Parish Registration
Registering at St. John's is easy. Just download the registration form below and fill it out. You can drop the completed form off at the parish office Tues.-Fri. between 8am and 4pm or email it to
Membership in a parish and registering at a parish are not the same thing, although they are often spoken of interchangeably. A "parish" consists of a geographical area with clearly defined boundaries, which has its own church or chapel belonging to it and its own pastor administering it. Any Catholic who lives within the physical boundaries of a parish is automatically considered a "member" of that parish for purposes of administering the sacraments. He/she cannot be refused the sacraments by the pastor of the parish in which he/she resides unless the pastor has a valid canonical reason to do so. For example, when a Catholic marries, the pastor of the parish within whose boundaries he/she resides has a responsibility to witness the marriage, unless there is a valid canonical reason for him to refuse (e.g., the person is already validly married to another spouse).
Being registered at a parish is different. One becomes registered at a parish when one fills out a census form, regularly contributes to the parish's finances, or otherwise "signs up" at the parish. Registering is primarily useful for administrative purposes. Keeping a parish registry allows pastors and administrative staff to keep track of who is worshipping at the parish and contributing to the parish's financial needs. However, a pastor is not required to provide "one-time" sacraments, such as marriage or baptism, to a registered person who is not a geographical member of the parish.
Registering at a parish has a lot of great benefits, including having one's contact information on record at the parish and being able to receive important communications, having an established sacramental record, and receiving offertory envelopes, which make it easier to keep track of contributions.
Here are some interesting articles on the historical development of parishes and on the difference between parish membership and registration.


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Part of a fountain pen that fills using a sack mechanism. The pressure bar is a flat piece of metal (usually brass) that sits between the sack and the barrel of the pen. It is manipulated from an input on the outside of the pen (typically a button at the end of the barrel, or a lever on the side of the pen).
This manipulation either moves or bows the pressure bar, which, in turn, compresses the sack. Everything in the sack is expelled, including ink and air (be careful where you point that thing!). Once the pressure on the bar is removed, the sack is allowed to expand. A vacumm is created, drawing in whatever the surrounds the nib (again, ink, air, or water).
As mentioned buttons and levers are the most common methods of manipulating a pressure bar.


A general rule for storing bread and buns is never to store them in the fridge. This causes the bread to dry out a lot quicker.
The very best thing to do is to freeze it and get it out to defrost on the day of eating. Bread can easily be sliced before you freeze it, so you can get out what you need when you need it.
Another way of keeping bread really fresh is to freeze it before it has been baked in the oven. If you are making small bread rolls, for example, freeze them on a baking tray once they have risen and before baking. When you want to serve them, simply remove them from the freezer and turn the oven on. When the oven is up to temperature, put the rolls in and serve them freshly baked.


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I have taken a series of noisy photos without a tripod.
I want one less noisy version, so I need average them down to one photo.
But details of the individual images do not exactly match, so that naive attempt will lead to a blurred/ghosted image, so I need to move/rotate[/scale/whatever] all images to match the first and then average them?
What is this technique called?
 1. Adjusting
 2. Stabilisation
 3. Synchronising
 4. Converging
 5. Deshaking
 6. some other term?
share|improve this question
5 Answers 5
up vote 9 down vote accepted
The answer you are looking for is Image Aligning.
When you merge images for HDR on Photoshop, there is an optional 'Automatically Align Images'. The same option exist in several cameras with built-in HDR capabilities.
It is also sometimes called Image Registration but that term is overloaded as it has other meanings, for example relative to copyright.
Stacking, HDR Merging, Exposure Blending are what you do with images that are aligned already.
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The essential concept is called, simply enough, stacking and averaging. The technique is often used in astrophotography where the photographer takes a long series of short exposures which are then combined to form the final, and somewhat smaller, image. The reason they do this is to handle the rotation of the earth without an equatorial mount and to reduce noise. You will also find it used in macro photography to increase the depth of field of the image, each layer providing a slightly different plane of focus.
Why do I tell you this? Well, the software they use can be used by you to achieve a similar purpose. If you Google "image stacking software to reduce noise" you will find quite a few hits. Some will give you guidance for doing it in photo editing software, some will be dedicated software, etc. The dedicated options will usually provide some assistance in lining up the images which, I think, is the biggest problem you face.
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"When you move/rotate photos to make them match it is called photo stacking" - have I understood well? – Vi0 Mar 13 '11 at 0:16
The process of aligning, combining, and adjusting is often simply called "stacking." They're usually all done as part of the same process. – John Cavan Mar 13 '11 at 2:01
I think the word you are looking for is "aligned".
share|improve this answer
As _USER_ Cavan, it's usually just called stacking. I've probably mentioned it before, but the software I'd recommend for the job is CombineZP. It's free, and at least for me has been completely reliable and trouble-free (well, some old versions had a few minor problems, but that was years ago, and even then they were pretty minor).
share|improve this answer
You might want to have a look at Panorama Tools and Enblend.
However I have to disclaim any experience with those, I just know those tools exist.
share|improve this answer
The hugin command line tool is align_image_stack ( – labnut Mar 13 '11 at 17:31
Your Answer


text:
heaviest chemical element of Group 1 (also called Group Ia) in the periodic table, the alkali metal group. It exists only in short-lived radioactive forms. Natural francium cannot be isolated in visible, weighable amounts, for only about 30 grams (about 1 ounce) occur at any time in the entire crust of Earth. Marguerite Perey discovered francium (1939) while studying actinium-227, which decays by negative beta decay (electron emission) to an isotope of thorium (thorium-227) and by alpha emission (about 1 percent) into an isotope of francium (francium-223) that was formerly called actinium K (AcK) and is a member of the actinium decay series. Though it is the longest-lived isotope of francium, francium-223 has a half-life of only 21 minutes. Isotopes of francium with masses between 204 and 224 have been artificially prepared, and, because natural francium cannot be concentrated, it is also prepared by neutron irradiation of radium to produce actinium, which decays to produce traces of francium. The chemistry of francium can be studied only by methods designed for trace quantities. In all respects, its observed behaviour, including the oxidation state of +1, is that to be expected of an alkali element filling a place just below cesium in the periodic table of the elements
Learn more about Fr with a free trial on Britannica.com.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Focus Group:
Strengthening and Diversifying the Clergy
In order to have a stronger and sustainable Clergy, it must be diverse. Our goal is to include all people, men and women with diverse backgrounds, as equal partners in the Church, as they already are in the eyes of God. Here are some of the questions this Focus Group is exploring:
 - How can we include women in highly visible diocesan-wide leadership roles? How can we increase women's voices and their votes in matters of church governance?
 - How can we address the diminishing number of clergy and seek a way forward by encouraging women and men called to serve in the Church?
 - We aim to promote discussions between laity and clergy about women serving in the diaconate and married men and women serving as priests.
 - How do we work with the diocese to better understand the attitudes of the laity about a variety of church issues, and how the laity can help support the priests in every parish, through surveys and active listening sessions?
Please use the registration form below to:


7 Ways you Can Improve your Digital Asset Management
Source: medium.com
Are you often stressed out because you are wasting a lot of valuable time looking for access to a certain part of a company's assets? This situation can already be your past today! Investing in digital asset management plays a major role in the organizational and financial success of a company. All those companies that want to follow modern trends and have the need to reduce the time in searching for digital resources, should start using this very important tool.
The digital assets of a company are one of its most important parts. Using DAM is very dominant in the company's organization. It helps in searching and saves employees time. However, you need to know how to use this system in the right way. Its simple application will give you great results. This brings us to the question of how could we improve and maximize the use of DAM?
Below, with the help of Fireblocks, we offer you 7 ways by which you can achieve the desired results:
1. The entire resources in one place
This advice may seem impossible to you because you have a lot of content, but take a moment and think. Would it be easier for you to manage company resources if everything you needed was grouped in one place? I'm sure it would. The allocation of assets can be done by certain categories. Create a couple of significant groups in which you will classify the property with the same characteristics. This way of arranging the company's content will greatly facilitate your work and help you access resources more shortly. Another tip for using DAM more efficiently is to make certain groups available to the right people. Time savings and better productivity are guaranteed with this move.
2. Use keywords
Source: prismvs.com
Another way to find resources faster and easier is to use keywords. This step will save your company's employees time and help them do their job more efficiently. You can create keywords, while there are some DAM systems as well that generate keywords based on certain references. If you set them up yourself, make sure they are clear and accessible to everyone. This way, you'll be able to access all the resources related to this fact based on just one word. For example, if you are looking for a file called "Christmas in New York", you will easily find the desired document if you type only the word "Christmas", "New York" or maybe even "holiday". As easy as pie, isn't it?
3. Use templates
Source: nycmarketingacademy.com
Another tool that could help you save time and money is the use of a template. It may seem like an irritating job to you, but it takes a little time and its use is very significant. Today there are many programs (which are free of charge) that can help you create a template. It will be much easier and simpler for employees to use DAM in this way. If something is visually appealing, higher are chances that it will be used more often. So, you have another opportunity to improve your performance.
4. Promote the DAM system
Source: wpguynews.com
By promoting the DAM System and raising its story to a higher level, it will have a positive side on the entire staff. Talking about the significance of the System will create a sense of belonging and importance. With many gatherings, fairs, you can promote DAM not only with your employees but also with everyone else interested in its use. With this promotion, you can largely remove the ambiguities related to updating and using the System.
5. Training!
Training is key if you want to make a progress in the business. Thanks to rapid technological progress, changes are very frequent, so we need to adapt to them and keep on track with current events. The best way to respond to change is through training. Updating all employees eliminates problems and increases company productivity. Your willingness to provide additional support to employees affects their self-confidence and encourages their willingness to work. What is DAM, what system do you use and why should be among the first questions you will answer. Whenever you notice a drop in interest, or a worse financial situation, start with training.
6. Set guidelines
Source: ngdesk.com
By setting guidelines, you will help digital staff to do their job properly and not get out of the way. Creating these guidelines is closely connected to the training we discussed earlier. Whether they are beginners or full-time employees, they must know in which direction they should do the job before starting. By following the given guidelines, the whole crew will work as a team, which is the goal of every company, isn't it? Be sure that each of them has the necessary data and access to specific files. That way, any updates, and troubleshooting will be much easier.
7. Calculate work outcomes
Source: daminion.net
Every company aims is to make a profit at the end of the financial year. It doesn't matter which activity is all about, it's important that the work of employees and your investment in the company paid off in the end. After using DAM, it is important to notice if the company has benefited from its implementation. There are many ways you can get this result. It's up to you to decide whether you will track the number of logins to the DAM system, what average time it takes users to find a particular file, or you would track the number of transfers made. If you notice the growth of the company after looking at the situation, it means that you are on the right path. However, if you notice stagnation or a decline in company activity, it means that it's necessary to introduce innovations in business. In this case, you can try to update the existing DAM system, look for new software, or organize training and education of employees.
As you already know, the DAM manages and stores the use of your company's assets. This system greatly encourages the efficiency of the company and affects the productivity of workers. To keep up with trends and achieve the goal of the business, the handling of this tool must be explained in detail. Better use of Digital Asset Management leads to better success for the entire company.


text:
The Perfecting the Pillars eight-book series teaches students about the first two pillars of Islam: shahada (testifying to the oneness of Allah) and salah. The other three pillars of Islam will be covered in the remaining six books of the series, which are currently under development.
The lessons in this series are based on short stories that make learning facts more enjoyable. The stories feature young children that the student can identify with, and they take place in different countries (America, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt) to give students a world view of Islam. They feature different economic and social environments to allow students to see different family structures and situations (i.e., nuclear families, orphans, needy people, widows, and interracial families).
Each book features:
- Quran and hadith references
- Highlighted vocabulary
- Review section at the end of each lesson
- Illustrations (no animals or human beings)
- Glossary of Arabic terms
These short stories feature five-year-old twins, Muhammad and Maryam, as they learn about tawheed (the oneness and unique nature of Allah). This is Part 1 of two parts in the series.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


5 minute read
To engage and motivate customers, you need the right channels of communication: digital and physical. Providing a customer experience (CX) that spans more than one channel is vital.
The Communications Market Report 2020 by Ofcom¹, confirms that as consumers, we place importance on a variety of media to service our needs. And, despite an explosion of digital platforms, traditional post remains important: with 69% of people saying it's an essential or fairly important method of communication – a level similar to instant messaging!
The need to communicate across many channels doesn't look likely to change.
Consumers don't just view information over different channels; they use various devices to do it. Their lifestyle and the type of content they're consuming driving factors. This demand for digital and print communications means your organisation needs a multichannel or omnichannel approach.
But what is the difference between omnichannel vs multichannel?
If you're wondering how they differ and which one is best, we're here to help. In this article, we'll take a look at the differences between omnichannel vs multichannel. We'll discuss the pros and cons of each and share thoughts on why you should develop a communications strategy that spans many channels.
Omnichannel v Multichannel What is the difference?
What is Omnichannel?
Omnichannel customer experience has individual customer touchpoints, over a variety of channels that seamlessly connect. It allows customers to pick up where they left off on one channel and continue the experience on another.
An omnichannel approach can be very engaging for customers, but it takes time to plan and manage. You need systems and resources that allow customer data to flow seamlessly, in real-time, which often requires a more considered and whole business approach.
Take Morrisons, for example. They give you an omnichannel approach by making sure their website, store and mobile experiences operate the same across each device you use.
So, you can register online and choose your preferences. Then when visiting a Morrisons store with your loyalty card, offers and suggestions will be made to you based on your preferences and previous purchases.
Example of omnichannel communications
What is Multichannel?
Multichannel uses more than one channel to connect with your customers, but more linearly. So, you present information to customers that looks consistently branded in digital and print formats. But you push and pull data via that channel: rather than connect all channels.
Multichannel for many organisations is an obvious choice as its approach mirrors the way teams work, and it can be set-up without the disruption of new systems and processes.
A multichannel approach allows you to match existing systems and departments to channels of communication. So, for example, you might have one team managing digital customer communications and another working on physically printing and mailing information out. But a brand and marketing team that make sure the messaging and look and feel of all communications is consistent.
The benefits of communicating via many channels
Whether you opt for an omnichannel or multichannel strategy, you'll find some benefits are universal:
 1. You improve customer perception
 Customers who see consistent messaging across multiple channels are more loyal and view businesses as forward-thinking.
 2. You can align customer personas for better engagement
 Different personas are more receptive to different communication channels. Some like mobile push notifications, email, or text messages, while others prefer print or phone calls. Communicating via the channels your customers prefer will improve engagement.
 3. You can reduce the cost of sales
 Communicating with customers using a mix of channels that is meaningful to them, lowers acquisition cost, which means achieving a faster return on investment.
What are the pros and cons of Omnichannel?
A seamless experience
People expect a consistent and meaningful customer experience in every interaction with your company. Omnichannel's seamless real-time customer view and system integration, means people get that consistency. For example, someone can stop what they're doing on one device and resume the activity later on another.
+ Channel neutral and content optimised
All customer touchpoints work together to provide the best all-around experience. For instance, an app that isn't generating direct sales may still be contributing to sales by offering directions to a store or access to customer product reviews while in-store.
– Cost and set up
Successful omnichannel communications often require a company-wide approach. For a seamless customer experience, your systems, data and teams need to work as one. Clear objectives need to be set from day one with a project team to lead the change. The project can then start, but it can take months to align all the parts for an omnichannel strategy and years to deliver a return on investment. The up-front costs and wait for a return, are often the most significant barriers to entry.
What are the pros and cons of Multichannel?
+ Speed of set-up
Multichannel communications can be set-up in a matter of weeks using data from your existing systems and knowledge within your teams. It doesn't need to be a disruptive process to give your customers a great experience via the channel(s) of their choice.
+ freedom to get it right
Given the low cost of set-up and speed of rolling out multichannel communications, you can pilot projects at your own pace and test what works best with your customers. Perhaps you want to test your customers' response and engagement to notifications sent as text messages. For example, by sending physical statements to customers, but payment reminders by text notification.
Working with a third-party multichannel communications provider, you can do just that. Refining your channels and approach for different document types without risking capital spending on new systems.
– fragmentation
Multichannel more closely aligns to the way many teams work. But it requires different teams to have common objectives and clear brand guidelines to deliver the seamless feel a customer would get with an omnichannel approach. Data stored in separate systems also must be more closely managed to make sure customer preferences are known across every channel.
Future communication
The future of Omnichannel vs Multichannel
The jury looks likely to be out for some years to come on the 'Omnichannel vs Multichannel' debate.
For emerging organisations, omnichannel is more likely to steal a lead. It's much easier when starting from scratch to specify systems and define processes and channels that connect seamlessly. And this level of integration can give a strong competitive advantage from a customer service perspective.
In established organisations, the picture is more complicated. Where a c-suite has a healthy appetite to invest in technology to drive omnichannel customer experience, it's likely to be given support.
But, for many organisations, the idea of unpicking their legacy systems and processes, and building new ones from scratch is much harder to secure support to deliver.
Where this is the case, multichannel remains the frontrunner, offering a balance of the channels customers want with the way teams can work. It's less disruptive and can be set-up quickly giving a return on investment in a much shorter cycle.
A multichannel approach is much easier to achieve. For example, if you use Aceni – our multichannel communications platform – you can turn data from your existing customer systems into multichannel communications. You provide the data we present your customers with information digitally and in print—all without any system changes or distribution to your teams.
For more information on Aceni and how multi-channel services can make your data go that extra mile, get in touch with us here
1 – Communications Market Report 2020, Ofcom


text:
In our world, each country follows a certain time-zone. These time-zones are crucial for expressing time conveniently and effectively. However, time-zones can sometimes be inexplicit due to variables such as daylight saving time, coming into the picture.
Moreover, while representing these time-zones in our code, things can get confusing. Java has provided multiple classes such as Date, Time and DateTime in the past to also take care of time-zones.
However, new Java versions have come up with more useful and expressive classes such as ZoneId and ZoneOffset, for managing time-zones.
In this article, we'll discuss ZoneId and ZoneOffset as well as related DateTime classes.
We can also read about the new set of DateTime classes introduced in Java 8, in our previous post.
2. ZoneId and ZoneOffset
With the advent of JSR-310, some useful APIs were added for managing date, time and time-zones. ZoneId and ZoneOffset classes were also added as a part of this update.
As stated above, ZoneId is a representation of the time-zone such as 'Europe/Paris'.
There are 2 implementations of ZoneId. First, with a fixed offset as compared to GMT/UTC. And second, as a geographical region, which has a set of rules to calculate the offset with GMT/UTC.
Let's create a ZoneId for Berlin, Germany:
ZoneId zone = ZoneId.of("Europe/Berlin");
ZoneOffset extends ZoneId and defines the fixed offset of the current time-zone with GMT/UTC, such as +02:00.
This means that this number represents fixed hours and minutes, representing the difference between the time in current time-zone and GMT/UTC:
LocalDateTime now = LocalDateTime.now(); ZoneId zone = ZoneId.of("Europe/Berlin"); ZoneOffset zoneOffSet = zone.getRules().getOffset(now);
In case a country has 2 different offsets – in summer and winter, there will be 2 different ZoneOffset implementations for the same region, hence the need to specify a LocalDateTime.
3. DateTime Classes
Next let's discuss some DateTime classes, that actually take advantage of ZoneId and ZoneOffset.
ZonedDateTime is an immutable representation of a date-time with a time-zone in the ISO-8601 calendar system, such as 2007-12-03T10:15:30+01:00 Europe/Paris. A ZonedDateTime holds state equivalent to three separate objects, a LocalDateTime, a ZoneId and the resolved ZoneOffset.
This class stores all date and time fields, to a precision of nanoseconds, and a time-zone, with a ZoneOffset, to handle ambiguous local date-times. For example, ZonedDateTime can store the value "2nd October 2007 at 13:45.30.123456789 +02:00 in the Europe/Paris time-zone".
Let's get the current ZonedDateTime for the previous region:
ZoneId zone = ZoneId.of("Europe/Berlin"); ZonedDateTime date = ZonedDateTime.now(zone);
ZonedDateTime also provides inbuilt functions, to convert a given date from one time-zone to another:
ZonedDateTime destDate = sourceDate.withZoneSameInstant(destZoneId);
OffsetDateTime is an immutable representation of a date-time with an offset in the ISO-8601 calendar system, such as 2007-12-03T10:15:30+01:00.
This class stores all date and time fields, to a precision of nanoseconds, as well as the offset from GMT/UTC. For example,OffsetDateTime can store the value "2nd October 2007 at 13:45.30.123456789 +02:00".
Let's get the current OffsetDateTime with 2 hours of offset from GMT/UTC:
ZoneOffset zoneOffSet= ZoneOffset.of("+02:00"); OffsetDateTime date = OffsetDateTime.now(zoneOffSet);
OffsetTime is an immutable date-time object that represents a time, often viewed as hour-minute-second-offset, in the ISO-8601 calendar system, such as 10:15:30+01:00.
This class stores all time fields, to a precision of nanoseconds, as well as a zone offset. For example, OffsetTime can store the value "13:45.30.123456789+02:00".
Let's get the currentOffsetTime with 2 hours of offset:
ZoneOffset zoneOffSet = ZoneOffset.of("+02:00"); OffsetTime time = OffsetTime.now(zoneOffSet);
Getting back to the focal point, ZoneOffset is a representation of time-zone in terms of the difference between GMT/UTC and the given time. This is a handy way of representing time-zone, although there are other representations also available.
Moreover, ZoneId and ZoneOffset are not only used independently but also by certain DateTime Java classes such as ZonedDateTime, OffsetDateTime, and OffsetTime.
As usual, the code is available in our GitHub repository.


text:
Let us consider a 2D irrotational flow, such that $\nabla\times\boldsymbol u =\boldsymbol 0$. Defining the stream function such that $\boldsymbol u =\nabla\times\psi \boldsymbol n$ where $\boldsymbol n$ is the unit vector perpendicular to the plane of the motion. The incompressibility condition implies $\nabla^2\psi =0$, so $\nabla^2 \boldsymbol u= \nabla^2 \nabla\times\psi \boldsymbol n=\nabla\times\nabla^2\psi \boldsymbol n=\boldsymbol 0$. From this follows that in the Navier-Stokes equations the term $\nu\nabla^2\boldsymbol u=0$ vanishes, no matter the viscosity.
Now, does this allow us to say that the fluid is inviscid? Or, after considering the nature of the inertia, we can say that:
if inertia can be neglected, the equation of the motion is $\nabla p=\boldsymbol 0$.
if inertia is important, the flow is at high Reynolds number.
My problem is: Is every irrotational flow inviscid? This is kind of counter-intuitive. But I think my error is in the "no matter the viscosity"...


Difference between revisions of "IPTables"
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m (moved IPTables for OPS235 to IPTables: Make generic)
(Sample Scripts from our Lab Material)
Line 136: Line 136:
 // at line 1 in the chain
 // at line 1 in the chain
 # iptables -I 3 INPUT -p tcp -s -d f12host --dport ssh -j DROP
 # iptables -I INPUT 3 -p tcp -s -d f12host --dport ssh -j DROP
Latest revision as of 14:40, 22 November 2010
The intended audience for this document is the OPS235 linux admin class. It is a guide to iptables in the context of what OPS235 is currently studying and therefore a variety of its complexities will not be explored here. All are welcome to reference this document and refine what it is trying to convey to be more accurate or precise.
This is an outline of
 - how iptables command lines are structured and understood
 - an explanation of the rule specifications that we use
 - sample commands that can be seen in the labs to relate to this document
Command Line Structure
At its core basics, an Iptables command is made up of the following parts.
 - The first line below identifies the structure of the commands we would use.
 - The lines that follow are similar as found in the iptables man pages.
 - the items listed with [ ] square brackets are optional in the command
 _TAG_ command chain rule-spec([match,] target/jump )
 _TAG_ -A chain rule-spec (Appends a rule)
 '' -D chain rule# (Delete by rule number)
 '' -D chain rule-spec (Delete by rule-spec match)
 '' -I chain [rule#] rule-spec (Insert by rule-spec)
 The rule# is 1 by default
 Otherwise it is optional
 '' -R chain rule# rule-spec (Replace by rule#)
 '' -P chain target (Policy set for chain)
 '' -F [chain] (Flush the rules from memory)
 '' -L [chain] [--line-numbers] (List current rules in memory)
 '' -S [chain] (Shows the rules in memory in
 their command format)
 Other commands using "service"
 # service iptables status (List rules currently in memory)
 # service iptables save (Saves the current configuration
 into /etc/sysconfig/iptables )
Options for Elements in the Structure
Considering the commands, chains, matches and targets/jumps... there are only a few of those that we will actually use, at least for this course. Matches can get a bit more complex and will be discussed next, but the others will be listed here.
The items that are listed in ( ) round brackets are there for informational purposes as we don't use them in our course for our configurations.
Brief Listing of Choices
 Commands Chains Matches Targets -j
 -A...Append INPUT -p protocol ACCEPT
 -I...Insert OUTPUT -s src-address[/mask][,...] DROP
 -D...Delete (FORWARD) -d dst-address[/mask][,...] LOG
 -R...Replace --dport port (REJECT)
 -P...Policy --sport port
 -F...Flush
 -L...List
 -S...Show
Above we can see that when it comes down to it, our chains and targets are limited and few. The commands we are dealing with aren't that many either. These few things help us establish the core basic foundation for our understanding of Iptables and what it offers.
"REJECT" - This target is the same as DROP, except that it returns a define-able error message to the sender. This informs the sender that the port, host, or service is unreachable and defeats the potential stealth mode that "DROP" alone offers.
Match Statements
Here's a bit more definition to our match statements. Essentially:
 - a match is based on a protocol ( TCP, UDP, ICMP,...)
 - source and destination addresses can define
 - a single ip address with or without a netmask
 - a network ip address with its netmask
 - a network name or a hostname (defined locally - not through DNS)
 - and a comma separated list of these
 - source and destination ports can use either:
 - port number
 - port name (resolved in /etc/services)
INPUT / OUTPUT... Source / Destination
So where is that packet, coming or going?
 | INPUT | <--destination-------------------<--source--< |OUTPUT |
 | | | |
 | F12Host | | Fedora2 |
 | | | |
 | OUTPUT| >-source-->----------------->-destination--> |INPUT |
The question of whether a packet is arriving, or leaving can be more easily visualized by the above chart. As you can see, source and destination are a matter of perspective. If you are configuring your iptables on your F12host machine, your point of reference for your Fedora2 machine will be different, or opposite.
Hopefully this chart will provide a visual for determining how to configure your scripts.
INPUT/OUTPUT Chain processing
The following diagrams hope to visually define the hand off process of a packet as it enters or leaves a given server. This outlines in a brief sketch, what is happening on the INPUT and OUTPUT chains.
--------- | routing localhost Local process
|F12Host|>-wire--->eth0|Fedora2 -> decision --> INPUT chain -->filtering --> or application
--------- | is made \ of rules
 some routed elsewhere
 or sent to FORWARD chain
| Local process routing localhost ---------
|Fedora2 --> or applicaiton -> decision-> OUTPUT chain -->filtering-> eth0-> wire->|F12Host|
| is made of rules interface ---------
Sample Scripts from our Lab Material
 # iptables -F // flushes the rules from the table
 # iptables -L // lists the rules running in memory
 # iptables -P INPUT DROP // creates a policy to DROP packets inbound
 # iptables -A OUTPUT -j LOG // logs outgoing traffic to /var/log/messages
 # iptables -I 1 OUTPUT -p tcp -s 0/0 -d 0/0 --dport 80 -j DROP // drop outbound web
 // requests and inserts
 // at line 1 in the chain


Accessing Lists
There are really only two ways to build a list, with nil and cons. So if we want to take apart a list into its component pieces, we have to say what to do with the list if it's empty, and what to do if it's non-empty (that is, a cons of one element onto some other list). We do that with a language feature called pattern matching.
Here's an example of using pattern matching to compute the sum of a list:
let rec sum lst =
 match lst with
 | [] -> 0
 | h::t -> h + sum t
This function says to take the input lst and see whether it has the same shape as the empty list. If so, return 0. Otherwise, if it has the same shape as the list h::t, then let h be the first element of lst, and let t be the rest of the elements of lst, and return h + sum t. The choice of variable names here is meant to suggest "head" and "tail" and is a common idiom, but we could use other names if we wanted. Another common idiom is:
let rec sum xs =
 match xs with
 | [] -> 0
 | x::xs' -> x + sum xs'
That is, the input list is a list of xs (pronounced EX-uhs), the head element is an x, and the tail is xs' (pronounced EX-uhs prime).
Here's another example of using pattern matching to compute the length of a list:
let rec length lst =
 match lst with
 | [] -> 0
 | h::t -> 1 + length t
Note how we didn't actually need the variable h in the right-hand side of the pattern match. When we want to indicate the presence of some value in a pattern without actually giving it a name, we can write _ (the underscore character):
let rec length lst =
 match lst with
 | [] -> 0
 | _::t -> 1 + length t
And here's a third example that appends one list onto the beginning of another list:
let rec append lst1 lst2 =
 match lst1 with
 | [] -> lst2
For example, append [1;2] [3;4] is [1;2;3;4]. That function is actually available as a built-in operator @, so we could instead write [1;2] @ [3;4].
As a final example, we could write a function to determine whether a list is empty:
let empty lst =
 match lst with
 | [] -> true
 | h::t -> false
But there a much easier way to write the same function without pattern matching:
let empty lst =
 lst = []
Note how all the recursive functions above are similar to doing proofs by induction on the natural numbers: every natural number is either 0 or is 1 greater than some other natural number nn, and so a proof by induction has a base case for 0 and an inductive case for n+1n+1. Likewise all our functions have a base case for the empty list and a recursive case for the list that has one more element than another list. This similarity is no accident. There is a deep relationship between induction and recursion; we'll explore that relationship in more detail later in the course.
By the way, there are two library functions List.hd and that return the head and tail of a list. It is not good, idiomatic OCaml to apply these directly to a list. The problem is that they will raise an exception when applied to the empty list, and you will have to remember to handle that exception. Instead, you should use pattern matching: you'll then be forced to match against both the empty list and the non-empty list (at least), which will prevent exceptions from being raised, thus making your program more robust.
results matching ""
 No results matching ""


text:
Automated selection of hypointense regions in diffusion-weighted breast MRI
Paper i proceeding, 2012
Recent research suggests that diffusion-weighted (DW) MRI, and in particular the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), can be used to improve the sensitivity and specificity of dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI for the detection of breast cancer. However, to date the methods proposed for determining a representative ADC value for a suspicious lesion are highly varied. One approach is to compute the mean ADC value over the entire lesion to obtain a representative ADC value. Another is to compute the mean ADC value within one or more regions of interest (ROIs) defined on the suspicious lesion. The earliest examples of this approach involve manually defining ROIs of hypointensity to be as large as possible, but constrained within the lesion, and such that areas of necrosis are avoided in large lesions. More recent examples of this approach involve placing one or more smaller ROIs of hypointensity within a suspicious lesion and computing, for example, the global minimum or mean. This latter approach appears to provide better discrimination between benign and malignant lesions. Nevertheless to date there does not exist a well-defined and objective method for defining these ROIs. The problem is complicated by the typically low signal-to-noise ratio in the DW images. We propose an automated method based on the converging squares algorithm, which is a multiscale minimum finding technique with inherent robustness to noise. We also present an evaluation of the method, using routine clinical data, for computing a representative ADC value for discriminating benign and malignant lesions. The method is also compared to ensemble averaging of ADC values over the entire lesion and the selection of the global minimum ADC value.


text:
A Pygmy Skulltula is an enemy encountered exclusively in Twilight Princess. They are just like regular Skulltulas, except they are smaller and hang from thinner webs. Additionally, this version of the Skulltula only appears within the Forest Temple.
Link first encounters a Pygmy Skulltula inside the Forest Temple, where it drops from the ceiling when he attempts to jump over a small gap. With it there, Link cannot cross the gap. Instead, he can kill it by edging forward, and once the spider drops, he can detach it from its web by using either the Slingshot or Sword. Once detached from its web, the Skulltula drops into the water and is killed.


text:
As Canadian painter Jock Macdonald (1897–1960) began to experiment with abstraction in the 1930s, he created a series of paintings he called "modalities," something he defined as "thought idioms in nature" or "expressions of thought in relation to nature." Of these, Fall is the most monumental. Despite his decision to keep these experimental works secret—he had recently returned to Vancouver after over a year dedicated to painting and living off the land in Nootka Sound—Macdonald remained preoccupied with his search for a uniquely personal abstract expression in his work. Like many of the others from this period, Fall, one of several "modalities" representing the seasons, is strongly geometric, linear, and decorative in style and composition.
The central motif of the painting is a triangle that appears to aspire to the heavens. Its elongated peak seems to continue its upward ascent beyond the horizontal element of the frame. Abstract forms are disposed evenly across the surface. The only suggestions of representation are the curvilinear Art Deco designs of tree, leaf, and butterfly. The complicated colour harmony suggests autumnal richness. Calling on his experience as a textile designer, Macdonald succeeded in creating a stage in which every element is strongly tied to the surface of the canvas. In the pattern of the central striated area in the lower third of the canvas, however, the painting speaks to the infinite and timeless world—the fourth, fifth, and sixth dimensions—which Macdonald sought to capture in his art.
This Spotlight is excerpted from Jock Macdonald: Life & Work by Joyce Zemans.


text:
Sad irons, also called flat irons or smoothing irons, are shaped pieces of metal that are flat and polished on one side and have a handle attached to the other, created for the purpose of de-wrinkling fabric. "Sad" is an Old English word for "solid," and the term "sad iron" is often used to distinguish the largest and heaviest of flat irons, usually 5 to 9 pounds.
The forebears to modern electric irons, these flat irons are often triangular or come to a point to make it easier to iron around buttons. The heft of a sad iron would help it hold heat, as well as to press the fabric flat. To protect fabric and surfaces from singeing, sad irons often came with metal trivets to rest on, and these are often-beautiful, intricate, and collectible examples of metalwork that were made in a myriad of designs.
The earliest metal flat irons were forged by blacksmiths in the Middle Ages. These were heated on an open fire or a stove, and the metal handles had to be grasped with a thick po...
But the desire for wrinkle-free garments started long before medieval times: Documents reveal even Vikings in the 10th century wanted their clothes de-wrinkled. They used round, glass "linen smoothers" to accomplish this task. This led to handled "glass smoothers," also called "slickers."
Glass smoothers developed into mushroom-shaped "smoothing stones"—also called "slickstones," "sleekstones," and "slickenstones"—made of wood, glass, stone, or bone. A "smoothing board" or "mangle board" (called "battledores," "battels," "beatels," and "bittle and pin" in England) featured a rolling pin, or roller turned by a lever, which was the basis for future ironing machines. The "linen press" or "screw-presses" flattened the fabric between two flat surfaces.
It was trade with China in the 12th century that introduced to Europeans the idea of using heat to iron clothes. The Chinese had been pressing pans filled with hot coals over stretched cloth since first century B.C. Once the concept of heat-pressing was embraced in Europe, Western fashion became centered on starching and ironing.
For example, the elaborate white ruffs or collars worn around the neck during the Elizabethan Era would be heavily starched and pressed. Round ruffles would be created by "goffering irons," made of slender rods arranged on a stand. "Fluter" or "crimping irons" made angular crimps.
Sad irons didn't change much during the Middle Ages. A master tailor would employ an extremely heavy sad iron, weighing 16 to 18 pounds, known as the "tailor's goose." This iron got its name from the goose-neck-shaped handle, and some were made to look like geese. Occasionally, housewives who made a lot of woolen clothes for their families would use these irons to press tricky woolen seams flat.
One problem with sad irons is that they cooled quickly, which meant work had to stop while irons were reheating. One solution was the charcoal iron, which was hollow to hold charcoal or a hot piece of metal. "Box," "ox-tongue," and "slug irons" were also designed to hold a heated slab of metal. Charcoal irons released a lot of smoke, and it was difficult to design them so the coals got enough oxygen to stay lit. Some came with chimneys to protect the garments from smoke, while others had small openings to help fan the flames.
Ironing was always a laborious, miserable task, particularly for housewives and servants. Fires had to be stoked all day, even in the dog days of summer. In early America, it became traditional that Monday was washing day and Tuesday was ironing day. Rural families would not have many changes of clothes, but they would have sometimes dozens of children, which led to multiple sets of sheets that all needed to be laundered and ironed. Housewives often made their own starches out of wheat, corn, or potato flour. Ironing was such an important skill, that little girls would be given miniature sad irons as gifts.
In 1870, a woman by the name of Mary Florence Potts, in Ottumwa, Iowa, was awarded a patent for a sad iron with that came to a point on both ends, which allowed women to iron in either direction.
Then, a year later, she introduced the biggest innovation in ironing thus far; a sad iron with a detachable, wooden handle. Mrs. Potts' Sad Irons were sold in sets with three irons and one handle, the idea being that two irons could be heating on the stove while one was in use. When that iron cooled, another was ready to go. This invention was a big hit with housewives for several reasons. First, it was patented by a woman, before women could even vote. Second, it was widely marketed in magazines and five-and-dime stores in the growing post-Civil War economy.
Also in the late 1800s, inventors came up with irons that were heated by gas and alcohol fuel, which eliminated the need to burn fires all day. One plugged directly into a natural gas line. Others stored fuel in a tank at the back of the iron. But the fuel smelled bad, and the irons often exploded or caught on fire when lit, burning the handle and, sometimes, the user.
The first electric iron was invented in 1882, but at the time, most regions of the United States didn't have electricity, and those that did, only had it only at night for lighting. Earl Richardson in Ontario, Canada, was the first to convince the local electric company to run electricity on Tuesday, ironing day. However, a good number of women, particularly in rural areas that were late getting electricity, held onto their sad irons well into the 1950s.
Interviews & Articles
I started as a collector and I'm a web designer, so I thought I would design a website from my passion. I threw it up there and pe… [more]


text:
trans-2,3-diethyloxirane (or trans-3,4-epoxyhexane)
Work Step by Step
Since its a three-atom ring with one of them being O, it is an oxirane. There are two ethyl groups at carbon 2 and 3 respectively, so it 2,3-diethyl. And since they are trans to each other, it is trans-2,3-diethyloxirane. 3,4-epoxyhexane is also right because the oxygen is connected to the longest chain at carbon 3 and 4.


text:
Have you just decided to switch to healthy eating? Chances are, you must have heard of the two famous healthy alternatives to traditional cooking – Air Fryer and Steam Fryer.
While both appliances can largely reduce the oil usage in foods, they work and taste differently. So what should you opt for if you wish to enjoy a variety of foods without feeling guilty or bloated?
The main difference between an air fryer and a steam fryer is that a steam fryer is just another air fryer with a steam setting. This way, you can both air fry and steam food in your steam fryer.
What is the difference between an Air Fryer and a Steam Fryer?
The primary difference between an air fryer and a steam fryer is the cooking process itself; circulation of hot air vs. circulation of steam.
As the name suggests, an air fryer cooks the food by circulating hot air across the chamber. The hot air traps the moisture within most foods to cook them without losing any flavor.
A steam fryer, on the other hand, is basically an air fryer that uses a built-in steam generator to steam the food, which results in a crisp outside with a moist inside. It also doesn't dry out the food.
What is an Air Fryer, and how does it work?
An air fryer is a kitchen appliance that can be extremely useful for people wanting to make their diet healthier. The appliance uses minimal oil and hot air to cook the food. The hot air flows through and around the food allowing it to be thoroughly and evenly cooked.
Some air fryers also come with features such as timers, temperature controls, and cooking pre-sets for different foods.
What is a Steam Fryer, and how does it work?
A steam fryer or a steam air fryer is an excellent alternative to conventional deep frying and uses steam to cook the food.
Unlike air frying, which uses little oil, no oil is used in the steaming. Instead, a steam air fryer uses a built-in steam generator to steam food without it losing its moisture. The high temperature of the steam cooks the food and also gives it a slightly crisp texture similar to deep frying.
The main differences between an Air Fryer and a Steam Fryer
We have enlisted the differences between the two appliances below for you to have a better understanding of them:
|Air fryers use hot air to circulate around the food, which results in a crispy texture similar to deep-frying, but with much less oil.
|Steam air fryers use a steam generator that releases steam to cook food, which is a healthier method than deep-frying or even air frying, since it doesn't use any oil.
|If you prefer crispy, fried-style foods and don't mind using a little bit of oil, an air fryer might be a good choice.
|If you want a healthier cooking method that's great for vegetables and delicate foods, a steam fryer could be the way to go.
|Air fryers are great for cooking foods like French fries, chicken wings, and fish fillets. Air fryers are also generally quicker than traditional ovens.
|Steam frying is great for cooking vegetables, fish, and other delicate foods since it cooks them gently and preserves their nutrients.
Air fryer vs. Steam Fryer: Which one to choose?
Before deciding on which appliance to choose, there are several factors to keep in mind before settling on either an air fryer or the steam fryer. Here are a few things to keep in mind:
Both appliances are extremely healthy alternatives to traditional deep-frying. But since steam fryers do not use any oil in the steaming process, steam fryers can be considered healthier.
Taste-wise, an air fryer is clearly a winner as it retains the flavor and the texture of the food quite well during the cooking process. A steam air fryer using a steam function will make the food taste similar to boiled food and may dull out the flavors.
Air fryers are more widely available than steam air fryers rendering a large variety of models available at different price points.
Steam air fryers, on the other hand, are less popular than normal air fryers and may cost more. As they are air fryers that come with a built-in steam generator, they will obviously add more to the cost.
While the cooking time mainly depends upon the type of food being cooked, the air fryer is generally known to have shorter cooking times than steam fryers, as an air fryer uses a high-powered fan to regulate and thoroughly cook the food.
Steam fryers, on the other hand, use steam that can take longer to penetrate the food and cook it.
Both appliances are quite safe for daily use and come with features such as cool-touch handles and automatic shut-off in addition to safety features. Make sure you handle both devices with care, as both devices come with the risk of burns.
Both the air fryer and steam fryer are considered easier to maintain as they come in several parts that can be removed for a thorough cleaning. Moreover, their surface is non-stick, making them easier to wash and clean.
A steam air fryer is definitely more versatile than an air fryer as it gives you two different options to cook your food.
You can use the air fryer function when you want to achieve a deep frying touch on your food, or you can simply use the steam air frying option to steam your food. The taste and texture of the foods will vary depending on the cooking method you use.
Final verdict on Air Fryer vs. Steam Fryer
Both an air fryer and a steam fryer are healthier alternatives to deep-frying and conventional cooking. While an air fryer may be used to cook a variety of foods with a crisper texture and a flavorful taste, a steam fryer is the healthier option as steaming uses no oil.
Buying a steam air fryer gives you the best of both worlds, as you can use two different cooking methods in the same appliance.
Ultimately, the choice between an air fryer and a steam fryer depends upon your personal preferences and the types of foods you wish to cook.


On This Page
SAML Apps and SHA256 Certificates
Certificates with a SHA256 signature are supported for SAML 2.0 applications with Okta. You can create new integrations that use SHA256 certificates and update existing integrations from SHA1 certificates to SHA256 certificates. Existing integrations are not changed automatically. The SHA256 certificates and the SHA1 certificates are self-signed.
Why Should I Do This?
To take advantage of the additional security features of SHA256 certificates.
New SAML 2.0 App Integrations
New SAML 2.0 app integrations automatically use SHA256 certificates. As instructed, upload the SHA256 certificate to the ISV.
Existing SAML 2.0 App Integrations
To update existing app integrations, there are four steps to follow.
 1. List your apps and get the app id, name, and label for each app to update.
 For each app to update, perform the following steps.
 2. Generate a new application key credential.
 3. Update the key credential for the app to specify the new signing key id.
 4. Upload the new certificate to the ISV. (This step cannot be automated.)
Important: After you complete the first three steps, your users cannot access the application until Step 4 is completed.
Determine the Signature Algorithm of a Certificate
You can find the signature algorithm of a certificate either by using the command line or by uploading your certificate to a free, online certificate decoder service.
If you have OpenSSL installed, from the command line run:
openssl x509 -text -noout -in
 is the certificate filename relative to the current directory. The certificate must be in PEM format. Use a plain text editor like Notepad or Textedit to save the certificate text from the x5c element returned from an API call, and add the Begin Certificate and End Certificate lines with the hyphens to the top and bottom of the file, as shown below. Trailing white spaces, such as a space or carriage return, at the end of the file make the certificate invalid. (The certificate shown below has been altered and is not valid.)
Use a free CSR and Certificate Decoder service and enter the contents of your certificate. These tools are readily found through a web search. Be sure to note the certificate format that the decoder service requires.
The Signature Algorithm is either sha256WithRSAEncryption or sha1WithRSAEncryption.
Obtaining the Certificate for an App from a URL
You can obtain the current certificate for an app from the following URL:
https://-admin.okta.com/admin/org/security//cert
 is your organization's Okta subdomain.
 is the application ID you used in Step 1.
Note: Certificates downloaded with this method contain the Begin Certificate and End Certificate lines.


Mount St. Helens top Washington polluter
Eruption Watch Continues At Mt. Saint Helens
Photo taken October 11, by the U.S. Geological Survey shows Mount St. Helens' crater, dome, and uplift from the northeast. Getty Images / Getty Images file
/ Source: The Associated Press
Washington state's top polluter isn't a pulp mill, a power plant or refinery. It's the newly awakened Mount St. Helens. Since the volcano began erupting in early October, it has been pumping out 50 to 250 tons a day of sulfur dioxide, the lung-stinging gas that causes acid rain and contributes to haze.
Those emissions are so high that if the volcano were a new factory, it probably couldn't get a permit, Clint Bowman, an atmospheric physicist for the Washington Department of Ecology, told The Seattle Times.
All of the state's industries combined produce about 120 tons a day of the noxious gas. Normally, the state's No. 1 polluter is a coal-fired power plant near Centralia owned by the Canadian firm TransAlta. The plant churned out 200 tons a day of sulfur dioxide until regulators demanded $250 million worth of renovations, bringing the level down to 27 tons a day. Tough to get those kind of results from a volcano.
Because the area around St. Helens is so sparsely populated, officials say they haven't heard complaints about respiratory problems linked to the emissions. But persons with sensitive breathing ailments probably would feel the effects if they lived close to it, said Bob Elliott, executive director of the Southwest Clean Air Agency in Vancouver.
"We are very fortunate, in terms of the impact on human health, that Mount St. Helens is pretty remote," Elliott said.
Not smog, but vog
Italy's Mount Etna can produce 100 times more sulfur dioxide than Mount St. Helens, and it sits in the middle of a heavily populated area. The volcano spawns acid rain and a type of bluish smog that volcanologists call vog, which can affect large swaths of Europe, said Terry Gerlach, a U.S. Geological Survey scientist.
Kilauea Volcano on Hawaii's Big Island churns out 2,000 tons a day of sulfur dioxide when it's erupting, creating an acid fog that damages local crops.
The impact from St. Helens hasn't been as noticeable, but, Gerlach said, "If you were to go and collect rainwater just downwind of the volcano, I suspect you would see some acid rain."
Worldwide, sulfur dioxide emissions from volcanoes add up to about 15 million tons a year, compared to the 200 million tons produced by power plants and other human activities.
Volcanic gases bubble out of magma as it rises to the surface, and the amount and type of emissions depend on the chemical makeup of the molten rock. In addition to sulfur dioxide, volcanoes also release smaller amounts of other noxious gases, including hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen chloride.
They also release carbon dioxide, the greenhouse gas that's primarily blamed for global warming. Mount St. Helens produces between 500 and 1,000 tons a day of carbon dioxide, Gerlach estimates.
Worldwide, people and their activities pump 26 billion tons of carbon dioxide a year into the atmosphere, he said. The total from volcanoes is about 200 million tons a year — or less than 1 percent of the man-made emissions.


Poor Curiosity, all alone out there in the vast Martian wastelands with no one to hang out with on its first birthday. So what's an intrepid rover to do? Sing "Happy Birthday" to itself, that's what.
In commemoration of Curiosity's first year on Mars, NASA transmitted instructions to the rover's SAM (Sample Analysis Instrument) module. This device can create audible tones by resonating at varying frequencies. Normally, the resonance helps SAM to filter finely-grounded samples of the Martian surface for analysis.
But in this case, by sending a series of frequencies that corresponded to "Happy Birthday," Curiosity was essentially able to "sing" (or hum, I suppose) the song to itself.
Which is actually kinda cool if you think about it. Though no one was there to hear it — and it would have sounded very faint given the thin Martian air — this famous song was actually performed on the Martian surface.


text:
Real Men Read volunteers provide a positive male role model to 2nd and 3rd grade students by making five visits to the classroom throughout the school year. On each visit, the volunteer will read a single picture book to his class to engage the students' interest in reading.
Up until third grade, students are still learning to read. After third grade, they start reading to learn. This makes the years before fourth grade crucial to developing a child's love for reading and basic literacy skills! Real Men Readers engage students by asking fun questions about each book (provided to volunteers!) and enforces the importance of reading.
Right now, it's more important than ever before to foster a love of reading. In 2021, only 24.9% of Fort Wayne Community Schools students tested as proficient in the ILEARN English and Language Arts test. Problems with literacy will follow a child for his entire life. Statistics from the National Institute for Literacy, National Center for Adult Literacy, The Literacy Company, and the U.S. Census Bureau show that 85% of juvenile offenders have trouble reading, with only one-third of America's fourth graders reaching basic proficiency levels.
Real Men Read is designed to combat that problem by giving children a special, interactive experience that makes reading fun — without the stress of grading or testing attached. 89% of teachers agree that Real Men Read is a valuable program to help students develop literacy skills. In the process of RMR, Big Brothers Big Sisters provides its readers with five picture books and a set of fun, engaging questions to ask the class. At the end of each session, the classrooms receive their own copy of the book so children can reread it whenever they want.
This year's Real Men Read dates are:
Volunteers must submit to a background check and provide Big Brothers Big Sisters with a copy of their driver's license. To apply, fill out the application today!


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I just found out the hard way objects are passed by reference in Javascript, for example:
for(var layer = 0; layer < hudLayers['layers'].length; layer++){
 // Store the to-be-calculated values in this object
 var tempValues = hudLayers['layers'][layer];
 tempValues['name'] = 'test';
This will change the value in tempValues and hudLayers. (Seems kind of obvious, but a post without a bit of code seems so naked.)
Is there a quick way around this?
share|improve this question
You want to assign a value to tempValues and have it not reflected in the hudLayers? Why would you want that? – Abhinav Sarkar Jul 19 '10 at 19:30
You really want to know? :) hudLayers contains several variables of image widths and heights. It's a HUD, so it has to be drawn multiple times per second. What's in hudLayers is actually the "blueprint" (base the width of this image on the value of that variable,...) If I simply write that back to hudLayersthe blueprint is gone and the image on screen will always stay the same. – skerit Jul 19 '10 at 19:53
add comment
3 Answers
up vote 6 down vote accepted
This is not an example of passing by reference (you aren't passing any parameters). However, you're correct; assigning an object will not make a deep copy.
You can make a deep copy of an object like this:
function deepCopy(obj) {
 if (typeof obj!== "object") return obj;
 if (obj.constructor === RegExp) return obj;
 var retVal = new obj.constructor();
 for (var key in obj) {
 if (!obj.hasOwnProperty(key)) continue;
 retVal[key] = deepCopy(obj[key]);
 return retVal;
Note that if an object's constructor has any side-effects, this code will trigger them.
share|improve this answer
add comment
There is no pass by reference in JavaScript. Objects are accessed through references and those references are assigned or passed passed by value, just like in Java
share|improve this answer
add comment
Making a deep copy of an object is as simple as objCopy = obj.toSource();.
.toSource on MDN
share|improve this answer
I think toSource returns a string representation. Could set up a test case? – kapa Feb 7 '12 at 8:53
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Your Answer


text:
How do zoos get their animals?
Thanks for asking! It appears that most zoos - at least, zoos accredited by international bodies like the Association of Zoos and Aquariums - acquire animals by breeding, exchanging, and buying animals from other zoos. Declining wild populations and the challenges of breeding in captivity require careful management of zoo populations and their genetic diversity. Some zoos are reported to acquire animals by wild catch and trafficking, but this is *generally* seen as a violation of professional standards.
Of course, zoo management is a complicated topic, so I'm going to post a number of sources for further reading. If you have access to an Omaha Public Library account, you should be able to open this industry snapshot from Business Insights: Global. See also these articles from Scientific American and the Zoological Society of Milwaukee. The USDA maintains a highly informative Animal Welfare Information Center, as does the Detroit Zoological Society's Center for Animal Welfare and the aforementioned AZA. If you are looking for contrasting viewpoints and analysis, you might consult the websites of organizations like PETA and CAPS.


text:
- Wine bottle corks
- Liquid tempera paint in a shallow pan
- Grasp the cork at one end and hold it upright.
- Press the cork into the paint then onto a piece of paper or newsprint.
- If you like, use tempera paint in several different colors.
More on: Activities for Toddlers
Copyright © 1999 by Patricia Kuffner. Excerpted from The Toddler's Busy Book with permission of its publisher, Meadowbrook Press.
To order this book visit Meadowbrook Press.


text:
Completely out of scope of openkore documentation. _URL_
What are modules
In this context, modules are Perl libraries. Some openkore features or plugins require modules from CPAN which are not bundled with openkore.
Linux and OS X
Your system repositories
The following naming scheme is used in Debian: module
File::Slurp is in package
cpan File::Slurp to download and install the specified module.
Active Perl offers a program to download and install modules with a user friendly interface, called Perl Packet Manager (PPM), and a different mirror. The service is paid.
How to install modules using the PPM:
- Open Perl Package Manager (Start -> Run -> 'ppm')
- In the graphical interface that appears, search for the modules using the text field above and select the modules you want to install or upgrade
- After mark modules, click the green arrow to start the download and installation
The Strawberry offers a console program to download and install modules directly from the official repository, CPAN. The service is free.
How to install modules using the Strawberry:
- After installing Strawberry, open the CPAN Client (In Windows Vista and later, just search on the start menu by CPAN)
- In the console, use the following command to install modules:
- install
Note: If the module has - in its name, substitute to ::. For example: Protocol-WebSocket should be typed Protocol::WebSocket


Sculpture for the Birds
While working in the barn with the materials available on the farm during the Andes Sprouts Society Residency, I found myself frustrated by my efforts in the studio (located in a 100-year old dairy barn) were often destroyed by birds and chipmunks, particularly when working with the winter rye that was a cover crop in the fields. So I decided to create a work specifically for them. The red Holi powder (used in a religious festival in India) captured the footprints of mice and birds and the swish of feathers and imprints of dropped seeds. The work was allowed to remain and feed the animals throughout the summer.


text:
Texas Wild-rice (Zizania texana)
- Texas Status
- U.S. Status
- Endangered, Listed 4/26/1978
- Texas wild-rice has long green leaves up to 45 inches in length and 1/4 to 1 inch wide. Rice "seeds" are black or brown.
- Life History
- Texas wild-rice is an aquatic perennial grass found only in the upper two miles of the San Marcos River in central Texas. It is related to the wild-rice grown for human food. On a sunny day, this plant's bright green leaves can be seen waving in the current near the river bottom in areas where the water is clean and clear. This plant is endangered because the river water is being impacted by the growth of the city of San Marcos and increasing numbers of people swimming, canoeing, and tubing the river. Because more people are using water, less underground water is flowing from the springs. Nutria, a non-native rodent that lives in wetland areas, is also a threat because it eats the wild-rice.
- This plant grows in clear flowing spring-fed waters.
- This species grows in the San Marcos River in Hays County, central Texas; Edwards Plateau region. Currently, only one population is known.
- You can help save this plant by not pulling it up or disturbing it. Do your part to conserve water and keep the San Marcos River clean.


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RPL - Application process
The applicant is required to complete the RPL application form and submit it to the SAISC School of Draughting.
- RPL applications may be submitted throughout the year. However, keep in mind that the RPL process can take anything from several weeks to several months, depending on the nature of your application. On receipt of your application you will receive an acknowledgement specifying a preliminary date by which your application should be processed.
- When you apply for RPL, you must submit the following documents:
- A completed RPL application form. The RPL process is a complicated process, so incomplete applications will not be processed, even if full payment has been received. The onus is upon the applicant to provide all necessary information and documentation
- A letter of introduction, explaining your background and future goals.
- A certified copy of your highest school-leaving certificate and other qualifications where applicable (including course content).
- Two certified copies of your ID.
- Curriculum vitae (CV) on the standard format provided. To describe your experience, knowledge, skills and competencies. ( Computer knowledge matrix)
- A detailed current job description on a company letterhead stating your years of experience, signed off by a line manager. Self-employed persons the document stating the self-employed status
A nonrefundable admin fee of R1000 (Proof of payment to be submitted (banking details will be sent to you).
Entrance Requirements for the RPL programme
- Be at least 24 years of age on or before 31 December of the year of the application
- Have at least five years working experience as a detailer.
- Have a Grade 12 or equivalent certificate
- Be proficient in English
- Have basic mathematical skills.
- Be computer literate
Please contact us


The Azimuth Project
Molten salt reactor
A molten salt reactor or MSR is a type of nuclear fission reactor where the primary coolant is a mixture of molten salts. Such a reactor can run at high temperatures (for higher thermodynamic efficiency than a water-cooled reactor) while staying at low vapor pressure (for reduced mechanical stress and increased safety). The coolant is less reactive than molten sodium coolant. The nuclear fuel may be in the form of solid rods, or dissolved in the coolant itself. The latter eliminates the need for fuel fabrication, simplifies reactor structure, equalizes burnup, and allows online reprocessing.
MSR reactor
Can we get more details here, with references? Can we see numerical comparisons of different types of reactor designs?
category: energy


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water testing and maintenance can help prevent this condition.
These are just a few examples of diseases and health issues that Koi Carp can encounter. Regularly monitoring the health of your Koi, maintaining optimal water conditions, and seeking veterinary advice when needed will help ensure the longevity and well-being of your prized fish.
How long do koi carp usually live?
Koi carp usually live for an average of 20-30 years.
Is it possible for koi carp to live longer than 30 years?
Yes, it is possible for koi carp to live longer than 30 years. Some koi carp have been known to live up to 50-70 years with proper care.
What factors can affect the lifespan of koi carp?
Several factors can affect the lifespan of koi carp. These include genetics, water quality, nutrition, and the overall care they receive.
How can I ensure a longer lifespan for my koi carp?
To ensure a longer lifespan for your koi carp, you should provide them with a clean and well-maintained pond, proper nutrition, regular water testing and maintenance, and a stress-free environment. It is also important to avoid overstocking the pond and to provide appropriate filtration and aeration.
What are some signs of a healthy koi carp?
Some signs of a healthy koi carp include vibrant colors, active swimming behavior, clear eyes, smooth skin, and a good appetite. It is also important to monitor their growth rate and look for any signs of illness or abnormalities.
The World's Oldest Koi – Hanako (226 Years Old)
Man Makes 100k/Month passively, leveraging KOI FISH business | While Working a 9 to 5
From Birth to Jumbo Koi **The life cycle of a Fish**
I recently came across this fascinating article about the lifespan of koi carp, and I must say, I was quite intrigued. As a fish enthusiast myself, I have always been curious about the longevity of these beautiful creatures. The article provided a detailed insight into the factors that affect a koi carp's lifespan, such as genetics, water quality, and diet. I was astonished to learn that with proper care, some koi carps can live up to 40-60 years! This really emphasizes the importance of creating the perfect environment for them. Maintaining a clean and well-filtered pond, as well as feeding them a balanced diet, seems to significantly enhance their lifespan. What also caught my attention was the mention of how genetics can play a role in a koi carp's lifespan. Selective breeding can produce koi carps with specific traits, including longevity. This is something I would definitely consider when looking to add more koi carps to my pond. Overall, this article has not only expanded my knowledge about koi carps but has also motivated me to take better care of my own fish. I now understand the significance of providing them with a suitable habitat and paying attention to their genetic background. This newfound information will undoubtedly improve the quality of life for my koi carps, and I am grateful to have come across such an informative article.
I've always been fascinated by koi carp and their vibrant colors. I recently got into koi keeping and wanted to learn more about their lifespan. After reading this article, I now have a clear understanding of how long these beautiful fish can live. It's surprising to know that with proper care and a healthy environment, koi carp can live up to 30 years or even more! This is really impressive, considering the average lifespan of most fish is much shorter. I can't wait to see my koi carp grow and thrive in their new home. This article has definitely given me a better appreciation for these amazing creatures and has motivated me to provide the best care for my koi.
As a female reader who has always been fascinated by koi carp, I found this article on the lifespan of koi to be incredibly informative. It answered all of my burning questions about how long these beautiful fish can live. The article explained that, on average, koi can live for about 25-35 years, but with proper care, they can even reach 50-70 years! I was amazed to learn that some koi have even been known to live for over 100 years. The article also mentioned that the lifespan of koi can vary depending on factors such as genetics, water quality, and diet. This made me realize that taking good care of my koi is essential if I want them to live a long and healthy life. Overall, this article has given me a new appreciation for koi carp and has motivated me to provide the best care possible for my own fish.
As a male reader, I've always been fascinated by koi carp and their graceful beauty. When it comes to their lifespan, it's incredible to think that these remarkable creatures can live for so long. On average, koi can live for 20 to 30 years, but they have been known to live for over 50 years in certain conditions. It's amazing to think that a koi fish could potentially be a lifelong companion. To ensure their longevity, providing them with a healthy diet, clean water, and a suitable environment is crucial. With proper care and attention, these majestic fish can bring joy and tranquility to a pond for many years. It's truly remarkable to witness the beauty and longevity of these magnificent creatures.
As a male fish enthusiast, I find the article "How Long Do Koi Carp Live? (The Lifespan of Koi)" quite informative. Koi carp are fascinating creatures known for their vibrant colors and graceful movements. The article explains that the lifespan of Koi can vary depending on various factors, including genetics, water quality, and diet. It highlights that with proper care and a suitable environment, Koi can live for more than 20 years, while some have been known to live for over 40 years. I personally find it fascinating how Koi can live for such a long time, almost like companions for a significant part of one's life. The article emphasizes the importance of providing a spacious pond and ensuring adequate filtration for the fish's wellbeing. I appreciate how the article educates readers on the specific care requirements and potential challenges that come with keeping Koi as pets. Overall, the article effectively delivers the information I was seeking regarding the lifespan of Koi carp. It has enhanced my understanding of these beautiful fish and has given me valuable insights into how to provide the best care for them. I look forward to implementing the tips and recommendations provided in the article to ensure the longevity and well-being of my future Koi companions.


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Purpose: To review recent advances in the understanding of pathogenic and pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying bacterial meningitis that may lead to the development of adjunctive strategies for treating this disorder.
Data Identification: Studies published from 1975 to 1989 were identified using Index Medicus and by reviewing the bibliographies of identified articles.
Study Selection: We reviewed the experimental and human studies evaluating pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and antimicrobial treatment of bacterial meningitis, as well as those reviews that have contributed to our understanding of meningitis.
Data Extraction: We evaluated the data on the pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and treatment of bacterial meningitis and considered in depth the information from animal models that may have potentially important applications in the treatment of human disease.
Results of Data Synthesis: Penicillin and ampicillin remain the drugs of choice for meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis. The third-generation cephalosporins have revolutionized the treatment of gram-negative bacillary meningitis; one such agent, ceftazidime, is also useful for treating Pseudomonas aeruginosa meningitis. Modification of subarachnoid space inflammation by anti-inflammatory agents may lessen many of the pathophysiologic consequences of bacterial meningitis. A recent study of adjunctive dexamethasone therapy in infants and children with bacterial meningitis showed that the incidence of long-term neurologic sequelae was lower in the corticosteroid group.
Conclusion: Future therapy for bacterial meningitis will use recent developments in the understanding of pathogenic and pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying this disease. Additional studies using monoclonal antibodies against specific virulence factors and investigations into the production of inflammatory cytokines in response to bacterial cell products may lead to additional treatments that decrease the high morbidity and mortality in patients with bacterial meningitis.


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New Apple iPads.
Berkhampstead pupils are making the most of their brand new Apple iPads - purchased to replace the old ones bought over five years ago. The new iPads are now being used for all sorts of lessons, including a Year 2 lesson, where the delighted children used the 'Brushes' app to draw wonderful self-portraits. The app enabled the children to record each brush stroke allowing them to play back exactly how they created their works of art! Children across the school have been given their own 'account' so that their computing work is secure and will remain so during their time at Berky. The older children are also able to access their work at home to complete work started in class. Computing lessons include computer coding, animation, eSafety and digital media. The children are also taught how to research topics, create presentations and projects as well as crucially, how to explore the internet safely.


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ScienceDaily (Aug. 5, 2012) It's a longstanding doubt in biology: How do cells know when to swell by a dungeon cycle?
In elementary organisms such as yeast, cells order once they strech a specific size. However, last if this binds loyal for mammalian cells has been difficult, in partial since there has been no good proceed to magnitude mammalian dungeon expansion over time.
Now, a group of MIT and Harvard Medical School (HMS) researchers has precisely totalled a expansion rates of singular cells, permitting them to answer that elemental question. In a Aug. 5 online book of Nature Methods, a researchers news that mammalian cells order not when they strech a vicious size, though when their expansion rate hits a specific threshold.
This first-ever regard of this threshold was done probable by a technique grown by MIT highbrow Scott Manalis and his students in 2007 to magnitude a mass of singular cells. In a new study, Manalis and his colleagues were means to lane dungeon expansion and describe it to a timing of dungeon multiplication by measuring cells' mass each 60 seconds around their lifespans.
The anticipating offers a probable reason for how cells establish when to start dividing, says Sungmin Son, a grad tyro in Manalis' lab and lead author of a paper. "It's easier for cells to magnitude their expansion rate, since they can do that by measuring how quick something in a dungeon is constructed or degraded, since measuring distance precisely is tough for cells," Son says.
Manalis, a highbrow of biological engineering and member of a David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research during MIT, is comparison author of a paper. Other authors are former MIT grad tyro Yaochung Weng; Amit Tzur, a former investigate associate during HMS; Paul Jorgensen, a former HMS postdoc; Jisoo Kim, a former undergraduate tyro during MIT; and Marc Kirschner, a highbrow of systems biology during HMS.
Tracking cells over time
Manalis' strange cell-weighing system, famous as a dangling microchannel resonator, pumps cells (in fluid) by a microchannel that runs opposite a little silicon cantilever. That cantilever vibrates within a vacuum. When a dungeon flows by a channel, a magnitude of a cantilever's quivering changes, and a cell's expansive mass can be distributed from that change in frequency.
For a new study, a researchers redesigned their complement so that they could trap cells over a most longer duration of time. The strange complement offering singular control over a suit of cells in a channel; cells could be mislaid or turn unviable due to accrued shear highlight from visit passages by a microchannel. Consequently, expansion could be monitored for reduction than 30 minutes.
To equivocate this problem, a researchers grown a proceed to precisely control a upsurge in a complement so that a dungeon could be stopped anywhere in a bypass channel. They also configured a upsurge to constantly feed nutrients and mislay waste. Now a dungeon passes by usually each 60 seconds and stays viable for several generations.
The new complement also measures fluorescent signals from a dungeon in serve to a mass. Cells are automatic to demonstrate fluorescent proteins during several points in a dungeon cycle, permitting a researchers to couple dungeon cycle information to growth.
A dungeon devotes itself to expansion in a proviso called G1. A vicious transition occurs when a dungeon enters a S phase, during that DNA is replicated in credentials for division. The researchers found that expansion rate increases fast during a G1 phase. This rate varies a good understanding from dungeon to dungeon during G1, though converges as cells proceed a S phase. Once cells finish a transition into S phase, expansion rates separate again.
Building on a underline of a new complement that precisely controls a environmental conditions inside a channel, researchers can also change a conditions really rapidly, permitting them to guard how cells respond to such disturbances.
"We are now measuring a cell's response on brief timescales to several perturbations, such as exhausting a sold nutritious or adding a drug," Manalis says. "We trust this could offer new forms of information that could not be performed from required proliferation assays."
Other amicable bookmarking and pity tools:
Note: Materials might be edited for calm and length. For serve information, greatfully hit a source cited above.
- Sungmin Son, Amit Tzur, Yaochung Weng, Paul Jorgensen, Jisoo Kim, Marc W Kirschner, Scott R Manalis. Direct regard of mammalian dungeon expansion and distance regulation. Nature Methods, 2012; DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.2133
Note: If no author is given, a source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: This essay is not dictated to yield medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views voiced here do not indispensably simulate those of ScienceDaily or a staff.
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- manalis cell division
- yaochung weng


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Destination Countries for Trafficking
The following reports provide information about trafficking
in women from the perspective of the destination country, or the
country to which women are trafficked. These reports focus on the
countries to which many women from the Central and Eastern Europe
(CEE) and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) are trafficked.
Trafficking routes, however, are extensive, and in many cases women
are moved from country to county multiple times. In addition, destination
countries receive trafficked women from many regions of the world.
Thus, it is also useful to review research into the response of
source countries. Research and
reports on the problem of trafficking in women in specific countries
of the CEE and CIS region can be accessed on the country pages of
in Harm's Way: The Neglected Health Consequences of Sex Trafficking
in the United
H. Patricia Hynes and Janice G. Raymond, from Policing the National
Body: Sex, Race, and Criminalization, 31 July 2002.
This report focuses on the negative health consequences
faced by victims of trafficking; it also includes a general discussion
of the dynamics of trafficking to the U.S.
in Human Beings in Southeastern
Europe: Current situation and responses to trafficking
in human beings in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia,
the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the Former Yugoslav Republic
of Macedonia, Moldova and Romania, UNICEF, ODIHR and UNHCHR,
June 2002. [PDF, 270 pages].
This is a comprehensive report, which includes
an overview of regional initiatives as well as the responses of
individual governments to the problem of trafficking. The report
includes details about inadequacies in victim services as well as
recommendations for intergovernmental organizations, national governments,
NGOs and donors on prevention victim assistance, legal reform and
of Trafficking in the Balkans: a study of trafficking in women
and children for sexual exploitation to, through and from the Balkan
Region, International Organization for Migration (IOM), January
2001. [PDF, 51 pages].
Form of Slavery: Trafficking in Women in OSCE Member States,
The International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (IHF), prepared
for the OSCE Supplementary Human Dimension Meeting on Trafficking
in Human Beings, Vienna, 19 June 2000. [PDF, 86 pages].
This report is based on information gathered
in the region through questionnaires and contains data on such issues
as existing legislation, government policies and NGO initiatives,
existing victim support services and research for 29 countries in
the CEE and CIS.
Traffic: Exploring the extent of, and responses to, trafficking
in women for sexual exploitation in the UK,
Liz Kelly and Linda Regan, Police Research Series Paper 125, 2000.
[PDF, 62 pages].
2000: An Investigation into the Status of Women's Rights in the
Union and Central and South-Eastern Europe,
International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights, 9 November,
2000. [PDF, 546 pages].
This report contains information about a variety
of women's rights issues, including trafficking, for 30 countries
in the CEE and CIS region.
Sex Workers from Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union: The
Canadian Case, Lynn McDonald, Brooke Moore and Natalya Timoshkina,
Centre for Applied Social Research, University of Toronto, November
2000. [PDF, 105 pages; HTML].
This report examines the working conditions of women trafficked
sex industry and also examines how the Canadian legal system addresses
trafficking. The research for this report was carried out, in part,
through interviews with service providers and female migrant sex
trade workers. The report includes three interview guides, which
could be adapted for research into the issue of trafficking in other
in Women in Canada: A Critical
Analysis of the Legal Framework Governing Immigrant Live-in Caregivers
and Mail-Order Brides, Louise Langevin and Marie-Claire Belleau,
Faculty of Law, Université Laval, Québec City, Quebec, October 2000.
[PDF, 233 pages; HTML].
rights abuses of women trafficked from countries of the former Soviet
Union into Israel's sex
industry, Amnesty International, 18 May 2000, AI Index: MDE
15/17/00. [PDF, 18 pages].
Trafficking in Women to the United
States: A Contemporary Manifestation
of Slavery and Organized Crime,
Amy O'Neill Richard, Center for the Study of Intelligence, November
1999. [PDF, 80 pages].
This report studies the entry of victims into the
from countries in the Newly Independent
States and Central and Eastern
Europe. The report reviews challenges and constraints
both within and outside of the U.S.
legal system to combating trafficking and suggests recommendations


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Attention line / 'for the attention of' line
This line, which is traditionally placed between the recipient's address and the opening greeting, is used when only the name of a department or organisation has previously been given for the recipient. The usual wording is For the attention of Mrs J King (underlined with no full stop) and an attention line should be used as an alternative to, not as well as, a recipient's name or job title. The 'attention' line can also be placed immediately before the recipient's department or organisation and in the fully blocked style is often typed in capital letters and not underlined.
Salutation / opening greeting
The form of salutation used should be related to the way the recipient's name has been given in the address.
Dear Sir opens a letter written to a man whose name you do not know.
Dear Sirs is used to address a company. (In American English a letter to a company usually opens with Gentlemen.)
Dear Madam is used to address a woman, whether single or married, whose name you do not know.
Dear Sir or Madam (or Dear Sir/Madam) is used to address a person when you do not know their name or sex. Notice that Ms Kaasen in the letter above uses this form, i.e. she does not assume that the sales manager of Compuvision Ltd is a man.
When you know the name of the person you are writing to, but do not know them well, the salutation takes the form of Dear followed by a courtesy title and the person's surname. Initials or first names are not used with courtesy titles, e.g. Dear Mr Smith, not Dear Mr J. Smith or Dear Mr John Smith. Business associates who you know well can be addressed using just their first name, e.g. Dear John.
A comma after the salutation is optional, i.e Dear Mr Smith, or Dear Mr Smith. (In American English a colon is usually used after the salutation, e.g. Dear Mr Smith:, Gentlemen:).
Body of thr letter
Sometimes it is difficult to think of suitable words with which to start the letter. In general, you should always refer to any previous correspondence in the first paragraph and also try to get to the point of the letter reasonably quickly.
If a letter is long and complicated it may be useful to number points or to use paragraph headings, indicating them with capitals or underlining, although this can make the letter look rather formal. It is always best to start a paragraph with a topic sentence, introducing the subject of the paragraph, as this will help your reader to follow your train of thought. However, if the letter has more than one main subject it may be worth considering sending two separate letters as this will make it easier for both your recipient and you to consign them to the appropriate person and/or files.
Try to make the final paragraph positive and state what you hope the recipient will do. Include a personal pronoun in final statements, for example, 'I hope to hear from you soon rather than 'Hoping to hear from you soon'.
Complimentary close / complimentary ending
This should match the opening greeting. 'Yours sincerely' or 'Yours faithfully' will be appropriate in nearly all cases; other closes may be used for letters to friends, or to persons of title.
If the letter begins Dear Sir, Dear Sirs, Dear Madam, or Dear Sir or Madam, the complimentary close should be Yours faithfully.
A letter to someone you know well may close with the more informal Best wishes. Note that Americans tend to close even formal letters with Yours truly or Truly yours, which is unusual in the UK in commercial correspondence.
Avoid closing with old-fashioned phrases e.g.
We remain yours faithfully, Respectfully yours.
A comma after the complimentary close is optional, i.e.
Yours faithfully, or Yours faithfully.
The complimentary close is usually placed on the left, aligned under the rest of the letter.
Table 1
married or unmarried male
Yours sincerely
married female
Yours sincerely
unmarried female
Yours sincerely
married or unmarried female
Yours sincerely
male – name not known
Yours faithfully
female – name not known
Yours faithfully
when unsure whether you are addressing male or female
Yours faithfully
e.g. Dr/Professor/General
these titles do not change whether addressing a male or female
Yours sincerely
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text: Following the disappearance of eunuchs from the operatic stage, castration remained no more than a hated therapy or a marginal ritual act at the turn of the twentieth century. However, during the interwar period, different uses of vasectomy were tested and developed in the medical field. During the 1920s, the Austrian Steinach made this into a famous technique for rejuvenating the male body. In parallel, vasectomy was practiced from 1928 onwards in accordance with eugenic laws purporting to regenerate the social body. At the same time, the operation was practiced discreetly and even secretly in a number of European countries as a method of contraception. While only the latter use endured after the Second World War, the slow pace of the legalization and diffusion of voluntary male sterilization in certain countries underscores the complex relation between virility and sterility that still exists today.


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Find the solutions to the Crossword Quiz Holidays 2 Level 1. The answers have been split into Cross and Down answers to help you navigate through them easily. Wrong grid? Look for the right one here.
5A: Spain's third-largest city from where the traditional dish paella originates
9A: Highly favored or fortunate as by divine grace
2D: Tourist destination in Mexico where American students go on Spring Break
3D: Spanish soccer team which was recognized as the "FIFA Club of the 20th Century"
6D: Holiday allowed by official rules or law as opposed to illegal
7D: Body of people associated together or a marine division