The :attr::ccdc.molecule.Molecule.HBondCriterion.path_length_range may be used to control whether hydrogen bonds may span distinct components of a molecule. By default this range is set to (4, 999), i.e. hydrogen bonding atoms must be on the same component and separated by at least four atoms. We can change this to detect hydrogen bonds between the components of a molecule:
>>> catkit = csd.molecule('CATKIT')
>>> print(len(catkit.hbonds()))
>>> criterion.path_length_range = (-1, 999)
>>> print(len(catkit.hbonds(hbond_criterion=criterion)))
Within the ccdc.molecule.Molecule.HBondCriterion we have access to the atom types required for forming hydrogen bonds. These may be changed to include or exclude particular hydrogen bonds. The atom types are exposed as dictionary-like attributes of ccdc.molecule.Molecule.HBondCriterion:
>>> criterion = Molecule.HBondCriterion()
>>> donor_types = criterion.donor_types
>>> print(', '.join(k for k in donor_types.keys()))
+nitrogen, metal bound N, imine N, aromatic (6-ring) N, amide or thioamide N, planar N, pyramidal N, ammonium N (NH4+, RNH3+ etc.), unclassified N, -nitrogen, +oxygen, metal bound O, water O, hydroxyl O, unclassified O, -oxygen, +sulphur, metal bound S, non metal bound S, -sulphur, +carbon, sp C, sp2 C, sp3 C, aromatic C, carboncationic C, -carbon
As with all dictionary-like objects, care must be taken to use the exact string as a key. The values are 'YES', 'NO' and 'NEVER'. The latter is purely heuristic, indicating that it is highly unlikely that this should ever be considered a hydrogen-bonding atom. When setting, the values True and False will work as expected:
>>> print(donor_types['carboncationic C'])
>>> donor_types['carboncationic C'] = True
This interface is somewhat fiddly and error prone, so there are methods using atoms as exemplars of their type:
>>> donor_atom = abacuf.atoms[5]
>>> print(criterion.is_donor(donor_atom))
>>> print(criterion.donor_atom_type(donor_atom))
metal bound O
>>> criterion.set_donor_type(donor_atom, False)
>>> print(criterion.is_donor(donor_atom))
Now no hydrogen bonds will be found using this criterion:
>>> print(abacuf.hbonds(hbond_criterion=criterion))
Accessing atomic properties
Let us have a look at the atomic properties available to us using the ABEBUF structure. To do this we will need an atom. Let us just use the first one in the molecule.
>>> atom = mol.atoms[0]
We can identify the atom using the index and/or the label. Atoms may have residue labels where these have been set in the molecule.
>>> print(atom.index)
>>> print(atom.label)
>>> print(atom.residue_label)
>>> atom.residue_label = 'RES'
>>> print(atom.residue_label)
There is a convenience method, ccdc.molecule.Molecule.set_residue_by_component() which sets the residue labels of disconnected components of the molecule to distinct values.
To understand the chemistry we can inspect the atomic symbol and the formal charge.
>>> print(atom.atomic_symbol)
>>> print(atom.formal_charge)
There is a property to inspect the partial charge of an atom, where available, and a method of the molecule to calculate partial charges. The method used is that of Gasteiger J.; Marsili M., Tetrahedron 36 (22) 3219-3228 1980. This is comparatively fast, and has good convergence properties, but is applicable only to organic molecules. Accordingly a bool is returned indicating the success of failure of the assignment.
>>> print(atom.partial_charge)
>>> print(mol.assign_partial_charges())
>>> print(round(atom.partial_charge, 2))
If a formal charge is explicitly set for any atom of the molecule, the partial charges will be invalid and so will be removed.
>>> atom.formal_charge = -1
>>> print(atom.partial_charge)
In common with many cheminformatics toolkits, the partial charge properties of atoms may be abused to store an arbitrary value:
>>> atom.partial_charge = 3.14
>>> print(round(atom.partial_charge, 2))
Finally, partial charges may be removed, allowing atomic formal charges to be represented in a mol2 format charge field:
>>> mol.remove_partial_charges()
>>> print(atom.partial_charge)
Furthermore, there are also descriptors to check whether or not an atom is a metal, a hydrogen bond donor, a hydrogen bond acceptor and whether or not it is in a ring system.
>>> atom.is_metal
>>> atom.is_donor
>>> atom.is_acceptor
>>> atom.is_cyclic
Clearly, we also have access to the atomic coordinates.
>>> print(atom.coordinates)
Coordinates(x=1.929, y=5.168, z=1.721)
>>> print(', '.join('%.4f' % a for a in atom.fractional_coordinates))
0.1799, 0.4741, 0.0623
The coordinates returned by ccdc.molecule.Atom.coordinates() is in orthogonal space. If the atom has no coordinates, None will be returned. Similarly fractional_coordinates will return None if no coordinate information is available.
Where the uncertainty of the determination of the coordinates has been recorded, this information may be obtained from the atom. In the case of ABEBUF read from the molecule file, this information is not available:
>>> print(atom.fractional_uncertainties)
However the CSD entry for ABEBUF does contain the requisite data:
>>> abebuf = io.MoleculeReader('CSD').molecule('ABEBUF')
>>> a = abebuf.atoms[0]
>>> print(a.fractional_uncertainties)
(0.17989(8), 0.47410(8), 0.06227(3))
>>> uncertain_val = a.fractional_uncertainties[0]
>>> print(uncertain_val.value)
>>> print(uncertain_val.precision)
>>> print(uncertain_val.uncertainty)
Atoms read from some sources, such as PDB files or CIF files may have atomic displacement parameters recorded. For such atoms there is a property, ccdc.molecule.Atom.displacement_parameters giving access to a class, ccdc.molecule.Atom.DisplacementParameters from which these data may be extracted. Atoms read from the CSD do not yet contain atomic displacement parameters, so the property returns None:
>>> print(atom.displacement_parameters)
However, an atom read from a PDB file will have this information:
>>> file_name = 'pdb1fax.pdb'
>>> from ccdc.protein import Protein
>>> protein = Protein.from_file(file_name)
>>> atom_with_adps = protein.atoms[0]
>>> adps = atom_with_adps.displacement_parameters
>>> print(adps.type)
>>> print(adps.temperature_factor)
There are other, more specialised data available: please see the documentation of the class for more details.
There is a convenience property to determine whether all the heavy atoms of a molecule have 3D coordinate information:
>>> mol.is_3d
We have access to the neighbouring atoms:
>>> atom.neighbours
and to the bonds to this atom:
>>> atom.bonds
(Bond(Double Atom(O1) Atom(C1)),)
We can access R/S chirality information for atoms:
>>> duxyea = io.MoleculeReader('CSD').molecule('DUXYEA')
>>> print(', '.join('(%s, %s)' % (a.label, a.chirality) for a in duxyea.atoms if a.is_chiral))
(C1, S), (C3, R), (C6, R), (C7, S)...
We will also detect para-chiral centres where the chirality of the atom depends only on the chirality of connected atoms:
>>> hptrol = io.MoleculeReader('csd').molecule('HPTROL')
>>> hptrol.add_hydrogens()
>>> print(', '.join('(%s, %s)' % (a.label, a.chirality) for a in hptrol.atoms if a.is_chiral)) # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
(C2, R), (C4, S), (C6, S)
HPTROL 2D diagram.
HPTROL 2D diagram, to exemplify para-chiral centres.
Here the central C4 atom is para-chiral since the atoms C2 and C6 have opposite chirality.
Accessing bond properties
Let us have a look at the bond properties available to us using the ABEBUF structure. To do this we will need a bond. Let us just use the first one in the molecule.
>>> bond = mol.bonds[0]
To identify the bond we can access the two atoms connected by it.
>>> atom1, atom2 = bond.atoms
>>> print(atom1.label)
>>> print(atom2.label)
To understand the chemistry we can check the bond type.
>>> print(bond.bond_type)
Note that we can also use integers to check the type of a bond.
>>> bond.bond_type == 1
>>> bond.bond_type == 2
The integers used to represent bond types according to the CSD convention are.
Type Integer
Unknown 0
Single 1
Double


Archive for Field Experiences
Orbit Media Field Experience
We went to Orbit Media Studios today. Orbit Media is a web design company in Chicago located at 4043 N Ravenswood Ave. We went there for our HTML course Catalyst. This field experience gave me the opportunity to consider if developing was a path I really wanted to follow, and after this experience I believe it is. After talking with Sam, a web developer from Orbit I am taking more interest in web design and plan on following up on it as a profession.
While we were there we talked to four employes of Orbit. Todd who is the CEO of Orbit is in charge of talking with clients to insure their happiness. Below him are the developers and designers, Sam and Mary Fran are two of the web designers we talked to. Sam is a developer whose job is to write the code for websites. Mary Fran is a designer and her goal is to design the layout of the website then hand it off to a developer to make functional. We also talked with Amanda who is head of marketing and also manages what clients needs and puts teams together to make that website.
We had an amazing conversation while we talked about what they do, what we do and everything in between. We learned about the world of web design as a profession and how much of a demand there really is for the job. We also learned about other languages that professional web designers use to code websites which are php and javascript.
UIC Biological Science Dept.
For our global health cure course, we went to UIC to better understand how cures are found. We saw four amazing scientists by the names of Dr. Tien Wang, Dr. Pete Okkema, Dr. David Stone, and Dr. Brian Kay.
While visiting Dr. Tien Wang's mouse lab, I asked him the question why do you dissect mice and how does it relate to your studies. He responded that both the mice and the human have a very similar heart. They test on mice to help find treatments for humans.
While visiting Dr. Pete Okkema in the worm lab, I asked the question what major discoveries have come from the research of worms? He responded that he discovered gene transcription factors that are very similar to humans. This research can help cure cancer.
While visiting Dr. David Stone in the yeast lab, I asked him the question why does yeast help combat infections? He responded that yeast is a very easy thing to reproduce and is a great subject to study regarding bacteria.
Out last stop was visiting Dr. Brian Kay in the engineering bio lab. I asked him why he chose to study bio engineering? He responded that by studying and making life was such an amazing thing to do and it was something he is really passionate about.
Cost of War For Iraq in Chicago


What You Should Know About Saxenda
Saxenda is a health supplement that is FDA approved. Research has shown that if saxenda is used correctly, it may help people suffering from obesity manage their weight. While the supplement is vital in the modern market because of its ability to support obesity patients, it doesn't mean that you can always use and get positive results. Therefore, before you embark on the journey of using Saxenda, you must take time to consult a professional medical practitioner.
How Effective is Saxenda?
weight loss
Many people who have never used the drug before are always keen to avoid a situation where they buy the wrong medicine. However, with Saxenda, things are slightly different because various studies have indicated that many patients suffering from obesity lose a significant amount of weight once they start using the drug. Therefore, you can trust the medication to work for you once you start using it. One of the reasons why the drug is reliable is that it can be combined with other weight loss therapies, resulting in dramatic weight loss.
How Does Saxenda Help in Weight Loss?
Saxenda helps in the process of weight loss in several ways. First, it works by reducing leptin resistance. While many people do not even realize it, the truth is that leptin is the most important hormone that has a direct influence on whether or not you will lose weight. It helps to ensure that you do not gain the weight that you are losing.
Other ways that saxenda helps in weight loss include improving insulin sensitivity, serves as a glucagon suppressant, and increases body metabolism. With all this, you can easily tell that this drug can be very helpful in helping people deal with the obesity condition. Besides, it is FDA approved, and what this means is that it is safe and effective for weight loss.
What are the Side Effects?
One using supplements or drugs for weight loss, one of the essential things that you should always ask is if there are side effects that come with the drug. Even those classified as life-saving drugs tend to have side effects, and therefore, this tells you that you should expect some of these drugs to have side effects.
Knowing some of the side effects associated with Saxenda will help you see if you are on the right track. Sometimes, it is wise to avoid the use of a drug if its side effects persist. Some of the side effects associated with Saxenda include bloating, indigestion, fatigue, dizziness, headache, insomnia, urinary tract infection, gas, diarrhea, and many others.


Study: Happiness Comes Easier With Upbeat Music
By Lindsay Abrams
Toby Melville/Reuters
NJ logo.JPG
PROBLEM: Making a conscious effort to be happy, according to researchers, is responsible for as much as 40 percent of the variation in how good people actually feel. But trying too hard can backfire: a 2003 study found that when people "try to feel happier" while listening to classical music, they end up feeling worse than if they had just sat and listened.
METHODOLOGY: Researchers at the University of Missouri recruited 167 "generally well-functioning" students and attempted to manipulate their moods. About half of the participants were told to "really focus on trying to feel happier" while listening to music. Some were played the piece used in the 2003 study: Igor Stravinsky's "Rite of Spring," which is characterized as "complex and discordant," and thus kind of a downer. Others were played Aaron Copland's "Rodeo," a more upbeat and generally positive piece. The other half were instructed to "just relax and be yourself" while listening to the music, and explicitly told not to try to improve their mood.
After 12 minutes of listening, the participants were asked to rate their mood on a sliding scale from "very negative" to "very positive," and to indicate, on a scale from one to 15, how much they agreed with positive mood descriptions like "happy," "joyful," and "satisfied."
RESULTS: Participants who listened to the Copland tune while trying their hardest to feel happy finished out the study in a significantly more positive mood. Everyone who listened to Stravinsky, on the other hand, ended up at about the same level, which was also more or less equivalent to the mood of people who listened to Copland without making an effort to feel happy.
IMPLICATIONS: The researchers went into this study with the assumption (based on past experiments) that it is indeed possibly to talk yourself into being happy. Here they showed that context matters in making self-pep-talks effective. For those who don't want life to always feel like a high-energy, major-key Copland tune, however, it's yet to be determined if discordant music can help us become more emotionally complex.
The full study, "Trying to Be Happier Really Can Work: Two Experimental Studies," was published in The Journal of Positive Psychology.
This article available online at:


Being a young Aboriginal woman in Australia today
Blogs, Indigenous Australia, Women's rights, Youth article written on the 25 Feb 2016
Danielle Dries, 28, is one of many exceptional young Aboriginal people making their mark today. A Kaurna woman (whose traditional country includes Adelaide), she will soon graduate as a doctor.
Close the Gap Campaign Lead, Tom Widdup, finds out how — despite continued high levels of Indigenous disadvantage, and a disconnect that still hinders relations between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australia — Danielle and many young Indigenous Australians like her are working to overcome these barriers.
What is it like being a young Aboriginal woman in Australia at the moment?
This is a very difficult question to answer.
I believe young Aboriginal women have a certain level of privilege that our parents and our elders never had. On the whole we have more opportunities, but many Aboriginal girls and women continue to suffer significant disadvantage in comparison to non-Indigenous Australians.
I'm not saying I've had it easy. I have experienced a lot of racism and discrimination as a young Aboriginal woman. It's rarely blatant racism, but I am regularly made to feel less than those around me; people question why I would want to identify as Aboriginal. There's still definitely a lack of understanding in Australia about Aboriginal history, culture and the vast diversity among our people.
Trying to balance my Aboriginal culture within a westernised Australian community is also very difficult. One thing I do know is that I'm proud of the many people that have fought for the rights that have given us more opportunities.
Why did you choose to study medicine?
I started off as a physiotherapist but am now a final year medical student at ANU. An elective subject in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health, together with my Aboriginal ancestry, made me want to do more for our people.
As a physio, I couldn't find many jobs in Aboriginal Medical Services or in remote communities, so I decided to study medicine. This opens up more opportunities to work in Aboriginal health, but also to advocate for allied health positions.
Access to services is a complex issue; and it doesn't necessarily improve for Aboriginal people living in the city. My Nan, who is now 80 years old, has had diabetes since she was 29. Three of my uncles have diabetes as well, and two had a stroke in their 50s. All live in the city, not rural or remote locations. Levels of chronic disease are high among our people everywhere. But while living in the city has helped my grandmother live longer (with good access to multidisciplinary care) services in cities are not always accessible to Indigenous people for other reasons, such as cultural appropriateness.
One of the key ways to improving Indigenous health will be to improve access to quality, culturally responsive, multidisciplinary care. To do this Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health needs to have a significant presence in the core curriculum of all health degrees across Australia.
What are Indigenous communities saying about Indigenous health?
I hear communities saying: "too many of our people are sick" and "too many of us are dying too young". For years there have been policies and 'interventions' that have been trialled and failed. There is a belief that health programs will fail before they begin, or when they do work, that funding will be cut.
This is a huge stress for our people. Communities want mainstream Australia to listen to them and understand the health problems they face; they want to have empowerment over their health and their health care.
Closing the gap will take time: health outcomes won't improve overnight.
How do you get people to listen?
I used to get frustrated when people blamed Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people for their poor health: saying things like "they're lazy", or "they don't want to work", or our problems are just alcohol and other 'lifestyle' diseases. As if the levels of disadvantage we face today (and the subsequent health problems we face) is a lifestyle choice.
But with guidance from both Indigenous and non-Indigenous mentors, I've realised that it's not helpful to get angry or frustrated at comments like these. It just makes people shut down. I've learnt to be more open and understand why people have these negative stereotypes and to start a conversation about Aboriginal culture, history and the strengths of our people. Education is key.
How did you find the Closing the Gap Parliamentary Breakfast you attended earlier this month?
It was difficult to hear the Prime Minister report the poor progress in closing the health gap. We do need to remember though that it has only been 10 years since the campaign was launched and less since the Australian Government committed to take stronger action. It also highlighted for me that we need strong bipartisanship when it comes to achieving Indigenous health equality.
Another highlight of the breakfast was hearing Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander leaders Professor Tom Calma and Dr Jackie Huggins speak. They were both really inspiring and provide strong, positive role models for our youth. (I'm also really excited that Dr Huggins is going to speak at our Australian National University National Close the Gap Day event.)
What is your take on the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community's reaction to the Closing the Gap comments that came from the various party leaders?
This is something that hits the media around this time every year; there are lots of promises made, and then after a couple months it fades away. On the other hand, there is still a lot of hope. Of course people would like to see significant changes, but we're addressing hundreds of years of disempowerment and human rights abuses. As I said earlier, this is not an issue we're going to solve overnight.
What can you do to promote Indigenous health equality?
1. Leave a comment below
2. Share Danielle's story
3. Sign the Close the Gap pledge
4. Register your own National Close the Gap Day event


How to Care for Porcelain Dinnerware
Porcelain dinnerware is known for its elegance, as well as its fragility. Due to these qualities, many people choose to use their porcelain dishes only on special occasions.
Other forms of dinnerware, such as stoneware, are quite durable due to their ability to withstand the extreme hot and cold temperatures of the microwave, oven, refrigerator and freezer; many porcelain dishes cannot tolerate such conditions. In fact, most porcelain dinnerware needs to be used and cared for in a gentle and specific manner in order to preserve it.
Handwashing Tips
 2. Fill the container about halfway full of lukewarm water. Place only one or two dishes at a time in the container to avoid overloading.
 3. Use a mild liquid dish detergent and a non-abrasive cleaning tool such as a soft-bristled brush or a dish cloth to wash the porcelain dinnerware.
 4. Rinse the dishes off in a lukewarm running water, or place another container in the sink for rinsing purposes.
 5. Thoroughly dry the dishes with a soft dish towel.
Dishwashing Tips
 1. Refer to the manufacturer's care instructions when considering placing porcelain dinnerware in a dishwasher. Older porcelain or antique porcelain should be handwashed.
 2. Load the dishwasher with care by making sure that none of the porcelain dinnerware touches another piece. If dishes are allowed to rub or vibrate during the dishwasher's cycle, chipping or cracking could result.
 3. Use a gentle wash setting. Avoid using a high heat drying setting for your porcelain dinnerware. Choose a lower setting, or one with no heat.
 4. Use a mild dishwashing detergent that will not be abrasive to the porcelain.
 5. Allow the porcelain to completely cool before you attempt to remove any pieces from the dishwasher.
General Care
 1. Do not allow acidic foods to remain on your dishes. Wash them as soon as possible by using one of the methods above.
 2. Place something between the porcelain plates during storage. Napkins, paper towels or the foam pads that were part of the original packing can be used to keep the dishes from sustaining scratch or scuff marks.
 3. Never allow the porcelain to come into contact with a direct flame, as cracking can result.
 4. Warning
 Avoid using lemon or acidic detergents when cleaning porcelain dinnerware. These type of cleaners may be harmful.
 Do not leave porcelain dinnerware submerged in water for extended periods of time.


Collaborating Authors
AI-enabled Automation for Completeness Checking of Privacy Policies Artificial Intelligence
Technological advances in information sharing have raised concerns about data protection. Privacy policies contain privacy-related requirements about how the personal data of individuals will be handled by an organization or a software system (e.g., a web service or an app). In Europe, privacy policies are subject to compliance with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). A prerequisite for GDPR compliance checking is to verify whether the content of a privacy policy is complete according to the provisions of GDPR. Incomplete privacy policies might result in large fines on violating organization as well as incomplete privacy-related software specifications. Manual completeness checking is both time-consuming and error-prone. In this paper, we propose AI-based automation for the completeness checking of privacy policies. Through systematic qualitative methods, we first build two artifacts to characterize the privacy-related provisions of GDPR, namely a conceptual model and a set of completeness criteria. Then, we develop an automated solution on top of these artifacts by leveraging a combination of natural language processing and supervised machine learning. Specifically, we identify the GDPR-relevant information content in privacy policies and subsequently check them against the completeness criteria. To evaluate our approach, we collected 234 real privacy policies from the fund industry. Over a set of 48 unseen privacy policies, our approach detected 300 of the total of 334 violations of some completeness criteria correctly, while producing 23 false positives. The approach thus has a precision of 92.9% and recall of 89.8%. Compared to a baseline that applies keyword search only, our approach results in an improvement of 24.5% in precision and 38% in recall.
Fair Normalizing Flows Artificial Intelligence
Fair representation learning is an attractive approach that promises fairness of downstream predictors by encoding sensitive data. Unfortunately, recent work has shown that strong adversarial predictors can still exhibit unfairness by recovering sensitive attributes from these representations. In this work, we present Fair Normalizing Flows (FNF), a new approach offering more rigorous fairness guarantees for learned representations. Specifically, we consider a practical setting where we can estimate the probability density for sensitive groups. The key idea is to model the encoder as a normalizing flow trained to minimize the statistical distance between the latent representations of different groups. The main advantage of FNF is that its exact likelihood computation allows us to obtain guarantees on the maximum unfairness of any potentially adversarial downstream predictor. We experimentally demonstrate the effectiveness of FNF in enforcing various group fairness notions, as well as other attractive properties such as interpretability and transfer learning, on a variety of challenging real-world datasets.
Review of Low-Voltage Load Forecasting: Methods, Applications, and Recommendations Machine Learning
The increased digitalisation and monitoring of the energy system opens up numerous opportunities % and solutions which can help to decarbonise the energy system. Applications on low voltage (LV), localised networks, such as community energy markets and smart storage will facilitate decarbonisation, but they will require advanced control and management. Reliable forecasting will be a necessary component of many of these systems to anticipate key features and uncertainties. Despite this urgent need, there has not yet been an extensive investigation into the current state-of-the-art of low voltage level forecasts, other than at the smart meter level. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the landscape, current approaches, core applications, challenges and recommendations. Another aim of this paper is to facilitate the continued improvement and advancement in this area. To this end, the paper also surveys some of the most relevant and promising trends. It establishes an open, community-driven list of the known LV level open datasets to encourage further research and development.
MTH-IDS: A Multi-Tiered Hybrid Intrusion Detection System for Internet of Vehicles Artificial Intelligence
Modern vehicles, including connected vehicles and autonomous vehicles, nowadays involve many electronic control units connected through intra-vehicle networks to implement various functionalities and perform actions. Modern vehicles are also connected to external networks through vehicle-to-everything technologies, enabling their communications with other vehicles, infrastructures, and smart devices. However, the improving functionality and connectivity of modern vehicles also increase their vulnerabilities to cyber-attacks targeting both intra-vehicle and external networks due to the large attack surfaces. To secure vehicular networks, many researchers have focused on developing intrusion detection systems (IDSs) that capitalize on machine learning methods to detect malicious cyber-attacks. In this paper, the vulnerabilities of intra-vehicle and external networks are discussed, and a multi-tiered hybrid IDS that incorporates a signature-based IDS and an anomaly-based IDS is proposed to detect both known and unknown attacks on vehicular networks. Experimental results illustrate that the proposed system can detect various types of known attacks with 99.99% accuracy on the CAN-intrusion-dataset representing the intra-vehicle network data and 99.88% accuracy on the CICIDS2017 dataset illustrating the external vehicular network data. For the zero-day attack detection, the proposed system achieves high F1-scores of 0.963 and 0.800 on the above two datasets, respectively. The average processing time of each data packet on a vehicle-level machine is less than 0.6 ms, which shows the feasibility of implementing the proposed system in real-time vehicle systems. This emphasizes the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed IDS.
Negative Selection Algorithm Research and Applications in the last decade: A Review Artificial Intelligence
The Negative selection Algorithm (NSA) is one of the important methods in the field of Immunological Computation (or Artificial Immune Systems). Over the years, some progress was made which turns this algorithm (NSA) into an efficient approach to solve problems in different domain. This review takes into account these signs of progress during the last decade and categorizes those based on different characteristics and performances. Our study shows that NSA's evolution can be labeled in four ways highlighting the most notable NSA variations and their limitations in different application domains. We also present alternative approaches to NSA for comparison and analysis. It is evident that NSA performs better for nonlinear representation than most of the other methods, and it can outperform neural-based models in computation time. We summarize NSA's development and highlight challenges in NSA research in comparison with other similar models.
Randomized Algorithms for Scientific Computing (RASC) Artificial Intelligence
Adversarial Diffusion Attacks on Graph-based Traffic Prediction Models Artificial Intelligence
Real-time traffic prediction models play a pivotal role in smart mobility systems and have been widely used in route guidance, emerging mobility services, and advanced traffic management systems. With the availability of massive traffic data, neural network-based deep learning methods, especially the graph convolutional networks (GCN) have demonstrated outstanding performance in mining spatio-temporal information and achieving high prediction accuracy. Recent studies reveal the vulnerability of GCN under adversarial attacks, while there is a lack of studies to understand the vulnerability issues of the GCN-based traffic prediction models. Given this, this paper proposes a new task -- diffusion attack, to study the robustness of GCN-based traffic prediction models. The diffusion attack aims to select and attack a small set of nodes to degrade the performance of the entire prediction model. To conduct the diffusion attack, we propose a novel attack algorithm, which consists of two major components: 1) approximating the gradient of the black-box prediction model with Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation (SPSA); 2) adapting the knapsack greedy algorithm to select the attack nodes. The proposed algorithm is examined with three GCN-based traffic prediction models: St-Gcn, T-Gcn, and A3t-Gcn on two cities. The proposed algorithm demonstrates high efficiency in the adversarial attack tasks under various scenarios, and it can still generate adversarial samples under the drop regularization such as DropOut, DropNode, and DropEdge. The research outcomes could help to improve the robustness of the GCN-based traffic prediction models and better protect the smart mobility systems. Our code is available at
Supervised Feature Selection Techniques in Network Intrusion Detection: a Critical Review Artificial Intelligence
Machine Learning (ML) techniques are becoming an invaluable support for network intrusion detection, especially in revealing anomalous flows, which often hide cyber-threats. Typically, ML algorithms are exploited to classify/recognize data traffic on the basis of statistical features such as inter-arrival times, packets length distribution, mean number of flows, etc. Dealing with the vast diversity and number of features that typically characterize data traffic is a hard problem. This results in the following issues: i) the presence of so many features leads to lengthy training processes (particularly when features are highly correlated), while prediction accuracy does not proportionally improve; ii) some of the features may introduce bias during the classification process, particularly those that have scarce relation with the data traffic to be classified. To this end, by reducing the feature space and retaining only the most significant features, Feature Selection (FS) becomes a crucial pre-processing step in network management and, specifically, for the purposes of network intrusion detection. In this review paper, we complement other surveys in multiple ways: i) evaluating more recent datasets (updated w.r.t. obsolete KDD 99) by means of a designed-from-scratch Python-based procedure; ii) providing a synopsis of most credited FS approaches in the field of intrusion detection, including Multi-Objective Evolutionary techniques; iii) assessing various experimental analyses such as feature correlation, time complexity, and performance. Our comparisons offer useful guidelines to network/security managers who are considering the incorporation of ML concepts into network intrusion detection, where trade-offs between performance and resource consumption are crucial.
Balancing Biases and Preserving Privacy on Balanced Faces in the Wild Artificial Intelligence
There are demographic biases in the SOTA CNN used for FR. Our BFW dataset serves as a proxy to measure bias across ethnicity and gender subgroups, allowing us to characterize FR performances per subgroup. We show


Why do we go to church on Sunday LDS?
Why do we go to church on Sunday instead of Saturday?
Why do Mormons keep Sunday?
In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Sunday is a sacred day. It is the Sabbath day, a day that we worship the Lord. … And on the seventh day God ended his work which he had made and he rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had made.
IT IS INTERESTING: Where in the Bible does it talk about the Christmas star?
What can LDS do on Sunday?
Here are seven things to do with the extra hour not in church on Sunday.
 - Family history. Buy Now. …
 - Hiking in nature. Alexander Ishchenko. …
 - Visit family. Stock. …
 - Take a nap. Getting enough sleep is always important. …
 - Family games. …
 - Watch conference talks or Mormon Messages.
Is the Sabbath day Saturday or Sunday according to the Bible?
Is Sunday worship biblical?
What religions dont work on Saturdays?
Jews don't work on Saturdays and many Christians don't work on Sundays.
What day of the week is the Mormon Sabbath?
In most areas of the world, this means worship on Sunday, though there is adaptation for Israel and many majority-Muslim countries. In harmony with this revelation, members of the LDS church attend sacrament meeting each week.
Do Mormons celebrate Christmas?
What do the Mormons believe?
IT IS INTERESTING: What does the Bible teach about vulnerability?
What is the Mormon temple used for?
The temple is the most sacred space of the Mormon faith. It's used for ordinances, or events, for Mormon families who wish to become closer to God. The small rooms cater to baptisms, weddings, meditation and sealings, a ceremony in which a husband, wife and sometimes children commit to one another even after death.
What day is the seventh day of the week?
What does the New Testament say about keeping the Sabbath day holy?
The full text of the commandment reads: Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy. Six days you shall labor, and do all your work, but the seventh day is the Sabbath of the LORD your God. … Therefore the LORD blessed the Sabbath day and made it holy.
Catholic Church


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text:
Archive for January, 2009
Monday, January 26th, 2009
Monday Notes: We had some IU student teachers visiting our classroom this morning. They helped with our Reader's Workshop. We talked about Four Feet, Two Sandals at our table groups. Then the Indian School group met and talked about Raven's brother getting sick in Chapter 5. After that, we worked on writing ADJECTIVES in short pieces about our favorite instruments. After lunch, we visited our first grade buddies. At math, we learned about measuring angles. It was tricky, but we're getting the hang of it. Then we started designing "geo-monsters," using our math templates.
Friday Notes: In the morning we listened to our new podcast. It was great, awesome and terrific! Our goal is to get 30 comments this week! We already have 7! We read a book about a girl who was born in Afghanistan. They had many wars there. Now she lives in the U.S. We did science experiments with Mrs. Streib's class. What a wild week!
Monday, January 26th, 2009
Listen to our podcast about the boarding schools many Native American children were forced to attend. This podcast was written after we read The Ledgerbook of Thomas Blue Eagle and Bright Path: Young Jim Thorpe. Check it out!
Carlisle School Podcast
Wednesday, January 21st, 2009
Tuesday Notes: Today was a big day in 306 and in HISTORY! Our third graders were in the Herald Times! After we read about ourselves in the newspaper, we checked out the Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr web pages created by Mrs. Streib's class and Mrs. Ritchey's class. Both classes were winners in the web page contest by MCCSC. Then we read a book about Dr. King called Martin's Big Words. We made a poster of some of Dr. King's important words and messages. We ate lunch together in our classroom and watched President Obama take the oath of office. We took notes during his inaugural speech and then we made a poster called Barack's Big Words. We also read a picture book about President Obama's life. Mr. Combs was our awesome speaker at our Dr. King convocation. It was a great day to be together and learn more about our country and our government.
Wednesday Notes: Today we welcomed our new gym teacher, Ms. Uchman to Fairview. We had a great time at gym and art first thing this morning. We worked in our reading sketchbooks and learned more about inferences. We learned about equilateral, isoceles and scalene triangles. We worked on SOUND experiments during science class. When we put the tuning fork into water, it splashed. When we touched the tuning fork to paper, it buzzed. When we touched it to the ping pong ball, it bounced back and forth. A wonderful day in 306.
Thursday Notes: Our travellers have returned! Today was busy. After a lesson about adjectives, we worked on writing this morning. We made SIGNS about our book, Listen To the Wind. After recess, we worked on literature circles. The Stone Fox group met and talked about Little Willy's feelings about Stone Fox. We learned about QUADRANGLES in math class. We are loving the HUGO CABRET book by Brian Selznick!
Monday, January 12th, 2009
Monday Notes: Wow! This day was busy! At Reader's Workshop, we used the dictionary to look up our vocabulary words. Then we illustrated a passage from a book to show how we visualized the details. We had literature circles too. We watched a program about PRONOUNS and found all the pronouns in a song called, "The Girl Is Mine!" After lunch, we worked on PARALLEL and INTERSECTING lines. Ms. Streib's class visited and we worked on finishing up some of the pages in our Monroe County History books. Great news! Tammi and Allijah worked on an essay contest at Banneker Center at the View. They won and are going to travel to Washington to see the inauguration! WOW!!!! Congratulations!!!!
Tuesday Notes: This morning we had gym and music. When Ms. H. picked us up from music, we were singing wintry songs! We worked on our podcast scripts and we are almost ready to record. We took another acuity test after lunch. We also learned more about "parallel" and "intersecting" lines and worked in our math books. We were hoping for more snow today!
Thursday Notes: We began the day with a morning meeting and then we talked about Jim Thorpe. We found out that the Olympic committee took away his medals when they found out he had played professional baseball. Then they gave the medals back to his kids after he died. In the afternoon we learned more about building the school in Pakistan. We worked in our sketchbooks. After library, we had a social studies lesson on democracy. In a democracy everyone is expected to vote.
Tuesday, January 6th, 2009
Tuesday Notes: It was nice to ease into the new year with a 2 hour delay. It was also wonderful to see everyone again. The 306′ers—students AND teacher were all a bit tired this morning, but we soon got back in to the swing of things. In the morning we learned more about NOUNS, and after lunch, we worked on our Fairview Faces and Places zines. We are starting a new math unit about geometry. Today we learned about line segments, lines and rays. Happy New Year, everyone!
Wednesday Notes: In art today, we made 2009 signs with bubble letters. Instead of gym, we got to hear Coach Jack from IU talk to the sixth graders at their Lifeskills convocation. After gym, we began working on our new podcast. In the afternoon, we learned about sound and BIG BEN when Mrs. Streib came and taught science in 306.
Thursday Notes: Today we heard a story called Listen To the Wind. It's about a guy named Greg Mortenson from the United States who went to Pakistan and helped them build a school. Our Time For Kids was about photographs from 2008. We read a book called The Biggest Best Snowman.
p.s. We love 2 hour delays!

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Monday, February 28, 2011
Some questions to ask about the particular virtues
In prepping for class tomorrow I jotted down a list of 12 questions that we can ask about any particular virtue. I imagine others have made better lists of questions and systematically answered them, but still, I thought the list might be useful to teachers of virtue ethics.
What is it?
1. Can you give a pithy definition of it?
2. Is it a form of self control with regard to an emotion?
3. Is it a mean between two extremes?
How does it relate to the other virtues?
4. Is it a special case of another virtue?
5. Does it need to be distinguished from another virtue that it is often confused with?
6. Is there a general class of virtue that it falls under?
What can we learn about this virtue from others?
7. Are there relevant findings in empirical psychology?
8. Do different cultures regard this virtue differently?
9. How have people symbolized or represented this virtue artistically?
How do I cultivate this virtue in my own life?
10. Is this one that I am good at, or one that I need to work on?
11. What happens to people who lack this virtue?
12. What habits can I adopt to cultivate this virtue.
Friday, February 25, 2011
Easing into a story
When authors tell stories, they assume the reader starting at the beginning and going to the end. But that's generally not true for me. Consider how I've absorbed the Harry Potter series so far. Roughly, it breaks down into these steps.
1) Knowing the general cultural buzz and mapping the characters onto standard genre figures. Boy who finds out he's special. Geek girl sidekick. Gandolf figure. Gentle giant.
2) Overhearing Molly read the books to the kids, while I am doing other things. Occasionally I am called on to read portions of the book. I distinctly remember reading the scene where Hagrid shows our heroes his brother in the woods in book 5. This before I know much of anything about the story.
3) Watching all the movies with the family, in order, except for the one that isn't out yet.
4) Getting books 1 and 2 on CD for Christmas. Listening to book 1 while driving around for the holidays. Notice that this is the first time I actually hear a whole book from beginning to end.
5) The present day: Listening attentively every night at bedtime while Molly reads book 5 to the kids and listening to book 2 on CD when I drive to work.
I bet a lot of people learn stories in ways similar to this. Its not introduction, conflict, climax, denouement. Not boy meets girl, boy loses girl, boy gets girl back again. Even now, now that I am trying to get the story in order, I am missing things. I missed a chapter of book five because they read it while I was working, rather than at bedtime.
This seems like it should be significant for aesthetic theory. But I'm not sure how.
In any case, I still don't know what happens in the second half of the last book, so don't tell me.
Saturday, February 05, 2011
Lovers' Dialogues I (free writing continued)
Panos and Sylvia
Panos Aristocles stands naked, pot bellied, and balding at the window, watching the snow under the street lamp.
Sylvia: Panos, sweetie, step away from the window. Someone will see you.
Sylvia sits up in bed, her back against the wall. She has long since reached the age where her breasts point straight down, and further past the age where she cares.
Panos: Don't worry. We're on the second floor. No one ever looks up.
Sylvia: I wish I knew you when you had your buff, wrestler's body.
Panos, sounding less offended that you would expect: You are looking for younger men now?
Sylvia: No, the current you is beautiful. I was just imagining variations on the theme.
Panos: You want the version with the long permed hair and the silly tights? There's a Mexican version where a wear a mask, too.
Sylvia: They all sound delicious.
Panos: It was a preposterous body I had, muscles built for show. They gave the appearance of strength only. I'm surprised you are interested.
Sylvia: I'm a literature professor. Beauty is my business.
Panos: There was no beauty there, only spectacle. I'm glad I'm out of the business. The Mexican circuit didn't even pay well.
Sylvia: Your body would still speak of who you were. It couldn't help it.
Panos: What are you on about?
Sylvia:...
Panos: The body doesn't speak anyway. The mouth may form words and the hand may write, but these are accidents. The person speaks with the language.
Sylvia: I think I can see facts about who you are--your personality, your nature--by directly looking at you.
Panos: A preposterous thesis.
He is now seated on the window sill.
Sylvia: Your fat--particularly your arms and shoulders--says "athlete gone to fat" not "lifelong couch potato."
Panos: That's my nature?
Sylvia: It is a part of your history.
Panos: Do better than that. Look at my body and directly perceive a mental property.
Panos is standing straight at the foot of the bed, his shoulders square with Sylvia's.
Sylvia: Your pride is shouting at me. I think I will ignore it and say that I can see your playfulness instead.
Panos: And where is my playfulness? Where did you see it?
Sylvia: You were smirking. Slightly. You still are.
Panos: And how do you know that is playfulness, and not insolence or even a mask for anger?
Sylvia: I said this was direct perception. I don't need to give a reason.
Panos: You see it because of your past experience with me. Because we have played together and you know how I play.
Sylvia: Also your writing. You are the most playful writer working in pure metaphysics and formal ontology.
Panos: See, language!
Sylvia: But what is wrong with that? I'm allowed to use past experience to shape my perception. How could I see otherwise?
Panos: It certainly makes your perception less direct.
Sylvia: Whatever, the fact is I am not simply projecting something I already know onto the appearance of you.
Panos: Yes, you are.
Sylvia: Well, here's an easy case for me. If I saw you with your eyes wide open and your jaw agape, I would be directly perceiving that you are surprised, a mental property about you.
Panos: Actually, I don't believe that either, but in that case, I am the one being weird. Your view here is common sense, so i will stipulate it. Can you get from there to directly perceiving my playfulness.
Sylvia: Easy peasy. The cases are exactly the same. In both cases I might be mistaken, and in both cases I am relying in part on past experience and a well functioning biological system of perception. If one counts as direct perception, the other does too.
Panos: One case is an event and the other a disposition. Anyway, what do you mean by "direct perception" and how do you deal with the problem of error in perception.
Sylvia: Oh Pan, I don't have any fancy philosophical theories. I teach stories about people. Are you just going to stand there, or are you going to come to bed?
Panos: I'm going to stand here.
Sylvia, wrapping a blanket around her shoulders: Suit yourself. Look, all I meant by "direct perception" was that the objects of my perception are the ordinary things they seem to be, such as foolish naked men who won't come to bed. And when I perceive them as having a property, like being tall, or pale or devilishly handsome, it is my perception that gives me knowledge of these facts. I'm actually trying not to be philosophical here. I'm ruling out funny theories about sense data or qualia or whatever that I never understood or cared for anyway.
Wait, don't open your pretty little mouth. I know where you go next. You are going to bring up two cases. In one I see, oh I dunno, a snake. And in the other, I merely think I see a snake, but really I'm just looking at a rope on the ground in dim light. The perceptions in each case are indistinguishable, but the realities are different. From this you conclude not just that perception is different than reality, but that the object of perception is not the object in reality, because the object of perception is the same, but the reality changed.
Panos: A snake, Sylvia?
Sylvia: I've been reading Śaṅkara.
Panos: And yet you hate philosophy.
Sylvia: No, I just hate philosophers.
[To be continued. I need to read about direct perception (Jackson?). I've also written down that I should write about Bernard Williams, Problems of the Self.]


Updated 2016-01-29 18:28:48 by pooryorick
bind, a built-in Tk command, arranges for X events to invoke Tcl scripts.
Documentation edit
official reference
the keyboard symbols to which one can potentially bind things. Of course, the specific keysyms available to you on any particular platform/hardware depend on factors outside of Tk's control. (See below for a simple script for determining what the specific keysym for a character is.)
Synopsis edit
bind tag
bind tag sequence
bind tag sequence script
bind tag sequence +script
Description edit
bind (part of Tk) is used to associate Tcl commands to execute upon the press of specific keys. Also, bind may be driven by other events, both real and virtual, such as enter, leave, focus in, focus out, etc. See the documentation for specific details.
tag is formally a bindtags tag, but for most user code it is best to use widget names. The optional sequence says what event to work with; if omitted, bind returns what bindings are set on tag. If script is given, it replaces (or deletes, if empty, or appends, if it starts with a "+") the binding script, and if script is omitted (but sequence is given) then the current binding script is returned.
Keyboard symbols are the Tk values associated with particular sequences of keyboard keys that one can press, such as Shift, or A or special function keys such as Page Up, etc.
Examples edit
Only in tcl...
A nice simple example of bind in action
Vogel spiral
uses apply as the script for bind
Salvatore Sanfilippo
has an example on his page of using a keyboard n "raw" mode
Eggdrop edit
If you are looking for the eggdrop bind command, try bind
Discussion edit
Unanswered Questions edit
Question: Is there an introspective method that a Tk application can determine whether a keysym is currently available for it to use?
Answered Questions edit
bind Syntax Example edit
RS writes on comp.lang.tcl: The bind syntax is actually very easy. With x set to a widget (e.g..mytext) or a class (e.g. Text), call
bind $x
to get a list of defined bindings. This list contains which is the correct name for the Page Up key. To see what it is bound to, call
bind $x
To mirror this binding to another event, make that
bind $x [bind $x ]
like you tried, just with the incorrect name. BTW, you normally need not include variable names in braces - only if they contain characters other than A-Z a-z 0-9 _.
Finding keysyms * edit
KBK: You can find the keysym for a key on an unfamiliar keyboard by running wish against the one-line script:
bind. {puts %K} ; focus.
directing focus at the (empty) wish window, and touching the key in question. On Windows, you'll need to add
console show
to the script so that you can see its output.
Arjen Markus: You may also put up a text widget and display the keysym by the following script:
bind.textwidget { %W insert end "%K\n" }
focus.textwidget
Specifying a Key to bind edit
Arjen Markus: There are several ways to define a specific key, for instance:
 (subtle differences here!)
 (if the character is plain ASCII)
For a space, you will need to use:
anything else seems to give problems.
Also note that keysyms are case-sensitive: "Down" for the downward arrow and "space" for a space ("down" and "Space" do not work; quotation marks for convenience only)
bind to a Mouse Action edit
LV: If you are wanting to bind actions to a mouse button action, rather than a keyboard press, then you appear to be able to use:
bind $x { puts "Unmodified button" }
bind $x { puts "Shift button 1 release" }
Idea: event edit
Martin Lemburg 2002-07-02: Why isn't there an event Invoke for invokeable widgets, like buttons? Wouldn't make it sense to have such an event? To bind widgets using the Invoke event, like to connect a widget with the -command option to an event handler?
Than...
button.b -text exit -command {cmdProc.b [clock seconds]};
... would be equal to...
bind.b {cmdProc %W %t};
It shouldn't be a problem to use the substitution capabilities during the usage of a binding, like:
button.b -text exit -command {cmdProc %W %t};
Wouldn't that be nice and consequent?
Wouldn't it be consequent (for example) to use bindings to scrollbars or entries too?...
entry .e -textvariable filter;
button .b -text "filter";
listbox .lb -listvar data -selectmode extended;
scrollbar.sbx -orient horizontal;
scrollbar.sby -orient vertical;
bind.e {validateFilter %V %s};
bind.b {filter.e.lb};
bind.lb {.sbx set};
bind.lb {.sby set};
bind.sbx {.lb xview};
bind.sby {.lb yview};
There would be the chance to elimate all (event)handlers from that code, that only builds up the GUI. The code to handle events could use now use bindings.
Caution: Abbreviated bind Descriptions edit
Ken Jones writes on comp.lang.tcl, in response to a developer trying to bind actions on numeric keys using
bind.bu1 {focus.bu2}
What you're experiencing is one of those traps that people encounter when they use abbreviated binding descriptions. For many KeyPress events, you can get by with providing only the keysym. So, is equivalent to , and is equivalent to .
On the other hand, Tcl also allows you to abbreviate ButtonPress events, so <1> is equivalent to . And through is equivalent to through .
Solution? bind to and . And be very careful relying on abbreviated event descriptions in bindings.
Keypad Keys edit
LV: I am trying to get the following sample program to display the numbers 0-9 when pressed on the keypad:
#! /usr/tcl84/bin/tclsh
package require Tk
entry.e
bind.e { puts 1 }
pack.e
focus.e
The expectation was that I would get an entry widget into which I could press the keys on the keypad and get, in this case, the number 1 into the entry widget. What I experience is that after I mouse into the widget and click, I can type alphas and the numbers on top row of the main keyboard, but the keypad keys are generating nothing...
Peter Newman 2004-04-30: NumLock switches the keypad between numbers and cursor keys. I presume you tried both settings - and still no joy. If so, then it would appear that Tk doesn't support the keyboard properly.
Pierre Coueffin 2004-04-12: Try
Thomas Guettler 26 April 2006: Or Try
You can query the bindings interactively with this: (See above)
Canonicalize a bind Specification edit
Q. Given a string specifying an event sequence, how to obtain some sort of "normal form" for that event sequence, so that, for example, 1 and Mousebutton-1 (or whatever the long form is) both map to the same normal form indicating a single click of mouse button 1?
A. KBK: Hmm, bind it to a nonexistent bindtag and then query the bindings on the tag?
% bind Nothing {;}
% bind Nothing
Control Sequences edit
Dossy 2005-03-29: I just spent a good hour only trying to understand bind only to discover that bind. {script} is NOT the same as bind. {script}. the former works, the latter doesn't.
RS: would expect that is equivalent to ... case matters, doesn't it?
MG: The bindings for this, after a little playing, seem slightly strange. Without Caps Lock on, Shift and the a (to get an upper-case A) fires the binding for Shift and (uppercase) A. The only way to fire a binding for Shift and (lowercase) a that I can find is to turn Caps Lock on, and -thenpress the 'a'


Can we stop pretending that Docker is great for development environments?
By John Kodumal • August 5, 2015
tl;dr: It makes perfect sense to run backing services (databases, caching, storage, etc.) in Docker, but if you use a compiled language, Docker's not the way to go for local development.
Every six months I try to use Docker for local development. I tried again recently, and found (once again) that the technology still isn't ready. But this go-around I reached a further conclusion— for most development stacks, running Docker for local development is a pointless exercise. It introduces complexity and provides almost no benefits.
The crux of the problem is this: achieving an efficient edit, compile, run cycle means that your development container will not be the same as your production container. This negates one of the primary advantages of using containers. Furthermore, you will never make your edit, compile, run cycle as efficient or foolproof as running locally without a container. This means that you're paying a containerization tax and reaping none of the rewards.
Let's first look at my claim that an efficient edit, compile, run cycle requires separate ""non-production"" container definitions. First, assume otherwise. If you're using your production container for development, your container must contain a pre-compiled artifact of some kind, or you're doing something crazy like running the compilation in your Dockerfile. In either case, you need to re-build your container every time you make a change. Your E/C/R cycle looks something like this:
docker-compose up -d # start all your containers, and leave them running
# edit myservice
make myservice # or whatever you do to build myservice
docker-compose build myservice
docker-compose restart myservice
We went down this path, and found that the cycle took long enough (> 30 seconds, excluding the build time for the service itself) to trigger a boredom-induced context switch. This is a productivity killer.
You can argue that this is an implementation critique, and that (eventually) this cycle will be much faster, but to compete against local development, the build /restart steps need to be nearly free. They're not, and I don't think they're ever going to be, even with efficient use of the Docker image cache.
If you're willing to discard the idea of using your production containers for local development, or you run an interpreted stack that has no build process, you can change the rules of the game. You can mount your repository directory into the container, listen for file changes, and use a live reload tool (e.g. Fresh) to re-compile and re-launch your application within your container.
With some tomfoolery, this works reasonably well. It took us time to find and set up docker-osx-dev to mount and sync source folders efficiently, and several hours of putzing around with boot2docker to get inotify working properly, but we did arrive at a working solution.
But when we stepped back and looked at the beast we'd birthed, we could find no compelling advantages to it. We had been using foreman to start all our services locally, and foreman start is incredibly fast compared to docker-compose up. We inherited all the added complexity of managing boot2docker in addition to the Docker containers themselves. Our setup documentation tripled in length.
Our original motivation for trying Docker for local development was an errant brew update that broke some of our critical services locally (memcached and elasticsearch). In the end, we decided that running these backing services via docker-compose made plenty of sense, and do end up simplifying setting up and running a local development environment. On the other hand, we moved back to running our own microservices locally via foreman. We haven't looked back since.
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text:
IN the 1960s 11 holes were blown into one of the country's largest seagrass meadows.
It was at Hole in the Wall in Booderee National Park, when seismic testing was used to check ground stability for a proposed nuclear testing facility.
Nearly 50 years later, the holes are clearly visible on Google Earth and aren't expected to grow back for another 100 years.
This week marine ecologist Dr Peter Macreadie will be taking sediment cores from the damaged areas and measuring the carbon loss from the area.
The Chancellor's Post Doctoral Research Fellow at the University of Technology Sydney, Dr Macreadie specialises in seagrass and its ability to store carbon.
Dr Macreadie will be joined by a team of technicians, a PHD student and a research assistant who together will be drilling into the seabed to take core samples.
Working from a large punt out of Murray's Beach boat ramp the team will use a hydraulic pile driving system to hammer the seven metre aluminium sample tubes into the seabed.
Samples are then stored and returned to his laboratory for testing.
"Seagrass can store carbon for thousands of years. It's 35 times more powerful than tropical rainforest and it's an important natural way of slowing down climate change," said Dr Macreadie.
However, seagrass is not included in the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory, and Dr Macreadie would like to see this changed.
He expected an analysis of sediment from the Hole in the Wall cores to show a massive carbon loss and he hoped to use this data to have seagrass included in the inventory.
The National Greenhouse Gas Inventory measures greenhouse gas emissions produced by agriculture and industry, but failing to take into account the effect of seagrass loss is a huge error according to Dr Macreadie.
"People don't realise the significance of seagrass – Australia's lost 50 per cent since records began. If carbon is $23 per tonne, that's $45 billion dollars."


El cambio de cultura en las Universidades Catalanas del siglo XXI
Project Details
The main objective of the research is to know the organizational culture of five Catalan universities. Adopting the comcept "organizational culture" in the sense of Haandy (1984) when he defines it as the set of values and meaning shared by the members, manifested in a tangible and intangible way, which determine and explain their individual behaviors, we approach the research from the institutional improvement perspective. We intend to offer to the University as structure, a desing of strategies that would allow the University change to more adaptative culture. In parallel, a personal and professional development of the participants, as well as a greater compromise with the institution, are being favored through the research model of action-research. Definitively, it entails a contribution to the society and to higher education because it makes evident the situation of each institution and forces it to become aware of the characteristics of the predominant culture.


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Inventor of the Week Archive
for a different Invention or Inventor
Petroleum refining method/Molecular Sieves
Chemist Edith Flanigen was born in Buffalo, New York on January 28, 1929. She received a B.A. from D'Youville College, where she graduated as class president and valedictorian, and continued her studies at Syracuse University. There she completed an M.S. in inorganic physical chemistry in 1952.
She began working that year in Tonawanda, New York, as a research chemist with Union Carbide Corporation and UOP, a joint venture of Union Carbide and AlliedSignal. Her two sisters, Joan and Jane, worked there as well, at a time when women were rarely found working in highly complex scientific careers. Flanigen worked on the identification, extraction and purification of various silicone polymers, chemical compounds that could then be used in chemical processes.
Four years later, in 1956, Flanigen began working on the developing technology of molecular sieves, crystal compounds that work like strainers at the molecular level. These sieves have pores that can be used to filter and separate components of very complex mixtures. They can also work as catalysts for chemical reactions. The sieves she developed would have a wide range of critical applications in the petroleum and petrochemical refining industries. In particular, her development of the substance known as "zeolite Y" gave the world a sieve that has the ability break crude oil down into parts, a necessary step that allows the various parts to be used commercially. For example, her zeolite Y sieve is able to optimize conversion of crude oil to gasoline. This sieve helps to make oil refining cleaner, safer and more efficient.
Flanigen has said that one of her strengths throughout her career has been her ability to discover a new material and see it through to commercialization, from envisioning processes for manufacturing it on a large scale to developing it for industrial application. Her sieves are also used in water purification and environmental cleanup and can be used to make ethylene and propylene, which are elements necessary to the manufacture of some plastics.
In addition to her work on molecular sieves, Flanigen also co-invented a synthetic emerald, which Union Carbide produced and sold for many years. The emeralds were used mainly in masers (predecessors to lasers) and were even used in jewelry for a time, in a line marketed as the "Quintessa Collection." Flanigen also pioneered the use of mid-infrared spectroscopy for analyzing zeolite structures. In 1982 she became the first woman to hold Union Carbide's highest technical position - senior corporate research fellow.
She retired in 1994, having earned 108 U.S. patents in the fields of petroleum research and product development. In 1991, she was awarded the Perkin Medal, the nation's most distinguished honor in applied chemistry. She was the first woman ever to have received the award. In addition, in 2004, Flanigen was the recipient of the $100,000 Lemelson-MIT Lifetime Achievement Award.


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History of Philippine Money
Philippine money–multi-colored threads woven into the fabric of our social, political and economic life. From its early bead-like form to the paper notes and coins that we know today, our money has been a constant reminder of our journey through centuries as a people relating with one another and with other peoples of the world.
Pre-Hispanic EraTrade among the early Filipinos and with traders from the neighboring islands was conducted through barter. The inconvenience of barter later led to the use of some objects as medium of exchange. Gold, which was plentiful in many parts of the islands, invariably found its way into these objects that included the piloncitos, small bead-likeb gold bits considered by the local numismatists as the earliest coin of the ancient Filipinos, and gold barter rings.
Spanish Era (_PHONE_)
Three hundred years of Spanish rule left many indelible imprints on Philippine numismatics. At the end of the Spanish regime, Philippine money was a multiplicity of currencies that included Mexican pesos, Alfonsino pesos and copper coins of other currencies.
The cobs or macuquinas of colonial mints were the earliest coins brought in by the galleons from Mexico and other Spanish colonies. The silver dos mundos or pillar dollar is considered one of the world's most beautiful coins. The barilla, a crude bronze or copper coin worth about one centavo, was the first coin struck in the country.Coins from other Spanish colonies also reached the Philippines and were counterstamped. Gold coins with the portrait of Queen Isabela were minted in Manila. Silver pesos with the profile of young Alfonso XIII were the last coins minted in Spain. The pesos fuertes, issued by the country's first bank, the El Banco Espanol Filipino de Isabel II, were the first paper money circulated in the country.
Revolutionary Period (_PHONE_)
Asserting its independence, the Philippine Republic of 1898 under General Emilio Aguinaldo issued its own coins and paper currency backed by the country's natural resources.
One peso and five peso notes printed as Republika Filipina Papel Moneda de Un Peso and Cinco Pesos were freely circulated. 2 centimos de peso copper were also issued in 1899.
The American Period (_PHONE_)
The Americans instituted a monetary system for the Philippine based on gold and pegged the Philippine peso to the American dollar at the ratio of 2:1. The US Congress approved the Coinage Act for the Philippines in 1903.
The coins issued under the system bore the designs of Filipino engraver and artist, Melecio Figueroa. Coins in denomination of one-half centavo to one peso were minted. The renaming of El Banco Espanol Filipino to Bank of the Philippine Islands in 1912 paved the way for the use of English from Spanish in all notes and coins issued up to 1933. Beginning May 1918, treasury certificates replaced the silver certificates series, and a one-peso note was added.
The Japanese Occupation (_PHONE_)
The outbreak of World War II caused serious disturbances in the Philippine monetary system. Two kinds of notes circulated in the country during this period. The Japanese Occupation Forces issued war notes in big denominations. Provinces and municipalities, on the other hand, issued their own guerrilla notes or resistance currencies, most of which were sanctioned by the Philippine government in-exile, and partially redeemed after the war.
The Philippine Republic
A nation in command of its destiny is the message reflected in the evolution of Philippine money under the Philippine Republic. Having gained independence from the United States following the end of World War II, the country used as currency old treasury certificates overprinted with the word "Victory".
With the establishment of the Central Bank of the Philippines in 1949, the first currencies issued were the English series notes printed by the Thomas de la Rue & Co., Ltd. in England and the coins minted at the US Bureau of Mint. The Filipinazation of the Republic coins and paper money began in the late 60's and is carried through to the present. In the 70's, the Ang Bagong Lipunan (ABL) series notes were circulated, which were printed at the Security Printing Plant starting 1978. A new wave of change swept through the Philippine coinage system with the flora and fauna coins initially issued in 1983. These series featured national heroes and species of flora and fauna. The new design series of banknotes issued in 1985 replaced the ABL series. Ten years later, a new set of coins and notes were issued carrying the logo of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas.
*The above information is quoted from the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas website


Maturix Precast Software
Maturix Precast Software
Web Portal for Concrete Monitoring in Precast Productions
Maturix Precast Software
Maturix precast software provides in-depth insights into the curing process of each monitored precast element. Set up a production facility in the software and follow all relevant parameters of the concrete curing process dedicated to the use in a precast factory. Follow the readings in real-time on a dashboard, access the data from anywhere through the cloud and use the statistics for further optimisation of the cycles, heating and concrete mixes.
Monitor the curing process with Orbit K or Gaia 200 and add an Orbit 3 for ambient climate monitoring – All data shown in the Maturix Precast software.
Optimise Your Production With Wireless Sensors
All in One Place
Gain insights into the concrete temperature, maturity and strength development in real-time and optimize workflows based on data.
Optimise Production Based on Data
Improve the time to demould based on curing data from the precast elements and cut down redundant waiting time while reducing the risk of slippage.
Automatic Detailed Digital Documentation
All the data is easily accessible online and can be shared, exported or downloaded with a few clicks for easy digital reporting and documentation.
How to Use Maturix in Precast?
Optimise Your Production Cycles
The intuitive and easy-to-use software provides insights into all relevant parameters of the concrete curing: Follow the concrete temperaturematurity and strength development in real-time.
Based on Concrete Maturity, the software automatically calculates the concrete strength development based on the temperature history and maturity data from the sensor.
Use a
climate sensor to monitor the ambient climate in your production hall and optimise further.
Adjust cycles and demoulding time based on the strength data from the monitoring to boost productivity while ensuring great product quality, reducing the risk of slippage and cutting waste.
Software Maturix Precast
Maturix Precast Mobile
Monitor, follow and improve
Maturix Precast Mobile
Process Optimization Based on Data
Assure Product Quality and Analyse for Further Improvements
Aligning the demoulding time with real-time data makes sure, that the required strength has been reached before the elements are lifted. This ensures great product quality and drastically reduces waste.
As all the data is stored in the cloud and can be easily saved, shared or downloaded and the extensive statistics in the program enable improvements of heating, concrete mixes and the overall production performance.
Increase your production capacity by up to 15% while making sure the targets are reached with Maturix.
Maturix Precast Software alarms
Maturix Precast Dashboard Mockup
All Production Data in One View
Dashboard View for Easy Overview
Follow the production process in the dashboard view and keep the overview of all your lanes, elements and casts. Set up a screen in the production halls to share the status easily with the production workers for better communication and easier scheduling.
Know exactly how far each element is in the curing process and plan the workflow according to the estimated time when the target is reached.
Easy Documentation and Reporting
Maturix Precast Statistics Mockup
Maturix Precast Statistics Mockup
Why Maturix?
The Most Cost-Efficient and Advanced Concrete Monitoring Solution for Precast
Gain Insights Into the Curing Status
The solution provides real-time insights into the concrete curing process. Use data to adjust your schedule and optimise the workflow.
Boost Productivity
Shorten the cycles of precast elements based on data monitored directly in the elements. Cut down redundant waiting time while reducing the risk of slippage.
Automatic Documentation
All data is stored in the cloud for easy access and documentation. Reports and statistics enable further optimisation of cycles, heating and concrete mixes.
Let's find out if Maturix can help you to increase productivity in precast!


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Here's an easy way to weld all the letters of a word together in the Design Studio:
1) With the DS open and your cursor set on the mat where you want it, type the first word (all the letters) with no spaces between them. Then, in the kern box, type "-0.25" (without the quotes) and hit the apply button. This will overlap the letters. If they overlap too much, experiment to see what overlap you like by changing the kern number.
2) Then, highlight each letter and click weld.
Here's a tip: To highlight a letter or object in DS, click on a line segment of the letter or object. This will bring up the bounding box (the one with arrows). I spent many frustrated hours trying to get the letters to highlight.
Also, another tip: If you can't get the cursor to move on the mat, adjust your double click speed. It doesn't seem to handle super fast double clicking well. Slow it up a little bit and see if that helps.
One more thing, the DS program only allows ONE computer to cut your creations. So, if you have DS, you can load it on multiple computers, in order to create things, BUT you may only cut with one of them. I assume it is the FIRST one you load DS onto. I am really cranky about this because a day after I loaded DS onto my Windows laptop, it decided it wouldn't take a charge from the power cord anymore. Arrrgghh!


Select case statements
Instead of using an ELSE...IF structure, you can use a select case statement to execute one statement among many alternatives. The basic idea behind using a select statement is to give an expression to evaluate and several different statements to execute based on the value of the expression. Each case in a select statement is checked against value of the expression until a match is found. Once a match is found, the execution of the select case statement ends. If no match is found, a default case, if specified, is executed. The basic syntax for a select case statement is:
Select case expression
Case value1
code to execute when a value1 equals expression
Case value2
code to execute when a value2 equals expression
Case value3
code to execute when a value3 equals expression
Case valueN
code to execute when a valueN equals expression
Case else
code to execute when a no match is found among the choices listed above
Let's start with an example that shows how to use the select case statement:
dim result, sout
for i = 1 to 10
result = i mod 2
select case result
case 0
sout = sout & i & " is even"
case 1
sout = sout & i & " is odd"
end select
response.write sout
In this example we use a for loop to iterate the variable i from 1 through 10. With each value for i, we determine if the value is divisible by 2. On line 4, we start our select case statement and our expression is the value of result. The value of result is going to be either 0 or 1. As the loop and select case statement executes, the value of result will be checked with 0, and 1; see lines 5 and 7, respectively. The following shows the output of the above code:
1 is odd
2 is even
3 is odd
4 is even
5 is odd
6 is even
7 is odd
8 is even
9 is odd
10 is even


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The Scottish Key - The First Film On The Origins Of Freemasonry (1h
The Scottish key
Discover for the first time the true genesis of Freemasonry. This audiovisual documentary unveils the birth of this movement.
Who created it? Why did men invent this mysterious club? This investigation plunges us into an exciting adventure. As of yet unrevealed documents, and astonishing testimonies, shed new light on a little known history.
"The Scottish Key", the first film on the origins of freemasonry!
The Scottish Key An Investigation into the Origins of Freemasonry:
An enigmatic and mysterious topic, subject to allegations and fantasies of all sorts. Spread across the globe, this discrete and mysterious association has been a source of curiosity, fascination and suspicion for over 300 years. Today Freemasonry gathers several millions of people throughout the world.
Protected from the outside world, from which they isolate themselves for the length of an evening, freemasons meet in lodges and there develop a peculiar spirituality. How was this movement born? Are its origins veiled in secrecy? Even amidst its own members, few know the actual beginnings of Freemasonry. The lodges themselves have forgotten from whence they came.
For the first time, based on the most recent findings, a critical documentary investigates the question of the origins of Freemasonry. What are its links with the Knights Templar? Are they the descendants of stone masons from the Middle Ages? How did the first lodges come to be? Take an esoteric road of unsolved mysteries, starting in England in the 18th century.
Discover the events that led to the creation of the Grand Lodge of London in 1717. Ascertain the true ambitions of the men who launched this incredible adventure, and how the most intriguing fraternal society of modern times was born. Explore the centuries old stone mason lodges and their ties to the birth of Freemasonry in London.
See how these men were inspired by their secular rites such as the mason's word and the art of memory. Find out the roots of Freemasonry in Scotland, and the real influence of the Middle Ages.
Discover the Scottish Key.
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Results for: folders and rules
Selected page 1
Select File > Manage Rules & Alerts to open the Rules and Alerts dialog box. On the Email Rules tab, select New Rule. Select one of the templates from Step 1. To start from a blank rule, select Apply rule on messages I receive or Apply rule on messages I send. In the Step 2: Edit the rule description box, click on any underlined options to set...
Rules are applied to incoming messages and can be created from any folder. To quickly create a rule that moves all email from a specific sender or a set of senders to a folder, right-click a message in your message list that you want to create a rule for, and select Create rule.
Context menus for folders. Most of what you can do with a folder can be found in the context menu that appears when you right-click a folder. Create new subfolder Use to create a new subfolder in the folder you right-clicked.. Delete folder Moves the folder and all its contents to Deleted Items. Default folders, such as the Inbox folder, can't be deleted.


Adult Acne: Prevalence and Portrayal in Primary Healthcare Patients, in the Greater Porto Area, Portugal
Diogo Semedo, Filipa Ladeiro, Mariana Ruivo, Carlos d'Oliveira, Filipa de Sousa, Mariana Gayo, Clara Lima, Frederico Magalhães, Rui Brandão, Maria Branco, Isabel da Silva, Joana Batista, João Amado, António Massa, João Neves-Amado
Introduction: Though typically found in adolescents, acne frequently affects the adult population. In Portugal, no representative studies about acne prevalence in greater populational areas are known. This study had the following objectives: calculate acne prevalence in primary healthcare patients; its characteristics, including risk factors for onset and worsening; collect information concerning selfmedication and/or prescribed treatment.
Material and Methods: Application of a questionnaire and physical examination into a convenience sample, composed by adults from
20 - 60 years old that visited, in random days, five primary healthcare centers of the Greater Porto area.
Results: From the 1,055 evaluated adults, acne prevalence was estimated at 61.5%. Only 36.8% of acne suffering adults was aware
of their condition. More than half of tobacco users (62.3%) had acne. Just 25% of acne sufferers sought treatment. The most affected areas were the malars, differing from the younger disease form.
Discussion: Acne prevalence was relatively higher than other studies. The results of this study have confirmed that acne seems to be related with increased calorie intake, tobacco smoking, whole milk and fat-reduced milk consumption, hirsutism, alopecia and seborrhea.
Conclusion: In the primary healthcare set, more than half of adults were acne sufferers. These numbers show how important primary healthcare services can be in preventing and intervening when managing acne-related risk factors and psychosocial consequences.
Acne Vulgaris/epidemiology; Adult; Portugal; Prevalence; Primary Health Care.
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Xavier - Evaluation and Lessons Learned
Saved by Alicia
on February 27, 2011 at 6:09:01 pm
 Overview of project
 Why this project/the class
 The goals were:
 1. Visitors will add their voice to the exhibition by adding words to the sequence.
 2. Visitors will contribute to connections by participating in a continuous photographic record.
 3. The majority of participants will take the Flickr URL with them.
 4. Visitors will visit the Flickr site to see how their word connects to others and see how other visitor's contributed.
Evaluation methods
 Facilitator observation
 The facilitator, who was stationed next to the sculpture and was present to answer questions and take photos, used a paper chart to tally the number of visitors, groups, and participants. The facilitator's chart tracked the visitors' levels of interaction (walked by, stopped and watched, asked questions, participated) and their attitude (smiling, laughing, helping others, frowning, or ignoring). This observational method was unobtrusive and required no interviewing. Its faults and errors were due to lack of group consensus on what and how to count before beginning the project. Each facilitator tallied categories in their own way and there was particular confusion about whether groups should be marked as one participation or as though each member of the group was an individual participant. To see the charts, click here: Participation chart for Alphabet Soup with Xavier.Our final and most accurate measurement of participation therefore is the number of photos in the Flickr stream.
 Project participation
 - We did not get everyone to participate. A few people ignored us and the Xavier work, walking past us as though we meant to solicit something. Many more people stopped, looked and asked questions. Of those that stopped, some still walked away without participating. A few people walked away but came back later to participate.
 - Many of the people who stopped and asked questions seemed to be drawn in by the Flickr photos streaming on the computer screen. They often watched that to understand the activity instead of reading the instructions or to clarify our verbal explanation.
 - Many of the participants engaged positively with the activity - the majority smiling and/or laughing. Some even stayed after they had completed their word and photo to see what the next person would do or to see how their photo (once uploaded) contributed to the Flickr stream.
 - Most participants understood the activity and were able to create a corresponding word, then were willing to have their photo taken (with the understanding that it would be uploaded to a publicly accessible Flickr photo stream).
 - # of cards taken
 - Overall participation in relation to overally Henry attendance
 Project Limitations:
 - The venue's attendance is low and, being on a university campus, the number of people who could have been drawn in as they passed by was dramatically reduced over the weekend.
 - The general attendance was very low on Sunday and may have been due to the fact that it was Superbowl Sunday.
 - The majority of the visitors and activity participants were friends/family of the group members or were fellow Museology students. They had been personally been invited to the Henry and came specifically to support the project. We were unable to track how many visitors participated in Alphabet Soup with Xavier because they had an affiliation with class members as opposed to visitors who had otherwise heard about the project or those whose visits were unconnected to the project.
 - Our data collection method was inaccurate and incomplete. As mentioned above, the Xavier group did not communicate clearly about data collecting before beginning the project, which led to inaccurate numbers - especially the mismatched counts of participants and photos. The data collection did not include a way to track which visitor engaged in which levels of participation (if the visitor stopped and looked, did they then participate or walk away; if the visitor participated, did they smile, laugh, help others or react neutrally). This rendered our collection of data regarding level of participation and attitude extraneous and useless. Furthermore, as the group member serving as the faciliator was often busy explaining the activity and project, taking photos, or uploading the photos to Flickr, there were times when marking down observations was sidelined or a visitor was simply missed.
 - The flow of the activity was slightly confusing to potential participants because of its setup. With Xavier leaning against the wall on his left side, people were confused as to how the word chain should go (normally word bubbles read left to right; the statue and his placement dictated that they read right to left). Also, the statue's placement in a narrow space and our use of a tripod made the space slightly intimidating and formal looking. Visitors felt like they were intruding on the space or had to be too fully engaged in it (a couple of visitors expressed nerves over others watching or feeling as though they were in the spotlight).
 - The medium of magnetic paint on foam core posterboard was not the most reliable. The strength of the magnetic paint was weak (despite multiple coats) and it was a minor frustration to visitors and the facilitators that some letters would not stick or would fall off easily.
 what worked.
 magnets were attractive/familiar to people
 moving screen of images was attractive
 different way of learning what was going on - more people seemed to learn best by watching a) others B) flicker stream c) instructions
 what didn't
 had to be heavily facilitated
 physically moving letters was cumbersome
 paint was weak
 words read "backwards" from right to left - people may have had difficulty when seeing actual set up. then understood more when saw flickr.
 people still may not have "gotten" the idea
 people still seemed to be nervous/shy or not inspired or not wanting to be participatory that day.
 camera looked formal
 tucked away space may have been intimidating
 Initial obstacles with the work and the gallery:
 be careful - everyone wants to touch him
 communication needed more time - took a while to straighten things out.
 they had information but wasn't processed til last minute
 short time frame - development was compressed - 4 weeks.
 what would do different
 some things.
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How Do Skateboard Bearings Work
Gregor Mersick
Written by
Last update:
Ball Bearing
Vs. Roller Bearing Motors?
Skateboard bearings are designed to keep the wheels rolling. There are two types of motor technologies riding the market right now – ball bearing and roller bearing. In this post, we're going to take a look at the difference between the two types and why they're used.
Ball Bearings vs. Roller Bearings Types
There are two basic designs for skateboard bearings: ball bearing and roller bearing. Each bearing type is designed for a specific type of motor. Ball bearings are the most popular choice for skateboard wheels because they roll extremely easily. They are typically less expensive, but can wear out a lot faster than roller bearings.
Roller Bearings vs. Ball Bearings Advantages
Roller bearing wheels are made of a cylindrical tube mounted on to axles. Ball bearings, on the other hand, are simple round balls. In the 1990s, new ball bearing design was invented that makes them more efficient, quieter, smoother, and longer lasting. Roller bearings are typically used with hub motors whereas ball bearings are used with axle motors that attach directly to the trucks and wheels.
Ball bearings are typically featured on precision-made, high-quality longboards. Roller bearings are featured on mass-produced, entry-level longboards that are sold at large department, toy, and hardware stores.
Things with ball bearings
Don't have to be as high-tech as a helicopter or skateboard. Rollerblades, scooters, and pushchairs are all common examples of devices that have bearing-based wheels. The bearings in wheels transfer a heavier force to a large area, making it easier to bear.
But what are the bearings themselves?
There are several categories of bearings, but they're typically defined by their location and function. For example, when you're referring to a wheel with bearings, you're talking about a wheel's inner bearings, whereas outer bearings refer to the outer wheel, not the bearings inside the wheel itself.
Inner Bearings
Inner bearings are important components of skateboards. They allow the trucks to turn the wheels, which means that the inner bearings are what makes the whole board work.
They work a bit like ball cages at the end of rods. These bearings are much smaller than the ball cages. Skateboard bearings are small and are used to ensure that the wheel can roll easily. They're used in plenty of other applications, too, of course, so the wheels and other machines and mechanisms that involve wheels might have internal ball bearings.
Different Types Of Bearings
A small bearing can support a small amount of weight and can spin at a high rate. They are little, and that makes them convenient for fast cruising. The bearings in the wheels of your skateboard will probably be the first to fail. They are cheaply made and serve only one function. They spin very fast and are made of metal balls and metal cages to hold them together. This is very damaging to the environment due to the high amounts of toxic materials and chemicals they use.
Many skateboarders upgrade to larger bearings, also called skateboard bearings, when improving the bearings. This will allow you to skate faster and smoother. You will need to remove the wheels and replace them fully. They are larger because they are designed to handle more weight, do more work, and spin slower. They are designed to last for a long time and are less likely to fail. They require less maintenance.
These kinds of bearings are better for the environment but are more expensive. Now you can find repackaged ABEC 7 and 8 bearings that can be purchased in packs of four. Enhance your skateboarding skills by upgrading the bearings. By upgrading to a large bearing, you should be able to skate smoother and for a longer period of time.
Small Skateboard Bearings Vs. Large Bearings