text:
- Learning Center Home
- Latest News & Resources
- About Our Colloids
- Mesosilver Compared
to Other Silvers
- Mesosilver Toxicity
& the Blue Man Fraud
- Potential Uses for Silver
- Mesogold & Colloidal/Ionic Gold
The Truth About Ionic Gold
Ionic gold is what some producers call their non-colloidal gold supplements. Monatomic gold is another name some companies call their ionic gold products. Ionic gold is a water soluble gold salt that is dissolved in water. The gold salt must be water soluble to create an ionic solution.
Laboratory testing of products labeled as ionic gold has determined they are really gold chloride, also called Chlorauric acid, a water soluble gold salt. Some producers trying to avoid the stigma of gold chloride have claimed that their ionic gold is gold hydroxide. Gold hydroxide is a gold salt which is not water soluble, making the claim scientifically impossible!
For more details on ionic solubility see Solubility Rules.
The chloride test described below demonstrates that products claimed to be ionic gold and gold hydroxide are really gold chloride. It is interesting to note that you will never see gold chloride on the label of these products, a violation of the federal laws governing labeling. The reason you don't see gold chloride on the label or mentioned in the ads is because gold chloride is known to be potentially toxic to humans.
Gold chloride is a neurotoxin. Definition: A neurotoxin is a toxic agent or substance that inhibits, damages or destroys the tissues of the nervous system, especially neurons, the conducting cells of your body's central nervous system.
Gold chloride is known to cause Peripheral Neuropathy. Peripheral neuropathy describes damage to the peripheral nerves, the vast communications network that transmits information from the brain and spinal cord to every other part of the body. Among the many the causes of peripheral neuropathy are neurotoxins such as gold chloride, they produce common symptoms including weakness, numbness, paresthesia (abnormal sensations such as burning, tickling, pricking or tingling) and pain in the arms, hands, legs and/or feet. A large number of cases are of unknown cause.
What are metal ions?
A metal ion is an atom that is missing one or more of its orbital electrons giving it a positive ionic charge. Because these ions are attracted to the cathode in an electrophoresis cell they are referred to as cathode ions, or cations. Likewise, ions that have a negative charge are attracted to the anode in an electrophoresis cell and are called anode ions, or anions.
When metal cations are present in a solution the positive charge of the cation must be offset by a corresponding negative charge from a companion anion. Therefore, whenever cations are present, anions must also be present in the solution. This always results in solution whose net charge is zero.
What is ionic gold?
Ionic gold is a solution containing gold cations along with companion anions. An ionic gold solution is formed when a water soluble gold salt is dissolved in water.
Ionic gold is not the same as metallic gold. For example, metallic gold is not water soluble (does not dissolve in water) but ionic gold is water soluble (it does dissolve in water). Technically speaking, a gold ion is an atom of gold that is typically missing three electrons and is referred to as Au+3 or Gold(III). It is the outermost electrons of an atom that determine the physical properties of matter. Take away three electrons from a gold atom and you get a gold ion which is water soluble. In its ionic form, gold will react with other elements which means it will combine to form compounds.Conversely, metallic gold does not readily combine with other elements.
Water soluble gold
An ionic gold solution always contains gold cations along with companion anions. If the water were evaporated, the gold cations are forced to combine with the anions to form a gold compound (salt). Clearly this gold compound must be water soluble. There are a limited number of gold compounds that are water soluble. Gold chloride is the most prevalent water soluble gold compound because it is easier to produce than the others. If the anion in an ionic gold solution is not specified it is reasonable to suspect that it is gold chloride.
Test for gold chloride
To prove that the solution is gold chloride simply requires proof that the cation is gold and the anion is chloride. The gold cation can be measured using atomic absorption/emission techniques or by using an ion selective electrode (ISE). Either test requires equipment available in many testing laboratories. Assuming that the presence of the gold cation has been determined, then only a qualitative test for chloride is needed.
Simple test for chloride - This simple test for chloride will indicate if products labeled as ionic gold are really gold chloride. Put a small sample of the ionic gold solution in a clear glass and add one drop of a 1% silver nitrate solution. The presence of chloride is indicated by the formation of a white cloud in the liquid. The white cloud is silver chloride, an insoluble salt which is formed when silver ions combine with chloride ions. The formation of silver chloride proves that the solution being tested is gold chloride.
All of the ionic gold products which have been tested by the Colloidal Science Laboratory, Inc. have proven to be gold chloride.
Why is this important?
An internet search engine can readily find a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for gold chloride which will show a heading called Health Hazard Data, under which it says: Ingestion - Seek immediate medical attention.
Here is an MSDS for gold chloride. It is easy to understand why ionic gold products are not truthfully labeled to indicate that they really contain gold chloride. Interestingly, these are the same companies that twist the truth by deceptively claiming that ionic gold is safe and colloidal gold is toxic but they do not provide any evidence to support their statement.
For those who are interested in the more technical aspects and want to understand the technical terms involved, see the extensive Definition of Terms.
Why are so many gold supplement products ionic gold?
The fact is that ionic gold is incredible simple to make. Products being sold as ionic gold are really gold chloride. Gold chloride is a water soluble gold salt which means that a gold chloride solution can be made by simply dissolving gold chloride in water. It is about as hard to do as dissolving a lump of sugar in a glass of water. This is so simple that a ten year old could do it. This is not to say that all producers of ionic gold solutions make their product this way, only that it could be made this way. Another way to make the same product is to dissolve metallic gold in an acid solution called Aqua Regia. Agua Regia is a mixture of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid. Once the metal is dissolved, the solution is subjected to a high concentration of ozone which oxidizes the remaining acid leaving only the gold cations and the chloride anions in solution. Many ionic metal solutions sold for use as dietary supplements are made using this method. Ionic solutions containing different metal cations and different anions can be made by simply using different acids and different metals.
What does it all mean?
It means that products advertised as ionic gold are really gold chloride and that gold chloride should not be used as a dietary supplement because it is a potentially dangerous substance. For a truly safe gold dietary supplement which contains no gold ions the only choice is a high quality true colloidal gold supplement consisting of metallic gold nanoparticles.


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Environmental Economics & Policies; Markets and Market Access; Economic Theory & Research; Access to Markets; Insurance & Risk Mitigation
Summary: Venezuela's agricultural sector is heavily regulated and protected. As part of structural adjustment, the government is considering major reform of its agricultural trade policies. The strategy is to introduce competition into the economy by removing government price controls and liberalizing trade. In 1990, the Government proposed a price stabilization scheme to ease the liberalization of quota-driven, price-managed domestic markets for several "essential" commodities - including maize, sorghum, rice, wheat, sugar, palm oil, soybeans and soybean products. The authors analyzed historical data to demonstrate the effects of several alternative stabilization schemes on domestic prices and government revenues. They also calculated average welfare benefits, including transfer and risk benefits, based on assumptions about risk aversion among producers. The effects of the various stabilization schemes on government revenues and producer welfare depend on both the crop and the method of stabilization chosen. Generally, the authors conclude that a wide price band, based on a moving average of nominal border prices, is the least offensive of the stabilization proposals, providing benefits when price movements are extreme but preserving average international price signals.
Official, scanned versions of documents (may include signatures, etc.)

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
A total order on a set is a way of ordering its elements to say that some elements precede others, with the understanding that any two elements can be compared one way or the other.
A toset is a set equipped with a total order.
The category of finite nonempty totally ordered sets and order-preserving maps is called, the simplex category.
The category of all finite totally ordered sets and order-preserving maps is called, the augmented simplex category.
A linear order is much like a total order, except that it is based on an irreflexive relation.
Using excluded middle, one can move between linear orders and total orders using negation; that is, the negation of a total order is a linear order and vice versa. Actually one usually swaps the order too, as follows:
One often sees defined as but ; this is equivalent, but doesn't show the duality explicitly. Similarly, one often sees defined as or ; this is not even equivalent constructively, although it is classically.
In classical mathematics, the distinction between total orders and linear orders is merely a terminological technicality, which is not always observed; more precisely, there is a natural bijection between the set of total orders on a given set and the set of linear orders on, and one distinguishes them by their notation. In constructive mathematics, however, they are irreducibly different.
For more, including why linear orders are more often useful in constructive mathematics, see linear order.


succeeding terms up through 1 − (x + 1)/N. The expression [1 − (m/N)]−x must also approach 1. The only other term involving N is [1 − (m/N)]N. In the advanced calculus it is shown that Limit of (1 - m/N)^N shown to equal e^-m as N -> infinity
"Hence, making these substitutions, we have Limit of rewritten binomial function shown equal to (e^-m * m^x)/x! as N -> infinity
"For fixed m = Np, and as N becomes indefinitely large, the limiting value of the binomial probability p(x;N, m) is the Poisson probability (e−mmx)/x!.
"Because of this connection between binomial and Poisson probabilities, Poisson sampling can be thought of as the act of making a vast number of trials from a stable and independent Bernoulli process for which the probability of a success is extremely small. The constant m is called the "intensity" of the Poisson process.
"Not only does this connection with the binomial distribution permit one interpretation of the Poisson distribution; there are practical consequences as well. In cases in which N is large and p is relatively small, the binomial probabilities may be very laborious to calculate. In this instance, it is a much simpler matter to approximate the exact binomial probabilities through use of Poisson probabilities for the various values of x.
"When a Poisson probability for some specific x value is desired, one simply calculates m = Np, and then applies the Poisson rule Poisson function rule
for the value X = x of interest."


Article image
Crowds at the Hillsong Conference at the Acer Arena in Sydney, Australia in 2009. Attribution Some rights reserved by Jiaren Lau.
Aussie Christians
For three centuries, the British Empire took the lead in the global expansion of Christianity. It seems startling, then, that in the modern world a British background appears to be closely correlated to extreme secularism.
Britain itself is one of Europe's least religious societies, and faith is just as little in evidence in the old imperial offshoots of what used to be called the White Commonwealth. When an academic report last year projected that religion might vanish altogether in nine countries by 2100, the list included three British dominions overseas—Australia, New Zealand and Canada—as well as the longtime British possession of Ireland. Globally, secularization looks like a British disease.
This article is available to subscribers only.


New York Seasonal Jobs
Job Information
Berkshire Nursery & Supply Corp Nursery and Greenhouse Worker in Pattesron, New York
10 full time, temporary, seasonal jobs available 4/26/2021 - 12/31/2021 Nursery and Greenhouse Workers will work at a nursery that has both outdoor and indoor/greenhouse facilities. They can one one or any combination of the following tasks: Harvest plants, and transplant or pot and label them; Operate tractors, tractor-drawn machinery, and self-propelled machinery to plow, harrow and fertilize soil, or to plant, cultivate, spray and harvest crops; Set up and operate irrigation equipment; Harvest fruits and vegetables by hand; Clean work areas, and maintain grounds and landscaping; Sell and deliver plants and flowers to customers; plant plugs of grass; Identify plants, pests, and weeds to determine the selection and application of fertilizers; Regulate greenhouse conditions, and indoor and outdoor irrigation systems; Cut, roll, and stack sod; Feel plants' leaves and note their coloring to detect the presence of insects or disease; Provide information and advice to the public regarding the selection, purchase, and care of products; Maintain and repair irrigation and climate control systems; Dig, cut, and transplant seedlings, cuttings, trees, and shrubs; Maintain inventory, ordering materials as required; Record information about plants and plant growth; Dig, rake, and screen soil, filling cold frames and hot beds in preparation for planting; Inspect plants and bud ties to assess quality; Move containerized shrubs, plants, and trees, using wheelbarrows or tractors; Tie and bunch flowers, plants, shrubs, and trees, wrap their roots, and pack them into boxes to fill orders; Load agricultural products into trucks, and drive trucks to market or storage facilities; Haul and spread topsoil, fertilizer, peat moss, and other materials to condition soil, using wheelbarrows or carts and shovels; and Plant, spray, weed, fertilize, water, and prune plants, shrubs, and trees, using gardening tools. Requirements: *Lifting 80 pounds *Frequent stooping or bending The full terms and conditions of the job (form ETA790a) should be reviewed and provided to qualified applicants from this website: For qualified applicants requiring a Spanish translation of this job order, please email or call _PHONE_. Please include the applicant name and job order number in your request.


back to first free will page
Discussion between Miguel-Angel Carrasco and Dan Berkow, Ph.D.
Miguel-Angel(MA): I'm curious to know where J.Krishnamurti states there's free will.
Dan(D): I don't think he did. He seemed to raise questions about the nature of an entity who would have or not have free will. He then left the listener in "choiceless awareness" in which there wasn't an entity who could either be "oppressed by determinism" or able to "exercise free will".
MA: Yes, that's what I thought too, but the post from Noumenon made me wonder. From Krishnamurti, I have only one quote regarding freedom:
"In observation one begins to discover the lack of freedom. Freedom is found in the choiceless awareness of our daily existence and activity."
This quite agrees with what you say.
MA: For a nondualist, who sustains that everything appears in Consciousness, and that there is only that One Consciousness, there is no such thing as free will, because all individual body-minds are not real entities, but mere appearances without substance. Where there is no real doer, there cannot be a free will.
D: Nor can there be any entity anywhere, hence what can be said to be determined by what? Determinism implies causation, and with no entities, what causes what?
Miguel-Angel had quoted Nisargadatta several times. This continuation of the discussion has Dan commenting on some of the those quotations
MA: Free will does indeed require an independent entity. I'm not so sure about determinism. As you say, determinism implies causation, but I don't quite see why causation implies an entity. Why can't a part of the projection be determined by the whole of it or by the source of the projection?
D: Because the projection is actually undivided. The apparent divisions being projected *are* the projection. Individual/group/world are united as projection-whole. Thus, Wholeness and projection aren't two, aren't divided. This might be called "seeing through projection".
Causation means there is an entity that affects an outcome. For example, eating strychnine will kill you. The entity is strychnine. In unprojected reality in which the entire projection-whole is seen and understood as whole, there are no separable entities. All separations are convention, word, thought - projection of projection being taken as independent realities. Does this mean you should eat strychnine since its unreal? No! It means that you, strychnine, eating are all projected, that Reality as such is unprojected, unsplit, and without causation or determinism.
"Causes and results are infinite in number and variety. Everything affects everything. In this universe, when one thing changes, everything changes. Hence the great power of man in changing the world by changing himself." (I Am That, Nisargadatta Maharaj, p 490)
Separating a cause and a result is to define an entity. A causal entity is separated from a result. This separation is conceptual. The division of cause from effect is conceptual and depends on an entity experiencing a sense of time to make such a division.
"The mind and the body move and change and cause other minds and bodies to move and change, and that is called doing, action. I see that it is in the nature of action to create further action, like fire that continues by burning." (IAT, p 398)
This description is an explanation of how events are contrued to occur in time. Who is observing this time? Who is commenting upon it? Is this observer separate from that which is being observed???
It is important to understand this, as seen here, otherwise construals of things like bodies and actions will be taken as real rather than projections, and the idea of everything being determined will seem to make sense.
"You hear yourself talking and you say: I talk. I have no objections to the conventions of your language, but they distort and destroy reality. A more accurate way of saying would have been: "There is talking, working, coming, going". For anything to happen, the entire universe must coincide. It is wrong to believe that anything in particular can cause an event. Every cause is universal. Your very body would not exist without the entire universe contributing to its creation and survival. I am fully aware that things happen as they happen because the world is as it is." (IAT, p 389)
Yes - exactly. Follow this through - there is only "universe" - there is no place where It ends and I begin -- every action that occurs is Universe. Nothing is caused as Universe is acausal Reality itself.
"I do not say things have no causes. Each thing has innumerable causes. It is as it is, because the world is as it is. Every cause in its ramifications covers the universe." (IAT, p 347)
Yes, but each cause has other causes, ad infinitum. This only leads to infinity, and infinity is finally, seen as undivided, nondetermined, timelessness.
"All that happens is the cause of all that happens. Causes are numberless; the idea of a sole cause is an illusion." (IAT, p 398)
"Paramakash is (...) the origin and the end of all manifestation, the root of time and space, the prime cause in every chain of causation." (IAT, p 251)
"Beyond the self (vyakta), lies the unmanifested (avyakta), the causeless cause of everything." (IAT, p 143)
"Pleasure and pain have causes, while my state is my own, totally uncaused, independent, unassailable." (IAT, p 179)
MA: From these quotes, it seems clear that Nisargadatta saw the Absolute as the causeless cause of everything, and, within the world of phenomena, that each change is produced by the whole and affects the whole.
D: It seems clear to me that the causeless cause of everything is in no way separate from anything. There is no separate world of phenomena, phenomena have never separated from That which has no divisions.
How can you talk about a "change" being produced "by the whole" as if the "change" is somehow separate from the Whole????
There is only Wholeness, which is Nowness, which is undivided Infinity. It is this Nowness that is speaking as you there, replying as me here. No division.
MA: On the other hand, if phenomena are not caused what makes them appear? Pure chance? I've never seen anything else grow on peartrees but pears. Why the invariable constancy?
D: This is too funny!! Who are you to raise these questions??? You are the universe Itself!!! You are the universe observing itself and apparently not realizing that all this is Self. When you ask "why the invariable constancy" this is your conceptualization of a situation. All "why" questions go back to the original "why" -- "why anything" "why this" "why'me' asking 'why'"
There is only one answer to why - it answers the original "why" - hence it answers all subsequent "why's" that can be derived. The answer is itself the acausal truth of being which is You, not opposed to me, not opposed to any other - simple Nowness - unexplained, not determined, not bounded -- just "This" and by that I mean "This" not separate from "just this"...
MA: What regards Consciousness Itself, being the only and ultimate subject, It is not an object. It is thus free of attributes or qualities. It is free of action, free of decisions, free of choices, free of will. It is pure Freedom.
D: Freedom in the sense of boundless, yes. Freedom in the sense of free to make something happen a specified way by making a choice about the situation, no.
MA: Of course. When I said "IT is pure Freedom" I meant freedom *from* any bond or limit, and also freedom *from* choice, not freedom *to* choose.
D: Yes!!! Precisely. Acausal, nondetermined Boundlessness is all -- the rest is projected divisions. Once recognized that projected, projector, and "screen" are one resonant Whole situation, there is no conflict.
MA: In fact freedom to choose is a chimera, an unreal creature of the imagination, a wild fancy, both applied to objects and to the subject. To objects, because they are mere projections without substance or entity. To the subject, because it is not an agent, a doer, but pure consciousness, and also because being the One without a second, there's nothing and nowhere to choose from.
D: Yes, quite. All this is That, and That is nothing other than this, here. Through you, I speak to me. Through me, you speak to yourself. The subject matter of all our discourses is the nature of who I am. The results of all our discussions always add up to this: I am who I am.


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Boiling Mad: Crabs Feel Pain
Robert Roy Britt
LiveScience.com robert Roy Britt
livescience.com – Fri Mar 27, 10:48 am ET
A favored method of preparing fresh crabs is to simply boil them alive. A longstanding related question: Do they feel pain?
Yes, researchers now say. Not only do crabs suffer pain, a new study found, but they retain a memory of it (assuming they aren't already dead on your dinner plate). The scientists say its time for new laws to consider the suffering of all crustaceans.
The study involved using wires to deliver shocks to the bellies of hermit crabs, which, being hermits, often take up residence in left-behind mollusc shells. The crabs that were shocked scampered out of their shells, "indicating that the experience is unpleasant for them," the scientists concluded; unshocked crabs stayed put.
Another test was run to see what would happen if a mild shock was delivered, one just below the threshold that would cause the crabs to leave home. These mildly shocked crabs, along with crabs that had not been shocked, were then offered a new home. The typical reaction: They'd go inspect the new shell. Significantly, those that had been shocked were more likely to pack up and move to the new residence compared to those that hadn't been shocked.
"There has been a long debate about whether crustaceans including crabs, prawns and lobsters feel pain," said study researcher Bob Elwood of Queen's University Belfast in the UK.


Rodians hail from the Tyrius System of The Mid Rim, their homeworld humid and choked with heavy rain forests teeming with dangerous life forms. In this hostile environment, the Rodians evolved into brutal hunters and killers to survive. As a result, Rodian culture centers around the concept of "The Hunt." Their art glorifies violence and the art of stalking prey. The more intelligent and dangerous a hunter's prey, the more honorable the hunt. Rodians have numerous annual festivals that exists solely to honor such activities.
Since joining the rest of the galaxy's spacefaring Species, the Rodians have come to view bounty hunting as the most honorable profession in existence, and many have found great success in this field.
Rodian Characteristics[edit | edit source]
Rodian NEGAS.jpg
Personality: Rodians tend to be violent, tenacious, and dedicated.
Physical Description: Rodians are humanoid, with multifaceted eyes, a tapered snout, and deep green skin, the average Rodian stands 1.6 meters tall.
Average Height/Weight: A typical Rodian stands at 1.6 meters tall and weighs 60 kilograms.
Age Groups: Rodians age at the following stages:
1-12 Years 13-15 Years 16-35 Years 36-49 Years 50-59 Years 60+ Years
Homeworld: The industrial world of Rodia.
Languages: Rodians speak, read, and write both Rodese and Basic, and many learn to speak Huttese as well.
Example Names: Andoorni, Beedo, Chido, Doda, Greedo, Greeata, Kelko, Navik, Neela, Neesh, Wald.
Adventurers: Rodian adventurers leave their homeworld to improve their skills, hoping to one day return and claim the title of Hunt Master. To this end, they take on roles that allow them to flex their hunting skills and increase their battle prowess, most commonly working as bounty hunters or mercenaries as Soldiers.
Rodian Species Traits[edit | edit source]
Rodians share the following Species Traits:
 - Ability Modifiers: All Rodians receive a +2 bonus to Dexterity, but they suffer -2 penalties to both their Wisdom and Charisma. Rodians are quick and well coordinated, but often act before thinking things through, and are often rude and try to bully others.
 - Medium Size: As Medium creatures, Rodians have no special bonuses or penalties due to their size.
 - Speed: Rodians have a base speed of 6 squares.
 - Heightened Awareness: A Rodian may choose to reroll any Perception check, but the result of the reroll must be accepted, even if it is worse.
 - Low-Light Vision: Rodians ignore Concealment (But not Total Concealment) from darkness.
 - Conditional Bonus Feat: Rodians are taught how to track and survive in the wilderness of Rodia from a very young age. A Rodian with Survival as a Trained Skill gains Skill Focus (Survival) as a bonus Feat.
 - Automatic Languages: All Rodians can speak, read, and write both Basic and Rodese.
 Additional Rodian Species Feats[edit | edit source]
Reference Book: Star Wars Saga Edition Rebellion Era Campaign Guide
Rodian characters have access to the following Species Feats. No Species Feats are considered Bonus Feats for any Heroic Class.
Fringe Benefits Reduce the cost multiplier of goods bought on the Black Market.
Hunter's Instincts Reroll Perception checks, always keeping the better result.
Master Tracker Increase the die type when adding Force Points to a Survival check.


The Myth:
Adding potassium or magnesium to your landscape plants will increase their cold hardiness
The Facts
Several articles have been written recently for gardeners who like to "push the zone" envelope. With winter weather on the way, this information is generally useful for protecting marginally cold-hardy plants, The addition of wood ashes (for potassium) and Epsom salts (for magnesium) was recommended to promote cold hardiness of plants grown outside their normal range.
In particular, potassium is mentioned numerous times as "promoting cold hardiness, disease resistance, and general durability." Some horticultural consultants state "what the potassium does is strengthen the cell walls of the plant and will displace the amount of water in the cells making it harder for them to burst during freezing temperatures."
They also recommend that by adding magnesium for increased cold hardiness is less common on the web, and the rationale behind its use is not clear. Where did these recommendations originate?
We first need to dispel the notion that freezing temperatures cause plant cells to burst. This is a common misconception, but in fact rarely happens in nature. What generally happens is that water freezes in the spaces between the cell walls, and this ice formation draws liquid water from the living cells. The living ells are actually stressed and sometimes killed by the dehydration imposed by water moving into these paces.
Image Image
 - Before adding any mineral supplement to your landscape, have a soil test done first to determineif deficiencies exist,
 - Addition of chemicals (organic or inorganic) to a landscape where no mineral deficiency exists is a waste of money, time, and resources, and is environmentally irresponsible.
 - There is no conclusive evidence that addition of either potassium or magnesium will increase the hardiness of native landscape species
 - There is no evidence whatsoever that addition of either potassium or magnesium will increase the hardiness of non-native, marginally hardy landscapeplant.
 - To grow marginally hardy species, take advantage of microclimates to maximize their chances for survival.
 - The best strategy for overwintering marginally hardy species is to insulate them and the surrounding soil.
The Myth
Always choose native plants for environmentally sustainable landscaping
The Facts
One of the most populr trends in gardening circles is to use more native plants as our natural ecosystems shrink.
There is a large misconception that native plants are supposed to be be resistant to local pathogens and parasites.
There are some urban areas where many native plants just do not survive (or do so only with substantial maintenance). Such areas can include parking strips, traffic circles, and parking lots: in short, areas with imited soil area and lots of environmental stress. Consider the realities of these landscapes:
Dissimilar layers of topsoils and subsoils with poor drainage and aeration
 - Significant compaction and other physical disturbances as a result of animal, pedestrian, andvehicular traffic
 - Alkaline pH due to leaching of lime from concrete
 - Inadequate or improper fertilizer application
 - Lack of mulch or other soil protection
 - Lack of adequate water in summer months
 - Increased heat load from asphalt reflectance
 - Air pollution
Many of the trees and shrubs native to your region evolved in thin, acidic soils with adequate moisture to maintain soil and plant water status. When these species are installed in urban landscapes with significantly different soil and water characteristics they are challenged by a new set of environmental circumstances.Native, forest plants are excellent choices for unrestricted sites with acidic, well drainedsoils.
 - For sites with limited, alkaline, and/or poorly drained soils, choose species adapted toenvironments with similar soils. Consider especially those species that tolerate clay soils.
 - For sites exposed to increased heat choose species adapted to hot, dry climates that can also tolerate cool, wet winters.
 - Instead of installing large trees into limited sites, considered smaller trees or shrubs, Be sure to protect soils with mulch, especially where foot traffic causes compaction.
 - Site considerations should always dictate plant selection.
The Myth
Wood chips made from cedars will kill landscape plants
The Facts
Many gardeners are reluctant to use cedar wood chips because they will kill plants.When one plant emits toxics that kill other plants this process is called allelopathy. One of the best known allelopathhic plants is the Black Walnut tree. It is believed that plants do this to eliminate competition for water and nutrients.
There is virtually no documented evidence for allelopathic activity in cedars.
 - It is unlikely that wood chip mulches containing cedar will have negative effects on established landscape plants.
 - The allelopathic activities attributed to mulches made from cedar and other species may actually be due to other factors such as nutrient and light limitations.
 - Seeds and seedlings, whether weeds or desirable species, are more sensitive to mulch suppression as they do not have established root systems.


text:
[ Modal Verbs ]
Select the modal that expresses a future plan and best completes this sentence:
We ___________ leave for our trip tomorrow.
Select your answer:
Definitions, Synonyms Future Perfect Tense Simple Future Tense Adjectives & PrepositionsPresent Perfect Negative and InterrogativeArticles and QuantifiersGerund/ To Verb/ VerbSecond Type ConditionalTOEIC Grammar
Other quiz:Present Continuous Tense › View
... your mother cooking dinner right now? (?)
Grammar › View
Ian rarely makes mistakes in his work, ____________ he?
How to use : Read the question carefully, then select one of the answers button.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Without enough hives to support demand, the U.S. imports more than half of the 410 million pounds of honey it consumes each year.
China was the biggest supplier until the US slapped a tariff on Chinese exports to counter state subsidies. But China came up with a clever way to skirt the duties:
"They'll ship their honey to another country, say, Malaysia or Thailand or India," said Troy Fore of the American Beekeeping Federation. "Then it's apparently honey from that country, so they can ship it (to the U.S.) and it escapes the duty."
The practice is so widespread that one-third of our honey supply is probably smuggled in from China, according to an investigation Food Safety News.
Some smugglers go even further:
 - In 2010, the U.S. Dept. of Commerce accused ten German honey executives of sneaking $40 million of Chinese honey into the U.S. between 2002 and 2009.
 - The Russian Honey Federation recently caught Chinese shippers sticking labels on their honey to make it seem as if they were from Russia, according to Food Safety News.
 - And since you can track honey's origin by its pollen, smugglers have been obliterating its traces with heavy equipment to get it through other countries, Fore said.
Why you should worry:
Antibiotics. Chinese beekeepers started using the antibiotic Chloramphenicol to stave off a severe bacterial infection that threatened to cripple the country's honey industry in the late 90s. The drug is outlawed for consumption in the U.S., but could sneak onto shelves in tainted Chinese honey imports.
When the FDA seized 64 drums of smuggled Chinese honey in a Philadelphia warehouse back in 2010, they discovered traces of the drug, according to Mother Nature Network.
Lead. Many mom and pop Chinese beekeepers use unlined lead drums to store and collect honey before it's processed, per Food Safety News. If we worry about lead in our lip gloss, we should probably worry about it appearing in our food.
How to vet honey:
American beekeepers have been fighting for a honey standard for years. Without one, the FDA isn't obligated to police every barrel of honey that enters the country.
For now, Fore says your best bet is to research your store's honey supply and check the label for just one ingredient: Honey.
And don't fear the "cloudy" stuff you see at the store. That just means it hasn't been filtered for pollen, so it's not likely to come from China.
Food Safety News performed a thorough 2011 study of pollen content in store-bought honey in the U.S. Use it as a reference on where to find the purest honey on shelves.
If you thought honey laundering was bad...
Wait until you read the whole story on fraud in the olive oil industry >


text: [en] The improvement of pastoral livelihoods in the context of a highly uncertain economic and climatic future implies a double need for conserving livestock biodiversity and reaching productivity gains. In situ conservation through participative genetic improvement programs is a tool of choice for these sustainable development pursuits. In this regard, selection criteria chosen by pastoralist breeders can be classified in two broad categories : productivity-seeking or risk-alleviating. The latter aim was an important motive for the constitution of the present indigenous breeds while the former is often a rationale for their neglect. Understanding the balance can help finding the way to sustainable biodiversity management. As the basis of pastoral livelihood systems, livestock shoulders many roles, among which that of savings may be considered central. Credit facilities lacking in these remote areas, breeders would thus sell part of their productive capital to invest in its improvement. The present model consists in a theoretical inquiry for the possible consequence of this polyvalence of livestock, productive capital and mobilizable saving, on the choice between the two above-mentioned breeding aims under liquidity constraint. A major outcome of the proposed model is the existence of a threshold herd size effect on investment in risk-control. This effect does not bear on investment in productivity and is no longer observed if credit constraint is relaxed. This threshold is thus proposed to entail the presence of an "erosion trap" for biodiversity and further recalls the difficulty to design a breeding program for a group of breeders with very diverse endowments. As a result, appropriate credit programs should be considered as an important key to adoption of breeding schemes for in situ conservation, and thus both their efficiency and viability.


text:
Many European countries have passed anti-smoking legislation which bans smoking from restaurants, bars and public buildings. After implementation of such a smoking ban on 1 January 2008 in the metropolitan area of Bremen in northwest Germany (800,000 inhabitants) a 16% decline in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) was observed. STEMI is the severest form of myocardial infarction.
For the study, 3,545 STEMIs in the Bremen-STEMI-Registry which occurred between 2006 and 2010 were analyzed. Figure 1 shows the average number of STEMIs per month in the total population, smokers and non-smokers in 2006-2007 and 2008-2010. Dr Schmucker said: "There were more non-smokers than smokers, which explains why the non-smokers group had more STEMIs registered."
Figure 1: Average number of STEMIs per month in the total population, smokers and non-smokers in 2006-2007 and 2008-2010.
For the total population in 2006 and 2007, before the smoking ban was passed, averages of 65 STEMIs were registered per month. In 2008 to 2010, after the smoking ban was passed, the number fell by 16% to an average of 55 STEMIs per month. "This confirms that the smoking ban had a positive impact on the population as a whole by decreasing the number of STEMIs," said Dr Schmucker.
A nearly constant rate of STEMIs was observed in active smokers during 2006-2010. In 2006-2007 active smokers had an average of 25 STEMIs per month. In 2008-2010, they had an average of 26 STEMIs per month, a 4% increase. Dr Schmucker said: "Active smokers are inhaling such high doses of tobacco smoke that being exposed to less passive smoke in public venues is not going to change the risk for that particular group."
In non-smokers there was a 26% decrease in STEMIs, from an average of 39 STEMIs per month in 2006-2007 to an average of 29 STEMIs per month in 2008-2010. The steepest decline in the non-smoking group was detected in young non-smokers; in this group the average number of STEMIs per month was 31% lower in 2008-2010 compared to 2006-2007.
"The reduction in the occurrence of this severest and deadliest form of myocardial infarction in the metropolitan area of Bremen can be partially attributed to the commencement of anti-smoking legislation," said Dr Schmucker. "Non-smokers and especially non-smokers under the age of 65 benefited most from the implementation of the law, indicating the harmful effects of passive smoking. This suggests that expanding anti-smoking legislation could reduce the occurrence of STEMIs even further in the future."
J. Schmucker1, H. Wienbergen1, S. Seide1, E. Fiehn1, A. Fach1, R. Hambrecht1
1Hospital Links der Weser, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Bremen, Germany
Authors: Dr Johannes Schmucker (Germany), Hospital Links der Weser, Bremen


Image Comics Database
Robert Berresford
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Character TemplateInformation-silk
Ripclaw; Robert Bearclaw
Real Name
Robert Berresford
Current Alias
Ripclaw; Robert Bearclaw
Marital Status
First appearance
Ripclaw is the name of a comic book character from Top Cow Productions. He is also a member of the Cyberforce.
Not much is known concerning Ripclaw's past. Many people believe that he is with the Apache tribe. Although it is true that he spent much of his youth with the Apache, it is also true that he spent just as much, if not more time, with the Cheyenne. He has also lived among the Navajo and the Lakota Sioux. He is in fact descended from a primitive woodland tribe that lived thousands of years ago in what is now the Northeastern United States. He left home after he began to develop his mutation, and injured a fellow student during a martial arts training session. Ripclaw questioned his father over his hands, and his father became evasive, and became enraged when Ripclaw pressed on with his questions, asking his father about why his skin was much paler than that of other students. He left home, seeking answers, and ended up on an American Indian reservation, where he stumbled into a fight and was knocked unconscious. He was found by a powerful shaman, who taught him about his ancestors.
They went through a ceremony where Ripclaw experienced a joining and conversing with the spirits of his ancestors and the spirits of the land, who told him that he was Robert Bearclaw, and not Robert Berresford, as his father had always told him. The spirits told him that he was to be their warrior and that he was to lead the Indian People back to the greatness of spirit that they once had. When he finished the ceremony, involving tribal flesh hooks and war paint, the shaman marked him with his blood, and this became the red markings over his skin, reminding him always of the pain and truth of the ceremony that he had been through. He was raised primarily by the shaman after that, who taught him how to use his special talents. This was explained early in the Cyberforce Vol 1 comic series, when Ripclaw's healing factor began to reject the cybernetic implants, and he was put under a heavy anaesthetic, and remembered his early teenage years.
Again, he has a murky past, but one thing that is known is that he spent a lot of time at Cyberdata as a S.H.O.C. He ended up at Cyberdata after he attacked the son of a local sherrif who had raped a young Indian girl. Ripclaw was shot, and ended up at the sherrif's jail, waiting to be delivered to the courts, only there was someone at the bar who witnessed Ripclaw's mutations, and contacted Cyberdata. They then removed his hands and replaced them with cybernetic replacements. Robert was also romantically linked with Misery before she betrayed his team and he joined Cyberforce.
Ripclaw is definitely the strong, silent type, the quintessential loner, not very sociable, no fun at parties, but definitely the guy to take if you are going on a hike through the woods. He's highly intelligent, introspective, very well-read, and eminently knowledgeable especially with regard to past and present Native-American cultures. He has a strong sense of right and wrong and embodies all the classic virtues of honor, sincerity, respect and compassion. The other members of Cyberforce often look up to him for moral guidance and emotional support.
Crossover Appearances
Outside of his own short lived on-going series and cyberforce, Ripclaw has been seen in a number of other comics. He was seen in The Darkness affianced to Jackie Estacado's former love interest. Another major appearance for him has been his reoccurring team-ups with WildC.A.T.S. member, Warblade, a superhero with very similar powers. He was also the main villain in the JLA/Cyberforce crossover between DC Comics' Justice League of America and the Cyberforce which was published in 2005.
It was later revealed that this was in fact not Ripclaw at all, but a clone concocted by the alien ship in which he was buried in Antarctica. This clone was created by the ship in an attempt to heal and resurrect Ripclaw but the ship was unable to heal him, creating instead a polar opposite of Ripclaw, who set out to destroy and kill everything that Ripclaw loved. The ship tried again to resurrect and heal his body, and succeded, thus enabling the original Ripclaw to return as a good character in Cyberforce Vol 2, issues 1 and 2.
Most recently, Ripclaw and Cyblade were featured in a crossover with Wolverine and Psylocke, an interesting teaming as the two X-Men are commonly acknowledged as the basis for the two Cyberforce cyborgs.
Powers and Abilities
 - Metamorphosis: Ripclaw is a cybernetically-enhanced Native-American metamorph who has the ability to assume certain animalistic attributes, most notably the teeth and claws of a bear. This physical transformation defies any kind of scientific analysis, but seems to involve some sort of manipulation of unstable molecules. One of the most amazing aspects of this unique ability has been the miraculous discovery that was made after the tragic loss of both hands. The bionic replacements Ripclaw received from Cyberdata became so much a part of him that they too could assume the appearance of claws just like his real hands had done. In issue #19 of the second series, Ripclaw exhibited the ability to manipulate his claws into normal human shape, and then back into claws, but this has rarely been replicated in later issues, so it is unclear whether this was artistic licence taken by the writer or if it is simply not addressed in subsequent issues.
 - Astral Projection: Ripclaw is also able to enter another plane of existence -- one that he interprets as being a world in which spirits dwell. It is not known how he is able to accomplish this, but it seems to involve some sort of heightened sensitivity which allows him to sense things just beyond the physical boundaries that define what we know as reality.
 - Psychometry: He can get psychic impressions from what he considers to be the spirits. This psychometric like ability allows him to gain impressions from things, such as an Aztec ceremonial axe that had been used as a murder weapon.
 - No special notes.
 - No trivia.
See Also
Discover and Discuss
Links and References
 - None.
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Welcome to the student section of the URC website. Here you will find information and resources needed to register and prepare for presenting at the URC.
The UNH URC is for all undergraduates, from all majors. The benefits for you as an undergraduate are many, such as:
- Developing a close, focused relationship with a faculty mentor.
- Participating in one of the largest undergraduate research conferences in the country, which is a great addition to your resume.
- Sharing your research with friends and family, in a professional conference setting.
You will need the following information to register:
- The title of your presentation.
- Your faculty mentor's name ("Adviser").
- The event(s) at which you will be presenting.
- Information for other presenters ("Authors") including user name, major, class/rank and home town/home state.
- COLSA URC registrants ONLY: an abstract that does not exceed 1,500 characters.
First, talk with your faculty adviser about presenting at the URC. Next, review the information on this web site and register your presentation.
If you have questions, please review the Student FAQs or contact Laura Perille.


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Reactivity Effects of Differences Between JEFF-3.1 and ENDF/B-VI.8 in Analysis of Six MASURCA Cores of the R-Z Program
View or Purchase Article
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
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Reactivity contributions of differences between JEFF-3.1 and ENDF/B-VI.8 were analyzed for six early MASURCA cores of the R-Z program using ERANOS 2.1. These cores were designed such that their neutron spectra would emulate that of an oxide-fueled sodium-cooled fast reactor, some containing enriched uranium and others containing depleted uranium and plutonium. Effects of modeling assumptions and solution methods both in ECCO lattice calculations and in BISTRO Sn flux solutions were first evaluated using JEFF-3.1 cross-section libraries. Comparisons were made between calculated and measured values for reactivity and several spectral indices. Reactivity effects of differences between JEFF-3.1 and ENDF/B-VI.8 were also quantified using perturbation theory analysis. The most important nuclide with respect to reactivity differences between cross-section libraries was 23Na, primarily a result of differences in the angular dependence of elastic scattering, which is more forward peaked in ENDF/B-VI.8 than in JEFF-3.1. Differences in 23Na inelastic scattering cross sections between libraries also generated significant differences in reactivity, more due to the differences in magnitude of the cross sections than to the angular dependence. The nuclide 238U was also found to be important with regard to reactivity differences between the two libraries mostly due to a large effect of inelastic scattering differences and two smaller effects of elastic scattering and fission cross sections. In the cores that contained plutonium, 239Pu fission cross-section differences contributed significantly to the reactivity differences between libraries.


your own, you can easily do it with the help of a few tips and guidelines.
All you need are some essential tools, supplies, and a whole lot of patience.
Take a look at this short, useful guide on how to install a urinal on your own without any problem or inconvenience.
Step 1: Gather Essential Tools
First things first, you need to gather all the supplies that are required to hang or mount a urinal on a wall.
Some of the basic tools and accessories that you will need include:
 - Tape measure
 - Electric drill
 - Clean rag
 - PVC cement
 - Tape
 - Pencil
 - Level
 - Plywood
 - Drill bits
 - Drywall saw
 - Carpenter's level
Step 2: Fit the Mounting Board for Support
Once you have all the tools well in place, the next step is to fit a mounting board to the wall in order to provide support to the urinal.
For this, take a piece of weather-treated plywood and then adequately secure it on the wall studs with the help of some nails.
Step 3: Add a Water Line
At this point, you need to determine where the water supply will be located so that you can add the water line.
You can use a stencil here to mark the exact locations at a height of 24 inches. Drill pilot holes with the help of a drill machine.
The holes will be drilled where you'll be mounting the hanger screws.
Then, use the drywall saw to remove the required drywall in order to attach the wastewater line along with the water supply line in the marked location.
Place the pipes in the correct position in a way that they attach to the front of the faucet.
Try to make sure that you add a shut-off valve before placing the pipe in its desired position.
This will make it easy for you to turn off the water supply whenever you want.
Step 4: Attach the Urinal Wall Hangers
Urinal Wall Hangers
With the help of the supplied screws and nails, you should now mount the urinal wall hangers in their respective positions.
Use a carpenter's level to make sure that the hangers are mounted correctly at the same level.
You can adjust them as per your requirements.
Also, another important thing to do is to screw the wall hangers not only to the wall but also to the supporting wooden mounting board that you attached earlier in step 2.
Step 5: Install a Drain in the Urinal
Before hanging the urinal on the wall, fit the drain first into the urinal.
Add a layer of caulk to the ring of metal present at the bottom of the urinal by placing a strainer into the hole.
Press it down further till it is sealed tightly.
Additionally, add a combination of rubber and metal washers on the other side of the urinal, underneath the strainer, and secure it further with the help of a nut or two.
Step 6: Install Waste Outlet
With the help of PVC cement, connect the waste outlet to the waste pipe that you installed earlier.
Make sure that the outlet connection is exactly where it should be to prevent any problems later.
Step 7: Hang the Urinal
This is the final step for how to install a urinal. Carefully lift it and hold it above the wall hangers and align the position of the urinal according to that of the waste outlet.
Attach it in a way that the waste opening is located behind the urinal.
Place it well into the hangers and tighten the screws just enough to hold the urinal firmly against the wall.
Over-tightening will simply crack the porcelain surface of the urinal, so don't tighten the attachment screws too much.
How High Should a Urinal Be Mounted?
Man Installing A Urinal
For standard home use, installing a wall-mounted urinal should be done at a height of 24 inches, which is the average height for mounting a wall urinal.
The said 24 inches are basically measured from the floor all the way up to the rim of the urinal.
Although this is the standard height for a wall-urinal, it can still vary depending on where you live because different residential communities tend to have specific regulations and rules when it comes to urinals.
It is best to check the local codes of your building when installing a urinal in your bathroom or toilet.
Do Urinals Have Built-In Traps?
Yes, some models and types of urinals do come with built-in traps that play a very important role in the entire process.
For instance, a standard urinal has a pipe known as a "P-trap" where all the water is flushed into it by the urinal.
This P-trap is designed in a way that it forms a water seal to prevent the escape of sewer gases into the atmosphere.
Also, most water-free or waterless urinals feature a built-in 'EcoTrap,' which serves two main purposes.
Firstly, it allows a smooth, uninterrupted flow of urine to the bottom of the urinal until it reaches plumbing sewer connections.
Secondly, it also prevents the escape of sewer odors and stops them from affecting the indoor air quality of the restroom.
Are Urinals Hygienic?
Man Cleaning Urinals
The thing with urinals is that you must use them properly if you wish to ensure their good hygiene and cleanliness.
Additionally, you need to follow a proper cleaning routine if you have urinals in your home.
Try to make sure that the faucets, pipes, and other fittings are cleaned daily and sanitized regularly.
Additionally, you can also place disposable urinal mats on the floor in order to help dispel unpleasant odor from the air and keep it fresh.
However, on the other hand, waterless or water-free urinals that we discussed earlier are considered to be completely hygienic since they don't make use of any water.
No water means that the surface of these urinals is always dry and barely ever damp, which greatly prevents the growth of bacteria and mold. This ensures great hygiene and cleanliness at all times.
Final Word
Now that you've learned how to install a urinal, you can easily make the switch from traditional toilets to modern, waterless urinals that not only prevent water wastage, but also save a lot of your time, money, and efforts at the same time.
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Demand Analysis: Utility
Demand Analysis: Utility
The term utility is used often in economics. Utility is a concept used to help explain the choices that consumers make. This helps to explain demand, especially the downward slope of the demand curve.
Utility refers to the amount of satisfaction, or happiness, that individuals receive from the choices that they make. Each person is unique. Different people receive satisfaction for different reasons. They will make different choices even if the circumstances are the same. Because of this, the concept of utility explains how making different choices can still be consistent with the basic assumption in economics that people behave rationally.
Utility (satisfaction) comes from more than just financial wealth and material possessions. Sure, people can derive satisfaction from wealth accumulation. But people also derive satisfaction in other ways. People may be satisfied knowing that they are helping others. Such charity takes many forms, and involves many choices as well. People may gain satisfaction from accumulating many friends, or maybe just having a few very close friends. Some people gain more satisfaction from leisure than others. Many people enjoy hobbies, and different people are willing to devote different amounts of their time and incomes to an unlimited number of potential hobbies. Some people prefer current consumption while others prefer future financial security.
All of these considerations, and more, contribute to different rational choices being made by different people.
Since utility comes from the choices that people make, a cost is always involved. If there were no costs, then people wouldn't have to make choices. But when someone decides what to do with a specific time frame or a specific sum of money, they have to give up using that time frame or that specific sum of money for a different activity.
The cost of a choice is more than just the amount of money or time which has to be spent on that choice. The cost of a choice is the amount of satisfaction (utility) that has to be given up because another choice was not made instead.
This means that the true cost of any choice is its opportunity cost. Since choices often involve more than two options, and only one of the options can be chosen, the opportunity cost is a measure of the utility of the best alternative to any given choice. It would not make sense to add up utilities for several options when only one of them can be chosen.
This concept of measuring opportunity cost brings up another concept in economics: the concept that utility can somehow be measured. It is true that people everywhere do not go around all the time computing a number in order to make the best choice every time that a choice is made. But people do make choices because of the way they envision the benefits and costs involved. Without even realizing that they are doing so, people are making measurements regarding utility. Whichever options are available, people choose the one in which the perceived benefits most outweigh the perceived costs.
Another concept in economics involving utility and choice is that choices do not occur in a vacuum. Every choice relates to choices that have been made previously. Suppose, for example, that you have a favorite song that you haven't heard in a long time. Now, suddenly, it has been made available to you so that you can listen to it as often as you like. Since you haven't heard it for a long time, you might make it a priority to listen to it immediately. All other options that you have for using this time frame will have to wait.
So you listen to it once, and it makes you very happy (you receive a high utility value from this). You want to hear it again. You listen to it a second time immediately after the first time, and the utility is still high. But not quite as high as the first time, because you had to wait so long to hear it the first time. In fact, every time that you listen to it consecutively, the utility is going to be less than the previous time.
This is the concept of diminishing marginal utility. Every time the same option is chosen within a specified time frame, the utility will be less than the previous time. Somewhere along the line, with diminishing marginal utility, the utility received from making the same choice over again will be less than the utility that could be received from something else, even if that'something else' initially had a lower utility value. You will'spend' your next choice on something else instead.
As the same choice continues to be made, with less utility received each time, eventually you could end up actually decreasing your total utility: the last choice gave you a negative amount of utility. Maybe you eat so much that you get sick. When marginal utility becomes negative, this is called disutility.
When making choices, the available options might be complicated somewhat because different choices might involve a different (explicit) cost outlay. One option might take up more of your time than another option. One option might require you to spend more of your income than another option.
For example, suppose you decide to go out to dinner with friends. You will enjoy going out, enjoying the company of your friends, so you will be happy (have positive utility) with whatever restaurant choice is made. You could go to a fast food restaurant and be happy. You would be even happier (have more total utility) going to a fancy restaurant, but it would cost more. If you spent more for dinner at a fancy restaurant, you would have less money left over for other things. So, which option would be better, fast food or fancy restaurant?
The answer is that you would choose whichever one gives you the most utility per unit of cost. The value you place on a fast food meal, divided by its cost, can be compared to the value you place on dining in a fancy restaurant, divided by its cost. You would choose the one that gives you the highest value (utility) per unit of cost.
This concept - maximizing marginal utility per unit of cost - applies as well to a series of choices. Each choice depends in part on previous choices. Each subsequent time that the same choice is made will provide less total utility than the previous time that particular choice was made (diminishing marginal utility). But presumably, the cost will be the same: lower benefit, same cost.
Therefore, the marginal utility per unit of cost will change over a series of choices.
In order to maximize total utility from a given budget, the budget will be spent over a series of choices, each one based on maximizing utility per cost, and each choice giving less utility per cost than the previous time that choice was made, until the income is spent with the marginal utility per cost for each option being equal.
This is called consumer equilibrium, or the equimarginal principle. Consumer equilibrium can be shown mathematically as:
MU(A)/P(A) = MU(B)/P(B) =...MU(X)/P(X)
where A = one option, B = another option, and X represents each additional option to be considered.
All of this talk about utility leads to the reasons behind a downward sloping demand curve. Each individual consumer will allocate income among the various consumer choices in such a way that the ratio MU/P for each consumer good will be equal.
If the price of one good increases relative to other goods, then the ratio MU/P will decrease, and the consumer will purchase this good in a smaller quantity. If the price of one good decreases relative to other goods, then the ration MU/P will increase, and the consumer will purchase this good in a higher quantity. For each individual consumer and each individual good, more will be purchased as the price decreases. This means that an individual's demand curve for each good is downward sloping. Notice that this involves price changes relative to the prices of other goods.
The market demand curve is simply the sum of all individual demand curves. With decreasing marginal utility and consumer equilibrium, the result is a downward sloping demand curve.


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- The expression translates to 7 + −4.
Reminder: The AND keyword translates to mean "plus" because the leading keyword is SUM OF. With other leading keywords (discussed in the following sections), AND can mean other things. Also notice that you do not simplify the expression and get "3" for the answer because you are just translating words into symbols and not performing the math.
Two other keywords on the addition keyword list, PLUS and INCREASED BY, can be correctly translated by the direct translation strategy. In the direct translation strategy, you translate each word into its corresponding algebraic symbol, one at a time, in the same order as written, as shown in Example 4.
Example 4: Translate the following: a number increased by twenty‐four
- The expression translates to x + 24.
Some additional keywords, such as GAIN, MORE, INCREASE OF, and RAISE, are commonly found in story problems, as in Example 5.
Example 5: Translate the following story problem into a mathematical expression about the weight of the linebacker: The defensive linebacker weighed two hundred twenty‐two pounds at the beginning of spring training. He had a gain of seventeen pounds after working out with the team for four weeks.
- The expression translates to 222 + 17.
Note: Not all numbers mentioned in a word problem should be included in the mathematical expression. The number "four" is just interesting fact, but it is not information you need in order to write an expression about the linebacker's weight.
You may also be wondering why the answer isn't 239 pounds. That's because the question asks you to translate the story problem into a mathematical expression, not to evaluate the expression.
Example 6: Translate the following word problem into a mathematical expression about the cashier's current hourly wage: A cashier at the corner grocery was earning $6.25 an hour. He received a raise of 25 cents an hour.
- The expression translates to 6.25 + 0.25.
Note: The hourly wage is stated in dollars, and the raise is stated in cents. Any time you are adding two numbers that have units, make sure both numbers are measured with the same units; if they aren't, convert one of the numbers to the same units as the other. Having both numbers measured with the same units is called homogeneous units. In this example, you convert his raise, the 25 cents, to $0.25 because his hourly wage is measured in dollars, not cents, so the raise must also be in dollars.
Subtraction keywords also include leading keywords, keywords that can be translated one word at a time, and keywords that are found in story problems. Look at the following list of subtraction keywords:
- DIFFERENCE BETWEEN _____ AND _____
One subtraction keyword (DIFFERENCE BETWEEN) is a two‐part expression that begins with a leading keyword that defines the corresponding AND. You can use the same methods of underlining and circling the keywords shown in the preceding section to translate these expressions.
Example 7: Translate the following: the difference between four and six
Here is how you translate Example 7:


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Adhoc Routing Based Data Collection Application in Wireless Sensor Networks
Source: Kansas State University
Ad hoc based routing protocol is a reactive protocol to route messages between mobile nodes. It allows nodes to pass messages through their neighbors to nodes which they cannot directly communicate. It uses Route REQuest (RREQ) and Route REPly (RREP) messages for communication. Wireless sensor networks consist of tiny sensor motes with capabilities of sensing, computation and wireless communication. This paper aims to implement data collector application to collect the temperature data from the set of wireless sensor devices located within a building, which will help in gathering the information by finding the route with minimum number of hops to reach destination and generates low message traffic by not encouraging the duplicate message within the network.


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One of the issues with pivot tables in Excel 2010 (and earlier versions) is that it isn't possible to calculate median using the Value Field Settings. In this post I am going to first extol the virtues of the median (again) and then demonstrate a formula for calculating the median in a cross tabulation.
Why do we care about the median and why can't we just use the mean? The mean is the proper measure of central tendency when what we want to average is normally distributed. In those situations, adding everything up and dividing by the number of elements will give the value right at the peak of the distribution. However, when our distribution of values is heavily skewed the mean is less representative than the median. In those cases it makes more sense to take the middle value (i.e. the median) of all the values when they are ordered from smallest to largest.
The classic example of using the median is household income. There are a lot more small income households than large income households and those big households can really distort the mean. For example, let's say that we have 7 households with incomes (in $10,000s) of 1, 1.4, 1.8, 2, 2.1, 2.4 and 13.2. The mean of those numbers is 3.5 while the median is 2. Clearly 2 is a better representation of the centre of the data than the mean, which has been dragged higher by the one large income.
A similar issue occurs with any data set that is zero based. For example, say you want to do an analysis to determine how long offenders wait between their arrest and when they are fingerprinted. Many services schedule identification appointments days or even weeks after the arrest and it might be interesting to see what the average time is between arrest and appointment. The shortest possible wait is 0 days, the fingerprinting is done on the day of the arrest, and in general one would expect a shorter time rather than a longer one. While there may be some 28-day waits we don't want these outliers to unduly skew our average so we choose to take the median rather than the mean.
Let's take this example further by considering a spreadsheet were we have 1000 rows of arrest times and fingerprint times and the duration in days between them.
The easiest way to determine the median would be to use the formula =MEDIAN(D2:D1000) but that would only give us the median for the entire data set. When analysing our data with pivot tables we are often interested in cross tabulating based on a particular element of the data and in this example we want to see if average wait time is impacted by the day of the week of the arrest.
To begin the analysis we first insert a new pivot table and use it to determine average (by which Excel means mean) wait time for each day of the week.
Have a look at these mean values, particularly Saturday. What is up with that? I'll tell you: there are errors in the data set. Someone has keyed the dates in incorrectly and there are outliers that are horribly skewing the results. This is the other benefit of working with the median: medians resist the impact of outrageous outliers in a way that the mean doesn't. We could go back in and do some data cleansing but let's leave it for now so we can see how the median will handle it.
If you look at the list of options in the Value Field Settings you'll see that Median is not an option. Since pivot tables don't provide the option for determining the median we need to do some copying and pasting and use a formula to make it happen. Whenever I am investigating the median I first copy-and-paste-values the results of the mean pivot table to a new work sheet so that I can use the labels in my function calls. The new worksheet looks like this.
To calculate the median for each of the days of the week it is necessary to pull only those rows of data in the Data worksheet for that match the particular day. Once I have those rows I use the MEDIAN function to calculate the specific median for that day of week. To do this I use the formula in cell D4 below:
It is important to notice that the formula in the screen shot is surrounded by curly braces. You don't type the braces in because Excel adds them when you create what's known as an Array Formula. Array formulas are different than regular Excel formulas because they work with a whole series of data values rather than a single data value. To tell Excel that you intend a formula to be an array formula you must press CTRL SHIFT ENTER (all three keys at once, like CTRL ALT DEL) at the end, rather than just hitting ENTER. You'll know that you did it right because Excel will add the curly braces.
In this particular array formula what we're doing is using an IF formula to check every one of the Day of Week values in column A of the Data worksheet to see if it equals Sunday, or the value in B4. If the value does equal Sunday we return the wait time from column D for that row. The IF statement will check every row and return a range of values (all of the ones for Sunday) to the MEDIAN function which in turn calculates the median wait time for Sunday. The formula can then be filled down for each of the days just like you would with a regular formula.
You can see in the screen grab that we have median values for each of the days of the week. Clearly the outlier that impacted Saturday has been handled by using the median but also note the other days (except Monday) now have significantly smaller values. This is further evidence that the median is the correct choice for this data as using the mean, even when the data is clean, would lead to erroneous overestimates.
The bad news is that Excel can't calculate medians in a pivot table. The good news is that with a simple formula and the labels produced by the pivot table it is possible to calculate the median for different cross tabulations. It does require a little experimentation with array functions but this particular example is pretty tame and serves as a decent introduction to this very powerful technique.


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The Nokia 808 PureView's 41 Megapixels Explained
The Nokia 808 PureView's 41 Megapixels Explained
Nokia pulled a huge surprise yesterday when they announced the Nokia 808 PureView, a smartphone with a 41MP camera. Our earlier hands-on provided you with a glimpse of the new Symbian Belle smartphone but we figured that you might be wondering about the real meaning behind this 41MP sensor.
So what does that number really mean, and do more megapixels translate to better looking pictures? What are the challenges of squeezing so many megapixels into such a small sensor, and why does the smartphone save its images in 5MP when it has a 41MP camera? We break down the 808 PureView's 41MP for you, step by step.
What's a Megapixel?
First, we have to break down what we mean when we say megapixels. Every image you see on a digital photograph is made up of tiny dots, each one called a pixel. A megapixel is a term for one million pixels, and it's used to describe the size of a digital image as well as the size of a digital image sensor. For example, when a JPEG image has a resolution of 4000 x 3000, it means that the image is made up of 4000 columns by 3000 rows of pixels. It has a total of 12,000,000 (4000 x 3000) pixels, and since that's a rather large number to say, we shorten it by describing it as a 12MP (12,000,000 divided by a million) picture.
Megapixel is also used to describe the total number of pixels on an image sensor. To create a 12MP image, an image sensor has at least 12 million pixels, or photosites, on it. Each photosite captures light as it passes through the camera's lens and hits the sensor, and translates that into digital information which is rendered into an image by the camera's image processor.
So when Nokia says the 808 PureView has a 41MP image sensor, it means that there are 41 million photosites on the sensor which can capture 41 million pixels' worth of information. But even though the sensor has 41MP, it can't really use all of them, and to understand why we need to explain the term 'effective pixels'.
Why the 808 PureView Really Shoots at 38MP, not 41MP
The next term we need to learn is effective pixels, which is different from the total number of pixels on a sensor. Even though an image sensor can have, say 12MP in total, it can't use every pixel for the simple reason that a sensor is rectangular and lenses are round. So there are always pixels falling outside of the lens' coverage, and the effective pixels are the actual number of pixels which remain to capture the light.
Which is why, even though the Nokia 808 PureView's sensor has a total of 41MP; the camera can only effectively use a maximum of 38MP when shooting at an aspect ratio of 4:3 (an aspect ratio of most photographs from digital cameras), and 34MP when shooting at an aspect ratio of 16:9 (the aspect ratio of Full-HD movies).
Do Too Many Megapixels Spoil the Picture?
Image sensors have limitations. Two sensors of different sizes, a larger one in a DSLR and a smaller one in a smartphone, can have the same number of megapixels, i.e. the same number of pixels on their sensors, but the larger sensor in the DSLR will produce a better image. That's because the smaller sensor is cramming more photosites onto a smaller surface area, thus each photosite is smaller and its ability to capture light is lessened. It's like two people who each have the same number of buckets to collect rain water, only one has much larger buckets and the other has smaller ones.
41MP is a big number compared to, say, 12MP, but if Nokia had gone the 12MP route, then it would have ended up with a sensor that had fewer, but bigger photosites, rather than many, but smaller photosites. In fact, that's what they did with the Nokia N8. While the N8 had a smaller image sensor, it captured data at 12MP and had a pixel size of 1.75 microns. In comparison, while the 808 PureView has a sensor that is 2.5 times larger than the one in the N8, because of the large number of pixels on the sensor, each pixel only measures 1.4 microns.
Generally speaking, larger sensors with larger photosites produce better looking images with less image noise and higher dynamic range. This is not always true, but if nothing else changes, increasing the number of photosites while keeping the sensor size the same tends to introduce more image noise and reduce dynamic range. The 808 PureView has a remarkably large sensor, as you can see in the comparison above. Not only is it significantly larger than image sensors used in most mobile phones, it's also larger than most digital compact cameras'. The worry then, isn't that the 808 PureView's sensor isn't large enough, it's that packing too many megapixels into a sensor of this size might adversely affect image quality.
But sensor size, while a reliable indicator of image quality, isn't the entire picture. Improvements in image quality can be made from advances to sensor technology and image processing. This isn't impossible; more megapixels have been crammed into digital compact cameras over the years while sensor sizes have remained constant, and some manufacturers have been able to do it while retaining image quality. Nikon's latest D800 DSLR camera shoots at 36MP, whereas its predecessor the D700 shot 12MP images with the same sensor size, and Nikon is claiming even better image quality than before.
If the 808 PureView Shoots at 38MP, Why Are the Pictures 5MP?
The 808 PureView's sensor captures at 38MP at its maximum resolution, and the camera can output images at 3, 5 and 8MP (5MP is the default setting), as well as a 'creative' shooting mode where you can save images at full resolution – 38MP with a 4:3 aspect ratio and 36MP with a 16:9 aspect ratio.
Nokia says that the secret to great image quality with the 808 PureView's image sensor is oversampling. What the camera does is it captures data at 38MP (when shooting at the 4:3 aspect ratio), but then down-samples or pixel-bins the image to a default output of 5MP. It does this by combining the information from several pixels to create a single pixel, in the case of 38MP to 5MP, seven pixels are combined into one. Nokia claims that by doing this, the 808 PureView's camera manages to retain image detail but reduce image noise.
Have you ever noticed that an image can look terrible when you look at it on a large monitor, but when it's scaled down to the size of your smartphone it looks a lot better? That's because the image's imperfections have been reduced along with its size – as well as detail. This is one of the benefits you can get from down-sampling an image. If an image looks noisy at 38MP, it will look better at 5MP.
While you can save images from the 808 PureView at 38MP, you lose the benefits of having the camera do the pixel-binning for you, because instead of averaging aggregate data from seven pixels, the camera is creating each single pixel from a'smaller' single photosite. But there should be more information saved in the 38MP data file, and through post-processing it should be possible to create your own 5MP that looks at least as good, or even better, as a 5MP file from the 808 PureView.
There is No Zoom
The 808 PureView's lens does not zoom; instead what the smartphone does is crop into the image to create the illusion of zoom. But the 808 PureView's digital cropping is quite different from the digital zooming used in most digital cameras.
On other digital cameras without optical (lens) zoom, zoom is faked by first cropping into an image and then enlarging the crop to fit the original resolution. For example, a camera may take photos at 8MP without zoom. The user tells the camera to zoom into the image, a section which may be turn out to measure, say, 4MP. The camera then takes this 4MP image and up-samples it by filling in adjacent pixels and creating an 8MP image. That's why digitally zoomed images never look as good as optically zoomed images.
The 808 PureView, however, doesn't up-sample anything. Instead, it's already captured a 38MP image, and when you tell the camera to zoom in, it's still able to create substantially large images just by cropping in. At its furthest zoom (approx. 3x for stills), the camera is able to create a 5MP image with a real number of 5MP pixels without up-sampling. It also means that the image isn't as detailed because the camera is now capturing with less pixels (5MP) than before (38MP) and you lose the benefits of pixel-binning. Thus, instead of calling it a zoom on the Nokia 808 PureView, it's actually more accurate to call it


text:
The 'Great Struggle' between Cantorians and Neo-Aristotelians: Much Ado about Nothing
Abstract:Starting from the generalized concept of syntactically and semantically trivial differences between two formal theories introduced by Arsenijević, we show that two systems of the linear continuum, the Cantorian point-based system and the Aristotelian interval-based system that satisfies Cantor's coherence condition, are only trivially different. So, the 'great struggle' (to use Cantor's phrase) between the two contending parties turns out to be'much ado about nothing'.
Document Type: Research Article
Publication date: August 1, 2008


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Recording Cemeteries with Digital Photography
From the Cemetery Column.
Reproducing brasses and incised slabs
From the Monumental Brass Society.
Researching and Recording Civil War Veterans Burials in Michigan Cemeteries
Standards for Transcribing Cemetery Headstones
Stones and Bones
A genealogical guide to researching cemeteries.
The Cemetery Column - A Tombstone in Your Palm
Article by Steve Paul Johnson about using your Palm Pilot to record tombstone details in a database.
The Claire Witch Project
A technique for locating unmarked graves using a process commonly referred to as divining or witching graves.
The Gravestone Gallery: Cemetery Curiosities and Tombstone Tributes -- Then, Today and Tomorrow
An article for new and experienced roots-seekers, accompanied by a photo tour that is being expanded regularly, on the role of cemeteries in genealogical research and in our culture.
The Mystique of Death & Mourning in the 19th Century
Describes mourning customs, jewelry & photography in the 19th century.
Things Gone By - Mourning Jewelry
During the Georgian and Victorian Periods, works of art and jewelry were created out of hair and other materials to commemorate the loss of loved ones. These mourning pieces served as an eternal memorial and reminder of the lost loved one.
Tips for Photographing Gravestones
Tiptoeing Through the Graveyard - Guide to Discovering Your Ancestors in Cemeteries
From the About.com genealogy section.
Tombstone Images and Articles by Michael John Neill Rootdig.Com
Articles on tombstone rubbing and links to several pictures showing rubbing stone techniques.
Transcribing Monumental Inscriptions
United States Cemeteries | Learn | FamilySearch.org
Cemetery record types, locating cemeteries, address books, and other sources of cemetery records.
Article on locating cemeteries and graves.
Your Cemetery Equipment
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text: The Over 40 Ab Solution book download in PDF format, by Shaun Hadsall. More power to you! Remain strong mentally, physically always! Planking for a few minutes each day helps strengthen your core, arms, legs, tones your buttocks, builds abs, and improves your mental focus. It helps improve balance, posture, and endurance. Maintaining core strength is an important part of mobility and balance, which can prevent fall-related injury.


Police Increase DWI Enforcement During No-Refusal Weekends
Posted on in DWI / DUI
Police Increase DWI Enforcement During No Refusal WeekendsIt is common to see local law enforcement promote no-refusal periods for people suspected of driving while intoxicated. Holidays, such as the upcoming Labor Day weekend, are a popular time for celebrating, which can increase the number of people who are drinking and driving. No-refusal weekends often coincide with these periods in order to punish those who break DWI laws and dissuade others from drinking and driving. Police departments increase their resources to make it more difficult for suspects to avoid blood alcohol concentration tests.
Implied Consent and No Refusal
No refusal refers to circumstances in which a DWI suspect cannot legally refuse to submit to a BAC test, such as a providing a blood or breath sample. Texas has an implied consent law that states that anyone who is allowed to drive in the state has also consented to cooperate with a BAC test. Refusing the test will result in an automatic suspension of the suspect's driver's license and can be used as evidence against the suspect in a DWI case. However, some courts have ruled that the implied consent law violates a suspect's rights under the fourth amendment of the U.S. Constitution, which prohibits searching a person without a warrant. In this case, police obtain blood from the suspect in order to search for evidence of intoxication. To get around this defense, police can request a warrant to obtain a suspect's blood sample. Refusing the warrant would be a criminal offense.
No-Refusal Weekend
Having a no-refusal weekend does not change how police enforce DWI laws. Instead, it changes the police's speed and efficiency in doing so. Hours can pass between the time of a suspect's arrest and when the blood sample is drawn because:
 - A judge must approve a blood search warrant;
 - A medical professional must draw the blood sample; and
 - A limited number of people are available to provide these services when an arrest occurs at night.
A person's BAC will drop during those hours, which may make a difference in whether the blood sample tests above the legal limit. During a no-refusal weekend, police departments have more judges and nurses on call in order to speed up the process of issuing warrants and taking blood samples.
Your Rights
Police pay greater attention to DWI violations during no-refusal weekends but must follow the same standards of reasonable suspicion and just cause in making an arrest. A San Antonio DWI defense attorney at the Law Offices of Sam H. Lock will use evidence that police violated your rights as a defense against your charges. Schedule a free consultation by calling _PHONE_.
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Mozart's name
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The composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart went by many different names in his lifetime. This resulted partly from the church traditions of the day, and partly from the fact that Mozart was multilingual and freely adapted his name to other languages.
Baptismal record[edit]
Mozart was baptized on 28 January 1756, the day after his birth, at St. Rupert's Cathedral in Salzburg as "Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart". The baptismal register of the cathedral parish contains the entry shown below, written down in Latin by city chaplain Leopold Lamprecht. The parallel five-column format of the original document, seen in the figure, is transcribed below in five consecutive paragraphs. Material in brackets represents editorial additions by Otto Erich Deutsch (see below), intended for clarification.
Mozart's baptismal record
[Januarius] 28. med[ia hora] 11. merid[iana] baptizatus est : natus pridie äh[ora] 8. vesp[ertina]
Joannes Chrysost[omus] Wolfgangus Theophilus fil[ius] leg[itimus]
Nob[ilis] D[ominus] Leopoldus Mozart Aulæ Musicus, et Maria Anna Pertlin giuges
Nob[ilis] D[ominus] Joannes Theophilus Pergmaÿr Senator et Mercator civicus p[ro] t[empore] sponsus
Idem Leopoldus Lamprecht Capellanus Civicus
Mozart's father Leopold announced the birth of his son in a letter to the publisher Johann Jakob Lotter with the words "... the boy is called Joannes Chrisostomus, Wolfgang, Gottlieb" (in German, "der Bub heißt Joannes Chrisostomus, Wolfgang, Gottlieb"). The baptismal names "Joannes" and "Chrysostomus" also have German equivalents, namely "Johann" and "Chrysostomos" (or less frequently, "Chrysostom"). The widely-used Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians employs these versions in the heading name for its Mozart article, which parenthesizes the little-used baptismal names: "(Johann Chrysostom) Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart."
Here are the details of the various names given on the register:
 - Mozart's first two baptismal names, "Joannes Chrysostomus", represent his saint's name, following the custom of the Catholic Church. They result from the fact that his birthday, 27 January, was the feast day of St. John Chrysostom. The document also records that Mozart was of legitimate birth and gives the names of his parents and his father Leopold's occupation as court musician. The first paragraph indicates that the baptism took place at 10:30 in the morning, and that Mozart had been born at 8:00 the night before. The baptismal name "Joannes Chrysostomus" was in conformance to Catholic custom and was not used by Mozart in everyday life. "Chrysostomus" means "golden mouth."
 - "Wolfgangus" is "Wolfgang", adapted to the Latin used in the parish register. The composer used "Wolfgang" in German-speaking contexts. "Wolfgang," which means "running wolf," was the name of the composer's maternal grandfather.
 - "Theophilus" comes from Greek and is variously rendered as "lover of God" or "loved by God." "Gottlieb" is its German form, and the familiar form "Amadeus" is its Latin form. "Theophilus" was a name of Mozart's godfather, the merchant Joannes Theophilus Pergmayr, whose presence is recorded in the fourth paragraph.
Later life[edit]
Austrian musicologist Otto Erich Deutsch, who studied all available letters and documents about the composer, arrived at the following conclusion about what the composer called himself: "In Italy, from 1770, Mozart called himself 'Wolfgango Amadeo', and from about 1777, 'Wolfgang Amadè'."
The use of multiple language versions of the same name was perhaps common in Mozart's day. Joseph Haydn went by "Joseph" (German, English and French), "Josephus" (Latin) and "Giuseppe" (Italian); and Ludwig van Beethoven published his works as "Luigi" (Italian) and as "Louis" (French).
Mozart's preference for "Wolfgang Amadè" can be seen on the wedding contract for his marriage to Constanze Weber, dated August 3, 1782, where the composer's signature is "Wolfgang Amade Mozart". In the parish register entry for the marriage, dated August 4, Mozart is referred to as "Herr Wolfgang Adam Mozart".
Mozart spelled "Amadè" variously in regard to the accent on the final letter. Robert Spaethling, who translated many of the composer's letters, writes, "[Mozart] is especially nonchalant in his placement of Italian and French accents: sometime he writes 'chèr papa', at other times 'chér papa,'[1] and even his own name appears variously as 'Amadé', 'Amadè', and plain 'Amade'."[2] As a web search indicates, modern usage also varies among these three alternatives.
Mozart's preference for "Amadè" was not in general respected by others. Frequently, he was called either "Wolfgang Amadeus" or "Wolfgang Gottlieb". Here are examples:
 - The day Mozart died, his name was entered in the death records of the Vienna Magistrate as "Wolfgang Amadeus". This is the earliest posthumous source that uses the Latin version of his name.
 - In a letter dated December 11, 1791, Mozart's widow Constanze, in severe financial straits, asked to be given a pension by the Emperor (the appeal was ultimately successful). She signed herself "Konstantia Mozart, née Weber, widow relict of the late Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart." Imperial officials, replying to her request, used the same name.
 - A benefit concert for Mozart's family was held in Prague on December 28, 1791, billed as "Concert in memory of Wolfgang Gottlieb Mozart".
The rise of "Amadeus"[edit]
It is possible that the now-standard "Amadeus" originated as a facetious name. In three of his letters he signed himself in mock Latin as "Wolfgangus Amadeus Mozartus";[3][4][5][6] this was certainly no accident as in one letter he did the same to the date of the letter as well: adding "-us" to the end of each word.
Mozart's only mention as "Wolfgang Amadeus" in an official document made during his lifetime was found in 1998 by Mozart scholar Michael Lorenz in the registers of the Lower Austrian Governorship, where in May 1787 "Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus" is referred to as having applied for the return of his written surety for his friend Franz Jakob Freystädtler. Other uses of "Amadeus", from immediately after Mozart's death in 1791, are given above.
The 19th century saw the gradual victory of "Amadeus" over alternative middle names. Volkmar Braunbehrens (1988) observes that early (18th century) biographers of Mozart, such as Friedrich Schlichtegroll and Franz Niemetschek, used "Gottlieb". However, in 1798 the publishing firm of Breitkopf & Härtel began to issue a (partial) Complete Works edition under the name "Amadeus". The dominance of "Amadeus" began around about 1810; Romanticism, notably in the person of E. T. A. Hoffmann, "seized upon this name to proclaim its veneration for Mozart". Although various scholars since that time have made use of "Amadè" or "Gottlieb", "Amadeus" remains by far the most familiar term for the general public.[7]
Facetious names[edit]
In the frequently playful letters of his youth Mozart sometimes would spell his name backwards, viz., "Mozart Wolfgang" or "Trazom". See above for the possible origin of "Amadeus" as facetious.
 1. ^ French for 'Dear papa'. Modern French usage is accentless. it is possible that Mozart wrote an accent by analogy to the feminine form, which is spelled 'chère'.
 2. ^ Spaethling (2000:xii)
 3. ^ Katherine Arens (1996), Austria and other margins: reading culture, Camden House, p. 55, ISBN 978-1-57113-109-6
 4. ^ 莫札特著錢仁康編譯 (2006), "The Mozart Family Correspondence", 我是你的莫札特, 聯經出版, p. vii, ISBN 978-957-08-3020-0 (reprinting Robert D. Levin)
 5. ^ James