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Using motors with Robots in Quorum
In this tutorial, we will become more familiar with how to use the motors of the robots. The topics discussed will include:
- How motors work in general.
- The differnent ways that you can use motors in a program.
How Motors work
A motor is only able to perform a single specific task: rotation. A motor can either rotate backwards (with the RotateBackwards() action) or forward (with the RotateForward() action). All robot movement is controlled through motors.
It is important to understand the orientation of the motor movement in order to give the robot instructions. The RotateForward() action rotates the motor forward away from the connection port. It may help to think of the "front" of the motor as the part that rotates and the "back" of the motor as the end that has the connection port. The image below illustrates the forward direction of a motor.
The amount that a motor rotates is measured in degrees, where a rotation of 360 degrees means the motor has completed one full revolution. Rotation can also be specified as a negative number to indicate a reverse rotation. A rotation of -360 degrees will cause the motor to complete one revolution backwards.
With Quorum, the speed at which a motor rotates is measured in degrees per second. So, with a speed of 360 degrees per second (the default setting) a motor will complete one revolution every second. Similarly, a motor speed of 720 will cause the motor to complete two full revolutions every second. The maximum speed for a motor varies since it will depend on battery voltage and the other things that the robot is doing. Generally, the range of speed is between 600-900 degrees per second.
There are two types of motors, large and medium. The large motors are generally used to move a robot along a surface, while the medium motors usually control other parts of the robot. The large motors allow parts to be connected on either side, while the medium motors only allow a component to be connected to its front. An illustration of the medium motor is shown below. Despite their differences, however, any motor action can be used with either type of motor.
When connecting motors to the robot, it is important to note which motor is plugged into which port. The motor ports on the brick are on top and labeled A, B, C, and D. We will give instructions to the motors using these letters in our code.
Now that we have a better grasp on the basics of motors, we can explore different ways they can be utilized in a program.
Programming MotorsThe Quorum Robot Library provides actions for controlling motor movement, speed, and other information.
With this set of actions, we can instruct the robot to move a certain amount or to move until we tell it to stop. If we want a motor to finish its rotation before the program moves on to the next line of code, we tell the program to wait for that motor to finish. The following program demonstrates these actions:
use Libraries.Robots.Lego.Motor Motor motor //rotates one revolution motor:RotateByDegrees("C", 360) motor:Wait("C") //does nothing, motor is already at 360 motor:RotateToDegree("C", 360) motor:Wait("C") //rotates one more revolution motor:RotateByDegrees("C", 360) motor:Wait("C") //rotates backwards two revolutions motor:RotateToDegree("C", 0) motor:Wait("C")
use Libraries.Robots.Lego.Motor Motor motor //motor B will rotate 2 revolutions per second motor:SetSpeed("B", 720) //motor B should reach 1440 degrees in 2 seconds motor:RotateByDegrees("B", 1440) motor:Wait("B")
When a program is running, information is stored for each connected motor, including what degree a motor is moving to, how far it has already rotated, and the speed at which it is moving. We can also detect stalls by asking if the motor is currently moving. Lastly, we can reset the motor's rotation information back to 0.
use Libraries.Robots.Lego.Motor use Libraries.Robots.Lego.Screen Motor motor Screen screen //returns the default of 360, since we haven't set the speed motor:GetSpeed("A") motor:RotateByDegrees("A", 1080) screen:Output("Rotating to: " + motor:GetRotationTarget("A"), 0) repeat while motor:IsMoving("A") //displays real-time speed on the screen screen:Output("Speed: " + motor:GetSpeed("A"), 1) end //GetRotation will return 1080, since that's how far it has moved screen:Output("Rotation: " + motor:GetRotation("A"), 2) motor:ResetRotation("A") //now returns 0, since we reset the rotation information screen:Output("After reset: " + motor:GetRotation("A"), 3) //do one more rotation so we can look at the screen motor:RotateByDegrees("A", 1080) motor:Wait("A")
- The default rotation speed of a motor is 360 degrees per second.
- Class constants can be used to refer to motors when passing them to an action. For example, if we have a Motor object called
motor, then the code
motor:Stop("A")is the same thing as
For documentation on the Motor class, see here.
In the next tutorial, we will discuss Sensors, which describes how to use lego sensors.


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Название: Information Warfare and Organizational Decision-Making
Автор: Kott A.
Unconventional warfare is now conventional, requiring the military to organize in new ways that can rapidly respond to unprecedented battlefield challenges. Cutting-edge computing is helping military planners create original organizational structures able to adapt to ever-changing strategies and tactics. The computational techniques in this book provide practical solutions for organizing and commanding military operations, gathering intelligence, deploying antiterrorism measures, and securing information. The book covers artificial intelligence, game and control theory, and cognitive modeling, offering new insight into military psychology and training. Strategists can develop robust organizations that withstand and mitigate attack. They also learn how to neutralize enemy command and control to gain tactical advantage.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Beginning around now – around the morning of June 4, 2015 – watch for the daytime moon. No matter where you are on Earth, look generally westward after sunrise in the next few mornings to see the moon in a clear blue daytime sky.
Why can you see the moon in the daytime now? The full moon took place on June 2. That means the moon is now in a waning gibbous phase, rising after nightfall and setting in a westward direction after sunrise. This upcoming week, you can see the daytime moon in the morning sky. If you look for the moon at the same time every morning, you'll see the moon climbing higher and higher up into the sky each day all week long.
By June 9, the moon will be at the last quarter phase – rising around midnight and southward around dawn. By June 16, the moon will be new – located on a line with the Earth and sun – crossing the sky with the sun and so not visible in our sky.
People love to see the daytime moon. They wonder about it, and ask about it. Once, a reader in Kansas City wrote in with the name "children's moon" to describe a moon visible during the day. She said this name stemmed from the idea that children can't stay up at night late enough to see the moon when it appears only in darkness.
That story prompted another reader to send in an alternate version for the origin of the name children's moon. She wrote:
I heard a daytime moon was called a 'children's moon' because their eyes were sharp enough to pick it out, where the old folks, with fading vision, could not tell it from the clouds.
Can you see the daytime moon in the next few mornings?
Bottom line: In the days after every full moon, the moon appears in the west after sunrise, in a blue sky. Watch for it.


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Have you ever been curious about how curiosity works?
One of the most influential drivers of human behavior is curiosity. That urge to discover, learn, and explore has been the driver of some of the most significant achievements in history. While the benefits of curiosity for cats remains in debate, there is no question that it is a mainstay of human progress.
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Do Creative People Really See the World Differently?
That's a big yes, as an incredible new study from University of Melbourne researchers found.


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Brazilian Portuguese Use Of Tenses
A selection of articles related to brazilian portuguese use of tenses.
Original articles from our library related to the Brazilian Portuguese Use Of Tenses. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Brazilian Portuguese Use Of Tenses.
- Resurrection of the Higher Self
- In July of 1989, a controversial article crossed the managing editor's desk of an equally controversial magazine. This article was never actually published in the quarterly publication, then known as The Magical Blend, even though it was well documented by...
Body Mysteries >> Psychoactive Substances
- How to use the Middle Pillar Meditation
- So how do we use this system called the Qabalah? In my last essay I gave a meditation called the Middle Pillar. This is a meditation I have been practicing for the past five years, and will admit that for the first four I had no idea that I was working with a...
Magick >> Qabalah
- Why would anyone need to use a pendulum? Well if you are serious about psychic or spiritual development this is just one of many great ways to open your psyche and its easy to use. The main reason I use the pendulum now is purely to aid and further develop my...
Divination >> Pendulums
- Basics of Magick: The Use of Color in Magick
- White | Silver | Grey | Pink | Red | Purple | Brown | Blue | Green | Yellow | Gold | Black In magick, colors represent certain energies, goals, people and non-physical beings, such as deities or spiritual forces. For this reason, you should include candles,...
Symbology >> Colorology
- A Treatise on Astral Projection, Part 3: The Rope Techniques
- A key ingredient to the new projection techniques is an invisible, imaginary ROPE hanging from your ceiling. This ROPE will be used to exert dynamic pressure at a single point on your astral body to force its separation from the physical. The ROPE technique...
Parapsychology >> Astral Projection
- Phone Magic
- When you think about your favorite magical tools, do you ever consider the telephone? Here's a few ideas which may make a common household object seem very, very magical! Focus and Direct Energy: Focusing and directing energy is a basic principle of magic....
Mystic Sciences >> Magick
- Safety With Herbs in Healing and Magick
- I want to talk to you about Safety. There are a lot of common misconceptions out there regarding herbal healing, and I hope with this article to be able to clear some of those up. Safety with any treatment is essential for overall health and well-being,...
Earth Mysteries >> Herbalism
Brazilian Portuguese Use Of Tenses is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Brazilian Portuguese Use Of Tenses books and related discussion.
Suggested Pdf Resources
- GRAMMAR AND COMMUNICATION IN PORTUGUESE AS A
- English, between Brazilian and English-speaking interactants, with the aim of teaching Portuguese as a. between the uses of the verb tenses in Portuguese.
- STUDENTS' VIEWS OF TIME AND TENSE REPRESENTED IN
- The uses of verb tenses and its connections with the concept of time represent one. In Portuguese, meanings of verb tenses are quite similar to the ones in English, though tense and time are both of problems for Brazilians in EFL courses.
- Differences and similarities between European and Brazilian
- Brazilian Portuguese in the use of the «gerúndio» European Portuguese (EP) and Brazilian Portuguese (BP) concerning the use..
- CHAPTER II – MOODS, TENSES, VOICES AND - Sonia Portuguese
- Portuguese Grammar. 2. CHAPTER II – MOODS, TENSES, VOICES AND SPEECH IN MORE DETAIL.
Suggested Web Resources
- Brazilian Portuguese Grammar
- Grammatical features of the Portuguese spoken in Brazil. In Portuguese (both EP and BP), there are two forms for the future tense: cantarei I will sing There are very important differences between BP and EP in the usage of pronouns.
- Portuguese Verbs
- This page contains a table including the following: Portuguese/ Brazilian Verbs and tenses.
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
Brazilian Portuguese Use Of Tenses Topics
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When is a fossil not?
Human remains and the subjective self-serving definitions of evolutionists
This weekend we feature an enquiry from Carol B of Ontario, Canada, about human fossils, to which Andrew Lamb replies.
I have been teaching a 'Creation 101' elective... at my church.
I understand why there are not many human fossils created during the Flood, but the question came up of why there are not more human fossils since the Flood. I know that Neanderthals buried their dead, and that accounts for those fossils. But shouldn't we find more fossils since humans do bury their dead?
If one includes deliberate human burials, there are indeed more post-Flood human fossils, in fact millions of them. However, general convention is to not describe old and ancient human remains as fossils if they are from a deliberate burial. The term fossil seems to be reserved for those sad cases in which human remains have been preserved accidentally, without the trappings of burial such as coffin or jar, dug hole or built tomb, personal possessions, flowers, etc.
That still leaves many hundreds of sets of human remains referred to as 'fossils', plus a few dozen scraps of bone regarded by secular academia as 'ape men' remains. In brief, the main categories of human remains and their prevalence are:
- Pre-Flood human remains (a handful of candidates, none well-verified)
- 'Apeman' bones (a few score, all highly dubious)
- Accidental post-Flood burials/preservations (thousands)
- Deliberate post-Flood burials/preservations (millions)
Only categories 1, 2 and 3 are regarded as 'fossils'. To a hardened evolutionist any modern object is by definition incapable of being a fossil—see A fossil is a fossil is a fossil. Right? One science dictionary even goes so far as to specify an age of 7000+ years as a necessary condition for something to be considered petrified, thus revealing their anti-Biblical bias.
I will discuss each of the above categories separately, and then will discuss where Neandertals fit in.
Pre-Flood human remains
Catacombs in Suomenlinna
A few potential candidates have been found, but none are well-verified. For a brief discussion of one such human fossil, see page 193 in Chapter 15 Where are all the human fossils? of The Creation Answers Book. For more on this topic, see The human fossils still speak! and Where are all the human fossils?
Bones in this category usually turn out to be ape bones, and not at all human, despite the insistent claims of the people who find them. Some of these scientists have spent decades of their lives searching for ape-men to vindicate their beliefs. When they find an unusual bone they desperately want it to be an ape-man, and not just an ordinary ape. Later, usually after the sensational media reports have died down, other scientists quietly point out that that the bones are just ape bones after all. See What about other so-called evolutionary missing links?
Accidental post-Flood burials/preservations
Thousands of fossils of ancient men and apes have been discovered, as revealed in this interview quote from creationist expert Professor Marvin Lubenow:
Carl Wieland (interviewer): Evolutionists themselves have published comments (republished by us) suggesting that all the evidence for man's ancestry would fit in a single coffin or on a billiard table. Yet there seem to be many more fossils discussed than that. What do they mean by this?
Most of the human fossils are useless to [evolutionary anthropologists] because they're basically modern.
Marvin Lubenow: I've wondered about that too—because already in 1977 the British Museum published data indicating over 4,000 relevant fossil discoveries—including the australopithecines, Ramapithecus, and so on. The only thing I can think of is that they were saying there were only a few fossils that they could use. For instance, most of the human fossils are useless to them because they're basically modern.
Bones overthrown: An interview with human-fossils researcher Marvin Lubenow, Creation 17(4):17–19, September 1995.
This extract was from an issue of Creation magazine. If you do not already get Creation magazine, I would highly recommend subscribing.
Deliberate post-Flood burials
One of many distinguishing features of man is that he buries his dead, while animals do not.
Catacombs, cemeteries and other burial places around the world contain the remains of millions of dead. Whether they are fossils or not becomes purely a matter of definition, and if the definition includes a condition about age, then the definition is no longer objective (measurable) but subjective (opinion or assumption based). Skeletons do not come with labels attached saying how old they are, and contrary to what many people think, there isn't any way to actually measure the age of something—see Immeasurable age.
Where do Neandertals fit in?
Photo Warwick Armstrong
Neandertal bones have some distinctive features vis a vis the skeleton of an average person today, most famous being a protruding brow-ridge on the skull. Secular scientists used to classify Neandertal remains in the 'apemen' category, but more and more, mainstream scientists are now acknowledging that Neandertals were fully human. Neandertal graves are found side by side with graves of ordinary humans—see the paragraphs on Neandertal burials in Recovery of Neandertal mtDNA: an evaluation.
Today, you can still meet people with the distinctive bony brow-ridge of the Neandertals. See for example the article 'I saw a Neanderthal man driving a tram' (Creation 11(1):24). In fact the Australian Museum's Neandertal reconstruction (pictured) is, except for the dopey expression, the spitting image of the dad of one of my old school friends. For more on Neandertal people, see the articles listed under the heading 'Were the Neandertals human, or a missing link?'
The number of human remains around the world is consistent with the world population through history, and the world's population is highly consistent with having started from three couples around 4,300 years ago, as recorded in the Bible—see Where are all the people? And as further explained in that article, both the population today and the number of human remains found are highly inconsistent with the many billions we would expect if mankind really had been here for many tens of thousands of years as taught by evolutionists. And it is ultimately a matter of arbitrary definition as to how many of these human remains are labelled fossils as opposed to burials.
I trust this helps. This topic and related issues are regularly covered in articles in our colour family magazine Creation, which I would highly recommend to you, along with The Creation Answers Book.


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Bedwyr" redirects here. For other uses, see Bedwyr (disambiguation).
How Sir Bedivere Cast the Sword Excalibur into the Water. Illustration by Aubrey Beardsley, 1894.
In Arthurian legend, Sir Bedivere (/ˈbɛdɨvɪər/ or /ˈbdɨvɪər/; Welsh: Bedwyr; French: Bédoier, also spelt Bedevere) is the Knight of the Round Table who returns Excalibur to the Lady of the Lake. He serves as King Arthur's marshal and is frequently associated with Sir Kay. Sir Lucan is his brother; Sir Griflet is his cousin.
Role in Welsh tradition[edit]
Bedwyr is one of the earliest characters to be associated with the Arthurian cycle, appearing in a number of early Welsh texts in which he is described as Bedwyr Bedrydant (Bedwyr of the Perfect Sinews), a handsome, one-handed knight under Arthur's command. His father is given as Pedrawd or Bedrawd, and his children as Amhren and Eneuawg, both members of Arthur's court. Some scholars believe he had secret relations with another member of the Knights of the Round Table; Sir Gaheris. He was known to use dark magic to seduce and subdue his foes with great skill and aggression. He was feared by many and although the townspeople frequently asked for his hanging, King Arthur still held him in high regards.
One of the earliest direct references to Bedwyr can be found in the tenth century poem Pa Gur which recounts the exploits of a number of Arthur's knights, including Bedwyr, Cei and Manawydan. Of Bedwyr, the narrative says:
They fell by the hundred
before Bedwyr of the Perfect-Sinew.
On the shores of Tryfrwyd
fighting with Garwlwyd
furious was his nature
with sword and shield.[1]
A ninth-century version of The Stanzas of the Graves gives Bedwyr's final resting place on Tryfan hill.[1] In the Life of St. Cadoc (c.1100) Bedwyr is alongside Arthur and Cai in dealing with King Gwynllyw of Gwynllwg's abduction of St. Gwladys from her father's court in Brycheiniog. A possible allusion to Bedwyr could be found in the reference to Bedwyr's well in the ninth century Marwnad Cadwallon ap Cadfan. The Welsh Triads name Bedwyr as "Battle-Diademed", and a superior to Drystan, Hueil mab Caw and even Cei.[2]
A catchphrase often quipped by Cei, "by the hand of my friend" is likely a reference to Bedwyr's disability.[3]
The Winning of Olwen[edit]
Bedwyr is a prominent character in the tale of Culhwch and Olwen, in which he appears at the head of Arthur's court list with his friend Cei and is described as the handsomest man in the world (save for Arthur and Drych fab Cibddar), and the wielder of a magic lance.
He is called upon to accompany Culhwch on his quest to win Olwen's hand in marriage, and is the first knight to strike the giant Ysbaddaden with the poisioned spear meant for Culhwch. He goes on to assist Culhwch in completing the impossible tasks given to him by Ysbaddaden; he helps Cei and Goreu kill Wrnach the Giant, rescues Mabon ap Modron from his imprisonment, retrieves the hairs of Dillus the Bearded, captures the cauldron of Diwrnach during Arthur's attack on Ireland and takes part in the hunting of Twrch Trwyth with Arthur's dog Cavall at his side.
The tale ends with the completion of the tasks, the humiliation and murder of Ysbaddaden, and the marriage of Culhwch and Olwen.
Geoffrey of Monmouth and later tradition[edit]
He is one of Arthur's loyal allies in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae, and maintains this position in much later Arthurian literature. He helps Arthur and Kay fight the Giant of Mont Saint-Michel, and joins Arthur in his war against Emperor Lucius of Rome.
In several English versions of Arthur's death, including Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur, the Alliterative Morte Arthure and the Stanzaic Morte Arthur, Bedivere and Arthur are among the few survivors of the Battle of Camlann.
After the battle, at the request of the mortally wounded king, Bedivere throws Excalibur back to the Lady of the Lake. However, he does this only after twice thinking the sword too valuable to Britain to throw into the water. When he reports that nothing in particular happened, King Arthur admonishes him, for Arthur knows that the mystical sword would create some supernatural event. Finally, Sir Bedivere casts the sword into the water, at which a hand arises and catches the sword mid-air, then sinks into the waters. Arthur is thus assured that the sword has been returned.
Upon the death of Arthur, Bedivere enters a hermitage, where he spends the remainder of his life (the same hermitage, led by the Mordred-ousted Bishop of Canterbury, that Lancelot and some of his kindred knights will resort to in their own penitence). It is implied that both King Arthur and Queen Guinevere lie beside each other in or near this hermitage.
Modern depictions[edit]
Bedivere remains a popular character in modern literature. Some modern authors such as Rosemary Sutcliff, Gillian Bradshaw, John M. Ford and Mary Stewart even give him Lancelot's traditional role as Guinevere's lover, Lancelot having been added to the cycle too late to seem historical. In Bernard Cornwell's The Warlord Chronicles, Bedivere has a minor role but many of his legendary deeds (such as throwing Excalibur into the Lake; or in Cornwell's story, the sea) are instead carried out by the protagonist Derfel Cadarn.
In the Monty Python 1975 film, Monty Python and the Holy Grail, "Sir Bedevere the Wise" is played by Terry Jones, and in the Broadway musical Spamalot, he was originally played by Steve Rosen. He is portrayed as a master of the extremely odd logic of ancient times, such as when he tells Arthur at one point "and that my liege is how we know the earth to be banana-shaped." Or when Arthur asks: "Explain again how sheep's bladders can be used to prevent earthquakes." While his logic is fairly bizarre (he condemns a woman to death for being a witch, evidenced by her weighing as much as a duck using his scales; earlier he claimed witches are made of wood which is why they burn, and her weighing the same as a duck proves as much), he is extremely loyal to Arthur and is the only other main character to be with Arthur at the end of the film. He is also prone to mispronouncing certain words, compelling Arthur or another knight to correct him.
Bedivere appears as main character in the novel Grailblazers by Tom Holt although he is often referred to by his companions (other Arthurian knights) as Bedders during their search for the Holy Grail.
 1. ^ a b Pa Gur
 2. ^ Bromwich, Rachel. Trioedd Ynys Prydein.


Thursday, May 7, 2009
HTML image maps - an old trick with a new twist
HTML image maps have been around for some time but not many people are familiar with them. In fact, until a client recently wanted to use an image as the basis of a dynamic help system, even I didn't have much use for them. But when you do need to work with them, it's actually a lot of fun!
So what's the twist? This article shows how one can use image maps without the anchor tag which is normally used, uses a little jQuery, and is written in the context of Apex - all at the same time. You can check out the demo here. Here are the basic steps to get you going...
 1. Install jQuery.
 2. Get the image. There are a bunch of programs out there, both free and paid, that will help you take screen shots if you don't already have the image you want to work with. For a free tool that comes with Vista, check out the snipping tool.
 3. Create a map for the areas in the image. In an HTML image map, the sections one will be working with are called areas and each area element has a shape attribute. There are three basic shapes: rect (rectangle), circle, and polygon. Choose the appropriate shape for each each area of the image you want to work with - polygons can be used for oddly shaped areas. Then using a tool for working with images, like MS Paint or GIMP, get the coordinates of each. Each shape has its own system for mapping coordinates. We'll turn these coordinates into code in step 5.
 4. Make the image available to your application. Either add the image to the shared components of your application or to the file system of your web server like the "i" directory.
 5. Add the image and image map to your Apex application by adding an HTML region with the following code (modify for your needs):
 6. Add the following JavaScript to the HTML Header of the page:
As you can see, my implementation is very basic - all the HTML is in the one region. However, there is no limit to how you can adapt the code for your own needs. Using a static region ID, you can work with multiple regions. Even Ajax is possible.
Happing coding!
 - 2009/05/12 - Updated to better handle the hovering effect in IE.
 1. Dan,
 You can check an old demo I made. ;),2
 2. L-G,
 I remember that one... As well as Roel's here:
 3. Nice Demo Dan.
 This is something we were looking at doing.
 Thanks for the info.
 4. Francis,
 Thanks. Note that I just updated the code to better handle the hovering effect in IE. It's actually simpler ;)


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BDSONS Base de données des sons du français
The BDSONS Database is a French - speech database with two subsets: evaluation and acoustic modelling. The Corpora consist of 32 speakers: 16 male and 16 female (7 CD-ROMs of approximately 3,5 Gigabytes), Phonetic labelling (partly) available on additional floppies, of the following data:
"Evaluation" (32 speakers): adjustment: 5 sentences and 54 bi-syllabic "logatomes", numbers, digits, letters, and names (spelled in isolation and in connected speech).
"Acoustic" (12 speakers): Words: 600 CVCV including 20 consonant and semi-consonant and vowels /a/, /i/, /u/ ; 200 consonant clusters; rhyme tests for consonant and vowels (pairs and triplets), sentences: 52 phonetically balanced sentences, 44 nasal sentences, 192 sentences including real words in French with 16 consonants and 12 vowels. Phonetic labelling for a subset of the data is available on floppy disk.
View resource description in all available languages


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Navigation and Search in XAML
Most of ReSharper's navigation and search features are also supported in XAML. You can find the detailed information on these features in the corresponding topics of the Navigation and Search section. In the main topic of the section, you can also find the feature matrix and check what exactly is supported in XAML.
In this topic, you can find some examples of using navigation and search features in XAML:
is a convenient tool
for viewing the structure of the current document. You can also navigate to individual elements
by double-clicking the corresponding node in the
Various "Go To..." features help you navigate to different parts of your XAML file or to other
files in your solution. For instance, you can navigate to a usage of the element:
feature provides quick access
to the list of various navigation features available in the current context. Using this feature, you
can easily navigate between a XAML file and a corresponding code-behind file.
ReSharper can find usages of any entity, such as classes, properties, fields, etc. even in XAML. For
you can find usages of the
attribute in order to find out which fields
are declared as


ifications at small radius [53]. They are tensor products of minimal models together with an orbifold-like projection that couples the spin structures and allows only odd-integer charge. We will review their construction here. For simplicity we will discuss theories with, where is the number of complex, transverse, external dimensions in light cone gauge.
Our building blocks are the minimal models at level ; these are SCFTs with central charge [[69]69,,[70]70,,[71]71,,[72]72]. The superconformal primaries are labelled by 3 integers, with
The integers and are familiar from the WZW model and can be understood from the parafermionic construction of the minimal models [[73]73,,[74]74]. determines the spin structure: in the NS sector; and are the two chiralities in the sector. The variable in [74], in sec. 2.1 of [66], and sec. 4 of [67], is what we are calling. The conformal weights and charges of these primary fields are:
The chiral primaries are clearly in the NS sector. The related Ramond sector states can be reached by spectral flow. The minimal models can also be described by a Landau-Ginzburg model of a single superfield with superpotential [[75]75,,[76]76,,[77]77,,[78]78,,[79]79]. At the conformal point and the Landau-Ginzburg fields provide a simple representation of the chiral ring.
The characters and their modular properties are described in [[80]80,,[81]81,,[66]66,,[67]67]; we will follow the notation in [[66]66,,[67]67]. One extends the variable to take values in. The NS characters are labelled by and the different values of denote opposite fermion number. The contribution from the NS primary is in. Similarly, in sector denotes contributions from opposite fermion number: the () character includes the contribution from the () Ramond-sector primary. These characters are actually defined in the range, and, where. They obey the identification by which the fields can be brought into the range (4.8).
Not every tensor product of minimal models will give a consistent string compactification with 4d spacetime SUSY. We must find a reasonable GSO projection, and we must project onto states with odd integer charges [60]. We must then add "twisted" sectors in order to maintain modular invariance. The resulting spectrum is most easily represented by the partition function, for which we require some notation. We will tensor minimal models at level with the CFT of flat spacetime. The latter also has a worldsheet SUSY in our case, and we denote the characters by the indices. The vector gives the quantum numbers and the vector, the charges and spin structures. Now define to be the charge vector with a two at the position of, and all other entries zero; and define to be the charge vector with all entries one. The modular invariant partition function in light cone gauge can be written as [[66]66,,[67]67]:
Here is the character for the minimal models specificed by and for the character of the flat transverse spacetime coordinates (labelled by ). In the sum,, and. is a Kronecker delta function enforcing both odd integral charge and the condition that all factors of the tensor product have the same spin structure.
The th minimal model has a symmetry [[66]66,,[82]82] which acts as:
With the above projection, all symmetries have the same action on a given state and are identified. The remaining symmetry acts only on R states by reversing their sign. The symmetry is correlated with the charge. In particular, the diagonal generator is the identity for integral charges. The Gepner model is an orbifold theory; the orbifold group is the group generated by. The remaining discrete symmetry is. For example, the model is an orbifold by the diagonal of .
4.34.3. Boundary states in the Gepner model
It is difficult to construct the most general boundary state for the Gepner model, because the Gepner model is not rational. Following [7], we will consider states which respect the world-sheet algebras of each minimal model factor of the Gepner model separately, and can be found by Cardy's techniques. These might be called "rational boundary states." They are labeled according to Cardy's notation by


Edit Article
Anyone who has ever owned a cell phone has inevitably found themselves wiping its screen on their shirtsleeve. That's not very effective. Read this article to learn how you can clean your phone's screen and just about any other part of it.
 1. 1
 Most phones can be disassembled. Remove the battery and faceplate and keypad, if your keypad comes off easily.
 2. 2
 Take the bottle of isopropyl alcohol and a Q-tip. Wet the Q-tip with the alcohol and apply it to the surfaces of each of your phone parts, one at a time.
 3. 3
 Using your cloth, wipe clean your phone and put it back together. As well as looking great, it is now bacteria-free!
 - Try to use a clean, lightweight cloth.
 - Don't use a rag that is frequently exposed to basic chemicals like bleach.
 - Use a cloth that won't leave behind little bits of fuzz or lint. IE: Makeup Facial Pads.
 - Only use a very high percentage (97% or higher) isopropyl alcohol, as it does not conduct electricity and it is likely to come in contact with interior circuitry or the power connector. Other alcohols, like rubbing alcohol, will likely short-circuit your phone and destroy it.
 - Taking apart your phone will likely void the warranty. It is very easy to short circuit a cell phone, so be careful. If you don't know what you're doing, you can easily break your phone.
 - Don't drink the alcohol!
Things You'll Need
 - Isopropyl alcohol (as close to 100% as you can find; 97% and 98% are common and will work just fine)
 - A phone to clean
 - Cloth
 - Q-tips
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Categories: Cell Phone Maintenance
In other languages:
Español: limpiar tu celular, Deutsch: Ein Handy reinigen, Português: Limpar seu Telefone Celular
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text:
On this day in 1906, President Jake Wells and employees at the Idlewood Amusement Park are fined for working on Sunday.
Since the colonial period in America, there have been rules and laws in place that have regulated or prohibited commercial activities on Sundays. Over time these laws evolved. In the earlier period these laws primarily focused on prohibiting activities that had to do with morality issues, such as gambling or the drinking of alcohol. Later, laws came into effect in the 19th century that completely prohibited businesses from being open on the Sabbath. As time went on exemptions were allowed. By the early 20th century Blue Laws, as these rules came to be called, were left to interpretation in each locality. This was the legal environment that was in effect in 1906.
The Idlewood Amusment Park, which stood on the east side of Fountain Lake in present-day Byrd Park in Richmond, started operations in May of 1906. It was run by the Richmond Amusement Corporation under Jake Wells. Attractions such as a roller coaster, carousel, circle swing, and boat rides were offered. This type of local amusement park was similar to those operating during the same period in other Virginia cities, such as West Point, Ocean View, Norfolk, Buckroe Beach, and many other places across the country.
In 1906 the amusement park location fell within the Henrico County jurisdiction. So it fell to the Henrico County sheriff's office to temporarily arrest Mr. Wells and 16 of his employees on that Sunday, July 22 for operating amusement park rides that morning. Mr. Wells paid a $100 bond at the time for their release, and then continued to operate the rides at Idlewood for the remainder of the day.
Two days later the cases for Mr. Wells and one of his 16 employees, George Plunkett, was heard by Henrico County magistrate James Lewis. The defense argued that the actions of the amusement park workers were not strenuous and were of an innocent nature, so exceptions should be allowed and not perceived as "working" on Sunday. Also, the defense made the case that other amusement parks in the State continued to operate that very day in other cities, so Richmond should not limit the options of the populace for their weekend activities. The Commonwealth's Attorney argued that the rule of the law must be strictly observed, and there was no denying that commercial activities were occurring at Idlewood that day.
After deliberations were finished, Justice Lewis concluded that the law had indeed been violated, and that Mr. Wells and his employees were guilty and to be fined $2 each. In addition, Mr. Wells $100 bond was to be forfeited because they continued to work that Sunday after the arrest and release had occurred.
By the 1950s and 1960s many Blue Laws across the country were repealed. Today those laws are essentially non-existent. So it is hard to even imagine a court case such as the one that took place on this day, July 24, 1906.


text: This book argues (a) that there is no principled way to distinguish inflection and derivation and (b) that this fatally undermines conventional approaches to morphology. Conceptual shortcomings in the relation between derivational and lexically-derived word forms, Andrew Spencer suggests, callinto question the foundation of the inferential-derivational approach. Prototypical instances of inflection and derivation are separated by a host of intermediate types of lexical relatedness, some discussed in the literature, others ignored. Far from finding these an embarrassment Professor Spencer deploys the wealth of types of relatedness in a variety of languages(including Slavic, Uralic, Australian, Germanic, and Romance) to develop an enriched and morphologically-informed model of the lexical entry. He then uses this to build the foundations for a model of lexical relatedness that is consistent with paradigm-based models. Lexical Relatedness is a profound and stimulating book. It will interest all morphologists, lexicographers, and theoretical linguists more generally.


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Miner bees: Andrena aculeata
(Hymenoptera: [Apoidea:] Andrenidae: Andreninae)
Profile prepared by Matthew Shepherd, The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation.
Andrena aculeata is restricted to the Columbia Basin but the limited records suggest that it is fairly widespread within that region. Little is known of its biology but it has a long flight period and has been found at a range of altitudes, which suggest it forages on a range of flower species. Research should focus on understanding the biology and establishing the distribution and population size.
Xerces Red List Status: Vulnerable
Canada – Species at Risk Act: N/A
Canada – provincial status: N/A
USA – Endangered Species Act: N/A
USA – state status: N/A
IUCN Red List: N/A
Endemic species with an uncertain distribution and population status
Andrena (Andrena) aculeata LaBerge 1980
The flight period of Andrena (Andrena) aculeata is May to August (Tepedino and Griswold, 1995). A. aculeata nests in the ground. (Andrenid nests usually have a series of lateral tunnels radiating from a vertical burrow. Cells are normally at the end of the lateral tunnel and lined with a waxy secretion.) The flower preferences of A. aculeata are unknown, although its long flight period and wide range of altitudes at which it has been recorded suggest that it utilizes a range of plant species.
It has been recorded in two habitat types within the Columbia Basin, Englemann spruce-subalpine fir and Agricultural.
Andrena aculeata is endemic to the Columbia Basin. Not many records of this bee exist, however, the few that do indicate a long flight period and occurrence at range of altitudes, suggesting that it is fairly widespread within the Basin.
Little is known of this bee making it difficult to assess threats. However, it is endemic to the region and recorded from an already disturbed habitat, agricultural, so it is likely that habitat change due to land use and agricultural intensification will affect this bee.
Conservation efforts should ensure that suitable (unknown) flowering plants persist and that appropriate nesting substrate remains. Little is known of the biology of this species. Studies of both the nesting and foraging habits would be valuable.
Michener, C.D. 2000. The Bees of the World. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Tepedino, V.J., and T.L. Griswold. 1995. The bees of the Columbia Basin. Final report, USDA Forest Service, Portland, OR. 212 pp (Technical Report)
Nomina Insecta Neartica (Accessed November 16th, 2004.)
Shepherd, M. D. 2005. Species Profile: Andrena aculeata. In Shepherd, M. D., D. M. Vaughan, and S. H. Black (Eds). Red List of Pollinator Insects of North America. CD-ROM Version 1 (May 2005). Portland, OR: The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation.


text:
Private landowner information
Over 75% of Minnesota's land is privately owned. Many of our fish and wildlife resources rely on the day-to-day actions of private landowners and the conservation practices they employ on their lands.
Landowners will find here information to help them:
- manage fish and wildlife resources on their land
- manage recreation on their land (i.e., deal with hunters, anglers and other recreators who ask to use their land)
Manage fish & wildlife resources
Technical resources to assist you in implementing conservation practices on your land.
- Native plant suppliers and landscapers in Minnesota
- Brochures and publications Information on managing habitat and managing nuisance animals.


text:
Level: ECE, Primary, Junior
Grades: PreK-5 | Age: 2-11yrs | Written by: Andrea Mulder-Slater
[Andrea is one of the creators of KinderArt.com]
Students will use leaves and twigs to create figures.
What You Need:
What You Do:
- Leaves (all shapes, all sizes, all colors).
- Small twigs.
- Construction paper (diffferent colors).
- Have a look at a small pile of leaves to see if their shapes suggest heads, arms, bodies etc.
- Choose some leaves that resemble people parts and glue the shapes down on construction paper. You may need to do some cutting and rearranging to come up with a pleasing shape.
- If you have the leaves (and the time) you could create a huge leaf person by drawing out a body shape and gluing leaves all over to fill in the shape.
- You can use twigs and construction paper scraps to add details to your leaf person.
This content has been printed from:


Scott MacKay Commentary
8:49 am
Mon May 23, 2011
The biggest little state of profusion
Rhode Island is the smallest state in the union, a watery sliver of southeastern New England hardly big enough to qualify as a county in most of America.
But when it comes to government and quasi-government agencies our state is the biggest little state of profusion.
Rhode Island has 155 separate pension systems, 77 fire departments, 36 school superintendents, more than 100 water systems, 6 local tourism and visitors bureaus and scores of other governmental relics of the horse-and-buggy age.
Our state is well-prepared for the 19th Century, but not so much for the 21st.
Of course, ideas and institutions never sprout from virgin soil.
Deeply embedded in our state's psyche and colonial political heritage was a healthy mistrust of central government, which hails to the 1780s, when Rhode Island rebelled against signing on to the new federal Constitution.
What developed was what historian Patrick Conley calls a legacy of democratic localism, which emphasized local control and citizen participation in government. Later, a movement for local home-rule charters for communities argued against a strong state government.
As always, the state's sharp-elbowed ethnic politics played a role. The Protestant Yankees who founded the state held on to their power long after were a majority by enforcing property qualifications to vote in city council, but not mayoral elections. In this manner they made being mayor a largely ceremonial post subject to the parochial whims of council members.
There were good reasons a century ago for many fire companies. The sleepy town of Burillville has five fire departments, one for each of the old textile mill villages that once gave the community its economy and character.
They were organized during a time when the siren had to be heard to summon the firefighters to a blaze. And it had the virtue of promoting volunteerism and local responsibility, those assets that French philosopher Alexis de Tocqueville so praised during his 1830's foray to a young United States.
But over the years this localism has morphed into a Byzantine system of expensive agencies straight from the Department of Redundancy Department. The Scituate Reservoir serves more than 60 percent of the state's water needs, but some water agencies take water from Scituate and resell it at a profit to other communities. Why is there a Providence Water Supply Board and Kent County Water authority both getting their water from the same reservoir? And a Narragansett Bay Commission to deal with the reservoir's outflow into the sewer system.
And can our tiny state really afford 36 separate school districts?
As for the 155 pension systems, de Tocqueville had some prescient thoughts. "The American Republic will endure,'' he said. "Until politicians realize they can bribe people with their own money.''
Our oversupply of pension systems put too much power and too little accountability in the hands of politicians who traded generous benefits and cost of living allowances for support at the polls.
And if you think the business community has all the answers, well, ask them why there are 34 Chambers of Commerce in Rhode Island?
One sad thing about our state is that too many citizens cling to nothing so tenaciously as the status quo. Former State Representative Nick Gorham of Coventry called for consolidation of municipal services in the rural western part of the state. The thanks he got was being voted out of office.
What worked well in the 19th Century is obviously a millstone around the state's neck in the 21st. Lots of State House pols talk a good game when it comes to consolidation, but what are they doing about it? So far.not much.
Related program:


text:
Sin in the Orthodox Christian understanding is "missing the mark" (the literal meaning of the Greek word for sin, hamartia), falling short of the glorious purpose for which God created mankind. It is also understood as separation from God, since intimate communion with God is the normal state of mankind from which most people have fallen. Sin is imperfection, anything which fails to live up to the fullness of life in Christ for which man was created.
The Bible sometimes uses legal metaphors to refer to sin, likening it to crime, that is, crime against God's law. For Orthodox Christianity, while making use of legal imagery, the more dominant imagery used for sin is also drawn from Scripture, and that is that sin is a kind of disease, an affliction for which salvation is the cure.
- the original sin


text:
Invaders or endemics? Molecular phylogenetics, biogeography and systematics of Dreissena in the Balkans
Article first published online: 5 JUN 2007
Volume 52, Issue 8, pages 1525–1536, August 2007
How to Cite
ALBRECHT, C., SCHULTHEIß, R., KEVREKIDIS, T., STREIT, B. and WILKE, T. (2007), Invaders or endemics? Molecular phylogenetics, biogeography and systematics of Dreissena in the Balkans. Freshwater Biology, 52: 1525–1536. doi: 10.1111/j._PHONE_.2007.01784.x
- Issue published online: 5 JUN 2007
- Article first published online: 5 JUN 2007
- (Manuscript accepted 28 March 2007)
- ancient lakes;
- Balkan Peninsula;
- invasive species
1. Zebra mussels and their relatives (Dreissena spp.) have been well studied in eastern, central and western Europe as well as in North America, because of their invasiveness and economic importance. Much less is known about the biology and biogeography of indigenous (endemic) taxa of Dreissena, in the Balkans. A better knowledge of these taxa could help us (i) understand the factors triggering invasiveness in some taxa and (ii) identify other potentially invasive species.
2. Using a phylogenetic approach (2108 base pairs from three gene fragments), Dreissena spp. from natural lakes in the Balkans were studied to test whether invasive Dreissena populations occur in such lakes on the Balkan Peninsula, whether Dreissena stankovici really is endemic to the ancient Lakes Ohrid and Prespa, and to infer the phylogenetic and biogeographical relationships of Balkan dreissenids.
3. No invasive species of Dreissena, such as Dreissena polymorpha, were recorded. The supposedly 'endemic'D. stankovici is not restricted to the ancient Lakes Ohrid and Prespa, but is the most widespread and dominant species in the west-central Balkans. Its southern sister taxon, Dreissena blanci, occurs sympatrically with D. stankovici in Lakes Prespa, Mikri Prespa and Pamvotis. Both species are classified into the subgenus Dreissena (Carinodreissena) of which the subgenus Dreissena (Dreissena) (which includes the invasive D. polymorpha) is the sister taxon. Dreissena blanci and D. stankovici are considered to represent distinct species.
4. On a global scale, the two Balkan species have small ranges. An early Pliocene time frame for the divergence of the subgenera Carinodreissena and Dreissena is discussed, as well as potential colonization routes of the most recent common ancestor of Carinodreissena spp.
5. The ambiguous taxonomy of dreissenids in the Balkans is addressed. As nominal D. blanci presbensis from Lake Prespa has nomenclatural priority over D. stankovici, the correct name for the latter taxon should be Dreissena presbensis.


Logo Design Revisited. Old logo amended | WebReference
Logo Design Revisited. Old logo amended
 Old logo amended
As for the differences between these two logos, they can all be ascribed to the general desire to simplify the original design. After the presence of an engaging "visual concept" mentioned above, simplicity is definitely the second most important prerequisite for a successful logo. Auguste Rodin once said that he created his sculptures by taking a lump of material and removing everything which was not essential; here, the old design was that lump of material, and it was not all that easy to figure out what was essential in it and what was not.
 - While the old design had three squares at different angles, the new one has only two. This is not merely a simplification; this change implies a different visual concept. As I mentioned, the old logo presents the idea of a "transition" between the two objects with one intermediate step, while in the new one we only have a static square and its drop shadow on the floor.
 Although the new concept is admittedly less complicated, perhaps even to the point of being commonplace, from the visual viewpoint the simpler design has some advantages precisely because it's simpler. For a transition theme to really work, the transition stages must be more equal in prominence, and for the meaning of transition to be immediately obvious, the shapes should ideally be positioned symmetrically (in other words, the logo's asymmetry may clash with its core meaning of transition).
 Also, in the old design the topmost shape is hardly a square as it's stretched too much vertically. In the new logo, I changed the shape to an exact square not only to meet the "squareware" implication of the company name, but most importantly, because the old distorted shape was a serious design mistake. If some of your elements resemble a square or a circle, they must be a mathematically precise square or circle, or they'll become a major annoyance. When distorting something in a logo, you must go up to the point when it becomes evident for everyone that the thing is distorted, not that the monitor is slightly maladjusted.
 - The most drastic change, however, is that of the textual part of the logo and its connection to the graphic. It was to be expected from the beginner designer that I was two years ago that some artificial, far-fetched means would be used to make an integral whole out of the graphic and the text. Quite naturally, these unnatural means could not produce a satisfactory result.
 The small sphere with a highlight that ties together the dot in "i" and the common corner of the three squares in the old logo was motivated by the feeling that this important point in the graphic, if left alone without proper emphasizing, will "hang in the air." This apprehension was plain wrong; on the contrary, the bottom corner of the squares feels much better when it's absolutely free, not only without any sphere, but also without the text pushing it too closely from below.
 So, paradoxically, a much better coordination of the text and graphic is achieved by moving the company name further off the graphic, almost to the point of the composition falling apart. Of course, this sparse placement should be supported by the corresponding sparsity in the close neighborhood of the logo on a page: if you place something closer to the logo than the logo's text is to the graphic, you won't have an integral logo any more.
 I also had to make the size of the text much smaller in the new logo than it was in the old one (in some sense, reducing the text size is equivalent to moving it further apart of the graphic). My goal was to make the text not a counterbalance for the graphic (which is pretty much balanced in itself), but rather a complementary element, a visual extension of the bottom black "shadow." Hence the small size, bold (i.e. "black") face, and a sans serif font (Franklin Gothic) legible in small sizes. This element's spaced-out lettering, besides further de-emphasizing the text, helps it to remain a part of the logo despite being almost torn off the graphic.
 - The color scheme, as always, deserves a separate discussion. The old logo's "transition" theme dictated using three shades of the same hue. This is perfectly logical, but the problem is that four colors (counting the text's black) is definitely too much for any logo, even if there is only one common hue to them (as the black has no hue of its own, it can be always considered the hue of its closest neighbor color). The resulting color scheme cannot be accused of motleyness, but it is nevertheless too complex and subtle for a logo.
 The first obvious step was to make the bottom square the same color as the text, i.e. black. Along with abandoning the idea of a transition and eliminating the middle square, this made it possible to limit the saturated color to the top square only, and gave me much more freedom in choosing that color without regard to whether it can form a good "transition" sequence of shades or not. The bright green I selected was approved by the customer as fresh, energizing, and not too conventional (the majority of logos today use blue tones).
Created: Nov. 10, 1998
Revised: Nov. 10, 1998
URL: _URL_


August 25, 2009
Admixture in northeastern Mexico
J Hum Genet. 2009 Aug 14. doi:10.1038/jhg.2009.65.
Ancestry informative markers and admixture proportions in northeastern Mexico
Martinez-Fierro ML, Beuten J, Leach RJ, Parra EJ, Cruz-Lopez M, Rangel-Villalobos H, Riego-Ruiz LR, Ortiz-Lopez R, Martinez-Rodriguez HG, Rojas-Martinez A.
To investigate the ancestral admixture in the Mestizo population in northeastern Mexico, we genotyped 74 ancestral informative markers (AIMs) and 15 Y-single-nucleotide polymorphisms (Y-SNPs) in 100 individuals. The Native American contribution is 56% (range: 27.4-81.2%), the European contribution is 38% (range: 16.7-70.5%) and the West African contribution is 6%. The results show a higher European contribution than was reported in other similar studies in the country, albeit with a predominant Native American ancestry. No remarkable differences in the ancestry proportions were observed using subgroups of 74, 54, 34 and 24 AIMs. The paternal lineage calculated by genotyping of 15 Y-SNPs, shows a major component of European and Eurasian ancestry markers ( approximately 78%), compared with Amerindian ( approximately 12%) and African markers (10%). This information will set a reference for future determinations of admixture proportions in the Mestizo population from Mexico and for population-based association studies of complex diseases.
wolcupitol said...
This didn't sound right, because the African y-dna always comes out as a fraction of the African mtdna, but they're saying the autosomal African ancestry was 6%, while African y-dna was 10%. I was right, here's the list of haplogroups, very limited:
C 0
C3 0
D 0
DE 0,1
E1b1b1b 0
E2 0
G 0,03
I 0,05
J 0,06
K-T 0,02
P 0,28
Q1a3a 0,08
R 0,35
R1a 0,01
They assumed DE as African, when in fact almost all of it is probably Iberian M78 and M123.
Their statement that Indian y-dna was 12% is also strange, since C was 0% and Q was 8%.
And a very strange thing is their finding of P(xQ1a3a,R,R1a) at 28%!?! Since at least 90% of their y-dna is Iberian, and their R results amount to just 35%, I'm presuming almost all of their P samples are in fact R1b.
Anyhow, ho hum, nothing to see here... they should've tested them for SRY2627 or other R1b1b2 subclades, THAT would've made for a notable study...
argiedude said...
Previous post was from me, argiedude.
Maju said...
DE(xD,E1b1b1b,E2) should be other E and in that case should be African. P(xR,Q1a3a) should be other Q and hence Native American. But in that case, I get 36% NA ancestry, not just 12%. R(xR1a) should be R1b indeed.
It would mean that Q(xQ1a3a) was and is very high in NE Mexico, as seems to be the case in other parts of North America.
Thanks for sharing the raw data, Argiedude.


text:
What: Sunflower oil is extracted from the seeds of the sunflower, Helianthus Annuus, and is rich in oleic acids and contains a high content of Vitamins A, D, and E. The oil also contains lecithin and unsaturated fatty acids, making it a nourishing and conditioning oil for skin and hair. Sunflower oil is typically used in products designed to treat dry, damaged, or mature skin and hair as an emollient. Sunflower oil provides moisture and a protective layer to the skin (Wiki).
Origin: Sunflower oil is obtained by pressing the seeds of the sunflower.
Products Found In: Skincare, hair care, anti-aging skincare, lip balm.
Toxicity: Sunflower oil (Helianthus Annuus) is generally classified as non-toxic or harmful (EWG).


Endangered Cemeteries: Preserving Overlooked Historic Sites
Historical enthusiasts are often quite over-spoken about their passion for preservation, especially when it comes to books, landmarks, or homes. But what do we do when one of our richest connections to the past, the places where our ancestors lie, go unmaintained? What happens when they are vandalized and overgrown with brush to the point where they are unapproachable?
Copy Editor for the Minneapolis Star Tribune, Jim Anderson, in his July 24th article "Graveyards Where History Lives On," talks about a couple of Washington County graveyards which have been recognized as historically significant places. One which has been well maintained and looked after, and one in which crumbling head markers and years of neglect are starkly obvious. The article goes on to say:
There are more than 4,000 cemeteries and farm burial grounds in Minnesota; many are abandoned or under threat of vandalism and neglect, their history forgotten. "I would call it a significant problem," said Bonnie McDonald, executive director of the Minnesota Preservation Alliance.
A significant problem indeed. I can't begin to convey how many times I have relied upon headstones as a source of information in my research, they truly portray invaluable information about the course of a person's life. Not to mention the emotional connection I feel with my own ancestor's final resting places.
So, what can we do about it?
There is a movement right now going on among historians, genealogists and hobbyists of all levels and backgrounds to transcribe headstone listings. Using the Internet to keep record of the massive lists of names and dates and even photographs of the stones themselves. Some amazing resources exist for those who either can't travel to the cemetery where their ancestors are buried or are just starting out in their research, to name a few:
If you are so lucky as to be able to visit the cemetery where your ancestors are buried, realize, it likely will not be around forever. Take as much information as you can, transcribe, take a rubbing, or a photograph. Next, you may consider donating that information to one or more of the websites dedicated to preserving such information. Many companies, such as The Historium, who do some of this research on behalf of clients, will offer you the chance to sign a waiver, allowing them to donate information like this to the applicable societies and web resources, that way, the information about these people will hopefully never vanish entirely.
In history, it is important to remember that the information you are looking at has significance to more than just your individual subject, it belongs to a greater context. Cemeteries don't just serve as filing cabinets for names and dates of seemingly insignificant events, they tell a story of the origin of a town. Graveyards portray an intimate look at the times, lives, and circumstances that woven together create cities, counties, and territories. Of course, there are also other ways to help: contacting historical societies, preservation associations, and even local and state government can help to rectify the situation, there is often a need for man-power and monetary support. Even though fighting the passage of time can seem relentlessly tedious and sometimes even hopeless, it is so very important that these records remain.


Almonds of La Palma
18 November 2015
mandelbluete-flor-almendro-almond-blossom-la-palmaThe island La Palma is known for its almond blossoming during January and February, enchanting mainly landscapes at average heights in the northwest of the island.
Shortly after the conquest, by the end of the 15th century, the first almond trees have been brought onto the island by new settlers. From the incredible biodiversity almost 40 species have suvived until today.
But how do Almonds ripen and how are they handled?
4a-schluchten-und-weite-puntagorda-rundwanderung-mandelnFirst of all they certainly have to grow and mature naturally.
For this reason, a tender, green seed pod is formed after flowering. The young hull more likely reminds of a peach.
This is the protecting coat for the desired seed core.
While fruits grows up in the summer sun until the autumn, a woody shell forms around.
Seed pods become thicker, harder and turn into a brownish colour. From mid/end of October, depending on the weather and degree of ripeness, the outer coat bursts open.
Harvesting gets started.
Therefore, a kind of net is spread underneath the tree to catch almonds that are knocked off with a stick. Dry weather is perfect for harvesting.
In former times, hard shells have been cracked laboriously by using a hammer or stone.
You can still observe this procedure during the annual Almond Blossoming Festival in Puntagorda, which is even a discipline in a competition.
Harvesting in sacks requires the use of appliances...mandeln-almendras-prunus-dulcis-cooperativa-virgen-del-pino
mandeln-prunus-dulcis-cooperativaIt is convenient that Puntagorda has its own almond cracking machine.
In 1963 the "Cooperativa Agrícola Virgen del Pino" was founded.
At the beginning, this place was used to prepare and pack tomatoes from this region for sale, explains Carlos Manuel Martín Pérez.
However, tomatoes soon became less important and the cooperative purchased a Jabus brand „cascadora".
mandeln-almendras-prunus-dulcis-cooperativa-virgen-del-pino-mandelschalenCarlos ist responsible for receiving the almonds.
Most of the cooperative members meanwhile are seniors, but also foreign residents bring in their harvest.
Either the cooperative buys those almonds or owners pick up their cracked-open almonds later.
The Ayuntamiento of Puntagorda also stores up in order to share out almond seeds to the visitors during the Almond Blossom Festival.
Even if almonds are found everywhere around the place, Carlos keeps track of all sacks and buckets.
He knows exactly which almonds belong to whom and splits them by owners and sorts, before filling them separately into the machine's gullet.
Shell almonds, large almonds, sweet almonds, semi-sweet almonds...
It is a noisy and rattling procedure to separate seeds from their shells before the machine spits them out in special containers.
In the Palmerian Kitchen Almonds are used in many Desserts and Sweets
Private persons and bakeries use their harvested almonds to produce almond cheese, almond paste, almendrados, bienmesabe, rapaduras and other treats.
Almond shells are sold. They are popular for smoking goat cheese or for composting and are also used as an isolation material, for example for the floors of caves.
For many centuries profits from the cultivation of from Prunus dulcis contributed to the income of the people of La Palma.
In the 1950s the export peaked by its extension to the United Kingdom (UK).
In 1991 the weight of the peeled almonds was merely 10 tons, and today has shrinked to 3 to 4 tons.
Formerly in Spring Almonds were grafted on existing Bitter Almond Trees
A practical procedure - however, it has a crucial pitfall.
mandeln-almendras-prunus-dulcis-cooperativa-virgen-del-pino-puntagorda-waageIn case you fail to practice tree maintenance and remove shoots, by tearing them away below the grafts, you possibly harvest original bitter almonds.
Those are industrially used in other countries but are absolutely bad for La Palma.
Just a tiny amount of bitter almonds in the sack makes it unsellable.
During the grinding or mincing process of sweet almonds the bitter taste ruins the flavour.
Moreover, bitter almonds eaten raw are toxic.
Preferable, other trees of the rosaceous family are used for grafting, like plum or peach.
Almond trees require care
They have to be trimmed every 2 years, otherwise they start "ageing".
Thereby at first small twigs slowly wilt, followed by entire branches. Almond wood is a is an excellent firewood, after all.
Additionally terrains have to be kept grass-free.
Otherwise this could lead to fungus attacks, which destroys trees.
Unfortunately, due to the absence of tree care more and more almond trees are endangered.
It is a great pity, as Palmerian almonds due to the moderated, subtropical climate are of excellent quality.
Although they are more expensive, than those imported from competitors of California, Palmerian people prefer local almonds.
They are part of a healthy diet and the amount of old people on La Palma seem to be a prove that.
For local people almonds, figs, Gofio and goat mild or goat cheese are part of their basic food.
„Cooperativa Agrícola Virgen del Pino"
Almonds of the cooperative from Puntagorda are registered under the name „Cooperativa Agrícola Virgen del Pino" and are sold at following places:
Spar, El Pinar, Puntagorda
El Rincón de la Fruta, Los Llanos
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 - Uka Roesch Uka Roesch
 Das Mandelmus kann man natürlich einfach so aus dem Glas essen, es eignet sich aber auch hervorragend, um es z.B. Salatsosse beizumischen, die wird dadurch nussig und sähmig. Es ist auch ein ganz besonderes Mitbringsel.
 Abgesehen davon natürlich sehr gesund und nahrhaft.


text:
of Hull's wind project
Leaving aside the long-ago history (historic manuscripts refer to
the tip of the Hull peninsula as "Windmill Point" as far
back as the mid 1820s), -- this project's history is based on the
work of townspeople in the early 1980s. The town installed a 40KW
turbine on an 80-foot tower adjacent to Hull's High School, now sited
on that same historic point of land jutting out into Boston Harbor.
The funds came from the Mass. Department of Energy Resources. The
windmill's cost was $78,000.
spring of 1985 the windmill (some prefer the more precise term wind
turbine) was producing energy. It produced a respectable total in
its lifetime, between then and early March of 1997 when a windstorm
damaged it beyond repair. The failure was due to a malfunction of
its blade-tip brakes that 70 mph winds (this is a speed no longer
threatening to today's windmills) were able to do it critical damage.
This specific failure was in part due to the school's staff not
being able to keep up with the regular maintenance schedule for
the brake mechanisms.
in 1996 showed that the machine in its final three years of production,
-- when it was no longer performing at its best -- reduced the school's
electric bills by over 28%. In dollar terms this was a savings of
$21,200 to the town. A DOER report had indicated that over its lifetime
the windmill had saved the town nearly $70,000. It was well known
in the community that John MacLeod of the Light Department had worked
beyond the call of duty to enhance the turbine's value to the town,
both economically and educationally. He had strong support in this
from Mr. Don Newton.
By fall of 1997 a group of citizens led by
Malcolm Brown and a group of teachers at the High School led by
Anne Marcks, held meetings to plan what is now called "re-powering"
the site. This planning was incorporated into the curriculum of
Mrs. Marcks's senior physics class, and had good support from both
the school and from Hull Municipal Light Plant.
In late 1998 a new group of citizens eager to see the project go
forward formed themselves into C.A.R.E. (Citizen Advocates for
Renewable Energy), selected officers Malcolm Brown and Andrew Stern,
and petitioned Hull Light to take the project on.
plan was to work in collaboration with UMass Amherst's Renewable
Energy Research Laboratory, and its director, Professor James Manwell.
Prof. Manwell, along with his colleagues consults regularly for
the Mass. Department of Energy Resources on windpower and other
fall of 1999 Manwell's team completed an, which included wind-resource
assessments, discussions of regulatory issues, noise-level tabulations, and projected economic viability of various hardware options. Special care went into this engineering report, because of its
potential to serve as a "template" for other coastal communities in Massachusetts. Various factors were given a'sensitivity' analysis. This revealed which factors, if not predicted accurately, would have a crucial impact on the entire project.
the year 2000, newspaper reports
had appeared, including in the Boston Globe. The Light department also notified townspeople of a townwide public meeting scheduled for June 16 2000. Mr. MacLeod, along with members of the Light Board, experts
from Mass. Municipal Wholesale Electric Company (MMWEC), the RERL at UMass, the Town Manager the town historian
and citizen advocate Malcolm Brown made the presentation. Questions from the public were fielded by this same panel of town representatives.
The meeting's response was on the whole strongly positive, one citizen objecting strongly, however. it
was announced that the light department would go ahead and put out
a Request for Proposals. The preferred site was to be some 75 yards from the site of the previous High School windmill.
January of 2001 the RFP was sent out to 12 turbine manufacturers. By March of 2001
several bids had arrived. One windturbine manufacturer from Denmark
and another from Germany had meantime sent representatives to Windmill Point
for site visits.
April of 2001 the bid of Vestas, a Danish
company, was accepted. They had bid their model with rotor-diameter of 47 meters, and a hub-height of 50
meters, rated power of 660 KW. Their turnkey bid price was $698,699,
net of their standard set of supplemental spare parts. Life expectancy of the moving parts in this machine was 20 years. Hull later learned that more than 1,100
of this same model of Vestas turbine were sold in the USA during calendar year, 2001. This was a big increase from their 4 units sold -- their total delivered to the USA in calendar 1997.
negotiations went on for several months. It became clear that here too Hull was doing pioneering work. As in the
state-sponsored engineering study, Hull's case was being looked
at as a "first" in the Commonwealth, and even on the entire East Coast. So our contract
should be a transportable template for other similar projects still in
the planning stages, or at still earlier stages of advancement. A number of issues needed to be resolved, such as the schedule of advance payments, warranty and maintenance agreement language, the level of ongoing commitment we could expect from Vestas.
Commissioning date was December 27, 2001. In its first year, the total generated energy -- all delivered to the municipally owned grid, -- was 1,597,367 KWh's. The Light Department's sales of this energy (in addition to 'zeroing out' the town's street lighting bill) was in excess of $150,000, net of the incentive payments for "renewable energy certificates". Public support was high, and a survey by the light department returned 95% favorable reactions, the commonest question being "why not more?"
By 2003 planning was underway for "Hull Wind 2" (citizen advocate Brown had been elected to a 3-year term on the Light Board). By 2005 this same advocate had been re-elected. As he said " my platform had just one plank -- more windpower in Hull". By now he had been elected Vice Chairman of the Board, although he had only been a town resident for 7 years as of 2003.
By May of 2006, Hull Wind 2 was commissioned. (a Vestas V80, rated at 1.8 Megawatts). In its first year it produced 4,088,000 KWh's, and townsfolk showed considerable pride in the results. Six state and national awards had meantime accumulated. One commissioner joked "we have run out of wall-space in our the Light Plant's offices to hang our award plaques -- some will have to be moved to Town Hall". Over 10% of the town's entire consumption of electric energy was now being supplied by this pair of turbines.
A residential-scale windmill was installed at the Weir River Estuary's nature center at town expense and with support from the Light Department, to further publicise Hull's commitment to green energy. A book was web-published in 2006 by Aly Clinton, "Our Neighbor Millie". She is proud of Hull Wind 2, which she nicknamed "Millie". It stands some 400 yards from the home that 8-year old Aly shares with her parents and her younger brother Charlie. Charlie helped with the illustrations. She and Charlie held a book-signing and lecture at Hingham Public Library, where the two received awards -- and revenue from book sales. Part of this revenue stream has been directed by the co-authors to the non-profit Weir River Watershed Association.
By early 2007, planning was underway to install a set of 4 turbines offshore, total rated power to be roughly 15 Megawatts -- enough to supply the town's entire need for electrical energy. A vigorous debate over how to finance this is still ongoing as of this writing (September 2007). The national magazine 'Distributed Energy' has a forthcoming article on the project and on this debate. Meantime, in the ten individual election campaigns of Commissioners (each year two terms expire), not a single campaign had omitted the windpower issue. And all 10 campaigns had included ads coming out in favor of more and more various windmills for the town.


text:
Compared to our other senses, scientists don't know much about how our skin is wired for the sensation of touch. Now, research reported in the December 23rd issue of the journal Cell, a Cell Press publication, provides the first picture of how specialized neurons feel light touches, like a brush of movement or a vibration, are organized in hairy skin.
Looking at these neurons in the hairy skin of mice, the researchers observed remarkably orderly patterns, suggesting that each type of hair follicle works like a distinct sensory organ, each tuned to register different types of touches. Each hair follicle sends out one wire-like projection that joins with others in the spinal cord, where the information they carry can be integrated into impulses sent to the brain. This network of neurons in our own skin allows us to perceive important differences in our surroundings: a raindrop versus a mosquito, a soft fingertip versus a hard stick.
"We can now begin to appreciate how these hair follicles and associated neurons are organized relative to one another and that organization enables us to think about how mechanosensory information is integrated and processed for the perception of touch," says David Ginty of The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
Mice have several types of hair follicles with three in particular that make up their coats. Ginty's team made a technical breakthrough by coming up with a way to label distinct populations of known low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs). Before this study, there was no way to visualize LTMRs in their natural state. The neurons are tricky to study in part because they extend from the spinal cord all the way out to the skin. The feeling in the tips of our toes depends on cells that are more than one meter long.
The images show something unexpected and fascinating, Ginty says. Each hair follicle type includes a distinct combination of mechanosensory endings. Those sensory follicles are also organized in a repeating and stereotypical pattern in mouse skin.
The neurons found in adjacent hair follicles stretch to a part of the spinal cord that receives sensory inputs, forming narrow columns. Ginty says there are probably thousands of those columns in the spinal cord, each gathering inputs from a particular region of the skin and its patch of 100 or so hairs.
Of course, we don't have hair like a mouse, and it's not yet clear whether some of these mechanosensory neurons depend on the hairs themselves to pick up on sensations and whether others are primarily important as scaffolds for the underlying neural structures. They don't know either how these inputs are integrated in the spinal cord and brain to give rise to perceptions, but now they have the genetic access they need to tinker with each LTMR subtype one by one, turning them on or off at will and seeing what happens to the brain and to behavior. Intriguingly, one of the LTMR types under study is implicated as "pleasure neurons" in people, Ginty notes.
At this point, he says they have no clue how these neurons manage to set themselves up in this way during development. The neurons that form this sensory network are born at different times, controlled by different growth factors, and "yet they assemble in these remarkable patterns." And for Ginty that leads to a simple if daunting question to answer: "How does one end of the sensory neuron know what the other end is doing?"


are always implemented as simple inline functions which just call the corresponding method and are only provided for users uncomfortable with OO who are dead set to avoid method invocations. Generally, a chain of function wrappers is much harder to read than a chain of methods and should therefore be avoided if possible. On the other hand, not everything in GiNaC is a method on class _USER_{ex} and sometimes calling a function cannot be avoided. _USER_ * Polynomial Expansion:: * Collecting expressions:: * Polynomial Arithmetic:: * Symbolic Differentiation:: * Series Expansion:: _USER_ menu _USER_ Polynomial Expansion, Collecting expressions, Important Algorithms, Important Algorithms _USER_ node-name, next, previous, up _USER_ Polynomial Expansion _USER_ _USER_{expand()} A polynomial in one or more variables has many equivalent representations. Some useful ones serve a specific purpose. Consider for example the trivariate polynomial _USER_{4*x*y + x*z + 20*y^2 + 21*y*z + 4*z^2} (written down here in output-style). It is equivalent to the factorized polynomial _USER_{(x + 5*y + 4*z)*(4*y + z)}. Other representations are the recursive ones where one collects for exponents in one of the three variable. Since the factors are themselves polynomials in the remaining two variables the procedure can be repeated. In our expample, two possibilities would be _USER_{(4*y + z)*x + 20*y^2 + 21*y*z + 4*z^2} and _USER_{20*y^2 + (21*z + 4*x)*y + 4*z^2 + x*z}. To bring an expression into expanded form, its method _USER_{.expand()} may be called. In our example above, this corresponds to _USER_{4*x*y + x*z + 20*y^2 + 21*y*z + 4*z^2}. Again, since the canonical form in GiNaC is not easily guessable you should be prepared to see different orderings of terms in such sums! _USER_ Collecting expressions, Polynomial Arithmetic, Polynomial Expansion, Important Algorithms _USER_ node-name, next, previous, up _USER_ Collecting expressions _USER_ _USER_{collect()} _USER_ _USER_{coeff()} Another useful representation of multivariate polynomials is as a univariate polynomial in one of the variables with the coefficients being polynomials in the remaining variables. The method _USER_{collect()} accomplishes this task. Here is its declaration: _USER_ ex ex::collect(symbol const & s); _USER_ example Note that the original polynomial needs to be in expanded form in order to be able to find the coefficients properly. The range of occuring coefficients can be checked using the two methods _USER_ int ex::degree(symbol const & s); int ex::ldegree(symbol const & s); _USER_ example where _USER_{degree()} returns the highest coefficient and _USER_{ldegree()} the lowest one. (These two methods work also reliably on non-expanded input polynomials). An application is illustrated in the next example, where a multivariate polynomial is analysed: _USER_ _TAG_ using namespace GiNaC; int main() @{ symbol x("x"), y("y"); ex PolyInp = 4*pow(x,3)*y + 5*x*pow(y,2) + 3*y - pow(x+y,2) + 2*pow(y+2,2) - 8; ex Poly = PolyInp.expand(); for (int i=Poly.ldegree(x); i<=Poly.degree(x); ++i) @{ cout << "The x^" << i << "-coefficient is " << Poly.coeff(x,i) << endl; @} cout << "As polynomial in y: " << Poly.collect(y) << endl; //... @} _USER_ example When run, it returns an output in the following fashion: _USER_ The x^0-coefficient is y^2+11*y The x^1-coefficient is 5*y^2-2*y The x^2-coefficient is -1 The x^3-coefficient is 4*y As polynomial in y: -x^2+(5*x+1)*y^2+(-2*x+4*x^3+11)*y _USER_ example As always, the exact output may vary between different versions of GiNaC or even from run to run since the internal canonical ordering is not within the user's sphere of influence. _USER_ Polynomial Arithmetic, Symbolic Differentiation, Collecting expressions, Important Algorithms _USER_ node-name, next, previous, up _USER_ Polynomial Arithmetic _USER_ GCD and LCM _USER_ GCD _USER_ LCM The functions for polynomial greatest common divisor and least common multiple have the synopsis: _USER_ ex gcd(const ex & a, const ex & b); ex lcm(const ex & a, const ex & b); _USER_ example The functions _USER_{gcd()} and _USER_{lcm()} accept two expressions _USER_{a} and _USER_{b} as arguments and return a new expression, their greatest common divisor or least common multiple, respectively. If the polynomials _USER_{a} and _USER_{b} are coprime _USER_{gcd(a,b)} returns 1 and _USER_{lcm(a,b)} returns the product of _USER_{a} and _USER_{b}. _USER_ _TAG_ using namespace GiNaC; int main() @{ symbol x("x"), y("y"), z("z"); ex P_a = 4*x*y + x*z + 20*pow(y, 2) + 21*y*z + 4*pow(z, 2); ex P_b = x*y + 3*x*z + 5*pow(y, 2) + 19*y*z + 12*pow(z, 2); ex P_gcd = gcd(P_a, P_b); // x + 5*y + 4*z ex P_lcm = lcm(P_a, P_b); // 4*x*y^2 + 13*y*x*z + 20*y^3 + 81*y^2*z + 67*y*z^2 + 3*x*z^2 + 12*z^3 //... @} _USER_ example _USER_ The _USER_{normal} method _USER_ _USER_{normal()} _USER_ temporary replacement While in common symbolic code _USER_{gcd()} and _USER_{lcm()} are not too heavily used, simplification is called for frequently. Therefore _USER_{.normal()}, which provides some basic form of simplification, has become a method of class _USER_{ex}, just like _USER_{.expand()}. It converts a rational function into an equivalent rational function where numerator and denominator are coprime. This means, it finds the GCD of numerator and denominator and cancels it. If it encounters some object which does not belong to the domain of rationals (a function for instance), that object is replaced by a temporary symbol. This means that both expressions _USER_{t1} and _USER_{t2} are indeed simplified in this little program: _USER_ _TAG_ using namespace GiNaC; int main() @{ symbol x("x"); ex t1 = (pow(x,2) + 2*x + 1)/(x + 1); ex t2 = (pow(sin(x),2) + 2*sin(x) + 1)/(sin(x) + 1); cout << "t1 is " << t1.normal() << endl; cout << "t2 is " << t2.normal() << endl; //... @} _USER_ example Of course this works for multivariate polynomials too, so the ratio of the sample-polynomials from the section about GCD and LCM above would be normalized to _USER_{P_a/P_b} = _USER_{(4*y+z)/(y+3*z)}. _USER_ Symbolic Differentiation, Series Expansion, Polynomial Arithmetic, Important Algorithms _USER_ node-name, next, previous, up _USER_ Symbolic Differentiation _USER_ differentiation _USER_ chain rule _USER_ product rule GiNaC's objects know how to differentiate themselves. Thus, a polynomial (class _USER_{add}) knows that its derivative is the sum of the derivatives of all the monomials: _USER_ _TAG_ using namespace GiNaC; int main() @{ symbol x("x"), y("y"), z("z"); ex P = pow(x, 5) + pow(x, 2) + y; cout << P.diff(x,2) << endl; // 20*x^3 + 2 cout << P.diff(y) << endl; // 1 cout << P.diff(z) << endl; // 0 //... @} _USER_ example If a second integer parameter _USER_{n} is given, the _USER_{diff} method returns the _USER_{n}th derivative. If _USER_{every} object and every function is told what its derivative is, all derivatives of composed objects can be calculated using the chain rule and the product rule. Consider, for instance the expression _USER_{1/cosh(x)}. Since the derivative of _USER_{cosh(x)} is _USER_{sinh(x)} and the derivative of _USER_{pow(x,-1)} is _USER_{-pow(x,-2)}, GiNaC can readily compute the composition. It turns out that the composition is the generating function for Euler Numbers, i.e. the so called _USER_{n}th Euler number is the coefficient of _USER_{x^n/n!} in the expansion of _USER_{1/cosh(x)}. We may use this identity to code a function that generates Euler numbers in just three lines


text:
Explorers of the North Sea (EN)
Explorers of the North Sea is set in the latter years of the Viking Age. As ambitious sea captains, players seek out new lands to settle and control. They will need to transport their crew among the newly discovered islands to capture livestock, construct outposts and fulfill various other goals. So ready the longships, there are new horizons to explore!
Each player starts with 7 Vikings and a Longboat on a shared, central Island. From there players will place tiles and begin to venture out to the newly discovered Islands.
Proceeding clockwise from the starting player, each player takes their turn in full. On their turn, players first place 1 of their 3 tiles, expanding the game board. They can then take up to 4 actions (any number of the following):
1. Load Longship
2. Unload Longship + Deliver Livestock
3. Move Longship + Destroy an Enemy Ship
4. Move Vikings + Raid a Settlement
5. Transport Livestock
6. Construct an Outpost (costs 2 actions)
After taking their actions, players draw a new tile to their hand, ending their turn.
End of the Game
The game ends immediately after the turn where the player holding the Winter Token has no more Tiles in hand. This should be exactly 48 turns (there are 48 Tiles). Victory Points are gained from:
1. Delivered Livestock
2. Constructed Outposts
3. Destroyed Enemy Ships
4. Raided Settlements
5. Viking Deaths
6. Controlled Islands
7. Captain Cards
The player with the highest total is the winner!
" I absolutely love how quick turns are and how easy it is to understand and play." – The Player's Aid
"Explorers is a very fun, simple game that would serve as a great choice for families or for a group of people who have never really ventured into the magical world of cardboard, tokens, dice and cards." – Wolf's Gaming Blog
"Explorers of the North Sea is an enjoyable game that rounds out the saga nicely." – Geekdad
Beschikbaarheid: Slechts 1 resterend op voorraad
|Afmetingen||25 × 25 × 5 cm|
|Aanbevolen aantal spelers|
|Jaar van uitgave|


text:
A potential well is the region surrounding a local minimum of potential energy. Energy captured in a potential well is unable to convert to another type of energy (kinetic energy in the case of a gravitational potential well) because it is captured in the local minimum of a potential well. Therefore, a body may not proceed to the global minimum of potential energy, as it would naturally tend to due to entropy.
Energy may be released from a potential well if sufficient energy is added to the system such that the local maximum is surmounted. In quantum physics, potential energy may escape a potential well without added energy due to the probabilistic characteristics of quantum particles; in these cases a particle may be imagined to tunnel through the walls of a potential well.
The graph of a 2D potential energy function is a potential energy surface that can be imagined as the Earth's surface in a landscape of hills and valleys. Then a potential well would be a valley surrounded on all sides with higher terrain, which thus could be filled with water (e.g., be a lake) without any water flowing away toward another, lower minimum (e.g. sea level).
In the case of gravity, the region around a mass is a gravitational potential well, unless the density of the mass is so low that tidal forces from other masses are greater than the gravity of the body itself.
A potential hill is the opposite of a potential well, and is the region surrounding a local maximum.
Quantum confinement can be observed once the diameter of a material is of the same magnitude as the de Broglie wavelength of the electron wave function. When materials are this small, their electronic and optical properties deviate substantially from those of bulk materials.
A particle behaves as if it were free when the confining dimension is large compared to the wavelength of the particle. During this state, the bandgap remains at its original energy due to a continuous energy state. However, as the confining dimension decreases and reaches a certain limit, typically in nanoscale, the energy spectrum becomes discrete. As a result, the bandgap becomes size-dependent. This ultimately results in a blueshift in light emission as the size of the particles decreases.
Specifically, the effect describes the phenomenon resulting from electrons and electron holes being squeezed into a dimension that approaches a critical quantum measurement, called the exciton Bohr radius. In current application, a quantum dot such as a small sphere confines in three dimensions, a quantum wire confines in two dimensions, and a quantum well confines only in one dimension. These are also known as zero-, oneand two-dimensional potential wells, respectively. In these cases they refer to the number of dimensions in which a confined particle can act as a free carrier. See external links, below, for application examples in biotechnology and solar cell technology.
Quantum mechanics view
Τhe electronic and optical properties of materials are affected by size and shape. Well-established technical achievements including quantum dots were derived from size manipulation and investigation for their theoretical corroboration on quantum confinement effect. The major part of the theory is the behaviour of the exciton resembles that of an atom as its surrounding space shortens. A rather good approximation of an exciton's behaviour is the 3-D model of a particle in a box. The solution of this problem provides a sole[clarification needed] mathematical connection between energy states and the dimension of space. Decreasing the volume or the dimensions of the available space, increases the energy of the states. Shown in the diagram is the change in electron energy level and bandgap between nanomaterial and its bulk state.
The following equation shows the relationship between energy level and dimension spacing:
Research results provide an alternative explanation of the shift of properties at nanoscale. In the bulk phase, the surfaces appear to control some of the macroscopically observed properties. However, in nanoparticles, surface molecules do not obey the expected configuration[which?] in space. As a result, surface tension changes tremendously.
Classical mechanics view
The Young-Laplace equation can give a background on the investigation of the scale of forces applied to the surface molecules:
Under the assumption of spherical shape and resolving the Young-Laplace equation for the new radii (nm), we estimate the new (GPa). The smaller the radii, the greater the pressure is present. The increase in pressure at the nanoscale results in strong forces toward the interior of the particle. Consequently, the molecular structure of the particle appears to be different from the bulk mode, especially at the surface. These abnormalities at the surface are responsible for changes of inter-atomic interactions and bandgap.
- M. Cahay (2001). Quantum Confinement VI: Nanostructured Materials and Devices : Proceedings of the International Symposium. The Electrochemical Society. ISBN 978-1-56677-352-2. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
- Hartmut Haug; Stephan W. Koch (1994). Quantum Theory of the Optical and Electronic Properties of Semiconductors. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-02-2002-0. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
- Norris, DJ; Bawendi, MG (1996). "Measurement and assignment of the size-dependent optical spectrum in CdSe quantum dots". Physical Review B. 53 (24): 16338–16346. Bibcode:1996PhRvB..5316338N. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.53.16338. PMID _PHONE_.
- Brus, L. E. (1983). "A simple model for the ionization potential, electron affinity, and aqueous redox potentials of small semiconductor crystallites". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 79 (11): 5566. Bibcode:1983JChPh..79.5566B. doi:10.1063/1.445676.
- Kunz, A B; Weidman, R S; Collins, T C (1981). "Pressure-induced modifications of the energy band structure of crystalline CdS". Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics. 14 (20): L581. Bibcode:1981JPhC...14L.581K. doi:10.1088/0022-3719/14/20/004.
- H. Kurisu; T. Tanaka; T. Karasawa; T. Komatsu (1993). "Pressure induced quantum confined excitons in layered metal triiodide crystals". Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 32 (Supplement 32–1): 285–287. Bibcode:1993JJAPS..32..285K. doi:10.7567/jjaps.32s1.285.
- Lee, Chieh-Ju; Mizel, Ari; Banin, Uri; Cohen, Marvin L.; Alivisatos, A. Paul (2000). "Observation of pressure-induced direct-to-indirect band gap transition in InP nanocrystals". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 113 (5): 2016. Bibcode:2000JChPh.113.2016L. doi:10.1063/1.482008.