Fresh, local food common to Costa Rican natives
Workers sort coffee beans in Costa Rica. Photo courtesy of MCT Campus.
In the United States, food is equivalent to social time, cultural events and celebrations. In order to eat fresh, healthy foods in the United States, it costs significantly more. The overly processed, high sugar concentrations and levels of fat and sodium are cheap, easy to make and taste good. There is a desire for instant gratification and convenience that often outweighs common sense about eating healthy. Food is rarely viewed as fuel, and people would rather live to eat than eat to live. The themes of rising obesity rates and the popularity of crash dieting is quite concerning for this generation.
Coffee is essential to Costa Rican culture. The pure, perfected art of selecting, drying and assembling the beans is an incredible phenomenon to witness.
In Costa Rica, there are many cultural values that are different from those in the United States. It is common to eat fresh, healthy foods at a reasonable cost and is less popular and a lot more expensive to buy processed fast foods. It's also common to go to the supermarket every two or three days to get the food needed for a few meals. Food expires quickly because it is so fresh, so portion sizes tend to be much smaller. Places that sell things in bulk, like Sam's Club and BJ's, do not exist.
Most Costa Ricans eat both breakfast and dinner at home.
"It has only been the last few years that people have eaten lunch outside of (the) home," said Kathia Carmona, a host mom to an Elon student currently studying in San Jose.
People used to come home in the middle of the day to eat with their families. Costa Rica is much more of a collectivist culture than individualist. The values of families and the common community are often considered before promoting individual interests. People tend to value strong relationships above personal growth, wealth and success.
Elon students studying in Costa Rica have already been to both a coffee and banana plantation. Coffee and banana plantations are the most important. The bananas are hand-picked from the individual trees and begin the process they go through to reach the rest of the world.
"According to my host mom, (drinking) coffee for every meal is very Costa Rican," said Elon student, Anthony Phillips Spencer. "My host family drinks a cup of coffee for every meal, even if it is with a glass of juice."
Coffee is essential to Costa Rican culture. The pure, perfected art of selecting, drying and assembling the beans is an incredible phenomenon to witness. The roasting of coffee beans is what gives them flavor. It is common to ship their unroasted beans to companies like Starbucks and Dunkin' Donuts, who roast them to their desired style.
Fresh fruits are readily available and not too expensive. Some of the most common are pineapple, bananas, strawberries, guanabana, guava, papaya and watermelon. It is not uncommon to pay more at a store or vendor with whom one has established a personal relationship. It is not about quantity or maximizing profit as much as the enjoyment and perfection of the goods provided and the maintenance of a relationship between the consumer and vendor.
But there is also a desire to be more like the United States. Costa Rica is beginning to adopt American ways of life learned from television and film, and there are fast food influences on certain Costa Rican businesses. In a small section of San Jose, there is a McDonalds, Hooters, Taco Bell and Applebee's.
"In the United States, we are so busy that we don't have time to sit down and eat together," said Elon sophomore Erika West.
There is something to be said for taking the time to eat a meal with family members or friends. In an attempt to fit more things in the day, Americans skip out on quality time as well as quality food.
But globalization is occurring whether we like it or not. And before that happens, it seems there is a lot the United States can learn from Costa Rica.
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Reverse Word Search Lookup
Dictionary Suite
acquit to clear (someone) of a charge or accusation, as in a court of law. [1/3 definitions]
alexandrine (sometimes cap.) in poetry, a twelve-syllable line with alternating unstressed and stressed syllables, usu. with a clear pause after six syllables. [1/2 definitions]
antithesis a clear oppositeness; contrast. [1/2 definitions]
aqueous humor a clear, watery liquid that fills the chambers between the cornea and the lens of the eye.
articulate spoken in clear and distinct words or syllables. [1/10 definitions]
azure the color of a clear blue sky; sky blue. [1/2 definitions]
bail3 to clear (a boat) of water by scooping with a container (usu. fol. by out). [1/4 definitions]
blank empty or clear, as a space on a surface. [1/12 definitions]
blindfold to prevent clear perception or thinking. [1/4 definitions]
broad clear, full, or widely diffused. [1/7 definitions]
bus2 to clear (tables), as in a restaurant.
chloroform a clear, heavy, volatile liquid used as an anesthetic and a solvent. [1/3 definitions]


What are the top 5 wheelchair facts that are important? For individuals who are disabled or physically challenged, an electric wheelchair can prove to be very useful if they wish to regain some of their mobility.
In addition to the top 5 wheelchair facts is our top 10 Karman wheelchairs.
Furthermore, a wheelchair provides the disabled individual with the opportunity to enjoy life with their friends and family doing otherwise impossible activities.
Electric wheelchair users can enjoy going to the parks or partaking in regular chores like grocery shopping. As electric wheelchairs do not require a lot of physical exertion, they are quite easy to use and provide individuals with greater freedom.
Below we have mentioned the five most interesting electric wheelchair facts that you should know about:
1. Alright, let's begin with wheelchair facts by learning about the inventor of the wheelchair, who is known by the name of George Klein. This is one of the top 5 wheelchair facts we will go over.
During World War II, George Klein saw several veterans as well as civilians with severe injuries.
Furthermore, after seeing all the injured people there like that, later on, inspired him to work on creating the world's first-ever wheelchair.
2. Modern electric wheelchairs have several benefits. They can also be adjusted as per the needs of the user. For instance, some of the wheelchairs have tilting seats that can help the user in standing up.
Whereas other electric wheelchair models are designed with the ability to recline.
However, some of them even support the elevation of the seat as well as the legs.
3. Speaking of the wheelchair facts, let's not forget that the record for the longest distance covered by a motorized wheelchair in just 24 hours was achieved by Jackie Weeden.
Moreover, he tracked 13 hours while it took him 50 minutes to cover 154 miles.
Moreover, another world record of the fastest wheelchair marathon racer. It was set by Josh Cassidy. He rode his wheelchair round the Boston Marathon in 1 hour, 18 minutes, and 25 seconds.
4. A 47-year-old disabled UAE citizen, Haidar Taleb, designed a solar-powered wheelchair for a 200-mile trek. Taleb's journey began on November 22, 2010. He traveled across all of the seven emirates. He developed the solar-power wheelchairs in collaboration with a renewable energy company based in Abu Dhabi by the name of Masdar. The wheelchair can function at a maximum speed of about 9 to 12 mph. This is pretty fast. Typically 5 mph is recommended.
It has been designed with enough battery capacity to continue functioning for up to six hours. Even after the sun sets behind the clouds. Most wheelchairs now go 15-20 miles. We are now rounding up to our top 5 wheelchair facts.
Lastly, as our last and final top 5 wheelchair fact
5. Here is number 5.
Another interesting wheelchair fact is related to the international wheelchair sports.
It wasn't until the Rome Olympics in 1960, where the very first sports event for disabled athletes was organized.
Previously, the athletes used old conventional wheelchairs.
Moreoever, the races were only organized to cover a distance of up to 200 meters. It was in the year 1975 in a Boston Marathon were the first-ever wheelchair marathon competitor raced
Top 10 Karman Healthcare Wheelchairs of 2020 - Best Reviews Guide
We hopt that adding our topo 10 Karman wheelchair it is a compliment to our top 5 wheelchair facts.
For individuals that are physically challenged, an electric wheelchair is an amazing tool for strengthening personal mobility.
In addition, it is important to provide appropriate wheelchairs to not only enhance mobility but also to begin the process of setting up a world of education, social, and work life.
Moreover, all thanks to the wheelchairs, disabled individuals can now also, along with other people, enjoy going to the parks and take part in regular activities such as grocery shopping and much more.
Along with providing mobility aid to the user, an appropriate electric wheelchair benefits the physical and mental health.
It also benefits the quality of life of the users by reducing common issues such as blisters, pressure sores, a progression of any deformities.
Furthermore, it will be improving the respiratory and the digestive systems of the user.
In addition, an electric wheelchair provides the disabled with a chance to appreciate mobility. It really helps. The reason is because the energy can be substituted. We all need a little help sometimes. For the weak, this help translates to better health. Even take part in events and exercises with their friends and family.
Furthermore, electric wheelchair users can now do tasks that were once considered to be impossible because of their disability.
Whether it is as simple as going on a long walk or climbing on accessible trails. You want to stay healthy. You want to be outside. These things matter.
The invention of electric wheelchairs has made life significantly easier for disabled individuals, and the above facts prove just that. We also can go into power standing.
buy NOW!!!
let's save the world together


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Views of stakeholders on career guidance services provided to pupils with hearing impairment at Nsonta secondary school in Kasama district of Zambia
MetadataShow full item record
The study investigated the views of stakeholders on career guidance services provided to pupils with hearing impairment at Nsonta Secondary school in Kasama district of Zambia. The study was guided by the following study objectives: to establish views of stakeholders on how career guidance was being provided to pupils with hearing impairment at Nsonta secondary school, to assess teachers' ability to communicate in sign language during career guidance activities at Nsonta secondary school; to explore views of stakeholders on content of career guidance provided to pupils with hearing impairment at the study school, and to document views of stakeholders on the relevance of career guidance services provided to pupils with hearing impairment at Nsonta Secondary School. The study was qualitative in nature and used a case study design. Interview guides were used on a sample of 25 pupils with hearing impairment two career guidance teachers and six subject teachers. The sample was selected using purposive sampling techniques while analysis of data was done thematically. The study revealed that: career guidance services were mostly provided through one to one approach, in groups and industrial education visits. It was also confident that career guidance teachers dealing with pupils, were knowledgeable of sign language. Hence, communicated effectively with pupils with hearing impairment regarding information on career guidance. Among the content of the information shared were: comprehensive sexuality, time management, choosing a career, knowing one's ability, studying techniques and choosing right friends. In terms of relevance, learners with hearing impairment had conflicting views. While the majority of the pupils considered the guidance service they received from the guidance teacher as relevant, however, the study expressed concerns such as failure among other pupils to comprehend some of the topics and limitations in use of sign language by some teachers. The study recommended that, teachers have adequate knowledge and skills in sign language through Continuing Professional Development (CPDs) programs to communicate well with pupils with hearing impairment and for them to benefit from the career guidance services being currently provided in the study school.
The University of Zambia
- Education

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Believe or not, you may need to make an angular dimension that is larger than 180 degrees at some time. But if you use the angular dimension tool and then select the two lines that you want to reference, it will not do a dimension larger than 180 degrees.
To do this:
NOTE – look at the command line. It says "Select arc, circle, line, or :"
hit to choose the specify vertex option
1 – pick the vertex (corner) of the angle
2 – pick one end of the lines
3 – pick the end of the other line
pull the dimension and place it.
The picture below shows the usual DIMANGULAR use and results on the left and on the right, the option and where to pick.


Bird Control Ayrshire, Glasgow & Surrounding Areas.
bird control ayrshire glasgow lanarkshire renfrewshire
The Pest Experts Ayrshire are Scotland's Trusted Bird Control Specialists.
Birds can be considered pests when they occupy an area frequented by people where they become a nuisance and even a health hazard.
It's hard to miss the signs of bird infestations; they often make a mess of vehicles and buildings with their droppings, damage roof tiles, clog gutters and attract other unwanted pests such as beetles and fleas.
Occasionally, they even attack people who they view as a threat to their young during the breeding season. But overall, they are very much a hygiene risk to your environment, by causing food poisoning and spreading germs such as E. Coli and Salmonella.
So when you first notice the signs of a bird infestation it would be wise to tackle this urgently.
You can protect your building and environment from birds by covering any holes or openings around the building and making sure there are no flat spaces where birds could build a nest. Also, avoid leaving rubbish bins laying outside un-emptied for too long.
For immediate assistance with your bird problem, call the bird control experts on 07949 280 633 or send us an email.
For more info about the other pests we deal with, follow these links:
The Pest Experts Ayrshire
104 Burnbank Rd
Tel: 07949 280 633


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This week's book giveaway is in the General Computing forum. We're giving away four copies of Arduino in Action and have Martin Evans, Joshua Noble, and Jordan Hochenbaum on-line! See this thread for details.
hi please go through and find a solution for this atleast in a different way.
You are given a class hierarchy with an instance of the class Dog. The class Dog is a child of mammal and the class Mammal is a child of the class Vertebrate. The class Vertebrate has a method called move which prints out the string "move". The class mammal overrides this method and prints out the string "walks". The class Dog overrides this method and prints out the string "walks on paws". Given an instance of the class Dog,. how can you access the ancestor method move in Vertebrate so it prints out the string "move";

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Google Sheets lets you copy and paste text and images between all of your documents, spreadsheets, and presentations — even if you're going from one type to another. For most uses, you can copy and paste with keyboard shortcuts (Ctrl+C and Ctrl+V on a PC, ⌘ + C and ⌘ + V on a Mac).
When you copy data, the border of the cell or range of cells will turn solid orange to help you remember where you copied the data from. When you cut data from a cell or a range of cells, you'll see an orange dotted line around the cell(s).
Copying and pasting in Google Sheets copies all properties of a cell into the cell you're pasting into, including text, formatting, and data validation. The paste special option gives you more control about what properties you're copying and pasting into a range of cells. To use one of the paste special options, click the Edit menu, navigate to Paste Special..., and select from the following options:
- Paste values only: Pastes only the text contained in the original range of cells.
- Paste format only: This option is identical to using the paint format tool -- it only copies cell formatting, and won't disrupt any existing text or formulas.
- Paste all except borders: Pastes all of these options without any cell borders that have been added.
- Paste formula only: Pastes the formulas contained in a copied range of cells, not the resulting calculations of the formulas.
- Paste data validation only: Pastes a data validation rule over a range of cells without disrupting any existing formatting, formulas or text.
- Paste conditional formatting only: This option only applies conditional formatting rules to a range of cells.
Paste special works only within a single spreadsheet. In other words, you can't copy cells from one spreadsheet and use paste special in a spreadsheet you have open in another tab.
Copy and paste using the web clipboard menu
There are a few specific cases in which the best way to copy and paste is using the web clipboard menu. When you copy a selection using this menu, the content you copy is stored and associated with your Google Account. That means you can copy more than one selection and then choose which one to paste later; it also allows you to copy something on one computer and then paste it on another. To copy a selection using the web clipboard menu, follow these steps:
- Select what you'd like to copy.
- Click the Edit menu and select Web clipboard.
- Click Copy selection to web clipboard.
- In the destination document, click the web clipboard menu; you'll see the selection that you previously copied. If you copied multiple things, you'll see a list of the items you've recently copied.
- Place the cursor where you want to paste the content.
- From the Edit menu, select Web clipboard.
- Select what you want to paste. Depending on your selection, you'll see different formats that you can choose from to paste what you've copied (for example, HTML or plain text).
- Select a format.
Copy and paste images and charts
To copy an image or chart in your spreadsheet, select what you'd like to copy, click the Edit menu, and click Copy. Then, to paste what you've copied, click the Edit menu again, select Web clipboard, and choose the item you'd like to paste.


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VMware Workstation 5.5Features | Documentation | Knowledge Base | Discussion Forums
Power Off vs. Shut Down
You can configure the Power Off button to turn off a virtual machine or team in two ways:
Caution: If a virtual machine is writing to disk when it receives a Power Off command, data corruption may occur.
Note: Not all guest operating systems respond to a shut down signal from this button. If your operating system does not respond to a shut down signal, shut down from within the operating system, as you would with a physical machine.
For instructions on configuring the Power Off button, see Power Controls in the section Power.


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Sudden stress-induced transformation events during nanoindentation of NiTi shape memory alloys
G. Laplanche, J. Pfetzing-Micklich, G. Eggeler.
Acta Materialia, 78, 144-160, (2014)
This study investigates the stress-induced formation of martensite during nanoindentation of an austenitic NiTi shape memory alloy, where stress-induced martensite is stable at room temperature. An individual grain with a [1 1 1] surface normal was selected for spherical ex situ and in situ nanoindentation in a scanning electron microscope. The in situ load-displacement curves show several pop-ins which occur concomitantly with the formation of traces around the contact zone between the indenter tip and the sample. These traces exhibit a threefold symmetry around the remnant indent. A detailed study of the indentation-induced surface relief by atomic force microscopy before and after shape recovery allows to identify the formation of six twinned martensite plates. Post-mortem microstructural characterization shows that these twinned martensite plates are growing as the applied load is increasing. The activation of the experimentally observed twinned martensite plates is rationalized by analytical calculations of resolved shear stress and mechanical interaction energy density. Finally, the in situ nanoindentation results in combination with the post-mortem microstructural characterization show that the most likely deformation mechanism responsible for pop-in events corresponds to sudden increases of the thicknesses of twinned martensite plates.
Keyword(s): Nanoindentation pop-in; Martensitic transformation; Atomic force microscopy; Analytical modelling


Looking for fun group projects guaranteed to fire up ageing brain cells? Maybe with a few fund raising ideas? Or win-win-win community projects?
Specifically targetted to people aged 65-105, this downloadable PDF includes six separate group activity plans for environments where isolation, mild cognitive impairment, or depression are considerations. Combining proven methods, latest research and professional experience, this group of activities are designed to increase well-being, stimulate neuro-cognitive pathways, foster inclusion, get the community involved, and just have fun!
Each inclusion has been specifically vetted for maximum enjoyment and effectiveness.
Instructions include equipment and staffing requirements, project objectives, sourcing suggestions, supplemental ideas (including fund raising) and references on how and why reminiscence therapy works so well!
Applied Reminiscence Therapy--A Facilitator's Guide
 - Facilitators working with seniors' care centres, historical or pioneer societies, museums and other special interest groups looking for specific ideas and strategies for fun, enriching group activities!


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Background: Facial asymmetries can be as variable as the features on a person's face. They can be caused by hypoplasia (undergrowth) or hyperplasia (oevrgrowth) or they can affect the upper part of the face most severely and less so at the bottom…and vice versa. While the lateral features of the face are the most significantly affected, more central facial features can exhibit asymmetries although always less severely.
One of the more central features often affected in facial asymmetries is the lips, specifically the corner of the mouth. Depending on the type of facial asymmetry the corner of the mouth can be lower or higher than the unaffected opposite side. Careful inspection shows that it is more than just the mouth corner alone. The lateral sides of the lips will also be asymmetric as it is not possible to have mouth corner asymmetry and the lips right next to it not be affected.
In relocating the asymmetric mouth corner the associated upper or lower lip must be relocated with it. If the mouth corner is lower then the outer portion of the upper lip must be similarly moved upward. Conversely if the mouth corner is higher the outer aspect of the lower lip must be similarly moved with it.
Case Study: This male had overall plagiocephaly of which he had a downward tilt to the right side of his mouth on the same side as the flatter occiput. Linear measurements from the nostril base show it to be 4mms over. Beginning a little lateral to the height of the cupid's bow the vermilion-skin border of the upper tilted downward to the mouth corner and was thinner.
An extended pennant corner of the lift was marked out. The tail of the pennant went up along the vermilion border to a vertical line marked down from the nostril edge.
Under local anesthesia the pennant portion of the markings had skin excised with a back cut (pole) down onto the lower lip vermilion edge. After removal of a small wedge of orbicularis muscle a vermilion flap was rotated into the excised skin defect which creates the lift.
The extended pennant corner of the mouth lift is an effective technique for improving the downward tilting of the mouth corner in facial asymmetries. The lip extension ensures the entire downward tilt of the mouth is corrected. It keeps all scar lines at the vermilion-cutaneous junction. Like all mouth corner surgeries the long-term outcome of the scar line is variable and some patients may require a scar revision.
1) Corner of mouth and lip asymmetries are common in facial asymmetry.
2) Leveling the smile line can largely be done by a combined corner of mouth and lateral upper lip lift.
3) The extended pennant technique for corner of mouth and lateral lip lifts enables the scar line to remain at the vermilion-cutaneous border.
Dr. Barry Eppley


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Conducted by Steven Kimball and Anthony Milanowski.
Purpose of study
To examine the validity of principals' teaching evaluation ratings and determine whether differences in decision making contribute to the differential validity observed in these ratings. [Validity was defined by the relationship between evaluation ratings and value-added measures of student achievement.]
- How much does the validity of the performance rating relationship vary across evaluators?
- Are differences in evaluator decision making in a standards-based teacher evaluation system related to differences in the strength of the student achievementperformance rating relationship?
The study was carried out in a large school district in the western United States, comprised of 88 schools in which about 3,300 teachers educate more than 60,000 students, that had implemented a teacher evaluation system based on Danielson's (1996) Framework for Teaching several years prior and thus had performance evaluation results for many teachers over several consecutive years. After exclusions for missing evaluation scores and student achievement data, a total of 5,683 students and 328 teachers were included in the analysis for the 2001-02 school year, and 9,873 students and 569 teachers were included in 2002-03. In 2001-02, 39 principals evaluated 5 or more teachers and in 2002-03, 57 administrators evaluated 5 or more teachers. For the qualitative component of the study, 23 of the evaluators with more valid ratings (high correlations with teachers' classroom average student achievement) and less valid ratings (very low and negative correlations with teachers' classroom average student achievement) were selected for interviews. Additional analysis of interview transcripts and written feedback to teachers was conducted for eight evaluators with two consecutive years of high (average r=.55) or low (average r=-.28) validity ratings.
- Evaluators varied substantially in the strength and direction of the relationship between their teacher ratings and the achievement of those teachers' students. Approximately 30% of administrators' ratings of teachers had correlations with average student achievement below –.10 (low validity), while over 40% of administrators gave teachers ratings that correlated with their students' achievement at.31 or higher (high validity).
- Differences in evaluators' motivations, or will, to conduct teacher performance evaluations were not related to the validity of their ratings. All administrators reported positive attitudes about the evaluation system and emphasized its value for teacher development over accountability. Attitudes towards and perceived level of accuracy in teacher evaluations were also similar between highand low-validity groups, despite comments that there was little oversight or consequences from the district. Reported compliance with the evaluation process was also high for both groups of evaluators, except for the supplemental evaluation form.
- Administrators in the higher validity group noted the value of district trainings in helping to build their evaluation skills, while only one of the lower validity evaluators talked about training from the district. Lower validity evaluators said that their experience teaching, in administration, or in business, was most helpful in conducting evaluations.
- Evaluators in the more valid group tended to talk about using rubrics in a more analytical way. However, administrators in each group mentioned factors that led them adjust ratings toward more lenient assessments of teachers.
- There were few differences in evaluator preparation between highand low-validity groups, with most preparation focusing on preparing teachers for the process. Administrators in both groups tapped multiple, similar sources of evidence to conduct evaluations, most commonly classroom observations. Several teachers in both the highand low-validity groups used a very structured approach to teacher evaluation.
- In terms of school environment, the socioeconomic status and prior achievement of students did not differentiate the highfrom low-validity groups of evaluators. Neither did the teaching or administrative experience of the evaluators nor their perceived credibility to the teachers they evaluated. In all but one case, relationships between teachers and evaluators were positive.
- Evaluators overwhelmingly emphasized the formative purposes of teacher evaluation and tended to be lenient, focusing on praise in written evaluations rather than constructive feedback or suggestions for improvement. This leniency may reduce the validity of the evaluations.
The authors conclude that evaluator will, skill and evaluation context did not have a clear or consistent influence on the validity of their teacher evaluations, that is, on the extent to which the evaluation scores were related to student achievement. Possible interpretations of this finding included complex, idiosyncratic interactions between evaluator characteristics, evaluators' reliance on gut-level feelings about teachers, a lack of expectations or support to conduct evaluations accurately (e.g., low levels of accountability, no follow-up training, no consequences for most teachers), and a lack of sufficient detail in the data to reveal differences in evaluator will, skill and context.
Findings suggest that generating evaluation scores that are highly related to student achievement will take more than specific rubrics and basic training of evaluators. The authors advocate for the development of a "strong situation" that provides incentives for accurate evaluation, oversight that emphasizes ratings differentiate among teachers, and ongoing training and practice with feedback on accurate evaluations. They also caution against the use of teacher evaluation scores in making high-stakes decisions about tenure, promotion and compensation.
The teacher evaluation system in this district was based on the Framework, and the authors include detailed information about the instrument and its use in the article. The fact that some teachers' scores on the Framework-based rubric and their students' average achievement were highly correlated provides validation that the FFT describes observable practices that are associated with teaching that raises student achievement.


Big Bumblebees Memorize Locations of the Most Rewarding Flowers
They perform learning flights to study their surroundings.
large bumblebee on flower
Bumblebees decide how much effort to put into remember flowers. pskeltonphoto / Getty Images
Sometimes size matters. Bigger bumblebees spend time learning the locations of the most nectar-rich flowers, so they can easily find them again, new research finds. In contrast, smaller bees aren't quite as picky.
After drinking from a flower, bumblebees decide if it's worth visiting again. Then they perform what are known as learning flights to study the location around the flowers.
"If the flower is rich in nectar, a bee will be very keen to return and therefore invest in learning its location," study co-author Natalie Hempel de Ibarra, associate professor at the University of Exeter's Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, tells Treehugger.
Bumblebees will slowly fly around the flower, then fly away from it, looking back at its location. It will memorize the flower and the views all around it. On its next trip, the bee matches what it sees with the views it already memorized. This takes it back to the flower's location.
"We have found that larger-sized bumblebee foragers are not only more likely to perform a learning flight when they find a rich flower as compared to a low-rewarding flower, but also to hover around the flower for longer. This in turn allows them to look back more at the flower and to memorise it better," Hempel de Ibarra says.
"This investment in the learning flight pays off during subsequent foraging flights where the bee can shorten its travel time and go directly to the locations of the best-rewarding flowers."
Smaller bumblebees do the same thing but aren't as choosy in their flower selection.
"They also conduct learning flights when departing from a flower on which they obtained a nectar reward," Hempel de Ibarra says.
"We find that in contrast to the large bees they readily accept lower and higher rewards and are less selective when investing in the learning flight. They spread their efforts more evenly."
Watching Bees at Work
For the study, researchers set up an experiment in a greenhouse where they could watch captive bees visit artificial flowers containing varying concentrations of sugar solutions. A downward-facing camera captured the bees' learning flights. The recordings included the bees, the flowers, and cylinders that marked the flowers' positions.
The flowers had sugar solutions ranging from 10% to 50% sucrose. When the concentration was greater, the larger bees spent more time circling the flowers and making learning flights. When the concentration was smaller, the length of time the bees spent looking at the flower and flying around it tended to drop.
Smaller bees spent the same amount of effort learning where the flowers were, no matter whether the concentration of sucrose was low or high.
The contrast likely reflects the different roles of the bees in their colonies, the researchers said.
"Large bumblebees are able to carry larger loads and explore further from the nest than smaller ones. Small ones with a smaller flight range and carrying capacity cannot afford to be as selective and so accept a wider range of flowers," the researchers concluded in the study, published in the journal Current Biology.
Small bees are often involved with more tasks inside the nest, only going out to forage if necessary when food supplies are running low, says Hempel de Ibarra.
Benefits of Bees of All Sizes
Having both large and small bees foraging means they cover more ground and serve different purposes.
"Big bees can cover a larger area and find higher-rewarding flowers further away. Investing in flower learning and using its navigational capabilities a bee can identify the most effective travel route for its foraging trips," says Hempel de Ibarra.
"Smaller bees, however, do not travel far away, and they should focus on the area closer to the nest. They can return to the nest more easily without having to invest as much in navigation. Discriminating less between flower rewards, allows smaller bees to fill up the crop more quickly."
Bumblebees aren't the only insects that perform these learning trips. Honeybees and wasps also make learning flights and ants are known to perform learning walks.
"Learning flights are an important behaviour that is displayed by each individual forager bee," says Hempel de Ibarra. "Understanding them can tell us a little more about which flowers bees like to visit."
View Article Sources
 1. Frasnelli, Elisa, et al. "Small and Large Bumblebees Invest Differently when Learning about Flowers." Current Biology, 2020, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.11.062


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When it comes to full-text indexing, we usually think of methods such as inverted indices that break text on word boundaries, consequently requiring search terms to be whole words only. Yet all of us probably have had the experience of searching for not-quite-words C++, VM/CMS, SQL*Plus, 127.0.0.1, , and the like that were skipped by an inverted index, or broken into less-distinctive pieces. The same goes when you are working with data such as DNA sequences, where you need to quickly find any sequence of symbols.
In this article, I examine an indexing method that lets you find any character sequence in the source text in time only proportional to the sequence length using a structure that can compress the entire source text and index into less space than the text alone. This technique is exceptionally fast at detecting and counting occurrences of any string in the source text. The fact that you can build a string match incrementallyadding one character at a time and seeing the result at each stepgives you the flexibility to explore variable patterns such as regular expressions with maximum effectiveness.
Finding any character sequence in source textand fast!
In Fast String Searching with Suffix Trees (DDJ, August 1996), Mark Nelson addressed full-text indexing using suffix trees; while in Data Compression with the Burrows-Wheeler Transform (DDJ, September 1996), he focused on the use of the Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) for compression. While the BWT is commonly known as a data-compression technique, researchers have found that block-sorted data has a structure that lends itself naturally to search, while using space close to its minimal compressed size. This was first demonstrated in the FM index (see Opportunistic Data Structures with Applications, by Paolo Ferragina and Giovanni Manzini, Proceedings of the 41st IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, 2000). In short, the same transformation that yields high-compression ratios, by grouping similar substrings together, also lets you find arbitrary substrings with little overhead.
Block Sorting Reviewed
When block sorting, you construct a list of n blocks consisting of the source text S (usually followed by a special End-of-String character $) of length n, cyclically shifted from zero to n-1 positions. When you sort the blocks, you get a matrix M; see Figure 1(a). The first column of M is called F, and the last, L. F has a simple structure, containing all the characters of S in sorted order, with duplicates. Column L has a more complex structure that contains enough information to reconstruct the original string, and usually forms the basis for BWT compression.
Figure 1(a): Block-sorted text. Start with the source string "abracadabra." Append an end-of-file metacharacter $, with the property that $


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Can oral submucous fibrosis be cured?
If the disease is detected at a very early stage, cessation of the habit is sufficient. Most patients with oral submucous fibrosis present with moderate-to-severe disease. Moderate-to-severe oral submucous fibrosis is irreversible. Medical treatment is symptomatic and predominantly aimed at improving mouth movements.
Is oral submucous fibrosis reversible?
Most patients with oral submucous fibrosis present with moderate-to-severe disease. Severe oral submucous fibrosis is irreversible. Moderate oral submucous fibrosis is reversible with cessation of habit and mouth opening exercise.
How do you treat oral submucous fibrosis at home?
OSMF treatment in AyurvedaYou can use Triphala Kashayam or Yashtimadhu Kashayam to rinse twice a day. To reduce the burning sensation, drink a glass of aloe vera juice once a day. Take Triphala churna or Avipattikar churna with warm water at bedtime, if you have constipation.
How do you get rid of fibrosis in the mouth?
In case the Fibrosis has progressed then surgical procedures are necessary to combat it. Surgical procedures include submucosal injections and mucosal grafting. Aggressive treatment is essential to defeating OSMF before it becomes irreversible.
How do you know if you have oral submucous fibrosis?
Symptoms of oral submucous fibrosis include the following :
- Progressive inability to open the mouth (trismus) due to oral fibrosis and scarring.
- Oral pain and a burning sensation upon consumption of spicy foodstuffs.
- Increased salivation.
- Change of gustatory sensation.
- Hearing loss due to stenosis of the eustachian tubes.
Can you live with fibrosis?
The average life expectancy of patients with pulmonary fibrosis is three to five years after diagnosis. However, early detection of the disease is key to slowing progression, and conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) can impact disease prognosis.
How is oral submucous fibrosis diagnosed?
Currently, oral biopsy for hematoxylin and eosin provides the most definitive diagnosis and is crucial because of the association of oral submucous fibrosis with oral cancer. Some authorities have reported benefit with immunohistochemical techniques such as Masson trichrome staining when pathology involved muscle.
How can I improve my mouth opening?
Step 1: Put your thumb on your top teeth in the middle of your jaw. Step 2: Put the index finger of your other hand on your bottom teeth in the middle of your jaw. Step 3: Open your mouth as wide as possible, using your fingers to give extra resistance. Hold this stretch for five to 10 seconds.
Does smoking causes OSMF?
We found that tobacco was strongly associated with both OSMF and leukoplakia. This study showed that the risk of OSMF at each exposure level of tobacco was stronger than that of leukoplakia.
Is oral submucous fibrosis painful?
Symptoms of oral submucous fibrosis include the following : Progressive inability to open the mouth (trismus) due to oral fibrosis and scarring. Oral pain and a burning sensation upon consumption of spicy foodstuffs.
Does smoking cause OSMF?
What is the medical treatment for oral submucous fibrosis?
Most patients with oral submucous fibrosis present with moderate-to-severe disease. Moderate-to-severe oral submucous fibrosis is irreversible. Medical treatment is symptomatic and predominantly aimed at improving mouth movements. Treatment strategies are described below. [ 4]
How is IFN gamma used to treat oral submucous fibrosis?
This plays a role in the treatment of patients with oral submucous fibrosis because of its immunoregulatory effect. IFN-gamma is a known antifibrotic cytokine.
How often to take pentoxifylline for oral submucous fibrosis?
In a pilot study, 14 test subjects with advanced oral submucous fibrosis given pentoxifylline at 400 mg 3 times daily were compared to 15 ageand sex-matched diseased control subjects.
What is the interincisal distance of oral submucous fibrosis?
Patients having an interincisal distance above 35 mm are included in this group. It refers to those OSF patients who have an interincisal distance between 26 and 36 mm. It includes moderately advanced cases where the interincisal distance of the patients is from 15 to 26 mm.


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Why do Cats Bite?
We all have gone through such stage where we get bitten or scratched by our cat. We do love them a lot but sometimes while playing or while trying to control them, they bite or scratch on our hands. Most vets have been asked a lot about "why cat bites?"
They can bite due to several reasons, like getting our attention, Love bites and sometimes they bite when they are afraid or angry.
Sometimes cats bite when they are in a bad mood. You can easily spot the bad attitude by looking at the tail movement. When they're in a bad mood they will even hiss, spit and sometimes even growl. Most of the times they will get agitated if they see or smell the scent of another cat.
But if you have a cat whose under 12 months of age then its quite hard to check if the cat is in a happy mood or its showing aggression. You can even check whether the kitten is happy or angry by checking his body movements and their face. If the mouth has half open and their back is arched and the kitten is hopping around, that means that the kitten is playing and is in a happy mood.


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BIODIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
What is Biodiversity?
Biodiversity is the variety and variability of all living organisms. It includes whole organisms, their genes, the natural communities in which they live, and the complex interactions among and between organisms and their physical environment. Natural levels of biodiversity may be very high, as in tropical regions with favorable growing conditions and high species counts per unit area. Biodiversity can also be very low in places like deserts and arctic regions, where conditions are harsh and few species can survive. The biodiversity in a given area decreases when species suffer local extinctions, when invasive species form monocultures that displace native species, and when the natural habitats that support the local species are fragmented or destroyed. On a landscape scale, unique components of biodiversity, such as species or natural communities with limited distributions, are focal points for conservation efforts.
Biodiversity has important value. Direct use values include recreation, medicine, and forest products. Indirect use values derive from important ecosystem services, such as soil building, erosion control, fire prevention, water quality improvement, contaminant absorption, flood reduction, crop pollination, and pest control. Finally, biodiversity has important non-use values. People apply value to species or places simply by knowing of their existence, even if they may never see or experience these resources firsthand.
Protecting Biodiversity in New Hampshire
In 1998, the NH Ecological Reserves system project concluded:
Though conservation lands comprise approximately 20% of the land area in New Hampshire, the current system of conservation lands in New Hampshire does not appear to provide comprehensive, long-term protection of biodiversity at the species, natural community, or landscape levels (NH Ecological Reserve System Project 1998a).
The NH Natural Heritage Bureau facilitates protection of the state's biodiversity by providing information about key areas that support rare species, rare types of natural communities, and high quality examples of common natural community types. Exemplary natural communities are particularly important because we assume that if we protect an adequate number of viable examples of each natural community type, we can protect the majority of New Hampshire's species. This is sometimes referred to as a "coarse filter" approach to protecting biodiversity.
The coarse filter can miss important species, however, so it needs to be augmented with a finer filter. The fine filter approach generally focuses on individual rare species that are not tied to specific natural community types. For example, the rare, federally threatened small whorled pogonia (Isotria medeoloides) occurs in common forest communities in southern New Hampshire, but only in a few places. Existing populations may not be captured by the coarse filter approach, so we need to employ a fine filter, by conducting surveys for the plant itself, to ensure that the species is protected.
Long-term protection of New Hampshire's species, natural communities, and ecological processes requires a variety of conservation approaches. The goal of NH Heritage's coarse and fine-filter approaches is to inform management decisions by identifying those sites that have a relatively greater potential for maintaining the natural diversity within the state.
The foundation for successful biodiversity protection is maintaining a series of representative examples of all the state's natural community types, with their constituent species and underlying ecological processes. A good strategy for this kind of protection would be to conserve a series of connected, high quality natural community types; this series would ensure that ecological processes that connect natural communities remain functionally intact within a broader landscape context. In short, there is a need for reserve areas with natural communities protected within a diverse landscape, not just in isolation.
NH Natural Heritage strives to connect the state's residents and visitors with its native biodiversity. The Visiting NH's Biodiversity Program offers a series of interpretive trail guides and descriptive profiles for a variety of sites with exemplary natural communities and rare plant species.


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Noah Goldstein was awarded second place in the Student Paper Competition sponsored by the Spatial Analysis and Modeling (SAM) Specialty Group of the Association of American Geographers (AAG) in Chicago this month. This is the third year in a row that a UCSB Geography grad has taken one of the top three honors in this competition: Eun-Hye ("Enki") Yoo and Richard Middleton won first and second place, respectively, for their entries at the Annual Meeting in 2005, and Nicholas Nagle tied for first place in 2004.
Noah's paper, "A new methodology of comparing Monte Carlo binary output of spatial spread models," cites "Spatial Metrics, Monte Carlo, and Urban Growth Modeling" as key words in its abstract:Complex System Modeling, as well as many forms of Spatial Modeling, uses the Monte Carlo method to simulate distributions of model results. There is no question that repetition of a model, especially one with stochastic components, lends insight into the model and systems it represents. But the component of Monte Carlo iterations that is seldom questioned is, "How many iterations are sufficient to represent the diversity of model output?" While this may seem simplistic, answering this question can guide Complex Systems Modeling from the theoretical into the applied domain by including transparency for stakeholders and model users. This work explores the development of metrics for measuring the value of Monte Carlo iterations of spatial models with binary outputs. Starting with a cartoon theoretical simulation, the metric is then applied to the SLEUTH Urban Growth Model, but it could be applied to any binary model, such as a wildfire spread model, a river flood model, or change detections from Remote Sensing analysis. The metric, the MCAWS metric, allows the comparison of models of different types and Monte Carlo iterations. Specifically, the metric allows the assessment of the "diversity" of model output with respect to spatial extent and spatial placement.
Noah got his PhD in December and is currently at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory as a post-doc, "working on a number of projects from Energy to Wildfires." He lives in Oakland with Jenny, his wife, and Isaiah, who just turned one year old. He says "I think we will be in the Bay Area for a while"—but, as for his cash prize, he also said "Vegas, here I come!" Hopefully, his expertise with the Monte Carlo method will pay off in more ways than one!


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|Home > National News > Article||Thursday June 13, 2002|
A collection of iconic images illustrating the experience of Australian prisoners of war on the Burma Railway have, in the words of the English artist who created them, returned "home".
The works have been bought by Tattersall's and will have their permanent home at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra.
Their creator, Jack Chalker, studied at the Royal College of Art in London and started the war with a British artillery unit but was demoted after an altercation with an officer.
In 1942, he was among the allied prisoners shipped to Thailand in overcrowded trains to build the railway line linking that country and Burma.
There, the man who yesterday described himself as "a fringe Anzac" first came into contact with Australians.
"The Australians were vigorous and ingenious and they hated all the bullshit that I hated in the British Army," he said.
"I responded to the Aussies. They could live rough and make do in the worst of conditions. I made a lot of Australian friends and wanted to be with them."
In a hospital camp, he met Colonel Edward "Weary" Dunlop, the surgeon who famously preserved the morale of his men amid starvation, maltreatment and disease.
Dunlop later recalled the young Chalker as "a stripling Michelangelo whose nose, due to onslaught by a Japanese guard, had a similar malalignment to that of the Master".
Dunlop soon recognised that beneath Chalker's gentle, courteous manner lay a spirit hardly less daring than his own.
In the absence of photographic records, Dunlop realised "the immense historical value" in Chalker's ability to record not only the detail of prison camp life, but also the various diseases to which the prisoners of war were subject.
Completed on scraps of cloth and paper, the drawings then had to be hidden in places such as an artificial limb to survive the frequent searches by guards.
Chalker says he recognised Dunlop's stature "almost immediately".
"He worked his guts out for everyone else, even when he was sick. He was always there. You thought, 'If Weary's here, we're okay.'
"Looking back, you realise how bloody lucky you were. For three-and-a-half years, he battled on."
Chalker was present the day Dunlop, having been log-tortured and with broken ribs from a beating with sticks, limped back to the hospital tent and resumed his operating schedule.
"You think, 'Who else would do this'?" Now 84, Chalker says: "When Weary died, he took a part of us with him."
Included in the collection is Chalker's painting of Dunlop performing an amputation in the bamboo hut lined with mosquito netting that passed for an operating theatre in the Chungkai camp in 1943.
The collection also has possibly the most famous of all Burma Railway images. Titled Working Men, Konyu Camp, October 1942, it shows a barefooted man supporting an emaciated companion, who is struggling along with a bamboo walking stick.
The Jack Chalker Collection will remain on display in the Melbourne Museum's Australia Gallery until June 23.
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In this section
Aboriginal remains to return home
Use of foetal tissue attracts wide support
'Blokey' Australia will have a female PM, says Vanstone
Mayor says Waste Management has managed to waste quite enough
Ombudsman slams $350,000 payment to gaming body
Minister supports crime court
Medibank cuts jobs to stem losses
Bid to stop bleating about the the bush
US medical patent plan may cost us millions
Catholic order to pay out $3.6 mil
The best of friends... with a little beef
Backing for baby sleep theory
Pratt's man goes for a little pratfall
BHP unions make 'goodwill' gesture
Honorary Anzac sees his Burma heroes go home
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Ross Maddox joined the Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Neuroscience in 2016. He did his postdoctoral training at University of Washington Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences. He earned his PhD and MS in Biomedical Engineering from Boston University, and his BS in Sound Engineering from the University of Michigan–Ann Arbor. Among the awards and honors he has received is the Pathway to Independence Award from the National Institutes of Health (K99/R00). He has published his research in numerous scientific journals, including Current Biology, PLOS Biology, and eLife.
Faced with the cacophony of daily life, the human brain is remarkably adept at focusing on one sound source while tuning out numerous competing others, effortlessly solving the so-called "cocktail party problem." Dr. Maddox studies the brain's solutions to this problem. His research has two main thrusts: to investigate how the visual system interacts with the auditory system to improve selective attention under noisy conditions, and to identify and dissociate the neural causes of disabled listening, particularly in people who show no signs of hearing impairment as defined by current audiologic testing. His work combines behavioral studies, electroencephalography recordings of neural activity, and novel applications of signal processing techniques.


text: Mesoporous silica MCM-41 was prepared by classical and ultrasound methods as an adsorbent for the removal of Sr2+ from aqueous solution. The physical properties of the synthesized materials were investigated by X-ray diffraction and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis. The results showed that MCM-41 prepared by the classical method had higher specific surface area and pore volume than those prepared by the ultrasound method. Therefore, it was selected as an adsorbent for the investigation of adsorption isotherms and kinetics. Adsorption of Sr2+ to MCM-41 was strongly dependent on pH values. Three two-parameter (Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin) and two three-parameter (Redlich-Peterson and Koble-Corrigan) adsorption isotherms were employed to model the equilibrium data of Sr2+ on the mesoporous adsorbent. The results indicated that the adsorption isotherm data fitted better to the Freundlich isotherm than to the Langmuir, Temkin, Redlich-Peterson, and Koble-Corrigan isotherms. The experimental data was described very well by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model.


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Start Stop Movieclips in Flash
How to control Flash Movieclip symbols using actionscript
While working with Movieclips in Flash you will find it necessary to start and stop the animation at runtime. In this Flash tutorial you'll learn how to control Movieclips using basic actionscript code. Movieclips can be easily controlled using Flash actionscript and the instance name of the Movieclip symbol is used to control it using Actionscript commands.You Are Here ::: Home >> Free Tutorials >> Flash Tutorials >> Starting & Stopping Movieclips with Flash
Follow the steps given below:
Controlling Movieclips using Actionscript
- Create a Movieclip (Refer the Flash Photo Masking tutorial for this example) with some animation and name the instance say,'mask_mc'.
- Create a Button for Start and Stop action of the movieclip and name them as'start_btn' and'stop_btn' respectively.
- Write the following Actionscript code for the 2 Buttons as given below:
- Save your work and test the Movie (Ctrl + Enter). Thats it you have learnt how to control movieclips in Flash using Actionscript.
Fig: Start & Stop Movieclip using Actionscript
Compatible Versions of Flash for this Tutorial
Flash CS5 Professional | Flash CS4 Professional
Note: For uses of lower versions of Flash some visual interface images would differ.
Recommended Version: Adobe Flash CS5 Professional


HSPHERE: When Do I Pay?
Upon the account activation, a new billing period opens. It determines how far in advance recurrent fees for billing period resources are prepaid. Accounting for such resources as traffic, disk usage, MySQL and PGSQL quotas is determined not by billing periods as it is for the rest resources, but by a billing month. It equals the number of days in the billing period divided by billing period duration in months.
A new billing period/month opens:
- when your account is activated upon signup or moderation
- when the previous billing period closes
- when the previous billing month closes (valid only for billing month)
- when you change to billing period shorter than the time elapsed from the begining of a current one
- when your start billing date is changed by admin.
Changing Billing Period
Your hosting plan may be configured to allow you to switch between billing periods of different length, price and discount policies. To change your billing period, go to Account - > Quick Access and click the Change icon next to Billing Period in the Statistics section. You will be taken to the page with a drop-down box that lists all the billing periods you can switch between.
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SI Vault
April 04, 2011
Fascination with the fastball (a.k.a. smoke, cheese, cheddar, heat, gas) is as old as baseball itself. But now everyone—scouts, fans, Little League dads—is obsessed with differentiating between fast and faster. It's the golden age of speed freaks: one nation, under the gun
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April 04, 2011
Radar Love
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For baseball's first century there was no express way to clock pitches, though scientific devices sometimes were rigged to gauge speeds for promotional purposes. In Cleveland in 1917 a wire-and-steel contraption called a "gravity drop interval recorder" timed Johnson, Christy Mathewson and Smokey Joe Wood, some of the era's hardest throwers. They produced respective readings of 134, 127 and 124 feet per second. (A 95-mph fastball travels 139 feet per second.) In 1946 a photo-electric cell device built by the Army at Washington's Griffith Stadium clocked Feller at 98.6 mph in a promotional event that drew 31,000 fans, well above the hometown Senators' average. The cell measured Feller's fastball as it crossed the plate and entered the unit—not as it left his hand, the way today's radar gun does, which would have resulted in a higher reading.
Such machine testing was rare and inconsistent until 1973, when Michigan State coach Danny Litwhiler, a former major league outfielder, borrowed the radar gun used by campus cops and clocked his pitchers from inside a car parked behind the backstop. Police had been using the guns since at least the 1950s. Aimed at a moving object, they send a beam of electromagnetic waves that bounce off an object and back to the gun, which measures the frequency shift in the waves that return to calculate the speed of the object.
Litwhiler found the gun did not always give a reading on pitched balls, so he called CMI Inc., the Colorado company that manufactured it, and learned that it could be recalibrated to read smaller objects. Litwhiler made the adjustment, and that prototype is now in the Hall of Fame. Litwhiler made one more change. Radar guns at the time were powered through the cigarette lighters in cars. He asked the JUGS company, which produced pitching machines, to develop a battery-powered radar gun. Within a decade JUGS would become synonymous with pitch tracking, the guns standard issue for big league scouts.
Meanwhile, in 1974, Ryan was creating such excitement with his fastball for the California Angels that the team summoned technicians from Rockwell International to rig up radar timing devices and asked fans to guess the speed of his fastest pitch against the White Sox. Ryan reached 100.8 mph—in the ninth inning of a game in which he threw 159 pitches. Two weeks later he hit 100.9 mph. Ryan's pitches were clocked when they were about 10 feet from home plate, which subtracted as much as 6 mph to 8 mph from their peak velocity.
Are today's top throwers as fast as he was? "It's hard for me to say," says Ryan, 64, now president of the Rangers. "I don't doubt that every generation that comes along has guys who throw as hard as guys in my generation and before. We know more about mechanics and sports medicine, so I just think [hard throwers are] more available."
One year after the Rockwell test, in the spring of 1975, Michigan State played a tournament in Florida, and Litwhiler brought his gun. He called up Earl Weaver, the manager of the Orioles, who trained in Miami, and said, "I've got something to show you." Weaver loved the device. He used it on his pitchers, his outfielders and even a plane as it descended. "All of our scouts," Weaver recalls, "no matter who it was, they would always say, 'This guy throws as hard as [Jim] Palmer.' I once put the radar gun on one of them, and he threw about eight or nine miles an hour slower than Palmer."
Weaver used the gun as a managing tool. He liked knowing if one of his starters was losing velocity late in a game and might need to be pulled. He especially liked using the radar gun to ensure that Baltimore's pitchers kept a wide gap in speed between their fastball and their breaking pitches. "When [Mike] Cuellar threw his screwball a little too hard and it didn't break," Weaver says, "you could tell right away on the radar gun."
The Orioles and the Dodgers were two of the early radar gunslingers. In 1975, in a unique intersection of two of the most important developments in pitching, Tommy John operated a radar gun behind home plate at Dodger Stadium while recuperating from the first elbow-reconstruction surgery, the procedure that would come to bear his name. He would predict rallies when he saw a pitcher's velocity drop late in a game. By '78 nine teams were using radar guns, and by the early '80s the tool had become essential, especially for scouts. (John was replaced by Mike Brito, a scout who sported a Panama hat and smoked a cigar in his field-level box behind home plate in L.A., lending panache to the job.)
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In Spring Framework, AbstractWizardFormController seems deprecated. How to implement multiple pages form in the Spring MVC Framework. (I am not using webflow)
any example or pointer would help considering my limited knowledge in Spring.
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 48 down vote accepted
A _USER_ is a more flexible way to define a form / wizard. You are supposed to map methods to requests based on requested path / request parameters / request method. So instead of defining a list of views and processing the request based on some required "step" parameter, you can define the steps of your wizard as you wish (also the command object will be handled more transparently). Here's how you can get to emulate a classic AWFC functionality (this is only meant to be an example, there's a lot more you can do).
public class WizardController {
 * The default handler (page=0)
 public String getInitialPage(final ModelMap modelMap) {
 // put your initial command
 modelMap.addAttribute("command", new YourCommandClass());
 // populate the model Map as needed
 return "initialView";
 * First step handler (if you want to map each step individually to a method). You should probably either use this
 * approach or the one below (mapping all pages to the same method and getting the page number as parameter).
 _USER_(params = "_step=1")
 public String processFirstStep(final _USER_("command") YourCommandClass command,
 final Errors errors) {
 // do something with command, errors, request, response,
 // model map or whatever you include among the method
 // parameters. See the documentation for _USER_
 // to get the full picture.
 return "firstStepView";
 * Maybe you want to be provided with the _page parameter (in order to map the same method for all), as you have in
 * AbstractWizardFormController.
 _USER_(method = RequestMethod.POST)
 public String processPage(_USER_("_page") final int currentPage,
 final _USER_("command") YourCommandClass command,
 final HttpServletResponse response) {
 // do something based on page number
 return pageViews[currentPage];
 * The successful finish step ('_finish' request param must be present)
 _USER_(params = "_finish")
 public String processFinish(final _USER_("command") YourCommandClass command,
 final Errors errors,
 final ModelMap modelMap,
 final SessionStatus status) {
 // some stuff
 return "successView";
 _USER_(params = "_cancel")
 public String processCancel(final HttpServletRequest request,
 final HttpServletResponse response,
 final SessionStatus status) {
 return "canceledView";
I tried to vary the method signatures so that you can get an idea about the flexibility I mentioned. Of course, there's a lot more to it: you can make use of request method (GET or POST) in the _USER_, you can define a method annotated with _USER_, etc.
EDIT: I had an unmapped method which I fixed (by the way, you need to make sure you don't have ambiguous mappings -- requests that could be mapped to more than one method -- or unmapped requests -- requests that cannot be mapped to any method). Also have a look at _USER_, _USER_ and _USER_, which are also needed for fully simulating the behaviour of the classic AWFC (I edited the code already to make this clear).
share|improve this answer
+1 This is certainly a better explanation than what Spring documentation/example app provides. A lot of people could find this helpful. – prasopes Jan 7 '11 at 11:08
yeah very helpful indeed. – false9striker Jan 17 '12 at 7:50
protected by Community Oct 17 '14 at 11:26
Would you like to answer one of these unanswered questions instead?


Our Bamboo Bike Initiative continues to build capacity and create employment opportunities for skilled and unskilled youth and women (35 jobs created: 25 bike builders and 10 farmers). It significantly contributes to reducing poverty in Ghana's rural communities along with the value added by supporting the local bamboo bike industry. Additionally, the local government is assisted through taxes and foreign exchange that is generated through exports.
Our Initiative offers a basic course and practical lessons on building bamboo bikes as a way of encouraging entrepreneurship and providing sustainable livelihood job skills for women and youth of Ghana. Providing this training helps equip people to set up their own small-scale production base in any part of the country.
Our Bamboo Bike Academy is located on the premises of our factory and includes a 200-hour bamboo bike manufacturing and mechanics course. It teaches apprentices to manufacture, assemble and repair their bamboo bikes. This thorough knowledge helps to empower cyclists and employees, equipping them with the skills to repair and make the most of their vehicles. In addition to the mechanics, techniques on selling bike parts and accessories are provided. This training can result in jobs at local area bike shops and other bike related businesses upon completion.
In our most recent initiative, we will collaborate with the Newmont Ahafo Development Foundation (NADEF), the corporate social responsibility arm of Newmont Gold Mines. We will establish two new factories at Ntrotroso and Afrisipa in Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana with the aim of creating employment opportunities for the youth in those mining communities. This will encourage a shift in the youths' tendency to engage in illegal mining, which encroaches upon the land of the mining firm, while adding 50 new bamboo bike builders. This growth for the Ghana Bamboo Bike Initiative will help us respond to the increasing demands for bikes and frames.
Our bamboo bikes are organic, sustainable, non-polluting and recyclable. They require significantly less electricity compared to the production of traditional metal or carbon fiber bicycles. Our bamboo bikes also help to reduce carbon emissions by up to 70 percent and avoid the almost 5 kg of CO2 emissions that steel bicycle frames would release.
Bamboo is the fastest growing canopy for the re-greening of degraded lands, providing nutrition for humans and animals, and helping to improve air and water quality by reducing carbon dioxide levels.
Additionally, the increased cultivation and use of bamboo as an alternative to wood helps preserve and rehabilitate Ghana's dwindling forests. Its root system also greatly reduces soil erosion, which is a major concern for many farmers. As part of our scaling-up strategy, we have started establishing bamboo plantations to continue to support climate mitigation, create employment for farmers and promote the use of bamboo waste for the production of bamboo charcoal briquettes.
10 farmers have been made part of the bamboo bike building team to have additional responsibility of the bamboo plantation development and harvesting of bamboo for production.
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Open Data Program
Cyclone Idai
Cyclone Idai first made landfall in Mozambique on Thursday, March 14, 2019, affecting thousands of people across the country and neighboring Malawi. The Ngangu Township in Chimanimani and the Rusitu Valley communities were the hardest hit. The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs stated that the impact is yet to be established, however reports indicate loss of life and significant damage, with extreme flooding causing loss of roads, homes and infrastructure. Officials estimate the severe flooding will impact 1.5 million people in Mozambique and Malawi, with more than 150 people reportedly killed and hundreds more missing.
For this Open Data Program activation, DigitalGlobe provided preand post-event WorldView optical imagery, MDA RADARSAT-2 synthetic aperture radar imagery, and Ecopia Building Footprints powered by DigitalGlobe, which are high-precision, GIS-ready building footprints created using's proprietary artificial intelligence algorithms combined with DigitalGlobe's current, high-resolution commercial satellite imagery, resulting in a greater than 95% accuracy rating, a uniquely high percentage in the industry. In this Building Footprints dataset, each building is represented by a center point, creating a map of infrastructure that was built before Cyclone Idai made landfall.
Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial 4.0
You are free to:
Share—copy and redistibute the material in any medium format
Adapt—remix, transform, and build upon material
Under the following terms:
OpenStreetMap Exception


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Bernard Street Bridge
|Bernard Street Bridge|
|Location Map ( geo)|
|Crossings related to the A199|
The Bernard Street Bridge carries the primary A199 over the Water of Leith in Leith. The bridge appears to date from the 1960s, consisting of three shallow concrete arches across the river. The size of the structure is deceptive, with much of it hidden under the water level which is maintained at an unnaturally high level by lock gates. In the past the Water of Leith was tidal.
Looking at the bridge today, it seems hard to imagine that it carries a primary route, being lined with parked cars, and taxi ranks, where it may once have been S4. However, with a traffic signal controlled junction on the west side of the bridge, and a steady flow of traffic in each direction the bridge is still busy.
Somewhere in this area is the site of the first bridge at Leith, built by the church in 1496. The bridge was demolished in c1780, when the expansion of Leith as a Port was already underway, and the removal of the bridge presumably opened up more of the river banks for development as wharves.
Another bridge, known as the Lower Drawbridge (the Upper Drawbridge is now known as Sandport Place Bridge), stood a little to the north of the modern bridge, seemingly requiring traffic to dogleg at each end to continue along the main Bernard Street - Commercial Street thoroughfare. This bridge was demolished in 1910.
Undoubtedly there have been other bridges on this site, or near to it, in the missing years between the two bridges mentioned above. However, more research is required to discover where they were, when they were built and what they looked like. Undoubtedly most would have allowed ships or boats to pass through them.


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Ododu is a constructed language that is based on the following presumptions.
- The universe is comprised of conscious entities that create and use language.
- The universe can be described in terms of certain foundational characteristics or relations. These characteristics are elemental in that they comprise units of meaning called foundational morphemes, that cannot be subdivided into any combination of smaller units of meaning.
- Each foundational morpheme can be optimally represented by a foundational grapheme that is both an ideogram and a pictogram. Such a grapheme is independent of any particular language and it conveys some sense of its meaning through a pictorial resemblance of that fundamental unit of meaning.
- Each foundational morpheme – grapheme pair can also be represented by a unique sound unit called a phoneme.
The Ododu language comprises four primary vowels each of which represents a foundational morpheme – grapheme – phoneme unit. These four primary vowels represent the four foundationally different types of relation and hence denote the initial and most primordial characterization of ourselves and the universe. They can be viewed as representing my personal reference frame or a view of the universe from my perspective.
There are also four additional secondary vowels which also represent foundational morpheme – grapheme – phoneme units, and which are, in a sense, reflections of the four primary vowels. They can be viewed as an external reference frame or a view of the universe from a different perspective than mine. For example, the two perspectives might describe the differences in how you and I look at the universe and/or each other.
Each of the four primary vowels can interact with each of the four secondary vowels to generate 16 consonants. In our example, this will describe how each of the elements in my reference frame (my language) will change with respect to changes in the elements in your reference frame (your language) when we both look at and describe some other event in the universe. Each consonant has a unique phoneme and is represented by a unique pictogram. The consonants also are associated with unique morphemes that are related to interactions of the morphemes of the constituent vowels, but which stand alone as archetypal concepts that transcend the meanings of the constituent vowel morphemes or various combinations of the constituent morphemes.
All 24 single letters are represented by graphemes that are non homeomorphic or topologically invariant with respect to each other. Thus no single letter grapheme can be converted into any other single letter grapheme by manipulation of its shape or size. It is further assumed that the eight vowel graphemes are the most fundamental archetypal symbolic forms that can be produced and that consequently they represent the foundational structure and form of the universe itself.
The 16 single letter consonant graphemes are constructed via a serial subsumptive procedure wherein each subsequent consonant grapheme contains all prior graphemes. This process is analogous to the initial morphogenetic development of living cells in biology and hence represents a linguistic process for the development of a language that approaches the goal of a universal language. As the complexity of each sequential grapheme increases they begin to look like the hieroglyphs of many of the languages of ancient peoples and cultures.


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As income rises, the frequency of fast food visits rise as well, at least until income hits $60,000 a year; sit-down restaurant visits just keep on rising. (The y axis is frequency of visits.)
Obesity rates in the United States are highest among the poor, and high up on most lists of reasons why, you'll find the truism that fast food is cheap food, and the poor, who can't afford healthier fare, are its main consumers. A new study suggests, however, that the people eating the most fast food are middle class, with incomes as high as $60,000 a year. Using a national database of about 5,000 people, researchers at UC Davis found that the frequency of people's visits to fast-food restaurants increased with rising household income until $60,000, when frequency started to go down (though, interestingly, people making more than $100,000 still went to fast food more than those making $20,000). Visits to sit-down restaurants, on the other hand, increased with rising income and just kept on growing.
The research indicates that ascribing a fast-food habit to the poor alone ignores the rest of the population's predilections and may be a distraction from other causes of obesity in Americans of all income levels. As the scientists point out, restaurant meals in general are much higher in fat than home-cooked meals, yet people with larger incomes eat out far more frequently than the poor, while maintaining lower obesity rates. Restaurants are only part of the picture. In fact, given that a straight diet of fast food is beyond the means of many poor families, perhaps rock-bottom cheap, high-calorie foods sold in grocery stores are more of a problem than McDonald's.
Image courtesy of Leigh and Kim and Population Health Management


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A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Modularized, Computer-Assisted, Self-Paced Approach to Developmental Math
Community colleges are a large sector of postsecondary education. In 2016-2017, the United States had nearly 1,000 public 2-year postsecondary institutions (community colleges), serving almost nine million students, representing 39% of all undergraduates. The majority of entering community college students require developmental (or remedial) math. Success rates in the developmental math course sequence and college more broadly are discouragingly low. Policymakers, practitioners, and researchers alike are eagerly searching for reforms to improve success rates, but there is a dearth of causal evidence on the effectiveness of most proposed reforms. We sought to answer the following question: What effect does a modularized, computer-assisted, self-paced approach to developmental math (compared with a more "traditional" direct-instruction course alternative) have on students' likelihood of completing the developmental math course sequence? Findings from a randomized controlled trial (n =1,403) are presented. The program was well implemented; however, we did not find evidence that this approach was superior to the "traditional" math class. Although these results are disappointing, they are important because modularization and self-paced computer-assisted instruction are popular reforms.


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What is LVM
LVM stands for Logical Volume Management. It is a system of managing logical volumes, or filesystems, that is much more advanced and flexible than the traditional method of partitioning a disk into one or more segments and formatting that partition with a filesystem.
Why use LVM?
For a long time I wondered why anyone would want to use LVM when you can use gparted to resize and move partitions just fine. The answer is that lvm can do these things better, and some nifty new things that you just can't do otherwise. I will explain several tasks that lvm can do and why it does so better than other tools, then how to do them. First you should understand the basics of lvm.
There are 3 concepts that LVM manages:
- Volume Groups
- Physical Volumes
- Logical Volumes
A Volume Group is a named collection of physical and logical volumes. Typical systems only need one Volume Group to contain all of the physical and logical volumes on the system, and I like to name mine after the name of the machine. Physical Volumes correspond to disks; they are block devices that provide the space to store logical volumes. Logical volumes correspond to partitions: they hold a filesystem. Unlike partitions though, logical volumes get names rather than numbers, they can span across multiple disks, and do not have to be physically contiguous.
One of the biggest advantages LVM has is that most operations can be done on the fly, while the system is running. Most operations that you can do with gparted require that the partitions you are trying to manipulate are not in use at the time, so you have to boot from the livecd to perform them. You also often run into the limits of the msdos partition table format with gparted, including only 4 primary partitions, and all logical partitions must be contained within one contiguous extended partition.
With gparted you can expand and shrink partitions, but only if they are not in use. LVM can expand a partition while it is mounted, if the filesystem used on it also supports that ( like the usual ext3/4 ). When expanding a partition, gparted can only expand it into adjacent free space, but LVM can use free space anywhere in the Volume Group, even on another disk. When using gparted, this restriction often means that you must move other partitions around to make space to expand one, which is a very time consuming process that can result in massive data loss if it fails or is interrupted ( power loss ).
Moving partitions with gparted is usually only necessary in the first place because of the requirement that partitions be physically contiguous, so you probably won't ever need to do this with LVM. If you do, unlike gparted, LVM can move a partition while it is in use, and will not corrupt your data if it is interrupted. In the event that your system crashes or loses power during the move, you can simply restart it after rebooting and it will finish normally. When I got my SSD drive, I simply plugged it in, booted it up, and asked lvm to move my running root filesystem to the new drive in the background while I continued working. Another reason you might want to move is to replace an old disk with a new, larger one. You can migrate the system to the new disk while using it, and then remove the old one later.
If you like to test various Linux distributions, or just different version of Ubuntu, or both, you can quickly end up with quite a few partitions. With conventional msdos partitions, this becomes problematic due to its limitations. With LVM you can create as many Logical Volumes as you wish, and it is usually quite easy since you usually have plenty of free space left. Usually people allocate the entire drive to one partition when they first install, but since extending a partition is so easy with LVM, there is no reason to do this. It is better to allocate only what you think you will need, and leave the rest of the space free for future use. If you end up running out of the initial allocation, adding more space to that volume is just one command that completes immediately while the system is running normally.
This is something you simply can not do without LVM. It allows you to freeze an existing Logical Volume in time, at any moment, even while the system is running. You can continue to use the original volume normally, but the snapshot volume appears to be an image of the original, frozen in time at the moment you created it. You can use this to get a consistent filesystem image to back up, without shutting down the system. You can also use it to save the state of the system, so that you can later return to that state if you mess things up. You can even mount the snapshot volume and make changes to it, without affecting the original.
So how do I start using LVM?
The alternate installer has the ability to set up and install to LVM, and is the supported way of doing so. You can install the lvm2 package on an existing system, or the desktop livecd and manually set it up, and then install to it. This is what I will cover. (Ubuntu 12.10 has since introduced LVM support from the installation live CD.)
First, you need a Physical Volume. Typically you start with a hard disk, and create an LVM type partition on it. You can create one with gparted or fdisk, and usually only want one partition to use the whole disk, since LVM will handle subdividing it into Logical Volumes. In gparted, you need to check the lvm flag when creating the partition, and with fdisk, tag the type with code 8e.
Once you have your LVM partition, you need to initialize it as a Physical Volume. Assuming this partition is /dev/sda1:
sudo pvcreate /dev/sda1
This writes the LVM header to the partition, which identifies it as a Physical Volume, and sets up a small area to hold the metadata describing everything about the Volume Group, and the the rest of the partition as unused Physical Extents. After that, you need to create a Volume Group named foo:
sudo vgcreate foo /dev/sda1
Now you have a Volume Group named foo. I suggest you change foo to a name meaningful to you. foo contains only one Physical Volume. Now you want to create a Logical Volume from some of the free space in foo:
sudo lvcreate -n bar -L 5g foo
This creates a Logical Volume named bar in Volume Group foo using 5 GB of space. If you are installing, you probably want to create a Logical Volume like this to use as a root filesystem, and one for swap, and maybe one for /home. I currently have a Logical Volume for a Lucid install, and one for a Maverick install, so that is what I named those volumes. You can find the block device for this Logical Volume in '/dev/foo/bar' or 'dev/mapper/foo-bar'.
You might also want to try the lvs and pvs commands, which list the Logical Volumes and Physical Volumes respectively, and their more detailed variants; lvdisplay and pvdisplay.
If you are doing this from the desktop livecd, once you have created your Logical Volumes from the terminal, you can run the installer, and use manual partitioning to select how to use each Logical Volume, and then install.
You can extend a Logical Volume with:
sudo lvextend -L +5g foo/bar
This will add 5 GB to the bar Logical Volume in the foo Volume Group. You can specify an absolute size if you want instead of a relative size by omitting the leading +. The space is allocated from any free space anywhere in the bar Volume Group. If you have multiple Physical Volumes you can add the names of one or more of them to the end of the command to limit which ones should be used to satisfy the request.
After extending the Logical Volume you need to expand the filesystem to use the new space. For ext 3/4, you simply run:
sudo resize2fs /dev/foo/bar
If you only have one Physical Volume then you probably will not ever need to move, but if you add a new disk, you might want to. To move the Logical Volume bar off of Physical Volume /dev/sda1, you run:
sudo pvmove -n bar /dev/sda1
If you omit the -n bar argument, then all Logical Volumes on the /dev/sda1 Physical Volume will be moved. If you only have one other Physical Volume, then that is where it will be moved to, or you can add the name of one or more specific Physical Volumes that should be used to satisfy the request, instead of any Physical Volume in the Volume Group with free space. This process can be resumed safely if interrupted by a crash or power failure, and can be done while the Logical Volume(s) in question are in use. You can also add -b to perform the move in the background and return immediately, or -i s to have it print how much progress it has made every s seconds. If you background the move, you can check its progress with the lvs command.
When you create a snapshot, you create a new Logical Volume to act as a clone of the original Logical Volume. The snapshot volume initially does not use any space, but as changes are made to the original volume, the changed blocks are copied to the snapshot volume before they are changed, in order to preserve them. This means that the more changes you make to the origin, the more space the snapshot needs. If the snapshot volume uses all of the space allocated to it, then


Martingale Trading Strategy: A Brief Guide
6 min read
By Chamundeswari Koppisetti
We frequently hear about martingale strategies in casino games where one doubles their bet size after every loss. Can these martingale strategies be applied to trading and increase a trader's gain?
In this blog, we will be focusing on Martingale and its application in trading strategies by going through the following topics.
What is martingale?
A random variable is an unknown value or a function which takes a particular value for each possible trial. It can be either discrete or continuous. We consider discrete random variable below to explain martingale.
Martingale is a sequence of random variables M1, M2, M3… Mn, where
E [Mn+1|Mn] = Mn, n -> 0, 1, …, n+1 🡪 (1)
And E [|Mn+1|] < ∞,
Which is read as expectation of Mn+1 given the value of Mn is equal to Mn, i.e. expectation remains constant
For a random variable which takes different values x1, x2, x3 with respective probabilities of p1, p2 and p3, the expectation is calculated as:
E[M] = x1 * p1 + x2 * p2 + x3 * p3, In simpler terms, expectation is same as the arithmetic mean.
Note: Martingale is always defined with respect to some information sets, and some probability measure. If the information sets or the probability associated to the process are changed, the process might not be a martingale anymore.
How does martingale work?
Consider a simple game, where you toss a fair coin and win a dollar if the outcome is head and lose the dollar if it's a tail.
In this game, the probability for either head or tail is always half. So, the average value of win is equal to ½(1) + ½(-1) =0, which implies that you cannot systematically earn any additional money by playing a number of rounds of the game (although random gains or losses is still possible).
Hence, the above satisfies martingale property which says that in any particular round your total earnings are expected to stay the same regardless of the outcomes of the previous rounds.
Conditional expectation in martingale
The expression on left hand side of equation (1) in martingale definition is called 'conditional expectation'. Conditional expectation (also called the conditional mean) is simply the average, calculated after a set of prior conditions has happened.
Conditional expectation of a random variable X with respect variable Z is defined as a (new) random variable Y = E(X|Z)
Martingale trading strategy
Martingale trading strategy is to double your exposure or investment size on losing trades. As your expected long-term return is still the same, (lose when the price goes down and gain when the price goes up), this strategy can be implemented by buying in dips when the price goes down and lowering your average entry price. Hence, even after a series of losing trades, if a winning trade happens, it regains all the losses including initial trade amount as it results in a profit of 2^p=∑ 2^p-1+1.
Pros and Cons of Martingale: One of the advantages is, as the trader doubles investment size after every losing trade, the strategy helps to recoup the losses and generate profits improving the net earnings. Whereas the main disadvantage is that if you are increasing the investment size without stop loss limits.
Note: You can lose your entire capital if the company goes bankrupt or result in an uncoverable drawdown requiring additional capital if the odds do not improve in the long run and you continually lose.
What is an anti-martingale?
In an anti-martingale strategy, one doubles the investment size when the prices move in a profitable direction and halve the investment size when there is a loss. This is done with the hope that stocks will continue to rise in a trend, which works in momentum driven markets.
Pros and Cons of Anti - Martingale: Major advantage of Anti-Martingale system is the minimal risk during unfavourable conditions, as the trade volume is not increased during losses. Despite advantages, anti-martingale also doesn't result in profits if there are extended losing trades. Hence, entry signals should be computed accurately in order that losses don't cover the profits gained.
In the next section, we will build the Martingale and Anti-martingale strategy in python. If you don't know where to start with respect to python, you can try our Python course or the python handbook.
Martingale vs anti-martingale trading strategy in python
We have used the Apple (AAPL) Adjusted Close price data for over 6 months. This data was pulled from the Yahoo finance website and stored in a csv file. To know how to download financial data, you can go through this blog.
Read the stock data
2019 Half yearly (Jul to Dec) Adjusted Close price data for AAPL has been downloaded
Simple Martingale strategy
Martingale trading strategy is to double your trade size on losing trades.
We start with one stock of AAPL and double the trade volume or quantity on losing trades. Strategy is built considering winning trade as a 2% increase and losing trade as a 2% decrease from the previous close price.
Note: We can notice from the above graph that the trade volume or quantity increases exponentially, and cumulative returns increased. But in this case, we might run out of capital to double the position, which leads to bankruptcy.
Simple Anti-martingale strategy
Anti-martingale strategy is to double the trade size on winning trades and halve the size on losing trades.
Similar to the above martingale strategy, we start with one stock of AAPL and double the trade volume or quantity on winning trades and half the trade volume or quantity on losing trades. The strategy is built considering winning trade as 2% increase and losing trade as a 2% decrease from the previous close price.
Standard martingale lead to highly variable outcomes in the long run, as it can encounter exponentially increasing losses. Whereas anti martingale return distribution is significantly flatter, with lower variance as it decreases exposure on losses, and increases it on profits. With this in mind, we see that majority of successful traders tend to follow anti martingale strategies as they are considered to be less risky increasing investment size during a winning streak than during a losing streak compared to martingale strategy.
You can check out the learning track for advanced Algorithmic Trading Strategies designed for traders who want to improve their existing strategies.
In this blog, we first understood the intuitive meaning of martingale by visiting the concept of conditional expectation. Next, we have learnt the types of martingale strategies. In martingale trading strategy, trade size or quantity is doubled on losing trades with the expectation of upcoming profitable trades to cover the losses and generate profits. In an anti-martingale trading strategy, trade size or quantity is halved on losing trades (protecting the downside), and doubled on profitable trades. We have also understood the market conditions which may be suitable for either of the strategy. Finally, we have implemented both, the martingale and anti-martingale trading strategies. You can learn different types of quantitative strategies and models by enrolling for our learning track on algorithmic trading for everyone.
Download Data File
 - Apple six-month earnings
 - Martingale code


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Phase equilibria in the La - Mo - Se system at in the vicinity of and
Abstract:Phase relations prevalent in the La - Mo - Se system at in the vicinity of the ternary (Chevrel) phase and of the binary phase, have been established. Characteristic features of this system are as follows:
(i) Two isostructural, but mutually immiscible, solid solutions covering considerable compositional intervals exist. One of them, defined as La-intercalated, spreads over a triangular surface, with its origin at the binary and developing into the ternary system, as far as La. One edge of this triangle points towards the isostructural ternary phase. The second three-component solid solution is based on the Chevrel-type phase and takes the shape of a rectangular surface about 2 at% La wide, with 6.67 at% La as the mean value. The domain runs along the line, from x = 0 (40 at% Mo), characteristic of the exact stoichiometry 1:6:8, to x = 0.75 (45 at% Mo).
(ii) The continuous solid solution of the type, expected to occur between the binary and the ternary, is absent.
The domains of both solid solutions have been established using x-ray powder diffractometry and the evolution of the critical temperatures characteristic for each of the phases.
Document Type: Miscellaneous
Affiliations: 1: Institute for Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, PO Box 937, 50950 Wroclaw, Poland 2: Chimie du Solide et Inorganique Moléculaire, Université de Rennes 1, URA CNRS 1495, 35042 Rennes Cédex, France
Publication date: December 1, 1996