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Pronunciation: (lev'ē), [key]
n., v., lev•eed, lev•ee•ing.
1. an embankment designed to prevent the flooding of a river.
2. Geol.See natural levee.
3. Agric.one of the small continuous ridges surrounding fields that are to be irrigated.
4. Hist.a landing place for ships; quay.
to furnish with a levee: to levee a treacherous stream.
Pronunciation: (lev'ē, le-vē'), [key]
1. (in Great Britain) a public court assembly, held in the early afternoon, at which men only are received.
2. a reception, usually in someone's honor: a presidential levee at the White House.
3. Hist.a reception of visitors held on rising from bed, as formerly by a royal or other personage.
Le Vaulevel
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geocoded results, so you can more easily decide where and how to center a map on the places you geocode. Here's a quick example:
 irb> res = Geokit::Geocoders::GoogleGeocoder.geocode('140 Market St, San Francisco, CA')
 irb> pp res.suggested_bounds
 _USER_=#,
 _USER_=#>
In addition, you can use viewport or country code biasing to make sure the geocoders prefers results within a specific area. Say we wanted to geocode the city of Toledo in Spain. A normal geocoding query would look like this:
 irb> res = Geokit::Geocoders::GoogleGeocoder.geocode('Toledo')
 irb> res.full_address
 => "Toledo, OH, USA"
Not exactly what we were looking for. We know that Toledo is in Spain, so we can tell the Google Geocoder to prefer results from Spain first, and then wander the Toledos of the world. To do that, we have to pass Italy's ccTLD (country code top-level domain) to the :bias option of the geocode method. You can find a comprehensive list of all ccTLDs here:
 irb> res = Geokit::Geocoders::GoogleGeocoder.geocode('Toledo', :bias => 'es')
 irb> res.full_address
 => "Toledo, Toledo, Spain"
Alternatively, we can specify the geocoding bias as a bounding box object. Say we wanted to geocode the Winnetka district in Los Angeles.
 irb> res = Geokit::Geocoders::GoogleGeocoder.geocode('Winnetka')
 irb> res.full_address
 => "Winnetka, IL, USA"
Not it. What we can do is tell the geocoder to return results only from in and around LA.
 irb> la_bounds = Geokit::Geocoders::GoogleGeocoder.geocode('Los Angeles').suggested_bounds
 irb> res = Geokit::Geocoders::GoogleGeocoder.geocode('Winnetka', :bias => la_bounds)
 irb> res.full_address
 => "Winnetka, California, USA"
The Multigeocoder
Multi Geocoder - provides failover for the physical location geocoders, and also IP address geocoders. Its configured by setting Geokit::Geocoders::provider_order, and Geokit::Geocoders::ip_provider_order. You should call the Multi-Geocoder with its :geocode method, supplying one address parameter which is either a real street address, or an ip address. For example:
 Geokit::Geocoders::MultiGeocoder.geocode("900 Sycamore Drive")
Some geocoding services will return multple results if the there isn't one clear result. Geoloc can capture multiple results through its "all" method. Currently only the Google geocoder supports multiple results:
 irb> geo=Geokit::Geocoders::GoogleGeocoder.geocode("900 Sycamore Drive")
 irb> geo.full_address
 => "900 Sycamore Dr, Arkadelphia, AR 71923, USA"
 irb> geo.all.size
 irb> geo.all.each { |e| puts e.full_address }
 900 Sycamore Dr, Arkadelphia, AR 71923, USA
 900 Sycamore Dr, Burkburnett, TX 76354, USA
 900 Sycamore Dr, TN 38361, USA
geo.all is just an array of additional Geolocs, so do what you want with it. If you call.all on a geoloc that doesn't have any additional results, you will get an array of one.
mappable.rb contains the Mappable module, which provides basic distance calculation methods, i.e., calculating the distance between two points.
LatLng is a simple container for latitude and longitude, but it's made more powerful by mixing in the above-mentioned Mappable module -- therefore, you can calculate easily the distance between two LatLng ojbects with distance = first.distance_to(other)
geocoders.rb contains all the geocoder implemenations. All the gercoders inherit from a common base (class Geocoder) and implement the private method do_geocode.
If you would like to write your own geocoders, you can do so by requiring 'geokit' or 'geokit/geocoders.rb' in a new file and subclassing the base class (which is class "Geocoder"). You must then also require such external file back in your main geokit configuration.
 require "geokit"
 module Geokit
 module Geocoders
 # and use :my to specify this geocoder in your list of geocoders.
 class MyGeocoder < Geocoder
 # Use via: Geokit::Geocoders::MyGeocoder.key = 'MY KEY'
 config :key
 def self.do_geocode(address, options = {})
 # Main geocoding method
 def self.parse_json(json)
 # Helper method to parse http response. See geokit/geocoders.rb.


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Definitions of polyploid:
- noun: (genetics) an organism or cell having more than twice the haploid number of chromosomes
- adjective: of a cell or organism having more than twice the haploid number of chromosomes
Example: "A polyploid cell"
Search for polyploid at other dictionaries: OneLook, Answers.com, Merriam-Webster
"Works flawlessly!": RhymeZone apps for iPhone/iPad and Android!
Help, Feedback, Customize, Android app, iPhone/iPad app
Copyright © 2013 Datamuse

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


this already long post at least somewhat palatable, I will show only two. Specifically, I want to explain self-subsumption (or self-subsuming resolution) and (bounded) variable elimination (BVE), but to explain them, I first have to explain resolution and subsumption.
Let's start with subsumption. Given 2 clauses, A and B, A subsumes B, \(A \subseteq B\), iff every literal from A is also present in B. What this means practically is that A is more restrictive in regards to satisfiability than B, and thus B can be thrown away.
Resolution is an inference rule that, given a set of existing clauses, allows us to create new clauses that do not change the satisfiability of the whole set of clauses because it is satisfied when its precursors are also satisfied. This is done by taking a pair of clauses that contain complementary literals, removing these complementary literals and splicing the rest of the clauses together. Complementary literals are literals where one of them is a negation of the other, e.g. \(x_{1}\) and \(\neg x_{1}\) are complimentary, while \(x_{1}\) and \(\neg x_{2}\) or \(x_{1}\) and \(x_{1}\) are not, because in the first pair the variables do not match and in the second pair, both literals have the same polarity.
This sounds complex, but it really is not. Here is a simple example, where the two clauses above the line are originals, and the clause below the line is the result of resolving them together:
\frac{x_1 \vee \neg x_2, \neg x_1 \vee x_3}{\neg x_2 \vee x_3}
A good way of thinking about how resolution works (and why it is correct) is to think through both of the possible assignments of variable \(x_1\). First, let us consider the case of \(x_1 = true\). In this case, the first original clause is satisfied, and the only way to satisfy the second clause is to assign \(x_3 = true\). This assignment means that the resolvent clause is also satisfied. The second option is to assign \(x_1 = false\). This satisfies the second clause, and to satisfy the first one as well, we need to assign \(x_2 = false\). This assignment also means that the resolvent clause is satisfied.
With this knowledge in hand, we can look at self-subsumption. Given 2 clauses, A and B, and their resolvent R, A is self-subsumed by B iff \( R \subseteq A \) (A is subsumed by R). This means that we can replace A with R, in effect shortening A by one literal.
As an example, take \((x_1 \vee x_2 \vee \neg x_3)\) as clause A and \((\neg x_1 \vee \neg x_3 )\) as clause B. The resolvent of these two clauses is \((x_2 \vee \neg x_3)\), which subsumes A. This means that A is self-subsumed by B.
(Bounded) variable elimination (BVE) is also simple. If we want to remove a specific variable x from a set of clauses, all we have to do is split all clauses containing that particular variable into two groups, one with all clauses where the variable's literal has positive polarity, and one with all clauses where the variable's literal has negative polarity. If we then resolve each clause from the first group with each clause from the second group, we get a (potentially large) set of resolvents without x. If we then replace the original clauses with the resolvents, we removed x from the original set of clauses, without changing the satisfiability of the set as a whole.
Unlike self-subsumption, which will always simplify the SAT instance, variable elimination might make it harder. The reason is that it trades a variable for clauses, which might be beneficial, but does not have to be. This leads to the idea of bounded variable elimination, where a variable is only eliminated if the resulting number of clauses is bounded in some way, e.g. in the total number of added clauses[22], or the size of resulting clauses.
That's it for part 3, but not for this series, because I still have at least two more posts planned, one of which will again be theoretical.
 1. Simple explanation of the MaxSAT problem is that you have to find how many clauses in an unsatisfiable SAT problem can be satisfied. ↩
 2. Determinizing a local-search algorithm has proven that the upper-bound on algorithmic complexity of solving a generic CNF-SAT with n variables and m clauses is \[\mathcal{O}\left(2^{n\left(1 - \frac{1}{\ln{\frac{m}{n}} + \mathcal{O}\ln{\ln{m}}}\right)}\right)\] You can improve this significantly if you limit yourself to 3-SAT (SAT where every clause consists of exactly 3 literals), to just \(\mathcal{O}(1.473^{n})\). ↩
 3. At least conceptually. Implementing DPLL/CDCL in a performant manner can be quite complex. ↩
 4. All literals of such variable become positive if any of them becomes positive. Therefore, all clauses containing that variable can be trivially satisfied and thus removed. ↩
 5. In other words, we have reached the state of the art in the 1960s. ↩
 6. This part is very hand-wavy because the exact details of conflict analysis are complex and beyond the scope of this post. ↩
 7. The largest problem we've had a SAT solver successfully solve contained ~300M variables and almost 1 billion clauses. Using MiniSat and our know-how, it took 15 minutes to solve it. ↩
 8. The (z)Chaff solver was a significant upgrade on the capabilities and performance of SAT solvers, and is often considered as the first CDCL SAT solver with "modern" performance. It also pioneered at least 2 techniques that are still used with only minor modifications, (2-)Watched Literals and VSIDS heuristic. ↩
 9. This is because a single cache-line can hold these summaries for 8 clauses, as opposed to \( \leq 2 \) clauses. ↩
 10. The specific improvement depends on the problem, but for most problems, CDCL can deal with an order (or two) of magnitude more variables than plain DPLL. ↩
 11. Given the underlying learning mechanisms, LBD score of 2 is the lowest, and thus the best, that can be achieved when ranking a learnt clause. ↩
 12. If the conflict resolution and clause learning are done in a specific way, the learnt clause can be guaranteed to always have only one variable from the lower decision level. ↩
 13. As long as we assume that the random number generation is independent for each clause. ↩
 14. Said Jabbour, Jerry Lonlac, Lakhdar Sais and Yakoub Salhi, Revisiting the Learned Clauses Database Reduction Strategies, CoRR, 2014 ↩
 15. In fact, variants of the VSIDS heuristic function might still be the dominant heuristic. Recently there has been a paper on using the current understanding of SAT problem structure to design a new heuristic function, and the result was very promising, as the new heuristic dominated VSIDS when implemented in MiniSat. However, I have not kept up with it so it might not have panned out. ↩
 16. In practice, VSIDS updates are not as expensive as they would appear, because we can get the same results if we, instead of decaying the counters of all variables, keep multiplying \(c_{add}\) by \(1 \over{c_{decay}}\). In a sufficiently large problem, this approach will eventually lead to an overflow, but that can be also solved by periodically renormalizing the counters and \(c_{add}\). ↩
 17. There is a reason why naming things is one of the three "two hard things in CS". ↩
 18. The exact definition of learning rate (LR) of a variable is intentionally left ambiguous. The very rough answer is that it is the ratio of learnt clauses that contained a given variable to the total number of clauses learnt when that variable was set. ↩
 19. General version of this idea is called phase saving and is surprisingly powerful. The motivation behind it is that if a variable was given specific assignment via BCP, then there is likely a good reason for that assignment and thus it should be reused. ↩
 20. Strictly speaking, this is not actually true. Glucose 2.1 uses \(K = 0.8\) because it multiplies the average LBD of the last X clauses by K. I think multiplying the average LBD of all clauses is more intuitive and \(K =


text:
When cattle ate other cattle we ended up with Mad Cow Disease or Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE). When primates eat other primates, the result could be another pandemic like AIDS
. Since genetic material is sometimes swapped between different viruses, and since people in Africa who deal with primates (especially for food) are exposed to a variety of simian viruses on a regular basis, there is a distinct possibility that a new, potentially lethal virus could result. What's the answer to this situation? Stop eating monkey meat, I guess. Will that happen? Maybe at some time in the future. Will it happen before there is a big problem? I certainly hope so.Food Tip
You might want to wash those fruits and vegetables. Latin American manure used as fertilizer
could make you sick.The World vs. Bird Flu
When I look at the enormity of the situation surrounding bird flu
– it is spread by migrating birds, the world is so vast, and the flu has a head start on us – I have the feeling that we are not going to stop a human pandemic if eventual human to human transmission is in the cards. All our efforts might, however, minimize the seriousness of it.Bird Flu Update
Click here for up to date information and breaking news
on bird flu.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Figure 5.
The majority of genes show the same XCI status in all informative sample sets. X-linked genes are mostly subject to XCI (red), show variable escape (purple) or escape from XCI (green) in all sample sets. Three classes of genes show a different XCI status in at least one informative sample set: population-specific XCI (orange), cell line-specific XCI (blue) and inconsistent XCI across the informative sample sets (white). At least five females were required to be informative in each informative sample set for a gene to be considered as differing between sample sets. Novel genes are included within the 'all genes'. The decision tree used to classify genes is shown in Additional file 13.
Download authors' original image


text:
Are you considering registering a Non-Profit Organization (NPO)? This is an important decision that can have a lasting impact on your organization. Having a clear understanding of the NPO registration process is essential for success. This article will provide you with everything you need to know about registering a NPO, from understanding the legal requirements to getting the necessary paperwork in order. Whether you are starting a new NPO or transferring an existing one, this article will cover all the steps you need to take to ensure a smooth and successful registration. We will discuss the different types of NPOs, the key legal considerations, and any associated costs.
With the right guidance, registering an NPO can be a straightforward process. In conclusion, registering an NPO requires a thorough understanding of legal requirements, paperwork, appointment of officers and directors, drafting bylaws, obtaining tax exempt status, filing annual reports, and other considerations. It is important to take the time to thoroughly research all aspects of registration before taking any steps. This guide has provided a comprehensive overview of the registration process and resources for further information.


text:
An experimental new dieting technology uses augmented reality to make food items appear larger than they really are
In tests of the system using 12 subjects, the amount eaten dropped by about 10 percent when the food was made to appear one and a half times larger
A deformation algorithm makes users' hands appear to be opened wider, as if they're naturally holding the larger piece of food
You might think that your feeling of satiation when eating is due simply to your stomach filling up. According to the Hirose Tanikawa Group at the University of Tokyo, however, the visual perception of food also has something to do with it – the greater the amount of food that a person sees that they're eating, the sooner they feel full. With that in mind, the team has created a prototype dieting system that uses augmented reality to trick people into thinking their food items are larger than they actually are.
Other Images from this Gallery


text:
persistent memory ==>
 (NVS, persistent storage, memory) A term describing a storage
device whose contents are preserved when its power is off. Storage using
magnetic media (e.g. magnetic disks, magnetic tape or bubble memory) is normally
non-volatile by nature whereas semiconductor memories (static RAM and especially
dynamic RAM) are normally volatile but can be made into non-volatile storage by
having a (rechargable) battery permanently connected.
Dynamic RAM is particularly volatile since it looses its data, even if the power
is still on, unless it is refreshed. An acoustic delay line is a (very old)
example of a volatile storage device.
Other examples of non-volatile storage are EEPROM, CD-ROM, paper tape and
non-volatile « non-volatile memory « Non-Volatile
Random Access Memory « non-volatile storage »
no-op » NOR » NORC COMPILER


Sign the ISATEA Petition
We, the undersigned, representing both government, industry and civil society, petition the US Congress to not reauthorize the transportation efficiency act, but to authorize a new transportation efficiency act, called the Intermodal Surface and Air Transportation Efficiency Act(ISATEA). This act would integrate air and surface transportation funding, planning and implementation. For this purpose we petition that a supplemental $300 billion be authorized for the IITS (integrated intermodal transportation system) Initiative which over a period of some 15 year program would result in a US Sustainable Transportation Master Plan. The Plan would reinvigorate the US economy and substantially reduce the GHG emissions by transportation in these troubling times of the climate crisis.
Click to find your Congressperson's email address, then
Click to create an email with the above petition text in the Message area.
Add your own message if you like and then click send in the email.
US Aviation policy is predominantly a federal policy.


text:
The Paintings of Paul Cezanne 1839 - 1906: Classicism Rejected and Renewed
Paul Cezanne has been considered both the most conservative and
the most radical of all the Post-Impressionists. He stated in 1880,
"I intend to make something solid and durable of Impressionism"
and for the rest of his life, he worked constantly to make good
his claim to do so. His paintings had been uniformly rejected by
the conservative Academy and majority of the art world. But by
the end of his life, Cezanne's art gradually came to be seen as
the work of a most original genius who in the most important
ways, announced the art of the future. Even Pablo Picasso called
him, "the father of all of us." We will examine the highlights of
his oeuvre and evaluate just how conservative and simultaneously
radical he really was.
November 5, 12, 19
Rhea Padis Higginsis an adjunct professor in the art history department in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Hartford. She taught at Wesleyan in the Graduate Liberal Studies Program from 1986 to 2002. Her area of expertise is 19th-century European painting, with an emphasis on post-Impressionist artists.


One Of Earth's Most Mysterious Places: Devils Hole
By RodneyHatfieldJr for Into The Mind
The world is filled with controversial, mysterious and downright crazy places, but it's extremely rare that something comes under all three categories. Devils Hole fits all three of those categories.
Strategically located in Nevada, Devils Hole is a geologic formation wonder. So rare, it is home to its own species of fish that cannot be found anywhere else in the world, the Pupfish. Boasting a population of around 65, they represent a rare breed of cavefish. One of the key reasons for such a rare fish is the plentiful water inside the Devils Hole consistently stays at 92 degrees. We don't know how big Devils hole realistically is. One rare phenomenon about Devils Hole is it has recorded earthquakes from across the world. The farthest even coming from Indonesia.
Alongside the breathless wonders of the Devils Hole, there's also bad. I mean a lot of bad. In 1965, two experienced divers by the name David Rose and Paul Giancontieri snuck into Devils Hole with a couple of friends to go skin diving. What all started out as fun and games, quickly turned into horror as the divers went down in attempts to explore the underwater, and never came back up. After a search team ventured down in hopes of discovering the pair, all they were capable of finding was mask, a snorkel and a flashlight tied to a rock. Since nobody accurately knows the depth of Devils Hole, it is believed that their bodies could have ended up further down than any explorer could reach. Nobody can give you an accurate answer on the actual depth of Devils Hole. Despite the waters being researched and explored for decades, the entirety of the water system remains an utter mystery.
Another crazy fact about Devils Hole is it is capable of underground tsunamis. In the researcher's recordings from March 2012, results revealed water levels continuously rising and dropping. The scientists later learned that more than 2,000 miles away, an earthquake in Mexico was the cause of Devils Hole's tsunami. This potentially means the body of water could extend thousands of miles across other parts of the world.
Some even claim that the unusual place is home to "water babies" an underwater monster that would swallow swimmers who unknowingly spend too long in their waters. Another legend surrounding Devils Hole claims that something evil lived in the mountains and caves in the above the area. And sometimes it will come down to devour unsuspecting victims who rested on the shore.
To get a little more information about the mysteries Devils Hole holds, check out this video shared by Abandoned Explained on YouTube down below!
>>>>>Devils Hole<<<<
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text:
Aid and abet
What's the meaning of the phrase 'Aid and abet'?
To help and encourage, usually in the commission of a crime or anti-social act.
What's the origin of the phrase 'Aid and abet'?
'Aid and abet' is a common enough expression but, whilst 'aid' is well-known, what does 'abet' mean exactly? The word derives from the French 'abeter' - to hound, which itself derives from the Norse 'beita' - to cause to bite.
The phrase 'aid and abet' was coined in the late 18th century, by which time the term 'abet' had lost its original 'cause to bite' meaning. An early example of its use dates from 1798, when George Washington included it in a letter, first published in Writings, 1893. He didn't appear to have any better opinion of the French than that of the US administration concerning the Gallic reluctance to aid and abet the war in Iraq:
"My mind is not a little agitated by the outrageous conduct of France towards the United States, and at the inimitable conduct of its partisans, who aid and abet their measures."
Bear baiting, or as it was first called 'bear abetting', was a popular entertainment in England between the 16th and 19th centuries. It took place in pits in 'bear gardens', in which tethered bears were torn to pieces by trained bulldogs. Such pits were commonplace and some still exist, although they are of course no longer in use.
This'sport' wasn't viewed with the distaste we now have for animal cruelty - Queen Elizabeth I condoned the practice by attending baitings, one of which resulted in 13 dead bears. The Elizabethan writer Robert Laneham described the scene:
"It was a sport very pleasant to see, to see the bear, with his pink eyes, tearing after his enemies approach... and when he was loose to shake his ears twice or thrice with the blood and the slaver hanging about his physiognomy."
So, if you plan to help someone, aid them by all means, but no biting please.


Configuring Email Notifications - Veeam ONE Alarms Guide
Configuring Email Notifications
In this article
 To stay informed about potential problems, state changes, events, and tasks performed by users in your infrastructure, you can configure Veeam ONE to send email notifications about alarms. Email notifications contain basic information that helps to find the root cause of an issue and resolve it.
 An email notification can be sent when a new alarm is triggered or when an existing alarm changes its status.
 To configure alarm email notifications, perform the following steps:
 1. Configure SMTP server settings.
 2. Configure notification frequency.
 3. Customize the email template.
 4. Configure email recipients.
 5. [Optional] Disable notifications about resolved alarms.


Pillars of assessment paper | Psychology homework help
Order a Similar Paper HERE Order a Different Paper HERE
In this assignment, you will be examining the relationship between Sattler's pillars of assessment and how they apply to professional practice.
Imagine that you are working as a psychologist. Develop a scenario where you might see a client for testing. The testing may be forensic, educational, clinical, or occupational.
Part A: Using Sattler's pillars of assessment, explain how you would proceed with the testing process.
Part B: Identify at least three ethical guidelines that you will need to consider in the assessment process and give a specific example for each of these issues (such as confidentiality, informed consent, competency, etc.).
Your paper must also:
Be a minimum of 6 and a maximum of 8 full pages, size 12 font, double spaced with 1 inch margins, NOT including the Title and References pages.
 Be in APA format, including a title page and reference page.
Be proofread and contain few to no grammar errors, misspellings, or typographical errors.
Incorporate a minimum of three supportive scholarly citations and references to support content and conclusions.


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Healthy Child LifestylesEstilos de Vida Sanos del Niño
Healthy Child Lifestyles
As a child grows from infancy through adolescence, it is important to promote good health through healthy lifestyles and habits. Lifestyles that are learned in childhood are more likely to stay with the child into adulthood.
Listed in the directory below are some healthy child lifestyle topics, as well as age-appropriate vision, hearing, and speech development milestones to help parents identify possible problems, for which we have provided a brief overview.
Vision, Hearing, and Speech


CSS Critic
A lightweight framework for regression testing of Cascading Style Sheets
View the Project on GitHub cburgmer/csscritic
CSS Critic is here to fill the gap in your test tooling.
Watch the screencast and learn how to write your first test:
You can see it in action testing the TodoMVC application.
The CSS Critic Examples project collects example applications integrating the UI test suite.
How it works
CSS Critic checks your current layout constantly against a reference image you have provided in the past. If your layout breaks (or simply changes - CSS Critic can't tell) your tests fail.
Get started:
 1. Create a RegressionRunner.html similar to the one under example/ and put it with your code that is to be tested.
 2. Register your page under test via:
 3. Open the RegressionRunner.html in Firefox for the first time and save the resulting image as future reference.
 4. Re-run the RegressionRunner.html and see your test passing. Congratulations.
What do I do if my test fails?
 1. Have a look at the diff image and visually check what has changed.
 2. If the change is an unwanted one fix your CSS,
 3. If deliberate generate a new reference image.
The test suite in action for the TodoMVC applicationThe test suite in action for the TodoMVC application.
Maintained by _USER_. Copyright (c) 2012 ThoughtWorks, Inc.
Licensed under MIT.


Use this tag for questions about retraction of filament.
Retraction of filament is the opposite of filament extrusion. Slicer software allows for specification of a retraction length, which in effect is a negative length. Retraction of filament can be required to minimize the oozing of the hotend during travel moves. This is explained by the relaxation of the pressure build-up in the hotend.


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Lunar Explorations Class
1/18/2013 (Updated 10:49:40 PM)Some future astronauts took a journey to the moon Friday night.
The Kopernik Observatory and Science Center held a lunar explorations class. Third and fourth graders learned all about the Earth's natural satellite.
Contrary to what Mick might think---the moon is not made of green cheese --in fact, some of the rock it's made of is a type of rock commonly found on the East Coast of the United States.
"The moon rocks from the Mountains of the moon is something called aorthosite and you can actually find that in the Adirondacks. Mounty Marcy area is made of the anorthosite so it's the same type of rock," says Roy Williams, Public Programming Coordinator.
On Saturday night, Kopernik will be at the Barrnes and Noble in Vestal with Cornell astronomer Greg Sloan who will explain "what is science?"
For more information visit their website Kopernik.org.
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text:
1. Introduction to Energy-Efficient Buildings
Welcome to the world of energy-efficient buildings! As concerns about climate change and rising energy costs continue to grow, the need for buildings that minimize energy consumption has become increasingly important. Energy-efficient buildings not only help reduce carbon emissions but also save on electricity bills. In this article, we will explore the concept of optimizing electric generator capacity in energy-efficient buildings and how it can contribute to a greener and more cost-effective future.
2. Understanding Electric Generator Capacity and its Importance
2.1 What is Electric Generator Capacity?
Let's start with the basics. Electric generator capacity refers to the maximum amount of power that a generator can produce. It is typically measured in kilowatts (kW). When it comes to energy-efficient buildings, understanding the capacity of electric generators is crucial for ensuring optimal performance and avoiding any potential issues.
2.2 The Significance of Optimizing Electric Generator Capacity
Why bother optimizing electric generator capacity, you may ask? Well, the answer lies in efficiency. By optimizing the capacity, we can ensure that the generator is operating at its highest level of efficiency. This means that it is producing the right amount of power needed by the building without wasting energy. Optimizing the capacity can also prevent the generator from being overloaded, which can lead to breakdowns and increased maintenance costs.
3. Key Factors in Optimizing Electric Generator Capacity
3.1 Building Load Analysis
One of the key factors in optimizing electric generator capacity is conducting a thorough building load analysis. This involves evaluating the electrical requirements of the building and identifying the peak and average demands. By understanding the load profile, we can determine the appropriate generator capacity to meet the building's power needs without exceeding it unnecessarily.
3.2 Assessing Energy Consumption Patterns
Another important factor in optimizing electric generator capacity is assessing the energy consumption patterns of the building. By analyzing historical data and trends, we can identify periods of high and low energy usage. This information helps in determining the optimal capacity required to handle peak demand periods while avoiding overcapacity during periods of low consumption.
3.3 Determining Peak Demand
Peak demand refers to the maximum amount of electricity a building requires during a specific period, typically a day or a season. By accurately determining the peak demand, we can ensure that the generator capacity is appropriately sized to meet the highest power requirements. This avoids any potential power shortages during peak periods and prevents the need for additional backup generators.
4. The Role of Building Design in Maximizing Energy Efficiency
4.1 Integrating Energy-Efficient Design Principles
Building design plays a crucial role in maximizing energy efficiency. By incorporating energy-efficient design principles from the beginning, such as proper orientation, natural lighting, and shading, we can reduce the overall energy demand of the building. This, in turn, allows for a smaller generator capacity requirement, leading to cost savings and improved sustainability.
4.2 Importance of Insulation and Air Sealing
Insulation and air sealing are essential elements in energy-efficient building design. Good insulation helps maintain a stable indoor temperature, reducing the need for excessive heating or cooling. By minimizing air leaks through proper sealing, we can prevent energy loss, ensuring that the generator only needs to provide power for the actual required demand.
4.3 Efficient Lighting and HVAC Systems
Lastly, utilizing energy-efficient lighting and HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems significantly impacts energy consumption. By opting for LED lights and implementing smart lighting controls, we can reduce electricity usage. Similarly, using energy-efficient HVAC systems and improving their maintenance contribute to lowering the building's overall energy demand, resulting in a more optimized electric generator capacity.
In conclusion, optimizing electric generator capacity in energy-efficient buildings is a key component of reducing energy consumption and costs. By understanding the building's load requirements, assessing energy consumption patterns, and incorporating energy-efficient design principles, we can ensure that the generator operates at its highest efficiency and contributes to a greener future. So, let's embrace energy efficiency and make our buildings smarter, more efficient, and, dare we say, cooler!
5. Implementing Advanced Technologies for Optimum Electric Generator Capacity
5.1 Smart Building Automation Systems
When it comes to optimizing electric generator capacity in energy-efficient buildings, smart building automation systems are a game-changer. These intelligent systems utilize sensors, controls, and algorithms to monitor and optimize energy usage in real-time. They can adjust lighting, heating, cooling, and other building functions based on occupancy and environmental conditions, ensuring that energy is only consumed when needed. By integrating smart building automation systems, building owners can optimize electric generator capacity by reducing energy waste and achieving maximum efficiency.
5.2 Energy Management Systems
Energy management systems go hand in hand with smart building automation systems. These systems collect, analyze, and visualize real-time energy data, providing insights into energy consumption patterns and identifying areas for improvement. With energy management systems, building owners can gain a better understanding of their energy usage and make informed decisions to optimize electric generator capacity. By identifying energy-intensive equipment, detecting anomalies, and implementing energy-saving strategies, energy management systems contribute to efficient energy utilization and cost savings.
5.3 Microgrid Integration
Microgrid integration offers another opportunity for optimizing electric generator capacity in energy-efficient buildings. A microgrid is a localized power grid that can operate independently or in conjunction with the main electrical grid. By incorporating renewable energy sources like solar panels or wind turbines into the microgrid, building owners can reduce their reliance on the main grid and efficiently manage electric generator capacity. Microgrid integration enables buildings to generate their own electricity and store excess energy, reducing peak demand and optimizing generator capacity during high usage periods.
6. Strategies for Load Management and Demand Response
6.1 Load Shifting Techniques
Load shifting techniques involve adjusting the timing of energy-intensive activities to reduce peak demand and optimize electric generator capacity. For example, shifting the operation of equipment or appliances to off-peak hours when electricity demand is lower can help balance the load and avoid overburdening the electric generator. By implementing load shifting techniques, energy-efficient buildings can optimize their generator capacity and potentially reduce energy costs through time-of-use pricing.
6.2 Demand Response Programs
Demand response programs provide incentives for energy-efficient buildings to reduce their electricity consumption during periods of high demand. When the grid is stressed, these programs allow building owners to voluntarily curtail their electricity usage or switch to an alternative power source, such as their electric generator. By participating in demand response programs, buildings can help stabilize the grid, relieve strain on the electric generator, and potentially earn financial rewards for their contribution to the overall energy system.
6.3 Energy Storage Solutions
Energy storage solutions, such as batteries or flywheels, play a crucial role in load management and optimizing electric generator capacity. They allow excess energy to be stored during off-peak hours and discharged during periods of high demand, reducing the load on the electric generator. Energy storage solutions provide a reliable and efficient way to balance supply and demand, ensuring that electric generator capacity is utilized optimally and efficiently.
7. Case Studies and Success Stories in Energy-Efficient Buildings
In this section, we will explore real-world examples of energy-efficient buildings that have successfully implemented strategies to optimize electric generator capacity. From commercial buildings to residential complexes, these case studies will showcase the tangible benefits of embracing energy-efficient practices and technologies.
8. Conclusion and Future Outlook for Electric Generator Capacity Optimization
In conclusion, optimizing electric generator capacity in energy-efficient buildings requires a combination of advanced technologies, load management strategies, and the integration of renewable energy sources. By implementing smart building automation systems, energy management systems, and microgrid integration, building owners can make significant strides towards achieving maximum efficiency and reducing energy waste. Additionally, strategies such as load shifting, demand response programs, and energy storage solutions contribute to optimizing electric generator capacity and ensuring a sustainable energy future. As we continue to innovate and explore new possibilities in energy efficiency, the future looks bright for electric generator capacity optimization in energy-efficient buildings.
8. Conclusion and Future Outlook for Electric Generator Capacity Optimization
In conclusion, optimizing electric generator capacity is essential for energy-efficient buildings. By considering factors such as building load analysis, energy consumption patterns, and advanced technologies, building owners and operators can maximize the efficiency of their electric generator systems. Implementing strategies for load management and demand response further enhances energy efficiency. Moving forward, it is crucial to continue exploring innovative solutions and staying updated with emerging technologies to further improve electric generator capacity optimization in buildings. By doing so, we can contribute to a sustainable future while enjoying the benefits of reduced energy consumption and cost savings.
1. Why is optimizing electric generator capacity important for energy-efficient buildings?
Optimizing electric generator capacity ensures that the building's power supply meets the demand efficiently, avoiding unnecessary energy waste. By properly managing generator capacity, buildings can reduce their carbon footprint, lower energy costs, and enhance overall energy efficiency.
2. What factors should be considered in optimizing electric generator capacity?
Several factors play a role in optimizing electric generator capacity, including building load analysis, energy consumption patterns, and determining peak demand. Understanding these factors helps building owners and operators tailor their generator systems to meet the specific needs of the facility, minimizing energy waste and maximizing efficiency.
3. How can advanced technologies contribute to electric generator capacity optimization?
Advanced technologies, such as smart building automation systems, energy management systems, and microgrid integration, offer valuable tools for optimizing electric generator capacity. These technologies enable real-time monitoring, control, and automation, allowing for more precise management of energy consumption and load balancing, ultimately enhancing the efficiency of the electric generator system.
4. Are there any successful examples of energy-efficient buildings with optimized electric generator capacity?
Yes, there are numerous success stories of energy-efficient buildings that have effectively optimized their electric generator capacity. Case studies highlight the implementation of energy-efficient design principles, integration of advanced technologies, and the adoption of load management strategies, resulting in significant energy savings, reduced carbon emissions,


matters): 1.80707 0.148763 1.87494 0.151895 1.86805 0.140318 1.85676 0.143774 1.85299 0.150823 1.87689 0.151625 1.87127 0.14012 1.89415 0.145116 1.87558 0.141176 1.86508 0.14773 1.89724 0.149112 What sort of topological object is this, or how do you go about treating it as one? Presumably you can think of these points in mD-deltaM space as being two-dimensional vectors. N-vectors are a group under addition, and if I understand the definition correctly they are also a Lie group. But I confess I don't understand how this is important; I'm never going to add together two events, the operation doesn't make any sense. If a group lives in a forest and never actually uses its operator, does it still associate, close, identify, and invert? (I further observe that although 2-vectors are a group, the second variable in this case can't go below 0.13957 for kinematic reasons; the subset of actual observations is not going to be closed or invertible.) I'm not sure what harmonic analysis is; I might know it by another name, or do it all the time and not realise that's what it's called. Could you give an example?
0magfrump9yMy attempts at putting LaTeX notation here didn't work out, so I hope this is at all readable. I would not call the data you gave me a distribution. I think of a distribution as being something like a Gaussian; some function f where, if I keep collecting data, and I take the average sum of powers of that data, it looks like the integral over some topological group of that function. so: lim n->\infty sum.{k=1}^n g(x.k,y.k) = \int_{R^2} f(x,y)g(x,y) dx ^ dy for any function g on R^2 usually rather than integrating over R^2, I would be integrating over SU(2) or some other matrix group; meaning the group structure isn't additive; usually I'd expect data to be like traces of matrices or something; for example on the appropriate subgroup of GL(2,R)+ these traces should never be below two; that sort of kinematic reason should translate into insight about what group you're integrating over. When you say "fitting distributions" I assume you're looking for the appropriate f(x) (at least, after a fashion) in the above equality; minimizing a variable which should be the difference between the limits in some sense. I may be a little out of my depth here, though. Sorry I didn't mean harmonic analysis, I meant Fourier analysis. I am under the impression that this is everywhere in physics and electrical engineering?
0RolfAndreassen9yI was a little sloppy in my language; strictly speaking 'distribution' does refer to a generating function, not to the generated data. Yes, exactly. We certainly do partial waves, but not on absolutely everything. Take a detector resolution with unknown parameters; it can usually be well modelled by a simple Gaussian, and then there's no partial waves, there's just the two parameters and the exponential. Maybe something got lost in the notation? In the limit of n going to infinity the sum should likewise go to infinity, while the integral may converge. Also it's not clear to me what the function g is doing. I prefer to think in terms of probabilities: We seek some function f such that, in the limit of infinite data, the fraction of data falling within (x0, x0+epsilon) equals the integral on (x0, x0+epsilon) of f with respect to x, divided by the integral over all x. Generalise to multiple dimensions as required; taking the limit epsilon->0 is optional. I'm not sure what an average sum of powers is; where do you do this in the formula you gave? Is it encapsulated in the function g? Does it reduce to "just count the events" (as in the fraction-of-events goal above) in some limit?
0magfrump9yYes, there was supposed to be a 1/n in the sum, sorry! Essentially what the g is doing is taking the place of the interval probabilities; for example, if I think of g as being the characteristic function on an interval (one on that interval and zero elsewhere) then the sum and integral should both be equal to the probability of a point landing in that interval. Then one can approximate all measurable functions by characteristic functions or somesuch to make the equivalence. In practice (for me) in Fourier analysis you prove this for a basis, such as integer powers of cosine on a close interval, or simply integer powers on an open interval (these are the moments of a distribution). Yes; after you add in the 1/n hopefully the "average" part makes sense, and then just take g for a single variable to be x^k and vary over integers k. And as I mentioned above, yes I believe it does reduce to just "count the events;" just if you want to prove things you need to count using a countable basis of function space rather than looking at intervals.
1RolfAndreassen9yIt looks to me like we've bridged the gap between the approaches. We are doing the same thing, but the physics case is much more specific: We have a generating function in mind and just want to know its parameters, and we look only at the linear average, we don't vary the powers (*). So we don't use the tools you mentioned in the comment that started this thread, because they're adapted to the much more general case. (*) Edit to add: Actually, on further thought, that's not entirely true. There are cases where we take moments of distributions and whatnot; a friend of mine who was a PhD student at the same time as me worked on such an analysis. It's just sufficiently rare (or maybe just rare in my experience!) that it didn't come to my mind right away.
1magfrump9yOkay, so my hypothesis that basically all of the things that I care about are swept under the rug because you only care about what I would call trivial cases was essentially right. And it definitely makes sense that if you've already restricted to a specific function and you just want parameters that you really don't need to deal with higher moments.
Experimental condensed matter postdoc here. Specializing in graphene and carbon nanotubes, and to a lesser extent mechanical/electronic properties of DNA.
3Tripitaka9yCarbon nanotubes in space elevators: Nicolas Pugno [] showed that the strenght of macroscale CNs is reduced to a theoretical limit of 30 gigapascal, with a needed strenght of 62 GPa for some desings... Whats the state of the art in tensile strenght of macro-scale CNs? Any other thoughts related to materials for space elevators?
1Luke_A_Somers8yI just read an article raising a point which is so obvious in retrospect that I'm shaking my head that it never occurred to me. Boron Nitride nanotubes have a very similar strength to carbon nanotubes, but much much stronger interlayer coupling. They are a much better candidate for this task.
1Luke_A_Somers9yI'm not really up to speed on that, being more on the electronics end. Still, I've maintained interest. Personally, every year or so I check in with the NASA contest to see how they're doing. [] Last I heard, pure carbon nanotube yarn was a little stronger by weight than copper wire. Adding a little binder helps a lot. Pugno's assumption of 100 nm long tubes is very odd - you can grow much longer tubes, even in fair quantity. Greater length helps a lot. The main mechanism of weakness is slippage, and having longer tubes provides more grip between neighboring tubes. This is more in the realm of a nitpick, though. If I were to ballpark how much of a tensile strength discount we'd have to swallow on the way up from nanoscale, I would have guessed about 50%, which is not far off from his meticulously calculated 70%. I'd love for space elevators to work; it's not looking promising. Not on Earth, at least. Mars provides an easier problem: lower mass and a reducing atmosphere ease the requirements on the cable. My main hope is, if we use a different design like a mobile rotating skyhook instead of a straight-up elevator, we could greatly reduce the required length, and also to some extent the strength. That compromise may be achievable.
0epigeios9yThis might be out in left field, but: Can water be pumped through carbon nanotubes? If so, has anyone tried? If they have, has anyone tried running an electric current through a water-filled nanotube? How about a magnetic current? How about light? How about sound? Can carbon nanotubes be used as an antenna? If they can be filled with water, could they then be used more effectively as an antenna?
4Luke_A_Somers9ySorry for the delayed response - I don't see a mechanism for reply notifications. You can definitely cram water into carbon nanotubes, but they're hydrophobic, so it's not easy. You can run an electric current through carbon nan


Voxelizing Wireframes
In order to correctly voxelize larger meshes with configurable parameters (shell thickness, seperability parameters, …) I'm now implementing the method described in An Accurate Method for Voxelizing Polygon Meshes, by Jian Huang, Roni Yagel, Vassily Filippov and Yair Kurzion. In the paper, they provide a mathematical basis for voxelizing polygonal meshes, and they define the notion of seperability.
Using 3 tests on every polygonal face, we can define which grid cells form a closed-shell voxelization of any polygon mesh:
 1. A spherical test on every vertex.
 2. A cylindrical test on every edge of the face.
 3. A test with 6 planes forming a closed volume around the given face.
Writing performant intersection tests which can be performed in parallel (thanks, OpenMP!) is no easy task, but it's great to see how even the smallest amount of changes has a big impact on voxelisation speed. (And I'm not the only one writing intersection tests this week). I've been using AMD Codeanalyst to benchmark the performance and check to how many machine instructions these intersection tests translate.
One cool byproduct is that because I'm not simply doing axis-aligned boxes overlap tests anymore, I can now "walk" face edges and voxelize the wireframes themselves. Which just looks cool, but has no apparent useful application other than verifying that the voxelization works correctly. As you can see in the rightmost image (amount of red = amount of red), raycasting in a voxelized wireframe is quite costly, since a lot of rays just miss the thin voxelized wireframe lines, which consists of deep traces into the octree.
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text:
IntroductionTrentino–Alto Adige (trāntēˈnō-älˈtō äˈdējā) [key], region (1991 est. pop. 890,360), 5,256 sq mi (13,613 sq km), N Italy, bordering on Switzerland in the northwest and on Austria in the north. From 1919 to 1947 it was called Venezia Tridentina. Trent (Ital. Trento ) is the capital of the region.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
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Rothwell XLR Balanced In-Line Attenuators (-20dB)
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Product Overview
In-line attenuators in balanced (XLR) format -20dB Version
Reduces signal level for better control of volume at low levels. Can also improve headroom or improve signal to noise ratio in pre/power amps.
The price is for a pair of attenuators.
Choosing the right level of attenuation
We offer balanced attenuators with two levels of attenuation; -10dB and -20dB. In most cases -10dB is the best choice, but occasionally more attenuation is required and -20dB would be the correct choice.
How In-Line Attenuators work
Will there be a loss of power?
No, the available power will not be reduced - the system gain will be reduced. Gain is the amount of voltage amplification which a signal undergoes. Absolute maximum power available is unaffected. First, let's consider just how much voltage gain is required between a source component (CD player for example) and a pair of loudspeakers for reasonable listening levels. Although power amps are specified in terms of how many watts they deliver, it's more useful to view a power amp as a voltage amp, but one which can maintain its intended output voltage when driving low impedances. A voltage swing of 30 volts RMS into an 8 ohm load will dissipate over 100 watts (112.5 to be precise). Most people consider a 100 watt amp to be more than adequate to create reasonable listening levels in a domestic environment (quite rightly), so how much gain is needed? Well, the output voltage of a CD player is 2V, so raising that voltage to 30V (so as to drive an 8 ohm loudspeaker to 100 watts) requires amplification by a factor of 15. A factor of 15 expressed in terms of decibels is just over 23dB. So, total system gain needs to be only about 23dB when using CD players and other similar line level sources. Most power amps have voltage gain of about 30dB. Some have a bit less (27dB for most Naim amps, for example) and some have a bit more (40dB for Audio Synthesis), but 30dB is quite typical. That means that most power amps have more than enough gain on their own without any additional gain from a pre-amp. However, it's not unusual to find power amps partnered with pre-amps which have 20dB or more of additional gain. Some Conrad Johnson pre-amps for example have 26dB gain. So what effect does that extra gain have? Well, the pre/power amp combination will try to amplify the signal by the combined voltage gain, ie 56dB in the case of a 30dB gain power amp and 26dB gain pre-amp. 56dB is the same as a factor of 630, so amplifying 2 volts by 56dB gives 2 x 630 volts, ie 1260 volts. If your power amp could swing 1260 volts into an 8 ohm load it would dissipate just under 200,000 watts. Yes, 200,000 watts, or 200 kW! That is a huge amount of power. Of course, the reality is that your power amp won't deliver 200,000 watts, it will simply be overdriven and go into clipping. Sure, you can turn the volume down to prevent the amp from being overdriven but operating the volume control down at the bottom end of its travel all the time has problems of its own. The channel balance will be poor and (depending on the way the system is designed) the gain will still be 56dB and background hiss and hum may be audible. So, to summarise, the voltage gain of the power amp alone is usually sufficient and there is usually no need for any further gain in a pre-amp. However, a little bit more gain than is strictly necessary is not a bad idea, because you can always turn down the volume control if it's too loud. However, if the extra gain is excessive the volume control ends up never getting beyond the 10 o'clock position and the signal to noise ratio may be poor.
The Rothwell In-Line Attenuators work by cutting the signal by 10dB with a potential divider. The resistors which form the divider are carefully chosen so that they will work well when used with power amps whose input impedances are in the range of 10k to 1M, and with pre amps whose output impedances are in the range of anything up to about 10k. Alternatively, the attenuators can be used between a source component and pre amp or integrated amp with input/output impedances in the same ranges. The exact level of attenuation will, to some extent, depend on the input and output impedances of the equipment with which they are used but will always be channel matched to within 0.1dB. Our potential divider network has been optimised to give the widest bandwidth whilst maintaining an easy load for the source component and is implemented with top quality resistors for unsurpassed performance and transparency.
How Attenuators Can Improve Your Signal to Noise Ratio
The change in volume control position is easy to understand - less signal requires more amplification to achieve the same volume - but the improvement in signal to noise ratio when using a pre-power amp isn't quite so obvious. This is how it works.
There are many ways to design a pre-amp, but the way which seems to be most common in specialist hi-fi is to have the volume control followed by the voltage gain stage. Since any piece of electronics will generate some noise it's inevitable that the gain stage will output some level of noise. The ratio of the signal to the noise will be optimised when the signal is at its maximum (this will be the figure specified by the manufacturer) but turning down the volume control will reduce the signal whilst leaving the gain stage noise untouched - hence the ratio gets worse. If you operate the system with the volume control turned down around the nine o'clock position most of the time, the signal to noise ratio will be much worse than the manufacturer's spec. Operating the volume control further up its range will improve the signal/noise ratio, but the actual volume of the music may be just too loud. However, if the signal is reduced by 10dB with a pair of attenuators at the inputs to the power amp, then the volume of the music will be reduced, but the volume of any noise generated by the pre-amp's gain stage will be reduced too. This allows you to operate the pre-amp's volume control farther round its range and the signal to noise ratio will be improved by 10dB.
How Attenuators Can Improve Resolution
If the pre-amp is based on IC op-amps, there are quite likely to be other sonic benefits in addition to the improved signal/noise performance. Though it isn't widely acknowledged, all op-amps have a push-pull class B or class A/B output stage which will inevitably suffer from some residual crossover distortion. This type of distortion affects low level signals much more than it does high level signals. Negative feedback is used to correct this distortion, and at full output voltage swing the specifications will be very good. However, the full output voltage swing on op-amps is about 36 volts (peak-peak) and this is much greater than is required in a pre-amp. Sure, op-amp specs are great at 36 volts, but most power amps are driven to their maximum output with a signal of just 750mV so it should be clear that the op-amps within a hi-fi pre-amp can never run at anywhere near their optimum. Also consider that 750mV is the signal required for full power. When listening at more modest volume levels the signal will be much less. Assume that a more modest level means 20dB below maximum, then the pre-amp's output signal will be just 75mV. Now consider that low level details within the programme material are at an even lower level than this. Reverb times, for example, are specified as the time taken for a reverberant sound to decay to 60dB below its original value, so it's reasonable to assume that signals 60dB below the programme peaks are still audible. That means that signals 60dB below 75mV are significant ie 0.075mV. When you now consider that op-amp performance measurements are taken with a signal swing of 36 volts but what is really important is what is happening below a tenth of a millivolt, it becomes obvious that the low-level crossover distortion inherent in op-amps may be audible as subtle masking of detail. The In-Line Attenuators will improve the situation by allowing the op-amps to work with a higher signal level without the music becoming too loud (due to the 10dB signal reduction at the inputs to the power amp), so the crossover distortion will be effectively reduced by swamping it with a larger signal swing.
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Posts Tagged 'morality'
February 24 2009
Incentives as surrogate values
by Hang
I was reading Paul Graham's Startups in 13 sentences and came along this interesting piece of advice:
7. You make what you measure.
It had been meshing with my thinking a lot about visualising valued work and community building. I think the same thing applies in both contexts, if you display each user's post count under their username, then people are going to start posting a lot. If you implement a karma score, then people will try and do things that maximize karma. Not only exposing information about valued work important, not exposing information can also be an important design strategy. Unfortunately, for most online community organisers, there's little thought about the effects of a feature, features are often turned on just because they're there.
But chewing over this a little bit before going to sleep last night, I realised that inventives can be thought of as a context free instantiation of values. To have values means that you believe that certain actions are either right or wrong stemming from some base moral reasoning. What incentives do is it replaced that base moral reasoning with a much simpler system of rewards. In other words, you switch from doing something because it's right to doing it because it's good for you.
Because incentives are context free, they're much easier to scale, both up and out. Every person you meet has their own rich tapestry of past experiences and beliefs which influence their value system but every person is going to get exactly +1 to their post count when they make a post.
However, the downside of an incentive system is that they never incentivize precisely what you want to reward and, whenever you get humans into the mix, you're going to get gaming of the system. Incentives are also inflexible in the face of novelty compared to values because values stem from the motivation rather than the result of reasoning.
Values are more effective but harder to implement, incentives are easier but less subtle. One of the unique advantages that startups have is that they're still small enough that they can make the effort to instill a strong value system and this is one of their unique competitive advantages. Some companies nowadays are starting to get the picture and have come out full force in the expression of their values but too many still try and ape large companies and hide behind a bland moral ambiguity. More startups need to realise their true values are a massive asset, not a liability and that they won't have the luxury of having them for much longer.
January 27 2009
Make it right
by Hang
At some point in your professional career, you will make a mistake and you will do something that ends up causing serious inconvenience or harm to the people you are working for. In these circumstances, I see people default into one of two different attitude, make it right or make it go away.
Making it go away entails doing the least possible to get the person in front of you to stop complaining. Shift the blame, absolve responsibility, offer enough to restore the situation to the status quo.
Making it right entails doing enough that the person in front of you goes away satisfied and this is much more rarely seen.
The first step of making it right is owning up and it goes something like this:
You're right, I'm sorry, I should have…
Each of these 3 components is essential. The "I should have" is important because it communicates to the other person that you understand the scope of the problem and what needs to be done to fix it. It allows both parties to come to an agreement over the extent of the grievance.
But too many people think that just owning up is enough to make it right. It's not, owning up is cheap and just owning up by itself is merely an advanced form of making it go away. The next step is to remove the hurt.
You did something wrong, it's not the end of the world but you did hurt someone. Merely restoring things back to the status quo does not remove the hurt. Instead, you need to transfer the hurt onto your shoulders and show that the consequences for your mistake hurt you more than it hurt them.
If your site had half an hour of downtime, don't just give people half an hour of credit, give them 2 days of credit. If you make a mistake on your billing, don't just refund the discrepancy, write off the entire section you billed them for. If you accidentally wipe all of their personal data from your servers, well, you're pretty screwed, I have no idea what you should do.
The only way to remove the hurt is to show people that you're equally as motivated as them for the hurt never to happen again. This is the only way you can restore trust in someone that you won't be making the same mistake again.
This is great, you might be thinking. Making it right sounds like some noble, code of honor type shit which only an idiot would not want to follow. But making it right is also fucking hard as well. It requires an extraordinary level of effort to keep yourself at the standards that are imposed by making it right. I personally think that making it right is important enough to strive towards those standards but understand that it's not something that can be undertaken lightly.
July 17 2008
The responsibility of a designer
by Hang
My cellphone dictionary doesn't contain any profanity. Whenever I want to send a text message which contains swearing, I need to laboriously enter in the word letter by letter and it's a pain in the ass. Once I get over the brief annoyance though, I can't help my smile a little every time I do it because it's just all so… quaint.
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How To Pierce Your Eyebrow
A needle in your eyeball is the last thing you want when wondering how to pierce your eyebrow. Attempting to pierce your eyebrow yourself could result in damage to your eye, not to mention contracting a bacterial infection or disease along with the damage. Finding a professional piercer that sterilizes instruments, needles and jewelry is the best bet for when you decide to pierce your eyebrow.
 1. Take a tour of local tattoo and piercing shops. Ask questions about sterilization, procedure and jewelry options. Inquire about the aftercare the piercer provides and the steps involved for cleaning the area around where you pierce your eyebrow.
 2. Take care of your body. The night before you pierce your eyebrow, do not drink alcohol and sleep for at least eight hours. Eat a large meal before your eyebrow piercing appointment to prevent feeling dizzy or fainting. Avoid aspirin and caffeine because these products thin your blood.
 3. Bring state issued identification. Professional piercing shops follow state law. A piercer checks the age on your identification and copies the card onto a release form before performing the piercing. If you are under eighteen, call the shop and find out all of the paperwork necessary that you and a parent need to bring.
 4. Be honest on the release form. Piercers have you fill out a legal document, called a release form, for several reasons. The document not only protects the piercer and the shop if you do not take care of your piercing, but also alerts the piercer to any potential problems you may have during the procedure or while healing the eyebrow piercing.
 5. Visit your doctor before the piercing shop. If you have diabetes, hepatitis, HIV or AIDS, obtain a written note detailing that you can heal an eyebrow piercing. Some piercers refuse to pierce people with immune deficiency disorders without written permission from a doctor.
 6. Listen to your piercer. Follow the aftercare guidelines the piercer give you to the letter. Just because your friends put dirty hands all over eyebrow piercings, doesn't mean that you should. Remember that your piercer knows best, after all, the piercer is a professional.
Eyebrow piercings swell for the first two weeks of healing. A professional piercer inserts jewelry during the piercing to allow for this swelling. Some people swell more than others and taking an anti-inflammatory during the healing period will reduce the swelling after you pierce your eyebrow. When changing shirts, be mindful of your eyebrow piercing to prevent ripping or tearing the jewelry out.
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What Finland lacks to become a successful culturally diverse country like Canada
by, under Enrique Tessieri
Anti-immigration populists and ultranationalist use the code term "immigration policy" to mean that they don't want non-EU nationals especially Muslims from the Middle East and Africa to move to their country. Finland is no exception and some point to Canada as a good example we could copy when it comes to immigration policy.
Those that make such claims have no idea that Finland's immigration policy is one of the strictest in Europe and they rarely if ever mention that Canada's recipe for success is based on how Canadians perceive multiculturalism or cultural diversity.
Näyttökuva 2016-1-27 kello 9.03.19
Read full story here.
A long time ago I came across an interesting article published by Siirtolaisuus – Migration in 1996 authored by J. W. Berry of Canada. The article, Prejudice, Ethnocentrism and Racism, highlights what is needed for cultural diversity to prosper and why it works in Canada.
Berry states:
(1) there needs to be general support for cultural diversity as a valuable resource for a society;
(2) there should be overall low levels of prejudice in the population;
(3) there should be generally positive mutual attitudes among the various ethnocultural groups that constitute the society;
(4) there needs to be a degree of attachment to the larger national society.
Finland fails, in my opinion, in most of the above points. Too many see cultural diversity as a threat to society and prejudice is pretty standard. Ethnocultural groups appear to want to be a part of society but this may be easier said than done. Using terms like "person with foreign background" or labeling children as outsiders because their parents were born elsewhere are sad examples of exclusion from the larger context of society.
An extreme example of how some Finn want to relegate migrants and minorities to secondand third-class citizens is the Perussuomalaiset (PS)* party and other neo-Nazi and ultranationalist groups. Some of them hope that we will follow Denmark's draconian path.
There are too many examples in Finland and Europe that make Canada look like a different planet when it comes to being a successful and dynamic culturally diverse society.
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C-MIMI: AI Automatically Generates Radiology Impressions
September 12, 2018 -- SAN FRANCISCO - A deep-learning artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm can automatically summarize the key findings of radiology reports for x-ray images nearly as well as radiologists can, according to a Monday presentation at the Conference on Machine Intelligence in Medical Imaging (C-MIMI).
Researchers from Stanford University, led by Dr. Curtis Langlotz, PhD, developed a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network that uses natural language processing to produce radiology impressions, or summaries of radiology reports. They found that their deep-learning algorithm performed better than similar baseline models overall and at least as well as actual radiologists for 67% of cases examined.
"Our deep learning-based sequence-to-sequence model to automatically summarize radiology report findings showed high lexical overlap with human-written summaries and good clinical validity," presenter Yuhao Zhang told meeting attendees.
Automated Impressions
Previous research has shown that more than 50% of physicians examine only the impression section of radiology reports to inform their diagnosis, which underscores the importance of this work, Zhang noted. Yet generating radiology impressions is often time-consuming for radiologists and subject to human error. For instance, the repetitive nature of the task could lead radiologists to leave out relevant details unintentionally.
Seeking to improve the efficiency of preparing radiology impressions, Zhang and colleagues developed a deep-learning algorithm capable of producing impression statements by examining radiology reports of x-ray images. It relies on an LSTM network to generate statements (the output) based on previously dictated, free-text radiology findings (the input).
This process involves the following series of automated steps:
 - Mapping the words used in the radiology findings to a vector representation -- a pattern that represents the semantic meaning of a word in relation to surrounding words
 - Encoding these words into a fixed-size vector
 - Decoding the vectors, i.e., using the vocabulary to predict a likely sequence of words that best summarizes the radiology findings
The deep-learning algorithm also includes a copy mechanism feature that enables it to imitate the vocabulary used by radiologists in the radiology findings, rather than produce the impression from scratch.
To train and test their model, the researchers obtained 82,127 radiography reports that radiologists completed at Stanford Hospital between 2000 and 2014. They first pretrained their model using a learning algorithm developed by Pennington et al (Global Vectors for Word Representation [GloVe], Stanford University); then they used 70% of the radiography reports for training their algorithm, 10% for validation, and 20% for testing.
Improved Radiology Report
Overall, their deep-learning model outperformed two baseline models on a set of metrics used to evaluate automated, machine-driven summarization known as the Recall-Oriented Understudy for Gisting Evaluation (ROUGE) - see image at top.
For qualitative assessment, a board-certified radiologist compared 100 radiology impressions written by humans with the corresponding ones prepared by the algorithm, without knowledge of the source. The radiologist determined that 51 of the impressions were equivalent in quality and indicated that the better impression was made by a human for 33 cases and by AI in 16 cases.
Most of the automated radiology impressions were grammatically correct, included "better" summaries for brief or negative studies, and were at least as good as human impressions for 67% of the reports, Zhang said.
The main limitations of the Stanford algorithm were its inability to analyze the grammaticality of the written statements and it occasionally leaving out salient findings from the impression. The algorithm also had difficulty writing appropriate impressions for extensively long radiology findings.
Recently, Zhang and colleagues published a paper through Stanford University that details updates to their algorithm, including a feature that allows it to take into account additional information available with x-ray images -- such as clinical indications -- to improve the quality of its impressions.
Looking ahead, the investigators plan to come up with new ways for their algorithm to recognize important findings, as well as improve the algorithm's clinical usability by training it to select and edit templates.
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text:
What is a Thermal Lance?
A Thermic Lance is a steel pipe packed with mixed metal wires.
Pure oxygen gas is passed through the pipe from an oxygen cylinder and regulator. The end of the pipe is lit with a high temperature source, e.g. an oxy-acetylene torch. The iron in the steel burns in the oxygen coming down the pipe to produce enormous heat and a liquid slag of iron oxides and other materials, which dribbles and splashes out, just like an enormous firework sparkler.
The temperature reached in the centre of the combustion zone is approx. 4000 degrees Celsius, greater than the melting point of any substance on earth. By the way of comparison, concrete melts at 1800 - 2500 degrees Celsius and steel at less than 1500 degrees Celsius. Also, because it runs on oxygen, the lance can cut underwater.
Next : What is an Oxygen Lance?


text:
WASHABLE NANO-MEMBRANCE MASK
THE THIRD GENERATION MICRO-POROUS TECHNOLOGY is made of microporous membrane technology, with a small pore size, and uses physical principles to filter particulates in the air. The new filter membrane can be rubbed, washed and disinfected lightly, non-disposable.
High density outer layer
Washable & wrinkle-resistant
(Including non-woven backing)
Cotton skin-friendly layer
Hygroscopic, breathable and sterilizable
New material nano-microporous membrane.
Respond quickly, from taking microporous membranes to changing to nanoporous membranes for filtration.
High-filtering and low-resistance microporous membrane composite material has become a traditional melt-blown cloth as a substitute for blocking micro-it dust.
The surface has a spider web-like micropore structure, with hundreds of millions of micropores per square centimeter, and the pore size is electron microscope between 100-200 nanometers, so the surface has a good filtration function, tested according to the requirements of GB 2626-1 95%.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE NANO-MICRO MULTI-POROUS FIBER MEMBRANE AND OTHER FIBER FILTER MEMBRANES UNDER THE MICROSCOPE
Filtration efficiency ≥ 95%
According to GB 2626-2005 6.3 (KN95) standard requirements of the filtration efficiency
OUR PRODUCT AND COMMON PROTECTIVE PERFORMANCE MASK CHARACTERISTICS ANALYSIS


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Educational resources for renal medicine
Licensed under a Creative Commons LicenseCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The usual dietary intake of K+ is about 80 mmol/day. 85% of normal potassium excretion is in urine. Potassium balance depends on regulation of urinary excretion. Endogenous potassium is largely intracellular, hence changes in K+ distribution between ECF and ICF may greatly affect plasma K+ concentration.
Caused by:-
 - Increased intake (food, IV fluids, potassium supplements)(unlikely to be sole cause)
 - Tissue breakdown (e.g. tissue damage, bleeding, haemolysis, rhabdomyolysis)
 - K+ release from cells (e.g. in hyperglycaemia, acidosis)
 - Endocrine â€" Addisonâ€™s disease; drugs â€" spironolactone (aldosterone antagonist)
 - Impaired excretion in urine (e.g. in renal failure, and with drugs â€" ACE inhibitors, potassium-sparing diuretics)
Clinical signs are rare. An ECG may show tall T waves, increased PR interval and widened QRS complexes. In severe cases, the P and T waves are absent. A plasma K+ of over 7 mmol/l may lead to cardiac arrest.
Treatment of acute hyperkalaemia
Intravenous calcium is necessary only if there is dysrhythmia or severe ECG changes
10% gluconate or chloride, 10mls over 5 minutes (maximum 2mls/min)
â€¢ Give if ECG changes â€" peaked T-waves, prolonged PR
â€¢ Check in 15 minutes and if still abnormal, repeat once or twice
â€¢ Does not change [K+]; reduces excitability of membranes
Intravenous glucose (dextrose)
50ml 50% (25g) + 5u Actrapid over 20 minutes (i.e., maximum ratio of 5g:1 unit)
â€¢ Acts in 30 minutes, peak effect 90 minutes, lasts up to 6 hours
â€¢ Lowers [K+] by 0.7-1.6mmol/l
â€¢ Can be followed by slow infusion of 10-50% dextrose (give insulin only if glucose high)
â€¢ Monitor blood sugar after administration
5mg nebulised
â€¢ Acts in 60 minutes, peaks 90 minutes, lasts up to 6 hours
â€¢ Similar to dextrose in efficacy
Sodium bicarbonate
50 mmol, usually as 330mls 1.26% (isotonic) (50ml of 8.4%, but this is irritant)
â€¢ The least effective intervention and involves sodium load; consider if acidotic and extra sodium tolerable
â€¢ Can reduce [K+] by 0.2-0.3mmol/l
â€¢ Not routine but may be useful in emergency
Only necessary if renal function very poor - working kidneys excrete potassium!
â€¢ Note that above treatments do not remove, they only redistribute [K+]
â€¢ A standard haemodialysis removes 40-60mmol [K+]
â€¢ Haemodialysis lowers [K+] faster than haemofiltration or peritoneal dialysis
Potassium binding resins and compounds
Calcium Resonium is the original. Not useful in acute setting but may be short/medium term option if dialysis not desirable or possible. Unpleasant to take, causes constipation, limited effectiveness. Other more effective and apparently less toxic compounds are in development.
May explain acute hyperkalaemia usually only if there are other risk factors such as drugs, reduced renal function. In the presence of risk factors and an episode of hyperkalaemia, important for prevention.
A decrease in plasma K+ is commonly caused by:-
 - Loss of K+ from GI tract (e.g. vomiting, diarrhoea, intestinal obstruction)
 - Shift into cells (e.g. insulin treatment of hyperglycaemia)
 - Endocrine â€" hyperaldosteronism, primary or secondary
 - Drug treatment (e.g. most diuretics)
The clinical features include lethargy and muscle weakness. Tingling in fingers, paralysis and coma are present in more severe cases. In chronic hypokalaemia there may be nocturia, polyuria or polydipsia.
There is commonly divergence between serum [K] and whole body stores - e.g. depletion yet normal plasma [K] in diabetic ketoacidosis; low plasma [K] despite normal total body potassium in metabolic alkalosis.
Hypokalaemia is treated by giving KCl, intravenously in severe cases, and correcting any associated salt and water imbalance. Recurrence is prevented by encouraging a K+ rich diet, but K+ supplementation or a K+-sparing diuretic is advisable if the patient requires diuretics, and supplementation if receiving intravenous fluid treatment.
Further info
Peritoneal dialysis << | Textbook | >> Pregnancy


for key details about the MCL development environment.
In contrast, although in MacApp you can separately compile a class definition (an ObjectPascal Unit file), to actually test it you must link it to the rest of your program. Debugging support must be explicitly requested from the compiler and linker; debugging code is embedded in your running code. Fortunately, the MacApp browser provides an excellent browsing facility, though it can only read, not write, due to the absence of incremental compilation. MacApp does provide a debug transcript window and a debug menu, and Inspector windows when you've compiled your MacApp program with debug and inspect code, respectively. The Inspector window enables you to examine the values of fields of class instances. To support the Inspector window you must write methods for each class you define that know how to supply the necessary information-- that is, field names and values for any instance--to the Inspector.
MacApp and MCL both provide tools to directly manipulate the user interface: ViewEdit TM and the MCL Interface Tools (IFT), respectively. ViewEdit works mostly by allowing you to create views and put objects into the views, as necessary: the result is a set of resources that can be saved for your MacApp application. IFT currently does not let you define views, but only dialogs and menus. You can create new and modify existing menu, menu item, dialog, and dialog item objects: the result is actual Lisp code that can regenerate those objects.
The reason ViewEdit generates resources is that the architecture of some parts of MacApp rely onthe coordination with existing resources (for example, menus), whereas IFT considers resources as optional additions. IFT can be used for instructional purposes: for instance, just to see how to program the user interface objects you create via direct manipulation. Since IFT does not, like PrototyperTM, build a complete application for you, one tends to use IFT to assist the creation of user interface code rather than as a replacement for doing the main work.
Although both MCL and MacApp/MPW encourage the use of existing class libraries rather than lowlevel system access, substantial applications invariably require direct access either to build new kinds of objects or to increase overall performance. The MCL toolbox interface can be accessed from two levels: (1) as regular low-level toolbox register or stack traps, and (2) through predefined higher-level methods available with the class library (for example, a QuickDraw library). Pascal-style record definitions, with variant capability like PL/I's, can be used to define any toolbox handle or pointer-based records. For example, a rect would be defined like this:
(defrecord Rect
 (variant ((top integer 0)
 (left integer 0))
 ((topleft point)))
 (variant ((bottom integer 0)
 (right integer 0))
 ((bottomright point))))
This variant specification enables us to describe the rect in any reasonable combination of top, left, bottom, right, top-left, or bottom-right points. We use the following code to create a rect and bind it to the variable
(setq myRect (make-record :rect :top 0 :left 0
 :bottom 100
 :right 100))
This calls the Macintosh Memory Manager. A call to the toolbox trap
would look like this:
(_InvalRect :ptr myRect)
The only argument to this stack trap is the pointer to the rect.
Similarly, to allocate a handle:
(_NewHandle :check-error :d0 80 :a0)
The :check-error parameter tells MCL to signal an error, with error information, if the trap returns an error. Here, :d0 and :a0 specify the 68000 registers to be used in this register trap. 80 bytes are requested in :d0, whereas the trap call is asked to return the value in :a0 (that is, forNewHandle, this is the address of the handle).
The MCL foreign function interface will read any MPW-format object file and load any specific or all entrypoints into MCL. Then, MCL will link the loaded procedures with the required MPW libraries. From the viewpoint of MCL, the foreign function is accessed as if it were a Lisp function. For example, if we've compiled a C function called StringToNumber into the file myProgram.o, we can load and link its code by evaluating the following form:
(ff-load "ff;myProgram.o"
 :ffenv-name'sample-of-linking-to-mpw
 :libraries '("clib;StdCLib.o"
Now, to define a Lisp function that acts as if it were the C function, we evaluate the following definition:
(deffcfun (StrToNumb "StringToNumber") (string)
This creates a Lisp function called StrToNumb that takes a string as its input and returns a long integer. Hereafter, we can call it as follows:
 (StrToNumb "198")
The price of MCL's flexibility and ease of use becomes apparent when we compare its size and performance specifications to those of MacApp. While a small MacApp program might require as little as 40 KB, at press time, MCL 2.0 requires a minimum of more than 2MB. (Please consult APDA for specific information on the size requirements for the released product.) A long-term goal of MCL is to reduce this size by not loading functions you don't use.
Insofar as speed is concerned, at the time of this writing the method lookup for MCL is 16 microseconds on a Mac IIcx or 8 microseconds on a Mac IIfx when dispatching on one argument. The method dispatch in MCL depends somewhat on the number of a method's arguments, whereas MacApp dispatches on the class of the object only. But while the speed of MCL is certainly inferior to that of compiled Pascal, with faster machines and better compiler technology speed is no longer critical for real applications.
The other major disadvantage of MCL is the ubiquitous interference of the garbage collector. The mark-and-copy garbage collector can freeze the system for up to ten seconds in its current implementation. This can be inconvenient, to say the least, to your application's user. Fortunately, work is under way to provide an ephemeral garbage collector that will incrementally work in the background under the virtual memory feature of System 7.0. One way to postpone garbage collection (and, incidentally, often to speed up your code) is to minimize consing--that is, to write code that uses arrays instead of the commonplace list structures, or, better yet, code that uses its own memory management by keeping a private pool of free objects. Of course, the advantages of garbage collection (for example, no memory leaks, no need to worry about allocating and deallocating memory) should not be forgotten. Since
vectors and lists can be treated as Sequence data types, it is possible to write code that can deal with either data structure.
You'll find an example of a program developed in MCL in the LISP folder on the Developer Essentials disc that accompanies this issue. This sample application combines some of the features of programs like MacDraw ® and HyperCard. Its main components are as follows:
 - Windows in which the user can build graphics
 - Palettes from which tools can be selected and from which graphic objects can be dragged out
 - A variety of graphic objects (for example, buttons, fields) that can be dragged from the palettes to build something in the windows
 - Menus to simplify the user interface
 - An event system that approximates HyperCard application's, including the ability to write scripts for objects--albeit in Lisp
In the same folder, you'll also find "All About the MiniLisp Application," an article that takes you step by step through the development of the application, in case you really want to learn the details of how to program using MCL.
In the remainder of this article, I'll show selected fragments from that example program to illustrate some of the features and advantages of MCL mentioned earlier.
In our sample application, our File menu has New, Close, and Quit menu items. We start building the File menu like this:
(defvar *mini-application-file-menu*
 (make-instance'menu :menu-title "File"))
First, defvar is the Lisp function we use to define and initialize a global variable: we have thus initialized the variable *mini-application-file-menu* to contain the menu instance. Note that Lisp identifiers can be of any length and can consist of any character; by convention, names of global variables start and end with an asterisk. The method make-instance, which is similar toNew in Smalltalk and in MacApp, enables us to create an instance from a class, and to optionally initialize some of its slots. (The term slot is synonymous with instance variable in other objectoriented languages.) The first argument to make-instance is the name of the class, and the subsequent arguments are keyword-value pairs with optional initializations that depend on the class. The predefined MCL class menu is instantiated and the :menu-title keyword option is initialized with the name
of the menu. (The name menu is preceded with a single quotation mark to indicate that we are referring to the symbol menu rather than to the variable menu.)
To test this instance, we invoke the menu-install method on it:
(menu-install *mini-application-file-menu*)
The menu bar now includes a new File menu. To define a menu item, we evaluate the following:
(defvar *file-new-menu-item*
 (make-instance'menu-item
 :menu-item-title "New"
 :command-key #\N
 :menu-item-action '


text:
Meander is a noun that refers to a bend in a sinuous or winding river. Wikipedia notes,
...in Classical Greece the name of the river had become a common noun meaning anything convoluted and winding, such as decorative patterns or speech and ideas [...] Strabo said: "... its course is so exceedingly winding that everything winding is called meandering."
Thus, one might refer to a route as a meander, although the adjectival form meandering is more frequently heard.
Some related adjectives include circuitous, roundabout, tortuous, winding, serpentine, crooked, sinuous, snaky. Some of these are also used as nouns; for example, serpentine meanings include "coiled distillation tube". One might plausibly call a winding route a serpent.
One could also say, "It's rather an excursion" to indicate that a route is unnecessarily roundabout.


text:
This dissertation presents the first critical edition of Menaphon by Robert Greene with the Preface by Thomas Nashe. The work was originally published in 1589 in London and was reprinted four times in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (1599, 1605, 1610, and 1616). For this edition three copies of the first edition and copies of all the other early editions have been collated. None of the later editions contains any revisions or additions that can be ascribed to either Nashe or Greene. Therefore the first edition is used in this edition as the copy-text. A full textual apparatus records all substantive variants and emendations of the text. The Introduction Includes bibliographic descriptions of the various early editions and discusses the relationship between the texts of the early editions. An essay on Nashe's Preface places it in the context of his developing prose style. Greene's Menaphon is treated in a separate essay concerned with the self-consciousness of the work, and its relation to various sources and influences such as Greek romance, Euphuism, and Sidney's Old Arcadia. The Glossary at the end includes words which might not be easily understood, either because of peculiarity of spelling or because of specialized, archaic, or obsolete meaning.
Tags in Literary Criticism : A Critical Edition of Menaphon Robert Greene & Ardelle Cowie ebook, A Critical Edition of Menaphon Robert Greene & Ardelle Cowie epub, A Critical Edition of Menaphon Robert Greene & Ardelle Cowie AUDIOBOOK, A Critical Edition of Menaphon by Robert Greene & Ardelle Cowie ePub (.epub), A Critical Edition of Menaphon book review, Literary Criticism


text:
GEL is a dynamically scoped language. We will explain what this means below. That is, normal variables and functions are dynamically scoped. The exception are parameter variables, which are always global.
Like most programming languages, GEL has different types
of variables. Normally when a variable is defined in a function,
it is visible from that function and from all functions that are
called (all higher contexts). For example, suppose a function
f defines a variable
and then calls function g. Then
function g can reference
a. But once f returns,
a goes out of scope.
For example, the following code will print out 5.
The function g cannot be called on the
top level (outside f as
will not be defined).
function f() = (a:=5; g()); function g() = print(a); f();
If you define a variable inside a function it will override any variables defined in calling functions. For example, we modify the above code and write:
function f() = (a:=5; g()); function g() = print(a); a:=10; f();
ato 5 inside f does not change the value of
aat the top (global) level, so if you now check the value of
ait will still be 10.
Function arguments are exactly like variables defined inside the function, except that they are initialized with the value that was passed to the function. Other than this point, they are treated just like all other variables defined inside the function.
Functions are treated exactly like variables. Hence you can locally redefine functions. Normally (on the top level) you cannot redefine protected variables and functions. But locally you can do this. Consider the following session:
genius> function f(x) = sin(x)^2 = ('(x)=(sin(x)^2)) genius> function f(x) = sin(x)^2 = ('(x)=(sin(x)^2)) genius> function g(x) = ((function sin(x)=x^10);f(x)) = ('(x)=((sin:=('(x)=(x^10)));f(x))) genius> g(10) = 1e20
Functions and variables defined at the top level are
considered global. They are visible from anywhere. As we
said the following function f
will not change the value of
a to 5.
a=6; function f() = (a:=5); f();
ato the value 3 you could call:
The set function always sets the toplevel global. There is no way to set a local variable in some function from a subroutine. If this is required, must use passing by reference.
So to recap in a more technical language: Genius operates with different numbered contexts. The top level is the context 0 (zero). Whenever a function is entered, the context is raised, and when the function returns the context is lowered. A function or a variable is always visible from all higher numbered contexts. When a variable was defined in a lower numbered context, then setting this variable has the effect of creating a new local variable in the current context number and this variable will now be visible from all higher numbered contexts.
There are also true local variables, which are not seen from anywhere but the current context. Also when returning functions by value it may reference variables not visible from higher context and this may be a problem. See the sections True Local Variables and Returning Functions.


text:
District Police Departments
Use of forcible means
When on duty, the police have the right in certain situations to use forcible means that can be considered justifiable. In determining this justifiability, the factors considered include the importance and urgency of the duty, the dangerousness of the resistance being shown and the available resources.
The police are entitled to use forcible means in order to
Only the minimum necessary force is used. The lock to an apartment, for example, will not be broken unless this is urgently required. Instead, the police will acquire a key with which entry can be made without causing any damage.
Use of force is permitted in all types of police duties. While it is most commonly used in uniformed police duties, force may also be used by other police officers when, for example, apprehending offenders. Police officers, as indeed anyone else, also have the right of self-defence.
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