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Tudor HouseHanworth Park
Next door to St. George's Church lies Tudor House, built on the original site of the Manor House hunting lodge often referred to as Tudor Palace.
The manor house, which had become the royal hunting lodge, played host to a score of Kings and Queens including: Henry VII, Henry VIII, Queen Anne Boleyn, Queen Catherine Parr, Queen Mary Tudor (as princess) and Queen Elizabeth (as princess and Queen).
In July 1532, the park was granted with the manor house to Anne Boleyn.
Although the original building burnt down in 1797, a number of treasures still survive. Two terra-cotta heads of the Caesars from the Holbein Gate in Whitehall line the drive to Tudor House. These originally belonged to Cardinal Wolsey. Lines of parallel yew trees planted by Princess Mary and Princess Elizabeth still partially exist. A set of marble steps used by Princess Elizabeth to mount her pony can also be found here.
For further information visit:


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Blanket Purchase order ( Frame work Order)To Simply the procurement of Low-Value Consumables and to reduce the costs blanket purchase order (Framework Order)can be used.
For Example, office supplies such as Pen, Paper. Small repairs, Cleaning work, Courier Service etc..
The business example for blanket PO. Create the Blanket PO with limit and Validity period. Then communicate with the vendor and notify the requirements. When the goods is delivered,no GRN required in the system. Cross check the invoice received from the vendor with limit and validity period of the Blanket PO.
The Main Advantage of Blanket Purchase order are
- Valid for Longer period.
- There is no goods receipt or service entry
- It is not necessary to create PO items for individual Procurement transaction.
- Order type FO ( Framework Order)
- Item Category B( Limit)
- Additional or Multiple account assignment possible in Invoice verification.
- Check on validity period and limit in invoice verification.
1) Go to t-code : ME21N
2) Create the blanket purchase order. Select the Framework Order from order type and enter the validity start date and validity end date in Header ( Additional Data)
3) Specify the vendor details, purchasing group, purchase organization and company code in header tab
4) Enter the Overall Limit and Expected value. 5) Choose Save and make a note of the purchase order number
1) Go to t-code : MIRO
2) Enter the Invoice date, net amount, tax amount from the vendor invoice.
3) On PO reference tab page, Choose Purchase order/Scheduling Agreement and enter the purchase order number
4) Choose Acct Assignment-Cost center in the Layout.
5) In the line item choose Acct Assignment and enter the account assignment data
6) For Multiple Account assignment enter the following data.
7) Press the simulate button and post the invoice
Check the purchase order history from purchase order display t-code ME23N.
Blanket purchase order tolerance limit configuration
Tolerance for value limits and validity periods can also be configured in the system. If the invoice exceeds these tolerance limits it will be blocked.
Material Management > Logistic invoice Verification > Invoice Block > Set tolerance Limits
- Tolerance key LA is defined for Blanket PO Value
- Tolerance key LD is defined for Blanket PO Validity period

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Commas School
Irish derived place name Cam Eas, meaning either 'The Bend in the River' or 'The Crooked Stream is a townland in the civil parish of Kinawley, barony of Tullyhaw, County Cavan, Ireland.
Its chief geographical features are Cuilcagh mountain which rise to 2,188 feet above sea level, Binbeg mountain which rises to 1,774 feet, mountain pools, the River Cladagh (Swanlinbar), mountain streams, waterfalls, underground streams, river swallowholes, ravines, caverns and forestry plantations. Commas is traversed by minor public roads and rural lanes. The townland covers 2,551 statute acres and is the largest townland in County Cavan.
In the 1609 Plantation of Ulster, Commas formed part of the mountain of Cuilcagh which were granted to John Sandford of Castle Doe, Co. Donegal)
The 1836 Ordnance Survey Namebooks stateThe Swanlinbar or Claddagh River rises in this townland, being the collection of a great many small streams which unite near the east side of the townland and runs towards the south-east.
Commas National School, Roll No. 5270, was actually situated in Knockranny townland.
Commas Census
In the Census of Ireland 1821, there were two families living in the townland.
In the 1901 census of Ireland, there was one family listed in the townland.
In the 1911 census of Ireland, there was one family listed in the townland.
Commas School
Commas School
Situated about 3km south west of Swanlinbar, just a 3 minute drive.
Coordinates : 54.17588,-7.74184
What 3 Words : ///taller.framed.taker


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Does your daycare/preschool have any of the following?
-Ktichen for kids to cook
-Computer room and/or computers or tablets in the classroom for kids and computer time/"lessons"
-Library (can kids actually check out books? or just go and read?)
-other "special" themed rooms or activities?


legal authority which executed Christ, God's tool in enacting the Plan, as vital to humanity's salvation as the nails or the cross. Additionally, many Medieval interpreters viewed history itself as a didactic tool, designed by God for human moral education (not the discipline of history, the actual events). In this interpretation of history, God determined everything that happens, as the author of a story determines what happens. The events of the past and life were like the edifying pageant plays one saw at festivals: God the Scriptwriter introduces characters in turn—a king, a fool, a villain, a saint—and as we see their fates we learn valuable lessons about fickle Fortune, hypocrisy, the retribution that awaits the wicked, and the rewards beyond the trials and sufferings of the good. The Roman Empire had been sent onto the world's stage just the same, a tool to teach humanity about power, authority, imperial majesty, law, justice, peace, offering a model of supreme power which people could use to imagine God's power, and many other details excitedly explored by numerous Medieval interpreters. (Many Renaissance interpreters still view history this way, and the first who really doesn't do it at all is Machiavelli.) […]
 42. Lin Meili said:
 Thanks! I loved reading that. I hope to one day visit Florence myself to find out for myself and see with my own eyes what Machaivelli loved about.
 44. Hello, I check your blog on a regular basis. Your story-telling style is witty, keep doing what you're
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In the article Levenshtein distance Wikipedia says about the proof of invariant that:
This proof fails to validate that the number placed in d[i,j] is in fact minimal; this is more difficult to show, and involves an argument by contradiction in which we assume d[i,j] is smaller than the minimum of the three, and use this to show one of the three is not minimal.
So how can I show that d[i,j] is actually minimal? (informal proof is ok)
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1 Answer 1
There is an optimal edit sequence in which the edit operations occur in order from left to right. There are only three options for the last edit operation: insert the last character of the target string, delete the last character of the source string, or replace the last character. Everything before the last edit operation must be optimal.
See section 5.5 of these notes.
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The Wall Street Journal:
When you're strolling in your home city, and you see someone with pull out a map, you can be pretty sure you're looking at a tourist. But a new study suggests that a map-like spatial orientation is layered on top of people's understanding of even highly familiar places. In other words, you may not have a map stashed in a fanny pack, but you can't escape the way of looking at the world that maps tutor us in. From a new study in Psychological Science:
"We examined how a highly familiar environmental space—one's city of residence—is represented in memory. Twenty-six participants faced a photo-realistic virtual model of their hometown and completed a task in which they pointed to familiar target locations from various orientations. Each participant's performance was most accurate when he or she was facing north, and errors increased as participants' deviation from a northfacing orientation increased…. Although participants recognized familiar local views in their initial locations, their strategy for pointing relied on a single, north-oriented reference frame that was likely acquired from maps rather than experience from daily exploration. Even though participants had spent significantly more time navigating the city than looking at maps, their pointing behavior seemed to rely on a north-oriented mental map."
Read the whole story: The Wall Street Journal
Leave a comment below and continue the conversation.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


adultery, bullying, cheating, Criminal Code of Canada, Cyberbullying, Defamation, divorce, Fraud, Libel, Mobbing, Stalking
Criminal Code of Canada: Defamatory Libel, Publishing, Stalking, Criminal Harassment, Cyberbullying and Identity Fraud
Section 300 of the Criminal Code of Canada is the "Punishment of Libel Known to be False". It states that: "Everyone who publishes a defamatory libel that he knows is false is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 5 years."
Section 301 of the Criminal Code of Canada is the "Punishment of Defamatory Libel". It states that: "Everyone who publishes a defamatory libel is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years."
The definition of "publishes" is listed in section 299 of the Criminal Code of Canada and states:
"A person publishes a libel when he exhibits it in public; causes it to be read or seen; or shows or delivers it, or causes it to be shown or delivered, with intent that it should be read or seen by the person whom it defames or by any other person."
As a result, I will be removing any comments made by my ex and his followers that are libelous and posted on my site.
Why anyone would state such things about me and encourage others to write such accusations that include criminal acts is incomprehensible. How someone could proclaim to care for the wellness of my children while dragging their mother through the mud is, to me, the equivalent of being an abuser of my children.
Section 403 of the Criminal Code of Canada, "Identity Fraud", states that: "Everyone commits an offence who fraudulently personates another person, living or dead, with intent to gain advantage for themselves or another person; with intent to obtain any property or an interest in any property; with intent to cause disadvantage to the person being personated or another person."
Personating a person includes pretending to be the person or using the person's identity information". Punishment for everyone who commits an offence under subsection (1) (a) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 10 years; or (b) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction.
For stalking to be criminal harassment under section 264 of the Criminal Code of Canada, here is what my ex and his performers should be aware of:
"1. A person does one or more of the following things:
 - repeatedly follow you, or anyone you know.
 - repeatedly communicate with you, or anyone you know, directly or indirectly.
 - repeatedly watch you, or anyone you know, or lurk around your home, workplace, or any other place you happen to be.
 - engage in any threatening conduct directed at you or a member of your family.
2. The person knows that their conduct is harassing you or they are reckless about whether their conduct is harassing you. "Reckless" means they know their conduct may harass you, but they don't care.
A person can be stalking even if they don't physically hurt anyone or damage any property. The law is designed to protect psychological, emotional, and physical safety.
Stalking may start with conduct that seems more annoying than dangerous. Often, the conduct is legal and even socially acceptable, if it's just an isolated incident. But when it's repeated, it may scare the victim.
"Cyberbullying is a type of harassment using new technology. Whether it is criminal harassment depends on the facts of a case. Cyberbullies use social media (such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat, and YouTube), blogs, texting, instant messaging, and other internet avenues to engage in deliberate, repeated, and hostile conduct intended to harm, embarrass, or slander someone. Although their work is public, cyberbullies are often anonymous and it is often harder to identify and stop them.
Cyberbullying may also be defamation. The Criminal Code (section 300) outlaws publishing a defamatory libel – material published, without lawful justification or excuse, likely to injure the reputation of any person by exposing them to hatred, contempt or ridicule, or designed to insult the person."
These perpetrators think they are hiding behind user names. What they may not realize is that every computer on a network has a unique number called an IP address. Routers also have an IP address that acts as a front man for a bunch of computers. Law enforcement can trace your IP address back to your exact physical address.
I have all of the perpetrators email addresses, IP addresses and internet service providers. For example, I can tell you that the person who posted comments under the user name Happy and Robyn Graham Cherrie (masquerading as me) is the same person, my ex. I can tell you that the people using user names Azif, Trouble Brewing, Silly Sally's Sister, WTF and Devil's Advocate were in the same location while they posted comments. They probably work together as the IP address is identical, indicating they all likely had separate computers running through the same router. Their service provider is Telus. WTF, Devil's Advocate, Two Wrongs Don't Make a Right and Winner Winner Chicken Dinner are all the same person. Time to Move on and Awesome are the same person with Rogers as their service provider. Azif and Pot Calling Kettle are the same person. Time to Move on and NothingbutBS may be the same person or work together because although they used different email addresses they share the same IP address. I have 2 IP addresses for Sally so she may be working at 2 different places of employment or one is for her home service provider as one is Telus and the other Shaw.
I will not respond to any harassing messages and I am telling those involved in communicating with me in this manner to stop. I have been advised to provide all of your comments to the police. I have been advised to report your conduct to your internet service providers as most companies have policies on acceptable use of their services and can cancel the service of a customer who violates those policies. If you continue to contact me I can seek a civil protection order.


What is Sandbox inspection?
What is Sandbox inspection?
Sandbox inspection is a network process that allows files to be sent to a separate device, such as FortiSandbox, to be inspected without risking network security. This allows the detection of threats capable of bypassing other security measures, including zero-day threats.
You can configure your FortiGate device to send suspicious files to FortiSandbox for inspection and analysis. The FortiGate queries scan results and retrieves scan details. The FortiGate can also download malware packages as a complementary AV signature database to block future intrusions by the same malware and download URL packages as complementary web-filtering black lists.
The FortiSandbox uses virtual machines (VMs) running different operating systems to test a file and to determine if it is malicious. If the file exhibits risky behavior, or is found to contain a virus, a new signature can be added to the FortiGuard AntiVirus signature database.
When a FortiGate learns from FortiSandbox that an endpoint is infected, the administrator can quarantine the host, if it is registered to a FortiClient.
FortiSandbox has a VM pool and processes multiple files simultaneously. The amount of time to process a file depends on hardware and the number of sandbox VMs used to scan the file. For example, it can take 60 seconds to five minutes to process a file. FortiSandbox has a robust prefiltering process that, if enabled, reduces the need to inspect every file and reduces processing time. For more information on enabling prefiltering, refer to the FortiSandbox documentation.
- FortinetGuru YouTube Channel
- FortiSwitch Training Videos


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Closed as program error.
Error Message: Unhandled exception Type=Floating point error vmState=0x00040001 J9Generic_Signal_Number=00000020 Condition_Facilty_ID=CEE Condition_Message_Number=0C89 Condition_Severity=0003 Handler1=193D1500 Handler2=193DE1E0. Stack Trace: N/A. Condition_Message_Number in range 0x0C88 (3208) to 0x0C82 (3234) inclusive. This range of Condition_Message_Number corresponds to LE conditions CEE3208S to CEE3234S (inclusive).
Disable concurrent GC, for example, by using the command-line option -Xgcpolicy:optthruput
The problem is caused when JNI native code triggers an LE condition in the range CEE3208S to CEE3234S (inclusive), which are considered to be "arithmetic" LE conditions. When the JVM command-line option -XCEEHDLR is present, the JVM should convert arithmetic LE conditions that occur in JNI native code to Java exceptions of type com.ibm.le.conditionhandling.ConditionException. The problem is that the arithmetic condition is not being converted to a Java exception, and instead, the LE condition is being treated as a regular crash. The JVM therefore generates diagnostics and terminates the process. Note that this is an intermittent issue and only occurs when a thread doing garbage collection (GC) work examines the resources owned by the thread that triggered the arithmetic LE condition
This defect will be fixed in: 7.0.0 SR1 6.0.1 SR2. The JVM has been updated such that threads doing work for the GC no longer interfere with the JVM's ability to detect that the arithmetic LE condition occurred in a JNI native.
Reported component name
J9 COMMON CODE
Reported component ID
Last modified date
APAR is sysrouted FROM one or more of the following:
APAR is sysrouted TO one or more of the following:
Fixed component name
J9 COMMON CODE
Fixed component ID
Applicable component levels


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Introduction to Rocks and Minerals
Examine the characteristics of common rocks and minerals and learn identification procedures. Find out all about the physical properties of minerals including hardness, luster and color as well as the chemical compositions of important rock-forming minerals. Information in the video is accurate, but narration is somewhat monotone. Run time 03:34.
Dr. Loopy's Blinding you with Science #9: Rocks and Minerals
This is another in the Blinding you with Science series I produced to help elementary students learn science concepts. In this episode Dr. Loopy and his friends use music, comedy and parody to teach students about different types of rocks and minerals. Run time 25:00.
Rocks don't Roll: The science of Rocks and Minerals
This is a clip from a longer video I produced in my Blinding you with Science series. The series is designed to help elementary students with science concepts. This is a musical parody about Rocks and Minerals. Run time 06:34.
Differences Between Rocks & Minerals
A general difference between rocks and minerals is that
minerals are chemical substances, while rocks are made from volcanoes and bodies of water. Discover how granite and igneous rocks are formed with information from a science teacher in this video.
Vincent Van Gogh part 1
Van Gogh was born in 1853 in Groot—Zundert, a small village in the southern Netherlands near the Belgian border. The oldest son of a Protestant minister, young van Gogh was moody, quiet, introverted, but he grew up with a love of nature and the arts. Van Gogh attended school as a young boy, but at the age of sixteen he left home for the Hague to work as an apprentice to an uncle, a dealer at Goupil and Co., an international art firm. Van Gogh subsequently worked for the firm in London and Pa
Math Trick For Your Fingers - Easy Multiplication
A quick way for students to learn basic multiplication using their fingers. Goes fast so you may need to watch it a couple of times. Students will love it.
Learn How to Count in Sign Language for Small Children
I absolutely love the Signing Time Videos made for babies and toddlers to learn sign language. My toddler learned how to sign through these videos way before he could talk which made it possible for him to communicate rather then throw tantrums. In this video you learn how to count through sign. Run time 0:31.
Chanting and enchanting animals - Chap. 2/6
Ecuador as a country has among the largest diversity of frog and toad species in the world. Discover through this film the fascinating world of frogs in Ecuador: their night life, when thousands of love-stricken males get together and sing at mating time; their birth and transformation from beings of water to beings of dry lands; their survival tricks and mysterious ways of life; their importance in the discovery of medicines; and their great variety of beautiful patterns and colors, discover th
Animal Mothers: Newborn Gators
Watch how this protective alligator mother uses her "Jaws of Love" to protect her newborns from danger in the Florida Everglades. Unlike crocs, the gator babies stay close to mom for their first year because they are a common food source for predators. Run time 02:24.
Dolphin Bay - Where Dolphins Swim with Humans
Near St. Andrews State Park in Panama City is an area where the dolphins will swim right up to you to check you out and see what's happening. Gabrielle has been swimming with this same pod since she was four years old. They're extremely friendly and curious, and love to pose for a picture. Most of the video is set to music. Run time 03:49
This video discusses the evening or morning star, Venus. Earth's sister planet has a symbol derived from a hand mirror, because Venus was the Roman goddess of love and beauty, it is also the symbol for women. Discusses the size, atmosphere and its temperature. It also discusses the solar landers that went to Venus. It discusses Mariner 10, which went to Venus. In this video various scientists discuss Venus. Video is of good quality and is approp
From an outsider's perspective, storm chasing might appear to involve hours and hours of boredom, accentuated by a few moments of unimaginable excitement — or terror — depending on one's love or fear of tornadoes. But to tornado researchers, the effort and expense they expend in search of a single tornado-producing storm reflect the importance of these events in terms of their impact on lives and property. This video segment adapted from NOVA follows some of the scientists who study these vi
Touch and Vision
In this episode of the human senses, they explore the two most highly used senses, touch and vision. In this video they test the amazing things we do with our eyes, how we can instantly spot attractive people in a crowded room, and how our eyes guide us around the world with astonishing accuracy. When it comes to touch they reveal why we love the feel of some things and loath others. Discover what our skin
A Glacier Investigation
From Dragonfly Tv. Deborah and Brittani live in Juneau, Alaska, which is home to 38 glaciers flowing from the gigantic Juneau Ice Field. The girls love being outside, especially in the short Alaskan summers, so they decided to check out a glacier up close at the Mendenhall Glacier Visitor Center. The center has cool exhibits that explain the science behind glaciers-like the fact that a glacier is a river of ice that moves because of its own weight and that the Mendenhall Glacier receives abo
King Minus is a cute video to introduce or review basic subtraction. The animations are great, and fun. Any early elementary child will love this one!
How to Teach Children to Read : Favorite Children's Authors
Learn about popular authors for children's books from a professional librarian, Debbie Noah, in this children's video. Parents, this video is a great tool to use to help you choose great books that your children will love.
How to Teach Children to Read : Favorite Children's Authors: Part 2
Learn about favorite authors of children's books from a professional librarian in this free children's video with expert: Debbie Noah. This is a great video for helping parents to choose reading material that young children will love.
Interview with Phyllis Reynolds Naylor (Part 3)
In this section Phyllis Reynolds Naylor, winner of the ASPCA Roger Caras Award, answers the question, "Shiloh is included on the recommended book list for many school districts and is assigned reading for many students each year. What are your thoughts about the wide appeal of Shiloh and the impact you have made with this book for countless children...and animals?" In her answer happy about the impact the books have had. She also commented that one teacher told her how children who have been abu
Lois Ehlert Interview
Lois Ehlert's unique children's books, such as Color Zoo, reflect her creative and curious mind. In this exclusive video interview, Lois Ehlert discusses her early love for art and how she continually strives to create highly original children's books. style, a vibrant mix of watercolor and collage, she brings stories to life.
California Flag and Anthem
California's flag is the historic Bear Flag raised at Sonoma on June 14, 1846, by a group of American settlers in revolt against Mexican rule. The flag was designed by William Todd on a piece of new unbleached cotton. The star imitated the lone star of Texas. A grizzly bear represented the many bears seen in the state. The word, "Cal


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Russian training focus in 2017 - Amphibious operations
For the Russian armed forces 2014 was the year of snap drills and the Ukraine war. 2015 brought in the Syrian expeditionary force and larger readiness exercises. 2016 saw the resurgence of army level operations and strategic relocation training. In 2017 the most notable change is the focus on the amphibious operations and river crossings.
Russian Naval infantry BTR-82A APC:s and a Zubr class landing craft
The Russian naval infantry was established by Peter the great in 1705. The naval infantry has been subordinated to the Russian Navy and it has never been treated as an individual service like the United States Marine Corps. While the quality of the Russian Naval infantry has varied wildly along the centuries it established an elite status during the World War 2. The importance of the Soviet Naval Infantry grew steadily and some elements of it, such as the parachute battalions, were considered equal to the VDV airborne troops.
After the Cold War the Russian military turned to face more unconventional threats and major naval landing operations were not given a high priority. Most of the modernization budget of the Russian Armed Forces went to the army and the VDV. The importance of the Naval infantry began to grow as the President Putin restructured the Russian armed forces for offensive operations.
Crimea and Syria
The most high profile operation of the Russian naval infantry in the recent times was the invasion of Crimea, where the 810. Naval Infantry brigade was involved in disarming the Ukrainian marines and naval forces together with GRU speznaz and VDV airborne units.
The naval infantry from the Black Sea Fleet and the Northern Fleet have also been active in Syria. They have been providing security for the Russian naval base in Tartus for a long time. As the Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war has deepened, the naval infantry has also expanded its force in the theater. The motorized naval infantry units with their BTR-82 APC:s have supported the Syrian Arab Army in many operations. Syria, while not exactly a naval operation, has been an important test for the combat and expeditionary capabilities of the Russian naval infantry.
Increased drills in 2016
The focus of the Russian naval infantry and naval spetznaz forces have been in unconventional warfare, base security and special operations against enemy shore based facilities. In 2016 the Russian naval infantry conducted several amphibious landing drills into unprepared shores with the support of the naval gunfire, army aviation helicopters and air-force tactical bombers.
These drills happened in all of the four major fleets and they ranged from a battalion sized landings to the small islands in the Gulf of Finland to a brigade level operations in the occupied Crimea.
In 2017 these drills evolved into more complicated ones. The drills involved more units and support assets. All of the fleets also tested and exercised loading and unloading of the VDV airborne units in amphibious landing conditions. The unique equipment of the VDV such as the BMD-4 infantry fighting vehicles and the Sprut-SD tank destroyers can provide important capabilities to a landing force. More importantly the VDV units are by design expeditionary and can operate independently inside enemy territory.
VDV BMD-2 taking a swim (photo: Sputnik)
The integration of the VDV units into the naval infantry forces significantly bolsters the number of elite troops that Russia can use to land into the enemy shores. The VDV units are also easily air-transportable, so they have an unsurpassed strategic mobility. These landing operations would also provide an use for the newly formed VDV tank battalions, that can't be airdropped, unlike the other VDV formations.
During the fall training season, the Russian northern fleet took on new challenges. It conducted a long distance training operation that spanned nearly the entire northern coastline of Russia. The Northern Fleet landing force carried a mix of marines, paratroopers and arctic warfare specialists form the 200th Independent Motor Rifle Brigade based at Alakurtti, to a several landings in the high arctic. The longest assault happened over 2000 kilometers away from the jump off point. These locations and transit distances could mimic assaults against Iceland or Svalbard.
In addition to the published amphibious landing exercises, the Russian Northern Fleet has also been actively training small units into arctic operations under the disguise of scientific expeditions and environmental cleanup projects. Some of these expeditions have even transited through the demilitarized Svalbard islands.
New boats
While the introduction of the airborne forces into the naval infantry operations indicates a desire to conduct larger scale amphibious operations that would be possible with only the dedicated units, the procurement of naval landing equipment shows that there is still significant drive to increase the special operations capability of the Russian navy.
Russia has recently introduced four separate classes of combat boats, that provide it's naval infantry and spetsnaz forces with increased mobility and protection in coastal waters and riverine operations.
Raptor combat boat (photo: Russian MOD)
Three of the boat classes resemble the Swedish Combat Boat 90 at least visually. Kalashnikov BK-16 and BK-18 can transport half a platoon of infantry to a range of 400 km Armament of these boats are a mix of crewed machine guns and grenade launchers and a remote weapon station mounting a 12,7 mm machine gun. The boats also carry a Kalashnikov designed UAV:s to provide the landing unit with better situational awareness. BK-series boats have two 780 hp engines, that can push the boat to speeds up to 43 knots.
The Project 03160 Raptor, while externally similar to the BK-series, is supposed to be a more advanced design than the Kalashnikov boats. It's armed with 14,5 mm RWS and supposed superior sensors and better sea going abilities. It's also supposedly faster and easier to operate. The Raptor has 2000 hp engines and a top speed of 50 knots.
Project 02800 class boat (Photo: Ru MOD)
The fourth boat design is a more streamlined project 02800. The first time one of these sleek boats participated in a real world training exercise was on 19th of October 2017, when it supported an amphibious landing drill of the Baltic Fleet in Kaliningrad. Technical details of the new boat are still scarce. The layout of the Project 02800 resembles the Finnish Jurmo-class assault boats, but my subjective opinion is that the Russian counterpart looks way more sexy.
In addition to the combat boats, the Russian navy has procured five Project 21820 aka. Dyugon-class landing crafts. These crafts can land an motorized infantry company or a main battle tank platoon into an unprepared shore. Three of these crafts are based in the Baltic fleet, one in the Pacific Fleet and one in the Caspian sea.
Dyugon-class landing craft deploying BTR-80 APC:s (photo
In order to support larger amphibious operations in the high arctic, where harbors and shore facilities are scarce, Russia has developed their version of a Mulberry Harbor. Mobile harbor facilities that were established on the coast of Normandy immediately after the D-Day landings, were crucial for the allied war effort.
None of the recent acquisitions can replace the capabilities that the Russian Navy lost, when the French government refused to sell Russia the Mistral-class assault ships. If Russia had received the Mistrals it could pose a threat even to a defended shoreline.
Possible targets and capabilities
The Russian navy has limited number of amphibious assault ships and larger landing crafts that are capable of supporting mechanized naval infantry units. These assets are divided between the four major fleets. This limits the Russian naval infantry more than the number of available amphibious trained infantry units.
Russia can land an brigade from its Northern, Baltic and Black Sea fleets. With the support of the new high speed boats this can be improved only slightly. The greatest advantage they bring is the ability to land special forces in advance of the main landing party. Naturally they also increase the ability to conduct special operations missions along the enemy shorelines and into hostile and neutral installations, such as the Ukrainian gas rigs, that Russia occupied in the Black Sea.
Considering the obvious lack of heavy naval assets and carrier borne aviation, the list of targets Russia can use it's expanding naval landing capabilities for is relatively short. In the high arctic there are only four probable targets Svalbard, that has a Russian settlement of Barentsburg as a staging area, Iceland and Jan Mayen. The fourth is a landing along the Norwegian coast, but that would mean a full blown ground war against a NATO member.
Ropucha-Class landing ship (photo: Russian Militaryphotos)
In the Baltic Sea region the list of suitable targets for amphibious landings is likewise very short, Gotland and Åland that can provide a game changing advantage by effectively cutting off NATO access to the Baltic states. As with Norway, Russia could use naval landings to support a strategic strike against Finland or the Baltic states. Especially Finland would be a suitable target for such strike as the Finnish reserve based defense takes some time to respond to a brigade level or larger operations against it's shoreline. Although situation in Finland in improving.
In the Black Sea there is a broader spectrum of possible naval operations that Russia could conduct against Ukraine or Georgia. The concentration of combat boats in the Black Sea Fleet shows that Russia is expecting to use SOF assets rather than brute force landings. The landing and transport ships of the Black Sea Fleet are also crucial at supplying the Russian expeditionary force in Syria.
While the expansion of amphibious trained troops and the introduction of the new combat boats are not massive game changers, they clearly show that Russian armed forces


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Infection with viruses carrying cross-reactive antigens is associated with break of immunological tolerance and induction of autoimmune disease. Dendritic cells play an important role in this process. However, it remains unclear why autoimmune-tolerance is broken during virus infection, but usually not during exposure to non-replicating cross-reactive antigens. Here we show that antigen derived from replicating virus but not from non-replicating sources undergoes a multiplication process in dendritic cells in spleen and lymph nodes. This enforced viral replication was dependent on Usp18 and was essential for expansion of autoreactive CD8+ T cells. Preventing enforced virus replication by depletion of CD11c+ cells, genetically deleting Usp18, or pharmacologically inhibiting of viral replication blunted the expansion of autoreactive CD8+ T cells and prevented autoimmune diabetes. In conclusion, Usp18-driven enforced viral replication in dendritic cells can break immunological tolerance and critically influences induction of autoimmunity.
Autoimmune diabetes in humans is linked to infection with viruses, which carry cross-reactive antigens. Virus derived cross-reactive antigens break immunological tolerance to pancreatic islets, which initiates disease. Several other non-viral sources of cross-reactive antigens are known, however they usually fail to induce diabetes. Here we found that viral antigen underwent an Usp18 dependent replication in dendritic cells. This mechanism was essential to generate sufficient amounts of cross-reactive antigen and to expand autoreactive CD8+ T cells. Blocking of virus replication by either depletion of dendritic cells, genetic depletion of Usp18 or pharmacological inhibition of replication blunted expansion of autoreactive CD8+ T cells and prevented diabetes. In conclusion we found that enforced virus replication broke the tolerance to self-antigen, which partially explains the strong association of autoimmune diseases with virus infections.
Citation: Honke N, Shaabani N, Zhang D-E, Iliakis G, Xu HC, Häussinger D, et al. (2013) Usp18 Driven Enforced Viral Replication in Dendritic Cells Contributes to Break of Immunological Tolerance in Autoimmune Diabetes. PLoS Pathog 9(10): e1003650. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat._PHONE_
Editor: Matthias G. von Herrath, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, United States of America
Received: March 11, 2013; Accepted: August 6, 2013; Published: October 24, 2013
Copyright: © 2013 Honke et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This study was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (SKA-2008 to KSL and SKA-2010 to PAL), and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) with CRC974, CRC/TRR60 and LA1419/5-1. This work was also supported by the US National Institutes of Health (R01 HL091549 in the DEZ laboratory). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Autoimmune diabetes in humans is characterized by immunological destruction of beta islet cells in the pancreas; this cellular destruction leads to hyperglycemia. T cells specific for beta islet cell antigens play an important role in the development of the disease and have been found to arise after exposure to viruses that contain cross-reactive epitopes –. Viruses known to contain cross-reactive epitopes are enterovirus, rubella virus, and rotavirus. Infection with these viruses is often found during the onset of diabetes –. Recent evidence of the ability of viruses to induce diabetes comes from epidemiological and genetic analyses, which have shown that functional polymorphisms in interferon-regulating genes are strongly associated with autoimmune diabetes –. Thus, viral infection is associated with the onset of autoimmune diabetes in humans, and molecular mimicry is an obvious explanation for the immunological destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Besides viruses, several other pathogens and environmental proteins, such as bovine serum albumin (BSA) and beta-casein, carry cross-reactive epitopes to beta islet cells –. Because both substances are found in cow milk, many people are exposed to those antigens. However, this exposure is not strongly linked to the induction of autoreactive T cells or to the occurrence of autoimmune diabetes,. Several bacterial species (e.g. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas species, and Campylobacter) are known to carry epitopes that are cross-reactive to beta islet cells,. Although infection with these opportunistic pathogens will lead to presentation of cross-reactive beta islet antigens in combination with high amounts of bacterial Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, the contribution of these bacteria to the incidence of diabetes remains uncertain. Thus, cross-reactive viruses, are more efficient than other cross-reactive antigens in breaking immunologic tolerance.
During the onset of autoimmune diabetes, antigen presenting cells (APCs) in secondary lymphoid organs (SLO) are key players in regulating immunological tolerance and immune activation. With their ability to express costimulatory molecules, APCs like dendritic cells (DCs) or macrophages efficiently prime antigen-specific CD8+ T cells,. DCs express costimulatory molecules after antigen uptake in combination with pattern recognition receptor ligation. Therefore activation of pattern recognition receptors by pathogen-derived patterns is an important mechanism by which DCs can differentiate between self-antigen and foreign antigen. In addition to costimulatory molecules, the amount of antigen presented is important in determining whether tolerance induction or immune activation will occur,. A low amount of presented antigen on DCs induces immunological tolerance against this antigen, even if it is presented in parallel with costimulatory signals,. In contrast, DCs loaded with high amounts of antigen may induce immune activation even in the absence of costimulatory molecule expression,,. Thus, the amount of presented antigen is another independent factor that determines tolerance induction or immune activation. We recently reported that CD169+ macrophages enforce virus replication, which enhances adaptive immune response. If dendritic cells participate in antigen amplification and how this affects immunological tolerance remains unknown. To examine the importance of enforced viral replication in the context of autoimmune diabetes, we studied the induction of autoimmune diabetes in the RIP-GP mouse model. In this model the glycoprotein (GP) of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is expressed as a transgene under the control of the rat insulin promoter (RIP). Following LCMV infection, LCMV-GP specific CD8+ T cells are primed and destroy the LCMV-GP expressing insulin producing pancreatic islet cells leading to autoimmune diabetes.
Depletion of dendritic cells blunted early virus replication and prevented autoimmune diabetes
To analyze the contribution of dendritic cells in LCMV replication, we used CD11c-DTR mice. Treatment of CD11c-DTR mice with diphtheria toxin depletes dendritic cells. Lack of dendritic cells completely blunted early LCMV replication in spleen and lymph nodes (Figure 1A). Reduced LCMV replication in the CD11c+ compartment impaired viral antigen expressed within the spleen as assessed by immune-histology (Figure 1B). This reduction of replicating antigen in the spleen correlated with the lack of induced interferon-alpha (Figure 1C). Subsequently, the LCMV-specific CD8+ T cell response against LCMV-GP was blunted in the absence of dendritic cells (Figure 1D) and CD8+ T cell-mediated autoimmune diabetes was prevented (Figure 1E). In the absence of DCs virus could not be controlled and persisted in the blood (Figure 1F). This secondary virus propagation was most likely due to the lack of innate and adaptive immune response,.
(A) CD11c-DTR mice and C57BL/6 mice were treated intraperitoneally with diphtheria toxin (30 µg/kg) on day −3. Mice were infected with LCMV (200 PFU) or LCMV (2×106 PFU) on day 0. Viral titers were analyzed at the indicated time points in different organs (200 PFU n = 6 and 2×106 PFU, n = 3). (B) C57BL/6 and CD11c-DTR mice were treated intraperitoneally with diphtheria toxin (30 µg/kg) on day −3 and then infected with LCMV (2×106 PFU) on day 0. After one day, immunohistologic staining for LCMV-NP was performed on spleen sections (n = 3, scale bar main images 500 µm, inlets 100 µm). (C) CD11c-DTR mice and control WT mice were treated with 30 µg/kg diphtheria toxin on day −3. On day 0 mice were infected with 2×106 PFU LCMV. After two days IFN-α was measured in the serum by ELISA (n = 6). (D–F) RIP-GP mice were lethally irradiated and one day later were reconstituted with 107 bone marrow cells from either


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Indian J Orthop. 2012 Jul-Aug; 46(4): 407–412.
PMCID: PMC3421930
Enhanced recovery program in total hip arthroplasty
Enhanced recovery program (ERP) was implemented to optimize the hospital stay in total hip arthroplasty. This study assessed the effects of optimizing preoperative and perioperative care using enhanced recovery (ER) on patients undergoing Total hip arthroplasty.
Materials and Methods:
We compared a prospective group of 64 patients on the ER program with a historic cohort of 63 patients that received conventional care (non ER).
ER patients were discharged earliest from hospital [mean length of stay (LOS) 5.3 days, median 4; P < 0.001] as compared to a mean of 8.3 days among non ER patients. Comparison based on American Association of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grades, preoperative hemoglobin, and body mass index (BMI) revealed that patients with ASA grade 3, preoperative hemoglobin of <14 g/dl, and BMI >30 on ER program spent shorter time in hospital as compared to the non ER's conventionally treated patients with more favorable physiological parameters of ASA grade 1 and 2, preoperative hemoglobin of >14 g/dl, and BMI <30.
The ER protocol is universally beneficial and confers an advantage regardless of the patients' preoperative condition.
Keywords: Enhanced recovery program, length of stay, total hip arthroplasty
Enhanced recovery (ER) programs have been implemented in general surgery and have helped optimize preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative factors to reduce the physiological and psychological stress of surgery.1 Several factors are responsible for functional deterioration and increased risk of morbidity after major surgical procedures, and include the surgical stress response, increased cardiac demand, impairment of pulmonary function, changes in coagulation and fibrinolysis, catabolism and loss of muscle mass, sleep disturbance, and paralytic ileus.2
The ER program begins with preoperative care and detailed patient education prior to admission to hospital. Strictly defined discharge criteria and a prescheduled discharge plan are implemented.3 Postoperative care includes early introduction of oral nutrition supplements, early mobilization, and restricted opiate use to minimize nausea and ileus.4 The multimodal rehabilitation program has enabled early restoration of gastrointestinal function, reduction of fatigue, and improved physical performance in some general surgical procedures.5 Such protocols have also reduced length of hospital stay (LOS).6,7
With approval from the department of clinical governance at our hospital, we implemented an ER program for patients undergoing elective total hip arthroplasty (THA) and compared the results with a similar patient population who had undergone hip replacement surgery prior to the advent of the ER program.
Between November 2006 and January 2008, 64 consecutive patients underwent total hip arthroplasty on an ER program. The control group consisted of 63 consecutive patients who underwent THA between November 2004 and October 2006 prior to the ER program (non ER). The non ER data were obtained retrospectively from patient records. All patients were treated under the care of the senior author (PP). ER data were collected prospectively and analyzed.
There was no difference in the age of patients. The mean age for the ER patients was 70.5 years (range 48–89 years) and for the non ER group was 72.5 years (range 56–91 years, P=0.9). There were 27 men and 37 women in the ER group and 22 men and 41 women in the non ER group.
The ER program incorporates a multidisciplinary team composed of surgeons, nurses, physiotherapists, and occupational therapists, and includes the patient as an active participant. The program is followed clearly in a stepwise manner to maximize efficiency of the care pathway [Table 1].
Table 1
Enhanced orthopedic recovery in summary
The program was outlined to each patient being admitted for a primary joint replacement. A patient information leaflet was supplied at the initial clinic visit and a mini pre-assessment check carried out at that stage. This identifies those patients who need to see an anesthetist prior to surgery.
The key aspects of ER were explained again at the pre-assessment clinic prior to admission. At the pre-assessment clinic, each patient undergoes the routine protocol for pre-assessment. The ER program was emphasized again and patients were supplied with supplement drinks (Build-up® by Nestle Nutrition) [Table 2] to be taken 2 days before hospital admission in the morning. Patients were asked to take three sachets of Build-up dissolved in 150 ml of water 2 days before surgery and two sachets 1 day before surgery.
Table 2
Food values and calorie content of supplemental drinks
All patients attended a pre-admission joint replacement class run by the physiotherapists and occupational therapists and were encouraged to bring a member of their family or a friend for support. This class lasts for approximately 1 h. The ER program was discussed in detail again. Patients were usually admitted on the eve of surgery.
On the day of admission, which is a day before the operation, the patient was given high carbohydrate drink of two sachets of preload™ (by Vitaflo) [Table 2 dissolved in 400 ml of water at 8 p.m. in the evening. A further high carbohydrate drink with one sachet dissolved in 400 ml of water was given 3 h before surgery. This minimizes the adverse metabolic effects of starvation. All patients were given the high energy drink irrespective of any comorbidities, e.g. diabetes or high body mass index (BMI). The high energy drink helps reduce The risk of anesthetic and starvation-induced diabetes, and helps maintain higher energy levels following the operation.
The physiological benefits of managing the metabolic insult of a prolonged starvation period followed by the traumatic insult of surgery are central to our intervention8 and, we believe, are new to orthopedics. Traditional patient starvation regimes (nil by mouth for 6 h) are based on the premise that this will reduce the incidence of pulmonary aspiration. A recent review, however, has provided no scientific support for this practice.9 Recommendations now suggest clear fluids up until 2 h before the initiation of anesthesia and a 6 h solid food fast. This reduces preoperative thirst, hunger, and anxiety, and significantly reduces postoperative insulin resistance.10 Preoperative oral carbohydrates also reduce postoperative nausea and vomiting, which can prevent the rapid postoperative recovery of the patient.11
All patients were given spinal or epidural anesthesia and propofol was used for sedation and maintenance of light general anesthesia which helps reduce postoperative nausea and vomiting. Shortacting opiates decrease the incidence of opiate toxicity, and accurate fluid resuscitation avoids iatrogenic hyperchloremic acidosis and fluid overload.
Postoperatively, the patient was sat up in bed in the recovery room and oral fluids were commenced. Pneumatic intermittent calf compression was instituted to minimize the risk of deep vein thrombosis.
In the ward, the patient was encouraged to sit up, eat, and drink almost immediately. There was an emphasis on oral intake with protein and carbohydrate-rich drinks, rather than reliance on intravenous fluid administration. They were given two sachets of Build-up drink on the evening after surgery and three sachets for 3 days thereafter. The strategy aims to maintain the gut flora, preserve immune function, and optimize wound healing and recovery.12 The multimodal approach to perioperative nutrition is cumulative in its benefits. Dedicated joint replacement physiotherapy started on the evening of the operation and patients were encouraged to sit out of bed in the chair. Enoxaparin (40 mg) was administered subcutaneously in the evening following surgery and for the duration of the in-patient stay only. However, the antithrombotic effects of early mobilization have been shown to reduce the incidence of thromboembolic events after lower limb joint replacement surgery.13
Wound drains were removed on the first postoperative day. Patients were mobilized with the assistance of the physiotherapist. Urinary catheterization was avoided, if at all possible. Mobilization was "goal-oriented." The patient was encouraged to reach a white board at the end of the ward and to sign it on reaching that target. Discharge plans were again confirmed.
At discharge, patients were escorted to the hospital exit by a physiotherapist or nurse and shown how to get in and out of a car safely. Following discharge, wound care was undertaken either by a district nurse or practise nurse in the community. All patients were reviewed by a physiotherapist between 1 and 3 weeks following discharge, but they could contact the hospital ward should they have any concerns.
All patients were scored according to the American Association of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification system, preoperative hemoglobin (Hb), and BMI. The LOS (defined as the number of nights spent in hospital) was recorded.
We obtained approval from the Department of Clinical Governance at our hospital and followed ethical standards on human experimentation. We performed the procedure in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000, to implement an ER program for patients undergoing elective total hip arthroplasty.
The two groups were similar in size (non ER=63, ER=64). The average age of the ER group was 70.1 years (range 48–89 years, SD=8.79). The average age of the non ER group was 72.5 years (


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Mathematics is remarkably effective in describing the physical world in part due to isomorphisms, relationships between concepts that reveal a similar underlying structure. In 1935 Charles Vernon Theis was working on groundwater flow, a subject with little mathematical treatment at the time. He thought that perhaps a well tapping a confined aquifer could be described using the same mathematics as the heat flow of a thin wire drawing heat from a large plate, as this work was better established. With a little bit of help from C. I. Lubin and considering how parameters describing underground water flow could be compared to those describing heat flow in solid materials, he developed the Theis equation which is used to this day to model the response of a confined aquifer to pumping over time.
I developed a small program which allows visualization of the potentiometric surface of a confined aquifer subject to pumping using Processing. This particular example uses aquifer and pumping parameters from a Geo-Slope whitepaper.
The source code may be downloaded here. All values including aquifer, pumping, visualization, and numerical parameters may be varied to apply to a wide variety of situations. The exponential integral (or "well function") is calculated using a numerical approximation accurate to at least 1 part in 10,000,000.


Eileen Phan
Myopia Growth Factor Gene Expression Regulation
Emmetropization is the process in which the eye adjusts its length based on the defocus it receives in order to achieve better clarity of vision. Ocular refractive errors such as myopia (near-sightedness) or hyperopia (far-sightedness) occur when there is a dysregulation in emmetropization, resulting in a mismatch of the eyes axial length and optical power creating blurred vision or defocus. Understanding the underlying mechanisms to this process is thus crucial to a cure for myopia which is a disease that affects hundreds of millions world-wide.
Prior research in the chick-model reveals three growth factors of particular importance to the development of refractive errors. Defocus sign-dependent bidirectional regulation of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP2), BMP4, and BMP7 gene expressions has been demonstrated in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of the eye, a layer that separates the light-sensitive retina from the eyes outer structural layers. In my study, we will use different paradigms of visual manipulations including a wide range of negative and positive powered lenses as well as diffusers, to further investigate the temporal profiles of BMP gene expression in chick RPE. This study should provide important additional insights into the role of RPE-derived BMPs in defocus detection and the early stage of eye growth regulation.
Message to Sponsor
As a high myope, I have always been drawn to the ocular field and interested in understanding the origins of myopia. Thank you to SURF and the Pergo Foundation for allowing me the privilege of an entire summer dedicated to research unburdened by financial concerns and the schoolwork of normal year. This summer research fellowship will allow me deeper insight into the gene expression behind myopia and mold me into a more knowledgeable and experienced scientist.
 - Major: Public Health
 - Sponsor: Pergo
 - Mentor: Christine Wildsoet, Optometry


House of Óengus
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Royal figure, dressed like a late antique Roman emperor, on the St Andrews Sarcophagus, probably Óengus I of the Picts.
The House of Óengus can refer to a still theoretical dynasty of Pictland who may have ruled as Kings of the Picts, as well as overlords of the Kings of Dál Riata and possibly of all of northern Great Britain, for approximately a century from the 730s to the 830s AD. Their first ruler of Pictland was the great Óengus I of the Picts, who may be the figure carved into the St Andrews Sarcophagus pictured on the right.
Origins and identity
Early (but not contemporary) Irish genealogies make Óengus a member of the Eóganachta of Munster, as a descendant of Coirpre Cruithnechán or "Cairbre the little Pict", a legendary emanation or double of Coirpre Luachra mac Cuirc,[1] son of Conall Corc,[2] and ancestor of the Eóganacht Locha Léin, rulers of the kingdom of Iarmuman. An early cycle of tales have Conall Corc traveling to Pictland early in his career, and there taking the daughter of the Pictish king as his first wife, hence Coirpre's epithet. The branch of the kindred, called in the annals the Eoghanachta Magh Geirginn, from which he came were said to be located in an area known as Circinn, usually associated with modern Angus and the Mearns.[3] The genealogy appears in the Rawlinson B 502 manuscript, ¶1083:
This states the king of Pictland with whom Conall Corc stayed to have been Feradach Find Fechtnach, and his daughter, Conall's first wife and Coirpre's mother, to have been Mongfind. After discussing Corc's progeny in Munster, the future Eóganachta of history, the passage concludes with:
This states that from Coirpre Cruithnechán come a sept of the Eóganachta in Alba called the Eóganacht Maige Gerginn, to whom belongs Óengus I.
Notably lacking are over two centuries of generations in Scotland. Conall Corc is said to have flourished in the early 5th century. Óengus I belongs to the 8th.
This pedigree has been dismissed as inspired by the tales of Conall Corc. Francis John Byrne puts this in the context of the (wider) Gaelicisation of Pictland in the 9th century, and notes how later Scottish dynasties such as the Lennoxes and the House of Stuart also found Corc to be a "usefully respectable" Gaelic ancestor.[4]
In an exhaustive criticism of the legends, David Sproule finds that the Picts are probably a literary addition, and that the Pictish king Feredach is probably inspired by Fidach, father of Crimthann mac Fidaig, who precedes Corc on the throne of Munster but is more widely known as "King of Ireland and Alba". As Mongfind is the sister of Crimthann in most Irish legends, it follows that she would be Corc's wife. Sproule also notes that a journey to Alba is common in Irish legend, and further that Feradach Finnfechtnach is the name of an earlier Irish King of Tara who has convenient associations with Alba of his own.[5]
Feredach can also be found as the name of several figures belonging both to the Picts and Dál Riata, for example the father of Ciniod I of the Picts.
Irish associations
Regardless of his pedigree, Óengus I of the Picts was a monarch with clear Irish associations.
Another member of this family may have been Domnall mac Caustantín, a possible king of Dál Riata.
 1. Byrne, pp. 193-4, 291
 2. In any case, contacts between Scotland and distant Munster are known from the earliest times. The early Dál Riata were said to have lived in West Munster (Iarmuman) before migrating to Ulster and western Scotland.
 3. Forsyth, "Evidence of a lost Pictish source", pp. 27–28.
 4. Byrne, p. 194
 5. Sproule 1985


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Citrus College has a long history of supporting student leadership development and has recently added this academic program to its leadership development programs. Currently LEAD 103, Foundations of Leadership, a three-unit transferable course, is offered.
This course surveys the foundational theories and applications of leadership from an individual standpoint, in a team-based environment, and within a large organizational structure. Special attention is paid to practical application of theory and is focused on the development of the student as a leader. This course is required either as a preor co-requisite to holding a leadership position in the campus' student government association, ASCC. This course is approved for transfer to UC and CSU.
Student Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion of the course, students will be able to do the following:
1. Differentiate between leadership and management skills
2. Analyze leadership and ethics in diverse contexts
3. Synthesize both the positive and negative attributes of contemporary and/or historical leaders


Judith Butler on BDS, anti-Semitism and speech
The Brooklyn College event went ahead without disruption, and the Berkeley philosopher summed up why it matters
By Natasha Lennard
Published February 8, 2013 10:26PM (UTC)
main article image
Judith Butler (Wikimedia/dontworry)
On Thursday evening, Brooklyn College hosted a speaking event about the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement with philosopher Judith Butler and Palestinian BDS campaigner Omar Barghouti. Having resisted threats from a chorus of critics and New York City Council members, the lecture thankfully went ahead without interruption (see here for background on the controversy leading up to the event).
The Nation has published in full Butler's prepared remarks for the event, in which she reasserts her well-made point about the harm done by equating political criticism of Israeli government policy and anti-Semitism. A number of highlights are worth pulling out.
Butler condemns attempts to censor the Brooklyn College event with typical clarity, parsing out the flawed, contradictory logic used by those who tried to shut the event down:
The arguments made against this very meeting took several forms, and they were not always easy for me to parse. One argument was that BDS is a form of hate speech, and it spawned a set of variations: it is hate speech directed against either the State of Israel or Israeli Jews, or all Jewish people. If BDS is hate speech, then it is surely not protected speech, and it would surely not be appropriate for any institution of higher learning to sponsor or make room for such speech. Yet another objection, sometimes uttered by the same people who made the first, is that BDS does qualify as a viewpoint, but as such, ought to be presented only in a context in which the opposing viewpoint can be heard as well. There was yet a qualification to this last position, namely, that no one can have a conversation on this issue in the US that does not include a certain Harvard professor, but that spectacular argument was so self-inflationary and self-indicting, that I could only respond with astonishment.
So in the first case, it is not a viewpoint (and so not protected as extra-mural speech), but in the second instance, it is a viewpoint, presumably singular, but cannot be allowed to be heard without an immediate refutation. The contradiction is clear, but when people engage in a quick succession of contradictory claims such as these, it is usually because they are looking for whatever artillery they have at their disposal to stop something from happening. They don't much care about consistency or plausibility.
Butler takes on the claim that BDS is an anti-Semitic movement:
Only if we accept the proposition that the state of Israel is the exclusive and legitimate representative of the Jewish people would a movement calling for divestment, sanctions and boycott against that state be understood as directed against the Jewish people as a whole. Israel would then be understood as co-extensive with the Jewish people. There are two major problems with this view. First, the state of Israel does not represent all Jews, and not all Jews understand themselves as represented by the state of Israel. Secondly, the state of Israel should be representing all of its population equally, regardless of whether or not they are Jewish, regardless of race, religion or ethnicity.
... [T]he Jewish people extend beyond the state of Israel and the ideology of political Zionism. The two cannot be equated. Honestly, what can really be said about "the Jewish people" as a whole? Is it not a lamentable stereotype to make large generalizations about all Jews, and to presume they all share the same political commitments? They—or, rather, we—occupy a vast spectrum of political views, some of which are unconditionally supportive of the state of Israel, some of which are conditionally supportive, some are skeptical, some are exceedingly critical, and an increasing number, if we are to believe the polls in this country, are indifferent. In my view, we have to remain critical of anyone who posits a single norm that decides rights of entry into the social or cultural category determining as well who will be excluded.
The philosopher's point here, one that she previously developed in her book "Precarious Life," is crucial to acknowledge. A number of things are going on when someone charges any and all of Israel's critics with blanket anti-Semitism. First, of course, legitimate criticism of a state and military found to have acted out of accordance with international law is silenced. This point has been made by others aside from Butler. But Butler further stresses that the very same logic underpinning anti-Semitism (or indeed any racism) is at play when all criticism of Israel is deemed anti-Semitic. Namely, a sweeping generalization is made that applies en masse to all Jewish people (i.e., that they are necessarily represented by, and in support of, the state of Israel). But is not making generalizations about a given people the very basis (or at least the functioning logic) of racism?
Conflations, including of all Palestinians with Hamas, all Israeli policy supporters with Jews, and all Israel's critics with anti-Semites create a dangerous blur allowing for the continued ill treatment of Palestinians as well as a failure to focus on and attack real, horrifying instances of anti-Semitism when they do arise (take the growing tendencies of far-right parties in Europe right now). As Butler said on Thursday, "we see how the conflations such as these lead to bitter and destructive consequences. What if we slowed down enough to think and to distinguish — what political possibilities might then open?"
Natasha Lennard
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The United States officially joined the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) on June 29, 2009, increasing the number of countries participating in the organization to 136. IRENA was initially founded on Jan. 26 with 75 member nations, and its membership now includes most of Africa, the Middle East, and Europe as well as Australia, Greenland, India, Japan and parts of South America. The new agency will engage governments around the world in promoting a rapid transition toward the widespread and sustainable use of renewable energy on a global scale.
The U.S. participation is an important element of the Obama administration's effort to support clean energy technologies and the development of the low-carbon economies needed to address climate change. U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton said that the United States will work closely with other signatories, IRENA's leadership and members of Congress to ensure the new agency's work augments and complements other renewable-energy efforts.
At the IRENA meeting in Egypt, member nations made a number of decisions relating to the formation of the agency. The signatories designated Abu Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates, as the location for the interim headquarters of IRENA. Bonn, Germany, will host IRENA's center for technology and innovation, and Vienna, Austria, will host a liaison office for IRENA's cooperation with other organizations that are active in the field of renewable energy.
While the United States is becoming more involved in worldwide renewable-energy efforts, it also is expanding its international efforts closer to home. In late June, the Department of Energy hosted the first U.S.-Canada Clean Energy Dialogue Roundtable at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. The meeting brought together clean energy leaders from private industry and from the U.S. and Canadian governments to help decide how the two nations can work together to develop clean energy technologies and combat climate change. President Barack Obama and Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper established the U.S.-Canada Clean Energy Dialogue in February, with the specific goals of expanding clean energy research and development, developing and deploying clean energy technologies, and building a more efficient electricity grid. Specific areas for further bilateral cooperation under the Clean Energy Dialogue include renewable and energy-efficiency technologies, carbon capture and sequestration and smart grid technologies.


TY - JOUR AU - Barbara Kornacka PY - 1970/01/01 Y2 - 2021/04/12 TI - Tra legge, corpo e simbolo. La paternità omosessuale e la cultura androcentrica in Sei come sei di Melania G. Mazzucco JF - Romanica Silesiana JA - RS VL - 12 IS - 1 SE - DO - UR - _URL_ AB - The following paper analyzes the theme of homosexual paternity. It analyzes Mazzucco's novel on three different levels: the legal and social context, the gender perspective, and the level of literary and artistic symbols. In each of these areas we can observe the importance given to traditional paternity, seen as legal power or divine creation of the men. On the contrary, homosexual paternity is excluded by law, denied as containing maternal elements, and endowed with modest symbolic power. ER -


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Mozambique – According to a new study, in some parts of Africa, birds and humans have learned to communicate with each other in the quest for finding food for both species.
In Africa and Asia, there is a species of bird commonly known as the honeyguides, which, as they name suggest, are known to lead humans deliberately directly to beehives.
Westerners first registered this behavior in 1588 when a Portuguese missionary who was living in Mozambique noticed a bird pecking at the candlesticks in his church. The tiny bird would also guide people to bees' nests.
However, in the West nobody believed his claims, thinking it was just a myth. It was not until the eighties that westerners realized honeyguides were real, thanks to Kenyan birder Hussein Isack and German zoologist Heinz Ulrich Reyer.
The two men followed the Boran people of northern Kenya for three years and discovered a unique form of cooperation. The bird spokes to them with its fly, they just have to follow it.
If the honeyguide perches itself in lower tree branches and flies slowly, the hunters know they're getting nearer. Most astonishing, if the bird makes a unique "indication call" and then stop, the human followers know they're in the same area as the beehive.
Isack and Reyer found out that the Boran people take an average of nine hours to find a bee nest, with the help of the honeyguide, the time is reduced to three hours. From 2006, anthropologist Brian Wood from Yale University has found out that the Hadza people from Tanzania also use the honeyguide.
They rely on the bird so much that up to 10 percent of their annual calories come from honey. Using the bird leads them to richer nest that have as much as five times more honey than usual, and their increase their beehive-finding rate up to six.
The honeyguide also benefits from this arrangement, since the humans do all the hard work of using smoke to subdue the bees and breaking the nest, which can mean cutting down a tree. All the bird has to do is wait and then eat the wax.
Ornithologist Claire Spottiswoode from the University of Cambridge has discovered that is not always the bird the one that takes the initiative.
In the Niassa National Reserve Mozambique, the Yao people use a distinctive call (brrr-hm) for attracting the honeyguides.
This call is ancestral, passed down from generations through the fathers. Spottiswoode found out that the tiny birds start guiding twice as much when called by the brrr-hm sound than if they were being called with any other call, which shows there's an actual form of communication between the Yao people and the honeyguide.
The researcher also discovered that the call is not just used for attracting the birds, but also to keep their attention. Keeping the brrr-hm sound during the hunt tripled the people's chance of finding a nest. If they stopped, the honeyguide often left.
It is still a mystery how this partnership started, and how the honeyguides learned to communicate with their human companions.
What is certain, is that the bird' behavior is not learned from its parents. The honeyguides do not raise their chicks since they are parasites such as the cuckoo.
The female lays her eggs in somebody else's nest. The honeyguide chick always hatches first, and then, using a wicked spike on its bill kills the host's chicks. The scammed foster parents then will focus their attention only on the honeyguide.
Then how the birds learn the signals?
Althoug it is unknown how this birds learned the signals, Spottiswoode thinks it may be in their genes, and that the chicks are born with the basics of guiding behavior, refining their technique by trial-and-error and by watching other adults.
The Yao people support this theory, since, for them, the youngsters are "rubbish guides" and only the adults are worth the time.
Once they have found the nest, the hunters make sure to pay their winged companions, with bits of wax and fresh leaves. Only the Tanzanian Hadza are an exception, according to Wood. He claims he has never seen them rewarding their guides.
The Hadza claim that giving the birds food will lower their motivation to keep looking for more bee nests. Spottiswoode and Wood have chosen to study together the various communications between the birds and the humans, depending on the location.
Still, another mystery is still unresolved: How did the honeyguides survive before they guided humans to their food?
The scientist believes these birds evolved three million years ago, way before the man discovered fire. The mystery becomes more baffling when one takes into account that the honeyguides are mostly nocturnal, and have awful eyesight and hearing.
However, this ancient custom is slowly dying. Now in Africa people can just buy honey from the beekeepers, so the idea of spending hours behind a bird does not make much sense anymore.
A paper about the study was published in the Journal Science, under the title 'Reciprocal signaling in honeyguide-human mutualism'.
Sources: The Atlantic


Emacs: Searching for Text in Files (grep, find)
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This page is a tutorial on using Emacs to search text. For example, list lines that contained a word, list files that contains a word.
Some of these commands are written entirely in emacs lisp, some work as a wrapper to the unix {grep, find} commands.
The following are the most often used emacs text-searching related commands.
List Lines Matching a String, for a Single File
Call list-matching-linesAlt+s o】. It'll list all lines in the current file that matches a given text. Here's a sample output:
5 matches for "cat" in buffer: alice-ch01.html
 122:should think! (Dinah was the cat.) I hope they'll remember her
 125:might catch a bat, and that's very like a mouse, you know. But do
 126:cats eat bats, I wonder? And here Alice began to get rather
 128:Do cats eat bats? Do cats eat bats? and sometimes, Do bats eat
 129:cats? for, you see, as she couldn't answer either question, it
Clicking the line will jump to the match location in the file.
Notice in the above output that "catch" is also a match, because it contains "cat". If you want to match with word boundary, use \b, like this \bcat\b. 〔☛ Emacs: Text Pattern Matching (regex) tutorial
There's also delete-matching-lines and delete-non-matching-lines. 〔☛ Emacs: List/Delete/Highlight Matching Lines, Sort/Reverse Lines
List All Files of a Folder that Contain a Text Pattern (requires Linux grep)
Call grep to list all files in the current folder. The current folder is usually the folder the current opend file is in. (You can first call dired to a folder you want.) It will prompt you like this:
grep -nH -e ▮
For example, if you give this input grep -nH -e "Cheshire" *html, which will list all files ending in "html" that contains the word "Cheshire".
If you want case insensitive search, add a -i in the grep option.
Here's a sample output:
-*- mode: grep; default-directory: "c:/Users/h3/web/xahlee_org/p/alice/" -*-
Grep started at Thu Nov 17 02:41:03
grep -nH -e "Cheshire" *html
alice-ch06.html:109:
alice-ch06.html:132:«It's a Cheshire cat,» said the Duchess, «and that's why.
alice-ch06.html:140:«I didn't know that Cheshire cats always grinned; in fact, I
alice-ch06.html:274:Cheshire Cat sitting on a bough of a tree a few yards off.
alice-ch06.html:277:
alice-ch06.html:283:«Cheshire Puss,» she began, rather timidly, as she did not at all
alice-ch06.html:378:
alice-ch08.html:240:grin, and she said to herself «It's the Cheshire Cat: now I shall
alice-ch08.html:276:«It's a friend of mine — a Cheshire Cat,» said Alice: «allow me to
alice-ch08.html:323:When she got back to the Cheshire Cat, she was surprised to find
alice-ch08.html:335:
Grep finished (matches found) at Thu Nov 17 02:41:03
On Linux, by default, the matched text are highlighted.
On Window, the matched texts are not highlighted. That's too bad. To highlight it, call highlight-phrase.
List Some Files in a Folder and or Sub-Folders
You can also use grep-find. "grep-find" is similar to {grep, rgrep, lgrep}. It uses a combination of unix's grep and find. It will prompt you with this:
find. -type f -print0 | xargs -0 -e grep -nH -e MySearchStr▮
Just type your search string at the cursor position. (the exact command prompted may be slightly different depending on your OS.)
Display Matched Files in Dired
How to have the unix "find" result shown in dired?
Call find-dired.
Explanation: In unix, there's a very useful command that list files in a directory with a particular property. For example, if you want to list all files ending in ".html" in a directory and all subdirectories under it, you can do find. -name "*.html" -print.
However, the result is a textual output. Let's say you want to run a word count "wc" command on all such files. You can use "find"'s option "-exec", or in combination with "xargs" command. For example: find. -name "*.html" -print | xargs -l -i wc {}.
However, sometimes you want to do several complicated things with this set of files, and you want to do them interactively. For example, some of such files you want to word count, some of them you want to run another command on, and some of them you need to rename, and what to do depends on the previous commands. In this case, it will be useful, to have this list of files shown in emacs's dired mode, then you can use all emacs dired power to manipulate these files.
Stepping Thru Files of Matching Text in Dired
While in dired, you can step thru all files that matches a text pattern. In dired, call dired-do-searchA】. It will prompt you for a search string, then open the first file of the match, with your cursor placed at the matching location.
To go to next occurrence, press 【Meta+,】 (tags-loop-continue).
Calling Linux Shell Commands from Emacs
Emacs can call Linux shell commands, such as {grep, find}. You can call shell commands by shell or shell-command. 〔☛ Emacs Shell Tutorial
On Microsoft Windows, you can install unix commands by cygwin. 〔☛ Installing Cygwin Tutorial
Find ＆ Replace on Multiple Files
Emacs: Interactively Find/Replace String Patterns on Multiple Files
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
OK, so here is the deal.
In my language I have some commands, say
XYZ 3 5
GGB 8 9
HDH 8783 33
And in my Lex file
XYZ { return XYZ; }
GGB { return GGB; }
HDH { return HDH; }
[0-9]+ { yylval.ival = atoi(yytext); return NUMBER; }
\n { return EOL; }
In my yacc file
start : commands
commands : command
 | command EOL commands
 command : xyz
 | ggb
 | hdh
 xyz : XYZ NUMBER NUMBER { /* Do something with the numbers */ }
 etc. etc. etc. etc.
My question is, how can I get the entire text
XYZ 3 5
GGB 8 9
HDH 8783 33
Into commands while still returning the NUMBERs?
Also when my Lex returns a STRING [0-9a-zA-Z]+, and I want to do verification on it's length, should I do it like
rule: STRING STRING { if (strlen($1) < 5 ) /* Do some shit else error */ }
or actually have a token in my Lex that returns different tokens depending on length?
share|improve this question
add comment
3 Answers
If I've understood your first question correctly, you can have semantic actions like
{ $$ = makeXYZ($2, $3); }
which will allow you to build the value of command as you want.
For your second question, the borders between lexical analysis and grammatical analysis and between grammatical analysis and semantic analysis aren't hard and well fixed. Moving them is a trade-off between factors like easiness of description, clarity of error messages and robustness in presence of errors. Considering the verification of string length, the likelihood of an error occurring is quite high and the error message if it is handled by returning different terminals for different length will probably be not clear. So if it is possible -- that depend on the grammar -- I'd handle it in the semantic analysis phase, where the message can easily be tailored.
share|improve this answer
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If you arrange for your lexical analyzer (yylex()) to store the whole string in some variable, then your code can access it. The communication with the parser proper will be through the normal mechanisms, but there's nothing that says you can't also have another variable lurking around (probably a file static variable - but beware multithreading) that stores the whole input line before it is dissected.
share|improve this answer
I guess maybe I wasn't that clear, but I have something like HEADER BLOCK1 STUFF BLOCK1END BLOCK2 STUFF BLOCK2END Where BLOCK1 and BLOCK2 match the same rule. What I need is the entire text of BLOCK1 at the time that I match BLOCK1. The simplest, but annoying way, is just to have all of the rules have a value of string, i.e. from my example %type xyz Then for every rule I would have to put xyz: XYZ NUMBER NUMBER { $$ = "XYZ" + $2 + $3; } Which overtime can get very annoying. – DevDevDev Aug 6 '09 at 17:37
add comment
As you use yylval.ival you already have union with ival field in your YACC source, like this:
%union {
 int ival;
Now you specify token type, like this:
%token NUMBER
So now you can access ival field simply for NUMBER token as $1 in your rules, like
xyz : XYZ NUMBER NUMBER { printf("XYZ %d %d", $2, $3); }
For your second question I'd define union like this:
%union {
 char* strval;
 int ival;
and in you LEX source specify token types
%token STRING;
%token NUMBER;
So now you can do things like
foo : STRING NUMBER { printf("%s (len %d) %d", $1, strlen($1), $2); }
share|improve this answer
This gives a segfault on matches to string. – schwiz Nov 14 '12 at 19:36
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Your Answer


text:
The ability to dispose of an acute intravenous potassium load was examined in glucocorticoid-replaced adrenalectomized rats and in rats made insulinopenic with somatostatin. Adrenalectomy resulted in a significantly greater rise in plasma potassium concentration compared with controls (1.46 ± 0.11 vs. 0.92 ± 0.05 mEq/l, P < 0.001) despite the excretion of an identical percentage (47%) of the administered potassium load in 2 hr. Somatostatin-induced insulinopenia (insulin levels decreased from 37 ± 5 to 20 ± 3 μU/ml) was also associated with a significantly greater increment in plasma potassium concentration (1.51 ± 0.20 mEq/l, P < 0.001) compared with controls, despite the excretion of a similar amount (39%) of the administered potassium load. In animals with combined adrenal and insulin deficiency, the rise in plasma potassium concentration occurred earlier and remained elevated for a more prolonged period of time compared with animals with either adrenalectomy or insulinopenia alone. Conclusion. During acute potassium loading in the rat, insulin and adrenal hormones play an important role in maintaining normal potassium homeostasis, primarily by enhancing potassium uptake by extrarenal tissues.
ASJC Scopus subject areas


Dyskeratosis Congenita in Children
What is dyskeratosis congenita in children?
Dyskeratosis congenita is a congenital disease. This means it is present at birth. It is a very rare condition. It affects the skin and nails. In its most severe form, it causes bone marrow failure. When bone marrow doesn't make enough blood cells, it can be life-threatening.
What causes dyskeratosis congenita in a child?
In most cases, dyskeratosis congenita is inherited from a parent who carries the gene defect. It is present at birth. But symptoms may not appear until later in life.
Some people carry the gene defect that causes dyskeratosis congenita but never get any symptoms or complications. They may still pass the defect to children or grandchildren, who may have symptoms.
Others get the gene defect without having a parent who has either symptoms or the gene defect.
What are the symptoms of dyskeratosis congenita in a child?
The first symptoms of dyskeratosis congenita most often appear in childhood. The disease can affect nearly any part of the body. It most often involves cells that reproduce quickly, such as the skin, nails, and mucous membranes.
Your child may have:
 - Nail problems. It often causes the fingernails and toenails to grow poorly and fall off. They may also have ridges or a thin spoon-like shape.
 - Skin changes. The condition causes unusual changes in skin color. It also causes a distinct lace-like pattern on the chest and neck.
 - Patches in the mouth. This is called oral leukoplakia. Thick, white patches often form inside the mouth.
 - Hair changes. The condition often causes premature graying and hair loss.
How is dyskeratosis congenita diagnosed in a child?
Your child's healthcare provider may suspect dyskeratosis congenita based on your child's symptoms. Your child may have blood tests including chromosome tests to look for abnormal DNA, and genetic tests to look for gene defects. The results may be normal in some people with dyskeratosis congenita.
How is dyskeratosis congenita treated in a child?
Your child's provider will refer you to a hematologist. This is a specialist in blood disorders.
There is no known cure for the condition. Watching your child for signs and symptoms of bone marrow failure is important. Your child's healthcare provider may be able to treat certain symptoms of the disease.
For those with bone marrow failure, an anabolic steroid may be prescribed. It is similar to the male hormone testosterone. The medicine helps the bone marrow make more cells. Stem cell transplants may cure bone marrow failure. But there is a high risk of death from stem cell transplants in people with dyskeratosis congenita.
What are possible complications of dyskeratosis congenita in a child?
There are many serious complications including:
 - Myelodysplastic syndrome, a condition where young blood cells show abnormal growth. This often leads to bone marrow failure.
 - Bone marrow failure (aplastic anemia)
 - Pulmonary fibrosis, or scarring or thickening of the lungs
 - Osteoporosis, or thinning of the bones
 - Urethral stenosis in men, a narrowing of the urethral channel that may cause trouble urinating
 - Disorders affecting the mouth and gums
 - Infertility
 - Learning disabilities or delays
 - Abnormalities of the eyes
 - Joint degeneration
When should I call my child's healthcare provider?
You know your child better than anyone else. If you are in doubt or if you have questions or concerns, it is best to contact your child's healthcare provider.
Also, work closely with your child's healthcare providers to know what to report. It depends on your child's age, treatment and other factors. For example, your child's provider will tell you what to watch for if your child has had a stem cell transplant. Or if your child is taking medicine, the provider will tell you what side effects may occur.
Key points about dyskeratosis congenita in children
 - Dyskeratosis congenita is a congenital disease. This means it is present at birth. It affects the skin and nails.
 - In its most severe form, it causes bone marrow failure.
 - Symptoms can include nail abnormalities, skin abnormalities, and white patches in the mouth.
 - The first symptoms most often appear in childhood.
 - Treatment for severe forms includes anabolic steroid medicine and stem cell transplantation.
Next steps
 - Before your visit, write down questions you want answered.
Online Medical Reviewer: Amy Finke RN BSNL Renee Watson MSN RNRichard LoCicero MD
Date Last Reviewed: 4/1/2019