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|Exploring Edison - Mraa GPIO
|Written by Harry Fairhead
|Monday, 13 July 2015
Page 3 of 4
If you know another programming language then you can think of an interrupt as an event and an interrupt handler as an event handler. In this case however an interrupt is caused by an external event - like an input line changing its value. When the interrupt occurs your specified interrupt handler is called.
You can also set what actually constitutes an event - the input can be edge-triggered from low to high or from high to low or both. There is a predefined enumeration you can use:
To set an interrupt handler you use the function:
The first parameter determines the pin and the second determines what causes the interrupt. The final parameters determine the function called when the interrupt happened and a parameter to pass to the function.
You can also use
to remove the interrupt handler associated with a pin.
The simplest example of interrupt input is:
You can see that the main program doesn't actually do anything once it has setup the input pin and interrupts - it just loops forever. After initializing pin 31 and setting it to input, an interrupt triggered on the falling edge of the input is set. Notice that the final parameters, args, isn't used in this example for simplicity - it is set to a NULL pointer.
The interrupt handler just prints the fact that the switch has been pressed, i.e. a falling edge. If you run this program you should see "switch" printed in the Eclipse Console each time the switch is pressed.
When the switch is released it generates a rising edge and you can generate an interrupt on both edges using
We can use the arg parameter to pass in the details of the pin that caused the interrupt and allow the interrupt handler to read the state of the pin.
Notice that way that arg parameter is passed as a pointer to void - a C idiom for passing a pointer to any data type.
Also notice that we don't have to dereference pin because mraa_gpio_context is already a pointer to struct and the dereference is automatic.
When you run this program you will see the switch state printed each time it changes, i.e. when the switch is pressed and released.
In general it is preferable to use an interrupt to service changes in input state unless you have a very specific reason not to - and the most common reason is that you need to work with very fast changes in the input.
The Truth About Intel Edison Interrupts
If you know something about interrupts in other systems you will probably be very pleased that the Edison provides a per pin interrupt system. However things are not quite what they seem. The pin interrupts are not true interrupts but software simulated interrupts.
What happens when you set an interrupt on a pin in that mraa creates a new thread and starts makes a blocking call to the Linux system call poll. This only returns when there is an event in the SYSFS file system for the file corresponding to the pin you have attached the interrupt handler to.
There are a number of consequences of this implementation.
The first is that the response time isn't a fast as you might expect a hardware based interrupt to be. The polling loop is run on new thread and this is scheduled by Linux in the usual way meaning that it could take milliseconds in the worst case to respond to a change.
The second is that if the event occurs during the call to poll your interrupt handler is called on the thread and this naturally stops any additional interrupts occurring. That is you cannot have the same interrupt during the execution of an interrupt handler - the interrupt is automatically disabled.
The third is that because mraa will only spin up a single thread for each pin and because SYSFS doesn't tell mraa what edge transition occurred you can only associate one interrupt handler per pin.
Also when the interrupt handler is called it is running on a different thread to the main program. This means you cannot use mraa_gpio_isr_exit (pin) to remove an interrupt handler from within the interrupt handler - notice that this would be possible with a real interrupt. The reason is simply that the isr_exit function stops the thread that is running the interrupt and must be run on the main function's thread. The inability to change interrupt handler after an interrupt means you cannot set up a chain of handlers that deal with a rising edge, then a falling edge.
It also means that the parameter you pass to the interrupt handler has to be accessible from another thread and any variable created in the interrupt handler belong to the interrupt thread.
Pulse Width Measurement
Let's finish with an example of measuring a pulse width as this is a common task. In this case the pulse will be generated by a switch as in the last example, but in general the pulse could come from almost anything.
Assume that a falling edge triggers the start of the measurement and a rising edge ends the interval. If we were working with physical interrupts we could try something clever like setting one interrupt handler for the rising edge and another for the falling edge. As only one interrupt handler can be set per pin this isn't possible. Equally we can't set a falling edge interrupt which, when it is called sets a rising edge interrupt handler, because you can't change an interrupt handler from within an interrupt handler.
The only way to make this work is to set up a single interrupt handler that is to set up an interrupt handler for both edge transitions and read the pin to find out which one is occurring. On the falling edge you read the system clock and store the value. On the rising edge you read the system clock again and work out the difference between the two values.
This is quite simple. In the main program we have:
The interrupt handler is a little more complicated. First we get the time that the interrupt handler was entered:
Next we read the pin to discover what transition has occurred and either save the start time or compute the interval:
Notice that while clock_gettime returns a structure with second and nanoseconds the time isn't accurate to the nearest nanosecond.
If you run this program you will discover that it sort of works. Occasionally it will get a negative time because an rising edge occurs before a falling edge.
If you are using a mechanical switch to generate the pulses you will also discover that you get multiple pulses for each press of the switch. The reason for this is switch bounce. When you press a switch it doesn't make contact cleanly - the voltage goes up and down until it settles at the low. And when you release the switch the bounce generates multiple rising edges. The slowness of the interrupt means that you are unlikely to see many pulses due to switch bounce but in the real work you will have to debounce the switch either physically or in the software.
To physically debounce a switch you add a capacitor, but software debounce is very easy - simply add a delay before reading the pin's state to give it time to settle. The only problem is how long to wait? For the switch used here, and for most switches, a usleep(500), i.e. half a millisecond wait, should be enough. Note that in practice the wait is likely to be longer than 500 microseconds because of Linux task scheduling.
|Last Updated ( Thursday, 26 November 2015 )


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In this 9th grade math worksheet1, you can find 10 problems on math which are in the level of 9 th grade
1. Rationalize the denominator of below and find the value of x
² + y
2.The dimensions of a rectangular metal sheet are 4m x 3m. The sheet is to be cut into square sheets each of side 4cm. Find the number of squares.
3.Find the area of the shaded portion.
4.Find the value of x of the following 3 log ₓ 5 = 1
5.Out of 45 houses in a village 25 houses have Television and 30 houses have radio.Find how many of them have both.
6.In a circle with center 0 and radius 17 cm. PQ is a chord at a distance of 8cm from the center of the circle.Calculate the length of the chord.
7.If a + b = 2 and a² + b²
= 8,find a³ + b ³
8.Find the angles of x and y marked in the below given below
9.The ages of Atul and Anil are in the ratio 5:7.If Atul was 9 years older and Anil 9 years younger,the age of Atul would have been twice the age of Anil. Find their present ages.
10.The sum of the digits of a two digit number is 10. If the number formed by reversing the digits is less than the original number by 36, find the required number.
3. 168 cm ²
8. 25 °,65 °
9. 15 years, 21 years
May 26, 23 12:27 PM
May 21, 23 07:40 PM
May 20, 23 10:53 PM

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Medicare requires that you capture specific information about your patients at both the initial assessment visit and at subsequent treatment visits. Gathering the information is only part of the process; you must also utilize this information for patient care and then report this information to Medicare in a format that they understand. The Medicare Documentation System is designed to accomplish this.
Using the Medicare Documentation System will enable you to:
- Collect the information that Medicare requires from the patient using patient friendly forms.
- Accurately utilize this information in the medical decision making process.
- Develop accurate treatment plans.
- Prove medical necessity through functional improvement.
- Objectively prove when the patient reaches maximum medical improvement.
- Report this information to Medicare reviewers in terms and language that they understand
This system uses forms to capture the required information from both the patients and the doctor. The use of forms allows this system to integrate with any EHR that allows customization. The staff can enter the information into the EHR thereby maximizing the doctors effective time.
The Medicare Documentation System includes:
- A manual explaining in detail how to utilize the system
- A CD with all of the forms
- 2 CDs containing 6 recorded webinars.
The webinar topics include:
- Assessment Visit documentation
- Treatment Visit documentation
- Treatment Plans
- The ABN
- Medicare Documentation
- Proving Medical Necessity and Functional Improvement
The Medicare Documentation System will give you the information necessary to defend your patient care decisions to Medicare reviewers.


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Marie Vandenbeusch, Egyptologist
Last season, three fragmentary fertility figures were found in house E13.6, with another four recovered from other houses within the town at Amara West.
These are all hand-modelled clay objects, mostly rectangular in shape, without a distinct human, or even female, shape, other than an occasional hint of shoulders, pubic triangle or breasts. Similar objects have been found in various ancient settlements in Egypt and Nubia.
A few days ago, Rizwan Safir and Vera Michel discovered a new fragment in villa D12.5 (F2284). This figurine is rather different. Very fragmentary, it is preserved only from the navel to the upper part of the legs, but preserving rather realistically modelled buttocks. The genitalia are represented by a series of dots gathered inside a triangle. A further detail is the large dot indicating a navel, surrounded by smaller dots that might represent a tattoo.
The generous, curvaceous form of the figurine contrasts with the schematic, almost geometric, shapes of the other Amara West figures. Here the nature and purpose of the figure is more immediately apparent.
Such figurines of naked women can be modelled in clay, but examples in faience, wood and stone are known, found in settlements, tombs and temples. Sometimes referred to as "concubines of the dead", "fertility figures" or "female figurines", most scholars believe they are related to conception, rebirth or sexuality.
In short, they could clearly be used in life as well as death, sometimes in association with divinities. Their purpose was most likely benevolent, and hints at the needs and fears of those living at Amara West.
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Improving Educational Identification in Rural Communities
University of Colorado, Denver
Global Autism Public Health
The overall goal of this research project is to test the effectiveness of a distance learning model to improve educational identification of autism in rural and underserved areas. Building on a 10-year training collaboration with the Colorado Department of Education, the investigators will provide three levels of professional development and support to school districts across the state. These levels are: (1) web-based modules on screening/assessment for autism in school settings; (2) supported implementation of a teacher nomination strategy to screen children for ASD school-wide; and (3) case consultation to school teams via secure/confidential videoconferencing. To measure the impact of this approach, the investigators will collect data on the number of schools and educators who agree to participate, the number of children nominated (i.e., deemed "at risk" for possible ASD) per school, the number who participate in an assessment, and the number who are identified as having an ASD. The investigators plan to document the amount of personnel time required to implement the screening protocol and follow-up case consultations, as well as gather data on feasibility and acceptability from educational team members and parents in participating districts. The overall effectiveness of this approach will be assessed by examining objective Child Count data collected through Part B, with the goal of increasing the number of students with autism who receive the appropriate and timely educational eligibility by 30% (above data reported for school year 2009, which will be available in July, 2011). Implementation and program evaluation are the final steps of the program of technical assistance in educational identification. This project is endorsed by the Colorado Department of Education Autism Task Force, the Colorado Autism Commission, and several special education directors in districts around the state.


Recreational use of computers: what is the contribution to student performance?
Date: 2016
Pages: 8 p.
The effect of ICT on student learning achievement is not solely associated with the availability of computers and tablets, among other devices, inside and outside of the academic context. For the effect of ICTs to be positive or negative on learning achievement, other variables should be taken into consideration, such as the type of use, frequency of use, and place of use. When reviewing in detail the results presented by TERCE, the use of computers for recreational activities, considering the cultural and socioeconomic status, has a negative effect on learning achievement. The negative effect is more prevalent in natural sciences and less so in reading, albeit a large part of the countries exhibits a negative effect in all of the academic subjects, even when the socioeconomic status is taken into account.
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One of the most nagging problems in
manufacturing is the deburring of cross-drilled holes. Burrs are always created
where the crossholes exist. Getting at the burrs, let alone removing them, can be
a real challenge.
A handful of methods are commonly employed for dealing with these burrs:
sandblasting, extrude hone, and of course, manual deburring with knives,
abrasive stones, brushes, burs, etc. While effective to varying degrees,
these methods have their drawbacks. They're all off-line processes, i.e. they are a
separate operation. Parts need to be handled and/or moved from machining to deburring.
Often deburring is an out-sourced operation. The extra handling, movement, queue, transport,
etc. represent non-value added operations. Sandblasting, extrude hone, and similar devices
involve capital investment, often substantial, or again, outsourcing. Manual deburring, as
everyone knows, is very labor intensive, as well as craft sensitive.


I know what is the irradiance in my region, therefore I know what is the maximum expected production when the solar panels are placed optimally (interestingly, the two links provide different optimal angles).
However, the direction of my roof and the tilt (slope) are fixed and likely not optimal.
How can I calculate the expected production given the abovementioned parameters?
PVWatts provides exactly what you're looking for.
It's a solar calculator maintained by the National Renewable Energy Lab of the U.S. Department of Energy. To use the tool:
 1. Enter the location of the proposed solar system. PVWatts will show you nearby weather stations for the simulation, and uses the most relevant solar irradiation data.
 2. Enter the system parameters. You can enter either basic info (size, orientation, angle) or provide more detail (inverter efficiency, system losses, etc). You can even draw an outline of your system on the satellite imagery of the proposed location.
The results include monthly solar radiation and AC power production values. If you included your utility rate, it will provide the value of this power as well. You can also download hourly data which includes much more detailed information on irradiance and factors such as temperature and wind speed which affect the output.
PWVatts irradiance data
PVWatts has up-to-date, high-resolution solar irradiance data is for most of North America, the northern half of South America, and the Indian subcontinent. For other parts of the world, older and less precise data sets are used which vary by location. These aren't as accurate as the NREL data, but suitable for rough estimates.
A note on optimal angles
The reason you're getting different answers is probably because the definition of "optimal" for a given location varies according to preference. Are you looking for:
 - Any easy-to-remember formula? Install the panels at latitude tilt.
 - Greater energy output over the course of the year? Consider laying them a bit flatter.
 - Greater power output in the winter? Lay them a bit steeper.
 - Less need to clean the panels off? Steeper still.
The topic likely deserves a separate question, but for your purposes playing around with PVWatts will hopefully give you the guidance you need.
 - I was preparing an Excel file. Is there a formula I can use the correction factors for tilt and orientation? – FarO Jul 26 '18 at 12:57
 - 1
 Not sure exactly what you're asking, but the PVWatts technical manual goes through the calculations step by step. – LShaver Jul 26 '18 at 13:04
Your Answer


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Launch Date: December 02, 1997
Mission Project Home Page - _URL_
EQUATOR-S was a low-cost mission designed to study the Earth's equatorial magnetosphere out to distances of 67000 km. It formed an element of the closely-coordinated fleet of satellites that compose the IASTP program. Based on a simple spacecraft design, it carries a science payload comprising advanced instruments that were developed for other IASTP missions.
Unique features of EQUATOR-S were its nearly equatorial orbit and its high spin rate. It was launched as an auxiliary payload on an Ariane-4, December 2nd, 1997. The mission was intended for a two-year lifetime but stopped transmitting data on May 1, 1998.
The idea of an equatorial satellite dates back to NASA's GGS (Global Geospace Science) program, originally conceived in 1980. The equatorial element of the program was abandoned in 1986 and several subsequent attempts to rescue the mission failed, leaving a significant gap in both NASA's GSS and the international IASTP programs.
The Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE) decided to fill this gap because of its interest in GSS and the opportunity for a test of an advanced instrument to measure electric fields with dual electron beams. In addition to MPE-internal funds and personnel, the realization of EQUATOR-S was possible through a 1994 grant from the German Space Agency DARA (meanwhile part of DLR).


powerpoint logo
Part of PowerPoint's charm is being able to give objects such as images, shapes, and text boxes animations, making your presentation more interactive and engaging. When animating text boxes, you can animate all the text in the box at once, or you can animate characters individually.
Animating Characters in PowerPoint
When you select a text box and give it an animation, PowerPoint treats the text box (and all contents inside) as a single object by default.
If you want to give each character a different type of animation, you'll have to highlight each character individually and then assign the animation to it. However, if you want all of the characters or words to have the same animation, and you just want to initiate or time the animation separately, there's an easier way.
RELATED: How to Control When a Picture Appears in PowerPoint
In your PowerPoint presentation, select the text and then choose the animation you want to assign. To do so, move over to the "Animations" tab and select your desired animation in the "Animation" group. In this example, we will use the "Fly In" option.
Next, head over to the "Advanced Animation" group and select "Animation Pane."
A pane will appear on the right-hand side. Find the animation effect assigned to the text box and double-click it.
A window will appear, giving you several advanced options for the animation. On the "Effect" tab, click the "Animate text" drop-down menu. Here, you can choose whether you want to animate by word or letter. Make your choice and then click "OK."
By letter
Now you'll see a preview of the animation take place. Notice that each character (or word) executes the animation individually. Repeat these steps as often as required for your presentation.
Marshall Gunnell
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Art & Design
Unusual Diego Rivera Work Restored in Mexico City
The Mexican muralist Diego Rivera painted in New York City, San Francisco, Detroit, Europe and the Soviet Union. But some of Rivera's most famous murals and most unusual projects are found in Mexico City.
In Mexico City, Rivera did far more than just paint. He collected pre-Hispanic pottery and indigenous folk art. And he experimented with sculpture and architecture.
And between 1950 and 1952, Rivera built a giant, tiled fountain to the Aztec rain god Tlaloc as part of an overhaul of Mexico City's municipal water system.
"It's a very special fountain. It's one of the most important sculptures that Diego Rivera did in his life," says Lilia Haua of Probosque Chapultepec, an organization which helped raise money to restore this work by Rivera.
But the fountain and murals had fallen into disrepair and until a year ago, were closed to the public for more than a decade.
"The fountain was completely destroyed so we tried to make it as nice as we can... always respecting the style and what Diego Rivera did," Haua says.
The fountain is basically a shallow pool more than a hundred feet long and a hundred feet wide. Originally, it served as the ceremonial entry point for water from the Lerma River into the city's main reservoirs. The main flow of water has now been diverted into a pipe, but in Rivera's sculpture the rain god, Tlaloc, still lies on his back in the pool.
"In the beginning, the water was coming through Tlaloc's face, under his mouth, and then, the water was coming up to here to the Carcamo," Haua says.
The Carcamo is a giant tank inside a rotunda that's part of the same complex. Until the 1990s municipal water flowed into the tank, and from here technicians could control the levels in several large reservoirs.
Rivera painted the entire cement tank, including the floor in elaborate, colorful scenes.
Water Damaged The Murals
The flow of water, however, not only covered much of the murals, it was also destroying them so the water is no longer there. It's been diverted.
To replace the sound of the missing stream, there's now a new and unexpected element—a pipe organ. It rumbles and changes tone based on the flow of water through the adjacent municipal pipes.
Lilia Haua notes that Rivera viewed water as a social issue, and an element essential to life.
Pointing to the mural, she says, "On this side we can see a beautiful wall, a beautiful painting, and he's talking about the origin of life and the importance of the fertility. But everything is related with the importance of the water."
More than a half a century after his death, Diego Rivera still has a strong presence throughout Mexico City.
His best-known works include murals at the National Palace and the Palace of Fine Arts. These include a recreation of his controversial "Man at the Crossroads" at Rockefeller Center, which Nelson Rockefeller ordered destroyed in 1934 after Rivera slipped in a portrait of the Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin.
Then there's a huge mural made of tiny bits of tile that stretches across the front of the Insurgentes Theater. Another one of his sculptures covers the entire front of the soccer stadium at the National Autonomous University.
The Blue House of his wife Frida Kahlo is more famous and attracts far more visitors, but Rivera left behind two houses in the south of Mexico City. One is a stark modernist structure that was way ahead of its time in the 1920s. The other is a giant pyramid made of black volcanic rock. One critic referred to its style as Soviet/Aztec.
Rivera's iconic murals still grace the walls not only of museums but of schools, hospitals, and government buildings. His chubby face has even turned up on the new 500 peso Mexican bank note.
And now, with his project at the municipal pumping station restored, his work once again gazes over the water before it flows out into the Mexican capital.


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The role of pre-compliance testing is to provide an early indication of whether equipment is likely to meet the requirements when full compliance testing is carried out. Whilst not fully conforming to the requirements of the relevant standard, it should still be carried out in a manner which will give meaningful results. However, there is no specific definition of pre-compliance testing other than 'that which is not compliance testing' and companies should be aware that a test which is deficient in a relatively minor detail and one which bears little resemblance to the compliant form may both be offered as pre-compliance testing. There are 3 main ways in which pre-compliance testing may differ from compliance testing:
Each deviation from the standard produces an increase in the measurement uncertainty of the test and the risk to the company, both of which are often not quantified.
The United Kingdom Accreditation Service (UKAS) is the body responsible for accrediting laboratories in the UK. A laboratory applying for accreditation must demonstrate that it operates a comprehensive quality policy and that it possesses both adequate test equipment and technical ability in order to be able to carry out the tests in the prescribed manner.
Accredited laboratories are subject to regular scrutiny by UKAS and many manufacturers see this as offering them a significant degree of confidence both in the testing carried out and in making their Declarations of Conformity.
Euro-Norme (EN) standards published in the Official Journal (OJ) of the European Community can be used to demonstrate compliance with the essential requirements of the EMC Directive. For most apparatus there are two types of standard which may be used:
Product standards relate to specific types of apparatus e.g. household appliances, lighting or information technology equipment. For apparatus where no product standard exists, the generic standards may be applied. These are based on intended operating environment and consequently may apply to a wide range of apparatus.
The European Commission issues lists of standards which have been published in the OJ. A consolidated list is the subject of another Technical Information Note in this series.
Generic standards are defined for two operating environments:
and for each environment, there are both emission and immunity standards available.
Some apparatus is intended to be used in both environments and in this case careful selection of the emission and immunity standards should ensure that the requirements for both environments are met. In general, if a piece of apparatus meets the emission requirements of the residential, commercial and light industrial environment and the immunity requirements of industrial environment then the requirements of both environments should have been satisfied. Specific advice, however, should be sought in each case.
All EMC tests have an uncertainty, or tolerance, associated with them. The uncertainty budget is derived from a number of contributions such as test equipment calibration and test repeatability.
The measurement uncertainty is often most noticeable during emission testing whereby a 'grey area' is formed around the limit line. Where emissions are measured within this area, the equipment under test cannot be said to have passed or failed the test. It is a UKAS policy that in such cases a statement is given as to whether the equipment is more likely to have passed or failed the test based upon the position of the result within the uncertainty band.
This is a question of balancing cost against risk. To be 100% confident, all the testing should be carried out with the equipment under test in a final, production state, however there may be cases where the perceived risk to the validity of other test results as a consequence of a modification is small. An accredited test laboratory will always document the modification state in which each test was performed.
In cases where significant modifications are made during testing, a manufacturer would be advised to integrate the modifications into a new unit and re-submit it for testing.
In the main the answer is yes, depending upon how similar the products are. There are two mechanisms for doing this, one is through Extended Justification, ie a technical argument presented as part of the Technical Documentation (TD) and the second is by the use of standards. There is more information on the second mechanism contained in the May 2007 issue of the European Guide. The principle of each is to define and demonstrate compliance for the worst case model in the range and then draw up a technical argument that the EMC performance of 'lesser' models should not be worse.
For equipment which cannot be taken to a laboratory for testing, a range of 'on-site' or 'in-situ' tests can be performed using test equipment taken by the laboratory to the manufacturer's premises. There are no harmonised standards currently available for on-site testing and test results must be included within the TD.
Alternatively, manufacturers may consider testing smaller sub-systems and including the results within the TD. We recommend you seek competent advice whenever TD including an Extended Justification is being considered.
Some EMC test standards require the testing of multiple samples, usually for emissions, others do not. However, manufacturers should be aware that a batch of test samples will produce a spread of results which will not be identified from a single test sample. In cases where a single type test is performed, adequate margin should be allowed below the specified limits or manufacturing tolerances.
For more information about this topic and how York EMC Services Ltd can help you further, please contact us.
The above information is provided in good faith and no warranty is given as to its accuracy. The application of technical information depends upon the specific case in question and it is recommended that competent technical advice is obtained and source documents consulted before acting on the information in this document. York EMC Services Ltd accepts no responsibility for any consequences arising from the use of this information.
Last Updated: 2008-Aug-22


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Workshop Leaders: Donghong Sun and Larry Dukerich.
This workshop is intended for chemistry teachers who have begun to teach chemistry usingModeling Instruction™, a research-based, reformed pedagogy that is completely aligned with the eight Science & Engineering Practices in the Next Generation Science Standards:
After a debrief of their experiences teaching the core curriculum (units 1-9), participants will be guided through the development and application of the models underlying the content in the 2nd semester of a chemistry course. Topics include the internal structure of the atom, covalent bonding, intermolecular forces, equilibrium and acids and bases.
Through readings and discussion, the workshop also delves into cognitive research, pedagogical content knowledge, and the theoretical underpinnings of Models and Modeling that are essential to understanding Modeling Instruction as both a teaching practice and a teaching philosophy. References describing Modeling Instruction™ and documenting its effectiveness are available at


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How do I remove a misspelled word from spell check?
All programs that have a spell check feature also have the ability to add additional words into a custom dictionary. This feature allows the spell to recognize new words as correctly spelled words. Unfortunately, words that are really spelled improperly can also be added causing them to no longer be recognized. To remove any misspelled words or any other added words follow the steps below.
Microsoft Word, Excel, Outlook, FrontPage
All Microsoft programs rely off the custom.dic file as the default location to store any added words. Although this file can be edited in other programs or through one of the other Microsoft programs listed above the steps below are how to edit this file using Microsoft Word.
- Open Microsoft program.
- Click Tools. *
- Click Options.
- Click the Spelling & Grammar tab.
- Click the Dictionaries button.
- Select CUSTOM.DIC if not already selected and click the Edit button.
- Locate and remove the word and then save the file.
Tip: Microsoft Word 2007 and later users can access the Options window through the icon in the upper left hand corner, and finding the "Word Options" button at the bottom of the window that appears.
- Open the Spellcheck feature by clicking the spellcheck button or by clicking Tools and Spellcheck. If you're in a blank document or a document with no misspellings you may need to create a misspelling so this window will remain open.
- Click the Options button.
- Click the Edit button.
- Locate and highlight the word you want to remove and click the Delete button.


Why Can't Planes Take Off in Extreme Heat?
Did you know it can be too hot for aircraft to takeoff? Here is why.
Back in 2017, more than 40 flights were canceled due to the extreme heat in Phoenix, which saw 122 degrees Fahrenheit (50 degrees Celsius).
Surprisingly, the cancellations were not a result of the aircraft overheating or the engines malfunctioning. Rather, the hot weather prevented the planes from lifting off. But why can't planes take off in extreme heat?
Understanding why requires some basic knowledge of how planes generate lift and how environmental factors can affect how a plane flies. So, let's spend some time going through the fundamentals of flight.
How a plane produces lift
The single fundamental process that enables planes to fly is the ability to generate sufficient lift. No lift, no flight!
Lift is created when a solid object, like a wing (technically called an airfoil), interferes with the flow of gas (like air). In the case of aircraft, the shape of the wing (in cross-section) deflects air downward, causing the wing to be pushed up.
But, like anything in life, it is more complex than that. The effect is a direct result of Newton's Third Law of action and reaction.
why planes cannot fly in hot weather lift
Source: Michael32710/Wikimedia
In the instance of an airplane, a slanted wing collides with air particles, changing their direction of flow and relative velocity.
Both the top and the bottom of the wing surface contribute to redirecting the air to generate lift. In normal flight, the force is typically directed downward, resulting in the plane being pushed upwards.
The shape of a wing directs the flow of air downwards creating a high-pressure point on the underside of the wing. On the upper portion of the wing, the pressure is relatively lower. This is because the air under the wing travels over a shorter distance, over the same time, resulting in it moving slower, and thus having a higher density (relatively speaking).
As a result, there is a net deflection of air downwards which pushes the plane into the sky. Pretty neat.
This change of the velocity of a gas is the predominant factor that contributes to the force of lift that keeps a plane suspended in the air. The crucial part in keeping an aircraft airborne is its ability to maintain a high pressure beneath the wing sufficient enough to keep the plane in the air.
how an aircraft wing creates lift
Source: Bernard Spragg. NZ/Flickr
Generating lift is not difficult; a plane with forward momentum will naturally want to fly under the right conditions. However, under the wrong conditions, a plane will struggle to take off altogether.
Why can't planes take off in extreme heat?
It is a well-known fact that the upper atmosphere is much thinner than it is at sea level. The air at higher altitudes is less dense, which makes it difficult for planes to produce as much lift as at lower altitudes.
The main reason for this is that the air molecules are spread out much further, meaning less air (or amount of molecules) can come into contact with a wing.
To compensate, at higher altitudes, naturally aspirated aircraft engines must work harder to produce enough thrust to keep the plane moving at a fast speed so that enough air can pass under and over the wing to generate the pressure gradient and create lift. Interestingly, however, for jet engines, this can be beneficial (up to a point).
However, just like in the upper atmosphere, hot weather similarly causes the air density to decrease. As the temperature rises, air molecules move faster and spread out, creating a lower air density.
In hot weather conditions (as with high altitudes) less dense air means there is less "stuff" for wings to push down on and produce lift. If a plane is taking off in such conditions, it must travel much faster before it is able to generate enough lift to take off.
why aircraft stuggle at height
Source: Janusz Jakubowski/Flickr
But that is only part of the story.
Compounding the effect is the lack of oxygen the engine needs for combustion, inhibiting the power output of the engine.
Unfortunately, just as the wings suffer efficiency losses, so do propellers and fan blade engines. The lower pressure systems mean the engine cannot convert as much engine power into thrust.
Essentially, for an aircraft to take off in low-pressure systems, it requires more runway so the plane can build a high enough airspeed for the wings to generate thrust, all while being hindered by a reduction of power output.
As temperatures climb, the effect is compounded until the point where it becomes dangerous for some planes to take off in extreme heat.
Although the planes could take off, given enough runway to build speed, the planes must still be able to climb quickly enough to clear obstacles towards the end of the runway. Not an ideal situation to say the least.
What happens when planes are not prevented from flying in hot weather?
Should a plane take off at a high altitude, and in an extremely hot climate, the conditions will severely impact a plane's climb rate (as previously discussed). If the plane cannot climb fast enough, it will run out of space and may crash into an obstacle.
This, obviously, could be very dangerous.
comparison of plane climb rates
Comparison of climb rate between an aircraft taking off at sea level with normal conditions and temperatures versus an aircraft attempting a take-off in hot and high conditions. As indicated by the slope of the line, the hot and high aircraft has a much longer take-off distance, and slower climb rate. Source:
The effect has brought aircraft down before.
In 2012, four passengers flying in a Stinson 108-3, 165 horsepower (123 kW), single-prop plane came crashing into the ground shortly after takeoff. In the footage of the crash, it becomes shockingly apparent that the plane was starved of power and could not generate enough thrust to completely clear the trees lining the end of a runway.
The hot temperatures and high altitude of the airport affected the plane's ability to maintain sufficient lift. The plane was operating well above its maximum density altitude (the pressure altitude corrected for temperature) and was within just 86 pounds (39 kg) of its maximum takeoff weight. In fact, the pilot was ready to abort the takeoff, when a gust of air lifted the plane, and the pilot thought the airplane would remain airborne.
However, when the pilot could not get the airplane to climb as expected, he attempted to locate an open field to land in. The airplane subsequently encountered a downdraft, stalled, and collided with a stand of trees near the end of the runway, injuring the pilot and one passenger on board.
Planes should stay grounded when it is too hot
Fortunately, no one was killed during the crash, but the video serves as a brutal reminder that flying in hot climates and high altitudes can have drastic impacts on aircraft flying capabilities.
In 2017 in Phoenix, officials, quite rightly, took no chances. Although it is rare, extreme heat can, and will, bring down an aircraft.
With global temperatures predicted to rise over time, engineers may be required to adapt aerospace technologies to keep up with the changing climate. Until then, it is likely airplanes will continue to be grounded due to extreme heat.
Written by Maverick Baker
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The Dimanco Dipslide has replaced the lengthy traditional method of testing and is a safe, reliable, economical and fast indicator of the presence of bacteria or surfaces and in liquids.
- Surfaces and liquids can be tested.
- Sampling is fast and easy.
- Does not require a lab or specialised equipment.
- Does not require specialised training or staff.
- Slides are incubated and read in a sealed tube, eliminating contamination hazards.
- Cost effective alternative to sending samples to an external lab.
- Get your results much faster.
Supplied ready-to-use, the slide can be used on site. Sampling takes just a few seconds. The results are easily read after just 24 – 48 hours and the appropriate remedial action can then be taken.


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Donald Mackinnon
Donald Mackinnon
Donald Mackinnon (_PHONE_) was a son of Duncan Mackinnon and Mary Macleod, 7 Cromore.
He joined the Royal Naval Reserve, S/N AX20733, on February 21, 1939. His record indicates that he was 5ft 8½ in tall with dark brown hair, brown eyes and a fresh complexion. Donald was a fisherman on Stornoway registered fishing boats incuding the Welcome Home.
He was Mobilised on July 28, 1939 and served in the Royal Navy for only one year. He was based at HMS Victory and aboard HMS Wren. Donald lost his life HMS Wren was sunk by German dive bombers.
Donald died aged 19 and his name is commemorated on the Portsmouth Naval War Memorial.
Title: Donald Mackinnon
Record Type: People
Gaelic Name: Dòmhnall Dhonnchaidh Uilleam
Also Known As: Doilean Dhonnchaidh
Date of Birth: 12-09-1920
Date of Death: 27-07-1940
Occupation: Fisherman, Royal Naval Reservist, Royal Navy
Sex: Male
Bk Reference: CEP 3429
Record Maintained By: CEP
Subject Id: 44579


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"Why are these sharks biting each other?" Corey and Tyler wondered. When the two teenagers went to find a senior staff member of the Virginia Aquarium and Marine Science Center, they learned that serious biting (more than a nibble) is a typical aspect of shark mating behavior. This was one more piece of information that these volunteers, along with their siblings, Jordyn and Morgan, have learned during the hundreds of hours they have given to the center, usually with their Gram, Barbara Van Heest, who has logged 3,000 volunteer hours over the past ten years.
Barbara began taking her four grandchildren who live near her in Virginia Beach to the center when they were toddlers, and as soon as each turned eleven, the minimum age for volunteering, they all began to work along with her.
"I think it's important that the children learn to give back. They're fortunate in what they get in life, so it's good to pass it on," Barbara says. Also, she emphasizes that the volunteering is not just a question of giving -- the children get benefits from it themselves. "I see them becoming comfortable talking to the adult visitors, answering their questions, gaining self-esteem because of the knowledge they now have about marine life." (One other plus for the older teens has been meeting young people they've gone on dates with – after some adult screening, of course.)
Now Corey and Morgan, both 16, have logged a total of about 680 volunteer hours over the past five years, and are docents at the center on the weekends. Their 13-year-old siblings, Jordyn and Tyler, have already volunteered for about 150 hours each. All the volunteers, young and old, attend classes regularly to learn about the animals and plant life at the center.
Barbara picks up the children at eight in the morning on volunteer days and takes them over to the center, where a day's activities may include touching sting rays, turning over horseshoe crabs, or showing visitors how to tell whether a blue crab is male or female and which snakes are venomous.
Thanks to all the public service the family has given over the years, the Van Heest family received the Volunteer Hampton Roads Family of the Year Award from the Center, for Barbara's establishing "a legacy of service through her grandchildren and instilling a commitment of conservation through education." (Hampton Roads is a 2000+-square-mile area in Virginia including dozens of cities, towns, and counties.)
For other grandmothers who would like to instill a family tradition of volunteer service, Barbara has this advice: "Get involved yourself, show by example, and stay close to your grandchildren – even if they live at a distance, as do the two of mine up in New Jersey."
Grandparents-to-Be Should Know: Times Have Changed
12 hours ago


9 HDD JBOD enclosure – computer to see them all as separate drives
This is what I want and can't find: A JBOD enclosure to house all my orphaned, upgraded HDDs. I am not really looking for a RAID, just a box to power them all and provide a single connector and cable to my iMac. But I want the computer to see them all as separate drives, not an aggregated whole.
Is there such an animal?
9 HDD FROM 500GB – 6TB = 31.5TB
Yes, you can. We tested Qnap Thunderbolt Expansion unit on a MAC and all drives were appearing nicely. Also, any Synology NAS will allow you to create a single drive volume. I have prepared a quick manual on how to achieve it.
Select one disk at the time.
Create a basic pool of one drive.
Then go to the Volume tab and choose from the dropdown disk. Repeat this with every drive.
How to connect network drives?
Map with Windows Explorer
 1. Open a Windows Explorer window and go to Computer.
 1. Click Map network drive. This action makes the Map Network Drive window appear.
 1. On the Map Network Drive window, choose a drive letter from the Drive drop-down menu.
 1. In the Folder field, enter the server name of your Synology NAS and shared folder name preceded and separated by backslashes. For example, if the server name of your Synology NAS is "DiskStation," and the name of your shared folder is "Share1," then you should enter "\\DiskStation\Share1." Click Finish when ready.
 1. Enter your DSM username and password.
Can't Access the Shared Folder? The user account you enter here must have access privileges for the shared folder you wish to access.
 1. Finally, a Windows Explorer window appears. Your shared folder will now be mapped and accessible under Computer.
Find regulary updated NAS offers here
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Syrian government cannot resort to floating exchange rate for multiple reasons
An expressive image (Enab Baladi)
An expressive image (Enab Baladi)
Enab Baladi – Zeynep Masri
Several Syrian government officials, economic analysts, and experts have recently started discussing signs of economic recovery in Syria despite the Syrian pound's volatile exchange rate.
In addition to the analyses, economists propose solutions that will help transform the Syrian people's deteriorating living and economic conditions. The Syrian economy has been turbulent and has declined significantly since the start of the conflict. Furthermore, there is a widening gap between the prices of the official foreign currency market–through which the Syrian government sets its employees' salary or wage rates as well as remittances of its citizens–and black market prices. The black market is an arena through which traders and speculators control the prices of products, affecting Syrian citizens' purchasing power.
 Approaches and analyses
In an interview with al-Madina FM, a pro-government radio station, on 10 January, former Syrian Economic Minister Lamia Asi pointed out that the Syrian government could adopt the floating exchange rate system. She said that the floating exchange rate is a "complicated" economic policy. The Syrian government could face numerous difficulties by implementing it.
 In fact, Asi's analysis came after the Lebanese monetary authorities announced the possibility of floating the Lebanese exchange rate.
Floating exchange rate (floating currency) is an exchange rate regime in which the value of a currency is determined by market forcesthe demand and supply mechanisms of the foreign exchange market. The floating exchange rate tends to fluctuate according to changes in demand and supply. This is in contrast to the fixed exchange rate, which is set by the government.
 With regard to the recent Lebanese proposal to float the Lebanese pound, Asi indicated that the state needs a substantial party or international agreements to protect itself when adopting this decision. Therefore, Lebanon's central bank governor Riad Salameh said that any currency's flotation would depend on negotiations with the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
 The former minister said that all the countries, which were obliged to turn to the IMF for assistance in restructuring their economy, have seen their fair share of political and social turmoil. Therefore, the reliance on the IMF resources cannot be considered the best option, especially in the absence of political support from the countries controlling the IMF.
Unattainable economic recovery method
There are two types of floating exchange rate systems: fixed/free float and managed float.
A free-floating exchange rate is one that has no intervention from the government. It is solely determined by market forces of demand and supply of foreign and local currency.
By contrast, in the managed float exchange rate system, the government, through its central bank, intervenes to influence the magnitude of supply and demand of foreign currencies and sometimes manipulate the exchange rates in a way that serves its interests.
However, the Syrian government will not accept a policy to set the price of the exchange rate based on supply and demand relative to other currencies, economic analyst Dr. Firas Shaabo indicated.
The Central Bank of Syria (CBS) has no useful policy tools and is somewhat "out of service," while the security services maintain their grip on all the critical sectors in the country, including the economy. The Syrian regime, therefore, determines the currency prices through other factors that are not fundamentally monetary.
 Shaabo told Enab Baladi that some economists had previously called for adopting a floating exchange rate system. However, a floating exchange rate system is something developed countries turn to because they already have a strong economy, vibrant export activities, a large gross national product, and active interest rates.
Therefore, the Syrian government cannot approve the floating exchange rate system because Syria, in the first place, does not have economic fundamentals such as export and industry activities.
 Suppose the government floats the Syrian pound (SYP). In that case, there will be disastrous consequences, and the Syrian economy will suffer from a severe economic meltdown in light of the Syrian security services' inability to control exchange rates on the black market.
 The Syrian regime controls the exchange rate with a security grip. In June 2020, extreme security measures were imposed on remittance agents and money changers (RAMCs), in conjunction with starting the sanctions imposed under the Caesar Syria Civilian Protection Act.
The CBS threatened to penalize those who send or receive foreign currency transfers outside the bounds of the licensed money transfer companies, prosecuting them under the Law on Measures against Financing of Terrorism or on charges of collaborating with unlicensed exchange money transfer companies and dealing in foreign currencies other than the SYP.
 Economic malaise
The monetary authorities in a country experiencing precarious economic conditions make several attempts to support the economy, such as floating its national currency. These authorities try to eliminate the existing gap between the official and black market exchange rates and attract more investment. However, this step can have adverse effects, such as increasing inflation rates in the country, raising prices of almost all critical necessities in life, and increasing costs of imports at unprecedented rates.
 The economic situation is dramatically deteriorating in Syria as a result of nearly ten years of war. This economic crisis has created difficulties in attracting foreign and domestic investments due to the absence of infrastructure, the lack of investors' confidence in the local currency, and both security and economic instability.
 Syria currently suffers from high inflation rates. If the floating exchange rate were to be implemented, the markets would see a significant rise in prices amid the decline in citizens' purchasing power and the low real values of salary rates due to the depreciation of the SYP against foreign currencies.
 Dr. Firas Shaabo believes that the decision to adopt the floating exchange rate policy, in light of the current dire economic conditions, will lead the Syrian economy and Syrians into a "black hole" that will absorb all their savings and potential. Additionally, the Syrian people will be affected by the price hikes in markets.
Prices of almost everything will increase sharply to levels that Syrian citizens cannot imagine. The Syrian government will not be able to withstand the crisis. In turn, its allies will be restless about the Syrian economy's collapse, which will be a "big blow" to the Syrian regime.
However, Shaboo said that the Syrian government is not actually considering the floating exchange rate policy. The adoption of a floating exchange rate policy was just a proposal to save the economy and get it out of the bottleneck.
Dirty (managed) floating
 Merchants control the exchange rates in the Syrian market by pricing various goods according to the exchange rate on the black market, while employees' salaries are determined according to the official exchange rates. The gap between the two market prices almost reaches 60 percent.
 On 15 January, the pound's official exchange rate reached 1,256 against the US dollar. On the other hand, the SYP hit record lows on the black market, trading at 2,890 to the US dollar.
The CBS warned economic agents and citizens against dealing with the black market. They said that it will hold them legally accountable if they commit violations, asking them to conduct their financial transactions with licensed financial institutions. The CBS introduced a new exchange rate for the fees paid by Syrian males to avoid mandatory military service, more than double the CBS's official rate and close to the pound's value on the black market. The US dollar recorded 2,525 SYP, according to the military service exemption fee's bulletin in Syria.
Doubling the military service exemption fees, allowing merchants to set prices of their products according to the black market prices, and the repercussions of these actions on rising prices are indications that the Syrian government has moved in one way or another to the floating exchange rate system even if it does not acknowledge that.
However, Dr. Firas Shaabo believes that even if the Syrian regime wants to follow the managed exchange rate system—which is when the CBS indirectly interferes with exchange rates by manipulating interest rates and pumping large amounts of money into the markets— it does not have the ability to buy and sell hard currencies or bonds or using interest rates. This is because their prices are somewhat fixed in Syria. No matter how high-interest rates are, this will not eliminate investors' panic due to the deterioration of the currency's value.
 Previous experience
In early 2012, months after the eruption of the popular protests in Syria, the CBS floated the SYP after the high inflation rates.
At that time, the SYP lost nearly 40 percent of its value at once, but that loss was closer to the actual market price than a substantial loss.
The Syrian government has returned to the fixed exchange rate policy by pumping a quantity of US dollars every period into the monetary markets in an attempt to keep the exchange rate levels under control.
النسخة العربية من المقال
Related Articles
 1. The unknown future of the Syrian Pound between inflation and depreciation
 2. Syrian regime security apparatus tightens control on exchange rate as people living in terror
 3. How do rumors affect exchange rates after the Central Bank of Syria issues a new 5,000 SYP banknote?
 4. Exchange Rate: Battle Line That Syrian Central Bank Cannot Defend
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While it's not illegal to pack a laptop in your checked baggage, the Transportation Security Administration advises against doing so. Your sensitive electronic devices weren't made to withstand the abuse that checked bags often endure. This means that if you plan to fly with a laptop, you should carry it on the plane with you – and there are a few simple rules for doing so.
Items you will need
 - Checkpoint-friendly bag
Step 1
Use a "checkpoint-friendly" laptop bag to make the screening process easier when you go through security checkpoints. These bags allow X-ray machines to get an unobstructed look at your laptop so you don't have to remove the device from the bag. Checkpoint-friendly bags include laptop sleeves and butterflyor trifold-style bags that have a laptop-only section that can lie flat on the scanning belt.
Step 2
Check that your checkpoint-friendly laptop bag doesn't have metal buckles, zippers or snaps on top of, underneath or inside the bag's laptop-only section; and don't put anything else in the laptop compartment beside your laptop. For a clear view on the X-ray machine, the laptop needs to be visible without any obstructions.
Step 3
Place power cords, zip drives and other laptop accessories in a separate compartment or in another bag. The laptop must get scanned separately from its other components.
Step 4
Prepare to take your laptop out of your bag if you don't have a checkpoint-friendly bag. It's perfectly fine to use a bag with straps and zippers that block the laptop; but, if this is the case, you'll have to place your laptop on the scanning belt separately. If you're using a bag that isn't checkpoint-friendly, make sure your laptop is easily accessible so you can remove it from the bag when the time comes.
 - Fully charge your laptop before you pack it for flight to get the most out of your battery once you're on board.
 - Don't store your laptop in an overhead bin when flying — it could sustain damage during turbulence. Instead, place your laptop under the seat in front of you to keep it safe.
About the Author
Photo Credits
 - Thinkstock/Comstock/Getty Images
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81st Street B/C line - American Museum of Natural History Station
N/R Prince Street Station
8th Avenue and 34th Street Station
No matter where you live, there is sure to be creative inspiration for your own mosaic creations. It's a fun (and cheap!) activity to do with your kids and offers lots of wiggle room for creativity and experimentation. And what an assortment of materials you can use for a mosaic! Here are just a few ideas to get you going...
-Mosaic items, ideas include:
- Craft glue
- Cardboard (use scraps from mailing boxes, cereal boxes, shoe boxes, etc.)
Draw an outline of an object on the cardboard with a pencil (start simple - first try doing a large heart, star, or rainbow). Use craft glue to adhere the various objects to the image, using different colors of mosaic items to fill in the image and the background. Experiment with different textures and colors of objects to create interesting art! Once you get the hang of it, try using smaller pieces to do more detailed images.


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On Centro-Affine Curves and Bäcklund Transformations of the KdV Equation
- 8 Downloads
We continue the study of the Korteweg-de Vries equation in terms of cento-affine curves, initiated by Pinkall. A centro-affine curve is a closed parametric curve in the affine plane such that the determinant made by the position and the velocity vectors is identically one. The space of centro-affine curves is acted upon by the special linear group, and the quotient is identified with the space of Hill's equations with periodic solutions. It is known that the space of centro-affine curves carries two pre-symplectic structures, and the KdV flow is identified with is a bi-Hamiltonian dynamical system therein. We introduce a one-parameter family of transformations on centro-affine curves, prove that they preserve both presymplectic structures, commute with the KdV flow, and share the integrals with it. Furthermore, the transformation commute with each other (Bianchi permutability). We also describe integrals of the KdV equation as arising from the monodromy of Riccati equations associated with centro-affine curves. We are motivated by our work (joint with M. Arnold, D. Fuchs, and I. Izmenstiev), concerning the cross-ratio dynamics on ideal polygons in the hyperbolic plane and hyperbolic space, whose continuous version is studied in the present paper.
KeywordsKorteweg-de Vries equation Centro-affine curves Bäcklund transformation Riccati equation Bianchi permutability Bi-Hamiltonian structure
It is a pleasure to acknowledge the stimulating discussions with A. Calini, A. Izosimov, I. Izmestiev, B. Khesin, and V. Ovsienko. Many thanks to the referee for useful comments and suggestions. This work was supported by NSF Grant DMS-_PHONE_.
- Arnold, M., Fuchs, D., Izmestiev, I., Tabachnikov, S.: Cross-ratio dynamics on ideal polygons. arXiv:1812.05337


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Noun(1) a perceptual structure(2) a customary way of operation or behavior(3) a decorative or artistic work(4) something regarded as a normative example(5) a model considered worthy of imitation(6) something intended as a guide for making something else(7) the path that is prescribed for an airplane that is preparing to land at an airport(8) graphical representation (in polar or Cartesian coordinates
Verb(1) plan or create according to a model or models(2) form a pattern
(1) this will set the pattern for the weeks ahead(2) External root hairs occur in a pattern governed by the arrangement of underlying cortical cells.(3) Plus, league bowlers pattern their styles after their favorite player.(4) most interviews follow a similar pattern(5) Scrolling a little further I came across the pattern and instructions to make these wonderful fisherman's pants.(6) he set the pattern for subsequent study(7) If this can be achieved, the pattern and example that he sets will be not just for Scotland, but a light to the world.(8) I have not knit a pattern from this book yet, however, all the patterns seem to be very well-written and easy to understand.(9) make a pattern for the zigzag edge(10) the house had been built on the usual pattern(11) These follow a similar pattern to the later instructions.(12) I can't help but think we are still looking to secular models to pattern our thinking rather than to revelation.(13) An ECG also shows doctors how fast your heart is beating and whether it's beating in a regular pattern.(14) it is easier to choose carpets from the roll than from a pattern book(15) Have a regular pattern of going to bed and getting up at the same time every day, whether you are tired or not.(16) It's not a difficult pattern to knit, but it's not going as fast as I would had imagined.
(1) pattern recognition :: rekonesans modèl
1. design ::
2. system ::
3. model ::
4. sample ::
5. figure ::
6. radiation pattern ::
7. convention ::
8. blueprint ::
9. traffic pattern ::
10. practice ::
11. form ::
12. shape ::
13. model ::
Different Formspattern, patterned, patterning, patterns
English to Haitian Dictionary: pattern
Meaning and definitions of pattern, translation in Haitian language for pattern with similar and opposite words. Also find spoken pronunciation of pattern in Haitian and in English language.
Tags for the entry "pattern"
What pattern means in Haitian, pattern meaning in Haitian, pattern definition, examples and pronunciation of pattern in Haitian language.


What Is Another Word For Disgruntled?
What is lachrymose?
1 : given to tears or weeping : tearful tended to become lachrymose when he was drunk.
2 : tending to cause tears : mournful a lachrymose drama..
What is the antonym for payment?
Antonyms of PAYMENT whole, evasion, penalty, debt, nonremittal, underpayment, nonpayment, default.
What do you call a one time payment?
one-time cash assessment. flat rate. flat rate payment. flat-rate payment. gratuity.
What is the opposite of enjoy?
enjoy. Antonyms: dislike, disrelish, suffer, loathe, forfeit, lose, tolerate, endure. Synonyms: like, relish, possess.
What's another word for upset?
Some common synonyms of upset are agitate, discompose, disquiet, disturb, fluster, and perturb. While all these words mean "to destroy capacity for collected thought or decisive action," upset implies the disturbance of normal or habitual functioning by disappointment, distress, or grief.
What does disgruntled mean?
unhappy and annoyedEnglish Language Learners Definition of disgruntled : unhappy and annoyed.
What is it called when someone does something on purpose?
deliberately; on purpose; intentionally; deliberate; intended; conscious; premeditated; wilfully; with intent; willfully; purposely; designedly; by choice; by design; advisedly.
What is the opposite of payment?
What is the opposite of payment?nonpaymentevasiondefaultingfailureavoidancedefaultbankruptcydelinquency
What is the opposite of purposely?
Opposite of intentionally, with full intent. accidentally. fortuitously. inadvertently. unintentionally.
Are upset and sad the same thing?
"Upset" is a little stronger than "sad". It implies that your emotional balance is disturbed by the event. Upset may also include emotional responses such as anger and not just sadness. "Sad" is the opposite of "happy." "Upset" is the opposite of "calm." You're sad to hear of your aunt's grave illness.
What do you call someone who is not happy?
Is it purposely or purposefully?
When you use purposely in a sentence, it should be synonymous with intentionally and on purpose. … When you use purposefully in a sentence, it should mean "in a way that shows determination and resolve" or, put more simply, "full of purpose." The opposite of purposefully would be close to negligently or carelessly.
What's another word for payment?
Is Unhappy a word?
adjective, un·hap·pi·er, un·hap·pi·est. sad; miserable; wretched: Why is she so unhappy? unfortunate; unlucky: an unhappy incident. unfavorable; inauspicious: an unhappy omen.
What is the opposite word of unhappy?
Wiktionary. unhappy(adjective) Antonyms: joyful, delighted, happy, joyous, exuberant, glad.
What is a synonym for upset and sad?
upset – adjectiveFeeling angry or annoyed. angry. annoyed. mad. irritated. fed up. put out. displeased. cross. belligerent. … Feeling sad or unhappy. sad. unhappy. gloomy. miserable. melancholy. sorrowful. subdued. bleak. wistful. … Feeling worried and nervous. worried. nervous. anxious. uneasy. tense. alarmed. on edge. frightened. troubled.
What's a synonym for disgruntled?
SYNONYMS FOR disgruntled grouchy, testy, sullen, grumpy, dissatisfied.
What is another word for purposely?
What is another word for purposely?deliberatelyintentionallywittinglyknowinglywilfullywillfullydesignedlypremeditatedlypurposivelyprepensely56 more rows


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VoiceOver's keyboard help will assist you in learning the many keyboard shortcuts you can use with VoiceOver.
- VoiceOver Keyboard Help Video Tutorial (CC)
- Video Tutorial: Larger Version (.mov, CC)
- Directions (HTML)
- Print Directions (PDF)
To practice your VoiceOver shortcuts:
- Turn on VoiceOver by pressing Command, F5.
- Press the VO keys (Control and Option) and the K key on your keyboard at the same time.
- Press any key combination to hear a description of the VoiceOver shortcut if one is available.
- When you're finished practicing your shortcuts, press the Escape key to exit the keyboard help.


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Jan. 26, 2012 A solution to the difficult issue of harvesting algae for use as a biofuel has been developed using microbubble technology pioneered at the University of Sheffield. The technique builds on previous research in which microbubbles were used to improve the way algae is cultivated.
Algae produce an oil which can be processed to create a useful biofuel. Biofuels, made from plant material, are considered an important alternative to fossil fuels and algae, in particular, has the potential to be a very efficient biofuel producer. Until now, however, there has been no cost-effective method of harvesting and removing the water from the algae for it to be processed effectively.
Now, a team led by Professor Will Zimmerman in the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering at the University of Sheffield, believe they have solved the problem. They have developed an inexpensive way of producing microbubbles that can float algae particles to the surface of the water, making harvesting easier, and saving biofuel-producing companies time and money.
The research is set to be published in Biotechnology and Bioengineering on 26 January 2012.
Professor Zimmerman and his team won the Moulton Medal, from the Institute of Chemical Engineers, for their earlier work which used the microbubble technology to improve algae production methods, allowing producers to grow crops more rapidly and more densely.
"We thought we had solved the major barrier to biofuel companies processing algae to use as fuel when we used microbubbles to grow the algae more densely," explains Professor Zimmerman.
"It turned out, however, that algae biofuels still couldn't be produced economically, because of the difficulty in harvesting and dewatering the algae. We had to develop a solution to this problem and once again, microbubbles provided a solution."
Microbubbles have been used for flotation before: water purification companies use the process to float out impurities, but it hasn't been done in this context, partly because previous methods have been very expensive.
The system developed by Professor Zimmerman's team uses up to 1000 times less energy to produce the microbubbles and, in addition, the cost of installing the Sheffield microbubble system is predicted to be much less than existing flotation systems.
The next step in the project is to develop a pilot plant to test the system at an industrial scale. Professor Zimmerman is already working with Tata Steel at their site in Scunthorpe using CO2 from their flue-gas stacks and plans to continue this partnership to test the new system.
Dr. Bruce Adderley, Manager Climate Change Breakthrough Technology, said, "Professor Zimmerman's microbubble-based technologies are exactly the kind of step-change innovations that we are seeking as a means to address our emissions in the longer term, and we are delighted to have the opportunity to extend our relationship with Will and his team in the next phase of this pioneering research."
The research was supported by the University of Sheffield's Knowledge Transfer Account, funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. It was also supported by the Royal Society Innovation Award 2010, and the Concept Fund of Yorkshire Forward.
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
- James Hanotu, HC Hemaka Bandulasena, William B Zimmerman. Microflotation performance for algal separation. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2012; DOI: 10.1002/bit.24449
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.


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In my previous blog post I talked about the 9 types of Instagram hashtags you should be using for your hashtag strategy.
I explained how important it is to use a mix of these hashtags and also touched on hashtag density – a very important concept.
Hashtag density is a cool word to talk about how much a hashtag is used on Instagram. It's the total number of posts linked to a hashtag.
Why bother with hashtag density?
Because density dictates the level of competition, engagement (likes & comments) and the chances for you to be featured on other people's account.
In this article I will tell you:
- How to find a hashtag's density
- How to use Instagram hashtags based on their density
- What is a "good" low or high hashtag density
- How to find low density Instagram hashtags
1. How to find a hashtag's density
It is a good habit to look at how many posts are linked to a hashtag.
You can do your quick hashtag search in Preview app:
- Type a hashtag you want to use (like _TAG_)
- See the automatic hashtag suggestions provided
- They are ordered in descending order (from high density to low density)
This order will make it easier for you to choose a mix of hashtags.
2. Use Instagram hashtags based on their density
High density = A lot of posts (+ 1 million)
= a lot of competition = harder to rank
= be part of a larger picture
Low density = Not many posts (less than 1 million)
= lower competition = easier to rank to the Top Posts
= small tight-knit community
I recommend to use a mix of high density and lower density hashtags when you plan your hashtag group.
High density will help you be in the category you need (example: travel). It will get you a few likes.
And low density hashtags are awesome to target specific people (who are likely to be using the same niche hashtag).
The likes coming from these niche hashtags will be very valuable. It is a great opportunity to make new friends and connections.
3. What is a "good" low or high hashtag density?
I wish I could tell you a number. But it really depends on your industry and niche.
Usually a hashtag below 1 million is a good one, in my opinion.
But it really depends. If your niche is very small, then your high density might be the low density of another industry.
Do you understand what I mean?
Let's take an example. Let's say I'm a travel blogger.
I will choose a mix of:
- High density hashtags like: _TAG_ (162 million posts), _TAG_ (5 million posts)
- Low density hashtags like: _TAG_ (394,000 posts), _TAG_ (65,700 posts)
4. How to find low density hashtags
I strongly recommend you get into low density hashtags. I love low density hashtags because:
- You can find people who love the same things as you
- It is easier to be seen by other people
- Less competition
- Easier to rank on Instagram's Top Posts
There are two ways you can find low density hashtags.
1. Do your research
Low density hashtags can be found as:
- Branded hashtags
- Community hashtags
- Niche hashtags
I strongly recommend these two blog posts:
The "Instagram Hashtag Funnel" for the different types of hashtags
How to search the best Instagram hashtags
2. Use the Instagram Hashtags Generator
If you don't have the time to do your research, check the Hashtags Generator in Preview app. It's an Instagram hashtags search tool.
We've done the research and put together all the top Instagram hashtags by categories.
Each category has a mix of high density and low density hashtags.
+400,000 Instagrammers are already using Preview App to edit, plan & schedule their feed. If you haven't tried it, you're missing out.


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acoustic passive localization的用法和样例：
- Aiming at improving the precision of acoustic passive localization by small size array, we first derived eqs. 1 through 3 to describe the relation between time delay and target location.
- Underwater acoustic passive localization
- Real-time Passive Localization by a Distributed Acoustic Array System
- The computer simulation results obtained and real data analysis indicate that a GCC TDE method can ensure high estimation precision when it is used in passive localization systems.
- A new passive localization estimate algorithm of Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) to improve the accuracy of target localization was proposed, and the ambiguity and unsolvable problem were solved.


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Oneida Carry Forts
Oneida Carry Forts: 1755, Oneida County,
Rome. The present City of Rome is located on the Oneida Carry. This was the
the western most navigatible part of the Mohawk River to the navigatible part
of Wood Creek that led to Oneida Lake, Oswego River and Lake Ontario. In 1755
the British built Forts Williams, Newport and Bull to protect this key portage.
After a destructive raid on Fort Bull it was replaced with Fort Wood Creek,
and Fort Craven was started to replace Fort Williams. After the French took
the Oswego Forts, these forts were destroyed and the British withdrew further
East. Later they returned to the region and built Fort Stanwix.
Back to Forts M-P Index
New York State Division of Military and Naval Affairs: Military
February 20, 2006


Best Care Services for Aged People
Greater than 70 percent of Aged Individuals are having different difficulties at their houses. It's because today, they've grown to disease and conditions that limit them from being able to do lots of things for themselves.
So, these elderly men and women feel lonely or becoming hooked on other people for their routine functions. Find out more information about award winning live-in care agency in UK by exploring online.
aged care uk, care at home
Image Source by Google
Therefore, to fix the problems of elderly folks, many agencies or companies come forward with some brilliant services. Since the agencies change, their providers also distinct from one another. However, some most Frequent providers are discussed under:-
1. Medical Services:-
Normally, old aged men and women are afflicted by numerous ailments due to the minimal immunity system or era element. Within this service, older age people may find all healthcare facilities which incorporate a completely free medical checkup, cheap or free medications, free ambulance support and a whole lot more.
2. Social Support:-
There are approx 80 percent of people on the planet that live alone at age 70. Living a forlorn life may break someone from indoors. Therefore, a center of social service can be provided to these individuals. What's more, these services offer shelter to the older aged people where they can receive their basic amenities and can easily interact with other men and women.
3. At Home:-
Many elderly people do not wish to leave their houses. Therefore, for all these folks, house services are also offered. This support entails a nurse or social worker who visits the house of elderly men daily and assisting them to finish the tasks where they confront the most problem.


COVID-19 OSHA Recordkeeping: What If an Employee Tests Positive?
In an interim guidance issued late last week, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) confirmed that COVID-19 is a recordable illness under OSHA's recordkeeping requirements. Thus, employers are responsible for recording a case of an employee with coronavirus if:
 1. the case is a "confirmed" case of COVID-19
 2. the case is "work-related"
 3. the case involves one or more of the general recording criteria set forth in 29 CFR § 1904.7
A confirmed case means an individual with at least one respiratory specimen that tested positive for SARS-CoV-2.
The definition for work-related is changed for most employers to make this determination easier. For employers of workers in the healthcare industry, emergency response organizations (e.g., emergency medical, firefighting, and law enforcement services), and correctional institutions, employees must continue to make work-relatedness determinations pursuant to 29 CFR § 1904. For all other employers, a COVID-19 case is considered work-related only if:
 1. There is "objective evidence" that a COVID-19 case may be work-related. For example, a number of cases developing among workers who work closely together without an alternative explanation; and
 2. The evidence was "reasonably available" to the employer. Reasonably available evidence includes information given to the employer by employees, and information an employer learns in the ordinary course of managing its business and employees.
This policy is intended to allow employers to focus their efforts on maintaining safe workplaces, rather than making difficult work-relatedness decisions.
There are number of considerations for managing your workplace after an employee tests positive. Levenfeld Pearlstein is available to advise through every step in the process.
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text:
Abstract: Light is a primary energy source. Its use efficiency reflects the capacity of ecosystem in converting light energy and producing organic matter. Revealing the values of light and its use efficiency in typical ecosystems provides reference for assessing regional light resources and their use efficiency, which is also helpful in assessing the regional capacity of organic matter production and carbon sequestration. Based on ChinaFLUX observations and published literature, we built the radiation and light-use efficiency dataset of typical ecosystems in China from 2002 to 2010. This dataset contains 126 site-year light resource, light-use efficiency, and absorbed light use efficiency observed from 51 ecosystems. In addition, the dataset also contains the biotic and abiotic information such as ecosystem code, observation year, longitude, latitude, altitude, ecosystem type, annual air temperature, annual precipitation, annual CO2 mass concentration, annual mean leaf area index, annual maximum leaf area index. The dataset could provide data base for research on carbon cycle and climate change.
Keywords: carbon cycle; photosynthetic active radiation; eddy covariance; terrestrial ecosystem


Graupner LiPo Deep discharge Prot. for 2-14 cells nr 6496
Pakket Alleen voor regelaars die vooruit kunnen!
€ 28.99 27.90 *Prijzen zijn inclusief btw
Fabrikant Graupner
Kan ook in bubble zonder plastik doosje.
Op voorraad
Maak uw regelaar geschikt voor LiPo.
Alleen voor regelaars die vooruit kunnen!
Operating voltage: 6... 58.8 V (2... 14 LiPo cells)
Receiver signal: 0.8 ms... 2.2 ms
Monitor indicator: 2 LEDs
Throttle-back (shortening of receiver signal) at a cell voltage of approx. 2.7 or 3.0 V
Dimensions approx. 42 x 42 x 12 mm
Weight approx. 18 g
The LiPo deep discharge guard reliably protects your valuable LiPo battery cells from »fatal« deep-discharging.
LiPo cells tend to differ in voltage, particularly in packs containing more than three cells,
but the speed controller can only monitor the overall voltage of the battery pack,
which can result in the demise of the weakest cell if it becomes deep-discharged.
In contrast, this circuit monitorseach cell individually,
and reliably protects them from being discharged to an excessive level.
The unit also transforms any speed controller (without reverse mode) into a LiPo-capable type.
The unit is connected to the white multi-pin connector attached to the LiPo battery,
and automatically detects the number of cells in the pack;
it confirms this by emitting a corresponding flashing sequence of the LEDs.
This unit is also connected between the receiver and the speed controller.
If the voltage of any cell falls below a value of around 2.7 V or 3 V per cell (switchable threshold),
the unit shortens the receiver throttle signal to the point where the speed controller throttles back and maintains the cell voltage at the minimum value of 2.7 V or 3 V.
The module features jumpers which enable it to be used with the BEC receiver power supply of BEC controllers.
A switch is provided for setting the throttle-back voltage to 2.7 V or 3 V.
Merken Graupner


How many places are named Palma?
There are 62 places in the world named Palma!
Palma can be found in 22 countries throughout the world.
In some countries the place can be found more than once. For example Mexico, Brazil and Cuba.
Mexico has the highest number of places called Palma, spread accross 15 regions.
The majority of the cities named Palma can be found above the equator.
The northern most place is in the region Viseu in Portugal. The southern most place is in the region Artigas in Uruguay.
See products related to Palma on Amazon.com.
All places Cities
Exact Beginning Ending
(Max 1000)
Cities named Palma: to select only cities, choose "Cities".
There are 62 places called Palma in the world.
Number of places named Palma per country:
There are 15 places named Palma in Mexico.
There are 8 places named Palma in Brazil.
There are 7 places named Palma in Cuba.
There are 5 places named Palma in Philippines.
There are 4 places named Palma in Costa Rica.
There are 3 places named Palma in Portugal.
There are 2 places named Palma in America.
There are 2 places named Palma in Peru.
There are 2 places named Palma in Haiti.
There are 2 places named Palma in Spain.
There is one place named Palma in Uruguay.
There is one place named Palma in Panama.
There is one place named Palma in Nigeria.
There is one place named Palma in Mozambique.
There is one place named Palma in Mauritius.
There is one place named Palma in Northern Mariana Islands.
There is one place named Palma in India.
There is one place named Palma in Guatemala.
There is one place named Palma in Ecuador.
There is one place named Palma in Colombia.
There is one place named Palma in Australia.
There is one place named Palma in Argentina.
Cities named Palma in Mexico.
Palma - ZacatecasWhere is Palma - Zacatecas - Mexico?
Palma - Veracruz-LlaveWhere is Palma - Veracruz-Llave - Mexico?
Palma - TamaulipasWhere is Palma - Tamaulipas - Mexico?
Palma - TabascoWhere is Palma - Tabasco - Mexico?
Palma - SonoraWhere is Palma - Sonora - Mexico?
Palma - SinaloaWhere is Palma - Sinaloa - Mexico?
Palma - San Luis PotosiWhere is Palma - San Luis Potosi - Mexico?
Palma - Queretaro de ArteagaWhere is Palma - Queretaro de Arteaga - Mexico?
Palma - OaxacaWhere is Palma - Oaxaca - Mexico?
Palma - Nuevo LeonWhere is Palma - Nuevo Leon - Mexico?
Palma - JaliscoWhere is Palma - Jalisco - Mexico?
Palma - HidalgoWhere is Palma - Hidalgo - Mexico?
Palma - GuerreroWhere is Palma - Guerrero - Mexico?
Palma - GuanajuatoWhere is Palma - Guanajuato - Mexico?
Palma - DurangoWhere is Palma - Durango - Mexico?
Cities named Palma in Brazil.
Palma - TocantinsWhere is Palma - Tocantins - Brazil?
Palma - Sao PauloWhere is Palma - Sao Paulo - Brazil?
Palma - Rio Grande do SulWhere is Palma - Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil?
Palma - Rio Grande do NorteWhere is Palma - Rio Grande do Norte - Brazil?
Palma - Minas GeraisWhere is Palma - Minas Gerais - Brazil?
Palma - CearaWhere is Palma - Ceara - Brazil?
Palma - BahiaWhere is Palma - Bahia - Brazil?
Palma - AlagoasWhere is Palma - Alagoas - Brazil?
Cities named Palma in Cuba.
Palma - Villa ClaraWhere is Palma - Villa Clara - Cuba?
Palma - MatanzasWhere is Palma - Matanzas - Cuba?
Palma - La HabanaWhere is Palma - La Habana - Cuba?
Palma - HolguinWhere is Palma - Holguin - Cuba?
Palma - GuantanamoWhere is Palma - Guantanamo - Cuba?
Palma - Ciego de AvilaWhere is Palma - Ciego de Avila - Cuba?
Palma - CamagueyWhere is Palma - Camaguey - Cuba?
Cities named Palma in Philippines.
Palma - PangasinanWhere is Palma - Pangasinan - Philippines?
Palma - Negros OccidentalWhere is Palma - Negros Occidental - Philippines?
Palma - LagunaWhere is Palma - Laguna - Philippines?
Palma - BukidnonWhere is Palma - Bukidnon - Philippines?
Palma - AntiqueWhere is Palma - Antique - Philippines?
Cities named Palma in Costa Rica.
Palma - San JoseWhere is Palma - San Jose - Costa Rica?
Palma - PuntarenasWhere is Palma - Puntarenas - Costa Rica?
Palma - GuanacasteWhere is Palma - Guanacaste - Costa Rica?
Palma - AlajuelaWhere is Palma - Alajuela - Costa Rica?
Cities named Palma in Portugal.
Palma - ViseuWhere is Palma - Viseu - Portugal?
Palma - SetubalWhere is Palma - Setubal - Portugal?
Palma - PortalegreWhere is Palma - Portalegre - Portugal?
Cities named Palma in America.
Palma - New MexicoWhere is Palma - New Mexico - America?
Palma - KentuckyWhere is Palma - Kentucky - America?
Cities named Palma in Peru.
Palma - San MartinWhere is Palma - San Martin - Peru?
Palma - IcaWhere is Palma - Ica - Peru?
Cities named Palma in Haiti.
Palma - OuestWhere is Palma - Ouest - Haiti?
Palma - CentreWhere is Palma - Centre - Haiti?
Cities named Palma in Spain.
Palma - MurciaWhere is Palma - Murcia - Spain?
Palma - Islas BalearesWhere is Palma - Islas Baleares - Spain?
Cities named Palma in Uruguay.
Palma - ArtigasWhere is Palma - Artigas - Uruguay?
Cities named Palma in Panama.
Palma - ChiriquiWhere is Palma - Chiriqui - Panama?
Cities named Palma in Nigeria.
Palma - BornoWhere is Palma - Borno - Nigeria?
Cities named Palma in Mozambique.
Palma - Cabo DelgadoWhere is Palma - Cabo Delgado - Mozambique?
Cities named Palma in Mauritius.
Palma - Plaines WilhemsWhere is Palma - Plaines Wilhems - Mauritius?
Cities named Palma in Northern Mariana Islands.
Palma - MPWhere is Palma - MP - Northern Mariana Islands?
Cities named Palma in India.
Palma - ChhattisgarhWhere is Palma - Chhattisgarh - India?
Cities named Palma in Guatemala.
Palma - El ProgresoWhere is Palma - El Progreso - Guatemala?
Cities named Palma in Ecuador.
Palma - EsmeraldasWhere is Palma - Esmeraldas - Ecuador?
Cities named Palma in Colombia.
Palma - CundinamarcaWhere is Palma - Cundinamarca - Colombia?
Cities named Palma in Australia.
Palma - QueenslandWhere is Palma - Queensland - Australia?
Cities named Palma in Argentina.
Palma - JujuyWhere is Palma - Jujuy - Argentina?
Places named after…


text:
Humanistic Spirit and Scholarship Value of Ancient Chinese Scholars
Download as PDF
The humanistic spirit of ancient Chinese scholars can also be understood as the spirit of learning. It is said in "The Note of Learning" that " If jade is not polished, it cannot become a thing of use. If a man does not learn, he cannot know his duty." It shows that what ancient people advocated in the underdeveloped natural science and social science was still a learning spirit of reading changes life. There are very few serious scholars. Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism and Mohism all embodied the idea of "people-centered", they think of man as the center of the universe or take man as a small universe. To a certain extent, this kind of philosophy has influenced ancient Chinese scholars to pursue the maximization of human value, and has also beautified the energy of human being as the center of the universe. It has also played an important role in the formation of humanistic spirit, such as "The Theory of Zhouyi", "Analects of Confucius", "The Book of History" and "Filial Piety", thereby embodying this humanistic spirit into scholarship value. This paper discusses the origin of humanities, the formation of humanistic spirit and the embodiment of the value of ancient scholarship.
Ancient chinese scholars; Humanistic spirit; Scholarship value


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Consider an integer cube of size $\sqrt{k} \times \sqrt{k} \times \sqrt{k}$, where $k$ is an asymptotically large perfect square number. Place k points in this cube at uniformly random locations, i.e., for each point choose its co-ordinates uniformly at random $(r_0,r_1,r_2)$ where $ 0 \leq r_i < \sqrt{k}$.
For an arbitrarily small number $\alpha >0$. Let $E$ be an event that there exists a subset of points of size $S = \alpha k$ such that the projection of these S points on every face of the cube, is of size at most $S/2$.
What is an upper bound on the probability of event $E$, i.e., P(E)?
Caution: If you start with a fixed set of size $S$, you would need to consider all possible subsets of $k$ points of size $S$. The event $E$ is defined as there exists a subset of size $S$ in $k$ points which are randomly placed.
share|improve this question
You are fixing $\alpha$ and then you let $k$ go to infinity? – Douglas Zare May 1 '13 at 4:58
yes. First fix $\alpha >0$ to be a small constant and then let $k$ go to $\infty$. – codingTheorist May 1 '13 at 19:06
1 Answer 1
You're essentially asking if you drop $k$ objects each into one of $k$ bins, what is the probability that only $k/2$ bins are occupied. (You can forget the extra dimension and only think about the dimensions you're looking at).
If you let $E_i$ be the event that the $i$th bin is empty, this has probability $((k-1)/k)^k\approx 1/e$. The events $E_i$ are approximately independent. Letting $N=\sum_{i=1}^k \mathbf 1_{E_i}$, $N$ has expectation $k/e$. The probability that there are $k/2$ unoccupied bins will decay as $e^{-\alpha k}$ using large deviation estimates.
--- Added to answer ---
If you want to pick a subset of size $\alpha k$ of the set of size $k$, it's obvious how to do it: take the boxes with the most elements first. You expect the distribution of elements in each box to be approximately Poisson with parameter 1. This means that approximately $(1-2/e)k$ of the boxes have two or more elements. As long as $\alpha$ is less than $1-2/e$, there's a high probability that you can find a subset $S$ of size $\alpha k$ whose shadow has size at most $|S|/2$.
share|improve this answer
It seems that you have computed an upper bound on the probability of a set of size $S = k$ occupying less than $S/2$ bins on one face of the cube. I am interested when there exists a subset (of size $\alpha k$) of the original set of $k$ points, such that they occupy less than or equal to $S/2$ bins on each face of the cube. Note, that there are exponential number of such subsets, i.e., $k \choose \alpha k$. – codingTheorist May 1 '13 at 1:05
The events may be approximately pairwise independent, while not being close to $k/2$-fold independent. – Douglas Zare May 1 '13 at 1:07
I don't think they don't need to be $k$-fold independent for this kind of argument to work. – Anthony Quas May 1 '13 at 2:13
Ok, I believe the conclusion, I just don't see what level of independence exists which implies it. It's also unclear to me how knowing that some subset $S$ projects to have size $|S|/2$ in one direction implies that there is some set which has small projections in all three directions. I'm only getting $\frac{2}{3}|S|$ from something like that. – Douglas Zare May 1 '13 at 5:05
Although this probability does decay exponentially in $k$ (as long as the large deviation methods are valid, which I'm sure they are), the exponential decay is slower than the increase in the number of choices of subsets. This means that something more subtle is needed to finish off the argument. BTW: Even the 2D version of this problem seems non-trivial... – Anthony Quas May 3 '13 at 0:59
Your Answer


text:
Handling Personal Information
If you are wary of Chromium tracking your usage data and browsing history, there are several things you can do to control what information does and doesn't get recorded.
Privacy settings in Options/Preferences
To change Chromium's privacy settings, do the following:
- Click on the Wrench icon and select Options (Windows OS) or Preferences (Mac and Linux OSs).
- Choose Under the Hood from the index on the left side of the page.
- In the Privacy section, you can do the following:
- Clear your browsing data (which includes browsing and download history, cache, cookies, saved passwords, and form Autofill) within a specified time frame.
- Adjust additional settings via option boxes.
For more information on the individual parameters in the Privacy section, visit Google Chrome Help's Privacy and security settings page: _URL_
Chromium's Incognito mode doesn't record your browsing and download history, and cookies are deleted once you close all open Incognito windows. However, bookmarks and general settings are still saved.
For more information on Incognito mode, consult the chapter "Using the Incognito Window" in the Other Features and Functions section of this manual.
External tools to remove Chromium User ID
When you install Chromium, a unique user ID is assigned to your computer to create individual user profiles of a user's actions (such as browsing and download history, and cookies) while using Chromium.
If this is a privacy concern for you, consider downloading one of the following tools to delete this unique ID from your computer:
- Unchrome: _URL_
- Chrome Privacy Guard: _URL_


text:
Recently we brought you a piece on the surprisingly simple pieces of art created by playing today's complex video games. Now we're bringing you some pretty complicated art made by a game that's been around since the 1930s — pinball.
Netherlands based graduate student Sam van Doorn brings us a project he's entitiles STYN. He's modified the parts from and old pinball machine to create a visual representation of the game play. Standard flippers control an ink-coated ball that moves based on the gameplay and creates the arcing lines found on the tracing paper placed on the surface.
In a complete turn around from the video game art that becomes simpler when the user mastered the moves, in STYN, van Doorn suggests that when skill comes into play with the pinball machine the more complex the drawings become as the user is able to send the ball along more varied trajectories.
Turning games into physical art seems like a trend that is on the rise. It's anyone's guess as to what we might see next — though I'd like to see if there is a way to capture the intense gameplay of Call of Duty, or even another gaming platform.