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Reference texts are not written to be read with pleasure, but to present in lists, graphs, and tables information the well informed reader can use. This reference book is suprisingly readable, and the lists, graphs, tables are presented amid concise descriptions of the clinical aspects of appropriate testing procedures and the clinical management of occupational dermatoses. The original (1970) French text by Jean Foussereau and Claude Benezra has been translated and updated under the direction of Neils Hjorth in Denmark and Howard I. Maibach in the United States. The result is a text that has little of the repetition and
Occupational Contact Dermatitis. Clinical and Chemical Aspects.. Ann Intern Med. 1983;99:291. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-99-2-291_2
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text: This handbook is written for patients and members of the public who want to understand more about the approaches, methods and language used by health-services researchers. Patient and public involvement (PPI) in research is now a requirement of most major health-research programmes, and this book is designed to equip these individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary for meaningful participation. Edited by award-winning mental-health researchers, the book has been produced in partnership with mental-health-service users and carers with experience of research involvement. It includes personal reflections from these individuals alongside detailed information on quantitative, qualitative and health-economics research methods, and comprehensively covers all the basics needed for large-scale health research projects: systematic reviews; research design and analysis using both qualitative and quantitative approaches; health economics; research ethics; impact and dissemination. This book was developed during a five-year research programme funded by the UK's National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) called Enhancing the Quality of User Involved Care Planning in Mental Health Services (EQUIP). The handbook clearly outlines research practices, and gives an insight into how public and patient representatives can be involved in them and shape decisions. Each chapter ends with a reflective exercise, and there are also some suggested sources of additional reading. People who get involved in health research as experts from experience now have a textbook to support their research involvement journey.

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Interested in linking to "What is a supervisory system?"?
You may use the Headline, Deck, Byline and URL of this article on your Web site. To link to this article, select and copy the HTML code below and paste it on your own Web site.
By Ian Nimmo, President, User Centered Design Services.
The early 1970's were the commencement period for computer control. Memory and disk space was very limited, and the interface to the computer was very basic. The initial control was what we describe today as Supervisory control. The computer had limited output capability, but could influence instrumentation systems by changing the setpoint to PID electronic controllers.
During the startup phase of a continuous polymer process the characteristics of the polymer change. Based on plant throughput different process control setpoints require adjustment. In the old days the operator used to tweak the controller setpoint but would often over compensate and introduce new disturbances in the process. The early computers only changed the setpoints to these controllers but within a couple of years the mathematical model of the PID controller was developed within the computer program. This allowed not only automatic changes to the setpoint but changes to the tuning constants of the controllers also. This was very useful for non-linear processes.
However, the User Interface was still very crude and plant supervisors used to interface to the computer by identifying the address a variable and entering it through a set of 16 piano style keys, then entering new data points using the same keys. The process was very dangerous, especially when we consider that the data was not entered in normal base 10 numbering but base 8 octal or binary formats.
Soon more powerful monolithic control computers were introduced but were limited by small amounts of memory and often no disk storage capability. The Supervisory Control Computer System held the main program and instructions for the "target" control systems. The Supervisory system downloaded the latest software version to the control system and the supervisor initiated a booting or startup sequence. During the plant control the target system fed information about the process back to the supervisory computer system, including batch records, historical plant data and any abnormal condition reports.
The control system user interface improved slightly allowing operators to change the control computer setpoints and alarm values directly at the control computer system. This, however, required regular updates back to the Supervisory system to allow easy alignment should the computer shutdown and require reloading of the basic program. This meant that the Supervisory Control Computers required several versions of the plant software, the basic or "virgin image", a "sucked back copy" which held the latest setpoints and other data parameters, and often development versions of the software which was either under test or being developed by a programmer.
The Supervisory system became a very powerful system especially on batch processes and as Digital Corporation's VAX computers and commercial VMS operating system became available and cost effective, the use of off-the-shelf database products improved the historical data capture and replay capabilities.
As the Supervisory systems continued to evolve, Honeywell introduced a new more powerful Distributed Process Control Computer System (DCS) that could work independently of the Supervisory systems. They had good human interface, historical data capture and replay capabilities and powerful alarm management systems. The Supervisory Systems became a place to store large amounts of historical data and for the optimization or mathematical modeling environment.
Today, the DCS works independent of any supervisory system but has relinquished some responsibility for advanced control to more powerful supervisory systems, however, even this is changing due to the power of the new open system technologies being used for control. It is becoming difficult to tell were the control system starts and ends and if a separate supervisory system as we know it is required anymore.
The development of more capable computers allowed mechanical systems, such as robots, to be used for many highly labor intensive activities that only needed muscle and little in the way of human skills. However, there are some lessons for us as we consider the introduction of this new technology. The robot was identified for repetitive tasks. Also people and robots never should work together. The robots were put into large safety cages and isolated from all contact with people.
I remember my first robotics application within Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) in the UK. The company were keen to identify and use time saving and cost effective automation. A group of engineers with ideas for applications of this technology was formed and several trial applications were investigated. It became obvious that there were many reasons why people should not trust this technology. The British Government had identified high risks to people from the robots as they were very robust and could seriously hurt a person or even kill them should people get in the way of their movements. The answer was simple. Isolate the robots from people by placing them in high security prisons. Should a person need to enter the room where the robot was working, elaborate isolation equipment was employed to secure the robots. This made them expensive and no longer cost effective.
My first robot was no exception to this rule, I had the great idea to use my robot as a shrink wrapping system for 300Kg bales of staple fiber. The existing bales of what looked like very large cotton pillows were wrapped in polythene which needed to be shrunk by heating the polythene at very high temperatures. The existing system consisted of a large open electric oven with a conveyor through its middle. The conveyor carried the bale from the wrapper to the oven, to labeling and the warehouse for transportation to customer sites. The electric oven was very inefficient and was costing millions of dollars in energy usage, the wrapping was poor due to the large side ears that resulted because of the wrapping and shrinking process.
ControlGlobal.com is exclusively dedicated to the global process automation market. We report on developing industry trends, illustrate successful industry applications, and update the basic skills and knowledge base that provide the profession's foundation.

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What is the best way to determine if a variable in bash is empty ("")?
I have heard that it is recommended that I do if [ "x$variable" = "x" ]
Is that the correct way? (there must be something more straightforward)
share|improve this question
12 Answers 12
up vote 387 down vote accepted
This will return true if a variable is unset or set to the empty string ("").
if [ -z "$VAR" ];
share|improve this answer
Does that include if a variable IS SET to a value of ""? – Brent May 12 '09 at 18:25
Yes it does... "-z" tests for a zero-length string. – David Z May 13 '09 at 2:40
if [! -z "$VAR" ]; – Aaron Copley Jul 22 '13 at 17:26
the inverse of -z is -n if [ -n "$VAR" ]; – Felipe Alvarez Oct 9 '13 at 5:59
The double quotes ensure that the variable doesn't get split. A simple $var on a command line will be split by its whitespace into a list of parameters, while "$var" will always be only one parameter. Quoting variables often is a good practice and stops you from tripping up on filenames containing whitespace (among other things). Example: after doing a="x --help", try cat $a - it will give you the help page for cat. Then try cat "$a" - it will (usually) say cat: x --help: No such file or directory. In short, quote early and quote often and you will almost never regret it. – Score_Under Jul 15 '14 at 13:40
In Bash, when you're not concerned with portability to shells that don't support it, you should always use the double-bracket syntax:
Any of the following:
if [[ -z $variable ]]
if [[ -z "$variable" ]]
if [[! $variable ]]
if [[! "$variable" ]]
In Bash, using double square brackets, the quotes aren't necessary. You can simplify the test for a variable that does contain a value to:
if [[ $variable ]]
This syntax is compatible with ksh (at least ksh93, anyway). It does not work in pure POSIX or older Bourne shells such as sh or dash.
See my answer here and BashFAQ/031 for more information about the differences between double and single square brackets.
You can test to see if a variable is specifically unset (as distinct from an empty string):
if [[ -z ${variable+x} ]]
where the "x" is arbitrary.
If you want to know whether a variable is null but not unset:
if [[ -z $variable && ${variable+x} ]]
share|improve this answer
That if [[ $variable ]] worked fine for me, and didn't even need the set -u that was required by one of the other proposed solutions. – Teemu Leisti Sep 14 '12 at 15:14
I think this is better than the accepted answer. – qed Apr 5 '13 at 10:00
Why are you recommending a non-portable feature when doing so gives no benefit? – Alastair Irvine Nov 24 '14 at 8:16
_USER_: I mention portability in the first sentence of my answer, the question title and body contain the word "Bash" and the question is tagged bash, and the double bracket structure provides clear advantages in many ways. And I don't recommend mixing bracket styles for reasons of consistency and maintainability. If you need maximum, lowest common denominator portability, use sh instead of Bash. If you need the increased capabilities that it provides, use Bash and use it fully. – Dennis Williamson Nov 24 '14 at 13:59
You should add if! [[ $variable ]] and if! [[ "$variable" ]] to be complete. – BinaryZebra Sep 1 at 21:12
A variable in bash (and any POSIX-compatible shell) can be in one of three states:
 - unset
 - set to the empty string
 - set to a non-empty string
Most of the time you only need to know if a variable is set to a non-empty string, but occasionally it's important to distinguish between unset and set to the empty string.
The following are examples of how you can test the various possibilities, and it works in bash or any POSIX-compatible shell:
if [ -z "${VAR}" ]; then
 echo "VAR is unset or set to the empty string"
if [ -z "${VAR+set}" ]; then
 echo "VAR is unset"
if [ -z "${VAR-unset}" ]; then
 echo "VAR is set to the empty string"
if [ -n "${VAR}" ]; then
 echo "VAR is set to a non-empty string"
if [ -n "${VAR+set}" ]; then
 echo "VAR is set, possibly to the empty string"
if [ -n "${VAR-unset}" ]; then
 echo "VAR is either unset or set to a non-empty string"
Here is the same thing but in handy table form:
 VAR is: | unset | empty | non-empty |
| [ -z "${VAR}" ] | true | true | false |
| [ -z "${VAR+set}" ] | true | false | false |
| [ -z "${VAR-unset}" ] | false | true | false |
| [ -n "${VAR}" ] | false | false | true |
| [ -n "${VAR+set}" ] | false | true | true |
| [ -n "${VAR-unset}" ] | true | false | true |
The ${VAR+foo} construct expands to the empty string if VAR is unset or to foo if VAR is set to anything (including the empty string).
The ${VAR-foo} construct expands to the value of VAR if set (including set to the empty string) and foo if unset. This is useful for providing user-overridable defaults (e.g., ${COLOR-red} says to use red unless the variable COLOR has been set to something).
The reason why [ x"${VAR}" = x ] is often recommended for testing whether a variable is either unset or set to the empty string is because some implementations of the [ command (also known as test) are buggy. If VAR is set to something like -n, then some implementations will do the wrong thing when given [ "${VAR}" = "" ] because the first argument to [ is erroneously interpreted as the -n operator, not a string.
share|improve this answer
Testing for a variable set to the empty string can also be done using [ -z "${VAR-set}" ]. – nwellnhof May 17 '13 at 17:56
_USER_: Thanks! I updated my answer to use the briefer syntax. – Richard Hansen May 18 '13 at 18:00
What is the difference between the first and last construct? They both correspond to "VAR is either unset or set to a non-empty string". – Faheem Mitha Jul 22 '13 at 8:53
_USER_: The difference is "empty string" vs. "non-empty string". – Richard Hansen Jul 22 '13 at 16:51
_USER_: Thanks, that's a useful addition. – Faheem Mitha Jul 22 '13 at 17:18
If you're interested in distinguishing the cases of set-empty versus unset status, look at the -u option for bash:
$ set -u
$ echo $BAR
bash: BAR: unbound variable
$ [ -z "$BAR" ] && echo true
bash: BAR: unbound variable
$ BAR=""
$ echo $BAR
share|improve this answer
-z is a the best way.
Another options I've used is to set a variable, but it can be overridden by another variable eg
export PORT=${MY_PORT:-5432}
If the $MY_PORT variable is empty, then PORT gets set to 5432, otherwise PORT is set to the value of MY_PORT. Note the syntax include the colon and dash.
share|improve this answer
Accidentally found this today, and it was exactly what I wanted. Thanks! I have to tolerate set -o nounset in some scripts. – opello Feb 16 '12 at 23:58
An alternate I've seen to [ -z "$foo" ] is the following, however I'm not sure why people use this method, anyone know?
[ "x${foo}" = "x" ]
Anyway if you're disallowing unset variables (either by set -u or set -o nounset), then you'll run into trouble with both of those methods. There's a simple fix to this:
[ -z "${foo:-}" ]
Note: this will leave your variable undef.
share|improve this answer
There's a comment about the alternative to -z at Basically, it isn't meant to be an alternative to -z. Rather, it handles cases where $foo could expand to something beginning with a metacharacter that [ or test would be confused by. Putting an arbitrary non-metacharacter at the beginning eliminates that possibility. – James Sneeringer Dec 9 '11 at 19


text: The main purpose of controlling the distillation process is to maintain the composition of the products in an intended specification in order to optimize operating costs and meet market requirements. Line analyzers and laboratory analysis are generally used for composition information. However, such alternatives are expensive, do not provide information in real time and are not always feasible or available. In this context, soft sensors emerge as a cheaper alternative. The aim of this work is to develop a soft sensor to infer online the ethanol content in the products of a batch distillation process of watermelon wine, based on temperature measurements. The developed model consists in a multilayer perceptron artificial neural network with one hidden layer. The Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm was used to optimize the weights. In order to train and validating the ANN, real distillation data of water-alcohol binary mixtures with initial compositions similar to the watermelon wine used. The simulation was also validated with real data of wine distillations. The RMSE was applied in the performance evaluation of the model and its result was 0.029 in mass fraction, showing the feasibility of its use as a soft sensor.


Scientific Attitudes?
Scientific attitude involves certain techniques to solve a problem. These techniques are objectivity, humility, skepticism, ability to accept failure and perseverance. The most useful scientific attitude is Bhaskara Rao scientific attitude, which involves certain steps to solve a problem.
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Essential Tenets of the Scientific Method
The scientific method offers scientists a basic example of how to conduct experiments to ensure that the experiments reach certain quality standards and that the conclusions that the experiments yield will be credible. Understanding the essential tenets... More »
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[Someone typed: "go tl helol, a way of responding without getting their answer removed. No, it wasn't me. Everything modern science does depends upon what's called the empirical
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Boosting Memory with Color
Boosting Memory with Colour
The brain remembers information better when it's presented in colour. But while neon-bright colours are great for grabbing attention, images are most memorable when presented in a palette drawn from the natural world.
 - Because colour has such a profound impact on how our brain perceives our environment, it's used by cultures all over the world to relay important information, send signals and even help improve mood and memory.
 How can colour help our brains remember information? When the brain is stimulated by colour, it increases the chances of the stimuli being transferred to memory. In fact, colour scenes help our brains organise, compare and recall information more efficiently than colourless (black and white) scenes.
 Do certain colours improve memory? In one study, students in British Columbia scored higher on memory tasks when completing them on a red background. But it depends on where you live, researchers say. In North America, for example, red is aligned with danger or stopping, which increases the natural response to red.
 - Activity
 Put the power of colour and memory to the test: Get a set of plain white index cards and coloured Post-it® Super Sticky Notes. Ask a friend to write down historical dates on one side of the card and Post-it® Super Sticky Note, and events that correspond to that date on the other. Read through each three times. The next day, try to recall what you read. How did you organise the information? Were you better able to recall the information on the coloured Post-it® Super Sticky Notes?
 How do you use colour to stay focused and improve memory?
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text:
In mathematics, hyperbolic functions are analogs of the ordinary trigonometric, or circular, functions. The basic hyperbolic functions are the hyperbolic sine "sinh" (typically pronounced /ˈsɪntʃ/ or /ˈʃaɪn/), and the hyperbolic cosine "cosh" (typically pronounced /ˈkɒʃ/), from which are derived the hyperbolic tangent "tanh" (typically pronounced /ˈtæntʃ/ or /ˈθæn/), etc., in analogy to the derived trigonometric functions. The inverse hyperbolic functions are the area hyperbolic sine "arsinh" (also called "asinh", or sometimes by the misnomer of "arcsinh") and so on.
Just as the points (cos t, sin t) form a circle with a unit radius, the points (cosh t, sinh t) form the right half of the equilateral hyperbola. Hyperbolic functions occur in the solutions of some important linear differential equations, for example the equation defining a catenary, and Laplace's equation in Cartesian coordinates. The latter is important in many areas of physics, including electromagnetic theory, heat transfer, fluid dynamics, and special relativity.
Hyperbolic functions were introduced in the 18th century by the Swiss mathematician Johann Heinrich Lambert.
The hyperbolic functions are:
Via complex numbers the hyperbolic functions are related to the circular functions as follows:
where is the imaginary unit defined as.
Note that, by convention, sinh2x means (sinhx)2, not sinh(sinhx); similarly for the other hyperbolic functions when used with positive exponents. Another notation for the hyperbolic cotangent function is, though cothx is far more common.
Hyperbolic sine and cosine satisfy the identity
which is similar to the Pythagorean trigonometric identity.
It can also be shown that the area under the graph of cosh x from A to B is equal to the arc length of cosh x from A to B.
For a full list of integrals of hyperbolic functions, see list of integrals of hyperbolic functions
In the above expressions, C is called the constant of integration.
It is possible to express the above functions as Taylor series:
A point on the hyperbola xy = 1 with x > 1 determines a hyperbolic triangle in which the side adjacent to the hyperbolic angle is associated with cosh while the side opposite is associated with sinh. However, since the point (1,1) on this hyperbola is a distance √2 from the origin, the normalization constant 1/√2 is necessary to define cosh and sinh by the lengths of the sides of the hyperbolic triangle.
and the property that cosh t ≥ 1 for all t.
The hyperbolic functions are periodic with complex period 2πi (πi for hyperbolic tangent and cotangent).
The parameter t is not a circular angle, but rather a hyperbolic angle which represents twice the area between the x-axis, the hyperbola and the straight line which links the origin with the point (cosh t, sinh t) on the hyperbola.
The function cosh x is an even function, that is symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
The function sinh x is an odd function, that is −sinh x = sinh(−x), and sinh 0 = 0.
The hyperbolic functions satisfy many identities, all of them similar in form to the trigonometric identities. In fact, Osborn's rule states that one can convert any trigonometric identity into a hyperbolic identity by expanding it completely in terms of integral powers of sines and cosines, changing sine to sinh and cosine to cosh, and switching the sign of every term which contains a product of 2, 6, 10, 14,... sinhs. This yields for example the addition theorems
the "double angle formulas"
and the "half-angle formulas"
The derivative of sinh x is cosh x and the derivative of cosh x is sinh x; this is similar to trigonometric functions, albeit the sign is different (i.e., the derivative of cos x is −sin x).
The Gudermannian function gives a direct relationship between the circular functions and the hyperbolic ones that does not involve complex numbers.
The graph of the function a cosh(x/a) is the catenary, the curve formed by a uniform flexible chain hanging freely under gravity.
From the definitions of the hyperbolic sine and cosine, we can derive the following identities:
These expressions are analogous to the expressions for sine and cosine, based on Euler's formula, as sums of complex exponentials.
Since the exponential function can be defined for any complex argument, we can extend the definitions of the hyperbolic functions also to complex arguments. The functions sinh z and cosh z are then holomorphic.
Relationships to ordinary trigonometric functions are given by Euler's formula for complex numbers:


Legal Information: Nevada
State Gun Laws
July 14, 2020
It depends. Under Nevada law, a person cannot own or have a gun in his/her possession if s/he:
 - has been convicted in Nevada or any other state of a misdemeanor crime of domestic violence (as defined in our Federal Gun Laws section);
 - has been convicted of a felony in Nevada or any other state;
 - has been convicted of a stalking in Nevada or any other state and the court entered an "admonishment of rights" (explained here), which prohibits the abuser from having or using a firearm;
 - has a Nevada extended order for protection against domestic violence against him/her – or a similar order from another state – and the order includes a statement that the abuser is prohibited from having or using a firearm while the order is in effect;
 - is a fugitive from justice;
 - is an unlawful user of, or addicted to, any controlled substance;1
 - is illegally or unlawfully in the United States.2
Also, federal laws, which apply to all states, restrict a person's right to have a gun under certain circumstances such as when the abuser has been convicted of certain domestic violence-related crimes or if you have an order of protection against the abuser that meets certain requirements. Go to Federal Gun Laws to get more information.
1 N.R.S. § 202.360(1)
2 N.R.S. § 202.360(2)


text:
Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
Winterberg is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located in the middle of the Sauerland, at the source of the Ruhr and Lenne river, at. Population: 14,676 (2002). Area: 148 km². It belongs to the district Hochsauerland.
Winterberg was declared a city about 1270, and was a member of the Hanseatic League from the 13th until the 17th century. As it is located in high hills with swampy ground, it always was a poor city. Only since tourism started about 200 years ago has it blossomed. In 1975 several small villages were merged into the city, increasing the population notably - the center of Winterberg only has 4,536 residents.
Points of interest
Coat of arms
The contents of this article is licensed from _URL_ under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


Case Studies
BUOYANCY: Composite syntactic foam mid-water arch (MWA)
Project location
Ichthys Gas Field, West Australia
Composite syntactic mid-water arch
Time period
Key achievement
 - World's largest syntactic foam mid-water arch
 - 170 msw depth
 - 40 year design life
 - Modular design
Mid-Water Arches (MWA) are large subsea structures suspended between the seabed and the surface to support and provide catenary shape to flexible pipelines or cables as they transition from the sea floor to the surface. Typical MWAs are constructed from steel with steel pressure vessels providing the necessary buoyancy to suspend the structure in the water column. They operate in relatively shallow water (50 to 100 m) and have a design life of up to 20 years.
The Ichthys field required MWAs to be situated in 170 msw of seawater for a design life of 40 years. The deeper the water, the greater the wall thickness needed for conventional steel pressure buoyancy tanks. Coupled with a large corrosion allowance for a 40 year design life, the cost and lead time of a conventional steel buoyancy tank would have made the MWA project technically and economically unviable.
Matrix Composites and Engineering, experts in providing composite solutions in harsh marine environments, were approached by McDermott's to determine if composite syntactic foam material would provide the required buoyancy for the structure for 40 years.
Composite syntactic foam is used extensively in deep water drilling applications to provide buoyancy to drilling risers that stretch from the surface to seabed, distances that can often exceed 3 km. They are also used in long term immersion applications for discrete buoyancy modules located directly on flexibles.
Composite syntactic material does not corrode, is extremely lightweight and has miniscule loss of buoyancy even after 40 years continual submergence at deep ocean depths.
Unlike conventional steel buoyancy tanks, there is also no catastrophic failure mode of the structure due to the loss of integrity of a pressure containment wall, such as those occurring from an impact.
Composite syntactic foam is made from macroscopic and microscopic, pressure rated, hollow spheres encased in a binder. Should one sphere fail, the potential volume loss is virtually negligible in relation to the overall volume of the surrounding structure.
Steel tanks are baffled but each baffled section is still a large percentage of the total volume. A large amount of volume for buoyancy redundancy is required to compensate for any flooding of a compartment.
Each arch contained 40 large blocks made up of six smaller blocks, all containing syntactic composite foam.
A total of approximately 490 mT of buoyancy per arch was supplied. The use of smaller sub blocks enabled hydrostatic testing of the buoyancy to confirm that the correct amount of buoyancy was supplied and that the correct amount was still going to be maintained after 40 years field life.
Matrix constructed the syntactic foam blocks for the project on time and on budget, and met or exceeded the clients demanding quality and technical requirements.
Case Study: Composite syntactic foam mid-water arch (MWA)


Lady Lever Art Gallery
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Jump to: navigation, search
Lady Lever Art Gallery Building
In the Tepidarium, Lawrence Alma-Tadema (_PHONE_)
John Everett Millais, Spring (Apple Blossoms)
The Lady Lever Art Gallery is a museum founded and built by the industrialist and philanthropist William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme and opened in 1922. The museum is a significant surviving example of late Victorian and Edwardian taste. The Lady Lever Art Gallery is set in the garden village of Port Sunlight, close to Liverpool. It houses major collections of fine and decorative art that are an expression of Lord Leverhulme's personal taste and collecting interests. The collection is strongest in British 19th-century painting and sculpture, spilling over to include late 18th-century and early 20th works. There are also important collections of English furniture, Wedgewood, especially jasperware, and Chinese ceramics, and smaller groups of other types of objects, such as Ancient Greek vases and Roman sculpture. The majority of objects were part of the original donation, but the collection has continued to expand at a modest rate.
The Grade II listed gallery is now part of National Museums Liverpool.[1] In 2015 part of the museum was closed for building works, with little of the ceramics collections on display, but most of the other collections. A touring exhibition was visiting museums in Japan and elsewhere. The redeveloped areas are planned to re-open in Spring 2016.[2]
The museum displays mostly mix paintings, sculpture and furniture together, and there are five "Period Rooms" recreating typical period interiors from large houses.
Lever began collecting art in the late 19th century, largely to use in advertising for the popular Sunlight Soap brand (manufactured a few minutes walk from the gallery) that helped to create his fortune. As he grew richer his collections began to expand, his confidence grew as well and had developed a taste for collecting. He mostly collected British art, he was also fascinated by Chinese art i.e. Chinese porcelain,[3] Roman sculpture and Greek vases which he had chosen to collect to show styles that had influenced British artists in the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries.
The Gallery has good representation of several trends in Victorian painting, including the Pre-Raphaelites, both during the period of the Brotherhood and in their subsequent careers. Concern with social conditions, classical revivalism and later historical painting are all represented. There are important works by Millais, Ford Madox Brown, William Holman Hunt, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Burne-Jones, Lord Leighton, and many others. The museum has what appears to be the largest display in any museum of paintings by William Etty. Earlier works include those by Turner, Constable, Gainsborough and Reynolds.
Much of the Wedgwood collection was from the collection of Dudley Marjoribanks, 1st Baron Tweedmouth, bought in 1905. This in turn was partly formed from the collection of Charles Darwin, Josiah Wedgwood's grandson. It is probably the best collection of jasperware in the world.[4]
The collection includes:
The Building[edit]
Commissioned in 1913 from architects William and Segar Owen, the Lady Lever Art Gallery was built in the Beaux-Arts style. [5] The building was opened in 1922 by Princess Beatrice, the youngest daughter of Queen Victoria.
See also[edit]
 1. ^ National Museums Liverpool
 2. ^ "Exciting plans for the Lady Lever Art Gallery", from National Museums Liverpool
 3. ^ "Chinese collection - online catalogue", A record of the collection formed by the 1st Viscount Leverhulme (_PHONE_)"
 4. ^ Collections, "Wedgwood",
External links[edit]


text:
China culture and political syatem
Final Research Paper On China
The Final Research Paper is a research study addressing a country mentioned in the course. The Final Research Paper provides you with the opportunity to demonstrate the understanding of how cultures and politics affect one another, and ultimately affect social change.
Within the Final Research Paper, address the following:
1. Describe CHINA culture and political system.
2. Identify a problem within CHINA's culture.
3. Determine how the political system and the culture affect solutions as well as and the development of policies regarding the identified problem.
The paper must be eight to ten pages in length (excluding the title and reference pages) and formatted according to APA style. You must use at three scholarly sources, to support your claims and subclaims. Cite your resources in text and on the reference page. For information regarding APA samples and tutorials, visit the Ashford Writing Center within the Learning Resources tab on the left navigation toolbar.
Writing the Final Research Paper
The Final Research Paper:
· Must be eight to ten double-spaced pages in length, and formatted according to APA
· Must include a title page with the following:
· Title of paper
· Student's name
· Course name and number
· Instructor's name
· Date submitted
· Must begin with an introductory paragraph that has a succinct thesis statement.
· Must address the topic of the paper with critical thought.
· Must end with a conclusion that reaffirms your thesis.
· Must use at least three scholarly resources.Must documents all sources in APA style.
· Must include a separate reference page, formatted according to APA style


text:
Ruhland, H., Lorenz, T., Dunstheimer, J., Breuer, A. et al., "A Study on Charge Motion Requirements for a Class-Leading GTDI Engine," SAE Technical Paper 2017-24-0065, 2017.
An integral part of combustion system development for previous NA gasoline engines was the optimization of charge motion towards the best compromise in terms of full load performance, part load stability, emissions and, last but not least, fuel economy. This optimum balance may potentially be different in GTDI engines. While it is generally accepted that an increased charge motion level improves the mixture preparation in direct injection gasoline engines, the tradeoff in terms of performance seems to become less dominant as the boosting systems of modern engines are typically capable enough to compensate the flow losses generated by the more restrictive ports. Nevertheless, the increased boost level does not come free; increased charge motion generates higher pumpingand wall heat losses. Hence it is questionable and engine dependent, whether more charge motion is always better.Besides from the above mentioned tradeoff between pumping / wall heat losses and burn rate, emissions etc. another aspect is the optimum charge motion level for best knock performance at high load. A high charge motion level leads to a faster combustion and by that the knock critical end-gas areas are burned faster. On the other hand, the faster burn rate leads to increased pressure in the end-gas area which then reduces the self-ignition time of the unburnt mass. Hence the optimum charge motion level to suppress knock is a parameter which needs to be tuned carefully.To understand the influence of charge motion level on fuel consumption, stability, emissions, and performance, the very successful Ford 1.0l 3-cylinder gasoline Ecoboost® engine, which is available in many Ford vehicles worldwide, has been modified such that different tumble levels could be realized. Furthermore, the intake valvetrain system has been modified in a way that asynchronous valve opening timings for each of the two intake valves of the cylinders could be selected individually. By this measure, the intake event could be varied and a swirl flow is introduced.With the above mentioned engine hardware modifications, this study investigates the influence of charge motion on important combustion characteristics. To improve the understanding of the dyno-based results, 1D and 3D simulations have been conducted. The results obtained during this project will be discussed in depth in this paper.It is shown that an increased charge motion level improves dilution tolerance and burn velocity but the associated increase in pumping and wall heat losses leads to a deterioration in fuel consumption. For full load operation the higher charge motion level leads to increased knocking.The overlay of swirl and tumble has a significant effect on mixture preparation and homogenization. In this case this combination of charge motion types leads to lean areas around the spark plug.


text:
TABLETmedia's notification solution is an amazingly versatile platform that simultaneously receives inputs from different trigger sources and for each creates multiple notification to different type of devices.
Types of trigger inputs include:
- Radio emergency, lone worker, man down, text message or just button press
- Video surveillance camera such Avigilon and Verkada
- Contact closures from fire panels, BDAs, manufacturing equipment, HVAC, etc.
- SCADA, PLC and RTU systems
- Telephone calls
Output notifications include:
- Announcements to analog and digital radios
- Text messages to digital radios
- Telephone calls
- Announcements to PA systems
- Telemetry and relay closures
- Email and SMS
For instance, all of the actions below can be programmed to occur with one single application:
- When a fire alarm activates, it turn on a siren, makes an announcement over the PA system, places a call to 911, open all exit doors, and alerts all groups of radios.
- When a surveillance camera detects an intruder, security radios are immediately notified with an announcement converted into voice using text-to-speech.
- When a boiler overheats, it sends a text message to the maintenance radios and notifies the supervisor with a phone call on his smartphone.
Other examples include:
- An active shooter situation is notified by dialing an extension on the internal campus phone, dialing a code and then hanging up. A telephone call is then placed to 911, all teachers and classrooms are alerted, and certain doors are immediately locked.
- Emergency Stop System: in open fields with heavy machinery (e.g. mines or waste disposal), in case of an accident on-foot personnel presses the emergency button on the radio to turn on for 7 seconds lights and sirens inside the trucks while recording all voice calls and sending an email to a supervisor.
- Manufacturing plants with tenths of SCADA alarms: depending on the priority, different alarms are sent to different groups both on digital and analog radios. Alarms are reset directly pressing a button on a supervisor's radio.
The notification system also works at multiple sites:
- A severe weather message alert is broadcast to all schools in a district, converted into voice and played out at each one to low-tier analog radios on the local simplex frequencies.
- Tornado warning: an announcement is manually sent by a dispatcher, converted into voice, played to PA systems and the gates of multiple shelter are immediately opened.
Alarm and mass notifications are one of TRBOserver's many features.


Legal Maxim
Home » Persona Non Grata
Literal meaning
Person not welcome
This maxim has evolved in the field of diplomatic relations and such a declaration means that the foreign diplomat is unwelcome in that country; he is not permitted to enter or continue to stay in a particular country. Just as the principle of diplomatic immunity provides protection to the State sending the diplomat, this principle of persona non grata safeguards the interests of the receiving State. Such a statement could be given either before the diplomat even arrives at the receiving state, or after he has started carrying out his functions. Therefore, not every statement results in the diplomat's expulsion, but if it does, it has to be in conformity with Article 41 of the Vienna Convention, 1961.
State X sends a diplomat to State Y. Due to war, or severed relations between the States, or due to some offense committed by the diplomat, State X can issue a statement declaring the diplomat to be persona non grata (unwelcome) to their State.
In 2016, Surjeet Singh an Indian national was declared persona non grata by the Government of Pakistan. This happened shortly after the Government of India detained a Pakistani diplomat before his expulsion, thereby causing a violation of the Vienna Convention of 1961. Therefore, this incident was on account of the strained relations between the two states. This case led to his expulsion from the country.
In 2014, Devyani Khobragade incident occurred; she was an Indian diplomat in New York. She was accused of stating false information to enter the country, and committing visa fraud for her servant. Upon request, India refused to waive its immunity and charge the diplomat in the Court. Hence, the United States applied this principle and declared her an unwanted diplomat, leading to her expulsion from the country.
In 2013, Jagmeet Singh, was a Canadian MPP, was barred from traveling to India by application of this principle. He was the first sitting member from a Western Legislature, whose visa was canceled for travel to India. This was primarily based on the accusation that he was linked to the Khalistan Extremists settled in Canada, who had bombed Air Flight 182 causing a deadly incident.
This maxim has been written and submitted by Ms. Ayushi Goyal during her course of internship at B&B Associates LLP. Ms. Ayushi is a 4th-year law student at Christ University, Bangalore.


The Climatology Tower Assesses and Improves the City Environment
By: Amelia Roblin - Published: • References: yankodesign
Many cities of the world have long had an interest in and an ability to track and analyze all sorts of local atmospheric data; however, the Climatology Tower proposes another level of connection beyond mere observation. This space-age skyscraper is a cutting-edge concept for a building that would actually be able to influence its environment.
Jia-Wei Liu, Yuan-Sung Hsiao, Hung-Lin Hsieh and Yuko Ochiai have proposed an extraordinary flower-shaped high-rise that bears a resemblance to the Supertrees within Singapore's Gardens by the Bay. Sheltered by a transparent elliptical membrane, the edifice would have the ability to filter air and absorb moisture, performing as a city-scale air purifier and a dehumidifier. The Climatology Tower would contain labs and offices where atmospheric data would be gathered and examined; ground-level and elevated garden terraces could be enjoyed by the public. Stats for Urban Atmospheric Adjustors Trending: Older & Buzzing
Traction: 2,647 clicks in 72 w
Interest: 0.7 minutes
Concept: Climatology Tower
Related: 83 examples / 64 photos
Segment: Neutral, 12-55+
Comparison Set: 30 similar articles, including: lotus-inspired concept buildings, otherworldly eroding architecture, and leafy living towers.


text:
Why is the shamash on a pedestal?
The Chanukah menorah is such a beautiful sight! Every night we add a new flame until we have eight in a straight row. The shamash is also part of the chanukiyah, yet it's not next to all the other flames. It has a unique placement. It's not permitted to be in the same row as the rest, and many chanukiyot are designed with the shamash higher than the rest. Why the special treatment?
To better understand the uniqueness of the shamash, we need to know what the word "shamash" means. The best way to understand what a word means is by looking at the first time the word is mentioned in the Torah. At the covenant between the parts between God and Abraham (Bereshit 15, 12) we read, "Vayehi hashemesh lavo" – and the shemesh was setting. This is the first time the Torah refers to that "Great light to rule by day" (Bereshit 1, 16) – the sun – as the shemesh. How strange! The word shemesh literally means a servant. Why is the Torah referring to the mighty great light that rules by day as a servant?
More importantly, why does the Torah refer to the sun as the shemesh in relation to a covenant that God made with Abraham? Abraham lived in a pagan world that attributed divinity to anything that exerted power over mankind. Abraham's contribution to the world was that he understood that no matter how powerful anything may be – even if it is a "great light" that rules by day, that heats up and illuminates the entire solar system and provides photosynthesis, enabling life on earth – it's still a shemesh, a servant of God.
Abraham understood that everything in the universe has a purpose through its connection to serving God to make the world a place where the Divine presence can reside. Everything has the ability to mirror the kindness of God in this world. Abraham's entire life was a manifestation of being the ultimate human shemesh, as he introduced kindness to the world. When everything in the universe is perceived by mankind as a servant of God's kindness to the world, then the world has achieved its purpose. Disconnecting powerful things from the ultimate source leads to paganism. Abraham succeeded to such an extent that God desired to make an eternal covenant with him and promised him the Land of Israel. This is the best time to introduce to the world what the most powerful force in our universe really is – a shemesh, a servant.
The Chanukah story involves the battle between the pagan forces of Greece and the Jewish belief that everything serves God. The chanukiyah is a symbol of Jewish victory, that God indeed runs the world and can make oil miraculously burn for eight days, hence the eight flames. But those eight flames cannot represent anything if there's nothing to serve them and enable them to illuminate.
The shamash fits that role. There's no mitzvah to light a shamash, but without its dutiful sole existence of serving God to enable the mitzvah to be done, we would have no light at all. Something or someone that focuses on the will of God alone deserves special treatment, and, yes, to even be higher than all the rest.
Rabbi Yossi Michalowicz is spiritual leader of the Westmount Shul in Thornhill, Ont.


vic carroll
Vale Vic Carroll, giant of journalism
Andrew Clark
Andrew ClarkSenior Writer
"I loved him dearly."
Staunch support
Italian unravelled
Italian is a romantic language and a complete language in that it has been refined over the last 2 thousand years from its predecessor, Latin, and is not easily prone to change. German and French are the same. English is a developing language and is both changing and complex. So in learning Italian one has to simplify many English expressions into one. English has mixed in Gaelic, Latin and German/Dutch components from various occupations, both military and religious and is still able to accommodate new words from it's Commonwealth and colonial times.
The theme today is to help understand the difference between transitive and intransitive verbs which is important for the use of verbs in the past tense.
Also to throw a light on how languages are made up and insight into the words used.
This came about as I was trying to describe a trip overseas on an aeroplane.
I went abroad on an aeroplane. I flew in the sky.
Sono andato all éstero su un aero. Ho voluto nel cielo.
The plane took off and landed several times.
L'aero e decollato ed e atterrato più volte?
The plane did a loop the loop and made a bank to the left.
L'aero ha fatto il giro dell'anello e ha fatto una sponda a sinestra.
The interesting words here are take off and landing both of which refer to an action [verbs are action] affecting only the subject itself hence taking essere in the past tense. These verbs are intransitive. An intransitive verb is a verb that does not take a direct object.
Transitive verbs use avere which goes with verbs that have an object. As in I hit the ball, subject Myself, action hitting, object the ball. A transitive verb because the subject is not moving and the object is being affected.
Sometimes the subject is not visible in the sentence but it is implied. An object, the plane, is needed to be able to fly in the sky. hence the past uses avere not essere.
Now a terra is a way of saying "to ground or earth" in Italian. In this case going to ground has changed into a verb "to land" as in to land. Atterrare. Atterro I land
da collo means from the neck or from the hill and was also an old english term for beheading. As a verb in Italian it means both to take off from the ground or to take off a head. Decollere. Decollo I take off.
I hope this small example helps you progress in leaps and bounds. or "a passi da gigante." In giant steps.


kids encyclopedia robot
Indo-Greek Kingdom facts for kids
Kids Encyclopedia Facts
Indo-Greeks 100bc
The Indo-Greek Kingdom was a part of the Greek Empire. It ruled in parts of northwest and northern Indian subcontinent (present-day Pakistan) from 180 BCE to around 10 CE, and was ruled by a succession of more than thirty Hellenic kings.
Images for kids
kids search engine
Indo-Greek Kingdom Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.


text:
Colorado is primed to be powered by solar thermal energy, but one big challenge stands in the way: No one seems to know about it.
Neal Lurie, executive director of Colorado Solar Energy Industries Association, presented a talk on the benefits of solar thermal energy and Colorado's opportunity to be at the forefront of its implementation during the Boulder County commissioners meeting on June 14.
The lack of awareness about this alternative energy source presents one of the biggest obstacles of implementing solar thermal energy, Lurie says. Colorado's climate is near-perfect for the alternative energy source, and startup loans for those wanting to make the switch will be available starting in August.
The technology used in solar thermal increases in performance when the outside temperature differs from the heated liquid inside the panels. The greater the temperature difference, the more efficient the process.
Colorado is the best-suited state in the country for thermal technologies due to its great amount of sunshine, differences between night and day temperatures and its cold groundwater, according to research conducted by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and the Florida Solar Energy Center.
When it comes to solar energy, photovoltaic (PV) solar panels draw most of the attention. Those solar panels transfer the sun's rays directly into electricity.
Solar thermal energy uses sunlight to heat a liquid, usually water or a saline solution, which is then used to heat a home or a swimming pool. It can also generate electricity by heating a turbine, causing it to spin, but it is most commonly used for heating purposes.
One of the major benefits of solar thermal energy is how efficiently the heated liquid can be stored for later use, an aspect that solar panels lack due to the difficulty of storing electricity. The technology can keep the liquid hot enough to use for several hours after sunset, according to Lurie.
"Think of the storage unit as a giant coffee mug," Lurie says.
Other parts of the world are far ahead of the United States when it comes to using the sun as an alternative energy source, according to Lurie's presentation. One out of every 10 cups of tea in China are being heated using solar energy. Sixty million Chinese homes and 10 million European homes have solar thermal systems installed, compared to less than 1 million in the United States, according to a Solar Thermal Roadmap released by the Solar Thermal Alliance of Colorado. Lurie says 80 percent of Colorado homes are heated with natural gas, which he describes as an economically volatile source of energy due to its fluctuating price.
Currently, natural gas prices are relatively inexpensive, which creates little economic incentive to switch to solar thermal, he says. But in the long run, the stable price of solar thermal heating methods could motivate people to switch. The average cost of solar thermal systems is between $2,000 and $4,500, according to rechargecolorado.org. One of the benefits of investing in renewable energy is that money is almost immediately saved due to a drop in energy costs of a home or business.
Elevations Credit Union will launch a program Aug. 8 to provide loans to homes and business to cover the costs needed to invest in solar thermal and other energy efficiency technologies.
"There is about $35 million in lending capital available for homes and businesses in Boulder county and the city of Denver," says Jeremy Epstein, Energy Smart finance project manager for Elevations Credit Union's project.
To qualify, buildings must have achieved a 15 percent energy efficiency rating by utilizing technologies such as energy-saving windows and light bulbs before receiving the loan.
"The goal of the grant is to create a market transformation in the field of energy efficiency whereby it becomes a new norm," Epstein says. And the more people who make the switch to solar thermal energy, the argument goes, the more people will have a chance to hear about the technology.


text:
I've created for you a FREE printable Safety Card download. This download includes four cards for you to fill out with emergency contact numbers, allergies, medications and special instruction for your child. You never know when you might be faced with an emergency situation with your child and you want to be prepared with all of the information on hand, ready and available so you don't have to search for it or try to remember in a high pressure situation.
Click the image below to download your FREE PDF copy!
- Keep these cards in an easy to find place such as your refrigeration or near the phone
- Print these cards our on Card stock paper or use a laminator
- Keep these cards together by using a hole punch and keeping them on a metal ring (found in your local craft store)
- Give these cards to babysitters or child care workers.
- Keep these cards in your car or diaper bag
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Provided by: hobbit_4.2.0.dfsg-10_i386 bug
 hobbit-alerts.cfg - Configuration for for hobbitd_alert module
 The hobbit-alerts.cfg file controls the sending of alerts by Hobbit
 when monitoring detects a failure.
 The configuration file consists of rules, that may have one or more
 recipients associated. A recipient specification may include additional
 rules that limit the circumstances when this recipient is eligible for
 receiving an alert.
 Blank lines and lines starting with a hash mark (#) are treated as
 comments and ignored. Long lines can be broken up by putting a
 backslash at the end of the line and continuing the entry on the next
 A rule consists of one of more filters using these keywords:
 PAGE=targetstring Rule matching an alert by the name of the page in BB.
 This is the path of the page as defined in the bb-hosts file. E.g. if
 you have this setup:
 page servers All Servers
 subpage web Webservers
 subpage db Database servers
 Then the "All servers" page is found with PAGE=servers, the
 "Webservers" page is PAGE=servers/web and the "Database servers" page
 is PAGE=servers/db. Note that you can also use regular expressions to
 specify the page name, e.g. PAGE=%.*/db would find the "Database
 servers" page regardless of where this page was placed in the
 The PAGE name of top-level page is an empty string. To match this, use
 PAGE=%^$ to match the empty string.
 EXPAGE=targetstring Rule excluding an alert if the pagename matches.
 HOST=targetstring Rule matching an alert by the hostname.
 EXHOST=targetstring Rule excluding an alert by matching the hostname.
 SERVICE=targetstring Rule matching an alert by the service name.
 EXSERVICE=targetstring Rule excluding an alert by matching the service
 GROUP=groupname Rule matching an alert by the group name. Groupnames
 are assigned to a status via the GROUP setting in the hobbitclients.cfg file.
 EXGROUP=groupname Rule excluding an alert by the group name. Groupnames
 clients.cfg file.
 COLOR=color[,color] Rule matching an alert by color. Can be "red",
 "yellow", or "purple". The forms "!red", "!yellow" and "!purple" can
 also be used to NOT send an alert if the color is the specified one.
 TIME=timespecification Rule matching an alert by the time-of-day. This
 is specified as the DOWNTIME timespecification in the bb-hosts file.
 DURATION>time, DURATION1h (lasted
 longer than 1 hour) or DURATION<30 (only sends alerts the first 30
 minutes). The duration is specified as a number, optionally followed by
 'm' (minutes, default), 'h' (hours) or 'd' (days).
 RECOVERED Rule matches if the alert has recovered from an alert state.
 NOTICE Rule matches if the message is a "notify" message. This type of
 message is sent when a host or test is disabled or enabled.
 The "targetstring" is either a simple pagename, hostname or
 servicename, OR a '%' followed by a Perl-compatible regular expression.
 E.g. "HOST=%www(.*)" will match any hostname that begins with "www".
 The same for the "groupname" setting.
 The recipients are listed after the initial rule. The following
 keywords can be used to define recipients:
 MAIL address[,address] Recipient who receives an e-mail alert. This
 takes one parameter, the e-mail address.
 SCRIPT /path/to/script recipientID Recipient that invokes a script.
 This takes two parameters: The script filename, and the recipient that
 gets passed to the script.
 IGNORE This is used to define a recipient that does NOT trigger any
 alerts, and also terminates the search for more recipients. It is
 useful if you have a rule that handles most alerts, but there is just
 that one particular server where you dont want cpu alerts on Monday
 morning. Note that the IGNORE recipient always has the STOP flag
 defined, so when the IGNORE recipient is matched, no more recipients
 will be considered. So the location of this recipient in your set of
 recipients is important.
 FORMAT=formatstring Format of the text message with the alert. Default
 is "TEXT" (suitable for e-mail alerts). "PLAIN" is the same as text,
 but without the URL link to the status webpage. "SMS" is a short
 message with no subject for SMS alerts. "SCRIPT" is a brief message
 template for scripts.
 REPEAT=time How often an alert gets repeated. As with DURATION, time is
 a number optionally followed by 'm', 'h' or 'd'.
 UNMATCHED The alert is sent to this recipient ONLY if no other
 recipients received an alert for this event.
 STOP Stop looking for more recipients after this one matches. This is
 implicit on IGNORE recipients.
 Rules You can specify rules for a recipient also. This limits the
 alerts sent to this particular recipient.
 It is possible to use macros in the configuration file. To define a
 $MYMACRO=text extending to end of line
 After the definition of a macro, it can be used throughout the file.
 Wherever the text $MYMACRO appears, it will be substituted with the
 text of the macro before any processing of rules and recipients.
 It is possible to nest macros, as long as the macro is defined before
 it is used.
 Alerts can go out via custom scripts, by using the SCRIPT keyword for a
 recipient. Such scritps have access to the following environment
 BBALPHAMSG The full text of the status log triggering the alert
 ACKCODE The "cookie" that can be used to acknowledge the alert
 RCPT The recipientID from the SCRIPT entry
 BBHOSTNAME The name of the host that the alert is about
 MACHIP The IP-address of the host that has a problem
 BBSVCNAME The name of the service that the alert is about
 BBSVCNUM The numeric code for the service. From the SVCCODES
 BBHOSTSVC HOSTNAME.SERVICE that the alert is about.
 BBHOSTSVCCOMMAS As BBHOSTSVC, but dots in the hostname replaced with
 BBNUMERIC A 22-digit number made by BBSVCNUM, MACHIP and ACKCODE.
 RECOVERED Is "1" if the service has recovered.
 EVENTSTART Timestamp when the current status (color) began.
 SECS Number of seconds the service has been down.
 DOWNSECSMSG When recovered, holds the text "Event duration : N" where N
 is the DOWNSECS value.
 CFID Line-number in the hobbit-alerts.cfg file that caused the script
 to be invoked. Can be useful when troubleshooting alert configuration
 hobbitd_alert(8), hobbitd(8), hobbit(7), the "Configuring Hobbit
 Alerts" guide in the Online documentation.


- END %] [% WRAPPER subsection title = "throw(\$error_type, \$error_message, \\\$output)" -%]
Raises an exception in the form of a Template::Exception object by calling die(). This method may be passed a reference to an existing Template::Exception object; a single value containing an error message which is used to instantiate a Template::Exception of type 'undef'; or a pair of values representing the exception type and info from which a Template::Exception object is instantiated. e.g.
 $context->throw("I'm sorry Dave, I can't do that");
 $context->throw('denied', "I'm sorry Dave, I can't do that");
The optional third parameter may be a reference to the current output buffer. This is then stored in the exception object when created, allowing the catcher to examine and use the output up to the point at which the exception was raised.
 $output.= 'blah blah blah';
 $output.='more rhubarb';
 $context->throw('yack', 'Too much yacking', \$output);
[%- END %] [% WRAPPER subsection title = "catch(\$exception, \\\$output)" -%]
Catches an exception thrown, either as a reference to a Template::Exception object or some other value. In the latter case, the error string is promoted to a Template::Exception object of 'undef' type. This method also accepts a reference to the current output buffer which is passed to the Template::Exception constructor, or is appended to the output buffer stored in an existing Template::Exception object, if unique (i.e. not the same reference). By this process, the correct state of the output buffer can be reconstructed for simple or nested throws.
[%- END %] [% WRAPPER subsection title = "define_block(\$name, \$block)" -%]
Adds a new block definition to the internal BLOCKS cache. The first argument should contain the name of the block and the second a reference to a Template::Document object or template sub-routine, or template text which is automatically compiled into a template sub-routine. Returns a true value (the sub-routine or Template::Document reference) on success or undef on failure. The relevant error message can be retrieved by calling the error() method.
[%- END %] [% WRAPPER subsection title = "define_filter(\$name, \\&filter, \$is_dynamic)" -%]
Adds a new filter definition by calling the store() method on each of the LOAD_FILTERS providers until accepted (in the usual case, this is accepted straight away by the one and only Template::Filters provider). The first argument should contain the name of the filter and the second a reference to a filter subroutine. The optional third argument can be set to any true value to indicate that the subroutine is a dynamic filter factory. Returns a true value or throws a 'filter' exception on error.
[%- END %] [% WRAPPER subsection title = "localise(\\%vars)" -%]
Clones the stash to create a context with localised variables. Returns a reference to the newly cloned stash object which is also stored internally.
 $stash = $context->localise();
[%- END %] [% WRAPPER subsection title = "delocalise()" -%]
Restore the stash to its state prior to localisation.
 $stash = $context->delocalise();
[%- END %] [% WRAPPER subsection title = "visit(\\%blocks)" -%]
This method is called by Template::Document objects immediately before they process their content. It is called to register any local BLOCK definitions with the context object so that they may be subsequently delivered on request.
[%- END %] [% WRAPPER subsection title = "leave()" -%]
Compliment to visit(), above. Called by Template::Document objects immediately after they process their content.
[%- END %] [% WRAPPER subsection title = "reset()" -%]
Clears the local BLOCKS cache of any BLOCK definitions. Any initial set of BLOCKS specified as a configuration item to the constructor will be reinstated.
[%- END %] [% WRAPPER subsection title = "AUTOLOAD" -%]
An AUTOLOAD method provides access to context configuration items.
 $stash = $context->stash();
 $tflag = $context->trim();
 $epflag = $context->eval_perl();
Andy Wardley
[%- END %] [% WRAPPER section title="SEE ALSO" -%]
[% ttlink('Template', 'Template') -%], [% ttlink('Template::Document', 'Template::Document') -%], [% ttlink('Template::Exception', 'Template::Exception') -%], [% ttlink('Template::Filters', 'Template::Filters') -%], [% ttlink('Template::Plugins', 'Template::Plugins') -%], [% ttlink('Template::Provider', 'Template::Provider') -%], [% ttlink('Template::Service', 'Template::Service') -%], [% ttlink('Template::Stash', 'Template::Stash') -%]
[%- END %]


text:
The existing garden on the slope of the river Havel in Berlin, which has grown over decades, appears as a lively patchwork that needs to be further developed. An artificial design language is implemented down to the last detail with different, warm materials. The natural change of the materials and the slowly developing patina are welcomed and scheduled. The special atmosphere of the place arises from the contrast between landscape, nature and modern artificiality.
The new construction of the pavilion blends in with the garden. The existing slope is intercepted by two slightly sloping in-situ concrete walls. In the opening figure of the walls, a small stone patio emerges as a transition to the main house. It becomes a lounge area in the light shade. The new pathes pivot through the garden and overcome a height difference of approx. 5 m by the sequence of stairways and small joint spaces. The pathes end at a terrace, which creates a smooth transition from the new and artificial into the old garden. A green belt with shade-perennials, grasses, ferns and bamboo frames additionally connects the two parts.
Existing materials from different eras, such as old sandstone slabs and small porphyry stones, are taken up and reused. Fruit trees are transplanted and integrated into the new design. By adding new, artificial materials with lively structures and surfaces, the garden is continued in its diversity. A rough formwork with a lively surface is specially designed for the new in-situ concrete walls. Corten steel lines lead through the garden. Shell limestone step plates of different sizes define paths and small squares. The natural change and the resulting patina are taken into account by the selection of materials and structures. Plants like wild wine on the walls and different types of bamboo support the transformation.
The result is a dense, detailed place as a modern extension of the old patchwork garden. It adds a lively atmosphere by the deliberate contrast of the artificial and the grown nature.


Biggest, Strongest, Fastest
by Steve Jenkins
Biggest Strongest Fastest.jpeg
As the title suggests, this books gives examples of the world-record holding animals in categories such as tallest, longest, strongest, etc. Many of the illustrations compare the animal to a human.
Biggest, Strongest, Fastest:
Full Book Review (English)
Full Book Review (Spanish)
Brief Book Review (English)
Brief Book Review (Spanish)
*Spanish versions coming soon!
Who can win a foot race with a cheetah?
Math Connections:
Comparison Measurement
Activities to Do Together:
 - Discuss comparison words and how the meaning changes with the suffix. For example big, bigger, and biggest;
 - Compare the heights of three people the child knows: Hanna is tall, Mom is taller, and Dad is tallest.
 - You can also use this book to talk about the different attributes we measure: height, weight, speed, strength, etc.
 - Introduce ratios such as speed. We measure the speed of a cheetah in miles per hour - how many miles a cheetah could travel in one hour.
 - Measure different features of objects around your home or neighborhood.
 - Compare weights of different foods at the grocery store.
Extension Questions:
 1. Design a new animal who could break one of the records discussed in the book. Describe your animal in detail. Draw a picture of your animal and name it. What type of animal is it? What record does it break?
 2. The land snail moves about 8 inches in one minute. How long would it take to go across your desk/table? How did you get your answer?
 3. A flea can jump about 8 inches upward in a single jump. How many jumps would the flea have to make to land on Miss Entomologist's head (she is 64 inches tall)?
 4. If an African Elephant eats three-hundred pounds of grass and leaves every day, how many pounds of grass and leaves can she eat in two days? One week? One month? Explain how you know.
Vocabulary for Building Math Concepts:
average, bigger, biggest, dime, faster, fastest, five times, half, half an hour, height, hundred, largest, less than, longest, measured, mile, miles per hour, minute, ounce, pounds, shorter, slowest, smaller, smallest, speeds, strongest, tallest, teaspoon, twice


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Dr Tim Vlandas is Associate Professor of Comparative Social Policy in the Department of Social Policy and Intervention and a Fellow of St Antony's College. He is also the current Course Director for Comparative Social Policy. Prior to joining the University of Oxford in September 2018 he was an Associate Professor in Comparative Political Economy at the University of Reading and a Research Officer at the LSE. After an initial training in Economics and Development Economics, Tim specialised in the Political Economy of welfare state policies in Europe during his PhD at the LSE, which was fully funded in recognition for academic merit and research potential. He has won both teaching and research prizes, including a class teaching prize at the LSE, a doctoral researcher prize awarded by the European Network for Social Policy Analysis and an award for the best paper on European Politics and Society by the American Political Science Association.
Using a comparative political economy approach, his research explores the political and economic determinants and consequences of social and economic policies in Europe. He is currently working on four projects. First, Tim is finishing a book (joint with Mark Thatcher) on Western policies towards Sovereign Wealth Funds' investments (under contract with Oxford University Press). The second project investigates how changes in economic performance and welfare state institutions alter the policy preferences and voting behaviour of different parts of the electorate, and how this in turn shapes the economic policy choices of governments. Third, joint research with Daphne Halikiopoulou examines how economic insecurity and social policies shape support for far-right parties among different social groups in Europe. Finally, Tim is analysing the determinants of individual support for a Universal Basic Income in different European countries.
His research has appeared in Comparative Political Studies, the Socio-Economic Review, the Journal of European Social Policy, Politics & Society, the Journal of Common Market Studies, Comparative European Politics, the European Journal of Industrial Relations, Political Quarterly, the Review of European Economic Policy, French Politics, the Routledge Handbook of Euroscepticism, and LSE 'Europe in Question' working paper series.
Coordination, inclusiveness and wage inequality between medianand bottom-income workers
COMPARATIVE EUROPEAN POLITICS
varieties of capitalism, labour market institutions, wage inequality, wage coordination, welfare state, union density
The Politics of Universal Basic Income (UBI)
I examine potential political support for a Universal Basic Income (UBI) – an idea with a long lineage that cuts across ideological lines. I conclude that a UBI could potentially find backing from a coalition between centrist and left-leaning individuals, ideally with additional support from trade unions.
Grey power and the Economy: Aging and Inflation Across Advanced Economies
What explains the shift from the moderate to high inflation rates of the
Golden Age of post -war capitalism to the low inflation regime of monetarism in the 1970s and 1980s? Conventional views emphasise the rise of monetarism as a new economic paradigm that convinced policy
makers to delegate monetary policy to conservative and independent central banks – a view that comes in many variants, from constructivist to orthodox economics. In contrast to these arguments, we introduce electoral and party politics into the debate. This paper models and examines the shifts in the inflationary preferences of the median voter and their translation into party politics and economic policies. As the median voter accumulates nominal assets against a background of de facto and de jure increasing job security and rising wages, her preferences on macro-economic policies shift from concerns about employment-friendly to inflation-averse policies. Social democratic parties, who are pivotal players in this regard because of their 'natural' preference for high employment over low inflation, are thus forced to adopt anti-inflation policies as well to remain electorally viable. We show that the employment situation of the average worker improved in every respect during the 1960s and 1970s, that most of the population became inflation averse during the 1970s and 1980s, and that social democratic parties were forced to adopt more economically orthodox party manifestos. We then analyse the shift to a low inflation regime in a series of country case studies.
Voting to leave: Economic insecurity and the Brexit vote
The Routledge Handbook of Euroscepticism
Labour market developments and policy responses during and after the crisis in France
Tim Vlandas is interested in supervising DPhil students who intend to work on any of the following broad themes in comparative political economy and social policy:
The politics of macroeconomic policy, in particular the relationship between social policies, economic voting and changes in economic policies over time;
The political determinants and consequences of different labour market policies such as minimum wage regulations, unemployment benefits, employment protection legislation, and active labour market policies;
The changing politics of austerity and welfare state reforms during economic and political crises;
The political economy of the Universal Basic Income


Finding that one special star
Rehoboth Christian students Southwest stars, find fun in astronomy
By Shondiin Silversmith
Navajo Times
REHOBOTH, N.M., January 17, 2013
Text size: A A A
(Times photo - Shondiin Silversmith)
TOP: Calvin College astronomy student Rick McWhirler talks with Rehoboth Chirstian Middle School students about the different levels of brightness that could be seen in the data.
SECOND FROM TOP: Astronomy student Hannah Pagel of Calvin College sits with her group of students as they shift through hundreds of star images hoping to find that one variable star.
T he stars don't go unnoticed in the Southwest because it has dark clear skies that people from across the nation have come to admire.
College students from Calvin College in Grand Rapids, Mich. have come to the area for that very reason as part of a course called "Astronomy of the Southwest."
It is through that class that they shared their interest in stars when they presented an astronomy lesson for the middle school science class of Rehoboth Christian School held Monday.
Calvin College Professor Larry Molnar visited the school with his class of 10 students from his astronomy course. Molnar explained that his course allows his students to use the different telescopes.
"This is just a place of beautiful skies, dark and clear," Molnar said adding that this course also allows the students to look at the earth as a planet and gives the opportunity to learn more about the people of the southwest.
Molnar started off the class discussion by explaining to the seventh and eighth grade students of Rehoboth Christian Middle School that they would be talking about "variable stars".
A variable star is a star that can change its brightness, and the brightness of a star can change due to three possible modals, said Molnar.
One possibility is rotation where the dots found on a star affects the stars levels of brightness. Another possibility is when two stars are orbiting around each other, and the third possibility is when a star is pulsating, but each of those possibilities affects the stars brightness level.
"Most stars don't change they just look the same from one day to the next. 999 out of a 1000 stars might do that, but the last star might do something really dramatic and different, get much brighter, get much fainter," Molnar explained. "There are many interesting stars like that that have not been catalogued because people haven't taken the time to sit and watch and wait, but that's something we can do with that small telescope we have."
"We spent the whole night looking at different places in the sky, each with many stars and something interesting might happen. The wonderful thing about real science is you don't know what it's going to be yet," Molnar said. "We're going to show the kids what our students have found and have them look at some stars and see if they can find something of their own."
Molnar split the kids into six groups allowing each of them to look through data collected from the telescope at Rehoboth.
He wanted each of the kids to shift through the variety of stars to see if they could find a variable star.
"One by one the computer is showing them the brightness of an individual star and how it changed through the course of the night. On average nothing changes."
"It was usable for everybody," said Calvin College junior Daniel Van Noord, who created the Fitz Fuller and Data Retrieval System Software used to analyze the stars. "That was part of the reason why I created the software. I am really hoping it instills not only an enjoyment in astronomy but in science in general."
But Molnar said by looking at all the data, there is always a chance that they will find that "one star that does something special."
With luck two groups from the first and second period were able to find that one star, and Molnar said that was amazing.
"I was really happy that the kids found a variable star," Van Noord said because it is not always guaranteed they will find. "Whenever you can get middle school or high school kids excited about science, it is a good thing."
"Science is cool and fun," said Van Noord on what he hopes the students take from their presentation.
"They want to find their own new star," Molnar said about the students of Rehoboth. "I hope they find science is fun and that discovery is fun."
"One of the main things that we try to teach in middle school science is that science is an exploration," said Rehoboth science teacher Chris Huizinga on why he wanted Molnar's class to present their findings to his seventhand eighth-grade classes. "You're trying to find out new information and you're trying to expand your knowledge of the world and the universe around you, this is a great example of students actively doing that."
Huizinga said he hopes his students were able to take away from the presentation that the stuff they are learning in the classroom can be applied to real life scientific searches and discoveries.
"It's not contained to just the science classroom, but it's useable outside. It's something that matters."
Huizinga said the most enjoyable thing about teaching his students about astronomy is that "When they look up at the night sky it's beautiful," and they will be able to appreciate that. "They broaden their view of the night sky."
"I thought it was really interesting learning about all the different kinds of stars out there and the brightness of them. It was really cool," said Brianna Guerrero, 14, student of Rehoboth Christian Middle School. "There are a lot out there and we don't really pay attention to them (stars)."
"I enjoyed the fact that we actually got to look up our own stars and figure out what type of model it was," said Selena Deogado, 13, about the different photos each of the students got to analyze through the software presented.
Added Molnar, "I love just being here because it's beautiful country. I love being here because we get clear skies."
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Testing the Accuracy of Soil Tests for Organic Growers
Soil Sample
So long as the soil sample is taken in a way to accurately represent the soil in each field, the soil test will provide the proper information needed to show what needs to be done. Photo by Neal Kinsey, Kinsey Ag Service.
Purpose of Soil Tests
Is it actually possible phat a soil analysis can be accurate enough to provide specific answers to soil fertility needs?
What is the purpose of a soil test? Some feel a soil test should only be considered in order to point the farmer or his agronomist in a general direction. Others use it as a crutch to justify applying fertilizer to grow a certain yield whether it is really needed or not. Still others use a soil analysis to assess the nutrient content and requirements for feeding the soil in order to provide the needs of the living organisms present there and the crop that will be grown. Organic growers should advocate and practice the third point in this set of principles.
But is it actually possible that a soil analysis can be accurate enough to provide specific answers to soil fertility needs? Many claim it is not. And what makes this even harder to determine is the fact that there are numerous ways to test and report nutrient values on a soil test. What evidence is there that real numbers can have real meaning when using a properly conducted soil analysis?
One very common assumption causes great errors in the conclusions some draw when considering the accuracy and value of soil tests. That assumption is that the numbers provided on soil tests from different soil laboratories all mean the same thing. First some laboratories choose to express all or parts of their measured nutrient levels as ppm (parts per million), while others use pounds per acre. Outside the United States it is common for labs to use kilograms per hectare (kg/ha) and milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg, which is actually the same as parts per million), instead of pounds and ppm. That is the easy part to grasp and understand in terms of soil test differences.
Soils that test high in magnesium still grow crops that are deficient in magnesium. Photo by Neal Kinsey, Kinsey Ag Service.
Understanding Soil Tests
What seems so much harder for many to comprehend is that the number on one soil test does not necessarily mean the same thing as that same number on another soil test. Those who believe they always do are all too often making some very serious mistakes.
For example, farmers and growers who request soil tests from our company are advised that calcium should occupy 60-70 percent of the soil's cation exchange capacity. There are other labs who use the same guidelines, but still others who advise 65-75 percent for calcium (Ca) saturation on their soil analysis. The target we shoot for on medium to heavy soils is ideally 68 percent. But that same soil sent to three other labs will not measure 68 percent. One will report it as 64 percent. Another reports it as 74 percent. And still another shows 80 percent. Yet all four labs are considered as within the tolerance range for measuring and reporting calcium levels on that soil.
The lesson here is to learn and follow directions from the laboratory you are using based on their numbers, not a test from some other lab whose numbers could vary considerably and thus lead to wrong conclusions. Sometimes only Ca, Mg (magnesium) and K (potassium) are given as 100 percent of the total soil nutrient saturation from a soil testing lab, while on tests received from some other labs, sodium and other bases also contribute to that 100 percent total. Consequently, a farmer could have a field day and tell everyone he had to reach 80 percent calcium in his fields before attaining his top yields. If the intent is then to take a soil to 80 percent as that farmer found to be beneficial, be sure to send it to the same lab for analysis before deciding to spend what it takes to achieve that percentage. If a soil test from a different lab shows 68 percent calcium saturation when the lab that farmer uses shows it as 80 percent, then it can be a costly mistake to buy and apply the calcium required to reach 80 percent on the test that is showing 68 percent.
Potassium is another example of how number differences on test reports can be misleading. To be most effective for growing crops on the test we use, potassium should be a minimum of 2 percent and a maximum of 7.5 percent to avoid problems caused by having too little or too much. For example, from the test we use, farmers are advised not to drive potassium above 7.5 percent because that will tie up boron availability and above this level also increases weed pressure in the field. Farmers and growers can see this happening to their crops and in their fields. Yet when the same soil is tested by another very reputable soil laboratory, they report that soil as having 8.5 percent potassium. For those who think 7.5 percent on one test means the same on tests from other labs, this now becomes a bone of contention, bringing claims that soil test numbers are just not reliable. If farmers using the test that recognizes the same results at 8.5 percent as the other test at 7.5 percent, then the numbers on the tests are certainly reliable, it is just the ability of the user to interpret those results that must be learned.
But such differences as described in the paragraph above can cause complications when striving to educate farmers and growers about the value of using soil tests. Another problem with high potassium is that when combined with the sodium percentage, and both added together total 10 percent or higher, this will cause manganese uptake to be blocked from the plant, even on soils that show to have excellent manganese levels. But this is not true on the soils that show potassium as 8.5 percent, because then the soils have to be at least 11.00 percent before that happens, and that is assuming that sodium would be reported at the same level on both tests which likely will not be true either. If the farmer wants to use a different test, he will have to work to find the right percentages or find someone he can trust to do it for him.
On any part of the field where magnesium availability drops below 10 percent, the tops on carrots will die prematurely. Photo by Neal Kinsey, Kinsey Ag Service.
Magnesium seems perhaps the best example of all to use for testing the accuracy of a soil test and to demonstrate how exact a soil test can be when used to determine a soil's true fertility. A seldom recognized, rarely acknowledged and extremely costly condition in agriculture is how excessive magnesium in the soil results in a magnesium deficiency in food and feed crops—even those that are organically grown. This is well demonstrated based on the soil testing methods used by Dr. William Albrecht all the way back in the early to middle parts of the last century.
In addition, Dr. Albrecht taught that soils should contain at least 10 percent magnesium to assure that plants could take up an adequate amount from the soil. He maintained that any soil with less than 10 percent magnesium would only grow magnesium deficient plants. This holds true on any soil tests that matches the ability of the test he used to determine magnesium content in the soil. But again, there are soil labs whose methods for determining magnesium are different and when compared to the test Dr. Albrecht used, these soil tests show 8 percent magnesium when the one he used showed 10 percent. So again, due to differences in measurements, there are those who still maintain that magnesium testing is not that useful.
But there is a way to show just how exact that 10 percent figure actually is, when determined the same way Dr. Albrecht did it and then applied to needed magnesium levels for carrot production. This has been shown time after time, and year after year, since the time he taught how to measure and interpret the content of magnesium in the soil. In carrots grown from the East Coast to the West Coast and all in between, in both the US and Canada, this can be counted on to happen for those growing carrots. On any part of the field where magnesium availability drops below 10 percent, the tops on carrots will die pre-maturely in the field if the test being used reflects exactly what the test Dr. Albrecht used does. If a test gives another answer, then when sampled and analyzed based on the same procedures used by Dr. Albrecht, the soil has less than 10 percent magnesium.
Accuracy of Soil Tests
Some still claim a soil test is only to point the farmer in the right direction, but cannot be used for specific measurements. If so, they are using the wrong soil test or else have not been properly taught about how to understand and interpret one that actually works.
Just remember one thing, the advice from a soil test is only as accurate as the sample that is taken and sent for analysis. So long as the soil sample is taken in a way to accurately represent the soil in each field, the soil test will provide the proper information needed to show what needs to be done. When properly taken and interpreted, the soil test is just like a reliable road map. An accurate soil test shows the path needed to reach the point in terms of soil fertility where the farmer or grower needs to be.
You can only properly manage the things you can properly measure. Be sure the soil tests you use are telling you what you need to know to achieve both excellent yields and excellent quality.
Neal Kinsey is owner and President of Kinsey Agricultural Services, a consulting firm that specializes in restoring and maintaining balanced soil fertility for attaining excellent yields while growing highly nutritious food and feed crops on the land. Please call _PHONE_ or see _URL_ for more information.


text:
Custom regional ecosystem A4/A3 map
Regional ecosystems (REs) are communities of vegetation that are consistently associated with a particular combination of geology, land form and soil in a bioregion. The Queensland Herbarium (part of the Department) has mapped the remnant extent of regional ecosystems for much of the state using a combination of satellite imagery, aerial photography and on-ground studies. An un-customised version of this map may also be downloaded for free.
- Vegetation management
- More information:
- Vegetation communities
- Contact information:
- Email Vegetation Management
‡ Price includes GST (a Commonwealth Government Tax).


text:
Part A - Short definition:
After a census, Statistics Canada makes public the total number of persons and the total number of dwellings counted in a given area, for example, in a municipality. By the next census, the municipality's geographic boundaries may have changed, especially if it has annexed part of another municipality or has merged with another municipality. When a boundary change occurs between censuses, the population and dwelling counts for the geographic areas affected by the boundary change are revised (adjusted). The adjusted counts show what the counts (the total number of persons and the total number of dwellings) from the previous census would be for the current census boundaries.
Part B - Detailed definition:
'Adjusted counts' refer to previous census population and dwelling counts that were adjusted (i.e., recompiled) to reflect current census boundaries, when a boundary change occurs between the two censuses.
2011, 2006, 2001, 1996, 1991, 1986, 1981, 1976, 1971, 1966, 1961, 1956 (population)
2011, 2006, 2001, 1996 (dwellings)
When a boundary change occurs, the population and dwellings affected are determined by examining the collection documents from the previous census. The dwellings affected by the boundary change are identified from the collection maps. Once the affected dwellings are identified, it is possible to establish the population affected. These counts are then added to the geographic area that has increased in size and subtracted from the geographic area that has decreased in size.
Boundary changes to standard geographic areas between censuses are generally flagged in census outputs. This is done to warn users doing trend or longitudinal analysis that the areas being compared have changed over time. However, by comparing the final population or dwelling counts from the previous census to the adjusted counts, the user can judge the significance of the boundary change.
In the case of new areas (e.g., census subdivision incorporations), adjusted counts are required to permit the calculation of change. For dissolutions or major boundary changes, the use of adjusted counts instead of the previous census final counts often provides a better measure of trends by removing the effect of the boundary change from the calculation.
Refer to the related definition of census subdivision (CSD).
- Date modified:


text:
Definition of ubiquitous
a. - Existing or being everywhere, or in all places, at the same time; omnipresent. 2
The word "ubiquitous" uses 10 letters: B I I O Q S T U U U.
No direct anagrams for ubiquitous found in this word list.
Adding one letter to ubiquitous does not form any other word in this word list.Words within ubiquitous not shown as it has more than seven letters.
All words formed from ubiquitous by changing one letter
Browse words starting with ubiquitous by next letter


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Insight into plant behavior could aid quest for efficient biofuels
Researchers at the University of Edinburgh have found that the tiny organism has developed coping mechanisms for when its main food source is in short supply.
Understanding these processes will help scientists develop crops that can survive when nutrients are scarce and to grow high-yield plants for use as biofuels.
The alga normally feeds by ingesting nitrogen from surrounding seawater but, when levels are low, it reduces its intake and instead absorbs other nutrients, such as carbon and phosphorus, from the water. The organism is also able to recycle nitrogen from its own body, breaking down proteins that are plentiful to make other proteins that it needs to survive.
Nitrogen is needed by all plants to survive but the alga's survival strategies vary from most other plants which, when nitrogen is scarce, tend to widen their search for it.
Like many organisms, the alga Ostreococcus tauri is also driven by daylight and its body clock for example, proteins that produce starch for food are active in the evening, after the plant has photosynthesised sugars from sunlight in the day.
The study, in the Journal of Proteomics, was funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council.
Dr Sarah Martin, of the University of Edinburgh, who took part in the study, said: "This tiny alga certainly punches above its weight when it comes to survival. Our study has revealed some curious ways in which the organism finds the nutrients it needs to stay alive tricks like these could be useful to us in developing sustainable crops for the future."
Contact: Catriona Kelly
University of Edinburgh
Page: 1
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