepts (Elements of Programming, chapters 1 - 5). Then we understand the patterns of abstract algebra, we can look at algorithms over core computer science concepts like containers. It turns out the algebraic structure of containers can be modelled by a family of iterators, and so we explore the algorithms that can be implemented in terms of different iterators (Elements of Programming, chapters 6 - 9). Then we take what we have and look at how we can do something useful like rearrangements and rotations (which are very useful generic algorithms that turn out to have all sorts of uses, Elements of Programming, chapters 10 - 11). This includes algorithm selection which is where you want trait (or type-class) based dispatch, and specialisation, as you want to select the optimal rotation algorithm depending on the type of iterator supported by the container. This relies on the earlier decision that containers should only implement iterators that are efficient for that container (which follows the general principles of abstract algebra).
So this is all part of a disciplined mathematical model, and not ad-hoc in any way. Reading Elements of Programming should make this clear. Watching this video is a good place to start: _URL_
a use of lazy eval or something more sophisticated
I like the idea of specifying algorithms in the simplest forword form, and yet being able to pull data through layers of them as needed.
But lazy eval at least as implemented in haskell has the idea that if you can access an old calculation, it has to be persistent for the life of the program - it has no optimization that says it's sometimes better to stop caching and recalculate later.
I once tried to do this sort of thing with layers of ring buffers and optimized loops using templates in c++ (I was doing sound processing).
I never figured out why pulling data through many layers of these was slow - I thought I calculated the size and use of the buffers to not have to recalculate on normal use.
But I like this idea best:
YOu specify the algorithm in its simplist form, maybe with some small hint about needed overlap and expected block size, and another program optimizes the buffers and partial generators behind your back.
In other words I want a new model of computing based on metaprogramming!
Lazy evaluation is a misfeature
The problem with lazy evaluation is that the performance is very unpredictable and difficult for people to understand. Having spent some time writing large programs in Haskell, I now think default lazy evaluation was a misfeature. I prefer Rust's eager approach, as performance is much more predictable and understandable. I don't think you actually need lazyness, as you can just use an object and an iterator. If you always access collections through an iterator interface (which I think is the right way to do


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An Applied Empirical Framework for Invasion Science: Confronting Biological Invasion Through Collaborative Research Aimed at Tool ProductionAuthor(s): Gwylim Blackburn; Pierre Bilodeau; Tracey Cooke; Mingming Cui; Michel Cusson; Richard Hamelin; Melody Keena; Sandrine Picq; Amanda Roe; Juan Shi; Yunke Wu; Ilga Porth
Source: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Publication Series: Scientific Journal (JRNL)
Station: Northern Research Station
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DescriptionGlobal ecosystem functions, services, and commodities are increasingly threatened by biological invasions. As a result, there is an urgent need to manage invasive species through global collaborative research. We propose an 'applied empirical framework' (AEF) to aggressively confront the current global biological invasion crisis. The AEF builds on existing models for invasion science that advocate 1) standardized research designs to reveal key aspects of biological invasion, and 2) collaborative research to facilitate the sharing of resources and information. The AEF further emphasizes the need for 3) the production of research 'tools' (e.g., data, methodologies, technical instruments) designed for direct uptake by agencies that manage biological invasion, and 4) a taxonomically targeted approach in which task forces conduct rapid, in-depth research on top-priority invasive species across their entire geographic range. We review collaborative science and the distinctive roles played by different collaborator types. We then provide an example of the AEF in action through the BioSAFE initiative (Biosurveillance of Alien Forest Enemies), a highly collaborative project aimed at developing genomic research tools to facilitate biosurveillance and intervention for forest invasive species. We illustrate the BioSAFE approach through our research on two polyphagous insect species: the wood-borer Anoplophora glabripennis, Motschusky (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae; Asian longhorned beetle) and the defoliator Lymantria dispar, Linnaeus spp. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae; gypsy moth). These examples illustrate how the AEF can focus and accelerate our response to the global biological invasion crisis by applying the resource capabilities of collaborative research groups to generate management tools for top-priority invasive species.
- Check the Northern Research Station web site to request a printed copy of this publication.
- Our on-line publications are scanned and captured using Adobe Acrobat.
- During the capture process some typographical errors may occur.
- Please contact Sharon Hobrla, _EMAIL_ if you notice any errors which make this publication unusable.
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- This article was written and prepared by U.S. Government employees on official time, and is therefore in the public domain.
CitationBlackburn, Gwylim S; Bilodeau, Pierre; Cooke, Tracey; Cui, Mingming; Cusson, Michel; Hamelin, Richard C; Keena, Melody A; Picq, Sandrine; Roe, Amanda D; Shi, Juan; Wu, Yunke; Porth, Ilga. 2020. An Applied Empirical Framework for Invasion Science: Confronting Biological Invasion Through Collaborative Research Aimed at Tool Production. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 113(4): 230-245. _URL_
Keywordsbiological invasion, biosurveillance, collaborative science, gypsy moth, Asian longhorned beetle
- Long-distance dispersal of the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) facilitated its initial invasion of Wisconsin
- Assessing the potential of genotyping-by-sequencing-derived single nucleotide polymorphisms to identify the geographic origins of intercepted gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) specimens: A proof-of-concept study
- Micro-managing arthropod invasions: eradication and control of invasive arthropods with microbes
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CLIENT_RestoreBankHardwareContext function
The CLIENT_RestoreBankHardwareContext event callback function restores the hardware context of a bank of general-purpose I/O (GPIO) pins.
NTSTATUS CLIENT_RestoreBankHardwareContext(
 _In_ PVOID Context,
{... }
Context [in]
A pointer to the GPIO controller driver's device context.
Parameters [in]
A pointer to a GPIO_SAVE_RESTORE_BANK_HARDWARE_CONTEXT_PARAMETERS structure that describes the bank of GPIO pins to restore.
Return value
The CLIENT_RestoreBankHardwareContext function returns STATUS_SUCCESS if the call is successful. Otherwise, it returns an appropriate error status code.
If a bank of GPIO pins supports component-level power management, GpioClx can switch the bank to a low-power Fx state if the bank is idle. If the GPIO controller bank loses its hardware context in the Fx state, the GPIO controller driver must save this context before the F0-to-Fx transition, and, later, restore the context after the Fx-to-F0 transition. Currently, F1 is the only low-power state that is defined for GPIO controllers that use GpioClx.
GpioClx calls the CLIENT_RestoreBankHardwareContext function to restore the bank's previously saved hardware context. The hardware context was previously saved by the CLIENT_SaveBankHardwareContext event callback function.
Some GPIO controller devices enable selected banks of pins to be turned on and off independently of other banks in the same device. Thus, power can be saved by turning off a bank that is idle.
To register your driver's CLIENT_RestoreBankHardwareContext callback function, call the GPIO_CLX_RegisterClient method. This method accepts, as an input parameter, a pointer to a GPIO_CLIENT_REGISTRATION_PACKET structure that contains a CLIENT_RestoreBankHardwareContext function pointer.
GpioClx calls the CLIENT_RestoreBankHardwareContext callback function either at PASSIVE_LEVEL or DIRQL, depending on the device information that the CLIENT_QueryControllerBasicInformation callback function supplies to GpioClx. The CLIENT_QueryControllerBasicInformation function provides device information in the form of a CLIENT_CONTROLLER_BASIC_INFORMATION structure. If the MemoryMappedController flag bit is set in the Flags member of this structure, GpioClx calls the CLIENT_RestoreBankHardwareContext function at DIRQL, which is the IRQL at which the ISR in GpioClx runs. Otherwise, this function is called at PASSIVE_LEVEL. For more information about this flag bit, see Optional and Required GPIO Callback Functions.
To define a CLIENT_RestoreBankHardwareContext callback function, you must first provide a function declaration that identifies the type of callback function you're defining. Windows provides a set of callback function types for drivers. Declaring a function using the callback function types helps Code Analysis for Drivers, Static Driver Verifier (SDV), and other verification tools find errors, and it's a requirement for writing drivers for the Windows operating system.
For example, to define a CLIENT_RestoreBankHardwareContext callback function that is named MyEvtGpioRestoreBankHardwareContext, use the GPIO_CLIENT_RESTORE_BANK_HARDWARE_CONTEXT function type, as shown in this code example:
Then, implement your callback function as follows:
 PVOID Context,
{... }
The GPIO_CLIENT_RESTORE_BANK_HARDWARE_CONTEXT function type is defined in the Gpioclx.h header file. To more accurately identify errors when you run the code analysis tools, be sure to add the _Use_decl_annotations_ annotation to your function definition. The _Use_decl_annotations_ annotation ensures that the annotations that are applied to the GPIO_CLIENT_RESTORE_BANK_HARDWARE_CONTEXT function type in the header file are used. For more information about the requirements for function declarations, see Declaring Functions by Using Function Role Types for KMDF Drivers. For more information about _Use_decl_annotations_, see Annotating Function Behavior.
Target platform
Supported starting with Windows 8.
See Remarks.
See also
Send comments about this topic to Microsoft
© 2015 Microsoft


text:
A number of industries are predicated on the idea of a gatekeeper:
- Education is predicated on the idea of the teacher as the gatekeeper of knowledge.
- News media is predicated on the idea of the news outlet as the gatekeeper of news.
- Information technology is predicated on the idea of the IT department as the gatekeeper of technology.
- Human resources is predicated on the idea of the HR professional as the gatekeeper of talent and open jobs.
There are many more examples of gatekeepers in many different industries. You can likely think of a few of your own.
Yet look carefully at your lists of gatekeepers. How have those gatekeepers been foiled?
- Google is the gatekeeper of knowledge. No teacher can make a respectable claim that they can provide more raw knowledge.
- Social media and new media are the gatekeepers of news, to the point where some news outlets simply read Tweets on the air.
- BYOD and the democratization of tech and mobile have allowed people to sidestep IT and corporate security at every turn.
- Personal and social networks allow people to network directly with hiring managers for the best jobs.
So what's a gatekeeper to do? How do these professionals, these people, pivot in their roles to still be relevant in a space which has become highly democratized?
The answer is curation. For each democratization has brought its own troubles:
- What knowledge is valid? The idiocracy of false science and science denial are examples of democratization gone awry.
- How truthful is news? In an environment where anyone can report anything, lots of things are misreported or outright lied about.
- BYOD also means bring your own viruses, your own security problems, your own lost device problems.
- In increasingly fast pace environments, hiring managers don't have time to read hundreds of resumes and return emails.
The curator role solves all of these dilemmas. Imagine how these professions change their roles and responsibilities when they become curators:
- The teacher helps the student to think critically, evaluate sources, do primary research, and determine what is valid knowledge.
- News media no longer sources the news, they validate it. They do their research to ascertain what is true news.
- The IT department no longer dictates, but guides and enables by helping users understand their devices better.
- Human resources aides and assists by stemming the flow of raw talent or jobs, freeing managers' time once more.
While an interesting exercise, what does this have to do with marketing?
In case it escaped notice, marketing is democratized. Social media lets any employee or customer speak as authoritatively as we, the marketer can, and in many cases more credibly. Anyone can set up a landing page or web page in a CRM or marketing automation software. Anyone can boost a social post or run an AdWords campaign. It's incredibly easy for someone to set up rogue marketing initiatives.
Thus, marketing and marketers cannot be, and are not, the dictators and gatekeepers of marketing any longer. We must become the curators, the influence managers, the conductors of a marketing orchestra in which we welcome everyone to play, but we cannot compel them to do so.
Are you ready to shed the mantle of marketing gatekeeper and become your brand's marketing curator?
You might also enjoy:
- How to Set Your Public Speaking Fee
- Best Practices for Public Speaking Pages
- You Ask, I Answer: Marketing Trends vs. Tactics and Strategies?
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How to graph NBA data with SAS
People have always been fascinated by sports statistics, and with the recent popularity of fantasy sports there is an increased demand for custom analyses of the sports data. With those folks in mind, I have created a simple example that SAS programmers can use as a starting point for analyzing NBA data.
Before we get into the nitty gritty details, here's a picture of my friend Simone's son playing basketball (in the bright shirt, with the ball). He's tall, in shape, and smart, so I think he'll do well in basketball. Who knows, maybe one of these days we'll all be plotting his data in our NBA graphs!
I had recently read about some examples that demonstrate how to use the Python and R programming languages to analyze the NBA data, and decided to try my hand at using SAS to do something similar. With a bit of digging, I found the magic url that can be used to download the data for a specified player & season. I then wrote some SAS code to import the data directly from the Web page, into a SAS dataset.
After scrutinizing the data a bit, I determined that the 0,0 origin coordinate was in the middle of the basket, and all of the shots were shown in relation to one end of the court. I looked up the dimensions of an NBA basketball court, then determined the coordinates of the 4 corners, and created a map polygon I could use to represent the court in Proc Gmap. I then converted the shot data into an annotate dataset that would plot the missed shots as red x's and the made shots as blue o's. Here's what things looked like so far:
The above graph is nice, but it would be even better with some points-of-reference so we can see 'where' the player was when he made the shot. Therefore I worked out the coordinates of all the markings on the court, and created a special annotate dataset to draw them on the map (using annotate draw and polygon functions). Wow - what a difference that makes!How to graph NBA data with SAS _TAG_ Click To Tweet
The Proc Gmap approach is a good starting place for a spatial analysis, but how about analyzing the data over time? It was a simple matter to feed the data into Proc Gplot, and generate the following. Do you notice any trends in Stephen's shot data? Can you explain the outliers?
Just for Fun:
Here's a little quiz, to test your NBA knowledge, combined with your visual analytics perception skills. Below are three graphs - can you tell which goes with Kevin Durant, Lebron James, and Marc Gasol:
(Once you've made your guess, you can 'cheat' and look at the filenames of the images for a hint!)
About Author
Robert Allison
The Graph Guy!
 1. So cool! I went to Virginia Tech with Stephen's father, Dell Curry, before the school became well-known for its football program. Dell was year ahead of me.
 2. Pingback: A statistical analysis of Stephen Curry's shooting - The DO Loop
 3. Pingback: Nonparametric regression for binary response data in SAS - The DO Loop
 - Robert Allison
 Robert Allison on
 I can't remember exactly what page I got it from. I did a bunch of Google searches, and tried out several existing web-based NBA data query tools, and copy-n-pasted the URL from one of them, and trimmed it down a bit to do what I was wanting :)
 4. I wanted to imitate your work, but the code doesn't work!
 There was no observation in'my data', and I am poor at SAS, so I could not find what is the problem.
 Please comment..
 - Robert Allison
 Robert Allison on
 Have you defined the'my_proxy' macro variable, as described in the comments? Each site will have a different/unique proxy, so you need to define that based on your site...
 %let my_proxy=;
 The my_proxy macro variable's value is then utilized in the filename statement, to get to the data...
 filename temp_url url &url proxy="&my_proxy";
 5. Pingback: Wie treffsicher war Jordan unter Druck? - Mehr Wissen
 6. Pingback: My top 10 graph blog posts of 2016! - SAS Learning Post
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You asked: What is the defpoints layer for in autocad?
The Defpoints Layer is a standard system layer used by AutoCAD and IntelliCAD. When you create dimensions in IntelliCAD or AutoCAD, the dimensioning components such as extension lines, arrowheads, dimension lines, and dimension text are placed on the current layer.
What is the purpose of layers in AutoCAD?
How do I change the Defpoint layer?
What AutoCAD layer never appear on plots whether turned on or off?
This layer is automatically generated when a dimension is created in your AutoCAD drawing, this layer stores information about definition points of dimensions. Objects on this layer are visible in drawing area but these objects will not appear when you plot your drawing, plotting is turned off for Defpoints layer.
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How do you delete a layer in Defpoints?
Enter LAYDEL on the command line. Click Name or enter N. Select the Layer and click OK to delete it. Blocks can also stop a layer from being deleted.
What are the uses of layers?
How do I import a layer into AutoCAD?
 1. If necessary, open the Layer Properties Manager by clicking Home tab Layers panel Layer Properties.
 2. Click.
 3. Click Import/Export.
 4. Click Open.
 5. Select the drawing with the layer standards that you want to import, and click Open. …
 6. Under External File, select the layer standard that you want to import, and click Import.
14 мая 2019 г.
Which layer is automatically created when a dimension is added to the drawing?
When you create dimensions in IntelliCAD or AutoCAD, the dimensioning components such as extension lines, arrowheads, dimension lines, and dimension text are placed on the current layer. The first time dimensions are added to a drawing, the software also creates a special layer named "DEFPOINTS".
How do you make a Defpoint layer printable?
The best way would be to convert the defpoints objects to a printable layer then print to PDF. It is not possible to print/plot anything on the DEFPOINTS layer. That layer is never plottable. If you want to have the items on that layer to print, you will need to move the objects to a different layer before printing.
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How do I select a Defpoint in AutoCAD?
After turning off or freezing Layer 0 in an AutoCAD drawing file, objects placed on the Defpoints layer cannot be selected or edited. When Layer 0 is turned on and thawed, objects on the Defpoints layer can be selected and edited again.
How do I change the properties of a layer?
Modify the layer properties using the layer list. Click the current setting to change the layer property for the selected layer or group of layers. Note: The layer list can be filtered and sorted to make it easier to find and select the layers that you want to change. Click a column label to sort by that column.
How do you plot a Defpoint layer?
To turn it on, right-click and column heading and choose Plot. Move objects off the Defpoints layer. If there is a Defpoints layer in the drawing, any objects on that layer will not be plotted. Check the Shade Plot setting in the plot options and change it from As Displayed to Wireframe.
When objects are isolated all other layers are turned off?
After selecting one or more objects, all layers except the layers of the selected objects are either turned off, frozen in the current layout viewport, or locked, depending on the current setting. The layers that remain visible and unlocked are termed isolated. Note: Locked layers are faded by default.
Why can't I delete layer in AutoCAD?
It's not possible to delete a layer if there are objects on the layer or if objects are referencing the layer. If there are no such objects, use the LAYDEL command to delete the layers: Enter LAYDEL on the command line. Click Name or enter N.
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How do I delete a layer property in AutoCAD?
On the command line in AutoCAD, type FILTERS and then click the "Delete Filters" button.
To manually remove layer filters:
 1. Enter the LAYER command to open the Layer Properties Manager.
 2. Select all the layer filters.
 3. Right-click and choose Delete.
Which condition is required for a layer to get deleted?
To delete this layer, you must first erase all objects on it in the drawing. If the layer you try to delete is the current layer, you receive an error message. To delete this layer, make another layer current and then delete the layer.
Special Project


text:
Acute hepatitis panel
What is this panel?
Laboratory panels (a set of tests) are done for many reasons. Panels may be performed for routine health screenings or if a disease or toxicity is suspected. Panels may be used to determine if a medical condition is improving or worsening. Panels may also be used to measure the success or failure of a medication or treatment plan. Lab panels may be ordered for professional or legal reasons. Laboratory tests included in a panel may require one or more samples of different types. For example, both blood and urine samples may be needed. The samples may be taken at different times and using different methods. The following are tests that may be included in this panel:


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#297 – Create a Mirror Image of a Control or Image
May 11, 2011 Leave a comment
You can flip any image or control, creating a mirror image, by using a 2D scaling transformation.
A scaling transform is represented by an instance of the ScaleTransform class. You use it to scale the visual representation of any image or control in the X or Y dimension (or both).
The ScaleX and ScaleY properties of the ScaleTransform represent the scaling factors in either dimension. These values are normally positive, but we can use values less than zero to indicate that we also want the object flipped in the corresponding dimension.
In the example below, we scale an image to half (50%) its original size, and flip it in the X dimension.