Advantages of Ultrasonic Thickness Measurement System
The ultrasonic thickness measurement system is used for the uninterrupted real-time measuring and monitoring of the change of the thickness, outer diameter, eccentricity and out-of-roundness in the whole production process of gas pipe, water supply pipe, conduit pipe, medical catheter, etc. Therefore, the quality risks can be completely eliminated in production process. Different gravimetric blending systems have different key points. According to the working principle we can divide the system into gravimetric blender and volumetric blender. Due to the material properties and the high accuracy requirement of material addition, gravimetric blenders are usually much more accurate than volumetric blenders, and in most of the time, the gravimetric blenders have replaced the volumetric blenders. Because the different processing technique and material properties, we should choose different gravimetric blending systems in the process of plastic processing.
Application Cases
Main Functions
1.Real-time thickness and external diameter measurement for plastic pipe. 2.Automatic warning function for plastic pipe and auto-saving function for alarming information. 3. Plastic tube thickness measuring equipment is used for managing and analyzing the factory formula and order setting. 4. The plastic pipe thickness gauge system can adjust the quality problems (history curve)
5 Automatic generate the statistical quality report which can be printed out.
1. Traceability
The ultrasonic thickness measurement system is used for monitoring and recording the production of plastic pipe in the whole production process with the ability of marking the unqualified pipe automatically. So you can know the production and quality situation without browsing the production records. If there are some potential quality hazards of pipes, the workers only need to find out the pipe number in warehouse without going to the production line to handle the unqualified pipes. Even the pipes have been sent to construction site, you can also find out unqualified pipes according to numbers. With this traceability, our wall thickness measurement decreases the high requirement of responsibility. More over, this kind of ultrasonic thickness measurement system can trace back the production record to half a month or six month ago. (Customer needs to match necessary pipeline printer for our wall thickness measurement to identify unqualified pipes.)
2. Suitable for all kind of water quality
For many years effort, UltraMac ultrasonic thickness measurement system solved the problem of needing the purified water to measure. More over, the probe of our equipment with the structure of automatic purge can make the measurement more accurate.
3. Non-contact measurement
Non-contact measurement makes no wearing parts. It means that our thickness gauge doesn't need to move probe or tube reducing ring when measuring different pipe diameters. The only thing you need to do is to change the rubber sheet. Thus it avoids the probe to be damaged by human.
4. Imported parts
The high precision ultrasonic transducer, signal processor, cable and other core measurement parts for this ultrasonic thickness measurement system are all imported from America which ensure the measurement more stable and prolong the service life.
5. Imported ultra-thin industrial control tablet computer
In order to ensure comprehensive and real-time data, our pipe thickness gauge adopts independent industrial tablet and large capacity hard disk to do the high speed and large capacity data storage to prevent the data of unqualified pipe to be left out.
6. Convenient production management
The statistics data of this ultrasonic thickness measurement system is covered the whole production process,which can make the users easily know when the production line starting up, when stop and when appear the quality problems, etc. Also the derivable data or optional remote control software can make quality control staff to know the real and historical situation of production line in office without going to the factory.
7. Convenient service and low cost
Our company owns several skillful service engineers in this area to provide user efficient and rapid technical support. Thus reduce customer's energy consumption caused by shut down.
8. Lifelong free upgrade
For the software, we provide customer lifelong free upgrade for better performance.


text:
Updated January 8, 2013
The LMIP uses the CAP standardized billable test (SBT) to establish a common basis for counting tests among laboratories. Unlike other
methods of test counting (relative value units [RVU] and unadjusted billable tests), the CAP standardized billable test eliminates billing,
accounting, and interpretation variations across institutions. The LMIP shields your institution from these data issues and ultimately
provides you the most accurate comparisons.
Many hospital-wide benchmarking tools do not define test counting methodology.
As a result, LMIP users have reported that laboratory cost per test - as measured
by hospital-wide benchmarking programs - can vary widely and external comparisons
can be misleading. For example, one participant in a hospital-wide benchmarking
program may "explode" profile tests and count each component individually, while
another participant may count the profile only once. The laboratory submitting
the higher test number will appear more productive, although that may not be the case.
Because this diversity in CPT code usage does not create "apple to apple" comparisons, the LMIP uses the SBT to insure that all laboratories count tests in a uniform manner. The SBT as a stable entity, provides management with a reliable tool to track laboratory operations over time.
The SBT is the primary measurement of output for participating laboratories. The SBT is defined as a test or procedure that meets all of the following criteria:
- Ordered by a physician or caregiver
- Associated with a CPT code
- Generates a result, product, or billable phlebotomy procedure
- Performed by laboratory personnel
The LMIP users guide, which is provided to every LMIP subscriber, provides detailed instructions for counting billable tests. LMIP also provides subscribers with spreadsheets that make it easy to count tests properly. A sample spreadsheet is available for viewing on screen or downloading directly to your hard drive.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Common seaweed extract offers promise for improving forage quality and livestock performance.
Helping plants stay healthy could also be the answer to keeping animals healthy. And it appears seaweed could be the cure to do just that.
Recent research indicates applying Ascophyllum seaweed extract to forages, like tall fescue, helps plants ward off stress and improves the immune system of grazing animals, according to Vivien Allen, a Texas Tech University agronomist.
Long used as a fertilizer on agricultural lands, seaweed extract has been studied primarily to improve the stress tolerance of turf grasses. While at Virginia Tech, Allen and animal scientist Joe Fontenot wondered about improving the stress tolerance of forages.
"We hypothesized that if we could reduce fescue toxicity or improve stress tolerance of endophyte-free tall fescue, it would also improve the animal's performance because the animal was grazing better forage," says Allen.
Instead, researchers found an even greater benefit to the animal.
Builds Immunity The unique treatment did indeed help reduce some of the problems from fescue toxicity, but it also boosted the immune systems of cattle grazed on seaweed-treated pastures.
In a first-year trial, cattle that grazed seaweed-treated tall fescue at Virginia Tech and Mississippi State University developed improved immune systems. After the cattle were shipped to Texas Tech, Allen and researcher Kevin Pond found the improved immunity remained with the cattle throughout a 130-day feeding period.
"By boosting animals immune function, animals are more resistant to disease and shipping stresses which leads to better overall performance," says Allen.
"We are confident that the seaweed triggers antioxidants (such as superoxide dismutase and other vitamins) to respond in the plant. The antioxidants are involved in the plant's stress function," says Allen.
The antioxidants appear to help plants, like endophyte-free fescue, persist longer and be less susceptible to drought, overgrazing, insect damage and other stresses, according to Allen. Allen suggests that the antioxidants in the plants stimulate a similar stress tolerance response in the animal.
"It's the plant's alteration that apparently triggers a response in cattle. It's not acting as a feed additive to improve gains, it looks like a health benefit," says Allen.
That may explain why direct application of seaweed to a grain sorghum-based diet did alter the immune system of cattle, but not as much as the forage.
Future Applications Allen believes seaweed treatment could become an important part of pasture programs in the future. The extract comes as a soluble powder or liquid that is mixed with water and sprayed on forages.
Sean Carson, sales manager for Acadian Seaplants, Ltd. - a Canadian based company that produces Ascophyllum seaweed extract fertilizers and sells it in the U.S. - says the product has been available commercially for 15-20 years.
"The market for natural-based products is growing and seaweed extract is environmentally friendly," Carson says. While the seaweed extract's primary market is as a foliar fertilizer for fruits and vegetables, Acadian is investigating uses for the extract in forage and direct feed applications. They sell the extract for $6-8/lb.
In university research, the seaweed extract has been applied at a rate of 3 lbs./acre in early spring, with a second application made in July.
"I think there is a real possibility that the rate and number of applications is too high," says Allen. But further research is needed to know for sure and to make its use cost-effective, she says.
While most research to date has looked at applying the seaweed extract to tall fescue pastures, Allen believes it can benefit other pasture forages, too.
Virginia Tech research revealed that seaweed-treated alfalfa produced better late-season yields, possibly indicating that the extract was preventing plants from aging.
Future Texas Tech studies will include seaweed treated wheat, bromegrass and other forages.


Continuous Question-Answer Pairs
Main Article Content
Yosef Goldenberg
The article offers a generalized study of continuous question-answer pairs in common-practice tonal music. These include continuous periods (with dominant-version consequent or other consequents with non-tonic beginnings), most but not all cases of the hybrid theme type compound basic theme + consequent, and many but not all statement-response pairs in sentential presentations. In question-answer pairs, the first ending is less stable than the second, but it need not be a cadence. Various aspects contribute to the evaluation of each specific case, including caesuras, motivic parallelism, symmetry, internal organization, unit length, independence of the hyper-unit, and melodic closure.
Article Details
Submission Type


text:
The term hull refers to the body or frame of a ship or starship. Warp-worthy vessels must have a hull able to withstand extreme accelerations. The hull of a Starfleet vessel was usually separated into two parts: The primary and secondary hulls.
Hull materials Edit
- Polyduranide alloy
Hull enhancements Edit
- Ablative generator
- Ablative hull armor
- Dispersive armor
- Monotanium armor plating
- Parametallic hull plating
- Polarized hull plating
- Reactive armor
Structural integrity Edit
Structural integrity was an engineering term used to refer to the strength of the hull.
While standard architecture uses supports and bulkheads to make constructs stronger or more durable, the fantastic stresses presented by warp fields and spatial phenomena have caused engineers in the Federation and other spacefaring cultures to use force fields to hold the shape of a construction together. This is referred to as a structural integrity field.
In 2063, Data informed Captain Jean-Luc Picard that the structural integrity of the Phoenix was intact, even after the attack by the Borg sphere. Later, Geordi La Forge informed Zefram Cochrane that the structural integrity of the Phoenix was holding as the ship prepared to go to warp speed. (Star Trek: First Contact)
In 2151, Malcolm Reed and Trip Tucker repolarised the gravity plating of Enterprise to absorb the plasma recoil, caused by the newly integrated phase cannons, and shunt the energy to structural integrity. (ENT: "Silent Enemy")
The stress of a Romulan tractor beam caused sub-microscopic deformations in the structural integrity, especially the nose section and aft thrusters of the type 15 shuttlepod Onizuka. (TNG: "The Mind's Eye")
In 2374, during an encounter with a group of Omega molecules, Captain Kathryn Janeway ordered Chakotay to increase the structural integrity of a shuttlecraft in order to properly dispose of the molecules. (VOY: "The Omega Directive")
Hull stress Edit
Hull stress was a condition where, on a starship, space station or other installation, the hull encounters a form of stress. This could be caused from a form of pressure pulling against the ship, such as an object pulling against another. Hull stress, if critical enough, can lead to a hull breach.
When the USS Voyager was caught in a quantum singularity in 2371, they found what they thought to be another ship caught further in the singularity. When Voyager attempted to lock on the ship with a tractor beam, the singularity started to pull the ship in. The ship was put into full reverse impulse, but with the tractor beam still on, this caused hull stress. (VOY: "Parallax")
Microfractures were microscopic cracks in the hull of a starship that, while invisible in the naked eye, could widen over time if something aggravated it and cause more drastic problems. The term also has a medical context.
The structural integrity of a material was diminished when microfractures were present. This could have dangerous, even deadly, consequences when the deterioration occurred in a ship's hull or other structure which provided containment, shelter, or life support, or in a living tissue. However, under certain conditions, a limited amount of microfracturing could be tolerable. (VOY: "Extreme Risk")
Some microfractures could be sealed by an engineering team, yielding a temporary or permanent repair. Other microfractures required the rebuilding or replacement of the structure. (ENT: "Desert Crossing"; VOY: "Caretaker")
Duranium alloys could be vulnerable to certain silicon-based parasites, which consumed the material. The weakened duranium could microfracture under stresses that normally would be within tolerances. (VOY: "The Disease")
Gravimetric distortions created violent stresses that caused damage beginning with microfractures and ultimately yielding total structural failures, if not mitigated by escaping the distortion. (ENT: "Exile"; VOY: "The Fight")
In 2369, the shuttlecraft Fermi was destroyed when an energy anomaly caused molecular deterioration and microfractures in the bulkhead. A plasma conduit at the Tyrus VIIa Particle Fountain Project exploded, due to an undetected microfracture. (TNG: "Rascals", "The Quality of Life")
Hull breach Edit
The term hull breach refers to the failure of structural integrity where the shell surrounding said pressurized environment breaks, stresses or develops a gap for any reason. In space-faring vessels, this is usually catastrophic. The pressure of a contained atmosphere forcing its way outward in an explosive decompression can cause further damage to the area, and also have the added effect of endangering or killing any lifeform present. Since the pressure is internally generated, Lieutenant Commander Data stated to Commander William T. Riker in 2364 that being "blown out" was probably a more accurate term than being "sucked out." (TNG: "The Naked Now"; VOY: "Deadlock")
Most hull breach dangers are from pressurized material contained within a vacuum, or lower pressure, environment. However, it is just as possible that the pressurized vessel could be surrounded by high pressure gases or even liquid, causing an implosion, forcing the surrounding environment into a vessel. The USS Defiant experienced such breaches in 2372 when trapped in the atmosphere of a gas giant. (DS9: "Starship Down")
Vessels of spacefaring civilizations and cultures, such as the Federation Starfleet, protect themselves against the extreme stresses of both pressure and vacuum, as well as the added dangers of impacts, warp drive stress, weapon damage, energy phenomena and anomalies, by implementing a structural integrity field. This force field is designed to occupy the same space as the ship's hull, effectively giving them hundreds of times the ability to hold its shape. Force fields are also used to automatically contain the atmosphere, and repel external forces, should the hull be breached. (TNG: "Disaster"; Star Trek Generations; Star Trek Nemesis) Prior to the development of these technologies, emergency bulkheads and polarized hull plating were used to contain and avoid breaches (ENT: "Damage")
Notable hull breaches Edit
- Enterprise NX-01's C-deck, caused by two Vulcan fighters and a D'Kyr type ship. (ENT: "Awakening")
- Enterprise NX-01's G-deck, in the Battle of Andoria. (ENT: "Kir'Shara")
- USS Enterprise-A's Saucer section, which was hit by a torpedo from General Chang's Bird of Prey. (Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country)
- USS Enterprise-B's Engineering section, which was presumed to have killed James T. Kirk. (Star Trek Generations)
- In 2369 Deep Space 9 had several hull breaches and fractures in their bulkheads caused by the graviton pulses of the embryonic lifeform. (DS9: "Q-Less")
- One of Deep Space 9's upper pylons were destroyed by a Jem'Hadar strike team. (DS9: "To the Death")
- In an alternate timeline, USS Voyager's Deck 05, caused by damage from Krenim weapons fire. (VOY: "Year of Hell")
- USS Enterprise-E's bridge, caused by disruptor damage from the Scimitar; as well as several decks' worth when the Enterprise rammed the Scimitar. (Star Trek Nemesis)
See also Edit
The basics of these incidents have been referenced in several episodes. More detailed explanations given by the writing and technical staff when creating the show are contained in the Star Trek: The Next Generation Technical Manual and the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Technical Manual.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
What the OSL is Responsible For?
The Office of Service Learning is responsible for the following:
- Developing and maintaining relationship with community partners. Needs assessment, matching faculty with those needs, creating opportunities for reflection, celebration and evaluation.
- Transportation developing resources for transportation. Maintaining vans, distribution of keys, driver training and scheduling of all transportation.
- Liability forms sexual and criminal abuse clearances necessary to work in public schools.
- Contracts for Villanova students and community partners.
- Developing effective guidelines for reflection and training students to facilitate reflection if it is not accomplished during class time.
- Evaluation. We would like a consistent pre-test and evaluation of the effect of service learning courses. There will be general questions and questions related to each of the courses based on the particular goals and expectations as they are related to service learning.
- Faculty Development through workshops and eventually peer education.
Provide Opportunities for celebration with Community Partners.


text:
Tuesday, August 28, 2012
Juha Vierinen's project GCS, GNU Chirp Sound
"The GNU Chirp Sounder is a software defined radio based receiver for monitoring ionospheric sounders (ionosondes) and over-the-horizon radars that use linear frequency sweep FM-CW transmissions. The software is based on gnuradio and relies on Ettus research USRP2 and USRP N210 based digital receivers. The receiver can be used to receive the whole HF band (typically at 25 MHz bandwidth) simultaneously, and to receive multiple sounders simultaneously. The current receiver can be used to perform single or dual polarization (channel) soundings. The dual channel recorded can be used to determine the polarization form vertical soundings, or for angle of arrival measurements. Multiple independent receivers could also be used for imaging purposes."


If you are getting bored and want to get rid of the monotonous routine of yours then we have something really wonderful for you. You can simply annoy your friends asking them stupid and funny questions through texting or while they are around you. You can also check other reads about asking funny stuff to people such as:
Let's staying on the point, you would love to do it as in the company of friends you don't have to be so concerned about formalities nor you would have a fear that in result you may have to listen a big boring lecture on manners and ethics. So, its purely a Chill program! You and your friends will have a light-hearted conversation.
Some Hilarious Questions to Ask your Friends
 1. If God helps those who help themselves then why it is said help others?
Since childhood we are taught that God helps those who help themselves, that means ultimately you have to paddle your own canoe for making the things work as only then you should seek for God' help. That's very true, but just for the sake of fun pose this question to your friends and ask if it is so then why it is said help others, why others can't help themselves?
We should help others here our concern is just to play fun and check how witty your friends are at it.
 1. How many ears one is supposed to have for being 'All ears'?
For showing rapt attention it is said 'I am all ears', we all have two ears so in this regard why do we say I am all ears, shouldn't it be like I am two ears or I am both ears? Ask it out and see what reply you get from your buddies.
 1. Why this term is used widely 'You know' especially when are not yet done completing the whole utterance?
Before we actually start talking about a certain point we often rater frequently use the term 'you know' whereas we haven't yet done completing the whole talk, logically its nonsense isn't? why don't you ask your friend about this?
 1. Can you adopt a monkey expecting it to be evolved in a man one day?
It is an old doctrine that says that we humans were apes and monkeys and then we evolved periodically into humans, so pose this question to your friend and ask if he can adopt a monkey expecting it to be evolved into a human one day!
Recommended: cute and funny monkey pictures with captions
 1. Why a square-shaped ring for boxers is called Rings?
A place where wrestler punch and bang up with each other is called, the point to be noted here is that Ring is of square-shaped. Tickle your friend by asking him this naughty question.
 1. if you were recreated then in what form you would like to be human or animal/bird?
It's a great fun to answer such questions, people usually reply that they would like to be what they are now if they were born again. Rest depends on your friend, if he isn't much happy with his life, people have dumped him then he would rather prefer to be a crow so he could shit on all those who tormented him in his previous life.
 1. Is a liar eligible to call a liar when he admits he lies?
Another tricky question coming you way, if you happen to meet a person who lies but at the same time he admits deliberately that he speaks lie then would you call him a liar who is telling a truth?
 1. Is nose really be a culprit as because of it two eyes can never see each other?
Do you think too that its because of nose that our eyes can never see each other? Take the opinion of your friend over this. It is said distance makes the heart grow fonder! That could be a reply, besides that if the eyes are dying to see each other why they look in mirror, simple!
Also Check: Nose Shape telling truth about your Personality
 1. Why people wake you up asking you 'Are you sleeping?'
Oh, that is so widely common, no matter in which region and nook of the world you are residing you would agree that we all do this, we see that a person is sleeping then we wake him up and ask him 'Are you sleeping'? how silly isn't it? Now ask you friend and see what does he has to say in this connection.
 1. Why a Waiter is called a 'waiter'? It's we who has to wait for a meal to serve?
Whenever you visit a restaurant, a waiter comes to take your order, you place the order and then you wait, that's what happens then why it is a waiter that is called a waiter, isn't it you who should be called out as a waiter? Ask your friend to opine!
 1. If driving is not allowed while being drunk then how all the drunk persons come back to home from bars?
dont drink and drive tickletick23 - 30+ Stupid and Funny Questions to Ask friends to Annoy them
This is really thought-provoking, first you are told that drunk cant drive, or you can say that drunk isn't allowed to drive then how come all the drunk persons come back to their come from bars? If you know the answer then please do tell me too I would please to know.
 1. Say something really serious in a funny way
It means go against the expression, wow worth-trying that promises to be a real fun. Such imagine someone is telling this smilingly and laughingly 'today my boss insulted me badly'. How possibly he could add an element of fun it that's the real deal. You can also check our funny ways to answer their phone calls.
 1. Tell about the funniest thing ever happened with you?
Now this can amuse the whole group of your friends, ask one of your friend to jog his memory and share a humorous incident happened with him, enjoy the flash back with your friends.
 1. Is there any person whom you can't help laughing at?
Sometimes it happens that we can't help laughing at someone, its not because the other person makes us laugh or he does some clownish tricks, its just we can't help it without any specific reason. Ask your friend if he has also that someone in his surroundings.
 1. What would you prefer to be? ugly and intelligent or beautiful and stupid?
Sounds interesting! Take the opinion and see what do you get in replies, how your friend would rather to be? Will he prefer looks on intelligent or he wants look with a dumb mind and no talents?
 1. Did you ever feel ashamed of yourself? If yes then why?
That takes a real courage to share such moment of your life in which you felt ashamed of yourself. So pull out such ticklish truths from your friends mouth and enjoy!
 1. Would you rather choose to be a clown or a cowboy?
Obviously, a cow-boy is the better option, the aggressive looks of cow-boy look damn impressive. But that's my choice may be your friends would rather choose to be a clown.
 1. Assume that you are left in a deserted island what three things you would need for your survival?
Inquire your best buddy what three things he would demand in order to survive in a deserted island. His mobile battery is gone dead, now what he needs to have?
 1. Would you rather have an Aladdin's lamp or extra ordinary talents and skills?
That's the test of your friend's intelligence now, whether he is the one who just dosses down and seeks for an Aladdin's lamp nor he wants extra-ordinary talents and skills. When there are so much skills you have who would need an Aladdin's lamp when without that you could do wonders.
 1. Would you rather have beautiful spouse with dumb sense of humor or a sharp sense of humor with average looks?
It is seen and observed that it's a sense of humor that people find immensely attractive, every one has his own preferences and choices, to some appearance and looks matter a lot and to some it's the wit that stands out-class, get to know your friend's thoughts about this.
 1. Did any prank of yours go wrong?
Sometimes some how when you play a prank with someone it goes wrong and that sometimes leaves you in an awkward situation. Did it happen with your friend?
 1. If you were to laugh louder during a meeting in your office? In result of doing this dare you can get a hefty reward, will you accept it?
Imagine what kind of serious ambience tends to be in office meetings and during that ambience if someone broke the ice by a loud laughter what will be the reaction of the rest? Ask your friend if he could accept the offer.
 1. Why people say 'what the hell are you talking about', when they know what actually are you talking about?
When you say something that is not liked by the listener then you get in return 'what the hell are you talking about' despite knowing the fact that listener knows very well what are you talking but still he asks, why? Ask your friend and see what does he has in his mind regarding this.
Also check these Problems with Neighbours which you can totally relate.
 1. Would you rather dye your hair in multi-color or shave them off completely?
Imagine your friend in multi-color hair, what would he look? A son of a rainbow I guess, or he would choose to be bald-headed, get to know about his will!
 1. Would you rather have six set of fingers in both hands or six toes?
Yuck! Anyways have to tell you so you can take the over dose


Pop Quiz: Traditional hard drive types
Do you know the difference between ATA, SATA, SCSI, and SAS hard drives? Take this short quiz and test your knowledge of hard drive basics.
Since the mid-80s, the traditional, electromechanical hard disk drive (HDD) has been the standard in non-volatile data storage for personal computers. And despite the rise in popularity of solid state drives (which store data via NAND flash or RAM chips), HDDs are still found in most modern desktops and servers. With that fact in mind, it's important that IT pros know the difference between the various types of traditional HDDs. So, I've put together this short quiz!
Answers are on the next page.
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we can hand-optimize the algorithm by performing the construction of the permutation step-wise and interleaving the primality checks appropriately. In our example, this is not really hard and the list monad is a great help, but it feels low-level, error-prone and lacks modularity. We would like the declarativity of the first approach while retaining the speed improvements the lazy checking provides.
So, should we to switch to another language? An obvious candidate is curry _TAG_ 12, a lazily evaluated hybrid functional-logic language with a very Haskell-like syntax and feel. Curry allows nondeterministic functions to be written by simply declaring the function multiple times; however, the nondeterminacy cannot be expressed on the type level. Using monadic reflection, we can do something very similar as follows.
#!syntax haskell
-- nondeterministic choice
(?) :: DeepSeq a => Monadic [] a -> Monadic [] a -> Monadic [] a
x? y = reflect (reify x 'mplus' reify y)
-- nondeterministically select a permutation
permute :: [Int] -> Monadic [] [Int]
permute [] = []
permute xs = y: permute ys where
 y::Int; ys::[Int]
 (y,ys) = select xs
select :: [Int] -> Monadic [] (Int,[Int])
select [] = reflect []
select (x:xs) = (x,xs)? second (x:) (select xs) where
 -- a special case of Control.Arrow.second
 second f (x,y) = (x,f y)
Now we only need to ensure that the computation fails when the permutation does not have the desired property.
#!syntax haskell
solve :: Int -> Monadic [] [Int]
solve n = if goodPerm xs then xs else reflect [] where
 xs :: [Int]
 xs = permute $ map (2^) [0..n-1]
* Main> reify (solve 17)
The relative performance of the different approaches is not surprising: The manual Haskell solution (GHC) is the fastest, the Curry solution (Muenster Curry) is about six times slower while the solution using monadic reflection is another four times slower (and gets slightly worse for larger values of
), since a lot of recomputation is implied by the way
are implemented. Finally, the naÔve solution would probably take
years to finish.
1.7 Further Ideas
This section discusses some further directions in which the ideas of this article might be extended.
1.7.1 Denotational Semantics
The relationship between laziness and direct-style continuation effects, despite often following the intuition, needs some further clarification. For that purpose, I wrote two interpreters of a simple untyped combinator language, which use a continuation-like monad and the monadic reflection library, respectively. They can be checked for coincidence using !QuickCheck tests generating type-checking expressions for the language. The monad
the interpreter is built upon is an
monad augmented with continuations of answer type
using the
#!syntax haskell
newtype Eval s a
 = Eval { runEval :: ContT Int (ST s) a }
 deriving (Functor, Monad)
The interpreter maps the source language's expressions into the following universal type.
#!syntax haskell
type U s = Eval s (Ref s 'Either' U' s)
data U' s
 = Int { runInt :: Int }
 | Fun { runFun :: U s -> U s }
 | List { runList :: Maybe (U s, U s) }
newtype Ref s = Ref { unRef :: STRef s (U' s 'Either' U s) }
So an
U s
is either a reference or a value of type
U' s
; references either point to a thunk of type
U s
or to an evaluated value of type
U' s
. Laziness is provided by two functions of the following types.
#!syntax haskell
-- Delays a computation
delay :: U s -> U s
-- Force evaluation of a reference to a normal form.
force :: U s -> Eval s (U' s)
Details can be found in the [attachment:Reflection.tar.gz tarball] provided with this article. The distribution also contains two interpreters for a strict version of the language, which can be more straightforwardly implemented using the plain continuation monad and, in case of the direct-style interpreter, some strictness annotations.
1.7.2 A Lightweight Notation for Monads
Haskell's do-notation is often criticized being too verbose, especially for commutative monads; and the process of transforming pure functions into monadic style because some (possibly deeply nested) function needs some effects is tedious and error-prone.
GHC already has special support for the (commutative) reader monad, through implicit parameters. This special rÙle of the reader monad might be justified by additional properties this monad has, for example that there are
isomorphisms of type
m (a -> b) -> a -> m b
m (a, b) -> (m a, m b)
whose inverses are given by
\f x -> f 'ap' return x
liftM2 (,)
, respectively.
Also, special tools _TAG_ 13 are being developed that automatically transform a function from direct into monadic style, but this process requires arbitrary decisions where to apply effects, e.g. it is unclear if
a function of type
Int -> Bool
should be monadified to a function of type
Monad m => m Int -> m Bool
Monad m => Int -> m Bool
, as
both make sense in different circumstances.
As we showed in this article, Haskell's type system is almost ready to express these differences on the type level; the only remaining problem is that forall-hoisting [6] changes the meaning of expressions. On the other hand, because of the interaction with laziness, keeping the semantics of the library described in this article would result in a rather complicated translation, as we saw in the last section. In order to get rid of this obscurity, one might imagine a type-directed translation which translates (pseudo-code)
#!syntax haskell
reflect :: m a -> ( => a)
reify :: Monad m => ( => a) -> m a
foo :: <[]> => Int
foo = reflect [0,2] + reflect [0,1]
bar :: [Int]
bar = reify foo
more strictly into
#!syntax haskell
foo :: [Int]
foo = (+) 'fmap' [0,2] 'ap' [0,1]
bar :: [Int]
bar = foo
However, this contradicts Haskell's philosophy to make invocation of effects as explicit as possible, and would probably be considered an "underkill". Moreover, it would require a decent solution to the monomorphism restriction problem.
1.8 Conclusion
Do not take this too seriously: Our code heavily relies on unsafe and experimental features; time and space usage are increased by the suboptimal encoding of continuations and the recomputations; and the number of supported
monads is limited by the
However, we provided a framework with strong static guarantees in which it is
easy to experiment with the unfamiliar
and we learned that GHC Haskell's type system goes well beyond Hindley-Milner and it is almost ready for an impure language where effects are declared explicitly on the type level.
More importantly, it is great fun to abuse just about every unsafe feature of (GHC) Haskell, to create an impure sublanguage with monadic effects.
1.9 Acknowledgments
I would like to thank the GHC team for this great compiler with its many fascinating extensions.
I also want to thank Peter Eriksen, Cale Gibbard and Don Stewart for proof-reading the article and their valuable suggestions, as well as Brandon Moore and Autrijus Tang for their advice on the references.
1.10 References
Anchor(ref1) [1] Olivier Danvy and Andrzej Filinski. "A Functional Abstraction of Typed Contexts". DIKU. DIKU Rapport 89/12. July 1989. Available online:
Anchor(ref2) [2] Chung-chieh Shan. "Shift to Control". 2004 Scheme Workshop. September 2004. Available online:
Anchor(ref3) [3] R. Kent Dybvig, Simon Peyton-Jones, and Amr Sabry. "A Monadic Framework for Subcontinuations". February 2005. Available online:
Anchor(ref4) [4] Andrzej Filinski. Representing monads. In Conference Record of POPL '94: 21st ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, Portland, Oregon, pages 446--457. Available online:
Anchor(ref5) [5] Philip Wadler. "The essence of functional programming". Invited talk, 19'th Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, ACM Press. January 1992. Available online:
Anchor(ref6) [6] The GHC Team. "The Glorious Glasgow Haskell Compilation System User's Guide, Version 6.4". BR Linear Implicit Parameters: BR Implicit Parameters: BR Forall-Hoisting:
Anchor(ref7) [7] Koen Claessen and John Hughes. "!QuickCheck: An Automatic Testing Tool for Haskell".
Anchor(ref8) [8] Simon Peyton Jones. "Tackling the awkward squad: monadic input/output, concurrency, exceptions


time and space, and as such create the illusion of displacement in time and space. A zoom-in picks out and isolates a person or object, a zoom-out places that person or object in a wider context. A zoom shot can be seen, therefore, as voyeurism at its most desirably perfect.
[Top of Page]
Borrowed From Film Studies Web Site - Australian National University


There is no evidence of a comprehensive, comparative safety assessment of alternative flight paths by Sunshine Coast Council (SCC) and consultants; either before or after the emergence of the safety issue in 2013.
Who is benefitting from the rejection of the alternative flight path options? Why should they benefit when community safety is paramount?
Air Services Australia (ASA)'s reasons for dismissing other flight path alternatives have been ill-defined. ASA have relied on information presented by SCC, who chose to dismiss the alternative route for spurious reasons that had nothing at all to do with safety.
Further, ASA's decision to limit the scope of its 2019 assessment to only the EIS concepts presented in 2012 has compounded the failure to identify that there was a safety issue inherent in the proposed flight paths, as identified in 2013. This has resulted in a failure to adequately acquit the obligation to properly assess the merits of all safer alternatives.
SCC had a vested interest in the development of areas south of the airport and elected not to advise ASA of essential and relevant information. It is incomprehensible that issues which could affect aircraft and public safety were not shared.
In 2013, SCC should have taken the appropriately responsible action to reconsider their flight path concepts to avoid the inherent risks created by the direct overflight of an approved quarry.
Instead, SCC chose to ignore the safety risks and not to consider alternative flight paths. They continue to refuse to do so. Why?
Alternatives should never have been the subject of cursory rejections without proper comparative evaluation, particularly given the inherent safety risk appears peculiar only to the selected option.
These issues indicate an urgent need for a comprehensive and transparent reevaluation of alternative flight paths and a redesign of the airspace in order to accommodate safer flight path routes.


tree: deb81afbcdfb67fa1dce39f2a0fe57adb8b19655 [path history] [tgz]
 2. AndroidManifest.xml
 4. res/
 5. src/
Steps to regenerate background text images under res-*dpi/images/
 1. Build the recovery_l10n app:
 cd bootable/recovery && mma -j32
 2. Install the app on the device (or emulator) with the intended dpi.
 - For example, we can use Nexus 5 to generate the text images under res-xxhdpi.
 - We can set up the maximum width of the final png image in res/layout/main.xml Currently, the image width is 1200px for xxxhdpi, 900px for xxhdpi and 480px for xhdpi/hdpi/mdpi.
 - When using the emulator, make sure the NDK version matches the current repository. Otherwise, the app may not work properly.
 adb install $PATH_TO_APP
 3. Run the app, select the string to translate and press the 'go' button.
 4. After the app goes through the strings for all locales, pull the output png file from the device.
 adb root && adb pull /data/data/
 5. Compress the output file put it under the corresponding directory.
 - "pngcrush -c 0..." converts "text-out.png" into a 1-channel image, which is accepted by Recovery. This also compresses the image file by ~60%.
 - zopflipng could further compress the png files by ~10%, more details in
 - If you're using other png compression tools, make sure the final text image works by running graphic tests under the recovery mode.
 pngcrush -c 0 text-out.png $OUTPUT_PNG


text:
It's now easy to see what numbers go into a calculated KPI value. Equations can be very complex, and it can sometimes be difficult to understand the nuanced differences between aggregation types like "sum" and "use equation."
Although this explanation gets a little technical, don't worry, the software is easier to use than ever. The only thing that has changed is that you can hover your mouse over a number to see how it was calculated.
On the Scorecards Overview tab there has always been an "Actual and Threshold Values" table that shows you all of the KPI values and thresholds that go into the currently selected KPI, regardless of whether those values are calculated or not. In version 3.2 you can now interact with these numbers to see where they come from.
In this example, we're looking at a monthly KPI in quarterly mode. The KPI's aggregation type is average, so its quarterly total of 1,869 was determined by averaging its three monthly values listed in the "actual and threshold values" table.
Again, nothing new, but here's where it gets interesting. If you hover your mouse over the April 2018 monthly values, you can now see that it's based on an equation using the values of four other KPIs.
If you want to explore further, just click the monthly number that you're hovering over. This shows a dialog containing both the original equation and a version of the equation with April 2018 actual values substituted for the KPI references. When you hover over individual parts of the equation, there's a tooltip telling you the name of that KPI, and its corresponding actual value is highlighted below.
Finally, you can click on any of these KPI references to go to that KPI's Scorecard Overview tab. By doing this, you can trace down complicated nested equations to find out exactly where a calculated number comes from.
Instead, we'll edit our original KPI to show how the software visualizes different aggregation types. We'll change the calculated aggregation type from "average" to "use equation."
Now when we go back to the Overview tab, things look different in the "actual and threshold values" box. The goal and red flag thresholds are manually updated for this monthly KPI, so they're still in monthly rows. But, a single quarterly actual value is now listed on top rather than separate actual values for every month.
What's happening is that we changed the way the KPI's quarterly value is calculated when we changed the calculated aggregation type. The software's layout in version 3.2 now reflects that.
As we saw earlier, this KPI's actual value is calculated, and its calculated aggregation type is now "use equation" rather than "average." The "average" aggregation type calculated each of this KPI's monthly values and then averaged them. The "use equation" aggregation type does things in the opposite order. It first calculates the quarterly values for every KPI referenced in the equation, and then plugs those values into the equation.
Long story short, this KPI's monthly values aren't actually used to determine its quarterly value anymore, so the software doesn't show those monthly values in the table.
Just like before, when we hover over the calculated value, we can see its equation in the tooltip.
And, like before, clicking on the calculated number shows a dialog. This time, however, the equation is using quarterly values rather than monthly. You can see that each of the KPIs in the equation have first been aggregated on their own, because their Quarter 2 values are used in the equation.


text:
Chiari malformations are defects in the structural design of a person's cerebellum. This malformation most often occurs before birth, but in rare cases symptoms can develop in adults. To help raise awareness about the condition as well as what is being done to treat it, September has officially been declared National Chiari Malformation Awareness Month. We hope to help spread awareness by sharing some more information about the condition in this blog post.
Chiari Malformation Basics
As we noted above, Chiari malformations affect a person's cerebellum, which is the area of your brain that helps to control your balance. If there is pressure in the area due to the malformation, a person may also experience headaches, dizziness, muscle weakness or vision problems. However, since it typically occurs during fetal development, it is unlikely that you'll be able to spot the condition based on these listed symptoms unless you're dealing with a rare adult-onset case. Doctors usually look for Chiari malformation either before birth or if it suspected after birth.
Left untreated, this malformation can lead to the development of Syringomyelia, a condition categorized by the growth of a fluid filled pocket in the spine. If the pocket continues to grow, it can lead to nerve damage and even paralysis. There are some types of medication can help manage the condition, but the only way to treat the Syringomyelia and the Chiari malformation is through a complex surgical operation.
Surgery for a Chiari malformation is a delicate operation, and in the wrong hands the procedure can fail, leaving the person right back to where they started. However, Dr. Chang has performed this operation countless times, and the vast majority of patients are extremely happy with the results. The goal of the surgery is to reduce pressure on the brain and spine, while also ensuring that spinal fluid can pass normally from the brain to the spine so that Syringomyelia does not occur.
More Info About Chiari Malformation
This isn't the first time that we've tried to bring attention to Chiari malformations. Previously on the blog, we've blogged about the common types of Chiari malformation, and we've also gone more in depth about the surgical process in this blog. Check out those blogs for more information on the subject, and check out some more facts about the condition below.
- Chiari malformation affects roughly 300,000 people in the US.
- There is no current genetic test for Chiari malformation.
- Surgery is successful for roughly 80 percent of patients, while 10-20 percent will need a subsequent operation.
- There are four common types of Chiari malformation.
- Chiari malformation is caused by a structural defect in the brain, but we don't know what causes this structural issue to occur in the first place.
For more information about Chiari malformation, or if you have been told you need to seek out a Chiari malformation surgeon in the St. Paul or Minneapolis region, please feel free to reach out to Dr. Chang.


text:
Feb. 25, 2008 Researchers from the U.S. and abroad have developed an inexpensive copper-based filter that may prevent HIV from being passed through breast milk and blood.
Worldwide statistics of HIV transmission through breast milk and blood transfusions are at a disastrous high, especially in developing countries. In 2001 breast-feeding was attributed to up to 50% of the 700,000 mother-to-child transmission cases reported.
The World Health Organization has estimated that blood transfusions are responsible for 80,000 to 160,000 HIV infections each year, while the Center for Disease Control reports that transfusions are the cause of 5 to 10% of HIV infections in developing countries.
In previous studies copper has shown potent antibacterial and antiviral activity. In this study viral levels of HIV-1 in cultures were noted both before and after exposure to copper oxide powder, copper oxide fibers and copper-based filters. Researcher's determined HIV-1 inhibition occurred following dose-dependant exposure to both copper oxide and copper fibers. Following filtration with copper powder or copper fibers viral deactivation of all isolates was observed.
"This inexpensive methodology may significantly reduce HIV-1 transmission from mother-to-child and/or through blood donations if proven to be effective in breast milk or plasma and safe for use," say the researchers. "The successful application of this technology may impact HIV-1 transmission, especially in developing countries where HIV-1 is rampant."
Journal reference: G. Borkow, H.H. Lara, C.Y. Covington, A. Nyamathi, J. Gabbay. 2008. Deactivation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in medium by copper oxide-containing filters. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 52. 2: 518-525.
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Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.


Data Description
 Show Map Google Earth RIS BibTeX
Lefebvre, A et al. (2011): Spectral analysis of seabed elevation from the Danish Wadden Sea. doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.770136,
Supplement to: Lefebvre, Alice; Ernstsen, Verner Brandbyge; Winter, Christian (2011): Bedform characterization throuth 2D spectral analysis. (Proceedings of the 11th International Coastal Symposium), Szczecin, Poland, ISSN 0749-0208, Journal of Coastal Research, Sl 64, 781-785, hdl:10013/epic.38582.d008
Bedforms both reflect and influence shallow water hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics. A correct characterization of their spatial distribution and dimensions is required for the understanding, assessment and prediction of numerous coastal processes. A method to parameterize geometrical characteristics using two-dimensional (2D) spectral analysis is presented and tested on seabed elevation data from the Knudedyb tidal inlet in the Danish Wadden Sea, where large compound bedforms are found. The bathymetric data were divided into 20x20 m areas on which a 2D spectral analysis was applied. The most energetic peak of the 2D spectrum was found and its energy, frequency and direction were calculated. A power-law was fitted to the average of slices taken through the 2D spectrum; its slope and y-intercept were calculated. Using these results the test area was morphologically classified into 4 distinct morphological regions. The most energetic peak and the slope and intercept of the power-law showed high values above the crest of the primary bedforms and scour holes, low values in areas without bedforms, and intermediate values in areas with secondary bedforms. The secondary bedform dimensions and orientations were calculated. An area of 700x700 m was used to determine the characteristics of the primary bedforms. However, they were less distinctively characterized compared to the secondary bedforms due to relatively large variations in their orientations and wavelengths. The method is thus appropriate for morphological classification of the seabed and for bedform characterization, being most efficient in areas characterized by bedforms with regular dimensions and directions.
Median Latitude: 55.314657 * Median Longitude: 8.506722 * South-bound Latitude: 55.310274 * West-bound Longitude: 8.497136 * North-bound Latitude: 55.318952 * East-bound Longitude: 8.516705
Knudedyb * * Latitude: 55.315000 * Longitude: 8.497000 * Location: Vesterhavet, Denmark *
Latitude/longitude are given in WGS84.
An overview map of the data is available at hdl:10013/epic.38582.d007
_TAG_ NameUnitPrincipal InvestigatorMethodComment
1LATITUDE *LatitudeGeocode
2LONGITUDE *LongitudeGeocode
3UTM Northing, Universal Transverse Mercator *UTM northmLefebvre, Alice *
4UTM Easting, Universal Transverse Mercator *UTM eastmLefebvre, Alice *
5UTM Zone, Universal Transverse Mercator *UTM ZoneLefebvre, Alice *
6Wave length *Wave lengthmLefebvre, Alice *of the seabed features in metres
7Direction *DirectiondegLefebvre, Alice *of the seabed features
8Height *hmLefebvre, Alice *rms of the box of seabed elevation
9Spectral energy *Spec EdBLefebvre, Alice *of the peak in the 2D spectrum
10Spectral exponent *Spec expLefebvre, Alice *slope of the power-law fit
11Spectral strength *Spec strm4Lefebvre, Alice *y-intercept of the power-law fit
65268 data points
Download Data
View dataset as HTML (shows only first 2000 rows)


Posted by Rebecca D Robinson
Fragile, resilient. Perceptive, narrow-minded. Reclusive, convivial. As writers we are all these things and more. We are the canaries in the coal mine, the watchers against the dark, the mirrors of society. But if we are empaths and mirrors, what do we do when society has a really bad day? Or a really bad week? Or months? Or a year?
If you were fortunate enough to listen to Rebecca Day's session at the London Screenwriters Festival Online on February 7th, "Where's your head at? Mastering creative uncertainty in 2021," you would have heard some strategies about new ways of thinking about yourself and your work. In particular, Rebecca discussed the crucial importance of mental health and wellness during this time of unprecedented stress. It was a revelation to me.
How to Stay Creative During Uncertain Times
The audience for this talk was specifically writers, but the message translates to all creatives. Interestingly, Ms. Day remarked that freelance writers are almost uniquely suited to cope with difficult times of uncertainty. The very precariousness of our career trajectory means we are more dogged and resilient than most. However, there's a point at which even the most nimble freelancers can be overcome with bad news and uncertain circumstances, such as the events of the past year. It's what we do next that matters.
Rebecca focused on provocative questions:
 1. how do we avoid the evil of comparing ourselves to others during times of Covid?
 2. How do we turn down the noise?
 3. How do we combat unreasonable expectations of ourselves?
Like her co-presenter Lucy Van Smit, she urged writers toward greater self-care, with the caveat that without it, our productivity, and even our lives, could be in danger.
How to Stay Creative During Uncertain Times
Lucy focused on humans' physical responses to stress, with surprising findings from neuroscience about how our bodies and minds react and how to combat the reactions.
Tips on how to stay creative during uncertain times:
 - getting sunlight early every day
 - shutting off the phone and computer
 - moving your eyes up to the sky
 - focus on your breathing, take slow, deep breathes
All of these tips can directly help relieve stress and generate creativity. The most basic tip of all: to avoid "freeze breathing" (the behavior we manifested when we saw a predator in the wild) which can occur when we read emails or texts. Her remedy - if we consciously breathe slowly in and out, we can train our bodies not to "freeze breath" so often, thus greatly reducing our anxiety level.
About Rebecca Robinson
Tips and Tricks for Creating a Narrative Podcast in 2021
Rebecca Robinson is a writer and producer based in Vancouver, Washington. The lockdown afforded her the time and space to create the Piercing Time podcast, which can be found at, as well as the time to create a fuller TV adaptation of the story entitled Angleterre, which is currently being shopped around the major streaming houses. She can be contacted through her Facebook page for Piercing Time or through Stage 32, of which she is an active member.
More Stage 32 blogs by Rebecca:
Tips & Tricks for Creating a Narrative Podcast in 2021
Let's hear your thoughts in the comments below!
How Tabletop RPGs Can Help You Create Your TV Show
Screenwriters: When To Take and Ignore Advice
register for stage 32 Register / Log In


text:
Perspective doesn't apply just to architecture. Everything follows its laws, including people and animals. Some perspective teachers suggest drawing a box around an animal, and that's a good idea.
An even simpler idea is to draw a set of lines across the form of any animal or person. It's a quick way check the placement of all the features. If they're out of position, you'll know right away.
In these zoo sketches of a hippo, each head has a set of parallel lines to make sure the ears, eyes, and nostrils are kept in their proper relationship. In the top sketch, I've also lightly drawn the center line of the form. I tried to simplify the lighting by massing the shadow as a light, uniform tone.
In the lower sketch, I simplified the forms a bit (note the spherical forms around the eyes). The shading lines follow the cross-section contours, which helps even more to describe the form.


text:
of water having a conductivity of more than 2,250 micromhos per centimeter is not common, and very few instances can be cited where such waters have been used successfully.
In the past the relative proportion of sodium to other cations in irrigation water usually has been expressed simply as the percentage of sodium among the principal cations (expressed in equivalents), or simply the percent sodium. According to the U. S. Department of Agriculture the sodium-adsorption ratio, used to express the relative activity of sodium ions in exchange reactions with soil, is a better measure of the suitability of water for irrigation with respect to the sodium (alkali) hazard. The sodium-adsorption ratio, or SAR, may be determined by the formula
where the ionic concentrations are expressed in equivalents per million. The sodium-adsorption ratio may be determined also by use of the nomogram shown in Figure 21. In using the nomogram to determine the sodium-adsorption ratio of a water, the concentration of sodium expressed in equivalents per million is plotted on the left-hand scale, and the concentration of calcium plus magnesium expressed in equivalents per million is plotted on the right-hand scale. The point at which a line connecting these two points intersects the scale for sodium-adsorption ratio determines the sodium-adsorption ratio of the water. When the sodium-adsorption ratio and the electrical conductivity of a water are known, the classification of the water for irrigation can be determined by graphically plotting these values on the diagram shown in Figure 22. Table 10 gives the index numbers for the wells plotted on Figure 22 and the sodium-adsorption ratio and electrical conductivity of the water samples for which analyses are given in Table 5. Low-sodium water (S1) can be used for irrigation on almost all soils with little danger of the development of harmful levels of exchangeable sodium. Medium-sodium water (S2) will present an appreciable sodium hazard in certain fine-textured soils, especially poorly leached ones. Such water may be used safely on coarse-textured or organic soils having good permeability. High-sodium water (S3) may produce harmful levels of exchangeable sodium in most soils and will require special soil management such as good drainage and leaching and additional organic matter. Very high sodium water (S4) is generally unsatisfactory for irrigation unless special action is taken, such as addition of gypsum to the soil.
Figure 21--Nomogram used to determine the sodium-adsorption ratio of water.
Table 10--Index numbers of samples shown on Figure 22 and the sodium-adsorption ratio (SAR) and conductivity of water samples for which analyses are given in Table 5.
Figure 22--Diagram showing suitability of waters for irrigation.
Low-salinity water (C1) can be used for irrigation of most crops on most soils with little likelihood that soil salinity will develop. Medium-salinity water (C2) can be used if a moderate amount of leaching occurs. Crops of moderate salt tolerance, such as potatoes, corn, wheat, oats, and alfalfa, can be irrigated with C2 water without special practices. High-salinity water (C3) cannot be used on soils of restricted drainage. Very high salinity water (C4) is not suitable for irrigation under ordinary conditions. It can be used only on very salt tolerant crops and then only if special practices are followed, including a high degree of leaching.
Boron is essential to normal plant growth, but the quantity required is very small, and larger quantities are harmful. Crops vary greatly in their boron tolerance, but in general it may be said that the ordinary field crops common to Kansas are not adversely affected by boron concentrations of less than 1 part per million.
In water having high concentrations of bicarbonate, there is a tendency for calcium and magnesium to precipitate as the water in the soil becomes more concentrated. This reaction ordinarily does not go to completion, but insofar as it does proceed there is a reduction in the concentration of calcium and magnesium and therefore a relative increase in sodium. The calcium and magnesium are precipitated as the carbonates, and any residual carbonate or bicarbonate is left in solution as sodium carbonate. The potential amount of such "residual sodium carbonate" may be computed (Na2CO3) = (CO3-- + HCO3-) - (Ca++ + Mg++), where the ionic concentrations are expressed as milliequivalents per liter or equivalents per million.
On the basis of limited data and using the "residual sodium carbonate" concept described above, it is concluded by the Department of Agriculture that water having more than 2.5 equivalents per million (eq/in) or milliequivalents per liter (meq/1), of residual sodium carbonate is not suitable for irrigation purposes. Water containing 1.25 to 2.50 eq/m of residual sodium carbonate is marginal, and water containing less than 1.25 eq/m is safe.
In appraising the quality of an irrigation water, first consideration must be given to salinity and alkali hazards by reference to Figure 22. Then consideration should be given to independent characteristics such as boron and other toxic elements, and bicarbonate, any one of which may change the quality rating. The use of water of any quality must take into account such factors as drainage and management practices.
The analyses of water given in Table 5 show only the amounts of mineral matter in the water and do not, in general, indicate the sanitary quality of the water. An abnormal concentration of several constituents, such as more than a few parts per million of nitrate or a high concentration of chloride in an area in which the water is generally low in chloride, may indicate pollution of the water. Every precaution should be used to protect a water supply from pollution. A well should not be constructed near possible sources of pollution such as barnyards, privies, and cesspools. Every well should be sealed tightly for several feet below the surface. Dug wells are more likely to become polluted than drilled wells because of difficulty in sealing the well at the top. Drilled wells generally are properly sealed by a casing, but sometimes the casing itself is poorly sealed at the surface.
Quality of Water in Streams
In 1934 and 1935 a survey was made of the chloride content of the water of the Arkansas River and its main tributaries from Great Bend to the confluence of Cow Creek and the Arkansas River southeast of Hutchinson. Again in 1946 samples were collected at many of these same points (Fent, 1950), and in 1949 more samples were collected at some of the same locations. Although the analyses show a difference in the chloride concentration at the same points on the different dates of collection, a pattern seems to be established. The water in the Arkansas River at Great Bend has a low chloride content and gains only a small amount of chloride as the river passes through the oil fields in western Rice County. Samples were taken at points on the river just above and below Rattlesnake Creek; the chloride content of the sample taken below the creek was double that of the sample taken above. Farther downstream, just below the mouth of Peace Creek, the chloride content increased again, and just below the sewer outlet at Hutchinson the chloride content increased still more. Below the confluence of Cow Creek and the Arkansas River, the chloride content increased again. From this point to the east edge of Reno County, the chloride concentration remained about the same.
Samples were collected along Rattlesnake Creek in Stafford and Rice counties to determine the source of the chloride in that stream. At a point just west of St. John, the water is very low in chloride. The stream shows only a slight increase in chloride content above the oil fields in eastern Stafford County and no appreciable increase at a point just below the oil fields. At a point in Rice County about 2 miles east of the big marsh area in eastern Stafford County, the chloride concentration was about three times as high as at St. John. Samples were collected along Peace Creek in northwestern Reno County. Peace Creek flows nearly at right angles to the movement of the ground water from the marsh area in Stafford County. The chloride concentration in Peace Creek increases as the stream intercepts the ground water moving from the marshes. Cow Creek was sampled at a point just west of the Rice County line. The chloride content of the water at that point was moderately high. At a point just below the oil fields in northwestern Rice County, the chloride content had decreased to about half the concentration at the county line. The chloride concentration continued to decrease in the stream to a point just below the salt plants at Lyons in Rice County, where an appreciable increase was noted. Below the salt plants the chloride concentration became progressively lower downstream to a point just below Hutchinson, where a large increase was noted.
The chloride content of the Ninnescah River is about 250 parts per million throughout its course in the county. The chloride salts in the Arkansas River and its tributaries are derived from the Permian shale in the marsh area of eastern Stafford County, as shown by the increase in chloride concentration in both Rattlesnake and Peace creeks. Along upper Cow Creek the chloride is derived from the Cretaceous rocks. Downstream from the outcrop of the Cretaceous rocks, the chloride concentration decreases except near Lyons, where a large increase occurs as the result of local contamination. The chloride content increases again below Hutchinson because of local contamination from the salt mines. The oil fields in this area seem to have little effect on the chloride concentration in the streams, as most of the oil-field wastes are injected into deep saltwater aquifers.
Pollution of the Arkansas River and its tribut


User Guide
What happens when I boil structured water?
After boiling structured water 90% of the structure will remain. The loss of 10% is insignificant; we recommend to use cold structured water, then boil it and then use it for your coffee or tea.
We also recommend to structure your water first before processing it in any way and then adding minerals or other chemical components afterwards.
Can I use my water structurer for other liquids besides water?
Yes. You can use your water structuring device for other clear liquids without large sediments. Wine, whiskey, vodka, tequila and other clear alcoholic beverages are fine to use. Juices, milks and carbonated liquids are not equipped for any UMH water structuring device. When using other liquids besides water make sure to rinse your UMH device with clear water right after.
Does my water structuring device require cleaning and maintenance?
Yes. Depending on your device there is a little bit of uptake required. All inline devices are completely free of maintenance. The UMH Alpha, Live and Delta need to be maintained and cleaned 1-2 times per year.
How many times do I run my water through the stand-alone or portable UMH water structuring device?
One time is fully sufficient. If you want to, you can run it through several times which will increase the crystallinity every time you run it through. One can use this feature for alchemical applications or to optimize the efficacy of hydration.
Cleaning Instructions
Fill a pot with structured water high enough to submerge your UMH water device; bring to a boil, turn off heat and wait 10 minutes to cool down. Add 6 tablespoons (TBS) of baking soda and solve in hot water. Submerge the UMH water structuring device fully and let sit for 30 minutes. Use a ladle to carefully submerge your device. Then rinse the device under running water and let dry. Reattach all parts of your UMH device and make sure you put all rubber/cardboard washers back in place. If you restructure other liquids (e.g. wine, whiskey, tequila, vodka, etc.) please rinse the device right after. Do not structure any liquids that contain sediments like fruit flesh, also no tea, coffee, milk or carbonated drinks. Please do not use harsh chemicals or vinegar to clean your UMH water device! Thank you and much Love.
UMH Alpha
Undo all parts and rubber washers. Detach the golden ball from the UMH Alpha horizontally and leave the golden nozzle attached to the Alpha stand and remove the glass funnel.
UMH Live with Travel Kit
Undo all parts and rubber washers. Detach the golden nozzle on the bottom of the UMH Live and remove the lab-grade plastic funnel.
UMH Delta
Undo all parts and rubber washers. Detach the UMH Delta main housing from the stand and remove the glass funnel.


Anyone that builds with wood always says you have got to have a table saw in your workshop, or "your workshop isn't a proper shop without one".
To be honest we couldn't agree more. They are a great tool that has transformed the industry by making it more efficient and consistent. Producing a professional end result at an affordable price point for even the home DIYer.
But what do woodworkers and craftsmen actually use a table saw far?
What Is A Table Saw?
It is easy to get confused with many different types of power saws on the market such as miter saws, bandsaw, or jigsaws. Let's quickly go through what makes a table saw, also known as a bench saw or sawbench, different from other power saw tools.
A table saw is a tool used commonly for woodworking, quick repetitive cuts as well as angle cuts with the correct jig.
It is often the most used tool in a workshop due to its ease of use and constancy. They consist of two main parts; a table that can come in various sizes and an adjustable saw blade.
Table saws have an inbuilt circular saw blade that is mounted to an arbor. This is used to adjust the height and angle of the saw blade. The arbor is mounted to the underside of the table surface and allows the saw blade to protrude through the table.
Various attachments can be used with a table saw such as a rip fence and miter gauge. The most professional models have built-in sawdust extraction and laser guide systems.
Types Of Table Saw
Depending on where a table saw is needed to be used or what it is used for there are different variations to suit.
The most common types to be found in workshops are Contractor and Cabinet table saws. These are large static machines that are designed to be left in situ inside a workshop.
Benchtop and Jobsite table saws are more portable as they are meant to be taken to your worksite. These have a small table area and a Jobsite table comes with its own stand.
Common Cuts Using A Table Saw
One of the main reason's woodworkers love to use a table saw is the range of cuts they can perform.
Rip Cut
A rip cut is along the length of the material, parallel with the grain of the wood. Made by aligning the material length, using the rip fence, to the saw blade.
 1. Position the rip fence at the desired distance from the blade.
 2. Adjust the blade height to no more than a quarter of an inch above the material.
 3. Place your material against the rip fence and turn on the saw
 4. Using both hands firmly guide the material towards the saw blade
 5. When close to the blade use a push stick to guide the material
 6. Turn off the blade and allow to stop before removing the pieces
A crosscut is for cutting narrow widths perpendicular to the grain of the wood. A miter gauge or sled is used to align the material.
 1. Measure and mark your material
 2. Place against the sled and clamp into place if needed
 3. Power on the table saw and move the sled towards the blade
 4. Turn off the saw before removing the material pieces
Miter & Bevel Cuts
Table saws use an arbor to adjust the height and also crucially the angle of the blade on more advanced machines. This helps to cut the different thickness of wood safely and also make bevel cuts. At least one miter slot is a common feature of the table as it allows for a miter gauge to be attached which in turn is used for miter (angle) cuts.
What Is A Jig?
A jig combined with a rip fence is used to create consistent cuts of the same width. These can be as simple as clamping a piece of wood at a set distance or building a dedicated jig for repeated cuts such as a miter cut. Other examples include a jointer jig, box joint jig, and a perfect circle jig.
Being Safe
As mentioned previously table saws are the most used tool in a workshop. It's no surprise then that you are more likely to get injured using a table saw than any other tool.
We recommend always wearing eye and ear protection when using a table saw. A push stick is an essential tool to keep your hands away from the blade. A carefully designed jig such as a sled can also help keep your hands safe. It will also help to keep the tabletop clear of rust and any damage or indents so that the material can run smoothly across the table.
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How Much Water Does a Dishwasher Use: All You Need to Know
When deciding on what kind of dishwasher to buy or whether you should get one at all, you might have some questions. You might wonder: How much water does a dishwasher use? How energy efficient is a dishwasher?
Or which is better for the environment: washing dishes by hand or using the dishwasher?
Sometimes these questions and others like them can seem overwhelming. Luckily, this question has a pretty straightforward answer, relative to many other questions about climate change and conservation.
A Short History of Dishwashers
Humans have been washing dishes since there were dishes to wash. In fact, prior to the 1800s, washing dishes was one of the least labor-intensive chores to be done. Most people valued the ease of leaning against a sink and washing up after a long day harvesting or planting.
The dishwasher wasn't invented for ease or convenience. It was invented by Josephine Cochrane, the granddaughter of John Finch, who invented the steam engine because her servants kept breaking her china. She later started the company that grew into KitchenAid.
Obviously, the dishwashers we have today are much more sophisticated. As technology has advanced, we've seen dishwashers increase their efficiency, add helpful features, and use less water.
How Much Water Does a Dishwasher Use?
SD-6502SS: Energy Star 24″ Built-In Stainless Steel Tall Tub...
 - 24" Built-in, top-mount
 - 6 wash Programs: Heavy, Normal, Delicate, Quick, Rinse only, Energy Saver
 - Top Cutlery Rack: Flat placement of fine utensils that might fall through the normal silverware basket
So how much water does a dishwasher use?
Well, it depends on the dishwasher you have. If you're lucky enough to own your home, you can choose the brand and model of dishwasher you buy.
For those living in an apartment, you have no say in what dishwasher you're provided. However, we can estimate the usage and definitely decrease our water bills using some easy tips.
Dishwasher vs. handwashing
It might surprise most people to hear this, but using a dishwasher is actually significantly more water-efficient than washing dishes by hand.
The water in the faucet flows at an average rate of two gallons per minute. This means that the average hand-washing household uses 13 gallons of water to wash the same number of dishes that fit into a dishwasher.
Average dishwasher
If you live in an apartment, you probably have an older model of dishwasher, or a cheaper model. This means that you're probably using roughly 10 gallons of water with each cycle.
However, you're still beating out handwashing. Because the average faucet flows at a rate of two gallons per minute, handwashing for only five minutes uses the same amount of water as running the entire dishwasher.
Want to decrease your water usage? Stop rinsing the dishes before you put them in the machine. Instead, scrape food off with a spatula and let your dishwasher do the work.
Energy Star dishwashers
hOmeLabs Compact Countertop Dishwasher - Energy Star Portable Mini...
 - A convenient and small Energy Star certified dish washing machine for cleaning the dishes after dinner or cooking....
 - With simple to use control panel and light indicators. Program selector has 6 wash cycle options: heavy, normal,...
 - Features a quick connect assembly with accessories including inlet and drain hose and a faucet adapter for water...
Newer dishwashers are much more efficient and use significantly less water than their older counterparts. In fact, a new Energy Star certified dishwasher will save, on average, 3,870 gallons of water over its lifetime.
Energy Star is a government-backed certification that allows consumers to easily find environmentally-friendly appliances. These appliances have to meet certain standards in order to qualify.
New Energy Star dishwashers use only about five to six gallons of water per wash and include newer features like soil detection and improved water jets to help you cut down on your water usage even more.
And conveniently, Energy Star appliances come in a variety of sizes. Built-in dishwashers can usually run more than eight place settings as well as six serving pieces -- all in only six gallons.
Even apartment dwellers who don't have a built-in dishwasher can take advantage of compact dishwashers available.
Outside influences on water usage
Of course, there are other variables that can affect the answer to the question, "How much water does a dishwasher use?"
For one thing, most dishwashers come with multiple settings such as "pots and pans" or "heavy soil." These increase the amount of water used. It's best to avoid using these when possible.
In addition, many households have turned down their water heater temperature. This helps save on heating costs and ensures a safer temperature for the family.
However, it also can limit the ability of the dishwasher to clean properly, which can result in having to run the same load twice. Consider buying a dishwasher with a heat booster so it can reach the recommended 150 degrees for proper cleaning.
Hard water can also affect water usage. The mineral deposits that are left when the water evaporates can build up on your machine and make it perform poorly. You can combat this by getting a dishwasher with a built-in water softener or using vinegar or rinse aid in the rinse aid compartment.
Now You Know Everything!
So now to answer the final question: How much water does a dishwasher use? The answer is that it's up to you. Buying an Energy Star appliance, making sure hard water isn't damaging your machine, and using the proper setting can have huge effects on the dishwasher's water usage.
Making wise choices in your dishwasher purchase and usage can drastically lower your water usage.
Was this guide helpful? We'd love to hear your comments!
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R. Das and S. Winter, "A Neuro-Fuzzy based Hybrid Intelligent Framework for Transport Mode Detection," in Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Mobile Entity
Localization, Tracking and Analysis (MELT), 2016.
Understanding transport mode detection, is important to transport planning and movement behavior analysis. In order to detect the transport modalities from GPS trajectories, various machine learning approaches have already been explored. However, the majority of them produce only a single conclusion from a given set of evidences, ignoring the uncertainty of any mode classication. Also, the existing machine learning approaches fall short in explaining their reasoning scheme. In contrast, a fuzzy expert system can explain its reasoning scheme in a human readable format with more exibility, but lacks the adaptivity and learning ability of machine learning. In this paper, a novel multi-layered hybrid intelligent framework is developed by integrating a fuzzy logic and a machine learning approach to complement each other's limitations. Thus in this paper an intelligent fuzzy logic-based near-real time mode detection framework is presented that can perform comparable to state-of-the-art machine learning approaches by bridging the trade-off between explanatory power and prediction accuracy of the models. The results demonstrate that the proposed framework has achieved the aim in the context of near-real time transport mode detection.


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Pecos Watershed Conservation Initiative
The Pecos Watershed Conservation Initiative supports conservation projects in the Pecos River Watershed, which extends from eastern New Mexico into West Texas, and comprises a large portion of the energy-rich Permian Basin. The initiative identifies strategic conservation opportunities and works to enhance and restore the natural resources and wildlife habitat in the region.
The Pecos River winds more than 900 miles from its headwaters in the ponderosa pine forests of northern New Mexico through the Chihuahuan Desert grasslands of southeastern New Mexico and West Texas. The river supports some of the most biodiverse arid and semiarid ecosystems in the world. These ecosystems play host to a large number of fish and other aquatic species found nowhere else.
The habitats dependent on the Pecos River and its tributaries maintain a precarious existence as development, invasive species and unintended consequences of land management choices fragment the landscape, allow for encroachment by invasive species and strain scarce water resources.
Native grasslands that historically covered a vast amount of the region have dwindled to just a fraction of their former extent and productivity. This puts pressure not only on the hardy wildlife that inhabit those areas, such as pronghorn and migratory birds, but also on working ranches that need high-quality forage.
The Pecos Watershed Conservation Initiative will:
- Strengthen the health of existing habitats along the Pecos River and its tributaries in eastern New Mexico and West Texas
- Protect some of the last remaining populations of native fish and other aquatic species found only in the Chihuahuan Desert
- Improve the management and function of native grasslands
- Address water quality and scarcity concerns for wildlife and agricultural uses
- Identify opportunities to expand species to areas of their range where they have been lost, or bolster small remnant populations


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On this day: Attack on the 405 bus
July 6 1989: Terror on the road to Jerusalem
Fourteen people were killed in an incident that has since been described as the first suicide attack on Israelis.
The attack, which also left 27 people with injuries, occurred on the number 405 bus from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. The driver had reached the junction after the Israeli Arab village of Abu Ghosh, when a man seized the steering wheel and began shouting in Arabic.
He pulled the bus to the right and, despite a struggle with the driver, succeeded in making it go over the side of a cliff.
Among those killed were a Canadian schoolgirl and a 15-year-old from Jerusalem, whose father had been injured in a petrol bomb ten years earlier. The perpetrator was later identified as a 25-year-old Arab from a refugee camp. He was hospitalised and subsequently convicted of murder, hijacking and terrorism.
What happened prompted immense anger in Israel, with a number of retaliatory incidents, which Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir condemned as a "worrying phenomenon".
President Chaim Herzog said of the attack: "This tragic incident reminds that the fight against terror in our country has not ended."
The attack had another lasting impact – it prompted the creation of Israel's Orthodox disaster response organisation ZAKA, after yeshiva student Meshi Zahav was one of the first on the bloody scene. He later said of what he saw that it was "chilling and horrifying chaos".
What the JC said: The bus had just begun picking up speed on the long, straight stretch of the road after the junction at the Arab village of Abu Ghosh [which sided with Israel in the War of Independence in 1948], when an Arab passenger went up to the driver and wrenched the steering wheel to the right, sending the bus careering into a ravine. As the bus rolled over, finishing up on its roof and catching fire, most of the passengers were thrown out.
See more from the JC archives here


October 10, 2012
Click for larger picture
Nikki Hegerich
QUESTION: Why did you become a teacher?
ANSWER: Throughout my years of schooling, I was fortunate enough to have some amazing and very influential teachers. Because of those teachers, I knew I wanted to be able give that same experience to others. Teaching gives me the opportunity to pass on my enthusiasm for learning and show my students what a quality education means to their future.
ANSWER: The key to teaching is getting your students to understand that knowledge is power and can take them wherever they want to go in life!
ANSWER: When I'm not teaching, I am usually spending time with my family and friends. I also love to travel and visit new cities or countries whenever I have the opportunity.
ANSWER: I was a competitive dancer for 12 years, as well as a member of my university's competitive dance team.
SCHOOL: Mars Middle School
GRADE: Eighth
HOMETOWN: Gibsonia
FAMILY: My two English springer spaniels, Delila and Jackson; and my cat, Rudy


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Pelvic clock in different contexts
Sitting on the chair
- Sitting on the chair, feet firmly on the floor, knees separated as you feel supported and if you are supported on Ischia. Put one hand under your buttocks to feel the shape of the bony protuberance (ischial tuberosity). Take my hand take a reference on the wall, a point where your eyes naturally tend to rest.
- Very slowly move your pelvis and becomes small rounding the back and returns to the center. When you move do not hold your breath, it makes the legs, abdomen, chest, shoulders and neck are relaxed.
- Tilt your pelvis and slowly arching the lower back by venting the stomach. Exhale, relax the back and legs. Feel how the weight moves forward on Ischia, the trunk extends to become erect. Continue to slowly tilt your pelvis tilting forward and back arching and rounding your back.
- Yet sit in the chair. With both feet on stable ground, hands on thighs, the pelvis tilts toward the left knee so that the weight moves to the left buttock and the right bar is raised a bit 'from its support. Feel like your right shoulder is progressing slowly moves back and the left and the right side tends to rise, the coast side of this approach, the column is extended and the head moves to the left accompanied by the look.
- Now tilt your pelvis toward your right knee feel like eyes are moving, how they organize the head, ribs, hips and knees as you move the weight on the buttocks and feet. Leaves the body soft and relaxed so that breathing can take place freely.
- Imagine that the chair is painted on the support and draw a clock with the dock 12-6 H, then from 3 to 9 H, and finally draws every hour intermediate describing circles in one direction and then in the total involvement in the body movement.


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Which species are special in Wales?
The red kite or chough? The Snowdon Lily? The marsh fritillary
Wales, although small, is home to a great range of species
reflecting its geographical position, its varied habitats and the
complexity of its geology and soils.
Located on the Atlantic fringe, Wales has a distinctive
biodiversity. It also has a role to play in the conservation of our
representative western European oceanic plant and invertebrate
species some of which we share with western Portugal, France and
Ireland. Our sheltered wet and humid oak woodlands are rich in
mosses, liverworts and lichens. Our cliff tops and dunes are home
to wildlife that can cope with exposure and drought.
North v south
Wales lies on the boundaries of both northern and southern
species. The Brecon Beacons upland areas contain the southernmost
outposts of several arctic-alpine plant species. On the other side
of the country Anglesey's sand-dunes are home to southern
invertebrates at their northern limits. Charting these species'
movements will play a part in monitoring climate change.
A foreign invasion
Welsh conservationists are monitoring invasive non-native
species, such as ruddy duck and japanese knotweed, and their impact
on the rare native species and habitats. We also need to tackle
mink and New Zealand stonecrop if we are to conserve our water vole
and great crested newt populations.
Protecting our wildlife
Wales has175 species on the Section 74 list of Species of
Principal Importance for the Conservation of Biological Diversity.
Most of these are also on the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP)
list of threatened plants and animals. But this selection is just
the tip of the iceberg. We hope by conserving these species and
habitats, other important species can also benefit from our


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Date of Award
Master of Applied Science (MASc)
Sustainability considerations have placed increasing emphasis on the energy efficient operation and control of temperature control systems. It is estimated that the use of advanced control structures could lead to valuable savings in energy expenditure (up to 15-20 %). This work considers the problem of developing a model predictive control (MPC) algorithm for temperature control in buildings. To this end, a cascade control structure was designed to regulate the room temperature subject to heat load disturbances, such as outdoor conditions or changes in the internal gains (i.e., number of people in a room). The inner loop of the cascade control structure involved controlling key variables of a vapor compression cycle (VCC), namely the superheat and supply air temperature (from the evaporator), by manipulating the compressor speed and valve opening (components in the VCC). Linear inputoutput models were appropriately identified for the VCC using a detailed first-principles model (adapted from Thermosys) for eventual utilization in a predictive control design. Then, closed loop simulations were performed by interfacing the VCC model with EnergyPlus (developed by the U.S. Department of Energy), which was used to model realistic room temperature behavior. The control performance using a predictive controller (in the inner loop) was then evaluated against PI control.
Wallace, Matt, "Energy Efficient Model Predictive Building Temperature Control" (2011). Open Access Dissertations and Theses. Paper 5000.
McMaster University Library


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Background to philatelic literature
Consider a letter found pressed between the pages of an old book, sent from a relative working in a remote part of the world. How did the letter get from there to here? Was there a company mail boat that carried it, or was there a remote town with its own post office? Was the sender in an independent country, or a colony too small to issue its own stamps? Why did the recipient's country accept the expense of carrying the letter the rest of the way, and if it didn't, how did it arrange to get paid for delivering the letter? Come to think of it, how did the letter cross the border? Philatelic and postal history research answer these sorts of questions, and the results are then published in a variety of books and journals.
Philatelic literature is held by stamp collectors and dealers, philatelic societies, and general and specialist libraries. The holdings of the British Library, for instance, are estimated at 30-35,000 works.
Main types of philatelic literature
Philatelic literature is generally divided into the following categories:
- Stamp catalogues
- Single country catalogues
- Worldwide catalogues
- Geographic area catalogues (e.g. Africa)
- Time period catalogues (e.g. Reign of King George V)
- Specialized catalogues (e.g. postmarks, plate blocks, perfins, etc.)
- Society newsletters
- Auction catalogues
- Bibliographies of philatelic literature
- Background material - Non philatelic material useful to stamp collectors. For example, currency exchange rates, maps, newspapers etc.
The stamp catalogue
Perhaps the most basic sort of literature is the stamp catalogue. This is basically a list of types of postage stamps along with their market values.
The first catalogues in Great Britain were published in 1862 by Frederick Booty, Mount Brown, and Dr. John Edward Gray. The first in the United States was The Stamp Collector's Manual by A.C. Kline (a pseudonym for John William Kline), also 1862.
Some catalogues, like the Michel catalogue and various one-country catalogues, offer a great deal of information going beyond the basic properties of each stamp type.
The single country book
Another common sort of book is the comprehensive "Stamps and Postal History" of a single country. These go beyond the basic date, denomination, and market price seen in the catalogues, explaining why particular stamps were issued, where and how they used, and more generally how the country's postal system worked in various periods.
The specialised study
The next level of specialization is remarkable both for the level of minutiae and the number of works that have been published. Specialists write monographs summarizing everything that is known about a single type of stamp - the history of its design, the printing process, when and where the stamp was sold to the public, and all the ways it was used on mail. If the stamps is particularly rare (the Inverted Jenny or the missionary stamps of Hawaii), the book may actually include a census of every single copy known to exist. As might be expected, the audience is small, and the print runs of these books are small too. Classic works out of print may be much-sought-after, sometimes even more than the stamps they are describing!
Other kinds of specialized work include comprehensive studies of postal usage in limited areas and times, perhaps mail in Montana Territory before it became a state, or mail from missionaries in Uganda before it became a British colony.
The philatelic journal
In addition to books, there are a great number of philatelic journals. The first stamp magazine was the Monthly Intelligencer from Birmingham, England, followed shortly by many others. The journals and newsletters of clubs and societies also have an important role in philatelic literature. Many journals only run for a few numbers and then cease but they often contain information found nowhere else and therefore are valuable sources for philatelists.
Some popular philatelic periodicals are:
- The American Philatelist - worldwide topics with a focus on USA
- Canadian Stamp News - worldwide topics with a focus on Canada
- Deutsche Briefmarken Zeitung (Germany)
- Gibbons Stamp Monthly (UK) - worldwide topics with a focus on Great Britain and the British Commonwealth
- Linn's Stamp News (USA) - worldwide topics with a focus on USA
Philatelic bibliography
The scale and complexity of philatelic literature is such that it has its own journal, the Philatelic Literature Review, published quarterly by the American Philatelic Research Library.
There are also a number of libraries devoted solely to philatelic literature. (see link below)
See also
- [Catalogue of Postage and Telegraph Stamps 4th ed 1895.jpg Philatelic Research at the British Library] by David Beech, Barnet & District Philatelic Society, 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
- Phillips, Stanley. Stamp Collecting: A guide to modern philately, revised edition, Stanley Gibbons, London, 1983, p.243. ISBN 0-85259-047-4.
- "Early Postage Stamp Catalogs" by George B. Sloane in Stamps, 13 July 1946.
- Herbert A. Trenchard and George T. Turner, "John William Kline America's First Philatelic Author", in Philatelic Literature Review, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 24-41, 1993
Further reading
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Philatelic literature|
- Birch, Brian. The Philatelic Bibliophile's Companion, 3rd edition, Standish, Wigan, 2007.
- Negus, James. Philatelic Literature. Compilation Techniques and Reference Sources, James Bendon, Limassol, Cyprus, 1991. ISBN 9963-7624-3-3
- Pearson, Patrick. Advanced Philatelic Research, Arthur Barker, London, 1971. ISBN 0-213-00326-0