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This article aims to explore strategies for effective physician integration within hospitals and health systems. The article provides definitional context to physician integration, rationale for physician integration, various models for integration and examples of application for practitioners' consideration. More research should be conducted on the most effective approach to physician integration.
What is physician integration?
The literature providers voluminous examples regarding what health systems are doing to integrate physicians. However, very little attention has been dedicated to establishing a widely accepted definition of physician integration. For sake of simplicity, physician integration refers to a relationship between physicians and health systems. In essence, physician integration is a formal arrangement that brings physicians and health systems together under an agreed upon framework to accomplish shared goals and objectives.
Why is physician integration important?
Physician integration is not a new concept. Recent data suggests that hospitals and physicians represent more than 50 per cent of all healthcare expenditures. However, physicians exert significant influence over health system finances by determining which patients are referred to the hospital, which services their patients will receive at the hospital and the duration of the patient's hospitalisation. Cognizant of physicians' influence, health systems have experimented with physician integration efforts since the 1990s, with mixed results. At that time, hospitals were structured in a manner that insulated physicians from hospitals financial and market position. In today's environment, amid economic changes, shifting payment models and healthcare reform, health systems are ramping up their efforts to integrate physicians within their organisational structures to drive high performance in areas of quality, access, safety, cost effectiveness and patient experience.
What does physician integration look like?
Physician integration arrangements can take on various forms. Further, there is no 'one size fits all' solution. The literature features the following integration models:
1) Technology solutions
2) Contractual arrangements
3) Joint ventures
4) Direct employment
How does it work?
The mechanics of physician integration depends on the model selected and implemented. The aforementioned models work as follows:
Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) support – In scenarios where health systems have relationships with non-employed physicians, an effective way to align them is through partial subsidisation of EMR systems for private practices. Under this approach, health systems and non-employed physicians are aligned on improving patient care.
Contractual arrangements – Depending on the health systems strategic objectives and market position, a contractual arrangement may be a better approach to integrate physicians. Contractual options include, but are not limited to, the following:
1) Professional service agreements
2) Physician hospital organisations
3) Co-management agreements
4) Management service organisations
5) Clinically integrated networks
Joint Ventures – This arrangement entails a financial investment from physicians and health systems to own and operate facilities. A common example of joint venture arrangements is ambulatory surgery centers. However, there are inherent risks to this arrangement. If the endeavor is profitable, each investor receives a financial return in accordance with their ratio of investment. If the endeavor is unprofitable, each investor is exposed to financial losses.
Direct employment – Under the employment approach, physicians become direct employees of the health system. This can happen in a variety of ways. Physicians can become employees as new graduates, transfers from other health systems or private practices, or practice acquisition. Physicians seek employment with health systems in return for stable income, other benefits such as medical malpractice coverage and participation in organisational decision-making.
What are today's health systems doing?
Given that all healthcare markets have employed and non-employed physicians, health systems are taking a hybrid approach to physician integration. The hybrid model comprises any combination of integration methods that position health systems for high performance in areas of quality, access, cost effectiveness, safety and patient experience. Examples are provided below.
Health System A is located in a very competitive market and has a strong financial position. The health system employs physicians. Further, a significant number of non-employed physicians are on the health system's medical staff. To maximise physician integration, the health system established a clinically integrated network for loyal non-employed physicians, while simultaneously managing its employed physicians through a fully-owned subsidiary, multi-specialty medical group. The health system deemed this approach to be the appropriate organisational configuration to achieve its strategic goals and objectives.
Health System B is located in a rural area and generates a slight profit every year. The nearest health system is located 75 miles away. Majority of the area's physicians are non-employed and work in private practices. However, these physicians are members of the health system's medical staff and refer all their patients to the health system for services as needed. To further align with community physicians, the health system established a clinically integrated network. In response to community need for certain services, and limited financial resources, the health systems established co-management agreements with key non-employed specialists who anchor specific service lines. Lastly, the health system partnered with non-employed physicians via joint venture to build an ambulatory surgical center.
Each example represents a complex health system faced with different market realities. In each case, the health system pursued a combination of physician integrations that positioned it best for success in its geographic service area.
As the healthcare industry shifts from volume to value-based reimbursement, health systems continue to explore effective methods of physician integration to achieve competitive advantage in their respective service areas. This article presents the definition of physician integration, rationale for physician integration, models of physician integration and examples of physician integration in practice. As the article highlights, physicians are key stakeholders in the healthcare industry. And, health systems are heavily dependent on physician referrals, physician usage of their hospitals and equipment, and physician input on decision-making on clinical processes and procedures. Proactive health systems are exploring creative approaches to integrate physicians within their organisational structure to secure competitive advantage and drive excellence in areas of quality, access, cost effectiveness, safety and patient experience. These health systems are primed for successful participation in value-based programs. Reactive health systems, on the other hand, should consider adoption of the physician integration options provided in this article. Otherwise, these health systems are at risk of losing their market and financial position in a value-based reimbursement environment.


text: The experimental free ion 4f² energy level data sets comprising 12 or 13 J-multiplets of La⁺, Ce²⁺, Pr³⁺ and Nd⁴⁺ have been fitted by a semiempirical atomic Hamiltonian comprising 8, 10, or 12 freely-varying parameters. The root mean square errors were 16.1, 1.3, 0.3 and 0.3 cm⁻¹, respectively for fits with 10 parameters. The fitted inter-electronic repulsion and magnetic parameters vary linearly with ionic charge, i, but better linear fits are obtained with (4−i)², although the reason is unclear at present. The two-body configuration interaction parameters α and β exhibit a linear relation with [ΔE(bc)]⁻¹, where ΔE(bc) is the energy difference between the 4f² barycentre and that of the interacting configuration, namely 4f6p for La⁺, Ce²⁺, and Pr³⁺, and 5p⁵4f³ for Nd⁴⁺. The linear fit provides the rationale for the negative value of α for the case of La⁺, where the interacting configuration is located below 4f². Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Velika i Mala Crljivica, Cista Velika, 16º 53΄ 33.97˝ E, 43º 30΄ 57.48˝ N
Dubravka - Sv. Barbara, Konavle, 18º 25΄ 20.57˝ E, 42º 32΄ 30.42˝ N
Stećci are medieval monolithic tombstones found on the entire territory of the present Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as in parts of Serbia, Montenegro and Croatia. Available data suggest that they first appeared in the second half of the 12th century, with the first phase lasting throughout the 13th century. A period of the most intensive production and decoration were the 14th and 15th centuries. In the 16th century their use completely ceased.
Out of 70,000 odd tombstones recorded at 3,300 odd sites, about 60,000 monuments are located in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 4,400 in Croatia, 3,500 in Montenegro and 4,100 in Serbia. Stećci fall into two main groups: recumbent and upright stone monoliths. The majority are recumbent, appearing in three types: slabs, chests and ridged tombstones. Among the upright stećci, the following types can be distinguished: steles, pillars (obelisks), crosses and nišan monuments. According to the records 63 per cent of monuments are chests, 21.5 per cent slabs, 9 per cent ridged tombstones (sljemenjaci), 4.4 per cent columns, stelae and turban-shaped monuments, 0.6 per cent crosses, and 0.6 per cent amorphous monuments. So far 4638 items with decorations (rendered in relief) and 384 items with inscriptions have been identified.
The recumbent monuments represent a primary form of stećci. They are found in all of the distribution areas. Artistic shaping of stećci is expressed in their form and decoration. The basic artistic quality of stećci lays in decorations rendered in two stone-carving techniques. The most frequent is a bass relief, though engraved drawings are not uncommon
Along with their accentuated symbolism characteristic of the mediaeval art, decoration motifs also exhibit secular and religious symbols as well as other interlaced and combined ornaments. Generally speaking, the stećci ornamentation reveals the understanding and sensibility of an entire era, both of the people who took part in their creation and of the deceased who found their final resting place under them and upon whose wishes - according to inscriptions - stećci were made.
Apart from the regional differences manifested in the selection of shapes, ornamental motifs and quality, stećci were usually organised in groups thus forming family graveyards with only a few monuments, kin graveyards ranging from 30 to 50 monuments and/or village graveyards, sometimes with several hundred monuments. Especially significant are representative cemeteries of noble families belonging to the highest rungs of feudal society.
In Croatia stećci are located in southern parts of the country, i.e. in Dalmatian hinterland and on the coastal belt, from the territory of Konavle to Northern Dalmatia and Southern and Central Lika region. They are the most numerous in the territory of Dubrovnik, in the territory of Neretva's mouth, in the Makarska Littoral as well as in the territories of Vrgorac, Imotski and Sinj. More than 400 sites with stećci have been registered in Croatia so far. Research of their typology, decorations, graveyards, arrangement, relationships with other sites and cultural influences on a wider territory give a clearer picture of appearance and development of stećci.
Stećci on the territory of Croatia represent a kind of culturological bond to other medieval tombstones in the region, which were created within a wider Mediterranean cultural circle.
All aspects of their appearance and development make stećci a distinctive feature of the Croatian cultural heritage.
The two selected sites represent the best preserved sites of this kind in Croatia.
The archaeological site of Velika i Mala Crljivica, Cista Velika, Split-Dalmatia County
The site is located near the village of Cista Velika along the road Trilj-Imotski, in a length of 200 meters. Crljivica is a complex archaeological site with several occupation phases. The first phase is represented by three Bronze Age cairns (so-called Velika i mala Crljivica), north and south of the modern road. The second phase is attested by the route of the Roman road Salona - Tilurium - Novae - Narona, which was overlaid with modern road on this location, whilst on some other parts it runs more to the north. The third phase is associated with a medieval graveyard with stećci which in the 14th and 15th centuries (some of the burials are later) developed on the cairns and on the surrounding area, along the Roman, i.e. then contemporary medieval road. To this day ninety odd monuments of all types (slabs, chests and ridged monuments) have been preserved. The repertoire of ornamental motifs is similar to decorations on other stećci in this area: all types of crosses, anthropomorphous lilies, hunting scenes, circle dance scenes, duels, various vegetal motifs, crescents, stars, half-knobs, etc. On two ridged monuments partly preserved are inscriptions in bosančica which mention the names of Jerko and Vladna Kustražić (today one of these monuments is located in front of the Museum of Croatian Archaeological Monuments in Split). They can be dated to the first half or mid-fifteenth century.
South of sc. Velika Crljivica (eastern part of the site) lays a karst valley with seven wells constructed in the Middle Ages or even earlier. The entire area makes a unique complex which developed along the karst valley with water and the main road communication in this part of Dalmatian hinterland. Taking into consideration the state of preservation, number of stećci, context and number as well as diversity of decorations, Velika i mala Crljivica represent the most significant site with stećci in Croatia.
The archaeological site of Dubravka - Sv. Barbara, Konavle, Dubrovnik-Neretva County
The site is located near the village of Dubravka in the territory of Konavle (also Municipality of Konavle), Dubrovnik-Neretva County, near the three-border point of Croatia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Two types of stećci are recorded: chests and slabs. With 84 monuments, it represents the largest preserved medieval necropolis in the Konavle region. Most common decorations include stylized wine grape tendrils, rosettes with crosses, bows and arrows, hands and arms. These stećci can be dated to the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. At the site also located is the church of St. Barbara. It was built in 1889 on the location of an older church. The site is encircled with a drystone wall with a cairn next to it. There are two entrances to the graveyard with two tombstones used in their construction. Next to the necropolis ran a road connecting the inlands of Herzegovina and the valley of Konavle. It was in use from Prehistory to the Late Middle Ages.
Made as a work of art, as a sculpture, with an intention to make a memory of the deceased immortal, as well as an organic component of the European funerary practice, medieval tombstones - stećci represent a specific phenomenon and a specific synthesis of language and script, religion and custom, history and chronology, culture, art and aesthetics. Their primary interpretative context is Central and South-Eastern Europe as a transitional area of the European culture, marked by intertwining and blending of cultural influences of Eastern and Western Christianity, placed between the medieval West and East.
An outstanding value and European dimension of stećci as medieval tombstones and a specific expression of the medieval sepulchral art is determined by their threefold historic context: West European, Byzantine and South Slavic.
Bridging confessional, political, ethnic and geographical divisions within the wider South Slavic region and reconciling two, otherwise sharply detached, concepts of medieval culture - aristocratic (court and clerical) and popular concepts - and by making the notion of the end of human existence universal through the combination of the pagan and Christian motifs and art, the complex art of stećci exhibit the most profound artistic expression of a truth of one world. It is verbally accompanied by inscriptions - epitaphs.
Comprehensiveness, universality and applicability of a complex phenomenon such as stećci are a reflection of reflected in the universal nature of what they depicted and visualised artistically: death.
Criterion ii Medieval tombstones - stećci represent an original artistic expression originating in a specific context of the fusion of different cultural influences.
Criterion iii Stećci are a unique phenomenon in the medieval European artistic and archaeological heritage in terms of their typological diversity, number, variety of ornamental motifs, inscriptions as well as historic context.
Criterion vi Stećci have been deeply rooted in various customs and beliefs from the time when they first appeared to the present day. Steć

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Jhansi city is located in central India, in Uttar Pradesh
State. Situated between the rivers Pahunj and Betwa
, the city is a symbol of bravery, courage and self respect. In ancient times Jhansi was a part of the regions Chedi Rashtra, Jejak Bhukit, Jajhoti and
. It is most famous as the land of
Rani Lakshmi Bai
, the brave woman-ruler of Jhansi, who fought the British.
Today it is a center of trade and industries including railway workshops and iron and steel mills. There are many manufacturing units of brassware, rugs, rubber, and silk goods. The city developed around a fort built in 1613 and strengthened in 1742. It was the scene of a massacre of British residents in 1857 during the Sepoy Rebellion. The total population exceeds three hundred thousand.
The Jhansi festival is a major cultural event here. The seventeenth century Jhansi Fort is a major tourist attraction. Jhansi has its own railhead which links the city to major nearby destinations.


What is Homenetmen
Homenetmen is the abbreviation of the first letters of the Armenian words for "Armenian General Union for Physical Education and Scouts".
Homenetmen is a Non-Governmental Organization that runs operations both in scouting and sports. Homenetmen consists of 108 chapters and units in 24 countries around the world.
Established in 1918, Homenetmen has a global structure. The organization's Armenian branch is called Homenetmen-HASK (Armenian National Scouts Organization) and represents the country's national scouting movement. As such, Homenetmen-HASK is a member to the World Organization of the Scout Movement.
Homenetmen Membership is open to all Armenians, regardless of their gender or faith.


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You need to cover a lot of Medical Council of Canada (MCC) objectives when preparing for the Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Examination (MCCQE) Part 1. Fear of remembering the key point is common during preparation for the MCCQE1 exam, which is a valid concern. Concise and well-organized summary notes will aid you in retaining the information you need to make a proper decision during the MCCQE1 exam and will address recall concerns.
Making notes is critical, especially when preparing for the MCCQE1 exam because good summary notes make the objective easier to recall and significantly improve performance simply by assisting you in recalling those key points, similarities, best initial test, and most accurate diagnosis, as well as best initial therapy and management during the exam.
Making summary notes involves actively engaging with the text's ideas and transforming the original material idea into one's own words through reflecting on key points or underlining key points. To summarize, you should be an active reader, and while reading, you should scan for key points with significant value, such as similarities between medical conditions, different and unique features of medical conditions. Next, take a moment to summarize what you've learned.
Note-making can be done in many ways, and different note-making methods exist, but Outlining, Mind-mapping, and Cornell methods are the most prominent and widely used methods. Some people prefer Cornell methods because Cornell is more appealing to them and is what works well for them, and some prefer a combination of methods, and they tend to combine Mind Mapping with Outlining. If you have successfully used one or more methods in the past, It is best to stick to the methods that have worked for you so far.
The purpose of this article is to discuss the advantages, disadvantages, and importance of making notes and why you should make your own summary note while studying for the MCCQE1 exam.
Why are summary notes important in MCCQE1?
To be effective, study must be active. When you note down a summary during your study, you actively engage your mind, which will help you understand and retain information better, which is essential during the preparation for the MCCQE1 exam.
A key part of creating summary notes is to understand the concepts well so that you can summarize them effectively. Making an effective summary note without a firm grasp of the concepts is not impossible but definitely less useful.
The concepts you're learning are similar to the clothes in your closet: We have a tendency to keep clothing that we wear every day. The stuff that gets tossed or lost is the stuff that is piled in the back of the closet. Likewise, merely reviewing the same information over and over is useless. The key to retention is to do something with the content you wish to master. Making your own summary notes, as well as sketching figures or graphs, are common active learning techniques.
You have to do something with the content as you learn, such as generating your own summary notes to engages the hippocampus and amygdala. The hippocampus is a brain map that organizes information, allowing for broad comprehension as well as active memory. Amygdalas attach an emotional tag to events and knowledge, making them stand out among the sensory stream of daily experiences. When you interact with the information, your brain receives a signal that the content is significant and engages the mental processes that allow for long-term recall.
I've previously gone through the format of the MCCQE1 exam in-depth, but in a nutshell, the MCCQE1 exam consists of 210 multiple-choice questions (MCQ). The questions are not separated into sections and are meant to be answered one after the other. You will have around 3.5 – 4 hours in the morning to finish the exam. When you have to answer 210 questions in a row, having a strong memory comes in handy. Revising the summary note will provide you with a strong recall and an advantage over your competition.
How should I make a summary note?
To begin, you should first know the difference between taking notes and making notes. Note-taking and note-making are not the same. Note-taking is the act of jotting down notes from a lecture, conference, or meeting in order to relieve your mind of the burden of remembering everything and having a general idea of what was discussed, While Note Making is all about making personalized summary notes to describe what you have understood clearly from a textbook using your own words.
The ability to summarise is extremely valuable, especially in the medical sector, yet taking notes is not simple. However, in order to create a summary note, you must first comprehend the disease. Certain dermatological manifestations might be the result of gastrointestinal disease. Let's go with erythema nodosum, which causes painful, red lumps on the shins. However, dermatological manifestations such as erythema nodosum are more common in Crohn's disease patients but can also occur in ulcerative colitis patients.
In your summary points, you should include the key points in the history and physical examination findings that led to a proper diagnosis, as well as the difference between two similar inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis). The summary note should also include the appropriate management, therapy, medication side effects, and other clinical manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Time and patience are needed to collect all of this detailed information and write it down in your own words.
ACE Question Bank was created with you in mind. The correct, as well as incorrect answers, are explained for each question. In addition to explanations, Ace Qbank provides explanations as well as tables, algorithms, and summary notes to help you put together your own summary notes.
The essential point to remember is that an effective summary note is brief (one side of A4 MAX) but contains all of the necessary information without error, requiring you to return and double-check. Your notes might be tidy or sloppy in the form of organized lists or vast webs. As long as you can use them, it doesn't matter. Here are a few suggestions for creating a good summary note:
- Should be short, selective, and contain all essential points
- Should be well-spaced for add more details later if necessary
- Should be the essence of your deep understanding of the concept
- Should be summarized using your own words
- Should be easy to memorize use color, highlighting, and underlining
You'll know how good your notes are when you try to use them, so make sure your summary notes are error-free. They are clear, and you understand them, so there will be no surprise when you come to revise.
The characteristics of useless summary notes are as following:
- Close resemblance to the original source
- unsummarize (long summary note, two pages of A4)
- failure of writing it in your own words
Possibly you are wondering at this point whether the effort is worthwhile. Let me give you the answer……. Yes, absolutely. In medical practice, people use summary methods to claim success.
Benefits of making note
In terms of benefits, making notes can help you prepare for the MCCQE1 exam since they are a permanent record of concise and organized medical knowledge that you can access as you prepare for the exam. The following are some benefits of creating your own summary notes:
- helps you to understand, make connections, and remember
- Makes revision for the MCCQE1 exam much easier
- Helps you to focus on what is important, such as the best initial test, most accurate diagnosis, best initial therapy, and management.
- Helps you to identify the key points, similarities, major and minor differences between clinical presentations, which significantly increases the speed of answering questions.
Downside of making summary notes
Fortunately, there are few drawbacks to making summary notes. One big drawback is that if someone ignores the summary notes for a lengthy period of time and then attempts to go over them close to the exam date. Revision of summary notes will help solidify the information, but the reverse could have the opposite effect, which would exacerbate stress levels and cause chaos near the exam date. Here are a few disadvantages of making summary notes:
- Mistake in summary notes, pay attention when writing notes, and don't rush to write down the summary. The accuracy of the information determines the summary note's value.
- Poorly organized summary notes, poor arrangement of summary notes may lead to confusion that does not serve a purpose later.
- Too many summary notes, you should be selective when writing summary notes. Not everything is important.
- It takes time; Creating a well-organized summary will take time and effort, but it will be worth it in the end.
Take your time:
If you wish to make your notes an effective resource, then consider spending some additional time processing your notes while it's still fresh in your mind; annotate, summarize, identify keywords and write down questions or the objective the notes address. Your notes won't be of any value to you in the future if you merely file them and forget about them. Therefore, organizing your notes effectively now assures that they will be meaningful in weeks, months, or even years to come.
Review your summary notes:
The summary points need to be reviewed as often as possible, and It is critical to go over your summary points since this will help you retain what you learned. Every day, you should set aside time to revise your summary note, even if it is only a small part of the summary note. By reviewing, you strengthen your memory of key facts over time, which is tremendously helpful during the MCCQE1 exam.
No matter how good your summary notes are, they are useless without revision, and they will only create stress for you. The summary note from two months ago is no longer familiar today, which may cause you to cram before the MCCQE1 exam or may lead to feelings of unpreparedness


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The key feature of a desert is its lack of water. But how do animals stay clean? They still need to get rid of dirt, germs, bugs and parasites.
This story began for me on the Continental Divide, the line of ranges that divide the Rocky Mountains watersheds into those that flow toward the Mississippi River and those that flow toward the Pacific Ocean. Standing on the back porch of my childhood home, the Continental Divide was a mere half mile north and was our playground. Regina, New Mexico lays at about 6000 foot elevation, 100 miles north of Albuquerque. Scrub brush fills this high desert area.
My father ran cattle, but he leased national forest lands to fatten up the spring calves and rounded them up for the sale ring before winter storms hit. Our most important asset was water rights to the Hatch Lake, which allowed some irrigation of fields and planting of some grasses.
I remember playing with horny toads, building corrals for them from scrap bits of wood. They always escaped, of course. It was a dry climate, with dusty roads, rare days of rain, and harsh winters.
Fast forward to a couple years ago when I heard about birds who anoint themselves with ants to get rid of parasites. What? This is strange, but true. For over 100 years, naturalists have observed birds that stand on an ant nest and let ants swarm over them. Studies have revealed that birds are allowing ants to carry off parasites. Other birds will locate an ant nest, then pick up an ant in its beak, crush it and use it as a washrag to clean its feathers. Scientists believe the formic acid from the ant acts as an antiseptic to kill and discourage parasites.
When I learned of this anointing behavior, I remembered the dry landscape of my childhood. I wondered what were some other ways that animals stayed clean? After a lot of research and multiple drafts, the result was Desert Baths, a companion book to my first nature book, Prairie Storms.
For both books, I wanted to do more than just talk about a species. Instead, I wanted to add an extra layer of information, while still keeping the story fun to read. For Prairie Storms, the extra layer was the variety of storms throughout a year. For Desert Baths, the extra layer is animal hygiene.
Take a peek at Desert Baths:
And Prairie Storms
Here are some possible discussion questions to share with your children after reading Desert Baths.
- Is regular hygiene easy or hard for you?
- Do you need to be reminded to brush your teeth?
- Do you resist baths?
- How would it affect your health if you didn't bathe and clean yourself regularly?
Published in eight languages, children's book author and writing teacher Darcy Pattison is the author of picture books and novels. Her three nature books include Prairie Storms (Sylvan Dell), Desert Baths (Sylvan Dell) and Wisdom, the Midway Albatross: Surviving the Japanese Tsunami and Other Disasters for over 60 Years (Mims House). For more, see her website.


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Cues: Keep Legs Straight, Points Toes, Alternate
The Flutter Kick is used in multiple strokes, including the front crawl
I would use the flutter kick to keep me afloat and moving.
George's Step Aerobics Lesson:
George taught us about cholesterol, and its dangers if it gets too high. Here are some ways to prevent high cholesterol to keep your body safe:


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Mechanical Damage: Combing, brushing and friction from scarves, and hats, and scrunchies all cause damage to the cuticle layer. Over time all of these can result in torn and ripped cuticles, thereby increasing the porosity of the hair. Curly hair should only be combed with a wide-tooth comb while it is wet and coated with a conditioner for maximum slip. This minimizes friction and subsequent damage to the scales.
Shampooing with sulfates and soaps: In previous articles, we have discussed that the cuticle layer is comprised not only of keratinous scales, but also a layer of fatty acids on the top surface that protect the hair from moisture, as well as a layer beneath the scales called the cell membrane complex (CMC). The CMC acts as cushion and as a cement the keep the cuticle scales firmly attached to the hair. A large portion of this CMC is made up of a lipid layer of mixed fatty acids, including 18-methyleicosanioc acid (18-MEA), stearic acid, and palmitic acid.
At normal formulation levels (15-20%), harsh surfactants in shampoos, such as SLS, SLES, ALS, and ALES, are capable of dissolving the lipid layer in the CMC and removing the 18-MEA from the surface of the cuticle. This creates irreparable gaps in the cuticle layer, increasing porosity of the hair. Also, by dissolving the protective fatty acid layer from the surface of the cuticle, the hair is rendered more hydrophilic (water-loving), which is a very dangerous state for hair as it becomes more susceptible to frizz, tangling, and damage to the cuticle scales. This information merely confirms what we have been told about the hazards of using these types of surfactants on our hair.
Another very important ingredient to avoid for long, curly hair especially is soaps. In the past, I have written an article cautioning users of soap to be careful, but basically concluding that it was probably okay to use soaps with an acidic rinse and lots of moisturizing agents. Based on the following information obtained from the research of Dr. Ali Syed (a hair care researcher who specializes in African and curly hair), I cannot in good conscience advocate use of any soap products on curly hair.
Soap molecules are salts of fatty acids found in plants and animal fats. They are somewhat alkaline and cause the hair to swell and the cuticle to raise up away from the surface of the hair shaft. These molecules are then able to penetrate through the cuticle and into the CMC where they neutralize the fatty acids in the lipid layer, rendering them water soluble. The fatty acids are then rinsed away in the shower and are gone forever. Use of soap to cleanse one's hair, especially long curly hair, seems to be a really effective way of permanently destroying the cuticle layer and making the hair very highly porous. This is an example of why natural may not always be superior. It is no surprise that researchers have invested years and many millions (billions) of dollars to develop more gentle cleansers for our hair.


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This paper reports a method for measuring the heat capacity of as-grown carbon nanotubes (CNTs) using a microcalorimeter. The microcalorimeter consists of a double-layer suspended silicon dioxide microstructure and two silicon resistors sandwiched in-between the silicon dioxide layers. CNTs for heat capacity measurement are locally synthesized on the surface of the microstructure using laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition. The CNTs and the microcalorimeter are heated to a high temperature with a silicon resistor, and the temperature of the microcalorimeter with CNTs is measured with using the other silicon resistor. The heat capacity of the CNTs is obtained by dividing the measured effective heating power by the rate of temperature increase. The suspended configuration and the low thermal conductivity of silicon dioxide achieve low thermal dissipation, which together with the minute thermal capacity enable significant temperature changes. Using this sensitive microcalorimeter, the heat capacity of as-grown CNTs, 6-14 nJ/K from 340 to 440 K, is measured in-situ without the need of CNT transfer and pretreatment, avoiding damage to the CNT samples. This microcalorimeter is also applicable to in-situ measurement of structure-related thermal properties of porous materials.


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 - Worth 1000: Is your photography supporting your firm's voice?
Worth 1000: Is your photography supporting your firm's voice?
Worth 1000: Is your photography supporting your firm's voice?
If your law firm's name was not mentioned somewhere in your articles, on your website or on your advertisements, could people identify the material as coming from you? If a potential client came across one of your Facebook posts and one of your SlideShare presentations, would he or she recognize that each was produced by the same entity? If you met in person, would that encounter reflect the experiences that individual has already had with your firm online?
Hopefully, the answer to these questions is yes. Or, at least the answer is, "Yes, that is what our firm is trying to accomplish."
Producing content that is immediately recognizable is a tall order for law firms. Many attorneys will inevitably cover similar law-related subjects, and you will have to discuss many of the same topics as your competition. However, the way by which you present the material can vary greatly. Just because you have to talk about the same thing does not mean you must do it with the same voice. Marketers spend a lot of time talking about how your content should sound human. And it should. But equally important is giving that human personality and a voice.
What is a brand voice?
A brand voice is a consistent style that is created through the deliberate use of words, sentences and visual cues. Your firm's voice should reflect its unique personality. Your voice should help establish your firm as an identifiable and authoritative resource for your readers and ultimately for your clients.
Defining your voice
Think of your firm's personality as you would if you were considering a real person. Pick three to five words that describe this personality. For example: warm, outgoing and energetic. Or, aggressive, passionate and independent. Maybe, idealistic, creative and daring. Each of these combinations describes a very different person.
Next, think about how those characteristics can be represented through writing and symbolism. For example, if you have chosen "passionate," a guideline could be to always write in active voice. If you have described yourself as intellectual, set a standard of avoiding colloquialisms. If you are optimistic, pick images that use warm colors. Outline the do's and don'ts for each of your personality characteristics so that everyone at the firm understands how you are presenting your voice — and why.
In written content, brand voice is determined by a number of factors, including (but not limited to) sentence length, word length, word complexity, the use of first, second or third person, the use of contractions, tempo and level of formality. If one attorney at your firm always uses third person and another first or second, they will inevitably sound like two different authors. Your goal should be to eliminate that distinction.
Defining brand voice through visual cues
Your brand voice is not only defined by the words you write. It is also exemplified in the pictures and other visual elements you use.
Photography is an underutilized marketing resource for many firms. Choosing a picture to go with a blog post easily becomes an afterthought. Scheduling photo sessions, especially at larger firms, is challenging. Instagram and Pinterest were not created for law firms.
But humans are visual creatures. Pictures, colors and forms evoke emotions and solidify memories. Because of this, no brand voice guidelines are complete if they do not consider visuals.
Creating photo brand guidelines
Pictures that are associated with your firm should also adhere to guidelines. Write these guidelines down to make sure everyone responsible for picking and publishing images understands what they are looking for — including anyone who may be writing about your firm. Many large brands will publish a collection of acceptable images that may be used in stories about the company. This makes reporters' jobs easier and ensures the brand is accurately represented.
Here are some items to consider when creating photo guidelines:
1. Subject: You must first decide whether you would like to use pictures that predominantly show people, or whether you would rather use environments, or even objects. Within this specification, outline how these subjects should be shown. For example, if you are using people, will you show the whole person in context or use closely cropped images? Presenting a subject close-up gives a very different feeling than presenting a subject with a lot of breathing room. If you are using environments, should the pictures contain a lot of sky? Water? Neither? Will your pictures be posed, or will they show the subject in a natural environment?
2. Colors: Good pictures will have a distinct color palette. They may have one dominant color that is supported by similar secondary colors, or they may contain several complementary but contrasting colors. Either way, you should be able to pick two to four colors from the image that hold it together.
Photo guidelines can specify what types of palettes are acceptable. Should the colors in your pictures be complementary or contrasting. Should pictures contain a consistent, dominant color, and if so, what is that color?
3. Saturation and use of light: Light is everything in photography. Light will determine whether pictures are warm or cold, saturated or washed out, natural or artificial. Consider the type of light you want in your pictures. Do you want pictures to be intentionally oversaturated and full of light? Or, should the light be more balanced? Will you use photo manipulation tools to over or under-emphasize light? Should the light source be natural or artificial? Is it ever acceptable to use flash?
4. Feeling: Define the emotions you would like to produce with your pictures. (Hint: these emotions should match your personality.) For example, the University of California's guidelines say that photography should "reveal the excitement and energy of discovery and transformation." UCLA specifically states that pictures should convey "a sense of optimism and confidence." Pictures can reveal a broad range of emotions from energy to calmness, anticipation to security, friendliness to formality. Choosing pictures that evoke emotions that clash with your brand's personality and writing style is unsettling — even if readers or visitors cannot directly describe why. This is not the feeling you want them to leave with.
5. Depth of field: Depth of field is the range of distance between objects that are in focus and those that are blurry. If the subject is sharply in focus in the foreground and most of the background is blurry, the image has a shallow depth of field. If most of what is contained in the image is sharp, that image has a deeper depth of field.
6. Themes: UCLA's photography guidelines provide an excellent example of how to define a theme. They specify not only that pictures should contain a lot of natural light, but that pictures should have washouts and sun flares. They define how to show buildings (never close up) and tell people to use pictures that contain as much sky as possible, which reflects their brand's promise of "limitless opportunity." The sky and sunshine are clear themes that the university wants used in its pictures.
Make consistency easy
Consistency is the key to any brand-building activities, from writing to advertising to choosing and producing photography. To help everyone involved with the firm stay consistent, put guidelines in writing. As a resource, keep a database of high-quality images that can be used online and in print. If you use different service providers to produce written content and print or video advertising, make sure they communicate with each other. Give them the same tools. Ensure that everyone who speaks for your firm is using the same resources. Only then can you know you are speaking with a unified voice and building the authority your firm deserves.
Kristen Friend


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Twenty numbers in the range from 1 to 100 are happy, and they may be presented in a tree diagram showing the chain of numberswhich takes them to 1.
Know the time It takes only a few seconds' reflection to appreciate that once every hour the minute hand and the hour hand must point in precisely opposite directions. But how often in a day will each hand be pointing exactly at a minute division at the same time as the hands are precisely opposite each other?
When the surface of a lake or pond is undisturbed, it behaves like a plane horizontal mirror. The laws of reflection of light (angle of incidence equals angle of reflection) operate and only the light (from a point source on the opposite bank) reflected from a particular point of the surface can enter our eyes. This ensure that we see a clear image of the light source. However, when the surface becomes wavy due to the action of the wind, there are multiple points on it that are so inclined relative to us that they canall reflect the light into our eyes, and we see multiple images. As the waves move, these points also change and the images keep shifting.
Tractors and buffaloes A heavy crawler tractor is able to operate on soft, muddy ground but the farmer's as well as his buffaloes' feet sink. Why?
The answer lies in the difference between weight and pressure. Although the tractor is much heavier than the farmer or his buffaloes, its weight is distributed over a much larger area of its bottom surface. Consequently, the load carried by each square centimetre of its bottom surface (the "pressure") is fairly low. On the other hand, the weight of the farmer or his buffaloes is concentrated over the much smaller area of his feet or the hooves, producing a much higher "pressure". An object penetrates deeper not because it is heavier but because it exerts a higher pressure (force per unit area) on its support.
Singing Kettle Boiling water in a kettle is a daily chore for most of us. We are all familiar with the hissing sound (called the "singing" of the kettle) that starts a few after the kettle is put on the fire. This sound gradually increases and then suddenly drops when the water starts to boil. In fact, we know from the sudden drops of the sound that the water is ready, boiling. Have you ever wondered what causes the kettle to "sing"?
It is the bottom layer of the kettle gets heated first. As the temperature rises, steam bubbles (not air bubbles) from at the bottom. Being lighter than water, they rise and come in contact with the cooler layers of water above, contract, and eventually collapse. It is the collapse of a myriad steam bubbles that produces the hissing sound. The sound, therefore, increase as more and more steam bubbles from and collapse. Eventually, however, when the entire mass of water is heated the boiling point, the steam bubbles do not collapse ant more because they no longer encounter cooler layer of water. The hissing therefore ceases, and the whole mass of water in the kettle starts boiling.
Don't Lick An Ice Tray Have you ever tried to hold a really cold frosted ice tray? If you have, you must have noticed your fingers tend to stick to the tray. Why? Don't ever try to lick the tray - it will be a very painful experience!
There is always some moisture on your fingers. When you touch the frosted sides of the ice tray, this moisture freezes and the pressure of your fingers makes the frozen moisture stick to the ice crystals on the tray. If you try to lick the tray, your tongue will stick to it and a layer of the skin may be ripped off.
The Paper Kettle The picture shows an egg boiling in water in a paper pot. Impossible, you might think. Won't the paper catch fire and the water spill over and put out the fire? Try the experiment yourself with a paper not made of some stiff paper and attach a piece of wire to it to enable you to hold it over the fire. The fire will lick the pot but nothing will happen to it, and you can boil an egg in it. What do you think is the reason?
The reason is that in an uncovered pot you can only heat water up to its boiling point, i.e., 100 deg.C. Water has a great capacity to absorb heat. It absorbs the heat that would have otherwise burnt the paper. In other words, if prevents the paper from being heated to a point where it would catch fire.
Tearing Wet Paper It is common experience that it is much easier to tear wet paper than dry paper. Have you ever wondered why?
It is the adhesive force between the cellulose fibres of which paper is made that must be overcome in tearing paper. In the presence of water this adhesive force which is of electrostatic origin is weakened, much the same way as when soluble like salt (e.g., sodium chloride) dissolve in water because of the weakening of the electrostatic attraction between the positively and negatively charged ions. In the case of paper the effect is perceptible because water wets paper and water molecules can flow into the spaces between the fibres, weakening the adhesive force between them.
Obedient Button A magician drops a shirt button into a glass filled with a carbonated beverage. It sinks to the bottom. A moment or two later, he waves his hand over the glass and says,"Button, rise!" The button floats slowly to the surface. When the magician snaps his fingers and says," Button, sink!" down it goes again. Can you tell the trick behind this magic?
This startling trick works automatically with any small light object. While it is resting on the bottom of the glass, tiny bubbles of carbon dioxide begin to cluster around it. When enough bubbles have collected to counteract the object's weight, they float it to the surface. On the surface, the bubbles burst and the weight of the object carries it down again. This up and down motion continues as long as there is carbonation in the liquid.
The Burning Flame Next time you carry a candle or a burning matchstick, notice that the flame is initially deflected backwards. Which way will it deflect if you carry it in a case or protect it with your hand?
Contrary to expectation, the protected flame will move forwards, not backwards! This is because the flame, being hotter is lighter than the surrounding air. Now, when a force is applied to a body, it moves faster, the smaller its mass. (This is Newton's second law of motion.) Being lighter, the flame moves faster than the surrounding air and is therefore seen to be deflected forwards.
Ice Fumes Have you noticed that when exposed to air, a large slab of ice appears to give out fumes? What are these fumes and why do they from?
When a large slab of ice is kept in the open, it gives out dense fumes. They are not fumes of any gas but simply water vapour that condenses in the cool air surrounding the ice. When the air surrounding the ice becomes very cold, some of the water vapour present in it condenses into tiny droplets of water. The condensed vapour looks like fumes when it moves up and down with convection currents of air.
Brim To Brim Stand two glasses completely filled with water, brim to brim inside a bowl, as shown. Move the upper glass a trifle to make a tiny, barely perceptible opening the aims, barely perceptible opening between the rims. Surface tension and the air pressure outside the glasses will prevent the water from escaping. Can you remove the water from the upper glass without touching either glass in any way?
The feat can be accomplished with a straw. Hold one end close to the opening the brims and blow through the other. Air will bubble up into the top glass, forcing water out through the opening and down into the bowl.
Centre The Cork Fill a glass with enough water to reach almost to the rim. Drop a small cork into the glass, and challenge anyone to make the cork float in the centre of the water without touching the sides of the glass. He will find it impossible. The cork always drifts one side.
After everyone has given up, show how easily it can be done. Add more water to the glass, pouring carefully from another glass until the water rises slightly above the rim. Because of surface tension, the water will form a convex surface, as shown. The cork naturally moves to the centre, where the water is highest, and there it will remain.
Can You Put Egg In A Bottle Can you drop an egg into a bottle and then get it out intact?
First remove the shell of the egg and then drop a burning match into the bottle just before you put the egg on the mouth. The flame uses up oxygen, thus creating a vacuum that draws the egg neatly into the bottle. Now to get it out intact, turn the bottle upside down so the egg falls into the neck. Tip back your head and blow vigorously into the inverted bottle as shown. When you remove your lips, the egg will pop out so quickly that you will be wise to keep your other hand near the opening so that you can catch it. This puzzle is a very good example to demonstrate the effect of air pressure.
Quadrupled! The four shapes shown, each of which can be thought of as consisting of half-squares, can be put together like the pieces of a jigsaw in four different ways to reproduce larger versions of themselves. Cut out the shaped from card and see if you can reproduce their enlargements.
Cut a six-inch piece from the end of the straw. Put one end of the piece on your mouth, tip back your head, and hold a table-tennis ball a


The Product
If you put the quality of ingredients first, if in a product you look for the right combination of taste and health, innovation and tradition, if you always read the label because you think it is important, then you have found the right chewing gum for you!
Chicza is the first and only 100% biodegradable organic chewing gum in the world, which is also gluten free, completely vegetable and natural. Finally, everyone can make the conscious choice of chewing gum that helps the environment, that helps the children of the Chicleros smile again and that does not hurt your body.
The word Chicza derives from the tree from which the chicle necessary to produce it is extracted, the Chicozapote. These trees can reach 30 metres of height and are found in the 2nd biggest forest in the American continent, the Gran Peten, considered the second green lung of the world after the Amazon rainforest.
Data Sheet 30 grams
100% organic ingredients: Organic gum base; Organic evaporated sugar cane juice in powder; organic glucose; organic Agave syrup; Coffee, Cinnamon, Lime, Mixed Berry, Mint and Spearmint organic flavours.
The European Regulation 1169/2011 specifies that the indication of the minimum conservation term is not required in some cases, including solid-state sugar, cooking salt, beverages with an alcohol content of 10% or more by volume
, vinegars, chewing-gum and a few other products.
So Chicza is without expiry, in addition to the fact that the ingredients contained in it are completely natural and free of chemical additives.
Also codified in the Italian pharmaceutical system
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Mixed Berry
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Ethical imagination and design.
Design Studies, 30(2)
(Click here to request a copy from the OU Author.
Using transcripts of both architectural and engineering design meetings this chapter shows how the fields of ethics and design inter-relate, especially in the area of creative imagination. The chapter first draws on the concept of a 'virtual building' to show how essential aspects of designerly thinking can apply to ethics. It then goes on to show how, in the process of designing, designers engage explicitly and implicitly with ethical issues. The chapter discusses four extended examples from two design processes – one involving the design of a crematorium the other involving the design of a digital pen – before suggesting that by addressing ethical subjects without framing them in explicitly ethical ways, the design process allows us to 'imaginatively trace out the implications of our metaphors, prototypes and narratives' a key element of ethical decision-making according to the philosopher Mark Johnson.
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Pub. date: 2010 | Online Pub. Date: November 23, 2010 | DOI: 10.4135/9781412959193 | Print ISBN: 9781412959186 | Online ISBN: 9781412959193| Publisher:SAGE Publications, Inc.About this encyclopedia
Jankowski, Martin Sanchez: Islands in the Street
Kirsten Hutzell & Kelly Welch
American gangs have been long identified as troublesome and socially undesirable elements of society. Negative perceptions of gangs permeate the consciousness of members of the public, government officials, and media outlets. As such, Martin Sanchez Jankowski attempted to improve public understanding of gangs by examining uncharted territory with Islands in the Street, which offers a contemporary ethnography of juvenile gangs and represents a considerable departure from previous explorations of gang behavior. Winning "best book" awards from the American Sociological Association in 1992 and the Society for the Study of Social Problems in 1993, Jankowski predicted that gangs were groups with different social organizational patterns rather than disorganized elements of society, which was an uncommon approach to the subject matter. As part of a 10-year field study, Jankowski immersed himself in the environment of 37 urban street gangs of varying size, ethnic composition, and purpose. Using informal interviews and participant...


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PSORALEN /SAW.ruh.len/ n. a naturally occurring chemical used to treat skin conditions
Psoralen occurs naturally in several common plants, including parsnips, figs, parsley and celery. It is mainly used to treat skin conditions such as acne, PSORIASIS, EKZEMA, and VITILIGO (that's the skin pigmentation disease Michael Jackson had).
The chemical works because of its tendency to increase the skin's ability to absorb light, which then does the actual healing. Unfortunately, this property of psoralen also leads to an increased chance of developing skin cancer, which prompted its ban from being used in sun tanning products in the mid 1990s.


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Quick Start Guide
Chapter 19: Personal Protective Equipment
Program: Personal Protective Equipment
Revision Record: _URL_
Who needs to know about these requirements?
The requirements of the Personal Protective Program apply to:
- Anyone at LBNL before entering a technical area, construction area, or other area with postings or markings requiring Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
- Anyone working in or walking through any environment where chemical or biological agents are stored or handled; where radioactive materials are stored or handled; where physical hazards exist; where any potential hazard to eyes, feet, head, or skin is present; where hearing damage is possible; where construction poses a risk for injury or illness.
Inadequate use of Personal Protective Equipment may lead to:
- Injuries (including loss of body members and fatalities) to personnel (burns, lacerations, eye damage, hearing loss, radioactive contamination, being struck by falling objects, electric shock, inhaling harmful substances)
- Extra costs and delays
What you need to do before performing work:
1. Define work/protocols.
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) must be established for all Technical Areas.
- The following PPE fulfill minimum requirements for labs or shops where chemical or biological materials are stored or handled: protective eyewear, long pants, close-toed shoes.
- The following additional PPE may be required based on specific hazards: head protection, respiratory protection, hand protection, skin protection, face protection, toe/foot protection, and hearing protection.
- Unless otherwise noted, the following PPE fulfill minimum requirements for construction sites: nonconductive hard hats, safety glasses, shirts with sleeves, long pants, reflective vests, and steel-toed (or equivalent) shoes.
- For more information, see Section 19.1.1 (LBNL PPE Policy).
2. Analyze hazards. Perform risk-assessment.
3. Develop controls. Inform others of these requirements and post relevant PPE requirements on entrance placards.
Where to find out more:
Whom to contact for help:
For assistance with Personal Protective Equipment questions, contact the appropriate SME:
- General PPE requirements – Michael Wisherop, ext. 7407
- Protective footwear (shoe mobile schedule) – Edith Perry, ext. 7170
- Laboratory (chemical) PPE – Larry McLouth, ext. 5286
- Hearing protection – Herb Toor, ext. 5918
- Respiratory protection – Herb Toor, ext. 5918
- Electrical PPE – Mike Scott, ext. 4694
- Construction PPE – Rob Connelly, ext. 4028
- Laser protective eyewear
- Greta Toncheva, Laser Safety Officer, ext. 7579
- Robert Fairchild, Deputy LSO, ext. 2278
- Fall protection – Matt Rice, ext. 7512


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Communication à un séminaire :
(Cornell University), « The Returns to English-Language Skills in India »
, Development Economics Seminar
, TSE, Toulouse, 2 décembre 2010, 11:00-12:30, salle MF 323.
India's colonial legacy and linguistic diversity give English an important role in its economy, and this role has expanded due to globalization in recent decades. It is widely believed that there are sizable economic returns to English-language skills in India, but the extent of these returns is unknown due to lack of a microdata set containing measures of both earnings and English ability. In this paper, we use a newly available data set the India Human Development Survey, 2005 to quantify the effects of English-speaking ability on wages. We find that being fluent in English (compared to not speaking any English) increases hourly wages of men by 34%, which is as much as the return to completing secondary school and half as much as the return to completing a Bachelor's degree. Being able to speak a little English significantly increases male hourly wages 13%. There is considerable heterogeneity in returns to English. More experienced and more educated workers receive higher returns to English. The complementarity between English skills and education appears to have strengthened over time. Only the more educated among young workers earn a premium for English skill, whereas older workers across all education groups do.
J24 : Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity (Formal Training Programs; On-the-Job Training)
J31 : Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials by Skill, Training, Occupation, etc.
O15 : Human Resources; Income Distribution; Migration
Economie du développement


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March 22, 2022
MachineWorks Ltd, supplier of software components to the engineering industry, has released MachineWorks 8.4.
Headline enhancements include:
- computation of safe holder profiles;
- multiple simultaneous holder and tool collision checks;
- improved simulation performance through collision check buffering;
- extensions to design part comparison Render Query;
- enhanced analysis of intersect solids for bending simulation;
- new sectioned stock view;
- application-defined swept volumes; and
- computation of safe holder profiles.
Using this new method applications can determine the maximum safe profile that can be used to machine a particular toolpath without collisions. The resulting holder profile can be compared with available holders in a tool library, allowing the end user to choose a holder they know will not cause collisions during the cutting process, the company reports.
Multiple Tool Collision Checks
A new function has been added to compute multiple simultaneous collision checks between tools and holders and/or stocks and fixtures, allowing fast determination of safe access limits with a particular holder or combination.
The function is internally multithreaded to provide performance for toolpath generation and optimization algorithms, along with rapid path evaluation for CMM and Metrology inspection plans.
Improved Simulation Performance
This new option allows computation of collision checking to be deferred until required by the host application. This option improves performance for CMM and Metrology inspection applications.
Extensions to Design Part Comparison Analysis
The MachineWorks Render Query APIs have been extended, with respect to analyzing design part or target part comparison results.
The Render Query application programming interfaces (APIs) provide an optimized mechanism to decouple the graphical simulation from the geometric simulation, allowing tight integration of MachineWorks to external graphics environments or use in distributed deployments such as public and private clouds.
- Cut numbers are now available in render query updates.
- New APIs allow the Render Query analysis mesh to be serialised to disk.
- New filters are provided to specify which triangles are delivered by the Render Query update.
- A new API to provide direct export of analysis mesh distance information has been provided.
Enhanced Analysis of Intersect Solids
New API functions have been added to split and recombine the solids of intersection created between the in-process stock and swept-volume during a cutting operation.
Sources: Press materials received from the company and additional information gleaned from the company's website.


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How to recover USB external drive
There are various reasons behind to lose the data in your external USB drive. Users may plug in their external drive in different devices and due to this operation USB external drive will be in great damage of data loss like virus infected or any intermediate errors etc. So here we are now to solve this problem of how to recover files from USB and recover word document saved over.
Main factors that can cause data loss on USB external drive.
- The computer is effected by a virus like there are so many viruses on the web, an antivirus software may not detect every virus. If you are using expired antivirus then USB external device can be easily affected by a virus. The data in your USB drive may get erased if it is affected by a virus.
- When you see like losing data, just pull out the USB external drive directly from the line because when USB external drive is reading or writing data, somebody may hack and transfer files from your system so at that time you can't find. At that moment there are two kinds of situation a) you may not actually see data in the drive or b) you can't open the drive.
Image Source: Pixabay
Steps to recover USB external drive
A tool called EaseUS Data Recovery Wizard Free can perform USB data recovery, and it's cost-efficient. It helps to recover your data and deleted files from recycle bin and it also find the virus infected files. EaseUS Data Recovery Wizard works in even the system is formatted, damaged, or deleted. This data recovery software supports all hardware like RAID, IPOD, USB, SD and memory cards etc.
Step 1. After downloading the software from the web, you need to click and open the EaseUS Data Recovery Wizard and select the files which you want to recover. Hence, click on "NEXT" button to move to the next step.
Step 2. Now select the disk where you lost your information (data) and click on "Scan" button, then the software will be quickly scanning the selected disk to find all the selected files. If suppose you lost partition then just click on "Lost Disk Drives" and "Scan" to continue the recovery steps.
Step3. Once you done with scanning, you can preview all the listed recoverable files step by step and choose what you want out of them, then click "Recover" button to restore all of them once. Then save all the recovered files on another disk to avoid data overwriting or lose of data.
Therefore, we cannot perform external drive recoverywithout software. So you need to try different data recovery software and see what works for you.


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(born 1715, Kirkharle, Northumberland, Eng.died Feb. 6, 1783, London) British master of naturalistic garden design. He worked for years at Stowe, Buckinghamshire, one of the most talked-of gardens of the day, under William Kent (1685–1748). By 1753 he was the leading improver of grounds in England. At Blenheim Palace he created masterly lakes and almost totally erased the earlier formal scheme. His landscapes consisted of expanses of grass, irregularly shaped bodies of water, and trees placed singly and in clumps. His style is often thought of as the antithesis of that of André Le Nôtre, designer of the formal Versailles gardens. Brown's nickname arose from his habit of saying that a place had capabilities.
Variants of BROWN, CAPABILITY
Brown, Capability orig. Lancelot Brown
This entry comes from Encyclopædia Britannica Concise. For the full entry on Brown, Capability, visit Britannica.com.
Seen & Heard
What made you look up Brown, Capability? Please tell us what you were reading, watching or discussing that led you here.


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- On the Home screen, click the Maps icon.
- Press the key > Get Directions.
- Do one of the following to specify a starting location:
- To specify your current location, if your BlackBerry smartphone has an internal GPS receiver or is paired with a Bluetooth® enabled GPS receiver, set the Start field to My Location.
- To specify the location that you are currently viewing on a map, set the Start field to Use centre of map. If you are viewing a favourite location, click the location address.
- To specify a new location by selecting the location on a map, set the Start field to Select from map. Click the location on the map.
- To specify a location or contact, set the Start field to Find Location. In the Find a store, café etc. field, type the information for the location or contact. Press the key on the keyboard. Click a location or contact.
- To specify a new location by typing the address, set the Start field to Find Location. In the Find an address field, type the address. Press the key on the keyboard. Click the location.
- To specify a favourite location, set the Start field to From Favourites. In the list, click a favourite location.
- Repeat step 3 to specify an ending location.
- To change the route options, click Route Options. Select the Fastest or Shortest option. Select or clear the check box beside one or more route options. Click OK.
- Click Search.
Next topic: Clear a map
Previous topic: Find a location or contact on a map


eventually revealed to be the Lunar Princess Selene, thought to have perished in a mysterious fire when she was a baby. She teams up with other characters (also loosely based on fairy tale characters) to gain control of the Lunar throne that is rightfully hers but controlled by her cruel aunt, Queen Levana. Cinder succeeds and becomes the new queen, signing the Treaty of Bremen and distributing the letumosis anecdote to Earth. She then asks that Lunars be free to go to Earth, frees the imprisoned shells, and dissolves the Lunar monarchy. Luna becomes a republic, with Cinder as the new ambassador to Earth.
Though the issue of authoritarian rule certainly comes into play in the series, another political concept is present when Luna becomes part of the Treaty alliance and Earth receives a letumosis cure that saves millions. The real-life United Nations functions in a similar manner, stating on their website that they are "committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations and promoting social progress, better living standards and human rights". The Lunar Chronicles, therefore, stresses the importance of cooperation between countries in creating a more peaceful world (or world and moon, in this case).
While YA novels are no Government and Politics class, the books on this list and so many others explore political themes in a way that is more fun and easy to digest. So next time you're questioning a political issue you saw on the news, try turning to your favorite book series for comparison!


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Presented by Equity Engineering
The American Petroleum Institute (API) conducts training classes that help attendees understand its new Recommended Practice (RP) 571, Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry.
Over the past decade, API has developed two major technologies to improve fixed equipment reliability in refining. They cover Fitness-For-Service (RP 579) and Risk-Based Inspection (RP 580/581). There are several common factors in both of these integral technologies, including:
- Identification of the operative damage mechanisms
- Assessment of future damage progression rates
- Selection of appropriate Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) techniques for detecting/ characterizing equipment damage
API RP 571 was created to help link these technologies and to provide better access to information that is located in one concise source covering damage mechanisms. This new recommended practice also aids in understanding damage being inspected for in API 510/570 and API Std. 653. Understanding damage mechanisms and the effect of process conditions is very important. Below are some of the main topics discussed.
Who Should Attend:
- Setting up effective inspection plans requires an in-depth understanding of what kind of damage to look for and how to identify it
- Methodologies for Risk-Based Inspection (RBI) and Fitness-For-Service (FFS) depend on the accurate prediction and determination of active mechanisms
- An effective Management of Change (MOC) process needs to consider the effect of proposed changes on future degradation
- Many problems can be prevented or eliminated if the precursors to damage are observed and monitored so that any potential damage is mitigated appropriate inspection and/or testing can achieve a proper balance between cost and effectiveness for the relevant mechanisms
- Plant inspectors, mechanical engineers, process engineers, and operators who are involved in inspection, RBI, FFS, and fixed equipment reliability programs, maintenance and operations
- Although refinery problems are the main focus of the classes, personnel from related industries (such as mid-stream companies, gas plants, and petrochemical firms) also benefit from the course content and exercises
To order API publications, please visit the Publications section of the API website.
For More Information
Contact Equity Engineering


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Noise Problems
 1. May 9, 2006 #1
 Dear Sir or Madam
 I have some troubles regarding the noise subject. Would you mind to help me solving the following problems? Thank You.
 1. Under what condition will sound power level be lower than sound pressure level?
 2. L10, Leq, Lmax ~ How are they related to noise fluctuation and annoyance to people
 3. Why L10 cannot be used to assess night-time traffic noise?
 4. What is the relationship between L10, Leq, Lmax, for the noise from traffic, industrial fans, and piling machine?
 5. How to the parameters L10, Leq, L90, Lmin, Lmax, L10 – L90 and Lmax – Lmin change with traffic noise in the day and night time? Which of these parameters can be closely correlated to annoyance of people?
 6. Why balconies can be a more effective noise mitigation than barriers/ enclosures?
 7. Why the important of length, gaps, and absorptive material on the noise barrier performance?
 8. What measures to reduce train and industrial noise?
 9. Why the significance of low frequency noise from train and industrial machines?
 10. How acoustic wave from human speech is generated, propagated and detected by human ear?
 11. Why shaking a metal plate with large hand movement cannot generate noise but scratching it with a screwdriver can radiate loud noise?
 12. Why rows of trees 5m high and 20m wide may not block or absorb the noise but may increase the noise instead?
 13. What are the dominant frequencies of the noise emanating from electric motor unit, light rail, and locomotive? If the train noise level is 55dB(A) and 85 dB(C), which is the major noise source?
 14. Why enclosure is needed in rail when there are crossovers of rails? Do you think the floating slab can reduce the noise near crossovers?
 15. Why absorptive barrier close to the rail and floating slab should be used to reduce train noise on the viaduet. Why the negative effects of these on the operation of the train?
 16. Can the acoustic wave from the source of sound power level of 0dB be sensed by human ear?
 17. Why the noise impact from construction in terms of L10, Lmax, Leq and the period and duration when compared with industrial and traffic noise?
 18. Why barrier or enclosure may not be effective to reduce construction noise by evaluating the major noise sources?
 19. Why road resurfacing and barriers cannot reduce traffic noise near road junctions?
 20. Why Low frequency noise impact can be higher than high frequency noise impact?
 2. jcsd
 3. May 10, 2006 #2
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 Homework Helper
 Why do you think this makes no noise?
 If the metal plate flexes it makes a lot of noise.
 Even if it doesn't flex there is edge cavitation that makes a woosh noise.
 Then there are the sub audible frequencies generated, still noise.
 4. May 10, 2006 #3
 Have any idea for the other questions
 5. May 10, 2006 #4
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 Science Advisor
 Homework Helper
 Just commenting on something that appears wrong.
 Show us what you worked out.
 Ask a specific question about what you think isn't working in your solution.
 Nobody is going to do your homework for you.
 6. May 10, 2006 #5
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 Science Advisor
 I see this is your first time here. If you read the guidelines that you agreed to you will notice that we do not do your homework problems for you. If you wish to take one problem at a time and show us the work you have put forth trying to solve it, we will help.
 In regards to the number 11 that has already been brought up, a plate (an infinite plate) can be a poor radiator of sound if a couple of conditions are met. If the frequency of the bending wave in the plate is greater than what is known as the coincidence frequency (or critical frequency) then the bending wavelength and wave speed are greater than the wavelength and wave speed in the acoustic medium (i.e. air) and the plate radiates sound. If it is below the coincidence frequency then, if you go through the math, it turns out that the sound radiation has a very rapid exponential decay factor and thus does not radiate sound very well. Of course, that is with an infinite plate. A finite plate will have some sound radiation due to boundary conditions, but that can be very little.
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Is there any way to get the total page count after selecting multiple word documents in a folder?
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3 Answers 3
Hopefully this will enlighten you a little further than the rather brief answer provided by another user.
Simple answer: no.
Detailed answer: A MS Word document only has "pages" once it is generated (i.e. opened). The main reason for this is to do with the page size. For example: if you have three documents under scrutiny, formatted to sizes A5, A4 & A3 respectively, then to count the number of pages collectively would be practically impossible to display in a simple, logical / coherent format.
The only potential way around this is to write some custom software which opens each desired document one after the other, logs the page sizes of each respective document, and then counts the number of pages within each page size category and logs it before closing each document and proceeding to the next.
Hopefully this will be of help to you.
Many thanks.
Adam's response (Nov 22 '12 at 15:08) is also somewhat correct and I feel that I should elaborate on my answer; Word does store a page count for some document types, but not all, as Adam quite rightly states. I chose to treat this factor as an 'all or nothing' property; either it stores a page count for all document types, or none at all. Hence why if you extract the page count property from each document, it may result in incorrect / inaccurate data due to particular file types not being read. This is why my suggestion of custom software would be the best overall option as the data can become stale or inaccurate and not always reflect the facts. This is why it is better to consider Word as not storing any page number properties rather than just some.
I hope this also helps?
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Thanks for the info. I don't suppose you have a link to any such custom software? – Paul Spangle Nov 20 '12 at 11:57
I'm afraid not; however, the logic behind the software should not be too difficult to implement. The software is required to look in a directory, locate all.doc /.docx files and then from there, open the document, log the number of pages (if you wish to include page size here, it will require more detailed analysis of the document), add the total to a running count for each page size, then close the document and move onto the next until all have been analysed. – SnookerFan Nov 20 '12 at 15:09
_USER_ please don't harass users to accept an answer, and please don't abuse flags to ask moderators to do so on your behalf. The choice to select an answer is entirely the user's; if they don't want to select an answer, they don't have to. I'm sure it's no coincidence that your sudden and intense interest in this user marking their solution is not coincidental. Don't worry about 15 points - just acknowledge that sometimes people don't mark an accepted answer, and your time is better spent writing new answers than begging for a checkmark on an answer from a year ago. – nhinkle Oct 21 '13 at 8:46
Not coincidental in relation to what, exactly? – SnookerFan Oct 21 '13 at 10:12
Has this worked? – SnookerFan Nov 22 '13 at 10:16
This same question came up at work and Google brought me here. There isn't a way to select the documents in Windows Explorer and obtain a page count, but there are other methods that might provide a good enough estimate.
I'm thinking of trying out this PowerShell script: Hey, Scripting Guy! How Do I Count the Number of Pages in a Group of Office Word Documents? For an end user I would set up a shortcut and maybe prompt for the folder location.
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SnookerFan's detailed answer is a little off, Microsoft Word does store the number of pages in a document as a document property when the document is saved. This value is what shows up in the explorer when you view the properties of the file and it should be correct 99% of the time although I'm sure there are some situations where the value of this property could become stale and incorrect.
Therefore you could create a simple application and even make it into a shell plugin to query this property and add the values together.
One thing to keep in mind is this property is displayed for DOC and DOCX documents but isn't for RTF format even though it is written to the RTF document (represented by the {\nofpagesX} keyword).
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text:
What Is the Life Expectancy Method?
The life expectancy method is a way of calculating individual retirement account (IRA) distribution payments by dividing the balance or total value of a retirement account by the policyholder's anticipated length of life. The life expectancy method is the most straightforward method of calculating required minimum distributions (RMDs) for retirement accounts by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS).
RMDs are required distributions that must be withdrawn from certain retirement accounts once the owner reaches age 72. Please note that the IRS has suspended RMDs for retirement accounts, including IRAs and 401(k)s for 2020.
- The life expectancy method is the primary way of figuring out your RMD amounts.
- RMDs are required distributions that must be withdrawn from certain retirement accounts once the owner reaches age 72. (Note that RMDs were suspended for 2020.)
- The life expectancy method takes into account your actuarial life expectancy and the starting account balance.
Understanding the Life Expectancy Method
The life expectancy method is used to calculate RMDs from traditional IRAs or qualified retirement accounts, such as 401(k) plans. The minimum withdrawal amounts must be taken from these accounts starting at age 72.
This method uses IRS life expectancy factors along with the value of your IRA in the year of distribution before that year's withdrawal. This is, therefore, a variable method, and if your IRA value increases or decreases, the year's distribution amount will increase or decrease accordingly. This is also the case when it comes to your life expectancy.
IRS actuarial tables help determine the life expectancy of the owner or the joint life expectancies of the owner and a beneficiary.
Types of Life Expectancy Methods
There are two types of life expectancy methods: the term-certain method and the recalculation method.
In the term-certain method, distribution or withdrawal from the retirement account is based on your life expectancy at the time of the first withdrawal. With each following year, the account is steadily depleted as life expectancy reduces by one year. The retirement account will eventually be empty once you reach your life-expectancy age. Thus, some people may completely run through their funds if they outlive their life expectancy.
To offset the risk of outliving annuity payments, some choose the recalculation method, which differs from the term-certain method by recalculating your life expectancy every year. In this case, you are withdrawing as little as possible from your account. However, if your beneficiary dies prematurely, you would have to refigure withdrawals based on your life expectancy alone.
Example of the Life Expectancy Method
Let's look at the case of a 54-year-old single woman who chooses the term-certain method of life expectancy withdrawals. In this scenario, if the woman wants to begin receiving IRA distributions in 2021, she must first calculate the total account value as of Dec. 31, 2020, as well as her life expectancy according to IRS Publication 590 Appendix C. If the account value were $100,000 and her life expectancy is 30.5 years, the amount she can receive in distributions each year is $3,278.69.
The following year, the now 55-year-old would again take note of the account balance on Dec. 31 and divide the amount by 29.6, her new life expectancy. Essentially, the older she becomes, the shorter her life expectancy becomes, although this relationship is not linear.


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To send a mail or a parcel to Cold Bay, Alaska you need to address it correctly. For this purpose, you have to enter the exact details of the sender and recipient. ZIP code is among them. The same information is needed while shopping online. For indicating where to ship the order, customers have to provide their own ZIP codes, which can be checked here – "What is my ZIP Code".
What is the ZIP code of Cold Bay, AK?
There are such ZIP codes in Cold Bay, Aleutians East Borough, Alaska:
To check another postal code, use our ZIP Code Lookup.
Usual ZIP code format is 5 digits that are written without spaces and punctuation marks. 9-digit ZIP codes are called ZIP Plus 4. It helps to identify a geographic segment within the 5-digit delivery area, but it is not necessary for a regular client of the post to know it. Nowadays, the system itself determines the ZIP + 4 by your address.
If you know the 5–digit code but are not sure if it matches your city, use our ZIP code searcher. This tool helps to check which city or state belongs to a particular code.
For usual user it is not necessary to know and remember current ZIP code. You can always find US postal ZIP codes on our website for free.
ZIP Code meaning
As you can see above each ZIP code consists of 5 digits. It is standard format for US postal codes which can help to identify exact location. For example, the first digit shows certain U.S. states group which Cold Bay belongs to. The second and the third digits are the identifiers of a region. By the fourth and the fifth digits the postal services determine a group of delivery addresses within that region. You can read more about ZIP Code structure here – "What is a ZIP code? Structure, examples and meanings"
ZIP Codes structure in USA
What structure US ZIP codes have, see in the example below:
Envelope example with Cold Bay ZIP Code
To understand how it is written when addressing a letter, look at the example for ZIP code. Envelope example is shown below:
City, state and ZIP code
Cold Bay, Alaska, 99571
United States of America
Have you already sent a package or mail, but do not know where it is? Track your shipment online with universal package tracker.
What time is in Cold Bay, AK now?
You can see current time and date of Cold Bay here:
Time Zone in Cold Bay, Alaska
Cold Bay area codes
There might be several area codes in each city or location. It depends on different factors, so we recommend to check the area codes which are used in Cold Bay, AK or any other cities and states by this Area Code Lookup. For more details enter the name of the city to find out what digits the local phone numbers start with.
To see the whole list of area codes which are observed in the United States and the U.S. territories, follow here – All area codes in the USA.


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A3D file extension - Alternativa3D export file
What is a3d file? How to open a3d files?
File type specification:
The a3d file extension is related to the Alternativa3D a 3D graphics engine a development tool for Microsoft Windows that allows users to create 3D games.
The *.a3d file stores exported 3D data from Alternativa3D software.
The default software associated to a3d file type:
Company or developer:
Alternativa3D is graphics engine and developing environment that allows users to create computer games for various platforms including PC, notebooks, netbooks and mobile platforms (i.e. Android).
List of software applications associated to the.a3d file extension
Recommended software programs are sorted by OS platform (Windows, Mac OS X etc.) and possible program actions
that can be done with the file: like open a3d file, edit a3d file, convert a3d file, view a3d file, play a3d file etc. (if exist software for corresponding action in File-Extensions.org's database).
Click on the tab below to simply browse between the application actions, to quickly get a list of recommended software, which is able to perform the specified software action, such as opening, editing or converting of the a3d files.
- Open a3d file
- Save a3d file
- Edit a3d file
- Create a3d file


text:
Detailed DescriptionA color base is a container of color elements.
The most common use of color base is in the implementation of a pixel, in which case the color elements are channel values. The color base concept, however, can be used in other scenarios. For example, a planar pixel has channels that are not contiguous in memory. Its reference is a proxy class that uses a color base whose elements are channel references. Its iterator uses a color base whose elements are channel iterators.
Generated on Sat May 2 13:50:16 2009 for Generic Image Library by 1.5.6


text:
Authors: Aneta Karasek
Addresses: Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
Abstract: Enterprises can influence and shape the behaviour of individuals in order to boost the innovativeness of the enterprise by applying HRM practices. The objective of the study is to identify relations between the application of a coherent bundle of HRM practices and internal sources of innovation, effectiveness of the individual phases of the innovative process, and the novelty scale of the innovation. The study was conducted among 92 innovative enterprises in Poland. The study is based upon an original bundle of HRM practices in six HRM areas significant for an innovative enterprise. The results show that there are relationships between the bundle of HRM practices and the innovativeness of an enterprise viewed in three aspects. Therefore, this article contributes to theory by original complementary approach to HRM practices and innovativeness of the enterprises. Analysis of the study resulted in a broad set of managerial implications of usage of HRM practices.
Keywords: innovativeness; HRM practices; innovative enterprise; employee behaviour; Polish enterprises; innovation; internal sources of innovation; effectiveness of the innovation process; novelty of innovation; knowledge management; organisational learning; value creation.
International Journal of Innovation and Learning, 2020 Vol.28 No.1, pp.98 - 118
Received: 13 Dec 2018
Accepted: 11 Apr 2019
Published online: 14 Jul 2020 *


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Cancer oregonensis (Pygmy rock crab)
2005 Mary Jo Adams
small crab has a carapace width of less than 2 inches. The
rounded carapace is widest at the 7 th or 8 th lateral tooth and
unlike other cancer crabs, the carapace lacks angular corners.
The carapace is usually red-brown but color varies; the tips of
the claws look like they were dipped in black ink. Its legs
are quite hairy. Look for this crab low in the
intertidal under rocks, hiding in crevices, or tucked away in the
otherwise empty shell of a giant barnacle ( Balanus nubilus
). It is found subtidally to a depth of 1400 feet.
pygmy rock crab accesses the small barnacles that it preys on by
crushing their shells with powerful claws. Other
common names for this crab are hairy cancer crab and Oregon cancer
crab most likely to be confused with this species is Lophopanopeus
bellus bellus (the black clawed crab) as both are small and
have black tipped claws. To distinguish between the two,
look for the 3 lateral teeth along the edge of the carapace of the
black-clawed crab. The pygmy rock crab carapace is more rounded,
has more numerous teeth, and has very hairy legs.
This page was created by Mary Jo Adams on 12/5/05.


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Purpose: Our goal was to use functional MRI (fMRI) to measure brain activation in response to imagination of odors in humans.
Method: fMR brain scans were obtained in 21 normal subjects (9 men, 12 women) using multislice FLASH MRI in response to imagination of odors of banana and peppermint and to the actual smells of the corresponding odors of amyl acetate and menthone, respectively, in three coronal sections selected from anterior to posterior temporal brain regions. Similar studies were obtained in two patients with hyposmia using FLASH MRI and in one patient with hyposmia using echo planar imaging, both before and after theophylline treatment, which returned smell function to or toward normal in each patient. Activation images were derived using correlation analysis, and ratios of areas of brain activated to total brain areas were calculated.
Results: Activation was present in each section in all normal subjects and in each patient after imagination of each vapor. In normal subjects, brain activation in response to imagination of odors was significantly less than that in response to the actual smell of these odors, and activation following imagination of banana odor was significantly greater in men than in women, as was previously reported for the actual smell of the odor of amyl acetate. However, in relative terms, albeit at an absolute lower brain activation level, the ratio of brain activation by imagination of banana to activation by actual amyl acetate odor was about twice as high in women as in men. Before treatment, in patients with hyposmia, brain activation in response to odor imagination was greater than after presentation of the actual odor itself. After treatment, in patients with hyposmia in whom smell acuity returned to or toward normal, brain activation in response to odor imagination was not significantly different quantitatively from that before treatment; however, brain activation in response to the actual odor was significantly greater than that in response to imagination of the corresponding odor. Brain regions activated by both odor imagination and actual corresponding odor were similar and consistent with regions previously described as responding to odors.
Conclusion: These studies indicate that (a) odors can be imagined and similar brain regions are activated by both imagined and corresponding actual odors; (b) imagination of odors elicits quantitatively less brain activation than do actual smells of corresponding odors in normal subjects; (c) absolute brain activation in men by odor imagination is greater than in women for some odors, but on a relative basis, the ratio for odor imagination to actual smell in women is twice that in men; (d) odor imagination, once the odor has been experienced, is present, recallable, and capable of inducing a relatively constant degree of brain activation even in the absence of the ability to recognize an actual corresponding odor.


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It's a "trackway" - fossilized footprints of the last steps of a creature that died 150 million years ago, as reported by the BBC:
The fossil trackway of the animal's last moments - known as a mortichnia, or death march - was discovered in the lithographic limestone of Bavaria in Germany in 2002, where spectacular fossils of the famous feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx have also been found.New word for the day: "mortichnia." However, after (very brief) research, I've used the word "mortichnium" in the title, because I think "mortichnia" is plural, based on the last paragraph on this page of this book on trace fossils, written in 2007.
"The lagoon that the animal found itself in was anoxic, so at the bottom of these lagoons there was no oxygen and nothing was living," Mr Lomax told the BBC. "This horseshoe crab [Mesolimulus walchi] found itself on the lagoon floor and we can tell by looking at the trace that the animal righted itself, managed to get on to its feet and began to walk," he explained. However, the anoxic conditions of the lagoon floor quickly proved fatal to the arthropod and it soon began to struggle.
"We started to study the specimen closer and saw that the walking patterns and the animal's behaviour started to change. The leg impressions became deeper and more erratic, the telson (the long spiny tail) started being lifted up and down, up and down, showing that the animal was really being affected by the conditions," he said.
"Although such markings are exceptional, I would like to call them mortichnia - perhaps an adequate act upon finishing this book and a happy affair that has lasted sixty-five years."