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Estimating Nonlinear Grey-Box Models
Specifying the Nonlinear Grey-Box Model Structure
You must represent your system as a set of first-order nonlinear difference or differential equations:
where for continuous-time representation and for discrete-time representation with Ts as the sampling interval. F and H are arbitrary linear or nonlinear functions with Nx and Ny components, respectively. Nx is the number of states and Ny is the number of outputs.
After you establish the equations for your system, create a function or MEX-file. MEX-files, which can be created in C or Fortran, are dynamically linked subroutines that can be loaded and executed by the MATLAB® interpreter. For more information about MEX-files, see MEX-File Creation API.
The purpose of the model file is to return the state derivatives and model outputs as a function of time, states, inputs, and model parameters, as follows:
[dx,y] = MODFILENAME(t,x,u,p1,p2,...,pN,FileArgument)
 Tip The template file for writing the C MEX-file, IDNLGREY_MODEL_TEMPLATE.c, is located in matlab/toolbox/ident/nlident.
The output variables are:
 - dx — Represents the right side(s) of the state-space equation(s). A column vector with Nx entries. For static models, dx=[].
 For discrete-time models. dx is the value of the states at the next time step x(t+Ts).
 For continuous-time models. dx is the state derivatives at time t, or.
 - y — Represents the right side(s) of the output equation(s). A column vector with Ny entries.
The file inputs are:
 - t — Current time.
 - x — State vector at time t. For static models, equals [].
 - u — Input vector at time t. For time-series models, equals [].
 - p1,p2,...,pN — Parameters, which can be real scalars, column vectors or two-dimensional matrices. N is the number of parameter objects. For scalar parameters, N is the total number of parameter elements.
 - FileArgument — Contains auxiliary variables that might be required for updating the constants in the state equations.
 Tip After creating a model file, call it directly from the MATLAB software with reasonable inputs and verify the output values.
For an example of creating grey-box model files and idnlgrey model object, see Creating idnlgrey Model Files.
For examples of code files and MEX-files that specify model structure, see the toolbox/ident/iddemos/examples folder. For example, the model of a DC motor is described in files dcmotor_m and dcmotor_c.
Constructing the idnlgrey Object
After you create the function or MEX-file with your model structure, you must define an idnlgrey object. This object shares many of the properties of the linear idgrey model object.
Use the following syntax to define the idnlgrey model object:
m = idnlgrey('filename',Order,Parameters,InitialStates)
The idnlgrey arguments are defined as follows:
 - 'filename' — Name of the function or MEX-file storing the model structure. This file must be on the MATLAB path when you use this model object for model estimation, prediction, or simulation.
 - Order — Vector with three entries [Ny Nu Nx], specifying the number of model outputs Ny, the number of inputs Nu, and the number of states Nx.
 - Parameters — Parameters, specified as struct arrays, cell arrays, or double arrays.
 - InitialStates — Specified in the same way as parameters. Must be the fourth input to the idnlgrey constructor.
For detailed information about this object and its properties, see the idnlgrey reference page.
Use pem to estimate your grey-box model.
Using pem to Estimate Nonlinear Grey-Box Models
You can use the pem command to estimate the unknown idnlgrey model parameters and initial states using measured data.
The input-output dimensions of the data must be compatible with the input and output orders you specified for the idnlgrey model.
Use the following general estimation syntax:
m = pem(data,m)
where data is the estimation data and m is the idnlgrey model object you constructed.
You can pass additional property-value pairs to pem to specify the properties of the model or the estimation algorithm. Assignable properties include the ones returned by the get(idnlgrey) command and the algorithm properties returned by the get(idnlgrey, 'Algorithm'), such as MaxIter and Tolerance. For detailed information about these model properties, see the idnlgrey reference page.
For more information about validating your models, see Model Validation.
Nonlinear Grey-Box Model Estimation Algorithm Options
The Algorithm property of the model specifies the estimation algorithm, which simulates the model several times by trying various parameter values to reduce the prediction error.
The following algorithm properties can affect the quality of the results:
For detailed information about these and other model properties, see the idnlgrey reference page.
Simulation Method
You can specify the simulation method using the SimulationOptions (struct) fields of the model Algorithm property.
System Identification Toolbox™ software provides several variable-step and fixed-step solvers for simulating idnlgrey models. To view a list of available solvers and their properties, type the following command at the prompt:
idprops idnlgrey algorithm.simulationoptions
For discrete-time systems, the default solver is 'FixedStepDiscrete'. For continuous-time systems, the default solver is 'ode45'.
By default, SimulationOptions.Solver is set to 'Auto', which automatically selects either 'ode45' or 'FixedStepDiscrete' during estimation and simulation—depending on whether the system is continuous or discrete in time.
Search Method
You can specify the search method for estimating model parameters using the SearchMethod field of the Algorithm property. Two categories of methods are available for nonlinear grey-box modeling.
One category of methods consists of the minimization schemes that are based on line-search methods, including Gauss-Newton type methods, steepest-descent methods, and Levenberg-Marquardt methods.
The Trust-Region Reflective Newton method of nonlinear least-squares (lsqnonlin), where the cost is the sum of squares of errors between the measured and simulated outputs, requires Optimization Toolbox™ software. When the parameter bounds differ from the default +/- Inf, this search method handles the bounds better than the schemes based on a line search. However, unlike the line-search-based methods, lsqnonlin only works with Criterion='Trace'.
By default, SearchMethod is set to Auto, which automatically selects a method from the available minimizers. If the Optimization Toolbox product is installed, SearchMethod is set to 'lsqnonlin'. Otherwise, SearchMethod is a combination of line-search based schemes.
Gradient Options
You can specify the method for calculating gradients using the GradientOptions field of the Algorithm property. Gradients are the derivatives of errors with respect to unknown parameters and initial states.
Gradients are calculated by numerically perturbing unknown quantities and measuring their effects on the simulation error.
Option for gradient computation include the choice of the differencing scheme (forward, backward or central), the size of minimum perturbation of the unknown quantities, and whether the gradients are calculated simultaneously or individually.
Example – Specifying Algorithm Properties
You can specify the Algorithm fields directly in the estimation syntax, as property-value pairs.
For example, you can specify the following properties as part of the pem syntax:
m = pem(data,init_model,'Search','gn',...
Represent Nonlinear Dynamics Using MATLAB File for Grey-Box Estimation
About the Model
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of a DC-motor.
 d | 0 1 | | 0 |
 | 1 0 |
 y(t) = | | x(t)
 | 0 1 |
About the Input-Output Data
1. Load the DC motor data.
2. Represent the estimation data as an iddata object.
set(z, 'InputName', 'Voltage', 'InputUnit', 'V');
set(z, 'OutputName', {'Angular position', 'Angular velocity'});
set(z, 'OutputUnit', {'rad', 'rad/s'});
set(z, 'Tstart', 0, 'TimeUnit','s');
4. Plot the data.
The data is shown in two plot windows.
Linear Modeling of the DC-Motor
1. Represent the DC motor structure in a function.
In this example, you use a MATLAB® file, but you can also use C MEX-files (to gain computational speed), P-files or function handles. For more information, see "Creating IDNLGREY Model Files".
 % Output equations.
 x(2) ... % Angular velocity.
 % State equations.
 dx = [x(2); ... % Angular position.
The file must always be structured to return the following:
Output arguments:
 - dx is the right-hand side(s) of the state-space equation(s)
 - y is the output equation(s)
Input arguments:
 - varargin for the auxiliary input arguments
2. Represent the DC motor dynamics using an idnlgrey object.
Ts = 0; % Time-continuous system.
 'Name', 'DC-motor');
3. Specify input and output names, and units.
 'TimeUnit','s');
5. View the initial model.
a. Get basic information about the model.
b. View the initial states and parameters.
Both the initial states and parameters are


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Moving a turbine without any interfering veins? Only using smooth discs and adhesion with the air? The Tesla Turbine, made by Nikola Tesla, was certainly a marvel in its time. But this is no ordinary Tesla Turbine, but a Perez - Tesla Turbine.
The Tesla Turbine was made to be simple and elegant. Pressurized air entered through the periphery, circled about, and spiraled out of the center exit. And as it did it adhered to the smooth discs inside, pulling them and affecting rotary motion. However, the air, which had been following such a graceful path, would make a hard 90 degree turn when it exited the discs. The Perez - Tesla Turbine, available here, extends Tesla's design by using trumpet shaped discs, instead of Tesla's flat discs. This allows for an even smoother transition of the working fluid throughout the engine.
The axle mount for the turbine contains a fixture so that it can be mounted to a Lego Technic axle. Just blowing into the turbine, will cause this engine to rotate, though pressurized air can be used.
** Extreme caution must be used that this turbine not be driven so hard and fast, that it will disintegrate and pose a danger of flying shards. **

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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|Elves is rated 3/5! This article contains a great amount of content, but is halfway on being completed. You can help by adding what seems lacking in the article (example: adding pictures, adding or completing more sections, etc.), or fix the format according to our Manual of Style.|
Elves are humanlike, but they have pointy ears and translucent wings with an orange tint, and red details and circles.
Elven fashion appears like it could be a bit inspired by Gustav Klimt. Girls typically wear dresses and boys typically wear a shirt and leggings. Their clothing is very detailed, covered in colorful and unique patterns.
Elves are good-natured creatures and the guardians of the Unicorns. They are skilled fliers and brave warriors. Elves collect the dust from Unicorn's horns to keep Centopia's nature flourishing. And here's the extremely cool part: The Elves use encapsulated Unicorn tears to relieve pain and heal wounds! The leaders of the Elven people are King Raynor and Queen Mayla.
Named Elves Edit
- Main article: Elves/Gallery

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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PLoS Neglevted Trop Dis, Nov 2012
Chrysomya putoria, a Putative Vector of Diarrheal Diseases
Steven W. Lindsay, et al.
Author Summary – While it is well recognized that the house fly can transmit enteric pathogens, here we show the common African latrine fly, Chrysomya putoria, is likely to be an important vector of these pathogens, since an average latrine can produce 100,000 latrine flies each year. Our behavioral studies of flies in The Gambia show that latrine flies are attracted strongly to human feces, raw beef and fish, providing a clear mechanism for faecal pathogens to be transferred from faeces to food. We used PCR techniques to demonstrate that these flies are carrying Shigella, Salmonella and E. coli, all important causes of diarrhea. Moreover our culture work shows that these pathogens are viable. Latrine flies are likely to be important vectors of diarrheal disease, although further research is required to determine what proportion of infections are due to this fly.
Background – Chrysomya spp are common blowflies in Africa, Asia and parts of South America and some species can reproduce in prodigious numbers in pit latrines. Because of their strong association with human feces and their synanthropic nature, we examined whether these flies are likely to be vectors of diarrheal pathogens.
Methodology/Principal Findings – Flies were sampled using exit traps placed over the drop holes of latrines in Gambian villages. Odor-baited fly traps were used to determine the relative attractiveness of different breeding and feeding media. The presence of bacteria on flies was confirmed by culture and bacterial DNA identified using PCR. A median of 7.00 flies/latrine/day (IQR = 0.0–25.25) was collected, of which 95% were Chrysomya spp, and of these nearly all were Chrysomya putoria (99%). More flies were collected from traps with feces from young children (median = 3.0, IQR = 1.75–10.75) and dogs (median = 1.50, IQR = 0.0–13.25) than from herbivores (median = 0.0, IQR = 0.0–0.0; goat, horse, cow and calf; p<0.001). Flies were strongly attracted to raw meat (median = 44.5, IQR = 26.25–143.00) compared with fish (median = 0.0, IQR = 0.0–19.75, ns), cooked and uncooked rice, and mangoes (median = 0.0, IQR = 0.0–0.0; p<0.001). Escherichia coli were cultured from the surface of 21% (15/72 agar plates) of Chrysomya spp and 10% of these were enterotoxigenic. Enteroaggregative E. coli were identified by PCR in 2% of homogenized Chrysomya spp, Shigella spp in 1.4% and Salmonella spp in 0.6% of samples.
Conclusions/Significance – The large numbers of C. putoria that can emerge from pit latrines, the presence of enteric pathogens on flies, and their strong attraction to raw meat and fish suggests these flies may be common vectors of diarrheal diseases in Africa.


What is Cold Pressed Juice?
Here at Oak & Maple, we LOVE juice and, more specifically, we LOVE it cold pressed. We don't compromise when it comes to fueling our own bodies and we want to make sure that more nourishing food, beverages and snacks can be enjoyed by all. That's why we've taken it upon ourselves to widen the access to high quality, nutrient dense juices so that as many people as possible can share our enjoyment and consume a healthier diet full to the brim with fruits and veggies.
What does 'Cold Pressed' mean?
Cold pressed juicing is a method of extracting and preserving the vast majority of enzymes, vitamins and minerals out of raw fruit and vegetables. This is generally a more expensive and more time consuming method of juicing and so many 'juicers' have sacrificed the nutritional profile and opted for faster techniques to increase their production.
This is where we differ, as we believe that the cost and the wait is more than worth it for the last drops of natures nectar. The end product is a raw and highly nutrient dense juice full to the brim with vitamins, minerals and live enzymes which will leave you feeling energised on the inside and glowing on the outside. With 5-6 servings of fruit and vegetables (around half a kg!) going into one of our regular juices, It's an incredibly easy (and not to mention delicious) way of increasing your daily nutrition intake, which can help to strengthen your immune system and the overall functioning of your body.
So how does it work?
The cold pressed method is the only commercial juicing method to include a 2 step process as well as the only method to actually include a 'pressing' stage.
Step 1: A slow grinding process whereby the raw produce is ground into a wet pulp releasing a fibrous liquid which is caught in a filter bag.
Step 2: A hydraulic press forces the juice from the pulp through the filter bag by putting it under 2 tonnes of pressure. This amount of pressure enables method to extract most of, if not all, the enzymes, vitamins and minerals from the raw produce. This leaves the insoluble fibre from the raw produce as a dry pulp and a highly nutrient dense, raw and unpasteurised juice ready to be bottled.
In it's raw state, our juices have a shelf life of 5 days - a great deal longer than other juicing methods.
Learn more about other juicing methods and how they differ from 'Cold Pressed' here.


text: srinagar: the great depression has gripped the valley. in fact, its rate has jumped from a mere 2.4 per cent prior to militancy, to a whopping 44 per cent during the last year alone. psychiatrists here have now coined a new word to deal with cases of posttraumatic stress and anxiety disorders. they call it 'castastrophic' stress. dr hamidullah shah, heading j&k's sole hospital for mental health (hmh) says the constant exposure to violence has seen depression-related disorders and phobias quadruple in the last decade. take the numbers swarming the opd here. from 1,762 in 1990, it have jumped to over 60,000 during the last year. ''we average 150 patients a day, but there are only two psychiatrists to handle this rush. women and children feel threatened from militants and security forces. a common complaint is the fear of death and hysterical and panic disorders,'' says shah. dr mushtaq magroob of hmh says if these disorders are not treated in time, they will metamorphose into hallucinations. sleep-related disorders, high blood pressure and heart attacks too have seen a sharp increase, he says. these cases have had an effect on the sale of anti-depressants. their sale,say chemists, has seen a 100 per cent increase. ''eight per cent of the population is on anti-depressants,'' says one chemist. women seem to be particularly vulnerable. a survey in march of 600 families of widows and children conducted by kashmir university found many showing suicidal tendencies. and the number of housewives committing suicides has increased, much to the alarm of sociologists. about 11 per cent of these were committed by pregnant women. ''mothers tend to show much more anxiety and stress than their children. the latter have different mechanisms of coping,'' shah maintains. saiba husain, a consultant with oxfam, which is conducting a project titled 'violence mitigation and amelioration project' believes the state-run department of social services is unable to cope with the scale of the tragedy. ''it is estimated that there are 40,000 orphans in kashmir. but the state is only running six orphanages which provide shelter to about 500 children,'' husain says.


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The GIS 20: Essential Skills
The GIS 20 is a no-nonsense workbook that demonstrates how to perform twenty essential GIS skills as indicated by 500 GIS practitioners. Written for professionals with no time for classroom training, this book can be treated as a weekly self-assignment or an as-needed reference. Each chapter offers a handy checklist of basic functions and steps covered in the text, as well as executive level summaries of how the functions are commonly applied for different types of analysis. If you are a GIS beginner, The GIS 20: Essential Skills is your best friend.


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Develop hands up fast hands and excellent passing accuracy.
- Teaches hands up when passing and catching to develop fast ball movement across your body.
- The adjustable webbing and padded wrist straps restrict hands from dropping down when catching and passing.
- Dropping hands very low after catching the ball slows ball movement and reduces passing accuracy.
- Suits all levels but particularly good for juniors to develop good habits.
- Fully adjustable to suit all ages and sizes.
FREE Online Video
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Photo of Lawrence Wong from Ngau Kai Yan CNA
Minister of National Development Lawrence Wong told state media reporters that Singapore has not reached it's "physical limits" when it comes to population and development:
"Singapore has yet to reach its physical limits where development is concerned. We have not reached our physical limits. There is a lot more we can do, and must do, to build our infrastructure for the future."
The statement is in-line with Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong's 6.9 million population target, raising population density to be worse than Macau and Hongkong.
Singapore is currently overpopulated, with infrastructural facilities breaking down on the population stress. Most evident in public transport, Singapore trains break down twice a week with the authorities giving a range of excuses from signalling problems to track fault.
There is currently also not enough preschools for young children, with school fees hitting record high due to low supply. Hospital beds were also reported to be insufficient due to the increased population and ageing demographics. There are also not enough university places for Singaporean students, even when they qualify for course they opt for.
The current population is 5.7 million, with only 3 million Singaporeans at less than 55%. The country's ageing population is worsened by the import of new citizens in their middle age, who also do not contribute to the replacement birth rate of 2.1.


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New ice age postponed, Florida researchers sayby John Nelander
Wednesday afternoon rain on the way: A storm system connected to a front in the Gulf of Mexico was forecast to bring rain and some thunderstorms to the Florida peninsula Wednesday afternoon and evening, the National Weather Service said. But forecasters said the heaviest precipitation would occur on the west coast and in the Lake Okeechobee area. There was a 50 percent chance of rain in Palm Beach, falling to 20 percent Wednesday night. Despite the front, Thursday's temperatures will remain in the mid-70s.
* * * * *
The next ice age has been postponed by at least 10,000 years, a University of Florida study contends.
Under purely natural conditions, the global warm-up that started 11,000 years ago should begin to reverse itself, leading to another ice age in 1,500 years. But the UF study, published Jan. 8 by Nature Geoscience, says so many greenhouse gasses have been released into the atmosphere that the natural process has been blocked.
Ice ages and natural global warm-ups are caused by fluctuations and wobbles in the Earth's orbit, according to researchers. Patterns show that our current era of warmth should end in 1,500 years. This time, those wobbles won't have the same effect.
"We haven't seen this high concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere for several million years," said Jim Channell, professor of geology. "All bets are off."
* * * * *
Abnormally dry conditions have continued to expand throughout the Florida Peninsula, according to the U.S. Drought Monitor. But a new forecast released Tuesday by the Climate Prediction Center calls for near normal rainfall in the Palm Beach area through the third week of the month.
That's a bit of good news for the thirsty terrain. Through Tuesday we hadn't had any measurable rain since Dec. 27. Rain was expected on Wednesday as a winter storm moved in from the Gulf. But the bulk of the precipitation was predicted for the west coast and Lake Okeechobee area.
The CPC forecast also predicts above normal temperatures through Jan. 24. Short term, though, the National Weather Service in Miami forecast is for highs only in the 60s through the weekend after a cold front sweeps through on Friday.
* * * * *
The drought in Texas is so extreme that it's killed a half-billion trees, the state's Forest Service says. That's 10 percent of the trees since the drought began early last year.
Millions more are expected to die this year as the drought and heat, caused largely by a second La Nina year in a row, continue through at least June
"It's going to get worse before it gets better," Matt Grubisich, urban forester for the Texas Trees Foundation, told Channel 5 News in Dallas-Fort Worth.
However, a winter storm brought as much as 8.5 inches of rain to Southeastern Texas on Tuesday. Parts of Houston received almost 6 inches.


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Agapanthus is bulb that produces alium like flower balls of clear blue in summer. Unfortunately it hasn't been winter hardy here - until now. Retired professional gardener John Bartlett has sucessfully tested the agapanthus variety 'Nikki' for winter hardiness in Milton in an exposed sunny area with heat retaining rocks in the soil. He grew the plants from seed from England. For more information, write John Barlett, 16 Burwell Road, West Roxbury, MA 02132.
Known as "lilies of the Nile" (though they're native to South Africa), the showy perennials in the genus Agapanthus have been avidly collected and grown since they were discovered by Dutch explorers in the 17th century. The few species in the genus have been hybridized intensively, yielding hundreds of interesting and dramatic cultivars. Despite their huge popularity among gardeners, however, they are not commonly used in New England because of their lack of winter hardiness.
Selected by R J Fulcher in 1998, 'Nikki' was named after his second daughter. It has deep blue flowers and has proved to be a very popular cultivar over the years in England.


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|Home A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z|
|Home S Sulfur: The Value of Sulfur to Good Health|
The Value of Sulfur to Good Health
Sulfur is one of four amino acids that performs a number of important protein synthesis and enzyme reaction functions. Sulfur is needed for the proper production of collagen, the protein found in all connective tissues. This element of collagen production makes sulfur an important element in the protection of the joints. In addition, sulfur plays an important role in helping to maintain healthy hair and skin.
Dietary Sources of Sulfur:
High protein foods like meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk and legumes typically have a high sulfur content. In fact, egg yolks are one of the richest sources of sulfur in the diet. Sulfur is also present in onions, garlic, cabbage, turnips and Brussels sprouts.
Recommended Dailiy Intake of Sulfur:
There is no recommended daily intake established for sulfur, and most diets include plenty of this element.
Sulfur is part of some multivitamin and mineral formulas.
Side Effects and Toxicity of Sulfur:
There have been no known incidents of sulfur toxicity.
Symptoms of Sulfur Deficiency:
Sulfur deficiency has only been documented in those whose sole source of food was grown in soil which had been depleted of sulfur. Sulfur deficiency is of little concern to the average person.
Glossary References Links Contact


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Sport and SDGs case study: European Football for Development Network
Copyrights: EFDN [EFDN Youth Exchange Bremen]
Sport and SDGs case study: European Football for Development Network
EFDN showcases and actively contributes to the implementation of the SDGs.
How does your organisation work toward achieving the SDGs?
EFDN showcases the SDGs: Visibility, explanations and advertisement on our communications channels (social media, website, newsletters, brochures, etc.)
EFDN vehicles the Global Goals: Offer and share knowledge/ good practices/ insights of SDGs' integration process into the organisation's management on the annual conferences as well as on the Online Platform.
EFDN actively contributes to the implementation of the SDGs: Partnerships discussions with the UNDP and the ILO to engage in a common long-term project.
Which specific goals do you target?
EFDN integrates Goal 3 in its daily activities by promoting sports and in particular football across Europe.
Goal 4-5-8-9-10-11 are challenged through our multiple Youth/Staff Exchanges and our Study Visits. Goal 17 refers to the creations of new opportunities and collaborations joining us, our members, our partners and all other interested sport organisations or universities into European Programmes. This is one of EFDN's core occupations accordingly to its Network missions in the CSR -football industry.
What changes have you made to your work since the SDGs were introduced in January 2016?
Since the publication, EFDN felt responsible and decided to promote the SDG's to its members, partners and associated organisations. EFDN consequently connects its activities to specific Global Goals, to make stakeholders aware of the SDGs' meaning, importance and outcomes.
Additionally, our members have been inspired by the SDGs too, and develop extremely interesting projects in line with specific local needs of their communities.
How is your organisation measuring progress?
We are monitoring and evaluating our programmes on a continual basis. Collecting quantitative (pre-/post-tests) and qualitative (interviews/ case studies) data allows EFDN to get direct feedback. These mix-methods produce objective acknowledgments of the programmes: positive and improvable aspects, outcomes and their impacts on community and individuals.
Moreover, EFDN collaborates with Substance which reinforces the quality of our reporting activities. Finally, this ensemble can be associated with an overall contribution and progress towards the sustainable development.
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Friday, July 13, 2018 - 13:57
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A multi-country research and learning initiative to provide rigorous evidence on the impact of large-scale national cash transfer programmes.
Visit the page
Gender-responsive and age-sensitive social protection
Gender and age play a disproportionately large role in how people experience risks, vulnerabilities, and opportunities. A new four-year research programme to understand the intersections of gender inequalities and norms with ages and stages in the life course mean women and girls are at a heightened risk of poverty.


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If the thought of eating genetically modified food makes you cringe because it seems unnatural, think again.
Bacteria modified the genes of plants on their own long before humans figured out how to do it, and we're still enjoying the fruits (and vegetables) of their work today.
It turns out that the sweet potato, the beloved orange root vegetable frequently eaten on Thanksgiving, has been harboring DNA inserted into its genome by bacteria long before humans started growing it for food around 8,000 years ago.
A team of scientists analysed the genomes of hundreds of varieties of domestic sweet potatoes and found they had bits of DNA from a microbe commonly used in plant genetic engineering.
The scientists, lead by Jan Kreuze of the International Potato Center in Peru, published their results in the May 5 edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
One stretch of DNA — the code of which matched with a species of bacteria called Agrobacterium — was present in all 291 cultivated sweet potato varieties studied, but not in closely related wild plants. That makes the scientists think the bit of DNA contains a gene that gave the sweet potato a trait humans found desirable and selected for when domesticating the plant.
If that's the case, the sweet potato's genetic modification may very well be the reason why we can eat (and love) it. Unlike real potatoes, which are tubers that come from the plant's stem, the sweet potato is actually the root of the plant. These woody and fibrous bit of the plant probably needed some genetic TLC to become an edible and delicious Thanksgiving staple.
"We think the bacteria genes help the plant produce two hormones that change the root and make it something edible," virologist Jan Kreuze told NPR's Goats and Soda blog. "We need to prove that, but right now, we can't find any sweet potatoes without these genes."
Whatever the reason the bacteria genes stuck around, the way they got there in the first place is not too mysterious to plant geneticists.
"I don't think that's all that surprising," Greg Jaffe, the GMO expert at the Center for Science in the Public Interest in Washington, told Goats and Soda. "Anyone who's familiar with genetic engineering wouldn't be surprised that the [bacteria] Agrobacterium inserted some DNA into some crops."
That's because Agrobacterium is a bacteria that infects plants sort of like a virus does. The microbe inserts a bit of its DNA into the genome of a plant, a process known as horizontal gene transfer, the scientists explain in PNAS. The DNA insertion from Agrobacterium causes a plant's roots to grow like crazy or grow into tumours, a condition called crown gall disease.
The scientists think an ancient horizontal gene transfer happened between Agrobacterium and the plant that all today's sweet potatos are descended from.
So even though we haven't known it until now, we've been eating genetically modified foods for thousands of years, and it hasn't killed us yet.
NOW WATCH: 6 Food Myths That Are Completely Wrong
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Project Swingdigentes graban disco... ¡En la calle!: ¡Ya sois más de 100 mecenas!
In Next Web people explore and discuss on opportunities related to web 2.0, semantic web and semantic technologies applied to the web, Web 3.0 and, in general, evolution and future of the Internet. The community discusses the future of the web and the way in which the set of technologies enabling internet will influence the development of the socio-digital life, the building of the digital identity of people and organizations, and the acceleration of learning social processes. All thanks to the exercise of simultaneous sociability and access to ubiquitous information and intelligence. Companies, venture capitalists, institutions, researchers, professors, start-ups, bloggers, advanced internet users, internet activists and, on the whole, anybody who believes in the technology power of social transformation, have their new space in Next Web, a community promoted by the GNOSS Team.


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Bringing Peace Into Our Life – Spirituality Corner
by Linn Possell,
PAC Speaker and Mentor
What is peace anyway? The dictionary states that the noun peace means freedom from disturbance, in other words, peace is tranquility. But does this mean that if we have difficulties in our life, we cannot also have peace? Peace is not the absence of pain; it is not the absence of strife or hardships. Peace, rather, is what we do in these times and where we put our focus and intention for our life. Peace comes from creating a life that frees us from strife.
A 6th century Chinese Philosopher said:
If we are to have peace in the world,
We must have peace in the nation.
If we are to have peace in the nation,
We must have peace in the cities.
If we are to have peace in the cities,
We must have peace in the neighborhoods.
If we are to have peace in the neighborhoods,
We must have peace in the home.
If we are to have peace in the home,
We must have peace in the heart.
When dementia comes into our family or into our life, we can be thrown off balance and feel as if we have lost our sense of peace. Our life can become filled with things that make us frustrated and afraid. We want things to be different, we want things to be what we either have imagined or hoped for. When we experience these things in our life, it is important that we make room for peace. Creating space for peace is far from an easy task. It requires intentional work, but it is important to open the space in our life for peace to enter. Here are some ways to help bring peace back into your life.
- Imagine what peace feels like and place it at your heart center.
- Let this feeling ground you and become the center of your being.
- Let go of what is not possible and look for what is possible.
- Send peace out to those around you.


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Right now I am reading a proof of Downward Löwenheim-Skolem theorem in Hodges, but I am slightly confused about a proof Hodges makes. Let me write down some of the definitions.
Definition: Let $T$ be a first-order theory in a first-order language $\scr{L}$. >Then a skolemisation of $T$ is a theory $T^+\supseteq T$ in a first order >language $\scr{L}^+\supseteq \scr{L}$ such that
 1. Any model of $T$ can be expanded to a model of $T^+$.
 2. For every formula $\phi(\bar{x}, y)$ of $\scr{L}^+$ with $\bar{x}$ a nonempty tuple, there is a term $t$ of $\scr{L}^+$ such that $$ T^+\vdash \forall \bar{x}(\exists y\phi(\bar{x}, y)\to \phi(\bar{x}, t(\bar{x}))). $$
A theory $T$ is said to be a Skolem Theory or to have Skolem functions if $T^+:=T$ and $\scr{L}^+ = \scr{L}$ is a skolemisation of $T$, i.e. $T$ is a skolemisation of itself.
Hodges goes on to say that for a Skolem theory $T$, and $A$ a model of $T$ and $X$ a subset of $A$, if the skolem hull $B:=\langle X\rangle_A$ is nonempty, then it is an elementary substructure of $A$. He proves this by invoking the Tarski-Vaught Criterion for elementary substructures. In particular, if $\phi(\bar{x}, y)$ is a $\scr{L}$-formula and $\bar{a}$ is a tuple from $B$ with $A\models \exists y \phi(\bar{a}, y)$, then $A\models \phi(\bar{a}, t(\bar{a}))$ for the appropriate term $t$. But $t^A(\bar{a})\in B$ as $B$ is closed under the functions, and he concludes that $B$ satisfies the Tarski-Vaught Criterion and so $B\preceq A$.
Here is my question, what if $\phi(\bar{x}, y)$ is actually $\phi(y)$? Then $\exists y\phi(y)$ is a sentence and so does not have a Skolem function. So if $A\models \exists y\phi$, how can we guarantee that $B$ possesses a witness to $\exists y\phi$?
My attempt to work around this is to consider the formula $$ \psi(x, y): = \ulcorner \phi(y)\wedge x=x\urcorner. $$ Then $\exists y\phi(y)$ is logically equivalent to $\exists y \psi(x, y)$. As $T$ is a skolem theory, there is a term $t(x)$ such that $$ T\vdash \forall x(\exists y\psi(x, y)\to \psi(x, t(x))). $$ Then for any $a\in B$, $t^A(a)$ will be an element of $B$ witnessing $A\models \exists y\phi$. Is this a correct resolution of my question, or is there something else I am missing? Thanks for the help!
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up vote 3 down vote accepted
Yes, your solution works. A less "cheap" way to resolve things is to remove the word "nonempty" from Hodges' definition, so that $(\exists y)\phi(y)$ has a zero-ary Skolem function, that is, a "Skolem constant" $c_\phi$. That is the definition of a Skolemization some others use. (I am not familiar with Hodges' definitions and conventions; he might not require that a variable shown in a formula name must actually appear, in which case he could write "$(\exists y)[y = y]$" as $\phi(x)$.)
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From Encyclopedia of Mathematics
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A set $V$ of vertices and a set $E$ of unordered and ordered pairs of vertices; denoted by $G(V,E)$. An unordered pair of vertices is said to be an edge, while an ordered pair is said to be an arc. A graph containing edges alone is said to be non-oriented or undirected; a graph containing arcs alone is said to be oriented or directed. A pair of vertices can be connected by two or more edges (arcs of the same direction) and such edges (arcs) are then said to be multiple. An arc (or edge) can begin and end at the same vertex, in which case it is known as a loop. (A "graph" is sometimes understood to be a graph without loops or multiple edges; in such a case a graph with multiple edges is said to be a multi-graph, whereas one containing both multiple edges and loops is said to be a pseudo-graph.)
Vertices connected by an edge or a loop are said to be adjacent. Edges with a common vertex are also called adjacent. An edge (arc) and any one of its two vertices are said to be incident. One says that an edge $\{u,v\}$ connects two vertices $u$ and $v$, while an arc $(u,v)$ begins at the vertex $u$ and ends at the vertex $v$. Each graph can be represented in Euclidean space by a set of points, corresponding to the vertices, which are connected by lines, corresponding to the edges (or the arcs) of the graph. In three-dimensional space any graph can be represented in such a way that the lines corresponding to edges (arcs) do not intersect at interior points.
There are various ways of specifying a graph. Let $u_1,\dots,u_n$ be the vertices of a graph $G(V,E)$ and let $e_1,\dots,e_m$ be its edges. The adjacency matrix corresponding to $G$ is the matrix $A=(a_{i,j})$ in which the element $a_{i,j}$ equals the number of edges (arcs) which join the vertices $u_i$ and $u_j$ (go from $u_i$ to $u_j$) and $a_{i,j}=0$ if the corresponding vertices are not adjacent. In the incidence matrix $B=(b_{i,j})$ of $G$ the element $b_{i,j}=1$ if the vertex $u_i$ is incident to the edge $e_j$, and $b_{i,j}=0$ if the vertex $u_i$ and the edge $e_j$ are not incident. A graph can be specified by lists, for example, by specifying pairs of vertices connected by edges (arcs) or by specifying the set of vertices adjacent to each vertex. Two graphs $G(V,E)$ and $H(W,I)$ are called isomorphic if there is a one-to-one correspondence between the sets of vertices $V,W$ and the sets of edges $E,I$ which preserves the incidence relationship (see also Graph isomorphism).
A subgraph $G'(V',E')$ of a graph $G(V,E)$ is defined as a graph with set of vertices $V'\subseteq V$ and set of edges (arcs) $E'\subseteq E$, each one of which is incident with vertices from $V'$ only. A subgraph $G'(V',E')$ is said to be generated or induced by the subset $V'\subseteq V$ if it is a graph with set of vertices $V'$ and ordered set of edges (arcs) $E'$, $E'$ consists of by all edges of $G$ which connect vertices of $V'$. A skeleton subgraph or spanning subgraph $G'(V,E')$ contains all vertices of $G$ and some subset of its edges (arcs) $E'\subseteq E$. A sequence of edges $(u_0,u_1),\dots,(u_{r-1},u_r)$ is called an edge progression or walk connecting the vertices $u_0$ and $u_r$. An edge progression is called a chain or trail if all its edges are different and a simple chain or path if all its vertices are different. A closed (simple) chain is also called a (simple) cycle. A graph is said to be connected if any pair of its vertices is connected by an edge progression. A maximal connected subgraph of a graph $G$ is said to be a connected component. A disconnected graph has at least two connected components (see also Graph, connectivity of a).
The length of an edge progression (chain, simple chain) is equal to the number of edges in the order in which they are traversed. The length of the shortest simple chain connecting two vertices $u_i$ and $u_j$ in a graph $G$ is said to be the distance $d(u_i,u_j)$ between $u_i$ and $u_j$. In a connected undirected graph the distance satisfies the axioms of a metric. The quantity $\min_{u_i} \max_{u_j} d(u_i,u_j)$ is called the diameter, while a vertex $u_0$ for which $\max_{u_j} d(u_i,u_j)$ assumes its minimum value is called a centre of $G$. A graph can contain more than one centre or no centre at all.
The degree of a vertex $u_i$ of a graph $G$, denoted by $d_i$, is the number of edges incident with that vertex. If a (loop-free) graph $G$ has $n$ vertices and $m$ edges, then $\sum_{i=1}^n d_i = 2m$. A vertex $u_i$ is said to be isolated if $d_i=0$ and terminal or pendant if $d_i=1$. A graph all vertices of which have the same degree (equal to $k$) is said to be regular of degree $k$. A complete graph has no loops and each pair of vertices is connected by exactly one edge. Let a graph $G(V,E)$ be free from loops or multiple edges; then the complementary graph to $G$ is the graph $\bar{G}(V,E)$ in which $\bar{V}=V$ and vertices are adjacent in $\bar{G}$ only if they are not adjacent in $G$. A graph which is complementary to a complete graph consists of isolated vertices and is known as empty. Many characteristics of a graph $G$ and of its complement $\bar{G}$ are related. In a directed graph $G$ one defines, for each vertex $u_i$, the output (or out) and the input (or in) (semi-) degree as the number of arcs issuing from and entering this vertex, respectively. A complete directed graph is known as a tournament. To each graph $G$ can be assigned a number of graphs which are derived from of $G$. Thus, the edge graph $L(G)$ of $G$ is the graph whose vertices correspond to the edges of $G$ and two vertices are adjacent in $L(G)$ if and only if the corresponding edges of $G$ are adjacent. In the total graph $T(G)$ of $G$ the vertices correspond to the elements of $G$, i.e. to vertices and edges, and two vertices in $T(G)$ are adjacent if and only if the corresponding elements in $G$ are adjacent or incident. Many properties of $G$ carry over to $L(G)$ and $T(G)$. Many generalizations of the concept of a "graph" are known, including that of a hypergraph and of a network graph.
With the aid of suitable operations it is possible to construct a graph from simpler graphs, to pass from a graph to simpler ones, to subdivide a graph into simpler ones, to pass from one graph to another in a given class of graphs, etc. The most common one-place operations include the removal of an edge (the vertices of the edge are preserved), the addition of an edge between two vertices of a graph, the removal of a vertex together with its incident edges (the graph obtained by removal of a vertex $v$ from a graph $G$ is often denoted by $G-v$), the addition of a vertex (which may be connected by edges with certain vertices of the graph), the contraction of an edge — identification of a pair of adjacent vertices, i.e. removal of a pair of adjacent vertices and addition of a new vertex which is adjacent to those vertices of the graph which were adjacent to at least one of the vertices which have been removed, and subdivision of an edge — removal of an edge and addition of a new vertex which is joined by an edge to each vertex of the edge which has been removed.
Two-place operations over a graph are employed in a number of problems in graph theory. Let $G_1(V_1,E_1)$ and $G_2(V_2,E_2)$ be graphs such that $V_1 \cap V_2 = \emptyset$ and $E_1 \cap E_2 = \emptyset$. The union of $G_1$ and $G_2$ is the graph $G = G_1 \cup G_2$ with set of vertices $V = V_1 \cup V_2$ and set of edges $E = E_1 \cup E_2$. The product of $G_1$ and $G_2$ is the graph $G = G_1 \times G_2$ whose set of


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* Imagine that you have some data on an unemployed population. You would like to give job training to some of these workers however you are concerned that those who volunteer to be part of the job training program are fundamentally different than those who did not sign up for the job training.
* We have data on 2000 individuals
set obs 2000
* Educational attainment is known
gen education = rnormal()
gen ability = rnormal()
gen motivation = rnormal()
* Ability and motivation levels are unobservable.
* Thoe who have greater motivation are more likely to sign up for the job training program.
gen p_sign_up = normal(motivation)
* The decision to seek trianing or not is a random one.
gen sign_up = rbinomial(1,p_sign_up)
* If we give training to everybody that signs up then
gen train = sign_up
* Once, workers have recieved training the training has some benefit on expected earnings.
gen u = rnormal()
gen exp_earn = ability + 2*education + motivation + train*.5 + u*2
* Let's see how well we can estimate the returns to training.
reg exp_earn train education
* We can see that because ability (part of the error term) is correlated with assignment to training selection bias into training is causing it to look more effective than it actually is.
* Alternatively, when choosing who to give training to we could instead choose to give it only to a random selection of those who signed up for training.
gen train2 = rbinomial(1,.5) if sign_u==1
replace train2 = 0 if train2 ==.
gen exp_earn2 = ability + 2*education + motivation + train2*.5 + u*2
* If we stop there then we actually have not helped anything.
reg exp_earn2 train2 education
* However, if we restrict our estimation to only people who signed up for the training program we can use the randomness of the program to estimate unbiased results.
reg exp_earn2 train2 education if sign_up==1
* The only catch is that now we cannot argue that we have an unbiased estimate of the effect of the training program for the entire population. Only for those that chose to sign up. This is not entirely a bad thing. If we make the program voluntary then it will be based on sign up anyways. Thus selecting based on signing up is not an unreasonable restriction.


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Table of Contents
About Polymer Clay
What is Polymer Clay?
Polymer Clay is an art medium that is known for its versatility, pliability and simplicity to work with. It is an oven bake modeling material composed of polymers, resins, coloring agents and fillers. Not a natural clay, it is man-made from a plastic, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) base. It is used by artists and hobbyists ranging from children to professional artists and movie makers. It stays continually soft and can be baked in a home oven, retaining its color and size. It is available in many colors, including metallics, glow-in-the-dark and "stone". It can be used to simulate many materials: stone, semi-precious stones, porcelain, wood, and glass.
What can I do with Polymer Clay?
Polymer clay can be used in an assortment of crafts, including jewelry, home decoration, pottery, scrapbooking and sculpture. Techniques for working with the clay are borrowed from glass-making, metal-working, ceramics, sculpture and textile. Clay can be used to cover anything that won't burn during firing, such as wood, frames, pens, and mirrors. To create your own colors, polymer clay can be formulated like paint, or colored with powders, chalk, ink, glitter, colored pencils, powdered makeup and paint. After baking, polymer clay can be sanded, buffed, glazed, or painted. You are limited only by your imagination, and even then, there are plenty of projects and ideas from others to choose from!
What kind of Polymer clay do I want?
Can I mix clays?
Absolutely! Mixing clays heightens your project's potential. Clays can be mixed to customize, color, weight, or stability. You can use Premo as a strong backing or UltraLight for less weight within your other clays. Glow-In-The-Dark clay can be mixed with light colors of Sculpey III for a ghostly glow.
What cautions should I take when working with clay?
Casual clay hobbyists can safely bake the clay in their home ovens, taking care to properly ventilate. If you are baking frequently, some artists like to use a toaster oven. Clay should not be used with anything that will prepare or touch food. Cookie sheets can be lined with foil or cardstock/index cards during baking. If you use kitchen items or toys as clay tools, be sure that these do not return to food preparation use. Washing your hands frequently and before eating is a good precaution to take. Small children should be supervised-while polymer clay is certified as nontoxic, it should not be ingested. If you have concerns about the release of fumes during baking, you can bake clay in a sealed bag, like the Reynolds baking bags, or after baking, wash the inside of the oven with baking soda and water. Always supervise children with baking.
How should Polymer Clay be stored?
Polymer Clay should be stored in its original packaging and away from heat and sunlight. Do not leave the clay in your vehicle on a hot day or it may bake. Once the packaging has been opened, it is best to store it wrapped in wax paper in an airtight container. Do not store it in Tupperware or other food storage containers that you plan to use for food in the future. A recommended place for storing clay between use is in the refrigerator or freezer, dry and away from light.
What is "conditioning"?
Conditioning is simply the process of warming and kneading the clay in preparation for use. This increases the clay's pliability and reduces risk of breakage. The Sculpey clays can be conditioned easily and in a very short period of time by kneading and stretching. Some of the stronger, stiffer clays can be conditioned with the help of a pasta machine. Cut the clay into chunks and feed through the machine several times.
How do I bake Polymer Clay?
The clays vary in baking time, so you should always follow the package directions. See Baking Times for Sculpey Clay. Preheat your oven and bake clay on foil, index cards or a ceramic tile. After baking, allow clay to cool and fully cure before handling it. If a shine is desired, when the clay has cooled, sand it with wet-dry sandpaper under running water, then buff it with a clean soft cloth. Glaze or water-based acrylic paints may be applied after baking.
Can I paint polymer clay?
Any of the clays can be painted, water-based acrylics applied in several, thin layers are recommended. Any paint can be used if you seal it with several layers of Sculpey glaze.
What does a Pasta Machine have to do with clay?
Pasta machines are used for conditioning, rolling and blending clay. They can ease conditioning for stiff clay or tired hands, will aide in rolling out layers of uniform thickness, and are essential for making the beautiful Skinner blends.
What do I need to begin?
All you really need is your imagination! Clay art can be made with just your hands! You will also want some basic tools. Start with a clean, smooth, cool work surface. Marble, glass, and ceramic tile are great work surfaces. Many people like to use something that can clay can be baked on, to minimize disruption to the clay before baking. Cardstock and index cards can be used for this purpose also. Wax paper or parchment paper can also be used. A rolling pin, cutting blade, and shaping tools will get you off to a great start. Some tools you may already have at home and some you will want to buy. A pin can be used for some detailing work and a slicing blade, like the Sculpey Super Slicers will be a good length for caning work. A skewer or large pin can be used for piercing to make holes for stringing projects. For more fun and experience with the clay, you'll want to invest in a pasta machine, measuring tools, knives, carving and sculpting tools, shape cutters, drills, sandpaper, a clay extruder, and push-molds.
- These items are recommended to build a "starter kit":


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The Welfare State in US and Europe: why so different?
II Rodolfo Debenedetti Lecture, Milan
- II RDB Lecture - Alesina
- See press release
The welfare state is much larger in Europe than in the US, and, more generally, Europeans seem to be more concerned about equalizing incomes and reducing inequality than Americans are. Why is this? The purpose of this Lecture is to examine various explanations for these phenomena. First, the main differences in redistributive policies on the two sides of the Atlantic are briefly illustrated. This exercise shows also how significant differences within Europe exist. Next, the lecture will offer various explanations for the wide differencese. Schematically such explanations can be explained as follows:
- purely economic reasons. These include different levels of pretax income inequality, openness, social mobility, etc.;
- politico-historical reasons. These include electoral systems, the role of courts, historical reasons why a socialist party never fully established itself in the US;
- sociological reasons. These include different attitudes toward the poor, individual versus social responsibilities in correcting ex post income differences, race relations.
The lecture will then try to disentangle which of these various explanations have more weight for explaining cross country differences.


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Extremely significant examples of the deposits can be observed at Prariondo (Sassello) hiking eastwards along the Alta Via dei Monti Liguri track (close to Bric Damè).
The block streams are characterised by the presence of lobes that are both oriented along the flow direction and transversal to it. Several concentric furrows and ridges, typical of compressive flow, are visible in the frontal areas of the block fields.
The very coarse (always more than 60 cm of diameter) openwork texture of the block streams surface is characterised by blocks that dip along the borders vertically or diverging of more than 30° opposite to the flow direction.
The identification of evident solifluction structures in the deposits, coupled with morphologic features indicating that blocks were formed in situ following substratum disintegration, are elements confirming the actual presence of gelifluction on these deposits and subsequently of a real periglacial environment.
The data resulting from morphometric studies of the bodies carried out with different methods proposed by different authors, allow identifying these deposits as block streams or block fields and therefore underlining once more that they were originated in a periglacial environment. The certain periglacial origin of these deposits represents an extremely important indication to reconstruct the climate boundaries during the last glacial period; in fact, some morphologic processes, which nowadays are not present any more, occurred at that time in this area and left evident documentation of a paleoclimate colder that the present one.


What is a "Regulated Buy to Let"?
by Neil Patterson
15:57 PM, 14th June 2012
About 9 years ago
What is a "Regulated Buy to Let"?
Make Text Bigger
What is a "Regulated Buy to Let"?
A buy to let mortgage in lending terms is very similar to a residential mortgage regulated by FSA rules, but just because something looks like a duck and sounds like a duck doesn't always mean it is a duck.
Buy to Let is still in most circumstances considered to be a commercial loan, and borrowers are deemed to have a greater knowledge of the implications of their actions than someone looking to purchase their own main residence.
There are however, two common exceptions where a mortgage is seen and has to be treated as a regulated deal.
– The first is where you intend to live in the property yourself at any point in the future becoming an owner occupier. The key is when you are arranging the mortgage is it your intention, or a likely possibility that you will at some point move in yourself. This question must be asked by anyone selling you a buy to let mortgage without leading you to a more convenient the answer.
If this is a possibility then the mortgage will become regulated and must be treated the same way as a residential loan. Many people have moved into their buy to let properties years later through unforeseen changes in circumstances, but as this was not their intention from the outset they are not breaking any rules as long as their lender is informed and happy for them to do so.
– The second exception is when you intend for a close relative to occupy the property. A close relative is defined by the vertical family tree going upwards to parents and grandparents or downwards to children or grandchildren and also by one horizontal such as brothers and sisters. You do not need to worry about second cousins twice removed! Again this question must always be asked and answered honestly to the best of your knowledge at the time.
What about if you, or a relative only occupy a certain percentage of the property I hear you cry. Well there is technically a possibility of this being an exception to the above rules, but it would be extremely complicated and difficult to prove you never accessed other parts of the property and the safe course of action is again to treat it as regulated.
How is a regulated buy to let treated differently?
The sales process would become the same as a residential mortgage and can only be sold by a suitably FSA qualified and supervised person. A full fact find of all your personal circumstances and requirements would need to be completed showing that the K.Y.C (know your customer) rules were followed. A product best matching these needs must then be sourced with proof it was the most appropriate available for you at the time. A full K.F.I. (key facts illustration) would need to be produced along with a suitability letter stating why this product was chosen for you.
There are many other procedures a sales person would have to follow, but this would take a much longer article and only be suitable for insomniacs.
The big difference in term of products available is that only a few buy to let lenders will consider the extra complication of providing a regulated mortgage thus reducing your options on pricing and criteria.
For more articles like this please see our Buy to Let Explained section
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Classification and Explanatory Rules of Harmonic DataFaculty of Engineering - Papers (Archive)
AbstractClustering is an important technique in data mining and machine learning in which underlying and meaningful groups of data are discovered. One of the paramount issues in clustering process is to discover the natural groups in the data set. A method based on the minimum message length (MML) has been developed to determine the optimum number of clusters (or mixture model size) in a power quality data set from an actual harmonic monitoring system in a distribution system in Australia. Once the optimum number of clusters is determined, a supervised learning algorithm, C5.0, is used to uncover the fundamental defining factors that differentiate the various clusters from each other. This allows for explanatory rules of each cluster in the harmonic data to be defined. These rules can then be utilised to predict which cluster any new observed data may best be described.
Link to publisher version (URL)IEEE Xplore
Citation InformationAli Asheibi, David Stirling and Danny Soetanto. "Classification and Explanatory Rules of Harmonic Data" (2008)
Available at: _URL_


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make LNG viable. CNG can accommodate small gas fields, even of 1 to 3 bcm. Coselle and VOTRANS are two would-be commercial, high-pressure gas storage and transport technologies for CNG.
Transportation technologies enabling gas to enter new outlets also include the conversion of gas into electricity and then its transmission by wire over long distances. Although a number of obstacles still remain to be overcome before this option develops significantly, recent advances in semiconductors and insulating materials have reduced transmission costs for high-voltage DC electricity.


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Digital Preservation: Audio and Video Formats
In the last of our four-part series on Digital Preservation, this webinar present and explain:
- basic formats and standards used in digital audio and video collections for libraries, archives, and museums
- the development of audio and video formats and introduce participants to the significant technical features that pertain to digital libraries.
- Audio formats and encodings introduced include Pulse-Code Modulation (PCM), WAV and BWAV, and the issues related to compression for online delivery.
- Video topics include formats and standards, particularly the role of compression and data storage.
- the meaning of "HD" and options for video transfer and capture, as well as format and encodings for uncompressed video and the Motion JPEG standards.
Participants in this webinar will be able to make informed decisions about digital audio and video projects and revisit their planned or existing projects with an eye to making sure they will be useful sustainable into the future.
This webinar will be of interest to: Librarians archivists who are involved in developing digital projects, no special technical background required.
This presentation is the fourth in the series. Archived webinars are available at:
Webinar 1, Digital Preservation: Fundamentals archive
Webinar 2, Digital Preservation: Text and Image Formats archive
Webinar 3, Digital Preservation: Storing and Managing Digital Collections Feb 7, 2012


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(Linnaeus, 1758) : Box Jelly|
Phylum Cnidaria / Class Cubozoa / Family Carybdeidae
Our West Coast waters are not well endowed with box jellies. The one species that does enter California waters is Carybdea marsupialis (pictured here). Although primarily a warm-water species, it visits nearshore habitats off Santa Barbara and other southern California areas from August through November. This species may have a bell of up to 4 cm high, with numerous nematocyst containing nodules on the outer part. The bell also usually is marked by light tan specks. Four distinctive spade-like structures (the pedalia) are aligned with the 4 tentacles and the septa that separate the gastric pouches. Each tentacle is capable of extending more than 10 times the height of the bell. Carybdea tends to swim most of the time while seeking crustaceans and small fishes. When visiting southern California waters, this box jelly favors shallow sandy habitats inshore of the kelp beds. Fortunately for bathers in the area, this species lacks a potent stinging punch. In addition to southern California, Carybdea marsupialis ranges farther south into Mexico, and also is known from the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea.
All photographs © David Wrobel and may not be used or copied without permission!


personality, behavior, body language and the cultural situation (for example a handshake with a bereaved friend can be exceptionally long -- literally holding hands for minutes -- because human beings express sympathy and compassion through touch gestures.)
Post scriptum: if your handshake is actually very strong then "a firm handshake you have there" is possibly an example of classic British understatement, but if the same comment were addressed to somebody with a limp handshake, it would be an example of sarcasm/irony.
From my personal experience it isn't, but that does not mean that there aren't studies that say otherwise or that's how it works out in most scenarios.
The strongest handshake I have received in my life came out quite short. The man that shook my hand said the following:
Real men shake their hands strongly.
I took that as that my handshake was not quite strong enough to consider myself a man. Few moments later I called my mother, told her that man hurt me and I started crying...
The point I want to come across is strong handshakes don't mean anything when people talk to you like that.
 - "The man that shook my hand said the following: Real men shake their hands strongly. (...) The point I want to come across is strong handshakes don't mean anything when people talk to you like that." __ too right _USER_! People who call themself'real men' will not hesitate to hurt (will even actively hurt) other men, women, children, animals, nations and the environment. Better to have a weak handshake than an aggressive mind, I says! So I appreciate and upvote. Please post more such insightful answers here. – English Student Oct 18 '17 at 15:02
 - A handshake conveys information about attitude. It can give early warning about whether the other person feels discomfort, avoidance, anger, disgust, or enthusiasm. Some people can fake their body-language, but many people forget or don't bother.
 - Unlike other types of body-language, handshakes are repeated for each pair of people, so it can uncover a person's attitudes toward particular individuals, which wouldn't be apparent from the person's overall body-language toward the group.
Your Answer


Understanding Newborn Reflexes
newborn reflexesUsually, reflexes are involuntary actions or movements.
Some of the movements are spontaneous and occur as a part of the babyâ€™s usual activity, whereas others are reactions to definite actions.
Reflexes mainly help you to identify normal nerve and brain activities.
At some times, you will notice other reflexes.
Here are the various reflexes that can be observed in your infant:
Sucking reflex: Sucking cannot be considered as reflexive. Whenever the roof of your babyâ€™s mouth is touched, your baby will start sucking its finger.
This ensures that your baby is going to nurse on a bottle or breast and starts sucking when something is placed in his mouth. This is slowly replaced by intended sucking.
Rooting reflex: Whenever you rub your babyâ€™s cheek, s/he will turn towards you for food. This is very useful when leaning to breastfeed your infant. This disappears by about 4 months.
You can also observe this condition when your baby rubs his face with his hands. During feeding time, it will be very frustrating for you if the baby flails his arms. Place a blanket on him to fix his arms close to his body.
Tonic neck reflex: This reflex can also be called a fencing reflex because of the position that your baby assumes. Whenever your baby lies on his back, the head turns to one side, the arm at that part extends and the opposite one turns up at the elbow. This is often called the fencing position, and it usually lasts for about five to six months.
Moro reflex: This is also called the startle reflex as it occurs when your child is startled by loud voice or movement.
As a response to the loud voice, your child throws his head back, expands the legs and arms and again pulls the legs and arms back in.
Your childâ€™s own cry can startle him and begins the reflex. Usually, this reflex lasts about 5-7 months.
Grasp reflex: When you stroke the palm of your babyâ€™s hand, it causes the baby to close his fingers in a grasp. This reflex exists for a few months only and is prevalent in premature babies.
Plantar reflex: When you stroke the sole of your babyâ€™s feet, his toes will stretch and the foot will rotate a little inwards. This reflex is also known as Babinski reflex, and is fun to observe. This will disappear by the end of the first year.
Step reflex: It can also be called a dance or walking reflex. You can also observe this reflex when you hold your baby upright in his foot on a solid surface. [Baby Walker]
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text:
Every organisation that works with children needs to have someone that takes the lead on safeguarding and child protection. We refer to them as a nominated child protection lead but they may also be known as:
- Designated Safeguarding Officer (DSO)
- Designated Safeguarding Lead (DSL)
- "Named person" for child protection
- Child protection officer
- Child protection lead
- Safeguarding or child protection coordinator.
The role may be performed by one person or split between staff. Larger organisations may have a safeguarding team. Boards of governors, trustees and management committees should also have someone who is responsible for safeguarding. In some organisations the nominated child protection lead also has other roles to perform.
You should also make sure that you have procedures in place to respond to child protection concerns when your nominated lead is absent or unavailable. This could include nominating someone who is trained to act as a deputy. You can also contact the NSPCC Helpline for advice or to report any concerns. Make sure that you keep clear records and communicate what's happened and the steps you've taken to your nominated child protection lead on their return.
Example role description for nominated child protection lead
We've created an example role description which you can use to make sure everyone in your organisation understands the important role of the nominated child protection lead. It should be used in conjunction with our information and resources on safeguarding and child protection.
Everyone who is taking the lead on safeguarding and child protection should be fully trained to carry out their role.


Hello, friends! Welcome to the penultimate posting of this year's A to Z Challenge! This year, I've been telling you about the universe of Tomorrow News Network, my upcoming Sci-Fi adventure series. In today's post, Y is for:
Yola is a gas giant planet located in the Cygni Lambda-Kappa Star Sector. To some, Yola is one of the most spectacular sights in the known universe. To others, the colors look garish. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder, as the ancient Earthlings used to say.
The planet's distinctive variegation is caused by a complex mix of chemicals and jet streams in the planet's atmosphere. The colors change periodically due to the photolytic influence of Yola's sun (something similar is known to happen to Jupiter's Great Red Spot). Sometimes, Yola's colors are vibrant and bold; other times, they're muted pastels.
Scientific research concerning Yola has been limited due to the fact that Yola is located in the middle of a war zone. The Yola System lies near the border between the United Earth Republic and the Hykonian Hegemonic Empire. Control over the planet has changed multiple times over the centuries.
The moons of Yola now host a mixed population of humans and Hykonians. Well, I say mixed, but in reality a lot of self-segregation goes on. At times, racial tensions run high; however, all-out violence among the locals is surprisingly rare. "You don't have to like each other to live with each other," as the citizens of Yola often say.
If there is ever going to be peace between Earth and Hykonia, that peace will likely begin on the moons of Yola. Or at least that's what reports on the Tomorrow News Network have occasionally suggested.
So where did the name Yola come from? In universe, Yola derives from the Hykonian word for rainbow. As for the real world origin of this name, well… click here. You'll figure it out.
Next time on Tomorrow News Network: A to Z, let's end this year's challenge with a bang. A Big Bang.
9 responses »
 1. Ha! Liked the origins of the name.
 Liked by 1 person
 2. Does this planet and its parts play a major role in the first book?
 Liked by 1 person
 3. Frédérique says:
 Hahaha, yes of course, the origin of the name ;)) I love Yola, pretty planet!
 Y is for Young
 Liked by 1 person
 4. Ooh! I love to read about planets in world building! Now, I'm wondering if the inhabitants of Yola (Yolans?) are dense enough to sustain the heavy gravity that a gas giant would have but the humans and Hykonians aren't. Does that have anything to do with why they are fighting each other? -Nathaniel of Operation Awesome
 Liked by 1 person
 - J.S. Pailly says:
 The humans and Hykonians live on Yola's moons, not the planet itself. The gas giant's gravity would be too much for them. There are native Yolan lifeforms on those moons as well, swimming around in the subsurface oceans (similar to the subsurface oceans of some of Jupiter and Saturn's moons).
 The humans and Hykonians don't have much contact with the native Yolans, though, and it's not clear if the Yolans are intelligent life forms.
 I'm considering writing a story about the native Yolans at some point, with the working title of "Thin Ice."
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text:
WASHINGTON — The first deep sea red-light district — glowing appendages on a newly discovered jellyfish relative — appear to flash their come-hither message to lure prey.
Jellyfish and other types of sea creatures are known to produce light, but this is the first deep ocean invertebrate known to use red fluorescent light, said Steven H. D. Haddock of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute in Moss Landing, Calif.
Three of the animals were found by scientists using a remote-controlled research vehicle at depths of between 5,200 feet and 7,500 feet (1,600 to 2,300 meters) and off the coast of California. The discovery is reported in Friday's issue of the journal Science.
The new find is a previously unreported species in the genus Erenna, which is a member of the group that includes coral and jellyfish.
The animal, which has not yet been named, has tentacles with side branches that consist of stinging cells attached to a central stalk.
The researchers said that inside the stalk are spots that produce blue-green light when immature and red light when mature.
And they noted that the two colors are produced by different methods. The blue-green light is produced by a process called bioluminescence, which emits energy as light instead of heat. The red light comes from fluorescence, a process in which short-wavelength light such as blue is re-emitted as long-wavelength red light.
There are not many fish at the depth where the specimens were found, but two of the Erennas had fish inside them.
Based on the shape, size and motion of the tentacles, and the fish found in the stomachs, Haddock said the researchers believe the red lights are being used to attract fish that can then be captured and eaten.
"This is another fascinating case of deep-sea ecology, an event that probably happens millions or billions of times a day, but one that we glimpse for the first time only now," said Cairns, who was not part of Haddock's research team.
Previously, many scientists had thought that most fish living at this depth could not see red light, Haddock said in a telephone interview.
At this depth, the ocean filters out red, leaving only blue-green light, he said, and studies of some fish and shrimp eyes indicated a lack of sensors for red wavelengths.
But, he said, there is evidence that some fish can see red, possibly giving them an advantage in finding certain organisms to eat that are red.
The research was funded by the Packard Foundation and the National Science Foundation.
Copyright 2005 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


text:
Can You Spot It?
product code: 133623
see more in this range by ELC
Have fun spotting the difference with these colourful cards.
Stimulating the brain and improving dexterity
Inspiring story making
Promoting social interaction
Developing early language skills
Developing social skills and helping communication
Building confidence and concentration
How to play:
Can you spot it?
Let's look at two cards, and talk about what you can see. Can you name the objects, count them up and spot the difference between the cards?
Learning to spot
Let's start with the green cards, then try some trickier ones. As you get more confident, see if you can spot more differences and give yourselves a well-earned round of applause!
Give your child the set of cards. See if they can sort out the living things from the non-living. Ask the child to pick a card at random and get them to tell you what it is.
Together talk about the objects, think about where you might see them. As they get more confident, they can lay the cards face down to play a pairs game!Battery requirements: Not Required
How does this help my child?
Instils confidenceInstils confidence
This toy helps your child feel secure and happy, and enjoy good self-esteem.
Discover the WorldDiscover the World
This toy inspires your child to explore and enjoy the world around them.
Problem solvingProblem solving
These toys teach your child to work things out for themselves.
This product is available for:
Normally delivered within 5 working days (exclusions apply including postcode restrictions and extended timescales). Exceptional delivery circumstances beyond our control such as bad weather or courier delays may cause your order to take longer to deliver.
Delivery within 2 working days to UK mainland addresses. Regrettably this service is unavailable for deliveries to Northern Ireland.
ELC are happy to refund or exchange any unused merchandise returned within 28 days of purchase upon production of your receipt, as long as they are returned in an unused condition and in their original packaging. Please see Terms and Conditions for details. This does not affect your rights if the product is faulty or mis-described.


Economic inequality in Canada
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Trend in economic inequality Economic inequality is a common social issue that affects many Canadians, either directly or indirectly. It has for example led to social stratification by economic capacities. Osberg identify five economic classes in the Canadian society and offers a review of times series data for percentage income distribution among Canadians. The evaluation of five economic classes, bottom 20 %, second 20 %, middle 20 %, fourth 20 %, and the top 20 % identifies concentration of resources in the hands of a few individuals while a majority of the Canadian citizens are within average and poor economic classes (Osberg, 2008, p. 7). Data, obtained from Statistics Canada, reported that by the year 2005, 60 percent of Canadian population only controlled less than 30 percent of the country's wealth while the larger portion, more than 70 percent was in the hands on the top economic class that forms only 40 percent of the country' population…. This is attributable to the great depression of the 1970s that contracted profit margins for business organizations and prompted measures for increasing profitability. Reduced wage rates for employees, and layoffs became characteristics to reduce the percentage of wealth ownership by the low classes while the capitalists retained their share of profits. The move to increase organizations' profitability also led to high remunerations for top managers to facilitate their inputs towards operational efficiencies. Change in demand for labor is another factor to the increasing economic inequality. While Canada is becoming more industrialized and oriented to developing skills-based commodities, demand for skilled labor has risen while demand for unskilled labor has lagged. The trend in demand has therefore led to higher remuneration among skilled workers than among the unskilled to contribute to economic inequality. Effects of globalization that allows the capitalist class to dictate low wage rates for employees has also ensured higher profit margins to increase wealth concentration among rich investors. This is because enterprises can obtain alternative cheap labor through importation of workers or relocating to other countries, and these forces Canadians to accept low remuneration rates (Conference, 2012). Macroeconomic factors have also significantly facilitated the increasing trend of economic inequality. The decreased effectiveness of trade unions has weakened workers bargaining power for equitable remunerations and consequently led to high wage rate disparity. Minimum wage rate has also remained constant and allowed employers to stipulate low wages among the bottom economic class. A shift from a regulated economy to a deregulated


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Earlier this year, New Zealand's highest court issued a decision clarifying when and how evidence of parties' dealings will be admissible to support arguments before the courts on contractual interpretation. The decision signals a departure from the New Zealand approach to date and the approaches in a number of other Commonwealth jurisdictions, in particular the United Kingdom, and highlights that contracting in New Zealand may give rise to particular practical considerations, both at the time of contracting and also when litigating contractual interpretation issues.
Contract interpretation – a Common(wealth) approach
Like many Commonwealth jurisdictions, New Zealand's law on contractual interpretation has its foundations firmly in Lord Hoffmann's judgment in Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd v West Bromwich Building Society. After a brief foray into a more purpose-led approach to interpretation in Vector Gas Ltd v Bay of Plenty Energy Ltd, the New Zealand courts have confirmed in Firm PI 1 Ltd v Zurich Australian Insurance Ltd that contractual interpretation is an objective exercise that focuses on the text of the contract and is aimed at identifying 'the meaning which the document would convey to a reasonable person having all the background knowledge which would reasonably have been available to the parties in the situation in which they were at the time of the contract.'
On these core principles, the New Zealand and UK approaches appear to be more or less aligned.
Divergences in approach
There are, however, some subtle nuances in the approaches of the respective jurisdictions, both when it comes to interpreting the express words of the contract and in terms of when and how evidence of the parties' intent is admissible on contractual interpretation issues.
The role of 'commercial absurdity'
While the UK courts in Investors Compensation upheld the principle that courts will not attribute to contracting parties an intention that they could not have had (a conclusion that 'flouts business common sense'), the UK Supreme Court subsequently held in Rainy Sky SA v Kookmin Bank that, where parties have used clear and unambiguous language, a court must apply it – even where such an application leads to a commercially improbable outcome. In short, a UK court is unlikely to embark on a purposive interpretive exercise, or to go behind the natural and ordinary meaning of words, unless there is patent ambiguity in the contractual wording.
New Zealand courts, on the other hand, may be more prepared to look behind the express words of a contract where those express words make no commercial sense. In Firm PI 1, the New Zealand Supreme Court emphasised that while a conclusion that a particular interpretation leads to a commercially absurd result should be reached only in the most obvious and extreme of cases, if an ordinary meaning makes no commercial sense then it must yield to an interpretation which is commercially sensible.
This approach was recently seen in action in Bathurst Resources Ltd v L & M Coal Holdings Ltd, in which the New Zealand Supreme Court found that the term 'shipped', in the context of the particular mining contract the subject of that litigation, could not bear its ordinary literal meaning of carriage by ship but must bear a broader meaning encompassing all forms of transportation. The Court observed that, while giving primacy to the written words in a contract provides commercial certainty, this should not be allowed to defeat what the parties actually meant by the words in which they recorded their agreement.
The intentions of commercial parties (not lawyers)
Another context in which the New Zealand courts' focus on the intentions of commercial parties is in relation to the interpretation of contractual terms such as 'consequential loss'.
In the UK, the orthodox view is that 'consequential loss' (for example, when used to define losses excluded under a contract), is synonymous with the second limb of the remoteness test in Hadley v Baxendale (1854); that is, loss beyond that which naturally flows from a breach of a contractual term but which was within the contemplation of the parties at the time of contract execution.
The New Zealand court's view, however, was that it was not helpful to adopt the conceptual distinction in Hadley v Baxendale given most contracting parties would not be familiar with that legal framework or expect the terms they used to be interpreted with reference to it. Instead, in Oceania Furniture Ltd v Debonaire Products Ltd, the New Zealand High Court applied what it characterised as the ordinary commercial meaning of the term 'consequential loss', being whether the loss arose directly from, or was immediately associated with, the obligations that the contracting party had assumed.
Admissibility of evidence to support interpretation
The New Zealand Supreme Court in Bathurst took the opportunity to clarify the New Zealand position on the admissibility of evidence of the parties' dealings (ie their pre-contractual negotiations and post-contractual conduct), to assist with contractual interpretation.
In short, the court adopted a framework based on the laws of evidence (the Evidence Act 2006) rather than one of contractual interpretation. Under this framework, evidence is prima facie admissible if it has a tendency to prove or disprove anything of consequence to determining the meaning the contract would convey to a reasonable person having all the background knowledge reasonably available to the parties at the time of the contract. Under this framework, there is no specific limit to the material that might be adduced as evidence of contractual intent, so long as it meets this relevance test (and so long as it does not have a prejudicial effect on, or needlessly prolong, the proceeding).
This marks a point of difference with the UK, which continues to exclude evidence of pre-contractual negotiations as a matter of policy. Amongst other things, the judicial perspective on such evidence is that it 'create[s] greater uncertainty of outcome in disputes over interpretation and add[s] to the cost of advice, litigation or arbitration' (Chartbrook Ltd v Persimmon Homes Ltd ).
Practical tips – a New Zealand approach
The nuances in approach outlined above give rise to specific practical considerations when contracting – and litigating contracts – in New Zealand.
Consider your paper trail
Given the New Zealand courts are, in principle, more open to admitting evidence of pre-contractual negotiations for the purposes of contractual interpretation, contracting parties should have regard to how their pre-contractual negotiations might later be used either to support or undermine their intended meaning. Contracting parties should consider whether, for example, they should record their intended meaning in their communications with their counterparty. Conversely, care might be taken before a contracting party proposes a clarifying amendment that they know will be rejected – leaving the clause ambiguous might be preferable to creating evidence of rejection of a particular interpretation.
Keep your paper trail
A paper trail is, of course, only helpful if it is and remains identifiable and accessible. Contracting parties should consider their document retention policies, particularly for long-running contracts, to ensure that helpful supporting material is not deleted or lost.
Act according to your contractual rights and obligations
New Zealand courts' willingness to adduce evidence of the parties' dealings extends to the parties' post-contract conduct. While the courts are alive to the limitations of such evidence (parties don't always insist on adherence to strict contractual terms, particularly during fair weather), adopting a course of dealings that does not reflect a party's intended meaning could become unhelpful if a dispute were to later emerge. It is therefore important for parties to identify and understand when they are departing from the strict terms of the contract, and consider an explicit acknowledgement of that departure.
Review your paper trail (and commercial context)
Finally, and self-evidently, given the latitude of the New Zealand courts' approach toward admitting evidence of the parties' dealings, one of the first steps that parties should take when a contractual interpretation issue arises is to identify, collate and review evidence of the parties' pre-contract negotiations, the commercial context for and purpose of the arrangement, and the way in which parties have performed their obligations post-contracting.


text:
in the UK
Plaiting and braiding have a long history. They encompass decorating hair, weaving and basket-making as well as making knots. So it is surprising that John Gorham seems to have been the first person to have looked at the subject systematically. The main part of this book is a reprint of his 1888 work on plaiting crystal models has been an inspiration to many others working in this field, notably Robert Pargeter and Jean Pedersen. Along with Robert Pargeter and James Brunton's articles in the Mathematical Gazette Gorham's work is here reproduced. The ideas were extensively covered in Mathematical Models by Cundy and Rollett, also reprinted by Tarquin. It is through this book and Pargeter's article that Gorham's techniques have been kept alive. The book itself has been rare and most references to it are only as a result of Pargeter having quoted it as his source. Through this reprint the work can be more widely read and admired by mathematicians, plaiters and crystallographers, as well as historians of science and mathematics.
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What's Kosher For Passover? The OU's Annual Guide Has All The Answers
This special edition of the OU's Jewish Action magazine comes out annually and delineates domestic items that are acceptable for Passover use. In the Guide, the OU has compiled two basic lists:
One is for items that do not require special Passover certifications (although they do need a standard symbol) such as aluminum foil, candles, cleansers, and paper goods;
Another is for items that must have an P to appear on the label, such as baking mixes, baked products, beverages, candy, condiments, olive oil, dairy products, detergents, and polishes.
This year's edition also includes guidelines concerning the use and consumption of "inedible" products and of medicines on Passover.
Additionally, the Guide contains essential information for observing the holiday and articles on making a kitchen kosher for Passover, as well as guidelines for the seder and the counting of the Omer. Listed in the guide are the latest possible times to eat leavened bread (chametz), burning chametz, as well as candle lighting times for Passover in various cities across the United States and Canada.


text:
From Farm Boy to Senator by Horatio Alger
History of the Boyhood and Manhood of Daniel Webster
ILLUSTRATED - The life of Daniel Webster is recounted in this fictionalized biography, from his youth on a New Hampshire farm to his distinguished career in Congress. Alger's biographical account of the life of one of the nation's foremost orators, Daniel Webster, details his life from his early days as a young farm boy to the culmination of his political career as a respected member of the Senate. During his climb to greatness, Webster met many people who would become his friends, coworkers, and also be the biggest influences of his life.


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On January 5, 1875, Fargo was incorporated as a city. Shortly after that, John E. Haggart was elected Fargo Police chief.
One of the first problems encountered by the police department was the lack of a "lock-up." A jail and a yard were rented for $15 per month from June 1875 until August 1876. In 1876, a simple wood plank jail was built on 1st Avenue South between 3rd and 4th Streets at a cost of $197. The city also purchased a ball and chain for prisoners at a cost of $8.
By 1881, the police department had grown to 10 members. The title "town marshall" was changed to "chief of police." The chief had one sergeant and eight patrolmen on his staff. In the same year, John Haggart was elected Cass County Sheriff and George Holes became the Fargo chief of police.
The duties of police officers were much more than just keeping order. In 1881, the dayshift police were ordered to purchase a barrel of oil. They were required to keep the street lamps in good working condition and full of oil. The nightshift police had the job of lighting and extinguishing the lamps. In 1888, the chief of police was given the job of opening and closing the bridges on the Red River. He received a monthly bonus of $10 for this task.
In April 1882, the first uniforms were issued to Fargo Police Officers. At that time, the police chief earned $100 per month, the sergeant made $80 per month, and the patrolman made $75. In 1888, the department purchased two Colt revolvers.
In December 1898, the department was authorized to hire its first detective. Martin Flanigan was appointed to this position.
Fargo had traffic problems even in the late 1800s. "Scorching" was a term to describe driving a horse and buggy on the streets at more than eight miles per hour. Speeding bicycles also became a problem on city streets. In 1898, all officers were issued "Crimson Rim bicycles" to help combat traffic problems.
In 1910, a car was hired to enforce speed laws. Call boxes equipped with bells were installed in strategic locations so citizens could contact officers; these remained in use until the 1970s. In 1915, the department purchased squad cars for the officers.
By 1929, the department had grown to a total of 27 officer, including the chief, captain, desk sergeant, two drivers, two motorcycle men, two car markers, three detectives and fifteen uniformed officers.
The first radio system was installed in 1935. The system was very limited, only permitting one-way voice transmission from the police department to the car. There was no way to make sure the officers heard the message, so dispatchers were required to repeat the message three times. In 1947 and 1969, more modern two-way radio systems were installed.