A Brief History of Ley Lines
 In the 1920s, a man named Alfred Watkins claimed to have discovered a grid of straight lines which he called leys from the Saxon word for meadow. He believed that many of the archaeological sites of the ancient world, particularly the megalithic stone monuments of the ancients, were connected by a series of man made tracks or lines. He said that "a fairy chain stretched from mountain peak to mountain peak as for as the eye could reach." Watkins put his beliefs about ley lines in two books "Early British Trackways" and "The Old Straight Track." Both of these books were almost completely ignored by serious archaeologists.
Yet, Watkins was not alone. Other historians and archaeologists had proposed similar theories. An American tracked the alignment of Native American mounds and burial sites across the Americas using the same technique as Watkins. A German named Heinsh tracked the alignment of holy hills and ancient churches across German. In the Andes, the Nazca lines were shown to follow the similar pattern of lines by a British explorer named Morrison. Driven by theses linking theories, in the 1960s, new voices in ley research proposed a radical new theory. They suggested that leys carry a mysterious earth energy that was know to the ancients but forgotten by us. They believed that ley lines represent lines on the earth where mystical energies are aligned and amplifies and where the ancients found their spiritual centers.
Those who believe in ley lines report increase psychic activity along these lines. They also report increased paranormal activity and increases in ghost sitings and hauntings. Believers say that leys are located on channels of geophysical power and that intersections of leys form nodes. Many famous hauntings occur and have occurred along leys and on nodes. The famous Phantom Army at Loe Bar was sited at a particularly active node. Many say poltergeist activity increases along these famous lines. I have read some theorists who believe that Ley Lines might serve as pathways or roads for the dead.
There are many theories about ley lines and their paranormal and historical significance. Whether or not you believe in their paranormal power, the theories regarding them are fascinating and numerous. Is there some energy connection that ancients saw that we have become blind too? Are we lost in the modern world or did the ancients just use particularly reliable astronomical signs to build their sites on? To me, either way, it is worth reading about and studying because the slightly mysterious always is and anything that connects the ancients to ghost stories certainly is.
Julie Ferguson said…
We are checking into the ley lines that seem to flow underneath Sedona, AZ. That place seems to have mystical powers, along with ghosts, and UFO sightings.
Jessica Penot said…
I can't wait to read your posts on that!
Scared said…
I like the idea of ley lines as roads for the dead. It seems they could mark areas of increased geo-magnetic activity which could in turn cause witnesses to perceive paranormal events. But I never understood why we want to put so much meaning into where ancient buildings were built; today, we don't put nearly as much thought into a structure's wider context as we think people did thousands of years ago. I think it stems from the fact that when we only have a few ruins to go by, we tend to assign more importance to the things that we can see, not the things that are lost forever, like the way ancient peoples used and thought about their own buildings. Anyways, ley lines are awesome is all I meant to say!
Jeffery said…
Interestingly Ley lines may have a basis in the Physics of the Earths Magnetosphere and the polarization of Iron based geology and strata. Some work was done in a non related field involving how Birds in particular navigate there way around the globe. As you may know the Magnetosphere accounts for the Aurora Beaurialis and the Northern Lights in the Earths atmosphere, it would be interesting to know more about how it flows through the Earth itself.
wicKED said…
I like the idea of that. I heard a story teller talk about how divining rods could detect ley lines and lead you to spirits.
Jessica Penot said…
Scared... You make a lot of good points and I think your reasoning is why archeologists and historians have never taken ley line theories seriously.
Jeffrey... I've heard that too. Some say that is why ghosts are drawn to leys as well.
Wicked... Divining rods were the biggest tool used to id ley lines twenty or thirty years ago.
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Edge Of Chaos 1.1
Interesting things happen at the boundary between order and chaos, where the qualities of both states are evident. There is enough order to retain information, and enough chaos to provide variety. A good way to explore this interesting phenomenon is to study a famous cellular automaton called "Conway's Game of Life" which inhabits the edge of chaos region. This screensaver allows you to explore the edge of chaos through the Game of Life.
conway, game of life, cellular automaton, edge of chaos, emergent complexity, ca,
Five Cellular Automata 6.22
Software for exploring five cellular automata: q-state Life (a generalization of Conway's Game of Life), the Belousov-Zhabotinsky Reaction, Togetherness, Viral Replication and Diffusion-Limited Aggregation. The documentation provides a complete description of the algorithms used.
cellular automaton, cellular automata, life, automation, conway, belousov, zhabotinsky, bz, belousov-zhabotinsky, simulation,

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


The Cervulgaris Picture
A school project for the Creature Design course. We were told to choose two existing animals and create a new "mythological" creature by merging them. We had to come up with a scientific (basically evolutionary) description of the creature, as well as a description of the mythology that natives of it's planet may have come up with about it.
Cervulgari were considered in mythology to be benevolent spirits of the rainforest, and in some cultures, even avatars or actual gods of the planet. Some cervulgari were domesticated as fishing aids by local tribesmen. They have been considered symbols of adroitness (thus often considered muses of athletics), musical prowess (due to the range of vocals in their snorkels), social flexibility (due to their rare ability to survive almost equally on land and in water), camaraderie (due to their cooperative activities during mating season), and chivalry (due to their efforts to protect female harems from opposing groups and/or predators).
As they are understood in mythology, cervulgari possess shape-shifting powers that are used against tribal hunters. They were believed to change forms and throw their voices to misdirect hunters so that the hunter may pass a tree or a lesser animal, which would then return to its cervulgaris form and consume the hunter. As a result, the cervulgaris also became a symbol of misdirection or illusion-- a symbol used by magicians and "wizards/sorcerors" of the native tribes.
Continue Reading: The Muses


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They Themselves Were Fully at Rest 15X38 Pastel on paper
This work reflects a satellite image of a summer algea bloom in Milford Lake resevoir, Kansas. The text contains many references to Walt Whitman's poem When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd, including the title of the artwork, found in Section 15 of Whitman's verse. Read the poem in full on the Poetry Foundation's website.
I saw battle-corpses, myriads of them,
And the white skeletons of young men, I saw them,
I saw the debris and debris of all the slain soldiers of the war,
But I saw they were not as was thought,
They themselves were fully at rest, they suffer'd not,
The living remain'd and suffer'd

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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The state of Lake Victoria fisheries part 2: is there a solution?
Continuation of last blog on Lake Victoria
The warning signs are there
Nile perch biological indicators suggest that the fish is in a critical survival state. (Biological indicators are responses in physiology and/or behavior of species when stressed). The average size of Nile perch has decreased from 51.7 cm total length to 26.6 cm total length, according to hydro acoustic surveys (acoustic soundings are used to count and measure fish, these techniques do have limitations with respect to depth and size of fish measurable) suggesting that a significant portion of total Nile perch biomass is less than 50 cm TL (legal size for export). It was reported by the LVFO stock assessment team that in 2006 and 2008, less than 2% of the Nile perch biomass was in fact greater than 50 cm TL (this ultimately implies that 98% of the Nile perch in Lake Victoria too small to export, i.e. it is illegal to export). "Nile perch are considered legal for export if they measure above 50 cm total body length. The export of large Nile perch to Europe sparked the fishing craze, and economic investment within the region. Today it is hard to find a fish over 50 cm".
Why are the Nile perch declining so fast?
"Visiting local fish markets in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda, I was astounded to see vast quantities (tons) of Nile perch no bigger that 15 – 20 cm in size for sale. What is driving this demand for small fish?"
The size at first maturity of male and female Nile perch is also decreasing, this common amongst fish populations that are stressed (or overexploited). With the closure of 10 fish processing factories over the past two to three years, accounting for on average 2000 direct job losses (approximately 200 employees per factory, and not including dependants), and that factories are functioning at minimum operating costs (pers. Comm. with factories in all riparian states), fishers are turning to the lucrative trade in illegal fish (Nile perch < 50 cm TL) on domestic and regional markets to generate income for their households.
"It is estimated that there is over 1 million kilometers of fishing net used in Lake Victoria – the proportion of which are illegal, possibly the majority."
Despite the warning signs that Nile perch are, the average number of fishermen increased by 33% between 2000 and 2008 (it is estimated that presently over 200 000 people actively partake in fishing activities like wide). During the same period, Frame survey (a census counting illegal gears, number of fishermen, number of vessels etc.) and MCS compliance missions noted a marked increase in the number of illegal gears being deployed to target undersize Nile perch. The number of vessels increased by 37% and the use of outboard engines increased by approximately 50%. It has been reported that motorized boats are more efficient, catching about 25 kg of fish per day, compared to 10 kg caught by non-motorized vessels.
The increase in use of illegal gears, motorized vessels and fishermen suggests that fishing for Nile perch is still profitable. Previously driven by lucrative export prices for Nile perch, fishers now target undersize illegal Nile perch for the lucrative domestic and regional trade (especially within the East African Community, DRC, Burundi, Rwanda etc.), which is estimated to exceed the export trade by volume and value (this trade could be worth approximately 600 million Euros).
Monitoring, Control and Surveillance (MCS), is the fundamental underlying support structure towards an effective fisheries management protocol. An efficient MCS structure would provide the means for collection, measurement and analysis of fishing activity, the specification of terms and conditions under which resources can be harvested and the supervision of fishing activity to ensure the terms and conditions of access are in accordance with fisheries policy frameworks and legislative structures, both nationally and regionally.
Fueling this regional trade is the ease at which illegally caught fish can move through borders, there is literally no control. This shift in fishing for undersize Nile perch will effect government revenues (it is now a cash business) earned from the export fishery. The Nile perch fishery over the last decade contributed 0.6% less to the Tanzanian GDP, similarly, a decrease in export trade of Nile perch from Uganda of 14% occurred between 2007 and 2008, resulting in a 0.1% decrease in GDP contribution. By not controlling fishing effort targeting illegal, undersized and immature Nile perch, economic and social hardships will worsen
Is there a solution?
Traveling and conducting MCS mission on Lake Victoria over the past year, I have grappled with numerous ideas, faced social and economic challenges with respect to the fishery industry, reviewed management and MCS tactics/initiatives, and discussed at large with fisheries management authorities within all the riparian states about a solution to this emerging crisis. In the following series of blogs we plan unravel this dilemma by discussing what is and what isn't happening, and just why we need security when we are on an illegal fisheries compliance mission.


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An international study of reading literacy among fourth graders has found that students in the United States scored above the average for the 40 nations covered but trailed their counterparts in a dozen nations and several Canadian provinces.
The study, released this morning, also found that in all of the nations surveyed, girls outscored boys, and fewer children reported deriving enjoyment from reading than was the case when the international assessments were last given, five years earlier.
The study was conducted by researchers at Boston College on behalf of the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement. Each of the 40 nations involved in the study evaluated about 4,000 students in 150 schools, with those in the Southern Hemisphere beginning their data collection in October 2005 and those in the Northern Hemisphere beginning in March 2006.
The highest scores were posted by Russia, followed by Hong Kong, the Canadian province of Alberta, and Singapore. The other nations posting substantially higher scores than the United States included Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, and Sweden.
The researchers examined various factors thought to influence reading achievement, extensively questioning parents and caregivers. They found that the strongest readers came from nations where reading was stressed in the home at an early age, and that those students who spent the most time in early-childhood education generally had the highest scores. —Peter Schmidt


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Technical note: an interannual inversion method forcontinuous CO2 data
CSIRO Atmospheric Research, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia
Abstract. A sequential synthesis inversion method is described to estimate CO2 sources from continuous atmospheric data. The sequential method makes the problem computationally feasible. The method is assessed using four-hourly synthetic concentration data generated from known sources. Multi-year mean sources and seasonal cycles are estimated with comparable quality as those from a traditional inversion of monthly mean data. Interannual variations in the estimated sources are closer to those of the known sources using the four-hourly data rather than monthly data. The computational cost of the basis function simulations can be reduced by generating responses that are only six months long. This does not significantly degrade the inversion results compared to using responses that are 12 months in length.
Citation: Law, R. M.: Technical note: an interannual inversion method forcontinuous CO2 data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 477-484, doi:10.5194/acp-4-_PHONE_, 2004.


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Ocean Perch grows to 50 cm in length and is found and fished throughout the North Atlantic. It is particularly vulnerable to fishing pressure because it is a slow growing, long lived, and reproduces at a late age.
Abundance varies slightly between populations in the North Atlantic, but is low overall. Most populations are managed using total allowable catch limits, and in some regions directed fisheries have been prohibited to help rebuild numbers. Ocean Perch are primarily captured with bottom trawls, which cause significant habitat damage and likely result in moderate levels of bycatch.


text: Without question in my mind, research paper about child abuse narrative writing tips child sexual biofuel business plan abuse can lead to an assortment of mental health issues. without question in my mind, child poes writing style sexual abuse can lead to an assortment of mental health issues. this story has a universities for creative writing lot of guidance for not only parents robert greenleaf 1970 essay but professionals as well. the second conclusion of. child abuse can be physical, emotional or sexual. they cannot be used as your own paper, even a part of it child abuse research paper about child abuse is a very real and prominent social history research paper format problem today. it is very important to provide many illustrative examples to support any statement. you can add a scientific method research paper few book report essay words into your child abuse write a literature review in a day research paper about neglect, physical, and psychological abuse. the piece of literature (my papas waltz) should not be the focus research paper about child abuse on the essay this research paper will be exploring child abuse and the different types of child abuse immigrants' children are facing. however, i believe that in thesis statement for personality essay certain instances it could potentially be the cause for numerous psychological disorders what is what should an introduction include in a research paper child abuse? Step 1: 8 (2490 words) · type:.


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Suddenly on September 25, 2002, a broad accumulation of ozone briefly overpowered that year's ozone hole. The press called it "a double ozone hole", focusing upon the holes and not on the croissant. Observe the location of the ozone croissant and that of the South Magnetic Pole marked by an arrow on this daily NASA survey using the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer, TOMS (Fig 3):
Tibetan Plateau Ground-based Observations of Mid-latitude Tropopause Folds Provide Detailed Evidence of Jet Stream Acceleration by Exothermic Oxygen/Ozone Conversion
These detailed ground-based cross sections (Fig 23) provide excellent evidence of ozone converting locally from paramagnetic oxygen at mid-latitudes within tropopause folds. Paramagnetic oxygen in the warm Ferrel Cell on the southern, right side of a cross section meets the cold Polar Cell on the northern, left side, converting to stratospheric ozone (blue color). The tropopause is at the base of the solid blue on the cross sections. The high-angle tropopause boundary within the fold is the locus of an exothermic oxygen /ozone conversion reactionaccelerating a jet stream which flows away perpendicular to the cross section (cyan contours).
Relating Extreme Weather to Wandering Magnetic Poles
Responding to wandering magnetic poles, these stratospheric events (Figs 26 & 27) affect the troposphere in which human lives encounter extreme weather. Compare these satellite maps to human activity on one of those extreme days, February 15, 2015, illustrating how intimately related are humans and the stratosphere (Figs 28, 29, 30 & 31).


Does it Make Sense to Double Major?
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A few decades ago, simply having a college degree was enough to almost guarantee full employment earning a respectable wage, but this is no longer the case. As a result, the job market has become much more competitive for college grads. To stand out from their peers, some students will double major, hoping future employers will take notice. Sometimes they do, sometimes they don't. Some students also choose to double major simply to increase their level of learning in college. The purpose of this guide is to shed more light on when it might be a good idea (or bad idea) to earn two college majors.
What is a Double Major?
The exact definition of "double major" will depend on the specific school's policies and terminology. However, the general definition of double major is simply two college majors within one college degree. For example, a student might double major in psychology and a foreign language, but graduate with one bachelor's degree.
In many postsecondary institutions, a double major and dual major will be the same thing. However, in certain instances, they will be different. A double major does not mean a major and a minor, as a minor requires far fewer courses than a major and is therefore easier to obtain.
At some schools, the terms "dual major" and "double major" mean very different things. At these institutions, a double major consists of two majors in completely different areas of study while dual majors are two majors in two similar areas of study. For instance, two majors in chemical engineering and art history will result in a double major at these schools, while two majors in business and economics will be a dual major.
This difference is more than just a name. Schools with this type of differentiation will allow students with double majors to graduate with two separate college degrees, such as a Bachelor of Science and a Bachelor of Arts.
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Difference Between a Double Major and a Dual Degree
The end result of a double major is the earning of one degree, while earning a dual degree results in two degrees. Exactly how this works will depend on the school's specific rules and the type of degrees chosen.
At some schools, students who double major in unrelated fields, like history and nursing, will get dual bachelor's degrees. And if the student majors are in a related field, like business and economics, they will only graduate with one degree, yet still have a double major.
There is also the possibility of a dual degree at different academic levels. For instance, students may enroll in a dual degree program where they earn a bachelor's degree in accounting along with a master's degree in accounting. Earned separately, it might take six years to complete both degrees. But with this dual degree program, it takes five years. Dual degree programs are completely different from double majors.
How to Double Major
If most college students take four years to earn one major, how is it possible to earn two within the same time? The typical bachelor's degree consists of 120 credits to complete. The general education requirements make up about 40 credits while a major will require about 40-50 credits. This leaves roughly 30-40 credits available for electives, or a second major.
While the math shows it's possible, students will need to take the necessary procedural steps to official declare a double major. At most schools, it will take the following two primary steps.
 Speaking with an academic advisor is often a requirement for students before acceptance into a double major track. An academic advisor can help ensure students get the right courses in the right order. If a chosen class in unavailable, they can suggest alternative courses. They can also bring to the student's attention certain policies that may stand in the way of the double major. For example, some schools have limits on accepting overlapping courses, which are courses that can satisfy multiple academic requirements, such as a basic course needed for both majors a student is pursuing.
 Those wishing to double major will need to complete a special application or petition. This will typically include a course outline or roadmap of how they plan on earning the double major. It may also include a statement of purpose that includes the reasons why they want to pursue two majors. Only after the college or university approves the request is the double major possible.
Pros & Cons of Double Majors
A double major sounds great, but it requires a lot of extra work and sacrifice. And in some instances, it doesn't help a graduate earn any more money or have any better job prospects at graduation. The following is a list of advantages and disadvantages of earning a double major.
Can improve job prospects. Some employers may look highly on a student with a double major thinking it reflects a strong work ethic, a genuine interest in a particular area of study, top-notch organizational skills and a more diverse level of knowledge.
Can increase the student's earning potential. Studies have indicated a double major can result in a 3.2 to 9.5 percent increase in income compared to a fellow college graduate with just one major.
Deeper level of knowledge. While a double major student may have taken the same number of courses as a single major student, their level of knowledge in the majors will be far more detailed than someone who earned a minor or took a variety of electives.
More potential career paths. A student with one major might be confined to only a few potential career paths. Those who choose a double major can look forward to even more career options.
Sense of pride and personal accomplishment. Students who graduate with a double major can let out a deep breath and congratulate themselves on completing what not too many students achieve or even attempt.
Can delay graduation. College is usually intended to be completed in four years, but double majoring can easily add an extra semester, year, or even longer to the time it takes to finish college.
Can make college more expensive. Even if a student can double major in four years, that means they probably could have graduated with a single major in less than four years. The extra time spent in college increases the cost of a college degree, particularly at schools where students pay tuition on a per-credit basis.
Fewer opportunities to explore new areas of study. By working toward a double major, students often must sacrifice the ability to take electives that are completely unrelated to their chosen area of study.
Busier academic college life. By earning a double major, students will have more specific classroom requirements and must be organized to earn all the necessary credits. This can sometimes lead to heavier course loads for several semesters.
Students may need to choose a major earlier. Because of prerequisites, students may need to decide on majors as early as their freshman year. This allows them to get courses organized properly from the very start.
Double Major FAQs
 - Does it cost more to double major?
 It can, if you must spend extra time in school or attend a school that charges additional tuition for heavier course loads. But getting a double major for the same cost as a single major is very possible, especially if you enroll in college with credits already under your belt or able to take one course that accomplishes multiple academic requirements.
 - Can I earn more with a double major?
 A few studies show students with a double major can expect to make as much as 9.5 percent more than a comparable single major student. But many variables can affect how much a graduate makes, such as GPA, college reputation, chosen field of study and ability to network.
 - How hard is it to double major?
 Compared to a single major, getting a double major will definitely be more work, at least with respect to choosing courses and staying organized to make sure all necessary classes are completed at the right time. Academically, a double major will usually be more challenging because a student is going in-depth into two areas instead of one.
 - When do I have to declare a double major?
 This will depend on your school's policy, but you can expect to declare it by the spring of your sophomore year. However, you should decide on their majors as soon as possible. You will need extra time to have as much flexibility as possible in arranging your course schedule.
 For example, if you want to double major in biology and statistics, you might need to take an introductory course in statistics as a requirement for both majors and as a prerequisite for subsequent courses. But what if the introduction into statistics is only offered during the fall semester and you decide on your majors at the beginning of the spring semester of your sophomore year? In that case, you are going to be held up from taking a majority of your major courses for a full semester until you can get that introduction into statistics course out of the way.
 - How many credits does it take?
 It can easily take roughly the same number as if you earned just one major. But it will depend on many variables, such as how efficiently you're able to take courses, whether you're able to take heavier course loads each semester and if you entered college with any college credits already completed.
 - How will college life be different?
 You will need to be very organized and conscientious. Even if the number of courses you take is the same as if you earned one major, you will need to stay on top of your coursework roadmap so you can graduate as planned. You can also expect that replacing an elective, such as introduction into military history, with a required major course, such as organic chemistry II, will typically result in many more hours at the library.
 - Can I still graduate on time?
 Absolutely, but students must keep the pedal to the metal the entire time they're in school. If it wasn't possible to graduate in four years with a double major, it's safe to


Australia Claimed: White Possession & the Redundancy of Reclaim Australia
Despite the rallies and Channel 7's broadcast of an "in-depth" interview with the founders of Reclaim Australia, the disintegration of the far-right populist movement appears imminent. Unlike their American cousins, The Tea Party, they do not have significant financial backing and the poor showing of "patriots" at the Parramatta rally last month suggests that this grass-roots movement lacks organisation and/or a critical mass of people willing to get out on the streets to call for "non-patriots" to get out of the country. However, the devolution of this movement is not a victory of Australian multi-culturalism or common-sense.
Reclaim Australia gets small numbers to their rallies because they are unnecessary. Why spend a Sunday afternoon shouting in the streets when the political and economic system is silently re-asserting the normal order of things?
The normal order of things is maintained through symbolic and systemic modes of violence. Unlike physical violence directed at specific subjects, the symbolic and systemic violence operates in the background. For example, the violence inherent in the production cheap consumer goods that benefit the lives of some while exposing factory workers to physical harm when making our flat-screen TVs in Mexcio or iPhone's in China.
Most of us do not see this violence because it isn't directed at us. We only see the subjective violence of shootings or physical aggression. The subjective form of violence overshadows the systemic and symbolic forms of violence that allow the normal order of things to continue smoothly (for some). This is the violence inherent in fierce border protection policies or laws that target racial and religious minorities. It is the violence embodied in language that strips subjects of their humanness (e.g. illegal maritime arrivals) and makes the violence that they suffer either excusable or somehow deserving.
SystDuck-Rabbit_illusionemic and symbolic violence tends to be invisible to those who benefit from the normal order of things that those modes of violence sustain. It is like a trompe l'oeil or the duck-rabbit illusion. For those who benefit these policies and arrangements look like caring necessity – "we need to protect ourselves" or "It is prudent to monitor Muslim boys because they are prone to radicalization". However, to those on the other side, these policies and arrangements are experienced as exclusion and brutality.
In this context, Reclaim Australia will wither away, not because there is insufficient support for their message, but because Australia is already well and truly claimed. This claim is sustained by the long history of violent colonisation and occupation, the effects of which persist today. However, it is a claim that needs to be continually reasserted on the bodies and lives of non-white migrants.
In her recent book The White Possessive, Aileen Moreton-Robinson describes this "claim" as a white possession. White Australia's existence as sovereign possessor is derived from the dispossession of Indigenous lands. As Moreton-Robinson notes, there is a deep anxiety that 'racial others' will in turn dispossess white Australia. The main utility of Reclaim Australia is as a warning that the normal order of things is being challenged. It is like a "flare-up" of the appendix in the body of white Australia, or to use another metaphor, a canary in a mine. Reclaim Australia is an expression of the anxiety that white Australia's sovereignty is challenged.
The fear associated with a challenge to white sovereignty is seen in Native Title disputes. There is a deep fear that Indigenous claims will dispossess white Australian sovereignty over cities, suburbs, parks, beaches, arable lands, and natural resources (see Kerr and Cox's 'Setting Up the Nyoongar Tent Embassy'). Yet, the reality does not lend credence to the anxieties and fears of white Australia – 'the majority of Indigenous people in Australia do not have land rights, nor do they have legal ownership of their sacred sites.'
In the case of Islam, the fear of dispossession is also unfounded. According to the 2011 census, 2.2 % of the Australian population indicated they were affiliated with Islam. Of course the debates over Australia, radicalization, extremism, Islam, citizenship, borders and all the other nodes connected to this assemblage are not about evidence or facts. But control over who is admitted into white Australia, and the form that admittance takes. Some are wholly absorbed, while others remain in permanent parenthesis (asylum seekers).
While those attending Reclaim Australia rallies (and those sympathetic to their narrative) may feel that Islam is an existential threat to the white claim to Australia, the terms and conditions of political and social reality are established by and for a white Australia. The challenge is not to reclaim Australia, but to place the current claim in the context of historical and contemporary forms of violence that privilege those who possess whiteness and its associated symbols and markers.
In the words of Stan Grant, we need to challenge that violence and our own attachment and benefit from it.
Australians who so laudably challenge the bigots among them need also challenge themselves. What are they prepared to give up? Land, history, flag, anthem, myth or identity – all of it is on the table if we are truly serious. Other countries fight wars over these things: we can do it in peace.
If She Drowns then She is Not a Witch…
Today I came across the diagnostic category, drapetomania. Drapetomania was defined by Samuel Cartwright as a "mental illness" in 1851. According to Cartwright it was 'a disease peculiar to Negroes, manifested in a behavior evident in blacks but absent in whites: the tendency to run away from slave plantations.' (Rose, 2007: 156)
According to Wikipedia, Cartwright suggested the preventive practice of "whipping the devil out of them" if the slave showed the early symptoms of drapetomania, an unhappy disposition.
The whole thing sounds like a Monty Python skit, unfortunately it isn't.


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Descrpition of LCD Graphic Smart DisplayADM12864B LCD Graphic Smart Display ADM12864B can be used on electrical home appliances, consumer electronics including white goods, POS system, home applications and industrial instrument ect.We have a full range of LCD Graphic Smart Displays whose resolutions ranging from 100 x 32 to 320 x 240.
-Display format: 128*64 dots matrix graphic
-Easy interface with 8-bit MPU
-Low power consumption
-Driving method : 1/64 duty, 1/6.7 bias
-LCD driver IC: KS0108B(2PCS)、KS0107B
- Connector: Zebra
Number of Dots
Module Size With B/L
0 ~ +50
-20 ~ +70
Figure 1. External Dimensions
*NOTE:1.All units are mm. 2.Tolerances unless otherwise specified ±0.2.
Interface Pin Connections
Chip selection When CS1=L,CS2=H, select IC1 When CS1=H,CS2=L, select IC2
LCD driver supply voltage
Data input/output pin of internal shift register MS SHL DIO1 DIO2 H H Output Output H L Output Output L H Input Output L L Output Input
Read or Write RW Description H Data appears at DB[7:0] and can be read by the CPU while E= H CS1B=L,CS2B=L and CS3=H. L Display data DB[7:0] can be written at falling edge of E when CS1B=L, CS2B=L and CS3=H.
Enable signal E Description H Read data in DB[7:0] appears while E= "High". L Display data DB[7:0] is latched at falling edge of E.
Data bus [0~7] Bi-directional data bus
Reset signal. When RSTB=L 【1】ON/OFF register becomes set by 0.(display off)
【2】display start line register becomes set by 0 (Z-address 0 set, display from line 0) 【3】After releasing reset, this condition can be changed only by instruction.
VEE is connected by the same voltage.
Electrical Absolute Maximum Ratings (KS0107B)
-0.3 ~ +7.0
VDD-19.0 ~ VDD+0.3
Driver supply voltage
-0.3 ~ VDD+0.3
VEE-0.3 ~ VDD+0.3
-Based on VSS = 0V
-Applies to input terminals and I/O terminals at high impedance. (Except V0L, V1L, V4L, and V5L)
-Applies to V0L, V1L, V4L, and V5L.
-Voltage level: VDD≥V0≥V1≥V2≥V3≥V4≥V5≥VEE
FAQ 1.What is the lead time for MP? Answer: Normally it takes 4 weeks.
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Answer: Our factory is located in Xiamen,which is a beautiful coastal city.
3.What is your company phone number?
It's 0086-_PHONE_ or cell phone 0086-_PHONE_. 4.How can I get the price and consult for product details? Answer:Please send us inquiry through email
- Applies to input terminals and I/O terminals at high impedance. (Except V0L, V1L, V4L, and V5L)


Nutsedge Control
One of the peskiest weeds in St. Louis, Nutsedge is an invasive weed that is lime green in color and has a waxy appearance.
Dowco nutsedge control
Nutsedge grows faster and pops up taller than grass and seems impossible to control.
Many people refer to nutsedge as water grass or nutgrass. Botanically, it is classified as a sedge and not a grass which is why control is difficult. Nutsedge thrives in low spots and high moisture areas but can also surface in drier spots as well.
Nutsedge reproduction
Nutsedge Reproduction
This weed is difficult to eliminate because it spreads in three different ways: by its seeds, by its rhizomes (roots that run laterally), and by its "nutlets" which are tiny onion like nodules that grow at the end of the rhizome and sit dormant in your lawn. These rhizomes are the reason why the invasive weed may re-appear after hand pulling.
How Can I Prevent Nutsedge?
The best defense is a lush lawn. A grass canopy blocks sunlight and keeps the soil cool, frustrating the Nutsedge. Unfortunately, there is no product on the market that works as a preventative control for nutsedge.
The Dowco Difference
Dowco uses a post emergence herbicide product designed to control Nutsedge without stressing or damaging established turf. Dowco strongly recommends 2 treatments, 6 weeks apart for optimal results. The product works on contact; therefore we prefer to schedule treatments 2-3 days after mowing.
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text:
Background: Hypocholesterolemia is common among tuberculous patients and is associated with mortality in miliary cases. Some in vitro studies have shown that cholesterol is necessary for the good functioning of macrophages and lymphocytes.
Study objectives: To determine whether a cholesterol-rich diet could accelerate sputum sterilization in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.
Design: An 8-week follow-up, randomized, controlled trial carried out from March 2001 to January 2002.
Setting: A third-level hospital for respiratory diseases in Mexico City.
Patients and interventions: Adult patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis were hospitalized for 8 weeks and randomly assigned to receive a cholesterol-rich diet (800 mg/d cholesterol [experimental group]) or a normal diet (250 mg/d cholesterol [control group]). All patients received the same four-drug antitubercular regimen (ie, isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol).
Measurements and results: Every week, a quantitative sputum culture and laboratory tests were done and respiratory symptoms were recorded. Patients in the experimental group (10 patients) and the control group (11 subjects) were HIV-negative and harbored Mycobacterium tuberculosis that was fully sensitive to antitubercular drugs. Sterilization of the sputum culture was achieved faster in the experimental group, as demonstrated either by the percentage of negative culture findings in week 2 (80%; control group, 9%; p = 0.0019) or by the Gehan-Breslow test for Kaplan-Meier curves (p = 0.0037). Likewise, the bacillary population decreased faster (p = 0.0002) in the experimental group. Respiratory symptoms improved in both groups, but sputum production decreased faster in the experimental group (p < 0.05). Laboratory test results did not differ between the groups. Conclusions: A cholesterol-rich diet accelerated the sterilization rate of sputum cultures in pulmonary tuberculosis patients, suggesting that cholesterol should be used as a complementary measure in antitubercular treatment.
It's been speculated, notably by Dr. Uve Ravnskov, a noted skeptic of the cholesterol hypothesis of heart disease, that cholesterol protects against infections. There are good mechanistic reasons for thinking so; this passage from the first link explains:
Cholesterol constitutes up to 30% of the total lipid content in the cell membrane, and participates in the fluidity of this structure.10Consequently, cholesterol is involved in the activity of membrane-bound enzymes and membrane functions such as phagocytosis and cell growth.11In this context, Drabowsky et al12demonstrated that cholesterol content in the cell membrane of human lymphocytes is important for their cytotoxic function. Heiniger and Marshall13found that cholesterol participates in the differentiation and proliferation cycles that convert lymphocytes into cytotoxic cells. Moreover, in a work published by Gatfield and Pieters14a clear derangement of the ability of the macrophage to phagocytase mycobacteria was observed when they were depleted of cholesterol.
In TB patients, low cholesterol is strongly associated with mortality. The above study looks as if it proves a causal connection: more cholesterol, better immunity.


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Night-vision imaging in HD, color and with higher frame rate
Researchers at the Japanese National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) have collaborated with other research groups to develop an infrared color night-vision imaging technology able to record high-definition (HD) color videos even in darkness. The technology could be used in broadcast cameras used for nighttime recording, as well as to on-board vehicle cameras and security and surveillance cameras.
Although modern night-vision recording is available in HD, these cameras were able to record only monochromatic images you've seen on security, on-board vehicle cameras, and nocturnal wildlife observations. In darkness, infrared light is projected from an infrared projector fixed to the top of the camera to record infrared images and the camera's internal image-processing system converts them into color images.
AIST researchers and their associates managed to improve this technology by introducing color and higher recording frame rate. The technology uses an infrared imaging technique which relies on three charge-coupled-device (3CCD) image sensors and an image-processing technique. The system can be fitted inside a conventional HD color broadcast camera without a significant change of its overall size and weight.
Objects in darkness are illuminated with infrared light, and the infrared light reflected from the objects is detected with a unique, highly sensitive infrared imaging technology. By coloring the detected infrared image based on the correlations between reflective properties of objects under visible light and those under infrared light, color video recording of the objects can be obtained with colors which are equivalent or similar to the colors of the objects under visible light.
3CCD recording method has been developed to enable much finer and faster image processing, as well as the frame rate of previous infrared color night-vision image-recording. Previously available 10 frames per second in night-vision imaging has been improved to 30 frames per second – a typical frame rate for current television cameras. In addition, the image sensors have been upgraded from VGA resolution (640×480 pixels) to full HD resolution (1920×1080 pixels).
Because the images recorded by using the new full HD infrared color night-vision imaging technology are in color, they contain much more information than monochromatic images recorded by conventional night-vision cameras. Moreover, because the frame rate is improved to 30 frames per second, it can record fast-moving objects well. For example, animal behavior can be recorded as HD color videos throughout day and night.
The technology could be used in a wide range of applications, including HD security cameras that can distinguish colors, on-board vehicle cameras that give enhanced visibility, and safety cameras in med-care fields.
AIST plans to shift the technology development onto private companies who could commercialize it and improve the performance and durability of the recording equipment. They also plan to make it much smaller, thus expanding its scope of application to devices other than broadcast cameras.


Viramina D e coronavirus: un nuovo campo di impiego?
Translated title of the contribution: Vitamin D and coronavirus: a new field of use?
Emilio Maestri, Giulio Formoso, Roberto Da Cas, Federica Mammarella, Maria Alessandra Guerrizio, Francesco Trotta
Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review
Given the succession of communications in scientific and popular circuits, tending to take for granted a role for vitamin D in the control of the coronavirus pandemic, the authors conducted an analysis of the literature currently available in order to recognize what is supported by opinions personal and what evidence of effectiveness. At the end of the bibliographic survey there is the current absence of evidence of efficacy in favor of vitamin D in the treatment of coronavirus infection in its various expressions. The diffusion of personal opinions as if they were evidence can be a disturbing factor for adequate assistance and for correct research.
Translated title of the contributionVitamin D and coronavirus: a new field of use?
Original languageItalian
Pages (from-to)253-256
Number of pages4
JournalRecenti Progressi in Medicina
Issue number4
Publication statusPublished - Apr 2020
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Vitamin D and coronavirus: a new field of use?'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
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text:
Fumigation is a valuable tool in successful rabbit management programs. It is an effective follow up technique to poison baiting and warren ripping, and is a particularly useful control method in areas where other techniques cannot be used (eg poison baiting).
Fumigation works by replacing the air in warrens with lethal gasses, which are in-turn inhaled by rabbits, causing them to suffocate and die. There are two types of fumigation:
- pressure fumigation – where the fumigant is generated outside the warren and forced into the warren under pressure, usually from a pump
- diffusion (or static) fumigation – where tablets are placed in active burrows and the fumigant generated is allowed to passively diffuse through the warren (this is the preferred method)1
There are strict regulations around the use of fumigants for rabbit control that reduce the risk of harm to operators. For this reason, users may also require training or accreditation before using approved fumigants. Operators should always check with their local authorities before undertaking a fumigation program and refer to the manufacturer's recommendations for use.
The fumigants currently registered for use in Australia are chloropicrin (CLPN) and phosphine (PH3). Phosphine gas is produced on wetting metal phosphide tablets (eg Phostoxin®)2. However there are concerns about the use of these chemicals because they do not kill rabbits as humanely as other chemicals. A more suitable alternative, carbon monoxide, is currently being developed for warren fumigation2,3.
Chloropicrin: Chloropicrin is a colourless, toxic liquid that is currently used in Australia as an insecticide, soil and warren fumigant, and rodenticide. Chloropicrin is classified as a dangerous poison (Schedule 7) as it has a high potential to cause harm, even at low exposures. Chloropicrin has recently been placed under review by the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) because of environmental, human health and human safety concerns. It is not recommended for use, even though it is still registered in some states. Pressure fumigation using chloropicrin (eg Larvicide®) has been phased out as an approved fumigant in New South Wales.
Phosphine: Phosphine is a colourless, flammable, toxic gas that is lethal to almost all animals. For warren fumigation, phosphine gas is produced when metal (eg aluminium or magnesium) phosphide tablets or pellets are exposed to moisture. In the field, phostoxin tablets are inserted deep into the warren entrance using a length of poly-pipe as an applicator, followed by dry paper (Figure 1 above). Water that is poured down the polypipe to wet the tablets/paper results in phosphine gas. To increase the concentration of this fumigant in treated warrens, all entrances are rapidly closed off with soil, and firmly compacted to seal in the fumigant. Each entrance of the warren is treated systematically using this procedure.
Aluminium phosphide is classified as a Schedule 7 poison and a dangerous good and is registered for use as a pesticide in Australia. Phosphine is currently the preferred toxin for diffusion fumigation.
Carbon monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colourless, odourless gas that causes oxygen depletion which leads to unconsciousness and a rapid humane death. Car exhaust fumes contain very low concentrations of CO, but also contain other gases (eg hydrocarbons, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxides that are highly irritating to airways), making it an unsuitable fumigant for rabbit control. Field trials are underway that will test the safety (to operators) and efficacy (lethal effect on rabbits) of a portable fumigator that produces rapidly lethal levels of carbon monoxide and low levels of irritants; incorporates a smoke trace when operating in high-CO mode; and heat exchanger to lower exhaust emissions to safe temperatures.
Carbon monoxide fumigator
The Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre, in conjunction with NSW Department of Primary Industries (NSW DPI) and WG&B Manufacturing, are currently developing a carbon monoxide pressure fumigator for lethal management of rabbits in situations where ripping and baiting are not feasible. This project builds on existing fumigation technology by improving effectiveness and efficiency, ease of use and handling, operator health and safety, and humaneness of the lethal outcome.
Please see the IA CRC Product Status update for an understanding of how the team is progressing toward getting this product to market.
When to use
Fumigation works most effectively as a follow-up technique to poison baiting and warren ripping. It is a labourintensive and costly technique, so strategic use as part of a broader rabbit control program is recommended. Fumigation is useful for removing any remaining rabbits after baiting and ripping, particularly in areas where access is limited (eg along fence lines and river banks, under trees) or where baiting and/or ripping is not possible (eg sensitive cultural site, high value conservation area, risk to non-target species or proximity to dwellings).
Fumigation can be carried out any time of the year but is most effective if done just before the start of the rabbit breeding season. It is not recommended in summer because it is difficult to seal off the burrow entrances with dry soil.
Welfare, health and safety
Appropriate safety equipment including gloves and protective clothing is recommended when fumigating rabbit warrens. Face masks are essential when working closely with chloropicrin (eg filling or draining the fumigator tank). Following practical, safe operating procedures can minimise the need for heavy physical protective barriers such as full-face respirators or breathing apparatus, which can make work clumsy and uncomfortable4. Simple, routine precautions to avoid chemical exposure include working up-wind from the warrens when fumigating and wetting aluminium phosphide tablets only as they are placed into rabbit burrows.
- Sharp T and Saunders G (2005). Diffusion fumigation of rabbit warrens. NSW Department of Primary Industries, Orange, New South Wales.
- Marks C (2009). Fumigation of rabbit warrens with chloropicrin produces poor welfare outcomes – a review. Wildlife Research 36:342-352.
- Gigliotti F, Marks CA and Busana F (2009). Performance and humaneness of chloropicrin, phosphine and carbon monoxide as rabbit-warren fumigants. Wildlife Research 36:333–341.
- Cooke B (2011). Rabbit Resurgence: Minimizing Future Economic and Biodiversity Losses. Final report on Invasive Animals Cooperative Research (IA CRC) Project 7.T.8e. Unpublished report, Invasive Animals CRC, Canberra.
|Author||Invasive Animals CRC|
|Publisher||Invasive Animals CRC|
|ISBN/ISSN||PestSmart code: RABFS7|
|Region||Australia - national|


text:
Walruses in Greenland
The walrus with its large body and highly distinctive tusks is easily recognisable. Its tusks can grow up to 50 centimetres (20 inches) in length and are used by the walrus as a useful tool, for example when hauling itself up onto an ice floe. The tusks are also used in self-defence when killer whales or polar bears attack the walrus, which can be up to 3 metres (10 feet) in length and weigh 1000 kg (2,200 lbs).
Where to find walruses
Walruses are seen on land and along the coast throughout East Greenland, in particular between 63° and 81° N. In North Greenland the Davis Strait, Baffin Bay and the Thule district are the best places to see walruses. In West Greenland - where the walrus does not venture onto land - they can be seen from Sisimiut and north towards the Thule district. Considering that Greenland's coastline is more than 44,000 km (27,500 miles) in length, walruses are relatively few in number.
Forage for food
Walruses generally stay close to the edge of the sea ice or on drifting ice floes where the depth of the sea is less than 100 metres (330 feet). Here it can dive to pick up mussels and molluscs, which make up its chief sources of nutrition, and it is thought that it uses its tusks to scrape the seabed looking for food.
Hunting for walruses
For the Inuits the walrus has always been an important animal to hunt, and one which was also particularly dangerous to meet in a kayak. Its beautiful tusks have afforded it respect in Greenlandic myths and legends, but also almost cost it its existence due to intensive hunting by foreign companies which began as early as the 17th century.
In 1952 the walrus became a fully protected species, and since that time populations have gradually recovered. Today quota-based hunting of the walrus takes place in Greenland's hunting districts, and the export of souvenir products from the walrus requires a CITES certificate, which can be obtained from tourist offices or in souvenir shops.


How to Write an Unemployment Appeal Letter
A woman is typing.
Image Credit: serezniy/iStock/Getty Images
Unemployment departments deny benefits for various reasons, including information received from your employer. If your application for unemployment benefits is denied, you can appeal against the decision. Processes vary by state, but you usually need to start by writing a letter to the department. Your state will have an appeal deadline, such as 30 days after receipt of a denial letter, so you may need to move quickly.
Step 1
Check your state's unemployment guidelines to find out what you must include in your appeal letter. Find appeal letter requirements at your state's official unemployment website or contact the department by phone.
Step 2
Type a contact list of any witnesses you have on a separate piece of paper. Include each person's name, address and phone number. Label the contact list with your name and case number at the top.
Step 3
Use a basic business letter format if your state does not provide an appeal letter format. Set your text to the left margin of the paper. Start with the date. Skip a single line and type the unemployment department's address. Skip another line for your name, address and other information the department may use to identify you quickly, such as your case number or Social Security number.
Step 4
Write a paragraph briefly describing the reason for your denial as shown on the denial letter, and focus on facts that oppose the reason and support your appeal. Describe any proof you have of your claims and state you have attached copies. Include the names of your witnesses and state that you have attached their contact information.
Step 5
Close the letter with a restatement of your intention to appeal the denial of benefits. Use a formal closing, such as "Sincerely," and leave space for your signature. Type your name and contact information underneath the signature space. Type the word "Attachments" below your contact information.
Step 6
Attach a copy of your denial letter, your witness contact list and copes of all evidence. Send the letter to the appeals address for your state's unemployment department.
Do not include originals of your proof. Use copies only.


text:
Drivers of straight trucks deserve the same "professional" status afforded to 18-wheel vehicle operators, and they merit a first-class training program designed specifically for them. Coaching The® Straight Truck Driver 2™ fills that need.
Following the successful format of our other Coaching programs, this program features a structured discussion/trainee participation course, and does not require instructor certification. Drivers will be engaged in the learning process by analyzing specific driving situations. Instructors and drivers alike will appreciate and be challenged by the group dynamics that take place in the classroom. You can teach the course all at once (3 1/2 hours) or break it up into shorter sessions to accommodate different schedules.
This course covers:
- Critical defensive driving skills and techniques
- Video presentations including "real" conditions faced by straight truck drivers.
- Delivery situations
- Collision prevention
- Vehicle inspection
- Operating in congested areas
- and much more.
Instructor's Guide includes:
- A fully scripted presentation in an easel binder with wide margins to allow for instructor notes and customization.
- Driver safety video on DVD
- Class registration form
- Observation checklist
- Participant written test
- Driver Response Book (additional response books sold separately)
Driver Workbooks Include:
- Vehicle Inspection Review
- Collision Reporting Review
- Collision Prevention Analyses
- Driver Summary
- Delivery Situation Analyses
- Course Completion Certificate


(R/B). The same numerical result is obtained as in the previously described example, with the treatment threshold occurring at the odds of the risk:benefit ratio (1/3); 1/3 odds corresponds to the previously obtained probability of 25% (see probability and odds).
Limitations of quantitative decision methods
Quantitative clinical decision making seems precise, but because many elements in the calculations (eg, pre-test probability) are often imprecisely known (if they are known at all), this methodology is difficult to use in all but the most well-defined and studied clinical situations.
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text:
Simple rates are of the form
X is a number of requests
u is a unit from this list:
(For example, you can read
5/s as "five per second.")
You may also specify a number of units, i.e.:
Y is a
number of units. If
u is omitted, it is presumed to be seconds. So,
the following are equivalent, and all mean "one hundred requests per
New in version 0.5.
Rates can also be callables (or dotted paths to callables, which are
assumed if there is no
/ in the value).
Callables receive two values, the group and the
request object. They should return a simple rate string, or a tuple
(count, seconds). For example:
def my_rate(group, request): if request.user.is_authenticated: return '1000/m' return '100/m'
def my_rate_tuples(group, request): if request.user.is_authenticated: return (1000, 60) return (100, 60)
Callables can return
0 in the first place to disallow any requests
(0, 60)). They can return
None for "no


U.S. Department of Transportation
Federal Highway Administration
1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE
Washington, DC 20590
Bridges & Structures
Highway & Rail Transit Tunnel Maintenance & Rehabilitation Manual
2005 Edition
Appendix A: Life-Cycle Cost Methodology
To properly plan for future repairs or scheduled maintenance in a tunnel, it is beneficial to perform a life-cycle cost analysis of the different options involved for each anticipated major repair to ensure the greatest cost efficiency over the life of the tunnel. This process involves evaluating the alternatives over a given duration or economic life to determine specific costs involved for each option and then equating them through a series of mathematical formulas that enable the costs of each option to be compared at a common point in time. The life-cycle costs of a given alternative include all associated costs over the expected life of the option. In general these costs may include:
 - Initial costs - Engineering or design costs, price of equipment, construction costs, etc.
 - Operating/energy costs - Annualized amount to operate (e.g. cost of electricity to run mechanical equipment).
 - Maintenance costs - Annualized costs to maintain equipment or repair minor defects.
 - Rehabilitation costs - Future expense for known procedure at specified time (e.g. certain type of light bulbs may need to be replaced every five years).
 - User costs - Costs associated with impact on the functioning of tunnel (e.g. tunnel may need shut down for repair; therefore, impact to traffic can be shown by applying an annualized cost to each hour tunnel is closed).
 - Salvage value - Sale value of equipment at end of expected life (e.g. mechanical fan or railroad tie may be of some value to others even after it has served its purpose in the tunnel).
There are two main methods for performing a life-cycle cost analysis, namely, the present worth and the annualized methods.
 - 1. Present Worth Method
 As the name implies, this method attempts to bring all of the present and future costs of a given option to present day values. This process should be completed for each major repair/rehabilitation and subsequently the options could be compared. Determining the present worth of a future expense is done by taking into account inflation of the dollar and therefore discounting the amount by a predetermined rate over the period between the future expense and the present time. The present worth of the future expense is also the amount that could be invested today with reinvested interest over the duration to equal the amount of the future expense. An example of a future expense would be the rehabilitation costs mentioned above. The general form of the equation for determining the present worth of a future expense is:
 P = F 1
 ( 1 + i )n
 P = Present worth
 F = Future one-time expense
 n = Number of years
 i = Discount rate
 Future expenses can also be uniform, in that the same expense occurs at the end of each year. An example of this would be the annualized maintenance costs described previously. The general form of the equation for determining the present worth of an end-of-year expense is:
 P = A [ ( 1 + i)n - 1 ]
 [ i ( 1 + i )n ]
 P = Present worth
 A = End-of-year payments
 n = Number of years
 i = Discount rate
 - 2. Annualized Method
 The annualized method is used to transform present and future costs into a uniform annual expense. This annual expense can be compared to the annual expenses of the other repair/rehabilitation alternatives to determine which one is most cost effective. Converting all future expenses into a present value as before and then using the equation below to convert that value into an annual expense will provide a uniform annual cost.
 A = P [ i ( 1 + i )n ]
 [ (1 + i )n - 1 ]
 A = End-of-year payments
 P = Present worth
 n = Number of years
 i = Discount rate
 The above two methods can also be performed without using the actual equations given. Standard economic tables have been developed that give factors that are based on the discount rate and the economic life under consideration. These factors are also unique to the desired result. The procedure for using standard economic tables is as follows:
 - Determine the discount rate (i) and economic life (n) to be used for the analysis. It is important to choose an economic life that is equal for the given alternatives if the present worth method is to be used. Otherwise, the annualized method must be used.
 - Develop a cash flow diagram for each option, which shows all relevant costs described above on a timeline of years in the economic life.
 - Take individual costs, whether uniform or one-time, and insert them in the proper formula given below along with the factor from the appropriate economic table.
 - (P/F,i%,n) - or present worth (P) given future expense (F) at discount rate (i) for number of years (n).
 - (P/A,i%,n) - or present worth (P) given end-of-year payments (A) at discount rate (i) for number of years (n).
 - (A/P,i%,n) - or end-of-year payments (A) given present worth (P) at discount rate (i) for number of years (n).
 Caution must be used in determining the appropriate discount rate. Because of the power of compounded interest, a difference in discount rate can actually change the final outcome of the analysis if the repair/rehabilitation options being considered have different arrangements of uniform and onetime costs. According to Peter Kleskovic who wrote A Discussion of Discount Rates for Economic Analysis of Pavements, a draft report for FHWA:
 "The discount rate can affect the outcome of a life-cycle cost analysis in that certain alternatives may be favored by higher or lower discount rates. High discount rates favor alternatives that stretch out costs over a period of time, since the future costs are discounted in relation to the initial cost. A low discount rate favors high initial cost alternatives since future costs are added in at almost face value. In the case of a discount rate equal to 0, all costs are treated equally regardless of when they occur. Where alternative strategies have similar maintenance, rehabilitation, and operating costs, the discount rate will have a minor effect on the analysis and initial costs will have a larger effect."
 The above procedures will allow the most economical repair/rehabilitation alternative to be identified, but as can be expected, the least costly is not always the best. Therefore further comparison can sometimes be utilized to take into account the "human factors" of the alternatives. In his book entitled Value Engineering: Practical Applications... for Design, Construction, Maintenance & Operations, Alphonse Dell'Isola, P.E., has developed a procedure for weighted evaluation of human factors such as comfort, appearance, performance, and safety along with the economic costs. It is suggested that his procedure or something similar be used if the effects of the human factors are of concern during the economic life of the alternatives.
 - 3. Example
 The following example uses completely arbitrary costs to properly show the benefits of a life-cycle cost analysis.
 Consider a transit tunnel in which the track support system is in need of replacement. Currently the system is ballasted track and can either be replaced with direct fixation slab track or a new, ballasted track system. Costs given to the different options are shown below for every 150 m (500 ft) of track.
 - a) Direct Fixation Slab Track:
 Initial Construction Costs$500,000
 Joint/Crack Sealing (years 10, 20, 30 and 40)$20,000
 Annual Maintenance$1,000
 Estimated Life50 years
 Direct Fixation Slab Track
 - b) Ballasted Track:
 Initial Construction Costs$250,000
 Replacement Ties (years 12 and 24)$200,000
 Annual Maintenance$20,000
 Estimated Life35 years
 Ballasted Track
 - c) Factors from Standard Economic Table (assume 7 percent discount rate)
 - d) Alternate 1 - Direct Fixation Slab Track
 - (1) Present Worth Method
 P =$500,000 + $1,000(P/A,7%,50) + $20,000(P/F,7%,10) + $20,000(P/F,7%,20) + $20,000(P/F,7%,30) + $20,000(P/F,7%,40) - $100,000(P/F,7%,50)
 P =$500,000 + $1,000(13.8007) + $20,000(0.5083) + $20,000(0.2584) + $20,000(0.1314) + $20,000(0.0668) - $100,000(0.0339)
 P =$529,709
 - (2) Annualized Method
 A =$500,000(A/P,7%,50) + $1,000 + $20,000(P/F,7%,10)(A/P,7%,50) + $20,000(P/F,7%,20)(A/P,7%,50) + $20,000(P/F,7%,30)(A/P,7%,50) + $20,000(P/F,7%,40)(A/P,7%,50) - $100,000(P/F,7%,50)(A/P


as sound judgment but rather a sound business strategy.
Study: My Understanding of Options
Why Sales Aren't As Bad As You Think
Lessons Learned from Years with Experts
Different Types of Marriage Counseling
Marriage counseling helps the married couple to rediscover the romance that they have for one another. It is of great concern that married couples will find expert advice only after disputes escalate. There are many types of marriage counseling that exist, and that can be used. Some of the most common ones include the following.
Online Counseling
Internet based marriage counseling is a powerful and useful alternative option to marriage counselling. The marriage counsellor helps the couple to regain happiness again by teaching them partnership techniques. The majority of married couple tend to think that the therapist will let them judge on who is right or wrong but this is not the case. an ideal therapist enlightens their clients about how to become completely happy in marriage as well as how to keep the intimacy and bond as time passes. Generally, online counseling for married couples is more of an education program. The programs range from the downloadable guides and tests to online videos that make you feel like you are privately and directly talking to the therapist on your laptop. Often they look into things like how to recover closeness, improve sexual contact, deliver well, and how to survive divorce and infidelity.
Family Marriage counseling is a simply a strategy that will take care of different situations of stress anytime that is truly necessary for the family members to help the couple that is enduring anxiety and difficulties. Issues to do with the marriage can directly affect the children and the family hence the need to have the family involved in the entire process.
Couple Marriage Counseling: This is an essential counseling technique. It is an essential part of the whole course of action because that is what personally includes a married couple. What you need to understand here is that there is a need for both couples to be open and get involved in the entire process. In this therapy type, the counselor works towards opening a conversation program that is closed and helps the couple to take care of their marriage issues.
Individual marriage counseling has gained popularity of late since in most cases only one of the partners is concerned about keeping the relationship. This is also a technique used by the therapist during the therapy process when they notice that one of the partners has dilemmas that are unique to them and those that need to be handled in private.
Why Stories Aren't As Bad As You Think
Characteristics Of Light Novels. Light novels are very different from other types of novels. Apart from the fact that this novel is light which is known by many people, other differences exist. When designing the cover Mange is used. These novels are written with the target readers being the teenagers and young people generally. The light novels are short. Authors write by telling the ideas clearly and precisely. Styles that make books longer are not used. The novels are read in many parts of the world by they are more popular in Japan. Most of the bookshop in Japan has a copy of light novel. Japan is where the name of the novels originated. English is not the origin of light novels even if it sounds so. Even when light novel seems to have an English origin, this is not true.People from Japan use the word Wasei-eigo. This word has become popular in many parts. People who practice the western culture call the novels Japanese novella. Their methods of writing are unique.Unlike the common books they only use very few illustrations. Different from any other novel illustration is limited. The writer makes sure that they are easy to read and uses simple language. The only place when an illustration can be place is before a capital. It can also be used when you are introducing a new character or places. In the past years you could only see black and white illustration but today they come in colors. The world has experienced many changes in general and this is one of them. There are reasons as to why these novels use the anime style. The history of the novels determines the style used. They were first written in Japan. This kind of novel evolved from the pulp magazine. The need of impressing more reader's caused more changes and classic style was abandoned. The anime styles become more popular and the old styles were abandoned. Illustration become part of the book but only in certain sections. The magazines expanded their content from the simple articles to more stories about the movie industry and also anime. Video game was also made a part of the content. When the new generation become interested in the books, more illustration was introduced. Books that are written in Japan mostly uses poetry. The country has a great taste of poetic books. Light novel is not just short such that it can be completed while you are on a short ride. This is a misconception. There is more in light novel than the length. Some novels were intended for kids yet they talk about things that concern mature people. This happens in the common novels but not in light novels. Failing to research after wring is the cause for this problem. Japanese novels are well scripted and they are always intended for the right audience. A Simple Plan For Researching Entertainment A Simple Plan For Investigating Entertainment
Case Study: My Experience With Water
Tips To Identifying The Best Water Service Provider For any person to live well in this world, you need water. Without it, life can be complicated as very little will go on. Plants wither, and animals, on the other hand, starts to die. However, when there is a problem with the water system, a lot more damage will be experienced. It can lead to damages of houses and loss of assets. It is therefore important that you get any problem despite it being minor to be fixed as soon as you identify it. Water problems only need that they are managed by professional only. The following guidelines will help you get the best water services. When you are looking for a firm to service your water damage, it is important that you look for an experienced one. The reputable firms should be the ones who do all the services that are needed to your water supplies. With a firm that has been in operation for a long time, it has developed several ways that can be used to deal with whatever water damage restoration. When you call them, they will not come to say that they cannot handle a certain problem. There also come with a long-term solution to whichever problem that is presented to them. It should also concern you how different companies get to deal with your problem. Ensure that you get to work with the service provider who has improved machinery and equipment to provide you the needed services. Repair materials from such a firm are also the current and very good when used. Better services are a guarantee when the level of technology that is used is the latest. It is much easier to see a weak point that can lead to leakage and deal with it first before it happen. One thing that you should ensure that it is well is the amount you pay to have the services offered to you. It is important that you have your water problems fixed at a suitable fee. When you find an experienced water restoration service provider, you will be needed to pay just a small fee. The services you will get will be worth the money they demand you to pay. Despite the fact that they will give you the best services, it will be at a proper fee altogether. The reason is because you do not know the moment you can have water problems. Services Tips for The Average Joe Getting To The Point - Water


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In Bereishis 37:29:
And Reuven returned to the pit and look! Yosef wasn't in the pit.
But neither the verse nor Rashi, for that matter, explain if he ever found out what the brothers had done. The narrative simply proceeds with the cover up.
Did Reuven find out what had happened to Yosef?
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3 Answers 3
up vote 12 down vote accepted
Pirkei D'Rebbi Eliezer (Chapter 38) says that when Reuven returned and found the pit empty he accused the brothers of killing Yosef. They then told him that they sold him instead.
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Thanks Menachem. – shnozolla Dec 4 '12 at 20:27
The earliest source of what happened appears to be the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus, who was familiar with both Jewish oral tradition and Scripture.
In the First Century, he wrote in Book 2, Chapter 3, of his Antiquity of the Jews:
(32) But Judas, being one of Jacob's sons also, seeing some Arabians, of the posterity of Ismael, carrying spices and Syrian wares out of the land of Gilead to the Egyptians, after Reubel was gone, advised his brethren to draw Joseph out of the pit, and sell him to the Arabians; (33) for if he should die among strangers a great way off, they should be freed from this barbarous action. This, therefore, was resolved on; so they drew Joseph up out of the pit, and sold him to the merchants for twenty pounds. He was now seventeen years old; (34) but Reubel, coming in the nighttime to the pit, resolved to save Joseph, without the privity of his brethren; and when, upon his calling to him, he made no answer, he was afraid that they had destroyed him after he was gone; of which he complained to his brethren; but when they had told him what they had done, Reubel left off his mourning.
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Rabbi Etshalom says that the brothers were out of sight of the pit and were waiting for the Yishmaelim. They did not see the Midyanim take him out of the pit. When Reuven came and found him gone, they did not know what happened either.
In fact, some commentaries say that they would have weakened even more and had he been in the pit, (and Reuven pulled him out) they would have given up their plan.
Also from: Shabbat Shalom reply-to: _EMAIL_ date: Thu, Nov 21, 2013 at 6:46 PM subject: Shabbat Shalom from the OU
Parshat Vayeishev: Who Sold Yosef?
Excerpted from Rabbi Shmuel Goldin's Unlocking The Torah Text: An In-Depth Journey Into The Weekly Parsha - Bereishit
An entirely different, revolutionary approach to the sale of Yosef is first suggested by the Rashbam and then echoed by a number of subsequent commentaries including Rabbeinu Bachya, Rabbi Shimshon Raphael Hirsch and the Malbim. Remaining true to his pashut pshat approach to text, the Rashbam maintains that Yosef's brothers were not actually involved in his sale. He literally interprets the passage "and Midianite men passed by, merchants, and they drew Yosef up out of the pit; and they sold Yosef to the Ishmaelites for twenty pieces of silver…" as follows: The brothers were eating at a distance from the pit…and waiting for the arrival of the Ishmaelites whom they had observed approaching. Before the Ishmaelites arrived, however, others, Midianites, passed by, saw [Yosef] in the pit, drew him up out of the pit – and the Midianites sold him to the Ishmaelites. It is even possible that the brothers were unaware of these events. This approach, closer to the text, changes our entire conception of the events surrounding Yosef's sale: Yosef 's brothers fully intended to sell him but never actually got the chance to carry out their plans.
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Form title - EditArea
Form title
After the creation of a contact form you can give a title to it.
To do this you have to:
 1. enter the block you've inserted the form into
 2. insert a hidden field in the block
 3. give it formTitle as its name
 4. as value, enter the title you desire
click on OK to accept the changes.


text: Variation in speech is often quantified by comparing phonetic transcriptions of the same utterance. However, manually transcribing speech is time-consuming and error prone. As an alternative, therefore, we investigate the extraction of acoustic embeddings from several self-supervised neural models. We use these representations to compute word-based pronunciation differences between non-native and native speakers of English, and between Norwegian dialect speakers. For comparison with several earlier studies, we evaluate how well these differences match human perception by comparing them with available human judgements of similarity. We show that speech representations extracted from a specific type of neural model (i.e. Transformers) lead to a better match with human perception than two earlier approaches on the basis of phonetic transcriptions and MFCC-based acoustic features. We furthermore find that features from the neural models can generally best be extracted from one of the middle hidden layers than from the final layer. We also demonstrate that neural speech representations not only capture segmental differences, but also intonational and durational differences that cannot adequately be represented by a set of discrete symbols used in phonetic transcriptions.


text:
|The German Huguenot Museum in Bad Karlshafen|
History - 1. How the Huguenots got their name
1. How the Huguenots got their name
The term "Huguenot" is usually said to be derived from the German word "Eidgenossen" (eiguenot - confederates). In 1520 in Geneva the word was used to designate the early adherents of the Reformation, and later the followers of John Calvin.
Term of abuse for conspirators
In France the word "Huguenot" first appeared as a term of abuse in a letter written in Périgueux (in Guyenne) in 1551. The iconoclasts were described as "this vile race of Huguenots".
The derogatory word Huguenot was also applied to the Protestants in the area of Tours on the Loire, when in 1500 the Catholic party led by the Guise family claimed that the Huguenots had conspired to abduct the young king Francis II from his castle in Amboise.
A ghost called Hugo
Hugues Capet (941-996)
A contributory factor for the appearance of this term may have been a legend related in the town of Tours on the Loire. Legend had it that the ghost of the French king Hugo Capet flied (?) through the streets at night in the vicinity of the Hugo Gate.
As the Protestants held their services in secret at night, the townspeople called them "little Hugos" conspiring against the state and the Catholic Church.
An honourable name for French Protestants
Whatever is origin, from 1560 on "Huguenot" was the word used to designate the Protestants of France.
In the course of time the word "Huguenot" gradually lost its negative connotations and became an honourable name.
© The German Huguenot Museum 2021


How to use Enums for Django Field.choices
In Django when using the choices parameter on a form field the format passed in must be as follows:
# within your models.Model class...
 ('0', 'freshman'),
 ('1','sophomore'),
 ('2', 'junior'),
 ('3','senior'),
student_type = models.CharField(max_length=1, choices=STUDENT_TYPE_CHOICES)
This means elsewhere in your code if you want to specify a choice field value, you'd have to enter the first slot of the tuple's value, e.g.:
junior_students = Student.objects.filter(student_type='2')
This is pretty terrible since it's hardcoded in our source, possibly over many files.
How to fix this mess:
In my project I added common/ containing the following:
from enum import Enum
class ChoiceEnum(Enum):
 def choices(cls):
 return tuple((, i.value) for i in cls)
That's the hard work over.
Now when you create your field with choices:
from common.utils import ChoiceEnum
class StudentTypes(ChoiceEnum):
 freshman = 0
 sophomore = 1
 junior = 2
 senior = 3
# within your models.Model class...
class Student(models.Model):
 student_type = models.CharField(max_length=1, choices=StudentTypes.choices())
Now if we need to access StudentTypes from elsewhere in our source code, we can simply:
junior_students = Student.objects.filter(student_type=StudentTypes.junior.value)
That's it. If anyone knows of a nicer way feel free to comment below.
16 thoughts on "How to use Enums for Django Field.choices
 1. asd
 In the choices method you can just do "for member in cls" or "for member in cls.__members__".
 2. Jake
 I think you're solving a problem that doesn't exist and and adding unnecessary complexity.
 You're not limited to using integers as keys for the choices. You're storing the key in a charfield, so a string will work fine (increase the max_length, obviously).
 3. anon62453
 [re-posted with code block]
 Here's what we used for the same issue:
 def choices(cls):
 return [(x.value, for x in cls]
 4. Victor
 choices = tuple([(str(p[1].value), p[0]) for p in props])
 There is not need in creating the intermediary list:
 choices = tuple((str(p[1].value), p[0]) for p in props)
 5. Damien de Lemeny
 Hi and thanks for the tip!
 Enumerations provided by enum34 support iteration, so your snippet can be simplified to a one liner :
 return [(, choice.value) for choice in cls]
 6. matt
 This solution cannot be recommended. Use the django-enumfield instead
 The *.value syntax will give you headaches in the long run especially in equality tests on your models:
 At some point you will test your model fields for equality:
 model.student_type == StudentTypes.freshman
 model.student_type == StudentTypes.freshman.value
 Have been there, do not want to go there again.
 1. Siddharth Pant
 That's easily solvable by just defining your own Enum class with __str__, __repr__ and __eq__ special methods. You can define them at one place and use it everywhere. By this way you have to use StudentTypes.freshman.value only at the Field definition in the model(i.e. only when you provide a default field value). At all other places StudentTypes.freshman will work. i think that is much better than using a third party library.
 7. nmgeek
 The ChoiceEnum.choices function was not returning the choices in the order I declared them so I reworked that class and ended up with a more compact implementation:
 class ChoiceEnum(Enum):
 def choices(cls):
 # format into django choice list
 return [(cls[m].value,m.replace('_',' ').title()) for m in reversed(cls._member_names_)]
 This also massages the user visible names for multi-word enum members.
 8. Samantha Atkins
 Why not something like:
 class Choices(object):
 def __init__(self, **choices):
 self._choices = choices
 self._rev_choices = {v:k for k,v in choices.items()}
 def choices(self):
 return self._choices
 def choice_name(self, value):
 return self._rev_choices.get(value)
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Death Valley Dunes
April 08, 2008
040808 copy
Provided by: Mila Zinkova, Fogshadow
Summary authors & editors: Mila Zinkova, Stu Witmer
The photo above of a series of coppice dunes, or nebkha, was taken in Death Valley National Park, California. Nebkha is a North African word descriptive of a type of phytogenic fixed sand dune created by the gathering of wind blown sand beneath and around a plant canopy. The size of each specific dune is due to the physical aspects of the sand, the terrain and wind conditions as well as the type of plant. Mormon tea and mesquite are two likely candidates in the U.S. Southwest because their roots go deep enough to reach water despite the encroaching sands. Nebkhas tend to stabilize sand otherwise blown away making them useful in coastal areas for forming barriers against the high tides of storms or rising sea levels. Nebkhas have also been instrumental in reforestation efforts in the Sinai, Kenya and elsewhere.


text:
The recent colored cube illusion showed us how our brain compensates for a color cast, making hues seem constant, even when they're really not.
Our visual system does a similar thing with tones, discounting the effect of shadows and grouping tones into meaningful sets.
This checkerboard is an example. I painted it using the exact same gray mixture for the dark square in the light area (1) as I did for the light square in the shadow (2).
Don't believe it? Here are the exact same squares with everything else made white.
Why do the tones seem so different? The light square is surrounded by darker squares. This makes our visual system automatically conclude that the actual tone is light in value, and we group it with the other light squares.
We interpret the diagonal bars of darker tone as shadows for the following reasons:
1. They have soft edges, and soft edges usually belong to shadows.
2. Those edges are parallel, and cast shadows from the sun on flat surface are parallel.
3. The tones of adjacent colored squares gradate to an equal degree, just the way shadows do.
Our visual system is designed to help us determine the actual color of objects in the world. The fact that it seems to deceive us is not a defect of our vision. It's central to our survival.
But we have to know about this mechanism of visual perception if we want to paint tones accurately.
A related illusion from Edward Adelson's website.


text:
Foods and Clothing:
The Iroquois got most of their food from the forest. They ate almost all animals that lived in the forest. For example, the Iroquois hunted deer, bear, duck, and turkey. They also ate even turtles, frogs, and bird eggs. The Iroquois did not eat these foods raw. They cooked everything they captured. They also ate vegetables. Corn was most commonly eaten. They mixed the corn with such things as beans, berries, or nuts. Other vegetables like green plants and mushrooms were also eaten. The Iroquois loved maple sugar. In fact, maple sugar was mixed in all sorts of foods such as cakes and candies.
The Iroquois made their clothing out of deer skin. The men wore short skirts and a breech cloth. The women wore longer skirts. Both men and women wore moccasins. During the winter, the men wore pants that came up to their hips and shirts that went down to their knees. The women also wore pants and a full dress that covered most of their pants. They used porcupine quill to decorate their clothing. During war time, the warriors shaved their hair into a thin strip. They wore a deer tail roach, that had a couple of eagle feathers attached to it on their thin strip of hair. Also, the men wore scalp caps that were made out of silver.
The Iroquois believed that everything on the earth and in the sky had its own spirit. There were both good and evil spirits. Ha-wa-ne-yu, the good spirit that lived in a far off beautiful place in the sky, protected and cared for the Iroquois. The people worshipped, thanked, and obeyed the good spirit because they wanted to reach the wonderful place the spirit lived in after they died. The evil spirit was an Iroquois' twin brother. This evil spirit made all the bad things on the earth. The evil spirit had several bad spirits that supported him. For example, the flying head, a bad spirit that caused disease and lived in the forest, supported the main evil spirit. Also, members of the Iroquois Husk Face Society wore masks that looked like the spirits who introduced farming to the people.
Arts and Crafts:
The Iroquois made several things out of wood. They made baskets, bowls, and pipes. Corn husk was also used in making the baskets. The bowls were decorated with drawings of birds, squirrels, beavers, and human shapes. When the explorers came from Europe, they introduced the Iroquois to using metal. They made jewelry and coins out of metal.


text:
STUDY OF AERODYNAMIC DRAG REDUCTION ON A FULL-SCALE TRACTOR-TRAILER
Aerodynamic drag tests were performed on a tractor-trailer combination using the coast-down method on a smooth, nearly level runway. The tests included an investigation of drag reduction obtained with add-on devices that are commercially available or under development. The tests covered tractor-trailer speeds ranging from approximately 35 to 65 miles per hour and included fuel consumption measurements. The study shows the effects of the various add-on devices on the aerodynamic drag, and for some devices on the fuel consumption. Results from a simulation of fuel consumption tests using a computer program are also included.
National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationFlight Research Center
Edwards AFB, CA United States 93523
Transportation Systems Center55 Broadway, Kendall Square
Cambridge, MA United States 02142
- Steers, L L
- Montoya, L C
- Publication Date: 1976-4
- Pagination: 57 p.
- TRT Terms: Aerodynamics; Airport runways; Data collection; Drag; Dynamic tests; Fuel consumption; Motor vehicles; Simulation; Speed; Tractor trailer combinations; Trailers; Truck tractors; Velocity
- Old TRIS Terms: Aerodynamic configurations
- Subject Areas: Energy; Highways; Motor Carriers; Pavements; Safety and Human Factors;
- Accession Number: 00137310
- Record Type: Publication
- Source Agency: National Technical Information Service
- Report/Paper Numbers: DOT-TSC-OST-76-13 Final Rpt.
- Contract Numbers: DOT/TSC-RA-74-31
- Files: TRIS
- Created Date: Sep 16 1977 12:00AM