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III — Policing the Frontier
Inspector Paul Foelsche commanded the Northern Territory police force for 34 years. He maintained the rule of law in an unpredictable frontier society, and established a reputation for great integrity. But Foelsche's record was not unblemished…
Soon after arriving at Port Darwin during January 1870, Foelsche and his men built their own police station. He then turned his attention to regulating the life of the small settlement of Palmerston, as it grew from about 60 to 200 Europeans during the next four years.
Following the discovery of gold during 1872, an increasing number of Chinese miners and labourers arrived in Port Darwin. Foelsche found himself faced with new problems, including opium use and 'gambling dens'.
At first Foelsche barely intervened in Aboriginal affairs. He understood that Aboriginal people had their own system of justice and retribution. Exceptions were in cases of violence against Europeans, theft or public drunkenness. Those problems increased as Europeans offered alcohol in exchange for labour or for Aboriginal women.
From 1879 the 'Protector of Aborigines' recommended that Foelsche act in cases of violence among Aboriginal people. Aboriginal people began appearing before the courts. Foelsche's dual role as photographer and policeman gives their portraits a particular resonance.
When Europeans were killed by Aboriginal people in the remote bush, Foelsche faced a dilemma. He favoured a decisive response, but this was easier said than done. By allowing his deputy, Corporal Montagu, to mount reprisal expeditions, innocent Aboriginal people were shot on at least three occasions. After the Daly River killings and reprisals of 1884, Montagu faced a full government enquiry and Foelsche was publicly criticised.
For the first 15 years of his Northern Territory service, Foelsche held hopes of a southern promotion. This never occurred, and he became resigned to completing his career in Palmerston.
On his retirement in 1904 Foelsche was the longest-serving public official in the Territory's history. He was awarded the Imperial Service Medal, and received an illuminated address from his fellow officers.
18. Palmerston's first police station, 1870
Foelsche and his men cut the poles and erected this police station during mid-1870. It was the first police station in the Northern Territory. They completed the project reluctantly, as the Government Resident refused to assist them with labour. One of Foelsche's earliest photographs, with little of the complexity of his later work, it nevertheless provides rare documentation of the first built structures in Palmerston.
19. Palmerston police cells, 1871
After the Government Residence, these police cells were probably the next stone structure built in Palmerston. Prisoners were held here prior to sentencing and imprisonment in the town gaol. Foelsche's photograph, taken in early 1871, shows the system of rainwater collection.
20. New police station, December 1875
Foelsche's photograph of the new police station, erected on the site of the first wooden station. On its opening the Northern Territory Times reported that the verandahs were 'well and smoothly laid; but we are sorry we cannot report thus favourably of the interior of the building'. Intended both as a police station and as Foelsche's residence, it was commandeered for use as 'government offices' by the Government Resident. The police station was relocated along the Esplanade, and Foelsche and his family moved to a new residence.
21. The capture of Ah Kim at 10.20 pm on 11th May 1875
This photograph is Foelsche's reconstruction of a tragic event, the shooting of an escaped Chinese prisoner during a police attempt to recapture him. Foelsche's motive for reconstructing the event is unclear. Public disquiet over the shooting of Ah Kim may have prompted Foelsche to prepare this unambiguous daylight tableau of a murky evening tragedy.
Among the contrived elements in this photograph is the puff of smoke from the policeman's carbine, which Foelsche painted onto the glass negative. The falling figure of Ah Kim himself is represented by a stuffed dummy.
Ah Kim was one of the first Chinese to arrive in the Northern Territory during 1871, as a ship's cook. He established a successful market garden at Yam Creek before working as a jeweller in Palmerston. During April 1874 he was arrested for the theft of some cheques he had found. Imprisoned without trial for a year, Ah Kim escaped from the Palmerston Gaol in April 1875, and eluded police capture. In fact, he was living in a tree on the foreshore, barely a stone's throw from Foelsche's police station.
On 10 May, Foelsche was tipped off that Ah Kim planned to row to Cox's Peninsula in a stolen boat, loaded with provisions. This boat is partly concealed behind the larger boat in the photograph. Foelsche sent two troopers, who ambushed Ah Kim late on the evening of 11 May 1875. They challenged him to surrender. He slipped from his hiding place above the boat, and fell. Believing him to be armed, a policeman fired a shot, hitting Ah Kim in the jaw and killing him instantly.
Ah Kim was far from a dangerous criminal. It was generally considered that he should not have been in prison in the first place, as his original offence consisted only of failing to return some cheques he had found. He had been held without trial for many months, and had written several letters complaining of his treatment, appealing to authorities in Palmerston and Adelaide.
22. Long Peter, Woolwonga man, 29 years, photographed in April 1878
Long Peter was the English name applied to a Woolwonga man of the Pine Creek region, south of Palmerston. After the discovery of gold near Pine Creek during 1871, Woolwonga country was rapidly taken over by European and Chinese miners. The Chinese population on the gold-fields increased to several hundred by the mid-1870s, and there were numerous instances of conflict with Woolwonga people.
During January 1878 a teamster named James Ellis was attacked on the road near Pine Creek. He was speared to death and his goods were stolen. Foelsche immediately authorised a reprisal expedition, led by Police Trooper Stretton. Foelsche was telegraphed by the South Australian Minister, who told him that 'no firearms are to be used except in extreme cases and in self defence', but as Foelsche told his friend John Lewis, 'we'll be able to regulate all that … I left it to Stretton, and I could not have done better than he did'. The precise results of Stretton's expedition are unknown.
A few weeks after Ellis's death, two Chinese market gardeners were speared at Pine Creek. Long Peter had previously worked for one of them. According to the evidence he arrived at the garden one morning and speared Qua Kan with an eight foot long stone-headed spear. Foelsche posted a reward for Long Peter's arrest, and he was soon in Palmerston Gaol, sentenced to eight years hard labour for 'wounding with felonious intent'. He was also considered to have been involved in Ellis's murder.
Palmerston Gaol did not have a good record for retaining its prisoners. A journalist quipped that prisoners were often seen scaling the 3 metre high fence to post letters. In July 1879, eighteen months after his arrest, Long Peter escaped from the Gaol with the help of another inmate, the Malay prisoner Hubeeb Abdoola. There appears to be no record of Long Peter's recapture.
23. Biliamuk Gapal, Larrakia man, 37 years, photographed in 1890
In early 1869, as a young man of 16 or 17, Biliamuk Gapal was among the first Larrakia people to engage in barter with Goyder's survey team at Port Darwin. He soon became a key cultural broker, intervening on one occasion to save the party's German naturalist from being speared, and preventing reprisals.
During 1871 Biliamuk was sent to Adelaide with two other Larrakia men, to impress the trio with 'the number and power of the white races'. On his return Biliamuk worked as a police tracker, becoming known as 'Billy Muck'. He found himself in gaol for stealing government property, escaped and was re-imprisoned. This pattern continued into the 1880s. By then Foelsche had photographed Biliamuk several times, for anthropology journals and International Exhibitions.
J.G. Knight included Biliamuk's pencil drawings in the 'Dawn of Art' exhibition held in Melbourne during 1888. These drawings refer to Biliamuk's traditional knowledge, as do the ritual body scars which he accumulated during his engagement with frontier society, as cultural broker, prison inmate, servant and police tracker, ethnographic type and Larrakia elder.
The photograph above, taken by Foelsche during 1890, depicts Biliamuk as a Larrakia man of full status. He is wearing a kangaroo tooth headband with feathered tassels, cane arm and wristbands, and a bone nosepeg.
24. Wandy Wandy, Iwaidja man, about 35 years, photographed in August 1880
Wandy Wandy was an Iwaidja man of Croker Island, near Port Essington. During early 1878 E.O. Robinson and T


6 Types and Characteristics of Societies Through History
Since time immemorial, people have understood the fact that they need to join forces and form communities to survive the harsh environment and weather conditions. The sense of camaraderie and unity is what kept them alive what has lead to the society we live in now.
Societies have evolved manifold, and people in them assume different roles, depending on the actual needs of the community. Sociologists and anthropologists have studied their development carefully and can discern them into different types, mostly according to their level of technology and characteristics.
Here are 6 types of societies that we have lived in throughout the history.
Hunters and gatherers
One of the first societies formed was that of hunters and gatherers. Since food is the primal source of life for humans, the main focus of hunters and gatherers was to hunt down animals for food, gather fruits and nuts, and search for water sources.
The roles in this society were divided between men and women, where men hunted bigger animals and were in charge of providing food and shelter, while women collected fruit and hunted smaller prey. Their nomadic tribal structure allowed them to form close unions and, as there were not many of them, they could quickly move from one place to another, wherever there were food and water.
Pastoral society
Pastoral societies were the first ones to domesticate animals and to form permanent settlements. They emerged in areas which were not very suitable for growing plants and where they needed to have food within reach. With storing food, these societies could thrive and even form the first traces of trade with other pastoral tribes.
Agricultural society
Agricultural societies emerged from what is referred to as the 'Agricultural Revolution'. Growing crops and having greater technological means allowed them to grow in numbers and form more prominent families. This gave rise to the first form of nobility and division among labour. There were warriors, educators, farmers, artisans and others. All of it began to appear like a functioning system.
Feudal society
The systems above were first officially established with feudalism. A system that began as early as the 9th century implied that a wealthier member of the nobility lay claim to lands which were farmed and worked on by common people in exchange for food and housing. The families of commoners worked for feudal lords for generations and thus helped them amass great wealth.
Industrial society
With the further advent of technology, people were able to put the machines to work and establish factories. This revolution began in 18th century Britain and quickly spread to the rest of the world. What this meant to people was that many of them could get employment and support their families. With the rise of the industry, transportation and housing also grew, education was institutionalised and made available.
Post-Industrial society
We are now in what can be referred to as a post-industrial society. Factories are still present, but with a lot more technology and with the appearance of the digital age. We now have computers in our pockets, social networks on the internet and even intelligent machines.
Final Thoughts
The history is long, so is our progress. No matter how far we have reached, we are still carrying the seeds of our predecessors to create a better society in the future.
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National Estimates of Petitioned Status Offense Cases (Continued)
Judicial Decision and Disposition
In 1995, 50% of petitioned status offense cases handled by juvenile courts resulted in formal adjudication (figure 14).3 Ungovernability, truancy, and liquor law violation cases carried virtually the same likelihood of adjudication (figure 15). Proportionately fewer runaway cases were adjudicated. The proportion of petitioned status offense cases resulting in adjudication declined from 67% to 50% between 1986 and 1995 (table 55). There was some variation across status offense categories in the decline in the proportion of petitioned cases resulting in adjudication.
3 The remaining flow diagrams in this chapter present only proportions and not estimates of case counts because of the relatively low volumes of cases in many of the branches.
Juvenile Court Statistics 1995, May 1998

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Note: The Dev docs are currently being split from the User docs. During this time you will see quite a few red links.
This Developer section of Moodle Docs is aimed at developers who contribute to the Moodle code, plugins, themes, and so on.
If you manage a Moodle site, or if you teach using Moodle, try the User docs.
- 1 How Moodle development works
- 2 Guidelines
- 3 Documentation for core components
- 4 How you can contribute
- 5 Plans for the future
- 6 Resources
- 7 Tools
- 8 See also
How Moodle development works
You can also enrol in one of the Moodle Developer Courses.
The following guidelines are crucial reading for anyone wanting to contribute to the Moodle code base:
- Coding guidelines have to be followed by all Moodle developers
- Moodle architecture gives an overview of how the Moodle code works
- Process explains how changes are incorporated into Moodle
- Tracker guide explains the Moodle Tracker for keeping track of bugs, issues, feature requests etc
- Working with the Community explains how to engage with the dev community and discuss changes
- Unit tests explains how to run the unit tests, and how to write new test cases.
- Profiling PHP how to analyse your code to find out why it is slow.
- Fast portable SQL shows SQL techniques that are fast, efficient, and known to work on all supported DBs.
- Development hints and tips a (developing) list of general wisdom to help with your Moodle projects.
- Database abstraction layer
- Roles and Capabilities system for controlling who can do what
- Forms library for creating accessible and secure HTML forms that let users edit things
- File API for managing files stored by Moodle
- The database schema
- What happens when you require config.php
- lib/weblib.php for outputting stuff
Documentation for core components
This section is for documentation of specific components of the existing core Moodle code. Discussion of components that are under discussion or in development can be found in the developer notes or on the roadmap.
The documents below give a general overview. For detailed function-by-function documentation, see the phpDocumentor documentation that is automatically generated from the comments in the code.
Reference for core components
This section is for those who may not be developers in the traditional sense, but often work under the hood with Moodle. Maybe they are sometimes know and amateurs or code hackers.
Modules included in the standard distribution
How you can contribute
Make a new plugin
The M in Moodle stands for modular, and the easiest, most maintainable way to add new functionality to Moodle is by using one of the many plugin APIs. There are many types of plugin you can write:
- Activity modules, see also NEWMODULE Documentation (work in progress)
- and Sub-Plugins (2.0 Onwards)
- Admin reports
- Assignment types
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- Content editors (2.0 onwards)
- Course Formats
- Course reports
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- Database fields
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- Enrolment plugins
- Gradebook report
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- Mnet services
- Plagiarism detection plugins (2.0 onwards)
- Portfolio plugins (2.0 onwards)
- Question types
- Question import/export formats
- Quiz reports
- Repository plugins (2.0 onwards)
- Resource types
- Search engine adapters
- Themes which are different in Moodle 2.0, and earlier versions.
- User profile fields
- Web services (2.0 onwards)
- Workshop allocators (2.0 onwards)
- Workshop forms (2.0 onwards)
- Workshop evaluators (2.0 onwards)
General information that applies to all types of plugins
Please see the Guidelines for contributed code for an overview of how to contribute to the Moodle code.
Sometimes it is not possible to write a proper plugin for what you want to do, in which case you may have to resort to using the local customisations hook.
Change core code
Ways to contribute that do not involve PHP programming
- Create Moodle themes
- Translate Moodle into other languages
- Help document Moodle
- Join the testing effort, which involves participating in the bug tracker
Plans for the future
Ideas for and details of planned future features of Moodle are initially discussed on the forums in the Using Moodle course at moodle.org. That developer discussions are intermixed with user discussions in the same forums may seem strange at first but is one of the reasons for the success of Moodle. It is important that both end-users and developers discuss the future features together.
Once ideas begin to crystallize on the forums they can be summarized in this wiki, either as part of the roadmap or in the form of developer notes. These pages then form the basis for further discussion in the forums.
- Developer FAQ - frequently asked questions, especially useful for newcomers to Moodle
- Finding your way into the Moodle code - also aimed at newcomers
- Moodle tracker - bug reports, feature requests and other tracked issues
- Unmerged files - changes on the stable branch in CVS that have not been merged to HEAD
- Browse the code online:
- Moodle PHP doc reference - compiled nightly from the comment attached to each class and function in the code.
- Database Schema - for recent releases
- Development news and discussion section of Using Moodle course
Some tools people use when working on Moodle code:
- Setting up NetBeans for Moodle development - NetBeans for PHP is a great out-of-the-box editor.
- Setting up Eclipse for Moodle development - Eclipse is a great editor to use for php development, if you can work out how to set it up.
- Setting up Vim for Moodle development
- Aptana Studio 2
- phpStorm - PHP Editor, XDEBUG, CSS-X-FIRE, GIT, File/Folder compare, Advanced Find & Replace, MySQL Integration...
- Firebug, see Firebug for details.
- Web developer extension
- ViewSourceWith - The main goal is to view page source with external applications, but you can do a lot of other things as well.
- Ctags - Using a tags file to navigate code
- W3C HTML validator - Moodle has built in support to make using it easier.
- Windows Installer - Windows Installer documentation for developer.


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Deploy a large L1 positioned space object in orbit between the earth/sun to artificially shade sunlight and reduce the earth's temperature.
The possibility of positioning a large sunshade between the sun/earth at the L1 Lagrange point has previously been published by (Angle 2006), see reference #1. The article estimates that 1.8% of the solar flux would need to be reflected, refracted, or adsorbed in order to reverse our global warming problem.
Offsetting a 400 ppm C02 Radiative Force of 1.9 watts/M^2 will require a circular shade 591 Miles in diameter, while at 500 ppm CO2 the Radiative Force will be 3.1 watts/M^2 and need a 754 mile circular shade. The reality is that even if this shading is performed in earth orbit or using atmospheric particulates or any other viable solution the heat reduction equivalent would need to be on the global order of 3.95E+14 watts for just CO2 levels of 500 ppm.
The L1 sunlight shade may require building a single large physical satellite or canopy of smaller satellites. Another option might be to periodically disburse some type of particle cloud (e.g. moon dust) to divert sunlight. Other variations would be to create an iron/dust filings cloud controlled using artificial magnetic/electrical fields to disrupt the L1 sunlight, or would it be possible to control the solar wind to produce an opaque sun screen. Any means or combination of reflecting, refracting, or absorbing the L1 sunlight would serve this purpose and should be fully investigated.
Use of a L1 orbit particle cloud as a sun shade would be a new concept and would require more understanding how well the sun-earth L1 point can contain dispersed particulate materials, remembering that the earth part of this association is actually impacted by the moons orbit around the earth which might be leveraged for better L1 containment.
Regardless of what method(s) of geoengineering is implemented in the future it must be used in conjunction with reduction/sequestration of CO2 emission and other greenhouse gases, including implementation of other possible geoengineering alternatives because of the scale of the problem
Category of the action
What actions do you propose?
The list below details information to be gathered and concepts to be developed in order to design and deploy a L1 sunshade platform for global climate heat mitigation.
Platform Dynamics:
The current and future energy accumulation from post-industrial anthropogenic emissions, and their cascading effects, needs to be fully quantified to determine the full scale of the climate change problem (1).
Determine the effect of the earth/moon (center of mass) system on the position, volume, and stability of the L1 orbit containment for viable sunshade technologies described below.
Shade Wheel Platform
Determine the surface area of space platform(s) that would be required to block an equivalent amount of sun energy described in the platform dynamics (1) requirements?
Investigate concepts for a L1 orbital platform that would:
 1. Provide a rotational disk type satellite design that uses centrifugal force to build out the shade in ever increasing circular diameter.
 2. Identify a foam-based material (2) that can be transported into space as light weight liquid(s), and can be vacuum expanded into a strong, high-volume, and stable solid shade material.
 3. Rotate the disk as a large spinning disk platform to force the foam liquids to the circumference of shade wheel for area expansion.
 4. Develop a center point manufacturing process to manage the build-out of the shade wheel, provide L1 orbit stabilization, and possibly human habitation.
 5. Power the entire platform and its operations using solar collectors on the disk itself to whatever capacity is required.
Particle Dispersion Shade
Consider using a dispersion of solid reflective materials (2) in association with the Shade Wheel platform to enhance the effective shade area beyond the size of the expanded platform's circumference.
 1. Determine the volume, density, and retention time for a dispersion of light impeding shade materials (gas or solids) into L1 orbit free space that might enhance the effective shade area of the L1 shade wheel platform.
 2. Use the solar wheel rotation to fan out the material dispersions for improved solar interference over a larger circular area.
 3. Use the particle dispersion to help protect the sunshade from solar effects degradation.
 4. Understand any means available for re-focusing the solar wind to improve material dispersions, platform L1 orbital stability, or any other secondary effects that might be valuable for overall shade effect.
Who will take these actions?
This investigation would initially require the help of the space, physics, climate change scientists and concerned citizens to provide answers for the Earth Heat, Sun Energy, and Lagrangian Orbit Dynamics described in the proposed action plan. Once these first action requirements have been determined, then this proposal would require additional human resources for design concepts and alternative methods for implementing this proposal. Public and government support would be necessary if/when any viable options are identified
Where will these actions be taken?
Initially at universities and interested scientific people from around the world to prove viability of a L1 platform solution. Also NASA and the world-wide aerospace industries would be required to coordinate a plan for cost sharing and implementation. So this would need to be a global effort.
What are other key benefits?
Except for complete elimination of all anthropogenic greenhouse gases and return to 300 ppm C02 in the earths atmosphere, this approach is by far the cleanest and most non-intrusive geoengineering approach for moderating the earths heat content. The amount of energy hitting our planet could be precisely controlled to give our planet a managed radiative heat balance worldwide. In fact with the sun increasingly getting hotter, about 10%/1B years, so this approach may eventually be necessary far into the future if we are still around to worry.
This approach would avoid having to modify our atmosphere using alternative chemistries. This strategy would have no direct impact on our environment except to mimic the energy output of our sun from long ago. However, I do not want to minimize the additional value of CO2 sequestration or reduction from current and future levels.
What are the proposal's costs?
The costs would escalate over time and operational phase:
 1. Start low to determine scientific feasibility.
 2. Increase to moderate levels during technical feasibility.
 3. Higher for system design and testing.
 4. Very high for implementation and maintenance.
Time line
I would think that this would be implemented long-term as a last option for earth climate preservation, so I would guess that this approach would require a 25 - 75 year timeframe.
Related proposals
1) Angel, R.: Feasibility of cooling the earth with a cloud of small spacecraft near the inner Lagrange point (l1), P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 17184–17189, 2006.
2) Document Created by Neil J. Cornish for WMAP Education and Outreach/ 1998, "The Lagrange Point"
3) National Aeronautics and Space Administration, "The Lagrange Point"


&\frac{8a_2a_4-3a_3^2}{8a_4^2}\\
q=&\frac{a^3-4ab+8c}{8} &=&\frac{a_3^3-4a_2a_3a_4+8a_1a_4^2}{8a_4^3}\\
If y1, y2, y3, y4 are the roots of this depressed quartic, then the roots of the original quartic are y_1-\frac{a}{4}=y_1-\frac{a_3}{4a_4},\; y_2-\frac{a}{4}=y_2-\frac{a_3}{4a_4},\;y_3-\frac{a}{4}=y_3-\frac{a_3}{4a_4},\;y_4-\frac{a}{4}=y_4-\frac{a_3}{4a_4}.
Ferrari's solution[edit]
As explained in the preceding section, we may start with a depressed quartic equation
 u^4 + \alpha u^2 + \beta u + \gamma = 0.
This depressed quartic can be solved by means of a method discovered by Lodovico Ferrari. The depressed equation may be rewritten (this is easily verified by expanding the square and regrouping all terms in the left-hand side)
 (u^2 + \alpha)^2 = \alpha u^2 + \alpha^2- \beta u - \gamma.
Then, we introduce a variable y into the factor on the left-hand side by adding 2u^2y+2\alpha y + y^2 to both sides. After regrouping the coefficients of the power of u in the right-hand side, this gives the equation
 (u^2 + \alpha + y)^2 = (\alpha + 2 y) u^2 - \beta u + (y^2 + 2 y \alpha + \alpha^2 - \gamma),
which is equivalent to the original equation, whichever value is given to y.
As the value of y may be arbitrarily chosen, we will choose it in order to get a perfect square in the right-hand side. This implies that the discriminant in u of this quadratic equation is zero, that is y is a root of the equation
 (-\beta)^2 - 4 (2 y + \alpha) (y^2 + 2 y \alpha + \alpha^2 - \gamma) = 0.\,
which may be rewritten
 y^3 + {5 \over 2} \alpha y^2 + (2 \alpha^2 - \gamma) y + \left( {\alpha^3 \over 2} - {\alpha \gamma \over 2} - {\beta^2 \over 8} \right) = 0.
This is the resolvent cubic of the quartic equation. The value of y may thus be obtained from the formulas provided in the article Cubic equation.
When y is a root of equation (4), the right-hand side of equation (3) the square of
\left(u\sqrt{\alpha + 2 y}-\frac{\beta}{2\sqrt{\alpha + 2 y}}\right)^2.
However, this induces a division by zero if \alpha + 2 y=0. This implies \beta=0, and thus that the depressed equation is bi-quadratic, and may be solved by an easier method (see above). This was not a problem at the time of Ferrari, when one solved only explicitly given equations with numeric coefficients. For a general formula that is always true, one thus need to choose a root of the cubic equation such that \alpha + 2 y \not=0. This is always possible unless for the depressed equation x4=0.
Now, if y is a root of the cubic equation such that \alpha + 2 y \not=0, equation (3) may be rewritten
 \left(u^2 + \alpha + y+u\sqrt{\alpha + 2 y}-\frac{\beta}{2\sqrt{\alpha + 2 y}}\right) \left(u^2 + \alpha + y - u\sqrt{\alpha + 2 y}+\frac{\beta}{2\sqrt{\alpha + 2 y}}\right)=0,
and the equation is easily solved by applying to each factor the formula for quadratic equations. Solving them we may write the four roots as
u={\pm_1\sqrt{\alpha + 2 y} \pm_2 \sqrt{-\left(3\alpha + 2y \pm_1 {2\beta \over \sqrt{\alpha + 2 y}} \right)} \over 2},
where \pm_1 and \pm_2 denote either + or -. As the two occurrences of \pm_1 must denote the same sign, this leave four possibilities, one for each root.
Therefore the solutions of the original quartic equation are
x=-{a_3 \over 4a_4} + {\pm_1\sqrt{\alpha + 2 y} \pm_2 \sqrt{-\left(3\alpha + 2y \pm_1 {2\beta \over \sqrt{\alpha + 2 y}} \right)} \over 2}.
Solving by factoring into quadratics[edit]
One can solve a quartic by factoring it into a product of two quadratics.[14] Let
 0 = x^4 + ax^3 + bx^2 + cx + d & = & (x^2 + px + q)(x^2 + rx + s) \\
By equating coefficients, this results in the following set of simultaneous equations:
 a & = & p + r \\
 b & = & q + s + pr \\
 c & = & ps + qr \\
 d & = & qs
This can be simplified by starting again with a depressed quartic where a = 0, which can be obtained by substituting (x - a/4) for x, then r = -p, and:
 b + p^2 & = & s + q \\
 c & = & (s - q) p \\
 d & = & sq
One can now eliminate both s and q by doing the following:
 p^2(b + p^2)^2 - c^2 & = & p^2(s + q)^2 - p^2(s - q)^2 \\
 & = & 4p^2sq \\
 & = & 4p^2d
If we set P = p^2, then this equation turns into the resolvent cubic equation
P^3 + 2bP^2 + (b^2 - 4d)P - c^2 = 0\,
which is solved elsewhere. Then, if p is a square root of a non-zero root of this resolvent (such a non zero root exists except for the quartic x4, which is trivially factored),
 r & = & -p \\
 2s & = & b + p^2 + c/p \\
 2q & = & b + p^2 - c/p
The symmetries in this solution are as follows. There are three roots of the cubic, corresponding to the three ways that a quartic can be factored into two quadratics, and choosing positive or negative values of p for the square root of P merely exchanges the two quadratics with one another.
The above solution shows that the quartic polynomial with a zero coefficient on the cubic term is factorable into quadratics with rational coefficients if and only if either the resolvent cubic P^3 + 2bP^2 + (b^2 - 4d)P - c^2\, has a non-zero root which is the square of a rational, or b^2-4d is the square of rational and c=0; this can readily be checked using the rational root test.
Solving by Lagrange resolvent[edit]
The symmetric group S4 on four elements has the Klein four-group as a normal subgroup. This suggests using a resolvent cubic whose roots may be variously described as a discrete Fourier transform or a Hadamard matrix transform of the roots; see Lagrange resolvents for the general method. Denote by xi, for i from 0 to 3, the four roots of
If we set
s_0 &= \tfrac12(x_0 + x_1 + x_2 + x_3), \\
s_1 &= \tfrac12(x_0 - x_1 + x_2 - x_3), \\
s_2 &= \tfrac12(x_0 + x_1 - x_2 - x_3), \\
s_3 &= \tfrac12(x_0 - x_1 - x_2 + x_3),
then since the transformation is an involution we may express the roots in terms of the four si in exactly the same way. Since we know the value s0 = -a/2, we only need the values for s1, s2 and s3. These are the roots of the polynomial
(s^2 - s_1^2)(s^2-s_2^2)(s^


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May People Be Considered as IOC?
That's a tricky question! May we manage a list of people like regular IOC's? An IOC (Indicator of Compromise) is a piece of information, usually technical, that helps to detect malicious (or at least suspicious) activities. Classic types of IOC are IP addresses, domains, hashes, filenames, registry keys, processes, mutexes, …
There exists plenty of lists of usernames that must be controlled. Here is a short list or typical accounts used to perform (remote) administrative tasks or belong to default users:
If the activity of such kind of users must be logged and controlled (admin users, system accounts), let's think about "real" people now. It could be very interesting to keep an eye on the activity of "high profiles" inside the organization like the board of directors (whose are always juicy targets). But, don't forget the opposite with "low profiles". Non-tech people who perform daily dangerous tasks. Can we consider them as "IOC"?
Let me tell you a story: A few years ago, when ransomware waves were not very popular, a customer faced a security incident and several Windows shares were encrypted after a user opened a malicious attachment. The person was not to blame: (s)he was responsible for the "" mailbox. A daily task was to process all emails sent to this address. Chances to see the profile of this person compromized is much higher than a regular user. Can we track him/her as an IOC? What if suddenly we detect a lot of logon attempts with his/her credentials?
How will behave less security-aware people when they are facing a threat? The same applies to specific departments, like human resources, where one of the tasks is to open and read candidates' resume based on Office or PDF documents. May we assign a "score" to people? In many organizations, people can try to bypass security controls and behave in an unsafe way (I call them "mad-clickers"). More they appear in security reports, their score gets higher and could attract our attention.
Of course, all this process must be performed with respect of privacy. The goal is NOT to spy them!
Xavier Mertens (_USER_)
Senior ISC Handler - Freelance Cyber Security Consultant
598 Posts
ISC Handler
Jul 24th 2019
Security awareness and training should be called "human hardening".
Some people are either already hardened, or not-yet-hardened or "nonhardenable".
Last two categories of people could be interpreted as IOC, as more suspicious that others but not definitely bad.


Jacob Teller
Jacob Teller was born in 1655. He was a younger son of New Netherland pioneers Willem and his first wife, Margaret Donchesen (Duncan) Teller. His parents were of Scottish origins and came to Beverwyck before Jacob was born.
Jacob grew up in a large family at his father's residences in Albany, Schenectady, and New York.
In October 1683, he married Christina Wessels at the New York Dutch church. By 1694, two children had been christened in New York. At the time of his marriage, he was called a young man from Albany.
In 1692, Jacob Teller was identified in the Albany city records as a trader who owned rum. However, he seems to have lived in New York.
In August 1696, he filed a will stating that he was sick but of perfect memory. It passed probate the following April. In September 1698, his widow filed her will. Jacob Teller was dead in his early forties!
biography in-progress
the people of colonial Albany Sources: The life of Jacob Teller is CAP biography number 6611. This sketch is derived chiefly from family and community-based resources.
first posted: 6/30/06


text:
This chapter provides general information about writing trigger functions. Trigger functions can be written in most of the available procedural languages, including PL/pgSQL (Chapter 36), PL/Tcl (Chapter 37), PL/Perl (Chapter 38), and PL/Python (Chapter 39). After reading this chapter, you should consult the chapter for your favorite procedural language to find out the language-specific details of writing a trigger in it.
It is also possible to write a trigger function in C, although most people find it easier to use one of the procedural languages. It is not currently possible to write a trigger function in the plain SQL function language.
A trigger is a specification that the database should automatically execute a particular function whenever a certain type of operation is performed. Triggers can be defined to execute either before or after any INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE operation, either once per modified row, or once per SQL statement. If a trigger event occurs, the trigger's function is called at the appropriate time to handle the event.
The trigger function must be defined before the trigger itself can be created. The trigger function must be declared as a function taking no arguments and returning type trigger. (The trigger function receives its input through a specially-passed TriggerData structure, not in the form of ordinary function arguments.)
Once a suitable trigger function has been created, the trigger is established with CREATE TRIGGER. The same trigger function can be used for multiple triggers.
PostgreSQL offers both per-row triggers and per-statement triggers. With a per-row trigger, the trigger function is invoked once for each row that is affected by the statement that fired the trigger. In contrast, a per-statement trigger is invoked only once when an appropriate statement is executed, regardless of the number of rows affected by that statement. In particular, a statement that affects zero rows will still result in the execution of any applicable per-statement triggers. These two types of triggers are sometimes called row-level triggers and statement-level triggers, respectively.
Triggers are also classified as before triggers and after triggers. Statement-level before triggers naturally fire before the statement starts to do anything, while statement-level after triggers fire at the very end of the statement. Row-level before triggers fire immediately before a particular row is operated on, while row-level after triggers fire at the end of the statement (but before any statement-level after triggers).
Trigger functions invoked by per-statement triggers should always return NULL. Trigger functions invoked by per-row triggers can return a table row (a value of type HeapTuple) to the calling executor, if they choose. A row-level trigger fired before an operation has the following choices:
It can return NULL to skip the operation for the current row. This instructs the executor to not perform the row-level operation that invoked the trigger (the insertion or modification of a particular table row).
For row-level INSERT and UPDATE triggers only, the returned row becomes the row that will be inserted or will replace the row being updated. This allows the trigger function to modify the row being inserted or updated.
A row-level before trigger that does not intend to cause either of these behaviors must be careful to return as its result the same row that was passed in (that is, the NEW row for INSERT and UPDATE triggers, the OLD row for DELETE triggers).
The return value is ignored for row-level triggers fired after an operation, and so they may as well return NULL.
If more than one trigger is defined for the same event on the same relation, the triggers will be fired in alphabetical order by trigger name. In the case of before triggers, the possibly-modified row returned by each trigger becomes the input to the next trigger. If any before trigger returns NULL, the operation is abandoned for that row and subsequent triggers are not fired.
Typically, row before triggers are used for checking or modifying the data that will be inserted or updated. For example, a before trigger might be used to insert the current time into a timestamp column, or to check that two elements of the row are consistent. Row after triggers are most sensibly used to propagate the updates to other tables, or make consistency checks against other tables. The reason for this division of labor is that an after trigger can be certain it is seeing the final value of the row, while a before trigger cannot; there might be other before triggers firing after it. If you have no specific reason to make a trigger before or after, the before case is more efficient, since the information about the operation doesn't have to be saved until end of statement.
If a trigger function executes SQL commands then these commands may fire triggers again. This is known as cascading triggers. There is no direct limitation on the number of cascade levels. It is possible for cascades to cause a recursive invocation of the same trigger; for example, an INSERT trigger might execute a command that inserts an additional row into the same table, causing the INSERT trigger to be fired again. It is the trigger programmer's responsibility to avoid infinite recursion in such scenarios.
When a trigger is being defined, arguments can be specified for it. The purpose of including arguments in the trigger definition is to allow different triggers with similar requirements to call the same function. As an example, there could be a generalized trigger function that takes as its arguments two column names and puts the current user in one and the current time stamp in the other. Properly written, this trigger function would be independent of the specific table it is triggering on. So the same function could be used for INSERT events on any table with suitable columns, to automatically track creation of records in a transaction table for example. It could also be used to track last-update events if defined as an UPDATE trigger.
Each programming language that supports triggers has its own method for making the trigger input data available to the trigger function. This input data includes the type of trigger event (e.g., INSERT or UPDATE) as well as any arguments that were listed in CREATE TRIGGER. For a row-level trigger, the input data also includes the NEW row for INSERT and UPDATE triggers, and/or the OLD row for UPDATE and DELETE triggers. Statement-level triggers do not currently have any way to examine the individual row(s) modified by the statement.
We have table child inherited from table parent.
One could think when inserting|updating into child.col1 that the trigger on parent insert|update will trigger.
That is not the case.
if you want such a behaviour you have to have the trigger on both tables.
"It is also possible to write a trigger function in C, although most people find it easier to use one of the procedural languages."
However, the only immediate example is a trigger based on a C function. Suggest that we add a simple example OR move the example under 36.10 to this chapter. Alternatively, adding a page that links to various examples would be pretty effective.
Consider this example, using PG/psql: You want to monitor price changes, so you create a table to record the barcode, the new price and when it changed:
CREATE TABLE price_change (
apn CHARACTER(15) NOT NULL,
effective TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
UNIQUE (apn, effective)
Next you write a trigger function to insert records as required:
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION insert_price_change() RETURNS trigger AS '
IF tg_op = ''DELETE'' THEN
INSERT INTO price_change(apn, effective, price)
VALUES (old.barcode, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, NULL);
IF tg_op = ''INSERT'' THEN
changed := TRUE;
changed := new.price IS NULL!= old.price IS NULL OR new.price!= old.price;
IF changed THEN
INSERT INTO price_change(apn, effective, price)
VALUES (new.barcode, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, new.price);
' LANGUAGE plpgsql;
Finally you create a trigger on the table or tables you wish to monitor:
CREATE TRIGGER insert_price_change AFTER INSERT OR DELETE OR UPDATE ON stock
FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE insert_price_change();
Row-level before triggers fire immediately before a particular row is operated on, while row-level after triggers fire at the end of the statement (after all rows have been operated on but before any statement-level after triggers).

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Marion Stoddart: The Work of 1000
30 minutes / All ages / 2010 / United States of America / Average:
The inspirational story of environmentalist Marion Stoddart, as she eschewed her future as a suburban housewife and mobilized a community to save New Hampshire's polluted Nashua river, proving that an "ordinary" person can accomplish extraordinary things.
In the 1960s, the Nashua River in New Hampshire and central Massachusetts was one of the 10 most polluted in the country, clogged with multicolored, toxic sludge from nearby paper mills.
Around that time, housewife Marion Stoddart moved to the area with her family, so close to the river they could smell its noxious fumes. At a low point in her life, she decided to fight her own emptiness by taking on the biggest challenge she could find - cleaning up the Nashua. Her dramatic success in mobilizing the community showed people that change was possible, even though they'd lost hope.
Marion's efforts helped get the Massachusetts Clean Rivers Act passed so that companies weren't allowed to pollute rivers like the Nashua anymore. In the process, she won a United Nations award, was profiled in National Geographic, and had a widely-read children's book written about her. Her secret? An ordinary person can do extraordinary things when they refuse to give up.
Thanks to Marion, children in the Nashua River Watershed and around the world have come to understand that one person can make a difference, even when the odds seem impossible.


ads use lozenges, a Bavaria symbol, and Rothschild-and-Rhodes Illuminati elements (e.g. of the Round Table) were from Bavarian-Illuminati elements).
English Freys use a white-on-green horse that I had seen in the last update page. Finding it, it turned out to be in the Sing Coat. The Frey write-up: "An arm embowed in armor holding a sword enfiled by a moor's head.
The Foray surname (from "Forres"), which could apply to Freys/Frys, was first in Moray (it should be said that Moray was also called "Fortriu" under the Mackays and Macbeths). I would suggest a trace of green-Shielded Freys to the green-Shielded Forets/Forests (of Savoy).
I had traced the MacBeth clan of Fortriu to the Baits/Beiths using a sword piercing a boar's head, and a "fortuna" motto term. The latter were first in Fife (beside Forfar), where I traced the Forets/Forests. I say this because the Frey Crest is a sword piercing (official term = "enfile," perhaps code for a File-like surname). It therefore appears that the Freys do trace to Foret and/or Foray elements at Fortriu/Moray (last I traced Forets/Forests, I did so to Segovesus Gauls in the Black Forest, at PFORZheim).
I had traced "Fife" to the Vey/Vivian surname, and that in turn had been traced to Morgan le Fay of Avalon (dressed in green and gold at her Wikipedia's article). Like Forets, both the Morgans (surname) and the Pfeifers use a green Shield with gold symbols. Veys use a purple lion that should link to the purplish Bruce lion.
Veys (Massin/Mason colors probably for a Melusine-of-Avalon reason) show a gold Shield with symbol-less red Chief, identical (not including symbols) to the Fife/Phyfe-surname Shield, while the Annan Coat also uses a red symbol-less Chief. Both Baits and Fifes use "virtute," a Vere code in my opinion.
Veres trace their Melusine of Avalon forward in time to Angers/Anjou, and that's cause for a little look at the Angers Crest, using the French Ray symbol, an "escarbuncle." English Rays use three white stags running on a green Shield much like the three Frey white-on-green horses. That's very conspicuous because I've just traced "Frey" to "Dumfries" for the first time, while Rays were first found in Dumfriesshire! That convinces me in short order that Frey elements (not yet sure if the Frey god applies) were at the root of "Dumfries."
There are two Fries Coats if you're interested, and the one with red-on-white crescents smacks to me of the Speers/Sprees, but also of the Touts/Tutts that I think are encoded in the "Tout' term of the Foret motto. Let's not forget that Tutt-like Dudleys-of-Masci use the Massin/Mason lion too (or that Massins use a Speer-evoking motto), and that red-on-white and white-on-red crescents (see Spree/Sprey Coat) are used also by Tattons-of-Masci who in turn use a Massey/Vere-like the Dutton Shield.
THEN, we find that two Tate Coats use ravens, but also that Scottish Tates use a near-copy of the Annan(dale) Shield and Chief (I think the red Tout box is link-able to the red Annandale Chief). People from these north-African bloodlines are the $&^%^$_TAG_ who insist on running Euro-American affairs, who think they have God-given rights to control/engineer the global future.
But God has a plan starting in Iraq and moving into Egypt, and fake-Israelite globalists will be sucked into the trap:
"The Camp David agreement is over," said Dr. Ayman Nour, head of the Party of Tomorrow, in an interview with an Egyptian radio station, according to a report by Channel 2 News. Dr. Nour spent several years in jail in Egypt, and the US lobbied for his freedom. He now intends to run for the presidency of Egypt, in election due to be held in a few months time.
...Dr. Nour is not identified with the Muslim Brotherhood, but is rather considered a liberal and a democrat. His remarks are therefore all the more worrying, although for the time being they are the only statements of their kind heard from such a source.
The time could be here fast when certain globalists like frogs (I trace "Frey" and "Frigg" to Phrygian-rooted "frogs" i.e. the Franks>Varangi) come to an alliance with the anti-Christ.
Updates Index
If you've come to this book beginning at this webpage,
Table of Contents
(The link below is now working)
The 2011 Update in the 2016 chapter tells why
I'll be watching Iraq until the summer of this year, at least.


Paula Winokur
Rising 600 feet above the western shore of the Hudson River, just north of New York City, are the majestic rock cliffs called the Palisades. Formed about 200 million years ago, these nearly vertical columns of rock stretch for 30 miles. The Palisades owe their name to Verrazano and his fellow explorers, who thought the cliffs resembled a "fence of stakes" when they came across them in 1524.


California Residents: Trophy Hunting & Live Market Cruelty Must End
California Residents: Trophy Hunting & Live Market Cruelty Must End
 A bill that would ban cruel live animal markets and the possession of hunting "trophies" from certain species of African wildlife in California has recently passed the Senate, and moved on to the Assembly for consideration.
This bill, SB 1175, would ban the sale of frogs, turtles, and certain bird species in live animal markets, as well as the importation of live wild animal species that pose a zoonotic disease risk. Additionally, a section of the bill entitled the Iconic African Species Protection Act would ban the possession of body parts from African elephants, black rhinoceros, white rhinoceros, two species of zebras, and several other species. Now is your chance to ensure this bill is passed to protect animals!
This bill was introduced in February by California State Senator Henry Stern and co-sponsored by Social Compassion in Legislation and the Center for Biological Diversity. The bill was originally in response to the federal government's refusal to protect African species from the cruelties of trophy hunting, but in May, it was amended to address the spread of global pandemics — which have been linked to selling and butchering wildlife, particularly those animals who are trafficked from the wild and sold in live-animal markets.
Animals endure harrowing journeys to these markets and are held in cramped, often unsanitary cages for long periods of time. In the markets, they may be within sight of other animals being slaughtered. These places can be so stressful for animals that they become immune-compromised, which can lead to increased risks of disease transmission to humans.
Trophy hunting is the barbaric practice of gunning animals down, sometimes in front of their families, only for them to endure painful, often prolonged deaths. Hunting traumatizes those elephants who witness the tragic, violent deaths of their beloved family members and because of their extraordinary memories, they can be haunted by these gruesome images for the rest of their lives.
By and large, trophy hunting allows wealthy, mostly white men from Western nations like the United States to have privileged access to African wildlife, at the expense of not only the animals themselves, but local people, and is therefore considered a form of neocolonialism, or systematic resource control through outside influences. Banning the possession of hunting trophies is intended to reduce the incentive to kill animals for their body parts.
If this bill is passed into law, individuals, corporations, partnerships, and associations would all be banned from possessing body parts originating from elephants, giraffes, black rhinoceros, white rhinoceros, Jentink's duikers, two species of zebras, hyenas, baboons, pangolins, hippopotamuses, African lions, and leopards.
You Can Support This Campaign By Donating
Take Action


text:
Presenting an impassioned argument for revitalising our imagination of space, Doreen Massey takes on some well-established assumptions from philosophy, and some familiar ways of characterising the twenty-first century world, and shows how they restrain our understanding of both the challenge and the potential of space.
- Limba : Engleza
- Data Publicarii : 08 Feb 2005
- Format : Paperback
- Numar pagini : 232
- ISBN : 9781412903622


text: In this paper, a high-performance optimal fractional emotional intelligent controller for an Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) in power system using Cuckoo optimization algorithm (COA) is proposed. AVR is the main controller within the excitation system that preserves the terminal voltage of a synchronous generator at a specified level. The proposed control strategy is based on brain emotional learning, which is a self-tuning controller so-called brain emotional learning based intelligent controller (BELBIC) and is based on sensory inputs and emotional cues. The major contribution of the paper is that to use the merits of fractional order PID (FOPID) controllers, a FOPID controller is employed to formulate stimulant input (SI) signal. This is a distinct advantage over published papers in the literature that a PID controller used to generate SI. Furthermore, another remarkable feature of the proposed approach is that it is a model-free controller. The proposed control strategy can be a promising controller in terms of simplicity of design, ease of implementation and less time-consuming. In addition, in order to enhance the performance of the proposed controller, its parameters are tuned by COA. In order to design BELBIC controller for AVR system a multi-objective optimization problem including overshoot, settling time, rise time and steady-state error is formulated. Simulation studies confirm that the proposed controller compared to classical PID and FOPID controllers introduced in the literature shows superior performance regarding model uncertainties. Having applied the proposed controller, the rise time and settling time are improved 47% and 57%, respectively.


text:
A battalion, in many armies, is a unit consisting of between 500 and 1500 men. A battalion is typically organised into companies, and is commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel. In some countries, the term battalion is used only for infantry units, while others also use it for tank and cavalry units. Several battalions may be organised into a regiment or a brigade.
In the British Army, the various infantry regiments are presently organised into 36 battalions. The Royal Logistics Corps, Royal Army Medical Corps and Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) are also organised into battalions. A battalion is always commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel, with a Major as second-in-command (2IC). It is normally subdivided into five companies; HQ (Headquarters) company, a manouevre support company (which provides fire support using mortars, machine guns, snipers, etc.), and three rifle companies. Each company is commanded by a Major.


Jet Ski
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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European Personal Watercraft Championship in Crikvenica
Jet Ski is the brand name of a personal watercraft manufactured by Kawasaki.[1] It was the "first commercially successful" personal watercraft in America, having been released in 1972.[1] The term is sometimes used to refer to any type of personal watercraft.
Common noun[edit]
Though the proper noun "Jet Ski" is a registered trademark of Kawasaki, the common noun "jet ski" refers to small recreational watercraft.[2] The Oxford English Dictionary records the term in use in 1961 to describe the aquatic motorbike, and in 1948 to designate a jet-propelled aircraft equipped with skis.[3]
 1. ^ a b Josephson, Paul R. (2007). Motorized Obsessions: Life, Liberty, and the Small-Bore Engine. JHU Press. p. 150. ISBN 9780801886416. Retrieved 2012-08-24.
 2. ^ "jet ski". Merriam Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2013-05-04.
 3. ^ "jet ski". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 2013-05-04.
External links[edit]


text: YEREVAN (Noyan Tapan)–A new theory of eye movemen's proposed by Armenian scientist Varlam Galoyan not only explains certain eye diseases–but often helps to prevent such visual defect. The theoretical model of eye movement is based on 43 scientific disciplines–including physiology–mathematics–biophysics–ophthalmology and others. The model describes all main interactions of the eyeball and its environment–taking into account hydro-mechanical force and friction–which are–at times–neglected in the traditional approach. Galoyan's model explains the appearance of different types of strabismus–short-sightedness and several other eye diseases. According to the theory–in most cases visual defects emerge within the first months of life–when the child lacks co-ordination of eye movemen's–and the sharpness of vision is minimal. To form a good vision and equal development of both eyes–Galoyan suggests to evade mechanical strain of the eyeball–which happens through the negative pressure formed through the incorrect position of the body and head of the child. For example–if a child lies with his face down for a long time–there is a possibility of appearance and development of progressive short-sightedness. This fact had been experimentally proven in the 30's–however–the scientific reasoning is now available in Galoyan's theory. The author sees a practical way out of the prophylactic ophthalmology. According to him–formation of the eyeball can be regulated in different ages–using a static loading on the eyeball via setting child's body and head in a certain position–for example–on the back. The work is being done through assistance of the Russian Institute for Information Transmission. The results have been presented at international conferences and published in the leading scientific editions of the former USSR and abroad.


text:
Liangdi Zhang Yanqi Lake Beijing Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Applications
Abstract : In this paper, we investigate the curvature behavior of complete noncompact gradient expanding Ricci solitons with nonnegative Ricci curvature. For such a soliton in dimension four, it is shown that the Riemann curvature tensor and its covariant derivatives are bounded. Moreover, the Ricci curvature is controlled by the scalar curvature. In higher dimensions, we prove that the Riemann curvature tensor grows at most polynomially in the distance function.


text:
Amon Leopold Goeth
Former SS-Hauptsturmführer and commandant of the Plaszow labor camp Amon Leopold Goeth in Polish custody as a war criminal. After the war, Goeth was brought in front of the Polish Supreme Court and charged with committing mass murder during the liquidation of Plaszow and the Szebnie ghetto. He was found guilty and executed in Krakow in 1946.
Photo credit: Instytut Pamieci Narodowej/Institute of National Memory
A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust
Produced by the Florida Center for Instructional Technology,
College of Education, University of South Florida © _PHONE_.


text: Childhood-onset spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is one of the most common neurodegenerative genetic disorders. SMN1 is the SMA-determining gene deleted or mutated in the majority of SMA cases. There is no effective cure or treatment for this disease yet. Thus, the availability of prenatal testing is important. Here we report prenatal prediction for 68 fetuses in 63 Turkish SMA families using direct deletion analysis of the SMN1 gene by restriction digestion. The genotype of the index case was known in 40 families (Group A) but unknown in the remaining 23 families (Group B). A total of ten fetuses were predicted to be affected. Eight of these fetuses were derived from Group A and two of these fetuses were from Group B families. Two fetuses from the same family in Group A had the SMNhyb1 gene in addition to homozygous deletion of the NAIP gene. One fetus from Group A was homozygously deleted for only exon 8 of the SMN2 gene, and further analysis showed the presence of both the SMN1 and SMNhyb1 genes but not the SMN2 gene. In addition, one carrier with a homozygous deletion of only exon 8 of the SMN1 gene was detected to have a SMNhyb2 gene, which was also found in the fetus. To our knowledge, these are the first prenatal cases with SMNhyb genes. Follow-up studies demonstrated that the prenatal predictions and the phenotype of the fetuses correlated well in 33 type I pregnancies demonstrating that a careful molecular analysis of the SMN genes is very useful in predicting the phenotype of the fetus in families at risk for SMA. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.


text:
External review and validation is an important part of the accountability framework of the ARTF. This takes two different tracks:
- First, the ARTF has additional controls in place in the form of a Monitoring Agent for the Recurrent Cost Window and a Supervisory Agent for the Investment Window.
- The ARTF Monitoring Agent (accounting firm) monitors the entire civilian operating budget for eligibility to ensure funds are used in accordance with government rules and guidelines and the legal agreement between the World Bank and the Government of Afghanistan.
- The ARTF Supervisory Agent uses smart phones, satellite imagery and innovative technology to carry out asset verification, quality assurance, and data mapping of national infrastructure projects (NSP, rural roads, education and irrigation).
- Second, external reviews and evaluations are regularly carried out to assess issues of strategic importance.


text:
Joshua Schroeder (University of Buffalo, SUNY) reviewed Richard S. Kay's The Glorious Revolution and the Continuity of Law (Catholic University of America Press, 2014). for H-War.
The Glorious Revolution and the Continuity of Law by Richard S. Kay applies a legal perspective onto the Glorious Revolution. Like many major historical events, the Revolution of 1688 has received so much scholarly attention that one may wonder how somebody could offer a truly fresh perspective. However, as Kay seems well aware, the Glorious Revolution does not lend itself easily to categorization. Was the Glorious Revolution even a revolution? Should it be understood as its own event or merely the final chapter in the seventeenth-century English conflict with the Stuarts? Was it primarily a religious or political event? Kay argues that a legal analysis of the Glorious Revolution can provide the best perspective on answering these questions. He deftly weaves a discussion of all of these topics within his answer to the central question of his book: how did the revolutionaries reconcile their stated goal of preserving the English Constitution with the blatantly illegal deposition of one king and installment of another? His simple answer, they "faked" it, should not hurt appreciation for his thorough and careful analysis of the legal arguments made by the proponents and some detractors of the revolution (p. 17).Read the full review here.


text:
Here's a video that will take you through the steps of making a storm glass; a smart device that can give you a weather update!
The storm glass or chemical barometer already exist in 1750 but was not popularly known and used until the 19th century. The crystals in a chemical barometer are made up of three solid components that were dissolved in the heat but somehow form a mass on their own as the climate conditions change every day. Note that the amount of each component used in making a storm glass may need to be adapted to your local climate, since storm-glass instruments were all intended for use in cold climate zones. Are you ready to predict the weather? Follow the instructions below, and start making your storm glass today!
- Vodka, 100 Proof (50% Ethanol) – 300 mL
- Camphor – 28g (1oz)
- Potassium Nitrate – 10g
- Ammonium Chloride – 10g
1. Pour in 300 ml of vodka in a jar
2. Add 1 cube of camphor to the vodka
3. Add 10 g potassium nitrate
4. Add 10 g ammonium chloride
5. In a pot lightly heat some water then immerse the jar to dissolve all the solid components. This will show you the degree to which one substance is able to dissolve in another
6. While heating, cover the jar lightly. Do not use a tight cover as this will cause pressure to build up inside the jar
7. Put a couple of ice cubes on the lid to reduce any alcohol that may evaporate
8. Turn off the burner once all the solids have dissolved and allow the water to cool down before you put the sealing ring of the jar
9. Place in a non-climate controlled area in your house
To reset your storm glass, place the jar in a bowl of warm water for 10 minutes. Wait for the old crystals to dissolve completely. Always loosen the jars' lid when reheating to prevent pressure build-up.


text:
Induction furnace coil
Coil of an induction furnace is considered its main part. The main function of the coil is to create magnetic fields required to conduct eddy currents that leads to heating or melting scrap metals or processed ores. Taking into account the role and importance of this part, the electrical and mechanical properties of coil remarkably affects the function and efficiency of the furnace. Therefore, considering diversity of material and quality of parts used for manufacturing coils, Araz Trans Co. provides a wide range of coil design for the induction furnace, whether designed in the company or as the drawings of the original coil provided by the costumers (in case an spare part is being provided). So, customer will be able to choose design, used material and even properties of the insulation on the intended basis.
Induction furnace Architecture
Generally, an induction furnace is composed of below parts:
- One or several active partsthat carries electric current of the furnace needed to generate magnetic field for melting and current flow for cooling. Active parts which are necessarily made of copper, are connected in parallel form to divide coil current and decrease coil inductance.
- One or several non-active cooling partsthat merely contain water flow to cool down refractory at the end parts of the furnace and sometimes are as single semi-turn to fill the gap between active parts. Cooling parts are mainly from non-magnetic stain-less steel or copper.
- If exists, one or two short-circuited copper rings at the ends of the coilare exploited to adjust and decrease magnetic flux density at the end parts of the coil. These short-circuited rings are called Faraday ring and not necessarily present in any coil according to the coil design.
- Coil stabilizerconsisting couple of non-magnetic stainless steel or brass bolts and nuts directly welded to the coil turns in different angles handled by composite supports.
- Insulation and isolation system of coilAs most important parts of the coil, provides electric isolation between coil turns and objects around.
- Electrical terminals connecting coil to the power supplyincluding copper buses or threaded made out of copper or brass which delivers power from the source to the coil.
Induction furnace Coil types relative to winding approach
Induction furnace coils are categorized in two types from winding perspective: Helical and offset.
Helical coils are turns winded in spiral form. In this type, according to angular turns, magnetic field and hence heat is not imposed evenly on melt. So, this coil type is used mostly in low size and power furnaces and is not suggested for large size furnaces. Besides, non-even displacement between active parts and non-parallel upper and bottom coil surface make it difficult to assemble and utilization.
Offset coils, against helical ones, are composed of flat turns winded with offset at the ends of the turns to create levels. In contrary to helical coils, the upper and bottom side of the coil is completely parallel and hence, the exerted magnetic field and heat on the melt are even. Thus, this coils are mostly adopted to high power large furnaces.
Induction furnace Coil types relative to assembly approach
As told before, active parts of the coil are paralleled to each other in two forms: back-to-back and dual turn.
In coil with back-to-back connected active parts, the active parts are connected in coaxial successive way fixed in the same direction with supports and ultimately paralleled electrically with bused on the coil or water-cooled cables connection.
In this type, the mutual inductance between active parts is roughly around 20 to 40 percent.
Dual turn coils (with commonly two active parts), active parts are integrated in web form in a way that turns are in every other one form. Doing so, the mutual inductance of the active parts is around 100 percent.
It should be mentioned that, dual turn coils are winded mostly in helical form.
There is no preference between back-to-back and dual turn coils and relative to physical restrictions, size and desired electrical characteristics, both can be exerted for coil assembly.
Coil active parts
As mentioned above, active parts carry alternating electrical current to generate magnetic field needed to induce eddy currents in melt. There are mainly one or several (mostly two) active parts in induction furnace coils paralleled with each other with connections on the coil or water-cooled cables.
Active parts are rolled copper tubes under certain standards. Material, thermal operation and tube shape affects the operation and efficiency of coil, considerably. To reach more info on this, please refer to copper tubes section.
Cooling part coil
Cooling part of a coil does not carry electrical current and is solely for cooling up and down side of the crucible and not necessarily present in all the coils. If exist, it can consist of on or two parts at the up, bottom or both sides. Also, in helical coils, cooling parts are placed between active parts to cool down the refractory at that place.
Cooling turns are from copper or stain-less steel and are mostly in rectangular or circular (mostly circular from stain-less steel) form. Using stainless-steel cooling turns, three points are to be considered:
- The tubes must be from seamless type.
- The applied alloy must be non-magnetic (preferably from 304 or 316 grade)
- Cooling parts must be anealled after rolling process. Otherwise the turns would be deformed on the coil end parts.
Neutral single-turn faraday ring
Faraday ring or so called neutral single-ring is a single turn short-circuited copper ring with water channel at the middle and when exists, is the last ring on the top or bottom of the coil. İt is used to adjust magnetic flux the coil input and output. In other words, according to Faraday law (not connected to the coil power supply), by passing magnetic field through Faraday ring, the electric current flowing through it caused by induced voltage, counter magnetic field will be generated by the ring to counteract the main magnetic field which helps adjust the magnetic field at that places and prevents yokes and metalic parts from overloading.
Stabilizing system consists of equipments to prevent deformation and displacement of coil turns under magnetic field. It is mostly couple of non-magnetic bolts and nuts with composite material beside.
The material of the stablizer parts applied by Araz Trans Co. İs non-magnetic steel bolts and brass nuts. Using steel bolt and nut presents the possibilty of stiff nuts and totally brass bolt and nut leads in weak solidity of the stablizers. Above mentioned connections are done in two way:
- Direct welding of the steel bolts to the coil turns with nuts on them
- Wellding nuts on the coil turns with steel bolts on them
Both approaches can be exerted according to the costumer preference.
Aside from the mentioned fittings, to complete the stabilizing system, especial composite supports are installed at predefined angles. These supports are composed of fiberglass and epoxy resin and according to the grade of the fibers and resin, it offers various properties and characteristics. To reach more info on this, please refer to the insulation material for induction furnace coil electric isolation section.
Also using a Mika pelit is suggested to avoid excessive heat under urgent conditions.
Coil insulation and isolation
The most important aspect of constructing a coil is the coil insulation and isolation quality. According to the research done by Araz Trans Co R&D team, the main impairment factor for coils and production interruption is the weakness in insulation system and coil isolation quality. Though, Araz Trans Co. applies strict attention to quality and reliability of the coil insulation and three methods are suggested relative to the construction time and expenses:
First Method: American Inductotherm company has proposed a special insulation material called Inducto-Flex. The main property of this epoxy-based electrostatic powder is that it does not crack and peeled from the surface facing tensions while operating. High heat-resistance, considerable isolation capability and even coherence to the coil surface while sprayed with special apparatus are other characteristics of this insulation material. Using this material solely will provide desired isolation and with proper coil application, no other insulation like liquid or tape ones is needed. Isolating by Inductotherm-Flex, as number one option of Araz Trans Co. for isolation, is done after sandblasting the coil to remove the oxide layer.
Second Method: in this method a double-layered insulation tape and an epoxy-based liquid varnish layer is applied beside indcto-Flex insulation to alter the isolation quality. This method is only suggested when the conditions are hazardous and with normal conditions using only Inducto-flex is adequate.
Third Method: Not using Inducto-Flex in this method, after sandblasting the coil, the surface is sprayed with three layers of a special coated epoxy color and then wrapped with two layers of insulation tape covered with special epoxy –based varnishing liquid. This insulation method is mostly exerted for repaired coils or when there is a possibility for ultra tiny leaks.
With all discussed above, the isolation quality ranking will be like methods 2,1 and 3 and henceforth the expenses will increase in the same order.
Coil electrical connections to the power supply
Connecting coil to the power supply is done by water-cooled cables in two ways:
- Bus connectionsIn this way, copper bus fittings connect the coil and water-cooled cables.
- Threaded fittingsThreaded fittings connect the coil to the water-cooled cables in this method.
According to the conditions, one of the above methods is applied for coil construction. Below you can find schematic illustration of the both methods to be compared.
While using threaded fittings to connect the coil, for decreasing magnetic flux generated by water-cooled cables, the same phases are placed in cross configuration.


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Empowering men to become successful people of significance, integrity, and character
Eliakim Thorpe; Author, Speaker, Thought-Leader, Entrepreneur, Business Consultant, and Life Architect again joins Enterprise Radio. He is promoting the message of empowering men to become successful people of significance, integrity, and character.
- What prompted you to write the book "Transforming a Life of Struggle into One of F.O.R.T.U.N.E."?
- Why did you write this book specifically geared towards men?
- Throughout the message of book, you transparently talk about your struggles and how you were able to discover 7 characteristics (F.O.R.T.U.N.E.) that helped shape who you are today. What are these 7 characteristics you discovered that you live by? & Why do you believe these are important attributes to have?
- In the book, you highlight the importance of men being great and significant versus just pursuing success. Why do you believe men should strive to be great and significant?
- What is your hope or vision for people who read this book?
Do you want to know specific formulas to turn struggle into success? Are you an individual who has been successful but feels there is something greater you must accomplish? In my new book, Transforming a Life of Struggle into One of F.O.R.T.U.N.E., I reveal my insights into becoming a man of significance.
A recent press release states: "Eliakim Thorpe's message empowers and enlightens men from all walks of life, especially at-risk youth who are struggling to find their purpose, develop character, and enhance their lives spiritually. Mr. Thorpe is an author, speaker, thought leader, entrepreneur, business consultant, and life architect."
In addition, Eliakim is President and Co-Founder of "Let's Talk About It," an organization which serves neglected and abused youth, and is a Foundation Director of "Someday Challenge," whose objective is to create a better world through passionate living and heartfelt giving.


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Oftentimes we find it acceptable to tell what we call "white lies" to the people around us, for a multitude of reasons.
Maybe you don't want to hurt someone's feelings, or maybe you just don't feel like dealing with a situation and tell a little lie to avoid it altogether. Besides, these lies are harmless…or so we used to think.
A new study from the American Psychological Association has found evidence that lying may actually have negative health consequences.
Think back to grade school, when we all learned that President George Washington could never tell a lie, and he lived to the ripe old age of 67 — a lot based on 1700's standards. Consider that the average person in his time only lived to age 36!
For those who prefer more scientific evidence, consider this: The group of people within the study who told the most lies suffered from higher levels of anxiety, depression and exhaustion, among other ailments. On the other hand, the study participants who made it a point not to lie overall had better mental and physical health.
More benefits of being honest: Stronger, more solid relationships, as well as fewer feelings of tension overall health problems. Seems like a no-brainer to us – if being honest is an easy (and cheap!) way to boost our health and wellness, we should all be taking advantage.


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September 03, 1993,
Earth Orbit - METEOSAT photo
In 1991, the New York State Physics teacher Philip J. Imbrogno discovered that meteorological satellites sometimes send strange images down to Earth. He published several of these images, received from the geosynchronous GOES-Satellites of NOAA, which show egg-shaped objects in the Earth Orbit. Critics immediately came up with an explanation: According to them, they were mere "moonshadows".
This explanation was maybe acceptable when the first images showed no details. But after Chilean researchers published photos of a structured saturn-shaped craft of 400-600 feet in diameter, it immediately collapsed.
Meanwhile, Italian researcher Adriano Forgione published this image, received by the Italian radio amateur Vittorio Orlando on September 3, 1993 at 6.30 p.m. from the METEOSAT weather satellite, stationed in an altitude of 95.000 feet. In the original as well as in the enlargement, a dome and a surrounding ring are clearly visible. Another moonshadow? Or indeed a "structured craft"?
FAIR USE NOTICE: This page may contain copyrighted material the use of which has not been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. This website distributes this material without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving the included information for research and educational purposes. We believe this constitutes a fair use of any such copyrighted material as provided for in 17 U.S.C § 107.


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|Physical Science||Transformation of Energy 6C6.00||Process Of Science||Collecting Data 1.3 ac|
CONTENT STANDARD: Physical Science
CONTENT TOPIC: Transformation of Energy
CONCEPT: Electricity can be harmful.
CONTENT OBJECTIVE: 6C6.00 To understand the importance of observing safety rules in the use of electricity
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES: The learner will:
TN COMPONENT OF SCIENCE: Process of Science
BENCHMARK: The reading and interpretation of measuring instruments are necessary in determining length, volume, weight, elapsed time, rates, and temperature.
1.3c Safety features should be observed in all areas of data collection.
BENCHMARK: Safety procedures are introduced prior to and practiced during all data collection.
Heat is produced by electricity. If too much current is flowing through a wire, the wire may become so hot that a fire starts. This can be caused if too many appliances are plugged into the outlet and used at the same time. Circuit breakers can prevent this.
A current can also overheat if there is a short circuit. A short circuit occurs when two wires in a cord accidentally touch. Most of the time cords are covered by insulation. The insulation keeps the wires from touching.
If the insulation becomes damaged, this creates an area of low resistance and if a large current goes through this area, there will be rapid over-heating and possibly result in a fire. Repair damaged insulation immediately.
Water and electricity are always a dangerous combination. Water conducts electricity. You should never use electric appliances or touch sources of electricity such as light bulbs, sockets, or outlets while in contact with water.
Any wire connected to a voltage is called a live wire. You should never touch a live wire. If you do, your body will become part of a circuit. A large current will flow through you and into the ground. Live wires often fall to the ground because of storms or accidents. Never touch a live wire. Call the power company immediately.
1. Ask someone from your local power company to bring a meter and demonstrate how to read it.
2. Ask your local power company for information about electric safety and what to do in an electrical emergency.
3. Divide the class into groups of four. Write and perform your own commercial about electrical safety.
4. Materials: One dry cell battery (6 volts), a small light bulb and socket, 1 large cork, 2 straight pins, a piece of thin metal foil (remove the paper backing of a gum wrapper) 3 cm long copper wire (approximately 80 cm), wire strippers.)
What to do: Cut the wire into 4 pieces, each 20 cm long. Prepare the wires by stripping the insulation off both ends so the copper wire is exposed. Carefully cut the small piece of thin metal foil in a wishbone shape. This will be the fuse. The center section should be very thin. Use 2 straight pins to stick the piece of metal foil into the cork. Using one 20 cm piece of wire, connect a dry cell battery terminal to one of the pins. Connect another wire to the other pin and the light socket. Connect the other side of the light socket to the other dry cell battery terminal with another piece of wire. What happened? (response) Now take the remaining piece of wire and touch one end to the straight pin connected to the socket. Touch the other end to the battery terminal connected to the light socket. This is a SHORT CIRCUIT. What happened to the light? (response) What happened to the fuse? (response)
Write down these five electrical practices:
1. Do not use worn electrical cords.
2. Disconnect heating devices, such as irons, when not in use.
3. Do not connect too many appliances to one outlet.
4. Do not touch electrical appliances while in water or wet.
5. NEVER touch a "live" wire.
List one of the 5 electrical practices and explain why you would practice this for safety.
(If number 1 of Active Participation was done) Explain to each other how to read a meter.
This is the time this file has been accessed since 02/25/98.
The University of Tennessee at Martin is not responsible for the information or views expressed here.
Sixth Grade Science Home Page


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Fatty-Liver Disease Discovery Promises New Treatments, Has Cal Researchers Shouting?Go Bears!?Tuesday, May 01, 2012
Two bile acids that are naturally produced by the body may help reduce the amount of fat absorbed by the liver, according to new University of California, Berkeley research. Fatty liver disease is common in people who are obese and contributes to insulin resistance in people with type 2 diabetes. Understanding how these substances can slow or block the development of fatty liver disease may lead to new treatments. Bile acids are produced when the body breaks down cholesterol and helps to eliminate extra cholesterol and absorb dietary fat. The researchers tested more than 30 different bile acids before finding two, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), also known as "bear bile acid," and deoxycholic acid (DCA), that appear to inhibit liver-specific transporter proteins that carry fatty acids into the liver. In studies with mice, those eating high-fat diets that were treated with either UDCA or DCA showed lower accumulations of fat in their livers than mice in a control group. In addition, the researchers found that DCA interacts with bacteria in the gut, which also may contribute to how much dietary fat is absorbed by the liver. The researchers plan to test whether UDCA and DCA can prevent type 2 diabetes in animal studies.


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George Smith Patton, Jr. (November 11, 1885 – December 21, 1945) was an officer in the United States Army best known for his leadership as a general during World War II. He also developed a reputation for eccentricity and for sometimes-controversial gruff outspokenness.
He was on the U.S. 1912 Olympic pentathlon team and also designed the U.S. Cavalry's last combat saber: the "Patton Saber" (the M-1913). In 1916 he led the first-ever U.S. motorized-vehicle attack during the Mexican Border Campaign. In World War I, he was the first officer assigned to the new United States Tank Corps and saw action in France.
In World War II, he commanded corps and armies in North Africa, Sicily, and the European Theater of Operations. In 1944, Patton assumed command of the U.S. Third Army, which under his leadership advanced farther, captured more enemy prisoners, and liberated more territory in less time than any other army in history.
In addition to Gen. Patton's Army resume, he is known for a number of memorable quotes and sayings. One of these sayings was his version of the "10 Commandments."
Gen. George S. Patton's 10 Commandments:
Do everything that you ask of those you command.
Say what you mean, and mean what you say.
Do not fear failure.
Do more than is required of you.
Do not take counsel of your fears.
Always go forward.
Take calculated risks.
Give credit where it is due.
Accept full responsibility for the actions of yourself and your men.
What Army "commandment" would you add to this list?
(information pulled from _URL_


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Which of the following is an example of an upward communication channel?
Company meetings are an example of upward communication because they encourage upper management and lower-level employees to interact with one another in person.
Is feedback initiated by the receiver?
(D) Feedback is initiated by the receiver.
Which of the following are examples of nonverbal feedback?
The many different types of nonverbal communication or body language include:
- Facial expressions. The human face is extremely expressive, able to convey countless emotions without saying a word.
- Body movement and posture.
- Eye contact.
- Pay attention to inconsistencies.
What is the most prevalent type of communication?
Let's start with verbal communication, which is the most common form of communication.
What is upward communication in school?
Upward communication consists of the flow of performance reports, grievances, and other information from lower to higher levels. Horizontal communication is essentially coordinative and occurs between departments or divisions on the same level.
What are the benefits of upward communication?
The advantages of upward communication are as follows:
- Good Relations.
- Providing Counsel.
- Favorable Organizational Environment.
- Knowing Employee Attitude.
- Prompt Appreciation.
- Decision Making.
- Development of Creativity.
Which type of communication provides feedback?
In communication studies, feedback is the response of an audience to a message or activity. Feedback can be conveyed both verbally and nonverbally.
What is communication feedback?
Receivers are not just passive absorbers of messages; they receive the message and respond to them. This response of a receiver to sender's message is called Feedback. Sometimes a feedback could be a non-verbal smiles, sighs etc.
What is feedback in non-verbal communication?
Feedback enables each party to confirm the other's meaning and work toward understanding, while nonverbal communication helps lower the barriers to conveying and receiving meaning. The importance of feedback within a conversation. Non-verbal cues that can help you communicate better with your employees.
Is feedback verbal or nonverbal?
Direct feedback can be both verbal and non-verbal, and it may involve signs, symbols, words, or sounds.
What is upward communication flow?
Upward communication is the process in which employees directly communicate with upper management to provide feedback, share ideas and raise concerns regarding their day-to-day work. Historically, downward communication was considered as the most important type of communication in the workplace.
Which of the following is the most effective ways of communication?
Hence, we can conclude that Written communication is the most effective way of communication.
What is the purpose of upward communication?
Why upward communication is the best?
Upward communication helps employees to express their requirements, ideas, and feelings. For the top management, upward communication is an important source of informations for business decisions. It helps in alerting top management about the requirement of changes in an organisations.
What is role of feedback in communication?
Feedback in communication enables us to evaluate the effectiveness of our message. Feedback is essential to know whether the recipient has understood the message in the same terms as intended by the sender. Receivers are not just passive absorbers of messages; they receive the message and respond to them.
What is called upward communication?
The flow of information from the subordinates to superiors is known as upward communication. It generally consists of work performance, opinion, grievances or problems of the employees.
What is the feedback communication?
In which mode of communication the feedback takes time?
Detailed Solution. Mass communication is the type of communication in which feedback is comparatively slow, weak, and indirect. Mass Communication is the process of transmitting messages to a diverse scattered audience.
How do you provide feedback in communication?
Feedback on communication skills examples
- "I appreciate your ability to listen to others.
- "Thank you for always expressing your thoughts or concerns to me.
- "I know a lot of our work happens on the computer, making communication extra important.
- "I've noticed that you have strong communication skills.
Why is communication feedback important?
Without feedback, communication is nothing more than information. This makes feedback the primary component in the communication process, because it gives the sender the opportunity to analyze the effect of the message. It helps the sender ensure that the recipient has interpreted the message correctly.
Why is upward communication important?
What type of communication helps get immediate feedback?
Verbal communications have the advantage of immediate feedback, are best for conveying emotions, and can involve storytelling and crucial conversations.
What are the advantages of upward communication?
Advantages of upward Communication in an organization is followed: Fosters Friendly Relations. Provides Valuable Feedback. Encourages Participation.
How can you make upward communication effective?
Effective Upward Communication
- Discuss Issues Openly and Honestly.
- Convey Solutions Rather than Problems.
- Begin Conversations at the Appropriate Time.
- Request Feedback.
- Demonstrate a Willingness to Help Others.
- Speak Using a Respectful Tone of Voice.
- Interact in an Authentic Way.
What is better upward or downward communication?
Upward communication refers to that form of communication that flows from bottom to top. On the other extreme, downward communication is the communication, which moves from top to bottom….Comparison Chart.
|Basis for Comparison||Upward Communication||Downward Communication|
What are some problems in Upward communication?
Subordinate provides only that information which is favourable to upper management.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of upward communication?
Upward communication creates a healthy relationship between the management and the employees and this in turn makes it convenient for the management to introduce new schemes or projects. 7. Employee Morale. Upward communication develops and improves employer-employee relations and promotes employee morale. Disadvantages of Upward Communication
What are the problems of companies in Upward communication?
Problems of upward communication include filtering valuable information, not actively listening and failure to take action. In order to see the benefits of upward communication, businesses need to establish a culture of open communication between employees and managers of all levels.
What are the examples of upward communication?
Upward communication refers to messages sent vertically up the line from subordinates to managers. A business report from the branch manager of a company to the managing director of the company is an example of upward communication.