There are too many error handling conventions used in library code!
ajb at ajb at
Sun Mar 11 08:02:44 EDT 2007
G'day all.
Quoting Donald Bruce Stewart :
> This article on the 8 different error handling strategies various common
> Haskell libs use:
> got me thinking:
> we need to standardise/recommend a small set of methods for library
> error handling.
For the record, here are the eight ways:
1. Call error
2. Return Maybe
3. Return Either
4. Return a generic Monad, a.k.a. NotJustMaybe.
5. Use MonadError and a custom error type.
6. throwDyn
7. ioError and catch
8. Monad transformers, implementing some combination of the above.
Note: NotJustMaybe is claimed to be a generalisation of 1-3; in fact
that's not quite true, since using this idiom to call Error does require
a wrapper call. Perhaps this wrapper should be given a shorter and
snappier name than runIdentity?
One other one has been left out, and that's continuation-based error
Some general comments:
1. I've never seen some of these (8 in particular) used in any generalpurpose library.
2. If it doesn't cross an API boundary, it's none of my business what
error handling scheme you use.
3. Prolog, sadly, encourages failure-driven loops. Java, even more sadly,
seems to encourage loops where normal termination is achieved by throwing
an exception. Haskell, by contrast, never encourages a compromise like
4. There are clearly different kinds of error/exception, and we shouldn't
expect one size to fit all.
As some examples:
 - Failure to meet a precondition includes division by zero, head of
 an empty list, array bounds checking etc. Anything which the
 client could trivially ensure but hasn't must be due to a bug in
 the client code. Calling "error" is appropriate.
 - True absence of a return value, such as looking up a value in a
 Data.Map which isn't there, calls for Maybe or generic Monad.
 In the absence of a short-and-snappy version of runIdentity,
 there is an argument for also providing an "error" version.
 We need a good naming convention for this.
 - Exceptions are _undesired_ conditions which would otherwise
 break the logical flow of control. These come in two varieties:
 Some you want the client to intercept and deal with (e.g. Parsec
 parse errors) and some you want to leave it up to the client to
 decide (e.g. most I/O exceptions).
> * what role does MonadError play here, as a generic error handler?
I think this is a perfect fit for any exception which the client MUST
deal with. It's the Haskell equivalent of Java's checked exceptions,
which are a right royal pain when they're mandatory, but occasionally a
godsend when they're not.
> * can we make precise recommendations about which error strategies to
> use?
No, but I think we can state some general principles.
Andrew Bromage
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Night, he says that Lion El'Jonson has nineteen brothers. Since Descent of Angels takes place around the discovery of Caliban and the Lion, this indicates that the unknown primarchs were not removed from Imperial records before this time[26].
The Horus Heresy Book Two - Massacre
A timeline in The Horus Heresy Book Two - Massacre lists two events as , with the Space Wolves Legion listed as taking part, in 965 and 969.M30.[27] These could be the destruction of the two unknown legions at the hands of the Wolves.
However, the dialogue between Lorgar and Magnus in Chapter 10 of The First Heretic, which takes place no more than seven months after the razing of Monarchia (listed in that timeline at 964.M30), infers that the unknown legions had been stricken from the records for some time. If both sources are correct, this would infer that the legions were still active in some fashion before the Wolves destroyed them.
Vulkan Lives
In a dialogue between the Primarch Vulkan and his equery Artellus Numeon on Kharaatan during the Great Crusade, the Drakelord confesses to the Captain that he has seen darkness in the heart of his fellow Primarch Konrad Curze. At a direct question of Numeon asking if it was not wise to discuss the matter with Horus or Rogal Dorn, Vulkan replies:
"I am [troubled] Artellus. Very much so. None of us wants another sanction, another empty pillar in the great investiary, another brother's name excised from all record. It is shame enough to bear the grief for two. I have no wish to add to it, but what choice do I have?"[28]
This response implies that the legions were sanctioned and purged for some reason.
The Horus Heresy Book Three - Extermination
In the creation history of the Alpha Legion, some names were REDACTED 3 times. One suggests to us about the failed Legion created from the source of potentially tainted population. The other suggests the Emperor had wiped them as a failed experiment, and didn't pass the proto legion state (the time when the Legion grows from the _PHONE_ proto marines and expands to a full grown legion of tens of thousands). And other suggest that like the XX legion, one of the destroyed legions have something to do with the Legion Custodes experiment and the Labrik Polaris incident. [29]
The Primarchs
In the novel The Primarchs (Anthology) when Primarch Ferrus Manus stumbles upon twenty statues of Primarchs (with their faces covered in masks) he states,that some are familiar to him, while others are less familiar.Only two of them were unfamiliar to him,their masks were split and almost destroyed.
The Unremembered Empire
In the novel The Unremembered Empire, on Maccrage there is table and 21 chairs, built by the Primarch Roboute Guilliman himself for his brothers and the Emperor of Mankind. The chair backs were draped with banners, while the great seat,at the head of the long table was draped with pennant of Terra. Two of the other pennants were plain and made of bleached, un-dyed cloth.The other eighteen were the banners of Legiones Astartes. Also, Primarch Lion El'Jonson says, that two of the Primarchs will never come, to which Guilliman replies:
"Yet their absence must be marked. Places must be left for them.That is simply honor."[31]
The Horus Heresy Book Seven - Inferno
In The Horus Heresy Book Seven, it is hinted that one or perhaps both of the missing legions were lost during the Rangdan Xenocides. However much of the account is left deliberately redacted.[32]


Facts You Need to Know About Boxer Dogs
Are you planning to buy a boxer dog breed or you already own it, there are various facts you need to know about this unique dog breed. Those facts are among the main reasons why many people prefer having a boxer dog as compared to other breeds. The boxer dogs have a healthy and robust body, a super-expressive face, a deep attachment to the people, and many more incredible characteristics. Studies indicate that boxer dogs are among the most common dog breeds found in various parts of the world.those dogs are very friendly to their owners. One can quickly notice the boxer dog because of its ability to grab your attention due to its unique posture, look, size, and other things. Some of the facts you need to know about the boxer dogs are;
Boxers have the longest tongue
One of the very fantastic facts about the boxer dog is that they are known to have the longest tongue in history. That was according to the Guinness book of records. A boxer dog was recorded to have 17 inches tongue.
Boxers are known as working dogs
Some dogs are known to be very lazy since they love spending much of their time sleeping. The boxer dog is among the most active dog that is known by many. That is because most of the time, you will find it busy doing something. They like traveling a lot with their owners. Because of that, they have been known as working dogs. They are also widely used in military operations due to their high performance.
Boxer Dogs Temperaments
A Guide to Boxer Dogs Temperaments
Have a life span of 8- 10 years
The expectancy life of the boxer dog is 8 -10 years. In most cases, the boxer dog may live for longer than those years, depending on the care that you gave it. It is recommended to provide your boxer dog with much attention, especially at the age of 6-8 years. That can help in enhancing its lifespan.
Boxers are cross between old English bulldog and the bulleneiser
Studies indicate that the above-discussed dog is a cross between the two breeds of dogs mentioned above. That fact explains the reason why this dog has a healthy body.
They can run very fast
One of the primary reasons why police and other military people highly prefer the boxer dog is because of its speed and ability to train. Training some different types of dogsâ breeds can be a very challenging thing. That is because their body cannot withstand those exercises. It requires a dog breed with a powerful body for such practices. The maximum speed that the boxer dogs can run at is 30 miles per hour. That shows they can run like no other dog breed.
Needs to be cleaned regularly
Unlike the other dog breeds, the boxer dog loves being clean. That is the reason why it is recommended to provide your boxer dog with clean bedding. By ensuring hygiene is highly considered, you will help in preventing the various conditions that might result from keeping your dog in a dirty place.
Facts You Need to Know About Boxer Dogs
Facts You Need to Know About Boxer Dogs
Are loyal to their owners
The other unique thing with the above-discussed dog breed is that they are very loyal. Unlike the different dog breeds that are very aggressive to their owners and other people around, the boxer dogs are very loyal and friendly.
They hate being alone
Another boxer dog's fact is that they do not like staying alone. Therefore leaving your dog alone at home might make it feel bad. If you have a boxer dog, you can choose to travel with it rather than leaving it alone.
Can exercise 2 hours every day
It is only a few dogsâ breeds that can exercise for two hours every day. Many dog breeds will train for only 30 minutes, and they are more than tired. The boxer can train for a minimum of two hours every day. Because of this fact, military and police officers always prefer boxer dogs for training and competition.
Facts You Need to Know About Boxer Dogs
Boxer dogs do not like extreme temperatures
Do you need to keep your boxer dog comfortable? Then it is essential to know that boxer dogs do not like high temperatures. That is because they are very uncomfortable with extreme temperatures.
Therefore, it is clear that boxer dogs have various fun facts that everyone needs to know.
You may also be interested in:


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Surfindia » Recipe » East India Cuisine » Bihar & Jharkhand
Recipes in Bihar and Jharkhand
Bihari Litti To know about the history, geography, economical status and culture of the state of Bihar one can take a look at its cuisine. Food habits of Bihar shows how the cuisine of the state has evolved over centuries under the influence of various cultures and regimes which controlled it from time to time.
Lord Buddha attained enlightenment in Bihar and hence the impact of Buddhism is significant of the state.People are largely vegetarian though many are fond of chicken and meat dishes. Bihar has also been under the reign of mighty Moghuls and naturally the exotic Mughal cuisine affected the Bihar style of cooking and the taste of the inhabitants of the state. Remarkable factor of the Bihari cuisine is that the state has imbibed the best and most suitable aspects of the Gupta, Maurayan, Turk, Afghan, Persion and European style of cooking and at the same time retained a food culture that bears a distinct hallmark of Bihar.
Wheat and rice are the staple food of Bihar and Jharkhand (Jharkhand was till recently a part of Bihar and shares food habits with its parent state). Vegetables are grown in abundance and cooked in a variety. A regular Bihari meal consists of dal, bhat (rice), phulka (roti), tarkari (sabzi) and achar (pickles). But as the seasons change so does the Bihari thali. It is said that just as the seasons change four times in a year, so does the contents of the Bihari meals.
Striking feature of Bihari cuisine is their 'chhonkna' (tadka) with 'panchforan' (a mix of five seeds - saunf, sarson, methi, ajwain and mangraila). People here are very fond of doing 'bhoonjana' to food items, this implies light frying. Dishes are generally very spicy and colourful. Mainly mustard oil is used as a medium of cooking.
Dishes and drinks made from energy rich, sattu (powdered gram) are popular all over the country. Food habits differs in various regions of the state. Tribals which constitute a significant percentage of the state population have their own style of cooking food. Mahua flour, maize, millets and edible roots and tubers are are the chief ingredients of a typical tribal meal in Chhotanagpur area.
 1. Bihari Litti
 2. Pittha
 3. For suran (ole) chutney
 4. Khichdi
 5. Thekua (Dessert)
 6. Sattu
 7. Mitha Khaja (Dessert)
 8. Besan (Gatte) ki Sabzi
 9. Kala-Chana Ghoomni
 10. Aloo Chokha
 11. Subzi Jhingni/Nenua With Chana (Black Gram)
 12. Chana daal ki Kachree
 13. Pua and Singal
 14. Motichoor Ladoo
 15. Til Barfi
 16. Peda
 17. Makhana Kheer
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text:
Fatty food imports, such as mutton flaps and turkey tails – waste products from affluent countries – are a cause of obesity in the Pacific and have been criticised in the NZ Medical Journal.
Report – By Rose Rees-Owen
Alma Hayes returned from her two-week holiday in Samoa, refreshed and rejuvenated. She talks of beautiful sunsets on tranquil beaches and delicious and fresh produce.
"You can't get much fresher than going out to the banana tree and whacking off a bunch for breakfast," she says. However, Hayes stayed in fales with breakfast and dinner included.
There is a paradox between what tourists such as Hayes experience and what many local Samoans eat – supermarkets and markets in Samoa frequently sell imported fatty, mutton flaps, turkey tails and unsafe to eat eggs.
An article titled "New Zealand's impact on health in the South Pacific: Scope for improvement?" in the New Zealand Medical Journal has warned "excess consumption of imported food, especially imported fatty meats, has a causative relationship with endemic obesity in the Pacific".
According to Islands Business, the most relevant survey on obesity in Samoa was done by STEP in 2002, and claims that 85.2 percent of the population in Samoa is obese.
The magazine also cites figures saying that 81.1 percent of men are obese or overweight and 89.8 percent of women are obese or overweight.
Critics condemn "clean, green" New Zealand for contributing to these statistics.
Mutton flaps are fatty scraps of sheep meat. They contain 27.4 gm of fat per 100 gm and New Zealand is a major exporter.
The Medical Journal article says: "From July 2006 to July 2007, NZ$73 million of sheep meat was exported to the Pacific Islands, constituting New Zealand's largest export good to the Pacific."
Co-author of the article in the NZ Medical Journal and associate public health professor at the University of Otago, Dr Nick Wilson, wrote: "I think it is really disgraceful for a wealthy country like New Zealand to export such unhealthy food.
"What is the point of giving Pacific countries development assistance on one hand – and then spreading heart disease epidemics via our hazardous exports on the other."
Another fatty meat regularly sold in Samoa is turkey tails.
They are imported from the United States of America and contain an even higher fat content than mutton flaps.
"Turkey tails top the fat content chart with 32 grams of fat per 100 grams," reports Islands Business.
Jason Garman, media and communications adviser for Oxfam New Zealand, says turkey tails have poor nutritional values.
"They are the fattiest part of the turkey. Most Americans don't even know they exist and wouldn't consider eating them."
So why are Samoans and the wider Pacific allowing these nutrition imports?
Dr Roman Grynberg, a Pacific authority on trade, says the reason is simple – many Pacific Islanders are poor "and these foods are cheap".
"Local healthy foods such as fresh fish, vegetables and root crops are much more expensive," he says.
Edwin Tamasese, a domestic egg farmer in Samoa, is saddened by the quality of eggs imported from the US.
Since March, imported eggs have been forced to put a use-by-date on their products but Tamasese laments that this has not changed much for domestic egg farmers.
"Importers are putting a 60-day sell by date on the cartons instead of the 30-day sell by date that California uses."
This means that when eggs are close to expiring in California, the US can dump them on Samoa, and recover some of their losses.
The major health risk due to the eggs being in the market place for 30 extra days is the presence of Salmonella enteritidus in American poultry.
"With the increased selling time there is a much higher probability of deadly bacteria within the eggs," says Tamasese.
The cheap, imported eggs have intruded heavily on the business of domestic egg farmers.
Tamasese says that the imported eggs have created an "uneven playing field".
The imbalance is responsible for the closure of 13 out of 15 farms on the island, and the remaining two are under severe pressure.
"Domestic producers now only supply approximately 10 – 15 per cent of the market," says Tamasese.
Documentary on diet
Mark Dolan's controversial documentary, The World's Fattest Families and Me, was broadcast recently.
Dolan journeyed to Tonga where he met Towa, 222 kg, and his daughter Sia, 133kg.
The documentary touched many when Dolan took Sia to the supermarket, and showed Sia the nutritional value in the fatty mutton flaps.
He told Sia New Zealanders did not eat this.
"This is the bit that they throw away," he said. Sia broke down in tears.
The documentary exposed that there are no food export regulations in place.
Sue Kedgely, Green Party MP and spokesperson for food, health and wellbeing, said: "New Zealand has a hands-off free trade approach to trade, and government seems to stand back and allow exporters to more or less do what they want."
Commercial interests take priority over the health of poor nations, such as Samoa.
"Trade is not neutral, it can have devastating effects on nations but trade occurs in a context where poverty in our region is endemic and power is used by our neighbours to further their own commercial interests," says Dr Grynberg.
Dr Grynberg also comments that mutton flaps would be processed into pet food in New Zealand, and by exporting the flaps cheap to the Pacific, suppliers can sell their product at a higher price to humans.
Nick Braxton, advocacy and research coordinator of Oxfam New Zealand, says the Samoan government is trying to ban turkey tails from being imported because of their poor nutritional value.
But because turkey tails are a waste product in the United States, and are generating profit, the US is opposing the ban.
The NZ Medical Journal says that Fiji banned mutton flap imports in 2000 and New Zealand responded by threatening to refer the issue to the World Trade Organisation because it goes against the policy of free trade between the two nations.
However, the threat was later dropped and the ban stands.
Dr Grynberg believes that it is an issue of giving the masses what they want, and that is the reason why the government has not taken action.
"Any Pacific Islands government that heavily taxes these products or bans them will suffer the ire of the working poor at the elections and so the issue is largely avoided." Dr Grynberg said.
Rose Rees-Owen is a Postgraduate Diploma in Communication Studies student on the Asia-Pacific Journalism course at AUT University.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


ツシマヤマネコ, Leopard Cat of Tsushima Island, Tsushima Yamaneko
The Tsushima leopard cat is an endangered wildcat inhabiting Tsushima islands, Nagasaki prefecture. It is regarded as a subspecies of the leopard cat and is thought to have arrived in Tsushima from the Asian continent about 100,000 years ago. The population of the Tsushima leopard cat has been declining mainly due to habitat degradation and road kills. It was designated by the Japanese government as a National Nature Monument in 1971 and as a National Endangered Species in 1994. A conservation project plan was established in 1995 to protect the species, under the direction of the Ministry of the Environment in conjunction with other government agencies.
Glossy-leaved forest is the essential habitat for the Tsushima leopard cat. They often use streams, forest edges, and mountain slopes in relatively lower altitudes (below 200m). They are also found in cultivated areas and even near houses. They prefer to stay where quality of the natural environment remains high.
2. Home Range
 Ecological research using radio-tracking methods have revealed that adult females usually establish a home range of approximately 2km2 and tend to stay in the same area throughout the year. On the other hand, adult males have a larger home range and the size fluctuates seasonally; it can become 7 to 8 times larger than the adult female's home range size, especially in winter due to the mating season.
3. Field signs
 Tsushima leopard cats are rarely seen due to their cautious nature; nevertheless, we are able to find evidence of their existence in the field such as footprints and feces.
 Round shaped footprints with four finger pads, and with no claw marks.
4. Reproduction
 The reproductive biology of the Tsushima leopard cat is not fully understood; however, their mating season is thought to occur during February and March. After about two months of gestation, one to three kittens are born in March and April. Kittens become independent from the parents when they become six to seven months old.
 In the 1960s, the population size was estimated to be between 250 and 300 animals. The latest research conducted from 2002 to 2004 shows that the population has decreased to around 80-110 animals, suggesting that the population size and distribution of the Tsushima leopard cat is declining. Recent evidence suggests that the leopard cat has completely disappeared from Shimojima, the south island.
Prey Animals
 Mice form the main part of the leopard cat diet, and are eaten throughout the year. In addition to mice, leopard cats are likely to eat birds during the winter months, and insects in the summer months.
The Tsushima leopard cat is about the same size as a domestic cat.
 Weight: 3-5kgs, Length: 70-80cm. Females are slightly smaller than males.
 They have a fat tail, and the body color is chestnut-brown to cream with indistinct brown spots. You can find a white spot on the back of each ear and a clear brown-white striped pattern on the forehead, the characteristic features of wildcats.
How you can distinguish the Tsushima leopard cat from the domestic cat.
 There are many feral (domestic) cats living in Tsushima other than leopard cats. Since feral cats are often found within the habitat of the Tsushima leopard cat, it is important to know how to distinguish the two from each other. The most significant visible difference is that the Tsushima leopard cat has a white spot on the back of each ear, and the domestic cat does not. Therefore, if you see a cat in the wild with white spots of the back of its ears, you can be pretty certain that you have seen a Tsushima leopard cat!
▲Rounded shaped ears
▲Brown and white strip patterns on the forehead
▲A long fat tail
▲A longer trunk and shorter legs - Purchase Domain Names Worldwide - Over 2,000,000 members in 230+ countries. - Be Your Own Boss - My Personal Blog - Investment Blog - Japan Animal Blog
1 comment:
 1. Cats are great animals they just look like a miniature version of leopards. I love their jumps and climbs. Cats body color and texture are also great a nature's gifts.
 martin shrestha


text: In the Aerial Corps, dragons often fly in formation. British formation, during the early 1800s, flying was taught by Celeritas. Temeraire appears to have a particular aptitude for designing formation maneuvers. Other nations have different formation flying styles. Formations combine the advantages of protection and organisation with the disadvantages of predictability. As such formations can be exploited to their detriment, by a clever enemy as seen in the case of Prussia's defeat by France in 1807.


text:
This section describes how to match a wildcard pattern against a particular string. The result is a yes or no answer: does the string fit the pattern or not. The symbols described here are all declared in fnmatch.h.
Preliminary: | MT-Safe env locale | AS-Unsafe heap | AC-Unsafe mem | See POSIX Safety Concepts.
This function tests whether the string string matches the pattern
pattern. It returns
0 if they do match; otherwise, it
returns the nonzero value
FNM_NOMATCH. The arguments
pattern and string are both strings.
The argument flags is a combination of flag bits that alter the details of matching. See below for a list of the defined flags.
In the GNU C Library,
fnmatch might sometimes report "errors" by
returning nonzero values that are not equal to
These are the available flags for the flags argument:
Treat the '/' character specially, for matching file names. If this flag is set, wildcard constructs in pattern cannot match '/' in string. Thus, the only way to match '/' is with an explicit '/' in pattern.
This is an alias for
FNM_FILE_NAME; it comes from POSIX.2. We
don't recommend this name because we don't use the term "pathname" for
Treat the '.' character specially if it appears at the beginning of string. If this flag is set, wildcard constructs in pattern cannot match '.' as the first character of string.
If you set both
FNM_FILE_NAME, then the
special treatment applies to '.' following '/' as well as to
'.' at the beginning of string. (The shell uses the
FNM_FILE_NAME flags together for matching
Don't treat the '\' character specially in patterns. Normally, '\' quotes the following character, turning off its special meaning (if any) so that it matches only itself. When quoting is enabled, the pattern '\?' matches only the string '?', because the question mark in the pattern acts like an ordinary character.
If you use
FNM_NOESCAPE, then '\' is an ordinary character.
Ignore a trailing sequence of characters starting with a '/' in string; that is to say, test whether string starts with a directory name that pattern matches.
If this flag is set, either 'foo*' or 'foobar' as a pattern would match the string 'foobar/frobozz'.
Ignore case in comparing string to pattern.
Recognize beside the normal patterns also the extended patterns
introduced in ksh. The patterns are written in the form
explained in the following table where pattern-list is a
separated list of patterns.
The pattern matches if zero or one occurrences of any of the patterns in the pattern-list allow matching the input string.
The pattern matches if zero or more occurrences of any of the patterns in the pattern-list allow matching the input string.
The pattern matches if one or more occurrences of any of the patterns in the pattern-list allow matching the input string.
The pattern matches if exactly one occurrence of any of the patterns in the pattern-list allows matching the input string.
The pattern matches if the input string cannot be matched with any of the patterns in the pattern-list.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
congregations through a resilience implementation and educational project. The project team will work with predominantly Black, Indigenous, and other faith communities of color in Mathews County, VA, Wicomico County, MD, and Beaufort and Pamlico Counties, NC. The outcomes of this project are (1) increased social cohesion and networks of accountability between local faith communities, planners, and decision-makers, (2) faith community members educated with the knowledge, skills, and confidence to reason about the interaction of human and natural systems globally and locally, with a specific focus on the inequities of climate change vulnerabilities, (3) faith community members empowered and prepared to educate their communities about climate impacts, participate in civic processes around climate adaptation, mitigation, and resilience, and serve as trusted community leaders when climate disasters occur, and (4) congregations with the infrastructure to continue integrating resilience and climate change education in the life of their church and local community. This project is integrally connected to NOAA's mission of science, service, and stewardship. By intersecting the serviceand stewardship-oriented work of faith communities with the science of resilience agencies and local universities, members of faith communities can be more resilient and adaptive to the risks and hazards associated with climate change. Other project partners include NOAA Regional Climate Services Center, NOAA Regional Integrated Sciences and Assessments program, North Carolina Division of Coastal Management, North Carolina Office of Recovery and Resilience, Mathews County Board of Supervisors, Maryland CoastSmart Communities, Duke University Marine Lab's (DUML) Community Science Initiative, Environmental Finance Center (EFC) at the University of Maryland, and Virginia Institute of Marine Science (William & Mary).
Nothing Without Us: Building Environmental Literacy, Resilience, and Sustainability in DC through a Multi-Partner, Community-Led Approach
The FH Faunteroy Community Enrichment Center will lead intergenerational efforts to build climate resilience and address complex environmental problems with Ward 7 residents through a model built on self-determination and collaboration with public and private partners. The project's geographic focus is on Ward 7, home to not only the majority of single-family homes in Washington, DC's 100-year floodplain, but also a predominantly Black population that faces increased climate vulnerability due to socio-economic stressors and legacies of systemic racism.
The FH Faunteroy Community Enrichment Center will lead intergenerational efforts to build climate resilience and address complex environmental problems with Ward 7 residents through a model built on self-determination and collaboration with public and private partners. The project's geographic focus is on Ward 7, home to not only the majority of single-family homes in Washington, DC's 100-year floodplain, but also a predominantly Black population that faces increased climate vulnerability due to socio-economic stressors and legacies of systemic racism. The Ward 7 Resilience Hub Community Committee is the lead project partner, with collaborators including the DC Department of Energy and Environment, Harrison Institute for Public Law at Georgetown University Law Center, NOAA Chesapeake Bay Office, and additional support from NOAA Regional Integrated Sciences and Assessments Program. Project goals, centered around Ward 7 residents, are to: (1) reshape workforce development programs and initiatives; (2) increase environmental literacy and civic participation; and (3) create community-driven decision-making processes and structures that guide the development of resilience hubs in the District. Activities will include workforce development programming, environmental education, and convenings for and with the partner organizations to develop promising practices for community resilience hubs. This collaboration will build a climate-ready workforce among Ward 7 residents, support community action and advocacy, and position residents to be leaders in the implementation of the District's sustainability and climate plans, including Climate Ready DC, Resilient DC, and Sustainable DC 2.0.
Nos Quedamos: Youth-led Activation of Community Climate Resiliency Hubs in Melrose Commons
WE STAY/Nos Quedamos, Inc. (NQ) is a leader in community-driven, sustainable development in Melrose Commons, a historically marginalized and disinvested community in the South Bronx, NY.
WE STAY/Nos Quedamos, Inc. (NQ) is a leader in community-driven, sustainable development in Melrose Commons, a historically marginalized and disinvested community in the South Bronx, NY. Building on our 30-year history of organizing and advocacy for the preservation of open space, environmental health, and social justice, NQ's NOAA Environmental Literacy Program will empower local youth leaders and organizers to educate and engage their peers, family members, and neighbors in preparation for the effective activation of three Climate Resiliency Hubs (blue/green infrastructure projects currently in development at local Melrose community garden sites). During disturbances, these Hubs will act as community-led crisis coordinating centers, providing access to freshwater and resources such as food, charging stations, and other necessities. In non-crisis times, the Hubs will be centers for community power-building, where residents gain the tools to advocate for long-term climate justice goals. This NOAA-funded program will develop the data, knowledge, talking points, and civic engagement roadmaps required to increase resident involvement in the effective implementation of the Climate Resiliency Hubs and, with support from our project partners at the New York City Environmental Justice Alliance, strengthen community activism and advocacy to ensure that the Hubs provide the greatest possible impact for the community. Our first objective is to increase NQ's capacity through research and analysis. An Environmental Literacy Program Manager, Climate Resiliency Research Fellow, and 2 Environmental Literacy Youth Leaders will gather and analyze data to support the development and sustainability of NQ's Climate Resiliency Hubs, to be used for cityand state-level advocacy around climate preparedness policy changes and climate-resilience related funding allocations. The program's second objective is to improve environmental literacy in the South Bronx community and strengthen organizing and advocacy efforts. Through deep training, the Environmental Literacy Youth Leaders and NQ's larger cohort of youth organizers will be prepared to conduct community education activities for Melrose residents on key environmental justice indicators and data points. The education content will be integrated into NQ's roster of public events, such as garden walking tours, festivals, community discussions, etc. The program will conclude with a South Bronx Climate Resiliency Symposium to further galvanize residents and lay the groundwork for continued resilience planning and policy advocacy in the South Bronx. As a result of this program, NQ will build a more confident, engaged, and environmentally literate Melrose Commons that will champion climate resilience throughout the South Bronx.
Newark Resilient Solar Initiative
Solar One and The Newark Office of Sustainability are launching the Newark Resilient Solar Initiative, which utilizes the construction and deployment of resilient solar systems as a catalyst for education - both in the classroom and in the most vulnerable communities in Newark.
Solar One and The Newark Office of Sustainability are launching the Newark Resilient Solar Initiative, which utilizes the construction and deployment of resilient solar systems as a catalyst for education - both in the classroom and in the most vulnerable communities in Newark. The Initiative responds to the need for high quality career and technical education and work-based learning opportunities in Newark Public Schools and community engagement around climate resilience for people in low-income, largely immigrant, and predominantly Black and Latino communities in Newark who are highly vulnerable to flooding and extreme heat. Resilient solar systems, including solar plus battery storage, build community resilience to climate hazards by enabling Newarkers to access electricity during a power outage. The systems will be housed at accessible locations such as community gardens and are built by up to 52 Newark high school interns who receive solar workforce training, strengthening their career readiness and leadership skills. Each resilient solar system is unveiled at a community engagement event that features NOAA assets to build collective environmental literacy, emergency preparedness, and social cohesion in alignment with local resilience goals reaching up to 200 community members. In addition, The Initiative trains 9 teachers and 800 Newark Public School students in climate literacy and solar workforce training, which can jumpstart a lifelong career in renewable energy, a field with high income potential. The Initiative is guided by an advisory committee composed of community members, community-based organization partners, and environmental justice leaders.
HEARTForce: Resilient Colorado
Communities in Colorado are increasingly experiencing major disruptions from environmental hazards, such as fire, flood, and drought. Low-income housing neighborhoods and vulnerable community members in under-resourced rural areas are often disproportionately impacted by these hazards. With the rise in hazardous events across the state under a changing climate, there is a pressing need for communities to become more resilient through better preparation and planning.
Communities in Colorado are increasingly experiencing major disruptions from environmental hazards, such as fire, flood, and drought. Low-income housing neighborhoods and vulnerable community members in under-resourced rural areas are often disproportionately impacted by these hazards. With the rise in hazardous events across the state under a changing climate, there is a pressing need for communities to become more resilient through better preparation and planning. The Hazard Education, Awareness and Resilience Task Force (HEART Force) program, facilitated by the NOAA Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) Education & Outreach group at CU Boulder, empowers rural secondary students and teachers to act as the change agents to build community resilience against natural hazards. With continued funding, we will continue to support teachers statewide to implement HEART Force curriculum, a place-based curriculum that uses authentic data sources, scenario-based role-play games and the Earth Force process to inspire civic action. We will also be supporting four classrooms across Colorado to go deeper with the curriculum through a quarter or semester-long elective course, by selecting a vulnerable neighborhood to partner with and planning action steps together with more support from CIRES staff, community partners, and local emergency managers.
Building Heat Resilience in Southwestern Virginia through


text:
We have studied the charge disproportionation phenomenon in CaFeO3 using the local-spin density approximation with the on-site Coulomb interaction parameter U and exchange parameter J. The calculation reveals that the total number of the 3d electrons is about 5.1 for both Fe(1)(Fe5+) and Fe(2)(Fe3+) atoms, and that there are about 0.25 electron holes in the O-2p band. Therefore, the charge disproportionation can be more accurately described as 2d5L(Fe4+)=d5L2(Fe5+)+d5(Fe3+), where L denotes a hole in the oxygen 2p band, instead of 2d4(Fe4+)=d3(Fe5+)+d5(Fe3+). The hybridization between the Fe-3d and O-2p orbitals is stronger for Fe(1) than for Fe(2) due to the shorter Fe(1)-O bond. The hyperfine magnetic field contributed from conduction electron polarization is larger for Fe(2), resulting from a stronger s-d hybridization between the s orbital of Fe(2) and the d orbitals of its neighboring Fe(1) atoms. The on-site Coulomb repulsion and the exchange interaction increase the splitting between the occupied spin up and unoccupied spin down bands of Fe atoms. Fe-3d electrons become localized and the occupied d-band shifts to a lower energy range, even below the O-2p level. The calculated magnetic moments, hyperfine fields, and electron charge density agree well with the experimental data.
J. Yang et al., "Study of the Electronic Structure of CaFeO₃," Journal of Applied Physics, American Institute of Physics (AIP), Jan 2005.
The definitive version is available at _URL_
Materials Science and Engineering
United States. Department of Energy
Keywords and Phrases
Antiferromagnetic Materials; Band Structure; Calcium Compounds; Density Functional Theory; Exchange Interactions (Electron); Hyperfine Interactions; Magnetic Moments
Article - Journal
© 2005 American Institute of Physics (AIP), All rights reserved.


is also more versatile, as you can remove the pickup anytime to transform your violin into a 100% acoustic violin.
Listen to a semi-acoustic violin in the video below. It also contains quick comparison with an acoustic and electric violins to give you a better overview.
What are electric violins?
A violin that has no sound box and needs an amplifier or a speaker (in order for you to hear the true sound) is called an electric violin. Although the way of playing an acoustic and an electric violin is the same, the way the sound is produced is different.
Your classical violin has a hollow appearance that uses the vibration of the strings and the body of the violin to make a sound. Electric violins have a solid body, or just a frame of it, meaning that they produce little sound and need an amplifier to increase the volume.
Electric violins require more equipment to get started than their classical counterparts. Without a sound box, you'll need an amplifier or speakers to hear the full sound produced by an electric model. Without an amplifier, the sound is muted compared to sound from an acoustic violin, but still can be heard in the whole apartment.
Most violinists say that playing the two string instruments is a similar experience, but the weight and sound of classical and electric violins are different. Like other string violins, the sound of an electric one will depend on its bridge and the number of pickups.
The electric violin produces a sharper sound than the four string violin. The sound it produces is synonymous with rock music and sounds more artificial compared to the natural sound of a classical violin. While you can create a similar sound to a classic violin, the sound remains audibly different.
Fun Fact: Electric violins can be made using a 3D printer! If you have such a printer, or you order the parts in a 3D-printing shop, you will be able to make your own electric violin. One of our members at Julia's Violin Academy, Jerry, built such an instrument and is sharing how it looks and sounds in the video below.
While the classic violin has 4 strings, it's not unusual to find a 5 string violin within the electric niche. They usually carry a C string, which is typically used for a viola.
Electric violins offer the option of more silent practice, allowing you to plug a headset in while practicing your music.
An electric option is ideal if you want to have a violin with more character. Unlike classical violins, you have more options for altering its physical appearance. While you'll need the same elements like the neck, you can find a range of designs that offer something different than the traditional violin shape.
Swapping from a classical to an electric style of violin will take time for all violinists. It can be odd at first to play without a sound box naturally amplifying the sound. As you'll be using an amplifier, the sound doesn't have a clear path to your ears, which means it can take a while to regain your perception of the sound.
The Most Popular Violin Types - Yamaha Electric Violin YEV104NT
If you are looking for a cheap violin to buy, I'd recommend you to get an acoustic one. The cheap electric violins are made of low quality parts, which affect the sound, and the pegs might not stay in place when tuning the instrument. If you already decided to go for an electric violin, I'd recommend choosing one of the more expensive, but also well built instruments. I personally like Yamaha products for the good quality of the instruments they make. An example of a quality electric violin is the Yamaha Electric Violin YEV104NT.
What is a silent violin?
There is no such thing as a truly silent violin.
A silent violin is basically an electric violin. The difference is in the electronics. The electronics built in the silent violin are designed for plugging in the headphones. To make it easier, it will have a Mini Jack Stereo 3.5 mm output, while the electric violin is designed to be connected to an amplifier or speaker with a Jack Stereo 6.3 mm output.
The Most Popular Violin Types - Yamaha Silent Violin YSV104
A so-called silent violin, e. g. Yamaha's YSV104, is a popular choice for students because you're able to plug in headsets to hear the amplified sound during your practice while not disturbing others as much as with an acoustic violin. Please keep in mind that the volume of the sound coming out of the silent violin will be the same as from another electric violin.
In the video below, you can listen to a silent violin and see for yourself how loud it is, as a sound level meter is visible.
If you're in the market for an electric string instrument and aren't worried about disturbing others, you can usually stick to electric types of the violin without the headphone feature.
If you're debating between different types of violins, I always recommend starting with a classical violin as a beginner before transitioning to an electric violin.
If your sole reason to go silent is your worry about disturbing others, please consider buying a mute instead.
The Most Popular Violin Types - Unxuey Mute - Golden Metal Silencer
On the market you can find a lot of different violin mutes. They are made of miscellaneous materials and have various sizes, which affects how strongly or lightly they mute the sound. If you want to decrease the sound as much as possible, then I recommend you buy a heavy metal mute like this one.
The Most Popular Violin Types - Artino Mute - Metal Covered With Rubber
Please be careful! Metal mutes damage the bridge slightly (if you use it a lot) or scratch the varnish if it falls off. Moreover, if you choose a metal mute covered with rubber ( like this one), which mutes a bit less, you may observe that the sound is a bit warmer, the bridge will stay undamaged, but the rubber leaves dark marks on the bridge.
Violins with more than 4 strings
A 5 string violin has an extra string that is tuned to a pitch which is lower than the usual range of a violin. Along with the traditional G, D, A, and E strings, the 5 string violin features a lower C string.
This style entered the violin family as a way for musicians to experience the best of a violin and viola by combining their pitch range. The 5 string violin was popularized by Bobby Hicks when he unveiled the style during a performance in Las Vegas.
The five string violin's low C has a softer resonance than the other strings. Some makers have adjusted the size of the violin to counteract this issue, but they're a rare find.
A five string violin is very similar to a modern four string violin. You may find that the body is a little wider and deeper to boost the C string, although the violin remains smaller than a viola. Five string violins have a larger pegbox to accommodate their low C. There are violins with five strings that are acoustic, semi-acoustic, or electric.
The purpose of this violin is to allow for improvisation, giving violinists more range and versatility with their music. They're typically used for jazz and swing music. You'll be able to experience playing both viola and violin music on this type of violin.
You can also find violin types that carry 6 or even 7 strings. These usually make the addition of a low C, F, and B flat or E flat string, but sometimes a high A (with pitch of A5) string is added.
The Most Popular Violin Types - Thomann 5 Strings Acoustic Violin - Antiqued Europe
Acoustic 5-stringed violin "Antiqued Europe" available in Thomann.
The Most Popular Violin Types - 7 Strings Electric Violin Wood Viper Fretted Carribean Blue Burst
7-stringed violin, one of the Wood fretted Viper electric violins you can find at
You can listen to an acoustic version of a 5-string violin in this video:
If you prefer the fiddling style, you will probably like this video more:
The capabilities of a 7-string violin are presented by Mark Wood in the following video:
Stroh Violin
John Matthias Augustus Stroh created the Stroh Violin. Like most violin makers, he chose to name the violin after himself.
This style of violin incorporates a metal resonator and horn, which produces a louder sound than a traditional violin. Stroh patented the design of his violin at the end of the 19th century.
While the Stroh Violin has never entered the mainstream, it's a popular choice for folk musicians and street performers as it has a powerful tone without needing to add an amplifier.
The Most Popular Violin Types - Stroh Violin
It's one of the most versatile types of violins, even more than a modern violin. It offers the flexibility to produce everything from traditional folk to comical pizzicatos and underscores.
If you wish to experiment with this instrument, you can buy it in Thomann
Fans of Lindsey Stirling will recognize this type of violin from her music video "Roundtable Rival."
Elsewhere in the Violin Family
While these violins are more uncommon, they're still an interesting part of the violin family and are worth a mention in this guide.
The pochette is a small string instrument that looks similar to a violin but is designed to fit inside your pocket. Its name – Pochette – comes from the French word for 'small pocket'.
You'll sometimes see it referred to as a 'pocket fiddle' as it was used by dance masters and street musicians from the 15th to the 19th century. The smaller


text:
Families First is designed to improve outcomes for children, young people and families. It emphasises prevention and early intervention for families, particularly those living in poverty.
Messages from the reports will be used to inform the future delivery of the Families First programme.
Year 3 Report
The three-year evaluation sought to answer a number of questions about the programme including:
- whether the programme design is fit for purpose
- an assessment of how the programme is implemented
- the quality of the programme's implementation
- the impact of the programme on families
- the impact of the programme at an overall population level.
Specifically, this report will provide:
- a review of the policy context
- a review of progress in implementing Families First
- an assessment of impacts and outcomes three years into the programme's delivery
- consideration of the programme's design and whether it is fit for purpose in delivering against the rationale for intervention
- examples of good practice in the implementation of Families First.


text:
The Methodist Church is committed to safeguarding as an integral part of its life and ministry.
Safeguarding is about the action the Church takes to promote a safer culture.
- Promote the welfare of children, young people and adults
- Work to prevent abuse from occurring
- Seek to protect and respond well to those that have been abused


Explore BrainMass
Effectiveness of Television Advertising
1. What are the three most effective advertisements on television today?
2. What makes them effective?
3. What are the three least effective advertisements on television?
4. What makes them ineffective?
5. If you can recall them, are they really ineffective?
(Cite references when possible) Thanks for getting me started!
Solution Preview
The three most effective advertisements on television today are the Kia commercial with the hamsters, comparing the car to appliances like the washer and toaster, the National Flood Insurance program advertisement with the house flooding and the American Human Society ad that shows video of abused and neglected animals. All three of these advertisements have one important feature in common, a clearly defined call to action. "The combination of a simple message, a clear call to action and a differentiating product offering all helped this ad stand out from others" (Ace Metrix,...
Solution Summary
The solution reviews examples of television ads and compares the most effective with those viewed as least effective.


text:
Sixth Grade Students played with state-of-the-art military robots, explored wind technology, danced to music of the past several decades, and discovered static electricity at 4-H Days: Back to the Future, held this week on Fort Leonard Wood.
4-H Days: Back to the future gave students the opportunity to explore science and technology through several work stations including Video Game technology, Mad Science - All About Polymers, Wind Works, Robotics, American Bandstand to Now - Dance to be Fit, Worm Holes in Space Challenge, and Shock Wave Static Electricity.
4-H Days is a collaborative program with 4-H, Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County Missouri Extension, the Waynesville School District, and Child Youth and School Services.
"This introduces the sixth graders to the Pippin Youth Center and the 4-H Program. And gives the staff an opportunity to share their talents with other students in the community," Waita Karcher, 4-H Program Assistant, said.
Throughout the day, volunteer soldiers from the 14th Military Police Brigade worked with the students.


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Homemade bug repellent
Inhabitat provides an easy DIY bug trap using a plastic bucket with a lid and a used banana peel. Bugs are attracted to the sweet scent of the peel, flying into the trap through punctured holes.
Did you know that banana peels can be used as a natural bug repellent? The oils and compounds found in the peel, such as limonene, can help keep pesky insects at bay. Simply rub the inside of a banana peel on your skin to deter mosquitoes, flies, and other insects.
Not only is this method effective, but it's also chemical-free and gentle on the skin, making it a great alternative to commercial bug repellents. So, the next time you're enjoying a banana, save the peel and harness its power to ward off those bothersome bugs.
Perfect for gardening
Banana peels produce methane gas, 84 times more intense than carbon dioxide. They can be used for composting or gardening by wrapping them around plants or creating a solution for indoor plants.
Banana peels can be a fantastic addition to your gardening routine. They are a rich source of nutrients, including potassium, phosphorus, and calcium, which are beneficial for plant growth. One popular use is to bury small pieces of banana peel around plants, particularly in vegetable gardens.
As the peel decomposes, it releases these nutrients into the soil, providing a natural and slow-release fertilizer for your plants. Additionally, banana peels can help deter pests like aphids and snails, so you can enjoy a thriving garden without relying on harmful chemicals.
To remove a splinter painlessly, apply a banana peel to the area for 30 minutes, which contains enzymes that help bring the splinter to the surface for easy removal with tweezers, according to Bright Side.
Dealing with a stubborn splinter can be frustrating, but a banana peel might just be the solution you need. The enzymes and moisture in the peel can help soften the skin and draw out the splinter naturally. Simply cut a small piece of banana peel and place it over the splinter, securing it with a bandage or tape.
Leave it overnight or for a few hours to allow the peel's enzymes to work their magic. The moisture from the peel will soften the skin, making it easier to remove the splinter painlessly. It's a simple and effective method that can save you from the discomfort of digging out splinters with needles or tweezers.
Cook with peels
When cooking meat or fish, adding a banana peel to the roasting pan can make it more tender by keeping it moist, acting as a "blanket" that retains moisture, according to Bright Side.
Don't let those banana peels go to waste in the kitchen! They can be surprisingly versatile and flavorful when used in cooking. In some cuisines, banana peels are used as an ingredient in various dishes. You can sauté or stir-fry the peels, add them to curries, or even use them in baking.
The peels provide a slightly tangy and savory taste that can add a unique twist to your meals. Experiment with different recipes and explore the culinary potential of banana peels to create delicious and sustainable dishes.
Reduce acne and scars
Bright Side suggests rubbing the fleshy part of a banana peel on the face for 10 minutes to reduce acne and scars, making it a potential addition to daily skincare routine.
If you're looking for a natural remedy to help reduce acne and scars, look no further than the humble banana peel. The antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties in the peel can help soothe irritated skin and promote healing. Rub the inside of a banana peel gently on clean skin, focusing on areas affected by acne or scars.
Leave it on for a few minutes or overnight, then rinse off with warm water. Regular use of banana peels can help reduce redness, inflammation, and the appearance of acne scars over time. Embrace the power of banana peels as a natural skincare solution and unveil smoother, clearer skin.


twitter beachEarlier this year, Pew Research Center and the Social Media Research Foundation released a report that identified six structures of social media crowds that shape Twitter conversations. The research found that these structures are dependent on the topic being discussed, the sources of information cited during the conversations, the social networks of the people who are talking about the topic, and the leaders of the conversation.
The report identifies these six social structures as divided, unified, fragmented, clustered, inward hub and spokes, and outward hub and spokes. Since social media conversations and social media referrals are so important to content publishing growth, let's take a look at each structure and consider if the conversations happening about your content are actually happening among the right audiences.
The Polarized Crowd
The first social structure identified in Twitter conversations is referred to as the "divided" or "polarized crowd" and typically occur around topics that can be polarizing with extreme points. The members of one polarized crowd are unlikely to interact with other polarized crowds who don't agree with them. The two groups get their information from very different sources and will be highly divided as they discuss the same topic. Polarized crowds are often found in discussions related to politics.
For some content publishers, the polarized crowd could be very appealing. Certainly, the content from some political websites that focus on a specific point of view will perform well when delivered to the right polarized crowd.
The Tight Crowd
On the other end of the spectrum are "unified" or "tight crowds" where members are strongly connected with one another. They share ideas, information, and help each other around a common interest such as professional topics, hobbies, conferences or events, and so on. The only participants are members of the community.
For example, the community could be loosely formed around photography or more formally formed around a journalistic photographers conference. These groups are not intentionally polarizing themselves from other groups and don't shun alternate points of view, but the value of the conversations comes from having those conversations with other people who are equally invested in the topic.
For content publishers, getting the right content in front of these highly focused groups can be extremely effective.
The Brand Cluster
The next social structure identified in the research is referred to as a"fragmented" structure or a "brand cluster" because it is formed based on mutual interest in a product or celebrity. Since products and celebrities can have global recognition, these social structures can grow quite large on Twitter and beyond. However, they're typically fragmented into smaller groups of people all discussing the broader topic amongst themselves. There is little connection with people outside of the smaller, fragmented clusters.
For content publishers, it is important to understand that just because a celebrity or public event is popular on Twitter, that doesn't mean you can write about it and expect to have your content go viral. A better strategy is to connect that celebrity or event in a highly focused way to your content topic, and then seek out the fragmented groups on Twitter and across the social web who would be most interested in that focused content.
The Community Cluster
The "clustered" structure is made up of "community clusters" that form in order to discuss global news and events as well as popular topics with wide appeal. The smaller community clusters form around a collection of news sources for discussion but they are not connected with people outside of their smaller community clusters. Therefore, their conversations are not necessarily intended to be polarized but can be as a result of the small, disconnected social structure.
For content publishers, it's important to understand that even "broad appeal" conversations could be received by community clusters in very different ways. Find the community clusters who would be most interested in your content and focus on joining their conversations and sharing your content with them.
The Broadcast Network
The "in-hub and spoke" social structure is also referred to as a "broadcast network" and is typically quite large. They're most often centered around a celebrity or media organization that has a lot of followers who actively retweet the content published by that celebrity or media organization regardless of its content. There is little interaction among group members but a great deal of pass-along content from the hub is shared.
For content publishers, this is often the least effective social structure to spread your content. Even if this group retweets your content, that's all they'll do with it. There will be little or no engagement beyond clicking the retweet button.
The Support Network
Finally, the "out-hub and spoke" social structure (also called the "support network" structure) is usually created when a company, organization, or government agency responds to a customer complaint or request. For example, the _USER_ Twitter profile, which provides customer support, is a perfect example of a support network social structure. Members post messages to the company (at the center of the hub) and the company replies to customers (the spokes). However, there is rarely interaction between members of the support network.
For content publishers, an out-hub and spoke social structure could develop around your Twitter profile, but be careful. A support network structure is useful to help customers who might have problems, but it doesn't provide the interactivity that you need to truly build your audience and achieve publishing success.
You can follow the link at the top of the article for all of the details from the Pew Research Center report. It's well worth it to spend some time evaluating whether or not your content is reaching the right groups on Twitter.
Image: Rosaura Ochoa licensed CC BY 2.0


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[2022/04/17] High-order and energy-stable numerical methods for the gradient flows
Title : High-order and energy-stable numerical methods for the gradient flows
Time : Apr. 17 (Mon), 2:00 pm - 3:00 pm
Place : 32356 SKKU, Suwon
Speaker : Prof. Jaemin Shin (Chungbuk University)
This presentation will introduce high-order and energy-stable numerical methods for gradient flows. The governing equations for gradient flows have a property of energy evolution based on a specific inner product space. Therefore, numerical methods are energy-stable if they inherit this property. Additionally, a high-order accuracy prefers to obtain an accurate numerical solution. To achieve a high-order scheme while maintaining energy stability, we have designed several numerical methods, including the convex splitting Runge-Kutta method, convex Runge-Kutta method, energy quadratization Runge-Kutta method, and successive multi-stage method.


Availability Float
DEFINITION of 'Availability Float'
The time period between when a deposit is made and when the funds become available in an account, specifically relating to check deposits. The availability float exists because banks have to process physical checks before releasing funds, meaning that the depositor has to wait before funds appears in a bank account. Companies can reduce an availability float by moving to an electronic payment system, as this reduces the reliance on a bank's processing speed on physical checks.
The difference between the availability float and a payment float is referred to as the net float.
For example, a printing company has $50,000 deposited in a bank and is owed $10,000 by one of its clients. The printing company cashes the $10,000 check and adjusts its ledgers to indicate that it has $60,000. Until the deposit is complete, the printing company's bank account will still show it has $50,000 available. The $10,000 is the availability float.
 1. Bank Failure
 The closing of an insolvent bank by a federal or state regulator....
 2. Bank Reserve
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 A small written form that is sometimes used to deposit funds...
 4. Checking Account
 A transactional deposit account held at a financial institution...
 5. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation...
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 2. Why do commercial banks borrow from the Federal Reserve?
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text:
2O + %K2O
Flux1400°C = 2.95x% Al2O3 + 2.2x%Fe2O3 + %MgO + %Na2O + %K2O
Flux1450°C = 3.00x% Al2O3 + 2.25x%Fe2O3 + %MgO + %Na2O + %K2O
Using these formulae the rate of flux formation as temperature increases can be calculated and plotted.
The contribution of MgO to the flux is limited to 2%, as this is limit of solution of MgO in the flux.
This then leads to the concept of the "clinkering range" of a particular mix, or clinker composition. The "clinkering range" is the temperature range starting from the temperature when sufficient liquid is formed to cause shrinkage and nodule formation, and ending when so much liquid is formed that serious balling of the mix takes place.
Mixes or clinkers with a wide "clinkering range" create less operational problems such a ball or ring formation, than those with a narrow "clinkering range". High Fe2O3 mixes tend to have a narrower clinkering range.
With a narrow "clinkering range" any fluctuations in temperature can cause ball or ring formation to occur. Fluctuations in temperature are inevitable with an industrial cement kiln, as we have seen from SPC considerations.
Unfortunately it is not possible to define the exact "clinkering range" for a particular mix or kiln. The minimum flux content for shrinkage and nodule formation and the maximum flux content to avoid ball and ring formation are also dependent on the viscosity and surface tension of the liquid flux.
As the formulae for the calculation of the flux content at different temperatures are based on the Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, Na2O and K2O content of the clinker the ratio of the CaO to SiO2 has no affect on the amount of flux or the "clinkering range".
Flux1338°C = 6.1x%Fe2O3 + %MgO + %Na2O + %K2O
Flux1400°C = 2.95x% Al2O3 + 2.2x%Fe2O3 + %MgO + %Na2O + %K2O
Flux1450°C = 3.00x% Al2O3 + 2.25x%Fe2O3 + %MgO + %Na2O + %K2O
However, the total CaO and SiO2 content clearly affects the amount of Al2O3 and Fe2O3 which can be present in the remainder, as silica modulus (SM) rises the amount of Al2O3 and Fe2O3 falls, and therefore the amount of flux that will be formed. When SM exceeds 4 the rate of the sintering reactions generally becomes too slow for clinker production at the temperatures that can be attained in industrial cement kilns. Exceptionally siliceous limestones with very small quartz grains might allow sintering of raw mixes with SM as high as 12.
The amount of flux is also boosted by the amount of MgO, Na2O and K2O present in the mix or clinker, leading to the possibility to boost the flux content and promote sintering by adding fluxing agents to the mix. MgO and alkali bearing materials are not good options as they can lead to concrete durability problems when the cement produced from the clinker is used in some applications. Alkalis also increase the viscosity of the flux and thereby inhibit the C3S formation reaction.
The additions which generate the most interest are fluorides, either as calcium fluoride, CaF2, or silicofluorides in combination with sodium, potassium, magnesium or calcium, CaSiF6. The fluoride anions reduce the viscosity of the flux and promote the formation of C3S. However, the principle role of fluoride additions is to mineralise the sintering reactions in a cement kiln.
Mineralising additions to the raw mix promote the sintering reactions by reducing the temperature at which the combination of C2S and CaO to form C3S takes place, fluorides are the most common mineralisers used in this way. This is the topic for the next session of the course.
In the preceding session we discussed the equilibrium of the combination reaction between C2S and CaO to form C3S. No C3S will be formed until the temperature rises above 1250°C as the equilibrium of the reaction:
is predominantly to the left.
Above 1250°C the equilibrium shifts to the right to favour the formation of C3S. C2S + CaO C3S
with the formation of a liquid phase significantly increasing the rate of reaction to form C3S, how can that be explained? The explanation relies on consideration of free energies and chemical potentials of the reactants and products at different temperatures.
Below 1250°C the Gibbs free energy (chemical potential) of C3S is higher than free CaO or C2S and therefore C3S will not be formed from an intimate mixture of CaO and C2S because it is unstable.
CaO and C2S are stable, and C3S unstable.
Above 1250°C the Gibbs free energy (chemical potential) of C3S is lower than free CaO or C2S and therefore C3S is the most stable compound and will be formed. Dependent on the SiO2 content, either CaO and C3S are stable, or C3S and C2S are stable.
Returning to the chemical potentials below 1250°C, the free energy of any compound can be reduced by incorporation of minor substitutions or impurities. Most common impurities, Na2O, K2O, SO3, Al2O3, are incorporated in the belite, C2S. Free energy of the C2S is reduced, C2S is stabilized and formation of C3S becomes more difficult. Na2O, K2O, SO3 and Al2O3 inhibit the formation of C3S.
Mineralisation is sometimes thought to be synonymous with the production of mineralised clinker, as practiced at Aalborg in Denmark, and promoted by FL Smidth. This does involve the addition of fluoride to the kiln feed, but also in combination with sulphate, SO3, an inhibitor, the principle aims relate to clinker and cement quality.
We will return to the subject of the quality related benefits of mineralised clinker in module 2 of the course, in module 1 we are focusing on the impact on kiln energy efficiency and productivity.
SO3 is an inhibitor, but it is also a fluxing agent, SO3 forms low temperature melts from ~1100°C. Clinker mineral formation takes place through the medium of this SO3 melt. The SO3 also reduces the viscosity of the C4AF and C3A melt when it forms, however, this low temperature flux is not useful in the absence of fluoride, C3S is not stable at those temperatures in the absence of fluoride. In the presence of fluoride the combined mineralisation effect of fluoride, and fluxing effect of SO3 more than overcome the inhibiting effect of SO3.
Mineralisation of the raw mix fed to a cement kiln is not entirely straight-forward.
Aalborg's technology and patent derive from a patent first taken out by Blue Circle in the 1970s. In part Blue Circle's discoveries arose for experience at their Hope Works in the UK where fluoride, as CaF2 in limestone, and sulphur, as pyrites, FeS2, in shale, were present in the raw materials.
Trials with mineralised kiln feed were carried out on long wet, Lepol and suspension preheater kilns, with severe blockages of the preheater of the suspension preheater kiln. This increased "stickiness" of the hot feed in the preheater is often reported when mineralisation is introduced.
Mineralisation with fluoride will stabilise C3S and promote its formation from CaO and C2S at 1170°C. In practice ~1350°C is required to overcome the inhomogeneities in the kiln feed we have already discussed. Never-the-less this represents a reduction in the combination temperature of 125~150°C. The kiln burning zone temperature must be reduced in response to this lower combination temperature requirement, if not the additional thermal energy input, over-and-above that required for clinker combination, will be absorbed to volatilise alkalis and sulphates from the kiln charge and a heavy alkali cycle will develop, leading to the hot meal "stickiness" and preheater blockages. Kiln operators will need support and coaching to make the necessary reductions in burning zone temperature.
Provided the kiln burning zone temperature is lowered by this amount the thermal energy requirement is significantly reduced, and therefore, the amount of fuel which must be burnt per tonne of clinker produced. Kiln exhaust gas volume is reduced and exhaust fan capacity released to allow kiln output to be increased.
Thermal load on the burning zone refractories is also significantly reduced, longer kiln campaigns between refractory replacement should follow, or less expensive refractories will be required to the desired length of kiln campaign.
The lower temperature in the burning zone can cut NOx levels at the kiln inlet to 40%


Vince Elliott, president and CEO of The Chemical Free Cleaning Network, Baltimore, Md., and author of "Extreme Green Cleaning," is no stranger to water-activated cleaning solutions; he's been studying their efficacy for some time.
Recently, Elliott connected with a custodial cleaning executive overseeing a high-traffic facility to examine the following questions:
- Do the various water-activated sanitizing technologies actually reduce Reflective Light Unit (RLU) levels as measured by an ATP meter?
- How do the differing technologies compare to each other? Does one perform better or worse, or are they all basically the same?
- What differences in efficacy are there between plain tap water and water-activated technologies?
While Elliott's research is ongoing, he has tested 760 surfaces in the facility so far and has learned a thing or two about the sanitizing products being used.
The goal of the study is to compare and contrast the efficacy of the more popular water-activated sanitizing products in a working environment, says Elliott. But based on an ATP test model of surfaces in the facility, the technologies just don't match the efficacy findings outlined in the lab tests.
He explains: "Lab findings are highlighted on the websites of the various technologies, which generally report a 99.9 to 99.999 percent effective rate for common germs. Our study, based on an ATP testing model, resulted in an effective rate of 71 to 85 percent."
The findings from the study, he notes, are obviously lower than the laboratory-based results being reported for these technologies. However, he's quick to add that no one is exaggerating their effectiveness.
"I'm not saying their results are wrong, because in a lab they are right," he explains. "What I'm saying is that out there where workers are scrubbing through the dirt, and may or may not be following instructions, these are the results — this is what is happening in the real world. Our data suggests that if the lab-based studies were repeated in the field, under everyday working conditions, the lab-based efficacy findings could be lower then the 99.9 percent."
Elliott adds that even if the real-world results for water-activated technologies aren't as high as those achieved in stringent lab-based testing, it is still a sustainability option facility executives should not ignore.
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Understanding Enhanced Water Technologies
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How Using Enhanced Water Can Save Money


The Call of the Open Sidewalk
From a place slightly to the side of the more popular path
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Could Age Replace OpenPGP?
Age is a utility and library to do public key and symmetrical encryption/decryption in a simple and straightforward way1). The idea that age could replace OpenPGP comes up from time to time.
OpenPGP based systems are used for multiple purposes…
In terms of actual use, this is probably the most important function of OpenPGP. The value here is mostly the well supported and standardized signature standard provided by OpenPGP. Age does not do signing at all.
Age is obviously not intended for this purpose.
Messaging is all about identities. Age provides no identity management at all. Again, it doesn't even do signatures.
Age is obviously not intended for this purpose either.
Email already has two working and widely implemented encryption standards (OpenPGP and S/MIME). Messaging is mostly about standards. Even if someone were to build out age to do messaging it would be irresponsible to promote it as a third standard for email.
Encrypted Backups
This (and encrypted long term storage in general) is where age has purpose. Let's say you use GnuPG as an OpenPGP implementation to encrypt a backup, that backup becomes corrupt and then you use this command line to decrypt it and unarchive it all in one go:
$ gpg2 -d backup.tgz.pgp | tar xz
GnuPG then dumps the unencrypted file, corruption and all, to tar. When it hits the end it does an integrity check which would fail with this message:
 gpg: WARNING: encrypted message has been manipulated!
Then GnuPG would return an error.
The issue here is that tar might of had to deal with garbage for input. A potentially more serious issue would be if a malicious entity had enough knowledge of the unencrypted backup to allow them to modify files and/or file locations in a purposeful way. This might be a concern if you store your backups on a server that is not under your control.
Age does an integrity check every 64KB along the encrypted stream. If the integrity check fails then it does not release the bad 64KB chunk and errors out thus truncating the output. This allows an attacker to terminate your process at any point they choose. The assumption here is that no data or partial data is better than bad data.
The solution to the GnuPG bad data and the age truncated data is the same. Check the integrity of the input file before attempting to do anything with it. I would think this step would be mandatory in a case where there is a possibility that someone might attempt to modify your encrypted file(s). A manual integrity check could be as simple as running GnuPG and dumping the output to see if an error message shows up:
$ gpg2 -d backup.tgz.pgp >/dev/null
Data Recovery
To be clear, "recovery" here is the sifting of good data from bad. Neither age or GnuPG can regenerate good data from redundant bad data.
Here is what this would look like in practice using the example of a single flipped bit near the start of the encrypted file. First age:
$ age -d -i key.txt -o totc_out.txt totc.txt.age
Error: chacha20poly1305: message authentication failed
[ Did age not do what you expected? Could an error be more useful? Tell us: ]
$ ls -l totc_out.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 operator operator 0 Dec 25 12:53 totc_out.txt
Age has returned a zero length file. Those that have spent time maintaining backups for others might be suffering some vicarious anxiety at this point. A single bit error has nerfed the entire backup. There is no recovery mode or utility available for age which makes the recovery capability provided by your compression utility2) worthless.
The published standard for age 3) is incomplete. I was not able to determine if a recovery utility was even possible as the standard does not provide a description of how the 64KB chunks relate to one another. Creating a recovery utility would be harder due to this lack of documentation.
It is quite common for media problems to result in the loss of one or more media blocks. Since the 64k chunk used by age is likely going to be larger, an age recovery process would require a search for the start of the next chunk.
Now GnuPG:
$ gpg2 -d totc.txt.pgp >totc_out.txt
gpg: encrypted with 2048-bit RSA key, ID B456C3BB5A48A0EA, created 2020-06-01
 "BACKUP "
 gpg: WARNING: encrypted message has been manipulated!
$ ls -l totc_out.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 operator operator 807615 Dec 25 15:26 totc_out.txt
Here is the damage to the text:
Norway, there were growing trees, wheo tRZQ^Z^\'s^Q.3ACs put to death,
So we have lost 5 words out of 800KB of text4). This is an example of a somewhat unknown and under appreciated feature of the type of encryption used in OpenPGP. It is self-synchronizing in the face of corruption. The "chunk" in this case is only going to be something like 16 bytes which is going to be shorter than the media block so there is no search required to find the next good "chunk". As a result, no recovery mode or utility is required for GnuPG in almost all cases. Recovery is automatic with a provided warning and returned error.
At this point you might want to consider how often longer term backups end up with bad sections. Then consider how many attackers exist with sufficient skill, combined with sufficient knowledge of the organization and content of your backups to do reliable changes. Attackers that are willing to have their efforts revealed after the first attempt. This would seem to be where OpenPGP is superior to age.
File Substitution
Public key encryption has a generic consideration that is quite relevant here. Anyone with access to the public key can easily create a file that will pass any file modification tests … because after all that file has not been modified after creation. You can try to keep the public key secret but a public key design does not guarantee thatthe public key can not be derived from the encrypted material. That guarantee only applies to the secret key. So an attacker can skip the bother of attempting to overcome the authentication and just replace the file with whatever they want.
The traditional fix for this weakness is to cryptographically sign the file … and, once again, age does not do signatures. An age user would need to go through the process of finding a separate signing utility and would have to apply it correctly while using a separate signature file. A GnuPG user would only have to add a -s option while encrypting and would have an integrated signature protected by the encryption. No further effort would be required on the part of the GnuPG user. A good signature message would appear automatically after decryption.
Age should be considered where a simple encryption utility is needed that will not under any circumstances release unauthenticated data. Where that behaviour is undesirable, such as for encrypted backups, something based on OpenPGP would be preferred.
PGP FAN index
The commonly used bzip2 compression utility for example is specifically designed to be recoverable and comes with the bzip2recover command.
GnuPG noticed that I was encrypting text and helpfully compressed it thus eliminating my example. The addition of a --compress-algo none option at encrypt time was required. Almost all backups are separately compressed. GnuPG will not recompress input. So GnuPG still gets credit for good recoverablity for the backup case using default options.
pgpfan/agevspgp.txt · Last modified: 2021/08/01 14:26 by b.walzer


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This step simply waits until all the step copies that are specified in the dialog have finished.
You can use it to avoid the natural concurrency (parallelism) that exists between transformation step copies.
|Step name|| Name of the step.
|Watch the following steps||Use this grid to specify the steps to wait for.|
|Get steps||Push this button to auto-fill the "Watch the following steps" grid with all steps available in the transformation.|
Use this grid to list the steps to wait for. The grid has the following columns:
|Step name||The name of the step to wait for.|
|CopyNr||The (0-based) copy number of the step. If the named step has an explicit setting for "Change number of copies to start", and you want to wait for all copies to finish, you'll need to enter one row in the grid for each copy, and use this column to specify which copy of the step to wait for. For the default number of copies (1), the CopyNr is always 0.|


A large telecommunications company's real estate holdings include more than 6 million square feet of property. To aid in its more than 400 real estate–related transactions each year, the company contracted the services of a corporate real estate company and a law firm that specialized in corporate real estate. Real estate transactions significantly differ based on type and circumstances unique to each property and property owner. Legal specialists help ensure that each transaction meets its client's risk preferences. The telecommunications company wanted an information system using the Lotus Notes/Domino messaging platform to link it with the real estate firm and the law firm in order to:
- Capture common transaction information such as property location, transaction type, business unit, "opposing party," and lead contacts.
- Record and report what tasks have been completed, when they were completed, and who completed them.
- Allow ad hoc posting of additional, transaction specific information into a common electronic file. Team members quickly found that by taking time to update the system they would reduce miscommunications and interruptions and therefore save time overall. Management liked the system because they could track team members' performance, identify processes open to improvement, and identify project delays before they became costly problems.
a. How do these property transactions differ from commodity supply chain transactions?
b. What advantage do the real estate company and the law firm gain by adopting their client's technology platform (Lotus Notes/Domino)?
c. Find a Lotus Notes/Domino product review on the Web, read it, and report your findings to the class. Your presentation should answer the following questions: Who provided the review? What is the reviewer's relationship to the product? What did the reviewer like? What did the reviewer dislike? What competitors were mentioned in the review? How did Lotus Notes/Domino compare?
 - CreatedDecember 31, 2012
 - Files Included
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A Brief History
The Bureau's first field office in Cincinnati opened in 1913 under the leadership of Special Agent in Charge Hinton G. Clabaugh. Over the next several years, as the Bureau's responsibilities grew, the office investigated everything from interstate prostitution to potential espionage during World War I.
1920s and 1930s
In 1920, Cincinnati became one of the Bureau's eight field divisions, overseeing much of the administrative work of several other offices. In 1926, the division was moved to Columbus, Ohio.
|Special Agent in
Charge L.C. Schilder
In November 1929, an office in Cincinnati was reopened with L.C. Schilder as special agent in charge. At that time, the division's territory was far-ranging, encompassing all of Ohio and parts of Kentucky and Indiana. When Bureau offices were established in Indianapolis in 1934 and Cleveland in 1935, the Cincinnati Division's territory was limited to the Southern Judicial District of Ohio. Still, the division handled a large and diverse number of cases, from helping to pursue John Dillinger to breaking up a number of significant interstate prostitution rings.
Nelson B. Klein
On August 16, 1935, the division lost its first agent in the line of duty—Special Agent Nelson B. Klein. The 37-year-old Klein and another agent were pursing a man named George Barrett for car theft and other charges when they tracked him to the northeast border of Indiana. The agents spotted Barrett and asked him to surrender, but he opened fire. Klein was mortally wounded, but his return fire struck Barrett in both legs. The criminal was captured and ultimately convicted of the murder. He was the first person to receive the death penalty under 1934 legislation that outlawed the murder of a federal agent.
World War II and the 1950s
With the advent of World War II in 1939, the focus of the division—along with the rest of the Bureau—turned to national security matters. In the coming years, the Cincinnati office searched for spies, helped strengthen the security of manufacturing plants in the area, searched for draft evaders and enemy aliens, and handled other war-time responsibilities. When a band of Nazi saboteurs landed on U.S. soil in 1942, Cincinnati agents helped track down their various contacts.
One odd case came along in 1945. A highly explosive thermite bomb was on exhibit at the Gibson Hotel in Cincinnati when a curious newspaper boy picked it up and dropped it out of the window, scaring nearby pedestrians. Cincinnati agents responded to the scene along with police and fire personnel. The bomb didn't ignite, and no one was harmed.
As World War II came to an end, the Cincinnati Division joined the rest of the FBI in handling Cold War espionage and related national security cases. Meanwhile, agents continued to handle a variety of criminal investigations—such as pursuing two robbers who stole $160,000 from a bank in Thornville and a group of individuals who sabotaged telephone lines. In late 1947, the division's work led to the indictment of 17 people in connection with a major prostitution ring operating in and around Ohio.
|Cincinnati agents in 1949|
Some cases were easier than others. In 1950, a fugitive named Fred Whiteacre stopped to stare at his own wanted poster in a federal building. He was quickly arrested by Cincinnati agents. The division also worked to identify surreptitious communist influence in certain unions and to halt attempts by bookies to fix games by intimidating college basketball players. In May 1959, division agents arrested the last escaped prisoner of war from World War II—a German soldier who had been captured in northern Africa but had escaped confinement in Ohio in 1945. The soldier lived and worked under an assumed identity for years, but ultimately turned himself in to the Bureau.
1960s and 1970s
The division continued to tackle a wide range of cases during the 1960s and 1970s.
|Early Cincinnati field office|
In 1963, agents investigated the fraudulent awarding of contracts at a local air force base. Two years later, the office assisted the Bureau's disaster squad in responding to the crash of an American Airlines flight that killed 58 people near Cincinnati. In the late 1960s, agents tracked the radical activities of black nationalists like H. Rapp Brown, hoping to gain insight into the race riots taking place across the nation. In 1969, the division joined with the FBI office in New Orleans and IRS agents in building a successful case against organized crime figures Sam DiPiazza and William Demming on illegal gambling, tax violation, and other charges. Stronger laws in the coming years would help the FBI to more systematically take down larger Mafia crime families.
By 1971, a total of 117 special agents and 75 support staff in Cincinnati were handling an average workload of 2,398 criminal cases, 1,118 national security investigations, and 169 applicant and other matters. In the late 1970s, Cincinnati agents rescued a 3-year-old boy kidnapped from his home and arrested two brothers who plotted to blow up an Ohio school.
1980s and 1990s
During the next two decades, the division focused largely on cases of white-collar crime, violent crime, property crime, organized crime, and foreign espionage.
In December 1982, tragedy struck when four Chicago Division agents were killed in an airplane accident near Montgomery, Ohio. The agents—Terry Burnett Hereford, Charles L. Ellington, Robert W. Conners, and Michael James Lynch—were accompanying bank fraud suspect Carl Henry Johnson and an individual from the law firm representing him to an area where agents believed Johnson had stashed $50,000 in embezzled money. The plane—which was piloted by two of the agents and was apparently experiencing problems with its altitude readings—crashed on approach to Lunken Airport. No one aboard survived.
|Raymond Luc Levasseur|
On November 4, 1984, local police and Cincinnati agents arrested Ten Most Wanted fugitive Raymond Luc Levasseur and his wife in Deerfield, Ohio. A founding member of a left-wing terrorist group known as the United Freedom Front, Levasseur had been placed on the FBI's Top Ten list in 1977 for his role in a series of bombings and bank robberies across the northeastern United States. He was convicted in 1986 and served in prison until 2004. On November 3, 1988, the division arrested another Top Ten fugitive, John Edward Stevens, who was sought in connection with 22 bank robberies across the country.
In the late 1980s, the office handled a number of significant cases, including the collapse of the Home State Savings Bank of Cincinnati and a wide-ranging scheme to fix harness races that led to the indictment of more than a dozen conspirators. From 1986 through 1989, the Cincinnati Division investigated the illegal gambling activities of baseball star and Cincinnati Reds manager Pete Rose, who was later banned from the game. In the late 1980s, the division also investigated a hospital attendant named Donald Harvey, who claimed to have murdered as many as 87 people while working in various medical facilities in Kentucky and Ohio. Harvey was eventually sentenced to several life terms.
In the 1980s, Cincinnati agents and IRS investigators began investigating price-fixing in the sale of industrial diamonds used for cutting and grinding tools. The case—which made use of court-authorized wiretaps and the federal witness protection program—led to indictments in March 1994.
In July 2001, division agents arrested Danny William Kincaid, the Ohio leader of the white supremacist group known as Aryan Nations, for possessing an explosive device and a trove of other weapons. He pled guilty the following year.
Following the events of 9/11, the Cincinnati Division joined with the rest of the Bureau in making the prevention of terrorist attacks its top priority. It strengthened its Joint Terrorism Task Force, which has components in both Cincinnati and Columbus, and set up a Field Intelligence Group.
The terror task force was soon involved in some key investigations. In 2003, working with agents from FBI Headquarters and various partners, the Cincinnati Division began investigating an Ohio truck driver named Iyman Faris. Faris admitted having personal contact with several individuals tied to terrorism, and agents later learned that he had been tasked by al Qaeda operatives with attacking the Brooklyn Bridge and other targets. He pled guilty to terrorism support charges and was sentenced to 20 years in prison in October 2003. Faris also led investigators to Nuradin Abdi—a Somali national living in Columbus—who had plotted with Faris to blow up a shopping mall and discussed potential missile attacks against U.S. landmarks. Abdi pled guilty to various terrorism support charges in July 2007. A third co-conspirator, Christopher Paul, pled guilty in June 2008 to plotting to use a weapon of mass destruction against targets in the United States and Europe.
Meanwhile, the division continued its work on criminal cases, investigating everything from mortgage fraud and other white-collar crimes to drug trafficking and child pornography.
With new intelligence capabilities, new and deepened cooperation with a variety of law enforcement and intelligence partners, and new post-9/11 legal authorities and resources, the Cincinnati Division is committed to continuing its work to protect local communities and the country from a range of national security and criminal threats.


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Computer Dictionary/Burst Extended Data Out DRAM
read or write cycles are batched in bursts of four. The bursts wrap around on a four byte boundary which means that only the two least significant bits of the CAS address are modified internally to produce each address of the burst sequence. Consequently, burst EDO bus speeds will range from 40MHz to 66MHz, well above the 33MHz bus speeds that can be accomplished using Fast Page Mode or EDO DRAM.
Burst EDO was introduced sometime before May 1995.
Discussion about "Computer Dictionary/Burst Extended Data Out DRAM":
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