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text:
A Mannerist Silver-gilt Ewer and Basin
Until the nineteenth century, when water began to be widely available from taps, sets comprising a matching jug (ewer) and basin in which to wash your hands or face were familiar objects in households throughout Europe. This magnificent set of ewer and basin, made from gilded silver, could in theory be put to practical use but, in reality, it is highly unlikely that they would ever have served any purpose other than display, for example on a buffet in a ceremonial space.
It is difficult at first to take in all the extraordinary embossed decoration which covers virtually every part of the surfaces of both ewer and basin. This over-abundant decoration is typical of the style known as Mannerism, popular throughout Western Europe during the period c. _PHONE_. Forming a bridge between early Renaissance art and the 17th-century Baroque period, Mannerism saw artists moving away from the serene balance and order of the earlier Renaissance, instead placing greater value on movement, as well as the virtuosity of the artist. Certainly the goldsmith who made this pair of objects was making a strong claim for his virtuosity.
The ewer is quite conventional in its decoration, with strapwork, vegetable motifs and little cartouches depicting sea monsters, referring to the association of ewers with water. The handle in the form of a dragon's body is especially exciting and inventive. The basin's decoration on the other hand forms a more coherent programme, in fact an allegorical presentation of the cosmos. In the outer field are figures in chariots representing the then known planets, interspersed with Biblical and Classical heroes and heroines. In the well are four large cartouches with allegorical representations of the four Elements (water, earth, air and fire) together with figures denoting branches of learning; finally, around the boss are the four Seasons. The planet gods are based on engravings made in 1563 by the German artist Nicolaus Wilborn, but this does not necessarily mean that the ewer and basin are German. In fact, around 1570 Mannerist style was so international that it is very difficult to attribute pieces to a particular school. It has sometimes been thought that the ewer and basin, which are accompanied by a group of smaller silver pieces, are most likely to have been made in Portugal around 1560-70. When they were lent to an exhibition by Sir Richard Wallace in 1881, they were said to have come from the collection of the counts of Anadia in Lisbon, but this may have been a dealer's invention. Further evidence that some 19th-century dealer wanted to bump up the value of the set, perhaps before selling it to Sir Richard, comes in the clearly modern coat of arms of Pope Pius IV (reigned _PHONE_) in the centre of the dish. artly because of this, the ewer and basin have in the past been condemned as forgeries. Recent examination suggests however that they are likely to be largely original and, as such, with their wonderful workmanship and layers of hidden meaning, are spectacular examples of the Renaissance goldsmith's art.
© Trustees of the Wallace Collection 2011. Text by Jeremy Warren.
Tuesday 6 and Tuesday 27 September at 1pm with Jeremy Warren.
- John Hayward, Virtuoso Goldsmiths and the Triumph of Mannerism, _PHONE_, London 1976.
- Timothy Schroder, Renaissance Silver from the Schroder Collection, London 2007.*
*Available in the Wallace Collection Shop

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
"How to Identify Prehistoric Projectile Points"
From site: News & Events
Date: Monday, January 14th, 2013
Time: 7:00 pm
Duration: 2 hours
Location: Basement Laboratory, Logan Museum of Anthropology
Sponsored by: Three Rivers Archaeological Society and Logan Museum of Anthropology
Contact:, Contact: Bill Green _PHONE_
Please join the Three Rivers Archaeology Society and the Logan Museum of Art for a hands-on workshop on projectile point identification using the Logan Museum of Anthropology's education collection. Professional archaeologists will help with identifications and show you how to identify prehistoric points and other stone tools. We will sort and identify the approximately 200 artifacts using guidebooks, comparative material, and local experts. No prior experience is necessary.
This exercise will help you become familiar with projectile point guidebooks and other resources you can use on your own. We will work in the Logan Museum's basement laboratory, so plan on getting to the meeting by 7:00 p.m.
This event is free and open to the campus and community.


text:
It's National Sleep Awareness Week, and Children's Hospital Colorado is hosting a virtual talk on World Sleep Day (this Friday, 3/19) for parents addressing why kids are probably not getting enough sleep – and how to fix that.
COVID-19 dramatically changed many daily routines, and bedtime was most likely one of them. Altered school and work schedules can easily throw off the consistent sleep schedule that kids need. Pediatric sleep providers at Children's Hospital Colorado want to take some time to answer parents' top questions on sleep for their kids across all ages, leading up to World Sleep Day, World Sleep Society's recognition of the impact sleep has on quality of life and global health.
Sleep problems can occur at any age, but when they occur in toddlers, children or young adults, they can have a big impact on the entire family's health. 20% of all children suffer from some type of sleeping problem, and the causes range from poor sleep habits and behavioral problems to underlying medical conditions. Our doctor can share more info on the Children's Colorado Sleep Center and when parents should consider scheduling a sleep evaluation.
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Imagine that you have worked to increase the effectiveness of your organization through the company's use of individuals and teams, and now you and your colleagues have the opportunity to present your best practices and lessons learned at a national business leader's conference.
Create an 8- to 12-slide Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation with detailed speaker notes in which you:
 - Explain the difference between individuals and teams as they are used in an organization.
 - Explain how individuals and teams can be used effectively in an organization.
 - Describe the 5 phases of group development.
 - List strategies and practices a company could implement to build and maintain individual and team performance.
 - Explain how the strategies and practices you identified help engage employees through the phases of group development.
Note: As an alternative to a slide presentation with speaker notes, you may create a voice-over presentation using Microsoft® PowerPoint® or another program.
Cite 2 reputable references to support your presentation (e.g., trade or industry publications; government or agency websites; scholarly works; your textbook, Organizational Behavior in Health Care (4th ed.); or other sources of similar quality).
Format your citations according to APA guidelines. Include a title slide, detailed speaker notes, and a reference slide.


text:
Existence of Positive Solutions for Multipoint Boundary Value Problem on the Half-Line with Impulses
© J. Li and J.J. Nieto 2009
Received: 7 March 2009
Accepted: 25 April 2009
Published: 4 June 2009
We consider a multi-point boundary value problem on the half-line with impulses. By using a fixed-point theorem due to Avery and Peterson, the existence of at least three positive solutions is obtained.
Impulsive differential equations are a basic tool to study evolution processes that are subjected to abrupt changes in their state. For instance, many biological, physical, and engineering applications exhibit impulsive effects (see [1–3]). It should be noted that recent progress in the development of the qualitative theory of impulsive differential equations has been stimulated primarily by a number of interesting applied problems [4–24].
where,,,, and, and satisfy
(),, and when is bounded, and are bounded on ;
Boundary value problems on the half-line arise quite naturally in the study of radially symmetric solutions of nonlinear elliptic equations and there are many results in this area, see [8, 13, 14, 20, 25–27], for example.
They showed the existence at least three positive solutions for (1.4) by using a fixed point theorem in a cone due to Avery-Peterson.
Yan, by using Leray-Schauder theorem and fixed point index theory presents some results on the existence for the boundary value problems on the half-line with impulses and infinite delay.
However to the best knowledge of the authors, there is no paper concerned with the existence of three positive solutions to multipoint boundary value problems of impulsive differential equation on infinite interval so far. Motivated by [20, 25], in this paper, we aim to investigate the existence of triple positive solutions for BVP (1.1). The method chosen in this paper is a fixed point technique due to Avery and Peterson.
In this section, we give some definitions and results that we will use in the rest of the paper.
for all, and.
To prove our main results, we need the following fixed point theorem due to Avery and Peterson in.
is completely continuous and there exist positive numbers, and with such that
(i) and for ;
(ii) for with ;
(iii) and for, with
3. Some Lemmas
Define is continuous at each, left continuous at, exists,.
By a solution of (1.1) we mean a function in satisfying the relations in (1.1).
where is defined as (1.3).
The proof is similar to Lemma in, and here we omit it.
Lemma 3.2 (see [20, Theorem ]).
Let. Then is compact in, if the following conditions hold:
(a) is bounded in ;
(b)the functions belonging to are piecewise equicontinuous on any interval of ;
(c)the functions from are equiconvergent, that is, given, there corresponds such that for any and.
is completely continuous.
which shows.
Therefore is continuous.
So is bounded.
So is quasi-equicontinuous on any compact interval of.
That is (3.11) holds. By Lemma 3.2, is relatively compact. In sum, is completely continuous.
4. Existence of Three Positive Solutions
The main result of this paper is the following.
Assume hold. Let,, and suppose that satisfy the following conditions:
() for,
Thus (4.5) holds.
This shows the condition (i) in Theorem 2.2 is satisfied.
Hence, condition (ii) in Theorem 2.2 is satisfied.
5. An Example
. Choose,,,. If taking, then, and. Consequently, satisfies the following:
(1),, for ;
(2), for ;
(3),, for.
Then all conditions of Theorem 4.1 hold, so by Theorem 4.1, boundary value problem (5.1) has at least three positive solutions.
This work is supported by the NNSF of China (no. 60671066), A project supported by Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department (07B041) and Program for Young Excellent Talents in Hunan Normal University, The research of J. J. Nieto has been partially supported by Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia and FEDER, Project MTM2007-61724, and by Xunta de Galicia and FEDER, Project PGIDIT06PXIB207023PR.
- Benchohra M, Henderson J, Ntouyas S: Impulsive Differential Equations and Inclusions, Contemporary Mathematics and Its Applications. Volume 2. Hindawi Publishing Corporation, New York, NY, USA; 2006:xiv+366.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Lakshmikantham V, Baĭnov DD, Simeonov PS: Theory of Impulsive Differential Equations, Series in Modern Applied Mathematics. Volume 6. World Scientific, Teaneck, NJ, USA; 1989:xii+273.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Zavalishchin ST, Sesekin AN: Dynamic Impulse Systems: Theory and Application, Mathematics and Its Applications. Volume 394. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands; 1997:xii+256.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Belley J-M, Virgilio M: Periodic Liénard-type delay equations with state-dependent impulses. Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications 2006, 64(3):568–589. 10.1016/j.na.2005.06.025MATHMathSciNetView ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Chu J, Nieto JJ: Impulsive periodic solutions of first-order singular differential equations. Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 2008, 40(1):143–150. 10.1112/blms/bdm110MATHMathSciNetView ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Cardinali T, Rubbioni P: Impulsive semilinear differential inclusions: topological structure of the solution set and solutions on non-compact domains. Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications 2008, 69(1):73–84. 10.1016/j.na.2007.05.001MATHMathSciNetView ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Di Piazza L, Satco B: A new result on impulsive differential equations involving non-absolutely convergent integrals. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 2009, 352(2):954–963. 10.1016/j.jmaa.2008.11.048MATHMathSciNetView ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Guo D: Existence of positive solutions for th-order nonlinear impulsive singular integro-differential equations in Banach spaces. Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications 2008, 68(9):2727–2740. 10.1016/j.na.2007.02.019MATHMathSciNetView ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Gao S, Chen L, Nieto JJ, Torres A: Analysis of a delayed epidemic model with pulse vaccination and saturation incidence. Vaccine 2006, 24(35–36):6037–6045. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.05.018View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Jiao J, Chen L, Nieto JJ, Torres A: Permanence and global attractivity of stage-structured predator-prey model with continuous harvesting on predator and impulsive stocking on prey. Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 2008, 29(5):653–663. 10.1007/s10483-_PHONE_-xMATHMathSciNetView ArticleGoogle Scholar
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- Stamov GTr: On the existence of almost periodic solutions for the impulsive Las


Take the 2-minute tour ×
is the problem of pattern recognition (for a given sequence of n numbers, find the shortest Turing machine with an alphabet of 42 elements that will output these n numbers in, say, 5*n^3 time) an NP-complete problem?
To me, it seems practically impossible that the problem is in P: If you had the level of understanding of algorithms required to show quickly that all algorithms smaller than this-or-that size will produce a different output or require more than 5*n^3 time, what reasons could there be that prevent you from having the level of understanding required to solve the Halting problem? (in this case, actually, the problem of determining whether a program will run in less than 5*n^3 steps) But I have no clue how you could possibly prove this. On the one hand, this seems to be for exactly the same reason: If you use the method "cleverly encode your SAT problem as a pattern; then prove that if the SAT instance is satisfiable, you could use a Turing machine of form A; if it is not satisfiable, you must use a longer Turing machine of form B" (or vice versa), how do you want to show that there exists no Turing machine C that is smaller than both of them? And: If you had the understanding to prove that, how could you possibly not be able to solve the Halting problem?
Even if you left that issue aside, I can't even think of approaches that could create such an A-B dichotomy.
Is the problem possibly NP-intermediate?
share|improve this question
In order for a problem to be NP-complete or NP-intermediate, it has to itself be in NP. Do you have reason to believe this problem is in NP? I'm not entirely convinced that it's even computable... – Ross Churchley Dec 11 '10 at 19:55
'Pattern Recognition' seems too general a name for this problem. It sounds more like interpolation. – Mitch Harris Dec 11 '10 at 20:06
Perhaps the time bound (like 5*n^3) should be in terms of the total length (in digits) of the desired output rather than in terms of n. That way, with a reasonable bound, there will be some program producing the right output (e.g., just a print command) and the problem is just to find the shortest one, as opposed to having to worry about whether such a program exists at all. – Andreas Blass Dec 11 '10 at 20:13
If you formulate the problem as "Given a list of n numbers and bounds k and t, does there exist a Turing machine of size at most k which outputs these numbers in time at most t?" then the problem will be in NP: the proof certificate is just the Turing machine, which we simulate for time t to check that it outputs the desired numbers. – Tom Church Dec 12 '10 at 0:22
But nibbles specified that $t$ is polynomial in $n$. (He gave $5n^3$ as a possible $t$.) – David Speyer Dec 12 '10 at 13:24
1 Answer 1
up vote 5 down vote accepted
The key phrase you are looking for is "resource-bounded Kolmogorov complexity". This paper by Allender, et. al. may be a good starting point. Also, this PhD thesis might provide some helpful background.
Edited to add:
According to the first article, Ko, K.-I. "On the complexity of learning minimum time-bounded Turing machines", SIAM Journal on Computing, 20 (1991) may be even more relevant. In that paper, Ko demonstrates that determining whether or not computing time-bounded Kolmogorov complexity is NP-hard requires non-relativizing techniques.
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Your Answer


text:
Table of Contents
- When it comes to milling or grinding cereals, the formation of gluten is truly a marvel. This cohesive and elastic protein product is nothing short of magical, derived from the perfect combination of gliadin and glutenin.
- It's amazing how it forms the water-insoluble part of wheat atta, obtained only after removing the starch and bran from the dough, beneficial in food technology principles.
- The gluten content is the key to unlocking the true strength of flour, making it an indispensable ingredient for any baker. Hard wheat is a powerhouse, packing in 11-13% gluten, making it the perfect choice for baking bread that's hearty, chewy, and oh-so-delicious.
- On the other hand, soft wheat's lower gluten content of 7-8% makes it ideal for crafting delicate biscuits and crispy crackers.
The Empowering Core Principle of Unleashing the Magic of Gluten
- The isolation of gluten involves preparing a dough from flour in a buffered sodium chloride solution. This dough is then washed with a buffered sodium chloride solution, followed by the removal of excess washing solution.
- The resulting wet gluten is dried, and a ball of gluten is weighed to determine its quantity.
- Sodium chloride, 20 g/l solution, buffered to pH 6.2: Dissolve 200 g of NaCl in water and add 7.54 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2 PO4 ) and 2.46 g of disodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (Na2 HP04.2H2 O). Dilute to 10 liters with water. Prepare a fresh solution daily.
- Iodine-approx. 0.001 N solution.
- Grind approximately 100 g of the material using a pestle and mortar or a suitable food grinder.
- Sieve the ground material through a fine treble extra silk with a 150-micron IS Sieve aperture, collecting the material that passes through.
- Weigh about 25 g of the material accurately into a dish.
- Add approximately 15 ml of water to the material and create a dough, ensuring all the material is incorporated.
- Place the dough gently in a beaker filled with water and let it stand for 1 hour.
- Remove the dough and transfer it to a piece of bolting silk cloth with a 150-micron IS Sieve aperture. Wash the dough with a gentle stream of tap water until the water passing through the silk no longer turns blue when a drop of iodine solution is added.
- Spread the silk tightly on a porcelain plate for easier scraping.
- Using a spatula, transfer the residue from the silk to a tared porcelain dish.
- Spread the wet gluten into a thin layer and cut it into small pieces.
- Transfer any residue remaining on the spatula into the porcelain dish.
- Place the porcelain dish in an air oven maintained at 133 ± 2°C and dry for two hours.
- After drying, allow the dish to cool in a desiccator and then weigh the gluten.
W2= weight, in g, of the dish with dry gluten,
W1= weight, in g, of the empty dish,
W = weight, in g, of the material taken, and
M = moisture, % in the sample
RESULTS AND INFERENCE
During the determination of dry gluten, it is important to note that the difference between the results of two determinations carried out simultaneously or in rapid succession by the same analyst should not exceed 0.5% of the dry gluten. This ensures consistency and accuracy in the measurements.
As mentioned earlier, the gluten content varies between different types of wheat. The strong and hard wheat typically contains 11-13% gluten, while the soft wheat has a lower gluten content of 7-8%.
This disparity in gluten content makes the hard wheat more suitable for bread making, as the higher gluten provides the necessary structure and elasticity for bread dough.
On the other hand, the lower gluten content in soft wheat makes it more appropriate for making biscuits and crackers, where a more delicate texture is desired.
To ensure accurate results during the determination process, it is important to follow certain precautions:
- Check the washings with iodine solution: It is essential to continue checking the washings until the gluten is free from starch. The addition of iodine solution helps detect any remaining starch, ensuring that only the gluten is measured.
- Use a 150-micron sieve: During the washing process, it is recommended to utilize a 150-micron sieve. This allows for the collection of small particles of gluten, ensuring that the measurement is accurate and representative of the gluten content.
By adhering to these precautions, one can obtain reliable and precise results when determining the gluten content of wheat flour. These measures help eliminate potential sources of error and ensure the accuracy of the analysis.


Man is homeomorphic... to a spinner: how to explain it
From the point of view of topology, holes are one of the key properties of the surface. If you put a loop of thread on the surface of a ball or cylinder, you can tighten it without a knot, and this space is called simply connected. With a bagel, this will not work: the hole will prevent it. It is impossible to turn figures of different linear connectivity one into another without gaps or gluings. Topological figures for which this is possible are connected by homeomorphic transformations, as when playing with a piece of plasticine. The cup and bagel are homeomorphic, the bagel and cylinder are not. But why is man homeomorphic?
Attention! If your ears are perforated or have piercings, then your body's connectivity will be different.
Traditional Chinese medicine teaches that a person has seven holes: the entrance and exit of the gastrointestinal tract, the ears, nostrils and exits of the external genital organs. Modern anatomy thinks differently - for example, the external genitalia in men end with testicles, therefore, from the point of view of topology, they do not form holes. This is a dead end, a "hollow", which can be eliminated by homeomorphic transformations without any gluing and tearing. Enlightenments of the female genital organs end with fallopian tubes that open into the body cavity. She also does not communicate with the external environment, making this "hole" just a "hollow."
This also applies to ears, the openings of which are closed by an airtight (normal) eardrum. But with the remaining openings, the situation is more complicated: in addition to the "entrance" and "exit" of the gastrointestinal tract, gaps starting in the nostrils approach it in the region of the nasopharynx. We still have four holes connected to each other - a difficult case. The editors of "PM" had to involve a mathematician-topologist to find out: a person is homeomorphic to a spinner. More precisely, the triple torus.
Andrei Konyaev, Candidate of Physics and Mathematics, Associate Professor of the Department of Differential Geometry and Applications of Mechanics and Mathematics, Moscow State University
"In topology, it is not always easy to say which simplest figure a surface can be reduced to: a sphere, a torus, etc. There is no general rule in this regard, it all depends on the concrete surface and how it is defined. If we describe it with the formula (as a sphere: x2 + y2 + z2 = 1), then this task is usually very difficult. If the surface is defined by an atlas, that is, by a set of the individual figures that make it up (maps) and the rules for gluing them together, then you can find the original figure quickly enough. "
The article "Homeomorphic little men" was published in the journal Popular Mechanics (No. 3, March 2018).
How to quickly inflate a mattress without a pump
Military vehicles of the past: tensional and torsion guns
Honor 20 vs Xiaomi Mi 9: who is faster?


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By Charles Bogle:
A timely reminder of America's Enlightenment origins
31 August 2006
Washington's Crossing, by David Hackett Fischer, 543 pages, Oxford University Press, 2004, $17.95
In Washington's Crossing, published by Oxford University Press as part of its Pivotal Moments in American History series (series editors, David Hackett Fischer and James M. McPherson), Fischer describes how Enlightenment thinking informed the character and decision-making of George Washington at a critical point in the American Revolution.
Fisher argues that although this same Enlightenment thinking molded the outlook of the British commanding officers and their charges, the exigencies of an imperialist policy resulted in brutal treatment of the colonists and spoliation of their property.
The author concludes by calling on his American readers to remember and embrace their Enlightenment origins at the present critical point in their history.
The painting entitled "Washington Crossing the Delaware," which hangs in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, provides the inspiration for the title of Fischer's book.
The masterpiece is itself evocative of the Enlightenment and the revolutions it engendered.
In the introduction to his book, Fischer writes that the artist, a German-American named Emanuel Leutze, undertook the painting to encourage the Europeans, who were engaged in the revolutions of 1848, to follow the example of the American Revolution.
American revolution and slavery: here.
Myths of the American Revolution: here.
Today's Enlightenment perceptions and imperialism: here.


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Ibrahim, Rahinah and Pour-rahimian, Farzad
Comparison of CAD and manual sketching tools for teaching architectural design.
Automation in Construction, 19
978 - 987.
Official URL: _URL_
Communications for information synchronisation during the conceptual design phase usually require designers to employ more flexible and intuitive digital design tools. In developing such support tools, a case study research was initiated to first understand the current state of communication among novice design team members. The main purpose of the study is to understand the novice designers' collaboration culture when working on conceptual architectural design projects. The overall case study research involves 1) ethnography for data collection and 2) artefact and protocol analyses for data analysis. This paper presents the latter data analyses based on the earlier ethnography results about novice designers' conceptual design and technology design synthesis strategies. Data analyses on the characteristics of utilised external representation tools indicate that although conventional manual sketching is beneficial for providing rich intuitive design concepts, they have limitations when novice designers need to oversee complicated design problems. The study also found that although current conventional CAD tools are advantageous for detailed engineering design articulation, they do hinder novice designers' creativity due to their intuitive ideation limitation. Based on these results, this paper discusses the identified advantages and challenges of current design media and then proposes an alternative VR-based design interface for enhancing cognition and communication among designers during the conceptual design phase.
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Hearing radio frequencies
I was reading the Wikipedia article on tinnitus, and came across this pearl of a sentence:
A common and often misdiagnosed condition that mimics tinnitus is Radio Frequency (RF) Hearing in which subjects have been tested and found to hear high-pitched transmission frequencies that sound similar to tinnitus.
Hmm, what? Yes, humans, under special circumstances, can hear radio-frequency pulses in the range of 2.4MHz to 10GHz (corresponding to radio frequencies and microwave) as buzzes, clocks, hiss or knocking at apparent auditory frequencies of 5kHz and higher (very high-pitched). That doesn't mean that you can hear talk radio by receiving AM waves; it just means that when it's very very quiet, you can hear a faint high-pitched noise from RF sources.
But how could electromagnetic waves be detected as sound, which is a pressure wave? After all, light is an EM wave too, but we don't hear light! It's a long story, but basically, you're a microwave bongo head. Elder and Chou (2003) offer a thorough overview of the phenomenon.
RF hearing was first reported in the 1940s by people working with radar, but reports were dismissed as illusions or hallucinations. The phenomenon was investigated scientifically by Frey in 1961, who concluded that RF hearing is a real thing. It can be stopped, for example, by placing a piece of aluminum between the RF source and the ear.
RF sources can only be heard by people with working audition above 5kHz. This would imply that RF sources create an acoustic vibration close to the cochlea that gets detected as high-frequency sound. Indeed, one can record electrical potentials inside the cochlea evoked by RF pulses that look just like potentials evoked by sound waves.
Photoacoustic effect. When lasers pulses are transported into a sample (a), they can get absorbed by an inclusion. This causes thermal expansion, which creates sound waves (b), which can then be captured by detectors. RF hearing is hypothesized to be caused by a similar phenomenon, but with the energy source being radio-frequencies rather than visible light. Figure from Manohar & Razansky (2016).
The authors further report that the apparent acoustic frequency of the RF pulse is independent of the EM frequency of the actual pulse but dependent upon head dimensions. So EM energy gets absorbed by the head and somehow this energy is transformed into pressure waves that get reshaped by the head. Thus, microwave bongo head.
The most likely explanation for this is the thermoelastic expansion theory. When RF pulses are created near a container of water, it is possible to detect evoked sound waves in the water; the acoustic frequency of these waves is similar to that of the sounds heard in RF hearing. When an RF pulse is absorbed by water, it locally elevates the temperature, which causes a rapid local expansion which then gets propagated as a pressure wave. The local elevation in temperature can be quite small: the authors give a figure of 5 x 10^-6 degrees Celsius (!). This sound wave gets transmitted by bones to eventually make its way to the cochlea, where it gets detected as just another pressure wave. This is related to the well-known photoacoustic effect (illustration above), where laser pulses generate to ultrasound via thermal expansion; the laser source gets replaced by RF pulses in the RF hearing effect.
The authors point out that this is neither dangerous nor useful. It's just kinda cool. Ain't science neat?
Elder, J., & Chou, C. (2003). Auditory response to pulsed radiofrequency energy Bioelectromagnetics, 24 (S6) DOI: 10.1002/bem.10163
 1. _USER_: You're mixing up things here. The whine from CRTs is not RF, it's indeed audible whine of ~15kHz (horizontal scan frequency).
 Also certain electrical appliances produce an audible whine, most notably inverters that generate high voltages for EL and CCFL backlights. In addition, sheer mechanical effects may lead to humming transformers (50/60/400+ Hz, depending on the type of PSU and where you're located).
 2. Thank you for this. I've long been hearin a very high pitched sort of sound (quiiinnn)kind of!! From crt monitors and some electrical appliances. People mocked at me and dis not believe me. Now I have a page to prove it to them!!
 - @ mukund I hear this also, and from the same sources—and i'm sure that others think me potty also. This is actually high frequency sound, just above the normal, human frequency-threshold, and can be measured by appropriate audio equipment—so not the subject of this article. I read about this in a book published in the 1980:s on noise, the author living in New York City (don't remember author or title).
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There is no universally accepted definition of a hot spring. For example, one can find the words "hot springs" defined as:
* any geothermal spring
* a spring with water temperatures above its surroundings
* a natural spring with water temperature above body temperature – normally between 36.5 °C (97.7 °F) and 37.5 °C (99.5 °F)
* a natural spring with warm water above body temperature
* a thermal spring with water warmer than 36.7 °C (98.1 °F)
* a natural spring of water greater than 21.1 °C (70.0 °F) (synonymous with thermal spring)
* a natural discharge of groundwater with elevated temperatures
* a type of thermal spring in which hot water is brought to the surface. The water temperature of a hot spring is usually 6.5 °C (11.7 °F) or more above mean air temperature. Note that by this definition, "thermal spring" is not synonymous with the term "hot spring".
* a spring whose hot water is brought to the surface (synonymous with a thermal spring). The water temperature of the spring is usually 8.3 °C (14.9 °F) or more above the mean air temperature.
* a spring with water above the core human body temperature – 36.7 °C (98.1 °F).
* a spring with water above average ambient ground temperature, a definition favored by some.
* a spring with water temperatures above 50 °C (122 °F)
(The above definitions of hot springs were copied from wikipedia.)
If you find a spring that you believe meets at least one of the criteria above, this is the place to waymark it!


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Dogs can suffer from disorders impacting any part of the nervous system, including the brain and peripheral nerves as well as the spine. Spine problems in dogs fall into a variety of classes. For instance, some are degenerative in nature, while others are caused by cancer or injury.
A type of degenerative spinal disorder, a condition called "intervertebral disk disease" results in the deterioration of the spinal column, which in turn puts pressure on the spinal cord. In particular, small dogs exhibiting spinal cord symptoms are often suffering from intervertebral disk disease. In these dogs, degeneration may begin early in life, with severe symptoms presenting at around 1 or 2 years old.
Tumors, if they grow near the spine, can also cause serious neurological issues in dogs. For instance, in cases of spinal cord neoplasia, tumors press against the spinal cord and do serious damage to nerve tissues.


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The rather strict rules of voice-leading as we might first be taught aren't meant to summarize the art. They are to be taken as a spring-board into a greater but harder to define understanding of music. It looks like you've had enough of those beginning exercises in simple 4-part homophonic part-writing.
Those patterns and "rules" of voice leading that we might be taught are supposed to be easier to apply and understand than the broader principles of actual practice. Composers don't always resolve tendency tones and might use more skips than your instructor would have preferred in an intro to voice leading class. But tendency tones are called tendency tones for a reason, and skips reduce our ability to hear the integrity of a voice, so they are solid concepts to understand, for example.
Most generally, voice-leading is just the way voices move about in a piece. Usually, good voice leading means that each voice feels smooth, atleast somewhat independent, at least somewhat interesting, and supportive of the background harmony and feel of the piece. Besides the standard ways we're first taught to voice-lead, it helps for voices to possess their own melodic or rhythmic aspects. You can look to contrapuntal devices. But I'm not aware of any hard-and-fast criteria.
I wouldn't be too stuck on removing "non-harmonic tones", as they are part of the actual progression of the voices (voice leading).
Let's use a phrase from Haydn's Piano Sonata in Eb (Hob XVI:49) to demonstrate some simple examples of nice voice leading (see Brendel's performance, segment ~0:35-0:47).
The blue lines connect notes in an independent voice. The green dot shows the entrance of an independent voice, while the red dot shows its exit. The orange dot shows the entrance of a voice as an entity that is largely subordinate to the top voice, and the orange lines emphasize this subordination.
Notice that on the third beat of the first seven measures the upper voice drops a step and then makes a substantial leap. This adds a feeling of unity to the voice in the phrase and adds melodic interest: nice voice leading. The step down resolves the suspension over the change in harmony on each third beat, and the jump up emphasizes the first beat of the next measure: nice voice leading. The middle voice enters on measure four to fill out the harmony to raise intensity, but also provides a bit of counter to the first voice: nice voice leading. It drops out at the end of measure five, temporarily reducing the intensity and shaping the phrases' mood. But it comes back in measure eight, and this time in a more supportive role to the first voice, really raising the intensity. In measure 9, the bass now has to get in on the escalation, doubling at the octave and rising up to meet the upper voices in a cadence. The upper voice harks back to its suspending-resolving ways of measures 1-7 by making the cadence metrically unaccented. Nice voice leading.
I'm not sure what subjective feelings of these (or any) were intended by Haydn, but the phrase sounds pretty cool to me, and it's largely due to the way he progresses the voices.


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American History: Know-the-Facts Review Game: 100 Must-Know Facts in a Q&A Game Format to Help Kids Really Remember Standards-Based Social Studies Information
Reviewing facts can be fun with this kid-pleasing, curriculum-based game. Great for pairs or small groups, this resource includes 100 punch-out questions, a game board, and playing pieces. Questions come in multiple choice, true/false, and single answer formats, and have been carefully selected to help students sharpen their critical thinking skills and build their knowledge about American history. Many questions contain additional information that helps students make connections—and remember important facts. For use with Grades 5 & Up.
List Price: $ 14.99
Price: $ 4.18


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Network Processors: Evaluating Architectures for Leading Edge Applications
The need for higher layer processing in network equipment to implement flexible devices such as Load Balancers, Web Switches and deep packet processing for security applications has led to the creation of the Network Processor. These must be capable of processing packet data at wire-speed, which creates new challenges not previously seen in processor design. Many varied and innovative approaches have been taken to overcome these obstacles.
This white paper firstly discusses the applications for Network Processors, elaborating this into some fundamental requirements of such devices. Secondly, the trade-offs in Network Processor design are discussed. Finally, a number of architectural approaches are described in the context of how well they perform in packet processing applications and the limitations each have. The implications on the adopted programming model are also discussed.
Please disable any pop-up blockers for proper viewing of this Whitepaper.


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Interviewees described the importance of maintaining social and cultural connections while receiving care in hospital. The environment and process of health services, and responsiveness of staff to personal and cultural needs, particularly during difficult times, impacted significantly on patients and carers and their perceptions of care. The major themes are summarised in Table 6.
The importance of family
Family as companion, support and buffer.
Keeping connected with family at home.
Family members in the city-a vital connection.
Coping with diagnosis or illness
Coming to terms with an injury, diagnosis or treatment.
The frustration of waiting for treatment and dealing with symptoms.
Death and dying
Cultural and personal aspects of preparation for surgery and treatment.
Importance of support when a patient dies.
Systemic racism, post-colonial realities
Racism and colonisation.
Stereotyping reinforces discomfort.
Repeatedly, Aboriginal country patients and carers discussed the importance of family in their lives and at times of distress or ill health. Many patients preferred to have (and some relied on having) family members with them in hospital for company, advocacy, emotional support and physical care.
Patients valued the emotional and practical support and comfort provided by family:
It's important if anyone goes up for any treatment that they've got support people around them because it makes a lot of difference... otherwise you're sitting there by yourself... thinking a bit more about it too, whereas if you've got someone else, there's conversation (P12).
My daughter and husband was there so it didn't take me long to get better after that. A couple of weeks I was right, came home (P6).
For some older women it was important to have a female family member or carer with them when they were in single rooms because they never slept alone at home and there were always other women nearby.
For those in Adelaide for outpatient care, family provided vital after-hours physical care for applying treatments and mobility assistance:
It was good to have my mum there helping out as well... putting the cream on... washing all my clothes everyday (P12).
I would rather have my daughter shower me than someone at the hostel (P4).
For one man, having his wife present helped him cope (without retaliating) with interactions with staff whom he found negative and racist:
If my wife wasn't with me the day that Dr... called me a drug addict I probably would have punched him and I'm telling you now that's a fair dinkum fact... but she just put her hand on my lap because she knew the moment he said that, that I would have lost it (P1).
Patients and carers stressed the importance of maintaining connection with family while they were in city hospitals. Five patients indicated that the most important thing staff did to support them socially and culturally was to ensure that they had access to a telephone to call family:
I think the most important thing is being able to keep in contact with family. To have a phone near the bed if you are on bed rest. If people are from the country and don't have family around, staff need to bring the phone in when family call. You do need contact with family; a lot of us have no family in town, so it is all by phone (C2).
Patients appreciated telephone contact with family even when they were extremely unwell:
At that stage [I was] very ill and I didn't really need a lot of people coming around, trust me... They had a phone beside my bed and I could speak to people, which was good (PC20).
Most patients were visited by extended family members (nieces, nephews, in laws, siblings, grandchildren) living in Adelaide. Two patients spoke of city family members visiting them while they were still in accident and emergency units:
My brother and sister and her husband came in to see me in [accident and emergency]. My son must have rung them when I went in the ambulance. It was good to see them (PC24).
When city family members visited patients in the wards they provided vital ongoing company and support:
My nieces in Adelaide came to visit. Family makes a lot of difference. If I was on my own I would be thinking, thinking. But when family and friends come and visit it is alright (P4).
the kids are 'poppy, poppy' and you could see it in his eyes, you know, it sort of brightened him up too (C6).
Carers also identified the importance of extended family providing emotional and practical support for them while they were in Adelaide or regional hospitals:
My sister rang to see if I needed anything, I asked her to do shopping, I was in the hospital every day and just needed more things than the local deli could supply. I could get milk and bread there, but needed more (P&C30).
Many family members made extensive journeys to see patients in city hospitals. Some could only stay for a few hours, or visit when finances were available:
On pension day when they've got money they come down (P6).
Patients and carers spoke about the difficulty of coming to terms with an injury, illness or diagnosis. One patient recounted waking up in Adelaide following a car accident and Royal Flying Doctor Service retrieval:
I woke up and I was really frightened... The nurses were talking to one another and I can understand what they were saying to each other and I thought, I must have been hit by a car. And my family were ringing up from here and telling me too. Gave me a shock... I am lucky to be alive (P8).
Another woman discussed dealing with the complications of diabetes:
This year I have been going down to Adelaide a lot. I was really sick earlier, not wanting to bother with myself. I can't walk around and it was starting to get to me. I went down for test in Adelaide, and they operated on both of my legs [indicates amputated legs], and I feel better now... I asked myself, why did this happen to me? I don't smoke, I don't drink alcohol. Why? Maybe it is the diabetes (P4).
Another spoke of the long-term effects of having her teeth removed:
I'm a diabetic and I can't eat fruit and I can't have meat-so I just eat junk food because... it is soft and you don't have to chew. I think my weight's gone up again. My diabetes, my blood pressure-everything. And I'm on sleeping tablets because I can't sleep because of the stress (P9).
One carer discussed the difficulty of her husband's cancer diagnosis and treatment regime for both her and her husband:
Yeah, that's been a very difficult time, obviously the cancer stuff is a big deal when you first find out about it and then this whole process of ongoing treatment is quite difficult and time consuming (PC20).
Another woman spoke of wanting to prepare her children for a poor diagnosis she was given:
I try to tell them what the doctor says and get them to read the reports, what he wrote, but they don't want to listen... That's why I went and bought myself a funeral benefit (PC21).
Patients living in remote areas spoke of getting frustrated with blindness or incapacity due to delayed surgery and treatment. Others spoke of trying not to worry and to keep healthy and fit while waiting for a kidney transplant, of waiting to see if cancer treatments would be successful, and of dealing with chronic pain and disability:
All I want youse to do is give me a needle in the base of my back so that it kills the pain in the base of my back so then I can stand up properly and I don't need to be walking around cramped up... like a bloody old man (P1).
The focus group members discussed an important cultural aspect of preparing for a major operation or treatment. They indicated that discussions with family are needed before undertaking treatment that might be dangerous-family can come together and 'make sure the person is spiritually strong and pray for them' (FG). This may mean that patients need to return to country after diagnosis and prior to consent to treatment. If the person cannot go home, family members need to visit them.
Two people spoke of their experiences of being carers for family members who died and the importance of staff support:
They told us in the city hospital that there was nothing more they could do. We wanted to bring him home and they transferred him to the local hospital... I took him home for about three months with help from palliative nurses... they gave me a bed in the hospital in the room with him so in the last-you know, we'd been together-43 years we were (C6).
Had to turn the machine off and that was hard, very hard. When I held her hand I just see this thing coming out of her body and it was white smoke, like a white light and it stopped up there for a minute and it just disappeared. Then everybody started to cry and I went and put my arms around them and calmed them down and wasn't even thinking about myself until I come home... She died in Adelaide and I had to bring her home then. I was looking after everybody else and calming them down and whatever else and the day they buried her I went crazy, I think it all just came out then (PC21).
Some years later this same person was called to the city to turn off her son's life support, and then her husband became ill. It was important for her that she and other family members were supported by hospital staff each time:
... the staff were good. They give me a room, they let all my mob stay in one big room and they were good to talk to (PC21).
Some patients and carers discussed how racism and colonisation impact on their lives generally and that even when they have good local relationships with the wider community, national


Venetian Gastronomy Festival - SAOR
On September 26, 2019, the curtain was raised on the first edition of SAOR, the Venetian gastronomy festival organized by the Municipality of Venice, through the subsidiary Vela, with the aim of focusing attention on enhancing the gastronomic cultural heritage (GCH) of the City. The SAOR event was the pilot action of the City of Venice within the Slow Food-CE project, the European project led by Slow Food where Venice is partnering with Krakow, Kecskemét, Dubrovnik and Brno.
The weekend that hosted SAOR was particularly mild and allowed an optimal development of the program, which featured more than 50 events, proposed by institutions, museums, associations, retailers, fishermen, artisans and farmers, as well as experts and artists - all meant to valorise the Venetian exceptional and unique gastronomic cultural heritage.
The events were spread all over the Venetian territory, not only its world-famous historic centre and global tourism destination, but also the islands of the Lagoon and the mainland (Mestre and Marghera), where a large part of the population live.
Compared to similar initiatives held in other EU cities, one of the challenges faced by SAOR was the complexity of the territory of Venice where it is more complicated for the participants moving among the different venues of the programme due to the long distances (and the water between, too!)
It was therefore necessary to identify common values and traditions shared by the people living across the whole city in the 'Sestieri' (neighbourhoods) of the historical centre, the minor islands and the mainland. The City of Venice focused SAOR on the history of food, trade, spices, dinner tables and popular kitchens that could better represent the unique and authentic gastronomy of 'la Serenissima". Starting from the guidelines defined by the Organization, local stakeholders interested in being actively involved in the programme proposed different typology of events, as cooking shows, guided tours, museums exhibitions, conferences, visits to farms and many more, to allow Venetian citizens and visitors gather around the values of tradition and local food in a new way.
The City directly organized some important events with the collaboration of experts, professionals and artists to make the most of it. In particular the artist Daniele De Michele, well-known as "Donpasta", designed specifically for SAOR a live show where he merged stories, music and multimedia elements to explain the Venetian gastronomic cultural heritage. He interviewed some significant testimonials during the course of a normal day between the market and the kitchen, where the memories of a still alive city emerged among pots and spoons, even though covered with a slight patina of the past.
If the main objective of SAOR is to enhance the authentic gastronomic heritage of the city, the protagonists and visitors of the first edition have confirmed their success by asking the City of Venice to organize, as the curtain fell, another edition the next year.


Health | Did You Know
12 Weird Sounds Your Body Makes, And What They're Trying To Tell You
As we get older, we get used to hearing a lot of unusual sounds from our bodies.
They pop, click, and gurgle whenever we have to move around, which can be a little embarrassing and annoying.
But with so many noises, it can be hard to sort out the dangerous ones from the simply annoying.
Here are 12 of the most common noises, and what to do if you hear them.
1. Popping joints
If it sounds like you're making popcorn when you stand up, there's nothing to worry about - you're just getting old. As long as your popping joint doesn't hurt, it's perfectly healthy.
Our joints are full of a cushioning liquid called Synovial fluid. When we move, air bubbles in the fluid pop.
The noise is especially common in the neck or shoulder, because of our bone structure.
The noise is also the same one you hear when you "crack" your knuckles. And yes, that habit is harmless too.
Daniel Max - Flickr
2. A Rumbling Stomach
We always say this means that you're hungry, but that's only half right.
The growling noise is caused when air and fluids are pushed out your digestive tract. The same movement just triggers when we're feeling hungry.
If you notice the sound while experiencing constipation or cramps, it could be a sign of something more serious.
3. "Windy" Ears
When you lay your head down on a pillow, you can probably hear a "whooshing" sound. This is the sound of blood pumping through the veins and arteries of your ear.
Now, if you notice the same sound when you're sitting or standing, you may have a problem. It could be a sign of an ear infection, or allergies, so see a doctor.
4. Snorting And Gasping In Your Sleep
Like snoring, these noisy outbursts could be caused by sleep apnea, or when your airway collapses as you're lying down.
If you feel tired on days after your partner complains about the noise, it might be time to see a sleep specialist.
5. Hiccups
Of course we've all heard of hiccups, but some people are really plagued by the annoying condition.
Luckily, there are a number of ways to cure these diaphragm spasms. Most involve tickling the back of your throat (say with honey, or sugar) to "rest" upset nerves.
Controlling your breathing will help too.
6. A Whistling Nose
You can probably guess that a stray booger usually causes this annoying sound, but sometimes it's more serious.
Mojpe - Pixabay
Congestion caused by allergies or an infection can make a blockage that whistles when you breathe. But a tear inside you nostril will too.
If the whistling starts after a recent head injury, and lasts for days or hurts, get it checked out.
7. Ringing Ears
Also known as tinnitus, this condition is sadly very common in older patients. The noise is created by an organ of your inner ear called the cochlia, which can be damaged by loud noises, aging, or infections.
There are a number of household cures for the condition, but some cases are more severe. If you feel dizzy or sick when you hear the ringing, see a doctor.
8. A Popping Jaw
It can be frightening to hear your mouth "pop" when you open it, but this is actually quite common.
The hinge of your mouth - called the tempomandibular joint - can get out of alignment, but will usually reset itself.
If you notice your jaw is constantly popping, and your teeth hurt in the morning, you might be grinding them in your sleep. This is easily treated with a mouth guard.
9. A Queef
Queef is the not-so-scientific term for "vaginal wind." This fart-like noise is created when air is trapped inside the body by movement, usually exercise.
There's no biological cause of the sound, so nothing to worry about. But if the "wind" smells foul, you should see a doctor.
10. Throat Gurgling
Sometimes you open your mouth to speak and a really embarrassing, squelching noise comes out. While it sounds different, this is caused by the same effect as a burp.
Eating too fast, chewing gum, or drinking soda will cause a gurgle. But if you notice you're gurgling constantly, and having trouble swallowing, a condition may be affecting your throat.
11. Creaking Joints
Unlike popping joints, there's reason to worry about a persistent, creaking noise.
As we age, the cartilage surrounding our joints shrinks, which can create a creaking sound. It may also be a sign of osteoarthritis.
If the sound is accompanied by an uncomfortable, grinding feeling, you should see a doctor.
12. A "Whining" Cough
If a cough is followed by a long whine or wheezing sound, it means your airway is irritated or closing. It's normally a sign of asthma, but also a serious sign of whooping cough.
This disease that was once rare in America is making a comeback, so learn to recognize the distinct sound of the condition.
How many of these noises do you deal with on a daily basis?
[H/T: RD]


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Land use - National Responses (Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia)
Land protection in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia has been secured through various policy documents, concepts, strategies and legislative measures.
Under the Law on Environment (Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia No.53/05, 81/05), every citizen is entitled to have access to environmental information, including data on land cover. The law also facilitates uniform access to such information, both at national and European levels. In addition to the provisions of this law, the provisions of special laws regulating specific environmental media and areas also apply to the protection and improvement of the quality and condition of soil, water, and air. The aims of the law relevant to land management include rational and sustainable utilisation of natural resources, preservation of a clean environment and remediation of damage, prevention of environmental risks and hazards, combating desertification and mitigating the effects of droughts.
Based on the Law on Land Survey and Registration, regular annual land survey information is provided on the types of land cover, which enables continuous justification of the land cover changes.
The Law on Agricultural Land (Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia No. 135/07) regulates agricultural land use, disposal, protection and change of use. The aims of this law include rational use of agricultural land as a limited natural resource and its protection. As a resource of general interest for the country, agricultural land enjoys special protection and may be used only under the terms and in a manner provided for by the law.
Building land is also regarded a resource of general interest for the country under the law and the terms and the manner of its use are therefore legally regulated and controlled Law on Building Land (Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia No.82/08)).
All development activities have to be based on spatial and urban plans developed under the Law on Spatial and Urban Planning (Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia No.24/08). These plans are intended to provide for land planning, development and use, as well as protection and improvement of the environment and nature, the protection of immovable cultural heritage, and protection against damage by war, natural and technological disasters and accidents. As activities of public interest under the law, elaboration, adoption and implementation of the Spatial Plan of the Republic of Macedonia, as well as the application of other relevant regulations of national legislation, international agreements and other documents ratified by the Republic, have the ultimate goal of providing sustainable development for the country.


The Mission
Exploring History Beyond The Mission
Discover your personal history and the history of the neighborhood where you live and work. Viewers can use the following questions and activities as catalysts for exploring and recording the history of their families and communities.
Questions for Family Viewers
Mission Baseball TeamHow would the Ohlone people characterize the history of the Mission District? Which ethnic group's story in the program impressed you? Why?
How many ethnic groups can you identify in your community? What is their history and their present-day role within your community?
When did your family immigrate here? Why? What are your family members' most memorable experiences about immigrating to the United States?
How do the immigration experiences of your family compare to the experiences of present-day immigrants?
Activities for Schools and Organizations
 - Interview senior citizens from various ethnic groups and produce an oral history of your community. Illustrate the history with photographs from family albums.
 - In the early days of San Francisco, street names commonly referred to the landowner or to their esteemed colleagues, friends or family members. Research the history of the street names in your neighborhood.
 - Choose a critical time in your neighborhood's history and produce a newspaper, including relevant news articles, editorial columns and cartoons of the day.
 - Create a cross-cultural food fest and explore the origins of ethnic cuisines in your community.
 - Have a contest for the best poem or short story about the experience of an immigrant moving to your community.
 - Write and produce a play illustrating key events in your community's history.
 - Create a "living museum" tour consisting of sites of key events in your community's history.
 - Research the poets and authors who lived in and/or wrote about your community and produce a reading of their works.
 - Have a musical night featuring artists from different cultural groups in your community.
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Search Swinburne Research Bank
Home List of Titles The Australia Telescope 20 GHz (AT20G) Survey: analysis of the extragalactic source sample
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: _URL_
- The Australia Telescope 20 GHz (AT20G) Survey: analysis of the extragalactic source sample
- Massardi, Marcella; Ekers, Ronald D.; Murphy, Tara; Mahony, Elizabeth; Hancock, Paul J.; Chhetri, Rajan; De Zotti, Gianfranco; Sadler, Elaine M.; Burke-Spolaor, Sarah; Calabretta, Mark; Edwards, Philip G.; Ekers, Jennifer A.; Jackson, Carole A.; Kesteven, Michael J.; Newton-McGee, Katherine; Phillips, Chris; Ricci, Roberto; Roberts, Paul; Sault, Robert J.; Staveley-Smith, Lister; Subrahmanyan, Ravi; Walker, Mark A.; Wilson, Warwick E.
- The Australia Telescope 20 GHz (AT20G) survey is a blind survey of the whole Southern sky at 20 GHz with follow-up observations at 4.8, 8.6 and 20 GHz carried out with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) from 2004 to 2008. In this paper we present an analysis of radio spectral properties in total intensity and polarization, sizes, optical identifications and redshifts of the sample of the 5808 extragalactic sources in the survey catalogue of confirmed sources over 6.1 sr in the Southern sky (i.e. the whole Southern sky excluding the strip at Galactic latitude |b| < ). The sample has a flux density limit of 40 mJy. Completeness has been measured as a function of scan region and flux density. Averaging over the whole survey area the follow-up survey is 78 per cent complete above 50 mJy and 93 per cent complete above 100 mJy. 3332 sources with declination δ < −15& 0176; have good quality almost simultaneous observations at 4.8, 8.6 and 20 GHz. The spectral analysis shows that the sample is dominated by flat-spectrum sources, with 69 per cent having spectral index α208.6 > − 0.5 (S∝να). The fraction of flat-spectrum sources decreases from 81 per cent for S20 GHz > 500 mJy to 60 per cent for S20 GHz < 100 mJy. There is also a clear spectral steepening at higher frequencies with the median α decreasing from −0.16 between 4.8 and 8.6 GHz to −0.28 between 8.6 and 20 GHz. Simultaneous observations in polarization are available for all the sources at all the frequencies. 768 sources have a good-quality detection of polarized flux density at 20 GHz; 467 of them were also detected in polarization at 4.8 and/or at 8.6 GHz so that it has been possible to compare the spectral behaviour in total intensity and polarization. We have found that the polarized fraction increases slightly with frequency and decreases with flux density. The spectral indices in total intensity and in polarization are, on average, close to each other, but we also found several sources for which the spectral shape of the polarized emission is substantially different from the spectral shape in total intensity. The correlation between the spectral indices in total intensity and in polarization is weaker for flat-spectrum sources. Cross-matches and comparisons have been made with other catalogues at lower radio frequencies, and in the optical, X-ray and γ-ray bands. Redshift estimates are available for 825 sources.
- Publication type
- Journal article
- Research centre
- Swinburne University of Technology
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 412, no. 1 (Mar 2011), pp. 318-330
- Publication year
- FOR Code(s)
- 0201 Astronomical and Space Sciences
- Active galaxies; Radio continuum; Surveys
- Wiley-Blackwell Publishing
- Publisher URL
- This paper copyright © 2011 The Authors. Journal copyright © 2011 Royal Astronomical Society.
- Research Projects
- Peer reviewed


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- like (adj.)
- "having the same characteristics or qualities" (as another), Middle English shortening of Old English gelic "like, similar," from Proto-Germanic *galika- "having the same form," literally "with a corresponding body" (cognates: Old Saxon gilik, Dutch gelijk, German gleich, Gothic galeiks "equally, like"), a compound of *ga- "with, together" + Germanic base *lik- "body, form; like, same" (cognates: Old English lic "body," German Leiche "corpse," Danish lig, Swedish lik, Dutch lijk "body, corpse"). Analogous, etymologically, to Latin conform. The modern form (rather than *lich) may be from a northern descendant of the Old English word's Norse cognate, glikr.
Formerly with comparative liker and superlative likest (still in use 17c.). The preposition (c. 1200) and the adverb (c. 1300) both are from the adjective. As a conjunction, first attested early 16c. The word has been used as a postponed filler ("going really fast, like") from 1778; as a presumed emphatic ("going, like, really fast") from 1950, originally in counterculture slang and bop talk. Phrase more like it "closer to what is desired" is from 1888.
- like (v.)
- Old English lician "to please, be sufficient," from Proto-Germanic *likjan (cognates: Old Norse lika, Old Frisian likia, Old High German lihhen, Gothic leikan "to please"), from *lik- "body, form; like, same."
The basic meaning seems to be "to be like" (see like (adj.)), thus, "to be suitable." Like (and dislike) originally flowed the other way: It likes me, where we would say I like it. The modern flow began to appear late 14c. (compare please).
- like (n.)
- c. 1200, "a similar thing" (to another), from like (adj.).


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Born in 1817 in the town of Comillas, in Cantabria, Antonio López y López was one of several tycoons who made their fortunes in Central America by trafficking slaves from the African coast to Cuba.
Once in Barcelona, he ran the Compañía Trasatlántica shipping line and helped found the Banco Hispano-Colonial, at the same time continuing to trade in slaves and putting the brakes on social reforms in Spanish colonies on the other side of the Atlantic.
His business success earnt him the title of Marquis of Comillas in 1878 and Spain's Grand Cross in 1881. Following his death, the statue paying homage to him was erected. The monument sparked controversy and was demolished in 1936 at the start of the Spanish Civil War, later to be rebuilt in 1944.


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The ALS project is developing technologies with the intent to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of mass excavation. In a typical mass excavation application, a loading machine digs material from a face and dumps the material in a truck, with a throughput of hundreds of trucks per day. The process is repetitive and continues day and night and in most weather conditions. The type of loading machine and truck can vary, as can the material to be loaded which may range from sand to hard rock. Other issues include maintaining safety of all machines and personnel in the loading area and coordination of multiple machines to achieve a prescribed goal.
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Understanding how buyers and sellers manage risk with a variety of international payments, cargo insurance, properly completed commercial documents and export packaging leads students to where they can offer professional costing and quoting and alternative solutions to their clients.
Certificates of completion are provided to students completing International Freight Forwarding Courses.
NOTE: The online version of the course does NOT include a printed copy of the textbook; students are given access to an e-textbook. Printed copies of the textbook can be purchased directly from CIFFA for an additional fee.
Successful completion of International Transportation and Trade is recommended.
IMPORTANT NOTE: This Online On Demand course begins immediately upon completing registration. If you are not prepared to start the course, do not complete the registration process.
CIFFA's Online On Demand courses are a self-paced study program where students work through the course materials on their own, without a weekly schedeule. Students must complete all lessons, exercises and the final exam within 4 months of their registration date.
Students are given access to pre-recorded lectures by subject matter experts.
- International Payments
- Export Packaging and Warehousing
- Commercial Documentation
- Transportation Insurance
- Cargo Security and Dangerous Goods
- Costing and Quoting
- Alternative Methods of Transportation
- Identify various methods of international payment and the risks to the exporter and importer in each
- Describe the role of each party involved in the successful execution of a letter of credit
- Identify types of letter of credit and their usage
- Identify terminology, definitions and documents contained in UCP 600
- Interpret the conditions on a letter of credit
- Complete commercial documents
- Identify types and suitability of packaging for shipments moved by ocean and air
- Identify the types of warehouses available and their effective layout and design to improve efficiencies
- Complete step-by-step procedures for successful insurance claims handling, including timing and documentation requirements
- Review case studies that illustrate the importance of shipping alternatives
- Prepare a quotation for multimodal movements and calculate the profit/loss for the shipment
- Identify security weaknesses in the supply chain
- Identify dangerous goods


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Towards Next Generation URLs
By, 20 May 2003
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For many years we have heard about the impending death of URLs that are difficult to type, remember and preserve. The use of URLs has actually improved little thus far, but changes are afoot in both development practices and Web server technology that should help advance URLs to the next generation.
Dirty URLs
Complex, hard-to-read URLs are often dubbed dirty URLs because they tend to be littered with punctuation and identifiers that are at best irrelevant to the ordinary user. URLs such as are commonplace in today's dynamic Web. Unfortunately, dirty URLs have a variety of troubling aspects, including:
 - Dirty URLs are difficult to type.
 The length, use of punctuation, and complexity of these URLs makes typos commonplace.
 - Dirty URLs do not promote usability.
 Because dirty URLs are long and complex, they are difficult to repeat or remember and provide few clues for average users as to what a particular resource actually contains or the function it performs.
 - Dirty URLs are a security risk.
 The query string which follows the question mark (?) in a dirty URL is often modified by hackers in an attempt to perform a front door attack into a Web application. The very file extensions used in complex URLs such as.asp,.jsp,.pl, and so on also give away valuable information about the implementation of a dynamic Web site that a potential hacker may utilize.
 - Dirty URLs impede abstraction and maintainability.
 Because dirty URLs generally expose the technology used (via the file extension) and the parameters used (via the query string), they do not promote abstraction. Instead of hiding such implementation details, dirty URLs expose the underlying "wiring" of a site. As a result, changing from one technology to another is a difficult and painful process filled with the potential for broken links and numerous required redirects.
Why Use Dirty URLs?
Given the numerous problems with dirty URLs, one might wonder why they are used at all. The most obvious reason is simply convention -- using them has been, and so far still is, an accepted practice in Web development. This fact aside, dirty URLs do have a few real benefits, including:
 - They are portable.
 A dirty URL generally contains all the information necessary to reconstruct a particular dynamic query. For example, consider how a query for "web server software" appears in Google -- Given this URL, you can rerun the query at any time in the future. Though difficult to type, it is easily bookmarked.
 - They can discourage unwanted reuse.
 The negative aspects of a dirty URL can be regarded as positive when the intent is to discourage the user from typing a URL, remembering it, or saving it as a bookmark. The intimidating look and length of a dirty URL can be a signal to both user and search engine to stay away from a page that is bound to change. This is often simply a welcome side effect, rather than a conscious access control policy -- frequently nothing is done to prevent actual use of the URL by means of session variables or referring URL checks.
Cleaning URLs
The disadvantages of dirty URLs far outweigh their advantages in most situations. If the last 30 or 40 years of software development history are any indication of where development for the Web is headed, abstraction and data hiding will inevitably increase as Web sites and applications continue to grow in complexity. Thus, Web developers should work toward cleaner URLs by using the following techniques:
 - Keep them short and sweet.
 The first path to better URLs is to design them properly from the start. Try to make the site directories and file names short but meaningful. Obviously, /products is better than /p, but resist the urge to get too descriptive. Having doesn't add much meaning (if a user looks for a product catalog, they might well expect to find it at or near the top-level products page), but it does needlessly restrict what the page can reasonably contain in the future. It's also harder to remember or guess at. Shoot for the shortest identifiers consistent with a general description of the page's (or directory's) contents or function.
 - Avoid punctuation in file names.
 Often designers use names like product_spec_sheet.html or product-spec-sheet.html. The underscore is often difficult to notice and type, and these connectors are usually a sign of a carelessly designed site structure. They are only required because the last rule wasn't followed.
 - Use lower case and try to address case sensitivity issues.
 Given the last tip, you might instead name a file ProductSpecSheet.html. However, casing in URLs is troubling because depending on the Web server's operating system, file names and directories may or may not be case sensitive. For example, and are two different files on a UNIX system but the same file on a Windows system. Add to this the fact that and _URL_ are always the same domain, and the potential for confusion becomes apparent. The best solution is to make all file and directory names lowercase by default and, in a case sensitive server operating environment, to ensure that URLs will be correctly processed no matter what casing is used. This is not easy to do under Apache on Unix/Linux systems (related info), although URL rewriting and spellchecking can help (discussed below).
 - Do not expose technology via directory names.
 Directory names commonly or easily associated with a given server-side technology unnecessarily disclose implementation details and discourage permanent URLs. More generic paths should be used. For example, instead of /cgi-bin, use a /scripts directory, instead of /css, use /styles, instead of /javascript, use /scripts, and so on.
 - Plan for host name typos.
 The reality of end user navigation is that around half of all site traffic is from direct type or bookmarked access. If users want to go to Amazon's web site, they know to type in However, accidentally typing or is fairly easy if a user is in a hurry. Adding a few entries to a site's domain name service to map w, ww, and wwww to the main site, as well as the common and, is well worth the few minutes required to set them up.
 - Plan for domain name typos.
 If possible, secure common "fat finger" typos of domain names. Given the proximity of the "z" and "x" keys on a standard computer QWERTY keyboard, it is no wonder Amazon also has contingency domains like Google allows for such variations as and Unfortunately, many Web traffic aggregators will purchase the typo domains for common sites, but most organizations should find some of their typo domains readily available. Organizations with names that are difficult to spell, like "Ximed," might want to have related domains like "Zimed" or "Zymed" for users who know the name of the organization but not the correct spelling. The particular domains needed for a company should reveal themselves during the course of regular offline correspondence with customers.
 - Support multiple domain forms.
 If an organization has many forms to its name, such as International Business Machines and IBM, it is wise to register both forms. Some companies will register their legal form as well, so XYZ, LLC or ABC, Inc. might register and as well as primary domains. While it seems like a significant investment, if you use one of the new breed of low-cost registrars (like, the price per year for numerous domains for a site is quite reasonable. Given alternate domain extensions like.net,.org,.biz and so on, the question begs -- where to stop? Anecdotally, the benefits are significantly reduced with new alternate domain forms (like.biz,.cc, and so on), so it is better to stick with the common domain form (.com) and any regional domains that are appropriate (e.g.
 - Add guessable entry point URLs.
 Since users guess domain names, it is not a stretch for users -- particularly power users -- to guess directory paths in URLs. For example, a user trying to find information about Microsoft Word might type Mapping multiple URLs to common guessable site entry points is fairly easy to do. Many sites have already begun to create a variety of synonym URLs for sections. For example, to access the careers section of the site, the canonical URL might be However, adding in URLs like,, or is easy and vastly improves the chances that the user will hit the target. You could even go so far as to add hostname remapping so that,,, and so on all go to The effort made to think about URLs in this fashion not only improves their usability, but should also promote long term maintainability by encouraging the modularization of site information.
 - Where possible, remove query strings by pre-generating dynamic pages.
 Often, complex URLs like result from an inappropriate use of dynamic pages. Many developers use server-side scripting technologies like ASP/ASP.NET, ColdFusion, PHP, and so on to generate "dynamic" pages which are actually static. For example in the previous URL, the ASP script drills press release content out of a database using a primary key of 5 and generates a page. However, in nearly all cases, this type of page is static both in content and presentation. The generation of the page dynamically at user view time wastes precious server resources, slows the page down, and adds unnecessary complexity to the URL. Some dynamic caches and content distribution networks will alleviate the performance penalty here, but the unnecessarily complex URLs remain. It is easy to directly pre-generate a page to its static form and clean its URL. Thus, might become or something much more descriptive like -- or even better like The issue of when to generate a page, either at request time or beforehand


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How To Make Fence in Minecraft: To ensure your safety in the Minecraft you need a fence. Of course, a fence helps to protect your hard work in the Minecraft. The Fence protects you Minecraft structure and farm and also helps to keep your animals inside.
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The main purpose to use a fence is to keep the animals in and mobs out. The fence technically takes up only 1 block space but works as 1 ½ spaces tall to prevent you from mobs from jumping over them. Proper lightning inside the fence area limit the mob attacks.
In the presence of fence, you can farm the animals effectively. Fences are guardrails along bridges and balconies you can fish over them. You can see through the fences like a glass but the mobs cannot see in.
Table of Contents
How To Make Fence in Minecraft
Fences are very useful in underwater construction, as they are not full solid block. So you can use them to create air pockets without the water dripping in. It is useful in creating a water elevator, waterproof door and fence walls.
Types of Fences You Can Make in Minecraft
1. Oak Fence
2. Spruce Fence
3. Birch Fence
4. Jungle Fence
5. Dark Oak Fence
6. Acacia Fence
7. Nether Brick Fence
You need different items that you require to collect before you can build a fence. Let check how to make the fence in Minecraft. Before we start, let me tell you the intergradient required to make the fence.
1. Oak Fence: 2 sticks and 4 Oak Wood Planks.
2. Spruce Fence: 2 Sticks and 4 Spruce Wood Planks.
3. Birch Fence: 2 Sticks and 4 Birch Wood Planks.
4. Jungle Fence: 2 Sticks and 4 Jungle Wood Planks.
5. Dark Oak Fence: 2 Sticks and 4 Dark Oak Wood Planks
6. Acacia Fence: 2 Sticks and 4 Acacia Wood Planks.
7. Nether Brick Fence: 6 blocks of Nether Brick.
Steps To Make Fence in Minecraft
1. First of all, you need to collect the intergradient which type of fence you want to make. You need to find a different kind of trees.
2. After collecting the required material and add them to your hotbar, now find the open area to build a fence.
3. Select the fence item in the hotbar. Place enough oak fence to make one side of your fence. The controls to place the fence depends on the version of Minecraft.
Read More – How To Make A Saddle in Minecraft
Making a Fence Gate
A fence gate works as a door and always opens away from you. It must be placed on a block but remains if the block is later mined away. The door protects the flow of water and lava even when open.
Moreover, zombies cannot break through a fence gate and villagers cannot open the door. The fence gates can be manipulated through Redstone such as pressure plates. You can make the fence gate in the Minecraft.
1. Oak Fence Gate: The material required is 4 sticks and 2 Oak Wood Planks.
2. Spruce Fence Gate: The material required is 4 sticks and 2 Spruce Wood Planks.
3. Birch Fence Gate: You need 4 sticks and 2 Birchwood Planks.
4. Jungle Fence Gate: Get 4 sticks and 2 Jungle Wood Planks.
5. Dark Oak Fence Gate: Take 4 sticks and 2 Dark Oak Wood Planks.
6. Acacia Fence Gate: Get 4 sticks and 2 Acacia Wood Planks.
Thus Minecraft is a creative game while making fence you can learn to engineer with the material. This creativity helps you to make a craftsmanship and to inspire you if you are planning for a new project. Steps To Make Fence in Minecraft.


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Transition to the Modern World
The transition from the medieval to the modern world was foreshadowed by economic expansion, political centralization, and secularization. A money economy weakened serfdom, and an inquiring spirit stimulated the age of exploration. Banking, the bourgeois class, and secular ideals flourished in the growing towns and lent support to the expanding monarchies. The church was weakened by internal conflicts as well as by quarrels between church and state. As feudal strength was sapped, notably by the the Hundred Years War and the Wars of the Roses, there emerged in France and England the modern nation state. A forerunner of intellectual modernity was the new humanism of the Renaissance. Finally, the great medieval unity of Christianity was shattered by the religious theories that culminated in the Protestant Reformation.
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The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
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