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Emil Filla
 (1882 - 1953)
Emil Filla was active/lived in Czech Republic, France. Emil Filla is known for cubist still life painting and sculpture.
Emil Filla
Biography from the Archives of askART
Emil Filla (_PHONE_)
To Filla, however, Munch's painting was also important and, a few years later, the influence of El Greco became apparent in his work. In 1909, Emil Filla joined the venerable secessionist artists association SVU Mánes but left it in 1911 to join forces with fourteen other young avant-garde artists to found Skupina, which became the center of Czech Cubism until 1914.
Emil Filla, working as an art agent at that time, kept abreast of trends in Paris and Germany, procuring for himself and friends reproductions of paintings by Picasso, Braque and "Negro sculpture". The sculptures he did in this phase, such as Relief of a Head and Head of a Man (1913-14: both in the Prague National Gallery) are, with the works of Gutfreund, among the earliest Cubist sculptures and can be classified as an independent reaction to Picasso's Fernande (1909).
In 1914 Emil Filla was in Paris with Gutfreund and met both Braque und Picasso. He married Hana Krejcová and moved with her to Amsterdam, where he joined the anti-Habsburg resistance group Mafia. He entertained a close dialogue with the Dutch abstractionists but by 1920 Filla had returned to Prague. There he participated in almost all nation-wide exhibitions with works dealing with the human figure.
He developed what he called the "Animal of the Steppe's Style" in reaction to fascism. Inspired by Scythian reliefs and executed in various techniques, this style highlights combats between man and animals or animals fighting other animals.
Filla was interned during the war years 1939-45 in the concentration camps at Dachau and Buchenwald, where he wrote the book On Freedom.
In 1945 the Mánes devoted their first post-war exhibition to Filla's work. That year he was appointed professor at the Prague Applied Arts Academy and the government made it possible for him to show his collection of Buddhist, Czech, African and Italian art permanently at Peruc Castle.
After the communist take-over, he spent the last years of his life in retirement, painting landscapes.
Sources include:
art directory
Biography from the Archives of askART
Emil Filla (_PHONE_)
Czech painter, sculptor, graphic artist, and writer on art, born at Chropyne in Moravia. He studied at the Prague Academy, 1903-06…. Between 1907-14 he spent much of his time in France, Germany and Italy, and during this period he turned from his early Expressionist manner to cubism, becoming the pioneer and one of the most distinguished of the style in Czechoslovakia in both painting and sculpture. He spent the first world war in the Netherlands and returned to Prague in 1920. His most characteristic paintings of this time were still-lifes, but in the late 1930s he turned to themes of violence, presaging the horrors of the Second World War (during which he was imprisoned in the concentration camp at Buchenwald). After the war he taught at the School of Industrial Art in Prague. His post-war work was more naturalistic in style and included some large landscapes.
To the rebellious children of the old Austro-Hungarian monarchy, particularly to the territorial enclave of gothic-baroque Prague, in which national traditions of German, Austrian and Jewish influences merged, cubism must have appeared to be an example of the most extreme intellectual freedom, verging on debauchery, as a door blown open by a fresh blast of wind to mental independence from the heavy burden of overwhelming history, conservatism and socio-political etiquette.
Czech cubism, which was locally dominant in its vehement beginnings before the First World War, is more of a topic of relations and situations than a question of form. The Prague artists understood it as a Weltanschauung [philosophy of life, world outlook], as existential power of motivation which not only influenced fine arts but also art and design, art and craft, literature, film, music and theatre. The comment about this made by the observer Miroslav Lamac is unforgettable: "Prague was, in this respect, a true cubist centre, where cubist houses and cubist flats with cubist fittings were built. Their inhabitants could drink cubist cups of coffee, put their flowers in cubist vases, see what time it was from cubist clocks and light with cubist lamps." This unusual, all-embracing dissemination of the style in bohemia was caused by the urge to achieve liberation in a socio-political sense; Cubism transpired as an attainment of true modern attitude, as a symbol for culturally oriented, independent, worldly-wise impetus, far from the inferiority complexes of the province.
"Emil Filla (_PHONE_) TCU Art in Europe, Web, March 2016
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About Emil Filla
Born: 1882 - Chropyne, Moravia
Died: 1953 - Prague, Czech Republic
Known for: cubist still life painting and sculpture


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Choose one or more of the projects below to make your own connections to the Maya, Aztec, and Incan civilizations.
Each project can be completed by an individual student or by a small group.
Create a multimedia presentation showing artifacts from the Maya, Aztec, and Incan civilizations.
Choose a theme for your presentation, such as religion and ritual, legends, or counting and calendars.
Depending on the theme, you may want to focus on one or more of the three civilizations.
- You may want to include images contained in the articles in this section.
- Use the "Links" button to find additional images on the Internet.
- Remember to cite your sources for all images.
Using information from the articles "The Maya: Ancient Timekeepers," "Aztec Legends and Calendars,"
and "Accountants of the Inca," create an illustrated map of Latin America that shows the locations
of key sites in the Maya, Aztec, and Incan civilizations. Start by using your Internet search engine
to find and download an outline map of Latin America. Add details to the map, such as geographical
features, and the locations of ancient cities and archaeological sites from the three civilizations.
- Use "Links" to find additional information on the Internet.
- Option: use multimedia software to convert your outline map to an
interactive map. Add links to useful Web sites and digital images.
Read the articles "The Maya: Ancient Timekeepers," "Aztec Legends and Calendars," and "Accountants of the Inca."
Then write a short essay comparing the role of calendars in the Maya, Aztec, and Incan civilizations.
Explain the various calendars' roles in the daily lives and spiritual beliefs of each civilization's people.
- Discuss the multiple calendars used by some civilizations.
- Use the "Links" button to find additional information on the Internet.
Use the information in the article "The Maya: Ancient Timekeepers" to give an oral presentation on
the Maya counting system. Briefly demonstrate how the system functioned and how large numbers can be
recorded and calculated using Maya math. You may want to include the following in your presentation:
- drawings or photographs of Maya numbers
- worksheets on which students can practice using Maya math

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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PF Tek is a method of mushroom cultivation pioneered by Robert McPherson, aka Psylocybe Fanaticus, T.P. & Nanook. This technique (Tek) originally utilized organic rye berries, but later included brown rice flour and vermiculite. The substrate is sterilized in half pint wide mouthed canning jars by boiling or pressure cooking, with a layer of dry vermiculite as a filter agent to keep out competing bacteria and fungus. The sterilized "PF jar" is then injected with a solution containing spores and water from a syringe, creating a one step procedure for reliably growing mushrooms indoors.
Psylocybe Fanaticus was the business name of Robert McPherson, the creator of the PF Tek. The PF Tek can be used to grow a wide variety of mushrooms including the edible species shaggy mane, lion's mane, the bioluminescent species Panellus stipticus, and various species of psilocybin mushrooms.
Strengths and weaknesses
PF Tek is a popular method for home cultivation because it is easy, simple, inexpensive and reliable. The materials needed are cheap and widely available. Jars can be sterilized by boiling or with a pressure cooker. Although sterile technique is required when inoculating, risk of contamination from airborne spores or bacteria is small because air exposure is minimal and the layer of vermiculite which acts as a filter.
More experienced growers may not use PF Tek due to its low yield, and high labor input required when compared to other methods, like Monotubs. The use of a spore syringe also has its drawbacks. Because spores are a mix of genotypes, it is impossible to select mycelium that colonizes fast and produces high yield.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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This is a complete resource that was developed to support the Grade 5 Australian Curriculum Science Unit 2.
I have printed these onto A3 paper, mounted them onto Black card for displayed in the classroom. They look beautiful. They could simply be used as a smart board slide show.
The graphics are actual images of each element.
The packet includes the most important information and an image to compliment for the following:
- One chart for each of the 8 planets
- One chart for the Dwarf planets.
- One chart for the Sun.
- One chart for the Moon.
- What is a Universe?
- What is a Galaxy?
- What is a Solar System?
- What is a Planet?
- What is a Comet?
- What is a Asteroid?
- What is a Meteoroid/Meteor/Meteorite?
Packets to compliment these charts are coming soon.
Please follow me so you can get them as they arrive.


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This sticking allowed two strands of nucleic acid to stick together to form a ladder-like structure, a double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid.
A double-stranded nucleic acid showing two backbones joined by paired bases
In the diagram we show the two backbones as ball and stick molecules and the paired bases as solid shells. The backbones are coiled around the outside in a double-helix.
Deoxyribonucleic acid is normally called DNA. The "deoxyribo" part of its name refers to the type of sugar which this nucleic acid contains: ribose which has lost one oxygen atom.
The sticking together of bases is very important in life. To understand why, first we will simplify the diagram of double-stranded nucleic acid.
Diagrammatic representation of a double-stranded nucleic acid
We show a double-stranded nucleic acid as if it were straight, not coiled into a helix. We also simplify the four different types of bases and indicate how they stick together.
and get your free badge!


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days, 5 and 10 years after ACBS. With the revealed indications for ACBS, hemodynamically significant stenoses of the operated carotid artery were found in 10.7% of patients. Stenoses of other cerebral vessels that required surgical correction (opposite ICA, VA) in 7.1%. These patients had cerebral artery stenting before ACBS. In 9.8% of patients, indications were found for stenting of cerebral and coronary arteries, which were performed in one session. In 5.4%, only coronary artery stenting was performed. In the remaining 75 patients without indicated surgical correction of cerebral arteries ACBS was performed. So, in 3-5 years after CEE, ACBS was performed in 35 patients, later than in 5 years – in 40 patients. In the postoperative period, ACBS TIA was registered only in 4%, ischemic stroke – in 5.3%. The total lethality rate is 4%. The 10-year survival rate after myocardial revascularization was 46% [CI 95% 58%; 34%]. the most intensive decrease in survival function was registered during the first 5 years of follow-up (5-year survival rate 60% [71%; 48%]. Carotid endarterectomy is an effective method of treating atherosclerotic stenosis of the ICA and a method of preventing neurological complications in patients with combined atherosclerotic lesions of the cerebral and coronary arteries with the progression of cardiac pathology.
Kryvoviaz O.V., Tomashevska Yu.O., Makarenko O.V., Kudria V.V. Substantiation of ethiopathogenic choice of substitution therapy medications for the dry eye syndrome
Key words: dry eye syndrome, substitution therapy medications, ethiopathogenic treatment
Abstract. Substantiation of the ethiopathogenic choice of substitution therapy medications for the dry eye syndrome. Kryvoviaz O.V., Tomashevska Yu.O., Makarenko O.V., Kudria V.V. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the personalized selection of substitution therapy medications with the consideration of the pathogenesis of dry eye syndrome development in each patient. In order to achieve the set goal, we conducted a content-analysis of the information from nomenclature on active ingredient as well as on the mechanisms of action of substitution therapy medications provided in the prescribing information and labeling of the medications. After that, we performed a pathogenetic ranging of substitution therapy medications depending on the way they influence a certain aspect of disorder of the tear film renewal process in dry eye syndrome. The information received in the course of the conducted research makes it possible for an ophthalmologist – basing on information on the disorder in the quantitative and qualitative correlation between the tear film layers received with the help of modern diagnostic tools to prescribe targeted dry eye syndrome treatment taking into account the necessary point of application of the substitution therapy medications, considering their composition and action mechanism of the active ingredients which they contain.
Shydlovska T.A., Zemliak T.B. Electroencephalography quantitative indicators of patients with bilateral vocal fold paralysis
Key words: vocal fold paralysis, central nervous system, bioelectrical brain activity
Abstract. Electroencephalography quantitative indicators of patients with bilateral vocal fold paralysis. Shydlovska T.A., Zemliak T.B. Treatment of patients with bilateral vocal fold paralyses remains a complicated task. Study of central mechanisms of realization of larynx functions in case of stenosis is of interest. By electroencephalography method (EEG) patients with bilateral vocal fold paralysis were examined: 55 patients without surgical treatment (group I), and 51 patients who had unilateral chordoarytenoidotomy (group II). All the patients showed changes in percentage content of the α - and β-rhythms and Δ- and θ-rhythms ("slow" waves). The group II patients demonstrated more pronounced rhythms, as compared with the control group. During the background recording, in group I the increase in the percentage content of the Δ-rhythms in frontal and parietal directions up to 28.2±2.3 and 29.2±2.4%, was seen, the group II patients showed the increase in Δ-activity up to 32.2±2.8 and 35.4±2.9% in frontal, temporal and parietal directions accordingly. Besides, the group II patients proved to have an increasing of β-rhythms activity in all the directions, as compared to the control group, as well as an increasing of θ-rhythms in temporal and parietal directions. Herewith, the increase of θ-rhythms in temporal directions up to 21.4±2.2%, was much higher as compared to group I data 16.5±1.3%. Besides, all the patients showed decrease in α-rhythms amplitude. So, the redistribution of electroencephalography rhythms in the way of α-range fluctuation decrease and increase of slow wave activity (θ- и Δ- waves), as well as α-rhythms amplitude decrease in patients having vocal fold motor disorders testify to the prevailing influence of subcortical structures on the bioelectrical brain activity and facts of nervous processes depletion in brain, including chronic hypoxia of patients suffering from larynx stenosis of paralytic origin.
Maslova G.S., Skrypnyk I.M. Chemotherapy effect on arginine / citrulline cycle indicators in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and concomitant obesity
Key words: arginine, citrulline, ornithine decarboxylase, arginase, acute myeloid leukemia, obesity
Abstract. Chemotherapy effect on arginine / citrulline cycle indicators in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and concomitant obesity. Maslova G.S., Skrypnyk I.M. The aim of study was to investigate the changes in the arginine / citrulline cycle in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with concomitant obesity in dynamics of chemotherapy (CT). The study included 20 patients with newly diagnosed AML who had a body mass index (BMI) above 25. The average BMI was 29.35±0.93 kg/m2. Patients have undergone a course of remission induction CT "7+3" or "5+2". All patients were examined twice: before CT and on the 28th day. Complete blood test was assessed. Arginine and citrulline content, arginase and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity were measured in the blood serum. The study results showed a 3-fold decrease in arginine content in the blood serum of patients with AML, as well as a 3.9-fold increase in arginase activity, 1.9-fold – ODC, 7.6-fold higher citrulline concentration compared with control (p<0.05). After CT, against the background of complete blood count normalization in AML patients with concomitant obesity, a 1.3-fold decrease in arginine concentration was noted, while the arginase activity increased by 2.2 times, ODC activity – by 1.8 times and citrulline content – by 2.4 times (р<0.05). After CT a high direct correlation between BMI and arginine concentration in AML patients with concomitant obesity (r=+0.63; p<0.05), as well as between the activity of ODC and arginine content (r=+0,55; p<0.05) was revealed. Thus, in AML patients with obesity prior to CT the disorders in the arginine / citrulline cycle were present, which are caused by oncohematological disease. Excess weight and obesity affect serum arginine levels, which may contribute to chemotherapy resistance.
Shifris I.M., Dudar I.O., Driyanska V.E., Shymova А.U. Activation of chronic inflammation and comorbidity in end-stage renal disease patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
Key words: chronic kidney disease, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, рro-inflammatory cytokines, comorbidity, mortality
Abstract. Activation of chronic inflammation and comorbidity in end-stage renal disease patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Shifris I.M., Dudar I.O., Driyanska V.E., Shymova А.U. The aim of the work was to determine the blood serum pro-inflammatory cytokine profile and to study their relationship with comorbidity and mortality in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Ninety three ESRD patients treated with CAPD during 2012-2019 were included in the cohort prospective open study. The study was conducted in two stages. At the first stage, the determination of TNF-α and IL-6 levels was conducted and study of comorbidity, its quantitative assessment, baseline clinical and laboratory parameters was made. A modified polymorbidity index (MPI) which determined the quantitative assessment of comorbidity was calculated as the number of diseases per one patient excluding ESRD and its reasons. At the second stage, considering the baseline values of the studied cytokines, a prospective study of the dynamics of the prevalence of comorbid pathology, the value of MPI and mortality rate was


text: Potlids are just that, lids for pots. Transfer-printed pot lids had their heyday from the 1840s to the early 1900s. The first potlid with a colored transfer print was made in 1846 and was called Polar Bears. The English Staffordshire potteries made ceramic containers with decorative lids for bear's grease, shrimp or meat paste, cold cream, and toothpaste. Printed advertising and pictures of historical events, portraits of famous people, or scenic views were designed in black and white or color. Reproductions have been made.


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Chapter 1: Introduction to the Mass Storage System
The mass storage system at Fermilab has three major components:
- Enstore, the principal mass storage component; Enstore provides access to data on tape or other storage media both local to a user's machine and over networks.
- A namespace (implemented by PNFS), which presents the storage media library contents as though the data files existed in a hierarchical UNIX file system.
- dCache, a data file caching system; dCache is implemented as a front-end to Enstore.
1.1 About Enstore
Enstore is the mass storage system implemented at Fermilab as the primary data store for large data sets. Its design was inspired by the mass storage architecture at DESY, and it originates from discussions with the DESY designers. Enstore is designed to provide high fault tolerance and availability sufficient for the RunII data acquisition needs, as well as easy administration and monitoring. It uses a client-server architecture which provides a generic interface for users and allows for hardware and software components that can be replaced and/or expanded.
Enstore has two major kinds of software components:
- the Enstore servers, which are software modules that have specific functions, e.g., maintain database of data files, maintain database of storage volumes, maintain configuration, look for error conditions and sound alarms, communicate user requests down the chain to the tape robots, and so on. See Chapter 8: Overview of the Enstore Servers.
- encp, a program for copying files directly to and from the mass storage system. See Chapter 6: Copying Files with Encp
Enstore can be used directly only from on-site machines. Off-site users are restricted to accessing Enstore via dCache, and in fact on-site users are encouraged to go through dCache as well.
Enstore supports both automated and manual storage media libraries. It allows for a larger number of storage volumes than slots. It also allows for simultaneous access to multiple volumes through automated media libraries. There is no preset upper limit to the size of a data file in the enstore system; the actual size is limited by the physical resources. The lower limit on the file size is zero. The upper limit on the number of files that can be stored on a single volume is about 5000.
Enstore allows users to search and list contents of media volumes as easily as they search native file systems. The stored files appear to the user as though they exist in a mounted UNIX directory. The mounted directory is actually a distributed virtual file system in PNFS namespace containing metadata for each stored file. Enstore eliminates the need to know volume names or other details about the actual file storage.
Users typically access Enstore via the dCache caching system. The protocols supported by dCache include dccp, gridftp (globus-url-copy), kerberized ftp and weakly-authenticated ftp (these are described in Chapter 5: Using the dCache to Copy Files to/from Enstore). On-site users may bypass dCache and use the encp program, the Enstore copy command roughly modeled on UNIX's cp, to copy files directly to and from storage media.
There are several installed Enstore systems at Fermilab. Currently these include CDFEN for CDF RunII, D0EN for D0 RunII, and STKEN for all other Fermilab users. Web-based monitoring for the Enstore systems is available at _URL_ Currently, all storage libraries are tape libraries. The Computing Division operates and maintains the tape robots, slots, and other tape equipment, but for the present, experiments provide and manage their own volumes.
1.2 PNFS Namespace
PNFS is a virtual file system package that implements the Enstore namespace. It was written at DESY. PNFS is mounted like NFS, but it is a virtual file system only. It maintains file grouping and structure information via a set of tags in each directory. The encp program communicates this information between PNFS and the Enstore servers when it uploads or downloads a data file.
PNFS can only be mounted on machines that are physically at the lab1. When a user copies a data file from disk to the Enstore system, he or she specifies its destination in terms of a PNFS directory. The data file gets copied to a storage volume (selected according to the tags of the specified PNFS directory) and a corresponding metadata entry is created in the PNFS directory. This entry takes the name given in the encp command line or in the protocol-specific dCache command. It contains metadata about the data file, including information about the file transfer, the data storage volume on which the data file resides, the file's location on the volume, and so on.
To browse file entries in the Enstore system, on-site users can mount their experiment's PNFS storage area on their own computers, and interact with it using standard non-I/O UNIX operating system utilities (see section 4.1 UNIX Commands You can Use in PNFS Space). Normal UNIX permissions and administered export points are used for preventing unauthorized access to the name space.
The dCache was originally designed as a front-end for a set of Hierarchical Storage Managers (HSMs), namely Enstore, EuroGate and DESY's OSM. (It has since been further developed and can be implemented stand-alone. We do not address the stand-alone functionality in this manual.) When used as a front-end to an HSM, dCache can be viewed as an intermediate "relay station" between client applications and the HSM (Enstore, in our case). Client systems communicate with dCache via any of a number of protocols, listed in 1.3.3 Protocols for Communicating with dCache. DCache communicates with Enstore (in a manner transparent to the user) via a high-speed ethernet connection. The dCache decouples the potentially slow network transfer (to and from client machines) from the fast storage media I/O in order to keep Enstore from bogging down.
Data files uploaded to the dCache from a user's machine are stored on highly reliable RAID disks pending transfer to Enstore. Files already written to storage media that get downloaded to the dCache from Enstore are stored on ordinary disks.
The dCache is installed at Fermilab on a server machine on which the /pnfs root area is mounted. Since PNFS namespace can only be mounted on machines in the fnal.gov domain, off-site users may only access Enstore via the dCache. On-site users are strongly encouraged to go through the dCache as well. We discuss dCache in more depth in Chapter 5: Using the dCache to Copy Files to/from Enstore.
Read more general information about the dCache at the DESY site: _URL_.
The principal advantages of using the dCache are:
- Optimized usage of existing tape drives due to transfer rate adaption.
- Possible usage of slower and cheaper drive technology without overall performance reduction.
- Optimized usage of the robot systems by coordinated read and write requests.
- Better usage of network bandwidth by exploring the best location for the data.
- No explicit staging required to access the data.
- Ability to do posix-like IO reads and writes to data files instead of transferring entire files.
- Working ROOT interfaces.
- Tapeless data methods, raw data to reconstruction to analysis to users.
- Written to tape as 'by-product'; no tape delays.
- Pnfs does not have to be mounted for access to the data.
- Same access to storage system, on and off site. Strong authentication, both gss and gsi to the data. Native and ftp access to the data.
- The access methods for data would be uniform, independent of data's media location.
- Even without the back-end HSM (e.g., Enstore), the dCache system could be seen as a huge data store with a unique namespace and standardized access methods. Care will be taken that valuable data resides on safe disks as long as no HSM copy exists. Back-end storage to the HSM can be done regularly (policy based) or by manual intervention only.
- A joint DESY-FNAL effort makes the use of manpower more efficient and guarantees continued support and maintenance of the developed software.
1.3.3 Protocols for Communicating with dCache
Whenever an application needs to talk to the dCache, it has to choose an appropriate door into the system. There are a number of different dCache doors through which users/applications can send requests to Enstore. Doors are protocol converters from the dCache point of view, and they are responsible for strong authentication, as necessary. One door may be for Kerberized ftp read/write access, another for dcap (dCache native C API), gridftp, weakly authenticated ftp read-only access, and so on. Each experiment determines which door(s) its experimenters may use, and communicates this information to the Enstore administrators who manage the doors' configurations. Most doors are for native transfers, and are local. See Chapter 5: Using the dCache to Copy Files to/from Enstore for more information.


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What does ELT mean in Community?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand ELT in the field in general and in the Community terminology in particular.
Enjoy Life Together
Find a translation for ELT in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss this ELT abbreviation with the community:
Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
ELT also stands for:
- Elementary Laboratory Technology
- Elementos Limited
- Elscint, LTD.
- Emergency Locator Transmitter
- Enforcement of Laws and Treaties
... and 12 more »


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Like the Sound of Music's Von Trapp family hiding in the Alps, plants may find refuge from a warming climate in the mountains.
Research in the Swiss Alps suggests diverse mountain habitats could act as stepping stones to allow plants to escape into more hospitable hideaways as their usual homes heat up.
A large, flat savannah offers little variation in temperature. If the temperature warms up, the whole area warms up.
But Daniel Scherrer and Christian Körner from the University of Basel, Switzerland found a broad spectrum of habitats in the central Swiss Alps after studying an alpine meadow for two seasons. In the rugged mountain landscape, different conditions existed close together.
The plants growing in those varied conditions were adapted to the particular set of temperatures of the micro-climates, the scientists found. The research suggests that these plants could start growing in neighboring habitats as the temperature increases.
To test this, Scherrer and Körner used a computer model to simulate what would happen if the temperature went up 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit. They found that only 3 percent of all temperature conditions disappeared. Some of the cooler habitats shrank or shifted, but pockets remained. This suggests that plants have the opportunity to shift habitats, instead of just dying off.
Preserving mountain habitats is even more new important now in light of this research. A diverse Alpine meadow could save many different habitats, compared to a single habitat in a grassland of equal size.
"It is known from earlier geological periods that mountains were always important for survival of species during periods of climatic change such as in glacial cycles, because of their 'habitat diversity,'" concluded Körner.
"Mountains are therefore particularly important areas for the conservation of biodiversity in a given region under climatic change and thus deserve particular protection," Körner said.
Photo: Different habitats exist close together in the Alps. Wikimedia Commons


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Published by the American Geological Institute
Newsmagazine of the Earth Sciences
Monday, Jan. 29: A preliminary magnitude-7.9 earthquake struck India at 8:46 a.m. on Jan. 26. The death toll, originally estimated at 1,100, reached 20,000 by Monday morning. Most of the casualties were reported from the state of Gujarat in western India, mainly in the cities of Bhuj and Ahmedabad. The depth of the earthquake was 23.6 kilometers and felt as far as Pakistan and Nepal. This is the fifth earthquake in January to reach a magnitude of 7.0 or higher.
Geotimes is working to provide readers with up-to-the-minute reports from other news services. The links below provide information on news stories about the event in addition to information about the science behind the the geologic disaster.
[Image at right taken from A Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Map of India and Adjoining Regions by S.C. Bhatia, M. Ravi Kumar and H K Gupta of the National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, India.]
Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) Special Events:
USGS Earthquake Hazards Program:
USGS earthquake bulletin and map:
CARE International relief efforts:
India Development and Relief Fund:
Times of India Online:
Link to several stories on the earthquake from today's home page.
The Times of India also has a link to a photo gallery specifically for this earthquake.
Press Trust of India:
The Hindu News Update Service:


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Vance Dickason Consulting, 333 S. State St., Ste. 152, Lake Oswego, OR 97035
Although successful CAE software that allows the accurate simulation and development of loudspeaker enclosures and crossover networks has been available for professional design work for several years, a number of loudspeaker industry practitioners still persist in using traditional methods of ''cut and try.'' This presentation outlines a computer-aided loudspeaker development case study of a commercial three-way loudspeaker using a vented enclosure and a crossover network that incorporated fourth-order acoustic slopes. Measurement of the resulting prototype showed close agreement, within 0.5--1 dB, with the computer simulation. Time required for the development of the fairly complex crossover network determined for this loudspeaker was less than 1.5 h, substantially less than what is generally expected of ''cut and try'' methods. Key to the resulting accuracy using this type of computer software is the correct portrayal of interdriver time delay and driver phase. Driver phase for this project was derived from the driver magnitude using a highly sophisticated phase calculation methodology, as opposed to being directly measured with a two-port analyzer. Other criteria responsible for the success of the loudspeaker modeling portrayed in this case study are the ability to predetermine the group delay performance of the enclosure design, and the ability to examine crossover network transfer function during the design process.


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After reading a little bit about history of the silk road, was curious about Cyrus the Great.
Cyrus the Great was the founder of the Persian Empire beginning in 550 BCE after conquering surrounding lands, including Babylonia. His empire spanned from Egypt to Turkey to Mesopotomia, and is still considered the father of Iran and one of the greatest leaders of all time. When he conquered a land, he was a merciful leader. The Persian Empire standardized administration of many things, including laws, road networks, a mail system and the belief in "one god." It also had a provincial system (dividing its empire into 20 states) and implemented a 20% tax system, except Persians paid no taxes. Cyrus the Great heavily influenced Alexander the Great 200 years later.
Cyrus the Great and the Persian Empire 550 BC(E)


What is a supply chain control tower?
A supply chain control tower is traditionally defined as a connected, personalized dashboard of data, key business metrics and events across the supply chain. A supply chain control tower enables organizations to more fully understand, prioritize and resolve critical issues in real time.
Supply chain executives are under enormous pressure to provide customers what they need — when and where they need it — while also optimizing supply operations and achieving cost savings' goals. This is especially challenging in times of unpredictable yet inevitable vulnerabilities and disruptions.
A smarter control tower should provide end-to-end visibility across the supply chain — particularly into unforeseen external events. It should leverage advanced technologies, such as AI with machine learning, to help you break down data silos, reduce or eliminate manual processes, and get real-time actionable insights. A smarter control tower will enable collaboration across teams and partners and preserve organizational knowledge to improve and accelerate decision-making and outcomes. Ultimately, this helps you better predict disruptions, improve resiliency, manage exceptions and respond to unplanned events.
Key capabilities and benefits
Supply chain control towers from IBM will help you:
Establish end-to-end visibility across your supply chain with a control tower that correlates data across siloed systems with external event information to provide actionable insights into potential disruptions — all in personalized dashboards — so you can manage the exceptions.
Better predict disruptions and improve resiliency with smart alerts and real-time actionable insights to help you understand the upstream and downstream impact of events on customers and prioritize your response.
Better collaborate on and manage exceptions across the entire supply chain with AI-powered resolution rooms and digital playbooks, combined with supply chain applications, that help you quickly respond to unplanned events and hone execution to drive KPI performance.
 - Reduce disruption mitigation time from days to hours
 - Achieve 95% greater efficiency when tackling recurring supply chain challenges
 - Be up and running in as little as six weeks to speed time to value
How can a purpose-built control tower help you achieve end-to-end visibility?
World events in 2020 have driven home the need to strengthen resilience across global supply chains. As businesses start to emerge and reopen, the day-to-day challenges faced by supply chain and fulfillment leaders are being amplified by enormous disruptions in supply and demand.
The need to act quickly has never been more crucial. To respond effectively, companies need real-time intelligence and actionable recommendations to help mitigate disruptions and risk.
That's best achieved with purpose-built control towers designed to optimize core supply chain functions. For example, a purpose-built inventory control tower could give you essential real-time insights to manage inventory more effectively.
When enabled by AI and machine learning, a supply chain inventory control tower enables end-to-end visibility across inventory silos and disparate systems – from raw material availability and supplier orders to the last mile of customer delivery.
It provides accurate, real-time available-to-promise inventory to drive improved decision-making and outcomes. This aids not only in predicting possible vulnerabilities and disruptions, but also understanding the up and downstream impacts, enabling a more rapid response.
How are supply chain inventory control towers used?
Supply chain inventory control towers are used by organizations across industries to get real-time insights to see, manage and more effectively act on inventory visibility to meet actual and forecasted demand.
Hospitals lose as much as 10% of inventory value due to lost or misplaced items. Protect inventory investments, increase efficiencies and improve quality of care by ensuring you have the critical lifesaving equipment and supplies you need at the right place and time.
Manage overwhelming demand and ensure the availability of goods by monitoring and mitigating an ever-increasing range of potential disruptions. Keep shelves stocked with expanded inventory visibility to see beyond warehouses, including in-store locations and supply in-transit.
Meet service contract SLAs while minimizing the amount of inventory you hold. Get visibility into service parts by SKU and stocking locations across ERP and other systems to help ensure critical parts are in stock to meet customer expectations.
Today, as businesses start to emerge and reopen, nothing is more important than end-to-end inventory visibility
Client success story – Lenovo
Visualize, monitor and gain real-time insights
Bobby Bernard, Global Procurement and Supply Chain Executive at Lenovo, explains how the company's AI-powered approach to risk management reduces its response time to supply chain disruptions from days to minutes.
Explore how Lenovo is building smarter control towers.
Take the next step
Schedule a one-on-one consultation with an expert who can help you make your supply chain even smarter with AI-enabled solutions.


text: This paper studies platform bifurcation, the process in which a subgroup of users from an original platform launches an independent spin-off platform. We identify the effects of bifurcation using a difference-in-differences approach that exploits the introduction of spin-off platforms in an online platform incubator. We find that bifurcation leads to a strong overall increase in contributions. While contributions to the home platform decline, the two bifurcated platforms generate more combined user contributions and attract more new users compared to a single united platform. We further explore how interconnectivity and platform differentiation affect users' choice of platform. Our evidence indicates that users are less likely to migrate from an incumbent platform to a new, specialized platform when interconnectivity is strong but more likely to migrate when the specialized platform enables more differentiation. This paper is the first to empirically analyze the strategic implications of new platform entry at scale and to document the moderating role of interconnectivity and platform differentiation.


CMDIChildWnd Class
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CMDIChildWnd Class
Provides the functionality of a Windows multiple document interface (MDI) child window, along with members for managing the window.
class CMDIChildWnd : public CFrameWnd
An MDI child window looks much like a typical frame window, except that the MDI child window appears inside an MDI frame window rather than on the desktop. An MDI child window does not have a menu bar of its own, but instead shares the menu of the MDI frame window. The framework automatically changes the MDI frame menu to represent the currently active MDI child window.
To create a useful MDI child window for your application, derive a class from CMDIChildWnd. Add member variables to the derived class to store data specific to your application. Implement message-handler member functions and a message map in the derived class to specify what happens when messages are directed to the window.
There are three ways to construct an MDI child window:
 - Directly construct it using Create.
 - Directly construct it using LoadFrame.
 - Indirectly construct it through a document template.
Before you call Create or LoadFrame, you must construct the frame-window object on the heap using the C++ new operator. Before calling Create you can also register a window class with the AfxRegisterWndClass global function to set the icon and class styles for the frame.
Use the Create member function to pass the frame's creation parameters as immediate arguments.
LoadFrame requires fewer arguments than Create, and instead retrieves most of its default values from resources, including the frame's caption, icon, accelerator table, and menu. To be accessible by LoadFrame, all these resources must have the same resource ID (for example, IDR_MAINFRAME).
When a CMDIChildWnd object contains views and documents, they are created indirectly by the framework instead of directly by the programmer. The CDocTemplate object orchestrates the creation of the frame, the creation of the containing views, and the connection of the views to the appropriate document. The parameters of the CDocTemplate constructor specify the CRuntimeClass of the three classes involved (document, frame, and view). A CRuntimeClass object is used by the framework to dynamically create new frames when specified by the user (for example, by using the File New command or the MDI Window New command).
A frame-window class derived from CMDIChildWnd must be declared with DECLARE_DYNCREATE in order for the above RUNTIME_CLASS mechanism to work correctly.
The CMDIChildWnd class inherits much of its default implementation from CFrameWnd. For a detailed list of these features, please refer to the CFrameWnd class description. The CMDIChildWnd class has the following additional features:
 - In conjunction with the CMultiDocTemplate class, multiple CMDIChildWnd objects from the same document template share the same menu, saving Windows system resources.
 - The currently active MDI child window menu entirely replaces the MDI frame window's menu, and the caption of the currently active MDI child window is added to the MDI frame window's caption. For further examples of MDI child window functions that are implemented in conjunction with an MDI frame window, see the CMDIFrameWnd class description.
Do not use the C++ delete operator to destroy a frame window. Use CWnd::DestroyWindow instead. The CFrameWnd implementation of PostNcDestroy will delete the C++ object when the window is destroyed. When the user closes the frame window, the default OnClose handler will call DestroyWindow.
For more information on CMDIChildWnd, see Frame Windows.
Header: afxwin.h
This class is not supported in Smart Device projects.
© 2015 Microsoft


86 Hickory Springs Industrial Drive Canton, GA 30115
 - Why Does Cleaning Smoke Damage Seem Like Such a Nightmare?
 Cleaning smoke damage is no joke.
 Cleaning Smoke DamageWhen we're talking about cleaning smoke damage, we're talking about a serious job that's no laughing matter. It doesn't, however, have to be a nightmare, even it if might seem like one. Getting informed is a great step to reducing the horror that smoke damage can present. Here's everything you need to know about smoke damage, including why cleaning it can seem like such a nightmare.
 What's the Deal with Smoke from a Fire?
 All smoke is not created equal. What makes up smoke? It's not just the flames itself, but what is burning during the fire that determines the composition of smoke. If mostly wood and organic materials burn, the smoke is very different than if a lot of synthetic materials burn. No matter the fuel, smoke generally consists of chemicals, liquids, solids, and gasses that are produced by the fire as it burns in addition to carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and soot.
 Do You Tackle the Smoke Residue First?
 When people think about cleaning up smoke damage after a fire, most think first of the soot and smoke residue because that is what you can see. The important thing is to tackle the smoke residue first. The tricky part is understanding what the smoke residue is made up of and how best to approach the cleanup.
 This is one of the reasons smoke damage cleanup can seem like such a nightmare. If you clean up the smoke with the wrong products and tools, it can cause more damage and can result in an unsuccessful cleanup. Why? Because smoke from different types of fires is different. It requires different cleaning processes depending on what was burning.
 Are We Talking about a Dangerous Job?
 Cleaning Smoke DamageCleaning up after a fire is never fun, but it can also be dangerous if not done properly. Not only do you have to be aware of the debris and possibly compromised structure of the home, but you have to be aware of the dangers of the smoke residue.
 Synthetic materials, such as furniture, flooring, toys, and appliances, are increasingly common in the average home. When this type of material burns, it leaves behind smoke and soot residue that is smeary and difficult to clean up, but the residue is also toxic and dangerous to breathe and to touch. Cleanup needs to include personal protection including long sleeves and pants, protective eyewear, protective face masks, and gloves. This is true of all smoke cleanup, as all of it is potentially a hazard to your health.
 What about the Smell?
 When we start talking about smoke odor, we start talking about the real nightmare in the cleanup process. Why? Because smoke odor is real, it's terrible, and it's incredibly hard to get rid of. Smoke particles float through the air into every nook and cranny of your home. It goes behind walls, under flooring, into vents, and it settles on your belongings. And the odor goes with it.
 Think you can open some windows and air it out enough to settle back in? Think again. Houses have been torn down due to seemingly everlasting smoke odor. However, when treated properly, you can get rid of smoke odor. Restoration professionals have the tools, the knowledge, and the experience to address the smell without leaving you living in a bad dream of bad odor.
 Smoke Damage Restoration in Canton, GA
 A house fire is one of the worst things you can experience. It is, in itself, a bit of a nightmare. The cleanup, however, doesn't have to be, and that includes the smoke cleanup.
 If you have a fire in your house, don't try to manage the cleanup on your own. Contact Can-Restore for help with cleaning smoke damage by clicking or calling _PHONE_.


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While outcomes are no longer a new idea or concept, less than 35% of the philanthropic sector is consistently defining, tracking, reporting or improving outcomes for those they serve. Why is that? Learn what you can do to shift your organizations' culture from a service provider to an outcome achiever.
- Participant Learning Outcomes: 300 characters
- Engaging leadership to shift their mindset about outcomes
- Getting everyone on the same page about what to measure
- Cultivating and rewarding learning integration
- Getting support to build performance management capacity
- Communicating and negotiating with outcomes


text:
Photo by Flickr user Kymberly Janisch
Hunger is one of the clearest indicators of poverty, directly caused in most cases by a lack of purchasing power. Given the rising cost of healthcare and housing, lower income families are facing difficult choices every day of their lives.
It is GO TO 2040's vision that within the next thirty years, not only will food assistance programs meet the needs of Chicago's citizens, but the overall availability of local, healthy foodstuffs will increase as well through regional partnerships.
In coordination with an advisory committee of regional experts, the Greater Chicago Food Depository and Northern Illinois Food Bank have prepared general recommendations for actions to improve hunger within the long-term context of the GO TO 2040 plan.
The recommendations cover:
- Access to everyone
- Customer focus
- No "wrong door"
- Collaborative delivery system
- Food supply available
A report that provides more details on these recommendations is forthcoming and will be posted in this space when available; an executive summary is currently available.
Effect of physical planning decisions on hunger
- The purpose of the questions below is to understand how today's planning policy and investment decisions – covering transportation, land use, housing, economic development, and the natural environment – might affect hunger in our region in 2040.
How would hunger be affected by different economic development policies: focusing on investments in human capital (improving the region's workforce); infrastructure (investing in physical infrastructure such as transportation facilities); or innovation (including but not limited to technological innovation)?
- Hunger is highly correlated to poverty, and reducing poverty is a long-term solution to the problem of hunger. Whichever of these economic development policies has the most positive impact on reducing poverty would also have the greatest impact on hunger.
- Technological improvements can dramatically improve the delivery of programs and services that can help prevent and alleviate hunger and the ability of eligible people to access these services, and this is a key recommendation. Beyond this, the comments above concerning poverty apply.
How would hunger be affected by different transportation investment alternatives: focusing on major infrastructure investments (road or rail expansions); low-capital operational improvements (improved bus service, sidewalks, and trails); or technology (including real-time information or improved traffic signal timings)?
- Reducing transportation costs for low-income people would reduce hunger; the way in which this is done is less important than the outcome.
- A comprehensive public transportation network is important to ensure that families and individuals can access hunger relief services and retail food outlets that provide quality, nutritious food.
How would hunger be affected by different land use policies: focusing on dense, infill development; moderate densities with emphasis on community-centered design; or low-density new development?
- Land use changes that are able to bring economic growth to currently impoverished areas have the potential to reduce poverty, thereby reducing hunger. Also, physical concentration and higher densities can make service delivery more effective.
- Land use policies should encourage and facilitate the use of vacant and unused land in the region for community gardens and other projects that can provide fresh fruits and vegetables to low-income communities.
How would hunger be affected by housing policies: preserving existing affordable housing; creating new affordable housing near transit and jobs; or reducing housing costs through energy efficiency improvements?
- For low-income people, housing can be a major expense, and making housing more affordable through any of these means would increase their budget for other necessities such as food.
- Homelessness is highly related to hunger, and programs to address these two issues are related. Any housing policy directed to address homelessness should also consider hunger.
Direct links between hunger and environmental or energy policies were not identified. However, without sustainable environmental and energy policies in place, the quality and availability of the region's food supply may be jeopardized. Access to a sustainable supply of quality, nutritious food must be available to the region in order to achieve progress toward ending hunger.


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Gingergrass essential oil, distilled from the aromatic and herbaceous grass Cymbopogon martini var. sofia, is a close sibling species of Palmarosa (Cymbopogon martini var. motia). In other words, these two oils are oils are distilled from two different varieties of the exact same plant species. Where their natural habitats do overlap spontaneous hybrids of the two sibling species are common.
As might be expected, the two oils have very similar profiles regarding their clinical use in both herbal medicine and aromatherapy. However, there are various subtle differences between the two plants. Here are some of these:
- Gingergras is tetraploid and palmarosa is diploid. While a tetraploid organism has four sets of chromosomes, a diploid organism features two sets of chromosomes (one set from the female parent and another set from the male parent).
- The two varieties seldom grow in proximity to each other and are usually found at different altitudes (gingergrass prefers lower altitudes) and in different environments. While palmarosa prefers sunny mountain slopes, forest clearings and dry, well-drained soil, gingergrass is found primarily in humid, low altitude valleys and forests which are well-watered by frequent fog and a high annual rainfall. Thus, while the palmarosa type is better for a dry environment, the gingergrass type is better for one with higher humidity.
- Palmarosa grows in scattered patches in a dry and sunny habitat. Gingergrass grows in dense masses in a wetter and less sunny habitat.
- Gingergrass essential oil has a geraniol content up to 65%. Palmarosa oil has a geraniol content of up to 95%.
- When an inflorescence leaf (an inflorescence is the part of a plant that consists of a flower-bearing stalk or series of branches) of each species is moved from base to tip between ones fingers, while the gingergrass leaf feels rough and sticky, the palmarosa leaf feels smooth and clean.
Spiritual PhytoEssencing (SPE) is not a clinical practice. Rather it employs essential oils for the purpose of deep soul-level healing. All of these differences between gingergrass and palmarosa serve as plant signatures that help highlight differences between the gingergrassand palmarosa-type individuals (i.e., between individuals who have a deep constitutional affinity for one or the other oil). In this article I will limit my discussion to expanding understanding of the inner nature of these two oils via their gemstone synchronicities.
Carl Jung coined the term "synchronicity," referring to thoughts and events that are connected in ways other than causally (i.e., by the law of cause and effect). In Carl Jung: Wounded Healer Of The Soul, Clair Dunne writes: "Jung called synchronicity 'acausal [without rationally explicable cause] orderedness', a principle not contradicting the scientific time, space, and causality modes of Western thinking, but rather a complementary addition to it…Synchronicities are hard to verify objectively, but they are subjectively very meaningful."
In the classic example from his own work, Jung, while listening to a patient recount a dream about a scarab (a type of beetle), heard a light tapping on his office window. When he went to investigate the sound, he saw a brilliantly colored beetle just outside the window. This uncanny coincidence made him wonder about the meaning of such "synchronicities." In SPE synchronicities play a major role in my elaboration of the unique soul-nature of each essential oil.
Synchronicities, unlike scientifically observed phenomena, cannot be definitively explained via the laws of the space-time dimension. Instead, they emerge from the domain of spirit and collective consciousness. Their value in healing work can only be demonstrated through practical application.
Thus far, I have identified more than 70 synchronicities between specific essential oils and gemstones. These synchronicities play an important role in many of the chapters I have written for Berkowsky's Synthesis Materia Medica of Essential Oils. Gemstone synchronicities play an especially crucial role in the differentiation between palmarosa oil and gingergrass oil.
Plants, like human beings and all other animals, are alive and everything that is alive is ensouled. In the same way, that one cannot really know another person without developing relation with his or her authentic self (that aspect of the self-structure which has never disengaged from spirit), one cannot truly know an essential oil without developing soul-to-soul relation with its innermost realm. This cannot be achieved solely through study of the biochemical profile and therapeutic actions of an oil as these are archetypal images (tangible manifestations of an underlying non-material archetype) that represent just a fraction of the complex archetypal fabric of the oil.
An essential oil is the most concentrated carrier of the soul of the plant. Thus, to truly know an oil, we must endeavor to reveal to our conscious awareness the unique archetypal pattern within its soul structure. In Spiritual PhytoEssencing, this is accomplished through the identification, and subsequent inter-correlation, of synchronicities including essential oil/gemstone correspondences.
I have been in practice for close to 40 years and gemstones and gemstone elixirs have always been a part of that. My relationship with stones actually began much earlier when I was still in elementary school. In 4th grade I became a serious rock collector and spent many a Sunday afternoon in the gemstone gallery of Manhattan's American Museum of Natural History. I still have my boyhood rock collection and occasionally use some of those stones in my work.
The process of identifying a particular essential oil/gemstone synchronicity is a complex one that incorporates not just logical thought-driven research but also connection to spirit. The integrated operations of the four windows of knowing (sensing, feeling, thinking and connection to spirit) are required both to sustain cosmic consciousness (higher consciousness associated with the process of connecting one's inner spiritual self with the entire being of the natural universe) as well as the process of soul embodiment and the ongoing primacy of the real self in everyday consciousness. To be truly effective, any practitioner who aspires to soul-level healing work must ultimately be guided by spirit. This is a complex topic which is beyond the scope of this article. However, I will discuss it during the blending portion of the SPE/NHSS membership program.
Both gingergrass and palmarosa have an affinity for topaz in general. However, while gingergrass' most specific affinity is earthy brown topaz, palmarosa's is for heart-centered pink topaz.
The word topaz derives from the Sanskrit words nama tapas, meaning fire. The ancient Egyptians held that the topaz gained its color from the golden glow of their sun god Ra. This power was thought to make topaz amulets very powerful protectors against harm. Also, the Romans associated topaz with their sun god, Jupiter. Interestingly, the ultraviolet rays of sunlight displace electrons within the color centers in a topaz crystal and cause it to change color. Despite this alignment with the sun, mystics believe that the gemstone's protective and curative powers waxed and waned in accordance with the phases of the moon.
In terms of the chakras, topaz specifically helps draw off negativity from, and clear energy blockages in, the solar plexus (3rd), third eye (6th) and crown (7th) chakras. However, it essentially impacts all the activities of all the chakras. Topaz helps one let go of restrictive thought patterns and allow one to become more open, relaxed and amenable to listen to the input of others and to expand one's perspectives.
Gingergrass is associated with brown topaz. In general, the color brown, the color of soil, wood and various stones such as sandstone is associated with connection to Earth, nurturing, comfort, fertility, stability, grounding, security, wholesomeness, dependability, orderliness, the feeling of belonging and fitting in, steadfastness, simplicity and sound health.
Brown gemstones in general are associated with the themes of connection to the natural world, centering, grounding, comfort, nurturing, organization, order as opposed to chaos, decisiveness and Earth energy. Brown topaz encourages optimal choices based upon discernment and refinement. In this way, it can help reduces distrust, uncertainty and doubt, especially self-doubt. This gemstone builds inner strength and stability, self-confidence and commitment. It also supports stronger devotion in love and the capacity for developing lasting friendships.
Brown topaz may prove of good service for those who tend to be closed and distrust life. It is thought to have potential value in the treatment of agitation, restlessness, agoraphobia, timidity, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Via its supports of Chakra 1 (Root chakra), brown topaz increases inner strength, motivation and reduces feelings of insecurity. Sometimes referred to as the "Earth gem" it can provide unique benefit to farmers, gardeners, those who work with animals and conservationists.
Palmarosa oil is associated with pink topaz. On a psycho-spiritual level pink, the color associated with the energy of kindness and unconditional love pacifies and calms and so can be used to ameliorate anger aggression, irritation, over-sensitivity and feelings of neglect and otherwise promote emotional comfort and healing. As pink has been found to have a tranquilizing effect upon those prone to aggression and violence, it is often the paint color of choice in prisons, mental institutions, hospitals, and drug rehabilitation centers (it may help reduce the anxiety and suffering associated with withdrawal


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Eva Hermann was born in the year 1900 and raised at the house of a protestant priest. She was a teacher and in 1924 she got married to the physicist Carl Hermann. Both were pacifists and in 1933 they affiliated to the Quakers in Mannheim. Eva Hermann ran there an advisory service of Quakers for the "non-Arian" without confession and helped them to emigrate from Germany. In 1940, after the deportation of Jews from Mannheim to Gurs, she sent them packages to the French admission camp. To other Jews who stayed at Mannheim she helped them with food cards.
In 1941 she contacted her Jewish partner from the school, Hilde Rosenthal, who then lived in Berlin and offered her assistance in case of an imminent deportation. To Hilde and her husband Fritz she sent food cards and documentation from the post office, that the latter passed to a Jewish friend. In January, 1943 the Rosenthal hid during a month at Eva and Carl Hermann's house, who by then already had two little adoptive children. Both marriages had kept contact with the Gertrud Luckner support group. In March, 1943 the Rosenthal, who had moved in to Saarbruck, were arrested. Fritz Rosenthal committed suicide with cyanide, whereas Hilde was kept under interrogation before she was deported. As a result, Eva and Carl Hermann were also arrested. They were accused of having listened "enemy broadcastings", which was strictly forbidden. In the report, the support to the Rosenthal was pushed into the background. Carl Hermann was condemned to and eight-year imprisonment, Eva Hermann to three.
After the war Eva and Carl Hermann worked in favor of the Jewish – Catholic dialogue.
- Anton Maria Keim (Hrsg.), Yad Vashem, Die Judenretter aus Deutschland, Mainz/München 1983, S.71.
- Angela Borgstedt, Widerstand gegen die Judenverfolgung, in: Portraits des Widerstands, Hrsg.v. Michael Kißener, Konstanz 1996, S. 227-259.


The Liberation Health Group is open to all advocates of social justice and human liberation involved in the struggle for a healthy society. We understand "health" as more than the absence of disease and are committed to addressing the personal, cultural, and institutional barriers that prevent us from being healthy!
Members of our group work to better understand liberation health theories and methodologies in the practice of client empowerment. We strive to link immediate issues and struggles relating to our current health care system to the larger societal structures that regulate it and the dominant worldview messages that rationalize the existing unjust allocation and distribution of resources and services.
As health care workers and clients, we recognize the need to ally with our brothers and sisters who are experiencing oppression, here in Boston, and around the world. Our solidarity with the individual clients, families, and communities with whom we work means recognizing their right to meaningful participation in the health decisions that affect their lives.
We propose and fight for alternative forms of social organization that promote a more just distribution of natural and human resources and a healthy society that prioritizes human needs over accumulation of capital and profit. We identify with the oppressed, dominated, and marginalized of the world and their struggles to achieve economic, political, and cultural freedom and self-determination.
Why Liberation Health? →


text:
To prepare for a successful Active Directory (AD) configuration on your Formstack Account, we have prepared a brief introduction and overview of our Active Directory configuration including basic terminology and uses.
Once you have gathered these details, you may proceed with Active Directory setup in your Formstack account following this guide. Before enabling Active Directory (AD) on your Formstack Account, please familiarize and prepare the following authentication assets from your Active Directory Service Provider.
Active Directory (Password Authentication Provider)
Active Directory is an enterprise level directory service that's offered by Microsoft. At this point, it's pretty much the standard user management system on Windows servers. Active Directory exposes many different interfaces to the user directory, but for now, we're using the LDAP interface it provides. This authentication provider is built on our LDAP authentication provider and provides convenient defaults when configuring it. Just like with LDAP, to authenticate a user against Active Directory, we simply use the username and password provided by the user to attempt to "bind" or connect to the Active Directory server as that user. If we succeed, then the user is authenticated.
Active Directory also allows searching for user information once the user has been authenticated which is how we pull the user's email address and additional user information. Once Formstack has an email address, we search for the Formstack user and authenticate as that user. If a user is not found, the user information is used to create a new user under that account. When users are created this way, they have no account permissions and will need to be granted permission to Formstack resources.
Just like our LDAP authentication provider, Active Directory requires the account owner to provide five different configuration options:
1. Active Directory Hostname
This setting is the hostname or IP address of the Active Directory server. Hostnames will generally contain only alphabetical characters (A-Z), numeric characters (0-9), the minus sign (-), and the period (.). Period characters are allowed only when they are used to delimit the components of domain style names.
2. Active Directory Port
Active Directory communications involve a number of ports, some of which are more familiar to network and security administrators than others. This setting is the port on the provided Active Directory Hostname that we should use to connect with.
For a secure Active Directory connection, this is typically port 636
3. Active Directory Base DN
The Base DN setting specifies the root for searches in the Active Directory. This setting is used to target a specific "directory tree" on the Active Directory server. DN here stands for Distinguished Name and is a unique identifier for the Active Directory directory to use. Some Active Directory configurations can have multiple directories on the same server and this allows us to select the correct one.
Below is an example of the format this setting follows. There is no default for this setting and it will need to be set by the account owner.
4. Active Directory User DN
This setting is used to format the username provided by the authenticating user. DN here stands for Distinguished Name. The format is fairly standard for Active Directory unless it's somehow been changed by the Active Directory administrators.
Below is an example of the format this setting follows. There is no default for this setting.The :username value here will be replaced with the username of the authenticating user. The DOMAIN value should be replaced by the appropriate Active Directory DOMAIN value.
5. Active Directory User Filter
This setting is used to search the Active Directory server for user information once the user has authenticated. This is required because we need to find the user's email address to search for their Formstack user. Active Directory filtering can be very powerful and this setting can be used to not only find the authenticated user but also to narrow down the set of users who can authenticate through the authentication provider.
Below is an example of the format this setting follows. There is no default for this setting.It's format should be fairly standard and the username attribute that is filtered upon is a standard username attribute for Active Directory. The :username value here will be replaced with the username of the authenticating user.
Custom SSO User Fields
Within your Active Directory configuration, you will also be presented with a Single Sign-On (SSO) Autofill plugin that allows your users to populate fields on your forms with information from a selected SSO Provider and populate in your Active Directory Authentication settings page in Formstack:
Custom Field Key: Locate the custom field is your Active Directory account and retrieve the field unique identifier or field key ID. Copy this from Active Directory and paste to your Formstack account.
Custom Field Label: Copy the field label from the Active Directory account and paste to your Formstack account.
To complete the SSO Auto-fill mappings, please follow the setup steps outlined here.


time it took to write the functional code. I propose that that we focus less on unit tests and replace them with what I'm calling the user contract of your code.
What is a user contract?
The consumer expects that when they perform action X, they receive outcome Y. Typically they are not concerned about how X became Y just that it does so reliably. This is what I'm calling the user contract. If we as the authors of the code take the same view from a testing perspective, it allows us to write simpler tests and gives us the ability to refactor how a library or UI component works without having to update our tests, dramatically speeding up refactoring.
While these examples are written in Javascript the same techniques apply to all languages.
Library example
Starting with a simple library that another developer may be using…
export async function fetchUserList() {
 const userList = await _queryDBForUserList();
 return await _formatUserList(userList);
function _queryDBForUserList() {
 // Fetch content from the database.
function _formatuserList() {
 // Reformat the data as returned from the database.
A consumer of this API would have a couple expectations:
These expectations then outline what your tests are:
describe('fetchUserList', () => {
 it('does not block');
 it('returns in the correct format');
You should note that we don't test any method that wasn't exported, nor do we export methods simply for testing purposes.
To aid the user in understanding what this contract is you can outline it in the docblock for the exported function. This way it can be used to generate the documentation for your library and help outline what your test structure is.
 Returns a formatted user list.
 _USER_ {Object} The user list in the following format:
 { id: INT, name: STRING, favouriteColour: STRING }
export async function fetchUserList() {
 const userList = await _queryDBForUserList();
 return await _formatUserList();
We don't explicitly test the _queryFBForUSerList and _formatUserList functions as they are implementation details. If you were to change the type of database returning the user list, or the algorithm being used to format the user list you should not have to also modify your tests as the contract to your users has not changed. They still expect that if they call fetchUserList they will receive the list in the specified format.
UI Example
Let's take a look at a UI component this time using the React javascript library, in an effort to save space I've removed the functions that aren't exported. This also helps to illustrate their irrelevance in our testing strategy.
export const LogIn = ({ children }) => {
 const userIsLoggedIn = useSelector(isLoggedIn);
 const userIsConnecting = useSelector(isConnecting);
 const button = _generateButton(userIsConnecting);
 if (!userIsLoggedIn) {
 return (

 return children;
This is a fairly simple component that renders a login button with a logo. Let's go through the exercise and see what our User Contract is:
Our tests would be:
describe('LogIn', () => {
 describe('the user is not logged in', () => {
 it('renders a logo and button to log in');
 it('renders any children passed to it');
 it('clicking the button logs in');
 describe('the user is logged in', () => {
 it('does not render a logo and button to log in');
 it('renders any children passed to it');
Testing the returned value in a UI component is a little more nuanced than checking a return value of a library function. We don't necessarily want to check every specific detail of each element returned unless it's part of the contract. I'll expand these tests with assertions but eschew the component setup and rendering in interest of space.
it('renders a logo and button to log in', () => {
 expect(wrapper.find('.login button').length).toBe(1);
it('renders any children passed to it', () => {
 expect(wrapper.find('main.items').length).toBe(3);
it('logs the user in', () => {
 wrapper.find('.login button').simulate('click', {});
It's important to note here that we have tried to limit the specific details that aren't relevant to the contract of the component. This allows the design to change and the contract to remain valid and we do not need to update the tests. This is especially beneficial when you have a shared component library within your company. You can update the designs and implementation details of your components without updating the tests.
What if I…
When writing the code and exporting methods, ask yourself if the user needs to have access to this method or if you're only doing it for testing purposes. You can always export more methods, you can't always take exported methods away.
When writing tests ask yourself how can the consumer interact with your code and what type of outcome is expected for those interactions and them make sure you have those documented and assertions in your tests.
Don't test implementation details of an exported method or UI component. Consider moving those to a different user contract if you feel they need direct testing.
More reading
I have written some content many years ago which you may also find helpful:
An advantage to components, React or otherwise, is that they can be used multiple times in various contexts across your application. As the application grows and components get modified over time the component call signatures can drift from their original spec and the many call locations across the application can miss getting updated. Compound that with shallow rendering unit tests and you've got yourself a problem where parts of your application don't work as expected because of invalid data being sent to the components, not because the components are broken themselves.
This was an issue that we ran into a few times with the Juju GUI. The Juju GUI is a web app with a large portion of it rendered using a number of parent React components which then render the appropriate children based on the state of the application. When one of the children needs access to a method or data, it's possible that it will need to be passed from the top application down through the parent and various children. This caused issues where it was easy to miss updating a components call signature when it was updated.
To remedy this, Francesco Banconi, one of my teammates wrote a Python script to analyze all of the components included in the application and their call signatures to ensure that every place it was being called, it was being called with the appropriate props.
We simply added this into our lint target in the Makefile so that CI will fail if a branch attempts to modify the call signatures without updated the rest of the application.
.PHONY: lint
lint: lint-python lint-components lint-js lint-css
.PHONY: lint-components
 @./scripts/inspect-components validate --path jujugui/static/gui/src/ --short
The GUI is over 150k lines of code without dependencies and the script takes less than 300ms to run and outputs errors similar to the following allowing you to track them down quickly.
 instantiated at: /juju-gui/jujugui/static/gui/src/app/components/entity-details/entity-details.js:98
 defined at: /juju-gui/jujugui/static/gui/src/app/components/entity-details/content/content.js:21
 entityModel provided but not declared
component validation failed: 1 error found
We have found this hugely helpful to reduce errors in the shipped application with almost no overhead during development. Should we split this out into its own tool? Would you find this helpful in your own projects? Let me know _USER_ Thanks for reading.


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Saturday 15 June
Prairie skink (Plestiodon septentrionalis)
Prairie skink fact file
- Find out more
- Print factsheet
Prairie skink description
The prairie skink (Plestiodon septentrionalis), sometimes called the black-banded skink (3), is a highly secretive North American reptile (4). This species can be identified by its olive-brown or grey colouration (4), with alternating stripes of light olive to black (4). These stripes extend from the skink's smooth, shiny body onto its tail (2).
The underparts of the prairie skink, including its belly, chest, chin, throat, and the soles of its feet, are typically cream or pale yellow (4). The limbs tend to be darker above than below (4). The tail comprises about half the total length of the prairie skink, and the female is larger than the male (4). The juvenile prairie skink exhibits a bright blue tail (2).
Two subspecies of prairie skink are recognised: the northern prairie skink (Plestiodon septentrionalis septentrionalis) and the southern prairie skink (Plestiodon septentrionalis obtusirostris) (5). The southern subspecies can be distinguished from the northern subspecies by its smaller size and by the absence of, or greatly reduced, mid-dorsal markings (2).
- Also known as
- northern prairie skink.
- Eumeces septentrionalis. Top
NatureNorth - Biology of the northern prairie skink:
- A species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area.
- Genetic diversity
- The variety of genes within a particular species, population or breed causing differences in morphology, physiology and behaviour.
- The state of being pregnant; the period from conception to birth.
- A winter survival strategy in which the animal passes the winter in a resting state. This period of inactivity is characterised by specific biological and biochemical changes including lowered blood pressure and respiration rate. In reptiles, this is also known as brumation.
- Home range
- The area occupied by an animal during routine activities, which is not actively defended.
- The act of incubating eggs, that is, keeping them warm so that development is possible.
- A population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species, but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species.
IUCN Red List (August, 2011)
- Conant, R. and Collins, J.T. (1998) A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians, Eastern/Central North America. Houghton Mifflin, New York.
- Clarke, R. (1955) Observations on Eumeces s. septentrionalis in Kansas. Herpetologica, 11: 161-164.
NatureNorth - Biology of the northern prairie skink (August, 2011)
- Somma, L. and Cochran, P.A. (1989) Bibliography and subject index of the prairie skink, Eumeces septentrionalis (Baird) (Saura: Scincidae). Great Basin Naturalist, 49: 525-534.
COSEWIC - Prairie skink (August, 2011)
Missouri Prairie Foundation (August, 2011)
NatureServe Explorer (August, 2011)
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Prairie skink biology
For seven months of the year, the prairie skink take refuge underground, when the air temperature becomes too cold to ensure its survival. It locates or excavates a burrow, where it will hibernate for several months, using stored body fat as its only means of energy. The prairie skink emerges from hibernation in the spring, usually sometime between late April and early May (4).
The male prairie skink emerges first and begins to prepare for the breeding season. The jaws and throat of the male skink take on a bright orange colouration, which is at its most vibrant at the start of the breeding season. The prairie skink continues to breed throughout the spring and early summer. During courtship, the male shows interest in a female by arching his tail and gently nudging and biting the female's torso. This display may continue for up to 15 minutes, after which copulation then takes place (4).
The pregnant female digs a shallow nest site in an area of loose, moist soil in preparation for her eggs (1). After a gestation period of about 40 days (4), the female prairie skink lays a clutch of 4 to 18 eggs, with larger females laying bigger clutches (5). During incubation, the female is able to sense subtle alterations in humidity levels, and will move the eggs around the nest site, rolling them with her nose, or using her mouth or tail. After an incubation period of about 30 days, the hatchlings begin to emerge. At this time, the female will leave the nest and the young are on their own (4). The young continue to grow at a rate of about one millimetre per day (4) and reach sexual maturity in two years (5).
Outside of the breeding season, the prairie skink spends most of its time under cover, becoming more active from mid-morning to mid-afternoon when temperatures increase (4). This species feeds on a variety of prey, including spiders, snails, insects and small lizards (5). Cannibalism has also been noted, with adults eating juveniles (4).
When threatened by a predator, the prairie skink has an unusual escape mechanism. It will present its tail and shake it vigorously, allowing the predator to grab hold of the tail. When it does, the tail drops off, enabling the skink to scurry for cover. After dropping the tail, the wound quickly heals and a new tail begins to grow (4).Top
Prairie skink range
The northern subspecies of the prairie skink occurs from western Wisconsin and Minnesota to Kansas, with an isolated population in southern Manitoba. The southern prairie skink ranges from east-central Texas to south-central Kansas, with another isolated population in the far south of Texas (2).Top
Prairie skink habitat
The primary habitat of the prairie skink, as its name suggest, is the prairies of North America (3). However, it can also be found in a variety of other habitats, with soil type being the main factor in its distribution (4).
The prairie skink typically occupies areas of soft loamy sands (a mix of sand, silt and clay) (4), loose soil, and gravel (2), commonly taking up dwelling in sand hills and dunes (4). This species can tolerate moist or dry conditions (3).
The prairie skink is highly opportunistic, and will take cover under a variety of natural and manmade structures, from large stones to wooden boards (3). The prairie skink will often find or create a shallow burrow for itself (2).Top
Prairie skink status
The prairie skink is classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List (1).Top
Prairie skink threats
The primary threat to the prairie skink is human interference to its habitat (4). The prairie skink's native prairies are being fragmented and lost due to cultivation (6) and the development of housing areas, roadways, and factories, as well as fire suppression and the overabundance of grazing cattle. As a result of these threats, the flora of prairies is changing, with an increase in forested areas and exotic species, both of which can change the soil makeup. As this reptile cannot fulfill its normal life cycles without sandy soils, it is unable to survive in these encroaching forests (4).Top
Prairie skink conservation
Conservation of the prairie skink centres on the preservation of its habitat (1). Many organizations have been established with the aim of protecting the biological and genetic diversity of the flora and fauna of North American prairies (7). This species is also found in many protected areas within its range (1).
The prairie skink receives various conservation designations throughout the U.S. and Canada, ranging from 'Secure' to 'Critically Imperiled', affording different levels of protection (8).Top
Find out more
Find out more about the prairie skink:
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Santiago de Chile, Chile
Universities are committed to graduating their students with the skills needed to succeed in their future and work life. Today, students need to be skilled in technology use and also be mindful of their digital identity.
In November 2015, Universidad Autónoma de Chile was again accredited for four years, joining a select group of 20 accredited Chilean universities. In addition, the university began offering students free tuition, as part of the tuition-free policy launched in Chile in 2016. Through the policy, lower income families that study at specific institutions can do so completely free of charge for the duration of their studies. This allows a large number of low-income students access to higher education.
In the midst of this series of changes, the university also decided to implement new technological developments. In 2016, the school created a Computer Education Center, with the aim of reinforcing excellence in pedagogical processes. With Open LMS, the university creates virtual spaces where all four of its campuses have the same opportunity to access unified course materials and evaluations. This approach facilitates the student-teacher relationship, and also aids in administrative processes.
As a result of this increase in online learning, the university began to study their students' digital identity. Digital identity is defined as the trace left by each online user. These traces can include images, data, and information that users leave behind when using technological tools. This is explained by Marisol Hernández, professor at the Universidad Autónoma de Chile, also in charge of the Computer Science Department: "That digital identity –a topic that is part of my doctoral thesis– says a lot about students' technological behavior and how they learn. At this moment, we are in the process of validating the tool that will measure and indicate students' digital identity, to later analyze in focus groups whether that digital identity leads us in some particular way to how students learn."
It is key to resignify learning spaces and identify what students use in their day-to-day life.
Understanding digital identity can be useful in teaching, as it can help educators use technology for more precise and personalized purposes. This can be particularly helpful and relevant today, where students are seemingly more critical of traditional teaching and learning methods, and are demanding alternative ways of learning and technology that can truly help them attain skills and competencies.
Redefining education means to give it a comprehensive look, taking into account the new learning tools available, even those that we often don't perceive are being used for learning purposes. "When professors are talked to about technological tools, we often tend to think that learning is only possible through a formal environment and with certain technologies, without thinking that there are other tools that can be of equal or more beneficial value to the educational process", declares Hernández.
- • •
This expert in education and technology refers to tools such as:
1. WhatsApp – WhatsApp is used mainly in Latin American countries as a mobile chat solution. Although many may think it is a communication tool only, the application is used by students as a learning tool. Study groups can be created, support and advice can be exchanged, and exam preparation can also take place, among other things, making it an alternative education space.
2. The same occurs with other technological tools such as Twitter, Facebook or Instagram, which are usually considered as social networks with no real value in the digital education space. "When someone talks to me about giving tools a positive or negative value, or decide which are formal or informal, it's like someone asking me if technologies have advantages or disadvantages; it has to do with the possibilities that I as a human being can visualize and in fact utilize," explains Hernández. Therefore, redefining learning spaces is necessary, and we need to take a look at the technologies that the student actually uses in his or her day-to-day life.
3. The use of technology goes far beyond student life. Today, technological tools also have an impact on students' work future. Not only due to what is published about them, but also because they are used as tools to make one's career trajectory known to the public, as is the case with LinkedIn, the digital platform used to display one's resume or to look for employment.
- • •
Universidad Autónoma de Chile's has rethought the ways in which we can use the technological tools given to us in order to create opportunities. A cell phone can either be a distractor in class, or it can be a translator, spell checker or query tool. The university is trying to train students and teachers with the skills they need today, and which the world demands of them. This includes technological tools of all kinds that make up their digital identity.
Marisol Hernandez,Teacher and General Coordinator of the Computer Area, Universidad Autónoma de Chile.
AFP Pablo Vera Lisperguer.


Vitina Cel. _PHONE_
Stefano Cel. _PHONE_
Pasta FAQ
 - Grams fiber and grams carbohydrate per serving?
 1. Fiber 6g/serving (24% DV)
 2. Carb 40g/serving (13% DV)
 3. Sugars 0g/serving
 4. Protein 7g/serving
 - Never heard of this variety before, has this variety been artificially hybridized with chemicals and radiation by man?
 - NO, This is TRUELY AN ANCIENT WHEAT from Sicily!!
 These cereals yield less than common wheat, but they are more nutritious and much richer from an organoleptic point of view. In other words, they are not as profitable, but they are much better for you. Tumminia also called Tumilia is an ancient variety of wheat native to Sicily. This particular ancient variety was no longer cultivated in the 1950's because:
 1. It did not meed the minimum yielding standards to be profitably cultivated in mass
 2. It is intolerant to pesticides, insecticides and herbicides.
 Recent research proved that Tumminia has lower gluten content than common wheat, and that is particularly rich in fibers, vitamins and oligo-elements.Tumminia is also a product at risk of extinction.
 - Iron content?
 - The Iron content is 4% of Daily Value based on a 2000 calorie diet.
 - What is the difference between durum and tumminia flour used in these pastas?
 - Tumminia is an ancient hard wheat cultivated mainly in the Valley of Belice in western Sicily, Italy. It is the main ingredient of the famous Castelvetrano's Slow Food designated pane nero (black bread). This wheat has 6X the amount of NATURAL OCCURRING fiber than most popular grains.
 Durum is also an ancient hard wheat. In fact, it is the most popular wheat used to make bread and pasta. When compare to tumminia, this wheat has 6X less the amount of fiber.
 Both Papa Vince pastas (Tumminia and Durum) are made exclusively with semolina. Compared to white flour, semolina is granular and has an intense color because it contains carotenoids and fibers. NOTE: semolina is not a type of wheat is a type of milling.
 - Preservatives in it?
 Can I share a secret?
 NO SYNTHETIC FIBERS ADDED. This is why this pasta is low acid, easier to digest and reduces sugar rush
 - Is the grain soaked/sprouted?
 - Why is white Flour on it It almost looks miss colored?
 - This pasta contains NO WHITE FLOUR. This pasta contains NO ENRICHED FLOUR. This pasta is made with an ancient grain called, Tumminia. This is the natural color of the grain. It has 6X the fiber than most of the popular grains in the market. It has NO SYNTHETIC FIBER. We stone-ground the grain and keep all its parts, including the fiber. This is why this pasta has an awesome Al Dente texture and an delicious taste.
 - The description here says that this is "whole grain" pasta, but the ingredients list does not say that. Is it really whole grain?
 - Yes, it is whole grain. It contains the 3 part of the grain: the original bran, the original wheatgerm and the original endosperm. I place emphasis on the word original because most whole wheat is made with processed fiber, processed wheatgerm and processed endosperm coming from different sources, not necessarily the original seed. This particular wheat, tumminia, has more bran than the popular grain. If you look at the nutritional panel you will notice a 24% fiber which is 4X higher than popular wheat. This percentage was not acquired by adding more processed bran to the mix. It is actually the content of fiber of each single seed. Also, if you look at the nutritional panel, you will see 0% sugar. The best thing about tumminia is that it has a wonderful taste and it is super easy to digest: no bloating after eating, no intestinal inflammation, no sugar rush.
 - What is the weight of each package?
 - The weight of each bag of pasta is 1.1 lb. Since there is 2 bags on each package, you get a total of 2.2 lb with each purchase.


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The CLEAN-India programme aims to mobilize community responsibility for environment assessment and improvement in all-major towns and cities of India through a network of schools and NGOs linked with government, business, academic and other institution. Over 75,000 kids volunteer all over India.
The Clean India kids are engaged in a variety of eco-activities such as: water quality monitoring, ambient air quality monitoring, solid waste mangement (vermi-composting), waste paper recycling, planting and nurturing native trees, maintaining herb corners, enenrgy and water audits and conservation, cleaning of river banks and streams and setting up of water purification units, vermi composting units and rain water harvesting systems in some schools and in communties.
5 CLEAN-India schools have started with recycling all the waste paper generated in their schools towards saving trees, conservation of natural resources including water, saving on power, reduction in pollution of water and land and load on landfill and emission of GHGs.
One school (Sanskriti school, Delhi) has started a climate change group of 150 students and one of them (Lavanya) was selected to participate in the Youth meet in UK.
Water quality monitoring in a stretch of yamuna near the Ram ghat and cleaning of the river bamk as shram Dhan.
The Carbon footprint calculator developed by Development Alternatives Group.