text:
It is often very difficult to determine the cause of a whale stranding, however, there are several plausible explanations for at least some of the whale strandings that occur:
- Faulty navigation: many of the whales that are found stranded normally live in the open ocean and are not experienced at navigating in the shallower waters of the coastline. Ocean-dwelling whales often use sonar to navigate but they may receive confusing signals near the coastline, especially if they encounter gently sloping beaches. There is also some evidence that naval sonar may also interfere with whale navigation.
- Disease: many stranded whales have been found to be suffering from severe or terminal disease.
- Pursuit of prey: whales that pursue their prey close to the shoreline may become trapped in shallow waters by receding tides.
- Assisting other animals in the group: many whale species live in complex social groups. It is thought that some mass strandings occur when one member of the group has become stranded and the others have responded to its distress signals.


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Galaga - Atari 7800 - Atari HTML Manual
 ATARI (R) 7800 (TM) Game Manual
 Galaga (TM)
You're under attack! The Galagans are reclaiming planets they lost during a
centuries-old interstellar war -- and now they want yours! And you're ready
to fight to the bitter end to protect it!
So you join the Intergalactic Warrior Fleet. Without training, you're
assigned to your first combat mission -- and on-the-job is the only way to
learn. Shaking in your boots, you accept the assignment and board your
Intergalactic Command Ship.
1. Insert the Galaga (TM) cartridge into your ATARI (R) 7800 ProSystem (TM) as explained in your Owner's Manual, and turn on your
2. Plug a controller into the left controller jack for one player; another
 into the right controller jack for two players.
3. Press [Select] to choose a oneor two-player game, or move the
 controller handle down for one player, up for two players. Move the
 controller handle to the left or right to choose one of three
 difficulty levels: Novice, Advanced, or Expert.
4. Press [Reset] or either controller button to start the game.
5. Press a controller button to fire intergalactic missiles. Hold down the
 button to rapid fire.
6. Press [Pause] to pause the game; press it again to resume play.
You start the game with four Command Ships: one at the line of battle and
the others in reserve at the bottom of the screen. Slide your Command Ship
right and left to dodge Galagan missiles. At the same time, fire
intergalactic missiles to protect your ship. You lose a ship when it is hit
by a Galagan missile or collides with the enemy.
Galagans attack in a series of waves, each fiercer than the one before.
Waves are identified with numbers at the lower right of the screen. The
number of ships you have in reserve is shown at the lower left.
Galagan Flagships never fly alone: they are always flanked by protective
Escorts in colorful uniforms. Escort rank is easy to identify: Drones, the
lowest rank, wear blue; Hornets are outfitted in red; and Flagship
Commanders, the highest rank, wear yellow.
The Galagan invasion starts off with a bang! An entire fleet of invaders
begins flying in formation, then instantly plunges towards you, bombarding
your ship, then rushing back to the lineup -- that is, if you don't shoot
them first!
The Galagans attack faster and faster with each wave. They swoop downward,
firing laser cannons, or blitz in groups. The enemy's special radar lets
them dodge your intergalactic missiles. They use tricks to divert your
attention. Their ability to pull off unexpected maneuvers forces you to
quickly learn caution, cunning, and skill.
You thwart the initial attack, but the battle isn't over. The Galagans will
be back, stronger than ever. And you'll be waiting. The longer you survive,
the more surprises you're in for!
To win, use your accurate aim and quick reflexes. Plan your strategy. Think
ahead. A foolish move could cost you the battle -- and the planet!
Try a few games at the Novice level first while you're learning to play
Galaga. This will help you develop skill and strategy.
When Galagan Flagships deploy blue macro-beams that can capture your
Command Ship. To rescue the hostage, hit the Flagship only while it's
attacking, or you will destroy your own ship as well. Once you regain your
ship, you will have two ships, moving annd firing in sync, to attack with.
When a Galagan Flagship is destroyed in flight, the rest of the fleet stops
firing for a few seconds of mourning. Move in quickly to blast the Escorts
before they can retaliate.
After two waves of attack, then after every third wave, you face a
Challenging Stage. Five groups of eight ships fly in various attack
patterns. Shoot as many ships as you can before the ships leave. Hit all 40
ships for 10,000 bonus points.
Always have a strategical escape planned to avoid patterns of enemy missile
attacks. Scan the screen and think fast to outsmart the Galagan fleet.
You score points when you destroy Galagans. Scores appear at the top of the
screen: Player 1's score is on the left; Player 2's score is on the right.
If all your Command Ships are destroyed, the game is over. At the end of a
game, the player with the most points wins.
Point values are listed below:
Flagships: first hit in line 0 points
 second and more hit in line 150 points
Hornets: lined up 80 points
 attacking 160 points
Drones: lined up 50 points
 attacking 100 points
Destroying a flagship in flight earns bonus points:
Flagship with two Escorts 1600 points
Flagship with one Escort 800 points
Flagship with no Escorts 400 points
Challenging Stages earn bonus points:
Bonus for destroying groups of eight ships _PHONE_ points
Bonus for destroying all 40 ships 10,000 points
Bonus for destroying less than 40 ships 100 points per ship
Reproduction of this document or any portion of its contents is not allowed
without the specific written permission of Atari Corporation.
Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the product
documentation in this manual. However, because we are constantly improving
and updating our computer software and hardware, Atari Corporation is
unable to guarantee the accuracy of printed material after the date of
publication and disclaims liability for changes, errors, and omissions.
Atari is a registered trademark and 7800 is a trademark of Atari Corporation
Galaga is a trademark of Namco Ltd., manufactured under license by
Atari Corporation
Copyright (C) 1987, Atari Corporation Sunnyvale, CA 94086
All Rights Reserved.
 Printed in Hong Kong
 CO24857-05 Rev. B
Untitled Document


text:
- Press Release
- Dec 3, 2022
Phase Four Achieves Electric Thruster Operation on Air Force Green Propellant ASCENT
Phase Four, the creator of the radio-frequency thruster (RF thruster) for satellite propulsion, announced today that it has successfully demonstrated operation of its RF thruster using the Air Force Research Laboratory's green propellant, ASCENT (formerly AF-M315E).
The achievement, made under a U.S. Space Force contract awarded at the 2021 Space Force Pitch Day, enables multi-mode propulsion capability, which combines the high thrust capabilities of liquid chemical propulsion with the high efficiency capabilities of electric propulsion operating on a single common propellant.
Phase Four's RF Thruster to enable new 'multi-mode' propulsion capabilities for national security missions
"This achievement further underlines the expansive capability of Phase Four's propulsive technology, which has already been shown to operate on other novel propellants such as iodine and water. We are proud to work alongside AFRL to now demonstrate RF thruster operation on ASCENT and build upon the versatility of this green propellant," said Jason Wallace, Vice President of Advanced Development at Phase Four.
Jim Bridenstine, former NASA Administrator and recent addition to the Phase Four board of directors, added "With the increasingly congested and contested space domain, ASCENT-based RF thrusters are a critical technology to ensure the United States' propulsive superiority in space."
Phase Four tested the RF thruster while flowing ASCENT and the individual gases that make up the green propellant. Throughout the test, Phase Four demonstrated ignition and stable firing over a wide spectrum of thruster operating points, achieving the world's first cathode-less ASCENT plasma. Future development will focus on fine-tuning plasma performance for ASCENT and other liquid propellants used in monopropellant and bipropellant thrusters, with a focus to provide future space vehicles with the ability to maneuver without regret by delivering operational, turn-key multi-mode propulsion systems.
"Before joining Phase Four, I had the privilege of working with U.S. Space Force senior leaders to build out the concept of multi-mode propulsion and outline the capability it could unlock for national security missions. It became apparent that a game-changing propulsion technology would be required. Only the Phase Four RF thruster provided the necessary architecture to achieve multi-mode capability using novel liquid propellants, such as ASCENT," said Jesse Sidhu, Phase Four senior systems engineer and technical lead on the program. "I'm proud to say that the Phase Four team has brought what used to be science fiction into reality. We now look forward to optimizing our thruster and building on this program to deliver unprecedented mission-centric propulsive capability to our warfighters."
About Phase Four
Phase Four is a disruptive provider of next generation electric propulsion (EP) solutions for small satellites. The company was founded in 2015 to address the demands of the rapid proliferation of satellite constellations and to accelerate the advancement of its radio-frequency thruster (RFT). The Phase Four RFT represents a revolutionary new architecture that realizes lower cost, mass-manufacturability, miniaturized power electronics, and propellant agnosticism over incumbent technologies, without compromising performance. In 2021 Phase Four's Maxwell turn-key propulsion system achieved flight heritage and is now being regularly utilized by small satellite operators. Learn more at _URL_.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


rate than he would have made had he gone it alone with his bare hands. However, Moratz feels that these employees have been underpaid by the owners of these companies. Employee benefits can improve your company's bottom line by engaging employees to participate in wellbeing programs, such as Virgin Pulse. Examples can range from shovels and sewing machines to backhoes and cranes. Employee benefits, also known as perks or fringe benefits, are provided to employees over and above salaries and wages. The following are some of the disadvantages of employee benefits provided to the employees. Providing adequate benefits for the employee and asking for surveys often from the employee to help them in any possible way to enhance their performance will eventually help both the organization and the employee grow.


text:
Tech Fluency has been saved
A foundation for future careers
Tech fluency begins with a basic understanding of enterprise technology. This understanding makes it possible for workers to contextualise deeper technology concepts.
Tech fluency is a concept that encompasses a spectrum of proficiency. The spectrum of tech fluency begins with a basic understanding of enterprise technology principles and systems. This understanding makes it possible for workers to contextualise deeper technology concepts; it enables employees to follow technology trends, differentiate between tech "myth" and fact, and understand how the tools they use each day contribute, directly or indirectly, to business success.
The spectrum of tech fluency becomes more roleand business-function-specific, consisting of a detailed working knowledge of how technology capabilities and their adjacencies can drive new revenue and open fresh opportunities in the near term. At this intermediate level of fluency, employees may be able to understand the possibilities of technology more broadly and harness system capabilities to create efficiencies, drive strategy, and pursue new revenue. And at the advanced end of the tech fluency spectrum, individuals can sense future disruptive opportunities that emerging innovation may make possible three or even five years down the line -and use that foresight to help their companies create sustainable competitive advantage
To create the agility and flexibility necessary to build competitive advantage, companies will need workers who understand enterprise technology along with the specific applications and systems that enable their own roles – and are aware of potentially disruptive innovations and trends


text:
Professor Peter Kinderman from the University of Liverpool describes what he has learned from the BBC Stress Experiment. His results reveal a positive message about how we may be able to improve our mental health.
Many different factors can affect your mental health
Back in June 2011, with assistance from All in the Mind and BBC Lab UK, we asked the BBC audience to help us carry out a groundbreaking experiment into the causes of stress. Over thirty thousand of you took part, which makes this one of the largest studies of mental health ever.
First of all, we confirmed that nearly all the variables that we predicted would influence mental health and wellbeing did indeed play a role.
Secondly, the biggest predictor of mental health problems was 'rumination', which means the tendency to dwell on negative events for too long.
Before we began, we knew that many things can affect our mental health. These include:
The BBC Stress Test was designed to explore how important these different factors are compared with each other. We also wanted to understand how they interact with each other to affect our mental health. While we still have to do a lot of work to analyse the data, the preliminary results are exciting.
Ruminating - or dwelling too long on negative events - was the biggest predictor of mental health problems
The data you submitted in the stress experiment suggests that:
None of these factors means for certain that you will feel stress. But we can identify the risk factors with much more confidence.
The way that we react to things that happen to us is something we can change
When we look at how these factors relate to each other, we notice something interesting. It appears that the things that happen to us in our lives affect our mental health because we blame ourselves and dwell on our problems. The same is true when we look at those with a family history of mental health problems. A family history of problems is associated with a tendency to dwell on negative events - which in turn leads to more problems - rather than being related to mental health issues directly.
This is an important finding, because the way that we react to bad circumstances is something we can change – if necessary through therapies such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT).
A network of friends and family can help protect against low wellbeing
Because all these different elements are linked to wellbeing - and with each other – complex statistical analyses are needed. But the initial analysis suggests that the most likely path to reduced wellbeing or greater mental health problems is a lack of social support. Social problems seem to leave people vulnerable to more stressful life events, which in turn leads to increased self-blame and dwelling on these problems and both of these behaviours adversely affects your mental health.
A tendency to dwell on negative events or problems seems to be associated with a family history of mental health problems. However, social support is important and might act as a protective factor. This is especially true when we look at the measure called 'wellbeing'.
Wellbeing measures your ability to develop your potential
Psychologists don't tend to think of stress in the same way as other people do. Instead of measuring one factor called stress, we measured two mental health scales; depression and anxiety. As we expected, there was a very close relationship between these two measures.
Our next analysis will examine whether different contributing factors affect mental health and wellbeing.
A total of 32,842 people (12,677 men and 20,165 women) from 172 countries participated in the study. They had an average age of 39, and more than 90% of them described themselves as 'white'. Most were working full-time, and most were in stable relationships.
This very large sample means that we will able to conduct complex statistical analyses to look at the relationship between all the variables. But it does have the disadvantage that it will take some time to go through all the information in as much detail as we need to.
The sample as a whole appeared quite stressed; with about half the group reporting scores for anxiety and depression that would raise concerns (although we should bear in mind that about one person in four will experience mental health problems at some point in their lifetime).
The data from the BBC Stress Test was analysed by Professor Peter Kinderman and Eleanor Pontin from the University of Liverpool, Dr Sara Tai from the University of Manchester and Dr Matthias Schwannauer from the University of Edinburgh.
Claudia Hammond presents the programme exploring the limits and potential of the human mind.
What do psychologists mean by'stress'?
How a BBC Lab UK experiment has allowed us to learn more about wellbeing
Professor Peter Kinderman explains how we can still get valid results from online experiments
If you are worried about your mental health, there are plenty of places where you can go for help and support.
A good starting point for anyone who wants to know more about mental health
Samaritans provide provides confidential non-judgmental emotional support. Lines are open 24 hours a day
The BBC is not responsible for the content of external websites.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
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RSA key generation is of great concern for implementation of RSA cryptosystem on embedded system due to its long processing latency. In this paper, a novel architecture is presented to provide high processing speed to RSA key generation for embedded platform with limited processing capacity. In order to exploit more data level parallelism, Residue Number System (RNS) is introduced to accelerate RSA key pair generation, in which these independent elements can be processed simultaneously. A cipher processor based on Transport Triggered Architecture (TTA) is proposed to realize the parallelism at the architecture level. In the meantime, division is avoided in the proposed architecture, which reduces the expense of hardware implementation remarkably.
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A recent puzzle blog post about finding three evenly spaced ones lead me to a stackoverflow question with a top answer that claims to do it in O(n lg n) time. The interesting part is that the solution involves squaring a polynomial, referencing a paper that describes how to do it in O(n lg n) time.
Now, multiplying polynomials is practically the same as multiplying numbers. The only real difference is the lack of carries. But... the carries can also be done in O(n lg n) time. For example:
 var value = 100; // = 0b1100100
 var inputBitCount = value.BitCount(); // 7 (because 2^7 > 100 >= 2^6)
 var n = inputBitCount * 2; // 14
 var lgn = n.BitCount(); // 4 (because 2^4 > 14 => 2^3)
 var c = lgn + 1; //5; enough space for 2n carries without overflowing
 // do apparently O(n log n) polynomial multiplication
 var p = ToPolynomialWhereBitsAreCoefficients(value); // x^6 + x^5 + x^2
 var p2 = SquarePolynomialInNLogNUsingFFT(p); // x^12 + 2x^11 + 2x^10 + x^8 + 2x^7 + x^4
 var s = CoefficientsOfPolynomial(p2); // [0,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,1,0,2,2,1]
 // note: s takes O(n lg n) space to store (each value requires at most c-1 bits)
 // propagate carries in O(n c) = O(n lg n) time
 for (var j = 1; j < c; j++)
 if (s[i].Bit(j))
 s[i + j].IncrementInPlace();
 // extract bits of result (in little endian order)
 var r = new bool[n];
 r[i] = s[i].Bit(0);
 // r encodes 0b10011100010000 = 10000
So my question is this: where's the mistake, here? Multiplying numbers in O(n lg n) is a gigantic open problem in computer science, and I really really doubt the answer would be this simple.
 - Is the carrying wrong, or not O(n lg n)? I've worked out that lg n + 1 bits per value is enough to track the carries, and the algorithm is so simple I'd be surprised if it was wrong. Note that, although an individual increment can take O(lg n) time, the aggregate cost for x increments is O(x).
 - Is the polynomial multiplication algorithm from the paper wrong, or have conditions that I'm violating? The paper uses a fast fourier transform instead of a number theoretic transform, which could be an issue.
 - Have a lot of smart people missed an obvious variant of the Schönhage–Strassen algorithm for 40 years? This seems by far the least likely.
I've actually written code to implement this, except for the efficient polynomial multiplication (I don't understand the number theoretic transform well enough yet). Random testing appears to confirm the algorithm being correct, so the issue is likely in the time complexity analysis.
share|improve this question
What is the complexity of IncrementInPlace? – Oliver Charlesworth Jan 18 '13 at 23:38
_USER_ I implemented it as for (var i = 0; ; i++) { bits[i] ^= true; if (bits[i]) break; }. The bottom bit flips every time, the next bit flips half the time, and so forth. I worked out the total cost of all increments to each coefficient to be O(lg n + _TAG_). _TAG_ is at most n across all coefficients, so it's fine, and we can pay lg n for each of the n coefficients, so it's fine as well. – Strilanc Jan 18 '13 at 23:45
(x^6 + x^5 + x^2)² = X^12 + 2*X^11 + X^10 + 2*X^8 + 2*X^7 + X^4 The polynomials you give in the comments are wrong. – Daniel Fischer Jan 19 '13 at 2:40
I'm not sure you can say "the next bit flips half the time, and so forth", the distribution of the carries isn't uniform, I think. – Daniel Fischer Jan 19 '13 at 3:35
Pretty sure you can do carries in an array like that in linear time. – tmyklebu Jan 19 '13 at 5:23
1 Answer 1
up vote 3 down vote accepted
The problem is that the SquarePolynomialUsingFFT step can't actually be done in O(n log(n)) time if n is the number of bits under either the word-RAM or the bit-RAM model. In the word-RAM model (i.e. common operations on log(n)-bit words have unit cost), you've just blown your n words into n log(n) words and then you doing an FFT that take O(n log2(n)) time. In the bit-RAM model (bit operations have unit cost), each operation in the FFT takes O(log n) time, so the whole FFT takes O(n log2(n)) time.
The magic in Schoenhage-Strassen is the clever recursive choice of rings over which the FFT is taken so that you don't get a further log(n) blowup, but only a log(log(n)) blowup. If you have k m-word ring elements (so that k*m = n), you only need O(m*k log(k)) time to do m FFT's in that ring. Then you have to compute k^2 related m-word convolutions if you do this, but that's cool; we can FFT (using a smaller ring) all k of the m-word ring elements in bulk, do the multiplication, and inverse-FFT back.
share|improve this answer
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text:
Alstom and RheinEnergie achieved an important milestone at the Niehl 3 gas-fired combined heat and power plant in Cologne by successfully accomplishing synchronisation with the electricity grid. This is the first time that the plant has fed energy into the German grid.
The Niehl 3 plant, which generates both electricity and heat from climate friendly natural gas, is based on Alstom's KA26 combined-cycle plant design for maximum operational flexibility coupled with high efficiency and district heating capabilities.
Within the framework of the energy transformation in Germany, the plant is designed to safeguard base load power and thus the security of electricity supply, while also ensuring a high level of flexibility. Niehl 3 will generate 453 MW of electrical power and up to 265 MW thermal heating output – enough to supply up to one million households with electricity and around 30,000 households with district heating. With overall fuel efficiency of around 85 per cent, the plant is one of the most efficient in the world. Start of commercial operation is planned for spring 2016.
"With our new power plant, we are investing in the creation of a future-proof infrastructure which will secure the heat supply of thousands of households – locally and completely emission-free," said Dr. Dieter Steinkamp, Chairman of the Board of RheinEnergie. "Furthermore, Niehl 3 makes a significant contribution to the energy transition. When the wind does not blow and the sun does not shine, the plant's high operational flexibility ensures we can contribute to the security of electricity supply."
"The Niehl 3 project is completely on schedule and Alstom is delighted to have successfully accomplished synchronisation with the grid," says Alf Henryk Wulf, Alstom Country President in Germany. "Alstom's KA26 combined cycle power plant is a highly environmentally friendly power solution that provides RheinEnergie with unrivalled flexibility. With short start-up times and fast load changing capabilities, the plant is perfectly equipped to balance out fluctuations in the electricity grid which arise from the volatile feed-in of renewable energy."
Gas power plants provide grid stability, even when operated at a low load, with fast start-up times and a wide load range. Alstom's KA26 gas power plants can achieve an electrical efficiency of more than 60 per cent.
 Base load power plants are used to meet some or all of a region's continuous energy demand and produce electricity at a constant rate.


text:
Canada Chemical Management Plan – Canada Challenge
About The Canada Chemical Management Plan
Canada's Chemicals Management Plan aka the "Challenge" regulates chemicals that are harmful to human health or the environment. The Prime Minister, along with the Ministers of the Environment and Health put the "Challenge" into effect on December 8, 2006. The Chemicals Management Plan is the collection of information on the properties and uses of approximately 200 chemical substances identified through the categorization process as high priorities for action. Under the "Challenge", approximately 200 substances of the highest priority were divided up into a number of smaller groups of substances. The Government is using the mandatory information gathering provisions of section 71 of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (CEPA, 1999) to gather information that is deemed required for improved decision-making. Industries are being invited to submit additional information that may be used to inform risk assessment and to develop and benchmark best practices for risk management and product stewardship.


text:
How to write a simple will
Essential tips and advice on how to write a business plan to grow your business. No-prep, 12-week program designed to teach children the art of writing a paragraph children write four different types of paragraphs using simple, progressive steps. Almost always, a simple will is the will of choice for you a simple will is a single legal document that applies only to you (unlike a joint will for you and your spouse) a simple will describes who you are, with enough information to clearly identify that document as your will the names of [. Write or amend your will when your circumstances change everyone needs to have a will - and when there's a major change in your life, it's a good time to update your will and make sure it's current. How to write a basic business plan no matter your business idea some advisors recommend a simple step before writing an entire business plan to help determine your needs guess again a questionnaire to determine the basics. This topic shows how to write a simple cmdlet (the send-greeting cmdlet) that takes a single user name as input and then writes a greeting to that user although the cmdlet does not do much work, this example demonstrates the major sections of a cmdlet.
Anyone can have a blog, but learning how to write a blog in a way that makes it interesting to readers, attracts visitors, and encourages them to visit your blog again takes some knowledge and skills. This cover letter format guide lists what you need to include in the cover how you format your letter is almost as important as what you write in it a cover letter that is formatted a cover letter that is saved correctly and uses sufficient white space, a simple, reasonably. The uk's no1 fastest will writing service 5 star rated wills from only £28,95 call us on 0800 _PHONE_ simple 3 site process instant wills online. How to write a contract sometimes the best way to go about writing a contract is to keep it simple you may have seen contracts with tons of provisions and definitions, all of which are trying to say simple things in the most complicated way possible. How to make a will: making sure it's valid, using a solicitor and changing it when your circumstances change.
How do i make a will last updated on january 8, 2018 the will must be committed to writing the testator must be at least 21 of age the testator must sign the will at the foot of the will if the testator is unable to do so. Articles of interest: wills, trusts, and more how much for a simple will i need a simple will, the woman's voice said from the other end of the telephone line. The essential question the writer asks herself when writing a how-to is, what happens next 24 thoughts on write a how-to article in 6 easy steps i think writer has adopted the easiest and comprehensive way to explain the steps to write the article in simple steps.
How to write a will in pennsylvania for free however, you can write your own will for free if you take the time to gain a solid understanding of the laws a simple will means different things to different people. There are some bloggers who seem to have a natural gift when it comes to writing some bloggers seem to be naturally gifted writers they manage to get their ideas across clearly and economically, which means that readers can easily follow what they write readers devour their clear, economical prose. How to write an effective business plan by keeping it simple. Your will is a deeply personal document it describes your final wishes and instructs the readers about how you want your property distributed any adult can write a will.
How to write a simple will
A last will and testament is a legal document that details how a person's assets and properties on the complexity and value of your assets with that in mind, generally speaking, a qualified lawyer can draft a simple will and power of attorney even if you plan to write your own.
- The art of simplicity with minimalist design principles are being seen in product design, web and writing so what is simple writing and why bother.
- In this tutorial, you will learn how to write a program in the c++ programming language this will go over 10 steps that will explain a simple c++ program the.
- Essay writing need not be difficult - here's a step by step plan to walk you through the process, so your essay practically writes itself.
- Write your american legal last will and testament, power of attorney, and living will online lawyer-approved service just click, print, and sign do i need to be a member follow the simple instructions to sign your legal will.
This page lists some of the stages involved in writing a library-based research paper although this list suggests that there is a simple, linear process to writing such a paper, the actual process of writing a research paper is often a messy and recursive one, so please use this outline as a. How to write a resume, including the different types of resumes, examples, tips, what to include, what not to include, and how to format your resume. Me and a friend wrote one for our graduate level database course we built a very simple relational database with in-memory storage and support for basic constructs like -: [code] select [from ] [where ] [gr. Washington wills is a legal resource with free forms and instructions to help washingtonians draft their own wills and other estate plan documents write your own simple will and other basic estate plan documents with our free forms and instructions get started. Seriously consider using a solicitor to write your will if: you could save some money by using a will writing service, or if your will is going to be simple, you might be able to write it yourself did you find this guide helpful yes no please tell us why this guide wasn't helpful. We are going away on vacation in a few days and spaced writing a will we have to businesses that has the correct wording and doesn't accidentally leave stuff out a simple will how can i write a quick temporary will.


text:
Stents for intracranial wide-necked aneurysms: more than mechanical protection
- First Online:
- Cite this article as:
- Wanke, I. & Forsting, M. Neuroradiology (2008) 50: 991. doi:10.1007/s00234-_PHONE_-0
- 377 Downloads
Treatment of wide-necked aneurysms by endovascular coil embolization usually requires mechanical aids in order to protect the parent artery from occlusion due to extension of coils or thrombosis. Endovascular stents are one tool that can be deployed to solve this essentially mechanical problem. The effect of a stent placed in the situation may also act as a hemodynamically active flow diverter. Endovascular stents used in other circumstances are prone to the unwanted side effect of neoinitmal proliferation, but this phenomenon should be seen as a potential asset for "aneurysmal stents" because it may lead to a reaction that contributes to vessel wall healing.


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Duct Sealing
What is the best way to seal duct work?
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What are Duct sealants?
Duct sealant is a soft compound like dough. It is designed for both ease of handling and installation, and was originally developed for HVAC purposes. Duct sealant is used to create a seal that blocks out moisture, dust, and air movement; it can also be used to block noise.
Methods Used for Duct Sealing
Professionals have different methods of performing duct sealing when you call on them. We'll look at the two main methods that apply when they come to a home to fix a leaky ventilation system.
Flexible Duct Sealants
Duct sealant is a resin-based sealant that many duct repair technicians favour. It's used in many types of construction and repair jobs for creating a flexible yet solid joint and to form airtight seals around fixtures such as windows and watertight seals around sinks and bathtubs. It adheres to almost any material, including duct board, making it useful for all types of ductwork. Sealant leaves behind a smooth surface after it dries, which means it provides little resistance to airflow inside ducts. It's also waterproof, resists temperature extremes that affect ventilation systems, and will not cause corrosion over time to metal surfaces. Duct sealers will use a silicone gun to apply sealant to ducts.
Metallic Tapes
These are the true "duct tapes" used in professional duct sealing, and some technicians prefer them to sealants because they create an actual mechanical seal and tend to have greater longevity than resin-based sealant. Most of these tapes are made from foil because its lightweight. Metallic tapes have high metal resistance and many uses aside from ducts, and have proven their durability in other industries such as aerospace, transportation, and automotive.


text: Arguably, any type of entertainment offers some form of escapism (which is why we are often drawn to it). However, The Sims seems to present a unique situation. I suggest an article that looks at the element of escapism with regard to The Sims. In that it is just simulating life, does it really offer a sense of escapism? This could present some discussion points like, the inclusion of supernatural beings, the lack of negative consequences for life decisions, the ability to play out an idealised life. Do people play The Sims to create what they want/are missing in life? Is it just enjoyable to escape ones own life and control someone else's? There is an entire niche of YouTube dedicated to The Sims gameplay, this could also present content for this article, in terms of how people play. In the first player-voted pack for The Sims 4, a pack that allows players to do laundry won. Perhaps this article could offer suggestions as to why players are so enthralled in simulating the mundane, and to refer back to the key idea, is this a kind of escapism?


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Waterco has a strong track record supporting the water industry and developers with the design of non-infrastructure schemes that are appropriate and cost-effective as well as being consistent with client and consent requirements.
We have experience of developing the project scope, comprising a detailed description, specification, design and outline drawings to enable a construction partner to perform the detailed design, construction and commissioning of a project. Equally, we are experienced in assisting contractors working on a design and build basis to deliver a complete, ready to commission service on capital projects.
Working with other specialist providers we offer a full range of clean and wastewater non-infrastructure services including:
- pumping station build and maintenance
- MEICA design and build
- ultra-violet (UV) disinfection
- network repairs
- Security and Emergency Measures Direction (SEMD) works
Our services have extended to support the following projects:
- wastewater treatment works
- wastewater pumping stations
- water treatment works
Wastewater Treatment Works
Waterco can assist with the civil and structural designs, using its understanding of the process from receiving, screening and treating wastewater, and the M&E that ensures the component parts are always productive.
Waterco's approach to addressing problems at wastewater treatment facilities puts emphasis on understanding the site-specific mechanisms which affect process performance, before determining the most appropriate solution. Waterco will investigate:
- failing numeric discharge consents
- total population equivalent (PE) served
- number of unconsented pollution incidents (category 1, 2 and 3 water incidents) from STWs, storm
- tanks, pumping stations and other sewage-related premises.
Waterco can support the design of all conventional treatment stages: preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary treatment. Environmental issues such as odour minimisation, containment, noise abatement, and visual aspects of the treatment plantare also taken into account and, where appropriate, advanced treatment techniques and innovative design approaches are considered.
Wastewater Pumping Stations
This can also be referred to as a sewage pumping station and can come in a variety of shapes and sizes and be located within a wastewater treatment works (WwTW), or on a private household driveway/garden, roadside verge or another designated area.
The associated pumps are often located inside large manholes, also known as wet wells, and they pump the wastewater into the nearest sewer network. Stations usually have a kiosk nearby, normally green or grey in colour, which houses the related electrical equipment.
Waterco can support the design of wastewater pumping stations.


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A quarry is a type of open-pit mine in which dimension stone, rock, construction aggregate, riprap, sand, gravel, or slate is excavated from the ground. The word quarry can also include the underground quarrying for stone, such as Bath stone.
Apr 24, 2017· How It Is Extracted. Granite usually occurs in large deposits, many times referred to as slabs, throughout the world. Mining operations use different methods of cutting to extract the different deposits from the ground in places called quarries. These slabs are then polished, put on trucks and sent to fabricators.
How is Stone Quarried. The blocks can then be drilled from the bench wall. Blocks of a given type of stone usually have a fairly uniform size, due to the size of the processing equipment used. Granite blocks usually weigh between 38-42,000 pounds, while lighter marble and travertine blocks weigh between 15-25,000 pounds.
Figure 1. Process flow diagram for granite quarrying operations. As shown in Figure 1, the first step in quarrying is to gain access to the granite deposit. This is achieved by removing the layer of earth, vegetation, and rock unsuitable for product—collectively referred to as
Quarrying Process. The mantle can be raised or lowered within the concave, allowing the gap, and therefore the size of the crushed product, to be varied to a limited degree. If the crusher is jammed by a stray bit of steel, e.g., a digger bucket tooth, the mantle automatically moves down to …
© 2020 CIROS. All Rights Reserved


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Kelvin's first tide predicting machine, 1872
Image number: _PHONE_
Detail. Lord Kelvin (_PHONE_) designed this machine to predict the tide patterns in harbours. It has ten dials which are are set with the oceanographic and astronomical data of the harbour. On cranking the handle, the machine calculates the harbour's tide patterns for up to a year in only four hours. A machine like this was used in central India for many years to calculate all the tidal patterns for the country.
- Image number:
- Science Museum/Science & Society Picture Library
- Image rights:
- Science Museum


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|Spend the time||outdoors|
|Location||Vermont and Northern New Hampshire|
Your own senses.
Community of Observers
Get to know the nature of YOUR world! The Fairbanks Community of Observers is to encourage greater public clarity around environmental indicators of climate change in Vermont and northern New Hampshire. Using the website developed by the Fairbanks Museum, we'll collect your quantitative data focused on the life cycles of specific birds, butterflies and wildflowers that are sensitive to environmental change as well as seasonal weather data that is characteristic to our region.
The Community of Observers is for individuals, families, clubs, groups and schools. It is designed to encourage citizen scientists to gain a deeper understanding of the cycles and patterns that characterize our region through the seasons, and how the habitats that depend on these cycles might be affected by global climate shifts.


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History of Iola, Kansas
In January 1859, a group of settlers gathered to discuss plans to develop a new town. Many of these people who lived in the county and in the nearby towns of Cofachique and Humboldt were looking to relocate Allen County's seat. After much discussion, it was decided that the new town would be called "Iola", in tribute to Iola Colbornthe wife of Mr. J.F. Colborn who had built the first frame-style home in the area. The land was surveyed and platted with wide streets and a four-block square downtown.
In 1860, two small general stores moved from Cofachique to Iola. Soon came a dry goods store, a grocery, clothing store, and drug store. In 1865, Iola became the seat of Allen County. By 1870, the population had increased to 1,500, and the railroads had arrived. However, due to various local and national misfortunes, the town population remained stagnant for the next twenty-five years. Then, in 1895, a great surge in population and expansion hit Iola--giant natural gas pools were discovered in the area. In just nine years, from 1895 to 1904, Iola grew from a town of 1,567 people, to a city of over 11,000.
With this great population explosion, came many of the homes and buildings still standing today. A water plant and electric generation plant were built; streets were paved, schools were constructed, and Iola prospered. In 1910 the Commission form of Government was adopted, and three City Commissioners elected. Unfortunately, the natural gas began to run out, which forced many of the town's industries (such as the smelters) to leave for richer fields.
There was little positive change in Iola during the 1920s and 1930s. Two exceptions were the Pet Milk plant, which located here in 1924, and the development of H.L. Miller & Sons dressmakers around 1933. Prior to World War II, the Riverside Park complex was built, many of the older school buildings were replaced, streets and utilities were upgraded, and businesses and homes were constructed.
After WW II, Iola continued to expand its utilities, improve its water purification system, resurface and pave residential streets, and build a new hospital, National Guard Armory, business structures and homes. In the 1970's and 1980's the Thompson Poultry Company and the Lehigh Cement Plant began to decline in Iola; however, new industry such as Gates Rubber Company, Haldex, and Russell Stover's Candies have reinvigorated Iola's economy.
The City of Iola is proud to serve the citizens and businesses in the community, and we look forward to providing these services in the years ahead! We hope it helps citizens and visitors understand the role of their local government and the commitment we have to providing quality services at affordable costs.


Adjectives for consulates
Consulates adjectives are listed in this post. Each word below can often be found in front of the noun consulates in the same sentence. This reference page can help answer the question what are some adjectives commonly used for describing CONSULATES.
american, australian
british, canadian
foreign, irish
Hope this word list had the adjective used with consulates you were looking for. Additional describing words / adjectives that describe / adjectives of various nouns can be found in the other pages on this website.
Please add more adjectives to make this list more complete:
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Thermodynamics of Dimers on a Rectangular LxMxN Lattice.
The exact closed-form analytic solution of the problem of dimers on infinite two-dimensional and three-dimensional lattices is obtained. Entropy, isothermal compressibility, and constant pressure heat capacity of the system are given in terms of the normalized number density of dimers. The absolute activity of dimers is also given in terms of the normalized number density; it exhibits a behavior near close packing with a critical exponent exactly equal to 2, and with an amplitude 1/(4), where is the molecular freedom per dimer at close packing.
|Main Author:||Phares, Alain J.|
|Other Authors:||Wunderlich, Francis J.|


A Hull primary school headteacher has confirmed that the establishment is closed to all pupils after a Covid-19 outbreak.
Bricknell Primary School in Hull is closed until Monday for a deep clean after positive coronavirus cases were confirmed.
Acting Head of Bricknell Primary School, Nicola Waites told Hull Live that the school has a full range of additional measures in place to prevent the spread of infection.
Unfortunately, despite this, several members of the school community tested positive for Covid-19 at the end of last week.
To sign up for the Hull Live newsletter, click here.
She said: "Since then, there have been additional positive cases in other parts of the school.
"On public health advice, the safest option is to close the school for two days to allow a deep clean and further testing of staff to identify any additional cases.
"We plan to open to any unaffected classes again on Monday.
"In the meantime, remote education will resume for all pupils. We would like to thank parents for their understanding and support during a rapidly changing situation."
It comes as frustrated parents across Hull have labelled the return to school a "total shambles" after hundreds of children were sent home and told to self isolate in the first week since schools reopened.
Many parents have called the system "unworkable", with some saying schools reopened too early, while others are calling for a change to the rules so that less pupils are affected when there is a case within their child's class.
Parents say if their child can produce a negative test, they should be allowed back into school.
Your Hull Live email newsletter
You can sign up very simply by following the instructions here
Both primary and secondary schools reopened their doors to all pupils on March 8, after Prime Minister Boris Johnson closed them to all but vulnerable and key worker children on January 5 to help prevent the spread of coronavirus.
Primary school pupils are not being tested, but the parents of school-age children can now get tested twice a week if they wish, and can collect their free tests from any local test centre, without an appointment.


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Can your students obtain Captain Newton's treasure? Students will hear a story explaining the history of Science Island and then travel around the classroom to five stations. Each station presents a physical science challenge they need to solve to earn part of the combination to open their team's treasure chest. Stations include experiments with water density, mass, rock streaking, light reflection and launching projectiles with a table top catapult.
For more information or to book a field trip, call _PHONE_, ext. 322, or email _EMAIL_.
Length: 1 hour
MA Curriculum Connection: yes


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In aquatic communities, the phenology of breeding may influence species interactions. In the early-breeding marbled salamander, Ambystoma opacum, timing of pond filling may determine whether interactions among larvae are competitive or predatory. The objectives of our studies were to determine how time of egg hatching affected size, larval period, and survival to metamorphosis in A. opacum, and if early-hatching in A. opacum influenced the competitive and predator-prey relationships with smaller larvae of the mole salamander, Ambystoma talpoideum. Salamander larvae were reared from hatching through metamorphosis in large, outdoor enclosures located in a natural temporary pond in Aiken County, South Carolina, in two experiments. In study 1, we reared earlyand late-hatching A. opacum larvae separately from hatching through metamorphosis. In study 2, we examined how earlyversus late-hatching A. opacum affected a syntopic species, A. talpoideum. In general, early-hatching A. opacum were larger and older at metamorphosis, had greater survival, and left the pond earlier than late-hatching larvae. Ambystoma talpoideum reared in the presence of early-hatching A. opacum had lower survival than in controls, suggesting that A. opacum may predate upon A. talpoideum when they gain a growth advantage over later-hatching larvae. Our studies demonstrate that time of pond filling and phenology of breeding may influence population dynamics and alter the nature of relationships that develop among species.
Additional publication details
Effects of hatching time for larval ambystomatid salamanders


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For swimmers looking to gain an edge on their competition, the notion that simply donning a high-tech swimsuit — the surface of which was inspired by shark skin — could lead to a first-place finish is powerful.
It's also one that's almost completely misplaced, said George Lauder, the Henry Bryant Bigelow Professor of Ichthyology.
Experiments conducted in Lauder's lab and described in the Feb. 9 issue of the Journal of Experimental Biology reveal that, while sharks' sandpaperlike skin does allow the animals to swim faster and more efficiently, the surface of swimsuits such as the Speedo Fastskin II has no effect when it comes to reducing drag as swimmers move through the water.
"In fact, it's nothing like shark skin at all," Lauder said of such swimsuit material. "What we have shown conclusively is that the surface properties themselves, which the manufacturer has in the past claimed to be biomimetic, don't do anything for propulsion."
That's not to say that the suits as a whole do nothing to improve performance.
"There are all sorts of effects at work that aren't due to the surface," Lauder said. "Swimmers who wear these suits are squeezed into them extremely tightly, so they are very streamlined. They're so tight they could actually change your circulation and increase the venous return to the body, and they are tailored to make it easier to maintain proper posture even when tired. I'm convinced they work, but it's not because of the surface."
By comparison, Lauder said, the research showed that the millions of denticles — tiny, toothlike structures — that make up shark skin have a dramatic effect on how the animals swim by both reducing drag and increasing thrust.
"What we found is that as the shark skin membrane moves, there is a separation of flow. The denticles create a low-pressure zone, called a leading-edge vortex, as the water moves over the skin," he said. "You can imagine this low-pressure area as sucking you forward. The denticles enhance this leading-edge vortex. So my hypothesis is that these structures that make up shark skin reduce drag, but I also believe them to be thrust-enhancing."
Importantly, however, the phenomenon was only found when the skin was attached to a flexible membrane. When placed on a rigid structure, no increases in swimming speed were seen.
"In life, sharks are very flexible. Even hammerheads and large ocean sharks are quite flexible," Lauder said. "If you watch a shark swim, the head does not move very much, so it could be that the denticles on the head are mostly reducing drag, but those on the tail are enhancing thrust. But we don't know what that balance may be. Ultimately, though, one of the key messages of this paper is that shark skin needs to be studied when they're moving, which hadn't been done before."
Studying how shark's skin helps them move through the water, however, is no easy proposition, and one that, for obvious reasons, can't be done using live animals.
To perform the tests, Lauder and his team obtained samples of the skin of mako and porbeagle sharks and tested them alongside two other materials, the high-tech swimsuits and a material that featured tiny grooves, or "riblets," which has been explored as a way to cut fuel consumption on aircraft and reduce drag on sailboats.
To conduct the tests, each of the materials was mounted on two forms, one a rigid, winglike structure and the other a flexible membrane. Each was then attached to a robotic arm mounted on a low-friction device suspended over a recirculating tank. To measure the speed at which the apparatus "swims," researchers turned up the flow in the tank until the device returned to its starting point.
Understanding how water flowed over each material, however, was trickier.
To get at the problem, Lauder and his team relied on a technique called particle image velocimetry, which uses a laser to illuminate millions of reflective particles in the water. Using a high-speed camera that records at up to 1,000 frames per second, researchers can observe how the particles move and see where and when vortices form.
"I've thought for years that the literature on shark skin needed an upgrade," Lauder said, explaining his motivation for the research. "Once we got going, I thought it would be fun to look at the Speedo materials, because we don't have a lot of quantitative information on the effect of surface structure.
"Going forward, we want to try to image the flow as close to the surface as we can reasonably get," he continued. "The other direction we are exploring is to make an artificial shark skin and then manipulate it — delete every other denticle, make them twice as large, or change the spacing — and see what effects that may have."
Funding for the research was provided by the National Science Foundation.


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h3. Preface
Currently, Membase uses load testing tools such as [memcachetest|], brutis, memslap in order to both test Membase's functionality and to simulate customer data patterns. The problem with these tools is that they are useful only in particular load testing scenarios making their uses for testing a variety of customer scenarios difficult. Memcachedtest and memslap for example are more useful as testing tools to diagnose fundamental problems with either Membase or Memcached. These two tools only test gets and sets and they cannot be configured to work on subsets of a the key space in Memcached or Membase. For example, we cannot tell these two testing tools tools to do operations on 10% of the key space 99% of the time. The load testing tool brutis can solve problems that memcachedtest and memslap cannot, but becomes a problem due to its use of php which provides significant overhead on the client side and therefore doesn't provide accurate results. Also, bruits can solve customer data patterns that memcachedtest and memslap cannot it is still not a totally general tool and cannot simulate all customer data patterns.
As a result of the shortcomings of some of these tools we found it necessary to design a new load testing framework that would be able to simulate any customer data scenario that we have now or will have in the future. Our framework will be built on top of the YCSB (Yahoo Cloud Services Benchmark) Framework and be able to test any customer data scenario against Membase and provide a variety of metrics that describe how well Membase performed against its data load.
h3. Use case this tool should support
Load test with different variations including:
# Increased item count over time, for example, every 1 hour add 10K new items
# Define working set size, for example, working set for load test is 50K items out of the total item count
# Define what percentage of the working set churns (i.e replaced with non working set items) at what time interal, for example working set is 10K items with 1% churn every 6 hours
# Increased working set over time, for example working set should start with 10K, end with 50K, increased by 1K every 1 hour
# Controlled throughput, for example, throughput would be 10K as long as the server can hold it
# Increased throughput, for example, increase throughput from 1K to 30K by 1K ops/sec every 1 hour
# Fully memcapable, vBucket aware
# Define key prefix
# Define mix of verbs for the test
h3. Stats
The tool should provide meaningful stats in two forms
# Summary stats on the stdout (total ops/sec, 95, 99 latency percentile)
# Detailed stats on a file including:
#* The total and per verb ops/sec
#* Histogram of latency for the total and per verb operations (histogram count should be 10%, 50%, 90%, 95%, 99%, 99.9%)
#* the file should be grepable so it will be easy to aggregate the results and put it into excel for better analysis
h3. *Random Function Generators:*
* _Uniform:_ Choose an item at random. For example, when choosing a record, all records in the database are equally likely.
* _Zipfian:_ Choose an item according to the Zipfian distribution. For example, when choosing a record, some records will be extremely popular (the head of the distribution) while most of the records will be unpopular (the tail of the distribution).
* _Latest:_ Like the Zipfian distribution, except the most recently inserted records are at the head of the distribution.
* _Multinomial:_ Probabilities for each item can be specified. For example we might assign a probability of.95 to the Read operation and a probability of.05 to the Update operation, and a probability of 0 to Scan and Insert. The result would be a read heavy workload.
h3. *Source code*


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Why is Magic Sometimes Spelled Magick?
Everyone has had that moment of curiosity when you're wandering through a bookstore or poking around on the Internet and you stray into the New Age section. Before you can say "Rabbit Hole" you're surrounded by books on Voodoo, numerology, Wicca and even more esoteric subjects ranging from ghost hunting to reading tarot cards. And one thing that a lot of people notice, and wonder about, is why so many of the materials regarding modern New Age and Occult theory and practice insist on using the word magic spelled magick. There is an explanation, but it requires us to travel backwards in time more than 100 years.
Beginning in the mid to late 1800s the Western world seemed to develop an itch for all things occult. This was the height of seances and occult practices, and it's the sort of culture that gave birth to the Ouija board. People were hungry for the bizarre and the unexplained, and secret societies in the style of the Bavarian Illuminati (which had been disbanded in the 1700s) like the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn were being formed at record pace. It was also around this time that stage magicians, the precursors to the famous and infamous Harry Houdini, began to take up the spotlight. They did what they called stage magic, later shortened to just magic. The original purpose of adding the K to the word magic was to distinguish ceremonial or "high" magic from the illusions performed on stage.
Today this change is generally attributed to the occult philosopher Aleister Crowley (known as the Wickedest Man in the World, the Great Beast and even 666). Crowley, a one time member of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, added the K for mystical reasons according to some people. The letter "k" is the 11th number in the alphabet, making it a powerful prime number. Of course this also had the benefit that it meant occult magicians (or magickians) could differentiate in print their arts from stage illusionists.
Oddly enough magick as a spelling is actually found in the English language. In a time before dictionaries had unified spellings magic could be found spelled magick, but also as magique, magict and various other ways. Shakespeare and Milton both used the spelling with a "k" in their times. However, regardless of the historical backing given to spelling magic as magick, it's generally thought of by modern pagans as something that's more than a little pretentious. Sort of like calling your ritual diary a Book of Shadows, or making other fluffbunny "magickal" mistakes.


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3D CRS with global optimization
Author: Yujiang Xie
Download: 3D CRS with global optimization
The software introduced three optimization algorithms to simultaneously search the 3D ZO CRS attributes, which includes the particle swarm optimization (PSO), genetic algorithm (GA) and the Powell conjugate direction (PCD) algorithm as well. The PSO used in this software is contributed by Shi and Eberhart (1998), and the codes are developed by Lucas. The GA codes are obtained from Google, and being incorporated into 3D ZO CRS by Lucas. The PCD codes are taken from the Numerical Recipes in C. Cambridge, and modified by Lucas for the 3D ZO CRS attribute search. Based on our tests, the PCD is performed well for non-smooth objective function, but might be failed in the objective semblance function which is data dependent and also might have much local maxima. The challenge of the PCD method incorporated into the 3D ZO CRS attribute search is to calculate the step length in each conjugate direction, further 3D work can focus on this. In 2D CRS case, the Coarse Grid Search (CGS) is proposed by Philipp Witte to find a close-by, relatively large maximum before the Powell method, but the CGS method is impossible to extend to 3D ZO CRS situation with eight-dimensional space.
The software has to change the initialization and constrained search space for your data set. In case you use the PSO method, the file named lucassearch8.cpp, with line 279-295 should alter the initial points with your preference. In this case, I use the midpoint in the search space to initialize for each ZO sample, but you can choose randomly initial values or the same value for all ZO samples. If you choose the GA as your algorithm, in the file named lucassearch81.cpp, the initial condition in the function initialize (int&seed), should change, such as from line 421 to 439, you have to reset your search space here.The PCD codes are more complicated, in principle, it can be used for global search, but the software designed here only consider a local optimization with guiding values from initial attributes. We have not found a good way to perform global search with the PCD method in the 3D CRS case. The usage of the software is easy as the old 3D ZO CRS software, just change the mode with different methods, more details see the source files.
- Xie, Y. and Gajewski, D. 3D ZO CRS attribute search using particle swarm optimization, WIT meeting 2016.
- Xie, Y. and Gajewski, D. Automatic estimation of the 3D CRS attributes by a metaheuristic-based optimization, EAGE,2016.
- Numerical Recipes. The Art of Scientific Computing, 3rd Edition, 2007, ISBN 0-521-88068-8. (C++ code).
- Shi, Y. and Eberhart, R. C. (1998). "A modified particle swarm optimizer". Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation. pp. 69-73.
- Holland, J. (1975). Adaption In Natural and Artificial Systems. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.
- Powell, M. J. D. (1964). "An efficient method for finding the minimum of a function of several variables without calculating derivatives". Computer Journal 7 (2): 155-162.
- Witte, P. (2014). Optimization of the Semblance in Seismic Processing, Master's Thesis, University of Hamburg
3D CRS with pragmatic approach
Author: Nils Alexander Müller
Download: 3D CRS with pragmatic approach
2D CRS with global optimization
Author: Jan Walda
Download: 2D CRS with global optimization
CRS based software, that handles conflicting dips by stacking over angle ranges defined by the user. The user can choose between three global optimization methods, Differential Evolution (DE), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA). Additionally the best found solution is furthermore improved locally by a simplex method introduced by Nelder and Mead in 1965. The Code is based on the CRS implementation by Juergen Mann and modified by Jan Walda. The genetic algorithm implementation is based on initial work by Benjamin Schwarz. A guide makefile can be found in the documention.
The code is parallelized. It requires a script to be run after optimizartion named "cat_search.sh" or in case of supergathers "cat_supergather.sh". The script requires 3 parameters, first is the basename (same as in Makefile) the second is the number of conflcting dips and the third one is the first index which is usually 0. Results after the script have the extension "*.su". Sections without "_" are taken from the operator with the highest coherence, so they are similar to the sections you might have used from the original code by Juergen Mann. The sections with "_" are the individual sections for each dip range specified by the "angleboundaries" option when executing the program.
- Nelder, J. A., & Mead, R. (1965). A simplex method for function minimization. The computer journal, 7(4), 308-313.
- Whitley, Darrell. "A genetic algorithm tutorial." Statistics and computing 4.2 (1994): 65-85.
- Das, Swagatam, and Ponnuthurai Nagaratnam Suganthan. "Differential evolution: a survey of the state-of-the-art." Evolutionary Computation, IEEE Transactions on 15.1 (2011): 4-31.
- Kennedy, James. "Particle swarm optimization." Encyclopedia of Machine Learning. Springer US, 2010. 760-766.
- Jan Walda* and Dirk Gajewski (2015) Common-reflection-surface stack improvement by differential evolution and conflicting dip processing. SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2015: pp. 3842-3847.doi: 10.1190/segam2015-_PHONE_.


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Dexter Filkins joins Dorothy Wickenden to discuss how the West misreads militant Islam.
Onward and Upward with the Arts
The Myth of Whiteness in Classical Sculpture
Scholars have known for centuries that Greek and Roman marble figures were routinely covered in bright paint. Why does the myth of their whiteness persist?


8th Dan in Karate-do
Katsumi Niikura, Sensei. Born in 1943, raised near the Atsugi Military Base in Japan. At the age of 12, began studying Karate and Judo. Trained Karate under Kanken Toyama Sensei as an Uchi-deshi (live-in student/apprentice) and received his 3rd Dan in 1963.sensei nikura karate tree
Niikura Sensei also practiced Aikido and Iaido. In 1973 he founded International Ryokukai Karate-do, a new karate style based on the best of what he had discovered through his study of a variety martial arts. In 1984 Niikura Sensei came to the USA and opened the honbu dojo of International Ryokukai in Sterling Heights, Michigan.
Niikura Sensei is well know Master of Ki
Throughout his life, Niikura Sensei worked intensively with Ki. Sensei Katsumi Niikura has been interested in power of breathing since his early childhood. While playing outdoors, he often wondered how fish managed to sometime stay immobile in the river despite of the flow of the current. Did it have something to do with how it breathed?
At the age of 12, Katsumi Niikura began studying martial arts. While helping his fellow students with their injuries, he discovered that some kind of energy was emanating from his hands. His effort to use Ki for healing came when his own daughter was diagnosed with brain cancer. He added traditional Ki energy healing techniques to her conventional medical treatment. When she recovered Sensei Katsumi Niikura continued to refine his skills to be able to help other people.
He believes that one of the benefits of Ki therapy is that it helps to restore energy of the body that was weakened after conventional medical procedures. It helps to alleviate the discomfort and enhance body's natural resistance to illness.
Today, Sensei Katsumi Niikura teaches Ki, which is a tool for healing as well as a powerful medicine by itself.
niikura ryokukai
Niikura Sensei also tell stories about his time with Toyama Sensei.
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American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
- adj. Irritated, impatient, or exasperated; peevish: a testy cab driver; a testy refusal to help.
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- Irritable; irascible; choleric; cross; petulant.
- Synonyms Pettish, touchy, waspish, snappish, peevish, splenetic, captious, peppery.
GNU Webster's 1913
- adj. Fretful; peevish; petulant; easily irritated.
- adj. easily irritated or annoyed
- Middle English testif ("headstrong"), from Old French testu, from teste ("head") + -u. Compare modern French tête ("head"), têtu ("stubborn"). (Wiktionary)
- Alteration of Middle English testif, headstrong, from Old French testu, from teste, head, from Late Latin testa, skull; see teston. (American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition)
"She seems to think getting testy is that same as showing strength."
"She comes back, a little testy: "Pollo is the Spanish word for CHICKEN!"
"I especially loved the way she said "testy" - a defining Venetian characteristic"
"Mr. Benn described as testy an exchange of letters between the two leaders over the Fissile Material Cut-Off Treaty."
"There was only one moment where it approached 'testy' and I swear I saw a set of rolled eyeballs."
"Sen. Sam Brownback (Kan.) described the meeting as "testy," and Sen. John Thune (S.D.) called it a "lively discussion."
"Sen. Sam Brownback (R-Kan.), on the other hand, called the meeting "testy," while Sen. John Thune (R-S. D.) gave it the less conflictual title of a "lively discussion."
"Roseanne Barr: Being hated and hunted and blamed for your own suffering makes people kind of testy, nervous, and on edge, and often fundamentalist and extreme."
"I have to say that while I find her periodically "testy", shall we say, I dare say that I myself would be "testy" on a fairly regular basis were I working every day with the City Hall crowd."
"As promised below, here's our longer post, with video, about ABC's report yesterday on Obama's allegedly "testy" exchange with a reporter in South Carolina. print share"
These user-created lists contain the word 'testy'.
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What a -Y does to an otherwise common, dull word
Negative attributes or actions.
The new favourite words of people on Twitter.
A script searches Twitter for "X is my new favourite word" and adds it to this list.
thunderfuck, incredible, merp, sara, flopparoo, smother, fugly, buer, plum, canny, nefelibata, cuntbucket and 1972 more...
she's such a joy.
ahh these hurt.....
A myriad of game-changing words every Scrabble addict must have in his arsenal.
Keep in mind that these are all tried-and-true feasibly playable words selected for their handiness, i.e...
Words as I learn them.
a list of the words i HAVE to know..
Okay, mostly on Wordie. But it's more fun here anyway.
The qualities of The Diva. Social skills, playful yet bitchy.
Looking for tweets for testy.


What are New Potatoes?
Michael Pollick
Michael Pollick
One popular trend in cooking is the harvesting of young or immature vegetables, as in the case of very young peas or baby corn. Immature potatoes harvested during the spring or summer are called new potatoes, or sometimes creamers or fingerlings. They are not a separate variety of potato, but younger versions of other varieties.
New potatoes.
New potatoes.
The skin of new potatoes is generally thinner and flakier than the skin found on older potatoes, so they are rarely if ever peeled before cooking. Restaurants and cafeterias use special machines with rotating abrasive wheels to remove some of the peel, but home cooks may just want to wash the small potatoes thoroughly and keep them unpeeled.
Sprouting potatoes should be discarded.
Sprouting potatoes should be discarded.
Because new potatoes are very small in size, they are well-suited to boiling and roasting. Boiled ones retain their shape and texture, and they can be seasoned to match the overall tone of the meal. New potatoes can also be used in slow-cooked meals such as traditional Yankee pot roast.
Small potatoes are best suited for creating Hasselback potatoes.
Small potatoes are best suited for creating Hasselback potatoes.
There are several things to consider when buying new potatoes. Grocery stores often sell them individually or by the bag. Buying individual potatoes for a single meal can guarantee less waste, but is generally more expensive than buying by the bag. Bagged potatoes can spoil quickly if not stored properly, however, and occasionally small stones can get into the mix.
Some farmers use new potatoes as seed potatoes.
Some farmers use new potatoes as seed potatoes.
Because they have very thin skins, these young potatoes are also prone to sun damage. A sunburned potato has a green patch under its red or yellow skin. This patch contains a poisonous chemical, so cooks should either discard the entire potato or cut out the discolored area entirely before using it. It only takes a few unchecked sunburned potatoes to cause food poisoning.
It is also possible to find sprouts growing from the eyes. Some farmers use new potatoes as seed potatoes, but these sprouts are not good news for cooks, who should discard any potatoes that have them in substantial quantities. Some bruising is to be expected with any immature vegetable, but large soft patches and dark spots may be signs of disease or rot. Bags of potatoes should be stored off the floor, preferably in a dry, dark storage bin.
Consuming sunburned potatoes may result in food poisoning.
Consuming sunburned potatoes may result in food poisoning.
Michael Pollick
Michael Pollick
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Discussion Comments
Our sweet potatoes didn't get big like I find in the store. They were very small and very good. The skin was thin and tender and the inside was just as sweet as the ones I had purchased in the store. Is there a place to buy golf ball or smaller sizes?
I have read that a new potato comes from a plant that does not bear a flower. How true is this.
if you ever get the chance to dig an egg size potato early in the summer, wash it off, boil, butter, salt and pepper and you will have done something that rates in the top three of good eating!
I lived on a smallholding as a boy during the 1940and early 50's. I assisted in planting potatoes.
We grew two different types of potato.
One planted early and reached maturity early. This potato had the waxy thin skin we associate with new potatoes. Planted a little later were the main crop potatoes. these matured more slowly, grew to a larger size, and had the thicker skin.
To say that a new potato was merely a potato harvested before maturity and no different from a main crop potato is, I think, misleading as the crops are grown from seed potatoes having quite different characteristics.
First of all new potatoes and fingerlings are not the same thing.
Fingerlings are a a group of potatoes that grow long skinny tubers that look like fingers. Rose Finn Apple, French Fingerling and Australian Crescent are just a few varieties.
New potatoes are *any* immature potato dug shortly after the plant flowers. New potatoes cannot be stored they have a *very* short shelf life and need to be used within a few days of digging.
Unless you are buying new potatoes directly from a grower or farmer you are not getting new potatoes. You can buy baby reds in the grocery store, but these have been through the hardening off process needed for storage and long distance travel. They are good, but still not the same as a new potato.
New potatoes have not had as much time to convert their sugar into starch, which is probably what qualifies them for your particular diet. The baby reds will be better for you than the "regular" baking potatoes, but be sure to check with your dr regularly if you are eating many of these, because they will have more starch than a potato you harvest directly from your garden.
New potatoes are not stored. When they go into storage, some chemical changes happen, one of which is the skin loses a lot of its nutritional value. A stored potato is mostly starch when it ends up at the dinner table. A new potato, if I am not mistaken, has a much more balanced nutritional value, which includes protein - unusual with a vegetable. The skin is the more nutritious and flavorful part. That is where the protein and vitamins are. I might be mistaken, but I am pretty sure reds are not handled any different than whites.
eat drink and be merry.
I am told not to eat potatoes because they can increase my blood sugar. However, one doctor told me that it is OK to eat new potatoes. Why are they different? My wife has been getting small red skined potatoes and says they are the same thing. Are they?
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The study on the state of the ideology of the genocide, twenty years after the genocide perpetrated against the Tutsi in 1994 in Rwanda, underlies causes which are at the origin of the obstinacy of its ideology. It also redraws the ways by which this ideology is propagated. So the current state of the genocidal ideology was assessed /evaluated within the Rwandan society to show its fatal impact. This study is very important because, twenty years after the genocide perpetrated against the Tutsi in 1994, there are still concrete cases of demonstrations of the genocide ideology through the all country. So, we find organizations in Rwanda which are dominated by an identical group, the threats, the hurtful words and the murders bound of the ideology of the genocide against the witnesses of the prosecutions and against the survivors of the genocide during the gacaca juridiction. To prove the obstinacy of the ideology of the genocide in the Rwandan community, an exploratory research approach of documents: parliamentary reports and qualitative analysis of the data and the interviews were used. To sum up, with the aim of warning and fighting against the ideology of the genocide, the prevention strategies of its spread were adopted.
The purpose of this research was to satisfy the customer by listing customer voice and to response positively on their demands. The software is designed for a system or to assist a system, the software development process is based on the analysis phase the next phases are design, code and testing. The system acceptability and usability teaches people to demand more that is why changes occurs during the developing cycle and after the delivery of product, so if change is not managed properly then it can affect the software overall performance and workload on the development team that have no benefit. To reduce these problem development team needs an effective change control model that have defined set of rules to implement change. The current study has been based over change indicators and their role in the general software change development. In this research an effective change control model is proposed, this model is based over the classification of the change, that model calculates the impact of a change and reduce time and cost of maintenance process. This model makes the software more customizable and adaptable moreover it increases the customer confidence on the software development team.
The Argan tree in southwest Morocco is characterized by fragmentation of its forest area and by its adaptability to all types of soils, which disrupts its spectral response. Owing to the complexity in these areas, mapping of the Argan tree facing serious problems when applying methods based on spectral information and ignore spatial information. In this paper, we examine the performance of the object -oriented approach with two satellite images of different spatial resolution (high and medium resolution). Next, we compare the results of object-oriented classification with those produced by the pixel approach. Finally, we evaluate the performance of the object-oriented classification with respect to different segmentation levels. This study shows that object oriented classification is more performance compared to the pixel approach for high spatial resolution images. The results obtained proved also that the object-oriented classification depended on the segmentation scale.
The increase in migration into urban cities in Nigeria has posed a challenge to the Nigerian government. This study access the causes of rural-urban migration in major cities in Nigeria of which Enugu Urban is a case study. There are several factor responsible for rural-urban migration which influence the migrant's migration status. The study attempts to find answers to research questions by using survey design and sampling techniques to collect data from 210 (153) respondents with the aid of a 10-item structured questionnaire and personal interview. The respondents comprise of heads of household of migrants' (remove this) in the study area. Data for this study were edited, coded and analyzed using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) and descriptive statistics. The findings revealed that majority of the migrants migrated to continue their education rather than in search of employment as concluded by a lot of past studies. It also revealed that the impact of out-migration in the area includes: absence of youths to assist parents in their profession, lack of work force to work on farms, and desertion of the area by the youths as it affects the aged and children. The study recommends measures to limit rapid increase in urbanization, as well as strategies to reduce rural-urban migration and also profound ways of making the rural areas (include) comfortable for rural dwellers. Through government's support in the development and funding of small and medium scale rural enterprises, government should promulgate policies that will provide basic amenities in rural areas and finally higher school (tertiary institutions) such as polytechnics (include this) and universities should be sited in rural areas.
The present work was to study the diet of Lamprichthys tanganicanus, a new species observed in Lake Kivu. Fish were caught from 12 to 13 August 2007 and 23 January to 22 March 2012 in the coastal of Bukavu basin during a 24-hour cycle using gillnets and beach seine. Stomach contents were analyzed and identified. The index of occurrence, abundance, volumetric and food were calculated. The results obtained indicate that L. tanganicanus feeds to 99.4% of zooplankton (Copepods, 86.54%, Cladocera-11.43% and Rotifera-2.03%), to 0.25% of phytoplankton (Diatoms), to 0.13% of insects and to 0.22% of prey unidentified. Zooplankton constitutes the major prey (IA=53.59%) although its degree of importance varies according to gender of L. tanganicanus (male: IA=48.81% and female: IA=57.72%). Other preys are of secondary importance (IA˂ 10). This fish is zooplanktivorous giving it a diet similar to that of Limnothrissa miodon.
The present study was carried out to detect the effect of two Auxin namely dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2, 4-D) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on callus induction from cotyledon and hypocotyledon explants of cassia senna sp. Two explant from in vitro cassia micro plant were used for Callus induction on Murashige and Skoog media (MS) media, as basal media (control) or supplemented with different concentration of 2, 4, - D dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4,D) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). On MS basal media (without growth regulators) no callusing obtained. Cotyledon and hypocotyls explants obtained callusing on MS media supplemented with NAA and 2, 4-D at all concentration. Callus growth percentage of cotyledonary leaf segments is varied from 60% to 100%, while the callus growth percentage of hypocotyl segment explant is varied from 75%-to 100%. Highest percentage of callus (100%) was observed in medium supplemented with 2.5 mg/l of the both NAA and 2.4-D. The both explant induce compact callus with all treatment.For callus color, cotyledon explant produced yellowish callus with the both auxin, on the other hand hypocotyls explant produced green to light green callus The highest callus degree (2.55±0.11) was obtained in MS media supplemented with 2.5 mg/l NAA by cotyledon explant, followed by (2.45± 0.15) induced in MS media fortified with 2.5 mg/l NAA(the same treatment) from hypocotyl explant, during same period of time(14 day).
The objective of this work was to carry out a financial profitability analysis of truck farmings especially those of cabbages of China and headed cabbages in Lubumbashi in order to encourage the truck farmers to invest in these cultivations. The studied parameters relate to the socio demography, the production costs, the surface, the output, selling the prices, the incomes and the profit margins. The results showed that there are 86, 7% women in the production of cabbage of China and 53% men for headed cabbage. The main production cost of cabbage returns to the agricultural inputs, respectively 78% and 84,5% for cabbage of China and headed cabbage. The occasional paid labour presents 22% and 15,5% successively for cabbage of China and headed cabbage. On a surface of 15m2, the headed cabbage generates a benefit of 23,1±2,4 $ whereas the cabbage of China gives 13,6±1,7 $ of it. Each dollar invested for cabbage of China and headed cabbage brings back respectively 2,3 and 2,7$. The headed cabbage appears profitable because it translates a financial rate of profitability of 275% ˃230,5% for cabbage of China. Nevertheless; the possibility of producing cabbage of China 3 or 4 times a year makes it competitive. The limit of this study is that we cannot assess land cost, cost of agricultural materials and family labour because of the phenomenon of mutual aid at the truck farmers
As part of the management of weeds common bean crop (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), a study of the effects of two methods of weed control on grain yield of 3 varieties of common bean was conducted at the research station INERA Kipopo. The experimental design was a split-plot design with 3 replications and 3 blocks, as the main factor varieties and secondary modes weeding, observations were:


What is Aloe Vera Juice Good For
For centuries, Aloe Vera has been used to treat a variety of ailments. While generally used in topical form, the popularity of Aloe Vera juice has steadily risen over the years. But why is it so popular and what is Aloe Vera juice good for? Many people battling ailments or looking for something to make their overall quality of life pose this question.
So what is Aloe Vera juice good for? This post will focus on the benefits associated with Aloe Vera juice, where you can purchase and how much you can expend to spend.
What is Aloe Vera Juice Good For: Benefits
what is aloe vera juice good forSo what is Aloe Vera juice good for? Well, it depends on who you ask. Natural health experts believe that juice is good for weight loss, digestion, acne issues, skin issues, improved immune function and an overall higher quality of life.
Scientists cannot not dispute that it helps with digestion issues, as Aloe Vera has long been recognized for its laxative ability. In addition, Aloe Vera juice has been recommended to those battling inflammatory bowel disease and ulcerative colitis. However, there is little scientific proof that Aloe Vera juice can help with any of the other aforementioned afflictions.
What is Aloe Vera Juice Good For: Purchasing Juice
Many people may believe that they may have to go into a natural health or vitamin store or order from an online shop just to receive Aloe Vera juice. While that is true in part, Aloe Vera juice is now as common as butter or potato chips in supermarkets, drug stores and national retail chain stores. The price of Aloe Vera juice is also probably a lot less than most people think.
You can purchase a 16 ounce bottle of natural Aloe Vera juice at the local store of your choice for as little as $3.00. In fact, you can purchase most bottles up to 32 ounces for under $10.00. If you're looking for a supply that will last for months, a case of Aloe Vera juice by the gallon for just over $100.00.
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Document Type
Publication Date
Summer 2010
Publication Citation
17 Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 289 (2010)
This Note explores the global problem of gender-based labor inequality as exemplified in China. China's historic and cultural framework, the efforts the Chinese government has made to coordinate with the global community on women's rights initiatives, and recent legislation passed at both national and local levels in China provide an interesting case study for countries facing gender inequality in the workplace. The items of legislation, though sometimes drafted using international treaties as a framework, contain unique provisions that provide protections for Chinese women that are not seen elsewhere in the world. Additionally, the Chinese government's current political goal of achieving a harmonious society signals potentially forthcoming advancements in workplace gender equality.


_USER_ {Dickson:1966-07-01T00:00:00:0003-7028:214, author = "Dickson, Richard E. and Johnson, C. M.", title = "Interferences Associated with the Determination of Calcium by Atomic Absorption", journal = "Applied Spectroscopy", volume = "20", number = "4", year = "1966-07-01T00:00:00", abstract = "The determination of calcium in solution by atomic absorption is quite satisfactory, provided that potential interferences are overcome. Ionization enhancements and refractory-compound formations are the most important interferences found in the analysis for calcium. Protecting agents and the method of additions can both be used to overcome these interferences.", pages = "214-218", url = "_URL_ doi = "doi:10.1366/000370266774386074" }


assignment 1anchal asked 3 years ago
write a TCP client and tcp server program in c language on unix/linux where client program interact with the sever as given:the client begin by sending number to the server,sever program will check whether the number is prime or not,in case of number is prime the server send a message "successful attempt " to the respective clint,in case number is not prime server send message unsucessful attempt,this TCP can handle maximum 4 client concurrently?


text:
When You Swim, Swim Healthy!
Pools and Spas:
- Lakes are sampled monthly for E. coli
- A lake must have a reading below 126 colonies of E. coli per
100 milliliters or they are resampled
- If three consecutive
samples are above the recommended level, the manager
is notified of the problem
- View results of water analysis
- These short videos show how we can all help keep our lakes and streams clean:
Pool and Water Safety Tips:
- Never swim alone.
- Keep all gates locked or have a cover secured
over the pool, when closed.
- No horseplay or running.
- Lifesaving equipment are not toys. Keep these
items in their respective places on the deck.
- No food or drink in the pool and keep glass containers
out of the pool area.
- No diving in shallow areas.
Return to the Environmental Health Division Homepage or return to the Columbia/Boone County Health Department Homepage


text:
Incremental Shuttle Walking Test
- The incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT) was developed to simulate a cardiopulmonary exercise test using a field walking test.
Note: The ISWT is available from Prof Sally Singh, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Glenfield Hospital NHS Trust, Groby Road, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK or email: visit: _URL_ for further information on how to access..
- The patient is required to walk around two cones set 9 metres apart (so the final track is 10 metres) in time to a set of auditory beeps played on a CD.
- Initially, the walking speed is very slow, but each minute the required walking speed progressively increases.
- The patient walks for as long as they can until they are either too breathless or can no longer keep up with the beeps, at which time the test ends.
- The number of shuttles is recorded. Each shuttle represents a distance of ten metres (i.e each time the patient reaches a cone is 1 shuttle).
- The results of the ISWT can be used to prescribe the intensity of walking training (see Exercise Training section).
Standardisation of the ISWT is very important for obtaining meaningful outcomes.
The ISWT must be measured on twice to account for a learning effect. Please note that:
- The best result is recorded.
- If the repeat test is performed on the same day, 30 minutes rest should be allowed between tests.
- Debilitated individuals may require tests to be performed on separate days, but aim for tests to be less than one week apart.
- Only standardised instructions from the CD should be used. In contrast to the six-minute walking test, no encouragement should be given throughout the ISWT.
- A comfortable ambient temperature and humidity should be maintained for all tests.
- The walking track must be the same for all tests for a patient:
- Cones are placed nine metres apart.
- The distance walked around the cones is 10 metres.
The equipment needed to conduct the ISWT is identified in the attached checklist.
Before the ISWT
- Instruct the patient to dress comfortably and to wear appropriate footwear.
- Any prescribed inhaled bronchodilator medication should be taken within one hour of testing or when the patient arrives for testing.
- The patient should rest for at least 15 minutes before beginning the ISWT.
- Blood pressure.
- Heart rate.
- Oxygen saturation.
- Dyspnoea score.*
* Note: Show the patient the dyspnoea scale (e.g Borg scale) and give standardised instructions on how to obtain a score.
During the ISWT
Follow the instructions on the CD, and use the following standard prompts:
Incremental shuttle walk test instructions6
The object of the progressive shuttle walking test is to walk as long as possible, there and back along the 10-metre course, keeping to the speed indicated by the bleeps on the audio recording. You will hear these bleeps at regular intervals. You should walk at a steady pace, aiming to turn around the cone at one end of the course when you hear the first bleep, and at the other end when you hear the next. At first, your walking speed will be very slow, but you will need to speed up at the end of each minute. Your aim should be to follow the set rhythm for as long as you can. Each single bleep signals the end of a shuttle and each triple bleep signals an increase in walking speed. You should stop walking only when you become too breathless to maintain the required speed or can no longer keep up with the set pace.
The test is maximal and progressive. In other words, it is easier at the start and harder at the end. The walking speed for the first minute is very slow. You have 20 seconds to complete each 10-metre shuttle, so don't go too fast. The test will start in 15 seconds, so get ready at the start now. Level one starts with a triple bleep after the 4-second countdown.
- Each minute, record heart rate, SpO2 % and dyspnoea as well as number of shuttle that is completed as on the ISWT recording sheet.
- Monitor the patient for untoward signs and symptoms.
Ending the ISWT
The ISWT ends if any one of the following occur:
- The patient is more than 0.5 m away from the cone when the beep sounds (allow one lap to catch up).
- The patient reports that they are too breathless to continue.
- The patient reaches 85% of predicted maximum heart rate (maximum heart rate = 210 – 0.65 x age)
- The patient exhibits any of the following signs and symptoms:
- Chest pain that is suspicious of / for angina.
- Evolving mental confusion or lack of coordination.
- Evolving light-headedness.
- Intolerable dyspnoea.
- Leg cramps or extreme leg muscle fatigue.
- Persistent SpO2 < 85%.
- Any other clinically warranted reason.
At the End of the ISWT
- Seat the patient or, if the patient prefers, allow to the patient to stand.
- Immediately record oxygen saturation (SpO2)%, heart rate and dyspnoea rating.
- Two minutes later, record SpO2% and heart rate to assess the recovery rate.
- Record the total number of shuttles.
- Record the reason for terminating the test. The patient can be asked:"What do you think stopped you from keeping up with the beeps?"
The patient should remain in a clinical area for at least 15 minutes following an uncomplicated test.
ISWT as an outcome measure
The change in the distance walked in the ISWT can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of an exercise training program and / or to track the change in exercise capacity over time.
The minimum important difference (i.e. improvement) in the distance walked is an n improvement of 47.5 metres in ISWT and indicates that patients with COPD are 'slightly better'.8