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The CDC estimates that almost half of Americans currently take at least one prescription medication. Prescription and non-prescription drugs have become an integral part of modern day medical treatment. However, it can sometimes be confusing and overwhelming to know where to find information about these drugs. This article focuses on some helpful resources online and within the library for finding information about drugs and medications.
Physician's Desk Reference - Currently in its 66th edition, the "Physician's Desk Reference" has long been a go-to source for prescription drug information. The book is largely aimed towards medical professionals, but contains lots of useful information for the average user as well.. The current edition of the "Physician's Desk Reference" can be found in the reference department in any of our Springfield-Greene County branches. Previous additions are available for check-out as well.
PDR Consumer Guide to Prescription Drugs - Also published by the PDR Network®, this book on prescription drugs is written in plain language for the average health consumer.
Complete Guide to Prescription and Nonprescription Drugs - Provides easy-to-understand consumer health information for the most commonly used drugs. This book is also available online through the library's EBSCO Consumer Health Complete database (library card required).
The Pill Book - This book contains short summaries of medical information for commonly prescribed drugs. An excellent source for quick summaries and important information on your medications.
Physicians' Desk Reference for Nonprescription Drugs and Dietary Supplements - This item contains the same type of in-depth content as "The Physician's Desk Reference", but covers nonprescription drugs and dietary supplements.
Additional Books of Interest:
The Merck Index : An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals - This book contains more technical durg information, but is an excellent source for in-depth information on commonly encountered chemicals and drugs.
The Family Guide to Vitamins, Herbs, and Supplements - This is an excellent place to find information on commonly used vitamins and supplements.
Mayo Clinic Book of Alternative Medicine - This title gives objective, evidence-based information on commonly used alternative medicines. The book covers vitamins, herbs and supplements, but also discusses other alternative treatments such as yoga and accupuncture.
MedlinePlus Drugs, Herbs and Supplements - _URL_
This website from the National Library of Medicine, gives concise, easy-to-understand information on medication use, precautions, side effects and other information. They also usually provide links out to other helpful information.
Drug Information Online - _URL_
Contains simple, easy-to-understand information on medications. Also contains a pill identifier and drug interaction checker.
WebMD Drugs and Supplements _URL_
Contains drug information and links for prescription and nonprescription drugs as well as vitamins and supplements.
National Library of Medicine Drug Portal _URL_
The National Library of Medicine's all-in-one drug information searcher. The website collates drug information from a variety of government sources and offers information that goes from basic to very in-depth.
Other Helpful Websites:
DailyMed - _URL_
Provides detailed drug information. Contains information on non-FDA approved drugs and recent changes to approved drugs. The website also contains detailed listings of adverse reactions, clinical studies, dosage and drug interactions.
Dietary Supplements Labels Database - _URL_
Provides information about label ingredients from over 4,000 brands of dietary supplements.
Food and Drug Administration - _URL_
The Drugs@FDA link allows searching for information on specific drugs. You can also get information on recently approved drugs, look at approval history, and view label requirements for drugs in current use.
Kids Health page from the Nemours Foundation - _URL_
Their medications page gives over-the-counter and prescription drug information as they relate to children. The information is aimed at parents who want to know information about medicines their children may need to take.
Lactmed - _URL_
This is a resource for nursing mothers. The website discusses drug levels and adverse effects of drugs found in breast milk and nursing infants. It also suggests possible alternatives to harmful medications.
MoRx Price Compare - _URL_
Website for searching and comparing prices of common pharmaceuticals in Missouri pharmacies. Allows you to find the lowest-priced pharmaceuticals in your area.
NeedyMeds - _URL_
Provides information on pharmaceutical companies' assistance programs available for specific drugs. It also contains information on government assistance programs and coupons.
Office of Dietary Supplements - _URL_
Government website that provides health information on dietary supplements.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine - _URL_
Division of the National Institute of Health. The website focuses on a variety of alternative treatment options. It also has a database containing medical information on specific drugs, herbs and supplements.
Pillbox - _URL_
Useful for drug identification. Allows for searching by imprint, shape, color, size and scoring. It then gives links to drug information after the pill has been identified.
Rx Assist - _URL_
Resource directory of assistance programs related to medications. Searchable by medicine with links out to available assistance programs for that particular medicine.
Vaccines.gov - _URL_
Website run by the National Vaccine Program Office division of the HHS. The website provides vaccine information for vaccine preventable diseases, as well as information on the diseases themselves. It also has detailed vaccination schedules for all age groups.
Find this article at


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DID THE 1920'S ROAR?
The 1920's experienced a roaring time, in terms of economy, culture, and technology. Everyone was having a good time and people became worry-free. Jobs were becoming more available, and pay increased. People were buying more luxury items. Also, they were going out and having fun. The 1920's brought happiness to many people and families because of the overall boom.
The 1920's experienced an economic boom because of foreign investment, expanding industries, and consumerism. Before the 1920's the biggest foreign investors in Canada were British, however because of WWI, British investment fell and Americans moved in as Canada's number one investor. This foreign investment made much of the expansion in Canada possible. Expanding industries such as farming, mining, the auto industry, and energy production provided economic growth in Canada. There was high demand for these industries, which lead to more production, money, and jobs for Canadians. Also, consumerism had a large impact in the upwards economic cycle in Canada. People were buying more, which lead to higher production rates, more jobs, and higher wages. Higher wages meant people could buy more, and the process of the upwards economic cycle repeated. Overall, foreign investment, expanding industries, and consumerism lead to an economic boom in the roaring twenties.
Culture in the 1920's changed immensely in response to the 20's roar; these changes were in sports, fashion, and entertainment. In sports, baseball was the most popular summer sport. Babe Ruth, Fanny "Bobbie" Rosenfeld, and Lionel Conacher were big names in these times. The NHL was established and grew in the 1920's, as in 1924, the Boston Bruins were the first American team. Hockey Night in Canada became popular and brought families' happy memories together. In fashion, there were flappers. Flappers revealed a shocking amount of skin. This look was affordable to middle class women and included...
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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I'm working on some research with my friend Barry involving CPT reference frame resources and simultaneously am teaching Elementary Particle Physics which has led to an annoying discovery: we (meaning all physicists) play fast and loose too often with our terminology. The annoying examples I have found have to do with CPT and related symmetries. Specifically, it seems we have a tendency to mix our definitions a bit.
So, for example, Barry co-wrote a paper on time-reversal resources a few years ago in which (what I would call) the "standard" interpretation of time-reversal is used: the time-reversal operator swaps the sign of both the momentum and time coordinates of a particle while leaving the rest of its properties unchanged. Conversely, the action of parity is to swap the chirality (handedness) of a particle by simultaneously changing the sign of all its spatial components. However, in the book Quantum Field Theory for Mathematicians, Robin Ticciati says that the effect of "…parity on fermion particle states reverses momentum…" while leaving other properties unchanged. Now it's not that either one is necessarily wrong (since Ticciati's definition is self-consistent with the rest of the book) it's that the terminology is getting a bit muddled.
As another example, the book from which I am teaching the particle physics class, Introduction to Elementary Particles by David Griffiths makes a common simplification that also happens to be misleading: it essentially mixes the notions of chirality and helicity. These two concepts are only equivalent for massless particles! The importance of this distinction becomes apparent when working with charge conjugation. In a nutshell, the charge conjugation operator turns a particle into its own anti-particle meaning that it changes the sign of all of a particle's internal quantum numbers. But it turns out to be basis-dependent and, in some bases, it also swaps the chirality! In other words, it can be defined to include parity. In fact, it appears as if it has to be if Majorana spinors are to act as a self-conjugate basis.
In short, we need to be consistent! In this case, we need consistent terminology and definitions for parity, chirality, helicity, and time-reversal. And I need to figure out how to write this up so as not to confuse any readers.


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|Using the 1948 Universal Declaration as a point of departure, HUMAN RIGHTS HUMAN WRONGS examines whether images of political struggle, suffering and victims of violence work for or against humanitarian objectives, especially when considering questions of race, representation, ethical responsibility and the cultural position of the photographer.|
Featuring more than 300 original prints from the prestigious Black Star Collection, HUMAN RIGHTS HUMAN WRONGS begins circa 1945 and includes photographs of well-known Civil Rights Movement events such as the Selma to Montgomery March and Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream" speech. The exhibition also features images of the independence movements in many African countries, a selection of portraits of Nobel Peace Prize winners, and photographs, magazines and books which document protests, war and conflict from the Vietnam War to the Rwandan Genocide in 1994.
The exhibition functions as a catalytic enquiry into photojournalistic practice, addressing the legacy of how photographs have historically functioned in raising awareness of international conflict. It critically considers the cultural meaning these photographs produce, how inhumane acts are rendered photographically for us to look at, and the visual legacy they leave behind. We see the wide dissemination of photographic images of humankind in abject, euphoric or violently explicit conditions. How do these images assist us in understanding the case for civil and human rights?
Ryerson Image Centre Website


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The aim of this information sheet is to provide parents with information and advice about medicines for heart conditions.
As part of the management of your child's heart condition they may be prescribed medications. The kind of medicines they need will depend on their heart condition.
This factsheet provides information on the most frequently used medicines for the treatment of paediatric heart conditions. Should you have any questions about prescribed medicines, we advise that you talk to your child's pharmacist or cardiologist at the NHS specialist centre that provides your child's medical care.
Your child may need to take several medicines, some at specific time intervals. Many parents find it useful to use a medicine chart or schedule.
To make it easier for children to take medicines they are available in different forms such as capsules, tablets, or liquids. Ask your child's cardiologist or pharmacist to advise on alternatives if your child is finding it difficult to take their current prescribed form.
If your child spits or vomits after medication has been administered, they may not have received their required dosage. If you are unsure of how much medication has been ingested, we strongly recommend that you seek advice from your child's cardiac care team to ensure you are not overdosing the medicine.
If your child needs medicines during the school day, it is important to work with the school to draw up a health care plan. A health care plan is a document that helps to ensure that the school has all the necessary information they need and have all the appropriate systems in place to help your child manage their medicines.
It is important to make the school aware of any side effects of the medication that may affect your child, for example:
Below are some generic medicines that are commonly used to treat symptoms associated with heart conditions:
In congestive heart failure the body tends to retain fluid. Diuretics help the kidneys to get rid of excess fluid so that the heart can work more efficiently.
Diuretics will make your child need the toilet more frequently and more urgently. Vomiting or diarrhoea can make a child on diuretics dehydrated. If this happens, talk to your cardiac liaison nurse or your GP as soon as possible.
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors
These medicines reduce blood pressure by dilating the blood vessels. Lower blood pressure means the heart does not have to work so hard to pump blood around the body.
These medicines are used to treat arrhythmias (a fast or irregular heart beat). Different antiarrhythmic medicines are used depending on the specific type of arrhythmia.
Anticoagulants help to prevent blood clots by thinning the blood. The most common anticoagulant is warfarin.
It is important to monitor the blood regularly to make sure children are getting the correct dose of anticoagulants. This can be done using blood test monitors called INR machines. Your child's cardiologist or haematologist can give you more information about this procedure.
Children on anticoagulants should carry a record of their usual dosage and the result of their last blood test. This will make sure they receive the correct treatment in an emergency.
Children on anticoagulants are advised to avoid contact sports and other situations where they may be at high risk of injury. If a child is already taking anticoagulants then they should avoid taking any medicines containing aspirin as this can increase the risk of bleeding.
These medicines are used for a number of reasons: some are used to control high blood pressure, whilst others are used to treat arrhythmias.
It is important that you ask your child's cardiologist or the hospital pharmacist about any interactions with other medicines, supplements and side effects that you should be aware of.
It may be helpful for your child to carry a record of all the medicines they are on. In an emergency situation, this can be given to medical staff so that they are aware of the medicines your child is already taking. Medic Alert or similar items of jewellery are another way of alerting medical staff to health conditions, allergies and medicines being taken. For more information visit:
If you think your child is suffering a reaction to a medicine, or is showing any other symptoms that may be related to their medicines, contact your GP or cardiologist immediately.
Evidence and sources of information for this CHF information sheet can be obtained at:
(1) The Health Conditions in Schools Alliance. London: HCSA; 2017. Available at:
(2) UK. Children with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND). London: GOV.UK; 2017. Available at:
About this document:
Published: June 2014
Reviewed: June 2017
Due for review: June 2019
To inform CHF of a comment or suggestion, please contact us via _EMAIL_ or Tel: 0300 _PHONE_.


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Status In Oklahoma, the number of dwarf pipeworts is declining as a result of fire suppression. Previously, the species was a Category 2 (58 FR 188; September 30, 1993), but currently has no Federal status.
Dwarf pipewort can be as either an annual or biennial plant. It flowers in mid-May.
Dwarf pipewort grows in acid seeps and glades in the sand hillsides in southeastern Oklahoma. It grows on granite outcrops in the Georgia Piedmont region. Populations are widely scattered, but single populations of dwarf pipewort usually have numerous individuals.
Populations of dwarf pipewort are scattered along the Piedmont of Georgia, the Ozarks of Arkansas, and the Coastal Plain of Oklahoma and Texas. Dwarf pipewort occurs in three southeastern Oklahoma counties: Atoka, Muskogee, and Pushmataha.
Because of its small size, dwarf pipewort can be difficult to find. It is easiest to locate in flower, when the clusters of white to gray-green betray its presence. Also, the growth of dwarf pipewort is highly dependent upon precipitation. In years of low rainfall, it may not be evident at sites where it was abundant in previous years. Ten-angled pipewort (E. decangulare) is the only other species of pipewort in Oklahoma. Unlike dwarf pipewort, it has white flowers and the flowering heads have long hairs.
Causes of Decline
Habitat loss, as a result of wetland draining, is a serious threat to populations of dwarf pipewort. Natural disturbances, such as fire, are also necessary for such a small plant to persist. In the absence of fire, neighboring vegetation will grow taller than dwarf pipewort and shade it out. Fires help to remove competing vegetation.
Known populations should be protected from wetland conversion and draining. Natural disturbance regimes should also be reestablished at sites harboring dwarf pipewort.
Dwarf pipeworts are small (approximately 2-4 inches [5-10 cm] tall) and grasslike in appearance. Leaves are in tufts that appear to grow directly out of the ground. They are erect, thin, pale green, hairless (=glabrous) and up to 1 3/8 (3.5 cm) inches long and 1/32 inch (1 mm) wide. Each leaf has three distinct veins. Inflorescences are composed of minute flowers in a tight cluster (=head) at the apex of a stalk (=peduncle). There may be up to 25 peduncles per plant. Each peduncle grows to approximately 4 inches (10 cm) in height. The basal sheath is approximately 1 inch (2.5 cm) tall. Heads are spherical or hemispherical with a few hairs or hairless. Flowers white to gray-green with both a calyx and corolla. Sepals and petals number either two each or three each. Flowers are imperfect (=some flowers have stamens but no pistils, while others may have pistils and no stamens). Both types of flower generally occur on the same plant. There twice a s many stamens as petals. Pistils have two or three stigmas, one style, and a one-, two-, or three-celled ovary.


1. 首页
 2. 易语言 - EasyLanguage
 3. 设定分析技术，只能在某台电脑上运行 Restricting access to a PC
本文描述如何实现让您的分析技术只能在某一太电脑上运行。 This page describes how to restrict studies so that they can only be run on a particular PC. To restrict your code fully you need to add this functionality and then see the Protecting EasyLanguage Code page.
Using the CustomerID allows you to restrict access to one account. However, that account holder can still use the code on multiple computers. The Network ID allows you to restrict access to EL code to a specific computer.
The first thing to do is get the Network ID from the person you will be sending the strategy/indicator to. The Network ID is found from the main 'Help' menu, under 'About TradeStation x.x'…
Access to the Network ID is not available directly from EasyLanguage. But here is a DLL that will return the Network ID to an EasyLanguage program.
This DLL can be placed in your computer's equivalent to this subdirectory: \WINDOWS\system32\. If preferred, it can also be placed into your \TradeStation (Build WXYZ)\Program\ subdirectory.
The DLL function ELNETWORKID can be called using EasyLanguage code like the following:
external: "ELNetwork.dll", int, "ELNETWORKID", IEasyLanguageObject ;
 MyNetworkID( 678910 ) ;
if CurrentBar = 1 then
 MyNetworkID = ELNetworkID( self ) ;
Plot1( MyNetworkID, "NetworkID" ) ;
Note that you put the Network ID in a variable (not an input) and you put the begin…end loop around your entire code (except the Inputs: and Variables: declarations).
The following code is not needed for EasyLanguage. It is the C++ code for the above DLL in case you're interested:
_TAG_ "C:\Program Files\TradeStation 8.1 (Build 3159)\Program\tskit.dll" no_namespace
BOOL __stdcall DllMain(HANDLE hModule,
 DWORD ul_reason_for_call,
 LPVOID lpReserved
 switch( ul_reason_for_call )
 return TRUE ;
int __stdcall ELNETWORKID( IEasyLanguageObject* pEL )
 return pEL->Platform->NetworkID ;
更新于 2020年5月15日


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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence and development of after burn joint limitation by scar contracture.
METHODS: In 2011-2012, consecutive patients were enrolled in this prospective multi center cohort study. Eligible were all patients admitted to the 2 participating Dutch Burn Centers with acute burns across or adjacent to the neck, shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee and ankle. Passive range of motion was measured in week 3 and subsequently every 3 weeks until discharge, on discharge from the hospital and during follow-up at the outpatient clinic at 3-6-9-12 months after burn.
RESULTS: Limited range of motion of non-operated burned joints (N = 195) was restored back to normal within 6-9 months. From the operated burned joints (N = 353), 58.6% demonstrated a limited range of motion at 3-6 weeks declining to 20.9% at 12 months. The upper part of the body was affected more often by scar contracture than the lower part. At 12 months, the shoulder was limited most often (51.3%) and the hip least often (0%). Reconstructive surgery was performed in 13.3% of the operated burned joints.
CONCLUSIONS: Persistent joint limitations at 12 months were exclusively present in joints that needed skin grafting for rapid wound closure. The upper part of the body was more prone to contracture formation than the lower part, from which the shoulder was most often involved. More than half of the limited range of motion seen in the acute phase, resolved in the long term. The need for reconstructive surgery was less than expected.
|Journal||Burns : journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries|
|Publication status||Published - Jun 2019|
- burn injuries


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Appending to a string
If you come from another language, you might be tempted to use the += operator when appending to a string.
my_str = "Marco " my_str += "Polo"
It works… but there is a better way to do it : the << method.
my_str = "Marco " my_str << "Polo"
I have removed my initial claim about operator precedence as it isn't really accurate. There is a much better reason to use << instead of += when appending to a string... something I didn't even realize (Thanks to Gregory). += will create a new String instance and will assign it to your left object. On the other hand, << will append the new string directly into your already existing left object. One could argue that += is only different than << and not better, but to me << is what you'll want to use 99% of the time (if not 100%) when appending to a String. I have yet to see a real case where one would want to "lose" it's existing String instance just to get a new one containing the exact same value.
You can also use the << method with arrays :
[1,2,3] << 4 _TAG_ [1,2,3,4]
Be careful however when using << with Fixnum/Bignum instances. With these objects, the << method will shift the bits of your integer to the left. If you want to do a summation (append style that is), you will have to use +=

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


escuela/colegio particular - subvencionado
Discussion in 'Spanish-English Vocabulary / Vocabulario Español-Inglés' started by newdoomer, Aug 4, 2007.
 1. newdoomer
 newdoomer Senior Member
 Pirque, Chile
 Chile - Español
 In Chile we have a least three types of school:
 Public schools, "colegios particulares" (private school) and "colegios particular - subvencionados" this kind of school is a privare school that recieves aid from the government. Is there a term in Englsih to describe this type of schools?
 My try (I'm not sure)
 "Private-subsidized", "private - government subsidized"
 Thanks in advance
 2. anam
 anam Senior Member
 Spanish, Spain
 subsidised (o subsidized) private schools?
 3. ween New Member
 English - USA
 In the US within the last 10-15 years, a new type of publically funded school has come into existence. It's called a "charter school." Charter schools came about in response to the perception that the public schools were inadequate or failing. Many are located in urban areas. I think that there are very few in suburban or rural areas. The rules governing charter schools vary by school district (a subunit of local governments). I believe that most charter schools are run by for-profit companies under the supervision of the local school district.
 Private schools --I teach at one-- may receive government monies for some things, such as textbooks and bus transportation for students. Each textbook must have a government stamp mark in it!
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Date: 7 February, 2013
Education is the most important factor in whether people in Nepal will survive natural disasters such as landslides and floods, according to a new study by IIASA researcher Samir KC.
The study, published last week in the journal Ecology and Society, examined disaster vulnerability in Nepal, a country where floods and landslides are common during the monsoon season. It found that in communities with greater levels of education, disasters that occurred caused fewer deaths and less property damage.
'Child-Centred Disaster Risk Reduction: Project Evaluation and Learning' provides vivid examples of how the project reached children and of the progress it has made so far in improving preparedness. This evaluation shares crucial learning from the experiences of the communities involved for use by individuals and institutions with a mission to implement child-centred disaster risk reduction and help build disaster-resilient communities and children in similar context elsewhere in the country.


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Vitamin Code Family Multivitamin 120 Capsules
- Comprehensive raw whole food multivitamin for the family
- 23 powdered organically grown fruits and vegetables live probiotics and enzymes
- Live probiotics and enzymes
Vitamin Code Family Multivitamin
Vitamin Code Family is a comprehensive raw whole food multi-nutrient formula, specifically formulated to meet the needs of adults, teens and kids age 6 and over, providing the nourishment the body craves to maintain optimal health and well-being.† Twenty-three fruits and vegetables add supporting antioxidants, vitamins and nutrient cofactors. Raw means no high heat, synthetic binders, fillers, artificial flavors, sweeteners, colors or additives commonly used in tablets. Whole food means Raw Food-Created Nutrients are blended in a base of 23 fruits and vegetables together with food cofactors.
Vitamin Code Family Multivitamin Benefits
- Nutrient support for active adults†
- Nutrient support for active and growing teens and children†
- Mental and physical energy†
- Live probiotics and enzymes for healthy digestion†
Vitamin Code Family—comprehensive raw whole food multi-nutrient formula to meet the needs of adults, teen and kids age 6 and over.


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Object labels are generally mounted adjacent to the objects in an exhibit and identify the object for the viewer. They usually include information such as: Artist or Maker and Year(s) of birth and death, the Title of the object and Date created, the Medium (material) from which the object was made, the Donor of the object (or the person from whom the object was purchased), and the Accession Number that identifies the object.
It is quite common to have no information on the weaver for Rio Grande textiles, so only two of the five object labels include the name of the artisan weaver, and we decided to eliminate "Unknown Artist" from the other object labels. We titled the objects "Rio Grande Blanket" because this provided more information about the objects than merely calling them textiles. We included the weaving technique with the title since the original concept for the exhibit was to showcase the two main weaving techniques of the blankets: double width and two widths seamed. And because it is most often impossible to know with certainty whether a dye is natural or synthetic, we simply used the word "dyes" as part of the medium description.
To get all of these details correct for each blanket, I combed through the donor and object files, as well as my notes from Mark Winter's consultant visit. The labels went through several rounds of editing as Tawney and I reviewed and made the above-mentioned decisions on presentation. When the final label text was printed, I affixed the object labels adjacent to the blankets.


Concurrent powers
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Concurrent powers are powers of a federal state that are shared by both the federal government and each constituent political unit, such as a state or province. These powers may be exercised simultaneously within the same territory, in relation to the same body of citizens, and regarding the same subject-matter.[1] Concurrent powers are contrasted with reserved powers (not possessed by the federal government) and with exclusive federal powers (forbidden to be possessed by the states is forbidden or requiring federal permission).[1]
Federal law is supreme and so may pre-empt to a state or provincial law in case of conflict. Concurrent powers can therefore be divided into two kinds: those not generally subject to federal pre-emption, such as the power to tax private citizens, and other concurrent powers.[2]
In the United States, examples of the concurrent powers shared by both the federal and the state governments include the powers to tax, build roads, and create lower courts.[3]
See also[edit]


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The Art History Archive - Biography & Paintings
Biography of George Ault
By Charles Moffat.
George Copeland Ault (Born in Cleveland Ohio, October 11, 1891 – Died in WoodStock New York, December 30, 1948) was an American painter.
He was loosely grouped with the Precisionist Movement and was also influenced by Cubism and Surrealism.
Ault was born in Cleveland, Ohio, and spent much of his youth in London, England, where his father was engaged in ink manufacturing. He studied at the Slade School of Art and St. John's Wood School of Art (where his painting style was described as an Anglicized version of Impressionism).
In 1911 he returned to the United States where he would spend the rest of his life in New York and New Jersey. He began to paint New York night scenes and architectural subjects in a spare, modernist style (similar to those of Joseph Pennell). He became interested in night effects, a major theme in many of his later works. His shift towards a modern painting style caused his father (an academic painter) to stop supporting him. His financial and personal life became troubled; he became alcoholic during the 1920s, after the death of his mother in a mental institution, and the suicides of his three brothers.
By the mid-1920s, personal problems began to interfere with Ault's artistic progress. The home in which he had grown up was emotionally troubled; his mother died in a mental institution and three of his brothers committed suicide. By the time of his father's death in 1929, the family fortune was largely dissipated. These unfortunate circumstances may explain the increasing turbulence and unhappiness of Ault's personal life. Whatever the exact cause, during the 1920s, Ault grew neurotic and reclusive. He developed a severe case of alcoholism, almost blinding himself drinking poisonous bathtub gin. His behavior became so strange that his artist and dealer friends began to avoid him.
In 1937, Ault moved to Woodstock, New York and tried to put his difficulties in the past. Depending on his wife for income, he created some of his finest paintings during this time, but had difficulty selling them. A nearby barn, which he painted three times, was a favorite subject, symbolizing for hire a dying, agrarian way of life in the Catskills.
Although Ault is often grouped with Precisionists Charles Demuth, Ralston Crawford and Charles Sheeler, he did not idealize modern life and machinery as they generally did. Rather, his urban landscapes, filled with a sense of disquiet and psychic distress, echo both Giorgio de Chirico, the Italian Surrealist, and Albert Pinkham Ryder, the American romantic visionary.
In the winter of 1948, he apparently committed suicide by drowning but exact cause is uncertain because it could have been accidental. He was on one of his reputed late night drinking binges and while returning home on foot slipped on the icy banks of Woodstock Creek which at the time was treacherously overflowing. In his lifetime, his works were displayed at the Whitney Museum of American Art and the Addison Gallery of American Art (in Andover, Massachusetts), among others.
Ault worked in oil, watercolor, and pencil. He is often grouped with Precisionist painters such as Charles Sheeler and Ralston Crawford because of his unadorned representations of architecture and urban landscapes.
However, the idealist and Futurist aspects of Precisionism are not so apparent in his work—in fact, he once referred to skyscrapers as the "tombstones of capitalism". He employed flat shapes and portrayed the underlying geometric patterns of the manmade structures that found homes on his canvases.
An analytical painter, he was especially noted for his realistic portrayal of light—especially the light of darkness—for he commonly painted nighttime scenes. Ault's neighbor Henry Mattson was sharing ideas with him on painting nocturnes, considered a Romantic tradition and a technical challenge for landscape painters. Of his later paintings, such as January, Full Moon; Black Night; August Night; and Bright Light at Russell's Corners (pictured), The New York Times (December 16, 1973) wrote:
"The setting is the same in each case—a solitary streetlight, the same bend in the road, the same collection of barns and sheds—but seen from different vantage points. In them, Ault has summoned up the poetry of darkness in an unforgettable way—the implacable solitude and strangeness that night bestows upon once-familiar forms and places."
Paintings by George Ault
Analysis: Manhattan Mosaic
The linear, interlocking shapes of this urban scene testify to George Copeland Ault's links with Precisionism, a style characterized by a strangely airless, rigidly geometric approach to identifiable objects (usually architectural and often industrial). This late work reveals the artist's inclination to construct a more abstract vision in which the illusion of space is minimized and the forms of the buildings seem to hug the surface of the picture plane. The resulting decorative sensibility was apparently intentional, as witnessed by Ault's reference in the title to the mosaic technique (a process of making a picture or design out of pieces of stone or glass mounted on a supporting surface).
Ault, Louise. Artist in Woodstock: George Ault, the Independent Years.


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Liquor or liqueur. What is the difference?
The question seems simple enough and, in fact, there is a relatively simple answer…. sugar.
Both liquor and liqueur contain alcohol. Liquor is a distilled spirit made from a fermented mash of either grains, vegetables or fruits and is not sweet. Gin, vodka, tequila, rum and brandy are examples of liquor.
A liqueur begins with a base spirit such as brandy or rum, is sweetened with sugar, honey, syrup or beet and often infused with fruits, herbs, spices, flowers, seeds, and even roots and barks for flavor. Liqueurs generally have short aging periods (ie, they're ready to drink quite quickly), but may have resting periods during their production to allow flavors to blend. Examples of liqueurs are Chambord, Grand Marnier, Amaretto, creme de menthe, triple sec and Frangelico.
Points of interest:
- Liqueurs are generally thought to be descendants of herbal medicines often made by monks as early as the 13th century (Chartreuse, Benedictine). However, as early as 800 BC the Chinese were using crude distillation methods to produce fortified spirits from fermented rice wine, and Egyptians and Greeks were distilling grape wine in 400 BC that they sweetened with honey. So it's more likely that the brothers of yore simply introduced the art to Europe.
- In the USA, liqueur is generally pronounced lick-coor. Elsewhere the pronunciation is lik-yur.
- Liqueurs must contain at least 2.5% sugar by weight, though some have thirty five percent or more, to distinguish them from spirits. Creme liqueurs must have 40% sugar content.
- The term creme, when applied to a liqueur, refers to one flavor, not to any milk product. For instance, creme de menthe is flavored only with mint, creme de cacao with chocolate bean.
- Liqueurs may also contain dairy products, in which case they become cream liqueurs (not creme).
- Most liqueurs have a lower alcohol content than liquor, though that is not always the case.
- The term cordial is generally synonymous with the word liqueur although in Europe cordial can also refer to a sweet, non-alcoholic syrup such as Rose's lime juice cordial. Another, little-used term is ratafia.
Of course, we have to have a slight complication to throw in to the mix. Now-a-days there are many flavored liquors: vanilla vodka, saffron gin, for instance. These are not sweetened and the flavor is generally added by a steeping process after distillation.
OK, now you have all the information you need to confidently distinguish between a liquor or liqueur. So go out and use it.
Pick up some more hints – watch the video.


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Having investigated the relevance of the operative assumptions of Gramsci's theory of hegemony and domination to African realities, the paper proposes that scholars attempt to devise and articulate a more appropriate theory and methodology. It also proposes that the pre-colonial, colonial, and post-colonial periods be examined as they relate to the theory of hegemony and domination in Africa, in an integrated form, especially in the interest of studying long-term social change.
"How Useful is Gramsci's Theory of Hegemony and Domination to the Study of African States?,"
African Social Science Review:
3, Article 5.
Available at: _URL_


Density-dependent habitat selection and consequences for fitness in a fluctuating ground squirrel population
A habitat map of our study site at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory in Gothic, Colorado. Squirrels have access to five microhabitat types: Aspen forest, Dry Meadow, Spruce Forest, Wet meadow, and Willow community.
Screen Shot 2019-09-17 at 20.33.08.png
Standardized Manly resource selection ratios for golden-mantled ground squirrels at two spatial scales: where an individual chooses to place its home range, or the area needed for day-to-day activities (Second Order), and where within its home range it spends most of its time (Third Order). Everything above the dotted red line indicates positive selection.
Habitat comprises a combination of resources (for example, food, water, space) and conditions (for example, temperature, absence of enemies) that are critical to an animal's performance, or 'fitness' (the ability to survive or reproduce). However, selection for certain habitat types or features may vary with changing population density. While wildlife management requires understanding these habitat-fitness relationships, access to these data is rare in wild mammal populations.
I explore habitat selection decisions, including the effect of population density on selection and the fitness consequences of non-random resource use, in a population of golden-mantled ground squirrels (Callospermophilus laterals). My research takes place at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory in Gothic, Colorado, where I trap, mark, and observe individuals over 3-month periods of time as part of a long-term study.
After assessing habitat use on two different spatial scales, results show that golden-mantled ground squirrels preferentially select for dry meadow habitat, and they select against other habitat types, such as wet meadow (Veratrum plant communities) and willow communities. A series of statistical models suggest that access to perches, such as rocks or other vantage points from which squirrels could look out for predators, is the key variable that makes dry meadow habitat desirable. Local population density, or the density realized by each individual, has a negative effect on access to preferred habitat. Preliminary results suggest that this matters because access to dry meadow habitat significantly increases body mass upon emergence from hibernation, which may be important for survival.
Screen Shot 2019-09-17 at 20.41.25.png
Predictive models show that access to perches, from which golden-mantled ground squirrels can gain predator visibility, influences habitat selection. As the number of perches within a given space increases, preferred use of that space increases.
Golden-mantled ground squirrels hibernate over winter and, because our study site is at high elevation (2900 m), the summer active season is very short. Squirrels only have about 4 months to emerge from hibernation, find a mate, care for young, and then gain enough weight to have sufficient fat stores to be hibernation-ready again by the end of the season. Drawings courtesy of Elsa Cousins.


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An oil well in the Timor Sea northwest of Australia has been leaking for more than a week. Operators continue to wait for a new rig to be brought to the site so that they can drill a relief well and cap the leaking one. This image from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Aqua satellite on August 30, 2009, shows the Timor Sea and what are probably oil slicks about 250 kilometers northwest of Western Australia.
Oil spills are usually difficult to see in natural-color (photo-like) satellite images, especially in the open ocean. Because the ocean surface is already so dark, the additional darkening or slight color change that results from a spill is usually imperceptible, especially once it starts to disperse. Occasionally viewing conditions are right, however, and the location of the oil slick coincides with the sunglint area of an image. When that happens, the slicks become more visible.
Sunglint is the mirror-like reflection of the Sun off the water. If the ocean were as smooth as a mirror, a sequence of nearly perfect reflections of the Sun would appear in a line along the track of the satellite's orbit (Aqua orbits roughly south to north over the daylight side of the Earth). Because the ocean is never perfectly smooth or calm, however, the Sun's reflection gets blurred as the light is scattered in all directions by waves. The blurred reflection gives the ocean surface a washed out appearance—the sunglint region.
An oil slick dampens waves on the water's surface, changing the way it reflects light. The smoothing of the waves can make the oil-covered parts of the sunglint area more or less reflective than surrounding waters (depending on the exact location within the sunglint area and the sensor's viewing angle). In this image, captured on August 30, 2009, the dark patches in the water at the eastern edge of the sunglint are likely oil slicks; they are similar in appearance to other slicks that have been detected in MODIS images, and they are in the correct location (near the leaking oil rig).
The slicks are located about 250 kilometers northwest of the Western Australia town of Truscott. The long distance from land is another indicator that these are oil slicks. Sometimes freshwater flowing into the sea can change the reflection in the sunglint area in a manner similar to an oil slick, but that explanation is unlikely for a location in the open ocean.
NASA image created by Jesse Allen, using data provided courtesy of the MODIS Rapid Response team. Caption by Rebecca Lindsey, with input from Chuanmin Hu, Institute for Marine Remote Sensing at the University of South Florida.
- Aqua - MODIS


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Why settle for less, when a little perseverance
can uncover a better reality, more prospects, the strength,
resilience and drive to improve beyond imagination.
To feel euphoric is to experience life and feel in charge, like the Finnish achieve Sisu, the mindset for courage and resilience with any adversity. We do not need to jump into icy waters, but to know that we can do it, in search of new challenges and strive to improve rather than take the easy way. Each country has its redeeming qualities that highlight different levels of perseverance and its many characteristics.
Each threshold, achievement or new insight brings us that much closer to build the capability, courage, stamina, intelligence and resilience to manage and master the next, potentially more devastating challenge. Transform life's mundane, hopeless, struggles, growing resistance, bad practices or any adversity with the perseverance to do it.
Consider the wisdom, character, humour and insights needed to appreciate, learn, grow and mature with perseverance. Understand how we draw strength from our own emotional elasticity to know, do and repeat what is not only possible, but inevitable. This article describes this journey and potential benefits within the following sections:
- The perseverance mindset
- From strength to strength
- The shape of things to come
- Achieve the inconceivable
To read the rest of this and all articles either subscribe or download the article.
From opinions, counselling to pearls of wisdom: enjoy the inspiration, insights and ideas drawn from this article. May it trigger innovations as it is launched into public consciousness.
See below for options...


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Learn more about BGCA's Content Guidelines
Boys & Girls Clubs of America takes safety seriously. The following describes how we handle media and content on the My.Future platform.
The following content is disallowed on the My.Future website. BGCA reserves the ultimate right to determine if content uploaded by youth members contradicts one or more of these content categories:
- Inappropriate Content: This media contains violence, drug abuse, sexuality, profanity, nudity, or other adult themes
- Threatening or Discriminatory Content: This content promotes or condones hate speech or violence against individuals or groups, or acts as harassment or threat against others
- Oversharing Personal information: This media reveals personal information, such as a members name, location, or address
- Copyright Plagiarism: This media is a violation of copyright or another member's work


Reveillon Riots
On 27 April 1789, there were widespread rumours that a local bourgeois wallpaper manufacturer, Réveillon, in Paris was going to lower wages at his factory so that he would be able to lower prices of his products. In fact, these remarks had been misconstrued where he had actually said in a speech that bread prices should be lower so that more people would be able to afford it.
Nonetheless, the rumours spread like wildfire and this misunderstanding led several hundred Parisian urban workers to go to the factory and protest, which eventuated into a violent altercation. This was the first instance of violent attack by urban workers upon the rich, and resulted in around 300 injured, several killed and Réveillon's factory being destroyed.
See Also


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Lee Grismer returns from pirate hideout, mountaintop with new geckos, 100+ specimens
Herpetologist Lee Grismer arrived at a remote island in the Indian Ocean earlier this month to conduct field research and find new species of reptiles and amphibians.
Herpetologist Lee Grismer arrived at a remote island in the Indian Ocean earlier this month to conduct field research and find new species of reptiles and amphibians. He was prepared to deal with modern-day pirates and their weapons. But the group of armed men he came across on the island allowed him and his colleagues safe passage once he identified himself as a professor and held forth a poisonous fanged viper, which he had brought along for negotiating purposes.
Grismer and three researchers from the Science University of Malaysia and the National University of Malaysia arrived on the island on March 23. Over the next two days, the team collected about 30 specimens of lizard and snakes, some of which appear to be new species.
On another leg of their journey, the researchers headed for the top of a 6,000-foot mountain on the mainland. Initially with the aid of native villagers, they climbed straight up for three days. The villagers accompanied the group only until dark and then refused to go further, fearing an encounter with the Bunian fairy, a sort of ghost they believe will lead them to their deaths in the darkness. The group lost the trail a couple of times and Grismer hacked tick marks in trees with his machete so they could find their way back.
Once on top of the mountain peak, one of the highest in the Banjaran Titiwangsa mountain range, Grismer found crawling on the underside of a fallen, moss-covered tree, two geckos with broad black bands edged in brilliant yellow. He believes they are new to the modern world. He returned with the live creatures and will work on verifying their identification and publication as a new species.
Grismer also returned with plastic tubs of more than 100 specimens of snakes, frogs, geckos and lizards. They include a flying frog with bright orange front feet and bright yellow hind feet, and a flying gecko with side skin flaps that flair out when the creature jumps to help it glide through the air.
Additionally, during the first week of March, German publisher Edition Chimaira released Grismer's book, "Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of the Seribuat Archipelago, Peninsular Malaysia." The book, which took seven years to compile, includes many photos taken by Grismer and as well as student research by his La Sierra classes between 2001 and 2005. In June, Edition Chimaira is planning to release another book by Grismer, a milestone work 15 years in the making that includes 650 of his color photographs. The book is titled "Lizards of Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and their Adjacent Archipelagos."


Twoey Glo
Twoey Glo is a unique range of products that encourage early mark making, letter formation, number recognition and counting whilst also developing co-ordination skills and important fine motor skills.
The rewarding nature of using a glow in the dark product gives it an additional sensory element which is both exciting and engaging for children across a range of ages. The calming sensory properties of the Glo range can transform mood and take children's imaginations to a magical space. The sensory features of these products make them ideal for children with special educational needs and the range is particularly accessible across a wide range of ages and abilities.
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For more Ocracoke news, click here.
The National Weather Service out of Morehead City and Hyde County Emergency Services are forecasting severe weather for eastern North Carolina Thursday afternoon into Friday afternoon.
In addition to widespread heavy rain, the National Weather Service is watching the potential for stronger thunderstorms Thursday night, which would have the potential for strong winds or even tornados, especially along the coast.
The anticipated impacts for Hyde County are as follows:
- Gale force winds and dangerous seas affecting all coastal waters and the Pamlico Sound.
- Maximum wind gusts of 40+ mph.
- A total rainfall accumulation of 3.70 inches is expected but locally higher amounts of 4+ inches are possible. Minor to moderate flooding may occur.
- Given the heightened surf conditions and potential for beach erosion, it is possible the dunes along Highway 12 north of the pony pens, in the area of the wash over, will be compromised and the roadway could be impacted.
Mainland Hyde County:
- Large waves and dangerous seas affecting all coastal waters and the Pamlico Sound.
- Maximum wind gusts of 25 to 30 mph increasing geographically from northwest (Ponzer) to southeast (Engelhard).
- Isolated thunderstorms have the potential for strong winds or even a tornado.
- Total rainfall accumulations of 3 to 3.5 inches are expected but locally higher amounts of 4 plus inches are possible. Minor to moderate flooding may occur.


15 Most Common, Basic Microsoft Word Keyboard Shortcuts
By -
Keyboard shortcuts can greatly enhance your typing speed and help you type much faster.
Which in turn helps push up your productivity, focus on what is going on in your mind without being bothered by your typing skills (or, the lack of them) and minimize the amount of time lost in looking for various options in Microsoft word.
15 Most Common Microsoft Word Keyboard Shortcuts
There are too many keyboard shortcuts available to us. Trying to memorize them all can indeed be a painful task, no matter how much we use our keyboard during the course of an average day.
Here are the 15 most common and basic keyboard shortcuts in MS Word.
All of us who need to type a lot would do well to remember them.
Knowing these shortcut will help you minimize the usage of your mouse/ touch pad though you are obviously free to go to the Menu Bar at the top and see all the commands.
S.No. Shortcut Function
1. Ctrl+N Opens a New Word Document
2. Ctrl+W Closes the open Word Document, without quitting MS Word
3. Ctrl+S Saves the open Word Document
4. Ctrl+A Selects all the text and images from the selected word document/ window
5. Ctrl+C Copies the selected text
6. Ctrl+X Cuts the selected text
7. Ctrl+V Pastes/ Inserts the text which was selected earlier
8. Ctrl+Z Undo the last action
9. Ctrl+Y Redo
10. Ctrl+B Bolds the selected text or removes the Bold formatting
11. Ctrl+I Italicizes the selected text or removes italics
12. Ctrl+U Underlines the selected text or removes the underline
13. Ctrl+F Helps search for a specified word/ text in a Word Document
14. Ctrl+D Open Font preferences windowchoose the font style, color, effects, size, etc.
15. Ctrl+K Insert a link
Besides the 15 most commonly used and needed MS word keyboard shortcuts listed above, there are some other shortcuts too which can make typing less tedious.
15 Not so Common MS Word Keyboard Shortcuts
As said earlier, though it is not easy to memorize them all and remember them by reading this list once, keeping them in mind would surely be of great help.
Here are 15 not so commonly used keyboard shortcuts:
S. No. Shortcut Function
1. Ctrl+] Increase size of selected text by 1 point
2. Ctrl+[ Decrease size of selected text by 1 point
3. Shift+F3 Change the case of letters i.e. upper case to lower case & vice versa
4. Ctrl+E Aligns the selected text to the centre of the page
5. Ctrl+J Justifies the selected text
6. Ctrl+L Left aligns the selected text
7. Ctrl+R Right aligns the selected text
8. Ctrl+1 Single spaces lines
9. Ctrl+2 Double spaces lines
10. Ctrl+5 1.5 line spacing
11. Ctrl+T To create a hanging indent
12. Ctrl+ Shift+T To reduce a hanging indent
13. F5 Open the "Find & Replace" option in MS Word
14. F7 Check the spellings and grammar of the selected text
15. F12 Runs a Thesaurus check of the selected word
Try to retain as many shortcuts as possible from this list of 15 most commonly used and needed MS Word keyboard shortcuts and the 15 not so common ones.
If possible, store this list on your desktop and try to memorize ONE new shortcut everyday till you know them all.
It is not an impossible task but will go a great way in helping you improve your typing speed.
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. Meanwhile, the integration of cognitive tasks with physical exercises, known as dual-tasking, is an evolving strategy to facilitate activities for older people. This study investigated the perceptions of older adults regarding Zumba and the potential of implementing it in a dual-task program. We conducted a qualitative-descriptive research involving 44 Filipino older adults from August to November 2020. Content analysis was employed to analyze the data. Four themes were identified: moving towards match or mismatch; balancing benefits with burdens; dual-tasking as innovative yet potentially challenging; and overcoming barriers with enablers. While Zumba is an inclusive and beneficial activity, individual and contextual limitations could hinder its suitability for older people. Dual-tasking in Zumba was also recognized as an innovative approach, although challenges should be addressed to promote its utility. Several strategies could support the design of these programs in communities. This is the first study to explore older adults' perceptions towards Zumba and its potential utilization as a dual-tasking program. Findings could guide the implementation of appropriate Zumba and dual-tasking activities that seek to integrate cognitive and physical training for older adults.
ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201805.0136.v1
Subject: Behavioral Sciences, Other Keywords: detour task; equids; social cognition; social learning; spatial cognition
Online: 9 May 2018 (05:08:10 CEST)
Horses' ability to adapt to new environments and to acquire new information plays an important role in handling and training. Social learning in particular would be very adaptive for horses as it enables them to flexibly adapt to new environments. In the context of horse handling, social learning from humans has been rarely investigated but could help to facilitate management practices. We assessed the impact of human demonstration on spatial problem-solving abilities in horses using a detour task. In this task, a bucket with a food reward was placed behind a double-detour barrier and horses (n = 16) received a human demonstration or no demonstration. Horses were allocated to two test groups of 8 horses each, which experienced the two treatments in a counterbalanced order. We found that horses did not solve the detour task faster with human demonstration. However, both test groups improved rapidly over trials. Our results suggest that horses prefer to use individual rather than social information when being confronted with a spatial problem-solving task.
REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0627.v1
Subject: Earth Sciences, Geoinformatics Keywords: pathfinding; algorithms; multi-criteria; multi-modal; multi-network; transportation
Online: 28 August 2020 (09:09:37 CEST)
In daily travel and activities, pathfinding is a significant process. They are often used in transportation routes calculation. They have now evolved to be able to solve most situations of the pathfinding and its related problems. This review describes previous and recent studies on the pathfinding algorithms. It reviews the development of pathfinding algorithms in a classification base on their usage. The aim is to summarize the application of the pathfinding algorithms for the readers interested in the subject that can be used as a supplement.
ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202201.0385.v1
Subject: Behavioral Sciences, Behavioral Neuroscience Keywords: Trace amine-associated receptor 5; cognition; decision-making; switch task
Online: 25 January 2022 (14:49:51 CET)
Trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) are a family of G protein-coupled receptors present in mammals in the brain and in several peripheral organs. Apart from its olfactory role, TAAR5 is expressed in the major limbic brain areas and regulates brain serotonin functions and emotional behaviors. However, most of its functions remain undiscovered. Given the role of serotonin and limbic regions in some aspects of cognition, we used a temporal decision-making task to unveil a possible role of TAAR5 in cognitive processes. We found that TAAR5 knock-out (KO) mice showed a generally better performance due to a reduced number of errors and displayed a greater rate of improvement at the task than WT littermates. However, task-related parameters, such as time accuracy and uncertainty have not changed significantly. Overall, we show that TAAR5 modulates specific domains of cognition, highlighting a new role in brain physiology.
ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0219.v1
Subject: Behavioral Sciences, Social Psychology Keywords: Continuance intention, Technology continuance theory, Task technology fit, Restaurant Industry
Online: 13 September 2021 (15:43:48 CEST)
The development in information technology has played an influential role in transforming the restaurant industry services. Therefore, this research's main agenda is to investigate factors that motivate employees to adopt and continue using information technology services by integrating two famous information system (IS) theories, namely, task technology fit (TTF) and technology continuance theory (TCT). The extant integrative perspective model details the cause-effect relationship between technology adoption and continuance intention. The positivist paradigm forms the basis of this research design, and the approach followed is quantitative research. Using the stratified random sampling technique, the empirical data was collected from 417 restaurant industry employees in the US (United States) on a five-point Likert scale. The PLS-SEM technique was utilized to analyze data while using Smart PLS 3 because of its suitability and wider application currently in the hospitality sector. Results suggest that the recently developed integrated technology continuance research model has considerable influence on predicting preand post-adoption behavior with continuance intention for technology usage within the restaurant industry. All hypotheses were found significant except one for the direct association of hedonic motivation and continuance intention of technology adoption. Moreover, the results revealed that factors like perceived security & information privacy and assisting conditions were the most important factors in determining the usage of information technology with continuance intention. Unlike previous research studies that focus majorly only on issues before adoption of informational technology usage, the current focus on investigating continuance intention toward information technology usage by focusing on factors that can also boost post-adoption behavior and pre-adoption usage information technology.
ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0267.v2
Subject: Behavioral Sciences, Applied Psychology Keywords: response inhibition; behavioral inhibition; psychopathy traits; Go/NoGo task; smokers
Online: 11 February 2021 (13:32:51 CET)
Aims: Adolescence is a critical period because the brain is involved in the process of maturation that entails cognitive functions. On the way of maturation, an individual's inhibitory control undergoes many changes and becomes vulnerable to different thrill-seeking like smoking, drinking, and so on. Smoking is highly prevalent among teenagers that are trying to take control of their behaviors in order to join society. They experience antisocial behavior too which is a trait that can lead adolescents to addiction. This trait is an inevitable part of psychopathy. Inhibitory deficits and psychopathy have been widely reported in addiction studies. The current study tried to investigate the relationship between psychopathic traits and behavioral inhibition between male smokers and non-smoker teenage students.Materials & Methods: Statistical sample of this research is 62 teenage students aged 17 years that are divided into smoker and non-smoker groups. The participants have been chosen through random sampling from the population of 10 high schools. The data have been gathered in Kordkoy and Gorgan in Golestan province. Behavioral bias has been measured by Go/NoGo task and psychopathic traits through youth psychopathic traits inventory. Also, the short form of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale test has been executed and used as a control variable.Findings: A meaningful difference has been found between the performance of smoker and non-smoker groups in Go/No Go task and psychopathic traits that are smokers performed weaker in comparison with non-smokers and psychopathic traits of smokers were meaningfully higher than non-smokers. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between these two groups in their Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale scores.Conclusion: The results have shown that smokers have higher psychopathic traits and lower behavioral inhibition when compared with their non-smoker peers. According to the results of current research, smoking can decline the cognitive functions.
ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0016.v1
Subject: Behavioral Sciences, Applied Psychology Keywords: development; adolescents; perceptual inhibition; joint visual search task; executive function
Online: 1 February 2021 (11:38:03 CET)
Recent studies suggest that the developmental curves in adolescence, related to the development of executive functions, could be fitted to a non-linear trajectory of development with progressions and retrogressions. Therefore, the present study proposes to analyze the pattern of development in Perceptual Inhibition (PI), considering all stages of adolescence (early, middle, and late) in intervals of one year. To this aim, we worked with a sample of 275 participants between 10 and 25 years, who performed a joint visual and search task (to measure PI). We have fitted exGaussian functions to the probability distributions of the mean response time across the sample and performed a covariance analysis (ANCOVA). The results showed that the 10- to 13-year-old groups performed similarly in the task and differ from the 14- to 19-year-old participants. We found significant differences between the older group and all the rest of the groups. We discuss the important changes that can be observed in relation to the nonlinear trajectory of development that would show the PI during adolescence.
Subject: Keywords: Timetabling; Task Assignment; MOP; Combinatory Optimization; Compromise Programming; Genetic Algorithm


is not their
 shortest path to A. Their shortest path is their direct link.
----[ The Multicast Backbone (MBONE)
It would be myopic to assume that every router on the internet supports
multicast. Thus, when a router needed to find the shortest path to a
destination (for forwarding of a multicast packet) it could look in the
unicast routing table. Unfortunately (or fortunately depending on your
perspective) most routers on the Internet do not support multicast or do
not have it enabled by default. Therefore, until most routers support
multicast, it has been "layered" over IP and tunneled from multicast router to
multicast router (more specifically, the multicast header and data is
encapsulated in a unicast IP header). The tunnel (which bridges the gap of
unicast only routers between multicast routers) informs each end that some
packets will contain a multicast group in their payload. This allows data to
be routed by using unicast forwarding tables while at the same time preserving
the integrity of the multicast group id.
Because these multicast routers are not necessarily connected physically
(though they are tunneled logically), they must be connected by a multicast
routing protocol. This is necessary because the closest path via multicast
may not correspond to the shortest path over unicast only routers. Distance
Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) is an initial foray into this realm.
DVMRP distributes "unicast" routes to facilitate the construction of shortest
path trees. DVMRP uses the flood and prune method discussed above to discover
/maintain multicast trees. There is also a link state foray into this arena.
Multicast Open Shortest Path First (MOSPF) takes the LSP approach and
calculates shortest absolute path. One host off of a multicast router can
request to be in a multicast group. That router then distributes an LSP over
the network. Of course, MOSPF (being a link state protocol) runs into
salability problems. It is computationally expensive for a router to compute
reachability information for each end node router.
Core based trees (CBT) are an attempt to alleviate the problems that DVMRP and
MOSPF experience. The concept is that multicast routers send join requests to
core routers of arbitrary designation. When a router learns of a host which
wishes to join a specific multicast group, it forwards a packet to the core
multicast router. Every router along the way forwards the packet towards the
core router and marks the interface on which the packet arrives so that it
knows where to forward the multicast packets from the core. This solves the
problem of having to communicate topology among all of the endpoints. The
choice of a core multicast router is a non-trivial because all multicast
traffic for multicast routers branching off of it _must_ pass through the core
----[ Protocol Independent Multicast
Protocol independent multicast (PIM). Pim is a balance between flood and
prune and CBT. When there are many multicast routers on a given network, it
is more efficient to use the flood-and-prune method. This network environment
is called "dense". On the contrary, sparse mode defines networks where there
are few multicast routers. In sparse mode, it is more efficient to use CBT
because the core router is not weighted in an environment when it 'polices'
few multicast routers. When most of network is comprised of multicast routers,
it is not prudent to require all sessions to be coordinated (and routed
through) a core. Sparse mode PIM has been adapted from CBT to allow data to
reach its destination via the core or through the shortest path tree.
Currently, the operator must define whether groups are sparse or dense instead
of leaving it up to the protocol. cisco systems' implementation of pim also
supports a middle ground called'sparse-dense' mode.
----[ Border Gateway Protocol
There has been some mention of the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) in this
document. BGP was groomed as the successor to the Exterior Gateway Protocol
(EGP). BGP is mainly an exterior routing protocol. It is used to communicate
with systems outside of the operator's control and both distribute and receive
network layer reachability information (NRLI) from the neighboring routers.
BGP must be a robust protocol which has the capability of quick convergence
while at the same time, not being influenced by frequent shifts in topology.
When you use BGP to receive routing information, you are depending on the
other networks to distribute correct information to your network.
A BGP speaking router communicates with its peers via TCP. TCP over IP is a
mechanism for guaranteeing the transmission of data over a best effort service
at the IP layer. The choice of TCP as the distribution mechanism for BGP
information is a point of contention. While TCP provides inherent checksums,
acknowledgments, retransmissions and duplicate suppression mechanisms for
received packets, it does not guarantee packet order or packet path. This can
lead to headaches for the router receiving this information.
BGP peers communicate with a variety of message formats. BGP speakers use the
OPEN message to establish a peering relationship with other speakers. BGP
speakers use the UPDATE message to transfer routing information between peers.
Update information includes all routes and their associated attributes.
KEEPALIVE messages assure that BGP peers are active. NOTIFICATION messages
inform peers of error conditions.
----[ BGP path selection
It is important that we understand the messages that constitute the Border
Gateway Protocol, but we are still left with the question of how BGP works on
the internet. One important area of clarification is in the BGP path selection
algorithm. This algorithm is how BGP decides which route to prefer and
attempt to install in the routing table.
This algorithm is employed when there are multiple paths to a destination. As
a failsafe, the first selection looks at the next hop and determines if it is
accessible. If the next hop is not accessible, it is important not to
consider that route as a candidate path to a destination because all data sent
to its next_hop will be blackholed. The second selection mechanism is the
weight of the route. Weight is a proprietary implementation to cisco Systems
routers and is analogous to local preference. If two routes have different
weights, the route with the largest weight is selected. Notice that the
selection mechanism is basically a logical if->then chain. If candidate paths
differ at a level of the selection algorithm, then the favorable path is
selected and the algorithm ceases trying to decide which path to prefer. The
next level is the local_pref attribute. This is a well known mandatory BGP
attribute. Much like weight, the path with the highest local_pref is
preferred. After local preference, the router selects the path that it
originated. If the router didn't originate the paths, then the path with the
shortest AS_PATH length should be selected. AS path length gauges the number
of autonomous systems that this routing information has traveled through.
The purpose of this selection relies in the assumption that the less ASNs the
route has passed through, the closer the destination. If all of the above
attributes are identical, then prefer path origin in this fashion IGP > EGP >
Incomplete. If the path origins are the same, prefer the path with the lowest
value MULTI_EXIT_DESCRIMINATOR (MED). MEDs are commonly used to distinguish
between multiple exit points to the same peer AS. If none of these attributes
are dissimilar, then prefer the path through the closest IGP neighbor. If
that fails, the tiebreaker is preferring the path with the lowest IP address
specified in the BGP router-id section discussed above.
This selection algorithm allows effective establishment of routing policy. If
I wanted to prefer routes from a certain AS over routes to another AS, I could
establish a route-map at both entry points of external routing information and
assign a higher LOCAL_PREF to the routes from the AS I want to favor.
Unfortunately, this does not provide much granularity. This means that all
traffic will be routed to the favorable AS and does not allow us to balance
the load over our multiple connections. If you allow path selection to
progress to the AS path length decision level, then you will get decent
(though not 50-50) load balancing to destinations. This of course is assuming
that you have providers with comparable customer routes and connectivity. If
you have a DS3 to MCI and a DS3 to the local BFE provider, nearly all traffic
will move out the MCI pipe if the BGP decision is allowed to progress down to
the AS path length category. At earlier selections, you can change the
preference of routes by using AS path access lists to select routes based on
as path regular expressions. For example, if you wanted to select all routes
that traversed UUnet and send them out your BFE provider, you could use a route
map to match an AS path access list which contained _701_ and set the
local_pref to 100 (or some value higher than the UUwho traversed paths from
MCI).


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ECR Spotlight is a series of interviews with early-career authors from a selection of papers published in Journal of Experimental Biology and aims to promote not only the diversity of early-career researchers (ECRs) working in experimental biology during our centenary year, but also the huge variety of animals and physiological systems that are essential for the 'comparative' approach. V. David Munteanu is an author on ' Limb bone strains during climbing in green iguanas (Iguana iguana): testing biomechanical release as a mechanism promoting morphological transitions in arboreal vertebrates', published in JEB. David is a PhD student in the lab of Richard Blob at Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, USA, investigating the biomechanics of habitat transitions in vertebrates.
V. David Munteanu
Describe your scientific journey and your current research focus
While attending Bucknell University as an undergrad, I studied the morphology and function of turtle shells with Dr Tristan Stayton. This was a formative experience, and helped cultivate my fascination with vertebrate morphology and biomechanics. I am currently working on my PhD with Dr Richard Blob at Clemson University. My current research focus is investigating the morphological and behavioral specializations associated with inhabiting high-risk environments, at both an organismal and macroevolutionary scale. Specifically, I am studying the biomechanical traits that have enabled a variety of lizard lineages to thrive in arboreal habitats.
How would you explain the main finding of your paper to a member of the public?
Bones can, over evolutionary time, come to exhibit different shapes depending on the types of forces that species consistently experience. When a species makes a transition to a different habitat, new physical features of that habitat may impose changes in the forces that it experiences. Many animals that live in trees or are adept at climbing can evolve longer limbs, which could potentially be useful for a longer reach in climbing situations. However, is it possible that these longer bones were able to evolve because the consistent strains and forces associated with terrestrial movements were 'alleviated' in arboreal (tree-based) habitats? To answer this question, we measured strain in the limb bones of green iguanas as they traversed a trackway that simulated different environmental features of both terrestrial and arboreal habitats. We found that trackway features associated with arboreal habitats, such as incline and compliance, actually elicited higher bone strains than level ground. Thus 'alleviation' of strain magnitudes is probably not a mechanism for that promoted limb bone elongation in species that invaded arboreal habitats.
What are the potential implications of this finding for your field of research, and is there anything that you learned during this study that you wish you had known sooner?
I think there is still much to learn about the factors that influence bone shape evolution, particularly in arboreal systems. There are so many strong selective pressures, and I feel that the work we reported in this study can provide paths for future studies, particularly within other systems. Though it seems obvious in retrospect, I did not realize before starting this study just how much of the ability to collect in vivo experimental data from animals is predicated on the animals' behavior. The entire procedure and setup can be immaculate, but the animal may be unwilling to cooperate, and that can limit the scope of your results for that day. Luckily for this publication, the animals were cooperative most of the time.
Which part of this research project was the most rewarding/challenging?
Being part of every step in the process and learning how to proceed was very rewarding. From conceptualization to physically working with the animals to collect data, to then analysing the data and composing a manuscript for publication…. Seeing the whole thing through helped to put a lot of impostor syndrome to rest.
Are there any important historical papers from your field that have been published in JEB?
I believe that Young et al.'s 2017 paper 'Humeral loads during swimming and walking in turtles: implications for morphological change during aquatic reinvasions' (doi:10.1242/jeb.156836) is historic within my field. This paper details biomechanical release as a mechanism for changing bone morphology, and it laid the foundation for the concept of this just-published paper of mine.
If you had unlimited funding, what question in your research field would you most like to address?
I am fascinated by the changes in locomotor functional morphology as animal size becomes larger. How do large animals evolve to handle the different demands of gravity and inertia imposed on their bodies? Many studies have modeled or simulated these dynamics, but I wonder if there are any aberrations from the models. At the end of the day, studying the extra-large animals in vivo is expensive and sometimes dangerous.
What's next for you?
I am currently halfway through my PhD, and I intend to continue within academia. I am enthusiastic about my research, and conducting research often is so fun that it does not feel like work. Whether it is a post-doctoral fellowship or a faculty position, I look forward to what the future holds for me!
V. David Munteanu's contact details: Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.


Friday, November 22, 2019
1:30 – 4:30 pm.
Crisis Communications: Maintaining the Narrative in the Digital Age
Captain Chris Hsiung, Mountain View Police Department
When a crisis strikes, your association and/or agency has seconds to get ahead of the news cycle. You are up against journalists, bystanders, and passers-by who can and will try and beat you to the narrative of a critical incident. How do you, as an association/agency, stay ahead of the game? By successfully navigating your association's and agency's narrative in the digital age, you can ensure that you are prepared to know what to expect when your association/agency faces potentially catastrophic predicaments. Learn how the evolution of social media has changed the way we communicate in times of crisis, and understand how your association and agency can have a multifaceted, successful approach by understanding the nuances of how social media platforms play into your messaging strategy. Learn how the evolution of social media has changed the way in which we must communicate in times of crisis. See how you can use social media to reclaim and maintain control of your story when your community needs to hear from you most.
Saturday, November 23, 2019
1:30 – 4:30 pm.
Keeping Super Heroes Super
Dr. Kimberly A. Miller
Public safety professionals are passionate about serving others; however, this calling can take its toll. High stress, low sleep, dealing with the worst of society and witnessing human tragedy reduces employees' mental/physical health. This class will explore the differences between stress, burnout and compassion fatigue and describe how to address each one, discuss why we all struggle to have balance in our lives and engage in regular self-care, detail what our "early warning systems" are, and describe specific strategies, tools and interventions that can be used by both individuals and organizations to foster healthy coping, balance and a positive mindset in employees.
POST Conference Certification. POST # TBD


text:
An Event Handler is a subroutine that executes code for a given event.
Look at the following code:
When will the code above be executed? The answer is: "You don't know..."
The Page_Load event is one of many events that ASP.NET understands. The Page_Load event is triggered when a page loads, and ASP.NET will automatically call the subroutine Page_Load, and execute the code inside it:
Note: The Page_Load event contains no object references or event arguments!
The Page_Load subroutine runs EVERY time the page is loaded. If you want to execute the code in the Page_Load subroutine only the FIRST time the page is loaded, you can use the Page.IsPostBack property. If the Page.IsPostBack property is false, the page is loaded for the first time, if it is true, the page is posted back to the server (i.e. from a button click on a form):
The example above will write the "The date and time is...." message only the first time the page is loaded. When a user clicks on the Submit button, the submit subroutine will write "Hello World!" to the second label, but the date and time in the first label will not change.
Your message has been sent to W3Schools.


Green tea benefits. Green tea with Lemon Cures Hangover?
Greentea with Lemon is not just a Vegan brew
Hangovers are caused by drinking too much alcohol. A single alcoholic drink is enough to trigger a hangover for some people while others may have the capacity to consume more number of drinks before they experience a hangover.
As the body metabolizes or processes alcohol, the process inhibits glucose production and results in hypoglycemia, the outcome of which is a hangover.
Lemon green tea is very healthy. It is prepared by adding some lemon juice in warm green tea. It is generally consumed by vegans and nutritionist for its health benefits which are given below in detail. In addition to its numerous health benefits, lemon green tea is also considered as one of the best remedies to cure a hangover, because of the presence of citric acid and nutrients in it.
How Lemon help cure a hangover
Lemon juice has been popular since ages as a cure for hangover. As lemon contains citric acid, the body's acidic condition is transformed to an alkaline condition. Therefore, after you drink lemon juice, certain changes in the body's PH occur, which help in easing the symptoms of a hangover such as headaches and migraine.
Lemon juice helps to assimilate alcohol and provides instant relief. The most important feature of lemon is that it acts like a gentle medicine, which can be taken even on an upset stomach.
Alcohol consumption results in a compromised immune system. Lemon juice helps to re-energize and re-hydrate our body after the consumption of alcohol. The effect of alcohol on digestion and metabolic processes is also reduced by lemon juice.
Lemon juice, acts as a great detoxifying agent, as the Citric acid in lemons, helps to reduce and minimize the adverse effects of alcohol in the body. The lemon is a great detoxifier, and it flushes out toxins from the body through the Citric Acid present in them. It also helps to alleviate the adverse effects of alcohol on the liver and kidney.
The vitamins in lemon juice help to restore the vitamins lost due to drinking and the water helps to restore the blood volume.
Green Tea Cures Hangover with Extra Health Benefits
There can be very few things that can be worse than waking up with a terrible hangover. Drinking green tea can help reduce stomach inflammation and nausea so you can start your day feeling healthy and happy.
The key ingredient in green tea that helps in reducing headache is caffeine. Green tea holds a very mild dose of caffeine as compared to coffee, which helps to reduce headache without overloading the body with caffeine and causing symptoms such as anxiety, rapid heartbeat, or heart palpitations. Though other beverages such as coffee also contain caffeine, green tea is better when you are trying to cure a hangover because of its mild dose of caffeine.
When green tea is consumed with medication, the body absorbs the medicine more quickly with the aid of caffeine. You will, therefore, feel better more quickly by taking the medicine with green tea rather than on its own. Taking analgesics with caffeine increases their effectiveness by 40%. This implies that you can consume fewer pills and reduce the side effects of analgesics, which may include upset stomach, heartburn, or dizziness. Studies have shown that consuming green tea can help cure a hangover and even reduce the long-term damage that alcohol has on the body. Green tea also helps in lessening other hangover symptoms like headache, nausea, and decreased ability to concentrate.
As green tea is high in antioxidants it protects the liver from damage. Antioxidants also help in increasing the speed at which your body metabolizes alcohol.
The Bottom line
The best way to avoid a hangover is to avoid alcohol or drink within one's limits. However, in the event, one gets a hangover, drinking lemon green tea might be the best solution in ameliorating the symptoms.
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The history of mazes and labyrinths goes back to ancient times and the Minotaur and Labyrinth from Greek mythology. From there, mazes were built in pebbles, earth and more, and in 1690 the oldest surviving hedge maze was created – the Hampton Court Maze in Greater London
Who invented the corn maze?
The history of mazes in corn fields goes back to 1993. Don Frantz and Adrian Fisher worked together to design and build the first corn maze in the United States, at Lebanon Valley College, in east-central Pennsylvania. The first corn maze was only on 3 acres and had 1.92 miles of pathway, and was officially certified by Guinness as the world's largest corn maze (though others have long since surpassed that record)
One difference of corn mazes in the US as compared to traditional hedge mazes is the addition of puzzles or other brainteasers that are often needed to be solved in order to complete the maze. Typically a corn maze will also be cut in a particular shape, whereas traditional hedge mazes were generally in geometric patterns
The first corn maze was titled "The Amazing Maize Maze" (see what I mean about those puns?!) and was shaped in the form of "Cornelius, the Cobasaurus"


Greek - Son of Daedalus by a slave girl. He was locked with his father in the labyrinth housing the Minotaur on Crete by Minos but they were both freed by Pasiphae, the king's wife. They escaped from Crete by flying on wings of feathers and wax made by Daedalus. Ignoring instructions, he flew too close to the sun, whereupon the wax melted and he crashed into the sea and drowned. An alternative version says that Icarus was not killed but swam to the nearby island of Icaria and lived there for many years. In some accounts, identified as Icarus, Icarius, Icarius, Ikarios, Icarius, Icarius, Icarius, Icarius, Ikaros, Ikaros or Icarus.
Nearby Myths


text:
Puffins Word Search
In this word search worksheet, students search for a list of ten words as they relate to the topic of puffins. Words can be found backward, forward, up, down, and diagonally.
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Seasons and Weather: Supplemental Guide
From warm summer days to cold winter nights, this 10-lesson unit takes children on an exploration of seasons. Using the included reading passages and images, a series of read-aloud lessons and vocabulary activities provide young children...
K - 1st Science CCSS: Designed
Write On! Step by Step Paragraph and Report Writing
Students plan and write paragraphs while integrating other core subject areas. In this paragraph writing lesson, students complete 5 lessons to practice writing paragraphs. Students incorporate various core subjects into their paragraph...
3rd English Language Arts


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Hebrew punctuation is similar to that of English and other Western languages, Modern Hebrew having imported additional punctuation marks from these languages in order to avoid the ambiguities sometimes occasioned by the relative paucity of such symbols in Biblical Hebrew.
With most printed Hebrew texts from the early 1970s and before, opening quotation marks are low (as in German), and closing ones are high, often going above the letters themselves (as opposed to the gershayim, which is level with the top of letters). An example of this system is „ישראל".
However, this distinction in Hebrew between opening and closing quotation marks has completely disappeared, and today, quotations are punctuated as they are in English (such as "ישראל"), with both quotation marks high. This is due to the advent of the Hebrew keyboard layout, which lacks the opening quotation mark ⟨„⟩, as well as to the lack in Hebrew of "smart quotes" as found in Microsoft Word for many other languages.
| "…" || "…" ||merkhaʾot — מֵרְכָאוֹת (plural of merkha — מֵרְכָא); a similar punctuation mark unique to Hebrew is called gershayim — גרשיים|
Period, question mark, exclamation mark, commaEdit
Periods (full stops), question marks, exclamation marks, and commas are used as in English.
In Arabic, which is also written from right to left, the question mark ⟨؟⟩ is mirrored right-to-left from the English question mark. (Some browsers may display the character in the previous sentence as a forward question mark due to font or text directionality issues.) Hebrew is also written right-to-left, but uses a question mark that appears on the page in the same orientation as the English ⟨?⟩.
Colon and sof pasuqEdit
Stemming from Biblical Hebrew, a sof pasuq ⟨ ׃ ⟩ is the equivalent of a period, and is used in some writings such as prayer books. Since a sof pasuq is absent from the Hebrew keyboard layout, and looks very similar to the colon ⟨:⟩, a colon is often substituted for it.
|׃||U+05C3||HEBREW PUNCTUATION SOF PASUQ|
Vertical bar and paseqEdit
Also coming from Biblical Hebrew, a paseq ⟨׀⟩ is used as a word separator. Also not on a standard Hebrew keyboard, a vertical bar ⟨|⟩ is often used instead. The vertical bar, a standard key on any keyboard, is used in English for such applications as mathematics and computing.
|׀||U+05C0||HEBREW PUNCTUATION PASEQ|
Hyphen and maqafEdit
|Hebrew maqaf||Standard English hyphen|
|Notice how the maqaf aligns with the top horizontal strokes whereas the standard English hyphen is in the middle of the letters.|
The maqaf ⟨מַקָּף) ⟨־⟩ is the Hebrew hyphen ⟨-⟩, and has virtually the same purpose for connecting two words as in English. It is different from the hyphen in its positioning (a hyphen is in the middle in terms of height, the maqaf is at the top) and it has a biblical origin, unlike many other Modern Hebrew punctuation symbols, which have simply been imported from European languages.
The maqaf is well-used in Hebrew typography; most books and newspapers use it and have the hyphens higher than one would find in English. In online writing, however, it is rarely used because it was absent from the Hebrew keyboard layout on Microsoft Windows until Windows 8. As a result, a standard English hyphen ⟨-⟩ is most often used in online writings. This situation can be compared to that of users writing in Latin alphabets using the easily available hyphen-minus ⟨-⟩ over hyphen ⟨‐⟩, minus ⟨−⟩, en dash ⟨–⟩, and em dash ⟨—⟩.
|־||U+05be||HEBREW PUNCTUATION MAQAF|
Brackets or parentheses, ⟨(⟩ and ⟨)⟩ are the same in Hebrew as in English. Since Hebrew is written from right to left, ⟨)⟩ becomes an opening bracket, and ⟨(⟩ a closing bracket, the opposite from English, which is written left to right.
Israeli currency signEdit
|With sheqel sign||With abbreviation|
The sheqel sign (₪) is the currency sign for the Israeli currency (the Israeli new shekel), in the way $, £, and € exist for other currencies. The sheqel sign, like the dollar sign ⟨$⟩, is usually placed to the left of the number (so ₪12,000, rather than 12,000₪), but since Hebrew is written from right to left, the symbol is actually written after the number. It is either not separated from the preceding number, or is separated only by a thin space.
Unlike the dollar sign, the new sheqel sign is not used that often when handwriting monetary amounts, and is generally replaced by the abbreviation ש״ח (standing for sheqel ẖadash, lit. "new sheqel").
Apostrophe and quotation marksEdit
|Geresh||Apostrophe used as a geresh|
|Gershayim||Quotation marks used as gershayim|
|Notice how the geresh and gershayim align with the top horizontal strokes whereas the standard English characters are above the letters.|
The geresh ⟨׳⟩, is the Hebrew equivalent of a period in abbreviations (e.g. abbrev.), in addition to being attached to Hebrew letters to indicate sounds like soft g [dʒ] and ch [tʃ] in foreign names such as Charles (צ׳ארלס) and Jake (ג׳ייק). The gershayim ⟨״⟩, is a Hebrew symbol indicating that a sequence of characters is an acronym, and is placed before the last character of the word. Owing to a Hebrew keyboard's having neither a geresh nor gershayim, they are usually replaced online with, respectively, the visually similar apostrophe ⟨'⟩ and quotation mark ⟨"⟩. The quotation mark and apostrophe are higher than the geresh and gershayim: where the latter are placed level with the top of Hebrew letters, the apostrophe and quotation marks are above them.
Some Hebrew-specific fonts (fonts designed primarily for Hebrew letters), such as David, Narkisim and FrankRuehl, do not feature the apostrophe and quotation marks as such but use the geresh and gershayim to substitute for them.
|׳||U+05f3||HEBREW PUNCTUATION GERESH|
|״||U+05f4||HEBREW PUNCTUATION GERSHAYIM|
Mathematical expressions are written in Israel using the same symbols as in English, including Western numerals, which are written left to right. The only variant that exists is an alternative plus sign, which is a plus sign which looks like an inverted capital T. Unicode has this symbol at position U+FB29 "Hebrew letter alternative plus sign" (﬩). However, most books for adults use the international symbol "+".
|6 + [(1 × 2) ÷ 2] = 7||6 ﬩ [(1 × 2) ÷ 2] = 7|
Reversed nun (also called inverted nun, nun hafukha, or nun menuzzeret) is a rare character found in two Biblical Hebrew texts. Although in Judaic literature it is known as nun hafukha ("reversed nun"), it does not function as any sort of letter in the text. It is not part of a word, and it is not read aloud in any way. It is simply a mark that is written, and is therefore a punctuation mark, not a letter. Also, it is surrounded by space.
While it depends on the particular manuscript or printed edition, it is found in nine places: twice in the Book of Numbers (prior to and after Numbers 10:34-36), and seven times in Psalm 107. It is uncertain today what it was intended to signify.
In many manuscripts, it does not even resemble a transformed nun at all, and when it does, it sometimes appears reversed (as mentioned above), sometimes inverted, and sometimes turned through 180°. Other times it appears to look like the letter Z.
|׆||U+05C6||HEBREW PUNCTUATION NUN HAFUKHA|
Hebrew points (vowels)Edit
|With vowel points||Without vowel points|
These signs (points, neqqudot) indicate voweling or some other aspects of the pronunciation of a letter or word. While in Modern Hebrew they are not generally used outside poetry and children's books, a vowel point or other diacritic is occasionally added to resolve ambiguity.
|ֱ ||U+05B1||HATEF SEGOL|
|ֲ ||U+05B2||HATEF PATAH|
|ֳ ||U+05B3||HATEF QAMATS|
|ֹ ||U+05B9||HOLAM (HASER)|
|ּ ||U+05BC||DAGESH, MAPIQ, OR