text: This module will explore the development of experimental narratives in Spain at the beginning of the 20th century within the context of the avant-garde movement. It will begin by tracing the emergence of an avant-garde aesthetic in Spain and exploring the challenge it presented the Realist aesthetic of the 19th century. These ideas will be considered in relation to contemporary theories of the avant-garde in Europe. Early discussions will focus on the theoretical writings on art and the novel of the Spanish philosopher José Ortega y Gasset. The module will then focus on texts by Gabriel Miró, Ramón Gómez de la Serna, Azorín, and Benjamin Jarnés as a means of exploring how traditional narrative devices such as plot and character are abandoned in favour of other narrative devices.


text:
A Coupled Harmonic Polynomial Cell and Higher-Order Spectral Method for Nonlinear Wave Propagation
MetadataShow full item record
The present work deals with wave generation in fully nonlinear numerical wave tanks (NWT). As an alternative to modelling a moving (physical) wavemaker, a two-dimensional (2D) potential-flow NWT is coupled with an external spectral wave data (SWD) application programming interface (API). The NWT uses the harmonic polynomial cell (HPC) method to solve the governing Laplace equations for the velocity potential and its time derivative, and has previously been extensively validated and verified for numerous nonlinear wave-propagation problems using traditional wave-generation mechanisms. Periodic waves of different steepness generated with a stream-function theory as reference solution in the SWD API are first considered to investigate the method's numerical accuracy. Thereafter, with a higher-order spectral method (HOSM) as the SWD API solution, irregular waves with different wave heights and water depths relevant for e.g. aquaculture and offshore structures are simulated. Differences between the HPC and HOSM solutions in and near steep crests are investigated. The study aims to demonstrate a robust method to generate and propagate general wave fields for further studies of nonlinear waves and wave-body interaction in both two and three dimensions.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Development Manager, HP
Executive Cultural Coaching supports the ongoing growth of current and potential leaders in the development of their cultural intelligence. Cultural Intelligence can be the difference between a good domestic leader and an effective global leader.
Dr. Tom Verghese works with clients in a multitude of locations and industries. His extensive global experience affords Tom the ability to deliver clients with a unique approach that is both personal, professional and results-driven.
Benefits of Executive Cultural Coaching
- Reduces stress and anxiety. It can be lonely at the top. A supportive coach asks challenging questions, offers new perspectives and improves strategic thinking and performance
- Improves relationships. Cultural Coaching provides strategies and develops frameworks for building relationships with key stakeholders
- Creates awareness. It provides valuable professional and personal insights into behavioural patterns
- Develops a greater understanding of what is working well and what is not in real time and through regular feedback. The promotion of self-reflection improves job performance
- Clarity of vision and attainable goals that are measurable
- Retain and develop the current talent pool and future leaders
- Improve and develop relational skills that are culturally appropriate for global success
- Deeper understandings of how to motivate individuals and teams in other cultural settings. Expand knowledge and understanding of behaviours that may be limiting from a cultural perspective
- Identifies performance issues, by discussing objectives, clarifying expectations and formulating outcomes in collaboration with the client.
Executive Cultural Coaching training programs are structured in 3, 6, 9 or 12 month periods. Programs utilise a range of diagnostic tools, offer regular evaluation and frequent feedback. The approach is a combination of face-to-face meetings, job shadowing (if required), email and telephone support.


text:
I've recently came across a post claiming that the following images are taken in Canada. A quick Google search told me that the first image is Spirit Island and the last is Moraine Lake. Third image was once (further images reuploads failed) identified as Cass Scenic Railroad State Park. Are those accurate findings? These places look gorgeous.
Spirit Island (identified by Google, map location):
Moraine Lake (identified by Google, map location):
Cass Scenic Railroad State Park (identified by Google, map location, but not of exactly this place):
Google failed to identify these two images:
Can someone confirm or otherwise name the locations?


Paul Evans
and 1 contributors
Tickit::Widget::Tabbed::Ribbon - base class for Tickit::Widget::Tabbed control ribbon
This class contains the default implementation for the control ribbon used by Tickit::Widget::Tabbed, and also acts as a base class to assist in the creation of a custom ribbon. Details of this class and its operation are useful to know when implenting a custom control ribbon.
It is not necessary to consider this class if simply using the Tickit::Widget::Tabbed with its default control ribbon.
To perform create a custom ribbon class, create a subclass of Tickit::Widget::Tabbed::Ribbon with a constructor having the following behaviour:
 package Custom::Ribbon::Class;
 use base qw( Tickit::Widget::Tabbed::Ribbon );
 sub new_for_orientation
 my $class = shift;
 my ( $orientation, %args ) = _USER_;
 return $self;
Alternatively if this is not done, then one of two subclasses will be used for the constructor, by appending ::horizontal or ::vertical to the class name. In this case, the custom class should provide these as well.
 package Custom::Ribbon::Class;
 package Custom::Ribbon::Class::horizontal;
 use base qw( Custom::Ribbon::Class );
 package Custom::Ribbon::Class::vertical;
Arrange for this class to be used by the tabbed widget either by passing its name as a constructor argument called ribbon_class, or by overriding a method called RIBBON_CLASS.
 my $tabbed = Tickit::Widget::Tabbed->new(
 ribbon_class => "Ribbon::Class::Name"
 use constant RIBBON_CLASS => "Ribbon::Class::Name";
_USER_ = $ribbon->tabs
$count = $ribbon->tabs
Returns a list of the contained Tickit::Widget::Tabbed tab objects in list context, or the count of them in scalar context.
$index = $ribbon->active_tab_index
Returns the index of the currently-active tab
$tab = $ribbon->active_tab
Returns the currently-active tab as a Tickit::Widget::Tabbed tab object.
The subclass will need to provide implementations of the following methods.
$ribbon->render( %args )
$lines = $ribbon->lines
$cols = $ribbon->cols
As per the Tickit::Widget methods.
$handled = $ribbon->on_key( $ev )
$handled = $ribbon->on_mouse( $ev )
As per the Tickit::Widget methods. Optional. If not supplied then the ribbon will not respond to keyboard or mouse events.
$ribbon->scroll_to_visible( $index )
Requests that a scrollable control ribbon scrolls itself so that the given $index tab is visible.
Paul Evans <>


text:
Conditioning Descriptive Representation: Institutional Moderation of Unique Group Perspectives in Legislative Debates
Martin, Lanny W.
Doctor of Philosophy
Incorporating legislators from historically underrepresented groups into the legislature should be associated with the introduction of new perspectives to the legislative process. Achieving an ideal form of political representation is not so simple. The institutional structure of the political system shapes legislative choices and defines the process of political representation. Structured legislative choices can have moderating effects on the presence of unique perspectives during the policymaking process. This means that the incorporation of historically underrepresented groups is not always sufficient for group representation. I develop a contextual theory of political representation that isolates when we should-and should not-observe unique patterns of political representation. I argue that ballot type and party affiliation are two distinct factors that shape legislative choices and define to whom legislators are accountable. The theoretical argument synthesizes previous literature on gender and ethnic descriptive representation to develop an integrated theory of political representation. It leverages the uniqueness of group identity and cross-cutting factors to isolate where descriptive representatives should express unique patterns of political representation and the extent to which the political context conditions the legislative behavior of descriptive representatives. I develop a new measure of political representation using automated content analysis of legislative debates to empirically explore patterns in speech communication across different types of descriptive representatives. This measure makes it possible to empirically determine the strength of the divide that separates types of descriptive representatives. Unique perspectives should be apparent in the way legislators frame the justification and explanation of public policy to those who hold them accountable. This helps us identify the extent to which incorporating legislators from historically underrepresented groups has an influence on a broadly-defined set of issues. Bolivia provides a unique opportunity to explore patterns of representation. Indigenous and female descriptive representatives have been historically underrepresented in Bolivia and possess interests that are relatively uncrystallized in the legislative assembly. The historical absence of these interests in the legislative assembly leaves a void in group representation. Indigenous legislators are expected to possess broadly-defined unique perspectives associated with group identity. Party affiliation, however, should structure the primary dimension of conflict for Indigenous representatives, whose interests overlap with partisan affiliation. Unique group perspectives should be observed within party. Female representation is different. The nature of cross-cutting factors should suppress the uniqueness of female perspectives within party, but unique collective perspectives should be obvious between parties. Overall the empirical evidence supports theoretical expectations. Indigenous representation is structured by party when explored at the chamber-level. The most distinct patterns of Indigenous representation are within party. These differences are moderated when we explore the strength of the divide for those legislators elected on party lists compared to those elected in plurality districts. The most distinct speech patterns of female representation are at the chamber-level. Cross-cutting interests make it possible for women to speak with a collective voice. Unlike Indigenous representation, distinct patterns of female representation are moderated within party, where there is broader agreement on partisan issues among copartisans. I interpret these results as preliminary support for a theoretical argument that simultaneously explains ethnic and female descriptive representation. Understanding when interests intersect and isolating the uniqueness of those interests can help us strengthen our broader understanding of gender and ethnic representation. We need to know where to look and how to find these unique patterns of political representation. Plenary debates provide an opportunity for different types of descriptive representatives to frame messages in order to simultaneously strengthen a collective partisan and individual reputation. This is particularly valuable in systems where political parties are unified. This project finds that the political context does indeed condition the behavior of descriptive representatives and moderate observed legislative behavior. Unique patterns of representation of historically underrepresented groups, fortunately, do exist under favorable conditions and fill a void of representation that satisfies normative values of democracy.


text:
THE UNDERWORLD UNDERFOOT
A Recurring Theme in Historical and Mythological Accounts
Ongoing human habitation on planet Earth may have had to depend on the ability of us to live underground from time to time. Tales of "The Underworld" is a recurring theme in historical and mythological accounts. Perhaps our ancestors were trying to tell us something accurate to the needs of survival that we modern surface-dwellers ignore as myth. What factors may have driven our ancestors to seek shelter within the planet?
In our modern era, conspiracy analysts often speak of underground facilities, that of humans and galactic visitors as well. Ms. Patrick will present a significant list of underground places with "who, what, why" information to round out the bigger picture of what lies under our feet. Presented by Karen Christine Patrick.
THE BIG LIST OF UNDERWORLD PLACES AND SPACES


text:
June 3, 2009 Testing people for heart disease might be just a finger prick away thanks to a new credit card-sized device created by a team of researchers from Harvard and Northeastern universities in Boston. In a research report published online in The FASEB Journal, they describe how this device can measure and collect a type of cells needed to build vascular tissue, called endothelial progenitor cells, using only 200 microliters of blood.
The development is also significant because it allows scientists to collect these cells much more easily than current techniques allow, bringing laboratory-created tissue for vascular bypass surgeries another step closer to reality.
"This simple device is a promising tool for the pediatric and adult population in detecting, diagnosing, monitoring, and providing the option of treating cardiovascular disease by utilizing a small quantity of blood," said lead researcher Shashi K. Murthy of the Department of Chemical Engineering at Northeastern University in Boston.
To collect the cells, the device works similar to Velcro™ or a magnet. Specifically, the inside is coated with antibodies that only bind to endothelial progenitor cells. Blood flows through the device through a funnel-like opening (except the blood enters through the narrow end and exits through the wide end), passes over the antibodies, and endothelial progenitor cells are "picked up" in the process. In addition to allowing researchers to collect cells from a very small amount of blood, the device's design also provides researchers with a new model to study the effects that blood flow in the body has on cell binding (like clots form in arteries).
"Most immediately, this is could be a new tool to assess cardiovascular health that cuts the amount of blood needed down to a pin prick. Its compact size might make it an excellent tool for use in developing countries where access to medical laboratories does not exist," said Gerald Weissmann, M.D., Editor-in-Chief of The FASEB Journal. "In addition, this moves much closer to a future where new blood vessels, veins and arteries for transplants no longer need to be grafted from patient's bodies. The amount of pain and recovery times for bypass surgeries would be reduced significantly."
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
- Brian D. Plouffe, Tatiana Kniazeva, John E. Mayer Jr., Shashi K. Murthy, and Virna L. Sales. Development of microfluidics as endothelial progenitor cell capture technology for cardiovascular tissue engineering and diagnostic medicine. FASEB J., DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-130260
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
- Historic Sites
Lexington's Carnegie Library
Lexington's library has a long, distinguished history. Established in 1795, it is now the oldest institution of its kind in Kentucky and possibly the oldest in the west. The library was started with 400 books, which were added to the collection that already existed at the Transylvania Seminary. The library was based on subscription wherein people paid for the use of the library holdings. In 1898, Lexington was deemed a second-class city by the Kentucky Legislature and this classification enabled the city to acquire and conduct a free library. The Carnegie Library, also known as the Lexington Public Library, was built in 1906 as a gift to the city of Lexington from the Andrew Carnegie Foundation. To receive its donation, the Carnegie Foundation required the city to provide a site for the library and to appropriate funds for the library's upkeep. The new building was constructed of Bedford limestone and was built for a sum of $75,000. Thereafter, the contents of the library were moved to their new home, a beautiful Neo-Classical building at the southern end of Gratz Park. During the late 1980s the Lexington Public Library built a new, larger central branch on East Main Street to accommodate its growing collection. The Carnegie Library is now the home of the Carnegie Center for Literacy and Learning. This organization provides many free, public programs to help spread literacy and to promote reading among children.


text:
Anguispira alternata angulata from MNRA. Both shells were from an area about 40 m X 10 m.
One of the abundant species in Monocacy Natural Resources Area where I did a land snail survey was what Pilsbry1 called Anguispira alternata angulata, a keeled or carinated morph of Anguispira alternata. According to Pilsbry's synonymy, this morph was first described by Férussac in 1822 as Helix alternata var. carinata. In 1896, Pilsbry & Rhoads changed the name to Pyramidula alternata carinata and then in 1948, Pilsbry came up with the new name Anguispira alternata form angulata.
Figure from Pilsbry1.
According to Pilsbry1, the shell of angulata differs from the typical A. alternata "by the distinctly to strongly angular periphery". Although he makes the point that the periphery is "hardly to be called keeled", to me "carinated", "angular" and "keeled" all mean more or less the same thing, especially when the degree of carination is variable.
Pilsbry also notes that the prominent ribs on the upper surface of the shell "are much reduced (or sometimes subobsolete)" below the periphery, that is on the bottom of the shell. Leaving aside the question of what he might have possibly meant by "subobsolete", I will point out that the prominence of the ribs on the bottom of my shells are indeed quite variable even in specimens collected from the same location. For example, the photo below shows the bottoms of the 2 shells from MNRA shown in the first picture. The one on the left in the first picture is the one on the bottom in the picture below. Its bottom is smoother than that of the other shell. And these shells were from an area about 40 m X 10 m. So speculating that there may have been differences in their habitats is not justified in this case. I don't know if shell size is a factor that contributes to shell sculpture (the shell with the smoother bottom is smaller).
Bottoms of the shells in the first photo. The one on the left in the first picture is the one on the bottom here.
Pilsbry gave records of angulata from several eastern states including, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia and Maryland. Earlier, F. C. Baker2 had noted that in several counties of Illinois "a form of Anguispira alternata occurs which has a carinated periphery and a low spire...It is not so abundant as the typical form. In the southern part of Illinois there is a tendency for the shell of alternata to become carinated on the periphery, even when the spire is high". The drawing on the left, from Baker, shows A. a. alternata (A) and A. a. angulata (B).
It appears that A. a. angulata is a widespread morph whose exact relationship with A. a. alternata is not yet clear. Angulata is also the dominant, if not the only morph of Anguispira alternata, in wooded lots along the Maryland side of the Potomac River at least up to Harpers Ferry in West Virginia from where Pilsbry gives a record. (There is also Anguispira fergusoni, which is indeed a separate and easy to distinguish species.) I have several alcohol specimens of angulata collected during my survey of MNRA. Their internal anatomy—if and when I get a chance to dissect them—will hopefully offer some clues as to whether A. a. angulata is distinct enough to be considered a separate taxon.
1Pilsbry, H.A. 1948. Land Mollusca of North America. Volume 2, part 2, p. 573.
2Baker, F.C. 1939. Fieldbook of Illinois Land Snails. p. 85.


a cord is tied to a pail of water. the pailis swinging in a vertical circle of a radius of 3 feet. the pailweighs 16 pounds.
a) what is the minimum speedthe pail has at its maximum hight so that no water is to spill fromit?
b)if the pail continues to move in a vertical circle but its speedincrease due to gravity what is the tension in the cord when thepail is at its lowest point?
i got part A easily but i'mhaving some trouble with part B.
Want an answer?


text:
3 Learning & Contextual Analysis
Front-End Analysis: Learner & Contextual Analysis
Learner and Contextual Analysis is a basic component of the analysis step in any ID model. You must know who your target audience (TA) is and the likely environmental factors that will influence learning. Typically, the more you know about your learners, the more likely you will be able to tailor the instruction to suit their needs and design instruction more relevant to the learners.
As you may have guessed by reading the information above, we are moving to the Learner Characteristics section of our model and project. By understanding who your learners are, the learning environment, and the context in which content will be used outside the classroom, you can make design decisions that better align with learner needs. For example, I remember teaching Computer Science courses for a private college in the mid 90s. This was when computers were really taking off and the Internet was born. Half way through the quarter, I realized that about 85% of my students were failing. This was devastating. At first, I wanted to blame the students for not working hard enough. However, I decided to pause, talk to my students, interview our registration and advising staff, and review my curriculum. Here's what I learned…
- My Computer Science course is very hands-on and requires a computer for completing assignments.
- Class was conducted in a computer lab.
- Class time was used to demonstrate skills while grades were based on homework that required a computer.
- Students were smart and going to school to change fields and get better jobs.
- Most students were working, single parents without computers at home.
- A basic computer cost between $3,000 and $5,000.
- A majority of the students were utilizing Financial Aid and unable to afford a computer.
- Our school had a cohort structure with back-to-back classes from 8:00 a.m. until 2:00 p.m.
- The only time students had to use our onsite computer lab was after classes.
- Due to cost of childcare, students needed to get home to meet their kids after school or get to work.
Based on my findings, I flipped my classroom so that all homework requiring a computer was completed during class time and with me there to support. By doing this, there was an immediate change in the number of students passing my course. By knowing my students, the challenges they face, and the skills and experiences they bring to class, I am able to make design decisions that help them succeed.
In the same vein, by knowing your environment, you are also able to make better design decision. For example, if I were teaching that same computer science course in a lecture hall where students didn't have a computer on their desk, I would look to change classrooms if possible.
In this module, you will conduct your own Learner Analysis and reflect on how the information you discover will impact your design decisions.
Your textbook does point out that not all learner characteristics will or should affect the design of instruction. For example, would a learner's preference for learning by doing (kinesthetic learning) affect how you teach a class a set of definitions? If you had a class full of all kinesthetic learners, then probably it would affect how you design the activity. However, you are more likely to have a mixed group of auditory learners, visual learners, and kinesthetic learners which would make tailoring the instruction to their preferred learning style a difficult task.
Whether it is important to address learning styles is still controversial in the ID field. Those who argue that learning styles are important often link learning styles to the multiple intelligences theory by Howard Gardner, as they do at this website, Overview of learning styles. Hear Howard Gardner explain the 8 Intelligences in the first video below.
So, how do we use this information in our instructional design? The second video talks about putting learning styles and intelligences to work in the classroom by providing strategies for each. As you watch, think about the importance of variety and choice in your design? Can you see any of these strategies being used in this course? Which of those strategies align with the way you learn?


Qt for Python & fbs
fbs provides a powerful environment for packaging, creating installers, and signing your application. It also lets you manage updates to your application. Since fbs is based on PyInstaller, it supports Linux, macOS, and Windows.
For more details, see the fbs tutorial and the fbs manual.
Installing fbs (>= 0.7.6) is done via pip:
pip install fbs
If you're using a virtual environment, remember to activate it before installing fbs.
After the installation, you can use the fbs executable.
Starting a new project
fbs provides useful features for you to create a base project structure with the following command:
fbs startproject
This command prompts you to answer a few questions to configure the details of your project, like:
 - Application name
 - Author name
 - Qt bindings (PySide2 or PyQt5)
 - Bundle indentified (for macOS)
Afterwards, you have a src/ directory that contains the following structure:
└── src
 ├── build
 │ └── settings
 └── main
 ├── icons
 │ ├── base
 │ ├── linux
 │ └── mac
 └── python
Inside the settings directory, there are a few JSON files that can be edited to include more information about your project.
The main file is in the python directory, and its default content is:
from fbs_runtime.application_context import ApplicationContext
from PySide2.QtWidgets import QMainWindow
import sys
if __name__ == '__main__':
 appctxt = ApplicationContext() # 1. Instantiate ApplicationContext
 window = QMainWindow()
 window.resize(250, 150)
 exit_code = appctxt.app.exec_() # 2. Invoke appctxt.app.exec_()
This example shows an empty QMainWindow. You can run it using the following command:
fbs run
Freezing the application
Once you've verified that the application is working properly, you can continue with the freezing process using the following command:
fbs freeze
After the process completes, you see a message stating the location of your executable. For example:
Done. You can now run 'target/MyApp/MyApp'. If that doesn't work, see
Now, you can try to run the application. The result is the same window as the one you saw with the fbs run command:
cd target/MyApp/
This is the case for Linux. For other platforms like macOS, you need to enter the directory: target/MyApp.app/Contents/macOS. For Windows, you need to find the MyApp.exe executable.


text:
In this lesson you can learn how to calculate CAGR in Excel.
CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) is year-of-year average growth rate over a period of time. Calculating CAGR you can check how much do you earn annualy with your investments.
To calculate CAGR you can use that formula:
= ((FV/PV)^(1/n)) - 1
Picture show the example of formula. I think everything is clear.


Both, Boy Names, Girl Names baby nameSkylar
What does the name Skylar mean?
The different meanings of the name Skylar are:
 - English meaning: Eternal life and strength
 - Dutch meaning: A shelter
 - American meaning: The Sky; Guarded; scholar, learned one
The meaning of the name "Skylar" is different in several languages, countries and cultures and has more than one possibly same or different meanings available.
Additional information: The name Skylar is an English variation of the Dutch surname Schuyler. The origin of this name is Dutch ans is mainly used is US as a boy name, though it is not used in the Netherlands as a first name for boys.


text:
Sheet, pillow case and carving napkin, linen, probably hand woven by Janet Primrose Monteath, Clackmannonshire, Scotland, _PHONE_
This small collection of handwoven domestic linen articles - a sheet, pillow case and carving napkin - were woven in the Alloa region of Clackmannanshire in Scotland, probably in the 1860s or 1870s. They were brought to Australia in 1920 in her trousseau by the donor's mother Janet Rolland Stirling, who was born in Alloa.
Although Stirling family tradition indicates that the linen textiles were handwoven by the donor's great great great grandmother Janet Primrose in about 1800, it seems more likely that they were woven by her grand-daughter Janet Primrose Monteath. The carving napkin was used by her husband Alexander Brown Sitrling who would apparently refuse to begin carving for their family of eight boys until his wife had tied the napkin around his neck.
The linen weaving industry in Scotland formed the basis of community life, and mention is made as early as 1491. The wool and linen industries in Scotland were supported, from the early part of the 18th century, by bounties and premiums paid out by the Board of Trustees for Fisheries and Manufactures who provided incentives for production, training for intending craftsmen and women in specialised continental methods, and encouragement towards mechanisation. From 1750 onwards the effects of the Industrial Revolution were felt in Scotland and, by 1784, machines for spinning flax fibres into linen were already in use. The art of hand weaving survived however among skilled women.
The sheet and pillow case are both handwoven in plain weave, while the carving napkin is handwoven in damask weave with the field in a diaper pattern and the border probably in the Monk's Belt pattern. Domestic textiles such as sheets, pillow cases and napkins have been made of linen for centuries as linen withstands scrubbing and washing in hot water and can be bleached by spreading in the sun.
Linen cloth is made from flax, a strong and durable bast fibre that resists rotting in damp climates. With a longer staple than cotton, flax is one of the few fibres that has a greater breaking strength wet than dry. The traditional preparation of flax fibres from the plant is a long and complicated process. Ripe flax was pulled up by the roots and laid out to dry in the sun for a few days, being turned two or three times a day until thoroughly cured. The stalks were then drawn through a coarse comb, with teeth of wood or wire fastened in a plank, to remove the seeds; it was then tied in bundles and spread on the ground and kept wet for several days. Once the hard, woody stem had rotted, the leaves would fall off when shaken and they would be dried again in bundles. The flax was then beaten and pounded (swingling and striking), before being pulled through a 'hatchel'. The fine residual filaments were then spun into threads and washed, rinsed and bleached several times before being ready for the loom.
All three of these handwoven, linen textiles - the sheet, the pillow case and carving napkin - have been passed down through the families of Primrose, Monteath and Stirling since at least the mid 1800s, and possibly earlier.
Janet Primrose, born 17 November 1786, was the weaver according to Stirling family history, although this is questioned by the donor John Stirling. Janet Primrose Monteath, born 6 August 1846 and married Alexander Brown Stirling 9 June 1871. She was the grand-daughter of Janet Primrose and is conservatively identified here as the weaver, in part because of the machine-stitched hems on the sheet and pillow case. Janet Rolland Stirling, born 29 March 1900 and married William Lorne Stirling 16 June 1920: the donor's mother and Janet Primrose's great great grand-daughter. William John Stirling, the donor.
According to family history the linen items were woven in Alloa (or thereabouts) in Clackmannonshire, Scotland, by Janet Primrose - great great great grandmother of the donor - in about 1800. However, as both the sheet and pillow case are machine stitched, it seems more likely that they were woven by her grand-daughter Janet Primrose Monteath in the mid to late 1800s. The carving napkin, according to a note written by the donor's mother and dated 1988, was said to have belonged to Janet Primrose Monteath's husband Alexander Brown Stirling; he would refuse to begin carving the meat for their family of eight boys until his wife had tied the napkin around his neck.
The linen textiles were brought to Australia by the donor's mother Janet Rolland Stirling in her troussseau in 1910. A family photograph shows the wedding of Janet Rolland Stirling to William Lorne Stirling in 1920. The donor's sister Primrose Catherine Ann Campbell owns a second sheet and pillow case which she's willing to donate to the Museum to keep the set together.


Jan. 31 2017 - 11:23 a.m.
Domestic Investigations and Operations Guide
Document published in:
 - To Probe the Digital Defenses of Targets, the FBI Turns To a Special Program
 Jan. 31 2017
 If you plan to spy on someone's electronic activity, it helps to know with whom you're dealing. Does the person use encryption or other kinds of digital security? Is he or she savvy enough to detect outside surveillance? What sorts of defenses would need to be penetrated?
 The FBI has a special tool available for assessing these kinds of variables. A program called Blind Faith enables the bureau to understand the relative level of technological sophistication of a person of interest, and so to plan the surveillance approach likeliest to succeed without detection.
 According to this section of the manual, Blind Faith is "an analytical program which provides a technical countermeasures profile for targets of investigative interest to the FBI." The program allows the FBI to determine how likely it is that the target will "detect" or otherwise thwart "technical attacks."
 - 1Profiling the target
 The FBI has been "hacking" into targets' computers for many years. It recently did so in order to collect information about computers visiting a child porn website called Playpen. But the FBI almost never openly describes the methods involved, let alone discusses them in congressional hearings or other policy sessions. On December 1, thanks to a ruling by the Supreme Court, the FBI won the right to apply for warrants to hack computers that may lie outside the issuing judge's district, as in cases where targets are hidden by anonymizing software like Tor. Several senators tried, unsuccessfully, to bring this change up for discussion and a vote.
 The operations guide offers little detail on what exactly Blind Faith is — whether it's an automated platform or involves human research into the target's social network, online presence, or work history.
 "Essentially the FBI knows that every time it deploys a sophisticated surveillance technique, there's a chance it'll get caught," says Chris Soghoian, chief technologist at the American Civil Liberties Union. Some of the FBI's investigative tools and technology cost hundreds of millions of dollars. Therefore, the bureau's best interest lies in conducting a little research beforehand to make sure the tool will actually work.
 Soghoian surmises that Blind Faith is "probably more like a flow chart rather than some sort of automated program: Is the target using encryption? Is the target a computer hacker? Is this organized crime?"
 Jenna McLaughlinJan. 31 2017
Filters SVG


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How to randomly execute one command within specified list of command? Helpful for randomly choosing startup sound, wallpaper or executing commands.
In General, if I have commands for execution as follows then How do I get randomness:?
Then I want to execute randomly only one command from above possibilities when script is run!
How to do that?
share|improve this question
Practical example: askubuntu.com/a/257471/163331 – Parto Jul 7 at 5:53
_USER_ I already added as answer before – Pandya Jul 7 at 5:57
I was not trying to answer, was just giving an example where it can be used. – Parto Jul 7 at 5:58
3 Answers 3
up vote 20 down vote accepted
The variable $RANDOM (actually a bash function) returns a random number from 0 to 32767 inclusive.
You would typically want to limit its range by dividing it by some number and take its remainder, eg.
# output a random number 0 to 3
echo $((RANDOM % 4))
In this simplistic example it'll be very slightly biased for any divisor that doesn't divide equally into 32768 (eg, anything that isn't a power of two), but in your scenario I don't think you'd be troubled by a slight bias.
To pick a random file, you'd name your files something like:
And then you can pick a random one with
# output a random file from file0.jpg to file3.jpg
echo "file$((RANDOM % 4)).jpg"
share|improve this answer
You may want to post it as your own answer - it then could earn you reputation. – neon_overload Jul 7 at 5:43
helpful use of RANDOM, I accepted! – Pandya Jul 7 at 5:55
Note that RANDOM % N doesn't result in an equal distribution unless the number of possible values of RANDOM (32768) is divisible by N. To see this, imagine the range of RANDOM was instead 0-4 (5 possible values), and N is 2: there's three ways for $RANDOM % 2 to yield 0 (if $RANDOM yields 0, 2, 4) but two ways for it to yield 1 (1, 3). For an equal distribution you'd have to find the greatest multiple of N that's smaller than 32767 and ignore any random values that are larger than that. In the previous example that'd amount to ignoring 5, which is larger than 4. – Doval Jul 7 at 14:43
_USER_ I said that in my answer, did you see it? – neon_overload Jul 8 at 2:05
_USER_ My bad, I missed that bit. – Doval Jul 8 at 11:42
According to _USER_ answer (using RANDOM),
I can put RANDOM in example script as follows (for 4 commands):
random_selection=$((RANDOM % 4))
case $random_selection in
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If you want randomness through an external site rather than one generated by your computer, you can use this script:
curl "_URL_
Run as rand (MIN) (MAX) (assuming you save as /usr/bin/rand)
You might have to install curl first (sudo apt-get install curl) if it is not already installed.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


text:
ification. Here, however, it is particularly inappropriate. This is partly because we are concerned with the long term, in which the cumulative effect on the capital stock of even a moderate rate of depreciation becomes very large. It is also because, in a scenario which relies on ever-increasing man-made capital to substitute for depletion of the natural resource, the cost of replacement capital to offset depreciation becomes ever larger. That creates a potential problem: can output continue, indefinitely, to be sufficient to provide for replacement capital, as well as consumption and additions to capital?
It can in fact be shown that output cannot so continue. If we assume a fixed proportional rate of depreciation, however small, then constant consumption is impossible. Instead of Propositions 2, 3 and 4, we have (given all other assumptions of our model):
Proposition 5: If capital depreciates at a constant positive proportional rate, then constant consumption is impossible (Buchholz, Dasgupta & Mitra (2005)(15)).
Given this proposition, our focus naturally switches to this question: if constant consumption forever is impossible, then for how long is it possible? If it were found that constant consumption could continue for, say, 500 years, then all but fanatical advocates of zero discount rates would probably accept that that would be almost as good as forever. However, the maximum duration of constant consumption will depend upon the rate of consumption and the rate of depreciation of capital. For the latter, I used 8%, based on 16.5% of GDP (OECD (16)) divided by capital-output ratio 2 and rounded.
For various rates of consumption, I identified the maximum sustainable duration by the following method. Application of dynamic optimisation as described in this post showed that maximisation requires that the time path of use of the resource follow this variant of the Hotelling rule ( being the marginal product of the resource and that of capital):
A spreadsheet was set up applying the production function, the state equations for capital (adjusted to allow for depreciation) and the resource, the above rule, and a fixed rate of consumption. To ensure that the discrete approach implicit in use of a spreadsheet was not a source of material inaccuracy, each row represented a period of just 0.01 years. When a trial value was entered for use of resource in the first period, values of all the variables were automatically calculated for all subsequent periods. These values were inspected to identify 1) the period at which the resource became exhausted, and 2) the period (if any) at which the rate of output fell below that of consumption. The trial value was repeatedly adjusted until a value was found at which periods 1 and 2 were the same, indicating the maximum duration at the chosen rate of consumption. For comparison purposes, and also as an independent check of the formula in Proposition 4, this method was used with depreciation at both 8% and zero.
The results are summarised in the chart below:
With or without depreciation, maximum years constant consumption are very low for annual per capita consumption above $12,000. With no depreciation, maximum years increase rapidly below $11,500, to about 50 years at $11,200, 150 years at $11,100, and 300 years at $11,090. At $11,080, maximum years were found to exceed 500, consistently with the formula in Proposition 4 which implies infinite maximum years for consumption below $11,086.
With 8% depreciation, however, maximum years constant consumption increase more gradually at lower rates of consumption. At $11,000, maximum years are just 8 (rather than infinite when there is no depreciation); at $10,000, 17 years; at $9,000, 47 years; at just over $8,000, 100 years; and at $7,000, about 400 years.
On the assumptions made, consumption could be maintained at about its current level ($7,500 per person) for about 250 years. That might not seem such a bad prognosis, except that the assumptions on which it depends are so stringent. In reality, resource extraction costs are not zero, and they tend to increase as the more accessible sources become exhausted and exploitation shifts to more difficult locations. In reality, it is unlikely that, without technical progress, man-made capital can substitute for non-renewable resources to the extent implied by the Cobb-Douglas production function. In reality, population will continue to grow for some time, even if it eventually stabilizes. What's more, a scenario which provides only for maintaining per capita consumption, with no hope of growth, and no means of raising the living standards of the poor other than redistribution from the better off, would be a gloomy prospect. Leaving aside any wider social and political consequences, it would almost certainly lead to powerful demands to raise consumption in the short term at the price of reducing investment and so reducing consumption in the longer term.
The conclusion I draw is that the approach suggested by the Hartwick rule would be unlikely to sustain consumption per person for more than a few years, and would be extremely unlikely to do so for longer (100 years, say). It is important to be clear as to the nature of the inference here. Although I have presented a model, based on assumptions, and drawn out some of its implications, I have not claimed that what happens in the model is likely to happen in reality – an obvious fallacy. Instead, the premise of the inference is that, even under what might be considered the ideal conditions of the model (ideal, that is, for constant consumption without technical progress as resources deplete), maintaining consumption in the long term at its current level would be only just about possible. Since actual circumstances are, in several important respects, likely to be very far from ideal, the above conclusion follows.
The spreadsheet used to obtain the above results may be downloaded here:
Notes and References
- Further information on the Dasgupta-Heal-Solow-Stiglitz model may be found in Pezzey J C V & Toman M A (2002) The Economics of Sustainability: A Review of Journal Articles Resources for the Future Discussion Paper 02-03 pp 5-10 _URL_
- See for example the title and opening sentence of Hartwick J M (1977) Intergenerational Equity and the Investing of Rents from Exhaustible Resources American Economic Review 67(5) pp 972-4.
- Solow R M (1974) Intergenerational Equity and Exhaustible Resources The Review of Economic Studies Vol 41 pp 29-45. See p 37 and Appendix B p 43.
- Hartwick, as 2 above, p 973. A simpler proof by J Pezzey may be found in Perman R, Ma Y, McGilvray J & Common M (3rd edn 2003) Natural Resource and Environmental Economics Pearson Addison Wesley pp 660-2.
- Buchholz W, Dasgupta S & Mitra T (2005) Intertemporal Equity and Hartwick's Rule in an Exhaustible Resource Model Scandinavian Journal of Economics 107(3) pp 547-561. See pp 549 & 558.
- Buchholz et al, as 5 above, p 553 state this formula but (because they start from a Cobb-Douglas production function without my B term), without the term in B. The fact that B is raised to the power 1/(1-β) was derived mathematically by me and confirmed, for my chosen initial and parameter values, by spreadsheet calculations with C in the vicinity of the implied Cmax.
- Solow, as 3 above, pp 37 & 39, which suggest β ≈05 and α ≈ 3β.
- ILO / OECD (2015) The Labour Share in G20 Economies _URL_ See charts p 4.
- World Bank _URL_
- World Bank _URL_
- Johansson A, Guillemette Y & 7 Others (2013) Long Term Growth Scenarios Economics Department Working Papers No 1000 _URL_ See charts in Fig 11 p 23. Although these charts suggest an average ratio somewhat above 2, they relate to selected countries only. Ratios are probably lower in many poor countries with predominantly agricultural economies.
- Wikipedia: Oil Reserves _URL_ These figures relate to proven reserves, and (as has happened in the past) additional reserves will probably be discovered. On the other hand the effect of carbon emissions on climate will probably limit the extent to which reserves can be exploited.
- IEA FAQs-Oil _URL_
- Tilton J E (2006) Chapter 3 Depletion and the Long-Run Availability of Mineral Commodities, in Doggett M D & Parry J R (ed) Wealth Creation in the Minerals Industry: Integrating Science, Business and Education Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication No. 12 _URL_ See Table 1 p


text:
Background: Floral scent is one of the important strategies for ensuring fertilization and for determining seed or fruit set. Research on plant scents has hampered mainly by the invisibility of this character, its dynamic nature, and complex mixtures of components that are present in very small quantities. Most progress in scent research, as in other areas of plant biology, has come from the use of molecular and biochemical techniques. Although volatile components have been identified in several orchid species, the biosynthetic pathways of orchid flower fragrance are far from understood. We investigated how flower fragrance was generated in certain Phalaenopsis orchids by determining the chemical components of the floral scent, identifying floral expressed-sequence-tags (ESTs), and deducing the pathways of floral scent biosynthesis in Phalaneopsis bellina by bioinformatics analysis. Results: The main chemical components in the P. bellina flower were shown by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to be monoterpenoids, benzenoids and phenylpropanoids. The set of floral scent producing enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway from glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) to geraniol and linalool were recognized through data mining of the P. bellina floral EST database (dbEST). Transcripts preferentially expressed in P. bellina were distinguished by comparing the scent floral dbEST to that of a scentless species, P. equestris, and included those encoding lipoxygenase, epimerase, diacylglycerol kinase and geranyl diphosphate synthase. In addition, EST filtering results showed that transcripts encoding signal transduction and Myb transcription factors and methyltransferase, in addition to those for scent biosynthesis, were detected by in silico hybridization of the P. bellina unigene database against those of the scentless species, rice and Arabidopsis. Altogether, we pinpointed 66% of the biosynthetic steps from G3P to geraniol, linalool and their derivatives. Conclusion: This systems biology program combined chemical analysis, genomics and bioinformatics to elucidate the scent biosynthesis pathway and identify the relevant genes. It integrates the forward and reverse genetic approaches to knowledge discovery by which researchers can study non-model plants.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Plant Science


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Ledger account form presents the details of each transaction that belongs to various ledger types such as assets, liabilities, expenses, revenues, etc. by providing information like transaction date, particulars, debit, credit, and balance amount. They provide ledger accounting information for a particular period. They enable to know the balance due from a customer. They help in preparing various account statements like income, profit, and loss, etc. To know more about Account Forms one can search Google using accounting expense forms and blank accounting forms.
Blank Ledger Account Form
This blank ledger account form presents the account number, date of the transaction, particulars of the transaction, post reference, debit, credit, and balance. One can take a printout of this ledger and use them easily.
Personal Ledger Account Form
This personal ledger account form presents the company name, address, current account number, and registration number. It provides the list of ledger entries like date and serial number, particulars of debit or credit transactions, transaction number and date, debit or credit amount and balance amount.
General Ledger Account Form
This general ledger account form presents the details of drawings, purchases, GST input tax credits and sales transaction details. It also presents the account receivable details like drawings, purchases, debit, credit and balance details. It also presents post from purchase journal, cash payments, and cash receipts journals.
General Ledger Balance Sheet Accounting Reconciliation Form
This general ledger balance sheet account reconciliation form presents the campus name, the month of the report, account name, account code, fund number, ending balances, detailed listing of adjustments along with explanation and amount.
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This sales ledger accounting form presents various questions on the sales day book, cash book, general ledger, sales ledger, purchase day book, purchase returns book, cash payments book and purchase ledger.
What to Include in Ledger Account Form?
Ledger account form contains all the details and information about various accounting transactions that took place for any business. They include information about the transaction; cash or bank, the transaction date, purpose and narration of the transaction, whether the transaction is debited or credited to the account, the account balance. They include the above information for each ledger type like asset, expense, liability, etc. They also include transactions belongs to cash book, day book, purchases, sales as well as returns from purchases. They also contain a posting reference for each transaction.
What are The Benefits of Ledger Account Form?
Some of the benefits of ledger account form are –
- They help in preparing trial balance by providing accounting details with high accuracy
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There are enormous varieties of ledger account forms available on the internet and one can download the suitable one according to their accounting needs. They come in printer friendly formats like word or PDF documents and are easy to customize as well. These forms are highly dependable and valuable for any business firm to perform accounting process.
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Relevant facts medical and electronic waste in Bangladesh
- Medical and electronic wastes are becoming a major problem for Bangladesh.
- Modern medical care is more dependent on inputs (including syringes) that are meant for one-time use only, to be disposed thereafter, so that the volume of medical waste is growing at a much faster rate than the rate of expansion of medical care.
- Many items of medical waste are hazardous, toxic, some even radioactive, and others having the potential to spread infection.
- No proper and separate system for disposal of medical waste is yet in place so that medical establishments (clinics and hospitals) are general public are generally combining medical waste with ordinary household waste, thus aggravating the danger to environment and public health.
- With the rise in income, the use of electronic products is expanding at a very fast rate.
- The number of cell phones in Bangladesh has crossed 50 million and is approaching 70 million.
- Like inputs of medical care, the tendency for electronic gadgets is also toward shorter life span, so that electronic waste is piling up fast, as people change models and makes frequently.
- Some electronic waste, particularly those involving batteries, can have radioactive elements.
- No proper and separate system is in place for disposal of electronic waste, creating a risky situation for public health and environment.
BEN's recommendations regarding medical and electronic waste
- Medical establishments should be required to set up appropriate disposal system for their waste, in cooperation with the local governments, and make it mandatory for the medical establishments to use the system, with imposition of fines on violators.
- The general public should be made aware of the separate system of disposal of medical waste so that they can also use it as necessary.
- Instead of slavishly imitating the western dependence on one-time use, disposable inputs for medical care, Bangladesh needs to preserve and promote the traditional practice of using reusable inputs, to the extent that such use is fully safe.
- Local governments should set up appropriate system for disposal of electronic waste, in cooperation with the sellers of electronic equipments, in particular the cell phone companies.
- The general public should be made aware of the system of disposal of electronic waste, so that they can use is as necessary.
- Frequent change of models and makes electronic products that basically perform the same operations should be discouraged through tax and levies so that the fast growth of electronic waste can be held back to some extent.


Battle of Portland
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This article is about the naval battle off the south coast of England in 1653. For the battle at Portland, Maine in 1863, see Battle of Portland Harbor.
Battle of Portland
Part of the First Anglo-Dutch War
Maarten Harpertszoon Tromp.jpg
Lieutenant-Admiral Maarten Tromp.
Date 18-20 February 1653 Julian calendar[a][b]
Location Off Isle of Portland, English Channel
Result English victory
 United Provinces Flag of The Commonwealth.svg Commonwealth of England
Commanders and leaders
Maarten Tromp Robert Blake
70-80 warships 70-80 warships
Casualties and losses
8-12 warships, 20-40 merchant ships 1-3 warships
The naval Battle of Portland, or Three Days' Battle took place during 18-20 February 1653 (28 February – 2 March 1653 (Gregorian calendar)),[a] during the First Anglo-Dutch War, when the fleet of the Commonwealth of England under General at Sea Robert Blake was attacked by a fleet of the Dutch Republic under Lieutenant-Admiral Maarten Tromp escorting merchant shipping through the English Channel. The battle failed to settle supremacy of the English Channel, although both sides claimed victory, and ultimate control over the Channel would only be decided at the Battle of the Gabbard which allowed the English to blockade the Dutch coast until the Battle of Scheveningen, where Admiral Maarten Tromp would meet his fate at the hands of an English musket ball. As such, it can be considered a slight setback for the English nation and another example of Dutch superiority regarding pure seamanship at the time. It also illustrated England's drive to control the seas, which would ultimately allow it to become the prime maritime power of the world.
The First Anglo-Dutch War was caused by friction between the two naval powers of the century, competing for strategic supremacy over the world's merchant routes. England and the United Provinces had always been 'natural allies' against the Habsburgs, as deemed by the Council of State under the rule of Charles I. It has been argued that had Charles I stayed in power the war between the two nations would have never sprung, as he would never have obtained the necessary funding from parliament. However, the rise of the English Parliament under Oliver Cromwell saw the deterioration of diplomacy between the two as the Dutch stadtholder financially supported the Royalists. During the English Civil War, the Dutch had taken advantage of the internal strife within their neighbours, and greatly expanded their maritime presence throughout the world's merchant harbors and routes, ultimately even challenging British dominance in its colonies, and the Dutch even boasted of driving all nations out of the sea. Nonetheless, Cromwell did not challenge the Dutch, still consolidating his power at home.
This changed when Parliamentary armies finally routed the Royalists at the Battle of Worcester, effectively ending the English Civil War. With Cromwell fully in power, the Parliament passed the Navigation Act of 1651, requiring all goods destined to English ports to be transported by English ships, which severed part of the Dutch ability to trade, since they were cut off from all of England's colonies in the Americas and elsewhere. Later that year the Parliament gave an order which allowed English privateers and warships to seize Dutch shipping and'recover their losses' from Dutch vessels. Finally, the English Parliament began to enforce its sovereignty over the "British Seas", which granted the English Navy dominion from the North Sea to Cape Finisterre. The translation of Parliament's words into action came when English Admiral Sir George Ayscue claimed Barbados as part of the Commonwealth and seized 27 Dutch ships.
Robert Blake, General at Sea, 1599–1657 by Henry Perronet Briggs, painted 1829.
The Dutch response was divided; the moderate States of Holland tried to appease the English; but when the negotiations failed and the Navigation Acts were adopted the ferocious Orangist faction became more powerful, and the States General passed a resolution which would allow the Dutch war fleet, to be tripled in size, to protect Dutch interest over the areas in question. This fleet was put under the command of Admiral Maarten Tromp, who had defeated the sixth and final Spanish Armada at the Battle of the Downs, 31 October 1639. That same year, the Dutch signed a treaty with Denmark with the intent to hurt English shipping. War finally broke out after a confrontation between admirals Robert Blake and Maarten Tromp, May 1652, at the Battle of Dover.
Minor skirmishes followed at the Battle of Plymouth, the Battle of Elba, and the Battle of Kentish Knock. The two fleets met for the first time in a major battle at the Battle of Dungeness, November 1652. The battle turned out to be a heavy English defeat, forcing the English to rethink their naval strategy, led by Admiral Sir Henry Vane and an Admiralty Committee, including developing a tactic that would mark naval warfare for the following century. Taking a page out of the Dutch book the English reorganised each fleet into squadrons for greater tactical control. In fact, the tactic, renamed the line-of-battle tactic, would remain key to English/British naval strategy until the end of the Second World War. The two fleets would meet again off Portland.
During the first days of February 1653, Tromp escorted a convoy of merchant ships through the Channel and put them safely into the Atlantic Ocean. He set to return to his home port, but first anchored off La Rochelle to repair and resupply his ships and waited for expected merchantmen coming from the Atlantic. He attempted to set sail on 20 February with 152 merchantmen, but was held back for three days by high winds and rough seas. On 24 February Tromp finally set sail, entering the area off Portland four days later where he spotted Blake's fleet attempting to cut them off. Immediately, Tromp set the signal for a general attack and began the offensive with the wind in his favor as he had the weather gauge.
Tromp's flagship, Brederode, met Blake's flagship, Triumph, immediately, sending a broadside at mere metres distance. Turning around, without having received a response from English gunners, he put a second broadside in Triumph's other side, and finally then delivered a third after turning around again. Blake subsequently veered away and decided to fight at long range. Dutch Commodore De Ruyter was able to attack the English rear and engaged the largest English vessel in the fleet, Prosperity, ending in a boarding attempt which was repulsed by the crew of the British vessel the first time around. A second boarding attempt forced the Prosperity to surrender thereafter, however. An attempt to reclaim the ship surrounded De Ruyter, but after an intense fight the Dutch commodore was able to fight his way out. The battle continued for the day with heavy fire exchanged by both sides. Later on 28 February Blake sent a squadron of frigates to intercept and claim the Dutch merchantmen off the coast of La Rochelle. Tromp quickly responded by sending his own captains to intercept the English. Nonetheless, night brought a close to the day's battle.
The following day the English were the first to begin the engagement, with the wind in their favor. The initiative of the English fleet was not gone from the previous day, but five attempts failed to break the Dutch line. The day also saw 12 Dutch merchantmen caught by Blake's frigates after attempting to make a run for it, against Tromp's explicit orders. After the second day most of the Dutch warships were out of powder and shot, and there was none to resupply with.
The third day ended just the same, with a failure to break the Dutch line. Several Dutch captains attempted to flee after completely running out of ammunition but Tromp ended their flight with a few shots across their ships. The battle ended for the day when Blake drew off, after forcing the Dutch to fight to the point where they only had around half an hour worth of shot left. Blake's reasoning for the disengagement has been attributed to the fact that he received a wound to the thigh that day.
On the fourth day the English again attempted to resume action, but they found the sea empty of Dutch warships. Tromp had guided the remainder of his fleet along the coastline, escaping certain defeat the next day, leaving eight warships and a number of merchantmen behind. Although both sides claimed victory after the battle, the fact remains that it was Tromp who left the field, not Blake, and in the end, it was Blake who was able to commandeer 20 to 40 Dutch merchantmen and at least eight Dutch warships back to his homeport.
The Battle of Portland restored English dominance over the English Channel. While Dutch propaganda tried to paint the battle as a Dutch victory or a "glorious defeat" and the populace publicly rejoiced at the heroism shown, Admiral Tromp and the other flag officers knew better, all coming home in an extremely dark mood. They concluded that the adoption of line tactics by the English would make it impossible for the Dutch to compensate inferior firepower with better seamanship and they urged the States-General to finally start building real heavy warships instead of replacing losses by recruiting armed merchants. In a desperate attempt to at least keep the North Sea open, an under-equipped Dutch fleet engaged the English again at the Battle of the Gabbard.
 1. ^ a b During this period in English history dates of events are usually recoded in the Julian calendar, while those the Netherlands are


Josefin and Lisa got a very nice paper accepted!
The anchoring effect – long-term dormancy and genetic population structure
Lisa Sundqvist, Anna Godhe, Per R. Jonsson, Josefin Sefbom
Understanding the genetic structure of populations is key to revealing past and present demographic and evolutionary processes in a species. In the past decade high genetic differentiation has been observed in many microbial species challenging the previous view of cosmopolitan distribution. Populations have displayed high genetic differentiation, even at small spatial scales, despite apparent high dispersal. Numerous species of microalgae have a life-history strategy that includes a long-term resting stage, which can accumulate in sediments and serve as refuge during adverse conditions. It is presently unclear how these seed banks affect the genetic structure of populations in aquatic environments. Here we provide a conceptual framework, using a simple model, to show that long-term resting stages have an anchoring effect on populations leading to increased genetic diversity and population differentiation in the presence of gene flow. The outcome that species with resting stages have a higher degree of genetic differentiation compared to species without, is supported by empirical data obtained from a systematic literature review. With this work we propose that seed banks in aquatic microalgae play an important role in the contradicting patterns of gene flow, and ultimately the adaptive potential and population dynamics in species with long-term resting stages.
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PRIVACY POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
Population Data BC is a pan-provincial, multi-institutional platform whose mission is to foster insights into human health, well-being, and development by advancing research through data and education. Population Data BC has a physical presence at Simon Fraser University (SFU), University of Victoria (UVic), and University of British Columbia (UBC). Its UBC site holds Individual-level Personal Information from Provincial Ministries and other public body data providers. Population Data BC does not have its own research agenda.
To date, data for research in human health, well-being, and development (at least within BC) have typically been available only within single sector(s) (e.g. health, education, or early childhood), and linkages have occurred only within a particular disciplinary area. A particular feature of Population Data BC is the linkage of BC population data across various sectors, such as health, education, and early childhood, for research purposes only. Access to such data creates the potential for fundamental advances in understanding the complex interplay of influences on human health, well-being, and development. Such evidence can be used to inform future social policy and investment decisions. Facilitating access to such data for public-interest research purposes, while at the same time ensuring the protection of privacy and confidentiality of individuals about whom the data pertain, is the mandate of Population Data BC.
Population Data BC enters into separate Information Sharing Agreements, Data Directives or other data sharing agreements with government ministries and public agencies (collectively, the "Data Stewards") for health information and other Personal Information on the population of British Columbia relating to human health, well-being and development. Personal Information which Population Data BC holds from the Data Stewards under these agreements are referred to as "Data". Each agency retains ownership of its particular Data set(s) and reviews and approves requests for access to its Data.
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Privacy and security
Respecting personal privacy, safeguarding confidential information, and ensuring security are critical to Population Data BC's mandate. To this end, Population Data BC has in place a privacy risk management framework that consists of many components, including confidentiality agreements, privacy training, a Privacy Impact Assessment, a public website with frequently asked questions and responses, accountability and advisory input, physical security, network security, and human resources controls, including the presence of a Privacy Officer. Other Population Data BC privacy and security controls include:
- Keeping Population Data BC's privacy principles, policies, procedures and practices current and compliant with existing legislation.
- Monitoring developments in privacy legislation, privacy enhancing technologies and public opinion, and adapting to conform as necessary.
- Meeting and exceeding recognized standards of physical, technical, and procedural Data protection and security.
- Fostering transparency and accountability and increasing awareness of Population Data BC's privacy principles, policies and procedures.
- Fostering a culture of privacy at Population Data BC.
- Supporting staff in applying Population Data BC's privacy principles, policies and procedures.
- Supporting controlled access to, and responsible use of, Personal Information under Population Data BC's management.
Population Data BC' Privacy Officer has a number of designated roles and responsibilities, including:
- Developing and updating Population Data BC's privacy and security policies and procedures.
- Responding to internal and external enquiries or complaints about Population Data BC's privacy and security policies and procedures.
- Staying informed of relevant privacy and security developments.
- Providing privacy and information security training to new employees, Researchers, and other stakeholders, as necessary, and providing up-to-date annual organisational privacy and information security training.
- Managing and reporting on privacy-related incidents.
More information on Population Data BC's mandate, background, operations, and privacy and security measures is available at Population Data BC's public website, _URL_, and from Population Data BC's Privacy Impact Assessment, which is available upon request.
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Public bodies in B.C., such as government agencies, routinely collect information on individuals for administrative purposes, such as making payment for services to service providers or registering student progress through the school system. This type of information is a fundamental tool for population-based, longitudinal studies in research on human health, well-being and development.
In 1990, the Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (CHSPR) at the University of British Columbia and the BC Ministry of Health Services entered into an agreement to create the BC Linked Health Database (BCLHD) – a resource designed to realize the research and planning potential of existing databases. Through significant investments from the Canada Foundation for Innovation, the BC Ministry of Advanced Education, and the Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research, Population Data BC was established in 2008 as a platform for cross-sectoral, longitudinal, population-wide research, largely built on the BCLHD model and using the BC Linked Health Database's 15+ years of experience in successfully linking administrative health services data.1
The BCLHD facilitated over one hundred and fifty research projects on contemporary issues in applied health services and population health. CHSPR and its predecessor organisation had a 30 year history of responsible handling of sensitive Data.
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Governance and management
Population Data BC operates within a multi-tier governance and management framework, which includes the following:
- The Research Data Access Committee includes Data Stewards from each organisation whose Data Population Data BC administers or is soon to administer. Its objectives are to advise and support Population Data BC and to ensure that the policy and process framework for access to Data meets their privacy and security expectations. This group counsels the Advisory Board.
- The Advisory Board convenes on a regular (typically monthly and as needed) basis and plays a critical role in guiding Population Data BC and its operations on core issues, such as strategy, policy, funding, and security. The Advisory Board is comprised of leaders from each of the partner organisations and representation from multiple institutions.
- The Governance Oversight Committee is a standing committee of Population Data BC whose purpose is to guide and support the operations of Population Data BC. The Governance Oversight Committee oversees the Advisory Board and is made up of VPs of Research at BC's partner universities, two Data Stewards, two members of Population Data BC's Advisory Board, and two researchers.
- The Operations Committee plans and reviews the operational functions of Population Data BC, and ensures they are well coordinated amongst the partner universities. It is comprised of members from the University of British Columbia, Simon Fraser University, and the University of Victoria.
- Population Data BC's Executive Director and unit Leads are involved in the day-to-day management of Population Data BC. The Executive Director has delegated accountability and responsibility for Population Data BC's functions and is responsible to the Advisory Board and Governance Oversight Committee.
- Additionally, Population Data BC (UBC) is accountable to both Data Stewards and the public through signed data sharing agreements.
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Scope of these policies and procedures
The principles and policies outlined apply to Population Data BC's Personal Information holdings (the Data) from various Data Stewards.
1 The BC Linked Health Database (BCLHD) was developed and housed by the Centre for Health Services and Policy Research. It included Data from the Ministry of Health Services, Vital Statistics, the BC Cancer Agency and WorkSafeBC. The BCLHD successfully provided access to these Data to the research community in a privacy-sensitive manner for approved research projects. Population Data BC is largely built on the BCLHD model.
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text:
I recently learned from John Cook about a new paper by Javier Cilleruelo, Florian Luca, and Lewis Baxter proving that every positive integer can be written as a sum of three palindromes. A palindrome is a number that is the same when written forward or backward, like.
The really cool thing is that the proof essentially consists of a (very long, very detailed) algorithm, which, for any positive integer, explicitly finds three palindromes which sum to! For example, when (the first 21 decimal digits of ), their algorithm gives the three palindromes
You can easily verify (try it!) that these are all palindromes, and that they add up to.
ghci> p1 = 210100100111001001012 ghci> p2 = 98639929400492993689 ghci> p3 = 5419235847485329145 ghci> isPalindrome x = show x == reverse (show x) ghci> isPalindrome p1 && isPalindrome p2 && isPalindrome p3 True ghci> p1 + p2 + p3 314159265358979323846
The reason this is so cool is that in many cases, the proof of a theorem of the form "For every integer, there exists a thing" might be nonconstructive—that is, it shows that for every it can't be the case that there doesn't exist a thing, which "proves" the theorem but doesn't actually help us find the things which we suposedly know must exist. But this proof is very much constructive: not only does it show that every positive integer must be expressible as a sum of three palindromes, it actually backs it up with explicit evidence by giving us a way to find the palindromes.
Apparently the authors have written a Python program which implements the algorithm, and I have asked for a copy; I'm excited to play with it! I'd implement it myself, except that the algorithm has so many cases and sub-cases and sub-sub-cases and special adjustments to the sub-sub-cases, etc. that it would probably take me a week.


text:
Denver hip-hop artist Adrian Molina is using the unlikely vehicle of chess to teach a group of high school students at Venture Prep, a public charter school in Denver, the art of the emcee.
The course is called "Chess, Civics and Hip-Hop." It covers the political and socio-economic roots of hip-hop in African American history. Molina is with "Youth on Record," a non-profit group that promotes music education for young people in Colorado.
Molina, who performs under the moniker "Molina Speaks," wants his students to feel confident enough to write and perform their own songs by the end of the term. But his aspirations for the students do not end there.
He sees his class as a means to turn his students into better critical thinkers and also wants his students to learn strategy and focus. That is where the game of chess comes in.
"Chess helps the students to meditate, focus and takes things seriously," Molina says. "I want the chess and the history of hip-hop to give them a sense of boldness and possibility. I want them to challenge themselves and take risks."
The experiment appears to be working. Students in Molina's class are reporting higher levels of concentration.
"Chess helps me focus, so when I sit down to write a song, my mind is more open," Hakeem Thomas, an 18-year-old senior, says.
Students also say playing chess has taught them to be more open to the creative muse when it calls.
"Chess teaches you about risk," De'jante Tramble, a 16-year-old sophomore, says. "Sometimes you just have to throw out what you are feeling and take that chance."
Todd Bardwick, a national chess master and the founder of the Chess Academy of Denver, isn't surprised by Molina's mixture of hip-hop and chess in the classroom, because chess – like math and music – uses both sides of the brain.
Music, chess and math are all comprised of a series of rhythmic sequential patterns. François-André Danican Philidor, an 18th-century opera composer, was the unofficial chess champion of the world in his day. David Bowie and Bob Dylan are both avid chess fans. And one of Bardwick's former students is now an opera singer.
"As far as creativity and logic go, those parts of the brain overlap," Bardwick says. "Chess is the best tool out there to teach just about anything."
Some major Colorado arts institutions are taking note of Molina's approach to teaching the arts. Representatives from the Colorado Symphony and The Denver Center for the Performing Arts have sat in on his class.
Molina and his students are now preparing for an end of the year production combining symphonic music, theater, hip-hop and vocal performance.


text:
Mímir (Old Norse "The rememberer, the wise one") or Mim is a figure in Norse mythology renowned for his knowledge and wisdom who is beheaded during the Æsir-Vanir War. Afterward, the god Odin carries around Mímir's head and it recites secret knowledge and counsel to him.
Mímir is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson of Iceland, and in euhemerized form as one of the Æsir in Heimskringla, also written by Snorri Sturluson in the 13th century. Mímir's name appears in the names of the well Mímisbrunnr, the tree Mímameiðr, and the wood Hoddmímis holt.
Poetic Edda
Mímir is mentioned in the Poetic Edda poems Völuspá and Sigrdrífumál. In Völuspá, Mímir is mentioned in two stanzas. Stanza 28 references Odin's sacrifice of his eye to Mímir's Well, and states that Mímir drinks mead every morning "from the Father of the Slain's [Odin] wager." Stanza 46 describes that, in reference to Ragnarök, the "sons" of Mím are at play while "fate burns" (though no further information about these "sons" has survived), that the god Heimdallr blows the Gjallarhorn, and that Mímir's decapitated head gives counsel to Odin. The single mention in stanza 14 of Sigrdrífumál is also a reference to Mímir's speaking, decollated head. Stanzas 20 and 24 of the poem Fjölsvinnsmál refer to Yggdrasil as Mímameiðr.
Prose Edda
In chapter 15 of the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning, as owner of his namesake well, Mímir himself drinks from it and gains great knowledge. To drink from the well, he uses skin from a dragon foot, a drinking horn which shares its name with the sounding horn used by Heimdallr intended to announce the onset of Ragnarök. The section further relates that the well is located beneath one of the three roots of Yggdrasil, in the realm of the frost jötunn.
Chapter 51 relates that, with the onset of Ragnarök, "Heimdall stands up and blows the Gjallarhorn with all his strength. He wakens all the gods who then hold an assembly. Odin now rides to Mimir's Well, seeking council for both himself and his followers. The ash Yggdrasil shakes, and nothing, whether in heaven or on earth, is without fear."
In the Prose Edda book Skáldskaparmál, Mímir's name appears in various kennings. These kennings include "Mím's friend" (for "Odin") in three places, "mischief-Mímir" (a kenning for "jötunn"), and among a list of names for jötunn.
Mímir is mentioned in chapters 4 and 7 of the saga Ynglinga Saga, as collected in Heimskringla. In chapter 4, Snorri presents a euhemerized account of the Æsir-Vanir War. Snorri states that the two sides eventually tired of the war and both agree to meet to establish a truce. The two sides meet and exchanged hostages. Vanaheimr are described as having sent to Asgard their best men: Njörðr—described as wealthy—and his son Freyr in exchange for Asaland's Hœnir—described here as large, handsome, and thought of by the people of Vanaheimr well suited to be a chieftain. Additionally, the Æsir send Mímir—described as a man of great understanding—in exchange for Kvasir, who Snorri describes as the wisest man of Vanaheimr.
Snorri continues that, upon arrival in Vanaheimr, Hœnir was immediately made chief and Mímir often gave him good counsel. However, when Hœnir was at meetings and at the Thing without Mímir by his side, he would always answer the same way: "Let others decide." Subsequently, the Vanir suspected they had been cheated in the exchange by the Æsir, so they seized Mimir and beheaded him and sent the head to Asgard. Odin took the head of Mímir, embalmed it with herbs so that it would not rot, and spoke charms over it, which gave it the power to speak to him and reveal to him secrets. The head of Mímir is again mentioned in chapter 7 in connection with Odin, where Odin is described as keeping Mímir's head with him and that it divulged information from other worlds.
On the basis of Hávamál 140 - where Odin learns nine magic songs from the unnamed brother of his mother Bestla - some scholars have theorized that Bestla's brother may in fact be Mímir, who is then Odin's maternal uncle. This also means that Mimir's father would be Bölþorn.
In the theories of Viktor Rydberg, Mímir's wife is Sinmara, named in the poem Fjölsvinnsmal. According to Rydberg, the byname Sinmara ("sinew-maimir") refers to "Mímir-Niðhad"'s "queen ordering Völund's hamstrings to be cut".
See also
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mímir|
- Simek (2007:216).
- Larrington (1999:7).
- Larrington (1999:265).
- Byock (2006:72).
- Faulkes (1995:84).
- Faulkes (1995:155).
- Hollander (2007:8).
- Hollander (2007:11).
- Examples include Rydberg (1886:176), Bellows (1923:92) and Puhvel (1989:212).
- Rydberg (2003:196).
- Byock, Jesse (Trans.) (2006). The Prose Edda. Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-14-044755-5
- Faulkes, Anthony (Trans.) (1995). Edda. Everyman. ISBN 0-460-87616-3
- Larrington, Carolyne (Trans.) (1999). The Poetic Edda. Oxford World's Classics. ISBN 0-19-283946-2
- Hollander, Lee M. (Trans.) (2007). Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-73061-8
- Simek, Rudolf (2007) translated by Angela Hall. Dictionary of Northern Mythology. D.S. Brewer. ISBN 0-85991-513-1


Thursday, 6 August 2015
Science: Make your own Spool Car
This post was first written 1 June 2013 17:51
Did you ever wonder how a wind-up toy works?
Well, if you open it up you will see all the components that make it up. You will notice a spring inside too. It looks more like a ribbon but it's still a spring as when it tightens up it stores potential energy that when released it is what moves the wind up toy!
Potential energy
Potential energy is stored energy that is ready to be used. There are many different types of potential energy… Gravitational potential energy, electrical potential energy, heat potential energy and there are more, like mechanical potential energy which we will be the first things we get hands on with in this chapter. When energy is stored up waiting to be used we call it potential energy.
When we wind up our toy we create potential energy.
Kinetic energy
When the stored energy, the potential energy, is released and used to do something, we call this kinetic energy. Kinetic means movement, and this is because when energy is released it tends to make things move or something to happen!
When we let go, the potential energy is transferred to kinetic energy and the car moves along the table or the ground!
These are our spool cars...
They work in the same way as a wind up toy except our elastic bands are used in place of the spring inside our wind up toy. We tried sitting them up so it looked like a propeller and we had it on its side when it turned into a spool car.
How do you make one? This is how we made ours...
You will need:
 - A cotton reel
 - An elastic band (best to have different shapes and sizes so you can experiment)
 - A paper clip (try different sizes to see which works best)
 - Sticky tape
 - A pencil, pen or crayon
 - Washers - something like these
What to do:
1. Put a paper clip on an elastic band
2. Thread your elastic band through the centre of your spool
3. Thread a washer through the other end of the elastic band, like this...
4. Choose a pen, pencil or crayon and put it through the elastic band then twist it and twist it and twist it until it's tight.
Now you are ready to play. Put it on the table and watch it go.
I have seen these all over the web, all made in different ways you could try experimenting with yours to see which works the best.
 - You could try to stick down your paper clip with tape or Blu tack to see the difference to the way it works. Does taping or sticking the paperclip with sticky tack improve the design?
 - You could try one washer, two washers, more or none.
 - You can try some dowelling like ours in different thicknesses or a pencil, a pen or crayon. What works best. Does the weight of what you use effect how well it works?
 - How far can you make yours travel? If you make two you can race them to see which is fastest.
 - How strong is your spool car? Could it climb over a mountain of lolly pop sticks?
 - Try different elastic bands. Different lengths, different thicknesses.
What makes the spool car move?
Like I mentioned at the beginning of this post, when the spring in the wind-up toy tightens it stores up potential energy that when released is what moves the wind-up toy. The potential energy (energy that can be used at a later time) is turned into kinetic energy (energy from a moving object)!
The same thing happens when you twist the rubber band; when you twist your elastic band you're storing potential energy. The potential energy turns into kinetic energy when the rubber band unwinds.
The paperclip that doesn't go over the sides of the spool turns the pool. The long pencil, stick, pen or whatever it is you decided to use, next to the washer(s) does not turn because it is longer that the spool's diameter therefore it is dragged across the surface (the floor or the table) and this is what makes the turning spool moves forward in the way it does.
I hope you have fun with more of An Ordinary Life's Experiments!
1 comment:
 1. Thanks for the reminder my grandad used to make these. Brilliant.Anita


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|Jan3-13, 05:44 PM||#1|
I thought of this question the other day, and I was unable to solve it. A Google search has not helped, so I thought I might post it here.
A point mass hangs from a rod of length "l" from the center of a pendulum. The only forces acting upon the point mass are the force of gravity and the force of constraint (keeping it distance "l" from the center). Is there a function that describes the motion of the point mass?
|Jan3-13, 05:50 PM||#2|
show us what you've tried, and where you're stuck, and then we'll know how to help!
|Jan3-13, 06:03 PM||#3|
OK. It's not as complicated as a double pendulum. It's just a single pendulum where the mass is constrained to a sphere (rather than the 2-dimensional case where you have a circle).
Well, one thought I had was to solve for the potential energy of the system, since that's just
mgh+1/2mv^2 = C
The mass is just a constant, and we can get rid of it.
From this point, I am stuck, however, and I don't know where to go from here. I was thinking the initial velocity must be perpendicular to the force of constraint and was wondering if you could split up the motion into just x and y components to solve it, but that seemed fruitless upon inspection.
I am looking for a general function that describes the motion of the point around the sphere. Your help is appreciated greatly.
|Jan3-13, 06:11 PM||#4|
|function, pendulum, spherical|
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How do I get Photoshop cs6?
What is Photoshop CS5?
What is Photoshop CC?
What is Photoshop CS6?
Why are some colors wrong on my images?
Why are the borders between parts of a scene different?
Why are my brushes on the page different than the camera's brushes?
Why are my brushes and text all over the page?
What is a "blend"?
Can I "save" my images to Adobe's Cloud?
How do I get Photoshop CS6?
Why are some colors wrong on my images?
The problem is simple: Your colors are not right. If your images look wrong to you, you are probably looking at the color space that your camera is using and is not seeing the colors accurately. You are looking at the brightness and contrast of your images in relation to each other and not seeing the same colors in your black and white images.
For those of you still living in the old ways of viewing, this may seem confusing. The issue may not be what you are seeing physically, but what you are seeing through your screen, your laptop or any other viewing medium you use. Some color space presets are designed to display the colors for your viewing (Photoshop). Others, like CIE L*a*b* wavelengths, are derived from theoretical theoretical calculations that are more accurate. If you're not aware of those differences (and who isn't?) you might have trouble seeing them (even if you do see them in some images).
For example, if your monitor is calibrated against a white background, and you take a picture of the sky (in the CIE range of 200 to 600 nanometers), the sky should look white. But your monitor may look gray at a viewing distance of 20 meters.
So what does it mean to say that the background is looking "gray?" As long as you know the color space, you can tell that that is what it is.
When you look at Photoshop's color space presets, they are made for you to use. All of the tools work for the computer you are using, if you have a computer that works that way. However, if you are using a tablet or smartphone, the computer and apps you are using are not the same. And then you get to the next question.
Why are some colors wrong on my images?
You may be wondering why some colors are wrong, why others aren't? There are many reasons.
How do I get Photoshop cs6?
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text:
Subject to exceptions (depending on the category of work), works in South Africa are protected for the lifetime of the author plus 50 years from the end of the year in which the author dies.
Publishers have copyright in published editions (i.e. the edited typeface, format, etc) for 50 years from the end of the year in which the edition is first published (even if the original material is no longer in copyright (e.g. a new edition of a Shakespeare play).
South Africa adopted the minimum required term of protection provided in the Berne Convention and TRIPS Agreements. Many developed countries have extended this period by 20 years. Since developing countries are net importers of intellectual property, it is not in their interests to extend this period. Some African countries have extended this period by 20 years, either via the US Free Trade Agreement, e.g. Morocco, or via pressure from rightsholders believing that an extended period would benefit developing countries. Empirical evidence in 8 African countries in the African Copyright and Access to Knowledge Project (ACA2K) showed that extension of copyright term was not beneficial to developing and least developed countries and recommended that the term be reduced back to 50 years after the author's death.


text:
11 June 2008
On behalf of the Government of Canada and all Canadians, Prime Minister Stephen Harper offered an historic formal apology today to former students of Indian Residential Schools and sought forgiveness for the students' suffering and for the damaging impact the schools had on Aboriginal culture, heritage and language.
"The treatment of children in Indian Residential Schools is a sad chapter in our history," Prime Minister Harper said. "Today, we recognize this policy of assimilation was wrong, has caused great harm, and has no place in our country. The Government of Canada sincerely apologizes and asks the forgiveness of the Aboriginal peoples of this country for failing them so profoundly."
Today's apology reinforces numerous other government initiatives designed to address the tragic legacy of Indian Residential Schools, including the ongoing implementation of the historic Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement which includes: a Common Experience Payment; an Independent Assessment Process; Commemoration Activities; measures to support healing; and the Indian Residential Schools Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
"The Government recognizes that the absence of an apology has been an impediment to healing and reconciliation," said Prime Minister Harper. "Years of work by survivors, communities and Aboriginal organizations culminated in an Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. These are the foundations of a new relationship between Aboriginal people and other Canadians, a relationship based on knowledge of our shared history, a respect for each other and a desire to move forward together with a renewed understanding that strong families, strong communities and vibrant cultures and traditions will contribute to a stronger Canada for all of us."