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Navigation for a Blind Dog
by Ron Kurtus (19 July 2003)
A surprising number of dogs go blind, either from glaucoma or hereditary diseases. Pet owners must make accommodations to help their blind pet navigate throughout the house.
Similar to a blind person, a blind dog must use the senses of touch, hearing and smell to become orientated or determine where it is in a room and to navigate or find its way around.
The difference between blind humans and blind dogs is the degree to which these remaining senses are used.
Questions you may have include:
This lesson will answer those questions.
Using the sense of touch
A blind dog can find its way around a room by bumping into things, feeling the texture of the flooring and temperature changes from airflow.
When trying to move about a room, the blind dog may bump into the wall or furniture. This can be a shock, since the dog usually bumps into things with its sensitive nose. Once it gets an idea of where things are, the dog can usually get around a room fairly effectively, provided furniture isn't moved.
It certainly may take a while to establish a mental map of the whole house, though.
Dog owners may use a special hoop around a blind dog's head to facilitate touching and reduce bumping into things with the nose. (See Resources)
Feeling the flooring
If there are items such as throw rugs or runners on the floor, the blind dog can use them to help navigate a room. It is like following the sidewalk outside.
It is often suggested that owners of blind dogs place rugs or runners in strategic areas to help their pet know what part of the room it is in and to guide it through a doorway.
A cool breeze from an open window or door can give a cue as to where it is. Also, it there is a source of heat, such as an air vent, it can be use to help orientation and navigation.
In the summer, a fan can be located in one area to provide an orientation cue.
Using hearing
Dogs have a more sensitive sense of hearing than humans. Sounds and subtle echoes can help the dog become orientated and navigate itself within a room.
When hunting a small animal such as a mouse in tall grass, a dog can focus in on the faint sounds of the animal. But surprisingly, they don't seem to be able to determine the direction from which a sound comes as well as humans can.
Radio or TV
But still, a radio or TV that is in a set location in the house or a room will help a blind dog become orientated. It is also a good cue to guide navigation.
Speaking to your dog and giving commands will greatly help navigation. Giving commands like stop or stay, step up and step down will will help the dog avoid bumping into things and to navigate steps.
Noise makers
Some owners of blind dogs wear small bells when they walk their pet, so the dog will know where the master is. Tapping on a step or on a food bowl will also help the blind dog find it.
Subtle echoes off the walls and furniture can help navigation. The echoes can come from external sources, like the radio, or by making noises. Echoes from walking on a hard floor that makes noise can help to orientate the blind dog.
Using smell
Dogs have a very keen sense of smell. A dog in the house can smell the presence of another dog outside, if the wind is in the right direction.
Sniff odors on floor
Blinds dogs use their sense of smell to a great extent to get around the house and to know where they are. Dogs can smell faint odors in the rug and on furniture to help in navigation. Of course, a dog usually has its nose close to the ground.
Marking areas higher up, like on the wall or on doorjambs may not work as effectively as creating a path of smell along the floor. Some people use extracts, such as Vanilla, to mark areas.
Scented areas
A blind dog may be able to distinguish areas, especially if there are scented items in a room. Certainly the kitchen will have smells of food around the stove and table. But note that scents and odors spread quickly through the air and the location of the source may not be distinguishable.
The dog may be able to smell the presence of its food at a distance, but since the odor quickly spreads throughout the area, the dog may not be able to zero in on the food. You actually have to put the food a few inches from the dog's nose for it to tell where the food is.
Blind dogs must use their senses of touch, hearing and smell to orient themselves and navigate about a room. Touch includes bumping into things with its nose, feeling the texture of the floor and noting temperature changes from airflow. Rugs may be used to help in navigation.
Using sound to navigate includes hearing a fixed sound like from a radio, hearing commands from its master, sensing echoes. Dogs have a keen sense of smell, but they mainly use it to navigate by sniffing close to the ground or floor. Scents may be placed there to assist them.
Help others overcome their challenges
Resources and references
Ron Kurtus' Credentials
Web sites
Web sites
Navigating in a Room when Blind - Navigation for people and animals (in this site)
Owners of Blind Dogs - Excellent and comprehensive site concerning blind dog issues
About Blind Dogs - Articles and links from (many irritating pop-up ads
Senses Resources
Living With Blind Dogs by Caroline D. Levin, Lantern Publications (1998) $29.95 - Resource book and training guide for owners of blind and low vision dogs
Blind Dog Stories: Tales of Triumph, Humor and Heroism by Caroline Levin (1999) $12.95
Top-rated books on Blind Dogs
Questions and comments
Students and researchers
The Web address of this page is:
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Navigation for a Blind Dog
Senses topics
Basics of senses
Standard five senses
Added senses
6th Sense
Electrical fields
Magnetic fields
Gravity field
Other possible senses
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This Military Lending Act online training course was originally enacted in 2006 and is implemented by the Department of Defense. The Act protects active-duty members of the military, their spouses, and dependents from certain lending practices. These practices could pose a risk for servicemembers and their families, a threat to military readiness, and affect servicemember retention. This course provides details on the definitions, applicability, procedures, and laws regarding the Military Lending Act. This course is intended for all lending department personnel and compliance professionals.
Course Learning Objectives
By taking this online Military Lending Act course, the user will learn to:
- Know which loan applications apply to the MLA
- Determine if your applicant is a covered borrower in the appropriate manner and timing
- Understand and explain the protections the MLS provides to covered borrowers
- Ensure compliance with the laws
This online Military Lending Act course is made up of the following sections:
- Covered Loans
- Cover Borrowers
- Determining a Covered Borrower
- Disclosure Requirements
- Other Limitations
This Military Lending Act training course was designed for bank employees including lending department personnel and compliance professionals.
If you have any concerns as to whether this course is appropriate for you or your industry, please browse our full selection of online courses.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


10 Technical Specifications of CPU Air Coolers Explained – The Complete Guide
By | January 18, 2021
The CPU cooler is an essential and critical component of any PC build.
Its job is to keep the CPU cool.
If your CPU is reaching unfavorable temperatures or you plan on overclocking it, you need to get a good cooler.
Budget CPUs come with stock coolers provided by the manufacturer but often times the stock coolers do not cool sufficiently and cause over heating of the processor.
Another problem with the stock coolers is that they run the fans at much higher speed causing a lot of annoying noise.
The solution is to use after market high quality air coolers that are designed for better cooling, and low noise.
Air coolers also have certain advantages over liquid coolers, such as being cheaper, requiring no maintenance, and having no chance of liquid leaks that can damage your PC components.
However buying an air cooler can be very tricky because there are a large number of compatibility factors involved that need to be examined first. These include the size of the cooler, socket compatibility etc.
There are certain essentials you need to look out for while trying to find the right CPU cooler for your PC.
You need to be well-informed about the technical specifications of an air cooler and understand whether it is optimal for, or sometimes compatible with your PC.
In this article we shall take a look at the technical specifications of air coolers which include the following:
 1. CPU Socket (Compatibility)
 2. Dimensions
 3. Heat Sink Material
 4. Tower Quantity
 5. Cooling Capacity - TDP
 6. Fan Quantity
 7. Fan Size
 8. Fan Speed
 9. Air Flow
 10. Bearing System
 11. Noise Level
 12. RGB Support
1. CPU Socket (Compatibility)
The CPU socket of an air cooler refers to the CPU socket types the mentioned air cooler is compatible with.
To check if it is compatible with your CPU, you have to learn your motherboard model and check which socket your CPU uses on it. After that, check whether that socket is supported by the air cooler.
Most of the current CPU air coolers use mounting hardware, which lets them support a wide range of CPU sockets, even ones that are as old as LGA 1366 and AMD AM1.
For example, both Noctua NH-D9L and ID-COOLING SE-234-ARGB support the most recent AM4 and LGA1200 sockets, on top of their predecessors. Because of this, they can be mounted on a wide range of processors.
Nevertheless, it is always vital to check a cooler's compatibility before making a purchase.
2. Dimensions - Clearances
One of the most important specifications you need to look out for while looking for an air cooler is its dimensions.
The heat sink of air coolers are much larger than those of stock coolers or liquid coolers, so they have clearance issues like bumping up against the RAM or case window.
Sometimes, they can be simply too big for your case.
To give an example, be quiet!'s popular cooler Dark Rock Pro TR4 has two fans, which makes it bigger than its single fan counterparts. Likewise, ABKONCORE's CT404B may need some extra space for its 128x 107x 157mm dimensions.
To avoid issues, measure the clear space around your CPU socket and check whether the length, width and height of the air cooler can easily fit in. If not, look for a smaller CPU air cooler.
If a dual tower air cooler does not fit will or hits the RAM sticks, then go for a single tower air coolers which will occupy less space. Also note that some coolers will cover the ram area and then if you need to remove the ram sticks, you would first have to remove the cooler.
3. Heat Sink Material
The heat sink of a CPU air cooler transfers the heat generated by your CPU and dissipates it using the fans. It has 2 main parts: heat pipes and fins. The material of these parts matter, because they need to have high thermal conductivity to effectively dissipate the heat.
The two most common materials used for heat sinks are aluminum and copper. Copper has almost twice the thermal conductivity of aluminum, but aluminum is noticeably cheaper.
Copper heat pipes are almost always recommended, but copper fins aren't a necessity, though they are still the best.
Cooler Master MasterAir G100M is a great example of what is achievable with aluminum fins and copper pipes. It has one of the best price-performance ratios in the market and features aluminum fins and a copper base with a large surface area.
If your processor has lower tdp ratings that does not heat much, you might be able to get sufficient cooling with a cheaper air cooler. However for high end processors with high TDP values, a good quality copper made cooler is a must.
4. Tower Quantity
While most CPU air coolers have a single heat sink tower, certain models feature two separate heat sink towers for more efficient heat dissipation. They are larger than their single-tower counterparts, but if you have space to spare, they can cool even the hottest CPUs.
Cooler Master MasterAir MA620M and Noctua NH-D15S, for example, feature two heat sink towers on both sides of a single fan.
This dramatically increases the surface area of the heat sink and improves cooling efficiency.
Dual Tower Heat Sink
Dual Tower Heat Sink
However, bear in mind that dual towers require more volume space over the motherboard and can hit other components like the ram sticks or even enclosures over the IO port backpanel. Sometimes dual tower coolers will simply not fit such motherboards, so you have to be very careful.
Besides the size, dual tower coolers are also heavier and are likely to put load on the motherboard. In most cases its not a major issue.
5. Cooling Capacity - TDP Rating
The cooling capacity of an air cooler refers to the maximum amount of heat it can effectively dissipate in theory, measured in watts. For example, if your CPU has a rated TDP of 100W, you need a CPU air cooler that has at least 100W or more of rated TDP cooling capacity.
This specification is stated under TDP (Thermal Design Power) and measured in watts.
It should be noted that the coolers do not consume that many watts of power, its just a measure of its cooling capacity.
Air coolers generally consume only a few watts of power to run the fan.
Most consumer-level CPUs from Intel and AMD are rated around 60-130W TDP.
For example, the latest i9-10900K uses 125W and the Ryzen 9 3900X uses 105W power, so 150W coolers like Thermaltake Contac Silent 12 and be quiet! Pure Rock 2 would suffice for most CPUs as long as they are compatible.
High end cpus like 12-16 core processors from AMD and Intel have much higher tdp ratings over 180W. For those processors you would need an equally powerful air cooler like the NH-D15 rated at 220W TDP.
6. Fan Quantity
This is simply the number of fans the air cooler has. Most CPU air coolers have only one fan, but some of them can have more. Coolers with more fans provide better cooling, but they also make more noise, cover more space, and are heavier.
Corsair A500 and Noctua NH-D14 are two excellent dual-fan CPU coolers. NH-D14 features two heat sink towers with two fans while A500 supports one larger heat sink with dual fans.
Corsair A500 Dual Fans
Corsair A500 Dual Fans
If you need smaller CPU coolers, you can check Cooler Master Hyper 212 Evo and Noctua NH-L9i. Both feature single fans but can still dissipate heat effectively for their sizes.
Single Fan - Push or Pull Only
Single fans can either be installed in a push air position or a pull air position. They will either push air into the heatsink, or pull air away from the heatsink. Push configuration is more popular though.
Dual Fan - Both Push-Pull
With dual fans, you can have both push and pull configurations together. One fan will push air into the heatsink, another will pull away from it. This way the air circulation is much improved.
However, it is important to note that dual fans do not make a huge impact on the cooling performance. The differences are often low to moderate. On the other side having double fans may increase the noise level sometimes.
7. Fan Size
The fan size of a CPU cooler states the diameter of the fan in millimeters. There are many fan size categories here, from 92mm up to 140 mm. Certain low-profile coolers can have fans as small as 65mm.
Similar to fan speed and quantity, fan size is just another factor that contributes to better cooling performance, so a bigger size doesn't always mean better cooling.
For example, Noctua's NH-L9x65 and NH-U14S are two different CPU coolers with different fan sizes. The first one has a small 65mm fan and the second has a 140mm fan, yet both still provide excellent cooling performance relative to their sizes.
Larger fans have the advantage of pushing more air per rotation, so that can spin at lower speeds, producing lesser noise. This makes them very suitable for silent builds.
8. Fan Speed
The fan speed of an air cooler refers to the number of turns it makes per minute, measured by RPM (revolutions per


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Ergogenics Nutrition Organic Whole Greens Capsules
It's freeze-dried raw to prevent nutrient loss, resulting in a broad spectrum of nutritionnal benefit. Free of pesticides, fertilizers, GMO's, and the use of solvent. Organic Whole Greens has the highest concentrationn of Easily digestible nutrients, fat burning compounds, vitamins and minerals to protect and heal the body. It contains a wide array of beneficial substances including proteins and protective phytochemicals which improves the immune System and detoxificatio. It also aids the digestive System and more effectively protects you against disease and illnes.Whole Greens include familyies of algae, green vegetables, and cereal grasse. Each serving is equal to 4 - 5 servings of common vegetables per day.


+(y_{gray}-y_{red})^2
Thus after rearrangement in terms of \(t\), \(eq.\ 5\) should be as follow.
(p^2+r^2)*t^2+2(pq+rs)*t+(q^2+s^2-(rad_{gray}+rad_{red})^2) = 0
Step 14: The Result
So from the previous step, through rigourous algebra we arrived at the following formula:
Now this is one huge quadratic formula. We'll try to group the coefficients into that accepted by EqQuadratic. Compare the two forms:
ax^2+bx+c = 0\\
a = p^2+r^2)\\
b = 2(pq+rs)\\
Step 15: Sample Implementation
So here's a Flash presentation to demonstrate the idea. You will see two particles on the stage, one gray and the other red. Both are connected to an arrow, indicating the magnitude and direction of velocity.
 - Click the "Next" button to progress one frame in time.
 - Click the "Back" button to revert one frame in time.
To alter the velocity of the particles, press:
 - "Up" and "down" to increase and decrease the velocity's magnitude, respectively.
 - "Left" and "right" to rotate the velocity.
 - "N" to switch which circle you control.
Finally, to toggle visibility of the arrows, press "V"
Step 16: A Note on the Quadratic Roots
There are two roots to the quadratic equation. In this context, we are interested in the real roots. However if the two particles are not set on collision path (both paths are parallel to each other), then imaginary roots will be produced instead of real roots. In this case, both real roots will remain NaN.
If both particles are set on a collision path, we will get two real roots. But what do these two roots represent?
Recall in Step 12 that we made used of Pythagoras's Theorem to tie \((x'_{gray},\ y'_{gray})\) and \((x'_{red},\ y'_{red})\) together into an equation. Well, there are two situations where the distance between two circles' centers are exactly the sum of both radii: one before collision and one after collision. Take a look at this image:
Reasoning two roots.
So which one do we choose? Obviously the first because we're not interested in the instance after collision. So we should always choose the lesser value of both roots and evaluate it. If the value is positive and less than 1, a collision will happen during the next frame. If the value is negative, the collision happened in the past.
Step 17: The ActionScript Explained
Let's look at the Actionscript implemented for this example. First, the variables.
Then the calculation of roots. You may want to cross check the following ActionScript with the variables above.
Here's how you should interpret the roots:
So now we've studied quadratic and cubic roots in ActionScript, as well as taking a close look at two examples of how we can use the quadratic roots.
Thanks for taking the time to read this tutorial. Do leave a comment if you see other applications of quadratic roots (or any errors!)
Looking for something to help kick start your next project?


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AS ISO ASTM 52921:2020 Standard terminology for additive manufacturing一Coordinate systems and test methodologies.
initial build orientation, u—of a part, is the orientation of the part as first placed in the build volume and becomes the reference for any further part reorienlation (see A 1.6).
DIscuss)N—Thc initial build orientation is most easily communicated via 31) computer models (which can he interrogated for part position and orientation relative to the build volume origin). Where practical, the initial build orientation may he designated as the part orietuauon in the 3D computer model. Without electronic transIr of computer mxlels, it should be documented with image(s) of the part(s) within the build volume and their orientation relative to the build volume origin (see Al.6 and A 1.7).
bounding box is aligned parallel to the X, Y, and Z axes of the build volume origin (as shown in A 1.5(c)). its orientation may be described by listing which axis is parallel to the longest overall dimension of the hounding box first, followed by the axis which is parallel to the second longest overall dimension of the hounding box second, followed by the axis which is parallel to the third longest overall dimension of the hounding box.
IJIscussIoN— For example, a specimen which is placed so that its longest dimension is parallel to the Z axis, the second longest dimension is parallel to the X ax is, and its shortest overall dimension is parallel to the Y axis shall he deli iied as having a ZXY orientation (see A I.8 and A I. 10 for examples).
D1s'tIssIoN—Where symmetry allows unambiguous designation of orientation by listing fewer than three axes (in descending order of length). orthogonal orientation notation can he further abbreviated (see AL.9 and Al.l0).
DiscussioN—Some combinations of part symmetry in an orthogonal initial build orientation fully define only one possible orientation and therefore no image is required to communicate the initial build orientation. This is the case for parts like the dog bone specimen (D638 or Iso 527) in Al.10, which are bilaterally symmetrical (see Al.9) through its geometric center in the XY, Xl YZ planes and have no rotational symmetry. AS ISO ASTM 52921 pdf download.


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PTSD can be inherited by offspring. It found physicians from the school of medicine Ikana hospital, mount Sinai hospital, studied the level of DNA methylation in people who survived the Holocaust. The results of the research of scientists published in the journal Biological Psychiatry.
Genetics analyzed the blood samples of 32 former prisoners of concentration camps and their adult children (22 people). As a control, the experiment involved the Jews and their parents who have escaped prosecution. Scholars interested in the level of methylation of FKBP5 associated with the susceptibility to stress, or rather its site-specific, called introna 7.
Methylation is one type of modification of genes without changing their primary structure — the sequence of nucleotides that comprise DNA. In other words, we are not talking about mutations, and the accession to the gene of a particular molecule, in this case the methyl group. This usually leads to suppression of gene activity. Methylation is essential for normal development of cells and plays a role in the emergence of cancer.
Established that the level of methylation from a Holocaust survivor ten percent higher than people who are not faced with genocide. On the contrary, the descendants of the first he fell to 7.7 percent lower than children whose parents did not suffer from PTSD. These results, according to scientists, suggests that the effects of stress can not only be transmitted to future generations, but also contribute to their vulnerability to psychological distress.
Post-traumatic stress syndrome (also known as the Vietnam syndrome) is a serious condition that can occur in a person who survived one or more traumatic events, the psyche. It is characterized by acute feelings, high level of anxiety and other symptoms.


The atg.repository.QueryBuilder interface defines the available query operations that repositories should support. The QueryBuilder interface enables you to build Query objects that can be passed to the repository. A Query is constructed from QueryExpressions. Each Query relates one or more QueryExpressions and a query operation. There are standard logical query operations, such as AND, OR, NOT, EQUALS, GREATER THAN, LESS THAN OR EQUALS, plus more complicated query operations like collection inclusion, pattern matching, and others. The implementation of QueryBuilder does not have to support all query operations — it depends on what query features the data store supports. For unsupported query operations, the method should throw a RepositoryException. You can use the atg.repository.QueryOptions class to limit the size of a query's result set or otherwise modify the query.
Query Creation Example
The following example creates a query that returns all repository items whose gender property is female:
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for better mental health
Arts and creative therapies
Explains what arts and creative therapies are, the different types that exist and how to access them.
We know lots of people find being creative really helps their mental health. In these pages, we've used 'arts and creative therapies' to describe specific treatments provided by trained professionals who have met relevant professional standards.
What are arts and creative therapies?
Arts and creative therapies are treatments which involve using arts-based activities in a therapeutic environment, with the support of a trained professional. You don't need to have done these activities before, or have any particular skills or knowledge.
Different people will have different experiences of arts and creative therapies, but they all aim to:
 - give you a safe time and place with someone who won't judge you
 - help you make sense of things and understand yourself better
 - help you communicate and express yourself, which might include feelings or experiences you find hard to put into words.
Therapy sessions can take place in a one-to-one setting or a group, and are offered in a range of settings including charities such as local Minds, day centres, hospitals and therapy centres.
For more information, see our page on accessing arts and creative therapies.
"It helps quiet my mind. Concentrating on the colours, lines and shapes takes me away from the noise in my head."
How I deal with panic attacks with doodling
Mind ambassador Stuart Semple talks about how doodling, drawing and colouring in help him during his panic attacks, and how being creative helps him with his mental health generally.
How are they regulated?
It's good practice for any therapist to be a member of a relevant professional body, as this means they have signed up to meet certain professional standards. For some types of therapists this is required.
Art, drama and music therapists
Anyone who refers to themselves an art therapist, dramatherapist or music therapist must be registered with the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC). You can check if a therapist is registered using the HCPC's Check the Register service.
They must also belong to the relevant professional body:
Dance movement therapists
Dance movement therapists aren't regulated by HCPC, so aren't on their register. But it's good practice for them to belong to a relevant professional body such as the Association for Dance Movement Psychotherapy UK.
Can they treat mental health problems?
Research suggests that arts and creative therapies may help with mental health problems, but it's difficult to be sure because many studies have included fairly small numbers of people.
More research is needed to establish which problems or conditions arts and creative therapies can treat, or if particular aspects of each type of therapy are especially important in helping with mental health problems.
Some people say they find these sorts of therapies helpful because they provide ways of addressing painful feelings and difficult experiences without talking about them – which can sometimes include experiences of trauma.
Guidelines from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommend that arts therapies are considered for everyone who has psychosis or schizophrenia, which includes related conditions such as schizoaffective disorder.
You can read the full guidelines for schizophrenia and psychosis on the NICE website.
"The therapists were able to tell a lot from what you had created... and it helped open up topics for conversation or get a whirlwind of thoughts and emotions out of your head."
What if they don't work for me?
As with all treatments, different things work for different people at different times and it's not easy to predict which type of therapy you might find useful or effective.
Although some people find arts and creative therapies helpful, not everyone does. If you've tried something and it hasn't helped, try not to blame yourself. There are other options you can try.
See our pages on seeking help for a mental health problem for other options you could explore.
"It helps me when I struggle to find the words, when I'm too angry, despairing or confused to know what I think. It gives me a voice."
This information was published in November 2018. We will revise it in 2021.
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text:
Open IP strategies for enabling sustainability transitions
Jan Sternkopf, Keil University
Frank Tietze, University of Cambridge
Elisabeth Eppinger, Freie Universität Berlin
Pratheeba Vimalnath, Indian Institute of Science
As global societies are evolving to knowledge economies, intellectual property (IP) is becoming increasingly important. Contemporaneously, firms are opening up their innovation processes in contrast to the internally focused closed innovation paradigm, making IP of substantial relevance for firms as well as for societies. However, in spite of this relevance, existing literature about Open IP approaches is scarce, and most existing investigations are focusing on the software industry. This paper links Open IP to social and environmental issues, and particularly discusses IP strategies against the backdrop of sustainability transitions. The challenges for innovative, small companies to compete with incumbents and their role to contribute to sustainability transitions are demonstrated and suggestions for promising future research are presented.
Keywords: Open intellectual property, sustainability transitions, technology diffusion, Tesla


Global Economics
How So Much Plastic Got Into the Frozen Arctic Sea
How So Much Plastic Got Into the Frozen Arctic Sea
Photograph by Peter Broecke/Getty Images
The Arctic Ocean is considered one of the world's "last pristine ecosystems." That's why Rachel Obbard, a Dartmouth University professor who studies polar ice and materials science, was shocked to find that Arctic sea ice contains large quantities of plastic and synthetic particles. "I used to think of Arctic sea ice as unaffected by man-made pollutants," she says. "It's not the case."
In a study published in the open-access journal Earth's Future, Obbard and her colleagues write that more than a trillion bits of plastic may be released into the ocean over the next 10 years as global warming speeds the melting of Arctic ice. Obbard stumbled upon the microplastics while examining four enormous samples of so-called "sea ice," which generally forms during the winter and largely melts away during the summer. Most sea ice has been frozen from two to five years and measures roughly one to five meters from surface to sea level. The samples, each about 1 meter thick (3.2 feet), had been collected from locations roughly 1,000 kilometers apart during Arctic expeditions in 2005 and 2010.
"I melted [the ice] through a very fine filter," Obbard explains. "There was some sediment, like sand, and some microorganisms … and then these little brightly colored pieces of plastic." Most of the particles were roughly the size of a pin head and made from commonly-used synthetic materials such as polyester, nylon, and polyethylene. The researchers found anywhere from 38 particles to 234 particles per cubic meter of ice.
Obbard and her colleagues believe that micro-plastics typically land in the ocean in one of three ways: "One way is through laundry," she says: "The lint particles that come off in your washing machine and then get washed out with the water." A second type of particles results from fragmentation in the ocean of larger plastic waste such as water bottles and fishing nets. The last major source is probably waste from companies that use small plastic particles to manufacture larger items.
It's unclear whether the majority of the plastic flows into the Arctic from the Pacific Ocean or the Atlantic Ocean, says Obbard. The particles are found in higher concentration in ice than in water because they're light and tend to float at the surface of the ocean, where they get trapped in ice as the water freezes.
The potential ecological hazards of the synthetic fragments to Arctic marine life are unknown, but Obbard's discovery may help solve a longstanding mystery: Humans produce huge amounts of plastic but cannot account for where much of it ends up. "Polar sea ice represents a major historic global sink of man-made particulates," the study suggests.
To make matters worse, plastic lasts forever. Even most biodegradable plastics don't degrade in seawater because they require the relative warmth of soil or a compost heap. "We have managed to pollute the entire earth," says Obbard. "There's no place that's exempt."
Winter is a reporter for Bloomberg Businessweek in New York.
The Good Business Issue
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text:
Well Construction and Pump Installation Standards
Improperly and inadequately constructed wells can cause pollution, or increase the chances of salt-water intrusion to ground water sources to the point of requiring cessation of use or expensive treatment before use. The Hawaii State Water Code and the Administrative Rules of the Department of Land and Natural Resources require the Commission on Water Resource Management to develop minimum standards for the construction, modification, repair/maintenance, and sealing/abandonment of wells in order to protect the quality and quantity of Hawaii's ground-water resources.
The Hawaii Well Construction and Pump Installation Standards were amended to the Hawaii Administrative Rules in January 1997, and have subsequently been revised in February 2004. In accordance with the State Water Code, and as stated in §13-168-14, HAR, the goal of the standards is to "ensure the safe and sanitary maintenance and operation of wells, the prevention of waste, and the prevention of contamination of ground water aquifers."
The Private Well Class is a free, step-by-step education program to help well owners understand groundwater basics, well care best practices, and how to find assistance. It will also teach well owners how to sample their well, how to interpret sample results, and what they can do to protect their well and source water from contamination. The program combines a 10-part online class with live, interactive webinar events in which the material will be reinforced and questions answered. Steve Wilson, a groundwater hydrologist with the Illinois State Water Survey with over 20 years of experience working with private well owners, will serve as the primary instructor for The Private Well Class. To register, please visit: _URL_

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Major Section: BREAK-REWRITE
Example: (brr@ :target) ; the term being rewritten (brr@ :unify-subst) ; the unifying substitutionwhere
General Form: (brr@ :symbol)
:symbolis one of the following keywords. Those marked with
*probably require an implementor's knowledge of the system to use effectively. They are supported but not well documented. More is said on this topic following the table.
:symbol (brr@ :symbol) ------- ---------------------In general
:target the term to be rewritten. This term is an instantiation of the left-hand side of the conclusion of the rewrite-rule being broken. This term is in translated form! Thus, if you are expecting (equal x nil) -- and your expectation is almost right -- you will see (equal x 'nil); similarly, instead of (cadr a) you will see (car (cdr a)). In translated forms, all constants are quoted (even nil, t, strings and numbers) and all macros are expanded.
:unify-subst the substitution that, when applied to :target, produces the left-hand side of the rule being broken. This substitution is an alist pairing variable symbols to translated (!) terms.
:wonp t or nil indicating whether the rune was successfully applied. (brr@ :wonp) returns nil if evaluated before :EVALing the rule.
:rewritten-rhs the result of successfully applying the rule or else nil if (brr@ :wonp) is nil. The result of successfully applying the rule is always a translated (!) term and is never nil.
:failure-reason some non-nil lisp object indicating why the rule was not applied or else nil. Before the rule is :EVALed, (brr@ :failure-reason) is nil. After :EVALing the rule, (brr@ :failure-reason) is nil if (brr@ :wonp) is t. Rather than document the various non-nil objects returned as the failure reason, we encourage you simply to evaluate (brr@ :failure-reason) in the contexts of interest. Alternatively, study the ACL2 function tilde-@- failure-reason-phrase.
:lemma * the rewrite rule being broken. For example, (access rewrite-rule (brr@ :lemma) :lhs) will return the left-hand side of the conclusion of the rule.
:type-alist * a display of the type-alist governing :target. Elements on the displayed list are of the form (term type), where term is a term and type describes information about term assumed to hold in the current context. The type-alist may be used to determine the current assumptions, e.g., whether A is a CONSP.
:ancestors * a stack of frames indicating the backchain history of the current context. The theorem prover is in the process of trying to establish each hypothesis in this stack. Thus, the negation of each hypothesis can be assumed false. Each frame also records the rules on behalf of which this backchaining is being done and the weight (function symbol count) of the hypothesis. All three items are involved in the heuristic for preventing infinite backchaining. Exception: Some frames are ''binding hypotheses'' (equal var term) or (equiv var (double-rewrite term)) that bind variable var to the result of rewriting term.
:gstack * the current goal stack. The gstack is maintained by rewrite and is the data structure printed as the current ''path.'' Thus, any information derivable from the :path brr command is derivable from gstack. For example, from gstack one might determine that the current term is the second hypothesis of a certain rewrite rule.
brr@-expressionsare used in break conditions, the expressions that determine whether interactive breaks occur when monitored runes are applied. See monitor. For example, you might want to break only those attempts in which one particular term is being rewritten or only those attempts in which the binding for the variable
ais known to be a
consp. Such conditions can be expressed using ACL2 system functions and the information provided by
brr@. Unfortunately, digging some of this information out of the internal data structures may be awkward or may, at least, require intimate knowledge of the system functions. But since conditional expressions may employ arbitrary functions and macros, we anticipate that a set of convenient primitives will gradually evolve within the ACL2 community. It is to encourage this evolution that
brr@provides access to the


Questions about WikiAnswers and
School Subjects
US Census
Why are all the questions listed in a boring text form?
Top Answer
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Wiki User
2009-07-16 12:44:51
2009-07-16 12:44:51
What other options would you suggest? E-mail It would be great if you included URLs of Web sites with formats that you like.
What you consider to be a boring text form may be a convenient form for others. Though suggestions for improvement of the site are most welcome, it wont be fair to refer to the present form as "boring".
Related Questions
Reading may be boring because whatever you are reading does not intrigue or interest you. Reading itself isn't boring - it's the content of the text.
If no year is listed, use n.d. which stands for no date.
either doodle, text, or sleep. :)
They are questions to answer over a text you are reading. The 1st level of questioning is recalling from the text. The 2nd level of questioning is analysis and inference of the text. The 3rd level of questioning is the synthesis from the text.
Basically it is a response to a paragraph (or more) of text. The response may come in the form of an essay or simply just questions.
Is a text bos a generic form
narrative text is text that is written in the form of a narrator
Reading and asking questions
Enter text hereThe code listed above will Bold the text within the tags.
When the date is unknown, APA recommends using the abbreviation "n.d." (for "no date").
When writing in apa format, What is used for the author's name in the in-text citation if the article's author is not listed as "anonymous" or at all?
ILY= I Love You.. That's the text form
a comprehension question is when you have to read a piece of text to get the answer
A book for kids that doesn't have that much text in it
the song in text format
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Please ask logical questions oh yeah, i just got a text from one right now!!
You get an understanding of the meaning of the text. And it gives you information that you need to answer questions.


Please ensure Javascript is enabled for purposes of website accessibility Legend Brands Cleaning | Resist temptation: concentrate on the correct concentrations
Tech Tips and News
Resist temptation: concentrate on the correct concentrations
Most detergent products are designed to work at a specific concentration. The formulation, concentration and pH are a good measure of the strength of the solution. The temptation is to use more chemical in order to achieve better cleaning or faster results.
When cleaning carpet, resist this temptation! First, excess detergent will likely leave excess residue on the carpet, which can attract soils. Plus, using extra product will start to cost you serious money. Just calculate the cost of repeatedly using even one extra ounce per gallon of concentrate over a period of days or weeks!
Most importantly, many detergent systems need a specific amount of water to function properly. Making and using stronger-than-recommended concentrations may not actually clean as well.
Adapted from Restoration Science Academy's The Complete Guide to Restorative Drying


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Here is Today's (11th May 2022) Quordle Answer, Check the most awaited Quordle 107 solution with all the Possible hints and clues. Here we will firstly tell you the hints so that you can guess the answer for yourself. In case you are not able to guess the answer then can keep reading until you find a spoiler section where you find exactly four words of 5 letters. We used to update this page daily and come up with a new word with the right clues and answers. So firstly I want to say that if you come here after trying every word that you can recall then do not worry keep trying the following hints you might come up with the correct Quordle solutions if not then at the end of the article we have provided you the correct 5 letters today solution with meaning.
Quordle Wordle Today Hints, Clues Details
Quordle Wordle 11/May/2022 Answer: Like Yesterday the 5-letter word was "Urine, Hedge, North, lasso". See how easy word was that so just keep doing brain practice by guessing 5 letter words. 80 percent of the time Quordle word of the day is easy but we are unable to guess the word. this is what we have to do practice by playing everyday Quordle game. It is the world's most popular trending puzzle game ever. From teenage to adults age, every age group use to play this game. Before revealing the right answer I suggest you give it a try by looking at the following hints for today's (05/11/2022). You can also sharp your brain by trying more Wordle challenges.
|First Quordle word Hint||Second Quordle word Hint||Third Quordle word Hint||Fourth Quordle word Hint|
Moreover, you can also check out more Similar Words gameAdvertisment
- NYTimes Wordle Answer Today (May 11, 2022): Check #326 Solution and Hints
- Poeltl Player Wordle Answer Today (May 11, 2022): Check #76 Solution and Hints
- Weddle Player Wordle Answer Today (May 11 2022): Check Solution and Hints
- Nerdle Maths Wordle Answer Today (May 11, 2022): Check #112 Solution and Hints
In case you find the correct letter but in the incorrect position then the portal will reflect your yellow color. This means you need to try another word to get a green signal from the Quordle.com gaming website.
Quordle Answer for 05/11/2022: #107 Spoiler
Now take your time to solve today's Quordle Game and then read the rest of the article because even without trying there is no sense to play this game. Even though you are unable to predict the right answer still you are doing brain exercises daily. Day by day you will find that playing daily Quordle game not only makes your vocabulary rich but also make your brain think more efficiently. before moving toward the spoiler I want to inform you, that at the end of the article we have mentioned some useful tips that you can follow before giving your first attempt.
Spoiler Alert!!!.. Now we are revealing the final answer to this Quordle game. So today's Quordle word is given Below.
- First Tile answer: Glint
- Second Tile Answer: Opium
- Third Tile Answer: Worse
- Fourth Tile Answer: Droit
Congratulations if you have guessed right and do not worry if you failed to guess the correct answer, there is always the next day, try again, and don't watch the direct answer try to find out the answer using hints. You can search the hints/Answer by typing the guessed letter on google followed by "WordTrace" keyword i.e For example: "5 letter word containing U in the middle Wordtrace". We used to update this page mid-night every day.
Quordle Tips and Tricks to crack the Today word
Now let's Talk about the useful tips that you should follow before doing your first attempt.
- The first tip I would like to suggest try common 5 letter words with a lot of Vowels.
- In case you make it green then try to find different words containing the same twice the time. because it is a high possibility that character might occur twice in the "Today Quordle Game".
- 80 percent you will get one or two-letter in the right position. Now try to think or you can also take the help of hints that we are providing daily on this page.
- After following the above step it is a high probability you will find the right word. If not you can check the answer which is also provided on the same page.
- In case you are failing every day then I highly suggest you read the daily newspaper.


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Billion Dollar University Endowments
In the United States, and many other parts of the world, the university endowment is considered the integral piece to the financial health of academic institutions. These institutions use these endowments in order to finance the operating expenses and capital requirements needed to run their facilities and provide services to students. This infographic illustrates some very interesting facts about the nation's largest endowments.
Who Earns More: Public vs Private School Graduates
Since private schools are usually more expensive, the following infographic will shed some insight into the return on investment (ROI) of attending a private versus a public 4-year institution and how that impacts your earnings over a 30-year career.
How Universities Are Spending Your Money
College has gotten increasingly expensive for students leaving many parents and students to wonder where their tuition dollars are going. Academic Earth took a look at a recent report that breaks down how your tuition dollars are spent across public, private, research, and community colleges. What was found is that much of the increase in cost has been to offset declining tax revenues and the underperforming endowment portfolio. In the end, it is important for universities to maintain transparency as to how tuition dollars are spent to keep the public (and students) informed on how resources are being allocated.


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Elizabeth Lake Nature Preserve
Location and Access:
From Richmond at jct. Hwys. 12 & 173, take Hwy. 12 north 1 mi. to an access lane to the east. The nature preserve is 0.8 mi. to the east.
Special Note: Access to this preserve is only through special McHenry County Conservation District sponsored tours.
Elizabeth Lake is a large, diverse wetland in northeastern McHenry County. The natural communities at Elizabeth Lake represent the Morainal Section of the Northeastern Morainal Natural Division. They include graminoid bog, calcareous floating mat, graminoid fen, marsh, pond, lake, low gradient creek, sedge meadow and dry-mesic savanna. One of the more unusual and extremely rare communities at Elizabeth Lake is the graminoid bog. It is always floating, is close to open water and is considered the first stage of bog succession. The bog is dominated by sphagnum moss, sedges and marsh shield fern. The calcareous floating mat has a floating layer of calcareous sedge peat dominated by sedges and blue joint-grass. The graminoid fen is on peat with calcareous seepage and is dominated by big bluestem and sedge. The other communities are typical examples of their types and support common wetland plant species as well as several rare, threatened and endangered species. This diverse wetland provides habitat for a wide variety of animals and many can be seen during any season of the year. The aquatic community present at this preserve is of excellent quality.
Ownership: McHenry County Conservation District
Dedicated: April 1985
Size: 212.477 acres with buffer
Topo Map: Richmond 7.5
For Further Information Contact: McHenry County Conservation District, 6512 Harts Road, Ringwood, IL 60072 (815/_PHONE_)
03/10 R. Heidorn


Quick Answer: How Do I Pin A Tab At The Top?
How do you pause tabs?
Step 1: Click on the TooManyTabs icon to the right of the address bar.
Step 2: The page that appears will show a list of all the tabs you have open.
Click on the small arrow next to a tab to suspend it from operation..
How do I permanently pin a tab in Chrome?
Pinned tabs can become permanent if you tell Chrome to remember your last browsing session.Click the Chrome menu button, followed by "Settings," and then locate the "On Startup" heading.Click on the "Continue Where I Left Off" radio button.More items…
How do I pin a tab without a mouse?
Alt+P is the default key combination. Now, you can press the chosen modifier key and letter you chose to pin the current tab.
What does it mean to pin a tab in Chrome?
Pinning browser tabs is a feature built in to the Google Chrome browser that makes it easier to manage having multiple pages open within the browser simultaneously. The feature narrows the tab and moves it to the left of the screen.
How do you pin all tabs at once?
That's the "Pin Tab" feature. To start using this to organize your tabs, all you have to do is to right-click on a tab in Google Chrome and select the "Pin Tab" option. You can do this for all of your web apps that you keep open all day.
How do I lock a tab in Windows?
Users can lock tabs by clicking the button in the address bar, or by using the Ctrl+Alt+L shortcut. Once you've locked a page, the tab title changes and a Locked keyword is added to the tab. Moreover, when a tab is locked, any new pages that are browsed in the same tab are also auto-locked.
What does it mean to pin a tab?
Pinned Tabs allow you to always keep your favorite web apps like Facebook, Gmail and Twitter open and just a click away. Pinned Tabs are small, can't be closed accidentally and open automatically when you start Firefox.
What is Google PIN code?
Your PIN is a 4- or 5-digit number that identifies you as an authorized Google Fiber customer. … You can create or change your Google Account PIN within your account to take certain actions, like set up a device or make a purchase.
How do I pin a page?
Pinning a Web Page without the Pinterest Pin It ButtonCopy the URL of the page where the image appears. … Click the Add+ button at the top-right corner of the screen. … Click the Add a Pin button. … Paste the URL you copied in Step 1 into the URL field.Click the Find Images button.More items…
Where did my pin tabs go?
Create a new folder in Bookmarks Bar and name it "Pinned". … When I lose everything, including pinned tabs, right click on the "Pinned" folder in Bookmarks bar and select the "Open all bookmarks in new window" option. This will open all the pinned tabs you previously bookmarked, in the same order as before.
Can you lock a tab in Chrome?
Install Lock Tab from Chrome Web Store. … Then click on the blue Lock Tab icon appearing at the end of address bar. Instantly the tab will be locked with a change in the locker icon. A keyword "Locked" will also be added to the page title of the tab.
How do I get my pinned tabs back?
If you closed a pinned tab you can get it back pressing Ctrl + Shift + T altogether inmediatly after it was closed. Alternatively you can also right click a tab and select open previously closed tab.
Why did my Chrome tabs disappear?
It looks as if it doesn't have any tab. It does have a tab though if you drag at the rightmost edge of the browserwindows. … If you then drag again at the rightmost edge of the browser-window, ALL TABS DISAPPEAR. The same thing happen if you restart Google Chrome with a browser-window that is wider than your screen.
How do Tab washers work?


For eye care professionals
Measure the Difference with Visioffice X
08 April 2020
Measuring your patients' vision is the very core of your optical practice, so it's important that it is done to a high standard.
Measuring your patients' vision is the very core of your optical practice, so it's important that it is done to a high standard. Visioffice X is a measuring system that can do so much more for your practice, offering a chance to reinvent the patient experience. Creating a more engaging visit to the optician, a routine eye examination can suddenly become much more interesting thanks to installing Visioffice X.
Advanced technology in the optical industry can make it much easier for you to dispense the right lenses, based on patients' individual needs. Considering a device like Visioffice X could bring a number of benefits to your practice, both for you as the optician carrying out the measurements, and the patient.
Interactive process
Visioffice X includes the patient in the measuring process, allowing them to play an active part in the examination. This encourages each patient to be more involved in understanding their eye health and current vision capabilities.
With visual and audio guidance, the patient is guided through the process alongside the optician. Through this, Visioffice X can deliver greater analysis and understanding both for the patient and for you, where previously they may not have understood the impact of their behaviour on what lenses are best suited.
This can create a greater appreciation for the eye measuring process.
Improved accuracy
Visioffice X has been designed with multiple cameras in order to provide heightened precision, offering a measuring system like no other. With an accuracy of 1/10 of a degree, the device can offer incredibly precise results.
Markers on the frames, worn by the patient during the process, allow for further analysis of the patient's natural posture, taking into account natural behaviour during the measurement process.
As each eye is unique, Visioffice X allows you to measure each eye separately, which makes a big difference in achieving accurate and relevant results to dispense the right lenses.
Personalised service
The ability to measure patients' vision so accurately means that each patient walking into your practice receives a completely personalised service. Providing measurements and advice tailored to their specific behaviour and needs, Visioffice X helps you to recommend lenses based on precise results.
This can help you to deliver optimal visual comfort for your patients, confident in the knowledge you have provided them with lenses that suit their exact vision requirements.
Patient loyalty
In the long run, Visioffice X can offer an impressive service to your patients, transforming their experience in visiting an optician. In turn, they will be more receptive to your advice thanks to a better understanding of the process. What's more, they may be more likely to come back to you for future examinations and other services.
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How to write numbers
Increasingly in our society people are writing numbers smaller than ten as numbers instead of as words. Many VFR readers do this. They will write "2 countries" or "3 criminals." That is wrong. It should be "two countries" and "three criminals." It is an uncontested rule that numbers less then ten are written as words. Also, as I learned in elementary school, "ten" also should be written as a word, though that rule is less universally accepted. In one of the two huge Microsoft Word macros I developed years ago to prepare comments for posting, there is a macro which stops at each small number written as a number and gives me the option to change it to a word by pressing Yes or leaving as it is by pressing No. But I don't always prepare comments in Word and sometimes have to make the change manually. In any case, readers sending comments to VFR should use correct English.
Another popular trend today is to use numerical symbols in place of words. For example, many commenters, instead of writing, "over 100," or "more than 100," will write, "100+". That is totally unacceptable. VFR is a written discussion forum in which we communicate with each other in the English language. It is not a math class or a science publication in which we communicate in mathematical symbols. People who think it's too much bother to write "two" instead of "2" have misplaced priorities. The contemporary habit of using numbers and mathematical symbols instead of words debases the language and subtly dehumanizes us. It should be resisted.
Wanda S. writes:
Another rule for writing numbers: numbers beginning a sentence must always be written out in words. For example: "The King is coming with 200 soldiers." "Two hundred is not nearly enough."
Posted by Lawrence Auster at July 31, 2012 02:43 PM | Send


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Posted: September 7th, 2021
Skill Builder: Annotated OutlineAn outline is the scaffold upon which you build your paper. You probably already use a mental outline when you plan a paper, perhaps without even being aware of it. Writing the outline can give you a visualization of your plan. An outline provides both focus and direction for the paper, shows where relevant points and arguments need to be made and also identifies areas where more supportive evidence is needed.What is an annotated outline?Because you are writing a research paper, your paper is built around the research findings that you located in your search.When you prepare an annotated outline, you will note the research that supports each section of the paper. This will help you see any areas that need further research to support them.The following example may help support the transition of your paper from a collection of research notes to a fully developed paper.Suppose the research topic you chose was the relation of childhood bullying to self-esteem. The title of your paper is: Self-esteem in childhood bullying.When researching the paper, you found conflicting research results. Some research showed that children with low self-esteem tended to bully others, while other research showed that children with extremely high self-esteem were bullies. Looking closer, you began to see that this research could be divided into studies investigating different variables, such as gender, age, and ethnic background. Now, you want to turn this into a research report.An annotated outline might look like this (all citations are fictional):Topic: The relation of childhood bullying to self-esteem: Too much or too little?Overview of childhood bullyingDefinitions of bullying (Simpson, 2010; O'Connor, 2008)Types of bullying (Yang, 2009; Sinisi, 2011)Self-esteem in childhoodDefinitions of self-esteem (Whitefield, 2009)Impact of self-esteem on behavior in childhood (Liebermann, 2010)Research on the relation of self-esteem to bullying in childhoodGender, self-esteem, and childhood bullyingSelf-esteem and same-gender bullyingSelf-esteem in boys bullying boys (Pryzborski, 2012)Self-esteem in girls bullying girlsSelf-esteem in opposite-gender or non-gender specific bullying in childhood (no research found)Age, self-esteem in childhood bullyingSelf-esteem and bullying from 6-9 (Brennan, 2011)Self-esteem and bullying from 9-12 (Mendez, 2010; Lee, 2011)Family structure, self-esteem, and childhoodSelf-esteem and bullying in children in single-parent families (Shams, 2012)Self-esteem and bulling in children in dual-parent families (Mugaddam, 2011)Ethnicity, self-esteem and childhood bullyingInter-ethnic bullying and self-esteem (Jacinto, 2009; Akbarzadeh, 2010)Intra-ethnic bullying and self-esteem (Lawrence, 2011)ConclusionsSummary and suggestions for future studiesReferencesPreparing an annotated outline in this way will give you a way to organize and clarify your plans. Additionally, it gives your instructor a chance to provide feedback on the proposed structure of the paper before you begin to write. You can also see which subtopics you need to research further before proceeding with the final draft.AssignmentThis week, you will develop an annotated outline that will help support the transition of your paper from a collection of research notes to a full-blown paper. Preparing an annotated outline in this way will give you a way to organize and clarify your plans and allow your instructor a chance to give you feedback on the proposed structure of the paper before you begin to write it. You can also see which subtopics you need to research further before proceeding with the final draft.One way of talking about outlines is to describe an outline as a pre-writing outline, or as a reverse outline. The prewriting outline is prepared before the paper is written, so you can see the plan you want to follow. Some people, however, must write their ideas out before they take shape; if that is your preferred approach, you can use a reverse outline method. Write out a draft, then go back and try to outline it. If you cannot find the structure in your paper, then you probably need to do some serious revisions. Think of a pre-writing outline as scaffolding, and a reverse outline as an X-ray of your paper.When you prepare an annotated outline, you will note the research that supports each section of the paper. This will help you see any areas that need further research to support them.Here are some great resources, located under your weekly resources, for Reverse Outlining:Purdue Online Writing Lab: Reverse OutliningUNC, The Writing Center: Reverse OutlineSupport your work with at least 10 peer-reviewed research articles published in the past five years.Length: 2-3 pages, plus reference list in proper APA formatYour outline should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the ideas and concepts that are presented in the course and provide new thoughts and insights relating directly to this topic. Your response should reflect scholarly writing and current APA standards. Be sure to adhere to Northcentral University's Academic Integrity Policy.Upload your document and click the Submit to Dropbox button. Your instructor will review the outline and provide feedback including the go-ahead to proceed with your Signature Assignment.Due DateSep 5, 2021 11:59 PM
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albanian national hero
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Scanderbeg Riding
George Castriota Scanderbeg
Gjergj Kastrioti (1405 January 17, 1468), better known as Scanderbeg, was an Albanian prince who united the Albanian tribes of Epirus, Albania and a Slavic tribe from Montenegro in resisting the expanding Ottoman Empire for 25 years. Today he's considered a national hero of Albania.
Obliged by the Ottomans to pay tribute to the Empire, and to ensure the fidelity of local rulers, Gjon Kastrioti's sons were taken by the Sultan to his court as hostages. In 1423, Gjergj Kastrioti and his three brothers were taken by the Turks. He attended military school and led many battles for the Ottoman Empire. He was awarded for his military victories with the title Iskander Bey (Albanian transliteration: Skenderbeu, English transliteration: Scanderbeg, In Turkish this title means Lord or Prince Alexander, in honor of Alexander the Great). Scanderbeg soon switched sides and came back to his native land to successfully defend Albania against the Ottoman Empire until the time of his death.
Gjergj Kastriot's Legacy
Scanderbeg Legacy After his death from natural causes in 1468 in Lezhe, his soldiers resisted the Turks for the next 12 years. In 1480 Albania was finally conquered by the Ottoman Empire. When the Turks found the grave of Scanderbeg in Saint Nicholas church of Lezhe, they opened it and held his bones like talismans for luck. The same year, they invaded Italy and conquered the city of Otranto. Scanderbeg's posthumous fame was not confined to his own country. Voltaire thought the Byzantine Empire would have survived had it possessed a leader of his quality. A number of poets and composers have also drawn inspiration from his military career. The French sixteenth-century poet Ronsard wrote a poem about him, as did the nineteenth-century American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Antonio Vivaldi composed an opera entitled Scanderbeg. Scanderbeg today is the National Hero of Albania. Many museums and monuments are raised in his honor around Albania, among them the Scanderbeg Museum next to the castle in Kruje. Scanderbeg is founder of Castriota Scanderbeg family which is today part of Italian nobility.
Seal of Scanderbeg
Seal of Scanderbeg A seal ascribed to Scanderbeg has been kept in Denmark since it was discovered in 1634. It was bought by the National Museum in 1839. The seal is made of brass, is 6 cm in length and weighs 280 g. The inscription (laterally reversed) is in Greek and reads:
Several words are abbreviated, but an English translation might be: King. Alexander. By the grace of God. Emperor of the Romei (Romans, probably meaning Byzantine Greeks). The Great. Ruler of the Turks. Albanians. Serbs. Bulgarians. If this seal is authentic, it indicates that George Kastrioti declared himself king, using the name Skender in its Greek form. (Greek or Latin were the customary languages for royal inscriptions in the Middle Ages.) The titles highly exaggerate his actual power, but this was often the case for Medieval rulers. Scanderbeg is apparently seen as a successor of the Byzantine emperors, as shown by the title and the double-eagled crest, during this period a symbol of Byzantine power. After the fall of Constantinople in 1453 AD, such claims were made also by the Russian Czars.
Lord or Leader Alexander Success in the Ottoman army
He earned distinction as an officer in several Ottoman campaigns both in Asia Minor and in Europe, and the Sultan appointed him to the rank of General. He fought against Greeks, Serbs and Hungarians, and he maintained secret links with Ragusa, Venice, Ladislaus V of Hungary, and Alfonso I of Naples.
Scanderbeg Albania Fighting for the freedom of Albania
In 1443, Scanderbeg saw his opportunity to rebel during the battle against the Hungarians led by John Hunyadi in Nis. He switched sides along with other Albanians serving in the Ottoman army, leading an Albanian resistance. He eventually captured Kruje, his father's seat in Middle Albania, and he raised the Albanian flag above the castle.
Statue of Scanderbeg in RomePapal Relations
Scanderbeg's military successes evoked a good deal of interest and admiration from the Papal States, Venice, and Naples, themselves threatened by the growing Ottoman power across the Adriatic Sea. Scanderbeg managed to arrange for support in the form of money, supplies, and occasionally troops from all three states through his diplomatic skill.
Scanderbeg StatueThe Castriota Family
The Kastrioti or Castriota family, of Albanian origin, begins with certainty with John Castriota, lord of Mat and Vumenestia, who died in 1443. He resisted Turkish attempts at conquering the Albanian region. At one point, he had to give his four sons as hostage to the Turks.
I have not brought you liberty, I found it here, among you. - Scanderbeg


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The following was written by Janice Kaplan.
Twenty-two massive Corinthian columns that stand in a meadow two miles from the U.S. Capitol represent a little-known piece of inaugural history. One of Washington, D.C.'s most notable and dramatic landmarks, the original National Capitol Columns are on permanent display at the U.S. National Arboretum where they may be viewed leading up to the inauguration, and throughout the year. The columns were the backdrop for two dozen presidential inaugurations from Andrew Jackson to Dwight D. Eisenhower. Abraham Lincoln, for instance, gave his famous second inaugural address in front of the columns.
"Anyone who has visited the U.S. National Arboretum, either during the day or when the Capitol Columns are dramatically illuminated from below at night, understands the power and grace of these historic pillars," said Dr. Thomas S. Elias, director of the U.S. National Arboretum. "In this inaugural season, it is compelling to imagine the sights and sounds of past inaugurations while standing among the Arboretum's columns."
The sandstone columns were a source of great pride when they were installed at the U.S. Capitol in 1825. They were considered the splendid finish for a building that had taken 33 years to build. Their elaborate design is based on ancient Roman Corinthian columns used in the grandest public buildings of that empire. These classic architectural references were considered necessary for a young nation that wished to assert itself on the world stage.
The columns were removed from the Capitol in 1958 when they were declared too fragile to support the newly expanded dome and an extended east portico. They were replaced with marble replicas and the originals were put into storage on the banks of the Anacostia River.
Continues after the jump.
In a 1989 architectural history of the columns, William C. Allen, then architectural historian in the Office of the Architect of the Capitol, wrote: "The saga of the sandstone columns' rebirth at the National Arboretum is one of dogged determination by the Friends of the National Arboretum led by philanthropist Ethel Garrett and those who continued her work after her death in 1986. Soon after the columns were removed from the Capitol, Garrett struck upon the idea of preserving them at the Arboretum where the public could enjoy their power, beauty and historic associations. The noted English landscape architect Russell Page, a close personal friend, was asked by Garrett to set forth a plan. Just before his death, Page selected a site in a broad, open meadow and sketched a design incorporating the columns in a nearly square plan completed by a fountain and a pool. Private contributions totaling $1.5 million were in hand before work to re-erect the columns was begun in June 1988."
The U.S. National Arboretum
The 446-acre U.S. National Arboretum is a U.S. Department of Agriculture research and education facility and a living museum. Highlights include the spring display of more than 15,000 azaleas; the world's first bonsai museum with more than 150 bonsai; a "Power Plants" exhibition featuring a selection of plants that provide valuable sources of bioenergy; a two-and-a-half acre National Herb Garden; and 300 koi, original gifts from Japan, which swim in the East Terrace pool.
Located at 3501 New York Avenue NE (a 10-minute drive from downtown Washington) the Arboretum grounds are open daily from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., except Dec. 25. Admission is free. Public programs and special events are held throughout the year. For more information, visit _URL_ or call _PHONE_.
..or bike. or bus. or drive. or cab. or walk. or stay in the neighborhood. people...Good Deal or Not? "Price silly!" edition
I guess they'll have to just walk the half mile to the NOMA Metro or take the H St...Good Deal or Not? "Price silly!" edition
do all texans think the same?Mi Cocina Tex-Mex from Texas Opens in Friendship Heights
i'm not sure why i get why that is relevant.Good Deal or Not? "Price silly!" edition
Frankly, as a Texan, I have never had worse enchiladas than I had at Mi Cocina. I don't...Mi Cocina Tex-Mex from Texas Opens in Friendship Heights


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'I wish to speak a word for Nature.' Henri David Thoreau
The alphabet is emblematic of abstract, anthropocentric notions of meaning, so draws a sharp contrast with the organic, growing materiality of the trees. The 'letters' are selected and arranged from an ongoing collection of photographs of found shapes that the artist interprets as signs and communications from nonhuman nature. The work's (playful, serious, deep, shallow) proposition is that gestures and forms can be proffered and interpreted across species divides.
Wild Word also reflects on ideas around sacred and profane symbology – the hidden meanings found in objects or images only legible to the initiated. One manifestation of this was the medieval Christian 'doctrine of signatures' – the idea that plant and animal parts would aid the function of the organs (or relieve the disease) that they were considered to resemble.


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Statewide, the number of students proficient in English increased by 2.1 percentage points. In 2011, 54.4 percent of students were considered proficient in English, based on the Standardized Testing and Reporting (STAR) results, compared with 52.3 percent proficiency in 2010.
Statewide, the percent of students proficient in math increased by 2.2 percentage points, from 48.1 proficiency in 2010 to 50.3 in 2011.
State Superintendent of Education Tom Torlakson called the scores a "very positive result."
"California's students continue to improve," he said. "A greater share
On average, students in Los Angeles County improved slightly more than the state, gaining 2.7 percentage points in each category, though the actual percentage of students proficient in English and math was a few points lower than the state.
In the San Gabriel Valley, gains fell in between the county and state, coming in at about 2.4 percentage points for both math and English.
But those gains varied considerably from district to district. On the high end were districts such as Azusa Unified and Covina Valley Unified.
According to the state database, Covina Valley posted gains of 3.1 percent in English - a full percentage point higher than the state average. In 2011, 54.6 percent of students in the district were proficient in English, compared with 51.5 in 2010. The increase in math proficiency was 6.4 percent - almost three times the state average. In 2011, 46.6 percent of students in the district were proficient in math, compared with 40.2 in 2010.
"We're thrilled with our gains," said Lynn Carmen Day, assistant superintendent of educational services for Covina Valley. "We've had growth, and we think it will be continued growth."
"It's making sure kids are getting it the first time and not having to go back," she said.
In Azusa Unified, English proficiency increased 3.5 percentage points - from 39.5 percent of students proficient in English to 43 percent - and math proficiency increased 4.7 percent - from 34.3 to 39 percent.
Vince Jantz, director of secondary curriculum and instruction for Azusa Unified, wasn't surprised by the results.
"We spent the entire year with what we call benchmark assessments. They're targeted on all core areas," he said.
But even with those increases, the district has a lot of room to improve, Jantz said. Its overall proficiency scores still lag about 11 percentage points behind the state average and are some of the lowest proficiency in the valley.
"We have grown, but we need to continue to grow," Jantz said. "While we're happy with the improvement, we're not satisfied."
El Monte High School District also registered some of the lowest 2011 proficiency scores in the valley, with 43.1 percent of students proficient in English, and 30.9 percent proficient in math.
Montebello Unified had the lowest English proficiency in the region, at 41.1 percent.
Overall, Walnut Valley and Glendora posted the highest percentage of students proficient in English in the San Gabriel Valley, with 79.4 percent and 73 percent, respectively.
Walnut Valley also posted the highest math proficiency in the region, at 76.2 percent, followed by Rosemead School District, at 70.7 percent.
While a large majority of San Gabriel Valley school districts posted gains, four districts bucked the trend and experienced small declines in one or more categories. They were Charter Oak Unified, Valle Lindo, Bassett Unified and Rowland Unified.
Maria Ott, superintendent of Rowland Unified, disputed the accuracy of the state's online database, which indicated that her district declined half a percentage point in English and 1.9 points in math.
Ott said the numbers the district received directly from the state actually show small improvements in both areas.
"When you look at what's statistically significant, we've probably had one of those years where we've been climbing, and now we've been flat this year," Ott said.
Ott said she believes the reason for that is the closure last year of three schools due to budget cuts and declining enrollment
"In some ways we feel our baseline has changed," she said.
_PHONE_, ext. 2718


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Solution structure of human intestinal fatty acid binding protein: implications for ligand entry and exit.
Additional Document Info
The human intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) is a small (131 amino acids) protein which binds dietary long-chain fatty acids in the cytosol of enterocytes. Recently, an alanine to threonine substitution at position 54 in I-FABP has been identified which affects fatty acid binding and transport, and is associated with the development of insulin resistance in several populations including Mexican-Americans and Pima Indians. To investigate the molecular basis of the binding properties of I-FABP, the 3D solution structure of the more common form of human I-FABP (Ala54) was studied by multidimensional NMR spectroscopy. Recombinant I-FABP was expressed from E. coli in the presence and absence of 15N-enriched media. The sequential assignments for non-delipidated I-FABP were completed by using 2D homonuclear spectra (COSY, TOCSY and NOESY) and 3D heteronuclear spectra (NOESY-HMQC and TOCSY-HMQC). The tertiary structure of human I-FABP was calculated by using the distance geometry program DIANA based on 2519 distance constraints obtained from the NMR data. Subsequent energy minimization was carried out by using the program SYBYL in the presence of distance constraints. The conformation of human I-FABP consists of 10 antiparallel beta-strands which form two nearly orthogonal beta-sheets of five strands each, and two short alpha-helices that connect the beta-strands A and B. The interior of the protein consists of a water-filled cavity between the two beta-sheets. The NMR solution structure of human I-FABP is similar to the crystal structure of rat I-FABP. The NMR results show significant conformational variability of certain backbone segments around the postulated portal region for the entry and exit of fatty acid ligand.


text: According to material mechanics theory and drilling practice, the equation of lateral bending deformation (LBD) of drill was built and the inclined angle of drill tip was solved when drilling small hole. And then the drilling test was done and the character of drilling force was analyzed. Based on this, the LBD of drill was studied. The result shows that, the rise of lateral force and thrust force will increase the inclined angle of drill tip in drilling process, and lateral force is the main factor of generating LBD. By choosing suitable axial vibration parameter, axial vibration drilling can reduce the LBD of drill and improve the dimensional accuracy of hole evidently.


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LAS CRUCES —The $5 million Las Cruces Museum of Nature and Science opens to the public on Friday with exhibits that range from a historic homemade telescope to live animals, ancient fossils and a high-tech digital video globe that's a window to our solar system.
After almost a decade of planning, the 9,400-square-foot museum, formerly housed at the Mesilla Valley Mall, will join the "cultural corridor" of city museums that includes the Branigan Cultural Center and the Las Cruces Museum of Art on Main Street, and the nearby Las Cruces Railroad Museum.
An invitation-only crowd got a sneak peek Thursday night of the new facility, designed to showcase some of the best of regional nature and science.
Where else in the world could you find a handcrafted telescope on a lawnmower base made by Clyde Tombaugh, the man who discovered Pluto?
Tombaugh's famed "Grazer Gazer" shares the "Light & Space" exhibit with Magic Planet, a four-foot, high-tech, interactive digital video globe that offers near-instant access to images and information on every planet in the solar system, along with developing weather systems on Earth.
You'll also be able to walk through "Prehistoric Trackways," a panoramic display of tracks of ancient creatures, and, with the touch of a button, have dialogs with Jerry MacDonald, the man who discovered and excavated the largest collection of Permian tracks in the world and managed to save the precious 280-million-year-old fossils in our own Robledo Mountains.
No animals killed
In the third major exhibit, "Desert Life," you can get up close and personal with a live tarantula and a host of other native creatures.
"The exhibit explores five habitats of the Chihuahuan Desert and includes 29 live animals, illustrations of key plant species and taxidermied desert mammals and birds," said city museum system volunteer coordinator Julie Hansen, who stressed that no animals were killed to create the displays.
"The (taxidermied) animals in these exhibits are recovered animals that died due to accident, illness or were obtained through criminal seizure by federal and state government agencies and are being re-purposed here as educational exhibits, showcasing regional animals we would be unable to keep as living creatures," Hansen said.
"Adriana Candia, a professor of Spanish at NMSU, worked very hard with us on our bilingual displays to make sure the scientific terms and explanations were accurate," Hansen said.
"I'm very excited. There are so many opportunities to grow and do so many things," said museum manager Michael Walczak, as he moved items and critters from the old Museum of Natural History in the Mesilla Valley Mall to their new home. He's particularly pleased with a spacious classroom area that offers room for experiments.
City museums administrator Will Ticknor is happy with the renovated building's green profile, and anticipates top LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rankings for skillful redevelopment of what was once the Rio Grande Bank building.
"It's safe and it's state of the art," Ticknor said.
In fact, the museum's green technology could constitute another educational exhibit in itself, utilizing everything from wind turbines and photovoltaic panels to recycled and low-emitting construction materials, energy-efficient LED lighting and water-efficient landscaping, toilets and fixtures.
The grand opening of the museum, at 411 N. Main St., will be from 4:30 to 7 p.m. Friday. Regular hours will be 9 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Tuesday through Saturday. Admission is free. For information, call _PHONE_ or visit online at _URL_
S. Derrickson Moore can be reached at _PHONE_. Follow her on Twitter _USER_.
IF YOU GO
What: Las Cruces Museum of Nature and Science
When: Opening 4:30 to 7 p.m. Friday
Regular hours: 9 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Tuesday through Saturday
Where: 411 N. Main St.
Cost: Admission free
Staff: Michael Walczak, manager, Kim Hanson, education curator, Richard Quick, naturalist, Leticia Soto, administrative assistant
Info: _PHONE_, _URL_
BY THE NUMBERS
9,400 square feet
1986: Founded as Las Cruces Natural History Museum in Mesilla Valley Mall
$5,060,000: Total construction & exhibit cost
$2 million: Total exhibits cost
2004: Planning started for new museum
2007: Property acquired
2011: Construction begins
Nov. 2, 2012: Museum opens
"Chihuahuan Desert Habitats:" Focuses on desert plains, bajadas, sky islands, desert rivers and desert grasslands, including 29 live animals, taxidermied desert mammals and birds, and illustrations of key plant species.
"Light and Space:" Exhibits include a four-foot digital video Magic Planet globe, a telescope built by Pluto's discoverer Clyde Tombaugh, a table where visitors can experiment with light, changing images of the universe from NASA's Space Science Institute, a mechanical model of the solar system, and an interactive exhibit on the color of stars.
"Prehistoric Trackways:" Fossil trackways from the Permian Period 280 million years ago when this area was part of an ancient seaway, media programs featuring local citizen-scientist, Jerry MacDonald, who discovered and excavated the largest collection of Permian tracks in the world, a life-sized cast of a dimetrodon, touchable trace fossils.
ACTIVITIES AND PROGRAMS
(Many free: Contact museum for schedule details, information)
Behind the Scenes Nature Center tours: 5-7 p.m. first Fridays of each month
Dinos A-Z: 3 p.m. Fridays, short talk on dinosaur or other prehistoric creature with images and hands-on component
Magic Planet Show: Learn about our universe.
"Night at the Museum 2013:" Two overnight programs for kids with activities and games: "Starry Night" on astronomy in April, "Spooky Science" in October
Animal Encounters: 1 p.m. Saturdays, hands-on introduction to the animals of the Chihuahuan Desert
Desert Treks: Field trips
Pre-K Thursdays: For children 3-5 years old and their parents or caregivers at 9 a.m. each Thursday: Planeteers! Grandma Mona's Science Storytime, Nature Kids, Dinosaur Train, Fetch!
Spring Break Camp: All four city museums collaborate on a museum spring break program for Las Cruces students.
Summer Science Day Camp: Crafts, experimentation, nature study and field trips.
Family Science Saturday: 2 p.m. second Saturday of each month.
Science Café: 5:30 p.m., last Thursday of each month, science round table discussions
Scout Merit Badge Program: 4-hour courses
Sky Safari: High-powered telescopes and experts from the NMSU Astronomy Department.


Banking News
Canada's central bank explores privacy v regulation for CBDC, concerns re zero knowledge
bank of canada
The Bank of Canada has published a staff analytical note exploring privacy for central bank digital currencies (CBDC). It also outlined the pros and cons of zero knowledge proofs.
The bulk of the succinct paper highlights the trade offs between privacy – which is seen as a public good – and the need for disclosure required by regulations. But it also explores several of the complexities involved. Specifically, a payment system includes multiple technologies, several players and different pieces of information. It compares the privacy features in these three dimensions.
In terms of the technologies, these might include a centralized system, distributed ledger technology (DLT), cards and offline devices used for storage, each with different privacy features.
Payment systems are ecosystems where the central bank is just one player. Others might include payment providers for the payee or payer, banks and money service business as well as the public such as merchants. Again there is potential for disclosure or privacy required for each player.
And there isn't just one piece of information. For balances, apart from the amount, there's the identity of the holder. And for transactions, there's the payer, the payee and the amount. The paper takes these three dimensions, the technology, the participant and the data element and explores the level of privacy possible for each combination.
The conclusion is that offline devices achieve a level of privacy that is closet to cash. Tiered ledgers provide significant privacy when it comes to payment providers and the public, but limited privacy with respect to money service businesses and the government.
Specifically, the paper states that "techniques to achieve cash-like privacy are immature". It lists six techniques from group signatures and multi-party computation to zero knowledge proofs (ZKP). Some of the comments apply to all the technologies, but it singled out zero knowledge proofs. It stated that the pool of skills is rather limited, and the combination of technical complexity and immaturity raises the risk that there could be hidden vulnerabilities.
When we've raised this issue, the response is often that zero-knowledge proofs have been around for 30 years. That may be so, but they haven't been used in a real environment until very recently. Moreover, there's been quite a bit of development to extend their application. And each of those carries risks as well. In the last few years, there have been several weaknesses exposed in widely used software that leverage cryptography. So the concern which the BoC articulated is that the immaturity may mask vulnerabilities.
Zero knowledge proofs are also highly resource intensive. While many are attempting to address this (including EY), the BoC notes that there are limited ZKP deployments in a live environment and none at a national scale to their knowledge.


50,000 words
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50,000 words is the goal of NaNoWriMo. It was chosen because it "is a difficult but doable goal, even for people with full-time jobs and children. The length makes it a short novel." [1] It breaks down to 1,667 words a day (1,613 words in 31-day months like July.) Many Wrimos abbreviate 50,000 as "50k" (k as in kilo, or thousand).
The 50,000-word goal came to be when NaNoWriMo founder Chris Baty chose the shortest novel on his shelf (rumored to be Brave New World), did a rough word count estimate, and came up with 50,000 words. While Brave New World is actually 64,575 words long, the 50,000 words goal stuck.
50,000 is a minimum, not a strict maximum; Wrimos are welcome to continue writing if they are so inclined or have not finished their novels - many do. However, they must make at least 50,000 on one novel to be verified as a winner in November.
The Young Writers Program lets Wrimos set their own age-appropriate goals[2]. However, many older participants in the YWP set goals comparable to what they would be writing in the main program.
As of 2013 Camp NaNoWriMo offers flexible word count goals for Wrimos who want to set a goal under 50,000 words or go above and beyond. Camp NaNoWriMo allows custom goals from 10,000 words to 1,000,000 words. This allows more flexibility for Wrimos writing scripts, editing, or pursuing other projects.
Some critics of Nanowrimo claim that the goal of Nanowrimo is too short to be a real novel, stating that most published novels are around 70,000 words. However, there are many novels, such as The Great Gatsby, which are around 50,000 words in length. As well, many novels expand in length during the editing process, and the 50,000 words written in November is just the beginning.


text:
Lesson in history at fashion show
Published: Tuesday, March 5, 2013 at 9:36 a.m.
Last Modified: Tuesday, March 5, 2013 at 9:36 a.m.
Unable to swim and hamstrung by corsets, three times as many women than men drowned as the Titanic sank into the ocean.
As a result, a sea of change in women's fashion occurred, according to the narrators of the First Centennial Titanic Fashion Luncheon on Feb. 24 at the Florida Maritime Museum in Cortez.
Wearing a tea dress as worn by the character Rose in the movie "Titanic," seamstress Tracie L. Arnold, along with Lisa Hiller of Brandon-based Past & Present Creations, told a rapt audience how the Titanic disaster was a pivotal point in women's fashion.
"Dresses prior to this time were created by men," Arnold said.
After the sinking of the Titanic, women started to take control of what they wore, explaining "I'll look pretty but on my own terms," Hiller said.
Pointing to a pin-striped day outfit, Arnold called it "Hobble Style," explaining that the skirt prevented women from walking in strides.
"You would walk but at a hobble," she said.
Two cosmetic industry giants were among those who died on the Titanic. Up until that time, arsenic and lead were makeup ingredients. That practice ended after the ship sank, Arnold said.
As the women spoke, first about production aspects of creating all of the dresses the character Rose wore in the movie, then why women wore the clothing, it became evident fashion was a reflection of how society viewed women and their role. More than a fashion show, it became a discussion about the economics of making a young woman marketable for marriage.
Women ate tapeworms to lose weight and laced themselves tightly to form an 18-inch waist; anything wider was considered matronly. Corsets shifted organs to form a "wasp waist."
"I never thought women's rights were tied into fashion. I thought it was very interesting," Els Vinhage of Bradenton said.
Adding dimension to the show, Florida Maritime Museum at Cortez was built as a schoolhouse in 1912, the same year as the sinking of the Titanic. At each seat, luncheon patrons were assigned a female survivor of the Titanic, often with a photograph telling her age during the journey, ticket number and price paid, lifeboat number and other salient information.
Most of the female survivors were well-to-do. Edith Graham, the wife of W.T. Graham, founder of Dixie Cup Co., was assisted to lifeboat No. 3 by Washington Roebling and Howard B. Case. Both men stayed aboard and went down with the ship.
Not limited to the Edwardian or Titanic period of fashion, Past & Present Creations also exhibits Victorian and Civil War clothing styles. The women presented a performance for the Catholic Women's Association of Saints Peter and Paul the Apostles Catholic Church in Bradenton.
"They know their history," association President Diane Clark said.
At the Civil War show at the church, Clark learned that hoop skirts were outlawed after too many women were caught up in flames when sparks from fires hit their dresses.
"They talked about that day and age, and it was very well-received," Clark said.
The audience in Cortez was equally enthusiastic with a question-and-answer period following the show.
"I learned how lucky we are now," Robin McDonald of Cortez said.
Church donates $40,000 to elementary school
Members and guests contributed more than $40,000 in offerings during Christmas Eve services at Harvest United Methodist Church.
Church representatives will present a check for $40,660 at 3:15 p.m. today to Samoset Elementary staff and children at the school.
The money will be used to buy items to meet basic needs of the children and to allow every child to buy a book each semester to enrich his or her reading experiences.
"Our business partners at Harvest United Methodist have made real the proverb that 'It takes a community, or village, to raise a child,'" Assistant Principal Mike Kelley said in a statement. "They have become a part of our community by donating not only their resources, but also their time."
Since Christmas Eve, more than 40 Harvest members signed up to become volunteer mentors.
Samoset students look forward to weekly visits with church volunteers, including Pastor Steve Price, who reads to kindergarten students. Ninety-eight percent of the children at the school qualify for free or reduced-price lunches.
Harvest began its ministry at Samoset in 2011. The Lakewood Ranch church started the Pack-A-Sack program. Sacks of food are sent home each week with 100 chronically hungry students. The program also provides meals to Samoset families during extended school holidays. A food pantry is available to parents experiencing temporary hardships.
For more information, call Kim Dalglish, Harvest's Samoset coordinator, at _PHONE_. People interested in donating to the school can call Kelley or Principal Pat Stream at _PHONE_.
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