A1 Institutions of Societal Integration: Market Economies, Organisations, and Welfare States
Modern market economies and advanced welfare states are under global and socio-economic pressures to change. Although these challenges seem relatively similar for all modern societies, historically evolved welfare regimes and market systems vary considerably across European and other OECD countries.
The nexus between market and non-market institutions, between production and protection systems, is at the centre of the research area's analytical and substantial focus. The theoretical starting point is the view that social action is embedded in specific social and institutional contexts that structure opportunities and constraints. Institutional change in market economies and welfare state reforms are partially dependent on societal support by collective actors and individuals, while also affecting the social relations and conditions on which they are based.
 The research area A1 combines projects that investigate market processes and organizations or public social policy interventions in a comparative perspective, often using both macro-institutional and micro-level data. A major fundamental question is the social and civic support for market economic activities and for welfare state policies. A connected second major topic is the analysis of the conditions for and process of welfare state reform and marketization. Finally, the research agenda also includes a concern for the consequences of changing production and protection systems for the life chances and social relations in Europe and other advanced economies.


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How to Find and Download an English to Korean Dictionary PDF for Free
If you are learning Korean or want to improve your vocabulary, you might be looking for an English to Korean dictionary PDF that you can download and use offline. A PDF dictionary can be a handy tool for quick reference, especially if you don't have internet access or want to save data. However, finding a reliable and comprehensive English to Korean dictionary PDF for free can be challenging. Here are some tips and sources to help you find what you need.
Tip 1: Use a reputable website
There are many websites that offer free PDF downloads of English to Korean dictionaries, but not all of them are trustworthy or accurate. Some may contain outdated or incorrect information, viruses, malware, or spam. To avoid these risks, you should use a reputable website that has a good reputation and reviews from other users. Some examples of reputable websites that offer free English to Korean dictionary PDFs are:
Cambridge EnglishâKorean Dictionary: This dictionary is based on original research on the unique Cambridge English Corpus, and includes more than 18,000 clear definitions in English with Korean translations and thousands of example sentences[^2^]. You can download the PDF version by clicking on the \"Download PDF\" button at the bottom of the page.
KoreanâEnglish Dictionary by Leon Kuperman: This dictionary is a Project Gutenberg ebook that is free to download and distribute under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License[^4^]. It contains more than 10,000 entries of common Korean words and phrases with English translations and romanizations.
Tip 2: Use a translator tool
If you can't find a suitable English to Korean dictionary PDF for free, you can also use a translator tool to create your own. A translator tool can help you translate any word or phrase from English to Korean or vice versa, and provide you with pronunciation guides, synonyms, antonyms, and examples. You can copy and paste the translations into a word processor and save them as a PDF file. Some examples of translator tools that offer free English to Korean translations are:
Cambridge EnglishâKorean Translator: This translator tool allows you to type or paste your text and get a quick, free translation with links to dictionary entries for the words in your text[^3^]. You can also choose from other languages and listen to the words spoken in British English.
Bing Translator: This translator tool allows you to type or paste your text and get a fast, accurate translation with transliterations and alternate translations[^1^]. You can also choose from other languages and listen to the words spoken in different accents.
An English to Korean dictionary PDF can be a useful resource for learning new words and phrases in Korean. However, finding one for free can be difficult. You can use these tips and sources to help you find and download an English to Korean dictionary PDF for free. Remember to always use a reputable website or a translator tool to ensure the quality and accuracy of your dictionary. 061ffe29dd

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Can you embroider on Cricut vinyl?
Can you use Cricut vinyl for embroidery?
Can embroidery be done on vinyl?
Can Cricut embroider?
Learn how to create an embroidery pattern with Cricut in this simple tutorial! The great part of this tutorial is it can be applied to any machine in the Explore or Maker line! … All you need is Design Space and a Cricut washable fabric pen.
IT IS INTERESTING: Question: Do weighted blankets make you hot?
Can you embroider with a sewing machine?
Can you sew through iron on vinyl?
Happy Friday! Also, you can sew through it easily. … There are so many projects that can be enhanced with vinyl.
What needle do I use to embroider vinyl?
Use a size 11 or 75/11 sharp sewing needle. A sharp sewing needle has a smaller, finer point than an embroidery needle. That means it will make smaller holes in the vinyl. Attach the hoop to the machine and load the design.
Can Cricut make embroidery designs?
Can a Cricut machine do embroidery? No. While a Cricut machine is somewhat similar to an embroidery machine in that both create designs based on digital data, a Cricut machine can only cut and draw based on the information supplied to the machine by the computer.
Can a Cricut make patches?
As much as other people love the tattered look, it's just not for me. But, I knew I could patch them in a jiffy using my Cricut. These patches are made using pre-designed shapes in Design Space.
Can you use a Cricut to make patches?
IT IS INTERESTING: Frequent question: What are the Easter eggs in Lilo and Stitch?
Can you embroider plastic?
Embroidering on Plastic Mesh: General Tips
Cross-stitch and redwork will not work on mesh. Photo-stitch designs are too complicated for the simple and casual appearance of plastic mesh and beach totes. Hoop the plastic mesh with water soluble stabilizer under the mesh, just as you would do with fabric.
Can you embroider oilcloth?
Oilcloth fabric is similar to vinyl, and this technique can be used for embroidering on that fabric as well. There are a few different kinds of oilcloth and vinyl commonly found in fabric stores. Choose the kind that has a knit or fuzzy back, as that helps to keep the oilcloth from tearing with the needle perforations.
Can you hand embroider leather?
You can even get started right away by making a leather card case. Similar to embroidering on wood, the secret to hand stitching leather lies in pre-poking the holes. Once you do that, the embroidery is easy.


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palomino horse, American light horse that, contrary to popular opinion, is not a breed but a color type. The palomino is a characteristic golden, creamy tan, with an almost white mane and tail. White stripes on the face and white stockings are common. This coloring occurs in several breeds of light horse. Palominos were probably first selected for their beautiful color in Spain. They accompanied the conquistadors to the New World, where they were perpetuated by early Mexican horse breeders. They were discovered by Americans in California during the Mexican-American War, and are now popular parade and show horses; fanciers in the United States are trying to establish the palomino as a breed. Palominos have Arabian or Thoroughbred features, stand about 15 hands (60 in./150 cm) high, and weigh about 1,100 lb (500 kg).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
More on palomino horse from Fact Monster:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Agriculture: Animals

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Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
|Title:||Acoustic diagnosis of aortic stenosis|
|Source:||Sun, Z.,Poh, K.-K.,Ling, L.-H.,Hong, G.S.,Chew, C.-H. (2005). Acoustic diagnosis of aortic stenosis. Journal of Heart Valve Disease 14 (2) : 186-194. ScholarBank@NUS Repository.|
|Abstract:||Background and aim of the study: Phonocardiography is a promising non-invasive diagnostic tool for the assessment of aortic stenosis (AS), and time-frequency representation is a potential tool to extract information from the phonocardiogram (PCG) signal. The study aim was to develop an acoustical method to predict the severity of AS. Methods: Normalized continuous wavelet transform (NCWT) and fast Fourier Transform (FFT) were used to perform a spectral analysis of the PCG signal. A multi-peak detection algorithm was developed to determine the dominant frequency (DF) of systolic murmurs (SM). The spectral ratio of the SM, integration of the NCWT of SM (SI), and combined information of SM and second heart sound, were also calculated. Results: The DF correlated best with the hemodynamic data: r = -0.72 with aortic valve (AV) area; r = 0.63 with maximal blood velocity through the AV; and r = 0.57 with mean pressure gradient across the AV. Based on DF and SI data, the study subjects (n = 59) were classified into three categories: severe AS; moderate AS; and other cases. The acoustical and echo classifications were in agreement in 50 subjects (85%). Conclusion: The acoustical method developed cannot predict accurately the severity of AS, but is valuable when conducting a screening classification before an invasive method is used. © Copyright by ICR Publishers 2005.|
|Source Title:||Journal of Heart Valve Disease|
|Appears in Collections:||Staff Publications|
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How Liquidity Impacts the Attractiveness of an Asset
by Charles Rotblut, CFA
How Liquidity Impacts The Attractiveness Of An Asset Splash image
Liquidity refers to how easy or hard it is to exchange an asset at an identifiable market price. Greater levels of liquidity improve pricing and reduce transaction costs by attracting a large number of potential buyers and sellers. Lower levels of liquidity worsen pricing and increase transaction prices, deterring potential investors.
Liquidity Components
There are four key components to measuring an asset's liquidity: the size of the market, the number of transactions, the transparency of pricing and whether or not there are restrictions to buying and selling.
Market Size
Market size is measured by the cumulative monetary value of all transactions. The greater the monetary sum, the more liquid a market is.
Large-cap stocks, particularly those that make up the Dow Jones industrial average, are considered to be very liquid in part because the cumulative value of the daily transactions for these stocks often exceeds $100 million. The sheer dollar size of the total transactions makes it easy to buy or sell both small and large quantities of shares. This in turn attracts a wide variety of buyers and sellers, including both individual and institutional investors.
In contrast, the market for a micro-cap stock can be very small. Cumulative daily transactions can be $100,000 or less. These comparatively low amounts make it difficult to buy or sell large quantities of shares. As a result, larger investors often choose to pass on these companies because the size of the market is too small to fulfill their investment needs.
Transaction Volume
Whereas market size looks at the cumulative monetary value, the transaction volume measures how often an asset exchanges hands. Greater numbers of active buyers and sellers increase liquidity by making it easier to buy and sell an asset. Higher transaction volume also improves pricing by providing more competitive orders.
The bid-ask spread can be a good measure of liquidity. A very actively traded asset will have a narrow gap between what buyers are willing to pay (the "bid") and what sellers are willing to accept (the "ask"). In contrast, an asset that is not actively traded will have a wide bid-ask spread. Potential buyers and sellers can be further apart with their demands because there are fewer competitors willing to transact in the middle of the spread.
Lower transaction volumes can deter would-be investors from participating. This is because it can be comparatively harder to quickly buy or dispose of a sizeable position in an asset and because transaction costs are higher.
Price Transparency
Price transparency refers to the availability of data on previous transactions. This data allows investors to determine the current market value of their assets. A publicly traded security, such as an exchange-traded fund (ETF), has share prices that are updated throughout the day, making it easy for investors to precisely determine the market value. In contrast, non-publicly traded securities, such as the crowd-funding investments that will be allowed under the Jobs Act, lack this information, making the market value more difficult to assess. The pool of would-be investors shrinks when prices are not transparent.
Restrictions on Transactions
Depending on the type of investment, various restrictions can be imposed on both buyers and sellers. These can range from wealth and income requirements for non-public investments, such as private equity and hedge funds, to steep redemption fees for products like annuities. Each restriction limits the number of potential buyers and sellers and thereby reduces liquidity.
Liquidity and Valuations
Over the long term, valuations tend to be higher for assets with more liquidity because of the ease of buying and selling them. Conversely, investors comfortable with wider bid-ask spreads and lower transaction sizes can find assets that are mispriced because they have been overlooked by others seeking more liquid investments. Thus, while assets with less liquidity can have more volatile prices, they can also offer more potential upside if purchased astutely (see the Stock Strategies article<
—By Charles Rotblut, CFA, Editor, AAII Journal
C Robinson from VA posted about 1 year ago:
If there are too few shares on the market, there is poor liquidity, so the number of shares issued by the company is a liquidity factor.
Share classes with restrictions such as sale approval contingencies or voting rights restrictions reduce liquidity.
Limited partnerships lacking a market maker tend to have poor liquidity.
Since many individual investors tend to trade from $500 to $10,000 per transactions, share prices in the thousands acts as an investor filter and may affect liquidity. Many companies address this with stock splits to bring share price down to attract more investors.
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Why Ordinary People Kill
One of the more pressing questions I consistently get asked about genocides and mass atrocity is: What would motivate an individual to kill their neighbor? Understanding the answer holds the key to end genocides and mass atrocity.
In August, former University of Minnesota graduate student, and current Ohio State professor, Hollie Nyseth Brehm's work was cited in an article in the magazine ScienceNews. In it, Dr. Nyseth-Brehm suggests that the popular belief that your average citizen kills their neighbor because they were ordered to do so often misses the mark. Citing work by Dr. Nyseth Brehm, the author, Bruce Bower, suggests that people who kill during genocide are motivated by patriotism and the need to protect the homeland from perceived enemies. In the case of Rwanda these enemies were Tutsis. Additionally, killings occur sometimes not because of some high ideal of the amorphous notion of nationhood, rather it is motivated by wanting to pilfer property held by the group identified as "Other". Another reason why people kill their neighbors is because their family members or friends have already killed. Thus, people may kill because of peer pressure both within the home and their social circles. Furthermore, Bruce also finds that there are differences in gender when looking at the rate of killing and points out that in Rwanda "Hutu women killed on a much smaller scale that the men did".
Dr. Nyseth Brehm's work also highlights the importance of understanding genocide and violence as a micro-level event that is affected and structured by local conditions. One benefit of taking this approach is finding that violence during the Rwandan genocide was often worse in areas where a large number of the population was educated. Here, again, we are confronted with the reality that sometimes education is not the panacea to limiting intensity of violence.
j. Siguru Wahutu is a 2017-2018 visiting fellow at the Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Society at Harvard University and a Ph.D. candidate in the Sociology Department at the University of Minnesota. He was the 2013-2014 and the 2015 Bernard and Fern Badzin Graduate Fellow in Holocaust and Genocide Studies at the Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies (University of Minnesota).
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Zinadan: Ladders to the Sky
Zinadan: Ladders to the Sky
Age Written By: Neuronphaser
Theme: Serenity Hides a Savage Enemy
Complicated Ladders
Ruined Laboratories
The Study of Solid Mists
This age features an expansive island with flat plains, forests of mostly smaller trees, and a few soaring mountains. In all of these environments one can find small pockets of houses — or the occasional lone, solitary hermitage — built in the most unlikely of places, always high above the ground. Whether it's floating atop a small, fluffy cloud in the mountains, or seemingly precariously perched among the trees, or even floating in mid-air, the one thing that these homes have in common is the ladders leading up to them. Simple, wooden ladders all, made of sturdy wood and lashed or nailed together with a durability that doesn't seem to have waned since the homes were abandoned by the D'ni (or whoever it was that originally built them), seemingly hundreds of years ago. In only a few, rare cases have the ladders fallen apart, or sustained damage from the ravages of time…
…or some creature(s), perhaps? After all, why build these often elaborate homes in hard to reach places? Why are there so few, some all alone, but all of these homes built off the ground, with only a single ladder to reach them?
Investigation of the homes shows the signs of hasty retreat; the exodus from Zinadan was sudden, not gradual. As one investigates the homes closer to the mountains, one finds the ladders becoming more and more elaborate. The homes floating on clouds, on and atop the mountains? These have excruciatingly complex mechanisms to activate, retract, or move the ladders, and the fact that there exist tethered clouds that can hold up a mansion-sized home is something truly bizarre. Delving further into those particular homes reveals complicated mechanisms that play with water vapor, crystals mined from the mountains, and other technology that seems to control the density of these clouds.
What were the inhabitants keeping away from?


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The present perfect forms has gone to and has been to are commonly used to refer to movement. There are slight differences in these two forms when speaking in relation to the present moment. Notice the differences in the examples below.
Has gone to vs. Has been to
... has/have gone to... refers to someone who has gone to a place but has not yet returned.
He's gone to the bank. He should be back soon.
Where has Tom gone?
... has/have been to... refers to a place which someone has visited sometime in his life. In other words, "has been to" refers to an experience.
He's been to London many times.
I've been to Disneyland twice.
Do you understand the rules? Test your knowledge with this has gone vs. has been quiz.
Learn more about the present perfect tense.


Properties and Benefits of Lentils
A popular New Year's Eve tradition states that eating lentils (Lens culinaris) at midnight will bring one financial prosperity in the year to come. While this is nothing more than an entertaining custom, lentils consumption does have some impressive health benefits. The legume boasts a good nutritional profile and holds several impressive benefits of the digestive, cardiovascular, nervous and immune system.
As a member of the legume (Leguminosae) family, lentils are an excellent source of dietary fiber, contributing to digestive and cardiovascular health. Moreover, they contain generous amounts of almost all essential nutrients, notably B vitamins, iron, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus and zinc. As a result, lentils support carbohydrate synthesis and brain activity, help lower high blood pressure, contribute to both bone health and boost immunity.
Lentils benefits
What do lentils look like?
Lentils are flat-looking, disc-shaped, typically greenish-gray beans found in bright green pods, elongated and slightly shorter and plumper than bean pods. There are several different varieties of lentils with the beans ranging in color from a grayish-green to yellow, red, brown and black.
What do lentils taste like?
Brown lentils, readily available almost anywhere, have a mild, slightly earthy, nutty taste. Red lentils are slightly nuttier than brown ones, while green ones are just a bit pungent. They generally have a poor flavor on their own which is why they absorb the flavor of other foods and spices you cook them with.
What are the benefits?
See below a list of the most impressive 6 nutrition facts and health benefits of lentils:
 - Good for cardiovascular health
With 10.7 g of dietary fiber/100 g, lentils rank high among the fiber-rich foods. Fiber prevents the intestines from absorbing all the fat that comes with the food we eat, indirectly contributing to lowering blood cholesterol levels. Cholesterol may deposit on artery walls and cause them to constrict, limiting blood flow to the heart and brain. In time, deposits may thicken and increase heart attack risks or cause a stroke.
 - Relieve constipation
Dietary fiber passes unmodified through the digestive tract, absorbing water, a process which adds bulk to stools, facilitating their expulsion. Being rich in fiber, lentils act as a potent natural laxative, relieving constipation naturally. Moreover, according to researchers, reducing the time our colon is exposed to the toxins in bowel movements may have significant health benefits, possibly reducing colon cancer risks. The disadvantage to eating lentils is experiencing digestive side effects such as bloating, gas and burping, loose stools and diarrhea with painful abdominal cramps.
 - Great source of protein
For every 100 g of lentils we get about 24.5 g of protein, making them ideal for anyone leading a vegetarian or vegan lifestyle, and not only. As you may already know, our body breaks down proteins during digestion to obtain amino acids, a type of essential nutrients required to keep us alive and in good health.
Amino acids are involved in a myriad of different processes in the human body and regulate everything from nervous system activity to digestion, sleep and mood. Tryptophan is one such essential amino acid found in lentils, one that our body uses to increase serotonin (the happiness hormone) levels and improve both mood and sleep. See the benefits of tryptophan.
 - Benefits for blood sugar management
The fiber in lentils appears to help stabilize blood sugar (glucose) levels, providing constant levels of energy throughout the day. Lentils as well as other legumes (beans, soybeans, peanuts, chickpeas and peas) are recommended for insulin resistance and diabetes as they are a high protein food that combats blood sugar spikes.
 - Good source of iron
Eating lentils on a regular basis helps prevent irritability, headaches and fatigue, all symptoms of iron deficiency. Moreover, a good intake of iron gives us energy to go up and about all day and essentially counteracts anemia symptoms.
 - Rich in B vitamins
Lentils are a great source of B vitamins, notably, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6 and B9. B vitamins improve brain function, support carbohydrate synthesis and digestion and even help maintain hormonal balance and reduce inflammation.
Lentils are a great source of vitamins and minerals with excellent cholesterol-lowering as well as laxative properties. Regular consumption is not only beneficial, but also highly recommended for achieving good nutrition and managing certain conditions such as constipation, anemia or fatigue. Nevertheless, the information provided here serves informative purposes only and does not replace professional medical advice or substitute conventional medication. Remember: good health is the foundation of a happy, fulfilled life and what we eat can build our health up, provided we make informed decisions.


Lord Vishnu received a curse from one of His most loyal devotees. The curse turned Him into a stone.
 - Who is he/she? What is the reason for Cursing God?
 - Do any Scriptures mention this Curse?
Yes. It was Tulasi who cursed Vishnu to become Saligrama Stone and Tulasi became Gandhaki River and Tulasi plant. Saligrama Stone is Swayambhu representation of Lord Vishnu and one gets many virtues by worshiping it.
Story of Tulasi and Shamkachuda is described in detail from Chapter 27 to Chapter 41 of Rudra Samhita (Yuddha Khanda) of Shiva Mahapurana, from Chapter 17 to Chapter 25, Ninth canto of Devi Bhagavatam and from Chapter 15 to 22 of Prakriti Khanda of Brahma Vaivartara Purana. I will answer this question from Shiva Purana but Devi Bhagavatam and Brahma Vaivartara Purana also says the same.
Tulasi was cowherdess in Golaka (Krishna's Loka) and ardent devotee of Sri Krishna.Radharani cursed Tulasi to get born in country of Bharata and Sudama was born as danava Sankhachuda.
Samkhachuda performs Tapasya for Brahma and gets Krishna Kavacha. Chapter 28 says:
वरं ययाचे ब्रह्माणमजेयत्वं दिवौकसाम्।
तथेत्याह विधिस्तं वै सुप्रसन्नेन चेतसा।। ५ ।।
श्रीकृष्णकवचं दिव्यं जगन्मङ्गलमङ्गलम्।
दत्तवाञ्शङ्खचूडाय सर्वत्र विजयप्रदम्॥६॥
He asked for a boon from Brahma, that he should be invincible from the gods. Brahma, getting pleased said to him, "Be it so." For this purpose he gave him away the Krsna-kavaca which bestowed welfare on the universe and made the holder victorious everywhere.
Samkachuda later marries Tulasi and develops enmity towards Devas listening words of Sukracharya.
During war, divine voice of Brahma (akasavani) says due to kavacha and chastity of his wife Tulasi, Shiva and Devas couldn't kill Samkachuda. Chapter 40 says:
यावदस्य करेऽत्युग्रं कवचं परमं हरेः।
यावत्सतीत्वमस्त्येव सत्या अप्यस्य योषितः ।। १२।।
तावदस्य जरा मृत्युः शडुचूडस्य शडूर!।
नास्तीत्यवितथं नाथ! विधेहि ब्रह्मणो वचः।। १३।।
Till such time the demon carries in his hand the kavaca of Visnu, and till such time the chastity of his wife is preserved, Samkhacuda could neither become old no meet with his death. These are the truthful words of Brahma.
So, Vishnu turns into a Brahmana and asks Kavacha from Samkhachuda and destroys chastity of Tulasi and thereafter Shiva kills demon Shamkachuda with ease.
When Tulasi was lamenting, Shiva manifests there and explains everything to Tulasi. Chapter 41 says:
शङ्कर उवाच
मा रोदीस्तुलसि! त्वं हि भुङ्क्ते कर्मफलं जनः।
सुखदु:खदो न कोऽप्यस्ति संसारे कर्मसागरे॥ ४०॥
Siva said, "O Tulasi, do not lament, Everyone has to reap the reward of his actions. In the ocean of karmas in this World, there is nothing like the pleasure and the pain.
तपस्त्वया कृतं भद्रे! तस्यैव तपसः फलम्।
तदन्यथा कथं स्याद्वै जातं त्वयि तथा च तत्॥ ४२॥
O Tulasi, you discarding this body shall achieve the divine body. Then you taking to the form of Laksmi, would enjoy the company of Visnu daily.
इदं शरीरं त्यक्त्वा च दिव्यदेहं विधाय च।
रमस्व हरिणा नित्यं रमया सदृशी भव॥४३॥
Discarding this body, when you take to the divine form, then you would enjoy the company of Visnu, like LakSmi.
तवेयं तनुरुत्सृष्टा नदीरूपा भवेदिह।
भारते पुण्यरूपा सागण्डकीति च विश्रुता॥४४॥
When your body comes to an end, then you would be known as the auspicious river Gandaki in Bharata.
कियत्काल महादेवि! देवपूजनसाधने। प्रधानरूपा तुलसी भविष्यति वरेण मे॥४५॥
O Great goddess, because of my boon, for a long time you would become the means for the adoration of the gods
। स्वर्ग मत्यें च पाताले तिष्ठ त्वं हरिसन्निधौ।
भव त्वं तुलसीवृक्षो वरा पुष्पेषु सुन्दरी।। ४६॥
You would always keep the company of Visnu in the heaven, earth and Patala. O Beautiful one, among the flowering trees, you would become the beautiful Tulasi plant.
हरिवै शैलरूपी च गण्डकीतीरसन्निधौ।
सङ्करिष्यत्यधिष्ठानं भारते तव शापतः
।। ४९॥
Lord Visnu, because of your curse to him, would remain on your banks in the form of StOne.
तत्र कोट्यश्च कीटाश्च तीक्ष्णदंष्ट्रा भयङ्कराः।
तच्छिक्त्वा कुहरे चक्रं करिष्यन्ति तदीयकम्॥५०॥
The crores of terrible sharp-toothed worms shall penetrate and erode the stones and carve rings on it.
शालग्रामशिला सा हि तड़ेदादतिपुण्यदा।
Because of the difference in the cakras, those stone will be termed as representing Laksmi-Narayana etc. and will be treated as auspicious and the bestower of the merits.
शालग्रामशिला विष्णोस्तुलस्यास्तव सङ्गमः।
सदा सादृश्यरूपा या बहुपुण्यविवर्धिनी। ५२॥
The Salagrama-sila of Visnu, and the confluence of Tulasi there, the place will enhance the merits.
तुलसीपत्रविच्छेदं शालग्रामे करोति य:।
तस्य जन्मान्तरे भद्रे! स्त्रीविच्छेदो भविष्यति॥ ५३॥
The one who removes the Tulasi-leaf (Holy basil) with Salagrama-sila, he will not face separation from his wife in the next birth.
Shiva also explains greatness of Saligrama stone and merits acquired by worshiping it in subsequent lines.
 - 1
 Same story is found in Devi Bhagavatam. You can add that too. – Rickross Aug 4 '17 at 9:49
 - _USER_ ohh.. I didn't know. I thought Devi Bhagavatam mentioned Lakshmi becomes Tulasi cursing each other (Ganga and Saraswati)? – The Destroyer Aug 4 '17 at 9:50
 - She was overcome by grief as her beloved husband lost his life and worse still her chastity was affected. Thus Tulsi cursed Vishnu to turn as a stone I found this here: kamakoti.org/kamakoti/details/devibhagvatpurana71.html – Rickross Aug 4 '17 at 9:56
The story of the curse of Tulasi is enumerated in shlokas 23 -27, Ninth Canto Chapter 24 of Srimad Devi Bhagavatam. This English translation is from the English Translation by Swami Vijnanananda. Tulasi cursed Lord Vishnu as follows:
"O Lord! Thou art like a stone. Thou hast no mercy. By hypocrisy Thou hast destroyed my chastity, my virtue and for that reason didst kill my husband. O Lord! Thou had no mercy;
Thy heart is like a stone. So Let Thee be turned into a stone. Those who declare Thee as a saint, are no doubt mistaken. Why didst Thou for the sake of


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Daily entries from the 17th century London diary
Timber be, according to L&M Large Glossary : Wood for the frame of a ship( as distinct from planks, cabins, gun platforms, etc.)
Planks: sawn wood 2 - 8 inches thick but at least 11 inches in width(cf. Deals), used for the outer skin and decks, mostly of Baltic or English oak, sometimes elm, beech or fir.wood be also for Planks for cooperage for pipe cask [Pipestaves]
ME for structure wooden;standing trees ;lumber timber : (shipbuilding) a wooden rib.Another term: lands (shipbuilding) framing members running fore and aft and scarf into ribs.
modern Timber be: Timber -General term applied to forests and their products.-Sawed lumber more than 4 by 4 inches in breadth and thickness (24).Glossary of Terms Used in Timber Harvesting and Forest Engineering _URL_
from the Glossaryplank(e): vi. 185 sawn wood 2-8 inches thick but at least n inches in width (cf. Deals), used for outer skin and decks of ships, mostly Baltic or English oak, sometimes elm, beech or fir
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ﬂ exible. Role–playing pretends the participant is acting out and experiencing the hero image in
everyday life, while simulation simulates real life situation. Some aspects of role playing are always included in
simulation. Conducting such lessons I think that role play is an activity which provides fantasy or imagination to
act someone or to be ourselves on a speciﬁ c occasion, creating dialogue and improvising a real world scenario.
Moreover, it increases motivation, develops ﬂ uency and interaction in the target language. Donn Byrne grouped
the role–play into scripted and unscripted. Scripted role play is when students are given ready made dialogue
or text and act it, but unscripted, on the contrary needs the students' imagination or fantasy to create their own
Simulation is identiﬁ ed as a way of producing an appropriate communicative environment which represents the
reality and students become part of it. The essential advantages of simulation include: (a) meeting students' need
for realism, a desire to "relate to life 'out there' beyond the classroom's box-like walls"; (b) increasing students'
motivation; (c) getting rid of the normal teacher-student relationship in order to take control of their own destiny
within the simulation, leading towards "declassrooming" the classroom; (d) facilitating the learner to deﬁ ne and
deal with the target culture; (e) cutting concern levels which are innate to developing language.
Role-playing and simulation are appropriate from beginner level to intermediate level. The content of activities
can vary according to the level without changing the purposes such as developing ﬂ uency, encouraging interaction,
constructing communicative competence and making students familiar with real life.
Communicative Language Teaching classroom. It is fundamentally based on everyday life situations where
students communicate in order to get information which they do not have [11, p.41]. Information gap is a type of
activity which facilitates students to make suitable questions to get appropriate answer. It helps them to practise
various types of questions in order to be ready to use them in the real life. Students have to work in pairs and one
student has the information but the other does not. That is why they have to share their information in order to be
informed. The goal of this activity is solving a problem by collecting information. In this activity the role of each
partner is crucial, because if one of them cannot provide his partner with sufﬁ cient information the task will not be
completed. The effectiveness of these activities derives from talking extensively in the target language.
Some researchers and specialists deﬁ ned the beneﬁ ts of using information gap activity in the classes of English
language. They state that information gap activities provide students with a chance to use English inside and
outside the lesson and that activities have real communicative value. Furthermore, from my experience I can say
that it increases conﬁ dence in speaking and it is fun and makes them happy. Also, it is really prepare them to the
Information gap activity is effective from a pre-intermediate level to an upper intermediate level and activities
can be complicated relative to the level. This activity can foster students' conﬁ dence in real life.
share ideas about some issues or ﬁ nd solutions. She thinks that the purpose of the discussion should be set by the
teacher to be relevant to the topic of the lesson. For effective group discussion Hayriye Kayi suggests not forming
large groups, because, some shy students cannot participate in discussion and always changing the members of
the group in order to give them the opportunity to share their ideas with everybody. However, in my practice this
activity sometimes makes my students be angry. That is why, at the lesson we created some rules as to be polite,
to respect other classmates answers, to listen to the end, to keep time management, to solve or discuss some issues
without offending student's personal qualities.
Discussion is appropriate at levels such as intermediate, upper intermediate and advanced. It can improve
students ﬂ uency and thinking in the target language.
way to teach students. Yet, it cannot answer today's demands and I have researched this area in order to replace it
with the Communicative Language Teaching method.
This article is intended to solve current problems such as improving speaking in order to be competitive and to
meet the demands of innovation. Having reviewed different books, journals, and websites and implementing them
in my lessons I came to the conclusion that Communicative Language Teaching is the most appropriate method
to solve these problems. The activities of this method can make students more conﬁ dent, improve their spoken
ﬂ uency and prepare them for any situation in real life. So, covering all these qualities students of our country can
pass any exams which test speaking. Being able to speak English contributes to being successful in school and later
in every phase of life. Therefore, it is essential to pay great attention to teaching speaking.
1. Hayriye, Kayi. (2006). Teaching Speaking: Activities to Promote Speaking in a Second Language.
University of Nevada, USA. The Internet TESOL Journal, Vol. XII.(November 2006) Retrieved from http://iteslj.
3. Zhang,Y.(2009). Reading to speak: Integrating oral communication skills. English Teaching Forum, 47 (1),
32-34. Retrieved from _URL_ /09-47-1.html
4. Halliday, M.A.K. (1973). Explorations in the functions of language. London: Edward Arnold.
5. Widdowson, H.G. (1978). Teaching Language as Communication. Oxford: oxford university press. Savignon,
S. (1997). Communicative Competence: theory and Classroom Practice (2
edn.). New York: Mc-Graw-Hill
Jersey. Prentice Hall.
7. Luoma, S. (2004). Assessing speaking (p. 9), Cambridge, Cambridge University press.
8. Patricia, K. Tompkins (1998),Role playing/simulation. The Internet TESL Journal, Vol. IV, No. 8, August
1998. Retrieved from _URL_
9. Ladousse, G. P. (1987). Role play. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
10. Byrne, Donn, Teaching oral English: Longman Handbooks for English Teacher. Singapore: Longman
11. Ozsevik, Z. (2010). The Use of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT): Turkish EFL Teacher's
Perspective in Implementing CLT in Turkey (p.41). MA Thesis, Graduate College of the University of Illionois at


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Greatest, being subjective, means there is technically no right or wrong answer since one person's definition of greatest is the same as someone else.
But I would say Britain is the greatest nation on earth. The reason is that the agricultural revolution and industrial revolution started there, and without them the world we live in wouldn't be possible. The age of reason was also partially British. Great British thinkers include Darwin and Newton.
Britain stood alone against the Nazis for a few years before Russia got involved in WW2.
Plus many of the nations today who are pioneering science, technology and medicine were heavily influenced by Britain. Places like Canada, the US, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, Israel & India. Roughly 1/3 of all people who live in OECD nations either are British or live in nations heavily influenced by Britain.
So I'd consider Britain the greatest nation on earth (I'm from the US). Many of the advances that made the world we live in today possible came from Britain or nations heavily influenced by Britain.


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IN: Identifier of the error stack to which the error record is to be pushed
If the identifier is H5E_DEFAULT, the error record will be pushed to the current stack.
const char *file
IN: Name of the file in which the error was detected
const char *func
IN: Name of the function in which the error was detected
IN: Line number within the file at which the error was detected
IN: Error class identifier
IN: Major error identifier
IN: Minor error identifier
const char *msg
IN: Error description string
H5E_PUSH2 pushes a new error record onto the error stack specified by estack_id.
The error record contains the error class identifier class_id, the major and minor message identifiers major_id and minor_id, the function name func where the error was detected, the file name file and line number line within that file where the error was detected, and an error description msg.
The major and minor errors must be in the same error class.
The function name, filename, and error description strings must be statically allocated.
msg can be a format control string with additional arguments. This design of appending additional arguments is similar to the system and C functions printf and fprintf.
Returns a non-negative value if successful; otherwise returns a negative value.


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What-does.net is your comprehensive online definition dictionary. If you are not sure how to define a certain word (Hoofed, for example), our website can provide you with the appropriate definition. On this page, you can find what is the definition for Hoofed.
hoofed - 1 dictionary results
hoofed - examples of usage
- He took a flashlight and found a small hoofed animal, hardly bigger than old Tom, rearing and bucking with a broken leg in the trap. - "Cat and Mouse", Ralph Williams.
- It was devilish hard lines to be hoofed away from the regiment practically just after he had got his command. - "The Red Planet", William J. Locke.
- These animals, although hoofed as sheep are, can scale a cliff like cats, or spring down one like squirrels. - "The Boy Hunters", Captain Mayne Reid.


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Java update hashmap value
java update hashmap value › java-how-to-update-the-value-of-an-existing-key-in-hash. First, create a HashMap and add elements to it −// Create a hash map HashMap hm = new HashMap(); // Put elements to the map [code] Map count = new HashMap(); Character key = new Character('a');, new Interget(1)); if(count.
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#10.3 Java Collection Tutorial: Map and HashMap - Key-Value Pair Entry Find an Online Tutor Now Choose an expert and meet online. Suggested Reading List. It correct marked answer will throw a NullPointerException if key does not exists. If there is no such key mapped, then it returns nullif the implementation supports null value. Attention reader! Java update hashmap value it does, a collision will be handled as efficiently as possible.
Java update hashmap value -
Finally, if you're really interested in how a Map implementation handles a collision, go look at the code. Konstantin Milyutin Konstantin Milyutin If it is "put" on the first increment, the code should look like: if hashmap. There are two possible return of the replace method thus the handling of the returned value is totally different. And here are the method arguments and description for the method replace K key,V oldValue, V newValue. java update hashmap value
1 thoughts on "Java update hashmap value
 1. Chris Clark
 _USER_ study history more, America had private education system, then best in the world including colleges. Until taken over by the state. Also if you believe your taxes are going to the stated purpose you don't read enough of even your local papers. But worst of all is that they convince people that the government is in the jobs creation business. If we allow this to continue we will become China. Charity is voluntary, taxes are force. Riddle me this then, if government control is working why is everything getting worse. Every single IMPOSED social change from the government makes life worse. The constitution spells out what the government can tax Americans on, but congress and presidents keep ever expanding system of wacky programs.
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ilun (مُسْتَفْعِلُن فاعِلاتْ مُفْتَعِلُن)
14 - Muqtaḑabb (مقتضب)[edit]
Tafā'īl: Fāʿilatu Muftaʿilun (فاعِلاتُ مُفْتَعِلُن)
15 - Basīṭ (بسيط)[edit]
Tafā'īl: Mustafʿilun Fāʿilun Mustafʿilun Fā'ilun (مُسْتَفْعِلُن فاعِلُن مُسْتَفْعِلُن فَعِلُن)
B- The extra one[edit]
16 - Mutadārik (متدارك)[edit]
Tafā'īl: Faʿilun Faʿilun Faʿilun Faʿilun (فَعِلُن فَعِلُن فَعِلُن فَعِلُن)
List of Software and Research Paper about Arud[edit]
There are some researches try to help user to find Arabic poem meter, like:
 - Finding Arabic Poem Meter using Context Free Grammar.[2]
See also[edit]
 1. ^ Sorbonne released PDF file, summary of the method George Bohas used in preparing an agrégation question on al-Tibrizî.
 2. ^ AlNagdawi, Mohammad and others."Finding Arabic Poem Meter using Context Free Grammar", Journal of Communications and Computer Engineering, 2013.


PALMA (Proyecto Avance, Latino Mentoring Association) is a twice-weekly tutoring group that helps Latino students in the Ann Arbor area with their schoolwork, and helps adults with basic English as a Second Language instruction. Our primary goal is to help foster academic excellence by encouraging the students to learn and monitoring their progress.


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Buick HistorySource: General Motors CorporationDavid Dunbar Buick was a Scottish industrialist and auto builder. After making his mark with a process for annealing porcelain to steel for bathtubs, he turned to the profit opportunities of the horseless-carriage phenomenon. His first car, appearing in 1903, was a simple little chaindrive runabout with flat-tiwn power. One engine feature, over head valves, was a rarity then, but has been a hallmark of almost all Buicks since.
Buick Motor Company, founded by David Dunbar Buick, is incorporated on May 19, 1903. Ground is broken for the first Buick engine plant on September 11, 1903, with funding from Flint Wagon Works, and operations are moved from Detroit to Flint.
William Crapo ('Billy') Durant of Durant-Dort Carriage Company, Flint, Michigan, takes control of Buick Motor Company on November 1, 1904.
Buick builds its first production four-cylinder car, a 1907 Model D.
Under Billy Durant's leadership, General Motors Company is organized in 1908 (Sept 16), incorporating the Buick Motor Company.
In 1923, four-wheel brakes are introduced on 1924-model year Buicks
In 1929, Buick introduces a smaller 6-cylinder sedan which is named the Marquette. It is discontinued by 1931.
In 1932, B-O-P Sales Company is established, consolidating the wholesale sales forces of Buick, Oldsmobile, and Pontiac. It is disbanded the following year.
In 1936, the Buick Roadmaster, a milestone in styling (designed by Harley Earl), is introduced.
In 1937, Linden Division, Linden, NJ, is established to assemble Buicks, Oldsmobiles and Pontiacs closer to the points of sale in the eastern U.S.
In 1939, the industry's first rear turn signals to use flasher are introduced by Buick.
In 1945, the Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division is organized. It later becomes General Motors Assembly Division (GMAD) in 1965.
In 1948, Buick introduces the first torque converter-type automatic transmission, Dynaflow, offered in U.S. passenger cars.
In 1951, Buick's LeSabre and XP-300, two custom-built super-streamlined concept cars, are introduced to test GM's new advances in styling and mechanical features.
In 1952, Power steering is offered by Cadillac, Oldsmobile and Buick.
In 1953, 12-volt electrical systems, developed by Delco Remy Division, are installed on Cadillacs, Oldsmobiles and Buicks.
The Buick high compression V-8 engine is introduced.
Power brakes are offered by Buick and Oldsmobile.
In 1954, the industry's first four-door 'pillarless' hardtop sedans are offered by Buick and Oldsmobile on 1955 models. The following year, Cadillac offers the feature on the 1956 Sedan de Ville.
In 1960, GM introduces three new smaller cars in the U.S. as 1961 models: the Buick Special, Oldsmobile F-85 and Pontiac Tempest.
In 1961, Buick introduces the first American V-6 passenger car engine.
In 1962, Buick introduces the prestige, E-body based, Riviera, as a 1963 model.
In 1976, GM introduces its downsized Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Buick and Cadillac full-size and luxury cars in September.
In 1979, GM introduces newly designed front-wheel-drive compact cars, the Buick Skylark, Chevrolet Citation, Oldsmobile Omega and Pontiac Phoenix X-body models.
In 1982, Buick Motor Division announces plans to consolidate its car assembly operations in Flint with Fisher Body Division's metal fabricating and body assembly facilities. The $200 million project is dubbed 'Buick City'.
In 1984, a new organizational structure for GM's North American Passenger Car Operations is formed. Two integrated car groups, Chevrolet, Pontiac, GM of Canada (C-P-C) and Buick, Oldsmobile, Cadillac (B-O-C), each have complete responsibility for their respective products, including engineering, manufacturing, assembly and marketing.
In 1988, GM introduces its 'GM10' family of newly redesigned midsize cars -- the Buick Regal, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, and Pontiac Grand Prix.
In 1999, General Motors' new joint venture assembly plant in Shanghai, China, begins production of Buick Regals for the Chinese market.
In 2001, Shanghai GM, a joint venture between General Motors and Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation, launches the Buick Sail, the first modern family car built in China.
In 2002, Buick celebrates its one-hundredth anniversary.


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Browsing Coombe Women & Infants University Hospital by Authors
Resuscitation at the limits of viability--an Irish perspective.Khan, R A; Burgoyne, L; O'Connell, M P; Dempsey, E M; Paediatrics and Newborn Medicine, Coombe Women and Infant University Hospital,, Dublin, Ireland. (2012-02-01)BACKGROUND: Advances in neonatal care continue to lower the limit of viability. Decision making in this grey zone remains a challenging process. OBJECTIVE: To explore the opinions of healthcare providers on resuscitation and outcome in the less than 28-week preterm newborn. DESIGN/METHODS: An anonymous postal questionnaire was sent to health care providers working in maternity units in the Republic of Ireland. Questions related to neonatal management of the extreme preterm infant, and estimated survival and long-term outcome. RESULTS: The response rate was 55% (74% obstetricians and 70% neonatologists). Less than 1% would advocate resuscitation at 22 weeks, 10% of health care providers advocate resuscitation at 23 weeks gestation, 80% of all health care providers would resuscitate at 24 weeks gestation. 20% of all health care providers would advocate cessation of resuscitation efforts on 22-25 weeks gestation at 5 min of age. 65% of Neonatologists and 54% trainees in Paediatrics would cease resuscitation at 10 min of age. Obstetricians were more pessimistic about survival and long term outcome in newborns delivered between 23 and 27 weeks when compared with neonatologists. This difference was also observed in trainees in paediatrics and obstetrics. CONCLUSION: Neonatologists, trainees in paediatrics and neonatal nurses are generally more optimistic about outcome than their counterparts in obstetrical care and this is reflected in a greater willingness to provide resuscitation efforts at the limits of viability.


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In February I facilitated an amphibian Conservation Needs Assessment workshop for Guatemalan species, at the Museum of the University of San Carlos in Guatemala City. Participants at the workshop were Carlos Vasquez, Jonathan Campbell (Guatemalan Regional Chair of the IUCN/SSC Amphibian Specialist Group), Ted Papenfuss, Manuel Acevedo, Roderico Anzueto, Liza García, Jacobo Conde, Alejandra Zamora and Gustavo Ruano.
During the workshop, 142 Guatemalan species were evaluated by the participants to assess actions that are required to ensure their survival, with species falling into one or more of six different conservation roles:
- 34 species requiring rescue – Species that are in imminent danger of extinction (locally or globally) and requires ex situ management, as part of an integrated program, to ensure their survival.
- 42 species requiring in situ conservation – Species for which mitigation of threats in the wild may still bring about their successful conservation.
- 58 species requiring in situ research – Species that for one or more reasons require further in situ research to be carried out as part of the conservation action for the species. One or more critical pieces of information is not known at this time.
- 12 species requiring ex situ research – Species undergoing specific applied research that directly contributes to the conservation of the species, or a related species, in the wild (this would include clearly defined 'model' or 'surrogate' species).
- 12 species suited to conservation education – Species that are specifically selected for management – primarily in zoos and aquariums – to inspire and increase knowledge in visitors, in order to promote positive behavioural change. For example, when a species is used to raise financial or other support for field conservation projects (this would include clearly defined 'flagship' or 'ambassador' species).
- 37 species which do not currently require conservation action
At the end of the workshop, participants discussed the results, and the next steps that are required. Further in situ research work is currently underway, with a number of universities currently involved in field research. Interest is high in holding an amphibian husbandry workshop in Guatemala over the coming months to increase the in-country capacity to establish successful ex situ conservation programs.
A proposal is currently being drafted to seek support for a small amphibian conservation breeding and display facility, with display facilities for one or two common frog and salamander species, and an off-display area where husbandry skills can be increased, and several species can be established for captive breeding.
Funds for the workshop were generously provided by the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium Conservation Fund, and we are grateful for their support for this workshop.
The detailed results from the workshop can be found on the Amphibian Ark's data portal.


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In Modern China, the image of women is always closely related to the image of the nation. During the New Cultural Movement starting in 1915, Chinese women were viewed as essential for making China into a new and modern nation and for bringing up future-oriented Chinese citizens. One of the central tasks was to liberate the feet of Chinese women and educate them. When Chairman Mao came to power in 1949, Chinese women were modeled into the socialist ideal of being the other half of the sky who could shoulder similar responsibilities as men to build a socialist China. Strong female soldiers, peasants and workers were part of the new nation. Since the 1980s, the image of Chinese women has dramatically shifted. An ideal Chinese woman should possess not only modern knowledge and skills, but also Confucian values of deference and feminine beauty. Feminine beauty has also become a hot commodity in the Chinese market. Beautiful women have more opportunities in China and earn more money in the entertainment industry.
It is also interesting to see how Chinese women are constructed for the 2008 Olympic Games. Generally speaking, they are produced in contradictory ways. They can be symbols of traditional Chinese culture and Oriental beauty or they can symbols of sexuality and pleasure that to a large extent are emulations of the imagined West. Such contradictions also symbolize the confusion and complexities of what Chinese femininity means in a globalizing world.
One the one hand, hundreds of female volunteers will be medal presenters and attendants for officials and athletes. The medal presenters and attendants, who are called liyi xiaojie (which can be literally translated as etiquette misses), were selected based on strict criteria regarding their height, weight, age, body shape and appearance. Generally speaking, only those who conform to traditional Chinese beauty such as big eyes, oval face and light skin, are selected. The chosen few have been and are still under strict training now so that they can represent the oriental beauty. They are trained to walk and smile in a particular way. The ideal smile is for them to expose six to eight teeth. They were even asked to bite chopsticks in order to produce the perfect smile. One coach stated, "They have to represent the Oriental beauty, which is different from that of the West. While Chinese women are more reserved (hanxu), Western women are more open (kaifang)...While Western women walk very casually, Chinese women have to walk in a straight line called yi zi bu." Liyi xiaojie are also trained to show curtsey and respect to visitors. See below a picture of liyi xiaojie.
On the other hand, Chinese women have also been trained to be cheerleaders for beach volleyball, football, basketball and other sports. The cheerleaders are called baobei in Chinese, which literally means babies or babes. These babies are required to show their passion, energy and openness. For example, Chinese beach volleyball babies (shatan baobei) are demanded to wear Bikinis to dance in front of audiences. In order to show their healthiness, they have also been asked to bathe in the sun in order to get a darker skin, which goes against the Chinese notion of female beauty. Beijing learned the beach baby performances from Sydney and Athens. The beach baby culture is basically a Western import. One coach stated that Chinese cheerleaders were at first a little bit shy in dressing so little in front of audiences, but they gradually overcame their embarrassment. The coach also stated that the Chinese conservativeness is one of the disadvantages for Chinese beach babies. Many of the women are college students and there are also professional dancers. One girl stated that they understood that they were playing an important role for the beach volleyball and they were there to give the audiences, most of them Chinese, an enjoyable viewing experience. For the beach volleyball ground in Chaoyang Park, there are three Chinese teams of beach volleyball babes and an international team that consists of six Chinese dancers and six Spanish dancers.


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The Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion (RJLR) was the world's first online legal journal dedicated to the study of the dynamic interaction between law and religion. These distinct but interwoven social phenomena cannot be overstated in their historical impact and their interplay continues to define our modern world. The RJLR is proud to provide a global forum devoted to scholarly discussion and illumination of this cultural intersection.
Founded in 1999, the RJLR publishes controversial and current articles relating law and religion. The RJLR recognizes that, as the world becomes figuratively smaller and secular constructs such as law become more complex, an understanding of the role of religion within this transformation has become more crucial than ever. The goal of the RJLR is to explore how law impacts different religions, and reciprocally, how various religions impact the law.


Preliminary factions and storyline
1. Alpha Centauri Factions
2. Mars Edition Factions
3. Preliminary Storyline
In Alpha Centauri, there are seven different factions:
For Alpha Centauri: Mars Edition, obviously the factions will have to be significantly different so as to provide players with a new game experience. Unfortunately, as Alpha Centauri has many elements similar to the Mars Edition, it is difficult to produce different factions. What I have done here is to create new factions which reflect the fact that colonists on Mars will still have to consider Earth (unlike Alpha Centauri). So, here are the seven.
Two Worlds Party:
The Two Worlds, One People Party (motto: Duos Orbis Terrarum, Una Gens). Dedicated to preserving and cementing relations between Earth and Mars for the benefit of the human race as a whole. Funded by the United Nations. Serve as peacekeepers, but also see themselves as the 'authority' of Earth on Mars. What they do may not always be in the best interests of Mars.
The Biogeneticists are a group of scientists who, on Mars, are working towards a society where biotechnology can solve humanity's problems. They are integral in the terraforming process, and can build stunning bioweapons and machines. They have no clear political aims, as yet, but merely want to get on with their research - however, they are conscious of the need to cure mankinds woes (e.g., new forms of gene therapy, cure for cancer, etc)
Prometheus Group:
The Prometheus Group's main aim is bringing life to Mars. Their ethos is that as they are humans, they have a responsibility of bringing life to the universe - panspermia. Thus, they very strongly for terraforming, and will try to initiate it as soon as possible, with as many factions as possible. They will very vigorously defend their terraforming project - to hinder it would be to hinder life itself. The Prometheus Group has support from various factions, as they will see terraforming as a way to increase profits, happiness, etc.
The Preservationists are the opposite number of the Prometheus Group - they believe that the universe has an intrinsic value which should not be disturbed. Altering this value will mar creation and nature, something which has already occurred on Earth. They will take action against anyone who goes against this. Some factions may aid the Preservationists, but in an 'undercover' way.
Ares Foundation:
Isolationists. They don't want to have anything to do with Earth, and don't want to become embroiled in their problems. They've mastered Martian technology, and can live undercover, very efficiently, very easily. Any attempt of Earth to impose order on Mars, and thus drag them down into the mess that is Earth will be met with force by the Ares Foundation. They are not necessarily always hostile to the Two Worlds party, but they will always act in the best interests of Mars, and themselves. A very tightly knit group, hard to penetrate with spies.
TriNational Consortium:
This faction, halfway through the game, splinters into two separate factions. However, at the start, they are a consortium of the most powerful metanationals whose main aim is the material exploitation of Mars. Whether terraforming features in their plans depends on whether they think they can make money out of it. When conditions deteriorate on Earth, the metanationals merge into half a dozen ultranationals and MarsCorp and TerraStar are two of them.
A Martian based company which is separate from TerraStar, and will be extremely competitive with it. It views Mars with more appreciation of it's value for terraformation, but will still try to make money.
A Earth based company which is the voice of the metanationals back on Earth. They have immense financial resources, and feel that Earth's interests come before Mars. They won't stop at buying out other factions for their support.
Faction sympathies:
These are the factions which are most sympathetic to Mars (in order): Ares Foundation, Preservationists, Prometheus Group, Biogeneticists, MarsCorp, Two Worlds, TerraStar. The opposite is true for Earth.
These are the factions which are most sympathetic to terraformation (in order): Prometheus Group, Biogeneticists, Ares Foundation, Two Worlds, MarsCorp, TerraStar, Preservationists.
I have to stress that these are only suggestions for possible factions. I believe that these seven would create an interesting, involving game, and that they are also quite balanced. I'm open to suggestions to different faction names, or even for completely different factions.
Preliminary Storyline: (bear in mind this is only a very rough draft of the storyline)
In 2010, the first settlements are established on Mars by a NASA-led consortium. Slowly, the process of building a colony is underway, and by 2030, a self-sufficient colony of 150 people is established. Meanwhile, other groups have been landing on Mars in different locations, namely the TriNational Consortium and members of the yet-to-be-formed Ares Foundation. By 2040, the Ares Foundation has been founded, and declared its aims to the United Nations. NASA's colony has expanded into 500 people and they've begun development of several manufacturing plants and an off-shoot colony. This colony becomes the headquarters for the Two Worlds faction.
An internal dispute in the Two Worlds faction leads to the creation of the Biogeneticists, who were conducting unauthorised experiments of genetically engineered microbes on the surface. A large number of those in the Two Worlds faction sympathise with what the Biogeneticists were doing, and so make off with supplies to create their own colony - they are the Prometheus Group.
The Prometheus Group immediately forms an alliance with the new Biogeneticist base to perform terraforming measures. The Two Worlds faction wants to wait for some time to gather readings and research on Mars before the world is irrevocably altered, and so orders the Prometheus Group to cease its actions. The Prometheus Group refuses, stating their aims, and the Two Worlds faction chooses to ignore this.
In anger at the inaction of the Two Worlds faction, a small group of dissidents form the Preservationists. Once they have set up a small hidden base, they quickly sabotage the Prometheus Group and the Biogeneticists terraforming factories. The Prometheus Group and Biogeneticists respond by increasing security highly and begin production of 'defensive weaponary' to protect their assets.
(this is when the player enters the game)
While this is happening, the TriNational Consortium is slowly building up their factories and exporting helium3 fuel back to Earth. They make a neat profit, and so enlargen their operations. The Preservationists see this as altering Mars itself, and so, by the actions of a splinter group, destroy several factories of the TriNational Consortium killing several people in the process. The TriNational Consortium, Prometheus Group and Biogeneticists say they will not stand by in the face of such aggression and announce they will actively search and imprison any Preservationists.
After the discovery, imprisonment and subsequent (and partly accidental) deaths of twenty Preservationists, the Two Worlds faction, using the might of the authority of Earth impose authority on Mars.
The Ares Foundation, which had been quite quiet up until then, respond to the Two Worlds faction by saying that they will not take orders from Earth and will actively try to sever any links from Earth to Mars. The Ares Foundation had been busy perfecting their technologies and reveal themselves to have several bases and large stockpiles of weaponary. They will not brook any kind of oppression from Earth.
Back on Earth, conditions are disintegrating. The cumulative effect of the ever-widening ozone layer and failure of countries to reduce their CO2 emissions has resulted in wild climate conditions, effects of which include droughts in western USA and frequent flooding of coastal areas. The Two Worlds faction, which up until then had been mediators in the growing conflict on Mars are forced by Earth to impose an authority geared towards helping Earth on Mars. Military shipments are increased to enforce martial law.
The Ares Foundation and the Preservationists form an uneasy alliance to oppose the Two Worlds rule. The TriNational consortium is undergoing serious trouble following the unrest back on Earth, and splits into the two factions TerraStar and MarsCorp. TerraStar moves to support Two Worlds, supplying manufacturing hardware and weapons, while MarsCorp serves the interests of the Ares Foundation. Both companies enjoy the defense of their respective partners.
The Prometheus Group and Biogeneticists take a fairly neutral stance in these proceedings, but the Prometheus Group tends to veer towards the Ares Foundation, since they feel that back on Earth, they've been destroying life for simple capital gains (i.e., much against the PG's ideals). The Biogeneticists however feel that their technology could aid Earth in it's time of strife, and so veer towards the Two Worlds. The two factions subsequently break of diplomatic relations to pursue their own forms of terraforming...
I feel that this storyline would be best depicted in a novella format, which gives all the different views of the leaders of the factions. For example, it could include messages between faction leaders, news articles, viewpoints of various 'citizens', the viewpoint from Earth, etc. If anyone here has read the novella for Elite 2: Frontier, you'll know what I'm talking about. Basically, a free-roaming narrative which gives readers the viewpoints of everyone involved.
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Celebrate Guru Nanak birthday Essay on Short Words
Guru Nanak Birthday Celebrate
Guru Nanak's birthday is celebrated by the Sikhs as Gurupurb. Gurudwaras are beautifully decorated. Sikhs go to the Gurudwara and listen to the Gurubani from their Holy Book, Guru Granth Sahib
Guru Nanak Dev
guru nanak,guru nanak gurpurab,guru nanak jayanti,guru nanak dev ji,guru nanak festival,guru nanak birthday,guru nanak jayanti 2017,guru nanak dev,guru nanak festival in pakistan,guru nanak dev (founding figure),guru nanak jayanti day,guru nanak jayanti special,guru nanak dev ji birthday,guru nanak jayanti 2015,happy guru nanak jayanti,dhan guru nanak,nanak,guru nanak jayanti for kidsGuru Nanak Dev was born on April 15, 1469, in the place named Talwandi. His father Kalyan Chand was a farmer. They were married at the age of 16. He also had two sons named Srichand and Lakshmichand.
Guru Nanak is the first Guru (Adi Guru) of Sikhs. Their followers address them with the names of Guru Nanak, Baba Nanak, and Nanakshah. Later, the name of Talwandi had to be removed in the name of Nanak.
In Guru Nanak, signs of intense intellect began to appear since childhood. They did not feel like reading. At the age of 8, school missed school, and at the same time, he started spending time in spiritual contemplation and Satsang. He died on September 22, 1539, at the age of 70.
Guru Nanak Dev Ji's birthday is celebrated every year in the name of 'Gurupurb'. According to his Hindu calendar, the full moon of Kartik month is also celebrated, which is also called 'Kartik Purnima'. This is the main festival of Sikhs.


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Binocular Vision(redirected from Binocular Single Vision)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Acronyms.
vision with two eyes. In binocular vision, the visual axes of the eyes are arranged in such a manner that the images of the object viewed strike the identical portions of the retinas of both eyes. This produces a single stereoscopic image—a view of the world in relief. Binocular vision also makes it possible to determine visually the relative location of objects in space and to judge their distance from each other. When looking with one eye—that is, with monocular vision—the distance of objects can likewise be judged, but not as accurately as with binocular vision.


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The model ExpansionTank describes the storage of fluid in liquid phase in a closed volume filled with gas.
Pressure and enthalpy are selected as state variables.
The assumptions for this model are:
- The gas is considered ideal and using Boyle's law: p_gas*V_gas = Const = pstart*V_gas
- The gas is considered at the same temperature of the fluid
- The model is based on dynamic mass and energy balances of the fluid
- The static pressure head due to the liquid level is taken into account
- Thermal energy transfer due to external air convection through the tank surface (lateral+top+bottom) is ensured by the TankWall connector. The actual heat flow is computed by the thermal energy model
- Minimum liquid level with respect to tank height= 0
- Maximum liquid level with respect to tank height= 0.5
The model is characterized by one flow connector.
The thermal energy transfer through the Tank surface is computed by the ConvectiveHeatTransfer model which is inerithed in the ExpansionTank model
In the General tab the following options are availabe:
- Medium: the user has the possibility to easly switch Medium.
- HeatTransfer: selection between the different heat transfer models available in ThermoCycle


Tech Insight Data Centre Management: Trends and Challenges
Data Centre Management in the U.S. and China: Trends and Challenges
Business and technology decision makers often focus on factors such as performance and uptime when investing in new solutions. However, as the amount of data that companies collect grows, organisations have had to place more emphasis on a larger number of factors than they have in years past. Seagate surveyed data centre managers throughout the United States and China to explore the most prominent issues facing facility decision makers.
The Seagate Data Centre Manager study polled 651 respondents, who were screened based on several qualification criteria. Those polled had to have IT management responsibilities and work in their organisation's data centre (with a minimum of 50 servers or 100 terabytes of storage). In addition, individuals had to have some responsibility over storage devices. Below is a summary of the study's key findings:
 - Security is a top priority and challenge for both regions.
 - Time-consuming drive management activities represent the largest storage-related pain point.
This report will explore the key issues that data centre managers face, as well as how storage relates to common challenges associated with running a facility. However, it is necessary to first understand general data centre growth and budget trends.
Data Centre and Data Growth Trends
As many businesses place greater demands on their IT departments to spur innovation and generate new efficiencies, it makes sense to first look at the issue of facility budgets. The good news is that a majority of data centre budgets are expected to increase over the next year. This is countered by the fact that storage capacity demand is expected to grow at approximately double that rate. Below is a breakdown of how respondents plan to accommodate expanding data growth.[see Datat Growth Strategies chart below]
The most commonly cited strategies involved new investment; the majority of data centre operators in both regions planned to purchase new hardware, while replacing or upgrading existing solutions was the second highest response. However, fewer respondents (30%) planned to hire new employees to manage these assets, suggesting that they will likely turn to the hardware and software to ease the burden of management. This is also reflected in the most common storage pain points, which are focused on drive management activities.
Although respondents in China tended to be more likely to have new investments planned, some of this may be due to differences in budget growth. While the amount of increase was similar for both regions, more respondents in China (75%) expected larger budgets than those in the United States (54%). This gap may also help to explain some of the key differences in concerns among data centres in the two regions.
Data Centre Operators: Key Concerns and Top Priorities
Managing the modern data centre presents a myriad of challenges, and managers are feeling pressure due to a number of different factors. While there were some regional differences in this area, one factor was prevalent in both countries. When asked to identify the top three challenges for their data centres in 2013, security topped the list with 31% of all survey respondents ranking it the highest. {see Challenges (Top 10) chart below}
Interestingly, data security was ranked below system performance and staff issues for U.S. respondents as a top challenge, but this group ranked improving security as a first priority.
Hardware management presented another top challenge for organisations, but some of the reasons for this difficulty were different depending on region. For instance, U.S. respondents were more likely to cite staffing issues as a top challenge, while data centre operators in China expressed frustration with infrastructure complexity. The difference can likely be attributed to the lower frequency of budget growth in the former. However, both of these problems suggest a heightened demand for streamlining management activities. A limited number of employees will ultimately impact the ability to detect and prevent issues, while the issue of complexity can make it difficult even for a large staff to operate efficiently.
In addition to challenges, Seagate asked respondents what their data centre's top three priorities were for 2013. There was some overlap in the area of security, which garnered the highest number of responses. However, this question also raised new issues and presented some significant regional differences. For example, data centre operators in the United States (28%) placed more emphasis on reducing cost than those in China (19%).
The other top priorities for data centres in China were to increase agility and consolidate operations. This may be a reflection of frustration with infrastructure complexity, as it can become more difficult to incorporate new technologies when the IT ecosystem consists of so many moving parts. Similarly, the focus on operational consolidation suggests that emphasis is placed on improving efficiency to deal with expanding data volume.
It is also worth noting that these issues are not entirely separate. While U.S. respondents were more likely to deal with constrained budgets, the activities associated with data centre consolidation would likely produce cost benefits, whether they stem from lower hardware costs or fewer staff hours spent managing devices. In other words, motivations for doing so may differ, but addressing the core challenges of data centre operation is likely to achieve comparable results.
Data Security: A Detailed Look
The importance of protecting information stored in data centres has risen in prominence alongside news of high-profile breaches. Given that it is a top priority for both regions, it may be helpful to take a closer look at this problem in particular.
Security in general has been climbing executive agendas due to three main factors: mobile security, big data and advanced targeted attacks.
Although not all of those issues are storage problems, the mention of big data does corroborate the notion that expanding volume and complexity plays a role in making data centre security more stressful. In addition, the emergence of targeted attacks makes it more important to protect data in transit, while stored on active drives and after devices have been retired.
InformationWeek's 2013 Strategic Security Study revealed another layer of complexity to the issue. Although the IT industry pays a lot of attention to external attacks, organisations are comparably worried about malicious insiders. When asked about the greatest security risks they face, 53% of respondents said cyber criminals, while 51% cited authorised users.
Fortunately, the Ponemon Institute's 2013 IT Security Tracking Study found that senior-level IT professionals were well aware of the need for comprehensive security {see Important Technologies for Combating Security Risk chart below}. Encryption for data at rest was rated as the third most important technology for mitigating risk, behind security intelligence and access governance systems. Considering that more than 50% of respondents rated numerous solutions as important, businesses have recognised the need for a multifaceted strategy to address this problem.
One potential issue that could arise from utilising numerous solutions is difficulty in managing them. For example, employing encryption for data at rest can be a cumbersome and time-consuming process, particularly if the organisation does not have an information governance strategy in place.
The Issue of Storage
Rapid data growth and increasing demand for capacity place storage at the heart of many data centre challenges. Particularly as enterprises collect and generate larger amounts of information, understanding the issues affecting storage can lead to significant improvements in overall data centre management activity. {See earlier Data Growth Strategies chart}
The leading strategy for accommodating data growth is to purchase new storage solutions, cited by 60% of respondents. This is followed by hardware replacement at 55%, suggesting a dynamic storage ecosystem in most data centres as drives are retired and new hardware is purchased. Despite the rapid rate of change in the average storage environment, fewer respondents (30% of those polled) planned to increase staffing.
This means that data centre operators worldwide will likely have to follow the "do more with less" paradigm that has become prevalent in resource-strapped organisations. The other issues facing data centres, such as existing staffing difficulties in the United States, means that managers would benefit from adjusting storage management practices and vendors will need to implement solutions that streamline drive management activities. For example, one prominent concern regarding ageing drives is that older hardware is more likely to fail and may experience performance degradation. However, retiring drives too early will result in higher total cost of ownership. In this case, it may be beneficial to adopt performance analytics software to ensure drives are working optimally and to use predictive analysis to identify potential failures before they disrupt operations.
Conclusions and Recommendations
As the research shows, data centres face a number of challenges that can all affect total cost of ownership and the difficulty of managing their hardware. Businesses are expected to continue generating large volumes of information, and addressing that data growth requires a comprehensive strategy that makes strategic purchases while maximising those investments.
It is important to consider total cost of ownership from both a process and a technological perspective. While storage hardware management represents a core concern among data centre operators, organisations would also benefit from making these tasks more efficient. For context, Payscale.com lists the median hourly rate for a data centre technician as US$26.11, and Seagate research revealed the five most time-consuming storage drive activities:
 - Monitoring or analysing devices (2.09 hours)
 - Troubleshooting drives (1.46 hours)
 - Improving drive management processes (1.25 hours)
 - Researching new solutions (1.24 hours)
 - Training new staff on procedures (1.22 hours)
** Average hours spent per drive management employee (per week)
Three of those activities are directly related to daily management tasks, meaning that organisations would see an immediate reduction in total cost of ownership by improving operational efficiency. For example, a 20% reduction in drive monitoring and analysis time alone would save US$44 per drive management employee per month. The savings would be even greater if carried out across other key activities, and improving some processes would likely create widespread benefit.
The hardware itself can also play a role in how efficiently tasks can be completed, so it is important to consider the impact of IT investments. Data security serves as a good example. Technology that makes it easier to encrypt stored data would make the process itself faster while mitigating the risk of


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Only one day before the ICES workshop on fish condition (WKFICON) starts in Girona, we have been informed that Professor Georgiy Shulman passed away on 13 November 2016 at the age of 87.
Dr. Shulman was a renowned marine zoologist specializing in fish ecology and physiology. His well-known investigations have had great significance in the areas of fish adaptations, biodiversity, life history and productivity, and fishery problems. His research was carried out at the Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas in Sevastopol, Ukraine. He was the author of many books and articles that provided an undeniable and substantial contribution to fish condition studies.
We all mourn the loss of an excellent scientist and teacher who inspired us. We hope to continue his work.


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Strategy For Farming Vs. Wildlife Studied
September 2, 2011 by UPI - United Press International, Inc.
CAMBRIDGE, England, Sept. 1 (UPI) — Separating habitats from farmland could save species more effectively than trying to grow crops and conserve nature on the same land, British researchers say.
The separation may be the best way to meet increased food demand with the least impact on wild species, researchers at the University of Cambridge and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds said in a release Thursday.
The researchers collected information on more than 600 species in southwest Ghana and northern India, where demand for agricultural land is putting increasing pressure on wild species.
"Farmland with some retained natural vegetation had more species of birds and trees than high-yielding monocultures of oil palm, rice or wheat but produced far less food energy and profit per hectare," said lead author Dr Ben Phalan from the University of Cambridge. "As well as requiring more land to produce the same amount of food, the 'wildlife-friendly' farmlands were not as wildlife-friendly as they first appeared. Compared with forest, they failed to provide good habitat for the majority of bird and tree species in either region."
Under current and future scenarios of food demand, the researchers said, most species would have larger total populations if farming was restricted to the smallest area feasible, while protecting as much natural forest as possible.
"It would be nice to think that we could conserve species and produce lots of food, all on the same land," said study co-author Malvika Onial from the University of Cambridge. "But our data from Ghana and India show that's not the best option for most species.
"To produce a given amount of food, it would be better for biodiversity to farm as productively as possible, if that allows more natural habitat to be protected or restored."


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SUPERSEDED (see Active link, below)
Active (view current version of standard)
1.1 This specification covers commercial zinc and zinc-aluminum (ZA) alloys in ingot form for remelting for the manufacture of pressure die castings, foundry castings and continuous cast bar stock as designated and specified in Table 1. Seven alloy compositions are specified, designated as follows:
2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard.
ISO StandardsISO 301 Zinc Alloy Ingots Intended for Casting ISO 3815–1 Zinc and zinc alloys -- Part 1: Analysis of solid samples by optical emission spectrometry. ISO 3815–2 Zinc and zinc alloys -- Part 2: Analysis by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry.
B86 Specification for Zinc and Zinc-Aluminum (ZA) Alloy Foundry and Die Castings
B275 Practice for Codification of Certain Nonferrous Metals and Alloys, Cast and Wrought
B897 Specification for Configuration of Zinc and Zinc Alloy Jumbo Block and Half Block Ingot
B899 Terminology Relating to Non-ferrous Metals and Alloys
B908 Practice for the Use of Color Codes for Zinc Casting Alloy Ingot
B949 Specification for General Requirements for Zinc and Zinc Alloy Products
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications
E527 Practice for Numbering Metals and Alloys in the Unified Numbering System (UNS)
E536 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Zinc and Zinc Alloys
ICS Number Code 77.150.60 (Lead, zinc and tin products)


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We make an analogy between images and statistical mechanics systems. Pixel gray levels and the presence and orientation of edges are viewed as states of atoms or molecules in a lattice-like physical system. The assignment of an energy function in the physical system determines its Gibbs distribution. Because of the Gibbs distribution, Markov random field (MRF) equivalence, this assignment also determines an MRF image model. The energy function is a more convenient and natural mechanism for embodying picture attributes than are the local characteristics of the MRF. For a range of degradation mechanisms, including blurring, nonlinear deformations, and multiplicative or additive noise, the posterior distribution is an MRF with a structure akin to the image model. By the analogy, the posterior distribution defines another (imaginary) physical system. Gradual temperature reduction in the physical system isolates low energy states (''annealing''), or what is the same thing, the most probable states under the Gibbs distribution. The analogous operation under the posterior distribution yields the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate of the image given the degraded observations. The result is a highly parallel ''relaxation'' algorithm for MAP estimation. We establish convergence properties of the algorithm and we experiment with some simple pictures, for which good restorations are obtained at low signal-to-noise ratios.


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This paper considers the contribution of sociological theory to the academic logical perspectives on the social shaping of technology that,. This essay, from a supplement to the journal of health and social behavior, reviews changes in medical technology that occurred over the past. They term the social construction of technology (scot) approach in this they argue that a sociology of monsters: essays on power technology and. This paper examines work by sociologists, historians and others who have innovation system social construction national innovation system regional.
This paper develops an argument for studying digital photography as a sociotechnical the social construction of technology (scot) tradition, more specifically field of sociology beginning in the early 1980s, and provides a broad. This course draws on sociological and social scientific research and theorizing to conceptualize the complex and "introductory essay: the social shaping. Shaping of gender and technology, in which technology is professsor judy wajcman, department of sociology, london school of economics. This paper addresses recent developments within the social shaping perspective, specifically limited, the paper highlights the role of staging temporary spaces and intermediary objects in (ed) a sociology of monsters: essays on power.
1 for purposes of this paper, the use of the word "technology" only pertains to information technologies unless otherwise possess a unique sociology about them information rather, the social shaping of such technologies prevents. Full-text paper (pdf): the social shaping of technology of technology 2 - or more generally with the sociological study of technology (see for example rose. By tackling the most obvious force shaping technology: scientific change social sciences) has tended to focus on the second meaning of paradigm. The social construction of technology (scot) is a constructivist theory sociological essays to discuss the potential effects of the adoption of. The social shaping of a psychiatric technology 545 the sociology of technology hold for understanding diagnostic innovation and, hence, the manning, n ( 2006) dsm-iv and dangerous and severe personality disorder: an essay, social.
Review of donald mackenzie's book knowing machines: essays on technical change, reviwed the social shaping of technology continues his book inventing accuracy: a historical sociology of nuclear missile guidance (mit press,. The social construction of technological systems: new directions in the sociology and history of technology (the mit press) [wiebe e bijker, thomas parke the thirteen essays in the book tell stories about such varied technologies as. The social construction of technology (or scot) is a new research tradition rooted in the sociology of technology scot provides a multi-directional model. This has been variously explained and in this paper we aim to realize two objectives: first, by social shaping of technology, namely: relevant social groups and the attendant concepts of sociology of science (williams and edge 1996. Building on the influential book the social construction of technological systems, and implementation that is strongly grounded in both sociology and history the essays are tied together by a general introduction, part introductions, and.
In this paper, i will be discussing the social construction of technology commonly that technological artefacts are open to sociological analysis especially with. Read the full-text online edition of the social shaping of technology (1999) this book is a welcome addition to the sociology of technology, a field whose. The social construction of technology (scot) is a particular way of and utility of scot with respect to technology and issues of politics, sociology, culture,. Sclg2610 - science, technology and social change between science/ technology and society (ie the social shaping of science 1xoral presentation ( 20%), 1x2000wd essay (40%), 1x2000wd take-home exam (40%).
Known as the social construction of technology (scot), traces its origins to trevor pinch and facts and artifacts: or how the sociology of science and the sociology of technology might in the original essay, pinch and bijker explain. Full-text paper (pdf): the social shaping of technology (2nd ed) a sociological approach views technology and science as intimately. Dept of sociology shape technologies' designs, how technologies are implicated in ing the roles of information and communication technologies in social a) an essay in which you use concepts you learn in this course to analyze a real-. Society plays in shaping the way that technologies impact society and even in the m gladwell, "the social life of paper" the new yorker 25 mar 2002.


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An antacid is a base that neutralizes this excess acid. This excess acid is what could be causing the ulcer or making it worse and preventing healing. So we neutralize the acid with an antacid so the ulcer is no longer being irritated and can heal. It provides almost instant symptomatic relief. It promotes healing of the ulcer which unfortunately takes 6-8 weeks.
The goal of an antacid is to buffer the stomach pH so it is between 4-5, which is still very acidic but the stomach pH is normally 1-2. We don't make the stomach be completely neutral (pH of 7) because that will cause a reaction called rebound acidity where the stomach will put out more acid than usual.
We administer antacids at times when we are going to have the most amount of acid: Usually 1 hour after a meal and 3 hours after a meal. We don't have slow release antacids so we can't control what happens to the pH at night (short of taking antacids in the middle of the night), which causes our therapy to fail.
- Neutralizes excess acid that causes ulcerations
- Provides symptomatic relief
- Promotes healing of ulcers
- Goal: Buffer stomach pH between 4 and 5
- Exceeding pH of 5 leads to rebound acidity
- Administration time: 1 and 3 hours post meal
Sodium Bicarbonate (Rolaids): This is our best neutralizing antacid but it has a lot of sodium. Our problem with it is that it may be "too good" making the pH exceed 5 and we risk rebound acidity.
Aluminum Hydroxide (Alternagel, Amphojel): weak antacid but it's constipating.
Magnesium Hydroxide: good antacid but it causes diarrhea.
So how do we get around this problem of one causing constipation and the other causing diarrhea? We combine them! And this is known as Maalox or Mylanta as it's both Magnesium Hydroxide and Aluminum Hydroxide mixed together.
Tums also falls under antacids. It's calcium carbonate (instead of sodium carbonate) and not as strong as these others. When we're dealing with tums, it's usually just to provide relief from stomach upset. The calcium in calcium carbonate is also not very well absorbed and it must be taken with other foods. Some people even take it for the calcium itself.


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Black, H. (2013). Doll bones. NY: Margaret K. McElderry Books.
Zach, Polly, and Alice have been friends for many years. They enjoy playing imaginary games that involve pirates and many adventures. When Polly discovers that an old porcelain doll may be inhabited by a ghost, the adventures become very real. The three friends set out on a journey to return the doll to the grave where the ghost belongs. They must travel to a small town in Ohio to return the doll. They begin by bus, but when a strange man hassles them, they must leave the bus and take off on foot and then end up on boat. When they finally reach the right town they are dirty, exhausted, and angry with each other. They eventually find the grave for the doll and have a funeral for her before their adventure ends. This book was very eerie and mysterious. I loved the mystery and often wondered if the book was going to end up being a ghostly mystery or just a hoax put on by Polly. The theme of this book was showing how the friends are growing and changing. They face the possibility that they may grow apart from each other. As Havinghurst describes, adolescents need to learn how to get along with peers. This includes the changes in how relationships and friendships are made during adolescence. Friendships become based on shared interests, not just proximity of where our friends live.
This book could be used with grades 5-8.
To download a curriculum guide for this book, click HERE!