games won (or lost) when a deck initiates a particular spell interaction (e.g., using the "Dodge" spell to benefit a T-Rex). Left: Before the changes, the T-Rex had a strong influence in every metric examined — highest survival rate, most likely to be summoned ignoring penalties, most absorbed creature during wins. Right: After the changes, the T-Rex was much less overpowered.
By weakening the T-Rex, we successfully reduced the Evasion Link Gen deck's reliance on an overpowered creature. Even so, the win ratio between the decks remained at 60/40 rather than 50/50. A closer look at the individual game logs revealed that the gameplay was often less strategic than we would have liked. Searching through our gathered data again, we found several more areas to introduce changes in.
To start, we increased the starting health of both players as well as the amount of health that healing spells could replenish. This was to encourage longer games that would allow a more diverse set of strategies to flourish. In particular, this enabled the Damage-Heal deck to survive long enough to take advantage of its healing strategy. To encourage proper summoning and strategic biome placement, we increased the existing penalties on playing creatures into incorrect or overcrowded biomes. And finally, we decreased the gap between the strongest and weakest creatures through minor attribute adjustments.
New adjustments in place, we arrived at the final game balance stats for these two decks:
Deck Avg # evolves per game
(before → after)
Win % (1M games)
(before → after)
Evasion Link Gen 1.54 → 2.16 59.1% → 49.8%
Damage Heal 0.86 → 1.76 40.9% → 50.2%
Normally, identifying imbalances in a newly prototyped game can take months of playtesting. With this approach, we were able to not only discover potential imbalances but also introduce tweaks to mitigate them in a span of days. We found that a relatively simple neural network was sufficient to reach high level performance against humans and traditional game AI. These agents could be leveraged in further ways, such as for coaching new players or discovering unexpected strategies. We hope this work will inspire more exploration in the possibilities of machine learning for game development.
This project was conducted in collaboration with many people. Thanks to Ryan Poplin, Maxwell Hannaman, Taylor Steil, Adam Prins, Michal Todorovic, Xuefan Zhou, Aaron Cammarata, Andeep Toor, Trung Le, Erin Hoffman-John, and Colin Boswell. Thanks to everyone who contributed through playtesting, advising on game design, and giving valuable feedback.
Source: Google AI Blog
A New Lens on Understanding Generalization in Deep Learning
Understanding generalization is one of the fundamental unsolved problems in deep learning. Why does optimizing a model on a finite set of training data lead to good performance on a held-out test set? This problem has been studied extensively in machine learning, with a rich history going back more than 50 years. There are now many mathematical tools that help researchers understand generalization in certain models. Unfortunately, most of these existing theories fail when applied to modern deep networks — they are both vacuous and non-predictive in realistic settings. This gap between theory and practice is largest for overparameterized models, which in theory have the capacity to overfit their train sets, but often do not in practice.
In "The Deep Bootstrap Framework: Good Online Learners are Good Offline Generalizers", accepted at ICLR 2021, we present a new framework for approaching this problem by connecting generalization to the field of online optimization. In a typical setting, a model trains on a finite set of samples, which are reused for multiple epochs. But in online optimization, the model has access to an infinite stream of samples, and can be iteratively updated while processing this stream. In this work, we find that models that train quickly on infinite data are the same models that generalize well if they are instead trained on finite data. This connection brings new perspectives on design choices in practice, and lays a roadmap for understanding generalization from a theoretical perspective.
The Deep Bootstrap Framework
The main idea of the Deep Bootstrap framework is to compare the real world, where there is finite training data, to an "ideal world", where there is infinite data. We define these as:
 - Real World (N, T): Train a model on N train samples from a distribution, for T minibatch stochastic gradient descent (SGD) steps, re-using the same N samples in multiple epochs, as usual. This corresponds to running SGD on the empirical loss (loss on training data), and is the standard training procedure in supervised learning.
 - Ideal World (T): Train the same model for T steps, but use fresh samples from the distribution in each SGD step. That is, we run the exact same training code (same optimizer, learning-rates, batch-size, etc.), but sample a fresh train set in each epoch instead of reusing samples. In this ideal world setting, with an effectively infinite "train set", there is no difference between train error and test error.
Test soft-error for ideal world and real world during SGD iterations for ResNet-18 architecture. We see that the two errors are similar.
A priori, one might expect the real and ideal worlds may have nothing to do with each other, since in the real world the model sees a finite number of examples from the distribution while in the ideal world the model sees the whole distribution. But in practice, we found that the real and ideal models actually have similar test error.
In order to quantify this observation, we simulated an ideal world setting by creating a new dataset, which we call CIFAR-5m. We trained a generative model on CIFAR-10, which we then used to generate ~6 million images. The scale of the dataset was chosen to ensure that it is "virtually infinite" from the model's perspective, so that the model never resamples the same data. That is, in the ideal world, the model sees an entirely fresh set of samples.
Samples from CIFAR-5m
The figure below presents the test error of several models, comparing their performance when trained on CIFAR-5m data in the real world setting (i.e., re-used data) and the ideal world ("fresh" data). The solid blue line shows a ResNet model in the real world, trained on 50K samples for 100 epochs with standard CIFAR-10 hyperparameters. The dashed blue line shows the corresponding model in the ideal world, trained on 5 million samples in a single pass. Surprisingly, these worlds have very similar test error — the model in some sense "doesn't care" whether it sees re-used samples or fresh ones.
The real world model is trained on 50K samples for 100 epochs, and the ideal world model is trained on 5M samples for a single epoch. The lines show the test error vs. the number of SGD steps.
This also holds for other architectures, e.g., a Multi-Layer-Perceptron (red), a Vision Transformer (green), and across many other settings of architecture, optimizer, data distribution, and sample size. These experiments suggest a new perspective on generalization: models that optimize quickly (on infinite data), generalize well (on finite data). For example, the ResNet model generalizes better than the MLP model on finite data, but this is "because" it optimizes faster even on infinite data.
Understanding Generalization from Optimization Behavior
The key observation is that real world and ideal world models remain close, in test error, for all timesteps, until the real world converges (< 1% train error). Thus, one can study models in the real world by studying their corresponding behavior in the ideal world.
This means that the generalization of the model can be understood in terms of its optimization performance under two frameworks:
 1. Online Optimization: How fast the ideal world test error decreases
 2. Offline Optimization: How fast the real world train error converges
Thus, to study generalization, we can equivalently study the two terms above, which can be conceptually simpler, since they only involve optimization concerns. Based on this observation, good models and training procedures are those that (1) optimize quickly in the ideal world and (2) do not optimize too quickly in the real world.
All design choices in deep learning can be viewed through their effect on these two terms. For example, some advances like convolutions, skip-connections, and pre-training help primarily by accelerating ideal world optimization, while other advances like regularization and data-augmentation help primarily by decelerating real world optimization.
Applying the Deep Bootstrap Framework
Researchers can use the Deep Bootstrap framework to study and guide design choices in deep learning. The principle is: whenever one makes a change that affects generalization in the real world (the architecture, learning-rate, etc.), one should consider its effect on (1) the ideal world optimization of test error (faster is better) and (2) the real world optimization of train error (slower is better).
For example, pre-training is often used in practice to help generalization of models in small-data regimes. However, the reason that pre-training helps remains poorly understood. One can study this using the Deep Bootstrap framework by looking at the effect of pre-training on terms (1) and (2) above. We find that the primary effect of pre-training is to improve the ideal world optimization (1) — pre-training turns the network into a "fast learner" for online optimization. The improved generalization of pretrained models is thus


text:
Recent UK studies advise of strong health risks when using Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) in nanoparticle form in powdered mineral makeup. These inhaled TiO2 nanoparticles coming in contact with living tissue have a similar effect as asbestos and could cause lung cancer.
However, TiO2 is safe when contained in cream form as it cannot then become airborne. This is typically the case in sun screens. In cream form, TiO2 stays on the upper layers of the skin and does not come in contact with living tissue.
Titanium Dioxide is often used in cream form in products to provide all-natural mineral-based sun protection. It is not used in powered form. TiO2 particles in products are a larger size (not a nanoparticle) and is additionally coated with stearic acid to further prevent interaction with living tissue.
An excellent study was published in the Journal of Nanobiotechnology: Nanoparticles - known and unknown health risks

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Cryptology ePrint Archive: Report 2008/385
Cube Attacks on Tweakable Black Box Polynomials
Itai Dinur and Adi Shamir
Abstract: Almost any cryptographic scheme can be described by \emph{tweakable polynomials} over $GF(2)$, which contain both secret variables (e.g., key bits) and public variables (e.g., plaintext bits or IV bits). The cryptanalyst is allowed to tweak the polynomials by choosing arbitrary values for the public variables, and his goal is to solve the resultant system of polynomial equations in terms of their common secret variables. In this paper we develop a new technique (called a \emph{cube attack}) for solving such tweakable polynomials, which is a major improvement over several previously published attacks of the same type. For example, on the stream cipher Trivium with a reduced number of initialization rounds, the best previous attack (due to Fischer, Khazaei, and Meier) requires a barely practical complexity of $2^{55}$ to attack $672$ initialization rounds, whereas a cube attack can find the complete key of the same variant in $2^{19}$ bit operations (which take less than a second on a single PC). Trivium with $735$ initialization rounds (which could not be attacked by any previous technique) can now be broken with $2^{30}$ bit operations. Trivium with $767$ initialization rounds can now be broken with $2^{45}$ bit operations, and the complexity of the attack can almost certainly be further reduced to about $2^{36}$ bit operations. Whereas previous attacks were heuristic, had to be adapted to each cryptosystem, had no general complexity bounds, and were not expected to succeed on random looking polynomials, cube attacks are provably successful when applied to random polynomials of degree $d$ over $n$ secret variables whenever the number $m$ of public variables exceeds $d+log_dn$. Their complexity is $2^{d-1}n+n^2$ bit operations, which is polynomial in $n$ and amazingly low when $d$ is small. Cube attacks can be applied to any block cipher, stream cipher, or MAC which is provided as a black box (even when nothing is known about its internal structure) as long as at least one output bit can be represented by (an unknown) polynomial of relatively low degree in the secret and public variables.
Category / Keywords: Cryptanalysis, algebraic attacks, cube attacks, tweakable black box polynomials, stream ciphers, Trivium.
Publication Info: A slightly shorter version appears in Eurocrypt 2009
Date: received 13 Sep 2008, last revised 26 Jan 2009
Contact author: itai dinur at weizmann ac il
Available format(s): PDF | BibTeX Citation
Note: The Trivium results are updated, and the paper is revised according to several reviews.
Version: 20090126:174453 (All versions of this report)
Discussion forum: Show discussion | Start new discussion
[ Cryptology ePrint archive ]


possible outcomes and side effects.
 3. Healers share with clients prior to their sessions logistical considerations such as: length of session, punctuality and lateness policy, cancellation policy, and fees.
 3. Recording, Securing and Releasing Records:
 1. Healers record accurate client records.
 2. Healers store records in a secure and safe place.
 3. All information contained in the clients' records is confidential.
 4. Healers share information with other parties only with the written consent of the client, in accordance with guidelines and regulations of their professional organization and of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA).
 4. Client Education:
 1. Healers understand that a person's ability to retain information is limited and therefore provide written information about the session.
 2. Healers provide clients with appropriate educational materials that will aid in the process of self-care for clients after the healing session. Educational materials might include but are not limited to: written instructions regarding specific practices or exercises to enhance well-being; dietary suggestions; visualization or meditative practices; breathing exercises; affirmations; suggestions for journaling and other educational guides specific to individual healing practices.
If you have any questions, please contact us.


A pocket wilderness in the heart of Houston.
West 11 Street Park
Tour Stop 9: New Growth Pine
New growth Loblolly Pines
Hear Wireless Wilderness Audio for: Stop #9
As you walk through this small grove of young Loblolly Pines, you may wonder why other types of trees don't seem to grow here. It is no accident. The pine trees are actually altering their environment to their own advantage and keeping other species out.
New growth Loblolly Pines New growth Loblolly Pines
Plants need air, sunlight, water, and nutrients to grow, and there is a limited supply of these resources in the forest habitat. Birds or squirrels can move to another location if they run short of food or water, but trees are fixed in place. So, these pine trees use a strategy called "allelopathy" to discourage anything else from growing around them and competing for the available resources.
Loblolly Pine
Do you see the thick carpet of pine needles underneath the trees? This thick covering serves to prevent light from hitting the ground around the trees, but it does much more. As the needles decompose, they increase the acidity of the soil, making it difficult for many plants to grow. The needles, as well as pinecones from the tree, may also trigger additional chemical reactions to discourage competition. When the pine trees grow taller, even less light can reach the ground, further limiting the growth of competing plants.
Small trees under pines
But look even closer. There are a few small trees under the pines, including some oaks and Sweet Gums. These small trees have big, light-gathering leaves that help them survive in shaded areas. They will not get much bigger as long as the pine trees tower over them because they do not get enough light and have to struggle to get nutrients. But under the ground, they are growing a foundation of roots, ready to start growing tall if anything should happen to the pine trees above them, thus letting light through.
Allelopathy is found in many plants, including Black Walnut trees, sunflowers, and Tree of Heaven – a very invasive nonnative plant that also grows in the park.
To view: Tour Map


text:
Schottky Barrier Diode
Schottky Barrier Diode is a simple metal-semiconductor interface exhibiting anon-linear impedance and is basically an extension of the point-contact diode. When the diodes are forward biases current flows because of majority carriers from semiconductor into the metal. Minority carriers are virtually absent compared with p-n junction diodes. These diodes have very less reverse recovery times and almost nil storage capacitance.
Silicon is most commonly used although GaAs find use at higher frequencies. Schottky Barrier Diode has its main applications in microwave detection and mixing. Available SBD's have a frequency range up to 100 GHz and noise figures of 4 dB at 2 GHz and 15 dB at 100 GHz. At still higher frequencies (1000 GHz to 2000 GHz), point contact diodes have an edge over SBD's because of their lower shunt capacitance. They can be used as both varactors over a wide frequency range.
This diode is formed by the junction of a semiconductor and a metal. This junction has unipolar properties. Aluminum is generally used.
A Schottky Barrier Diode consists of a metal base on which a silicon pellet is mounted. A spring-loaded wire with a sharp point makes contact with the polished surface of the semiconductor pellet. The other connections are made as shown below. Such construction can be easily mounted into co-axial or waveguide lines. They are noisier above 10 GHz.
There I-V and C-V characteristics are similar to those of p-n junctions, but have steeper I-V slope, lower series resistance R, lower breakdown voltage, and smaller forward turn-on voltage.
Working of Schottky Barrier Diode
The Schottky diode is as shown in the figure below. It contains a junction between an n-type semiconductor and a metal. Initially, when no bias is applied, electrons from the conduction band of the N-type semiconductor reach the metal, leaving a region known as the depletion layer that has no free electrons. This results in the buildup of a positive space charge region in the semiconductor, because each donor atom loses an electron and, hence, becomes positive. This results in the buildup of an electric field that opposes the further flow of electrons to the metal. Since the metal contains a greater number of free electrons, the depletion width inside it is small.
In the forward-biased condition, the metal is biased positively with regard to the semiconductor. Then, a few electrons from the N-type semiconductor whose thermal energy happens to be many times the average thermal energy will fall down from the potential barrier and move into the metal. Therefore, these electrons are known as hot electrons. Merely those electrons are considered for the forward currents from the semiconductor into the metal. These will have higher energy and velocity till they come into equilibrium with the free electrons of the metal. This raises the temperature of the diode and is, therefore, called a hot carrier diode.
An important feature of this diode is that there is no flow of holes from the metal into the semiconductor. Therefore, there is no hole-electron recombination (that takes place in a conventional PN diode). Therefore, if the forward voltage is removed, the time taken by the current to stop is in the order of a few picoseconds, and reverse voltage can be established at this time. As in junction diodes, there is no delay effect due to charge storage.
The equivalent circuit and electronic symbol of a Schottky diode are as shown in the figure below.
These parameters are as follows:
- The series inductance, Ls, is the inductance of the bonding wires. It has typical values of 0.4 to 0.9 nH.
- The series resistance in the Schottky diode is the total resistance in the diode, including that of the semiconductor and the substrate on which the diode is mounted. This value is particularly important when we are choosing a diode for a detector or a mixer application. Its value ranges from 4 to 6 ohm.
- The junction capacitance is the capacitance that is present across the actual junction between the semiconductor and the metal. It ranges from 0.3 to 0.5 pF.
- Rj is the junction resistance, that is, the resistance of the area where the semiconductor and the metal come together.
- The overlay capacitance, Co, is the value of capacitance produced from the Schottky junction to the metal contact of the opposite lead of the diode.
- They are used in fast-switching applications such as in microwave mixers, where the diode should switch conductance states at the rate of the frequency of a microwave local oscillator.
- A Schottky diode is used as a square-law detector when bias is zero, whose power output is proportional power to input.
- They are used in detectors.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Artúr Dall Mac Gurcaigh
|This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. (January 2008)|
Artúr Dall Mac Gurcaigh was a Scottish poet. He was the author of "Dál chabhlaigh ar Chaistéal Suibhne" ("An arranging of a fleet against Castle Sween"), written c. 1310 during the Wars of Scottish Independence. The poem is one of the few Scottish vernacular poems before the mid-14th century, and tells of Eoin mac Suibhne, enemy of King Robert I of Scotland, and head of Clann Suibhne (the MacSweens) - a clan who would be expelled from Scotland and flourish as a mercenary clan in Ireland.
- Clancy, Thomas Owen (ed.), The Triumph Tree: Scotland's Earliest Poetry, 550–1350, (Edinburgh, 1998), p. 302-305
- MacLeod, Wilson, Divided Gaels: Gaelic Cultural Identities in Scotland and Ireland, c. _PHONE_, (Oxford, 2004)


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Date of this Version
As natural predators of pest insects, woodland birds provide biological pest suppression in crop fields adjacent to woody edges. Although many birds using these habitats forage widely, earlier studies have found that most foraging activity occurs within 50 m of the woody edge. The goals of this study were to determine the primary area of use, or functional edge, for birds foraging in crop fields adjacent to woody edges, and to evaluate their foraging distance patterns. During the summers of 2005 and 2006, avian foraging behavior was observed at 12 research sites in east central Nebraska that contained either a shelterbelt or woody riparian edge. At each site, perches were provided at 10 m intervals out from the edge and insect larvae were placed in feeders at random locations to simulate a pest insect food resource. Birds were recorded foraging in five distance categories out from the edge (0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40, and 40–50 m). Seven species foraged primarily within 20 m of the edge (72% all observations; 79% without perch or feeder observations). Ten species foraged throughout the plots but six of these generally foraged more often (45% and 49%) and four less often (30% and 30%) within 20 m of the edge. The 13 species that tended to forage more often within 20 m of the edge, with 56% of their foraging overall in this area, also tended to forage farther when perch and feeder observations were included, indicating willingness to forage farther when food resources were available. Based on a repeated measures analysis of variance, foraging distances appeared to be greater at sites with soybean as the planted crop, although this apparent trend was significant for only some species. There was no clear difference in foraging distances outward from shelterbelt versus riparian sites. These results indicate that conservation efforts within the 20 m functional edge offer potential to enhance the sustainability of both birds and crops in agricultural.


Photo © The Israel Museum, Jerusalem
Statue of a figure with a large basin
Late Canaanite period, 15th-13th century BCE
H: 110; W: 90; Diam: 78 cm
Israel Antiquities Authority
Accession number: IAA _PHONE_
This statue was found in the throne room of the palace/temple at Hazor. It shattered into hundreds of fragments in the fire that destroyed the city. Though nothing like it has come to light anywhere in the Near East, its style bears a clear link to Syrian and Hittite art. The basin suggests it was used in a religious rite.
The figure wears a pendant in the shape of a crescent with an eight-rayed star, symbols of a prominent deity. However, there is no way of telling whether it represents a god or a ruler.
Beliefs and Believers; Ancient Art from the Israel Museum, Israel Museum, Jerusalem, 31/05/2007 - 05/11/2009


Electrostatics and Current Electricity MCQ's Test 2
08:40:00 Muhammad Zeeshan 2 Comments
Electrostatics and Current Electricity
Here is another set of MCQ's form chapter 12 and 12 ie Electrostatics and Current Electricity. Read Question carefully
1. A dynamo develops 10 ampere at 100 volt. The electric power is
 A) 1 KW
 B) 10000 KW
 C) 10 KW
 D) 100 KW
2. On increasing the length of the wire, specific resistance o the wire
 A) Decreases
 B) Increases
 C) Remains unchanged
 D) First increase then decrease
3. The resistance of a wire is 8 ohm, the wire is stretched to double then new resistance will be in ohms
 A) 16
 B) 24
 C) 2
 D) 32
4. The color code of 10 ohm resistance with 5% tolerance is
 A) Black, black, brown, silver
 B) Brown, black, black, gold
 C) Black, brown, black, gold
 D) Brown, brown, black, gold
5. What would be the equivalence resistance of a circuit having three resistances of 9 ohm each, connected in parallel
 A) 6
 B) 27
 C) 3
 D) 1
6. Resistivity of a conductor depends upon
 A) Temperature
 B) Nature of material
 C) both
 D) Temperature, length and nature of materaial
7. The number of terminals in rheostat are
 A) 4
 B) 3
 C) 2
 D) 1
8. Voltage of 600V can be obtained virtually from
 A) dry battery
 B) nickel cadmium battery
 C) head and tail of an eel
 D) transformer
9. Which one is not the effect of current
 A) Heating effect
 B) Magnetic effect
 C) Chemical effect
 D) Electric polarization
10. Maximum power is delivered by battery to load
 A) R=r
 B) R>r
 C) R
 D) all
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Grateful American® Foundation
Who volunteered to for a dangerous mission today at the request of George Washington?
September 21st
Nathan_Hale_hanged_by_British_1776September 21, 1776 — Today, Nathan Hale of the 19th Regiment of the Continental Army General volunteers for he dangerous mission at the request of George Washington, who needed a volunteer to gather intelligence behind enemy lines before the coming Battle of Harlem Heights.
One of the first known American spies of the Revolutionary War, the Yale University-educated soldier disguised himself as a Dutch schoolmaster. He then slipped behind British lines on Long Island and gathered information about British troop movements.
However, the British invaded the island of Manhattan and took control of the city on September 15, 1776. When the city was set on fire on September 20, 1776, British soldiers captured Hale while he sailing Long Island Sound trying to get back into American-controlled territory.
British General William Howe ordered his execution. Hale was hanged by the British on the morning of September 22, 1776. He was just 21 years old.
Words of Wisdom
How beautiful is death, when earn'd by virtue!
Who would not be that youth? What pity is it
That we can die but once to serve our country.
— The last words of American spy Nathan Hale, after being led to the gallows upon being caught by the British, September 22, 1776


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Googol, Kasner, and Milton Sirotta
Date: 07/14/99 at 16:55:09 From: Melanie Subject: Powers of 10 Who coined the phrase "googleplex," and when? I have used several search engines and they have the definition, but not the origin. Thank you for your consideration, Melanie
Date: 07/15/99 at 11:59:13 From: Doctor Peterson Subject: Re: Powers of 10 Hi, Melanie. We get questions about this frequently, so I did a little extra research to find the details beyond what's in our archives. Here's a page on the Web that tells about the origin of the words googol and googolplex: How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement _URL_ This says: "googol a unit of quantity equal to 10^100 (1 followed by 100 zeroes). The googol was invented by the American mathematician Edward Kasner (1878- 1955) in 1938. According to the story, Kasner asked his nephew Milton Sirotta, who was then 8 years old, what name he would give to a really large number, and "googol" was Milton's response. Kasner also defined the googolplex, equal to 10^googol, that is, 1 followed by a googol of zeroes. These inventions caught the public's fancy and are often mentioned in discussions of very large numbers." A slightly different version is in Googolplex _URL_ which says: "The American mathematician Edward Kasner once asked his nine-year-old nephew to invent a name for a very large number, ten to the power of one hundred; and the boy called it a googol. He thought this was a number to overflow people's minds, being bigger than anything that can ever be put into words. Another mathematician then shot back with googolplex, and defined it to be 10 to the power of googol." Here's a review of the 1940 book in which Kasner discussed the googol: Edward Kasner and James Newman. Mathematics and the Imagination _URL_ Also check out our Dr. Math FAQ on large numbers: _URL_ Summing up, the googol was named by Milton Sirotta, and the googolplex by his uncle Edward Kasner, who I suspect had set Milton up by asking for a name for the googol, just so he could name something incredibly larger. Incidentally, you'll find that the googol can just as well be called "10 duotrigintillion" following the (more or less) standard conventions for naming large numbers; googol is just the fun name, which allows us to name "googolplex" easily; and if a mathematician or scientist ever had occasion to use either number, they would just call them 10^100 and 10^10^100 because numbers are much easier to work with than names. - Doctor Peterson, The Math Forum _URL_
Search the Dr. Math Library:
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During WWI and WWI, war bonds were sold by the U.S. Treasury Department to help fund the war efforts. To promote the bonds and encourage their purchase by citizens, the government produced posters that would promote patriotism and stir pro-American feelings. Below are some of the official posters printed by the U.S. Government Printing Office; notice that each has a strong religious theme. For example, in the WWII posters, the enemy is attacking the Bible — the book that represented the heart and core of America and her beliefs and values. Notice that in the poster with President Franklin D. Roosevelt, a family is gathered around a cross. Others contain Bible themes and even point to the birth of Christ. Among the WWI posters is a mother and child offering a prayer, and an image of religious leader and hero Joan of Arc. Such messages, conveyed by the official mechanisms of the federal government, were never seen to be unconstitutional nor were they even questioned by citizens. To the contrary, Christian and Biblical principles were seen as indivisible from America.
World War II Posters
World War I Posters


Book a recurring diary appointment
The steps below outline how to book an appointment in the diary for a task you carry out regularly.
 1. Click Diary on the main homebar
 2. From Choose View, click the correct diary view and find the column with the initials of the person for whom you want to book the appointment
 - If the appointment is for yourself, click My Diary
 - If the appointment is for someone else, click My Office
 3. Toggle between Day, Week, Month or Agenda as required
 4. Click the start time in the relevant days column. This opens the New Event window
 5. Click the relevant Event Type
 6. Complete all of the relevant information, including the Appointment Details and Event Details
 - If you don't want others to see the content of the appointment, tick Is Private in Appointment Details. If anyone tries to open it, they'll receive the message This appointment is private and can only be viewed and edited by attendees of the appointment
 - If you tick Record Locked in Appointment Details, this means that others can view the appointment but not make changes. The lock can only be removed by the record owner
 1. In Appointment Details, change the Record Owner if required by selecting another name from the dropdown menu
 2. In the Choose Property (Optional) section, you can select a particular Property Address for the appointment. Type the address in the search field and click Select to automatically pull it into the appointment record. The same process applies for adding a person in the Choose Person (Optional) section
 7. At the bottom of the New Event window, you can set the Recurrence
 1. If you click DailyWeekly or Monthly, it'll provide you with more options to determine how frequently the appointment is to reoccur
 2. Set the Recurrence Pattern
 3. Set the Recurrence Range
 8. Once finished, click Save and the appointment and any recurring appointments will be populated into your diary
Related articles:
Adding a general appointment
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Sunday, October 27, 2013
Italian Immigration to Philadelphia
A good source to understand this topic is the journal article "Aspects of Italian Immigration to Philadelphia" by Joan Younger Dickinson. It was published in The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 90, No. 4, October 1966, pp. 445-465.
You can purchase it from JSTOR at
Can we find useful genealogical information in a journal article like this? Here are a few subjects covered in this article that I think would be helpful for those researching Italians from this city.
1. The names and opening years of the first Italian parishes in the city. Helpful to determine which parish your ancestor might have attended.
2. Where in the city and surrounding areas they congregated.
3. Immigration waves and provinces of origin.
4. Information on fraternal and other organizations whose goal it was to help Italians get established.
5. A frank discussion on the padroni system.
6. Information on living conditions.
7. Occupational percentages.
8. Citations pointing to other valuable sources of information.
These are but a few of the valuable subjects in this article and I encourage you to purchase and read it, even if your ancestors settled in a different part of the country. Some of the information is universally useful, such as that on the immigration waves.


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Definicja combination by order
Type of order combination
If you combine several orders by order, all the operations from the original orders are copied to the combined order.
You have four production orders (original orders) for paper of identical quality and size.
This paper is manufactered in three operations:
Operation 1: Produce paper
Operation 2: Cut paper
Operation 3: Pack paper
Because all three operations for manufacturing the paper must be carried out for the production orders, you can combine these by order.
The combined order then covers all three operations.
Słownik i definicje SAPa na C.


On heat and mass transfer in the unsteady squeezing flow between parallel plates
This paper reports the heat and mass transfer characteristics in a viscous fluid which is squeezed between parallel plates. The governing partial differential equations for unsteady two-dimensional flow with heat and mass transfer of a viscous fluid are reduced to ordinary differential equations by similarity transformations. Homotopy analysis method (HAM) is employed to construct the series solution of the problem. Physical interpretation to various embedding parameters is assigned through graphs for temperature and concentration profiles and tables for skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number and local Sherwood number.
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We are grateful to the referee for his constructive comments and suggestions. Second author as a visiting professor gratefully acknowledges the support of Global Research Network for Computational Mathematics and King Saud University of Saudi Arabia for this work.
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Mustafa, M., Hayat, T. & Obaidat, S. On heat and mass transfer in the unsteady squeezing flow between parallel plates. Meccanica 47, 1581–1589 (2012). _URL_
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mStable is a protocol uniting stablecoins, lending, and swapping into a robust standard with the goal to help create an asset economy that is more secure and usable than the sum of its parts.
mStable is:
 - A permissionless protocol for unifying, securing and governing tokenized assets
 - An SDK for DApps and exchanges to simplify and expand stablecoin user experience
 - A platform for zero slippage swaps
 - A mechanism to earn a native interest rate on your mStable assets
 - An open reward pool to bootstrap liquidity, utility and a decentralized community of governors.
mStable united stablecoins and other tokenized assets through its own tokens called mASSETS. Each mASSET is pegged to a unique asset, such as fiat currency, commodities, consumer price indices, or cryptocurrency. However, mASSETS derive their value from a basket of whitelisted tokens representing the same asset. There are three primary functions for mASSETS within the mStable protocol: MINT, SWAP, and SAVE.
mStable is currently offering a liquidity mining incentive for those who provide liquidity to the mUSD/USDC Balancer pool.
mStable was first announced in February 2020 by CEO James Simpson. The team building mStable is Stability Labs, a software development company based in Berlin.
mStable was created due to three major issues faced by stablecoin users:
 - Significant fragmentation of same-peg assets
 - Lack of native yield when it is being increasingly demanded by users
 - Concentrated counter-party risk and lack of protection against complete capital loss
As the DeFi ecosystem continues to grow, users are faced with too many choices for tokens that represent the same thing. Right now DAI, USDT, USDC, PAX, TUSD, CUSD, GUSD, and more all serve the same purpose; to replicate the value of $1 US Dollar. There are differences in mechanisms and functionality between them but the end goal remains the same. This fragmentation allows users to choose at the cost of liquidity and confusion.
On top of this, users who choose a single token are exposed to potentially catastrophic risk. Maintaining an asset peg relies on relatively new systems or third party trus which may be susceptible to losing their value. By unifying pegged assets and rolling them up into a single mASSET, the risk is reduced and users benefit from a more resilient system.
The three primary mASSET functions are MINT, SWAP, and SAVE. Before diving into each one it's important to define a bASSET, which is a 'basket asset', or a non-mStable asset that makes up a portion of the value of a mASSET.
Each mASSET uses a smart contract to facilitate minting and redemption while holding its collateral. Users can deposit a bASSET and receive the corresponding mASSET at a 1:1 ratio. For example, if you send 10 USDC to the mUSD contract, you will receive 10 mUSD back.
Users are rewarded for minting mASSETS – like mUSD – with MTA governance tokens. This reward mechanism will be expanded upon in the 'Meta' section.
Users can reverse the minting process by using a Redeem function within the mASSET contract. They can choose which bASSET(s) to receive upon redemption, and their mASSET amount is subsequently burned.
Swapping is the exchange of one whitelisted bASSET for another at a 1:1 ratio through the use of a straight-line bonding curve. There is no price slippage on swaps, and any amount can be swapped provided the total does not breach weight requirements. mStable charges a fixed fee on every swap performed on the protocol.
Allowing users to swap at a 1:1 ratio introduces the need to maintain balance in the basket. As a result, mStable has implemented maximum weights for each bASSET, represented as a percentage of the total basket value. When a bASSET hits its maximum weight, the rules for minting, redeeming, and swapping are changed to help with re-balancing. For example, if a bASSET has a maximum weight of 35% and it hits this percentage, all minting, redeeming, or swapping that would push the bASSET above 35% is paused. Once other mASSET activities reduce the bASSET weight, those activities can resume.
All mASSETS earn interest within the mStable ecosystem, equal to the average interest earned by the bASSETS it represents plus platform fees. This is done by lending the bASSETS on other DeFi platforms like Aave or Compound and distributing mStable swap fees to mASSET holders. As interest and fees accrue new mASSETS are minted and distributed to all mASSET holders that opted in to receiving interest. This means that mASSETS are used to represent liquidity share and the tokenized asset simultaneously, unique from many other platforms that implement separate liquidity tokens. Additionally, there will always be a portion of mASSETS being used as a medium of exchange, held offline, or not deposited in the SAVE contract. Between this fact and distributing swap fees to mASSET holders, mStable aims to maintain an interest rate above competing DeFi yield products.
Meta Token
Meta (MTA) is mStable's native protocol token serving three primary functions:
 - To act as the ultimate source of re-collateralization
 - To coordinate governance
 - To incentivize the bootstrapping of mASSET liquidity, utility, and a community of Governors
Within the mStable protocol, re-collateralization is the mechanism that protects mASSETS when a bASSET loses its peg. For this to work, MTA is deposited into an mASSET contract to over-collateralize the mASSET. In the event that a bASSET loses its peg, mStable governors vote to remove the bASSET from the basket. The MTA in the contract is then sold for the corresponding mASSET and the purchased mASSETS are burned until the remaining pool of that mASSET is equal to the rest of the basket, and the system is re-collateralized. This mechanism is set to launch with mStable Phase 2.
Governors in the mStable ecosystem are MTA holders that have skin in the game and will be responsible for setting and maintaining system risk parameters. MTA holders must stake their tokens to act as a governor, and will earn a percentage of bASSET interest, swap and redemption fees as a result. Governors will be able to vote on protocol proposals that encompass:
 - Addition/removal of mASSETS
 - Addition/removal of bASSETS
 - Redemption and minting fees
 - Selection of oracles
 - Upgradability of system modules: re-collateralization and governance
To incentivize the bootstrapping of minting, liquidity, and utility of mASSETS, mStable has allocated 20,000,000 MTA (20% of total supply) to an open reward pool. This pool can also be tapped into by users that lock their mASSETS in utility generating DeFi services like liquidity and lending pools, and applications that integrate the mStable SDK or mStable assets. These rewards are paid out monthly and will increase for mStable's first 15 months before slowly declining until the pool is exhausted. The projected MTA allocation is shown below:
How to Get Involved?
To stay up with mStable, follow them on Twitter, read the blog or join the conversation on Discord.
Sign up for This Week in DeFi


text:
Introduction to Sociology
The only textbook that helps students make micro-macro connections, Introduction to Sociology helps students uncover the surprising links between everyday life and global change.
The Seventh Edition does not simply compare the United States to other countries, but shows students how global processes play out in their lives. Drawing on research from both macro and micro sociology, the author team shows how sociologists bring the two together to give a comprehensive picture of modern society.
- January 2009
- 8.5 × 10.9 in
/ 762 pages
- Territory Rights: USA and Dependencies, Philippines and Canada.
Seventh Edition / Loose leaf, three-hole punch
Seventh Edition / Ebook, Downloadable Version
Seventh Edition / Ebook, Online Version


text:
From Mechanical Engineering to Particle Accelerators: Hexapods and Their Fields of Application
Today, many automation technology sectors require highly precise positioning systems. For multi-axis solutions, parallel-kinematic systems often are the perfect choice. Hexapods are a good example for this, where the travel ranges go from only a few to several hundred millimeters.
Even major loads can be positioned accurately to the micrometer using Hexapods. Their advantages compared with serial, i.e. stacked systems, are that they have much better path accuracy, repeatability and flatness. In addition, the moved mass is low, enabling better dynamic performance, which is the same for all motion axes. Moreover, cable management is no longer an issue, because cables are not moved, and, last but not least, the system features a much more compact design. These characteristics can be used in a wide range of applications, from mechanical engineering and robotics to medical technology and research, as we will show in the applications described in the following.
The product range of PI (Physik Instrumente) includes powerful six-axis parallel-kinematic systems in numerous versions. They are suitable for different loads, come with different types of drives and are designed for all kinds of ambient conditions. On request, they can also be ordered to communicate directly with a master control system (Figure 1).
Integrated in the Automation Line, with or without PLC
Due to a direct connection to the master control, Hexapods can be integrated basically in any automated production line in mechanical and plant engineering. A synchronized clock with other automated components can easily be achieved, for example, for automated supply systems. Consequently, there are numerous areas of application for Hexapod systems, from metal cutting to complex alignment processes. Hexapods can be protected against adverse ambient conditions, for example by bellows. In this case, they even resist the rough ambient conditions in automatic machining units, where coolants are used for metal cutting processes.
In such applications, the PLC or CNC can communicate with the Hexapod system over a standardized real-time Ethernet interface (Figure 2). The PLC acts as master and defines the target position in Cartesian coordinates and the trajectories; in return, it gets the actual positions also over the fieldbus interface.
All other calculations required to command the parallel-kinematic six-axis system are done by the Hexapod controller, i.e. transforming the target positions from Cartesian coordinates into drive commands for the individual drives. In this case, the controller acts just like an intelligent drive.
Adaptable and Flexible
Of course, the Hexapod controller can also act as master for position control. In this case the PLC only issues a position command. During the run, the motion cannot be synchronized with other drive axes, measuring systems, etc. If there is no parent PLC or if synchronizing with other system components is not required, the Hexapod controller can also control the trajectories based on G-code according to DIN 66025/ISO 6983 using linear interpolation. With this method, the Hexapod system can move the tool smoothly with highest precision during the machining process without causing an oscillation of the mechanical structure.
Hexapods from PI come in many different designs. A modular concept allows them to be customized within a short time. The Hexapod struts are designed so that their length can be easily scaled. They include the required electronics for reference point switch, limit switch, position sensor and – depending on the motor – electronic commutation. Their standardized joints allow them to be combined with almost any type of geometry for base plate and top. To find a suitable solution for a certain task is quite easy, since Hexapods can readily position and move even major loads of up to several tons with the high precision that is typical of them.
Precise Positioning with Six Degrees of Freedom in Measurement Setups
Quite demanding tasks can be solved with Hexapods: A good example of this is the following medical research application. In this example, an experimental setup is used to test how close orthodontic FE models are to reality and to modify them if necessary. This numerically controlled experimental setup was developed by scientists of the University of Ulm to find out how the tooth, that is embedded elastically in the jawbone, behaves under stress. The setup can measure the clinically relevant forces acting on the moving tooth.
The biomechanical structure of the simulation system (Figure 3) is based on a Hexapod with a very compact size of only 348 mm in diameter and 328 mm in height. At a repeatability of ±1 µm (Z axis) and ±2 µm (X and Y axes) and thanks to the high stiffness of the overall system, this system turns out to be the ideal solution for simulating the small motions of a tooth in the jawbone. In addition to that, its pivot point inside and outside the tooth root can be freely defined, a necessary prerequisite for biomechanical simulation.
The standardized elastic behavior of the periodontal ligament is simulated by means of a program especially developed for this purpose. The forces and torques generated by the orthodontic apparatus to be studied act on the phantom tooth via the orthodontic bracket and can be evaluated by scientists.
Sample Manipulation on Synchrotron Beamlines
Synchrotron beamlines are challenging potential applications for Hexapods. In such beamlines, X-ray diffraction and reflections of the synchrotron radiation can be used to investigate the structural properties of thin films as part of modern material research under high-vacuum conditions. For the direct use of such a beamline, the company SURFACE, leading manufacturer of Pulsed Laser Deposition systems, has developed an all-in-one system that can be used for different types of tests.
For this purpose, the sample manipulator (Figure 4) holds the 10 × 10 mm² substrates. The Hexapod, designed by PI for use in high vacuum, positions the sample, relative to the incident X-rays. This allows the sample to be tilted by ±5° around the X and Y axes at a resolution of 0.001°. In addition, to compensate for different layer thicknesses, it can be moved in the direction of the Z axis, i.e., vertically to the sample surface, by up to 3 mm. Motions of ±6 mm in the X and Y directions allow scans at different positions of the sample surface. The compact Hexapod, that measures 130 mm in diameter and 115 mm in height, is mounted to a rotary stage and can perform positioning tasks if required.
Heavy Duty Hexapods in Material Research
In synchrotron beamlines, also much larger Hexapods are in use, for example at the DESY research center (German Electron Synchrotron) in the city of Hamburg, Germany. This heavy-duty Hexapod (figure 5) is implemented in a beamline for material research. As the "heart" of the experimental setup, the Hexapod allows for the measurement of material characteristics, that occur e.g. during material modelling and in consequence give information on material aging and expectable useful life and lifetime. Here effects can be proven down to the level of domain or crystal structures. With its high load capacity of up to one ton, the Hexapod carries the entire setup including the structure where mechanical forces are applied. Here the Hexapod positions heavy loads, such as cylinder block, turbine parts, sintering furnaces or cryogenic chambers as well as welding apparatuses or other machining tools, over travel ranges of 400 mm with an ±1 µm accuracy.
With these examples of application, Hexapods prove their versatility, and there are many more fields of application where these precise positioning systems will display their potential, ranging from automation technology and robotics to space telescopes or the particle accelerators described.


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Percy, George, 1580–1631?, English colonial official in Virginia. He sailed to Virginia with the expedition of 1606–7 and was deputy governor (1609–10) after John Smith's return to England and, later, in the absence (1611) of Sir Thomas Gates. In 1612, Percy himself returned to England. He wrote A True Virginia Relation of … (c.1622) in self-defense after another writer (presumably John Smith) had criticized Percy's leadership in the "starving time." He also wrote a Discourse of the Plantation of … Virginia.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies


What are the inherent advantages of LED street lights?
by：SUNFREE 2021-03-28
LED has inherent advantages when applied to street lamps, and its advantages include:
1. Using LED as a point light source, if the design is reasonable, it can directly solve the problem that traditional spherical light sources must rely on light emission to solve the problem of secondary light extraction and light loss
2. The uniformity of the light irradiated surface is controllable, theoretically it is completely uniform in the target area, and it can also avoid the light waste of traditional light sources under the phenomenon of 'illuminated under the lamp'
3. The color temperature is optional, so in different occasions, it is also an important way to improve efficiency and reduce costs.
4. There is still a lot of room for technological progress
5. The optical rationality of LED street lights. The light distribution of LEDs is different from traditional lighting. It has the characteristics of point light source, high brightness, and narrow beam output. To manufacture LED street lights, we must first consider making full use of the limited luminous flux to the effective lighting range. Street lights need road lighting effects, and the open space outside the road is not the effective range of street lights.
Therefore, for designers of new LEDs, it is right to effectively control the distribution range of light so that the light emitted by the luminous tube becomes a long strip of light spreading along the road surface, while taking into account the generation of glare. The designers of the new LED lamps put forward higher requirements.
6. Comparison of the main technical performance indicators of current LED street lights
7. Calculation of energy-saving indicators (calculated by 12 hours per day): annual energy saving u003d 365 * 12 * (0.5-0.16) u003d 1489.2 annual electricity saving u003d 1489.2 * 0.8 u003d 1191.36 yuan after the transformation of LED street lights, each lamp per year Can save 1191.36 yuan in electricity bills
If the entire road surface adopts LED street lights, it will save a lot of electricity for the country every year, and save a lot of money in terms of economic benefits.
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Welcome to oidcservice's documentation!¶
OpenID Connect and OAuth2 (O/O) are both request-response protocols. The client sends a request and the server responds either direct on the same connection or after a while on another connection.
When I use client below I refer to a piece of software that implements O/O and works on behalf of an application.
The client follows the same pattern disregarding which request/response it is dealing with. I does the following when sending a request:
- Gathers the request arguments
- If client authentication is involved it gathers the necessary data for that
- If the chosen client authentication method involved adding information to the request it does so.
- Adds information to the HTTP headers like Content-Type
- Serializes the request into the expected format
after that follows the act of sending the request to the server and receiving the response from it. Once the response have been received, The client will follow this path:
- Deserialize the received message into a internal format
- Verify that the message was correct. That it contains the required claims and that all claims are of the correct data type. If it's signed and/or encrypted verify signature and/or decrypt.
- Store the received information in a data base and/or passes it on to the application.
oidcservice is built to allow clients to be constructed that supports any number and type of of request-response services. The basic Open ID Connect set is:
- Dynamic provider information discovery
- Dynamic client registration
- Authorization/Authentication request
- Access token request
- User info request
To these one can add services like session management and token introspection. The only thing we can be sure of is that this is not the final set of services, there will be more. And there will be variants of the standard ones. Like when you want to add multi lateral federation support to provider information discovery and client registration.
Over all it seemed like a good idea to write a piece of code that implements all the functionality that is needed to support any of this services and any future services that follows the same pattern.
That is the thought behind oidcservice.
- The Service class
- The state data base
- What a service should do
- A conversation
- oidcservice package
- oidcservice.oauth2 package
- oidcservice.oic package
- oidcservice.oidc.access_token module
- oidcservice.oidc.authorization module
- oidcservice.oidc.check_id module
- oidcservice.oidc.end_session module
- oidcservice.oidc.pkce module
- oidcservice.oidc.provider_info_discovery module
- oidcservice.oidc.refresh_access_token module
- oidcservice.oidc.registration module
- oidcservice.oidc.userinfo module
- oidcservice.oidc.webfinger module
- oidcservice.oidc.utils module
- Module contents


Four tips for a Successful Router Machine Design
Router machines have been simplified from more complex options, such as from the automotive or aeronautical industry. It has a complex axis system responsible for performing steps such as thinning, cutting, finishing, inscriptions, and other similar processes.
Its initial performance was possible thanks to the presence of a computer control number. Currently, it allows creating repeated movements that work with different materials and possibilities in industrial automation.
But how to get the Router machine project, right? Next, see what the aspects that ensure that the industrial CNC router is successful are.
1. Understand the Process Requirements for Speed
As movement is one of these equipment's main characteristics, it is necessary to consider what the requirements are. If the points are too widely spaced, the speed has to be slightly higher to avoid compromising productivity.
At smaller displacements, deceleration is incredibly essential. All of this influences the arrangement of shafts, ball screws, the power of the system, and other components. Therefore, it is necessary to make a careful analysis so that all aspects are met with reliability.
2. Understand the Type of Material That Will Be Used
Another relevant point is that a Router machine varies in performance according to the effort to which it is submitted. This means, for example, that more rigid materials have a more significant impact. With a higher level of demand, it should be robust to meet these needs.
On the other hand, a lightweight material depends on the right selection of components to not compromise accuracy. With this evaluation, it is easy to understand what the requirements are in the selection of components.
3. Consider the Correct Motor for the Router Machine Design
One of the essential parts of the set is the engine. In this proposal, it is possible to use both a servo motor and stepper motors and compositions with power sources.
The ideal is to evaluate all the system's characteristics – both the previous ones and the others related. It is essential to consider couplings, linear guides, and other elements to have the best composition.
It is also essential to plan the drive, which can be done with technical support. Thus, the engine fulfills its function with maximum efficiency, without compromising safety.
4. Find a high-quality supplier
These tips are not useful if you do not purchase the components of a Router machine from a reliable supplier. After all, without security regarding the items, it becomes more challenging to obtain the desired results.
Check if the company offers well-known brands and if it presents the necessary characteristics for your enterprise to succeed, such as specialized support. That way, you can make the acquisitions to make the project successful.
To develop a good Router machine design, the idea is to consider all these aspects when dimensioning and choosing the elements. So, you are sure to achieve the expected results.
To have many other tips, and always follow the news about industrial automation, keep an eye on our social media pages.
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James Matthew Barrie lived from 1860 to 1937. He was born in Scotland, the son of a weaver. He adored his mother, Margaret Ogilvie – it was the Scottish fashion in those days for wives to keep their maiden names – and, although the family were quite poor she made sure that he was educated. In 1885 Barrie moved to London to follow a literary career.
He first wrote short stories and later successful plays which made him rich and famous. He was very nervous when he gave Peter Pan to his theatrical manager because it was a child's fantasy, the first and only time he had ever written especially for children. But Peter Pan with its flying and theatrical devices was a huge success and continues to be performed today. In 1911 James Barrie turned his play into a novel, one of the most thrilling and magical of all the great adventures that have been written for children.


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Why Is Pull Better Than Push?
Pull systems are part of the Lean manufacturing principles, born in the late 1940's. A lean pull system has the purpose of creating a workflow where work is pulled only if there is a demand for it.
Essentially, the purpose of implementing a pull system is to build products based on actual demand and not on forecasts. By doing so, your company can focus on eliminating waste activities in the production process. As a result, you'll be able to optimize your resources and reduce the possibility of overstocking.
Furthermore, applying a pull system will allow you to deliver work just in time.
"Just-in-time" is a production model where deliverables are produced in order to meet actual demands and avoid overstocking and push strategies.
When applying a push strategy, a company's production is based on anticipated demand, which can fail to correspond with the actual demand. Such an imbalance can create unexpected financial gaps.
In knowledge work, the "just-in-time" concept can be applied in the same way as in manufacturing – a work item has to be in progress only if there is a demand for it.
This is the opposite of "Just in Case", where companies somehow try to ensure themselves by overproducing in case of higher demands somewhere in the future.
Apple is one of the brightest examples how a pull system can be successful. Have you ever seen these long waiting queues in front of the Apple stores during the latest release of iPhone?
Apple always creates a buzz around their new products and consumers are always ready to buy. They want to pull the product from the stores.
Apple doesn't overstock their shops or retail partners.?hey wait to see if there is a demand for more and if it increases, they produce more. This way, the company optimizes its resources and achieves high-cost efficiency.
How To Manage a Pull System?
Nowadays, the pull system concept is widely spread across various industries. Professionals use it not only in manufacturing but also in software development, customer support and more.
In the context of workflow management, a pull system allows workers to pull their next task if they have the capacity to start working on it. This may help you prioritize tasks better and prevent teams from overloading. By doing so, your team can stay focused on executing the most important work just in time.
To achieve higher levels of productivity and workflow efficiency by using a pull system, you need to:
Apply pull signals
First of all, you need to establish pull signals. The best way to do so is by building a visual workflow, where all valuable information can be recorded and tracked. This first step will help you acquire a full overview of your work process and catch all important signals.
Control the system
After building a visual pull system, you need to know how to control it. One of the most common ways to manage your pull system effectively is by limiting work in progress (WIP). This is one of the core practices of the Kanban method, which is a widespread pull system.
For example, on a Kanban board, your workflow is divided into different stages such as Ready to start, In progress, Waiting for review, Ready for delivery and etc. By limiting the work that can be in progress at each stage, you will be able to create a smooth workflow and identify problematic parts in it.
This may misguide you to the illusion that by creating a single-tasking model, your team will not use its full capacity.
Contrary to the common belief that we should multitask in order to finish more work, limiting your WIP will actually let your team members focus on single tasks until their completion.
While being focused, your team will be able to achieve excellence through flow and deliver work much faster.
However, limiting work in progress will not be enough to build a sustainable pull system. You will also need to limit the time a single item can spend in your system.
This limit may vary depending on the size of a task and it will serve as a requirement. If you forget to do so, some tasks may spend a great amount of time in progress and reduce the flow efficiency.
Advantages of Using a Pull System
Unlike push systems, which force team members to work on multiple tasks, a pull system lets team members focus on a single work item at a time. This approach allows a work unit to:
- Quickly adapt to changes that may occur in the work process
- Scale the optimal capacity of your team
- Deliver work items much faster
- Reduce waste of resources
- Increase productivity
- Improve flow efficiency
Actually, by using lean pull principles, you can be much more predictable when planning your future work. How is this possible?
Pull systems allow you to collect historical data about your workflow and the average cycle time of tasks.
Using this data in combination with different forecasting techniques such as the Monte Carlo simulation will give you a probable forecast about how much work can be processed in a predefined period of time.


How to Write Short Stories for Magazines – and get Published
How to Write Short Stories for Magazines – and get published by Sophie King is a very practical guide to, as the title suggests, writing short stories and getting them published in magazines.
I will focus on the first eight chapters here, giving you a taste of what is on offer in the book. Although it does not come across here fully, most chapters discuss ideas in conceptual terms and in practical context, and feature writing exercises plus an actual short story by Sophie King in which she has applied the ideas.
The book is full of ideas which you can apply or adapt for your writing straight away and demonstrations of the ideas in practice.
1. Identifying Your Market
What kind of stories do you want to write? What kind of magazines do you want to write them for? Who reads particular magazines and what do they want in stories for the magazine?
Familiarise yourself with the magazines to maximise your chances of being published – not just the fiction pages but also the articles and ads, read the submission guidelines.
King gives a detailed examination of several specific magazines and how to determine what to write for each.
2. Good Idea!
Ideas come from life all around you, you just have to notice them and build on them by asking "what if?".
Carry a notebook with you and write down anything interesting you notice. The things you notice don't have to be extraordinary and exotic. They could quite easily be everyday things like clues from the laundry (grass stains, an object in a pocket such as a note), questions from the checkout (why did the customer react that way when they didn't have enough money?, why did that guy buy 30 tins of sardines?) which might trigger a story idea when you explain them by asking "what if?". Write these in your notebook as the seed of an idea and let them grow as you think about them and come back to add more detail.
3. Nice To Meet You
In short stories you have a small amount of space to establish your characters, so it can be useful to find ways of establishing characaters quickly.
Characters can be quickly established with the assistance of techniques such as a trademark behavioural habit, physical characteristic, or trademark phrase.
King explains that she puts a dog in her stories to bring out each character's personality based on how they interact with the dog (A variation of this technique was also used in the film There's Something About Mary when Magda says to Mary that her dog Puffy will tell them everything they need to know about Pat Healy. Pat decides he does not want to take any chances with Puffy, who hates him, so he decides to drug Puffy so he can make a good first impression.)
Set up the character, then move onto the predicament.
Make a list of your characters and write what their function in the story is and what would be missing if they were removed. If the answer is "not much", then it may be better to remove the character or merge their function in the story with one of the other characters.
If you want a twist, set up a misleading impression of one or more characters, or the story predicament, and reveal the situation more fully later in the story.
4. Plotting Your Short Story
King covers how she plots her stories as well as how some of her writer friends do it, and encourages you to try different methods for themself to determine what you like most and works best for you.
5. Viewpoint: Whose Shoes Are You Standing In?
Avoid confusing viewpoint changes. You can change viewpoints as long as you indicate this clearly to the reader, usually by starting a new chapter or enough space indicate a clear separation.
Exercise: pick a story you know well and write it from the point of view of a different character. This will help you learn about multiple perspectives and ways they could fit together in the teling of the same story scenario.
6. Who's speaking please?
Don't get bogged down in dialogue. The reader also needs to know who is speaking, what they are doing and where they are.
Who is saying or thinking what (or reporting that another character is saying or thinking what)?
7. First person or third?
First person has more potential for hiding details to reveal in a twist later. However, third person "can alllow you to see and describe your characters in depth." Stories with multiple points of view allow aspects of both.
Exercise: Write something in first person, then re-write it into the third. This will help you learn about different ways in which each can be used.
8. Beginnings and Endings
Exercise: Read the beginnings and endings of a number of short stories you have not read before. Take the beginning and the ending then fill in the middle. This will help you learn about how stories can progress from one situation at the beginning to a different one at the end. (Then you can compare your version of the middle to the real version of the middlefor more ideas on way to progress from a specific beginning to a specific ending.)
Chapters 9-18 cover writing different types of short stories, as well as other topics such as writing for short story competitions, writing courses, and the internet.
More on Sophie King and her writing can be found at You can listen to her interview with Stratford Communty Radio here. She writes short stories and novels, offers a manuscript appraisal service for fiction writers, and teaches creative writing at Oxford University and privately. Sophie King also has an article on The Australian Literature Review called Taking the Pain Out of Plot.
The Australian Literature Review
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3 Responses to How to Write Short Stories for Magazines – and get Published
 1. Michael says:
 All good points, but for me at least, first person does not always fit for short stories.
 On the plus side, the shorter form allows you to get away with characters more, throw everything you have into them without risking making the reader tired of them. but on the negative I find third person gives more freedom to give details of the story the main character would not see or be aware of.
 But then again I'm not published.
 2. auslit says:
 Hi Michael,
 Thanks for raising your point about first and third person.
 Sophie King has discussed the various merits of first person, third person and multiple point of view stories in the book. A few sentences have been added on third person and multiple point of view stories to avoid giving the impression that she supports first person over the others.
 The coverage of each chapter in the review is just a little taste of what is in the chapter. (A comprehensive summary would need to be much longer.)
 Often point of view will be discussed as:
 1) first person providing immediacy and creating identification between a reader and a character and third person creating a detached sense of distance between a reader and a character
 2) first person narration being less reliable because first person implies a story told by a character with emotions, agendas and limited psychological capacities (such as memory) and third person being more reliable because they (usually) are outside the immediate events of the story, outside the fictional story world or are an idealised narrative technique beyond the frailties and vested interests of a person.
 Sophie King writes about point of view based on her own ideas and in relation to a number of fiction writing strategies, rather than repeating the same old lines (Does first person actually increase immediacy? Is there actually an intrinsic difference in reliabilitybetween first and third person narration? Or are they ideas that are more based in people repeating theory than what readers actually experience and think about what they read?)
 3. Michelle says:
 i have several books at home of hers and have just about worn them out with use i find her books invaluable when i am writing and feel that without her books writing would be almost impossible and a nightmare to say the least. Most writing help books are useless except for hers she could turn the most illiterate person into a best seller writer i absolutly adore her and am one of her biggest fans i dream of being able to undertake her writing course one day at least twice.
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text:
Northeast of Washington, D.C., lays a "town within a forest." Washington Grove is a shady hamlet tucked beneath an age-old stand of forest. It's a town built purposefully around trees, one of the early intentionally planned garden cities.
The garden city was a concept initiated by Ebenezer Howard in 1898 to address the pollution and overcrowding resulting in cities due to the Industrial Revolution. Unlike nearby Greenbelt that earned its fame for having been F.D.R.'s federal social housing venture, Washington Grove was a private venture.
Founded by Methodists from D.C. looking for a summer revival camp away from the heat of the city on 267.5 acres along the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Metropolitan Line, Washington Grove began – like Coronado – as a tent city. Only it was religious zealots who found shelter beneath the canvas roofs rather than beachgoing tourists.
On July 4th, 1873, they held their first country revival meeting, where 258 tents were laid out. The following year saw the establishment of the "Sacred Circle" taking the place of a town "green" but equipped nonetheless with a speakers' platform. Tent sites were laid out in spurs around the perimeter-long six (and later seven) avenues that radiated from it. More than 10,000 visitors were reported to have attended.
By 1905, the chapel and assembly hall built for services had exceeded capacity. Those who weren't drawn to the village for the revival meeting were lured by the nonreligious programming that consisted of lectures on literature, philosophy, music and self-improvement of all things.
Over the years, the number of tents being erected continued to grow, and eventually, those coming for the two-week revival stayed the summer, then through the mild mid-Atlantic autumns. Canvas walls were slowly replaced with wooden ones until the tents were replaced completely by gothic cottages with steep rooflines that mimicked those of the peaked tents. The cottages were erected directly on the tent platforms, which were only 15 feet wide. By 1920, Washington Grove was a permanent community with year-round residents living in very tiny houses.
Described as an "oasis of tranquility and rustic jewel," it is clear that care went into developing and preserving this vintage gem, hidden beneath a lush canopy of mature trees amidst otherwise unchecked urbanization. Trees were given priority over housing from the onset. Resolutions were passed that managed growth and property ownership that would serve to prevent future owners from monopolizing and expanding the historic units. And, after a short-lived wave of post– World War II housing, the town ceased all development; thus, the East Woods would never be developed, leaving a large buffer surrounding the town.
The streets are named after trees and the vehicular roads are placed behind the homes in the back alleyways. The "avenues" along the front of the homes remain to this day strictly pedestrian footpaths.
Washington Grove, with its clapboard and shingled gingerbread cottages, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.


text:
By: Agus Sudibyo
This paper will describe the information access in Indonesia in two parts. Firstly, this paper illustrates the development of Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) advocacy in Indonesia. Then, it will portray the practice of information access in Indonesia. In the last section, I explain the case study in the media.
I. Advocacy of FOIA in Indonesia.
The legislation process of FOIA in Indonesia has officially been discussed since 2001. Some Non Government Organizations (NGOs), later named the Coalition for the Freedom of Access to Public Information, initiated to compile academic drafts and the draft law for the freedom of access to public information followed by the submission of the drafts to the parliament. The drafts submitted were adopted by the parliament and scheduled for legislation.
Unfortunately, the parliament in the period of 1999 – 2004 failed to complete the legislation of FOIA. This relates to the Indonesia law that does not recognize "Carry Over". As the function of the enactment of legislation belongs to the legislature and executive, this circumstance causes problems as the legislative discussion becomes more complex and takes time. The deliberate response from the executive (President and the ministers) towards the FOIA draft law was one of the causes as usually the executive attempted to be demanding and not cooperative toward parliament and society initiatives. Therefore, the parliament in the following period (2004 – 2009) theoretically has to start from the beginning.
There is progress in the development of the discussion of FOIA (2004 – 2009). In general, this can be seen from some indicators below:
- Since 2005, the discussion about FOIA achieves the second level of discussion that involves the parliament and the executive teams. Previously, the discussion only occurred in the internal level in the parliament. There was increasing frequency of discussion until July 2006. There were four sessions of FOIA discussion and achieved discussion of 6 out of 66 chapters.
- The FOIA discussion in the internal level of the parliament has become more efficient as they discuss the issue in a small team that formed by the Commission I. This is different from the previous Member of Parliament plan that discuss the FOIA through the Specific Committee. Specific committee is a team that involves politicians across commissions in the parliament. The discussion through this mechanism is more complicated, takes time, is vulnerable to manipulation and involves various wills that are difficult to control.
- The formal political discussion process about FOIA is more open. There are many formal discussions that give opportunity to the society to participate even though they are only passive participants.
- The parliament has become more accommodative to the NGOs coalition's inputs. In the formal sessions between parliament and the Indonesian Government, the NGO coalition actively assists the parliament by providing counter arguments for the government's objections towards some chapters in the FOIA draft law. The NGO coalition has initiative to assist the parliament as the parliament does not have sufficient expert staff who understand the issue. Some of the Members of Parliament, in fact, used the advice given by the NGO coalition.
- There are more executive elements that give appreciation, support and positive reaction to the urgency of legislating FOIA. This is important progress as, formerly, the FOIA was considered as an idea from overseas, NGOs and the press against the government. It seems that there is no necessity from the government to the application of FOIA.
The progress of FOIA advocacy in Indonesia can be explained from the role and the attitude dynamics in three elements of FOIA legislation. They are the parliament, government and civic society. It is also important to know the growing of advance initiatives in the local level in order to institutionalize the openness and transparency principal.
1. The Indonesian parliament
The parliament are more accommodative to the civic society initiatives
Below are some civic society initiatives that have been accepted by the parliament:
a. the using of FOIA draft law from the previous period of the parliament as the official draft law for the parliament in the period of 2005-2009. As a result, the recent parliament does not need to generate the draft law on FOIA. This is an advantage because generally, the FOIA draft law from previous parliament period is presentable. The draft law is also 80% similar to the FOIA draft law society version as the parliament draft from the previous period came from the civic society suggestion and initiatives.
b. The parliament agreed to discuss the FOIA without using the Special Committee mechanism. As mentioned before, the Special Committee is more complicated and perilous politically as the special committee is a committee across commissions and a huge team. The Parliament Legislation Body gave the discussion of the FOIA Draft Law to the Parliament's Commission I. Then, Commission I will form an Operational Committee (Panja) for FOIA draft law, whose working mechanism is simpler.
c. As seen in the discussion with the government, the parliament attempts to keep some important principles on FOIA as recommended by the NGO Coalition, e.g. the maximum access and limited exemption, the using of public balancing interested test mechanism and consequence harm test in the process of exceptional information, and the forming of independent commission in solving information disputes.
d. The parliament has political wills and formal agenda to discuss FOAI. There is a significant improvement compared to the previous parliament that only discussed the draft law at an internal level while the recent Member of Parliament accomplish to carry the discussion in the higher level that involve the government and the member of parliament.
e. The Members of Parliament are more critical toward government position and its argumentation that have tendency to weaken FOAI basic principals.
f. he Members of Parliament are accommodative to inputs and assistance from other groups when they have discussion with the government.
g. The Commission I of the parliament decides to postpone the discussion of the draft law on State Secrecy until they finish and legalize the FOIA Draft.
The government position is divided on FOIA.
a. Some of government departments that support the legislation of FOIA Law
The Department of Finance, The National Development Agency, The Commission of Corruption Eradication, The Finance and Development Supervising Agency, Ombudsman, and The National Human Rights Commission.
These institutions have different interest. Yet, in general they have to face the same situation that there is a need of information access in government institution level. That means both vertical and horizontal information access is needed.
There are some reasons why those State bodies support the legislation of FOIA.
The Department of Finance
This department frequently has difficulties on collecting information in auditing process for National Budget/ Non budgeter/ De-concentration in technical department. Government organizations believe that they do not have to give their finance report to this department instead of president.
The National Development Agency
This state body faces difficulties on accessing information and controlling the accountability of the use of grants and foreign loans in various government departments. The importance of the accountability is not only for the continuity of the loan and the grant but to make sure that the loan and grant allocation go to the right target and are not corrupted.
The Commission of Corruption Eradication
This commission realizes that FOIA Law is an important element to equip the law available to disclose corruption cases. In disclosing the corruption cases, the Commission of Corruption Eradication commonly points to the difficulties of getting information from government bureaucracy and public functionaries. On the other hand, there are no laws that have the power to push public functionaries towards greater openness.
National ombudsman needs FOIA Law with the aim of supervising and controlling how public bodies manage public funds for procurement, routine expenses, government projects, etc. This institution faces the same problem with The Commission of Corruption Eradication.
The National Human Rights Commission
The National Human Rights Commission is always in difficulty when they attempt to access information, data and documents from government institutions and functionaries, especially from military institutions that relate to human rights.
- Some institutions that are reluctant towards FOIA
Department of Communication and Information, Department of Defense, Intelligence Body and Any Military Bodies.
There are some arguments why these institutions are unenthusiastic about FOIA.
h. There is over reaction to freedom and openness in Indonesia
i. Information transparency causes anarchism to public bodies and institutions
j. Public institutions are not ready to face an open information system
k. There will be severe budget impacts on information services as a result of the application of FOIA.
l. The forming of Information Commission is costly
m. The state secrecy is threatened
3. Civil Society
n. The NGO Coalition actively advocates the Draft Law on FOIA. There are some activities to assist and advocate it such as:
a. Conduct pubic discussion and press conference as a medium for the parliament to communicate with the public about FOIA.
b. Generate counter arguments for the government critics on FOIA Draft Law. The NGO Coalition gave these counter documents to Commission I of the parliament.
c. Regular material assistances to Commission I in the process of FOIA sessions.
d. Provide private and group briefings to Commission I of the parliament about some crucial chapters in FOIA
e. Conduct public pressure to the Indonesian Government through press conferences, public discussions and articles in the mass media
Moreover, scholars actively provide contributions in relations between the Draft Law on FOIA, State Secrecy and Intelligence.
- The Indonesian press reaction is unique. The press are not really interested to publish in their media if the Draft Law on FOIA stands alone. However, if the FOIA is compared to the draft State Secrets bill, the Indonesia media would be more active to discuss.
4. Local Initiatives
- Even though at the national level FOIA has not yet succeeded, there are 14 cities and one province that have succeeded in publishing the District Transparency Regulations, Transparency institutional management and public information access in cities and provinces level.
- There are two cities that have a commission of transparency


text:
By Cris Carl, Networx
Conifers, made up primarily of spruce, fir, pine and hemlock, are an attractive and long-lasting addition to any landscape. Conifers naturally provide the bonus of evergreen color, which can serve as a backdrop or simple visual relief in a stark landscape. Conifers can be used in a number of creative ways as hedges and in rock gardens. So how do you get started planting and working with conifers?
Before You Buy
Childs said the first thing you want to do is find a reputable nursery. Second, you want to have your soil tested. "Everybody forgets about the soil," said Childs. "Most conifers prefer a soil that is slightly acidic," he said. Childs said that conifers, when they do drop their needles, help to provide needed soil acidity without overwhelming the tree.
Also, be sure you know what planting zone you are in. For example, Massachusetts is a Zone 5. Conifers that would thrive on Long Island, NY (Zone 7), would not be able to tolerate the level of cold in Massachusetts. Here is a link to the UDSA Zone Map.
"Every tree has its own set of needs," said Childs. "Plant the right tree in the right place."
Childs also said that a basic rule of thumb about conifers is that most do not like wet soils. Research the type of conifer you want to plant. Childs gave the example of the salt sensitivity of White Pines. "You wouldn't want to plant them next to a major road or the salt run-off in the winter will kill them. Whereas the Pitch Pine you'll find on the Cape (Cape Cod) is very salt tolerant," he said.
Tips When Planting Conifers
"Trees that are transplanted are under stress for up to two years. You can't just plant them and walk away," said Childs. Childs said that the most important factor in transplanting conifers is how the root system is cared for. "Large nurseries may be digging up tens of thousands of trees with machinery. Some trees may not come out with a healthy root system," he said. "You want to have maximum root development. Trees loose up to 95 percent of their roots when being transplanted."


The following collages were preliminary concepts that lead into the final project Pneu-Share. In part of a studio ran by Curtis Roth.
The first collage has to do with a 'watering hole' revolving around the sharing of stuff and consolidating storage throughout a community.
The second collage was a hypothetical future where I mistreatment of the environment forced us to move underground, as the atmosphere became toxic and the surface of the planet became inhospitable.
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