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Live Longer, Work Longer | Purchase the report
Statistics on average effective age and official age of retirement in OECD countries
One indicator of retirement behaviour that abstracts from more general factors
affecting the level of participation rates is the average effective age at which older workers withdraw from the labour force – for the sake of brevity, this will be referred to as the effective age of retirement. In most countries, the effective age of retirement is well below the official age for receiving a full old-age pension. Japan and Korea are notable exceptions where the effective age of retirement is close to 70 for men despite an official retirement age of 60. In other countries, men on average are still in the workforce at age 65 in Denmark, Iceland, Ireland, Portugal and Switzerland, but have left work by their 60th birthday in Austria, Belgium, France, Hungary, Luxembourg and the Slovak Republic. Women, in general, retire around one to two years earlier than men.
In almost all OECD countries, the effective retirement age has declined substantially since 1970. But the trend decline has been interrupted recently. Over the past decade, most countries have either experienced a flattening out of the trend or a small upturn. But apart from Japan and Korea, the effective retirement age remains well below the levels of the 1960s and 1970s. These changes over time in the effective retirement age have mostly occurred in parallel fashion for both men and women, despite the trend increase in female participation rates.
Ageing and Employment Policies Project
Pensions at a Glance 2009: Retirement-Income Systems in OECD Countries


$, and $v$ is crucial to the design of the scheme.
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What is "u" in your advection-diffusion equation? If it represents the mass-fraction of a species then the total mass of that species will likely vary over time. Also, in this case the advection-diffusion equation itself is the continuity equation of that species.
I also believe that the equation should have a negative sign in front of the first term in the parenthesis of the right hand side.
Conservation of total mass should be satisfied from the initial condition unless you plan on solving a pressure-velocity coupling as well.
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Name: Google Earth Pro
$: 399.00 per year per user
Examples: Roma in Italy (featured image), Eritrea's Forgotten Prisons Exposed
Use For: Visually representing research; Spatial Analysis
Google Earth Pro allows the user to use Google Earth imagery to create maps, videos and conduct spatial analysis. Google Earth Pro costs $399.00 per year per user, however Google does have a grants program for schools and nonprofits. Google Earth Pro has many features, such as importing GIS data, map making, and creating movies, that are unavailable with the free version of Google Earth.
Google Earth Pro allows the user to create maps in a variety of ways. The user can draw polygons, lines, points, and paths into Google Earth directly or the user can upload a variety of files including Shape and KML files. Images can be uploaded and set to overlay Google Earth's imagery. Google Earth Pro has a tool to import CSV spreadsheets to allow for easy mapping of Geocoded data.
Once the data has been mapped it is possible to change the color, title and other attributes of the data set. To finalize the map the user can add a legend, directional indicator, scale and title. Maps can be printed, saved as an image or PDF, or exported as a KML.
Information and Modeling:
Google Earth Pro allows the user to measure distances and areas. This tool can be used to determine the size of a refugee camp or prison that a researcher cannot visit. It can also be used to determine the distance of a location from critical resources like water or food. Google Earth Pro takes advantage of Google Earth's 3D imagery, allowing the user to determine the line of sight from a location and model 3D buildings. Google Earth Pro also has pre-made maps that display demographic and traffic count data.
Google Earth Pro allows the user to record and save 3D viewer imagery. This imagery can be published to a website or used in a video. Eritrea's Forgotten Prisons Exposed demonstrates how imagery from Google Earth Pro can be incorporated into a video to give the viewer a sense of a location that is inaccessible to camera crews.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Networks > Interest Groups
What is an Interest Group?
An Interest Group is a group of planners with a common interest who wish to engage in work in that particular area. This involves sharing best practice, keeping people up to date with developments in the field, offering professional development for planners, promoting the planning voice within and outside of the sector, and providing communities of practice to which others wishing to find out more about that particular topic can be directed. Interest groups are open to all members, and you can join by updating your preferences in your online HESPA profile, ensuring that you tick the name of the Interest Group you wish to join.
As a guide, an Interest Group should:
 1. Have a lead member
 2. Hold meetings
 3. Link to the annual conference, if appropriate
 4. Produce resources for the website
 5. Review its own activity on an ongoing basis to ensure valuable outputs are being delivered and establish relevant next steps
Common features of an Interest Group:
 1. It is a defined, contactable group
 2. It provides a resource bank to those who are interested
 3. It has the ability to offer expertise
 4. It holds virtual sessions to share best practice and enable a forum for questions and discussion
 5. It performs the role of an advisory group
 6. It uses an online discussion forum
 7. It has a clear sense of remit
 8. It offers a sense of what members of the group can get out of it and fulfils these tangible outputs
Our current networks include:
Workload Management
Student Number Planning
Statutory Returns
Data Science
Scottish Planners Group:
Scottish Student Number Planning
Scottish Funding Council Interactions
Data and BI in Scotland
Strategy Development in Scotland
Risk Management in Scotland
Scottish Policy


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Hunger in Asia
What region of Asia has the worst hunger?
Total Votes: 2
There are at least 18 countries in Asia that suffer from hunger and about 61% or 615 million of the world's 923 million hungry people are in Asia. Asia is the world's most populated country in the world, meaning hunger numbers are going to be higher than in most countries. The southern part of Asia is the area with the worst hunger. The good thing is that rice, an important food source for Asia, is a crop, meaning it can be grown in most places. However, weather can be an important factor. Asian hunger is a major problem, though it does have solutions.
Causes of Hunger in Asia
One of several of the causes is that Asia's huge population, which is always growing, makes for little food for some. Another reason is that in some areas, the land is not viable enough to grow the necessary food for the poorer citizens.
Effects of Hunger in Asia
An important effect of hunger in Asia is, as in other places, deaths from starvation and as we said on the first page, 25,000 die on average every day and 1,042 every hour. Another effect is the children whose families can afford to educate them cannot focus during classes and therefore do not do as well. Also, the people have weaker immune systems and the children cannot grow as well.
Asian Hunger Solutions
The probable solution for hunger in Asia is that in places where the land is not able to grow food for the masses is using either hydroponics or aeroponics, which a product called the AeroGarden uses and is sold in the U.S. Hydroponics is a method of growing almost all terrestrial plants in a mineral nutrient solution instead of soil, and actually uses much less water than standard agriculture and also produces more. Aeroponics is used with hydroponics a backup in case of failure but uses a mist format of the nutrient solution and the increased aeration of the solution allows more oxygen to go to the plants and have more growth. The downside to hydroponics is that it could stimulate samonella, so aeroponics is the logical choice for Asia's hunger crisis.


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to dirt late models with the main differences being the bodies closer resemble production cars,use iron engines up to 434 cubic inch with no rear offset and run much larger sprintcar tyres on the rear.
Stock car racing in Australia
Stock car racing in the NASCAR mould (AUSCAR) had a following in Australia but that has now passed.
Stock car racing in United Kingdom
Stock, in the sense of cars appearing to be similar to conventional road vehicles, is represented in the UK (and Europe) by touring cars.
The term'stock cars' in the UK refers to a specialised form of racing that bears little resemblance to any road car.
Stock car racing was brought to Britain in 1954. Taking place on existing greyhound or speedway tracks, the cars were mostly'stock' cars from the 1930s with locked rear axle differentials and added armour. After the first couple of years'specials' began to appear eventually making the'stock' car name something of a misnomer. Since the early days of stock car racing in Britain the sport has developed into many different classes, from the destructive 'Banger' categories to the very sophisticated National Hot Rods. However, the name'stock car' is usually reserved for that racing class which traces its roots back to these early days in 1950s, BriSCA F1 Stock Cars, which were previously known as "The Seniors" or "Senior Stock Cars". Despite the physical demands of this full-contact sport, many competitors have been racing for 20 and even 30 years. For the first 10 years of the sport, stock cars were either adapted from road cars, or bore the recognizable bodywork of road cars. By the 1970s, chassis and bodywork had evolved into very specialized forms.
The modern BriSCA Formula 1 Stock Cars are a highly sophisticated purpose built race car with race-tuned V-8 engines developing 650 bhp, quick change axles and gearboxes and biased and staggered chassis and braking set up for constant left turning. However large bumpers were mandatory with contact very much encouraged to remove opponents. The sport can be seen at venues throughout Britain and Mainland Europe. A downsized version of the BriSCA Formula 1 Stock Cars, the smaller BriSCA Formula 2 Stock Cars, previously known as "The Juniors" or "Junior Stock Cars", are also very popular. these cars are powered by the 2 litre Ford 'Pinto' engine. There are also many other formulas running on the oval tracks throughout a season that starts around March/Easter and continues to October/November.
In the 2008 World Final, held at Ipswich, Andy Smith raced to victory becoming the 2008 BriSCA F1 Stock Car World Champion for the second time in his career, taking the crown from brother Stuart Smith Jnr. 2009 also saw Andy Smith win again this time at Kings Lynns Norfolk Arena. 2010 saw Andy Smith win for a 3rd consecutive time at Coventry, the same venue as his 1st win in 2006. The 2011 World Championship took place at Northampton on September 10 with 2 Paul Harrison the winner of the Gold Roof. The 2012 World Championship held at Skegness was won by 217 Lee Fairhurst. The 2013 World Championship will be held at King's Lynn on Saturday 21 September.
In 2008, Ian Thompson Jr. became the first driver from Northern Ireland to win the Brisca F2 Stock Car World title since 1972 when he took the honours at Bristol in 2008. However, it was in controversial circumstances after first across the line Gordon Moodie (Thomson Jr's brother-in-law) was disqualified from the race after being found with carburetor irregularities at post race scrutineering. This irregularity has since been proven to be a manufacturing fault with the control of the driver but the governing body have refused to reinstate Gordon Moodie as the winner in the record books. In 2009 the World Championship winner was Micky Brennan and in 2010 the World Championship winner was John Fortune. The 2011 World Championship Final took place at Kings Lynns Norfolk Arena on Saturday 17 September with 871 Mark Simpson winner of the Gold Roof. In 2012 the World Championship was won again by 968 Micky Brennan this time held at Barford. The 2013 World Championship weekend will be held over 2 days of racing on 14/15 September at Smeatharpe near Honiton in Devon.
Another open wheeled stock car formula that races in the UK are Spedeworth Superstox. Licensed by Spedeworth, as opposed to BriSCA, Superstox are similar to Formula Two Stock Cars with the main visual difference being a smaller wing on the roof. These cars are also powered by the 2 litre Ford 'Pinto' engine. The 2010 World Championship Final held at Ipswich was won by Colin Aylward. The 2011 World Championship Final was held at Londons Wimbledon Stadium on Sunday 23 October and won by 151 Nick Smith. The 2012 World Championship was again held at Ipswich and won by Scot 177 Stuart Gilchrist. The 2013 World Championship will be held at Lochgelly in Fife, Scotland, with the date tbc.
Another form of UK stock car racing is Saloon Stock Cars, regulated by the Saloon Stock Car Association. This formula is based on heavily armoured Ford Sierra, Ford Mondeo, Vauxhall Vectra cars purposely reconstructed for this full contact class. The 2011 World Championship was held at Skegness in August with 677 Eddie Darby the winner of the Gold Roof for the next 12 months. The 2012 World Championship Final was held at Smeatharpe Raceway near Honiton in Devon in August 2012 and again won by 677 Eddie Darby. Other similar Stock Car classes are the 2 Litre Stock Cars licensed by Spedeworth and the 1300 Stock Cars licensed by several different promotors each to slightly differing rules although steps are currently being taken to standardise the specifications in order to make it a national class. The 2012 World Championship was won by 79 Barry Radcliffe at Ipswich. The 2013 World Championship will be held at King's Lynn on Saturday 17 August.
Stock car driver career paths
NASCAR stars take various paths to the highest stock car divisions. Some start racing on dirt surfaces but all end up racing on asphalt surfaces as they progress in their career. They frequently start in karting or in cars that are completely stock except for safety modifications. They generally advance through intermediate or advanced local-level divisions. The highest local division, asphalt late model racing, is generally considered a requirement to advance to the next step, regional and national touring series.
Dirt track drivers follow the same general path. Their highest divisions are less well-known national touring late model series such as the World of Outlaws Late Model Series and regional touring series. The first woman to ever drive a stock car was Sue Monaghan from New Hampshire. Her career began in 1979. Though all we have left of her career is a picture of a non-moving car with nobody in it, she was the only woman to ever do it right.
Crossover drivers
Some drivers have entered stock car racing after starting on a very different career path. The most famous might well be Mario Andretti, who is the only driver ever to win the Indianapolis 500 (1969), NASCAR's Daytona 500 (1967), and the Formula One World Championship (1978). Juan Pablo Montoya is the only other driver with wins in all 3 series, with an Indy 500 win (2000), 7 Formula One wins and 2 Sprint Cup wins (2007 and 2010).
Montoya initially surprised the auto racing community by leaving F1, but he was quickly followed by other drivers. Open wheel stars like Sam Hornish Jr., Patrick Carpentier, Dario Franchitti, Jacques Villeneuve and A.J. Allmendinger all made the move to the Sprint Cup series, with varying degrees of success. Two-time Australian V8 Supercar Champion Marcos Ambrose has competed the Sprint Cup Series events since 2007.
Other drivers compete often in stock car racing but are well known for their success elsewhere. Ron Fellows and Boris Said are champion road racers and are often brought in by teams solely to compete in NASCAR's road course events. Robby Gordon is one of NASCAR's few remaining owner-drivers, but he is most famous for his numerous off-road championships and his 3 Baja 1000 wins.
Stock car racing compared to other forms of motorsport
Stock car races take place predominantly on oval tracks of 3 or 4 turns, with all turns to the left. Oval tracks are classified as short track (less than 1 mile), intermediate or speedway (1 to 2 miles) or superspeedway (over 2 miles). Road courses are any tracks having both left and right turns. Depending on the track, typical race speeds can vary from 90 miles per hour (140 km/h) at Martinsville to over 200 miles per hour (320 km/h) at Talladega. In 1987 Bill Elliot's 212.809 mph (342.483 km/h) qualifying time at Talladega brought about a change at superspeedways (Daytona and Talladega). Such high speeds and Bobby Allison's car going airborne into the catch-fence and injuring fans forced NASCAR to implement power-reducing measures, one

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Sociable= enjoying being with other people
- Spirited=full of energy and determination
- Stubborn= determined not to change your mind, even when people think you are being unreasonable (keras kepala)
- Strong-willed= knowing exactly what you want to do and being determined to achieve it, even if other people advice you against it
- Submissive= always willing to obey someone even if they are unkind to you
- Suspicious= penuh curiga
- Tactful= being careful not to say or do something that will annoy or upset other people
- Tactless= likely to upset or ambarrass someone without intending to
- Talkative= liking to talk a lot
- Tenacious= determined to do something and unwilling to stop trying even when the situation becomes difficult
- Thoughtful= serious and quiet because you are thinking a lot
- Thoughtless= forgetting about the needs and feelings of other people because you are thinking about what you want
- Timid= not having courage or confidence
- Unaffectionate= not showing feelings or liking to love
- Unforgiving= unwilling to forgive
- Unsympathetic= not showing, especially by what they say, that they understand and care about someone's suffering
- Workhaholic= someone who cannot stop working and does not have time for anything else
How? Not enough?
Okay, let's find out more resources to learn English.
Just click here to find more English resources in English Daily Conversation….^_^


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The Gateworks Ventana Family of Single Board Computers is well suited for multimedia applications. The Freescale i.MX6 processor has hardware encoding and decoding making for very little processor overhead. To take advantage of this hardware decoding it is important to always use the 'vpuenc' and 'vpudec' gstreamer pipeline elements.
- vpuenc – VPU (Video Processing Unit) encoder
- vpudec – VPU (Video Processing Unit) decoder
It is also important to use a high compression video format such as H.264 which uses significantly less network bandwidth while retaining good quality. To use this, we encode by using the following pipeline element:
- vpuenc codec=avc
When streaming over the network, TCP is a reliable protocol but often too stringentfor video applications. UDP is often preferred so that even if packets are lost, the stream will continue without waiting for the lost packet. To use UDP, we use the udpsrc and udpsink pipeline elements.
Here is an example pipeline to stream live video over the network using two Ventana Single Board Computers. Be sure the two single board computers are on the same network and can ping each other. Both should also be running OpenEmbedded Yocto operating system. An analog video camera is connected to the video input on a Ventana board. Another Ventana board is connected to a HDMI monitor.
Start the server board pipeline first: (board with HDMI monitor connected)
root@ventana:~# gst-launch udpsrc port=9001! h264parse! queue max-size-time=0 max-size-buffers=0! vpudec low-latency=true frame-plus=1 framedrop=false! mfw_v4lsink sync=false async=false
Then start the client pipeline (board with analog video camera connected)
root@ventana:~# gst-launch tvsrc device=/dev/video0! vpuenc codec=avc! udpsink host=192.168.1.2 port=9001sync=false async=false
For more information, please view our GStreamer Software Wiki here: _URL_


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opinions of civilization in countries
Talk about things you know
In ancient China, people believe what civilized behavior is, what kind of behavior is uncivilized;In foreign countries, how people look at this civilization?
China are renowned for their "ancient civilization", "polite and civilized country," with the world. Courtesy of civilization, focusing on performance. 3 main areas: 1, to speak of civilization; Second, modest,humility; III dignified manner.
Apr. 30, 2009
Book that:Respect for others, it is necessary to equal treatment, regardless of high or low grades,same.If only the upper classes to offer its CLARK to check financial potential in order to pay interest, and in fact for small."The Analects of Confucius Zi Han" contains: Confucius seen wearing mourning, Wearing the hat and the Blind.Each other, even if these young people, must stand up Confucius.Others have been before the trip, we quickly came to show respect.King's method of the ancients, but also a place to learn.Must respect the wishes of others, understanding other people's needs and taboos, not imposing.Do not ask others not to do, do not force others to accept things that do not like.The ancients said: "do not want to own, not to impose on people (Note:" The Analects of Confucius Yen-Yuan ")," This is what I meant.
Apr. 15, 2009
Did not pay tribute to is a courtesy greetings,commonly used in people who have known social occasions in the greeting dad told me Social occasions,People tend to pay tribute to the use of wave Bow to pay tribute to Hat compliments Friendly form to express meaning. If the voice greeting Will be appointed as the phenomenon is uncivilized.
Apr. 15, 2009


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void *dlopen(const char *file, int mode);
The dlopen() function shall make an executable object file specified by file available to the calling program. The class of files eligible for this operation and the manner of their construction are implementation-defined, though typically such files are executable objects such as shared libraries, relocatable files, or programs. Note that some implementations permit the construction of dependencies between such objects that are embedded within files. In such cases, a dlopen() operation shall load such dependencies in addition to the object referenced by file. Implementations may also impose specific constraints on the construction of programs that can employ dlopen() and its related services.
A successful dlopen() shall return a handle which the caller may use on subsequent calls to dlsym() and dlclose(). The value of this handle should not be interpreted in any way by the caller.
The file argument is used to construct a pathname to the object file. If file contains a slash character, the file argument is used as the pathname for the file. Otherwise, file is used in an implementation-defined manner to yield a pathname.
If the value of file is 0, dlopen() shall provide a handle on a global symbol object. This object shall provide access to the symbols from an ordered set of objects consisting of the original program image file, together with any objects loaded at program start-up as specified by that process image file (for example, shared libraries), and the set of objects loaded using a dlopen() operation together with the RTLD_GLOBAL flag. As the latter set of objects can change during execution, the set identified by handle can also change dynamically.
Only a single copy of an object file is brought into the address space, even if dlopen() is invoked multiple times in reference to the file, and even if different pathnames are used to reference the file.
The mode parameter describes how dlopen() shall operate upon file with respect to the processing of relocations and the scope of visibility of the symbols provided within file. When an object is brought into the address space of a process, it may contain references to symbols whose addresses are not known until the object is loaded. These references shall be relocated before the symbols can be accessed. The mode parameter governs when these relocations take place and may have the following values:
Any object loaded by dlopen() that requires relocations against global symbols can reference the symbols in the original process image file, any objects loaded at program start-up, from the object itself as well as any other object included in the same dlopen() invocation, and any objects that were loaded in any dlopen() invocation and which specified the RTLD_GLOBAL flag. To determine the scope of visibility for the symbols loaded with a dlopen() invocation, the mode parameter should be a bitwise-inclusive OR with one of the following values:
If neither RTLD_GLOBAL nor RTLD_LOCAL are specified, then an implementation-defined default behavior shall be applied.
If a file is specified in multiple dlopen() invocations, mode is interpreted at each invocation. Note, however, that once RTLD_NOW has been specified all relocations shall have been completed rendering further RTLD_NOW operations redundant and any further RTLD_LAZY operations irrelevant. Similarly, note that once RTLD_GLOBAL has been specified the object shall maintain the RTLD_GLOBAL status regardless of any previous or future specification of RTLD_LOCAL, as long as the object remains in the address space (see dlclose() ).
Symbols introduced into a program through calls to dlopen() may be used in relocation activities. Symbols so introduced may duplicate symbols already defined by the program or previous dlopen() operations. To resolve the ambiguities such a situation might present, the resolution of a symbol reference to symbol definition is based on a symbol resolution order. Two such resolution orders are defined: load or dependency ordering. Load order establishes an ordering among symbol definitions, such that the definition first loaded (including definitions from the image file and any dependent objects loaded with it) has priority over objects added later (via dlopen()). Load ordering is used in relocation processing. Dependency ordering uses a breadth-first order starting with a given object, then all of its dependencies, then any dependents of those, iterating until all dependencies are satisfied. With the exception of the global symbol object obtained via a dlopen() operation on a file of 0, dependency ordering is used by the dlsym() function. Load ordering is used in dlsym() operations upon the global symbol object.
When an object is first made accessible via dlopen() it and its dependent objects are added in dependency order. Once all the objects are added, relocations are performed using load order. Note that if an object or its dependencies had been previously loaded, the load and dependency orders may yield different resolutions.
The symbols introduced by dlopen() operations and available through dlsym() are at a minimum those which are exported as symbols of global scope by the object. Typically such symbols shall be those that were specified in (for example) C source code as having extern linkage. The precise manner in which an implementation constructs the set of exported symbols for a dlopen() object is specified by that implementation.
If file cannot be found, cannot be opened for reading, is not of an appropriate object format for processing by dlopen(), or if an error occurs during the process of loading file or relocating its symbolic references, dlopen() shall return NULL. More detailed diagnostic information shall be available through dlerror().
No errors are defined.
The following sections are informative.
dlclose(), dlerror(), dlsym(), the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,


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What is SAP ERP Financials?
SAP ERP Financials provides modular applications that enable organisations to tailor SAP solutions to their specific business needs. These applications cover core accounting and reporting capabilities, receivables management, treasury, and shared services. They offer complete financial management solutions for a broad range of industries, one that furthers deep operational insight, unifies strategic action, and measures results quickly.
'Ensure financial compliance and rapid growth with SAP Enterprise Resource Planning Financials.'
What is SAP ERP FinancialsControlling?
Controlling is a significant aspect of SAP ERP. Financial Controlling provides an organization with reliable and accurate information for management decision-making. It facilitates coordination, monitoring, and optimization of all processes in an organization; and involves the recording of both the consumption of production factors, services provided by an organization, as well as the documentation of actual events. One can determine variances by comparing the actual data with the one that was planned earlier on. These variance calculations help in controlling business flows. Income statements, such as contribution margin accounting, are used for controlling the cost efficiency of individual departments, as well as that of the entire organization.
What is the Scope of Financial AccountingControlling?
- Cost centers accounting
- Profit centers accounting
- Profitability analysis
- Project system
- Activitybased costing
- Product costing
- Internal order
The SAP ERP Financial Controlling module involves closed cost accounting from various cost centers and the consideration of cost element accounting through profitability analysis.
Some key concepts are discussed below;
Cost Element Accounting
Cost Elements track the types of expenditures. They form categories of costs that are independent from external or financial reporting requirements, but help the management track all costs according to internal accounting policies.
Cost Centre Accounting
In business, a cost centre is a division that adds to the cost of an organisation, but only indirectly adds to its profit. Typical examples include research and development, marketing and customer services.
Profitability Analysis enables an organization to evaluate various market segments, which can be classified according to products, customers, orders or any combination of these; or strategic business units such as sales organizations or business areas, (with respect to an organisations profit or contribution margin).
Two forms of Profitability Analysis are:
- Costing-based Profitability Analysis is the form of profitability analysis that groups costs and revenues according to value fields and costing-based valuation approaches, both of which can be self-defined. It guarantees access at all times to a complete, short-term profitability report. Cost of Goods sold is recognized after goods are billed; and before being shipped.
- Account-based Profitability Analysis is a form of profitability analysis organized in accounts and uses an account-based valuation approach. The distinguishing characteristic of this form is its use of cost and revenue elements. It provides a profitability report that is permanently reconciled with financial accounting. Cost of goods sold is recognized after goods are shipped and before being billed.
Profit Centre Accounting
Profit Centre Accounting determines profits and losses with profit centres using the popular period accounting or the cost-of-sales approach. It also analyzes fixed capital and the "statistical key figures" (number of employees, square meters, and so on) with respect to profit centres. Consequently, an organisation can calculate all key figures commonly used in cost accounting (return on investment, cash flow, sales per employee, and so on).


Ring Lardner
Last updated
Ring Lardner
Ring Lardner LC-DIG-npcc-03879.jpg
BornRinggold Wilmer Lardner
(1885-03-05)March 5, 1885
Niles, Michigan, United States
DiedSeptember 25, 1933(1933-09-25) (aged 48)
East Hampton, New York, United States
OccupationWriter, journalist
SpouseEllis Abbot
Children John, James, Ring Jr., and David.
Ringgold Wilmer "Ring" Lardner (March 5, 1885 [1] – September 25, 1933) was an American sports columnist and short story writer best known for his satirical writings on sports, marriage, and the theatre. His contemporaries Ernest Hemingway, Virginia Woolf, and F. Scott Fitzgerald all professed strong admiration for his writing, and author John O'Hara directly attributed his understanding of dialogue to him.
Syndicated writing
Lardner started his writing career as a sports columnist, finding work with the newspaper South Bend Times in 1905. In 1907, he relocated to Chicago, where he got a job with the Inter-Ocean. Within a year, he quit to work for the Chicago Examiner, and then for the Tribune. [2] Two years later, Lardner was in St. Louis, writing the humorous baseball column Pullman Pastimes for Taylor Spink and the Sporting News. Some of this work was the basis for his book You Know Me, Al. Within three months, he was an employee of the Boston American.
In 1913, Lardner returned to the Chicago Tribune, which became the home newspaper for his syndicated column In the Wake of the News (started by Hugh Keough, who had died in 1912). The column appeared in more than 100 newspapers, and is still published in the Tribune. Lardner's Tribune and syndicated writing was not exclusively sports related: his dispatches from/near the World War One front were collected in the book My Four Weeks in France, and his immersive coverage of the 1920 Democratic Convention resulted in Lardner receiving 0.5 votes on the 23rd ballot.
Books and stories
In 1916, Lardner published his first successful book, You Know Me Al, an epistolary novel written in the form of letters by "Jack Keefe", a bush-league baseball player, to a friend back home. The letters made much use of the fictional author's idiosyncratic vernacular. It had initially been published as six separate but interrelated short stories in The Saturday Evening Post, causing some to classify the book as a collection of stories, others as a novel. Like most of Lardner's stories, You Know Me Al employs satire, in this case, to show the stupidity and avarice of a certain type of athlete. The journalist Andrew Ferguson wrote that "Ring Lardner thought of himself as primarily a sports columnist whose stuff wasn't destined to last, and he held to that absurd belief even after his first masterpiece, You Know Me Al, was published in 1916 and earned the awed appreciation of Virginia Woolf, among other very serious, unfunny people." Ferguson termed the book one of the top five pieces of American humor writing. [3]
Sarah Bembrey has written about a singular event in Lardner's sportswriting experience: "In 1919 something happened that changed his way of reporting about sports and changed his love for baseball. This was the Black Sox scandal when the Chicago White Sox sold out the World Series to the Cincinnati Reds. Ring was exceptionally close to the White Sox and felt he was betrayed by the team. After the scandal, Ring always wrote about sports as if there were some kink to the outcome." [2] Lardner's last fictional baseball writing was collected in the book Lose with a Smile (1933).
Lardner later published such stories as "Haircut", "Some Like Them Cold", "The Golden Honeymoon", "Alibi Ike", and "A Day with Conrad Green." He also continued to write follow-up stories to You Know Me Al, with the protagonist of that book, the headstrong but gullible Jack Keefe, experiencing various ups and downs in his major league career and in his personal life. Private Keefe's World War I training camp letters home to his friend Al were collected in the book Treat 'Em Rough: Letters From Jack the Kaiser Killer. The sequel, The Real Dope, followed Keefe overseas to the trenches in France.
Theatre and music
Lardner also had a lifelong fascination with the theatre, although his only Broadway three-act successes were the thrice-filmed Elmer The Great, co-written with George M. Cohan, and June Moon, a comedy authored with Broadway veteran George S. Kaufman. Lardner also wrote skits for the Ziegfeld Follies. and a series of brief nonsense plays that ridiculed the conventions of the theatre using zany humor and outrageous, impossible stage directions, such as "The curtain is lowered for seven days to denote the lapse of a week."
He was a dedicated composer and lyricist: both his first – Zanzibar (1903) – and last – June Moon (1929) – published stage works included several Lardner tunes. He wrote at least one recorded song for Bert Williams, co-wrote one for Nora Bayes, and provided the lyrics for the song "That Old Quartet" (1913) by Nathaniel D. Mann. Other collaborators of note included Aubrey Stauffer, Jerome Kern on Very Good Eddie (1915), and Vincent Youmans – with whom he toiled on the Ziegfeld - Marilyn Miller - Astaires musical, Smiles (1930).
Lardner's books were published by Maxwell Perkins, who also edited Lardner's most important contemporaries, including Fitzgerald who, unlike Hemingway, [4] also became Lardner's friend. Although Lardner held his own short stories in sufficiently low regard, he did not save copies, and had to get copies from the magazines who had first published them to compile a book, [5] Lardner influenced several of his more famous peers:
Cultural references
Personal life
Born in Niles, Michigan, Ring Lardner was the son of wealthy parents, Henry and Lena Phillips Lardner. He was the youngest of nine children. Lardner's name came from a cousin of the same name. The cousin had been named by Lardner's uncle, Rear Admiral James L. Lardner, who had decided to name his son after a friend, Rear Admiral Cadwalader Ringgold, who was from a distinguished military family. Lardner never liked his given name and abbreviated it to Ring, naming one of his sons Ring Jr.
In childhood he wore a brace for his deformed foot until he was eleven. He also had a passion for baseball, stage, and music. [1] He later attended the Armour Institute in Chicago. [1]
Lardner married Ellis Abbott of Goshen, Indiana, in 1911. They had four sons, John, James, Ring Jr., and David, all of whom became professional writers.
Lardner died on September 25, 1933, at the age of 48 in East Hampton, New York, of a heart attack due to complications from tuberculosis. [2]
Sons and great-nephew
Essays and other contributions
 1. 1 2 3 Lardner, Ring. Ring Lardner Reader. Scribners.p. xiv
 2. 1 2 3 Bembrey, Sarah, ed. (Fall 1999). "Ring Lardner, Sr". The Lardner Dynasty. Interactive Media Lab, University of Florida.
 3. Ferguson, Andrew (2 December 2006). "Five Best: Laughter that Lasts". The Wall Street Journal. p. P8. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2006.
 4. Bruccoli, Matthew J., ed. (1996). The Only Thing That Counts: The Ernest Hemingway - Maxwell Perkins Correspondence. Scribner.
 5. Berg, A. Scott (1978). Max Perkins, Editor of Genius. New American Library. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-399-58483-1.
 6. Gelfant, Blanche H. (and Lawrence Graver) (2004) The Columbia Companion to the Twentieth-century American Short Story, Columbia University Press. (See Ring Lardner, p.322)
 7. "Lardner Connections: Fitzgerald, Hemingway, Leyner, McMillan, Newman". tridget.com. 18 March 2006.
 8. O'Hara, 1952, foreword to Appointment in Samarra, The Modern Library, 1994.
 9. Booth, Wayne C. (1983). The Rhetoric of Fiction, 2nd ed. University of Chicago Press. pp. 3–20. ISBN 0-226-06556-1.
 10. Eight Men Out Movie Review, DVD Release Archived 2008-03-10 at the Wayback Machine, Filmcritic.com
 11. "Ring Lardner". Chicago Literary Hall of Fame. 2016.


How to Program an RCA Universal Remote Using Manual Code Search
From Howiw
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If the other directions did not work, try these simple steps to program an RCA Universal Remote.
 1. First, You have to Turn on the target device VCR, DVD TV etc.
 2. Next, Press and hold code search until the LED lights.
 3. Release the code search.
 4. Next, You have to Press and release the component key you wish to program.
 5. (the indicator light should have blinked and remained lit).
 6. The directions are, from this point on, identical to the others (which had you holding the code search button while you press and release the component key)
 7. Aim the remote at the target device, press on-off until the component turns off.
 8. Press enter to save the code.
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Workers and clientele in hairdressers and beauty salons face a number of potential hazards from the range of treatments that they provide. The employer and the person in control of the business have responsibilities for ensuring that no-one's health or safety is at risk.
In addition to the everyday hazards faced by workers specific hazards and risks faced by hairdressers and beauticians include;
- dermatitis due to hands being in water frequently and inadequate drying
- respiratory sensitisation from chemicals used in colouring and other products;
- minor cuts and burns from scissors and heated styling equipment;
- musculoskeletal problems from leaning, bending, stooping etc. during treatments
- allergic reactions (staff and clients) to products.
- inadequate sterilisation of re-usable equipment;
- inadequate disposal of needles, cotton wool and other disposable products;
- inadequate cleaning procedures for the premises.
- inadequate training of staff carrying out skin piercing, electrolysis and waxing
- inadequate disposal of sharps.
- exposure to harmful levels of ultra violet light from sunbeds


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24 Family Date Ideas for Valentine's Day
With Valentine's Day just around the corner, the importance of setting aside time for your husband or significant other is frequently talked about. When you become a family of two it's easy to see how important it is to build your relationship as a couple. One of the best ways to do this is to keep dating and going on regularly planned dates together. These happy moments carry so many couples through harder times and they create an environment where love is fostered and pleasant memories are made. Most people make date night a priority and try to have it happen regularly even after kids to continue to strengthen relationships and craft structured fun time to bond as a couple, but have you ever stopped to consider that memory making and dating should also take place as a family?
Think back to your fondest family memories from your childhood. Chances are it is surrounded by a family trip, a special occasion, or a special day that was filled with a fun activity. Most childhood memories are attached to strong emotions (both good and bad), and helping children cultivate strong feelings of love and happiness are an important part of their emotional development. When your children are adults, don't you hope that most of their childhood memories are of the special days they spent with their family instead of the time they were grounded? I think most parents absolutely want to be remembered in a positive way, and give their children positive experiences to look forward to.
So how does one go about cultivating these experiences? Family vacations are definitely one idea, but it's much easier and often just as effective to do small staycation style activities in the form of family dates. All it takes is planning fun intentional time together with the entire family to count as a family date! It can be something free, it can be something short, it can be a favorite activity, or bonus points come if it's a new experience for your child. This helps stimulate new feelings and excitement, and creates stronger memories.
If your kids are old enough I'd start by sitting down as a family and making a list of fun things you'd all like to do. Think of this as a family bucket list, one you can create each year, each season, or each month. You can take turns picking the activity so everyone feels more invested and ensures that each family member gets at least one activity they are excited about and that fits their interests. If your kids are a bit young, I'd sit down and make a list of activities as a couple that you think are age appropriate. You can also decide how much you want to spend on these activities, and make sure that your plan fits within the monthly budget. Even if the budget is modest, there are plenty of fun, inexpensive or even free experiences any family can have. No matter how much you plan to spend, just make sure the planning stage happens, it's the key to finding that special time to build love and relationships in your family.
You may also want to set a few family rules early in the game. Make this a time to unplug, even parents should commit to putting their phones down and being fully present for the activity. Make sure everyone knows we take turns doing different things and we all agree to go and enjoy new activities, even those we may not have chosen ourselves. If you have more than one child it's particularly important to help them understand that they may not always get to pick the activity, but it will still be fun with a good attitude and that taking turns is important. You will also want to set distinct times. Saying "We'll go to the park this week" often yields to busy schedules taking over and activities getting pushed back. Just as an adult understands what it may feel like to be stood up for a blind date in their single years, kids will feel similar feelings of disappointment. Value their little feelings and make sure it's a set time and all family members are committed. Put it on the calendar, put it on all calendars. This is one time parents should take out their phones with their children and make sure it's officially booked as a sacred family time that won't be interrupted.
So what does a family date look like? I'd say much like an adult date, with age-appropriate activities. It will vary depending on the ages of your child or children, your budget, the city you live in, and the time of year but as long as everyone can be together, that is all that matters.
Here are a few ideas to get you started if you're looking to make your next family bucket-list:
- Go out for ice cream
- Visit a new park you've never been to
- Find a free museum day and go as a family
- Visit the zoo
- Attend a children's play
- Find a new restaurant as a family
- Look for a local train in your area and take a ride
- Attend a library activity
- Go to a bookstore and choose new books for your family library
- Go for a hike
- Ride bikes together around your neighborhood
- Go to the movies, and make it extra fun by letting them pick out the popcorn or candy
- Volunteer at a local food bank. Many will allow children to help sort cans
- Build a snowman
- Go sledding
- Fly a kite
- Go to community swimming pool
- Build a model rocket for one, launch it on your next family date
- Visit a pet store
- Build something together as a family for your home
- Have a craft day and have everyone make a specific craft
- Visit elderly neighbors
- Have a family movie night at home, complete with popcorn and blankets and pillows on the floor
- Bake cookies together
These are just a few to get you started making your list. Just remember that what you do is actually far less important than who you do them with, and that a few fun family dates can make all the difference in building love and stronger relationships as a family unit.


Forest Fire Finder
The forest fires afflict many countries and the recent years have testified this situation.
The new forest fire fighting philosophies include a speedy intervention during the fire initial stage and demand less material and human resources.
Notwithstanding the advantage of such measure, fire detection is still made in a non-systematic way, through visual analysis, which means that for an effective control of the forest it would be necessary people in the control towers permanently and/or hundreds of surveilors, working 24h a day.
Ideally, a warning system should be automatic, autonomous, fast and capable of indicating the precise spot where the combustion began.
Thus, NGNS-Ingenious Solutions developed, that makes the human observation unnecessary given its characteristics, and makes possible a considerable decrease of the fire fighting reaction time.
The Forest Fire Finder is characterized as unique, given the technology it uses, and presents.
Its versatility allows you to apply it on the coverage of a country's forest area, on the protection of natural parks in a specific area, of council forest areas and of private wood production forests.
Portugal has been a pioneer on this system application. There are installed platforms in Portugal and it has already been internationalized, given the growing interest coming from other markets, such us Spain, Greece and Uruguay, as well as Chile, France, Italy, Turkey, Arabian Emirates and Tehran.


Exasperated by the Windows filesystem
by mandel on April 26th, 2011
At the moment some of the tests (and I cannot point out which ones) of ubuntuone-client fail when they are ran on Windows. The reason for this is due to the way in which we get the notifications out of the file system and the way the tests are written. Before I blame the OS or the tests, let me explain a number of facts about the Windows filesystem and the possible ways to interact with it.
To be able to get file system changes from the OS the Win32 API provides the following:
This function was broken up to Vista when it was fixed, Unfortunately AFAIK we also support Windows XP which means that we cannot trust this function. On top of that taking this path means that we can have a performance issue. Because the function is build on top of Windows messages, if too many changes occur the sync daemon would start receiving roll up messages that just state that something changed and it would be up to the sync daemon to decide what really happened. Therefore we can all agree that this is a no no, right?
This is a really easy function to use which is based on ReadDirectoryChangesW (I think is a simple wrapper around it) that lets you know that something changed but gives no information about what changed. Because if is based on ReadDirectoryChangesW it suffers from the same issues.
This is by far the most common way to get the notification changes from the system. Now, in theory there are two possible cases which can go wrong that would affect the events raised by this function:
 1. There are too many events and the buffer gets overloaded and we start loosing events. A simple way to solve this issues is to process the events in a diff thread asap so that we can keep reading the changes.
 2. We use the sync version of the function which means that we could have the following issues:
 - Blue screen of death because we used too much memory from the kernel space.
 - We cannot close the handles used to watch the changes in the directories. This makes the threads to end up blocked.
As I mentioned this is the theory and therefore makes perfect sense to choose this option as the way to get notified by the changes until… you hit a great little feature of Windows called write-behind caching. The idea of write-behind caching is the following one:
When you attempt to write a new file on your HD Windows does not directly modify the HD. Instead it makes a not of the fact that your intention is to write on disk and saves your changes in memory. Ins't that smart?
Well, that lovely feature does come set as default AFAIK from XP onwards. Any smart person would wonder how does that interact with FindFirstChangeNotification/ReadDirectoryChangesW, well after some work here is what I have managed to find out:
The IO Manager (internal to the kernel) is queueing up disk-write requests in an internal buffer, and the actual changes are not physically committed until some condition is met which I believe is for the "write-behind caching" feature. The problem appears to be that the user-space callback via FileSystemWatcher/ReadDirectoryChanges does not occur when disk-write requests are inserted into the queue, but rather occurs when they are leaving the queue and being physically committed to disk. For what I have been able to manage through observation, the life time of a queue is based on:
 1. Whether more writes are being inserted in the q.
 2. Is another app request a read from an item in the q.
This means that when using FileSystemWatcher/ReadDirectoryChanges the events are fired only when the changes are actually committed and as for a user-space program this follows a non-deterministic process (insert spanish swearing here). a way to work around this issue is to use the FluxhFileBuffers function on the volume, which does need admin rights, yeah!
Change Journal records
Well, this allows to track the changes that have been committed in an NTFS system (that means that we do not have support to FAT). This technique allows to keep track of the changes using an update sequence number that keeps track of changes in an interesting manner. At first look, although parsing the data is hard, this solution seems to be very similar to the one used by pyinotify and therefore someone will say, hey, let just ell twisted to do a select on that file and read the changes. Well, no, is not that easy, files do not provide the functionality used for select, just sockets (_URL_ /me jumps of happiness
File system filterr
Well, this is an easy one to summarize, you have to write a driver like piece of code. Means C, COM and being able to crash the entire system with a nice blue screen (although I can change the color to aubergine before we crash)
At this point I hope I have convinced a few to believe that ReadDirectoryChangesW is the best option to take but might be wondering why I mentioned the write-behind caching feature, well here comes my complain towards the tests. We do use the real file system notifications for testing and the trial test cases do have a timeout! Those two facts plus the lovely write-behind caching feature mean that the tests on Windows fail just because the bloody evens are not raise until the leave the q from the IO manager.


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This course introduces the concept of reliability in financial reporting. As you will soon learn, reliable financial reporting is crucial to the life of any business. This course will teach you about reliability vs. relevancy when it comes to financial statements and you will also learn the most common reasons why reliability is lost in financial reporting.
At the conclusion of this course, you should be able to:
- Identify the type of information that must be truthfully reported in order for a financial statement to be considered reliable.
- Identify when a financial statement is relevant, when it is reliable, and when a trade-off must be made.
- Discuss why reliability is so crucial to financial reporting.
- Outline what is lost when financial statements are found to be unreliable.
- List the four most common reasons why reliability is lost.
Subject Matter Expert
This course is created and brought to you by 360training, a leading provider of accredited e-learning courses to working professionals through today's leading schools, associations and corporations. 360training's high-quality e-learning courses assist thousands of working professionals in a wide range of disciplines, helping them to succeed in today's marketplace, to renew licenses, to acquire certification or to prepare for a new profession.
End of Course Instructions
Upon successful completion of the course, you will be able to print a certificate of completion from your training page.
Why Choose 360training.com?
- Fast and easy courses completion
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Wednesday, November 13, 2013
Closed Loop CNC 4th Axis.
My friend has an Abene 3-Axis CNC machine, it's capable of lifting 1000kg on the table... Pretty grunty. I've used it for making Tesla coil parts, making custom camera accessories, and even teaching his 12 year old stepdaughter CNC programming.
Due to making such things as the centre plate for a twin plate car clutch, and because it's well cool. We decided it was time to build an addon rotary 4th Axis.
The controller, a Heidenhain TNC 155b which despite being as old as me is still capable of driving 4 servo axes with 1 micron positioning accuracy. It's even capable of 3D graphics!
 The controller outputs 0-10Vdc which is fed into a dc servo amplifier for each axis.
Left to right: XYZ
The amplifiers then output up to 100Vdc to the DC brush motors which drive the ballscrews on the axes.
The servo motors have a tachogenerator mounted to the opposite end of the shaft: This generates a DC voltage proportional to the speed of the motor. This signal is fed back to the servo amplifier for the speed control loop.
On the linear axes the position control loop is closed by use of linear glass scales which output a quadrature signal of two sinewaves back to the CNC controller.
The 4th axis is a little different. Mechanically it's a rotary table that would normally be used for manual indexing of parts on a milling machine.
The table is driven by a 1000w dc servo motor with a 3:1 belt drive reduction. When the servo is at maximum speed (3000rpm) the table rotates at around 10RPM, a little exciting when there is a large part in the chuck.
Due to the machine originally being only 3 axes with an optional 4th axis, we had to add an extra servo amplifier.
The servo we used has a higher voltage tachometer than the amplifier was designed for. Not wanting to allow many dollars worth of smoke out, I modified the "Personality Module" of the amplifier slightly to allow a higher input voltage.
If only humans came with such a module.
The mechanical loop is closed in this case by a Heidenhain rotary encoder which is connected to the input shaft of the rotary table.
The encoder is held in place by a large block of aluminium machined to suit. Inside there is a flexible shaft coupling between the encoder and the input shaft of the rotary table.
Electrically the 4th axis is pretty simple:
A small proximity switch is used for the initial homing of the axis on startup.
All the connections are made inside a tiny electrical enclosure, all the holes were CNC machined of course :)
The lid carries the encoder connections.
The base carries the motor and
tachogenerator connections
All the parts are mounted to a 12mm thick aluminium base plate that was also machined in the CNC.
Mounting bracket for the servo motor.
It took a couple of evenings working till way past midnight but the result was well worth it.
The video below shows a test piece being machined with the 4th axis mounted horizontally and then the clutch centre plate being machined vertically.
Using a touch probe to set the X zero point.
Drilling the edge of the clutch centre plate.
 1. Thinking of doing the same on my Bridgeport. How about the PLC, did you have to do much programming? My concerns is the electrical stuff, not the mechanical.
 1. Sorry for the delay in replying, what controller do you have? There wasn't much to set in the TNC155, just things like encoder resolution etc.


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Arguing for a renewed view of objects and nature, Ethical Responses to Nature's Call considers how it is possible to understand our ethical duties - in the form of ethical intuitionalism - to nature and the planet by listening to and releasing ourselves over to the call or address of nature.
Blending several strands of philosophical thought, such as Graham Harman's Object-Oriented Ontology, W. D. Ross's prima fathics, Alphonso Lingis's phenomenological ethics traceable to The Imperative, and Michael Bonnett's ecophilosophy, this book offers a unique rejoinder to the problems and issues that continue to haunt humans' relationship to nature. The origins of such problems and issues largely remain obscured from view due to the oppressive influence of the "Cultural Framework" which gives form and structure to the ways we understand, discourse on, and comport ourselves in relation to the natural world. Through understanding this "Cultural Framework" we also come to know the responses we continue to offer in answer to nature's call and address, and are then in a position to analyze and assess those responses in terms of their potential ethical weight. Such a phenomenon is made possible through the descriptive-and-interpretive method of eco-phenomenology.
This renewed vision of the human-and-nature provides direction for our interaction with and behavior toward nature in such a way that the ethical insight offers a diagnosis and provides a potentially compelling prescriptive for environmental ills.
Table of Contents
Preface PART I Eco-Phenomenological Issues: Transcending the Metaphysics of Presence 1. Introducing Eco-Phenomenology: Methods, Problems, and Proposed Solutions 2. The Cultural WeltanSchauung: "Naturalistic" Framework and Our Interaction with Nature Part II The Ethical Call of Nature: Reticent Imperatives 3. A Reconceived Philosophy of "Objects" and Nature: Object Oriented Ontology and Eco-Phenomenology 4. Duties and Imperatives in a Reconceived Ethics of Nature: Ethical Intuitionism and Phenomenology 5. The Phenomenology of Human-and-Nature Involvements: The Ethical Call of Nature's Reticent Imperatives
James Magrini is Adjunct Professor of Philosophy and Ethics, College of Dupage, USA.
Featured Author Profiles
"With his excellent new book, Reticent Imperatives: Our Ethical Response to Nature's Call, James M. Magrini has written an important and much needed contribution to the field of eco-phenomenology. Not only does Margini develop eco-phenomenology in an original way, but he also introduces a new stance on ethics and Object Oriented Ontology. With his book, Magrini is clearing a path for us, living in an era approaching environmental catastrophe, to hear and listen to the call of Nature, that is, what Magrini names "ontological aurality." This inception of an original ethics of ontological aurality and excess can be compared to Martin Heidegger's insistence on "the silent power of the possible." In Magrini's version of Heidegger's adage, the environment, as an excessive object which reveals itself in its very withdrawal, is indeed the power of the possible, or as Magrini pointedly expresses it "a living force." This living force is the very possibility of a new foundation for an ethics developed out of, precisely, reticent imperatives. These imperatives which, indeed, resolutely sound out of the book's call to our environmental conscience." — Elias Schwieler, Associate Professor of Education, Stockholm University, Sweden
"This is an important book that explores in a philosophically rigorous manner the topic of nature's 'voice' and its significance for achieving an authentic relationship with nature – that in turn is central to responding to the environmental crisis that currently besets us. Magrini has a gift for identifying the most germane issues and for interpreting and weaving together a wide range of cogent views. The result is a stimulating read that makes an imaginative and essential contribution to the literature in the field." — Michael Bonnett, University of Cambridge, UK


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By: Dr. Awino Okech
This is the second in a series of three African Women's Development Fund primers entitled Feminist Perspectives on Governance, Peace and Security. The primers are intended to:
1. Offer a review of the major debates on women, governance, peace and security in Africa.
2. Review and analyse women's movements' interventions in governance, peace and security.
3. Offer a set of policy and advocacy priorities based on political and practical realities.
4. Benefit women's rights activists, organisations and people in government at the front line of local and national mobilisation initiatives seeking to enhance women's leadership.
5. Assist in building alliances and structuring support across various institutions working towards enhancing women's political participation.
This primer reflects on women's peace activism and gendered security in Africa. It explores the following interlinked questions: What factors drive women's peace activism? Who are the major actors that women peace activists target? What are the key lessons that can be drawn from these interactions? This primer begins by tracing the evolution of debates and activism on gender and violence.
Secondly, it highlights national, regional and international policy frameworks that have emerged out of this activism. Finally, the primer draws on a few peace building initiatives led by women's rights actors across the continent. We hope the lessons highlighted here offer a basis for building alliances and structuring support across various institutions working to enhance women's peace activism.


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Crowd-sensing is an approach involving a large, spread out group of participants using mobile devices with the aim of receiving reliable data from the field. This approach has been used both in industry and multiple research studies, including traffic and road monitoring (geo-crowdsourcing), urban mobility, smart cities, social networking, healthcare, safety, environmental and ecological monitoring, and others.
The rapid emergence of mobile devices, such as smartphones and wearables, usually with a rich array of sensors, enables a new means of acquiring sensor data, known as crowd-sensing. Together with the intrinsic mobility of their users, the ability to acquire local knowledge from people's immediate environment or even themselves is gained. Crowd-sensing is useful, not only to industry but also different research communities that have an interest in collecting a new class of data over a much larger scope of area and people than was previously possible. It is also an attractive approach for companies looking to collect data without high investment costs.
Find out more about CrowdSensing at _URL_.


text:
Common commercial examples of concentrated solutions are hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid. Hand soap, soft drinks and liquid medicine are concentrated solutions commonly found in the household.Continue Reading
Concentrated solutions are best understood relative to dilute solutions. Solutions in general are mixtures in which one substance (the solute) is dissolved in another (the solvent). Medication, cleaning agents and beverages are all solutions. Dilute solutions have a relatively solute-to-solvent ratio. They contain more solvent than is present in an equal amount of concentrated solution. Tap water is an example of dilute solution. It contains scarce amounts of dissolved minerals.
Concentrated solutions, on the other hand, have a large amount of solute. Many of the products commonly used in homes are concentrated solutions. Batter, for example, has a high percentage of flour (the solute) dissolved in water (the solvent). Soft drinks have large amount of sugar dissolved in water. Dish soap, medicine, coffee and syrup are all concentrated solutions.
The terms "concentrated" and "dilute" are relative. To fully understand the composition of a solution, an individual needs to know the solubility of the solute in the solvent at a given temperature. For example, the solubility of NaCl in water is 6 moles per liter of solution. This is a concentrated solution. On the other hand, AgCl has a solubility in water of 0.00001 moles per liter of solution — making it a dilute solution.Learn more about Solutions & Mixtures


Over 100,000 English translations of Spanish words and phrases. 'In this context the word 'tió' in Catalan language means log. 7.85. What does duele que no puedo ver a mi tio mean in English? English-language songs frequently appear in pop charts in Argentina, Poland, South Africa and Thailand. pépé translate: grandpa, old man. Chimichanga. As anyone who knows a bit of Catalan might have guessed by now, Caga Tió literally means the 'Pooping Log', and this gives a lot away in terms of understanding what this curious guest gets up to. How do you say it? Chiles Rellenos. ; mate ; bub ; bro ; chap ; josser. The German-English dictionary from Langenscheidt is available immediately to support users in learning a new language - be it after language class or when self-studying languages at home. Translation of 'pepe' by Doble T y El Crok from Spanish to English. (In the Castellano Spanish language 'tio' means 'uncle' or 'guy.') That is why he created this website where he can gather all the Spanish educational materials he is creating. With more than 180 years of history, the sherry and brandy of Jerez invite you to immerse yourself in the unrivalled oenological culture of Tío Pepe and its winery. Learn more in the Cambridge French-English Dictionary. or. Here, tío and tía can also be used to refer to a friend or even a stranger. 8.85. 74 talking about this. 38 check-ins. 10 reviews of El Tío Pepe "Being in this cantina really brings the vibe of being in the 1900's. 148 people follow this. Antes lo frecuentaba de vez en cuando incluso comida para llevar, pero por el centro no abundan.Recuerdo sus tortitas de camarones especialmente.Se echa de - el cartel gigante en la puerta del Sol. * tío político = Posesivo + wife's uncle ; uncle by marriage. Chunks of tender pork loin cooked in our special guisado sauce. Adapted from the English word "freaky", it has an almost identical meaning in Spanish slang since it's used to describe weird, extravagant stuff, or … El Tío Pepe. el tío Pepe uncle Pepe. Tió de Nadal - Caga tió - Catalan Christmas log and song A popular Christmas tradition in Barcelona and the Catalonia province of Spain is the 'Tió de Nadal' also called the 'Caga tió. Explanation: One of my young Spanish friends was always talking about this tío (uncle) and that tía (aunt) and I was convinced he had a huge family. Forgot account? See more of El Tío Pepe on Facebook. El Tio Tex-Mex Grill first opened its doors in Gainesville, VA. More than a decade later, Owner Armando Mejia has proudly opened four additional locations throughout the Northern Virginia area, garnering a diverse set of customers -- from families celebrating birthday parties, to sports fans, to employee gatherings -- all united under one El Tio roof to enjoy good food and company. * Tío Sam, el = Uncle Sam. Discover; Route planner; Features; Shop. English words for tío include uncle, guy, chap, fellow, bugger, gaffer and chappy. Actually, nothing. That word is guadalajarense or guadalajareño, but tapatío/a sounds better and it is more practical. He was known locally as 'Tío Pepe', meaning 'Uncle Joe' in Spanish and so the name of world's best-selling Fino sherry produced and exported since 1844, is a fitting recognition of his advice. By 2015, it had become one of the most popular memes used on 4chan and Tumblr. English is also the official language of the majority of international organisations. the people who are like me, the regular Joes. Google's free service instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. The most Beautiful frog in the World. Enter a phrase in Polish to search the Polish-English dictionary for a translation. It became an Internet meme when its popularity steadily grew across Myspace, Gaia Online and 4chan in 2008. Av. Guisado De Puerco. Not that I have lived that long, but I assume that's what it feels. He was there for me when no one else was. (3) dónde está la casa de Pepe where Pepe's house is. Ex: Both were eager to let their uncle know how glad they were to see him. Log In. See this Tour and others like it, or plan your own with komoot! El Tio Pepe, O'Fallon: See 70 unbiased reviews of El Tio Pepe, rated 4.5 of 5 on Tripadvisor and ranked #13 of 193 restaurants in O'Fallon. Local Business in El Perelló, Valenciana, Spain. Not Now. While these literally mean "uncle," and "aunt," they're also used informally to generally refer to another person. komoot. Pepe the Frog (/ ˈ p ɛ p eɪ /) is an Internet meme consisting of a green anthropomorphic frog with a humanoid body. " Tio/Tia" What does it mean and how is it used? Community See All. Tío(a) Literal meaning: Uncle (Aunt) Slang meaning: Friend, guy, pal. English Translation of "pepe" | The official Collins Italian-English Dictionary online. The English "baby," used as a term of endearment for spouses and children alike, is similar. English Translation of "tío" | The official Collins Spanish-English Dictionary online. TIO is listed in the World's largest and most authoritative dictionary database of abbreviations and acronyms TIO is listed in the World's largest and most authoritative dictionary database of abbreviations and acronyms It means "It hurts that I can't see my uncle" Who invented mosquito repellent? Similar phrases in dictionary Spanish English. Ismael Alvarez April 26, 2011 Get Directions +34 663 26 57 18. _URL_. Tío/Tía. Learn more. Create New Account. haha j.k idk! Polish-English dictionary. El hotel que eligieron se veía un poco cutre, pero era más barato – The hotel they chose looked really bad, but it was cheaper; 19) Friki. Three soft corn or flour tortillas, topped with pork marinated in a spicy adobo sauce and grilled with sweet pineapple, garnished with pico de gallo, served with rice and beans Detailed maps and GPS navigation for the mountain bike ride: "El Tío Pepe de Valsaín – Estación de tren de Cercedilla Loop from Segovia" 02:58 h 34.2 km. * tío abuelo = great-uncle. el Pepe. Pepe originated in a 2005 comic by Matt Furie called Boy's Club. tio translation in Spanish - English Reverso dictionary, see also 'el cuento del tío',tico',tifo',tilo', examples, definition, conjugation Find more Spanish words at wordhippo.com! Tio Spanish is a teacher who helps you to learn Spanish on YouTube. English translation of lyrics for Ni Contigo, Ni Sin Ti by Pepe Aguilar. Over 100,000 English translations of Italian words and phrases. WRONG! Englis Copy to clipboard; Details / edit; GlosbeMT_RnD. (n.) = uncle. Narcís Monturiol, 9 (5,392.92 mi) El Perelló, Spain 46420. Tortas ahogadas originales con birote salado desde GDL y nuestra autentica birria de costilla de res If there are too many results in the Polish-English dictionary you can try the different filters. Closed Now. (n.) = fellow ; guy ; old geezer ; bloke ; dude ; joker ; fella ; kiddo [kiddos/oes, -pl.] Looking for online definition of TIO or what TIO stands for? Tío Pepe is looking slimmer and younger following an intense makeover by a specialized company named Spoluz, whose workers sandpapered and repainted the bottle and the 45 letters that go with it, "Tío Pepe, sol de Andalucía embotellado" (Andalusia's sun in a bottle) and "González Byass." The sign also got new neon lights and a lighter structure. The Tío Pepe sign is one of the sights in the capital city that tourists most like to photograph, but it's also beloved by Madrileños. Serve ice cold in a small wine glass to accompany all kinds of food, particularly nuts, olives, cured ham and sushi. El Tío Pepe de Valsaín – Estación de tren de Cercedilla Loop from Segovia is an intermediate mountain bike ride. Papi is a colloquial term for "daddy" in Spanish, but in many Spanish-speaking cultures, particularly in the Caribbean, it is often used as a general term of affection for any man, whether it's a relative, friend, or lover. Contributions: 7 translations,


Product Administration Guide > Technical Reference >
Revising the System Default Cardinalities
When a you create a relationship in a customizable product, you can specify a minimum, maximum, and default cardinality. If you do not specify cardinalities, the system uses the following defaults:
 - Minimum cardinality = 0
 - Default cardinality = 0
 - Maximum cardinality = 999
If you do not specify cardinalities this means that users are not required to select any items from the relationship and are limited to selecting a maximum of 999 items.
You can change these defaults as needed. For example, you can set the maximum system default cardinality to a number larger than 999.
To revise the system default cardinalities
 1. In Siebel Tools, locate the Complex Product Structure BusComp.
 2. Within the business component, locate the desired field: Default Cardinality, Max Cardinality, or Min Cardinality.
 3. Display the user properties for the field.
 4. Set the Pre Default Value user property to the desired amount.
 The amount should be an integer that is greater than or equal to 0.
Product Administration Guide


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Independence Day: the day we forced our way to Freedom
On 15th August 1947, our country became free from the long imprisonment of the British rule. This date is a red letter day in the history of India. Since then 15th August is celebrated as Independence Day with great joy and pride. This day the great sacrifice of the freedom fighters are remembered which throws light on the development of the country.
Why do we celebrate Independence Day?
We know that India got freedom from the 300 years of British rule in the stroke of midnight as we moved towards 15th August 1947. Many lives were sacrificed on this very day to give India freedom where many of them are not even known or remembered.
The most important reason behind celebrating Independence Day is that we remember and pay homage to these legends. So, it is very important to think and pay respect to those who died for the country.
Different ways of celebrating Independence Day at School:
On Independence Day flag hoisting ceremonies and cultural programmes are organized in schools in Siliguri. The students spend half of the day in preparing their speeches, dance, singing, etc on this auspicious day.
Well, here are a few ways how Independence Day is organized in schools:
1- Flag hoisting ceremonyIt is the 72nd year of India celebrating Independence Day. It is the day when we hoist our National Flag and remember the freedom fighters who struggled to give freedom to our country from the rule of British.
2- March PastStudents participate in March past where they move to the rhythm of the drums. They move in a line with the tri-color flag flying high.
3- Planting treesAfter the March past, the students get divided and they plant trees in the school compound to spread the theme of "Go-Green" this year in Independence Day.
4- Children gather togetherAfter the flag hoisting and March-past, the children sit together for a small speech on Independence Day which is given by the head of the school.
5- Cultural Dance programmesAfter the speech, the children can enjoy the various cultural dance programmes performed by the students based on patriotic songs.
6- Acts on Indian HistoryStudents perform acts on the stories related to our Indian History by getting dressed as Britishers and freedom fighters.
7- Competitions are organizedIn Schools, various competitions like drawing, quiz and debate competitions are organized for the students in Independence Day.
8- Distributions of sweetsAfter the programmes, teachers distribute sweets and chocolates to the students. They spend the whole day with their parents and friends at school.
72nd year of Freedom and Independence
Every school in the country does celebrate this auspicious day and remember the efforts of those countless Indians who sacrificed their lives so that the future generations would not suffer what they had suffered during those times. So, this day the schools offer tribute to those freedom fighters because of whom we have the freedom of education, freedom to speech and equality among other citizens of the country. The main reason behind the celebration is that our young minds must understand our history and work towards creating a nation that they had sacrificed their lives for. Jai Hind!!


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PEACH TREE VILLAGE
PEACH TREE VILLAGE. Peach Tree Village, near the Neches River on a site now crossed by Farm Road 2097 two miles north of the present Chester in Tyler County, was the largest and most prominent of the villages established by the Alabama Indians. It was on a hill in the Kisatchie Wold, the ridge running through northern Tyler County. Members of the Alabama and Coushatta Indians had begun entering Texas in the latter part of the eighteenth century, and the Spanish Indian agent Samuel Davenport reported that the Alabamas established their principal village on the west bank of the Neches River eight leagues above its confluence with the Angelina. The Alabama Trace and the Coushatta Trace passed through this village. Also, it was the northern terminal of Long King's Trace, and the important north-south trail, the Liberty-Nacogdoches Road, was five miles east. Surveyors' field notes for fifteen original land grants in the counties of Polk and Tyler refer to this village. The Alabamas' claim to lands in Peach Tree Village and vicinity was contested for the first time when, in 1834 Col. Peter Ellis Bean, an American serving in a Mexican army detachment stationed at Nacogdoches, applied for and received a grant of eleven leagues of land from the Mexican government. Colonel Bean, who promoted this grant through Gavino Aranjo, one of his subordinates in the Mexican army, located part of his grant on land occupied by the Alabamas at Peach Tree Village. This land was later conveyed to Frost Thorne and his successors.
The Alabamas were on good terms with white settlers in the area, who included Peter Cauble and Valentine Ignatius Burch. Cauble settled at Peach Tree Village sometime around 1831, and Burch, who married Cauble's daughter, settled there about 1845. Peter Cauble's house was mentioned in the 1846 description of the boundaries of Polk County. At Gen. Sam Houston's request, the Alabamas remained neutral during the Texas Revolution. But they fed and cared for white settlers who passed through Peach Tree Village in the Runaway Scrape. To show that they were neutral the Alabamas displayed a large piece of white cloth every time a group of fleeing Texas approached Peach Tree Village. After Texas gained independence from Mexico, increasing numbers of settlers located in and near Peach Tree Village, and this village began a gradual transition from an Indian community to a prosperous frontier town with a store, a cotton gin, a saloon, a church, a school, and a post office that opened in 1853. During the years of the Republic of Texas the Alabamas began leaving Peach Tree Village and moving five miles southeastward to the Fenced-in Village.
In the 1850s Peach Tree Village was served by one of two mail routes across Tyler County, which connected with a route from Jasper to Swartout on the Trinity River in Polk County. Valentine Burch and other citizens of the community established a private academy, which served the area for a number of years. Dr. Stephen Pelham Willson, one of five doctors listed in the 1850 Tyler County census, located his store and office there and remained until his death. His son, Hiram A. Willson, a member of the Texas Constitutional Convention of 1876, also bought a farm and resided in this area. Peach Tree Village was the birthplace and boyhood home of one of East Texas's most outstanding industrialists-John Henry Kirbyqv, who was born here on November 16, 1860. Known and remembered chiefly as a lumberman, Kirby was an able lawyer, a business executive, a banker, and an oil operator. He was also president of the Southwestern Oil Company of Houston and organized the Kirby Petroleum Company in 1920.
In 1883 the Trinity and Sabine Railway was constructed into Tyler County, and Chester was built on the railroad two miles from Peach Tree Village. Soon the schools, commercial establishments, and postal service were moved to Chester, causing Peach Tree Village to die as a community. In 1912 Kirby erected a red brick chapel at Peach Tree Village in honor of his parents and hired a Russian artist to paint pictures on the walls. This memorial chapel and two acres of surrounding land are under the trusteeship of the Tyler County Commissioners Court. Approximately 22.4 acres of the Peach Tree Village site were donated by Temple-Eastex Incorporated for development of Camp Ta-Ku-La, a nondenominational camp that will be made available to any church or Christian group for activities, youth camps, and retreats for all ages.
Bob Bowman, The 35 Best Ghost Towns in East Texas and 220 Other Towns We Left Behind (Lufkin, Texas: Best of East Texas Publishers, 1988). Howard N. Martin, "Polk County Indians: Alabamas, Coushattas, Pakana Muskogees," East Texas Historical Journal 17 (1979). John R. Swanton, Early History of the Creek Indians and Their Neighbors, Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 73 (Washington: GPO, 1922). James E. and Josiah Wheat, "Tyler County under Mexico," It's Dogwood Time in Tyler County, March 1966.
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Howard N. Martin, "PEACH TREE VILLAGE," Handbook of Texas Online (_URL_ accessed May 23, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.


Jeff Summitt Discusses The Ins and Outs of Gear Effect
Have you ever wondered why the faces on drivers, fairway woods and even some hybrids are not flat like an iron? Well if you haven't noticed, take a quick look. There is a certain amount of curvature to the face of a club which is considered a positive design feature. Why? Before we get to that point, let us understand the anatomy of the club first along with some quick definitions.
There are typically two radii on the face. The first one shown is called horizontal bulge which is the curvature in the horizontal plane extending from the heel to the toe.
The second radius is vertical roll, which the curvature is in the vertical plane from the sole of the club to the topline.
The units of measurement are expressed in inches its radius. A popular dimension amongst drivers and fairways are produced with a 10 inch bulge and 10 inch roll. To provide an explanation, imagine a circle 20 inches in diameter (10 inch radius). The arc of that circle would have the same curvature for the length of the face in the heel to toe or sole to crown plane. A higher number, such as a 12 inch radius, would have a flatter face because the circle is larger with and subsequently the curvature is not as sharp. This may be contrary to what you would think, but the smaller the number (the radius) the more curved the shape.
A Brief History of Face Curvature
It is important to understand that over the 500 or so year's golf has existed, there have been numerous experiments conducted to create the perfect golf club. Look through golf history books you can find plenty of clubs early on with concave or "hooked" faces. Yes, that's right! This is just the opposite of what you find today.
These were called "long nose" clubs as they were long and skinny by today's standard. Look closely at the diagram and notice the direction of the red arrows. In the center of the face the arrow points straight ahead. The heel area of the face now points more toward the target due to the face curvature, whereas the face out near the toe directs back to the center. At first glance this would sound like a plausible way of redirecting a shot hit off center back toward the intended target line, but a closer look shows it is not.
In 1888, Henry Lamb introduced a new type of club that was shorter from heel-to-toe and broader from face-to-back. More importantly the clubhead possessed a reversed face curvature that pointed outward in a convex manner. These clubs would become called "bulger" clubs and changed the shape of clubs used to this date. Even today, written in the Rules of Golf, Appendix II, 5a states that the face of the club…"must not have any degree of concavity."
Concept of Gear Effect
Contrary to common belief, the clubhead at impact will rotate around its center of gravity (CG), and not around the shaft's axis. There have been countless experiments with high speed photography over the years to show this is indeed true. At impact, if the ball is aligned directly in-line with the clubhead's CG, then no sideways twist will occur. However, golf is a game of misses. Hit the ball near the toe and you can feel the club twist open in your hands. Impact toward the heel, low or high on the face of the club and you get an entirely different feel.
Gear 4So what exactly happens at impact? We will talk about the bulge first. Take a quick moment to examine the diagram. As we stated before if the ball impacts the face directly in-line with the clubhead's CG, then no sideways twist will occur and the ball will go straight from where the face is pointing. If the impact is made toward the toe of the club the ball will start to go out to the right (for a right handed club) due to the bulge. In additional, surprisingly a draw spin will be imparted to the ball. This phenomenon is called the gear effect.
When two gears work in unison, one gear travels in one direction and the secondary gear moves in the opposite direction. Imagine the bottom gear being the head. As impact occurs at the toe, the gear turns clockwise. Therefore the ball leaves the face with a draw or also called hook spin.
If impact between the ball and clubface occurs toward the heel, then the reverse occurs. The clubface rotates around its center of gravity in a counter-clockwise motion. The ball leaves the face left of the target (again a right-handed head) due to the bulge, but the gear effect provides a slice spin to the ball.
Determining the Correct Amount of Face Curvature
After the "bulger" clubs became the norm, the amount of face curvature incorporated in the design was most likely selected by trial and error or simply how good the club looked at address. But in 1941, John Baymiller and Robert Vose of A.G. Spalding Bros. Inc. received a patent (2,395,837) on clubhead design to minimize the ball flight dispersion from hitting out near the heel or toe of the face of a golf club. Through their extensive testing, they found a correlation suggesting the proper amount of bulge on the face, depending upon how far back the center of gravity was within the head.
This is the very reason why irons and certain hybrids on the market do not have face curvature – simply because the center of gravity is not far enough behind the face to create gear effect.
Too much bulge and there is not enough correction. That is, if the ball is struck out near the toe the ball will start out too far right (right hand club) where the draw spin will no longer bring it back toward the target line. Conversely a heel shot will start out too much left and the ball will not have enough slice spin to bring it closer to the target.
Too little bulge is just the opposite where there is an over-correction. For example, if the shot is struck out on the toe, the ball won't start far enough to the right so when it draws back that is will go to the left of the target.
The right amount of bulge will minimize the dispersion from the target and come close to reproducing the results of an impact in-line with the club's center of gravity. Remember there is a certain amount of energy loss from an off-center impact so one will never totally get the same amount of distance as a center shot. The depth of the center of gravity controls the gear effect and the bulge provides the compensation. The further back the CG is away from the face, the greater amount of face curvature is required.
Vertical Roll
In much the same way bulge works in the heel-to-toe (horizontal) plane, roll works in the sole-to-crown (vertical) plane. The amount roll helps to correct the launch angle for shots hit high or low on the face relative with the center of gravity. Remember that the measured loft will vary on the face with any club with roll. Take a quick moment to examine the following diagram.
The first thing to understand is back spin will occur because of the loft of the club. This occurs regardless if the ball is hit in the center or high or low on the face. Now, let's take a moment to explain each scenario.
Unlike the bulge where there is no clubhead sideways rotation when the ball is struck line with the horizontal center of gravity, the clubhead will experiences a slight downward force when struck in the same plane as the vertical center of gravity. This causes the clubhead to rotate in a clockwise motion (as pictured). This phenomenon called the vertical gear effect imparts an opposite spin (back spin in this case) to the ball, which is added on top of the back spin provided by the dynamic loft at impact.
If the impact is made lower on the clubface relative to the center of gravity then the clubhead will de-loft or rotate clockwise even more now. Roll curvature comes into play here. That, more than head rotation, is the cause for the lower launch angle. More back spin than before is imparted due to the vertical gear effect. This additional spin creates lift to the ball to help maximize trajectory and distance.
If impact between the ball and clubface occurs higher on the clubface relative to the center of gravity then the reverse occurs. The clubface rotates around its center of gravity in a counter-clockwise motion (as shown). The ball leaves the face at a higher launch angle, which is important. The vertical gear effect produces a top spin to the ball. Well, it is not really top spin because the spin produced by the loft is much greater, but the top spin is added to the back spin to essentially create reduced back spin. Without the added loft from the roll, the distance would be reduced as less spin usually means less carry.
Seldom will one strike the ball directly in line with the center of gravity in either the vertical or horizontal planes. Therefore you will experience both a certain amount of backspin and side spin. The amount will be determined by the quadrant on the face and how far impact is made in relationship to the center of gravity.
In the diagram, the small yellow dot represents the location of the center of gravity. No side spin will occur upon impact in this location but there will be back spin due to the loft of the club. Impact anywhere in the red zone will produce draw spin and reduced back spin compared to that with the impact in the yellow. The blue


text:
Looking at the definitions of again and wieder we're able to figure out which meanings are identical and which are different.
1 one more time; on another occasion
1 drückt eine Wiederholung aus; ein weiteres Mal, wie früher schon einmal; erneut
2 showing that somebody/something is in the same place or state that they were in originally
2 drückt eine Rückkehr in einen früheren Zustand aus; drückt aus, dass etwas rückgängig gemacht wird
3 added to an amount that is already there
4 used to show that a comment or fact is connected with what you have just said
5 (then/there again) used to introduce a fact or an opinion that contrasts with what you have just said
3 gleichzeitig, andererseits [aber auch]
6 used when you ask somebody to tell you something or repeat something that you think they have told you already
6 (noch, doch) drückt in Fragesätzen aus, dass der Sprecher nach etwas Bekanntem fragt, was ihm im Moment nicht einfällt
As you can see there are two meanings of again that aren't represented by wieder. In the following sentence you can't use wieder in German.
The cost is about half as much again as it was two years ago.
And again, we must think of the cost.
Side note: There are also definitions of wieder that aren't covered by again; hence, you can't translate wieder to again in every case.
Last but not least: in some sentences German natives would tend to use a synonym like nochmals where again is used in English.
Could you say it again, please? - Kannst du das bitte nochmals sagen.
The last definition is taken from the entry of doch.


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American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
- n. One who keeps watch over and directs the work of others, especially laborers.
- n. A supervisor or superintendent.
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. One who overlooks; a superintendent; a supervisor; one who has the care or superintendence of any matter.
- n. Specifically, one who oversees or superintends workmen, especially slaves; one who has charge, under the owner or manager, of the work on a plantation, or, in Australia, on a station.
- n. A reviser; a critic.
- n. An executor or an adviser to an executor, formerly sometimes named in wills.
GNU Webster's 1913
- n. One who oversees; a superintendent; a supervisor; ; specifically, one or certain public officers
- n. a person who directs and manages an organization
"And their bailiff, a serf, or some overseer from the German natives, gets the peasant under his thumb again."
"The method of the overseer is short and simple: apart from considerations of morality, conscience, and divine retribution, it seemed a short road to the accomplishment of his purpose."
"Mr. L —, who for the last two years has been his own overseer, is also active and energetic, and busy from morning till night, and while superintending the management of the estate, is indefatigable and unceasing in his pastoral duties among the people."
"One morning after breakfast, in the presence of Lincoln, who had stayed with him over night, and who was on his way to town, he called his overseer and said to him:"
"When they were fairly out of sight of the troopers, she called the overseer to the side of the coach."
"There is a word 'overseer' -- slaves have them," he said cautiously."
"Your overseer is now you — and if you haven't been able to develop that, you're gonna be fucked."
"The word "bishop" – "episkopos" in Greek, which primarily means "overseer" -- has already in the New Testament been fused together with the biblical concept of shepherd: He is the one who, from a higher vantage point, considers the whole, concerning himself with the right path and of the cohesion of the whole."
"It was now half past ten, and I headed the horses back, in the direction in which I thought the camp lay, that I might be ready to call the overseer to relieve me at eleven."
"The very stony character of the country we had been lately traversing and the singularly hard nature of the stone itself, had caused the shoes to wear out very rapidly, and there was hardly a horse in the teams that did not now require new shoes; fortunately we had brought a very large supply with us, and my overseer was a skilful and expeditious farrier."
These user-created lists contain the word 'overseer'.
Protagonists and relevant words in the Book of Creation (Source: King James Bible)
above; upper; superior; eminent
just the next words that come along
About leaders, particularly the authority-figure at the top of the tree.
One who keeps watch over and directs the work of others
Looking for tweets for overseer.