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From the DNR
Water levels on a number of Minnesota lakes and rivers are expected to remain high during the Fourth of July holiday week, so the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR) is urging boaters to slow down and use caution.
"People should always wear their lifejackets while boating, but especially during times like this," said Tim Smalley, DNR boating safety specialist. "The waters are higher and moving faster than people are accustomed to, and that can create dangerous situations."
Recreational boaters should also be aware that there are high water conditions on the Mississippi, Minnesota and Lower St. Croix rivers resulting in hazardous debris in the water.
"River and lake debris could include trees as well as man-made items. Debris will often float just at or below the surface, so a boat traveling at high speed may not be able avoid it in time. Hitting a deadhead or snag at high speed could result in anything from a broken propeller to a ruined lower unit -- or worse, serious injuries to boat occupants."
Smalley said that during periods of high water on lakes and rivers, boaters also need to slow down and make sure their wakes are small.
Boat owners are legally responsible for their wakes, under both federal and state law.
"During high water on a river, boat waves are not dissipated by the gentle slope of a beach but instead slam directly into the steep face of the bank," explained Scot Johnson, Mississippi River hydrologist for the DNR. "Much of the energy contained in the wave is conveyed to the bank. This contributes to an accelerated rate of bank erosion."
A 1992 Mississippi River study by the DNR near Red Wing showed that during high water, a large wake (25 inches high) from a cruiser or houseboat can be 30 times more destructive then a smaller 5-inch wake.
The Corps of Engineers recently mapped and surveyed eroding river banks on the Upper Mississippi River between Red Wing and St. Louis.
The corps found 240 miles of river bank to be eroding, with a large proportion of the total number of eroding banks in Minnesota and Wisconsin.
Accelerated erosion can result in an increase in suspended sediment as well as a loss of trees and other vegetation into the river.
It also can create safety concerns, damage to boats and other property from deadheads and snags, shoreline property loss, reduction in water quality and damage to fish and wildlife habitat.
Boaters can reduce wave impacts by:
- Limiting boating activity on rivers until water levels return to normal summer conditions.
- Maintaining slow no-wake speeds (less than 5 mph) during high water.
- Staying close to the center line of the river. This will allow some wave energy to be dissipated as it travels through the water.
- If speeds greater than 5 mph are absolutely necessary, accelerate to planing speed as quickly as possible and stay on plane until reaching destination.
- If houseboat or cabin cruiser does not have a planing hull design or adequate horsepower, maintain slow no-wake speeds until water levels return to normal summer conditions.
For more information, boaters can request a free copy of the brochure "Mississippi River Bank Erosion and Boating" from the DNR by calling _PHONE_ or toll-free at _PHONE_.
Computer users also can send an email to _EMAIL_ to ask for the brochure.
Watertown firearms training coming up
Registration for Watertown firearms training will be Saturday, July 28 from 10 a.m. to noon at the Watertown Rod and Gun Club.
Class dates are Aug. 3, 6, 7, 9, and 10 from 6 to 9 p.m., with a field day Saturday, Aug. 11 at 8 a.m.
For additional information, contact Cory at _PHONE_ or _EMAIL_
Ruffed grouse counts decline
From the DNR
Minnesota's ruffed grouse spring drumming counts were lower than last year across most of the bird's range, according to a survey conducted by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR).
Compared with drumming counts conducted in 2011, 2012 survey results showed an average decline of 24 to 60 percent, to 1.1 drums per stop, in the northeast survey region, which is the core and bulk of grouse range in Minnesota.
Drumming counts in the northwest declined 33 to 73 percent to 0.9 drums per stop.
Drumming counts did not change significantly in the central hardwoods or southeast, which had averages of 0.6 and 0.7 drums per stop, respectively.
"The grouse population is in the declining phase of its 10-year cycle," said Mike Larson, DNR wildlife research group leader and grouse biologist. "The most recent peak in drum counts was during 2009, but hunter harvests remained relatively high through at least 2010."
Ruffed grouse populations, which tend to rise and fall on a 10-year cycle, are surveyed by counting the number of male ruffed grouse heard drumming on established routes throughout the state's forested regions.
This year observers recorded 1.0 drums per stop statewide.
The averages during 2010 and 2011 were 1.5 and 1.7 drums per stop, respectively.
Counts vary from about 0.8 drums per stop during years of low grouse abundance to about 1.9 during years of high abundance.
Drumming counts are an indicator of the ruffed grouse breeding population.
The number of birds present during the fall hunting season also depends upon nesting success and chick survival during the spring and summer.
Minnesota frequently is the nation's top ruffed grouse producer.
On average, 115,000 hunters harvest 545,000 ruffed grouse in Minnesota each year, also making it the state's most popular game bird.
During the peak years of 1971 and 1989, hunters harvested more than 1 million ruffed grouse.
Michigan and Wisconsin, which frequently field more hunters than Minnesota, round out the top three states in ruffed grouse harvest.
One reason for the Minnesota's status as a top grouse producer is an abundance of aspen and other ruffed grouse habitat, much of it located on county, state and national forests, where public hunting is allowed.
An estimated 11.5 million of the state's 16.3 million acres of forest are grouse habitat.
For the past 63 years, DNR biologists have monitored ruffed grouse populations.
This year, DNR staff and cooperators from 15 organizations surveyed 126 routes across the state.
Sharp-tailed grouse counts decrease slightly
Sharp-tailed grouse counts in the northwest survey region decreased approximately 18 percent between 2011 and 2012, Larson said.
Counts in the east-central region declined approximately 33 percent.
Observers look for male sharptails displaying on traditional mating areas, called leks or dancing grounds.
Despite three years of declines, this year's statewide average of 9.2 grouse counted per dancing ground was similar to the long-term average since 1980.
The 2009 average of 13.6 was as high as during any year since 1980.
During the last 25 years, the sharp-tailed grouse index has been as low as seven birds counted per dancing ground.
Overall, sharptail populations appear to have declined over the long term as a result of habitat deterioration.
In recent years, the DNR has increased prescribed burning and shearing that keep trees from overtaking the open brush lands that sharp-tailed grouse need to thrive.
The DNR's 2012 grouse survey report, which contains information on ruffed grouse and sharp-tailed grouse, will be available soon online at _URL_
DNR releases long-term management plan for ruffed grouse
From the DNR
A long-range ruffed grouse habitat and population management plan is now available on the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources' (DNR) website at _URL_
"The plan reinforces the state's commitment to ensure the viability of ruffed grouse and their forest habitat, manage grouse as an integral part of Minnesota's forested landscapes, and encourage and promote hunting and observation of ruffed grouse in their natural habitat," said Bob Welsh, DNR wildlife habitat program manager.
An average annual harvest of more than 500,000 birds over the past 25 years places Minnesota as one of the nation's top three ruffed grouse states.
Grouse hunter numbers have traditionally followed cyclic changes in drumming survey indices, but when drumming surveys trended upward recently, hunter numbers did not follow as they had in the past.
The plan includes strategies to reverse that trend by offering improved habitat and access, as well as programs to help new hunters.
The DNR's ruffed grouse management plan was approved earlier this year after public comments on the draft plan were reviewed and considered.
"Now that the plan has been approved, we can continue to implement and accelerate our strategies to maintain great hunting opportunities," said Ted Dick, DNR grouse coordinator. "Those strategies include improved access to hunting land, better information for hunters and education for new hunters, and focused input to the timber planning process that will ensure that grouse habitat needs are well-presented and considered in all forest planning processes."
Minnesota leads the nation in aspen-birch forest type, the preferred habitat of ruffed grouse, and offers more than 11 million


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In the Introduction to the previous edition of this textbook, the senior editor, David Sugarbaker, presented an elegant history of the emergence of thoracic surgery. Our field evolved from general surgery in the early 1900s, largely as a response to chest morbidities prevalent at the time, including pulmonary tuberculosis and World War I–related trauma. Over the course of the twentieth century, thoracic surgery experienced a series of dramatic and tumultuous changes that initially threatened but ultimately strengthened the integrity of the discipline. In 1953, the first successful application of extracorporeal circulation in humans began an era of precipitous innovation in chest surgery in the United States, resulting in a paradigm for cardiothoracic training that married cardiac and thoracic surgery. In the 1990s, transformative developments in cardiovascular disease diverted funding in cardiothoracic programs in favor of cardiac training; however, it was not long before this model was recognized as suboptimal for training leaders in thoracic surgery.
Meanwhile, events transpired somewhat differently in Canada, where thoracic surgery emerged as an independent discipline with dedicated training programs and surgical services. Dr. F. Griffith Pearson, a pioneer in lung transplantation and thoracic oncology, was the first chief of the Division of General Thoracic Surgery at Toronto General Hospital. Dr. Pearson is widely regarded as the father of modern thoracic surgery. He mentored countless surgical leaders around the globe and was known for his role in establishing thoracic surgery as an independent discipline in North America. American surgeons with an interest in noncardiac thoracic surgery sought training in Canadian programs and brought their experiences and commitment back to the United States. The first independent division of thoracic surgery in the United States was founded in 1988 at the Brigham and Women's Hospital and was led by David Sugarbaker following his training with Dr. Pearson. It was there, in 1993, that the first training program in the United States with a track dedicated to general thoracic surgery was approved by the Residency Review Committee of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), the body that oversees the accreditation of all residency programs in the United States.
Since the start of the twenty-first century, there has been a vast increase in the number of thoracic surgery training programs, driven by a wave of surgical innovation in our specialty. Technological advances have been rapid in recent years, including improvements in minimally invasive thoracic surgery, endoscopic therapies such as per oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), and techniques to facilitate lung transplantation, such as ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP). As a specialty, thoracic surgery is viewed as a leader in minimally invasive surgical technique with the widespread application and advancement of thoracoscopic, robotic, and uniportal approaches. Two decades ago, most surgeons would not have foreseen that more than half of all lobectomies or one-third of all esophagectomies among participants in the Society of Thoracic Surgeons database would be performed via minimally invasive approaches.1,2...
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Pooping in the woods is usually a laughing matter — a go-to campfire discussion. But when one cyclist in Idaho started a wildfire with his excrement, it turned serious; and we realized some people don't know how to properly go in the outdoors. (For one, don't burn your toilet paper, ever.) So we turned to the experts to help us all get it exactly right. For starters, "using the Leave No Trace guidelines is the best practice for waste disposal and a fundamental part of being a good backcountry traveler," says Yosemite National Park spokeswoman Jodi Bailey. And that's not just because you could start a fire: "Human waste can attract insects and animals. If not buried properly, it causes an unpleasant odor and can potentially have impacts on water quality." Below is a complete, painstaking guide to going in the woods.
Step 1: Pick Your Place
"Think about everyone who will hike the trail after you," says Bailey. "That spot over behind the big rock? Someone else probably already thought of using it. There are lots of people accessing the backcountry, using the same trails, and camping in sites that have been used before." Make sure you get at least 200 feet (about 70 paces) away from the trail, water, or campsite. If you are with a big group or are staying in a certain area for an extended amount of time where you will be taking multiple poops, make sure you widely disperse them. Always make sure that you are above the high water mark (the point that represents the maximum rise of a body of water over land) and any obvious runoff paths so you won't contaminate any water. Look for rich, dark soil, which will be higher in bacteria that can break down your feces more quickly.
Step 2: Choose Your Method
In soil, dig a hole at least 6 inches deep. For a hot desert environment, it can be a bit shallower, about 4 to 6 inches. The National Outdoor Leadership School suggests scraping the sides of the hole to loosen some dirt to stir into your poop to speed up the natural breakdown process when you're done. Always conclude the burial process by covering the hole and tamping it down.
- Packing it Out
This method works best if you are in an area with a sensitive environment, are around water or a canyon, or are required by law to carry your poo with you (such as Yosemite). The simplest way is to go on the ground and treat it like you would treat your dog's poop. Use a baggie like a glove to pick it up, throw in your used TP, tie it off, and put the entire poop/TP-containing bag into a larger, sealable bag for transportation.
The Yosemite website suggests that for trickier activities (such as climbing) using a dedicated vessel called a "poo-tube" to attach to your pack so you don't have to carry your bags of poop in your pack. To make a poo-tube, attach screw caps to each end of a large PVC pipe. Glue one end shut and tape on some webbing or some nylon rope for easy hauling. It takes time and a hardware store to make, but it's durable and reusable.
- Last Resort: Sun Drying It
Yes, sometimes you will find yourself in rocky, steep, and precarious situations where there is no ground soft enough to dig and you have no way of packing it out with you. This is the last resort. Smear your poop with a leaf, rock, or stick as thinly as possible onto another rock. Make sure the rock has exposure to direct sunlight, as UV radiation sterilizes the bacteria. If you have to do this, do it in a location where no one will come into contact with it.
Step 3: Assume the Position
Now that you know where to go and what to do when you go, it's time to learn how to go. The three easiest (and most functional) methods to get yourself comfortable are as follows:
- The Squat:
This is the original stance. And pretty self-explanatory. Keep your butt away from the backs of your feet and your hands on your knees for support.
- The Seated Hang:
Sit on a log or a boulder with your butt hanging off the edge and your arms holding you in place. This is as close as you'll get to the comfort of a toilet.
- The Tree Hug:
Bring your feet as 4-6 inches from the base of a tree trunk and wrap your arms around the tree. Bend your knees and lean back (so your butt isn't over your heels) while hanging on to the tree trunk for support.
Step 4: Clean Yourself
If you learn anything from our cyclist in Idaho, it's that toilet paper is not your friend. Never burn it, and if you can help, don't use it in the first place — rocks, smooth sticks, and the right leaves (see below) all work just as well and can be left behind in the hole. If you must, use non-scented, singly-ply biodegradable toilet paper or wipes, since these will break down the fastest when you bury them. If you happen to be without these necessities and are in a messy situation that requires "nature's toilet paper," know what leaves you should and shouldn't be wiping with.
Safe to Wipe:
- Lamb's ear
- Spruce (be sure to go with the grain of the needles)
- Big Leaf Aster
- Smooth stones, sticks, or moss
- Avoid all leaves of three, since common poisonous plants such as poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac come with that.
- Cow Parsnip
- Devil's Club
- Stinging Nettles
After wiping, you can use a moist hand towel or hand sanitizer, but make sure it is backcountry safe — because most types contain chemicals, like triclosan, that are endocrine disrupters and harmful to animals — and that you pack it out. But it's imperative to clean up to avoid contaminating your water bottle or anything else that you may touch later on.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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DARPA's Upward Falling robots launch from ocean floor now or in future
By Layer 8 on Fri, 01/11/13 - 5:14pm.
The Upward Falling Payload (UFP) project, as DARPA calls it, centers on pre-deploying deep-ocean nodes years in advance in forward areas which can be remotely commanded to launch to the surface. "The objective of the UFP program is to realize a new approach for enabling forward deployed unmanned distributed systems that can provide non-lethal effects or situation awareness over large maritime areas," DARPA stated.
MORE: DARPA competition seeks wireless bandwidth intimidators
Depending on the specific application, DARPA said UFP systems would provide "a range of non-lethal but useful capabilities such as situational awareness, disruption, deception, networking, rescue, or any other mission that benefits from being pre-distributed and hidden. An example class of systems might be small unmanned aerial vehicles that launch to the surface in capsules, take off and provide aerial situational awareness, networking or decoy functions."
The UFP system is envisioned to consist of three key subsystems, DARPA says:
 - The 'payload' which executes waterborne or airborne applications after being deployed to the surface
 - The UFP 'riser' which provides pressure tolerant encapsulation and launch (ascent) of the payload
DARPA said it is looking for proposals in three key areas for developing the program: Communications, deep ocean 'risers' to contain the payloads, and the actual payloads. DARPA envisions technical communities that conduct deep-ocean engineering from the telecom and oil-exploration industry to the scientific community with insights into signal propagation in the water and on the seafloor would be interested in the project.
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178 years ago today we had a national debt of $0
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MRI can be an invaluable aid to diagnosis
A technique using the fuel which powers the space shuttle could make a form of medical scan much more sensitive.
The University of York developers say it has the potential to help doctors make a faster and more accurate diagnosis for many medical conditions.
It may also increase the range of conditions that can be studied using magnetic resonance imaging, they say.
Writing in Science, they describe how they boosted MRI sensitivity by manipulating the fuel parahydrogen.
The technique increased the sensitivity of the scans by 1,000 times, and hugely speeded up the process of taking a scan, potentially reducing the cost of the procedure too.
It would take the standard method 100 hours to obtain the same amount of information the new technique generates in one second.
The technique works by interacting parahydrogen with a specially designed molecular field to create molecules that can be very easily detected by MRI scans.
Standard MRI scanners usually work by measuring information from hydrogen atoms found in the water and fat contained in the body's tissues.
But the new technique can also measure data from the carbon-based molecules that are the building blocks of the tissues themselves.
Lead researcher Professor Gary Green said: "Our method has the potential to help doctors make faster and more accurate diagnoses in a wide range of medical conditions.
"The technique could ultimately replace current clinical imaging technologies that depend on the use of radioactive substances or heavy metals, which themselves create health concerns."
Professor Ian Greer, dean of the Hull York Medical School, said: "This technological advance has the potential to revolutionise the accessibility and application of high quality medical imaging to patients.
"It will bring significant to benefits to diagnosis and treatment in virtually all areas of medicine and surgery, ranging from cancer diagnosis to orthopaedics and trauma."
Professor Derek Jones, an expert in MRI at Cardiff University, described the work as a "significant and exciting advance".
He said the York team's work meant that MRI could potentially be used to detect a larger range of molecules in the body, and in much smaller concentrations than previously possible.
"It shows great promise for expanding the applications of MRI in clinical and clinico-research settings, improving diagnosis and understanding of pathophysiology of a wide range of diseases."
Dr Martin Graves, an expert on MRI at the University of Cambridge, said the York technique was in competition with other potential ways to boost the sensitivity of MRI, including a technique called dynamic nuclear polarisation.
He said both methods offered the potential for MRI to produce images to rival those produced by PET scanning - without the need to subject the patient to a dose of radiation.
"It is very early days, but MRI has suffered from sensitivity issues, and new approaches which might allow us to probe the body's metabolism more deeply are potentially an exciting development."

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Are you looking for an engaging way to teach and review vowel spelling patterns? This interactive notebook product is designed to be a reference tool as well as practice/application for common vowel patterns. Each phonics/spelling pattern comes with an information page (Learning Side) and several activities to practice the pattern (Thinking Side). If you don't use this format, you can use the information pages as teaching tools and use the practice activities in the student notebooks.
This Product Includes:
* Detailed directions for notebook set up and implementation
* Table of Contents for student notebooks
* An informational page and application activities for each of the following:
---R Controlled: ar
---R Controlled: or
---R Controlled: er, ir, ur
This product was designed to be used with a regular spiral notebook, so if you're using composition notebooks, you'll have to shrink it down.
How I Use This Product in my Classroom
I spend about week on each phonics/spelling pattern, working on various activities; however, 2-3 mini-lessons in the interactive notebook. The first day we glue in and review the information page. Students will interact with the new information by highlighting the important information or taking notes. The next two days are spent applying the phonics/spelling pattern using interactive activities, which vary by pattern.
Additional Phonics Interactive Notebooks
Please download the preview so you can see exactly what you will be purchasing. If you have any questions, please let me know.
Thanks for taking a look!


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Remote Software & Computer Access Procedure
There are times when you need to use a certain software application or device but do not have physical access. Instead, you can remotely access a device at MLML that has the software you need or computing capabilities. Below are the instructions on how to gain software & computing access remotely.
STEP 1: Identify Needs
- Identify the application/computing that you need and research it to know what exactly it is you're looking for:
- Specs (CPU, Storage)
- Pinpoint exactly what you'll be using the application/device for
STEP 2: Submit an iTicket
Once you know what you need, we can help you get access to it. Submit an iTicket with the information you uncovered from Step 1. Please do the research before submitting an iTicket so we know exactly what it is you are trying to accomplish.
STEP 3: Access MLML VPN
Once you have the go-ahead from the IT Department, setup access to the MLML network using VPN. You will need to be connected to the MLML network to access a device remotely.
STEP 4: Launch Remote Desktop
NOTE: The following instructions are to connect to a Windows desktop computer from Windows or macOS.
IMPORTANT: You will need to configure the Windows computer to which you are connecting to allow Remote Desktop connections. Refer to the Troubleshooting section below to enable Remote Desktop connections
- Launch Remote Desktop Connection
- Windows 10: Start Menu > search for "Remote Desktop Connection" or Start Menu > Windows Accessories folder
- Windows 8.1: Win key+S to launch the search tool > search for "Windows Remote Desktop"
- Windows 7: Start button > open Accessories folder > select "Remote Desktop Connection"
- In the Computer field type the name or IP address of the device you're connecting to
- Select Show Options
- Enter the username of the account you'll use to login
- Select "Allow me to save credentials" to save the credentials so you don't have to enter them each time you access this device
- Select Connect
- Enter the password associated with the username you used into the window that pops-up
- Again you can select "Remember me" so you do not have to enter the password each time
- Click OK
- You may receive a message saying that the identity of the remote computer cannot be verified. Check the box for "Don't ask me again for connections to this computer" and click Yes
- You should now be connected
- For more information on how to use Remote Desktop Connection go to this link "How to Use Microsoft's Remote Desktop Connection"


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Thorbjorn Jagland (Image: coe.int)
Council of Europe Secretary General Thorbjorn Jagland in his speech to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) did not mention the Russian aggression against Ukraine among the list of problems in the territory of the Council of Europe, the Evropeyska Pravda correspondent reports from Strasbourg, France.
Secretary Jagland gave parliamentarians a traditional address that starts each parliamentary session, which lists key issues for their agenda.
Among such problems, he named propaganda and fake news, including their influence on elections; strengthening of populists in Europe; the threat posed by populists; the migration crisis; the crisis in Turkey; and the problem of the spread of terrorism.
In his speech, which lasted more than half an hour, he did not mention the aggression against Ukraine nor the annexation of Crimea, and did not once use the word "Russia."
Secretary Jagland's address was followed by questions from parliamentarians.
- Gazprom is frightening Europeans with Ukraine again
- A "once-upon-a-time" fable about Ukraine, Putin and Europe
- Why is the "European CNN" becoming the voice of the Kremlin?
- Historic PACE resolutions condemn Russian aggression, rule out elections in occupied Donbas
- Eastern Europe arming itself because 'no one wants to be the next Ukraine'
- Russia and PACE resolutions: a checklist (ANIMATION)


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LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION
The 4,670-acre wildlife area is situated in central Ohio eight miles north of Delaware, 10 miles south of Marion, and between U.S. Routes 42 and 23. The wildlife area is adjacent to the Delaware Reservoir and Delaware State Park and can be reached from the east and west by State Route 229 and from the south and north by U.S. Route 23 and County Road 220.
The topography of the area ranges from flat to slightly rolling. The soils are generally well drained and of medium productivity. Approximately 350 acres are under cultivation in row and small grain crops annually. Approximately 50 percent of the wildlife area is in old field habitat consisting of mixed grasses, briers and small shrubs. Over 10 percent of the area has been planted to prairie grasses, timothy and clover to provide grassland wildlife habitat.
Nearly 40 percent of the wildlife area consists of second growth hardwoods and brush in advanced stages of succession. The timber stands consist of cottonwood, ash, elm, beech, maple, hickory, oak, and black walnut. Index of Ohio's trees from the Division of Forestry.
HISTORY AND PURPOSE
Delaware Reservoir was constructed from 1947 to 1950 by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for flood control. Most of the 8,301 acres are licensed to the Ohio Department of Natural Resources for fish, wildlife, and general recreation purposes. Delaware State Park, on the southwest side of the reservoir, provides camping, picnicking, and boat launching facilities for the hunter and angler. The remaining 6,000 acres, including the 1,330-acre lake, are managed for fish and wildlife and are available for hunting and fishing.
The wildlife management plan for the area provides for a diversity of habitats for upland wildlife. Management techniques include sharecropping, planting of permanent nesting cover, manipulating timber stands, and periodic burning to control succession. Wetland wildlife habitat has been improved by the construction of 54 ponds and the flooding of 159 acres of seasonal wetlands.
The Olentangy Wildlife Research Station, which serves as the headquarters for statewide upland wildlife research, is located here. Many field research projects have been carried out on this area since 1951.
FISH AND WILDLIFE
Cottontail rabbit, ring-necked pheasant, mourning dove, squirrels, woodchuck, raccoon, muskrat, mink, and opossum are the principal upland game and fur species. Resident populations of Canada geese, wood ducks, and mallards occur on the area. During the spring and fall migrations, these and other waterfowl species can be found in large numbers on the reservoir, ponds, and seasonally flooded marsh.
A great variety of both nesting and migrant birds utilize the area. Of particular interest is the spring migration of waterfowl and songbirds and the fall migration of hawks. Red-tailed hawks, American kestrels, and Northern harriers (marsh hawks) are common summer sights over the open fields and woodlots. Large numbers of turkey vultures are also present during summer. Among the rare and unusual birds which have been observed are the Northern goshawk, king rail, snowy owl, long-eared owl, great egret, cattle egret, and sandhill crane. In 1994, wild turkeys were relocated from eastern Ohio to the Delaware Wildlife Area. Bald eagles and osprey nest at and/or near the area. Bird observation is a popular activity at Delaware.
Populations of black bass, bluegill, crappie, white bass, saugeye, and catfish occur in the reservoir. A hydrographic fishing map (Publication 231) for Delaware Lake is available.
HUNTING, TRAPPING, AND FISHING
The Delaware Wildlife Area is popular for rabbit, mourning dove, pheasant, and deer hunting. Pheasants are released each year to increase harvest opportunity for this popular game bird. At the extreme southern end of the wildlife area, a 159-acre marsh provides excellent waterfowl hunting. Jump shooting for ducks on the numerous ponds is often productive. Trapping for muskrat, raccoon, and mink is equally rewarding and night hunting is popular.
Bass, crappies, bluegill, channel catfish, and saugeye make up the bulk of the fishery. Fishing below the dam during cold weather for saugeye and fishing the Olentangy and Whetstone rivers during the spring migration of white bass should prove rewarding. Throughout the warmer months, catfish, saugeye and black crappie fishing in the reservoir is very good.
PUBLIC USE FACILITIES
Parking lots are situated throughout the area. Several boat launching areas are available for anglers and hunters. A rifle and handgun shooting range is available to shooters who purchase a shooting range permit. Contact the Division of Wildlife for details on permit prices, locations to purchase permits and dates and hours the range is open.
Shotgun shooters can use the hand-trap range free of charge. The shotgun range operates under the same days and hours as the rifle-handgun range.
A dog training area is available for year-round use.
Permission to erect a permanent duck blind on the reservoir must be secured from the park manager at the Delaware State Park headquarters. Contact the Delaware State Park for more information.
The following facilities are available to users with disabilities: rifle, handgun, and shotgun shooting ranges with accessible restrooms, and an archery range.
Further information may be obtained from the Area Manager, Delaware Wildlife Area, 8589 Horseshoe Road, Ashley, Ohio 43003; telephone _PHONE_; or from the Wildlife District One Office, 1500 Dublin Road, Columbus, Ohio 43215; telephone _PHONE_.
TURN IN A POACHER
Ohio's TIP, "Turn In a Poacher," program is helping to curtail poaching throughout the state. TIP is designed to involve the public in reporting wildlife violations. Citizens who observe wildlife violations should call the TIP toll-free hotline, 1-800-POACHER.


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|An example of male laryngeal prominence.|
|Front view of neck.|
|Precursor||4th and 6th branchial arch|
The Adam's apple (technically known as the laryngeal prominence) is a feature of the human neck and refers to the lump or protrusion that is formed by the angle of the thyroid cartilage surrounding the larynx.
The structure of the laryngeal prominence forms a bump under the skin. It is larger in adult men, in whom it is usually clearly visible and palpable. In women, the bump is much less visible and is hardly perceived on the upper edge of the thyroid cartilage.
The meeting point of the two portions of the cartilage generally forms an acute angle (of about 90°) in men, while in women, an open arc (of about 120°).
There are two main theories as to the origin of the term' "Adam's apple". The "Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable" and the 1913 edition of Webster's Dictionary points at an ancient belief that a piece of forbidden fruit was embedded in Adam's throat (the first man, according to Abrahamic religions). However, neither the Bible nor other Judeo-Christian writings mention it. The biblical story doesn't even describe what was the specific type of fruit that Adam ate.
Linguist Alexander Gode claimed that the Latin phrase to designate the laryngeal protuberance was very probably translated incorrectly from the beginning. The phrase in Latin was "pomum Adami" (literally: 'Adam's apple'). This, in turn, came from the Hebrew "tappuach ha adam" meaning "apple of man" or "apple of men" (general sense, not male specific). The confusion lies in the fact that in Hebrew language, the proper name "Adam" (אדם) literally means "man", and the late Hebrew word used to refer "bump" is very similar to the word used to refer "apple". Proponents of this version contend that the subsequent phrases in Latin and other Romance languages represent a mistranslation from the beginning.
The medical term "prominentia laryngea" was introduced by the Basle Nomina Anatomica in 1895.
Sexual characteristic
Its development is considered a secondary sexual characteristic of males, that appears as a result of hormonal activity. Its level of development varies from individual and the widening of that area in the larynx can occur very suddenly and quickly.
Anatomical function
The Adam's apple, in conjunction with the thyroid cartilage which forms it, helps to protect the walls and the frontal part of the larynx, including the vocal chords (which are located directly behind it).
Another function of the laryngeal protuberance is related to the deepening of the voice. During adolescence, the thyroid cartilage grows together with the larynx. Consequently, the laryngeal protrusion grows in size mainly in men. Together, a larger soundboard is made up in phonation apparatus, and, as a result, the man gets a deeper tone.
Cosmetic surgery to reduce the size of laryngeal prominence is called chondrolaryngoplasty (thyroid chondroplasty). It is done mainly for trans women who have aesthetic motives. The risky surgical procedure, which usually is very expensive, may change the voice of the person, and various cases show that artificial alteration of Adam's apple by surgery can cause permanent and irreversible damage, including severe problems in vocal cords or thyroid sheets, hypertrophic visible and unsightly scars, breathing difficulties, swallowing problems, problems of speech habilities, reduced frequencies while singing, and complications such as reactions to anesthesia, infections and other damage to surrounding areas such as the laryngeal nerve.
Additional Images
- "Laringe". Sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe. Retrieved 2013-02-27.
- E. Cobham Brewer (1810–1897). Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898. "Adam's Apple"
- George Crabb (1823), "Universal technological dictionary", Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, "Pomum Ada'mi"
- William S. Haubrich (2003), "Medical Meanings: A Glossary of Word Origins", ACP Press, pág 5.
- "Adam's apple". Medicine.academic.ru. Retrieved 2013-02-27.
- Robert B. Taylor (2008), "White Coat Tales: Medicine's Heroes, Heritage and Misadventures", Springer, pág 82.
- Axel Karenberg, Amor, Äskulap & Co: klassische Mythologie in der Sprache der modernen Medizin, Schattauer, Stuttgart 2006, S. 128-129.
- "Prominentia laryngea Medical Term Medical Dictionary". Medicine Online. Retrieved 2013-02-27.
- P. J. Bentley (1980), "Endocrine Pharmacology: Physiological Basis and Therapeutic Applications", CUP Archive, pág 240
- "Pubertad, nuestras diferencias". Esmas.com. Retrieved 2013-02-27.
- Wolfort FG, Dejerine ES, Ramos DJ, Parry RG (1990). "Chondrolaryngoplasty for appearance". Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 86 (3): 464–9; discussion 470. doi:10.1097/00006534-199009000-00012. PMID _PHONE_.
- "Cosmetic Surgery Southern California - Nip/Tuck - Under the Knife". Nipandtuc.com. Retrieved 2013-02-27.
- "Laryngeal Prominence". Wn.com. Retrieved 2013-02-27.
- laryngeal+prominence at eMedicine Dictionary
- lesson11 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University)


, Fluid Specialist Engineer When selecting the proper pump for heat transfer systems, there are several factors to consider. The pump must accommodate for a system's temperature, pressure, and fluid properties. If a pump is chosen incorrectly, it can result in inefficient system performance or even lead to pump malfunction, such as pump seal damage and leakage. Choosing the best pump for your application can be a daunting task, but knowing which types of pumps are suitable for certain situations can make the decision a lot easier. There are two main types of pumps used in high heat transfer systems. Positive displacement pumps displace liquid by creating a cavity between the moving components, into which fluid fills. The fluid is then forced out when the mechanism closes those gaps. Please note this article only refers to rotary positive displacement pumps. Reciprocating positive displacement pumps are not designed for use with heat transfer fluid. Centrifugal pumps use a rotating impeller, motor or turbine driven, to create kinetic energy, which increases the static fluid pressure. Fluid enters the pump through the impeller along its rotating axis, and discharges radially to the outlet. Magnetic driven pumps are a unique sealless option, in which integrated magnets drive each other to turn a canister-enclosed shaft. Magnetic pumps are similar to centrifugal pumps in that the driving magnets are also motor driven. Each type of pump has its advantages and disadvantages, which are discussed in further detail.
Table 1 Xceltherm® 600 viscosity at select temperatures
Viscosity (cP)
One of the most important system design points to address is fluid viscosity. If this is properly considered, you can eliminate which pumps would not perform proficiently. Keep in mind that heat transfer fluid viscosity increases considerably at low temperatures. See table 1. A heat transfer fluid's operating range is the temperature range between the pumpability point and the recommended maximum fluid operating temperature. The pumpability point is defined as the temperature where a fluid's viscosity reaches 2000 centipoises. At this point, the fluid becomes too viscous for centrifugal pumps to maintain fluid flow. It is important to note that the pumpability of the fluid is usually only a factor at startup. Although heat transfer fluids technically can be used at temperatures close to their pumpability points, many fluids (especially petroleum-based fluids) lose much of their heat transfer efficiency if used close to their pumpability point. Centrifugal pumps operate best with low viscosity liquids, typically ranging up to 550 cP. In this range, centrifugal pumps are capable of handling essentially most heat transfer fluids on the market. However, since they operate at motor speed, pump efficiency and flow rate drop significantly as viscosity increases. This is due to increased frictional losses within the pump's mechanism. Positive displacement pumps excel in this category. They can effectively operate in a wide range of viscosities, and even more exceptionally at high viscosities (some can operate up to 1,000,000 cP!) Highly viscous fluid fills up clearances within the pump cavities, consequently improving pump operation. Conversely, positive displacement pumps, such as the internal gear pump shown in Figure 1, cannot dispel fluid in great quantities. Instead, positive displacement pumps are capable of delivering a constant, pulse-free flow through the system, independent of variations in system pressure. Centrifugal pumps can operate proficiently under certain pressures, but their efficiency significantly drops as system pressure increases. Most heat transfer systems are designed for operation under 50 psi, in which case, both centrifugal and positive displacement pumps can be used. Centrifugal pumps can be sized for head pressures up to 55 psi (125 ft.)The next considerable aspect of pump selection is system capacity. The main advantage of centrifugal pumps is their ability to transfer large volumes of liquid (up to 120,000 gallons per minute.) Processes can even be designed with several centrifugal pumps in parallel to maximize fluid discharge. Net Positive Suction Head, more commonly referred to as "system pressure," is the sum of several factors determined by system design. The NPSH is determined by the following:
*NPSH = HA ± HZ – HF + HV – HVP
Term Definition Notes
HA The absolute pressure on the surface of the liquid in the supply tank Typically atmospheric pressure (vented supply tank), but can be different for closed tanks. Don't forget that altitude affects atmospheric pressure (HA in Denver, CO will be lower than in Miami, FL). Always positive (may be low, but even vacuum vessels are at a positive absolute pressure)
HZ The vertical distance between the surface of the liquid in the supply tank and the centerline of the pump Can be positive when liquid level is above the centerline of the pump (called static head) Can be negative when liquid level is below the centerline of the pump (called suction lift.) Always be sure to use the lowest liquid level allowed in the tank.
HF Friction losses in the suction piping Piping and fittings act as a restriction, working against liquid as it flows towards the pump inlet.
HV Velocity head at the pump suction port Often not included as it's normally quite small.
HVP Absolute vapor pressure of the liquid at the pumping temperature Must be subtracted in the end to make sure that the inlet pressure stays above the vapor pressure. Remember, as temperature goes up, so does the vapor pressure.
*Table and equation courtesy of
After calculating NPSH available (NPSHA), a pump with the appropriate NPSH required (NPSHR) can be chosen. NPSHA must be greater than NPSHR to avoid pump cavitation during system operation. Cavitation occurs when a fluid's liquid pressure drops below its vapor pressure, causing the liquid to boil. Vapor bubbles produce pump noise and vibration, pitting damage to the impeller, and a sharp reduction in pump head and discharge. If a pump with a proper NPSH rating is selected, cavitation can be prevented. Once the correct pump is selected for an application, several shaft sealing options can be considered. One of the earliest forms of shaft seals is packing, which is made up of braided or formed rings compressed in the stuffing box of a pump. This type of sealing requires lubrication, either by the circulating system fluid, or externally. The main advantage of packing is that it rarely fails catastrophically. It is most effectively used in applications with thick, non-abrasive liquids. Elastomeric lip seals are also ideal for similar applications. While traditionally used for low pressure applications, technological advancements in newer seals allow for operation in high pressure systems (150-psi or greater) as well. The drawback to using a lip seal is the possibility of catastrophic failure, which could trigger more serious pump problems. Mechanical seals share this same disadvantage. Basically, mechanical seals consist of faces sliding against one another to form a seal. Similar to seal packing, mechanical seal faces are typically lubricated by the circulating fluid or other external methods. The most prominent benefit of mechanical seals is the wide variety of designs to accommodate a broad range of liquids, viscosities, pressures, and temperatures. Moreover, they are designed to be easily replaced or repaired. As mentioned earlier in this article, sealless magnetic driven pumps are becoming a popular option for hard-to-contain liquid applications. Although sealless pumps are a more costly alternative, they offer exceptional dependability and absolutely no leakage. In conclusion, there are several factors to consider when deciding which pump is most ideal for your heat transfer application. Although there is an extensive variety of pump options to choose from, knowing the capabilities of your system can help you narrow down the field.
External References Recommended Pump Manufacturers/Distributors Dean Pump 6040 Guion Road Indianapolis, IN 46254 Phone: _PHONE_ Fax: _PHONE_ Dickow Pump Company, Inc. 1738 Sands Place Marietta, GA 30067 Toll Free: _PHONE_ Phone: _PHONE_ Fax: _PHONE_ Industrial Products Goulds Pumps, ITT Corporation 240 Fall St. Seneca Falls, NY 13148 Phone: _PHONE_ Fax: _PHONE_ Travaini Pumps USA 200 Newsome Drive Yorktown, VA 23692 Phone: _PHONE_ Fax: _PHONE_ Viking Pump, Inc. A Unit of IDEX Corporation 406 State Street, P.O. Box 8 Cedar Falls, IA 50613-0008 Phone: _PHONE_ Fax: _PHONE_
Positive Displacement Pumps
Centrifugal Pumps
Magnetic Pumps
Dean Pump Division
Dickow Pump Company, Inc.
Goulds Pumps
Travaini Pumps USA
Viking Pump, Inc.
Xceltherm CLX System Cleaner
PERFORMANCE DATA ANALYSIS By Doug McKinney The cleaning efficiency of XCELTHERM® CLX SYSTEM CLEANER is determined by the "Firing Residue Removal" test developed by the US Army. The Firing Residue Removal test quantifies the percentage of burned gunpowder that is removed from a surface by a weapons cleaning fluid. The standard operating procedure for Firing Residue Removal is described in the US Army specifications for MIL-PRF-372rifle bore cleaners (RBC), and MIL-PRF-63460 cleaner, preservative and lubricant fluids (CLP). For this study, a 10% by volume XCELTHERM® CLX mixture in XCELTHERM® HFF was measured. The mixture removed 79


Hemoglobin Disorders Clinic
UConn Health, Partners Pilot Sickle Cell ID
Hand holds sickle cell ID card
UConn Health, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, and the American Red Cross have created an identification card for individuals with sickle cell disease, to ensure patients in need are properly treated at any hospital they might visit.
The New England Sickle Cell Institute at UConn Health and the Hemoglobin Disorders Clinic at Connecticut Children's treat a combined 500-600 patients with sickle cell disease, a group of inherited red blood cell disorders that involve oxygen-carrying hemoglobin turning from a normal round shape to a crescent, or sickle, shape. The sickle-shaped cells cause blockages that prevent the flow of oxygen in blood vessels and can be extremely painful.
According to David Rosinski, Director of Cardiovascular Perfusion at UConn Health, Connecticut Children's, and the Heart Center of Greater Waterbury, when patients have to be seen at centers other than the ones where they are treated, they are often thought to be simply looking for pain medication.
Many hospitals decide to perform a quick transfusion on these patients, which can make it harder to properly treat the patient through apheresis later.
Sickle cell patients ideally receive blood during apheresis from like donors, Rosinski says. For example, African American sickle cell patients should, if possible, receive blood from African American donors, because there are certain antibodies present in the blood cells that are specific to their genetic profiles.
The card indicates where the patient is being treated and provides contact information for the UConn and Connecticut Children's programs and blood banks so doctors can confirm proper next steps.


text:
IM for Teaching Unit IV, Socialization,
in Introduction to Sociology
Prepared by Caroline H. Persell August 2008
The social construction of the self can be illustrated well with the film, Nova: Secret of the Wild Child. There is a Lesson Plan for using the film and an in-class exercise that helps to explore conceptions of the self is "The Twenty Statements Test." There is an Instructors' Manual for using a free textbook chapter available on "Socialization" that explores the contexts of socialization, the content and processes of socialization, the possible results of socialization, and socialization through the life course.
There is a Gender Socialization Lab/Fieldtrip exercise and a Lesson Plan for it. To help students understand the power of social norms in shaping their conduct, they could do the simulation, "Breaking a Social Norm," which has a Lesson Plan. To see how advertisers try to manage and manipulate the formation of social norms, students could view the film, "Merchants of Cool," on-line. There is a Lesson Plan for using the film. Students could take Robert E. Wood's Virtual Tour C, "Social Interaction and Socialization".


text:
Over 8,000 websites created by students around the world who have participated in a ThinkQuest Competition.
Compete | FAQ | Contact Us
On the Battlefield: The Mechanics of Military Vehicles
The purpose of this page is to educate you about the scientific principles behind the operation of military weapons. Find out what is meant by acceleration, ballistics, and trajectory. Learn what physical principle keeps a metal battleship afloat. Simple simulations show you the theories in action. The so-appropriate background music is "Everybody Wants to Rule the World."
Chuen HoweRaffles Institution, Singapore, Singapore
IvanRaffles Institution, Singapore, Singapore
19 & under
Janelle HoRaffles Institution, Singapore
Science & Technology > Physical Science
Science & Technology > Technology > Weapons


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The phenomenon of throwing up blood after drinking can often be seen after a night of heavy alcohol consumption or sudden increased alcohol intake by someone who is not habitual to alcohol consumption. Throwing up blood after drinking alcohol is quite an alarming occurrence for the person who experiences it. Most of the time, especially in case of first-time-drinkers, it drives in the much-needed aversion towards heavy drinking in people who have experienced puking blood after a night of excessive alcoholic indulgence. Blood in vomit should act as a warning sign for those who consume too much alcohol or are bordering on alcoholism. Ask anyone who has vomited blood after drinking and he'll tell you that it was an extremely unpleasant experience - both physiologically as well as psychologically. How does alcohol cause blood to be present in the vomit? Let's find out.
Causes of Vomiting Blood Post Drinking
Let us take a look at the most common reasons that lead to gastrointestinal bleeding:-
- Experiencing excessive vomiting for a prolonged period leads to tearing of minor blood vessels located in the throat or esophagus
- Bleeding of any ulcer present in either stomach, esophagus or duodenum
- Malformation of blood vessels in the gastrointestinal tract
- Bleeding of stomach or esophageal tumors
- Blood ingested from a nosebleed
- Gastritis or esophagitis
Most alcohols have an acidic pH value. I say "most" because the hydroxyl content in ethanol (pure alcohol) is slightly basic. However, the base property is so slight that it has an almost neutral PH, similar to water. Beer, wine and all distilled alcohols are moderately acidic owing to the fermentation process which they undergo. Since acids are corrosive, excess consumption of alcohol irritates the gastrointestinal tract, which is composed of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach and small intestine. Such irritation for a prolonged time often results in erosion of the esophageal lining, rupture of the blood vessels along the gastrointestinal tract, bleeding ulcers along the tract, etc.
It must be noted here that the most common occurrence of regurgitation of blood happens due to irritation or bleeding in the upper portion of the gastrointestinal tract. Chronic drinkers often suffer from acid indigestion and acid reflux disease, leading to gastritis, stomach ulcers or corrosion of the stomach lining. This can also lead to bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract. Throwing up after excess alcohol consumption can also be one of the earlier signs of possible alcohol poisoning, necessitating you to seek an alcohol detox program if you've been drinking for a long time.
The chief reason for the presence of blood in vomit is bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract. Excessive consumption of alcohol, whether over a long period or in a short time (binge-drinking spree) puts stress on the gastrointestinal tract, often irritating it and corroding its protective lining owing to the high acid content of alcohol. Short-time binging, which induces vigorous and repeated vomiting, may manifest as vomiting blood after drinking alcohol by tearing the tissues and small blood vessels of the throat and esophagus.
Long-time or chronic alcohol abuse leads to the presence of blood in vomit due to other serious conditions like ulcer, chronic acidity, gastroenteritis, etc. due to long-term and regular exposure of the gastrointestinal tract to alcohol. For such cases, it is wise to seek treatment and go for rehab to get rid of alcohol addiction and start afresh on the lines of health, vitality and happiness.


text:
- Print ISBN 9780323084338
- Electronic ISBN 9780323113762
- Hundreds of full-color photos and drawings depict key ideas and clearly demonstrate procedure steps.
- Procedures provide step-by-step, easy-to-understand instructions on performing important skills and tasks.
- UNIQUE! A cast of caregivers, including a supervisor and four home care aides, are highlighted in scenarios that provide realistic examples of the types of situations you are likely to encounter in the home care environment.
- Guidelines for Observing, Recording, and Reporting (ORR) are highlighted throughout the text, emphasizing the home care aide's responsibilities for observing and documenting the client's condition and care.
- Key considerations and reminders are presented in color font to emphasize the importance of performing these actions.
- Objectives and Key Terms in each chapter focus your attention on essential information.
- Chapter summaries and study questions review the key points in each chapter.
1. Learning about Home Care
2. The Home Care Industry
3. Developing Effective Communication Skills
4. Understanding Your Client's Needs
5. Understanding How the Body Works
6. Observing, Reporting, Recording
7. Working with the Ill and Disabled
PART 2: Managing the Home Environment
8. Maintaining a Safe Environment
9. Maintaining a Healthy Environment
10. Meeting the Client's Nutritional Needs
PART 3: Home Care Procedures
11. Preventing Infection/Medical Asepsis
12. Body Mechanics
14. Personal Care
16. Collecting Specimens
17. Measuring Vital Signs
18. Special Procedures
PART 4: Meeting The Client's Special Needs
19. Caring for Older Adults
20. Caring for Mothers, Infants, and Children
21. Caring for Clients with Mental Illness
22. Caring for Clients with Illnesses Requiring Home Care
23. Caring for the Dying Client
PART 5: Professional Skills
25. Getting a Job and Keeping It
- No. of pages:
- © 2013
- 4th October 2012
- Print ISBN:
- Electronic ISBN:


text:
ESSENTIALS: MAKE IT SIMPLE
Accurately test your aquarium's salinity with a
Portable Refractometer. Simple to use, optical instrument gives a direct, temperature compensated reading of specific gravity and salinity.
Deep Six Hydrometer's unique design takes true water samples for accurate reading.
Instant Ocean Hydrometer economically tests your aquarium's salinity and specific gravity.
Specific gravity measures the relative salinity (amount of dissolved salts) in your aquarium water in comparison to pure water. Measuring specific gravity on a regular basis is crucial to maintain the ideal environment for your marine inhabitants. The following helpful tips will ensure accurate results when measuring specific gravity.
- Most hobbyists use a simple hydrometer or a refractometer to measure salinity.
- For professional results consider a portable refractometer or a high tech electronic salinity monitor.
- Before changing your aquarium water, measure and record the specific gravity. Make sure the new saltwater matches the specific gravity of your aquarium. Too much of a deviation in salt levels could "shock" or potentially kill sensitive aquarium inhabitants.
- Replenish evaporated water with clean freshwater - not prepared salt water. Remember, salts remain behind after water evaporates. If you top off your aquarium with salt water, you are compounding salt levels in your aquarium.
- Before using a new swing-arm hydrometer, condition or "season" the hydrometer by soaking it in saltwater for 24 hours.
Reef Aquarium: 1.023 to 1.025
FOWLR Aquarium: 1.020 to 1.025
FAQs About Refractometers
What does a refractometer do?
Serious hobbyists know that the best way to measure the salinity and specific gravity of aquarium water is to use a refractometer. These precision optical instruments are incredibly accurate even at very low salt levels, and are equally easy to use. Recently, these instruments have become more affordable, so now every aquarium owner can have one to help monitor water conditions.
How do I use it?
Place 1 to 2 drops of aquarium water onto the prism glass and close the plate cover. Once a fluid sample is placed on the measuring surface, the light passing through it slows and bends. The refractometer focuses this bent light on a tiny internal scale. The scale is magnified by the eyepiece lenses so it is easily visible.
Look through the eyepiece and view the scale. The top portion of the scale appears blue and the bottom part appears white. Take your reading at the intersection of these two colors. One side of the scale measures salinity and the other side measures specific gravity.
To effectively monitor your marine aquarium water conditions, consider investing in a refractometer. The accuracy and affordability make it worthwhile.
|Salinity & Specific Gravity are easily viewed when looking through the Refractometer


Export Comparison reults shows In1/2 in TYpe column
fabkhushfabkhush Posts: 2
edited March 9, 2017 10:30AM in SQL Data Compare 11
My exported data comparison sheet shows In1, IN2 in Type column. What does it means? documentation tells anout _TAG_, _TAG_ etc but nothing about In1, IN2.
 - "Type" is a slightly confusing word but it basically refers to which of the two databases contain a given row.
 - "In1" just means that the database on the left contains the row while the database on the right does not;
 - "In2" means the opposite.
 - "Different" means that both databases have rows with matching values in the column(s) you are using as a comparison key, but some of the data columns have differing values
 - "Identical" means that the same row exists in both databases.
 In the UI we tend to quote the database name in such labels, but this shorthand is used in the exported files to make it easier to parse.
 You can find more information about this at _URL_ on+results.
 Software Developer
 Redgate Software
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 - Area: How large the country is and measured in both square miles and square kilometres.
 - Terrain: Short description of the terrain of the country.
 - Climate: General note on the climate of the country.
 - Population: How many people live in the country.
 - Ethnic groups: What different cultures live in the country.
 - Religions: What the people of the region worship: Thalathanism, Nagaism, Veraism, indigenous religions etc.
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 - Type: What kind of government the country has: absolute monarchy, dictatorship, meritocracy, tributary state, chiefdoms, theocracy, principality, puppet state etc.
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The iBobber is a smart fishing tool that uses sonar to catch the fishes. After combining 19th and 21st century technology, iBobber has introduced an interesting twist of sonar and app connectivity to fishing.
What we need to do to catch a fish is just attach the bobber to the fishing line and it will detect where the fishes in water are and how deep the water is. It will communicate this information via Bluetooth to a Smartphone, which will allow you to adjust the casting and the depth resulting in increasing the chances of getting a bite.
Obviously, the sonar would not reach the Mariana Trench but it can detect the depth up to 135 feet and has a sonar angle of 42-degrees, means the detection diameter gets wide toward the bottom of the well over 20 feet.
It can also detect the height of a fish based on the scale size.
It also has an additional feature for those who love fishing; the iBobber will inform you about the temperature and also includes a lunar calendar which will help you to know the ideal fishing timing and locations. The iBobber app for iOS and android are available for free on play store.
The iBobber will notify you when the fish is caught in the hook.
The iBobber costs for $100.
The iBobber consists:-
Smallest on market Longest battery life
LED Beacon Strike alarm
Strike alarm Waterbed mapping


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Stretching from the fringes of the Sahara in the north to the borders of Congo and Gabon in the south, Cameroon is a striking study in diversity. The country's four distinct geographic regions encompass everything from lush rain forests to rugged volcanic peaks, from spectacular waterfalls to the cruel beauty of the desert landscape. And Cameroon's ethnic make-up is no less varied than its geography. The north is populated by Hausa, Fulbé, Sudanese, and Choa Arab peoples; in the west the Bamiléké are the largest ethnic group, followed by the Tiker and the Bamoun; and the area south of the River Sanaga is home to several Bantu groups, among them, Fang, Ewondo, Boulou, Eton, Bassa, Bakoko, and Douala. Combined with Cameroon's colonial past of German, French, and British occupation, the country has a complicated ethnic identity.
The School for International Training's (SIT) Cameroon Social Pluralism and Development Program is based in the capital city of Yaoundé. The program devotes itself to examining several contrasting influences in this diverse country, including urban and rural sociological factors, colonial and independent historical heritages, Anglophone and Francophone cultural facets, and rain forest and desert geography.
Fall semester: early September to mid-December. Spring semester: late January to mid-May.
Fields of Study
Central African history, arts, anthropology, economic development, politics, religion, sociology, French language.
7.5 GPA required. Three recent semesters of college-level French or the equivalent and the ability to follow coursework in French. Pomona students are part of a competitive national pool. A college-level course with African content is highly recommended. Students must submit a copy of a valid passport at the time of application.
Number of Students
3 or more. Total group approximately 20.
The program is conducted primarily in French. The program begins in Yaoundé and during the first week of the program the academic director and other contributors conduct an orientation to the program and to life in Cameroon. After the initial orientation, the following components of the academic program begin: French for Development Studies (1.0 Pomona credits); Social Pluralism and Development Seminar (1.5 Pomona credit); Field Study Seminar (.5 Pomona credit); and an Independent Study Project (ISP) (1.0 Pomona credit).
There is no P/NC option on this program.
Students live in a variety of accommodations, including hostels and homestays; there also is some camping while on excursions.


text:
Saw Doctor's wagon
Harold Wright's mobile home and workshop
This distinctive wagon was the home and workshop of Harold Wright for more than 30 years. Wright migrated from England to Australia in 1930. During the Depression of the 1930s, national unemployment levels reached over 30 per cent and many people travelled as itinerant workers to survive.
Wright constructed this wagon as his home and workshop in 1935. For the next 34 years he travelled throughout north-west Victoria and New South Wales, promoting himself as 'The Saw Doctor'.
Wright travelled with his wife Dorothy, whom he met in Queensland, and their daughter Evelyn. The family had dogs, cats and chickens and they rarely spent more than a few days in any one place.
Wright attracted business by decorating his wagon, which he affectionately named the Road Urchin, with signs, trinkets and bright paint. He used a variety of grinding wheels and files to sharpen all manner of items, including saws, scissors, lawnmower blades, knives, and shears.
Moving with the times and the economy, Wright refurbished and enlarged the original horsedrawn wagon, fitting it onto the chassis of a truck, towing it with several different tractors and, when rising fuel costs and shortages started to bite, hitching it back onto a horse.
Wright continued to live and work in his wagon until his death in 1969. Soon after, Dorothy sold the wagon and tractor to a secondhand goods dealer in Wangaratta, Victoria. In 1977, the wagon was saved from obscurity and the scrapheap by collector Peter Herry, who recognised the remarkable vehicle that had trundled through his town during his childhood. The National Museum bought the wagon and tractor from Peter and Wyn Herry in 2002, ensuring that this extraordinary piece of history is preserved.
The 'office' side of the Saw Doctor's wagon
The 'home' side of the Saw Doctor's wagon
The cabin of the Saw Doctor's wagon
Recovering the wagon
Bringing the wagon safely to the National Museum in Canberra was a laborious process, involving many trips to Peter and Wyn Herry's farm near Wangaratta, about 400 kilometres away. Over six days, Museum staff packed and transported 3000 loose items – including hundreds of metal files – each of which were photographed, dusted, wrapped and labelled. Then the wagon, which weighed about five tonnes and was structurally unsound after decades in storage, was winched out of the Herry's barn, lifted onto a truck and driven to Canberra.
Conserving the wagon
The arrival of the dilapidated wagon and tractor at the Museum signalled the beginning of an extensive conservation project to rejuvenate and stabilise it. It took six months just to clean it, using a process of brush vacuuming and washing. Then the wagon, tractor and contents were treated to prevent further deterioration. Conservators stitched and reinforced the torn canvas awnings, stabilised and wax-coated the paintwork, and restored the tractor engine to working condition. Placing the wagon on the sub-frame seen in the photos below helped stabilise the structure and made it much easier to move around. Due to their sheer numbers, many of the loose tools and domestic items remain in storage.
Transport and treatment of the wagon and tractor
The Saw Doctor – Flash interactive
Audio and transcript of Door to store caring for your collection talk - Listen to members of the National Museum Registration team discuss the documentation, photography, uplift and transport that was needed to make the Saw Doctor's wagon a part of the Museum's collection.
The Saw Doctor's wagon is currently on show in the Hall at the National Museum of Australia.


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Goats who stare at treesWritten by Don Hendershot
They not only stare at them, they eat them. Well, maybe not all trees, but woody browse in general. Hopefully, this penchant for woody invasives like Canada blackberry will make goats the perfect organic weed-whacker for protecting the grassy balds of the Roan Highlands.
The Baa-tany Project is a volunteer-based project operating under a special use permit with the USDA Forest Service. The idea is to use goats — in this case angora goats — to help restore the grassy balds of Roan. The project covers about 79 acres between Jane Bald and Grassy Ridge. Partners for the project include USDA Forest Service, East Tennessee State University, Appalachian Trail Conservancy, Southern Appalachians Highlands Conservancy, US Fish & Wildlife Service, Friends of Roan Mountain, North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Tennessee Division of Natural Areas, Tennessee Eastman Hiking & Canoeing Club, Wake Forest University, The Nature Conservancy and Appalachian State University.
The origin of these balds, like many across the Southern Appalachians, remains a mystery. We know they were here to greet the first Europeans. John Fraser wrote about them in 1787 and Asa Gray, for whom the imperiled Gray's lily is named, called them, in 1841, "the most beautiful east of the Rockies." Besides Gray's lily, there are at least 26 other species listed by the Federal government as, proposed, endangered, threatened or sensitive.
Some scientists believe the balds are remnants of ancient grasslands that evolved during the Pleistocene (from 1.6 million to 10,000 years ago) and perpetuated by the natural conditions of the southern highlands.
Others suggest that large herbivores like woolly mammoths may have helped create and sustain the balds, and that their successors including bison and elk helped maintain the balds. Some researchers believe Native Americans may have burned the high peaks regularly, thinning and altering the soil so that trees could not grow. Others believe the balds are simply the natural evolutionary results of the physical environmental (climatic and edaphic factors) processes of the southern highlands.
Whatever their origin, there is no doubt that balds have become an integral part of the environmental and cultural fabric of the Southern Appalachians. The Baa-tany Project marshaled and herded by Jamey Donaldson, botanist, consultant and adjunct curator of the John C. Warren Herbarium at East Tennessee State University, is a unique experiment integrating and involving the human psyche (through the herder and his goats) in a healing restorative process that may say as much about the environmental struggles of the human condition as it does about the environmental challenges of the high grasslands.


text: Department of Mechanical Engineering OIST, Bhopal organized a one-day industrial visit to Centre for Research and Industrial Staff Performance (CRISP), Bhopal, for fourth semester students on 10th March 2016, under the supervision of Mr. Govind Sharma (Manager, Mechanical). He explained the various operations and components of the CNC Machine required in manufacturing of complex machine components. Students visited the Production Unit, and various advance labs such as Hydraulic lab, Metallurgy lab CAD/CAM/CAE lab etc. They understood the importance of hydraulic power, measurement techniques, and CNC operations. This visit was quite useful to all the students, in planning & building their future career in the field of production and research.


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This paper considers a problem of distributed tracking with consensus on a time-varying graph with noisy communications links. A distributed tracking with consensus algorithm is proposed to handle a time-varying network topology in which every node generates own local tracking estimates and communicates over noisy links. The conditions on the connectivity graph are established so that distributed consensus can be achieved in the presence of noisy communication links when the graph topology is time-varying. The steady-state performance of the proposed distributed tracking with consensus algorithm is analyzed and compared with that of distributed local Kalman filtering with centralized fusion. Simulation results and performance analysis of the proposed algorithm are also given.


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Ragi Porridge Recipe
Ragi malt and ragi porridge are the same things with different names. Ragi is cooked in either milk or water and it is very healthy for babies and adults alike. Ragi can be given to babies as early as they start on solids because it has high nutritional value; it is a good source of Vitamin B1 and B3, calcium, and iron.
Ragi is also known as finger millet and is widely consumed in southern parts of India. As ragi does not have a taste of its own, its porridge can be made in two ways, either sweet or salty. If you want to know how you can make ragi porridge for your baby, read on. We have a quick recipe for you!
Type of Meal
Any baby above 7 months of age
Breakfast or mid-morning snack or evening snack
For Sweet Porridge
|Ragi flour||4 tbsp|
|Sugar or dates or jaggery||1.5 tbsp|
|Milk (optional)||1 cup|
|Ghee (optional)||1 tsp|
|Cardamom powder (optional)||¼ tsp|
For Salted Porridge
|Ragi flour||4 tbsp|
|Salt||As per taste|
|Cumin powder||1 tbsp|
|Curry leaves||1 sprig|
|Coriander leaves (finely chopped)||1 tbsp|
|Oil or ghee||1 tsp|
Below is a step-by-step guide on how to make both salty as well as sweet ragi porridge.
1. First Method: Heat a pan, and take ragi flour in it. Next, add water to it. Mix it well and let it cook. Keep stirring it constantly to prevent it from burning and until the mixture thickens. Once it turns thick, your ragi malt will be ready. Turn off the heat and serve warm.
2. Second Method:
- Mix the ragi flour in ¾ cup of water.
- Heat the remaining water in a pan and bring it to a boil. Next, add the ragi mixture to it.
- Keep on stirring and cook it on medium heat.
- Turn off the flame when the mixture thickens.
- Now add dates or sugar or jaggery and milk to adjust the consistency and make it sweet.
- Add some ghee and dry fruits to make the recipe more nutritious.
- Your sweet porridge is ready to serve.
- Take ragi flour and water in a pan and cook well. Keep stirring until the mixture thickens.
- Now add salt and buttermilk to adjust consistency and bring taste.
- Salted porridge is ready to serve.
- If you wish to add a tempering then, heat ghee or oil in a pan. Add cumin seeds and curry leaves. Let them splutter. Switch off the flame. Put this seasoning and coriander leaves to the prepare ragi porridge to enhance the taste.
- Serve the yummy porridge to your little one!
Follow the below tips to enhance the nutrition content and taste of this simple ragi porridge recipe:
- It is better if you prepare the porridge without milk. Because adding milk reduces the iron content of ragi.
- Adding fruit like apple or banana helps in the absorption of iron from ragi. So you can add fruit to the sweet porridge.
Nutrition Information (Per 100 Grams)
|Dietary Fiber||11.1 g|
|Vitamin C||2.3 mg|
Note: These values are only for the sweet porridge.
Following is the list of benefits your child will get out of this homemade ragi porridge baby food recipe:
- Ragi is extremely beneficial for your growing child. As you can see from the table above, the calcium content of this recipe is so high. Calcium will help in the development of bones and teeth and avoiding bone-related diseases.
- Ragi is a good source of natural iron. When mixed with a fruit, the Vitamin C present in the fruit leads to easy absorption of iron. This helps in increasing the haemoglobin in kids.
- Not only iron and calcium, but ragi is also loaded with a good amount of protein, phosphorous and calcium. These minerals also serve as the building blocks in growing children.
- Ragi also keeps the child full for long.
Ideally, you should make ragi flour at home by sprouting the ragi grains and dry roasting them. After this, they can be powdered in the mixer. This serves best for the babies. But if you cannot prepare it at home, buy the prepared ragi flour from the supermarket!
Follow the instructions and prepare this effortless and nutritious recipe for your growing child. This will keep him healthy and energetic. Happy Parenting!


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|Seth Noone holds one of the turkeys to be fit for a radio transmitter.|
Some 60 wild turkeys that had been misbehaving in southern Utah, found themselves in a new home last week. Their bad behavior included moving into farmer's haystacks. They were captured and transported by the Division of Wildlife Resources to Carbon County where they were released on the very top of Spring Canyon above Helper. According to Brad Crompton, who coordinated the release, the location on private property up the canyon is an ideal habitat for the birds. They were all Rio Grande turkeys, the most common breed in Utah.
Students from Carbon High school's AP biology class assisted in the release. Crompton explained to the students the importance of relocating the birds to a habitat where they can feed, be protected and reproduce. The canyon is filled with Pinyon Trees and there are plenty of berries, acorns and grass. "This area hasn't had turkeys in it for a long time, if ever," says Crompton.
Two of the females were fitted with radio transmitters, each with a radiant beep which will monitor the bird's location, especially during breeding and nesting seasons.
Alayne Carrillo, AP biology teacher commented that the activity was a great learning experience for her students. "They get to see science first hand."


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May 11, 2011 -- A scientific programme to investigate new ways to develop drugs for infants received 1.2 million euro European research grant from PRIOMEDCHILD ERA-NET. Research groups across Europe, including innovation organisation TNO, participate in this major programme.
Infants (children from 0 - 2 years) are underrepresented when it comes to developing new drugs. Most of the drugs available today have been designed for and exclusively tested in adults. As a consequence, doctors prescribe infants drugs off-label, meaning that the drugs have never been tested for safety or therapeutic effect in this young age group. The goal of the study is to validate the microdosing technology (administering of a very small dose of drug) to obtain pharmacokinetic data that can, in the future, be used to study new drugs in infants. Several partners across Europe, including TNO, have started this research last April.
According to Professor Garner; expert in the field of microdosing and microtracer studies: "Due to the ethical, regulatory and practical issues of testing potential new drugs in infants, very few drugs are specifically developed for or tested in infants. This is potentially dangerous, since growing children do not react to drugs in the same way as adults do. The risk that children receive either a dose that is too high or too low is real."
Dr. Wouter Vaes from TNO: "One of the hurdles in developing drugs for use in children is how to measure the extremely low concentrations of drug candidates in tiny blood samples. This is a fundamental question that the collaborative research program is designed to answer". The program will use a sensitive analytical instrument, an Accelerator Mass Spectrometry or AMS, to measure the drug concentration in these small blood volumes. Dr. Babs Fabriek, scientist at TNO involved in this project: "TNO will deliver the technology that makes conducting these studies in infants feasible".
The research program known as PAMPER (Pharmaceutical Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Microdose Pediatric Evaluation Research Study) is funded through the PRIOMEDCHILD-ERA-NET program (_URL_) for three years. The grant was won on a competitive basis with the scientific assessors scoring the research programme as outstanding. Collaborators are TNO (NL), University of Liverpool (UK), Alder Hey Children's Hospital (UK), Tartu University Hospital (EE), Pharmaceutical Research Institute (PL), Good Clinical Practice Alliance (BE) and Garner Consulting (UK).


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While researching alternatives to demolition I came across a deconstruction program that makes more sense than any other I've seen. Basically, Design for Deconstruction is legos for big people.
The ultimate goal of the Design for Deconstruction (DfD) movement is to responsibly manage end-of-life building materials to minimize consumption of raw materials. By capturing materials removed during building renovation or demolition and finding ways to reuse them in another construction project or recycle them into a new product, the overall environmental impact of end-of-life building materials can be reduced. Architects and engineers can contribute to this movement by designing buildings that facilitate adaptation and renovation. This handbook presents an overview of basic Design for Deconstruction principles, and outlines the implementation of these principles in the design of Chartwell School in Seaside, California.


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UC CalFresh in the Classroom
In the Classroom
This page is intended for Early Childhood Educators to use as a resource to find all of the UC CalFresh curriculum.
Please look to the left bar and click to find:
- Tips for Early Childhood Educators
- Quarterly Newsletters
This Month - At Your Site!
- Summer Squash is a warm season vegetable.
- Yellow squash, zucchini, scallop (Pattypan) and Mid-East are summer squash varieties.
- Summer squash grow on compact vines.
- Summer squash yellow flowers are edible.
- Squash means "something eaten raw."
For more information, visit:


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protected member function
void init (streambuf* sb);
Initializes the values of the stream's internal flags and member variables.
Derived classes are expected to call this protected member function at some point before its first use or before its destruction (generally, during construction).
The internal state is initialized in such a way that each of these members return the following values:
On initialization, the internal extensible array (iword, pword) is empty.
Modifies the stream object. The object pointed by sb may be accessed and/or modified.
Concurrent access to the same stream object or stream buffer may cause data races.
Basic guarantee: if an exception is thrown, the stream is in a valid state.
- Construct object (public member function


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What ducks endure
When you think of a duck, most likely the image in your mind would be
of one on water. Children are told that ducks live near bodies of water
because they spend a lot of time on it. According to zoologist Juliet
Gellatley, ducks spend 80% of their time on water since they play, swim
and feed on it. So important is water for ducks that they can go blind
if they are unable to rinse their eyes with it. God crated them to be on
In spite of our knowledge about what ducks need and how they behave,
most of the 18 million ducks raised for meat in the U.K. have no access
to water for bathing and 90% of them are intensively confined.
A report by the animal protection organization Viva! states that the
industry keeps 10,000 birds to a shed with a stock density of about
eight birds per square meter (10.8 square feet). According to producers,
who have no regard for the lives of these animals, say that such access
to water would spread disease. To us, Christians, to deprive an animal
of an essential God-give need – in this case water - is to disobey God.
Although the U.K.'s Department for Environment, Food and Rural
Affairs (DEFRA) and the Council of Europe recommend that ducks have
enough water to cover their heads and splash their backs, Viva! says
this rarely occurs and cannot be enforced. The duck industry is said to
be aware of the criticism and close to finalizing a code of practice.
To read the full article please visit
Your question and comments are welcome


Help! My Cat Won't Let Me Sleep!
Well, I have some bad news for you. Being woken up from a sound sleep in the night or early morning hours by a hungry, nudgy and active cat is less than desirable for a human. Unfortunately, this undesirable behavior is purrrfectly normal for a cat. I will tell you why and explain to you what you can do about it.
Let's start with normal cat behavior. If your cat lived outdoors, it would need to catch somewhere between 8-13 mice or birds a day to stay fed. To keep up with this need, your cat would hunt both during the day and night, with lots of recharging naps in between. Many of your cat's favorite meals would be most active and available during the night and the early morning hours. So, your clever cat is programed to be alert and in hunting mode at these times…which is precisely when you would like to be hard at work on your REM sleep!
To make matters worse, your schedule likely reinforces this. Most of our cats have little to no stimulation during the day. You are at work, the house is quiet, and your cat has nothing to do but sleep. For your cat, the active day begins when you get home from work and your home springs to life.
So how can you use this knowledge of normal cat behavior to redirect your nudgy cat and get some sleep?! You can solve this problem in two easy steps.
1- Make night time hunting time! Understanding that it is normal for cats to hunt overnight, and eat multiple small meals in the 24 hour period is all the info you need. Give your cat the opportunity to hunt for their food overnight, instead of eating from a bowl all day! The best way to do this is with The NoBowl Feeding System™. Before you turn in for the night, measure your cat's favorite dry food or treats, split them between the five NoBowls™ and hide them outside of the bedroom. Now, your hungry cat can fulfill its natural instincts to hunt and eat overnight…and you can finally get some uninterrupted sleep.
2- Don't give in. Your cat has been training you to wake up and amuse or feed him/her for some time now. So, it might take a few days for your cat to learn this new way of life. Stay strong! Don't give in! Pull the covers over your head and ride it out. In a few days, your cat will learn that it is way more fun to hunt and eat NoBowls™ than it is to wake up his/her cranky, sleepy human.
Good night! Sleep tight!
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The history of the Irish Soft Coated Wheaten Terrier has been somewhat obscured by its closeness to the other Irish Terrier breeds. The Wheaten is probably the oldest of the four breeds. Its existence for at least 200 years can be inferred from textual references to "soft-coated" dogs. The relation of the modern Irish Terrier to the Wheaten, though less well documented, appears to have been the result of deliberate breeding experiments. So the humble Wheaten probably has a fairly mixed ancestry. Despite the long history of the Wheaten, it wasn't until 1937 that the Soft Coated Wheaten was officially recognised by the Irish Kennel Club. The breed has grown steadily in popularity since and is now well known world-wide.
FCI Standard No. 40 Origin – Ireland
Wheaten Terriers were always used by small farmers to kill vermin or help with the work about the farm. They were used for a long time in the difficult job of hunting badgers and otters.
CLASSIFICATION F.C.I.: Group 3 Terriers
Section 1 Large and medium sized Terriers
Without working trial.
IRISH CLASSIFICATION: Terrier Group
BRIEF HISTORICAL SUMMARY:
The history of the Irish Soft Coated Wheaten Terrier has been somewhat obscured by its closeness to the
other Irish Terrier breeds. The Wheaten is probably the oldest of the four breeds. Its existence for at least
200 years can be inferred from textual references to "soft-coated" dogs. The relation of the modern Irish
Terrier to the Wheaten, though less well documented, appears to have been the result of deliberate
breeding experiments. So the humble Wheaten probably has a fairly mixed ancestry. Despite the long
history of the Wheaten, it wasn't until 1937 that the Soft Coated Wheaten was officially recognised by the
Irish Kennel Club. The breed has grown steadily in popularity since and is now well known world-wide.
A hardy, active, short coupled dog, well built, giving the idea of strength. Not too leggy nor too low to the
Spirited and game. Good tempered. Most affectionate and loyal to his owners. Most intelligent. A trusty,
faithful friend, defensive without aggression.
HEAD: In general powerful without being coarse. Long, in good proportion to the body. Hair same colour
as on body.
Skull: Flat and clean between ears, not too wide.
Nose: Black and well developed.
Muzzle: Foreface not longer than skull.
Jaws: Jaws strong and punishing.
Teeth: Teeth large, regular; scissor or level bite, (i.e. edge to edge) neither undershot nor overshot.
Cheeks: Bones not prominent.
Eyes: Dark, dark hazel, not too large, not prominent, well placed.
Ears: Small to medium, carried in front, level with skull. Dark shading on base of ear allowed, and not
uncommon, accompanied by a light wheaten coloured overlay. This is the only area of the dog where
under-coat is allowed. "Rose" or "Flying" ears are objectionable.
NECK: Moderately long and strong but not throaty.
BODY: Compact. Not too long. Length from withers to base of tail approximately the same as from
ground to withers.
Back: Strong and level with even top line.
Loins: Short, powerful.
Chest: Deep, ribs well sprung.
TAIL: Well set, not too thick. Carried gaily but never over the back. The tail is docked so that two thirds of its original length remains assuming it is in proportion to the dog. An undocked tail is permitted.
Shoulders: Fine, well laid back, muscular
Forelegs perfectly straight viewed from any angle. Good bone and muscle.
Well developed with powerful muscle.
Thighs: Strong and muscular.
Hocks: Well let down, turned neither in nor out. Hind dewclaws should be removed.
FEET: Small, not spreading. Toenails preferably black but varying dark colours allowed.
Straight action fore and aft, going and coming. Elbows tucked in. Side view : free, light co-ordinated movement.
A single coated dog. Texture soft and silky to feel and not harsh. Young dogs excluded from this. Trimming permitted.
Coat cut close at neck, chest and skull, and left especially long over eyes and under jaw. Whiskers encouraged. Profuse feathering on legs. Body coat trimmed to follow the outline of the dog but not
sculpted. Tail trimmed close and neatly tapered.
The coat at its longest not to exceed five inches (12.7 cm). Soft, wavy or loosely curled with the sheen of silk. Under no circumstances should the coat be "fluffed out" like a Poodle or an Old English Sheepdog.
Dogs shown in this condition should be heavily penalised as they give a wrong impression of type and breed. Special attention is drawn to puppy coat development. Pups are seldom born with the correct coat of maturity, care must be taken when assessing this point. They go through several changes of colour
and texture before developing the mature adult coat. This usually occurs between 18 months and 2½ years.
Are seldom born with the correct colour or texture of coat. They come reddish, greyish and sometimes
clear wheaten. The masks are generally black. Sometimes there is a black streak down the centre back
or black tips to the body coat. These dark markings clear away with maturity.
A good clear wheaten of shades from light wheaten to a golden reddish hue.
SIZE (Height & Weight)
Height at the withers: Dogs 18-19 ins (46-48 cm).
Bitches somewhat less.
Weight: Dogs 40-45 lbs (18 – 20.5kg).
Bitches somewhat less.
Any departure from the foregoing points should be considered a fault and the seriousness with which the
fault should be regarded should be in exact proportion to its degree.
- Nose any colour other than black.
- Undershot mouth. Overshot mouth.
- Overall mature coat not clear wheaten colour.
- Nervousness. Viciousness.
- Yellow eyes.
- Dull, thick, woolly or cottony textured hair.
- White coat. Brown coat.
Dogs carrying any of the above eliminating faults should never be bred from.
NB. Male animals should have two apparently normal testicles fully descended into the scrotum.


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Studies concerning the diameter structure are essential for understanding the development of native forests, provide growth and yield parameters sufficient to generate estimates that support sustainable management. However, the mathematical modeling of probability functions, such as density, becomes difficult to implement in multi-modal distributions, found in forest species and communities. The species Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze, of social, environmental and economic features, presents multimodal distribution pattern forming units called demographic cohorts, which arise due to natural and anthropogenic agents that operate in niches. Therefore, taking inventory database of trees with a diameter at breast height equal to or greater than 9.5 cm (DBH≥9.5 cm), from the National Forest of São Francisco de Paula, RS, it was possible to test different probability density functions. The best fit to the data series consists of a truncated polynomial function of seventh degree, which besides maintaining fitted values very close to those observed for total and diameter classes, maintained the multimodal distribution characteristic.