Quick Answer: Can You Eat Male Dairy Cows?
Do we eat male dairy cows?
There are also specific welfare concerns for dairy cows and calves..
Why is milking cows cruel?
Cow's milk is supposed to be for baby cows. Cows produce milk for the same reason humans do—to feed their babies! When a cow's milk is taken from her to be sold to humans or made into cheese, it means that her baby can't drink it. Instead, calves are fed milk replacers that are completely unnatural.
Do dairy farms kill calves?
Male dairy calves killed for veal are confined to lonely stalls and slaughtered at just a few months of age. 2. Like all mammals, cows must give birth in order to make milk. … 97% of newborn dairy calves are forcibly removed from their mothers within the first 24 hours.
Do cows udders explode if not milked?
They'll explode if we don't milk them In some respects this is partially true, but not for the reasons we'd like to think. Dairy cows have been genetically manipulated over time to produce unnaturally large amounts of milk and so their udders will become painfully large and bloated.
Do dairy cows suffer?
LIVES ARE CUT SHORT: Cows in the dairy industry suffer for their entire lives. They endure the agony of their calves being taken away over and over, and their bodies give out from the stress of constant milking. Once considered "spent" at about five years old, cows used for dairy don't get to retire.
Do dairy cows miss their calves?
Why do we not eat male chickens?
What happens to male dairy calves?
Do all dairy farms kill male calves?
Do cows feel pain when milked?
How do farmers impregnate cows?
Do we only eat female cows?
We don't eat very many cows, either, actually. Most of what we eat are steers or males that were castrated as calves. … So the male calves are castrated and raised for meat while the female calves are more often raised to breed or for milk (some female calves are also raised for meat).
Can a dairy cow be used for meat?
Dairy cows can often only produce very high milk yields for an average of 3 years, after which they are slaughtered and the meat is normally used for beef.
Can dairy cows be used for beef?
Due to historically low numbers of beef cows in the US, dairy cows are producing a larger per cent age of beef than ever before. As well, dairy steers are well known for their ability to produce the highest quality grades of beef (Prime and High Choice). Yet with all the benefits from dairy beef come some challenges.
Do cows die if not milked?
Is beef from male or female cows?
Can you drink milk straight from the cow?
coli, Salmonella) are in milk naturally, while others may get into the milk as it's handled and processed. Raw milk, juice, and cider are often pasteurized. … But if you have raw milk at home from a cow, goat, or sheep, you can pasteurize it to make it safe to drink.
What happens to dairy cows when too old?
When they stop producing enough milk or become too old, they are slaughtered. This is typically after about 5 years.


Blog | healing | get over the wounds of life | counselling
coaching torontoDA
Healing Wounds in Life
Margit Cathrine Moller
In the realm of physical wound, it is called cicatrisation, is an intricate process in which the skin (or another organ-tissue) repairs itself after injury. It is a wonderful reminder that the human body has the innate capacity to heal itself.
But if the body can do that, how much more the mind and the soul? The soul has a natural capacity to heal and yet we do not tap this gift. The mind has a natural capacity to heal and yet we do not often experience this.
It is because most of us do not know the workings of the mind and the soul. And how these aspects of the self can bring integration and transformation.
What are the essential ingredients of healing?
1. An acknowledgment of the wound. Yes, some people go through life in a state of Denial. They don't own and acknowledge that they have been abused or traumatized. Without this ownership, no healing happens.
2. A desire for healing. It has to be a deep desire to be healed.
3. A belief that healing will happen. In the Catholic tradition, a prayer is said before communion: Lord, I am not worthy but only say the word and I SHALL BE HEALED. Such is the power of faith.
4. An experience of a good process that facilitates healing. This may include counseling, therapy, spiritual healing and others. Professionals are trained to make healing happen. They seek ways to help a person go explore the mind and the soul in order to tap our natural healing capacity.


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Target 1. Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day
Goal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
213. Refers to expenditure shares by percentiles of population.
G - Global monitoring data. The figure is regularly produced by the designated agency for the global monitoring, based on country data. However, there is no corresponding figure at the country level, because the indicator is defined for international monitoring only (example: population below 1$ a day)
Source: United Nations Statistics Division - Unless otherwise noted, information in this page is accurate as of February 15, 2007

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


On Dreams and Oneiric Writing in Modern and Contemporary Literature/Media @ 52nd NeMLA Convention
Theresa Kauder's picture
Call for Papers
September 30, 2020
Pennsylvania, United States
Subject Fields:
German History / Studies, Literature, Languages, Humanities, Film and Film History
"Dreams are now a shortcut to banality," writes Walter Benjamin in the Gloss Dream Kitsch. Yet, neither Benjamin nor modern and contemporary writers stopped dreaming, writing, or theorizing about (their) dreams. The dream has been a motif in the history of literature, culture, art, and philosophy ever since. While the motif of literary figures' dreams has been around since ancient times, oneiric writing and theories, however, are a phenomenon of literary modernism. The dream was established as a poetology and an aesthetic category in German Romanticism around 1800 that was carried on to modern literature from its beginnings to its postmodern varieties. These aesthetic dreams are hard to distinguish from the name Sigmund Freud and his Traumdeutung (1900). Avant-garde literature believed in psychoanalysis, but the second half of the 20th century can rather be understood as a deconstruction of the Freudian psychoanalysis. In the course of the (post)structural development of psychoanalysis by Jacques Lacan and Michel Foucault's or Gilles Deleuze / Félix Guattari's, Freud's dream interpretation is no longer tenable. Freud's via regia to the unconsciousness is revisited as an ideological construction.
The session asks whether a discussion of dreams in literature, media, and philosophy is still current, relevant, and how contemporary notions of the dream are related to its discursive history. In this session, scholars are invited to present their studies of the dream or dream writing in modern and contemporary literature/media. What (political) desire does a dream imply? What notions of truth or falsity, consciousness or subconsciousness, and fact or fiction does the dream refer to? How is the dream (re-)narrated and how is a dream a narrative model for fiction itself?
Contact Email:


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Click here to return to the main Record-a-thon Event Information page
1. Find a quiet location with as little background noise as possible.
2. Place the camera close to the person being recorded - about 2 - 3 feet away will give a good view of the face and upper body. This is important for or hand and body gestures, which are part of language too.
3. When recording two or more people having a conversation, try to place the camera in the middle, about 2 3 feet away. Make sure everybody being recorded is in the frame of the camera view.
4. Try not to move the camera around, or back and forth between people in a conversation. Rather, place the camera so everyone is in view.
5. Speakers try not to move around too much while being recorded. Some movement is okay, but you want to make sure you are always in the camera view so you can be seen and heard clearly.
6. If the person being recorded would like to demonstrate or point to something (like a wordless book), move the camera back so that both the speaker and object are in view. A view of what is in the speakers nearby environment is important information too!
7. Try to have the recording be in the native language as much as possible avoid going back and forth between languages if you can.
8. Please start all recordings with this script (read by each speaker):
9. Here are some ideas for things to talk about:
10. You can make and upload as many recordings as you like. Each video should be 5 10 minutes in length.
11. Dont edit the video upload it as is.
12. Last of all, remember to press the record button!
The Rosetta Disk


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USGS Multimedia Gallery
Title: Endangered Hawaiian Hoary Bat
An endangered Hawaiian hoary bat, a species that is sometimes killed by wind turbines. USGS scientists from Hawaii and Colorado are devising a way to directly observe bat occurrence and behavior at wind turbines using a video system composed of high-powered illuminators and near-infrared cameras. This new approach images the full rotor-swept areas of wind turbines for entire nights and long durations, and then uses advanced image-processing software to automatically find flying bats and birds in the copious amounts of recorded footage. This a significant step in developing a feasible method to enhance our understanding of how wind turbines affect bats and nocturnal migratory birds, with the ultimate goal of finding new ways for wind-energy development to continue expanding while reducing the harmful effects of this renewable energy source on wildlife.
Photographer: Frank Bonaccorso, USGS
Usage: This image is public domain/of free use unless otherwise stated. Please refer to the USGS Copyright section for how to credit the photo.
Suggest an update to the information/tags?


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Peck's milkvetch is a prostrate perennial with a deep taproot. The reddish stems reach 1-3 dm long, and leaves are pinnately compound with 8-14 leaflets per leaf. Leaf petioles persist from year to year, giving plants a skeletal look during winter dormancy. (Interestingly, Peck's milkvetch is the only North American milkvetch to have persistent petioles.) Mature plants produce small, cream or pale yellow flowers in numerous axillary racemes of 5-9 flowers. As is typical of plants in this family, flowers are papilionaceous (shaped like butterflies), and fruits resemble very small pea pods. Fruits are 5-8 mm in length at maturity, and typically contain one or a few seeds, although many fruits produce no seeds at all. Plants begin to produce new leaves in March, and flowers begin to open in late May or early June and can continue blooming through July.
Astragalus purshii (woollypod milkvetch) frequently co-occurs with A. peckii. As the name of this more common associate implies, plants of A. purshii produce densely hairy or woolly pods (and dark purple flowers), making distinguishing between the two species relatively easy. Astragalus lemmonii is similar in appearance to A. peckii and occurs within the same general area. However, Lemmon's milkvetch typically prefers moister soils in wet meadows and the riparian areas around streams and lakes, and is not known to inhabit any of the dry, barren pumice sites that support its rarer cousin. Astragalus lemmonii is characterized by a terminal leaflet that is generally much broader than the rachis, while the terminal leaflet of Peck's milkvetch is not noticeably different than the rachis and appears to be a continuation of it.
When to survey
Peck's milkvetch is recognizable throughout the growing season (March-September). However, because fruit and flowers are required to identify species of Astragalus using a technical key, surveys for A. peckii should take place when plants are in flower and fruit (June-July).
Peck's milkvetch grows in natural openings of sagebrush-juniper woodlands, lodgepole pine forests, and ponderosa pine forests. Soils in preferred sites are sandy with little organic matter and varying amounts of pumice deposition from the eruption of Mt. Mazama. Vegetation is characteristically sparse and associated species include Artemisia tridentata, Purshia tridentata, Festuca idahoensis, Stipa occidentalis, Eriogonum umbellatum, and Eriophyllum lanatum.
Peck's milkvetch occurs east of the Cascades from Cline Buttes south to a few miles south of Chiloquin. Populations can be broadly grouped into three population centers, with the largest concentration occurring along Highway 97 between Sisters and Bend. A second grouping inhabits the barren pumice flats near Chemult, and a southern group occurs in openings in ponderosa pine stands east of Chiloquin.
Deschutes and Klamath
Species of Concern
Urbanization and agricultural development near the towns of Bend and Sisters have historically threatened populations of A. peckii. Currently, disturbance due to off-road vehicle use is probably the greatest threat to persistence of this species, although weed infestations and rapid urban development continue to concern conservation planners.
Did you know?
Astragalus peckii is one of eight Oregon taxa named to honor Morton E. Peck. Dr. Peck, Professor of Biology at Willamette University from 1908–1941, contributed 21,515 collections to the Willamette Herbarium (now part of Oregon State University Herbarium), and authored the popular Manual of the Higher Plants of Oregon, which is still widely used today.
Current/Recent ODA projects
Astragalus peckii disturbance ecology study
Demography, reproductive ecology, and community analysis of Peck's milkvetch
Amsberry, K. and R. J. Meinke. 2003. Life history and conservation status of Astragalus peckii Piper (Fabaceae). Report for U.S. Forest Service, Fremont-Winema National Forest, and Bureau of Land Management, Prineville District. Native Plant Conservation Program, Oregon Department of Agriculture, Salem, Oregon.
Barneby, R. C. 1964. Atlas of North American Astragalus. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 13:468-469.
Carr, M., K. Amsberry, and R. Meinke. 2007. Astragalus peckii disturbance ecology study. Report for U.S. Forest Service, Fremont-Winema National Forest, and Bureau of Land Management, Prineville District. Native Plant Conservation Program, Oregon Department of Agriculture, Salem, Oregon.
Gisler, S. and R. Meinke. 2001. Reproductive ecology, seed banking, and cultivation of five at-risk legume species in Oregon. Report for U.S. Fish and Wildlife, Portland, Oregon. Native Plant Conservation Program, Oregon Department of Agriculture, Salem, Oregon.
ORNHIC (Oregon Natural Heritage Information Center). 2003. Oregon Natural Heritage Information Center Database. Oregon Natural Heritage Information Center, Portland, Oregon.
Piper, C. V. 1924. New flowering plants of the Pacific Coast. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 37:91-96.


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This paper presents a case study on distance teaching in a school in Greenland. Data from work on... Læs mere
This paper presents a case study on distance teaching in a school in Greenland. Data from work on Grounded Theory is used to investigate ways of utilizing distance teaching in the school. The analysis draws on a prevalent perspective on distance teaching as providing access to education. The perspective combines with Michel Foucault's concept of "governmentality".
I will show how progressive possibilities are not necessarily to be found in ICT-driven distance teaching. Pedagogical drivers operate behind the choices of ICT equipment and ICT solutions which, in this case, brings ICT under the command of a less progressive pedagogical agenda.
As I will show, the commitment from the municipality and from the teachers was to use distance teaching and ICT for conventional schooling. The case lays the ground for a discussion on the progressivity of distance teaching and the use of advanced ICT solutions in schools. My aim with the paper is to add to the understanding of the scope of distance teaching in schools. Does ICT and distance teaching serve progressive ends per se? What do we learn about distance teaching from this setup in the school in Greenland?
Take a tour in our animated presentation of the COMBAR II Teaching Concept - and get introduced t... Læs mere
Take a tour in our animated presentation of the COMBAR II Teaching Concept - and get introduced to its various elements, methods, tools, and a lot of good stories to illustrated its usability.
Many learners in remote regions face communicative barriers to Vocational Education and Training... Læs mere
Many learners in remote regions face communicative barriers to Vocational Education and Training (VET). The barriers can be such as geographical distance, cultural challenges and language.
The COMBAR Teaching Concept tackles three issues:
What kind of pedagogical concepts or tools could help overcoming the communicative barriers?
How could vocational educators reach learners by using methods utilising modern technology?
How to approach the problem of updating the qualifications of low skilled workers in remote areas?

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text: The transverse dimensions of pulp fibres influence strongly their response to the papermaking process, and most end-use properties of products. However, fibre transverse dimensions are difficult to measure. Confocal microscopy combined with image analysis has been used for rapid and accurate measurement of fibre wall cross-sectional area,perimeter, and thickness. Results on kraft pulp fibres obtained from a variety of wood species are presented. They demonstrate how fibre transverse dimensions are distributed within a species, and can be described analytically. Comparison between different species shows that species with coarse or thick-walled fibres are likely to be more heterogeneous. Implications for pulp quality and fibre selection for end-use requirements are discussed.


also be said that an OVER emphasis can be damaging. For instance if an Emotionally Centered child has a focus on Hearing, they may lose the important development from the more complementary route of Color, Balance, and Combining. Then again, if they are overexposed to harsh colors and chaos, they may tend to inhibit all interest in anything to complement their Centering. If an Intellectually Centered child has more of a focus on Hearing and Music, for another example, they may lose the important shaping from the more complementary need for Touch and Physical Interaction; though if they are carelessly touched, or indifferently cared for, they can be greatly damaged. As you can see, most caretakers intuitively provide ALL of the possible complementary toys and methods for education. But we can say that if an emphasis of a healthier development is a consideration, the more specific suggestions are important. Did this answer your question? [ClaireN] Yes, thank you. [M_Entity] You may have noticed that what we have suggested as educational focus is not primary to the Centering that is developing. Instead, it is complementary in that the emphasis will create a contrast to create a "rounding out" of the Center, creating less of an opportunity for the Center to live in a TRAP or PART, later. By the Age of 7, the Part is a habit. The greater the comprehension and strength of the Center by that time, the less it depends on a Part, but instead, uses ALL Parts appropriately. From the Age of 7, the focus of Education would best be geared toward defining the "Primary Essence Influence." We say "Primary Essence Influence" because Essence may or may not be supported by the Overleaves as they rest on a predominate Axis. When it comes to a lifetime, especially before the 4th Internal Monad, the Personality, as the OVERLEAVES define it, is the most important concern, not necessarily the Role of Essence. Emphasizing discovering the Personality and its focus is key in allowing Essence to manifest as clearly and consistently as possible later in life. With that being said, it must be considered that past the age of 7, Education must address 3 very vital areas of the Personality: The Goal, the Mode, and the Attitude. Currently, those with an emphasis on Overleaves resting on the Inspiration, Expressive Axes are lost to the emphasis on the Moving and Assimilative Axes. Creative, Inspiring activities and outlets are not available in any meaningful way until after what is called High School, in most cases. Because the system is focused on only supporting only the Moving or Assimilative Axes, even if programs are in place for Expression and Inspiration, they are ridiculed, belittled, and under-funded, separating that group of Personalities in potentially detrimental ways. We suggest an overhaul of this basic inconsiderate system of education by not only creating methods of teaching that accommodate each Axis, but also accommodate each area of important development in terms of the Goal, Mode, and Attitude. This would mean teaching children from the primary axis of Inspiration through methods that encourage Emotional associations, feelings, and intuition. Teaching children from the primary axis of Action to be taught through sports, physical interaction, and tactile methods. Teaching Expressive Axis children through stories, expression, acting, communication, art, performance and stage. This is highly simplistic, but we realize the time frame we have through this channel is limited. Using the appropriate methods based on Axis, the school "day" would then be emphasized in 3 segments, each focusing on either the Goal, Mode, or Attitude. This basically means developing and encouraging the basic tendencies and interests of the child as he or she has shown interest (the goal), teaching the very basics of intimacy, sexuality, relationships, and exposure to varying cultures (the Mode). Teaching the 7 basic philosophies on the planet (the attitude). We cannot emphasize enough the importance of teaching the 7 basic philosophies before or during the teen years. If there is one, single aspect of education that condemns a society to unhealthy development and division, it is in the lack of understanding your own personal perceptions/philosophy and those of others. We will add here that we have not forgotten the Assimilative Axis. This Axis, of all of them, is the most adaptable and would gravitate itself toward the Axis most meaningful at varying points of development. The irony is in the "backward" approach to using, instead, the whole of Assimilation as the means to teach, rather than allowing those who are naturally Assimilative to adapt. We will pause here for questions, noting that this topic is far from concluded here, though the time is running out. If there are no more questions, we will conclude here. [JNelson] How do the Overleaves figure into how to teach a specific subject matter that a culture has already decided to teach? For instance, how would you teach Inspiration or Emotionally inclined fragments about math? [M_Entity] The premise of a subject would not change. In the case of Math, of course the focus must be on objects and their relation to each other. For each Axis, it is not necessarily that the means to teach would vary so wildly, but that the emphasis in the environment would change. For instance, the Inspirational children would learn Math based in an environment that is less structured, more intuitive, and made room for feelings. The Expressive children would learn through socializing, acting out the theories in story or song, and playing. A stereotypical classroom for the Inspirational children would be calmer, working with 3 dimensional representations, and using discussion, guessing, and emotional language. A Stereotypical classroom for the Expressive children would be boisterous, loud, using humor, food, and smells and lots and lots of personal associations to learn. The difference we propose is that a room with structure, pen and paper, and facing forward, are only specifically beneficial to Assimilation, and secondarily to Action. Beanbags chairs, toys, and stage, regardless of the subject, would keep a Sage's or Artisan's attention in any subject all the way through High School. Although we are not complete on this subject, we will conclude here. We will continue this subject at the request of our students, if the interest is there. Good Night.
 6. November 6, 2005 Troy Tolley, Channel Michael Chat – Open Floor [Michael_Entity] Hello to all of you. We are here. You may begin your questions and as we understand it, Lori is first. [upstaate] I am asking for a Mini Energy Report for this month. [Michael_Entity] November marks the middle of the cycle emphasizing the processing of this year's Chief Features of Self-deprecation and Arrogance on a collective level. This means that you have entered the psychological season, so to speak, which will allow the processing of the fears that are collectively generated in response to "inadequacies" and "vulnerabilities." In most cases, this season of processing the collective fears is not done intimately, but played out in politics or larger-scale events. In this season, the emphasis on inadequacies and vulnerabilities has been glaringly evident in American politics. Even the concept of "Democracy" is being scrutinized to the point of revealing the absurdity of its lack of true implementation and weak points. There is a "quiet storm" brewing in the American (north) politics and November appears to be a pivotal month in defining how that will play out publicly. We are not speaking ominously, but simply stating the obvious: revelations are on the horizon and they will occur with grace or they will occur with tragedy, but probabilities show that they WILL occur; more specifically, a "domino-effect" of infrastructure collapse in what you call your current government (in the United States). When we state that that this "will" happen, we realize this word implies solid prediction, but we say that word in response to a 97% probability. In other words, the momentum is in place, regardless of how drastic a change might be made at this point, and is headed toward a "wall." It is highly likely this momentum will hit that wall. At this time, we simply do not see your current President of the United States completing his term. We can also state this with some amount of unusual certainty because of the anticipation of those in the Astral; "all eyes" are focused for "the show." To summarize the "mini-report," then, in terms of world events: it appears most of you will find some kind of impact at some point as a result of the inadequacies and vulnerabilities being revealed within the current government of the United States. The pivotal period of time appears to be during this month, November, but the public results may not be obvious until later. On a more personal note, you may find yourselves walking through a period of time now wherein the flaws of OTHERS seem to be taking their toll on you. Distractions with the failures of OTHERS may be used to your advantage as a means to avoid your own flaws and vulnerabilities. This year's passage through the season of Chief Features appears to have a stronger emphasis than usual. A great many things have happened in the world over your year that have left the public angry and in want of finding someone to blame. Some years move through the Chief Feature season with ease and other years are buried in its emphasis. This year's months of October, November, and December may find each of you with at least one major challenge involving how to maneuver through the effects on you because of another person's choices or actions. It is a powerful opportunity to explore


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female polar bear © Peter Prokosch, GRID-Arendal
San José / Bonn, 14 April 2014 - CMS held a workshop of national representatives and experts in Guácimo, Costa Rica from 9-11 April in the light of new information published on climate change.
The workshop coincided with the release of the latest Assessment Report (AR5) of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which also warns about the impacts of climate change on many plant and animal species.
"The workshop has confirmed that climate change is one of the most important threats to migratory species and the ecosystems on which they depend", said Professor Colin Galbraith, CMS Scientific Councillor for Climate Change, who chaired the meeting. "Participants have stressed the need for urgent international actions to address the complex threats from climate change. It is encouraging to see delegates from around the world working together to outline a Programme of Work for countries in the CMS to combat the effects of climate change on migratory animals.
The purpose of the workshop was to prepare a CMS Programme of Work on Climate Change and Migratory Species, in line with Resolution 10.19 of the Conference of the Parties. The workshop provided an opportunity for participants to share their opinions, experiences and the best practices to address the impact of climate change on migratory species. As a result of the workshop, Parties will be in a better position to develop national guidelines on the required measures to assist migratory species in adapting to climate change.
The Programme builds upon the discussions and the draft resolution adopted during the Technical Workshop on the Impact of Climate Change on Migratory Species, held in Tour du Valat, France, in 2011. The topics include the interpretation of the Convention text in the light of climate change, species assessments and monitoring, species population management, habitat management, ecological networks' tertiary effects, and the coordination between countries and all other stakeholders.
One of the key items is to increase our understanding of the impact climate change is having on migratory species and the habitats on which they depend. As such, the Programme urges Parties to develop and implement monitoring regimes in order to assess the susceptibility of these species to such disturbances, and to prepare targeted action plans for those species considered to be most vulnerable to climate change. At the same time, the Programme urges Parties to implement actions at the ecosystem level to improve the resilience of migratory species and their habitats to climate change. Moreover, the Programme further encourages parties to explore the interlinkages that exists between conservation, climate change mitigation and adaptation measures, to reduce the additional impacts on migratory species resulting from changes in human behaviour due to environmental change. Finally, it also strives to strengthen the synergies amongst and within Parties, and the coordination of the UNEP/CMS Secretariat with other MEAs, in order to implement a harmonized response to climate change at all levels.
Participants had also the opportunity to discuss a draft resolution on climate change to be submitted to COP11. The main objective of this resolution will be to adopt the Programme and to highlight the key priorities in which Parties should concentrate to mitigate impacts of climate change on migratory species. During a field visit after the workshop they could also assess the severe impacts of climate change in the coastal ecosystems of Cahuita National Park on the Caribbean side of Costa Rica.
The results of the workshop will be presented to CMS COP11, which will be held in Quito, Ecuador, 4 – 9 November 2014.
Last updated on 08 May 2014


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I don't know about OpenCV, so I can't tell you what
cv.GetMat() does. Apparently, it returns something that can be used as or converted to a two-dimensional array. The C or C++ interface to OpenCV that you are using will probably have a similarly names function.
The following lines create an array of index pairs of the entries in
grey_image_as_array that are bigger than
3. Each entry in
non_black_coords_array are zero based x-y-coordinates into
grey_image_as_array. Given such a coordinates pair
y, you can access the corresponsing entry in the two-dimensional C++ array
The Python code has to avoid explicit loops over the image to achieve good performance, so it needs to make to with the vectorised functions NumPy offers. The expression
grey_image_as_array > 3 is a vectorised comparison and results in a Boolean array of the same shape as
numpy.where() extracts the indices of the
True entries in this Boolean array, but the result is not in the format described above, so we need
zip() to restructure it.
In C++, there's no need to avoid explicit loops, and an equivalent of
numpy.where() would be rather pointless -- you just write the loops and store the result in the format of your choice.


White Wolf Wiki
Arcanos (WTO)
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this wiki
The arts of the dead, Arcanoi are secret spiritual abilities that can either be taught or acquired through experience. Generally, the higher the level of the Arcanos that you wish to learn, the more difficult it will be to learn, the more powerful it will be, and the higher it will cost to activate.
Markings Edit
Excessive use of one or more Arcanoi skills will undoubtedly result in the marking of his or her corpus with traces of those powers. Such markings and traces cannot be removed by any sort of cosmetic alteration. If a wraith frequently uses more than one Arcanos, than the markings of all used Arcanoi will be visible.
Usage Edit
In order to activate an Arcanos, a wraith must normally spend Pathos, the energy of emotion. To use an arcanos toward a particular end, one must roll dice to acquire the success rating of the Arcanos, and the attribute it is being used in concert with. For usage in the Skinlands, one must also contend with/roll against the rating of the Shroud, usually 9 except on rare occasions such as visits to graveyards, usage of seances or ouija boards, the stroke of midnight, Friday the 13th, Halloween, or other special holidays or traditions regarding the decesased.
Notes on names Edit
Users of Arcanoi are traditionally referred to by the name of the Guild that the Arcanos once belonged to, even though the Guilds themselves have long since disappeared from the respectable parts of wraith society. For example, a wraith with Argos is always called a Harbinger, even if they have never actually been a member of or even heard of the Harbinger Guild. Likewise, a user of Embody is always called a Proctor, a user of Flux is always called an Alchemist, and so on. Wraiths with multiple Arcanoi can be referred to by any of the names of Arcanoi they possess, though it usually defaults to their strongest ability.
The Primary Arcanoi Edit
Accepted Arcanoi Edit
Forbidden Arcanoi Edit
Alternate Arcanoi Edit
Dark ArcanoiEdit
The Dark Arcanoi are primarily used by Spectres, and occasionally by trained wraiths such as Doomslayers.
The following appear in WTO: Dark Reflections: Spectres Bullet-pdf Bullet-nip
The following appear in WTO: Doomslayers: Into the Labyrinth Bullet-pdf Bullet-nip
The Risen Arcanoi Edit
These abilities can only be used by Risen, or wraiths who have managed to return to their old bodies. They can be found in The Risen.
The Jade Arcanoi Edit
These are the Arcanoi of the wraiths of the Yellow Springs. They can be found in Dark Kingdom of Jade.
Miscellaneous Arcanoi Edit
Connection with Spheres Edit
Some have speculated as to the connection between the innate abilities of Wraiths to exhibit Arcanoi, and those similar abilities of Mages to manipulate reality through Spheres. Perhaps there is a connection. In a similar vein, some have connected the strength of the Shroud with the idea of Paradox, in that the general consensus of sleeper minds can prevent Spheres and Arcanoi from succeeding. Some have called this Mage-Wraith crossover mechanic "The Oppositional Aura."
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Quick Answer: When I Double Click A Program Nothing Happens?
What is right clicking?
Sometimes abbreviated as RMB (right mouse button), the right-click is the action of pressing down on the right mouse button.
The right-click provides additional functionality to a computer's mouse, usually in the form of a drop-down menu containing additional options..
How can I double click faster?
Description:Open the mouse control panel.Go to the Double-click speed slider.Drag the slider all the way to the right (fastest).Click OK.
Why is my double click not working?
Double-click speed set too low The most common culprit of the double-clicking issue is the double-click speed setting for your mouse is set too low. When set very low, clicking at two different times may be interpreted as a double-click instead.
How do I double click?
Double clicking involves clicking your mouse button quickly two times. To perform a double click, and not just two clicks, the mouse button must be pressed twice within a very short time, typically about half a second.
How do I enable double click on app store?
If you can't get Apple Pay working, make sure it's toggled on in your "Face ID & Passcode" settings. If you don't see the "Double Click to Install" prompt, make sure "iTunes & App Store" is toggled on in your "Face ID & Passcode" settings.
Which finger do we use to double click?
index fingerIf there's a middle button or wheel on the mouse, use your index finger (for right and left handers) to manipulate it. It's important that you keep the mouse stationary when you double-click.
How can I increase my clicking speed?
Put both of your fingers on your mouse, and alternate clicking between your hands. Get a rhythm in your head, and put it into your fingers. If you still are not clicking fast enough try an auto-clicker, if it's allowed in what you are doing. Some gaming servers don't allow auto-clickers.
What happens when we double click an EXE?
When we double click a.exe file, windows will first read this file and gets to know what Address space is required,whether 32 or 64 bit. Also it checks whether CPU architecture is met. After all these checks, windows will load the appropriate version of MScoreEE. dll (32 or 64 bit) into the process address space.
What is double click speed?
Many actions in Windows require that you click the left mouse button twice in quick succession to work. This is called a 'double click'. Windows 8.1 – Slowing down double click speed. Many actions in Windows require that you click the left mouse button twice in quick succession to work. This is called a 'double click'.
How do I turn off double click on iPhone?
Therefore, to re-enable single tap usage, disable VoiceOver.Touch the "Settings" app on your iPhone's home screen.Select "General," and then tap the "Accessibility" option.Touch "VoiceOver," and then move the slider to the "Off" position.Exit the Settings menu by pressing the Home button.
How do you double click on a phone?
To switch the behavior of a single click between left click and right click, tap the Mouse button. A double tap acts as a double click. A double tap and hold allows you to grab and then drag. A two-finger tap acts as a right click.
Is it double click or double click?
A double-click is the act of pressing a computer mouse button twice quickly without moving the mouse. Double-clicking allows two different actions to be associated with the same mouse button. It was developed by Bill Atkinson of Apple Computer (now Apple Inc.)
How do I get my mouse to double click when I single click?
Here, go to the "Click items as follows" section and choose the option that says "Single-click to open an item (point to select)." To apply this setting, click or tap OK. From now on, the mouse double clicks on a single click when opening files and folders.
Why do you have to double click?
Because Steve Jobs wanted a mouse with a single button. The double-click was invented by an Apple engineer, Bill Atkinson, for the Apple Lisa computer. The Lisa was one of the first PCs to have a GUI. While it used a lot of ideas that had been learned from Xerox Parc, Steve Jobs presented them with a novel problem.
Why is my double click not working on Iphone?
Go to Settings -> Apple Pay & Wallet and make sure the switch next to Double-Click Side Button is turned on. If the switch is white and positioned to the left, tap it to turn it on. You'll know the double-click feature is on when the switch is green.
How can I increase my double click speed?
Under Related settings in the right column, click Additional mouse options. In the Mouse Properties window that appears, select the Buttons tab. In the Double-click speed section adjust the speed slider to set a more comfortable speed. You can test your setting by double-clicking on the folder icon.


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What You'll Learn:
Catherine Slotnick, Director of Marketing at Ambra Health, moderates a discussion with Andrew Longoria and Harsha Patel from The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.
- Unique challenges involving pediatric imaging
- How pediatric imaging is shared across facilities
- The importance of selecting a thorough image management solution


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What are your rights?
Firstly, employers are always free to agree more favourable contractual terms with their employees. It is not, however, possible for an employee to agree to less favourable terms than the statutory regime provides:
Employment Rights whilst in employment and on leave
Your employment rights are protected. These rights include:
- Time off for antenatal appointments.
- Health and safety protection while pregnant and breastfeeding.
- Up to 52 weeks' maternity leave. Employees are entitled to one year's statutory maternity leave (made up of 26 weeks of ordinary maternity leave (OML) and 26 weeks of additional maternity leave (AML), regardless of length of service. With effect from 5 April 2015, up to 50 weeks of this can be shared with the father under the new Shared Parental Leave scheme (SPL).
- Statutory maternity Pay (SMP) for up to 39 weeks
- The right to return to the same job, or to a similar job under the same terms and conditions following AML.
- Priority for alternative employment in redundancy cases above other employees, even if other employees are more suitable.
- The right to request flexible working conditions on return to work.
- Protection from dismissal, detriment or discrimination by reason of pregnancy or maternity.
To qualify for statutory maternity leave (SML) you need to:
- Be an employee (not a worker); and
- Give the correct notice:
a. At least 28 days prior to taking statutory maternity leave; and
b. Providing the employer with proof of pregnancy.
Statutory maternity leave can start:
- Up to 11 weeks prior to the expected week of birth; or
- The day after the birth (if premature birth); or
- On the commencement of any pregnancy related ill-health absence from work in the 4 weeks prior to the expected week of birth.


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MCP Spelling Workout Homeschool Bundle Level A (Grade 1)
Spelling Workout Primary Levels have a high phonics base and the upper grades study word origins and vocabulary. Spelling practice is provided through riddles, puzzles, interactive activities and reviews, and reinforces what has been previously learned. This program uses a test-study method. Your child will first take a pre-test of words not introduced and then, under your direction, will self-correct the test, rewriting correctly any missed word. The spelling words will be studied as your child works throughout the practice exercises, and then a final test will be given. This bundle includes: Student Edition, Teacher's Edition, & Parent Guide.


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RA Conservation services aim to produce a tailored approach to each conservation project. We will conduct a thorough analysis of the condition and environment of your historic building and objects, before starting on any practical work.
Find out more about RA Conservation Services under the headings below or complete the contact form to submit an enquiry. We would love to discuss your project with you.
Cleaning historical items requires a careful approach using specialist equipment, skills and conservation ethics.
RA Conservation offers expert, practical cleaning of the following materials:
- Stained glass
We also offer training workshops in appropriate techniques for cleaning historic objects
It is essential to understand a historic building, object or collection before working on it to ensure it receives the best care.
RA Conservation provides the following:
- Condition reports
- Conservation reports
- Statements of significance
- Statements of need
Such reports are required to support grant applications, applications for faculty and applications for listed building consent.
The environment, like damp and heating, has a huge impact on the preservation of our historic fabric potentially causing it to degrade.
Using environmental monitoring equipment and visual assessment, RA Conservation analyses the impact of environmental factors on your collection.
- Heating systems
- Building envelope
We also offer simple suggestions and solutions for improving the environmental conditions within your building.
Support and training
With limited funding and staff, managing conservation and repair projects within historic buildings and collections is challenging. RA Conservation offers support with the following:
- Grant sourcing and applications
- Listed building or faculty consent applications
- Interpretation and photography of your interiors
- Training in conservation cleaning and handling
Don't be daunted by large projects, let RA Conservation help.
Keeping on top of the maintenance and management of your historic property and collections aids its longterm preservation. RA Conservation will help to you to produce:
- A maintenance plan which will work for your building all year round
- Bespoke calendars to keep on top of cleaning
- A photographic record and log to monitor the condition of historic objects
These actions ensure that small issues don't become big ones, and save costs in the long-run.


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This post is for World Bird Wednesday.
Trip Part 12
Weka are one of New Zealand's flightless birds. Weka Gallirallus australis) are part of the Rail family and are sometimes known as Woodhen. There are four sub-species and considerable variation of color. They are about the size of a domestic hen. Like other flightless birds in New Zealand they are under threat from introduced animals/pests such as cats, dogs, rats, ferrets, and stoats.
We saw these two on the road just around from Punakaiki on the West Coast (more about this place in the next post). They were completely focused on each other and seemed completely oblivious of the traffic.


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I am having a hard time understanding the concept of adjoint of a linear operator. Given a finite dimensional Hilbert space $H$ over a field $F$, I know the dual space is the vector space $H^*$ of all linear forms $f:H\rightarrow F$.
 - Is the adjoint of a linear map $A$ on $H$ a member of $H^*$? Or what is the relationship between a linear map $f:H\rightarrow K$ and the dual space, generally? What confuses me even more is this special case: take the bra-ket notation. It says that for any ket $|\psi\rangle\in H$ there is a linear form from $H^*$ called a bra ($|\psi\rangle:=\langle\psi,-\rangle$-also weird, is $\psi$ a function or not?...), such that bra is the adjoint of ket.
 It's a bit of a mess, any help would be appreciated.
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 Please see… – wj32 Oct 26 '12 at 0:31
 1 Answer 1
 up vote 5 down vote accepted
 First, there's something called the Riesz Representation Theorem. To understand it, start by fixing a vector $v \in H$. We can now use the dot product to define a continuous linear functional $L_v: H \rightarrow F$ by $$L_v(w) = \langle w,v \rangle.$$ What the Riesz Representation Theorem says is that every continuous linear functional $\phi:H \rightarrow F$ arises in this way! That is, given any element $\phi$ of the dual space $H^\ast$, there is some $v \in H$ so that $\phi(w) = \langle w, v \rangle$. So this is why we can sort of think as linear functionals as elements of the Hilbert space, and vice versa. In more mathematical terms, we say that the dual of $H$ is isomorphic to $H$.
 Second, a note on dual spaces: I believe that typically the space $H^\ast$ is defined to be the set of continuous linear functionals. This distinction is important, as there are different types of duals. So far, I've been talking about the topological dual. However, there is an algebraic dual, which I have seen denoted $H^\star$, which is just all linear functionals $H \rightarrow F$, no continuity assumed. The Reisz Representation Theorem concerns only the topological dual. (The duals are actually the same for finite dimensional Hilbert spaces, but I don't believe the Hilbert spaces encountered in QM are.)
 Third, adjoints: Given any Hilbert spaces $H, K$, and a continuous linear functional $A: H \rightarrow K$, there is a continuous linear map called the adjoint $A^\ast:K \rightarrow H$ (note that it goes the other way) that is defined by the equation $\langle Av, w \rangle = \langle v, A^\ast w \rangle$. You typically only see the case $K = H$. So no, the adjoint of an operator $A: H \rightarrow H$ is not an element of $H^\ast$, since the members of $H^\ast$ are continuous linear functionals from $H$ into $F$, and $H^\ast$ goes from $H$ into $H$.
 Unfortunately, I don't know much about QM, so this last bit is just speculating on how I think the notation works. If you consider kets $|\phi \rangle \in H$ to be an element of the Hilbert space, then there is a continuous linear functional that I suppose you could call $\langle \phi |$ defined by $\langle \phi | v \rangle = \langle v, \phi \rangle.$ And conversely, given a bra $\langle \phi |$, by the Reisz Representation Theorem, there is a bra $| \phi \rangle$ so that $\langle \phi | v \rangle = \langle \phi, v \rangle.$
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OverviewNote: On both sides of the border, the language is (a dialect of) German. Many objects on the border or on the Italian side have been given an Italian name, but often these names are not used by the local population. Where I give two names, the German one is the first.
The south-eastern part of the Ötztal Alps is home to the three Seelenkogels. Extending roughly from north-west to south-east these are the Vorderer, Mittlerer and Hinterer Seelenkogel, meaning front, middle and back, respectively. The first two lie in Austria, the Hinterer lies on the border with Italy.
The origin of the name
There are a few small tarns below the glaciers on the western slopes of the Seelenkogel. In the local Ötztalerischer dialect, See'len means small lakes - the corresponding German word is Seelein. Kogel means summit or peak, and so, translated literally, the name means peak of the small lakes. Sometimes it is written as See'lenkogel.
The Hinterer Seelenkogel
The peak towers over the small Italian village of Pfelders / Plan in the Pfelderer valley stretching south and east of the mountain and can be climbed in one long day. On a straight line, the summit lies 3.5 km from the village - but at the same time it's 1850m higher!
North-east and north lies the small Planferner (ferner = glacier). To the west lies the larger Seelenferner, which extends north to the Vorderer Seelenkogel.
Three ridges lead to the summit. The main ridge of the Alps follows the north-west and south-west ridges, changing direction on the summit. The normal route ascends over the east ridge, which lies completely in Italy.
1 - The north-west ridgeFrom the Hinterer Seelenkogel, the Austrian-Italian border follows the north-west ridge to a small unnamed peak (3424m) about half way to the Mittlerer Seelenkogel. From there, it turns sharply east to the Rotmooskogel (3338m) (46.808, 11.049), Rotmoosjoch (3055m), Scheiberkogel (3135m) (46.808, 11.057) and beyond. Eventually, the ridge (and the border) drops down to the Timmelsjoch (2478m), a high mountain pass with a surfaced road.
2 - The south-west ridgeIn the other direction, the border follows the main ridge of the Alps to the south-west to the Rotegg (3341m) (46.794, 11.038). The next higher peak on the main ridge is the Südliche Hochwilde (3482m), with its fine exposed ridge to its northern twin summmit, the Nördliche Hochwilde (3461m), both just over 4 km away. The lowest point between Rotegg and Hochwilde is the Langtaler Joch (3035m), giving the Hinterer Seelenkogel a prominence of 437m.
3 - The east ridgeA steep rocky ridge extends directly east of the summit. Less than 1 km east, the ridge flattens out and that is the location of the Zwickauerhütte / Rifugio Plan (2980m) (46.802, 11.054).
From the north
About 50km west of Innsbruck lies the small village of Ötz, the gateway to the Ötztal valley. Obergurgl lies at the end of the Gurgler valley, which in turn is at the southernmost end of the Ötztal valley. Just before Obergurgl, the main road turns sharply left and ascends over a series of turns to the Timmelsjoch, a high mountain pass to Italy. The nearest major city over the border in Italy is Meran / Merano.
From the south
Coming from Italy, go from over the Timmelsjoch and take a left to Obergurgl at the next junction, where the main road turns sharply to the right. When the pass is closed, the much longer alternative is to take the Brenner highway to Innsbruck, and come from the north.
Pfelders / Plan
From the south
Pfelders / Plan lies in the Pfelderer valley. This is a side valley of the larger Passeier valley. From Italy, head for the Timmelsjoch, which lies at the end of the Passeier valley, but before crossing the pass, go left to Pfelders / Plan in the village of Moos in Passeier.
From the northComing from the north, there are two options. Either enter Italy on the Brenner highway and then at Sterzing, just over the border, go west to the Timmelsjoch. Alternatively, take the scenic route down the Ötztal and over the Timmelsjoch and, after crossing the pass, go right to Pfelders / Plan in the village of Moos in Passeier.
The normal route
The east ridge
The reason for the popularity of this peak is that the normal route does not cross any glaciers. From the Zwickauerhütte (2980m) (46.802, 11.055), the route ascends the east ridge for about 1.5-2 hours of hiking and scrambling (UIAA I). There are cairns, painted markers and, for a short stretch, a steel cable. In good conditions and visibility, you don't really need any of that.
|Roped up||On Steel||Scrambling||Last pitch|
The approach to the Zwickauerhütte
Hiking from Pfelds to the Zwickauerhütte takes about 4 hours on a good trail (I haven't done this myself).
A much quieter alternative is to start in Obergurgl, Austria. Take the cable car (or hike) to the Hohe Mut (2630m). From there, follow a marked trail along the broad ridge to the SE, leading to the Rotmoosferner (ferner means glacier). Day hikers regularly walk up to the glacier, but not on it, and usually there is no trail anymore. Once on the glacier, aim south for the Rotmoosjoch (3055m) (46.808, 11.055). Watch out for crevasses! In bad weather, good route finding skills (or a GPS) are important, or you might find yourself at a different pass altogether. From Hohe Mut to the Zwickauerhütte takes about 3 hours.
|The Rotmoosjoch, on the
|East ridge of the
In winter, Obergurgl is a popular ski resort, Pfelders a smaller one. As a result, there are lots of accomodation options and as there are much fewer people in summer, it's easy to find a place to stay.
Wild camping is not allowed.
GearComing from Italy: sturdy hiking shoes, suitable for a bit of scrambling. If you want to rope up for the scramble: rope and harness.
Coming from Austria: full glacier gear.
MapsComing from Austria, by far the best map is the 1:25.000 Alpenvereinskarte Ötztaler Alpen Gurgl.
Hiking from Italy, the 1:50.000 map Freytag & Berndt WK S8 Passeiertal * Timmelsjoch * Jaufenpass / Val Passíria * Passo del Rombo * Passo Del Giovo is quite sufficient.
Personal thoughts on the Italian name
Until 1918, this region of Italy was part of Austria. At the end of the first world war, it became part of Italy, but, naturally, the people living there didn't suddenly start speaking Italian. For a long time however, the German language wasn't officially recognized by the Italian authorities.
My hypothesis is that during this period, an Italian in charge of translating German names, but not really familiar with the area, came up with Cima delle Anime. Perhaps someone in Rome? Maybe a historian can look into this...


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While street art has a rich history in terms the formation of the urban landscape, mainly through the appropriation of wall space, Sound Tossing offers a way to play with urban aesthetics through filling space with unique acoustic input. It provides new ways to add meaning to public spaces.
The project was inspired by so-called Shoe Tossing or Shoefiti, the practice of hanging shoes which have been tied together on overhead cables such as power or telephone lines. Sound Tossing operates in a similar way to the visual codes used in Shoe Tossing; speakers are connected via cables to audio components which function in this form of urban communication as "throwing tools".
A key area is the development and distribution of open source technologies for sound interventions in the context of street art. The Sound Tossing units offered include sound generators which operate with solar energy and motion sensors or timers as well as units that convert electromagnetic frequencies into acoustic signals. Some units are equipped with recording functionality and/or transmitters so they in essence become small pirate radio stations. Detailed assembly instructions and video demonstrations for each project are provided so they can easily be set up by anyone.
Sound Tossing is a resistance movement. It is aimed a countering the dominance of acoustic advertising and new sound security tools intended to prevent young people from congregating in specific areas such as in public places and outside shops. Sound Tossing is instead a subtle sound intervention. It impacts and alters the normal course of urban life while encouraging discussion of topics such as acoustic overstimulation and public well-being. Moreover, Sound Tossing increases public awareness of the acoustic environment.


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Other Forms of LignansLignan
Lignans are a diverse group of plant-derived compouds that are the building block for plant cell walls. Lignans are one of two major classifications of phytoestrogens; the other class is isoflavonones. Lignans are a weak form of estrogen that act as an antiestrogen in the body, competing for estrogen receptor sites. Lignans can be found in whole grains, seeds, berries, and vegetables. The richest source of lignans is flaxseed. Lignans are being heavily studied for role in the prevention of cancer, among many other important functions, such as antioxidant activities.
View Research related to Lignans.
Products containing Lignans
Flax Seed Powder 454 Grams
Flaxseed Organic Essential Ground 14 Ounces


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Shuster Coat of Arms / Shuster Family Crest
Shuster Coat of Arms / Shuster Family Crest
The German surname of SHUSTER was an occupational name for a turner, originally derived from the Middle German word SCHUSSEL, meaning a small wooden bowl. The name was also adopted by Ashkenazic Jews. Many of the modern family names throughout Europe reflect the profession or occupation of their forbears in the Middle Ages and derive from the position held by their ancestors in the village, noble household or religious community in which they lived and worked. The addition of their profession to their birth name made it easier to identify individual tradesmen and craftsmen. As generations passed and families moved around, so the original identifying names developed into the corrupted but simpler versions that we recognise today. The name is also spelt SCHOTTE, SCHOTTLER, SCHUSSEL and SCHOTELDREYER. The first hereditary surnames on German soil are found in the second half of the 12th century, slightly later than in England and France. However, it was not until the 16th century that they became stabilized. The practice of adopting hereditary surnames began in the southern areas of Germany, and gradually spread northwards during the Middle Ages. A notable member of the name was Sir Arthur SCHUSTER (_PHONE_) the British physicist, born in Frankfurt of Jewish parents. He studied at Heidelberg and Cambridge, and became professor of applied mathematics (1881) and physics (_PHONE_) at Manchester. He carried out important pioneer work in spectroscopy and terrestrial magnetism. The word Heraldry is derived from the German HEER, (a host, an army) and HELD, (champion): the term BLASON, by which the science is denoted in French, English, Italian and German, has most probably its origin in the German word 'BLAZEN' (to blow the horn). Whenever a new knight appeared at a Tournament, the herald sounded the trumpet, and as competitors attended with closed vizors, it was his duty to explain the bearing of the shield or coat-armour belonging to each. Thus, the knowledge of the various devices and symbols was called 'Heraldry'. The Germans transmitted the word to the French, and it reached England after the Norman Conquest of 1066.
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Axle Position Histogram
The Axle Position Histogram is a histogram of inter-axle spacings within vehicles. This report will usually have a characteristic shape corresponding to common axle spacings, making it an extremely useful tool for verifying data quality.
The Axle Position Histogram can be characterised by:
 1. A group of spikes representing the most common passenger vehicles, and light trucks.
 2. Spikes corresponding to the double and triple axle groups of heavy vehicles (for datasets containing a noticeable percentage of these vehicles).
 3. Smaller spikes corresponding to the longer inter-axle spans in heavy vehicles, such as buses.
 Axle Position Histogram Sample
 Axle Position Histogram Sample
The Axle Position Histogram can be used to check for:
 - matching sensor length, and
 - correct sensor spacing.
Characteristic spikes in the histogram can be checked against known good data from the same area. If these spikes deviate in position by a significant amount, one of these problems may exist, and speed and classification should be considered suspect for this dataset.
For example, it is possible to target the double axle group on the back of an articulated truck, which is usually one of a few standard distances apart. Selecting Properties from the report's right-click menu will display the axle spacings filter.
Inter-axle spacings
Inter-axle spacings
Selecting SP4 in this case will display only the spacings between axles four and five. Note also the X-axis scale can be modified to increase resolution.
Filtering should create a few clearly defined spikes that can be verified using the cross-hairs. Again, deviation from known values may indicate a sensor installation problem.
Filtered Axle Position Histogram
Filtered Axle Position Histogram
For bidirectional data with a suspected problem, it is possible to distinguish between different sensor length and incorrect spacing. Different sensor length will result in spacings that are too short in one direction, and too long in the other. If filtering for one direction using the report Profile's direction filter moves the Axle Position Histogram left or right, this indicates different sensor length. If the report is unmoved, then incorrect spacing is the likely cause.


tamatada?ka sentence, (प्रयोग) Usage of tamatada?ka and examples (उदाहरण), तमतडा़क के वाक्य
tamatada?ka example and sentences
हिंदी मे अर्थ Meaning in english उदाहरण
Given are the examples of hindi word tamatada?ka usage in english sentences. The examples of tamatada?ka are provided according to its meaning(s) in english language i.e., glamour, glamor, flamboyance, glitter, glitz, tinsel, splendor, splendour, composition, formation, sophistication, organization, shape, design, constitution, frame, build, styling, fashion, lie, style.
Planning the products is a difficult task that is done by a team of marketing and design experts to ensure that whatever is produced is according to market demand.
However, what makes the composition of a musician unique or different is his use of these notes in a creative manner that is entirely his own interpretation.
Suhasini s design team developed some prints for bedcovers in bright colours on silk.
In the capacity of the functional manager the global manager has to ensure he is able to source the right technical skills, build a strong resource base of these skills, and be able to deliver on software projects with these skill-sets working in a globalised on the business cycles that the client s business operates in, understanding and adapting to the processes and methodologies the client is familiar with.
Sternberg views intelligence as the ability to adapt, to shape and select environment to accomplish one s goals and those of one s society and culture.
For example, in Raven s Progressive Matrices (RPM) Test, a design is presented from which a part has been removed.
For example, Kohs Block Design Test contains a number of wooden blocks.
t is nearly impossible to design a test that can be applied equally meaningfully in all cultures.
Manifestations of creativity can be observed in a novel solution to a problem, an invention, composition of a poem, painting, new chemical process, an innovation in law, a breakthrough in preventing a disease and the like.
Typically, each such body will have one or more public goals to pursue as defined by law or the Constitution of India itself.
संबंधित शब्द


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to 1500kW.
To determine the correct boiler size for your needs, you will need to answer the following questions:
- What is the square footage of your commercial space?
- How many people will be using your commercial space?
- How much hot water do you need?
- What is the climate in your area?
Once you have answered these questions, you can use Ideal Heat Solutions' boiler sizing calculator to determine the correct boiler size for your needs.
Here are some examples of boiler sizes for different commercial spaces:
- A small cafe with 100 square feet and 10 people: A 250kW boiler would be sufficient.
- A medium-sized restaurant with 500 square feet and 50 people: A 500kW boiler would be sufficient.
- A large hotel with 1000 square feet and 100 people: A 1000kW boiler would be sufficient.
It is important to note that these are just examples, and the actual boiler size that you need will depend on your specific needs. If you are unsure which boiler size to get, it is best to consult with a qualified HVAC contractor. They can assess your needs and recommend the best boiler size for your commercial space.


ovenants in clause 2.2 amounted to an unreasonable restraint of trade. Specifically, it complained about the duration of the restraints in circumstances in which the LLP had very limited ability to extricate itself from the Services Agreement before expiration. The LLP did not otherwise complain about the duration of the Services Agreement or the nature of the covenants themselves.
That led to New Quad commencing proceedings, seeking a declaration that the Services Agreement was binding on the parties and an injunction to restrain the LLP from acting in breach.
The judge concluded that:
 - The doctrine of restraint of trade did not apply to the restraints and therefore the restraint of trade clauses were legally enforceable.
 - If the doctrine of restraint of trade had applied to the restraints, he would have found that they satisfied the requirement of reasonableness.
Did the restraint of trade doctrine apply to the restraints?
In concluding that the doctrine did not apply to the restraints, the judge was at pains to stress that the Services Agreement needed to be considered on its own terms and in its own circumstances. It was a bespoke agreement, fashioned to address the competing needs and interests of a group of professional people. In his opinion the following considerations weighed against the application of the doctrine:
 - The fact that the LLP had been brought into existence for the purpose of the restructuring that was effected via the Services Agreement. It had no prior being or business and no other rationale. While it was true to say that its trade was restrained by the Services Agreement, this argument lacked the kind of traction normally found in restraint of trade cases. In a sense, the Services Agreement was the essential condition of the LLP's ability to carry on business at all. It was not a restraint of trade but a means of providing the opportunity to trade.
 - In this light, to attempt to place the covenants in clause 2.2 of the Services Agreement within the scope of the restraint of trade doctrine showed up a degree of incoherence. The judge pointed out that:
 - To view the restraints as potentially justifiable if of shorter duration (a view which counsel for the LLP had at one point expressed) was to divorce them from the wider agreement and so mistake their nature. Their purpose, as MC had phrased it in a witness statement, "was to recognise the legacy/LLP client ownership boundaries".
 - It had originally been proposed that the term of the Services Agreement be ten years. However, the members of the LLP had expressed concern that, if the agreement ended after ten years, the LLP's sustainability would be threatened by the loss of a major part of its business and income so soon after trading had commenced. When MC proposed extending the term of the agreement to 99 years, the LLP agreed.
Would the restraints have been regarded as reasonable?
The following factors were among those that led the judge to conclude that, had the doctrine of restraint of trade applied to the restraints, he would have found that they satisfied the requirement of reasonableness:
 - The fact that the Services Agreement and the restraints were a matter of free agreement between experienced, intelligent, articulate and highly competent business people who were able to look after their own interests and who had expressly agreed that the restraints were reasonable as being necessary to protect the parties' interests.
 - The LLP had not persuaded the judge that the restraints were unreasonable on account of any consideration of public policy.
The judge dismissed the argument based on alleged:
 - Inequality of bargaining power between the parties (and indeed the alleged lack of any formalised negotiation process at all) because this was not supported by the facts. While it was true that the LLP had not received independent legal advice in connection with the Services Agreement, the judge did not regard this as indicating that the parties' free agreement ought to be viewed with particular caution when considering reasonableness. There was no obligation to seek independent legal advice, under clause 2.6 of the Services Agreement or otherwise.
Context is essential
Clearly this is a decision that turned on the facts. Since most reported restraint of trade cases in the corporate arena arise in relation to private M&A it presents a rare opportunity to see how the courts construe the restraint of trade doctrine in a different context. The decision is a reminder that not all restrictive covenants are subject to the restraint of trade doctrine and the specific business context is crucial to such a ruling.
If you have any questions about restraint of trade clauses or about contract law more generally please contact Neil Williamson.
Limiting Liability
Limiting Liability Under a Contract
Limiting liability under a contract is a common thing for suppliers or sellers to want to do but limitation of liability clauses are often drafted without much thought. A strong commercial awareness of the position of each party is essential when deciding how best to deal with liability issues.
Limiting liability – why bother?
Every commercial transaction carries a risk of liability. Performance can bring the parties into contact with each other, their staff, sub-contractors, suppliers, customers, associates, visitors and the public, in ways that could give rise to all sorts of legal liability: for breach of contract, negligence, misrepresentation, infringement of rights to physical or intellectual property, breach of statutory duty, regulatory offences, defamation and more. Liability may be incurred without fault, and through the acts of others.
In the absence of a limitation clause, there is no financial limit on the damages a counterparty can recover. There are practical limits, and legal limits under the general law of damages. Beyond these, no limits are normally implied. A party wishing to reduce its exposure therefore needs to be limiting its liability through express limitation of liability wording.
Should a customer ever propose a limitation clause?
Suppliers are normally the ones that are keen to be limiting liability; customers less so. Reasons why the customer may propose a draft limitation clause are:
 - The supplier is likely to insist on a limitation clause. By including one in its first draft the customer can set the parameters for negotiation, rather than allowing the supplier to insert its standard clause.
 - The customer can propose losses that are recoverable. For reasons why the supplier should consider accepting identified, capped losses.
 - A customer may want to limit its own liability for breach, if it has contractual duties other than payment. For example, a contract may require the customer to co-operate with the supplier to enable the supplier to perform.
Identify the risks
Limiting liability effectively requires a lawyer to review the risks in the transaction with his or her commercial colleagues or client. Even if the commercial client has already negotiated limits on liability, the lawyer should understand the thinking behind it. The lawyer can then give better advice and draft the clause against the same background of commercial purpose the courts will use to interpret it.
Common risks to consider
 - Insolvency of a party. How financially robust is the counterparty?
 - Change of control. A party's reorganisation or change of control could affect performance, at worst leaving the other party with a claim against a defunct or penniless entity.
 - Breach of this contract. How likely is a default by your client or the counterparty?
 - Third party rights. Does the contract create enforceable third party rights, exposing one party to claims by the other party's affiliates?
 - Breach of other contracts. Are there contracts with others, that might be affected by breach of the contract under negotiation?
 - Misrepresentation. Each party needs to consider how reliable is the information exchanged in the negotiation.
 - Non-contractual liability to the other party. What other liability might one party incur to the other?
 - Other liabilities. Will this transaction expose a party to non-contractual claims by end users, visitors or the public?
 - Contribution claims. In a multi-party transaction, each party should consider its position in relation to the others.
 - Vicarious liability. What acts of other people (staff, agents, sub-contractors) might a party be liable for?
 - Economic risk. What changes in prices, exchange rates, wages or other factors might affect the profitability of the contract?
 - Regulatory risk. Is there a risk that a default might put either party in breach of regulations, leading to regulatory action and penalties?
 - Tax. Is there a risk that the arrangement may be viewed in a way that creates unwelcome tax consequences for a party?
Consider other ways to minimise the risks
Here are some practical commercial actions that may help reduce some identified risks:
 - Backup. Identify alternative sources and consider backup arrangements to deal with them if the preferred contractor fails.
 - Research. Take up references, do credit checks and other research.
 - Third-party guarantees. Require a third party (such as a parent company) to guarantee payment or performance. Consider requesting a letter of credit to ensure payment.
 - Quality control. Review customer feedback and update the product, procedures or customer service to improve customer satisfaction and reduce complaints and disputes.
 - Notices and disclaimers. Use notices and disclaimers on products and in marketing material to reduce the risk of liability to non-parties (for example, for negligence or for breach of onward sale conditions).
 - Product documentation. Review product descriptions and instructions for use.
 - Marketing and advertising. Review any marketing and advertising material to ensure that it does not make any unsupported claims about the products.
 - Compliance. If you have identified a risk that performance of the contract may run into regulatory or tax problems, consider dealing directly with the regulatory and tax authorities to reduce those risks.
 - A separate entity. Use a separate legal entity, with limited liability, to enter the contract.
Limiting liability without a limitation clause
There are other possible drafting techniques to consider, in addition to inserting the usual limitation clause. Some of


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Agency History #201
The first settlers came to Circle Valley from Sanpete County in 1864. Brigham Young had called for settlers to establish homes in this south central Utah community, and forty families settled there within the first year. The early community did not thrive, however, because settlers were threatened by the Black Hawk War. Fearing they were about to be ambushed, Circleville settlers massacred 15 or 16 Indians who were encamped near their community in the spring of 1866. Later that year Circleville pioneers completely abandoned the settlement. A few settlers began to trickle back into the area in 1873. Circleville became an incorporated community on 24 August 1921. Local residents were interested in facilitating the public services which municipal government provides, and they were particularly interested in building a culinary water system.
Utah municipal governments perform numerous functions, including the maintaining of law and order, guarding public health and sanitation, managing public services and promoting community development. The Circleville municipal government has focused much energy on building and maintaining a municipal water system. The Circleville town council has been responsible for maintaining city streets, installing culverts, building bridges, and for maintaining a cemetery and an irrigation system. Circleville installed street lights in the 1930s. The town council organized a volunteer fire department in the 1940s and also built a fire house and a town hall. The council has been responsible for managing animals, especially dogs, within city limits, and has provided oversight for the operation of a pool hall. Over the years the Circleville town council selected and managed several town dump sites. In 1993 Circleville contracted with Garfield County for trash pick up. In spite of ongoing efforts to update and improve the culinary water system, Circleville water has been repeatedly cited by the State Board of Health for not meeting purification standards. In addition to maintaining, repairing, and rebuilding the water system, the town council has shouldered the ongoing responsibility of patrolling water usage in the face of insufficient supply.
The Circleville town council has made an extended effort to support military service men and to remember Circleville veterans. The council sponsors July 4th celebrations and Christmas parties. In 1967 the town council began renting an old gymnasium for the operation of a sewing factory. While the sewing factory provided employment for some residents, it created an additional responsibility for the town council to maintain the building and collect unpaid rent.
A town council president (or mayor) and four trustees provide leadership for Circleville. These officers are elected by general municipal election for two year terms. The town council president is the chief executive officer. He presides over town council meetings and supervises all other municipal officers. He signs resolutions, ordinances, and official contracts on behalf of the city. The town council functions as a legislative governing body, and is responsible for all aspects of community management, including appointing officials and setting their salaries, levying taxes, establishing a budget, maintaining public services and utilities, and regulating activity within the community.
As established by the original Circleville code, a number of appointed community officers aid in carrying out municipal functions. A town treasurer receives taxes and acts as custodian of all community funds. A town clerk attends council meetings, keeps a record of proceedings, records ordinances and resolutions and countersigns all official documents. The town council appoints an attorney to provide legal advice and to draft all contracts, bonds, and other legal instruments and also appoints a justice of the peace to judge and enforce town ordinances. Originally the town council appointed a pound keeper, a superintendent of streets, a water supervisor, and a marshal to act as "ex-officio chief of police and ex-officio jailer." In practice one person filled all of these roles. The original board of health consisted of a quarantine officer, a president, and one other competent person, and was charged with responsibility for enforcing the quarantine of persons with communicable diseases and with enforcing regulations on cleanliness and sanitation. The town council later determined that the marshal should be a member of the board of health. Shortly after incorporation (1927) the council appointed a sexton to manage the cemetery. It appointed a fire chief when a volunteer fire department was organized in the 1940s. In 1953 the council appointed a commission to assume the previous diverse responsibilities of the town marshal. A four-member commission included persons in charge of the town water works, the cemetery, streets and sidewalks, and city planning and zoning.
|TOWN COUNCIL PRESIDENTS (MAYORS)|
|Thomas W. Smith||1922|
|Charles R. Dalton||_PHONE_|
|John P. Westwood||_PHONE_|
|Douglas Q. Cannon||_PHONE_|
|Scott B. Smith||_PHONE_|
|Richard W. Blackwell||1998-|
COMPILED BY: Rosemary Cundiff, February 2002
Bennett, Cindy Larson. Dots on the Map: A Traveler's History of All the Towns in Utah, (unpublished) Cindy Larson, 1163 Lake Street, Salt Lake City, Utah 84105.
Newell, Linda King, A History of Piute County. Salt Lake City: Utah State Historical Society; Piute County Commission, 1999.


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than $1,000 in employment and/or self-employment income for 14 or more consecutive days.
- Did not apply for, nor receive, CERB or EI benefits from Service Canada for the same eligibility period;
- Has earned a minimum of $5,000 income in the last 12 months or in 2019 from one or more of the following sources:
- employment income;
- self-employment income; and
- provincial or federal benefits related to maternity or paternity leave.
The $5,000 does not need to be earned in Canada but the individual must at least reside in Canada. The federal government has encouraged provinces to allow individuals to receive other support payments at the same time as the CERB.
An individual does not need to have been laid off to receive the CERB. Employees who still have their employment but have been asked not to come into work are entitled to the CERB as long as they have not been paid.
* Note that the details of the above criteria are subject to change as the federal government implements new measures to continue to assist workers affected by COVID-19.
3. Health and Safety Measures
Requirements mandated by law or any official guidance.
Governments across Canada have provided directives and measures to combat the spread and effects of COVID-19. These measures include the provision of new leaves of absence, financial support for employers and employees, and the mandatory closure of businesses that have been deemed to be "non-essential". The Government of Canada has also placed restrictions on travel outside Canada and the government is advising Canadians to avoid all non-essential travel. For those individuals who return or enter Canada, the government is imposing a mandatory isolation or quarantine. The mandatory quarantine will require people entering Canada to isolate for 14 days, whether they are symptomatic or not.
The federal and provincial governments have also released guidelines for workplaces to prevent the spread of COVID-19 and ensure that employees are not exposed to conditions that could be harmful to their health and safety. Each workplace must consider specific controls to keep employees safe from contracting or spreading COVID-19 in the workplace. Guidelines issued by governments include the following measures: physical distancing measures in the workplace; reorganization of workspaces; increased worker and workplace hygiene; and discouraging people who are ill from entering the workplace.
The table below provides links to government guidelines on health and safety practices in the workplace to combat the spread of COVID-19
See section 3 on "state aid" for sweeping socio-economic policy amendments.
Measures typically implemented by employers and the associated legal risks, limitations, obligations and issues to consider.
Physical Distancing and Workplace Modifications
Employers should promote physical distancing (keeping a distance of 2 metres from others). Physical distancing measures can be achieved by limiting the number of employees in the workplace and if possible enabling telework; avoiding multi-person meetings, limiting physical contact, and minimizing interpersonal interactions in the workplace; encouraging unidirectional travel in hallways or aisles; where possible adopting contactless business models; installing physical barriers between employees and clients (e.g. plexiglass windows or cubicle partitions).
Discouraging people who are ill from entering the workplace. Employers should prevent symptomatic employees from attending at the workplace by providing written policies and procedures that employees must follow when they are sick, or have come into contact with someone diagnosed with COVID-19. Where it is feasible, employers should consider asking clients if they are ill or have symptoms of COVID-19 before they enter the workplace.
Workplace Hygiene and Cleaning Measures
Employers should promote good hygiene by encouraging regular and thorough handwashing. Workplaces should have access to soap and water or alcohol-based sanitizer, hand sanitizer stations should be placed in prominent places around the workplace, and high-touch surfaces should be frequently cleaned and wiped down. Examples of high-touch surfaces include doors handles, faucet handles, keyboards, and shared equipment. Clients who visit the workplace should also be encouraged to maintain proper sanitation practices. Where possible, employers must try and increase ventilation in closed spaces by opening windows or moving work outside.
Personal Protective Equipment
The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is based on risk assessments of specific work environments and the risk of exposure to infection. For workplaces with occupational health and safety committees, employers should involve the health and safety committee when making these assessments. Where hazards related to COVID-19 cannot be eliminated through physical distancing and other hygiene measures, employers may consider the use of PPE in the workplace. If PPE is recommended, employees should be trained on the proper use of PPE.
Contact Tracing Tools
Contact tracing tools are being suggested as an effective way to combat the spread of COVID-19. In a recent statement, the Canadian Privacy Commissioners emphasized that while privacy laws are not a barrier to implementing effective pandemic responses, compliance with privacy legislation remains mandatory.
More recently, Canada's Privacy Commissioners released a Joint Commissioners' statement on Contact Tracing. With respect to implementing Contact Tracing, the joint statement recommends adherence to the following principles:
- Consent and Trust. The use of apps must be voluntary. This will be indispensable to building public trust.
- Legal authority. The proposed measures must have a clear legal basis and consent must be meaningful. Personal information should not be accessible or compellable by service providers or other organizations.
- Necessity and proportionality. Measures must be necessary and proportionate and, therefore, be science-based, necessary for a specific purpose, tailored to that purpose and likely to be effective.
- Purpose limitation. Personal information must be used for its intended health purpose, and for no other purpose.
- De-identification. De-identified or aggregate data should be used whenever possible, unless it will not achieve the defined purpose. Consideration should be given to the risk of re-identification, which can be heightened in the case of location data.
- Time-limitation. Exceptional measures should be time-limited: any personal information collected during this period should be destroyed when the crisis ends, and the application decommissioned.
Accountability and safeguards. Employers must ensure they have safeguards in place to protect personal information during the COVID-19 pandemic. Appropriate legal and technical security safeguards, including strong contractual measures with developers, must be put in place to ensure that any non-authorized parties do not access data and not to be used for any purpose other than its intended
On balance, an employer in Canada may screen employees' temperatures during the pandemic for the purpose of providing a safer workplace for all employees. However, the screening must be conducted in a manner that respects employees' privacy and human rights. Below are a number of factors employers should consider before implementing temperature screening.
- What will you use to take the temperature? The device should be as accurate as possible. It should be able to screen employees quickly and be non-invasive. If possible, it should not require an employee to get close to other employees to take their temperatures. Generally, employers are using thermal forehead testing because it is fast and non-invasive.
- Where will temperatures be measured? If it is done at the door and there is only one door, it will likely cause a bottleneck, which may increase the risk of exposure to the virus. The screening area should be private, if possible.
- Some employers are providing employees with thermometers and asking them to take their temperature at home. If their temperature is above 37.8 C (or as recommended by Public Health), employees should be advised (i.e. through a policy) to call in sick or work from home. This could be combined with a health questionnaire to catch more potential cases of COVID-19, e.g. _URL_ Another advantage of asking employees to measure their temperature at home is that it intrudes less on employee privacy. Some employers have developed an app that allows employees to take a health questionnaire at home, including a temperature check. Assuming employees pass the screening, they get a green signal on their phone which they can show at the door as they enter the workplace.
- Who will measure employees' temperatures? As stated above, it is better not to have one employee actually taking other employees' temperatures. First, it puts that employee at risk because they will likely have to get close to other employees. Second, that employee will be given access to many other employees' personal health information, which increases privacy concerns. Presumably that employee is not a nurse or a doctor who is qualified to take temperatures and protect personal health information. Still, if the employer wants to screen employees' temperatures, someone will likely be required to stand at the door and oversee the process. The employer may be able to hire a third party to screen employees. Alternatively, the employee(s) performing the screening should be trained, including on COVID-19 symptoms, privacy and managing conflict, and be provided with gloves, masks and hand sanitizer.
- In addition to taking temperatures, the screener should also ask whether the employee has any flu-like symptoms or is otherwise feeling unwell. The screener should also ask whether the employee has had close contact with someone who has been diagnosed with, or is presumed to have, COVID-19. The screener could administer the Public Health self-assessment (above). An employee who has a temperature of above 37.8 C (or as recommended by Public Health) or who answers yes to any of the screening questions should be advised to return home. The employee should be provided with a mask and advised not to take public transit. The employee should be advised to self-isolate and contact their doctor or public health to see what further testing or treatment is recommended.
- Employees' temperatures and answers to health questions should not be recorded and retained. To the extent that records are necessary, they may include the names of employees who attended work and those who were sent home. Keeping records of temperature checks or


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We decided to present Jan Fricke's solution (thanks, Jan)
Lemma 1. Toggling a single lamp is possible, if and only if N and M are coprime, and M is odd.
Proof. Let N and M be coprime, and M be odd. Then there exists positive integers a and b such that aM - bN = 1. Since also (a + N)M - (b +M)N = 1, we can assume b is even. Now we can toggle a single lamp L in the following way: Use the tool for the lamps L,...,L+M-1, for L+M,...,L+2M-1, and so on until L+(a-1)M,...,L+aM-1. After that the lamp L is switched (b + 1) times, all others are switched b times.
Let N and M have a common prime factor p. Consider the p circles" each consisting by taking every p-th lamp. Since also M is divisible by p, any application of the tool switches the same amount of lamps in any of the p circles. So it is impossible to switch a single lamp.
Let M be even. For toggling exactly one lamp, this lamp has to be switched odd times, and any other even times. So the overall number of switchings has to be odd, which is impossible for even M.
Since we have to solve an equation system of N linear equations in N variables over F2, the possibility of solvability is equal to the possibility being in the image of the corresponding linear map. The dimension of the image can be estimated as follows:
Lemma 2. Let g be the greatest common divisor of M and N. Then the dimension of the coimage is at least g - 1.
Proof. Split the N variants to use the tool in g parts: part x consists of the applications starting at lamp x, x + M, x + 2M, and so on.
Applying all variants of a part always gives the same result, so even if we do not use the tool on the starting lamps 2, 3,..., g, we can reach the same set of configurations. As a result, the coimage has at least the dimension g - 1.
So, if a number N fulfills the following:
then N has the desired properties. The numbers less than 10, 000 with these properties are
1121, 1313, 1601, 2113, 3041, and 4001.
If you have any problems you think we might enjoy, please send them in. All replies should be sent to: _EMAIL_