text:
OEM Frequency to Voltage Converter
(FVC) board is designed to convert a continuous series of digital pulses
(frequency) into an analog voltage. The board is ideal for a close loop
control of a motor shaft. The input is designed to accept low level (as
low as +/- 60 mV P-P) pulses from magnetic pick-ups or high-level square
wave signals from a shaft encoder (as high as +/- 40 V P-P).
the output voltage is positive (0 to 10 VDC) or negative (0 to 10 VDC)
with a magnitude proportional to the input frequency signal. This FVC
board may be used to provide a unidirectional analog velocity signal
that is directly proportional to the output from an encoder connected to
a rotating shaft. The output maintains a signal linearity and drift too
less than 0.3% with temperature drift of less than 0.05% per degree
centigrade with a very low ripple, less than 30 mV P-P at 10 KHz. Each
frequency to voltage converter module includes controls to set the
output signal Zero and Span. Where the Zero output sets for zero input
frequency (CW incises). And Span output sets to maximum input frequency
(CCW incises). The board operates of 2 wires 24 VDC or 24VAC power supply. The board's Molex
cage-up Terminal-Block makes it easy to connect to external connections
Module delivers analog 0 to +10 VDC or 0 to -10 VDC outputs proportional
to input pulse rate (frequency). Where it accepts variable pulse rate
inputs from a variety of sensors including magnetic pick-ups, with
maximum linearity. It the ideal board for supplying velocity feedback in
closed loop speed control systems.
The Board operates on the frequency content of a sinusoidal, triangular,
or square waveform. Typical transducers include:
Pick-up detecting a passing Gear-Teeth, Keyway, etc.
that scans alternating opaque and
Tachometer or Encoder.
For fast response of Board outputs, it is important that the transducer
be located toward the high-speed end of the drive train. For slow shaft
speeds, the transducer must be capable of delivering a high number of
cycles or pulses per revolution. The transducer should also be capable
of delivering a usable output for the entire speed range through maximum
The following formula is convenient for relating machine speeds and
sensor frequency output:
or Hz) = (RPM * PPR) /60
is Cycle Per Second
is the speed of the shaft where the sensor is located in Revolutions
is the number of Pulses (or cycles) produced by the sensor for one
shaft Per Revolution.
Super performance in is class; The Industrial board Zero and Span
adjustment allows the unit to deliver full-scale output voltage for any
input frequency within the limits of frequency range rating. It will
provide an ultimate combination of fast response and low ripple.
– FVC-DZSA transducer board is an
linear, and an efficient way to convert industrial standards frequencies 0 to 1KHz,
0 to 10KHz into 0 to 10V or
0 to -10V industrial standards
or 0 to 5V or 0 to -5V output voltages
signals.... See below table "frequency to voltage industrial standard
Note: For systems that requires
i.e. frequency to 4-20ma converter,
use our OEM
Frequency to Current 4-20mA converter.


text: Loud pure hole tones between 2300 and 10,000 Hz were induced in a jet by establishing turbulent flow of gaseous nitrogen through a rectangular chamber with a sharp-edged orifice at the exit. Visual observations of the jet and velocity measurements indicated a very drastic spread of the jet near the orifice exit in the presence of the loud pure tones. The potential core appeared to be no longer present and the flow-field became asymmetric. The enhanced spread of the jet and the asymmetry were not observed when the flow field had a broad-band frequency spectrum. Wavelet analysis of the instantaneous planar Mie scattering flow images was performed with a view to qualitatively study and compare the entrainment and mingling in two jets with and without acoustic self-excitation. Copyright ©2005 Begell House, Inc.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Net Interest Rate Spread
Net Interest Rate Spread refers to the difference between a company's cost of borrowing and the interest rate it can earn on its money. For example, if a company is able to borrow at 2% interest and is able to earn 3% interest, its interest rate spread is the difference between the two: 1%, or 100 basis points. Interest rate spread is similar to Net Interest Margin, but is different in that Net Interest Rate Spread is a hypothetical number that a company could earn if all assets were borrowed and invested at the going rates. In reality, some assets are, for example, kept in non-interest bearing accounts and therefore may incurr borrowing costs without earning any interest. Net Interest Margin takes this into account and is the percentage return the company actually achieved in the real world.
Companies are able to earn higher interest rates than they pay for a variety of reasons - a common strategy is to take advantage of differences between long-term interest rates and short-term interest rates, a difference often called the yield curve. Long-term interest rates are typically higher than short term rates to compensate for the innaccessability of money lent out for long periods of time - you can't get your money back until the term of the loan is complete.
Many financial services companies borrow money at short-term rates (for example, paying low savings-account interest rates to their depositors), and lend at long-term rates (for example, through mortgages). When the interest rate spread is large, this can be a source of significant profit for banks, since they collect interest at high rates but only pay low short-term rates. As the spread shrinks (or even becomes negative), this source of profit disappears.


text:
Definition of modillion
n. - The enriched block or horizontal bracket generally found under the cornice of the Corinthian and Composite entablature, and sometimes, less ornamented, in the Ionic and other orders; -- so called because of its arrangement at regulated distances. 2
The word "modillion" uses 9 letters: D I I L L M N O O.
No direct anagrams for modillion found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after modillion (in bold), or to diillmnoo in any order:
s - modillions
All words formed from modillion by changing one letter
Browse words starting with modillion by next letter

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Maths Rockx App Review
Maths Rockx is an educational app designed to help kids with their times tables via song. The idea being that by making it fun and catchy they're more likely to remember them. Made by a primary school teacher who'd been teaching for 15 years who found that kids didn't really know their times tables anymore and would teach them to her pupils along with beats and rock songs. I remember sitting in a classroom trying to learn them in that droney voice and struggling with the higher numbers so if your child is finding it hard to remember them it's great to try new ways of learning.
My 7 year old tried it out with me. He really enjoys learning new things. The app itself is brightly coloured and looks inviting for children. The app covers timetables from 2 to 12 and has a different song for each number. You choose which way around you say your times tables we do 1x, 2x, etc rather than the other way round. They can either sing along with the vocalist for each song or just have the backing music once they feel more confident. The songs are easily recognisable from the likes of Pharell, Lady Gaga and Pink.
There is also a quiz to test them on the times tables once they feel they have got to grips with it or if you want to see which numbers they are particularly finding it hard to remember. You can set it to beginner or harder, which gives them less time to answer.
We thought the app was really great fun and a joy to use with your children rather than just telling them things you can really get involved, sing along together and enjoy helping your little one to learn. It's great for kids just starting to learn them or to help reinforce them in the memory of a child who's already learning them.
The app is available from the App Store or Google Play at £9.99 for the full version with all tables. Also available in a free version with the times tables seperately for 99p each.
*We were given the app free for the purpose of this review however all opinions remain honest and our own*
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Scanning tunneling microscope (STM)
Alternate title: STM
scanning tunneling microscope (STM), type of microscope whose principle of operation is based on the quantum mechanical phenomenon known as tunneling, in which the wavelike properties of electrons permit them to "tunnel" beyond the surface of a solid into regions of space that are forbidden to them under the rules of classical physics. The probability of finding such tunneling electrons decreases exponentially as the distance from the surface increases. The STM makes use of this extreme sensitivity to distance. The sharp tip of a tungsten needle is positioned a few angstroms from the sample surface. A small voltage is applied between the probe tip and the surface, causing electrons to tunnel across the gap. As the probe is scanned over the surface, it registers variations in the tunneling current, and this information can be processed to provide a topographical image of the surface.
The STM appeared in 1981, when Swiss physicists Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer set out to build a tool for studying the local conductivity of surfaces. Binnig and Rohrer chose the surface of gold for their first image. When the image was displayed on the screen of a television monitor, they saw rows of precisely spaced atoms and observed broad terraces separated by steps one atom in height. Binnig and Rohrer had discovered in the STM a simple method for creating a direct image of the atomic structure of surfaces. Their discovery opened a new era for surface science, and their impressive achievement was recognized with the award of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1986.
Operating principles
The STM is an electron microscope with a resolution sufficient to resolve single atoms. The sharp tip in the STM is similar to that in the scanning electron microscope (SEM), but the differences in the two instruments are profound. In the SEM, electrons are extracted from the tip with a series of positively charged plates placed a few centimetres downstream from the tip. The electrons at the apex of the tip are confined to the region within the metal by a potential barrier. The attractive force from the positive charge on the plates is sufficient to permit the electrons to overcome the barrier and enter the vacuum as free particles. The apertures in the downstream plates form an electron lens that converts the diverging beam from the tip into a beam converging to a focus on the surface of the sample.
In the STM, the plates that form the lens in the SEM are removed, and the tip is positioned close to the sample. The electrons move through the barrier in a way that is similar to the motion of electrons in a metal. In metals, electrons appear to be freely moving particles, but this is illusory. In reality, the electrons move from atom to atom by tunneling through the potential barrier between two atomic sites. In a typical case, with the atoms spaced five angstroms apart, there is a finite probability that the electron will penetrate the barrier and move to the adjacent atom. The electrons are in motion around the nucleus, and they approach the barrier with a frequency of 1017 per second. For each approach to the barrier, the probability of tunneling is 10−4, and the electrons cross the barrier at the rate of 1013 per second. This high rate of transfer means that the motion is essentially continuous and tunneling can be ignored in metals.
Tunneling cannot be ignored in the STM; indeed, it is all-important. When the tip is moved close to the sample, the spacing between the tip and the surface is reduced to a value comparable to the spacing between neighbouring atoms in the lattice. In this circumstance, the tunneling electron can move either to the adjacent atoms in the lattice or to the atom on the tip of the probe. The tunneling current to the tip measures the density of electrons at the surface of the sample, and this information is displayed in the image. In semiconductors, such as silicon, the electron density reaches a maximum near the atomic sites. The density maxima appear as bright spots in the image, and these define the spatial distribution of atoms. In metals, on the other hand, the electronic charge is uniformly distributed over the entire surface. The tunneling current image should show a uniform background, but this is not the case. The interaction between tip and sample perturbs the electron density to the extent that the tunneling current is slightly increased when the tip is positioned directly above a surface atom. The periodic array of atoms is clearly visible in the images of materials such as gold, platinum, silver, nickel, and copper.
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Use the create key command to create your key and the create sign command to create a signing request to be authenticated.
Create a key:
Type the create key command at the prompt:
Intel 7110> create key
Key strength (2048)
New keyID [001]: 002
Keypair was created for keyID: 002
Create a Certificate Signing Request:
Intel 7110> create sign 002
You will now be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request. The "common name" must be unique. For other fields, you could use default values.
Country code: This is the two-letter ISO abbreviation for your country (for example, GB for the United Kingdom).
State or Province: This is the name of the state or province where your organization's head office is located. Please enter the full name of the state or province.
Locality: This is the name of the city where your organization's head office is located.
Organization: This should be the organization that owns the domain name. Use the legal name under which your organization is registered. Do not use any of the following characters: < > ~! @ # $ % ^ * / \ ( )?.
Organizational unit: This is normally the name of the department or group that will use the certificate.
Common name: The common name is the "fully qualified domain name," (or FQDN) used for DNS lookups of your server (for example, Browsers use this information to identify your Web site. Some browsers will refuse to establish a secure connection with your site if the server name does not match the common name in the certificate. Please do not include the protocol specifier "http://" or any port numbers or pathnames in the common name. Do not use wildcard characters such as * or?, and do not use an IP address.
E-mail address: This should be the e-mail address of the administrator responsible for the certificate.
Export the Certificate Signing Request.
In this example, xmodem is used to send the CSR to a PC connected to the console port.
Intel 7110> export sign webserver
Export protocol: xmodem, uuencode
Use Ctrl-x to kill transmission
Beginning export...
Export successful!
Intel 7110>
To submit the CSR paste it into the field provided in the online request form. Remember to include the "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----" and "-----END CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----" lines. The CSR will look something like this:
.....more text....


text:
A state space model is frequently used for a description of real systems. Usually, some state variables are hidden and cannot be measured directly and some model parameters are unknown. Then, the need for learning, i.e., the state filtering and parameter estimation, arises. Probabilistic models provide a suitable description of the always uncertain reality and call for such approaches as Bayesian learning. Uncertainties are standardly modelled by the Gaussian distribution. This leads to Kalman-filter-based algorithms.
However, the modelled quantities are often physically constrained. Then, methods based on the Gaussian distribution with unbounded support do not work properly and they have to be adapted. The alternative sophisticated algorithms based on "unknown-but-bounded errors" principle address the same problem but they are poorly harmonised
with the subsequent dynamic decision making (like control, prediction of hidden quantities or future measurements) to which any learning serves.
This research operates in probabilistic framework while coping with bounded uncer-tainties and physically constrained quantities. Here, learning algorithms for models with constraints are constructed that (i) are based on the Bayesian principle, (ii) are recursive and (iii) have relatively simple setting and maintenance, (iv) are at disposal to subsequent
dynamic decision making.


The Historic Village at Allaire (US)
Member of EXARC
Member of ICOM
The Historic Village at Allaire is a living history museum that interprets the Howell Iron Works Company founded in 1822. The museum demonstrates historic crafts such as blacksmithing, hearth cooking, carpentry, tinsmithing, and many others...
Open from
The Historic Village at Allaire was once an iron-producing, factory-town known as the Howell Iron Works, Co. The Village was a self-sufficient community containing a carpentry and pattern making shop, a blacksmith shop, a bakery, a boarding house, a blast furnace, mills to finish iron products, a school, a church, a general store with a post office, and workers' home. Iron produced at the village was shipped to New York City by wagon and steamship. It was used to produce steam engines parts in a factory also owned by our proprietor, James P. Allaire. The Howell Iron Works was a typical community at the time and speaks to the experiences of the economic and social changes of those who experienced early Industrial America.
The 23-acre museum is located within Allaire State Park. The property was donated to the State of New Jersey for use as an educational and recreational center by the estate of Arthur Brisbane.
40.158611, -74.128889


text:
The Argentine Breakfast
Generally, Argentine breakfasts are small meals of medialunas (croissants,) jam and coffee. A cortado is coffee with a little bit of milk; cafe con leche, as the name suggests, has more milk in it; and a cafe chico is usually a small cup of thick coffee.
The Argentine Lunch
Midday lunch is a considerably larger meal, often with pastas or meats as main courses. Just about every restaurant prepares fresh juices, licuados, blended with water or milk. Businesses in many cities across the country close for lunch, as people go home to eat a long meal with their families. Popular sandwiches include:
The Argentine Mid-Afternoon Snack (merienda)
In the late afternoon, Argentines have a snack or sandwich to keep their hunger at bay until dinner, which is typically not eaten before 9 or 10 p.m., especially during the hotter months. This tea time tradition, known as merienda, can be traced back to the 1800s, when British immigrants arrived in Argentina. Often merienda consists of the same medialunas that are eaten for breakfast, with either tea, matÃ©, or coffee.
Dinner takes place quite late, and many restaurants in Argentina stay open and are packed past midnight. Cuisine of Argentine stems from mainly Italian and German culinary traditions, so pastas or meat and potatoes are the most common Argentine food items. Argentines in general and PorteÃ±os in particular (residents of Buenos Aires) are night owls, and itâ€™s common to eat late and go out even later, only to wake up a couple of hours later for a small breakfast and a long day of work.
Here are some related tips to help plan your trip to Argentina: Bodega La Caroyense, Patagonian Food, Food in Buenos Aires, Tips For Taking Tea In Gaiman, Vegetarian Survival in Argentina, Argentina Food and Drink and An Argentine Meat Feast.


text:
American Innovations in Electronic Musical Instruments
Yet another set of musical controllers has appeared over the last couple of decades. These are essentially "wearable" interfaces, where a sensor system is affixed to the body or clothing of a performer. A very early example of this is from composer Gordon Mumma, who inserted accelerometers and wireless transmitters into dancers' belts for performances dating from 1971. Berlin-based artist Benoit Maubrey has been designing "electro-acoustic clothing" since the early 1980′s; apparel that incorporates tape recorders, synthesizers, samplers, speakers, and optical sensors for very expressive performance. Some of the best-known examples of wearable controllers were likewise used during the 1980′s by the New York performance artist Laurie Anderson, who pulled the triggers off a set of electronic drums and built them into a suit, enabling a percussive performance by tapping different sections of the body. Commercial companies started making such garments in the mid-80′s, for instance, the "Brocton-X Drum Suit", with attachable Velcro percussion sensors and heel-mounted triggers. In the early 90′s, Mark Coniglio, of Troika Ranch, designed MidiDancer, a body suit instrumented with 8 sensors, measuring motion and bend at various joints. Data is wirelessly offlinked and converted to MIDI. In the mid-90′s, Yamaha introduced its Miburi system, consisting of a vest hosting an array of resistive bend sensors at the shoulder, elbows, and wrist, a pair of handgrips with two velocity-sensitive buttons on each finger, and a pair of shoe inserts with piezoelectric pickups at the heel and toe.
In contrast to fully-instrumented body suits, some intriguing musical controllers are independently cropping up in various pieces of apparel. Laurie Anderson, again a pioneer in this area, performed a decade ago with a necktie that was outfitted with a fully functional music keyboard. Here at the MIT Media Lab, we have recently built "musical jackets", with a touch-sensitive MIDI keyboard embroidered directly into the fabric using conductive thread. We have also made a set of "expressive footwear"; retrofitting to a pair of dance sneakers with a suite of 16 sensors to measure several dynamic parameters expressed at a dancer's feet. These shoes require no tether; they are battery powered for up to 6 hours and offload their data right from each shoe via a wireless link. We have used this system for interactive dance performances (e.g., recently at the 1999 American Dance Festival), with the dancers' foot motion launching and modifying real-time musical events.
Other researchers have attached electrodes directly to the body, using neurological and other biological signals to control various sound sources in some very unusual performances. Some of the best-known such works were produced by composer David Rosenboom of Mills College during the 1970′s. These "biofeedback" pieces generated sounds as a function of the performers' biological states, including heart rates, GSR (skin resistance) data, temperature probes, and of course, EEG (brainwave) data. In most of these pieces, a computer system would monitor these features and direct the sonic output as a function of their physiological states and their correlations. Academic work continues in this area, for example with the "Conductor's Jacket" by Teresa Marrin at the MIT Media Lab, a vest with a host of biosensors that measure respiration, heart rate, temperature, skin conductance, and electromyography (EMG) for each bicep and tricep. Teresa has logged and analyzed data from conductors wearing the jacket during live orchestral performances and has conversely used the jacket as a musical controller for electronic music performance. This has now become a commercial business of sorts, with products appearing on the market aimed partially at musical control applications. For example, a system marketed by IVBA Technologies of Norwalk, CT consists of a sensor headband, which purports to measure brainwaves of various kinds. Another, more general, device is the "Biomuse", produced by BioControl Systems, a Stanford University spin-off started by Hugh Lusted and Benjiman Knapp. The Biomuse is able to gather EMG (muscle), EOG (eye movement), EKG (heart), and EEG (brainwave) signals. It also has MIDI output and mapping capability, and has been used in musical research projects. Another such product is the Bodysynth, designed by Chris Van Raalte and Ed Severinghaus. Although the controllability and bandwidth of some of these parameters (particularly the brainwaves) is a topic for argument, new musical applications won't lurk far behind as researchers at various institutes progress in extracting and identifying new and more precise bioelectric features.
The different sensors developed for motion capture in the computer graphics and Virtual Reality communities have been rapidly pushed into musical applications; various music researchers have worked with the magnetic tracking systems (such as the well-known products by Polhemus and Ascension Technologies), electro-mechanical body suits (e.g., the Gypsy by Analogous) and datagloves upon which the VR world was built. For example, Jaron Lanier, a well-known pioneer in this field, is still a very active musician, incorporating a host of different VR and musical interfaces (along with traditional and ethnic acoustic instruments) into his live shows. Gloves, in particular, have appeared in many musical performances. One example, composed by Tod Machover here at the Media Lab, is "Bug Mudra", where an Exos "Dexterous Hand Master" was worn by the conductor, who had complete dynamic control over the audio mix and synthesis parameters through finger positions. Many other composers, such as Richard Boulanger at the Berklee School of Music in Boston, have used Mattel's "Power Glove" (the low-cost brother of the original VPL DataGlove, intended for the home gaming market) as a controller in several pieces.
Some of the most interesting glove and hand controllers have come from STEIM, the Dutch center for electronic performance research in Amsterdam. Michel Waisvisz's "Hands", first built at STEIM in 1984, consist of a pair of plates strapped to the hands, each equipped with keys for fingering and other sensors that respond to thumb pressure, tilt, and distance between the hands. Waisvisz has written many pieces for this expressive controller, and still uses it in performance. Laetitia Sonami, now at UC Berkeley's CNMAT Lab, has also built a device at STEIM called the "Lady's Glove", an extremely dexterous system, with bend sensors to measure the inclination of both finger joints for the middle 3 fingers, microswitches at the end of the fingers for tactile control, Hall sensors to measure distance of the fingers from a magnet in the thumb, pressure sensing between index finger and thumb, and sonar ranging to emitters in the belt and shoe.
From American Innovations in Electronic Musical Instruments
by Joseph A. Paradiso
© 1999 NewMusicBox


How Big Data Can Revolutionize Stock Market Investing
We consume data. A lot of it. Naturally, it's tough to estimate the exact amount. However, one recent estimate said around 18 zettabytes of data had been created as of 2018, and that number would increase to 175 zettabytes by 2025. One zettabyte is equal to one billion terabytes; that is big data in a nutshell.
And in a transaction-rich environment such as the financial markets, big data has the potential to change the way people operate. Although the financial industry has been slow to adopt it, big data can help analyze and interpret trends and other pieces of information that couldn't be quantified before.
Big data can be used in conjunction with machine learning and predictive analytics to make predictions that were unrealistic or impossible in the past. Although it still requires human interaction, big data can help inform trading decisions in all-new ways.
Unstructured Data
The use of unstructured data is one of the key changes possible thanks to big data. Structured data that can be quantified and stored easily. In the context of investing, we can imagine information such as the historical share price of a stock.
Conversely, unstructured data is not so easy to quantify. It might come in the form of speech, language, or images. In the past, these things could not be quantified. But, as investors know all too well, investor confidence has big implications for the price of a company's stock.
More broadly, unstructured data will allow us to gather data from more sources which can create a more complete picture of how a company is doing. This might include value and momentum. As it stands today, many investors have trouble understanding the true value of companies like Tesla (TSLA)–big data can help paint a clearer picture.
Machine Learning
Technologies such as natural language processing (NLP) can help us extract this sentiment from news articles and other texts. Among other functions, NLP is a technology that helps computers understand the sentiment in text.
Google recently implemented NLP. Before that implementation, if you were to search "cats are cute," you would get pages containing that text, but not ones containing "cats are adorable." Thanks to NLP, computers can now understand that the meaning of both expressions is essentially the same.
Thus, NLP can be used along with big data to better understand overall confidence (or lack thereof) in a stock. It may allow analysts to quickly gauge companies at a high level instead of having to sift through individual news articles.
Using Analytics to Make Better Investing Decisions
Big data has the potential to enable better investing decisions. For investment managers, selecting investments has always been about the data. However, big data will allow them to work with many more sources of data in a more sophisticated way.
For instance, most investing decisions in the past have relied on just that–the past. They have relied on past (and current) data such as changes in the stock price and earnings per share. But as most investors know, past performance doesn't guarantee future performance. However, big data combined with machine learning could enable us to create predictive models that better interpret past data. According to CME Group:
"New modeling capabilities linked to the big data approach, such as predictive analytics and machine learning, could change the nature of investment research by creating models that "think" and are able to draw forward-looking conclusions. This could lead to a convergence of quantitative fundamental models that focus on value with systematic trading programs that focus on price. The result could be a new type of automated portfolio management that focuses on "future value" and acts on "likely" events that may not have yet occurred or been announced."
The implications of this are extremely exciting, especially for robo-advisors such as Betterment and others. These new algorithms could create new and better outcomes that may not even have to rely on exchange-traded funds (ETFs). That is just speculation, but if possible, it could allow for better performance even while avoiding fees charged by ETFs.
Human Input is Still a Must
Although big data has the potential to greatly improve investing decisions, that doesn't mean it is a "set it and forget it" solution. These technologies are very powerful tools, but they are just that–tools. They must be carefully cultivated and calibrated to achieve the best outcome.
Anyone who has used an analytics or reporting tool understands this. They can provide an absolute wealth of information, but only if you set up the right reports and alerts. Nevertheless, big data will mean being able to understand market conditions in a way not previously possible.
"Portfolio managers exercise their judgment when selecting the data and analytics that we use in investing, and also when reviewing and approving each trade in every portfolio," says Takashi Suwabe, a portfolio manager at GSAM. "This is to ensure that all portfolio positions make sense—that they are economically intuitive and appropriately sized given current market conditions. We do not have a computer in the corner simply shooting out trades with no human interaction."
Suwabe goes on to say it's not just about selecting an investment, but about finding a new way to select stocks. "Investment factors should be fundamentally-based and economically-motivated, and the data enables us to empirically test our investment hypotheses," he says." In other words, it's not just about just trying to make better picks, but to improve the way in which you analyze investments. This is a more holistic approach that will become a reality with big data.
Investing for the Future–in the Future
There will be many changes in how companies do business in the 2020s. From increased automation to more business being conducted on eCommerce platforms, the way we have done things in the past won't be the way forward.
And, indeed, big data provides a lot of new and exciting possibilities for investing. Although some investment managers do use some advanced metrics to analyze companies, they are nevertheless limited by human capability. The "datafication" of unstructured data combined with technologies such as machine learning and predictive analytics will greatly improve fund managers' insights.
Human intervention is still needed, although that is probably preferable. Otherwise, you would have a computer placing large numbers of trades that you can only hope are not ill-advised. That being said, big data has the potential to revolutionize investing decisions and remove much of the speculation for those who prefer safer, more reliable growth.
Thus, we can improve investing outcomes by making better, more informed investments. Now, all we need is the data.
Jeremy Biberdorf: Jeremy Biberdorf is a long time internet marketing professional turned full-time online entrepreneur and blogger. Check out his site for investing advice and reviews of the best investing platforms such as M1 Finance and SoFi.
Related Post


Chaos Chosen
From Age of Sigmar - Lexicanum
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Chaos Chosen are Chaos Warriors who had pleased the gods and survived many battles. Held in awe by fellow Slaves to Darkness, each Chosen stands as an exemplar amongst the armies of Chaos. While Chosen warbands are amongst the most deadly elements of a Horde they are often limited in number but many Despoiler Hordes contain considerable numbers of Chosen to better serve the ruling Daemon Prince's will.[1]
Typically, they take to the field wherever the fighting is thickest, inspiring other Slaves to Darkness through sheer violence they unleash upon the battlefield. As the Chosen slaughter the foe, those servants of Chaos around them fight all the harder, each seeking to draw similar godly attention onto themselves. Under the leadership of the Exalted Champions, warriors who are only a step away from having several warbands under their command the Chosen fearlessly enter battle against any foe, axes swinging in great crimson arcs as they howl praise to the watching gods.[1]
Chaos Chosen wield cursed Soul-splitter blades, heavy two-handed axes that can cleave a fully armoured warrior in twain and has the power to sever a foe's animus from their body. In addition Warbands will be accompanied by Icon Bearers and Skull Drummers.[1][2]
Slaves to Darkness
Armies Host of the Everchosen
Hordes Cabalists - Despoilers - Idolators - Ravagers
Darkoath Darkoath Chieftain - Darkoath Warqueen
Everchosen Gaunt Summoner of Tzeentch - Varanguard
Armoury - Artwork - Miniatures - Endless Spells


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Communications Center
The Center is staffed twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. There are two to five Dispatchers on duty at one time. The staffing level is determined by the day of the week, time of day, and the volume of phone calls / radio traffic normally received during these times.
The Communications Center contains six emergency 9-1-1 telephone lines, three business lines, and several dedicated phone lines to various law enforcement or fire agencies. Cellular 9-1-1 calls are currently answered by the California Highway Patrol and must be transferred to the appropriate agency.
Our Communication Center dispatches both City of Chico police and fire department personnel, as well as Butte County Fire and California Department of Forestry personnel, by radio to both emergency and non-emergency situations. The ambulance dispatch center receives a printout of any medical calls fire personnel are dispatched to so they can immediately dispatch medical personnel.
The Center has computerized and computer aided dispatch (CAD). The CAD system provides the dispatchers with several valuable functions and features. For example, the dispatchers can now quickly determine if an address is within our jurisdiction or that of another agency. CAD also contains a listing of emergency telephone numbers for many of the businesses in Chico should we need to contact them after business hours.
Reporting Guidelines
When calling the Communications Center, please keep in mind the following guidelines to assist the dispatcher in providing the best response possible for your call. If the situation is URGENT, you need to convey this to Dispatch. It will dictate the priority of the call and the time it takes the officer to respond. For emergencies, dial 9 - 1 - 1.
 - Is the person being a nuisance vs. hostile, harming himself or others.
 - What are they doing? Yelling, panhandling, loitering, possibly selling drugs, being disruptive (causing a scene).
 - Name of person. If you know, tell us as we know most of the "repeat offenders."
 - General description: Sex, race, approximate age, and physical description. The more descriptive, the better the officer can deal with the problem. Trying to find a "needle in a haystack" can delay them.
 - Are drugs, alcohol, or weapons involved? What kind(s) of weapon(s)?
 - Multiple subjects? How many?
 - Exact location of subject(s) or incident.
 - If a vehicle is involved, try to get its description, license number, and direction of travel.
Reporting Accidents
 - Is anyone hurt? Are they trapped inside? Do we need to send special fire equipment? How many people are hurt?
 - Is the roadway blocked or clear? If the involved parties can safely move their vehicles they should do so.
 - Where have they moved to? (For example, they are in the west side of the Thrifty parking lot.) What are they driving? (For example, a red truck and a blue van - a generic description should do so that the officers may find them.)


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NetWellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partner university faculty. NetWellness is commercial-free and does not accept advertising.
Friday, May 24, 2013
How Do You Do a Body Weight Lunge?
What are body weight lunges?
A body weight lunge is a lower body exercise that works the hamstrings, quadriceps, and gluteal regions. It is a very good exercise for lower body strengthening and rehabilitation of lower body injuries.
To perform the lunge, the individual stands with their feet shoulder-width apart, and then steps forward, landing with the heel first. The knee should be at 90 degrees and directly above the toes, not further (taking a shorter step can put added pressure on the knee). The motion is continued until the back knee is nearly touching the ground. The individual then returns to his or her starting position by driving upward with the front leg. A lunge can be performed with the athlete using no weight (hence "body weight" lunge), while wearing a weighted vest, or while holding dumb bell weights.
Robert W Sweeney, MS, ATC
The School of Allied Medical Proffesions
College of Medicine
The Ohio State University


canvas = document.createElement("canvas"),
 ctx = canvas.getContext("2d"),
 src = "";
 img.setAttribute('crossOrigin', 'anonymous');
 img.onload = function() {
 canvas.width = img.width;
 canvas.height = img.height;
 ctx.drawImage( img, 0, 0 );
 ctx.font = "30px Arial";
 ctx.fillStyle = "#000";
 ctx.fillText("_TAG_",canvas.width / 3,canvas.height / 3);
 img.src = canvas.toDataURL();
 img.src = src;
This will load an external image, add a _TAG_ text in it and both display it to the user and save it in localStorage. Notice that we set a crossOrigin attribute of the external image – img.setAttribute('crossOrigin', 'anonymous');. This attribute is mandatory and if we do not add it to the external image we will still get another security exception.
The Crossorigin Attribute
When we make requests for external images, audio, video, stylesheets and scripts using the appropriate HTML(5) tag we are not making a CORS request. This means that no Origin header is sent to the page serving the external resource. Without CORS, we would not be able to edit an external image in canvas, view exceptions and error logging from external scripts that our website loads, or use the CSS Object Model when working with external stylesheets and so on. There are certain cases when we want to use those features and this is where the crossorigin attribute that we mentioned above comes in handy.
The crossorigin attribute can be set to elements such as , and


Gireogi appa
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Flock of geese during autumn migration
A gireogi appa (Korean: 기러기 아빠, literally "goose dad") is a Korean man who works in Korea while his wife and children stay in an English-speaking country for the sake of the children's education.[1] The term is inspired by the fact that geese are a species that migrate, just as the gireogi appa father must travel a great distance to see his family.[2] Estimates of the number of gireogi appa in South Korea range as high as 200,000 men.[3]
Related terms[edit]
If the gireogi appa has the finances to pay for frequent visits to see his family, he is called an "eagle dad" (독수리 아빠) but if finances constrict his ability to travel abroad, he is known as a "penguin dad" (펭귄 아빠)[4] because he cannot fly and may go without seeing his family for years at a time.[5] If the man cannot afford to send his children abroad, he rents a small studio for his wife and children in Gangnam, an area dense with hagwon. That father is called a "sparrow dad"(참새 아빠). And if the man sends his children to elementary school in Daechi, he hires lodgings and is called a "Daejeondong dad"(대전동아빠).[6]
More than 40,000 South Korean schoolchildren are believed to be living in USA, England, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore and Malaysia expressly to increase English-speaking ability. As of 2009, over 100,000 Korean students were studying abroad.[7] In at least some of the cases, a South Korean mother will choose to live abroad with her children with the additional reason of avoiding her mother-in-law, with whom a historically stressful relationship may exist due to Korean Confucianism.[8]
See also[edit]
External links[edit]


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The stinger is a paper plane I made today that as far as I know I have invented!
Step 1: The Tip
Fold the right corner against itself as if you were making a square piece of paper.next unfold and do the same to the other corner. Then unfold and you should have a paper with an x on it. Finally flip your model over and fold down so the top and bottom of the x meet. Unfold and flip your model back over. Fold your model's fold line into each other to create a pentagon with your model. You have created the beginning of the tip!
Step 2: Reinforcement
With this you want to just follow the pictures above because it's pretty hard for me to explain.
Step 3: Th Final Touches
Fold the model in half so you can see the triangle of the tip. Then fold the wings. Finally open up the pockets on the inside of the plane. Your model is now ready to fly!
Step 4: How to Fly It
Put your forefinger and middle finger slightly inside the pockets of the plane. Then throw by pulling your arm to the side and pushing with your arm and it will fly off you fingers. This plane I a pretty fast glider that takes practice to fly but works really well!


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This is the reason most of the software is available on ZIP file extension. The wide applications of this tool thus need serious protection otherwise a greater extent of information compressed in a ZIP file can be misused if fallen into wrong hands.
Here in this article, we would demonstrate few methods to create password protected ZIP file. Keep reading to know the methods in details.
- Method 1: To Create Password Protected ZIP file in Windows XP
- Method 2: Make A Password Protected ZIP File with 7-Zip Utility
- Method 3: Password Protect Your ZIP File with WINRAR
Method #1: To Create Password Protected ZIP file in Windows XP
The ZIP file password protection feature is available on Windows XP, unlike Windows Vista or Windows 7 which do not include the feature. Thus at one point, XP is more convenient to add the password to your ZIP files. Follow the instructions below to know how to add the password to your compressed files:
Step 1. Turn on Windows XP PC, and locate the desired ZIP file from the My Computer or Windows Explorer.
Step 2. Double-click the file to open it. Click "File" button from the menu bar.
Step 3. From the context menu that appears, click on "Add a Password" option.
Step 4. From the following pop up window, input your password twice for confirmation and then click "Ok".
Step 5. If you further wish to disable the password protection, simply go to the "File" option again, and choose "Remove Password" (Decryption) from the context menu.
The above-mentioned method is only restricted to Windows XP operating system. Thus for windows 7 or later version, you may need to look at from a different angle.
Method 2: Make A Password Protected ZIP File with 7-Zip Utility
Unlike Windows XP, the later versions of Windows do not have the inbuilt feature to add a password to ZIP files, therefore free third-party file compression utility would be required. 7-Zip utility is one of those free file compression programs that can easily encrypt a file with a password at one go. Read the instructions below to add the password.
Step 1. Before you start with the procedure, make sure that you have the utility installed on your computer and choose the program wisely depending upon whether the OS is 32-bit or 64-bit.
Step 2. Now; once you have completed this much, right click on the folder you want to compress into a password protected ZIP file.
Step 3. From the context menu, select "7-Zip" and then select "Add to archive".
Step 4. Now; in the "Add to archive" panel, type a name next to the archive section or prefer to keep its default name.
Step 5. Choose "zip" as the archive format.
Step 6. Go to the encryption box on the right-hand side of the panel, and enter your password in the "Enter password" box and input it again in the "Re-enter password" box.
Step 7. After you have done this much, click "OK" to finish the procedure.
However, sometimes you may forget your ZIP file password and locked out of your ZIP file, Even so, you can still have the chance to unlock your ZIP password without losing the original data. Just try ZIP password recovery tool.
Method 3: Password Protect Your ZIP File with WINRAR
WINRAR is another free utility which can create password-protected ZIP files like the 7-Zip. Read below to know the method description.
Step 1.Make sure you have got WINRAR program properly installed on your system.
Step 2.Select the folder you want to password protect and right-click on it.
Step 3.From the sub-menu, click "Add to archive".
Step 4. From the following "Archive name and parameters" operating window, choose the "General" tab.
Step 5. Keep a name next to the archive section, or you can prefer the default name also. Select "zip" in the "Archive format" and then click on "Set password" button.
Step 6.You have to enter your password twice for confirmation and then click "OK" and then click "OK" again.
Once the password is set, you cannot open it unless the right password is entered by the user.
Large size files or software cannot be shared without compressing to smaller sizes. Thus most of the confidential data is transferred in the ZIP file extension. Hence such important files need to be password protected otherwise can be exploited. The main issue with a password-protected zipped file is that anyone can still open the zipped file and can read the file names that they can easily search on the internet and download it. It is true that they won't be able to open the file without entering the password but even if you know the name of the file then they can be easily searched on Google and information can be retrieved easily.


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Front Page Titles (by Subject) The Doctrine of Population. - The Theory of Political Economy
The Online Library of Liberty
A project of Liberty Fund, Inc.
The Doctrine of Population. - William Stanley Jevons, The Theory of Political Economy
The Theory of Political Economy (London: Macmillan, 1888) 3rd ed.
About Liberty Fund:
The text is in the public domain.
Fair use statement:
The Doctrine of Population.
IT is no part of my purpose in this work to attempt to trace out, with any approach to completeness, the results of the theory given in the preceding chapters. When the views of the nature of Value, and the general method of treating the subject by the application of the fluxional calculus, have received some recognition and acceptance, it will be time to think of results. I shall therefore only occupy a few more pages in pointing out the branches of economic doctrine which have been passed over, and in indicating their connection with the theory.
The doctrine of population has been conspicuously absent, not because I doubt in the least its truth and vast importance, but because it forms no part of the direct problem of Economics. I do not remember to have seen it remarked that it is an inversion of the problem to treat labour as a varying quantity, when we originally start with labour as the first element of production, and aim at the most economical employment of that labour. The problem of Economics may, as it seems to me, be stated thus:—Given, a certain population, with various needs and powers of production, in possession of certain lands and other sources of material: required, the mode of employing their labour which will maximise the utility of the produce. It is what mathematicians would call a change of the variable, afterwards to treat that labour as variable which was originally a fixed quantity. It really amounts to altering the conditions of the problem so as to create at each change a new problem. The same results, however, would generally be obtained by supposing the other conditions to vary. Given, a certain population, we may imagine the land and capital at their disposal to be greater or less, and may then trace out the results which will, in many respects, be applicable respectively to a less or greater population with the original land and capital.


text: Integrable turbulence arises while noisy initial data are launched into a system described by an integrable wave equation. Over recent years, the study of the complex dynamics and non-Gaussian statistics in integrable turbulence has become a growing and fundamental field of research. In this chapter, we show how recent theoretical results obtained in the semi-classical (zero-dispersion) limit of the focusing one dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) can be related to the phenomenon of integrable turbulence. One of the outcomes of the semi-classical NLSE analysis is an asymptotic description of the evolution in the framework of finite-gap theory, also known as periodic inverse scattering transform (IST), and we show how this periodic IST can be used to characterize integrable turbulence. Finally, we review optical fiber experiments devoted to the study of (near) integrable turbulence. In particular, we show how fast measurement techniques (time lens, time microscope, optical sampling) now allow the detailed study of the complex and fast dynamics arising from the propagation of partially coherent waves in optical fibers. These experiments provide physical confirmation of some fundamental predictions of the semi-classical theory.


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aerily is a valid word in this word list. For a definition, see the external dictionary links below.
The word "aerily" uses 6 letters: A E I L R Y.
No direct anagrams for aerily found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after aerily (in bold), or to aeilry in any order:
b - bilayer c - clayier d - readily k - raylike n - inlayer t - irately reality tearily v - virelay w - wearily
Shorter words found within aerily:
ae aery ai ail air airy al ale ar are ariel aril aryl ay aye ear earl early el er era eyra ilea ire la lair lar lari lay layer lea lear leary lei ley li liar lie lier lira lire lye lyre rail rale ray re real rei relay rely ria rial riel rile riley riyal rya rye ya yar yare ye yea year
List shorter words within aerily, sorted by length
All words formed from aerily by changing one letter
Browse words starting with aerily by next letter


text:
On the south coast of South Africa, scientists have found evidence for an advanced stone age technology dated to 71,000 years ago at Pinnacle Point near Mossel Bay. This technology, allowing projectiles to be thrown at greater distance and killing power, takes hold in other regions of Africa and Eurasia about 20,000 years ago. When combined with other findings of advanced technologies and evidence for early symbolic behavior from this region, the research documents a persistent pattern of behavioral complexity that might signal modern humans evolved in this coastal location. These findings were reported in the article "An Early and Enduring Advanced Technology Originating 71,000 Years Ago in South Africa" in the November 7 issue of the journal Nature.
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Systematics and Evolution (HA)
Water for a Healthy Country (CSIRO Flagship Project)
Terrestrial Biodiversity of the Murray Darling Basin
Understanding the functional diversity of communities is a crucial component of whole-system analyses of biodiversity and its role in ecological patterns and processes. In this study we will concentrate on the identification of species level functional traits. Ecosystem functions (e.g. nutrient cycling, formation of biopores and leaching capability) are moderated by the functional attributes of species in a community. To understand how an ecosystem will function, and its ability to provide crucial ecosystem services as well as its capacity to respond to environmental changes, we need to understand both the functional and species diversity of the community. Knowledge about the functional attributes of the species that comprise an ecosystem is crucial to achieving specific management outcomes. This is particularly the case since the question of how these different attributes of community structure relate to community health and sustainability is still unresolved.


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Given the challenge of naming a bridge on American Legion Highway in Dorchester, Julian McNeil and Gerry Ellis-Williams wanted their choice to inspire young men like themselves and to honor African-Americans who have made major contributions to US history.
They decided to call the structure the Tuskegee Airmen Bridge. It is the name given to the all-black unit that fought through racist American attitudes to become the first African-American pilots battling Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan during World War II. About 14 Massachusetts residents were pilots in the unit, which became known as the Red Tails for the color painted on their aircraft.
"I have a lot of gratitude because they paved the way for a lot of African-Americans in the United States today,'' EllisWilliams said following the naming ceremony attended by some of the surviving Tuskegee Airmen and Mayor Thomas M. Menino. "They make me realize that there's really not too much you can't do when you put your mind to it and when you dedicate yourself to it.''
"They showed that no matter what is going on — even if the times were segregated then and they aren't now — that once we come together and realize what we are capable of, anything is possible,'' said Ellis-Williams, 19, a student at Mount Ida College in Newton.
The naming assignment came to McNeil and EllisWilliams through the Menino administration and the Boys & Girls Club in Dorchester.
During a ceremony Tuesday, Menino praised the Airmen as they sat underneath a yellow-and-white-striped tent erected on the street to provide shelter from the sun. The ceremony marked the end of the rebuilding of American Legion Highway, a major Dorchester artery.
"The Airmen showed the world what we all knew, that African-Americans can provide service and great leadership if only given the opportunity,'' Menino said. "It's such an honor to pave for a new bridge for the men who helped pave the way for the full integration of the US military. Let's all say thank you to them.''
One of those airmen, Boston High School graduate and long-time community activist Enoch O'd Woodhouse II, said he believes the sacrifices he and others made more than seven decades ago provide a crucial learning tool for young men today, especially for those involved in gangs.
"For the gang bangers and the young men who don't want to do the right thing, I just want them to bear in mind that their elders came through and worked hard so they could have an opportunity to get an education, to better themselves, and to respect our women on the streets,'' said Woodhouse, 86.
"For our young people, this is crucial. What all of us went through wasn't easy. But... we remember the old saying that you only lose when you quit. Never quit," he said.
More than 1,000 African-Americans trained to be pilots at Tuskegee, Ala., and more served as support personnel for the unit, according to the Tuskegee Airmen Inc. website.
Charles Yancey, a Boston city councilor who had two uncles serve with the Airmen, pointed out that African-American Crispus Attucks died during the Boston Massacre in 1770, but the struggle to be recognized as military leaders continued into the 20th century and World War II.
"It's a long overdue recognition of the contributions that African-Americans have been making to the military effort going back to the founding of the United States of America,'' he said.
Eillis-Williams, who lives near the bridge, said he believes the Tuskegee Airmen never expected to be honored with a bridge being named after them in Dorchester, or anywhere else in the country. That, he said, was also inspirational.
"I'm pretty sure they were just doing what they felt was right for their country,'' he said. "But you never know how far little things can get you in life.''
can be reached at


text:
In a conversation with radio host Frank Stasio, Michael Lansing, history professor and chair of the history department at Augsburg University, explores the beginnings of processed food in America. Lansing takes a step back to the 1870's, the root of the industrial food take off in the diet of Americans.
He identified processed meat, canned food, and carbohydrates as the three primary sectors in this new diet. Lansing touched on some factors that affected the change of diets, declaring that intensive marketing campaigns convinced consumers to believe industrial food was better for their lifestyle. Cheap railroad transportation and the negotiations made by mass producers allowed them to sell at a cheaper price than local makers. In the early 20th century, more people began to move from rural to urban areas, which reduced the opportunity to farm their own food, making industrial food more reliable, explains Lansing.


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Pure Water San Diego
The next generation of San Diegans will see the long-term effect of changes to San Diego's water supply, so it especially important to educate local youth about water reuse. Community and school partnerships and youth-specific materials have helped us reach students of all ages. Also be sure to check out our activities (more coming soon!).
We have joined with groups throughout San Diego to educate youth about water purification. Partnership activities include developing lesson plans, giving tours and presentations and developing youth-oriented activities and events.
Videos and Presentations
The kids' versions of the facility video and the tour presentation are geared for 2nd-6th graders.


This is common refrain for most acting teachers who want their students to let go of the results of their work while on the stage. The idea is this, in order to give our best performance, we must not measure the success of our choices by the audience's reactions. The reason is that the more that we chase the laughs, the big reaction or the applause, the less authentic we appear. Oddly enough, the more that we try to change our behaviors to garner the audience's approval, the harder it is for us to make an interesting and meaningful connection.
The result?
Audiences become bored and some may even feel insulted.
"Don't expect applause," however, always sounded to me more like an admonishment than advice, and perhaps a clearer way to say this is, "Applause cannot be our goal."
What is the goal? Well, that is really up to each of us. A playwright has often set out specific goals for the characters, which makes it easier and harder for the actors to let go (assuming they understand and accept those goals).
As long as we make the goal of everything we do be validation of any kind, we will most likely experience a profound disconnect with our audience (our peers, our senior leaders, our staff, our clients, etc…). Communication that seeks to only give something in order to get something is merely transactional and cannot move, inspire or excite people to action. This style of communication works fine as long as each person has something that the other one wants (trade you my pickle for some potato chips). But we cannot trade for validation, no matter what People Magazine seems to suggest.
The clearer you are about what you are offering and why you think it is valuable, without getting caught up in how they will receive it (out of your control), the more authentic and resonate your communication will be.
This quote from Martha Graham (a famous choreographer who revolutionized dance) gives you a sense of the power of communication like this:
Let go of the result and experience the power and freedom of trusting the value of what you have to offer.
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text:
The recombination mechanism is not important for our calculations. Recombination probabilities γ used for determination of radicals are therefore averaged probabilities for both mechanisms.
Because the probe is exposed to fluxes of both O atoms and carbon monoxide (CO) molecules, the released power on the surface of the probe can be simply and roughly described by the following Equation:
The fluxes jO and jCO are defined as follows:
The probe heating can be calculated as follows:
Recombination probability γO2 is well known and for nickel surfaces it is 0.27, while the recombination probability for γCO2 is not known. Most studies take into account the average heterogeneous surface recombination probability or assume γO2 = γCO2. We made the same assumption in the present paper.
The results as calculated from Equation (8) are summarized in Figure 5, where the density of O atoms is plotted against the pressure at different distances along the narrow tube. The corresponding graph of nO against the distance is presented in Figure 6.
Finally, the dissociation fraction of CO2 molecules can be calculated from the following equation:
The results reveal some interesting behaviors that can be summarized as follows:
the order of magnitude for the dissociation fraction is about 1%;
the dissociation fraction exhibits a rather broad maximum at 60 Pa;
the O atom density also exhibits a maximum but it is slightly shifted to higher pressure compared to the dissociation fraction;
there is a sharp drop in both the dissociation fraction and atom density in the first few centimeters along the narrow tube exhaust.
The dissociation fraction of CO2 molecules in the early afterglow is rather low, especially when compared with experiments performed in pure O2 or hydrogen (H2) under very similar discharge conditions [21,22]. The value obtained in the present study was at least an order of magnitude lower than those obtained in the earlier studies. For example, in pure O2 the neutral O atom density exceeded 5 × 1021 m−3. The differences between our results and those in the earlier studies can be explained either by different production or loss rates of radicals. Because the plasma density is practically the same as those in experiments with O2, the only explanation for the reduced O atom production is a lower dissociation rate. The dissociation energies of O2, H2, and CO2 molecules are 5.2, 4.5 and 5.5 eV, respectively. Because the dissociation energy of carbon molecules is not much larger, it cannot be the reason for poor production. CO2 dissociation can occur by electron impact dissociation, dissociative recombination of positive ions, and dissociation stimulated by vibrational excitation of molecules as follows:
Reaction (11) can be ignored in the present study because of a very low ionization fraction in the plasma, where the estimated value according to measurements by the double probe is approximately 10−6. Two other mechanisms definitely contribute to the dissociation phenomenon. According to classical work, the mechanism in Reaction (12) is often the most effective channel for CO2 dissociation in a non-equilibrium plasma. Namely, the rate coefficient of CO2 vibrational excitation by electron impact reaches a maximum value of >10−8 cm3 s−1. At the same time, the loss of vibrational energy by superelastic collisions, or V-T relaxation, is relatively slow. As a result, rather high vibrational temperatures are achieved in CO2 plasmas. The cross-section for direct dissociation of the CO2 molecule in the ground state Reaction (10) is very low at the electron temperature of a few electron volts so it could probably be ignored. Another mechanism worth mentioning is dissociation of CO2 molecules found in metastable electronic states, such as CO2 (1B2) and CO2 (3B2). The densities of such states are unknown in our case, so it is difficult to discuss the contribution of this channel to dissociation of CO2 molecules. In any case, there are quite a few possible mechanisms of dissociation by collision with an energetic electron, and the rate of CO and O production in CO2 plasma is thought to be similar to the rate of O production in O2 plasma. The production mechanisms are therefore not responsible for the rather low dissociation fraction as determined in our experiments for the early afterglow.
Another reason for a rather poor dissociation fraction could be loss rates. An important mechanism for the loss of radicals in the gas phase is recombination by three body collisions. Such a collision is required because the energy and momentum have to be preserved. At around 60 Pa, where the experiments were performed, the probability for three body collisions is low, and gas phase reactions are easily neglected. Radical loss mechanisms that are more important occur on the surfaces. Many authors have shown that the probability for heterogeneous surface recombination of O atoms on glass surfaces is around 10−4[12,20]. Less work has been performed on recombination of CO on glass surfaces. Most studies have investigated the average recombination probability for the reactions O + O → O2 and CO + O → CO2[18,21]. Sepka et al. managed to separate the reactions and found out that the dominant surface reaction on a quartz surface in an O2-CO mixture was O + O → O2. Kolesnikov et al. proposed the average catalytic efficiency for both reactions was about 2.5 × 10−5 at 300 K for silica-based surfaces. Bykova et al. obtained much higher values for quartz surfaces of about 2 × 10−3. The difference between the results obtained by Kolesnikov and Bykova is two orders of magnitude. There could be several reasons for this difference, in addition to the simple explanation that the coefficients are not determined precisely. Another, more probable explanation for this difference is the diverse surface properties of the materials investigated by these two groups.
The dissociation fraction is defined as the ratio between the density of a particular radical (e.g., CO) and the density of the stable parent molecules (e.g., CO2). The density of the parent molecules is determined from the pressure in the afterglow chamber using Equation (9). The dissociation fraction should therefore decrease with increasing pressure. This has been observed in many afterglow experiments, but was not the case in the present study and Figure 7 shows a well-defined maximum on the curve. Some mechanism must prevent a high dissociation fraction at low pressure. This mechanism should exclude any gas phase reactions, because their probability usually increases with increasing pressure. Therefore, the reasons for the rather poor dissociation rate at lower pressure could be explained by surface loss mechanisms. Again, there are several mechanisms for this, including Reactions (1) and (2), but because the coefficients for Reaction (2) are not known, a quantitative calculation could not be performed. However, it is possible to discuss the relatively low dissociation fraction qualitatively in view of the high probabilities for heterogeneous surface oxidation of CO (by Reaction (2)). As mentioned in earlier studies, much higher dissociation fractions were found in detailed characterizations of pure O2 afterglows. The anomalous behavior of the CO2 afterglow must therefore occur because of the presence of particles other than O or O2. In the afterglow of CO2 weakly ionized plasma, the only candidate is CO. The recombination coefficient of the CO molecules on borosilicate glass should obviously be higher than the coefficient for recombination of neutral O atoms.
From this point of view, we can also discuss the results presented in Figures 5 and 6. Because the probability for heterogeneous surface recombination of CO molecules in the presence of neutral O atoms is unknown, the results presented in Figures 5 and 6 cannot be very accurate. In fact, the results in these figures were obtained by assuming the probability for recombination of CO molecules on the probe tip was the same as the probability for recombination of neutral O atoms Reaction (1). To estimate the error made by this assumption, we have to reconsider Equation (8) and take into account the extreme cases. The recombination coefficient is by definition somewhere between 0 and 1. The O atom density as calculated from Equation (8) obviously depends on the recombination coefficient for Reaction (1) and on the recombination coefficient for Reaction (2). Figure 8 represents the possible range of O atom densities taking into account any value of the recombination coefficient for Reaction (2). The lower limit of the atom density is represented by the highest possible recombination coefficient (i.e., γCO2 = 1). The upper limit is set by taking into account the lowest recombination coefficient (i.e., γCO2= 0). As can be seen from Figure 8, the differences between the lowest and the highest O atom densities were not small. Somewhere in between we can observe the values of the O atom density by taking into account the most probable value of the recombination coefficient (i.e., γCO2= 0.27). Although there is a difference of almost one order of magnitude between the extremes presented in Figure 8, the accuracy of the O atom density determined from the catalytic probe measurements should be good. As stated by Kolesnikov et al., the typical recombination coefficient for metals like nickel is between 0.1 and 1. From this point of view, the approximation usually used by all authors, which is that the recombination coefficient for Reaction (2) is equal to the recombination coefficient for Reaction (1), is not only convenient but also justified. The limits of the shaded area in Figure 8 should therefore be taken only as theoretical limits for the worst-case conditions.
The results summarized in Figures


text:
Are you wondering whether squash and cucumbers can be planted together? The answer is yes but with some considerations.
Both plants belong to the cucurbit family, which means they share similar growing requirements and can be grown together in the same garden bed.
However, while their familial ties make them good bedfellows, there are certain aspects, like their different growth rates and potential disease transmission, that need attention.
As you venture into planting these garden favorites side by side, understanding the proper spacing, pest management, and support structures will guide you to a fruitful harvest.
Continue reading to learn more.
Can You Grow Squash and Cucumbers Together?
If you're looking for a way to maximize your garden space, you may wonder if growing squash and cucumbers together is possible.
The good news is that these two plants can be grown together in the same garden bed without issues.
Squash and cucumbers belong to the same family, the cucurbit family, and have similar growing requirements.
They both need sunshine, warm soil, and regular watering to thrive. Additionally, they don't cross-pollinate with each other, so there's no risk of producing a new plant with undesirable characteristics.
🪴 Interested in exploring more about companion planting possibilities? Dive into our detailed article, Can Cucumber and Cilantro Be Planted Together?
Benefits of Planting Squash and Cucumbers Together
Squash and cucumbers are compatible and offer several benefits when grown in close proximity.
Increased Productivity and Healthier Harvests
Planting squash and cucumbers together can lead to healthier plants and a better harvest due to their complementary growth requirements and natural pest repellence.
These two plants share similar growing conditions, which can simplify garden management as they require similar soil, water, and sunlight conditions.
Additionally, their joint planting can lead to a natural form of pest control.
The scent of both cucumbers and squash can deter certain insects, such as aphids and beetles, potentially reducing the damage or destruction these pests can cause.
Over time, this natural pest repellence can contribute to healthier plants and a more bountiful harvest.
Biodiversity and Soil Health
Growing these two plants together can create a biodiverse garden environment that benefits both crops.
They contribute to the soil's nutrient content, particularly nitrogen, which benefits both crops and other plants grown alongside them.
Squash and cucumbers also have complementary traits that make them ideal gardening companions.
Their ability to vine allows them to spread across the garden, using available space well.
While they spread out, their foliage can help suppress weeds, which is beneficial for soil health and reduces competition for nutrients.
These traits contribute to their individual growth and the overall productivity and aesthetics of the garden.
The interaction between these two plants can lead to a thriving garden with healthy, productive, and visually appealing plants.
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Challenges of Planting Squash and Cucumbers Together
While planting squash and cucumbers together presents several advantages, it's essential also to be aware of the challenges that may arise.
Understanding these challenges can equip you with the knowledge to mitigate them effectively, ensuring a fruitful gardening experience.
Here are some challenges to consider:
Both plants belong to the same botanical family and are susceptible to similar pests and diseases.
An infestation might spread rapidly between the squash and cucumber plants, affecting your garden's overall health and productivity.
Regularly monitoring signs of pests and diseases and taking prompt action when issues are identified can help manage this challenge and ensure both crops' health.
Competition for Space
Both crops can become expansive as they grow, which might lead to competition for space if not adequately managed.
Their vines can intertwine as they grow, and their foliage can overshadow each other, potentially hindering sunlight access and air circulation.
Proper spacing and support structures like trellises or stakes can help manage this challenge.
By providing adequate space and support, you can ensure both plants have enough room to grow, access sunlight, and receive good air circulation.
How Far Apart Should Squash and Cucumbers Be Planted Together?
It's suggested to space cucumbers and squash 6 to 8 inches apart.
Planting them at this distance helps ensure adequate air circulation, which is beneficial in preventing diseases and deterring some harmful insects.
Start by planting the seeds of both vegetables at the base of trellises or other vertical supports, keeping the spacing of 6 to 8 inches.
Once the seedlings reach a height of 3 to 4 inches, it's a good practice to thin them out.
🪴 Are you curious about the culinary possibilities of cucumber seeds? Explore our article Can You Eat Cucumber Seeds?
It also significantly ensures that cucumbers and squash obtain the necessary resources for healthy growth.
Especially since cucumbers are heavy feeders with shallow roots, the adequate spacing helps mitigate competition for essential resources like water and nutrients.
Best Practices When Planting Squash and Cucumbers Together
When planting squash and cucumbers together, there are several best practices that you should follow to ensure a successful harvest.
Giving your squash and cucumber plants enough space to grow is essential. Squash plants can take up a lot of room, so ensure they have at least 2-6 feet of space between each plant.
Cucumber plants are a bit smaller, so they can be planted a little closer together, with about 3-5 feet between each plant.
As mentioned, space your cucumbers and squashes at least 6 feet apart to allow for proper air circulation and prevent disease spread.
Pest and Disease Management
Squash and cucumbers are susceptible to various pests and diseases, so practicing good pest and disease management techniques is essential.
One way to do this is to rotate your crops each year, planting squash and cucumbers in a different spot in your garden each season.
Keep your plants well-watered and fertilized to help them stay healthy and strong.
Squash and cucumber plants can benefit from support structures like trellises or cages. This can help keep the plants off the ground, preventing disease and making harvesting easier.
When choosing a support structure, select one that is sturdy enough to hold the weight of your plants as they grow.
You can also use natural materials, such as bamboo or twine, to create your support structures.
Want your own sturdy trellis? Get one by clicking the link below!
Planting cucumbers and squash side by side is entirely doable and can benefit your garden.
It's essential to acknowledge that both plants can spread across your garden. So, give them enough room to grow without crowding each other.
With thoughtful planning and care, growing cucumbers and squash together can be a straightforward and effective way to make the most of your garden space and enjoy a bountiful harvest!


text:
Center for Astrophysical Research in Antarctica
CARA Outreach -
Yerkes Summer Institutes
A Sample Week
Specific Examples Pictures,
The Yerkes Summer Insititutes (YSI) are annual events
organized by CARA for the Space Explorers
Program. The high school
students (the Space Explorers) come up from Chicago to
Yerkes Observatory (in Williams Bay, Wisconsin)
for a week in August. The students sleep and eat near the Observatory
at George Williams College, but they spend their days (and a good part
of their nights) learning astronomy at the Observatory.
generally stay in the program for at least three years as high school
students, and now we're starting to get high school students
who have been with us even longer through the Young Astronomers
program. This has a significant impact on what and how we teach
The themes of the YSIs are on a three-year cycle: The Solar
System, The Sun and Stars, and The
Galaxy. After three years, there are enough new students in
the Space Explorers program that we start again with the Solar System
Astronomy instructors live at the observatory;
Office of Special Programs staff from Chicago live with the students
at George Williams and take care of all of the details associated with
running a youth program for thirty high school students.
A Sample Week
The thirty students are evenly divided into three groups, nicknamed
after three summer constellations (e.g. Sagittarius, Virgo, Leo). Each
group has several leadership students, and each instructor has at least
one leadership student assigned to him or her to aid in the labs. Each
instructor has 3-5 students assigned to him or her as a
"reporting group" -- these students are responsible
for designing a bulletin board (including a paper) and presenting
material to parents and visiting Young Astronomers
(middle school students) on Friday night; they also must
make a 15 minute presentation with visual aids to the rest of the group
on Saturday morning.
Not coincidentally, the week in August of the YSI is generally also the
week of the Perseid meteor shower. As appropriate,
special (late-)night activities are structured around the event.
Classes the following day may be restructured slightly to accomodate
sleeping a little late.
- Students arrive in Wisconsin.
1-3 PM : While most of the students are
getting settled at George Williams, the Leadership Students meet with
the Staff to review the week's activities and distribute materials.
3:30-4:30 PM : Staff review final logistics.
8-11 PM : Kickoff Star Party, star hunt, and food. Official
introductions and welcome. Volunteers from
the Milwaukee Astronomical Society and other local amateur astronomy groups
bring telescopes; they and the Staff help the students find stars and planets while dodging mosquitoes.
- Three lab sessions are held most of the week: 9-11 AM, 2-4 PM, and
9-11 PM. The three groups cycle through eleven labs over the course
of the week such that every student attends every lab. (The
leadership students float between groups as needed to assist their
- The regular three lab sessions are held: 9-11 AM, 2-4 PM, and
9-11 PM. In addition, from 4:15-5 PM, the leadership groups meet with
their instructor advisors to work on their bulletin boards and
presentations for Friday and Saturday.
- Students spend the day working on their bulletin boards, papers, and
presentations with their advisors. Parents and Young Astronomers
arrive at the Observatory from 8-10 PM; they visit all the lab
demonstrations and the posters, then we reconvene for food in the
rotunda. In 1994, we also had special opportunities to communicate
directly with the winter-overs at the South Pole. (Winter-overs spend
late February to late October at the Pole with no physical contact with
anyone else - no planes land at the Pole during the Austral winter,
and there is only one airdrop midway through -- so it was especially
exciting for the winter-overs to get to talk to the students and
parents and answer their questions.)
- From 9AM-noon, the student reporting groups report their results
and take questions from the audience.
These documents were created from what was handed out to the
instructors upon arrival at the Institute, so the lab
descriptions may not be exactly what was actually done. As we gained
experience in 1991-92, the structure evolved. In particular, we have
increased the emphasis on student projects and reporting over the
years. [The archival material that has been preserved from 1991-2 is
somewhat less than helpful, so we haven't included it here.] The
current structure has been essentially stable since 1993, and follows
what was listed above.
Actual labs can be retrieved (when available) via our
[Education & Outreach]
[Search this Site]
[CARAweb Site Map]
CARA's research and education programs are supported in
part by the National Science Foundation under a cooperative
agreement, grant number NSF OPP 89-20223.
© Copyright 1998,1999,2000 by Center for Astrophysical Research in
Antarctica. This copyright applies to all web pages and
images created by CARA.
Questions? Comments? email us at _EMAIL_
Last modified Friday, 08-Jan-1999 15:37:52 CST


the US that were the result of the purchase of federal defense housing developments by their tenants or groups of returning war veterans and their families. These developments include seven of the eight middle-class housing projects built by the US Government between 1940-42 under the auspices of the Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Division of the Federal Works Agency. There are many regional housing cooperative associations, such as the Midwest Association of Housing Cooperatives, which is based in Michigan and serves the Midwest region, covering Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and more.[8]
The National Association of Housing Cooperatives (NAHC) represents all cooperatives within the United States who are members of the organization. This organization is a nonprofit, national federation of housing cooperatives, mutual housing associations, other resident-owned or controlled housing, professionals, organizations, and individuals interested in promoting the interests of cooperative housing communities.[9] NAHC is the only national cooperative housing organization, and aims to support and educate existing and new cooperative housing communities as the best and most economical form of homeownership.[10]
New York metropolitan area[edit]
Cooperatives have a long history in Metropolitan New York – in November 1882, Harper's Magazine describes several cooperative apartment buildings already in existence, with plans to build more[12] – and can be found throughout New York City, Westchester County, which borders the city to the north, and towns in New Jersey that are immediately across the Hudson River from Manhattan, such as Fort Lee, Edgewater, or Weehawken.
Apartment buildings and multiple-family housing make up a significant share of the housing stock in the New York City area than in most other U.S. cities, and the cooperative form of ownership has dominated over the condominium form. Reasons suggested to explain why cooperatives are relatively more common than condominiums in the New York City area are:[13]
Most of the housing cooperatives in the Greater New York area were converted to that status during the 1980s; generally they were large buildings built between the 1920s and 1950s that a single landlord or corporation owned and rented out that became unprofitable as rental properties. To encourage individual ownership of units, the initial buyers of units (buying from the owner of the entire building) did not have to be approved by a board. Also, the rental tenants living in the building at the time of the conversion were usually given an option to buy at a discount. If the tenants were rent controlled, the law usually protects them by allowing them to stay as renters and the unit may not be occupied by a purchaser until said tenant dies or moves out. Many of these buildings, especially in Manhattan, are actually quite luxurious and exclusive; many celebrities live in them and some famous people are even rejected by the board. In the 1990s and 2000s some rental buildings in the Chicago, Washington, D.C., and Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach areas went through a similar conversion process, though not to the degree of New York.
Many of the cooperatives originally built as co-ops were sponsored by trade unions, such as the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America. One of the largest projects was Cooperative Village in Lower East Side of Manhattan. The United Housing Foundation was set up in 1951 and built Co-op City in The Bronx, designed by architect Herman Jessor. One of the first subsidized, fixed-value cooperatives was Morningside Gardens in Manhattan's Morningside Heights.
Another dynamic also contributed to the large number of cooperatives established in the 1980s and 1990s in New York City – in this case by lowand moderate-income tenant groups. In the 1970s, many New York City private landlords were struggling to maintain their aging properties in the face of high interest rates, redlining, white flight and rising fuel costs.[19][20] The period also saw some landlord-induced arson to obtain insurance proceeds and widespread non-payment of real estate taxes – over 20% of multi-family residential properties were in arrears in the mid-1970s.[21][22] In 1977, the city passed Local Law #45, which allowed the city to begin foreclosure proceedings after just one year of non-payment of taxes, not three, resulting in the takeover of thousands of buildings, many of them occupied, by the city of New York through a legal action known as an in rem foreclosure.[20] In September 1978, the city's housing agency, the New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development (HPD), created a series of new housing programs designed to give building residents and community groups control and eventual ownership of in rem buildings.[23][24]
The Urban Homesteading Assistance Board (UHAB), established in 1974, began to assist residents of these buildings to manage, rehabilitate and acquire their buildings, and form limited-equity housing co-operatives.[18] Working with the city's housing agency, its existing loan programs and the power to dispose of abandoned property to non-profit organizations, as well as the state laws governing the establishment of co-operatives, UHAB was able to provide low-income people with the tools – seed money, legal advice, architectural plans, bookkeeping training – to build and run limited-equity housing co-operatives. Through a long-standing contract with the city to provide training and technical assistance to residents of buildings in the Tenant Interim Lease (TIL) Program, UHAB has worked with more than 1,600 coops, preserving over 30,000 units of affordable housing.[24]
Some cooperatives in New York City do not own the land upon which their building is situated. These are known as "Land Lease Buildings" and often have significant drawbacks for cooperative owners.[25]
Student housing cooperatives[edit]
Keep Cottage, one of the eight co-ops in the Oberlin Student Cooperative Association.
Student cooperatives provide housing and dining services to those who attend specific educational institutions. Some notable groups include Berkeley Student Cooperative, Santa Barbara Housing Cooperative and the Oberlin Student Cooperative Association.
United Kingdom[edit]
Housing co-operatives are uncommon in the UK, making up about 0.1% of housing stock.[26]
Most are based in urban areas and consist of affordable shared accommodation where the members look after the property themselves. Waiting lists can be very long due to the rarity of housing co-operatives. In some areas the application procedure is integrated into the council housing application system. The laws differ between England and Scotland. The Confederation of Co-operative Housing provides information on housing cooperatives in the United Kingdom. The Shelter website provides information on housing and has information specific to England and Scotland.
The Catalyst Collective provides information about starting co-operatives in the UK and explains the legal structure of a housing coop. Radical Routes offers a guide on how to set up a housing co-operative.
In Switzerland 5.1% of all housing units are in cooperatives. The Schweizerischer Verband für das Wohnungswesen (Swiss cooperative housing federation) represents around 1,500 housing cooperatives with about 160,000 housing units.[27]
See also[edit]
 1. ^ a b What is a Housing Cooperative
 2. ^ Co-op Apartment Law
 3. ^ Condo vs. Co-op Apartments in N.Y.C.
 4. ^ a b Characteristics of Housing Cooperatives
 5. ^ Co-operative Corporations Act, R.S.O. 1990, Chapter C.35: Non-Profit Housing Co-Operatives. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
 6. ^ _URL_
 7. ^ Sazama, Gerald W. (2000). "Lessons from the History of Affordable Housing Cooperatives in the United States: A Case Study in American Affordable Housing Policy". The American Journal of Economics and Sociology.
 8. ^ Midwest Association of Housing Cooperatives
 9. ^ National Association of Housing Cooperatives
 10. ^ coophousing.org
 12. ^ "The Problem of Living in New York". Harper's Magazine: 918. November 1882.
 13. ^ Sazama, Gerald (January 1996). "A Brief History of Affordable Housing Cooperatives in the United States". University of Connecticut.
 14. ^ a b c Kennedy, Shawn G. (May 21, 1986). "Q and A". New York Times.
 15. ^ Garbarine, Rachelle (September 26, 1997). "Residential Real Estate; New Financial Option for Condo Boards". New York Times.
 16. ^ Romano, Jay (June 1, 1997). "Condo Boards and Loans". New York Times.
 17. ^ Nussbaum,, Jay (April 2007). "Planning for the Unknown: Condominium Borrowing". The Cooperator.
 18. ^ a b Carlson, Neil F. (2004). "UHAB Comes of Age: 30 Years of Self-Help Housing in New York". UHAB. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
 19. ^ Allred, Christopher J. (2000). "Breaking the Cycle of Abandonment" (pdf). NYC Department of Housing Preservation and Development. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
 20. ^ a b Arsen, David (July 1992). "Property Tax Assessment Rates and Residential Abandonment". The American Journal of Economics and Sociology 51 (3): 361–377. JST