text:
Irvine Ranch and UC Irvine researchers are undergoing a project that examines the ranch's native plant communities and its potentially threatening, non-native plant species.
The research project is the first launched that's part of a five-year, $1-million grant awarded to UCI in November by the Irvine Co. and its chairman, Donald Bren. The researchers will scientifically investigate the ranch's environmental challenges and come up with solutions.
Some of the ranch's non-native plants were brought over from the Mediterranean rim by California's early Spanish colonialists.Those foreign plants thrived in the Southern California climate, which is similar to sections of the Mediterranean.
But over time, the non-native species have started pushing out the native ones, which are important for sustaining the wildlife whose habitat is the land in and around Irvine Ranch, scientists say.
The agricultural practices that accompanied the cultivation of non-native flora also affected the survival of the native plants. Many of the non-natives thrived in a disturbed environment, continuing to grow even if they were plowed by machines, grazed on by animals or singed by brush fires. The native plants, however, did not grow well under such adverse conditions.
"It's the initial disturbance — whether it's overgrazing, frequent fire or a plow — that takes out the adult native community," said Megan Lulow, the senior field ecologist at the Irvine Ranch Conservancy.
The Irvine Ranch covers 93,000 acres — or one-fifth of the surface area of Orange County — and stretches from Newport Coast to the Cleveland National Forest.
As part of his philanthropy, Bren donated more than half of the ranch land — 50,000 acres — for permanent environmental conservation.
The Newport Beach billionaire also created the conservancy and set aside $50 million for the long-term management, preservation and restoration of the land's natural resources, according to a biography of Bren posted on the Irvine Co.'s website.
The new research project is focusing mostly on coastal sage scrub in the ranch's Loma Ridge area. Lulow said many locals would recognize the plant.
"When you're walking or hiking, it's all the scrub that you see," she said.
Native wildlife — such as the coastal cactus wren, the California gnatcatcher, bobcats, foxes, coyotes and mountain lions — depend on the scrub. But as the native community becomes more threatened, she said, the opportunity for growth and to produce more seedlings becomes difficult.
"The native community is having a hard time colonizing these patches because the non-native has taken hold," she said.
That's where UCI comes in.
Diane Pataki, director of the Center for Environmental Biology at UCI, and her team are studying how to save the coastal sage scrub and other native species by using restorative ecological techniques.
"Oftentimes restorations aren't successful because if you … plant seeds, there is still going to be competition," Lulow said.
Lulow said that weed control and microbial research will come into play while finding the best way to re-establish the indigenous plant communities.
"We're testing different microbes in the soil," Pataki said. "It's really difficult to do. The non-natives come right back. That's part of the research … what makes the (non-native) seeds so invasive?"
Pataki is looking forward to doing valuable research in her campus' backyard.
"People have wanted to work there for a long time," she said. "Coastal sage scrub used to be really prevalent. There is certainly the possibility for certain species to go extinct."


Nyanang Shedup Gaden Phelgye Ling Monastery
Nyanang Phelgye Ling is a Monastic University located at the foot of Swayambhu Stupa in Kathmandu, Nepal, following the Gelug tradition of Tibetan Buddhism.
Since its beginning, Phelgye Ling Monastery has hosted many eminent Buddhist masters, as well as religious festivals and celebrations, and has been a very important center of Buddhist learning and practice.
Nyanang Phelgye Ling Monastery, currently has 45 monks, ranging in age from 8 to 72 years old. The monks engage in daily pujas and other activities under the direct tutelage of the abbot. The day starts at 5:00 am, when the monks wake up to prepare for early morning puja, which begins at 5:30 am and lasts until 7:30 am. There are also regular daily pujas at 9 am and 2 pm. When the students are not in puja, they engage in other studies and practices, such as memorization of scripture, making butter sculptures and torma offerings, Tibetan handwriting, ritual practice, and English and Nepali grammar studies.
Phelgye Ling Monastery also is home to several very precious religious artifacts, some dating back over a thousand years. Many of these items were first brought out of Tibet to ensure their safety during the conflict with China in 1959. These treasures are very well known by many people in the community, and have been a continual source of blessings for those who behold them.
All are welcome at Phelgye Ling Monastery. The monastery is open to all persons regardless of political, religious or ethnic affiliation.


text:
What is the CA 19-9 Radioimmunoassay (RIA) test? What does the CA 19-9 test measure?
The CA 19-9 Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is a simple blood test that measures the level of tumor-associated antigens found in the blood serum of a person who has pancreatic cancer. Antigens are substances that cause the immune system to make a specific immune response. CA 19-9 antigens are foreign substances released by pancreatic tumor cells.
The normal range of CA 19-9 in the blood of a healthy individual is 0-37 U/ml (Units per milliliter). CA 19-9 associated antigen levels are elevated in the blood of many patients with pancreatic cancer. It is important to note that not every patient with pancreatic cancer will have an elevated CA 19-9 level and some non-cancerous conditions can cause high CA 19-9 levels. For these reasons, the CA 19-9 test cannot be used as a diagnostic or screening test for pancreatic cancer.
When is the CA 19-9 test performed?
After the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer is confirmed and if the individual's CA 19-9 level was elevated before treatment, the CA 19-9 test is used periodically to judge the effectiveness of various treatments.
What do the values or numbers of a CA 19-9 test mean?
In general, if CA 19-9 values increase, then progression or growth of the tumor is indicated. If the values remain the same, then the disease is stable. Finally, if CA 19-9 values decrease, then a response to treatment is indicated. A decline in CA 19-9 levels after treatment for pancreatic cancer followed by a rise later may suggest tumor recurrence.
Why is the CA 19-9 test performed?
Changes in CA 19-9 levels help determine if the tumor is progressing, remaining stable or responding to treatment. This test helps doctors decide if treatment should be changed or if additional tests or scans are necessary.
How is the CA 19-9 test performed?
A blood sample is taken from the patient and then sent to a laboratory for testing to determine the level of CA 19-9 present in the blood. This blood sample is measured using a radioimmunoassay, or RIA, test. Radioimmunoassay is a laboratory technique that can identify specific substances in the blood.
How often is the CA 19-9 test performed?
The doctor will determine how frequently the CA 19-9 tests should be performed. If the tumor seems to be growing despite treatment efforts, the CA 19-9 test may be repeated weekly or after each round of treatment is completed. In a patient who is not currently receiving treatment, the CA 19-9 test may be used periodically over time to determine if that patient should resume treatment or undergo additional testing. People who had their tumors surgically removed might have periodic CA 19-9 tests as part of their follow-up care.
Can conditions other than pancreatic cancer cause an elevated CA 19-9?
Yes. While a high CA 19-9 is most commonly associated with pancreatic cancer, other cancers, such as colorectal, lung, and gall bladder cancers, can also cause elevated levels. High CA 19-9 levels can also be caused by non-cancerous conditions such as gall stones, pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, and liver disease.
During radiation therapy, CA 19-9 levels might be elevated due to the dying cancer cells releasing CA 19-9. Since the results of a CA 19-9 test are not accurate, the test is not performed while the patient receives radiation treatment.
The information and services provided by the Pancreatic Cancer Action Network, Inc. are for informational purposes only. The information and services are not intended to be substitutes for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. If you are ill, or suspect that you are ill, see a doctor immediately! The Pancreatic Cancer Action Network does not recommend nor endorse any specific physicians, products or treatments even though they may be mentioned on this site. In addition, please note that any personal information you provide to the Pancreatic Cancer Action Network's associates during telephone and/or email consultations may be stored in a secure database to assist the Pancreatic Cancer Action Network, Inc. in providing you with the best service possible. Portions of the constituent data stored in this database may be used to inform future programs and services of the Pancreatic Cancer Action Network, Inc., and may be provided in aggregate form to third parties to guide future pancreatic cancer research and treatment efforts. The Pancreatic Cancer Action Network, Inc. will not provide personal identifying information (such as your name or contact information) to third parties without your advanced written consent. 080923

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
- 5 to 10 minutes
You can help your baby gain upper body strength by gently lifting the legs while she is in the tummy position, encouraging her to move forward with the hands, if interested. This should feel good and be quite enjoyable if the baby is physically ready and if you are careful not to overdo.
- Do this activity while moving toward a mirror that can be seen at that level.
- Scoot toward a pillow laid out on the floor and collapse onto it.
- Do this activity to retrieve a slow moving ball.
Copyright © 2004 by Susan Kettmann. Excerpted from The 2,000 Best Games & Activities with permission of its publisher, Sourcebooks, Inc.
To order this book visit Amazon.com.


text: Xylitol is anti-fungal and can help control thrush, sore tongue or denture sore mouth. Debilitated and sick people often have sores at the corners of their mouth (angular cheilitis), a condition that xylitol can also help. A solution of 4 grams of granular xylitol in 16 oz. of warm water can be made and sipped throughout the day and night. This solution may alternatively be sprayed into the mouth or wiped onto teeth with a cloth or sponge.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


distance (n.) Look up distance at Dictionary.com
late 13c., "quarrel, estrangement, discord, strife," from Old French destance (13c.), from Latin distantia "a standing apart," from distantem (nominative distans) "standing apart, separate, distant," present participle of distare "stand apart," from dis- "apart, off" (see dis-) + stare "to stand" (see stet).
Meaning "remoteness, space between things or places" is late 14c. The figurative sense of "aloofness" is the same as in stand-offish. Phrase go the distance (1930s) seems to be originally from the prize ring, where the word meant "scheduled length of a bout."
distance (v.) Look up distance at Dictionary.com
1570s (transitive); 1640s (intransitive), from distance (n.). Related: Distanced; distancing.


text:
I'm new to TEFL, but it seems like an appropriate place to ask a quick question about teaching methods for young learners!
Specifically, I'm interested to know whether teachers still use the "word shapes" teaching method. These are the visual cues where the teacher draws a solid border around the "shape" of the word to help students identify the letters with ascenders and descenders (the "sticks" of tall letters and "tails" of letters that sink below the baseline).
I've spoken to a few primary school teachers who swear by the word shape / word wall method and others who say that word shapes are based on VERY outdated research. As with many pedagogical topics, there seems to be heated debate on wordshapes' effectiveness.
Any thoughts or suggestions? Do primary school teachers still use wordshapes as teaching aids?
Thanks in advance, looking forward to your feedback


text:
Shared Content for Data Engineering 10.2
- All Products
UpdateServiceProcessOptions <-DomainName|-dn> domain_name <-ServiceName|-sn> service_name <-UserName|-un> user_name <-Password|-pd> password [<-SecurityDomain|-sdn> security_domain] [<-ResilienceTimeout|-re> timeout_period_in_seconds] <-NodeName|-nn> node_name <-Options|-o> options
Required. Name of the Informatica domain. You can set the domain name with the -dn option or the environment variable INFA_DEFAULT_DOMAIN. If you set a domain name with both methods, the -dn option takes precedence.
Required. Name of the Content Management Service.
Required if the domain uses Native or LDAP authentication. User name to connect to the domain. You can set the user name with the -un option or the environment variable INFA_DEFAULT_DOMAIN_USER. If you set a user name with both methods, the -un option takes precedence.
Optional if the domain uses Kerberos authentication. To run the command with single sign-on, do not set the user name. If you set the user name, the command runs without single sign-on.
Required if you specify the user name. Password for the user name. The password is case sensitive. You can set a password with the -pd option or the environment variable INFA_DEFAULT_DOMAIN_PASSWORD. If you set a password with both methods, the password set with the -pd option takes precedence.
Required if the domain uses LDAP authentication. Optional if the domain uses native authentication or Kerberos authentication. Name of the security domain to which the domain user belongs. You can set a security domain with the -sdn option or the environment variable INFA_DEFAULT_SECURITY_DOMAIN. If you set a security domain name with both methods, the -sdn option takes precedence. The security domain name is case sensitive.
If the domain uses native or LDAP authentication, the default is Native. If the domain uses Kerberos authentication, the default is the LDAP security domain created during installation. The name of the security domain is the same as the user realm specified during installation.
Optional. Amount of time in seconds that infacmd attempts to establish or re-establish a connection to the domain. You can set the resilience timeout period with the -re option or the environment variable INFA_CLIENT_RESILIENCE_TIMEOUT. If you set the resilience timeout period with both methods, the -re option takes precedence.
Required. Name of the node where the service process runs.
Required. Enter each option and value to update. Separate each option by a space. To view application options, run the infacmd cms ListServiceProcessOptions command.


text:
University of Otago researcher Dr Paul Tankard has sparked international media attention after tracking down a series of lost illustrations for The Lord of the Rings, which were highly praised by author J.R.R. Tolkien but never published.
The illustrations, by a previously little-known English artist, Mary Fairburn, now aged 78, widowed and living in Victoria, Australia, and Dr Tankard's research have just been highlighted by a front page story in the Times Literary Supplement.
Dr Tankard is an Australian-born senior lecturer in the Otago English department.
In May 1968, Tolkien was sent some samples of illustrations for The Lord of the Rings by Miss Fairburn, 35-year-old London-born artist and art teacher, writing from Winchester.
At that stage, Tolkien, a former Oxford University professor, was aged 76 and living in retirement in Oxford.
He initially wrote back to her saying her works were "splendid".
But a few weeks later, Tolkien's "life and affairs were thrown into chaos" when he was hospitalised, Dr Tankard said.
Miss Fairburn later explained to Tolkien she had been "sleeping on the floor of a condemned basement", and faced significant hardship and debts.
But her hopes of being able to illustrate The Lord of the Rings were to be dashed.
She later emigrated to Australia, where she has lived for more than 40 years, and the academic world knew nothing about Tolkien's praise for her or about the pictures she had produced.
All that quickly started to change after Dr Tankard travelled to Castlemaine, a small city in Victoria, Australia, about 120km north of Melbourne, in late 2010 to visit family members.
Told an artist living there had apparently had links with Tolkien, Dr Tankard went to see her, and was shown letters from Tolkien, and knew he was "on to something".By John Gibb


Tap water safety in Baerum (Norway 🇳🇴)
👎 In general, the water in Baerum is not safe to drink.
Numbeo considers this score to be "Moderate"
Scientific reports
We are working on providing you with scientific reports about the water quality in Baerum, if you know a reliable source for that feel free to shoot us a message in the chat below!
Advantages of drinking (filtered) tap water
1 adult could save about 1445$ per year in Baerum by drinking tap water instead of buying bottled water.
Even though drinking water might be considered safe, if you plan to travel to Baerum, consider talking to your local contact to verify that. Old pipes could be leaking toxic material or water in that specific country could contain heavy metals or bacteria.
Tap water safety in all of Norway
World Health Organization (WHO)
Lonely Planet
Tap water is always safe to drink in Norway so fill up a reusable bottle to stay hydrated and help avoid plastic pollution.
Centers for disease control and prevention (CDC)
According to the CDC tap water is generally safe for consumption.


text:
Defects and defect costs in construction - a study of seven building projects in Sweden
In this paper, results from a study of defects occurring on construction sites are presented. Seven building projects were monitored during the production phase. 2,879 defects were collected, analysed and fully described. Their cost corresponds to 4.4% of the production cost. The time to correct them corresponds to 7% of the total working time. The defects are further analysed according to origin, type and position, as well as according to element of building and activity. Most defects could be ascribed to design and to production management. Common defect types were lack of coordinating design work, mistakes in production planning, erroneous workmanship and late deliveries. The defect cost was high in roofs and in concrete drilling. The possibility to reduce the cost of defects is discussed.


Anyone for TENIS?
3 August 2002
A new system for scanning PWR pressure vessel nozzles has reduced time and costs for the operator. By Karl Quirk and Diego Molpeceres
The past three decades have seen dramatic advances in non-destructive testing (NDT) and each new generation of equipment brings further improvements.
Modern ultrasonic inspection systems offer greater reliability and repeatability than ever before. Smaller, less bulky scanners make for more convenient operations while remote systems minimise the time that personnel need to spend in hazardous areas.
New equipment and techniques have also led to significant savings for plant operators. The latest ultrasonic systems are less intrusive, helping to minimise plant downtime. Wherever possible, they are designed to scan components while still in place, avoiding the need for complex and costly dismantling operations.
RPV nozzle inspection
The TENIS scanner is a good example of how modern design can bring about such improvements. The Spanish inspection company Tecnatom was commissioned to develop a new system to test the primary circuit nozzles within PWR vessels. It worked with Phoenix Inspection Systems from the UK, a specialist in the design and manufacture of automated ultrasonic manipulators for the nuclear industry.
The reactor pressure vessel nozzles are an important focus for any PWR plant inspection, being the critical components joining the wall of the pressure vessel to the primary circuit pipework. The scope of inspection for a nozzle includes the nozzle to shell weld, the inner radius, the nozzle to safe end weld, and safe end to pipe weld. The NDT method required is ultrasonic and the inspection is performed from the inside of the nozzles.
The in-service inspection (ISI) of nuclear power plants in Spain is ruled by Section XI of the ASME Code. The whole scope of the ISI has to be completed over a period of ten years. The nozzles have to be partially inspected (50%) at the end of the first three years - this is called the partial inspection or the three-year inspection. They are then inspected again (the remaining 50%), at the end of the ten-year period, at the same time as other areas of the vessel are inspected.
The inspection is generally carried out while the plant is shut down for refuelling and, at the Vandellos 2 power plant, the partial inspection had been scheduled to coincide with the shutdown which was to take place at the end of April 2002.
Design requirements
Because the ten-year inspection requires the testing of large areas - circular and vertical welds, the nozzles and threaded areas - Tecnatom uses a large "universal scanner" called TIME for these inspections. However, for the partial or three-year inspection, the use of the large manipulator to scan such a small area makes no sense in terms of the cost, time and effort required to set up such a large system.
Another major problem is that, using the traditional method, the scanner is suspended from a polar (overhead) crane that lowers it into the vessel and installs it on the vessel flange surface. This restricts access to the vessel core for other activities, mainly refuelling tasks, and affects the overall schedule.
The plant operator was looking for a device which would overcome these problems and would maintain - or exceed - the quality of data collected by the universal vessel inspection scanners but reduce the use of plant resources such as the polar crane. The system was required to:
- Enter the vessel through the personnel hatch instead of the interlock door.
- Reduce the space needed on the refuelling floor during the set-up period.
- Minimise the time needed to carry out the inspection, by allowing the visual inspection to take place at the same time as the ultrasonic testing.
- Reduce decontamination time and the debris generated in the process.
- Reduce the space required for storage of contaminated containers.
Tecnatom personnel reviewed the objectives, working closely with the operators who were familiar with the plant and its infrastructure, and knew at first hand the practical problems involved.
Although use of the crane was still the best option to place the scanner inside the vessel, once inside, the scanner could be free floating and could be easily positioned by a mini-submarine or manipulation poles.
It was obvious that the scanner would have to be compact and carry on-board cameras to monitor its operation during the inspection. To achieve the objectives, it would have to be no more than 2m long and weigh no more than 80kg.
The scanner needed to be capable of being moved around by four people.
It also had to be able to carry the required number of ultrasonic probes in the correct positions to cover all the inspection zones for the inspection of the nozzles. A modular design would allow the scanner to be adapted for different configurations of nozzles.
Scanner design
The scanner conformed to all of Tecnatom's specifications and was named TENIS (Tecnatom Nozzle Inspection System). The scanner holds ten ultrasonic probes and can scan them axially and circumferentially over the internal surfaces of the nozzle.
The device is based upon an axial chassis assembly consisting of an inboard and an outboard end plate, with three beams between them. This assembly holds together all the other components. The rotation mechanism is driven along the beams and can rotate the probes by up to 380° using a slide ring. The ten probes are arranged in five groups of two, equally spaced around the slide ring. They are operated pneumatically and are retractable by design to protect them from damage while they are being inserted into the nozzle.
There are also two flotation chambers, one on the inboard and one on the outboard part of the scanner. The 5kg negative buoyancy controls the rate of descent while the shape prevents it from spinning around and so ensures that the orientation is maintained.
There were several challenges in designing the TENIS manipulator.
In order to achieve a 5kg weight in water, precise calculations of component weights and displacements were required, and aircraft technology had to be applied to the design of the flotation chambers.
Cable management was difficult since the space available for cabling and other services on the manipulator meant that special cable chains had to be developed allowing rotation through 380°.
The probe holders were possibly the most complex components on the system. It was important that the probes should follow the contours of the nozzle precisely and yet combine this fine movement with robustness during scanning and protection during insertion.
The length of the scanner was restricted to 2m to allow it to be introduced into the containment building via the personnel airlock. This produced conflicts with the coverage required to meet the inspection criteria. The final design met both criteria.
TENIS is designed to work with an existing ROV, a mini-submarine consisting of a framework of extruded aluminium beams, with a moveable propeller. The ROV clamps onto an interface bracket on the back of the scanner and, once lowered into the water, will guide it into position inside the nozzle. Another possibility would have been to use manipulation poles instead of the ROV.
The two units are also linked by the umbilical cable that carries the power supply, telemetry and ultrasonic signal from outside of the vessel. Finally, there is an emergency retrieval cord that is attached to the scanner for use only in the event of an equipment failure.
Testing and training
The go-ahead for the project was given in July 2001, which left just nine months to complete it - six months to design and build a system and the remainder for commissioning and trialling the equipment and training the operators.
When the TENIS scanner was completed, it was shipped to Tecnatom's premises in Madrid. This was the first time the partners were able to fully integrate the system. While Phoenix had been working on the equipment, Tecnatom had designed a programme of trials which would reproduce in the most realistic way possible the conditions within the vessel. A life-size model of an outlet nozzle was created from stainless steel and was placed in a pit 5m deep.
Two types of trials were carried out. The first took place in dry conditions, primarily to test the alignment, repeatability and functioning of the equipment. The second trial was carried out underwater and simulated the whole operation, testing the way in which the device would enter the vessel and be positioned inside the nozzle with the help of the ROV, right through to the point where it is removed from the vessel once the inspection has been carried out.
A portable crane was used in place of the polar crane that would be used in the plant, and distances between the key points were accurately reproduced. Finally, two full months were given over to the training of personnel who would be carrying out the inspection.
TENIS in operation
With trials successfully out of the way, and the training programme completed, the moment of truth finally arrived. TENIS went into operation in April on the inspection of vessel nozzles at Vandellos 2. The inspection showed:
- Introducing the TENIS scanner through the personnel hatch interlock, instead of the containers interlock door, reduced the overall time for the operation.
- The scanner was prepared for inspection on the refuel floor in a space of just 2x2m.
- The use of the ROV or manipulation poles to guide the scanner into the nozzle meant the overhead crane was in use for one hour only.
- Within 48 hours of the scanner being delivered to the plant packed in a container, it was ready to start the inspection.
- The use of poles to deploy the scanner into the nozzles turned out to be easier in a real-life situation than it had been in the testing due to the conditions - distance, illumination and so on - being more favourable.
- Both inspections - the ultrasonic and the visual inspection - were performed in parallel and took an overall time


text: The middle ear muscle (MEM) reflexes function to protect the inner ear from intense acoustic stimuli and to reduce acoustic masking. Sound presented to the same side or to the opposite side activates the MEM reflex on both sides. The ascending limbs of these pathways must be the auditory nerve fibers originating in the cochlea and terminating in the cochlear nucleus, the first relay station for all ascending auditory information. The descending limbs project from the motoneurons in the brainstem to the MEMs on both sides, causing their contraction. Although the ascending and descending pathways are well described, the cochlear nucleus interneurons that mediate these reflex pathways have not been identified. In order to localize the MEM reflex interneurons, we developed a physiologically based reflex assay in the rat that can be used to determine the integrity of the reflex pathways after experimental manipulations. This assay monitored the change in tone levels and distortion product otoacoustic emissions within the ear canal in one ear during the presentation of a reflex-eliciting sound stimulus in the contralateral ear. Preliminary findings using surgical transection and focal lesioning of the auditory brainstem to interrupt the MEM reflexes suggest that MEM reflex interneurons are located in the ventral cochlear nucleus. Anat Rec Part A, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.


text:
||This article needs additional citations for verification. (May 2007)|
Locative (abbreviated LOC) is a grammatical case which indicates a location. It corresponds vaguely to the English prepositions "in", "on", "at", and "by". The locative case belongs to the general local cases together with the lative and separative case.
The locative case exists in many language groups.
Indo-European languages
The Proto-Indo-European language had a locative case expressing "place where", an adverbial function. The ending depended on the last vowel of the stem (consonant, a-, o-, i-, u-stems) and the number (singular or plural). Subsequently the locative case tended to merge with other cases: the genitive or dative. Some daughter languages retained it as a distinct case. The locative case is found in:
- modern Balto-Slavic languages (see however prepositional case)
- some classical Indo-European languages, particularly Sanskrit and Old Latin
- uncommon, archaic or literary use in certain modern Indian languages (such as Marathi in which a separate ablative case has however disappeared)
The Latin locative case applies only to the names of cities and small islands and to a few other isolated words. The Romans considered all Mediterranean islands to be small except for Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Crete, and Cyprus. Britannia was also considered to be a "large island." There are a few nouns that use the locative instead of a preposition: domus becomes domī (at home), rūs becomes rūrī (in the country), humus becomes humī (on the ground), militia becomes militiae (in military service, in the field), and focus becomes focī (at the hearth; at the center of the community).
For singular first and second declension, the locative is identical to the genitive singular form, and for the singular third declension the locative is identical to the ablative singular form. For plural nouns of all declensions, the locative is also identical to the ablative form. The few fourth and fifth declension place-name words would also use the ablative form for locative case.
In archaic times, the locative singular of third declension nouns was actually interchangeable between ablative and dative forms, but in the Augustan Period the use of the ablative form became fixed. Therefore, both forms "rūrī" and "rūre" may be encountered.
The first declension locative is by far the most common, because so many Roman place names were first declension, such as Roma, Rome and Hibernia, Ireland, etc., and therefore use the Genitive form: Romae, at Rome, and Hiberniae, at Ireland. A few place-names are inherently plural, even though they are a single city, i.e. Athenae, Athens or Cumae, Cuma, etc. These plural names use the Ablative: Athenis, at Athens, and Cumis, at Cumae. There are a number of second declension names that would have locatives as well (Brundisium, Brindisi; Eboracum, York; with locatives Brundisiī, at Brindisi; Eboraci, at York, etc.) It is impossible for the Locative to express being located at multiple locations; plural forms only exist because certain proper names such as Athenae happen to be plural. "He is at home" can be expressed by "is domi est" using the Locative, but "They are at their (individual and separate) homes" cannot be expressed by the Locative.
In Ancient Greek, the locative merged with the Proto-Indo-European dative, so that the Greek dative represents the Proto-Indo-European dative, instrumental, and locative. The dative with the preposition ἐν en "in" and the dative of time (e.g., τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾳ or tēî trítēi hēmérāi, which means "on the third day") are examples of locative datives.
Germanic languages
The locative case had merged with the dative in early Germanic times and was no longer distinct in Proto-Germanic or in any of its descendants. The dative did, however, contrast with the accusative case, which was used to indicate motion toward a place (it had an allative meaning). This difference in meaning between dative and accusative is present in all of the old Germanic languages and survives in all Germanic languages that retain a distinction between the two cases.
Slavic languages
Unusual in other Indo-European branches but common among Slavic languages, the ending depends on whether the word is a noun or an adjective (among other factors).
The Czech language uses the locative case to denote location (v České republice/in the Czech Republic), but as in the Russian language, the locative case may be used after certain prepositions with meanings other than location (o Praze/about Prague, po revoluci/after the revolution). Cases other than the locative may be used to denote location in Czech as well (U Roberta/at Robert's house -genitive, or nad stolem/above the table -instrumental).
See Czech declension for declension patterns for all Czech grammatical cases, including locative.
There are several different locative endings in Polish:
- -ie Used for singular nouns of all genders, e.g. niebo → niebie. In a few cases, the softening indicated by i has led to consonant alternations:
- brat → bracie
- rzeka → rzece
- noga → nodze
- rower → rowerze
- piekło → piekle
For a complete list, see Polish hard and soft consonants.
- -u Used for:
- Some masculine singular nouns, e.g. syn → synu, dom → domu, bok → boku, brzuch → brzuchu, worek → worku*, nastrój → nastroju*, deszcz → deszczu, miś → misiu, koń → koniu, Poznań → Poznaniu, Wrocław → Wrocławiu, Bytom → Bytomiu** [* In a few cases, a vowel change may occur, e.g. ó → o, or a vowel may be dropped. ** Final consonants in Wrocław and Bytom used to be soft, which is still reflected in suffixed forms, hence -i-.]
- All neuter singular nouns ending in -e, e.g. miejsce → miejscu, życie → życiu
- Some neuter singular nouns ending in -o, e.g. mleko → mleku, łóżko → łóżku, ucho → uchu
- -i Used for:
- Feminine nouns ending in -ia, e.g. Kasia ("Katie") → o Kasi ("about Katie"), Austria → w Austrii ("in Austria")
- Feminine nouns ending in -ść, e.g. miłość ("love") → o miłości ("about love")
- -ach Used for plural nouns of all genders, e.g. kobiety ("women") → o kobietach ("about women")
- -ich / -ych Used for plural adjectives of all genders, e.g. małe sklepy ("small shops") → w małych sklepach ("in small shops")
- -im / -ym Used for masculine and neuter singular adjectives, e.g. polski język ("Polish language") → w polskim języku ("in the Polish language")
- -ej Used for feminine singular adjectives, e.g. duża krowa ("big cow") → o dużej krowie ("about a big cow")
In the Russian language, the locative case has largely lost its use as an independent case and become the prepositional case, which is used only after a preposition. The latter is not always used to indicate location, while other cases may also be used to specify location (e.g. the genitive case, as in у окна́ ("by the window"). Statements such as "в библиотеке" v biblioteke ("in the library") or "на Аляске", na Alyaske ("in Alaska"), demonstrate the use of the prepositional case to indicate location. However, this case is also used after the preposition "о" ("about") as in "о студенте", o studente ("about the student").
Nevertheless, approximately 150 masculine nouns retain a distinct form for the locative case, used only after "в" and "на". These forms end in "-у́" or "-ю́": "лежать в снегу́", lezhat v snegu (to lie in the snow), but "думать о снеге", dumat o snege (to think about snow). Other examples are рай, ray (paradise); "в раю́", дым dym (smoke); and "в дыму́", v dymú. As indicated by the accent marks, the stress is always on the last syllable, which is unlike the dative-case forms with the same spelling. A few feminine nouns that end with the soft sign, such as дверь and пыль, also have a loc


text:
This term is American, but of unknown origin, referring to a vague system of merit points used to curry favor with some authority. Evidence indicates that it was part of military slang during the WWII-Korean War era,1 but the earliest known use in print is from the Los Angeles Times of 15 March 1951:
You don't know about brownie points? All my buddies keep score. In fact every married male should know about 'em. It's a way of figuring where you stand with the little woman—favor or disfavor. Started way back in the days of the leprechauns, I suppose, long before there were any doghouses.2
This citation indicates that it comes from the sense of brownie meaning an elf or fairy. So earning brownie points would be a way to curry favor with the spirits. But this is far from certain.
Other possible explanations include that brownie point is a reference to the junior branch of the Girl Scouts, the Brownies. This would also explain the soldier slang; one can easily see soldiers using the term from the Girl Scouts to mock army procedures and orders. The earliest known use of brownie point in the context of the Girl Scouts is from the Modesto Bee and News-Herald of 17 June 1952:
Mrs. Rose presented a Brownie bracelet to Linda Hickle, first prize winner in a Brownie point contest.3
Alternatively, some less likely suggestions include that it goes back to WWII food rationing, where brown points could be accumulated to purchase meats and fats. Going back a bit further, in the 1930s the Curtis Publishing Company, publishers of the Saturday Evening Post, awarded green and brown vouchers, known as brownies to its delivery boys, although there is no evidence of anyone calling these brownie points. Or it could be a reference to brown nosing, a vulgar term for currying favor. Finally, and least likely, it could have originated in railroad slang. George Brown of the Fall Brook Railway invented a system of demerits for his employees at the end of the 19th century. By 1942, these demerits were known as brownie points. But since a demerit is the opposite of the general sense, this seems unlikely. More likely is that the railroad slang term was altered and adopted from the more general one and conflated with Brown's system of demerits.4
1Historical Dictionary of American Slang, v. 1, A-G, edited by Jonathan Lighter (New York: Random House, 1994), 276.
2Benjamin Zimmer, "Brownie Points," American Dialect Society Mailing List, 20 Mar 2005.
3"Brownie Troop Gives Party for Mothers," Modesto Bee and News-Herald (Modesto, CA), 17 June 1952, 6.
4Michael Quinion, "Brownie Points," World Wide Words, 26 Mar 2005, accessed 31 Dec 2008 .
Copyright _PHONE_, by David Wilton


text:
Definition of Premature baby
Premature baby: A baby born before 37 weeks of gestation have passed. Historically, the definition of prematurity was 2500 grams (about 5 1/2 pounds) or less at birth. The current World Health Organization definition of prematurity is a baby born before 37 weeks of gestation, counting from the first day of the Last Menstrual Period (the LMP).
Premature birth carries greater risks the earlier it occurs before that 37-week goal. A baby born a little prematurely may suffer few if any consequences. The earlier in fetal growth and development that birth takes place, the greater is the likelihood that life-support systems will be needed, and the greater the risk for birth defects and death.
Many procedures are available to prevent early birth, from bed rest to medications. If premature birth is medically necessary or inevitable, however, it may be accomplished via C-section to limit stress on the fetus and protect it from damage.
Colloquially, a premature baby is commonly called a preemie.Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary
Last Editorial Review: 4/27/2011 5:27:15 PM
Medical Dictionary Definitions A - Z
Search Medical Dictionary
eMedicineHealth Top News
Parenting and Pregnancy
Get tips for baby and you.
Health Solutions From Our Sponsors
Most Popular Topics
Pill Identifier on RxList
- quick, easy,
Find a Local Pharmacy
- including 24 hour, pharmacies


text:
(For more resources related to this topic, see here.)
What decides trackable score?
Trackables are the foundation of the AR experience using Vuforia. It is paramount to understand and create a suitable trackable for the experience to be robust and useful. The score attributed to the trackable in the target manager is our indication of how robust the target image is going to perform, but what decides that score?
Best way of understanding this, is by understanding how Vuforia tracks the images. The idea is simple, it looks for position of contrasting edges in clusters all around the image. Those edges are tracked, and based on the map of positions that are stored in the dataset, Vuforia can tell the relative position of the trackable in the real world and accordingly render the 3D content on top of it. This particularly means that tracking the image is not a function of its color or what really is in it, as much as how many contrasting edges are there in the image, and how well they are distributed on the image.
To better understand this, we can look on the current edges that are recognizable in the image we have just uploaded. To do that, simply click on the Show Features link on the top left of the webpage. The following image shows features in image target stones:
Once the Show Features link has been clicked, the image target manager layers over the target image an overlay of where it detects a recognizable edge that it can track in a Vuforia image target. Notice that it is only tracking the dark edges between the Stones and nothing else in the image. It is even tracking only the high contrast edges between the Stones, while ignoring some of the lighter ones.
Also notice that the number of edges found in the image is large, and evenly distributed all around the image. This is a great factor in what made this image great for tracking.
To contrast this image's result, let's try an image that will yield a 1-star score when tried on the target manager. The following image shows landscape image added to target image:
Before adding this image, intuitively we might think that this image is suitable for tracking. It certainly has a lot of details of a wide-angle landscape. But this image yielded a shocking 1-star result when added to the Target Manager.
The main reason for the low score for this image is the fact that the entire image is a shade of green. This greatly diminishes contrasting edges in the image.
If we are to click on the Show Features link on the top, we will be able to see what the target manager detected from the image. The following image shows features in the mountain landscape image:
Immediately, we notice the considerably lower number of features detected in the image compared to the stones one. It only detected the edges created by the shadows of the objects in the image, which is clearly not enough to award it any score above 1 star.
To help us get a higher score, we must understand what are the features that the target manager is looking for. We do know now that the main thing that the target manager is looking for in an image is edges, but what kind of edges specifically? To understand that, we need the definition of features.
A feature is a sharp and spiked detail in the image, like the corner of an edge. Features must be very contrasting to be found and it has to be distributed evenly across the image and in a random manner. The following image shows shapes and features recognized in them:
In the shapes illustrated above, we can see the yellow crosses representation of the features recognizable in the shape. The representation is as follows:
- Shape 1: It is a perfect circle without any corners at all, and such no features are recognizable in it.
- Shape 2: It has an edge to the left with two recognizable corners. That yields two features recognizable in the shape.
- Shape 3: It is a square with four edges and four corners. This yields four recognizable features in the shape.
This means that any curved object yields little to none features at all. Primarily, humans and animals make very poor trackables due to their curved nature.
Thus in this article, we learned about how to track an image and which features are recognizable in an image.
Resources for Article:
- Interface Designing for Games in iOS [Article]
- Unity Game Development: Welcome to the 3D world [Article]
- Unity Game Development: Interactions (Part 1) [Article]


BEA Logo BEA MessageQ Release 5.0
 MessageQ Doc Home | LU6.2 Services for OpenVMS User's Guide | Previous Topic | Next Topic | Contents | Index
Introducing BEA MessageQ LU6.2 Services
The BEA MessageQ LU6.2 Services for OpenVMS product allows users to communicate with IBM application programs using Advanced Program-to-Program Communications (APPC) over System Network Architecture (SNA) LU6.2 sessions. APPC/LU6.2 communications are connection-oriented and half-duplex. This means that before two partners can exchange messages, they must first establish a connection (connection-oriented), and that one partner is sending when the other is receiving (half-duplex).
This chapter includes the following topics:
Basic Terms and Concepts
This section provides general information about BEA MessageQ applications, APPC, the Port Server, and other application components.
The BEA MessageQ LU6.2 Services Product
The BEA MessageQ system is a connectionless, stateless communications system. This means that a connection need not be established before programs can communicate with each other. It also means that communicating programs do not care what state their partner is in.
Using BEA MessageQ LU6.2 Services is like using the postal mail system-you can send a letter to anyone whose address you know, whether or not the addressee is home and regardless of the addressee's desire to speak to you. Addressees can check their mailboxes at their convenience.
The BEA MessageQ system supports network-independent addressing and makes use of an application programming interface (API) common to all platforms that support the MessageQ system.
SNA LU6.2 Sessions
SNA is connection-oriented systems networking architecture. Connections are established between network-addressable units. Applications are interested in logical units (LUs) that are the "end users" of a network. The connection between LUs is an SNA session.
The LU that requests a session is called the primary logical unit or PLU. The LU that accepts the session is called the secondary logical unit or SLU. The capabilities of an LU are defined by the LU type. Only one type of LU supports APPC: LU type 6.2 (also known as LU6.2).
An LU6.2 session is the type of SNA connection used by APPC applications for communications with each other. The session is like the telephone connection received when you dial another number-if the other number does not answer, you cannot speak.
Without an SNA session, APPC conversations cannot take place. An LU is the software equivalent of a telephone-it has a specific address in the network, and other LUs have to know that address in order to establish sessions with it.
Advanced Program-to-Program Communications (APPC)
A program that wants to communicate with other programs must first establish a connection to each potential partner, and the communicating programs must be aware of each other's state (for example, ready to receive, ready to send, and shutting down). This requirement is similar to the requirements of the telephone system: before you can talk to someone, you must call someone up; the call recipient must answer the phone, and agree to listen to you; after you have finished speaking, the other party can speak to you; and so on.
BEA MessageQ LU6.2 Services for OpenVMS applications use Advanced Program-to-Program Communications (APPC) to establish connections to partners and communicate state information before initiating conversations. APPC is a connection-oriented, half-duplex, state-oriented communications system. It uses the following concepts:
BEA MessageQ LU6.2 Services Application Components
Figure 1-1 shows the components of a typical BEA MessageQ LU6.2 Services application.
Figure 1-1 BEA MessageQ LU6.2 Components
The components are:
SNA APPC/LU6.2 Fundamentals
The information that follows is a short summary of SNA APPC LU6.2 fundamentals. For more detailed information, refer to SNA Transaction Programmer's Reference Manual for LU Type 6.2.
Logical Unit Type 6.2 Overview
LU6.2 is a general-purpose architecture that enables IBM products to communicate with each other. The LU6.2 architecture defines a set of protocols. To communicate with each other, products must implement LU6.2 according to these protocols. There are two general implementations of LU6.2:
Transaction programs (TPs) are programs that can process a specific set of input data, trigger specific job executions, or produce specific output data. Distributed transactions within an SNA network communicate by exchanging information during a conversation, which is a temporary logical path established between two cooperating TPs. This path is treated as a shared resource between TPs.
IBM's architectural definition for LU6.2 provides a set of procedures called verbs that is used to design distributed transactions. CICS ISC implements the verb functions with EXEC CICS commands and OpenVMS TPs implement the verb functions with OpenVMS procedures.
The APPC verb set consists of function verbs that are implemented as BEA MessageQ messages. The logic of how these verbs are used (verb flow) is the same regardless of whether you are programming in an OpenVMS environment or an IBM environment. Refer to LU6.2 User Callback Services, for detailed information on User Callback Services and APPC verbs.
Inbound and Outbound Conversations
Conversation allocations may be initiated either by the OpenVMS TP (inbound) or by the IBM TP (outbound). Figure 1-2 illustrates a typical SNA conversation session. The LU6.2 type of SNA LUs can be configured as independent or dependent. The BEA MessageQ LU6.2 Services for OpenVMS product uses dependent LUs.
Figure 1-2 SNA Session for Dependent LUs
Inbound allocation causes the gateway to transmit an INIT SELF to the IBM SSCP that builds a suggested BIND and passes it to the application subsystem (which may modify it). The application passes the BIND back to the gateway. If the gateway accepts the BIND, the session is established and the OpenVMS and IBM TPs are in a "session."
Outbound allocation causes the gateway to wait in the active-listening mode for the IBM TP to send a BIND followed by an ATTACH. If the gateway accepts this ATTACH, the session is established and the OpenVMS and IBM TPs are in a session. They are also in a state of conversation (also called "between brackets").
Contention for session resources occurs when both partners attempt to begin conversation simultaneously on the same session. The contention is resolved according to the polarity agreed upon when the session was established. The contention winner (first speaker) always receives the session resources, and the contention loser (bidder) always has to wait. The contention winner/loser is negotiated in the BIND.
Using the LU6.2 Port Server for Applications Connections
Exchanging information between the connectionless, stateless environment of the BEA MessageQ system and the connection-oriented, state-oriented environment of APPC (a task similar to that of connecting systems as different as the postal mail and the telephone) requires the services of an intermediary that understands both. The intermediary provided by BEA MessageQ LU6.2 Services is the LU6.2 Port Server.
The LU6.2 Port Server understands how to:
In addition, the LU6.2 Port Server performs numerous "housekeeping" tasks (such as error recovery, automatic restart of communication links, and error and trace logging) that are desirable in distributed applications.
Refer to Configuring the LU6.2 Port Server, for more information on the LU6.2 Port Server.
The BEA MessageQ LU6.2 Services product uses the Stream Output Facility for logging and tracing. This facility provides time stamps on both the logging and tracing output as well as dynamic tracing. See the BEA MessageQ Installation and Configuration Guide for OpenVMS for more information on dynamic tracing and the BEA MessageQ for OpenVMS Event Logger Utility.
Writing Your Own Port Server
When installed, the BEA MessageQ LU6.2 Services software provides a typical LU6.2 Port Server that uses seven predefined messages to simplify setting and managing the application connections of the BEA MessageQ clients to remote partners.
However, if the standard LU6.2 Port Server programming interface does not meet the needs of an application, does not offer a function required by all client applications, or does not meet some other unusual requirements, a specialized Port Server may be developed using the LU6.2 User Callback Services.
The BEA MessageQ LU6.2 Services provide you with the option of writing your own Port Server using 21 BEA MessageQ messages that map to the APPC verb set.
Note: Refer to Configuring the LU6.2 Port Server, and Port Server Messages, for LU6.2 Port Server information. Refer to LU6.2 User Callback Services, for LU6.2 user callback information.


text:
From Ohio History Central
Associated with the Lutheran Church, Wittenberg University was founded in Springfield, Ohio, in 1845. It reflected the growing number of German immigrants to the region. The school was named after the original Wittenberg University in Germany, made famous because of its association with Martin Luther during the Protestant Reformation in the sixteenth century.
Wittenberg's founding illustrated some of the differences that had emerged within the Lutheran Church in the United States by the mid-nineteenth century. Many German Lutherans maintained their own cultural practices and continued to use the German language, although they were living in the United States. Lutheran schools usually taught classes in German. In the early 1840s, there was a split within the church. Some members wanted to focus on Americanization and stressed the use of English instead of German. They believed that, by holding on to their German practices, immigrants were not integrating fully into the American population. Within the state of Ohio, this group was represented by the English Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Ohio. It was this organization that sponsored Wittenberg, and as a result, from its beginning the school taught its classes in English.
From its founding, Wittenberg has stressed the importance of tolerance and the need for all people to have access to education, a tradition that still lives on at the university.


text:
Global change modifies vegetation composition in grasslands with shifts in plant functional types (PFT). Although changes in plant community composition imply changes in soil function, this relationship is not well understood. We investigated the relative importance of environmental (climatic, management and soil) variables and plant functional diversity (PFT composition and interactions) on soil activity and fertility along a climatic gradient. We collected samples of soil and PFT biomass (grasses, legumes, and non-legume forbs) in six extensively managed grasslands along a climatic gradient in the Northern Iberian Peninsula. Variation Partitioning Analysis showed that abiotic and management variables explained most of the global variability (96.5%) in soil activity and fertility; soil moisture and grazer type being the best predictors. PFT diversity accounted for 27% of the total variability, mostly in interaction with environmental factors. Diversity-Interaction models applied on each response variable revealed that PFT-evenness and pairwise interactions affected particularly the nitrogen cycle, enhancing microbial biomass nitrogen, dissolved organic nitrogen, total nitrogen, urease, phosphatase, and nitrification potential. Thus, soil activity and fertility were not only regulated by environmental variables, but also enhanced by PFT diversity. We underline that climate change-induced shifts in vegetation composition can alter greenhouse gas—related soil processes and eventually the feedback of the soil to the atmosphere.
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited


text:
Prof. Rajeev Ram
6.977 focuses on the physics of the interaction of photons with semiconductor materials. The band theory of solids is used to calculate the absorption and gain of semiconductor media. The rate equation formalism is used to develop the concepts of laser threshold, population inversion and modulation response. Matrix methods and coupled mode theory are applied to resonator structures such as distributed feedback lasers, tunable lasers and microring devices. The course is also intended to introduce students to noise models for semiconductor devices and to applications of optoelectronic devices to fiber optic communications. This course is worth 12 Engineering Design points.
Ram, Rajeev. 6.977 Semiconductor Optoelectronics: Theory and Design, Fall 2002. (MIT OpenCourseWare: Massachusetts Institute of Technology), _URL_ (Accessed). License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA


text:
GA: Measure Large Products (2 axes)
ProTable GA is a two axis, gantry system for measurement of panels/sheet stock. It can locate any point in XY space of the part being measured. It can measure point to point, arc lengths and hole locations.
ProTable GA is a two axis, gantry system for measurement of panels/sheet stock. It can locate any point in XY space of the part being measured. It can measure point to point, arc lengths and hole locations. A rigid aluminum frame holds the part being measured. A gantry travels over the part to find points for measurement using a magnified high definition color image and crosshair. The measuring carriages are guided by high precision industrial hardened steel linear bearing systems.
Additional fixturing and system customization are available.
System accuracy error not to exceed +/-.005 inches (.127 mm).
- Battery Operation: One CR123 Lithium battery in each Readout (axis) will power a ProTable XY for up to 6-8 months.
- Non-Linear error compensation: The ProTable XY Readout stores up to 126 calibration points along the entire measuring length of each axis.
- Temperature compensation: The Readout samples ambient temperature every 15 minutes and applies applicable correction to the measurement.
- SPC Output: Measurement data can be sent wirelessly to a PC.
- Measurement Pins: Standard systems are supplied with hardened steel measuring pins, or Stainless steel may be ordered as an option. Custom Hole or Edge probes are also available.
- Easy Operation: Readout settings for Zero, Plus & Minus Offsets, Data Send, and Measurement Units.
- Choice of Measurement Units: The Readout will display measurements in inches to.001 or.0005; Millimeters to.01; or Centimeters to.01.
- One year warranty on all parts against defects in workmanship.
- RoHS compliant: Lead Free Product
- Custom designs available for your measuring application
- MADE IN USA


text:
Some of us learned about the Amistad revolt in our school history classes. Some of us only know about it because of the 1997 movie starring Morgan Freeman and Anthony Hopkins. But many of us still know little or nothing about those involved in the 1839 slave ship revolt that became a symbol for the abolitionist movement. In his new book, "Ardency: A Chronicle of the Amistad Rebels," Kevin Young attempts to change this.
Part epic poem, part history scrapbook, "Ardency" gives voice to the African captives involved in Amistad — from their kidnapping in Sierra Leone, to their revolt, to their trial, and finally, to their repatriation in their homeland.


text:
What is Knowledge Management?
Published: June 22, 2016 by Anna Maloney
Students who earn their graduate degree from the MARA program have attained a well-rounded and current education in archives and records management. Specifically, "as a MARA graduate, you will be prepared to develop and manage records and information programs [and] to contribute to the organization by leveraging your expertise to analyze workflows and streamline business practices." But could a MARA grad move on to a career in knowledge management?
KMWorld, the leading publisher and information provider on knowledge management, provides the following definitions of the subject:
1. "Knowledge management is the process of capturing, distributing, and effectively using knowledge."
2. "Knowledge management is a discipline that promotes an integrated approach to identifying, capturing, evaluating, retrieving, and sharing all of an enterprise's information assets. These assets may include databases, documents, policies, procedures, and previously un-captured expertise and experience in individual workers."
Essentially, KM and RM are both commitments to collecting and codifying information, connecting people, and encouraging the positive exploitation and exploration of resources. Further, emerging trends in KM and RM are unsurprisingly similar, with some 2016 trends including more robust search functionality, enterprise collaboration, mobile technology, and a closer relationship with content creation (Eisenhauer, 2016). The most significant difference between the two fields is the distinction between records (format-independent documentary materials that evidence a transaction or event) and knowledge (information and skills acquired through experience or education). While KM does put more emphasis on maximizing the human element as a knowledge source, there is not a substantial departure from the realm of documentary media.
The MARA degree was one of four graduate school programs highlighted in an article published in the January 2016 issue of KMWorld, Gaining KM 'cred' in graduate school Academic programs help forge career paths.


text:
" The Sky Between Two Worlds is a thought provoking and well researched novel. " – C Poor
A novel of intrigue, love, battle and survival in a future world of titanic East-West conflict. In 2027, fate tosses Kantak Johnson and friends into the struggle when he and another separately recognize how to make stealth warplanes undetectable. Kantak discloses it in the West; the other secretly discloses it to a hostile East. Thus two nuclear powers each develop bombers that the other cannot detect. Then the hostility over oil ratchets up….
This reader gave it five stars!
Using colorful characters and situations, this book is a tantalizing plot of where our future world might be politically, economically, and militarily following a shift in power to the Middle East.
Within ninety-six pages of fast moving description Mr Books holds your interest. His profound intellect and education enables him to write a book with factual projections about our future technological advances and the plots to control the world's future.
Hopefully, there will be a sequel. – John B. White


text:
While doing research on the correspondence between Elizabeth Barrett Browning (EBB) and Sir Uvedale Price in the Browning Letters corpus published online by Baylor, I came across an interesting development in opening formulas. Sir Uvedale and EBB met when he was nearly eighty years old and she was in her twenties. According to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Sir Uvedale was impressed by EBB's 'Essay on the mind, with other Poems' (1826), and struck up a friendship with her. In their letters they discussed a wide variety of subjects such as classical Greek pronunciation and poetry, and they even criticized each other's work. EBB paid visits to Sir Uvedale's hometown Foxley to talk about their shared interests. In one of her letters, EBB wrote that 'Mr. Price's friendship has given me more continual happiness than any other single circumstance ever did'. Their friendship was thus a close one. This relationship is reflected in their use of opening formulas, and it lead to the following interesting opening. On 17 November 1826, Sir Uvedale opened his letter to EBB as follows:
As I have taken the liberty of calling you Ba, I shall not be more ceremonious in writing than in speaking; & therefore in this, & in all future letters, unless you forbid me, shall quit dear Miss Barrett, for dear Ba
EBB accepted this rather bold proposal in her next letter to him, replying to him in December:
As you have permitted me to express opinions on more important subjects, you must let me assure you, dear Sir, that "Ba" is much better pleased to hear from you than "Miss Barrett" could be
In every letter after this, Sir Uvedale opened with "Dear Ba". Their friendship unfortunately was strong but short-lived. Two years after meeting, Sir Uvedale died at the age of 82. On his death in 1829, EBB wrote a poem to commemorate her friend: 'To the Memory of Sir Uvedale Price, Bart'.


text:
ERIC Number: ED347775
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1992-Apr
Reference Count: N/A
Classroom Adaptations for Children with Special Health Care Needs.
This paper offers practical tips found useful in meeting the needs of children with special health problems within the classroom. It describes feeding techniques for children with gastrostomies or using nasal or oral gastric tubes. It outlines the implications of having a child with a tracheostomy in the classroom. Classroom management suggestions are provided, such as ways to prevent mix-ups of formulas and the importance of preparing emergency contingency plans. Considerations for the development of individualized education programs or individualized family services programs are outlined, such as empowering the child to assist in his or her care to the degree possible and being aware of the parents' needs. Suggestions are also offered for working with nurses in the classroom. (JDD)
Publication Type: Speeches/Meeting Papers; Guides - Non-Classroom
Education Level: N/A
Audience: Teachers; Practitioners
Authoring Institution: N/A
Identifiers: Feeding Techniques
Note: Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the Council for Exceptional Children (70th, Baltimore, MD, April 13-17, 1992).


Temporal variation of phytoplankton assemblage in estuarine waters: implication of cyclone Phailin
Physical forcing of cyclonic phenomenon on water quality often exerts stress on marine and estuarine ecosystems due to their unpredictability. The post-cyclonic changes in phytoplankton biomass have been reported in the Bay of Bengal. In addition, cyclones also intensify physical processes resulting in entrainment of nutrient-rich water from deeper depths into surface leading to regional phytoplankton blooms.
Original Source


text:
Before you start you will need an android tablet and a wireless router in the Lab.
I have a Samsung Galaxy Tab E and an Airport Express, but other tablets and routers should work as well.
To install knobby tablet follow the following steps:
- Download knobby tablet from the Google Play store.
- Download and install the latest version of Scanbox (as always keep a copy of previous version).
- Download and install PyOSC. To install, open a terminal, go to the directory where you uncompressed PyOSC, and type "python setup.py install".
- Copy over the settings in the scanbox_config.m file.
- Connect the computer running Scanbox to your local wireless router
- Open a terminal window and check the IP assigned to the computer by typing ifconfig.
- Set the tri_knob configuration variable in scanbox_config.m to a string that contains the IP address, for example, '184.108.40.206'.
- Start Scanbox. You should also get a command window with the knobby tablet console. We will check if commands from the tablet are received there.
- Open knobby tablet on your Android. You will likely get a message saying that the default IP is invalid. Click Ok.
- Click on the IP number button. A keyboard will show up. Enter the IP number you found above. However, make sure that every section has 3 digits (use zeros if necessary). Thus, in the example above, one would type 164.034.123.031
- If the tablet cannot connect, you will see an "Invalid IP" message. Otherwise, you should be ready to go. The IP gets stored in the tablet, so launching knobby tablet later will retrieve it.
- Remove the objective from the microscope (just in case).
- Make sure the scope is roughly in the middle of its travel for all axes.
- Click the "Normal" button on the tablet. Do you see a message printed on the knobby console? If so, communication is working Ok. If not, something is wrong. Contact me.
- Stand close to the motor box so you can quickly power it off if something does not work as expected.
- Now touch the button corresponding to the Z axis on the red region. The z-axis will begin to move so long as you keep touching it. The speed of movement will be faster the farther away you are from the center. Slide your finger left and right, the speed will change and it should reverse if you move over to the blue side.
- Test the other axes.
- Touch "Velocity" to switch to velocity mode.
- Warning: the microscope will move fast now… Touch the red or blue areas of each button. The microscope will move at a fast/fixed speed so long as you keep touching the area. It will stop when you release.
- Store/Recall buttons work as before
- Go back and try the Fine and Super-Fine modes.
- Play with it for a while and install the objective back after you familiarize yourself with the tablet interface and everything seems to be working Ok.
- You can minimize the knobby console once testing is done (I will do this automatically in future versions).
- The green buttons on the side lock the button area (bottom) or knob area (top). So if you are acquiring data and don't want to have a situation where people touch the tablet by mistake and move the microscope you can use the buttons to lock them. Touching them again will unlock.
- Make sure you open knobby on your tablet after you start Scanbox.
If you run into problems don't hesitate to write.


by Emily Dickson Collaborator
What's My Horse's Age in Human Years?
What's My Horse's Age in Human Years?
*Hint: It's more than a horse teeth age chart*
There's a lot of information out there about your dog's age in human years. Science has determined that it's a little more complicated than the common knowledge of multiplying by 7
Turns out, it's a little more complicated when it comes to calculating your horse's "human age" too.
Obviously, horses and humans mature at different rates. For example, a newborn foal should stand up and walk within 3 hours of being born, in comparison to human babies, which only begin walking at about 1 year of age!
How do you calculate a horse's age in human years?
There's not just one chart or age calculator to answer this question, as each horse is an individual, so it's important to not take this too seriously!
Even so, one estimate that equine veterinarians have come up with for determining a horse's age in human years is this (1):
 - 6.5 human years for each horse year from birth to age 4
 - 2.5 human years for each horse year starting at age 4
Let's say your horse is 15 years old.
6.5 x 3 years = 19.5 human years
2.5 x 12 years = 30 human years
Your 15-year-old horse is 49.5 in human years! Time to start planning that big milestone birthday party...
Average Age of a Horse
The average lifespan of a domestic horse is between 25 and 33 years. Different factors play into this, including nutrition, management, breed, size, etc.
Smaller horse breeds (like ponies) typically mature faster and have a reputation for living longer, sometimes into their 40s (in horse years!), while larger breeds (like Warmbloods) typically require more time for maturation and development.
At what age is a horse considered a senior?
Some experts make the cut-off at 20 years old, however, many equine nutritionists consider older horses "senior" when they have trouble maintaining body condition on their normal diet of hay and grain. This usually happens due to dental issues (horses having a hard time chewing hay as they age).
Senior horse feeds are typically complete feeds, meaning that they contain forage, and are designed to be fed as a stand-alone diet, without hay.
If your horse is still able to chew well, eat hay, and maintain their body condition, don't worry about the "cut-off" age. Your horse's age is just a number after all. Keeping the horse on a diet that is closest to nature for as long as possible is the best way to maintain quality of life.
Healthy as a Horse: Extending the Number of Horse Years
It's not just about calculating horse age in human years or the lifespan of a horse; it's about extending the life in your horse's years! So how can you promote healthy horse aging?
 1. Feed your horse at an optimal rate at every stage, according to their exercise level, phase of development, and weight. Overfeeding can lead to developmental diseases in young horses that affect the horse's performance for their entire lives and can have negative consequences such as laminitis, insulin resistance, and potentially colic, as the horse ages.
 1. Regular equine management practices. Prioritize annual preventive measures, including vaccinations, dental care, and regular deworming, which all play a major role in your horse's longevity. And don't forget that keeping your horse on a consistent farrier schedule is critical for hoof and joint health.
 1. Protect the gut microbiome. Many horses' lives are cut short due to digestive problems, which can happen at any age. We've all heard the horror stories. One of the best preventive care measures you can take as a loving horse owner is to feed your horse a high quality equine probiotic supplement.
Your horse's age in human years is less important than their quality of life. Before you pull out the teeth aging chart or horse age calculator, follow these steps and they'll be aging backwards in human years before you know it!
Read More:
< Prev Next >


Parkington Lane.png
Parkington Lane
Biographical information
Behind the scenes
First appearance
National Treasure
Last appearance
National Treasure
Parkington Lane is a minor character in the movie National Treasure.
Biography[edit | edit source]
Parkington Lane was born in 1688 and sometime during his life became a Freemason. He was a third-degree master mason of the Blue Lodge when he died in 1744. After his death he was buried inside the Trinity Church and was made part of the clue to the Templar Treasure. A passageway lead from his crypt to secret underground staircase leading to the treasure, and his name used as a clue behind the Declaration of Independence.
Gallery[edit | edit source]


The Winsted, Connecticut reference article from the English Wikipedia on 24-Apr-2004
(provided by Fixed Reference: snapshots of Wikipedia from
Winsted, Connecticut
You can make a difference by sponsoring a child
Winsted is a town located in Litchfield County, Connecticut. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 7,321.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 12.5 km² (4.8 mi²). 12.1 km² (4.7 mi²) of it is land and 0.4 km² (0.2 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 3.31% water.
As of the census of 2000, there are 7,321 people, 3,072 households, and 1,889 families residing in the town. The population density is 604.0/km² (1,563.6/mi²). There are 3,370 housing units at an average density of 278.0/km² (719.7/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 93.28% White, 1.53% African American, 0.23% Native American, 1.12% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 2.20% from other races, and 1.63% from two or more races. 4.02% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 3,072 households out of which 27.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.9% are married couples living together, 12.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 38.5% are non-families. 31.3% of all households are made up of individuals and 14.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.36 and the average family size is 2.98.
In the town the population is spread out with 23.5% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25 to 44, 23.4% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 39 years. For every 100 females there are 90.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 86.7 males.
The median income for a household in the town is $40,202, and the median income for a family is $51,044. Males have a median income of $37,837 versus $25,990 for females. The per capita income for the town is $19,804. 7.3% of the population and 4.3% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 9.2% are under the age of 18 and 7.9% are 65 or older.


text:
Provision of Personal InformationNotes about the Provision of Personal Information Pertaining
to the AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING EXPOSITION 2021
Pre-registered personal information pertaining to the AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING EXPOSITION 2021 NAGOYA, and AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING EXPOSITION 2021 ONLINE will be handled as follows.
- １） An entry ID for the expositions, presentations, workshops, and other events will be issued that contains identifying information in the form of a barcode, QR code, or the like. The barcode, QR code, or the like provided on the entry ID that is carried by the exposition participants will be checked and read during the duration of the expositions at entrances and reception areas to the exposition hall, within the exposition booths, at presentation venues, and so on. When the entry ID is read in these cases, the pre-registered personal information will be provided to people involved in the relevant events, such as exhibiting companies (exhibitors), lecture presenters, and so on as information about the event participants. This personal information may be used by exhibitors, lecture presenters (or people involved with the presenting company) or the like to contact the participants with various types of information via emails, regular mail, or the like.
- ２）In addition, participant information registered for the purpose of viewing online sites (including the online exposition, online presentations, online workshops, and so on) will be provided to the exhibitors, lecture presenters, workshop presenters (or people involved with the presenting company), and the like within those sites. Similarly, this personal information may be used by exhibitors, lecture presenters, workshop presenters (or people involved with the presenting company), or the like to contact the participants with various types of information via emails, regular mail, or the like.
Personal information obtained while viewing these online sites may be provided to third parties when the corresponding exhibitor pages or presentation viewing pages are accessed.
- ３） If personal information is provided to a third party, the Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Inc. requires this personal information to be managed appropriately in the same way as it manages personal information.
- ４）To request deletion of information provided to a third party, please contact the party to whom the information was provided.
- Members, activity participants, employees, and people equivalent to employees of the Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan (JSAE) shall recognize the importance of personal information, observe all laws and regulations (including the regulations of the JSAE) concerning the protection of personal information, and make their best effort to acquire, use, manage personal information properly in accordance with the provisions shown below.
- Acquisition of Personal Information
- The JSAE shall acquire information that can identify a specific person within the scope necessary for providing services that suit the business purposes of the JSAE. When the JSAE acquires such personal information, it shall clearly indicate the purpose of acquisition, and acquire the information through the intentional provision (registration) of that information from the person holding that personal information (hereinafter referred to as the "Person") in principle.
- Use of Personal Information
- The JSAE shall use acquired personal information within the scope necessary for achieving the
purpose of acquisition.
However, the JSAE may use or provide the personal information for a purpose other than the purpose of acquisition in any of the following cases
1. When the purpose is based on the provisions in laws and regulations
2. When consent of the Person is obtained
3. When the JSAE outsources all or part of personal data handling within the scope necessary for achieving the business purposes (e.g. outsourcing of delivery services and member data analysis)
4. When there are justifiable grounds for achieving the business plan approved by a decision-making body of the JSAE (i.e., general meetings and the board of directors) or a decision-making body of each meeting organization
- Personal Information Management
- The JSAE shall make its best efforts to conduct the necessary and proper management of acquired personal information to prevent leakage, loss, destruction, and manipulation. However, personal information disclosed by the Person and personal information that is already open to the public shall not be subject to management by the JSAE.
- Disclosure and Correction, etc., of Personal Information
- The JSAE shall disclose personal information without delay when a Person requests disclosure of personal information related to that Person. Further, when a Person requests correction, etc.
- of personal information, the JSAE shall make corrections, etc., of the personal information without delay and maintain up-to-date information.
- Handling on Website
- Users shall assume responsibility when using a website run by the JSAE. The JSAE shall assume no responsibility whatsoever for any damages caused by using various types of information acquired from the website of the JSAE or other websites linked from the JSAE website.
- Security of Registered Information
- This website uses encryption communication technology called SSL as necessary upon registration of personal information by a user. Further, the registered personal information is managed by a dedicated server protected with a security system firewall to prevent external unauthorized access and leakage of information.
- Outsourcing of Information Processing of Personal Information Possessed by JSAE
- When the JSAE outsources processing of the personal information possessed by the JSAE, the JSAE shall conclude the necessary agreements and conduct proper management and supervising of the outsourcee.
- Supplemental Provision
- This policy shall be effective as of July 15, 2005 (approved by the board of directors on July 15, 2005).


. The nice thing about the ASSERT macro is that using it costs you nothing in the release version because the macro has an empty body. Simplistically, you can imagine the definition of the ASSERT macro as being
_TAG_ _DEBUG
_TAG_ ASSERT(x) if( (x) == 0) report_assert_failure()
_TAG_ ASSERT(x)
(The actual definition is more complex, but the details don't matter here). This works fine when you are doing something like
ASSERT(whatever!= NULL);
which is pretty simple, and omitting the computation of the test from the release version doesn't hurt. But some people will write things like
ASSERT( (whatever = somefunction() )!= NULL);
which is going to fail utterly in the release version because the assignment is never done, because there is no code generated (we will defer the discussion of embedded assignments being fundamentally evil to some other essay yet to be written. Take it as given that if you write an assignment statement within an if-test or any other context you are committing a serious programming style sin!)
Another typical example is
which will cause an assertion failure if the API call fails. But in the release version of the system the call is never made!
That's what VERIFY is for. Imagine the definitions of VERIFYas being
_TAG_ _DEBUG
_TAG_ VERIFY(x) if( (x) == 0) report_assert_failure()
_TAG_ VERIFY(x) (x)
Note this is a very different definition. What is dropped out in the release version is the if-test, but the code is still executed. The correct forms of the above incorrect examples would be
VERIFY((whatever = somefunction() )!= NULL);
This code will work correctly in both the debug and release versions, but in the release version there will be no ASSERT failure if the test comes out FALSE. Note that I've also seen code that looks like
VERIFY( somevalue!= NULL);
which is just silly. What it effectively means is that it will, in release mode, generate code to compute the expression but ignore the result. If you have optimizations turned on, the compiler is actually clever enough to determine that you are doing something that has no meaning and discard the code that would have been generated (but only if you have the Professional or Enterprise versions of the compiler!). But as we also discuss in this essay, you can create an unoptimized release version, in which case the preceding VERIFY would simply waste time and space.
Compiler Bugs (again)
Optimizing compilers are very sophisticated pieces of code. They are so complex that generally no one person understands all of the compiler. Furthermore, optimization decisions can interact in subtle and unexpected ways. Been There, Done That.
Microsoft has done a surprisingly good job of QA on their optimizing compilers. This is not to say that they are perfect, but they are actually very, very good. Much better than many commercial compilers I've used in the past (I once used a compiler that "optimized" a constant if-test by doing the else if the value was TRUE and the then if the value was FALSE, and they told us "We'll fix that in the next release, sometime next year". Actually, I think they went out of business before the next compiler release, which surprised no one who had ever been a customer).
But it is more likely that a "compiler bug" is the result of your violating the compiler assumptions rather than a genuine compiler bug. That's been my experience.
Furthermore, it may not even be a bug that affects your code. It might be in the MFC shared DLL, or the MFC statically-linked library, where a programmer committed an error that doesn't show up in the debug versions of these libraries but shows up in the release versions. Again, Microsoft has done a surprisingly good job of testing these, but no testing procedure is perfect.
Nonetheless, the Windows Developer's Journal ( has a monthly feature, "Bug++ of the Month", which features actual, genuine compiler optimization bugs.
How do you get around such bugs? The simplest technique is to turn off all the compiler optimizations (see below). There is an excellent chance that if you do this you will perceive no difference in the performance of your program. Optimization matters only when it matters. The rest of the time, it is a waste of effort (see my MVP Tips essay on this topic!). And in almost all cases, for almost all parts of almost all programs, classic optimization no longer matters!
DLL Hell
The phenomenon of inconsistent mixes of DLLs leads to a condition known affectionately as "DLL Hell". Even Microsoft calls it this. The problem is that if Microsoft DLL A requires Microsoft DLL B, it is essential that it have the correct version of DLL B. Of course, all of this stems from a desire to not rename the DLLs on every release with a name that includes the rev level and version number or other useful indicators, but the result is that life becomes quite unbearable.
Microsoft has a Web site that allows you to determine if you have a consistent mix of DLLs. Check out for articles about this. One of the nice features is that much of this is going away in Win2K and WinXP. However, some of it is still with us. Sometimes the release version of your code will be done in by a mismatch whereas the debug version is more resilient, for all the reasons already given.
However, there is one other lurking problem: a mix of DLLs that use the shared MFC library, and are both debug and release. If you are using DLLs of your own, that use the shared MFC library, make certain that all your DLLs are either debug or release! This means you should never, ever, under any circumstances rely on PATH or the implicit search path to locate DLLs (I find the whole idea of search paths to be a ill-thought-out kludge which is guaranteed to induce this sort of behavior; I never rely on the DLL load path except to load the standard Microsoft DLLs from %SYSTEM32%, and if you are using any kind of search path beyond that you deserve whatever happens to you! Note also that you must not, ever, under any circumstances imaginable, ever, put a DLL of your own in the %SYSTEM32% directory. For one thing, Win2K and WinXP will delete it anyway, because of "System32 Lockdown", a good idea that should have been forcefully implemented a decade ago).
Do not think that doing "static linking" of the MFC library is going to solve this problem! In fact, it actually makes the problem much worse, because you can end up with n disjoint copies of the MFC runtime, each one of which thinks it owns the world. A DLL must therefore either use the shared MFC library or use no MFC at all (the number of problems that occur if you have a private copy of the MFC library are too horrible to mention in an otherwise G-rated Web page, and in the interest of preserving keyboards I won't describe them in case any of you are eating when you read this. Well, how about one: the MFC Window Handle Map. Do you really want two or more copies of a handle map, each one of which can have disjoint images of what the window handle mapping, and try to reconcile the behavior of your program? I thought not).
However, it is very important to not have a mix of debug and release DLLs using MFC (note that a "straight", non-MFC release DLL can be called from a debug version of an MFC program; this happens all the time with the standard Microsoft libraries for OLE, WinSock, multimedia, etc.). The debug and release DLLs also have sufficiently different interfaces to MFC (I've not looked in detail, but I've had reports about problems) that you will get LoadLibrary failures, access faults, etc.
Not A Pretty Sight.
One way to avoid this is to have your DLL subprojects compile the DLLs into the main program's Debug and Release directories. The way I do this is to go into the DLL subproject, select Project Settings, select the Link tab, and put "..\" in front of the path that is there. You have to do this independently in the Debug and Release configurations (and any custom configurations you may have).
I also hand-edit the command line to put the "..\" in front of the path for the.lib file, making it easier to link as well.
Note the yellow areas highlighted in the image below. The top left shows the fact that I am working in the Debug configuration. The middle right shows the edit I made to the output file, and the lower right shows the hand-edit I made to redirect the.lib file.
Diagnostic Techniques
So the program fails, and you haven't a clue as to why. Well, there's some tricks you can try.
Turn off optimizations
One thing you can do is turn off all the optimizations in the release version. Go to the Project | Settings for the release version, choose the C/C++ tab, select Optimizations in the combo box, and simply turn off everything. Then do Build | Rebuild All and try again. If the bug went away, then you have a clue. No, you still don't know if it was an optimization bug in the strict sense, but you now know that the bug in your program is a consequence of an optimization transformation, which can be as simple as an uninitialized stack variable whose non-initialized value is sensitive to the optimization of the code. Not a lot of help, but you now know something more than you did before.
Turn on symbols
You can debug a release version of the program; just go into the C/C++ tab, select the General category, and select Program Database for Edit and Continue. You must also select the Link tab, and under the General category,


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Say I have a sample of some alkali metal - Rubidium for example. A sample of Rubidium consists of approximately 27% $^{87}$Rb and 73% $^{85}$Rb. Does the vapor pressure of each isotope individual necessarily have to be in the same proportion? More specifically, assuming I have enough Rubidium around that I have enough atoms of each isotope to reach the saturated vapor pressure, is there any physical reason why the ratio of the vapor pressures would match their relative abundances?
I guess this is coming from this perspective - the linear absorption spectrum for a sample of natural rubidium at a specific fine transition (D2 line - 5S1/2 ->5P3/2 if you are interested) looks like image below, the $^{87}$Rb peaks (outer) are clearly smaller than the $^{85}$Rb peaks (inner), and this amplitude ratio is directly related to their natural abundances. If the atoms are in a gas, what forces their vapor pressure to have the same ratio as their relative abundance?
enter image description here
Along a similar line of questioning. A sample of Rb will naturally have some trace amount of Cs in it. The saturated number density of Cs at room temperature is ~$10^9$ atoms per cm$^3$, and I'm looking at a volume of say 1cm$^3$. If I have a droplet of 1 gram of Rb in the volume, which is.001 moles, even at.001% impurity I have $>10^{17}$ atoms of cesium in the sample, clearly enough to reach saturated density. -Does this imply that you can do spectroscopy on a volume with Rb and obtain the same spectrum as a volume with a droplet of Cs in it? If not, what prevents the Cs impurity in Rb to reach full saturation.
*Note: Perhaps I should make it clear : The linear absorption spectrum is proportional to the theoretical absorption (for a single atom) times the number density of atoms in the sample. The relative amplitudes of the peaks are therefore a proportional to the relative abundances of the two isotopes.
share|improve this question
2 Answers 2
From the logic side - if there were much difference in wapor pressure between isotopes, isotope separation would be much easier process than we see now. Surely there is a difference, but not something you can see on spectrum.
Can't comment on Cs saturation though.
share|improve this answer
I posed this question to some coworkers outside of physics.se here is the first order answer that satisfied me.
Evaporation is effectively a statistical process that is determined by the probability of a certain atom from escaping its liquid bonds and becoming free. The process does not care about what atom evaporates (in the approximation that the two isotopes have the same mass and binding energy - which is reasonable), it effectively becomes a probability problem. You have a bag of atoms, some colored blue and some colored red. The probability of picking a red atom out of the bag (having 85Rb escape the liquid and go free) is given by its relative abundance to blue atoms, assuming that there are enough atoms around that the atoms lost to the vapor do not significantly affect the ratio of isotopes in the the liquid, we would expect, statistically, the abundance of isotopes in the vapor would match that of the liquid.
For Cs impurities, the same logic applies, although you have to modify a little bit due to the heavier weight of the Cs atom and potentially a difference in enthalpy of vaporization.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


Beliefs, Models, Analogies
A Game Like Chess and a Formalized Mathematical Calculus
"...general meta-chess' theorems can be established whose proof involves only a finite number of permissable configurations on the board. The metachess' theorem about the number of possible opening moves for white can be established in this way; and so can the meta-chess' theorem that if white has only two Knights and the King, and black only his King, it is impossible for white to force black into a mate.
"We have quoted this analogy at lenth because it illustrates the concept of calculus not only in metamathematics but also in metacommunication. For if we expand the analogy to include the two players we are no longer studying an abstract game but, rather, sequences of human interaction that are strictly governed by a complex body of rules."