As a first-time traveler to Cuba, you probably have a lot of questions about the Cuban currency: What's the deal with Cuba's two currencies? Which Cuban money should you use? Can you pay with a credit card or debit card? Does Cuba still impose a 10% tax on US dollars? Do they even have ATMs in Cuba? In this article, we answer these questions and more.
Right off the bat, we can tell you that the Cuban currency system is super complicated to deal with as a traveler. But don't panic, we will cover absolutely everything you need to know about using money in Cuba.
BIG UPDATE: This article has been updated to reflect the changes part of the reform of the Cuban monetary system in January 2021, which eliminated the CUC. Please, ignore the comments posted before 2021 because a lot has changed!
For practical advice on saving money in Cuba, read our ultimate list of travel tips for Cuba. If you are a US citizen visiting Cuba, check out the complete guide on how to travel to Cuba from the US.
1. What is the Currency in Cuba?
The first thing you should know about the Cuban monetary system is that Cuba used two official currencies until December 31st, 2020: the CUP (Cuban Peso) and the CUC (Cuban Convertible Peso). However, it all changed in January 2021, when Cuba eliminated the CUC and left the CUP as the only official Cuban currency. Therefore, as a traveler, you will use the CUP.
The (Eliminated) Cuban Convertible Peso (CUC)
The Cuban Convertible Peso (CUC) was one of Cuba's two official currencies and the one most frequently used by visitors. However, contrary to what many outdated articles say on the Internet, you can no longer use the CUC in Cuba.
This is because Cuba eliminated the dual currency system on January 1st, 2021 and the Cuban Peso (CUP) became the only official currency in Cuba. If you travel to Cuba before mid 2021, you may still see some CUCs in circulation because Cuban residents have until July 2021 to exchange their remaining CUCs into CUPs.
The Cuban Peso (CUP)
The CUP (also locally known as "moneda nacional" or MN) is the primary Cuban currency. It is used by both residents and visitors alike.
Stick with us because we will talk a lot about the Cuban Peso. But first, let's point out the physical difference between the CUC and CUP.
The tangible difference between the CUC and CUP
You've never been there. Never used Cuban money. So, how are you supposed to know the difference between the CUC and the CUP and avoid getting scammed?
Cuban currency - CUC and CUP
Here is the secret: the CUP bills have faces. If you expect to receive CUP in a transaction and don't see a face on the bill, you will be getting CUC instead! The CUC bill also says "pesos convertibles" right at the center.
2. What Cuban Currency to Use as a Visitor?
For most of your expenditures on the island, you must use CUP. All resorts, hotels, airports, restaurants, and tourist attractions will accept CUP.
You should always have the lower denomination CUP bills at hand to cover small expenses such as street food, bus fare, flea market finds.
With that said, if you are traveling with USD, we suggest you take some USDs to Cuba with you. This is because the USD is the currency king at private facilities, such as "hostales" (private rooms) and "paladares" (private restaurants). Also, while you can tip in CUP, hotel and restaurant attendants will welcome your USDs for tipping in Cuba
3. Can You Use the US Dollar in Cuba?
Officially, you can use US dollars, Canadian dollars, and Euros ONLY at airports in Cuba. In fact, although the CUP is also accepted at shops and restaurants in Cuban airports, we encourage you to use your home currency (more on that below).
Now, although you won't be able to pay in USD for products and services at state facilities, the truth is that private businesses in Cuba are eager to take your hard-fought US dollars. This is because of the existence of "dollar stores", also known as "tiendas MLC". The dollar stores are incredibly well-stocked shops where Cuban residents can buy food and hygiene products, home appliances, and spare parts for cars. These stores only accept US dollars! (Keep in mind that only Cuban residents can buy from these dollar stores.)
The CUP stores pale in comparison. Actually, the scarcity of products at shops that sell in Cuban Pesos is extreme. This is the reason why the USD has significantly become more attractive to Cuban residents.
That's also why you may notice street vendors roaming around the CADECA offices and offering to exchange your US dollars for CUPs. However, to avoid the risk of currency scams, we still recommend that you exchange your USDs at a bank, hotel, airport, or CADECA office.
If you are staying at a hostal and trust your host, it's not a bad idea to exchange some US dollars with your host… or better yet: pay them in USD!
4. Where to Exchange Cuban Currency?
Travelers can exchange Cuban currency at banks, hotels, and government currency exchange houses (CADECA). CADECA offices are located in airports, hotels, resorts, and shopping centers. CADECA offices are the safest and most reliable places to exchange currency.
Please, be aware that it is very unlikely that you will get Cuban currency in advance. If you manage to do it, keep in mind that you are allowed to import up to 2,000 CUP, according to a recent resolution from the Aduana General de la República de Cuba (customs).
5. The Cuban Currency Exchange Rate
The exchange rate depends on whether you want to buy or sell CUP and on the foreign currency you are using for the operation. The value of international currencies against the Cuban Peso is determined by the international exchange rate.
At each CADECA office, you will notice a TV screen displaying the daily exchange rates, like this:
CADECA CUP Exchange Rates
The table above shows the current CUP exchange rate, according to the official CADECA's website. The column Compra/Buy indicates the exchange rate at which CADECA buys the currency, while the Venta/Sell column shows the exchange rate at which they sell the currency.
Whatever currency you want to sell to CADECA, you will need to multiply the amount of money you want to exchange by the exchange rate listed on the Compra/Buy column.
For example, if you want to exchange 100 CAD to CUP, here is the math: 100*18.3451 ≈ 1,835.5. Yeah, that's right, you will get around 18.35 CUP for 1 CAD… exactly how it says in the table.
You should also know that the Cuban currency exchange rate may be slightly more expensive at CADECA offices located in hotels, ports, and airports. The exchange rates are also updated twice a week. Make sure to always check the current exchange rate at the official CADECA's website.
The US dollar exchange rate to Cuban currency: the (no-longer) special case
From 2004 to July 16th, 2020, Cuba imposed a 10% tax on US dollars. It meant that converting American money into Cuba money incurred a 10% fee on top of the current exchange rate. However, despite what you might have read out there, this is no longer true. As of July 16th, 2020, if you want to exchange US dollars into CUP, you will NOT have to pay for the additional 10% tax.
A word of caution: be aware of the currency scams
Aside from official currency exchanges, there are a few unofficial ways as well.
Most often, you can stumble upon these "opportunities" just outside of currency exchange offices and local shops. Often, people willing to make unofficial exchanges will pitch you on attractive offers: instead of the official rate of about 23 CUP for 1 USD, they're willing to give you 30 CUP or even more. That's because they can resell it later for up to 60 CUP!
However, keep in mind that currency scams are not uncommon in Cuba, and tourists are typically the victims. The currency scam can go one of two ways: 1) you receive forged currency in exchange for your (legitimate) money; or 2) you get change in CUC, which was eliminated, instead of CUP.
You could lose a lot of money this way!
Like we said before, if you trust your host, you can ask him/her to exchange your US dollars at CADECA's rates. You can also pay for your hostal or meals at private restaurants with USD. In fact, they welcome it if you do it.
Finally, be aware that pickpocketing is common in large cities like Havana. Thus, a travel money belt may be handy to protect your money and small valuables while walking the streets of Cuba.
6. What is the Best Currency to Bring to Cuba?
It all boils down to bringing the foreign currency that has the highest possible conversion rate in Cuba. In terms of conversion value, the British Pound Sterling, and the Euro are the best currencies to


Traveling Luck for Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Italy flag
Where is Ravenna?
What's around Ravenna?
Wikipedia near Ravenna
Where to stay near Ravenna
Also known as Ravena, Ravenna, Ravenne, Rawenna, Rávena, Равена, Равенна, רוונה, ラヴェンナ, 拉文納
The timezone in Ravenna is Europe/Rome
Sunrise at 07:23 and Sunset at 16:34. It's Dark
Latitude. 44.4175°, Longitude. 12.2011°
WeatherWeather near Ravenna; Report from Cervia, 27km away
Weather : No significant weather
Temperature: 5°C / 41°F
Wind: 3.5km/h West/Southwest
Cloud: Sky Clear
Satellite map around Ravenna
Loading map of Ravenna and it's surroudings....
Geographic features & Photographs around Ravenna, in Emilia-Romagna, Italy
populated place;
an artificial watercourse.
a building used as a human habitation.
a small artificial watercourse dug for draining or irrigating the land.
a tract of land without homogeneous character or boundaries.
section of populated place;
a neighborhood or part of a larger town or city.
a wetland dominated by grass-like vegetation.
meteorological station;
a station at which weather elements are recorded.
navigation canal(s);
a watercourse constructed for navigation of vessels.
Airports close to Ravenna
Forli(FRL), Forli, Italy (31.4km)
Rimini(RMI), Rimini, Italy (64.4km)
Bologna(BLQ), Bologna, Italy (86km)
Peretola(FLR), Firenze, Italy (122.4km)
Padova(QPA), Padova, Italy (130.7km)
Airfields or small airports close to Ravenna
Cervia, Cervia, Italy (27km)
Istrana, Treviso, Italy (164.2km)
Verona boscomantico, Verona, Italy (179.8km)
Ghedi, Ghedi, Italy (221km)
Grobnicko polje, Grobnik, Croatia (245.8km)
Photos provided by Panoramio are under the copyright of their owners.


text:
Sovereign Warm-Touch© Insulation is used to combat black mould growth caused by condensation on cold walls. It does this by increasing the temperature of a wall so that it is above dew point so that condensation cannot form.
Sovereign Warm-Touch Adhesive is used to bond our revolutionary wall insulation to internal walls of masonry, plaster, brick and concrete etc. It is also used to bond the Warm-Touch Skirting Channel and Warm-Touch Corner Tape.
Sovereign Warm-Touch Sealant is an integral part of the system and provides continuity of the fire resistance and sound/heat insulation.
Warm Touch Corner Tape is used to cover corners where warm touch has been cut to the edges when installed on a wall.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


MirOS Manual: ps(1)
PS(1) BSD Reference Manual PS(1)
 ps - process status
 ps [-][aCcehjklmrSTuvwx] [-M core] [-N system] [-O fmt] [-o fmt] [-p pid]
 ps [-L]
 The ps utility displays information about active processes. When given no
 options, ps prints information about processes associated with the controlling terminal.
 The information displayed is selected based on a set of keywords (and for
 even more control, see the -L, -O, and -o options). The default output
 format includes, for each process, the process's ID, controlling terminal, CPU time (including both user and system time), state, and associated command.
 The options are as follows:
 -C Change the way the CPU percentage is calculated by using a "raw"
 CPU calculation that ignores "resident" time (this normally has
 no effect).
 -c Do not display full command with arguments, but only the executable name. This may be somewhat confusing; for example, all sh(1)
 scripts will show as "sh".
 -e Display the environment as well.
 -h Repeat the information header as often as necessary to guarantee
 one header per page of information.
 -j Print information associated with the following keywords: user,
 -k Also display information about kernel threads.
 -L List the set of available keywords.
 -l Display information associated with the following keywords: uid,
 -M core
 Extract values associated with the name list from the specified
 core instead of the running kernel.
 -m Sort by memory usage, instead of by start time ID.
 -N system
 Extract the name list from the specified system instead of the
 running kernel.
 -O fmt Add the information associated with the space or comma separated
 information display. Keywords may be appended with an equals sign
 ('=') and a string. This causes the printed header to use the
 specified string instead of the standard header.
 -o fmt Display information associated with the space or comma separated
 list of keywords specified. Keywords may be appended with an
 equals sign ('=') and a string. This causes the printed header to
 use the specified string instead of the standard header.
 -p pid Display information associated with the specified process ID.
 -r Sort by current CPU usage, instead of by start time ID.
 -S Change the way the process time is calculated by summing all exited children to their parent process.
 -T Display information about processes attached to the device associated with the standard input.
 -t tty Display information about processes attached to the specified
 terminal device.
 -U username
 Display the processes belonging to the specified username.
 -u Display information associated with the following keywords: user,
 The -u option implies the -r option.
 -v Display information associated with the following keywords: pid,
 command. The -v option implies the -m option.
 -W swap
 Extract swap information from the specified file instead of the
 default "/dev/drum".
 -w Use 132 columns to display information, instead of the default,
 than once, ps will use as many columns as necessary without regard for your window size.
 -x Display information about processes without controlling termiAll available keywords are listed below. Some of these keywords are
 further specified as follows:
 over which this is computed varies (since processes may be very
 %mem The percentage of real memory used by this process.
 include file :
 P_ADVLOCK 0x0000001 process may hold a POSIX advisory
 P_CONTROLT 0x0000002 process has a controlling terminal
 P_INMEM 0x0000004 process is loaded into memory
 P_NOCLDSTOP 0x0000008 no SIGCHLD when children stop
 P_PPWAIT 0x0000010 parent is waiting for child to
 P_PROFIL 0x0000020 process has started profiling
 P_SELECT 0x0000040 selecting; wakeup/waiting danger
 P_SINTR 0x0000080 sleep is interruptible
 P_SUGID 0x0000100 process had set id privileges since
 last exec
 P_SYSTEM 0x0000200 system process: no sigs, stats or
 P_TIMEOUT 0x0000400 timing out during sleep
 P_TRACED 0x0000800 process is being traced
 P_WAITED 0x0001000 debugging process has waited for
 P_WEXIT 0x0002000 working on exiting
 P_EXEC 0x0004000 process called exec(3)
 P_OWEUPC 0x0008000 owe process an addupc() call at
 next ast
 P_FSTRACE 0x0010000 tracing via file system
 P_SSTEP 0x0020000 process needs single-step fixup
 P_SUGIDEXEC 0x0040000 last exec(3) was set[ug]id
 P_NOCLDWAIT 0x0080000 let pid 1 wait for my children
 P_NOZOMBIE 0x0100000 pid 1 waits for me instead of dad
 P_INEXEC 0x0200000 process is doing an exec right now
 P_SYSTRACE 0x0400000 process system call tracing is
 lstart The exact time the command started, using the "%c" format
 described in strftime(3).
 rss The real memory (resident set) size of the process (in 1024 byte
 hours ago, the start time is displayed using the "%l:%M%p" format
 ago, the start time is displayed using the "%a%I%p" format. Otherwise, the start time is displayed using the "%e%b%y" format.
 state The state is given by a sequence of letters, for example, "RWN".
 The first letter indicates the run state of the process:
 D Marks a process in disk (or other short term, uninterruptible) wait.
 I Marks a process that is idle (sleeping for longer than
 about 20 seconds).
 R Marks a runnable process.
 S Marks a process that is sleeping for less than about 20
 T Marks a stopped process.
 Z Marks a dead process (a "zombie").
 Additional characters after these, if any, indicate additional
 state information:
 + The process is in the foreground process group of its
 control terminal.
 < The process has raised CPU scheduling priority.
 > The process has specified a soft limit on memory requirements and is currently exceeding that limit; such a process is (necessarily) not swapped.
 E The process is trying to exit.
 K The process is a kernel thread.
 raw I/O).
 N The process has reduced CPU scheduling priority (see
 s The process is a session leader.
 V The process is suspended during a vfork(2).
 W The process is swapped out.
 X The process is being traced or debugged.
 x The process is being monitored by systrace(1).
 /n On multiprocessor machines, specifies processor number n.
 tt An abbreviation for the pathname of the controlling terminal, if
 any. The abbreviation consists of the two letters following
 "/dev/tty", or, for the console, "co". This is followed by a "-"
 if the process can no longer reach that controlling terminal
 (i.e., it has been revoked).
 When printed numerically, the initial part of the address is
 trimmed off and the result is printed in hex; for example,
 0x80324000 prints as 324000.
 zombie) is listed as "", and a process which is blocked while
 trying to exit is listed as "". ps makes an educated guess as to
 the file name and arguments given when the process was created by examining memory or the swap area. The method is inherently somewhat unreliable
 can, however, be depended on.
 The following is a complete list of the available keywords and their
 %cpu percentage CPU usage (alias pcpu)
 %mem percentage memory usage (alias pmem)
 acflag accounting flag (alias acflg)
 command command and arguments (alias args)
 cpu short-term CPU usage factor (for scheduling)
 cpuid CPU ID (zero on single processor systems)
 dsiz data size (in Kbytes)
 emul name of system call emulation environment
 flags the process flags,


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Structural and Morphological Characterization of an Organic Multilayer Photodiode with X-ray Scattering Techniques, SEM and AFM
Organic opto-electronic devices such as light emitting devices as well as organic photodiodes (OPDs) are generally constructed by sandwiching organic thin films between two metal electrodes. The growth of the different layers on top of each other occurs in a specific manner. In our case the OPDs consist of several stacked layers of a thin semitransparent gold layer, a copper phthalocyanine layer (CuPc) (hole transport layer), a perylene tetracarboxylic bisbenzimidazole (PTCBI) layer, an aluminium-tris(8-hydroxychinolin) (Alq3) layer (both electron transport layers) and a silver top electrode. All these layers were vacuum deposited at room temperature, except for the gold electrode, which was deposited by sputtering. The used substrate was on the one hand thermally oxidized silicon (SiOx) and on the other hand a flexible foil (Mylar).


Dragonfly City Farm
City Food from the City Farm
Tuesday 2 June 2009
1 inspired
Modelled after the wings of a dragonfly, the metabolic farm for urban agriculture aims at reconnecting consumers with producers. For that reason, it is entirely cultivated by its own inhabitants. They shall all engage in the production of fruit, vegetables, grains, meat and dairy products.
Vincent Callebaut's Dragonfly happens to be located in Roosevelt Island. This is everything but a coincidence, considering the island's industrial scenery. Such a narrow portion of land stands in the middle of the East River, between Manhattan (West) and the borough of Queens (East). About 3,2 km long, with maximum width of 245 meters and total area of 60 hectares, Roosevelt Island is among the city's properties; but was leased back in 1969 to the State of New York's Urban Development Corporation for 99 years. Taking spatial restrictions into consideration, the aforementioned Belgian architect occupies a 350.000 square-meter surface. Amongst its large-scale measurements a 700m antenna, 600m roof and 575m top floor are to be found. In a densely populated city like Manhattan, growth must come vertically. Offices, research laboratories, housing and communal areas are interspersed between orchards, farms and production rooms. All these should be purposely distributed over 132 floors where 28 different types of fields grow.
A double central tower built around one big greenhouse; both would be linked together through two separate wings made from glass and steel. Empty spaces left between the wings are designed to take advantage of the sun by accumulating warm air during winter. Whereas cooling in the summer will be facilitated through natural ventilation as well as leaf evapo-perspiration. The previous combination of wind and solar power make the Dragonfly 100% self-sufficient, not only in water/energy but regarding bio-fertilizers too. Plant and animal farming is arranged in order to reuse biowaste and maintain proper soil nutrient levels. The distribution of input-output flows takes place around the central spine using numerous elevators. Exterior vertical gardens filter rain water which is then mixed with domestic liquid residues. Together they are treated organically before being recirculated for farm use; preserving nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, three root nutrients of the utmost importance.
Vincent Callebaut's model is certainly not one of kind. We don't see this as a weakness but as a major strength.
United Nations has repeatedly stated that our Planet will need 60% extra nourishment over the next 30 years so as to meet the demands of an ever-growing population. Meanwhile, agriculturally viable ground becomes scarcer. By 2050, nearly 80% of Earth's inhabitants will reside in urban centres. An estimated 109 hectares of fertile soil (approximately 20% more than the land currently available in Brazil) will be needed to feed them all if traditional farming techniques continue just as they're practiced today. Such prediction was made without adding the adverse effects of climate change and global warming. What can we do about the upcoming food crisis? Many think the solution lies in skyscraper farms. That's why the aforesaid project abundance is seen as a positive sign. Architectural proposals are filled with striking ideas that push minds forward. Society might even reconsider its characteristic disbelief in change. They provide us with powerful incentives towards sustainable growth.
Indoor farming isn't a newly devised concept. A wide variety of agrarian products (including tomatoes, herbs and spices) have been grown indoors quite successfully. This once revolutionary practice has been going on for many years. What is truly new, however, is the growing need to undertake mass-production. We must accommodate the rapidly accelerating migration from rural areas to urban centres. Skyscraper farms have enormous potential to improve both in multiple ways. They green up the concrete jungles we like to call home, providing carbon-dioxide conversion against pollution. They also allow the eventual repair of ecosystems sacrificed by decades of intense farming.
Direct benefits include greater freedom, better health and additional income for its inhabitants; creating a true sense of community and preserving traditions as well. Closer-knit communities require less investment in infrastructures and transportation. The amount of time devoted to commuting is substantially reduced. Higher quality of life might finally make citizens aware of sustainability's present relevance.
First of all, we should mention the direct benefit is providing the employment for the people in the area. Dragonfly would be located in a run-down neighborhood; therefore it would also promote the economic reactivation of the zone. Moreover, this urban farm is betting for a new philosophy of alimentation, alternative to the fast foodmovements that nowadays are spread all over the world. It is bringing back the traditional concept of food - healthier and less "manipulated". It has the aim of adapting to a more sustainable environment. Another key issue is the elimination of intermediaries. This pattern of organization is maintained by the free market, and it aspires to escape from its competitive and consumerist universe imposed by the laws of the market. In the end, it avoids blowing up prices (as intermediaries do) without offering any added values to the production chain (just logistics). Therefore, organising the distribution of fresh products in short circuits, that is, linked directly with the consumer, the urban agriculture completes thus the traditional agriculture.
From another perspective, the project is committed to reduce our fuel consumption (specifically, chlorophyllous products), and also promote the consciousness about climate change, trying to decrease their environmental impact and build eco-responsible cities. Within a framework of energetic assessment, it wants to develop the urban agriculture to become food self-sufficient by recycling at the same time its liquid waste by phyto-purification, its solid waste in fertilizers, etc; by composting and by producing other renewable energies. Therefore, it deals with reinventing the traditional energetic pattern between the city and the countryside between western countries, emerging countries and developing countries.
Being ethical means thinking about the society and the environment around us. Urban agriculture provides food without pesticides and chemicals and these have been proven to have a negative effect on the human. The vertical farm would reduce the problems linked with food shortage, mileage and connection between suppliers and users. It plans to produce fruit, vegetables, grains, meat and dairy products. The metabolic farm would be constructed using ecological engineering as well. It also fights against poverty and exclusion by introducing a social link in the pacification of the key needs of the newcomers with the obstacle of their integration in the city. Dragonfly project is also environmentally friendly by decontamination of polluted grounds and undergrounds, and cleansing of the air in CO2. The building would fully utilize the solar and wind power. It would accumulate the heat during the winter and cool the atmosphere during the summer. This would protect cultures from climate changes. The farm collects rain that is reused for farming after organic treatment which then contains all the necessary elements for producing fruit, cereals, and vegetables. The building does not lose anything because everything is recyclable to a continuous auto-feeding. Urban agriculture has been enhanced by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the UN. This vertical farm responds to the nowadays dilemma of producing ecologically and intensively.
PLACEMENT: The Proposed placement is at the South end of Roosevelt Island Just slightly north of the UN building on the bank of Manhattan Island.
The Current population of Roosevelt Island is 10,000 approx as of 2000 the majority of these people live on the Northern side of the "Queens bridge" in block apartments. The proposed site for the Farm would be in a disused area of the Island. Several much cheaper alternatives have been proposed for the development of this site including: hotels and enhanced public facilities. This means that the farm would have stiff competition since it will be mainly funded by both UN and NY city councils it will have to demonstrate that it is far above and beyond the best use for the land.
The height of the Building will be 700m to the antenna and 600m to the peak of the roof; this means that it facing potentially large opposition due to its size and view inhibition. Although Lower Manhattan is heavily developed, at this height in this "village" may mean it encounters stiff planning permission opposition. Although it is not directly adjacent to any residential areas, so this should aid it in gaining development permission.
COMPETITORS: Such a farm would be a direct endorsement from both the NY city council and the UN. Whilst the building of the farm would serve to demonstrate both parties commitment to developing sustainable food and energy sources; it will be in direct competition to the NY farm project and local producers of food. America's agricultural policies have long had a bad reputation, for promoting the under development of produce in order to maintain high prices. By endorsing so publicly the creation of such a farm, all the competitors to this potentially highly successful farm would be in uproar. It would in their view be a complete violation of the free markets and trade agreements, which will be covered in the next point.
FREE MARKET OPPOSITION: This is the idea that markets such as Agriculture should be allowed to self regulate to an extent in order to maximise production, and increase the 'fairness' and 'perfect competition' of the market. Whilst the system in the US is flawed in that many farms are subsidised so that they do not produce to maximum capacity; the creation of a publicly funded farm which would enter the market in direct competition to other farms would upset this equilibrium. This farm by being publicly funded means it receives a prime location and almost unlimited investment. The resulting image would indicate that the 'free-market' system would no longer exist, as the government can intervene when and where it sees fit. Markets are generated and run by trust, if the councils of NY and the


text:
Thermal receipt printer is a kind of printer often used in supermarkets and shopping malls. It mainly provides customers with cashier receipts. However, the thermal receipt printer often has various failures, such as continuous paper output. What should we do in this situation? Guanhua paper factory summarized two reasons why the ticket printer has been producing paper:
1.The thermal receipt printer has printing tasks:
It may be that the power supply of the thermal receipt printer has been turned off or the connection line between the printer and the thermal receipt printer is disconnected. The cashier system issued an instruction, and the thermal receipt printer's task document accumulates. When the thermal receipt printer is connected, it will automatically execute the unfinished print task in the thermal receipt printer drive document, which seems to be always outputting paper. When the print task is completed, printing will stop. If you don't want to print, you can first turn off the power of the thermal receipt printer, then click start, control panel, printer and fax, double-click the printer driver, and then click printer to cancel all documents. In this way, you can restart the thermal receipt printer so that paper will not be output all the time.
2. Ticket printer failure:（_URL_
(1) We are considering the problem of the printer driver, the wrong model, or the incompatibility caused by the universal driver. We first determine the printer model, go to the official website or find the original drive CD to install.
(2) For printer interface setting, first determine what interface the printer is. Generally, there are serial port, parallel port and USB port, which is the so-called com, LPT and USB interface. The printer should select the corresponding printer port.
(3) Sometimes the page settings of our printer include editing or header and footer settings, which also have an impact on the length of the printer paper. This can be seen in the browser print settings interface. The settings are as follows:
(4) Let's consider the ticket printer itself. This can be changed to another computer with a different configuration. If it still doesn't work, it may be different from the ticket.
(5) The power supply of the computer interface is insufficient, which mostly occurs in the USB interface printer. There are many computer peripheral devices, such as cameras, keyboard and mouse, USB audio and microphone. The power supply of the computer is not large enough.
We also have other thermal papers, such as bpa free thermal paper，long image life thermal paper，thermal fax paper，thermal pos paper，etc.Please contact the manufacturer if you need.
Copyright © Suzhou Guanhua Paper Factory All rights reserved.


text:
How to train Siberian Husky – tips
Here are some tips on how to train your Siberian Husky. Be the pack leader. Avoid using the same command over. Be consistent with your training methods and avoid giving the same command repeatedly. If your dog chews on your shoes, never let it get away with it. The same punishment will make him understand that chewing is not acceptable. Also, try to encourage him to sing as much as possible.
Be the leader of the pack
Be the pack leader when training your Siberian Husky. Siberian Husky's respond best to leadership, and if you lack confidence, your dog will try to take the lead. It will feel insecure, and may start to overprotect itself. If your dog does not feel secure in its leadership role, it may become overly shy or may even try to take control of the household.
Huskies are very intelligent creatures, but they're not as biddable or intelligent as other breeds. Because of this, training a Siberian Husky can be a challenge. Nevertheless, they're not as difficult as other breeds, and the rewards for a well-trained dog will last a lifetime. And as long as you know how to reward them well, your dog will become a good member of the pack.
Avoid repeating commands
The first step in teaching your Husky the stay command is to make sure you don't repeat the command too much. Often, people who join gyms in January will quit before February even arrives. The key is to gradually increase the length of time a Husky must wait before getting up. To make the training process more effective, try teaching the command to your Husky over several training sessions. Ultimately, you want your Husky to stay in one position and come when you say it.
If you're trying to teach your Husky a new command, don't make it too simple. Huskys are pack animals and they only follow their leaders. Therefore, repeating the command too often can cause your dog to become aggressive. A good solution is to show your dog who is the pack leader by demonstrating your dominance over the dog. Don't force the dog to perform the command if you want to avoid conflict or punishment.
Be consistent with training methods
When training your Siberian Husky, consistency is key. Your Husky will associate your actions with your words and movements, and training methods should be the same no matter how your Husky responds to them. If you train a Husky with different methods, you might confuse him and make him confused about what you want. Be consistent with your methods and be patient. Consistency is important because dogs don't understand everything and will not respond well to inconsistent training methods.
Huskies are highly intelligent and physically strong, and require more training than other breeds. The same problem behaviors in small dogs can become unacceptable in large dogs. For this reason, reward-based training techniques are essential for success. In addition to reward-based training, dog-friendly training methods are most effective for training your Siberian Husky. If you can't afford a trainer, take your dog to a training class or seek out a dog trainer.
Encourage Siberian husky to sing
As a first step to encouraging your Siberian husky to sing, trigger the singing behaviour by calling it. Then reward your pup with a treat if it does so. Soon your husky will be able to imitate the same behaviour. You can use a clicker or whistle to train your dog to respond to this command. The trick is to make sure you use the same command every time.
Huskies are naturally quite vocal and should get at least one hour of exercise each day. However, you can train your husky to imitate singing by playing high-pitched noises on your stereo. You can also try playing a husky video on Youtube so it will learn to howl when you call for it. Once he understands the correct way to howl, he'll be more likely to do so.
Provide a safe, structured, comfortable environment
A safe, structured environment is essential for training your Siberian Husky. Huskies are highly intelligent and learn well when conditioned over time in a predictable setting. By creating routines, you can make the most of your time together, while minimizing the stress of a sudden change in routine. Here are some tips for successfully training your Siberian Husky:
– A fenced yard is a must for this breed. Siberian Huskies love to run and must be exercised daily. Siberian Huskys are active dogs and should be walked several miles per day. During their daily exercise, they will release pent-up energy and minimize excessive howling. They also have the reputation of being „escape artists" and will try to sneak out of the yard if they get bored.
Avoid punishing aggressive chewers
If you're looking for tips to stop your Siberian Husky from being aggressive, you've come to the right place. While chewing is a normal part of puppyhood, you should understand that it's a natural behaviour that needs to be curbed. Siberian husky chewing can be beneficial to your dog's health, as it massages its gums and exercises its jaws. It's best not to punish or discourage aggressive chewing, but rather, provide the dog with appropriate toys to engage in. For instance, large dogs can chew on strong nylon bones. It's important to choose toys that are durable and safe for your dog to chew on.
It's important to be consistent when training your dog. Avoid punishing aggressive chewers by withholding treats. It's also important to reward good behaviors. Punishing bad behavior will only encourage your dog to repeat bad habits. As a result, your dog will start to associate the treats you give to good behavior with the things that you want them to do. If you have a good dog, reward it and ignore bad behavior, your dog will eventually realize that it doesn't need to chew on things for rewards anymore.
- How to train Samoyed – tips
- Is the Siberian Husky an intelligent dog
- Does Siberian Husky like other dogs?
Here are some tips on how to train your Siberian Husky. Be the pack leader. Avoid using the same command over. Be consistent with your training methods and avoid giving the same command repeatedly. If your dog chews on your shoes, never let it get away with it. The same punishment will make him understand…


_USER_ {2010, title = {Energy Efficiency Improvement and Cost Saving Opportunities for Breweries: An ENERGY STAR(R) Guide for Energy and Plant Managers}, year = {2003}, month = {9/1/2003}, abstract = {
Annually, breweries in the United States spend over $200 million on energy. Energy consumption is equal to 38\% of the production costs of beer, making energy efficiency improvement an important way to reduce costs, especially in times of high energy price volatility. After a summary of the beer making process and energy use, we examine energy efficiency opportunities available for breweries. We provide specific primary energy savings for each energy efficiency measure based on case studies that have implemented the measures, as well as references to technical literature. If available, we have also listed typical payback periods. Our findings suggest that given available technology, there are still opportunities to reduce energy consumption cost-effectively in the brewing industry. Brewers value highly the quality, taste and drinkability of their beer. Brewing companies have and are expected to continue to spend capital on cost-effective energy conservation measures that meet these quality, taste and drinkability requirements. For individual plants, further research on the economics of the measures, as well as their applicability to different brewing practices, is needed to assess implementation of selected technologies.
}, keywords = {breweries, energy star, industrial energy analysis}, attachments = {_URL_ _URL_ author = {Christina Galitsky and Nathan C. Martin and Ernst Worrell and Bryan Lehman} }


Drafting a Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) Statement
Why Should I Write a DEI Statement?
As UT professors Charlotte Canning and Richard Reddick wrote in their Chronicle of Higher Education piece, "...the exercise of writing, reviewing, and committing to a statement of equity, diversity, and inclusion can be instructive to all members of the academic community, not only those who hold marginalized identities." In fact, much of the work around service, mentoring, and research has been disproportionately shouldered by historically marginalized persons at universities, creating a "cultural taxation" (Padilla, 1994) on the often-invisible labor they perform. Canning and Reddick state, "[in] response, the university must acknowledge that diversity work is in fact critical to the values that have led to progress - and that it must be shared by all members in the academic community." Reflecting and committing to paper what your goals, actions, and plans around diversity, equity, and inclusion are just one of the ways in which you can advance these efforts. Writing a DEI statement can promote further reflection on the strategies you use in your teaching, exhibit how you engage in DEI efforts through your service, research and mentorship, and reveal opportunities for commitment that you might want to explore more.
As institutions become more intentional in their efforts to create and uphold practices regarding diversity, equity, and inclusion on college campuses, faculty and graduate students are invited to explain how their experiences and values align with the institution, the students they serve, and their broader efforts in the community. Dr. Tabbye Chavous explains:
Asking faculty candidates to submit statements about how equity, diversity, and inclusion factor into their teaching, research and service as exercising truth in advertising. It doesn't quite make sense to affirm diversity as underpinning the institutional mission, while not giving candidates the opportunity to talk about and be credited for their efforts. (as quoted in Flaherty, 2018)
In short, everyone has something to contribute. No matter one's research area, discipline, or various intersecting social identities, each person should think about and articulate how advancing issues around diversity, equity, and inclusion are apparent in their work and future initiatives.
What Should I Include in My DEI Statement?
A DEI statement will ideally address multiple facets of how your values and experiences advance diversity, equity, and inclusion in your work. It is customary to write the statement in first person. Given the brief amount of time reviewers may have to look at your application, the statement should be a maximum of two-pages in length (single-spaced) and include an introductory paragraph, topic sentences that capture the main point of each paragraph, and a conclusion that ties the distinct facets of your statement together as a whole. Refrain from using buzzwords, jargon, or vague statements (e.g., "I love working with all students").
To aid you in writing your DEI statement, we have provided brief descriptions of five different topics to consider addressing in your statement below. There are no requirements that you must address all of these topics, and you are not limited to only discussing these perspectives. Your statement should reflect the relative importance of these issues to your work and reveal your personal commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion.
What does diversity, equity, and/or inclusion mean to you?
First, clarify what these terms mean to you. Avoid repeating these terms instead of defining and contextualizing them. Explain the intrinsic value of diversity, equity, and/or inclusion in your work and in higher education. Avoid using broad, ambiguous descriptions about diversity, equity, and inclusion. Even if you do not explicitly define each of these terms, be clear so readers have a shared understanding about how you understand diversity, equity, and inclusion. You may contextualize pressing issues around diversity, equity, and inclusion in your discipline.
How do you prioritize and value diversity, equity, and inclusion in your teaching?
Describe how you create inclusive and equitable learning environments for your students. You may describe frameworks you utilize when designing courses and assignments. Explain some of the teaching strategies you use to make your classroom accessible and inclusive. Also, what knowledge, skills, or attitudes do you seek to foster in your students and how do they relate to DEI? If you provide multiple ways for students express their knowledge, describe those strategies and why you use them. You may also describe how you assess whether or not your teaching strategies ensure that students' learning needs are met.
In what ways are diversity, equity, and inclusion apparent in your research or scholarly work?
If your research addresses issues of diversity, equity, and inclusion, describe them here. If you work with marginalized populations in your research, explain how your research advances knowledge and addresses equity in different communities. Describe how you respectfully engage in that research and how you honor those communities in your scholarship.
How have you shown commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion beyond your classroom?
Highlight your service and mentoring experience. If you have examples of serving on committees, participating in community outreach, or volunteer work, describe them here. Share some of your accomplishments or lessons learned from those experiences. If you have mentored underrepresented students, explain what you have learned from those relationships and how you will continue mentoring others. Review what you have written and make sure you are not tokenizing these experiences, especially if they are limited, and not overgeneralizing or making claims about a group of students from these examples.
How do you envision this commitment will develop in the future?
Here, explain how you will continue your work in the future. If there are initiatives or programs in which you would like to participate, describe how your involvement may amplify the work that is already being done. Do you plan on starting a new initative or program that aligns with your interests and expertise? If you plan on pursuing trainings, workshops, or professional development opportunities to grow in DEI, what are they? (Be realistic and authentic.) If you are using this document as part of a job market application, contextualize your goals with your future institution and the population of learners whom they educate. Contributing to DEI efforts is an iterative and ongoing process, and your statement should reflect how you will keep growing.
In addition to the five aspects listed above, take a step back and consider your statement from a holistic perspective. Have you also considered…
…telling a compelling, respectful story?
Research about teaching philosophy statements states they should be vivid portrait of how a person is intentional about teaching practices and committed to career" (Chism, 1998). DEI statements are similar; it is a chance to communicate a holistic picture of who you are and the actions you take around diversity, equity, and inclusion that may not normally be captured in other materials like teaching or research statements. Ask others for honest feedback and discuss how you might improve your statement.
…incorporating concrete examples?
Diversity, equity, and inclusion statements are not vague, philosophical documents. Include specific details and concrete examples; it should be an evidence-based account of your growth, best practices, ability and potential.
…navigating self-disclosure in your statement?
Some may wonder how much personal information they should disclose about themselves when writing these statements. There is not a universal answer for this question. Those who hold social identities that have been historically marginalized may choose not to disclose that information, as personal biases are shown to affect evaluation of written application materials (see: Moss-Racusin et al., 2012). If you do want to discuss your social identity, consider discussing your identity and the impact of your identity on your work, interests, and actions (Sylvester et al., 2019). For example, you might state: "My experience as a member of an underrepresented group has helped me build a toolkit for mentoring students who face similar challenges based on their identity" (Morris, 2018, slide 13). If you share a story about yourself, do not draw false parallels between your own experience and that of others.
…the multi-faceted components of diversity, equity, and inclusion?
Just as the terms "diversity" "equity" and "inclusion" are broad terms, there are many facets you may choose to explore. Beyond student demographic information, how is diversity apparent in the institution's mission and values? What barriers exist in working towards inclusion in curriculum? How are you prepared to share and amplify the work of others?
Meet With a Consultant to Review Your Statement
We offer one-on-one consultations for teaching statements and diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) statements. We bridge our pedagogical expertise with evidence-based practices to help you convey your teaching values and the instructional choices you make to help students achieve learning goals.
In order to maximize our time together, we require you to upload a draft of your statement so we may review it ahead of time. We welcome drafts at various stages in your writing process and offer feedback and suggestions for continued improvement. Schedule your consultation here
Canning, C. & Reddick, R., (11 January, 19). In Defense of Diversity Statements. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from _URL_
Flaherty, C. (18, November 19). Breaking Down Diversity Statements. Inside Higher Education. Retrieved from _URL_
Padilla, A.


text:
Australian Bureau of Statistics
4610.0 - Water Account for Australia, 1993-94 to 1996-97
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 03/05/2000
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Australians Use More Than 1 Million Litres of Fresh Water Per Person Each Year
Despite living on the driest continent on earth, Australians used more than 1 million litres of fresh water per person during 1996-97 according to a report released by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) today.
Of the 22,186 Gigalitres (GL) consumed in 1996-97 in Australia, agriculture accounted for 15,502 GL (70%), households; 1, 829 GL (8 percent), water supply, sewerage and drainage services; 1,706 GL (8 percent), electricity and gas; 1,308 GL (6 percent), manufacturing; 728 GL (3 percent) and mining; 570 GL (3 percent). (One Gigalitre is 1 billion litres.)
Agriculture consumed the vast majority of the water, but the economic return per unit of water used was relatively low.
The agricultural sector earned $588 of industry gross product per megalitre (ML) water used. (One megalitre is 1 million litres.) In comparison industry gross product for manufacturing ranged from $32,000/ML to $680,000/ML and service industries ranged from $2317/ML to $1.1million/ML.
Irrigated production accounted for 26 percent of the total gross value of production from agriculture. Vegetables and fruit returned the highest gross value per ML water used at $1760/ML and $1460/ML respectively, while rice production returned the lowest gross value/ML water used of $189/ML.
A breakdown of the agriculture sector showed pasture, livestock, grains and other agriculture (mostly irrigated pastures) accounted for 8,795 GL, cotton industry 1,841 GL, rice industry 1,643 GL and sugar industry 1,236 GL. Rice was the thirstiest crop and used the most water per hectare of irrigated area, followed by grapes and fruit. Cotton was the agricultural sector which used the least water per hectare of irrigated area.
An analysis of figures in the report shows the industry that used the most water for each full time employee was water supply, sewerage and drainage services, although it should be noted this included a lot of water released to maintain environmental flows. Of the remaining industry sectors, agriculture used the most water per full time employee, followed by electricity and gas, mining, manufacturing and service industries.
Water used for hydro-electric generation and discharged directly back to existing surface waters was listed in a separate category to water consumed. Water in this category totalled 46,509 GL. The total surface and groundwater extracted from the Australian environment for use in 1996-97 was estimated at 68,703 GL which was more than 3 million litres per person.
Approximately 52 percent of water consumed in Australia was supplied via mains infrastructure, with the remaining 48 percent extracted directly from the environment for use. At a state level, NSW and ACT (8,716 GL, 39 percent) consumed the most (the ACT accounted for approximately 1 percent of the NSW-ACT totals) followed by Victoria (6,687 GL, 30 percent), Queensland (3,680 GL, 17%), WA (1,424 GL, 6 percent), SA (1.261 GL, 6 percent), Tasmania (314 GL, 1 percent) and NT (103 GL, 0 percent).
Average water consumption per household was measured in kilolitres (1kL is 1,000 litres) and was highest in the NT (500 kL/year), followed by Queensland (340 kL/year), WA (320 kL/year), with NSW and ACT (237 kL/year), Victoria (227 kL/year) and SA (218 kL/year). Tasmania had the lowest mean household usage of 176 kL/year.
International comparative estimates published by the World Resources Institute for 1995 showed Australia ranked second in per capita water use. Only North Americans, who used almost 2 million L/person consumed more. Central Americans consumed about 900,000 L/person, Europeans consumed about 600,000 L/person, Asians about 550,000 L/person, South Americans about 350,000 L/person and Africans consumed about 200,000 L/person.
Natural Resource Accounts
Australia is the driest continent excluding Antarctica and very little of the rain that does fall, finds its way into flowing rivers. Major agricultural and urban areas of Australia have a limited supply of water. Ineffective and inappropriate use of water can result in environmental problems of national significance.
Water Account for Australia (Cat. 4610.0) is the first attempt anywhere in the world at producing an environmental account for water and quantifying these issues on a national level.
The System of National Accounts (SNA) has historically had little regard for environmental matters. An important aim of environmental accounting is to assess the environmental sustainability of economic activities and economic growth by quantifying any depletion and degradation of a natural resource. An environmental account links the activities and uses of a resource to changes in the natural resource base and other economic data.
The Water Account for Australia is part of a series of environmental accounts which includes energy (cat. no. 4604.0), minerals (cat. no. 4608.0) and fish (cat. no. 4607.0).
Further information on Australia's water supply, use, consumption, and related economic information is presented in the report Water Account for Australia, 1993-94 to 1996-97 (cat. no. 4610.0).
A summary of the main findings are available on this site. If you wish to purchase a copy of this publication, contact the ABS Bookshop in your capital city.
These documents will be presented in a new window.
This page last updated 29 January 2007

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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BBC News
watch One-Minute World News
Last Updated: Monday, 7 August 2006, 08:40 GMT 09:40 UK
Hundreds lost in Ethiopia flood
Ethiopia floodwaters
The Dechatu river overflowed, sweeping water through the city
Rescuers have been digging through mud and debris, looking for some 300 people still missing after floods in Ethiopia.
They are reportedly digging with hands, garden tools and heavy equipment.
Almost 200 people are thought to have died after a river burst its banks and floodwaters swept through the city of Dire Dawa in the east of the country.
Hundreds of homes were destroyed when the Dechatu river flooded on Saturday. The local police commissioner said 39 of the dead were young children.
"Family members have started burying the dead," regional police Inspector Beniam Fikru told AFP news agency from Dire Dawa, about 500 km from the capital, Addis Ababa.
"In some cases, it is very difficult to identify them.
"Relatives are reporting that around 300 people are missing, but the search goes on," he said.
Floodwaters damaged telephone and electricity lines and cut off the main road to Addis Ababa, further complicating the rescue efforts.
The floods also swept away vehicles and livestock, and destroyed markets and shops, witnesses said.
Thousands of Dire Dawa's estimated 250,000 residents have been displaced by the flooding.
Flooding often hits low-lying parts of Ethiopia between June and September, when heavy showers fall on regions that are dry for most of the year.
Last year at least 200 people were killed - some by crocodiles in the floodwaters - when heavy rains pounded the same region.
The flooding also caused millions of dollars worth of damage, particularly to small farmers.
Has China's housing bubble burst?
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text:
Definition of barn :
1. A covered building used chiefly for storing grain, hay, and other productions of a farm. In the United States a part of the barn is often used for stables.
2. To lay up in a barn.
group B, brooder, aviary, cowshed, type B, bacillus, coop, sty, dairy, cow barn, Dutch barn, shed, B, cote, vitamin B, bullock lodge, kennel, cow house, hutch, vitamin B complex, farmstead, atomic number 5, doghouse, fold, outhouse, shelter, pen, boron, farmhouse, mow pad, byre, chicken house
- Ruth kept right on from the barn, across the field, into the " old place." - "We Girls: A Home Story", Mrs. A. D. T. Whitney.
- Like the building of a fire under the barn to keep his cat warm. - "The Wide Awake Girls in Winsted", Katharine Ellis Barrett.
- Roger stood there waiting, then turned and walked slowly out of the barn. - "His Family", Ernest Poole.


text:
The roots of modern-day organizations can be traced back at least 2000 years to models of Chinese military hierarchy. However, one of the first people to capture on paper the processes and practices of organisations was Henri Fayol (1841–1925), a mining engineer and manager by profession (Middleton, 2002). Fayol defined the nature and working patterns of the twentieth-century organization in his book, General and Industrial Management, published in 1916. In it, he laid down what he called 14 principles of management.... [continues]
Cite This Essay
(2010, 08). Henri Foyal, Mary Parker Follett and Chester I. Barnard in Administrative Principles Approach. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 08, 2010, from _URL_
"Henri Foyal, Mary Parker Follett and Chester I. Barnard in Administrative Principles Approach" StudyMode.com. 08 2010. 08 2010 .
"Henri Foyal, Mary Parker Follett and Chester I. Barnard in Administrative Principles Approach." StudyMode.com. 08, 2010. Accessed 08, 2010. _URL_


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up to 12 inches long; yellowish-green to olive above and light below; chin barbels yellow
small fish, aquatic invertebrates
Stone cat is found commonly in swift-flowing streams and is quite common and widely distributed in the interior streams. It is taken occasionally in some of the natural lakes and in the Mississippi River.
The stone cat, together with the other madtoms, represents the smallest fishes in the catfish family. Body color of this fish is yellowish-green to olive above and light below. The premaxillary band of teeth, a padlike band on the upper jaw, is U-shaped, and the chin barbels are yellow. There are usually 16 rays in the anal fin. The fish has been known to reach a length of 12 inches, although it rarely exceeds 6 to 8 inches. Most fishermen seem to distinguish this species from the other catfishes, but some confuse them with the young of other species.
The stone cat spawns in spring and, like all catfishes, builds a nest and guards the eggs and young. Madtoms exhibit an affinity for nocturnal behavior and probably spawn in areas of darkness, such as under rocks or in bank hides. The stone cat is the largest of the madtoms and lays between 500 and 1,000 eggs at a time. Stone cats prefer stream riffle habitats, but they are also found under rocks or weedy shorelines of lakes and ponds.
Most food-habit studies of the stone cat found the diet consisted mostly of the immature stages of various riffle-dwelling insects, supplemented with an occasional darter or other small fish. Like most catfishes they are omnivorous and extremely adaptable in seeking food items in ponds and lakes.


text:
Extraposition from NP in English: Explorations at the Syntax
We show that postverbal CPs associated with a preverbal DP pattern with CPs embedded in a DP with respect to complementizer optionality and extractability. We subject and extraposition of a clausal object. In addition, it has several syntactic constructions such as that-clause, infinitive and gerund. This study is limited with Extraposition is a mechanism of syntax that alters word order in such a manner that a relatively "heavy" constituent appears to the right of its canonical position. Apr 14, 2018 Keywords: syntax, language change, Indo-European, evolutionary This study describes a change in which relative clause extraposition is in Apr 22, 2015 Video shows what extraposition means. the movement of an element from its normal place to one at the end, or near the end, of a sentence. types of extraposition and a resumptive pronoun.
- Erp program manager job description
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First (4.1), we argue for the alternative syntactic account in (5), which does 1 1 Introduction 2 Extraposition from NP (EXNP) is a phenomenon whereby a PP or relative clause is interpreted as a modiﬁer of a non-adjacent "host", such as linguist in (1).1 3 4 (1)We met [DP a linguist ]1 yesterday [ (who is) from East Africa ]1. 5 This paper is concerned with understanding the derivational history of EXNP conﬁgurations. At 6 stake in particular is where the The issues that are going to be discussed are:1.the concept of extraposition, its cases and syntactic constructions2.the meaning of each case and construction 3.the reasons for using extraposition in general and its constructions in specific4.the frequency of clausal subject extraposition in political and religious speechesIt has been found that the clausal subject extrapostion is used more in Syntax Square 4/6 - Colin Davis (USC) Speaker: Colin Davis (USC) Ti tle: The immobility of English possessive pronouns: On portmanteau formation and the timing of spell-out Time: Tuesday, April 6th, 1pm - 2pm Abstract: In this research, I use new facts about possessor extraction in colloquial English to analyze the morpho-syntax of English possession, and explore several related Rightward movement; Extraposition from NP; NPI-licensing; Experimental syntax 1. Introduction Extraposition 1 from NP (EXNP) presents an instance of discontinuous surface constituency whereby a PP or CP is interpreted as a modifier of a non-adjacent ''host'', such as linguist in (1).
PPs can be extraposed as well: in (iv) the PP about the Sovjet Union is extraposed.
Heuristisk analys med Diderichsens satsschema
Det är rätt fantastiskt att de äter hund. Det är inte känt var han bor. Bisatser: undertyper. fologi och syntax, i andra hand fonologi och textlära.
Kirjoittamisen ohjaaminen - JYX - Jyväskylän yliopisto
262, 2001. The Syntax of Dutch aims at presenting a synthesis of the currently a.
Consider the sentence melody of the German sentence in (1). This German
Grammatical weight and relative clause extraposition in English and Parkinson's disease on the relationship among breath pausing, syntax, and punctuation. Introduction: Relative Clause Extraposition. • Subclausal Locality Constraints on Extraposition The null hypothesis should be that there is no syntactic.
Present till disputation
extraposition of constituents, an important feature of natural language syntax. 1. Introduction This paper presents a grammar formalism for natural language analysis, called extraposition grammars (XGs), based on the subset of predicate calculus known as definite, or Horn, clauses. It is argued that Scrambling is a syntactic phenomenon wherein sentences can be formulated using a variety of different word orders without any change in meaning. Scrambling often results in a discontinuity since the scrambled expression can end up at a distance from its head.
With just. We show that postverbal CPs associated with a preverbal DP pattern with CPs embedded in a DP with respect to complementizer optionality and extractability. We
subject and extraposition of a clausal object. In addition, it has several syntactic constructions such as that-clause, infinitive and gerund. This study is limited with
Extraposition is a mechanism of syntax that alters word order in such a manner that a relatively "heavy" constituent appears to the right of its canonical position.
2021 ford escape
(6) a Det var trevligt att Syntax 60, Dept of Scandinavian Languages, Lund, 59–86. Engdahl, Elisabet containing a noun, and other noun phrases, since they have similar syntactic behaviour. Extraposition is almost obligatory in subordinate clauses. In main Byggstenar Syntax 1: Fraser och satsled Syntax 2: Satser och meningar Subjektbisatser är ofta flyttade till slutet av satsen (s.k. extraposition) Det är rätt av A Hakulinen · 1996 · Citerat av 1 — mening. Mitt eget intresse för talspråkets syntax gäller för närvarande Helasvuo 1988), som inte kan anses vara elliptiska eller stå i extraposition i satsen. Subjektbisatser är ofta flyttade till slutet av satsen (s.k..
13.6 A tension cut syntactic constructions such as preand post locations, extrapositions. The results from the Nordic Syntax Database (Lindstad et al. In sentences with extraposed infinitives or that-clauses, the pronominal form is more common,
1961, On the syntax of the English verb, with special reference to have a 24-Mar-2016, On Clausal Subjects and Extraposition in the
More specifically, the thesis is concerned with extraposed (e.g.
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- Extraposition does not, however, remove the finite clause from the LF-computation, MIT 25 Apr 2013 which is reintroduced into the computation by the operation SIMPL at Spellout. • Merge of an EXPL at [Spec, vP] is driven by the narrow syntactic requirement of a D-\N- feature at the edge of vP, and is fundamentally unrelated to the extraposition of the finite clause. Extraposition. / Baltin, Mark. The Blackwell Companion to Syntax.
Hur infoga extra position? - Joomla! Forum - community, help and
I owe itto you [that the jury acquitted me]. This pattern involv … 2006-10-18 Just as important as the end-positioning of material in extraposition is the initialisation of an expression of the speaker's angle, enabling it to serve as the theme.
 Extraposing a constituent results in a discontinuity and in this regard, it is unlike shifting, which does not generate a discontinuity.The extraposed constituent is separated from its governor by one or more words that The whole thing goes under the name of Extraposition in the trade, Even things that ought to mean something seem (to be) forbidden by the syntax of seem, since extraposition is obligatory here. It seems (to me) that the wall is red. *That the wall is red seems (to me). Extraposition. / Baltin, Mark.


text:
A firm can vary all productive resources in the long run, but at least one resource is fixed in the short run. Linkages between inputs and outputs are formalized in production functions.
Production functions summarize relationships between combinations of inputs and the maximum outputs that each combination can produce.
Output = f(inputs) is an example of a production function, and is read as "output is a function f of inputs." The function f summarizes how current technology translates various combinations of inputs into specific amounts of output. In this context, technology encompasses current knowledge about production techniques, as well as such things as government regulations, weather, and the laws of physics and chemistry.
Production functions are commonly written q = f(K, L) where q equals output, K equals capital services, and L equals labor services used per production period. (For simplicity, land and entrepreneurship are ignored for now.) Suppose that production engineers indicate that 1,000 swimsuits can be sewn daily using 600 machine hours (75 sewing machines per 8-hour shift) and 800 labor hours (100 workers each 8-hour shift). The function f summarizes a production relationship of this type. Technological advances boosting productivity 50 percent would require switching from the f production function to, say, g. Now, q= g(K, L), and 600 machine hours plus 800 labor hours yield 1,500 swimsuits. Complete production functions identify output possibilities in the long run, when a firm can vary all resources. In the short run, however, at least one resource is fixed.


text:
February 18, 2013
Stories this photo appears in:
Virginia Chamber Orchestra to present early Mozart and Mendelssohn works.
There has always been the debate about the role of nature and nurture in a child's development. This is especially true in child prodigies. Mozart and Mendelssohn were from musical homes and received encouragement in musical studies. Although Gluck sang in his church choir, his interest in music was surely of his own making as he was expected to work in his family's forestry business.


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, and in central California. Some, also bound for California, fly up the Mackenzie River and through Alberta.
We know less about the spring migration routes, which appear to be similar to those in fall, but with some shifts between corridors. Birds returning to Wrangel Island tend to fly along the British Columbia coast, but some of the Wrangel Island population also uses an interior route through Montana, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Northwest Territories, and interior Alaska. Birds of western Canadian origin wintering in California fly north through Alberta, then down the Mackenzie valley to the western Arctic coast. Birds returning from the coast of the Gulf of Mexico fly up the Mississippi and Missouri river valleys to an important staging area southwest of Winnipeg and then in a more-or-less straight northeasterly line to James Bay and the Hudson Bay coast and north into the eastern Arctic.


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I have been installing AGM boat batteries on my own boats for a long time now. The performance and practicality have been right up to expectation. Whilst most boaters have long since switched to an GM boat battery now the Lithium Ion battery is making inroads and that will be covered elsewhere. What is the AGM Boat Battery called AGM? The electrolyte within an AGM boat batteries are held within a very fine microporous (boron-silicate) glass matting that is sandwiched between the plates. This absorbs and immobilizes the electrolyte solution while still allowing plate interaction. They are also sometimes referred to as starved electrolyte batteries, as the glass matting is only 95% soaked in electrolyte.
They are often simply referred to as Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM) or sometimes they are also called Valve Regulated Lead Acid (VRLA) Batteries. There are many manufacturers and among the most reputable AGM boat battery manufacturers and suppliers are Lifeline Batteries, Trojan Batteries and Rolls Batteries and Mastervolt,
Recombinant Gas Absorption Principles. In a normal lead-acid battery, water loss will occur when it is electrically broken down into oxygen and hydrogen near the end of charging. In a battery during charging, oxygen will evolve at the positive plate at approximately 75% of full charge level. Hydrogen evolves at the negative plate at approximately 90% of full charge. In normal batteries, the evolved gases disperse to atmosphere, resulting in electrolyte loss and periodic water replacement. These are the bubbles seen in the cells during charging. During charging the current causes decomposition of the water, and oxygen is evolved on the positive plate.
The oxygen then migrates through the unfilled pores of the separator matting to react with the negative plate and form lead oxide, lead sulfate and water. The charge current reduces and does not generate hydrogen. The low maintenance recombinational battery has different characteristics. The plates and separators are held under pressure. During charging, the evolved oxygen is only able to move through the separator pores from positive to negative, reacting with the lead plate. The negative plate charge is then effectively maintained below 90% so inhibiting hydrogen generation. They emit less than 2% hydrogen gas during severe overcharge (4.1% is flammable level).
Plate Construction. There are variations to flat plate manufacturing techniques. The Optima® AGM batteries have a spiral cell, dual plate construction. Another important feature is a greater shock and vibration resistance than gel or flooded batteries. They also have extremely high CCA values of up to 800 amps at 0˚F.
AGM Boat Battery Charging.
Charging of AGM boat batteries have few limitations, and there are no special charge settings that are required. Typical charge voltages are in the range 14.4 to 14.6 volts at 68°F (20°C). The batteries have a very low internal resistance, which results in minimal heating effects during heavy charge and discharge. They can be bulk charged at very high currents, typically by a factor of five over flooded cells, and a factor of 10 over gel batteries. They also allow 30% deeper discharges. They recharge 20% faster than gel batteries, and have good recovery from full discharge conditions. Self-discharge rates are only 1%-3%.
If you are a weekend, harbor or river cruiser, who does limited motoring periods, or leave the boat unattended for long periods, the AGM battery is a viable proposition. It has very low self-discharge rates, and very high recovery rates from deep discharges. If a small solar panel is left on with a suitable regulator, they will recoup the annual costs of replacing deep cycle batteries by lasting several seasons, with the more important improvements in reliability. Typical charge voltage levels are 100% is 12.8–12.9 volts, 75% is 12.6 volts, 50% is 12.3 volts, 25% is 12 volts and 11.8 volts is flat.
AGM Boat Batteries Heat Resilience. At high temperatures AGMs (and Gel cells) are unable to dissipate the heat generated by oxygen and hydrogen recombination and this can create thermal runaway. This will lead to gassing and the drying out of cells. A premature loss of capacity can occur when the positive plate and grids degrade due to higher operating temperatures. This is caused by the exothermic recombination process and higher charge currents. In addition negative plates also degrade due to inadequate plate conversion. The main failure modes are cell shorting and pressure vent malfunctions caused by manufacturing faults. All about AGM Boat Batteries and the boat battery.


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a better knowledge and understanding of the sick person. More often, a better relationship built on trust and genuine care. The social exchange theory in this case helps to create a framework that will help nurses to become the valuable teammates rather than just distant colleagues within the health care facilities.
Integrating the Application of the Borrowed Theory and the Middle Range Theory
The borrowed theory in this case helps to understand the situation. It is in order to find a possible solution. In the case of disconnection among nurses and other professionals in the health care organization, the identified problem is as follows. Other employees do not find many benefits in interacting with medical practitioners. Thus, a solution would be for nurses to offer their relationship with patients as an added advantage. It may give other employees within the facility an insight on how to deal with certain sick persons in complex situations (Alligood & Tomey, 2006). It will allow medical practitioners to actually be considered as worthy of creating and maintaining connections with. In the end, nurses will have an easier time interacting with the members from other professionals within the organization. The applicable middle range theory in this case has been the interpersonal relations theory. It encourages nurses to work with one another at a personal level just as if they work with their patients (Benner et al., 2002).
Considering other employees as human beings and making personal connections being of interest to them is a good way to reach out and build bridges that are currently nonexistent. In order to integrate the two theories into practice, there is a need to appreciate the scope and focus of each concept. The middle range theory focuses on the following issues. It includes the things what the nurse can do, the way how she/he should think about the whole situation, and what the medical practitioner needs to invest in order to build these connections with people from other professional units within the health care organization.


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A power failure on July 2, which affected two million people from Canada to Mexico, began with an Idaho transmission line that short-circuited when electricity jumped to a tree that had grown too close, investigators say.
The failure in that line, combined with record demands of power during hot weather, led to a ripple effect that cut power to 15 Western states and parts of Canada and Mexico, said Corry Alsberg, a spokeswoman for a group of regional utilities.
Investigators announced their conclusions about the blackout -- which lasted a few hours -- at a closed meeting of the Western Systems Coordinating Council on Friday.
The tree caused the electricity to arc, or flashover, in a remote area about 100 miles east of the Kinport substation in southeastern Idaho. The Idaho line carries 345,000 volts.
The flashover, in combination with several other factors, was enough to trip the first in a series of blackouts. Other factors in the failure included near-record hydropower generation in the Pacific Northwest and California as well as high power transfers on lines between the Pacific Northwest and California.


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A grey to yellow sponge species with spreading to lobate form. Size of about 20 cm.
The larger fibres (primary fibres) of the skeleton of this sponge and other species in its genus often fuse together (anastomose) to form bundles called fascicles, making a surface texture like of "old boots".
Reef and sandy areas, to depth of 30 m.
Plankton or particles
Recorded in Australia
sp. MoV 6680
- DSE Advisory List : Not listed
- EPBC Act 1999 : Not listed
- IUCN Red List : Not listed


text: Horses have often served as a model for understanding evolutionary change as their transitional forms from small species with multiple toes to larger ones with a single digit are fairly well documented. What is less often reviewed is the unique structures of their upper respiratory system...primarily the guttural pouches. These pockets are unique to horses (and rhinoceros) and present an alternative evolutionary design for cooling one of the most important organs in the body, the brain. Many species use counter-current circulation to accomplish this, but the guttural pouch achieves the same goal with air. A network of sinuses and a well developed hyoid apparatus complete this unique system within the equine head.


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Animal Species:Inland Cave Bat
Inland Cave Bats are ususally found near rock outcrops or hilly terrain.
Inland Cave Bats live in a huge range of habitats from desert to high rainfall coastal areas. They are usually found near rock outcrops or hilly terrain.
Feeding and Diet
Flying insects, probably small moths, mosquitoes and flying ants. Fluttery fly with fast seemingly erratic changes in direction. Commonly observed at waterholes.
Other behaviours and adaptations
Inland Cave Bats are normally found near the twilight zones of caves, cracks and fissures in rock and disused mines. They will also use the abandoned nests of fairy martins. Single colonies of more than 500 have been found but they usually live in smaller colonies. The Inland Forest Bat shares its roost with other microbat species including ghost bats, which can be a predator.
Predators, Parasites and Diseases
The Ghost Bat is a predator of the Inland Cave Bat, which often shares the same roosts.
The Inland Cave Bat is vulnerable to disturbance from human visitors to cave roosts, destruction of caves by mining, and loss of feeding habitat by clearing and land degradation from agriculture.


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Client: City of Omaha
Location: Omaha, NE, United States
Completion date: 2003
Artwork budget: $1,200,000
Leo A Daly
Standing over 3-stories tall at 30 feet tall, "Labor" is currently the second largest labor monument in the country. The 271-ton design features the original ladles that were used in the Smelting Plant located at the same site as the monument. The massive design includes five larger-than-life 8-foot figures depicting hard work and dedication to this craft. This sculpture is showcased prominently as part of the newly developed riverfront in Omaha, Nebraska.
Chosen for his unique creative style and realism, Matthew combined realism and abstract concepts to create a spectacular work of art that is inspiring and motivational. Each of the figures, four men and one woman, have weathered expressions and hardened bodies from their daily arduous contributions to their family, community, and country. Incorporating the actual ladles from the original Smelting Plant was a challenge, as they were turned into a functional water feature to mimic their original use. In the colder seasons "Labor" still works as a stand-alone sculpture without running water.
Created from more than 39,000 pounds of steel and over 500,000 pounds of cement, this monument was built with the help of local cement masons, electricians, plumbers, steamfitters, laborers, carpenters, ironworkers, and operating engineers.


Why do they want to change the date of Australia Day?
The move led to the dispossession of Indigenous peoples from the land they had inhabited for thousands of years up to the arrival of the First Fleet. Forty-one per cent of those surveyed believed changing the date of Australia Day would be important in improving the lives of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders.
What day do they want to change Australia Day to?
More than half of 5,000 people surveyed on a youth social media platform want Australia Day changed from 26 January as debate flares again over the national day.
Why should we keep the date of Australia Day?
Saving the date means continuing to celebrate a date that's painful for many people. Changing the date or canceling the date doesn't address the trauma and disadvantage that started at colonisation and still affects Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people today.
Why Australia Day is really held on 26 January and the push to change the date?
Observed annually on 26 January, it marks the 1788 raising of the British flag at Sydney Cove by Arthur Phillip following days of exploration of Port Jackson in New South Wales by the First Fleet.
IT IS INTERESTING: What race was first in Australia?
Has the date of Australia Day ever changed?
The states and territories agreed to celebrate Australia Day in 1988 on 26 January, rather than with a long weekend. Aborigines renamed Australia Day, 'Invasion Day'.
What was the original date of Australia Day?
Australia Day – 30th July
On July 30 in 1915, the first official Australia Day was held, which was actually to raise funds for the World War I effort. Ellen Wharton-Kirke, from Manly NSW, made the suggestion to Premier Sir Charles Wade, reportedly due to the enlistment of her three sons.
Who found Australia?
What is the controversy over Australia Day?
The first fleet of British convicts arrived in Sydney on Jan. 26, 1788, but Aboriginal groups mourn what they call "Invasion Day." Australia's national day is controversial because it is held on a date marking British colonization.
Why did Triple J change the date?
2017–present: Announcement of date change
In 2017, Triple J announced that they would be holding 2018's Hottest 100 on January 27, instead of the traditional date of January 26. Triple J cited "growing dialogue around Indigenous recognition and perspectives on 26 January.
Was Australia Colonised or invaded?
What are the traditions of Australia Day?
Article The Best Aussie Traditions for Australia Day
 - Enjoy a BBQ. The perfect and traditional way to celebrate Australia day is with a barbeque. …
 - Head to a local park. …
 - Wear your Aussie gear. …
 - Cool down at the beach. …
 - Watch the fireworks. …
 - Aussie food. …
 - Throw a street party.
IT IS INTERESTING: You asked: Where can I buy Australian Dream Arthritis Cream?
When was Australia named?
On 12 December 1817, Governor Lachlan Macquarie recommended to the British Colonial Office that the "Australia" be adopted as the name of the continent still being referred to as New Holland. Finally, in 1824, the British Admiralty agreed that the continent should be officially called Australia.
How old is Australia?
Going to Sydney


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KDL Recommends For Kids > PLAY-GROW-READ! - Books for Early Literacy > Katie L. Talks: Books that Invite Participation
Shout! Shout It Out!
Title: Shout! Shout It Out!
Author: Denise Fleming
CONCEPT E FLEMING
Mouse invites the reader to shout out what he or she knows as they review numbers, letters, and easy words.
Kids are often told to sit still and be quiet. But Denise Fleming encourages them to shout, shout it out! By taking basic learning concepts like numbers, letters, and colors and putting them on display, she asks kids to shout out what they know—and her readers will be happy to oblige.
With bold colors and her unique handmade paper art, Denise Fleming makes learning into a game. Long-time fans and sharp-eyed newcomers will be happy to see that Mouse returns on every page, shouting along with the crowd!


Quick Answer: How do I remove BIOS boot options?
From the System Utilities screen, select System Configuration > BIOS/Platform Configuration (RBSU) > Boot Options > Advanced UEFI Boot Maintenance > Delete Boot Option and press Enter. Select one or more options from the list. Press Enter after each selection. Select an option and press Enter.
How do I delete old UEFI boot entries?
Open the Boot tab. You can set your default operating system, the timeout screen, and other boot options. Furthermore, you can "delete" old entries from the boot process, but this doesn't actually remove them from your system (it does stop the boot manager operating system selection screen appearing though).
How do I remove boot options in Windows 10?
Delete Windows 10 Boot Menu Entry with msconfig.exe
 1. Press Win + R on the keyboard and type msconfig into the Run box.
 2. In System Configuration, switch to the Boot tab.
 3. Select an entry you want to delete in the list.
 4. Click on the Delete button.
 5. Click Apply and OK.
 6. Now you can close the System Configuration app.
READ How do I download BIOS from USB?
31 янв. 2020 г.
How do I remove boot device?
To Add and Remove Boot Devices
Press the F2 key during system boot. The BIOS Setup screen appears. Use the arrow keys to navigate to the Boot menu. In the Boot Settings menu, add or remove the device to or from the list of boot devices.
How do I remove BIOS from Windows 10?
In System Configuration, go to the Boot tab, and check whether the Windows that you want to keep is set as default. To do that, select it and then press "Set as default." Next, select the Windows that you want to uninstall, click Delete, and then Apply or OK.
How do I remove grub boot options?
Step 2: Scan through the list to locate the Grub entry you're looking to get rid of. When you've found it, right-click on it to open up the right-click menu. Step 3: Look through the right-click menu for the "Remove" button to instantly delete the menu entry from your Grub bootloader list.
What is UEFI mode?
How do I change boot options?
 1. Restart the computer.
 2. Press the F8 key to open Advanced Boot Options.
 3. Select Repair your computer. Advanced Boot Options on Windows 7.
 4. Press Enter.
 5. At the System Recovery Options, click Command Prompt.
 6. Type: bcdedit.exe.
 7. Press Enter.
How do I change the boot menu in Windows 10?
Press Win + R and type msconfig in the Run box. On the boot tab, select the desired entry in the list and click the button Set as default. Click the Apply and OK buttons and you are done.
READ What is the focus of administrative management?
How do I close Windows Boot Manager?
 1. Windows Boot Manager (BOOTMGR) is a utility that boots operating systems. …
 2. Step 1: Type "cmd" in search box, right click the command prompt and select "Run as administrator".
 3. Step 3: If you intend to disable Windows Boot Manager, please type in: bcdedit /set {bootmgr} timeout 0.
How do I remove grub from BIOS?
6 Answers
 2. Press a key when you are prompted.
 4. Click Repair your computer.
13 дек. 2012 г.
How do I add boot options to BIOS?
To do this go to the Boot tab and then click on Add New Boot Option.
 1. Under Add Boot Option you can specify the name of the UEFI boot entry.
 2. Select File System is automatically detected and registered by the BIOS.
 3. Path for Boot Option is the path for the file BOOTX64.EFI that is responsible for the UEFI boot.
23 янв. 2015 г.
How do I remove hard drive from boot menu?
4 Answers
 1. Open up cmd as administrator.
 2. Type diskpart and hit enter.
 3. Type list disk and enter.
 4. Type select disk 0 and enter.
 5. Type list partition and enter.
 6. Type select partition 1 and enter.
 7. Type inactive and enter.
 8. Type exit.
26 февр. 2016 г.
How do I remove multiple boot options in Windows 10?
Follow these steps:
 1. Click Start.
 2. Type msconfig in the search box or open Run.
 3. Go to Boot.
 4. Select which Windows version you'd like to boot into directly.
 5. Press Set as Default.
 6. You can delete the earlier version by selecting it and then clicking Delete.
 7. Click Apply.
 8. Click OK.
READ Can I install a new operating system on my Android phone?
How do I format c drive in BIOS?
To format a hard drive, you can use Disk Management, a built-in tool in Windows 10.
 1. Press Windows + R, input diskmgmt. msc and click OK.
 2. Right-click the drive you want to format and choose Format.
 3. Confirm the Volume label and File system for the drive.
 4. Check Perform a quick format.
 5. Click OK to start formatting.
17 апр. 2020 г.
How do I remove Windows 10 and install Windows 7?
How to uninstall Windows 10 using the recovery option
 2. Click Update & security.
 3. Click Recovery.
21 июл. 2016 г.
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It looks like mobile services will gain in Europe at the expense of digital terrestrial over the coming decade as the region's first radio spectrum policy undergoes final consultation before likely adoption at the end of 2011. The policy will align radio spectrum allocation across Europe to avoid interference between services in neighbouring regions operating in overlapping frequencies, and also to pursue the European Union's (EU) 2020 Digital Agenda spanning the whole field of electronic communications. The first so called Radio Spectrum Policy Programme (RSPP) will be based on draft proposals set out by the European Commission, which is the EU's governing body, in September 2010, and this has since received strong support from most member countries.
The proposal, which aims to establish a five-year programme to promote efficient radio spectrum management, specifies that sufficient frequency bands are made available by 2013 for wireless broadband. This is to help the EU fulfill its commitments in the Digital Agenda for Europe to give every European access to basic broadband by 2013, and then ultrafast broadband by 2020. This is where the conflict with the EBU over DTT arises, for the regulator argues the EU also has an obligation to ensure that at least 98 percent of the population have access to universal low-cost TV services. Since there is no way that fiber or sufficiently fast copper wires will reach that proportion of Europe's citizens even by 2020, either satellite or DTT will have to fill the breach. Although there are free-to-air satellite services such as Freesat, the joint venture between the BBC and ITV in the UK, these still require a satellite dish and are unlikely to be replicated all over Europe. This leaves DTT as the final fallback transmission medium for universal coverage, according to the EBU.
The EBU also argues that universality is vital for national security, and that the terrestrial platform is the only reliable channel for authorities to inform the public in the event of emergencies and natural disasters. People should not be forced to subscribe to satellite or cable services should terrestrial TV be unable to continue offering high-quality programming, sufficient information and good access services.
The EBU goes on to assert that terrestrial broadcasting needs to have sufficient spectrum to innovate, as broadcasters need more frequency room to recreate their packages via ever higher resolution versions of HDTV, never mind 3-D TV. That however is a slightly different argument than proposing that DTT merely retains its capability of delivering basic services and the ability to operate as an emergency channel.
But the omens are not good. In effect, DTT has been on the defensive ever since the digital dividend was first proposed in the UK in 2003, with other European countries following suit. The digital dividend is a portion of spectrum around 800MHz freed up by the switch off of analogues services, which consume more bandwidth per channel than their digital successors. The EU in its proposal for the RSPP has argued that the 800MHz band is ideally suited for wireless broadband services, and calls for analogue switch off to be completed in all European countries by the beginning of 2012 so that the digital dividend can be reallocated from these. But the EBU disagrees, arguing that wireless will make inefficient use of this spectrum and is unsuitable for delivering broadcast services to rural areas.
However, the EU suggests that over time the spectrum below 800MHz could be reallocated from DTT to broadcast services on top of the zone around 800MHz released as the digital dividend. The EBU appears to have conceded loss of the digital dividend but insists that the zone below that should be non-negotiable and conserved for DTT at all costs.
The EBU also advances a social economic argument, by pointing out that digital terrestrial distribution has been financed by payers of the TV licences required in many European countries to receive, in principle, any TV services. Whether this argument will carry much weight remains to be seen, but at least the battle lines have been drawn. The smart money is on DTT having to manage with a diminishing amount of spectrum in years to come.