text:
is putting putting out a voltage, with the use of a voltage meter.
- The voltage that the sensor is reading is incorrect.
- Make sure that the warm up time is set to the proper value. Sensors typically need time for for their voltage output to settle. If the warm up time is too low then the sensor will record an inaccurate value.


text:
Nuzhound has published two more Irish News articles on collusion today:
The significance of the files made public in the last 48 hours is that they have delivered confirmation of what was once dismissed as a 'collusion conspiracy theory'.
They represent a substantial addition to the debate on how the Troubles developed and why violence lasted so long.
For the first time they give a dramatic insight into the scale of collusion and, crucially, how much the British government knew about it.
The 'Subversion in the UDR' document was written in August 1973 by military intelligence and Ministry of Defence officials, with one civil servant expressing fears over the questions that "are bound to follow once it has reached No 10".
They were obviously concerned that the then prime minister would be shaken by their report that 5 to 15% of UDR troops were linked to loyalists and that the regiment was the "best single source" of weapons for loyalist paramilitaries.
So what questions did Downing Street ask? (Files confirm suspicions, Irish News via Nuzhound)
The main 'Subversion' document, carried in yesterday's Irish News, contained a series of shocking revelations, including that:
- five to 15 per cent of UDR members were linked to loyalist groups
- the "only significant source of modern weapons for Protestant extremist groups has been the UDR"
- the first loyalty of many soldiers was to "Ulster" rather than "Her Majesty's Government"
- removing undesirables from the UDR could "result in a very small regiment indeed".
The documents offer an unprecedented insight into the scale of security-force collusion and accompanying letters indicate that the information was to be passed to "No 10 Downing Street". (stolen Army gun may be linked to second killing, Irish News via Nuzhound)
When considering the role of Downing Street, it's perhaps worth noting that this was the period when MI5 was alleged to be undermining both Harold Wilson and his policies in Northern Ireland.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The Importance of Knowing St. Joseph | Fr. Benedict Groeschel, C.F.R. | The Introduction to "The Mystery of Joseph" by Marie-Dominique Philippe, O.P. | Ignatius Insight
The Importance of Knowing St. Joseph | Fr. Benedict Groeschel, C.F.R. | The Introduction to The Mystery of Joseph by
Marie-Dominique Philippe, O.P. | Ignatius Insight
The publication of this serious, even profound study of a
person intimately joined to the life of the Messiah and written by one of the
most respected figures in our contemporary Catholic scene should cause serious
attention to be paid to the often neglected figure of Saint Joseph.
Father Marie-Dominique Philippe, O.P., an important French theologian who died only in
2006, was a man whose thought was of great influence and depth. He was also a
man greatly devoted to the Church who founded the Community of Saint John.
This new community is now recognized in several countries as a very successful
attempt to restore a vibrant spirituality to the religious life, which in many
places has seemed moribund for years.
The Brothers and Sisters of Saint John
are a cause of hope to those who look ahead to the restoration of the authentic
and powerful traditions of the religious life that have gotten lost in recent
times. The Franciscan Friars and Sisters of the Renewal have welcomed them
Father Philippe's book on Saint Joseph is very consistent
with the new biblical theology called for by Pope Benedict XVI. The author very
impressively examines the sparse facts that we have concerning the life of
Saint Joseph, teasing from them material that connects easily and well with a
very impressive structure of theological teaching. This then becomes a means
of providing a firm foundation for devotion to the Foster Father and Guardian
of the Son of God.
Except for Christ and Saint Paul, New Testament figures
attract little attention from the secular world and especially the secular
media – even when they are in a kindly mood. Occasionally a small amount
of attention is shown to the figure of the Blessed Mother but rarely is Saint
Joseph or any of the Apostles mentioned. Even in cities named Saint Joseph or
San Jose are the inhabitants really conscious of the fact that their hometown
is actually named for a person – a person who played a role of immense
importance in God's plan of redemption for humankind. This apparent obscurity
finds at its root a kind of Protestantism that is focused intensely on the
figure Christ and on the writings of Saint Paul, but which seems barely
acquainted with Saint Joseph and even the Mother of God, herself.
theology, which takes a less constricted view of such things, opened up a world
of devotion to Saint Joseph the humble carpenter of Nazareth as well as to the
Mother of God. How could it be otherwise? These are the figures who stood at
the manger on the first Christmas; they are the ones to whom the care of the
Word Incarnate was entrusted by God.
In recent years there has been a gradual but very welcome
return to biblical theology and a simultaneous turning away from the overly
exclusive use of the historical-critical method. In the wake of such changes
there has also come a resurgence of interest in the figure of Saint Joseph. When
we place the few facts that we have of him in the context of his personal
responsibilities for the Messiah, we begin to move away from the shadowy figure
presented in Scripture and discover a multi-dimensional person – one
still wrapped in mystery, but one of great importance.
Young Catholics seeking
more solid theological food than what is generally being fed to them through
the historical-critical school alone will find in Father Philippe's book much
to feed their spiritual lives and inspire their devotion.
Father Philippe has profoundly moved many of these
intelligent and well educated young men and women, and quite a few of them have
joined the community he founded.
The Community of Saint John
now includes not only members from France but also from many parts of the
world. The same spirit and insight that led Father Philippe to such success in
the founding of this congregation can be found in his writings, which I
recommend to all. The Mystery of Joseph is a wonderful place to begin your appreciation of Father Philippe. His way of
looking into Scripture and finding in it an inexhaustible theological reservoir
is an inspiration to all. Read and enjoy and pray. Father Philippe will teach
you much about Saint Joseph and much about your faith. When you're all
finished you will be quite surprised to see how your vision of this great saint
may have changed. Even if you've been devoted to St. Joseph for many years, I
feel safe in saying that in The Mystery of Saint Joseph you will learn a great deal about Jesus' Foster
Father's true and undying importance.
The Mystery of Joseph
By Fr. Marie-Dominique Philippe, O.P.
Foreword By Fr. Benedict Groeschel
Although the greatest of saints, after Mary, St. Joseph is perhaps the least well understood. What Scripture teaches is compelling, but mysterious: he moves quietly and thoughtfully through its
pages, almost unobserved in his humility and silence.
And yet Pope Paul VI has said: "If we look carefully into this life that was apparently so unremarkable, we shall find that it was greater and more adventurous, more full of exciting events, than we
are accustomed to assume in our hasty perusal of the Gospel."
In this illuminating book, Fr. Philippe leads you deep into the beautiful mystery of St. Joseph - revealing the greatness of the apparently unremarkable man who was the guardian of Jesus and Mary,
and who is now the Guardian of the Church, "overflowing with immeasurable wisdom and power."
Weaving together the many different strands of the Church's ever-deepening understanding of St. Joseph, along with his own profound insights, here is a warm and moving portrait of the humble, heroic
carpenter of Bethlehem - a great man who became, by God's grace, a great saint. After reading this book, you will never see St. Joseph (and perhaps yourself) in quite the same way again.
"This is an amazing book on a crucial (but neglected) topic,
written by one of the greatest Catholic theologians of recent times. Profound
and deep, clear and practical, grounded in Scripture and illumined by the
brilliance of St. Thomas Aquinas — I know of no other book like it."
— Dr. Scott Hahn
"In this beautiful book one of the great men of the Church
of recent times helps us to contemplate the face of St. Joseph in all its
chivalrous nobility, and to understand how the mystery of Our Lady's'spouse
most chaste' supplies the Church with a light in which she can move forward on
her pilgrimage 'with a new surge of life and love.' " — Fr. John Saward,
author Cradle of Redeeming Love
"In recent times, St. Joseph seems to have fallen out of
favor in the conscious minds of believers. These deep meditations are a
wonderful antidote for that. I highly recommend The Mystery of Joseph." — Archbishop John J. Myers
"If St Joseph has a role in the Incarnation and its
consequences – and he does – then he is an essential figure within
our religion. The silence of St. Joseph in the New Testament can lead us to
neglect him or see his role as minor. Fr. Philippe's book brings out the
significance of the events of Joseph's life, and shows us his hidden
greatness." — Cardinal George Pell
"In these gentle meditations, Fr. Philippe draws out of the
Gospels a mystical theology of who St. Joseph is, and what he represents."
— Aidan Nichols, O.P., author of Rome and the Eastern Churches
Fr. Marie-Dominique Philippe, O.P. (_PHONE_) was the founder of the Community of St. John. A prolific author, he is increasingly recognized as an
important theologian of the later 20th century.
the Insight Scoop Blog and read the latest posts and comments by
IgnatiusInsight.com staff and readers about current events, controversies,
and news in the Church!

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
What is EIA?
Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) provides the information needed to allow full consideration of environmental interests in decisions on plans and projects, likely to have significant environmental impact. The central goal of environmental assessment is to ensure that environmental information is of good quality and timely available, so it can be effectively utilised in the decision making procedure.
Strategic Environmental Assessment
Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) focuses on consideration of environmental consequence for plans and programmes, with specific emphasis on environment in the strategic phase and possible negative effects on European protected Nature 2000-area's. On 28 September 2006, the Dutch government implemented the EU SEA-directive. As is the case in the EU directive, SEA is obligatory for statutory or compulsory administrative plans:
- that form the framework for future decisions subject to EIA or
- that require an appropriate assessment on the basis of the Dutch Nature Conservation Act.
Netherlands Commission for Environmental Assessment
The Netherlands Commission for Environmental Assessment (NCEA) prepares mandatory and voluntary advisory reports for government (national, provincial and local) on the scope and quality of environmental assessments.


Mortgage Index
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You are here: Home > Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka Energy and Environment Facts
Natural resources, energy and environment
Sri Lanka's most important natural resource is precious stones, of which diamonds are most important for exports. Almost half of the energy and electricity consumption is covered by imported oil. The environmental problems are primarily about deforestation and soil degradation.
Sri Lanka Energy and Environment Facts
Sri Lanka is one of the world's leading producers of gemstones such as rubies, sapphires and topazes. The largest buyers are in the US, Japan, Europe and Thailand. It is believed that a large number of gemstones are also smuggled out of the country.
 - COUNTRYAAH: Major exports by Sri Lanka with a full list of the top products exported by the country. Includes trade value in U.S. dollars and the percentage for each product category.
In addition, graphite and the titanium mineral ilmenite are extracted for commercial purposes. The country also has limestone, quartz, mica, clay, salt, titanium, monasite, zircon, uranium and iron.
In addition to imported oil, energy is mainly extracted from domestic firewood and residual products from agriculture, and to a small extent from hydropower. Electricity is generated mainly from imported oil, but also from coal, hydropower and wind power. In 2011, the country's first and only coal-fired power plant was commissioned. Sri Lanka has no nuclear power plants.
 - Abbreviationfinder: A popular acronym site in the world covering abbreviation for each country. For example, SL stands for Sri Lanka.
Almost all (95 percent) of the Lankes have access to electricity.
Sri Lanka has problems with both illegal logging and land destruction, which in turn can trigger landslides. Some watercourses and beaches are polluted by emissions from industries and uncleaned wastewater. In urban and industrial areas, air pollution occurs.
Energy use per person
516 kilos of oil equivalent (2014)
Electricity consumption per person
531 kilowatt hours, kWh (2014)
Carbon dioxide emissions in total
18 394 thousand tonnes (2014)
Carbon dioxide emissions per inhabitant
0.9 tonnes (2014)
The share of energy from renewable sources
52.9 percent (2015)
Temporary budget is adopted
December 21
In order to avoid Sri Lanka being left without a state budget after the turn of the year, Parliament approves a transitional budget for the first four months of 2019, so that the country can, for example, pay off debt. An ordinary state budget for the entire 2019 is expected to be completed in February.
New Old Government
December 20
President Sirisena appoints a new government with 30 members. Prime Minister is Ranil Wickremesinghe. Sirisena retains the post of Minister of Defense and control of the police force. Wickremesinghe's former Minister of Finance and Foreign Affairs are returning their positions.
Wickremesinghe again prime minister
December 16th
As a result of the ruling in the Supreme Court on December 13, Mahinda Rajapaksa surrenders her claim to the Prime Minister's post, and Ranil Wickremesinghe is re-installed as the head of government.
HD: "Sirisena violated the Constitution"
13th of December
The Supreme Court unanimously ruled that President Sirisena's decision on November 9 to dissolve Parliament and announce fresh elections was contrary to the Constitution. According to the constitution, the president can announce new elections only after Parliament has spent 4.5 years of the five-year term, which expires in August 2020. The UNP welcomes the decision as a victory for democracy.
The state budget for 2019 is missing
December 12
The Minister of Finance warns that the entire state apparatus will cease on January 1, 2019, as there is no state budget after the turn of the year. On the same day, Parliament voted, for the second time, for Wickremesinghe to be re-elected as Prime Minister. In the vote, only members of his UNP with allied parties are present. The supporters of Rajapaksa boycott the vote.
Court rejects Rajapaksa
December 3
A higher court ruled that Rajapaksa is not empowered to act as prime minister as long as his disputed government cannot prove its legitimacy.
The cash flow to the government is stifled
November 30
Parliament is voting to hold all money transfers to the Government Offices and Ministries to have control over the country's crisis economy itself. Exceptions are made for salary payments, pensions and basic community service. A day earlier, the largest Tamil party announced the Tamil National Alliance that it supported Wickremesinghe's demand to regain the post of prime minister.
Both heads of government are rejected
November 23
Parliament President Jayasuriya announces that he will reject both Rajapaksa and Wickremesinghe as head of government and appoint a committee to decide on the legislative agenda. The members present are voting to give Wickremesinghe the chairmanship of the committee. All supporters of Sirisena and Rajapaksa boycott the vote.
New distrust of Rajapaksa
November 16
Parliament for the second time makes a declaration of disbelief against Rajapaksa as new prime minister.
Fight in Parliament
November 15
Fighting breaks out during a session in Parliament. Members from different political camps throw things at each other and hand out fist beats. A person is taken to hospital with minor injuries. The President adjusts the session temporarily until the emotions have cooled down among the members.
Rajapaksa is voted off
November 14
Parliament gathers and declares a distrust of Rajapaksa as prime minister. Thus falls his government. That does not mean that Wickremesinghe will automatically become head of government because President Sirisena is the one who appoints it. Sirisena rejects Parliament's vote of no confidence and says that the vote was not properly conducted.
HD reinstates Parliament
November 13
The Supreme Court enters into the power struggle between on the one hand Parliament and Wickremesinghe, on the other hand President Sirisena and Rajapaksa when it annuls the presidential decree dissolving Parliament. Thus, the Legislative Assembly can hold a vote on the Prime Minister.
Sirisena announces new elections
November 9
President Sirisena dissolves Parliament and announces new elections until January 5, 2019. In this way, he avoids a vote in Parliament on the Prime Minister's post, and Rajapaksa can lead a transitional government until January 17, when a new parliament will meet. The decision was made after Sirisena admitted that Rajapaksa would not succeed in gathering enough support in a vote, and that Wickremesinghe would receive the most votes. Wickremesinghe's party UNP says that Sirisena violates the constitution when he dissolves Parliament and adds that the party will request that the decision be tried legally. Before Sirisena disbanded Parliament, he took control of the police by organizing it under the Ministry of Defense and over the State Information Agency publishing presidential decrees and proclamations and more.
Increased support for Wickremesinghe
October 31st
Tens of thousands of supporters of Wickremesinghe and the UNP manifest their support through a peaceful demonstration in Colombo. At the same time, the outside world is increasing pressure on President Sirisena to reinstate Parliament. The country's Chancellor Jayantha Jayasuriya refuses the Sirisenas dismissal of Wickremesinghe on the grounds that the president lacks the power to do so.
Appointed minister is arrested for shooting dead
October 31st
The recently deposed oil minister Ranatunga is arrested after union representatives accused him of ordering his bodyguards to shoot at a crowd outside the state oil company on October 28. One man was killed. The minister says the crowd attacked him and his staff and tried to take him hostage. Trade unions in the oil industry go on strike.
Incomplete government is presented
October 29th
President Sirisena presents an incomplete government with only twelve ministers. Rajapaksa is appointed Prime Minister as well as Finance Minister. This government promises quick cuts in taxes and lower fuel prices with more goods. Both camps are trying to co-negotiate with MPs to secure a victory in a vote on the Prime Minister's post when Parliament opens again on November 16.
Wickremesinghe receives Parliament's support
October 28
Parliament President Karu Jayasuriya announces that the Legislative Assembly continues to regard Wickremesinghe as the rightful prime minister, on the grounds that the president has no power to dismiss the head of government. Wickremesinghe is barricaded in its service room and more than 1,000 followers have gathered outside the building. One person is killed and two injured when the newly deposed oil minister's bodyguards shoot at a crowd trying to prevent the minister from entering the state oil company building. The United States calls on Sirisena to reinstate Parliament. Privately owned newspapers describe Sirisena's actions as a "constitutional coup". Rajapaksa says his ambition is to hold local and general elections "as soon as possible".
Parliament is dissolved
October 27th
President Sirisena will dissolve Parliament until November 16. This has happened since Wickremesinghe tried to get the UNP-dominated Assembly's support to stay


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I need to have a dictionary which might have same names for some keys and return a list of values when referencing the key in that case. For example
print mydict['key']
share|improve this question
No, but you can use mydict = {'key':[1,2,3,4]} – Artsiom Rudzenka Jul 25 '11 at 8:47
keys are added at runtime – b9107007 Jul 25 '11 at 8:49
5 Answers 5
For consistency, you should have the dictionary map keys to lists (or sets) of values, of which some can be empty. There is a nice idiom for this:
from collections import defaultdict
d = defaultdict(set)
(A defaultdict is like a normal dictionary, but if a key is missing it will call the argument you passed in when you instantiated it and use the result as the default value. So this will automatically create an empty set of values if you ask for a key which isn't already present.)
If you need the object to look more like a dictionary (i.e. to set a value by d["key"] =...) you can do the following. But this is probably a bad idea, because it goes against the normal Python syntax, and is likely to come back and bite you later. Especially if someone else has to maintain your code.
class Multidict(defaultdict):
 def __init__(self):
 super(Multidict, self).__init__(set)
 def __setitem__(self, key, value):
I haven't tested this.
share|improve this answer
You can also try paste.util.multidict.MultiDict
$ easy_install Paste
from paste.util.multidict import MultiDict
d = MultiDict()
d.add('a', 1)
d.add('a', 2)
d.add('b', 3)
>>> {'a': [1, 2], 'b': 3}
>>> [1, 2]
>>> [3]
Web frameworks like Pylons are using this library to handle HTTP query string/post data, which can have same-name keys.
share|improve this answer
You can use:
myDict = {'key': []}
Then during runtime:
if newKey in myDict:
 myDict[newKey] = [value]
Edited as per _USER_'s comment:
myDict = {}
myDict.setdefault(newKey, []).append(value)
share|improve this answer
Its' more idiomatic to day myDict.setdefault(newKey, []).append(value) – Ben Ford Jul 25 '11 at 9:38
Sure, thank you _USER_ – Artsiom Rudzenka Jul 25 '11 at 9:45
def toMultiDict(items):
 def insertMulti(d, kv):
 k, v = kv
 d.setdefault(k, []).append(v)
 return d
 return reduce(insertMulti, [{}] + items)
should create a dict from key to a list of values:
In [28]: toMultiDict(zip([1,2,1], [4,5,6]))
Out[28]: {1: [4, 6], 2: [5]}
I couldn't put insertMulti into a lambda, because the lambda needs to return the dict again.
share|improve this answer
This is an ideal place to use a defaultdict object from the collections library
from collections import defaultdict
mydict = defaultdict(set)
mydict['key'] += set([1,2,3,4])
mydict['key'] += set([4,5,6])
returns [1,2,3,4,5,6]
In the case where a key is referenced that has not been implicitly assigned, an empty set is returned.
returns []
Using setdefault on a dict from the standard library would require a significant change in your syntax when assigning values and can get rather messy. I've never used Multidict, but it also looks like a significant change in the way assignments are made. Using this method, you simply assume that there may already be a value associated with this key in the dictionary and slightly modify your assignment operator by using the '+=' operator when assigning key values.
FYI - I am a big fan of using the NoneType as the default which results in any access of an invalid key returning None. This behaves properly in most cases including iterating and json dumps, but for your specific need the default should be of type set unless you want to enable having duplicate values stored in the key. Then use a list. In fact, anytime you have a homogenous dictionary the default should be of that type.
mydict = defaultdict(lambda: None)
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


text:
July 30, 2020
Harassment, assault, and murder committed by police in the United States and Canada are unjust and unacceptable.
Unifor acknowledges the systemic racism, rooted in White Supremacy, that leads to violence perpetuated against Black, Indigenous and people of colour globally, resulting in individual and community pain, incarceration, and death.
We acknowledge that this injustice is not only limited to the police, but to all institutions and structures in society. This is a redefining moment in time where it will take collective power to make meaningful systemic change. Unifor makes the following demands supporting the goals of anti-racism:
- Reallocation and increased investment of public resources away from systems that criminalize people towards community programs and public services that tackle the rootcauses of racism, insecurity and oppression.
- The demilitarizing of police forces and developing alternative community-based models of public safety that prioritize prevention and community-building.
- The decriminalization of health and mental health. People living with mental illness have a right to health care, but instead are met with violence when in crisis. It is essential that funding be directed to support mental health and addiction services and universal, public pharmacare.
Police violence is tragically, most strongly felt by Indigenous, Black and people of colour, as the institution reflects and enforces power structures inherent in our society.
In the streets, this is witnessed in illegal card-checks targeting Indigenous and racialized communities, and on the picket line, it means arrests for workers. This fight has always been the labour movements' fight, as we advocate for the safety and well-bring of Canada's workers.
Unifor calls for significant, lasting reforms to all institutions that allow, support, or excuse institutional racism.


text:
The "fall" of a sewer pipe is defined as the vertical distance by which one end (or one end of a section) of the pipe drops relative to the other. It can be expressed as a percentage when divided by the length of the pipe. This is the pipe's slope, or gradient. The two terms are typically used interchangeably on construction sites, which can cause some confusion. Working out this percentage is quite easy mathematically, but requires a bit of work to get the numbers necessary.
Dig down to the sewer pipe at either end of the section whose percentage fall you wish to measure.
Establish a baseline height to measure from. The easiest way to do this is to hammer wooden stakes into the ground at either end of the pipe, then tie a string, and make it taut, between them. Set a string level on the string, then hammer the stakes in until the level's bubble shows that the string is perfectly level.
Measure the distance from the top of each end of the pipe to the string above it. Subtract the smaller distance from the larger one. This is the vertical fall of the pipe.
Measure the length of the pipe.
Divide the pipe's vertical fall by the length of the pipe, then multiply the result by 100 to find the percentage. The fall and length need to be in the same units (feet or inches) for this to work. For example, if the pipe fell by 30 cm (1 foot) and was 15 m (50 feet) long, you divide 30 by 1500 to get 0.02. Multiplied by 100, that becomes 2 per cent, which is your slope or gradient.


HepvO® is the innovative hygienic Self Sealing Waste Valve. It replaces the traditional water-seal trap and prevents the escape of foul sewer air from waste discharge systems. Unlike conventional waste traps, HepvO® does not rely on trapped water to create a seal. Water seals are prone to failure by Evaporation, Siphonage and other Mechanisms. Instead, HepvO® uses a self sealing membrane which performs the same function as a water seal trap but without the risk of depletion or freezing.
HepvO® actively eliminates negative pressure within the waste system by opening and allowing in fresh air until a state of equilibrium with atmosphere is reached. This means that secondary venting of the waste system via the inclusion of air admittance valves in the waste system is no longer necessary.
Enhance Plumbing Design
The HepvO® valve can be installed vertically or horizontally (with an adaptor) and is available and 1.5 and 1.25. This enables valuable space-saving opportunities to be achieved.
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text:
Came across the word "heulandite", thought it was weird so I looked it up in the dictionary and found that it means: "a group of minerals of the zeolite family consisting of a hydrous aluminum silicate of sodium and calcium." I looked up "-ite" on etymonline.com so I suspect the suffix comes from Greek meaning: "connected with or belonging to." Where does the "heuland" part come from? Is it related to "andesite" or maybe something else?
closed as general reference by TimLymington, Jon Hanna, tchrist, Kris, FumbleFingers Feb 23 at 13:50
This question is too basic; it can be definitively and permanently answered by a single link to a standard internet reference source designed specifically to find that type of information. See the FAQ for guidance on how to improve it.
OED gives it as named after a mineralogist (presumably the chap who first identified it):
In that regard, the name is related to Andesite in as much as it's named after a particular property of the mineral: in this case, who identified it; in the case of Andesite, where it is found.


This process dramatically increases the ADC Conversion time of the device. This mode enabled by default.
 High Speed
Found on SC Express temperature input modules, this timing mode speeds up the sample rate of the device to maximum supported sample rate for the device, while sacrificing performance. This process dramatically reduces the ADC Conversion time of the device.
 ADC Conversion Time
The ADC Conversion Time is how long it takes for the ADC to provide samples from the input data stream. Used as a describing specification with the ADC Timing Modes.
Bridge Completion
Bridge completion refers to options provided to the user in terms of connecting Wheatstone bridge sensors, which are typically used to measure strain, to the module. The software-selectable bridge completion modes are full-bridge, half-bridge, and quarter-bridge (These options may not be available
on all devices).
Bridge Resistance
 This specifies what bridge resistance values that the module has been designed to handle. On SC Express devices these values are typically: 120, 350, and 1000 Ohms.
Shunt Calibration
Shunt calibration is a method of calibration done to bridge based circuits where a resistor is placed in parallel with one of the legs of the bridge, driving the sensor to a known value. Doing so will allow you to know what the full-scale output of the transducer is.
This specifies how shunt calibration is done on the selected device.
Specifies where and what resistor is being used to complete the shunt calibration.
Switch Resistance
This is a measurement across the switch which is activated when enabling shunt calibration.
This is a measure of how much the value of the shunt resistor can vary based on the current operating temperature of the module.
This is a measure on what the acceptable amount of variation can be seen in the resistance of the onboard shunt resistor.
This is the resistance that is being used to do the shunt calibration
This provides guidance to where the shunt resistor is on the device, in relation to the current active bridge.
Channel-to-Channel Matching
Channel-to-channel matching is the knowledge of if the same signal is provided to multiple channels of the device, how much that signal can vary in Gain and Phase between channels.
Fault Protection
This is the amount of voltage that the module can withstand between two pins on the device without being damaged. This specification can be given for either the "On" state of the device or the "On or Off" state.
On many SC Express devices, filtering has been added to the device in order to provide a cleaner signal. When specified the document will provide information on where the filter is in the frequency domain, and how the filter was implemented.
Specifies where in the frequency domain the passband ends. On SC Express devices this is a user selectable feature, so the various options that are selectable will be given here.
Cutoff Frequency Tolerance
This is a measure of how accurate the value selected for the lowpass filter will be. This value is typically +/- 5%.
Filter Type
This specifies what filter type is being used to create the lowpass filter. The filter implemented will typically be either a Butterworth or Elliptic filter.
Input Bias Current
A consequence of having a finite input impedance is that the device requires a small amount of current to be able to detect a signal. Theoretically, this value should be 0 A, but in practice this is not possible.
The NI PXIe-4300 has an input bias current of ±6 nA. This means that any sensor being measured by the NI PXIe-4300 must be able to source at least that much current across its entire voltage output range to be correctly digitized.
Timing Accuracy
When generating a clock signal on an NI DAQ device for timing signals, the actual frequency generated will be within the timing accuracy. This specification is derived from the overall accuracy of the onboard crystal oscillator. Timing accuracy is typically measured in parts per million (ppm). To convert this accuracy value to Hz, multiply by the accuracy value divided by 1 million. The frequency of the clock is not likely to change drastically from cycle to cycle.
The PXIe-4300 has a timing accuracy of 50 ppm. For an analog output task with an update rate of 1,000 S/s, the sample clock will run at 1,000 Hz ± 50 ppm. In Hz, this comes out to:
Chopping is a feature that can be used to remove signal path offset voltages and reduce noise. The improved measurement performance is achieved by measuring the signal twice, once normally (V0) and once with the inputs inverted (V1). These measurements are then averaged by the device to create a sample. A hardware diagram is provided in the image below.
Wire Mode
 CJC Accuracy
The thermocouple itself relies on the principle that an electrical potential exists at the junction of two different metals. CJC becomes necessary because the junction between each end of the thermocouple and your measuring system (connector block, terminal block) also adds a potential difference to the thermocouple voltage. This is compensated by using an onboard CJC sensor to measure the temperature between the thermocouple and the measuring system. CJC sensor accuracy is the accuracy specification of the CJC sensor only.
Common Analog Output Specifications
 Analog Converter (DAC) Resolution for how to calculate step size) and the actual value that is output (typically measured in LSB). In an ideal DAC, DNL would be 0 LSB.
The NI PXIe-4322 has a DNL of ±1 LSB, which means that for any value that is output from the DAC, the actual value can be ±1 LSB away from the value programmed. For example, if the user programs the DAC to output a value of 1 V on the ±5 V range, the output (not including effects of accuracy) can range from:
INL is the compound effect of DNL so the INL specification is often used in accuracy calculations. For the NI PXIe-4322, the INL specification in the accuracy table is 64 ppm, or 4 LSB, of the range used.
SC Express Analog Output Specifications
Settling Time
Is how long it will take for the output signal to remain within the specified value, which is specified by Least Significant Bits (LSBs). This amount of time will vary as the load changes as the time being represented here is directly related to the time constant for the circuit.


You are here
Linearity, Simmetry, and Prediction in The Hydrogen Atom
Stephanie Frank Singer
Springer Verlag
Publication Date:
Number of Pages:
Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics
[Reviewed by
William J. Satzer
, on
Linearity, Symmetry, and Prediction in the Hydrogen Atom, a volume in Springer's series of Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, is about representation theory and the fundamental role it plays in quantum mechanics and the prediction of quantum phenomena. The author concentrates on one example of a quantum system with symmetry, namely a hydrogen atom with a single electron. There are digressions aplenty, but the main goal is to make predictions of the numbers that characterize the basic state of a quantum system using only symmetry and the linear model of quantum mechanics.
The intended audience for this text includes advanced undergraduates or beginning graduate students in mathematics, physics or chemistry. For physics and chemistry students, the author offers mathematical foundations for calculations that they may have already learned to do. Mathematics students get to see a powerful application of "pure" mathematics in an extraordinary story of a mathematical success.
After some preliminary background material on quantum mechanics and linear algebra over the complex numbers, we are introduced to Lie groups and Lie group representations. Right away we meet the major players: the special orthogonal groups SO(3) and SO(4) and the special unitary group SU(2). The next couple of chapters describe how new representations are created from old ones, what irreducible representations are, and why we should care about invariant integration. The book culminates with three chapters on the hydrogen atom, its symmetry and representations. A key piece of this is a presentation of Fock's original construction of a representation of SO(4) on L2 (R3), the phase space of the hydrogen atom. Two final chapters look at projective representations, electron spin and quantum computing.
This is an attractive text with much to offer anyone interested in the interplay of mathematics, physics and chemistry. The author suggests that the book is ideally suited for mixed groups of science and mathematics students who can benefit by sharing and pooling their expertise. Nonetheless, the approach is rigorous and most results are proved, with the exception of a few things like the Stone-Weierstrass and Fubini theorems. Prerequisites include a strong background in calculus and linear algebra; a nodding acquaintance with differentiable manifolds and the Lebesgue integral would also be useful.
Setting the Stage.- Linear Algebra over the Complex Numbers.- Complex Scalar Product Spaces (a.k.a. Hilbert Spaces).- Lie Groups and Lie Group Representations.- New Representations from Old.- Irreducible Representations and Invariant Integration.- Represenatations and the Hydrogen Atom.- The Algebra so(4) Symmetry of the Hydrogen Atom.- The Group SO(4) Symmetry of the Hydrogen Atom.- Projective Representations and Spin.- Independent Events and Tensor Products.- A. Spherical Harmonics.- B. Proof of the Correspondence.- C. Suggested Paper Topics.- Bibliography.- Index.- References.


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NIST Fire Prevention Roadmap focuses on 3 main fronts.September 19, 2012 -
Reducing the Risk of Fire in Buildings and Communities: A Strategic Roadmap to Guide and Prioritize Research provides plan to reduce preventable fires as well as associated costs and loss of life by 1/3 in USA over next 20 years. Under this roadmap, efforts to combat fire problem would focus attention and resources on reduction of fire hazards in buildings; advancement of technologies for fighting fires; and fire risk reduction in communities near forests and regions known as wildlands.
NIST Issues Strategic Fire Prevention Roadmap
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
25 West 43rd Street, 4th Floor
New York, NY, 10036
Press release date: September 11, 2012
The National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST), part of the U.S. Department of Commerce (DoC), has released Reducing the Risk of Fire in Buildings and Communities: A Strategic Roadmap to Guide and Prioritize Research, a comprehensive plan aiming to reduce preventable fires and their associated costs and loss of life by one-third in the U.S. over the next 20 years. The roadmap credits the input of numerous American National Standards Institute (ANSI) members, accredited standards developers, and audited designators, including ASTM International, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), NEMA, and ASHRAE.
During the 1970s, NIST published a comprehensive report, titled America Burning, that led Congress to create a dedicated center for fire research within the agency. In the ensuing years, research-driven improvements in fire safety – including the modernization of building codes, new standards for children's sleepwear, automatic sprinklers, and advanced computer modeling of fires – have cut the number of fires by more than half and reduced the number of fire-caused civilian injuries and deaths by almost 50% since the early 1980s.
"The nation has made major progress in improving fire safety over the last few decades," said Shyam Sunger, director of NIST's Engineering Laboratory. "But fire losses are still too high, and there are new and potentially costly threats to fire safety that are emerging in communities across the country." Fires in the U.S. kill more than 3,000 people each year and cost the country more than $300 billion in losses and repairs, an amount equivalent to about 2% of the U.S.'s annual gross domestic product (GDP).
Under the roadmap, efforts to combat the nation's fire problem would focus attention and resources on three main fronts:
Reduction of fire hazards in buildings
Advancement of technologies for fighting fires
Fire risk reduction in communities near forests and regions known as "wildlands"
The document sets down goals for advances in measurement capabilities, in order to bolster innovation of fire-risk-reduction technologies and other related fields. These advances hold the potential to lead to fire-safety improvements in new residential and commercial buildings, more advanced firefighter equipment, and more rapid fire protection, among other safety improvements. Standards developing organizations (SDOs) are expected to be an important part of this effort, which depends in part on the creation of comprehensive, technically sound standards for a variety of fields related to fire prevention.
The full roadmap is available here. For more information about the roadmap and its associated initiatives, contact Mark Bello (_EMAIL_; _PHONE_).


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The UK has the potential to install tens of gigawatts (GW) of tidal and wave power capacity, according to a new report from the Crown Estate designed to help predict the future growth of the marine energy industry.
The Crown Estate today unveiled the findings of a new study into the UK's potential marine energy resource, which show that there is the potential to harness up to 153GW of tidal power capacity in the UK, using three types of technology.
The report predicts tidal stream devices could produce 95 terawatt hours (TWh) a year from 32GW of installed capacity, tidal range barrage schemes could supply 96 TWh/year from 45GW of capacity, and tidal range lagoon schemes could produce 25TWh/year, drawing on 14GW of capacity.
Meanwhile, there is the potential for 27GW of wave energy capacity, which could produce 69TWh of electricity a year.
However, the report stresses that the figures for different technologies should be read separately and that the results are theoretical.
Rob Hastings, director of the Crown Estate energy and infrastructure portfolio, said the report was designed as a reference to help inform the development of the industry.
"While the science of wave and tidal resource assessment is still emerging, and future work will clarify the resources that are practically available, it is clear that wave and tidal energy could contribute substantially to the UK's electricity needs.," he said.
"Improving understanding about the extent and locations of resources will help to accelerate development in a sustainable way."
In related news, Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change Ed Davey, yesterday visited the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) in Orkney and hailed the potential growth of wave and tidal power.
"[EMEC is a huge asset to the development of wave and tidal energy in the UK and has helped secure UK leadership in the global market," he said.
"The UK has the largest wave and tidal resource in Europe, which could produce 20 per cent of current UK electricity demand and cut carbon emissions."


):
 Precision Recall F1-score
 Basic LSTM 0.92 0.96 0.94
 CNN 0.92 0.97 0.94
 CRNN 0.93 0.97 0.95
 DNN 0.85 0.97 0.91
 DSCNN 0.94 0.98 0.96
 GRU 0.90 0.95 0.93
 LSTM 0.92 0.97 0.94
 You can apply different processing method tricks to decrease the False Positives rate. First, take a sliding window of the audio stream and check consecutive audio frames to compare the results – it removes most of the FP if the model is well-trained. Then, take an even smaller sliding window and set a threshold of the number of consecutive frames to trigger an alert in the system. It's also a good idea to set the audio volume threshold to skip through the silent/quiet parts of the stream.
 Stream processing
 Now that we had all of our models trained and tuned, we needed to create the audio processing pipeline itself. There's a convenient setup in PyAudio to process an audio stream. The created stream has a callback option where you can infer the models using input data. You can also tune the parameters to have the sliding window mentioned in postprocessing.
 # instantiate PyAudio (1)
 p = pyaudio.PyAudio()
 # define callback (2)
 def callback(in_data, frame_count, time_info, status):
 data = wf.readframes(frame_count)
 return (data, pyaudio.paContinue)
 # open stream using callback (3)
 stream =,
 # start the stream (4)
 # wait for stream to finish (5)
 while stream.is_active():
 Final words
 While all of the methods are legitimate and aimed at a successful result, during real-life testing using an audio stream from the target device, you might encounter certain issues.
 For example, the dataset might not be balanced to take into account the realistic audio feed: silence and/or background noises. It can be either fixed by creating rules in the audio processing pipeline or by incorporating the negative samples of the dataset. The target device (e.g., microphone) can also differ from the one used to record the data, this is why there is a need to conduct additional tests on the target platform itself.
 And this is how you work with audio data in data science projects. We hope that our quick-start guide will help you with your audio-related projects. You can also try it out as a less ordinary research project. And stay tuned for more experiments from the Quantum team.
 - _TAG_ Processing
 - _TAG_&D
 - _TAG_ classification


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Children Learn To Play Tennis
In 2018, over 300 children in the CVRD participated in our Learn to Play Tennis Program led by Art Hobbs and his coaching team.
Children enjoy learning to play tennis.
- bring a wide range of physical, social and emotional abilities.
- participate in a wide range of activities in support of overall physical, social and emotional development.
- demonstrate being good sports.
- observe people of all ages enjoying and improving their tennis playing.
- observe and support their children in their tennis lessons.
- give input and feedback to our coaching team so that we ensure children have a positive learning experience.
Adults Learn to Play Tennis
Many individual adults and groups of adults participate in Adult Learn to Play Tennis lessons and group lessons.
Adult lessons meet specific needs - play tennis with children and grandchildren, prepare to play in tournaments, prepare to play in league matches, and prepare to play in social tennis. These lessons are FUN!
For additional information, go to the menu above.
An overview of the Learn to Play Tennis Program (LTPT)
Our Coaching Team
Lessons in our Community


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Last year (2015) two interesting studies have been published, investigating the question if the olfactory ability of dogs is influenced by medication or other kinds of substances.
This question of is not of a purely academic nature. We all know those situations at gas stations, where gasoline vapors affect our own sense of smell. It is known that in humans a large number of substances can cause the total or partial loss of sensoric ability to detect scent (Hyposmie). Among others antihistamines, antidepressants, or ACE inhibitors, the inhalation of chlorine or benzene, or long-term contact with wooden or metal dust or smoke are known to induce this dysfunction. Lack of zinc can also be a reason; an important information which will be an interesting aspect further down in this article. (Wikipedia: Hyposmie)
In case substances really negatively affect the sense of smell of detection dogs, this would be an important factor in the use of drug, bomb or other kinds of detection dogs.
Standard medication metronidazole can have an influence on the olfactory ability
Certain diseases may also affect the olfactory ability – temporarily or irreversibly. The influence of drugs is another aspect, which might not immediately be apparent. Metronidazole and doxycycline are two widely-used antibiotics. End of 2015 the American Journal of Veterinary Research published the results of a study that examined the influence of these medications on the performance of explosives detection dogs. („Effects of oral administration of metronidazole and doxycycline on olfactory capabilities of explosives detection dogs„, American Journal of Veterinary Research, August 2016, vol. 77, pages 906-912, doi: 10.2460/ajvr.77.8.906)
Over a period of 10 days, one of these antibiotics was administered to 18 healthy explosives detection dogs, while their performance in the detection of standard explosives was examined in a standard test on the „Scentwheel" on days 0, 5 and 10.
Under the influence of a normal dose of metronidazole, 9 of 18 dogs showed a significantly poorer detection rate for 2 out of 3 explosives. Metronidazole is known, that it has a negative impact on the sense of taste (associated with a specific metallic taste) in humans. It is assumed that metronidazole caused a reduced ability to smell and to detect odors (Hyposmie) in dogs, which is reversible.
No negative effects associated with doxycycline
In the same study no significant effect was found on the sense of smell in dogs under the influence of doxycycline. The authors expressly point out, that only labradors took part in their study. But it is assumed that no effect in the results would be identified if other breeds would have participated in the trial.
In summary this is an interesting study result with practical relevance for dog handlers with search and detection dogs: handlers shall avoid metronidazole if even a temporary degradation of the sense of smell is not acceptable. Doxycycline unfortunately is not an appropriate alternative medication. Both substances are used in different indications. In any case: it shall always be considered to take sick dogs out of service until full recovery.
In a second part of this article we will examine, how the sense of smell of dogs can be increase through special substances.


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Let's talk about everyone's favorite topic of conversation: the weather. Specifically, we're diving (oops, we mean exploring!) into the distinction between two types of precipitation: drizzle and rain showers.
When it comes to rainfall, these two terms are often used interchangeably, but there are some essential differences that we'll be unraveling in this article. So grab your umbrella and join us on this rainy adventure as we uncover the dissimilarities between drizzle and rain showers!
Table of Contents
Definition of Drizzle and Rain Showers
Definition of Drizzle
Drizzle refers to a light, fine precipitation of water droplets that fall from the atmosphere. It is characterized by the droplets being smaller in size and falling slowly, creating a mist-like effect. Drizzle often occurs in the form of tiny droplets that are less than 0.5 millimeters in diameter.
Definition of Rain Showers
Rain showers, on the other hand, are a more intense form of precipitation than drizzle. They involve larger water droplets falling from the sky at a faster rate. Rain showers are usually associated with cumulus clouds and occur when warm, moist air rises rapidly, condenses into water droplets, and then falls as rain. Rain showers can vary in intensity and duration.
Causes and Formation
Causes of Drizzle
Drizzle is commonly associated with stable air masses and shallow cloud formations. It occurs when a layer of moist air is lifted gently, usually from a frontal system or a low-pressure area. As the air rises, it cools and reaches its dew point, causing water vapor to condense into tiny droplets. Due to the gentle updrafts and the limited moisture in the air, the droplets remain small and fall slowly, creating a drizzle.
Formation of Drizzle
Drizzle is often formed in stratiform clouds, characterized by their uniform horizontal development. These clouds are typically low-lying and extend over large areas. As warm air rises and cools within these clouds, water vapor condenses into tiny droplets that remain suspended. These droplets are then slowly deposited to the ground as drizzle.
Causes of Rain Showers
Rain showers are typically associated with convective processes involving the rapid upward movement of warm, moist air. Various factors, such as a cold front, vertical air motions, or the convergence of different air masses, can trigger this uplift. The ascent of the warm air causes it to cool, resulting in the condensation of water vapor and the formation of rain showers.
Formation of Rain Showers
Rain showers often form in cumulus clouds, characterized by their vertical development and puffy appearance. These clouds are created by solid updrafts of warm air, which cause the air to rise rapidly and condense into water droplets. The droplets continue to grow as they collide with other droplets, eventually becoming heavy enough to fall as rain.
Intensity and Duration
Intensity of Drizzle
Drizzle is generally characterized by its light intensity. The small size of the water droplets contributes to its gentle fall towards the ground, resulting in mist-like precipitation. Drizzle is typically not associated with heavy downpours or strong winds.
Duration of Drizzle
Drizzle can last extended periods, ranging from a few minutes to several hours. It often occurs in regions with persistent cloud cover and stable atmospheric conditions. The drizzle's low intensity and slow-falling nature allow it to linger in the air for longer durations than other forms of precipitation.
Intensity of Rain Showers
Rain showers can vary significantly in intensity. They can range from light showers with a gentle fall of raindrops to heavy showers accompanied by thunderstorms and gusty winds. The intensity of rain showers is often influenced by factors such as the strength of the convective process, the amount of moisture in the air, and the dynamics of the weather system.
Duration of Rain Showers
The duration of rain showers can vary greatly. Some rain showers may last only a few minutes, while others can persist for several hours. The duration depends on the atmospheric conditions, the convective process's strength, and the weather system's movement. Rain showers often have a transient nature, with periods of rain followed by breaks of dry weather.
Size of Raindrops and Water Droplets
Size of Raindrops
Raindrops can vary in size depending on the atmospheric conditions and the dynamics of the cloud system. On average, raindrops have a diameter ranging from 0.5 to 6.5 millimeters. The size of raindrops is influenced by factors such as the strength of the updrafts within the cloud, the collision and coalescence of water droplets, and the presence of ice particles in the cloud.
Size of Water Droplets
Drizzle is characterized by its tiny water droplets, typically less than 0.5 millimeters in diameter. These droplets are much smaller than raindrops and contribute to the mist-like appearance of drizzle. The small size of the droplets allows them to remain suspended in the air for extended periods before they slowly descend to the ground.
Visibility and Coverage
Visibility During Drizzle
Drizzle can significantly reduce visibility, mainly in dense fog or mist. The fine water droplets suspended in the air obstruct vision, making it difficult to see distant objects or landmarks. However, the reduced intensity of drizzle compared to heavier forms of precipitation often allows for better visibility compared to rain showers.
Coverage of Drizzle
Drizzle typically covers a wide geographic area due to the horizontal development of stratiform clouds. These clouds can extend over large regions, leading to widespread drizzle. However, the coverage of drizzle can be patchy within a given area, with some locations experiencing heavier drizzle than others.
Visibility During Rain Showers
During rain showers, visibility can be significantly reduced, especially if the showers are accompanied by heavy rain or thunderstorms. The intensity of the rain, combined with the potential presence of gusty winds and dark clouds, can lead to limited visibility. This reduced visibility can affect activities such as driving or outdoor navigation.
Coverage of Rain Showers
Rain showers can vary in coverage, ranging from localized to widespread precipitation. The coverage of rain showers depends on the size and movement of the weather system generating the showers. Small-scale convective processes often result in localized showers, while larger weather systems can produce widespread rainfall over extensive areas.
Effect on Activities and Safety
Effect on Outdoor Activities
Drizzle can have a minor impact on outdoor activities. While light precipitation may not disrupt most activities, it can cause surfaces to become slippery and increase the risk of accidents. Additionally, drizzle can dampen outdoor spaces, making them less comfortable for certain recreational activities or gatherings.
Safety Precautions During Drizzle
During drizzle, it is advisable to wear appropriate clothing to protect against getting wet and to ensure comfort. Being cautious when walking or driving on potentially slippery surfaces is also important. Using umbrellas or raincoats can provide additional protection from moisture, while appropriate footwear can help prevent slips and falls.
Effect on Outdoor Activities
Rain showers, incredibly intense, can significantly impact outdoor activities. Heavy rainfall can limit the feasibility of specific outdoor pursuits, such as picnics, sports, or other events. It can also affect the functionality and safety of outdoor equipment and facilities.
Safety Precautions During Rain Showers
During rain showers, it is essential to seek shelter to avoid getting wet and to prevent potential hazards associated with thunderstorms or gusty winds. If outdoor activities are planned, it is advisable to monitor weather forecasts and have a backup plan in case of rain. When caught in a rain shower, using appropriate rain gear and waterproof clothing can help maintain comfort and minimize exposure to moisture.
Impact on Agriculture and Environment
Effect of Drizzle on Agriculture
Drizzle is crucial in providing moisture to crops, especially during dry periods. It helps in replenishing soil moisture and supporting plant growth. However, prolonged drizzle can also lead to excessive soil moisture, which can adversely affect certain crops, promote the growth of fungi or diseases, and delay necessary agricultural activities such as planting or harvesting.
Effect of Drizzle on the Environment
Drizzle contributes to the overall water cycle and helps maintain the ecological balance. It provides hydration to plants, replenishes water sources such as rivers and lakes, and supports the survival of various ecosystems. Drizzle also aids in the removal of pollutants from the atmosphere, reducing air pollution levels and improving air quality.
Effect of Rain Showers on Agriculture
Rain showers significantly impact agriculture by providing much-needed moisture to crops. They help irrigate the soil, promote healthy plant growth, and ensure adequate water availability for agricultural activities. However, heavy rainfall associated with rain showers can also lead to soil erosion, waterlogging, and crop damage, resulting in agricultural losses.
Effect of Rain Showers on the Environment
Rain showers contribute to the overall environmental balance by providing water to ecosystems and maintaining the health of natural habitats. The runoff from rain showers replenishes water bodies, supports aquatic life, and helps sustain vegetation. Rain showers also help cleanse the atmosphere by washing away pollutants and enhancing air quality.
Regions Prone to Drizzle
Drizzle can occur in various regions worldwide but is widespread in coastal areas and regions influenced by maritime air masses. Locations with stable atmospheric conditions and persistent cloud cover, such as foggy regions or areas with a high prevalence of low-lying stratiform clouds, are more prone to experiencing drizzle.
Regions Prone to Rain Showers
Rain showers can occur in various regions and climates, from tropical rainforests to temperate zones. They are commonly associated with convective weather systems, which are more prevalent in areas experiencing frequent thunderstorms, frontal systems, or monsoon activity. Rain showers are often found in regions with a higher average annual precipitation.
Forecasting and Meteorology
Forecasting drizzle can be challenging due to its low intensity and


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Special Needs Registry
The Special Needs Registry allows residents with medical needs and organizations assisting those with social needs an opportunity to provide information to Fairfax County so that agencies can communicate emergency preparedness, response and recovery resources to our vulnerable, at risk and hard-to-reach residents.
The information collected will only be shared with Fairfax County agencies and partner agencies and organizations to improve their ability to serve and will not be available to the public.
Fairfax County defines a person with medical needs as a person who has a high-risk health condition that is either temporary or chronic who cannot manage for themselves in a shelter or evacuation center and will require assistance in performing the activities of daily living and/or will require care for and the monitoring of a health condition. For example: people with mobility impairment; people with condition which make them dependent on electricity; people with medical conditions that will require additional support during emergencies.
Medical Needs Brochure (PDF Format)
Social Needs refers to people considered to be vulnerable, at-risk, or hard to reach in the event of an emergency, but who are not medically dependent. These people may require targeted communication, transportation support, or sheltering in the event of an emergency. The nature of the assistance provided to people with social needs will be determined by the individual, the emergency and the resources available to the county.
Social Needs Brochure (PDF Format)


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Question about Statistics - Regression Model
A. develop a regression model that could be used to predict the final average
in the course based on the first test grade.
b. predict the final average of a student who made an 83 on the first test.
c. give the values of r and r2 for this model. Interpret the value of r2 in the content of this problem.
A Complete, Neat and Step-by-step Solution is provided in the attached file.
This answer includes:
- Plain text
- Cited sources when necessary
- Attached file(s)
- Student Roll No.doc


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Abstract: Gladiators at Pompeii: Roman Spectacle in a Small Town
Lecturer: Steven Tuck
Pompeii offers archaeologists unique evidence for arena spectacle such as gladiatorial combat, prisoner executions and animal hunts. Thanks to its superb preservation we can study, as from nowhere else in the ancient world, the facts of these arena spectacles, how they worked and how they were integrated into the life of a small Roman town. In this lecture we visit a gladiatorial training school which provides the only extant armor from Roman gladiators, examine the oldest amphitheater we have from the Roman world and analyze the ramifications of games for the city. We also trace the imagery of gladiators at Pompeii and see where and why pictures of gladiators end up on virtually every possible surface in both public and private space in the city.
Short bibliography and/or website on lecture topic:
Tuck, S. "Representations of Sport and Spectacle in Roman Art" A Companion to Ancient Sport and SpectacleBlackwell Publishing, 2011
Tuck, S. "Scheduling Spectacle: Factors contributing to the dates of Pompeian munera" Rivista di Studi Pompeiani 19: 25-34, 2008


text: The broken tea is divided into traditional and non-traditional methods. Non-traditional methods are divided into Rotorvane method, C.T.C method, Leger method and L.T.P method. The product quality of various types of methods varies, but the color classification of red broken tea and the appearance and specifications of various types are basically the same. Red broken tea leaves tea, broken tea, tea, tea, four kinds of color specifications. Outside the leaf tea form a strip, requiring the tight cords, Ying Long, homogeneous Qi, pure color, there is gold (or less or no gold). The endoplasmic soup is red-brown (or bright red), and the aroma is fresh and irritating. According to its quality, it is divided into two types, Flowery Orange Pekoe (F.O.P.) and O.P. The shape of the broken tea is granular, and it is required that the particles be heavy and uniform and contain no or a few millimeters. The color is black and lustrous. The inner quality of the soup is red, and the flavor is fresh and strong. According to the quality, the broken flower is orange. Broken Orange Pokoe referred to as FB.OP), BOP, BP and other colors. The shape of the tea is in the form of agaric flakes, and it is required to be solid and uniform. The soup has a strong aroma and is classified according to quality as "Flowery Broken Orange Pekoe Fanning" (FBOPF for short) and "Crushed Orange, Yellow, White, and Chips" ( BOPF), "PF", "Orange" (OF) and "chip" (F) and other colors. Dust (abbreviated as D) has a sand-like appearance, requiring heavy solids, dark and dark color, and a dark, intense, astringent flavor. For the above four categories, leaf tea can not contain broken tea, broken tea does not contain flakes of tea, tea does not contain tea gray, specifications are clear, strict requirements.


Article provided by: DentaleHub
Self Ligating Braces Cost
Self Ligating Braces Cost
Self ligating braces cost around the same as traditional braces but offer a less painful alternative to conventional braces. Dental eHub knows that the perfect smile is important for your confidence and even your health, but that cost is a major factor. We connect you with the savings you need to find the look you deserve.
How much do braces cost?
Braces are not inexpensive. The average cost ranges from $5000 to $6000 or more and depends almost entirely on the age and the level of deviation.
Adults require more time in braces to achieve the same impact as adults. The longer you wait to wear braces, the longer you are likely to need them which creates additional dentist visits and cost.
Do I need braces?
While braces are cosmetic for most and instill confidence to achieve your dream life, they can also be life-altering. Some suffer from deviations that can lead to malnourishment or other complications.
Severe arrows, buckteeth, and damage from various incidents create a need that must be fulfilled. Still, nearly all Americans use braces for their overall cosmetic effects.
What are self-ligating braces?
Self-ligating braces require fewer dentist visits and allow for the freer movement of teeth. This is achieved through smaller wires and latches in place of rubber bands to hold the wire against your teeth.
To guide your teeth into place, your dental care professional merely needs to adjust the latch which takes less time than changing rubber bands or metal ties. This leads to less dentist visits and more time for life despite not reducing overall cost as they require more time to be effective.
Are self-ligating braces better for me than traditional braces?
By allowing for more movement and placing less pressure on your teeth, they create less pain. However, the reduced pressure leads to more time in braces.
If you or your child have a sensitive mouth, these braces are the best option. Conventional braces or invisible options are more useful for adults or those concerned with time spent in braces or how they look.
Can I save on the total cost of self-ligating braces?
Dental savings plans and discounts help you to save 20 to 25 percent or more on your braces. Many insurance providers offer plans for as low as $25 per month.
Over time, you can build enough savings to afford your braces. The more you need to save, the longer you will need to save.
Self ligating braces cost
Self-ligating braces cost thousands of dollars. They require more time to move your teeth when compared to the conventional option, meaning that the costs are similar but cause less discomfort.
When you need braces, you should always search for the most affordable and highest quality care. Dental savings plans can help.
Dental eHub helps make the perfect smile available by connecting plan providers and orthodontists with you through our online search platform. Visit our website today to find out how we can help you.
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text:
Marines Transform Trash into Energy Savings
CREDIT: Terragon Environmental Technologies Inc.
Whether deployed on land or at sea, U.S. Marines must wage a relentless war against trash. Now they have a new, slow-bake weapon capable of turning a 50-gallon bag of waste into a half-pint jar of ash.
The technology can break down mixed waste cardboard, plastic and food by cooking it at 1,382 degrees F (750 degrees C) to create ash for safe disposal in landfills or for helping to grow plants. As a bonus, the process not only makes synthetic gas capable of powering itself, but also leaves waste heat usable for heating living spaces or water aboard Navy ships or in forward operating bases.
"Decades ago, the idea of harvesting energy from trash was just a sideshow in the environmental movement, said Steve McElvany, the Micro Auto Gasification System (MAGS) program officer at the U.S. Office for Naval Research. "Now, the technology is mature enough to where the Department of the Navy is seriously evaluating its practical and tactical benefits."
The Marines see promise in the energy-efficient MAGS technology for their expeditionary units deployed across the world because of its low carbon footprint and the lack of visible emissions. They have already begun testing one MAGS unit at Camp Smith on the Hawaiian island of Oahu, and plan to expand to field testing next summer.
Each unit has the ability to handle the waste of 1,000 Marines every day a significant step forward for waste disposal in the eyes of Lt. Col. Mike Jernigan, a Marine combat engineer who recently commanded a logistics battalion in Afghanistan.
"Right now, there are really only two solutions: burn it or bury it," Jernigan said. "Any potential solution must reduce the security and logistics concerns of trash disposal and help the environment... that's a good thing for the Marine Corps."
Such technology could help the Navy meet its clean energy goal of getting 50 percent of energy for its bases from alternative sources by 2020. But it may also find civilian use in working for schools, hospitals and office buildings.
The Office for Naval Research developed the technology along with Canada's Department of National Defense. MAGS units are made by Terragon Environmental Technologies Inc.


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New Israeli plans to link West Bank settlements to first "settler city"
Friday, 27 August 2010 11:35
Media reports in Israel have revealed plans for a new scheme to link a number of illegal settlements in the West Bank with the city of Petah Tikva in the part of Palestine taken by Israel in 1948.
Petah Tikva, by the way, was swamp land purchased back in 1878:-
Petach-Tikva was founded in the year 1878 by a group of pioneers from Jerusalem,who three years earlier had founded the society "Work the soil and redeem the land" with the aim to redeem the land from its aridity, and the people from having to eat charity bread from the "Distribution" of those days. The three men to take the initiative from Jerusalem, in founding Petach-Tikva,were: Rabbi Yoel-Moshe Salomon, Rabbi David Gutmann and Yehoshua Stampfer...In 1937 Petach-Tikva received the status of a city.
And here, too:-
Originally intending to establish a new settlement in the Achor Valley, near Jericho, the pioneers purchased land in that area. However, the Turkish Sultan cancelled the purchase and forbade them from settling there, but they retained the name Petah Tikva as a symbol of their aspirations.
Undaunted, the settlers purchased a modest area (3.40 square kilometers) from the village of Mulabbis (variants: Mlabbes, Um-Labbes), near the source of the Yarkon River. The Sultan allowed the enterprise to proceed, but because their purchase was located in what was a malarial swamp, they had to evacuate when the malaria spread, founding the town of Yehud near the Arabic village Yehudiyya about 20 kilometres (12 mi) to the south. With the financial help of Baron Edmond de Rothschild they were able to drain the swamps sufficiently to be able to move back in 1883, joined by immigrants of the First Aliyah, and later the Second Aliyah.
We cannot win with such a semantic war waged against us.
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UNC-Chapel Hill scientists Charles Carter, Qi Zhang, and Abigail Knight were awarded $1 million from the W.M. Keck Foundation to answer the age-old question: How did life on Earth begin?
CHAPEL HILL, NC – About four billion years ago, life arose from a primordial soup of chemicals. Somehow, amino acids linked together to form proteins, and from these proteins, the basic molecules of biological life took root, leading ever so slowly to the dawn of life as we know it. But how? How did the chaos of chemicals become ordered biology?
Scientists at UNC-Chapel Hill aim to answer this question by leaning on their expertise, their collaborative spirit, and a prestigious $1-million award from the W.M. Keck Foundation, a Los Angeles-based philanthropic organization that supports important discoveries in science, engineering, and medicine. They also hope to enhance our understanding of important cellular processes to open new avenues for disease detection and treatment strategies.
Charlie Carter, PhD
Charles Carter, PhD, professor in the UNC Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics at the UNC School of Medicine, is the lead investigator of this project. For many years, he has been conducting cutting-edge research in this field, which is one of the reasons the Keck Foundation funded this innovative collaboration. During his efforts to reveal more about how biology was originally born from chemistry, Carter reached out to a pair of Carolina colleagues – RNA biology expert Qi Zhang, PhD, associate professor in the UNC Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Abigail Knight, PhD, assistant professor in the UNC Department of Chemistry in the UNC College of Arts & Sciences who focuses on mimicking proteins with synthetic polymers. The team also recruited to the project Hiroaki Suga, PhD, professor of organic chemistry at the University of Tokyo.
These four scientists have developed a collaborative strategy to test a hypothesis for how tiny chemicals wound up establishing how very basic biochemistry first came to be assembled, according to a genetic code four billion years ago.
"At a foundational level, all living things depend on their ability to convert information stored in genes into functional enzymes, or proteins," Carter said. "This is called translation, and scientists have generally understood this process for a long time. But certain details about how this could have happened for the first time at the dawn of life have escaped the attention of the scientific community."
Qi Zhang, PhD
Understanding the exact details of this process will allow scientists to better explore the possibilities of life outside of Earth. It could inspire new strategies for mimicking complex cellular components and processes important for human health. It will generate a useful public database for the field of synthetic biology, which has many research applications in medicine, manufacturing, and agriculture. Most of all, this project will help answer eternal questions that arose after Francis Crick and Jim Watson discovered the DNA double helix. Their seminal work revealed how information in genes is stored and passed from one generation to the next. But ever since the 1960s, how cells use that information has been a question at the heart of so many research questions related to nature, human health, and disease pathology.
"Our project is the first to attempt to understand how particular aspects of the translation process happened in the first place," Carter said. "Understanding what enabled nature to make the same protein each time in accordance with the genetic code has the potential to be transformative. We are attempting to answer a profound and challenging question."
Carter has worked on part of this complicated biochemical conundrum for more than a decade, but it has remained difficult to figure out how certain pieces of the translation puzzle could have occurred before the repetitive memory that evolution eventually provided. For instance, what was the precise chemical machinery that accelerated the translation of DNA into the short protein bonds between amino acids specified by a code, which is what must have happened for life to emerge?
"Essentially, chemistry is random; it's chaotic," Zhang said. "We can imagine chemistry existing before life on Earth emerged, the so-called primordial soup. But biology is neither chaotic nor random. It is ordered."
Abigail Knight, PhD
Knight added, "Through this project, we will develop a platform to help us investigate and understand the random chemical process that eventually led to non-random life."
The scientists are focusing on one part of the translation machinery that today is known as the ribosome – tiny RNA and associated proteins that link together amino acids in a particular order specified by instructions in a gene. Chains of amino acids, or polypeptides, must fold into active proteins, which orchestrate biological functions that distinguish heart cells from lung cells, for example. In order to fold the same way each time, the amino acid sequences must be the same, which happens because of genetic coding.
When thinking of life emerging for the first time billions of years ago, it is the linking together of amino acids that had to occur just so for ordered biology to emerge from random chemistry.
But, in our cells right now, the ribosomes have developed a kind of "memory" in order to harness the power of the genetic code. And that memory came from a previous creation of biology, previous to the creation of cells. At the start of life, there were no cells and there could not have been a ribosome like we have now. So what was there? Well, there could have been triplet sequences of DNA and RNA, and it could be possible that these triplets called codons and anticodons were able to align perfectly and to "encourage" amino acids to form peptide bonds. And from that tipping point, very rudimentary life would become possible. This, in a simplified nutshell, is what the Carolina scientists hope to test.
"Through our experiments, we aim to generate a massive amount of data on this biochemical process," Zhang said. "Because when life starts, there tends to be a lot of chaos that gradually becomes ordered. We plan to observe what could have happened."
Carter added, "We are extremely grateful to the W.M. Keck Foundation for supporting this innovative project, and we are confident our work will shed light on the origin of life on Earth and open the door to answering many other research questions related to our current times."
To read more about this project, check out the scientific abstract at the W.M. Keck Foundation website.
Media contact: Mark Derewicz, UNC School of Medicine, _PHONE_


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NJ Limousine History
limousine (or limo) is an unusually long luxury car,
traditionally black or white in color (other colors, however,
have also been used for limousines, such as pink, magenta, or
blue). Limos are most commonly driven by licensed chauffeurs and
were often associated with the wealthy the past.
While some limousines are owned by individuals, many are owned by governments to transport senior politicians, by large companies to transport executives, or by broadcasters to transport guests Most limousines, however, operate as livery vehicles, providing up market competition to taxicabs.
The word limousine is derived from the name of the French region Limousine, and is associated with the long cloaks once worn by the shepherds there.
A limousine typically has a partition between the driver compartment and the rear passenger compartment. This partition usually contains a sliding (sometimes even soundproof) glass window so that conversations between passengers in the rear compartment may be kept private from the chauffeur.
Traditionally, the limousine has been an extension of a large sedan. A longer frame and wheelbase allow the rear passenger compartment to contain the usual forward facing passenger seat but with a substantial amount of foot room — more than is actually needed. Usually then two "jump seats" are mounted, facing rearward behind the driver. These seats fold up when not in use. In this way, up to five persons can be carried in the aft compartment in comfort, and up to two additional persons carried in the driver's compartment, for a total capacity of seven passengers in addition to the driver. This type of seat configuration has however become less popular in recent limousines.
This type of vehicle was once rather common in some locations. An example of its use was in the transport of travelers arriving by railroad at Merced, California to Glacier National Park and Yosemite National Park in the first half of the 20th century. In Glacier National Park, these were referred to as "Jammers" in reference to the nickname of their gear-jamming drivers. In Yosemite, passengers would then stay in rustic platform tent camps or more expensive lodges and hike or rent bicycles for movement around the park.
A modern version of the stage is seen in some novelty stretch Hummer or Hummer H2 vehicles. Some funeral homes maintain six-door stages to carry the family of the deceased between the church and the cemetery. These are usually not used for private hire.
A limousine based on a Ford Excursion Sometimes a coach builder or car designer will develop the "ultimate" stretch limo, adding amenities that are somewhat impractical but which make a significant design statement. One such design includes double rear axles to support the weight of an operational hot tub.
Coach builders can perform aftermarket extensions on luxury sedans and SUVs. These extensive limousine conversions have been performed on several luxury marques, including: Audi, Bentley, BMW, Cadillac, Chrysler, Ford, Holden, Hummer, Infiniti, Jaguar, Lexus, Lincoln, Mercedes-Benz, Rolls-Royce and Volkswagen. In the United States the most popular vehicles for stretch limousines conversion are the Lincoln Town Car, Cadillac DTS, Hummer H2, and the Lincoln Navigator. There are even instances of Corvettes and VW Bugs being stretched to accommodate up to 10 passengers.
Most custom coach builders are located in the United States and Europe and cater mainly to limousine companies. Few such vehicles are available for public hire. A typical price to buy a Lincoln Town Car sedan and have it stretched to hold 6 passengers is approximately USD $85,000 (at 2006 prices) depending on the additional features added into the vehicle. In addition to luxuries, security features such as armoring and bulletproof glass are available.
- To be on time, when and where you need us.
- To provide you with the finest luxury vehicles available.
- To provide professional, courteous and knowledgeable drivers, committed to making your limousine experience memorable and trouble-free and stress free.
- To provide you with the best in class limousine service available.
We will not be satisfied unless you're completely delighted with our limousine service.
Be aware we possess a complete line of limousines consisting of newer models to vintage models.
About the Staff
All drivers are courteous, friendly and attentive to every detail of your occasion. All drivers are uniformed for your occasion. Our employees are trained and trustworthy to provide the best in professionalism and service to make your event or occasion a success.


Last Updated on January 14, 2021
7 Things You Can Do to Deal with Low-Energy Days
7 Things You Can Do to Deal with Low-Energy Days
How do you deal with low-energy days? We all have our highs and lows, but very often we expect too much from ourselves. Our own standards seem to demand that we are on top of things all day, every day.
Low energy can be the result of working too hard, not putting enough time toward self-care, or going through a period of depression or grief. In order to get through these days, we need to find strategies that work for the situation we find ourselves in and that match our unique personalities. Some people will find that spending time with friends helps to raise energy levels, while others will find that an hour walking alone in the forest is the best remedy.
In order to deal with low energy, you need a combination of short-term relief and long-term strategies to help you deal with these off days. Here are 7 things to help you get started.
1. Be Compassionate With Yourself
Forget about all the things you have not yet achieved or even finished. Stop beating yourself up and being so judgmental, and instead try incorporating positive self-talk into your thought processes.
Let go of the "should" and the "must," settle in to where you are, and accept that while you may be going through a hard time, that does not make you a bad or unworthy person[1].
Practicing Self-compassion to improve your energy
 Low energy often occurs when we waste time and energy attacking our own minds, as it can leave you feeling tired. Instead, refocus your energy toward acknowledging the positive things about yourself. This will increase your ability to focus and get your tasks done.
 2. Stop Dwelling on Your Emotions
 In addition to the low energy, there are also feelings of lack of motivation, hurt, resentment, frustration, and anger. We love to talk to ourselves about these emotions in our head. We talk, rationalize, and explain it all to ourselves for the hundredth time, even though it is not helping us get closer to a solution.
 Instead of trying to justify your emotions, take a moment to welcome them into your mind, acknowledge why they have arrived, and treat them with a sense of empathy. This will help you stop wasting energy on going around in circles when confronting difficult emotions.
 Instead, you'll be able to be frank about what these emotions are saying and how you can overcome them without feelings of anger or resentment.
 3. Acknowledge That You're Tired
 Tell yourself that this is going to be a low-energy day instead of fighting it. Many times, when we feel like we are low on energy and motivation, we push through and try to maintain the same routine. Unfortunately, this dwindles our energy reserves even more, which means the low-energy day may turn into a low-energy week or month.
 When you acknowledge that you're tired and need to boost energy levels, you can take the time to recuperate, which will help you in the long term.
 4. Limit Bad News
 We are surrounded by bad news on all forms of media, from TV to smartphones. It seems that there are endless news stories that cause anger, frustration, and sadness. If you're experiencing low energy, it's time to limit the bad news you're taking in as it will eat away at any positive energy that you have left.
 Instead of watching or reading the news, put on a podcast, make a healthy meal, or do some exercise. Do anything that will help you stop doomscrolling.
 5. Keep an Eye on What You Eat
 Diet plays a huge role in our energy levels. When we have low energy or are experiencing a great deal of stress, we often turn to sugary foods, caffeine, and foods high in fat. This is because the stress hormone cortisol tells the body to take in these kinds of foods[2].
 When you're low on energy, consider the following:
 - Ramp up on protein (eggs, cheese) at breakfast.
 - Reduce simple carbs so that blood sugar crashes mid-morning are less frequent.
 - Aim for smaller, frequent mini meals/snacks[3] rather than a large meal. The energy you need to digest a large meal can make you feel very lethargic.
 - Eat fruits like watermelon, bananas, kiwi, and pineapples, which are rich in potassium and magnesium.
 6. Pamper Yourself
 We talked about being kind to yourself, so let us put this into action with one or two of the following:
 - Cuddle up with a relaxing book.
 - Take a long bath or shower to promote relaxation.
 - Go for a walk in a pleasant neighborhood with trees and flowers.
 - Listen to your favorite music, and sing along if you want to.
 - Practice mindfulness by enjoying the smells, sounds, and sights around you.
 - Do some stretches or any physical activity you enjoy.
 Any of these will help raise your energy levels.
 7. Kick That Mood
 Fatigue and bad moods often go hand in hand. Think about why this bad mood is a recurring episode. It could be due to stress or conflicts in relationships and at work. It could be simply that you are overworking.
 Think about how you react to your workload and people at work or close to you. This is often the key to understanding our moods.
 One of the best ways of lifting your mood in the short-term is to practice gratitude. Do a reality check and repeat the things that you are so blessed to have.
 Final Thoughts
 We all experience low-energy days. The problem arises when these low-energy days become more frequent and begin affecting our quality of life. If you find that your overall energy levels have taken a hit recently and you feel exhausted, it's time to slow down and see where the problem lies.
 Once you get your energy back up, you'll be more productive and ready to tackle your next tasks, so get started with one or two of the tips above.
 More Tips on Overcoming Low Energy
 Featured photo credit: Adrian Swancar via
 [1] Medium: Practicing Self-compassion
 [2] Harvard Health Publishing: Why stress causes people to overeat
 [3] WebMD: Top 10 Ways to Boost Your Energy
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 Last Updated on January 15, 2021
 "Why am I so tired?" is a question that people ask themselves pretty frequently. Everyone gets tired at one point or another, particularly after something like an illness, a long night up with a sick child, or a busy week at work. However, when tiredness is persistent—when you feel tired as soon as you wake up in morning or when sleep doesn't seem to help, no matter how much rest you get—it may often indicate a deeper, underlying problem.
 While there are a lot of possible reasons for tiredness, here are some of the most common causes of fatigue.
 1. Dehydration
 If you're asking "Why am I so tired?" and want to boost your energy levels, first check whether you are dehydrated. The human brain is 85% water, and it needs to maintain this level in order to perform its essential functions[1].
 Signs of dehydration
 If you fail to drink enough water, the brain extracts fluids from your blood to compensate for the deficit[2]. As a result, the oxygen levels in your blood drop, reducing the amount of energizing oxygen available to your organs and tissues. Fatigue and sleepiness set in rapidly, leaving you more vulnerable to the 2 pm post-lunch crash that many of us experience.
 You cannot cure this crash with caffeine; the only long-term, effective solution is to drink hydrating fluids throughout the day.
 2. Lack of Exercise
 Try to fit in at least 30 minutes of medium-intensity exercise every day. It's easiest if you can make this part of your everyday routine, either as soon as you wake up or right after work.
 3. A Poor Diet
 4. Skipping Breakfast
 Ingesting food signals to your brain that there are enough calories available to ensure our survival. This encourages it to stay relaxed, which in turn, promotes restful sleep.
 Some great ideas for healthy, filling, and make-ahead breakfasts include overnight oats, smoothies, and freezer-friendly breakfast burritos.
 If meal-prepping isn't your thing, stock up on easy but healthy breakfast foods like multigrain cereal, yogurt, and fruit.
 5. Poor Quality of Sleep
 We all know that it's important to wind down a couple of hours before bed, but did you