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The fuel pump is a crucial component in any vehicle's fuel system, which delivers gasoline to the engine. Unfortunately, like all parts, it can wear out over time and require replacement, which can come at a cost.
On average, fuel pump replacement cost range from $1,134 to $1,301, which varies on make and model, location, and the type of fuel pump needed. Some signs indicating fuel pump replacement are loss of power, decreased fuel efficiency, and more.
In this Dbd guide, we have included all the information on the signs indicating the fuel pump replacement and fuel pump replacement price. To find out all the new fuel pump prices, we consulted with professional mechanics.
What is a fuel pump?
A fuel pump is a component of a car's fuel system that pumps fuel from the fuel tank to the engine. Its primary function is to provide fuel at the right pressure to the engine's fuel injector.
After that, it sprays the fuel into the engine cylinders for combustion. Here are some important points to keep in mind:
- The fuel pump supplies fuel from the fuel tank to the engine.
- The fuel pump ensures fuel is delivered at the correct pressure for efficient combustion.
- A malfunctioning fuel pump can cause issues with the engine's tune-up. It leads to poor performance and reduced fuel efficiency.
- The fuel pump works along with the fuel injector to provide the right amount of fuel to the engine for combustion.
- If the fuel pump fails, the fuel pressure in the fuel system may drop, causing the engine to stall or not start at all.
How much does a fuel pump replacement cost?
When it comes to car maintenance, fuel pump repair or replacement is a task that may need to be done. The cost of fuel pump replacement varies depending on several factors, such as the car's make and model, location, and the type of fuel pump needed.
In the United States, the average cost of fuel pump replacement expenses ranges from $1,134 to $1,301.
The cost may increase if the car requires a high-performance fuel pump or if the fuel pump is difficult to access, which can add labor costs.
Additionally, if the faulty fuel pump has caused damage to the fuel injectors or fuel lines, the replacement cost may increase. In some cases, a fuel system flush may also be necessary, adding to the overall cost.
When it comes to replacing a fuel pump, labor costs are a significant factor to consider, which range from $165 to $208.
The job typically takes a few hours, and the mechanic's hourly rate will depend on their experience level. The location of the repair shop also determines the hourly rate.
Fuel pumps are available in different types in the market, including mechanical, electrical, and turbine pumps. The cost of these pumps varies based on their features, brand, and quality. On average, the fuel pump parts range from $970 to $1,093.
When buying parts for your vehicle, there are two main options. OEM fuel pump is produced by the same manufacturer that made the parts for your vehicle when it was originally built.
These parts are typically more expensive, but they are guaranteed to be of high quality and designed specifically for your vehicle. Ford, "Fuel Pumps, … Continue reading
Aftermarket fuel pump, on the other hand, is made by third-party manufacturers and is often cheaper. While they may not be the same quality as OEM parts, they can be a good option for those on a budget.
When should you replace the fuel pump?
If you own a car, it is important to know the signs of a failing fuel pump.
If the pump fails, your car won't start or might stall while driving. Here, let us discuss the signs that indicate a failing fuel pump and when you should consider replacing it:
Difficulty starting the engine
A failing fuel pump can cause your car to have difficulty starting. If you have trouble starting your car or it takes several tries to get the engine going, it could be a sign that the fuel pump is failing.
When the fuel pump fails, your car engine may sputter or hesitate while accelerating. This is because the engine is not getting enough fuel to operate smoothly.
Loss of power
A failing fuel pump can also cause a loss of power while driving. Your car may not be able to accelerate properly or maintain a steady speed, especially when going uphill.
Fuel filter clogging
A clogged fuel filter can cause your fuel pump to work harder, leading to premature failure. If you notice a decrease in engine performance, it could be due to a clogged fuel filter.
Noisy fuel pump
If you hear a whining or humming noise coming from the gas tank, it could be due to a failing fuel pump. This noise may increase in volume as the car accelerates, indicating a more severe problem.
Electric fuel pumps are silent
Unlike mechanical fuel pumps, electric fuel pumps are typically quiet when they operate. If you notice a loud humming or whining sound coming from your fuel pump, it could be a sign that it is failing.
Decreased fuel efficiency
If you notice a decrease in fuel efficiency, it could be due to a clogged fuel filter or a failing fuel pump. A fuel pump that is struggling to supply fuel to the engine can cause the car to use more gas than usual, resulting in decreased fuel efficiency.
If you experience any of these signs, you should have your car inspected by a mechanic. They may recommend an engine tune-up or suggest replacing the fuel pump or fuel injector.
It is important to replace a failing fuel pump as soon as possible to avoid further damage to your car engine. In general, fuel pumps should be replaced every 100,000 miles, but this can vary depending on the make and model of your car.
- Find out everything about Honda Tune Up Cost with our guide.
- Check this guide to know everything about wheel bearing replacement cost.
- Check this guide on Hyundai Check Engine Light – here.
- Find out everything about Dodge Check Engine Light with our guide.
- If your Volkswagen Check Engine Light is on, check our guide for steps to fix it.
How often do fuel pumps need to be replaced?
Fuel pumps typically need to be replaced every 100,000 miles. However, the lifespan of a fuel pump can vary depending on the make and model of the car and the quality of the fuel being used.
Can a failing fuel pump cause other engine problems?
Yes, a failing fuel pump can cause other engine problems. A lack of fuel delivery to the engine can result in engine misfires, loss of power, and other performance issues, leading to costly repairs if left untreated.
Can I replace my own fuel pump, or do I need a mechanic?
Replacing a fuel pump can be a complex and potentially dangerous process, as it involves working with fuel and electrical systems.
It's recommended to have a trained mechanic replace the fuel pump to ensure the job is done safely and correctly.
Are there any ways to extend the lifespan of a fuel pump?
Yes, there are ways to extend the lifespan of a fuel pump. Regular maintenance of the fuel system, including replacing the fuel filter and keeping the fuel tank at least a quarter full, can help prevent premature wear and tear on the fuel pump.
Does the cost of a fuel pump replacement vary by car make and model?
Yes, the cost of a fuel pump replacement can vary depending on the make and model of the car.
Some cars may require more expensive parts or a more complex installation process, resulting in a higher cost for the replacement.
In conclusion, the bad fuel pump replacement cost can vary depending on the make and model of the car, the cost of the replacement part, and the labor required for the installation.
We hope this Dbd guide on the cost of replacing the fuel pump was helpful.
About the author
DbdPost Staff is a team of writers and editors working hard to ensure that all information on our site is as accurate, comprehensive, and trustworthy as possible. Our goal is always to create the most comprehensive resource directly from experts for our readers on any topic.


Squashes were domesticated in Mexico 9,000 years ago. They spread quickly throughout North America.
Spanish and Portuguese explorers took them to Africa, Asia, and Europe in the 16th century.
In the 18th century, the Italians began to eat a variety picked before they were ripe: this is how the zucchini came about. After its arrival in France at the end of the 19th century, it became an icon of southern European cuisine.
A zucchini should be firm and shiny, with fine, unblemished skin.
The larger the zucchini, the more chance it has of having spongy flesh that is full of seeds.
Zucchini is standardized in Europe. There are two normal sizes corresponding to its length: 21/26 and 14/21. These apply to fruit weighing approximately 100 g and represents 80% of total output.
Trumpet zucchini are widely grown in the south of France and in Italy.
Zucchini can be found frozen, sliced, and ready to cook.
Zucchini flowers (male) are picked every morning by producers and immediately sent to market.
Small zucchini can be served raw or chipped in salads.
They are consumed everywhere with myriad uses: steamed, fried, stuffed, pureed, or accompanying other vegetables, such as in the Niçois ratatouille and the Italian caponata.
Zucchini flowers are stuffed, battered and fried, or served raw in salads. They must be delicately cleaned with a damp cloth before use, with their pistils and stalk removed.
Fresh zucchini should be kept in a cool room or refrigerator at 0–4ºC.
Cooked, they can be kept for up to 3 days at the same temperature.
Zucchini flowers are very delicate and should be used immediately.
Zucchini have a high water content, and are therefore low in calories.
They are packed with antioxidant carotenoids and minerals. They also contain vitamin D.
There are numerous zucchini varieties. The main types in France are:
. Blanche de Virginie: elongated, pale green, light and compact flesh
. Grisette de Provence or Greysini: elongated, light green with gray veins, fine white flesh
. Diamant:: elongated and cylindrical, shiny green skin
. Verte maraîchère: long, dark green
. Long white bush: cucumber-shaped, light green
. Gold Rush: elongated, golden yellow; soft, cream-colored flesh
. Trumpet zucchini: small, lightly curved, light green
. Ronde de Nice: small and round, fine and soft flesh
. Black Forest zucchini: 10–25 cm, green.
These zucchini varieties are available May through October.
There are a great many zucchini varieties in the United States, South America, the Middle East, and China that are adapted to the climate of each country and region.
The pipangaille, grown on Réunion, is from the same family. Smooth or ribbed, the fruit is very long and green, and encloses black seeds.
The chayote, from the same family, is known as cristophine in the West Indies and Guyana, chouchou in Réunion and Mauritius, mirliton in Haiti. It is also very widely grown in South America. It has firm white flesh.
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text:
The Rudolph Walker Foundation Objectives are:
1. To provide young people with a sense of purpose.
2. To recognise that different people have different talent and skills, which need to be nurtured individually and sympathetically to help them fulfil those talents and skills.
3. To understand that self-esteem is crucial to the development of responsibility and ambition in young people; and to develop self-esteem through team work and common objectives and goals.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
(adapted from Robert J. Beck from U. Milwakee)
Reload objectives include the production of a suite of software tools for authoring and delivery of standard-compliant learning objects. Reload has free content packaging software available for download.
The course: The unit of learning best understood by traditional educators The learning object: "Any digital resource that can be used to support learning." (David A. Wiley, II) Internet has encouraged deconstructing the "course" into small pieces of instruction– the "Learning Object"
In order to be effective and valuable, the individual items in a digital repository must be (from educause 2001):
Excerpt from that page: "What seems "fixed" - or at least seems to work better: In this iteration, OERs expand the notion of reusable educational resources to include adaptation and sharing by the learner. This is accomplished through more liberal licensing (diriviative works / share alike), as well as expanded access outside of traditional proprietary walled gardens. By moving reusable educational resources out of proprietary systems and formats into the realm of the Internet, both producers and users can take advantage of common Internet search and sharing functions, including RSS, which allows learners to pull the content versus having it pushed to them in canned packages of learning content. "

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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How we sold more sports water by using music to put people in the zone
Increase sales of Mizone Formulated Sports Water by 10% despite a 20% decline in the overall category.
Music has the power to take you to another state of consciousness – a place where physical effort feels easier and you perform better. This place is often known as 'the zone'. So we went on a quest to create 'music to put you in the zone'.
1. We enlisted an Olympic sports psychologist, four music producers and four everyday athletes.
2. We created 'The ZoneLab' and conducted a series of musical experiments to discover what kind of music puts people in the zone.
3. We produced four ZoneLab-tested music tracks and distributed them on bottles as a gift with purchase.
4. We shared the ZoneLab story through PR and video content that followed the creation and testing of each music track.


text:
Lapina, Elizabeth (2009) St. Demetrius of Thessaloniki: Patron Saint of Crusaders. Viator: Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 40 (2). pp. 93-112. ISSN 0083-5897.
|The full text of this publication is not available from this repository. (Contact us about this Publication)|
The article examines the emergence of St. Demetrius of Thessaloniki as a patron saint of crusaders, focusing on the narratives of his intervention in the Battle of Antioch (28 June 1098), one of the most important military encounters of the First Crusade. The main argument is that the inclusion of quintessentially Eastern saints such as Demetrius in the narratives of the miracle served to solidify the claim of Bohemond of Toranto to Antioch and to undermine those of the Byzantine emperor Alexius. The article also traces several other attempts to "appropriate" St. Demetrius, both in Western and in Eastern Europe, from the ninth through the fifteenth century, and attempts to explain them in the context of rivalry with Byzantium.
|Uncontrolled keywords:||St. Demetrius, Thessaloniki, First Crusade, Battle of Antioch (28 July 1098), Bohemond of Toranto, Emperor Alexius, Anastasius Bibliothecarius, Bulgaria, adoption of Eastern saints in the West, miracle of the intervention of saints on the battlefield|
|Subjects:||D History General and Old World > D History (General)|
|Divisions:||Faculties > Humanities > School of History|
|Depositing User:||Zoe Denness|
|Date Deposited:||02 Oct 2012 13:56|
|Last Modified:||11 Jan 2013 10:48|
|Resource URI:||_URL_ (The current URI for this page, for reference purposes)|
- Depositors only (login required):


text:
Are you the owner of a Smartphone with the android operating system, which has experienced suddenly memory on your Smartphone leaving little capacity? Yes, a lot of people on social media suffer for it. Do not worry, I will explain in detail the causes and the exact solution to overcome the problem:
1. Watch your android Cache!
Cache is always there in Android. Cache is used by Android to run app faster. unfortunately, it can be turned into negative if the cache is too piled up. You should regularly clean cache to free up memory space. You can install cache cleaner to clean the app cache
2. Watch others file except your Applications and Game!
To find out how many files except application and game that fill up your memory, open settings and find storage. If you are using a Smartphone Jelly Bean and have the sdcard, try to move the files from the internal memory to the sdcard by selecting "transfer data to sdcard". If you are still using Ice Cream Sandwich then move the files manually through the file explorer.
3. Notice your Browser!
If you are using browser in the long term, the more "traces" left by the data. So in order to more effective and efficient, do the elimination through the entrance to the settings option in Browser.
4. Note Folder and Your Trash File!
Each time you uninstall an applications or games, usually they leave the data files or folders that are useless. It is ok to clean it. There is an application that can automatically search for useless files left behind. The application is a Clean Master. With this application you can choose clear the junk files
If you do all of them, your space of memory capacity will increase significantly
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University of Vermont
Variations on a Gene
Scientists around the world who study malaria and the parasites that cause it will breathe a collective sigh of relief this month when they read UVM senior Katie St. Denis' research paper. It goes a long way toward substantiating a commonly held -- yet unproven -- belief about how to distinguish malaria parasite species.
Researchers have been operating on an assumption that one gene in the DNA of these parasites can be used as a marker for species identification; that is, if the gene, cytochrome b, varies from one parasite to another, you're looking at two different species of parasites. While some research has generated data for parasites that infect humans with malaria, no comparative data existed on parasites that infect non-human hosts.
St. Denis' paper documenting her results, co-authored with biology professor and adviser Joseph Schall, is now in press with the Journal of Parasitology, one of the field's three journals of record.
The supposition about how to determine species in malaria parasites began in Schall's lab more than a decade ago. "Ten to 15 years ago, we found a gene that evolves very slowly in parasites (the cytochrome b gene)," explains Schall, "so people have said a tiny change, a tiny difference in that gene means that you have a different species of malaria parasite." This idea has led to the categorization of many thousands of bird malaria parasite species -- all based on variations in the cytochrome b gene. Although some scientists have built careers on this common sense understanding about species identification, no one had yet done the legwork in the lab to test its veracity for non-human malaria parasites.
Enter St. Denis.
She'd made herself known as a bit of a trouble-maker in Schall's spring semester 2009 class, by sitting in the front row and relentlessly asking impertinent, difficult questions. When it was time to choose an adviser for her McNair Scholars Program summer research project, she was hesitant to approach Schall, not knowing what he really thought of her. What she didn't know was that Schall saw her curiosity as one of the necessary ingredients of an excellent scientist and found her an ideal candidate to work on this very problem: is cytochrome b a useful marker of species differentiation? Throughout that summer, she'd prove that she also possesses the other two ingredients of Schall's recipe: academic honesty, or a willingness to "let nature tell you what it's going to tell you," and a strong work ethic.
St. Denis spent 40-hour work weeks in the lab, extracting and isolating the DNA of plasmodium mexicanum, a malaria parasite that infects the western fence lizard. On her second attempt, St. Denis designed a successful primer to amplify the cytochrome b gene, a feat that Schall says takes a certain level of artistry. The samples were sent to a Cornell laboratory for sequencing, and St. Denis moved from the lab bench to the computer to use a program to analyze the results. "She's learning all the standard techniques that any lab in the world doing molecular genetics uses," Schall says.
What, exactly, did she find? "We found that there is absolutely no variation, not even variation that would indicate silent mutation," St. Denis explains. "We would have expected to see a few nucleotide changes in an area where there may have been a silent mutation because that doesn't make any difference to the function of the gene, but we didn't even see any of those for all 200 samples, both segments of the gene."
For now, cytochrome b holds onto its species differentiating characteristic for malaria parasites. "I don't think this has necessarily solved the issue," St. Denis says, showing off that academic honesty Schall describes, "but I do think that it's putting another piece of the puzzle together, helping us understand whether or not this is a useful way to determine a species of malaria parasite and how it co-evolves with its host."
"Every person who works with malaria parasites will want to know this information," Schall says. "No matter where they are in the world, no matter what species they work with, they'll want to know how much variation has been found in one species. It's only the third species it's been done for. The other two were in humans. It's a really nice result for a one-summer project from somebody who was a beginner when she started."
Although this project is concluded and its paper is in press, St. Denis isn't finished with her research in Schall's lab. Having secured an APLE (Academic Programs for Learning and Engagement) award, St. Denis continues her work with plasmodium mexicanum, this time analyzing data that spans 32 years, asking how rapidly evolutionary change happens in a non-human malaria parasite population that is free from drug treatments. See the above video to learn more.
Read the transcript of the video.


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The Script Plugin's purpose is to make it easy to extend DrRacket with small Racket scripts that can be used in the definition (or interaction) window.
Selected text can be transformed or text can be inserted by a simple click on a menu item, and there is direct access to some elements of DrRacket for advanced (though simplified since there is no need to create a dedicated plugin) scripting, like the frame and the current text editor. Each script is automatically added as an item to the Scripts menu, without needing to restart DrRacket. A keyboard shortcut can be assigned to a script (via the menu item).
It is similar to GEdit's External Tools plugin (for those who know it).
To install, simply evaluate:
Wait for the installation process to finish, and then restart DrRacket. You should now see a new Scripts menu.
Click on the Scripts/New Script menu item, and enter Reverse for the script name. This creates and opens the files reverse.rkt and reverse.rktd in the script directory. Also, a new item automatically appears in the Scripts menu.
Then go to a new tab, type some text, select it, and click on Scripts/Reverse.
This DrRacket plugin adds a Script menu to the main window. This menu has several items, followed by the (initially empty) list of active scripts.
a.rkt file, the script itself (with a sample program)
a.rktd file, the metadata of the script with the default values
The script menu is rebuilt each time the user activates it, so that changes are taken into account as soon as possible.
The default location of the scripts is in a sub-folder of (find-system-path 'home-path). The directory of the user scripts can be change through DrRacket's preferences (in Edit/Preferences/Scripts). Important: The scripts directory must have write-access for the user.
This is the script file. It must provide the item-callback function, as in the sample code. It is meant to be executable by itself, to ease the testing process.
The path to the current file of the definition window, or _TAG_ if there is no such file (i.e., unsaved editor).Example:
(define (item-callback str #:file f) (string-append "(in " (if f (path->string f) "no-file") ": " str))
#:editor : text%
The text% editor of the current definition window.Example (surrounds the selection with a lambda, and places the cursor at the argument position):
_TAG_ racket/base (require racket/class) (provide item-callback) (define (item-callback str #:editor edit) (send edit begin-edit-sequence) (let ([selection-start (send edit get-start-position)] [selection-end (+ 1 (send edit get-end-position))]) (send* edit (set-position selection-start) (insert ")") (set-position selection-end) (insert ")") (set-position selection-start) (insert "(λ("))) (send edit end-edit-sequence) _TAG_)See text% for more details.
#:interactions : text%
The text% editor of the current interaction window.
#:frame : drracket:unit:frame<%>
DrRacket's frame. For advanced scripting.Example:
The name of the function can also be changed, but this requires to change it also in the functions entry of the.rktd file, and the function must be provided.
This is the metadata file. It contains an association list that defines the configuration of the script.
Most options (label, shortcut, shortcut-prefix, help-string) are the same as for the menu-item% constructor. In particular, a keyboard shortcut can be assigned to an item.
If a symbol, the name of the function to call (which must be provided), and must follow item-callback's signature.
If a list, each symbol is the name of a function, and each string is a label for that function. In this case, a sub-menu holding all these functions is created, and the label option is used as the parent menu name.
Note that a sub-menu can be shared among scripts.
The following.rktd file will create a submenu named My Functions (with the letter F for keyboard access), containing 3 items, one for each function and its assoctiated letter-accessor.
((label. "My &Functions") (functions (my-function1 "My Function #&1") (my-function2 "My Function #&2") (my-function3 "My Function #&3")))And the associated.rkt example file:
If'selection, the output of the transform function replaces the selection in the current tab (or insert at the cursor if there is no selection). If 'new-tab, a new tab is created and the output of the script is written to it. If'message-box, the output is displayed in a message-box.
Note: The quote must not be included in the.rktd file.
If set to _TAG_, no menu item is generated for this dictionary.
Finally, one.rktd file can contain several such dictionaries (one after the other), which allows for multiple sub-menus and menu items and in a single script. This would have roughly the same effect as splitting such a script into several script, each one with its own.rktd file and its dictionary.
ASCII frames and styling (upper-case, camel-case, etc.) for comment titles, sections, etc.
Code snippets scripts, with keyboard shortcuts, e.g., adding a require line for each planet package you usually use, or a license header.
Automatic comments, e.g. with today's date, user name, etc.
Automatic reformatting and custom indentation.
Count the number of words/lines/characters/whatever and display it in a message-box.
Open a new tab with a template code.
Menu item's for committing/updating files from repositories.
Note that racket/gui can be used to ask the user for more information and more.
Remark: Code snippets should probably be of rare usage, as one should better take advantage of Racket's wonderful macro system. In some cases however, snippets might be useful, e.g., to require your common module where all your usual macros and functions are defined, or for automatic comments.
The slideshow library can be used to turn DrRacket into a very rich text editor.
The following.rkt example script writes the selected words on white on black, tilted word by word.
_TAG_ racket/base (require racket/class slideshow racket/gui/base) (define (pict->snip pic) (make-object image-snip% (pict->bitmap pic))) (define (at pic x y) (vc-append (blank x) (hc-append (blank y) pic))) (provide item-callback) (define (item-callback str #:editor ed) (send ed insert (pict->snip (let ([p (apply hc-append (for/list ([w (regexp-split _TAG_"\\s+" str)]) (text w '() 24 (/ pi 6))))]) (cc-superimpose (colorize p "black") (colorize (at p 3 3) "white"))))) _TAG_)


text:
In 1953, the Santa Susana Field Laboratory also became a center of excellence for research, development and testing of nuclear energy, non-nuclear liquid metals and alternative energy sources, including solar.
Much of the work conducted on behalf of the U.S. Department of Energy at the Energy Technology Engineering Center, or ETEC, involved metallic sodium systems. This research on liquid metals technology was used to support the design and development of nuclear power throughout the U.S.
The Sodium Reactor Experiment was one of the first commercial nuclear power plants to provide electricity to the public, powering the city of Moorpark in 1957. The SRE experienced an accident in 1959 when overheating caused fuel damage in the reactor's core. During the accident, primary power and cooling were maintained, coolant continued to circulate throughout the reactor core and the reactor vessel remained intact, preventing a meltdown. Following the accident, the SRE was repaired and operations continued, without incident, until the end of the project in 1964.
The System for Nuclear Auxiliary Power (SNAP) program was developed to test SNAP nuclear reactors in a simulated space environment. The SNAP10A was the first U.S. reactor to be placed into orbit when it was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in 1965.
ETEC also supported studies on advanced solar collectors for commercial electricity production, as well as the development of energy conversion processes designed to turn coal into liquid and gas fuels.


HPE User Behavior Analytics
HPE User Behavior Analytics
Today's targeted attacks, whether launched by insiders or by external hackers, are primarily focused on stealing an organizations most sensitive data. The primary defense for organizations is application access controls and in some cases DLP (Data Loss Prevention) monitoring tools. Fully deployed, these controls tend to be defenseless against motivated insiders or outsiders and they generate a continuous stream of false positives. To combat these complex threats effectively, organizations need better context of a user's identity, behavior and their associated peers in order to pinpoint the real attacks and to focus monitoring efforts on what is high risk before it is too late.
This case study gives an overview of how to:
 - Immediately reduce the exposure to sensitive data by users with unauthorized or high-risk access;
 - Detection better advanced and targeted data attacks;
 - Focus on DLP monitoring and investigation to true high risk events and people.
Download White Paper
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How do you say "ladies and gentlemen... " in Spanish?
Here's the answer:
"señoras y señores... "
Watch a real native speaker say it:
Here's how it sounds in a textbook:
You could also say:
 - señoras y señores...
Fun fact: the hundreds of thousands of people learning Spanish with Memrise get this phrase correct 96.68% of the time!
Time to set your textbook on fire, learn "señoras y señores... " and other useful phrases that Spanish speakers really use!
burning textbook


an intrepid Star Trek character). "Dogs have always been a passion of mine, and I would not be who I am today without working with them," she says.
First indoors, then outside, Decker used real bones from nonhuman mammals, properly dated, in training exercises. In some cases, she used gloves to handle the samples to avoid any direct contact that might contaminate them. "I started by grinding bones into powdered dust, since that allows more surface area and more odor," she explains.
Decker paired bone dust with a toy and left it on the ground for Dax to discover. Later, she simply hid bone dust, and finally, she began to bury whole bones a few inches underground. Dax learned to signal that she had found something with a series of barks.
By the time training ended, Dax could find bones buried 10 months earlier as deep as six inches. In one such experiment, she found animal bones that were more than 3,500 years old. By August 2019, the dog was finding complete mammal bones in the ground, and Travis reports that more recently, Dax found a 5,000-year-old bone that was buried 12 inches deep.
Travis now cares for Dax full time. She works with the dog to identify archaeological sites of interest that could contain ancient mammal bones—from animals such as bison, deer, elk, or rabbit that may have been part of the diets of Indigenous peoples at the time. "We're always looking for new tools to help us in our jobs, and I think scent dogs may prove really useful in the future," Travis says.
Picture it—a hardy, happy archaeology dog skidding across Montana's snow and ice to sniff out the shards of an ancient ungulate from unimaginable eons ago.


text:
COLLEGE STATION – "Four and 20 black birds baked in a pie" – but wait, one has blue-gray eyes.
That discovery, backed by DNA analysis, means scientists now know there is one more species of black shrike in the Albertine Rift of Africa than was previously thought. And if Dr. Gary Voelker has his way, he'll soon be studying the bird's habits to determine its susceptibility to the deforestation now occurring across its native habitat.
The bird Laniarius willardi, is a newly described species of boubou shrike (Malaconotidae) whose single distinctive trait is its blue-gray eyes. The paper describing the new species will appear in the July issue of the international ornithological journal The Auk.
"This bird has been around for probably at least a couple million years; it's old, but it's new to science at least in the DNA age," said Voelker, assistant professor of wildlife and fisheries and curator of birds with Texas AgriLife Research at College Station.
"Clearly, it was noticed before, because as we started to look at comparative material from other natural history collections, we saw that several specimens collected in 1910 were noted to have had gray eyes," he said. "But it apparently never occurred to those collectors that their find was potentially something different than other black shrikes that might have been collected in the same basic region."
The same fate might have befallen more recent collections had it not been for conversations Voelker had with Tom Gnoske from the Field Museum in Chicago while in Malawi, and later with Dr. Ben Marks, then a doctoral student at Louisiana State University and now curator of birds and mammals for the Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collections at Texas A&M University.
"The DNA work that shows this to be a new species is recent, though the actual birds sampled were collected in 1997 by Gnoske and Marks on a research expedition for the Field Museum of Natural History," Voelker said. "It was basically conversations between Ben, Tom and myself a few years ago, during which they mentioned the eye color difference of this shrike which finally triggered the find."
Voelker said such discoveries are very rare in Africa. He said most of today's new bird species discoveries are made in South America. He attributes the African discovery in large part to the lack of DNA work in the tropical rainforest area of Central Africa where the bird was found.
"Another significant aspect of this particular species, at least from what we can tell from the data we've gathered, is that it occurs in a narrow elevational band between 1,200 and 2,000 meters," he said. "Those birds collected in 1910 were taken from sites that are now likely completely deforested to make way for tea plantations which grow successfully to about 2,000 meters elevation. Above that level, Laniarius willardi gets replaced by another shrike species that looks exactly like it except for the eye-color difference."
Voelker said knowing the environmental niche a particular species inhabits is important to conservationists for tracking a serious loss of its native habitat which could also impact other species.
"The discovery of this new species clearly illustrates that scientific collecting still has an important role to play in efforts to document and understand biodiversity in Africa and other understudied areas," he said. "These and future results from our ongoing work in various parts of Africa should have an impact on conservation strategies now and in the future."
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


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|toc | next | previous | first | last|
Solid State Relays
|Controlling the Current|
While button box control was sufficent for simple exerimentations, it's not a robot until it is computer controlled.
In order to interface the computer to the relays in the electric motor control system, and latter to the solenoid valves in the hydraulic manifold, a set of solid state, optically isolated relays were used. These solid state devices allowed the very low power signal from the computer to control the Amps of current flowing through the various relays and coils in the system.High Current Control
While the solid state relays are rated to 5 amps, many of the parts used in Groundhog required higher currents. The master power switch which switched all non-computing power on and off, and the switch for the hydraulic pump motor were both implemented using large relays. This led to a cascaded control of the high current items. The computer triggered the solid state relay, the solid state relay triggered the high current relay, and the high current relay controlled the motor or main power.
Control of the hydraulics was achieved through the use of solenoid operated valves. Each valve was controlled by a pair of solid state relays. With just two three position valves, complete control of the hydraulic actuators was achieved.Fuses
In order to insure that the control of the robot didn't accidentally destroy any critical component, every line was fused. While standard practice would just place a fuse on the hot line, MSHA(Mine Saftey and Health Administration) requirements for explosion proofing require fuses on both the hot and ground lines. Therefore, the power lines to every major device outside of the explosion proof box as well as any major power line were double fused.


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John (or Jan) Roettier (_PHONE_) was a Flemish engraver who was invited to work in England by Charles II in 1661. He became Chief Engraver of the Royal Mint in London, where he worked with his brothers, and later his sons, making medals and coins. John Evelyn, in his famous diary, described Roettier as 'that incomparable graver… who emulates even the Ancients in both metal and stone'.
Roettier struck this medal of John Maitland, the King's Secretary of State for Scotland, in 1672. The medal commemorates Charles II creating him Duke of Lauderdale and awarding him the Order of the Garter earlier that year. It shows a profile portrait of the Duke, wearing a contemporary wig, but dressed in a Roman costume, with pteruges (leather straps) and a lion mask epaulette.
This hybridised appearance was meant to make the recognisable Duke appear as if he was a military commander on a classical medal or coin. The cloak, or paludamentum, that the Duke wears was an item of clothing that was ceremonially fastened over a Roman commander's shoulders before they went into battle. By showing the Duke wearing such a cloak, Roettier is referencing the Third Anglo-Dutch war that Great Britain was then engaged in, and in turn the viewer is meant to be reminded of the Duke's role as one of Charles II's most important and powerful ministers. Likewise, the reverse of the medal shows Minerva, the Roman goddess of war, holding the Duke's helmet and crest, below the motto 'Consilio et Animis', which translates as 'by counsel and courage'. In reality Lauderdale was a controversial and often unpopular figure, and so the medal would have helped restore his reputation.
The medal will be on display when the Scottish National Portrait Gallery reopens in November this year.


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Pipelining is a technique you can use to increase the throughput of the FPGA VI. In a pipelined design, you take advantage of the parallel processing capabilities of the FPGA to increase the efficiency of sequential code. To implement a pipeline, you must divide code into discrete steps and wire the inputs and outputs of each step to Feedback Nodes or shift registers in a loop.
In the following block diagram, subVIs A, B, and C execute in sequence within a single-cycle Timed Loop. As a result, the clock rate of the single-cycle Timed Loop must be set to accommodate the sum of the running times of all three running subVIs.
When you wire the inputs and outputs of the subVIs to Feedback Nodes, as shown in the following block diagram, LabVIEW pipelines the subVIs. Now, the subVIs execute in parallel, all within a single cycle, and the maximum clock rate is limited only by the subVI with the longest combinatorial path. By implementing a pipelined design, you might be able to increase the clock rate of the single-cycle Timed Loop and increase the throughput of the FPGA VI.
You also can use shift registers to implement a pipeline, as shown in the following block diagram.
When you implement a pipeline, the output of the final step lags behind the input by the number of steps in the pipeline, and the output is invalid for each clock cycle until the pipeline fills. The number of steps in a pipeline is called the pipeline depth, and the latency of a pipeline, measured in clock cycles, corresponds to its depth. For a pipeline of depth N, the result is invalid until the Nth clock cycle, and the output of each valid clock cycle lags behind the input by N-1 clock cycles.
Because there are three steps in this example (subVIs A, B, and C), the improved code results in a pipeline of depth 3. Therefore, the output is not valid until the third clock cycle, and the output of each valid clock cycle C always corresponds to the input from clock cycle C – (N – 1), as shown in the following illustration.
In this example, subVI A processes measurement 1 during clock cycle 1, while subVIs B and C both process the default value of the shift register, yielding invalid output. During clock cycle 2, subVI A processes measurement 2, subVI B processes the output of subVI A from clock cycle 1, and subVI C processes an invalid value, yielding invalid output. During clock cycle 3 the pipeline finally fills and the output from subVI C becomes valid for the first time. SubVI A processes measurement 3, subVI B processes the output of subVI A from clock cycle 2, and subVI C processes the output of subVI B from clock cycle 2, yielding the output that corresponds to measurement 1. After the pipeline is full, all subsequent clock cycles yield valid output, with a constant lag of 2 clock cycles.
|Note You must use caution to prevent undesired behavior due to the invalid outputs that occur at the beginning of pipelined execution. For example, you can use a Case structure to ensure that a control algorithm enables actuators only after N clock cycles elapse.|
You can use pipelining to increase throughput by compiling a single-cycle Timed Loop in a faster clock domain. For example, the top section of the illustration below shows the execution timing of a non-pipelined loop consisting of three subVIs, each of which requires a propagation delay of 12.5 ns. The total propagation delay from subVI A to subVI C is 37.5 ns, which is too long to compile at 40 MHz. The middle section of the illustration shows how pipelining the code reduces the propagation delay to 12.5 ns, allowing the loop to compile at 40 MHz. Because the propagation delay of the pipelined loop is only 12.5 ns, the loop can compile at a clock rate as high as 80 MHz, as shown in the bottom section of the illustration.
|Note A pipelined design increases latency over a non-pipelined design when measured in clock cycles. However, because pipelining allows you to decrease the cycle period, the overall latency measured in units of time should not change substantially.|


Monday, February 13, 2012
Greening the DC Zoning Code?
The newly released draft of Washington DC's zoning code, as reported by Greater Greater Washington, contains promising changes, including reduced parking requirements and the allowance, after a decades-long ban, of homes on alleys. Also new to the code is the proposed "Green Area Ratio," a regulation that is molded on similar laws found in European cities such as Berlin and Malmo. A version of the same idea, the so-called "Green Factor," has already been implemented in Seattle, where it has drawn praise and some criticism
 According to its proponents, the GAR will push buildings to better treat stormwater, improve air quality and reduce urban "heat islands." However, the draft regulations do not appear to contain any standards to determine whether landscaping elements actually aid in stormwater retention or treatment. Nor is there information about whether the estimated benefits are large enough to matter regionally or city-wide.
Existing research also raises potential concerns that nobody will monitor the environmental performance of these features once built. George Washington University professor Melissa Keeley, whose work the draft documents cite, sounds a cautionary note about "policy deficits and the lack of adequate outcome monitoring" in her 2011 study of Berlin's green ratio.
Some of the benefits seem questionable, like the statistic that "1,000 square feet of green roof can supply 110 people with oxygen." While this is beneficial, that the carbon monoxide-emitting motor vehicle creates much more pollution in urban areas than the lack of landscaped surface.
Imposing expensive mandates on multifamily housing while exempting single-family homes from regulation creates a perverse outcome in which dense, space-efficient housing suffers penalties for being environmentally unfriendly, while low-density homes occupying a small portion of their lot enjoy rewards for "retaining more green area." While the GAR is compatible with high density urbanism, regulations which apply differently to various densities can make some types of housing more expensive, especially small apartment buildings.
The proponents of the New Urbanism, meanwhile, have been working to address stormwater management from an unapologetically pro-urban perspective, recently engaging the EPA in a discussion over existing stormwater standards that may inadvertently penalize density and enourage sprawling development. Laurence Aurbach's article Dense and Beautiful Stormwater Management discusses these issues in depth, suggesting that planners and regulators accept density as a best management practice for stormwater.
In old cities, the highest art is often maximizing visible greenery while minimizing GAR. That creates streetscapes of intense greenery at low cost. The tools of this approach are not swales and rain gardens, as useful as these may be, but window boxes, hanging pots, climbing vines and clay urns:
Eguisheim, Alsace
Taipei, Taiwan.
Cagliari, Sardinia.
 1. When I saw that note about "Green Area Ratio" in the DC planning documents, I nearly went nuts. This is straight up Radiant Garden City nonsense, disguised as "sustainability". How perverse!
 2. ^
 Agreed. Once you strip away all the fancy language, how is this really different from the open space + minimum lot size + berm + setback requirements in so many suburbs?
 We are sooo lost when it comes to "green design." "Greening" a city does not necessitate smearing it over with plant matter AT ALL (though plants are obviously a nice thing to have). Otherwise Siena and Florence would be terribly unsustainable hellholes, which they are not.
 I think Charlie's suggestion for traditional, fine-grained "greening" - individuals embellishing their homes with planters, urns, vines, etc. - makes far more sense and that it even turns out to be more pleasant and endearing in the long run. Another useful tool - porous paving! (Which goes by the traditional names of "bricks" or "cobblestones.") Rather than relying on mandated rainwater-absorption lawns, wouldn't cobblestone streets + plazas-as-parking-lots do a better job of absorbing rainwater than asphalt streets and parking lots? You'd also get the benefit of better speed/traffic control on residential side streets.
 Swales and swathes of lawn are useless in an urban setting - this is just more of the rampant urban ruralization we've been desperately engaging in ever since Olmsted. (Not surprisingly, it hasn't worked.)
 BTW Duany made some great points on the absurdities of urban ruralization well before the LU fad cropped up, even. He cites Portland as a prime example of ruralization gone awry:
 As for the other proposed zoning changes, I think DC is moving in the right direction, though I still think the current revisions are too timid. Why not scrap parking requirements altogether - let the developer respond to perceived market demand and put in as much (or as little) parking as he/she thinks is needed for his/her building to be appropriately saleable/rentable?
 And loosen up on those corner stores already! The many thousands of surviving examples show us that the world will not end if a corner store is open to 10pm!
 Good summary! I think this zoning revision is a good start, but it doesn't go far enough.
 3. BTW: I haven't yet seen a clear answer to this:
 The zoning revisions will allow for the addition of alley houses along some existing alleys, but will it allow for the construction of *new* alleys/narrow streets complete with housing and commerce?
 4. _USER_: I'm afraid I can't clear that up, either. My hunch is that existing street width standards have not changed, though. The basics should not be so difficult to figure out, but with 458 pages just for the first third of the draft, clarity and simplicity were evidently not the primary objectives.
 Also, as far as the "open space + minimum lot size + berm + setback requirements," your point (and Matthew's) are well taken. Introducing greenery as a cure for the perceived ills of the city has been a theme of American urbanism for well over 150 years now. Only the justifications have changed to track the prevailing political climate (e.g. decongestion in the 1930s, "green urbanism" in the 2000s).
 Great presentation by Duany, also. He's not afraid to call Landscape Urbanism (or its antecedents) like they are.
 5. I missed this the first go-around, but this quote from a planning memo helps to show the thinking here:
 "In developing the GAR system, it is generally assumed that the environmental performance of a forested or meadow lot not impacted by human intervention would have the highest possible environmental performance, and an entirely asphalt paved lot would have the lowest. Generally the data shows that lower lot occupancy equates to higher existing GAR."
 That is the opposite of the definition for a "green" city given in, for instance, "Green Metropolis," as GAR does not distinguish between a surface lot and a lot entirely covered by a building. Even LEED, for all its shortcomings, is farther sighted and more holistic than this.
 6. Judging by the posted draft regulations, the purpose of the GAR is primarily aesthetic. It's about promoting a citywide green image rather than achieving measurable environmental performance. Any green planting would qualify for the GAR, whether or not it has any stormwater management function. The GAR could be satisfied by a renewable energy installation, no matter how little energy it actually generates.
 More importantly, the draft GAR lacks the flexibility that is needed to support dense urban development. One presentation says the goal is to eliminate lots that are 100% covered by nonpermeable surface. Buildings with 100% lot coverage will have to install green roofs. Green roofs can be very good, but they are not appropriate, desirable, or feasible for every building that occupies all of its lot. To reduce the heat island effect, "cool roofs" (light-colored roofs) can have equal performance at lower cost.
 The CNU Rainwater-In-Context page has numerous articles and resources that discuss these issues and describe alternative solutions and best practices. See
 Unbelievable! So by their logic, it makes sense for DC to raze rowhouse and apartment block neighborhoods for dispersed "cottage homes" (ranch houses) if it wants to become more "sustainable."
 I have less and less patience with the greenies with every passing day. The fact that they talk about "forest" and "meadow" lots shows that they're inappropriately striving to "violate the transect" as a New Urbanist would say, or in other words, to transplant the rural environment and superimpose it on the city to cure its supposed "environmental" ills. Lower lot occupancy = sprawl and bread-and-butter suburbia, *not* an ecotopia! Sheesh!
 Again, I think it'd be easier for DC to reach that vaunted ecotopia status if it worked to remove/narrow asphalt roads and parking lots rather than apparently mandating a reduction in building density. But taming oversized roads/parking lots is a big no-no right now.
 This GAR notion is the result of the kind of destructive thinking you get with hyperspecialists. They only see the world through an extremely narrow, oversimplified, technocratic lens:
 Jane Jacobs, on the other hand, was truly an urban generalist.
 8. I blame politicians more than technocrats. Single family homeowners tend


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Task uvsector will flag a sector of visibility data with a given u-v position angle (or hour angle). While you can give the position angle of the sector to be flagged directly (via the angle parameter), it is more convenient to indicate the position angle indirectly via the stripe direction in an image. How do you specify a stripe direction? You do this by specifying a long, thin region in a image. Normally you will generate the region by using cgcurs (see Section 17.3 for more information on cgcurs). With cgcurs, you display a greyscale of the image, and then use a cursor to selection a long, thin, region containing the crest of a single stripe. The selected region is then written into a text file, cgcurs.region. While this may be a rather odd way to define a direction, it allows uvsector to use the interactive facilities of cgcurs.
Typical inputs to use cgcurs are
|in=vela.icln||Input image (probably CLEANed).|
|range=||Set the range to highlight the stripes.|
|device=/xs||PGPLOT device - Xwindows here.|
|options=region||Define a region of interest.|
The width of the sector that uvsector flags is given as an angle (in degrees) via the width parameter. Remember that 1 degree is equivalent to 4 minutes of observing time, so do not set it to any value larger than you need. Normally you would set this to a few degrees, based on your confidence in the accuracy of the stripe direction. The default is 5 degrees.
As uvsector flags a sector, if your input visibility data-set contains multiple configurations, data within that sector for all configurations will be flagged by default. Generally this is not what you are likely to want. If you know which configuration contains the bad data, you can use the select keyword to ensure just that configuration is affected. Selecting by time is probably the easiest.
The breadth of a stripe also contains useful information - a glitch in just
the short baselines will cause a broad stripe, whereas a glitch in just the
long baselines will cause a narrow stripe separation. A glitch in just one
baseline will give a two dimensional sinusoid.
Given the separation
between stripes, you could make an approximate calculation of the corresponding
u-v radius of the bad data.
For a stripe separation (crest to crest) of x arcseconds, the corresponding
u-v radius is
|vis=vela.uv||Visibility data to be flagged.|
|angle||Leave unset if defining position|
|angle by a stripe direction.|
|in=vela.icln||The image containing stripes,|
|used only for its coordinate information.|
|_EMAIL_||A long, thin, region along the crest|
|of a stripe.|
|width=3||Flag data over 3 degrees (12 minutes of time)|
|select||Leave unset to flag all data in the sector,|
|select=uvrange(8,12)||Flag data within the sector and between 8 to 12|


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This Fix-It Guide on cordless telephone repair tells how a cordless telephone works, what often goes wrong, how to identify a cordless telephone problem, and what parts and tools you will need to fix it. It then gives simple step-by-step instructions for how to maintain proper charging of a cordless phone and how to replace an antenna. This guide also refers you to other Fix-It Guides for specific problems.
How Does a Cordless Telephone Work?
A cordless telephone is a phone that has a base connected to a standard phone jack and an electrical wall outlet. The base receives the signal from the telephone line and translates it into radio waves that are transmitted to the cordless handset. The base also includes a recharger for the handset's batteries. Recharging takes place when the handset rests on the base.
What Can Go Wrong with a Cordless Telephone?
Cordless telephones are nearly bulletproof, especially those with integrated circuitry. In fact, some cordless phones are sealed and don't offer a way of getting into them without breaking them. Even so, there are things that can go wrong that you can fix. For example, a low battery can make communication difficult–and it's easily remedied. In addition, cordless phones can pick up noisy interference from outside sources such as power lines, motors, televisions, and other telephones. You can shield the phone or select an alternate channel to improve reception. You also can minimize future problems by keeping the phone clean, especially the recharging contacts on the base.
Use a pencil eraser to clean the contacts on a cordless telephone's base, then use compressed air or contact cleaner to remove any residue and debris left by the eraser.
How Can I Identify a Cordless Telephone Problem?
Most problems with cordless phones are easy to identify and resolve.
- If the cordless telephone doesn't work at all, make sure that the power is on at the electrical outlet. Then test the phone line by plugging another telephone into it. Check the low battery indicator and recharge the battery if needed. If the battery won't hold a charge, replace it with an exact replacement (size and voltage). Cordless phone batteries typically last a year with regular charging, but they can last for a longer or shorter time depending on use and maintenance.
- If the phone is noisy, and the unit has a manual channel selector, switch to another channel. Even some automatic channel selectors have an override selector. If that doesn't work, plug the base into a different electrical outlet in a distant part of the house to see if the interference is through a specific electrical circuit or appliance in your home.
- If the antenna is obviously damaged or broken, replace it (see below).
What Do I Need for Cordless Telephone Repair?
You'll need only a few tools to perform most fixes on your cordless phone. These are the ones most frequently used:
- Multimeter (for testing the battery)
What Are the Steps to Cordless Telephone Repair?
Maintain proper charging of a cordless telephone:
- Once a month, clean the charge contacts on both the base and the handset with a pencil eraser.
- Once a month, leave the phone off the base until the battery completely discharges, then put it back on the base to recharge it (unless your owner's manual gives other instructions). If the battery does not recharge, replace it.
Replace a cordless telephone antenna:
- Inspect the antenna to determine how it is installed. If you are still not sure, take it to a retailer that sells replacement parts and ask a clerk. Antennas on newer cordless phones screw in. Older models may require the unit be disassembled, the antenna desoldered, and the new one soldered into place (see solder in the Fix-Anything Fix-It Guide.
- If disassembly is required, remove the cover to the battery compartment and look for screws or clips that allow access to the antenna and other components.
If the base unit requires service, first unplug the unit from the electrical outlet. Some cordless telephones have a battery in the base for backing up incoming and outgoing messages. Look for a battery cover, remove it, and test the battery before disassembly. If necessary, disassemble the base unit by removing screws and/or clips from the underside to gain access. Test and replace components using a multimeter and following the phone owner's manual.
If purchasing a new cordless telephone look for one that is relatively easy to disassemble and replace an antenna or other major component. Also ask what parts are readily available for that model.


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ZwischengoldgläserArticle Free Pass
Zwischengoldgläser, (German: "gold between glasses"), drinking glasses decorated with engraving in gold leaf laminated between two pieces of glass. The term is usually applied to beakers, goblets, and tumblers produced in Bohemia during the late 17th and early 18th centuries, but examples have been found in Roman catacombs of the 3rd century. These early glasses were made as follows: The inner side of the bottom of the glass was covered with gold leaf and a design scratched through the gold. A disk of glass was then fused to the inside bottom, leaving the gold sandwiched between two layers of glass. The 17thand 18th-century technique was similar: Two glasses were made of identical shape, one slightly larger than the other. Gold leaf was applied to the outside of the smaller one and a design scratched on it; the smaller glass was then fitted into the larger and bonded to it. See also Mildner glass.
What made you want to look up "Zwischengoldglaser"? Please share what surprised you most...


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Secondary Maths Collection – Gill Hillitt's Tarsias – Core 4
Secondary Maths Collection – Gill Hillitt's Tarsias – Core 4
Collection Author: Craig Barton - Maths AST and creator of _URL_ (TES Name: mrbartonmaths)
A few months ago a lady called Gill Hillitt sent me an email asking if I would be interested in sharing some of her Tarsia Jigsaws on my website. Always on the look-out for a freebie, I of course gladly accepted. It was only when the bundle came through that I released the breadth, depth and quality of Gill's work.
Unlike many Tarsia activities, Gill's are not simply textbook questions copied and pasted into the software. Her questions are carefully thought out, designed to consolidate her students' understanding of a topic, but also identify and weed out any nasty misconceptions. She makes excellent use of supplementary worksheets and information to add a greater depth to the jigsaw activity, which is something I had never seen before. Best of all, the majority of Gill's activities are written for A Level, which tends to be an area of maths teaching that is lacking in quality, free maths resources that really challenge the students.
Gill has also changed the way I use Tarsia, by offering up a few excellent tips to make the most out of the resource. Here are two from the lady herself:
(1) Go to the table view of the tarsia you want to use. Save it with a different file name, change to input view and delete all the answers. Save the changes. Now you can print a version for the students to use on which they can do all their working out and put away in their notes.
(2) If you want to laminate class sets (I usually do 12 per group) occasionally a tile gets dropped on the floor, and it's difficult to know which set it belongs to. I have used excel to print different letters of the alphabet filling 12 A4 sheets, then when I print the tarsia using output, I use the bypass tray so that each set of tiles has a different letter on the back.
Gill has kindly allowed me to upload all of her excellent Tarsia activities to TES. The best of the ones for the Core 4 A2 Module can be found below.


How you decode 'noisy' language in daily life
Last Updated: Tuesday, April 30, 2013 - 21:15
Washington: A new study by MIT researchers indicates that when we process language, we often make mental edits.
Moreover, it suggests that we seem to use specific strategies for making sense of confusing information - the "noise" interfering with the signal conveyed in language, as researchers think of it.
"Even at the sentence level of language, there is a potential loss of information over a noisy channel," said Edward Gibson, a professor in MIT's Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences (BCS) and Department of Linguistics and Philosophy.
"As people are perceiving language in everyday life, they're proofreading, or proof-hearing, what they're getting," said Leon Bergen, a PhD student in BCS and a co-author of the study.
"What we're getting is quantitative evidence about how exactly people are doing this proofreading. It's a well-calibrated process," Bergen added.
The study is based on a series of experiments the researchers conducted, using the Amazon Mechanical Turk survey system, in which subjects were presented with a series of sentences - some evidently sensible, and others less so - and asked to judge what those sentences meant.
"The more deletions and the more insertions you make, the less likely it will be you infer that they meant something else," Gibson said.
When readers have to make one such change to a sentence, they think the original version was correct about 50 percent of the time. But when people have to make two changes, they think the sentence is correct even more often, about 97 percent of the time.
Thus the sentence, "Onto the cat jumped a table," which might seem to make no sense, can be made plausible with two changes - one deletion and one insertion - so that it reads, "The cat jumped onto a table." And yet, almost all the time, people will not infer that those changes are needed, and assume the literal, surreal meaning is the one intended.
"People are much more likely to infer an alternative meaning based on a possible deletion than on a possible insertion," Gibson said.
Suppose you hear or read a sentence that says, "The businessman benefitted the tax law." Most people, it seems, will assume that sentence has a word missing from it - "from," in this case - and fix the sentence so that it now reads, "The businessman benefitted from the tax law." But people will less often think sentences containing an extra word, such as "The tax law benefitted from the businessman," are incorrect, implausible as they may seem.
Another strategy people use, the researchers found, is that when presented with an increasing proportion of seemingly nonsensical sentences, they actually infer lower amounts of "noise" in the language.
"People seem to be taking into account statistical information about the input that they're receiving to figure out what kinds of mistakes are most likely in different environments," Bergen says.
The study results appeared in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
First Published: Tuesday, April 30, 2013 - 21:15
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Sculptor, Jason Robert Griego uses techniques and materials he's developed over the last decade to create sculptures of bone, resin and natural pigments. During casting, many different effects are created using a variety of materials including sage, cinnamon, glass, stone, wood, metals as well as found objects. Natural pigments are embedded into the casting to infuse color into the sculpture. Through many different processes, including using kerosene, fire and other elements, Griego creates an organic patina for each piece and ensures each individual sculpture is unique.
Griego's iconic work resists easy categorization. His use of materials and dynamic approach allows him to create sculptures that are raw and organic. His work symbolizes what it is to be human. However, Griego believes words or descriptions can sometimes injure the communication of sculpture.
"It's difficult to translate the language of sculpture into the language of words. It becomes a copy of a copy – it loses resolution in the translation. Sculptures only become alive when they are viewed directly. They're a delivery system or a language used to convey an emotion or idea in a very singular way."
Griego's work allows our personal and inner thoughts and feelings to be reflected back to us. The figures, with strong silhouettes, detailed surfaces and organic pigments, show us as we ought to be – noble and strong, with an inner dignity. They reveal how all things are temporary and all things are forever. Beauty and brutality – the duality of truth is shown in his work. Griego has taken sculpture and stripped it down to its purest essence - honesty.


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Exploring Economic Inequality with Data
through its collaboration with the SERC Pedagogic Service.
This set of assignments exposes students to data pertaining to economic inequality in international and historical context. The first assignment asks students to use Lorenz Curves and Gini Coefficients to summarize inequality in income and taxes reported by the IRS.
The second sends them to the United Nations Human Development Indicators page to find cross-country data on Gini Coefficients and some other development indicator which they hypothesize to be correlated with inequality.
In the third assignment, students estimate wealth inequality from 1774 probate records and compare the result with estimates of 20th-century wealth inequality.
These early assignments serve as "scaffolding" for the ultimate assignment-a thesis-driven argument supported by data drawn from one or more of the sources used here.
- Have a sense of the level of economic inequality in international and historical context
- Connect inequality to other indicators of economic development
- Think critically about how measures of income and wealth are calculated, adjusting what we "know" about inequality accordingly
- Write effectively using data to support their argument
- Effectively present data in tables, charts, and text
Context for Use
Description and Teaching Materials
Designed to be distributed in class, this handout guides students through all four parts of the assignment including citations to web pages with the required data.
Ultimately, students will write a thesis-driven paper using data to support their argument. To give them the skills to succeed (and to teach them some facts about inequality) I provide three small data assignments as "scaffolding" for the final task. Each of the small assignments draws on data from different sources:
- Part 1: Income and Tax Inequality in the US
IRS web page
- Part 2: Income Inequality around the World
United Nations Human Development Indicators statistics page
- Part 3: Wealth Inequality in the Colonies and Today
American Colonial Wealth Estimates, 1774-study #7329 (Note: You must belong to an ICPSR member institution to have access to their data. You can find out if your institution is a member at the ICPSR membership page
Grading Criteria (Microsoft Word 21kB Mar15 06)
Teaching Notes and Tips
- When giving the assignment I address the issue directly. I tell them why it is important that liberally educated individuals be comfortable finding data to inform their thinking. I remind them that while much data are available (especially with the internet), data usually do not come in the form required to answer our particular questions. Finally, I warn them that the way data is collected and defined is critical to our understanding of what it means. The safest way to ensure I understand what the data do and don't mean is for me to work with data directly.
- Students are often excited by what they have found. While the assignment itself is a place for them to share their discoveries, most students also appreciate a follow-up class discussion in which they can communicate their insights. This discussion also reinforces the idea that with careful attention to detail, students really can find answers to questions on their own without resort to secondary sources.
(2)Many students place too much trust in data labels. For instance, if two sources contain data labeled "income", then surely they both measure identical concepts of income and are equally reliable. Of course, one of the most important critical thinking skills we can teach students about data is to be sure they know precisely what a data point means and how it was measured. Throughout the assignment I have included prompts which provoke questions about this issue. The first assignment, for instance, asks them to examine the 1040 tax form and reflect on how well the IRS definition of income matches our ideal. Similarly, the third assignment requires students to examine several probate records to see what types of personal property are listed. They are then asked to explain how the nature of the property listed creates difficulty when comparing inequality over time. (Among other things, the property list includes slaves-a fact that raises questions concerning how we decide whom to count as an "observation".)
- Quality of thesis
- Quality of argument
- Accuracy in use of data
- Quality of writing
- Quality of data presentation


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Thu 27 September 2012 - Sat 2 February 2013
The Musée des Beaux-Arts in Dijon, which is partially closed for renovations, has generously sent one of its treasures in a travelling exhibition: the pleurants (the mourners) from the tomb of the Duke of Burgundy, John the Fearless, from the Charterhouse of Champmol. They comprise 37 alabaster figures that the court sculptor Juan de la Huerta made between 1443 and 1456.
The presence of pleurants - figures who mourn the loss of the deceased and pray for his salvation - on tombs has a long tradition: there are already examples in the middle of the 13th century in the abbey church of Saint Denis, north of Paris. What is completely novel about the two tombs of the Burgundian dukes is that the pleurants are no longer relief figures, playing a secondary role, but have advanced to become the primary decorative elements. They are conceived as fully plastic figures who walk through richly decorated arcades as if through a cloister.
Of the 37 masculine figures in this exhibition, clerics dominate. The procession is led by choirboys and deacons, followed by a bishop and four cantors. The remaining mourners are primarily Cartusian monks, recognizable by their broad hoods, with some members of the laity interspersed. Through the variation of the figures and the balanced rhythm between them, the procession remains charged with tension. It is astounding how each figure shows an individual posture and its own frame of mind, although the pleurants are not meant to be portraits per se. The figures express their sadness through their gestures and the complex draping of the fabric of their cloaks. Some of the most impressive figures are those whose faces are hidden by their hoods. Although the pleurants in this exhibition were created for a specific historical context, they remain deeply affecting to this day. Since mourning is among the most universal and distressing of emotions, we recognize ourselves in the pleurants from the tomb of John the Fearless and remember a time when we ourselves were at our most vulnerable.
A joint exhibition of the Dallas Museum of Art and the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dijon under the patronage of FRAME (French Regional and American Museum Exchange)
The presentation in Europe is made possible by the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dijon, the Memling in Sint-Jan Hospitaalmuseum, Bruges, the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, and the Musée de Cluny, Paris
With the support of Museum & Location
Skulpturensammlung und Museum für Byzantinische Kunst
Dallas Museum of Art
Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dijon
FRAME (French Regional and American Museum Exchange)
Memling in Sint-Jan Hospitaalmuseum, Brügge
Musée de Cluny, Paris


The Evolution of Air Travel in Recent Years
Author: Kim Jacobs All about moving and London
AirplaneAir travel has come a long way since it was commercialized. Modern airplanes are known to be the safest public transportation mean and are fitted with the finest amenities that one may desire, especially if he's flying in first class. Today almost every developed city in the world has an airport which serves numerous flights on an hour to hour basis. Also in comparison with the late 20th century, today air travel has become more and more affordable which means that more and more people are traveling via air and have the opportunity to explore the world.
However not everything about air travel has evolved throughout the years. Some aspects of air travel have literally become worse when compared to the past. For instance nowadays people are literally obligated to go to the airport at least a couple of hours prior of their flight in order to pass through all the security routines that await them. The augmentation of security regarding air travel was a direct result of the September 11 attacks.
Despite the fact that most people understand that these security measures are for their safety, they are still complaining about them because they have made the boarding process of a plane a nightmarish task which is highly irritating and time consuming. The discontent has grown so much that nowadays air travel authorities are starting to think of ways in which they can make air travel pleasant and safe at the same time.
Another aspect of air travel that has changed negatively throughout the years is that the gap between first class and second class has gotten bigger. Back in the days, there wasn't much difference between the services that first class and second class passengers received. The biggest perk of traveling first class was the food. Generally first class travelers were served more refined delicacies while second class travelers received more common meals. Today however things have changed drastically. First class travelers don't only receive better food, but also have more leg space and the fly attendants tend to give them more attention. There are even cases in which during short flight destinations second class travelers weren't given the meals that they're entitled to and had to pay if they wanted any beverages or food.
Another drastic different between first class and second class travelers is in the boarding process. Second class travelers must wait a long queue while first class travelers have a separate line which allows them to board the plan much more quickly.
The latest thing about air travel that has been the topic of large discontent is the luggage self-checking that most major airports have implemented. Travelers are obligated to check their luggage on their own by using automated machines which are in most cases hard to operate. At least some airlines have the decency to place an employee nearby the machines in the case that someone may need assistance.
If all this information has convinced you that air travel isn't for you, you can always change the scenery by relocating to another city or neighbourhood. You can move easily by using man with van services. You will need the services of a man with van company because moving from one place to another can be stressful and irritating.
Alternatively if the information that we have provided to you doesn't bother you, head to the nearest traveling agency and book a ticket to a destination of your choice.


?v=11773251208969549297, //cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0662/0785/t/33/assets/global.css?v=11773251207345653169,
High Intensity with Kayla - Recipe Guides
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As some of you may have experienced, no matter how hard you train, you just cannot seem to get the results you want. If your diet is poor, you will find that you acquire little or no results, even if you exercise every day.
A common misconception is that 'clean eating' will give you the results you're after. I want to help people understand that clean eating and 'clean eating plans' are just healthy eating. Eating healthy foods is not necessarily going to make you lose fat. Weight loss nutrition is a very different concept, it is a science. The results you will achieve are heavily impacted by what good foods you eat, when you eat them and how they are combined with other foods in certain amounts.
To help people understand this, I have written a book called High Intensity with Kayla - Recipe Guides. This online publication has been endorsed by an Australian University as well as a renowned nutrition and dietetics firm (Nutrition Professionals AustraliaAPD's).
This book is a list of nutritional guidelines suitable for women, and provides a basic understanding of what nutrients are. It separates the three main and important macronutrient groups and explains their value in day-to-day eating.
The book provides not only information about what to eat, but when to eat them, and various options for each meal during the day. These nutritional guidelines do not calorie count and provide no specific reference to the amount of nutrients eaten per meal. Instead, you will find a measured amount of food suitable for women wanting to lose weight and remain healthy.
High Intensity with Kayla - Recipe Guides


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The Hot Fuel Examination Facility (HFEF) is one of the largest hot cells dedicated to radioactive materials research at Idaho National Laboratory (INL). The nation's lead laboratory for nuclear energy research and development utilizes HFEF capabilities in researching radioactive materials development and characterization.
HFEF began operations in 1975, providing a two hot-cell complex and radiation-shielded rooms for handling irradiated reactor fuel and structural materials. HFEF hosted examinations providing data used to determine the performance of fuels and materials irradiated in EBR-II and other facilities. The facility performs transuranic (TRU) waste characterizations supporting the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in New Mexico. Underneath the hot cells, HFEF's basement hosts the Neutron Radiography Reactor (NRAD), a reactor built for neutron radiography irradiation of small test components.
The facility provides shielding and containment for remote examination, processing and handling of highly radioactive TRU-bearing materials. Shielded cells, unshielded labs, support areas and special equipment for handling, examining and testing highly radioactive materials make HFEF an invaluable part of INL's nuclear infrastructure.
Modifications to the facility now allow for receipt of almost any over-the-road commercial shipping cask and partnering with the commercial industry to test used commercial Light Water Reactor nuclear fuel rods.
HFEF provides support to a variety of programs including, but not limited to, the nuclear fuel cycle research, Generation IV technologies and Space Nuclear programs. It includes non-destructive examination, such as dimensional measurements and neutron radiography, and destructive examination, such as mechanical testing or metallographic/ceramographic characterization.
Development at HFEF also supports pyroprocessing activities at the Fuel Conditioning Facility. Pyroprocessing, or pyrometallurgical treatment of spent nuclear fuel, is the principal alternative to aqueous reprocessing technology that is being developed under the nuclear fuel cycle research.
Significant projects performed in HFEF include:
- Examination of fuels and components for the Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor (LMFBR) and Integral Fast Reactor (IFR) programs.
- Preparation and post-test examination tests utilizing large test loops for irradiation in the Transient Reactor Test Facility (TREAT) and the Sodium Loop Safety Facility (SLSF).
- Examination of test assemblies and fuel rods irradiated in the Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF). HFEF is the only large, inert atmosphere hot cell that is suitable for examination of chemically reactive materials.
Experimental Breeder Reactor-II/Transuranic Waste Characterization
Experimental Breeder Reactor-II (EBR-II) was one of the first liquid-metal-cooled fast breeder reactors to prove it could serve as an electric-power-generating plant operating on recycled fuel. Breeder reactors produce more fuel than they consume. EBR-II began generating power in August 1964 and was decommissioned in 1994.
HFEF still performs examinations on the fuels and materials irradiated in EBR-II, providing data to determine their quality of performance. The facility also performs TRU waste characterizations supporting WIPP in New Mexico.
The facility has two large, highly-shielded hot cells. The main cell, which is stainless steel-lined and gas tight, has 15 workstations, each with a 4-foot thick window of oil-filled, cerium-stabilized glass and a pair of remote manipulators. The decontamination cell has six similarly equipped workstations. Each cell is equipped with overhead cranes and overhead electromechanical manipulators. Cell exhaust passes through at least two stages of HEPA filtration.
Radioactive materials are introduced into the hot cells via a shielded cask on a transfer cart, which accesses the cells through an under-cell transfer tunnel. A penetration through the top of the main cell also allows the introduction of large components or fuel assemblies.
Neutron Radiography Reactor
NRAD is a 250 kW TRIGA reactor in the basement of HFEF. It is equipped with two beam tubes and two separate radiography stations that make it one of the finest facilities in the world for neutron radiography irradiation of small test components, a process not possible using conventional X-ray methods.


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The value of future opportunities: comparison of information technology firms and forest companies
Kärri, Timo (1998)
Aineistoon ei liity tiedostoja.
There are several alternatives for valuing the future opportunities of firms. The traditional appraisal methods for single projects such as net present value, internalrate of return and payback rules have been criticized in recent years. It has been said that they do not take into account all growth opportunities of firms. At the company level, business valuation is traditionally based on financial and market information. Yield estimates, net worth values and market values of shares are commonly used. Naturally, all valuation methods have their own strengths and shortcomings. In the background of most estimation rules there is the idea that the future of the firms is quite clear and predictable. However, in recent times the business environment of most companies has changed to a more unpredictable direction and the effects of uncertainty have increased. There has been a growing interest in estimating the risks and values of future possibilities. The aim of the current paper is to describe the difference between the value of futureopportunities in information technology firms and forest companies, and also toanalyse the backgrounds for the observed gap.


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Concerting text layers to shape will allow you to transform it in Photoshop further. It will allow you to change its shape, add some effect and basically edit your text up to your desiring. In this article, I walk you through the different steps to convert a text to a shape with Photoshop.
In a nutshell, to convert your text to a shape in Photoshop, you need to right-click on the desired text layer and select the option "Convert to a shape".
Let's dive in more details this process:
Before we begin, you should already have a piece of text open. If you don't know how to do that, you can learn how here.
So let's get started!
Step 1: Select and convert your text to a shape
In the bottom right side of your screen, you will find the Layers panel.
In the Layers panel, find your text layer. Text layers have a large "T" in the preview window, and the layer name is usually the same as the contents of the text. In my case, it simply says "text".
Now, right click on the text layer. This will reveal the Layer Options. Scroll down to the Conver to Shape option and click.
Now your text layer has been converted to a shape layer. If you look in the Layers Panel, you will see that the layer preview has changed. It now displays the actual text and a small path logo. This indicates a successful conversion.
Your text will also reflect the outline of the shape of individual letters.
Step 2: Fine-tuned your text shape
To edit the shape layer, you need to select the Direct Selection Tool. It is the tool with the white cursor.
If you cannot find it, the Path Selection Tool may be active. Find the black cursor and click and hold it to reveal the following menu:
Alternatively, you can also press Shift + A and summon the Direct Selection Tool.
Before you edit, you need to make the shape editable. By default, after conversion all the letters are selected and cannot individually be edited. With the Direct Selection Tool, click on any one letter to change the path points from blue to white. Now each point can be manipulated individually.
Mouse over to one of the points on the text shape and drag it over to where you want it. In my case, I am creating a unique "X" shape.
Repeat this for all the points until you are happy with your final result.
There you have it, an easy and effective way to convert text to shapes without having to go through the hassle of drawing letters from scratch. This is just of the unique techiniques you can apply inside photoshop towards calligraphy, typography, and more!
Here's a video tutorial from Michael Bullo that explains you in details how to convert a text to a shape in Photoshop.
Captivated by the digital world and particularly attracted by everything related to creativity, Martin is an amateur photographer and digital marketer who has more than 10 years of experience with Adobe Photoshop. Check his about page here
This post may contain affiliate links.


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Claremont, Calif. (August 21, 2017)—Professor Emeritus of Sociology Peter Nardi's new book, Critical Thinking: Tools for Evaluating Research, gives students the tools they need to analyze and interpret the vast quantities of information they process during their undergraduate years. The 168-page volume, published by the University of California Press, is a concise primer written for college and secondary school students who are honing their analytical-reasoning skills and formulating research methodologies in the digital age.
"This book gives people the tools to analyze the evidence that should either support, or refute, the claims being made by the media, by academic journals, by Twitter," Nardi said. "As a critical thinker, you need to know what questions to ask to evaluate the validity of claims being presented as facts."
Chapter by chapter, Nardi outlines strategies to help students scrutinize research studies and published pronouncements. The opening chapter, "Numeracy," enumerates questions that should be posed about statistics and numerical claims: Are the right numbers being used? What is the sample size? Should one be talking about the mean or the median in this instance?
Take the one about a statistician walking into a bar. If you want to know the average income of patrons, you ask everyone their income, add them together, then divide by the number of people. But what happens if Mark Zuckerberg walks in? Suddenly, according to the mean, the statistician can now claim that the patrons' average income is in the millions.
"It's very easy to distort numbers," said Nardi, who taught quantitative research methods at Pitzer and wrote the book Doing Survey Research: A Guide to Quantitative Methods based on his class lectures.
His chapter, "Fact, Opinion, and Logical Reasoning," tackles the difference between fact and opinion. Nardi said that people often have a hard time distinguishing the evidence behind a claim from their emotional reaction to that claim. Opinion and fact blur together in a world where beliefs, information and speculation are shared at the speed of a keyboard click.
"This explosion of information raises the question not only of what is 'fake news,' but what is fake information? What are fake claims?" Nardi said. "When students read Facebook posts, how do they evaluate their legitimacy?"
Nardi emphasizes that the need to dissect evidence extends far beyond the realm of social media.
"It's not just claims made on Twitter, it's claims made in academic journals and scientific studies too," he said.
Claims that carry popular currency—drinking wine before bed will help you lose weight, blueberries will ward off cancer—can be based on dubious and often contradictory studies. Nardi gives the example of the initial study on the link between measles, mumps and rubella vaccines and autism, which appeared in the prominent British medical journal, The Lancet; the study's findings were based on a sample size of only 12 children and ultimately retracted.
Nardi's book includes critical-thinking tips, and he ends each chapter with exercises so readers can take their analytical-reasoning skills for a trial run.
"My goal was really to write a book for students," Nardi said. "I taught for 33 years at Pitzer, and I was dedicated to teaching, so I want my writing to take the same approach."
The book is designed for college students and also for high school seniors who may be required to take classes in critical thinking. Often first-year college students are asked to read studies before they have taken a course in research methods, Nardi said. His book provides the basic skills they will need to interrogate information and scrutinize the sources in introductory courses.
Nardi created the companion website _URL_ to guide students through the book and provide additional resources and readings about topics covered in the book, which cover the gamut of the social sciences, from sociology and psychology to political science and education.
Barry Glassner, the author of The Culture of Fear, says Critical Thinking also has a place outside of the classroom.
"At once rigorous and entertaining, thorough and precise, Peter Nardi's book provides an invaluable toolbox for everyone who wants to free themselves of needless fears, misinterpretations and mental manipulation by politicians, marketers and pseudo experts in the news media."
Critical Thinking: Tools for Evaluating Research is available through the University of California Press, Amazon and other booksellers.
About the Author:
Peter M. Nardi, a sociologist whose expertise ranges from research methods to media and gay studies, is the author of Doing Survey Research: A Guide to Quantitative Methods, soon to be released in its fourth edition by Routledge, and Gay Men's Friendships: Invincible Communities (University of Chicago Press). In addition to editing five anthologies in men's and gay studies, he has served as both the president of the Pacific Sociological Association and the editor of the journal Sociological Perspectives. Nardi, who began teaching at Pitzer College in 1975 and retired in 2008, taught classes including Survey Research Methods, Media & Society and Men & Masculinity. Nardi earned his PhD at the University of Pennsylvania, his MA from Colgate University and his undergraduate degree from the University of Notre Dame.


University of Missouri - Columbia.
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Posted 10.14.05
Gender is a Relative Term in Politics, MU Study Finds
Males and Females Adopt Different Communication Styles to Succeed in Political Arena
COLUMBIA, MO -- The new ABC television series, Commander in Chief, features a woman in a role many people imagine as only being filled by a male, the President of the United States. This female president must adopt traits and tactics that are typically ascribed to male leaders in order to deal with fellow politicians reluctant to accept a female into their political circle. A recent study by a University of Missouri-Columbia researcher found that in real-life political arenas male and female candidates adopt each others traditional communication styles.
"In politics, the stereotypical'masculine traits' of being tough and ambitious, as well as having strong leadership and administrative skills, are more highly valued over the 'feminine' traits of being compassionate, family-oriented and in possession of strong people skills," said Mitchell McKinney, assistant professor of communication at MU, who conducted the study along with Mary Banwart, communication professor at the University of Kansas.
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Communication Studies
The study, which will appear in Communication Studies in December, examined candidates engaged in televised, mixed-gender campaign debates, including U.S. Senate and gubernatorial debates. McKinney found that female candidates were just as likely to use so-called "masculine" communication strategies as their male counterparts. Conversely, male candidates, just as frequently as female candidates, adopted a feminine style in their debate responses.
According to McKinney, female candidates issued a personal attack in their debate responses 55 percent of the time compared with 48 percent for male candidates. Female candidates also were more likely to raise traditional "masculine" issues, such as crime, defense, taxes and budget issues, than their male opponents and were more likely to tout their own accomplishments.
"Through these strategies, these women are trying to overcome traditional notions that question a female candidate's governing competence and also the stereotypes that male candidates possess greater political ability and have greater political experience," McKinney said.
Alternatively, male candidates were more likely to emphasize feminine traits, such as sensitivity and cooperation, in selling themselves. They also were more likely to address so-called "feminine" issues, such as women's issues, health care and education, than female candidates.
"This study suggests that when female and male candidates meet face-to-face on the debate stage, both seem mindful of gendered stereotypes and respond with a strategy of gendered adaptiveness - with each adopting communication strategies and styles characteristically attributed to the opposite gender," McKinney said.
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