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Metamagnetic texture in a polar antiferromagnet
10. Mai 2019
Simple types of magnetic order are easy to visualize: in ferromagnets spins as elementary magnetic moments are parallel and sum up to a finite net moment. In antiferromagnets spins are antiparallel and sum to zero net moment. Nature is much richer and demonstrates more exotic magnetic states, such as spirals, which can be thought of as twisted ferromagnets with nonetheless zero net magnetization.
We have observed a novel type of a spiral magnetic order arising from a simple antiferromagnetic state. In crystals of Ca3Ru2O7, the Ru ions carry antiparallel magnetic moments without applied field. However, the crystal structure of this material breaks the spatial parity. Therefore, hidden couplings exist between the magnetic moments, which can twist them into spiralling arrangements. A magnetic field applied along a special crystal direction, the polar axis of Ca3Ru2O7, reveals the presence of these chiral couplings. The competition between the simple antiferromagnetic state and the ferromagnetic configuration of spins favoured by the field is resolved in an unusual way. At a certain threshold field an interwoven magnetic structure could be observed, where the moments oscillate in space between antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic configurations over lengths of a few tens of nanometers. We call this state a metamagnetic texture.
Via small-angle neutron scattering measurements we showed directly how this texture forms in Ca3Ru2O7. A competition between ferroand antiferromagnetism is revealed through strong field and temperature dependence of the length scale of the texture. A complex nature of this modulated state also manifests itself in measurements of the Hall effect, which showed that the electrons traversing the texture acquired an additional phase.
Although magnetic textures in crystals with broken spatial parity were predicted to occur by Dzyaloshinskii more than 50 years ago, experimental findings of such exotic states are still rare. However, research on textured states has become a major field in condensed matter physics since the theoretical prediction and experimental realization of multidimensional textures, now known as chiral skyrmions, in certain ferromagnetic helimagnets. The detected modulation mediating between ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism provides a novel and much richer type of a texture, as it reconciles two different pure configurations, resulting in one spiral phase. The principles underlying the discovered metamagnetic texture are simple. It is only necessary that broken spatial parity allows for twisting couplings, and that it is possible to tune a system to a point of coexistence, where two different pure phases can co-exist. In a metamagnet, a magnetic field is used to reach the co-existence point of ferro-and antiferromagnetism. The discovery of this metamagnetic texture suggests that similarly, complex spiralling or even multidimensional textures can exist in other condensed matter systems beyond magnetic solids as well, and symmetry considerations can help find them.
This work is a result of international collaboration of scientists from Germany (Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids and Leibnitz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Dresden); National Institute for Materials Science, Japan; Institute Laue-Langevin, and Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France; Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland; and the National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA.
More details can be found at _URL_


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TWO stained glass windows have been created as a lasting tribute to a forgotten hero of West Kirby.
Edmund Dene Morel, who lived in the town in the early 1900s, was a shipping clerk turned journalist and socialist politician who led a campaign against slavery in the Congo.
While living in Wirral he took up the cause for people he had never met in a country he had never been to.
Before his death in 1924 he launched a newspaper dedicated to exposing atrocities in the Congo and spearheaded the Congo Reform Association, regarded as the first human rights movement of this century.
More than 50 people including the Bishop of Birkenhead and Morel's granddaughter and great-grandson attended the installation last week of two stained glass windows dedicated to his memory at West Kirby Library.
They depict a map of Africa and glass hands and feet, representing the severing of limbs from those Congolese who failed to gather enough rubber for their ruler, King Leopold II of Belgium.
The memorial was funded by a Your Wirral grant to the Workers' Educational Association (WEA), the Duncan Society and fundraising through a Just Giving website.
WEA tutor Tina Read ran two courses and a public meeting about Morel and incorporated ideas from the events into the design.
She said: "His remarkable energy, and ability to draw people from all walks of life into his cause, saw him writing dozens of letters a day, pamphlets in English, French and German, packing out halls up and down the country where thousands would hear him speak.
"One letter of protest alone would be signed by 11 peers, 19 bishops, 76 members of parliament, the presidents of seven Chambers of Commerce, 13 editors of major newspapers, and every Lord Mayor in the country."
West Kirby glass artist Robbie Macoy created the central panels and Tina Read made side panels with David Bibby, Martin Murphy and Claire Hughes at the ARK Project in Birkenhead.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Our Constructive Curriculum approach is based on active student involvement in the learning process, fostering meaningful knowledge construction. By emphasizing hands-on learning, problem-solving, self-expression, and integrated themes, we empower students to become lifelong learners.
Our curriculum encourages students to actively participate in hands-on learning experiences, allowing them to explore and discover concepts in a tangible way.
We foster critical thinking skills by providing opportunities for students to solve real-world problems and develop innovative solutions.
Through our curriculum, students are encouraged to express themselves creatively, developing their unique voices and perspectives.
At Esperanza Spanish School, we understand the importance of STEM education in preparing students for the challenges of the future. Our STEM Immersion aspect of the curriculum is designed to provide hands-on experiences, technology integration, engineering projects, and real-life math applications, all while immersing students in the Spanish language and culture.
Our STEM Immersion program offers a hands-on learning experience where students engage in experiments, integrate technology, work on engineering projects, and apply math concepts to real-life situations.
Our STEM Immersion program encourages problem-solving skills through hands-on experiments that foster curiosity and critical thinking.
We integrate technology into our STEM Immersion program to prepare students for the digital age and enhance their learning experience.
Through engineering projects, students develop problem-solving skills, creativity, and a passion for innovation in our STEM Immersion program.
In our STEM Immersion program, students apply math concepts to real-life situations, making learning practical and meaningful.
Our Spanish Immersion program offers a deep dive into language and culture, allowing students to develop a profound understanding and appreciation for the Spanish-speaking world.
At Esperanza Spanish School, we offer a curriculum that integrates STEM, fosters lifelong learning, and ensures cultural immersion.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Question 38: The word "surreptitiously" is closest in meaning to
A. quickly B. occasionally C. stubbornly D. secretly
Question 39: The word "odd" refers to which of the following?
A. numbers such as 1, 3, 5 and so on B. lucky numbers
C. numbers such as 2, 4, 6 and so on D. unusual numbers
Question 40: The author mentions that all of the following are aware of quantities in some ways EXCEPT
A. wasps B. Plovers C. caterpillars D. mice
Question 41: The word "accounts" is closest in meaning to
A. reasons B. reports C. deceptions D. invoices
Question 42: How would the author probably characterize the people who are mentioned in the first line of the second paragraph
A. As foolish B. As demanding C. As clever. As mistaken
Question 43: What is the main idea of this passage?
A. The computer is especially lucrative for women today.
B. Women today are better educated than in the past, making them more attractive to the business world.
C. Women are better at small business than men are.
D. Women today are opening more business of their own.
Question 44: The word "excluded" is closest meaning to _________.
A. often invited to B. decorators of
C. not permitted in D. charged admission to
Question 45: All of the following were mentioned in the passage as detriments to women in the business world EXCEPT _________.
A. Women were required to stay at home with their families.
B. Women faced discrimination in business.
C. Women lacked ability to work in business.
D. Women were not trained in business.
Question 46: According to the passage, Charlotte Taylor believes that women in 1970s _________
A. were unrealistic about their opportunities in business management.
B. had fewer obstacles in business than they do today.
C. were unable to work hard enough to success in business.
D. were still more interested in education than business opportunities
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if you are performing multiple single-span measurements in a sequence at different frequencies then the fast tuning speed will improve the measurement time.
Why does setting "Tuning Speed" to "Fast" speed up measurements with "Cleaner Spectrum" enabled?
When "Cleaner Spectrum" is enabled for a measurement, the FFT Width of the analyzer is set to take narrower bandwidth acquisitions and avoid spurs inherent to RF mixing process. As a result, if the span of the acquisition is greater than 24.9MHz (5665) or 100MHz (5668R), multiple spans will be acquired for the measurement. Since the LO would need to be re-tuned to cover the multiple spans, a faster tuning speed will help to decrease the total measurement time.
What's the tuning speed of my VSA device?
Refer to the Frequency Tuning Time specification for your device. Typically, Frequency Tuning Time consists of Lock Time + Settling Time to Required Accuracy. For example, for NI 5653, in Fast Configuration mode, a 50 MHz step requires 1.1 ms (the frequency lock time) + 0.75 (the frequency settling time), or 1.85 ms to lock and settle to 0.1 ppm accuracy.
Advanced: IF Filter Bandwidth
IF filter bandwidth is an important characteristic of an RF instrument and it can have significant effect on measurement speed. Not all VSA HW support setting the IF filter bandwidth property. Only super heterodyne VSA supports setting this property. NI-RFmx SpecAn automatically selects the best IF filter for the selected measurements. However, for custom measurements, IF filter bandwidth can be manually set. In some applications, wide IF filter bandwidth is highly desirable. For example, when conducting a modulation quality measurement, such as error vector magnitude (EVM), the signal analyzer needs to capture the entire modulation bandwidth to demodulate the signal. In other applications, a small IF filter bandwidth is needed. For example, when conducting an adjacent channel power measurement (ACP), which measures the level of undesired signals around the main signal channel, it is important to minimize the noise contribution coming from the instrument and cut off the power from the main signal channel. A narrowband IF filter allows the signal analyzer to maximize the IF gain to better utilize the full dynamic range of the ADC with a finite SNR. Typically, there are a few IF filter options for super-heterodyne VSAs. For example, NI PXIe-5665 has three different IF filter bandwidths that can be selected: 300kHz, 5MHz and 50MHz (IF throughpath). When it comes to increasing the measurement speed, a wide IF filter should be used. Wider IF bandwidths translate to fewer individual spectrum acquisitions and faster measurement speeds. By contrast, narrow IF bandwidth configurations require more spectrum acquisitions for a given span and lead to longer measurement times. Although the drawback of a narrow IF bandwidth is longer measurement times, using a narrow IF bandwidth can significantly improve the instrument's performance in some applications as discussed earlier [6].
Advanced: Cleaner Spectrum Property
The Cleaner Spectrum Property makes a tradeoff between obtaining the lowest noise floor or faster measurement speed. If this property is enabled, the noise floor will be cleaner at the expense of measurement time being increased. The impact on the measurement speed will depend on the hardware that is being used for the RF measurement. The following table provides the summary of trade-offs being made to obtain a cleaner spectrum:
NI 5665
Sets the FFT Width property to take narrower bandwidth (24.9MHz) acquisitions and avoid digitizer spurs. Uses IF filters (5MHz, 300kHz) to reduce the noise floor for frequencies below 80MHz.
Effect on measurement speed:
Since only half of 50MHz bandwidth is used for frequencies above 80MHz, this leads to more acquisition and longer measurement time. Below 80 MHz, the use of narrower IF filters leads to longer measurement times.
NI 5644R/5645R/5646R,
NI 5840
Sets a narrower acquisition bandwidth on the device to avoid spurs.
Effect on measurement speed:
Since only a portion of the available bandwidth is used, this leads to more acquisition and longer measurement time.
NI 5668R
To provide the best spectrum measurement, the acquisition is reduced to 100 MHz segments for any center frequency.
Effect on measurement speed:
Since only 100MHz bandwidth is used instead of the wider 320 MHz bandwidth, this leads to more acquisitions and longer measurement times.
Other devices This property is ignored.
Table 1. Cleaner Spectrum settings per RF device
For faster measurement, set the "cleaner spectrum" property to Disabled.
Frequency-Domain Measurement Settings
Span (Hz)
Span is directly proportional to the measurement time; the measurement takes longer to acquire for larger spans. Consider only acquiring the span needed for your measurement. Keep in mind that when the RBW filter is enabled, the actual acquisition span for your measurement will be slightly larger than the specified span. The RBW filter is enabled by default.
Figure 7. Acquisition Span
Once you set the span for your measurement, NI-RFmx SpecAn will automatically select the IF Filter Bandwidth and FFT width (effective bandwidth) that is appropriate for the specified span. For some of the span values, FFT width would not necessarily be equal to the specified span. This is the case when "Cleaner Spectrum" property is enabled and the span is greater than 24.9MHz (5665). Refer to Table 1.
Refer to Spectral Measurements for more details.
For some measurements, such as adjacent channel power (ACP), the total span of the measurement is controlled by integration bandwidth of the main channel as well as the number of adjacent (offset) channels. To reduce the overall span of the measurement and increase the measurement speed, consider reducing the number of measured offset channels within the constraints of the measurement requirements.
RBW Filter Width (Hz)
A traditional swept spectrum analyzer reports the spectrum as seen through an RBW filter with filter characteristics that affect the power measurement. For FFT-based instruments, this behavior is achieved by emulating the RBW filter digitally.
Figure 8. RBW Filter comparison
As the RBW is lowered, the resolution in the frequency domain becomes finer, allowing the individual frequency domain peaks to become visible. A narrow RBW lowers the displayed average noise floor (DANL) of the analyzer, thereby improving the sensitivity of the instrument. Moreover, a narrow RBW also increases the dynamic range of the spectrum analyzer. However, this is only applicable for narrowband signals, such as sine waves, with bandwidths that fit entirely within a frequency bin. Modulated signals with signal power that spans several frequency bins will have their peak powers reduced by the same amount as the noise floor, leaving the final dynamic range the same.
The trade-off of using a narrow RBW is that it requires a longer acquisition time, meaning more samples, longer transfer time, longer computation time, and overall slower measurement speed. In addition, since the type of the RBW filter affects the total span required for the measurement, certain RBW filter types will lead to higher measurement times than others. The following table summarizes the RBW filter type options available in RFmx SpecAn:
Figure 9. RBW filter types
Unless required by a particular standard, consider increasing the RBW to further improve the measurement speed. Furthermore, for faster spectral measurements set the RBW Filter type to "FFT Based", which effectively turns off RBW filtering. Based on the spectrum configuration, setting the filter type to "FFT based" can give up to 10x+ speed improvement compared to other filter types. For faster time domain measurements, set RBW filter to FFT Based.
Figure 10. Gaussian –2230ms
Figure 11. FFT Based –200ms
White paper: Resolution Bandwidth (RBW)
Sweep Time
RFmx acquires and digitally processes signals using a windowed FFT followed by digital RBW filtering to obtain the spectrum.
Figure 12. Digital processing of acquired signal
In this approach, sweep time determines the signal acquisition time and is inversely proportional to RBW as shown below.
Since the sweep time effectively controls the acquisition time for the measurement, for faster measurement speed consider reducing the sweep time to the minimum value as required by the measurement. For example, when conducting a channel power measurement, CHP on 10ms LTE FDD frame, consider setting the sweep time to 1ms which corresponds to the duration of one LTE sub-frame. Also, to increase repeatability of the results, use a digital trigger synchronized with the start of the LTE frame to always make sure the measurement is done on the same part of the signal. The sweep time also applies when performing adjacent channel power measurements, ACP. If Sweep time is set to "Auto", the measurement sets the sweep time to the following value (in seconds):
 - 1/RBW; when the RBW filter is FFT based
 - 10/RBW; for other RBW filter types
Typically, to improve repeatability of ACP measurements, longer sweep times are needed. However, longer sweep times also lead to longer measurement times. To achieve measurement repeatability without sacrificing measurement time, the sweep time can be kept short and a digital trigger can be used to ensure that the same portion of the incoming RF signal is used each time for the measurement.
(a) (b)
Figure 13. WCDMA ACP measurement (a) Sweep Time=1ms (b) Sweep Time=2ms
ACP: Measurement Method Property
ACP measurement supports three measurement methods based on the requirement of measurement speed


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Artemin is a disulfide‐linked homodimeric neurotrophic factor structurally related to GDNF, neurturin and persephin. These proteins belong to the cysteine knot superfamily of growth factors that assume stable dimeric protein structures. Artemin, GDNF, persephin and neurturin all signal through a multicomponent receptor system, composed of RET (receptor tyrosine kinase) and one of the four GFRα (α1‐α4) receptors. Artemin prefers the receptor GFRα3‐RET, but will use other receptors as an alternative. Artemin supports the survival of all peripheral ganglia, such as sympathetic, neural crest and placodally‐derived sensory neurons, and dopaminergic midbrain neurons. The functional human artemin ligand is a disulfide‐linked homodimer of two 12.0 kDa polypeptide monomers. Each monomer contains seven conserved cysteine residues, one of which is used for interchain disulfide bridging and the others are involved in intramolecular ring formation known as the cysteine‐knot configuration. Recombinant Murine Artemin is a disulfide‐linked homodimer formed by two identical 113 amino acid subunits with a calculated molecular weight of 24.2 kDa.
ART, ARTN, Enovin, Neublastin
AA Sequence (monomer):
AGTRSSRART TDARGCRLRS QLVPVSALGL GHSSDELIRF RFCSGSCRRA RSQHDLSLAS LLGAGALRSP PGSRPISQPC CRPTRYEAVS FMDVNSTWRT VDHLSATACG CLG
≥ 97% by SDS-PAGE gel and HPLC analyses.
Determined by the dose-dependent stimulation of the proliferation of SH-SY5Y cells. The expected ED50 for this effect is 0.1-0.5 µg/ml.
Calculated Molecular Weight:
Not for human use.


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Every franchise is governed by the terms of a contract between the licensor – the franchisor – and a licensee – the franchisee. This contract is called the Franchise Agreement.
By Michael Seid, Managing Director, MSA Worldwide
A Franchise Agreement is a legal document that binds franchisor and franchisee together. This document explains what the franchisor (the licensor) expects from the franchise (the licensee) in running the business. The Franchise Agreement is designed to ensure that all of the franchisees within an organization are treated equitably.
However, while every franchise is a license, not every license is a franchise.
A. What turns a license into a franchise?
In the United States, this is governed by the definition established by the Federal Trade Commission ("The FTC Rule") and by the various states that have adopted alternative definitions.
Under the FTC Rule, there are three general requirements for a license to be considered a franchise:
- The franchisee's business is substantially associated with the franchisor's brand. In franchising, the franchisor and each of its franchisees are sharing a common brand.
- The franchisor exercises controls or provides significant assistance to the franchisee in how they use the franchisor's brand in conducting their business. Since the franchisee is an independent contractor and not a joint employer, generally those controls are over brand standards and do not extend to the human resources of the franchisee, nor do they extend to how the franchisee manages their business – subject to meeting the requirements of the brand standards – on a day-to-day basis.
- The franchisor receives from the franchisee a fee for the right to enter into the relationship and to operate their business using the franchisor's trademarks. The fee can be an initial fee, or it may be a continuing fee in excess of $500 (adjusted annually) with certain exemptions provided under the law.
Several states have also passed laws defining "what is a franchise," and those laws can capture into the definition of a franchise some relationships that do not meet the FTC Rule.
B. It's a formal and complex long-term business relationship.
It's not a partnership, it's not a joint-venture or cooperative (although it could be), and it's not a joint-employer relationship (although it could be that also). It's a license that establishes the rights and obligations of the licensor and the licensee. Regardless of how the parties refer to the relationship, every franchise is governed by the terms of a contract (generally a written agreement) between the licensor (the franchisor) and a licensee (the franchisee), and that document is called a Franchise Agreement.
As in any well-crafted contract, the Franchise Agreement is designed to balance the needs of the franchisor to protect its intellectual property and ensure consistency in how each of its licensees operates under the brand.
- It needs to also ensure that even though the relationship is codified in a written agreement, meant to last sometimes more than 20 years (generally the agreement is ten years), that the franchisor has the ability to evolve the brand and its consumer offering over time.
- It needs to be flexible enough to allow the franchisor to modify the agreement so that when franchisees in different situations have specific needs, the agreement can reflect those decisions.
- It also needs to serve the needs of franchisees to manage their independently-owned businesses on a day-to-day basis governed by a requirement that they continually meet brand standards.
- It's long, detailed, and provided to prospective franchisees as an exhibit to the Franchise Disclosure Document (FDD) well in advance of the franchisee signing it, to ensure they have time to review the agreement and get advice from their lawyers and other advisors.
Franchising is about consistent, sustainable replication of a company's brand promise and needs to detail the thousand and one business decisions that go into creating any franchise system. It's complex and in most instances a contract of adhesion (meaning an agreement that is not readily subject to change). Because it is meant to reflect the uniqueness of each franchise offering and needs to also craft the dynamics of the intended franchise relationship, copying another franchise system's agreements in developing any franchise system is likely the single biggest mistake new franchisors can make. Franchisors who choose to work with lawyers and franchise packaging firms that cut corners and copy others' documents put their franchise systems in peril.
Because of the length and complexity of a Franchise Agreement, most qualified lawyers will not attempt to roll into it all the agreements required by the relationship including personal guarantees, leases, and other requirements of the relationship, and instead have those contained in separate documents.
As with any well-written contract, the Franchise Agreement needs to deal with some basic elements including, but not limited to:
- An Overview of the Relationship. The parties to the contract, the ownership of the intellectual property, the overall obligations of the franchisee to operate their business to brand standards, etc.
- Duration of the Franchise Agreement. The term of the relationship, the franchisee's successor rights to enter into new agreements, the requirement to upgrade the franchisee's location, etc.
- Initial and Continuing Fees. Franchisees generally pay an initial and continuing fee to the franchisor for entering into the system and remaining a franchisee. There are also a host of other a la carte fees that are included in most agreements. Most franchise systems also provide for a payment to an Advertising or Brand Fund that is used by the franchisor to market the brand to the public and for other contractually defined purposes.
- Assigned Territory. Not every franchise agreement grants a franchisee an exclusive or even a protected territory, and how a territory is established must be defined. Franchisors also need to deal with reservation of their rights within a franchisee's territory including alternative distribution sites, sales over the Internet, etc.
- Site Selection and Development. Franchisees generally find their own sites and develop them according to the franchisor's standards. The role of the franchisor is generally to approve the location found by the franchisee and then approve, prior to opening, that the franchisee has built their location to meet design and other brand standards.
- Initial and Ongoing Training and Support. Franchisors generally provide a host of pre-opening and continuing support including training, field and headquarters support, supply chain, quality control, etc.
- Use of the Intellectual Property including Trademarks, Patents, Manuals. As the IP of every franchise system is its most valuable asset, some of which will change as the system evolves, the agreement defines what is licensed to the franchisee, how the franchisee can use the IP, and the rights of the franchisor to evolve the system through changes to the franchisor's operating manual.
- Advertising. The franchisor will reveal its advertising commitment and what fees franchisees are required to pay towards those costs.
- Insurance Requirements. Franchise agreements will define the minimum insurance a franchisee is required to have prior to opening and during the term of the agreement.
- Record-Keeping and the Rights to Audit the Franchisee's Records. The franchisor defines the records that it needs its franchisees to maintain in the agreement and in the operations manual, the software they are allowed to use, its rights to access that information including online through the internet, and its rights to audit that information from time to time.
- All the rest. Some may call it boilerplate, but in well-developed agreements it is not. Among the myriad other issues contained in the Franchise and other agreement are the franchisee's successor rights, default, termination, indemnification, dispute resolution, resale rights, transfer rights, rights of first refusal, sources of supply, local advertising requirements, governing law, general releases, personal guarantees, roll-up provisions, etc.
In developing a proper set of franchise agreements, each of the elements of the franchise need to be evaluated and decisions made. Prior to having the lawyers begin to draft the agreements, it is essential for the franchisor to first develop its business plan, with all the myriad of issues decided on. For most franchisors it is important that in addition to working with qualified franchise lawyers, they first work with experienced and qualified franchise consultants in crafting their franchise offering.


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There are many observable facts that advocates of the flat earth model do not accept. Daylight is one of them.
There are two major facts about daylight that any model of the shape of the earth must explain. These are its longitudinal and latitudinal variations.
Anyone who has ever spoken to another person who lives in another time zone is familiar with the longitudinal variation of daylight. At any given point in time one half of the earth is in darkness and one half is in light, and that variation falls along longitudinal lines.
I live in the Pacific time zone; my brother lives in the Eastern time zone. So we are always 3 hours different in time. If I call him at 7 PM my time it's 10 PM his time. I'm in late evening and he's in night.
If it is noon in the Pacific time zone at a time of year when no time zone is observing Daylight Savings the time will be:
- 1 PM in Denver Colorado
- 2 PM in Chicago
- 3 PM in New York City
- 8 PM in London
- 9 PM in Berlin
- 11 PM in Moscow Russia
- 4 AM in Beijing
- 5 AM in Tokyo
- 10 AM in Anchorage Alaska
This is not just a human imposed artifice. When it is 11 PM in Moscow it really will be dark outside. When it is 3 PM in New York City it really will be mid-afternoon and therefore daylight outside.
The flat earth model cannot account for this fact. Once the sun appears above the horizon of a flat earth all regions of the planet will experience daylight equally. None will be in darkness.
The spherical earth model accounts for longitudinal variation in daylight quite simply and naturally. From a single point source of light– i.e. the sun– only one half of a sphere can be illuminated at any one time. We have a huge number of confirmations of this phenomenon in the form of photographs that have been taken from artificial satellites and manned space vehicles. For example, this photo was taken by the crew of the Apollo 15 mission:
The photo shows Africa and Europe in shadow while South America is in daylight. Here's another that was taken on the Apollo 13 mission that shows a portion of North America in daylight:
And here's one that shows the earth as a crescent:
None of these photographs would be possible if the earth were shaped like a disc.
These variations in daylight are longitudinal in that they fall along the lines of the earth's meridians– that is, lines of longitude. Latitudinal variations are those that have to do with the distance a location on the earth's surface is from the equator. Regions that are closer to the North and South poles experience far more hours of daylight during their summer months than do equatorial regions, and far fewer hours of daylight during their winter months. I live close to the 47th parallel. At the summer solstice we receive about 16 hours of sunlight in the day, and at the winter solstice we receive about 8.5 hours. A person living on the equator would receive 12 hours of sunlight every day of the year. Here is a short video that shows what it is like to live north of the Arctic Circle in the summer:
Furthermore the northern regions experience summer when the southern regions are in winter. In winter the sun never rises above the horizon on at least one day per year for any location north of the Arctic Circle.
The flat earth model cannot explain this phenomenon. When it is daylight in any one region of the flat earth it would be daylight for all. But that is not true on planet Earth.
The spherical earth model explains this phenomenon quite simply and elegantly. The earth is inclined at an angle of about 23 degrees relative to its plane of rotation about the sun. That inclination means that regions close to the north pole are tilted toward the sun by 23 degrees during the summer months and are tilted away from it by 23 degrees during the winter months. When tilted toward the sun the polar regions will see the sun above the horizon for more hours; when tilted away the sun will appear above the horizon for fewer hours.
This variation in daylight is directly related to latitude, as it is dependent on the distance a region is from the equator. It is the basis of the seasons, something that most people do believe in– maybe even most flat earth propagandists.
Copyright (c) 2019 David S. Moore. All rights reserved.


text: [en] Lymphangiogenesis, the formation of new lymphatic vessels from preexisting ones, is an important biological process associated with diverse pathologies, such as metastatic dissemination and graft rejection. In addition, lymphatic hypoplasia characterizes lymphedema, usually a progressive and lifelong condition for which no curative treatment exists. Much progress has been made in recent years in identifying molecules specifically expressed on lymphatic vessels and in the setting up of in vitro and in vivo models of lymphangiogenesis. These new tools rapidly provided an abundance of information on the mechanisms underlying lymphatic development and the progression of diseases associated with lymphatic dysfunction. In this review, we describe the common in vitro and in vivo models of lymphangiogenesis that have proven suitable for investigating lymphatic biology and the interactions occurring between lymphatic vessels and other cells, such as immune cells and cancer cells. Their rationales and limitations are discussed and illustrated by the most informative findings obtained with them.


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Portland, Oregon is getting a little help from computer giant IBM to help see how it can reach various city goals, including reducing its carbon emissions over the next several decades. The City of Portland and IBM have collaborated to develop a computer model that simulates how city systems work together. That knowledge will then be used to make a road map for the city for the next 25 years.
Coined the System Dynamics for Smarter Cities model, the model give mayors and other city officials ways to measure positive and negative consequences of various actions. The model can be used to look at a variety of factors from the city's core sectors, including, the economy, housing, education, public saftey, healthcare, transportation and utilities.
One example that was put to the model is the city's objective of reducing carbon emissions by 40 percent by 2030 and by 80 percent by the year 2050. Using the model, it was discovered that in addition to reducing levels of emissions by providing more public transportation options and options for walking and biking to work, that obesity levels in the general population also might decline. And if obesity levels go down, the use of walking, biking and public transportation go up. The tool highlights the feedback loop used to jump start a continued cycle of improvement. So if shifting to walking and biking reduces driving trips, the obesity/active trasport loop could be a self reinforcing policy lever to address carbon goals.
The project began in 2010 and included sessions with more than 75 Portland-area experts in a variety of fields. That research, along with 10 years of historical data, was used to support the model. The work on the model is assisting the city in identifying drivers of change to be incorporated into the city's 25-year strategic plan.


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The University of Maine at Machias
Self-timed circuits present an attractive solution to the problem of process variation. However, implementing self-timed combinational logic is complex and expensive. In particular, mapping large function blocks into cell-libraries is difficult as decomposing gates introduces new signals which may violate indication. This paper presents a novel method for implementing any m-of-n encoded function block using \"Bounded gates\", where any gate may be decomposed without violating indication. This is achieved by successively decomposing the input encoding into smaller m-of-n codes.


The MS degree in MIS at the University of Illinois at Springfield is specifically focused on providing a balance between technical skills and knowledge of business functions and processes. This is attained in two ways
The curriculum is designed to integrate information technology with business and management concepts
Most of the faculty who teach in the MIS program have real-world experience. In addition, all either have, or are pursuing, their doctorate.
UIS has a tradition of offering innovative programs to students at the time and place most convenient for them. The MS degree in MIS offers three options:
1. Traditional classroom instruction on campus in Springfield, Illinois.
2. Online coursework offered over the Internet.
3. Any combination of traditional in-class and online instructions that best meets your needs.
The online courses are being developed and taught by the same faculty members who teach the traditional in-class sections of the courses, thereby assuring the quality of the online courses is as good as or better than the traditional in-class instruction.


text:
To prepare isopentyl acetate (isoamyl acetate)
To make an ester referred to as banana oil from acetic acid and isopentyl alcohol
This ester is often referred to as banana oil, since it has the familiar odor of this fruit
CH3C OH + CHCH2CH2OH CH3C O CH2CH2CH + H2O CH3 CH3 Acetic acid Isopentyl alcohol Isopentyl acetate (excess) (alcohol) (ester) (vinegar)
Isopentyl acetate is prepared by the direct esterification of acetic acid with isopentyl alcohol. Since the equilibrium does not favor the formation of the ester, it must be shifted to the right, in favor of the product, by using an excess of one of the starting materials. Acetic acid is used in excess because it is less expensive than isopenthyl alcohol and more easily removed from the reaction mixture
In the isolation procedure, much of the excess acid and the remaining isopenthyl alcohol are removed by extraction with water. Any remaining acid is removed by extraction with aqueous sodium bicarbonate. The ester is purified by distillation
4.APPARATUS AND REAGENTS:
1. Isopenthyl alcohol(also called isoamyl alcohol or 3-methyl-1- buthanol) 2. Glacial acetic acid
3. Concentrated sulphuric acid
4. Round bottom flask
5. Reflux apparatus
6. Heating mantle
7. Cold water
8. Conical flask
9. Aqueous sodium bicarbonate
10. Red litmus paper
4.APPARATUS AND REAGENTS:
11. Saturated aqueous sodium chloride
12. Anhydrous magnesium sulphate
13. Distillation apparatus
extreme care must be exercised to avoid contact with concentrated sulphuric acid. It will cause serious burns if it is spilled on the skin. If it comes in contact with skin or clothes, it must be washed off immediately with excess water. In addition, sodium bicarbonate may be used to neutralize the acid. Clean up spills immediately.
6.1 15 ml (12.2g, 0.138mole) of isopenthyl alcohol and 20ml(21g,0.35mole)of glacial acetic acid was poured into a round bottom flask.
6.2 4ml of conc. Sulphric acid was carefully added to the contents of the flask, while swirling. Several boiling stones were then added to the mixture.
6.3 The reflux apparatus was the assembled as shown in the diagram below:
6.4 The mixture was brought to a boil using a heating mantle it was then heated under reflux for 1 hour.
6.5 The heating source was removed and the mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature.
6.6 The cooled mixture was the poured onto a separatory funnel and 55ml of cold water was then added.
6.7 The reaction flask was the rinsed with 10ml of cold water with the rinsings being poured into the separatory funnel.
6.8 A stirring rod was then used to mix the rinsings with the mixture in the funnel.
6.9 A stopper was then placed on the separatory funnel and the funnel was shaked in a swirling motion several times. The funnel was then placed on a holder and allowed to settle.
6.10 The lower aqueous layer was then separated from the upper organic layer (density 0.87 g/ml).The aqueous layer was the discarded into a waste bottle; it was ensured that the correct layer was saved.
6.11 The crude ester in the organic layer contained some acetic acid, which was removed by extraction with 5% aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution.
6.12 25 ml of the 5% base was carefully added to the organic layer contained in the separatory funnel.
6.13 The separatory funnel was...
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Water: how can we account for our most vital resource?
Image © Visit Greece
Many parts of the world could face a water crisis in the future, not because they do not have enough water, but because they are not using it smartly enough. Accurate water accounts quantifying the amount of water we can safely use can help us use this resource both wisely and fairly.
Jacqueline McGlade, lead author and EEA Executive Director
The report 'Measuring Water Use in a Green Economy' argues that while the world faces serious water problems, their causes are often economic, social and political in nature, rather than bio-physical. These problems can be solved by balancing water use and needs between different sectors and ecosystems.
The report serves as a powerful reminder just weeks ahead of the Rio +20 global summit on sustainable development that the world needs to radically rethink the way it uses natural resources.
The lead author of the report, Jacqueline McGlade, Executive Director of the European Environment Agency (EEA), said: "Many parts of the world could face a water crisis in the future, not because they do not have enough water, but because they are not using it smartly enough. Accurate water accounts quantifying the amount of water we can safely use can help us use this resource both wisely and fairly."
The growing demands placed on water supply are not only the result of population growth, but also a result of the way in which our economies develop, according to the Resource Panel. Since 1900, humanity's water consumption has grown at twice the rate of population growth, jumping from 600 billion cubic metres in 1900 to 4,500 billion cubic metres in 2010.
People are not the only water users – environmental systems also need water to function. Maintaining these 'ecosystem services' should be seen as vitally important, as they form the basis of the European economy, the report argues.
Water accounting is a crucial tool for the purpose of water management and making economic assessments, alongside GDP growth and other economy-wide indicators such as greenhouse gas emissions. Ecosystem services should be considered within such resource accounting schemes to establish the links between resource efficiency, biodiversity and ecosystem services.
The private sector is showing increasing interest in taking water resources into account when considering future business. For public bodies to determine water balances, the report states that it is important to produce quantitative estimates of stocks and flows. Water accounts should also include other information, such as analysis of the impact of fluctuations and uncertainties associated with the global hydrological cycle, water licences, access rights and water quality.


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The wildfire season is underway in North Central Florida. University of Florida researchers say too many invasive hardwood trees are crowding the Southeast coast's pine tree population, creating more fuel for fires and making them much harder to fight.
A new UF study recommends cutting down those hardwoods to restore a healthier pine forest.
"We've demonstrated that it's cost-effective to use a combination of forest products to pay for restoration," said Jack Putz with UF Biology. "And in those restored eco-systems, the canopy is more open, the fires don't move from tree to tree, they move along the ground and they're easy to suppress."
Experts say that pine forests require some controlled fires to maintain their health.
- Helping Prevent Wildfires
- Preventing Wildfires This Spring
- Preventing Human-Caused Wildfires
- Wildfire Then, Wildfire Now?
- Breast Cancer Prevention
- Youth Summit Hopes To Prevent Kids From Going Down The Wrong Path
- Florida Suicide Prevention
- Brush Fire Prevention
- Preventing flooding
- Help Prevent the Tenth Most Common Killer


Redesigning PECE - Founder Interviews
Web design has long followed traditional HCI and UX principles, making most platforms prioritize ease of use and efficiency. While design guidelines have resulted in platforms that feel intuitive to users, the focus on ease of use and efficiency has necessitated de-prioritizing other worthwhile endeavors. The Platform for Experimental and Collaborative Ethnography (PECE) is an innovative approach to online research and collaboration. Its creators wished to envision a new web interface. What would a platform look like that doesn't rely on hierarchy? What if the platform prioritized noise, instead of clarity? How can we design a platform that encourages questions, rather than answers?
This project explores how to design PECE to leverage these new design principles while still maintaining a usable platform. The research plan includes:
 1. Identifying broad goals for PECE by interviewing several PECE founders and key stakeholders;
 2. Identifying how users are currently using PECE, both the specific tasks they are trying to accomplish, and the larger aims they have for using PECE;
 3. Articulating the overlaps and mismatches between founder goals and user goals;
 4. Using the data generated to map the user journey, including envisioning how a user would ideally encounter the platform and conducting user studies to see how tasks are performed and where those tasks break down;
 5. Generating several prototypes;
 6. Testing prototypes with different user groups;
 7. Iterating prototype design and user research as needed.
Through this project, we hope to redesign PECE in a way that continues to encapsulate founder visions for the platform while resolving task-level pain points. More broadly, we hope to reconceptualize traditional HCI principles by demonstrating that, in this case, rules are meant to be broken.
This PECE Essay focuses on step 1, and to a lesser extent, step 2 of the research plan.
All rights reserved.
Created date
December 16, 2020


Overview of content related to 'dspace' _URL_ RSS feed with Ariadne content related to specified tag en E-Archiving: An Overview of Some Repository Management Software Tools _URL_ Marion Prudlo discusses LOCKSS, EPrints, and DSpace in terms of who uses them, their cost, underlying technology, the required know-how, and functionalities. In recent years initiatives to create software packages for electronic repository management have mushroomed all over the world. Some institutions engage in these activities in order to preserve content that might otherwise be lost, others in order to provide greater access to material that might otherwise be too obscure to be widely used such as grey literature. The open access movement has also been an important factor in this development. Digital initiatives such as pre-print, post-print, and document servers are being created to come up with new ways of publishing. read more issue43 feature article mariion prudio d-lib magazine google hewlett-packard massachusetts institute of technology oai stanford university stm university of pittsburgh university of queensland university of southampton gnu accessibility apache archives bibliographic data cache copyright data data set database digital library digital repositories dspace dublin core ejournal eprints file format gif html identifier java jpg licence linux metadata mysql open access open archives initiative open source openurl operating system perl png preservation preservation metadata rdbms repositories research schema search technology software solaris tomcat url video xml Fri, 29 Apr 2005 23:00:00 +0000 editor 1141 at _URL_


Royal Air Force C1 Insignia by warbirdwear
We Use American Apparel
The Royal Air Force is the air force of the United Kingdom and the oldest independent air force in the world. Formed on April 1, 1918, the RAF has taken a significant role in British military history ever since, playing a large part in World War II and in more recent conflicts.
The RAF operates 1002 aircraft (early 2011) and, as of early 2011, had a total manpower strength of 42,750 Regulars and 2,500 RAF Volunteers.
This design was prevalent on aircraft during the Second World War.
britain, england, world, war, two, warbird, vintage, retro


Flickr CC: Swamibu
A recently published patent by Microsoft reveals a unique way to provide tactility and texture to the normally flat, glassy feel of a touchscreen. If it came to fruition, your next tablet computer could morph and shape its screen to provide impromptu buttons, keyboards or textures.
The idea was invented by Microsoft's senior user experience designer, Erez Kikin-Gil. Redmond based Kikin-Gil was previously the lead interface designer on the table top touchscreen project, Microsoft Surface.
It uses pixel-sized shape-memory cells that can adjust their topography individually when struck with ultraviolet light. It's all coated with a light-induced polymer that is hard and juts out when one wavelength of UV hits it, and soft and flat when another wavelength strikes the pixel.
So by watching the users fingertips, and carefully transmitting the wavelengths at the correct pixels, the patent claims that tiny dots on the screen can slightly protrude independently from one another, giving a real sense of tactile buttons or textures.
But as the patent describes some seriously bulky technology, like a rear-projector, it's probably going to show up in large scale touchscreens like Microsoft Surface, before the next release of Windows Phone 7.
Latest on


text:
Engaging Communities in Science with Maps, Apps, and Drones
The community is where mutually beneficial research and education outcomes are discovered together through the power of citizen science, maps, apps, and drones. Citizen Science GIS seeks to engage academics and community organizations/residents in shared knowledge production focused on community-engaged research that benefits real-world communities. In this talk, we unravel the potential of engaging communities and science in meaningful collaboration. We will highlight opportunities to use interactive and visual mapping technologies to share the spatial stories and knowledge of community members around the world to understand some of the most pressing challenges in coastal communities. Together we will move beyond the idea of communities as merely dots on a map in research. Instead, we offer the idea of communities as active contributors to science empowered through interactive technologies to understand the most challenging social and environmental issues of our time.
Empowering Students Through the NYS Science Learning Standards
New York recently adopted new science standards… for the first time in 20 years! The philosophy behind the current approach is for students to learn to think and act like scientists. To question the world around them, to investigate and to construct evidence-based explanations. To defend rationale arguments and engineer solutions. This session will introduce participants to the Next Gen Science Standards, Scientific Practices, and available teacher resources. We'll aim to demonstrate how this will teach our students to see past the fake news and noise in the world around us, so we can grapple with humanity's greatest challenge: climate change.
The Challenges of Mitigating Climate Change
Through two different experiential exercises participants grapple with the geopolitical relationships and/or policy measures that need to be engaged for humanity to keep global temperature rise to less than 2 degrees Celsius by 2100. World Climate focuses on geopolitical dynamics, World Energy on policy levers. Both use computer simulations developed at MIT that provide immediate feedback to participants on how effective their proposals are at limiting global warming. World Climate asks participants to take on the role of political leaders, World Energy the role of leaders in various energy sectors. The debrief of participants' efforts focuses not only on the quantitative impact of their mitigation proposals but on the socio-political interactions at play in our attempts to address climate change.
Educator Challenge: Create NGSS Aligned Lessons Using GIS Images
What happened when University of Central Florida's Open Reef Project Director and his Assistant offered three North Country science teachers dozens of GIS images of the Belize Cayes in 2017 with a challenge: use these images to create engaging science lessons that align to the Next Generation Science Standards? This session will describe the innovative four-month project that demonstrated how North Country teachers used GIS images of a far away place to design rigorous and relevant science lessons aligned to the Next Generation Science Standards.
Inspiring Youth through Climate Action
The Wild Center's Youth Climate Program works to convene, engage, connect and empower young people around the world for action on climate change through Climate Summits, community climate outreach and youth leadership opportunities. Through hands-on workshops, motivating presentations, and unforgettable experiences with peers and sustainability practitioners, youth are prepared and inspired to take the lead on addressing climate change.
Inspiring Hope, Building Legislative Coalitions, and Communicating Across Differences
We live in daunting times, where anger and despair often dominate conversations. In order to build a sustainable future, we must become better at effectively communicating about climate change with people who are not already convinced of a need to act. We must re-frame our standard narratives and rebuild our capacity to develop win/win solutions. We will need to build broader coalitions to pass legislation that can shift business as usual. And we need to strengthen our sense of agency by seeing how to reinforce hopefulness, without ignoring the challenges before us. This interactive session will begin with two short presentations on how we can address these needs, and then we will break into small groups where participants will practice some of these requisite skills. In a full group discussion we report on our experiences, and talk about how to increase our community's capacity to do this work.


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Biggest Urban Growth Is in South and West
By SAM ROBERTS
Published: June 28, 2007
Newark, for four decades a symbol of America's urban decay, is growing faster than any major city in the Northeast, according to census figures released yesterday.
Newark's population, which had been declining for 50 years, has increased 3.3 percent since 2000, including a 0.5 percent increase from 2005 to 2006. The city's population now stands at 281,402.
According to figures from the Census Bureau, the biggest population growth nationwide occurred in urban hubs in the South and the West -- now home to 7 of the 10 most populous cities -- and especially in the metropolitan suburbs of those regions.
Phoenix, with a population of 1.5 million, officially edged out Philadelphia to become the nation's fifth most-populous city, after New York, Los Angeles, Chicago and Houston.
Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Buffalo, Rochester and other cities in the Rust Belt and upstate New York recorded population losses of more than 5 percent since 2000. But, except for Cleveland, these older cities recorded smaller losses since 2005, suggesting that their population declines may have been stanched. Columbus, Ohio, and Indianapolis gained population in the latest one-year period.
New York, the nation's largest city, with more than 8.2 million people, recorded virtually no growth since 2005. But city officials said that the population was undercounted and that they would challenge the census figures, as they have done successfully in recent years.
''The July 1, 2006, number will likely be higher than it is now, indicating continued growth,'' said Joseph J. Salvo, director of the City Planning Department's population division.
Among cities of 100,000 or more, North Las Vegas, a suburb with a population of 197,567, recorded the fastest growth rate. It ballooned by 11.9 percent from 2005 to 2006.
Three cities in metropolitan Dallas -- McKinney (which nearly doubled in population since 2000), Grand Prairie and Denton -- also ranked in the top 10 fastest-growing cities of 100,000 or more. Two cities in metropolitan Phoenix and two cities in Florida were also in the top 10, along with one city in North Carolina and one in California.
While Phoenix grew more than any other city, adding 43,000 residents since 2005, five Texas cities (San Antonio, Fort Worth, Houston, Austin and Dallas) were also among the top numerical gainers.
The hurricane-ravaged New Orleans lost 51 percent of its population from July 1, 2005, to July 1, 2006.
William H. Frey, a demographer with the Brookings Institution, a nonpartisan research group in Washington, said he had detected a surge of small city growth, especially in the West. Of the 25 cities in the South and the West with populations over 500,000, he said, all but three showed gains this decade.
''Small Western cities, with populations below 250,000, grew by 11 percent in the first six years in this decade, substantially more than larger cities in the region,'' Mr. Frey said.
Boston showed annual population gains from 2002 to 2005 but registered a 1 percent loss since 2005.
Since 2000, only two cities outside the South and the West -- Joliet, Ill., and Olathe, Kan. -- were among the 25 fastest-growing in the nation.
The gains in the West and the South demonstrate how the nation's population has shifted over a century. Only 3 of the 10 most populous cities in 1910 -- New York, Chicago and Philadelphia -- remain on the latest list of the top 10. Three of the latest top 10 -- Phoenix; San Jose, Calif.; and San Diego -- were not even among the 100 most populous in 1910.
Map Map shows population growth in U.S. cities.


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Following the comments to this answer to another question, what is the difference between size and magnitude?
I know there's a difference, but can someone put it in a nutshell for me?
share|improve this question
What is it that you find confusing after reading the definitions? – KitFox Aug 26 '11 at 11:28
I can't state it out in a logical way. I can't state their difference. Like what Matt Ellen said, he disagreed with what I said – Thursagen Aug 26 '11 at 11:30
I'm not sure the comments to the answer you're referencing use size and magnitude correctly, although they certainly serve to convey the intended meaning. – Peter Shor Aug 26 '11 at 13:08
I don't think this one will fit in a nutshell. Anything you say about either definition can be contradicted by a counterexample or a counter-definition from a particular discipline (astronomy, mathematics, etc.) – JeffSahol Aug 26 '11 at 13:14
In science, magnitude also means the amount (or absolute value) of something without considering the direction. So a force of 10 N at an angle of 30° has a magnitude of 10 N. – mgb Aug 26 '11 at 16:53
5 Answers 5
up vote 7 down vote accepted
Usually, size connotes physical dimensions while magnitude connotes either a numerical measure (particularly a non-linear one) of any sort of amount or metaphorical size.
"What size is that screw?" (Physical dimensions)
"A problem of immense magnitude" (Metaphorical size)
You can also use size to mean metaphorical size, but you usually can't use magnitude alone to mean physical size. (Nobody would say "What's your sneaker magnitude?")
share|improve this answer
+1: I think the suggestion that size is primarily used for physical dimensions while magnitude is more generally applicable sounds right. – AAT Aug 26 '11 at 22:35
I'm certainly going to be asking people for their "sneaker magnitude" after reading this. – gcbenison Apr 28 '12 at 3:33
The difference/usage exists mainly in natural sciences (physics)
 - size: has nearly always a linear scale, if the size gets bigger, it also means higher positive absolute values of the according physical quantitiy (temperature, volume,...)
 - magnitude: has more the meaning "order of magnitude" and is often used esp. for logarithmic scales when linear scales are too unhandy and typical order of magnitudes like milli, nano,... fail for practical use (e.g. magnitude of earthquakes, apparent magnitude in astronomy (here the unity is mag but a more negative mag value means a brighter astronomical object! so its counter intuitive to typical physical quantities.)).
share|improve this answer
"Magnitude" connotes the quality of being big, whereas "size" is merely a measure of how big something is.
share|improve this answer
Sounds very explanatory for me. – MoonLight Aug 27 '11 at 23:38
In mathematics, magnitude, together with direction, describes a vector. For instance, an object is said to have a velocity if it travels in a particular direction (say, "Northeast") at a particular rate (say, "30 knots"). The magnitude of velocity is speed, which does not imply a direction. Only values with a direction are said to have magnitude in this way; scalar values, such as an object's mass, or physical dimension (size) is never described in this way. Of course, there are many other ways that the word'magnitude' is used
share|improve this answer
Both have technical meanings - e.g. size in fashion, magnitude in cosmology. However, in general usage the difference is really a matter of register.
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Welcome to Enshu's Tea Ceremony Home Page
The Spirit of Enshu Sado
Sado is a ritualised form of serving tea,expressing "Wakeiseijaku"-or mutual respect and thoughtfulness,which brings harmony among and between people and things - by appreciating art pieces that are presented during the ceremony. Enshu Sado(Tea) school has 400 years of history.Enshu Kobori,the originator,was a feudal lord of the early 17th century(Edo Era) and was considered a great tea master of the time. He was the Sado instructor for the Tokugawa Shogunate,and has left behind a great legacy in paintings,calligraphic works,poetry,architecture and gardens.


text:
Ca Isotopes in Igneous and High-Temperature Metamorphic Systems and the Hydrothermal Chemistry of Paleoseawater
- Author(s): Antonelli, Michael A
- Advisor(s): DePaolo, Donald J
- et al.
In the last two decades it has been increasingly recognized that Ca isotope fractionation at high-temperatures can greatly exceed fractionation at surface conditions. These effects have been used to trace recycling of crustal materials into the mantle, to estimate equilibration temperatures in mantle rocks, and to understand kinetic isotope fractionation during diffusion in experimental melts. However, little is known about the competition between kinetic and equilibrium Ca isotope effects in natural samples, which suggests that the use of stable Ca isotope variations as a proxy for carbonate recycling (or for mantle temperature) is significantly underdetermined.
The Ca isotope evolution of continental crust, which is currently understudied, is intimately linked to the geochemical evolution of Earth's mantle, oceans, and atmosphere. As such, this dissertation focuses dominantly on understanding radiogenic, kinetic, and equilibrium Ca isotope variations in igneous and metamorphic rocks from the continental crust, but also includes radiogenic Sr isotope models of hydrothermal circulation at mid-ocean ridges, which are critical to understanding continental weathering rates and the geochemical evolution of seawater over time.
Chapter 2 explores the potential feed-back between the chemical and isotopic composition of paleoseawater and high-temperature hydrothermal fluids, which has been implied by Sr-isotope measurements in hydrothermal minerals over time (Antonelli et al., 2017). Chapter 3 presents results from radiogenic Ca isotope measurements in lower-crustal rocks and minerals, confirming that K is effectively lost from the lower crust during high-T metamorphism (Antonelli et al., 2018). Chapter 4 focuses on stable Ca isotope measurements in lower-crustal rocks and minerals, demonstrating that kinetic Ca effects are abundant in nature, both at the whole-rock and inter-mineral scales, and that they can be used to understand paragenesis and Ca diffusion in lower-crustal rocks (Antonelli et al., 2019b). Chapter 5 presents stable Ca isotope results from volcanic and sub-volcanic rocks and minerals, which imply that Ca isotopes can be used to estimate crystal growth-rates in igneous crystals (e.g. phenocrysts, comb-layers, and orbicules) and that associated volcanic eruption/recharge events are generally short-lived (Antonelli et al., 2019a).


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STEM.I.AM Coding and Robotics program
About the program
The Advance Queensland STEM.I.AM Program is a coordinated program of activities to increase STEM engagement for Indigenous students from grades 5 to 12. It is a collaboration between the Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation, Carbon Media Pty Ltd, Department of Education and Training, State Library of Queensland and foundation sponsors including Google and FIRST Australia.
To help close the literacy and numeracy gap, greater participation in STEM from young Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders from urban, regional and remote communities across Queensland is needed.
Engagement in coding and robotics activities will help encourage and inspire students to study in a STEM field at university - an important pathway to achieving employment in STEM careers, vital in today's knowledge economy.
STEM.I.AM coding and robotics activities in libraries
STEM.I.AM coding and robotics activities for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander school students will be delivered in public libraries and Indigenous Knowledge Centres in partnership with State Library of Queensland, from August 2017.
Activities include coding and robotics workshops, community-led coding and robotics clubs and coding and robotics competitions.
These activities are funded through the Advance Queensland STEM.I.AM coding and robotics grants for libraries. The grants assist libraries and Indigenous Knowledge Centres to deliver coding and robotics activities that utilise and strengthen existing connections between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and libraries through to increase STEM engagement for Indigenous students from grades 5 to 12.
Public libraries play a key role in the digital literacy learning ecology, and provide an informal, non-academic and non-judgmental environment for everyone in a community to learn, problem solve, and create.
STEM.I.AM coding and robotics activities will be delivered at public libraries and/or Indigenous Knowledge Centres in the following local government areas:
- Aurukun Aboriginal Shire Council
- Cook Shire Council
- Douglas Shire Council
- Gladstone Regional Council
- Logan City Council
- North Burnett Regional Council
- Paroo Shire Council
- Townsville City Council
For further details about the program partners and other STEM activities across Queensland visit the Advance Queensland STEM.I.AM website.
Discover an eclectic range of books, gifts, reproduction prints and more at the Library Shop.


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I say how can it be that man owns the land, can we possess the sky, the wind, the call of the seasons?
Man does not own the earth, but rather the earth owns man, we're merely caretakers of the wild for our children.
We must show reverence for nature, the ground we share, and the spirit of the wild.
We must respect each new sunrize.
Take a deep breath, feel the spirit of the wild.
Feel our instincts, feel the heart of the hunter.
Each new day, each new sunrize can bring the renewal of life, the renewal of the spirit.
Keep your senses alert, learn to appreciate the value of that sign.
The excitement of that smell, that sight…the aroma of the woods.
Cherish the beauty of our brother the eagle, the deer, our blood brother the bear.
As the new sun warms our new day, thrill at the adventure of being one with nature.
As the majestic buck melts out of the swamp, feel the spirit come alive.
Hold tight to your bow and arrow, grab the spirit,
Feel it's presence, feel the spirit of the wild.
Hey, there he is, in the wind….
The sensual stimuli, the thrill that will cleanse the soul,
Go ahead, feel alive.
The sunrize is on fire, as our senses, our very lifeblood is on fire.
Share these sensations with your friends,
Share 'em with the children,
For life is a series of sunrizes
The spirit of the wild.
Let it inspire your heart and soul,
Challenge the good, natural hunter within you,
Challenge yourself….to connect.
Be an asset to nature.
Take each day, take each sunrize step by step.
Sunrize by sunrize.
Take it to heart.
Embrace the spirit of the wild.
Embrace each and every sunrize
Rise into the sun.
Seize it.
In the wind, he's still alive….
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Social Studies Elementary News
Recently Added Resources
Recently Added Resources:
3rd-5th teachers, many of you have expressed a wish that the Gallopade pacing guides, located on p. 9-10 in the teacher books, include our standard numbers in them. The new documents below have been created to help with this!
- 3rd Grade Gallopade Pacing with Standards (new)
- 4th Grade Gallopade Pacing with Standards (new)
- 5th Grade Gallopade Pacing with Standards (new)
Hannah Rexrode, from the East Tennessee History Center, has added to her ongoing Women's Suffrage files for you to check out!
Directions on how to access resources on grade level pages:
1. Visit the Knox County Schools website
2. Click Departments
3. Scroll down to Social Studies
4. On the left, find "For Elementary Teachers" and click your grade level (You must be signed in to access materials.)
Upcoming PD Opportunities
November 15- Workshop on the Cold War Era This workshop will be held from 9:00 a.m. - 3:00 p.m. at the East Tennessee History Center. It focuses on 5th grade standard 5.23. We will explore strategies and resources for teaching the social studies practices, with a special emphasis on context and analysis. The workshop will feature standards-based activities and materials ready for immediate classroom use. Register today by emailing Lisa Oakley, _EMAIL_ or by calling _PHONE_.
- November 18- Breaking Away from the Lecture: Inquiry-Based and Engaging Social Studies Lessons (Repeat Session) This repeat session will be led by Kristin Risdahl from 4:00-5:30 p.m. at Sarah Simpson. It is for teachers who teach 3rd, 4th, or 5th grade social studies. We will focus on the benefits of breaking away from the lecture-based classroom and providing engaging inquiry-based lessons for 3rd, 4th, & 5th graders. We will look at the inquiry process, the different pieces of the new Gallopade resources, and more...while discussing how to best utilize them to fit your students' needs! Sign up on My Learning Plan.
- December 3- Examining Tennessee's Story at the East Tennessee History Center from 9:00 a.m.-3:00 p.m. Join East Tennessee Historical Society Curator of Education Lisa Oakley for a day of learning about stories from Tennessee history which are featured in the new Tennessee social studies standards. We will explore these stories using a wide range of primary and secondary sources and share hands-on, literacy-rich strategies for using the sources in classroom instruction. Register today and learn more about our rich history! (lunch, travel stipend, and certificate of participation provided) *This is the same TN history overview session that was presented at the Social Studies summer training but if you missed it, this is a great opportunity! Register here.
*PDs offered during a regular school day require teachers to submit a professional leave request. Unfortunately, the Social Studies Department does not have money to pay for substitutes.
Colonial Williamsburg Teacher Institution Programs
It' s hard to believe, but many organizations are already accepting applications for teacher institutes occurring this coming summer. If you have never attended an institute at an historic site, you will walk away with a tremendous amount of new knowledge! Click on the links below for more information. Some topics include:
- Becoming Americans (1606–1781) (for educators in grades 3–6)
- African Americans in Eigteenth-Century Virginia (for educators in grades 3–8)
- Straight from the Sources: Women in Eighteenth-Century Virginia (for educators in grades 3–8)
- Apprenticeships, STEM, and Colonial Daily Life (for educators in grades 3–8)
Tennessee State MuseumDigital Learning Opportunities
Interview with a Historic Figure: In this program, a well-known Tennessean will be chosen by the teacher from the list below. When you connect with us, one of our educators will dress in period garb and take on the persona of the chosen figure. Your students will then act as reporters and interview this figure about their life and times. After the program, they will take what they have learned and write an article for their local newspaper. Students will be responsible for asking detailed questions of their subject in order to create an accurate narrative of their life and their impact on Tennessee history.
Mystery Artifacts: (Grades 3-8) When signing up for this program, teachers will be able to choose a subject and subsequent list of artifacts, all of which represent each exhibit in our museum. The teacher will be given background information on the objects ahead of our program date, but they will remain a complete mystery to the students. Once we are connected on screen, one of our educators will provide a quick introduction of why we are meeting and what the rules are of the "game." They will then have a limit of twenty questions to ask our educator, and about 30 minutes, to figure out what the artifacts are and what they were used for during that particular time period. Once the students have made their final guesses, an educator will finish the session by revealing the correct answers, and then go on to detail the history of each object, explain how it was used and describe why it is important.
Mystery Skype: This program explores the subject of United States geography and history! Once connected with one of our museum educators, the goal of this session is to let the students ask us geography based questions in order to correctly guess our location within the United States. Your students will need to prepare a list of spatial and directional questions before we connect, and it is vital that you do not give your kids any hints to our location before our session. Once they have correctly guessed where we are, your students will be given a brief history of Tennessee and, if time allows, we will open the floor for any other questions they might have!
Women's Suffrage CentennialTDOE Featured Content
This month the Tennessee Department of Education is highlighting the formation of women's associations and their leaders. In 1869, two national organizations (The American Woman Suffrage Association and The National Woman Suffrage Association) were formed to further the cause of women's suffrage. Although these associations were formed for different reasons, the leaders strived for the same thing: voting rights for women. The following resources are examples that teachers can use to begin exploring the Women's Suffrage Movement.
- PBS Learning Media: Elizabeth Cady Stanton
- DOCSTeach: Extending Suffrage to Women
- DOCSTeach: Evaluating the New Departure Strategy in the Fight for Women's Suffrage
- Brainpop Educators: Educator Resources for Susan B. Anthony
- National Women's HIstory Museum: Susan B. Anthony: She's Worth a Mint!, American Woman Suffrage Association, and National Woman Suffrage Association
- Library of Congress: National American Woman Suffrage Association
- PBS: The Story of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
National Geographic GeoBee
The National Geographic GeoBee is an annual competition for grades 4-8 designed to inspire and reward students' curiosity about the world. Registration for the 2019-2020 school year is now open!
Registered schools receive a suite of curated study resources to prepare students and 400+ GeoBee questions covering geography, civilizations, cultures, physical features, and more to hold a school GeoBee. Prizes to celebrate participants will also be included. For more information and to register, visit NatGeoBee.
Teacher & Student Spotlight
We want to celebrate the great learning that is taking place in your classrooms everyday! Throughout the school year, as you are teaching and your students are learning and exploring social studies, please share the great things that are happening in your schools. Send us photos of your students actively learning, invite us to special activities and celebrations, etc. We see the amazing things happening every day as we are visiting schools and classrooms, so let's share out the greatness!
Linda Shanton's 4th graders are busy analyzing an Articles of Confederation political cartoon.
Copper Ridge Elementary
Ben Franklin visits Dr. Atkins at Copper Ridge for some storytelling during an evening focused on reading and community!
Tina Corea's 3rd grade class names states on a gigantic map of the United States.
Copper Ridge Elementary
Social Studies Department
As a three-person social studies district team, we serve every elementary, middle, and high school. For the 2019-2020 school year, Katherine and Dean will be working primarily with secondary schools, and Kristin will be working primarily with elementary schools. However, please know you may call on any member of the social studies department for any social studies-related need or question you may have. Please let us know if we can be of assistance with anything!
Katherine Petko, Social Studies Supervisor _EMAIL_
Dean Burress, K-12 Social Studies Facilitator _EMAIL_
Kristin Risdahl, K-12 Social Studies Facilitator _EMAIL_
Vickie Beckers, Administrative Assistant _EMAIL_


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What is Turf Toe?
Turf toe is a sports injury that can occur while playing soccer, baseball or football. Typically, the joint located at the big toe's base gets hurt if the toe is jammed forcefully into the turf or if it is bent backward. Turf toe is so called because it usually occurs while playing on artificial turf or grass. This condition can cause great pain and dislocation of the big toe. Over time, the injured joint can become vulnerable to arthritis because of stiffness and reduced flexibility. In case turf toe does not heal completely, the athlete's athletic skills can be diminished and the injury can become chronic.
Causes of Turf Toe
- Playing sports on artificial turf or grass.
- Wearing improper shoes while playing. For example, if the shoe is too flexible, the forefoot can become overextended resulting in turf toe.
Diagnosis of Turf Toe
Diagnosis is straightforward and the doctor will check the symptoms and physically examine the affected toe joint. He/she may order x-rays to rule out other conditions like arthritis or fracture. Sometimes, imaging tests like MRI, CT scan or a bone scan may be required.
Symptoms of Turf Toe
- Swelling, pain and limited joint movement
- Injury gradually worsens over the next 24 hours
- Sometimes a "pop" sensation is felt at the joint
Treatment for Turf Toe
- To reduce inflammation and swelling, RICE (rest, ice, compression and elevation) treatment is recommended
- You can take anti-inflammatory medicines for relief
- Give plenty of rest to the affected toe joint to enable it to heal properly
- You can use a cast or special boot to immobilize the injured foot
- Crutches may have to be used to avoid putting weight on the affected joint
- Though surgery is only the last option, it may be required in severe cases or if a bone spur develops in the foot.
- The pain may take a couple of weeks to subside. To rehabilitate the joint, physical therapy exercises are required to restore conditioning, strength and range of motion to the affected toe.
How to Prevent Turf Toe
Many professional football players wear shoes that have a steel plate or tape their toes to prevent this injury. It is essential to wear shoes with stiff soles to prevent turf toe. You can also ask your doctor about specially designed inserts that can help you.
For more information on the condition of turf toe, please watch this video:


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Here is a 3D homemade creation of an integumentary system (layers of the skin) For this 3D model, materials from our local arts and crafts stores were purchased, such as Styrofoam block, polymer clay of various colors, styrofoam safe spray paint, felt sheets, and foam sheets. Let you creativity go wild.
Science - Skin, The Human Integumentary System - FREE K-12 Lesson Plans & Games
Handwritten Study Notes — Integumentary System Notes (see rest on my Tumblr page)
Worksheets: Inside-Out Anatomy: The Integumentary System
Human Integumentary System - Free Science Lesson Plans, Activities, Powerpoints, Interactive Games
The Integumentary System, Part 2 - Skin Deeper: A&P #7
Human Physiology/Integumentary System - Wikibooks, open books for an open world


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Blizzard conditions, freezing rain and a March heat wave top the list of Michigan weather events on this day in history. From the National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center (SPC) archives here are the events that happened on March 13.
1904 - A snowstorm drops up to a foot of snow across Lower Michigan with record daily snowfall of 10.5 inches at Grand Rapids, 10.0 inches at Lansing and 8.0 inches at Muskegon. This snow would contribute to some of the worst floods on record in southwest Lower Michigan when it melts off during the last week of the month.
1988 – Squalls in the Great Lakes Region continued to produce heavy snow in northwest Wisconsin and Upper Michigan, and produced up to 14 inches of snow in northwest Ohio, Poplar, WI reported 27 of snow in two days. (The National Weather Summary) (Storm Data) In Michigan, Copper Harbor receives a record 14 inches.
1997 – Low pressure tracked across Southeast Lower Michigan. The storm brought widespread precipitation, mostly in the form of freezing rain, to Southeast Michigan from late on the 13th into the morning of the 14th. Total precipitation amounts ranged from around an inch to nearly two and a half inches. In the Detroit Metropolitan area, the ice storm resulted in power outages to over 425,000 homes and businesses; one of the largest outages in history. Several thousand residents were without power for as long as 4 to 5 days. In addition to power lines, falling trees damaged dozens of cars and houses throughout the area. On the north side of this disturbance a snowstorm occurred in the U.P. A foot of snow fell in Escanaba and in the Iron Mountain area while WFO Marquette had a daily record snowfall of 26.2 inches of snow while the city of Marquette had 18 inches of snow and Big Bay had over 2 feet of snow. A strong low pressure system moved northeast through Iowa, southeast Wisconsin and northern Lower Michigan on the 14th and 15th. Heavy snow began on the afternoon of the 13th across south central Upper Michigan and overspread the entire region overnight. The snow continued until the morning of the 15th. Lake enhancement with northeast winds across Lake Superior, greatly increased snow totals over parts of northern Upper Michigan. The result was 32.4 inches of new snow at the Marquette County Airport. In a 24 hour period between 7 pm on the 13th and 7 pm on the 14th, the airport received 28 inches of snow, which broke the 24 hour snowfall record of 25.4 inches set on March 18-19, 1986.
1998 - Cold air blowing across the relatively warmer waters of Lake Superior brought heavy lake effect snow to scattered locations across West and Central Upper Michigan. Snow totals included Ironwood 16.7 inches, Ramsay 13.5 inches, Paint Lake (25 NW of Iron River) 11.8 inches, Bergland 11.7 inches, Wetmore 11.0 inches, Rockland 9.4 inches, Marquette County Airport 9.4 inches and Silver City 9.0 inches.
2004 - Widespread snow fell overnight on the 13th and the early morning of the 14th as low pressure tracked across northern Lake Superior. The heaviest snowfall amounts were over south central and eastern Upper Michigan. Snowfall totals include 12 inches at Gladstone, 10 inches at Wetmore and Cooks, and 8 inches near Grand Marais and Perronville and at Gwinn, Channing and Newberry. A gusty southwest wind also resulted in extensive blowing and drifting snow, compounding the impact of this late winter storm.
2006 - A low pressure system developing over the central Plains deepened rapidly as it moved across eastern Upper Michigan on the evening of the 13th. As a result of this strong storm, intense convective snow and blizzard conditions enveloped much of west and north central Upper Michigan on the 13th and 14th. Higher terrain locations in Gogebic, Ontonagon, Houghton, Keweenaw, Baraga and Marquette counties generally received one to two feet of snow in a 24-hour period. The greatest storm total accumulations included 33 inches in Rockland, 32 inches in Painesdale and 21 inches at the National Weather Service in Marquette. Embedded thunderstorms associated with the storm initially resulted in snowfall rates of one to two inches per hour at some locations on the 13th. Heavy sleet accumulations also occurred at Iron Mountain (one half-inch) and Two Heart in Luce County (one inch). The heavy wintry mix and blizzard conditions caused some road closures, numerous motor vehicle accidents and closed schools area wide, including Northern Michigan University in Marquette and Finlandia College in Houghton. Blizzard conditions resulted in plows being pulled off Highway 41 from Calumet to Mohawk during the evening of the 13th and early morning of the 14th. Power outages also occurred from strong winds downing trees on power lines. The county sheriff reported that the storm cancelled all activities across Ontonagon County.
2012 - Temperatures soar to record highs as an extreme spell of warm weather begins for the month of March. Grand Rapids sets a record with their earliest 80 degree temperature on record. Other temperature records include Muskegon 77°, Lansing 79°, Flint 76°, and Marquette 63°.


Sequence Planning for Integrated Product, Process and Automation Design
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, 2010
In order to obtain a unified information flow from early product design to final production, an integrated framework for product, process and automation design is presented. The framework is based on sequences of operations and includes a formal relation between product properties and process operations. This relation includes liaisons (interfaces) and precedence relations, where the precedence relations generate preconditions for the related process operations. From this information a set of sequences of operations (SOPs) is generated. A formal graphical language for hierarchical operations and SOPs is then introduced and defined based on automata extended with variables. Since the operations are self-contained they can be grouped and viewed from different angles, e. g., from a product or a resource perspective. These multiple views increase the interoperability between different engineering disciplines. A case study is performed on a car manufacturing cell, where the suggested modeling framework is shown to give comprehensible SOPs. Note to Practitioners-When designing an automation system, an important challenge is to specify in what sequence the different tasks, or operations, should be executed. This has become a problematic bottleneck in the automotive industry, especially for body-in-white manufacturing. The rising needs on manufacturing flexibility increases the complexity of the entire manufacturing system, as well as its control function, the sequence of operations. This paper proposes a new sequence planning approach, where sequences are viewed based on the relations among operations instead of manually constructing the sequence. By the use of different views the sequence of operations related to, e. g., the part flow, robot operations or operator tasks can be visualized. Different views help the user to easier understand the relation between different parts and components, as well as the total system behavior.
discrete-event systems
sequence of operations
supervisory synthesis
Concurrent engineering
Bengt Lennartson
Chalmers, Signaler och system, Systemoch reglerteknik, Automation
Kristofer Bengtsson
Research and Development
Chengyin Yuan
General Motors
Kristin Andersson
Chalmers, Signaler och system, Systemoch reglerteknik, Automation
Martin Fabian
Chalmers, Signaler och system, Systemoch reglerteknik, Automation
Petter Falkman
Chalmers, Signaler och system, Systemoch reglerteknik, Automation
Knut Åkesson
Chalmers, Signaler och system, Systemoch reglerteknik, Automation
IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering
_PHONE_ (ISSN)
Vol. 7 4 791-802
Dataoch informationsvetenskap
Mer information


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Is Fiber Optic Networking Technology More Secure Than Copper?
August 19, 2020Download PDF
Fiber optic cabling is commonly perceived as a solid choice for mitigating network security concerns. Because optical connections transmit data using light, they don't radiate signals that can be intercepted. Security for traditional copper Ethernet connections can now be significantly enhanced, however, thanks to end-to-end encryption standards.
The MACsec IEEE standard (IEEE 802.1AE) enhances security on networks by providing point-to-point, Layer 2 encryption between devices on a virtual or physical local area network (LAN). This eliminates the need for a dedicated security device, in some instances. Though MACsec was introduced in 2006, its adoption has been gaining traction recently after support was added to the mainline Linux® kernel. As a result, modern MACsec-enabled network switches and computing hardware can now deliver enhanced security for LANs, regardless of network media. This reduces the security advantage fiber optics had over copper.
In addition to providing data confidentiality through Layer 2 encryption, MACsec defines a security infrastructure to provide data origin authentication, data integrity, and replay protection. The protocol authenticates nodes through a secure exchange of randomly generated keys, ensuring data can only be transmitted and received by MACsec-configured nodes. This prevents disruption or data loss from transmission or reception by unauthorized devices. In addition, each MAC frame carries a data integrity check value to ensure accuracy and consistency throughout transmission. That means all frames copied from the LAN cannot be resent into the LAN without detection.
When it comes to security, MACsec's strong encryption capabilities have given traditional twisted-pair (copper) networking stronger network security legs to stand on. This has positioned copper wiring for some applications where fiber optic cabling was formerly the sole contender.
For more information about copper and fiber optic cabling, download the white paper Copper or Fiber for Military and Aerospace Networks? Clearing up the Misconceptions about Copper Cabling and Fiber Optics


Tragedy makes us revisit vehicle backing hazards
Its safest to avoid having to back a vehicle on scene; when backing is necessary have one or two spotters
Editor's Note:
Editor's note: Chief Adam K. Thiel offers his condolences in the wake of a recent line of duty death and asks us all to use extreme caution when backing fire apparatus.
What a tragic story from Illinois. I'm sure you all join me in sending our thoughts and prayers to Firefighter Jansen's family, colleagues, department, and especially the apparatus driver of that fateful night.
Unfortunately, we still see all too many stories about vehicle-related firefighter injuries and fatalities, which remain a leading cause of firefighter line-of-duty deaths in the United States each year.
We often think of vehicles as being part of the external environment. But as this sad story demonstrates, heavy apparatus moving around the fireground also can be hazardous. Since we're used to working around (and relying on) them, we don't always consider the risks posed by our own vehicles.
Backing accidents, in particular, seem especially common — although fortunately they don't always result in deaths/injuries. The way I was trained, I still have a deep aversion to backing apparatus on the incident scene. We always tried to spot, and deploy, so backing wouldn't be necessary. Still, there are going to be times when the situation requires moving a vehicle, often quickly, on the fireground.
The simple answer seems to be using a backer/spotter, or two, to help ensure safe movement. Staffing levels, however, may not always provide this option; and from my experience, too, having a backer is not always a guarantee that nothing will go wrong.
What are your department's policies for backing apparatus under emergency, and non-emergency, conditions?
Stay safe!
About the author
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 2. Vehicle Safety
 3. Volunteer
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The Certified Digital Forensics Examiner, C)DFE certification is designed to train Cyber Crime and Fraud Investigators. Students are taught electronic discovery and advanced investigation techniques. This course is essential to anyone encountering digital evidence while conducting an investigation.
Mile2's Certified Digital Forensics Examiner training teaches the
methodology for conducting a computer forensic examination. Students will learn to use forensically sound investigative techniques in order to evaluate the scene, collect and document all relevant information, interview appropriate personnel, maintain chain-of-custody, and write a findings report.
Through the use of a risk-based approach, the C)DFE is able to implement and maintain cost-effective security controls that are closely aligned with both business and industry standards.


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Interviewee: Stephen Fodor.
Stephen Fodor talks about the photolithographic technique used to synthesize pieces of DNA on the surface of GeneChips™.
(DNAi Location: Manipulation > Techniques > Large-scale analysis > Interviews >
GeneChips™, step by step)
The way we make these DNA chips is that we actually build the DNA step by step at each location on one of these chips. In a process known as photolithography we excite with light a certain region on the chip and that prepares that particular site for chemical reaction. One of the four building blocks, A, C, G or T are applied and wherever we shine the light, that building block will stick and grow. And so we go through a multiple number of steps in this way, over literally millions of different sites on a large piece of glass, and what we get are literally millions of different precise locations on the chip, each with their own different strand of DNA on it.
stephen fodor,dna chips,manipulation techniques,dnai,precise locations,piece of glass,interviewee,chemical reaction,building blocks,strand
Igor Dawid and Thomas Sargent explain how they developed subtractive mRNA hybrization to find genes expressed by different cell types. Pat Brown and Steve Fodor show how genomes can be screened with DNA arrays and GeneChipsï¿½


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In Company 3.0
In Company 3.0 ESP Logistics Teacher's Pack
- English Type:
- British English
The Teacher's Pack comes with a Teacher's edition of the print Student's Book and a webcode providing access to the Teacher's Resource Centre and Teacher's Presentation Kit. The Resource Centre contains teacher's notes, downloadable audio and video, downloadable tests and additional worksheets.


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Nanoparticles in paints
Paint and coatings industries are seeking for more and more performing products, mainly for world wide market applications (automotive and construction field, for example), able to solve typical problems for surface finishing (corrosion and scratch).
TEC STAR produces nanoparticles that, used as nanofillers for paints and inks, provide new properties to polymer coatings, solving many problems related to the varnish industry:
- increasing scratch resistance and surface hardness
- improvement of UV light resistance
- increasing corrosion protection
- improvement of antiseptic effect (TEC Star anti-microbial)