QCM-D Monitoring of Binding-Induced Conformational Change of Calmodulin | OMICS International
ISSN: 2090-4967
Biosensors Journal
QCM-D Monitoring of Binding-Induced Conformational Change of Calmodulin
Hyun J Kwon* and Brian T Dodge
Department of Engineering and Computer Science, Andrews University, Michigan, USA
Corresponding Author:
Kwon HJ
Department of Engineering and Computer Science
HYH 312, Andrews University
Berrien Springs, MI 49104, USA
Tel: _PHONE_
E-mail: [email protected]
Received Date: July 21, 2015; Accepted Date: September 22, 2015; Published Date: September 24, 2015
Citation: Kwon HJ, Dodge BT (2015) QCM-D Monitoring of Binding-Induced Conformational Change of Calmodulin. Biosens J 4:126. doi:10.4172/2090-4967._PHONE_
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Understanding conformational changes are important when studying a protein such as calmodulin (CaM), which activates various target enzymes and regulates numerous physiological functions. CaM is a highly flexible protein that can transitorily adopt various conformations. A quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) sensor was used to study binding-induced conformational changes of surface-immobilized CaM. Structural changes of CaM were evaluated using the Voigt's viscoelastic model with frequency (ΔF) and dissipation change (ΔD). When Apo-CaM layer was incubated in 0.1 mM Ca2+ solution, the layer decreased by approximately 0.56 nm, due to the release of coupled water molecules and conformational change. The application of CaM itself also caused a significantly more compact layer, supporting previous findings that CaM dimerization forms a collapsed structure that exposes a hydrophobic tunnel. The binding characteristics of CaM with peptides derived from proteins in a signal transduction pathway also demonstrated diverse biophysical properties of the CaM complexes. Each peptide showed a unique ΔF/ΔD pattern indicating versatility of CaM configuration to favorably adjust to each target molecule. The study demonstrates that the QCM-D sensor is capable of simultaneously studying binding affinity and plasticity of protein configuration for target binding. The CaM data obtained on hydrated protein layer thickness is complementary to configuration measurements of a single CaM molecule.
QCM-D sensor; CaM; Conformation change; Biosensor; XIP; Olfactory
Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium (Ca2+)-binding protein that can bind to and regulate a multitude of different target proteins [1]. CaM consists of 148 amino acid residues and belongs to a class of ubiquitous proteins with similar structure characterized by their distinctive helixloophelix Ca2+ -binding motif, the so-called EF hand. Like many other Ca2+ -binding proteins, CaM undergoes a conformational change upon binding to Ca2+, which enables it to bind to specific proteins for a specific response [2,3]. This feature is common among the calcium binding protein superfamily. The structure of the Ca2+/CaM complex has been resolved by X-ray crystallography, EIS-MS, 2D-IR [4] and NMR studies [1,5]. CaM is shown to exhibit a dumbbell shape composed of two globular domains linked by a long flexible central helix [6]. CaM exhibits a great diversity of conformational changes when it binds to various binding moieties. The solution structure of a CaM with a 26 residue synthetic peptide comprising of skeletal muscle myosin light chain kinase (skMLCK) has been identified by multidimensional NMR [5]. A recent study reports AFM also could detect conformational change of immobilized CaM from apo-CaM to Ca2+ saturated holoCaM [7]. Single-molecule force spectroscopy by AFM enabled direct observation of CaM interaction with peptides from skMLCK and CaM-dependent kinase (CaMKK) [8-10]. By applying mechanical force, the result revealed different degrees of cooperativity for CAMbinding peptide sequences. They also suggested that target peptides to only partially Ca2+-saturated CaM may play a crucial role for finetuning the intracellular response to Ca2+ signals [8].
Our focus is to present a simple method to identify and characterize binding-induced conformational change of surface immobilized proteins using a QCM-D sensor. CaM was used because it is a well-studied molecule for conformation change when binding. To demonstrate the versatile dynamics of binding characteristics, it would be ideal to choose peptides from a series of proteins that work in concert within a single cell. As a model system, peptides were derived from proteins present in a single olfactory sensory neuron. CaM plays a pivotal role in olfactory signal transduction cascade by regulating a number of channels, enzymes and receptors, such as olfactory cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels, ryanodine receptors (RYRs), plasma membrane calcium-ATPase (PMCA), and 3', 5'-cluclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE), plasma membrane sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX), etc. [11-13]. These proteins are all well known for interacting with Ca2+/CaM for regulating specific activities [11]. Tentative CaM binding sequences of peptides within those proteins were selected by in silico scan and also from literature [12]. Among them, XIP (exchanger Inhibitory Peptide) region of sodium calcium exchanger (NCX) is a well-known peptide, which we will call peptide X for simplicity. NCX is known to bind to Ca2+/CaM [14] to regulate its ion transport functionality and the peptide X inhibits its own NCX activity when applied in the cytosol [15]. Studying interaction between CaM and peptides that are involved in the single signal transduction cascade would serve as an example to demonstrate versatility of CaM configuration in target binding. Understanding characteristics of binding between Ca2+/CaM and peptides is critical in study of chemosensory signal transduction pathways.
The quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) technique is widely used to monitor surface and interface processes [16]. The QCM-D sensor measures the frequency change (ΔF) of oscillating quartz crystal disk at this resonant frequency for adsorbed mass. If the adsorbed film is thin and rigid, the mass uptake can be linearly correlated to the frequency change by the Sauerbrey equation.
Δm=-C/n ΔF
where C is the mass-sensitivity constant (C=17.7 ng Hz-1 cm-2 for a 5 MHz resonance frequency), n is the overtone number, Δm (ng/ cm2) is the adsorbed mass per unit area, and ΔF(Hz) is the frequency shift. However, water is usually coupled with the soft and viscoelastic biomolecule. The QCM-D enables measurement of damping of oscillation or dissipation (ΔD) by periodically on-and-off voltage simultaneously. The dissipation change provides assessment of flexibility/viscoelasticity of the adsorbed mass and structural property [17]. For viscoelastic layer of protein complexes, we employed the Voigt's viscoelastic model. In the Voigt's model, both ΔF and ΔD information and multiple overtone measurement were used to estimate thickness of the total mass of the film including both protein and coupled water [18]. Simultaneous measurement of ΔF and ΔD of the QCM-D sensor provides information on structural characteristics of biomolecular interactions. Therefore, the QCM-D technique has been used to detect conformation change of polymer chains [19] and biological interactions [20].
In this study, we utilized a QCM-D sensor to characterize interaction between CaM and its various binding moieties including Ca2+ ions, CaM-binding proteins and peptides. A considerable body of evidence indicates that CaM can assume multiple modes of interactions with targets. This paper demonstrates that bindinginduced conformational changes of surface immobilized CaM can be observed using the QCM-D technique.
Equipment and materials
The measurements were made with a QCM-D sensor (Biolin Scientific Holding AB, Sweden) apparatus. An AT-cut quartz crystal with a fundamental resonant frequency of 5 MHz was from Biolin Scientific Holding AB (Q-sense AB). 16-Mercaptohexadecanoic acid (16 MHA), 11-Hydroxy-1-undecanethiol (11-HUT), (1-Mercapto- 11-undecyl) hexa (ethylene glycol) (MUHEG), and biotin-terminated tri (ethylene glycol) hexadecanethiol (BAT) was purchased from Asemblon, Inc. Bovine calmodulin, biotin-calmodulin, and calcineurin were purchased from EMD Chemicals, Inc. Peptide XIP was provided by Dr. Margolis (University of Maryland School of Medicine) and all other synthetic peptides were generated from Biosynthesis, Inc. Peptide sequences are listed in Table 1. All other chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Inc.
Peptide name Origin Sequence Dissociation constant, Kd (ΔM)
Peptide P Phosphodiesterase 1c


text:
- any twining plant of the genus Humulus, bearing male flowers in loose clusters and female flowers in conelike forms.
- hops, the dried ripe cones of the female flowers of this plant, used in brewing, medicine, etc.
- Older Slang. a narcotic drug, especially opium.
- to treat or flavor with hops.
- hop up, Slang.
- to excite; make enthusiastic: They hopped the crowd up with fiery speeches.
- to add to the power of: The kids hopped up the motor of their jalopy.
- to stimulate by narcotics.
Origin of hop2
- (intr) to make a jump forwards or upwards, esp on one foot
- (intr) (esp of frogs, birds, rabbits, etc) to move forwards in short jumps
- (tr) to jump overhe hopped the hedge
- (intr) informal to move or proceed quickly (in, on, out of, etc)hop on a bus
- (tr) informal to cross (an ocean) in an aircraftthey hopped the Atlantic in seven hours
- (tr) US and Canadian informal to travel by means of (an aircraft, bus, etc)he hopped a train to Chicago
- US and Canadian to bounce or cause to bouncehe hopped the flat stone over the lake's surface
- (intr) US and Canadian informal to begin intense activity, esp work
- (intr) another word for limp 1
- hop it or hop off British slang to go away
- the act or an instance of hopping
- old-fashioned, informal a dance, esp one at which popular music is playedwe're all going to the school hop tonight
- informal a trip, esp in an aircraft
- US a bounce, as of a ball
- on the hop informal
- active or busy
- Britishunawares or unpreparedthe new ruling caught me on the hop
Word Origin for hop
- any climbing plant of the N temperate genus Humulus, esp H. lupulus, which has green conelike female flowers and clusters of small male flowers: family Cannabiaceae (or Cannabidaceae)See also hops
- hop garden a field of hops
- obsolete, slang opium or any other narcotic drug
Word Origin for hop
Word Origin and History for hopup
Old English hoppian "to spring, leap, dance," from Proto-Germanic *hupnojanan (cf. Old Norse hoppa, Dutch huppen, German hüpfen "to hop"). Related: Hopped; hopping.
usually hops, type of twining vine whose cones are used in brewing, etc., mid-15c., from Middle Dutch hoppe, from Proto-Germanic *hup-nan- (cf. Old Saxon -hoppo, German Hopfen), of unknown origin.
"opium," 1887, from Cantonese nga-pin (pronounced HAH-peen) "opium," a Chinese folk etymology of the English word opium, literally "crow peelings." Re-folk-etymologized back into English by association with hop (n.1).
"a small jump," c.1500, from hop (v.). Slang sense of "informal dancing party" is from 1731 (defined by Johnson as "a place where meaner people dance"). Meaning "short flight on an aircraft" is from 1909.
Idioms and Phrases with hopup
In addition to the idioms beginning with hope
- hope against hope
- hope springs eternal
- hop to it
- hop up
- mad as a hornet (hops)

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text: In their ceremonial arts, the Sulka people of northern New Britain consciously seek to achieve magnificence, striving to maximize the visual impact on the viewer. Brightly colored and ephemeral, Sulka ritual arts are created for one-time use in dances and ceremonies, during which their fleeting beauty allows the audience to briefly glimpse the divine. Afterward, the objects are destroyed. This work is a headdress worn on top of the head like a helmet. It portrays a praying mantis (kovio), possibly a clan emblem. Although its exact use is uncertain, it was probably a kapurei, a conical headdress that formed the base for a large ceremonial dance wand (rei) as much as nine feet (3 meters) high that was attached to the undecorated projection at the top.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Elkridge, Maryland (PRWEB) May 23, 2016
In order to bring greater attention to problems caused by climate change, nonprofit organization Planet Aid held public screenings of a climate change documentary at its Baltimore and Milford locations on May 11th.
Entitled Disobedience, the documentary highlights the efforts of the growing "Break Free from Fossil Fuels" movement comprised of climate change activists from around the world. The film focuses on how the extraction of fossil fuels negatively affects the environment and accelerates the processes behind global warming.
As the climate change activists mobilize to increase awareness about the negative environmental impact of fossil fuels, Planet Aid attempts to combat climate change through recycling and increasing the efficient use of vital resources.
"The causes of environmental preservation and sustainability have always been central to Planet Aid's mission," said Ester Neltrup, President of Planet Aid. "Each year, Planet Aid collects and recycles 100 million pounds of unwanted clothing and shoes, which helps reduce CO2 and other gasses contributing to global warming. We hope that this documentary will inform and inspire more people to work together to address the environmental and social issues we face as a society."
With more than 20,000 of its iconic yellow bins nationwide, Planet Aid provides a convenient and environmentally friendly way for people to dispose of their unwanted clothing, shoes, and other textiles. By collecting and recycling these materials, Planet Aid saves valuable resources and significantly reduces landfills, while also funding numerous sustainable development projects around the world.
About Planet Aid
Planet Aid is a U.S. 501 (c)(3) nonprofit and is registered with USAID as a private voluntary organization. Accredited by the Better Business Bureau's Wise Giving Alliance, Planet Aid collects and recycles used clothing and shoes as part of its environmental mission. The net proceeds from its 21-state recycling operation help to support projects aimed at eliminating poverty. Since its inception in 1997, Planet Aid has provided more than $100 million to support projects on three continents. Planet Aid supports programs in education, teacher training, nutrition and agricultural and economic development.


text: The development of advanced teaching tools using simulation is costly and often of limited value to the institution developing it. The investment can only be regained if the teaching tool can be used in other places and/or a wide range of applications. Thus the objective is to assess the usefulness of an advanced teaching tool in a range of settings and cultures. Zinc Violet is a simulation of a problem using real data and data analysis software, characters, reports, literature, role-play and financial or time limitations. The students are placed in a problem that they have to solve where their choices have consequences and the simulations aims to engage them. The programme has a long history of development in two countries and is based on real investigations. All uses of the teaching tool have been formally evaluated in the context of use. Zinc Violet has been used to teach applied epidemiology in three different Masters degrees at three different universities in two different countries. It has also been used in a professional development course in another country. Applications used are applied epidemiology, environmental epidemiology, risk assessment and risk communication. Participants have come from Australia, China, France, India, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Nigeria, Pakistan, Taiwan, UK and other countries. Professional backgrounds have included physicians, nurses, environmental scientists, toxicologists and dieticians. The evaluations have been that the simulations facilitated very good engagement. All research applications were highly successful succeeding in engaging people from all disciplines and cultures. The risk communication application showed only the first half of the simulation to be useful but for that part they were engaged. Continuous technical updating is essential as bugs were found to be irritating. Substantial investments in highly developed teaching tools can pay off in a wide variety of settings. The tool does need to be very rich and engaging and the lecturer needs to ensure different applications are used with clear direction to ensure students do not get drawn into parts that are less relevant. A mix of media such as computer and role-play with close to live characters encourages engagement.


Internet Use in Europe
Internet use affects people's lives in a variety of ways and many aren't immediately obvious. For instance, studies show that internet usage positively affects how open and accepting people are to other cultures and other ways of life.
In Europe, internet penetration has topped 85%, a figure that's far above the global average, but across the continent national figures vary widely. As of 2016, 190 million people had a broadband internet connection. More than two-thirds of people who have internet access are using the internet on a daily basis.
Total internet use across Europe
Overall, home internet access in Europe is high, but while in some countries internet penetration is well over 90%, in others it's struggling to top 60% to 70%. For the most part, central Europe is leading the way, while Eastern Europe is lagging behind in terms of home internet connectivity.
Between 2007 and 2016, the percentage of European Union citizens with home internet access increased from 55% to 85%.
Contrasts in internet access across Europe
High-speed broadband that's both accessible and affordable is one of the most important ways to promote the development of a well-informed society. While overall internet penetration is high within the EU, there are significant differences between those countries with the highest internet usage rates, and those with the lowest.
Across all of Europe, 82% of people used in the internet in 2016, with Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Finland, Sweden, and Germany leading the way in terms of connectivity. In these countries, over 90% of people are internet users. Within the EU, the countries with the highest home internet access rates are Luxembourg and The Netherlands, each of which have achieved rates of 97%. Of those with internet access, 83% of people use broadband internet.
However, in other EU countries the story is very different: internet is less widely available, and usage is much lower. For instance, as of 2016 70% of Portuguese are internet users; in Greece and Portugal the figure is at 69%. Romania and Bulgaria have the lowest rates of internet usage, at 60% and 59% respectively. For some countries these figures increased slightly in the following year. Romania, for example, had climbed to 62.8% by 2017, and Portugal to 72.4%, but in Greece and Bulgaria the figures remained unchanged.
In the so-called EU candidate nations—including Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovinia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Turkey—internet penetration ranges from 66% in Albania and 67% in Serbia, to 80% in Kosovo. Overall internet penetration in these countries is at 69.6%.
countries, there are also differences in internet use that depend on other factors. One of the most prominent is the divide between people in urban areas and people in rural locations.
In urban areas, an average of 88% of people have home internet access. Towns and suburban areas have almost the same level of access, at 86%. In rural areas, the figure drops to 80%. However, this is a continent-wide average, and the breakdown by country indicates that in countries where overall internet access is low, the gap between urban and rural internet access is much wider. In fact, it may be the lack of rural internet access that is bringing down the overall figures for those countries with the lowest internet penetration rates, such as Romania and Bulgaria.
Usage behaviour in the EU
Overall in the EU, 71% of people use the internet on a daily basis. Around half of EU citizens use online banking. Social media use is similarly widespread, with 52% of people using social media networks in 2016. Both men and women use the internet for entertainment purposes—56% of men and 51% of women use the internet at least once a week for watching TV shows and films.
Mobile versus home internet use in Europe
As might be expected, patterns of mobile internet use mimic those which have already been noted for home internet use and overall internet penetration. The general trend is that countries where internet penetration is highest also have the highest rates of mobile internet use. However, while home and work internet access is achieving near-saturation rates in some countries, mobile internet penetration still lags behind somewhat. In Western Europe, around 62.% of the population owned smartphones in 2017, while in Central and Eastern Europe, limited access in several countries puts the regional average at 43.6%,
Worldwide, mobile internet penetration is high, at 3.7 billion unique users as of 2017. And mobile devices account for 49.7% of web page views worldwide. As expected, Europe has one of the highest mobile penetration rates, at 76.6%. Europe is second only to the Americas in this regard, where the mobile penetration rate is at 78.2%.
Interestingly, it's Asia and Africa that are leading the way in terms of mobile web page views, rather than Europe or the Americas. Both Africa and Asia have become "mobile first" markets where it's easier for companies to market and sell mobile devices than laptop or desktop computers. In large part this is simply because it's more accessible, affordable, and convenient for users to maintain an internet connection using mobile rather than home internet. Therefore, on these continents people are using their mobile connections more often, rather than splitting internet use between mobile, work, and home connections as in Europe and the Americas.
On the Way to Developing a Digital Europe
There are significant differences between and within countries in terms of internet penetration, internet access, and mobile internet usage. While some countries are adapting quickly and easily to the digital revolution, for others progress is coming much more slowly. This is especially true in isolated rural areas, as well as in a small number of countries both within and outside the EU.
As Europe focuses on the development of a single digital economy, the push to extend internet access in those countries that are lagging behind is sure to become stronger in the coming years. If Europe is to develop a fully-functional single digital economy it's vital that the divide between rural and urban internet access, as well as that which exists between different countries in the EU, be explored and addressed.


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MIT Technology Review
Device Could Spot Seizures by Reading Brainwaves through the Ear
A tiny, unobtrusive brain monitor could help track daily seizures.
Neuroscientists often use electroencephalography (EEG) as an inexpensive way to record electrical signals in the brain. Though it would be useful to run these recordings for long periods of time, that usually isn't practical: EEG recording traditionally involves attaching many electrodes and cables to a patient's scalp.
Picking up signals: A custom earpiece with three electrodes records from within the hearing canal.
Now engineers at Imperial College in London have developed an EEG device that can be worn inside the ear, like a hearing aid. They say the device will allow scientists to record EEGs for several days at a time; this would allow doctors to monitor patients who have regularly recurring problems like seizures or microsleep.
"The ideal is to have a very stable recording system, and recordings which are repeatable," explains co-creator Danilo Mandic. "It's not interfering with your normal life, because there are acoustic vents so people can hear. After a while, they forget they're having an EEG."
By nestling the EEG inside the ear, the engineers avoid a lot of signal noise usually introduced by body movement. They can also ensure that the electrodes are always placed in exactly the same spot, which, they say, will make repeated readings more reliable.
Since the device attaches to just one area, it can record only from the temporal region. This limits its potential applications to events that involve local activity. Tzzy-Ping Jung, co-director of the University of California, San Diego's Center for Advanced Neurological Engineering, says that this does not mean the device will not be valuable.
"Different modalities will have different applications. I would not rule out the usefulness of any modalities," says Jung. "I think it's a very good idea with very promising results."


5 Affordable VR Wearables To Make Your Research Stand Out
Groundbreaking innovation is born through research, and virtual reality (VR) has proven to be one of the most promising tools for modern scientists. VR has made it easier to conduct exciting experiments and interact with data. From visualization to audio and haptics, XR tools grant researchers a new perspective. Research organizations are not the only institutions that conduct VR experiments, it is also universities, innovation labs, corporations and SMBs.
VR as a tool has created more tools and add-ons to get the most out of spatial computing research. There are more than 5 wearables that you can use for research experiments, especially if budget is not an issue (which is entirely possible if you live in a virtual world). However, that's rarely the case nowadays, so we made this list with prices in mind (the price range is from €49 euro to €4000).
1. Haptic Gloves To Explore Touch
With haptic gloves researchers can streamline studies about the way people interact with objects and environments in VR. Collecting psychological and physiological data is just one of the possibilities they enable.
Fraunhofer Institute for Mechatronic Systems Design together with Hella Headlights used VR haptic gloves to evaluate and improve the assembly processes. Fraunhofer used a combination of a paper mock-up of an assembly cell, an AR headset and haptic force-feedback SenseGlove. "The SenseGlove's interaction technology allows the user to grab components and guide them to where they are to be assembled," says Florian Dyck, a researcher at Fraunhofer IEM.
Thanks to the force feedback features, Hella was able to streamline their manufacturing processes in the early product development stage.
This study by Fraunhofer IEM has shown that participants valued the added realism of haptic and force feedback compared to a version of the simulation with traditional controllers. Florian added: "The evaluation of the new system confirmed that the addition of force-feedback enables a more realistic simulation of the assembly processes and a more intuitive operation of the system."
SenseGlove has a very extensive plug-and-play Unity software development kit that allows creating haptic interactions in VR with limited coding while also offering an open native C++ software development kit that allows ultimate freedom in data gathering.
Florian Dyck, a researcher at Fraunhofer IEM.
2. Eye tracking tools to explore attention
From psychology and neuroscience to clinical research and development, the applications of eye-tracking are countless. You are most probably aware of Vive Pro Eye which retails for $799 (headset only). The price might be a barrier for integrating eye tracking features for research purposes, but luckily, there are alternative solutions. Chinese company 7invensun previously announced an add-on that will enable existing HTC Vive headsets to have eye-tracking. For a price of just $149, it's a way for researchers to get a deeper insight into human behaviour in VR.
Eye-tracking combined with VR may be a useful tool to investigate people's behaviour in any environment and within any scenario.
For example, researchers from the Osnabrück University have experimented with understanding navigational behaviour in VR. Having designed a virtual city for test subjects to explore for 30 minutes, scientists monitored their exploration patterns and studied the points of interest they paid attention to in the virtual city.
However, there are also ways to calculate gaze points with standard HMDs.
Yan Feng, a PhD researcher from the Delft University of Technology, has created a simulation to explore how VR may help explain the behaviour of pedestrians. She built an exact replica of a TU Delft faculty building and invited 150 people to navigate it and go through the evacuation process. Yan was fascinated with the way pedestrians got from A to B and managed to gather information about what pedestrians were relying on.
"The HMD I used only had a head-tracking function, but by combining the head movements and head rotations we can calculate the gaze points," said Feng. It helps us to understand what information attracts people's attention during normal wayfinding tasks and evacuations. This research brought lots of insights about what motivates people's choices along the way."
3. VR EEG tools to get into people's minds
Electroencephalogram (EEG) has been a widely used tool for decades, allowing researchers to know more about how people think — more so than people themselves. This method detects changes in the electrical currents of brain waves and allows them to indicate when the test subject is most excited.
As more and more research is moving into VR, new tools are being created to address VR researchers' needs. Looxid Labs created a product to connect people's minds to VR. It looks just like a fancy EEG mask that picks up EEG signals, allowing you to take advantage of the commands in the API and apply EEG signals to the VR environment. "By integrating commands that use EEG signals, you can connect users' minds to VR using the HTC Vive or Vive Pro and have experiences that are beyond the contemporary means of interfaces," the company states in their media kit.
It provides such features as visualizing data in VR, interacting through neurogaming in VR and providing analytics like immersive biofeedback visualization.
4. Tracking straps, belts and costumes to research motion
VR trackers can be used to achieve full body tracking in a wide variety of VR applications. Instead of analyzing just a floating head and hands, researchers can gain a deeper perspective on a person's movements and reactions. HTC Vive trackers are among the most common of solutions: they are usually attached to hands, but may also be attached to track the motion of head, body, and feet. You can find a trackbelt, headband tracker and leg tracker straps on Amazon.
For those who don't have an HTC Vive headset, there are other options like Xsens motion tracking. A supplier of 3D motion capture products and inertial sensors, Xsens is involved in dozens of research projects: from pedestrian prediction analysis to human-robot interaction research.
5. VR ear speakers to experiment with spatial sound interactions.
Along with touch, vision and motion, sound is another crucial part of virtual environments that contributes to user immersion and their performance in VR. Researchers have been observing the influence of audio manipulations on perceived presence and realism using various sets of equipment: from stereoscopic HMD noise-cancelling headphones and lavalier microphones for recording voice, to 360-degree cameras. Recent studies have shown that spatio-temporal synchronisation of sound with visual information improves the sense of presence in virtual and augmented environments. Some studies have demonstrated that spatial sound was a useful element for searching and navigating through augmented reality environments: the participants of the spatialized sound group performed faster and more efficiently than those working in the no-sound configuration.
Valve Index developers claim that their ear speakers have been optimized for the specific experiential goals of virtual reality: "traditional audio devices are rarely designed with sonic immersion as the primary goal. Personal devices such as earbuds, on-ear, and over-ear headphones are optimised for listening to music and entertainment in places where loudspeakers aren't appropriate and often power requirements are extremely low."
With these 5 wearables in mind, applying them might help you gain a new perspective and add depth to your projects. However, convincing VR studies can only be achieved by using both software and hardware innovations simultaneously. Luckily, more and more leading scientists now share their work using immersive technology.
The topic has become so spacious (literally!) that XR events even launched a separate program dedicated to immersive research. This year, during VRdays Europe, researchers will be able to learn about the best ways to use VR in order to enhance innovation. Keep an eye on this kind of events and stay tuned for new articles. We'll be sharing our experience with VR software that will help you save time on development and achieve unprecedented levels of immersion.
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text:
This study uses household-level panel data on smallholder farmers in Ethiopia to estimate how rural population density (RPD) affects agricultural intensification and productivity. Our results suggest that higher RPD is associated with smaller farm sizes, and has a positive effect on input demand, represented by increased fertilizer use per hectare. Overall, increased input use does not lead to a corresponding increase in staple crop yields, and thus farm income declines as population density increases. This suggests a situation where farmers in areas of high RPD may be stuck in place, unable to sustainably intensify in the face of rising RPD and declining farm sizes.
- Rural population density
- Sub-Saharan Africa
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Food Science
- Sociology and Political Science
- Economics and Econometrics
- Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law


text:
Header block provides a place for branding and other important site features such as a Navigation Menu. The header is usually placed at the very top of your website and it is a place where your site visitors get to know your site.
There are many elements you can add to the header, including:
- Site name
- Social media links
- Business phone number
- Navigation Menu
- Call to action buttons
Let's take a look at how you can modify each of these elements.
Note: When you edit the elements in your Header block on one page, these amendments are applied to Header blocks on all other pages also. The Header block will have the same layout on all pages it is added to.
Customizing the block appearance
You can customize your Header block appearance in various ways - choose one of the pre-selected color options for your header that match the look and feel of your site template, make the header sticky or make it overlay the next block.
To access these options, hover over the Header block and click Block settings:
In the Appearance tab, you will be able to pick the new color for your Header block:
To make the header stick to the top of the screen while the visitor scrolls down, check the box next to Make header sticky.
To make the header transparent, check the box next to Overlay next block option. The header will adapt to the background color of the next block during scrolling.
Once you are happy with the appearance of your header, click Save to confirm the change.
Customizing the block layout
You cannot change the placement of the Header block elements but you can add or remove them. To do so, hover over the Header block and click Block settings:
In the Layout tab, you will be able to enable/disable the appearance of certain elements in the Header block:
If the elements won't fit in one line, an additional line will appear at the top:
Adding a logo
You can enable a logo to show in your header by activating the Business logo option in the Layout section of the Block settings menu.
To add your own image as a logo, follow these steps:
- Click on the existing logo to trigger the appearance of the image editing panel.
- Click Replace image.
- Choose the new logo file on your computer.
The new logo will be added to your site. You can learn more about adding a logo from this tutorial.
Editing social media links
To edit your social media links in the Header block, follow these steps:
- Click on any social media icon in the header. The link editing menu will be activated.
- Click on the Settings button next to the social media icon you want to link:
Enter the URL of the corresponding social media page.
If desired, change the link icon. Click on Choose icon and search for another social media icon from the Icon Library:
Changing the phone number
To show your business phone number, first enable this option in the Block settings menu:
To edit the phone number, simply click on it and type in the new number.
Adding the Navigation Menu
The Navigation Menu, much like all other elements of your site, can be added or removed in the Layout section of the Block settings menu:
You can also make a local Navigation Menu for a particular page. Turning on local navigation on a specific page allows you to hide other Navigation Menu items on this specific page, while they will be displayed in global navigation on other pages. Here's how to turn on local navigation:
- Go to the page where you want to create page-specific navigation.
- Click on the Navigation Menu and then click More...
- Click Convert to local element:
Now you can hide a page from navigation and this change will be visible only on the page where you have enabled the local navigation. To disable local navigation, follow the steps above and click Revert to global element.
To learn more about Navigation Menu editing, follow this tutorial.
Editing the buttons
Your Header block can contain up to two buttons. Check or uncheck the Primary button (filled with color, so it appears more prominent) or a Secondary button (outlined only) in the Layout tab of the Block settings.
If you want to change button colors, follow the steps in this tutorial. To hyperlink a button, click on it and then click on the "chain link" icon:
You will be prompted to manage the link. Review this tutorial to learn how to create links.


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Inheritance, groups, and users roles
Using Roles in Pydio
A role contains the following informations :
- Access Control List (ACL) : a list of rights giving or denying an access to each workspace defined in the application. Internally, the right string can be « r » (read), « w » (write ), a combination of these two, or « AJXP_VALUE_CLEAR » as deny (to force clearing a previously set value in another role).
- Parameters Refinement (Parameters) : a tree of plugins parameters values that can be applied to all workspace or only to a given set of workspace.
- Actions Disabled (Actions) : a tree of disabled plugins actions, that can be as well disabled for all workspace or only a precise list. Parameters and Actions can in some case be applicable only for a given list of workspace.
You can see the various categories to the corresponding tabs of the edition interface in the Settings workspace (see screenshot below).
[:image-popup:inheritance_groups_and_users_roles/14-GROUPS-USERS-ROLES.png] Figure 1 Role Edition Interface
The power of the « Role » object is that it is a shared concept that is « additive »: a sequence of n roles can be « added » to create a new role, each role n in turn overriding the various parameters of the role n-1. That way, one can define for example a given plugin parameter value for in role1, then refine this value in Role2, and if a user has these two roles in this order, the latest value will be taken into account.
Groups and users « runtime » role
Practically, one will probably not want to define X roles and apply them one by one to the users. But the other power of this object is that it is shared by Groups and Users as well. Which means a user automatically will provide its own role (internally name AJXP_USER_/userlogin), and if he belongs to a group, this group will also provide a specific group (named AJXP_GRP_/groupPath/groupName).
You can see that editing a user or a group, you'll find the same tabs ACL, Actions and Parameters that you would find in the role edition. They correspond to the specific roles created for each object ( a group or a user).
Once configured, the various roles that are applicable to a user will be « added » in the following order : first the groups roles (if a user belongs to a subgroup, then the parent group role is applied, then the subgroup role), then the administrator-defined roles, then the proper user role. This is summarized in the figure below :
For example, a user U1 from group G1, to whom one have applied a specific role R, will then have a « merged » role that result in the addition of the following :
AJXP_GRP_/G1 + R + AJXP_USR_/U1 = user runtime role.
This « refinement » processus is very flexible, and allows you to configure the accesses, parameters and actions of each plugin, for each workspace, at a very fine level. Generally, the « Groups » is a right place to preconfigure a couple of parameters, but sometime you'll want to disable some specific action for a given user, in which case you'll edit directly the user role.
Another interesting feature of the roles one creates manually in the application is that they can automatically be applied to a given profile of users. There are currently four profiles of users : Standard, Administrator, Shared and Guest.
The « shared » profile is automatically applied to « external » users created by the internal users. If you want that these user have a specific role, you can create a role and set it to be automatically applied to all shared users.Back to top


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The weird mystery of the flyby anomaly just got even weirder. Since the early 1990's scientists and mission controllers have noticed that some spacecraft experience unexpected changes in speed during Earth-flybys. The unexplained variation is extremely small and has occurred as either speed gained or lost, but this variant is not predicted by fundamental physics. The anomaly doesn't happen to every spacecraft but scientists were hoping to gain more insight into the anomaly when the Rosetta spacecraft swung by Earth on Nov. 13 to pick up a gravitational boost for its journey to rendezvous with a comet in 2014. However, in a major disappointment – which had deepened the mystery — the Rosetta spacecraft did not experience the flyby anomaly during this swingby of Earth, even though the same spacecraft did experience the anomaly when it flew by Earth 2005, but didn't in 2007.
"It's a mystery as to what is happening with these gravity events," said Trevor Morley, lead flight dynamics specialist working on Rosetta. "Some studies have looked for answers in new interpretations of current physics. If this proves correct, it would be absolutely ground-breaking news."
For the Earth swingbys where the anomaly has been detected, Morley said the main manifestation has been "the inability to get anything like a reasonable fit of an orbit to an arc of radiometric data that encompasses both the preand post-perigee (closest to the Earth) intervals."
For those cases when an anomaly has been seen, the change has been very slight, but noticeable. "In every case, a reasonable data fit could be established only by inserting an artificial velocity change along the direction of the orbital velocity in the vicinity of perigee," Morley said.
For this flyby, the team made allowances for the software to estimate an impulsive maneuver at perigee, aligned along the orbital velocity. But after analyzing the radiometric data gathered by ESA and NASA ground stations, nothing anomalous was seen.
"The difference in the quality of the data fit was absolutely negligible," Morley said. "For Rosetta's third and final Earth swingby, there was no anomaly."
Several ideas have been tossed around in an attempt to explain why the anomaly occurs, but no one has been able to pin the cause down as of yet.
Ideas range from tidal effects of the near-Earth environment, atmospheric drag, or the pressure of radiation emitted or reflected by the Earth, to much more extreme possibilities, such as dark matter, dark energy or previously unseen variations in General Relativity.
One American research team, led by ex-NASA scientist John Anderson, is even looking at the possibility that Earth's rotation may be distorting space-time – the fundamental fabric of our Universe – more than expected, and affecting nearby spacecraft. But there is as yet no explanation how this could happen.
Plus no one can explain why some flybys experience the anomaly and others don't.
The mystery continues!
Source: Rosetta Blog


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Attributes represent certain statistics that each character has, and determine (among other things) how good a character is at certain actions.
A screenshot of the character screen with skills highlighted.
Skills represent a character's expertise across various fields and together with skills determine how good or bad a character is at a given task. Skills cap at 100.
Skill Effects
Diplomacy.png Diplomacy
 - +1 General opinion per each level above 8, -1 per each level below 8[1]
 - +1% Monthly prestige per level (starting from −8 at level 0)[2]
 - Determines the opinion gain from certain character interactions
 - Determines the effectiveness of diplomacy schemes
Martial.png Martial
 - +2% Levy size per level
 - +2% Levy reinforcement rate per level
 - +1 Advantage
Stewardship.png Stewardship
 - +2% Domain taxes per each level above 8, -2% Domain taxes per each level below 8
 - +1 Domain limit per 5 levels
Intrigue.png Intrigue
 - +1% Scheme discovery chance per level
 - +1 Hostile scheme success chance per level
 - Determines the effectiveness of intrigue schemes
 - Determines imprisonment success chance
Learning.png Learning
 - +0.1 Monthly piety per level
 - -1% Conversion cost per level
 - +1% Cultural fascination bonus if cultural head
 - Determines the prestige cost to increase crown authority
 - Determines the success chance of Demand Conversion
War.png Prowess
 - Determines the effectiveness in duels (e.g. title challenge for Tribal rulers)
 - +10 Toughness as knight per level
 - +100 Damage as knight per level
Value thresholds[edit]
Value thresholds, while not as important as the exact value of a skill, are taken into account in various events to determine the chances for a good or bad outcome. Skills are decided by education traits and can be affected by other trait types.
Values Description
0–4 Terrible
5–8 Poor
9–12 Average
13–16 Good
17-68 Excellent
69 Nice
70+ Excellent
Dread is a measure of how feared a ruler is by their vassals. Enough dread compared to another character's boldness can make characters either intimidated or terrified, allowing most diplomatic actions to succeed despite negative opinion.
Dread is gained by various actions that inspire fear, such as torturing or executing prisoners. However, it is also possible to lose dread through actions showing compassion or weakness, including releasing prisoners and accepting faction demands. Each character additionally has natural dread which is the value towards which dread will drift over time (either up or down), at a base rate of 0.5 per month. The lifestyle perk Forever Infamous prevents dread from decaying.
Each character has a hidden boldness attribute, which is decided by its traits. A character becomes intimidated by characters whose dread is 20 above their own boldness and terrified by characters whose dread is 45 above their own boldness.
Intimidation and terror[edit]
Intimidated characters are less likely to join factions or schemes against the character they're intimidated by, while a terrified character will never join factions or schemes against them. In addition, it affects their acceptance for various character interactions:
Interaction Intimidated.png Intimidated acceptance Terrified.png Terrified acceptance
Arrange marriage +75 +150
Blackmail +50 +100
Negotiate alliance +50 +100
Offer guardianship +50 +100
Offer ward +50 +100
Ransom +40 +100
Ask to take vows +25 +50
Imprison +25 +50
Retract vassal +25 +50
Revoke title +25 +50
Demand conversion +10 +20
Offer vassalage +10 +20
Marry -50 -75
Dread gain[edit]
The amount of dread gained through actions is modified by the following:
Source Dread gain
The Tower of London +30%
First Guile dynasty legacy perk +20%
Martial authority focus.png Authority focus +20%
Dreadful perk in Torturer tree ( Intrigue lifestyle) +30%
Hard Rule perk in Overseer tree ( Martial lifestyle) +20%
Public Display of Ruthlessness modifier ( Host Feast) +25%
Suspicious Reputation modifier ( Learning lifestyle event) +20%
Dangerous to Know modifier ( Learning lifestyle event) +20%
Wind Spirits' Blessing modifier ( Seek Aid of the Spirits decision) +25%
Torturer trait +50%
Paranoid trait +25%
Callous trait +25%
Vengeful trait +15%
Irritable trait +10%
Natural dread[edit]
The natural dread of a character is modified by the following (default value is 0):
Source Natural dread
First Guile dynastic legacy perk +15
Intimidation focus +30
Serve the Crown lifestyle perk +15
Wrathful trait +20
Arbitrary trait +15
Sadistic trait +35
Albino trait +15
Scaly trait +10
One-Eyed trait +10
Cannibal trait +20
Greatest of Khans trait +50
Compassionate trait -15
Wounded trait -10
Severely Injured trait -15
Brutally Mauled trait -20
Sickly trait -20
Infirm trait -15
Incapable trait -25
Maimed trait -15
Blind trait -10
Ill trait -10
Bubonic Plague trait -30
Cancer trait -20
Consumption trait -10
Great Pox trait -20
Gout-ridden trait -5
Leper trait -20
Lover's Pox trait -5
Pneumonia trait -10
One-Legged trait -10
Small Pox trait -15
Typhus trait -15
Health is a measure of how likely a character is to die. Male characters are born with health between (and including) 4.5 and 4.9; female characters are born with health between (and including) 5.0 and 5.4.[3] Once a character reaches the age of 25, they have a 7.5% chance to lose −0.125 health each year. The chance increases by 2.2% each year.
Health Can die Description Interval
Health negative.png Dying Yes You are at Death's doorstep health < 0
Health negative.png Near Death Yes You are not long for this world... 0 ≤ health < 1
Health.png Poor Yes You are ailing 1 ≤ health < 3
Health.png Fine No You are feeling fine 3 ≤ health < 5
Health positive.png Good No Your humors are balanced 5 ≤ health < 7
Health positive.png Excellent No You are full of vim and vigor! health ≥ 7
Some traits, tenets and modifiers provide bonuses Disease resistance (health). This means that any health penalties applied to the character are negated by the amount of disease resistance the character has. Note that there is also disease resistance for fertility.
Health boosts and penalties[edit]
Health effects have different names depending on the value:[4]
Displayed as Range of values
Catastrophic Health Penalty value < −4
Critical Health Penalty −4 ≤ value < −3
Severe Health Penalty −3 ≤ value < −1
Major Health Penalty −1 ≤ value < −0.75
Moderate Health Penalty −0.75 ≤ value < −0.5
Minor Health Penalty −0.5 ≤ value < −0.25
Tiny Health Penalty −0.25 ≤ value < 0
Small Health Boost 0 < value < +0.25
Medium Health Boost +0.25 ≤ value < +0.5
Significant Health Boost +0.5 ≤ value < +0.75
Huge Health Boost +0.75 ≤ value < +1
Massive Health Boost +1 ≤ value < +2
Godlike Health Boost +2 ≤ value
Death is the end of a character's life. For landed characters, it triggers succession for any held titles. There can be multiple causes:
 - When health is either poor, near death or dying, there is a chance at a given interval to die. The lower a character's health, the bigger this chance is.
 - Secret murder.png Upon success of a murder scheme, the targetted character dies.
 - The Attempt Suicide decision has a chance for the character to die.
 - Knights may die in battle or in duels, with this chance increasing with low prowess and other factors.
 - Characters may die when the holding they are currently residing in is captured in a siege.
 - Imprisoned characters may be executed by their jailors.
 - Various events may cause death.
See also: Breeding
Fertility represents a character's chance to have or cause pregnancy. Married couples and heterosexual lovers have a monthly chance to get the woman pregnant based on the average fertility of the two partners.
A character's base fertility is determined by their age:
Gender Age
16–25 26–30 31–35 36–40 41–45 46–50 51–60 61–70 70+
Male 100% 100% 100% 90% 80% 80% 70% 60% 50%
Female 100%


7 Problems Seafarers Can Face While Traveling to Foreign Land
If you are a maritime professional or planning to become one, then sooner or later you will have to get used to traveling – an integral part of the shipping profession. Frequent traveling from one country to another to reach destination ports and ships makes lives of maritime professionals physically and mentally stressing. Moreover visiting new countries having different rules, customs, and traditions means dealing with a new set of laws every time.
We all have heard about horrifying stories of seafarers while they were traveling to new countries to join ships. One of the main reasons for such accidents is lack of common sense and inability to take some basic precautions.
The fact is most of these problems can be solved by being a bit aware of the situation you can get into while traveling in foreign lands. Learn about seven common problems seafarers can face while traveling to foreign lands.
Note: Before commencing your journey, ensure that you have checked your shipping contract, appointment letter and " OK to Board" letter properly. The contact number of local officer personnel, foreign agents, and other important people will be issued by the company few days before joining the ship. Make sure that you note them down properly and keep them with you all the time.
1. Loss of important documents
Losing important documents in a foreign land can be extremely scary. When you are moving outside your native country, official documents are your only identity. It is therefore important to take all necessary precautions to not only avoid loosing them but also to act without panic by keeping a backup with a set of photocopies in case you do lose them. While making sets of photocopies of documents, always keep one pair with your luggage bag and another back at your home. If you are a tech-savvy person (and we wish you are) then you can also scan the documents and put them in your smartphones, tablets, laptops and other electronic gadgets. You can also keep them in a "cloud system" or "google drive" so that they are available from anywhere. There are several apps (both android and iphone) available, which you can take help of, to manage and save your important documents.
In case you lose your documents in foreign land, inform your agent immediately and also file a complain with the local police department. You might also be required to contact your country's embassy in certain situations.
2. Missing of flights
In order to reach their respective ships or while returning to their home land, seafarers are required to take several connecting flights. Though a good transit time is always provided between the two flights, there have been several cases wherein seafarers have missed their flights because of certain reasons.
In case you miss your flight, immediately approach the airport administration and ask until what time you can stay at the airport. This is because some airports require transit visas after staying for a certain period of time at the airport. Contact your local office personnel of your country to explain them the situation and informing about the transit visas, if required. Most of the time, the officer personnel will be able to arrange an alternative flight or a return flight in case ongoing flights are not available.
3. Luggage stolen or lost
Cases of luggage getting stolen or lost is a common occurrence that can happen with anyone. In case your luggage is stolen/lost, file a complain with the airline and provide details of your foreign agent and shipping office. In case your luggage is found it will be delivered to the agent, who will then hand it over to you. Also, don't forget to claim "stolen luggage" allowance once you are back on ship. For such unforeseen incidents, always keep a set of clothes in your handbag. You will be needing a fresh pair them until your luggage arrives.
4. Security check problem
Problems during security check at airports are increasing every year. There have been cases registered wherein seafarers were detained and and even jailed for not following the local laws. Visiting new countries means dealing with new laws and cultures. If is very common for seafarer to be not aware of the local laws while visiting or transiting new countries. This often land them in trouble.
As a matter of precaution, ensure that you check the laws of the country you are visiting in order to avoid any kind of trouble (Ask your company/agent). For e.g. Hong Kong does not allow to carry taser or stun guns, even in check-in luggage. Similarly, dubai does not allow carriage of poppy seeds. There have been cases when people have been jailed for long term when found with its possession.
Note: If your transit time is less and the security check is crowded, request the security personnel for a quicker access as you may miss to join your ship. However, never show aggression or anger and always cooperate with the security officers even when you are in hurry. (As being restless and aggressive can lead to further delay because of interrogation, thorough checking etc.
5. No agent to pick you up at airport
There will be times when you reach your destination on time but there is no agent to pick you up or are required to wait for him. In such cases, just wait for the agent before taking any steps. Don't panic and take a taxi for your destination. 99% of the time the agent will come to pick you up. However, if no one comes to pick you up, call the agent using the contacts you have been provided by the company. Still if you don't receive no response, call your local office personnel and explain them about the situation. They will arrange a replacement for your agent to pick you up.
Note: Don't leave the airport premises at any cost. It is always the most secured place in a new country.
6. Immigration problem
The most common problems that are faced during immigration checks are errors in joining, appointment, and "ok to board" letters. Don't forget to check these documents thoroughly once you are assigned with them. Always keep your seafarer's documents and passport in good condition as some immigration authorities can create problem if the passport is torn or is stapled or pasted with company sticker.
Note: Always ask you company not to staple or paste any kind of document with your passport.
7. Accidents or injury
These are rare cases but they do occur. Injury or accidents in foreign land can lead to unfortunate situations wherein the authority is not able to identify the victim. Always keep an identity card or a photocopy of the same in your pocket while traveling. Also, note down all the important contact numbers on a piece of paper or diary, along with your name and company details so that the country's authorities are able to identify you and your purpose of visiting the country in case you are unconscious and not in a condition to talk.
Author: Raunek Kantharia, Marine Insight - _URL_
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Complaint Process
1. Initial steps: The initial steps involved in receiving and reviewing a complaint typically include the following:
 - The College receives a completed complaint form or a written letter of complaint from the patient.
 - The College confirms receipt of the complaint by letter to the complainant and notifies the registrant that a complaint has been received.
 - The College reviews the complaint and requests any clarification or further information from the complainant.
 - The College may request copies of the patient's clinical records from the registrant at this stage or at a later stage, depending on the nature of the complaint.
2. Steps involved once all information has been received: Once the College has received any further requested and relevant information from the patient, the registrant(s) and/or other individuals, and it has been determined that the College has jurisdiction to investigate the matter, the following steps ensue:
 - The complaint will be summarized.
 - If the complaint is a "serious matter" (defined in the Health Professions Act as a matter that, if proven, would result in limitations or conditions on the registrant's practice, or a suspension or cancellation of registration), the complaint will be taken to the Inquiry Committee.
 - The College sends a letter to the Registrant along with a copy of the letter of complaint, and requests a response to the allegations.
 - The College may contact other individuals involved in the patient's care or who otherwise might have additional relevant information.
 - Where appropriate, the College may provide the patient with a copy of the response obtained from the registrant and ask for any further comments.
 - If the allegations, even if admitted or proven, would result in no more than a reprimand, it will still be completely reviewed.
3. Steps once the complaint has been investigated: Once the investigation is concluded, the complainant and the registrant will receive a report. The report typically includes a summary of the allegations and the registrant's response to the allegations, a description of the information and documentation considered in the investigation, and the Inquiry Committee's review and opinion in response to the complaint.
4. Steps if corrective action is requested of the registrant: If any corrective action on the part of the registrant is required, the College may:
 - inform the registrant about the concerns and provide remediative advice including the requirement to have consultation, supervision or take educational courses;
 - request that the registrant attend the College for an interview;
 - circulate advice and suggestions to all registrants on matters relevant to the general practice of registrants in its official publications;
 - reprimand the registrant about the conduct;
 - order a general review of the registrant's practice; and/or


text: This study analyzes over 100 camps for Haiti's internally displaced persons (IDPs), a random sample of one in eight of the 861 in the Port-au-Prince metropolitan area. Despite the billions in aid pledged to Haiti, most of the estimated 1.5 million IDPs are living in substandard conditions. For example, seven months following the earthquake, 40 percent of IDP camps did not have access to water, and 30 percent did not have toilets of any kind. Only a fifth of camps have education, health care, or psycho-social facilities on site. Services in the camps vary quite significantly according to a range of factors. Camps in Cité Soleil have almost no services, while those in Pétion-Ville are better managed. Smaller camps, with 100 or fewer families, have demonstrably fewer services. Camps situated on private land – 71 percent of the sample – are significantly worse off than those on public land. These conditions were prime breeding ground for the cholera epidemic, which as of the submission of the article claimed more than 1,700 lives. This article ends with recommendations to improve the quality of life within the camps.


Over 25 years of experience
The course in eyebrow design aims to improve the makeup artist or an esthetician who wants to refine his technique. You will learn that the job of an eyebrow designer is to analyze and take the measurements of the faces, correct if necessary and level the eyebrows, cut, draw and sculpt the shape that best suits the morphology of the face.. This course is given by Caroline Theoret. You have the option of taking private lessons with your teacher for the sum of $ 1025 plus tax. This option is advantageous for students with an atypical schedule, a desire to do several lessons per week or even in order to benefit from the teacher's supervision 100%. Otherwise, you can also take the course in a small group of 4 people at a cost of $ 875 plus tax.
Course Description
Lesson Plan
# 1. Presentation of the work accessories of the designer in eyebrows.
# 2. Study of the morphology of the face and the eyebrows. Demonstration of an eyebrow design. Theory and practice. Study of the different stages of an eyebrow design; eye analysis, analysis of the direction of eyebrow hair growth, analysis of the cut, analysis of the appropriate shape and execution of the eyebrow design. Theory and practice.
# 3. Perform the different stages of an eyebrow design on a model who has never had his eyebrows sculpted. Theory and practice.
# 4. Perform the different steps of an eyebrow design on a model with little or very little eyebrows. Theory and practice.
# 5. Practical eyebrow design exam to check if you have all the knowledge necessary to offer the eyebrow design service. A diploma will be issued upon successful completion of the exam.


text:
Adding a bit of graphene to battery materials could dramatically cut the time it takes to recharge electronics.
Today, a typical cell phone battery takes between two and five hours to fully recharge. Researchers think using new battery materials with graphene could cut recharge time to less than 10 minutes.
Vorbeck Materials Corp., in collaboration with the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), operated by Battelle for the Department of Energy, announces a cooperative research and development agreement (CRADA) to develop Li-ion battery electrodes using Vorbeck's unique graphene material, Vor-xTM. These new battery materials could enable electronic devices and power tools that recharge in minutes rather than hours or function as part of a hybrid battery system to extend the range of electric vehicles.
If you liked this article, please give it a quick review on Reddit, or StumbleUpon. Thanks
How to Make Money


text:
Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
filleting (plural filletings)
- (architecture) The protecting of a joint, as between roof and parapet wall, with mortar or cement, where flashing is employed in better work.
- The material of which fillets are made.
- Fillets collectively.
- An incident or object of no significance.


text:
Bird Of Paradise Plant Care Pruning – 7 Step By Step Instructions
This article will walk you through pruning the Bird of Paradise plants and will help you to create the best bird of paradise plant care pruning schedule for your bird of paradise plant.
Your plant care can be a challenge for even a seasoned gardener.You'll appreciate this guide whether you're a beginner or an experienced grower. It's a step-by-step, how-to guide for growing the Bird of Paradise, the world's most popular houseplant. This is one of the easiest plants to grow, and it's one of the most rewarding. The key is to provide the plant with enough light, heat, and water, while preventing insects and disease from ruining your efforts.
This beautiful tropical vine has a deep-green foliage, a wide variety of colors, and a beautiful bloom that looks something like a bird's crest. But there's a lot more to this plant than just a beautiful flower. These vines have a history of use by native tribes in Central America, Africa, and Asia, where they were used for food, medicine, and ceremonial purposes.
In this article I'm going to walk you through step by step the process of how to grow Bird of Paradise. We will talk about what you need and what you shouldn't do.
What Is A Bird Of Paradise Plant
A bird of paradise is a type of plant. Birds of paradise are flowering plants, some of which are found in tropical areas. They are one of the world's most popular exotic ornamental plants. The plant is also known for its spectacular flowers, which can range in size from three inches long to over six inches long. There are several different types of birds of paradise. The most famous are the two-headed parrot, whose head is surrounded by a bright red ring. The flower's color is due to a variety of chemicals in its stamen and pistil.
How to Grow a Bird of Paradise
There are many species of bird of paradise plant, which can be grown in your garden. Here are wonderful tips which will help you to keep the plants alive and well:
- -Give them plenty of light
- -Use fertilizer, but don't overdo it
- -Fertilize in spring and again in fall
- -Water regularly and thoroughly
- -Don't over-water
- -Don't water during the heat of summer.
- -Keep the soil moist, but not soggy
- -Avoid direct sunlight on plants
- -Don't expose the plant to drafts
- -Keep the plant at an ideal temperature, not too cold or too hot
Bird Of Paradise Plant Care Pruning – Prune The Bird Of Paradise Plant
When you're pruning a bird of paradise plant, you have to cut off all the new growth while still leaving some. That's why I don't think you can simply hack a few branches off. To get rid of a lot of those new tips, use a sharp knife to cut the plant back by about 15 degrees, then gently push the branch away from you with your hand. Try not to cut the stem and go through it with your sharp tool. Then go around the stem and cut the branch off where it meets the main trunk.
- Here are the 7 steps in this step-by-step guide about bird of paradise plant care pruning:
- Cut back all stems to about 2-3 inches long.
- Do not trim above the first bud.
- Thin out the plant by cutting out several buds at a time.
- Keep your pruners sharp!
- Don't trim right before a rainstorm.
- If you do need to trim a dead stem, wait until it has dried and been in the sun for a day or two before you trim.
- After pruning, give the plant a drink of water (or spray with water) to rehydrate it and then let it dry.
Watering And Feeding Birds Of Paradise
It's not just for show. While these birds are beautiful to look at, they don't provide the same value as a more common houseplant, like a cactus. Birds of paradise plants need to be nurtured in the same way as cacti. They need regular water and care to stay healthy. Like cacti, birds of paradise plants need to be well-rooted. In addition to watering and feeding, the stems also need to be pruned. Pruning removes dead tissue and prevents pests from growing.
Re-potting And Fertilizing Birds Of Paradise Plants
The most important part of any bird of paradise plant is the soil. If you don't give plants enough of what they need, they won't grow, bloom, and be healthy. Your soil must provide a deep substrate of organic matter; a balanced supply of all nutrients that plants need; air space for roots; and water for both the plant and the microorganisms that live in it. In addition, your watering schedule must be well-planned and regularly timed, because the plant needs to be watered as much as possible between 12 hours apart.
Staking, Trimming and Weeding Birds of Paradise Plants
The term "stake" in this context refers to the part of a plant that holds the entire plant together, while "trimming" is simply cutting off the part you don't want. Weeds are simply plants that don't belong in the garden. As you remove them, you'll find that some of them will grow back. Other than that, the only difference between a weed and a plant that's not a weed is that plants have flowers.
So, if you notice some plants which are not suitable for your garden, do the weeding process to leave more space for your bird of paradise plant. Trimming is best done when notice that some of the bird of paradise parts are rotting. However, we already mentioned bird of paradise plant care pruning which is really similar to the trimming process.
Conclusion On Bird of Paradise Plant Care Pruning
To start, you need to decide whether you want to prune the plant once it's established or whether you want to do this right from the beginning. To give the plant its best chance of survival, you should prune in the summer months, after flowering, when the plant is still growing actively. As with any other tree or shrub, the longer it's allowed to grow without being pruned, the bushier it will become, the weaker it will become, and the more susceptible it will be to disease and insect attack. By pruning, you can encourage new growth and stimulate the plant to develop thicker branches and larger leaves. This will improve your chances of attracting butterflies and hummingbirds.
Learn everything you need to know about caring for this beautiful tropical plant and do the bird of paradise plant care pruning process like a true professional gardener.
How do you prune Bird of Paradise?
How do you prune Bird of Paradise? If your plant is producing a lot of leaves but no buds, it might be time to prune. "It's a bit like a person who eats too much," says Tim. "A certain amount of weight gain is necessary, but when the weight is not shed, then pruning is often necessary." In other words, if you have too many leaves, it's time to cut back.
How often should you prune birds of paradise?
It's the ultimate plant question. After all, it can take years before you see any flowers! When it comes to pruning birds of paradise, this answer really depends on your goals for the garden. If your primary goal is to show off a single flower, then it's probably not a good idea to prune them at all. On the other hand, if you want a garden that is lush, robust, and easy to maintain, then you can prune the branches back to a more manageable size each year.
Do you cut off dead Bird of Paradise leaves?
You cut back the old, dead, diseased leaves. But how do you know when those leaves are truly dead? You can't tell just by looking at them, and even if you could, that wouldn't be very good information to base decisions on. So how do you determine which branches are too weak to support the weight of a mature bird? This is where the "test branch" comes into play. If you were planning to cut down a mature tree, you'd cut a branch that was at least five or six inches in diameter. That's the minimum size for a test branch.
Can I cut bird of paradise to the ground?
You can cut the birds of paradise to the ground, but you must be careful that you don't cut to the root of the plant. If you notice that your bird of paradise plant is growing too big you can cut some of the leaves that have grown too much. There is a process which is called "hard-cut" and that means u cut the whole plant to the healthy parts. If you notice that the plant is dry, cut those parts and watch it grow healthier.


Difference Between Similar Terms and Objects
Difference Between a Tethered and Untethered Jailbreak
Tethered vs Untethered Jailbreak
The process of jailbreaking has been a necessity for people who find Apple's practices to restrictive. It provides root access to your iOS device (i.e. iPhone, iPod, iPad) so that you can install apps or themes that you cannot find on the AppStore. There are two types of jailbreaks, the tethered and untethered; this has absolutely nothing to do with tethering for an internet connection. The main difference between a tethered and untethered jailbreak is that you need to have a computer to boot the iOS device in a tethered jailbreak but not in an untethered jailbreak.
In an untethered jailbreak, you basically have a permanently jailbroken iOS device. You can turn it off or reboot it without any problem at all. In a tethered jailbreak, you cannot just turn your iOS device on like normal. You need to use the program you used for the jailbreak to boot the iOS device while it is connected to the computer via its cable. There is absolutely no difference between the two when it comes to functionality but just be watchful of your battery meter and keep it at full, or close to it, at all times. A tethered jailbreak is not advisable if you routinely travel or use your iOS device quite heavily.
If there is no difference in the functionality of the two, why do some people choose a tethered jailbreak over an untethered jailbreak? The answer to that is really very simple. Every time Apple releases a new update, hackers attempt to jailbreak it. Apparently, it is easier to create a tethered jailbreak compared to an untethered jailbreak. Because of this, tethered jailbreaks are released way ahead of untethered jailbreaks.
If you are satisfied with your jailbroken iPhone or iPad, there is really no pressing reason to get the next update with an untethered jailbreak. You can just wait it out until a new untethered jailbreak for that update is available. If you really can't wait and need the latest update there is no problem with a tethered jailbreak as long as you are never too far away from a computer to boot your device if shuts down. But as long as you keep your iOS device charged at all times, you would not need a computer.
A tethered jailbreak requires a computer to boot your device while an untethered jailbreak doesn't
Tethered jailbreaks appear much sooner than untethered jailbreaks
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-ation, -ization (-iz[e] + -ation); -isation (British spelling variation)
(Greek > Latin: a suffix; action, act, process, state, or condition; or result of doing something)
Although there are over 1,450 word entries ending with -ation or -ization listed in this unit, there are certainly many more which exist in the English language. At any rate, this unit provides a significant number of -ation and -ization examples for you to see.
2. An agent that induces local inflammation to relieve inflammation in underlying or adjacent tissues.
3. Relating to or producing counterirritation.
4. Any irritation or annoyance that draws attention away from another irritating situation.
2. The fact or state of having been created; such as, an artifact that has been brought into existence by someone.
3. The act of investing with a new office or title; the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new.
4. The world and all things in it; everything that exists anywhere.
5. All creatures or a class of creatures.
4. According to the Bible, the act of God that brought the universe and all living beings into existence.
The divine act by which, according to various religious and philosophical traditions, the world was brought into existence.
2. The action of burning or cremating; specifically, the reduction of a corpse to ashes as a way of disposing of it in lieu of interment; an instance of this practice.
The psychic viewpoint regarding cremation
Cremation is the process of using fire to burn the corpse shortly after death to purify the atoms of the physical body from the dross negative thoughts impinged within.
Cremation frees the soul-mind more quickly from the magnetic pull of the bone and cell structure to allow the soul-mind to go about its new tasks in the etheric world (invisible space containing many kinds of life forms and many levels of intelligences, all of which are communicating psychiacally with mankind).
Cremation hastens the reduction of material elements of the physical body to the primal elements again.
2. A scalloped edge, or a surface with rounded projections.
3. A medical condition in which the red blood cells shrink and develop multiple indentations and protrusions.
2. A rampart built around the top of a castle with regular gaps for firing arrows or guns.
2. The condition of having very fine notching or indentations along an edge.
2. The sensation that is felt when placing the hand over a fracture when the broken ends of the bone are moved, or over tissue in which gas gangrene is present.
3. The noise produced by rubbing bone or irregular cartilage surfaces together, as in arthritis.
2. A sharing or interchange of knowledge, ideas, etc., as for mutual enrichment; cross-fertilization.
The gas quickly freezes the targeted tumor.
Cryoablation appears to be an effective treatment for cancerous kidney tumors; however, follow-up studies are needed before the procedure can be widely applied, according to Thomas Atwell, M.D., a Mayo Clinic radiologist and the study's primary investigator.
The general criteria for cryoablation includes the size and appearance of the tumor and the number of lesions in the kidney.
For patients who undergo surgery, the hospital stay and recovery period are longer as compared to patients treated with cryoablation because patients who undergo cryoablation will have small quarter inch incision where the cryoprobe is inserted and the mark is covered with a bandage and recovery usually amounts to one day in a hospital, as compared to several days for patients who undergo surgery.
"A review of 62 Mayo Clinic patients who underwent cryoablation to treat cancerous kidney tumors shows that the patients are cancer free for up to two and a half years after having had the procedure".
Cooling rates of 10,000 degrees per minute may be used in cryofixations and liquid nitrogen or even liquid helium temperatures are utilized and it is not necessary to include any chemical treatments.


Engineering requirements for project success
The disciplines of requirements engineering and requirements assurance are the cornerstones of successful projects.
Read time 5min 00sec
How well a project meets stakeholders' expectations is an accurate way to measure its success. The typical parameters being measured are the components of the so-called project management triangle - cost, time, and scope. In other words, the measurement reveals whether the project met expectations in terms of being delivered within budget, on time and according to an agreed specification... or not.
There are a number of factors that consistently contribute to the unfortunate fact that so many projects fail to meet all three expectations. These include an insufficient understanding of the business requirements, ineffective communication between stakeholders, lack of consensus regarding the project's vision, and inadequate levels of executive sponsorship and commitment.
Requirements rule projects
From conception to completion, IT-based projects must be managed so they fulfil the business requirements. All the activity within a project must be governed so it produces results that demonstrably contribute to meeting the requirements. While that may sound pretty obvious, all too often the requirements are incorrect, incomplete or vague, and are therefore interpreted differently by different people. Without strong requirements-oriented direction right from the start, projects are immediately destined for failure. If the team doesn't know where it is supposed to be going, how can it possibly hope to get there?
Requirements are the starting point for everything within a project. They should also be the criteria that guide every aspect of a project. From setting the vision, scope, budgets and schedules, through to functional implementation, functional verification and final release, requirements must bind them all. It's hardly surprising then that so much attention must be paid to ensuring high performance within the twinned disciplines of requirements engineering and requirements assurance, or REA.
The REA disciplines are twinned because engineering an accurate and highly detailed set of requirements is not enough in isolation. Once the requirements have been produced, business analysts and project managers need to ensure they are adhered to - and that people don't just wander off and do their own thing without proper justification, negotiations and controls. Requirements assurance is therefore concerned with protecting the integrity of the requirements as the project runs its course.
One key aspect of assuring this adherence to the requirements is the process of traceability. It's a process that demonstrates the link between every requirement and its solution. Overall, traceability enables business analysts and project managers to track a requirement's life cycle through the project. More specifically, the process regulates how high-level, generalised requirements are broken down into the component parts that comprise a requirement's solution. In the language of REA, this breakdown is known as decomposition and it features in the twin functions of engineering and assurance.
Devil's in the details
Decomposition is an essential function within REA. For the assurance aspect, it allows BAs and PMs to trace and monitor all the links in the delivery chain that connect a high-level requirement with its operational solution. It ensures all the work within a project directly serves a requirement's fulfilment and is therefore justifiable because it is necessary.
For BAs in particular, decomposition is a critical initial step in the structured process of engineering requirements. A skilled BA will be able to decompose a high-level requirement into its component parts and identify what is needed to produce those parts. The first BA skill that must be applied in decomposition is known as elicitation. Once again, this is a structured process that - in broad terms - is designed to extract and detail the reasons that motivate or produce a business requirement and to then assist in detailing the system requirements that will best fulfil it.
A rigorous elicitation process forms the basis for producing, documenting and communicating a set of requirements that are elaborated in a way that is universally clear, commercially justifiable, technically or functionally feasible and traceable to their outcome. Requirements that are correctly elicited and adequately decomposed will contain sufficient detail to facilitate producing every link in its delivery chain. They will help ensure a consistent interpretation of the requirements as they relate to everyone involved in the project - from the most senior executives to the most junior programmers.
At the same time, they will demonstrate the purpose of producing the links and clarify why everyone is doing what they are doing. And that is important because it produces a unity of purpose within the project and forges cohesive delivery teams that are - from the very start - consistently empowered to contribute on time, on budget and on spec.
It should be clear that, far from being some sort of new-fangled business school speak, requirements engineering and assurance are powerful, structured mechanisms that are designed to proactively mitigate the risks of budget overruns, time overruns and functional under-delivery. The right approach from the start prevents disaster at the end.
Overruns and under-delivery are so commonplace in IT-based projects they have come to be widely regarded as inevitable, occupational hazards. And that's understandable based on the realities of past experience across so many companies' compromised and cancelled projects.
Everyone knows that once a project goes south, there's no point in crying over spilt milk. But, by initiating a professional approach to tried-and-tested best practices in REA, companies can prevent it from being spilt in the first place.
Glenda Wheeler
founding director of Tharollo Consulting.
Glenda Wheeler is a founding director of Tharollo Consulting. Her profound understanding of the real factors that cause project failure is complemented by a proven approach to ensuring project success. Established in 1997, Tharolloâ€™s expertise lies in managing R40 million â€" R300 million initiatives, and is backed by a track-record of 100% success in delivering projects on time and within budget.
See also


text:
The Morals of Marcus Ordeyne (novel)
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
The Morals of Marcus Ordeyne is a 1905 British novel written by William John Locke. A young woman is kept in a Turkish harem with an arranged marriage to a man she does not love. Instead she escapes with a British adventurer and goes to live in London. Along with his next book, The Beloved Vagabond, it was a major success.
In 1907 the novel was adapted by Locke into a play. In 1915 the first silent version was made with Marie Doro who starred in the 1907 play. In 1921 a silent film adaptation was made. In 1935 Miles Mander directed The Morals of Marcus, with Ian Hunter in the title role.


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New Lanark is an eighteenth century restored cotton mill village on the banks of the River Clyde, close to the Falls of Clyde in Southern Scotland. New Lanark was created as a cotton-spinning village in the late eighteenth to early nineteenth century and was transformed under the management of Robert Owen. Owen greatly improved the conditions, facilities and services for the workers and their families and this led to many social improvements including progressive education, factory reform, more humane working practices and garden cities.
By 1799 New Lanark was the biggest cotton mill in Scotland and formed one of the largest industrial groups in the world. Over 2,000 people lived or worked in the village. The mill continued manufacturing cotton for nearly 200 years, until 1968. This helps explain why the buildings in the village are so little changed.
Inscription and Significance
New Lanark was inscribed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO
The Outstanding Universal Value of New Lanark is based on its remarkable degree of survival as a late eighteenth, early nineteenth century planned mill village. The benevolent paternalism of mill owner Robert Owen is physically expressed at New Lanark through its planned layout. His concern for the well being of workers is demonstrated by the provision of the education institute, school and spacious workers' housing. Owen's social philosophy had a profound influence on the development of social developments throughout the nineteenth century and beyond.
The full Statement of Outstanding Universal Significance can be read here
New Lanark is located in southern, central Scotland, adjacent to the market town of Lanark.
Managing the Site
New Lanark is a living community in the care of the New Lanark Trust
, whose aim is to preserve the area as a sustainable community with a resident population. The Trust manages the Site in partnership with South Lanarkshire Council
and Historic Scotland. The Site Management Plan guides sustainable management to maintain the Outstanding Universal Value. The current Plan 2013 - 18 and supporting documents can be found here. New Lanark Management Plan [pdf, 2mb} New Lanark Action Plan [pdf, 400kb}
Visiting the Site
The New Lanark Trust offers a range of attractions and educational experiences for visitors, including the mill, museum, village store, school classroom, and Robert Owen's house. For more information see the New Lanark Trust website.
Further images of New Lanark can be seen at the Scottish Ten website.
For further information contact
The New Lanark World Heritage Site Co-ordinator
Edinburgh EH9 1SH


Take the 2-minute tour ×
# netstat -at
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 0 0 localhost:30037 *:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 localhost:ipp *:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 *:smtp *:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 localhost:ipp [::]:* LISTEN
What does the asterisk * in *:smtp mean?
Why is there no IP address shown?
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 2 down vote accepted
It is a wildcard meaning "any".
For example, in the third line:
tcp 0 0 *:smtp *:* LISTEN
The first *, in *:smtp, means the process is listening on all of the IP addresses the machine has. The second *, in *:*, means connections can come from any IP address. The third *, in *:*, means the connection can originate from any port on the remote machine.
share|improve this answer
Thank you, that helped. Is it right to say, the first * means 'listen on all network interfaces the system has'? – John Threepwood Aug 10 '12 at 22:14
Yes, in the "Local Address" column. (It has different meaning in the "Foreign Address" column) – dsh Aug 10 '12 at 22:16
Your Answer


text:
TsAGI scientists develop new turbulence model
22 December 2017
Experiments are an important component of aircraft design. But often aerodynamic experiments are often replaced by computational simulation. This saves time and resources at the preliminary stages of work. Scientists of the Zhukovsky Central AeroHydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI, a member of the National Research Center "Zhukovsky Institute") are actively engaged in the development of computational methods. Among the recent results is the development of new turbulence models — the equations systems that describes turbulent gas flow — the methods to determine the turbulence influence of gas flow) for aerodynamic design of civil aviation equipment.
Young TsAGI specialists are the authors of the development and were awarded an annual prize in the field of science and innovations from the Governor of the Moscow region. The scientists set out to develop turbulence models, which would improve computational accuracy compared with standard models. This is a significant step to minimize errors when comparing a wind tunnel experiment and a numerical simulation.
The scientists used for their work the application program package EWT-TsAGI (an Electronic Wind Tunnel). It was developed at the Institute to research in computational aerodynamics. An important result was the turbulence modeling. In particular, the model can be used in jet stream flow analysis. The end results are for one of the modifications of the Russian regional Sukhoi Superjet aircraft.
An annual prize in the area of science and innovation for young scientists from the Governor of the Moscow region is awarded for outstanding scientific or technological achievements and their practical application, ensuring the promotion of innovation in the economy and the social sphere.


Memory Alpha
Zero-gravity combat training
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Kirk employs null-gravity combat against Tchar
Kirk fights Tchar using his null-gravity combat training
Zero-gravity combat training or null-gravity combat exercises were a part of standard Starfleet Academy training.
James T. Kirk and Spock conducted null-gravity combat exercises together aboard the USS Enterprise a week prior to going on the Vedala expedition.
They later employed some of their null-gravity combat training during the expedition to combat Tchar, after he activated a gravity neutralizer in the Skorr temple, forcing those on the expedition to "fly and fight as a Skorr." (TAS: "The Jihad")
In 2373/2063, when the crew of the USS Enterprise-E found out that that the Borg that had infested the ship were outside on the hull building an interplexing beacon on the ship's deflector dish, Captain Jean-Luc Picard asked Lieutenant Commander Worf if he had remembered his zero-g combat training. Worf revealed it made him sick to his stomach. Despite this, Picard, Worf and Hawk went onto the hull to stop the Borg. (Star Trek: First Contact)
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text:
|Spend the time||indoors|
A computer with Internet access.
|Help scientists better understand ocean animal communities|
|View 15-sec videos, identify ocean animals.|
Digital Fisher needs volunteers to help analyze deep-sea videos -- 15 seconds at a time. Volunteers watch a short video of the ocean and click on a simple response.
The NEPTUNE Canada observatory has recorded thousands of hours of video from underwater cameras, but there is currently no software sophisticated enough to automatically identify a wide variety of animals. This is where you come in!
With no training at all, you'll be able to help scientists unveil the mechanisms that shape the animal communities of the ocean. You'll help scientists answer fundamental questions about biodiversity, species behavior, and the impact of various environmental factors.


text:
will open. Click on the "Colors an Lines" tab, then select "Fill Effects... " from the Color drop down menu, then click the "Pattern" tab. Select black in the window under "Foreground:" and white in the window under "Background:" Select the pattern you want, then click "OK." Click "OK" in the "Format Data Series" dialogue box.
- The column on your chart should now contain a black-and-white fill pattern. Repeat these steps for the other columns.
- Repeat steps a. and b. Click the button next to "Rows" under "Series in." Click the "Series" tab, and remove "Adults" and "Spawning" life stages. Click "Next," and repeat steps d. and e. You now have a second column chart that shows the relative abundance of alewife eggs, larvae, and juveniles in each salinity zone for each month. Adjust the column fills if necessary.
- When are spawning adults most abundant?
- When are eggs most abundant?
- When are larvae most abundant?
- When are juveniles most abundant?
- When are adults most abundant?
- Are any of these life stages more abundant in certain salinity zones?
For the Winyah Bay alewife example, adults and spawning adults are most abundant in March, April and May; eggs are most abundant in March, April and May; larvae are most abundant in March, April, May and June; juveniles are abundant from April through November. Notice that all life stages of alewife are absent from December through February. Different life stages of alewife appear to have different salinity preferences. Alewife eggs and larvae are found only in salinities of 0 - 0.5 ppt. Juveniles are also confined to this salinity zone during April, May, June, and July; but are found in the 0.5 - 25 ppt salinity zone between August and November, and in the > 25 ppt zone between September and November. Alewife adults are found in all three salinity zones, but spawning adults are only found in the 0 - 0.5 ppt zone.