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Helium mass spectrometer leak detectors are designed to measure the partial pressure of trace amounts of helium passing through small leaks and then display the measurement as a function of leak rate. To ensure the accuracy of the measurement, it is necessary to tune and calibrate the leak detector on a regular basis by introducing a precise flow of helium into the leak detector and comparing the output measurement with the actual flow.
This regulated flow, or leakage of tracer gas, is achieved through the use of a calibrated helium leak standard. Many of today's leak detectors have integrated or built-in calibrated leak standards. Older models of leak detectors, and current models of leak detectors that do not provide automatic calibration, may require an external calibrated leak standard to do the tune and calibration function.
Two common types of commercially available calibrated leak standards are glass permeation and capillary leaks. Glass permeation calibrated leak standards consist of a permeable glass membrane encapsulated in a sealed reservoir that is charged with helium. The helium in the reservoir diffuses through the glass membrane out of the leak and into the leak detector vacuum system.
An important factor to consider when using glass permeation style leaks is the temperature's affect on accuracy. Permeation style leaks have a leakage temperature coefficient of 3 or more percent per degree Celsius. As the operating temperature of the calibrated leak increases, its leakage rate also increases by its temperature coefficient. The temperature at which the leak standard was originally calibrated is typically marked on the side of the leak. This allows the user to compare the ambient temperature at the time the leak is used with the original calibration temperature and to compensate for the difference as required.
Glass permeation leaks are fragile and should be handled with care. If the glass membrane breaks from impact, the helium supply will immediately deplete from the reservoir and the leak will be unreparable.
Capillary-type leak standards are made up of a thin metal or glass capillary tube constructed into a pressurized metal envelope such that the gas from the envelope flows through the capillary tube out of the leak and into the vacuum system of the leak detector. One advantage of capillary type leaks over permeation leaks is that they are less sensitive to temperature changes. The leakage temperature coefficient of a capillary leak is approximately 0.2 percent per degree Celsius. Although capillary leaks are not as fragile as permeation leaks, they do have a capacity to become plugged by solids or vapor condensation.
The accuracy of calibrated leaks incorporating an integral gas supply depends on age. Gas-filled leaks will decrease in value over time as the source of helium leaks out. This applies to both permeation and capillary type leaks. The depletion rate of a calibrated leak depends on its specified leakage rate. A 10-7 or 10-8 standard cubic centimeters per second (sccs) range leak will lose approximately 2% to 3% of its initial leak rate value per year.
The depletion rate of a calibrated leak does not change when the leak is stored with its valve in the closed position. In fact, storing a gas-charged calibrated leak with its valve closed will result in helium buildup within the mechanism of the valve, causing the leak to become inaccurate. A gas-charged leak should always be stored with its valve in the open position.
Aged calibrated leaks can be recertified on a regular basis to keep up with internal or external quality standards. Recertifi-cation involves measuring the leak on a calibrated system and re-labeling it with the new leakage rate, calibration temperature and date of calibration. A typical re-calibration cycle is one year.
Regardless of whether the leak detector calibration is done automatically or manually, or whether it is done with an internal or external leak, the process is the same, in general. The first step in calibration involves tuning the leak detector so that the output signal is optimized for a constant in-flow of helium. This is generally performed by introducing a steady flow of helium into the leak detector vacuum system and then adjusting voltages within the analyzer cell and monitoring the output signal of the leak detector. The voltage values that result in the greatest signal output are set as the standard operating voltages until the calibration routine is re-initiated. Attempting to tune to a leak that is less than 1.0E-9 sccs may result in a "no signal" or "low signal" error message. This is an indication that the available helium flow is too low for the leak detector to do a successful tune adjustment.
After tuning is complete, the calibration routine is run. Calibration involves comparing the tuned output signal with the calibrated leak value and applying a multiplier or gain factor to make the leak detector output or display equal the calibrated leak value. It should be noted that adding additional gain to calibrate a leak detector may also amplify noise and background. Higher gain settings could potentially make the leak detector unstable in the higher sensitivity ranges.
The typical gain factor of a leak detector that is isolated from all external systems depends on the inherent sensitivity of the leak detector. This is a function of the design of the vacuum system and the analyzer cell components. A gain factor that is equal to or near 1.0 is the most appropriate because it indicates that the leak detector design provides enough inherent sensitivity to read a calibrated leak accurately without additional amplification of the tuned signal. A significant change in the typical gain factor of a leak detector may indicate a problem. Monitoring the gain factor on a regular basis is a good way to ensure that the leak detector is clean and working correctly.
It is possible for the gain value to vary as a result of a change in the test configuration. If the leak detector is connected to an external vacuum system during the calibration routine, the pumping action of the external system could divert helium from the calibrated leak away from the leak detector. This is referred to as a split-flow condition. In this situation, a greater gain value would be required to bring the measured value up to the fixed value of the calibrated leak. This is not an indication of a problem with the leak detector; it is the result of the application.
Calibration of modern leak detectors is relatively easy and fast. Many of today's leak detectors have an integrated calibrated leak standard and an automatic calibration feature. Calibrating a leak detector with an integrated leak often involves the push of a single button and a 3 to 5 minute wait period. It is important to warm up the leak detector for at least 30 minutes prior to performing a calibration routine.
The frequency of calibrating a leak detector can depend on the application or be mandated by quality control requirements. More frequent calibrations are recommended for applications that involve accurate and quantitative testing to a specific pass/fail value. Less frequent calibrations are required for qualitative or go/no go testing. A well-designed leak detector will hold its calibration within the tolerances of go/no go test requirements for more than a few weeks. In addition to scheduled calibrations, it is appropriate to perform a calibration after the leak detector has experienced an unexpected shock, such as a power outage, power surge or inadvertent venting of the test port while in high sensitivity mode.
- A regulated flow is achieved through the use of a calibrated helium leak standard.
- Many of today's leak detectors have built-in calibrated leak standards. Older models may require an external calibrated leak standard.
- Two common types of commercially available calibrated leak standards are glass permeation and capillary leaks.


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Are figs really full of baby wasps?
The fig plant and the fig wasp both have the same goal: reproduction. For this to happen, a fig plant needs to share its genetic material (in the form of pollen) with another of its kind, and the fig wasp needs a place where its larva can grow and feed. Think of the fig wasp as a tenant, and the fig plant as a landlord who takes payment in the form of pollen.
What we call a fig (a structure called the syconium) is more inverted flower than fruit, with all its reproductive parts located inside. After a female fig wasp flies over from the fig plant she emerged from, she must travel to the center of the syconium to lay her eggs. To get there, she climbs down through a narrow passage called the ostiole. The passage is so cramped that the tiny fig wasp loses her wings and antenna during her claustrophobic trek. Once inside, there's no getting back out and flying to another plant — but is she in the right place?
Fig plants boast two kinds of figs: male caprifigs and female edible figs.
If a female wasp enters a caprifig, she'll find male flower parts that are perfectly shaped to hold the eggs she'll eventually lay. The eggs will grow into larvae, which will develop into male and female wasps. After hatching, the blind, wingless male wasps will spend the remainder of their lives digging tunnels through the fig. The female wasps then emerge through these tunnels and fly off to find a new fig — carrying precious pollen with them.
If a female fig wasp enters an edible fig, she eventually dies from exhaustion or starvation. The female flower parts include a long stylus that hinders her attempts to lay her eggs. She may die, but she succeeds in delivering the much-needed pollen first. So a fig farmer winds up with caprifigs full of wasp eggs and edible figs full of seeds.
Though edible figs may not be filled with baby wasps, doesn't this mean that these figs contain a lot of female wasps who died of loneliness?

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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The next time you're about to order some calorie-bomb at a restaurant, pay attention to how loud the music is. Because the two things might be linked...
A new study in Sweden found loud music in restaurants makes us more likely to choose unhealthy menu options. And we're more likely to go with something healthy like a salad when the music ISN'T so loud.
Researchers went to a café and played music at different decibel levels to see how it affected what people ordered. Either 55 decibels, which is like background chatter or the hum from a refrigerator... or 70 decibels, which is closer to a vacuum cleaner.
And when they cranked it to up 70, people were 20% more likely to order something unhealthy, like a burger and fries.
They did it over the course of several days and kept getting the same results. So the study seems pretty legit.
The explanation is pretty simple. Basically, soft music is calming, and louder music gets us amped up. It even increases our heart rate. And that can impact our decision-making.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Due to the importance placed on patient safety, and the automated medication administration system, yet another solution to improving patient identification has been introduced. Through the use of radio frequencies to identify patients, RFID wristbands provide hospitals with wireless data transmission that much like barcodes, save time and money, but do not require scanning a bar code on the patient's chart or wristband. By using the RFID wristbands, patient information can be read through and around the human body, clothing, bed coverings and other non-metallic materials. This added convenience becomes substantially important with the introduction of the need for frequent verification of the patient's identification, as required by an automated medication administration system, enabling all necessary information to be collected without ever waking or disturbing the patient.
RFID wristbands provide non-transferable Positive Patient Identification, which can help save lives and money through reduced medical errors and increased patient safety. Benefits of RFID include:
- Help improve system efficiency, tracking, and communication, while preventing data entry and collection errors
- Help ensure that the "Five Rights of Medication Safety" are achieved, facilitating real-time confirmation of the right patient, drug, dose, route, and time
- Read/write electronic storage technology allows for data transfer to and from host systems and data storage
- Yield larger memory capacities and reading ranges, and faster processing than bar codes
- Unlike bar codes, RFID's non-line-of-site data transmission can be read through and around the human body, clothing, bed coverings, and non-metallic materials
- Smart Wristbands can be programmed and printed on demand by direct thermal or thermal transfer printers/encoders


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whether the short first leaf with the rounded tip is included. If in doubt with these newer herbicides, check with your ag. chemical technical representative to verify which leaf staging method is appropriate for the herbicide you intend to use.
Staging Older Plants. As corn plants develop, the lower few leaves typically die or are torn away from the stem by the expansion of the stalk or by developing roots. Consequently, growth stage identification can be difficult on older plants when you aren't sure which leaves to begin counting first. But, not to worry, growth staging can still be accomplished!
First, dig or pull a plant without breaking the stalk. With a knife, carefully split the stalk down the middle, completely through the root ball. Look for the lowermost obvious internode (the whitish area between the "woody" horizontal stalk nodes) above the triangular "woody" base of the stalk. This first internode's length is typically only 1/2 to 3/4 inch.
Determine which leaf corresponds with the node immediately above the first noticeable internode by carefully identifying which leaf sheath attaches to the node. This leaf is usually Leaf #5. Once Leaf #5 is identified, then stage the plant by continuing to count the remainder of the leaves with visible leaf collars above Leaf #5. For example, assume you've identified Leaf #5 and there are six more leaves above that one with visible leaf collars, then the plant is at leaf stage V11 (11 leaves with visible leaf collars).
Typical deterioration of lower leaves in older corn plants
Split stalk illustrating the first distinguishable node above the pithy triangle
Loux, Mark, Anthony F. Dobbels, Jeff Stachler, Bill Johnson, Glenn Nice, & Tom Bauman. 2010. 2010 Weed Control Guide for Ohio and Indiana (WS-16). Table 7: Rainfast Intervals, Spray Additives, and Maximum Crop Size for Postemergence Corn Herbicides. Purdue Univ. & Ohio State Univ. Coop. Ext. Services. [On-Line]. Available at . [URL accessed May 2010].
Nielsen, R.L. (Bob). 2008. Tips for Staging Corn with Severe Leaf Damage. Corny News Network, Purdue Univ. [On-Line]. Available at . [URL accessed May 2010].
Nielsen, R.L. (Bob). 2008. Use Thermal Time to Predict Leaf Stage Development in Corn. Corny News Network, Purdue Univ. [On-Line]. Available at . [URL accessed May 2010].
Nielsen, R.L. (Bob). 2010. Heat Unit Concepts Related to Corn Development. Corny News Network, Purdue Univ. [On-Line]. Available at . [URL accessed May 2010].
Purdue University. 2010. Corn & Soybean Field Guide (ID-179). To order, call Purdue Extension toll-free at _PHONE_ and ask for the Media Distribution Center.
Ritchie, S.W., J.J. Hanway, and G.O. Benson. 1993. How a Corn Plant Develops (SP-48). Iowa State Univ. [On-Line]. Available at . [URL accessed May 2010].
Heat Unit Concepts Related to Corn Development – (Bob Nielsen)
Growth and development of corn are strongly dependent on temperature. Corn develops faster when temperatures are warmer and more slowly when temperatures are cooler. For example, a string of warmer than normal days in late spring will encourage faster leaf development than normal. Another example is that a cooler than normal grain filling period will delay the calendar date of grain maturity.
The phrases "string of warmer than normal days" and "cooler than normal grain filling period" can be converted mathematically into measures of thermal time by calculating the daily accumulations of heat using temperature data. Commonly used terms for thermal time are Growing Degree Days (GDDs), Growing Degree Units (GDUs), or heat units (HUs).
Different methods exist for calculating heat units depending on a) the crop or biological organism of interest and b) the whim or personal preference of the researcher. The calculation method most commonly used throughout the U.S. for determining heat unit accumulation relative to corn phenology is the formula first suggested by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in 1969 and labeled as the "'Modified Growing Degree Day" formula in 1971.
This method calculates daily accumulation of GDDs as the average daily temperature (°F) minus 50. The "modification" refers to the limits imposed on the daily maximum and minimum temperatures allowed in the calculation. Daily maximums greater than 86 degrees F are set equal to 86 in the calculation of the daily average temperature. Similarly, daily minimums less than 50 degrees F are set equal to 50 in the calculation.
If the daily maximum temperature was 80°F and the minimum was 55°F, the GDD accumulation for the day would be ((80 + 55) / 2) – 50 or 17.5 GDDs.
Example 2: (Illustrating the limit on daily maximums):
If the daily maximum temperature was 90°F and the minimum was 72°F, the GDD accumulation for the day would be ((86 + 72) / 2) – 50 or 29 GDDs.
Example 3: (Illustrating the limit on daily minimums):
If the daily maximum temperature was 68°F and the minimum was 41°F, the GDD accumulation for the day would be ((68 + 50) / 2) – 50 or 9 GDDs.
In late April to early May, normal daily GDD accumulations for central Indiana are about 10 GDDs. By late July, the normal daily accumulation rises to about 23 GDDs. For a typical corn growing season in central Indiana, say from late April to late September, the total seasonal accumulation of GDDs is about 2800 GDDs.
Historical normal GDD accumulations on a weekly basis for Indiana's nine Crop Reporting Districts are listed in the accompanying table and are also available in Purdue's Corn & Soybean Field Guide, Extension publication ID-179. These historical GDD values can be used to estimate weekly GDD accumulations if you do not have access to current temperature data.
Obviously, the ability to calculate daily heat unit accumulations is dependent on your having access to daily maximum and minimum temperatures. If you do not own your own max / min recording thermometer, you can guesstimate the daily highs and lows by manually recording the temperatures shortly after sunrise (approximate daily low) and late in the afternoon (approximate daily high).
Another option is to try your luck with the online Indiana State Climate Office data archive . At this Web site, you can search for temperature data from the automated Purdue weather stations located at a number of outlying Purdue Ag. Centers, cooperative weather stations maintained by the National Weather Service, and airport weather stations also maintained by the National Weather Service. Also, the weekly Pest&Crop newsletter lists accumulated GDDs for selected sites across the state based on various start dates.
Corn & Soybean Field Guide (ID-179). 2010. Purdue Univ. Extension. To order, call Purdue Extension toll-free at _PHONE_.
Nielsen, R.L. (Bob). 2008. Use Thermal Time to Predict Leaf Stage Development in Corn. Corny News Network, Purdue Univ. [On-Line]. Available at . [URL accessed May 2010].
Nielsen, R.L. (Bob). 2010. Determining Corn Leaf Stages. Corny News Network, Purdue Univ. [On-Line]. Available at . [URL accessed May 2010].
Purdue Pest & Crop Newsletter. 2010. Purdue Univ. Pest Mgmt. Program. [On-Line]. Available at . [URL accessed May 2010].
Every year, for the first five weeks or so after corn planting is finished, the guys down at the Chat 'n Chew Cafe complain royally about the looks of the crop. It does not matter whether it was an early planting season or a late planting season. Gripes about uneven stands, poor color, and slow growth waft over the tables as everyone airs their concerns about the looks of their neighbors' fields.
Then suddenly one day, the tone of the conversation in between the coffee and sweet rolls perks up. Almost overnight, the crop has taken off like a rocket. The color of the leaves turns a dark, almost-blue green and they develop a distinct shine. From that point on, any connoisseur of corn feels better about life in general.
Why does this transition seem to happen over and over again every year?
During the first five weeks or so after planting, the corn plant is going about the business of creating all of the leaves it will ever have. A few of these leaves are visible, but most are wrapped tightly


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Lotta User Interface
includes the first part of a gradual user interface refresh. Icons in the software may display with slight differences from the versions shown in the Help Center. In addition, you can now choose a light or dark user interface. For more information, refer to Appearance.
The following image shows the names for the different parts of the Lotta user interface.
2021.1 and newer
2021.1 and older
For an overview, check out the video: Lotta User Interface
For details, click on the following:
You can customize your working environment. For example, the background color in the 2D window
on your desktop, may be a different color. For more information, refer to Preferences


Angus Australia
Contractural arachnodactyly (CA)
Congenital contractural arachnodactyly (CA) also known as 'Fawn calf syndrome' was first identified in Victoria in 1998.
The condition causes development defects within the calves, which are typically born alive, with most surviving to maturity. CA calves appear visibly abnormal with restricted movement caused by reduced elasticity of the connective tissue. Calves will display restricted movement within their front legs, their hind legs will be set back behind them (hyperextension) and will display an upward arching of their spine.
The visible symptoms of the condition become increasingly difficult to detect as the animal grows and the ability for these features to improve over time, is an important characteristic of diagnosing the condition.
CA is controlled by a simple recessive mutation.
Further reading
American Angus Association NSW DPI


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Variable CA13 : What was done to dispose of the stools
Valid case(s): 2293 (2258.7)
Invalid: 1545 (1570)
Children aged 0-4
Source of information
The mother or caretaker of the child aged 0-4.
|1||Child used toilet/latrine||210||252||11.2%|
|2||Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine||518||577||25.5%|
|3||Put/rinsed into drain or ditch||107||70||3.1%|
|4||Thrown into garbage (solid waste)||1369||1315||58.2%|
|6||Left in the open||37||5||0.2%|
Warning: these figures indicate the number of cases found in the data file. They cannot be interpreted as summary statistics of the population of interest.
Check UF11: Child aged under 3? Yes. Continue with CA13 No. Go to CA14
The last time (name) passed stools, what was done to dispose of the stools?
CA13 is used to filter out children aged 3, 4 and 5 years, since the next question is to be asked only of children under age three. Check UF11; if the child is under three (he/she is 0, 1 or 2 years old), mark the box corresponding to 'Yes' and continue with the next question. If the child is not under three (she/he is 3, 4 or 5 years old), mark the box corresponding to 'No' and skip to CA14. --- The purpose of this question is to know what was done with the most recent stools passed by the child in the household. The safe disposal of children's stools is of particular importance because children's stools are the most likely cause of faecal contamination to the immediate household environment. Correct disposal of stools is linked with lower risks of diarrhoea. Respondents are asked where they usually dispose of their children's stools if the child did not use the toilet facility. Circle the most appropriate code.


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The TEL-Map European project, funded by the European Commission, has launched a survey about technology supported, innovative learning practices.
TEL-Map is a Coordination and Support Action focussing on roadmapping activities for innovative forms of learning. A roadmap can be understood as a 'strategic lens', through which future developments in a domain or an organisation are analysed for the purpose of channelling available resources wisely.
The aim of this new survey is to collect the views of teaching professionals to inform future roadmapping activities by probing certain statements with regards to their likelihood, desirability and – when it comes to policy measures – their feasibility.
There is no need to be an expert in all areas addressed to answer the survey, as the objective of TEL-Map is to get feedback from people with as diverse backgrounds as possible.
Question blocks have been created for each of the following innovative practices:
- Gamification: using game mechanics and elements of game design in non-game contexts in order to motivate learning. Controversial issues evolve around 'hunting for points as a distraction of learning', neglect of demographic particularities, availability of gamification strategies.
- Free Massive Open Online Course: bringing existing courses to an extended audience by driving technological and economical innovation. Controversial issues evolve around funding models, accreditation, high attrition rates and possible ways of highly automated learner support.
- Flipped classroom: inverting classroom situations so that the lecture part is moved from school to home and the exercise part takes place at school. Controversial issues evolve around managing differences between learners being more or less successful doing their homework, which requires fundamentally new types of in-class activities.
- Seamless Learning (Ubiquitous Learning): obliterating borders between different technologies and learning formats such as formal and informal learning or individual and social learning. Controversial issues evolve around the ownership of learning tools and data generated by learners' activities, or the potentially invasive character of learning technologies to the detriment of a balanced life style.
The 2013 Horizon Project Higher Education Advisory Board initially voted on the top 12 emerging technologies — the result of which is documented in this a interim report: the NMC Horizon Project Short List > 2013 Higher Education Edition. This Short List then helped the advisory board narrow down the 12 technologies to six for the full publication.
The Study Mapping and Analysing Prospective Technologies for Learning (MATEL) responds to the need to get a deeper understanding of the concrete technological innovations driving educational change. It is conducted by the MENON Network on behalf of the European Comission and it has now entered its final phase. You will just need a few minutes to rank the top technologies that will support educational change in Europe across different learning sectors.
The MENON Network is conducting, on behalf of the European Commission, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS), the Study Mapping and Analysing Prospective Technologies for Learning (MATEL). It responds to the need to get a deeper understanding of the concrete technological innovations driving educational change.
The study aims therefore at: getting a better understanding of how technologies that are expected to play a decisive role in shaping future learning strategies will evolve in the short –medium term, understanding how the market of such technologies is expected to develop and identifying a set of strategies and actions to promote these technologies.
For the final phase of the survey, you're warmly invited to rank the top technologies that will support educational change in Europe across different learning sectors. You can leave your contact details at the end of the questionnaire in case you are interested in getting the results of the study.
The results of the analysis will be discussed in the frame of a Roadmapping workshop (scheduled in Brussels at the end of October and attended by 20 experts and stakeholders in the field of technology and learning).
To know more about the study visit _URL_


1. Feedback can be scary, but so can life in the dark
 Posted in Latest News
 For most people, what they see in the mirror is not what others see. This is true of us all, and the person we see staring back at us is either an idealised version of our true selves or one that's clouded by self-doubt.
 To get a true picture of ourselves, and to understand how others see us, we can't rely on our own impressions and this is particularly true when it comes to assessing business performance.
 Only feedback from others can reveal a true picture, which is essential for improving business performance.
 Receiving feedback can be scary, but it needn't be if it is gathered in a professional and structured way.
 In fact many managers are surprised by the amount of positive feedback they receive and, even when it's not all good, there are usually simple steps they can take to improve.
 In fact negative feedback can often be distilled down to a few manageable themes and act as a real positive force for change. Avoiding such feedback is like sticking your head in the sand.
 A professional 360 degree feedback programme will be designed to help people to get realistic feedback on their performance, which can then acted upon. This has obvious benefits for both the individual and the organisation.
 When taking the first steps, seeking feedback can be scary, but people who would prefer to remain in the dark have much more to be afraid of in the longer term.


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Israel's Draconian Infiltration Law
Written by Subject: Israel
Israel's Draconian Infiltration Law - by Stephen Lendman
On January 10, Haaretz writer Jonathan Lis headlined, "Knesset passes (Law to Prevent Infiltration) that could put asylum seekers in jail without trial," saying:
"The bill would make 'illegal' migrants and asylum seekers liable to jail, without trial or deportation, if caught staying in Israel for 'long periods.' "
Moreover, anyone helping them or providing shelter faces five to 15 years in prison for being a good samaritan. Avoiding it involves proving they didn't know the refugee lacked residency status and wasn't guilty of alleged criminality.
Netanyahu and extremists around him sponsored the bill. It followed a similar July 2010 proposal, dropped after widespread criticism.
The measure amends the 1954 Law to Prevent Infiltration. Limited to emergency conditions, it specifically targeted Palestinian and other Arab Fedayeen freedom fighters.
The new measure targets refugees and asylum seekers and families. Minimally, they'll be imprisoned for three years. However, detentions may be extended indefinitely.
The law only allows judicial oversight by an administrative court after 14 days. It's forbidden to release detainees sooner than three years except under very hard to prove extraordinary humanitarian circumstances.
The bill's previous version mandated life sentences for refugees and asylum seekers convicted of property damage, including offenses as minor as graffiti. Persons providing aid faced five to 15 year sentences.
The Association for Civil Rights (ACRI) in Israel called the 2010 measure "one of the most dangerous bills ever presented in the Knesset." Despite softening, its new version remains brazenly draconian, undemocratic and shameful.
ACRI calls it "draconian and immoral, and its entire purpose is to deter refugees from entering Israel. The law blatantly disregards Israel's most basic commitments as a member of the community of nations and as a signatory to the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees."
In 2010, ACRI explained "lies and reality" in the bill's original version. It main provisions included:
- imprisoning legitimate asylum seekers for five years to life;
- incarcerating Darfur, Sudan refugees for seven years to life;
- those entering with weapons faced minimal 20 year sentences, including for having an ordinary pocket knife;
- organizations or individuals providing medical care, food or water, legal help, and/or shelter were criminally liable;
- those caught entering could be summarily deported to war zones or nations with notorious human rights records;
- if not immediately deported, imprisonment or indefinite detentions followed;
- judicial review was prohibited for two weeks or longer; and
- women and children would be treated like men.
The bill's sole purpose is to deter refugees and asylum seekers from entering Israel for any purpose. In addition, migrant worker residents can be imprisoned for three years to life for misdemeanor type offenses.
Before passage, Hadash party MK Dov Khenin called the bill "dangerous, immoral, unconstitutional and contrary to the law of human dignity and freedom. It runs contrary to Israel's international commitments, and the Knesset should reject it out of hand."
Israel's Disturbing History
Israel's inhospitable history is appalling. Jews alone are welcome. International law stipulates otherwise. Article I of the 1951 UN Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees calls them:
The UN's High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is mandated to help them. To gain legal protection, they must:
- be outside their country of origin;
- fear persecution;
- be harmed or fear harm by their government or others;
- fear persecution for at least one of the above reasons; and
- pose no danger to others.
The Knesset's 1950 Law of Return grants all Jews worldwide the right to citizenship and residency. Yet no refugee law exists, despite Israel being a signatory to the UN's 1951 Convention.
Among Western states, Israel is least hospitable to refugees and asylum seekers. At best, some get temporary limited stays. Most often, they're summarily denied, including those with legitimate persecution fears.
Although legally mandated to help, Israel consistently refuses.
A Final Comment
On January 11, a Haaretz editorial headlined, "Israel's anti-infiltration law is a disgrace," saying:
"Of all the antidemocratic laws that have descended on us of late, it is perhaps the most shameful."
Nonetheless, it passed 37 - 8. As a result, non-Jewish refugees, asylum seekers, or migrants seeking work are criminalized.
"Words fail in the face of such a disgraceful act of legislation. Sending desperate human beings, who come to Israel" with legitimate fears or for work can be imprisoned indefinitely without trial.
Most pose any threat whatever. Imprisoning them "is intolerable." Nonetheless, "a jingoistic" draconian measure became law.
It's more proof of an out-of-control rogue terror state unfit to live in. No wonder many Israelis vote with their feet and leave.
Stephen Lendman lives in Chicago and can be reached at
2 Comments in Response to
Comment by TL Winslow
Entered on:
I guess Lendman got some more orders from the Kremlin and/or some more Palestinian money to single poor outnumbered surrounded Israel out for delegitimization while treating the BAD GUYS with the blinkers. He never mentions that Israel is 1/19th the size of California, and that the 22 surrounding Arab countries are 640x larger, but just have to have that little sliver of land no matter how many JEWS they have to kill.
So why do so many Africans risk their lives to crowd into little surrounded Israel? Because it's a HEAVEN compared to every other country anywhere nearby. Much like Mexicans risk their lives to come to the U.S., except that its tiny size and fear of Muslim terrorist infiltrators makes it a national priority to have tight border security, hence their Infiltrator Law is just common sense. If the MUSLIMS WOULD CLEAR OUT OF ISRAEL FROM THE NILE TO THE EUPHRATES so that it had a more decent amount of Lebensraum and security, they would be the first to relax their laws and welcome immigrants. THEY'RE THE GOOD GUYS.
Does Lendman work for the Kremlin? If not he should put in for past paychecks :)
Comment by Sharon Jarvis
Entered on:
The reason so many African refugees end up in Israel is because if they stay in Muslim countries like Egypt they are shot and killed. So when are you going to do a report about that?
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Browse thousands of healthcare degrees from around the world.
Healthcare professions are in high demand and require specialized degrees. HEALTHCARESTUDIES connects students with medical schools and healthcare degrees around the world. As one of Keystone Education Group's trusted family of student-centered websites, HEALTHCARESTUDIES helps future doctors, nurses, veterinarians, therapists, researchers, and allied healthcare professionals find the right degrees and courses for their career aspirations. And because healthcare is a global need, HEALTHCARESTUDIES is available in 40+ languages, making it easy for the right healthcare students to find the right medical degrees.


Artificial Intelligence and Marine Design
Saul Amarel, Louis Steinberg
In the last few years, interest has grown in exploring AI approaches to design problems, both because of the enormous potential impact on productivity of improved design tools and because of the interesting basic AI issues that these problems raise. In particular, a number of ship designers and AI researchers recently became interested in applying AI to the hydrodynamic design of ship hulls. A typical problem here is to design the shape of a ship's hull in response to desired hydrodynamic properties such as drag and stability, taking into consideration a variety of design constraints, such as total hull volume.
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Gryllotalpa cultriger Uhler
Distribution and Damage
The main distribution is probably in Mexico, as it is uncommon along the US border. It is not considered a pest.
As with other mole crickets in the genus Gryllotalpa, the tibia of the western mole cricket has four dactyls. There is a row of five spines on the upper margin of the tibia of each hind leg. This characteristic is shared by the European and oriental mole crickets, but not by the prairie mole cricket.
In the western and oriental mole crickets, the ocelli are elliptical, and the ocellar-ocular distance is less than the ocellar length. In the western mole cricket the inter-ocellar distance is less than the ocellar length, whereas in the oriental mole cricket the inter-ocellar distance is greater than the ocellar length.
The life cycle and seasonality of this species have not been studied, as it is very uncommon in the USA.
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9 Predators With The Most Brutal Hunting Techniques
We've said it before, but it bears repeating: Nature can be pretty damn scary. And at times, utterly merciless. Here are nine of the most unfortunate ways to die at the hands — or teeth — of a predator.
Before we proceed, it's worth mentioning that some of these are quite disturbing, so proceed with caution.
1. Being eaten alive by insect larvae
Strike one up for the little guy — in this case the worm-like larvae of the predatory Epomis ground beetles. These larvae entice amphibians, like frogs and toads, and then latch onto parts of their bodies. The larvae refuse to let go, feeding off the animal until it dies.
9 Predators With The Most Brutal Hunting Techniques
Image: G. Wizen et al./PLoS ONE.
Dave Mosher from Wired explains:
The closer an amphibian moved toward a beetle larva, the more wildly the larva moved its antennae up and down or from side to side. Some larvae opened and closed their thorny mandibles while waving their antennae.
The dance of mouth parts seemed to lure amphibians into attacking.
"Amphibians hunt by movement," Wizen said. "They'll generally go after anything that's small, moving, and within their reach."
When an amphibian shot out its lightning-fast tongue to eat a larva, the larva quickly bobbed its head to dodge the attack. Moments later, the larva latched onto its prey's skin and began to suck it dry.
Watch the larvae in action:
Interestingly, only 10% of predator-prey relationships result in a smaller animal eating a bigger one, but they are all active attacks — not a small creature luring its prey.
2. Getting thrown off a cliff by a golden eagle
Watch as this eagle drags a mountain goat off the side of a cliff.
Simple, effective — and awful.
3. Chased to exhaustion by an orca whale
Orca whales prey on many different types of animals, including fish, seals, penguins, squid, sea turtles — and even sharks. But they also like to feast on their fellow cetaceans.
Normally, orca whales hunt in packs and ambush a pod of whales, including gray and sperm whales. In order to incapacitate their prey, orcas will ram their massive bodies at high speeds into the whales, causing significant injury. They've also been known to chase a mother and calf for hours until the mother is exhausted and the calf can no longer be protected. Orcas like to feast on the calves' nutritious tongues and soft flesh.
9 Predators With The Most Brutal Hunting Techniques
Image: Rob Hunt.
Orcas can also be brutal when hunting dolphins. Swimming at 30 knots, they ram into dolphins, throwing their bodies out of the water, breaking their spines.
4. Ripped apart by chimps
The way chimpanzees hunt monkeys is particularly stomach-turning. Once caught, the poor things are literally ripped apart and eaten.
This video is disturbing, so be warned.
Chimps have also been observed to attack each other in this way.
5. Being paralyzed and slowly devoured by a shrew
The humble shrew, a mouse-like animal with a long snout, doesn't look like much of a threat, but it's a total bastard.
9 Predators With The Most Brutal Hunting Techniques
The North American short-tailed shrew, Blarina brevicauda, secretes venom from salivary glands in its lower jaw to paralyze prey. But the point of the paralysis is not to kill the prey, but to keep it alive for an extended period of time to allow for prolonged feeding. A tiny shrew can infect a mouse, for example, and then graze on it for days and days until it eventually succumbs to its physical injuries. They've also been observed to munch on immobilized mealworms for up to 15 days. Shrews can eat their own body weight in earthworms, insects, nuts, and mice on a daily basis.
The shrew venom, which has been synthesized into a compound called soricidin, is harmless to humans — but its paralytic properties could be used to treat migraines, myofacial pain, neuromuscular diseases, and even wrinkles.
6. Crushed in the jaws of a saltwater crocodile
The saltwater croc is the largest of all living reptiles and is the largest terrestrial apex predator in the world. It also has the strongest bite of any living species — about 3,700 psi! Once caught, an animal is hopelessly locked in and killed by virtue of an underwater death roll.
The croc's teeth are not designed to rip flesh, but to hold onto prey and prevent its escape. It has to be among the most brutal ways to go — like getting caught in an undertow, but by waves adorned with teeth.
7. Devoured by a bear
Bears are notorious, not just for their tremendous strength and predatory versatility, but for their dispassionate approach to killing. They often begin to feed immediately, without waiting for the prey to die — an event that's merely incidental.
Some grizzlies have been known to grow as large as 1,500 lbs (680 kg), and exhibit strength equal to five humans. There's very little an animal can do to shake that thing off — particularly if the bear is determined.
8. Caught at the bottom of a pitcher plant
It's kind of like the Star Wars Sarlacc pit come to life.
9 Predators With The Most Brutal Hunting Techniques
The pitcher plant a carnivorous plant that uses a deep cavity filled with liquid. It lures its prey —typically foraging, crawling, or flying insects like flies — into the cupped leaf with visual and nectar lures. When an insect gets too close, it slips on the smooth surface and falls to the bottom of the trap. Escape is virtually impossible; the pitcher plant has several means of preventing the prey from escaping, including waxy scales and downward facing hairs. Eventually the prey drowns, and the plant extracts nutrients by various means, including bacteria, enzymes — and mutualistic insect larvae that helps itself to the pickings, but nourishes the plant with its excreta.
9. Lured by the sound of a baby monkey in distress
This one's more psychologically brutal than anything else.
9 Predators With The Most Brutal Hunting Techniques
Imagine being a pied tamarin monkey living in the Brazilian rainforest and suddenly a baby's voice cries out in distress; the urge to go out and help would be overwhelming. But in reality it's a lure set by a margay, a jungle-dwelling wild cat with remarkable mimicry skills.
The Wildlife Conservation Society reports:
Researchers from WCS and Federal University of Amazonas first saw this amazing case of vocal mimicry in 2005. Eight pied tamarins, which are about the size of squirrels, were feeding in a ficus tree. Suddenly, the sounds of tamarin babies rang out from a group of tangled vines, or lianas. The researchers pinpointed the cries to a margay, trying to lure in lunch. First, the group's "sentinel" dropped down from the tree to investigate. Then four more of the curious monkeys followed.
The spotted cat sprang to action.
Kudos to the sentinel that realized the mistake in the nick of time. Quickly sounding the predator alarm call, the tamarin thwarted the margay's attack, saving its troop-mates.
Top image: Larry Lynch via Natural History Museum of London.


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|Location||Southern end of Nen Hithoel, west bank|
|Description||Fortified (later ruined) hill|
|Other names||Hill of Sight, Hill of the Eye|
|Etymology||S. amon "hill" + hen "eye"|
|Events||Breaking of the Fellowship|
|By Ardamir. (Help; more articles)|
Amon Hen (Sindarin amon "hill" + hen "eye") was the westernmost of the three peaks at the southern end of Nen Hithoel. On its eastern side at the foot of the hill lay the lawn of Parth Galen and the western portion of the Anduin that flowed past Tol Brandir. Above Parth Galen the hill rose in gentle slopes to its flattened summit. Just to the south of the hill was the North Stair. The western face of the hill was steeper than on the east.
Upon Amon Hen were the remains of a road from long ago, now dwindled to little more than a path. In places where the hill grew steep, stairs had been hewn, although over time they had become cracked, worn, and split by tree roots. The path wound through rowan trees to the summit, where there was a wide flat circle paved with large stones and encircled with a ruined battlement. In the center of the circle was an ancient chair, the Seat of Seeing.
Aragorn said that the high seat upon Amon Hen had been made in the days of the great kings and that a watch had been kept there. Later it is stated that the Seat of Seeing was on the Hill of the Eye of the Men of Númenor. It is thus open to interpretation whether this site was constructed during the early years of Gondor or sometime in the Second Age.
Portrayal in Adaptations
- When Boromir confronted Frodo there was a large, stone head half-buried in the hillside, which was not mentioned in the book. The scene and activity at the summit was also considerably changed.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Fellowship of the Ring, "The Breaking of the Fellowship"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Two Towers, "The Riders of Rohan"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Fellowship of the Ring, "The Great River"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix B, "The Great Years"


How to serve HTML and CSS files using express.js
Writing a whole code in JavaScript file is a mess and not a maintainable. As a good developer, we have to write maintainable code which can be maintained by developers easily in the future. To make this possible in the express framework it serves HTML and CSS files.
Code for serving HTML and CSS files in Express
In the below code, I have created an HTML file in which external CSS is used to change the style of the page. This HTML file is served by express in the port number 3000.
app.use(express.static(path.join(__dirname,'CSS')); //This command is used to serve the CSS files which are kept in the CSS folder from the working directory.
res.sendFile(path.join(__dirname,'HTML','text.html');// This command is used to send HTML file which is kept in the HTML folder from the working directory and serve to the browser when URL match to the scripts.
const express = require('express');
const app = express();
const path = require('path');
This file serves as to the browser when URL match with 'localhost:3000/html' which will show a text with background yellow applied by the external CSS.


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For daily cleaning, steam offers incredible advantages: not only can you deep clean naturally and with no effort with just the power of steam, but you can also avoid touching and breathing chemical detergents.
When steam is used as a cleaning method, you protect your health, prevent allergies and respect the environment, sanitising naturally without harming the planet.
Why is steam so effective for cleaning and sanitising?
The high pressure and high temperature steam is able to effectively remove and dissolve dirt and eliminate bacteria, germs and dust mites, all with results that last longer. Free from minerals and any electrical conductivity, 120°C steam neutralises the static charge on dust particles. Thanks to the high temperature, the steam loosens and dissolves dirt, freeing and capturing all its particles: grease, allergens and dust mites. In addition, with steam you can dramatically reduce water consumption. With 1 litre of water you can produce around 1,000 litres of steam!
How Vaporetto and Vaporetto Lecoaspira work
The results guaranteed by Vaporetto and Vaporetto Lecoaspira are based on this principle: steam at the right temperature and the right pressure. Neutral steam at 120°C with a pressure between 3 and 6 bar makes it possible to sanitise all the surfaces in your home. The effectiveness of Polti steam is demonstrated by the seal of approval awarded by the British Allergy Foundation.
Steam also takes care of your clothing: dry, powerful and with greater pressure it passes through the fibres (even multiple layers) and immediately removes creases. The secret behind Vaporella results is in the quality of the steam: a constant flow and high power mean you can perfectly iron even the most delicate items in just one pass. The higher steam pressure provided through the Vaporella soleplate is obtained through holes concentrated at the tip of the plate that focus the steam jet and make it more powerful. In this way, the area with the holes removes creases as the steam is injected into the fabric, while the rest of the soleplate ensures the creases don't return. So when you use Vaporella the ironing is done in half the time and with less effort.


École normale supérieure
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 (Redirected from Écoles Normales Supérieures)
Jump to: navigation, search
An école normale supérieure (French pronunciation: [ekɔl nɔʁmal sypeʁjœʁ]) or ENS is a type of publicly funded higher education in France. A portion of the student body who are French civil servants are called Normaliens.
The history of écoles normales supérieures goes back to 30 October 1794 (9 brumaire an III) when École normale de l'an III was established during the French Revolution.[1] The school was subsequently reestablished as pensionnat normal from 1808 to 1822, before being recreated in 1826 and taking the name of École normale in 1830. When institutes for primary teachers training called écoles normales were created in 1845, the word supérieure (meaning upper) was added to form the current name.
The Savary law of 1984 restructured higher education in France and classified écoles normales supérieures within Établissement public à caractère scientifique, culturel et professionnel.[2] Since January 2014, there are four ENS: the École Normale Supérieure located in Paris, the École Normale Supérieure de Lyon located in Lyon, the École Normale Supérieure de Cachan in Cachan near Paris and the École Normale Supérieure de Rennes near Rennes.
Key decrees and laws on the upper part of the entrance of École Normale Supérieure, 45 rue d'Ulm
After the suppression of the Society of Jesus in France in 1762, a debate arose on how to replace their role in education. The idea of an école normale, a place to train teachers for the secondary schools, is already mentioned in a report on education made in 1768 by Rolland, president of the Parliament of Paris.[3]
The first école normale was established by the National Convention in a decree dated October 30, 1794.[1] Educated people from all parts of France were to be selected to attend the school an to subsequently return to found an école normale in their department for the education of primary schools teachers. The école normale de l'an III had renown teachers such as Laplace, Lagrange, and Berthollet but was actually in function during only four months, from 20 January 1795 to 19 May 1795 or in the then in use French Republican Calendar from 1er pluviose of year III until 30 floréal of year III.
In the decree of Napoleon of March 17, 1808, the institution was re-established as pensionnat normal.[1] The candidates most promising for administration and education roles were admitted through a competitive examination.[4] The students could attend courses at Collège de France, Muséum d'histoire naturelle or École polytechnique.[4] At école normale, they received support from tutors for revising, laboratory experiments and teaching the art of teaching.[4]
In 1880, Camille Sée established secondary education for girls. Subsequently, a law dated 29 July 1881 founded the École normale supérieure de jeunes filles located in Sèvres.
Jules Ferry got a law passed on 9 August 1879 in order to force each department to establish and fund an institution to train primary school teachers for each gender (école normale de garçons and école normale de filles).[5] In order to train the teaching body of these schools, so-called écoles normales supérieures de l'enseignement primaire were needed. A decree dated 13 July 1880 set up the one for young women in Fontenay-aux-Roses, and later in March 1882 the male equivalent opened in Saint-Cloud.[5]
Starting in 1891, a section for teacher training named sections normales was established in the École des Arts et métiers of Châlons-sur-Marne (decree of 11 June 1891) and in the École des Hautes Études Commerciales de Paris (decree of 21 July 1894). A decree published on 15 June 1899 organized sections normales for women. These sections normales were grouped together in 1912 into a single school which was named "École normale supérieure de l'enseignement technique" in 1934.
Academic profile[edit]
Their competitive entrance exams are extremely selective. They recruit mainly from scientific and humanities Prépas (Taupe / BCPST and Khâgne), even though a small number of their students (less than 10 each year) are recruited separately on the basis of highly selective exams. The students from France and other European Union countries are considered civil servants in training, and as such paid a monthly salary, in exchange for an agreement to serve France for 10 years, including those of their studies.
The École Normale Supérieure located in Paris is nicknamed "Ulm" from its address rue d'Ulm (Ulm Street). It teaches sciences and humanities. École Normale Supérieure de Lyon in Lyon also teaches sciences and humanities. École Normale Supérieure de Cachan located in Cachan, a suburb of Paris and École Normale Supérieure de Rennes located near Rennes teache theoretical and applied sciences, engineering, social sciences, economics and management and foreign languages.
Until recently and unlike most of the other grandes écoles, the écoles normales supérieures did not award any specific diplomas (students who had completed the curriculum they had agreed to with the office of the Dean upon arrival were simply entitled to be known as "ENS Alumni" or "Normaliens"), but they keep encouraging their students to obtain university diplomas in partner institutions whilst providing extra classes and support. Many ENS students obtain more than one university diploma.
 1. ^ a b c Edwards, Reginald (Fall 1991). "Theory, History, and Practice of Education: Fin de siècle and a new beginning". McGill Journal of Education 26 (3). )
 2. ^ "Loi n°84-52 du 26 janvier 1984 sur l'enseignement supérieur" (pdf). JORF. 27 January 1984.
 3. ^ Cubberley, Ellwood P. (1920). The history of Education. p. 510.
 4. ^ a b c Favier, Jean (1994). "Des arts libéraux à la pluridisciplinarité : approches de l'encyclopédisme". Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (in French) (4): pp. 911–923. doi:10.3406/crai.1994.15420. Retrieved 03 April 2011.
 5. ^ a b Luc, Jean-Noël (1980). "La formation des professeurs de maîtres d'école en France avant 1914". Revue française de pédagogie (in French) 51 (1): 50–57. doi:10.3406/rfp._PHONE_. Retrieved 05 April 2011.


Diogène et son tonneau by Gedeon Baril
Diogène et son tonneau (La Lune 106, January 1870)
Gédéon Baril was a 19th century French painter, writer and cartoonist from the Picardy area. He was a pupil of the Parisian painter Léon Cogniet. Baril, who often signed with his first name, was a contributor to magazines like Le Hanneton and Le Soleil, and was one of the co-founders of La Lune in 1865. He was drafted during the Franco-Prusian War, during which he made a series of drawings called 'Nos vainqueurs' ('Our Victors'). He also worked for the Chés Cabotans marionette shows from his hometown Amiens, and illustrated the book 'Dix heures en chasse' by his friend Jules Verne.
Le Bain de Madame Pipelet by Gedeon
Le Bain de Madame Pipelet (La Lune)
Image source: University Library Heidelberg
Last updated: 2013-06-11
Series and books by Gédéon Baril in stock in the Lambiek Webshop:


text:
Who are they who come to the Greenwood,
Hand to yew and eye to flight?
Call the quiet warriors forward,
Archer's day to foeman's night.
- How came they here, from where and when,
To gather in this time and place?
They come from memory's ancient keep
Arrows touch o'erreaching mace.
- Who is he in first-hooded Green,
Tall as the oak and strong?
A true heart lending silent wings;
Arrows fly both straight and long.
- And he of noble right and fame
Who's hooded Green comes after?
Turnabout, he rounds them out;
Arrows sing bright as his laughter.
- And who comes now in hard-won Green,
Direct of spirit, eye and hand?
Fire and ice to mark the way;
Teacher wise and Marshall grand.
- Whose soft tread now enters the Wood,
Bringing grace and light to the Green?
Dragon's barb o'er her shoulder;
Lady fair and archer keen.
- What noble soul now graces the Wood;
Sky and snow on Pelican wing?
Crossbow borne in Caution's name;
Loose is called and quarrels sing.
- Whose light shines now within the Green;
Wingbeat heard in bowstring's song?
Kindness guides a martial eye;
Bow and spirit guarding long.


text:
Although windows can naturally heat buildings in the cold seasons, some hot sunny days might make you wish that windows would just go away. Scientists from Japan have recently designed new technology that will make windows seem to disappear by turning clear, transparent glass into mirrors.
The group, from the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), has designed and produced the first full-size sample of switchable mirror glass to be realistically compatible in buildings, houses and cars.
A switchable glass is glass with adjustable transparency or color, or in this case, reflective properties. Scientists Kazuki Yoshimura and Shanhu Bao experimented with improving the characteristics of previous switchable glass by using magnesium-titanium alloy as the switchable film. Two glass sheets of 60 x 70 cm (24 x 28 in) made up the window structure, and each had an interior coating of 40-nm-thick magnesium-titanium alloy, plus a 4-nm-thick layer of palladium.
According to Yoshimura and Bao, finding the correct alloy mixture was essential to producing a transparent and energy efficient switchable glass. Previous attempts at switchable glass faced commercialization problems such as being too expensive (e.g. yttrium and lanthanum), or having a yellowish tint that was unsuitable for cars or clear viewing (e.g. magnesium-nickel).
While other types of switchable glasses have already been commercialized, these varieties tend to have minimal advantages in energy efficiency. For example, electrochromatic glass, which works by using electrical signals to change color and absorb sunlight, reaches high temperatures that often end up re-radiating infrared radiation in the room.
The switching mechanism in Yoshimura and Bao's window, on the other hand, is done by altering the gas content between the two glass panes. By introducing a small amount of hydrogen into the atmosphere between the panes, the glass acts as a transparent window. Alternatively, adding a small amount of oxygen with no hydrogen forms a reflecting mirror.
"Small amounts of hydrogen and oxygen for use in the switching process can be readily generated by decomposition of water," the scientists reported. "The thin film showed excellent switching characteristics.... The change between states is very impressive."
By applying this switchable glass to windows in homes, offices and cars, the scientists estimate that reduced air conditioning needs could result in an energy savings of up to 30%. Scientists at the AIST are currently working on maximizing the durability of the switchable glass, and overcoming the deterioration that arises due to repeated switching. Also, because the magnesium-titanium alloy can be applied to transparent materials besides glass, more applications may yet be discovered.
By Lisa Zyga, Copyright 2007 PhysOrg.com.
All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed in whole or part without the express written permission of PhysOrg.com.
Explore further: Atomic-scale investigations solve key puzzle of LED efficiency


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We are both seekers we want answerswhat did we use before toilet paper is a compendium of 200 interesting questions with fascinating answers i love words and word play i find the origins of certain expressions very intriguing. What did we use before toilet paper 200 curious questions intriguing answers by andrew thompson is an excellent resource if you want to know things like whats the difference between an ocean and a sea or why dont igloos melt on the inside. What did we use before toilet paper 200 curious questions intriguing answers andrew thompson a witty tome of trivia aims to captivate and surprise readers by answering such questions as why is new york called the big apple. Electronic resource 200 curious questions intriguing answers what did we use before toilet paper 200 curious questions and intriguing answers by andrew thompson 2010 scanner internet archive python library 091 full catalog record marcxml plus circle add review. Download what did we use before toilet paper 200 curious questions and intriguing answers or any other file from books category http download also available at fast speeds
How it works:
1. Register a Free 1 month Trial Account.
2. Download as many books as you like ( Personal use )
3. No Commitment. Cancel anytime.
4. Join Over 100.000 Happy Readers.
5. That's it. What you waiting for? Sign Up and Get Your Books.


level Ii
Persuasive Writing & Classification -
Letter of Recommendation
This page updated: 04/29/2020
Revise & Edit
W2SOA schedule icone.png
The Goal:
You will use MI Write to complete the revise & edit stages of the writing process.
What contest did you choose?
Do you have GREAT examples for each category that SHOWS your nominee is the BEST fit for the award?
Do you have an introduction that covers the requirements item in the contest document?
Is your statement of claim strong and convincing?
Your Purpose:
You will use your depth of knowledge at the NEED TO KNOW or NICE TO KNOW levels to persuade the contest committee that your nominee (or nominees) fit the categories and qualities spelled out in the contest document.
Your Audience:
Your audience is a committee of people who review all the letters of recommendation that come in for nominees. This committee gets many letters, so your letter (and nominee) must stand out above all the rest.
1. Log into MI Write
Your user name will be your WTS login (firstnamelastinitialwts)
Your password will be your last name (lastname)
2. Choose your class.
5. Read through your work.
peg home for students.png
how do I.png
parent resources.png
Revising & Editing
3. What to do first?
4. If you haven't done this already, make a copy of the following check list to use as you go through your work. Fix sentence parts and create a variety of sentence types in the scaffold. The more effort you put into this step, the easier (and faster) your rough draft will come together. Check off items as you go along.
5. Continue revising and editing until there are no errors identified by MI Write. You will hit "submit" to see updated revisions.
6. It is at this point you will gain further development of ideas, organization and style feedback from your instructor or feedback person.


text:
load and concentrated load. This is accomplished by unit load method. Thus,
In thenextstep, apply a unit load at B in the direction of
Calculate the deflection at B of the following structure. Thus(seeFig.7.5c),
Now, deflection at B in the primary structure due to redundant RB is,
In the actual structure, the deflection at B is zero. Hence, the compatibility equation may be written as
The other two reactions are calculated by static equilibrium equations (videFig.


text:
Ming Gap and Shipwreck Ceramics in Southeast Asia
written by Roxanna Maude Brown
River Books | ISBN 9789749863770
Hardback – 206 pages
Member's price: $76.50
Usually ships within 2–11 business days.
Shipwrecks discovered throughout Southeast Asia and the precious cargoes they contain represent invaluable information for the study of international trade networks. However, these treasure troves of Thai, Vietnamese and Chinese ceramics, have up until this point, been unsystematic ally studied and rarely published. This book addresses this issue with the author tracing the development and fluctuations of the international ceramic trade between China and Southeast Asia focusing specifically on the 14th-15th centuries, a period known in ceramic scholarship as the Ming Gap. The term Ming Gap arose to describe the ban placed on the export of Chinese ceramics by the Ming Dynasty. The author illustrates how as a result, Southeast Asian ceramics began to fill this void and for over a century became the dominant ceramic trade ware throughout the region. Analyzing over 120 shipwrecks, the author for the first time proposes a chronology of ceramic production placing Thai ceramics into five chronological periods and discussing issues such as the relationship between Sukhothai and Sawankhalok kilns, the discovery of exported Burmese celadon wares and the location of Vietnamese production sites for ceramic exports.


Featured Image with Sidebar
Result Set Mapping: Constructor Result Mappings
By Thorben Janssen
This is the third part of my series about SQL result set mappings:
In the first post of this series, we had a look at some mapping definition between the query result and one entity. The mapping definitions got more complex in the second part, as we mapped the query result to multiple entities and handled additional columns.
In this post, we will have a look at the Constructor Result Mappings introduced in JPA 2.1. This feature allows us to call the constructor of a value object with the result of the query, similar to the JPQL constructor expressions. This is often used, if we want to provide a specific view of our domain model to the client.
The example
Before we start, lets have a look at the entity model that we will use for the examples. If you read the second part of this series, you are already familiar with the Author and Book entities. Both entities are quite simple. The Author entity has an id, a version, a first name and a last name. The Book entity has an id, a version, a title and a reference to the Author. To avoid unnecessary complexity, each Book was written by only one Author.
As we want to map our query results to a value object, we need an additional class called BookValue with an id, a version, a title and the name of the author.
How to map to a value object
Selecting entities and returning a tree of objects to the caller is not always the best approach. The caller often needs only a subset of the provided information and a specific value object would be much more efficient. For these situations, JPQL supports constructor expressions that can be specified in the select part of the JPQL query and define the constructor call for each selected record.
The BookValue in our example could be used in a client to show some information about a Book and the name of the Author. As long as we only need the name of the Author, there is no need to select and transfer the whole Author entity. It is more efficient to use an object of BookValue and select the name of the Author in the query.
SELECT b.id, b.title, b.version, a.firstName || a.lastName as authorName FROM Book b JOIN Author a ON b.author_id = a.id
In the next step, we need to define a mapping that uses the query result to call the constructor of the BookValue. This is done similar to the mappings we created before with the _USER_ annotation. The mapping shown in the following code snippet consists of a name and a _USER_ annotation.
 name = "BookValueMapping",
 classes = _USER_(
 targetClass = BookValue.class,
 columns = {
 _USER_(name = "id", type = Long.class),
 _USER_(name = "title"),
 _USER_(name = "version", type = Long.class),
 _USER_(name = "authorName")}))
The name of the mapping, BookValueMapping in this example, will later be used to tell the EntityManager which mapping to use. The _USER_ annotation defines the constructor call for a given target class. This is the BookValue in our example. The array of _USER_ annotations defines the columns of the query result that will be used as constructor parameters with their type and order. The type attribute is optional and you only need to provide it, if the type of the column is different to the type of the constructor parameter. In this case, the default types of the id and version columns are BigInteger and need to be converted to Long.
Similar to the mapping of multiple entities, the classes attribute of the _USER_ accepts an array of _USER_ annotations. If the mapping maps to multiple value objects or entities, each column can be used multiple times.
And like all the mapping definitions before, also the constructor result mapping can be defined in a mapping XML file. The easiest way to do this is to use the default mapping file called orm.xml that will be automatically used, if it is added to the META-INF directory of the jar file.

The usage of the constructor mapping is identical to the other SQL result set mappings. We need to provide it to the createNativeQuery(String sqlString, String resultSetMapping) method of the EntityManager and we get a List.
List results = this.em.createNativeQuery("SELECT b.id, b.title, b.version, a.firstName || a.lastName as authorName FROM Book b JOIN Author a ON b.author_id = a.id", "BookValueMapping").getResultList();
After we started with simple result mappings in the first post and created more complex ones in the second post, we now had a look at constructor result mappings that were introduced with JPA 2.1.
These provide a functionality similar to the JPQL constructor expressions and map the result of a query to constructor calls. The mapping can be defined via XML or a _USER_ annotation and one or more _USER_ annotations.
Here is again a list of the previous posts of the series in case you missed one of them:
About the author
Books and Courses
Coaching and Consulting
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 2. Hi Thorben,
 First of all, whole tutorials are great about ResultSetMapping, thank you so much…
 when I use your way, I am getting this kind of error and I didn't figure it out. I have two entity classes (Projects.java and ProjectsFlow.java) like yours (Author.java and Book.java) and also I have a class for result mapping ProjectsTables.java like your BookValue.java…This is the error
 and also these are the other classes….
 In the OrganisationController class (line 52), I've created a query (createNativeQuery) and in the homepage.jsp I've called the results (line 174)….
 I don't understand the problem? Please can you help me?
 1. Hi Hasan,
 have you tried to use Integer.class instead of int.class to handle empty columns in the query result?
 1. Hi,
 I don't understand meaning of "to handle empty columns"…you mean, just use Integer.class instead of int.class….If you want to say this, yes I tried before but not worked.
 1. Thanks Daniel!
 You can find the post about the Hibernate specific features here: //thorben-_URL_-mapping-hibernate-specific-mappings/


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To prevent spreading aquatic nuisance species:
- Inspect your vessel and trailer, and remove any plants and animals you see before leaving the area.
- Drain your motor, live well, and bilge on land before leaving the area.
- Empty your bait bucket on land. Never release live bait into a body of water or release aquatic animals from one body of water into another.
- Rinse your vessel, propeller, trailer, and equipment.
- Air-dry your vessel and equipment for as long as possible.


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Program Evaluation: Reading, Math, Science, and Technology Initiatives
Technology-Based Supplemental Instruction Pilot Program in Rural School Districts (R-TECH)
R-Tech is intended to finance technology-based supplemental instruction to students at the sixth through twelfth grade levels at participating campuses. Additional information about can be found at TEA's R-Tech page.
The Student Success Initiative (SSI)
Created by the 76th Texas Legislature in 1999 and modified by the 81st Texas Legislature in 2009, the purpose of the Student Success Initiative (SSI) is to offer a system of academic support programs to help ensure that every student in Texas performs on grade level in reading and mathematics. Please see TEA's SSI page for more information.
Accelerated Reading/Accelerated Math Instruction (ARI/AMI)
ARI/AMI provided funding to be used by school districts to provide accelerated instruction to students in Kindergarten through Grade 6 who were performing below grade level in reading and math. The funding provided to school districts and charter schools each fiscal year was based on the number of students who did not meet the state standard on the Grade 3 reading TAKS and the Grade 5 math TAKS the previous year. The evaluation of ARI/AMI for the 2006-2007 school year was included in the Student Success Initiative (SSI) Report.
Intensive Reading Instruction/Intensive Math Instruction (IRI/IMI)
IRI and IMI Program funds were designated to serve those schools exhibiting the most difficulty in improving reading and/or math achievement, beginning in 2006-2007 school year. IRI and IMI funding was non-competitive and provided to schools with students enrolled in Grades 4-6 that failed to improve student performance in reading and/or mathematics. This funding was to be used to provide immediate, targeted instruction programs for students who were struggling in these two key areas so they would be able to meet the grade advancement requirements of the Student Success Initiative (SSI) and master grade level curriculum expectations. Texas Education Code (TEC) Section 28.0211, requires districts to provide accelerated (intensive) instruction to a student after he or she has not met the passing standard after the second administration of the reading or math TAKS tests in Grade 5, and the reading TAKS in Grade 3.
Texas Reading First Initiative (TRFI)
TRFI is intended to enable the selected eligible applicants to implement scientifically-based reading programs that help all students achieve reading mastery by the end of Grade 3. TRFI places specific emphasis on the importance of scientifically based reading research – research that applies rigorous, systematic, and objective procedures to obtain valid knowledge relevant to reading development, reading instruction and reading difficulties. The evaluation focuses on activities that occurred primarily during the 2005-2006 school year. For additional information about TRFI please see TEA's Reading First page.
Technology Immersion Pilot (TIP)
The purpose of TIP is to explore the impact of technology immersion on student progress by providing students in grantee campuses with a wireless mobile computing device and other appropriate learning technologies that have been shown to improve student achievement. The primary goal of TIP is to increase the academic progress of participating students by immersing the campus with appropriate innovative technologies including, but not limited to, wireless mobile computing devices, integrating software, online formative assessment tools, and online resources. Evaluation reports were delivered to the agency in December at the conclusion through the 2007-2008 school year. For additional information, please see TEA's TIP page.
Career and Technology Education (CTE) Grant Program
The Texas Legislature established Career and Technology Education goals for all Texas students in secondary schools. Texas Education Code (TEC) Section 29.181 mandates that each public school student shall master the basic skills and knowledge necessary for: 1) managing the dual roles of family member and wage earner; and 2) gaining entry-level employment in a high-skill, high-wage job or continuing the student's education at the postsecondary level. For additional information about CTE in Texas, please see TEA's CTE page.
Page last modified on 2/28/2011.


Tips on how to come up with your WORD and be without it
What WORD would your life be better without? We all try, at one time or another, to give up those habits, foods, or behaviors that do us harm—what about words? Here is our challenge to you: For one week, stop using a word that is destructive to you, your life, the world, or your relationship with others.
Why give up a WORD? For some people, a word like "can't" might hold them back from goals they would accomplish. Or perhaps, for others, a word like "fault" or "unfair" influences their relationships.
What is your WORD? Give up that word for a week, then share the story of how you changed without that word. Try writing your word down on a piece paper by your bed or some place you will see it in the morning. Let friends know and asking them to check in with you.
To give up a WORD: Sign up below with your email and the word you'd like to give up. One week later, we'll check in with you to see how the experience went.
I warmly invite you: Give up a word today.
Jamie Coats, Curator, Give Up a WORD


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|Dec31-12, 03:07 PM||#1|
ice crystal formation
I have a question regarding the following picture of a lattice of ice:
Why does it form the shape that it does? Is it because of the repulsion of charges from the valence electrons?
|Dec31-12, 03:42 PM||#2|
Ice crystal forms that shape due to hydrogen bonds and due to the shape and charge distribution in the water molecule. The shape of the water molecule is due, indeed, to the extra electrons in the valence shell of the oxygen atom.
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YOU MAD? Regional variations in anger expressed in tweets
"You mad?" – The internet, it seems, represents a perfect place to vent anger, start a flamewar, and engage in uncivil behavior. Especially in unmoderated comment forums, the combination of distance and anonymity can be a driving force for vitriolic behavior (see Why on is Everyone on the Internet So Angry?)
In this exploration into my big data set of geo-tagged tweets, I examine anger and hatred. Unlike internet comment threads, twitter users are not anonymous. Yet anger on twitter remains a concern for many. Researchers have compared the anger response in twitter as psychologically similar to road rage – it acts at more of a distance, it happens more quickly, and it is more explosive. Furthermore, of all the emotions expressed on social media, it seems that anger is the quickest emotion to spread. In a short time, anger and rage can spread within several degrees of separation.
In this analysis, I have more modest aims:
 - Track anger expressed by usage of the words "anger" and "hate" and their multiple forms (e.g., anger, angry, angriest, etc.)
 - Track anger expressed by emotions (?????? )
 - Examine how word and emoticon expressions of anger corroborate each other
 - Examine regional variations expressions of anger
Analysis of 24 million geo-tagged tweets show that on average, 0.78% tweets are using forms of the word "hate" or "anger." That's not a lot. Of course, there are other ways to express anger in a tweet, and this is just a rough tool. On average, 0.30% of tweets use the anger emoticons. The image shows the hot-spot analysis of regional differences in the distribution of tweets (words and emoticons). Fully red sections use anger statistically significantly more in tweets, fully blue sections use anger less in tweets. The map shows a few things:
 - There is significant regional variation in the use of anger signifiers, and these regional difference represent stable and relatively large regions (not county by county)
How big are those regional differences? In some cases, the differences are small. Some of the orange and red areas are only slightly above the nationwide average (0.90% vs. 0.78%). Sometimes the difference is stark. For example, portions of Michigan and Texas (at 1.5%) are six times more likely to express anger than portions of Hawaii (at 0.25%), and four times more likely as a state like New Jersey (at 0.5%).
Why do these difference exist? I do not know. Perhaps there are some regional differences in expectations for civility, or different norms for if (or how) the same emotion is conveyed online. Perhaps people in different parts of the country are simply less angry than other parts. I did try lining up this map with some socio-economic indicators like crime-rate, unemployment rate, income distribution, and others. I didn't get very far.
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Posted on | January 12, 2012 | 1 Comment
One of the most promising strategies for water conservation in the arid west involves fallowing of agricultural lands. Done badly, it has earned the pejorative nickname "buy and dry", as cities buy up ag water rights, take the land out of production and shift the water to urban toilets and taps. But done right – the fallowing agreement between the Metropolitan Water District and the Palo Verde Irrigation District is an oft-cited example – it can compensate farmers and keep ag economies robust and healthy.
Brett Walton at Circle of Blue explores an intriguing example in the San Luis Valley in southern Colorado – fallowing some crop land in the valley to save water for other farms. So instead of farm-to-city, this is fallowing one farm to save another. But he also highlights a problem in this year of extraordinary commodity prices:
Though it is still being negotiated, the plan has a significant obstacle: the explosive rise in food prices, which are making the sums offered by the water-conservation program less enticing. Prices for the valley's mainstay — potatoes — have increased 25 percent in the last five years. Wheat, alfalfa, and barley prices have done even better, more or less doubling over the same period.


RSL - List of restricted substances in shoes
"Sustainability and environmental protection are the key issues that the cads organization – cooperation for assuring defined standards for shoe and leather goods production (a registered association) - deals with. Its priority is the prevention of dangerous substances in shoes. To achieve this objective, cads members, among them the chemical industry, manufacturers of materials and manufacturers of the shoe, leather goods and textile sector as well as important commercial enterprises, attach great importance to applying the strict values that often exceed the official guidelines not only within their own production processes but also to disseminate them worldwide along the entire supply chain among the manufacturers of materials and the supplier industry.
Since various limits apply in the individual countries, our objective is to set minimum requirements. This also serves the purpose of promoting the dialogue about critical substances with non-governmental organizations. Our efforts culminated in the first version of a joint guideline published in 2013, which had a considerable worldwide response.
The present "List of Restricted Substances in Shoes" was published in close coordination with independent testing and research facilities. All companies that voluntarily belong to cads commit themselves to achieve the consciously set ambitious objectives. In most cases, the voluntary commitment of the cads members even clearly exceeds statutory requirements.
I am sure that the importance of the issues of sustainability and environmental protection will become even more important in the future. For this reason, we recommend all companies of the shoe and leather goods sector to choose a precautionary approach when dealing with the environment and to take initiatives that create a higher sense of environmental responsibility. Join us in our path that leads to pollutant-free, sustainable and environmentally compatible production. Support us in becoming a little better every day! "
Michael Tackenberg
Chairman of the board
AZO Dyes
Azo dyes are dyes which contain at least one azo bond (-N = N-) within the molecule. Azo dyes are lightfast and acid-stable. In textiles and leather, azo dyes are commonly used as colorant.
Certain azo dyes, when in a basic chemical environment or under certain enzyme conditions, can release dangerous aromatic amines.
The statutory requirement for these aromatic amines from azo dyes is 30 mg/kg in the EU.
cads has specified that value to be reduced by one third to
20 mg/kg which also takes account of the legal requirements in China.
Biocides are biologically active substances, and their toxic and biocidal nature enables them to kill or harm living things. Therefore they are used for mould prevention or as a disinfectant. Biocides have adverse effects on the nervous system when entering into the human body. They may irritate eyes, skin, and the respiratory system. In the manufacture of leather bicides have to be used as product preservation to protect the wet intermediates. In order to prevent excessive use cads uses limits for the biocides based on the requirements of the Blue Angel for shoes.
cads has reviewed the listed substances and pronounced the compliance with the maximum regulatory limits and has fixed sometimes lower limits.
Chlorinated Phenols
In tanneries and the pulp industry the listed chlorinated phenols are used as fungicides, insecticides and bactericides. They are toxic and can be dangerous. For chlorinated phenols exist partially regulations which specify quantity limits, a few of them are prohibited in some states.
cads sets lower limits as given in the legal guideline, in some cases significantly or has set for undeclared substances maximum amounts.
Dyestuffs (allergenous, carcinogenic, others)
Disperse dyes are generally water-insoluble colorants that are mainly used for coloring polyester, nylon and cellulose acetate textile fibers. They have extremely high fastness to light for very pale colors. Some disperse dyes have an allergenous (sensitizing) potential to human skin and some are partly classified as carcinogenic.
cads respects the different requirements and has scheduled for the use of the listed substances a general limit of 3,3 mg/l (50 mg/kg).
Heavy metals
Heavy metals are available in colorants and used as dye-fixing agents. They are also used as stabilizers in plastics. Many heavy metals are bioaccumulative when absorbed by human body through perspiration and give cause for concern in health terms. The listed heavy metals are supposed to technical regulations.
cads has defined additional limits which are based on the
prior art.
Organotin comounds
The major commercial applications of organotin compounds are as plastic stabilizers, catalysts, industrial biocides, antifouling paints, glass coatings, and pesticides. They are also used as disinfectant for textiles, leather and pulp. Organotin compounds are environmental pollutants and particularly dangerous to aquatic creatures.
cads has appointed limits that are a fraction of the allowed values.
Other chemical residues
Many materials can be equipped with special chemicals to produce waterand soil-resistant properties or to prevent shrinkage. Furthermore, chemical substances remain as residues of the manufacturing process in the material, whereby possible health risks by migration in contact with the skin can not be excluded.
cads has fixed stringent limits in consideration of the production-related feasibility.
Perfluorinated substances
Perfluorinated and polyfluorinated substances are non-naturally occurring substances in which hydrogen atoms have been replaced by fluorine. The best known representatives of this class of substances are PFOS (perfluorooctanesulfonic acid) and PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid). These substances are used as water and oil repellent impregnating agents. They are persistent in nature as well as bioaccumulating and are not or are degraded to a very small extent.
Based on legal requirements and technical feasibility, cads has set its strict limits here.
Other phenols
Alkylphenols are used as plasticizers in plastics and for the production of alkylphenol ethoxylates, which are used as nonionic surfactants. APEOs are biodegradable persistant and may have hormonal effects.
Based on legal requirements and campaigns by NGOs, cads has reduced the requirements clearly.
Phthalates have diverse uses in modern commerce. One of their primary uses is as a plasticizer in flexible plastic products. They are also used as fixatives, detergents, lubricating oils, and solvents.
As a result of these diverse uses, phthalates are found in many consumer products, such as textiles, footwear, cosmetics.
Phthalates can result in health problems.
cads, in his position as a pioneer, shows that the reduction of Phthalates is possible and reduces the existing legal requirements for shoes and leather goods.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
PAHs are produced by the incomplete combustion of organic materials such as wood, oil and animal fats. PAHs are less water-soluble, evaporable and degradable and attach themselves to organic particulate matter. PAH contaminations have been found not only in rubber but also in various plastics, because they will be inserted by the used plastcizer oils or carbon black as coloring agent.
Since the end of 2015 some PAHs are regulated by law. Previously and currently cads decreases current legal limits significantly.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)
Although the industry is endeavouring to dispense with substances containing solvents, solvents are neccessary for the manufacture of shoes in the form of adhesive and finish, which evaporate slowly during the transportation and by usage.
Inter alia substances such as acetophenone and 2-phenyl-2-propanol can be formed in the case of incorrect process control for the production of ethylene vinyl acetate materials (EVA). Both substances are classified as harmfull and have a strong Odour. In addition 2-Phenyl-2-propanol is supposed to have an allergenic potential.
cads limits for VOCs are based on the concentrations reachable with the best available technologies.
Chlorinated benzenes and toluenes
Chlorinated benzenes and toluenes are chlorinated aromatic compounds. In addition to the adverse health effects of these compounds they are also questionable from an environmental toxicological point of view. Mainly the chlorinated benzenes and toluenes are used as tools / solvents in the dyeing of synthetic fibers. Some of these compounds are used as biocides. According to today's state of the art these tools can be replaced by safer alternatives.
cads regulates the use of these compounds from its own commitment to protect workers, consumers and the environment.
Flame Retardants
Flame Retardants are used to make easily flammable materials like plastics or synthetic textiles, for example, more resistant for applications under higher temperatures, flying sparks or open flame. Flame retardants represent a large group of chemicals; there are halogenated organic flame retardants, non-halogenated organic flame retardants and inorganic flame retardants. Their function is also extremely varied – thus, flame retardants are often used as plasticizers as well. Some flame retardants persist for a long time, i.e. they can accumulate permanently in the environment, which is why their use has been restricted.


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How many microlitro in 1 cubic angstrom?
The answer is 1.0E-21.
We assume you are converting between microlitro and cubic angstrom.
You can view more details on each measurement unit:
microlitro or cubic angstrom
The SI derived unit for volume is the cubic meter.
1 cubic meter is equal to _PHONE_ microlitro, or 1.0E+30 cubic angstrom.
Note that rounding errors may occur, so always check the results.
Use this page to learn how to convert between microlitros and cubic angstroms.
Type in your own numbers in the form to convert the units!
1 microlitro to cubic angstrom = 1.0E+21 cubic angstrom
2 microlitro to cubic angstrom = 2.0E+21 cubic angstrom
3 microlitro to cubic angstrom = 3.0E+21 cubic angstrom
4 microlitro to cubic angstrom = 4.0E+21 cubic angstrom
5 microlitro to cubic angstrom = 5.0E+21 cubic angstrom
6 microlitro to cubic angstrom = 6.0E+21 cubic angstrom
7 microlitro to cubic angstrom = 7.0E+21 cubic angstrom
8 microlitro to cubic angstrom = 8.0E+21 cubic angstrom
9 microlitro to cubic angstrom = 9.0E+21 cubic angstrom
10 microlitro to cubic angstrom = 1.0E+22 cubic angstrom
You can do the reverse unit conversion from cubic angstrom to microlitro, or enter any two units below:
microlitro to cubic micrometer
microlitro to cubic hectometer
microlitro to board foot
microlitro to cubic decimeter
microlitro to imperial gallon
microlitro to bushel
microlitro to cup
microlitro to gill
microlitro to cubic kilometer
microlitro to petalitre
Unidad de volumen equivalente a la millonésima parte de un litro, representada por el símbolo μl. También equivale a 1 milímetro cúbico.
A cubic angstrom is defined as the volume of a cube with edges one angstrom in length.
The definition of a angstrom is as follows:
An angstrom or ångström (Å) is a non-SI unit of length equal to 10-10 metres, 0.1 nanometres or 100 picometres.
ConvertUnits.com provides an online conversion calculator for all types of measurement units. You can find metric conversion tables for SI units, as well as English units, currency, and other data. Type in unit symbols, abbreviations, or full names for units of length, area, mass, pressure, and other types. Examples include mm, inch, 100 kg, US fluid ounce, 6'3", 10 stone 4, cubic cm, metres squared, grams, moles, feet per second, and many more!


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Climate Action for Nature
"It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent that survives. It is the one that is the most adaptable to change."
- Charles Darwin
ECCo scientists recognize that climate change has the potential to jeopardize much of the regional conservation and restoration work that has been done over the past 30 years. As a member of Chicago Wilderness (CW), an alliance of over 250 organizations dedicated to restoring biodiversity in the region, the team helped to develop and launch the CW Climate Action Plan for Nature (CAPN) in 2010. This Plan specifically addresses climate change impacts to the natural communities spanning across a four-state region and represents an ecosystem-based approach to responding to climate change. The CAPN complements the Chicago Climate Action Plan, focused on human health and the built and natural environments within the City of Chicago, and ECCo ecologists work collaboratively with Chicago's Department of Environment on urban ecosystem adaptation strategies.
The team serves on the CW Climate Change Task Force and is leading several of the efforts to implement the CAPN, including developing Climate Clinics aimed at building the capacity of CW members to put the Plan's actions into practice. In Spring 2011 ECCo ecologists completed a revision of CW's Biodiversity Recovery Plan, a road map to restoration and management in the region, that incorporates climate change impacts to biodiversity. These "climate-smart" management practices are intended to not only protect current conservation investments, but also increase the likelihood natural resources can continue to provide the ecological services both human and natural communities rely upon as the environment continues to shift.
To subscribe to the bi-monthly Chicago Wilderness
Learn more about ECCo's work Engaging Chicago Communities in Climate Action