property rights strategy [16]. The governance approach solves the open access problem by restricting access to members and regulating each member's use of the shared resource. The property rights approach divides ownership of the resource among the individuals and creates abstract rules that govern the exchange of rights between owners. These approaches have their analogues in computational systems: ocap systems pursue a property rights strategy, while access control lists implement a governance strategy. Access control lists solve the open access problem by denying unauthorized users access, and specifying access rights for authorized users. Great effort is put into perimeter security (firewalls, antivirus, intrusion detection, and the like) to keep unauthorized users out, while detailed access control lists regulate use by authorized users. Governance regimes have proved successful in managing shared resources in many situations [17]. However, they tend to break down under increasing complexity. As the number of users and types of use increases, the ability of governance systems to limit external access and manage internal use breaks down. Perimeter security can no longer cope with the pressure for increased access, and access control lists cannot keep up with dynamic requests for changes in access rights.
Distributed Electronic Rights in JavaScript
The property rights strategy deals with increasing complexity by implementing a decentralized system of individual rights. Rights are used to partition the commons into separate domains under the control of specific agents who can decide its use, as long as the use is consistent with the rights of others. Instead of excluding non-members at the perimeter, the property strategy brings all agents under a common set of abstract rules that determine how rights are initially acquired, transferred, and protected [18]. Individual rights define the boundaries within which agents can act free of interference from others. Contracts enable the exchange of rights across these protected domains. The ocap approach can be seen as analogous to an individual rights approach to coordinating action in society. The local unforgeable object reference and the remote unguessable reference represent one kind of eright—the right to invoke the public interface of the object it designates. In ocap systems, references bundle authority with designation [19]. Like property rights, they are possessory rights: possession of the reference is all that is required for its use, its use is at the discretion of the possessing entity, and the entity holding the reference is free to transfer it to others [20]. The private law system of property, contract, and tort brings resources into a system of rights. Property law determines the initial acquisition of rights; contract law governs the transfer of rights; and tort law protects rights from interference [21]. Ocap systems follow a similar logic: the rules of object creation make it easy to create objects with only the rights they need, the message passing rules govern the transfer of rights, and encapsulation protects rights from interference [7]. While object references represent a kind of eright, they differ in several respects from more familiar rights in society. For example, object references are typically shared. When Alice gives Bob a reference to an object, she is transferring a copy of the reference thereby sharing access to the object. In society, transfers of rights usually take the form of a transfer of exclusive access due to the rivalrous nature of physical objects. I give up my access to my car when I transfer title to you. Exclusive rights is the default in the physical world; complex legal frameworks are needed to enable sharing (partnerships, corporations, easements, and so forth). Computational systems face the opposite tradeoff: sharing is easy, but exclusivity is hard. In the next sections, we will show how, by building on object references as erights, we can create new kinds of erights at a new level of abstraction. We look first at how money can be implemented as a smart contract. Money differs from other forms of property in several ways [22]. Here, we identify four dimensions in which money differs from object references as rights. Object references are shareable, specific, opaque, and exercisable, whereas money is exclusive, fungible, measurable, and symbolic. By contrast with object references that are shareable, money needs to be exclusive to serve as medium of exchange. Bob does not consider himself paid by Alice until he knows that he has exclusive access to the funds. Object references are also specific; they designate a particular object. Money, on the other hand, is fungible. You care about having a certain quantity of a particular currency, not having a specific piece of currency. One dollar is as good as another. Objects are opaque. The clients of an object can invoke it but don't necessarily know how it will react—that information is private to the object. By contrast, money is
measurable. Bob must be able to determine that he really has a certain quantity of a particular currency. Finally, money, unlike object references, is never exercisable. The right you have when you have an object reference is the right to do something: the right to invoke the behavior of the object it designates. Money, however, has no direct use value; its value is symbolic. It has value only in exchange. Contracts manipulate rights. The participants in a contract each bring to it those rights the contract will manipulate [23]. The logic of the contract together with the decisions of the participants determines which derived rights they each walk away with. The simplest example is a direct trade. Since half the rights exchanged in most trades are money, we start with money.
4 Money as an Electronic Right Figure 1 is our implementation of a money-like rights issuer, using only elements of Dr. SES explained above. To explain how it works, it is best to start with how it is used. Say Alice wishes to buy something from Bob for $10. The three parties involved would be Alice, Bob, and a $ issuer, which we will informally call a bank. The starting assumptions are that Alice and Bob do not trust each other, the bank does not trust either Alice or Bob, and Alice and Bob trust the bank with their money but with nothing else. In this scenario, Alice is willing to risk her $10 on the possibility of Bob's non-delivery. But Bob wants to be sure he's been paid before he releases the good in exchange. What do these relationships mean in terms of a configuration of persistent objects? Say Alice owns (or is) a set of objects on machine A, Bob on machine B, and the bank on machine C. In order for Alice to make a buy request of Bob, we assume one of Alice's objects already has a remote reference to one of Bob's objects. Alice's trust of the bank with her money is represented by a remote reference to an object within the bank representing Alice's account at the bank. We refer to such objects as purses. The one for Alice's account is Alice's main purse. And likewise for Bob. Where do these initial account purses come from? For each currency the bank wishes to manage, the bank calls makeMint() once to get a mint function for making purses holding units of that currency. When Alice opens an account with, say $100 in cash, the bank calls mint(100) on its $ mint, to make Alice's main purse. The bank then gives Alice a persistent remote reference to this purse object within the bank. For Alice to pay Bob, she sets up a payment purse, deposits $10 into it from her main purse, and sends it to Bob in a buy request, together with a description of what she wishes to buy. var paymentP = myPurse! makePurse(); var ackP = paymentP! deposit(10, myPurse); var goodP = ackP.then(_ => bobP! buy(desc, paymentP));
On the diagram in Figure 1, each makeMint call creates a layer with its own (mint, m) pair representing a distinct currency. Each mint call creates a nested layer with its
Distributed Electronic Rights in JavaScript
1 2 3
var makeMint = () => { var m = WeakMap(); var makePurse = () => mint(0);
var mint = balance => { makeMint var purse = def({ getBalance: () => balance, min mint makePurse: makePurse, purse decr purse decr deposit: (amount, srcP) => purse decr m Q(srcP).then(src => { Nat(balance + amount); balance m.get(src)(Nat(amount)); balance += amount; }) }); var decr = amount => { balance = Nat(balance - amount); }; m.set(purse, decr); return purse; }; return mint; }; Fig. 1. The Mint Maker
own (purse, decr, balance) triple. On line 16 of the code, each purse to decr mapping is also entered into the m table shared by all purses of the same currency. Alice's main purse is on the bottom purse layer. Bob's is on the top layer. Alice's payment purse, being sent to Bob in the buy message, is in the middle layer. Bob receives this request at the following buy method: buy: (desc, paymentP) => { // do whatever with desc, look up $10 price return (myPurse! deposit(10, paymentP)).then(_ => good); }
Bob's buy method handles a message from untrusted clients such as Alice, and thus it does not know what object Alice actually provided as the payment argument. At this point, the purse provided by Alice is specific—it is the specific object Alice designated, but to Bob it also is opaque. In particular, Bob has no idea if his paymentP parameter actually designates a purse, whether it is a purse at this bank, of this currency, and with adequate funds. Even if he knew all these conditions were true at the moment, due to the shareable nature of


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To 'acknowledge' means to recognise the importance or quality of something. This concept and its application in Australia has been imperative to the slow repair of disparities that exists between First Nations People and non-Indigenous Australians. By acknowledging Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and in turn, giving them the opportunity to welcome us to Country, we promote an awareness of the history and culture of Indigenous people, as well as contribute to mending a long history of dispossession and colonisation. Further to this, by incorporating welcoming and acknowledgment into official meetings and events, we recognise First Nation Peoples as the First Australians and Traditional Custodians of this land.
The difference between an Acknowledgment of Country and Welcome to Country is not often well understood. In light of this, today we seek to explain their meanings, tradition and importance.
"An Acknowledgement of Country is an opportunity for anyone to show respect for Traditional Owners and the continuing connection of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples to Country. It can be given by both non-Indigenous people and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people."
There is no set script for an Acknowledgment of Country. Personalising and localising an acknowledgment is encouraged as it helps to make it as meaningful as possible. An example of an Acknowledgment would read:
"A Welcome to Country occurs at the beginning of a formal event and can take many forms including singing, dancing, smoking ceremonies or a speech in traditional language or English. A Welcome to Country is delivered by Traditional Owners, or Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people who have been given permission from Traditional Owners, to welcome visitors to their Country."

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Aim: To determine whether there is sexual dimorphism regarding Bolton ratios within four ethnic groups and to compare them against Bolton standards. Methods: The sample consisted of 140 dental study casts of untreated normal occlusion subjects, derived from four racial groups: black, white, Afro-Mediterranean, and Japanese. Anterior and overall Bolton ratios were calculated for each cast. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, t test, and one-way ANOVA were used. Results: No statistically significant sexual dimorphism in anterior or total tooth-size ratios were found within any group. Only the Japanese anterior ratio (75.09) was statistically less than the Bolton standard (77.2; P <.001). Conclusion: The Bolton ratio can be applied to the investigated ethnic groups except for the anterior ratio in Japanese patients. World J Orthod 2010;11:e57–e62.
Key words: anterior ratio, overall ratio, tooth-size discrepancy


Laser engravings on leather, spray dye, mild steel, carbon steel, bisque fired clay (Stoneware, Earthenware, Earthstone and Calcium Bentonite), dimensions variable
Hand gestures that Toumpouris employed in his recent practice through making are registered on the ceramic and the leather pieces suggesting a choreography under development; a vocabulary of indexicality, compressed, cropped, flattened and distorted.
SOM* is indicative of Toumpouris' interest in various aspects of language and making as a method to explore, identify and share potentials and tendencies in intuitively choreographed instances of body and matter correlations.
*Studies On Mutability


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9. Fungus gnats, flower thrips, and root mealybugs are the pests that most often infest Christmas cacti. The University of Massachusetts-Amherst Extension Service recommends preventative measures. The biggest culprit in attracting pests to Christmas cacti seems to be overwatering. Preventative care, such as discarding infested plants, is another recommended tactic. Pesticides are available for commercial growers, although home-growers may not be able to get their hands on those pesticides.
10. By the way, that Christmas cactus you are buying is probably not actually a Christmas cactus. Surprise! According to the U-Mass Extension Service, "Holiday cactus is sometimes marketed as Christmas cactus, Thanksgiving cactus, or Zygocactus. The "true" Christmas cactus is an interspecific hybrid of Schlumbergera truncata and Schlumbergera russelliana that originated about 150 years ago in England. It is a common houseplant but is not often grown commercially. Plants have segments with rounded margins, ribbed ovaries, and purplish-brown anthers. The correct latin name for Christmas cactus is Schlumbergeraxbuckleyi; the "x" indicates that it is an interspecific hybrid. Most commercial cultivars of holiday cactus are actually Schlumbergera truncata, commonly known as Thanksgiving cactus or Zygocactus."
Tell us how you feel about Christmas cacti. Are they the perfect gift for the person who has everything? Do you prefer Amaryllis? Ready? Go.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Date of Award
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Career expectations show predictive validity for future job selection and work outcomes above traditional vocational interest inventories, yet are rarely tracked longitudinally. The current study explored characteristics of adolescents' freely reported career expectations by examining their formation, typical trajectories of their development, individual differences in their development, and their utility as predictors of life outcomes. Though some past research has examined longitudinal trends in adolescents' career expectations, this was the first study to assign dimensional RIASEC scores to participants' expected occupations rather than a single categorical code. Using data from 21,444 students in the High School Longitudinal Study (HSLS 09:16; Ingels et al., 2015), the characteristics of adolescents' career expectations for age 30 were tracked over three waves from freshman year to three years post-high school. Stability of RIASEC characteristics was moderate, indicating that the kinds of activities young people plan to do in their future careers are fairly consistent over time. These preferences also aligned to a moderate degree with the characteristics of actual choices people made, such as future jobs or majors. In addition, systematic, mean-level changes were consistent in some ways with established mean-level changes in vocational interests, but diverged from these trends in ways that indicate the realities of the work force and the compromises that individuals make when planning for future careers, regardless of their intrinsic interest in certain activities. Finally, gender and socioeconomic status were the strongest predictors of individual differences in change in expectations, indicating their predictive power for students' career goals.
Chair and Committee
Joshua J. Jackson
Patrick L. Hill, Tammy English, Randy Larsen, Emily Grijalva,
Schultz, Leah Hope, "Vocational expectations from adolescence to early adulthood: An integrative exploration of their formation, consistency, change, and predictive value" (2020). Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 2342.


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Can you imagine in your whole life to make a journey which is like a bird? You think it's impossible but it's not impossible because you can fly in air through hot air balloons and enjoy your flight.Hot Air balloon which also called balloon aircraft, airships and thermal airships.On Nov 21, 1783, in Paris, France, the first untethered manned flight was made by Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and François Laurent d'Arlandes in a hot air balloon created on Dec 14, 1782 by the Montgolfier brothers.Beginning in the mid-1970s, balloon envelopes have been made in all kinds of shapes, such as hot dogs, rocket ships, and the shapes of commercial products, though the traditional shape remains popular for most non-commercial, and many commercial, applications.The term hot air balloon is occasionally used inaccurately to denote any balloon large enough to carry people, including gas balloons.Today, hot air balloons are used primarily for recreation.You can see some weird and eye-catching hot air balloons below.
Eye-Catching Thermal Airships
May 30th, 2011 Samra
Posted in Interesting Tags: amazing airballoons, awesome balloons, flying balloons, grand balloons, interesting pictures, weird balloonsleave a response, or trackback from your own site.


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This book provides essential information on metal forming, utilizing a practical distinction between bulk and sheet metal forming. In the field of bulk forming, it examines processes of cold, warm and hot bulk forming, as well as rolling and a new addition, the process of thixoforming. As for the field of sheet metal working, on the one hand it deals with sheet metal forming processes (deep drawing, flange forming, stretch drawing, metal spinning and bending). In terms of special processes, the chapters on internal high-pressure forming and high rate forming have been revised and refined. On the other, the book elucidates and presents the state of the art in sheet metal separation processes (shearing and fineblanking). Furthermore, joining by forming has been added to the new edition as a new chapter describing mechanical methods for joining sheet metals.
The new chapter "Basic Principles" addresses both sheet metal and bulk forming, in addition to metal physics, plastomechanics and computational basics; these points are complemented by the newly added topics of metallography and analysis, materials and processes for testing, and tribology and lubrication techniques. The chapters are supplemented by an in-depth description of modern numeric methods such as the finite element method. All chapters have been updated and revised for the new edition, and many practical examples from modern manufacturing processes have been added.


Neural correlates of visual-spatial attention in electrocorticographic signals in humans
Front Hum Neurosci. 2011 Sep 24;5:89. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2011.00089. eCollection 2011.
Attention is a cognitive selection mechanism that allocates the limited processing resources of the brain to the sensory streams most relevant to our immediate goals, thereby enhancing responsiveness and behavioral performance. The underlying neural mechanisms of orienting attention are distributed across a widespread cortical network. While aspects of this network have been extensively studied, details about the electrophysiological dynamics of this network are scarce. In this study, we investigated attentional networks using electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings from the surface of the brain, which combine broad spatial coverage with high temporal resolution, in five human subjects. ECoG was recorded when subjects covertly attended to a spatial location and responded to contrast changes in the presence of distractors in a modified Posner cueing task. ECoG amplitudes in the alpha, beta, and gamma bands identified neural changes associated with covert attention and motor preparation/execution in the different stages of the task. The results show that attentional engagement was primarily associated with ECoG activity in the visual, prefrontal, premotor, and parietal cortices. Motor preparation/execution was associated with ECoG activity in premotor/sensorimotor cortices. In summary, our results illustrate rich and distributed cortical dynamics that are associated with orienting attention and the subsequent motor preparation and execution. These findings are largely consistent with and expand on primate studies using intracortical recordings and human functional neuroimaging studies.
Keywords: covert attention; electrocorticography; intention; motor response; visual–spatial attention.


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As part of the 1996 peace accords, the government agreed to raise its tax revenues as a percentage of GDP (or tax ratio) up to 12% by 2000. A US Agency for International Development Report stated that Guatemala had only been able to bring its tax ratio up to 10.28% in 2003.
Guatemalan president Alvaro Colom is pushing for a fiscal reform package to boost dwindling finances needed to fight high crime and poverty, but stiff opposition threatens to kill the plan.While previous Guatemalan presidents also pushed reform, Colom is under stronger pressures to achieve meaningful reforms following a failed effort this past August and because
This year, Guatemala's economy has slowed sharply because the global recession has crimped demand for exports like textiles.
Further weakening the economy, Guatemalans living in the United States are sending less money home after losing their jobs or getting deported.
Tax collection in Guatemala, which also exports sugar and coffee, could fall 8.5 percent this year, the finance ministry said in September.According to Reuters, while the Guatemalan Finance Ministry has proposed reducing government spending by 3.7% of GDP this year, opposition parties are still calling upon the government to make greater spending cuts before considering any restructuring of the tax system.


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Camiguin Province, Philippines
Seal of Camiguin Province
|Interactive Google Satellite Map of Camiguin Island Province|
Mount Guisiliban is the southernmost volcano of the island.
Camiguin Province, Philippines
CAMIGUIN ISLAND is known as the island "Born of Fire". It has seven volcanoes and several volcanic domes. Volcanic eruptions and land movements have created this spectacular island which is full of natural wonders and historical riches.
- Camiguin has a total of 58 barangays, 5 municipalites, and no cities
- Each of the 58 barangays of Camiguin has its own interactive webpage
- Registered Voters of Camiguin as of (2010) = 53,568
- Population of Camiguin (as of Aug 1, 2007) = 81,293
- Land Area of Camiguin (as of 2007, in hectares) = 23,795
- Camiguin is a 5th class province.
- Camiguin is an island province within Region X in the Northern part of the island of Mindanao.
- The capital municipality of Camiguin is Mambajao
Geography of Camiguin, Philippines
- Camiguin is an island province within Region X in the Northern part of the island of Mindanao.
Location of Camiguin, Philippines
History of Camiguin, Philippines
- Source:Provincial government of Camiguin - verbatim
Old Spanish documents indicate that the renowned explorers, Ferdinand Magellan and Miguel Lopez de Legaspi landed in Camiguin in 1565, respectively. The first Spanish settlements in what was later to be known as Guinsiliban as established in 1598. Guinsiliban comes from the old Kinamiguin word " Guinsilipan" which means to look out for pirates from a "Watch tower." An old Spanish watchtower where the Camiguinous kept watch for Moro pirates still stands in Guinsiliban.
The first major Spanish settlement established in 1679 was called Katagman of Katadman (known now as Catarman). This settlement grew and prospered to what is now Barangay Bonbon. On May 1,1871, Mt. Vulcan Daan erupted and destroyed the town. A portion of the town center is presently located. Today, all that remains of old Catarman are the ruins of the ancient Spanish church, a convent and a bell tower.
Sagay, located south of Catarman, was formally established as a town in 1848. The word Sagay is derived from the name of a poisonous fruit tree that grew in the area.
Mambajao became a town in 1855. The name was coined from the Visayan term " Mamahaw," meaning to usher breakfast and "bajao," which is leftover boiled rice. In the early 1900s, Mambajao prospered to become the busiest port in Northern Mindanao.
Mahinog was established as a Municipality in 1860. the name Mahinog comes from a Cebuano word meaning "to ripen" or to become ripe." Although Guinsiliban was the oldest settlement in the island, it was only in 1950 when it became a Municipality. Both Mahinog and Guinsiliban were formally governed by Sagay. | back to top
In 1901, in the middle of Spanish-American War (_PHONE_), American soldiers landed in Camiguin to assume political control over the island. A group of Camiguinous, armed with "bolos and spears", led by Valero Camaro fought for the island's independence from foreign invasion during a short battle in Catarman. A bullet on the forehead killed Valero Camaro. He became unsung Camiguin patriot of the early independence movement.
In 1903, the first public school in Camiguin was built in Mambajao and in 1904, the first public water system was installed. On June 18,1942, the Japanese Imperial army landed in Camiguin and set a government in Mambajao. The Japanese army gutted down central Mambajao in reprisal to guerrilla there remains of some of these buildings still exist today.
On July 4 1946, the country gained independence from the United States of America and became the Republic of the Philippines. From 1946 to 1958, Camiguin was part of the Province of Misamis Oriental. In 1958, it became a Sub-Province and in 1968, a full-fledged Province with Mambajao as its capital.
Post-Independence Years: _PHONE_
From 1948 to 1951, Mt. Hibok-hibok constantly rumbled and smoked. Its minor eruption in 1948 caused little damage and loss of life. In 1949, its eruption caused 79 deaths due to landslides. In the morning of December 4, 1951, the volcano erupted again. This time, however, its unleashed boiling lave, poisonous gases, and landslides enough to destroy nearly 19 square kilometers of land particularly in Mambajao. All in all, over 3,000 people were killed.
Before eruption of Mt Hibok-hibok in 1951, the population of Camiguin had reached 69,000.. After the eruption, the population was reduced to about 34,000 due to massive out-migration.
Camiguin was part of Misamis Oriental until 1958 when it became a sub-province. It was made into a separate province on June 18, 1966, but was formally inaugurated only in 1968.
People of Camiguin, Philippines
- Registered Voters (2010): 53,568
- Population (as of Aug 1, 2007): 81,293
- Elected officials of Camiguin for the term of 2010-2013
- Provincial Governor: Jurdin Jesus Modina Romualdo
- Provincial Vice-Governor: Leo Gales Lasacar
- House Representative:Pedro Palarca Romualdo
- Provincial Board Members:
- Elected officials of Camiguin for the term of 2007-2010
- Governor of Camiguin for the term of 2007-2010
- Member(s) of the House of Representatives of Camiguin for the term of 2007-2010
Barangays Elected Officials of Camiguin
Businesses in Camiguin, Philippines
- We invite you to list your business located in Camiguin.
- Give your business a good description. Add your address and contact number if available.
- Resorts, restaurants, pension houses, or hotels are welcome to be listed here.
- Bakery, Mechanical Shop, Bicycle Shop, Tailor shops can be listed here.
- If you have a pharmacy or gas station, it can be listed here too.
- Hardware stores, Agrivets, salon, spas, etc. are welcome to be listed.
- We do not allow external links exept for our sponsors zamboanga.com and maletsky.com. If you have an external site for your business you may not link to it in Z-Wiki but you can point to it. e.g. list it like this: www.my??business.com - this tells the people of your website but it does not link to it.
- Businesses in Camiguin
- The name of your business, address, phone number
Real Estate or Properties for Sale or lease in Camiguin, Philippines
- If you have real estate property, whether its commercial, residential, farm land, or just an empty lot in Camiguin, you can list that property for free.
- Click to VIEW, EDIT, or ADD Realty Listings.
- You can list your House and lot or farm land for sale or lease for free here.
- If you are a real estate developer, you can list your subdivision, condominiums, high rises, apartment complexes, shopping strips or malls, open market developments here for Free.
Churches, Mosques, or Places of Worship in Camiguin, Philippines
The name of your church, mosque, or place of worship can be listed here. We can even provide you with a free webpage for you. We can help you.
- List the Mosques or Masjid in Camiguin here.
- List the Catholic churches and chapels in Camiguin here.
- List the Methodist churches in Camiguin here.
- List the Iglesia Ni Cristo churches in Camiguin here.
- List the Seventh-day Adventist churches in Camiguin here.
- List the Church of Jesus Christ Latter day Saints (Mormons) churches in Camiguin here.
- List the Presbyterian churches in Camiguin here.
- List the Baptist churches in Camiguin here.
Schools in Camiguin, Philippines
School year 2013-2014 starts June 3 and ends March 31, 2014, for public elementary and secondary schools. The school year will have 201 school days, of which 180 days are "nonnegotiable" student-teacher contact time.
The multisectoral Brigada Eskwela to prepare schools for the students' return will be on May 21-26. Oplan Balik Eskwela will be from May 28 to June 8 while orientation on K to 12 for parents and other stakeholders will be on


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- John StantonJohn StantonSenior Lecturer in Law, The City Law School, City, University of London
- and Craig PrescottCraig PrescottLecturer in Law, Bangor University
This chapter discusses the concept of administrative justice. The complexity and scale of modern government means that it is inevitable that sometimes things will go wrong. Public bodies make hundreds of thousands of decisions each year. Sometimes, the pressures of making thousands of decisions on finite resources mean that public bodies may not treat members of the public appropriately and not fulfil the aims of good government. When things go wrong, some will wish to challenge decisions made by the public authorities. Although such disputes are usually resolved by the courts applying the principles of judicial review, alternatives such as statutory tribunals, the ombudsman, and public inquiry provide other ways to challenge decisions made by public bodies. These three procedures form the basis of the system of administrative justice.


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Finding Folktales on the Spooky Side
Who Took My Hairy Toe? The title compelled me to peek inside and the pages provided both amusement and another ah-ha moment. The author, Shutta Crum paired with illustrator Katya Krenina, has created a picture book that supports middle school reading and writing of folk tales. Teachers looking for student-centered learning would do well to utilize this text to increase the likelihood that every student can easily access the concept and then work with more complex texts, to rigorously extend their knowledge.
Though the 550 Lexile score makes the tale easy to independently navigate, this story is a perfect October read aloud, filled with the right mix of familiar and less familiar vocabulary (holler and ruination) and illustrations that both lends to understanding and encourages creative thought. The plot line presents a framework for students' original creations thus making it a mentor text from which individual and group folk tales can be created. Teachers will also have an easy time of constructing an exemplar text. Before students delve into their writing, share the encouragement found in the Author's Note, "Enjoy this tale. Make it your own. Pass it on. Let it live for hundreds of years more."


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Center for Comparative Effectiveness Research in Cancer Imaging
The Institute of Medicine defines comparative effectiveness research as "…the generation and synthesis of evidence that compares the benefits and harms of alternative methods to prevent, diagnose, treat, and monitor a clinical condition or to improve the delivery of care." CER provides a means for acquiring evidence and implementing procedures for evaluating and managing the impact of new imaging technologies on clinical and public health practices.
The Center for CER in Cancer Imaging combines the resources of:
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, an established center of expertise in CER through The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice and Norris Cotton Cancer Center
- American College of Radiology Imaging Network (ACRIN) and its Statistical Center at Brown University, which conducts clinical studies of advanced imaging technologies for cancer detection, staging, and treatment
- Tufts Evidence-Based Practice Center (EPC), which has expertise in systematic review for diagnostic technologies
- National Oncologic PET Registry (NOPR)
The Center for CER in Cancer Imaging advances research and new approaches for studying the impact of advanced imaging in cancer on health and health care utilization, with attention to the consequences of significant incidental diagnostic findings on patient care.
Current projects are based on the National Lung Screening Trial, a major NCI-sponsored study, and the National Oncologic PET Registry, sponsored by the American College of Radiology and the Academy of Molecular Imaging.


Porous polymers could scrub carbon dioxide from power station flue gases
Ali Coskun
The azo linkages (blue) in the porous polymers kick out gaseous nitrogen, while trapping carbon dioxide
Scientists have developed a new class of porous polymer that can efficiently trap carbon dioxide while actively rejecting nitrogen. The new material, whose key properties rely on the presence of multiple azo (–N=N–) units within the polymer's chemical structure, is stable at high temperatures and could be used, the researchers say, as a way to scrub power station flue gases of CO2.
A big effort is underway globally to find efficient ways of removing carbon dioxide from flue gases. Systems that rely on chemical absorption need large amounts of energy to subsequently process the new products. Physical adsorption is more energetically attractive, but current adsorbents cannot distinguish well between CO2 and nitrogen.
'Post-combustion flue gases contain significant amounts of N2 and if this is stored along with CO2 then we would need at least six times more storage space,' says research team member Ali Coskun, of the Korea Advanced Institute of Technology in Daejon, South Korea.
In an effort to address this problem, the team coupled the nitro aromatic compound tetrakis(4-nitrophenyl)methane with a range of different amines to create azo-linked covalent organic polymers – azo-COPs. These nanoporous compounds adsorb CO2 while refusing to accommodate N2. At 50°C, for example, almost 300 times more CO2 is adsorbed than N2. The compounds remain stable and retain their efficiency at high temperatures, and can be easily regenerated by reducing the pressure to release trapped CO2 for sequestration, Coskun says. The presence of the azo groups is almost certainly responsible for both the adsorption of the CO2 and the rejection of the N2, with unpaired electrons acting as 'bait' for the CO2, whilst the twin nitrogen atoms of the azo unit repel molecular nitrogen.
The current compounds are expensive, Coskun concedes. 'But we are currently working on inexpensive polymers where azo units are installed on affordable alternatives.'
Experts in the field are intrigued by the work but say more questions need to be answered. 'An excellent concept,' says Trevor Drage of the University of Nottingham in the UK. 'A key future study would be to see if the phenomenon of increased selectivity or N2 phobicity still occurs in the presence of moisture. Previous studies have shown that sorption of water onto the surface of microporous polymers can significantly alter their affinity to CO2.' Drage also says that while the selectivity is high, the adsorption capacity compared to other adsorbents is relatively low.
Andy Cooper at the University of Liverpool in the UK says: 'To me, it is a little unclear to what extent these materials are truly "N2-phobic" – but they do seem to adsorb relatively less N2 as temperature is increased, and attaining persistent selectivity for CO2 over N2 at higher temperatures is certainly of practical importance.' Cooper agrees with Drage that the question of water vapour also needs to be looked at.


We're accustomed to touch screens, which are a part of nearly all mobile devices. Touch screens have been in use for a long time. By the mid-1980s, they were fairly standard on digital control systems (DCS), such as those used for refineries and coal power-generating stations.
Small applications have few inputs to change, so the need for a touch screen and its added complications is much less. Thus, thumb switches are widely used because of their simplicity and ruggedness.
What if your thumb switch controls appear not to work? Fortunately, these are easy to troubleshoot.
The first step in this process is to identify whether you have an octal (base 8), binary coded decimal (also called BCD, and it's base 10), or hexadecimal (base 16) system. If you have thumb switches and don't understand these numbering systems, you need to do a little homework.
Your next step is to determine the position of the switch contact for each switch (e.g., up is open). You don't need to test what every combination of switch positions will render, nor do you have enough time to do so. In our next issue, we'll look at how to efficiently test a thumbwheel unit.


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There is a big gap between having evidence and proving your case. A common scenario when beginning a lawsuit, is to have a client bring in a big box of papers believing that this is the "evidence" that will "prove his case." Basically, the client is starting at the wrong end of the process. But it is nice to have the documents at the beginning of the case, I remember one big trial, where the client decided to bring in thousands of documents two or three days before the trial. Unfortunately, the client did not follow instructions and nearly all of what he brought in was either inadmissible or simply irrelevant.
If you want to prove a fact, you need to understand what "proof"means. In the context of a court hearing or trial, proving a point means meeting the burden of proof on a certain issue. Let's use an example from genealogy. Suppose I want to prove something simple, like a date of birth for an ancestor. If I were proving that fact in court, I would either need a document that was admissible for that fact or testimony from a witness who had some actual knowledge of the subject. The burden of proof is to produce documentary or testamentary evidence in court supporting your claim.
The probability of a document depends on when, how and for what purpose the document was created. The "best evidence" rule requires that the most reliable evidence must be used if it is available. So how would I prove a birth date? The question is "What would prove that Ancestor Roe was born on a certain date? Now back to my client's big pile of documents. If what we are trying to prove is a certain birth date, then only documents dealing with Ancestor Roe's birth are relevant to the issue of the date. No matter how valuable my client thinks the other documents are, unless they speak to the issue of the Ancestor's birth, they are essentially irrelevant. So we search through the records.
What do we find? We find a school report card for the sixth grade. We find an Army Discharge Record. We find a marriage certificate. We find a death certificate with a birth date recorded. (I assume none of these records had a birth date, other than the death certificate) But my client says that the date is wrong. When I ask him why the date is wrong, he says that he heard from his mother that they put the wrong date on the death certificate. He says that he believes the date to be six months earlier than that reported on the death certificate. I tell the client that none of the evidence he has is very good and unless we can come up with something better, we have a poor chance of proving our case in court, especially since the date on the death certificate if correct proves the opposing side's case.
My client says, why doesn't he just testify about the date on the death certificate. I tell him that, the court (judge) may or may not allow his testimony because of the rules of evidence on what is called hearsay. But even if the judge does allow the testimony, it is unlikely that the judge or a jury would find his testimony persuasive.
I suggest we do some more research and look for additional documents. We really aren't ready to go to court until we find something that establishes a birth date consistent with my client's claim. But if that is all we have. We may just have to live with the uncertainty and take our chances. The client then asks, but what happens when the other side of the lawsuit puts on their case and proves the date on the death certificate is correct? What do we do then? Exactly, I say, I remind him that inheriting the huge multimillion dollars estate all turns on the exact date of birth of Ancestor Roe, so unless we can prove the date exactly, we lose.
Now we have to know something about the way courts work today. In times past, in the ancient days of Perry Mason, you found out about your opponent's case in court. I made for a lot of stomach acid and surprises. Now there are rules in place in most cases and jurisdictions that require full disclosure of all the evidence you are going to use before you go to trial and, like my example above, if you produce the evidence too late in the trial process, you may not be allowed to use the evidence at all in court.
So back to the trial about the birth date. The opposition sends us their disclosure statement and they have a only friend of the deceased who is going to testify that he attended the deceased's 50th birthday party on such and such a date and that the date is consistent with the date on the death certificate. If that is the testimony, it is highly unlikely that what my client has will persuade either the judge or jury. Will the judge allow the opposition's witness to testify? Yes, very likely. If the judge or the jury believes the testimony, we will lose our case. In order to win, we have to come up with some evidence even more reliable than the witness that proves the date we claim is the birth date and to disprove the date on the death certificate. By the way, we have an uphill battle because the death certificate is a government document.
We go back to do some research and since we know that Ancestor Roe was in the Army. We get his draft registration card from Ancestry.com or FamilySearch.org. There in his own handwriting is his date of birth. Do we win or lose? Hmm. Could go either way depending on the date. I will let you decide.
Fortunately, in most instances in genealogy, the stakes are not quite so high concerning the proof of a date or place or whatever. But an exact date could be extremely important in proving which of two Roes was the ancestor or some other issue. Also, unlike a court, there is no judge or jury deciding who is right and who is wrong. Our genealogical conclusions depend on the court of public opinion, our relatives and our peers. But the principle is the same. It is important to have evidence that is probative of the issue and the best evidence is usually the most probative.
I plan on continuing this discussion to include more about the burden of proof and the burden of persuasion.


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My role at Te Papa is to identify feathers and hair in the ethnological collections, however on occasion I come across something interesting in my research including the following mystery. While identifying the feathers in the museum's Māori textiles collection, I counted eight piupiu (skirt or waist garment) with the letter 'M' sewn into the waistband. It had already been recorded that one or two had the initial 'M' in the waistband. This was unusual but to find eight was a surprise and left me asking why they were added, and by or for who were they initialled. It is usually not museum practice to label collection items in this manner.
The letter 'M' in the waistbands of all but one of these piupiu is yellow, one is natural cream. They were fashioned from natural and dyed yellow harakeke (NZ flax: Phormium spp.) or naturally yellow pingao (golden sand sedge: Ficinia spiralis). It seems the fibres were softened (not scraped) and using a needle, threaded into the waistband to form the letter 'M' on the outer side of all eight piupiu. A knot holds it in place on the inner side of the garment.
Most of their histories were unfortunately not known or recorded upon inclusion into the museum. Just that they have been in the collection for some time, at least for 50 years. Some were also registered together so have concurrent numbers. A small group were apparently received and registered around 1962, but not much more can be found. It is estimated they were made mid 20th Century and are modern examples of piupiu waist garments.
Many large Māori events happened around the mid 1900s. One possible theory as to their origins and a reason for sewing a letter into the waistband is that the piupiu belonged to members of a kapa haka (Māori cultural performance) group. The letter 'M' could have been sewn into the waistbands so as not to be lost or confused with piupiu belonging to other groups. The letter 'M' perhaps identifies the person's initial of who made the piupiu, or it could have been the name of the kapa haka group that wore them.
The piupiu registered ME012027 has a patterning described as korirangi (shining cuckoo bird) which is similar to the fine barring across the feathers of the breast and belly of the bird. These kinds of piupiu were made initially for men. The other piupiu have different variations of the korirangi patterning which originated on the East coast but is today very common. The piupiu all have simple plaited (whiri) waistbands. Several piupiu have variations of diamond patterns which are known as 'pātiki or pātikitiki' (ME012017 & ME012023). A type of 'mumu' design has also been used in ME012016.
If these piupiu look familiar, or you remember family or friends talking about their old kapa haka group please ask them to contact me if they have any information.
Hokimate Pamela HarwoodBicultural Science Researcher, Te Papa Tongarewa
 Mead, Sydney. M. (1969).'Traditional Māori Clothing: A study of technical and functional change'. Wellington: Reed. 238pp.


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Key Difference – Exome vs Transcriptome
A gene contains coding and non-coding regions within it. Coding sequences are known as exons, and non-coding sequences are known as introns. The nucleotide sequence of the exons of a gene represents the genetic code of the gene to synthesize the specific protein. Hence, exons remain in the mRNA molecule. The total exon region of the genome is known as exome, and it is an important part of the genome. The genetic code of the genes is converted into the genetic code of the mRNA molecule, which is needed for the production of protein. The entire mRNA molecules transcribed in a cell or a cell population at a time is known as a transcriptome. The key difference between exome and transcriptome is that exome represents the sequences of the exon regions of the genome while transcriptome represents the total mRNA of a cell or a tissue at a given time.
What is Exome?
Genes are composed of exons, introns and regulatory sequences. Exons are the gene regions which are transcribed into mRNA sequence during the transcription. Introns and other non-coding regions are removed during the transcription. The nucleotide sequence of exons determines the genetic code of the gene which synthesizes the specific protein it codes. Only exons remain within mRNA of a protein. The collection of exons in the genome is known as exome of an organism. It represents a part of the genome which is expressed in genes. In humans, exome accounts 1% from the genome. It is the protein-coding portion of the human genome.
What is Transcriptome?
The transcriptome is the collection of all protein-coding and non-coding transcripts (RNAs) in a given tissue. Transcriptome represents the collection of total mRNA molecules expressed by the genes in a cell or a tissue. The transcriptome of a cell can be varied with the transcriptome of another cell type. The transcriptome is also dynamic – it changes with time in response to both internal and external stimuli. Even within the same tissue or within the same cell type, transcriptome can change after few minutes.
Transcriptome differs from exome of an organism. Transcriptome includes only the expressed exome sequences. Though the exome of a cell remains the same, transcriptome differs among cells since gene expression is not same for all cells or tissues. Only essential genes are expressed in different cells and tissues. Gene expression is a tissue or cell type specific process. It is regulated by various factors including environmental factors. Therefore, transcriptome can vary with external environmental conditions.
Transcriptome is used as a precursor for proteomics studies. All proteins are derived from mRNA sequences. Translational modifications can result in the changes in proteins. However, transcriptome provides important basic information for the proteomic studies.
What is the difference between Exome and Transcriptome?
Exome vs Transcriptome
|Exome is the collection of protein-coding region of the genes.||Transcriptome is the collection of all transcribed RNA including mRNA.|
|Exome is studied using DNA sample.||Transcriptome is studied using an RNA sample.|
|Whole exome sequencing is the method of studying exome.||RNA sequencing is the method of studying transcriptome.|
Summary – Exome vs Transcriptome
Exons are the coding sequences of the genes and determine the mRNA sequences of the proteins. The collection of these coding sequences (exons) is known as exome of an organism. Genes are transcribed into mRNA molecules prior to making proteins. The total mRNA molecules of a cell or a tissue at any given time are known as transcriptome. Transcriptome represents the genes that are being actively expressed into mRNA at any given time. Transcriptome is cell and tissue specific and affects with the environmental conditions. This is the difference between exome and transcriptome.
1.Sarah et al, "Targeted Capture and Massively Parallel Sequencing of Twelve Human Exomes." Nature. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 10 Sept. 2009. Web. 01 Apr. 2017
2.Mutz et al. "Transcriptome analysis using next-generation sequencing." Elsevier: Article Locator. N.p., Sept. 2012. Web. 01 Apr. 2017
1."The transcriptome of pluripotent cells" By Grskovic, M. and Ramalho-Santos, M., The pluripotent transcriptome (October 10, 2008), StemBook, ed. The Stem Cell Research Community, StemBook, doi/10.3824/stembook.1.24.1, _URL_. – DirectStemBook Figure 2 The transcriptome of pluripotent cells.Grskovic, M. and Ramalho-Santos, M., The pluripotent transcriptome (October 10, 2008), StemBook, ed. The Stem Cell Research Community, StemBook, doi/10.3824/stembook.1.24.1, (CC BY 3.0) via Commons Wikimedia


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Free Research Paper On Boston Massacre, 1770
Primary sources that offer information about an historical event are often treated with a degree of trust. However, even primary sources can be portrayed in a way that serves its intended purpose. More importantly, the theme of biasness prevails when these primary sources are exhaustively evaluated. The Boston Massacre is a significant event in the history of America. In the 1760s, tension was high between the colonist and British loyalists. The lack of representation in Parliament and the high taxes imposed on the colonists emerged as the source of the resentment. In fact, 4,000 British troops had been sent to Boston by 1768 against a population of 20,000 inhabitants. However, on March 5, 1770, the tension led to a tragic conformation between the colonists and the British soldiers. As result, three colonists died on the spot while two others succumbed to the fatal injuries (Avdellas, 2013). This event has had various conflicting accounts of what transpired on this night. In this discussion, the biasness portrayed by the primary sources will be addressed, as well as the purpose of the sources and their reliability.
1. "The Bloody Massacre in King-Street, March 5, 1770." (Engraving)
Historians regard this engraving as one of the significant documents of the pre-revolutionary period. However, the purpose of the document was that it would be used as a propaganda piece (Holypark Media 2007). The event happened during the colonial period when the Americans were still under the British. Pressure was high on the American people to revolt the colonial imposition of the British in their bid to gain their independence. As such, Revere used this engraving as a channel through which the other Americans who were comfortable with the presence of the British in their land to have a negative view of the British. By depicting the Americans in Boston as the victims and the British soldiers as the oppressors, the engraving would achieve its intended purpose of rallying up the Americans against the British colony and the eventual independence. In essence, the engraving was created for the American public, big audience because it was featured in the 'Boston Gazette'.
Revere is biased in depicting this event in several ways. First, he intentionally uses a dog in his engraving so that the event the colonist can be perceived as the victims in the event. The engraving depicts the British soldiers to be shooting their rifles towards the colonists while the dog is spared. As such, Revere is demonstrating that the British soldiers treated the colonist in a more devastating manner as compared to the treatment the dogs received. Also, Revere depicts the colonist to be full of horror and panic, which is often associated with those people who are innocent and calm. On the other hand, the soldiers are depicted o have determined and cold looks as they point their rifles to the crowd of colonists (Holypark Media 2007). This disparity intensifies Revere's biasness in describing the innocence of the colonists against the cruel and inhumane characteristics of the British soldiers.
However, the source is reliable because it depicts three colonists in fatal conditions, which is in line with the information from other sources on the event. All the sources on the event concur that three civilians died on the spot while two others succumbed to the injuries. This significant information is the ground for justifying the reliability of this engraving.
2. "The Bloody Massacre in King-Street, March 5, 1770." (Poem)
Besides, the engraving, Revere wrote a poem to emphasize his sentiments in the event further. Similar to the engraving, the poem would serve as a propaganda piece to enable the American public pool their efforts against the British colony. Given this, the poem was intended for a large audience, American Public, with the aim of creating a negative attitude towards the British. It was featured in the 'Boston Gazette' magazine, as well.
Revere is biased in the manner that he depicts the event through the poem. He says, "With murd'rous Rancor stretch their bloody Hands" (Kellogg, 1919, p. 383). This excerpt from the poem rounds up the biasness against the British soldiers as depicted by Revere in the sense that they are labeled as murderous. Besides, the use of the word "rancor" in his poem demonstrated that the British soldiers were up to no good; rather, they enjoyed oppressing the colonists. Furthermore, the phrase "bloody hands" meant that the British soldiers were brutal even in the past, and this tragic event was not in isolation. To laud the innocence of the colonists, Revere says that: "If speechless Sorrows lab'ring for a Tongue" (p. 383). In essence, he is portraying the colonists to be impeccant and that the British soldiers were capitalizing on their innocence. Furthermore, Revere recognizes the names of the colonists who were died as a consequence of this event, while he overlooks the saliency of naming the British soldiers who were hurt in the course of the event.
The poem is not reliable as a source of this event because of the conflicting assertions. Revere asserts that upon trial, Captain Preston will face the wrath of the law. However, the trials turned in favor of Captain Preston, who was acquitted of the allegation of giving orders for the killings and personally shooting from a window in the Customhouse. In fact, it was ascertained that he did not give the orders for the shooting (The Massachusetts Historical Society, 1954). As such, the reliability of this source is justified.
3. An excerpt from Diary and Autobiography of John Adams (Diary and Autobiography)
The Autobiography of John Adams represents a respective narration of his past life. His experiences as a youth and while serving in the purview of law are highlighted in the autobiography. However, Adams is specific in his autobiography on his intended audience. He says that rather than writing for a broad public audience, he purposes to have his children as his sole audience (The Massachusetts Historical Society, 1954).
Being a defense attorney for the British soldiers and Captain Preston, Adams's excerpt on the event is biased. Adams argues that if the British soldiers were to be issued with death sentences following the incident, the barbaric nature of the ancient America time would be portrayed. He likens the British soldiers to 'Quakers' (The Massachusetts Historical Society, 1954, "About the Autobiography"), which was a Christian sect in the ancient times. As such, Adams describes the British soldiers as innocent people who had the right motive and that the incident was a mistake on the side of the colonists. In the excerpt, he does not condemn the actions of the soldiers since he regards these actions as a defense mechanism. In other words, the victims who died during the incident deserved it because they posed a greater degree of danger to the soldiers. He reinforces this sentiment by saying "As the Evidence was, the Verdict of the Jury was exactly right" (The Massachusetts Historical Society, 1954). Adams was playing his role as a defense jury, and it was logical for him to defend his clients in order to triumph upon the issuing of the verdict.
This primary source of the incident is reliable because the information within is in line with the assertions in other sources. Adams points out that the jury acquitted the British soldiers of their alleged crimes. Indeed, Captain Preston and other British soldiers accused of manslaughter during the incident were exculpated, according to the other sources on the event (The Massachusetts Historical Society, 1954). Given this, the up-to-dateness of this primary source presents its reliability.
4. The Boston Massacre (News Paper Article)
The article in the Boston Gazette was intended for a large audience because newspapers emerge as one of the major sources of information for the general public. In this sense, this article was meant to give insight on the unfolding of events during the tragic incident. Moreover, being a featured in a Boston-based newspaper, the intention of the article was to give a perspective that favors the colonists who were involved in the incident.
The purpose of a given source dictates the side that it will be biased on. This article presents several forms of biasness against the British soldiers. The article depicts the colonists as the victims by rendering the actions of the soldiers as abusive, as well as emphasizing on the wounding. The author does present the side of the British Soldiers in his analysis; rather, the British soldiers are condemned for the vengeance role they played after a young lad was attacked British soldier, and the colonists came to help and outweighed the soldier. As such, the incident would not have happened were it not he soldier who assaulted the young lad. Through such a depiction, the author tries to suggest that whereas the colonist were innocent and calm, the British took advantage of their power and oppressed them. Further, the author asserts that the British soldiers shot into the crowd of colonists following a command from Captain Preston (Hughes, 2015). The article justifies the assault on the sentry by the colonists as a good deed since they were helping the young lad who had been attacked without considering the consequence of this action on the soldiers himself.
This newspaper article is not reliable because it greatly varies with the assertions of other primary sources on incident. The article asserts that the shooting orders were given by Captain Preston; however, after the trial, it is established that this was not the case, and the Preston was even acquitted of all he charges against him (The Massachusetts Historical Society, 1954).


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A comparative study of two methods for determination of pH, exchangeable base cations, and aluminum
Publikation/Tidskrift/Serie: Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis
Förlag: Taylor & Francis
The ability to compare soil chemical data achieved by different chemical extraction methods is a necessity for an efficient long-term monitoring of soils and for comparisons of results from regional soil surveys with differing standard methods. This study compares two common, methods for analysis of soil chemical properties, the combination of soil extraction in 1.0 M NH4Cl and 1.0 M KCl and the single extraction method using 0.1 M BaCl2. Results show that the two methods do not differ in extraction capability with regard to pH and exchangeable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). However, there is less agreement in extraction capability with regard. to potassium (K), sodium (Na), and aluminum (Al). For these elements, BaCl2 is less efficient than NH4Cl and KCl. Despite the differences in extraction capability between BaCl2 and KCl/NH4Cl, regression analyses showed that the methods are well correlated (high regression coefficients for all, elements). Thus, transformation of data achieved by one method to estimated values of the other method are possible. Results from this study may be an important tool for comparisons of mineral soil data achieved by the two methods.
- Biology and Life Sciences
- ISSN: 0010-3624


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Basic Feline Genetics
The following statements are generally true but there are exceptions. This information is not meant to be a
complete manual on cat genetics. For more information, please refer to books on the subject.
When the term COLOR is used, it refers to color only (blue, cream, black, red, etc.). When PATTERN is used,
it refers to pattern only (tabby, shaded, smoke, etc.). When both are affected, the statement will contain the term
- Male kittens always obtain both color genes from the dam. The male offspring in a litter will always be either the color
of the dam (or one of the colors in the case of parti-colors) or the dilute form of the dam's color. See the statement on
dilutes for more information (see #21 & #24).
- Female kittens take one color gene from each parent. The color of the female kittens in a litter will always be either a
combination of the sire's and dam's colors, or the dilute form of those colors (see #21 & #24).
- To obtain any of the red or cream color/patterns in female kittens, the sire must be one of the red or cream
color/patterns PLUS the dam must in some form demonstrate red or cream (see #21).
- Only the immediate parents determine the color/pattern of a kitten. The color/patterns found in the pedigree of a kitten
will NOT always directly affect the color/pattern of the kitten. One notable exception is the colorpoint gene, which can
carry through a number of generations (see #21 & #24).
- A kitten's pattern can be inherited from either parent.
- A dominant characteristic (all dominant colors and patterns such as shaded, smoke, white, tabby, bi-color, etc.)
cannot skip generations. The characteristic cannot be transmitted from one generation to the next without showing that
characteristic in each generation.
- A cat displaying a dominant color (black, red, tortie, etc.) must have a parent which displays a dominant color
- Two recessive color parents (cream, blue, etc.) cannot produce an offspring of a dominant color (black, red, etc.).
- Two colorpointed parents cannot produce a non-colorpointed offspring.
- To get a colorpointed kitten, both parents must be carrying the colorpointed gene (even if they do not appear
- The mating of a colorpointed cat and a cat with no colorpointed background will produce NO colorpointed offspring.
- A (non-silver) tabby must have at least one parent that is either a shaded or a tabby. A silver tabby must have
at least one silver tabby, shaded or smoke parent (see #13).
- All red cats will have some tabby markings. Whether or not a red can produce as a tabby will depend on whether it
is a true tabby with a tabby or shaded parent or whether it is a red with ghost tabby markings and neither a tabby nor a
shaded parent. A red tabby that is not a true tabby cannot produce a tabby offspring of any other color without being
bred to a true tabby or a shaded.
- A cat with a white undercoat (smoke or shaded) must have a parent that has a white undercoat (see #21).
- A shaded cat must have at least one parent that is a shaded (see #21).
- A shaded parent can produce a smoke offspring, but a non-shaded (smoke) parent cannot produce a shaded offspring unless
bred to a shaded (see #21).
- A bi-color must have a bi-color parent (see #21).
- Parti-color cats (blue-cream, tortie, calico) are almost always female, but males can and do occur occasionally (and
are not always sterile).
- A white cat must have a white parent.
- A white cat breeds as both a white (which you see) and a masked color (which you don't see) and can produce based on
both white and the unseen color/pattern. The masked color/pattern must be determined, based on the white's pedigree and
the offspring produced in a controlled breeding, in order to effectively predict the color/pattern of the expected
offspring. Interestingly, white kittens may have a small spot of color on top of their heads when born. This color should
be noted as it is the color that the white is masking and the color that the cat will breed as when an adult. The spot of
color may be visible for several months, but often disappears as the kitten matures.
- Genetics for solid white cats can affect the possible color/pattern of expected kittens in that the white parent may be
masking the color/pattern needed to produce this result.
- Two longhair parents cannot produce a shorthair kitten.
- Two classic tabby parents cannot produce a mackerel, spotted, or ticked tabby kitten. A ticked tabby must have a ticked
tabby parent. A mackerel or spotted tabby must have a mackerel, spotted, or ticked tabby parent (see #21).
- The dilute gene must be present in both the sire and dam's pedigree in order to produce a dilute offspring.
- The chocolate or lilac gene must be present in both the sire and dam's pedigree in order to produce chocolate or lilac
For further information on feline genetics, we recommend the following:
- "Feline Genetics" in Feline Domesticus - Manual of Feline Health l982-l983, Cornell University, Judith Kinnear, PhD., Page 121.
- "The Genes of Cats" in The Book of The Cat, Summit Books, New York, l980.
Suggested Advanced Reading:
- Robinson's Genetics For Cat Breeders & Veterinarians, Fourth Edition, Butterworth Heinemann, Boston, 1999.
- "Feline Genetics" in A Standard Guide to Cat Breeds, McGraw Hill, New York, l979.
The information contained on this page is also available in a PDF format of our printed pamphlet.


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BBC TwoNewsnight
Last Updated: Thursday, 4 January 2007, 16:45 GMT
Sierra Leone's failing health
By Julia Mackenzie
House in Sierra Leone
Around 70% of people in Sierra Leone live below the poverty line
Five years after the end of the civil war and despite a multi-million dollar aid budget, a growing health crisis is developing in Sierra Leone.
This small West African country is heavily dependent on foreign aid, particularly from the UK - with over 60% of its budget supplied from abroad.
It is estimated that up to 40% of the population remain traumatised by the war, yet the country has just one trained psychiatrist.
Despite the aid there is little basic infrastructure, and the largely privatised healthcare system is beyond most people's means, forcing them to seek alternative, potentially dangerous healthcare, such as witch doctors.
New doctrine
The UK's only "successful humanitarian intervention", Sierra Leone continues to be held up by Tony Blair as proof of the success of the "new doctrine of international community" introduced in a 1999 speech which justified later interventions into Afghanistan and Iraq.
In total Sierra Leone receives over $300m per year - although its population is just five million people.
But the country has few roads, little running water and less than 10% have access to electricity.
According to a British assessment Sierra Leone is unlikely to meet any of its Millennium Development Goals.
Life expectancy is 41 years, the 8th worst in the world, and Sierra Leone has the highest maternal mortality ratio and child mortality rates
Life expectancy
The statistics are grim. In 2005 Sierra Leone was ranked 176 out of 177 countries in the UN Human Development Index (HDI). Life expectancy is currently 41 years, the 8th worst in the world, and Sierra Leone has the highest maternal mortality ratio and child mortality rates in the world.
Pa Bassi
Unable to afford medical treatment, many turn to witch doctors
The healthcare system was largely destroyed in the war along with much of the other vital infrastructure. Now the Sierra Leone government is struggling to improve facilities - many of which were burnt down or destroyed.
In some areas there is a skeletal system in place, heavily subsidised by foreign aid, and supplemented by healthcare charities and aid agencies. Foreign non-governmental organisations supply 60% of the Ministry of Health's budget, and spend almost double the amount the government spends on healthcare.
But the system the Government has developed is largely privatised - meaning that patients are charged a fee for treatment they receive. When 70% of the population live below the poverty line, and 26% live in extreme poverty the costs are all too often seen as an unaffordable luxury. Children, pregnant women and the elderly are all supposed to receive free treatment but in practice that doesn't always happen.
Witch doctors
So for many people in Sierra Leone other forms of care have become the norm.
I was taken to visit a local witch doctor, Pa Bassi, on the outskirts of Freetown. The two hour journey to get to his mud built house is regularly undertaken by those who come to visit him. On the day I visited he told me that he had 10 patients waiting to see him. He specialised in the treatment of mental disturbances.
It has been estimated that up to 40% of the population of Sierra Leone have been traumatised by the effects of the war and require psychiatric help. But the country has only one psychiatrist, and only one mental hospital. Only the very disturbed are admitted - so for the many people suffering from less severe mental illness, there is no-where else to go.
Pa Bassi administers perfume eye-drops
Pa Bassi claims putting perfume in people's eyes is "good for the brain"
Pa Bassi offered to show me one of his standard treatments. It was perfume.
At the side of his house his patients waited. Because they were mentally disturbed, many of them had been restrained - chained to heavy objects to prevent them from running away.
Pa Bassi demonstrated - pouring perfume in the eyes of two of the boys waiting to be seen. This, despite their screams, he claimed was good for the brain - as it cleared out the system.
So great is the stigma of mental illness, that people leave their relatives with him, and sometimes never return. My translator told me that Pa Bassi was a humanitarian because he saw patients without charge. A woman I spoke to had paid for treatment by giving vegetables in return.
In a country which is so desperately poor it is little surprise that such forms of health care flourish. People I met in Sierra Leone wonder when life is going to get better. With so much foreign money being committed here one can only hope it is soon.
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Three Reasons Why Metadata Privacy Is the Next Level Evolution Towards Data Privacy
Most people think metadata is something you only have to worry about if you are running an SEO campaign. However, most people do not realize that every task you perform creates metadata that contains every piece of information about the task you just performed. Even if you click a picture, the photo will have a metadata file that will contain all your personal information such as your location, device information, date and time information, etc.
Someone can misuse this information in more ways than you might realize. Therefore, only protecting your data is not enough if you want to stay completely secure. You have to protect your metadata as well. Here are a few reasons why protecting your metadata privacy will make you completely protected.
 - The most important step of ensuring your privacy is encrypting the information you are transferring, and you can do that by protecting your metadata.
 - Metadata privacy secures not only the information you are sending but also the information of the sender.
 - As metadata files contain information about the sender, it also includes information on the receiver. By ensuring the privacy of metadata, you can ensure the privacy of the receiver as well.
Whatever you do online, sending & receiving any data, HOPR provides the tools and framework for a privacy-first layer zero of the Web3 ecosystem, ensuring everyone has control of their privacy, data, and crypto assets.
Why is the DeFi world waiting for HOPR?
HOPR provides complete network-level metadata privacy, which is extremely important in the digital age. Metadata is one of the crucial yet elementary parts of totally anonymous financial transactions. In the Decentralized Finance space, all the transactions take place over the internet. While the platforms encrypt these transactions, they can create caches and metadata that contains detailed information about the transactions.
HOPR understands the importance of total metadata privacy and provides complete network-level metadata privacy. The HOPR networks transfer all the data via multiple "hops" to eliminate any prying eyes and encrypt the transaction in the process. This way, the metadata is hidden that helps in masking the origin and destination, as well as size, sender & recipient of the data transaction.
Another advantage of using the HOPR network is its custom-made second-layer scaling based on probabilistic payments that immediately give a value to the HOPR token. This helps in avoiding high transaction fees on the blockchain.
The outstandingly strong & huge community of HOPR and what this means?
HOPR rewards its community members for helping others to transfer data private & secure. This decentralized network, which in testnets already had up to 3'000 nodes running, has a unique proof-of-relay mechanism that rewards every node runner with HOPR tokens. The platform incentivizes the community members to run HOPR nodes in exchange for HOPR tokens while contributing to online data privacy.
HOPR is launching the HOPR tokens in a matter of a week, and there is an exciting buzz going around the community. Even before the token launch, more than 20'000 members have already subscribed to TG channels in 11 different languages.
HOPR has always prioritized its community members by rewarding their efforts on several HOPR testnets.
The token launch comes after a first-of-its-kind DAO (decentralized autonomous organization) experiment. The timings and logistics of the token launch were decided by the HOPR Genesis DAO, a community of more than 3,000 HOPR testnet participants, independent of the project team itself.
More than 1,500 votes were cast on the final proposal that is an unprecedented level of turnout in the DeFi space. The DAO voted for a community presale, followed by a public distribution on the decentralized finance platforms and that are two popular DeFi tools for providing decentralized liquidity. In total, 85m HOPR tokens will be distributed.
The high involvement of the core community shows passion and great interest in the meaning of the project. Therefore, long-term growth can be expected for the project. By incentivizing the collective efforts of their community members, HOPR shows endless gratitude and appreciation towards them.
Why is Meta Data Privacy the next big thing?
The exponential global data traffic growth has led to an increase in security risk, due to the many webpages grabbing all kinds of data to find the right clients, grow and serve customers with matching desires. What sounds like a great customer serving is at the same time a big risk, as everybody might be influenced, based on the profile of others.
Data privacy is just not enough. HOPR is about to revolutionize how we will send data in the future. Similar to TOR but incentivized so that everybody can earn a token when supporting the HOPR network. Every community member that runs a HOPR node will be rewarded for their efforts and contribution to digital privacy.
The company even offers a dedicated HOPR hardware node in order to relay more data and earn more tokens. Anyone can easily run the HOPR node on their own hardware by using HOPR's easy-to-install software. And it is open-source, so the installation is totally free. You only pay when you use it with HOPR token. These HOPR tokens will be given to the HOPR Node runners, as they will send your data, in a private & secure manner.
With ever-increasing security risks, we have to ensure our digital privacy is as good as possible. We have been focusing on securing the data, but metadata privacy is the next level important if not a larger security concern. As metadata contains information about the data, sender, and receiver, it is vital to keep it secure from any vulnerabilities.
Just 1 funny example so you understand the difference between data privacy & metadata privacy:
Here you see:
Sender / receiver / weight of the item / time sent / and the form
If this would be split into all equally looking HOPR balls – and they all would be sent through different delivery channels … the data & the metadata would be protected.
Image by ElasticComputeFarm from Pixabay


UP CLOSE: Grape Vine Tendrils
grape vines tendrils
In the plant world, a tendril is a thin stem or leaf with a thread-like shape that climbing plants, such as the grape vine, use for support and attachment. Ancient vines twined tendrils around trees, whereas today they grow around intricate trellis systems in the vineyard. These tendrils have the ability to perform photosynthesis. Continue reading


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When we originally converted the build to maven we had a single "core" module defined, but later reverted this to a module-less build for the sake of simplicity.
It now looks like it's time to re-address this, as we have an actual need for modules to:
- provide a trimmed down "client" library that applications can make use of
- more cleanly support building against different versions of Hadoop, in place of some of the reflection machinations currently required
- incorporate the secure RPC engine that depends on some secure Hadoop classes
I propose we start simply by refactoring into two initial modules:
- core - common classes and utilities, and client-side code and interfaces
- server - master and region server implementations and supporting code
This would also lay the groundwork for incorporating the HBase security features that have been developed. Once the module structure is in place, security-related features could then be incorporated into a third module – "security" – after normal review and approval. The security module could then depend on secure Hadoop, without modifying the dependencies of the rest of the HBase code.


text:
What are the real keys to improving job performance and satisfaction in the workplace?
It's not about making people "happy." Instead, the keys to improving job satisfaction are: improving autonomy, skill variety, task identity, task significance, and feedback loops. In plain English, it means empowering people with meaningful tasks where they can feel their impact, while growing their skills. This is how people find their flow and improve, while enjoying the job they're in.
In Social Psychology: Theories, Research, and Applications, Robert S. Feldman identifies key dimensions that influence your performance and satisfaction.
Five Key Job Dimensions
The key job dimensions are:
- Skill variety
- Task identity
- Task significance
Job Dimensions Explained
Feldman explains what the five key job dimensions are:
- Skill variety: the degree to which the job requires different skills underlying the activities that are part of the job.
- Task identity: the degree to which an individual produces a whole, identifiable unit of work (versus completion of a small unit which is not an identifiable final product).
- Task significance: the degree to which the job has an influence over others.
- Autonomy: the degree to which an individual holding a job is able to schedule his or her activities and decide on the particular procedures to be employed.
- Feedback: the extent to which clear, precise information about the effectiveness of performance is conveyed.
Improve Job Dimensions to for Higher Performance, Motivation and Satisfaction
Improving the job dimensions improves job performance and satisfaction. Feldman writes:
"Improving the job dimensions improves higher productivity, increases motivation and job satisfaction, high-quality performance and lower-levels of absenteeism and turnover. The following table is based on Hackman & Oldham (1976)."
Feldman shares a summary of table of high job satisfaction:
|Job Dimension||Psychological States||Outcomes|
|Meaningfulness of work||High motivation and satisfaction|
|Autonomy||Perceived responsibility||High-quality work|
|Feedback||Knowledge of results||Low absenteeism and turnover|
While I don't think the categories are a surprise, I like the precision and the mapping. If you're feeling a lack in the "Outcomes" column, check the corresponding "Job Dimension" column to see what the underlying issue might be.


King's Road Meets Apalache Trail
King's Road Meets Apalache Trail (HM2JYW)
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N 30° 19.781', W 81° 39.532'
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At this spot the Kings Road met the Apalache Trail, so connecting the English colonies and the Spanish settlements of the west with St. Augustine and New Smyrna
Year Placed1928
Placed ByJacksonville Chapter Daughters of the American Revolution
Marker ConditionNo reports yet
Date Added Monday, August 26th, 2019 at 8:01pm PDT -07:00
Locationbig map
UTM (WGS84 Datum)17R E 436664 N _PHONE_
Decimal Degrees30.32968333, -81.65886667
Degrees and Decimal MinutesN 30° 19.781', W 81° 39.532'
Degrees, Minutes and Seconds30° 19' 46.86" N, 81° 39' 31.92" W
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text:
Spider That Builds Its Own Spider Decoys Discovered
2012 12 21
By Nadia Drake | Wired.com
A spider that builds elaborate, fake spiders and hangs them in its web has been discovered in the Peruvian Amazon.
Believed to be a new species in the genus Cyclosa, the arachnid crafts the larger spider from leaves, debris and dead insects. Though Cyclosa includes other sculpting arachnids, this is the first one observed to build a replica with multiple, spidery legs.
Scientists suspect the fake spiders serve as decoys, part of a defense mechanism meant to confuse or distract predators. "It seems like a really well evolved and very specialized behavior," said Phil Torres, who described the find in a blog entry written for Rainforest Expeditions. Torres, a biologist and science educator, divides his time between Southern California and Peru, where he's involved in research and education projects.
"Considering that spiders can already make really impressive geometric designs with their webs, it's no surprise that they can take that leap to make an impressive design with debris and other things," he said.
In September, Torres was leading visitors into a floodplain surrounding Peru's Tambopata Research Center, located near the western edge of the Amazon. From a distance, they saw what resembled a smallish, dead spider in a web. It looked kind of flaky, like the fungus-covered corpse of an arthropod.
But then the flaky spider started moving.
A closer looked revealed the illusion. Above the 1-inch-long decoy sat a much smaller spider. Striped, and less than a quarter-inch long, the spider was shaking the web. It was unlike anything Torres had ever seen. "It blew my mind," he said.
So Torres got in touch with arachnologist Linda Rayor of Cornell University who confirmed the find was unusual. "The odds are that this [species] is unidentified," she said, "and even if it has been named, that this behavior hasn't previously been reported." Rayor notes that while more observations are necessary to confirm a new species, decoys with legs — and the web-shaking behavior — aren't common in known Cyclosa. "That's really kind of cool," she said.
Read the full article at: wired.com
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text:
The MaxSafe Bacteriostatic (Disinfection) Water Cartridge is a must have to complement drinking water purifiers such as reverse osmosis (RO) systems, drinking water conditioners, coolers, and filters. It offers better performance and results as compared with Ultrafiltration or Ultraviolet Sterilization
- Removes objectionable tastes and odors from drinking water
- Inhibits the growth of bacteria in a device filter to prolong the life of the filter
- Inhibits the growth of bacteria within the water system, lines, and reservoir or other in-line container
- Inhibits bacterial recontamination and keeps water fresh for storage by inhibiting bacterial fouling
- Installs easily in-line with systems using push-to-connect fittings
- Filter Media:Bacteriostatic media that disinfects bacteria and viruses
- Material:Food-grade ABS and polypropylene
- Inlet/Outlet Port Size: ¼
- Operating Temperature: 50 ᵒC (140 ᵒF)
- Feed Pressure: 100 psi
- Case Quantity: 100 pcs
- Case Dimensions (mm): 480 x 405 x 270
- Case Weight: 7 Kg
To be stored in a cool, dry place. Avoid excessive moisture and temperatures above 40°C during storage.
IMPORTANT: The cartridge is engineered for use in drinking water treatment devices that treat potable water or municipally treated tap water and is not designed to provide primary disinfection.


text:
A Rough, Tough Forage for Rangeland Cattle
Angus cows grazing on grass and forage kochia in Utah. Ranchers in the Intermountain West can reduce feeding costs by grazing their animals on forage kochia in fall and winter.
Forage kochia (Kochia prostrata) is a shrubby Asian native that has found a new home on western U.S. rangelands. And although it is not invasive, it is still sometimes more resilient than the North American native plants.
"In some rangeland soils, it's difficult to successfully reseed with native plants," says geneticist Blair Waldron, who works at the Agricultural Research Service's Forage and Range Research Laboratory in Logan, Utah. "But we've shown that forage kochia can be established to enhance rangelands and compete with cheatgrass successfully. It can even protect against wildfires. Some people said that livestock won't eat it, but we've found that cows will graze kochia—and that they even prefer it over lupine, which can be toxic to pregnant cattle."
Waldron and his research partners have published findings that give ranchers even more reason to like the forage perennial. Their work compared how well cattle fared after two seasons of spending the fall and winter grazing on either kochia-dominated rangelands or grass-dominated rangelands.
"Winter feeding can account for 50 to 70 percent of a producer's annual costs, so we wanted to see whether ranchers could save on annual feed costs if their cattle have suitable rangeland plants to graze in the fall," Waldron says.
The scientists investigated fall/winter rangeland forage yields, rangeland carrying capacities, nutritive values, and the livestock performance of cattle that grazed on both types of rangeland from late October until the following January. The commercial-scale, on-farm trials were funded in part with a grant from the Western Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program and were conducted in Tooele County, Utah, in cooperation with the Grantsville Soil Conservation District and the Darrell Johnson Ranch in Rush Valley.
After calculating the appropriate stocking rate, Waldron and his partners stocked each site mainly with Black Angus cattle and ran field trials in 2007 and 2008. The scientists found that the forage yield on rangelands seeded with kochia was 2,309 pounds per acre, which was 6 times greater than the forage yield on traditional grazinglands. This difference meant that the rangelands with kochia could support 1.38 animals per acre, while the traditional rangelands could support only 0.24 animals per acre. The experimental forage had a crude protein content of 11.7 percent—well above the recommended minimum—while the stockpiled grasses had a crude protein content of only 3.1 percent, which was below the recommended minimum.
Waldron says this work shows that forage kochia can improve sustainable livestock production in the western United States by increasing rangeland carrying capacity and forage nutritive value.
"Now we're using kochia varieties we collected from Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan to develop new cultivars that grow taller and have thicker stems, so they'll be more accessible to cattle and wildlife in snow," Waldron says. "We're hoping to release an improved variety of kochia later this year."—By Ann Perry, Agricultural Research Service Information Staff.
This research is part of Pasture, Forage, and Rangeland Systems (#215) and Plant Genetic Resources, Genomics, and Genetic Improvement (#301), two ARS national programs described at _URL_.
Blair Waldron is with the USDA-ARS Forage and Range Research Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-6300; _PHONE_.
"A Rough, Tough Forage for Rangeland Cattle" was published in the January 2012 issue of Agricultural Research magazine.