text:
There are many different possible causes for a driveline vibration. Your wheels, tires, axles, driveshaft, transmission, clutch or torque converter and engine components are all rotating at a high rate of speed, and any one or more of these components can create a vibration if they are worn or out of spec. Worn or broken engine or transmission mounts can transmit normal vibrations that usually aren't ever felt, and accidental body contact with the engine, transmission, or exhaust can also be misinterpreted as a driveline vibration. The first step in diagnosing a classic car vibration is to determine exactly when and under what conditions the vibration occurs.
There are three basic types of vibrations:
1. Engine RPM related – If the vibration is related to engine RPM, it will occur in all gears (and possibly even sitting still) at a particular engine RPM or above. This vibration usually can be attributed to the engine itself or anything else that turns at the same speed as the engine, such as the harmonic balancer, flywheel or flexplate, pilot bearing, pressure plate, torque converter, or transmission input shaft. It is also possible for body contact with the engine, transmission, or exhaust to cause an engine RPM related vibration. Worn or broken engine or transmission mounts can contribute to this problem. When driving the vehicle with the vibration present, maintain vehicle speed and try shifting to a lower or higher gear. If the vibration changes or goes away while maintaining the same vehicle speed, then the problem is not related to engine RPM.
2. Vehicle Speed related – If the vibration is related to vehicle speed, it will not be present until you reach a certain speed, and then it will usually start gradually and then become worse as speed increases. In some cases, it will decrease at some point, and then come back again at a higher speed. This type of vibration could be related to your wheels, tires, axles, differential, driveshaft runout, balance, or angles, universal joints, or transmission output shaft. Try the same driving test as above. If the vibration is present in third gear at 50 mph, but shifting to fourth gear at 50 MPH makes the vibration go away, then it is not going to be vehicle speed related and you can usually rule out any rotating component that is further back than the transmission output shaft. At a given MPH, your output shaft, driveshaft, axles, wheels and tires are all turning at a constant speed, no matter what gear the transmission is in.
3. Accel/Decel/Cruise related – A vibration that changes depending on whether you are accelerating, decelerating, or cruising at a steady speed could have quite a few different causes. Generally, this will be related to driveshaft angles or a worn or broken part, instead of something being out of balance. Think about what changes when the engine is under load. The engine and isolator mount loads shift; the load on the pinion bearing changes; your driveshaft angles change, possibly more than they should due to a broken engine or transmission mount; your exhaust, shifter, transmission, etc. could be contacting the body only on accel or decel; if the car has been lowered (or raised), your suspension snubbers could be contacting the body prematurely.
A vehicle works as a system, and you have to understand the relationships between all the different parts when you are trying to diagnose a driveline vibration. Determining if the vibration is related to engine speed, vehicle speed, or engine load will help you narrow down the list of possible culprits, and keep you from wasting your time looking in the wrong places.


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You wrote an article _URL_ Your graph Cold Air intake at 92 ambient. What units is the flow in? I think Im confused also. Shouldnt the flow rate go up with RPM? Have you ever done a map of RPM versus flow rate or have any idea what the exhaust flow rate is at idle? Thanks. Trying to blow myself up!
Actually, the Jeep Wrangler features a MAP sensor as opposed to a MAF sensor. MAP measures manifold air pressure while MAF measures manifold air flow. Soooo – I cannot measure the air flow directly. However, if you look at the provided equations, you can calculate it.
Engine Mass Airflow = RPM * (Air Pressure / Intake Temperature)
Thus, your assessment is correct. With increased RPMs comes a higher air flow. Using the snorkel graph you can see that 5.96 psi * idle RPM (roughly 600) will get you a flow of 3576 compared to 20643 which was derived from 9.83 psi * moving RPM (roughly 2100 at 65mph).
Hope that helps.
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text:
Testing is vital to the development process. It improves the quality of code and reduces maintenance, saving both time and money. But testing is sometimes neglected since there are few established resources and standards when it comes to testing modern Angular web applications.
Testing Angular Applications is an example-rich, hands-on guide that gives the real-world techniques needed to thoroughly test all parts of Angular applications. The book starts with an introduction to Angular, TypeScript, testing fundamentals, and the testing frameworks and tools used in the book. Next, it explains how to set-up an Angular environment, including TypeScript and the Angular dependencies. The reader will then create their first component. The second part of the book focuses on the most important concepts of Angular, such as testing components, directives, pipes, services, and routing. This book will allow readers to confidently write unit and end-to-end tests for Angular applications and TypeScript.


text:
the program has an effect. This means that both your statistical power and the chances of making a Type I Error are lower.
- an a of.01 means you have a 99% chance of saying there is no difference when there in fact is no difference (being in the upper left box)
- increasing a (e.g., from.01 to.05 or.10) increases the chances of making a Type I Error (i.e., saying there is a difference when there is not), decreases the chances of making a Type II Error (i.e., saying there is no difference when there is) and decreases the rigor of the test
- increasing a (e.g., from.01 to.05 or.10) increases power because one will be rejecting the null more often (i.e., accepting the alternative) and, consequently, when the alternative is true, there is a greater chance of accepting it (i.e., power)
Copyright ©2006, William M.K. Trochim, All Rights Reserved
Purchase a printed copy of the Research Methods Knowledge Base
Last Revised: 10/20/2006


text: The surface restructuring of Pt(111) electrodes upon electrochemical oxidation/reduction in 0.1 M HClO4 was studied by in situ grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering (GISAXS) and complementary scanning tunneling microscopy measurements. These methods allow quantitative determination of the formation and structural evolution of nanoscale Pt islands during potential cycles into the oxidation region. A characteristic ripening behavior is observed, where these islands become more prominent and homogeneous in size with increasing number of cycles. Their characteristic lateral dimensions primarily depend on the upper potential limit of the cycle and only slightly increase with cycle number. The structural evolution of the Pt surface morphology strongly resembles that found in studies of Pt(111) homoepitaxial growth and ion erosion in ultrahigh vacuum. It can be fully explained by a microscopic model based on the known surface dynamic behavior under vacuum conditions, indicating that the same dynamics also describe the structural evolution of Pt in the electrochemical environment.


How historical analytics make a difference for healthcare
December 18, 2020
Health IT
How do I get historical analytics?
The easiest way to consistently gather historical analytics is with AI-based analytics platforms. This is for two reasons. One, you want analytics from every device connected to the network. Two, you need an optimized and reliable network for the best analytics.
Analytics from all devices
Servicing GE, Philips and Siemens CT equipment with OEM trained engineers
Gathering these analytics in real-time on a consistent basis is a massive undertaking that would monopolize IT teams' time. With other team responsibilities, this doesn't work. This is why teams and healthcare facilities benefit from analytics platforms.
AI-based platforms work 24/7 without pause and gather analytics just as easily for 50,000 devices as they do for 500. They process data much faster than humans, and can monitor the entire radio frequency (RF) environment rather than only managing a facility's wired and wireless networks. The RF environment is where a WiFi network operates, and it consists of any nearby networks sharing the airspace as well as non-wireless devices like microwaves and medical equipment that can cause network interference. As this entire environment impacts the facility's network, it needs to be factored into all analytics.
Not all analytics platforms provide historical data. When choosing a platform be sure to ask if historical analytics are continuous 24x7 versus time sliced which can miss critical data.
Optimized and reliable networks
The best analytics platform in the world can't provide constant insights if the wireless and wired networks are consistently unreliable. Here's how an AI-based platform can help healthcare facilities maintain strong WiFi performance.
Constant monitoring
Networks are dynamic. The RF environment in which they operate is constantly changing, and this means that IT teams require constant, complete visibility into the entire environment in order to ensure network optimization. This includes monitoring both WiFi spectrums, 2.4GHz and 5GHz, at all times.
As mentioned above, analytics platforms provide 24/7 monitoring so IT has instant access to the most up-to-date network information - as well as easily reviewable historical analytics, if the platform provides them. These real-time and historical analytics provide actionable insights for IT. This means that, in the case of a network issue, IT likely already has the information needed to identify and resolve the problem on hand. Rather than having to spend hours or days tracking down the root cause of the problem, IT can immediately move to resolution, restoring the network to optimum performance that much faster.
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This is an impressive and RARE wealth-class Urnfield tapered straight-wall ceramic bowl from the Bronze Age Lusatian Culture of Central Europe. It is in fantastic preservation having survived in its unbroken, complete state. It could have been a stand-alone piece but likely, it was a lid to a large, primary burial urn, being the primary serving bowl for a complete set. The rolled rim has been embellished with impressed designs around the entire edge. The black burnished glaze finish and decorations are very scarce for this pottery. They indicate this was a true prestige object reserved for the highest members of the society. It also happens to be the only one of its kind that we acquired from this collection. This superb, rare European ancient ceramic is a must to complete advanced collections of the period!
Advanced collectors will appreciate this unique opportunity to acquire some EXTREMELY RARE European Bronze Age ceramic pieces we will be offering from the former private German collection of H.S. Hesse. These are not just ordinary "everyday life" ancient ceramics but are European Urnfield burial ceramics of exquisite condition and preservation, from the European Lusatian Culture. Usually only found in museum collections in Europe, Urnfield pottery of fine condition is extremely rare! These are fascinating specimens, not of everyday ancient life, but of ancient death and the ritual, religion and burial practices of ancient European peoples of the Bronze Age, into the Early Iron Age. The majority of Urnfield pottery excavated and exhibited in museums is reassembled from mere fragments and requires EXTENSIVE restoration and fabrication. The condition of these ceramics from this very limited collection, are of much finer preservation than typically seen!
Once this limited number of pieces is gone, we will never again have the chance to offer any more. These ceramics are INFINITELY MORE RARE THAN ANY ANCIENT ROMAN OR GREEK POTTERY.
The Urnfield Culture describes a tradition of Late Bronze Age central European societies dating back from 1300 B.C. to 700 B.C.. It gets its name from the practice of cremating the dead, placing the ashes in ceramic pots accompanied by other ceramic vessels, and then burying these pots in fields. These fields became ancient cemeteries and some included hundreds of burials while others were limited to only a few dozen per field. The practice of cremation is believed to have originated from the Balkans. Urnfield societies were based on economies of agriculture and animal husbandry.
The earliest Urnfield Culture societies cremated their dead and then dug graves whereby the ashes were simply scattered in the grave. Later, the practice changed to putting the ashes and bones in a large urn accompanied by other smaller ceramic vessels such as cups, bowls and small dishes. It is possible that food was also placed in this urn, all to be present with the deceased in the afterlife. Occasionally, jewelry is found in the urn which was worn by the deceased and survived the fire, but this is rare. Rich burials included grave gifts of spectacular objects in bronze such as elaborate spiral motif jewelry, fibulae, razors, hammered sheet armor, weapons such as swords, daggers, axes, spears and arrowheads, and vessels. In some cases, the objects like swords, are purposely destroyed as part of a ritual of the burial. The most prized bronze weapon was a sword. Other luxury grave gifts included amber or glass beads, and beautiful gold jewelry and appliqués reserved for the most wealthy and noble classes. Some burials have been found with entire wagons interred with the deceased!
One interesting member of the greater Urnfield Culture was the Lusatian Culture of eastern Europe. In Germany, the culture is known as 'Lausitz', named for the Lusatia area of eastern Germany where sites were first described in the 1800's by German pathologist and archaeologist, Rudolf Virchow (known today as the father of modern pathology). The Lusatian Culture peoples' interred cremated remains in pots to a time beyond central European societies, from the Late Bronze Age 1300 B.C., into the Early Iron Age around 500 B.C.. Lusatian Culture burials usually consist of a main urn that can range from modest sizes up to very large dimensions. In most cases, secondary ceramic vessels are included in the burial urn. The people of the Lusatian Culture were mainly farmers with domestication of animals and supplementing their diet with hunted game. Their settlements existed in both open and fortified plans.
The importance of the European Urnfield Culture is that it displays an ancient human concept of the existence of an afterlife and the cherishing of remains of deceased by loved ones. The placing of remains in a vessel demonstrates care of the deceased by the living. The inclusion of other vessels, accessories and gifts in the burial urn with the ashes, demonstrates the beliefs of these ancient peoples and helps us to delve into their mind, an invaluable insight since no written language existed in their societies at this time.
- Coles, J. A., Harding, A. F., The Bronze Age in Europe, 1979
- Jażdżewski, Konrad, Urgeschichte Mitteleuropas, 1984
- Mallory, J.P., In Search of the Indo-Europeans, 1989
- Piggott, Stuart, Ancient Europe from the Beginnings of Agriculture to Classical Antiquity, 1965
- Seidel, Ute, Bronzezeit. Württembergisches Landesmuseum Stuttgart, 1995
- Weber, G., Händler, Kieger, Bronzegießer, 1992


How do you say "to exist / there is... ('-masu' form)" in Japanese?
Here's the answer:
Watch a real native speaker say it:
Here's how it sounds in a textbook:
Fun fact: the hundreds of thousands of people learning Japanese with Memrise get this phrase correct 93.82% of the time!
Time to set your textbook on fire, learn "あります" and other useful phrases that Japanese speakers really use!
burning textbook


Unpacking the Term "Person of Color"
June 13, 2016
By Christina Acuna Castillo
As a Latina who could just as accurately be called a "person of color," I have some trouble with identifying as such. It's not that I hate the term "person of color" or that I hate folks who use that term as a descriptor; it's just something about its construction that rubs me the wrong way. I mean – I totally get that "person of color" has been labored through the activism that went on in the 80s, but still. It just doesn't feel right to me.
In terms of structure, the word is designed to highlight the person/subject before the adjective (i.e. humanity, first) – which is awesome. Making sure that all people are humanized, even in categorized language, is important especially during a time where social and political forces aim to take than kind of humanization away.
But if you reverse engineer the entire term, "person of color" then becomes "colored person."
And the only difference between the two terms is that "colored person" is no longer a socially acceptable term to use for folks who aren't white. It's super antiquated, and it's seeded in some deep-set racism, which is why the term has largely fallen out of use.
Interestingly though, if you were to say "colored person" now, most people would understand that you meant to say, "Black person." This makes sense because "colored person" was NEVER a used descriptor for those of us who are neither black nor white. So if "people of color" was created to be inclusive, I think it's a huge misstep to give it recognition since it's a phrase that's strongly reminiscent of a specific referent.
Of course I understand that the term was engineered to be comforting and respectful of the marginalized. It puts our humanity up front, making sure you acknowledge us as a person before our color.
But the way it operates is slightly counterproductive and unfaithful to its supposed purpose. While I would say that "person of color" sheds a lot of importance on person-first language, that language is super inconsistent, which brings up the question of whether or not the term achieves its goals in the first place.
We say people of color, but we also say white people.
We say people with disabilities, but we also say able-bodied people.
We say people with mental illnesses, but we also say neurotypical people (or sane people).
So, if we are going to insist on person-first language, we've got to cover the privileged and marginalized in the same syntaxes. Otherwise, "person of color" only serves to highlight and remind people of our ostracism, which makes me think of the term, and myself, in a negative way.
Another reason why I find the term uncomfortable is because although person-first language is a cool idea and it has good intentions, we only really ever use it when referring to disabilities. The examples above were the first things I thought about when looking for person-first examples. And that strikes me as odd.
We use person-first language mostly as a means of empowerment for people with disabilities. We don't say person who is homosexual. Or person who is transgender. Or people with money. Or people without money.
We say gay/lesbian/trans/queer. We say rich. We say poor.
So, what sorts of things are implied when using person-first language when it comes to race? Does that mean that my coloredness is a disability? Should I be shameful about it? Why do I have to remind people of my humanity before my heritage?
It reminds of when people try to eliminate the existence of race with the argument that "we are all people." Which, of course, is true. But we are all different people. Acknowledging and embracing the ways in which we are different is so much more powerful than pretending the differences aren't there.
Anyway, I think ultimately I'd prefer if you call me by my name than by a label. But, if you were going to use a label, ask me of my preference. It's no different than asking me for my preferred pronouns.
Christina Acuna Castillo is a writer, digital maker, diversity enthusiast, and animal conservationist. Christina interns at the Thomas Merton Center as NewPeople's Print Editor.
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text:
To create a table, you start and end a line using the table marker "||". Between those start and end markers, you can create any number of cells by separating them with "||". To get a centered cell that spans several columns, you start that cell with more than one cell marker. Adjacent lines of the same indent level containing table markup are combined into one table.
For more information on the possible markup, see HelpOnEditing.
Apart from the option to repeat cell markers to get columns spanning several other columns, you can directly set many HTML table attributes. Any attributes have to be placed between angle brackets <...> directly after the cell marker.
The wiki-like markup has the following options:
<50%>: cell width
<(>: left aligned
<)>: right aligned
<^>: aligned to top
: aligned to bottom
<_TAG_>: background color
If you use several conflicting options like <(:)>, the last option wins. There is no explicit option for vertical centering (middle), since that is always the default.
In addition to these, you can add some of the traditional, more long-winded HTML attributes (note that only certain HTML attributes are allowed). By specifying attributes this way, it is also possible to set properties of the table rows and of the table itself, especially you can set the table width using ||...|| in the very first row of your table, and the color of a full row by ||...|| in the first cell of a row. As you can see, you have to prefix the name of the HTML attribute with table or row.
General table layout and HTML like options:: ||||||'''Heading'''|| ||cell 1||cell2||cell 3|| || spanning rows|||| spanning 2 columns|| ||cell2||cell 3|| Cell width:: || narrow ||<:99%> wide || Spanning rows and columns:: ||<|2> 2 rows || row 1 || || row 2 || ||<-2> row 3 over 2 columns || Alignment:: ||<(> left ||<^|3> top || bottom || ||<:> centered || ||<)> right || Colors:: ||<_TAG_> red ||<#80FF80> green ||<#8080FF> blue ||
- General table layout and HTML like options
spanning 2 columns
- Cell width
- Spanning rows and columns
row 3 over 2 columns


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'Good night's sleep' essential for brain health
'Good night's sleep' essential for brain health
Washington: Researchers have found that one night of sleep depravity can cause morning blood concentrations of molecules NSE and S-100B to increase in healthy young men.
The study involved fifteen normal-weight men, and in one condition they were sleep-deprived for one night, while in the other condition they slept for approximately 8 hours.
Sleep researcher Christian Benedict at the Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, who lead the study, said that they observed that a night of total sleep loss was followed by increased blood concentrations of NSE and S-100B.
He said that these molecules typically rise in blood under conditions of brain damage, asserting that their results indicate that a lack of sleep may promote neurodegenerative processes.
Top Stories
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text:
The 3D axis shows the direction of the Cartesian coordinates in the 3D window. It consists of 3 legs, a tip at the end of each leg, and a label specifying X, Y, or Z beyond the tip. The axis can be drawn using lines, as shown below, or as a solid model using cylinders and cones. The labels are drawn with lines in both cases. The 3D Axis property page controls the appearance of the axis, including its size, line thicknesses, size of the solid elements, size of the labels, tip details, colors, and whether or not the tips and/or labels are shown.
The axis size is specified as a percentage of the average extent of the 3D scale box. In addition to entering the percentage on the 3D Axis property page, several mouse and key actions change the size. Moving the mouse with the right button and the a key held down scales the axis. When the a key is held, the zoom toolbar buttons and the numeric keypad + and - affect the axis size (instead of the overall image size). When both the Ctrl and a keys are held down, the numeric keypad + and - keys scale the axis in larger increments than without the ctrl key.
The axis center (where the 3 legs come together) can be specified either in absolute coordinates or relative to the center of the 3D scale box. The coordinates and interpretation choice are made on the 3D Axis property page. The axis can be moved interactively along each of the 3 principal directions by holding down the x, y, or z key and moving the mouse with the right button held down or pressing the arrow keys. When using the arrow keys, holding down the Shift key (along with x, y, or z) moves the axis in larger increments.
The Axis tab of the information window shows the position of the axis center. The absolute position is reported, even when the center is relative to the 3D scale box. When the tab is active, the axis can be used as 3D marker to query the coordinates of objects in the 3D display.
The property page contains an item to reset the center position to (0, 0, 0) following the import of a model by reading a MCNP or Sabrina input file. The position is not reset upon reading a checkpoint file (that presumably contains the position). The Axis submenu of the 3D context menu contains items to toggle the axis visibility, move the center position to the middle of the 3D scale box, to (0, 0, 0) or to the intersection of the 2D plot planes, and to show the property page.
White Rock Science
_PHONE_


text:
By Tim Haughton,Nicholas Martin
Read or Download Aftermath: Legacies and Memories of War in Europe, 1918–1945–1989 PDF
Best war & peace books
Benjamin MacQueen provides an cutting edge and in-depth examine modern clash solution within the Arab center East, constructing a distinct thought of political tradition via his research of peace approaches in Lebanon and Algeria. relocating past traditional views, Political tradition and clash answer within the Arab global highlights that whereas tradition can function a key to resolving and reworking clash, if overlooked, it will probably act to aggravate the stipulations that bring about clash.
This quantity examines a number of the elements of territorial separatism, targeting how and why separatist hobbies come up. that includes essays through prime students from diversified disciplinary views, the publication goals to situate the query of separatism in the broader socio-political context of the foreign approach, arguing set of historic occasions in addition to neighborhood, neighborhood, and worldwide dynamics have converged to supply the catalysts that frequently set off separatist conflicts.
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The Promise of Reconciliation? explores the connection among violence, nonviolence, and reconciliation in societal conflicts with questions equivalent to: In what methods does violence influence the reconciliation strategy that inevitably follows a cessation of lethal clash? could an realizing of the way clash has been engaged, with violence or nonviolence, be conducive to the way it may be avoided from sliding additional into violence?
Additional info for Aftermath: Legacies and Memories of War in Europe, 1918–1945–1989
Aftermath: Legacies and Memories of War in Europe, 1918–1945–1989 by Tim Haughton,Nicholas Martin


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Lugalbanda is a character found in Sumerian mythology and literature. His name is composed of two Sumerian words meaning "young king" (lugal: king; banda: young, junior; small). Lugalbanda is listed in the postdiluvian period of the Sumerian king list as the second king of Uruk, saying he ruled for 1,200 years, and providing him with the epithet of the Shepherd. Whether a king Lugalbanda ever historically ruled over Uruk, and if so, at what time, is quite uncertain. Attempts to date him in the ED II period are based on an amalgamation of data from the epic traditions of the 2nd Millennium with unclear archaeological observations.
Lugalbanda prominently features as the hero of two Sumerian stories dated to the Ur III period (21st century BCE), called by scholars Lugalbanda I (or Lugalbanda in the Mountain Cave) and Lugalbanda II (or Lugalbanda and the Anzu Bird). Both are known only in later versions, although there is an Ur III fragment that is quite different than either 18th century version These tales are part of a series of stories that describe the conflicts between Enmerkar, king of Unug (Uruk), and Ensuhkeshdanna, lord of Aratta, presumably in the Iranian highlands. In these two stories, Lugalbanda is a soldier in the army of Enmerkar, whose name also appears in the Sumerian King List as the first king of Uruk and predecessor of Lugalbanda. The extant fragments make no reference to Lugalbanda's succession as king following Enmerkar.
Lugalbanda appears in Sumerian literary sources as early as the mid-3rd millennium, as attested by a mythological text from Abu Salabikh that describes a romantic relationship between Lugalbanda and Ninsun.
A deified Lugalbanda often appears as the husband of the goddess Ninsun. In the earliest god-lists from Fara, his name appears separate and in a much lower ranking than Ninsun, but in later traditions, until the Seleucid period, his name is often listed in god-lists along with his consort Ninsun. Ample evidence for the worship of Lugalbanda as a deity comes from the Ur III period, as attested in tablets from Nippur, Ur, Umma and Puzrish-Dagan. In Old Babylonian period, Sin-kashid of Uruk is known to have built a temple called É-KI.KAL dedicated to Lugalbanda and Ninsun, and to have assigned his daughter Niši-īnī-šu as the eresh-dingir priestess of Lugalbanda.
In royal hymns of the Ur III period, Ur-Nammu of Ur and his son Shulgi describe Lugalbanda and Ninsun as their holy parents, and in the same context call themselves the brother of Gilgamesh. Sin-Kashid of Uruk also refers to Lugalbanda and Ninsun as his divine parents, and names Lugalbanda as his god.
In the Akkadian Epic of Gilgamesh and in earlier Sumerian stories about the hero, the king of Uruk, Gilgamesh, calls himself the son of Lugalbanda and Ninsun. In the Gilgamesh and Huwawa tale, the hero consistently uses the assertive phrase: "By the life of my own mother Ninsun and of my father, holy Lugalbanda!". In Akkadian versions of the epic, Gilgamesh also refers to Lugalbanda as his personal god, and in one episode presents the oil filled horns of the defeated Bull of Heaven "for the anointing of his god Lugalbanda".
See also
- Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary Project
- Vanstiphout, H. (2002) "Sanctus Lugalbanda" in Riches Hidden in Secret Places, T. Abusch (ed.), Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, p.260; The name has no such connotations of 'crown prince'.
- English translation of Sumerian King List in The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
- Lugalbanda, Reallexikon der Assyriologie 7, p.117.
- Michalowski, P. (2009) "Maybe Epic: The Origins and Reception of Sumerian Heroic Poetry" in Epic and History, D. Konstans and K. Raaflaub (eds.), Oxford: Blackwells. p.13 and n.8; Tablet 6N-T638; as of March 2011 tablet awaits publication.
- For a detailed treatment of Enmerkar and Lugalbanda stories see: Vanstiphout, H. (2003). Epics of Sumerian Kings, Atlanta: SBL. ISBN 1-58983-083-0
- Jacobsen, Thorkild (1989) "Lugalbanda and Ninsuna", Journal of Cuneiform Studies Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 69-86
- Ninsun (dLamma-Nin-sún) in Tablet I line 15, Lugalbanda in Tablet VII line 15.
- Exceptions exist. For a full summary of the god-list references refer to Reallexikon der Assyriologie 7, p.118.
- Reallexikon der Assyriologie 7, p.119-20. Nippur tablets indicate that all Ur III kings have made offerings to the deity Lugalbanda
- Reallexikon der Assyriologie 7, p.120
- Reallexikon der Assyriologie 7, p. 131. See also Ur-Namma hymns and Shulgi hymns
- Sjöberg, Äke W. (1972) "Die Göttliche Abstammung der sumerisch-babylonischen Herrscher," Orientalia Suecana 21, p.98
- Ninsumun is another name for Ninsun. Both names Lugalbanda and Ninsun are written with divine determinatives. For two separate Sumerian versions of Gilgamesh and Huwawa see ETCSL.
- For a discussion of parentage of Gilgamesh and further references see: George, Andrew (2003), Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic, Oxford. ISBN 0-19-814922-0, p.107 ff.
- George, p.629.
|Lugal of Uruk
ca. 2600 BC or legendary
Dumuzid, the Fisherman
|Ante-Diluvian kings||Alulim · Dumuzid the Shepherd · Ziusudra||3rd Dynasty of Kish||Kubaba|
|1st Dynasty of Kish||Etana · Enmebaragesi||3rd Dynasty of Uruk||Lugal-zage-si|
|1st Dynasty of Uruk||Enmerkar · Lugalbanda · Dumuzid, the Fisherman · Gilgamesh||Dynasty of Akkad||Sargon · Tashlultum · Enheduanna · Rimush · Manishtushu ·
Naram-Sin · Shar-Kali-Sharri · Dudu · Shu-turul
|1st Dynasty of Ur||Meskalamdug · Mesannepada · Puabi|
|2nd Dynasty of Uruk||Enshakushanna||2nd Dynasty of Lagash||Puzer-Mama · Gudea|
|1st Dynasty of Lagash||Ur-Nanshe · Eannatum · En-anna-tum I · Entemena · Urukagina||5th Dynasty of Uruk||Utu-hengal|
|Dynasty of Adab||Lugal-Anne-Mundu||3rd dynasty of Ur||Ur-Nammu · Shulgi · Amar-Sin · Shu-Sin · Ibbi-Sin|


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Coefficient of Friction
The coefficient of friction of a composite material is not a constant. It is dictated by the materials of the mating contact surfaces and by the roughness of the harder one. With combinations that have very different strength values (such as polymer with steel), the coefficient of friction also depends on the load. In addition, due to the polymer's strong tendency to change all mechanical properties under temperature, the coefficient of friction is also affected by speed and ambient temperature. The coefficient of friction drops as load increases and as speed decreases. It also changes as the bearings wear.
During the wear-in period, NORGLIDE® bearings are shortly exposed to higher wear. A polymer transfer layer forms on the metal contact surface. After wear-in, a relatively constant performance range is found, which is controlled by the pure PTFE compound layer.
With bronze reinforced NORGLIDE® bearing types, the coefficient of friction increases slightly after prolonged service due to the exposure of bronze to the mating surface. The bronze may then have contact with the shaft. This factor should be taken into account when selecting materials for applications with higher admissible wear or high pressure.
The coefficient of friction of NORGLIDE® T bearings stays constant over the whole service life. With NORGLIDE® PRO XL bearings, the bronze layer can be reached after a short period, and the coefficient of friction grows gradually.
Generally speaking, the coefficient of friction of NORGLIDE® bearing materials is outstandingly low in comparison with other polymer bearings due to the use of PTFE as the main component in the bearing surface.
» For more details on low friction products and benefits, please visit Sales and Support for regional contact information or Email Us directly with your enquiry.


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To make sure that our fisheries are managed well and that fish stocks remain in a healthy state into the future, we need to understand the behaviour of fish and figure out how many there are in each stock. We need to understand how fast they grow, how they reproduce, and how they interact with other fish species and the environment.
There are scientists who research all this information for the fish species in our waters.
Why is research important?
There are many fisheries in our Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) that are important to both commercial and recreational fishers. These fisheries range from coastal species such as rock lobster, blue cod, snapper, and kahawai to deep-water fisheries, such as orange roughy, hoki, and oreo.
If a fishery is over-fished, it can take a very long time for the fish to rebuild their population.
The government uses information from scientists' research to work out how many fish can be caught in each fishery without over-fishing, and sets catch limits for each fishery to help protect the fish.
How do scientists research fish stocks?
Fish stocks are difficult to measure because the fish move around a lot and may live on the seafloor at depths of more than 1000 metres. Scientists use a wide range of research techniques to monitor fish stocks including:
1. Trawl surveys
In trawl surveys, a large trawl net is towed along the bottom of the sea to catch deep-water fish like orange roughy and hoki. The number of fish caught in the net gives an indication of how many fish are in that area, and what their average weight might be.
Fish move around and live in different areas, so there will be large areas where no fish are found and other areas where lots of fish are found. It would be too expensive to trawl over the whole area where a fish species is thought to live.
Tagging helps show the movements of fish like snapper, kahawai, and school shark.
When fish are caught, details such as their length and weight are recorded and a small tag is attached to them (it's either inserted internally or clipped on externally), then they are returned alive to the sea. The tag has a serial number and an address on it.
If fishers catch a tagged fish, they should return at least the tag (and usually the fish as well) with details about where and when they caught the fish. Because the scientists know where and when the fish was tagged, they can work out where the fish travelled before it was caught again.
Some fishers do not return tags, some tags fall out, and some tagged fish die before they are caught again.
3. Catch sampling
Sometimes observers take samples of fish from the catches on commercial fishing boats to measure the length and age of fish. This information helps to monitor how healthy a fish stock is by monitoring changes in the average size and age of fish that are caught.
4. Age and growth
Age and growth information are important for understanding the impact of fishing on a fishery. Faster growing species can be fished a lot more than slow growing species.
We can work out the age of most fish by counting the rings on the fish's otoliths. We can work out the age of other species by looking at growth markings on the hard parts of the fish (such as shells or spines).
These rings can be hard to count accurately, and slower growing species like orange roughy may have over 100 growth rings.


About double
EJB design: About double
 1. About double (2 messages)
 I have two related questions both about Java double type.
 1.Java question:
 As we know Java double type is 64 bits.But in our application,we need to calculate the summation of money which is out of the precision scope.Surely we could write a class to process the +-*/ and so on like sqrt() etc.But it's really complicated,we need very complex math transformation to implement it which is out of imagination.So is there clean solution?
 2.business solution
 currency exchange always results in precision lost,so how to balance the total and the summation of all units.
 Threaded Messages (2)
 2. About double[ Go to top ]
 maybe BigDecimal...
 of cause, wou will decrease calculation speed, but if you problem is in precision...
 3. About double[ Go to top ]
 no use by BigDecimal


text:
The Masters Programme in Product Design (LM-27577) is a studio-based programme for students who wish to hone their ability to innovate.
Candidates should be interested in the integration of design, technology, culture and business. The programme encourages creative thinking and critical reflection as fundamental design tools for the development of new objects and ideas to improve people's lives.
In particular, the Masters of Science in Product Design encourages and trains students to:
Students are encouraged to develop their ideas and concepts through a variety of different workshops, such as:
During the final semester, students are involved in an internship in the research and development departments of national and international companies, foreign universities and research centres.
For further information:


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VOOPOO VFL Operating Instructions:
How To Fill Liquid into VOOPOO VFL:
1. Pull up the silicone plug then fill in the liquid (see picture a). 2. Put back the silicone plug.
How To Assemble:
1. Connect the filled liquid pod with
The pod and the nozzle
VOOPOO VFL Kit Basic Functions:
- Power Button on/off: Press the power button on/off five times continuously within 2s, all gear position lights will be on for 3s.
- Vaping trigger mode: MIC trigger smoking mode
- Preheating: Press the preheat button 3 times continuously within 2s to start preheating the current set voltage gear lamp flashing prompt. The preheat cycle time is 15s. If you want to stop preheating, press the preheat button once or keep to vaping.
- Voltage setting: Press this button continuously within 2 times to switch over: 2.5v/3.0v/3.5v cycles
- Low battery power prompt charge: 3 Voltage level indicator light from high to low lamp lit after all on 2s, after five cycles then close the tips.
- Protection function: output short circuit protection, low power protection, overcharge and over discharge protection and vaping overtime protection.
VOOPOO VFL Charging:
How to charge:
Twist the bottom 90 degrees to find the USB port. When charging is complete, twist it back to its original.
Micro USB charging: 5V – 500mA;
When USB plug in to charge the device, 3 voltage indicator light flashing from bottom to top during


EasyNet Web Design
 1. Promotes team work among the students.
 2. Gives us a common cause to work towards while also letting our Canadian Troops who sacrifice for us everyday, know that we are thinking of them even after November 11th - Remembrance Day!
 3. It will help set a good example for the rest of the school to follow in years ahead while also building school morale and participation.
 4. It will help other people across Canada to realize that it just takes one person to make a difference in someone else's life - and that one school of Canadian children can perhaps bring a smile or happy heart to our troops who don't always see happy days in the lands that they are serving our country in.
 5. It will help develop leadership skills in the Grade 8 students before they head for high school. This is done by the fact that they must work together as a team to accomplish a common goal while also rallying the rest of the school to join in the cause and see and learn the benefits of giving a few moments of our time and thoughts to those who defend our country for our freedom.
 6. It lets the troops know that we are thinking and praying for them often.
 7. It instills in our younger generation a sense of awareness and purpose that we too, even though we are much younger, have a part to play in supporting those men and women who give so much for our nation.
 8. It'll also show that a simple act of kindness can indeed go a long way to make a better day for someone else.
 9. By sending a 'Thank You Scrap Book' with pictures of actual Canadians that the troops can see - it would help put and keep some of the faces of the Canadian people before them - whom they strive to serve and protect.
How Will It Happen!
(Through Connections of Family and Friends)
 1. Already, people in the Royal Canadian Legion (my Grandma) are excited about this possibility and are ready to work with the school in promoting C.A.F.É. DAY throughout Ontario and possibly Canada.
 2. An organization called Canada Family Action Coalition (my dad) is also excited about the possibilities and is preparing to promote this concept across the nation of Canada through its intricate network of media contacts and internet mailings.
 3. Some news media people are waiting (my dad) to hear more and are intrigued by the idea of a Grade 8 Class leading its school to do such a good deed.
 4. Some political commentators both in Ottawa and Vancouver Island (relatives) are willing to pick up the story - they like it.
 5. A connection is already being made with Canada Post to pick up the completed scrap books and deliver them free of charge to the C.A.F. Headquarters in Canada.
 6. Therefore; all we would need to do, is lead our own school to complete this scrapbook and the above organizations and their affiliates would do the rest and possibly encourage other schools across the country to do likewise.
C anadian
A rmed
F orces
É ncouragement
D ay


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Prepare to pass your theory test first time with the number-one best-selling theory test book – the ONLY official expert revision guide. This new edition has been updated with the latest changes to the motorcycle theory test revision questions.
Five reasons to buy it:
- Bite-size information – written in an easy-to-remember way that links the theory to your practical riding experience, helping you to really understand
- Practice questions – includes hundreds of official DVSA theory test revision questions for all 14 topics, so you can see how much you've learnt
- Practice case studies – the ONLY book to include official DVSA practice case studies on every topic, plus additional case studies for extra revision
- Learn your way – loads of photos and diagrams, links to more information and videos online, hints and tips to help you learn, and expert advice on what to expect on the day
- Extra help to understand the answers – each question includes references to the official source materials, where you can learn more
And there's more:
- From theory to practice – things to discuss and practise with your trainer to help you apply the theory
- Meeting the standards – summaries to help you understand how each topic relates to the national standard for riding mopeds and motorcycles
- Easy to use – the answers are displayed in a separate section, so you can test yourself and see when you're ready to pass!


Marcel Gimond
Marcel Gimond exhibition at the 'Château-Musée' of Tournon-sur-Rhône
Marcel Gimond (1894–1961) was a French sculptor born in the Ardèche region of France. Gimond first studied at the Beaux-Arts Academy in Lyon and was the student in turn of both Aristide Maillol and Auguste Rodin. Gimond was an influential Professor at the Paris École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts until 1960. He was uniquely invited to exhibit his modelled busts at both the salon and with the surrealists.
Garlanded with the Grand Prix National des Arts in 1957, Gimond, who was the son of a metal-worker, is considered to be France's last great portraitist or sculptor of the bust. Gimond is known for his many Heads and Portraits of Political and Artistic figures and his distinctive bronze busts are to be seen in numerous museums in France, Luxembourg and in the National Portrait Gallery, London.


The Way To Rainy Mountain Analysis
462 Words2 Pages
The way to rainy mountain focuses both on the landscape of Momaday's childhood and on his Kiowa grandmother. It is set in Oklahoma, where his ancestors migrated from western Canada. Through their contact with the crow Indians, they came to worship the sun, and an annual sun dance brought various autonomous groups of Kiowa's together for weeks of ritual. They were famous for their intricate bead work and paintings of buffalo hides which depicts their culture, religion, and history. Since signing a treaty with the United States government in the 1800's, they are trying to embrace the heritage and traditions of their ancestors. I can relate a piece of myself to this story, because I too, like Scott Momaday, have ancestry related to the Cherokee…show more content…
That goes to show that even though people conform or try to conform you will always be more comfortable with the origins of your heritage and the way of life that you were raised in and not giving up until your death. Today's generations are exactly the opposite for the most part. People don't work as hard or appreciate what little things they have in life, relying on technology for just about everything. The significance of the essay's title depicts the Kiowa's legends and folktales. It describes the place of origin and the journey Scott's ancestry traveled. In the essay when it depicts the standing of the "last great moment in history," I believe it backups the importance of Scott's heritage and why it was so special to him because his grandmother was the last generation to feel what his ancestors felt and lived. I to remember growing up and my grandfather feeding me stories of my ancestry. When I was younger, I would constantly dream up what it may have been like if I had lived on a reservation, or what it would be like to sit in the sweat
More about The Way To Rainy Mountain Analysis
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Can u believe that your credit card is capable of diagnosing HIV at a cost of just $1? It's true, a portable blood test can be performed and the presence of HIV can be instantly indicated by mChip device designed by the scientists of the University of Columbia in New York. mChip is the device on the size of a credit card specially designed for this purpose. Various tests conducted among various majorities of people revels that the test has a perfect 95 % accuracy on an average. The cost is cheaper hence a large set of diagnostic tests is possible and is accessible even for common people. It makes a large difference in the mentality of people who hesitate to go to clinics or hospitals for testing their blood. A pin-prick of blood is taken and optics is used to read the fluid.
The blood passes through ten detection zones for analysis and returns a positive or negative outcome for HIV or syphilis. The time duration taken is about 15 minutes. A simple color-code similar to pregnancy test is used to display the result. mChip extremely cheap and efficient and serves as a major breakthrough in fighting against HIV throughout the world.


text:
14, 1845, from Linn County and named for James Sullivan, a Revolutionary
War general. Originally defined by the Legislature as Highland County on
February 17, 1843, the name was changed upon actual organization.
County Seat: Milan
|Sullivan County, first known as
Highland County, had its boundaries defined in 1843; county organization
became official in 1845. First courts in Sullivan County met at the home
of Armstead C. Hill in May 1845.
In 1846 the court appropriated $800 to build a brick courthouse in the center of the square in Milan, but a year later these ambitious plans were superseded by orders to build a more modest 1-1/2-story, hewn-log structure south of the public square. The building measured 20 by 24 feet; the lower floor had one room, the second floor had two. The upper rooms served as jury rooms when needed; one doubled as a clerk's office, the other for probate court.
William Putnam contracted to build the modest structure, and the court appropriated $300. Ira Sears superintended the work. Putnam had the courthouse ready for occupancy by October 1847.
The courthouse square of Sullivan County originally was the site of a curious V-shaped mound, pointing to the northwest, elevated about 15 feet at the highest point. When leveling the mound, excavators found three Indian skeletons. Stones which had been placed around the skeletons were used as foundation stones for the jail.
The second courthouse for Sullivan County occupied the site of this mound. Major John McCullough constructed the building in 1857-58 at a cost of $5,000. The cupola was added later. The 1877 Atlas. This was the first brick structure in Milan.
By 1891 the courthouse had deteriorated, and the court asked for an examination by architect Adriance Van Brunt from Kansas City. Van Brunt recommended building a new courthouse, but the court chose to repair the old building. Kerns and Shearer did carpentry and roofing work.
Fire destroyed the building June 26, 1908. For a temporary courthouse, the county purchased a two-story, brick building erected by the O. K. Railroad Company. Purchase price was $6,000, the sum the county received from fire insurance on the courthouse.
Sullivan County existed without a courthouse for 30 years until the federal government made financial assistance available. In June 1938 county residents voted support for the project.
Milan had a favorite son architect, Lyle V. DeWitt, raised in Green City. At an early age, DeWitt showed interest in architecture. Upon graduation from a school of architecture in Illinois, DeWitt was the natural choice for designing the 1938 courthouse, in spite of being only 23 years of age.
The Public Works Administration approved the plans for courthouse and jail in June. Contracts were let in October 1938 to Walter Barenfanger, Vandalia, Illinois, for the three-story, 110-by-66-foot building constructed of buff brick with Indiana limestone entrances.
Anticipating elevators at a later date, DeWitt left shafts for them in his plans. A community room in the basement is still an asset to Milan; a well-maintained, carefully preserved courtroom occupies the second floor. The initial request estimated costs to come to $136,500; construction contracts totaled about $125,500.
|Records at Courthouse|
Index to deeds, _PHONE_; Deed records, _PHONE_; Warranty deeds,
_PHONE_; Record of patents, _PHONE_; Swamp land patents, _PHONE_.
of the County Court: Permanent
record of births, _PHONE_ and _PHONE_; Register of births and
stillbirths, _PHONE_; Permanent record of deaths, _PHONE_.
of the Circuit Court: Index
to circuit court records, (no dates); Circuit
court records, _PHONE_.
Clerk of the Probate Court: Probate records, _PHONE_; Inventories, appraisements and sale bills, _PHONE_; Settlement records, _PHONE_; Will records, _PHONE_.
& Death Records Database
Local Records Inventory Database


Bioethics News
Striking a Balance
By Peter Young
In April of this year, the Berman Institute and Johns Hopkins Hospital Ethics Committee held its monthly Ethics for Lunch case presentation focusing on how to manage patients who make racist, sexist, and otherwise offensive comments. The discussion, moderated by Dr. Joseph Carrese, featured panelists who have experienced racism/sexism in the clinic, and it allowed audience to gain insight from their perspectives.
During the discussion, there was mention that minority patients in an in-patient setting cannot choose their own doctor based solely on race, because Hopkins' practice is to pair the best doctor with a patient's medical needs. I was a bit confused how minority patients not being able to choose race-based concordance in an in-patient setting fits into the larger, nation-wide conversation of minority groups wanting safe spaces. For example, some argue the race of the physician affects the quality of care, and when the provider and patient's race align, the provider can speak better to certain beliefs, religious practices, nutritional knowledge, and cultural norms. Also, there may be even subtler, yet equally important benefits of having your provider look like you, especially in our current political climate. This includes patient-compliance as well as the potential for less polarizing power dynamics in the provider-patient relationship.
Scholars like Dr. Dayna Bowen Matthew, author of Just Medicine and professor at University of Colorado, might argue that if a white, middle-class person tells an intercity, minority person to take their medication, that patient may be less likely to adhere.


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The UC/L Structure groups CDs together to form defined areas according to population size criteria. The resulting areas are known as Urban Centres or Localities. Population counts (place of enumeration) from the latest Census of Population and Housing are used to define the UC/L Structure which means this classification structure is only current at the time of the Census. Both the Urban Centre and the Locality spatial units are made up of one or more contiguous CDs. As the UC/L Structure relates to CDs within defined areas only, the structure, in aggregate, does not cover all of Australia.
The UC/L Structure is used for the production of standard ABS statistical outputs from Population Censuses such as Selected Social and Housing Characteristics for Urban Centres and Localities (cat. nos 2016.0-7), CDATA 2001 (cat. nos 2019.0.30._PHONE_.8.30.001).
The UC/L Structure is separate from the Main Structure because:
The UC/L Structure is defined at Population Census times only. It comprises in ascending hierarchical order: CDs-Urban Centres/Localities.
- the boundaries do not generally coincide with SLAs and the higher level spatial units in the Main Structure
- its total area covers only part of Australia.
CDs within this structure are confined to those within defined Urban Centre and Locality boundaries. As a consequence, Urban Centres and Localities aggregate to cover only part of a state or territory and thus the structure covers part of Australia only.
Urban Centres may be bisected by an S/T boundary. Where this occurs each portion of the urban centre is separately identified and is included in the Urban Centre/Locality Structure for the relevant S/T. For example, the urban centre of Albury-Wodonga is partly in New South Wales and partly in Victoria. One part is shown under New South Wales and the other under Victoria.
Urban Centres and Localities are delimited by the use of actual population counts after each Census is conducted. The Urban Centres and Localities determined following the 2001 Census are listed in the publication Statistical Geography: Volume 3 - Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC) Urban Centres/Localities, 2001 (cat. no. 2909.0).
In this table, Urban Centre and Locality names are listed alphabetically and UC/L codes are arranged in ascending numerical order within each S/T. The suffix (L) is shown after Locality names to distinguish Localities from Urban Centres.
THE SPATIAL UNITS
Census Collection District (CD)
For discussion about this spatial unit see Main Structure.
Urban Centre/Locality (UC/L)
In broad terms, an Urban Centre is a population cluster of 1,000 or more people while a Locality is a population cluster of between 200 and 999 people. For statistical purposes, people living in Urban Centres are classified as urban while those in Localities are classified as rural.
Each Urban Centre/Locality has a clearly defined boundary and comprises one or more whole CDs. Urban Centres/Localities are redefined at each Population Census.
Delimitation of Urban Centres and Localities
The delimitation criteria for UC/Ls are based on those developed in 1965 by Dr GJR Linge from the Australian National University. The criteria that are currently in force have been adopted and subsequently amended by the Conferences of Statisticians of Australia in 1965 and 1969 and the Review of ABS Statistical Geography in 1988.
Delimitation of Urban Centres with 20,000 or more people
The criteria are as follows:
Delimitation of Urban Centres with 1,000 to 19,999 people
Each Urban Centre with a population between 1,000 and 19,999 is to be delimited as follows:
- Each Urban Centre with a population of 20,000 or more is to consist of a cluster of contiguous urban CDs and other urban areas. CDs classified as urban include the following:
- All contiguous CDs which have a population density of 200 or more persons per square kilometre shall be classified as urban. Consequently State, SD, LGA and other administrative boundaries shall be disregarded in determining whether a CD should be included within the Urban Centre.
- A CD consisting mainly of land used for factories, airports, small sports areas, cemeteries, hostels, institutions, prisons, military camps or certain research stations shall be classified as urban if contiguous with CDs which are themselves urban.
- A CD consisting mainly of land used for large sporting areas, large parks, explosives handling and munitions areas, or holding yards associated with meatworks and abattoirs shall be classified as urban only if it is bordered on three sides by CDs which are themselves classified as urban.
- Any area which is completely surrounded by CDs which are urban must itself be classified as urban.
- Where an Urban Centre of 20,000 or more population is separated from another urban area by a gap in urban development of less than three kilometres (by the shortest railway or road distance), the gap shall be bridged by classifying a connecting CD as urban, and therefore treating the urban areas as one. If the gap is three or more kilometres (and whether or not it is comprised mainly of reserved land or a natural barrier) the urban areas shall remain separate.
- Any area included in an Urban Centre in 1971 or thereafter under the provisions of these criteria shall continue to be so included, unless the population of the Urban Centre falls below 20,000, in which case these criteria will cease to apply.
- If a CD was incorrectly included (for whatever reason) in a Linge area at a previous census, then it should be excluded at the next census unless it now meets the criteria.
- Large peripheral CDs in growth areas may be fragmented; and insofar as the availability of visible boundary features allows, the fragments so created shall be as near square-shaped as possible, contain at least 100 persons at the next census and be of such a size that they will contain a collector's workload when fully developed. For the purpose of delimiting Urban Centres such fragments shall be regarded as CDs.
Delimitation of Localities
Localities are to be delimited as follows:
- The Urban Centre shall be delimited subjectively by the inspection of aerial photographs, by field inspection and/or by consideration of any other information that is available.
- All contiguous urban growth is to be included (even if this would not necessarily occur if the density criterion were applied), together with any close but non-contiguous development which could be clearly regarded as part of the Urban Centre. However, for Urban Centres which contain a population approaching 20,000 the objective criteria applied for Urban Centres with 20,000 people should also be considered.
Guidelines for the drawing of subjectively determined UC/L boundaries are as follows:
- All population clusters of less than 1,000 population and whose population is expected to reach 200 by the next census are to be examined for boundary delineation.
- The following criteria must be satisfied before a boundary is drawn around a Locality. It must:
- contain a non-farm population of at least 200 people but not more than 999 by the next census
- have a minimum of 40 occupied non-farm dwellings with a discernible urban street pattern
- have a discernible nucleus of population.
- If there is some doubt that a Locality will reach the minimum population of 200 people then a boundary should still be drawn around the Locality.
- Where, in the case of defence camps, construction camps, etc. it is anticipated that the cluster will not exist at two consecutive censuses, these camps should not be bounded.
- The Localities shall be delimited subjectively, by the use of the latest available aerial photographs, by field inspection and/or by consideration of any other information that is available.
UC/L name and code
When Urban Centres cross S/T boundaries, the separate portions of the Urban Centre are uniquely identified and reported in their relevant S/T.
- Wide rather than narrow boundaries are to be used to ensure inclusion of all urban or built-up areas. Some rural area can be included in an Urban Centre, if necessary, to ensure that the boundary encompasses all the urban area. However, this guideline should be interpreted in the light of the ones that follow.
- Continuity of urban development is a major consideration. Boundaries are not to be thrown very wide just to include some small non-contiguous area of urban development. (The Linge criterion of three kilometres may be of assistance in this respect in larger Urban Centres of say greater than 10,000-15,000 population).
- Where the subjective boundaries decided upon are contained within a municipal boundary and the remaining area or population is small, the municipal boundary is to be used.
- For previously bounded cities, towns or localities the boundaries are not to be changed lightly. Comparability is to be maintained with the past unless there are significant exclusions (either due to faulty boundaries at the previous census or subsequent development).
- When considering urban land usage, recognition should be given to approved plans.
- Topographic boundaries must be used wherever possible when they are consistent with the above guidelines.
UC/Ls are identified by a five-digit code which is only unique within each State/Territory. Use of UC/L codes in conjunction with S/T codes is necessary before these codes become unique across Australia.
The codes 00000 and 99999 are reserved as Rural Balance and Off-Shore and Migratory codes, respectively, for the S/Ts NSW, Vic., Qld, SA, WA, Tas. and NT.
The code 99999 is not applicable for the ACT or the OT as off-shore


How Spicy Beef Tripe Soup Became a Mexican-American Breakfast Staple
This story is over 5 years old.
How Spicy Beef Tripe Soup Became a Mexican-American Breakfast Staple
Picky Mexican-American Millennials call menudo a comfort breakfast food, especially after a night of drinking. And the reason why may lie in its working-class roots.
September 2, 2015, 8:22pm
Does a pot of boiling tripe that smells like manure sound like your kind of hangover cure? If you grew up on menudo—the Mexican breakfast soup notoriously made with odorous chunks of stomach lining, hominy, and spices—it's the next best thing to some hair of the dog.
Menudo is the essential weekend breakfast for many Mexican-Americans in California, Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico of any generation; specifically, it's the go-to dish after a night of drinking.
But how exactly does a soup made of differently textured stomach lining stay at the top of the breakfast list for Millennial Mexican-Americans, who most likely grew up on Pop-Tarts, school pizza, and fast food?
READ: The Offal Osteria Is Putting the Guts Back into Florence's Former Red Light District
"Menudo is a working-class sopa," says Enrique Ochoa, Professor of History and Latin American Studies at Cal State LA, respected historian, and published author on Latin American issues.
Ochoa notes that menudo did not become popular until around the 1930s and 1940s, when migrant workers settled in urban hubs like San Antonio and East Los Angeles looking for work and establishing communities. At the time, Sinaloans and Michoacans—people from different Mexican states who would otherwise never speak to each other back home—became neighbors. Thus, they started to swap recipes.
Spoonful of stomach
Think of menudo as one of the first Mexican fusion foods on the West Coast.
In American culture, surrogate tías (aunts) soon came into play, making menudo as American as eggs and bacon for their families. The stereotypical Mexican señora image depicted on the labels of Juanita's canned menudo reminded many of their own moms or half-dozen aunties. This convenient Americanization of tripe soup beget the common Mexican family ritual of eating menudo on Sunday mornings, as well as the BYO pot system at establishments that serve menudo. Commercialization glossed over the details of what exactly menudo was, instead focusing on the vibrant colors and spicy flavors, propelling the red, palate-friendly broth of menudo into the mainstream.
Most people who grew up eating menudo can tell you that their own grandmother or abuelita has the tendency to add a lot of dried red chilies. But other regions of Mexico don't serve that same firewater-style soup. Sinaloans prefer a clear broth with hominy and no chile at all. People from DF like pancita, which is menudo under a different name, with no hominy filler but still crimson in color. Some cooks add cabeza (cow head) and pata (pork feet). These cuts of meat require hours to break down into gelatin, thus creating a savory, thick broth. The smell of it cooking is potent, like a cartoon aroma that can slap someone around if they're not careful.
Jesus Raya, the menudo cook in a Mexican restaurant in Los Angeles
Menudo is also the official food of any celebration in a Mexican-American household that takes place in the morning or early afternoon. Baby shower? The mom-to-be better be craving beef stomach. Funeral? No one is ever too sad to eat some tripe.
During the research phase of this article, I wanted to dive into the ethnological view of menudo, so I contacted Chicano Latino Research Center director Catherine Sue Ramírez at UC Santa Cruz. Instead, she referred me to her mother.
"I don't like stinky meat," Edna Ramirez tells me before sharing her recipe over the phone.
Ramirez, an LA Times Best Home Cook awardee, cautions me to thoroughly wash all the meat used in menudo with lemon juice. Tripe—both the bristled and the honeycomb cuts—can give off sulfuric smells that only a grandma can love. Those same compounds can also contaminate the broth and make it literally taste like the food that it was digesting a few weeks ago.
Oregano, crushed dried red chilies, and chopped onion are the traditional toppings for menudo.
I think of menudo as the persistent family member who keeps in touch no matter how far you may go in life. To give but one example, I recently proposed to my girlfriend and we moved to northern California, some 600 miles away from Los Angeles (and my favorite Mexican bakery). Soon after the proposal, my future mother-in-law made the trek up from LA just to celebrate.
You can probably guess what we celebrated with.
That awful boiling stomach stew odor found me like some sort of fugitive, dragging me kicking and screaming to the kitchen table. It has been here longer than I have and will continue long after I'm gone. And I have a feeling that I am not the only one that feels this way. Love it or hate it, menudo is here to stay.


Poem: A Theory of Vision Not Rooted in Reality
Colour lies in the mind,
not in objects in the world.
The philosophers said it's true.
Even children wonder if others
see what they see when they ponder
all the universe lying in their view.
As we grow, we debate inverted spectra
and possible mass hallucinations
creating discord and hullabaloo.
We want to see phenomena just as God sees reality,
and we puzzle every ambiguous hue.
Finally, we content ourselves
To accept things as they appear,
but keep imagining the missing shade of blue.*
*We can't have ideas without impressions, said Hume,
before saying we could mentally create a new kind of blue.
Photo by Sharon McCutcheon on Pexels.com


The Plurality of Worlds
Essay by ahmederum March 2007
download word file, 6 pages 5.0
Downloaded 34 times
The search for extraterrestrial life is not doomed to fail. Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle's "Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds" (1686) makes this abundantly clear. However, the author's approach of the subject is totally different from the approach of scientists today, who discuss again and again the possibility of the existence of life beyond earth with specific formulas such as the Drake equation. The scientists and writers who discuss the plurality of worlds today do not deal with the "imagination" as much as de Fontenelle did. Neither do these scientists and writers feel the need to include philosophy in their discussions about the possibility of the existence of life beyond our planet. Moreover, de Fontenelle uses "conversations" to explain his reasoning behind the belief that there exist "an infinity of worlds with inhabitants." If the author's work had been written in our own time, we would include it among books such as Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance, which uses facts and fiction to explain the author's philosophy.
All the same, de Fontenelle's work is strictly of his own time, seeing that it even mentions that our moon is inhabited! Of course, we know now that the moon is not inhabited. After all, we have more scientific evidence backing up our discussions on the plurality of worlds than de Fontenelle had.
Still, de Fontenelle's work is essential to scientists who are only beginning to understand a certain aspect of our universe. Philosophy is the mother of science, according to many. Besides, the ancient Egyptians, Chinese, Babylonians, Indians, and Sumerians had all believed in the existence of extraterrestrial life, even if they were principally focused on angels and demons in their belief. The Jewish Talmud stated that there are at least eighteen thousand other worlds. Hindu...


text:
This section is intended to help local government officials actually institute a noise compatibility land use control program which would use one or more of the administrative techniques discussed in Section 3 to bring about chosen physical methods discussed in Section 4. Accordingly, this section is divided into three parts:
The actual effort necessary to determine and implement a noise compatibility control program for a specific community involves analysis of the various possible physical and administrative techniques in order to choose the combinations that will best suit the local situation. This work can be done by an elected official, by a member of the municipal staff or by a citizen committee appointed specifically for this reason. The amount of analysis and the type of action taken in this effort is dictated primarily by the urgency of the community's potential noise incompatibility problem:
Immediate stopgap response is necessary in situations where development of incompatible land uses is underway or is contemplated in the near future. Under this strategy a community quickly institutes regulations which tend to temporarily prevent incompatible development. This is done as a holding action to give the community time to consider and adopt a more permanent noise control program. Immediate stopgap response is not an ideal strategy, but it may be the only option open to a community.
Normal administrative implementation is the strategy that most communities will probably follow. It allows for orderly analysis of the potential incompatibility problems, the available physical solutions, and the possible administrative techniques. Analysis can be made to determine which combination of techniques can best solve the community's noise compatibility problems at a reasonable cost.
Another dimension can be added to the administrative process by the inclusion of master planning. Master planning provides the important advantage of considering the various noise compatibility control options as part of a larger set of community goals and plans. As such, master planning can identify and avoid situations where certain noise compatibility control measures would conflict with other community goals.
In its master plan, a community or regional planning agency can guide the development of the town or region to minimize noise impacts. For example, it can recommend that industrial and commercial uses and open space recreational areas be located along highways, and residential areas be placed in quieter zones. Linear parks along a highway can provide needed open space for the community and natural beauty for the passing motorist. They can also provide a good use for land which is too noisy for residential development. An example of an effective use of linear parks with playgrounds, biking and hiking trails, and ponds is shown in Figure 5.1.
Master planning does have some significant drawbacks which make it impractical to implement in all communities.
Inclusion of noise compatibility land use control considerations into any local master planning effort is most desirable. It is not, however, adequate unless the administrative controls necessary to implement the master plan are adopted and immediate noise incompatibilities are dealt with.
A strategy of normal administrative implementation can be divided into five major phases:
Timing is crucial in this strategy. Several of the most desirable physical solutions, such as buffer strips, acoustical site design, and acoustical construction methods, become impractical or impossible once incompatible land uses have been located near highway noise sources. Also, many of the administrative techniques such as zoning are not applicable once development has started or has reached the advanced planning stage. Thus, it is most important for a community to begin its noise compatible land use control program well before the potential incompatibilities exist.
Identify the Problem Existing and potential noise incompatibilities can be identified by determination of both noise levels and potential land uses in noise impacted areas. Usually this can be done without employing an acoustical consultant, and often the larger and better staffed localities may wish to have their own measuring equipment. Noise levels often can be determined from state highway department data. If some technical skill is available within the municipal staff, the noise predictors listed later in this section will be helpful.
The master planning process can provide assistance at this point by providing an inventory of existing and potential land uses in noise impacted areas and by defining noise compatibility goals for the community. Typically these goals will be based both on ideal compatibility standards and on realistic practical limitations imposed by the local conditions. Hence, the earlier the planning process is started, the less restrictive these limitations will be.
Examination and Selection of Administrative Techniques Suited to the Locality The existing local administrative structure should be studied to see which of the administrative techniques listed in Section 3 of this manual are presently possible. If an existing administrative structure exists capable, with minor change, of implementing the most desirable physical solutions, the implementation process becomes relatively easy. For example, if the community is experiencing rapid growth and developers are anxious to build, the town's subdivision rules and regulations could be rewritten to incorporate noise reduction considerations, and building permits could be made contingent upon strict compliance.
Linear parks along a highway can provide needed open space for the community and natural beauty for motorist.1
1 Provided by Environmental Planning and Design of Pittsburgh
Study of Legal Status If existing administrative structures are not capable of implementing the most desirable physical solutions, the next step would be to determine what administrative mechanisms could be set up under the state's laws.
For example, a community might be able under state law to assess undeveloped land at a low value, thus providing a financial incentive. Or, a community might decide to adopt zoning or subdivision control to implement noise compatibility control. If the necessary administrative procedures are not permitted by state enabling acts, pressure can be applied to revise the state legislation.
Implementation If an acceptable new administrative technique can be adopted capable of implementing noise compatibility control programs, the implementation process now becomes relatively easy. What is needed, however, is constant re-evaluation of the noise compatibility goals and possibly the master plan.
The problems posed by the introduction of incompatible land uses to areas near existing noise sources highway or otherwise are significant in terms of economics, health, and quality of life. The solutions available are many, especially before any land development has taken place. It would seem that this combination of significant potential problems and readily available solutions is a clear indicator that the goals of the manual will be achieved rapidly in all parts of the country.
However this may not be the case: The obstacles to the implementation of this manual are many and must be overcome if noise-compatible land use development is to be possible. They include:
Public Apathy It is an unfortunate fact that little public awareness of noise incompatibility exists. The resulting apathy makes it difficult for officials to implement noise compatibility programs, especially when high municipal costs or extensive restrictions are involved. The term "noise pollution" is a relative newcomer to popular environmental jargon, having got a much slower start than air and water pollution. It is now becoming increasingly more the subject of public attention. Perhaps this increasing public awareness will soon overcome existing apathy. Until then, local officials can make efforts through the press or through citizens' groups to inform the public of the significant financial and social costs of noise incompatibility.
Legal Limitations Legal limitations exist on powers of local governments to restrict and regulate land use control. The powers granted by state enabling acts vary greatly from state to state. Such things as occupancy permits, required environmental impact statements, and incentive tax assessments are not legal in all states. This obstacle can only be overcome by action in the various state legislatures.
Cost The adoption and enforcement of any regulation or restriction will entail administrative costs. This can include legal costs and court ordered payments if lawsuits result from improper administration of regulations. Finally, the costs of municipal land purchase can be significant.
A careful choice of administrative noise compatibility control techniques can minimize these costs. Often a combination of techniques is less expensive than a single technique. For example, a policy of zoning restrictions combined with municipal purchase of only the most threatened land is far less costly than a policy of massive municipal purchase. Likewise, the costs of administering and enforcing a health code noise regulation could be lessened if the community also had an architectural review board which inspired builders to voluntarily construct noise compatible dwellings.
Negative Side Effects While some noise impact reduction techniques, such as linear parks in a buffer zone, are aesthetically pleasing, other techniques, such as high barrier walls, can be eyesores. Likewise, the sealed environment within an acoustically insulated house, or the enclave effect created by extensive barrier walls can be quite displeasing to the residents. All of these negative physical effects can be overcome in many instances if planning for a noise compatibility control program is begun early enough to allow a wide variety of physical techniques and if the administrative structure is such that a choice can be made between the various physical techniques. However, in situations where there is an inflexible administrative system or extensive existing development, the limited choice of physical techniques will make some negative side effects unavoidable.
Private Interests Most noise compatibility control programs inevitably restrict the options available to builders, developers, and owners of land near a highway. As such, these people will have a natural opposition to the program and may exert pressure against its adoption. This opposition can be neutralized by seeing that the restrictions are limited to only those that are necessary, offering practical alternatives such as cluster development, and by informing the public of the relevant issues thus enlisting public support for the program.
Tradition Lastly, a noise compatibility land use control program may represent a sharp break with established local tradition. Zoning, restrictive codes, municipal land purchase, and various physical techniques all may be new concepts in a community. Such traditions are often tenaciously held, and an extensive public information effort may be required to break them. Usually, a clear knowledge of all of the effects of a program will lessen the public fears associated with it.
For additional information on issues of highway noise control, there are a number of useful sources which provide comprehensive information in the areas of acoustics, the effects of noise, noise standards, prediction techniques, impact reduction techniques, and noise control legislation.
The Fundamentals and Abatement of Highway Traffic Noise1 is an excellent general text on highway noise providing


Submersible Cables: Choose Wisely When You Need Electricity Underwater
Submersible Cables are cables which can be easily fitted in underground water. If the water level turns out to be 500 meters down or may be more than that, then in such situations, Submersible Cables are the only option which can withstand abrasions. Submersible Cables are specially constructed for handling underwater pressure. These cables are heavily used in ships and water tankers to power submersible pumps. They are also used to generate electrical power in wells, dewatering tanks or reservoirs for maintaining a smooth water supply.
The use of Submersible Cables depends on the area where they have to be laid. Different kind of Submersibles Pumps requires different kinds of cables, hence one cable cannot be used everywhere.
Different Kinds Of Submersible Cables
 - Cables used in dewatering tanks or sewer systems are powered through PVC3 cord and PVC4 cord type of Submersible Cables. These cords do not get affected by abrasions, acidic fluids and all forms of toxic chemicals. These cords are made up of 3 solid or stranded bare copper conductors. In addition, they also have twisted conductors in them which are coiled up to 3-4 times. PVC3 and PVC4 can operate on 600 Volts of electricity with temperature ranging from -40 degree Celsius to 60 degree Celsius.
 - Similarly cables attached to water pumps at 500 meters depth are Rubber3 core and Rubber4 core are flat Submersible Cords. These cables contain an outer layer made of thermoplastic rubber so that they can easily withstand the adverse effects of oil and water. The inner layer of cable is specially constructed for inner core protection. The greatest benefit of using these cables is that they can handle shocks and fluctuations in water easily. These cables are used generally in the tanks placed in deep fresh water or salt water.
 - Cables used in pumps for fresh water supply are different from the above types. These cables are built with non poisonous metal but they give an appearance like those designed with vulcanized rubber. These fresh water cables contain outer coating of EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer) which prevents these cables from abrasion.
Relemac Technologies Pvt Ltd. is one of the leading Manufacturers, Suppliers and Exporters in all kinds of Submersible Cables. The company provides diverse range of cables ranging from Solar Cable, Submersible Cables, LAN/Structural cables, Coaxial Cables, XLPE Cables, PVC Cables, Control Cables, Electrical Power Cable, Shielded Cable, etc. The company has been catering to all sorts of cable solutions for domestic and industrial use. To know more about the company, log on to


text: Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is the unexpected failure of normally ductile metals subjected to a tensile stress in a corrosive environment. SCC is highly chemically specific in that certain alloys are likely to undergo SCC only when exposed to certain corrosive environments. Sulfide stress cracking (SSC) is a form of hydrogen embrittlement which is a cathodic cracking mechanism. Susceptible alloys, especially steels, react with hydrogen sulfide, forming metal sulfides and atomic hydrogen, which causes SSC. This section provides access to reports that present test results and evaluate the resistance to SSC/SCC of various materials when exposed to different corrosive environments.


Do Betta Fish Sleep? [The Complete Guide]
Asides the complexity in the dynamism behind the inhabitation of the male and female betta fish, what else is worth knowing about your betta fish? Well, there are lots of other questions that need to be answered, one of which is the one that is been discussed in this piece. As a new betta fish owner, the thought of a sleeping betta fish might have crossed your mind at some point. So, do betta fish sleep? In this piece, we will be discussing in detail, the facts that surround this phenomenon, and every other thing that's worth discussing.
Do Betta Fish Sleep?
One of the most intelligent species of fish is the betta fish. They are interactive and extremely intelligent, and that's what makes them an interesting pet. They are usually active during the day, but do they sleep? When do they sleep? And how do they sleep? Asides dealing with these questions, we will also talk about some interesting facts about this intelligent water pet.
So, do betta fish sleep? Yes, they do! Just like humans, bettas also need to sleep. But how they sleep is a bit different. Humans are known to be either a heavy sleeper or a light sleeper. However, bettas are known to be a light sleeper. The reason behind betta being light sleepers is not farfetched, this has to do with their natural survival instinct. Imagine bettas been heavy sleepers. In a body of water filled with larger predators, bettas will be snacks for predators every day. Also, bettas are territorials, not wanting to be chased out of their territory, they sleep light to stay conscious in case of a sudden threat. You can 'catch them in the act' if you look long enough. You will notice there are times when your water pet becomes motionless. The entire part of the betta fish stays motionless when they sleep, apart from the gills. When you notice all of these, then it means your betta fish is asleep.
Apart from being one of the most intelligent and interactive species of fish, unlike the scenery of a school of fish with choreographed movements. Bettas are loners, they don't live by doing the exact thing others do. They are unique and interestingly, aren't bound by any of these rules. All of these have subconsciously helped shape their personality. A profile that has made them one of the sorted after water pets out there.
You can buy a sleeping bed for your betta fish from Amazon!
What Do They Look Like When They Sleep?
One of the 'surest' ways to know your betta is asleep is when they become motionless. But, one factor that plays a major role is the time of the day. When they are motionless at night, it simply means that he's taking a nap. This also happens during the day. If the body stays motionless while the gills are active, coupled with breathing in and out, it means your betta fish is asleep. Some betta owners also claim that the fish loses some of his colors when he's asleep, there isn't a proof to that claim. But you can always keep an eye out for that. However, as funny as this sounds, don't look at their eyes to catch them sleeping, bettas don't have eyelids, just like most (if not all fishes). So, whether or not, they are asleep, bettas will always open their eyes.
How To Tell If Your Betta Fish Is Asleep?
Reiteratively, when your betta stays motionless for a very long time in the tank, then there's a high probability that your fish is asleep. Especially when this happens during the night. but do they sleep on their sides? Basically, when this happens, a lot of new better owners feel terrified, because they usually think that the fish is dead or sick. Well, bettas do sleep on their side. You can check closely to be sure, but more often than not when this happens, its because he (your betta fish) is asleep. But, when he stays that way for a very long time, it could mean something else, something bad. It could be a sign of illness or in some cases, death.
But there's a caveat to this, bettas are known to lay on their sides when they sleep at the bottom of the tank. Not just that, they are also known to sleep under leaves, between rock, or anywhere else that feels comfy. They may also remain motionless for a very long time.
When Do Betta Fish Sleep?
Next to what and how is when they sleep. So, what time does this usually happen the most? Betta fish sleep during the night and take naps during the day. If you want your fish to get into better sleeping patterns, you should turn off the light when its nighttime. Turning your light off during the night helps your fish get into a proper sleeping pattern. This way, your fish will be able to distinguish between daytime and nighttime. Just like humans, bettas hardly fall asleep when the light is on. Some of the other things to avoid during this period is poking at your betta and or tapping on the glass.
Is Your Betta Asleep?
Even though you've been given the signs to look out for when he is asleep, it is also better to always check on your fish in case it starts to act weird. You can check on it at night before you go to bed, or while you are awake in the middle of the night. When you do this often, you will be able to spot the difference in the patterns. You will be able to know if he is sleeping or signs of old age or illness. When you notice your betta is motionless during the day, the gill movement is a tell – sign that it's still alive. But in a situation where all the parts of the fish remain motionless 'including' the gills, then it means your betta is dead. But, before jumping to a conclusion, open your tank and take it ours with a fishnet. Check for signs of wounds or illness. Sometimes, when they get sick, you'll hardly see them moving.
Tips to Help Your Betta Fish Sleep Well:
So, how do you ensure your betta sleeps well? there are certain things you could do to help your betta have a nice nap. When your betta rests well, it usually makes for a happier betta fish. One of the best gifts you can give your betta fish is long hours of darkness.
If you won't be able to keep up with this (turning the lights off), you should get an aquarium timer, with the timer will help turn on your tank lights off at night then turning it back on during the daytime. When they are having their nap during the daytime, they prefer shady spots. How do you create shady spots for your betta? Firstly, when setting up your tank, always choose a shady spot. Wherever you decide to put it, make sure it is not exposed to direct sunlight. Get floating plants, you could also get tall plants in case you can't get floating plants. But, make sure the plants you've selected are not toxic or harmful to bettas. With these plants, you will be able to block out sunlight. Install decorations in their tank; from bridges, caves to tunnels, these decorations will help create the shady spots your betta fish needs.
Preferably, when setting up your betta tank, consider the sleeping spots. Ultimately, this will help your betta fish sleep well, and of course, when your betta sleeps well, it makes for a healthy water pet. However, your betta shouldn't sleep all the time. If your betta fish sleeps too much, it's usually due to any of these reasons:
4 Reasons Why Your Betta Fish Sleeps Too Much:
· Your tank set up is boring.
What hits your mind when you think of excess sleep? Boredom! When your tanks have no decorations and are small in size, then there is nothing to do but to sleep off. Some of the things you should consider asides shady spots are the size of your tank and toys. You can install toys including a betta mirror. Doing all of these will help optimize your betta fish's sleeping pattern. So, why he is not asleep, he gets to do something fun. We recommend changing the décor regularly to give your betta something else to do.
· Your Aquarium is not getting enough light.
Yes, we pointed out the fact that bettas sleep less during the daytime. The goal is not to let your fish sleep all the time. Your main objective is to optimize their routines and sleep when they should. So, your betta should get 9 to 12 hours of light daily.
· The betta tank is too cold or hot.
When there is a feeling of extreme temperature in the tank, it's not healthy for your betta. Bettas are known to thrive in water temperature that's between 78 to 82degree Fahrenheit. Anything outside this range will make your betta weak and sleepy. Check the water temperature of your betta tank regularly. Also, make sure the thermometer is accurate.
· Your betta is ill.
Just like humans, when bettas are ill, they sleep a lot. One of the reasons why your betta may be sleeping a lot more than he should be because he is sick. What are some of the common illnesses in bettas?
These illnesses include:
 - Popeye
 - Dropsy
 - Mouth fungus
 - Hemorrhagic
 - Fin/tail rot
 -