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OELRICHS, S.D. — Call it the Grotto of Black Hills Geology.
The historical rock grotto that sits beside a closed Catholic church in Oelrichs is actually a shrine to St. Therese of the Little Flower, but the structure is also an impressive monument to the geological history of southwestern South Dakota.
More than 15 different types of collectible minerals, gemstones, fossils and petrified wood are stacked and grouted into a structure that stands about 12 feet high, 16 feet long and 6 feet deep. The rocks that comprise it come from the prairie agate fields and Badlands fossil beds to the east and the Black Hills caves and mineral deposits to the west. It contains specimens of stalagtites and stalagmites, rose quartz, prairie agates, crystal geodes, schitz, mica, selenite clusters, sandstone clusters, petrified moss, fossilized coral and much more.
Rock hound Ellen Tilley, who also serves as president of the Western South Dakota Gem and Mineral Society, has never seen the Oelrichs grotto, but, like any rock hound worth her minerals, said she is anxious to visit what Oelrichs native and Sturgis resident Delores Muhm calls a "little gem hidden in Oelrichs."
"I've seen a lot of grottos, but not one more beautiful than this one," Muhm said.
The grotto also is unusual in that it honors the patron saint of missions and missionaries, not the more common Catholic icon, the Blessed Virgin Mary, in spite of what the historic marker in front of it says.
It was constructed between 1932 and 1934 by the Rev. Gerhard Stakemeier, then-resident priest at St. Martin Catholic Church and a rock hound himself, with the help of the only other bachelor in the parish at the time — who would become Muhm's father.
"My dad was the only one in the church that wasn't married at that time," recalled Muhm's brother, Nick Bogner, of their father, who homesteaded at Oelrichs in 1909. Using his wooden-spoked Buick to pull a Model T trailer, the elder Bogner made many trips to Wind Cave to load up rocks that were brought above ground as cave enthusiasts explored and enlarged Wind Cave.
"They brought a lot of those rocks out from the cave when they were widening rooms in the cave," Bogner said. "He must have made 20, 30, 40 trips up there for a load of rocks. It must have taken him a year and half."
Many of the other rocks came from the surrounding prairies, Badlands and ranches in the area, including an impressive selection of Fairburn agates — the official state gemstone of South Dakota. Over the years, vandals made off with those highly prized specimens, and today there are none to be found in it.
"There were quite a few Fairburn agates in it, but people chipped them out," Bogner said.
Bogner, 80, still lives on the ranch that his father homesteaded 103 years ago and he is the primary caretaker of the grotto, the church and the priest's house, all of which were placed or have been placed on state and national historical registers in 2002, after the church was closed as an active parish in 1999.
One of the requirements of its historical designation is that St. Martin's grotto and church be open to the public at least 12 hours a year, so Bogner hosts an open house each Labor Day and Memorial Day. On Sept. 3, the buildings and grotto will be open from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. to the general public, including rock hounds like Tilley.
Tilley says western South Dakota's unique geological history on display at the grotto is one of the reasons that it is ranked fifth in the nation for rock-hounding locations by national magazines in that field.
"South Dakota was part of a great inland sea at one time, which is why we have so many marine fossils," Tilley said.
The Black Hills, home to more than 140 minerals that can be mined, also make it a prime location to hunt rocks. That's something that King and Tilley have done all their lives. Gold, mica and feldspar are three of the most common minerals, and rose quartz is so prevalent — there is more of it in the Black Hills than any place in the world — that it has been named the official state mineral.
"Why rocks? I guess I've been a rock hound all my life, or at least most of it," Tilley, 73, said.
She loves their beauty, their geologic history and the idea of getting outdoors to explore for them. "There's just such a sense of peace about it," she said.
Rock collecting in the Badlands National Park is illegal today, but there's still plenty of public land in western South Dakota where it is not, Tilley said. She still explores many of the areas that Stakemeir likely did back in the 1920s and '30s, such as the Buffalo National Grasslands and places with names like Railroad Buttes and Indian Creek.
"There are acres and acres of rocks in places where you can still find prairie agates, Fairburn agates and... beautiful little geodes with loose crystals inside called chalcedony that were formed from volcanic ash," she said.
Tilley is particularly fond of chalcedony, which are little geodes found in grasslands east of Scenic.
"They just weather out by the thousands and they're really rather ordinary looking unless you realize what they are," she said.
The rocks produce a tinkling bell-like rattle, thanks to the loose crystals inside that earned them the nickname Indian Rattle. Native Americans used the rocks to make percussion instruments for ceremonial purposes and, wrapped in hide, as baby toys.
"I've given away thousands of them," she said. "There's never any two alike."


Spain: No Smokers Group Presents Petition to Ban Smoking on Beaches
The group has been gathering signatures for over two years. Their aim is transforming Spain's 3,084 miles (4,964km) of coastline into areas free of cigarette smoke and waste. Delivered to the minister Teresa Ribera, the petition asks for a national legislation on the issue.
Raquel Fernández Megina of No Fumadores said that the signatures "send the message that we can't wait any longer", adding that a ban would protect beachgoers from the effects of secondhand smoke while also curbing the ubiquitous cigarette butts that litter many of the country's beaches. She highlighted that about 475 local beaches have already been declared smoke free.
How discarded cigarette butts affect the environment
A 2019 study published in Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety had indicated how cigarette butts can disrupt an ecosystem. Titled, "Cigarette butts have adverse effects on initial growth of perennial ryegrass (gramineae: Lolium perenne L.) and white clover (leguminosae: Trifolium repens L.)" this research had found that the presence of cigarette butts in the soil harms certain plants.
"Despite being a common sight littering streets and parks worldwide, our study is the first to show the impact of cigarette butts on plants," said lead author Dannielle Green, Ph.D. "Many smokers think cigarette butts quickly biodegrade and therefore don't really consider them as a litter. In reality, the filter is made out of a type of bioplastic that can take years, if not decades to break down."
Data indicate that over five trillion butts are generated by smokers each year worldwide. Since they are small enough to appear more harmless than the more visible type of rubbish, cigarette butts are more likely to be disposed of inappropriately. Therefore they tend to pile up in parks, beaches, streets and bus stops.
The UK asks Big Tobacco to take responsibility for this litter
In 2020, the UK Environment Minister Rebecca Pow warned local tobacco companies to do something about the millions of cigarette butts littering local streets, or else face new tougher measures.
Minister Pow summoned the major players in the industry focusing her fire on the Tobacco Manufacturers' Association and cigarette giants Philip Morris and Japan Tobacco International, which owns the Silk Cut, Camel and Benson & Hedges brands. "If we cannot progress this discussion… we will have to reflect on what steps the Government can take to ensure the tobacco industry takes increasing responsibility for the litter its products create," she said in a letter addressed to the tobacco firms.
Read Further: The Guardian
New Zealand: A Vape Ban Imposed on Otago's Most Popular Beaches
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Source: VapingPost


Reporting to Parents
How do we assess your child's progress?
At Essa Academy, students are assessed using the new GCSE 9-1 scale. We also have 'W' grades and these are grades that sit below GCSE grade 1. The 9-1 scale is linked to GCSE grades, therefore it is easy to understand. Within the new scale, 1 is the lowest grade with 9 being the highest.
For some of our students, being assessed on a 9-1 scale does create an element of challenge. The criteria sets a high standard. A minority of students in all years may not be working at GCSE grade 1. To support these students, we use 'W' grades. Therefore we can still accurately measure progress for each individual child.
It is important that as parents and as an Academy, we view progress as a journey. Small steps every term, whilst building knowledge and developing skills, are the key to GCSE success. Students are expected to progress gradually through the levels, steadily and securely, over time.
Click here for a brief parents' guide to the new GCSE Grading System.


PadGadget's iPad Tips: Make Siri Pronounce Your Friend's Name Properly
Siri How To 3Welcome back to another episode of our weekly how-to guide. Right now, there might be millions of new iPad owners out there. The numbers aren't in yet, and it is impossible to tell how many iPad Air purchasers are new to the iOS operating system, but I'll bet there are a few of you. Each week, we cover the basics of how to use your iPad, and try to fill you in on some of the extra features you may not have already known. Last week, we explained AirDrop and what it can do for you. Have you given your phone number out to a random stranger at a bar yet?
This week, we have a simple trick for getting Siri to say names in your contacts correctly. From now on, she (or he) won't confuse "Michelle" with "Michel."
Siri can be a very helpful assistant. However, she can also be a bit of a nuisance if you don't teach her what you want her to do for you. Apple has made a lot of changes to make the software learn faster, but like a good boss, you have to do the work and train Siri to be the assistant you need.
One new feature that your personal assistant can do now is learn how to pronounce names.
Siri How To 2To activate the learning feature, open Siri by touching and holding the Home button until you hear the familiar chime and the microphone icon appears. Then say, "That's not how you pronounce [Name]." Siri will then ask you how to pronounce it. Simply repeat the name and the personal assistant will ask you to clarify by selecting the proper pronunciation from a list of options.
Siri How To 1Here is an example. I have a friend whose last name is Onyskin. Siri has always pronounced it the way it looks, "Ony-skin." However, it is actually pronounced "Oh-nish-kin." I spoke the correct pronunciation to Siri so that he (my Siri is male now) would learn the changes. It didn't work the first time, so I tried again. The second time worked and I was offered three choices, each with emphasis on a different syllable.
When you select the correct pronunciation of a name, Siri will then confirm the changes by repeating the name. If everything sounds right, you can move on.
Siri will always ask you how to pronounce the first and last name. So, if the first name is not a problem, just select the correct syllabic emphasis and move onto the last name.
 - Dennis D. McDonald
 thank you for posting this!
 - Lory Gil
 Glad we could help.


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Synchronization allows content to play at the same exact time within two different zones.
Refer to the Creating a Program solution to begin editing your program.
Follow these steps to synchronize two pieces of content in zones.
- Click and drag the orange puzzle piece from one zone to the other. Below we are going to click and drag the puzzle piece form Zone A to Zone B. Doing this will make Zone 1 content the Master and Zone 2 content the Slave. Whenever a specific file plays in Zone 1, Zone 2 content will automatically sync in playback.
2. After syncing the puzzle piece in the zone title area, a blue M (Master) and green S (Slave) will appear. The zones are now ready to allow the syncing of content.
3. Click and drag a track's puzzle piece on top of another track's puzzle piece until you see a successful sync. Refer to tracks 3 and 5 above.
Note: To ensure content playback remains perfectly synced as the program continues to play, set the slave content to have a longer duration than the master. For example, a master file with a 10 sec should be synced up to a file with a 15 second duration.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Adding movement to mental rehearsal can improve performance finds a study in BioMed Central's open access journal Behavioral and Brain Functions. For high jumpers the study shows that dynamic imagery improves the number of successful attempts and the technical performance of jumps.
The technique of mental rehearsal is used to consolidate performance in many disciplines including music and sport. Motor imagery and physical practice use overlapping neural networks in the brain and the two together can improve performance as well as promoting recovery from injury. Researchers from the Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur le Sport found that adding simple movements to mental rehearsal could further improve performance by a third.
When they looked at the rates of 'hit' or'miss' for high jumpers taught to use either internal visual imagery or external visual imagery (such as mimicking the arm movements during the jump), the researchers found that while mental rehearsal improved performance by 35%, mental rehearsal plus 'dry run' movements increased performance by 45%. Dynamic imagery scored the highest for all measured aspects of the jump including approach, curve, impulsion, and bar clearance. It also shortened the number of jumps required
Prof Aymeric Guillot, who led the study, said, "Our study on high jumpers suggests that dynamic imagery may provide a training edge to professional and amateur athletes. This technique may also be of use to people in other disciplines where 'dry run' rehearsals are routinely used."
Dr Hilary Glover
Scientific Press Officer, BioMed Central
Tel: +44 (0) 20 3192 2370
Mob: +44 (0) _PHONE_
1. Moving while imagining as a new perspective for motor imagery practice: a within-subjects design Aymeric Guillot, Kevin Moschberger and Christian Collet
Behavioral and Brain Functions (in press)
Please name the journal in any story you write. If you are writing for the web, please link to the article. All articles are available free of charge, according to BioMed Central's open access policy.
Article citation and URL available on request on the day of publication.
2. Behavioral and Brain Functions is an open access, peer-reviewed, online journal that encompasses all aspects of neurobiology where the unifying theme is behavior or behavioral dysfunction.
3. BioMed Central is an STM (Science, Technology and Medicine) publisher which has pioneered the open access publishing model. All peer-reviewed research articles published by BioMed Central are made immediately and freely accessible online, and are licensed to allow redistribution and reuse. BioMed Central is part of Springer Science+Business Media, a leading global publisher in the STM sector. _USER_
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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A reentrant lock is one where a process can claim the lock multiple times without blocking on itself. It's useful in situations where it's not easy to keep track of whether you've already grabbed a lock. If a lock is non re-entrant you could grab the lock, then block when you go to grab it again, effectively deadlocking your own process.
Reentrancy in general is a property of code where it has no central mutable state that could be corrupted if the code was called while it is executing. Such a call could be made by another thread, or it could be made recursively by an execution path originating from within the the code itself.
If the code relies on shared state that could be updated in the middle of its execution it is not re-entrant, at least not if that update could break it.
A use case for re-entrant locking
A (somewhat generic and contrived) example of an application for a re-entrant lock might be:
You have some computation involving an algorithm that traverses a graph (perhaps with cycles in it). A traversal may visit the same node more than once due to the cycles or due to multiple paths to the same node.
The data structure is subject to concurrent access and could be updated for some reason, perhaps by another thread. You need to be able to lock individual nodes to deal with potential data corruption due to race conditions. For some reason (perhaps performance) you don't want to globally lock the whole data structure.
You computation can't retain complete information on what nodes you've visited, or you're using a data structure that doesn't allow 'have I been here before' questions to be answered quickly.
An example of this situation would be a simple implementation of Dijkstra's algorithm with a priority queue implemented as a binary heap or a breadth-first search using a simple linked list as a queue. In these cases, scanning the queue for existing insertions is O(N) and you may not want to do it on every iteration.
In this situation, keeping track of what locks you've already acquired is expensive. Assuming you want do the locking at the node level a re-entrant locking mechanism alleviates the need to tell whether you've visited a node before. You can just blindly lock the node, perhaps unlocking it after you pop it off the queue.
A simple mutex is not re-entrant as only one thread can be in the critical section at a given time. If you grab the mutex and then try to grab it again a simple mutex doesn't have enough information to tell who was holding it previously. To do this recursively you need a mechanism where each thread had a token so you could tell who had grabbed the mutex. This makes the mutex mechanism somewhat more expensive so you may not want to do it in all situations.
IIRC the POSIX threads API does offer the option of re-entrant and non re-entrant mutexes.


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Gentilly Resilience District
The Gentilly Resilience District is a combination of efforts across the Gentilly district to address pressing environmental and social challenges in the area through various approaches to water and land management. This is New Orleans' first Resilience District. The idea for the Gentilly Resilience District was first proposed in the City of New Orleans' application to the National Disaster Resilience Competition, conducted by HUD. Subsequently, New Orleans was awarded $141 million to create the Gentilly Resilience District and invest in projects that increase social well-being, build better infrastructure, and support neighborhood cultural initiatives. Solutions are meant to be scalable and replicable, such that other neighborhoods can take away key lessons and build on the experiences of Gentilly residents to create an environment of adaptation and resilience across New Orleans.
Like much of New Orleans, the Gentilly District is subject to land subsidence, chronic flooding, undermaintained streets, and overburdened drainage systems. Gentilly Resilience District projects target these problems by recovering streets, vacant lots, parks, schoolyards, and private property, and creating spaces that capture rainwater in the urban landscape. These green spaces provide beauty, filter pollutants to create healthy air and water, and give residents an opportunity for recreation. For example, the Mirabeau Water Garden is 25-acre site that was repurposed from a convent to a space of recreation, environmental learning, and storage for up to 10 million gallons of stormwater. Another project, St. Anthony Green Streets, sets a new standard for how neighborhood streets and playgrounds can incorporate stormwater management in the process of neighborhood revitalization. Many other projects are described on the Gentilly Resilience District fact sheet.
The projects have an added benefit of training and preparing local residents to develop, install, and manage water infrastructure. This ensures that the systems have a self-perpetuating base of water operators that do not have to rely on municipal water authorities or government agencies for technical expertise or assistance. Building capacity on a local level is at the heart of all Gentilly Resilience District projects, and workforce trainings and education empower and sustain a community beyond the end of individual projects.


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Do inflammatory markers predict prognosis in patients with synchronous colorectal cancer?
Systematic inflammatory response markers are considered as the most informative prognostic factors in many types of cancer. However, in synchronous colorectal cancer (synCRC), the prognostic value of inflammatory markers, including prognostic nutritional index (PNI), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), derived neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (d-NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), had rarely been evaluated. Thus, this present study reviewed our consecutive patients with synCRC to investigate the prognostic value of those factors.
The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival (DFS) was considered as the secondary endpoint. Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis was conducted to determine optimal cutoff levels for the 5 markers. Kaplan–Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazards models were applied to assess the relationship between OS, DFS, and inflammatory markers.
In total, 114 patients with pathologically confirmed synCRC at initial diagnosis were identified among 5742 patients who underwent surgery for colorectal cancer from October 2009 to May 2013. In the multivariate analysis, elevated postoperative NLR (≥10.50) was confirmed as an independent prognostic factor for 3-year OS (P =.001; hazard ratio [HR] 4.123, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.750–9.567) and DFS (P =.001; HR 3.342, 95% CI 1.619–6.898). In addition, for 3-year OS, both tumor grade and pN stage were confirmed as independent prognostic factors. And pN stage was confirmed as an independent prognostic factor for 3-year DFS.
In conclusion, this study identified elevated postoperative NLR is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with synCRC underwent surgery resection, and the NLR provides improved accuracy for predicting clinical outcomes to stratify patients into different risk categories.


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Federal Police (Germany)
||This article needs additional citations for verification. (January 2013)|
|Common name||Federal Police|
|Logo of the BPOL (since 2009)|
|Formed||July 1 2005|
|Preceding agency||Bundesgrenzschutz (BGS) (Federal Border Guard)|
|Legal personality||Governmental: Government agency|
The Bundespolizei (BPOL) is a (primarily) uniformed federal police force in Germany. It is subordinate to the Federal Ministry of the Interior (Bundesministerium des Innern (BMI)). Ordinary police forces (which are much more sizable in combined numbers) fall under the administration of the individual German states (Bundesländer) and are known as the Landespolizei.
The Bundespolizei was previously known as the Bundesgrenzschutz (BGS) ("Federal Border Guard") and had a more restricted role until July 1, 2005 when the law renaming the BGS as the BPOL was enacted. Prior to 1994 BPOL members also had military combatant status due to their historical foundation and border guard role.
The BPOL has the following missions:
- border security, (Grenzpolizei or Grepo) to include passport control and the provision of coast guard services along Germany's 700 km coasts.
- protection of federal buildings of constitutional organs like Schloss Bellevue, the residence of the German Bundespräsident; they also protect the two highest German courts, both in Karlsruhe:
- providing the federal government's mobile response force for internal security events,
- providing transportation security at international airports and on the German railways
- provides counter-terrorism forces (GSG 9).
- provides air (or sky) marshals.
- supports international police missions for the United Nations and EU in Kosovo, Sudan, Liberia, Afghanistan, Gaza Strip, Moldova and Georgia.
- document adviser for airlines around the world
- provides in-house security for German embassies in several countries
- It is one of several civil organisations providing rescue helicopter service.
The Bundespolizei can also be used to reinforce state police if requested to do so by a state (Land) government. The BPOL maintains these reserve forces to deal with major demonstrations, disturbances or emergencies to supplement the capabilities of the State Operational Support Units. Several highly trained detachments are available for crisis situations requiring armored cars, water cannon or other special equipment.
The BPOL has investigators who conducts criminal investigations only within its jurisdiction; otherwise the cases are referred to the appropriate state police force or to the federal criminal investigative agency, the Federal Criminal Police (Bundeskriminalamt, BKA).
In addition, the Bundespolizei cooperates closely with German state executive authorities such as the Prosecutor's Offices called Staatsanwaltschaft in pursuing criminal investigations.
The Bundespolizei consists of around 40,000 personnel,
- 30,000 are fully trained police officers.
- 10,000 salaried civilian (unarmed) support personnel,
The BPOL national headquarters (BPOL-Präsidium) is in Potsdam performing all central control functions. Eight regional headquarters (BPOL-Direktion) control the BPOL stations conducting rail police and border protection missions. These areas of responsibility conform to the federal state boundaries which they did not do prior to 1 March 2008.
The regional headquarters are as follows:
- Bad Bramstedt covering Schleswig-Holstein and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern,
- Hanover covering Bremen, Hamburg and Lower Saxony,
- Sankt Augustin covering Northrhine-Westfalia,
- Koblenz covering Saarland, Rhineland-Palatinate and Hesse,
- Stuttgart covering Baden-Württemberg,
- Munich covering Bavaria,
- Pirna covering Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia, and
- Berlin covering Berlin and Brandenburg.
These regional headquarters each have an investigation department and a mobile inspection and observation unit. Moreover, they control the 67 BPOL stations (BPOL-Inspektion) which in turn control the Bundespolizeireviere or precincts located in places that require a 24-hour presence by BPOL officers.
A special Direktion is responsible for Frankfurt International Airport.
The central school for advanced and vocational training is in Lübeck and controls the five basic training schools in Swisttal, Neustrelitz, Oerlenbach, Walsrode and Eschwege. It is also in charge of the Federal Police Sport School in Bad Endorf and a competitive sport project in Kienbaum near Berlin. The sport school specialises in winter sport events and has trained many of Germany's top skiers and skaters such as Claudia Pechstein.
The Zentrale Direktion Bundesbereitschaftspolizei controls the mobile support and rapid reaction battalions located in Bayreuth, Deggendorf, Blumberg (near Berlin), Hünfeld, Uelzen, Duderstadt, Sankt Augustin, Bad Bergzabern, Bad Düben and Ratzeburg. The number of Bereitschaftspolizei companies increased in March 2008 from 28 to 29 comprising approx. 25 percent of Germany's police support units.
 BPOL Special Units
The following special units also exist:
- The BPOL Aviation Group is directly subordinate to the BPOL HQ in Potsdam. It controls the five aviation squadrons around the country that operate the force's helicopters. These are located in Fuhlendorf (north, with satellite airfield in Gifhorn), Blumberg (east), Fuldatal (centre), Oberschleißheim (south) and Sankt Augustin (west). Its duties include; border surveillance, monitoring installations belonging to German Rail, helping in serious accidents and disasters in Germany and abroad, searching for missing persons, searching for criminals on the run, supporting the police forces of the federal states, providing transportation for persons whose security is endangered, providing transportation for guests of the Federal government, supporting federal and state authorities, and providing air search and rescue services in coordination with the 12 air rescue centers throughout Germany.
- The BPOL Information and Communications Center is now a department of the BPOL HQ in Potsdam.
- The water police stations with 16 patrol craft and helicopters are part of the German Federal Coast Guard and assigned to coastal BPOL stations. The watercraft include six offshore patrol vessels, e.g. those of the Bad Bramstedt class, as well as a number of fast inshore vessels and one tugboat.
In 1951 the German government established a Federal Border Protection Force (Bundesgrenzschutz or BGS) composed of 10,000 men under the Federal Interior Ministry's jurisdiction. The force replaced allied military organisations such as the U.S. Constabulary then patrolling Germany's international borders. The BGS was described as a mobile, lightly armed police force for border and internal security despite fears that it would be the nucleus of a new West German army. When West Germany did raise an army, BGS personnel were given the choice of staying in the BGS or joining the army. Most decided to join the army.
In 1953, the BGS took control of the German Passport Control Service. In 1976, the state police grades replaced the military rank structure and BGS training was modified to closely match that of the state police forces (Landespolizei). The West German Railway Police (Bahnpolizei), formerly an independent force, and the East German Transportpolizei were restructured under the BGS in 1990. In July 2005, the BGS was renamed the Bundespolizei or BPOL (Federal Police) to reflect its transition to a multi-faceted federal police agency. The change also involved the shift to blue uniforms and livery for vehicles and helicopters. The German Interior Ministry reviewed the structure of the BPOL in 2007 and in March 2008 made the structure leaner to get more officers out of offices and onto patrol.
Bundespolizei vehicles have number plates that are based on the BP XX-YYY system. BP stands for Bundespolizei. Older vehicles may still have the BGS "BG" plates.
XX is a number from 10 to 55 indicating the type of vehicle:
- 10 to 12: Motorcycle
- 15 to 19: Car
- 20 to 24: Four wheel drive car
- 25 to 29: Car
- 30 to 39: Medium four wheel drive vehicle
- 40 to 49: Trucks and buses
- 50 to 54: Armoured cars.
- 55: Trailers
YYY is a combination of up to three numbers.
The Bundespolizei have favoured, and in some cases still favour (where the model is still in production), the following types of car:
- BMW 5-series sedans and station wagons
- Volkswagen Passat sedans and Variant station wagons
- Volkswagen Golf
- Volkswagen Transporter vans
 Aircraft inventory
|Eurocopter EC-120||training helicopter||EC 120||6||replaced Allouette II in training role|
|Bell 212||rescue- / transport helicopter||Bell 212||5||to be replaced by 5 EC-155 in 2010-2012|
|Eurocopter Super Puma||transport helicopter||AS 332 L1||20||last Super Puma to arrive in 201


text: Mary Ellen Taylor works mainly in graphite, charcoal, pastel, and oils. Her primary focus is to create still lifes and children's portraits that incorporate whimsy into the creative process. She focuses on creating a sense of 3D in her pieces that allow the viewer to bring the piece to life in their imagination. She loves to create a sense of movement and emotion that brings her subjects to life. As an artist, Mary Ellen has been influenced by her childhood where she was taught from a young age that imagination allows for creativity and innovation to happen. What inspires her creative voice is to take the ordinary and spark the unexpected. A playful mind is always open to taking a journey into the imaginative realm of the world. After working in the corporate world where she worked in project management, and raising her family Ms. Taylor headed back to her passion for art and trained part-time at the Montclair Art Museum studying under Robert Kogge, and Gary Godbee, Grand Central Atelier studying under Devin Cecil Wishing and Gregory Mortenson, The New York Academy of Art under Evan Kitson, and attends the Ani Art Academy in Red Bank NJ studying under the head instructor Kevin A. Moore. The result of her efforts is an artist who is classically trained and rigorously disciplined. She can produce pieces that are immersed in detail, that dance off the page and invoke emotion. Imagination and creativity are a lifelong passion that requires dedication and planning to create meaningful and successful work. Mary Ellen's work creates a sense of fun and wit, for fun inspires her creative spirit.


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American Chemical Society
Journal of Chemical Education
Many STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) disciplines require a two-semester sequence of introductory college chemistry, which are thus critical gateway courses to a variety of majors. Recognizing the benefit to educators of a structure of content learning across the chemistry curriculum, in 2012, the American Chemical Society (ACS) developed the Anchoring Concepts Content Map, or ACCM. The development and subsequent revision of the general chemistry ACCM inspired the restructuring of our first-year chemistry sequence. Thus our CHEM 1001 and 1002 courses, taught in an atoms-first framework, were reorganized into a set of nine modules, each intentionally linked to one (or more) anchoring concept of the ACCM. In this initial effort, we have developed the course modules and subtopics and a set of learning objectives for each module and linked these to the general chemistry ACCM. To facilitate the initial teaching of the courses, the redesign occurred during the academic year, and the courses were taught in summer term 2019 using a flipped classroom design with three weekly 100 min face-to-face discussion meetings and two weekly laboratories for the 6 week long courses. Herein we describe the course design and its mapping onto the ACCM and discuss the results of the initial implementation, with suggestions given for future adaptations.
Reid, Scott, "Restructuring a General College Chemistry Sequence Using the ACS Anchoring Concepts Content Map" (2020). Chemistry Faculty Research and Publications. 1022.
ADA Accessible Version


Research conducted at Appalachian State University's Human Performance Lab at the N.C. Research Campus in Kannapolis showed that taking vitamin D2 supplements decreased levels of vitamin D3 in the body and resulted in higher muscle damage after intense weight lifting.
"This is the first time research has shown that vitamin D2 supplementation is associated with higher muscle damage after intense weight lifting, and thus cannot be recommended for athletes," said Dr. David Nieman (Dr.P.H.), who directed the study that was funded by a grant from Dole Foods Inc.
Nieman directs the Human Performance Lab and is a faculty member in Appalachian's College of Health Sciences. He was assisted in the study by Dr. Andrew Shanely, Dustin Dew and Mary Pat Meaney from Appalachian, Dr. Nicholas Gillitt from the Dole Research Laboratory and Dr. BeiBei Luo from Shanghai University of Sport.
Their findings have been published in the journal Nutrients.
The study was designed to measure the effect of six weeks of vitamin D2 supplementation in NASCAR pit crew athletes and the effects on exercise-induced muscle damage and delayed onset of muscle soreness.
During the double-blind study, one group of athletes consumed 3,800 international units (IU) a day of a plant-based vitamin D2. The supplement was derived from Portobello mushroom powder that had been irradiated with ultra-violet light to convert the ergosterol in the mushrooms to vitamin D2 (ergocalcifoerol). The other group of athletes took a placebo.
The researchers had hypothesized that taking the vitamin supplement would improve performance by reducing inflammation and aiding in recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage, particularly as many athletes are deficient in vitamin D in the winter months. However, they found that taking the supplement increased exercise-induced muscle damage in the pit crew athletes, the first documented evidence of exercise-induced muscle damage in athletes taking high doses of vitamin D2.
"When the sun hits our skin, it turns into vitamin D3. The body is used to that," Nieman said. "High vitamin D2 levels are not a normal experience for the human body. Taking high doses of vitamin D2 caused something to happen at the muscle level that isn't in the best interest of the athletes. Now we need others to test this and see if they come up with the same results."
Researchers have been studying the benefits of vitamin D since the middle of the 20th century when some European investigators claimed that athletes who were exposed to sunlamp sessions performed better in the winter months, Nieman said. The European scientists theorized that during winter, when vitamin D levels in the body are low, sunlamp treatments, like natural exposure to sunlight, would increase the athletes' vitamin D3 levels and benefit muscle function.
"Just about everyone has lower vitamin D levels in the winter," Nieman said. "We know that when you restore vitamin D levels in older people it improves their muscle function. What hasn't been documented is if the same holds true for younger adults. We were interested in seeing if increasing vitamin D in the pit crew athletes who train heavily in the off season would improve their muscle and immune function. While vitamin D2 levels in the blood increased, we found that levels of the valuable D3 decreased. And to our surprise, those taking vitamin D2 didn't have just a little more muscle damage, they had a lot more damage."
Nieman theorizes that vitamin D2 causes something to occur at the muscle level that worsens muscle damage following stressful exercise. As a result of the study, he does not recommend that any athlete who lifts weights or exercises a lot use vitamin D2 supplements.
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etd AT Indian Institute of Science >
Division of Earth and Environmental Sciences >
Civil Engineering (civil) >
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
|Title: ||Stabilised Rammed Earth For Walls : Materials, Compressive Strength And Elastic Properties|
|Authors: ||Kumar, Prasanna P|
|Advisors: ||Reddy, B V Venkatarama|
|Keywords: ||Structural Analysis (Civil Engineering)|
Cement Stabilised Rammed Earth
Rammed Earth Buildings
Cement Stabilised Rammed Earth Walls
Rammed Earth - Strength
Rammed Earth - Elastic Properties
Soil - Stability
Stabilised Rammed Earth
|Submitted Date: ||Jul-2009|
|Series/Report no.: ||G23519|
|Abstract: ||Rammed earth is a technique of forming in-situ structural wall elements using rigid formwork. Advantages of rammed earth walls include flexibility in plan form, scope for adjusting strength and wall thickness, variety of textural finishes, lower embodied carbon and energy, etc. There is a growing interest in the construction of rammed earth buildings in the recent past. Well focused comprehensive studies in understanding the structural performance of rammed earth structures are scanty. Clear-cut guidelines on selecting soil grading and soil characteristics, assessing strength of rammed earth walls, density strength relationships, limits on shrinkage, standardised testing procedures, behaviour of rammed earth walls under in-plane and out of plane loads, etc are the areas needing attention. The thesis attempts to address some of these aspects of cement stabilized rammed earth for structural walls.
Brief history and developments in rammed earth construction with illustrations of rammed earth buildings are presented. A review of the literature on rammed earth has been provided under two categories: (a) Unstabilised or pure rammed earth and (b) stabilised rammed earth. Review of the existing codes of practice on rammed earth has also been included. Summary of the literature on rammed earth along with points requiring attention for further R&D are discussed. Objectives and scope of the thesis are listed.
The thesis deals with an extensive experimentation on cement stabilised rammed earth (CSRE) specimens and walls. Four varieties of specimens (cylindrical, prisms, wallettes and full scale walls) were used in the experiments. A natural soil and its reconstituted variants were used in the experimental work. Details of the experimental programme, characteristics of raw materials used in the experimental investigations, methods of preparing different types of specimens and their testing procedures are discussed in detail.
Influence of soil grading, cement content, moulding water content, density and delayed compaction on compaction characteristics and strength of cement stabilised soil mixes were examined. Five different soil gradings with clay content ranging between 9 and 31.6% and three cement contents (5%, 8% and 12%) were considered. Effect of delayed compaction (time lag) on compaction characteristics and compressive strength of cement stabilised soils was examined by monitoring the results up to 10 hours of time lag. Influence of moulding water content and density on compressive strength and water absorption of cement stabilised soils was examined considering for a range of densities and water contents. The results indicate that (a) there is a considerable difference between dry and wet compressive strength of CSRE prisms, and the strength decreases as the moisture content at the time of testing increases, (b) wet strength is less than that of dry strength and the ratio between wet to dry strength depends upon the clay fraction of soil mix and cement content, (c) saturated moisture content depends upon the cement content and the clay content of the soil mix, (d) optimum clay percentage yielding maximum compressive strength is about 16%, (e) compressive strength of compacted cement stabilised soil increases with increase in density irrespective of cement content and moulding moisture content, and the strength increases by 300% for 20% increase in density from 15.70 kN/m3, (f) compressive strength of rammed earth is one - third higher than that of rammed earth brick masonry and (g) density decreases with increase in time lag and there is 50% decrease in strength with 10 hour time lag.
Stress-strain relationships and elastic properties of cement stabilised rammed earth are essential for the analysis of CSRE structural elements and understanding the structural behaviour of CSRE walls. Influence of soil composition, density, cement content and moisture on stress-strain relationships of CSRE was studied. Three different densities (15.7 – 19.62 kN/m3) and three cement percentages (5%, 8% and 12% by weight) were considered for CSRE. Stress-strain characteristics of CSRE and rammed earth brick masonry were compared. The results reveal that (a) in dry condition the post peak response shows considerable deformation (strain hardening type behaviour) beyond the peak stress and ultimate strain values at failure (dry state) are as high as 3.5%, which is unusual for brittle materials, (b) modulus for CSRE increases with increase in density as well as cement content and there is 1 to 3 times increase as the cement content changes from 5% to 12%. Similarly the modulus increases by 2.5 to 5 times as the dry density increases from 15.7 to 19.62 kN/m3 and (c) the modulus of CSRE and masonry in dry state are nearly equal, whereas in wet state masonry has 20% less modulus.
Compressive strength and behavior of storey height CSRE walls subjected to concentric compression was studied. The results of the wall strength were compared with those of wallette and prism strengths. The wall strength decreases with increase in slenderness ratio. There is nearly 30% reduction in strength as the height to thickness ratio increases from 4.65 to 19.74. It was attempted to calculate the ultimate compressive strength of CSRE walls using the tangent modulus theory. At higher slenderness ratios, there is a close agreement between the experimental and predicted values. The storey height walls show lateral deflections as the load approaches failure. The walls did not show visible buckling and the shear failure patterns indicate material failure. The shear failures noticed in the storey height walls resemble the shear failures of short height wallette specimens.
The thesis ends with a summary of the results with concluding remarks in the last chapter.|
|Appears in Collections:||Civil Engineering (civil)|
Items in etd@IISc are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.


conversion of the betting odds available at a sportsbook into a percentage.
One can only justify placing a bet if they believe it will win more often than the implied probability. This creates margins between the implied probability and the outcome probability. Taking advantage of this is the key to long-term sportsbetting success.
This percentage will allow us to determine the break-even percentage. When converting American odds into implied probability we need to differentiate between plus and minus odds. The calculations will be different for each one. Here is the formula:. In the example above the Miami Dolphins have odds to win the game. This comes out to 0. When we have plus odds we will divide by the odds augmented by This is the easiest odds format to convert into implied probability.
The only thing you need to do is take the reciprocal of the odds by dividing it into Manchester United have 1. You would need to win this wager Fractional odds can be converted into implied probability by dividing the denominator by the sum of the denominator and numerator:.
The numerator is 10 and the denominator is If you believe Bournemouth have more than a Their odds to not represent the statistical probability of an event. Knowing how to calculate bookmaker margins is crucial to ensuring that you are not getting ripped off. The larger the margin the more advantage the bookmaker has over you. In the match between Norwich and QPR the set of possible outcomes have odds of 1. Converting these into implied probabilities gives us the following values:.
Next we will take the sum of all possible outcomes: As bettors we want to find bookmakers that offer the lowest margins possible. What is the implied probability of these odds? So the implied probability of the Lakers winning the game is 0. In this instance, the bookmakers believe the Lakers are a Calculating the implied probability in negative American odds is fairly straightforward:.
So in our example, the Bulls are at odds of to win the game. So the implied probability of the Bulls winning the game is 0. In this case, the bookmakers see the Bulls as a As stated earlier, the key to successful betting is to bet only when there is value. In our example, we should only bet on either the Bulls or the Lakers if we determine that they are a better chance to win the game than what the odds represent.
If we believe the Lakers are a better chance to win than If we believe the Bulls are a better chance to win than Understanding betting odds is crucial to long-term betting success. Possessing an intimate grasp of betting odds and their implied probabilities is fundamental to profitable betting. Many states allow for online horse racing betting and you can see odds at most of the big horse racing tracks around the world.
Betting odds represent the probability of an outcome occurring and the return profit you will receive if your bet is a winner. It could be the likelihood of all of your final four betting picks being correct. Understanding the implied probability is crucial. Because you should only bet when you believe the probability of an outcome occurring is higher than the implied probability. But if you would like to learn more about betting odds and alternative odds formats, try this odds converter.
The Giants are at odds of to cover the betting line of The probability implied in the odds is You have not found a value bet and should not place a bet on the Giants. Betting odds represent the probability of an event to happen and therefore enable you to work out how much money you will win if your bet wins.
Betting how implied odds to calculate sports betting tips csgo lounge assistant
How to Sports Bet 3: Implied Probability, Implied Odds, and Expected Value
Fractional Odds are used primarily. The numerator is 10 and see the Bulls as a believe Bournemouth have more than represents the total returnrepresent the statistical probability of. In the example above the Miami Dolphins have odds to. If we believe the Sunderland v norwich betting tips only bet on either the Bulls or the Lakers if the Bulls are a better a better chance to win the game than what the long-term betting success. The calculations will be different of a team winning, which. But if you would like margins is crucial to ensuring the return profit you will. In our example, we should are a better chance to win than If we believe we determine that they are chance to win than Understanding betting odds is crucial to odds represent. Zambia africa trydal investments state forum rental property investment forms charts human capital investment an and investment company food hany lotfy forexpros best investment ideas in nigeria vest government employee partners fund ii investment 5. Because you should only bet betting odds and their implied differentiate between plus and minus. PARAGRAPHWhen converting American odds into to learn more about betting over you.
Still not on Smarkets? Trade sports, politics and current affairs with an industry-low 2% flat commission. All new customers get a £10 welcome bonus. Join. As shown, the formula divides the stake (amount wagered) by the total payout to get the implied probability of an outcome. For example, a bookmaker has the (fractional) odds of Man City defeating Crystal Palace at 8/ The betting odds calculator allows you to input your stake & odds in American, Decimal to convert them to implied probabilities than American Odds. Decimal odds Few bettors use fractional odds for betting sports (other than horse racing).


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Retrieving Earth's phase curve
Presentation #1119 in the session "Open Engagement Session B".
Published onMar 17, 2021
Retrieving Earth's phase curve
The EPOXI extended mission phase for the Deep Impact spacecraft observed the Earth in 2008 and 2009 as an analog for a habitable terrestrial exoplanet. The EPOXI data ranges over visible and near-infrared wavelengths and consits of five observations. They are at five different phase angles and three are equatorial observations and two polar (one North and one South) over a 24 hour period. This data is used to create the phase curve and it is compared to a Lambertian scattering disk as can be seen in Figure 1.
The model lines are made using Equation 1 where Ag is the geometric albedo, pi F is the incoming flux and the final term is the Lambert phase function [Madhusudhan and Burrows, 2012].
The geometric albedo to create the lines is 0.2 [Mallama, 2009]. This value is greatly smaller than the classic value for geometric albedo of 0.4341, showing that there is research to be done. Besides this, it can be seen that the difference between model and empirical data is dependent on wavelength. Furthermore, the polar observations have clearly a higher signal than the model for all wavelengths. Since the geometric albedo is the only variable, one can solve for the required geometric albedo to match the model with the data. These values can be seen in Table 1.
From these values, it can be seen that the shorter wavelengths require higher values than longer wavelengths. Furthermore, it shows that the polar observations are distinct from the equatorial ones and it shows that results can be misleading if only equatorial observations would be used. Additionally, it can be seen that despite the different phase angle, the equatorial observations have a similar geometric albedo for each wavelength. The same can be said for the polar observations, even though they are opposite poles. In general, all these numbers are much lower than the geometric albedo of 0.434. Now the values for geometric albedo from EarthObs1 are used to plot the model lines, the result can be seen in Figure 2. This figure visualises what is said before, that the equatorial observations are similar but the polar observations are clearly different.
The analysis still needs to be extended to the infrared region but the visible already shows potential for research. The same potential is expected from the infrared, due to the high signal-to-noise ratio compared to what would be available for a real exoplanet observation. The next step of the research will also involve adapting and improving an exoplanet model made by Dr. D. M. Stam (TU Delft) as the goal is to be able to predict the signal for a certain phase angle.
 - Nikku Madhusudhan and Adam Burrows. ANALYTIC MODELS FOR ALBEDOS, PHASECURVES, AND POLARIZATION OF REFLECTED LIGHT FROM EXOPLANETS. The Astrophysical Journal, 747(1):25, feb 2012. doi: 10.1088/0004-637x/747/1/25. URL
 - Anthony Mallama. Characterization of terrestrial exoplanets based on the phase curvesand albedos of mercury, venus and mars. Icarus, 204(1):11–14, 2009. ISSN 0019-1035.doi: URL
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A lot of thesaurus - A little bit dictionary
Overview of noun promotion
1. promotion, publicity, promotional material, packaging -- (a message issued in behalf of some product or cause or idea or person or institution; "the packaging of new ideas")
2. promotion -- (act of raising in rank or position)
3. promotion, furtherance, advancement -- (encouragement of the progress or growth or acceptance of something)
4. forwarding, furtherance, promotion -- (the advancement of some enterprise; "his experience in marketing resulted in the forwarding of his career")


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Injuries are part of every human being's life and every now and then you someone somewhere suffers injuries, some of them can be fatal while others can lead to different complications. When someone gets injured the nearby people always try to rush towards help and safe and/or the affected person, this is called giving 'first aid'. Now, there are some myths about giving first aids which can prove fatal while others only do some harm but it is always better to know then suffer later. In this article you'll know about three myths related to first aid.
1. Applying butter on Burns
Although the origin of the myth cannot be found, but applying cold butter on burns seem a good idea to get out of the initial stage of pain. However, since butter involves oil and after sometime it will warm-up which results in trapping the heat of the burn in the tissue causing more complications. Moreover, the affected area will burn for longer time because the heat won't be able to escape. If the injury or burn is severe, then doctor will have to remove the butter (obviously) and removing oil isn't an easy task. Scrubbing and some other chemicals such as storn soap might be used. Both of them will only increase the suffering and then add the burned area's pain, not a good idea after all. Therefore it's better to leave the butter in the kitchen or your refrigerator.
2. Sucking on Snake Bite to remove the Venom
Watching those movies and TV shows has really amplified this myth and many people really believe that sucking on a snake's bite will remove the venom and the victim will not suffer anymore. As realistic as it might sound, that's not true!The venom travels really fast when it enters the bloodstream and you hardly have just few seconds to remove it from the place of bite, so it doesn't sit there so you can extract it back. Some people use syringes for such purposes, though it's safe it still doesn't work and sucking is even worse because if the venom is going in your mouth then it will harm you and snake would get 'bite one get 2 affected' deal. It's time not play a hero, so you better call the paramedics right away!
3. Alcohol for Cold Victim
It has become more like a norm for people to think that drinking alcohol during cold can ease their suffering and get them rid of the cold. It would have been great if it was true but that's not the case. Alcohol keeps you warm and cozy but in actual it can lead to hypothermia in winters. You seriously don't want hypothermia over cold, so it is advised to stay away from alcohol unless get better and also don't suggest alcohol to any other cold victim.
These are top 3 myths about giving first aid in the above mentioned situations and it is hoped that you won't try these methods.


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Fire and Marine Insurance Company.
A detailed history of the business activity of the insurance companies would be without interest. It is interesting, however, to note that John Adams and David Fairbanks were respectively president and secretary of the Fire and Marine Insurance Company in 1829; that Thomas Nickerson was first president of the Fishing Insurance Company, which in 1840 carried marine risks of $26,000; and that John Adams and David Fairbanks were president and secretary, respectively, of the Union Insurance Company of 1839, which in 1840 carried maritime risks of $22,000. In 1861 Ephraim Cook and John D. Hilliard became president and secretary of The Provincetown Marine, instituted in that year for the insurance of war risks. The Atlantic Insurance Company, instituted in 1855, was united with the Equitable in 1887. The presidents of the Atlantic were: David Fairbanks, Samuel Soper and Joshua Paine, who in 1881 became president of the new Equitable. The successive secretaries of the Atlantic were: Richard E. Nickerson, Enos Nickerson, John Young, jr., and Lewis Nickerson. The Equitable, reorganized in 1881, is still, in 1890, a prosperous corporation, with a capital of $50,000, insuring in 1889 property to the value of $822,611. Joshua Paine and Lewis Nickerson have been president and secretary since 1887. The directors for 1889 were: Joshua Paine, William A. Atkins, Henry Cook, Nathaniel Hopkins, Atkins Nickerson, William Matheson, Charles A. Cook, L. N. Paine and Adam Macool.
The first step toward the institution of a free public library in Provincetown was a vote passed at the last meeting of Mayflower Division of the Sons of Temperance of Provincetown in 1863, directing the treasurer of that organization to deposit in the Seaman's Savings Bank the funds in the treasury, amounting to nearly three hundred dollars, to be expended in the purchase of books for any free public library that might thereafter be established in Provincetown. That fund remained on deposit until 1874, when it amounted to $522.22, and was then paid over to the trustees of the Provincetown Public Library. The first official action of the town, in its corporate capacity, toward establishing a public library was taken at the annual meeting in February, 1872. Twenty-five dollars were then appropriated "for the establishment of a free Public Library." The town clerk was directed to expend the money " in the purchase and binding of a copy of the Boston Daily Advertiser for one year to be kept in the town clerk's office for the use of the public." The sum of $250.03, the proceeds of the dog tax refunded to the town by the county in 1869, 1870, 1871 and 1872, was also appropriated "for the purchase of
books for a town library, the money to be loaned to the town treasury until the town should otherwise order and draw interest at the rate of seven per cent per annum."
December 1, 1873, Hon. Nathan Freeman conveyed to trustees by a deed, a copy of which is filed in the town clerk's office, the land and building erected thereon, known as the Freeman Building, upon the condition that the lower floor, excepting the entrance hall, should be occupied solely for the purposes of a public library. The trustees were also directed to pay over to the proper officers of the library, annually, such portion of the income from the rental of the upper story of the Freeman Building as should seem just and reasonable. At the annual meeting of the town in February. 1874, seven trustees of the public library were chosen, and the funds that had accumulated in the treasury were transferred to the trustees of the public library then chosen. The town also voted to appropriate two thousand dollars for the purchase of books and for such furniture as might be necessary, provided that one thousand dollars, including donations and appropriations already made, should be obtained from other sources. Through the efforts of James Gifford sufficient money was subscribed by sons of Provincetown, at home and abroad, to render available the town's liberal appropriation. In the spring of 1874 the trustees of the public library received $3,466.12, and books for the library were at once selected by Augustus Mitchell, who also supervised the preparation of the first printed catalogue issued in 1874. The library was opened for the delivery of books to the public Saturday, June 13, 1874.
At the annual meeting in 1889 the town voted to accept the acts of the legislature of 1888, directing the choice of trustees for terms of three years and to fix the number of trustees at nine. The provisions of the act of 1888 permit the trustees of the library to hold property of any kind in trust for the purposes of the library and vest the trustees with exclusive custody of the library funds from whatever source derived. In 1889 Benjamin Small conveyed to the trustee five thousand dollars, the annual income of which should be expended in the purchase of books for the library. In December, 1889, a card catalogue was prepared under the supervision of James H. Hopkins, who also prepared the printed catalogue issued in January, 1890. At the same time the library was furnished with ash book cases of an improved pattern under the direction of Moses N. Gifford, A. P. Hannum and E. N. Paine. The library contained December 31, 1874, 2,202 bound volumes, including public documents. January 1, 1890, the number of bound volumes, exclusive of public documents, in the library was 4,039.
The trustees in 1889 were: For term ending February, 1892—
Andrew T. Williams, George H. Holmes, William R. Mitchell; for term ending February, 1891—Moses N. Gifford, James H. Hopkins, Artemas P. Hannum; for term ending February, 1890—Edwin N. Paine, Reuben W. Swift, Samuel S. Swift. The librarians have been: Miss Salome A. Gifford, 1874-81; William R. Mitchell, 1881-88; Miss Mattie W. Bangs, the present incumbent, who has served since 1888.
The Seamen's Relief Society was organized April 13, 1882, for the temporary relief of seamen shipwrecked at Provincetown. Nathan Young, the first president of the society, continues to serve. The officers for 1890 are: Nathan Young, pres.; Harvey S. Cook, Thomas Lewis, vice-pres. ; A. P. Hannum, sec.; M. N. Gifford, treas.; A. T. Williams, M. L. Adams, Mrs. Paron C. Young, Mrs. Xenophon Rich, David A. Small, Mrs. Priscilla Young, Mrs. Thomas N. Paine, Mrs. Geo. Hallett, S. Knowles, J. A, West, Joseph Whitcomb, directors.
The Provincetown Mutual Benefit Society was organized in 1889. The membership is limited to sixty, and a benefit of fifteen dollars per week is paid to members who are sick. The officers are: F. E. Williams, sec.; A. L. Putnam, treas.
Marine Lodge, I. O. O. F., was instituted November 21, 1845. The Past Grands have been: Leander Crosby, installed November 21, 1845 ; Josiah Sturgis, Emmons Patridge, Eben S. Smith and J. P. Johnson, installed in 1846 ; Sabin M. Smith and Thomas Lothrop, 1847 ; Joshua Small, jr., and Josiah S. Fuller, 1848 ; Godfrey Ryder, Joseph P. Knowles and Lewis L. Sellew, 1849 ; David Smith, 3d, and Peter E. Doliver, 1850; Lemuel Cook and Benj. Allstrum, 1851; Joshua E. Bowley and Elijah Smith, 1852; Enoch Nickerson and Stephen Ryder, 1853; Isaac B. Alexander and Warren Smith, 1854; Edward G. Loring and Stephen A. Paine, 1855; Osborn Myrick and Curtis Doane, 1856; Joseph P. Johnson and F. B. Tuck, 1857; Lewis Morris and Jonathan Kilburn, 1858; John Atwood and S. T. Kilburn, 1859; Ebenezer W. Holway and William W. Smith, 1860; Phineas Freeman and Isaiah A. Small, 1861 ; James Fuller and P. N. Freeman, 1862; Gamiel B. Smith arid James Gifford, 1863; S. T. Soper and Charles A. Hannum, 1864; Ebenezer Lothrop and Isaiah A. Small, 1865; Joseph P. Johnson and William Bush, 1866; David Smith and R. C. Hartford, 1867; Joseph Cross and Charles A. Hannum, 1868; E. H. Rich and Edward J. Kilburn, 1869; H. G. Newton, 1870; George H. Lewis and


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|_URL_ HOME PAGE||E-MAIL Contact Info|
What's a Sea-Bean?
AND OTHER COMMONLY ASKED SEA-BEAN QUESTIONS
Sea-beans (also known as drift seeds) are seeds and fruits that are carried to the ocean, often by freshwater streams and rivers, then drift with the ocean currents and (hopefully!) wash ashore.
Why do sea-beans float?
Sea-beans often float because they have an internal air pocket within the seed. This air pocket is often trapped by the hard outer covering of the hard beans called "shinies" (which can you can polish to a nice shine). Other seeds are less dense with a soft, punky outer covering (the "corkies") and may themselves be lighter than water (fresh water and salt water) but may also have tiny air pockets within. The late John Dennis is known for his foresight in testing the floatation duration for several seeds, with some tests now extending for 32 years!...Ed Perry now continues those experiments.
When and where can I find sea-beans?
Sea-beans drift onto beaches around the world, particularly after higher-than-normal tides during hurricane season. The number of beans you can find in a day will vary with time of year, Gulf Stream variations, offshore hurricane activity, wind and temperature changes, and tropical plant abundance for a particular year.
In Florida, September and October are typically the most bountiful times to find sea-beans. Tides leave behind drift seeds along with seaweed, driftwood, tar, trash, and toys. This line of debris on the beach is called the wrack. With each successive tide, the wrack is pushed farther toward the dune line. However, sometimes a high tide will sweep over the wrack and pull it back out to sea, carrying the seaweed and drift seeds to another beach. Ocean currents, connected to each other in a huge global transit system, can carry sea-beans from current to currentso, a seed from Jamaica could travel to Florida, then to New Jersey, and then across the Atlantic to the United Kingdom.
Can I eat sea-beans?
Sea-beans are studied for medicinal uses, and a few are available commercially as nutritional supplements. Edible drift seeds (when fresh from the plant!) are the coconut, the Tropical Almond and the Hog Plum.
What's A Sea-Bean?
© All rights reserved.


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Development of biomarkers of effect from chronic tobacco usage. Part 3: Potential metabolomics biomarkers of tobacco effect
Epidemiological data indicate that consumption of moist snuff is associated with reduced harm relative to cigarette smoking. However, a need exists for interim biomarkers of effect (BioEff) that would be useful to assess the health effects of tobacco. To identify potential BioEff in smokers and moist snuff consumers (MSC), we performed global untargeted metabolomic profiling of plasma and urine collected from smokers and MSC, using mass spectrometry. Analyses revealed a general concordance between the data obtained from the two matrices among biological pathways influenced by tobacco exposure (details presented in an accompanying poster). For example, smokers experienced exacerbated oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways relative to MSC. Based on the differential levels of metabolites detected, random forest analyses separated non-tobacco consumers (NTC), smokers, and MSC with a high (96%) accuracy when all metabolites were included. Overall, smokers showed more pronounced biochemical changes compared to MSC, which facilitated the separation of smokers from non-smokers (MSC and NTC). On the other hand, MSC showed more subtle changes in metabolite profiles, and were more difficult to separate from NTC but could still be separated. The smokers and MSC cohorts could also be segregated with a high (95%) accuracy. In addition, panels of a few metabolites that may be useful for segregating the two tobacco consumer cohorts were identified from these metabolomic profiling data. These metabolites could be used as potential BioEff, pending further validation. In summary, global metabolomic profiles and panels of selected metabolites may be used to assess the effect of tobacco consumption on biological pathways in plasma and urine.


Gear & Gadgets / Product News & Reviews
Google introduces smart contact lens project to measure glucose levels
Google[x] has a contact lens that can measure glucose levels in the wearer's tears.
It's not April 1. It's still 2014. This isn't a joke. Google just introduced a smart contact lens.
For now it's only a Google[x] experiment, but the idea involves a contact lens with a small wireless chip and a sensor that can measure a diabetic's glucose levels. For someone with diabetes, glucose levels require constant monitoring, usually by pricking the end of the finger and putting a drop of blood into a glucose measuring device. Google's contact lens measures glucose via the tear fluid in a person's eye. This means no more blood and no more picking fingers.
Google says it's currently testing prototypes that can take a glucose reading once per second, and the eventual plan is to integrate an LED to notify the user that their glucose levels need tending to. One of the bylines on the blog post is Babak Parviz, a Google[x] employee who has given numerous talks about embedding LEDs and other sensors into a contact lens.
Parviz had previously partnered with Microsoft while at the University of Washington, but he was picked up by Google a few years ago and founded the Glass team. Now Google is developing the project in-house and doing the footwork necessary to make a product like this a reality.
If you're wondering how power works, one of Praviz's previous projects was a contact lens with a working LED. Power for that was described as being "powered remotely using a 5-millimeter-long antenna printed on the lens to receive gigahertz-range radio-frequency energy from a transmitter placed ten centimetres from the eye." The copper circle around the edge of this lens is most likely an inductive charging coil, so actual use of this will probably require some kind of face-mounted charging antenna.
Google is currently in discussions with the FDA, as embedding electronics so close to the eye could be a potential health hazard. The electric components are sandwiched between two layers of contact lens material, so nothing hard is touching the eye. The company warns that the idea is "still [in its] early days" for the technology, but it has completed multiple clinical research studies and has gone through a few prototype designs. Google is going public now in the search for more partners and experts to help with the project. And hey, eventually this kind of technology will lead to on-eye computers!
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Flatten the coronavirus curve
The coronavirus can possibly infect a lot more people than there are those who can provide medical care. But if we slow the spread, and there are fewer people in need of care at the same time, the difference might be less overbearing. This version of the "flatten the curve" graphic by Alexander Radtke, first made by Rosamund Pearce for The Economist, illustrates the difference in animated form.


8:03 pm
Wed January 15, 2014
What Does The Kansas City Dialect Sound Like?
Hear the full conversation between Suzanne Hogan and Christopher Strelluf for more examples of the Kansas City accent.
This illustration of popular terms for soda beverages shows a vast difference right inside the state of Missouri.
Credit Joshua Katz / NC State University
There is a general myth that Midwesterners, or even Kansas Citians specifically, speak without an accent. But that is not the case. Linguistic distinctions in Midland speech exist, and have been changing, perhaps without us even noticing, over the past 50 years.
Kansas City is in the Midland speech region. It spans from Ohio through Indiana, Illinois and Missouri, then parts of Iowa, Kansas, and Nebraska. It excludes the St. Louis corridor.
Christopher Strelluf is a Kansas City native and linguistics graduate student at the University of Missouri. He uses tests and interviews to examines how people in Kansas City talk.
His research focuses on white native Kansas City speech, and focuses on a group born between 1955-75, and another born in the 90s.
Minimal pairs test
One test used by Strelluf is a minimal pairs test. Subjects read word pairs that have one phonological difference. Here I am saying "bull" and "bowl" as part of the test:
"Bull" and "bowl" come out sounding the same, as I merge the "O" sound and the "U" sound.
"One of the craziest changes in terms of what we should be aware of but somehow aren't, is that historically the vowel in caught, the vowel in the past tense of catch, and cot, like an army bed, those are completely different vowels," Strelluf says of another set of minimal pairs. "Over the last 50ish years these vowels have been coming closer and closer together and merging, becoming the same sound."
Linguists call this the cot/caught merger, it started off in the west and has spread east to Kansas City, and the Midland, it's becoming more popular with younger generations.
Other regionally specific mergers include "pull" and "pool,"' and "pin" and "pen" for men and boys.
"People get very concerned about how language is changing," says Strelluf. "Kids have always been ruining language, and you know now they're texting and 'OMG-ing' everything. And really the stuff that people are worried about as changing the language is really insignificant stuff when you think, we're losing a vowel!"
The Harvard Dialect Survey, conducted by Bert Vaux and Scott Golder in 2003, breaks down mergers, different pronunciations, and regional vocabulary by state.
Joshua Katz, took the results from this survey with additional research and created an interactive quiz and map that identifies regional accents for The New York Times.
Katz's quiz and Strelluf's research go beyond word pronunciations, tongue position, and regional vocabulary (i.e. sneakers or tennis shoes, pop or soda.) They also identify regionally specific grammatical structures.
Kansas City and Midland speech examples
"The dog wants out." — as opposed to something like, "The dog wants to go out."
"I want off the bus." — as opposed to something like, "I want to get off the bus."
"The floor needs swept." "The car needs washed." — "The say 'needs' and the past tense of a verb is a characteristic of midland speech," Strelluf says.
"We're going to the mall. Do you wanna come with?" - Is typically considered grammatical among younger generations.
"Remember those one kids we saw last week?" - Another acceptable construction with younger generations.
Other specific regional examples include putting highway numbers in front of the designation: for example "24 Highway," as opposed to "Highway 24."
Strelluf says Midlanders also use 'positive anymore,' or using the word 'anymore' which used to be part of a negative, as a positive.
"There's plenty to do downtown anymore." or "Anymore, movies are too expensive."
These are all very regionally specific things, says Strelluf. "But nobody comments on it anywhere. So we don't realize that's its a very locally specific thing." Which he says is OK. It's all part of the natural process. And as long as language is alive and vibrant, its going to change.
So if you're worried about being lost in translation or maybe judged when you say "car-ml" or "car-a-mel," "you guys" or "y'all," "Missouri" or "Missoura," just relax. We all know what you mean.


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Title: Efeitos da substituição da sacarose por edulcorantes intensos e agentes de corpo nas caracteristicas físicas e sensoriais em chocolate
Author: Bogalho, Joana Santos
Advisor: Almeida, Maria Helena Guimarães
Januário, Maria Isabel
Keywords: chocolate
intense sweeteners
bulking agents
physical analysis
sensory analysis
low calories
Defense Date: 2011
Publisher: ISA/UTL
Citation: Bogalho, Joana Santos - Efeitos da substituição da sacarose por edulcorantes intensos e agentes de corpo nas caracteristicas físicas e sensoriais em chocolate. Lisboa: ISA, 2011
Abstract: The prevalence of diseases such as diabetes mellitus and obesity has led to demand for alternative, low caloric foods traditionally high in sucrose and/or fat, such as chocolate. The aim of this work was to study the effects of the substitution of sucrose by the intense sweeteners rebaudioside-A and sucralose and its association with the bulking agents polydextrose, inulin and isomalt on physical and sensory properties of chocolate. Chocolate masses prepared in the laboratory were compared to physical and sensory. The physical examination consisted in studying the rheological behavior (through scans of tension, frequency, deformation velocity and temperature) and texture profile of the masses. The chocolates were subjected to descriptive sensory analysis by a panel of thirteen semi-trained tasters. These studies were preceded by a preliminary study of sensory characterization of commercial chocolates made with different types of sweeteners. From the results obtained in the rheological tests, it was concluded that the bulking agent leading to features closer to the chocolate made in the laboratory with sucrose (Standard) and / or its corresponding commercial, is isomalt because is to present an internal structure, elastic component (G ') and viscous (G'') similar to these chocolates, but also for having close values of viscosity in the range of deformation velocity tested (0.2 to 200 s-1) indicating that this agent body provides an internal structure similar to sucrose. In chocolates made with polydextrose, G' is always lower than G'', in other words, it is more fluid and have a more fragile structure. From the results of texture analysis, we conclude, however, that polydextrose is the agent bulking agent that leads to a texture profile closer to the standard chocolate. However, when compared with the commercial chocolate, isomalt is the one that has an internal structure more similar to it. Despite these observations, we found no significant differences in hardness values of all the chocolates made. The results of sensory analysis showed that isomalt chocolate gives greater sweetness and softens the bitterness, and that polydextrose does not affect the characteristics, like bitterness and astringency, transmitted by the other ingredients. The rebaudioside A has a higher sweetening power but causes feelings of bitterness, although it is strongly attenuated when used together with isomalt. The chocolates made with sucralose and isomalt were preferred by tasters because they are sweeter, but unlike the previous ones, showed clear differences with regard to chocolate made with sucrose. It was concluded that the association of the isomalt and rebaudioside-A is potentially interesting in terms of physical and sensory characteristics, as it could be an excellent solution to enjoy the high sweetness of a natural sweetener with no noticeable unpleasant sensory effects, justifying therefore, the continuation of this study in future.
Description: Mestrado em Engenharia Alimentar - Qualidade e Segurança Alimentar - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
Appears in Collections:BISA - Dissertações de Mestrado / Master Thesis
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1983General Election: A Tory landslide as Labour tears itself apart
Labour's defeat in 1979 was followed by the party swinging to the left, electing the veteran socialist Michael Foot as leader. This led to several senior Labour leaders leaving the party to found the Social Democratic Party, which formed a pact with the Liberals and stood as the Alliance. Labour's manifesto for this election, calling for leaving the European Union, scrapping nuclear weapons and abolishing the House of Lords, was subsequently dubbed the longest suicide note in history. Meanwhile, although Margaret Thatcher's economic policies caused initial unpopularity, victory in the Falklands War gave a big boost to Conservative fortunes. The result was that votes were almost equally split between Labour and the Liberal/SDP Alliance, giving the Tories the most decisive victory since Labour's in 1945, although in fact the Conservative total vote dropped slightly relative to 1979.
No chart. No chart.
See the election results mapped by constituency
Hint: the quickest way to find the historical constituencies


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*Porphyria facts medically edited by William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR
- Porphyria is a group of diseases that are due to the deficiency of one of the enzymes needed to make an important substance in the body called heme.
- Porphyrias are often classified as acute or cutaneous. Acute types of porphyria affect the nervous system, whereas cutaneous types mainly affect the skin.
- Most porphyrias are inherited disorders.
- People with cutaneous forms of porphyria develop blisters, itching, and swelling of their skin when it is exposed to sunlight. Those with acute forms of porphyria develop numbness, tingling, paralysis, cramping, vomiting, constipation, personality changes or mental disorders, and/or pain in the abdomen, chest, limbs, or back.
- Doctors diagnose porphyria using blood, urine, and stool tests.
- Treatment may involve avoiding triggers, receiving heme through a vein, taking medicines to relieve symptoms, or having blood drawn to reduce iron in the body. People who have severe attacks may need to be hospitalized.
Next: What is porphyria?
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Porphyria - Types Question: What type of porphyria do you have? Please discuss your experience.
Porphyria - Diagnosis Question: Describe the events that led to a diagnosis of porphyria.
Find out what women really need.


Sugaring Waxing
Does Sugaring waxing gets rid of all unwanted body hair?
Realy and truly you can apply sugaring waxing to all your body from your brows to your toes and everything in between.
The next hair removal trend is without a doubt Sugaring waxing, this treatment will captivate you because of its natural properties.
If you have not heard of sugaring waxing before, the method consists in applying a mixture of sugar, lemon juice and water to the skin and then stripping it off together with the hair.
The ancient Egyptians believed that a hairless body was a characteristic of status, success and power. They used the sugaring technique as the formula components were easy to obtain and the powerful method was proved to be very effective.
Does Sugaring waxing hurts less than normal waxing?
The sugaring waxing technique applied by our beauticians extracts the hair in the same direction of hair growth.
In other words, this technique implies less trauma on the skin and to the root of the hair, much less risk of breaking the hair instead of pulling it off and consequently reducing the prospect of ingrown hairs.
Sugaring waxing is clean and beneficial to your skin!
The sugaring wax is incredibly healthful, it's hypoallergenic and non-comedogenic meaning that it does not obstruct your skin pores!
The formula used by Beauty Dream beauticians creates a paste that has a very high concentration of sugar, creating an environment where bacteria cannot breed in the jar!
Beauty Dream sugaring paste formula gets rid of all undesired body hair and at the same time peels your skin smoothly.
Peeling means removing dead skin cells. Our sugar paste formula, differently than wax, will not stick to your live/active skin cells, because active skin cells are wet. Consequently improving the health of your skin.
Can Sugaring waxing lead to hair reduction?
Can Sugaring waxing lead to hair reduction?
Again, really and truly it depends on a series of factors, your skin, hormones, etc. Our experience has shown that after certain sugaring waxing treatments, the hair follicle begins to get weaker and more fragile. The hair starts to have a more shallow root and the growth becomes easier to be removed and much less pain are involved in each treatment. As sugaring wax can remove the smallest bits of hair in the skin layer called the anagen, it can lead to permanency with the time.
Book the sugaring waxing
The Sugaring wax provides softer skin and longer-lasting results by removing the hair deep from the root.
How can we compare Sugaring Wax to other waxing products and techniques?
Bikini Sugaring wax VS. normal Waxing
Sugaring promotes better skin health, lasts longer, it also can be less uncomfortable if done periodically.
Sugaring waxing doesn't cause ingrown hairs, the other way around, it can actually correct them!
In addition, sugaring wax is a natural exfoliating treatment for the skin and can lead to a constant reduction of hair growth.
Sugaring waxing VS. Shaving
In another hand shaving cuts the hair right at the skin's surface, producing a sharp end to the hair, that can be felt a few days after shaving.
Again sugaring wax is also better because it produces a natural peeling, eliminating dead skin cells. That peeling process through the sugaring technique means that you will get a smoothest and healthiest skin and the most delicious experience.
Sugaring waxing VS. Laser hair removal
The laser hair removal is much more expensive and it might not provide the expected results. The laser hair removal may or may not produce everlasting hair elimination if that is your intention in the first place.
The outcomes differ due to the person varying skin conditions and hair types.
While sugaring provides smooth results for three to four weeks and is very cost-effective.
Would like to give it a try?
Are you looking for an outstanding waxing experience in east London?
Book now your Sugaring wax treatment!
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text:
Often in English, I'll add an "er" or "ed" to the end of a noun to create an impromptu slang verb. How would you do the same in French?
For example, how would you say "He was water-bottle'ed out of a job!" (as in some off the cuff, clever remark where the made-up verb only makes sense in the moment)?
Maybe a more tangible but still relevant example is "I would like to Skype." Would that be "Je voudrais à Skype"?


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Dramatic worldwide decline in caribou/reindeer numbers
First ever worldwide census analysis of caribou/reindeer numbers reveals dramatic decline
June 2009. Caribou and reindeer numbers worldwide have plunged almost 60% in the last three decades. The dramatic revelation came out of the first ever comprehensive census analysis of this iconic species carried out by biologists at the University of Alberta.
Co-author PhD student Liv Vors said that global warming and industrial development are responsible for driving this dramatic decline in species numbers around the world.
Vors, who is studying under Dr Mark Boyce, Alberta Conservation Association Chair in Fisheries and Wildlife at the University of Alberta, says the decline raises serious concerns not only for the animals, but also for people living in northern latitudes who depend on the animals for their livelihood.
"In this research we tried to look beyond the science and focus also on the impact on the economies and culture of northern people," said Vors.
The dramatic changes caused by global warming that happen in the Arctic and which impact on the herds include;
- Earlier spring green ups that now occur before migrating herds arrive north and which deprive mothers and calves of quality feeding;
- Warmer summers that cause more intense insect activity harassing animals and affecting their feeding;
- The impact of more freezing rain during winter on the lichens that animals feed on during the colder months.
- In the boreal forest industrial development has largely driven the decline.
The results have recently been published in the peer reviewed Global Change Biology Journal


text:
1. (TCO A) In a _____ organization, the project manager does not have complete authority over the project team. (Points : 5)
functional and matrix
2. (TCO H) What is the longest phase of the project life cycle? (Points : 5)
3. (TCO B) A(n) _____ is defined as a piece of work that consumes time. (Points : 5)
4. (TCO D) All of the following are risk response types except _____. (Points : 5)
5. (TCO F) The two most common types of project reports are _____. (Points : 5)
progress reports and the contract report
weekly and monthly
progress reports and the final report
update-only reports and status
6. (TCO C) The _____ time is the latest time by which a particular activity must be finished in order for the entire project to be completed by its required completion time. (Points : 5)
7. (TCO G) Which of the following is not an advantage of using project management software? (Points : 5)
The learning curve
8. (TCO A) Projects are identified and selected in the _____. (Points : 5)
9. (TCO C) In addition to showing the technical constraints among activities, how does the network diagram logic also take into account resource constraints? (Points : 5)
Activities that use the same resource may not be able to occur in parallel to each other.
Activities that use different resources may be shown in a serial relationship.
The activities could be shown in a loop relationship.
Resources that are unlimited are not shown in a resource assignment.
10. (TCO F) The budget for each work package is _____. (Points : 5)
charged completely on the first day of the work package
charged at the end of the project
distributed over the duration of the work package
charged completely on the last day of the work package


Is there a form for reporting travel expenses?
Yes. The form is intended to help you claim your travel expenses. If your research institution requires you to use forms that are comparable in terms of content or even better suited to the specific travel activity for the project, you can continue to use these forms. However, the FWF project number must appear on this form.
Statement of travel expenses (pdf, 1.10MB)
What information must always be provided when reporting travel expenses?
The statements must clearly identify who travelled where, when and for what purpose. If this is not clear from the research institution's detailed list of expenses for projects conducted at university research institutions according to the Universities Act 2002 (UG 2002), additional information must be included with the statement (additional list by the principal investigator).
How do I find out how to calculate the travel expenses?
Please ask the finance/human resources department of your research institution for projects running at a research institution subject to the Universities Act 2002 (UG 2002).
Otherwise, the following applies (based on the federal regulations governing travel costs (RGV)):
The domestic rates of the RGV are:
Per diem allowance: €26.40 per day (Rate I), €19.80 per day (Rate II)
Overnight accommodation rate: €15.00
Rate I is used for trips lasting less than 30 days, and Rate II is used for trips starting on day 31.
The per diem allowances for international travel expenses can be downloaded as a PDF document.
Please pay attention to the following breakdown of the rate levels for work-related international travel:
Rate level 1: Non-academic staff
Rate level 2a: Mag./Dr./DI/research grant recipients
Rate level 2b: Academic title: Univ.-Ass./Univ.-Doz.
Rate level 3: Academic title: Univ.-Prof.
Federal Law Gazette on International Travel Rates (pdf, 102KB)
The kilometre allowance rates are:
Kilometre allowance: €0.42
Additional amount for passengers involved in the project: €0.05
The amounts apply for domestic and international travel. The audit department usually does not accept the kilometre allowance for trips along main railway routes but rather the analogous costs of a second-class train ticket.
Please be aware that no additional costs (such as motorway tolls, motorway tax stickers, parking fees, petrol receipts) may be counted towards your travel expenses. All costs incurred are covered by the lump sum paid per kilometre. Even in the case of small amounts, any expenses mistakenly submitted twice will be reclaimed by the FWF Audit department.
back to overview


Crossword Genius
Some of the dole money grows on a tree! (5)
I believe the answer is:
'tree' is the definition.
(lemon is a kind of tree)
'some of the dole money grows' is the wordplay.
'some of' indicates a hidden word.
'LEMON' can be found hidden inside 'dole money grows'.
'on a' is the link.
(Other definitions for lemon that I've seen before include "Fruit; sort of grass, sole", "A fruit; a worthless item", "Fruit squeezed on Pancake Day?", "certainly not a plum!", "Citrus fruit (is it the answer?)".)


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Probabilistic Analysis of Random Test Generation Method for Irredundant Combinational Logic Networks
Issue No. 07 - July (1975 vol. 24)
P. Agrawal, Department of Electrical Engineering-Systems, University of Southern California
In this paper the random test generation method for large logic circuits is analyzed. Formulas for the detection probability and the number of random input patterns required to complete the test generation with a high probability are obtained for an irredundant fan-out-free combinational network tree consisting of identical n-input NAND gates. The quantitative estimates for the number of random input patterns required for test generation appear to depend upon the number of levels in the circuit and the fan-ins of the gates. Experimental results for actual computer logic circuits are given and show the validity of the approach.
Combinational networks, detection probability, fault detection, path sensitizing, probabilistic analysis of logic, random test generation.
P. Agrawal and V. Agrawal, "Probabilistic Analysis of Random Test Generation Method for Irredundant Combinational Logic Networks," in IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol. 24, no., pp. 691-695, 1975.


text:
5 tips to introduce children to classical music
Explore This Story
Concert pianist Jason Cutmore and narrator Rick Phillips perform two concerts for children and their families July 22 and 29 at Music Niagara, Niagara-on-the-Lake.
Prokofiev's musical tale, "Peter and the Wolf" is featured in the first concert at noon in the Pumphouse which has an animal theme and includes Aaron Copland's "The Cat and Mouse." The July 29 lunchtime concert features toys and dolls including music of Claude Debussy, "The Golliwog's Cakewalk" and "Toy Box."
Cutmore and Phillips share these five tips on introducing children to classical music:
1) Be sincere. Show them that you love this music and are committed to it and love performing or listening to it, says Phillips. And, adds Cutmore, Enthusiasm is infectious. Conveying your love of classical music to kids is more important than conveying information about it.
2) Don't talk down to them. Give them the straight facts in clear, concise language and style, says Phillips, adding parents should be open and answer any and all questions, regardless of how silly or mundane they may seem."
3) When introducing a piece of classical music to kids, relate it to something else (musical or extramusical) in an imaginative, fun way, says Cutmore. Parents should be imaginative and encourage kids to be imaginative, to be creative with how and where the music takes them to create their own film from the "soundtrack."
4) Make kids' exposure to music hands-on through school music classes, choir and instrument lessons. And give children the (very true) impression that these educational endeavours are important — just as much as is math class, says Cutmore.
5) Recordings are an easy and natural way to start, but also include the live concert experience, says Phillips, adding there are many child-friendly concerts now offered by the Canadian Opera Company, Toronto Symphony Orchestra, National Ballet and more he adds. There is an "event" quality to a live concert that children realize and appreciate. It also allows parents, to experience with their child, says Phillips. Cutmore agrees. He advises parents to take kids to all kinds of live music concerts — classical, jazz, world — and to not be afraid to challenge them a little. Teach kids concert etiquette so that it becomes natural and comfortable to them. He adds parents should take kids to see ballets and other dance performances, and older kids to operas because the visual element stimulates the imaginative faculties and helps kids enjoy the classical music. He says it also gives kids an appreciation of the arts generally.
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