Tinderbox Forum
How does one edit a Ziplink in a note?
I'm just learning how to use Ziplinks, but am running into a couple of frustrating problems:
 1. How do you edit a Ziplink that's in the text of a note?
 2. I'm trying to use "::" to append text to a new note created by a Ziplink, but when I open up the newly-created note, the $Text is empty.
Any help is greatly appreciated!
Option-click to put the insertion point inside a link. Or use the arrow keys. Clicking a link in the normal way follows a link.
[[foo::bar]] should make a note name foo with a text "bar". It does for me! If it doesn't for you, contact support _EMAIL_ with the details.
Just for clarity this is a once-only thing that only and option when creating a ziplink. The result of using the ziplink notation is a normal Tinderbox text link. At this point, i.e. after using a ziplink if you want to add target text, navigate to the note and add the $Text there.
IOW, ziplinks describes a notation for rapid note creation/configuration rather than the link it then creates.
Thanks for the assist Mark.
I guess my editing question is: how can I open up an existing (blue) Ziplink so that I can see the brackets and any other operators, etc.? Option-click seems to only put me within the blue word/words, but doesn't reveal the underlying information…
You can't. The ziplink isn't "wrapped up". It's a shortcut for making a textlink in the usual way.
I think we are describing different things. I wasn't referring to syntax used within a ziplink during creation but the fact a new user might assume that having used a ziplink that they could return to the note later and edit the (now-text) link there assuming it had special (ziplink) properties.
Mark, Paul -
My question is about the syntax used within a Ziplink and if it's possible to 're-access' that syntax after the Ziplink has been created…but my understanding is that's not possible.
Correct. I can see this ambiguity and have made a mental note to add this to the documentation.
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If I'm understanding correctly, let's say that I have a Ziplink [[foo::bar]] in the text of a note. I cannot edit that Ziplink to change it to [[foo|strong::bar]], rather as you point out, I would have to create a different/new Ziplink?
Thanks Mark. I really like Paul's post (in a different topic) about creating reading notes with Ziplinks. Really useful functionality. I'll keep at it.
Ignore my post; I deleted it. It's not relevant to this topic.
The idea of Ziplinks is that they're evaluated when you make them, and then they boom regular, first-class, normal Tinderbox links.
In this very specific case, where you want to change the anchor text for a correct link, you can make this change, but it doesn't have anything to do with ziplinks. To change the anchor text "foo" to "strong" you move the cursor to the blue link text "foo" and edit it like normal text to say "strong." This kind of editing of anchor text is possible for all Tinderbox links.
On a practical level, when I'm doing this, I usually start somewhere in the middle of the blue text, type what I want the new link anchor to be and then delete the extra text before and after what I've typed because I find it easier to manage. That's not necessary though. You can do it however makes sense for you.
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^^^ Yes, this is exactly my approach as there's no method/UI (lest people assume otherwise) for editing anchor text. If we select the whole link and then type we are assuming the app can tell we are editing the anchor rather than replacing the anchor and link with something else. Now we have ziplinks deleting and starting over is more of an option. But, if doing that do make sure beforehand that you know to where the original link was pointed.
I've added this paragraph to the existing aTbRef article on ziplinks:
Note that ziplinks are a keyboard-centric method, albeit enhanced, of creating normal text links with normal link anchor text. Once the link is generated, the link anchor is no different from any other text link anchor, i.e. ziplinks do not create a special type of anchor text.
I'm open to a better wording. I can see that if not told otherwise a new user may simply assume ziplinks create some special type of anchor allowing re-use of the enhanced facilities (because no one told them otherwise!). I hope the above addresses that false assumption.
That makes sense to me!
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text:
SQL Server: Identity Property Part-1
Identity property is one of the most frequently used properties to generate auto increment value. I've seen sometime developer get confused with it. So this blog series will help developers to know everything about Identity property.
Syntax: IDENTITY [(seed, increment)]
You must specify both the seed and increment or neither. By default the value of seed and increment is (1, 1). Identity column must be of data type int, bigint, smallint, tinyint, or decimal or numeric with a scale of 0 and constrained to be not null.
The identity property on a column guarantees the following:
- Each new value is generated based on the current seed & increment value.
- Each new value for a particular transaction is different from other concurrent transactions on the table.
- Identity property does not guarantee uniqueness of column value.
- A transaction inserting multiple rows is not guaranteed to get consecutive values for the rows because other concurrent inserts might occur on the table. To get consecutive values the transaction should use an exclusive lock on the table or it should use the SERIALIZABLE isolation level.
- SQL Server might cache identity values for performance reasons and some of the assigned values can be lost during a database failure or server restart. This can result in gaps in the identity value upon insert. If gaps are not acceptable then the application should use a sequence generator with the NOCACHE option or use their own mechanism to generate key values.
- The identity values are not reused by the engine, If a particular insert statement fails or if the insert statement is rolled back then the consumed identity values are lost and will not be generated again.
If you liked this post, do like on Facebook at _URL_
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Use buttons to control the motors
After the project file is downloaded locally, it can be imported into MakeCode for viewing and re-editing, or it can be burned directly to micro:bit via USB to run.
- Stop when starting or resetting.
- Press the button A and B at the same time to go straight.
- Press button A to turn right.
- Press the button B to turn left.
InHardware analysis and calibration: Drive circuit,There is a switch in the drive circuit, which can switch the drive circuit from LM393 voltage comparator control to micro:bit control. The micro:bit control method of the drive circuit is the same as the LM393 voltage comparator, starting at low level and stopping at high level.


text:
BIM ehk ehitusinformatsiooni modelleerimine
BIM (Building Information Modeling) on ehitise informatsiooni modelleerimine, organiseerimine ja haldamine kõiki ehitusprojekti osapooli hõlmaval ühtsel platvormil. BIM sisaldab ehitise mudelit (ehk objekti ja selle omadusi) ning selle mudeli kasutamist (ehk tegevusi).
BIM'i peamised eelised:
- The meaningful use of resources
- Vähem dubleerimist
- Controlled material supplies
- Less paper
- Better delivery order
- Real-time project's progress overview
BIM in element industry
We use Tekla BIM software in the design. At the stage of the bidding, we will create a 3D model of the proposed building. This model remains the basis for all the further work that we will continually update and refine according to the stages of the project.
The construction of the bidding project is based on the architect's architectural project in ifc format (see detail in the lower part of the text) or as AutoCAD dwg file.
On the contrary, it is possible to act as the basis for the work to give the created constructive model to the architect. It is also possible to use a constructive model to provide designers with special components to which they can add ventilation, piping, cabling, etc. - information, which in turn serves as the starting point for our design.
The bid model shows the structure and elemental division of the building (panels and shapes of panels). You can make a summary of the volumes and the weight of the item.
The model will be supplemented when drafting the work. Elements are added environmental classes, layers of protection, tolerances, finishes, fire resistance, thermal conductivity and other characteristic information. The armature and formwork, ventilation openings, electric sinks, and the like are applied to the model. The information entered is digitized in our production planning software. The model also generates product lines for the elements.
On the basis of the installation steps and planned delivery dates introduced into the model, all parties to the project will see the dates of casting, delivery and installation, and items delivered and installed. Production can look at the design stage of the elements. It is possible to monitor the progress of the project in real time.
The use of the model from the bidding phase will greatly save time and avoid errors.
BENEFITS of the element industry
- The 3D geometric model makes it easy and quick to get an overview of the building as a whole, to see the relationships between different details and elements.
- In spatial form, it's easier to understand the geometry of complex, non-standard elements.
- By incorporating 3D components into specific model, there is a better overview of the locations of pipes and electrical equipment and possible conflicts. Thanks to the more convenient information exchange, it is easy to find a suitable place for the pipes in the design system.
- Model overview allows to quickly model, review and compare different alternatives.
- A well-designed model will provide information about the materials and quantities used in the project before the drawings are completed.
- On this basis, it is possible to plan the purchase of materials necessary for the element's casting
- Using the time feature of the model, the contradictions in the delivery and production schedules are easy to find and can prevent errors in the planning of the installation.
- Since the model can simulate the flow of the supply chain at an early stage of the project, then the accuracy of the actual deliveries will improve upon the object.
- BIM enables better resource planning - no need to wait for the final design of the product drawings, and thus improve the precision of planning at an early stage of the project.
- The model makes it easier for the manufacturer to explain the shape and details of a complex element.
- Possibility to use geometric information from the model for controlling production machines (preparation of armature, production of fully automated hollow core slabs, etc.).
Delivery and assembly
- The model we offer during the bidding phase can be used by our installers to design an installation price.
- During design and installation, it is easier for installers to examine the element's assembly units.
- The model can be used instead of paper drawings in the installation - see the location of the elements, connecting nodes and take the necessary measurements.
IFC - In order for BIM ideology to work, it is necessary to follow strict, uniform standards. Data is saved in the ifc file format. IFC (International Foundation Classes) is a data model developed by the international organization buildingSMART to enable digital information exchange (synchronization) between different parties in the field of construction (architecture, constructive part, ventilation, heating, electricity, etc.). IFC is registered as ISO 16739: 2013.


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Skip Navigation LinksHome : Island Profiles : St. Vincent
St. Vincent
130 53' N, 600 68' W
Area: 344 km2
Population: 112,000
Capital: Kingstown
St. Vincent is located within the southern part of the Lesser Antilles island arc. It is about 100 miles west of Barbados, 68 miles north of Grenada and about 190 miles north of Trinidad. St. Vincent is the largest of the 32 islands and cays that make up the multi-island nation of St. Vincent and the Grenadines. It is roughly oval in shape and is approximately 29 km long and 17.5 km wide and. The island consists of a central axial range of mountains starting from La Soufrière (1,178 m), in the north, to Mount St. Andrew (736 m) to the south. This range of volcanic mountains divides the island almost equally between a gently sloping eastern or windward side and a deeply dissected and rugged western or leeward side. The north-south trending stratovolcanic centres which make up the backbone of the island show a northward migration in age from 3 Ma, near the south of the island, to 0.6 Ma at the Soufrière volcano (Rowley 1978a). After the main centres of activity had migrated to the Morne Garu and Soufrière Mountains to the north minor eruptions may have occurred at Belleisle Hill and Kings Hill to the south producing red, olivine micro-phyric basalt scoria cones in small explosive eruptions (Rowley 1978a).
St. Vincent has a population of about 112,000 with a large number (30,000) living in the capital city, Kingstown (2001 census). The language spoken is English. Ethnic divisions are African descent 75%, Black Carib 1% and Scottish.
Disaster Management
National Emergency Management Organization
Ms Michelle Forbes National Disaster Coordinator
National Emergency Organisation
Office of the Prime Minister
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Tel: _PHONE_


text:
(Other Names: 火山兔, 墨西哥兔; メキシコウサギ; Coelho dos vulcões; Conejo de Díaz, Conejo del Volcano, Conejo de los Volcanes, Conejo Zacatuche, Lapin de Diaz, Lapin des Volcans, Mexican Pygmy Rabbit, Mexikanisches Vulkankaninchen; Teporingo, Zacatuche)
1. Profile (Picture)
The volcano rabbit weighs 390 - 600 g (0.86 - 1.3 lb). It is generally found between
2800 and 4250 m (9200 - 13,900') in pine forests with a dense undergrowth of bunch grass
("zacaton") and rocky substrates. The
volcano rabbit feeds on the green leaves of zacaton
grasses, the young leaves of spiny herbs and the bark of alder trees. It is mostly nocturnal and crepuscular.
It lives in groups of 2 - 5 animals in runways and burrows among grass tussocks. The
burrows can be as long as 5 m (16') and as much as 40 cm (1.3') underground. There are
usually 2 or 3)young per litter, born in an underground nest.
*** Unlike most rabbits, it maintains a system of runways through the dense tussocks of grass it inhabits.
*** The volcanic sierras on which this rabbit is found form part of a feature called the "transverse neovolcanic axis", which spans the approximately 1000 km (620 mi) width of central Mexico between 18 deg and 22 deg N.
*** The volcano rabbit is restricted to the volcanic slopes near Mexico City, within a 45 minute drive of 17 million people. As a result it is subjected to the pressures of habitat degradation, tourism and hunting.
*** Hunters looking for quail and other game birds use the rabbit for target practice. The country people of the mountains regard it as vermin to be killed off. Neither the hunters nor the natives eat them.
*** Rabbits (belonging to many different genera) vs. Hares (all in the genus Lepus): The major differences between rabbits and hares include: 1.) their methods in avoiding predators (rabbits hide in dense vegetation or burrows; hares have longer legs and try to outrun predators), and 2.) the characteristics of their young at birth (newborn rabbits ("kittens") are born naked and with their eyes closed; newborn hares ("leverets") are better developed - their eyes are open and they can move around with some degree of coordination) (Mcdonald 2001).
Since at least the early 1900's, the volcano rabbit has apparently been restricted to
the slopes of several volcanos and adjacent ridges bordering the Valley of Mexico on the
east and south, near Mexico City, mainly in the Distrito Federal and the states of Mexico,
Morelos, and Puebla. As of 1990, Its distribution was restricted mainly to three
discontinuous areas of core habitat covering a total of approximately 280 sq km (110 sq
mi) on the slopes of four volcanoes (Popocatepetl, Iztaccihuatl, El Pelado and Tlaloc).
Scattered populations covering about 10 sq km (6 sq mi) were found outside these areas and
separated from them by physical barriers such as highways.
The most serious threats to the volcano rabbit are habitat degradation and target shooting. A variety of factors appear to be responsible for the continued degradation of the rabbit's forest/zacaton habitat. These include forest fires, overgrazing by cattle and sheep, encroachment by development (both from the expansion of Mexico City as well as additional rural settlements near the rabbit's core habitat) and agriculture, over-exploitation of timber and cutting of zacaton grasses for thatch and brush manufacture.
AMCELA, Burton & Pearson 1987, Chapman & Flux 1990, Curry-Lindahl 1972, Hoth et al. 1987, InfoNatura, IUCN 1969, IUCN 1994, IUCN 1996, IUCN 2000, IUCN 2003a, IUCN 2004, Jansa 1996, Macdonald 1984, Macdonald 2001, Nowak & Paradiso 1983, Olson & Dinerstein 1998, Olson & Dinerstein 1999, Oryx 1980c, Spec. Cons. Found., WCMC/WWF 1997
Last modified: January 2, 2005;

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


home > web.py Sessions
web.py Sessions
Other languages : français |...
Sessions are a way to store information between requests, thereby making http stateful. They work by sending the user a cookie, which maps to a session storage object on the server. When the user requests a page, the client sends the cookie back with the request, web.py loads the session based on the key, and code can request and store information in it.
Sessions are convenient because they allow a programmer to store user state in native Python objects.
Storage types
web.py sessions allow for multiple ways to store the session data. These methods include:
 - DiskStore. Session data is pickled in a designated directory. When instantiating, the first and only argument is the folder where the session information should be stored on disk.
 - DBStore. Session data is pickled and stored in a database. This can be useful if you want to store session data on a separate system. When creating, the DBStore takes 2 arguments: a web.py database instance, and the table name (string). The table which stores the session must have the following schema:
 session_id CHAR(128) UNIQUE NOT NULL,
 atime DATETIME NOT NULL default current_timestamp,
 data TEXT
 - ShelfStore. Data is stored using the python shelve module. When creating, the ShelfStore takes the filename that should be used to store the data.
The storage methods have various performance and setup tradeoffs, so the options allow you to choose what's best for your application.
The following code shows how to use a basic DiskStore session.
import web
urls = (
 '/', 'Index',
 '/login', 'Login',
 '/logout', 'Logout',
web.config.debug = False
app = web.application(urls, locals())
class Index:
 def GET(self):
 if session.get('logged_in', False):
 return 'You are logged inLogout'
 return 'You are not logged in.Login now'
class Login:
 def GET(self):
 session.logged_in = True
 raise web.seeother('/')
class Logout:
 def GET(self):
 session.logged_in = False
 raise web.seeother('/')
if __name__ == '__main__':
Sessions and Reloading/Debug Mode
Is your session data disappearing for seemingly no reason? This can happen when using the web.py app reloader (local debug mode), which will not persist the session object between reloads. Here's a nifty hack to get around this.
# Hack to make session play nice with the reloader (in debug mode)
if web.config.get('_session') is None:
 session = web.session.Session(app, db.SessionDBStore())
 web.config._session = session
 session = web.config._session


How the Molas of the San Blas Islands Became A Symbol of Cultural Identity
The San Blas Islands off the coast of northeast Panama attract visitors with their coconut palms, white-sand beaches, and turquoise waters. But it's the vividly colored, boldly designed material panels called "molas"—usually affixed to traditional blouses—that truly distinguish this autonomous territory of about 365 Caribbean islands. Hand-made by indigenous Guna (also called Kuna) Indian women, they often depict stylized animals, plants, geometric patterns and other scenes of daily life. As an essential symbol of indigenous cultural identity, a mola offers a sustainable souvenir to take home from Guna Yala, the natives' name for the islands ("Guna land").
A mola blouse consists of two panels of appliques that are first drawn, then cut from multiple layers of different colors of cotton, and finally stitched together. Limited only by the maker's creative imagination, the designs roam the natural world widely, from fish, jungle birds, turtles, sea urchins, monkeys, humans, fishing to farming. But they can also depict historic scenes, like Columbus' ships off the Pacific coast of Panama, and Bible stories like Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden or Jesus carrying a cross. Some also find inspiration in local maps, illustrations and ads from magazines and newspapers, coins, matchbook covers and other objects.
Molas were traditionally expressions of art that were painted on the female body/Lucia Griggi
Finding Inspiration in Pop Culture and Politics
After the United States completed the construction of the Panama Canal, which opened in 1914, American influence grew stronger throughout the country. That's why, fascinatingly, you may spot the face of former President John F. Kennedy or the even official U.S. seal emblazoned on these textiles. And because phonographs became popular after missionaries brought them to Panama, don't be surprised if you spot a dog listening intently to a stereo—the logo of RCA Victor.
In 1919, when Panama's government began policies to restrict Guna customs and ban women from wearing molas, it sparked the Guna Revolution of 1925. While the government eventually granted some autonomy to the islands, the mola forever became a symbol of political resistance, according to Diana Marks, author of the book "Molas: Dress, Identity, Culture." She writes, "The purposeful promotion of political and social issues displayed on dress may be considered a direct form of activism." Eventually, Panamanian social and political trends, like women's right to vote after the 1948 election and the military dictatorship that began in 1968, would also inspire designs.
A Guna Yala woman wears traditional mola textiles and traditional jewelry/Lucia Griggi
From Expressions of Body Art to Textiles
While the oldest example that Marks found dated back to 1906, she determined some mola patterns originated centuries ago, but not as textiles. "Molas were traditionally expressions of body art primarily painted on the female body," explains Kira Brereton, a Panamanian-American travel advisor whose parents, who are community activists and educators, instructed her in local culture and history during her childhood in Panama. "With time and the introduction of Spanish settlers to Panama, the expression converted from painted body art to the woven panels found today on clothing and Panamanian art and crafts."
Today, mola textiles are an essential source of income for Guna Yala women. In the 1960s, Peace Corps volunteers helped establish textile co-ops for them to make and sell molas to tourists for economic development, which helped perpetuate the handicraft in recent decades. They're now sold most often as pillow covers, wall hangings or purses.
You can find molas in some ethnographic and textile museums in the U.S. and Europe. A splendid collection of 315 molas (with online descriptions and photos of the staggering variety and design categories) is at the University of Connecticut Benton Museum of Art. There's a soft spot in my heart for the Smithsonian's National Museum of the American Indian in New York, whose collection of 32 molas was the first I'd ever seen, and Museum of International Folk Art in Santa Fe, New Mexico, which has 91 molas. But browsing the riot of colors and patterns of these symbols of indigenous identity is even more rewarding on a trip to the San Blas Islands, or Guna Yala, their place of origin.
An inhabitant of Guna Yala constructs makeshift shop to trade molas with travelers/Lucia Griggi


An Assortment Of Spiritual Professions
Dr. Michael LaitmanEveryone's personal perception of reality develops according to the root of their soul, its character and mentality.
There are people, who are more inclined towards a technical development, while others have a more sensual inclination, as in our world there are humanitarians and technicians in our world. Some study music, literature, philosophy, and others study engineering, mathematics, architecture and so on.
And spiritually, there is a huge difference between them. Why did one Kabbalist write in one style, while another in another? This is a result of the character traits of a person's soul; each one perceives the spiritual world differently. Subsequently, they complement each other, but as a whole, there is a big difference between souls, much greater than the differences between people in our world.
Of course, everyone perceives the spiritual reality; as we move forward and pass the Machsom (barrier to spirituality), everyone reaches the insight. But to one person, the spiritual world may be revealed in a way that he sees a whole picture and works with the figurative attainment, while another one, with a more technical disposition of the soul, has a perception like that of a physicist in our world. The third one perceives spirituality like a psychologist does in our world, and the fourth one as a simple workman.
In the spiritual worlds, there is a much richer "assortment" of occupations than in our world, like a projection of one world into another.
From the 2nd part of the Daily Kabbalah Lesson 2/12/12, The Zohar
Related Material:
The "Matrix" Of The Spiritual World
7 Billion Citizens Of The Spiritual Worlds
Through The Letters Of The Book Of Zohar
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text:
Scouring the UK census data often leads to various potholes especially around the years of mass migration to Australia and the USA (1840 - 1870). It's worth remembering that not all who travelled overseas stayed where they landed, or had any intention of staying. Sometimes the intent was purely to solve short term economic problems.
For this reason, records in the 1841, 1851 and 1861 UK census records are sometimes misunderstood or presumed incorrect. Finding a complete family in say 1841 but then not seeing the husband or sons in 1851 or 1861 often leads us to believe there was death sometime in that period.
The "M" matters
Where you see an incomplete family in the later census data and the wife is noted as head of the family, pay attention to her marital status. A "W" means widowed and yes, you can safely assume the husband died. However if it's an "M", meaning married, but the husband is not listed, there is a fair chance the husband was sailing the world trying to find a better life for the family. Check then for shipping records around that time, both outgoing and incoming. If you find a shipping record that denotes a man as "single", you can't necessarily assume that he wasn't married - it may mean he was just travelling alone and the family stayed at home. Similarly, if you find a wife and children travelling without a husband in the party, this does not always point to the husband being deceased. Assuming death may lead you to miss a wonderful reunification of a family somewhere abroad.
- Determining the date of genealogical events
- The disappearing men - using census records
- Following naming conventions in genealogy
- Come find me, actually come find me
- Improved Victorian BDM
- Adopting a grave
- Finding burial information - tips and traps
- Find a history group faster
- Grave destruction
- 16 tips to promote your history group website
- 14th Australasian Congress on Genealogy and Heraldry


text:
Financial Dynamics of the Environment
This Working Paper was an early mapping study for the Inquiry and is based on a literature review (of available literature mainly from OECD countries). It summarises the arguments for why the environment and environment-related risks are relevant to the financial system and reviews the main structural barriers preventing the financial system from managing such issues.
Key findings include that:
- Natural capital underpins the health of global economic and financial systems, however, these contributions remain largely unpriced and are largely absent from the balance sheets of financial institutions.
- Environmental change, natural capital depletion and degradation could potentially pose systemic risks to financial stability; however, the processes through which this may happen are currently unclear and may be remote. Public policy responses to environment-related risks may also impact the financial system and financial stability.
- Short-termism in financial markets undermines the ability to invest and manage risk with due consideration for environmental-related risks. It is driven in part by the practices and regulations that govern financial institutons. These include short-term benchmarks for performance measurement, risk management, reporting and compensation.


text:
Here's a sample of our volunteer opportunities:VIEW AS
Senior Medicare Patrol ( SMP ) helps Medicare beneficiaries, their families and caregivers who have questions about billing issues or believe they may be a victim of healthcare fraud or scams. SMP empowers and assist Medicare beneficiaries, their families, and caregivers to prevent, detect, and report health care fraud, errors, and abuse through outreach, counseling, and education.
Did You Know?
- $68 billion taxdollars are lost annually to Medicare fraud, errors, and abuse each year?
- Billing errors are common and can easily be corrected.
- You can help! Medicare Beneficiaries are the first line of defense against healthcare fraud. Learning how to protect personal information, detect fraud, errors and abuse, and reporting suspicious activities can help save taxdollars from criminals.
What is Healthcare Fraud?
Medicare fraud happens when Medicare is billed for services or supplies you never got or didn't need. Errors and abuse occur when questionable practices result in unnecessary costs to Medicare.
How Does the SMP Program Help Stop Healthcare Fraud?
SMP staff and volunteers visit seniors wherever they gather, at senior centers, housing complexes, churches, and health fairs and talk about what they can do to prevent, detect and report Medicare fraud. You can help us to do that by learning about Medicare and either visiting groups of seniors to train them on what Medicare fraud is or by attending community events like health fairs to meet people and distribute information.
- Protect, Detect, Report: We teach beneficiaries how to protect personal information, detect fraud, errors and abuse, and report suspicious activity.
- The SMP Matters Newsletter is sent to over 4,000 senior citizens in almost every county in Kentucky.
- Our Presentation Menu lists topics that may be of interest to a senior group in your area.
- Medicare Bingo: We have a variety of educational Bingo games that share important Medicare information to seniors in a fun way! Call us to learn more!


text: Among different brain–computer interfaces (BCIs), the steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)-based BCI has been widely used because of its higher signal to noise ratio (SNR) and greater information transfer rate (ITR). In this paper, a method based on multiple signal classification (MUSIC) was proposed for multidimensional SSVEP signal processing. Both fundamental and second harmonics of SSVEPs were employed for the final target recognition. The experimental results proved it has the advantage of reducing recognition time. Also, the relation between the duty-cycle of the stimulus signals and the amplitude of the second harmonics of SSVEPs was discussed via experiments. In order to verify the feasibility of proposed methods, a two-layer spelling system was designed. Different subjects including those who have never used BCIs before used the system fluently in an unshielded environment.


text:
3:00 pm to 5:00 pm
Family and Friendship in Early America
Friends and Lovers Friendship and Romance in Mixed-Sex Friendships in the Early American Republic
Cassandra Good, University of Pennsylvania
This paper examines the lines between mixed-sex friendships and romantic relationships in the early American republic. Given the overwhelming cultural focus on marriage and seduction in this era, it was hard for people then—as it is for historians today—to distinguish between friendship and romance. Without prescriptions for how to conduct a heterosocial friendship, men and women had the opportunity to collectively define the emotional and sexual character of a relationship. Through an examination of literary texts and manuscripts, I argue that men and women adapted the sign system of romance to create new, more flexible possibilities for heterosocial relationships.
Founding Fathers/Founders as Fathers: Raising a Natural Aristocracy in Virginia
Lorri Glover, St. Louis University
Thomas Jefferson theorized that in the new American republic a "natural aristocracy" based on talent and achievement would supersede the hereditary power structure of the colonial order. But gender sharply, inviolably bisected this new ethic, both in the rhetoric of revolutionaries and in their households. Gender dictated how the heirs of the founders went about securing a place in the American meritocracy, a lesson that Jefferson assiduously taught his daughters and granddaughters. Using the family papers of Thomas Jefferson, this essay interrogates girl-rearing in the revolutionary age to reveal the intimate and intricate connections between political ideals and family values.
Commentator: Thomas Foster, DePaul University
All papers are pre-circulated electronically to those who plan to attend the seminar in person. For a copy of the paper, e-mail the Scholl Center at _EMAIL_. Please do not request a paper unless you plan to attend.


text:
Energy-Aware Soft Real-Time Scheduling for Multi-Radio Embedded Devices
This paper presents an energy-efficient scheduling algorithm for the data-communications of soft real-time periodic tasks on multi-radio embedded devices. To cope with the dynamic fluctuation of channel conditions, a feedback mechanism that monitors radio throughput is introduced to guarantee real-time behaviors. The paper also provides a formal analysis on the scheduling, exploring the relationship between tardiness bounds and energy savings and that between network stability and (m; k)-firm deadline guarantees. This approach is applicable to real-time communication scheduling problems in which background interference and other environmental factors are not known a priori. The algorithm is evaluated in the QualNet simulator, using data measured from radio hardware.


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The goal of CGSUK is to promote gender equity and equality (especially within Sri Lankan universities).
Gender equality is the notion that there should be equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities for women and men (and girls and boys). Equality does not mean that women and men should be the same; but that rights, responsibilities and opportunities should not depend on whether people are born male or female.
Gender equity is the notion that the specific interests, needs and priorities of both women and men should be taken into consideration. Equity recognizes that men and women have differing interests, needs and priorities depending on their biological sex and their gendered life experiences. Furthermore, different groups of women and men prioritize different issues from one another.
CGSUK is founded on the simultaneous conceptualization of gender equity / equality. This means that both the similarities of men's and women's life experiences as well as the differences in their life experiences are taken into account in conceptualizations and discussions about gender.


Founded in 1931, the Music Institute of Chicago leads people toward a lifelong engagement with music by providing widely accessible resources for high quality music teaching, performing, and service activities—and harnessing the power of music to educate, inspire and bring comfort to the communities it serves. The Music Institute believes that music is an essential element of a strong, well-educated, and compassionate community; that music bolsters the brain, strengthens community bonds, and nourishes the human spirit; and that live music and quality music education should be accessible to everyone.
Each share, tweet, and email helps us spread the word about Music Institute of Chicago.
You've Helped Raise
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This section explains the steps required to load an image to the image editor. Image editor has a built-in toolbar that has options to edit the image with shapes, path, text, crop, rotate and flip.
After installing Essential Studio for UWP, you can find all the required assemblies in the installation folder,
SfImageEditor is available in the following assembly and namespace:
In addition, you have to install a
Win2Dpackage to save the image.
Initialize the image editor
- Import the SfImageEditor namespace as shown below,
- Initialize the image editor as shown below,
SfImageEditor editor = new SfImageEditor(); grid.Children.Add(editor);
Loading an image to the image editor
It can be done by the following two ways:
- Using bitmap object
- Using Stream
Using bitmap object
You can load an image to the control as a bitmap object.
IRandomAccessStream stream = await file.OpenAsync(FileAccessMode.Read); BitmapImage bitMapImage = new BitmapImage(); image.SetSource(stream); imageEditor.ImageSource = bitMapImage;
You can load an image to the control as a stream.
IRandomAccessStream stream = await file.OpenAsync(FileAccessMode.Read); imageEditor.Image = stream;
- After an image has been loaded to the SfImageEditor, you can start to edit an image by using the built-in Toolbar


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Free Search (10891 images)
Orcus Patera on Mars in 3D
Rating: 5.00/5 (2 votes cast)
- Title Orcus Patera on Mars in 3D
- Released 29/08/2010 4:59 pm
- Copyright ESA/DLR/FU Berlin (G. Neukum)
Orcus Patera is an enigmatic elliptical depression located between the volcanoes of Elysium Mons and Olympus Mons. This well-defined depression extends approximately 380 km by 140 km in a NNE––SSW direction. It has a rim that rises up to 1800 m above the surrounding plains, while the floor of the depression lies 400–600 m below the surroundings. ESA's Mars Express obtained image data of this region on 5 and 11 October 2005 using the High-Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC). The data were acquired during orbits 2216 and 2238 and with a ground resolution of approximately 30 m per pixel. Combining data from the nadir channel and one stereo channel of HRSC produced this 3D image. Stereoscopic glasses are required to see the 3D effect.


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maintenance also plays an important role. Dissolved air comes out of solution as temperature increases. This is another reason to maintain appropriate and stable operating temperatures. Oxidative degradation and water contamination inhibit the oil's ability to release air, often resulting in an increase in entrained air volume.
Given the perfect hydraulic fluid – one with infinite stiffness, does not exist, and in view of the current trend towards hydraulic equipment with higher operating pressures, higher power density and faster response, it's more important than ever to consider the operational effects of fluid compressibility on the hydraulic equipment you design, maintain, repair or operate.
Brendan Casey is the founder of HydraulicSupermarket.com and the author of Insider Secrets to Hydraulics, Preventing Hydraulic Failures, Hydraulics Made Easy, and Advanced Hydraulic Control. A fluid power specialist with an MBA, he has more than 20 years experience in the design, maintenance, and repair of mobile and industrial hydraulic equipment.


Product Idea
Europa Theme: Explorer Rover
The moon Europa is one of Jupiter's many moons. It is possible that there are frozen methane oceans. In this set you can explore the surface of this moon with your mini figures and drill into the ice to get some methane! You can travel along Europa's surface on the Explorer Rover! Enjoy!
This set comes with the exploration rover Explorer (like the ones they use on Mars) that has wheels that adapt to the terrain, a methane drill to dig through the ice, and three different Europa Mission style mini figures.


1. Keystone Security Monitor
The security monitor (SM) is trusted software that runs in M-mode, and forms the trusted computing base (TCB) in Keystone system. The SM is the most important software in Keystone as it provides most of the security guarantees. The SM provides the following functionality:
 1. Memory Isolation using RISC-V PMP
 2. Remote Attestation (Signatures and measurement)
 3. Enclave Thread Management
 4. System PMP Synchronization
 5. Side-Channel Defenses
Version 0.1 only implements 1, 2, and 3, supporting single-threaded enclave.
The security monitor must be verified by the root of trust in hardware before being trusted. After the root of trust measures the SM it generates a keypair for remote attestation, signs the public key, and then continues booting. See Chain of Trust for details.
The OS and enclaves may call SM functions using the supervisor binary interface (SBI), which is implemented in RISC-V environment calls (i.e., ecall instruction). See SBI Documentation for details.
1.1. Specific platforms
1.2. PMP Internals
PMP allows for N (platform defined) entries, which are configured using a config (cfg) and address (addr) register each. There are further details available in the RISC-V specification section 3.6.
In Keystone we refer to the section of memory that an enclave uses as a region and each region is defined by a PMP entry.
1.3. Memory Isolation using RISC-V PMP
The SM currently consumes two PMP entries for its own uses (i.e., security monitor memory and untrusted memory). Each of the remaining PMP entries may be consumed by one active enclave each.
To understand how the SM utilizes PMP, we need to know several properties of RISC-V PMP:
 1. Prioritized by Index
 PMP entries are statically priortized by their index, with a check stopping at the highest priority matching. Indices run from 0..N (where N is platform defined), with 0 having the highest priority, and N having the lowest. Thus, the access permissions to a physical address should be of the lowest-index PMP entry among the matched ones.
 2. Default Deny
 If no PMP entry matches with an address, the memory access will be rejected by default.
 3. Dynamically Configurable by M-mode
 M-mode can write to PMP CSRs during runtime to define PMP entries dynamically. A TLB flush is required after reconfiguration.
 4. Addressing Modes
 PMP supports two addressing modes: naturally-aligned power of two (NAPOT), or top-of-range (TOR). TOR consumes adjacent PMP entry's address register for the bound address to allow shared boundaries efficiently. Ex: Two ranges of 0-2048 and 2048-4096 uses 3 entries, 0, 2048, 4096.
At the very beginning of the boot process, physical memory is not accessible by U- or S-modes because of property 2 as shown in the diagram below.
For ease of understanding, we denote PMP entries as pmp[i] where i is an index.
There are N PMP entries.
-: inaccessible (NO_PERM), =: accessible (ALL_PERM)
pmp[1:N] | | : undefined
The SM sets the first PMP entry to cover the address range containing itself (0x80000000-0x80200000), and sets all permission bits to 0. The SM then sets the last PMP entry to cover the entire DRAM and sets all permission bits to 1, allowing the OS to access the rest of the memory and start booting. Because of the property 1, the net result will be as follows:
pmp[0] |-------| | : SM memory
pmp[others] | | : undefined
When the SM creates an enclave, it will assign a PMP entry to the enclave to protect its memory from other U-/S-mode software.
pmp[1] | |---------| | : enclave memory
pmp[others] | | : undefined
net result |-------|======|---------|===============|
When the SM enters the enclave (executes the enclave), it flips the permission bits of the enclave's PMP entry and the last PMP entry. In addition, Keystone allows the OS to allocate an additional contiguous memory region in the OS memory space so that the enclave can use it as a communication buffer. The buffer is called untrusted shared buffer.
pmp[1] | |=========| | : enclave memory
pmp[others] | | : undefined
pmp[N] | |==| | : untrusted shared buffer
net result |-------|------|=========|-------|==|----|
When the SM exits the enclave, it simply flips the permission bits back. When the SM destroys an enclave, it clears the PMP entry so that other enclaves can use it.
1.4. Remote Attestation
The goal of remote attestation is to prove to a remote client that the enclave contains the program expected, and is running on hardware that is trusted. In Keystone this involves a few cryptographic operations including ECDSA signature and SHA-3 hash.
For more detail about the remote attestation process, see Remote Attestation.
1.5. Enclave Context Management
The Keystone SM manages enclave context (e.g., general purpose registers, trap vector, etc) and the status of each hardware thread. When an enclave enters and exits, the SM performs the following steps to switch between trusted and untrusted contexts:
 1. Update thread status
 2. Save the previous context
 3. Restore the next context
 4. Flip PMP permissions
 5. Flush TLB
1.6. Building platform specific modules
You can re-configure and re-build the bbl in the build directory:
../configure \
 --enable-sm \
 --with-target-platform= \
 --host=riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu \
 --with-payload=
Each platform directory contains a top-level C file that handles the module.
For example, --with-target-platform=fu540 will include sm/platform/fu540/fu540.c in the SM. Each of the directories contains the hooks for each platform.
The platform directory sm/platform contains all current platform specific supports.
Currently that is: default and fu540 directories.
1.7. System PMP Synchronization
System PMP is not supported yet.
1.8. Side-Channel Defense
The FU540 module supports cache side-channel defenses.
1.9. Current Enclave Lifecycle
digraph G {
 node [color=gray]
 Invalid -> Allocated [color=blue,label="allocate_eid\n(create_enclave)"];
 node [color=orange]
 Allocated -> Fresh [color=orange,label="create_enclave\nafter\nvalidate and hash"];
 node [color=red]
 Allocated -> Destroying [color=red,label="destory_enclave\n(first step)"];
 node [color=green]
 Fresh -> Running [color=green,label="run_enclave"];
 Running -> Stopped [color=yellow1,label="exit/stop_enclave"];
 Stopped -> Running [color=green,label="resume_enclave"];
 Destroying -> Invalid [color=gray,label="free_eid\n(destory_enclave\nlast step)"];


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To help visitors understand the geological processes which shaped the Breckland landscape, they can view a column at High Lodge Forest Centre, which is a representation of the deposits to a depth of 13 metres. There is an interpretation board to explain the artist's impression of the geological layers.
In 2004, the Forestry Commission received funding from the Arts Council England, Forest Heath District Council and the 'Arts for All' programme of Suffolk County Council, through the Rural Arts Lottery Programme, for an innovative arts project at High Lodge. The sculptor, Julienne Dolphin Wilding, was chosen to carry out the project and, after a series of public consultation days with adults and children, she chose a geological theme.
The column was constructed around a ten tonne block of concrete and a steel inner tube ten millimetres thick and twelve metres high welded onto a base plate. Twenty-four'mill stone rings' were then mounted onto the tube and bedded in with mortar joints. Using aggregate materials provided by May Gurney and Frimstone Ltd, Julienne built up a series of layers to create an artistic impression of the geological strata.


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Individual Issues Overwhelm Common Issues in a Nuisance Claim
In Baker v. Rendle, 2017 BCCA 72, the British Columbia Court of Appeal upheld the lower court's decision denying class certification of a nuisance claim. The Court found that a class proceeding was not a preferable procedure because resolving the proposed common issues would not have significantly advanced the action. The Court's analysis is specific to claims in nuisance, but suggests that nuisance claims are not suitable for certification unless the defendant's conduct has a near-uniform impact on the class members.
The Rendles obtained a permit to operate a composting business on their farm and thereafter began to import and compost food waste from the surrounding area. Complaints related to the noise and odours generated by the composting operation soon followed. Mr. Baker, who resides on land adjacent to the farm, brought a claim for nuisance. He sought certification as a class proceeding on behalf of other residents in the area.
For a unanimous Court, Justice Garson refused to certify the claim on the basis that a class proceeding was not a preferable procedure as required by s. 4(1)(d) of the Class Proceedings Act.
Justice Garson began by reviewing the elements of the tort of nuisance: A plaintiff must prove a substantial and unreasonable interference with his or her use and enjoyment of property. As a result, nuisance claims focus on the impact on the plaintiff as opposed to the defendant's conduct. The common issues proposed by Mr. Baker did just the opposite.
The most relevant common issue asked the Court to determine the extent of the Rendles' conduct. However, Justice Garson held that the Rendles' conduct could not be meaningfully considered in isolation from its impact on each of the proposed class members and therefore accepted that the analysis of the Rendles' liability would be inherently individual. On that basis, Justice Garson held that resolving the common issues would not significantly advance the action and that a class proceeding was therefore not a preferable procedure.
The Baker case is an example of the inherent challenges with nuisance claims for the certification process. That said, nuisance cases have been certified where it was shown that the question of substantial interference could be determined on a generic, not an individual basis: see for example Gautam v. Canada Line Rapid Transit, 2011 BCCA 275.
denying class certification inherent challenges nuisance claim substantial interference


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Can you trademark a flavor or taste?
No, you cannot trademark a flavor. While a flavor will distinguish the taste of your product from another competing product, it cannot be trademarked as it serves an "essential functional aspect" of the product.
Trademarks cover the identifying factors of a product, such as its name, logo, or associated slogan. Trademarks serve to strengthen a company's reputation by distinguishing it from its competitors; a flavor cannot do so, as a consumer cannot experience the flavor prior to purchasing the product.
If you give a unique name to a flavor, that unique name can be trademarked. A distinct flavor name can serve as a product's name or slogan in a way that could be trademarked. If you utilize a unique flavor name in relation to a particular product, then over time the unique name will develop a secondary meaning that is associated with the specific product. That secondary meaning is grounds for trademarking, and will prevent competitors from applying a similar name to flavors associated with their products.
Contact us today if you are curious about trademarking a unique flavor name, as this branch of trademark law can be quite confusing.
How We Can Work Together


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Japanese units of measurement
The system is Chinese in origin. The units originated in the Shang Dynasty in the 13th century BC, and eventually stabilized in the Zhou Dynasty in the 10th century BC and spread from there to Japan, South East Asia, and Korea. The units of the Tang Dynasty were officially adopted in Japan in 701, and the current shaku measurement has hardly altered since then. Many Taiwanese units of measurement are derived from the shakkanhō system.
From 1924, the shakkanhō system was replaced by the metric system, and use of the old units for official purposes was forbidden after 31 March 1966. However, in several instances the old system is still used. In carpentry and agriculture use of the old-fashioned terms is common. Tools such as Japanese chisels, spatels, saws, hammers are manufactured in sizes of sun and bu. Land is sold on the basis of price in tsubo. Until the 2005 Japanese census, people were able to give the area of their houses in either square metres or tsubo. The tsubo was not used in the 2010 census.
There are several different versions of the shakkanhō. The tables below show the one in common use in the Edo period. In 1891 the most common units were given definitions in terms of the metric system:
|Note: Definitions are exact and conversions are rounded to four significant figures.|
The basis of the shakkanhō length measurements is the shaku, which originated in ancient China. The other units are all fixed fractions or multiples of this basic unit. The shaku was originally the length from the thumb to the middle finger (about 18 cm or 7.1 in), but its length, and hence the length of the other units, gradually increased, since the length of the unit was related to the level of taxation.
Various shaku developed for various purposes. The unit of all measurement, such as area, is shaku. To distinguish from other shaku, this unit is called the kanejaku (曲尺). Kanejaku means "carpenter's square", and this shaku was used by Japanese carpenters. The carpenter's shaku, used for construction, preserved the original Chinese shaku measurement, because it was never altered, whereas the other shaku systems, which were used for taxation or trade, were altered to increase taxation, and, hence, gradually deviated from the original value.
The kujirajaku (鯨尺), literally "whale shaku", was a standard used in the clothing industry. The name, "whale shaku", comes from the rulers, which were made from baleen. A kujirajaku is 25% longer than kanejaku.
As well as the kanejaku and kujirajaku systems, other shaku systems also existed. One example is the gofukujaku (呉服尺), which refers to traditional Japanese clothing, such as kimonos. In the gofukujaku system, one shaku equals 1.2 times the kanejaku.
Shaku units are still used for construction materials in Japan. For example, plywood is usually manufactured in 182 cm × 91 cm (about 72 in × 36 in) sheets known in the trade as saburokuhan (3 × 6版), or 3 × 6 shaku. Each sheet is about the size of one tatami mat. The thicknesses of the sheets, however, are usually measured in millimetres.
The names of these units also live in the name of the bamboo flute shakuhachi (尺八), literally "shaku eight", which measures one shaku and eight sun, and the Japanese version of the Tom Thumb story, Issun Bōshi (一寸法師), literally "one sun boy", as well as in many Japanese proverbs.
Note: There is an older type of 'ri', about 600 m. This can be seen in use, for example, in beach names. Kujukuri Beach is 99 ri (kyu ju ku), about 60 km. Shichiri Beach is 7 ri (shichi) 4.2 km. While this use is evidence of the existence of the 'old' ri, information about it in English is hard to come by.
The tsubo, which is essentially the area of two standard sized tatami mats (tatami have an aspect ratio of 2:1, so two side by side form a square), is still commonly used in discussing land pricing in Japan. Note that actual tatami vary in size regionally, though legally the area of a tsubo is standardized. The larger units are also commonly used by Japanese farmers for discussing the sizes of fields.
These units are still used, for example, in sake production.
|Unit||shō||Metric||US liquid measure||Imperial|
|Romanized||Kanji||millilitres||litres||fluid ounces||pints||gallons||fluid ounces||pint||gallons|
The Japanese unit of mass, momme, is a recognized unit in the international pearl industry.
|kan or kanme||貫, 貫目||1000||3.75×106||3750||3.75||2116||132.3||8.267|
The names of old money live on in Japanese proverbs such as haya oki wa san mon no toku, literally "Waking early gets you three mon", comparable to the English language proverb, "Early to bed, early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise."
|1 hiki||疋||10 mon|
|1 kanmon||貫文||100 hiki|
Apart from shakkanhō and the metric system, other units are also commonly used in Japan. For example, the inch is used in the following:
- The tyre sizes of bicycles, which are based on a British system
- In the computer industry, for the sizes of parts, connectors, and semiconductor wafers.
- Together with feet, for the width and length of magnetic tape.
- The sizes of television and monitor/phone screens. However, the character 型 ("-gata") is substituted for インチ ("inch") on televisions. Thus, a television with a 17-inch diagonal measure is described as 17型. If the television screen is a 16:9 ratio, the letter "V" (for "vista") prefixes the character 型 ("-gata"). For example. 32V型 means 32-inch widescreen.
- The sizes of photographic prints, though rounded to the nearest millimetre.
- History of measurement
- Japanese clock
- Japanese counter word
- Japanese numerals
- Units of measurement
- "改正度量衡法規". National Diet Library. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
- "メートル条約". International Metrology Cooperation Office. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
- Ministry of Railway (鉄道省 Tetsudō-shō) ([大正10]). Nippon (or Nihon) Tetsudō-shi 日本鉄道史 [Japan Railway History] (in Japanese). 1 of 3 (上巻 Jōkan). [Tokyo] : [Ministry of Railway]. p. 49. Check date values in:
|date=(help) "In the 10th month of Meiji 3, probably November 1871, we defined 1 English foot of railway as 1 shaku 4 rin (1.004 shaku) of ours."
- "Chōbu" is used when no fraction follows
- Japanese Carpentry Museum
- Japanese units (Japanese)
- Convert traditional Japanese units to metric and imperial units (lengths, areas, volumes, weights) (sci.lang.Japan FAQ pages)
- Simple Japanese Traditional Area Units Converter
- Simple Japanese Distance and Length Units Converter


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Telekinesis is the ability to move objects using the mind. Alden Tate, John White (as the Beast) and the Dust Men Conduits have this ability. Cole MacGrath also possesses variations of this ability, though they rely on his mastery of Electromagnetism. Ice Crushers exhibit some form of Telekinesis, lifting ice spikes off the ground, and firing them at an opponent.
- Alden Tate used his abilities to lift a bus and throw it onto a rooftop. He also used telekinesis to create a large "Golem" armor for himself as he fought Cole MacGrath. He may have used the ability to fly or at least slow his descent when he fell off the bridge to escape Cole.
- Dust Men conduits can form metal around them to become metal "golems" granting them strength and durability. While fighting with this armor on, they can throw projectiles at a high speed, similar to a minigun, or use it to lift large objects and throw them at their targets.
- Additionally, Armored Conduits can make smaller Scrap Crabs, to aid them in battle.
- John White uses telekinesis to lift objects off the ground and pull them into a purple vortex in the palm of his hands, he can then throw this at enemies.
- Cole can use electromagnetism to lift up large and heavy objects, and throw them towards a target.
- "Anything for Trish" is the only mission where Alden is seen directly using his telekinesis without his Golem armor on.
- So far, only 2 main conduits have been seen using this ability; Alden and John. But there are conduits within the Dust Men who use telekinesis to hold their metal golem in place.


text:
of seed companies with an impressively wide range,
visit their site and on-line catalogue.
Festuca ovina glauca will yield a mix of plants of various
shades of blue, to select the best coloured ones, prick seedlings
out into seed trays, about 15 in each and then be fairly ruthless
about discarding the greener individuals to get the best coloured
Of almost all
types is successful. Dig them up when actively growing in spring
or early summer and simply pull apart. They will separate at the
naturally weakest region to give two plants with decent root systems.
These can then be planted straight away.
If you wish
to build up stocks from container grown plants, then split the plant
when the roots fill the pot, with one plant sepe4ating into 3 or
4 offspring, and re-pot, place them in a sunny position and make
sure you water them well! This can be repeated as many times as
necessary not forgetting a liquid feed, eventually place them in
2L pots and then plant them in the ground when they fill these.
This will give you the quickest way to a good sized display of good


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This question already has an answer here:
I'm trying to memorise the notes on the fretboard so that I can more easily apply some of the chordal and scale theory I've been learning, but I downtune quite a lot (half-step down, whole step down, and sometimes with a dropped D too). I'm wondering whether in those cases it's conventional to simply override the downtuning and still refer to the Eb as an E, Ab as an A, etc. I realise the dropped D string would need specific attention, but as for the rest of the board, is that something that's done? Or is it common to be able to just offset in your head after a while?
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marked as duplicate by Dr Mayhem, vjones, American Luke, Chipsgoumerde, Andrew May 28 '13 at 3:10
4 Answers 4
up vote 3 down vote accepted
If what you're trying to do is memorize the note names, then it's best to stick with one tuning, and learn the notes in that tuning before moving on to others. Standard tuning is a good choice since it is the "standard". Learning the note names in this tuning will facilitate many other types of learning and communication with others within the guitar curriculum(s) and make it easier to use written notation.
We can call what you're using "standard tuning" even if it is one half step down. In this case you are utilizing a relative tuning where the relationship between the strings is the same as standard tuning. Imagine you don't have a tuner or reference pitch available and just tuned the strings to what you thought was "E" standard tuning. In that case you'd call the low "E" string "E", the next string "A" etc, regardless of the actual pitch sounded.
An important exception to the above: If you happen to be blessed with perfect pitch, then you should tune up to "E" and not "Eb" so that you associate the correct note names with the correct pitches.
Once you have a handle on standard tuning you can learn other tunings as separate entities with offsets from the standard -- if this is even necessary for your style of music and the situations you will encounter with other musicians.
There are cases where there might be good reasons not to take this approach - but - focusing on the learning process - I think it's best not to vary anything when you're tackling a challenging task like learning all the notes on the fingerboard.
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Think of the reason you're giving names to notes: communication.
So, it depends who you're communicating with, their expectations of you, and your expectations of them.
When I play soprano ukulele, I think in terms of the guitar fretboard - the intervals between strings are the same as the top four strings of a guitar. So in my head, I play a guitar "D" shape, and my head thinks "D". But in fact, that's a G.
If I'm playing solo, that does no harm, but if I'm duetting with (say) a pianist, though, there will be problems from the start. I say "OK, we open with a D major chord", I strum my D shape, which is actually a G. The pianist plays D, F#, A, and it sounds terrible.
The same happens if you're playing with a bassist who's tuned conventionally, while you're downtuned. You shout "Louie Louie in G", you strum a G shape, which is a Gb chord. The bassist plays an actual G, and it sounds awful.
Of course if the whole band tunes up or down the same amount, then it doesn't matter.
Otherwise, you need to agree how to communicate.
 - The easiest thing for your fellow musicians, is for you to communicate using the real pitches. That way, they don't need to know how you've tuned your instrument.
 - However, if they're better at mental transposition than you are, it might be OK to shift that load onto them. "OK, guys, I'm playing with a capo on the third fret here, so when I say 'A' I really mean 'C', is that OK?"
 - Or you could dodge the issue by talking in relative intervals (after agreeing a key). Instead of "C, F, G", "One, Four, Five".
Orchestras have a similar problem: quite a few brass and woodwind instruments are "transposing instruments", in which the note names don't match standard pitches. Scores written for these instruments are transposed accordingly, and the conductor must remember to use the note names expected by those players, when speaking to them.
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Especially if everyone in your ensemble follows suit, you can think of this as playing with a different reference ptich frequency.
Nowadays, most tuning uses a reference pitch of A'=440Hz. You can think of down-tuning your guitar as redefining this reference pitch to be a different, lower, frequency. For example, declaring A'=415Hz is the same as down tuning by one semitone.
As _USER_ mentioned, down-tuning can also be thought of as applying a capo on a negative fret. In almost all instances guitar charts involving capo give the chords/notes relative to the capo. In your case, this corresponds to referring to the open 6th string as just "E", even though you've down-tuned relative to concert pitch.
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Not sure why you got the downvote. Basically, I'd think of having a dropped tuning as being roughly equivalent to putting a capo a "negative" fret, and a capo is just a convenient way of tuning up a guitar (albeit with the consequence of reducing the scale length). Incidentally, I've seen harpsichords and even a small pipe organ which could be rapidly switched between A415 and A440 by pulling out the keyboard, moving a spacer from one side to the other, and reinserting the keyboard, so the relation between "transposing" and changing reference pitch is a recognized concept. – supercat Mar 12 '13 at 16:13
I often play downtuned, and tend to keep thinking of the strings as the standard EADGBE - so you'll play a C chord (for instance), but it'll sound at a lower pitch depending on your tuning.
Obviously, if you play with other people who aren't downtuned then you'll need to get used to transposing the chords/notes you're playing to match them.
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This is largely what I had been doing, but no, thankfully no bandmates at this point in time ;) – lukech Mar 12 '13 at 11:08
If you've no bandmates, you can call notes whatever you like! – slim Mar 13 '13 at 13:53


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Spring 2021
Business Administration Courses:
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BUS108 - Customer Service Management
Credits: 3
Catalog Description: The course provides an overview of basic elements of customer service, career options, and role in any industry. It studies leaders in service and the impact of service businesses on the world economy. The course presents case studies of businesses which utilize customer service and hospitality techniques to differentiate from their competition and to develop new products and services. It covers customer service philosophies, skills and innovations. The course examines available technology used to anticipate and manage customer needs and improve revenue and customer retention.
Lecture: 3 hrs.
Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs):
Upon the successful completion of this course, a student will be able to:
1. Identify best practices in customer service.
2. Explain the role of technology in building customer relationships.
3. Identify current trends in customer relations management.
4. Communicate effectively in a professional setting.
5. Compare and contrast global business etiquette practices.
Effective Term: Fall 2019


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Food processing
Industrial cheese production
Michael Foods egg-processing plant in Wakefield, Nebraska
Food processing is the transformation of raw ingredients, by physical or chemical means into food, or of food into other forms. Food processing combines raw food ingredients to produce marketable food products that can be easily prepared and served by the consumer. Food processing typically involves activities such as mincing and macerating, liquefaction, emulsification, and cooking (such as boiling, broiling, frying, or grilling); pickling, pasteurization, and many other kinds of preservation; and canning or other packaging. (Primary-processing such as dicing or slicing, freezing or drying when leading to secondary products are also included.)[1][2]
 - History 1
 - Benefits and drawbacks 2
 - Benefits 2.1
 - Drawbacks 2.2
 - Performance parameters for food processing 3
 - De-agglomerating batter mixes in food processing 4
 - Trends in modern food processing 5
 - Health 5.1
 - Hygiene 5.2
 - Efficiency 5.3
 - Industries 6
 - See also 7
 - Notes and references 8
 - Bibliography 9
 - External links 10
Food processing dates back to the prehistoric ages when crude processing incorporated fermenting, sun drying, preserving with salt, and various types of cooking (such as roasting, smoking, steaming, and oven baking), Such basic food processing involved chemical enzymatic changes to the basic structure of food in its natural form, as well served to build a barrier against surface microbial activity that caused rapid decay. Salt-preservation was especially common for foods that constituted warrior and sailors' diets until the introduction of canning methods. Evidence for the existence of these methods can be found in the writings of the ancient Greek, Chaldean, Egyptian and Roman civilizations as well as archaeological evidence from Europe, North and South America and Asia. These tried and tested processing techniques remained essentially the same until the advent of the industrial revolution. Examples of ready-meals also date back to before the preindustrial revolution, and include dishes such as Cornish pasty and Haggis. Both during ancient times and today in modern society these are considered processed foods.
Modern food processing technology developed in the 19th and 20th centuries was developed in a large part to serve military needs. In 1809 Nicolas Appert invented a hermetic bottling technique that would preserve food for French troops which ultimately contributed to the development of tinning, and subsequently canning by Peter Durand in 1810. Although initially expensive and somewhat hazardous due to the lead used in cans, canned goods would later become a staple around the world. Pasteurization, discovered by Louis Pasteur in 1864, improved the quality of preserved foods and introduced the wine, beer, and milk preservation.
A form of pre-made split-pea soup that has become traditional
In the 20th century, World War II, the space race and the rising consumer society in developed countries (including the United States) contributed to the growth of food processing with such advances as spray drying, juice concentrates, freeze drying and the introduction of artificial sweeteners, colouring agents, and such preservatives as sodium benzoate. In the late 20th century, products such as dried instant soups, reconstituted fruits and juices, and self cooking meals such as MRE food ration were developed.
In western Europe and North America, the second half of the 20th century witnessed a rise in the pursuit of convenience. Food processing companies marketed their products especially towards middle-class working wives and mothers. Frozen foods (often credited to Clarence Birdseye) found their success in sales of juice concentrates and "TV dinners".[3] Processors utilised the perceived value of time to appeal to the postwar population, and this same appeal contributes to the success of convenience foods today.
Benefits and drawbacks
Processed seafood - fish, squid, prawn balls and simulated crab sticks (surimi)
Benefits of food processing include toxin removal, preservation, easing marketing and distribution tasks, and increasing food consistency. In addition, it increases yearly availability of many foods, enables transportation of delicate perishable foods across long distances and makes many kinds of foods safe to eat by de-activating spoilage and pathogenic micro-organisms. Modern supermarkets would not exist without modern food processing techniques, and long voyages would not be possible.
Processed foods are usually less susceptible to early spoilage than fresh foods and are better suited for long distance transportation from the source to the consumer. When they were first introduced, some processed foods helped to alleviate food shortages and improved the overall nutrition of populations as it made many new foods available to the masses.[4]
Processing can also reduce the incidence of food borne disease. Fresh materials, such as fresh produce and raw meats, are more likely to harbour pathogenic micro-organisms (e.g. Salmonella) capable of causing serious illnesses.
The extremely varied modern diet is only truly possible on a wide scale because of food processing. Transportation of more exotic foods, as well as the elimination of much hard labour gives the modern eater easy access to a wide variety of food unimaginable to their ancestors.[5]
The act of processing can often improve the taste of food significantly.[6]
Libby's brand 'Potted Meat Food Product'
Mass production of food is much cheaper overall than individual production of meals from raw ingredients. Therefore, a large profit potential exists for the manufacturers and suppliers of processed food products. Individuals may see a benefit in convenience, but rarely see any direct financial cost benefit in using processed food as compared to home preparation.
Processed food freed people from the large amount of time involved in preparing and cooking "natural" unprocessed foods.[7] The increase in free time allows people much more choice in life style than previously allowed. In many families the adults are working away from home and therefore there is little time for the preparation of food based on fresh ingredients. The food industry offers products that fulfill many different needs: e.g. fully prepared ready meals that can be heated up in the microwave oven within a few minutes.
Modern food processing also improves the quality of life for people with allergies, diabetics, and other people who cannot consume some common food elements. Food processing can also add extra nutrients such as vitamins.
Meat packages in a Roman supermarket
Any processing of food can affect its nutritional density. The amount of nutrients lost depends on the food and processing method. For example the heat destroys the vitamin C. Therefore, canned fruits possess less vitamin C than their fresh alternatives. The USDA conducted a study in 2004, creating a nutrient retention table for several foods.
New research highlighting the importance to human health of a rich microbial environment in the intestine indicates that abundant food processing (not fermentation of foods) endangers that environment.[8]
Using food additives represents another safety concern. The health risks of any given additive vary greatly from person to person; for example using sugar as an additive endangers diabetics. In the European Union, only European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) approved food additives (e.g., sweeteners, preservatives, stabilizers) are permitted at specified levels for use in food products. Approved additives receive an E number (E for Europe), simplifying communication about food additives included in the ingredients' list for all the different languages spoken in the EU. Certain additives can also result in an addiction to a particular food item. As effects of chemical additives are learnt, changes to laws and regulatory practices are made to make such processed foods more safe.
Food processing is typically a mechanical process that utilizes large mixing, grinding, chopping and emulsifying equipment in the production process. These processes inherently introduce a number of contamination risks. As a mixing bowl or grinder is used over time the food contact parts will tend to fail and fracture. This type of failure will introduce into the product stream small to large metal contaminants. Further processing of these metal fragments will result in downstream equipment failure and the risk of ingestion by the consumer. Food manufacturers utilize industrial metal detectors to detect and reject automatically any metal fragment. Large food processors will utilize many metal detectors within the processing stream to reduce both damage to processing machinery as well as risk to consumer health.
Performance parameters for food processing
Factory automation - robotics palettizing bread
When designing processes for the food industry the following performance parameters may be taken into account:
 - Hygiene, e.g. measured by number of micro-organisms per mL of finished product
 - Energy efficiency measured e.g. by "ton of steam per ton of sugar produced"
 - Minimization of waste, measured e.g. by "percentage of peeling loss during the peeling of potatoes"
 - Labour used, measured e.g. by "number of working hours per ton of finished product"
 - Minimization of cleaning stops measured e.g. by "number of hours between cleaning stops"
De-agglomerating batter mixes in food processing
Problems often occur during preparation of batter mixes because flour and other powdered ingredients tend to form lumps or agglomerates as they are being mixed during production. A conventional mixer/agitator cannot break down these agglomerates, resulting in a lumpy batter. If lumpy batter is used to enrobe products, it causes an unsatisfactory appearance with misshapen or oversize products that do not fit properly into packaging. This can force production to a standstill. Furthermore batter mix is generally recirculated from an enrobing system back to a holding vessel; lumps then have a tendency to build up, reducing the flow of material and raising potential


text:
When we think of great literature, our minds probably reflect on the works of some of the classic authors. For example, the writing of William Shakespeare, Jane Austin, Earnest Hemingway and Mark Twain might come into play. Perhaps you like newer works by people like Stephen King.
There are some authors that have written incredible poetry books, novels and various other works from any number of genres that don't quite get the recognition as the brilliant minds that they truly are. Although quite famous, one such example of someone who might fit this mold this the incredible children's storyteller Theodore Seuss Geisel, better known as Dr. Seuss.
What makes his works so incredible?
1. The poetic and inventive nature
There is no doubt Dr. Suess was incredibly imaginative. He not only created charters and locations but even delevoped is own words and language in some cases. Not too many authors have been able to pull that off.
2. Many, if not all stories, have a deeper meaning
If you look beyond the silly surface, several of Dr. Suess' works are quite profound. For example, the story of the Grinch deals with discrimination. "The Lorax" focuses on respect for our planet and the environment. "Green Eggs and Ham" encourages us to not be afraid to branch out from the familiar.
The next time you think about literary genius, consider adding Dr. Suess into the conversation.


text:
Lists allow you to display data collected by your forms, or from existing database tables.
- Create new list, or connect to existing databases!
- Fully relational
- Fine grained ACL
- Inline editing
- Superb filtering / pre-filtering / Grouping
- 5+ Plugins
Fabrik lists should be considered as views onto the data contained within MySQL tables. This is because with Fabrik lists you can:
- Create joins between database tables.
- Have multiple Fabrik lists pointing at the same database table.
- Each Fabrik list may then apply its own access levels and filtering to alter the display of the underlying database table's data.
MORE INFO COMING SOON


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It Takes Guts: Peak Performance in Pigs Starts with Gut Health
It Takes Guts: Peak Performance in Pigs Starts with Gut Health
It Takes Guts
If there's one thing we know about pigs, it's their love for food. A lot of food. We even use the terms such as "eat like a pig" or "pigging out." Since swine are always on the lookout for their next meal, make sure the feed you're putting in front of them will have a positive impact on their health and life-stage needs.
Today, pork producers face many challenges, with gut health being at the top of their list. Research has shown a more efficient immune system and a healthier gut can lead to increased production, performance, feed efficiency, and overall wellness. Understanding the important role gut health playst can result in happier, healthier hogs.
How to Observe a Healthy Gut
Overcoming today's stress challenges in swine requires a healthy, stable gut environment under all conditions, during every phase of production. Healthy populations of beneficial gut bacteria help pigs resist stress and perform better. So, how can you tell if a pig's gut is healthy? Observation is key. Here is what to look for:
 - Are pigs alert, energized, and moving around?
 - Are pigs eating? Is there a loss of appetite?
 - Are pigs displaying normal behavior?
Indicators of poor gut health also include:
 - Diarrhea
 - Poor body condition
 - Weight loss
If you notice any of these symptoms in your swine, chances are something is off. Be sure to constantly keep a close watch for pigs with these problems.
Promoting Gut Health in Piglets
Piglets nursingEstablishing gut health in piglets plays an important role throughout their entire life cycle, and it all starts in the pen. Make sure piglets are getting enough colostrum and milk in the early stages as this is critical for overall health and development of their gut. In pig production, weaning is an extremely stressful time. An abrupt separation of a piglet from its mom can contribute to nutritional and environmental stressors. This can then cause immune dysfunctions, leading to decreased piglet health, growth, and performance. The transition from sow's milk to dry feed can also cause a microbial shift and affect their gut health.
During this period, the immune system of piglets will be immature and more susceptible to pathogens. In order to maintain a healthy gut in piglets, consider incorporating an immune support product that promotes the activity of beneficial bacteria in the young pig's gastrointestinal tract. Improved gastrointestinal health translates to better-performing pigs that are more capable of reaching their genetic potential. In the end, this can lead to overall health, feed intake, and weight gain.
Promoting Gut Health in Sows
When it comes to sows, demand for increased liter size continues to grow. Because of this, sows constantly deal with the stress that comes with farrowing and successfully raising pigs. Other sources of stress include environment and disease. Although we try to minimize challenges, animals can still be affected, compromising health and performance. To combat these challenges, you should incorporate an immune support product for pigs that supports robust digestive health by balancing the immune system and gut microbiota. Supporting a sow's immune system ultimately leads to improved litter weaning weight, number of pigs weaned, and sow health and wellness. Sow health and management are the foundation of a pig farm. Make sure the breeding cycle is planned and prioritized. In the long run, you can avoid health problems that show up along the way.
Like humans, pigs' nutritional requirements change throughout their lifetime. With these changes also come challenges. Incorporating an immune support product, such as SynGenX® / Dia-V Nursery (depending on your region) that can meet these life stage needs by maintaining immune strength for optimal health, wellness, and performance in sows, piglets, and grower/finisher pigs. Positive gut health can have long-lasting effects on animal performance, herd health, and producer returns. By continuously changing feed to reflect their requirements, it can result in happier, healthier hogs.


Chris Williams > ExtUtils-MakeMaker > ExtUtils::Liblist
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Module Version: 7.04 Source Latest Release: ExtUtils-MakeMaker-7.05_04
ExtUtils::Liblist - determine libraries to use and how to use them
 require ExtUtils::Liblist;
 $MM->ext($potential_libs, $verbose, $need_names);
 # Usually you can get away with:
 ExtUtils::Liblist->ext($potential_libs, $verbose, $need_names)
This utility takes a list of libraries in the form -llib1 -llib2 -llib3 and returns lines suitable for inclusion in an extension Makefile. Extra library paths may be included with the form -L/another/path this will affect the searches for all subsequent libraries.
It returns an array of four or five scalar values: EXTRALIBS, BSLOADLIBS, LDLOADLIBS, LD_RUN_PATH, and, optionally, a reference to the array of the filenames of actual libraries. Some of these don't mean anything unless on Unix. See the details about those platform specifics below. The list of the filenames is returned only if $need_names argument is true.
Dependent libraries can be linked in one of three ways:
List of libraries that need to be linked with when linking a perl binary which includes this extension. Only those libraries that actually exist are included. These are written to a file and used when linking perl.
List of those libraries which can or must be linked into the shared library when created using ld. These may be static or dynamic libraries. LD_RUN_PATH is a colon separated list of the directories in LDLOADLIBS. It is passed as an environment variable to the process that links the shared library.
List of those libraries that are needed but can be linked in dynamically at run time on this platform. SunOS/Solaris does not need this because ld records the information (from LDLOADLIBS) into the object file. This list is used to create a.bs (bootstrap) file.
This module deals with a lot of system dependencies and has quite a few architecture specific ifs in the code.
VMS implementation
The version of ext() which is executed under VMS differs from the Unix-OS/2 version in several respects:
In addition, an attempt is made to recognize several common Unix library names, and filter them out or convert them to their VMS equivalents, as appropriate.
In general, the VMS version of ext() should properly handle input from extensions originally designed for a Unix or VMS environment. If you encounter problems, or discover cases where the search could be improved, please let us know.
Win32 implementation
The version of ext() which is executed under Win32 differs from the Unix-OS/2 version in several respects:
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text:
This Book Just Ate My Dog!
Written and Illustrated by Richard Byrne
When her dog disappears into the gutter of the book, Bella calls for help. But when the helpers disappear too, Bella realizes it will take more than a tug on the leash to put things right.
Primary Source Pairing:
Create a two-for-one lesson by teaching parts of a book and reading this fun, engaging story about a missing dog. ISAIL standards include mastery of parts of the book. Scott E. Franson's website also includes a 32-page page picture book template that could be paired with this title.
Questions for Discussion:
- Describe what you see.
- What do you notice first?
- What words do you see on this image?
- What can you learn from examining this image?
Book Cover and Summary: Follett
Picture Book Basics image from Scott E. Franson's website (visit his website to download a large version of the image)


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Xamarin.Forms Text Input Layout or Label Entry is a container control that allows you add a floating label, a password toggle icon to show or hide passwords, leading and trailing icons, and assistive labels such as error messages and help text on top of input controls.
Supported input controls
Enhance the appearance of the Syncfusion NumericUpDown, Numeric Entry, Masked Entry, Autocomplete and ComboBox controls; the Xamarin.Forms framework's Entry and Editor; and even the entry and editor controls in Xamarin.Forms for WPF. Add assistive labels and icons to those input views by just wrapping the entry and input views with the Text Input Layout control.
Container types
 - Filled: The background of the input view will be filled with the container color, and the baseline stroke and thickness will be changed based on the state of the input view.
 - Outlined: The container will be framed with a rounded border.
 - None: The container will have an empty background and space around it.
Shows the container type in Xamarin.Forms Entry with floating labels.
Indicate the focused, unfocused, error, and disabled states of the control.
Shows the Xamarin.Forms floating label states focused, unfocused, error, and disabled.
Password visibility toggling
Enable the password toggle icon to show or hide a password interactively.
Shows password visibility toggling icon in Xamarin.Forms Entry control.
Assistive labels
Assistive labels provide more information about the input text.
Shows hints or floating labels in Xamarin.Forms Entry, Masked Entry, Numeric Entry, and Editor controls.
Floating labels and hints
Avoid additional labels by adding hint text, giving the input view more space. The hint text moves from the middle to the top to show a floating label when the input becomes active.
Shows helper text in Xamarin.Forms Entry, Masked Entry, Numeric Entry, and Editor controls.
Helper text
The helper text provides additional information about the text to be entered.
Shows error text in Xamarin.Forms Entry, Masked Entry, Numeric Entry, and Editor controls.
Error text
Displaying error text can assist in solving validation errors.
Shows character count in Xamarin.Forms Entry, Masked Entry, Numeric Entry, and Editor controls.
Character count
The maximum number of characters that can be entered in the text field can be displayed.
Leading and trailing icons
Add a leading icon to indicate the input type, such as birth date, phone number, or password. Use a trailing icon to add a clear button, error icon, voice input icon, or drop-down icon.
Shows leading and trailing icons in Xamarin.Forms Entry, Masked Entry, Numeric Entry, and Editor controls.
Apply appealing colors to all the elements of the Text Input Layout control to match your app theme.
Customize the colors of the container, focused, unfocused, and error states.
Custom fonts
Customize the font family, font size, and font attributes for the hint text, error text, helper text, and counter label.
Customize the font for the Text Input Layout.
Customize the padding around the input view.
Customize the padding for input view.
Render the control in the right-to-left direction for the required languages.
RTL support for Text Input Layout.
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Nexx X.R3R Zero Pro Carbon Red Helmet
Click Image for Gallery
Loaded with below features;
- In motorcycle racing, speed is the key and aerodynamics play a critical role – as that extra kilometer per hour could mean the difference between winning and losing.
- Aerodynamically optimized X.R3R lightweight shell design not only reduces the air resistance but also optimizes the air mass flow for cooling the interior.
- Considerable effort has been made to improve the aerodynamic efficiency of the X.R3R's shell, visor, spoilers and vents design.
- The need for good design in the field of aerodynamics requires a wind tunnel design.
- However, testing begins virtually on the PC, with virtual CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) analysis, which allow for better and more informed decisions.
- These results are then supported by tests in a wind tunnel, on a 1: 1 scale with a motorcycle and road tests, which validate the aerodynamic performance of the helmet in various angles and riding positions.


text:
Merriam-Webster's Dictionary define the word Extortion as obtaining (as money) from a person by force, intimidation, or undue or unlawful use of authority or power.
In order for musicians to get paid copyright collectives began to appear in the 19th century. These collecting societies were formed to ensure that those who create copyrighted material are able to collect the money they are due. In its simplest form the member musician hands over control of his/her economic rights to the collecting society. The collecting society then has the mandate to collect the dues. Once collected these funds are dispersed among the members.
In most (at least European) countries the collecting societies have established themselves as a central part of the socio-economic system. They are powerful interest groups which ensure that they (and in extention their members) are catered to by the political-legal system. By entering into agreements with trade organisations the collecting societies now have established the right to collect money from all businesses that play music, show tv etc to their customers.
Rasmus at Copyriot has written an interesting piece on the way in which collecting societies manage to collect money. In Sweden the most active collecting societies are SAMI and STIM which are able to collect money for any music played in places of business where customers gather.
So large everything from: hotels with music in the lifts, small pizzerias whose music annoys you while you wait for your delivery, hairdressers, businesses that play cheesy music while you are on hold and cafÃ©s with music nobody listens to. They are all required to pay to the collecting societies.
Rasmus even relates an event where a policeman at a demonstration in Germany wrote down all the songs played and sent the list to the German collecting societies who promptly sent the organiser a bill. Swedish law would work in the same way. The policemanâ??s superior stated that the policeman had gone too far but the bill still has to be paid. (link to story in German).
The Spanish Case
In 2005 the main Spanish collecting society (Sociedad General de Autores y Editores – SGAE) â?? sued Ricardo AndrÃ©s Utrera FernÃ¡ndez, the owner of Metropol, a disco bar located in in Badajoz for not paying SGAEâ??s license fee of 4.816,74 â?¬ for the period from November 2002 to August 2005 for the public performance of music.
On February 17th, 2006, the Lower Court number six of Badajoz, a city in Extremadura, Spain, rejected the collecting societyâ??s claims because the owner of the bar proved that the music he was using was not managed by the society. The music performed in the bar was licensed under CC licenses that allows that public display since the authors have already granted those rights. Specifically, the judge said:
â??The author possesses some moral and economic rights on his creation. And the owner of these rights, he can manage them as he considers appropriate, being able to yield the free use, or hand it over partially. "Creative Commons" licenses are different classes of authorizations that the holder of his work gives for a more or less free or no cost use of it. They exist as â?¦ different classes of licenses of this type â?¦ they allow third parties to be able to use music freely and without cost with greater or minor extension; and in some of these licenses, specific uses require the payment of royalties. The defendant proves that he makes use of music that is handled by their authors through these Creative Commons licenses.â?? (quote from CC)
The full text of the decision (in Spanish) is available here. The Spanish case sets a new precedent in that it confirms that the collecting societies can only collect if the music played is made by members of collecting societies.
Copyright Activists Needed
What needs to be done? Hairdressers and cafÃ© owners are probably not the most tech or Internet savvy. So to help them the basic idea is to set up a website filled with CC licensed music and easy howto instructions on how to use the music either online or by downloading and creating CDâ??s.
Aside from music arranged by genre, technical information on how to use it, the site should include legal information explaining why the users will no longer have to pay money to the collecting societies.
This copyright civil disobedience could potentially become the most important method for affecting change in the copyright system since it attacks the purse of the collecting society. In addition to this the scheme is legal. This last point does not make it less civil disobedience since the organisation of the site is a form of protest against the extortionary powers which the collecting societies have collected.