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Water creates possibilities
The World Bank reports that in India, from 1990 through 2007, rural access to improved water sources increased by 17%, or 1% per year, while youth literacy experienced a 21% increase during that same time period.
While other factors are certainly at work, improving access to safe water is having a positive impact on the literacy and educational rates among children in India and around the world. When children are drinking water that doesn't make them sick, they are able to attend school. When not standing in line for water, they can make it to school on time.
Thank you for being part of bringing these children a better future for themselves and their communities.


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if you got a integer point in the n-dimensional space how many neighbor integer points does it have?
1D you have 2
2D you have 8
3D you have 26
i came to the formula $$n_i = 2*(n_{i-1}+1)+n_{i-1} = 3 * n_{i-1} + 2$$ What is the closed form for n-dimension?
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I.e., the $3\times 3 \times 3 \times...$ cube minus the point in the middle.
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text:
Front Page Titles (by Subject) CHAPTER I.: COST AND CONSEQUENCES OF STRIKES. - The Tyranny of Socialism
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CHAPTER I.: COST AND CONSEQUENCES OF STRIKES. - Yves Guyot, The Tyranny of Socialism
The Tyranny of Socialism, ed. J.H. Levy (London: Swan Sonnenschein and Co., 1894).
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COST AND CONSEQUENCES OF STRIKES.
Strikes in France in 1890 and 1891—Cost of Strikes—Strikes in England in 1892—Statistics relating to Arbitration—Losses resulting from Strikes—Displacement of Trade—Trades Unions and Strikes—Mistrust.
According to the information given by the Labour Department, 313 strikes, involving 118,000 workmen, took place in France in 1890; and 267 strikes, involving 108,000 strikers, in 1891. The Departments which have had the most strikes are the Nord, with 61 in 1890, and 68 in 1891; the Loire, with 29 in 1890; the Ardennes, with 28 in 1890; and the Rhone, with 28 in 1890, and 20 in 1891. Only 52 Departments were affected by strikes in 1890, and 54 in 1891.
The results of these strikes were as follows:—
The 91 successful strikes affected 22,400 workmen; the 67 that were partially successful affected 54,200 workmen; those which miscarried affected 32,200 workmen.
The principal causes of these strikes were demands for increased wages, the shortening of the hours of work, and reduction of salaries effected by employers.
One third of the successful strikes lasted for less than one week. When a strike lasted more than a fortnight it seemed to be doomed to failure.
These figures give a very poor idea as to the importance of strikes. The sacrifices which they have cost, both to employers and to men, the value of the advantages gained, and also the pecuniary and mercantile consequences which may have resulted from them, are unknown.
At Anzin, in 1884, it is calculated that the strike cost the workmen 1,135,000 francs (£45,000), and the company 600,000 francs (£24,000), that is, 1,735,000 francs, without counting the damage caused by the stopping of the works.
In England, the total number of strikes and lockouts for the year 1891, was 893, affecting 295,000 persons, either voluntarily or otherwise; for the striking of certain workmen caused a stoppage of work to others. These strikes had an average duration of twenty-four days.
Most of them were caused by questions of wages. In 1890, there were 59 caused by the question of employment of non-unionists, and in 1891, 47. Fifty-one per cent. were checked; 36 per cent. proved successful; the result of the others is unknown. Four hundred and sixty-eight strikes out of 824, in which 120,579 people were implicated out of 263,507, were terminated by compromise, and only 12, affecting 12,100 workmen were settled by arbitration. It is useful to quote these figures in order to destroy the illusion so wide-spread in France, that it is enough to pronounce the word "arbitration" and to pass a law concerning arbitration, to put an end to all these disputes.
The losses to the workmen who were forced by the strikes to abstain from labour for four weeks, are calculated at £1,500,000.
The cost of the Hull strike in 1892, which lasted for eight weeks, is calculated at £9,000 for the town, and £60,004 in loss of wages.
Mr. Bevan, calculating the loss of wages as at 4s. 2d. per day, for five days a week, for 110 strikes in England, from 1870 to 1879, arrives at a figure of £4,468,000. The strike of the Clyde ship-builders cost 7,500,000 francs (£300,000) in 1877; that of the Durham miners in 1879, 6 millions of francs (£240,000).
The Labour Bureau, in the United States, reckoned that the strikes of 1881 to 1887 cost the workmen 260 millions of francs or 50 million dollars. These are only figures to some people; but the consequences to women, to children, and to the health of the workmen themselves, are terrible. Moreover, the position of the employers has been attacked and weakened; funds destined for improvements have disappeared, and the powers of production in an industry that has undergone a strike are restricted. Sometimes a strike suffices even to ruin a trade.
These examples have made Trades Unions prudent as to striking. In 1888, out of 104 Unions, only 39 subsidised strikes; and a certain number of Trades Unions have specified in their statutes, that the vote on this subject shall not be taken according to the majority, but according to a certain quorum. At the Brussels Congress of 1892, an English Delegate was indignant that the Engineers' Union (the strongest and wealthiest of all), had, in 1889, spent over £100,000 on sickness, funerals, retiring pensions, accidents, etc., as against about £1,800 on strikes and the costs of the struggles.
This powerful and wealthy association seems to mistrust the results of strikes.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Kenya's education minister tells schools to refund 2020 fees
Kenya's education minister, George Magoha, has said schools should either refund parents the school fees they have paid for this academic year or agree to put them toward next year's tuition after it was announced that the country's primary and secondary schools will not reopen until 2021.
Schools closed in mid-March, only three months into the school year, as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic, and coronavirus cases in the country are still on the rise.
All students will be expected to repeat the year and final national exams have been cancelled.
Parents have expressed concern over school fees paid in advance for 2020. It's believed refunds will cover fees for the second and third terms.
Classes have moved online and Kenya is fortunate to have 83% mobile internet penetration, compared with only 23% for the rest of sub-Saharan Africa. But, not all students have access to digital learning as a result of income inequalities, limited access to electricity, and other social and cultural factors. Also, not all learning institutions are adequately prepared to integrate digital learning tools.
Simon Burgess and Hans Sievertsen have written for IZA World of Labor about the consequences of students missing periods of schooling as a result of the pandemic. They note that "Global home schooling will surely produce some inspirational moments, some angry moments, some fun moments and some frustrated moments, but it seems very unlikely that it will on average replace the learning lost from school."
Burgess and Sievertsen warn that: "there will be substantial disparities between families in the extent to which they can help their children learn. Key differences include: the amount of time available to devote to teaching, the non-cognitive skills of the parents [which cover a range of abilities such as conscientiousness, perseverance, and teamwork], resources (for example, not everyone will have the kit to access the best online material), and also the amount of knowledge—it's hard to help your child learn something that you may not understand yourself."
"Consequently," they say "this episode will probably lead to an increase in the inequality of human capital growth for the affected cohorts."
Read Simon Burgess and Hans Sievertsen's commentary in full: "The long-term consequences of missing a term of school."

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Governments, drivers and automotive manufacturers are more aware than ever before of the need to reduce vehicle emissions. We are still some time away from the widespread adoption of zero-emissions vehicles – but in the meantime, action can be taken to ensure the engines we are using are as efficient as possible. This article investigates the role of the glow plug and its importance in minimising environmental impact.
What's the link between glow plugs and emissions?
In a diesel engine, combustion is achieved by compressing the air in the combustion chamber. The compressed air raises the temperature, fuel is added to initiate the combustion cycle, powering the engine.
During the combustion process, if the combustion cycle does not meet the required temperature, not all of the fuel will be burnt. The unburnt fuel becomes carbon particles, which are released into the atmosphere via the exhaust and are harmful for the environment.
In order to avoid this situation, glow plugs are used to heat up the air and ensure the correct temperatures are reached, so all the fuel is burnt and harmful emissions are reduced.
Glow plugs also play another important role in reducing emissions – they provide heat for the diesel particulate filter (DPF) at regular intervals, as determined by the engine management system (EMS).
All new diesel cars are fitted with a DPF, which prevents toxic soot particles being emitted from a car's exhaust by collecting them and periodically exposing the particles to high temperatures in order to burn them, turning them into harmless ash. This is known as DPF regeneration.
If a car is driven at high speeds for a long distance, for example on the motorway, the continuous and stable heat flow from the exhaust is sufficient to clean up the DPF. The heat will burn any unburnt remains of the soot particles. But if the car is driven at low speeds, frequently stopping and starting, for example in cities, there is not enough heat for DPF regeneration.
In this case, the ECU activates the glow plugs and injects additional fuel into the engine, which ignites and heats up the DPF, so regeneration can take place. Problems can sometimes occur if the journey is too short, as the regeneration process may not be completed. The latest glow plugs, such as instant heating plugs, reduce the likelihood of this happening, as they can quickly reach the required temperatures, reducing the regeneration time.
What's the role of the glow plug control unit?
The glow plug control unit interprets information from the engine control unit (ECU) to regulate glow plug operation and optimise engine performance. It decides when glow plugs are in operation and how much electrical current is used (which in turn determines the temperature).
It's a delicate balance, as if a glow plug is not on for long enough, or does not reach the right temperature, the fuel mixture will not ignite efficiently. But if a glow plug is on for too long, or gets too hot, it can be damaged, which in turn risks damaging the engine.
Some glow plugs have extended post-heating functionality. How does this help to reduce emissions?
Extended post-heating functionality means the glow plugs are active before, during and 60-180 seconds after the combustion cycle. This ensures the combustion process is fully completed, with all air and fuel vaporised and no harmful carbon particles released.
What is the benefit of using glow plugs made with ceramics as opposed to other materials?
The ceramics used in glow plugs are semiconductors. This means they have both electrical insulating and electrical conducting properties. Ceramic glow plugs have quick heat-up times, long-lasting heat retention and high heat resistance, thus contribute to lower emissions.
What is an instant heating double coil glow plug? How do they differ from ceramic glow plugs?
An instant heating double coil glow plug has a heating coil and a regulating coil integrated into its probe. This helps it to heat up faster than a ceramic glow plug, further improving engine efficiency and lowering emissions.
How can drivers and workshop technicians ensure good glow plug performance to control emissions?
- Use good quality fuel.
- Look out for black/blue or white smoke coming from the exhaust – take the car to a workshop immediately if this is noticed.
- Look out for the DPF warning light – take the car to a workshop immediately if this is noticed.
- Conduct regular checks of the complete ignition system, including glow plugs, glow plug control module, glow plug relay system, fuel pumps and injectors, EMS and battery.
- Before installing a new glow plug, thoroughly clean the glow plug position to eliminate any carbon deposits.
What future developments could impact glow plugs and emissions?
The future of diesel engines and glow plugs is unpredictable – many OEMs have turned away from developing diesel engines in favour of alternative fuels such as electricity. However, in order to make diesel engines more efficient, thinner and longer glow plugs are being developed. Thinner glow plugs result in faster heating times, helping to improve engine starts and reduce emissions through complete combustion and DPF support.


text: As with other socially-responsible industries, the real estate industry must be a part of addressing issues relating to communities and the environment. Towns and cities, as well as recreational developments, have environmental impacts and, with growing awareness of land use issues and pollution, the public requires both the public and private-sectors to collaborate to address these problems. Home ownership is also considered by many in a democratic society to be a right but, for many of the poor and disadvantaged, this becomes an unrealizable dream. Real estate professionals are conscious of these issues, including urban sprawl, and are exploring ways to help governments and communities to address them. This section provides a brief introduction to some of these important issues facing the real estate industry.


HEALTH EFFECTS|Reproductive Toxicants
Reproductive Toxicants
Exposure to chemical substances can cause adverse effects on the male and female reproductive systems. Reproductive toxicity may be expressed as alterations in sexual behavior, decreases in fertility, or loss of the fetus during pregnancy. A reproductive toxicant may interfere with the sexual functioning or reproductive ability of exposed individuals from puberty throughout adulthood. Toxicants that target the female reproductive system can cause a wide variety of adverse effects. Changes in sexual behavior, onset of puberty, cyclicity, fertility, gestation time, pregnancy outcome, and lactation as well as premature menopause are among the potential manifestations of female reproductive toxicity: all can disrupt a womans ability to successfully reproduce. Exposure to lead, for example, can result in menstrual disorders and infertility. The toxicants carbon disulfide, mercury, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PBCs) have been shown to cause irregularities in the menstrual cycle. Toxicants that target the male reproductive system can affect sperm count or shape, alter sexual behavior, and/or increase infertility. Carbon disulfide and the pesticides chlordecone (kepone), ethylene dibromide (EDB), and dibromochloropropane (DBCP) are examples of chemicals known to disrupt male reproductive health.


revealed.
The documents, released under the Official Information Act, show police commissioner Andy Coster wrote to district commanders shortly before abolishing the trial.
He said the teams had not achieved community support or inspired trust, as hoped.
"These ARTs created fear, which was the exact opposite of what we were trying to achieve," Coster wrote.
In the aftermath of this, a survey of Māori and Pasifika people (the most significant minorities, about 25% of the population) found the following:
Justice reform advocate Laura O'Connell Rapira said 91 percent of people surveyed were less likely to call the police in family violence situations if they knew the police had guns.
"I think given the research in New Zealand which shows Māori women are three times more likely to be killed by a partner than non Māori, it is extremely distressing to know that Māori are less likely to call the police in those situations knowing that they have guns," she said.
Of those surveyed, 87 percent of participants said knowing police were armed in their community made them feel less safe, and 75 percent did not think the police were well placed to respond and help people in mental health crisis or distress.
A further 92 percent agreed there was a need to prioritise alternative ways of keeping people safe such as teams of paramedics, trauma and culture-informed health and mental health professionals who were available and on-call 24/7.
Before recent events, in 2010 a survey sampling from the whole population found only about 30% of respondents supported the police carrying guns:
Almost two thirds of people do not want police carrying guns on general duties, saying it is enough to have the armed offenders squad.
In a Herald survey, 31 per cent of the 2296 respondents supported allowing all police to carry firearms at all times.
But 65 per cent believed only the armed offenders squad should carry guns, showing strong support for current police practice.
Only 1.2 per cent of those polled believed police should not be armed in any circumstances, and 3 per cent were unsure.
So there is a continual push from the police to allow them to carry weapons regularly, which is arguably making continual slow progress (they also began regularly carrying tasers in 2015). But it remains widely unpopular with significant pushback from the general population, minorities in particular. For context and comparison with the other answers covering Mexico it's also worth noting that the violent crime rate in New Zealand is rather low (homicide rate 0.7 per 100,000 compared to 4.96 in the US and 29.07 in Mexico).
A (currently WIP) study entitled Militarization and Perceptions of Law Enforcement in the Developing World: Evidence from a Conjoint Experiment in Mexico by Flores-Macías, G., & Zarkin, J. looks at this factor in Mexico.
This study uses data from an image-based conjoint experiment in a nationally representative survey, in which respondents were presented with a range of images of police, with varying degrees of militarization (uniform/weapon), gender, and skin colour. Respondents were then asked to judge their perceived effectiveness, respect for civil liberties, corruptability, and support for the depicted individual conducting law enforcement in the respondents' neighbourhood.
The findings, interestingly, are different from those observed in the US in the PNAS study:
We find that both military uniforms and military weapons increased perceptions of effectiveness and respect of civil liberties. We also find that gender had no effect on perceptions of effectiveness, but female individuals increased perceptions of respect for civil liberties and reduced perceptions of corruption. We did not find an effect for skin color. Further, we find that military weapons increased support for constabularization in the respondent's neighborhood, while male images decreased support. These findings suggest that female security personnel can enhance perceptions of respect of civil liberties and integrity, but also that a key feature of militarization associated with greater levels of violence—the use of military weapons—is a central factor contributing to the favorable attitudes among the public.
In addition, the study doesn't appear to find evidence of a significant difference from this attitude from minority respondents, however, the details are in an as yet unpublished appendix.
We also estimated whether causal effects differed by respondent subgroup. As shown in the Appendix, we find little support for heterogenous effects. For example, differences in AMCEs are similar for individuals who live in more violent municipalities compared to those that live in less violent municipalities, for victims and non-victims of crime, for wealthier and less affluent respondents, and for those who have higher levels of trust towards the military versus those that have little to no trust, to name a few.
 - 20
 This might be an effect specific to Mexico. Unfortunately, in my mind actual facts and Hollywood images are smeared together, but I believe that military-style units are more associated with federal police whereas normal units are more associated with local police, and local police are associated (whether actually true or not is irrelevant for the perception) with being "in the pocket" of cartels. So there might be some false correlation between "federal" and "military" here. – Jörg W Mittag Sep 2 '20 at 20:33
 - 6
 _USER_ Sounds like a jargon term used in a particular field to me. Not being in a dictionary doesn't make something "not a word", it just means it's not a word the editors of that dictionary have deemed worthy of inclusion. – IMSoP Sep 3 '20 at 9:09
 - 1
 _USER_ Dictionaries are quite comprehensive in what they include as "words". If they don't include, that does convey that they do not consider it a well-established word. In the context of written text, a word is a sequence of letters than conveys clear meaning. If there is no way to look up its meaning (e.g. dictionary), then it fails at one of the core functions of a word. – Acccumulation Sep 3 '20 at 18:37
 - 9
 _USER_ Ever seen a medical dictionary? Legal dictionary? How about urbandictionary? Many contexts (specific professions, online communities, age groups, regional dialects) have specialized terms that don't make it into a mainstream dictionary intended to be sold to general audiences. Dictionaries are an imperfect reflection of language, not the other way around. Neither you nor Merriam-Webster has the authority to declare something "not a word"; if other people are successfully using it to communicate, it's just a word you don't know (yet). – SirTechSpec Sep 3 '20 at 19:55
 - 3
 At least 'constabularisation' is easy enough to work out if (like most of us) you've not seen it before. Unlike 'AMCEs'… – gidds Sep 4 '20 at 13:08
Carabinieri in Italy are a military police force, but they are basically indistinguishable from the police (they have essentially the same tasks). I would bet that many Italians don't even know that they are technically a part of the army.
A recent poll (January 2020) measured 'trust' in various Italian police forces.
 - Polizia di Stato (civil police): 69% (-2.5% from last year)
 - Carabinieri (military police, basically the same as the French gendarmerie): 65.5% (-5% from last year)
 - Guardia di Finanza (militarized police force, under the ministry of Economy, dealing with financial crime and smuggling): 70.4% (+2.1% from last year).
The article attributes the dip for Carabinieri to the recent sentence on the case of Stefano Cucchi (a guy allegedly starved and killed in a beating by Carabinieri while imprisoned; the case is from 2009, but two defendants were condemned for manslaughter in November 2019).
All in all, the ratings for Carabinieri are slightly lower than those for Polizia, but not significantly so.
 - 1
 One difference is that the Carabinieri have paratroopers. These were used domestically in Operazione Vespri siciliani. There are also the Cacciatori di Calabria and the Cacciatori di Sicilia. However, most Italians never encounter these Carabinieri. – Rodrigo de Azevedo Sep 4 '20 at 7:50
 - 1
 (+1) I have always wondered what the exact different and deployment doctrine, I have the feeling I often see carabinieri patrolling or simply being busy in Italian cities (most recently Napoli), sometimes just next to the police, something you don't really see the French Gendarmerie do. – Relaxed Sep 4 '20 at 17:50
This question should be answered by citing international studies on public trust in police institutions with a focus on militarization. Alas, a cursory search did not reveal any such studies.
I have found, however, some information that may hint at an answer.
Police militarization
The study OP linked in their question defines police militarization as follows: "Police militarization is a continuum defined by a combination of equipment, tactics, and culture that centers on violent conflict." (Mummolo 2018) Some studies focus specifically on the employment of military (surplus) equipment by police forces (Insler et al. 2019, Burkhardt & Baker 2018).


text:
The Gregowiki is a central location for all Gregorio users to find:
Gregorio is an open-source project offering software tools for typesetting (engraving) Gregorian chant scores. In particular, Gregorio is an add-on package for the typesetting system LaTeX, so it requires an installation of TeXLive.
Gregorio and LaTeX together produce PDF output suitable for printing.
The input to Gregorio is a notation called GABC, which combines the syllables of a chant text with a simple notation indicating the position and shape of each note.
For most users, it's not necessary to install Gregorio on your own computer. Instead you can access it using one of the on-line Gregorio web interfaces listed below.
gprocesswhich is a
perlscript designed to instantly show the result of a gabc file using your system's pdf viewer.
grely.rbwhich converts gabc to simple lilypond. Currently the conversion is possible only to modern notation, with great information loss.
Since GABC code assigns notes to syllables of the sung text, these tools can be useful in breaking up a text into syllables:
Ben Bloomfield's on-line tools can apply melodic formulas to hymn texts, psalm verses, and scripture texts:
There are two web sites that have versions of the Gregorio software installed. They offer interfaces where a user can enter GABC code, make selections about the output format, and receive a PDF file with the score produced by the Gregorio (and LaTeX) software:
Several published books and smaller works have been produced using Gregorio.


TOR kinase activity is decreased by sugar depletion in liquid culture system
Published: 8 June 2021| Version 2 | DOI: 10.17632/h8px3kzd6g.2
In mammals and yeasts, the target of rapamycin (TOR) is a central regulator in glucose signaling to promote cell proliferation and growth. However, in plant, the investigation of sugar (glucose) -TOR signaling has been hindered by the innate capacity of autotrophic plants to produce carbon-related nutrients via photosynthesis. Here, we established a protocol which provided a manipulated liquid culture system for efficient depletion of the endogenous carbon nutrients in Arabidopsis seedlings. Exogenously sugar (glucose) could then be supplied to investigate the role of sugar (glucose)-TOR signaling in cell division and growth.
Steps to reproduce
To investigate the effect of sugar starvation on endogenous TOR-kinase activity, we monitored TOR kinase activity based on the phosphorylation of T449 in the TOR-conserved substrate ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) by common Western blot method.


text:
Could There Be Mold In Your Coffee? A Cardiologist Explains
Coffee drinking is an integral part of our culture, with more coffee consumed in the U.S. than any other country. While there is existing scientific literature on coffee's health benefits (although, you should always have a balanced amount of caffeine, which looks different for everybody), one question remains unanswered: Could there be molds in our coffee?
Here, we break down the science.
Here's the thing about coffee: It may contain a specific toxin from a fungi called ochratoxin A.
Ochratoxin A is a type of mycotoxin (meaning, a toxic chemical product produced by fungi), but the affects it can have on humans remain contested. However, varying levels of this fungi could explain why some people may feel totally fine after drinking coffee, while others can experience negative effects. Also, perhaps this is why some studies show benefits and others show harm from coffee, based on varying levels of the mold.
Here are six important facts about this type of mold in coffee:
- Ochratoxin A is produced by two fungi and can be found in foodstuffs, including coffee. It's described in scientific literature as a neurotoxic, immunosuppressive, genotoxic, carcinogenic, and a teratogenic topical polluter of human foods. Well, that doesn't sound so tasty, does it?
- Ochratoxin A can damage kidneys in all mammals, acutely and over the long haul. However, much more research is needed before we can make the same correlation in humans.
- The EU established a limit on the amount of ochratoxin A permitted in foodstuffs, but there is no limit in the United States. That said, there's some concern that contaminated beans can be preferentially shipped to the U.S. and end up in our grocery stores at lower price-points.
- Roasting coffee beans may destroy ochratoxin A, but it may depend on the type of roasting and particle size.
- The safest way to avoid ochratoxin A is to make sure you're buying coffee beans that are properly stored. However, there is currently no labeling to know if this occurs when you're buying your beans at the grocery store.
- There are no routine measures of ochratoxin levels in coffee purchased in the US, but many artisanal coffee shops indicate there is no ochratoxin A in their coffee, particularly organic producers.
What does all this mean? Is this much ado about nothing? Or something?
It's important to note that while high levels of mycotoxins like ochratoxin can lead to negative health effects, a bunch of other foods can also contain these tiny toxins—the hard truth is that we're probably already consuming them in small amounts.
That said, ochratoxin A might not be as great of a health risk as the amount of sugar people might add to their coffee. Like so many aspects of our food chain, there is incomplete information. That said, I wouldn't sound the alarm yet, but I you might want to start being a coffee snob, or a qualitarian.
Until we have more data, I will continue to drink coffee, despite it's potential ochratoxin content. The bottom line: It's always best to ask questions and do your research about the food you put into your body, and coffee is no exception.


The Red Moon in the Italian Language
Jan 21, 2019
La luna rossa
The red moon
"Che fai tu, luna, in ciel, dimmi, che fai?" the writer Giacomo Leopardi (1798 –1837) asked in one of his most famous poems. "What are you doing, moon, in the sky, tell me, what are you doing?" On a frigid night in January, the answer was clear: La luna piena (the full moon) was putting on a dazzling celestial show.
Un'eclissi lunare totale (a total lunar eclipse) occurs only when the sun, earth and moon are aligned exactly, or very closely so, with the earth in the middle. As the moon passes behind it, the earth blocks the sun's rays, and the moon disappears from the sky. In an eclissi parziale (partial eclipse), part of the moon remains illuminated.
The January eclipse, visible over North America, was un raro fenomeno ottico (a rare optical phenomenon) because it occurred during a "super" moon that appeared larger than usual from earth. From our home on the California coast, we watched as the moon faded into blackness. Ever so slowly, thanks to the refraction of the rays of the sun (la rifrazione dei raggi solari), a red moon (luna rossa, a classic Italian sight) emerged.
In Italian as in English, "eclipse" doubles as a verb as well as a noun, and "eclissare" generally translates as "to obscure or outshine another person." But Italians also use the verb reflexively with a different twist of meaning: "Mi eclisso," for instance, means "I disappear" or "I vanish."
La luna — which can be nuova (new), crescente (waxing) or calante (waning) — doesn't just appear in the night sky. Someone with extravagant wishes may chiedere la luna (asks for the moon). Italians refer to a fetus as being ancora nel mondo della luna (still in the world of the moon, or not yet born).
Some folks are so absentminded or detached from reality that they seem to vivere nel mondo della luna (live in the world of the moon) while others are so cranky that they avere la luna storta (have the crooked moon). In these hard times more people find themselves struggling to sbarcare il lunario (make ends meet).
An Italian lunatico may be temperamental but isn't necessarily as wacky as an English lunatic. But do watch out for anyone who tries to fare vedere la luna nel pozzo (make you see the moon in a well). He's just stringing you along. And you certainly don't want to end up doing as dogs often do during an eclipse: abbaiare alla luna (barking at the moon—or exerting yourself in vain).
Words and Expressions
Luna Rossa — the name of the Italian sailing team that competes in international races such as the America's Cup
Lunario –- almanac
Lunarista –- almanac maker, weather predictor
Luna park –- amusement park
Luna di miele –- honeymoon
La-passione-pressDianne Hales is the author of LA BELLA LINGUA: My Love Affair with Italian, the World's Most Enchanting LanguageMONA LISA: A Life Discovered and the upcoming LA PASSIONE: How Italy Seduced the World. For more information, visit her new website:
Subscribe here
La Passione
Mona Lisa
La Bella Lingua


text:
Re-heat is best before use.
- It is best to drink before each meal. For people with gastro-intestional concerns, have the brew after each meal.
- If you dislike the bitter taste of the brew, add pure honey or glucose. (Avoid the use of refined sugar.)
- You can also mix reishi pieces with brandy or Chinese wine. Store for 3 - 4 months before use.
- Used reishi pieces can be used as fertilizers for house plants.
- Raw reishi should be stored in a dry place, but never in the refrigerator.
2. Reishi Soup Recipe
10 grams of sliced reishi pieces ;
6 whole frozen or fresh quails ;
70 grams of dry scallops ;
100 grams of lean pork ;
1.5 litre of hot water ;
salt and pepper ;
A. Soak the sliced reishi pieces in 1.5 litre of water for 4 hours.
B. Remove the quails from boiling water after 5 seconds and put in Chinese steam pot. Pour in the 1.5 litre of water together with the reishi pieces. Add dry scallops, pork lean meat and add adash of cooking wine.
C. Steam boil for 3 hours.
D. Before use, season the soup with salt and pepper to your preference.
Note: You can put in dried long-gang meat or dry red dates to sweeten the soup. You can also substitute 2 frozen whole pigeons, a whole chicken or half a turtle instead of the 6 quails for the above recipe.
3. A Word From the Editor
Reishi is best used as a preventative measure for health.
In addition to a daily consumption of Reishi, we would like to remind our readers that you should pay special attention to the following:
- Refrain from using refined sugar. Substitute with pure honey, glucose or fruit sugar instead.
- Avoid processed foods - canned food, instant noodles, soda pop etc.
- Eat all types of natural foods to maintain your nutritional balance.
- Include all types of vegetables in your diet, especially those with stalks and roots.
- Drink more water to provide excretion ease. This will enhance your metabolism functions and rid your body of poisonous toxins.
- Exercise will definitely help but not rigorous exercise that you cannot handle.
- Avoid stress. Be mentally relaxed and keep an open mind on all matters.
At the present, the recommended daily usage of reishi tea is the boiling of 3 - 5 gm of the dried reishi. One can increase to 10 or 20 gm per day since there is no harm in abundant intake of reishi as it is the 'king herb' and an 'adaptogen'.
There are also reishi essence products by hot-waterextraction method in the market place for sale that comes in tablets, pill or granular form. My final advise is to buy the products from reliable manufacturers.
Best of health to you all.
*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
last updated: 11/09/09


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The pupils should develop the notion of linear uniform motion
experimentally, by deriving the speed of the powered car from the
measurement of the distance and time. The experiment should be
carried out with different distances and car speeds.
From the measurement values obtained the pupils should recognize
that the speed within the distances measured in these experiments
is constant and that therefore the term "uniform" applies to
What does the term "speed" mean?
Motion means that a body changes position in space. This change
requires a certain amount of time. A position is determined by the
indication of distances or lengths.
Measure the time which a car needs to cover a given distance if
it moves evenly.
Let the car move faster and determine again the distance and the
Express in grafic form the principles which have been
Speed is measured by determining the distance and time
associated with a motion.
A continuación la literatura para este producto
regresar a la lista correspondiente
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From Digitized Images to Online Catalogs Data Mining a Sky Survey
Usama M. Fayyad, S. G. Djorgovski, Nicholas Weir
The value of scientific digital-image libraries seldom lies in the pixels of images. For large collections of images, such as those resulting from astronomy sky surveys, the typical useful product is an online database cataloging entries of interest. We focus on the automation of the cataloging effort of a major sky survey and the availability of digital libraries in general. The SKICAT system automates the reduction and analysis of the three terabytes worth of images, expected to contain on the order of 2 billion sky objects. For the primary scientific analysis of these data, it is necessary to detect, measure, and classify every sky object. SKICAT integrates techniques for image processing, classification learning, database management, and visualization. The learning algorithms are trained to classify the detected objects and can classify objects too faint for visual classification with an accuracy level exceeding 90 percent. This accuracy level increases the number of classified objects in the final catalog threefold relative to the best results from digitized photographic sky surveys to date. Hence, learning algorithms played a powerful and enabling role and solved a difficult, scientifically significant problem, enabling the consistent, accurate classification and the ease of access and analysis of an otherwise unfathomable data set.
Full Text:


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Studies informal logic and language techniques as they relate to reasoning and argument. Provides practice in analyzing arguments and constructing sound arguments. Lecture 3 hours per week.
GENERAL COURSE PURPOSE
To introduce the student to the principles of informal logic. To develop skills which will enable the student to distinguish sound reasoning from unsound, and which will enable the student to construct a sound argument.
ENTRY LEVEL REQUIREMENTS
At the completion of this course, the student will be able to recognize unsound reasoning, and construct sound arguments. Specifically, the student will be able to:
B. Identify informal logical fallacies.
C. Understand the principles of argumentation.
D. Construct a simple, sound argument, avoiding fallacies and adequately supporting his conclusion.
Critical attention will be given to the following topics:
B. Conversational implication
C. Language of argument - terminology
D. Close analysis of arguments, sound and unsound
E. Fallacies of relevance and ambiguity
F. Kinds of disagreement
G. Analysis of specific kinds of arguments - legal, scientific, moral, philosophical, historical, etc.
H. Writing logically


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= 1005.7 J/kg*K (240.37 cal), then:
Δ T = q / m (Cp) = 4.47 cal/s / (1.18 Kg/m^3 ) (240.37 cal) = 4.47 cal / 283.64 = = 0.016 °C/s
If 0.016 °C is the ΔT caused by the thermal transfer by conduction-convection from the ground to the total mixture of air each second, then we must first warm up the soil and the oceans for the next reason:
The energy absorbed by dry air from incoming Solar radiation is 697.04 W/m^2 X 0.14 (absorptivity of dry air at T = 300.15 K, and P = 1 atm) = 18.7 W/m^2 = 4.47 |cal/s| / m^2.
Considering the same conditions but including water vapor (relative humidity of 50%), the temperature caused by the heat absorbed by water vapor and carbon dioxide, taken independently, is:
Heat absorbed by water vapor: 278 W = 278 J/s (absorptivity = 0.75)
Heat absorbed by carbon dioxide: 0.4 W = 0.4 J/s (absorptivity = 0.001 at its current partial pressure)
Change of temperature by the load of heat absorbed by water vapor:
ΔT = 278 J / 0.013 Kg (1864 J/Kg °C) = 11.5 °C
Change of temperature by the load of heat absorbed by carbon dioxide:
ΔT = 0.4 J / 0.00067 Kg (871 J/Kg °C) = 0.7 °C
Applying the algorithm to know the load of heat absorbed by CO2:
q Stored = m (Cp) (ΔT) / Δt
Mass of atmospheric CO2 = 0.00067 kg
Cp CO2 = 871 J/kg K
ΔT = 48 K (348.15 K - 300.15 K)
Δt = 60 s
q Stored = 0.00067 Kg (871 J/kg K) (48 K / 60 s) = 0.47 J/s
Δ T = q / m (Cp) = (0.47 J/s)/ |0.00067 kg (871 J/Kg*°C)| = 0.8 °C
Therefore, water vapor is the main driver of the warming effect of the atmosphere. On this case, water vapor absorbed the infrared radiation, emitted by the surface, 14 times more efficiently than CO2. (Martin Chaplin. 2009)
The following diagrams illustrate the mechanisms of heat transfer between the surface and the atmosphere in Earth, as well as how clouds and rain and hail are produced, and the effect of induced emission upon spontaneous emission.


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Oxfam emergency water programmes should select the most appropriate approaches to ensure access to and use of safe, sufficient water to affected communities for drinking, cooking and other uses.
- Provide hygiene promotion on the importance of the safe water chain – including collection, transport, storage, household water treatment, and use.
- Provide at least 15 litres per person per day (l/p/d) for the affected population, or provide clear justification where this is not possible/appropriate e.g. severe drought in arid lands.
- Chlorinate all sources of drinking water for camp or displaced populations, even if the turbidity is up to 50 NTU, to ensure a residual of 0.3–0.6mg/l is maintained. If turbidity is over 50 NTU then start treatment (Bulk Water Treatment).
- When calculating l/p/d, do not just divide the water production figures by the population but back the figures up with household water usage surveys.
- Oxfam staff should refer to Sphere for details of daily water requirements for different users.
- Distance from the water source is the biggest factor in determining household consumption; therefore, always ensure that water points are distributed as evenly as possible.
- Ensure affected communities have clean and sufficient vessels in which to collect water.
- When there is more than one water source (e.g. tubewell and tankered water), it should be clearly communicated to users which source is supposed to be for which purpose (e.g. tankered water for drinking and cooking and tubewell for other uses).


Kazakhstan establishes diplomatic relations with Trinidad and Tobago
Photo: Kazakhstan establishes diplomatic relations with Trinidad and Tobago / Kazakhstan
Astana, Kazakhstan, Jan.21
By Daniyar Mukhtarov - Trend:
Permanent Representative of Kazakhstan to the UN Kairat Abdrakhmanov and Permanent Representative of Trinidad and Tobago to the organization signed a joint communiqué on Jan.16, 2014 in New York on establishing diplomatic relations between the two countries, Kazakh Foreign Ministry said.
During the meeting there was exchange of views on the status and prospects of bilateral cooperation within the UN, according to Kazakh Foreign Ministry. Additionally, the similarity in the stages of development of the two countries was emphasized. The similarity is related to gaining independence, democratic development, participation in regional integration processes and tolerance of society.
The parties admitted the importance of expanding mutually beneficial contacts between the states, especially in the spheres of energy, trade, access to regional markets, tourism and education.
Interest was expressed in Kazakhstan's contribution to the development of the island state's cooperation with Central Asian countries, and the importance for Kazakhstan to export its goods and services to Latin American and Caspian Sea region was emphasized.
Kazakh Foreign Ministry said that the important issues of the UN agenda reflecting the interests of the two states were discussed. They include: the solution of problems of the countries which do not have access to sea, small island states, working out the goals of sustainable development, environmental protection and other issues.
Trinidad and Tobago is an island state located in the southern Caribbean Sea, with a population of over 1.3 million people. The country is a parliamentary republic, where the political system is based on the British model of parliamentary democracy. The main economic sectors are mining and processing of oil and natural gas. The country is the largest natural reservoir of asphalt in the world.
The country has been a member of the United Nations since September 18, 1962. The republic is also a member of the Organization of American States, the Caribbean Community, the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Latin American Economic System, which brings together 26 countries of South America and the Caribbean basin.
Translated by L.Z.
Edited by C.N.
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Zhongjun Fu
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To investigate the genetic mechanism of mercury accumulation in maize (Zea mays L.), a population of 194 recombinant inbred lines derived from an elite hybrid Yuyu 22, was used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for mercury accumulation at two locations. The results showed that the average Hg concentration in the different tissues of maize followed(More)
Arsenic (As) is a toxic heavy metal that can accumulate in crops and poses a threat to human health. The genetic mechanism of As accumulation is unclear. Herein, we used quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping to unravel the genetic basis of As accumulation in a maize recombinant inbred line population derived from the Chinese crossbred variety Yuyu22. The(More)
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Find the Letter Q: Five Little Ducks
Five little ducks went out to play, but when their mom called them with a "quack, quack, quack, quack," only four came back! Maybe your child can solve this duck mystery. But first, let's count the Q's in the nursery rhyme! This worksheet offers practice recognizing and naming capital and lowercase letters of the alphabet and exposes kids to nursery rhymes and poetry. Kids completing this worksheet also practice counting.


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Students in Ms. Kate's Visual Art class created a mural of Marin County, which they worked on over several weeks during the fall semester of the after-school program. Over 60 students from grades K-5 collaborated on the mural, which reflects their community, the environment around them, and the landscape and people they interact with daily.
The mural is on display in the school library shared by Bayside Elementary and Willow Creek Academy. What do you think about the mural? Please leave us a comment.
Student's also created sculptures using tree branches, recycled materials, and craft items. They were asked to create a place of safety or a "safe space." Many of the students built fences and tree houses to represent their space.


Essay on Periodic Trends
Submitted By Samrin-Quader
Words: 455
Pages: 2
1. A) Define atomic radius.
Ans: The atomic radius of an element is its mean or typical distance from its nucleus to the boundary of the surrounding cloud of electrons.
1. B) State and explain the trends in atomic radius for a period and a group.
Ans: The trend for atomic radius for a period, in this case period 2, the radius decreases, because the number of orbitals is steady, but the increasing number of protons pulling on the same number of increasing electrons makes a 'tighter' attraction.
The trend for atomic radius in a group, in this case group 1, is that the radius increases, as one step down the group adds a whole orbital.
2. A) Define density.
Ans: Density is the ratio between mass and volume.
2. B) Compare the trends in density for period 2 and period 3.
Ans: The trend in density for period 2 and period 3 is that the densities increase till group 3, drop at group 5, increases till group 7, and the densities decrease at group 8.
3. A) Define electronegativity and electron affinity.
Ans: Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract electrons in the formation of an ionic bond. Electron affinity is the amount of energy that is released when an electron is gained whether it is heat or light.
3. B) State the trends in electronegativity for periods and groups.
Ans: Electronegativity increases from left to right in a period, since the nuclear charge increases due to an increase in atomic number, except in noble gases, which are stable elements and have no need to attract other electrons.
3. C) Explain the trends in electron affinities for periods and groups.
Ans: Electron affinities increases for periods if you move left to right because the number of protons in the nucleus increases which causes a


Meaning of Ambivalent
By | January 15, 2021
Ambivalent is a concept associated with ambivalence (the particularity of what can be interpreted in contradictory ways with each other). For psychology, ambivalence is a state of mind in which opposite emotions coexist.
According to DigoPaul, the ambivalent exists from the notion of valence, which can be understood as interest or rejection towards a certain thing. What produces joy or pleasure has positive valence, while what generates sadness or pain has negative valence.
Ambivalence implies that feelings with positive valence and negative valence co-exist with respect to the same element. The typical example of ambivalence is love-hate: "I feel somewhat ambivalent about Maria: I am fascinated by her and I think I love her but, at the same time, I hate how she treats me when she is with her friends", "The situation generates a ambivalence, since it causes me satisfaction and, at the same time, it causes me pain ".
There are those who recognize different levels of ambivalence: it can be temporary or specific (when someone struggles between eating a bowl of noodles or maintaining a diet, for example), affective (the feelings found about a person) or intellectual (who pronounces simultaneously favor of a proposition and its opposite).
A behavior ambivalent may be linked to a mental disorder such as schizophrenia, the psychosis or obsessive neurosis, but is also associated with certain states accepted as normal, as is the case of jealousy.
In some contexts, a person is considered to be ambivalent when communicating through ambiguous signals, which hinders the social bond: "I do not understand Ariel: on the one hand he tells me that he misses me and on the other he does not call me in a week. He's an ambivalent boy. "
Ambivalent-ambivalent insecure attachment
The relationship that children establish with their parents or those closest adult referents are of vital importance for the development of their affective universe.
If this relationship is based on secure attachment, where the child feels contained and understood, it is likely that in the future he will develop enviable emotional stability; if instead the relationship is one of insecure attachment, the child will feel completely adrift and in the future it will be extremely difficult for him to establish a coherent life line, because of that frustrated relationship.
Insecure attachment occurs when the responses parents present to their children's physical or emotional needs have a certain ambivalence or contradiction; that is, sometimes they respond positively, others negatively, and sometimes they do not respond directly. This creates a great deal of confusion for the child because she does not know when and how her parents will respond to her needs.
The consequence of all this is a deep feeling of abandonment and loneliness, which in turn places him powerless in front of his own existence, losing control; All this leads to great anxiety and manifests itself in strong self-distrust.
These children grow up with a feeling of never being good enough for others to love them and are always aware of the affective signs of their environment; In addition, this experience causes them low self-esteem, which makes them place themselves many steps below their environment.
The first difficulties of this disorder appear when the child enters an environment outside the family, generally the school. In this environment, children manifest clear cognitive and emotional problems; In this last aspect, they will feel the constant need to receive approval for everything they do, they will show possessive attitudes, jealousy and rivalry.
The clearest way to define the fundamental characteristic of this type of attachment is as an intense anxiety to feel loved and the feeling, at the same time, of not being loved that leads them to develop a disturbing concern about the attention or interest they present. the others in front of his person or acts.


What Are You Expected To Do As A Law Intern?
As a law student, you will be expected to do your internship at some point during the course of your study. While you may have some preconceived notions about what it means to intern at a law firm and the tasks you will be undertaking, you won't know for sure until you finally begin your internship. Basically, an internship at a law firm is designed to give law students valuable insight into the professional lives of attorneys and judges. If you're lucky enough to land an internship at a law firm that pays its interns an allowance, good for you! Although, keep in mind that that may not always be the case. That aside, let's take a look at some of the basic responsibilities you can be expected to shoulder as an intern.
1. Observe and learn
The objective of an internship is to better understand what being a lawyer involves, and the best way to do that is to be around… well, lawyers! Observe the partners and associates in your place of internship and take note of these things:
 - How do they manage their time?
 - How do they structure their daily and weekly schedules?
 - How do they manage clients? Is there a protocol to follow when liaising with clients?
 - How do they decide whether to represent a client or otherwise?
 - What are the processes involved in managing a case and who do they liaise with apart from their clients?
 - What is involved in the research process for a case and which resources are used?
 - Where do you get those resources?
 - What is the payment structure and how is it collected?
These are just some of the questions to which you need to get answers during your internship period. Find out all you can about the above and more – garnering as much information and knowledge as you can during your internship will stand you in good stead when you finally graduate and become a full-fledged lawyer. There's only so much you can learn at law school – real world experience is a big part of the rest of your educational journey.
2. Do research
Research plays a huge role when it comes to case preparations and the extent of research required per case often means that lawyers spend long working hours on it each day. This is where you can volunteer and contribute as an intern. Among the tasks you will be carrying out as part of the research process include reviewing precedents and past legislation, fact-checking, drafting memos, writing legislation and updating team members on current events. Subsequently, the research that you've done needs to be compiled and presented to your superiors in an organised and coherent manner, so be sure to find out their preferences and requirements. If you're asked to relay your findings to them in writing, take it as an opportunity to sharpen your legal writing skills. In doing so, you could show initiative by adding value to your research – include your own comments or views to the content. This displays good analytical, critical-thinking and problem-solving skills, which are highly valued in a lawyer. Plus, it will definitely make your superiors sit up and notice, which may pave the way for a job offer upon graduation!
3. Organise and prioritise
If there's one thing that's synonymous with law firms, it's the massive amount of legal paperwork! Research papers, legal documents, client intake forms, billing invoices, time tracking forms, case files, evidence records, the list just goes on and on! With such a large amount of paperwork involved, your superior will be glad to have a helping hand in the form of an intern. Take advantage of this opportunity to make yourself useful and highlight your organisation and prioritisation skills! Arrange case files in a way that makes them easy to find (think colour-coded files in alphabetical order); organise research papers and legal documents in a systematic manner, and help put your superior's court documents in order so that referencing is made easy. Organising is no mean feat, but your internship period is a good time to get started. After all, it's a skill that will come in really handy in the future. Also, be prepared to handle some administrative work in the process – it's common for interns to do traditional clerical work such as taking calls and messages, drafting emails and memos, preparing meeting minutes, transcribing, and scanning and photocopying documents.
4. Acting as courtroom assistant
This role will definitely be one of the highlights of your internship. Debates in moot courts at college couldn't hold a candle to being in the thick of things in a real courtroom, and it definitely beats organising files and taking phone calls! As an intern, it's good to get some exposure to courtroom proceedings and the best way to do so is to function as a courtroom assistant. By assisting in courtroom proceedings, you will gain an in-depth understanding of court processes and protocols. You could also be tasked with preparing documents and files for mediation, which gives you a chance to put what you learnt at college to good use. And if you're lucky, you'll get to witness trial proceedings by being seated beside an attorney. If you intern for a judge, you may even get the chance to listen in when he calls both attorneys to approach the bench!


how to explain to my son about my OA
only49 Member Posts: 1,207
hi has anyone got any ideas how i could go about broach the subject about my OA to my son.
he has special needs ie, he autistic but he is aware sort of that mum sometimes has painful knees and finds it difficult to do some things but i feel it would not be fair as his mum if i did not talk to him about it,
how could i do this? i know they use social stories and pictures to help them understand.
any advice would help.
sylvia :)stern02.gif
 - helpline_team
 helpline_team Posts: 2,254
 edited 30. Nov -1, 00:00
 Hi Sylvia
 I don't know how old your son is but I can only imagine how difficult it is to communicate the pain of your arthritis to him if he is on the autistic scale. As I'm sure you already know it can be difficult if not impossible for people with autism to show or feel empathy. I expect this is very difficult when you need him to understand what is going on for you.
 You say that you "know they use social stories and pictures to help them understand" who are "they" and can they help in this case?
 Here is a link to a website to help communicate with people with autism: It may help to highlight things to remember when you are trying to communicate with him about your arthritis. On the whole it is best to stick to facts in short sentences rather than focusing on feelings. For example when you are in pain and need some space you could give him a direct instruction to go do something rather than explaining what is going on with you and why you need him to do whatever.
 For further help on communication you may like to contact the National Autistic Society: Helpline number: 0845 _PHONE_.
 I hope this is a helpful start, however, if you would like to talk things through please give us a call.
 Best Wishes


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Foods, Nutrients and Calories
WINTER BLEND, UPC: 046567005294 weigh(s) 95 grams per metric cup or 3.2 ounces per US cup, and contain(s) 28 calories per 100 grams (≈3.53 ounces) [ weight to volume | volume to weight | price | density ]
28 foods that contain Cysteine. List of these foods starting with the highest contents of Cysteine and the lowest contents of Cysteine
Gravels, Substances and Oils
CaribSea, Freshwater, Eco-Complete Planted, Black weighs 865 kg/m³ (54.00019 lb/ft³) with specific gravity of 0.865 relative to pure water. Calculate how much of this gravel is required to attain a specific depth in a cylindrical, quarter cylindrical or in a rectangular shaped aquarium or pond [ weight to volume | volume to weight | price ]
Sulfurous oxide [SO2 or O2S] weighs 2.927 kg/m³ (0.00169191 oz/in³) [ weight to volume | volume to weight | price | mole to volume and weight | mass and molar concentration | density ]
Volume to weight, weight to volume and cost conversions for Refrigerant R-508B, liquid (R508B) with temperature in the range of -106.67°C (-160.006°F) to -6.65°C (20.03°F)
Weights and Measurements
The stone per US quart density measurement unit is used to measure volume in US quarts in order to estimate weight or mass in stones
The electric potential φ(A) of a point A (in the electric field) specifies the work to be done by the force F = −Q × E in order to move the charge Q from a fixed reference point P to the point A.
long tn/m³ to t/cm³ conversion table, long tn/m³ to t/cm³ unit converter or convert between all units of density measurement.


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shower.
- When exposure to eyes occurs, flush eyes with copious amounts of water or eye wash solution for at least 15 minutes.
- Follow standard facility policy regarding workplace exposure.
- Environmental surfaces or equipment, such as in a transport vehicle (e.g., ambulance) can be cleaned with soap and water, then disinfected in a 0.1% sodium hypochlorite solution or cleaned and disinfected with an EPA-registered hospital disinfectant following conventional protocols.
- In the healthcare facility, disinfect environmental surfaces with EPA-registered hospital disinfectant following conventional healthcare facility policies and procedures.
- In case of a spill of materials potentially contaminated with ricin, immediately cover spill with absorbent materials, then disinfect the area with an EPA-registered hospital disinfectant or EPA-registered chlorine bleach solution following healthcare/laboratory facility policies and procedures.
Infection Control Professionals should:
- Maintain heightened awareness for evidence of ricin-exposed patients and collaborate with clinicians and laboratory to ensure immediate notification of local and state public health department officials when nerve agent poisoning is suspected
- Ensure that telephone numbers for notification of appropriate healthcare facility and public health agencies are current and distributed to the appropriate healthcare facility departments and personnel
- Communicate with the laboratories that receive specimens for testing.
- Page last reviewed February 29, 2008
- Page last updated April 17, 2006
Get email updates
To receive email updates about this page, enter your email address:
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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- Contact CDC-INFO


text:
Controversial issues: guidance for schools
7. The importance of citizenship education
A consideration of the issues surrounding the teaching of controversial issues serves only to underline the importance of good citizenship education from an early age.
If children become accustomed to discussing their differences in a rational way in the primary years, they are more likely to accept it as normal in their adolescence.
Citizenship education helps to equip young people to deal with situations of conflict and controversy knowledgeably and tolerantly. It helps to equip them to understand the consequences of their actions, and those of the adults around them.
Pupils learn how to recognize bias, evaluate argument, weigh evidence, look for alternative interpretations, viewpoints and sources of evidence; above all to give good reasons for the things they say and do, and to expect good reasons to be given by others.


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This paper examines the severity of livestock depredation by coyotes (Canis latrans), reviews evidence implicating breeding (or "alpha") coyotes in the majority of incidents, evaluates currently used depredation control techniques, and suggests directions for future research. Nonlethal control ranges from varied animal husbandry practices to coyote behavioral modification or sterilization. These methods show significant promise but have not been proven effective in controlled experiments. Therefore, many livestock producers rely on lethal control, and most employ nonselective strategies aimed at local population reduction. Sometimes this approach is effective; other times it is not. This strategy can fail because the alpha coyotes, most likely to kill livestock, are the most resistant to nonselective removal techniques. An alternative is selective lethal control. Livestock Protection Collars (LPCs) and coyote calling are the primary selective lethal approaches. However, LPCs do not have support from the general public due to the toxicant used, and the factors affecting the selectivity of coyote calling have not been studied. The greatest impediments to effective coyote depredation management currently are a scarcity of selective control methods, our lack of understanding of the details of coyote behavioral ecology relative to livestock depredation and wild prey abundance, the absence of solid research examining the effectiveness of different control techniques in a variety of habitats and at multiple predation intensities, and the dearth of rigorous controlled experiments analyzing the operational efficacy of selective removal versus population reduction.
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What is the rule on using articles in front of "word"? For example:
Please remove the word "judge" from your vocabulary.
share|improve this question
Could you elaborate a little more? Generally you would treat 'word' like any other noun. – user3444 Jan 26 '11 at 16:13
1 Answer 1
up vote 4 down vote accepted
In your example you refer to a specific word, so using a definite article is grammatically correct. It's the same as saying "remove the nail from the board." To exclude the article you would have to change the sentence to be more general, such as "remove judgmental words."
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Your Answer


I am slightly confused bu the notion of upward-monotonicity and downward-monotonicity.
I cannot understand what exactly can be defined as upward-monoty and down-ward-monotony, is this definition of relation between two phrases, or definition of some keywords that change monotonicity.
For example, "I eat banana"->"I eat fruit" this is example of upward-monotonicity (more specific phrase entail more common phrase), so the whole sentence is called upward-monotony?
Then apply negation, "I don't eat banana"<-"I don't eat fruit"
What happens, can I call this relation downward-monotony, or applying negation is downward-monotonicity? or "don't" itself is downward-monotony.
Negation is known for it's property to reverse the monotonicity.
"Driving is dangerous" -> "Fast driving is dangerous". Here, no negation, and still is downward-monotonicity.
Apply negation,
"Driving is not dangerous" -> "Fast driving is not dangeroius".
So here, negation didn't reverse the monotonicity, so not always negation reverse monotonicity, maybe negation can only change from upward to downward, here what can be called downward-monotonicity, it looks the relation itself is whether [downward-monoty|upward-monotony|no monotony], and some "keyword" could change monotonicity only in one direction.
Please, help me to understand the notion of monotonicity.
Addendum: I am competely confused, I found the following examples in Monotonicity. page 7.
It's dangerous to drive in Rome ➝ It's dangerous to drive fast in Rome.
According to inference relation, reading the first part must imply the truth of the second part. If my understanding is wrong, please write a correct definition.
Let's check the following example.
It's safe to drive fast in Des Moines ➝ It's safe to drive in Des Moines.
I am not sure that it's a correct instance of inference relation, however it's in the manual, as a counterexample I might assume highway in Des Moines, where driving slow is not safe.
Where my understanding is wrong or example is not successful.
You are addressing two problems:
 - why is there, apparently, a monotonicity reversal when negating your first example ("banana"), but not the second ("driving")?
 - why is your first example upward-monotonic, while the second is downward monotonic?
The problem has to do with understanding that general terms like "fruit" or "driving" may refer to elements of sets that are quantified existentially or universally, while specific elements, like "banana" or "fast driving" refer to themselves.
I do not address the examples in your addendum. This answer should tell you how to deal with them
What is quantification?
Please skip this part if you already know
This is only a sketch. You may find more details on the web or in textbook. Note that the wikipedia article states that:
This is part of the problem you encounter.
Many natural language statements are actually predicate over some entities that may be element of sets.
For example you may use the predicate Eat which takes two arguments, the subject who eats and the object that is eaten.
Then the sentence "I eat banana" can be interpreted semantically as Eat (I,banana), which establishes a relation between I and banana.
But when you say "I eat fruit", "fruit" stand for Fruit which is the set of all fruits, that include banana and many others. But, how do you interpret this sentence: does it mean that you eat all fruits or that you eat some fruits. This is not obvious though it seems that most people interpret that as meaning that you eat some fruits? Furthermore this has to be your interpretation since you deduce it from the fact that you are eating banana, which cannot imply that you eat any other fruit. All you know is that you eat one fruit: banana. So for you, "I eat fruit" must mean that there is a fruit that you eat, which can be formally written as
∃ f ∈Fruit, Eat (I,f)
or less formally
There is a Fruit f such that Eat (I,f)
In this interpretation, the predicate Eat is exitentially quantified on its second variable. This mean that we state the existence of at least one fruit such that the predicate holds.
The predicate could also be universally quantified on its second variable which one writes logically as
∀ f ∈Fruit, Eat (I,f)
or less formally
For any f that is Fruit, Eat (I,f)
This would probably be stated in English as "I eat all fruits" or "I eat any fruit".
Now, when you state "I don't eat fruit", it does not mean that ther is a fruit you do not eat, but rather that you do not eat any fruit, which one can write formally as:
∀ f ∈Fruit, ¬ Eat (I,f)
or less formally
For any f that is Fruit, not Eat (I,f)
You see that this is a universally quantified statement, using the negation of the previous predicate.
This is a general rule: if you want to negate a quantified statement, you change the quantification (from universal to existential, or the converse) and you use the negation of the predicate.
The rule is simple to use in logic. It is a bit more complex in natural language in general, and English in particular. What may seem to be a negation in English is not necessarily a negation of the logical semantics of the sentence. This can be illustrated by your second example analyzed in the next section.
Things can be even more complex when there is multiple quantification.
About non-reversal of monotonicity in the second example
Your inference "Driving is dangerous" -> "Fast driving is dangerous" shows that you understand "Driving is dangerous" as "All driving is dangerous". Here, "Driving" stands for the set of all forms of driving.
Then, logically, the negation of "Driving is dangerous" is not "Driving is not dangerous" but "Some driving is not dangerous".
Then this would not imply that "Fast driving is not dangerous".
But if it were true that "Fast driving is not dangerous", that would imply that "some driving is not dangerous¨.
i.e. you have the same reversal of monotonicity:
"Some driving is not dangerous" <- "Fast driving is not dangerous".
Your problem is with incorrect negation of quantifiers, not with monotonicity.
"Driving is dangerous" means "all forme of driving are dangerous", which is a universally quantified assertion. When you negate universal quantification, you have to use existential quantification on the negation of the predicate.
The negation of "for any x, P(x)" is "there is x, not P(x)".
About the fact that the two examples have opposite monotonicity
The second issue still has two do with quantification, and the respective properties of existential and universal quantification.
To make it more visible I will use two other examples, where I make quantification explicit. Your examples are harder because they both have implicit quantification (which I already explicited above for the "driving"example).
The two examples are chosen to be very similar.
"A banana is good" -> "There is a good fruit"
"All fruits are good¨ -> "A banana is good"
You see that you have upward monotony in the first case because the more general phrase is existentially quantified.
You have downward monotony in the second case because the more general phrase is universally quantified.
Your first example is upward monotonic for that reason. If you expland the semantics of "I eat fruit", it is really "There is a fruit I eat". And we have seen your second example is universally quantified, hence downward monotonic.
Negation does reverse the monotonicity, as it exchanges universal and existential quantification.
But I do not think negation has itself an intrinsic role, at least in your examples:
"Driving is not dangerous" is negative, but has exactly the same meanind as "Driving is safe" which is not negative. Recall that the general/specific opposition here is on "driving".
 - Thank you very much for your answer, could you please take a look at addendum, it looks like I have a problem with the concept itself. Thank you. – user16168 Jun 18 '14 at 17:23
 - _USER_ Can you apply my answer to the analysis of the examples in your addendum. The "Des Moines" example is of course wrong... it could be unsafe to drive slowly (but I never went there:). – babou Jun 18 '14 at 18:03
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Mar. 25, 2012 The widely used diabetes medicine metformin can have protective effects on the heart, reveals a new study conducted at the Sahlgrenska Academy, at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
Researchers at the University of Gothenburg's Sahlgrenska Academy have shown in a preliminary study in rats that one of the most common diabetes drugs, metformin, also has a protective effect on the heart.
The study, carried out in collaboration with a research group from Naples and published in the journal Diabetes, reveals that metformin helps increase pumping capacity, improve energy balance, reduce the accumulation of fat, and limit the loss of heart cells through programmed cell death.
Long term effect
The results were compared with animals treated with another diabetes drug, which proved to have no positive effects on the heart.
"The animals in our study were treated with metformin for a whole year, so the effect seems to persist," says Jörgen Isgaard, the researcher at the Sahlgrenska Academy who led the Swedish research group involved in the study.
New study on patients
Diabetes drugs have proved to have a number of serious side-effects for people with heart disease. Rosiglitazone, for example, was recently withdrawn due to its cardiac side-effects. Metformin too can occasionally have side-effects, primarily in patients with kidney failure.
"Our results nevertheless strengthen the indication for metformin as a diabetes medicine, and we hope that they are now followed up with studies on actual patients," says Isgaard.
The article Metformin Prevents the Development of Chronic Heart Failure in the SHHF Rat Model was published in Diabetes on 22 February.
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- A. Cittadini, R. Napoli, M. G. Monti, D. Rea, S. Longobardi, P. A. Netti, M. Walser, M. Sama, G. Aimaretti, J. Isgaard, L. Sacca. Metformin Prevents the Development of Chronic Heart Failure in the SHHF Rat Model. Diabetes, 2012; 61 (4): 944 DOI: 10.2337/db11-1132
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.


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The Reckoning of Time
The Reckoning of Time (Latin: De temporum ratione) is an Anglo-Saxon era treatise written in Latin by the Northumbrian monk Bede in 725. The treatise includes an introduction to the traditional ancient and medieval view of the cosmos, including an explanation of how the spherical earth influenced the changing length of daylight, of how the seasonal motion of the Sun and Moon influenced the changing appearance of the New moon at evening twilight, and a quantitative relation between the changes of the tides at a given place and the daily motion of the moon.
The Reckoning of Time describes a variety of ancient calendars, including the Anglo-Saxon calendar. The focus of De temporum ratione was calculation of the date of Easter, for which Bede described the method developed by Dionysius Exiguus. De temporum ratione also gave instructions for calculating the date of the Easter full moon, for calculating the motion of the Sun and Moon through the zodiac, and for many other calculations related to the calendar.
See also
- Wallis (2004:82-85;307-312).
- Chapter XV, De mensibus Anglorum.
- Jones, Charles W., ed. De temporum ratione, in Bedae opera didascalia 2, Corpus Christianorum Series Latina, 123B, Turnhout: Brepols, 1997. ISBN 978-2-503-01235-3
- Jones, Charles W., ed. De temporum ratione, in Bedae opera de temporibus, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Mediaeval Academy of America, 1943.
- Wallis, Faith, trans. Bede: The Reckoning of Time, Liverpool: Liverpool Univ. Pr., 1999/2004. ISBN 0-85323-693-3.
|This history of science article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


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McKnight, Anthony; Hoban, Garry; and Nielsen, Wendy, 2010, Animated storytelling about "my special place" to represent non-Aboriginal preservice teachers' awareness of "relatedness to country", ASCILITE 2010 Conference Proceedings, Sydney, 609-619.
In this study, a group (N=15) of final year non-Aboriginal preservice teachers participated in an elective subject that aimed to raise their awareness about Aboriginal ways of knowing. A vital aspect ofthe course was developing the preservice teachers' awareness of "relatedness to country" which is a key belief for Aboriginal people. The non-Aboriginal preservice teachers selected their own special place and then experienced Aboriginal ways of knowing throughout the course and visited local Aboriginal sites to hear and listen to stories shared by an Aboriginal Elder. At the end ofthe subject, the preservice teachers created their own animated story about their special place. The animation approach used is called "Slowmation" (abbreviated from "Slow Animation") which is a narrated stop-motion animation that is played slowly, at 2 photos/second, to tell a story. It is a simplified way for preservice teachers to make animations that integrates aspects of c1aymation, digital storytelling and object animation. To research this approach the preservice teachers were interviewed at the beginning and end of the course as well as submitting their animation for assessment. Data collected revealed that all the preservice teachers were able to make an animated story explaining their relationship to their "special place' and most developed a deeper understanding of what a relational approach to country means. Getting the preservice teachers to make animated stories helped them to reflect upon their special place and was a creative way to develop their awareness of cultural diversity especially about Aboriginal ways of knowing.


Welcome to the world of digital fundraising. Will this mean the end to sausage sizzles or asking for donations to go into the bucket? Nobody can deny that times are changing. We spend a lot of time online working, socialising and entertaining ourselves. Isn't it time we started to fundraise online too?
In this article, we explain what digital fundraising is, the benefits it offers and discuss how to identify if it is the right move for your organisation.
What is Digital Fundraising?
Digital fundraising is about using the internet's many digital channels to reach your target audience. This generally means using different social media platforms, a website and emails to ask for donations to encourage people to support your cause. Just like other fundraising methods, you also need to have a strategy in place for digital marketing. This will ensure that you reach your target audience, know who is doing what and when, as well as being able to assess how successful your efforts are.
While not a major fundraising strategy in New Zealand yet, there have been many widely known examples from overseas we have seen here:
 - Amazon Smile – choosing an organisation to support when you make a purchase from Amazon, who donate a percentage of your purchase price.
 - World Wildlife Fund – the _TAG_ Selfie hashtag was used to gain traction to promote awareness of the danger of extinction.
 - _TAG_ – the sexual assault and harassment awareness movement was very well received and shared via social media around the world.
How Does Digital Fundraising Work?
The aim with all fundraising and digital is no exception, is to reach your target audience and entice them to support your cause. The unique presentation of doing so online throws both challenges and highly effective methods to do so.
For example, Jane's school is selling reusable lunch packaging as a fundraising activity to both the school and the wider community. Traditionally this would have occurred with children taking home a printed form to collect orders, door knocking and having 'sign up' tables at galas or other events. Going digital though, allows Jane's fundraising team to reach out to a wider audience with less effort, relying less upon the individual children to spread the message. Jane posts about the fundraiser on her school's Facebook page, asking people to share it with their friends. She sends out a newsletter to parents with a link to their school website. On the website, there is a form through which people can place an order for the lunch packaging. It is this link that parents can send their work colleagues, friends and family members so they can order too. Going digital has allowed Jane the opportunity to reach a far wider area with less time needed to be spent by her school community's actions.
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Zhenxian Liu
Research Scientist
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Zhenxian Liu is a lead beamline scientist for the Frontier Synchrotron Infrared Spectroscopy Beamline under Extreme Conditions (FIS), currently under construction at National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory. FIS is the successor of U2A beamline, a dedicated high-pressure infrared diamond anvil cell facility at NSLS, which has been managed by Geophysical Laboratory since 1999. He develops novel experimental techniques (e.g., vacuum far-IR spectroscopy down to 30 cm-1 at high pressure) and assists users in carrying out research projects in geoscience, planetary science, materials science, condensed matter physics, chemistry, and biology. He also uses synchrotron infrared spectroscopy, Raman scattering, photoluminescence as well as synchrotron x-ray diffraction techniques to explore physical and chemical properties and phase transitions of hydrous minerals, simple molecular systems, and nanoscale materials at high pressures and variable temperatures.


Below are examples of how clients have used ETO Connect:
Intake Forms
 - Create a TouchPoint that includes eligibility criteria. Pull eligibility questions into the Intake Form. Program staff can review responses in ETO and determine which participants are eligible for services.
 - Create a TouchPoint that functions as a consent form. Pull into the Intake Form. Electronic signature elements can be included in the TouchPoint if necessary.
 - Create a TouchPoint that includes a question like "What are your service needs?" and provide a list of non-exclusive choices. Program staff can review responses in ETO and use Referral Forms to direct the participant to programs (and/or Entities) that match their needs.
 - Scheduling/availability
 - Preparation for an upcoming service. Example question: "What do you want to discuss in our meeting?" This would start a TouchPoint response the program staff would complete during or after the service.
 - Pre and Post Assessments
 - Alumni tracking to gather data for long term outcomes. Examples: job retention, graduation, stable housing, sobriety, financial goals
 - Student assignments
Visit the main article with links to all our other ETO Connect Content
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followed by one or more tags. All we need to do to assure the constrain is obeyed in the instances is declare the chapter class in this straightforward manner. No methods are programmed by the library user, and there is no imperative flow within the classes.
The main "trick" involved in programming parent classes like gnosis.xml.validity.Seq is to look at the.__class__ attribute of an instance during initialization. The class chapter does not have its own initialization, so its parent's __init__() method is called, but the self passed to the parent __init__() is an instance of chapter, and it knows it. To illustrate, this is part of the implementation of gnosis.xml.validity.Seq:
Example 6. Class gnosis.xml.validity.Seq
class Seq(tuple):
 def __init__(self, inittup):
 if not hasattr(self.__class__, '_order'):
 raise NotImplementedError, \
 "Child of Abstract Class Seq must specify order"
 if not isinstance(self._order, tuple):
 raise ValidityError, "Seq must have tuple as order"
 self._tag = self.__class__.__name__
Once an application programmer tries to create a chapter instance, the instantiation code checks that chapter was declared with the required _order class attribute, and that this attribute is the needed tuple object. The method validate() performs some further checks to make sure that the objects the instance was initialized with belong to the corresponding classes specified in _order.
When to Declare
A declarative programming style is almost always a more direct way of stating constraints than is an imperative or procedural one. Of course, not all programming problems are about constraints; or at least, that is not always a natural formulation. Problems of rule-based systems, though, such as grammars and inference systems, are much easier to manage if they can be described declaratively. Imperative verification of grammaticality quickly turns into spaghetti code and is difficult to debug. Statements of patterns and rules can remain much simpler.
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A bank has the following transaction with a AA-rated corporation
(a) A two-year interest rate swap with a principal of $100 million that is worth $3 million
(b) A nine-month foreign exchange forward contract with a principal of $150 million that is worth –$5 million
(c) An long position in a six-month option on gold with a principal of $50 million that is worth $7 million
What is the capital requirement under Basel I if there is no netting? What difference does it make if the netting amendment applies? What is the capital required under Basel II when the standardized approach is used?
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28 JunMobility and Movement
Retaining mobility moving into older age is fundamental to active aging and it is closely linked to health status and quality of life. While it is widely accepted how important mobility is in older adults, it is often poorly understood. Mobility can be defined as "the ability for a joint to actively move through a range of motion", as compared to flexibility which can be defined as "the ability of a muscle to lengthen passively through a range of motion." So in effect, mobility takes into account multiple structures such as joints, joint capsule, muscles and the motor control from the nervous system needed to handle movement. Therefore, when we are training for mobility we must take into account all of these different structures.
When it comes to mobility, research has shown that age-related loss of mobility is rather joint-specific with the shoulders and trunk being the two that experienced the greatest decline of mobility. This is compared to elbow and knee mobility which was better preserved throughout aging. The importance of maintaining mobility through these joints is essential, as the decline of walking speed with age can lead to a decreased ability to negotiate stairs and decreased lower limb strength. All of which are associated with an increased risk of falls, ongoing disability and admission into residential aged care. So how can you decrease the risks associated with declining mobility? Exercise.
A study found that as little as an hour a week of specific mobility and balance training alongside a home based exercise program saw improvements in mobility, functional and static balance. This was further supported by another study which found exercise programs significantly improve mobility and balance in those with balance problems while also improving confidence and quality of life. To ensure that you receive the best care and exercise to help improve your mobility, contact your local Exercise Physiologist to learn how they can help you.
Matthew Byrne – Exercise Physiologist