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Increasing criminal penalties for hate crimes and establishing reporting requirements for law enforcement agencies.
TESTIMONY OF DR. MICAH W. KUBIC
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION OF KANSAS
NEUTRAL ON SB 128
KANSAS SENATE JUDICIARY COMMITTEE
MARCH 8, 2017
- WRITTEN TESTIMONY ONLY -
The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Kansas is a non-partisan, non-political membership organization dedicated to preserving and strengthening the constitutional liberties afforded to every resident of Kansas. We work to preserve and strengthen our constitutional rights and freedoms through policy advocacy, litigation, and education. We proudly serve over 10,000 supporters in Kansas and represent more than 1 million supporters nationwide.
The ACLU of Kansas is neutral on SB 128, which increases the penalties when individuals are convicted of committing hate crimes. The ACLU has a long history of supporting civil rights legislation, including legislation responding to criminal violations of civil rights. At the same time, no other organization in the country has a longer and more consistent record in protecting the freedoms embodied in the First Amendment to the Constitution. The ACLU has a long record of support for stronger protection of both free speech and civil rights. Those positions are not inconsistent. In fact, vigilant protection of free speech rights historically has opened the doors to effective advocacy for expanded civil rights protections.
Although we strongly support the concept of SB 128—increased penalties for hate crimes—we cannot support the bill in its current form. We are neutral on SB 128 because:
We believe that civil rights violations should be criminally punished and that stronger penalties are warranted. SB 128 enhances the penalties for hate crimes, that is, crimes where a person's civil rights are violated at the same time. SB 128 uses the existing Kansas statute's definition of these crimes as ones "motivated entirely or in part by the race, color, religion, ethnicity, national origin or sexual orientation of the victim or the crime was motivated by the offender's belief or perception" about those characteristics "regardless of whether the offender's belief or perception was correct." Harsher penalties for hate crimes are appropriate because no person should ever be targeted for violence because of characteristics that are part of their identity. When hate crimes are not punished, an environment of fear, harassment, and intimidation are created, especially for populations that have historically been and continue to be vulnerable and marginalized. It is the responsibility of government—and, indeed, all citizens—to counter the creation of such an atmosphere and take proactive steps to protect marginalized and vulnerable people.
Particularly at a time when hate crimes appear to be on the rise nationwide, SB 128's strengthening of the existing law is both appropriate and vitally necessary.
The bill inexcusably omits one particularly vulnerable group—transgender Kansans—from protection. Although a number of protected categories are included in SB 128, the bill inexcusably offers no protection to individuals who are targeted because of their gender identity. Targeted violence against transgender Americans has risen dramatically in recent years. Indeed, according to the Human Rights Campaign, 2015 and 2016 each set tragic new records for fatalities among transgender Americans targeted because of their gender identity. When this violence is coupled with the routine harassment to which transgender Kansans are subjected—which in turn leads to heartbreakingly high rates of suicide—it is clear that gender identity is a category in need of protection under the statute. If Kansas truly intends to ensure that no one is targeted for violence because of who they are, if we wish to make our state a warm and welcoming place, and if we are committed to creating an atmosphere free of harassment and intimidation, then gender identity must be included in the hate crimes statute.
The statute should include robust protections for constitutionally protected speech and association. Since the first federal hate crimes legislation was first introduced in 1997, the ACLU has called for bills of this kind to incorporate language that blocks the introduction of evidence of speech and association not specifically related to a crime. Unless such language is included, bills will have a dangerous chilling effect on constitutionally protected speech. Such language provides guidance to prosecutors and judges about which evidence is admissible, reduces the risk of a mistrial being declared because of improperly admitted evidence, and reduces the constitutional scrutiny of the bill. Many hate crimes statutes now include this vital language.
Clear rules are needed that govern the evidence admissible under hate crimes prosecutions. Most importantly, the state must be able to prove that a defendant's speech is linked to specific criminal behavior. Past associations or speech that are not related to a specific criminal incident should not be admitted as substantive evidence. To allow the admission of associations or speech that are unrelated to a specific incident is to create a chilling effect on association or speech that are constitutionally-protected, and to raise the specter of politically inspired prosecution. In order to offer more robust protection for constitutionally-protected speech and association, including speech and associations whose content may be reprehensible to some, we suggest the addition of language such as:
Evidence of expression or association of the defendant may not be introduced as substantive evidence at trial, unless the evidence specifically relates to that offense. However, nothing in this section affects the rules of evidence governing the impeachment of a witness.
Despite the fact that we support the concept of stronger penalties for hate crimes, the weaknesses in and omissions from SB 128 compel us to take a neutral position on it.


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AutoClickChem: Click Chemistry in Silico
Protein residues that participate in electrostatic interactions are highlighted in yellow. Atoms that participate in receptor-ligand hydrogen bonds are shown in ball-and-stick representation. The aromatic ring of the receptor tyrosine residue that participates in π-π stacking and T-stacking interactions with the ligand is shown in thick licorice representation. The crystallographic pose of a known inhibitor is shown in purple, with key sulfonate moieties shown colored by element in licorice representation. Portions of the protein have been removed to facilitate visualization.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Managing Prayer Cards and Devotions
Create a Prayer Account
Create a separate account for texts that you want to read regularly rather than memorise. Since the references probably play a minor role, you can select the option "Learn by Topic" when setting up the account.
You can add texts in the "New" box or import a collection of texts from "Collections". Some kind of numbering is useful as reference. For example, if you split up a collection of long prayers into individual prayer cards - such as the books by Stormie Omartian - the references could be 1a, 1b, 1c, 2a, 2b etc. References are used to sort the cards. It is also helpful to add a topic to each prayer.
Sort the prayers by topic or by reference (alphabetically) by tapping the "New" tab a second time. It is best to say the prayers aloud and in your own dialect or words. This way, even preconceived prayers can turn into a personal conversation with God. Write down impressions and thoughts that become important to you during prayer below the prayer text ("Edit verse"). In this way, your prayer account also becomes your prayer diary and reflects part of your communication with God. Move the prayer after your daily devotion to the "Due" box to keep track of your prayer progress. The "Known" tray is not needed for prayers.
Reusing a Prayer cCollection
If you want to start over with a prayer collection after you have completed it, select a prayer (long press), then "select all", and move the whole collection back to the "New" box.


How many times have you been working around your house, or at a pal's place, and have to look for somewhere on the wall to hammer a nail to hang a picture. And just when you think you find the stud to hammer the nail – you wind up breaking a hole into the wall and making a mess. You may need to consider Walabot, among the first smart stud finders to hit the marketplace. Walabot Android 4.4
Walabot is manufactured by Vayyar Imaging, a 3D imaging sensor company that supplies customers with a method to see through objects, liquids and materials. The company decided to take advantage of its innovation to create Walabot and provide DIYers a chance to get a better view behind walls than the present stud finders you find on the market.
Walabot Android 4.4
Walabot Android 4.4
What Is Walabot? Walabot Android 4.4
The manual will teach you how to see through walls and translate the images you see. It is pretty comprehensive, so it would not be challenging to begin using the Walobot with a few minutes of its arrival. Walabot Android 4.4
What are other things can you do with a Walabot?
The Walabot can detect electrical wiring, pipes, and everything you would anticipate to discover behind your walls. Using the device, you can:
 - Look for leaks.
 - Look for structural damage.
 - Look for broken pipelines.
 - Detect rats and other creatures. The Walabot can detect motion behind walls, assisting you locate rodents and nests.
How does the Walabot DIY work?
Do not stress, calibrating the gadget is very simple and if you have actually utilized an analog stud finder before, you would find the process extremely similar.
The images it offers you are very accurate, and you would know if it's a pipe that the Walabot DIY is seeing or electrical wires, or anything else.
This is simply best for those who are considering renovating their houses, or those who love DIY tasks. This also is available in extremely helpful for those who have an interest in architecture and building and construction.
The DIY Model
The makers apparently thought in two unique classifications when developing this device. The DIY model is for the individual doing periodic repairs and little tasks around your house.
What does it offer? Walabot Android 4.4
These views work for both concrete and wood on this model.
Is good for preparing a project that includes the entire wall.
One feature allows you to take a picture of a location you are scanning, so you can put the image on a computer and look at it more precisely. This makes it much easier to sit at your desk and make plans while seeing the image.
This is a great basic device for property owners and other do-it-yourselfers. You will not miss the advanced features if you plan to do light duty repairs and redecorating around your home. It will definitely determine studs for you, so when you hang heavy pictures or mirrors, you will have a strong landing location for your screws or nails.
The Starter Version
It can't just spot things behind walls, it can find breathing. That's pretty unusual. This makes it beneficial for anybody who needs to keep track of an older individual they are taking care of. If you believe you might have sleep apnea, it could tell you how often you stop breathing in the night. Going from driving nails to watching breathing is a huge leap, however perhaps the maker believed, "Why not? We have the technology. May as well utilize it."
The unit functions as a movement detector too. Not only is this proper for bugs behind walls, but it is also great for monitoring spaces and patios where people or animals shouldn't be.
With this model, you have stepped up into some advanced| features, in addition to much better imaging than the DIY version. Remember that it has all the features of the DIY and they have enhanced sharpness and precision. With Starter, you have actually dipped your toe into the waters of professionalism.
The Creator
What makes this model different from the predecessors?
This model contains all the features of the Starter model although has much better spatial sensing. This is due to the fact that it can track in 3D, providing you a much fuller look at spaces and items. If you were sawing out a square of drywall or attempting to break through concrete in a certain spot, you would need to know much more than where studs are. It has fifteen antennas, suggesting it does not miss much.
This model puts you squarely in the professional ranks. It is more likely than the lower models to identify hard to see threats and items and to reveal them to your clearly.
The Developer
What is the most powerful unit? Walabot Android 4.4
You are going to see precisely what is behind walls, whether concrete or drywall. This imaging is much clearer than the other models, and the 3D abilities end the guesswork. It is not difficult to envision a pro utilizing this for a pricey task where errors are costly.
What you would love about Walabot DIY
Unlike other imaging devices that are currently available, the Walabot DIY is not large. You can get the capabilities of high end stud finders and imaging systems. You get 3D imaging conveniently and easily without having to pay top dollar for it.
Above that, it is really light and portable. With the magnet on the case, you can work the Walabot DIY gadget and your own smart device as one unit.
Everything about utilizing the Walabot DIY is extremely simple. You do not have to fret about electrical wiring, as you only have to link it to your mobile phone utilizing the included USB cable. All the settings and tweaks are done using the smart device. Calibrating the device is likewise made easy.
What's more, it doesn't use x-ray technology, which makes it very safe and you can use it without ionizing radiation.
Simply put, this is a portable and safe gadget that offers you excellent 3D images that you can utilize for your house renovation tasks or house improvement needs.
Pricing and Returns
If you are simply a property owner seeking to do light repairs on your house or simply wish to play around with brand-new devices for your home, the Walabot DIY begins at simply $79.99!
Not pleased with your Walabot or have a defective model?
Final thoughts about the Walabot Walabot Android 4.4
Walabot is a godsend to people who enjoy house renovations and those who like to play with their home decor. It can likewise help when you have rodents and pests living inside your walls. You can finally see what's behind your walls, even if you are not Superman and do not have his X-ray vision.
What do all of these help you with? Walabot Android 4.4
For one, you can utilize Walabot DIY to understand just how deep you can drill in order to avoid damaging the pipelines or cutting the wires behind your walls. You can likewise change and calibrate the sensing units' level of sensitivity to much better fit the imaging to your specific task.


Youth Listening Sections, Oakland
Case Study
According to the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, "32% of high school students in California report they felt sad or hopeless almost every day for 2 or more weeks in a row".
With nearly 1 in 3 high school students in California experiencing depression symptoms, a higher amount than the national average, it highlights a need to address the mental health of youth. Those that are in foster care or the juvenile justice system, or have experienced childhood trauma, have a significantly greater risk of PTSD, substance abuse, or being unemployed, or homeless.
In Alameda County, California, over 1500 children are currently living in foster care, with nearly 250 youth in grades K-12 in the Oakland Unified School district.
These foster youth often emancipate without a place to live and are significantly less likely than their peers to go to college, due to foster youth having substantial gaps in academic outcomes. These factors all lead to youth in foster care and in the juvenile justice system in Oakland being at an increased risk for negative mental health outcomes in adulthood.
In 2020, Mental Health CaliforniaTM partnered with Kaiser Permanente, to launch a series of Youth Listening Sessions in Northern California, to address the increased mental health concerns for youth, especially those in foster care and the juvenile justice system.
"When you think about children in foster care or the juvenile justice system, they are often at risk for not getting the mental health help they need and are more likely to have greater problems that have an impact on the family and community. Our goal for the Youth Listening Sessions was to create a safe space for emotional expression."
These sessions aim to connect with young people in the foster and juvenile justice systems, ages 16 to 26, to explore ways to strengthen youth mental health programs in California to better serve this population. Mental Health California and Kaiser Permanente wanted to give an opportunity for these young adults to engage in dialogue to be able to advocate for improvements to programs and provide information for service providers. The Listening Sessions combined listening dialogue with art and creativity for youth to have a safe space to dialogue and express themselves.
Mental Health through Virtual Technology
For their Oakland Youth Listening Session in January 2020, Mental Health California and Kaiser Permanente partnered with NewPathVR to provide them the opportunity to express themselves artistically through virtual reality. Virtual reality is a technology that is being increasingly used in the medical, behavioral, and mental health fields to assist patients with a variety of symptoms and conditions. CEO of NewPathVR, Lisa Padilla, has found that her company "has been serving the community with programs such as art therapy for four years and while some of the technology has been changing and the software is advancing, the transformative nature of the experiencing we witness have been as powerful as ever."
During the Listening Session, the young adults were invited to express themselves using virtual reality and a 3D painting program [note: I'm not sure what applications the youth had access to during the event, so let me know if you want me to adjust this, I provided an application as a placeholder]. They were free to explore and use the application to create whatever they liked, to truly express themselves. While experiencing virtual reality, the kids were able to explore a world that they created through their art. Padilla explains, "once they are in VR, it's like their minds have seen a new country or they've tasted a new food. They are brought back to their initial discovery phase of life, when they were younger children. In fact, that's what it does for us all. It opens our minds like we are children soaking it all in. Something completely new, for the first time." The Youth Listening sessions provided a way for these at-risk youth to experience virtual reality and create and view a world that is enhanced by what they create, giving them the building blocks to see what they can create and change in their own lives.


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A Great Aridness: Climate Change and the Future of the American Southwest
William deBuys, a conservationist based in Mexico, tells the story of the American southwest through water. The story encompasses global weather patterns, the mysterious histories and farming practices of the native people whose settlements rose and vanished in the desert, and the firefighters, biologists, anthropologists, water administrators, and others who deal with increasing dryness today and seek to plan for an even drier tomorrow. The book is a compelling read that soberly connects global climate change to the impacts already playing out in the United States. Several of ECCo's scientists work on climate change ecology (the study of how the shifting environment will affect plants and animals) and help to develop strategies that will help species and systems adapt and be resilient to the changes expected to occur in the Chicago Wilderness region.
Published by Oxford University Press ISBN13: 978-0-19-977892-8

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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IRAQ: Near-Normal Wheat Production Outlook in 2010/11
A resurgence in winter grain cultivation in northern Iraq, after two consecutive years of drought decimated the region, is enabling the country's grain production to rebound to near-normal levels in 2010/11. The rebound is especially pronounced in the governorate of Ninawa, historically the breadbasket of Iraq, which reportedly increased winter grain (wheat and barley) acreage by 370 percent this year following unusually favorable autumn rainfall which blanketed parched farmland with ample moisture. Highly beneficial rainfall and warmer than normal temperatures through much of the winter growing season provided generally ideal grain growing conditions throughout northern Iraq this year, ensuring a successful winter grain harvest. Crop development in Ninawa, Arbil, Dahuk, Sulaymaniyah, and At-Tamin was especially robust, with satellite imagery in April revealing unusually lush wheat and barley crops.
Winter grains are currently showing unusually strong development in northern Iraq, and normal to below normal development in the heavily irrigated governorates of central and southern Iraq. Major rainfed regions in the north that normally have thin crop stands and low yield potential are doing extremely well, with dense and vigorous crop vegetation evident in late April. Favorable rainfall has also encouraged regrowth in rangeland and natural vegetation, ensuring much improved grazing conditions for regional livestock. As in neighboring Syria and Iran, unusually warm winter temperatures have also hastened crop growth rates, with most areas showing grain crop development several weeks to a month ahead of normal. This implies that harvest will be early as well, and that the most moisture sensitive crop growth periods are already past. Typically, harvest activities begin in southern Iraq in early May and proceed northward to the Kurdish regions in early June.
Beneficial seasonal rainfall was the key reason Iraq was able to increase wheat production this year, as irrigation supplies along the Tigris and Euphrates were once again problematic. Government authorities in at least two major irrigated grain producing provinces restricted the acreage sown with winter grains. In Diyala and Al-Qadisiyah, which normally account for a combined 20 percent of national wheat production, agricultural officials report that irrigated wheat acreage declined 57 and 12 percent respectively. Given these conditions, favorable rainfall was even more important than normal for a good grain harvest. Fortunately, above normal rainfall predominated during the planting period from October through December, ensuring widespread success of crop establishment over most of the country. Thereafter, periodic light to moderate showers throughout the winter sustained crop development. Satellite-derived vegetation index data in April showed general crop development to be much denser and more vigorous than last year in northern Iraq, reflecting the ideal growing environment and signaling significantly increased grain production. The same data indicated very mixed conditions in central and southern areas, with either better or worse than normal conditions predominating on a localized level. USDA estimates that total wheat production in 2010/11 will reach 2.0 million tons, which is roughly equal to the 5 year average.
Vegetation index (NDVI) graphs are useful for gauging the growth, development, and production potential of agricultural crops. They are especially useful in years such as this in illustrating the timing of key growth phases and the crops potential yield. From the two graphs above, which illustrate winter grain conditions in Ninawa (non-irrigated) and Diyala (irrigated), it is apparent that crop conditions and yield potential are very mixed at the regional level. In general, crop yields are expected to be at near-record levels in the northern governorates, and average to below average in the central and southern producing areas. The graphs also highlight that peak crop growth occurred a few weeks to a month earlier than normal, and as a result harvest will be slightly earlier than normal.
While satellite-derived vegetation index data (NDVI) clearly show that northern producing areas are experiencing a sizable recovery in grain production, farmers in central and southern Iraq are having a less favorable growing season. Crops in the governorates of Babil, Wasit, and Baghdad appear to have better yield prospects than last year and average; Diyala better than last year, but worse than average; Al-Qadisiyah worse than last year and average. The red boxes in the NDVI map above illustrate areas in the irrigated grain belt experiencing the most significantly negative conditions compared to normal, much of which is the result of barren (unplanted) or poorly performing fields.
Current USDA area and production estimates for grains and other agricultural commodities are available on IPAD's Agricultural Production page or at PSD Online.


Sunday, September 19 2021
Home / Psychic Abilities / Claircognizance
People understand the idea of clairvoyance in the psychic world, which is clear seeing and knowing of things, but many people don't know the term claircognizance.
To understand what claircognizance is, it is important to make sure we all understand clairvoyance. This word comes from the French word that is "clair," and means clear and then the word "voyance" which means having a vision.
This means that someone has a vision that is clear, and they can know things about a person, object or even a location when they use their psychic gifts.
There are some people that are very intuitive, and they can use these gifts to see into the future. There are other clair gifts such as clairsentient which means to feel things, and this can happen when someone feels things from an object or a place and then clairaudient which means to hear things both internally and in the outside world.
A person that is claircognizant is someone that knows things about the future. Cognizance is knowing or knowledge and a person that has claircognizance is someone that has a psychic gift.
If you are heading home and you have to take a certain highway and then you decide that you will stop at a local restaurant and get a bite to eat before work and then you run into someone you have been trying to find out about for years.
Or if you are driving to the mall and you take a different route instead and then later you find out there was a wreck that you avoided because you went a different way.
These are just a couple of small examples of someone that could be claircognizant.
Signs of Claircognizance
There are many signs that you could be claircognizant and here are a few signs:
 - You can tell when someone is fake.
 - You can tell when someone is real.
 - You can tell when you can trust someone.
 - People come to you when they have a problem.
 - Ideas come into your head that you want to share with people.
 - You interrupt people because you are excited to tell them something.
 - You take time to think about writing songs and other things.
 - You find lost objects easily.
 - Knowing if something is a good idea or not.
 - When someone asks you a question you can already have an answer even if you didn't know ahead of time.
 - When you try something for the first time you already imagine it in your mind.
 - You use your left brain.
 - You are organized.
 - You are logical
 - You love to read.
 - Learning is something you love.
 - You want knowledge.
 - Decisions are made last minute to keep you out of harm.
 - Going places is something you love to do.
 - You experience things that seem like a coincidence.
Are You Claircognizant?
If you feel that you have information that automatically comes on you from nowhere then you could have claircognizance.
If it feels that you are downloading information everywhere that you go, this is another big sign.
There is a difference between the clairs, and you have to learn to recognize which one you are. You might have more than one clair gifting and you might just have one.
What Should You Do?
If you are claircognizant, you are given a gift from the universe. Take this gift and make it stronger. Pay attention to what your mind and body are telling you and asking you to do. Pay attention to the little things that you might overlook. Look for things that you might need to pay attention to.
If you are claircognizant then allow your mind to go into a blank state and see what you see. If you get an idea out of nowhere, pay attention to it because it could be important.
People with strong senses of claircognizance are often able to understand things that are analytical and that are abstract.
Those people are strong thinkers who are always learning and always getting information. You might be out of practice but if you use these skills then you can perfect them and use your intuitive gifts for the future.
About Amelia Smith
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Alfalfa conditions may result in bloat hazard when grazing
 By Sharla Sackman
Prairie County Extension Agent
Recently, MSU Extension Specialists Dennis Cash and Rachel Endecott sent out a news release on grazing alfalfa in 2010. Following are some highlights from that article.
After Labor Day weekend, many Montana ranchers begin sizing up their hay crop and pastures for fall and winter feed. Alfalfa and alfalfa-grass hay fields are widely utilized as a hay-stockpile system in Montana and the Northern Great Plains. Alfalfa aftermath in late summer and autumn is high-quality pasture for pre-conditioning calves, putting body condition on bred cows and flushing ewes. Alfalfa re-growth is a rich source of protein, energy, vitamins and minerals. However, due to the potential for pasture bloat, ranchers should always be cautious when grazing alfalfa-dominated hayfields.
What is pasture bloat? Ruminant livestock grazing lush pastures of alfalfa, clovers, and small grains are prone to a condition called "frothy bloat." Rapid digestion of forage containing highly-soluble proteins result in a foam which prevents rumen gases from escaping normally. Individual animals or a herd can experience severe symptoms including rapid death. The bloat hazard of alfalfa generally increases with lush, vegetative growth, during cool weather (spring or fall frosts), rain, and with high soil fertility, but can occur any time during the summer. For season-long grazing, the rumen microflora can adjust such that an animal becomes bloat-tolerant. Alfalfa-based pastures are very productive for grazing yearlings. However, rapid changes in diet quality (such as moving cows from dry grass to lush alfalfa) are risky.
Why is alfalfa grazing in the fall risky? It appears that many of our livestock feeding issues in the autumn and winter are directly related to vast changes in diet quality and the environment. For example, bloat on an alfalfa pasture, nitrate toxicity of cereal hay, and many illnesses or mineral imbalances occur as a result of quick shifts in forage quality and quantity. A particularly risky time for grazing alfalfa is immediately following a frost.
From 1998 through 2000, MSU Extension conducted grazing experiments with cattle and sheep on pure stands of alfalfa. Grazing occurred in 10 trials from late spring through late summer. Bloat incidence and severity were evaluated. Across all three years, bloat incidence was most severe in late spring and late summer, but occasional bloat "storms" occurred during mid-summer. In 1999, bloat was monitored over several days in which the weather forecast predicted a first frost. On September 3, 8, 9, and 10, the overnight minimum temperatures were 34, 36, 33 and 26 degrees. September 10th was one of the worst bloat days during the study with 80 percent of the ewes in the study bloating.
Immediately following a "hard" freeze (defined as adequately cold to rupture cell walls), the risk for bloat increases. In general, the forage becomes safer to graze after the stems have collapsed and dried for several days after freezing.
In 2010, many producers across the state avoided taking a second or third cutting of alfalfa hay fields due to bountiful hay supplies and low prices. Delayed first cut alfalfa, and cool, wet conditions have resulted in a large supply of lush alfalfa re-growth for fall pasture. In short, these conditions are fairly risky for alfalfa bloat this year.
How do I prevent or control bloat? Several legume species such as sainfoin, cicer milkvetch, and birdsfoot trefoil do not cause bloat, so consider these when renovating pastures. A number of products are promoted as "bloat preventative," including specific mixes of alfalfa varieties, ionophores, and mineral mixes. However, the most studied and effective treatment is Poloxalene (Bloatguard) combined with good animal health practices such as mineral supplementation and vaccinations.
Other grazing tips include: The alfalfa should be flowering. Livestock should be fed dry roughage before turning out to graze on alfalfa pasture. The pasture should be dry, and grazing should be continuous rather than frequent corralling or movement. Paddock rotation should occur in the afternoon. Initially, animals should be monitored multiple times daily, and daily thereafter. The intake of Poloxalene should be monitored, as intake will vary among animals and days.
In summary, the value of alfalfa pasture in the fall is very high if the risk of pasture bloat can be controlled.
Published Sept. 22, 2010
Article Type:
Guest Opinion
What is your favorite Terry Terrific Tuesday Event?:


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It is no accident that in Western cultures the vast majority of vegetarians are women – only about 30% are men. One of the key reasons for this is that there is a strong link between the eating of animal flesh and maleness (Potts and Parry, 2010). So entrenched is this connection that men's consumption of meat is seen as an exemplar of normative masculinity (Sobal, 2005). Indeed it is widely considered to be an essential sustenance for the healthy male body. Red meat in particular is seen as important for men because it consists of muscle (much like the prototypical image of the male body), which provides for strength, energy and virility. Red meat is frequently eaten in a semi-cooked or near raw state with signs of blood thereby symbolising vitality and strength (Potts and Parry, 2010).
Eating red meat in a more or less raw state also enables a power relationship to be formed between the slaughtered animal and the consumer that links to masculine power and domination over nature (Fiddes, 1991). A refusal to consume meat thereby signals the opposite of red-blooded masculinity – femininity. Such gendered notions are often expressed in the media by 'hunter-gatherer' metaphors (Gough, 2007). Not surprisingly then, fewer men than women are vegetarian. Vegetarian men typically come under more scrutiny than women and often bear the brunt of ridicule for their choice of food.


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Children's Hospital Walnut Creek Outpatient Surgery
Thank you for choosing UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland for your child's outpatient surgical procedure. Our board-certified physicians and pediatric-trained nurses and technicians devote 100% of their medical practice to caring for children—providing the safest care possible, in a child-friendly environment.
Our goal is to make your experience at Children's outpatient surgery center as safe and pleasant as possible. If you have any comments or suggestions, please let us know. If you have any questions or concerns about your child's surgery or recovery progress you may call our nurses at any time. Please call us at: _PHONE_
How to Prepare For Surgery
At Children's Hospital Oakland Walnut Creek Campus our Surgery Center has the most advanced equipment for delivering anesthesia and monitoring your child. Operating rooms are equipped with easy access to the patient's digital images.
Things to remember for your surgery:
- Tell the telephoning nurse or the surgeon if your child has been sick during the three weeks before surgery.
- Bring your insurance information, guardianship papers and the "History and Physical" form for each visit to the center.
- Follow the food restrictions for your child starting the night before surgery.
- Check if your child should take medications on the day of surgery.
- Bring your child's favorite blanket, toy, doll or book on surgery day.
- Arrive at least an hour before the scheduled operation, but no earlier than 6:30 AM.
- The legal guardian must remain at Children's Outpatient Surgery Center throughout their child's stay.
- Do not bring other children to Children's Outpatient Surgery Center. Please make alternate arrangements for your other children.
- Fill any prescription medications for your child immediately following surgery.
- Have your child's favorite but appropriate foods and drinks available upon returning home after surgery.
Preparing for Surgery
To make your child's surgical procedure and recovery go smoothly, it's important for you and your child to be prepared. A Children's Hospital Childlife Specialist can help.
- A child life specialist will answer all the questions you or your child may have, in language appropriate to your child's age. This may include role-playing all parts of the anesthesia and surgery experience with you and your child.
Before your child's surgery, one of our nurses will call you to review your child's medical history, cover our anesthesia procedures and discuss what your child may or may not eat before surgery.
- To help your child on the day of surgery, bring your child's special toy, doll, book or blanket.
- If your child has been sick with a cough, runny nose or fever above 100° F within three weeks before surgery, it is important to speak with a staff nurse to get pre-operative clearance.
Night Before Surgery
Follow the specific instructions given to you over the phone by the surgery center nurse. Make sure your child has an empty stomach.
- No solid food or milk after midnight
- Clear liquids may be given if the nurse said it's OK—If you cannot see through the liquid it is not clear. Good choices are clear apple juice, Pedialyte or 7-Up.
- Absolutely nothing in the mouth, not even chewing gum, for three (3) hours before surgery
Day of Surgery
- Arrive at least one (1) hour before the surgery's scheduled start time—but not before 6:30 a.m.—to allow time for the registration process and preparation time with the child life specialist.
- A legal decision-maker (parent, legal guardian, responsible caretaker) must accompany the patient on the day of their surgery and remain at the surgery center during their procedure.
- If you would like a free interpreter to assist you during your visit, please let us know so we can arrange one for you.
- A registration clerk will help with your paperwork. Please bring your medical insurance cards. If you are not the patient's parent, please bring court orders or other documentation authorizing you to make medical decisions for the patient.
- Give us any completed "History and Physical" form that your pediatrician or surgeon may have given you.
- Please don't bring other children with you. Make alternate child care arrangements so the child having surgery will have your full attention.
- All female patients older than 12 years are required to give a urine sample. Please have your child wait until she gets here to go to the bathroom so we can collect that sample.
- Remove your child's jewelry (including earrings), as well as braids, beads or hair accessories.
- Help your child put on a hospital gown or pajamas.
- Some children will be given a medication by mouth to help prepare them for anesthesia.
- The anesthesiologist will meet with you to explain the anesthesia process.
- If you have any questions, please let us know. Please ask any questions you may have about the procedure.
Anesthesia and Surgery
The anesthesiologist will help your child go to sleep in the induction room or operating room.
The anesthesiologist will decide on the safest way for your child to go to sleep:
- Some children may have their parents with them as they fall asleep in the induction room.
- For safety reasons, other children will go to sleep in the operating room without a parent present.
- Most children go to sleep by breathing into a mask that resembles one worn by jet pilots or astronauts.
- The air your child breathes will make him or her feel silly and giggly inside.
- Within seconds, your child will feel very, very sleepy.
- As sleep deepens, some children go through an "excitement" phase and may wiggle around.
- Your child will not remember this period.
- Sometimes we need to start an IV to help your child fall asleep.
- The anesthesiologist will monitor your child carefully to make sure your child will feel no pain during the operation.
In the Recovery Room
After the operation, your child will go into the recovery room, which is often called the "wake-up room." Parents or guardians are allowed in the recovery room.
Children vary in their reactions to anesthesia:
- Many children wake up groggy but comfortable.
- Others may wake up crying because they are confused.
- Our specially trained pediatric recovery room nurse will closely monitor your child during this time to keep your child as peaceful and comfortable as possible.
The nurses and doctors caring for your child will decide when he or she can go home. You will be given instructions to help you care for your child at home. Do not hesitate to ask questions before you leave; we want you to be comfortable caring for your child.
On rare occasions, children having outpatient surgery cannot be sent home the same day. If this occurs, we will discuss this with you and arrange for your child's admission to Children's Hospital in Oakland.
Once home, your child may be tired and want to nap for the rest of the day. Plan to stay close by because your child may be groggy or unsteady. Your child may also be irritable for the rest of the day and that night. If your doctor has given you a prescription for medication for your child, it is important that you get the prescription filled immediately and use it as directed.
If your child did not drink clear liquids before leaving the center, you may begin these as soon as you arrive home.
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- Make sure that you have a supply of your child's favorite clear liquids at home.
- If clear liquids are tolerated for an hour without vomiting, you may give your child soup and gradually advance to normal foods.
- We recommend that your child avoid eating spicy or hard-to-digest foods for the first day.
- Do not force your child to eat, but encourage fluids, which will probably help your child feel better sooner.
- Do not worry if your child does not want to drink after surgery. Be sure to talk to us if your child is not drinking by the next morning.


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Simple Example (click to enlarge the two pictures)
Here is a great, simple example of
Pedagogical Elements. Take two, almost identical pictures of Earth. The first is made up just of accurate simulation elements (if you ignore the corners). Click on it and see if you can make out the details. The second picture adds just a bit of pedagogy. Now click on it, and see how much richness a little pedagogy adds.


Skip to main content
Situated in Landkreis Gottingen in Lower Saxony, Sudharz is a largely rural district in central Germany, close to the former inner-German border. Within the case study area there are a number of small villages (e.g. Wieda, Zorge and Tettenborn). The main regional centre within the area is the town of Osterode am Harz and the main administrative town is Gottingen.
Rural Germany faced several phases of depopulation but due to long-term outmigration from the East to the West, population decline in rural western Germany has tended to be overlooked. In contrast to Germany as a whole, the population in the case study district has been steadily declining over the past number of decades. Similar to the Clogher Valley and East Groningen, it is also an ageing population and subject to younger adult out-migration. According to the share of the population aged 65 and older, it ranks among the top-five regions in Germany which is due to the overlapping of long-term outmigration, age-selective in-migration and increased longevity.
Further information on the study area can be found here: Introduction to Südharz region


12) Business Valuation and market efficiency Flashcards Preview
Financial Management > 12) Business Valuation and market efficiency > Flashcards
Flashcards in 12) Business Valuation and market efficiency Deck (63)
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What are the reasons for business vauation
- The business may want to list on a stock market so need to decide the share price
- Valuing a target company in an acquisition
- When a parent company wishes to dispose of its subsidiary
- When a shareholder wishes to dispose of their investment in a privately owned company
divorce settlements, etc
What is market capitalisation?
The market capitalisation is the term given for the market value of the equity in a company that is listed on a stock market.
The market capitalisations is:
The share price x number of ordinary shares in issue
What are the three methods of equity caluation?
Asset-based – based on the tangible assets owned by the company.
Income/earnings-based – based on the returns earned by the company.
Cash flow-based – based on the cash flows of the company
What are the three types of asset based valuation?
- NBV (total assets less total liabilities)
- Net Realisable Values (realisable value of assets less liabilities)
- Replacement CostGoing concern
What is NBV Historic Basis and advantage and disadvantage?
This will normally be a meaningless figure, as it will be based on historical costs. However, with fair value accounting the book value of many assets and liabilities will be the fair value and therefore will be relevant for valuation purposes. It represents effectively a MINIMUM price for a seller.
Adv: Book values are relatively easy to obtain
Disadv: Historic cost value (although could be fair value which is less of a problem)
(Ignores Intangible assets e.g. Good will as well as future because it is historical and in a point in time
What is net realisable value?
the break-up value of the assets in the business will often be considerably lower than any other computed value.
It normally represents the minimum price that should be accepted for the sale of a business as a going concern, since if the income based valuations give figures lower than the break-up value it is apparent that the owner would be better off by ceasing to trade and selling off all the assets piecemeal.
It should be noted that the market values of debt, such as bonds are calculated pre-tax.
What are the advantage and disadvantage of NRV?
Adv: Minimum acceptable to owners. Asset Stripping
Disadv: Valuation problems especially if quick sale. Ignores good will
What are the advantage and disadvantage of Replacement basis?
Adv: Maximum to be paid for assets by buyer
Disadv: Valuation problems – similar assets for comparison and also ignores good will
What are the disadvantages of Asset based valuations?
Asset based methods usually give a value lower than market value of all the company's shares.
it ignores future cash flows generated by the assets
Market/Investors do not normally buy a company for its statement of financial position assets, but for the earnings/cash flows that all of its assets can produce in the future. we should value what is being purchased, i.e. the future income/cash flows.
The asset approach also ignores non-statement of financial position intangible 'assets', e.g.:
 highly-skilled workforce
strong management team
competitive positioning of the company's products.
It is quite common that the non-statement of financial position assets are more valuable than the statement of financial position assets, especially for service organizations, which may not hold many non-current assets at all.
When are asset based valuation useful? 3 points
Asset strippingTo value companies that are going to be asset stripped or closed down; company is going to be purchased to be broken up and its assets sold off. Valued the assets at realizable value
To set a minimum price in a takeover bidShareholders will be reluctant to sell at a price less than the net asset valuation even if the prospect for income growth is poor. A standard defensive tactic in a takeover battle is to revalue statement of financial position assets to encourage a higher price. Valued the assets at replacement value
To value property investment companies The market value of investment property has a close link to future cash flows and share values, i.e. discounted rental income determines the value of property assets and thus the company.
When are Earnings/Income-based methods the most useful and the types?
Earnings/Income-based methods of valuation are when valuing a majority shareholding/Controlling interest:
ownership bestows additional benefits of control not reflected in the dividend valuation model
majority shareholders can influence dividend policy and therefore are more interested in earnings as you value that more
PE ratio
Earnings Yield Method
What is Price/Earnings method?
This is where the value of the company= Total earnings x P/E ratio
Price per share/Earnings per share (EPS)
Value of company = Total earnings × PE ratio
Value per share = EPS × PE ratio
Why would an adjustment to the PE ratio of the similar company be necessary?
To make it more suitable if the company being valued is:
A private company; their shares are less liquid
The company is more risky i.e. fewer control, management knowledge,
The company has a higher projected growth level
Why would an adjustment to the earnings be necessary?
- Earnings are taken as profit after tax and preference dividends (because the earnings must be the future maintainable earnings i.e. everything after the obligations)
the valuation should reflect future maintainable earnings prospects and therefore should be adjusted to reflect this
What does a high PE ratio indicate?
growth stock – the share price is high because continuous high rates of growth of earnings are expected from the stock
no growth stock – the PE ratio is based on the last reported earnings, which perhaps were exceptionally low yet the share price is based on future earnings which are expected to revert to a 'normal' relatively stable level
takeover bid – the share price has risen pending a takeover bid
high security share – shares in property companies typically have low income yields but the shares are still worth buying because of the prospects of capital growth and level of security.
What does a low PE ratio indicate?
losses expected – future profits are expected to fall from their most recent levels
share price low – as noted previously, share prices may be extremely volatile – special factors, such as a strike at a manufacturing plant of a particular company, may depress the share price and hence the PE ratio.
What are the Advantage and disadvantage of PE method?
* It is forward looking. by multiplying by PE ratio, - it's potentially looking at earnings and having an estimate of where we think we are going to be in the future
- establishing PE ratio
- difficulty deciding which earnings to uselatest, last 5 years, what we might earn in the future?
- Difficult to find a similar company with similar growth prospects
- reported earnings are based on historical cost accounts, which makes no sense when trying to compare two companies.
What is earnings yield valuation method
The earnings yield is the inverse of the price/earnings ratio. (Earnings/Price).
To value a comapny using this, divide the earnings by the yield: Earnings/Earnings yield
As with the P/E method this is used to value a controlling interest in a company.
What are the TWO cash flow based valuations?
Dividend valuation model-> Cash to shareholders
Discounted cash flow-> Cash flow generated by the business (Value of company = PV of the future cash flows at WACC)
What is Dividend valuation
It values the company/share based on the the PV of the expected future dividends discounted at the shareholder's required rate of return
What is Dividend valuation model used for
This method can be used for valuing minority shareholdings in a company, since the calculation is based on dividends paid, something which minority shareholders are unable to influence.
What is Dividend valuation formula
[ D0( 1+g) ]
(Ke- g)
if it's a constant dividend, what formula can you use instead?
Perpetuity formula
What are the disadvantages of Dividend valuation
Investors make rational decisions
- It assumes that there is constant dividends growth or constant dividend OR or zero growth
Problems estimating future growth rate
- Assumes future dividend growth is predicted from past results
- Cost of Equity may fluctuate in the future
- It assumes that the growth rate is lower than the shareholder's required rate of return. What if Ke is less than the growth rate?
The dividend growth rate is less that the cost of equity
It is highly sensitive to changes in its assumptions
What is Discounted cash flow
Value of company = PV of the future cash flows at WACC
the value of the firm should be the present value of its future cash-flows discounted at the weighted average cost of capital or enough information so that we can use CAPM to calculate it
Theoretically it is the best method of valuation. It is based on forecasting future cash flows and effectively calculating an NPV.
tell me discounted cash flow method steps
1) Identify relevant 'free' cash flows i.e. excluding financing flows
- Operating flows
- Revenue from sales of assets
- Tax
- Synergies arising from the merger
2) select a suitable time horizon
3) calcuate PV over this horizon. This gives the value to all providers of finance i.e. equity + debt
4) deduct the value of debt to leave the value of equity
When is Discounted cash flow used
This alternative


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I was waiting in line at a restaurant recently when I overheard a father say to his son, "If you want to play soccer well, you have to watch soccer." This got me thinking about the service management and support industry.
Benjamin Franklin is credited with saying, "Tell me and I forget. Teach me and I remember. Involve me and I learn" (and I would add, "Coach me and I grow"). I think Ben was onto something here. His words focus on the individual; the service management and support industry, however, requires collective responsibility and teamwork.
The State of IT-Business Alignment
A recent InformationWeek survey revealed the following statistics about IT (which my thirty years of experience in this industry tend to confirm):
- 80 percent of IT outages are caused by a failed change.
- 70 percent of support calls are "self-inflicted."
- 90 percent of midmarket IT organizations use manual processes.
- Most IT organizations average six standalone IT software tools that do not interoperate.
- 30 percent of IT projects are canceled at significant loss.
- 55 percent of respondents view IT as "unnecessary."
- 32 percent of respondents see IT as a "valued strategic partner."
The purpose of highlighting these survey results is not to disparage the hard-working and dedicated staff that keep IT and support organizations up and running, nor is it to call into question funding decisions. However, there is a clear disconnect between business and IT alignment, whether that's due to misunderstanding, miscommunication, or both. Furthermore, according to CAI's Bruce Clarke, "nearly 20 percent of employees are looking for another job. This may be the same 20 percent that is creating 80 percent of the value in the organization. Poor performers are not usually looking for other employment."
So, let's consider both of these factors: IT is out of sync with the business, and IT is experiencing a retention problem. I would argue that our current approach to service delivery and customer support needs to be reframed. It's time to recalibrate our compass.
Mission, Culture, and Collective Responsibility
What is your support organization's primary mission? This question is often asked and frequently misstated, but the answer should be easy, clear, and concise: minimize the disruption to the end user while meeting the expectations of the customer. How do we define expectations? How do we measure them? In sports, there's one score, one result, one team; the same is true of service providers: one result, one team, one set of collective, integrated goals. Teamwork is a choice. So, too, is business alignment.
More then half of the respondents to the InformationWeek survey stated that they feel IT isn't a strategic partner, that is unnecessary. Why? Because IT has forgotten who its customer is. IT has two primary stakeholders: first, the customer who purchases a service; second, the user who consumes the service being delivered. Quite often, these stakeholders are the same, though not always (especially with the state of services today).
To some extent, siloing accounts for this disconnect. No organization would say it wants to increase silos, yet that's what often happens. This compartmentalization by department or function is the antithesis of teamwork, no matter how loudly we preach the importance of working together across departments and functions. The only way for a department or function to deliver as a team is for everyone to be focused on the same goal, objective, and vision. Doing what we've always done won't create the change we want to see. The solution is to establish collective responsibility, establishing one team, one goal, and a common set of performance metrics across the entire team, regardless of their individual areas of expertise or competence.
Gamification and Simulation
In today's "there's an app for that" world of instant gratification, gamification is one of the hottest buzzwords. I'm not a fan of the term, in part because spell check constantly offers to change it to "gasification" or "ramification" or even "gratification," but also because most people don't really know what it means. Anything that's fun, fast, and easy falls under the heading of gamification, when, in reality, there's a distinct difference between gamification and simulation through experiential learning.
Gamification involves applying gaming principles to nongame activities, and it's most often used to make the ordinary, day-to-day activities more lively, understandable, and compelling. There's typically some kind of reward system for achieving a desired level or accumulating a certain number of points. Although many organizations are using gamification to engage customers and employees, it's actual value in terms of meeting customer expectations is limited. Going back to Ben, gamification focuses more on the internal and less on the external, which is where we should be concentrating our improvement activities (that is, in retaining and supporting our current customers while engaging new customers by understanding their preferences, perceptions, and expectations).
Simulations, by contrast, are real and collectively immersive "games" that offer an experiential educational experience. The simulation model is based on David Kolb's theories and approach to experiential learning styles. As children, we learn through experience and experimentation; as adults, we abandon this these highly effective methods. Simulations bring us back to these tried-and-true techniques.
Simulation and Experiential Learning
Simulations bring key IT professionals and their business representatives together in a risk-free environment that supports their work structure while allowing them to be the active subjects of their own learning. Just as sports teams review game films, the simulation approach is designed to enable participants to observe and assess their own performance in a controlled setting.
Simulations require commitment and engagement from every level of the organization, and every level should be represented, from the CIO on down to the support analysts. By running through multiple interactive rounds of simulation, the participants come to appreciate the benefits of best practices and understand terminology and processes in the context of various stakeholders. They will learn to speak the same language, and they'll come away with a holistic understanding of the organization's real, tangible pain points.
Drawing on Kolb's theory, effective simulations are generally played or facilitated over a number of rounds, with each round following a defined cycle of do, review, theory, and plan. However, each simulation should be customized, as no two organizations are the same. Once the roles and existing processes have been discussed, roles should then be assigned to individuals based on their current role, aligning them as closely as possible in preparation for the simulation.
Each round cycles over a set period of time, with defined transactions simulating the live business environment and driving the interaction between various stakeholders. The first round often highlights the immediate need for effective communication between the business, the service desk, and the resolver group or technical specialists. Chaos reigns when incidents are not tracked and promulgated at the service desk, but through this simulation, participants will be able to describe the value that's delivered when all stakeholders have access to incident data and information. They'll gain a deeper understanding of the impact on customers of the "first in, first out" of triage (versus accurate and effective priority levels), the value of service catalogs and accurate service mapping, and the effect of uncontrolled change (that is, the disruption of critical services and the impact on business performance). Once the first cycle (do) is complete, the review, theory, and plan cycles must be executed; all four cycles must be completed before the second round can begin.
Reflection and vulnerability are essential for experiential learning and teaming. The second round of the simulation, which is more complicated, is based on the lessons learned from the first round. By identifying and implementing improvement efforts, the participants find they're better able to track and resolve incidents. This may, however, reveal that customers are frustrated with recurring incidents; that, in turn, may result in the implementation of problem management. In the review, theory, and plan cycles for the second round, the participants will come to see the value in having a known error database and a knowledge management system, and they may begin discussing service level management as it relates to incident resolution and escalations. Subsequent rounds increase in complexity, as they tend to simulate more complex operation environments and best practices, including asset and configuration management, capacity management, portfolio management, financial management, event management, and availability management.
There are several situations where simulations can be useful. At the very least, simulations can add value and provide context for the traditional training approach. More importantly, simulations can be used to gain buy-in for process improvement initiatives, or to create a shared understanding of and commitment to change initiatives, or to drive a maturity assessment of current methods. Above all, simulations drive more consistent and more responsible transformation and cultural change.
Working Out Loud
Have you ever wished for a crystal ball? Wouldn't it be nice if we could predict the future, just for once?
I think we've all experienced the frustration of knowing we need to improve, but not knowing exactly how to make that happen or where to even start. When we look to frameworks, certifications, and methodologies for inspiration, we often come away more confused than when we started. Instead of a course of action, we get a laundry list of the many options for improvement. Improvement and alignment aren't the result of reading a book, taking a class, or even hiring a consultant; they can only come from a deep understanding of your business's expectations and requirements. Once you know that, you can map out a plan and execute the steps in the right order and at the right time. And, keep in mind that in many cases, less can be more. Taking on too many areas of improvement at one time, or


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Learn about The Gas Engine in this educational video from dizzo95.
Read the full transcript »
Female Speaker: The most important energy resources of our centuries are petroleum and the natural gas, besides muscle power wind and water with most common sources of energy, until the beginning of the industrial aid, which was marked by the development of the steam engine. The principle of the combustion engine, with internal combustion was not discovered until the first half of the 19 century. The ever increasing industrialization and the appearance of large industrial conventions, necessity the construction thermal power plants where coal and crude oil abundant to produce electricity since the 1950s nuclear power plans were built to satisfy the increasing demand for electricity. Today alternative sources of energy are increasing the explored particularly the generation of electricity from wind, and photovoltaic cells where some sunlight is directly converted in to electric power. This approach is a special interest in tropical and sub tropical countries, and contributes to the preservation of the limited fossil fuel resources.


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If an attacker obtains a private key that was created with no passphrase, he obviously gains access to everything protected with that key. How secure are private keys set up with a passphrase? If an attacker steals a passphrase-protected key, how hard it is to compromise the key? In other words, is a private key with a good passphrase secure even if accessed by an attacker?
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Protecting a key with a key involves either a container or an encryption algorithm. What container or algorithm are you refering to? – this.josh Jul 8 '11 at 16:45
I'm thinking about generating an RSA keypair using ssh-keygen with default options and entering a passphrase when prompted. But I'd be curious about the answer for other common approaches as well. – jrdioko Jul 8 '11 at 16:58
4 Answers 4
up vote 10 down vote accepted
With OpenSSL, OpenSSH and GPG/PGP the wrapping algorithm will be strong enough that you don't need to worry about it (and if you do need to worry about it then you have bigger problems, and this is the least of your worries).
Like any password or passphrase, it depends on the strength of the passphrase. A 40 character passphrase is as hard to brute force as a 256-bit key (since ASCII only uses 7 bits). The same rules for strong passwords apply here:
 - Random is better
 - Longer is stronger
share|improve this answer
OpenSSL uses 3DES for encryption of private key – Hubert Kario Jul 11 '11 at 23:03
Once an encrypted block of data is in the hands of an attacker, it is never secure forever - it's a question of how long and what means are available to crack it.
Here's things to consider:
 - strength of wrapping algorithm - I'm willing to believe bahamat about OpenSSL, OpenSSH and GPG/PGP - these are fairly well-vetted components.
 - size of key space - i.e. - size and complexity of password - the typical costs of brute force guessing apply. Of note, some forms of key storage limit the types of characters that can be used in a password - for example, JKS (the Java Key Store) eliminated quite a few special characters, reducing the potential size of the key space. Also be wary of systems that crop the key size to a certain number of characters.
 - cost of the attempt how computationally expensive is it to attempt to unwrap the key? That will slow down the brute force attempt.
 - what algorithm? - depends on how the secure file is stored - is it obvious what algorithm was used for encryption?
 - is there available cipher text to compare with? how will the attacker know he's successful - what is his test mechanism? One of the more powerful elements of capturing a key store is that the attacker may be able to test his attempts without further detection by the system storing the key.
 - how many resources are at the attacker's disposal? - generally threat analysis involves analyzing what the attacker's resources are. Does he have 1 computer? A bank of computers? And entire viral network of stolen CPU power at his disposal? Depends on whether you're talking about the 13 year old script kiddie next door or a rogue nation.
 - how long until the key is changed? & how long must the data stay protected? - if it takes the attacker longer to crack the password store than the usefulness of the data inside the store, then the store is considered secure enough
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So for a RSA private key generated using ssh-keygen with default options and entering a long passphrase when prompted, how do these issues come into play? In other words, are we talking about a couple weeks on a home computer, or 5-10 years with a huge network of computers, or what? – jrdioko Jul 11 '11 at 20:25
The math is: (time to run unlock operation + time to test) * number of passwords attempted. The max is, of course, the entire password space, but the typical computation is (n+1)/2 for the average number of attempts. Not having tried SSH on any recent computer system, I'm not willing to give my own number - but this site says hours - help.ubuntu.com/community/SSH/OpenSSH/… - although I have no idea what their caliber is for a strong password. – bethlakshmi Jul 12 '11 at 14:13
According to Martin Kleppmann:
the [default OpenSSH] private key protection has two weaknesses:
 - The digest algorithm is hard-coded to be MD5, which means that without changing the format, it's not possible to upgrade to another hash function (e.g. SHA-1). This could be a problem if MD5 turns out not to be good enough.
 - The hash function is only applied once --- there is no stretching. This is a problem because MD5 and AES are both fast to compute, and thus a short passphrase is quite easy to break with brute force.
If your private SSH key ever gets into the wrong hands [and if it was passphrase-protected using the default OpenSSH settings and if] your passphrase is a dictionary word, it can probably be [decrypted] in a matter of seconds.... But there is good news: you can upgrade to a more secure private key format, and everything continues to work!
He then goes on to explain how to use "PKCS#8" as per RFC 5208 to obtain a more securely encrypted private key:
$ mv test_rsa_key test_rsa_key.old
$ openssl pkcs8 -topk8 -v2 des3 \
 -in test_rsa_key.old -passin 'pass:super secret passphrase' \
 -out test_rsa_key -passout 'pass:super secret passphrase'
share|improve this answer
Thanks. Also looks like OpenSSH have recognized this as a problem and started to offer a solution with bcrypt (although it's not the default yet): lwn.net/Articles/590870 – sourcejedi May 3 at 10:33
Encryption of OpenSSH private key is vulnerable?
Protecting a private key with a passphrase needs to be done carefully, as is usually the case in crypto matters. Generally the approach is to encrypt the private key with a symmetric algorithm using a key derived from the passphrase via a key derivation function. A classic example of a suitable key derivation function is PBKDF2 from RFC 2898 - PKCS #5: Password-Based Cryptography Specification Version 2.0.
According to Colin Percival's scrypt presentation, "OpenSSH uses MD5 as a key derivation function for passphrases on key ﬁles". From the context it seems that he's saying they don't use salts or iterations, which is scary given how fast brute-forcing is these days. There are a few different formats OpenSSH uses for storing private keys, so I'd like to know some more details and exactly what versions are affected, but that sounds like a far cry from PBKDF2 or the other iterated, salted techniques that have been around since 1978.
I see a reference claiming that PGP and GPG do use iteration/stretching techniques when protecting a private key stored in a file, but again don't know the details yet.
share|improve this answer
looks like openssh uses openssl EVP_BytesToKey, the key is a MD5 hash of the password and an 8 byte salt. The key and IV are taken from the result of the hash – this.josh Jul 20 '11 at 7:59
Your Answer


Assignment 2 Essay
Submitted By hopkins75us
Words: 417
Pages: 2
The partisan times we are facing in our country today are the biggest reason that political parties should be allowed to rent space on college campuses. Politicians however, should not have the same access. Students should have access to ideas regarding political philosophies not agendas out of politicians campaigns. All political parties should be allowed a forum, for a price, to engage students in promoting their basic principles.
Political campaigning should take place off campus. Colleges should be institutions where higher learning takes place. A political campaign that helps a university profit from it's ideas should never be allowed. Students should be allowed to make decisions on their own, through discourse with other students, and their families when it comes to their political affiliations. University campuses should not be forums where time, space, and message is bought and sold by the highest bidder. How would a university even ensure fairness?
One idea I have would be to allow every political party a certain allotment of time, where all parties, for the same price, gets to spend time reaching out to students. This would have to take place in between an election cycle to ensure no particular candidate were being promoted. Parties would be able to expose those who are interested, to their parties' ideology, and their history.
I don't think politics should be treated like a popularity contest. Whether a student is left, right, or center; a university has a responsibility to promote fairness of all ideas. Sadly, this is not the case today. Too may college campuses are hotbeds of one political side or the other. There is rarely a day where


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BANFF — Just as the sun rises over the Rockies, Steve Michel unlocks a gate leading to the Banff Springs golf course and drives down the snow-covered road to look for elk.
He immediately spots a herd in a familiar spot, grazing on one of the fairways near the clubhouse.
Michel, a human-wildlife conflict specialist with Banff National Park, pulls his truck over to the side of the road, lifts his binoculars and begins to count.
"Cow, cow, calf, cow, cow, cow, calf, calf," he calls out to a reporter tagging along for the annual fall survey and recording the information on a form.
Michel and a team of Parks Canada staff were out at dawn and dusk on Nov. 27 and 28 to count and classify the well-known animals.
They discovered there are at least 215 elk between the east gate of Banff National Park and Lake Louise.
Specifically, the team counted 116 cows (females), 33 bulls (males), 15 spikes (juvenile males) and 51 calves (young of the year).
"What's interesting is that it gives you a cow-calf ratio of 44 per cent, which is a little high," says Blair Fyten, a wildlife conflict specialist who led the survey. "Generally, that means that there hasn't been a lot of predation on them."
Though the numbers were down slightly from the 230 elk during last fall's count, the cow-calf ratio is higher than the 37 per cent recorded in 2011.
"It indicates that our herd is probably growing a bit," says Fyten, noting the two-day roadside count doesn't find all of the elk in the area. "This is just the minimum number of elk. It's not our total number."
Still, the numbers suggest high reproductive success and a strong potential for population growth.
Although the final decision is made by the superintendent, resource conservation officers expect it'll mean the continuation of Banff's elk management strategy for another year.
Since 1999, Parks Canada has tried to keep the numbers down as part of the plan to reduce elk attacks and restore the natural ecological processes on lands around the townsite.
"Elk are quite adaptive and opportunistic," says David Gummer, a wildlife ecologist with Banff National Park. "They also have great potential for population growth given the right conditions.
"Because the elk are so opportunistic and come into the townsite to take advantage of food opportunities and what looks like attractive habitat and particularly the apparent refuge from more secretive predators, they congregate here, and that concentrates their impact on other species."
They can damage the environment and destroy areas of aspen and willow, which are key to the survival of some birds.
It can also lead to a higher number of confrontations with humans, with an average of five elk attacks a year and up to 100 aggressive encounters annually.
No one has been injured in the past four years, although there are still incidences of bluff charges or defensive behaviour in the spring when the calves are born and during the fall mating season.
As part of its management strategy, parks uses aversive conditioning such as hazing to increase the wariness of elk toward humans, and conducts a selective cull of up to 20 of the animals.
"They are predominantly known animals that we have a record of having to deal with over the summer because they are habituated to the townsite and a problem for management," explains Gummer.
Some of the culled animals are provided to First Nations for food and ceremonial purposes, while the others are left out on the landscape for predators.
Temporary fencing is also put up on the underpass near the Trans-Canada Highway near town, keeping some of the elk on the north side of the valley where they can be killed by wolves and cougars.
The strategy, which has been used for years, is applauded by conservationists.
"If we think back to the '80s and '90s, there was a lot of elk in the town of Banff," says Sarah Elmeligi, senior conservation planner with the southern Alberta chapter of the Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society. "They're a nice species of wildlife to see around, but when you have that many in town, they have their own impact to an ecosystem."
Elmeligi says the elk management strategy is one of the success stories for Parks Canada.
"They've done really good work managing the elk herd and I hope they continue to do so," she says, noting it seems to make the remaining animals more wary around humans.
During last week's count, even the normally laid-back elk at the golf course spooked easily.
"They're running over to join those others so we'll be doing the whole herd," says Michel, exiting the truck to continue his count. "We'll try to use their jitteriness to our advantage."
Instead, the herd scattered into a nearby forest, making the count difficult but proving the point that the Banff elk appear to be growing more wary.
"When we first started this, you'd get out of your vehicle in an area away from here — like Cascade corridor or someplace where there's a couple hundred elk — they would be looking at you like they couldn't care less," says Michel. "You do that now and they realize there's something up.
"That's the whole idea."


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Impairment Accounting: GAAP vs. iGAAP
Original post by Debbie Donner of Demand Media
Impairment accounting involves the tracking of a company's assets, such as land, buildings, equipment and machinery. Assets are sometimes at risk of declining in value due to technological advancements, poor business management or new competition. Impairment of assets, used in impairment accounting, is the diminishing of an asset's value, strength, quality or amount. Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and internationally generally accepted accounting principles (iGAAP) have some significant differences in the treatment of impairment of assets.
The GAAP are accounting rules set by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). The rules are designed to ensure that all accountants in the U.S. are using identical or nearly identical standards when preparing financial statements. The GAAP support transparency in accounting practices. They simplify the task of comparing financial statements between companies or within a company, promoting increased accuracy. The FASB codified (sorted into an organized system) the accounting principles into roughly 90 accounting topics, with consistent criteria for communicating data, to bolster the economic system.
The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) created the iGAAP to make it easier for investors to more accurately interpret the financial health of companies in different countries, as accounting standards differ across the world. In 2001, iGAAP was replaced with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), a system designed to standardize accounting practices across all countries. The IASB has no formal authority to enforce its rules, but jurisdictions including Singapore, the European Union and the Gulf Corporation Council follow its guidelines.
Generally, U.S. accounting standards require that an asset be periodically tested for impairment, especially when the value of an asset decreases suddenly. Significant differences exist with GAAP versus iGAAP (or IFRS), with regard to testing an asset for impairment. Using tangible, long-lived assets as an example, GAAP require a two-step process for impairment testing of an asset. Tangible (can be seen and touched) assets are deemed impaired when their carrying amount is not recoverable through their anticipated undiscounted cash flow generation. The carrying amount of an asset is its stated amount on the balance sheet after deducting accumulated depreciation and impairment. If the carrying amount is less than the anticipated cash flows, step two is not necessary. However, if the carrying amount is greater than anticipated cash flows, an impairment charge or loss is recorded as the difference between the carrying amount and the asset's fair value.
The impairment test for iGAAP or IFRS involves only one step. Impairment of long-lived assets is determined by comparing their carrying amount with their recoverable amount. If the recoverable amount is higher than the carrying amount, the difference represents the impairment loss. By IFRS standards, the recoverable amount represents the higher of the asset's value in use or the asset's fair value minus selling costs. The testing method outlined by GAAP, results in fewer occurrences of impairment losses for long-lived assets, than under IFRS guidelines. If the value of an asset should increase, iGAAP or IFRS allows companies the accounting policy choice to revalue the asset, whereas, GAAP does not allow for revaluations of assets previously deemed impaired.
- Ernst & Young; Impairment of Long-Lived Assets, Goodwill and Intangible Assets; March 2010
- FSA Times; GAAP and IFRS: Reconciling Fair Value Measurements; Dr. Lawrence Metzger
- Journal of Accountancy; Asset Impairment and Disposal; Randall Luecke & David Meeting; March 2002
- QFinance: Understanding Impairment Accounting: What It Is and When It Is Used
- The Free Dictionary: GAAP, iGAAP & IFRS
- IMPAIRMENTS Principles of Accounting: Asset Impairment
- IAS Plus: Summaries of International Financial Reporting Standards
- American Institute of CPAs; Procedural Differences in Impairment Testing; Steven Brice; March 2009
About the Author
Based in California, Debbie Donner is a freelance online writer who primarily writes articles related to personal finance. Donner received a Mensa scholarship in 2006 while attending California State University, Fresno. She holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in liberal arts and a multiple-subject teaching credential.


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The Cave Walkthrough
Puzzle 7: The Time Machine
Characters: Hillbilly, Time Traveler and Twins.
- Pull the three levers ahead to open the metal gate and take control of the Time Traveler to proceed forward, then teleport through the next rock formation to land in the area below and move right past the Time Machine.
- Climb the next ladder ahead to make a left at the top and teleport through another rock formation, then approach the boulder against the far wall to pull it backwards and stop in front of the wooden platform above.
- Use the boulder to reach the wooden platform above and collect the Fuse, then drop back to the ground to head right and descend the previous ladder to make another right at the bottom.
- Make your way down the next ladder ahead and turn left at the bottom to insert the Fuse into the box, then return to the room in which you previously acquired the fuse and approach the nearby boulder.
- Drag the boulder further backwards to plug the dirty pool of water and use the Time Machine to travel into the future, then teleport through the forcefield on the right and speak with the Greatest Employee of All Time.
- Turn back around to press the Museum Door Button and enter the Time Machine again to travel into the past, then climb the ladder on your right to move left at the top and approach the boulder against the wall ahead.
- Pull the boulder backwards to plug up the pool of water and head right to descend the previous ladder, then take control of the Hillbilly and climb the ladder past the Time Machine to make a right at the top.
- Examine the cave painting to see a picture of "A Hillbillies First Love" and climb back down the ladder to make a left at the bottom, then enter the Time Machine to travel to the future and move forward.
- Pass by the Greatest Employee of All Time and descend the second ladder you see ahead to move left at the bottom, then drop down the next two ledges to land on the ground below and jump the gap on your left.
- Examine the next cave painting to see a picture of "The Rebuffed Suitor", then turn back around and descend the ladder in front of you to head right at the bottom.
- Stop in front of the Dinosaur Exhibit and take control of the Time Traveler, then head right to climb down another ladder and move left at the bottom to drop down a pair of wooden ledges.
- Climb down another ladder to make a left at the bottom and jump the next gap ahead to reach Thog's table, then push the triangular stone to the right and stop at the end of the ledge.
- Take control of the Hillbilly to climb the ladder on your left and jump the gap to the right at the top to ascend a second ladder ahead, then move between the ledges above and continue towards the right.
- Ascend the next ladder ahead to return to the Time Machine and travel into the past, then move right climb down the third ladder at the end to make a left at the bottom and drop down a pair of wooden ledges to land on the ground below.
- Hang off the ledge on your left to drop safely to the ground below and approach the sleeping dinosaur in front of you to wake it up, then retreat to the opposite wall to avoid being eaten and take control of the Time Traveler.
- Push the triangular stone forward so that it falls through the gap and lands on the dinosaur's head below, then move right to reach the wall across from you and examine the cave painting to see a picture of "Jealousy Runs Deep".
- Return to the Time Machine to travel into the future and head right to jump forward past the third ladder at the end, then stop in front of the Rangfust display and take control of the Hillbilly again.
- Climb the ladder on your right to move between the wooden ledges above and proceed forward to pass by a second ladder ahead, then land in the next room below and push the boulder to reveal the crack in the ground.
- Take control of the Twins to enter the Time Machine and travel into the past, then make your way to the right until you reach the Well at the end and turn the crank to pull the bucket out of the water below.
- As the Time Traveler, pick up the Bucket laying nearby and return to the lower cave room where you defeated the dinosaur earlier.
- Scoop some Oil into your bucket and climb the next three ladders to reach the Combustion Engine above on the left, then pour the oil into the Intake and press the nearby Elevator Button.
- Ride the lift to the level above and pull the wheel in front of you back onto the elevator platform, then press the button to return to the floor below and push the wheel towards the left to return to the Time Machine.
- Travel to the past and push the wheel towards the right to drop it off the ledge at the end, then return to Thog's table and push the triangular stone forward until it falls on the head of the caveman below.
- Return to the Time Machine to travel into the future and head right to descend the third ladder at the end, then pick up the Smurg on your left and use the time machine again to travel into the present.
- Use the Smurg to unlock the door on your left and jump over the pit of spikes to proceed forward, then unlock a second door and descend the next ladder ahead.
- Proceed forward beneath the Twin's mansion to climb the next two rock ledges ahead and reach the three levers at the end to complete this puzzle.


Wheat and chessboard problem
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Empty chessboard
The wheat and chessboard problem (the problem is sometimes expressed in terms of rice instead of wheat) is a mathematical problem in the form of a word problem:
The problem may be solved using simple addition. With 64 squares on a chessboard, if the number of grains doubles on successive squares, then the sum of grains on all 64 squares is: 1 + 2 + 4 + 8... and so forth for the 64 squares. The total number of grains equals 18,446,744,073,709,551,615, which is a much higher number than most people intuitively expect.
T_{64} = 1 + 2 + 4 + \cdots + 9,223,372,036,854,775,808 = 18,446,744,073,709,551,615
where T_{64} is the total number of grains.
The series may be expressed using exponents:
T_{64} = 2^{0} + 2^{1} + 2^{2} + \cdots + 2^{63}
and, represented with capital-sigma notation as:
\sum_{i=0}^{63} 2^i.\,
It can also be solved (much more easily) using:
T_{64} = 2^{64}- 1. \,
A proof of which is:
Multiply each side by 2:
2s = 2^{1} + 2^{2} + 2^{3} + \cdots + 2^{63} + 2^{64}.
Subtract original series from each side:
2s - s = - 2^{0} + 2^{64}
\therefore s = 2^{64}- 1. \,
Origin and story[edit]
There are different stories about the invention of chess. One of them includes the geometric progression problem. Its earliest written record is contained in the Shahnameh, an epic poem written by the Persian poet Ferdowsi between c. 977 and 1010 CE.
Macdonnell,[3] also investigates the earlier development of the theme.
Pedagogical applications[edit]
Derivatives of the problem can be used to explain more advanced mathematical topics, such as hexagonal close packing of equal spheres. (How big a chessboard would be required to be able to contain the rice in the last square, assuming perfect spheres of short-grained rice?)
Second half of the chessboard[edit]
An illustration of the principle.
In technology strategy, the second half of the chessboard is a phrase, coined by Ray Kurzweil,[4] in reference to the point where an exponentially growing factor begins to have a significant economic impact on an organization's overall business strategy.
The number of grains of rice on the first half of the chessboard is 1 + 2 + 4 + 8... + 2,147,483,648, for a total of 4,294,967,295 (232 − 1) grains of rice, or about 100,000 kg of rice (assuming 25 mg as the mass of one grain of rice).[5] India's annual rice output is about 1,200,000 times that amount.[6]
The number of grains of rice on the second half of the chessboard is 232 + 233 + 234... + 263, for a total of 264 − 232 grains of rice (the square of the number of grains on the first half of the board plus itself). Indeed, as each square contains one grain more than the total of all the squares before it, the first square of the second half alone contains more grains than the entire first half.
On the 64th square of the chessboard alone there would be 263 = 9,223,372,036,854,775,808 grains of rice, or more than two billion times as much as on the first half of the chessboard.
On the entire chessboard there would be 264 − 1 = 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 grains of rice, weighing 461,168,602,000 metric tons, which would be a heap of rice larger than Mount Everest. This is around 1,000 times the global production of rice in 2010 (464,000,000 metric tons).[7]
Moral story[edit]
As a moral story the problem is presented to warn of the dangers of treating large but finite resources as infinite, i.e., of ignoring constraints that are distant but absolute and inevitable. As Carl Sagan said when referencing the fable, "Exponentials can't go on forever, because they will gobble up everything."[8]
The usage as a moral fable was re-ignited with the release in 1972 of The Limits to Growth where the story is referenced to present the unintended consequences of exponential growth. "Exponential growth never can go on very long in a finite space with finite resources."[9]
See also[edit]
 1. ^ "Shaolin - A beautiful story of chess". Chess.com. Retrieved 2013-12-08.
 2. ^ "info | Lahur Sessa". Xklsv.org. Retrieved 2013-12-08.
 3. ^ Art. XIII.—The Origin and Early History of Chess, A. A. Macdonell, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 30, Issue 01, January 1898, pp. 117-141, DOI: 10.1017/S0035869X00146246, |url=_URL_
 4. ^ Raymond Kurzweil (1999). The Age of Spiritual Machines. Viking Adult. ISBN 0-670-88217-8.
 5. ^ "Rice CRC - Size and Weight". 2006-08-23. Archived from the original on 2006-08-23. Retrieved 2011-09-16.
 6. ^ "Rice production may touch 100 mn tonnes in 2010-11". Retrieved 2013-02-13.
 7. ^ PTI Jun 24, 2011, 02.34pm IST (2011-06-24). "World rice output in 2011 estimated at 476 mn tonnes: FAO". Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 2013-12-08.
 8. ^ "(Thoughts On Life And Death At the Brink Of The Millennium by Carl Sagan" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-12-08.
External links[edit]


Ancient Byzantine Church Discovered In Tiberias
Breaking News
In excavations carried out by the Israel Antiquities Authority in Tiberias impressive and unique finds were uncovered that shed light on the history of the ancient city.
The excavations were conducted over the course of the last three months at the request of Mekorot, as part of a project that involves the installation of a sewage pipeline and the transfer of the waste water treatment facility from Tiberias to the southern part of the Sea of Galilee.
The finds that were exposed date from the founding of Tiberias in the first century CE until the eleventh century, when the city was abandoned due to an earthquake, wars and dire economic and security conditions. In the lower part of the city, a Byzantine church (from the fourth-fifth centuries CE) was exposed that is paved with magnificent polychrome mosaics decorated with geometric patterns and crosses.
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Holocaust Memorial Conference
The University of Exeter's Holocaust Memorial Conference 2019 brought together 200 students from schools and sixth forms from across the South West alongside over 100 University students and alumni to learn about the Holocaust, its surrounding issues and contemporary relevance.
At the Conference, students heard from Mala Tribich MBE, a survivor of the Holocaust with a deeply moving and powerful testimony. After listening to her testimony they took part in seminar discussions led by academics from the University and external expert guest speakers from across the country. At the end, many wrote pledges of how they would share what they learned with others and work in their communities to mark Holocaust Memorial Day and challenge antisemitism and hatred in the world today. Together with Mala's testimony, the conference gave students a deeper and more personal understanding of the Holocaust. As one attendee wrote in their reflections:
"I found the experience so powerful and moving: there is only so much at school in class you can learn and begin to understand but hearing even the part of Mala's story that we could really showed the harsh reality of the Holocaust and how it affected so many people'.
The conference could not have gone ahead without support from the Alumni Annual Fund. Donations were used to produce conference materials, including a banner and programmes for each student and to fund travel and accommodation for conference speakers. Barnabas Balint, one of the conference organisers, described the importance of such an event:
"This conference brought together academics, researchers, and students from across disciplines and backgrounds for a common cause: to learn from genocide, for a better future."
To watch a video about the conference, please click here.