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Debt of Gratitude: A Filipino Social Phenomenon
"Scratch my back and I will scratch yours." - This describes the prevailing Filipino social phenomenon of debt of gratitude. It is an attempt of one to repay the other, who in the past had done something good or beneficial to him or her. This has been magnified by other social phenomena such as the continued emigration of Filipino workers outside the Philippines, such that remittances are actually in the form of payment to their families, as an expression of long-lasting debt of gratitude. This is just an example of how this phenomenon has shaped the Filipino society and culture.
In this blogpost, an in-depth analysis will be made to showcase the advantages and disadvantages of this phenomena, as various concepts and ideas revolving around it are enumerated throughout the discussion.
1. It exists in any type of relationship; familial, working, spiritual and others.
Because of man's social nature, there will be periods of self-sufficiency and vulnerability. During time of vulnerability, one needs help of others to pursue one's desire. It is therefore easy to ask for help, rather than attempt to do it alone. The Church could help in a way through advices, and through its teachings. The family ofcourse is an important social aspect that supports an individual unconditionally. Furthermore, work superiors and colleagues have contributed for one's survival. All of these relationships are source of debt of gratitude. As long as there is something good to one, a mere "thank you" is not enough since the person owes debt in gratitude to others from that time on.
2. It is an implied contract between at least two entities.
Debt of gratitude is about reciprocity. There is an exchange of benefits, regardless of what form it is. The magnitude of benefits varies from a little gift to an eternal familial loyality to an institution or a person. The challenge with this benefits is that it is non-consummable. It is therefore not sufficient to repay one or twice or thrice, for goodness is unquantifiable. The goodness will never be repaid, and the obligation exists as long as there is someone who remembers it. It is type of unwritten contract without expiry, validity and concreteness.
3. It is a result of colonialism.
Unfortunately, debt of gratitude stems from the Philippines' colonial past. Filipinos were made to believe that they are still unprepared for self-rule. It is therefore required for the colony to seek protection from external invasion, given that the colony is militarily and economically weak and small to defend itself. However, it is safe to say that colonialism is created European concept. The British, Spaniards, French, German, Dutch, Italians and other major European "superpowers" raced to conquer the world. They self-proclaimed dominion over land masses, disrespecting aborigines and traditions of the lands they dominated. Therefore, European colonizers are also responsible for this Filipino social phenomenon. They made their subjects believe that they are not independent amd capable, and the only way to exist is to be slaves, servants and parasites to their colonizing nation.
4. It is encouraged by religious teachings through stewardship.
To be generous and of service of others is the primary teaching of the Church. It is stated in passages of holy scriptures. However, the interpretations have gone to way varied. To be subservient is quite different from offering service to others. Offering service is quite limited to time, place and situation. On the other hand, to be subservient is limitless and self-sacrificial. These acts has been enshrouded in the rationale of stewardship, such that everyone encouraged to take care of each other, thereby making it obligatory to help others and expect others to do the same. There is no end for this exchange, and this is where others abuse and have been abused. There is therefore a need to delineate, what is enough and what is too much, an act itself contrary and in dilemma against Church teachings.
5. It is a means to address competition.
To answer why there is a need for debt of gratitude. It is actually reciprocal means to survive a highly-competitive social environment. Resources are scarce, such that building alliances and support groups is a must, rather optional. One could compare debt of gratitude as a currency in a hunting society, hungry and always in need of food and resources. This is quite similar living in a country of over 100 million people. There is always a constant struggle to outwit and outdo others. That is the ultimate problem, which in part or wholly resolved through debt of gratitude.
6. It fuels corruption and nepotism.
Benefits is the focus of debt of gratitude. In the Philippine society, there exists three types of benefits, legal, illegal and everything in between. Because there exists a very large gray zone in the social structure, people are given the leeway to decide on their own to interpret what is right and wrong. Here is where debt of gratitude interplays, the same leeway and decision power is utilized to yield something good, as a payment for debt of gratitude. Instead of selecting the best applicants for the government positions, the deciding power will give it to a close relative or recommended applicants of a person the individual owes debt of gratitude. In this way, corruption and nepotism magnifies and trickles in all sectors of the society.
7. It breeds conflicts and dilemmas.
To remain loyal to person one owes debt of gratitude or to follow the truth and justice is something usual dilemma created by debt of gratitude. Wrongdoings are tolerated to accomodate someone to do good. Moreover, people are forced to be in conflict with others by showing loyalty to a person. There is no value in objectivity and self-judgment in debt of gratitude. What is important is to repay someone for an act, which is in the first place, not repayable and subjective.
8. It usually involves money and authority.
Money and authority are two most powerful encouraging factors in debt of gratitude. For money to grow, a person needs someone to work and help him or her for it. Through debt of gratitude, it convenient and easy to fulfill this task. In the same way, to go up the ladder of social class, one requires the helping hand of another, who is superior in money and power. Money and power have become exchange vehicles in paying debt of gratitude. The problem occurs when power and interests overlaps with one and another, creating a bigger power struggle among power-thirsty entities.
9. It is Filipino's way of fulfilling social ethical obligations.
No one is an island. We are all made to believe on this. There is no one who will expess dissent on this principle. That is just a way of life. This is true for Filipinos as well. Naturally helpful to others, Filipinos will wholeheartedly share time, resources and money to be of help of others. This is the main advantage of debt of gratitude, knowing there are still people who care. The non-existence of debt of gratitude means the non-existence of care itself, and perhaps love. However, justifying mainly the incorrectness of debt of gratitude is in itself not sufficient if it is only based on love and care. There must limitations to using these reasons so as to avoid abuse and perpetual exploitation.
10. It is a form of perpetual modern-day slavery and indebtness.
Since the nature of goodness is unrepayable, one who owes debt of gratitude will never be capable of giving back to the person, who did good to him. The more significant the benefit one has received, the more timeless debt of gratitude become. Worse, family members are made to honor this debt even after the death of the primary person in debt. The person who gave the benefit will never be satisfied, with any kind of service or act. Debt of gratitude becomes eternal and irrevocable. The person who received the benefit will work harder and harder for a debt, in reality, he or she is not capable of paying, resulting to dependent relationship nearing to the concept of slavery.
I have to admit that during I wrote this blogpost, I was influenced by a personal experience related to debt of gratitude. I am honestly irritated by the situation, so it would seem that I am quite biased and negative in my perspective on this Filipino social phenomena. I made an attempt to balance how I wrote the article, at least. It is therefore upon the reader's judgment. However, I think a pessimistic point-of-view is needed to balance the discussion. Debt of gratitude has long been tolerated by the Filipino society. Its incorrectness has been continuously ignored and unchallenged, and sometimes hailed by the government as a form of sacrifice and heroism. Objectively, every Filipino deserves to determine what he or she wants without being influenced by social phenomena thay hinders his or her utmost potential, freedom and happiness.


spinal manipulative therapy
Spinal manipulative therapy, or SMT, is the application of a quick "thrust" to a joint or multiple joints to the target segment(s). SMT is a "momentum-induced" technique that aims to target multiple joints within the spinal column or a single joint within the arms or legs. These "manufactured-barrier" techniques are utilized by highly-trained physical therapists and/or physicians and are much different from the chiropractic approach, which is commonly referred to "locking-down/combined-leverage" techniques. SMT can help improve joint range-of-motion, increase blood flow, decrease tissue restrictions and even improve soft-tissue mobility.


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Pure water does not conduct electricity very well. However, when certain substances are dissolved in water, the solution does conduct electricity. You can make a simple device that shows how well a solution conducts electricity. This device uses a flashlight bulb to indicate how well the solution conducts electricity. The better the solution conducts electricity, the brighter the bulb will glow.
To construct the conductivity tester you will need:
- ● a 12-volt AC adapter
- This converts the 110-volt electricity from a wall socket to safer 12-volts. It must be 12 volts AC, not DC, because DC will not work for this. You may have a suitable adapter around the house from an old device you're no longer using, or you may get one from an electronics store (e.g. Radio Shack, catalog number _PHONE_).
- ● an audio cable with a 1/4-inch or 1/8-inch monaural plug on one end
- The plug will become the probe for testing conductivity. You may have an unused cable around the house. What is on the other end does not matter because it will be removed. You may also get a suitable plug-and-cable assembly from an electronics supply store (e.g., Radio Shack, catalog number 42-2381).
- ● a 12-volt flashlight bulb and socket
- The bulb will provide a visible indication of how well a material conducts electricity. You can get these from an electronics store (e.g., Radio Shack, catalog numbers _PHONE_ for the bulb and 272-357 for the socket).
- ● a block of wood about 4 by 4 by 1 inch
- The electrical connections will be made on this block, and the lamp will be mounted on it, too.
- ● two 1-inch wood screws
- These hold the lamp socket to the block of wood.
- ● one 3/4-inch round-headed screw and washer
- These will be used to make an electrical connection.
- ● wire cutter and wire stripper
- These are used to prepare the electrical connections.
- ● a screw driver
Cut the plug from the end of the cord of the AC adapter. Separate about four inches of the cord into its two conductors. Remove about 1 inch of insulation from each of the conductors.
Cut the cord of the audio cable about 2 feet from the plug. Remove about four inches of insulation from the cut end of the cable. This will expose bare stranded wire wrapped around insulation that covers a center wire. Unwrap the stranded wires from the insulation and twist the strands together to make a single bundle. Strip about 1 inch of the inner insulation from the center wire.
Use wood screws to attach the lamp base (socket) to the block of wood. Put the washer on the round-head screw and screw it into the block next to the lamp base, but do not tighten the screw yet.
Wrap one wire from the AC adapter (it doesn't matter which) around the screw above the washer. Wrap the end of the bundled wire from the audio plug around the same screw. Tighten the screw to fasten the two wires together.
Attach the remaining wire from the AC adapter to one of the terminals of the lamp base. Attach the remaining wire from the audio plug to the other terminal of the lamp base.
Screw the 12-volt flashlight lamp into the lamp base.
To make the connections more secure, you can use a heavy staple to hold each of the two wires to the wooden block.
The conductivity tester is now complete and ready to use. To test that it works properly, plug the AC adapter into an AC outlet. The lamp will not light. Touch the audio plug sideways to a piece of metal, such as a coin. When the two metal conductors of the plug are shorted by the coin, the lamp will glow brightly. The bright glow indicates that current is easily flowing through the piece of metal.
Testing a solution
Put some water into a cup. Insert the end of the audio plug into the water. If you use distilled water, the lamp will not glow. If you use tap water, the lamp may glow dimly, if at all. If it glows, it shows that the tap water conducts electricity only poorly. Add some table salt to the water and stir the mixture. The lamp will glow brightly when the plug is put into the solution, because salt solution conducts electricity very well, almost as well as metal.
You can investigate different materials from around your house to see how well they conduct electricity when mixed with water. Some things to try, in addition to salt, are sugar, baking soda, shampoo, laundry detergent, rubbing alcohol, and antacid tablets. Anything that dissolves in water can be tested. In order to avoid mixing the materials you're testing, be sure to rinse the plug in water and dry it before testing a different substance. Do not put the plug in a solution for more than 10 to 15 seconds, because doing so will cause the plug to corrode rapidly. Keep a record of which substances conduct electricity well, which conduct poorly, and which do not conduct at all.
Sometimes, mixtures of substances conduct differently than the separate substances. As an example, test the conductivity of vinegar. Then test the conductivity of laundry ammonia. Then, pour a little ammonia into the vinegar and test the mixture. You will see a big difference between the separate substances and the mixture!
An electric current is a flow of electrical charge. When a metal conducts electricity, the charge is carried by electrons moving through the metal. Electrons are subatomic particles with a negative electrical charge. When a solution conducts electricity, the charge is carried by ions moving through the solution. Ions are atoms or small groups of atoms that have an electrical charge. Some ions have a negative charge and some have a positive charge.
Pure water contains very few ions, so it does not conduct electricity very well. When table salt is dissolved in water, the solution conducts very well, because the solution contains ions. The ions come from the table salt, whose chemical name is sodium chloride. Sodium chloride contains sodium ions, which have a positive charge, and chloride ions, which have a negative charge. Because sodium chloride is made up of ions, it is called an ionic substance.
Not all substances are made up of ions. Some are mode of uncharged particles called molecules. Sugar is such a substance. When sugar is dissolved in water, the solution does not conduct electricity, because there are no ions in the solution.
Some substances that are made of molecules form solutions that do conduct electricity. Ammonia is such a substance. When ammonia dissolves in water, it reacts with the water and forms a few ions. This is why laundry ammonia, which is a solution of ammonia in water, conducts electricity, but not very well.
Sometimes, when two different solutions are mixed, the substances they contain react with each other and form ions. This is what happens when ammonia and vinegar are mixed. An ammonia solution contains only a few ions, and it conducts electricity only poorly. A vinegar solution also contains only a few ions and conducts only a little electricity. But when these solutions are mixed, the ammonia reacts with the acid in vinegar (acetic acid), and they form a lot of ions. This is why the mixture of ammonia and vinegar conducts electricity very well.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Lesson plans, interactive activities, and other resources to help students learn about and explore our solar system
Because the sole source of the Moon's heat is derived from its illumination by the Sun, its mean temperature would be about that of the Earth except for the lack of atmosphere. Its extremes are very different. The Moon's surface at its equator can reach 130° C (266° F), but it cools off rapidly and by dawn descends to -173° C ( -280° F) - a range extending from above the temperature of boiling water to that of liquid air. These extremes are, however, attained only in the lunar "tropics" and only on the surface exposed to outer space. Because of the insulating properties of surface material, the effects of the daily heat or cold wave do not penetrate deeper than about half a meter (half a yard). Thermal radiation from these depths in the radio spectrum remains constant day and night and corresponds to a mean temperature of about -30° C ( -22° F).
Appears in This Collection

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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The Briar Toad is a poisonous species of toad with red skin, native to Northern England. It has distinctive blemishes on its skin, and it is "pudgy". It is particularly vulnerable to the Verdimillious Charm, and is resistant to Vermillious.
Behind the Scenes
- This toad bears a striking resemblance in the description of the Wide-mouth toad, due to their similar habitat, and being described as "pudgy" and having "blemishes".
- Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (video game) (GBC version)
Notes and references
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (video game) - GBC version


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Pacific Rocky Intertidal Monitoring: Trends and Synthesis
Click here for Long-Term trends
Click here for Biodiversity Survey findings
Paradise Cove is located in the South Coast region of California. The site is located in an Area of Special Biological Significance (Mugu Lagoon to Latigo Point ASBS), within the Point Dume State Marine Conservation Area. There is at least one storm water discharge in the vicinity of this site, and this site is 1.2 miles northeast of the Point Dume Mussel Watch site. This moderately sloping site consists of moderately uneven terrain, containing few cracks and folds.
Paradise Cove is dominated by a mixture of consolidated sandstone bedrock and sandy beach, and the area surrounding the site is comprised of a mixture of consolidated bedrock and sandy beach. The primary coastal orientation of this site is southeast.
Long-Term Monitoring Surveys at Paradise Cove were established in 1994, and are done by University of California Los Angeles. Long-Term MARINe surveys currently target the following species: Chthamalus/Balanus (Acorn Barnacles), Mytilus (California Mussel), Endocladia (Turfweed), Phyllospadix (Surfgrass), and Pisaster (Ochre Star). In addition, motile invertebrates, barnacle recruitment, and mussel size structure are monitored at this site. Click here to view Long-Term trends at this site.
Biodiversity Surveys were done by University of California Santa Cruz in 2001, 2006, and 2010. The Biodiversity Survey grid encompasses two sections that are approximately 12 meters (along shore) x 10 meters (seaward), and 15 meters (along shore) x 10 meters (seaward). Click here to view Biodiversity Survey findings at this site.
For more information about Paradise Cove, please contact Rich Ambrose.


Conditioned punisher
that signifies that an aversive is coming. Used to deter or interrupt behavior; if the behavior halts or changes, the aversive may be avoided. For example, a trainer that says "ack" to interrupt a behavior, or the warning beep of a shock collar when a animal gets too close to the boundary of an electric fence.


Virhe occursed kun lähettää viestin, yritä myöhemmin uudelleen
CS_Stella Beer_Hero.jpg
Prevention of mold and building fabric deterioration
Stella Artois is Belgium's largest brewery, and it produces light beer which must be stored in large vessels at low temperature for several weeks before bottling.
A cleaner environment
When ambient air is allowed to infiltrate into the buildings, condensation problems occur on the vessels, pipework and the cold wall surfaces in the corridors. This is unavoidable as the buildings are not hermetically sealed, also door openings for operators and maintenance personnel add to the water vapor introduced by infiltration that will cause condensation.
Condensation and high humidity are ideal conditions for mold and bacterial growth, and at Leuven all corridors were washed with hot water and detergents once or twice a week to prevent this. These cleaning regimes exaggerate the problem by increasing the amount of water needing to be removed.
The right dehumidification
Stella Artois decided to install a further two Munters systems each handling 15,000 m3/hr maintain a constant 40% RH at 10 °C to speed up drying after washdown. The efficient drying of the corridors and low humidity level, now virtually eliminates the risk of microbiological growth and maintenance costs have been reduced.
Reduced health risks
The ability to provide adequate and efficient drying to the corridors and maintain a low humidity level, now virtually eliminates the risk of microbiological growth and maintence costs have been reduced.
As the humidity level is now controlled to eliminate condensation and dries standing water in one day, the previous maintenance requirements have been dramatically reduced. Redecoration is no longer a frequent necessity.
The refrigeration plant for controlling temperature in the vessel building operates at much more efficient levels now. As the lower moisture level in the corridors produces less moisture migration and infiltration, frosting on the evaporators has been reduced and less defrost energy is needed to remove it.
 - Prevent condensation
 - Improve hygiene
 - Stop mold growth
 - Reduce refrigeration defrosts
Voimmeko auttaa?
Palaa etusivulle
Valitsemalla hyväksyt meidän evästeet
Virheellinen käyttäjän tunnistaminen
Jokin meni väärin, yritä myöhemmin uudelleen
Virheellinen käyttäjän tunnistaminen
Jokin meni väärin, yritä myöhemmin uudelleen


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SOLUTION: solve 9^(2x + 1) = 27^x
Quadratic Equations and Parabolas
Quadratic Equations Lessons
Quadratic Equation Lesson
-> SOLUTION: solve 9^(2x + 1) = 27^x
You enter your algebra equation or inequality -
solves it step-by-step while providing clear explanations. Free on-line demo
solves your algebra problems and provides step-by-step explanations!
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Click here to see ALL problems on Quadratic Equations
solve 9^(2x + 1) = 27^x
put this solution on YOUR website!
these types of questions look really hard but at very simple (usually :-) ).
The thing to spot is that the 2 base numbers, here 9 and 27 are both powers of 3. We will convert the numbers to 3 and then we will have "3 to the power of whatever" equals "3 to the power of something else". So, the 2 powers must be the same thing.
So now we can say that
so we are correct.


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Associations to the word «Hungarian»
HUNGARIAN, adjective. Of, from, or pertaining to present-day Hungary, the ethnic Hungarian people or the Hungarian language.
HUNGARIAN, adjective. Of, from, or pertaining to the Kingdom of Hungary, during the days of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, regardless of ethnicity.
HUNGARIAN, adjective. (computing) (programming) Of or relating to Hungarian notation.
HUNGARIAN, noun. A person from present-day Hungary or of ethnic Hungarian descent.
HUNGARIAN, noun. A person from the former Kingdom of Hungary, during the Austro-Hungarian Empire, regardless of that person's ethnicity.
HUNGARIAN, proper noun. The main language of Hungary.
HUNGARIAN, proper noun. (uncountable) (computing) (informal) Hungarian notation.
HUNGARIAN ALPHABET, proper noun. The 44-letter alphabet that is used to write the Hungarian language, adapted from the basic Latin alphabet and consisting of the following letters presented in upper case (majuscule) and lower case (minuscule) pairs:
HUNGARIAN CAMOMILE, noun. Alternative form of Hungarian chamomile
HUNGARIAN CHAMOMILE, noun. An annual plant, Matricaria recutita, of the Aster family, which is the type of camomile most used for tea.
HUNGARIAN HOUND, noun. A breed of hunting dog originating in Hungary.
HUNGARIAN HOUNDS, noun. Plural of Hungarian Hound
HUNGARIAN KUVASZ, noun. An alternate name for the Kuvasz dog breed.
HUNGARIAN KUVASZOK, noun. Plural of Hungarian Kuvasz
HUNGARIAN NOTATION, noun. (computing) (programming) A naming convention in which the name of a variable indicates its data type and intended use by including abbreviations as prefixes.
HUNGARIAN STUDIES, noun. (humanities) a field of study concerned with Hungarian language, literature, ethnology, culture, history or society
HUNGARIAN, noun. A native or inhabitant of Hungary.
HUNGARIAN, noun. The official language of Hungary (also spoken in Rumania); belongs to the Ugric family of languages.
HUNGARIAN, adjective. Relating to or characteristic of Hungary; "Hungarian folk music".
The words printed here are concepts. You must go through the experiences.


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What's Node in Physics?
Posted by: | January 29, 2020 | No Comment |
What's Node in Physics?
What's Node in Physics? Our math instructors normally ask for us The question. Even though we presume it is a query that is elaborate, it should not be.
On these days, a great deal of issues and questions for mathematics rankmywriter com have been simplified to computer technology through the use of math. We are able to see this in the region of computer programming. As a way to accomplish this kind of function, you should comprehend a great deal of mathematical theories and models.
T is utilised make matters more straightforward also to simplify. It helps you know whether something is potential. It is crucial because they are needed by us at times to comprehend these notions. In order to get yourself a work in computer programming, then predictive formulas are needed by you also.
We can see the nodes and ties when dealing with math. The first thing would be that the nodes. It's about linking or connecting the 2 points in order to arrive at the other one. This concept is utilized in mathematics and math. In locating the link between 2 things, the maths transpires.
In physics, the next point is that the impact of vitality. Power is just another term that individuals use within mathematics. It refers to how much force, heat or any other type of power might be implemented in a system. This notion is utilized in physics and math also to describe what these forces mean and also to specify the repercussions of electricity.
In math, the previous issue is that the mass. Mass is another term. It signifies that the mass of the object involved. In mathematics, mass refers to an object's mass. It is the mass of the thing that produces the discipline.
nodes The loops and nodes into physics are an effective software to comprehend energy and other terms utilised in sciencefiction. paperhelp legit They are a very excellent way to understand why things occur since they are doing. They support us know how to think logically about matters. In addition, it helps us understand how these items get the job done.
You can look how they apply to the full mathematics equation and also at the nodes and ties. The idea is significant as it allows us to comprehend that there are two things going on at the equation. There is and there is the physical amount. This gives us an thought of a maths in physics is all now connected. Without the bridges and nodes, we wouldn't comprehend how these matters relate with one another.
In physics, due to the fact that they support us understand the laws which happen whenever we make the essence of things along with things we need to analyze these matters. We will need to understand it usually takes, and whether some thing may occur, just how rapidly it might occur. In math, it is similar. The math equations explain that's the reason why it's essential for all of us to analyze the following theories and the way all the nodes and ties to work together.
The concept of the bridges and nodes helps people learn about what we create in math, while mastering mathematics. If you are trying to understand how math functions, then you may start looking at it like a math test where you utilize the equations to be figured out by the concept of the bridges and nodes. You are able to determine by following these ideas, perhaps the results matches the consequence.
In physics, the idea of ties and the nodes helps individuals know how things perform so as to generate energy and also to figure out how this power behaves. It describes the basic laws of nature to the way things do the job, and also how this can be implemented. It also helps us in focusing on determine the way that energy will work and how exactly to create objects out.
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L'Arroseur Arrosé
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L'Arroseur arrosé
L'Arroseur arrosé
Directed by Louis Lumière
Produced by Louis Lumière
Starring François Clerc
Benoît Duval
Cinematography Louis Lumière
Release dates 1895
Running time 49 seconds
Country France
Language Silent
L'Arroseur arrosé (also known as The Waterer Watered and The Sprinkler Sprinkled) is an 1895 French short black-and-white silent comedy film directed and produced by Louis Lumière and starring François Clerc and Benoît Duval. It was first screened on June 10, 1895.
It has the distinction of being the earliest known instance of film comedy, as well as the first use of film to portray a fictional story. The film was originally known as "Le Jardinier" (The Gardener) or "Le Jardinier et le petit espiègle", and is sometimes referred to in English as "The Tables Turned on the Gardener", and "The Sprinkler Sprinkled".
Shot in Lyon in the spring of 1895, the film portrays a simple practical joke in which a gardener is tormented by a boy who steps on the hose that the gardener is using to water his plants, cutting off the water flow. When the gardener tilts the nozzle up to inspect it, the boy releases the hose, causing the water to spray him. The gardener is stunned and his hat is knocked off, but he soon catches on. A chase ensues, both on and off-screen (the camera never moves from its original position) until the gardener catches the boy and administers a spanking. The entire film lasts only 49 seconds, but this simple bit of slapstick may be the forerunner of all subsequent film comedy.[1]
In the earliest years of the history of film, the cinema was used by pioneers such as Thomas Edison and the Lumières to entertain by the sheer novelty of the invention, and most films were short recordings of mundane events, such as a sneeze, or the arrival of a train. Ever seeking to innovate, the Lumières took some of the first steps toward narrative film with L'Arroseur arrosé. Given the documentary nature of existing films up until this point, a scripted, comedic film shown among these was unexpected by an audience, enhancing its comedic surprise value.[1]
It was filmed by means of the Cinématographe, an all-in-one camera, which also serves as a film projector and developer. As with all early Lumière movies, this film was made in a 35 mm format with an aspect ratio of 1.33:1.[2]
Louis Lumière used his own gardener, François Clerc, to portray the gardener. For the mischievous boy, Lumière used a young apprentice carpenter from the Lumière factory who is variously credited as Daniel Duval and Benoît Duval.[3] But Léon Trotobas seems to have been the first boy to play the role in La Ciotat.[4]
The poster[edit]
The world's first movie poster, for 1895's L'Arroseur Arrosé
The poster for L'Arroseur arrosé has the distinction of being the first poster ever designed to promote an individual film. Although posters had been used to advertise cinematic projection shows since 1890, these early posters were typically devoted to describing the quality of the recordings and touting the technological novelty of these shows.[5] The poster for L'Arroseur, illustrated by Marcellin Auzolle, depicts an audience (in the foreground) laughing as the film (in the background) is projected against a screen. It depicts the moment the gardener is splashed in the face, and is thus also the first film poster to depict an actual scene from a film.[5]
Copies and Imitations[edit]
As copyright law was neither enforced nor yet well-defined for the emerging art of cinema, it was common both for competing filmmakers to reshoot a popular film short and for distributors to duplicate a film print to show as their own. Through these practices, L'Arroseur arrosé was copied several times and released under a number of different titles in both France and the US, including at least one remake by the Lumières, themselves.[6] Little is known about most of these copies, although one known remake was filmed by Georges Méliès, titled L'Arroseur, in 1896.[1] French New Wave director François Truffaut later included an homage to the gag in his 1958 film, Les Mistons.[1]
Current status[edit]
See also[edit]
 1. ^ a b c d L'Arroseur arrosé
 2. ^ "Technical Specifications". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2007-03-28.
 3. ^ Chronomedia: 1895
 4. ^ Le Cinématographe
 5. ^ a b _URL_
 6. ^ Jane Gaines. "Early Cinema: Heyday of Copying". Domitor 2004 Utrecht Conference. Retrieved 2007-07-25.
 7. ^ "DVD". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2007-03-28.
External links[edit]


Can you mix Alcohol and CBD?
If you regularly consume alcohol you may be asking yourself is it safe to take CBD oil at the same time. CBD and alcohol are safe to take together because CBD oil has a very low THC content
Read our guide to find out what you should do if you are regularly taking both.
Many people use alcohol too relax after work or when socialising, but if you are using CBD oils or products you may be concerned about mixing the two.
To understand the effects of mixing of alcohol and CBD oil we must look at the separate compounds in these substances.
Alcohol is a well know depressant although what begins as a handful of hops, sugars and other ingredients, alcohol acts on the bodies central nervous system, it affects our blood pressure, mood, coordination, and speech this is what drunk people slur their speech.
CBD as a substance interacts with the body's endocannabinoid system (ECS) to have much more subtle effects on the bodies system. The neurological network is responsible for keeping the whole bodies different biological systems, CBD has also been shown to interact with a variety of molecular targets outside the ECS.
If you are taking both alcohol and CBD the effects balancing effects of CBD on endocannabinoid system (ECS) could limit the impact of alcohol, but the truth is we still do not know about the true effects of mixing the two.
Combining Alcohol and CBD is it safe?
The relationship between alcohol CBD oil and alcohol has not been studied, but a white paper study from the Journal of Psychopharmacology in this study very few differences were found between those administered CBD and alcohol and those administered alcohol and CBD separately.
Looking at the scientific research if you drink alcohol and take CBD oil the CBD oil will not negate the effects of the alcohol there is no evidence to suggest that either substance has a bearing on the other but there is still not enough studies to fully conclude the effects.
Is CBD and alcohol safe?
Alcohol is a well know depresnat and its addictive qualities its are well documented the effects of alcohol depend on the type of alcohol and the amount of alcohol you consume.
It is also well documented that CBD oil, is well tolerated within the human system a study by the (WHO) World Health Organisation it seems that the ECS synergises well with many natural ingredients, won't produce psychotropic side effects, and, provided it's prepared to the correct standard, CBD oil won't contain any unwanted additives or chemicals.
With the limited information available, combining the two should be safe, but as is the case with any substance that alters how we think, feel, or act, moderation is crucial. If you have any doubts or concerns, start by talking with your doctor first.
CBD infused beers what's the deal?
Researchers are undecided on mixing CBD and alcohol but many CBD infused beers have entered the market, brewers from many countries are making new products and trying to understand the effects.
CBD beers and alcohol infused with CBD are marketed as a new convenient way straightforward way to take CBD. There has even been interest from many large companies who produce vodka, whiskey and rum.
The combination between the CBD industry and alcohol is still new but when big business gets involved in there primary reason is profit with over two billion people drinking alcohol you can see why.
Alcohol and CBD products what's next
Mixing CBD and alcohol cannot be condoned and doing this may or may not make you feel high new products especially beer, are enjoying a surge in popularity especially oil the US and Canada but taking these products are still in their infancy and should be approached with caution.
At we try to provide a resource in caring about in learning about CBD and how it influences the human body, our comprehensive CBD Encyclopedia is a good way to explore. We have not started selling alcohol infused CBD products yet on our website but we are still selling CBD oils, capsules, gummies, hand creams and many other products.
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={justify => 1,Color => ['red','green','blue'], filltype => ['solid','outline','hatched','cross_hatched']};
 tcircle($x, $y, $r, $h);
Note that $x and $y must be the same size (>1D is OK, though meaningless as far as tcircle is concerned). $r can be the same size as $x OR a 1-element piddle OR a single perl scalar.
Text routines
Write text in a plot window at a specified position.
 Usage: text ($text, $x, $y [, $opt])
Options recognised:
The angle in degrees between the baseline of the text and the horisontal (increasing counter-clockwise). This defaults to 0.
The justification of the text relative to the position specified. It defaults to 0.0 which gives left-justified text. A value of 0.5 gives centered text and a value of 1.0 gives right-justified text.
XPos, YPos, Text
These gives alternative ways to specify the text and position.
This sets the background colour for the text in case an opaque background is desired. You can also use the synonyms Bg and BackgroundColor.
The following standard options influence this command:
 line sequence(10), sequence(10)**2;
 text 'A parabola', 3, 9, {Justification => 1, Angle=>atan2(6,1)};
Add a legend to a plot
 Usage: legend($text, $x, $y, [, $width], $opt]);
This function adds a legend to an existing plot. The action is primarily controlled by information in the options hash, and the basic idea is that $x and $y determines the upper left hand corner of the box in which the legend goes. If the width is specified either as an argument or as an option in the option hash this is used to determine the optimal character size to fit the text into part of this width (defaults to 0.5 - see the description of TextFraction below). The rest of the width is filled out with either lines or symbols according to the content of the LineStyle, Symbol, Colour and LineWidth options.
The local options recognised are as follows:
An anonymous array of annotations, can also be specified directly.
XPos and YPos
The X and Y position of the upper left-hand corner of the text.
Width and Height
The width and/or height of each line (including symbol/line). This is used to determine the character size. If any of these are set to 'Automatic' the current character size will be used.
The text and the symbol/line is set inside a box. TextFraction determines how much of this box should be devoted to text. This defaults to 0.5. You can also use Fraction as a synonym to this.
This option allows for fine control of the spacing between the text and the start of the line/symbol. It is given in fractions of the total width of the legend box. The default value is 0.1.
VertSpace or VSpace
By default the text lines are separated by one character height (in the sense that if the separation were 0 then they would lie on top of each other). The VertSpace option allows you to increase (or decrease) this gap in units of the character height; a value of 0.5 would add half a character height to the gap between lines, and -0.5 would remove the same distance. The default value is 0.
 line $x, $y, {Color => 'Red', LineStyle => 'Solid'};
 line $x2, $y2, {Color => 'Blue', 'LineStyle' => 'Dashed', LineWidth => 10};
 legend ['A red line', 'A blue line'], 5, 5,
 {LineStyle => ['Solid', 'Dashed'], Colour => ['Red', 'Blue']
 LineWidth => [undef, 10]}; # undef gives default.
Cursor routines
Interactively read cursor positions.
 Usage: ($x, $y, $ch, $xref, $yref) = cursor($opt)
This routine has no standard input parameters, but the type of cursor can be set by setting the option Type as a key in the anonymous hash $opt. The first three return values from the function are always defined and gives the position selected by the user and the character pressed.
Depending on the cursor type selected the last two arguments might also be defined and these give a reference position. For instance if the cursor is selected to be Rectangle then the reference position gives one of the corners of the rectangle and $x and $y the diagonally opposite one.
Options recognised:
XRef, YRef
The reference position to be used
The type of cursor. This can be selected using a number between 0 and 7 as in PGPLOT, or alternatively you can specify these as, Default (0), RadialLine (1), Rectangle (2), TwoHorizontalLines (3), TwoVerticalLines (4), HorizontalLine (5), VerticalLine (6) and CrossHair (7) respectively. The default cursor is just the normal mouse cursor.
For the RadialLine you must specify the reference point, whereas for the Two(Vertical|Horizontal)Lines cursor the X or Y reference point, respectively, must be specified.
To select a region on a plot, use the rectangle cursor:
 ($x, $y, $ch, $xref, $yref) = cursor({Type => 'Rectangle'});
 poly pdl($x, $xref, $xref, $x, $x), pdl($y, $y, $yref, $yref, $y);
To select a region of the X-axis:
 ($x1, $y1, $ch) = cursor({Type => 'VerticalLine'});
 ($x2, $y2, $ch) = cursor({Type => 'TwoVerticalLines', XRef => $x1});
Internal routines
signal_catcher, catch_signals, release_signals
To prevent pgplot from doing a fandango on core, we have to block interrupts during PGPLOT calls. Specifically, INT needs to get caught. These internal routines provide a mechanism for that.
You simply bracket any PGPLOT calls with &catch_signals above and &release_signals below, and the signal_catcher will queue up any signals (like INT -- the control-C interrupt) until the &release_signals call.
Any exit path from your hot code must include &release_signals, or interrupts could be deferred indefinitely (which would be a bug). This includes calls to &barf -- even barfs from someone you called! So avoid calling out of the local module if possible, and use release_and_barf() instead of barf() from within this module.
Perl 5.6.1 interrupt handling has a bug that this code tickles -- sometimes the re-emitted signals vanish into hyperspace. Perl 5.8 seems NOT to have that problem.
Open a new window. This sets the window ID, which is the one used when accessing a window later using pgslct. It also sets the window name to something easily remembered if it has not been set before.
This routine sets up a new window with its shape and size. This is also where the size options are actually parsed. These are then forgotten (well, they are stored in $self->{Options}) and the corresponding aspect ratio and window width is stored. See the discussion under new() for the logic.
Finally the subpanels are set up using pgsubp and colours and linewidth are adjusted according to whether we have a hardcopy device or not.
This routine checks PGPLOT's status for the window. It returns OPEN if the window is open and CLOSED if it is closed. (Windows can be closed but still exist).
This functions reopens a window. Since this is an internal function it does not have a lot of error-checking. Make sure the device is closed before calling this routine.
There is an unfortunate problem which pops up viz. that the window name cannot be changed at this point since we are offering that to the rest of the world. That might be sensible, but it means that the window name will not reflect the id of the window - use id() for that (this is also why we do not call open_new_window )
This routine advances one plot panel, updating the CurrentPanel as well. If the advance will proceed past the page the page will be erased. Also note that when you advance one panel the hold value will be changed.
This routine is a utility routine which checks if we need to move panel, and if so will do this. It also checks if it is necessary to advance panels, and whether they need to be erased.
This function is a cludgy utility function that expands an options hash to an array of hashes looping over options. This is mainly of use for "threaded" interfaces to standard plotting routines.
Access the options used when originally opening the window. At the moment this is not updated when the window is changed later.
Access the window ID that PGPLOT uses for the present window.
This function returns the device type of the present window.
Accessor to set and examine the name of a window.
Set focus for subsequent PGPLOT commands to this window.
Get general information about the PGPLOT environment.
 _USER_ = $self->info( _USER_ );
The valid values of _USER_ are as below, where case is not important:
 VERSION - What PGPLOT version is in use.
 STATE - The status of the output device, this is returns


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Aug. 2, 2012 Women outlive men by about five to six years but why? By age 85 there are roughly six women to every four men and by age 100 the ratio is more than two to one.
Now scientists think they may have found the answer in the aptly named "Mother's Curse."
Published in Current Biology, research led by Dr Damian Dowling and Florencia Camus of Monash University in Australia, together with Dr David Clancy of Lancaster University in the UK shows that a set of DNA inherited only from the mother can be harmful to males and speed up male aging.
Dr Dowling said the results point to numerous mutations within mitochondrial DNA that affect how long males live, and the speed at which they age.
He said: "Intriguingly, these same mutations have no effects on patterns of aging in females. They only affect males.
"All animals possess mitochondria, and the tendency for females to outlive males is common to many different species. Our results therefore suggest that the mitochondrial mutations we have uncovered will generally cause faster male aging across the animal kingdom."
Dr David Clancy from the Faculty of Health and Medicine at Lancaster University said this is a major advance in biology.
"We show that Mother's Curse is much broader in its effects on male life history than previously envisaged, resulting in the build-up of mutations that cause males to age faster, and live shorter lives than females.
"These findings …offer a new and compelling explanation to one of life's greatest puzzles -- why the female of many species, including humans, live longer than the males. "
Mitochondrial DNA, which is found in every cell in the human body except red blood cells, converts the energy of food molecules into energy.
It is inherited through the mother only so any harmful mutations which affect only males will have no impact on females, who will continue to pass on mitochondrial DNA to their sons.
Earlier, the team of researchers published the first evidence proving that mitochondrial DNA harbour mutations which interfere with male fertility, but have no harmful effects on female fertility.
This latest research also implicates the Mother's Curse as a key player in evolution, since both male reproduction and male aging are affected by mitochondrial DNA passed on by the mother.
Dr Dowling said: "Together, our research shows that the mitochondria are hotspots for mutations affecting male health. What we seek to do now is investigate the genetic mechanisms that males might arm themselves with to nullify the effects of these harmful mutations and remain healthy."
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
- M. Florencia Camus, David J. Clancy, Damian K. Dowling. Mitochondria, Maternal Inheritance, and Male Aging. Current Biology, 2012; DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.07.018
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.


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The primary goal of this quick start guide is to introduce you to Unreal Engine 4's (UE4) development environment. By the end of this guide, you'll know how to set up and develop C++ Projects in UE4. This guide shows you how to create a new Unreal Engine project, add a new C++ class to it, compile the project, and add an instance of a new class to your level. By the time you reach the end of this guide, you'll be able to see your programmed Actor floating above a table in the level.
This quick start guide shows you how to add assets to your Unreal Engine (UE4) games. By the end of this guide, you'll know how to use the Project Browser to create new projects and navigate the Content Browser to find and add content. You'll also know where to find information on the FBX Content Pipeline while learning how to use the Material Editor to modify Materials before applying them to a Static Mesh Actor.


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1nm * DataAnalysis * nCNC * PSM * YourResearch
New data post-analysis tools for A11 nCNC data released
Quite often during a measurement campaign, there is not enough time to really focus on the data of an individual instrument. Sometimes you would for example like to change the settings of the inversion, like the number of size bins or the estimate of diffusion losses in the sampling lines, after the measurement campaign. This is why the Airmodus A11 nCNC system saves both the online inverted data and the raw data.
Airmodus offers free data post-analysis tools that make it possible to invert the A11 nCNC scanning mode data with different settings still after the measurements. As the platform for data analysis, we chose an open source software called Scilab (_URL_ It is a tool that can be used for numerical analysis and data visualization.
Airmodus uses GitHub (_URL_ to distribute the data analysis tools for A11 nCNC data, in order to have fully see-through data analysis—and to have the chance to work with the whole user network on new methods and tools to better use the A11 nCNC data. Every user is free to suggest new functions, methods etc. to the code, and can make their own codes available for other users as well.
The latest version of the scanning data inversion tool has many updates to the data analysis process, including:
- Better utilization of the calibration data
- The fitting is now based on linear interpolation, and thus follows much better the calibration data.
- Better data visualization
- The data bins are visualized for individual size distribution scans. Also, the total number of particles above the largest size bin is plotted.
- New optional data quality check before the inversion is implemented
- This option prevents inversion errors by not inverting unqualified data. Please see the Airmodus GitHub page for more information.
- Improved error handling


text:
Simply begin typing or use the editing tools above to add to this article.
Once you are finished and click submit, your modifications will be sent to our editors for review.
The shoot system and its derivatives
removal in tea harvesting
...in form according to variety, range from 1.5 to 10 inches (3.8 to 25 cm) in length, the smallest being the China variety and the largest the Lushai subvariety. In harvesting, or plucking, the shoot removed usually includes the bud and the two youngest leaves. The weight of 2,000 freshly plucked China bush shoots may be 1 pound (0.45 kg); the same number of Assam shoots may weigh 2 pounds...
Roots may also be structurally modified as propagative and food-storage organs. These tuberous roots, fleshy swollen structures, readily form shoots (called adventitious, because they do not form from nodes). The sweet potato and dahlia are propagated by tuberous roots. Shoots that rise adventitiously from roots are called suckers. The red raspberry is propagated by suckers.
A shoot tip, when excised and cultured, may produce roots at the base. This technique is employed for the purpose of producing plants free of disease. Certain orchids are rapidly multiplied by this method. Cultured shoot tips form an embryo-like stage that can be sectioned indefinitely to build up large stocks rapidly. These bulblike bodies left unsectioned develop into small plantlets. A...
...into a green structure but serves only to digest endosperm and transfer nutrients to the rest of the embryo. The remainder of the embryo is an axis with primordial shoot and root systems. The shoot system consists of the shoot apex and its embryonic leaves, which are covered by the coleoptile. The mesocotyl connects the shoot system to the point of attachment of the scutellum. The primary...
The stem is divided into nodes (points where leaves are or were attached) and internodes (the length of the stem between nodes). The leaves and stem together are called the shoot. Shoots can be separated into long shoots and short shoots on the basis of the distance between buds (internode length). The stem provides support, water and food conduction, and storage.
What made you want to look up "shoot system"? Please share what surprised you most...


text:
|Sir William Russell-Flint's 'Song of Solomon' 1909|
It is important to know that this is just the first chapter and that the 'voice' of the poem switches from person to person. Biblical scholars argue whether or not this was written by Solomon or for him. Here are just a few of the references that have been made:
- Stephen 'Tin Tin' Duffy's 1985 song Kiss Me quotes directly from the Song of Solomon.
- Toni Morrison's novel Song of Solomon was instrumental in her winning a Nobel Prize.
- Chapter 2, verse 15 (not reproduced here) provided the title for Lillian Hellman's 1939 play Little Foxes.
- Also the opening line of Chapter 2 provides the name 'Rose of Sharon' used by Steinbeck in The Grapes of Wrath.
- Countless number of (mostly obscure) rock groups have taken their names and song titles from Song of Solomon.
- One of Kate Bush's song from The Red Shoes is Song of Solomon
- In his poem When I Hear You Sing, Leonard Cohen refers to the Song of Solomon.
- Many writers and composers through history have taken inspiration from this work. They include Geoffrey Chaucer, JS Bach and up to Steeleye Span and Neil Diamond (in Holly Holy).


text:
Publication Date:February 15, 2012
News Source:Scientific Certification Systems
Scientific Certification Systems (SCS) has validated Anthrotect's Chocó-Darién Corridor carbon offset project to the Climate, Community and Biodiversity (CCB) Project Design Standards. The project, located in northwestern Colombia near the Panama border, was awarded CCB Gold Level status for its exceptional social and environmental benefits. These include measures for adapting to climate change, empowering globally poorer communities, and conserving one of the world's most unique ecosystems.
The project will help local Afro-Colombian and indigenous landowners generate income from carbon credits through the payment for ecosystem services through a program called REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation). The sale of these credits will provide an alternative source of income to logging and agriculture.
Forest Carbon Markets 2012
Forest Carbon in the News
The Jakarta Post (May 22, 2013)
Forests News - CIFOR (May 22, 2013)
Stock Journal (May 22, 2013)
The Guardian (May 21, 2013)
Congo Basin Forest Partnership (May 21, 2013)
REDD Vietnam (May 21, 2013)
Phys.org (May 21, 2013)
The Diplomat (May 20, 2013)


Strategic Direction V: Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
The College of Pharmacy will build and promote a supportive, inclusive, and connected community through awareness and education, reflection and affirmation of individuals, and continuously improving organizational effectiveness through the lens of diversity, equity, and inclusion.
Strategic Goal 1: Programs/Curriculum/Research
Design academic programs, research, and service initiatives that develop awareness of and competence in principles of diversity, equity, and inclusion.
Strategic Goal 2: Recruit, Retain, and Develop
Recruit, retain, and develop a college community that is culturally reflective of the community that UGA serves and displays a commitment to racial justice, gender equity, and the inclusion of all people regardless of identity, ability, or beliefs.
Strategic Goal 3: Student Community
Attract and retain a student body who represent and value a culture that respects all races, ethnicities, genders, abilities, ages, sexual orientations, nationalities, and religions.
Strategic Goal 4: Systemic Change
Evaluate systems, processes, and partnerships through the lens of equity, ethics, and social justice to improve, or deconstruct, systems that do not provide equitable and fair access for all stakeholders of the UGA COP.
Connect with the UGA College of Pharmacy


text:
Objective: The aim of this study was to report the 3-year survival results of the GRECCAR-6 trial.
Summary background data: Current data on the effect of an extended interval between radiochemotherapy (RCT) and resection for rectal cancer on the rate of complete pathological response (pCR = ypT0N0) is controversial. Furthermore, its effect on oncological outcomes is unknown.
Methods: The GRECCAR-6 trial was a phase III, multicenter, randomized, open-label, parallel-group, controlled trial. Patients with cT3/T4 or TxN+ tumors of the mid or lower rectum who had received RCT (45-50 Gy with 5-fluorouracil or capecitabine) were included and randomized into a 7- or 11-week waiting period. Primary endpoint was the pCR rate. Secondary endpoints were 3-year overall (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and recurrence rates.
Results: A total of 265 patients from 24 participating centers were enrolled. A total of 253 patients underwent a mesorectal excision. Overall pCR rate was 17% (43/253). Mean follow-up from surgical resection was 32 ± 8 months. Twenty-four deaths occurred with an 89% OS at 3 years. DFS was 68.7% at 3 years (75 recurrences). Three-year local and distant recurrences were 7.9% and 23.8%, respectively. The randomization group had no impact on the 3-year OS (P = 0.8868) or DFS (P = 0.9409). Distant (P = 0.7432) and local (P = 0.3944) recurrences were also not influenced by the waiting period. DFS was independently influenced by 3 factors: circumferential radial margin (CRM) ≤1 mm [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.03; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.17-3.51], ypT3-T4 (HR = 2.69; 95% CI, 1.19-6.08) and positive lymph nodes (HR = 3.62; 95% CI, 1.89-6.91).
Conclusion: Extending the waiting period by 4 weeks following RCT has no influence on the oncological outcomes of T3/T4 rectal cancers.


Steps to Start Adventure Racing
Even if you're an experienced triathlete, runner, mountain biker or kayaker—if you're new to adventure racing—your biggest challenge will undoubtedly be: "How do I get started?"
More: Ironman vs. Adventure Race
But if you are new to the sport, there are a few simple steps you can take to make it easy and not so intimidating to get your feet wet, so to speak. So familiarize yourself, do a little footwork and you'll soon immerse yourself in the exciting world of adventure racing.
More: What Is Adventure Racing?
1. Find your local adventure racing community. Do some research, reach out and ask questions. Get to know the other people involved—they'll become great friends and resources.
2. Find out what events and races are happening around you—or what events you may want to take a special trip to. It will allow you to keep a running calendar, which you can organize and hone as you go.
More: How to Plan Your Season
3. Volunteer at these events and races, at first, to get acquainted with the sport and the community. There's no better way to familiarize yourself than by taking some time to feel the world out, somewhat on the sidelines, before diving in.
4. Join the weekly activities in your community. Racing teams, local outdoor shops and other sponsors often coordinate to organize (mostly) free activities that encourage skill building, community building, training opportunities and that are an all around good time.
More: Adventure Race Teamwork
5. Attend free clinics. Many adventure race organizations also offer free clinics. Capitalize on that.
6. Do a sprint race and see how you like it. These races are usually about 4 hours for newbies (or 2, for the fastest teams) and are considered entry level for adventure racing. You can expect to be riding for 1.5 hours, trekking for an hour, and kayaking for 30 minutes.
More: An Introduction to Oreinteering
About the Author
Hani Juha owns and manages ARCalifornia and He's been an avid athlete and cyclist for years. His mission is to share his knowledge and passion for cycling and adventure sports with his community.
Discuss This Article
Follow your passions
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Mammalogy team
This team, which focuses on the study of mammals, is divided into 2 groups.
The first group will concentrate on terrestrial mammals such as marsupials (kangaroos, couscous, etc.), bats and rodents.
It will operate in various ecosystem types, and at various altitudes. The targeted areas are :
 1. the surroundings of the Nusa Ulan village, from the coastal area to the summits of the nearby mountains,
 2. the surroundings of the Wanoma village and slopes of the Seraran anticline,
 3. the slope of the Berari anticline along Lake Sewiki,
 4. the Berari summit,
 5. the surroundings of the Lobo village to the summit of the Lamansiere range,
 6. the forest surroundings of Cape Tanjung Boi,
 7. the underground networks of the River Mbuta.
Sigit Wiantoro, mammalogiste, posant un filet pour capturer des chauves-souris © Jean-Michel Bichain
Sigit Wiantoro, mammalogist, setting a net to capture bats
© Jean-Michel Bichain
It will collect its samples using nests or local hunters. Only one sample of each will be euthanized, the others only collected for genetic analysis.
The second group will focus on the cetaceans met in the backrush or maritime waters, and will list the species encountered.
It will work on the same sites as the marine team :
 1. Kumawa, opposite the village of Nusa Ulan and the Karang Derdi cape,
 2. Southern part of the Pulau Adi island along the drop-off of the Tumbu Tumbu island,
 3. South-eastern area of the Triton bay along the drop-off of the Pulau Buasai,
 4. South-eastern area of the Etna bay along the drop-off of the Tanjung Boi Cape
and will mainly concentrate on visual observations and counting techniques. Tissues will be collected using appropriate techniques and crossbows.
Terrestrian team members
Team leader Anang Ahmadi Scientist Rodents, taxo., barcoding RCB-LIPI Indonesia
Aksamina M. Yohanita Scientist UNIPA Indonesia
Apandi Technician Sampling, referencing RCB-LIPI Indonesia
Gono Semiadi Scientist Taxonomy, barcoding RCB-LIPI Indonesia
Jean-Marc Porte photographer Photography*** IRD France
Nanang Supriatna Technician Sampling, referencing RCB-LIPI Indonesia
Sigit Wiantoro Scientist Bats, Sampling, barcoding RCB-LIPI Indonesia
Marine team members
Team leader Sophie Querouil Scientist Cetaceans, barcoding IRD France
Irma. Cascao Scientist Cetaceans, ethology Univ. Azores Portuga
Mira Scientist Cetaceans RCO-LIPI Indonesia


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Did you know?
- Every year in the United States, up to 10 million children are exposed to domestic violence.
- There are nearly 3 million reports of child abuse and neglect made each year.
- Every day, 4 children die as a result of child abuse and neglect, and over three-quarters of these children are under age 4.
About our Coalition
The Coalition of the Hawaii Children's Trust Fund provides a community voice as well as a forum for promoting prevention through family strengthening and strategies for statewide planning and advocacy. Membership in the HCTF Coalition is open to any agency representative, family advocate and/or parent throughout the state of Hawai'i who are committed to the prevention of child abuse and neglect.


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belief, recent research using laboratory polysomnographic (PSG) recording has provided new evidence that frequency of sleep bruxism (SB) masseter muscle events, including grinding or clenching of the teeth during sleep, is not increased for women with chronic myofascial temporomandibular disorder (TMD). The current case-control study compares a large sample of women suffering from chronic myofascial TMD (n=124) with a demographically matched control group without TMD (n=46) on sleep background electromyography (EMG) during a laboratory PSG study. Background EMG activity was measured as EMG root mean square (RMS) from the right masseter muscle after lights out. Sleep background EMG activity was defined as EMG RMS remaining after activity attributable to SB, other orofacial activity, other oromotor activity and movement artifacts were removed. Results indicated that median background EMG during these non SB-event periods was significantly higher (pcases exceeding control activity. Moreover, for TMD cases, background EMG was positively associated and SB event-related EMG was negatively associated with pain intensity ratings (0–10 numerical scale) on post sleep waking. These data provide the foundation for a new focus on small, but persistent, elevations in sleep EMG activity over the course of the night as a mechanism of pain induction or maintenance. PMID:24237356
Raphael, K G; Janal, M N; Sirois, D A; Dubrovsky, B; Wigren, P E; Klausner, J J; Krieger, A C; Lavigne, G J
Despite theoretical speculation and strong clinical belief, recent research using laboratory polysomnographic (PSG) recording has provided new evidence that frequency of sleep bruxism (SB) masseter muscle events, including grinding or clenching of the teeth during sleep, is not increased for women with chronic myofascial temporomandibular disorder (TMD). The current case-control study compares a large sample of women suffering from chronic myofascial TMD (n = 124) with a demographically matched control group without TMD (n = 46) on sleep background electromyography (EMG) during a laboratory PSG study. Background EMG activity was measured as EMG root mean square (RMS) from the right masseter muscle after lights out. Sleep background EMG activity was defined as EMG RMS remaining after activity attributable to SB, other orofacial activity, other oromotor activity and movement artefacts were removed. Results indicated that median background EMG during these non-SB event periods was significantly higher (P cases exceeding control activity. Moreover, for TMD cases, background EMG was positively associated and SB event-related EMG was negatively associated with pain intensity ratings (0-10 numerical scale) on post-sleep waking. These data provide the foundation for a new focus on small, but persistent, elevations in sleep EMG activity over the course of the night as a mechanism of pain induction or maintenance. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Holtbernd, Florian; Gagnon, Jean-François; Postuma, Ron B; Ma, Yilong; Tang, Chris C; Feigin, Andrew; Dhawan, Vijay; Vendette, Mélanie; Soucy, Jean-Paul; Eidelberg, David; Montplaisir, Jacques
To determine whether the Parkinson disease-related covariance pattern (PDRP) expression is abnormally increased in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) and whether increased baseline activity is associated with greater individual risk of subsequent phenoconversion. For this cohort study, we recruited 2 groups of RBD and control subjects. Cohort 1 comprised 10 subjects with RBD (63.5 ± 9.4 years old) and 10 healthy volunteers (62.7 ± 8.6 years old) who underwent resting-state metabolic brain imaging with (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET. Cohort 2 comprised 17 subjects with RBD (68.9 ± 4.8 years old) and 17 healthy volunteers (66.6 ± 6.0 years old) who underwent resting brain perfusion imaging with ethylcysteinate dimer SPECT. The latter group was followed clinically for 4.6 ± 2.5 years by investigators blinded to the imaging results. PDRP expression was measured in both RBD groups and compared with corresponding control values. PDRP expression was elevated in both groups of subjects with RBD (cohort 1: p abnormalities in subjects with idiopathic RBD are associated with a greater likelihood of subsequent phenoconversion to a progressive neurodegenerative syndrome.
Chou, Han-Wei; Tzeng, Wen-Chii; Chou, Yu-Ching; Yeh, Hui-Wen; Chang, Hsin-An; Kao, Yu-Chen; Huang, San-Yuan; Yeh, Chin-Bin; Chiang, Wei-Shan; Tzeng, Nian-Sheng
The military is a unique occupational group and, because of this, military personnel face different kinds of stress than civilian populations. Sleep problems are an example. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between sleep problems, depression level and coping strategies among military personnel. In this cross-sectional study, military personnel completed the Beck Depression Inventory, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Jalowiec Coping Scale. An evaluation of the test scores showed that officers had better sleep quality and fewer depressive symptoms than enlisted personnel. Military personnel with higher educational levels and less physical illness also had fewer depressive symptoms. Officers and noncommissioned officers preferred problem-focused strategies. Those with higher Beck Depression Inventory and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores and those who drank alcohol frequently preferred affective-focused strategies. Our results revealed that sleep quality, physical illness and alcohol consumption were associated with the mental health of military personnel. Treating these factors may improve the mental health of military personnel and enhance effective coping strategies. Copyright © 2016 Southern Society for Clinical Investigation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
... turn every night. Consider simple tips for better sleep, from setting a sleep schedule to including physical activity in your daily... factors that can interfere with a good night's sleep — from work stress and family responsibilities to unexpected...
Full Text Available Some upper brainstem cholinergic neurons (pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei are involved in the generation of rapid eye movement (REM sleep and project rostrally to the thalamus and caudally to the medulla oblongata. A previous report showed that 96 h of REM sleep deprivation in rats induced an increase in the activity of brainstem acetylcholinesterase (Achase, the enzyme which inactivates acetylcholine (Ach in the synaptic cleft. There was no change in the enzyme's activity in the whole brain and cerebrum. The components of the cholinergic synaptic endings (for example, Achase are not uniformly distributed throughout the discrete regions of the brain. In order to detect possible regional changes we measured Achase activity in several discrete rat brain regions (medulla oblongata, pons, thalamus, striatum, hippocampus and cerebral cortex after 96 h of REM sleep deprivation. Naive adult male Wistar rats were deprived of REM sleep using the flower-pot technique, while control rats were left in their home cages. Total, membrane-bound and soluble Achase activities (nmol of thiocholine formed min-1 mg protein-1 were assayed photometrically. The results (mean ± SD obtained showed a statistically significant (Student t-test increase in total Achase activity in the pons (control: 147.8 ± 12.8, REM sleep-deprived: 169.3 ± 17.4, N = 6 for both groups, P<0.025 and thalamus (control: 167.4 ± 29.0, REM sleep-deprived: 191.9 ± 15.4, N = 6 for both groups, P<0.05. Increases in membrane-bound Achase activity in the pons (control: 171.0 ± 14.7, REM sleep-deprived: 189.5 ± 19.5, N = 6 for both groups, P<0.05 and soluble enzyme activity in the medulla oblongata (control: 147.6 ± 16.3, REM sleep-deprived: 163.8 ± 8.3, N = 6 for both groups, P<0.05 were also observed. There were no statistically significant differences in the enzyme's activity in the other brain regions assayed. The present findings show that the increase in Achase activity
Yasova Barbeau, Daphna; Weiss, Michael D.
The purpose of this review is to serve as an introduction to understanding sleep in the fetus, the preterm neonate and the term neonate. Sleep appears to have numerous important roles, particularly in the consolidation of new information. The sleep cycle changes over time, neonates spend the most time in active sleep and have a progressive shortening of active sleep and lengthening of quiet sleep. Additionally, the sleep cycle is disrupted by many things including disease state and environmen...
J Matthew Mahoney
Full Text Available Hippocampal neural systems consolidate multiple complex behaviors into memory. However, the temporal structure of neural firing supporting complex memory consolidation is unknown. Replay of hippocampal place cells during sleep supports the view that


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Interhemispheric communication via direct connections for alternative meanings of ambiguous words
Collins, M.A. (2002) Interhemispheric communication via direct connections for alternative meanings of ambiguous words. Brain and Language, 80 (1). pp. 77-96.
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A priming experiment was used to investigate Burgess and Simpson's (1988) claim that interhemispheric cooperation plays an essential role in the interpretation of ambiguous text. In doing so, the merits of two models of interhemispheric cooperation, the homotopic inhibition theory (Cook, 1986) and the direct connections model (Collins & Coney, 1998), were examined. Priming of alternative meanings of ambiguous words was measured using homographs and their dominant (e.g., BARK–DOG) and subordinate meanings (e.g., BARK–TREE) as related pairs in a lexical decision task, with normal university students as subjects. Stimulus pairs were temporally separated by stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) of 180 and 350 ms and were independently projected to the left or right visual fields (LVF or RVF). At the shorter SOA, priming was restricted to LVF–RVF presentations, with homograph primes directed to the LVF equally facilitating responses to RVF targets which were associated with their dominant and subordinate meanings. This suggests that within 180 ms, a homograph projected to the right hemisphere activates a range of alternative meanings in the left hemisphere. At an SOA of 350 ms, LVF–RVF priming was obtained along with RVF–LVF and RVF–RVF priming. Evidently at this stage of processing, an ambiguous word directed to either hemisphere activates a range of alternative meanings in the contralateral hemisphere, while RVF primes also activate subordinate, but not dominant meanings in the left hemisphere. A homograph directed to the LVF did not activate dominant or subordinate meanings within the right hemisphere at either SOA. Generally, ambiguous words directed to either hemisphere activated a more extensive array of meanings in the contralateral hemisphere than in the hemisphere to which the prime was directed. This confirms the importance of interhemispheric cooperation in generating alternate meanings of ambiguous words. Strong support was found for the direct connections model (Collins & Coney, 1998), but no support for the homotopic inhibition theory (Cook, 1986).
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|Murdoch Affiliation:||School of Psychology|
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PUNE: Researchers from several institutes, including the Agharkar Research Institute here, have rediscovered a rare endangered plant species,'spiderwort', after a gap of 161 years. They stumbled upon the rare plant species during a study to assess the floristic diversity of Chandoli national park in the northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra, which was recently declared a world heritage site by Unesco.
After its collection in 1851 from Parva Ghat in the state, the species was not found anywhere else in the state and was considered extinct.
The discovery, which has been published as a research paper in the Journal of Threatened Taxa, was made jointly by Shrinath Kavade, professor, Art, Commerce and Science College, Lanja in Ratnagiri; Subhash Deokule, University of Pune; P Lakshminarasimhan, Botanical Survey of India, Howrah; Prakash Diwekar, Botanical Survey of India, Western Regional Centre, Pune; and Sachin Punekar of Agharkar Research Institute. Punekar is attached to the city-based non-governmental organization, Biosphere.
Kavade said, "The species is called Belosynapsis vivipara, which was found along the backwaters of Warana river across Sahyadri range. The genus Belosynapsis is represented by five species distributed from South Asia to New Guinea. In India, however, it is represented by three species, namely, B epiphytica, B kewensis and B vivipara."
Punekar said, "The specimens found in 1851 were from Parva Ghat, which lies at the junction of Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka, while the latest discovery was in the northern-most extension of the northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra. The distance between the two points is sizable and a thorough study of the area lying in between could further lead to similar discoveries, which will go a long way in conserving this threatened plant species."
The recent study found about 100 such plants growing on large tree trunks in the riparian forest patches of Male and Patharpunj villages in Chandoli national park, which forms the northern-most distribution of this vulnerable species. The plants usually grow at a higher elevation, on densely moss covered tree trunks and branches of trees in shady, semi-evergreen riparian forests.
"This species is on the verge of extinction and is equally important to biodiversity. Thus, before declaring any area as protected, certain species of the flora and fauna should be given due importance. Also, total protection should be given to the riparian forest areas of Chandoli national park for conservation of this vulnerable and endemic species. Ex-situ conservation and domestication of the species in greenhouses and gardens for future survival, besides its re-introduction in wild and similar habitats is imperative," Punekar said.


When applying to UK nursing school, you're expected to have researched nursing. The term 'nursing' is used liberally by the public and the media as a collective way of describing the many disciplines of the profession, but you need to be more specific. To improve your chances of success you need to demonstrate which field of nursing you're interested in, what the field entails and what you have to offer. As a good candidate you can:
 - Explain your chosen field. What's special about the field; how does it differ from the other fields of nursing?
 - Identify similarities. Although your chosen field is very distinct from other forms of nursing, what do they have in common? What are the general principles underpinning nursing?
 - Show what you have to offer. What drew you to particular aspects of the role, and what do you have to offer nursing? Make clear what qualities and abilities you can bring to this nursing field.
 - Your future in nursing. Nursing isn't just a job but a career. While you don't need to fully understand career opportunities, do realise how nursing relates to healthcare in the UK and have some appreciation of how you want your career to develop.


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This is the name given by Professor Salvador Castello of Spain, to a breed of chickens, that he had discovered in Chile, South America, in 1914. The breed has yellow or white shanks, red eye, small comb, is tailless and is especially characterized by a muff on each side of the face, near the ear. "These tufts originate in a small epidermic protuberance which is connected with the head by a thread of elastic skin which allows the protuberance to be stretched to a certain length from the head." The ear tuft on the male is raised at time of mating. These ear muffs have been called "earrings." The Latin word "inauris" corresponds to that of rings.
The most peculiar trait of the breed is the blue eggs, sometimes spotted like those of a turkey hen, which are laid by the females. The birds have shanks that are free from feathers. The breed is indigenous to South America and has been bred to some extent in Argentina. There are two varieties, a red, and one that is mostly white. Their eggs are indistinguishable from other hen eggs when cooked. When crossed with other breeds, the blue torquoise color of the egg shells has proven to be a dominant character.
All Breeds of Poultry, Origin: History: Description, Mating and Characteristics, by Frank L. Platt. Published by American Poultry Journal, Chicago, Illinois.


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This module provides additional operations on files. This covers both
more obscure and possible non-portable low-level operations and
Using these Prolog primitives is typically to be preferred over using
operating system primitives through shell/1 or process_create/3 because
(1) there are no potential file name quoting issues, (2) there is no
dependency on operating system commands and (3) using the
implementations from this library is usually faster.
- set_time_file(+File, -OldTimes, +NewTimes) is det
- Query and set POSIX time attributes of a file. Both OldTimes and
NewTimes are lists of option-terms. Times are represented in
SWI-Prolog's standard floating point numbers. New times may be
now to indicate the current time. Defined options
- Describes the time of last access of the file. This value
can be read and written.
- Describes the time the contents of the file was last
modified. This value can be read and written.
- Describes the time the file-structure itself was changed by
link()) or removing (
Below are some example queries. The first retrieves the
access-time, while the second sets the last-modified time to the
?- set_time_file(foo, [access(Access)], ).
?- set_time_file(foo,, [modified(now)]).
- link_file(+OldPath, +NewPath, +Type) is det
- Create a link in the filesystem from NewPath to OldPath. Type
defines the type of link and is one of
With some limitations, these functions also work on Windows. First
of all, the underlying filesystem must support links. This requires
NTFS. Second, symbolic links are only supported in Vista and later.
domain_error(link_type, Type) if the requested link-type
is unknown or not supported on the target OS.
- relative_file_name(+Path:atom, +RelToFile:atom, -RelPath:atom) is det
- relative_file_name(-Path:atom, +RelToFile:atom, +RelPath:atom) is det
- True when RelPath is Path, relative to the file RelToFile. Path and
RelTo are first handed to absolute_file_name/2, which makes the
absolute and canonical. Below are two examples:
Path = '../../nice'.
?- relative_file_name(Path, '/home/janw/deep/dir/file', '../../nice').
Path = '/home/janw/nice'.
Add a terminating
/ to get a path relative to a directory, e.g.
?- relative_file_name('/home/janw/deep/dir/file', './', Path).
Path = 'deep/dir/file'.
|All||- paths must be in canonical POSIX notation, i.e.,
using / to separate segments in the path. See
- - It would probably have been cleaner to use a directory
as second argument. We can not do such dynamically as this
predicate is defined as a syntactical operation, which
implies it may be used for non-existing paths and URLs.
- directory_file_path(+Directory, +File, -Path) is det
- directory_file_path(?Directory,?File, +Path) is det
- True when Path is the full path-name for File in Dir. This is
atom_concat(Directory, File, Path), but it ensures
there is exactly one / between the two parts. Notes:
- directory_member(+Directory, -Member, +Options) is nondet
- True when Member is a path inside Directory. Options defined are:
false), recurse into subdirectories
true (default), follow symbolic links.
- See absolute_file_name/3.
- Only return entries whose extension appears in List.
- How to handle errors. One of
warning. Errors notably happen if a directory is
unreadable or a link points nowhere.
- Only return entries with Access
- Only return files that match GlobPattern.
- Exclude files matching GlobPattern.
- Do not recurse into directories matching GlobPattern.
true (default), also return hidden files.
This predicate is safe against cycles introduced by symbolic links
The idea for a non-deterministic file search predicate comes from
- copy_file(+From, +To) is det
- Copy a file into a new file or directory. The data is copied as
- make_directory_path(+Dir) is det
- Create Dir and all required components (like mkdir -p). Can
raise various file-specific exceptions.
- copy_directory(+From, +To) is det
- Copy the contents of the directory From to To (recursively). If
To is the name of an existing directory, the contents of From
are copied into To. I.e., no subdirectory using the basename of
From is created.
- delete_directory_and_contents(+Dir) is det
- Recursively remove the directory Dir and its contents. If Dir is
a symbolic link or symbolic links inside Dir are encountered,
the links are removed rather than their content. Use with care!
- delete_directory_contents(+Dir) is det
- Remove all content from directory Dir, without removing Dir
itself. Similar to delete_directory_and_contents/2, if symbolic
links are encountered in Dir, the links are removed rather than
- chmod(+File, +Spec) is det
- Set the mode of the target file. Spec is one of
a plain Mode, which adds new permissions, revokes permissions or
sets the exact permissions. Mode itself is an integer, a POSIX
mode name or a list of POSIX mode names. Defines names are
svtx and all names defined by the regular expression
[ugo]*[rwx]*. Specifying none of "ugo" is the same as specifying
all of them. For example, to make a file executable for the owner
(user) and group, we can use:
?- chmod(myfile, +ugx).


G. Stanley Hall
G. Stanley Hall
Present on Stanley Hall. Stanley Hall is a name known in the filed of Psychology.
Presentations should 20 minutes and include a power point presentation with either handouts. The following rubric should be followed:
1. Provide historical information regarding theorist.
2. Describe the theory that the individual developed/ research conducted.
3. Compare/ contract the theory to other competing theories during that time frame.
Last Updated on February 11, 2019 by EssayPro


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- Mercy Nurse
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An ear (preauricular) tag is a small skin tag or pit in front of the outside part of the ear.
Preauricular tag; Preauricular pit
Skin tags and pits just in front of the opening of the outside (external) ear are commonly seen in newborn infants.
In most cases, these are normal. However, both preauricular tags and pits can be associated with other medical conditions. It is important to point out skin tags or pits to your child's health care provider during the routine well-child examination.
- An inherited tendency to have this facial feature
- A genetic syndrome that has preauricular pits or tags as one feature
- A sinus tract problem (an abnormal connection between the skin and tissue underneath)
When to Contact a Medical Professional
A health care provider will usually find the skin tag during the first well-baby examination. However, call your health care provider if the child has bleeding, swelling, or discharge at the site.
What to Expect at Your Office Visit
The health care provider will get a medical history and will do a physical examination.
Medical history questions about this condition might include:
- What exactly is the problem (skin tag, pit, or other)?
- Are both ears affected or only one?
- What other symptoms are present?
- Does the child respond normally to sounds?
The baby will be examined for other signs of disorders that are sometimes associated with preauricular tags or pits. A hearing test may be done if the child did not have the usual newborn screening test.
Reviewed By: Neil K. Kaneshiro, MD, MHA, Clinical Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.


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Here is a question I raised at the Puerto-Rico conference during one of the "problem sessions." Toby Gee seems to remember that I had some half-baked heuristics that predicted both A and B below, but perhaps one of my readers has a more sophisticated suggestion, or even a similarly wild guess (or even a similarly contradictory collection of guesses).
Fix a pair of distinct odd primes and. Now consider a random normalized Hecke eigenform of weight two and level, where is squarefree and prime to both and. Now take the Hecke eigenvalue and reduce it modulo a random prime above.
Question: As one ranges over all newforms of conductor, what is the resulting distribution — if it even exists — of?
Let me not be too precise about what random means — for example, there's a question about whether one wants to normalize in some way for Galois conjugates of eigenforms, but none of this will really matter for the very weak questions I have in mind. For example, consider the following two possibilities:
- A: The element lies in at least 100% of the time.
- B: The element lies in at least 100% of the time.
Here by 100% I mean as a proportion of all forms as, although I confess that I can't even rule out the extreme version of A where 100% really means every single form.
The specifications on the level are designed to rule out some "trivial" examples. At level with squarefree there will be no CM-forms, which is one cheap way to generate large coefficient fields. The level also prevents twisting by characters (an even cheaper trick). Finally, in general, it is possible to generate large coefficient fields for Galois representations by imposing a local condition at some auxiliary prime. For example, one can impose some supercuspidal condition so that the *local* residual representation at does not land in for any not divisible by an arbitrary fixed integer chosen in advance. However, this too is not possible if is forced to be either unramified or special (up to unramified quadratic twist).
Note that there do exist infinitely many semi-stable modular elliptic curves, so will lie in at least infinitely often. This disproves the "extreme" version of B, but doesn't go very far towards disproving the asymptotic version of B. As for A, every single time you write down a normalized eigenform with coefficients in some field, you disprove the extreme version of A for a positive density of pairs. But no finite collection of such forms can disprove A even for a single and varying, because there will always be (many) primes which split completely in any finite collection of number fields.
Here are three questions:
- Can you disprove the extreme version of A for all and?
- Can you disprove the super-extreme version of A, namely, show that for all primes, there exists a newform of squarefree level prime to such that the residual representation is not defined over? (equivalently, replace by the collection of all with prime to.)
- Can you give any heuristic that suggests that either A or B (in the weaker form) is either strong or true?
- Do you have any guesses as to the distribution of the?
Right now, as you read this, KB's computer is churning away in sage generating some data, which will be the topic of Part II. But until then, I would like to hear your opinions/guesses. For me, I think that A is probably false, but I honestly have no feeling for B.


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Definition of bodkin in English:
- Thus the body of the witch might be subjected to penetration by bodkins or needles as the insensible spot was sought.
- Isaac Newton risked his vision by poking a bodkin beneath his eyeball to understand how we see.
- There is a nail knot/tying tool, clipper/nipper, a bodkin - which as we all know is a needle.
The origin is perhaps Celtic linked with Irish bod, Welsh bidog, and Scottish Gaelic biodag 'dagger'. This was the first sense recorded in English and is used by Shakespeare in Hamlet: 'When he himself might his quietus make With a bare bodkin'. Another early use was for a sharp instrument for piercing cloth; now, in needlework, a bodkin is, on the contrary, blunt with a large eye for threading tape and other thick threads through material.
Words that rhyme with bodkinwineskin • Hodgkin
Definition of bodkin in:
- British & World English dictionary
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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