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Haifa Shrine and Port
Haifa coa
Emblem of Haifa
District Haifa
Government City
Hebrew חֵיפָה
(Translit.) Heifa
Arabic حَيْفَا
Population 264,900 (city)
1,039,000 (metropolitan area) (2007)
Area 63666 dunams (63.666 km2; 24.582 sq mi)
Mayor Yona Yahav
Website [1]
Location haifa
Haifa, its district and metropolitan area's location within Israel
Kiryan Shmuel (Hebrew: קרית שמואל is a neighborhood at the perimeter of the city of Haifa in northern Israel. The neighborhood is bounded by Kiryat Hayim in the south and in the west, by Kiryat Yam in the west and by Kiryat Motzkin in the east. It is located about one kilometer for the coast, with a train station on its border with Kiryat Motzkin. Kiryat Shmuel has a population of 5500 (2007)consisting mostly of Orthodox Jews. The neighbourhood is named after Shmuel Hayim Landau, a leader of the Hapoel HaMizrachi movement.
Kiryat Shmuel was built on the sands of Haifa Bay in 1938, by members of Hapoel HaMizrachi who wanted to live in a town with of a religious Jewish-Orthodox character. The founders rejected an offer to build a small neibourhood within Kiriat Hayim and chose to start a new town. Initially Kiryat Shmuel was an independet municipal entity, but in 1952 it was amalgamated into Haifa thogether with Kiryat Hayim.
The origin of the name "Haifa" is unclear. According to historian Alex Carmel, it may come from the Hebrew verb root חפה (hafa), meaning to cover or shield, i.e. Mount Carmel covers Haifa.[4] Another possible origin of the name is the Arabic word حفَّ ("haffa") which means "beach", or the word حيفة meaning the "suburb" or "side of the city".[5] In turn some see a resemblance to the Hebrew word חוֹף (hof), also meaning beach, or חוֹף יָפֶה (hof yafe), meaning beautiful beach.[6] Some Christians believe that the town was named after the high priest Caiaphas, or Saint Peter (Keiphah in Aramaic).[4]
Early historyEdit
A small port city, Tell Abu Hawam, existed in the Haifa region in the Late Bronze Age (14th century BCE).[7] The 6th century BCE Greek geographer Scylax told of a city "between the bay and the Promontory of Zeus" (i.e., the Carmel) which may be a reference to Haifa.[7] By Hellenistic times the city had moved to a new site south of what is now Bat Galim because the port's harbour had become blocked with sand.[7] About the 3rd century CE, the city is first mentioned in Talmudic literature, as a small fishing village and the home of Rabbi Avdimos and other Jewish scholars.[7][8][9] A Greek-speaking population living along the coast at this time was engaged in commerce.[10]
Haifa was located near the town of Shikmona, a center for making the traditional Tekhelet dye used in the garments of the high priests in the Temple. The archaeological site of Shikmona is southwest of Bat Galim.[11] Mount Carmel and the Kishon River are also mentioned in the Bible.[12][13] A grotto on the top of Mount Carmel is known as the "Cave of Elijah", traditionally linked to the Prophet Elijah and his apprentice, Elisha.[12] In Arabic, the highest peak of the Carmel range is called the Muhraka, or "place of burning," harking back to the burnt offerings and sacrifices there in Canaanite and early Israelite times[14]
Early Haifa is believed to have occupied the area which extends from the present-day Rambam Hospital to the Jewish Cemetery on Yafo Street.[15] The inhabitants engaged in fishing and agriculture.[15]
Byzantine, Arab and Crusader ruleEdit
Prosperity ended in 1100, when Haifa was besieged and blockaded by the Crusaders and then conquered after a fierce battle with its Jewish and Muslim inhabitants.[4][17] Under the Crusaders, Haifa was reduced to a small fishing and agricultural village.[17] It was a part of the Principality of Galilee within the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Following their victory at the Battle of Hattin, Saladin's Ayyubid army captured Haifa in mid-July 1187.[18] The Crusaders under Richard the Lionheart retook Haifa in 1191.[19] The Carmelites established a church on Mount Carmel in the 12th century.[20] Under Muslim rule, the building was turned into a mosque, later becoming a hospital. In the 19th century, it was restored as a Carmelite monastery over a cave associated with Elijah, the prophet.[21]
Mamluk, Ayyubid, Ottoman and Egyptian ruleEdit
The city's Crusader fortress was destroyed in 1187 by Saladin.[7] In 1265, the army of Baibars the Mamluk captured Haifa, destroying its fortifications, which had been rebuilt by King Louis of France, as well as the majority of the city's homes to prevent the European Crusaders from returning.[22] For much of their rule, the city was desolate in the Mamluk period between the 13th and 16th centuries.[23] Information from this period is scarce.[23] However, during Mamluk rule in the 14th century, al-Idrisi wrote that Haifa served as the port for Tiberias and featured a "fine harbor for the anchorage of galleys and other vessels.[24]
Modern historyEdit
The monument to Napoleon's soldiers at Stella Maris Monastery, Haifa.
In 1761 Dhaher al-Omar, a Bedouin ruler of Acre and Galilee, demolished the city and rebuilt Haifa in a new location, fortifying it with a wall.[23][25] This event is marked as the beginning of the town's modern era.
19th and early 20th centuryEdit
German Colony in the 19th century
File:Haifa 1915.JPG
After the Egyptian occupation ended, Haifa grew in population and importance as Acre suffered a decline. In 1854 the population was 2,012 inhabitants; 2,070 Arabs (1,200 Muslims, 870 Christians) and 32 Jews.[28] The arrival of the German Templers in 1868, who settled in what is now known as the German Colony of Haifa, was a turning point in Haifa's development.[27] The Templers built and operated a steam-based power station, opened factories and inaugurated carriage service to Acre, Nazareth and Tiberias, playing a key role in modernizing the city.[29]
British MandateEdit
_PHONE_ Buchenwald survivors arrive in Haifa
Buchenwald survivors arrive in Haifa to be arrested by the British, July 15, 1945.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Haifa emerged as an industrial port city and growing population center. The Hejaz railway and the Technion were built at this time.[27] Haifa District was then home to approximately 20,000 inhabitants, 96 percent of them Arabs (82 percent Muslim and 14 percent Christian), and four percent Jews. Over the next few decades the number of Jews increased steadily, due to immigration, especially from Europe. By 1945 the population had shifted to 53 percent Arab (33 percent Muslim, 20 percent Christian) and 47 percent Jewish.[34] In 1947 about 70,910 Arabs (41,000 Muslims, 29,910 Christians) and 74,230 Jews were living there.[35] The Christian community were mostly Greek-Melkite Catholics.
1948 War of IndependenceEdit
The 1947 UN Partition Plan designated Haifa as part of the proposed Jewish state. When the Arab leadership rejected the UN's plan, Haifa did not escape the violence that spread throughout the country. On December 30, 1947, members of the Irgun, a Jewish underground militia, threw bombs into a crowd of Arabs outside the gates of the Consolidated Refineries in Haifa, killing six and injuring 42. In response Arab employees of the company killed 39 Jewish employees in what became known as the Haifa Oil Refinery massacre.[36] The Jewish Haganah militia retaliated with a raid on the Arab village of Balad al-Shaykh, where many of the Arab refinery workers lived, in what became known as the Balad al-Shaykh massacre.[37] Control of Haifa was critical in the ensuing 1948 Palestine War, since it was the major industrial and oil refinery port in British Palestine.[36] British forces


Elleni is a boy name.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Is Elleni a popular name?
Over the years Elleni was most popular in 1979. According to the latest US census information Elleni ranks #14709th while according to famousnames.vip Elleni ranks #2nd.
How popular is the name Elleni?
According to the US census in 2018, no boys were born named Elleni, making Elleni the #70615th name more popular among boy names. In 1979 Elleni had the highest rank with 6 boys born that year with this name.
How common is the name Elleni?
Elleni is #70615th in the ranking of most common names in the United States according to he US Census.
When was the name Elleni more popular?
The name Elleni was more popular in 1979 with 6 born in that year.
When was the last time a baby was named Elleni
The last time a baby was named Elleni was in 2015, based on US Census data.
How many people born in 2015 are named Elleni?
In 2015 there were 6 baby boys named Elleni.


text:
Philosophy Essay #4
Kant's Views on Wrongness of Lying
Kant believes humans have the highest value in the realm of existence because they are the only beings capable of reasoning. He extends this theory to say that humans have the right to use other creatures in any way they see fit as long as they are serving an end to justify the means. Kant perceives humans as the most valuable creatures because other "animals" are not able to have desires and set personal goals. Modern science invalidates some of Kant's views because some animals do in fact have the mental capacity to express desire (however Kant was not aware of this). He thought that humans are entitled to respect each other and allow each other to act freely, utilizing the special tool of rational thinking that he believes is unique to the species.
Kant's core principle is the Categorical Imperative; essentially the concept that all people should treat others (as well as themselves) as an ends and never just as a means to fulfill goals/desires. People all hold an elite status in the universe and are obliged to recognize each other's significance. Lying and manipulation and are strictly forbidden according to Kant's notions because they involve treating a person as merely a means to achieve personal satisfaction. A prime example of someone defying the Categorical Imperative: a person intends to go out with a friend and lies about their car being broken so they do not have to drive. This person strips deceives his/her friend into driving and lies to satisfy his/her ulterior motive. If the person simply tells his/her friend the truth that they do not feel like driving, the friend is left to decide if he/she wants to take on the duty of driving based on his/her values and thought processes.
Kant thinks humans are required to live up to their perfect duties. If one lies they are defying their perfect duty. Lying is a "contradiction in conceivability" and if it is applied on a universal standard...
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


manufacturers via auction and finally to the fur outlet, clocking up thousands of 'fur' miles of transportation energy costs along the way. The total energy consumption of a fur coat is estimated to be at least 15 times that of a synthetic fur. Considerable energy costs are also incurred as a result of the required cold storage during spring/summer months throughout the lifetime of the product.
In addition to the energy costs of transporting the animal pelts and finished fur garments around the globe energy is consumed at every stage of fur production.
Beginning with transporting feed to fur farms or trappers setting and checking their traplines, then shipping the animal pelts to international auctions and on to dressers, dyers, manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers and finally to the consumer, vast amounts of energy are consumed.
In describing the energy input required to run intensive animal farming operations, The Pew Charitable Trusts and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health note in a 2008 report that such systems are "almost entirely dependent on fossil fuels."
Petrol is used by trappers to check their miles of traplines on a regular basis, to remove dead and dying animals and to reset the traps. In many of the highest-trapping states trappers are required to check their traps every day for the 3-4 month duration of the trapping season. They do this using vehicles including trucks, snowmobiles, four-wheelers and even airplanes. And when trapping in inaccessible areas of Alaska, "many gallons of expensive gasoline must be freighted in" simply to operate the snowmobile. Trappers use so much gasoline, in fact, that a steep rise in price per gallon will leads to many trappers reducing how many traps they set or stopping altogether.
To calculate the energy required to operate tanneries, the European Commission states "it is necessary to record the energy consumption for electricity, heat (steam and heating) and compressed air, particularly for the units with highest consumption, such as waste water treatment and drying procedures."
The consumption of energy in the production of fur for fashion does not end once the fur coat has been purchased by a consumer. The Fur Information Council of America urges fur owners to annually store their furs in commercial furriers' vaults in which "air exchange is carefully regulated with temperatures kept below 50 degrees Fahrenheit and a constant humidity level of 50%." The rationale for summer cold storage-summarized by Sandy Parker, a noted analyst and reporter within the fur industry-is that for many fur retailers, this represents "the most lucrative aspect of [the entire fur] business."
In the late 1980s, Higgs Furs in the UK placed a series of advertisements using the headline: 'Environment Friendly Furs by Higgs'. The company claimed that 'furs are completely environmentally friendly'.
The Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) received a number of complaints challenging this claim including one from Lynx (Respect for Animals' predecessor) which provided ample evidence to show that furs could not realistically be described in this way. The ASA agreed and told Higgs Furs that they should change its advertisement accordingly.
Similarly, in 1992 Dutch group Bont voor Dieren lodged a complaint with the Dutch ASA against fur trade advertisements that described fur as 'ecological' (they also claimed that the welfare of animals on fur factory farms was 'excellent').
Evidence was provided by both sides and an exhaustive procedure undertaken after which, once more, the independent ASA said that fur could no longer be called 'ecological' describing the use of the word in this context as both 'misleading' and 'improper' (it also concluded that the claims over 'excellent' welfare were misleading). The judgement concluded that the Dutch Fur Institute's attempt to take advantage of the public's increasing concern for the environment was 'intolerable'.


Previous: val, Up: Invoking CSSC Programs
3.16 what
The what program is designed to search in files for the recognition string '@(#)'. All the strings it finds matching this are printed on standard output.
The exit status of what if zero is a matching string as found, and 1 otherwise.
3.16.1 Options for what
what [-s] [-V] file [file...]
Exit successfully after finding the first string.
Show version information for what.
3.16.2 Example
While the file is being edited (either at first or after 'get -e'):-
 _TAG_ CONFIG_NO_SCCS_IDS
 static const char sccs_id[] = "%W%";
When the file is checked out for compiling (with get):-
 _TAG_ CONFIG_NO_SCCS_IDS
 static const char sccs_id[] = "@(#)foo.c 1.3";
After compiling:-
 $ what foo
 foo.c 1.3
If the executable is linked from several source files, you will get a line of output for each string containing the identification string '@(#)'. This is useful for finding out exactly what code went into an executable. This technique also works on object files, archive libraries, text files, and in fact any sorts of files at all.
Unlike the strings command, there is no way to make what operate on standard input. The data would need to be written to a file first.
The rationale for the preprocessor construct CONFIG_NO_SCCS_IDS is that sometimes compilers or lint-pickers complain that the variable sccs_id is unused, and defining CONFIG_NO_SCCS_IDS will remove these ids and thus silence the warnings.


text:
For decades, science has been fascinated by the LGBTQ+ community. What makes gay people gay? How does sexuality affect one's behaviour, appearance, or ability to raise children? These are the questions that science has asked and the answers have had an impact not only within the scientific world, but also on public policy and the rights of LGBTQ+ citizens. Given the highly politicised nature of the topic, it is perhaps not surprising to discover biases and prejudices hidden in the construction, conduction, and conclusions of these studies but are they still valuable contributions to science?
PhD student (and lesbian) Cerys Bradley will discuss the scientific research into the LGBTQ+ community as well as its societal implications, and ask "just because science can ask a question, should it?".


text:
Writing today on the Guardian's Comment is Free site, Professor Charles Taylor makes some important points about multiculturalism, saying people need to stop "block-thinking" about Islam. By associating certain expressions of Islamic piety or culture, for example the headscarf, with one possible meaning, such as fundamentalism, we risk thinking of Muslims as one unified block, and so "make it harder for Muslims to stand out and criticise their own block thinkers", such as Osama bin Laden.
As Taylor says, "block thinkers on each side give aid and comfort to block thinkers on the other side" and help to strengthen Charles Huntington's controversial idea of the "clash of civilisations". Taylor concludes that we need to discourage block thinking and listen to "the crossover figures who can provide that urgently needed connection", for example the many who may be "deeply pious while being utterly revolted by gender discrimination or violence".
It's a point that ties in with our latest cover story on Islamic extremism in British universities. While there may be a problem with Islamist groups on campus, it is important to remember that such groups speak for the minority and do not warrant a hysterical reaction.


Rec4MH Training
What is the Recreation for Mental Health Training?
The Recreation for Mental Health team has produced guidelines and actions that will help recreation practitioners make their programs and spaces more accessible to people experiencing mental health challenges. These guidelines and actions are born of several research projects which you can read more about on the Resources page.
Why is this training so important?
The Recreation for Mental Health Training is a missing link between uncovering the needs of people experiencing mental health challenges through the research process, and connecting these people with the recreation experiences that are so vital to the recovery process and maintaining wellness into the future. This closing the gap between what we know and what we actually do is called "knowledge translation".
Additionally, recreation can play a pivotal role in the mental health recovery process and is important for the maintenance of mental wellness for all people. Because of the connections between recreation, mental wellness and social equity, equitable access to recreation is an effective leverage point for increasing wellness and social equity overall.
Who is the training for?
Whether you are a recreation manager or director, a program facilitator/leader, or a front desk staff member, you have a vital role in helping the people who would benefit the most from recreation to:
 - find out about your offerings
 - afford to attend them
 - travel to your facility
 - feel welcomed to attend for the first time
 - keep coming back, to get the full benefits of recreation
What will I learn and do at the Training?
The training is experiential and fun, and has built in time for action planning at your centre or program. You'll leave with a renewed sense of the power of recreation to change people's lives for the better and a clear path that you can take to reach the people who most need to experience the joys and benefits of recreation.
Additionally, the heart of the trainings' teachings are about being welcoming to all people and doing excellent customer service.
How long is the Training?
The training is a 4 hour workshop.
Who do I contact to learn when, where and how to host a training?
Contact Debbie Bauld, Project Manager
_PHONE_ ext. 2
As trainings are planned, they will be posted here and advertised through a variety of channels.
Training Testimonials
"I liked learning about mental health issues in regards to recreation programs in general. It is something that goes unnoticed."
"The training really opened my eyes on benefits of recreation for those with mental health concerns."
"This training opens dialogue, and provides an opportunity to share experiences from real life."


text:
If you go back into the history of the NY style, you will see that the basic NY style pizza was made using flour, water, fresh yeast and salt. The flour originally was all-purpose flour but over time pizza operators used bread flour and high-gluten flour as they became available and popular for that style. The bread flour and high-gluten flour were commonly bleached and bromated. Sometimes they were just called "pizza flour". There was no sugar or oil used in the dough, and the dough was mixed by hand (before Mr. Hobart invented the commercial mixer) and fermented at room temperature (commercial refrigeration had not yet been invented). Dry yeast products such as ADY and IDY had not yet been invented (IDY was invented just after World War II and IDY was invented in the 1970s), so the yeast used was fresh yeast. The pizzas were typically baked in high-temperature coal fired ovens. When deck ovens were invented and became commercially available, oil and sugar started to be added to the dough. When refrigeration became commercially viable for cold fermenting dough, it allowed pizza operators to make dough and be able to use it for more than one day. The end product pizzas were typically quite large, with 18" being typical. In some cases, they were even larger than 18".
Today, if you were to investigate what NY style pizza operators are doing, you would find that all of the above measures are being used by someone somewhere. However, over time, there has been a movement toward the use of high-gluten flours and the regular use of oil in the dough. The flour is most likely to be bleached and bromated. Sugar might also be added to the dough, especially if the dough is to be cold fermented for more than a few days. And dry yeast products are regularly used. Most of the NY style pizzas today are likely to be baked in deck ovens, although there are still coal-fired ovens being used to make the earlier NY style pizza, often called the "elite" style to differentiate those pizzas from the "NY street" style. The elite style pizzas come in the larger sizes although the NY street style pizzas can come in a wide range of sizes, including 12", 14", 16" and 18", with the most common size still being the 18" size. There is also a wide range of toppings for the NY street style and bake times also tend to be on the high side, much longer than would be used to make the Neapolitan style, which are typically baked in very high temperature wood-fired ovens with bake times of under about 2 minutes and often under a minute. Also, the Neapolitan style pizzas rarely get above 10"-12" in size. And, as John noted, the flour used for that style is usually an unbromated, unbleached, unmalted flour such as the 00 flour, there is no sugar or oil used in the dough, and the pizzas are sparsely topped. The sauce is typically made from Italian San Marzano tomatoes and the cheese can be fresh mozzarella cheese of buffalo mozzarella cheese. The NY style pizzas typically use canned domestic tomato products and processed mozzarella cheeses.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Marijuana Cultivation And Grow Operations
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Experienced Defense For Those Facing Marijuana Cultivation Charges
While attitudes toward marijuana are loosening throughout the nation, in the state of Minnesota it is still a crime to do a variety of things with the drug, including being involved with its cultivation. As is the case with many drug crimes, the penalties associated with a conviction for this crime can be harsh. Matthew J. Mankey from the Mankey Law Office understands how a conviction for drug cultivation can negatively impact your future.
If you are charged with cultivating marijuana you could be charged in state or federal court, and in addition to fines you could face incarceration. Each jurisdiction has its own charging and sentencing guidelines, which take into consideration the size of the grow operation.
Penalties For A Conviction In A State Court
Just how severe the potential penalties for a conviction are in state court depends on the weight of the plants found. The heavier the aggregate weight of the plants, the more serious the punishment. Misdemeanor charges could lead to a fine of $1,000 and/or 90 days in jail, while the most serious felony could result in a fine of $1 million and 30 years in prison.
Penalties For A Conviction In Federal Court
In federal court, the determining factor in the sentence for someone found guilty of marijuana cultivation is a bit different. Rather than the weight of the plants, it is based on the number of plants. Fines can range from $250,000 to $1 million and incarceration from five years to life.
Take Action To Protect Your Future
Charges connected to growing or cultivating marijuana should be taken seriously. Attorney Matthew Mankey understands that if you have been charged with a drug crime you have a lot to lose. If you are in Minneapolis or the western suburbs, call the Mankey Law Office at _PHONE_ to speak to a lawyer, or send an email to schedule a free initial consultation.


First-past-the-post voting
In a first-past-the-post (FPTP or FPP; sometimes formally called single-member plurality voting or SMP; sometimes called choose-one voting for single-member districts, in contrast to ranked choice voting[1]) electoral system, voters cast their vote for a candidate of their choice, and the candidate who receives the most votes wins (even if the top candidate gets less than 50%, which typically happens when there are more than two popular candidates). FPTP is a plurality voting method, and is primarily used in systems that use single-member electoral divisions. FPTP is used as the primary form of allocating seats for legislative elections in about a third of the world's countries, mostly in the English-speaking world. The phrase is a metaphor from British horse racing, where there is a post at the finish line[2] (though there is no specific percentage "finish line" required to win in this voting system, only being furthest ahead in the race).
A first-past-the-post ballot for a single-member district. The voter must mark one (and only one).
Many countries use FPTP alongside proportional representation, for example, in a parallel voting system or as part of a mixed-member proportional representation system. In some countries that elect their legislatures by proportional representation, FPTP is used to elect their head of state.
Countries that primarily use a first-past-the-post voting system for national legislative elections
The multiple-round election (runoff) voting method uses the FPTP voting method in each of two rounds. The first round, held according to block voting rules, determines which candidates may progress to the second and final round.
Under a first-past-the-post voting method, the highest polling candidate is elected. In this real-life illustration from the 2011 Singaporean presidential election, presidential candidate Tony Tan obtained a greater number of votes than any of the other candidates. Therefore, he was declared the winner, although the second-placed candidate had an inferior margin of only 0.35% and a majority of voters (64.8%) did not vote for Tony Tan:
Tony Tan745,69335.20
Tan Cheng Bock738,31134.85
Tan Jee Say530,44125.04
Tan Kin Lian104,0954.91
Valid votes2,118,54098.24
Invalid/blank votes37,8491.76
Total votes2,156,389100.00
Registered voters/turnout2,274,77394.80
Source: Singapore Elections
The effect of a system based on plurality voting spread over a number of separate districts is that the larger parties, and parties with more geographically concentrated support, gain a disproportionately large share of seats, while smaller parties with more evenly distributed support gain a disproportionately small share. It is more likely that a single party will hold a majority of legislative seats. In the United Kingdom, 19 of the 24 general elections since 1922 have produced a single-party majority government; for example, the 2005 general election results were as follows:
(parties with more than one seat; not including N. Ireland)
PartySeats Seats % Votes % Votes
Labour Party35556.536.19,552,436
Conservative Party19831.533.28,782,192
Liberal Democrats629.922.65,985,454
Scottish National Party61.01.6412,267
Plaid Cymru30.50.7174,838
FPTP wastes fewer votes when it is used in two-party contests.
Waste of votes and minority governments are more likely when large groups of voters vote for three, four or more parties as in Canadian elections. Canada uses FPTP and only two of the last six federal Canadian elections produced single-party majority governments.
Arguments in support
Supporters of FPTP argue that its concept is easy to understand, and ballots can more easily be counted and processed than those in preferential voting systems. [citation needed]
FPTP often produces governments which have legislative voting majorities,[3] thus providing such governments the legislative power necessary to implement their electoral manifesto commitments during their term in office. This may be beneficial for the country in question in circumstances where the government's legislative agenda has broad public support (albeit potentially divided across party lines), or at least benefits society as a whole. However handing a legislative voting majority to a government which lacks popular support can be problematic where said government's policies favour only that fraction of the electorate that supported it (particularly if the electorate divides on tribal, religious or urban/rural lines).
Supporters of FPTP also argue that the use of proportional representation (PR) may enable smaller parties to become decisive in the country's legislature and gain leverage they wouldn't otherwise enjoy (although this can be somewhat mitigated by a large enough electoral threshold). They argue that FPTP generally reduces this possibility, except where parties have a strong regional basis. A journalist at Haaretz noted that Israel's highly proportional Knesset "affords great power to relatively small parties, forcing the government to give in to political blackmail and to reach compromises;"[4][5] Tony Blair, defending FPTP, argued that other systems give small parties the balance of power, and influence disproportionate to their votes.[6]
Allowing people into parliament who did not finish first in their district was described by David Cameron as creating a "Parliament full of second-choices who no one really wanted but didn't really object to either."[7] Winston Churchill criticized the alternative vote system as "determined by the most worthless votes given for the most worthless candidates."[8]
Arguments against
First past the post is most often criticized for its failure to reflect the popular vote in the number of parliamentary/legislative seats awarded to competing parties. Critics argue that a fundamental requirement of an election system is to accurately represent the views of voters, but FPTP often fails in this respect. It often creates "false majorities" by over-representing larger parties (giving a majority of the parliamentary/legislative seats to a party that did not receive a majority of the votes) while under-representing smaller ones. The diagram here, summarizing Canada's 2015 federal election, demonstrates how FPTP can misrepresent the popular vote.
Majority reversal
A majority reversal or election inversion[9][10] is a situation where the party that gets an overall majority of votes loses the election or does not get a plurality of seats. Famous examples of the second placed party (in votes nationally) winning a majority of seats include the elections in Canada in 2019, in Ghana in 2012, in New Zealand in 1978 and in 1981 and in the United Kingdom in 1951.
Even when a party wins more than half the votes in an almost purely two-party-competition, it is possible for the runner-up to win a majority of seats. This happened in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in 1966, 1998 and 2020 and in Belize in 1993.
This need not be a result of malapportionment. Even if all seats represent the same number of votes, the second placed party (in votes nationally) can win a majority of seats by efficient vote distribution. Winning seats narrowly and losing elsewhere by big margins is more efficient than winning seats by big margins and losing elsewhere narrowly. For a majority in seats, it is enough to win a plurality of votes in a majority of constituencies. Even with only two parties and equal constituencies, this means just over a quarter of the votes of the whole.
Geographical problems
Regional Parties achieve proportionally more seats than their vote share. Votes (left) v Seats (right) 2019 UK general election with Conservative & Labour removed.
Geographical favouritism
Generally FPTP favours parties who can concentrate their vote into certain voting districts (or in a wider sense in specific geographic areas). This is because in doing this they win many seats and don't 'waste' many votes in other areas.
The British Electoral Reform Society (ERS) says that regional parties benefit from this system. "With a geographical base, parties that are small UK-wide can still do very well".[11]
On the other hand, minor parties that do not concentrate their vote usually end up getting a much lower proportion of seats than votes, as they lose most of the seats they contest and 'waste' most of their votes.[12]
The ERS also says that in FPTP elections using many separate districts "small parties without a geographical base find it hard to win seats".[11]
Make Votes Matter said that in the 2017 UK general election, "the Green Party, Liberal Democrats and UKIP (minor, non-regional parties) received 11% of votes between them, yet they shared just 2% of seats", and in the 2015 UK general election, "[t]he same three parties received almost a quarter of all the votes cast, yet these parties shared just 1.5% of seats."[13]
According to Make Votes Matter, and shown in the chart below,[14] in the 2015 UK general election UKIP came in third in terms of number of votes (3.9 million/12.6%), but gained only one seat in Parliament, resulting in one seat per 3.9 million votes. The Conservatives on the other hand received one seat per 34,000 votes.[13]
A graph showing the difference between the popular vote (inner circle) and the seats won by parties (outer circle) at the 2015 UK general election
Distorted geographical representation
The winner-takes-all nature


text:
The Evidence Integration Triangle for Management of Behavioral Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
AuthorAnderson, Courtney E.
MetadataShow full item record
Other TitlesEIT-4-BPSD Manuscript
AbstractProblem and Purpose Behavioral Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) are described as symptoms of apathy, agitation, inappropriate vocalization, aggression, wandering, and resistance to care. Incorrectly managing BPSD can lead to the improper administration of psychotropic medications, which can negatively impact the health and quality of life for residents with dementia. The purpose of this quality improvement project was to implement the Evidence Integration Triangle for Management of Behavioral Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (EIT-4-BPSD) in a nursing home. The Evidence Integration Triangle is a four-step implementation framework that includes participatory implementation processes, provision of practical, evidence-based interventions, and pragmatic measures of progress towards goals. Methods The EIT-4-BPSD was implemented over a ten-week period. The four steps included: Step 1: Assessment of the environment and policies; Step 2: Education of staff; Step 3: Establishing person-centered care plans; and Step 4: Mentoring and motivating staff. Outcomes were evaluated pre and post-implementation. Resident outcomes were obtained from the Minimum Data Set National Database and included: use of psychotropic medications and falls. Staff outcomes included knowledge of person-centered behavioral approaches for BPSD based on a 10-item multiple-choice test. Facility outcomes included evaluation of a random sample of five de-identified care plans to evaluate for evidence of incorporation of person-centered approaches to managing BPSD. Results Patient outcomes revealed a 12.5% decrease in the administration of psychotropic medications and a 5.6% decrease in falls. Nurse's post-test knowledge of person-centered management of BPSD increased from 63.5% to 70% post-implementation. Evidence of established personcentered care plans increased from 40% at baseline to 90% post-implementation. Conclusion The EIT-4-BPSD intervention was practical to implement and provided the staff with information and resources to help integrate person-centered behavioral approaches into care plans and routine clinical care. Ongoing work by the nurse champion is needed to continue to maintain the focus on the use of person-centered behavioral approaches.
Keywordbehavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia
evidence integration triangle (EIT)


text:
When a copper atom loses one or two of its electrons it […]
When a copper atom loses one or two of its electrons it forms positively charged ions known as Cu+1 and Cu+2. Whilst ordinary Basic Copper Carbonate contains cupric ion (or Cu+2), it may sometimes contain a chemically similar alkaline component. This substance can actually serve a number of applications around industry and life in general; you probably haven't realized how many purposes it is utilized today.
Aesthetic and Practical: This substance has a number of aesthetic purposes, most notably in jewelry. The carbonate can also be converted into the metal version of copper, which is highly valuable and serves a number of its own applications. This is achieved through a process of pulverization, sizing, conversion, and electrolysis.
Copper Salts: The substance can be converted into copper salts by mixing it with a stronger acid. The resulting salt is complemented with water and carbon dioxide gas. Mixing the carbonate with acetic acid (otherwise known as vinegar) will produce cupric acid, water, and carbon dioxide.
Pigments and Colorants: This substance, when pure, should have a mint green color. When alkaline components have been added, a tinge of blue will be added to the color. This is often added to paints, varnishes, pottery glazes, and even fireworks to impart some of the colors.
Miscellaneous: Small amounts of copper carbonates are used in a variety of animal feeds and fertilizers. It also plays a major role in the creation of pesticides and fungicides. It can also be used to control the growth and spread of aquatic weeds. It is also a common ingredient in the ammonia compounds that are used to treat timber.


Definitions for stoopstup
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word stoop
Random House Webster's College Dictionary
 2. to carry the head and shoulders habitually bowed forward.
 3. to descend from one's level of dignity; condescend; deign.
 4. to swoop down, as a hawk at prey.
 5. to submit; yield.
 6. (v.t.)to bend (oneself, one's head, etc.) forward and downward.
 7. Archaic. to abase, humble, or subdue.
 8. (n.)an act or instance of stooping.
 9. a stooping position or carriage of the body.
 10. a descent from dignity or superiority.
 11. a downward swoop, as of a hawk.
Origin of stoop:
bef. 900; ME stoupen (v.), OE stūpian, c. MD stūpen to bend, bow; akin to steep1
 1. a raised platform or porch, esp. a small porch with steps, at the entrance of a house.
 Category: Building Trades
Origin of stoop:
1745–55, Amer.; < D stoep
 1. Ref: stoup
Princeton's WordNet
 1. stoop(noun)
 an inclination of the top half of the body forward and downward
 2. stoup, stoop(noun)
 basin for holy water
 3. stoop, stoep(verb)
 4. crouch, stoop, bend, bow(verb)
 bend one's back forward from the waist on down
 5. condescend, stoop, lower oneself(verb)
 "I won't stoop to reading other people's mail"
 6. stoop(verb)
 descend swiftly, as if on prey
 "The eagle stooped on the mice in the field"
 7. stoop(verb)
 sag, bend, bend over or down
 "the rocks stooped down over the hiking path"
 8. stoop(verb)
Kernerman English Learner's Dictionary
 1. stoop(verb)stup
 to bend slightly forward
 He stooped to avoid the low doorway.
Webster Dictionary
 1. Stoop(noun)
 2. Stoop(noun)
 a vessel of liquor; a flagon
 3. Stoop(noun)
 a post fixed in the earth
 4. Stoop(verb)
 5. Stoop(verb)
 6. Stoop(verb)
 to descend from rank or dignity; to condescend
 7. Stoop(verb)
 8. Stoop(verb)
 to sink when on the wing; to alight
 9. Stoop(verb)
 to bend forward and downward; to bow down; as, to stoop the body
 10. Stoop(verb)
 to cause to incline downward; to slant; as, to stoop a cask of liquor
 11. Stoop(verb)
 to cause to submit; to prostrate
 12. Stoop(verb)
 to degrade
 13. Stoop(noun)
 14. Stoop(noun)
 descent, as from dignity or superiority; condescension; an act or position of humiliation
 15. Stoop(noun)
 the fall of a bird on its prey; a swoop
Translations for stoop
Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary
to bend the body forward and downward
The doorway was so low that he had to stoop (his head) to go through it; She stooped down to talk to the child.
Get even more translations for stoop »
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Development aid for Greek NGOs
The debt crisis in Greece is affecting non-governmental organizations. Their close ties to politics and the state have left them with little funding to carry out their work.
Greek Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) are facing an existential threat. Nobody really knows how many of them there are, their legal status is unclear, and they will need to change their focus and the way they work to survive.
The participants at the meeting
Foto: Panagiotis Kouparanis
The meeting looked at ways of improving Greek NGO activity
At a hastily arranged conference in the northern city of Thessaloniki, initiated by the local German consulate, a dozen German and twice as many Greek NGOs discussed the future and fate of civil society groups in Greece.
Nikos Hatzitryfon of the gay and lesbian group Sympraxis explained why he was taking part: "We not only want money from the European Union, but we also want a different philosophy in Greece. That is why, for me, it was a moral obligation to participate - because here in Greece we say we belong to Europe, but only from a financial perspective, and not from the way we think."
Involved with the state
Worldwide, NGOs play an important role. In democratic societies they are viewed as a key factor in shaping civil society. They work together with government agencies, but are accepted more readily by average citizens the more independent they are from the state and political parties.
Judith Wunderlich-Antoniou, Photo: Panagiotis Kouparanis
Wunderlich-Antoniou says Greek NGOs are too linked to the state
In Greece, however, that is usually not the case, says Judith Wunderlich-Antoniou, a German who has been working for many years for the Athens-based NGO Elix.
"Greek NGOs have a bad reputation because they are identified with the political system," she notes and adds that this is their main problem. "Now they are trying to take a step forward. They want to make their work more transparent so that everybody can see on the websites what their activities are and how they are financed. That was rarely the case before."
Funding and ideas
The discrepancy in how NGOs are viewed in Germany and how they are seen in Greece is best explained by Bert Ludwig, of the Open House Network in Weimar, a group that restores historic buildings.
"From just talking to Greek participants you could hear the kind of statist mindset we know from Eastern European countries. The word 'project' to them is not an idea for which you seek funding, but rather 'project' means a source of financing into which the idea is pressed. I don't think that's the right way around. First, you need an idea and not a funding source," he explains.
To underscore the difference, Ludwig points out that his group, the Open House Network, today finances 90 percent of its projects itself, and in the first 12 of the group's 20 years of activities it worked without any outside financing at all.
Julian Nitzsche, Wikimedia Photo: Panagiotis Kouparanis
Nitzsche says NGOs have to achieve things for themselves
Another major difference is the widespread willingness in Germany to do unpaid, volunteer work. "Ultimately, you have to get involved yourself if you want to change something for the better, whatever the field. It's also important in an NGO to have the experience that you are changing something. That way you build self-confidence. I think that can be developed further in Greece," says Julian Nitzsche, from the group Wikimedia.
Working in legal limbo
The high social acceptance and respect for volunteer work in Germany is also supported by the government. Every year, there is a special day when all volunteers are honored. Many get to meet the president; some are given special awards. Working in, and for, civil society is promoted with scholarships and stipends and is greatly appreciated when applying for a job.
Equally important is also the fact that in Germany the work of NGOs is regulated by law. Not so in Greece. There, says Christina Mpertsenidi from the group Peirama in Thessaloniki, NGOs work in a legal limbo; in other words, legally, there are not even supposed to exist.
At the Thessaloniki conference, it was decided that the German-Greek cooperation should continue. The two sides want to tackle at least three projects. One is to work with an NGO active in Eastern Europe which plans and builds bike paths along the old iron Curtain. The renovation of monuments is also planned. And to keep village youths from migrating to the cities, they plan to recruit volunteers to work with local young people on joint projects.
DW recommends


text:
EMANCIPATION OF PERILOUS LEACHATE'S FORAY IN A CITY ENVIRONMENT: EXAMPLE FROM ILLEGAL WASTE DUMP SITES IN KUBWA-ABUJA, NIGERIA.
Abstract:Cities in Nigeria face with problems of solid waste on illegal dump-site that could encourage poor sanitary conditions and unhygienic standard. This study examines the perilous impact of leachate's foray in Kubwa-Abuja, with the purpose to enlightening city inhabitants from dumping refuse indiscriminately on unauthorized sites which may proactively have composite consequences around dump-sites. Kubwa-Abuja has three prominent illegal dumpsites which were designated into zones. the three zones are within residential houses of; 100-300 meters radials from the dumpsites. Data for the study were obtained from primary and secondary sources. The primary source employed the administration of 200 questionnaires each to selected household members in the three designated zones and oral interview were conducted to random selected public members and the refuse control agencies in as to obtain information about impacts incursion of the unauthorized dumpsites in the area. Other source reveals the related literature on the work. Correlation was used to analysis the hypotheses set. Results show significant differences as residents' susceptibility to health related diseases and effect of leachate from dumpsites to the nearby water. Policy measures are suggested on how best to curtail the impact of illegal dumpsites on the city environment.


Object.defineProperties (seemingly) requires transactional behaviour
Oliver Hunt oliver at apple.com
Mon Sep 21 18:35:04 PDT 2009
To have a truly correct implementation of Object.defineProperties (as
currently defined) an implementation would in effect have to implement
transaction updates to Objects, as [[DefineOwnProperty]] is
polymorphic and behaviour cannot be guaranteed.
As a simple example (excluding host objects even)
myArray = [1,2,3,4];
Object.defineProperties(myArray, {length: {value:2}, 2:{value:4}})
Even if an implementation were to implement two versions of
[[DefineOwnProperty]] for every object (one that did the logic to
determine whether a given call to [[DefineOwnProperty]] was correct,
one that actually defined it -- and this behaviour should be
specified, currently the definition of defineOwnProperties seems
woefully inadequate), both the assignment to length and the assignment
to property 2 are valid during preflight. Once we call
[[DefineOwnProperty]] with the intention of actually setting the
values we set the length property, subsequently removing the property
2, which in turn means that setting property 2 must fail.
This is nuts -- i am leaning towards the belief that defineProperty,
defineProperties, seal, preventExtensions, et al. should only work
when applied to pure objects, not any host object, nor any of the
special builtins. All other paths seems to lead to absurd and/or
complex and unexpected behaviour.
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Let $S$ be a compact orientable 2-surface with $\chi(X)\leq -3$. Y.Minsky and H.Masur proved that the curve complex of $X$ is $\delta$-hyperbolic and infinite. E.Klarreich (see also U.Hamenstadt) proved the Gromov boundary of the curve complex of $S$ is bijective to the collection of ending laminations. Denote the collection of ending laminations by $B$.
Note: ending lamination implies that its complement in $S$ is a collection of (once-punctured) ideal polygons.
My question is: Given a number $N$, is there possible that there is a collection of essential simple closed curves $Y=\{c_{\eta} \mid \eta\in B\}$ such that $d_{\mathcal {C}(S)}(c_{\eta}, c_{\zeta})\geq N$, for any $\eta, \zeta \in B$ and $\eta \neq \zeta$?
share|cite|improve this question
What do you mean by "$Y=c_\eta, \eta\in B$"? What is $c_eta$? Do you mean that $c_\eta$ is a sequence of scc's $c_{\eta,n}$ representing the ideal point $\eta$? Then the answer is obviously yes: $$ \lim_{n\to\infty} d(c_{\eta,n}, c_{\zeta,n})=\infty, $$ and it holds for any $\delta$-hyperbolic geodesic space, simply by the definition of Gromov boundary. – Misha Nov 4 '12 at 14:06
Actually, you do not even need the space to be geodesic for this to hold, although the curve complex is geodesic. – Misha Nov 4 '12 at 14:52
To correct your reference, the theorem equating the Gromov boundary of the curve complex to the space of ''ending laminations'' is due not to Hamenstadt but to Klarreich – Lee Mosher Nov 4 '12 at 17:10
_USER_, $Y$ is defined to be a collection of essential closed curves. I want to write it as a collection, but I don't know how to do it. And the number $N$ depends only on the surface $S$. – yanqing Nov 4 '12 at 23:34
_USER_ Mosher, you are right. I just correct it. – yanqing Nov 4 '12 at 23:37
2 Answers 2
up vote 4 down vote accepted
Are you trying to index a countable collection of curves by the (uncountable!) space of ending laminations?
share|cite|improve this answer
Who knows what OP means by $c_\eta$: Could be a single vertex (then, of course, the map is not going to be 1-1), could be a sequence, could be something completely different... – Misha Nov 5 '12 at 23:15
$c_{\eta}$ is a single vertex. – yanqing Nov 6 '12 at 0:02
Then anonymous answered your question, since you cannot have an injective map from continuum to a countable set. – Misha Nov 6 '12 at 0:09
_USER_, I am not sure that the vertices of the curve complex is countable. – yanqing Nov 10 '12 at 0:10
The fundamental group of your surface is countable (it is finitely generated) and homotopy classes of closed curves correspond to conjugacy classes in this group. The vertices of the curve complex are homotopy classes of essential simple closed curves. – staylor Nov 10 '12 at 18:00
Just to summarize the above: the answer is "no" because the curve complex has countably many vertices while the boundary is uncountable. To give an easier example of this sort of thing, consider the regular four-valent tree, also known as the Cayley graph of the rank two free group. The tree is countable while its Gromov boundary is a Cantor set, and so uncountable.
share|cite|improve this answer
Great, thanks very much – yanqing Nov 21 '12 at 0:25
Your Answer


Traces of the Fukushima Meltdown Can Be Found in California Wines
Researchers found increased levels of radioactive particles in wines made after Japan's Fukushima meltdown.
The Making Of Alentejo Wines
David SilvermanGetty Images
In 2011, the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan suffered a meltdown, releasing nuclear radiation into the surrounding area and into the ocean. While that disaster happened seven years ago and half a world away, the effects can be found even on our own shores. A new study finds that radioactive particles from the Fukushima disaster can be found in wines from California.
Radiation in wine is nothing new. In fact, every bottle of wine made after 1952 contains some radioactive particles. The first thermonuclear weapons test occurred then, and that single explosion released so much radiation into the atmosphere that some of it is still around today. There's less radiation in the atmosphere since atmospheric tests stopped in the 60s, but some of it will stick around for a very long time.
Some of that atmospheric radiation makes its way into wine bottles, where it can be measured with a common gamma detector. Even small variances in the amount of radiation can be picked up this way. For instance, after the Chernobyl meltdown wines in France recorded an increased level of radiation, and a similar thing seems to have happened in California.
The researchers tested several different wines from the Napa valley that were bottled between 2009 and 2012. They found that after 2011, the wines recorded almost twice the level of radioactive particles as the prior years. The radiation levels in the wines are still far below the threshold for causing harm.
Source: SFGate
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now looking like a walk in the park - now they can add arbitrary concurrency!
Here, when Ian says "use the same set of local variables", he's talking about mutating the tail of the list, which might be shared by other heads. And he's right in one sense: if you modify the tail, you better mean it, because you're modifying shared state, not local state.
However, I have a couple of more aces up my sleeve. If desired, the transformation that turns sequential code into CPS can also turn mutating assignments into single static assignments. Single static assignment is a form used in some compilers in the back end to ensure that a variable can only ever have a single definition. If one could annotate one's variables, indicating if they should be shared across multiple continuations (stored in the tail) or strictly local to every continuation that redefines it (essentially, hidden in a scoping sense by the redefining activation record), this problem goes away.
The deeper objection I have to Ian's criticism is that you have to deal with this problem anyway, and program transformation just makes your life easier. Consider what you'd have to do to handle Back Button and Branching without using the approach sketched above. You have all the same problems. You still need to make sure that wherever you stuff away your state, that it isn't inappropriately used by the branches. SSA transformation can do this automatically and declaratively.
Consequently, this approach requires you to write your code in such a way that it can tolerate sudden halts, thread switches, rewinding, and forking of execution.
Sudden halts, thread switching, rewinding, forking: what is it in the tear-down and re-setup of the ASP.NET page cycle that stops you from seeing these things, if you choose to describe them that way? Tearing down the page is surely a violent halt. Setting up again, possibly on another machine, is surely a wrenching thread switch away from your carefully constructed state. To support rewinding / forking (aka Back button / new tab / window), you still need need to juggle your state so that it's correctly stored, keyed and associated with its page which was originally displayed to the user. But continuations can do *all* of these things with easier to read code, and selective SSA transformation turns a fiddly choice (should this data be in the database, in memory, in a cookie, querystring, hidden field, client-side state sent back through AJAX) into a declarative form which your Web library should be abstracting for you.
Does your web development environment supporting continuations? If not, why not?
I will give Ian something, though. It's certainly not true (and shouldn't be true) that one simply writes a sequential application using continuations without thought for the network and then expect it to work fine across the web. That can't happen. However, I do believe that with the correct libraries, language, annotations and transformations, a far better language for web apps can be created. Whether it'll be along the lines of Volta, or one of the frameworks described herein, I don't know. However, I strongly suspect new language constructs, or at least flexible DSL support, is necessary. I can even think of implementing continuations using monads, so perhaps it'll be Haskell!
1 comment:
Ian G said...
It is not my intention to misrepresent anyone.
The key phrase here is "linked list". You use it several times.
A node in a linked list presents a linear view. Navigation through the web needn't be linear, and frequently isn't. I know you have responded to this, but I think you've missed an important point. You say that continuations "can capture an arbitrary history tree of independent, concurrent user journeys" but while that's true, the tree is not visible in tree form to code running in the web application. The tree does not form part of the programming model: the web application only ever sees one path through the tree - it only ever sees lines. It may see different lines at different times, but the model it presents is always linear.
What, you may ask, of the fact that it sees different lines at different times? Yes, a tail may be shared by multiple heads, but looking at the view available from the point of view of any one particular node, it looks linear - linked lists don't give me a way to join multiple paths back together. The tree may exist, but my code never sees it as a tree, because the continuation model always shows me the view from a particular node. I never see the tree as a tree. This matters.
One practical upshot (not the only one) is that the tree is as good as pruned the moment the user has no way of getting back to a particular path they abandoned. E.g.:
1. On page A
2. Click to page B
3. Click to page C
4. Back (now on B again)
5. Click to page D
That path that started on step 3 - where is it now? It's probably still a leaf in a tree on the web server at this point, but because the browser will have pruned that branch from its history, the corresponding branch on the server will never be seen again, unless you get a core dump and go looking for it with a debugger, or go ferreting around in your continuation persistance store. As far as the code running on your web server is concerned, the path started in step 3 is gone for good.
The code that ran to serve up page D on step 5 will not see evidence of that click to page 3. At least, if you've used single static assignment as you suggest there will surely be no evidence at all - any work done in 3 will be stored in come continuation that there's no longer any way of getting to. The user's browser will have discarded that path as soon as step 5 occurred, so even though your server may be maintaining a tree structure that still has that continuation in some form, the browser has just discarded the information that would have been required to get to it.
So unless your server has some mechanism to get the work done in step 3 back onto the branch we entered on step 5, that work is gone for good, along with any data the user may have supplied on that step.
Of course, you could allow mutation of state shared between continuations, on languages that support this, and that would provide a way for side effects in step 3 to be visible to step 5. But I hope you would agree that madness that way lies - you proposed single static assignment, and speaking as (amongst other things) a Haskell developer, I wholeheartedly agree with that as a strategy. But you now need some other mechanism (e.g. state in the database) if you want work done in step 3 not to be lost.
That's what I mean when I say that I don't think continuations deal with non-linear navigation. Their'solution' to non-linear navigation is to act as though none of the forks ever happened.
On that point, you spoke about the "main trunk" of interaction. This is a telling phrase. It reveals a presumption of an underlying linearity, and this illustrates exactly what I'm talking about. You suppose that there is a'main trunk' of interaction. This supposition is at the heart of continuation based frameworks. Unfortunately, this supposition is wrong.
That's the fundamental problem. That's why I identified it as "the killer." Apparently I've not explained myself well - rather than directly disagreeing with this point you said that you "don't know what Ian is talking about". So I'm going to try and explain this one point a little better.
Much as I want to reply point by point (and please email me if you want to follow this up in more detail), I fear that the key point will be lost in the detail, just as it apparently was with the original post. With hindsight I wish I hadn't bothered with most of the other stuff - I believe it's real and more relevant than you give it credit for, but it's prosaic stuff, and not really at the heart of the problem.
The heart of the problem is that web navigation is not linear. As far as I can tell (and your post, with its presumption of a "main branch" seems to reinforce this) continuation-based frameworks present web navigation to the developer as though it is linear. Indeed, most web continuation advocates seem to think that's a positive feature, perhaps even the point. I think it's a problem.
Pretending that a linear view of a user's navigation can accurately represent their work will hurt the user more than it hurts the developer. That's a problem if you're a user.
"Make the easy case easy, and the hard case ignorable; screw the users" is, I hope, not a motto any developer would aspire to. And yet this seems to be the upshot of continuation-based web frameworks, if what you say here is correct.
Here's a simple concrete example. Suppose I'm on Amazon, and I've decided to buy a book. I click the necessary links to add it to my basket. Then I decide I'm going to buy another one that I saw earlier, and for whatever reason it's not one of the ones Amazon has decided to show on the "why not buy these too" type page. So I just open the Back popup to skip back a few pages and find the book I wanted. Then I go through the purchase process again.
My navigation path wasn't linear here. It's forked. If a linked list truly is a good representation, I


How Do I Calculate Beam Size?
How do you find the width of a beam?
As per IS code 456 depth and width of beam depend on its length of beam and various types of load acting on it.
according to as per IS code 456 minimum depth of simply supported beam is about L/20 and minimum width of beam is about depth/1.5..
What is the maximum length of beam?
Span (distance) between two columns One can use beams of size 9″ X 12″ (225 MM x 300MM) with a slab thickness of 5″ (125 MM) cast in M20 concrete for spans up to 5m. There are other considerations like secondary and tertiary spans, point loads and wall loads which have to be considered.
What is depth of beam?
Introduction. A beam is considered as a deep beam when the ratio of effective span to overall depth is <2.0 for simply supported members. The beam theories which are based on assumptions are useful in case of those problems, where thickness of beams is moderate.
How far can a beam span without support?
What is the maximum length of cantilever beam?
That is the ratio of effective length to effective depth of the member. IS 456: 2000 prescribed a limiting value of 'l/d'=7, for cantilever beams for spans up to 10m. So, if we go beyond a certain length, we will end up with large depths as per the relation: d=l/7.
What is effective depth of beam?
For the design of the longitudinal tension reinforcement, the effective depth of a section, d is defined as the distance from the extreme concrete fibre in compression to the centre of gravity of the longitudinal tension reinforcement.
How much weight can a 2×12 beam hold?
How much weight can a 2×12 support horizontally? A 2×12 can withstand about 180 pounds per foot or about 2100 pounds.
What is the standard size of beam?
THE STANDARD SIZE OF THE BEAMS In a residential building it is 9 ʺ × 12 ʺ or 225 mm × 300 mm standard size according to (IS codes). The minimum RCC beam size should not be less than 9 ʺ × 9 ʺ or 225mm × 225mm with the addition of a 125mm slab thickness.
How do I calculate house beam size?
What is the minimum size of footing?
12 inchesThe minimum depth of footings below the surface of undisturbed soil, compacted fill material or controlled low strength material (CLSM) shall be 12 inches (305 mm). Where applicable, the requirements of CBC Section 1809.5 shall also be satisfied. The minimum width of footings shall be 12 inches (305 mm).
How far can a 2×8 beam span without support?
What is the minimum depth of beam?
How do you design a beam?
The design of concrete beam includes the estimation of cross section dimension and reinforcement area to resist applied loads. There are two approaches for the design of beams. Firstly, begin the design by selecting depth and width of the beam then compute reinforcement area.
How do you size a ridge beam?
Determining the Ridge Beam Height For example, if the slope is 4 in 12, and the run is 12 feet, the ridge beam height (M) will be 4 feet. The finished ridge beam height (Z) above the top of the wall will be (M) plus the Y Height. The formulas are: M = (R * X) / 12.
What size ridge beam do I need to span 20 feet?
If it is a 20′ span in the ridge beam you could easily need 3-18″ LVL's if not more and 18′ rafters will probably need to be 11 7/8's I joists.
How thick should a ridge beam be?
Ridge board shall be at least 1-inch (25 mm) nominal thickness and not less in depth than the cut end of the rafter.
What is a width?
The measurement of the extent of something from side to side. … Width is defined as the quality of being wide, or the measurement of distance from side to side. An example of width is a 36″ measurement for a table's wideness.
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The Minimum Spacing or Distance between two column should not be less than 2.5 Meter. It Must be 2.5 Meter minimum distance. Or, Maximum Spacing & Distance of two Columns Should not be less than 7.5 meter.
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Joist SpansSouthern Pine3-2X1011′-0″3-2X1213′-0″Douglas Fir-Larch, Hem-Fir, Spruce-Pine-Fir, Redwood, Cedars, Ponderosa Pine, Red Pine3X6 OR 2-2X64′-5″3X8 OR 2-2X85′-8″17 more rows


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Impact of climate change on foliar and soil borne pathogens of wheat in the Pacific Northwest region
Fusarium crown rot (FCR) caused by Fusarium pseudograminearum (Fp) and F. culmorum (Fc) and Rhizoctonia root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG8 (Rs8) and R. oryzae (Ro), are major soil-borne fungal diseases responsible for economic losses in dryland wheat in the Pacific Northwest region of the US. This study focuses on exploring the finer details of soil moisture and temperature impacts on these four pathogens and, develop models for projecting their growth in response to these variables. Methods were developed using NaCl, KCl and polyethylene glycol to precisely define water potential (WP) treatments at different temperatures. On defined media and sterile wheat straw, the optimum temperature for the mycelial growth and dry weight gain for Fc and Rs8, and Fp and Ro was 20-25°C and 25-30°C, respectively. The optimum WP was -0.3 MPa for both Rhizoctonia spp. and -1 to -2 and -2 to -3 MPa for Fc and Fp, respectively. Macroconidia of Fusarium spp. were capable of germinating across all ranges of WP, even the driest. In soil, except for Fp, the other three pathogens had different optimal temperatures and WPs for their growth, as measured by DNA concentrations quantified by real-time PCR. The optimal temperature and WP for both Rhizoctonia spp. were 10-15°C and -2 MPa, respectively. Fc had a temperature optimum of 10-15°C with a preference for the driest WP ranges below -5.5 MPa. Fp was restricted to a narrow range of WP from -1.43 to -3.12 MPa. In a greenhouse study, the increase in Fp DNA in the infected wheat plants was strongly negatively correlated to the median values of WP in the whole column. FCR disease score in Fp inoculated columns was negatively correlated with the WP at depths where roots would be active. On the other hand, there was no significant difference of DNA and FCR disease score in Fc inoculated columns with the WP levels. Models were developed for projecting pathogen growth in defined nutrient media, soil, and infected plants based on the temperature and WP levels.
Iqbal Singh Aujla joined Dr. Timothy Paulitz's lab as a Ph.D student in the fall semester, 2012. He completed his research on 'The Influence, Interactions and Modeling of Water Potential and Temperature on the Growth of Soilborne Pathogens of Wheat' in 2017. He did his BS in 1998 and MS specializing in Plant Pathology in 2000 from Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana (India). He joined PAU services as Assistant Professor (Extension Plant Pathology) in 2001. During his stint of 7 years in extension, besides raising income of many vegetable growers several folds by practicing proper disease management practices, three farmers were also awarded with best farmer award by PAU working under his guidance. He also gave recommendation on fungicidal management of false smut of rice. Then in 2007, he was transferred to the post of Assistant Plant Pathologist in vegetable research. His research work focused on vegetables grown under protected environment. He has given recommendation on management of soil-borne pathogens (fungi and nematodes) through soil solarization and has also developed a complete package on cultivation of peppers in net houses and naturally ventilated poly houses, increasing yield of peppers by 100-250 percent.
Publications and Presentations:
Auijla, Iqbal S., and T. Paulitz. 2017. An Improved Method for Establishing Accurate Water Potential Levels at Different Temperatures in Growth Media. Frontiers in Microbiology. 8:1497. (doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01497)


IssueLog contains changes requested by the community for JSR-243
As changes are requested by the community (for example, on mailing lists or JIRA) they will be added to the PROPOSED list here. When they are implemented, they are moved to ACCEPTED. When a maintenance release is being shipped, unimplemented items will be moved to the DEFERRED list. When a maintenance release is being planned, items from the DEFERRED list are reviewed.
 1. Maybe we should look at another constructor for the SingleFieldIdentity classes that embeds the knowledge that the class name is exact? That way, the jdo implementation could construct identity instances and the user could also construct identity instances that represent the exact class.
 2. JDO doesn't have a mechanism to stop queries from overrunning. JPA2 now allows a persistence property to allow timing them out, and most JDO implementations have allowed this as an extension since JDO1. It would make sense for JDO (2.3) to have the same or a variation. Some ideas
Option 1 : Simple PMF property "javax.jdo.option.queryTimeout" to specify the number of millisecs (or secs) before any query is timed out. Throw a QueryTimeoutException (extends JDOException) when the timeout happens
Option 2 : as Option1, plus setTimeout() on Query to define it on a per query basis.
Option 3 : as Option2, plus we add cancel() on Query so that users can cancel long running queries programmatically, throwing a QueryInterruptedException (extends JDOUserException). The cancel would apply to all currently running invoked queries from that Query instance.
 1. It would be nice to get List.get(int) into JDOQL, in other words access of indexed list elements. Querydsl has support for that and for consistency it would be nice if JDOQL supported it as well.
 2. I just took a look at the JDO javadoc and saw that it says there, the declared parameters and the parameters passed to the execute method have to match exactly:
IMHO this is a feature making the use of JDO with dynamic queries (and implicit parameter declarations) more complicated than necessary. It would be more developer-friendly, if it was legal to pass more parameters than the ones actually used, because they don't harm and it removes the need for additional tracking logic (which parameter is used, which one isn't).
I therefore recommend to relax the rule from exact match to "super-set", i.e. only these 2 requirements:
* All declared parameters must exist in the params-map passed to the method executeWithMap(...). * All types of the declared parameters must match the ones passed to executeWithMap(...).
For downward compatibility, I recommend introducing an option that can be passed to the PersistenceManagerFactory (in the properties). As a first idea, I recommend: javax.jdo.option.QueryParameterExactMatch (with values "true" and "false").
 1. There is increasing interest in NoSQL datastores (Google BigTable, Apache HBase, VMWare Redis, etc), which not only do not support SQL, but also do not necessarily provide support for traditional consistency or queriability features or guarantees, instead offering features like eventual consistency, key-value storage mechanisms, etc.
This request is to modify the JDO specification (and TCK & RI) so that it relaxes certain portions of the specification, perhaps in the form of profiles similar to JavaEE 6 profiles, to allow datastores that may not support queries in general, do not support the ACID requirements, or that support key-value-based storage mechanisms to be JDO-compliant. Additions to the specification may also be needed in order to directly address NoSQL-type datastores, in a manner similar to its treatment of relational persistence mechanisms. Additionally, this request would serve to better support persistence on micro platforms where consistency, queriability, etc, may not be supported.
 1. Consider extending JDOQL in JDO3.1 to include a series of new methods, following the contracts of existing Java classes
String.charAt(int) String.startsWith(String, int) String.length() String.trim()
Enum.ordinal() Enum.toString()
The following are obviously deprecated in the JDK, but worth consideration Date.getHour() Date.getMinutes() Date.getSeconds() Date.getDay() Date.getMonth() Date.getYear()
We already have JDOHelper.getObjectId(Object), so why not add JDOHelper.getVersion(Object)
On a related topic JDO-633 has "List.get(int)".
Note that all of these are already implemented in the RI.
We already have Math.abs, Math.sqrt, so why not also have
Math.acos(number) Math.asin(number) Math.atan(number) Math.ceil(number) Math.cos(number) Math.exp(number) Math.floor(number) Math.log(number) Math.sin(number) Math.tan(number)
 1. With an RDBMS datastore, when generating the schema, it is desirable to be able to specify the positioning of the column(s) of a field in the generated table.
With spreadsheet documents, it is critical to be able to define which column number is used for a particular field. With other datastores it is also likely desirable.
To achieve this I propose adding an attribute to the XML called "position". Similarly for the _USER_ annotation. This can take integer values with 0-origin.
Complications : * how this is handled when we have inheritance. If a root class has subclass-table inheritance, then those fields are persisted into the tables of all subclasses, and we may want to override the positions for those individually - to that end the user can override the metadata of the superclass fields. * anything else?
 1. Create an implementation of the API in javascript.
 2. I propose to split the standardization of the statically typed query capability into a general part and a JDOQL specific part. A fork of certain Querydsl parts could provide a foundation for both.
The reason for the splitted approach is that a standardization of the general model would benefit also other frameworks and could become a foundation for LINQ in Java.
The general part could be formed of the contents of the following Querydsl packages :
com.mysema.query com.mysema.query.types com.mysema.query.types.custom com.mysema.query.types.expr com.mysema.query.types.path com.mysema.query.types.query
The JDO specific elements could consist of the following elements :
com.mysema.query.jdoql.JDOQLSubQuery -> javax.jdo.query.SubQuery?!? com.mysema.query.jdoql.JDOQLQuery -> javax.jdo.query.Query?!?
of course with some modifications and a standardization of the code generation (probably also via APT).
What do you think about this approach?
Are there any plans to add Query by Criteria to the JDO standard? I'm referring to a programmatic API to build queries, similar to what Hibernate already has and JPA is planning to add.
If not, does anyone know of another route to achieving this functionality? Are there any libraries that can be layered over JDO to get this? Should I write my own?
QueryDSL already does that for JDOQL I'm sure the guys who wrote it would love to hear feedback ;-)
 1. Aggregate type specification at page 175 claims that avg(expression) return type is the same of the enclosed expression. This is wrong from a strictly mathematical point of view. In fact, if you select an avg on an int field member the result is truncated. The result type should always be double.
 2. I am implementing the shortcut form for if-then-else (x? y : c) in Querydsl. Is there support for it in JDOQL? If not, could it be added?
1. There is renewed interest (e.g. cloud computing) in persistence APIs that don't have a fully ACID compliant, fully featured SQL back end, and yet the data is not simply key-value blob storage.
A few years ago some of us remember dark clouds on JDO's horizon. Recently there were some of a different kind
 1. "QueryDSL" (documented at now provides beta support for JDOQL using type-safe syntax. Some basic docs
are found here
Would be great if JDO supported streams, similar to OPENJPA-130
IssueLog (last edited 2010-06-12 23:41:59 by CraigRussell)


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5.5: Practices for Cultivating Capable Champions
 - Page ID
 - vendetta-157703_960_720.png
 - Contributed by No Attribution by request
 - Anonymous by request
 To conclude this chapter, I once gain offer seven practices that can enable an organization to cultivate capable champions. As Ralph Waldo Emerson was quoted at the beginning of this chapter, nothing great ever gets accomplished without enthusiasm. Champions are passionate enthusiasts leading change initiatives.
 Practice 1: Hire, Develop, and Retain Change Agents
 Many senior executives confine themselves to looking only one level down from the top and conclude incorrectly that there are not enough people to lead change initiatives. As a result, they often hire newcomers or consultants too quickly and put them in influential change agent positions. While this is sometimes unavoidable, this approach has a major downside to it since it signals that the senior leadership does not trust existing managers to champion change.
 A much better approach is to hire potential change agents to help ensure the organization's future. However, change agents are mavericks by nature, and the hiring decision either consciously or unconsciously screens out individuals "who don't fit in." This is why hiring decisions are often better made by those who have actually led others to be superior to staff persons with no actual leadership experience or background.
 Practice 2: Listen to Middle Managers, Especially Those Who Deal Directly With Customers
 In the previous chapter, it was emphasized that senior leaders need to dialogue with and listen to their employees. This is especially true of change agents within the middle management ranks. For example, an organizational study of governmental agencies found that senior leaders of agencies that engaged in dialogue with the middle management ranks were much more successful in pursuing change than senior leaders of agencies that used a more top-down, one-way communication style. Change agents have unique and detailed perspectives on the entire organization as well as its customers. Senior leaders need two-way communication to tap this knowledge.
 Practice 3: Identity Who Your Change Champions Are
 Unusually effective middle managers are tremendous repositories of change champions. A recent Harvard Business Review article offers insights on how to identify who the change champions might be.Huy (2001). First, look for early volunteers. These individuals often have the confidence and enthusiasm to tackle the risky and ambiguous nature of change. They often feel constrained in their current duties, and are eager for more responsibility. Give it to them.
 Second, look for positive critics. Change-resistant managers constantly find reasons why a change proposal won't work, and they seldom, if ever, offer a counterproposal. In contrast, positive critics challenge existing proposals, suggest alternatives, and provide evidence to support their argument. Positive critics offer constructive criticism and positive criticism is essential to being a change champion.
 Third, look for people with informal power. They are often middle managers whose advice and help are highly sought after by people all around them. They often have excellent reputations and a lot of "social capital." They typically operate at the center of large informal networks, and know how to work with that network successfully.
 Fourth, look for individuals who are versatile. Change champions need to be comfortable with change, and they often adapt more easily to previous organization change more readily and easily than others in the organization. Those who have endured in their career shifts, relocations, or both are more likely to be comfortable with change than those who have not undergone these professional changes.
 Finally, look for emotional intelligence in your middle management ranks. Individuals who are aware of their own emotions and those of others, and actively take steps to manage their feelings, are more likely to adapt to an envisioned change. Emotional intelligence is much more important than traditional logical-mathematical intelligence. Using the vernacular of the day, change champions need "emotional" bandwidth.Davis (1997).
 Practice 4: Recognize and Reward Effective Change Champions
 Organizations are designed to reduce variation; change champions are oriented to creating variation. How can these two different orientations co-exist? Clearly, there needs to be a balance here. Unfortunately, most organizations only reward managers who reduce variation and punish or, more likely, ignore those who amplify variation.
 Due to the messiness and uncertainty behind change, change champions are more likely to make mistakes. Organizations need to learn to find a way to reward effectiveness in addition to efficiency. Making mistakes is not efficient, but it can be effective. Does your organization recognize and reward an efficiently run organizational unit that hasn't changed much in years as well as an organizational unit that has changed completely, but in the process angered some individuals along the way? Change champions make mistakes, but they learn from their mistakes and they ultimately succeed. As hard as it is for organizations, they need to be recognized and rewarded for doing so.
 Practice 5: Train and Develop Middle Managers to Be Change Agents
 Noel Tichy argues that effective companies build leaders at every level, and they do this by creating a "leadership engine." This is especially true for the development of change champions. In Tichy's view, the best leaders are "enablers" rather than "doers." They work their initiatives through other people rather than doing it all themselves. They can only accomplish this, he adds, if they develop people sufficiently to ensure that proper execution can occur at all levels.Tichy and Cohen (1997).
 In large organizations, a formal leadership development program is often created to identify and accelerate the development of change champions. In mediumand small-sized organizations, an informal leadership development program is often sufficient. Regardless of the formality of the program, the key notion here is the importance of "contextualized" training and development. Traditional training and development leads to new knowledge, but has little impact on organizational change. Training and development that is applied to actual work situations through such practices as action learning projects, leadership mentoring, and applied learning endeavors go hand-in-hand with organizational change.McCall, Lombardo, & Morrison (1988).
 Practice 6: Use Cross-Functional Teams to Bring About Change
 Organization-wide change requires cross-function teams to guide the change initiative. Without a cross-functional team, unrepresented organizational units are more likely to resist the change since it is assumed that their voice is not heard or considered. Ideally, the cross-functional team will comprise respected change champions from the various subunits. At a minimum, the team must be led by a change champion.
 Cross-functional teams are different from the more traditional functional team. They can speed new product development cycles, increase creative problem solving, serve as a forum for organizational learning, and be a single point of contact for key stakeholder groups. Because of this unique structure and mandate, team leadership is different for a cross-functional team than for a functional team. Specifically, technical skills are relatively less important for these types of teams, but conceptual and interpersonal skills are more important. Hence, the creation and composition of cross-functional teams can be an excellent way to identify and develop your change champions.Parker (2002).
 Practice 7: Understand the Nature and Power of "Sponsorship"
 The sponsor of a change typically comes from the CEO or top management team. Senior leaders authorize change efforts and often provide tangible resources to make that change a reality. However, they also provide intangible and symbolic resources to change champions. If the sponsor announces a change initiative, creates a guiding coalition, and then disappears from view, the organization will notice and the change initiative will suffer. If the sponsor announces a change initiative, creates a guiding coalition, makes him or herself available to support and learn about progress to the team, and regularly voice support for the change initiative, then the change initiative has a much better chance of success.
 The relationship between the senior leader and the change champion is particularly important. Since the change champion lacks the authority to get things done and some changes can only be brought about by formal authority, the sponsor must use his or her authority at times to keep up the change momentum. By the same token, change champions should never undertake leadership of a change initiative without solid support and sponsorship by senior leader(s). Without effective sponsorship, change champions are highly unlikely to succeed.
 In sum, lateral relationships and influence without authority are as important to organizational change capacity as vertical relationships and authority are. This chapter discusses how creating a cadre of capable champions is essential for bringing about change. Figure 5.1 "The Third Dimension of Organizational Capacity for Change: Capable Champions" contains a graphical depiction of this third dimension of capacity for change.
 Figure 5.1 The Third Dimension of Organizational Capacity for Change: Capable Champions


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Reading Group Guide
Discussion Questions
Going Overboard: The Misadventures of a Military Wife
1. Do you think the Smileys' relationship is typical or atypical of a marriage? How is it the same or different from your own marriage?
2. In Going Overboard, Sarah reveals both positive and negative aspects of life in the military. Which of these surprised you the most?
3. In the book, we only get a glimpse of the Smileys' marriage as told by Sarah. How do you think the story might be different from Dustin's point-of-view?
4. It seems as though Sarah married young and found herself later, causing her to make certain changes in her relationships. What personal changes have affected your own relationships? Were they positive or negative changes?
5. How did Dustin and Sarah's upbringings affect their marriage? How has your own upbringing affected your present-day relationships?
6. Is there a moral difference between an "emotional affair" and a physical one? Do you think Sarah actually had an emotional affair? Or just a fantasy? Was it all in her head? Or did the doctor cross "the line"?
7. Do you think military marriages are more susceptible to extramarital affairs than civilian ones? Why or why not?
8. Why do you think Sarah was drawn to the doctor in particular? How are he and Dustin alike and different?
9. Would this story be different if Dustin were not in the military? How so?
10. On pages 177 Sarah asks the questions, "Oh, so just because my husband is serving our country I'm supposed to excuse him of any bad behavior?" and "Why does everyone expect me to suddenly deem everything else in my life null and void just because my husband is in a war?" Do you think Sarah is right to feel this way? Should certain persons be given leeway in their behavior if they are considered heroic?
11. In the end, who do you think has changed the most, Dustin or Sarah?
Going Overboard: The Misadventures of a Military Wife
by Sarah Smiley
 - Publication Date: June 27, 2006
 - Genres: Memoir, Nonfiction
 - Paperback: 288 pages
 - Publisher: NAL Trade
 - ISBN-10: _PHONE_
 - ISBN-13: 9780451218513


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Rashi, Nemukey Yosef, Riaz, Rokeach, Rambam, and many others all write wine. THis presents mystery; if one or two said it it might be coincidental, but with so many you'd think thered be an explanation. My explanation is that these Rishonim understood that "bsumei" means to get drunk through wine. THere is much support for this assertion: Rashi generaly explains the Gemara and doesnt insert his own halachic opinions; why does he mention wine? THe Nemukey Yosef and Rashi on the Rif writes expicitely "get drunk through wine" as one would expect if they understood that the word connotes wine in particular. The Riaz and the Rokeach both write "peirsuh" that is that the exaplnation of the Gemara is...and then say wine; implying that this is the very explanation of the Gemara. Note also the Rashbam Bava Basra 73b who mentions wine in description of besumei. The clincher is that the Aruch writes explicitly (entry: Basim) that the root basim is the aramaic translation of wine. With this appreciation of these Rishonim we can then ask whether or not the Gemara was specific in using this word which connotes wine or not. Given that many Rishonim e.g. Maharam of Rotenberg (MHK responsa vol. 1 ch. 625) connect the drinking with commemorating the miracle and the drinking was with wine as mentioned throughout the Megillah, it is reasonable that the Gemara was specific when using this word that connotes wine. R. Yosef Ben David Hadayan of Sorgossa the student of the Ran is quite clear about this (cited in Nit'ey Gavriel v. 15 ch. 39) comparing the wine on Purim to matzah on pesach and other substances that commemorate miracles through those substances. Thus we dont just shoot for drunkenees, but wine in particular. Lastly drinking without fulfilling the mitzvah may be improper or even forbidden (see for example Rambam De'os 5:3) thus it makes a tremendous amount of sense from a halachic perspective to use wine and only wine. The contemporary poskim dispute the issue: R. Moshe (heard from a student of his and recorded in shmaatsa d'moshe) held that any alcohol could be used while Mishneh halachos writes that only wine can be used. R. Tzvi Pesach Frank (Moadim Uzmanim) concludes with uncertainty over whether other alcohol can be used. There is always the chance that if R. Moshe saw the above reasoning (based on the Aruch) he would have agreed to use wine.
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