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locations has become available.
In video remote interpreting VRI, the two clients a sign language user and a hearing person who wish to communicate with each other are in one location, and the interpreter is in another. The interpreter communicates with the sign language user via a video telecommunications link, and with the hearing person by an audio link.
- The Political Economy of Sustainable Energy (Energy, Climate and the Environment);
- A Concise Lexicon of Late Biblical Hebrew.
- Intelligent Integrated Media Communication Techniques;
- Home : Oxford English Dictionary!
- A Concise Lexicon of Late Biblical Hebrew.
- Energy and Equity!
VRI can be used for situations in which no on-site interpreters are available. However, VRI cannot be used for situations in which all parties are speaking via telephone alone.
With video relay service VRS, the sign language user, the interpreter, and the hearing person are in three separate locations, thus allowing the two clients to talk to each other on the phone through the interpreter. Sign language is sometimes provided for television programmes. The signer usually appears in the bottom corner of the screen, with the programme being broadcast full size or slightly shrunk away from that corner.
Typically for press conferences such as those given by the Mayor of New York City, the signer appears to stage left or right of the public official to allow both the speaker and signer to be in frame at the same time. Paddy Ladd initiated deaf programming on British television in the s and is credited with getting sign language on television and enabling deaf children to be educated in sign.
In traditional analogue broadcasting, many programmes are repeated, often in the early hours of the morning, with the signer present rather than have them appear at the main broadcast time.
Some emerging television technologies allow the viewer to turn the signer on and off in a similar manner to subtitles and closed captioning. Legal requirements covering sign language on television vary from country to country.
Concise Lexicon for Sign Linguistics : Jan Nijen Twilhaar :
In the United Kingdom, the Broadcasting Act addressed the requirements for blind and deaf viewers, but has since been replaced by the Communications Act As with any spoken language, sign languages are also vulnerable to becoming endangered. For example, a sign language used by a small community may be endangered and even abandoned as users shift to a sign language used by a larger community, as has happened with Hawai'i Sign Language, which is almost extinct except for a few elderly signers.
There are a number of communication systems that are similar in some respects to sign languages, while not having all the characteristics of a full sign language, particularly its grammatical structure. Many of these are either precursors to natural sign languages or are derived from them. When Deaf and Hearing people interact, signing systems may be developed that use signs drawn from a natural sign language but used according to the grammar of the spoken language.
In particular, when people devise one-for-one sign-for-word correspondences between spoken words or even morphemes and signs that represent them, the system that results is a manual code for a spoken language, rather than a natural sign language. Such systems may be invented in an attempt to help teach Deaf children the spoken language, and generally are not used outside an educational context.
It has become popular for hearing parents to teach signs from ASL or some other sign language to young hearing children. Since the muscles in babies' hands grow and develop quicker than their mouths, signs can be a beneficial option for better communication. This reduces the confusion between parents when trying to figure out what their child wants. When the child begins to speak, signing is usually abandoned, so the child does not progress to acquiring the grammar of the sign language.
This is in contrast to hearing children who grow up with Deaf parents, who generally acquire the full sign language natively, the same as Deaf children of Deaf parents. Informal, rudimentary sign systems are sometimes developed within a single family. For instance, when hearing parents with no sign language skills have a deaf child, the child may develop a system of signs naturally, unless repressed by the parents. The term for these mini-languages is home sign sometimes "kitchen sign". Home sign arises due to the absence of any other way to communicate.


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Quality of water used in a hydronic heating system for cast iron radiators?
Recommendation and restriction on the quality of water:
Water hardness :
According to VDI 2035, Part 1, no special requirements (with the exception of circulating water heaters and electrically heated systems) are applied to systems with a maximum power of 50 kW.
From 51 kW of power, the sum of the alkaline earth and the total hardness must be limited to the maximum. This can cause softening of the water.
According to VDI 2035, leakage from sealing points is returned to partially or completely softened water.
The leaks caused by the formation of a salt crust are first to be seen. Later, phenomena of water leakage and corrosion can occur in the sealing area.
The structure of the seals used has a swelling effect. It is possible that the carrier medium diffuses through the joint. First, the water (carrier) evaporates to the surface. This creates an enrichment of the water content at the sealing edge.
In the case of partially or fully softened water, sodium hydrogencarbonate is initially present instead of calcium hydrogencarbonate. This can be converted into easily soluble and strongly alkaline sodium carbonate at the sealing edge. This carbonate can decompose the organic components of the seals and the sealing material by hydrolysis. As a result, the water permeability of sealants is greatly increased. This leads to leaks.
Water-glycol mixture: The diffusion performance of the joints is considerably increased by reducing the surface tension of the glycol mixture. Slight leaks can therefore clearly appear at the Fonte radiator joints.
The chemical reduction of oxygen depends on several factors. Concentration of oxygen content, reducing agent concentration, PH content and temperature.
The relevance and the dosage of the agent must therefore be determined by experts. The toxicological and physicochemical properties must be respected.
Especially when salt-like oxygen-based binders are used, problems with increasing leakage of sealing points (VDI 2035) through the heating water, resulting in the formation of a crust of salt and corrosion of joints.
The purpose of corrosion inhibitors is to prevent from any corrosion by oxygen. It should be noted that, if the anodic inhibitor is underdosed or the local inhibition of access to the anodic inhibitor is inhibited, increased corrosion formation may occur in the unprotected anodic region.
One type of inhibitor is film-forming amines. Portions of these amines have a dispersing effect and can dissolve existing deposits. The film-forming amines are generally not very compatible with phosphates and can alter their functions. This can lead to failure of elastomeric materials, rejections or decompositions of resins and oxidation. As a result, the radiator seals may also be attacked or deposits in the boilers and radiators may form.
It is supposed to pay high attention to the installation of all flat gaskets. Only properly installed joints prevent structural changes and leaks.
The thickness of joints is 1.5 mm.
The tightening torque of BELLE EPOQUE cast iron radiators is 320 Nm minimum.
In summary :
From 51 kW of power, special requirements are imposed on water (plant medium). With the cooperation of different systems, chemical, biochemical, toxicological and physical reactions, it is imperative to consider a water treatment professionally.
This can only be guaranteed by specialized companies.
Cast iron radiators are equipped with flat gaskets, like any other radiator, flange or pump fitting. These can lead to corrosion in case of improper composition of the preheating water or misinterpretation of the installation conditions.
BELLE EPOQUE cast iron radiators have a below average leakage and corrosion rate. Defective water can cause leakage and corrosion. These are not factory defects and are not subject to the usual manufacturer's warranty.
With proper operation, cast iron radiators have historically operated for over 100 years.
It is generally recommended to use oxygen-free water in accordance with VDI 2035 for the operation of cast iron radiators.
If a water preparation of the heating system becomes necessary the responsibility of the preparation and the safety of the resulting system is the responsibility of the operator of the installation or the responsible specialist company.
The large number of chemical / physical events and contractions in large heating systems can not be estimated by the manufacturer during production.
These should only be evaluated on site and system-specific by experts.
If there happening leaks in multiple radiators, or flanges, pump connections, hemp spikes, valves, fittings, the first to be checked and verified is the chemical compatibility of the aqueous additive and its impact on the system

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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When we take a picture with a photo camera, we expect the resulting image to be in the same orientation as we intended. This means landscape pictures are displayed horizontally and portrait pictures are displayed vertically on screen. But how does the computer (or the camera) know how an image has been shot?
Most image formats contain not only the content, but additional information on the content: the image metadata. The JPEG image format may contain metadata in the Exchangeable Image File Format (EXIF). Among things like the lens and camera model used to shoot the picture, EXIF may contain a field for the image orientation.
The canonical orientation is 1. An orientation value of 1 means that the image content exists exactly in the way we want to view it on the screen. Let's assume we have photo camera whose sensor has an aspect ratio of 4:3. When we use the camera to shoot an image in landscape orientation, the resulting JPEG image will have an orientation value of 1. When we shoot in portrait mode, however, the camera's sensors notice that the orientation has changed. The resulting image's EXIF metadata will have an orientation value of 8, if the camera was rotated clockwise, or 6, if the camera was rotated counter-clockwise. Likewise, 3 is the corresponding orientation for upside-down landscape pictures.
There are cases where the camera produces a flipped image, due to restrictions of the camera's hardware or shortcomings of the firmware. For this reason, there exist another four possible orientation values as depicted in the following image:
Interestingly, none of the eight possible values account for the camera being pointed directly upwards or downwards.
The EXIF orientation makes it possible to show an image to the user as it was intended by the photographer. At the same time, it complicates image processing on the software side: For one, it is necessary to manipulate both image data and EXIF data in unison. When the image rotation and the EXIF orientation are out of sync, the image will not be displayed correctly. Secondly, it is often desired to remove EXIF metadata entirely from an image. This is especially true when performing image optimization to achieve faster load times on websites. Website performance is generally dependent on page weight, i.e. the amount of data that needs to be transferred before the browser can render the website. Stripping EXIF information from images reduces page weight without compromising image quality. However, images need to be treated properly in advance.
The handling of EXIF orientation in JPEG images used to be vastly inconsistent a few years ago. Luckily, we now have better tools to deal with the issue today.
The script exifautotran1 was built for exactly this purpose. It determines the EXIF orientation and transforms the image accordingly. The transformation is performed using the low-level tool jpegtran which is provided by libjpeg. This has the added advantage that the transformation is potentially lossless.2
$ exifautotran myimage.jpeg
If you cannot use exifautotran for some reason, you can still use ImageMagick. It's
convert tool provides an
-auto-orient switch to normalize the EXIF orientation:
$ convert -auto-orient myimage.jpeg normalized.jpeg
Support for orientation normalization in Ameto is currently in the testing stage and will be rolled out soon.
EXIF orientation denotes how a camera was rotated when an image was shot. Image viewers use the orientation value in order to present the image with the correct orientation. The intermingling of image content and metadata increases requirements on the software side: 1) EXIF metadata and image content need to be manipulated together. 2) EXIF metadata takes up a significant chunk of total image size. Therefore, it is often desirable to strip images of all or most of the metadata. This, in turn, means that one needs to take special care when applying image optimization techniques. Tools like exifautotran or ImageMagick provide ways to normalize image orientation.


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University of Pisa, IT
On the question of ontological states in simple (pre-)quantum models
The quantum-mechanical features of Hamiltonian cellular automata (CA) are described, i.e., of CA with integer-valued variables and couplings that follow linear updating rules. We then discuss whether, in this class of CA, there is room for systems that evolve by permutations of a set of ontological states, thus providing examples for G. ‚t Hooft's recent CA Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. Multi-partite systems consisting of interacting two-state components are promising in this respect and may lead to physically interesting models.


During a global scan of some 16 million homes, antivirus vendor Avast recorded that two out of five digital households worldwide are vulnerable to cyber attacks.
The Avast Smart Home Report 2019 contains insights from over 16 million smart home networks, revealing that 40.3 percent of homes worldwide (47.1% in Australia) have more than five smart devices connected and 40.8 percent (33.4% in Australia) of these contain at least one vulnerable connected device.
The report illustrates that just one connected device can compromise the security of the whole home network.
"People use their smart TV to watch their favourite Netflix series or connect their baby monitor to their home network. However, often they don't know how to maintain the security of that device," said Ondrej Vlcek, President, Consumer at Avast.
"It only takes one weak device to let in a bad hacker and once they are on the network, they can access other devices and the personal data they stream or store, including live videos and voice recordings. Simple security steps will significantly improve the integrity of digital homes. For example, the setting of strong, unique passwords and two-factor authentication for all device access, and ensuring software patches and firmware updates are applied when available."
The majority (69.2%) of vulnerable devices in households worldwide (55.4% in Australia) were discovered to be vulnerable due to having weak credentials, such as simple passwords or the use of one-factor authentication. A further 31.8 percent of these devices worldwide (45.1% in Australia) were vulnerable due to not being patched.
Avast also scanned 11 million routers worldwide and found that over half (59.7%) worldwide either have weak credentials or software vulnerabilities. Out-of-date software is often the weakest link in the security chain, making it an easy gateway for cybercriminals looking to access other connected devices.
Based on a scan of 117,773 Australian home networks, the research found that the top seven most vulnerable devices in Australia were:
1. Printers 35.8%
2. Network nodes 19.7%
3. NAS 19.4%
4. Security cameras 11%
5. Media boxes 8.5%
6. TVs 3.2%
7. Gaming consoles 0.5%
Printers were found to be the most prevalent vulnerable device worldwide, featuring in the top three list in every single country scanned and topping the list in the U.S., Canada, Australia, Singapore, South Korea and Japan. Media streaming boxes (e.g. set-top boxes, Chromecasts, TiVos) have entered the top five, and are incidentally the third most prevalent IoT device found in digital homes, after TVs and printers.
A link to the full report can be found here:


Rendlesham Forest UFO case
Col Halt's iffy affidavit
Rewriting history at Rendlesham
In 2010 June, Charles Halt wrote and signed a two-page affidavit in which he committed to paper his current memory of the events of the night of 1980 December 27/28 in which he was involved (click for enlargements):
Halt affidavit1.jpg
Halt affidavit2.jpg
Unfortunately, this product of his 30-year-old memory differs so substantively from what he said and wrote at the time that it would be destroyed in a court of law.
The most obvious inconsistencies are as follows:
1. In Paragraph 6 of the affidavit Halt reiterates his claim first made over a decade after the incident that the Orford Ness lighthouse was as much as 40 degrees to the right of the unknown light. (At the time of the incident, no mention was made of the lighthouse at all, just an unidentified flashing light.) As maps and photographs of the site make clear, from Halt's position at the edge of the forest the lighthouse is not 40 degrees to the right. Rather, as the skeptics have long pointed out, it is almost in line with a farmhouse across the field in front of him, the same direction in which he saw his unknown light. His claim that the lighthouse was as much as 40 degrees to the right of the UFO is unfounded.
2. Paragraph 7 refers to three objects in the northern sky. But we know from Halt's memo and tape that there were only two objects to the north, not three, and one to the south. Halt's error is clearly a failure of memory, one of many throughout the affidavit. In the memo the three objects were described as starlike, a description missing from the affidavit. I have written more about these objects here. [Note: In a statement to a press conference in Washington DC on 2010 September 27, the number of objects described by Halt went up to "three or four" in the north and two in the south, confirming that his story is growing with the retelling and cannot be trusted.]
3. According to Paragraph 8, one of the starlike objects supposedly moved overhead and sent down a laser-like beam to their feet. Halt has told this astounding tale in many interviews, but this astonishing occurrence is missing from the memo and tape. Instead, the memo and tape simply refer to the objects as being about 10 degrees off the horizon, nowhere near overhead. Although Halt describes the object to the south as apparently beaming down lights, there is no mention in the memo or tape of a beam of light coming anywhere near them. It seems that this part of the story is a more recent elaboration on Halt's part.
4. In Paragraph 9 Halt says that this same object moved back towards Bentwaters and sent down beams of light into the Weapons Storage Area. But according to his memo and tape the object he is referring to remained in the south, over Woodbridge, not Bentwaters to the north. This part of the affidavit is in clear contradiction of the facts. Halt should have checked what actually happened before committing himself to paper in a notarized document.
5. Also in Paragraph 9, Halt refers vaguely to "several airmen present" who supposedly told him that they saw the beams. However, he neglects to mention that airman Tim Egercic, who was on duty at the Bentwaters Weapons Storage Area at the time, has specifically denied that any such beams came down into the WSA. Elsewhere, Halt has claimed that his superior officer, Col Ted Conrad, also saw the lights. However, Conrad has said that he was watching from outside his quarters at Woodbridge but saw nothing that resembled Halt's descriptions. This whole part of Halt's story seems to be at odds with the facts.
6. There is no evidence to support any of the statements in Paragraph 11. Halt's superior officer at the time of the events, Col Conrad, has been scathing of his claims, saying: "He should be ashamed and embarrassed by his allegation that his country and England both conspired to deceive their citizens over this issue. He knows better." (For this, and more, from Conrad see here.)
If the purpose of this affidavit was to add credibility to the events of the Rendlesham Forest Incident, its effect is almost certain to be the opposite. It should now be clear that Col Halt's pronouncements on the case can no longer be taken seriously, although they continue to provide entertainment value for those who wish to believe in the incredible.


Evaluation of Methods for Sentence and Lexical Alignment of Brazilian Portuguese and English Parallel Texts
Helena de Medeiros CaseliAline Maria da Paz SilvaMaria das Graças Volpe Nunes
Parallel texts, i.e., texts in one language and their translations to other languages, are very useful nowadays for many applications such as machine translation and multilingual information retrieval. If these texts are aligned in a sentence or lexical level their relevance increases considerably. In this paper we describe some experiments that have being carried out with Brazilian Portuguese and English parallel texts by the use of well known alignment methods: five methods for sentence alignment and two methods for lexical alignment. Some linguistic resources were built for these tasks and they are also described here. The results have shown that sentence alignment methods achieved 85.89% to 100% precision and word alignment methods, 51.84% to 95.61% on corpora from different genres.
Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Computação - Contato:
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Hampton Roads hospitals urge visitors to don masks
NORFOLK, Va. (AP) — Hospitals in Hampton Roads are urging patients and visitors to wear a mask at their facilities to help stop the spread of the flu.
The medical facilities making the recommendations include Bon Secours Health System, Sentara Healthcare and Naval Medical Center Portsmouth.
The hospitals say the recommendations come at a time when seasonal influenza cases have doubled compared with the same period last year.
Symptoms of flu include fever and respiratory illness such as cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, muscle aches, chills, and sometimes vomiting and diarrhea.


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Microsoft introduced a new performance monitoring tool in Windows Server 2008 called the Resource Monitor. But...
what not too many people know is that significant enhancements were made to the tool with Windows Server 2008 R2 (and Windows 7). Many of the new features are what you would expect to find from downloading a Sysinternals tool like Process Explorer.
Have you ever wondered how to determine what handles a particular process may have open? Or how do you determine what registry keys an application may be accessing? Another big mystery is how you determine what a non-responsive process is waiting for rather than killing the application and starting over.
Resource Monitor Overview The Resource Monitor is a graphical tool used to display the system activity including CPU, memory, disk, and network utilization. It includes a general overview with charts displaying each of these resources, allowing you to visualize the activity. It also provides a tabular display of process metrics for each of these resources.
The Resource Monitor can be started several different ways; from the Start button by running the ResMon.exe, from within the Task Manager on the Performance tab, or via the Server Manager under Diagnostics and Performance. With the initial release of the Resource Monitor in Windows Server 2008, it essentially provided the same functionality as the Task Manager as seen below.
All of that has changed with Windows Server 2008 R2. Right off the bat, you'll notice many new charts illustrating activity for each of the resources. By just clicking a resource tab, you'll be presented with a variety of charts specific to each resource. For example, by selecting the Disk resource as seen below, several charts are graphed including overall disk utilization, and a per-disk queue length to determine how busy each disk is. This allows you to quickly visualize the utilization of all your resources with just a few mouse clicks.
Another major difference is the flexibility that the Resource Monitor now allows you; it is possible to select processes and drill down to the details. For example, with the CPU resource tab, you can select one or more processes and display all the associated handles including directories, files, registry keys, mapped sections, events, and more. You can also see all the associated modules such as images and dynamic link libraries (DLLs) that are mapped to each process. Each of the metrics (columns) can be sorted by clicking the header allowing you to quickly find the information you are looking.
A new "search" feature has also been added allowing you to search for a particular handle of interest. This can be very useful when trying to determine what process or application is locking a particular file or registry key. The search feature is not case sensitive and does not support wildcards. In the past, tools such as Regmon and Filemon were used to get this information, or even more drastic measures such as forcing a crash dump and analyzing it with the debugger. The McShield anti-virus process has been selected and all the associated handles and modules are displayed (Figure 3).
Perhaps the top new feature is the "Analyze Wait Chain" functionality. This feature helps determine why a non-responsive process is waiting. Typically, a process may be waiting for a variety of reasons such as I/O requests to complete, a system resource to become available, events to occur, or blocking locks to be released. This can be perfectly normal. However, if a process should stall or become non-responsive, it may be the result of another process or thread causing it to wait.
Rather than stopping the non-responsive process, you can now use the Resource Monitor to analyze the wait chain. This can be accomplished by selecting the process in either the Overview or the CPU tab, right-clicking the process, and selecting "Analyze Wait Chain…." If any processes or threads are causing the selected process to wait, they will be displayed with their corresponding process and thread ID. You can then select these processes or threads and choose the "End Process" button to terminate them. This may allow the waiting process to continue executing as expected without having to restart it.
Keep in mind that it is normal for some processes to be waiting on others. So don't be too quick to pull the trigger. The Resource Monitor will display non-responding processes in red to help you focus on those processes that are truly blocking or waiting. To dig even deeper as to why a process may be blocking another, it may be necessary to force a process memory dump for further analysis. The example below illustrates the "Analyze Wait Chain" feature on the Cluster Server process showing two threads waiting on network I/Os to occur.
It is very encouraging to see new features and functionality evolving with performance and troubleshooting tools that are built into the Windows operating system. All too often you need to download a freeware or shareware tool to get a particular task accomplished. The Resource Monitor is now becoming a valuable addition to the Windows Server admin toolbox and hopefully it continues to evolve.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Bruce Mackenzie-Low MCSE/MCSA is a Systems Software Engineer with Hewlett Packard providing 3rd level worldwide support on Microsoft Windows based products including Clusters and Crash Dump Analysis. With over 25 years of computing experience at Digital, Compaq and HP, Bruce is a well known resource for resolving highly complex problems involving clusters, SAN's, networking and internals. He has taught extensively throughout his career leaving his audience energized with his enthusiasm for technology.


zines need love too!
Turning Packaging From Trash to Toys Turning Packaging From Trash to Toys
Turning Packaging From Trash to Toys
by Adele Peters
December 17, 2012
How can food packaging have a useful life after you've eaten whatever's inside? One solution, from a Greek design company, is to create a box that can easily be converted into a toy that kids want to keep.
Matadog Design needed to create a new brand for a snack company that sells small boxes of raisins. Initially, their assignment was to add a toy inside the package. They realized that if the box itself could become the toy, then they'd be able to eliminate waste.
As the designers studied paper toys, they discovered that most are somewhat complicated to construct—they usually require scissors and glue or tape, and a lot of time. After building countless models, they created a series of designs that are truly kid-friendly: they don't require any tools, and they're simple enough that kids can put them together by themselves.
The boxes come in 10 different designs, so kids will want to keep buying the snacks—and so they have a reason to keep more packaging out of the trash.
Photos courtesy of Matadog Design
Join the discussion


text: Jonathan Brauer is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Criminal Justice at Indiana University Bloomington. His research involves testing theories about causes and consequences of norm-violating behaviors. He also routinely collects and analyzes survey data from local and international settings to examine whether theoretical processes operate similarly across diverse social contexts. His research has been published in various interdisciplinary outlets, including Criminology, Journal of Research on Adolescence, Justice Quarterly, and Social Science Research. He is currently examining how coercive experiences affect cognition, decision-making, and deviant behaviors.


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Open Access Research
Integer programming-based method for grammar-based tree compression and its application to pattern extraction of glycan tree structures
Yang Zhao, Morihiro Hayashida and Tatsuya Akutsu*
Author Affiliations
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BMC Bioinformatics 2010, 11(Suppl 11):S4 doi:10.1186/_PHONE_-S11-S4
Published: 14 December 2010
A bisection-type algorithm for the grammar-based compression of tree-structured data has been proposed recently. In this framework, an elementary ordered-tree grammar (EOTG) and an elementary unordered-tree grammar (EUTG) were defined, and an approximation algorithm was proposed.
In this paper, we propose an integer programming-based method that finds the minimum context-free grammar (CFG) for a given string under the condition that at most two symbols appear on the right-hand side of each production rule. Next, we extend this method to find the minimum EOTG and EUTG grammars for given ordered and unordered trees, respectively. Then, we conduct computational experiments for the ordered and unordered artificial trees. Finally, we apply our methods to pattern extraction of glycan tree structures.
We propose integer programming-based methods that find the minimum CFG, EOTG, and EUTG for given strings, ordered and unordered trees. Our proposed methods for trees are useful for extracting patterns of glycan tree structures.


text:
About Printable Mazes for Kids:
Printable mazes for kids are fun, but they also help kids develop many important skills. These skills, eye-hand coordination, color concepts, picture and number comprehension, form the foundation for early learning success. Enjoy these free, printable mazes for kids!
Use of our Printable Mazes for Kids:
Our printable mazes for kids may be used only for your personal, non-commercial use. Parents, teachers, churches and recognized nonprofit organizations may print or copy multiple mazes for kids pages for use at home or in the classroom.


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Anti-HIV Drugs: New Findings
Methadone and Anti-HIV DrugsSome anti-HIV drugs can affect the levels of methadone in the body. Two recent reports found that the NNRTI drugs Viramune (nevirapine) and Sustiva (efavirenz) can reduce levels of methadone, sometimes leading to withdrawal. In people taking Viramune and methadone, the methadone dose had to be increased to over 150 mg a day to avoid symptoms of withdrawal, while in five people on methadone maintenance who were taking Sustiva, the methadone dose had to be increased an average of about 22 mg. Individual increases varied from 5 mg to 50 mg.
The other anti-HIV drugs that are known to reduce methadone levels are the protease inhibitors Norvir (ritonavir) and Viracept (nelfinavir). Both of these protease inhibitors reduce methadone levels by thirty to forty percent. The protease inhibitors Crixivan (indinavir) and Fortovase (saquinavir) do not decrease methadone levels. Crixivan and Fortovase may actually increase methadone levels slightly, but study results have not yet been presented.
Another recent study found that methadone may reduce the levels of the anti-HIV drug ddI (Videx). In this small study, people taking methadone had ddI levels that were about fifty percent lower than normal. The researchers who conducted the study suggested that it may be necessary to increase the dose of ddI in people taking methadone. Further studies are needed to find the correct ddI dose.
Blood Lipid TreatmentOne of the side effects being seen with long-term protease inhibitor (Crixivan, Viracept, Norvir, Fortovase) treatment is high levels of fats in the blood. The fats are called triglycerides and cholesterol, and doctors are worried because high levels are associated with heart disease. In the September 26 issue of the medical journal The Lancet, doctors from Minnesota report that fat-lowering drugs may help reduce this problem.
The report contains information on 44 people taking protease inhibitors who had high triglyceride and/or cholesterol levels. Changes in diet and starting an exercise program helped only forty percent of the study participants reduce their fat levels. The remaining study prticipants were given the fat-lowering drugs Lopid (gemfibrozil) and/or Lipitor (atorvastatin). Over a period of six months, some subjects experienced a thirty percent drop in their cholesterol levels and a sixty percent drop in their triglyceride levels.
Protease inhibitors and Lopid/Lipitor are processed by the liver, a fact that may lead to drug interactions. There has therefore been concern that combining these drugs may have a toxic effect, but this has not happened so far. Moreover, viral load levels have remained unchanged, suggesting that protease inhibitor levels are not being reduced by the fat-lowering drugs.
Switching Drugs for LipodystrophyLipodystrophy is the name doctors have given to the fat and body shape changes that can be side effects of anti-HIV drugs. The most common problem seems to be high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides (see above). Studies have found that high fat levels in the blood are most often caused by protease inhibitors (Crixivan, Fortovase, Norvir, and Viracept). The other problem associated with lipodystrophy is loss of tissue from the face, arms and legs. This gives an appearance of wasting. A potbelly and feeling of bloating can also develop. It isn't so clear if it's just protease inhibitors that cause these body shape changes; other anti-HIV drugs may also be involved, too.
Three recent studies have investigated switching from a protease inhibitor to an NNRTI-type anti-HIV drug in people with lipodystrophy. Two studies switched people to Viramune (nevirapine). In both studies, fat levels in the blood dropped, and people reported improvements in the appearance of wasting, although no one felt that her or his appearance had totally returned to normal. The longer of the two studies has only followed people for six months after switching, so it's possible that further improvements in appearance will occur. Of 34 people in the two studies, only one had a small viral load increase after switching to Viramune. In this individual, viral load increased from less than 500 copies to 546 copies.
The third study switched twelve people with lypodystrophy from Crixivan to Sustiva. Most of these people were also taking d4T (Zerit) and 3TC (Epivir), and these drugs were not changed. Eight people in this study have now been followed for six months after switching. All eight still have viral loads less than 500 copies. The researchers noted improvements in the appearance of participants with tissue loss. Reductions in belly size varied, but were generally small. Importantly, cholesterol and triglyceride levels both increased after the switch. Although both cholesterol and triglyceride levels began to fall over the next six months, they were still much higher than normal. Unlike Viramune, Sustiva has been reported to increase cholesterol levels in other studies. This may make Viramune the better choice for people needing to switch treatments due to high cholesterol levels and lipodystrophy.
This article was provided by Body Positive. It is a part of the publication Body Positive.


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What leadership traits can we learn from wolves? In The Wisdom of Wolves author Twyman Towery shares the milieu of the wolf pack where teamwork, loyalty and communication are the norm rather than the exception. Whether it�s their traits of curiosity, perseverance, loyalty or play, wolves exist for the survival of the pack - a lesson humans can apply in business, family or personal relationships. The Wisdom of Wolves shows us that not only has the teamwork of the wolves among themselves been critical to their success, but the teamwork between humans and wolves has helped boost the life environment for both species. The Wisdom of the Wolves provides food for thought: The strength of the pack is the wolf and the strength of the wolf is the pack.
Simple Truths provides customers with inspirational and motivational gift books and movies. Our books and movies are comprised of short inspirational stories and motivational quotes that are certain to make a positive lasting impression. Simple Truths gift books and movies are great for friends & family, co-workers, teachers, students, corporations and businesses.

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Crime and Punishment Test | Final Test - Hard
Buy the Crime and Punishment Lesson Plans
Name: _________________________ Period: ___________________
Short Answer Questions
1. Who does Luzhin ask to meet
2. Why has Sonia waited for Raskolnikev the whole day?
3. Whose heart does Razumikhin say Raskolnikov has broken?
4. How does Mrs. Marmaladov treat her guests?
5. What does Luzhin tell Sonia he will help her to get?
Short Essay Questions
1. Why do you think Luzhin sets up Sonia?
2. Why do you think Svidrigaylov holds Dunya in such high regard?
3. In what way does Raskolnikov's confession sound different to what he had earlier claimed to think?
4. What effect does Svidrigaylov death have on Raskolnikov?
5. Why do you think Luzhin is so angry at Raskolnikov?
6. How does Dostoevsky still create suspense even as he winds down his story?
7. What does Chapter four show about Svidrigaylov's character?
8. What does chapter two show about Sonia's upbringing?
9. Why do you think Dostoevsky distances the reader from Raskolnikov?
10. How does Luzhin make Sonia look guilty?
Essay Topics
Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:
Essay Topic 1
Raskolnikov states that the masses "are inferior men" who are "conservative, respectable and docile". Examine this statement in relation to Raskolnikov's character. Why do you think Raskolnikov is reacting against the masses? Do you think he believes what he says?
Essay Topic 2
Porfiry is probably the cleverest character in the book and quickly works out Raskolnikov.
1) What do you think are Porfiry's goals? How does he achieve his goals?
2) In what way do you think Porfiry wins Raskolnikov's respect and ultimately his trust? Do you think that Porfiry has sympathy for Raskolnikov?
Essay Topic 3
It seems that the goals for many of the character, particularly the women, is to get married, even if they do not love he person they are marrying. Why do you think marriage was so important in the mid-nineteenth century? What were the benefits of marriage for men? What were the benefits for women? How do you think society viewed people who were not married?
(see the answer keys)
This section contains 736 words
(approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page)
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Crime and Punishment from BookRags. (c)2015 BookRags, Inc. All rights reserved.


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BIRD LIFE ON THE ESTATE
Over the years, as the trees and plants on the Estate matured, we have noticed an increase in the number and variety of birds. We have been recording the bird sightings and at this point we have 92 different birds on our list.
Since December 2010 we are fortunate to have a number of Blue Cranes visiting the Estate, early in the morning you can hear them calling each other. In the first few months of 2012 a breeding pair of blue cranes nested at the estate and could be seen throughout the estate with the juvenile. Blue cranes are under threat in South Africa. There are only around 25 000 blue cranes left in the country and of the remaining population, almost half are found in the Overberg in the Western Cape. As a result, South Africa's national bird is listed as vulnerable on the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red Data List of Threatened Species.
To view a list of Birdlife on the estate click here.
To make it easier for non-birdie people our bird list has the following details for each bird:
- Bird name ● Old name ● Afrikaans name ● Bird family ● Robert's number
The Cape Sugarbird is one of only six bird species considered endemic to the Cape Floral Kingdom and there are many to be seen around the Estate. They are a grey-brown bird easily recognizable by a spot of yellow under its tail and the very long tail feathers present in males are twice the length of the body. The male is 34.44 cm long, and the shorter-tailed, shorter-billed, and paler breasted female 25.29 cm long. In both sexes the under tail is bright yellow, and the top of the head is dull brown.
Cape Sugarbird's staple diet is nectar, supplemented with spiders and insects, and it visits about 300 protea flower heads every day during autumn and winter to satisfy its energy requirements. Its long, sharp beak is used to reach the nectar of a variety of species of fynbos with its long brush-tipped tongue. Though the characteristic strong winds in the Cape make feeding off protea heads difficult, the sugarbirds' very sharp claws enable them to grip onto branches and flower heads and to continue feeding and pollinating even when strong winds force other birds to take cover in undergrowth.
Cape Sugarbirds breed February thru to August but mainly from April to May in the south-western Cape. Their nests are an untidy cup of twigs, grass roots and pine needles, lined with protea down, placed in the fork or tangled branch of a protea bush or other large leaved trees. Another characteristic of the Cape Sugarbird is the sound it makes when it flies. The main flight feathers are arranged in such a way that when the bird beats its wings, a frrt-frrt sound is made with the intention of attracting females.


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Are you looking for a healthy and sporty lifestyle? The iD.LIFE combines the most important functions of a sports watch with an activity tracker and without any smart phone app. It remains simple in operation and fascinates with a clearly structured menu.
Wrist-Based Heart Rate
The heart rate measurement on the wrist is performed by means of an optical sensor, which makes a chest strap obsolete. The heart rate is recorded continuously during a training interval.
In order to read out the stored workout values, no smart phone app or data connection is necessary. Your workout statistics and the activity data are stored in the iD.LIFE and can be viewed at any time.
Your fitness coach
Based on your heart rate, the iD.LIFE shows you in which workout area (for example, cardio, fitness, performance) you are currently in. If you have defined a target heart rate, you can use the graphical zone indicator to determine the relation of your current heart rate to the set zone. The iD.LIFE gives you additional feedback via a vibration alarm when it exceeds or falls short of the target zone.
If no target zone is set for the workout, the iD.LIFE will display your workout status based on your current heart rate. Depending on the stress, you will see the status "Recovery", "Cardio", "Fitness", "Performance" or "Speed".
Target zone calculation
If you select one of the preset target zones, this is calculated based on your maximum heart rate (HRmax):
Recovery (0-60% of HRmax): improves metabolism, promotes stress reduction and recovery
Cardio (61-70% of HRmax): improves endurance, promotes stress reduction and recovery
Fitness (71-80% of HRmax): improves the aerobic fitness level
Performance (81-90% of HRmax): improves the maximum performance
Speed (>91% of HRmax): improves the speed
If a target heart rate is set and defined, the graphical zone indicator can be used to determine the relation of the current heart rate to the set zone. The iD.LIFE also gives you feedback via a vibration on your wrist when you cross the target zone. The vibration intervals are defined as follows:
HR enters target zone = 1x short vibration
HR falls below the target zone for more than 10 sec. = 1x long vibration
HR exceeds the target zone for more than 10 sec. = 2x short vibrations
Tap twice on the display to switch between training views. This is especially convenient when wearing winter gloves. The tap activates the backlight when the iD.LIFE is in sleep mode.
12-month workout statistics
You can view your monthly statistics on workouts and activities at any time.
Number of workouts
Workout time, distance, calories,
Time in recovery zone, time in cardio zone, time in fitness zone, time in performance zone, time in speed zone.
Accomplished trophies (bronze, silver, gold)
The activity tracker is permanently visible in the lower section of the Start screen. If the activity tracker is disabled, this section remains free. Use the toggle buttons (left and right) to scroll through the values of the activity tracker. These include steps, calories, day distance, current heart rate, daily target and activity indicator.
The day's target is pre-set to 10,000 steps a day. In the settings, you can customise your target. The day's target is divided into three trophy stages:
The activity indicator maps your progress towards the day's target graphically using a small figure. The closer you get to your destination the bigger the distance covered by the figure.
Current speed / Pace
The current running speed or the pace (min/km) is calculated on the basis of the steps and the cadence.
The distance is calculated on the basis of the steps and the cadence. At a higher cadence, a larger step size is assumed.
During the workout, you can see the calories that you have burned since the start of the unit. The activity tracker also displays the calories consumed every day.


text:
I'm published in the latest issue of "Journal of Interactive Learning Research":
The article I co-authored is titled, Civic Participation Among Seventh-Grade Social Studies Students in Multi-User Virtual Environments. Here's our abstract:
Technological advances on the Internet now enable students to develop participation skills in virtual worlds. Similar to controlling a character in a video game, multi-user virtual environments, or MUVEs, allow participants to interact with others in synchronous, online settings. The authors of this study created a link between MUVEs and participation in civic activities by seventh grade students. This purpose of this case study was to evaluate how face-to-face cooperative structures would translate to an online setting. The study also assessed whether working cooperatively in a MUVE would have an effect on student civic participation. The virtual environment did provide an authentic setting for students to practice the civic lessons they learned in class. Student involvement in a participatory culture generally translated to an increased tendency to be civic-minded.
Here's the to the article link: _URL_
Finally, here's the official citation:
Zieger, L. & Farber, M. (2012). Civic Participation Among Seventh-Grade Social Studies Students in Multi-User Virtual Environments. Journal of Interactive Learning Research, 23(4), 393-410. Chesapeake, VA: AACE.


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Men with short ring fingers may a better chance of surviving prostate cancer, according to a new study.
The latest findings show that cancer victims responded better to an anti-tumor drug if their ring finger was shorter than their index finger.
Scientists explain that previous findings show that men with short ring fingers are thought to have lower levels of the hormone testosterone, which is known to help prostate tumors grow.
Korean medical researchers tested the theory on 142 participants aged 40 and younger and found that men with short ring fingers responded better to dutasteride, a drug that combats cancer by blocking the effects of testosterone on the prostate.
Previous research has also linked finger length to the risks of conditions like heart disease, osteoarthritis, depression and Motor Neuron Disease.
Experts say that the difference in length between the two fingers is determined by the amount of testosterone a baby is exposed to while it is still in the womb, and researchers believe that the difference in finger length can have a significant effect on health later in life.
While men generally have longer ring fingers, women tend to have ring and index fingers that are similar in length. However, the length between the two fingers varies from one person to another.
Over 214,000 men are diagnosed with prostate cancer every year in the U.S. and nearly 28,000 men die from it.
The risk for prostate cancer increase with age and although it is rarely found in men younger than 40, it is the most common cause of death from cancer in men over the age of 75.
A common problem in almost all men as they age is an enlarged prostate called benign prostatic hyperplasia, or BPH, and while it is not known to raise the risk of prostate cancer it can increase PSA levels, a measure used to screen men for prostate cancer. BPH is a condition that is prevalent in men over the age of 50 where the prostate grows and blocks the flow of urine.
However the latest findings from Seoul National University in South Korea suggest that healthcare providers might soon be able to predict who will respond best to treatment by measuring men's ring and index fingers.
While the men in the latest study, published in the British Journal of Urology, did not have cancer, they did have enlarged prostates or BPH.
Doctors have for many years prescribed dutasteride to treat BPH and prostate cancer, and participants in the study took the drug every day for half a year.
Results from the study showed that there was a significantly larger reduction in men with short ring fingers after the six-month treatment compared to men with long ring fingers.
"These results suggest finger length might predict the response to dutasteride treatment," study authors concluded.
Published by Medicaldaily.com


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Here's a summary of the best strategies and techniques to score Band 7+ in IELTS Writing Task 1 (Academic Training) mentioned in the IELTS Twenty20 course for quick reference.
The best way to use this guide is to print it out and paste it on a board where you can read it any time you want.
Go over the techniques and strategies as many times as possible before the exam so that they become second nature.
I guarantee you that if you follow the strategies mentioned in this guide you will score band 7 or above.
If you feel that you are struggling with any specific IELTS module don't wait too long to ask for help. I have a team of some of the best IELTS teachers from around the world who can help you with your IELTS preparation. Simply email me at [email protected] or signup today to get started.
Band 7+ Strategies for IELTS Academic Training - Writing Task 1
- Always write an introduction however do not merely copy the words from the question as your introduction. rephrase the question and use synonyms instead.
- Highlight the key features in the figure using statistics and percentages and explain them clearly and appropriately. However do not include every single detail in the figure.
- Pay special attention to the units.
- Organize key points into paragraphs. No bullet points or short notes.
- Do not analyse the data based on your assumptions and never give personal opinions to describe the charts
- Always write an overview at the end. Use "To sum up" instead of "In conclusion" for the overview.
- Write at least 150 words in your report but no more than 200 words.
- Spend no more than 20 minutes on Writing task 1 so that you have 40 minutes for Task 2. Task 2 is worth twice as much as Task 1 and so you must spend more time on Task 2.
- Use a wide range of grammatical structures and vocabulary.
- Make effective comparisons and use a variety of linking words: FIRSTLY, SECONDLY, AFTER THAT, NEXT, FINALLY
Tags: academic training IELTS writing task 1


Take the 2-minute tour ×
If $X$ is a scheme, the Hilbert scheme of points $X^{[n]}$ parameterizes zero dimensional subschemes of $X$ of degree $n$.
Why do we care about it?
Of course, there are lots of "in subject" reasons, which I summarize by saying that $X^{[n]}$ is maybe the simplest modern moduli space, and as such is an extremely fertile testing ground for ideas in moduli theory. But it is not clear that this would be very convincing to someone who was not already interested in $X^{[n]}$.
The question I am really asking is:
Why would someone who does not study moduli care about $X^{[n]}$?
The main reason I ask is for the sake of having some relevant motivation sections in talks. But an answer to the following version of the question would be extremely valuable as well:
What can someone who knows a lot something* about $X^{[n]}$ contribute to other areas of algebraic geometry, or mathematics more generally, or even other subjects?
*reworded in light of the answer of Nakajima
share|improve this question
11 Answers 11
up vote 29 down vote accepted
What can someone who knows a lot about $X^{[n]}$ contribute to other areas of algebraic geometry, or mathematics more generally, or even other subjects?
I know a little about $X^{[n]}$. And I have no contribution to mathematics nor other areas of algebraic geometry. But I find study of Hilbert schemes is very interesting. Isn't it enough to motivate to study Hilbert schemes?
share|improve this answer
If I am asked this question by a politician, I will answer differently. – Hiraku Nakajima Sep 29 '10 at 12:43
-1 mark for excessive modesty – Richard Thomas Oct 20 '10 at 13:38
One of the reasons is the following. If $X$ is a smooth curve the symmetric product $X^{(n)}$ is smooth. If $X$ is a smooth surface, $X^{(n)}$ is singular, but it is a theorem of Fogarty that $X^{[n]}$ is smooth. So it is a (rather natural) resolution of singularities of $X^{(n)}$.
If moreover $X$ is a symplectic surface (i.e. either a $K3$ or an abelian surface), $X^{[n]}$ has a symplectic form. As Beauville showed, in the $K3$ case it is even an irreducible symplectic variety; in the abelian case a certain subvariety $K_{n-1}(X) \subset X^{[n]}$ is irreducible symplectic.
There are really few known examples of irreducible symplectic varieties in higher dimension: up to deformation, I have listed them all, except for two sporadic examples constructed by O'Grady! This shows that the Hilbert schemes $X^{[n]}$ are indeed very relevant to people who study holomorphic symplectic geometry.
share|improve this answer
Andrea- I assume you mean irreducible projective symplectic varieties? There are loads of quasi-projective ones that don't fit in your class. – Ben Webster Sep 29 '10 at 3:03
_USER_: thank you for pointing out; of course I am talking about complete examples. – Andrea Ferretti Sep 30 '10 at 19:40
Mark Haiman used Hilbert schemes of surfacesto prove the Macdonald positivity conjecture about Macdonald polynomials: see Hilbert schemes, polygraphs, and the Macdonald positivity conjecture
share|improve this answer
The connection between the geometry of the Hilbert scheme of points on $\mathbb{C}^d$ and the combinatorics of $d$-dimensional partitions (piles of $d$-dimensional boxes in the corner of an $d$-dimensional room) may resonate with some audiences. In dimension 3 especially, geometric knowledge has led to beautiful combinatorial results about 3 dimensional box counting (I have in mind Young arXiv:0802.3948 and Okounkov-Reshetikhin-Vafa hep-th/_PHONE_).
The connection that Allen mentions with quivers is nice, and to counter to his dimension 2 bias, I think the quiver story is arguably even better in dimension 3. The Hilbert scheme of points on $\mathbb{C}^3$ (or $\mathbb{C}^3/G$) is given by representations of a quiver with super-potential. Unlike the surface case, the relations on the quiver are given by the critical locus of a single function --- a phenomenon special to dimension 3.
share|improve this answer
I believe everyone so far has said "Hilbert schemes of points on surfaces" are worth studying. Personally, I take this as a sign that Hilbert schemes of points (on general $X$) are not that interesting, and that it's merely a historical accident that these glittering jewels were first found within the many tons of worthless Hilbert scheme ore.
In particular, note that the Hilbert scheme of $n$ points in the plane (or on other $\widetilde{{\mathbb C}^2/\Gamma}$, for $\Gamma \leq SU(2)$) can be alternately seen as a Grojnowski-Nakajima quiver variety, and these are smooth holomorphic symplectic manifolds in general.
share|improve this answer
Have you heard of any type of process that gives you the Hilbert scheme of points if you input a surface but gives you something better behaved than the Hilbert scheme of points if you plug in something higher-dimensional? – Peter Samuelson Sep 29 '10 at 5:07
Hilbert schemes of points in the plane come up in representation theory. More specifically in the representation theory of rational Cherednik algebras.
Rational Cherednik algebras, and more generally symplectic reflection algebras have a close connection with symplectic resolutions, algebraic combinatorics, integrable systems and more and are thus very interesting.
See for example: This paper
and This paper
share|improve this answer
Slogan: the Hilbert scheme of $n$ points on the minimal resolution of an ADE singularity (associated to a finite subgroup $G \subseteq SL_2(\mathbb{C})$) is to the symplectic reflection algebra of type $G^n \rtimes S_n$ as the flag variety $G/B$ is to the universal enveloping algebra of $\mathrm{Lie}(G)$. So far this is not completely understood. – Sheikraisinrollbank Sep 28 '10 at 9:43
er... typo. Of course I meant, cotangent bundle to $G/B$. – Sheikraisinrollbank Sep 29 '10 at 13:42
One can use Hilbert schemes of points on a surface $S$ to detect sigularities of embedded curves $C \subset S$. For instance let $\xi \in S^{[3]}$ be a "fat point", i.e. a subscheme of $S$ isomorphic to $Spec(\mathbb{C}[x,y]/(x^2,xy,y^2))$, then $C$ contains $\xi$ if and only if $C$ has a singularity at $supp(\xi)=\{ p \}$.
In a recent preprint Thomas, Kool and Shende (_URL_ use this method to proof Goettsche's conjecture about counting singular members of linear systems on surfaces. The basic idea is to write the counting problem as an intersection product of class on $S \times S^{[n]}$ and use results of Ellingsrud-Goettsche-Lehn (building on work of Nakajima) which describe the intersection theory on $S^{[n]}$.
REMARK: I just got aware of the fact, that V. Schende who coauthored the above paper is actually asking the question. So he probably knows about this application.
share|improve this answer
+1 for the remark :-) – Kevin H. Lin Oct 19 '10 at 6:47
Someone answered, when asked by braids and braid groups were important, answered that they are important because they are histories of permutations and permutations are important (or something along that line; I'd love a precise quotation!)
The Hilbert scheme is, in a way, the collection of all possible states in those histories (and all the possible ways you can mess up when permuting points...)
share|improve this answer
I would really love any more precise information about these ideas... – Vivek Shende Sep 27 '10 at 17:48
See the work of Nakajima and Grojnowski, where for a fixed algebraic surface $X,$ the points of the Hilbert schemes $X^{[n]}$ for all $n$ are interpreted as instantons on $X.$ – Victor Protsak Sep 28 '10 at 3:28
As a student I once asked John Mather for advice about dealing with spaces of ordered $n


Let's Make Robots!
Jeffrey The Quadruped
Comment viewing options
lumi's picture
Awesome....more, more, more please ;-)
Could you try to explain how the mapping is working? Does it require a EPROM to save data or do you just store it in te memory?
What servos are you using? With my Chopstick Junior I got some broken after a while...yeah, that cheap 9g servos...
Botdev's picture
You don't need the write it in the eprom, it keeps a very small amount of data in realtime (does not keep a log), so the memory is enough. Although, you can use the same concept in a way where you log the data for more complex calculations.
It has a very low resolution of 10x2. Basically what it does it to create an array of distance values (from the IR sensor) as the head moves.
If you watch it as it moves forward, you will see a circular-like movement of the head, it scans 2 lines (one 90 degrees to the ground and one 45 degrees to the ground). I keep 10x samples for each line and store them in an array. After that it depends on how you process that array, for example Jeffrey uses the first line to avoid obstacles and the second line to avoid falling down of a table.
For the first line I find the lowest value to locate the location of the "obstacle" and the highest value to find the correct place to move in order to avoid it. (the position of these values on the array corresponds to real physical positions since the scanning process is linear). I do the exact opposite for table edge avoidance. Of course, there are exceptions with extra actions, but this is basically how it works.
With the same method you can create a larger resolution array for more calculations, but of course the time lapse between the samples would increase.
Those servos do break. Jeffrey broke 2 servos till now. I plan to redesign its legs with a more solid structure. The correct way to avoid breaking servos is to build mechanical legs and control them via wires connected to the servo. That way you can take some of the tension off the servos.
Just seen your chopstick junior, its awesome :D
lumi's picture
Wow, thanks for explaing that in such a detailed novel ;-) Now I can make myself an image about how it works.
Yep, Chopstick Junior was a lot of fun to build to show off and even doing a workshop in out hackerspace and let 50 insurance sellers build two of Chopstick Junior clones ;-)
legwinskij's picture
Awesome! I am currently working on quadruped but this one is great!
ChuckCrunch's picture
so can't wate for the rest so hurry hurry hurry now now now :P LOL in the top video there is a sound like a piezo buzzer freaking out, live it sounds like some kind of bug
 groove job all round
Botdev's picture
Yeah, I purposely used a piezo buzzer to create a bug like sound. Love that sound. Also, adding sound to your robot makes it psychologically more comfortable to interact for humans. :)
I guess I will add a new project every day, too busy these days.
JerZ's picture
That is what is really striking about this bot. It has so much personality. Seems to be pissed off when things get in his way and the twitchy head thing I mentioned before. Like a grumpy mad-man! Perfect. LOL
Botdev's picture
I didn't even mention the angry/fearing behavior we have intended to reach, it's great to see that you got the exact same feeling that was aimed for. :D
JerZ's picture
I love how his head spins in circles then all of a sudden he's staring right at you. AWESOME!! Great job.
Botdev's picture
Thanks a lot ^_^


relativity. – dmckee Sep 11 '13 at 16:22
_USER_: In the broadest context, conservation of energy is indeed "magic" in the sense that we just play with it, patch it up as needed, add new forms of energy, etc., as needed in order to make it a valid law. But in a more restricted context, e.g., Newtonian gravity, conservation of energy is a theorem that follows from Newton's laws, and the work-kinetic energy theorem is a part of the machinery of that theorem. The full dynamics of SR was found purely deductively before any expts were available to confirm any aspect of it. If some portion of that deduction is fallacious, that's a flaw. – Ben Crowell Sep 11 '13 at 22:39
Let's start by assuming the postulates of special relativity given in Einstein 1905a. One of these is that $c$ is the same in all frames of reference. There are really two things we would like to do: (1) prove that the usual formulas from Newtonian mechanics no longer give a usable description of dynamics, and (2) find out how to modify those formulas.
Task #1 is pretty straightforward. For example, suppose we have an elastic, one-dimensional collision between objects $M$ and $m$, with $M \gg m$, in a frame of reference where $m$ is initially at rest and $M$ has initial velocity $v$. If we assume the Newtonian expressions for momentum and kinetic energy, then the result of such a collision is that $m$'s final velocity is $v'=2v$. In the case where $v=c/2$, this would cause $m$ to fly off at $v'=c$. But this contradicts Einstein's second postulate, because if it's possible for material objects to move at $c$, then it's possible for observers to move at $c$, but then in such an observer's frame of reference, a ray of light could be moving at zero speed.
We can also see qualitatively from this argument that inertia must increase at speeds comparable to $c$. For consistency with the postulates of relativity, the actual result of this collision must be $v'


PK-12 Outreach
School Partnership Projects
Faculty engage in projects with students and teachers throughout Middlesex and Essex counties. Currently, much work is focused on science, technology, math and engineering education (STEM). The UTeach Undergraduate STEM Teacher Preparation program partners with Lowell, Dracut, Chelmsford, Billerica, Greater Lowell Regional Technical High School, and Methuen.
Associate Professor Michaela Colombo, through a grant funded by the US DOE, (PETALLs - Preparing Educators to Teach All Language Learners) works with the Lawrence Public Schools preparing administrators, teachers and para professionals to effectively work with second language learners.
The Principal Preparation program engages with school districts to ensure that new principals are ready to assume the demands of the role. A group of Leadership Fellows from Lawrence, Billerica, Boxborough and Methuen meets regularly with faculty to ensure that our program is current.
Our Elementary Teacher Preparation program partners with several schools in Lowell so that our students have opportunities to use immediately the knowledge and skills they are learning and reflect on their practice.


text:
Corkscrew Seal Lesions
Two seals found on the same stretch of beach in 2009 were juvenile harbour seals (Phoca vitulina). Three seals examined in 2010 were pregnant adult harbour seals.
The key pathological findings were consistent in all five seals suggesting a common cause. All had corkscrew-shaped wounds originating on the left hand side of the mouth and spiraling in a single, clean-cut continuous wound around the head and neck to end midway down the body. In every case, the wound spiraled clockwise when viewed head-on.
The carcasses were relatively decomposed, however it is considered the seals were alive when the injuries were sustained. With this degree of trauma it is likely death was instantaneous.
Seal skin is tough and these animals showed a single unbroken clean cut, angled at about 35 degrees towards the tail. The cut extended onto the ribcage but did not cause rib fractures or trauma to underlying harder body structures. The juvenile seals examined by SMRU exhibited cuts through the bone of the skull. (see picture)
The blubber and connective tissue had been 'peeled' off the underlying skeleton, indicating powerful shear forces were involved in addition to the cutting process.
There was no evidence of any underlying disease process in any of the seals examined. Blubber thickness was normal for the time of year in all cases. The stomach of one animal had a large amount of partially digested fish showed it had recently fed.
The seals we examined were either juvenile or heavily pregnant. It is possible animals in these groups have different feeding behaviors, or are slower than normal.


text:
Speciation of echinostomes: evidence for the existence of two sympatric sibling species in the complex Echinoparyphium recurvatum (von Linstow 1873) (Digenea: Echinostomatidae)
NLM Title Abbreviation
Evidence for the existence of 2 first intermediate host-specific sibling species of the 45 collar-spined echinostome Echinoparyphium recurvatum is presented. Experimental studies on their life-cycles were carried out under controlled laboratory conditions. The two entities were found to be morphologically indistinguishable in all major respects, yet they exhibited distinct biological characteristics. One of the sibling species utilizes the freshwater lymnaeid pulmonate snail Lymnaea peregra as first intermediate host, and the adults occur in the anterior small intestine of the wildfowl experimental definitive host Anas platyrhynchos. The other utilizes the freshwater mesogastropod prosobranch snail Valvata piscinalis as first intermediate host, and the adults occur in the posterior small intestine and rectum of A. platyrhynchos. The existence of the two sibling species in sympatry may be explained by the fact that the life-cycles of the two forms represent two distinct cycles of transmission serving to reduce excessive competition between them.
Animals, Bird Diseases/parasitology, Ducks/parasitology, Lymnaea/parasitology, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Snails/parasitology, Trematoda/classification/ultrastructure, Trematode Infections/parasitology/veterinary
Published Article/Book Citation
Parasitology, 101 Pt 1: (1990) pp.35-42.
This document is currently not available here.


text:
Fear Can Alter Depth Perception
October 23, 2012 by Sam Rolley
Preppers and survival experts often note how the body's reaction to fear affects different senses vital to survival. According to a new study, fear can make you underestimate the distance between you and a potential threat.
"Our results show that emotion and perception are not fully dissociable in the mind," said psychologist Stella Lourenco, co-author of the study published in Current Biology. "Fear can alter even basic aspects of how we perceive the world around us. This has clear implications for understanding clinical phobias."
In general, people have a good sense for when objects heading toward them will make contact, giving them a split second to react by ducking or bracing for the object to strike them. The researchers sought to test the effect of fear on the accuracy of that skill.
The researchers had study participants make time-to-collision judgments of images on a computer screen. The study participants were instructed to gauge when each of the images, which varied from pictures of butterflies and rabbits to ones of menacing snakes and spiders, on the computer screen would have collided with them by pressing a button. The researchers found that the study participants often thought the snakes and spiders were closer than the less threatening visuals.
"We're showing that what the object is affects how we perceive looming. If we're afraid of something, we perceive it as making contact sooner," said Matthew Longo, a psychologist at Birkbeck, University of London.
"Even more striking," Lourenco added, "it is possible to predict how much a participant will underestimate the collision time of an object by assessing the amount of fear they have for that object. The more fearful someone reported feeling of spiders, for example, the more they underestimated time-to-collision for a looming spider. That makes adaptive sense: If an object is dangerous, it's better to swerve a half-second too soon than a half-second too late."


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This is a guest blog from Del Mauricio, a multi-media designer and founder of Aesthetic Philosophies – a graphic design consultancy and blog.
For decades, logo designers have relied on a set of design principles and intuition to create successful logos. Most designers through years of experience and practice know what works. Yet, they may not understand why design works. That is why logo designers need to embrace insights from neuroscience and psychology about how the brain reacts to logos, so that they can make better and more strategic design decisions. This is called neuro design.
Think of neuro design as ergonomic design for the brain. Neuro design provides a set of fundamentals that tell us how to design logos that intuitively appeal to our brains and are more easily recognisable. Consequently, neuro design can augment the logo design process by using its principles to test designs against real human reactions.(1)
Before we delve into how neuro design can enhance logo design, let's first understand how our brains process a logo.
How Our Brains See a Logo
Research has shown that when we see a logo, its visual elements are processed in different parts of the visual cortex. They are also processed at different times. The first element we perceive is colour, followed by form and motion. Then our brains decipher the meanings those visual elements convey and matches them up with previous experiences and memories.
If matching experiences exist, then the brain adds attributes from our previous experiences with the logo such as the product name, brand attributes, and preferences. All of this happens within 400 milliseconds. Entrepreneur.com offers an interesting infographic that illustrates How your brain "sees" a logo.
Now that we know how our brains decode logos, let's discuss the neuro design principles that will allow you to create more effective logos based on scientific evidence.
Our worlds are full of visual stimuli everywhere we look. As a result, our brains have evolved to drive our attention to things that move or stand out from their surroundings. This is a quality neuroscientists call visual saliency.
This process is automatic and pre-attentive. In other words, our brains innately react to these triggers before we even pay attention to them. This is likely an evolutionary trait that aided early humans in spotting moving predators or finding fruit in trees for example. Harnessing the power of visual saliency allows designers to create logos designed to grab our attention.
In logo design, the prevailing ways to increase a logo's visual saliency is through the use of colour, brightness, contrast, patterns, and depth. These properties are used to make the logo stand out from its background or surroundings. Thus, considering where and how the logo will be used is critical. For example, logos that have contrasting colours are more easily recognisable. As a result, contrast can feel aesthetically pleasing because it makes design elements jump out at us more strongly.
The Dropbox and PlayStation logos are good examples of how using depth can make a logo stand out more and thus more salient. A logo can also become more salient if it looks out of place, simply because it is not expected. The Apple logo can be considered salient because we do not usually associate a fruit with computers and technology.
Movement is another way to instinctively get our attention. Designers have already found ways to incorporate motion into logo designs. Implied motion is a neuro design term for logos that create a feeling of movement. This can be achieved through leaning shapes or italicised text.
Animation is another way to leverage movement in logo design. Animated logos have recently become a growing trend in the digital world, where motion is used to make logos more captivating. For example, iRobot uses an animated logo on its website to pique the attention of its visitors. Evidence shows that visually salient logos are seen earlier, more often, and for longer.(2)
Studies have shown that our brains have a bias towards logos that are easy to understand. The brain requires a lot of energy to process the information it consumes. So our brains have evolved to minimise energy consumption by preferring designs that are minimalistic and easy to decode. Neuroscientists use the term processing fluency to describe how easy it is for our brains to process an image such as a logo. So it makes sense why more and more brands are using simpler logos and branding to increase their appeal to our brains.
Good examples of fluent logos Include Target, Nike, Apple, and McDonald's. These logos are fluent because their designs are minimalistic and easy to process. And just like visual saliency, fluency is also a pre-conscious feeling, meaning we are not aware of it unless we give it our attention.
Even though our brains have a bias for minimalistic design, they can also appreciate more complex designs if they convey a recognisable meaning. A great example of this is the logo for the World Wildlife Fund. There is evidence that indicates fluent logos tend to feel familiar and as a result they appeal more to us.(3)
Too much simplicity however, can be boring. And with logos you cannot risk being lacklustre or uninteresting. In fact, the stakes for the modern logo to make an impression are higher than ever. Thus, a good way to make minimalistic logos more intriguing is to introduce rich meaning. This is called propositional density, the conveying of as much meaning as possible with the least amount of graphical elements.
Propositional density can be measured by taking a logo's number of deep elements (the meanings graphical elements convey) divided by the number of surface (graphical) elements. If the result is greater than one, then the logo has good propositional density.
For instance, the Apple logo features just two surface elements (the apple with the bite and leaf on top), yet it conveys a lot of meaning. Relevant meanings for this logo include: apples are good for you, they are universal (for everyone), associated with intelligence due to Isaac Newton's 'aha' moment when an apple hit his head, associated with education when students give apples to teachers, and it may also be thought as the fruit from the tree of knowledge.
Logos with high propositional density are far more interesting because both their simple visuals and rich meaning are easily understood. Images with high levels of meaning can surpass those that are just simple.(4)
Patterns Pique Our Curiosity
Our brains love to create shortcuts to save cognitive energy. So our brains love patterns because they are easy to process and remember. As a result, the brain has an intuitive bias towards discovering and learning new patterns.
Neuroscientists believe this is the very core that fuels human curiosity and eagerness to seek out new information. There are several ways to incorporate patterns into logo design. These include geometric patterns (grid design), symmetry, and regular proportions (golden ratio).
Patterns are not necessarily obvious as they can be hidden. There is suggestive evidence from eye-tracking research that people do sense, even non-consciously, hidden geometry in an image (5). Some logo designers already make use of patterns to construct their logo designs.
For example, the Twitter logo is formed via a combination of overlapping circles that shape up the iconic Twitter bird. The underlying pattern is not immediately apparent, but once you outline the circles used, the pattern emerges.
The iCloud logo is another design that uses overlapping circles to create a geometric pattern that shapes up the logo. Many logo designers also use the golden ratio to craft instinctively appealing logo designs. Thus, using patterns in logo design is an effective way to pique our brain's curiosity and make logos more memorable.
The Left Visual Field
Research has revealed that designs that feature an image on the left and text on the right are more aesthetically pleasing. That is because what we see on our left visual field is delivered to the visual cortex first, the right part of our brain that decodes visual patterns. And the information we see on the right reaches our left cortex, the analytical part of our brains.
We also have a tendency to pay more attention to visuals on the left side of our visual field, an effect called pseudoneglect(6). For cultures whose language reads right to left, the effect is the opposite. So it makes sense why a common solution in logo design has been to feature an icon or graphical element on the left side and a wordmark or business name on the right side.
Curves and Cusps
People have an innate preference for curves or tapered shapes rather than angular or spiky shapes. That is because sharp edges or angular shapes inherently remind us of objects that can hurt us. Visual saliency may also be partially responsible for our preference to look at curves and tapered shapes. Because curves are smoother and more unusual to occur in nature, our brains think they can offer something new and interesting. In fact, curvy designs suggest easiness and encourage interaction.
Studies has revealed that when people are shown both a curvy design and an angular design, they tend to look at the curvy design first(7). Curves can make a logo design feel approachable. While sharp angles and spikes can make a logo feel unapproachable. That's not to say angular shapes don't have a place in logo design. Our brains simply show a preference for curves and tapered shapes.
Interestingly enough, some experts suggest that shapes like cusps can be used to get our attention, even though they are pointy shapes. Because cusps signal fear, danger and caution to the brain, it has learned to pay close attention to them.
The Apple logo for example, features both curves and cusps in its design. Note that the curves are on the left side of the apple catering to our left visual field, and the cusps are on the right side. As a result, the logo is very effective at driving people's attention. In conclusion, curves and cusps may be used in logo design to grab our attention.
Neuro Design: Scientific evidence that


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For a discussion of the Skip by Leading Text Wrap preference, see Chapter 18, "Text Wraps: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly."
For a discussion of the Text Frame First Baseline Position options as well as Align to Baseline Grid, see Chapter 16, "Everything in Its Right Place: Using Grids for a Clean, Structured Look."
A handy shortcut for increasing or decreasing the leading of a selected range of text is pressing Option+Up Arrow (Alt+Up Arrow) to tighten the leading or Option+Down Arrow (Alt+Down Arrow) to loosen the leading. The amount is determined by the value in the Size/Leading field in the Units & Increments Preferences. To increase/decrease the leading value by five times this amount press Cmd+Option+Up Arrow/Down Arrow (Ctrl+Alt+Up Arrow/Down Arrow).


Skip to definition.
Noun: brew broo
 1. Drink made by steeping and boiling and fermenting rather than distilling
 - brewage
Verb: brew broo
 1. Prepare by brewing
 "people have been brewing beer for thousands of years"
 2. Sit or let sit in boiling water so as to extract the flavour
 "the tea is brewing"
Derived forms: brews, brewing, brewed
Type of: alcohol, alcoholic beverage, alcoholic drink, create from raw material, create from raw stuff, imbue, inebriant, intoxicant, soak
Encyclopedia: Brew


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associations rather than conforming to fixed models, programs or rules. Diverse associative relations do not provide a single, fixed meaning or definition, but a flexible and adaptable resource for responding to variation and ambivalence in meaning in different, even overlapping, contextual domains. In other words, associative relations are dynamically assembled in context. Moreover, syntagmatic and associative relations are not independent of each other:
They reciprocally condition each other. In effect, co-ordination in space contributes to the creating of associative co-ordinations.Co-ordination in space refers to the domain of syntagmatic relations. I see this notion as suggesting a link to Edelman's notion of reentry. The syntagm is the means whereby choices from diverse associative series are co-ordinated as a single syntagm in space-time. It is the means for correlating the associative choices in a structure which has spatio-temporal contiguity and coherence. That is, the syntagm brings together diverse associations as a single structured event in space-timeOur memory holds in reserve all types of more or less complex syntagms, no matter of what kind or duration, and at the moment of using them, we bring in associative groups in order to fix our choice. When someone says marchons! ('let's walk!'), he unconsciously thinks of diverse associative groups at the intersection of which is found the syntagm marchons!. This figures as a part in the series marche! ('walk!' -- 2nd Person Singular), marchez! ('walk!' -- 2nd person Plural), and it is the opposition of marchons! with these forms which determines the choice; on the other hand, marchons! evokes the series montons! ('let's go up'), mangeons! ('let's eat!'), etc., within which it is chosen by the same procedure; in each series one knows what has to be varied in order to obtain the differentiation which is appropriate to the unit which is required. If the idea to be expressed is changed, other oppositions will be necessary in order to bring about another value; one will say, for example, marchez!, or else montons!In the above, Saussure shows how elements from diverse series are mapped onto the one syntagm (see also Lecture 7, Section 7). The principle of classification and comparison that is applied to the various associative series must identify and select the appropriate element from each series. Further, it must then correlate the elements so selected with each other by reciprocally and functionally relating them to each other in the syntagm that results. This means that the specific elements which are abstracted from a given associative series are'reentrantly' mapped onto a higher-order syntagm which synthesises the information deriving from diverse series into a functional whole.
Importantly, Saussure sees the simultaneous functioning of these two types of relations as constituting the very basis of the mental activity which gives rise to language in the individual. Further, memory, as the above quotation shows, is flexible and associative rather than based upon the storage of fixed rules and programs for representing the external world. The emergence of a particular sign is the product of the ways that both syntagmatic and associative relations dynamically adjust to the basin of one attractor rather than another according to the context or context-type that is in operation. Syntagmatic and associative relations simultaneously function in the real-time of meaning-making.
The activities described above do not take place on the basis of purely disembodied and abstract meanings (CLG: 189). The point is that syntagmatic and associative relations simultaneously work on the given physical-material unit (1) to analyse it into its constituent parts and to assign values to these; and (2) to assign a global meaning or sense to the physical-material unit on the basis of the values that are assigned to the various parts that are ordered or arranged in a certain way:
But if word order is incontestably an abstract entity, it is no less true that it only owes its existence to the concrete units which contain it and which flow in a single direction. It would be a mistake to think that there a disembodied syntax outside of these material units distributed in space. In English the man I have seen ("l'homme que j'ai vu") shows a syntactic fact which appears to be represented by zero, whereas the French renders it with que. But it is just this comparison with the French syntactic fact that produces this illusion that nothing can express something; in reality, material units, arranged in a certain order, alone create this value. Outside of a set of concrete terms one would not know how to reason about a syntactic matter. Moreover, for the sole fact that one understands a linguistic complex (for example the English words cited above), this sequence of terms is the adequate expression of thought.The material units that Saussure speaks of are necessary so that the given unit can be processed by our motor and perceptual apparatus. This physical-material stimulus is simultaneously processed by the associative and syntagmatic dimensions of contextualisation in order to construe it as a meaningful act or sign. Both dimensions are necessary and may be said to stand in a relation of complimentarity to each other. Associative relations both constitute a network of possible choices as well as provide information about the component features of the structure; syntagmatic relations analyse it in terms of its overall form and structure. In Edelman's terms, the two kinds of relations can be said to be degenerate: multiple and redundant processes apply to the same unit. They are also disjunctive because the two kinds of analytical operation that are entailed by associative and syntagmatic relations are not reducible the one to the other, but are distinct. Associative relations assign the component parts of the unit to one or more associative series. Syntagmatic relations map selected features from the relevant associative series onto the given structure. As forms of mental activity, the two types of activity take place in the real-time of speaking itself -- 'at the moment of uttering the sentence' -- that is, in the short term memory in operation in parole:
A material unit only exists though its sense, the function with which it is endowed; this principle is particularly important for the knowledge of restricted units, because one is tempted to think that they exist in virtue of their pure materiality, that for example aimer owes its existence to the sound alone which comprises it. Inversely -- as we shall see -- a sense, a function only exists through the support of some material form; if this principle has been formulated with regard to more extended syntagms or syntactic types, it is so because one is induced to see in them immaterial abstractions gliding above the terms in the sentence. These two principles, in completing each other, agree with our claims relative to the delimitation of units (see p. 145).
This principle applies to syntagms and sentences [phrases] of all types, more or less complex. At the moment of uttering the sentence: "que vous dit-il?", we make an element vary in a latent syntagmatic type, for example, "que te dit-il?" -- "que nous dit-il?", etc., and it is in this way that our choice is fixed on the pronoun vous. In this way, in this operation, which consists in mentally eliminating everything which does not bring about the desired differentiation at the desired point, associative groups and syntagmatic types are both in play.At the moment of uttering the sentence in parole, a latent syntagmatic type in langueis selected in relation to a whole cluster of associative relations that constitute the environment from which the specific choice is made. In the above example, the sentence que vous dit-il? instantiates a more abstract grammatical schema -- cf. Saussure's latent syntagmatic type -- in relation to a series of possible alternative selections in, for example, the associative series comprising the pronouns te, vous, nous, and so on. By the same token, the associative series that are relevant to the specific selection which is made at each point in the syntagm function to classify that choice as being assignable to a given class of associative relations.
The two activities are time-linked yet disjunctive processes that apply to the same perceptual stimulus -- the physical-material unit -- such as a given sequence of sounds. Further, they each act upon and condition each other. In other words, they are correlated activities in the real time of speaking (or understanding) a linguistic utterance. This means we can both relate the given utterance to a given syntagmatic type as well as specify its own particular features according to the particular associative series from which they were selected. All this occurs on the basis of resources which are internal to langueitself. There is no external process of instruction for the social-semiological treasure of langueis stored in the brain of the individual. It is the simultaneous and interdependent working of the two forms of mental activity that enables linguistic forms to emerge. In modern terminology, it does not seem inappropriate to claim that Saussure had already understood the self-organising character of this mental activity. This means that it is the correlation of the two activities that gives rise to a reentrant map whereby a higher-order linguistic form is generated. Saussure's example may be re-cast as shown in Figure 2:
Figure 2: Correlation of associative and syntagmatic relations in the realisation of the sentence que vous dit-il?Figure 2 illustrates both the associative series relevant to the sentence que vous dit-il? as well as the latent syntagmatic type of which the sentence is an instance. In the case of the associative series, three have been presented here. These are (1


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Edit pattern settings in Logic Remote on iPhone
You can edit a variety of settings for the overall pattern, including the pattern length, playback mode, step rate, key and scale.
Edit pattern settings
In Logic Remote, tap the Pattern Settings button in the lower-left corner of the screen, then do any of the following:
To change the pattern length: Tap Pattern Length, then tap a new value.
To change the step rate: Tap Step Rate, then tap a new note value.
To change the playback mode: Tap Playback Mode, then tap a new mode.
To set the Swing value: Tap Swing, tap either 8th or 16th, then set the swing percentage using the slider.
To change the key: Tap Pattern Key, then tap a key, or tap No Transpose.
To change the scale: Tap Scale Quantize, then tap a scale, or tap Off.
To set the MIDI channel for all rows in the pattern: Tap MIDI Channel, then tap to set the channel number using the slider.
To set the automation mode for the pattern: Tap Automation Mode, then tap to select one of the automation modes:
Latch: Sets the automation parameter value to remain constant until a step with a different value is triggered.
Slide: Interpolates between the last set automation parameter value and the next, to produce a smooth, gradual change.
To set all rows in the pattern to use Legato mode: Tap the Legato switch.
When you select Legato mode, a 100% Gate value is increased by one tick so that it overlaps slightly with the following step. When triggering notes on a synthesizer or other software instrument, this ensures that the steps trigger the legato behavior of the instrument.
To reset the pattern: Tap Clear Pattern.


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The Myth of the Crucial Experiment
Is scientific knowledge ironclad? Can single experiments offer definitive proof? Popular notions of monolithic science would suggest so. Nowhere is this more evident than in our stories about science and its history—which naturally embody our current views of the nature of science. Even textbooks that do not delve deeply into history often celebrate the dramatic evidence offered by single "classic" experi-ments. —And many such experiments become enshrined in lab books as simplified exercises for students.
The notion of crucial experiments deserves a skeptical eye, however. The closer we dissect history, the more difficult it generally becomes to identify any one test or fragment of evidence that the entire scientific community found persuasive or conclusive. Often, the "critical" results must be interpreted in the context of several other experiments. At other times, a mixed constellation of results was important. Several articles here reveal the complexity behind several "crucial" experiments that have achieved iconic status in textbooks. We might always consider how, given such stories, students will respond when advocates in current scientific controversies claim—usually on both sides(!)—that they have simple, incontravertible evidence.