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The Best Employee Write Up Form
When you are a business owner and provide employment opportunities to some employees, you need data from the employee write up form. This is required because it often finds some problems with your employees. Employees recruited may not be as good at work every day.
Employers can also suffer losses due to poor employee performance, so the results are not satisfactory. Simple employee writes up form is at least needed to resolve it. Some conditions may also require the employer to make a formal warning letter that is professional to outline expectations and consequences.
write up forms for employees disciplinary are likely to be used when serious problems arise. It can also include ongoing mistakes made by employees. Besides, managers can also communicate with employees in written form for a more severe and authentic impression.
Employee Writing Form
Employee writing forms are warning letters which are also referred to as employee disciplinary action forms, employee behavior warnings, and even employee warning records. These names may be different for the company, but the motives behind them all remain the same.
The employee warning form is technically used and written by the company's human resources department. It is also done to highlight when work performance or behavior deteriorates, causing problems for business productivity and efficiency. Every company certainly has its policies regarding this matter.
The employee disciplinary report can be used to highlight the consequences if poor job performance or unacceptable behavior continues in the future. It can also be used as can help managers and entrepreneurs to convey and explain employee expectations regarding productivity and changes in their practice.
The employee writes up form is not advanced as a first attempt at giving a warning. This letter is stored in the company to be issued when employees exceed certain limits. As an initial warning to employees, it is usually given verbally.
When to use it?
Although the employee writing form is made for the company's interests, it cannot be used at any time. They are only presented to employees when everything becomes serious. Before this, managers and entrepreneurs had to talk to employees directly and communicate with them, telling them about their poor performance or bad behavior.
Technically, there are many reasons for writing employees because each employee has various types of behavioral and performance problems. Although there are many other causes to write it, absenteeism is the most common. There are several other common problems mentioned below.
- Use of excessive electronic communication
- Inappropriate bandages
- Does not provide quality or quantity in work
- Does not offer accuracy at work
- Not productive at work
- Violations of company policies
- Wrong deeds
- Creating interference
- Failure to follow instructions
- Personal work during working hours
- Poor appearance
- Failure to follow safety procedures
- Causes damage to company property
The employee writes up forms are critical when you have employees in your company. Make sure you have given verbal warnings to employees first. Warning letters can be forwarded to employees if you have given a lot of verbal warnings and face serious problems.


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Guillaume d'OrangeArticle Free Pass
Guillaume d'Orange, central hero of some 24 French epic poems, or chansons de geste, of the 12th and 13th centuries. The poems form what is sometimes called La Geste de Guillaume d'Orange and together tell of a southern family warring against the Spanish Muslims. Modern research suggests that at least part of the Guillaume legend may have been originally localized in the Spanish marches, where sons and nephews of the historical Wilhelmus, a Frankish nobleman (and cousin of the emperor Charlemagne) upon whom the Guillaume of the epics is based, played a part in political events of the 9th century.
Poems in the cycle include the Couronnement de Louis, the Charroi de Nîmes, the Prise d'Orange, the Chevalerie Vivien, Aliscans, and the Moniage Guillaume. The underlying theme is the devotion of Guillaume and his family—to each other, to their championship of Christendom against the infidel in Spain and the south, and, above all, to their ungrateful and uncooperative king, Louis the Pious.
The poems are anonymous and are mainly preserved in manuscripts—which are at least a century younger than the earliest of the poems—that often show evidence of material additions. The problem of dating the poems was further complicated by the discovery, in 1903, of the Chanson de Guillaume, a 13th-century Anglo-Norman text at first generally supposed to represent the earliest form of the Vivien episode. But the early date given to this chanson has not gone unchallenged. The Guillaume cycle was expanded by later poets.
What made you want to look up "Guillaume d'Orange"? Please share what surprised you most...

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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What should the loader do?
Okay. Here's the easy part. Get out a pen and paper and write down the things that you would like your loader to do and be. Go on. I'll wait.
Done that? Good. Now sort them in order of importance. This is so that you get the most pressing things designed, coded and tested first, leaving the cute bits for a later revision.
Here's my list:
- Be small.
So that we don't wait forever for the preloader to load, requiring its own loader. (Which would then require another preloader for that, and... aargh where are my pills?)
- Display a progress bar to let the user know how the download is going.
This is why we are here. Since Flash MX is a visual tool, let's use it. A progress bar gives the quickest indication of the status of a command.
- Give them details (downloaded amount and the total bytes).
This is good for your more advanced surfers. It lets them guesstimate progress for themselves. As a bonus, newbies can also learn how long things take.
- Provide a loading animation.
Loading animations are especially good for long tasks like loading large files because they let the user know that something is happening and their computer hasn't crashed.
- Be easy to reuse in several SFW files.
We don't want all our good efforts to be wasted, do we?
- Stops the file from playing until the content is loaded.
Let's try to make the loader do all the work for us.
- Be quick to add to a file.
Because I'm busy.
- Be simple to add to a file.
Because I forget stuff.
- Not have to be downloaded every time.
So that we don't clog our bandwidth with loaders!
- Detects if a file has already been loaded.
Giving us a chance to take action if this is the case.
- Gives an estimated time to completion.
Another method of giving the progress. Use it depending on the target audience. In my humble opinion this is not as reliable as bytes downloaded, progress bars or percent downloaded because it may be affected by other bandwidth hogs that may be on the machine. If your loader estimates that the file will be down in 2 minutes, but actually takes 4 minutes because email starts downloading as well, then the user's expectations of 2 minutes aren't met. They get grumpy and start looking for other faults.
- Waits for a certain percentage to load before playing.
This lets us download an appropriate amount of content before playing the file, giving us a capacity to stream our content (playing the file before all of it is loaded one of the best features of Flash MX).
- Plays a quick animation even if the file has already been loaded.
This will give a consistent feel to loading content. Why do some things have loaders while others don't? Users have expectations of interacting with software. If users see a loader the first time, then they should see it every time. (Just make it quick so that it doesn't irritate them.)
- Be easy to change the loading animation.
So that we can change the feel of a loader for a new situation, client, or project. If it is hard, we will probably try to not do it.
The requirements for a particular loader that you build will have differing priorities depending on client, anticipated user groups, style, and budget. But this list should give you a feel for what we are going to do.
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Rating: 8 Votes: 169
|Tim is a co-director of the Glasson Murray Group, providing quality graphic design, illustration, 3D visualisation, interactive environments, virtual reality, multimedia and website services.|
|Download the files used in this tutorial.|
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Questions 1 - 4: Choose the best word to fill in the blanks.
1.Fiona sell flowers.She is a ________.
2.A butcher sells ______at the market.
3. If you have a toothache go and see a ________.
4.The _______paid RM5.00 to the taxi driver.
Question 5 - 7: Choose the best phrase to complete the paragraph.
5.Yong is a painter. He is____________.
A brushing the wall
B painting the wall
C cleaning the wall
D washing the wall
6 His friend, Boon is a carpenter. He is ________________ to make a window.
A sawing the wood
B cutting the wood
C knocking the wood
D chopping the wood
7.Mr Lim, their employer is__________________.
A scared of
B angry with
C happy with
D tired of
Question 8.Study the picture carefully. Then choose the best answer.
A The boys are playing at the court.
B The boys are watching a football game.
C Adam is kicking the ball
Question 9 Choose the best word to fill in the blanks.
9 Roslan _______at a bank.


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Langdon Bay, Kent
Langdon Bay is a bay in east Kent, England. It is two miles east of the town of Dover, and is named after the nearby villages of Langdon, East Langdon and West Langdon. The cliffs around it are known as the Langdon Cliffs, there is a prominent zig-zag path that leads from the cliff top to the beach, this is visible from the sea.
The bay is known for the Langdon Bay Hoard - a collection of Bronze Age scrap metal found nearby in 1974. This includes bronze axes of a French type and is thought to represent the cargo of a boat that was caught in a storm just after leaving the English coast, either jettisoned to lighten and save the boat or sunk with it (if there was a wreck, it is now lost). This demonstrates that cross-channel trade was already occurring in the Bronze Age, if not earlier. It is owned by the British Museum but on long-term loan and display in Dover Museum in Market Square, Dover.
Three searchlight batteries - known as the Langdon Lights - were built into the base of the bay's cliffs during World War II, so that any ship trying to enter the bay could be illuminated while it was checked, though one has been destroyed by a cliff fall.
The area above the cliffs is now a chalk downland nature reserve owned by the National Trust, looking down on Dover Harbour and the Channel, and centred around the 'Gateway to the White Cliffs' Visitor Centre. Large parts of this reserve, and of this section of clif ftop in general, is an SSSI, AONB and Heritage Coast. Another nearby historic site is the South Foreland Lighthouse, also an NT property.
- Hourly Met office weather observations from the Bay
|This Kent location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


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anemic anoxia n.
See anemic hypoxia.
- Anemic halo
anemic halo anemic halo n. A pale, relatively avascular area in the skin seen around spider nevi, cherry angiomas, and some acute macular eruptions.
- Anemic hypoxia
anemic hypoxia anemic hypoxia n. Hypoxia resulting from a decreased concentration of functional hemoglobin or a reduced number of erythrocytes. Also called anemic anoxia.
- Anemic infarct
anemic infarct anemic infarct n. An infarct in which little or no bleeding into tissue occurs when the blood supply is obstructed. Also called white infarct. Historical Examples The arteries of the heart are not terminal vessels but as a rule blocking of a large branch leads to anemic infarct. Arteriosclerosis and Hypertension: Louis Marshall […]
Pathology. suffering from. lacking power, vigor, vitality, or colorfulness; listless; weak: an anemic effort; anemic tones. Contemporary Examples His last published work was a poorly received, anemically selling biography of Sarah Palin. Joe McGinniss: The Hide of an Alligator, And Then Some Lloyd Grove March 11, 2014 Historical Examples Indeed it was anemically green; […]

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Bohmian mechanics is a dynamical system rich in structure. Measures figure very prominently and naturally in the analysis of this theory.
What we will convey in these pages will be just pointers to what has been done and where it has been done. While some of the big ideas might be conveyed in the pages, the details are best left to the scholarly papers cited in the following pages.
Existence and Uniqueness of Trajectories
Does the dynamics have solutions? Are they unique? What are the conditions for a successful theory and when do these properties fail to hold?
Scattering Theory
What contribution to the theory of scattering does Bohmian mechanics give?
Emergence of the Quantum Formalism
If we did not already know the quantum rules, how might they arise naturally from this theory, if at all?
Bohmian Ideas in Computing the Wave Function
Is it possible to use the Bohmian trajectories in a useful way to compute answers to our predictions?
The Classical Limit
Do the trajectories of the particles become classical under certain conditions? What are those conditions?


Take the 2-minute tour ×
How do I solve such an eqation? (I know how to solve Mx=n using gaussian elimination but I don't know how to handle 2 variables.
share|improve this question
If $x$ and $y$ are "unknown" vectors, there will almost always be infinitely many solutions. Is it that you want to find one non-trivial solution? – André Nicolas Feb 27 '12 at 14:15
yes, I want to find a non-trivial solution that minimizes the distance between Mx and Ny – user25843 Feb 27 '12 at 14:18
This link provides some ideas: cs.mtu.edu/~shene/COURSES/cs3621/NOTES/INT-APP/… – Emmad Kareem Feb 27 '12 at 15:22
2 Answers 2
up vote 1 down vote accepted
It seems to me like you're trying to solve the least squares problem Mx-Ny=0, in other words find the vectors x,y that minimize the euclidean norm of the vector (Mx-Ny). Let's assume that your matrices are of dimensions M[rowsM][columnsM] and N[rowsN][columnsN],then your vectors would be of dimension x[columnsM] and y[columnsN]. Because the obvious solution to your problem is the trivial solution where y=x=0 you have to give either to x or y vector some constant value in order to compute the best approximation of the other one. This paper contains the basic about least squares approximation: Least squares approximation
Basically all you need is (assuming you initialize vector y): $\vec{x}=(M^{T}M)^{-1}M^{T}(N\vec{y})$ So by finding the inverse of $M^{T}M$ and performing some matrix computations you're done.
share|improve this answer
Thanks for your answer :) but still - I'm not sure that I understand: if you take x and assign it some constant vector, you'll then find the y which minimizes the distance to this specific x. But isn't is possible that there exist some other x and y that result in a smaller distance? – user25843 Feb 27 '12 at 15:29
Think of the simple 3 equations following: a1*x+b1*y=0 a2*x+b2*y=0 a3*x+b3*y=0 where a,b random constants.The only exact solution of this system is the trivial one x=y=0. When you assign y a constant value then, you can "compute" 3 different "solutions" for x by solving one of the 3 equations.Instead of that you compute one x value tha minimizes the sum of the quadratic errors in each equation so you find the best solution for the WHOLE system and not only one of the equations. It's the same principle with multiple variables->vectors.. – chemeng Feb 27 '12 at 15:30
I presume you know either $x$ or $y$. If $M$ and $N$ are large, then you should use the conjugate gradient method. Otherwise you can directly invert (or pseudo-invert) $M$ or $N$ as appropriate.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


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|Sapphire boule. |
This is a "flame fusion" sapphire crystal boule, such as might be used to create synthetic cut gemstones. Flame fusion means a fine powder of aluminum oxide (the base material sapphires are made of) is blown through an extremely hot flame and onto a seed crystal. The molten droplets, somewhat amazingly, follow the pattern of the seed crystal and slowly accumulate into a large, single crystal of sapphire.
The slight pink cast in this boule comes from a 1% impurity of titanium. Impurities determine the colors of most gemstones, and are, for example, responsible for the difference between rubies and sapphires, both of which are made of aluminum oxide.
Source: SoCal (Nevada), Inc
Contributor: Theodore Gray
Acquired: 28 April, 2004


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Wilderness managers have traditionally managed wilderness lands based on the ecological and social content of wilderness areas. The authors propose a framework to systematically account for the biophysical, socioeconomic, and wildness characteristics of the broader landscape context. The method was applied to the proposed wilderness lands of the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument in southern Utah. The results illustrate patterns of interdependencies across the landscape. Spatial data demonstrate links between the integrity of proposed wilderness lands and the management of adjacent land units, and links between the economic health of local communities and the management of proposed wilderness and adjacent federal lands.
Thomson, Janice L.; Hartley, Dawn A.; Aplet, Gregory H.; Morton, Peter A.; and USDA Forest Service Proceedings, "Assessing Interconnections Between Wilderness and Adjacent Lands: The Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah" (2000). All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository). Paper 456.


spellcasters are slow, figure out how cards could speed up spell use.
 - Initiative cards Many GMs swear by these: Initiative Cards from The Game Mechanics
 Rules Do you tend to look up the same rules all the time? Do one or more PCs trigger the same rules frequently, causing pauses while charts and books are referenced? Do you wish you could be more creative or tactical with the options your game's rules present, but don't have the time or inclination to memorize a lot of new rules?
 Create rules cards. Put one rule or rule sub-set on a card. Keep them handy for fast reference in-game. For example, in D&D you might craft cards for: - Grappling - Bull rush - Trip - Drowning - Nauseated, Fatigued, Exhausted
 Create copies of cards to hand to multiple players. Have idle players create reference cards for you (as long as their handwriting is legible).
 Create cards that can be placed in front of players to indicate modifiers or current states. For example, you might create a set of Fatigued rules D&D cards. If a PC is fatigued, you hand them a card, which summarizes the rules on one side, and displays on the other side, in giant red letters, -2 STRENGTH / -2 DEXTERITY. Players keep the -2 side up unless they need to glance at the rules.
 - Fluff Cards with flavour text are awesome as reference and player handouts. Imagine having key NPCs described and pictured on cards the players can read during encounters or sessions later as reference.
 Same goes with game world information. Rather than fielding the same questions over and over, create reference cards so players can get the information fast without interrupting. For example, create a calendar card with day and month names, or craft a money card with all the currencies and exchange rates listed.
 Information such as kingdom and race profiles are served well by card format too. Whenever places and people enter the campaign, hand out the cards for players to read and study when they're not involved in play.
 If you craft enough fluff cards, consider giving the players their own card box to file cards in. You might have your own box full of GM-only info, and the players have theirs. If you game in the same world often, you can just hand the players a box of reference cards.
 - Monopoly property cards For inspiration, check out the property cards from the Monopoly game. Look at all the info jammed onto them, front and back. They are colour coded, contain icons, have a chart, and contain game rule information. Very well designed. What design could you craft for cards that would benefit your GMing, players, and game sessions?
 Your design could be a template. Then you could print out blank cards and fill them out in-game to track info effortlessly. For example, you could craft an NPC template and give the players a stack of blank cards. As the PCs meet NPCs, players can fill out cards as part of a PC reference system. Such cards would be more useful and dynamic than static player game logs.
 - Spells and effects Andre has a great tip at ENWorld:
 - As for feats, I'm seriously considering printing cards for feats, abilities, and spells that have temporary effects. My group plays at a table, so if, for example, bless is cast, the caster could just place the card on the table. Ditto if the barbarian rages, or the bard sings. I think it would make it much easier to remember all the various stuff going on." En World Forum: Homemade item cards?: Andre
 - Tracking information VV_GM over at Treasure Tables has a good tip:
 "I try to limit my notes nowadays. After one of my posts here one day I realized that I was keeping track of too much stuff. Now I try to focus on developing a strong plot before the game that entices the players to roleplay. I write the minimal details of the scenes on a card, and then add notes to that particular card during play. The cards are all indexed by a number/letter in the upper left corner. This way I'm not thinking in terms of 'I should make a note of every NPC the players meet,' but instead I'm focused on making a note of what is unique to that scene in particular." Treasure Tables Forum: DM aid sheets: VV_GM
 - Spells and buffs Do the PCs use a standard array of spell defenses, senses, and buffs when preparing for combat? You can note this on a card and use it for reference to save a lot of game time. Create cards for various common situations, such as undead, single tough opponent, Evil sub-types, and so on.
 Add checkboxes to spells and temporary effects, if you like, and check things off as each round passes for quick and easy duration tracking. If you make a card template for this on your computer, you can print out a bunch for disposable use. Alternatively, depending on the size of the cards, you can put them in card sleeves, badge holders, or luggage tags and use wet/dry erase markers so the cards are reusable. You could also laminate cards for re-use.
 - Combat, modifiers, and situations In a campaign I'm playing in, my PC has three typical attack options, plus a couple of standard modifiers if the lazy cleric is in a buffing mood. I have gridded these out on paper so I don't have to do any calculating each time I roll the dice. However, a card-based system would be even better. I just select the card relevant to the current scenario and place it in front of me.
 For example: - Power attack +3, Blessed, two-handed - Power attack +3, Blessed - Power attack +3, two-handed - Trip - Disarm
Return to Contents
4. General Card Tips
 - Here's a neat tip for storing and protecting your cards from SiderisAnon at ENWorld:
 "For actual use of the cards, I bought a bunch of cheap sleeves at Wal-Mart for baseball cards. The player puts them in their character folder (cheap school folders with the three prongs). We were already keeping character sheets in clear sleeves in those folders, so people could mark on them with the wet erase markers." En World Forum: Homemade item cards?: SiderisAnon
 - Colour coding Buy multi-coloured index cards, cardboard, or paper for printing on. Assign each colour to a category for whatever system you are using.
 - Storing cards on a ring Scott M at Treasure Tables has this tip:
 "When I'm DMing WoD games, I condense NPCs to a 3x5 card shorthand (two sided if they're complex), punch a hole on the upper left corner, and put it on a ring." Treasure Tables Forum: DM aid sheets: Scott M
 - Paper clip tacking Frank's paper clip tip at Treasure Tables is cool:
 "If your game system has spells or other conditions that are confusing to remember everything about, put that information on a card. You could even use a piece of writeable tape to make a reinforced place for people to mark what turn the effect ends for them (for spells). Or print a row of numbers on the bottom and use a paper clip to indicate the turn." Treasure Tables Forum: Index Cards: Frank
 - Checkbox tracking Frank has another good tip:
 " On index cards for magic items: I made an array of checkboxes on cards for wands so that it was easy to keep track of the charges by just crossing off boxes." Treasure Tables Forum: Frank
 - Avery label templates Avery makes cards and stickers in sheets for easy computer printing. Pick a size and start your own card system:
Return to Contents
D&D Scourge of the Howling Horde
Scourge of the Howling Horde is a stand-alone adventure designed for a group of 1st level characters. Perfect for new players or seasoned players, it features an easy-to-use encounter format and includes useful DM advice for beginning and experienced Dungeon Masters.
D&D Scourge of the Howling Horde at RPG Shop
Readers' Tips Of The Week:
1. Cosmetic Containers For Counters Storage
From: Kate Manchester
Caboodles or train cases are great for storing counters. There's another by Lori Greiner that is fairly large that might possibly work too (though they're a little pricey). Also, the plastic boxes used for soap, or plastic lunch boxes (if you have smaller containers) work.
Portable Cosmetic Make-up Organizer
Return to Contents
2. Don't Forget The Outside Of Your GM Screen
From: Joel Tolson
While GM screens can be useful for hiding die rolls and notes, or storing notes for easy access, commercial (and many make-shift) GM screens forget that the outside is nearly as important as the inside. I have made my own screen out of two thin, clear sheets of plastic sandwiched together. This allows me to slide my notes inside, facing me, and to also slide in some scenery facing out. If my players are near a waterfall, I will slide in a picture of a waterfall; if there are mountains in the distance, I'll slide in a picture of some mountains. Pictures themselves are easy to find all over the Internet. I tend to keep an eye out for new pictures to use all the time and have a rather extensive library to choose from whenever I need a random backdrop.
Making my own GM screen also means it isn't as high as commercial ones, so that I am not as separated from my players as I might otherwise be.
Hope this is useful, and good


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Spoon bread dates back to America's colonial days; however, it is inconclusive whether its origin is Native American or colonial.
There is no doubt that corn, corn meal and corn bread are all of Native American origin. Early American cookbook author, Sarah Routledge, published spoon bread recipes in The Carolina Housewife in 1847. In it, she links spoon bread's origins to Native Americans "with a traditional Carolina Low Country rendition called Awandaw," named for a Native American settlement outside of Charleston.
Some culinary authorities maintain spoon bread can be traced back to the Indian porridge called suppone or suppawn. Others, however, say the butter, milk and eggs, which made spoon bread such a special dish, probably came after the Civil War. The controversy will likely never be settled.
Regardless of its origin, you can still enjoy this recipe for spoon bread.
- 1 cup boiling water
- 1 cup cornmeal
- 1 Tablespoon butter
- 2 cups milk
- 3 eggs, slightly beaten
- 1 teaspoon baking powder
- 1 teaspoon salt
- ½ cup sugar
- Preheat oven to 350°F.
- Butter a 2 quart casserole dish.
- While stirring, pour cornmeal into boiling water; let cook for 5 minutes. Let cool slightly.
- Stir butter into the cornmeal.
- Add eggs to the milk.
- Mix dry ingredients with milk mixture and add to the cornmeal.
- Stir until just combined.
- Pour into casserole and let bake for 35 minutes.
- Let sit for 5 minutes before serving.
Makes one loaf


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("Cool" kids find life easier…)
So-called "cool" kids sail through life easier than their counterparts as they are generally happier and healthier, a study has found.
The study of more than 300 kindergarten children found those who were in subordinate social positions were more likely to develop problematic behaviour, be depressed and perform poorly at school.
Californian researchers also found how the children responded to their low social status could also depend on how well-off their families were.
Jake Najman, a professor of medical sociology at the University of Queensland, said children from poorer families were starting school from a disadvantaged base.
"What they found was one of the most important determinants of the children''s health was their social class or socioeconomic background," Stuff.co.nz quoted him as saying.
The children then dealt with further disadvantage at school differently because their social class affected how they learnt to interact with others.
"We know middle-class and upper-class people learn rules about how you interact that are probably more effective in terms of getting what they want," he said.
The study has been published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.


text:
Where we work / Environment / Forest /
Forest inventoryForest inventory is a systematic data collection, processing and analysis on forest land and forest stand. It is recommended for forest owners to know the forest's wood-pulp and its value; it is also used in cases determined by legislation. For example, in Latvia, forest inventory is carried out for forest areas larger than 0,1ha and forest owners have to perform that every ten years.
Inventory is necessary:
- to carry out any economic activity in the forest, e.g., cutting;
- to determine forest's cadastral value;
- to perform forest land transformation;
- to receive tax remissions according to the legislation.
Information on tree height, growing density, conifer and deciduous tree territories, volume of damaged trees is obtained by 3D data modeling on the orthophoto map of the territory and processing material by specific software. Data obtained are important for forest inventory at the private and state forests. We are performing aerial photography, laser scanning, and data processing and producing forest inventory.


text:
3.24.1 Repr Objects
Repr instances provide several members which can be used to
provide size limits for the representations of different object types,
and methods which format specific object types.
Depth limit on the creation of recursive representations. The
default is 6.
- Limits on the number of entries represented for the named object
type. The default for maxdict is 4, for the others,
Maximum number of characters in the representation for a long
integer. Digits are dropped from the middle. The default is
Limit on the number of characters in the representation of the
string. Note that the ''normal'' representation of the string is
used as the character source: if escape sequences are needed in the
representation, these may be mangled when the representation is
shortened. The default is 30.
This limit is used to control the size of object types for which no
specific formatting method is available on the Repr object.
It is applied in a similar manner as maxstring. The
default is 20.
- repr (obj)
The equivalent to the built-in repr() that uses the
formatting imposed by the instance.
- repr1 (obj, level)
Recursive implementation used by repr(). This uses the
type of obj to determine which formatting method to call,
passing it obj and level. The type-specific methods
should call repr1() to perform recursive formatting, with
level - 1 for the value of level in the recursive
- repr_type (obj, level)
Formatting methods for specific types are implemented as methods
with a name based on the type name. In the method name, type
is replaced by
Dispatch to these methods is handled by repr1().
Type-specific methods which need to recursively format a value
should call "self.repr1(subobj, level - 1)".
Send comments on this document to _EMAIL_.


text:
The device works at exceptionally low power (<1W) and can record of the voice communication of two DWSs simultaneously because the CRU2-AN has two separated logical voice recorders. As a special feature the equipment can be configured as a stereo voice recorder and can record the two directions of a call into a stereo file as left/right channels.
The CRU-2AN can be configured and set up by its client application (CRU-2AN-PC software). This client application can run under WINDOWS 2000/WINDOWS10 on any Pentium 4 and above (or on of >1GHz Pentium 3) configuration. No special requirements are needed..
There are two available basic types of recording:
- On one hand, the CRU-2AN can record using its SD cards independently. The applied file system is FAT32, so removing the SD cards and inserting them into a card reader the records can easily be carried for a PC and can be copied and listened under WINDOWS. The device automatically selects the available card, so it is possible to remove a full SD card while the other one is active.
- On the other direct recording on the PC's HDD is also possible with the client application. Furthermore, parallel recording on the CRU-2AN's SD card and on the client PC's HDD can also be set up. With the client application the inputs can be listened in real-time (independently from the recording).
In the client application the current status of the SD cards are shown: active recordings, number of records, available free space, SD card operation status, etc.
The recording can be continuous, or VOX triggered. A highly efficient adaptive voice detector is implemented for both channels.
On the SD card circle recording can be set up. In this case the device handles the two SD card like one storage, and in case of full SD cards the oldest files are deleted automatically.
The audio data is stored in a vendor specific encrypted and electronically signed format. The files can be carried and copied under windows with the file manager because the files are standard FAT32 files. The content is specific and is protected with electronic sign. The playback is possible with the client application. The client application verifies the electronic sign and decodes the applied encryption. From the client application all the files can be exported into standard "wave" files and after this, files can be played with a standard media player.
On demand, the format on the SD card can be changed into standard WAVE format. In this case the records on a removed SD cards can be listened without any client program activity. No additional client program is required (only for set up). The configuration is stored in the CRU's flash memory).
The exact time stamps of the start and the end date/time of a speech communication (VOX trigger begin/end) are attached inseparably to the speech content.
- Two microphone input with 0-50dB adjustable gain and +30dB selectable with jumper.
- Two symmetrical (balanced) line inputs towards DWS recording output or other audio sources. Maximum acceptable level is +6dBm. 0-50dB adjustable gain can be applied.
- Independent automatic gain controls for both channels.
- Two independent voice activity detectors
- Selectable sampling frequency (8KHz, 16KHz, 24KHz), 8KHz is recommended for DWS recording.
- 1x stereo or 2x mono operation modes.
- Low power consumption (<1W).
- Applicable SD cards: 1GB, 2GB SD, 4GB, 8GB, 16GB SDHC or Ultra II cards
- Interoperation with HUNGAROCOM's centralized archive recording system (optional).
Hungarocom's CYPCOM equipment family can offer different functions on, or between E1 and IP lines like bridge, media converter, E1 over IP, IP over E1, with encryption and different monitoring recording functions. These functions are based on two types of application specific core hardware units:
- CYPCOM-200 hardware has eight Ethernet interfaces and two E1 PCM interfaces (RJ-45)
- CYPCOM-201 hardware has two Ethernet interfaces and four E1 PCM interfaces (RJ-45)
The PcmMon equipment is developed for intelligent monitoring of E1 lines. Based on HUNGAROCOM's CYPCOM-201 core hardware, the equipment has four E1 inputs (PCM Rx). To monitor one E1 line requires two E1 Rx channels, so the hardware can monitor two full duplex E1 PCM lines. E1 Rx lines connect to the E1 lines with high impedance without disturbing the original traffic. The received E1 signal is analysed and processed by the CYPCOM-201's internal CPU in real time (HDLC frames, DSS1, QSIG, SS7 signalling, Voice channels, DTMF reception are provided). The processed traffic than stored on the built in 2,5" HDD (or SSD).
If the monitored PCM uses DSS1, QSIG, or SS7 signalling the PcmMon detects the call sessions and records the voice channels with related CDRs (communications recording function).
A complex Windows based client application is available to display the stored information. There is some optional off-line post processing function available in the client application (i.e. FAX decoding).
Online channel monitoring is also supported from the client application.
Front panel connectors (small enclosure)
Front panel connectors (standard rack enclosure)
- Number of full duplex E1 lines monitored simultaneously:2
- Physical connection:High impedance
- PCM modes:PCM 30, PCM31, unframed, CRC4 and AMI/HDB3 coding supported
- Real time handled protocols and signals:HDLC, DSS1, QSIG, SS7, DTMF
- Voice channel recording:call sessions with attached CDRs (CDRs based on DSS1, QSIG or SS7 and in band DTMF)
- Recording method:records are encrypted and protected against manipulation. Every records and stored events contain exact time stamp.
- Internal storage capacity: max. 2x1TB 2,5" HDD (or max 2x500GB SSD).
- Two alarm contacts for minor and mayor alarms.
- Operation voltage: 230V with external adapter, 48V (or optionally 12V) without external adapter.
- Client application features: display recorded data, voice record playback and export to standard WAV file. Convenient search functions.
- Optional off-line processing feature: FAX communication decoding.
- Size: Standard 1-unit high rack mounted or small enclosure
- Package content: CYP-201-PCMMON equipment, power adapter, PCM cables and passive TAPs, software, documentation.
- Size:standard rack enclosure: 483x185x44 mm; small enclosure: 266x189x29,5 mm
The next Figure introduces generally the connections of the system. It is connected to the IP network, where the communications shall be recorded. The access to the different levels of the network (access, accumulation, backbone) is assured by a switch with mirroring port, or by a tap device connected in parallel to the different medias of the IP network hierarchy. The communications recording system is able to record different communications event depending on the system setup. Local workstations can be connected to the recorder server as introduced in the next Figure via LAN, WAN, and public internet.
The next Figure shows the connection of the recording server to a general PABX, or call manager system.
Handling 480 simultaneous channels server with the following parameters shall be provided:
- Type: HP proliant G8 series with redundant power supply
- CPU: minimum 2,4GHz quad core intel XEON cpu
- Memory: 8GB, dual channel DDR3 1333MHz
- HDD: minimum 2x300GB 2,5" SAS Raid-1 (depending on the volume to be stored)
- Blu-ray drive: for local archivation
- Gigabit Ethernet: two ports
- Other: min. 2xUSB port, US
- playback of records from the server
- introduction of call related data (e.g. time of call, calling and called numbers)
- showing the time function of the audio record
- zoom-in and zoom-out within the time function
- events within a communication
- quick navigation possibility
- application of different filtering parameters
- export records to external data medias
LI Management Systems
HUNGAROCOM LIMS, in cooperation with the immanent monitoring function (INI) used by the electronic communications service provider, monitors all types of public communication services in real time including telephone (VoIP, VoLTE) and video calls, messages (SMS, MMS), fax, e-mails and other data communication services. It supports monitoring of 2G (GSM, CDMA, GPRS), 3G (UMTS), 4G (LTE) and 5G wireless networks of all networks, as well as PSTN, IMS and Cable based wired networks.
Hand over interfaces (HI) are a three-port structure where administrative information (HI1), intercept related information (HI2), and communications content (CC) are logically separated.
- Hot standby and geo-redundant solutions.
- It fulfils the following international and local standards:
- ETSI: ETSI TS 101 671 (voice), ETSI TS 101 331 (általános), ETSI ES 201 158 (általános), ETSI TS 102 232-1 to 102 232-7 (IP, e-mail, VoIP)


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Home |General Shamanism | Earth and World Healing | Disclaimer | Rhuddlwm Gawr | Origins of Welsh Witchcraft | Dynion Mwyn
Gathering of the Tribes
Dynion Mwyn holds certain religious symbols to be of primary importance. Each God and Goddess is represented by a totem animal which symbolizes the power of the deity in our daily life. This relationship between animals and deities, has over the eons, built a complex relationship of religious rituals, energies of the land, and magickal practices. This same philosophy is applied to trees, plants, mountains, buildings, jewelry, springs and the weather. Every Land or tribal location has a Sacred Centre of Divine Being. Following is a summary of major Welsh symbols including totem animals and their divinities, places, and things. :
The Owl of Wisdom is associated with Bloeddewedd, and is a symbol of knowledge.
The Stag is associated with Cernunnos. This is the aspect of the wild hunt in which the spirits of the dead are transported to the underworld. The horns of the stag are symbolic of the Lord of the Animals. Also associated with Merlin.
The Serpent is also associated with the God Cernunnos and is found on Torcs, the sacred neck ornament. Some serpent Torcs also have a ram's head which symbolize the power of nature and animals.
The Horse is associated with the Goddesses Epona and Rhiannon. This represents the power and fertility of the horse connected to the Kingship of the clan.
The Bear is associated with the Goddesses Artio and Andarta and the Gods Arthgen (Arthur) and Artogenus. The Bear symbolizes the King's connection to the land as well as the Constellation Arcturus, The Great Bear.
The Bull is associated with the God Esus, trees, and the three Cranes.
The Boar is associated with the Goddess Ceridwen and the God Math. The Pig is thus closely associated with shape shifting transformative powers as well as necromancy and flight. Other important totem animals are:
The Raven is associated with the goddess Morrigna,
Salmon of Knowledge is associated with the Goddess Cerridwen.
The Hare is associated with, and the Goddess Cerridwen.
The Ram is associated with the God Cernunnos.
The Celtic Cross is the equal armed cross in a circle which is the symbol of male and female energies confined only by the boundaries of the Universe associated with the Goddess Donn.
The Winged Ankh represents eternal life and strength of the soul associated with the Goddess Donn
The Pentacle represents spiritual and earthly power; the point of the pentacle is always pointed up, meaning good, never down, which symbolizes evil, associated with the God Amaetheon.
Cromlech: This is a large stone placed upon two upright stones to make a able or altar. It was always placed in the center of the circle.
Cairns: These were either large stones or a pile of stones that were placed on high ground, such as a hill, and used to worship their deity.
Viereckschanzen: These are roughly rectangular wall or ditch constructions that appear in the La Te/ne period from middle France. Inside of these rectangular wall and ditch enclosures, which also quite often had elaborate gate constructions, there often appear deep pits which in some cases still contained wooden statues of "gods" and a number of offerings. Equal pits, but without the surrounding wall and ditch constructions, have also been found on the British isles. Sometimes also small houses appear inside these Viereckschanzen, which in some cases appear to be the precedessors of later Gallo-Roman temples.
Portal Tombs: Also called dolmens, they consisted of three or more standing stones capped typically by a large monolith and the dead would be buried under an earthen mound. Erosion over the millenia caused these structures which were built between 4,000 and 5,000 years ago to appear like an altar or table, hense the term dolmen.
Druid Sigil: The origin of this is unknown, however, it is commonly seen as a leaved wreeth with two staves running through it.
Awen: The three rays of light known as, The Awen, form a symbol of the Devine name and concentre upon the stone of speech as do the rays of the summer solstice and of the spring and autumn equinoxes upon the altar stone at Stonehenge. The Awen symbolizes the source of Light in the cosmos and in man whence come the Druidic virtues of courage, brotherhood, and selfless service.
Torc: This was often a ceremonial neck piece worn by the Druids and often worn by Celtic hierarchy. The actual significance of this is unknown.
Triskel:The triskell is considered British origin, finding its way from Scotland, Wales and Cornwall over to Brittany. The 3 arms are said to represent Earth, Wind, and Fire. It is often said that the triskel represents the three druidic virtues or the three stages of life to the Celts
We believe that when we die, we travel to that land beyond the veil of Maya, where weary souls repose within the realms of the Horned One and the Great Mother, to grow young again and to be reborn upon the earth. This is that fair land of nod called GWLAD YR HAV or the Summerland. It is the land to which the Wiccae go when they leave this life on earth. This is the abode of the Gods and Goddesses.of the Welsh Tradition.
When we part, we always say:
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Faculty Member in Computer Science
College of the Atlantic (COA) seeks a full-time faculty member in Computer Science. The anticipated start date is August, 2016. The successful candidate will be the first faculty member in computer science at COA. The faculty member will offer a range of classes to help students gain basic to advanced programming skills, while introducing students to the central questions of computer science and exposing them to the styles of thought and habits of mind associated with computer scientists. The faculty member is expected to help students make connections between computer science and other areas of the curriculum, including art and design and the humanities, as well as the natural and social sciences.
In addition to introductory and intermediate programming classes, we are interested in a candidate who can offer engaging and challenging courses that explore the intersections of computer science and computing with different aspects of the human experience and academic and creative areas. Examples of such classes might include some of the following: cryptography and computer security, information visualization, human-computer interaction, machine learning and artificial intelligence, generative art, digital humanities, agent-based modeling, data mining, micro-controller programming (e.g, Arduino and Raspberry Pi devices).
The successful candidate must have the ability and interest in teaching some courses in mathematics or related areas. These might not be math classes per se, but it is essential that this faculty member's classes connect strongly with the existing mathematics curriculum and offer courses that meet the college's quantitative reasoning requirement. It is essential that the faculty member has a background in computing and programming and be enthusiastic about and focused on developing creative ways to teach computer science to students with a wide range of backgrounds and goals.
The faculty member should have a Ph.D. in computer science, engineering, computational science, applied mathematics, physics, or a related area and demonstrated potential for excellent and innovative teaching.
College of the Atlantic is an interdisciplinary college of approximately 340 undergraduate students and 30 faculty members. Its oceanfront campus is adjacent to Acadia National Park. COA's faculty are not organized by departments, and all students design their own major in human ecology. The average class size is 13. Faculty teach five courses a year distributed across three ten-week terms; faculty also advise students, direct independent studies and final projects, and contribute to the shared governance of the college. COA is a highly interdisciplinary college seeking to understand the relationships between humans and their built, natural, and social-cultural environments, where theory is tied to practice, and where friendship and cooperation help define our community. Through both teaching and scholarship, we aim to foster the capacity to make improvements within the world and ourselves.
Interested candidates should submit a CV, a cover letter addressing interest in and qualifications for the position, and a brief statement of teaching that includes a discussion of the roles of computer science in an interdisciplinary curriculum. The CV should include contact information for three professional references; please do not have references send letters. For full consideration, please submit all application materials as a single pdf file to _EMAIL_ by December 7, 2015.
College of the Atlantic is seeking a person with outstanding cooking skills, to cook in an award-winning college kitchen. Emphasis on creative, healthy, scratch cooking. Must work well in a congenial atmosphere. A knowledge of vegetarian and vegan cooking and at least 5 years cooking experience in a professional setting required.
This position will normally work early afternoon through dinner. Must have flexibility to work with catering and special events. 11 month position per year; benefits. Send resume with references to _EMAIL_ or Ken Sebelin, Cook Search Committee Chair, College of the Atlantic, 105 Eden Street, Bar Harbor, Me 04609. Electronic applications are preferred. Review of applications will begin immediately and continue until the position is filled.
College of the Atlantic is committed to academic excellence, cultural diversity, and multicultural education. COA is an AA/EEO employer. Applications are especially encouraged from persons who could enhance the ethnic, gender, and cultural diversity of the College.


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$\newcommand{\fs}{\mathscr{F}}\newcommand{\gs}{\mathscr{G}}$Let ${\bf C}$ be some algebraic category (e.g. commutative rings), ${\bf Psh}(X,{\bf C})$ the category of presheaves on $X$ taking values in ${\bf C}$, and ${\bf Sh}(X,{\bf C})$ the category of sheaves on $X$ taking values in ${\bf C}$. Let $\phi:\fs\to\gs$ be an epimorphism in ${\bf Sh}(X,{\bf C})$. Is it possible that $\phi$ is not an epimorphism in ${\bf Psh}(X,{\bf C})$?
(Sheaf monomorphism seems to imply presheaf monomorphism, if one assumes that every presheaf can be sheafified. The proof doesn't extend to epimorphisms.)
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At least in the category of (pre)sheaves of sets, epimorphisms of presheaves are the naive ones, i.e., they are surjective on sections over every object. Epimorphisms of sheaves can be characterized as the morphisms which induce surjections on all stalks. It's definitely possible to have an epimorphism of sheaves which is not an epimorphism of the underlying presheaves, although it is clear that if the underlying morphism of presheaves is an epimorphism, then it is an epimorphism of sheaves. This is discussed in relative detail in the Stacks Project sections ons sheaves on spaces and (more – Keenan Kidwell Jan 20 '13 at 3:44
generally) sheaves on sites, where other target categories are discussed (and the notion of an algebraic structure is made formal). – Keenan Kidwell Jan 20 '13 at 3:45
I should mention that the characterization I give of epimorphisms of sheaves in terms of stalks only works for sheaves on topological spaces. For sites, the condition is: for every object $U$ and $s\in\mathscr{G}(U)$, there is a covering $(U_i\rightarrow U)$ such that $s\vert_{U_i}$ is in the image of $\varphi_{U_i}:\mathscr{F}(U_i)\rightarrow\mathscr{G}(U_i)$ for all $i$. – Keenan Kidwell Jan 20 '13 at 5:32
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No. If sheaf epimorphisms were always presheaf epimorphisms then there would be no point to sheaf cohomology!
Here's an example. Let $X$ be $\mathbb{R}^2$ minus a point, and let $\Omega^*_X$ be the de Rham complex. $X$ is two dimensional, so we get an exact sequence $$\Omega^0_X \longrightarrow \Omega^1_X \longrightarrow \Omega^2_X \longrightarrow 0$$ in $\textbf{Sh}(X, \textbf{Vect}_\mathbb{R})$, because we can always locally integrate a closed $(n + 1)$-form to get an $n$-form using the Poincaré lemma. Let $B^1 (\Omega_X)$ be the image of $\Omega^0_X \to \Omega^1_X$ in $\textbf{Sh}(X, \textbf{Vect}_\mathbb{R})$. As usual, $\Omega^0_X \to B^1 (\Omega_X)$ is an epimorphism, but after taking global sections, $\Gamma (X, \Omega^0_X) \to \Gamma (X, B^1 (\Omega_X))$ is not. Indeed, we find that the $1$-form $$\mathrm{d} \theta = \frac{-y \, \mathrm{d} x + x \, \mathrm{d} y}{x^2 + y^2}$$ is closed, but $\mathrm{d} \theta$ cannot be exact because $$\int_S \mathrm{d} \theta = 2 \pi$$ where $S$ is the unit circle in $X$. Thus $\Gamma (X, \Omega^0_X) \to \Gamma (X, B^1 (\Omega_X))$ is not surjective, which is just as well, because de Rham's theorem tells us that $H^1(\Gamma(X, \Omega^*_X)) \cong H^1(X, \mathbb{R}) \cong \mathbb{R}$!
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Automobile structure steel plate is widely used in Automobile various parts,Automotive structural steel has the high technology content. With the continuous improvement of the level of automobile products,Automotive structural steel are increasingly in demand.BBN steel Automobile structure steel plate main steel grade:BS EN10268,H 240LA, H 280LA, H 320LA, H 360LA, H 400LA JIS G3113 SAPH310, SAPH370, SAPH400, SAPH440.
Automobile structure steel or automotive steel is used to provide greater strength to vehicle components. High strength of steel can be achieved by mixing alloy materials and cooling at low temperature. Additionally, automotive structural steel has excellent cold forming ability. Therefore, it is used in the making of boom, arms of truck, and trailer frames. Approximately, 34% automotive structural steel is used for body structures, panels, doors, and trunk closures, 23% automotive structural steel is used for drive train components, engine component, and gears, 12% is used for suspension units, and the remaining is used for tyres, wheels, steering, breaking system, and fuel tanks. Ultra-high strength steel is keenly used in the making of B-pillar and front cross parts of automotive vehicles. High-strength steel has good balance of strength, formability, energy absorption, and durability. Therefore, it is used in the making of roof and side panels of automotive vehicles.
Automotive structural steel makers are deliberately using lightweight alloy materials with automotive structural steel in a bid to inches physical property of vehicle components i.e., strength, ductility, toughness and fatigue and make a significant cornerstone among the customers, clientele, and in the global automotive structural steel market.
Common Grades of Automobile StructureSteel
We can supply various sizes and shapes of automobile structure steel products. Automobile structure steel plates and coils are mainly used for automobile beams and other structural parts that require good cold forming properties and have higher strength requirements.


The Impact of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction on Measures of Stroke Rehabilitation Outcome
Şehri Ayaş 1,Selin Taflan Selçuk 2,Melek Zekiye Uluçam 3
1 Başkent Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Fiziksel Tıp ve Rehabilitasyon Anabilim Dalı, Ankara, Türkiye
2 Dr. Abdurrahman Yurtaslan Ankara Onkoloji Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Ankara, Türkiye**Başkent Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Kardiyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Ankara, Türkiye
3 Başkent Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Kardiyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Ankara, Türkiye
DOI : 10.4274/tftr.26879
Objective: To evaluate the impact of left ventricular ejection fraction on stroke rehabilitation outcome measures.
Materials and Methods: Forty first-ever stroke patients admitted to the inpatient rehabilitation unit at a tertiary research hospital were enrolled in the study. On the basis of the left ventricular ejection fraction, the patients were grouped into two groups: (1) those with low ejection fractions (ejection fraction ≤50%) and (2) those with high ejection fractions (ejection fraction >50%). Thirteen patients had low ejection fraction and 27 had high ejection fraction. Admission and discharge functional status was measured with total, motor and cognitive components of the Functional Independence MeasureTM (FIM). A Functional Ambulatory Scale was used to measure the ambulatory status of the patients upon discharge.
Results: The admission total, motor and cognitive FIM scores in both groups were not significantly different. However, the low ejection fraction group had significantly lower discharge motor, total FIM and functional ambulatory scores than did the high ejection fraction group.
Conclusion: A decreased left ventricular ejection fraction may impair walking ability and rehabilitation outcome in first-ever stroke patients.
Keywords : Ejection fraction, stroke, rehabilitatio


economic events
The Most Important Events to Trade On
All economic data releases are gathered in the economic calendar. There are many different economic indicators there, so if you are a beginner trader, you won't know where to look first. Don't worry though! We chose the most significant events that you should definitely follow to predict the behavior of currency pairs you trade.
We offer to start with central banks' meetings. Meetings are important not only because a central bank announces the interest rate, but also as it gives clues on the future of monetary policy.
An increase in the interest rate is supposed to pull the currency up. Alternatively, a decrease is seen as a bearish, i.e. a negative sign. If a central bank doesn't change the rate, it may be either bearish or bullish depending on the market's sentiment.
During the meeting, the central bank often presents its outlook on current and future economic conditions. If the bank sees them as encouraging, traders will expect future rate hikes and, as a result, a stronger currency. Vice versa, a weaker economic outlook will make traders sell a currency. Moreover, both the interest rate and economic outlook should be taken into consideration.
Let's look at an example of the correlation between the central bank's meeting and the currency's movement.
On May 10, 2018, the Reserve Bank of New Zealand kept the interest rate on hold. Its decision should not have affected the currency a lot, as the market was ready for it. However, the central bank's speech was dovish – the inflation target was lowered and the current inflation outlook was negative. As a result, the New Zealand dollar fell a lot against the USD.
Let's turn to economic indicators.
GDP. GDP or Gross Domestic Product can be called the most important indicator of a country's economic health and the broadest measure of an economic activity.
It is worth noting that in many advanced economies there are three versions of the GDP release – advanced, preliminary and final. An advanced GDP moves the market the most.
Any increases in GDP growth leads to an increase of a currency's exchange rate. Vice versa, if the GDP data is weaker than anticipated, a currency will fall.
CPI. CPI or consumer price index represents average prices paid by consumers for a basket of market goods. As a result, changes of this index identify periods of inflation and deflation. Moreover, the data displays how effective the government's economic policy is. There are two types of CPI: CPI and Core CPI (excludes the volatile energy and food prices) that are published at the same time. Traders pay a higher attention to the CPI data.
As you know, the interest rate of a central bank depends on economic growth and inflation. That is why central banks pay great attention to CPI releases. If the CPI growth is close to the inflation target of a country or higher, a central bank will likely lift up its rate and a currency will rise as well. Alternatively, a currency will depreciate.
PMI. As we talked about GDP, it is worth mentioning PMI. PMI or Purchasing Managers' Index is an indicator that measures the economic health of the manufacturing sector. The aim of the Index is to provide information about the current business conditions to analysts, purchasing managers, decision makers. Furthermore, it is used as a leading indicator of GDP growth or decline. Moreover, central banks use these data when formulating monetary policy.
If a PMI goes down in a given country, investors may expect a dovish mood of a central bank. Moreover, they may reduce their exposure to the country's equity markets and increase it into other countries' equities with rising PMI reading.
NFP. NFP or Nonfarm Payrolls is an economic indicator that displays the change in the number of employed people in the United States during a previous month, but it excludes the farming industry. The indicator is highly important as it gives clues on consumer spending that accounts for a majority of overall economic activity. A higher NFP signals healthier and more robust economic growth. Lower NFP points at a weaker economy. As a result, the US dollar falls. It is released on the first Friday of a month and causes great moves in the Forex market as the USD is a part of many popular currency pairs.
If the actual figure of the payrolls is as it was predicted, the USD movement will depend on the additional data such as the unemployment rate and average hourly earnings. The latter is a measure of inflation and has a big impact on the policy of the US central bank, so its role is becoming more and more important.
We presented the most important events that will give you chances to boost your profit. Follow economic calendar's events and market's movements, build your own trading strategy based on these events and earn more!
This article was written by Daria Bobrova, a senior analyst at FBS


Referencing Grid Level Expressions from Advanced Query
Cory Fifield -
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In this article we cover referencing Grid Level Expressions from Advanced Query.
How does it work?
Expressions are processed at the data grid level, after the query results have been processed and returned from the database. Expressions are then added to the resulting dataset and accessible throughout VDM's controls. If you're using Advanced Query, VDM needs to know where to place the Expressions in the resulting dataset. So you can add an expression to the Grid after you run an Advanced Query, but if they're not added to the Field Selection List in the Advanced Query, VDM doesn't know where to put them.
We don't recommend Grid Level Expressions be used with Advanced Query. We recommend Advanced Queries be used for SQL Scripting only, and additional calculations that need to be performed on the resulting dataset be configured and completed using Calculated Fields in Finished Reports or Visualize.
How to reference grid level expression in Advanced Query
1. Create your Advanced Query and run it.
2. Create the Grid Expressions. Make sure to have the correct datatypes used for the expression.
3. Add the new expression(s) to the select statement in the Advanced Query.
4. Save, run and preview the View with the new expression(s) added to the Advanced Query.
Have more questions? Submit a request


text:
While I was browsing here I came across an interesting question so I decided to see what the answer was and well, I had some difficulties understanding it. I'll quote a short part of the answer.
If the fretted note is higher (sharper) than the harmonic, then the length of the string needs to be lengthened. If the harmonic note is sharper, then the length of the string needs to be shortened.
So my question is what is a harmonic note as described in the above quote? I have close to no knowledge of music theory but I've started a course to learn it.


Tuesday, April 5, 2011
Josephine Sarah Marcus ~ aka Josephine Earp
Josephine Sarah Marcus
Josephine Sarah Marcus was the second of three children born in Brooklyn, NY in 1860-61 to German-Jewish immigrants Carl Hyman Marcuse (later Henry Marcus) and Sophie Lewis. When they married, Sophie was 8 years older than her husband and a widow with a 3-year-old daughter named Rebecca. Josephine had an older brother Nathan (August 12, 1857) and younger sister Henrietta (July 10, 1864).
When Josephine was 11, her father was lured by the opportunity afforded in the growing city of San Francisco. They traveled via ship to Panama and caught a second ship to San Francisco, arriving while the city was recovering from the disastrous earthquake of October 21, 1868. Her parents joined the Reformed Temple and her father found work as a baker.
By 1870 San Francisco, the population had boomed to 149,473, and housing was in short supply. Apartment buildings were crowded and large homes were converted into rooming houses. The city was riding on the coattails of the still-expanding economic boom caused by the extraction of silver from the Comtock Lode. Lots of money flowed from Nevada through San Francisco, and for a while the Marcus family prospered. Later that year her step-sister Rebecca Levy married Aaron Wiener, an insurance salesman and a native of Prussia, like her parents.
Henry Marcus made enough money to send Josephine and her sister Hattie to music and dance classes at the McCarthy Dancing Academy, a family-owned business that taught music and dance to both children and adults. In her autobiography I Married Wyatt Earp, Josephine states, "Hattie and I attended the McCarthy Dancing Academy for children on Howard Street (Polk and Pacific). Eugenia and Lottie McCarthy taught us to dance the Highland Fling, the Sailor's Hornpipe and ballroom dancing."
Josephine claimed that she matured early. "There was far too much excitement in the air to remain a child." She apparently resented how the schools in San Francisco treated her, describing them as "inconsistent of a tolerant and gay populous acting as merciless and self-righteous as a New England village in bringing up its children." She described the harsh disciplined meted out, including the "sting of rattan" and "being slapped for tardiness".
In 1874, production of gold and silver from the Comstock Lode, which had brought so much wealth to San Francisco, began to dwindle. San Francisco suffered, and her father Henry's earnings as a baker fell, forcing the family to move in with Josephine's older sister Sophia and her husband in the flatlands south of Market Street. It was known as "The Slot," a working class, ethnically mixed neighborhood, where smoke from factory chimneys filled the air.
Pauline Markham
When Josephine was 17 years old, she and friend Dora Hirsh ran away with the Pauline Markham Theater Company. Markham already had a nationwide reputation as a burlesque songstress. She often appeared on stage and in racy publicity photos wearing a corset and pink tights... shocking attire for the 1870s. In the manuscript that was used in part as a basis for her book I Married Wyatt Earp, Josephine wrote that she and Dora sailed from San Francisco to Santa Barbara with the 6 members of the troupe. [Note: The troupe actually left San Francisco October of 1879 for Arizona on board the Southern Pacific Railroad. The troupe reached Tombstone in December 1879 after which they headed north to Prescott. where they put on more than a dozen performances of HMS Pinafore between December 24, 1879~February 20, 1880.]
John Behan
On September 28, 1874, John Behan was nominated Sheriff at the Democratic convention in Yavapai County. The Prescott Miner reported on October 6 that, "J.H. Behan left on an 'electioneering' tour toward Black Canyon, Wickenburg and other places" north and east of present-day Phoenix, only a few miles distant from Cave Creek where Al Sieber, the famous Indian scout, was looking for Indians. Behan was gone for 35 days, during which he could have met Josephine. She said "my heart was stirred by his attentions as would the heart of any girl have been under such romantic circumstances. The affair was at least a diversion in my homesickness though I cannot say I was in love with him." Behan returned to Prescott on November 11 but lost the election.
Josephine's record of what happened next, if accurate, says that she and Dora were homesick and returned to San Francisco with the help of Sieber, who she claimed led them to safety. Sieber was German and so was Josephine's father. Sieber is supposed to have contacted Josephine's brother-in-law, Aaron Wiener, who helped arrange transportation home. While Josephine described Seiber in buckskin clothing, he later said he only wore buckskin garments while posing for a photograph. Josephine's story was that Sieber and his scouts led her stagecoach and it's passengers to a nearby adobe ranch house where the group spent 10 days sleeping on the floor. According to Josephine, this is where she first met John Harris, who she described as, "young and darkly handsome, with merry black eyes and an engaging smile."
According to Josephine's story, upon her return to San Francisco, Johnny Behan followed her in order to ask her to marry him. She declined, and he returned to Arizona. Josephine told the Earp cousins that she returned to San Francisco before the grand opening of the Baldwin Theater on March 6, 1876. She wrote that her family told "the younger children (niece and nephew), and our friends were told that I had gone away for a visit.... The memory of it has been a source of humiliation and regret to me in all the years since that time and I have never until now disclosed it to anyone besides my husband (Wyatt)."
Tip Top, AZ ca. 1888
 In November, 1879, Behan had a saloon in the silver mining town known as TipTop, AZ. The fast-growing town already had five saloons with five courtesans, and Johnny's new saloon had none.
According to Josephine, Johnny proposed marriage and she decided to leave San Francisco once again. Johnny's proposal of marriage was a good excuse to leave home. She wrote, "life was dull for me in San Francisco. In spite of my bad experience of a few years ago the call to adventure still stirred my blood."
Behan arrived in Tombstone in September, 1880. 18 months after the town's founding. He was named by newly elected Sheriff Charles A. Shibell as the Pima County Deputy Sheriff for eastern Pima County. He also bought part interest in the Dexter Livery Stable with John Dunbar.
Josephine moved with Behan to Tombstone. She said years later that she lived with a lawyer while working as a housekeeper for Behan and his ten year old son, Albert. This version of her return has been disputed, as some believe that she was really living with Behan all along after her return to Tombstone. In her conversations about her life with the Earp cousins, she was very imprecise about the timing and exact nature of events during this period. The most she would say is that she returned to Tombstone believing Behan was planning to marry her, and when he kept putting it off, she grew disillusioned.
In the midst of their romantic relationship, Behan continued to see other women. Josephine wrote a letter to her father, who sent her $300 for a return trip to San Francisco. Rather than leaving Tombstone, Behan convinced Josephine to use the money to build a house for them. Josie also pawned a diamond ring to complete the construction.
In April 1881, less than eight months later, the home that Behan and Marcus shared had been rented to Dr. George Emory Goodfellow. However, as late as June 1881, Josephine was still signing her name as Josephine Behan. In the summer of 1881 Johnny Behan became involved in a serious romantic relationship with another woman. Wyatt Earp was still living with his current common-law wife Mattie Blaylock.
Wyatt Earp, Age 33
It is not known exactly when Marcus left Behan or how Marcus and Wyatt Earp began their relationship. Known diarist George W. Parsons never mentioned seeing Wyatt and Josephine together, and neither did John Clum in his memoirs. Virgil's wife, Allie, did write about her, noting that "Sadie's charms were undeniable. She had a small, trim body and a meneo of the hips that kept her full, flounced skirts bouncing. Certainly her strange accent, brought with her from New York to San Francisco, carried a music new to the ears of a Western gambler and gunman." At some point during August and September they became friends and then more seriously involved.
Behan was embarrassed by the public breakup. Most Tombstone residents thought that Marcus and Behan were legally married. Her breakup with Behan and her arrival into Wyatt's life were publicized by the The Tombstone Epitaph, the leading local newspaper. To add to the scandal Earp


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First Aid Basics
Your Dog's Vital Signs
Vital signs are those signs that veterinarians use as a baseline to assess how well your dog's overall physical system is functioning. Three basic vital signs that your veterinarian measures are your dog's heart rate (pulse), breathing rate and temperature. You too need to be aware of these vital signs -- what is normal for your dog and what is not -- and how to measure them so that you are better prepared to assess if something is wrong with your dog and to act quickly and appropriately to get him help.
Your Dog's Heart Rate
Your dog's normal heart rate depends on his age and size. For puppies below one year, a normal heart rate is approximately 120-160 beats per minute. For adult dogs 30 pounds and below, a normal heart rate is approximately 100-120 beats per minute. For adult dogs over 30 pounds, a normal heart rate is approximately 80-100 beats per minute
There are four locations from which you can easily measure your dog's heart rate or pulse:
To measure your dog's pulse from any of these locations, hold your middle finger and index finger on the pulse point. Count how many beats or pulses you can measure during a 60 second period.
Your Dog's Breathing Rate
Normal resting breathing rate for dogs is 10-30 breaths per minute. To measure your dog's resting breathing rate, have your dog either stand or lie down calmly. Observe your dog's ribcage and count the number of times his ribcage rises and falls during a 60 second period. There is a difference between panting (shallow breaths) and true breathing, so make sure you count breaths and not pants.
Your Dog's Temperature
Normal temperature for dogs ranges between 100 – 102.7 F. To take your dog's temperature you need to use a rectal thermometer. It is best to use a pediatric digital thermometer which can be found at most drugstores. Lubricate the thermometer tip with some petroleum jelly. Keep your dog in a standing position and hold his tail up. Carefully put just the tip of the thermometer into your dog's rectum until the required time for your thermometer to measure temperature has elapsed. Remove the thermometer and read his temperature.


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Contrast is where two or more elements that have opposite qualities are placed together.
We can think about contrast in terms of the tension created between opposites: such as
black versus white
fine lines versus solid shapes
thick and thin lines
organic and geometric shapes
Using any of the elements of design we can create a dynamic composition through using contrast. (Read more in the source.)


Pathways to Sustainability: the STEPS Centre approach
How do we deal with the spread of HIV/ AIDS or avian 'flu? How can farmers in dryland Africa cope with the challenges of climate change? How do we address water and pollution problems in rapidly-growing Asian cities? Who benefits from genetically-modified crops? Today's world is experiencing rapid social, technological and environmental change, yet poverty and inequality are growing.
The STEPS Centre seeks to grapple with two of the central challenges of our times: linking environmental sustainability with poverty reduction and social justice, and making science and technology work for poor and marginalised people.
This briefing accompanies the Working Paper Pathways to Sustainability: an overview of the STEPS Centre approach.


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Working with Gradle and Artifactory
For Gradle to work with Artifactory, you only require a properly configured
To avoid dwelling on configuration details we shall just mention the main configuration steps and show a sample Gradle script that we believe shows all the required information needed to get you started.
It also demonstrates the effectiveness and brevity of Gradle.
Using Artifactory's Gradle Init Script Generator
With Artifactory's Gradle init script generator, you can easily create a Gradle init script that handles resolution. To do so go to the Home tab and then Client Settings -> Gradle Init Script:
Provisioning Dynamic Settings for Users
You can deploy and provision a dynamic settings template for your users. Once downloaded, settings are generated according to your own logic and can automatically include user authentication information.
Refer to Provisioning Build Tool Settings section under Filtered Resources.
Manual Configuration Steps
Sample Build Script and Properties
And the properties file under the same directory:
The following clause is required for gradle to recognize Artifactory.
To build your project and upload the generated artifacts to Artifactory, run:
Please refer to the Gradle Documentation for more detailed information on building with Gradle (running sub-tasks etc.).
Getting Debugging Information from Gradle
If you experience problems, it is highly recommended to run Gradle with the
Dependency Declaration Snippets
Click on the Artifacts tab to use the Artifactory configuration to obtain dependency declaration snippets by selecting either an artifact and copying the "Gradle Dependency Declaration" section into your build.gradle file.


Optimize Images in Google Page Speed
Optimize Images in Google Page Speed::
This rule triggers when PageSpeed Insights detects that the images on the page can be optimized to reduce their filesize without significantly impacting their visual quality.
Images often account for most of the downloaded bytes on a page. As a result, optimizing images can often yield some of the largest byte savings and performance improvements: the fewer bytes the browser has to download, the less competition there is for the client's bandwidth and the faster the browser can download and render content on the screen.
Optimizations for all types of images
Optimizations for GIF, PNG, and JPEG images
GIFPNG, and JPEG formats make 96% of the entire Internet's image traffic. Because of their popularity, PageSpeed Insights provides specific optimization recommendations. For your convenience, you can download the optimized images directly from PageSpeed Insights (which is using image optimization library from modpagespeed.com).
You can also use tools such as the convert binary made by ImageMagick which can apply similar optimizations – see example instructions below.
If you use third party tools, please be aware that the transformation might make your images larger, if yours were already very well optimized. If that happens, please use your originals.
GIF and PNG are lossless formats, in that the compression process does not make any visual modification to the images. For still images, PNG achieves better compression ratio with better visual quality. For animated images, consider using video element instead of a GIF, to achieve better compression.
 - Always convert GIF to PNG unless the original is animated or tiny (less than a few hundred bytes).
 - For both GIF and PNG, remove alpha channel if all of the pixels are opaque.
For example, you can use convert binary to optimize your GIF and PNG images with the following command (parameters inside brackets are optional):
convert INPUT.gif_or_png -strip [-resize WxH] [-alpha Remove] OUTPUT.png
cuppa.png (1,763 Bytes)
convert cuppa.png -strip cuppa_converted.png
cuppa_converted.png (856 Bytes)
 - Use grayscale color space if the image is black and white.
For example, you can use convert binary to optimize your JPEG images with the following command (parameters inside brackets are optional):
convert INPUT.jpg -sampling-factor 4:2:0 -strip [-resize WxH] [-quality N] [-interlace JPEG] [-colorspace Gray/sRGB] OUTPUT.jpg
puzzle.jpg (13,501 Bytes)
convert puzzle.jpg -sampling-factor 4:2:0 -strip -quality 85 -interlace JPEG -colorspace sRGB puzzle_converted.jpg
puzzle_converted.jpg (4,599 Bytes)
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Roscoe Holcomb
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Roscoe Holcomb
Roscoe Holcomb in 1962
Background information
Birth name Roscoe Halcomb
Born (1912-09-05)September 5, 1912
Origin Daisy, Kentucky, USA
Genres Folk, bluegrass, country, gospel, old-time music
Occupation(s) Miner, construction worker, Farmer, Musician
Instruments Banjo, Guitar, Harmonica
Years active 1958–1978
Roscoe Holcomb, (born as Roscoe Halcomb[1] September 5, 1912 – died February 1, 1981) was an American singer, banjo player, and guitarist from Daisy, Kentucky. A prominent figure in Appalachian folk music, Holcomb was the inspiration for the term "high, lonesome sound," coined by folklorist and friend John Cohen. The "high lonesome sound" term is now used to describe bluegrass singing, although Holcomb was not, strictly speaking, a bluegrass performer.
Life and performance style[edit]
Holcomb's repertoire included old-time music, hymns, traditional music and blues ballads. In addition to playing the banjo and guitar, he was a competent harmonica and fiddle player, and sang many of his most memorable songs a cappella.
A coal miner, construction laborer and farmer for much of his life, Holcomb was not recorded until 1958, after which his career as a professional musician was bolstered by the folk revival in the 1960s. Holcomb gave his last live performance in 1978. Due to what he described as injuries he sustained during his long career as a laborer, Holcomb was eventually unable to work for more than short periods, and his later income came primarily from his music. Suffering from asthma and emphysema as a result of working in coal mines, he died in 1981 at the age of 68.
Holcomb's discography includes:[3]
External links[edit]


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A Hydrogen Recirculation System For The Treatment Of Tce-Impacted Groundwater
ABSTRACT: To speed the rate of reductive dechlorination of trichloroethylene (TCE)-impacted groundwater at the Old Jet Engine Test Site (OJETS), Offutt AFB, Nebraska, an in situ pilot-scale dissolved hydrogen addition system was installed. The test area consisted of an injection well, a recovery well, and five monitoring wells within an 8.5 m x 4.3 m (28 ft x 14 ft) test plot. Groundwater was pumped from the recovery well at a flow rate of 1.5 L/min (0.4 gpm), amended with hydrogen at 20 mL/min, and injected into the injection well, thereby creating a recirculation system. The results of the first 6 months of operation are presented in this paper. After 6 months of operation, the oxidation-reduction potential and dissolved oxygen of the groundwater decreased. Despite background sulfate levels of 280 mg/L, the mean TCE concentration declined 63% from 2.9 μmol/L to 1.07 μmol/L. Significant production of cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cDCE) was observed within the test area (i.e., 0.7 to 3.0 μmol/L), indicating that the hydrogen was promoting reductive dechlorination. The cDCE:TCE ratio increased more than ten fold from 0.25 to 2.8, despite decreasing groundwater temperatures. In summary, the dissolved hydrogen recirculation system was effective in removing TCE from groundwater without significant vinyl chloride production.


Out of Pocket Health Costs Could Lead Some to Dip into Retirement Savings
Medical bills are hurting the financial wellness of employees, particularly younger workers, a survey finds.
With deductibles continuing to climb, many Americans who have health insurance through their employers, particularly younger workers, are struggling when it comes to out-of-pocket medical expenses, according to a survey from Securian Financial Group.
Nearly four in 10 workers on employer-sponsored health plans are personally experiencing or know someone who is having financial difficulty due to medical bills. More than half (52%) of Millennials on a health plan through their employer are personally struggling or know someone who is struggling to pay medical bills.
According to the survey, 28% of employees with health insurance through work facing an out-of-pocket expense of $5,000 or more would use their personal savings to pay rather than other means, including a health savings account (8%) or supplemental group insurance (7%). However, a majority of respondents said they do not know how they would pay (21%), or that they would need to rely on credit cards (12%), a loan from their 401(k) (7%) or family/friends (4%), their tax return (5%), or by selling/pawning a personal possession (2%). Four percent said they would not pay at all.
While solutions for combating unexpected medical expenses are available, most workers do not know about them. The survey found that fewer than half of Americans with health insurance through work (44%) are aware that many employers provide supplemental group insurance options to help employees pay for out-of-pocket expenses and other costs associated with an accidental injury, hospital stay or critical illness.
Securian's survey was conducted online by KRC Research from June 8 to June 12, 2017. A total of 1,010 survey respondents answered an initial screener question on the source of their health insurance. The rest of the survey was answered by a base of 573 respondents who participate in a health insurance plan provided by their employer or their spouse's employer.


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The hidden date for this stamp can be found on the chalkboard eraser.
More than just educators, teachers inspire, guide, lead and enlighten - encouraging young minds to remain curious and embrace knowledge. As a tribute to teachers across the country, and to mark the 2002 World Teachers' Day on October 5th, Canada Post has issued a single domestic rate ($0.48) commemorative stamp, available in a pane of 16.
World Teachers' Day
World Teachers' Day was launched in 1993 by the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) at the International Conference on Education in Geneva. The date October 5th was chosen because it was on this day in 1966 that an inter-governmental conference organized by UNESCO and the International Labour Organization (ILO) adopted the 'Recommendation Concerning the Status of Teachers.' Today, more than 100 countries recognize World Teachers' Day and the Director-General of UNESCO sends out a message in a number of languages to commemorate this annual event.
Education in Canada
Under the Constitution Act, 1867, Canada's provinces were given virtually exclusive responsibility for education. Established structures, for the most part, saw locally elected school trustees forming school boards that functioned in a role between the provincial education ministries and schools. A distinctive feature of Canada's educational system is the publicly supported'separate schools,' most of which are Catholic. This system of separate schools varies from province to province.
Growth of Student and Teacher Populations
Canada's student population peaked during 1970 and 1971 when public and independent schools enrolled 5.8 million students. From there, a decline continued into the mid-1980s, reaching a low of 4.9 million in 1985-86. The numbers have risen since then, and today, the number of students is approximately 5.3 million. In 1910, there were 40,000 full-time teachers in Canada, and that number rose to 272,000 in 1976. By 1986, this number declined to 252,000, then rose to 293,000 by 1995.
A Lesson in Design
Created by the internationally recognized and celebrated Koudis Design Office (KDO) of Toronto, the stamp was designed to communicate the concept of teaching. The challenge lay in using a single image to express the diversity of the occupation. Says Mark Koudis: "Icons such as a green chalkboard, flash cards, handwriting and the figure of a teacher are all viewed from the students' perspective. The shadow represents any number of teachers in one's education, or a memory of the collective." This is his third stamp project; Koudis designed the 5-stamp Sporting Heroes set for the 1996 Olympic centenary, and the beloved Pablum stamp in the Millennium Collection.


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By Ryan M. Rossner (Harvard Law School, J.D. 2019)
On February 25, the OECD published another report in its Capital Market Series, Corporate Bond Markets in a Time of Unconventional Monetary Policy, which noted both a significant increase of outstanding nonfinancial corporate debt and a simultaneous decrease in bond quality post-financial crisis. Authored by Mats Isaksson, Serdar Çelik, and Gul Demirtaş, the report drew upon a dataset of almost 85,000 unique corporate bond issues by nonfinancial companies from 114 countries between 2000 and 2018.
The report provides a detailed account of capital markets development post-financial crisis with comparisons among different jurisdictions. The authors emphasize that levels of nonfinancial corporate bond issuances have reached record highs. Global outstanding debt in the form of corporate bonds issued by nonfinancial companies reached almost $13 trillion USD at the end of 2018, twice the amount in real terms than was outstanding in 2008. The report links the expansion of corporate bond issuances to regulatory initiatives aimed at encouraging corporate bond issuances, expansionary monetary policy, and (particularly in the EU) quantitative easing. The report also forecasted a record repayment period ahead with $2.9 trillion coming due for advanced economy issuers and $1.3 trillion for emerging economy issuers within 3 years.
The US remains the largest corporate bond market and US issuers raised the most funds over the period. However, the authors found that the number of US nonfinancial issuers increased only modestly in the post-crisis era, suggesting increased issuer concentration in US primary corporate bond markets. Over the same period, Japan, the EU, Korea, and China all increased both their use of corporate bond issuances as a means of borrowing and their number of issuers. Most strikingly, the number of Chinese companies issuing bonds increased steeply from 68 issuers in 2007 to a peak of 1,451 in 2016.
Amidst the expansion, the authors found a marked decrease in bond quality. To support these conclusions, the authors pointed to a marked expansion of non-investment grade bonds, and the increase of BBB-rated bonds (the rating just above non-investment grade) as a percentage of investment grade debt (to 54% in 2018).
The report also noted a decrease in covenant protection for non-investment grade corporate bonds. The authors devised a "Covenant Protection Index" of US issuances, by looking at the presence or absence of 27 different types of covenants in bond indentures. While the index is a rough measure of covenant protection, it demonstrated a downward trend for non-investment grade bonds. The authors attribute the decrease in covenant protections to increased issuer bargaining power in a low interest rate environment, as investors have been willing to forgo certain protections in favor of higher yields.
The authors note that the combination of increased bond issuances, a "prolonged period of low issuer quality," and "lower levels of covenant protection" for noninvestment grade bonds suggest that in an economic downturn the amount of expected future corporate bond defaults "may be considerably larger than that experienced in the financial crisis." This report comes shortly after Federal Reserve Chairman Jay Powell, during the January FOMC meeting press conference, described the current state of corporate debt as a "macroeconomic risk," which could "amplify" a negative downturn.
For a previous Roundtable post on distressed debt, see Edward Altman & Robert Benhenni, "The Anatomy of Distressed Debt Markets."