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 - The Simpsons: Bart vs. Hamster
 Lisa conducts an experiment to determine if Bart is smarter than a hamster. She puts the two subjects through tests involving cupcakes. At the end of the experiment, both Bart and the hamster have a negative response to seeing cupcakes.
 - Ghostbusters (1984): ESP Test
 Professor Venkman conducts an ESP test on two students. He passes the female student despite her wrong answers and shocks the male student despite him giving the correct answer. Every time the male student is about to be shocked, he shows anxiety. Eventually, he gets fed up and leaves.
 - The Big Bang Theory: Negative Reinforcement vs. Positive Punishment
 Sheldon, Leonard, Howard, and Raj use negative reinforcement and positive punishment to keep themselves focused on their work. It doesn't exactly work as planned.
 - Ed, Edd n Eddy: Good Manners
 Double D uses bandages to inflict pain on Ed and Eddy whenever they demonstrate poor manners. His goal is to improve their behavior. After just a short time, it appears that his strategy is working. Double D's strategy is an example of positive punishment since an unpleasant stimulus (the removal of the bandage) is applied to decrease a negative behavior (yelling or being rude). This concept is not explained entirely correctly in the clip, however. Double D explains that his actions remind Ed and Eddy of their manners (a reinforcer for positive behavior) rather than punish them for their negative behavior. Regardless, this clip is an excellent illustration of operant conditioning.


and detection.
Assignments of responsibilities and deadlines are given.
After actions have been performed, the team reviews the results to rescore the risks.
Step 7: Result Documentation
In Results Documentation, the FMEA is summarized, documented, and communicated to the team and stakeholders.
The FMEA report includes summary of scope, identification of high-risk failures, the corrective actions taken and their effectiveness, and insights/plans for current and future processes.
The results documentation is to summarize and communicate the results of the FMEA activity.
5 Common FMEA Mistakes:
 1. Performing FMEA too late: The earlier in design phase the better.
 2. Accountability of required actions: Have clear ownership for parts of the process.
 3. Setting it and forgetting it: FMEA is a living document of continuous improvement.
 4. Poor documentation: Useful documentation limits redundancies and leaves insight for future teams.
 5. Poor root cause identification: Due diligence confirms a proper solution and not wasted efforted and continued defects.
Digitizing the FMEA process
FMEA is a lot of work.
Some challenges include the considerable number of documents, spreadsheets, and people involved--especially with constantly updating data as the complexity of the project evolves.
The traditional drawing-based, paper-based workflow leads to increased laborious and repetitive manual work (especially repeat data entry), a lack of organization and consistency for all FMEAs, and a need for a structured knowledge base for current and future insights.
Digitization is the future here.
MBD Benefits
A model-based approach called MBD (model-based definition) uses a single source of truth: the 3D CAD model + PMI (product manufacturing information) to store the geometry and manufacturing data to build and measure a part that could be used downstream throughout entire the supply chain.
This model contains a large portion of the product definition and requirements (e.g. information regarding significant characteristics, etc.) which follows the FMEA analysis. Additional data like risk information and process plans can also be generated using requirement management software tools or MBDVidia
When you have a digital source for your data which includes production definition and tolerances (MBD), product requirements and risks, process plan info, etc., then it all becomes streamlined significantly.
The results: automatic time-savings and a more repeatable and faster FMEA process.
The ISO QIF standard provides the ability to digitize the MBD, Control Plan (from FMEA), measurement results (PPAP and MSA), and measurement statistics (SPC). QIF is rapidly being adopted by the industry as the digital backbone of the MBD transformation in the manufacturing industry.
If FMEA unifies early risk analysis (the what), the MBD-based FMEA process unifies the risk analysis process (the how).
FMEA evaluates potential failure through 5 questions:
 1. What can go wrong?
 2. Why would that happen?
 3. What are the consequences?
 4. How can that be prevented?
 5. What insights apply to current and future scenarios?
When properly implemented and documented, current and future teams can detect failure earlier in the manufacturing process. This creates immediate time and cost savings upfront vs the exponential time and cost expenses when fixed later in the product lifecycle.
Have questions about FMEA?
Contact Us
Capvidia is a leader in MBD-based workflows and all things pertaining to digital transformation in the manufacturing industry.
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text:
Guidance and navigation in unknown environments requires learning of the task environment simultaneous to path planning. Autonomous guidance in unknown environments requires a real-time integration of environment sensing, mapping, planning, trajectory generation, and tracking. For brute force optimal control, the spatial environment should be mapped accurately. The real-world environments are in general cluttered, complex, unknown, and uncertain. An accurate model of such environments requires to store an enormous amount of information and then that information has to be processed in optimal control formulation, which is not computationally cheap and efficient for online operations of autonomous guidance systems. On the contrary, humans and animals are in general able to navigate efficiently in unknown, complex, and cluttered environments. Like autonomous guidance systems, humans and animals also do not have unlimited information processing and sensing capacities due to their biological and physical constraints. Therefore, it is relevant to understand cognitive mechanisms that help humans learn and navigate efficiently in unknown environments. Such understanding can help to design planning algorithms that are computationally efficient as well as better understand how to improve human-machine interfaces in particular between operators and autonomous agents. This dissertation is organized in three parts: 1) computational investigation of environment learning in guidance and navigation (chapters 3 and 4), 2) investigation of human environment learning in guidance tasks (chapters 5 and 6), and 3) autonomous guidance framework based on a graph representation of environment using subgoals that are invariants in agent-environment interactions (chapter 7). In the first part, the dissertation presents a computational framework for learning autonomous guidance behavior in unknown or partially known environments. The learning framework uses a receding horizon trajectory optimization associated with a spatial value function (SVF). The SVF describes optimal (e.g. minimum time) guidance behavior represented as cost and velocity at any point in geographical space to reach a specified goal state. For guidance in unknown environments, a local SVF based on current vehicle state is updated online using environment data from onboard exteroceptive sensors. The proposed learning framework has the advantage in that it learns information directly relevant to the optimal guidance and control behavior enabling optimal trajectory planning in unknown or partially known environments. The learning framework is evaluated by measuring performance over successive runs in a 3-D indoor flight simulation. The test vehicle in the simulations is a Blade-Cx2 coaxial miniature helicopter. The environment is a priori unknown to the learning system. The dissertation investigates changes in performance, dynamic behavior, SVF, and control behavior in body frame, as a result of learning over successive runs. In the second part, the dissertation focuses on modeling and evaluating how a human operator learns an unknown task environment in goal-directed navigation tasks. Previous studies have showed that human pilots organize their guidance and perceptual behavior using the interaction patterns (IPs), i.e., invariants in their sensory-motor processes in interactions with the task space. However, previous studies were performed in known environments. In this dissertation, the concept of IPs is used to build a modeling and analysis framework to investigate human environment learning and decision-making in navigation of unknown environments. This approach emphasizes the agent dynamics (e.g., a vehicle controlled by a human operator), which is not typical in simultaneous navigation and environment learning studies. The framework is applied to analyze human data from simulated first-person guidance experiments in an obstacle field. Subjects were asked to perform multiple trials and find minimum-time routes between prespecified start and goal locations without priori knowledge of the environment. They used a joystick to control flight behavior and navigate in the environment. In the third part, the subgoal graph framework used to model and evaluate humans is extended to an autonomous guidance algorithm for navigation in unknown environments. The autonomous guidance framework based on subgoal graph is an improvement to the SVF based guidance and learning framework presented in the first part. The latter uses a grid representation of the environment, which is computationally costly in comparison to the graph based guidance model.
University of Minnesota Ph.D. dissertation. December 2017. Major: Aerospace Engineering. Advisor: Berenice Mettler. 1 computer file (PDF); xvi, 176 pages.
Learning of Unknown Environments in Goal-Directed Guidance and Navigation Tasks: Autonomous Systems and Humans.
Retrieved from the University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy,
Content distributed via the University of Minnesota's Digital Conservancy may be subject to additional license and use restrictions applied by the depositor.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Part Number : LM258N
Function : Dual low power operational amplifier
Package : DIP 8 Pin
Manufacturers : Motorola => Freescale
Utilizing the circuit designs perfected for recently introduced Quad Operational Amplifiers, these dual operational amplifiers feature 1) low power drain, 2) a common mode input voltage range extending to ground/VEE, 3) single supply or split supply operation and 4) pinouts compatible with the popular MC1558 dual operational amplifier. The LM158 series is equivalent to one–half of an LM124.
These amplifiers have several distinct advantages over standard operational amplifier types in single supply applications. They can operate at supply voltages as low as 3.0 V or as high as 32 V, with quiescent currents about one–fifth of those associated with the MC1741 (on a per amplifier basis). The common mode input range includes the negative supply, thereby eliminating the necessity for external biasing components in many applications. The output voltage range also includes the negative power supply voltage.
1. Short Circuit Protected Outputs
2. True Differential Input Stage
3. Single Supply Operation: 3.0 V to 32 V
4. Low Input Bias Currents
5. Internally Compensated
6. Common Mode Range Extends to Negative Supply
7. Single and Split Supply Operation
8. Similar Performance to the Popular MC1558
LM258N Datasheet PDF Download
Other data sheets within the file : LM258, LM258D, LM258N, LM2904, LM2904D


text:
Belonging to the Erodium genus, Erodium has a botanical name of Erodium. a Perennial grower, it grows best over a period of time (3 years and greater). Keep in mind when planning your garden that Erodium is known for growing to a ground covering habit.
This plant info is provided by the myfolia gardener's wiki. All details about Erodium have been kindly provided by our members.
These plants have been known to grow well alongside Erodium so consider planting:
These plants will not grow well with Erodium so avoid planting these within close proximity:
These problems, diseases and pests are known to affect Erodium plants:
Erodium L'HÈr. ex Aiton


text:
Students in English Language Learner Program growing
The number of Hamilton School District students who are learning to speak English as a second language has grown from 38 to 63 in the past three years. Instructional Services Supervisor Dee Bauman, Ph.D., and Human Relations Specialist Erica Bova-Brown reported on the district's comprehensive English Language Learner (ELL) program. The program, which was established in the last four years, helps students develop English language skills so that they can be successful in their classes.
Key elements of the program are student assessments administered by reading specialists to determine language proficiency, training for classroom teachers who provide most of the direct support for students, instructional aide time and interpreter services.
Students identified for the program speak a variety of languages, the most popular being Hmong spoken by 54 students, Spanish - 15, Arabic and Laotion - five each. There are 18 other languages spoken by four or fewer students including Bulgarian, Dutch, Filipino, Albanian, French, German, Greek, Guamanian, Hindi, Malayalam, Mandarin, Polish, Punjabi, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Telugu and Vietnamese.
Funding for additional ELL aide time has come from more than $8,000 in federal grants -- most of it allocated specifically to help districts meet the needs of ELL students. In addition, training costs and program supplies come from various district budgets and departments.
Maple Avenue retires site plan, develops new one
After serving the school for five years, the Maple Avenue Elementary School site plan was retired this fall and a team of staff members and parents created three new tactics to maximize academic achievement. The tactics are to:
Maple Avenue Principal Kristin Koeper said the next step in the site planning process is to develop action steps to accomplish the tactics.
- implement a schoolwide writing program with common expectations;
- implement an elementary reading scope and sequence of instructional strategies and assessments and develop common expectations within and across grade levels; and
- develop and implement intervention programming for students at risk of academic failure.
Board members noted the school's outstanding accomplishments in increasing writing proficiency. One grade increased proficiency from 25 percent to 100 percent in two years. Koeper credited a teacher whose has had a strong influence on the direction of writing instruction at the school.
Grove presents energy report
As much as $60,000 has been saved in energy costs over the past few years, thanks to conservation measures the Buildings and Grounds Department has implemented. Building and Grounds Manager Jeff Grove presented the 2003 Energy Report that indicates consumption of natural gas and electricity is down four percent due to conservation. Among the recent initiatives are:
Future plans include:
- inspection, cleaning and recalibration of all boilers this summer;
- Focus on Energy software training that allows staff to access real-time energy usage record;
- reclassification of Maple Avenue's electric rate classification because of energy-efficient measures implemented with the school's renovation; and
- new and automated chemical control to improve heating and cooling transfer and prolong the life of equipment.
- phase in of new HVAC equipment controls for greater conservation and better equipment control at the high school;
- a master coil maintenance plan to increase efficiency and prolong the life of rooftop units; and
- exploring a districtwide computerized maintenance management system to track all maintenance phases.
Budget schedule given
Business Services Director Bryan Ruud presented a written report outlining the 2004-05 budget time line. Among the dates for input are:
Personnel matters approved
- Dec. 10 -- open forum for employees at 3:45 p.m. in the high school library;
- March 15 -- community input at 7:15 p.m. at Templeton;
- April 19 -- community input at 7:15 p.m. at Templeton;
- May 4 -- community input at 7:15 p.m. at Templeton; and
- June 21 -- Annual Public Hearing at 6:30 p.m. with Annual Meeting to follow at Hamilton High School.
In personnel matters, the School Board:
- appointed Lisa Koll as a temporary Special Services aide at Maple Avenue; and
- approved a leave of absence for Woodside first grade teacher Shareen Cartwright for the second semester of the 2003-04 school year.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
History of Carroll County, Tennessee
Volume One - 1987
The Joyners were French Juguenots. They went from France to
England and from England to America in the 1640's. The settled in
Sussex County, VA.
Joshua Joyner migrated from VA to West TN in the early 1820's.
He settled in the south west part of Carroll County. He was the father
of Marshal, Jim, Newsom, Luther, and Joe Joyner. Marshall, Jim and Newsom
were all Baptist ministers. Joe, the youngest, was a farmer. He spent
all of his life in the area where they were born and reared, just over
the Carroll County line in Gibson County. He was the father of Arden,
Percy, and Onel Joyner.
Luther was killed dring the Civil War. Jim moved to Jackson, TN
when he was a young man. Newsome moved to Huntingdon. He was the
father of Ed and Ben Joyner.
After returning home from the Civil War, Marshal Joyner m. Lucy
Morris of Gibson County. They moved to the Concord Community of Carroll
County. He was the pastor of several churches in the area. He helped to
organize the First Baptist Church of Huntingdon. He was also a cotton
farmer. In 1890 he moved to Westport. He helped to organize the
Baptist Church there and served as the first pastor.
Marshall Joyner was the father of Joe, John, Sarah, Jim, Newt,
Walter and Garvin Joyner. Joe, Newt, Walter and Garvin were all Baptist
ministers. Sarah m a Baptist minister. John and Jim farmed and Jim
also worked for the NC & St L railroad.
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The Lord of the Rings TCG Wiki: Strength
Strength is one of the defining attributes of all character cards (along with vitality). It is an extremely important number to track; indeed, about one-third of all the cards in the entire game modify strength in one way or another. Strength represents a mix between a character's brute force and their combat ability, so characters with high skill (Aragorn) or characters with a large size or ferocity (uruk-hai) tend to have high strength, while those with neither (Hobbits) have low strength.
Strength is primarily modified by the use of weapon artifacts and possessions, though every card type in the game can change a character's strength via game text. If a card is attached to a character, it is placed below the character's card, slightly sticking out to the left so the strength bonus is visible. This does not always show all of the strength bonus granted, however, as is the case with Vile Blade which also have game text that modifies strength.
Strength is used when calculating both attack and defense, usually during the Skirmish phase. The attacker's strength is compared to the defender's strength, and whoever is lower receives one wound. In the event of a tie, the Shadow side always wins. Strength is therefore of utmost importance to many strategies, as winning skirmishes without good strength is very rare indeed.
In the event that one side's strength doubles the other side's, the loser is overwhelmed rather than wounded, which instantly results in death (though this can be mitigated through use of cards such as Coat of Mail). This makes super-strength minions such as The Balrog, Durin's Bane or The Witch-king, Lord of Angmar very dangerous, as companions need to meet a certain strength threshold (9 and 8, respectively) to avoid being one-shot.
Minions with high strength tend to cost more twilight than a careful Free Peoples player will want to put on the table, so simply packing your deck with high-strength minions is not a very good strategy. And a high-strength character is not in itself a sure-fire victory, either, since there are other means of killing your opponent (such as direct wounding with cards like Mordor's Strength or Eowyn, Lady of Ithilien), or even avoiding combat altogether (with Hobbit Stealth, etc).
See Also skirmish phase, killed, overwhelmed, beat-down decks, winning skirmishes
W-W-W-Witch-king and the Wraithsssss...
Minions such as the Witch-king have high strength, and usually have game text making them even more dangerous when certain conditions are met.
From the Comprehensive Rules 4.0:
If the total strength of one side is more than the strength of the other side... the side with the most strength wins that skirmish.
See more information available in the Skirmish Phase entry in the Comprehensive Guide. There is no "strength" entry, so information is spread throughout the guide.
Cards That Modify Strength
Due to the sheer number of cards that modify the strength modifier, the list has been moved to List of Strength Cards.
strength.txt · Last modified: 2020/05/15 00:27 (external edit)


text:
(1) "Agricultural purposes" means the activities of:
(A) Cultivating the soil, including the planting and harvesting of crops, for the commercial production of food, fiber and ornamental woodland products;
(B) Using land for breeding and management of farm livestock, including dairy, apiary, equine or poultry husbandry; and
(C) Using land for the practice of horticulture including the growing of Christmas trees, orchards and nursery stock: Provided, That agricultural purposes shall not include commercial forestry, growing of timber for commercial purposes or any other activity that normally would not be included in subdivision (A), (B) or (C) of this definition.
(2) "Aircraft" includes any airplane or helicopter.
(3) "Alcohol" means motor fuel grade ethanol or a mixture of motor fuel-grade ethanol and methanol, excluding denaturant and water that is a minimum of ninety-eight percent ethanol or methanol by volume.
(4) "Article" or "this article" means article fourteen-c, chapter eleven of this code.
(5) "Assessment" means a written determination by the commissioner of the amount of taxes owed by a taxpayer.
(6) "Aviation fuel" means aviation gasoline or aviation jet fuel.
(7) "Aviation gasoline" means motor fuel designed for use in the operation of aircraft other than jet aircraft, and sold or used for that purpose.
(8) "Aviation jet fuel" means motor fuel designed for use in the operation of jet or turbo-prop aircraft and sold or used for that purpose.
(9) "Biodiesel fuel" means any motor fuel or mixture of motor fuels that is derived, in whole or in part, from agricultural products or animal fats, or the wastes of such products or fats, and is advertised as, offered for sale as, suitable for use or used as motor fuel in an internal combustion engine.
(10) "Blended fuel" means a mixture composed of gasoline or diesel fuel and another liquid, including, but not limited to, gasoline blend stocks, gasohol, ethanol, methanol, fuel grade alcohol, diesel fuel enhancers and resulting blends, other than a de minimus amount of a product such as carburetor detergent or oxidation inhibitor, that can be used as a motor fuel in a highway vehicle.
(11) "Blender" means a person who produces blended motor fuel outside the bulk transfer/terminal system.
(12) "Blending" means the mixing of one or more petroleum products, with or without another product, regardless of the original character of the product blended, if the product obtained by the blending is capable of use in the generation of power for the propulsion of a motor vehicle, an airplane or a marine vessel. Blending does not include mixing that occurs in the process of refining by the original refiner of crude petroleum or the blending of products known as lubricating oil in the production of lubricating oils and greases.
(13) "Bulk plant" means a motor fuel storage and distribution facility that is not a terminal and from which motor fuel may be removed at a rack.
(14) "Bulk transfer" means any transfer of motor fuel from one location to another by pipeline tender or marine delivery within a bulk transfer/terminal system, including, but not limited to, all of the following:
(A) A marine vessel movement of motor fuel from a refinery or terminal to a terminal;
(B) Pipeline movements of motor fuel from a refinery or terminal to a terminal;
(C) Book transfer of motor fuel within a terminal between licensed suppliers prior to completion of removal across the rack; and
(D) Two-party exchange between licensed suppliers or between licensed suppliers and permissive suppliers.
(15) "Bulk user" means a person who maintains storage facilities for motor fuel and uses part or all of the stored motor fuel to operate a motor vehicle, watercraft or aircraft.
(16) "Bulk transfer/terminal system" means the motor fuel distribution system consisting of refineries, pipelines, marine vessels, and terminals. Motor fuel in a refinery, a pipeline, a terminal or a marine vessel transporting motor fuel to a refinery or terminal is in the bulk transfer/terminal system. Motor fuel in a motor fuel storage facility including, but not limited to, a bulk plant that is not part of a refinery or terminal, in the motor fuel supply tank of any engine or motor vehicle, in a marine vessel transporting motor fuel to a motor fuel storage facility that is not in the bulk transfer/terminal system, or in any tank car, rail car, trailer, truck or other equipment suitable for ground transportation is not in the bulk transfer/terminal system.
(17) "Carrier" means any operator of a pipeline or marine vessel engaged in the business of transporting motor fuel above the terminal rack.
(18) "Code" means the Code of West Virginia of one thousand nine hundred thirty-one, as amended.
(19) "Commercial watercraft" means a watercraft employed in the business of commercial fishing, transporting persons or property for compensation or hire or any other trade or business.
(20) "Commissioner" or "tax commissioner" means the West Virginia State Tax Commissioner or his or her delegate.
(21) "Compressed natural gas" means natural gas that has been compressed and dispensed into motor fuel storage containers and is advertised as, offered for sale as, suitable for use as, or used as an engine motor fuel.
(22) "Corporate or partnership officer" means an officer or director of a corporation, partner of a partnership, or member of a limited liability company, who as an officer, director, partner or member is under a duty to perform on behalf of the corporation, partnership, or limited liability company the tax collection, accounting or remitting obligations.
(23) "Dead storage" is the amount of motor fuel that cannot be pumped out of a motor fuel storage tank because the motor fuel is below the mouth of the draw pipe. The amount of motor fuel in dead storage is two hundred gallons for a tank with a capacity of less than ten thousand gallons and four hundred gallons for a tank with a capacity of ten thousand gallons or more.
(24) "Denaturants" means and includes gasoline, natural gasoline, gasoline components or toxic or noxious materials added to motor fuel grade ethanol to make it unsuitable for beverage use, but not unsuitable for automotive use.
(25) "Designated inspection site" means any state highway inspection station, weigh station, agricultural inspection station, mobile station or other location designated by the commissioner to be used as a motor fuel inspection site.
(26) "Destination state" means the state, territory, or foreign country to which motor fuel is directed for delivery into a storage facility, a receptacle, a container or a type of transportation equipment for the purpose of resale or use. The term shall not include a tribal reservation of any recognized Native American tribe.
(27) "Diesel fuel" means any liquid that is advertised as, offered for sale as, sold for use as, suitable for use as or used as a motor fuel in a diesel-powered highway vehicle or watercraft. The term includes #1 fuel oil, #2 fuel oil, undyed diesel fuel and kerosene, but shall not include gasoline or aviation fuel.
(28) "Distributor" means a person who acquires motor fuel from a licensed supplier, permissive supplier, or from another licensed distributor for subsequent sale or use.
(29) "Diversion" means transporting motor fuel outside a reasonably direct route from the source to the destination state.
(30) "Division" or "State Tax Division" means the Tax Division of the West Virginia Department of Revenue.
(31) "Dyed diesel fuel" means diesel fuel that meets the dyeing and marking requirements of section 4082, Title 26, United States Code, regardless of how the diesel fuel was dyed.
(32) "End seller" means the person who sells motor fuel to the ultimate user of the motor fuel.
(33) "Export" means to obtain motor fuel in West Virginia for sale or other distribution in another state, territory, or foreign country.
(34) "Exporter" means a person that exports motor fuel from this state. The seller is the exporter of motor fuel delivered out-of-state by or for the seller and the purchaser is the exporter of motor fuel delivered out-of-state by or for the purchaser.
(35) "Fuel" means motor fuel.
(36) "Fuel alcohol" means methanol or motor fuel grade ethanol.
(37) "Fuel grade ethanol" means the ASTM standard in effect on the effective date of this article as the D-4806 specification for denatured motor fuel grade ethanol for blending with gasoline.
(38) "Fuel supply tank" means any receptacle on a motor vehicle from which motor fuel is supplied for the propulsion of the motor vehicle.
(39) "Gallon" means a unit of liquid measure as customarily used in the United States containing two hundred thirty-one cubic inches by volume.
(40) "Gasohol" means a blended motor fuel composed of gasoline and motor fuel alcohol.
(41) "Gasoline" means any product commonly or commercially known as gasoline, regardless of classification, that is advertised as, offered for sale as, sold for use as, suitable for use as or used as motor fuel in an internal combustion engine, including gasohol, but does not include special fuel as defined in this section.
(42) "Gasoline blend stocks" includes any petroleum product component of gasoline, such as naphtha, reformate, or toluene, listed in Treas. Reg. §48.4081-1(c) (3) that can be blended for use in a motor fuel. However, the term does


text:
The findings of a study published in the Journal of Public Health Nutrition indicate that eating junk food on a regular basis can lead to regular feelings of depression.
Dig it: "People who often ate hamburgers, hot dogs, and pizza are 51 percent more likely to develop depression than those who rarely or never ate them."
Over a period of six months, scientists studied almost 9,000 folks who had never been diagnosed with depression. Serve up enough misery meals and watch that change.
After the six months were up 493 participants had been diagnosed with depression. Now, they'll regularly turn to junk food for fading glimmers of the happy lives they once led. Good job, science. Keep finding things out!
[via Telegraph UK]


text:
Summary of Story
Narrated through a series of first-hand progress reports, Flowers for Algernon traces the mental and emotional development of Charlie Gordon, a handicapped young man who becomes the first human test-subject for an ambitious brain experiment. Author Daniel Keyes stylistically portrays Charlie's startling progress and eventual decline through the ever-changing sentence structure, spelling, and vocabulary of Charlie's journal entries.
Wonderlic IQ Test
Click on the link above and wait for further directions!!!
Health Research Funding
Center for Genetics and Society


Extracting meaning from text of recipe ingredients
A unsupervised approach to extracting core tokens from text (specifically the base of an ingredient description).
A few months ago, I wrote my first post using R, which performed a basic analysis on data scraped from Allrecipes.com. At the time, I wanted to group recipes by their ingredients, but found it difficult due to the way Allrecipes formats each recipe's ingredient list. So I set myself the challenge of extracting the core of each ingredient description.
The Problem:
Determine each ingredient's core without supervision
The Constraints:
 - No dictionary of ingredients to make the problem easier
 - No manually tagging a subset of ingredients
Simplifying Assumptions:
 - Each ingredient can be represented by a single word
Unfortunately the simplifying assumption means that pepper, to taste and 1 green bell pepper, diced will both be associated with the same core of pepper, but I found that to make an incredible difference in helping lower the problem's difficulty.
This is similar to a "most representative subset" problem.
Two approaches are detailed in this post:
 1. Using a linear program to choose the appropriate tokens
 2. Using an iterative "learning" approach to choose the appropriate tokens
Note the first method was unsuccessful, while the second proved more successful.
Also note that these are only two of the many methods I attempted. Some were lost in a hard drive failure, and others were just… the worst.
Data acquisition
I scraped recipes from Allrecipes.com using Selenium, a tool that opens and controls a web browser programatically. A blog post about the scraping is available here.
Data cleaning
First, transforming the output of scraping into a series of ingredients.
# import data
df = pd.read_csv("scraped_data.csv", index_col=0)
df = df[df['ingredients'].notna()]
# unstack each row's ingredients into a single entry in a series of ingredients
df.set_index('recipe_key', inplace=True)
ingredients = df['ingredients'].apply(pd.Series).stack()
ingredients.index = ingredients.reset_index().apply(lambda row:"{}_{}".format(row['recipe_key'], row['level_1']), axis=1).values
Now, what we have looks like:
1 red bell pepper, julienned
1/2 cup heavy cream
1/3 cup firmly packed brown sugar
1/4 cup mango chutney
32 fluid ounces Kentucky bourbon
1/2 cup chopped peanuts
2 tablespoons milk
1/2 teaspoon garlic salt
2 cups thinly sliced red cabbage
The next step is to clean the strings.
My theory was that most ingredients are formatted as follows:
# unit adjective noun, adjective (misc. extra information) - adjectives conjunctions adjectives
Cleaning will include removing digits/anything inside parenthesis, and using lemmatization to combine plurals.
def parse_text(s):
 Accepts a series of strings, and applies multiple cleaning steps. Returns a series of strings.
 from nltk.stem import WordNetLemmatizer
 wnl = WordNetLemmatizer()
 def lemmatize(string):
 for word in re.findall(r"[a-z]+", string):
 string = string.replace(word, wnl.lemmatize(word, 'n') if's' in word[-3:] else word)
 return string
 # remove anything inside paranthesis
 s = s.apply(lambda x:re.sub(r"\([^\)]+\)", '', x))
 # remove anything containing a digit
 s = s.apply(lambda x:re.sub(r"\S*\d\S*", '', x))
 # make everything lowercase
 s = s.str.lower()
 # remove plurals where possible
 s = s.apply(lemmatize)
 # remove non-word characters except for, and -
 s = s.apply(lambda x:' '.join(re.findall(r"[-,''\w]+", x)))
 _TAG_ excess whitespace
 s = s.apply(lambda x:re.sub(r"\s+",'', x).strip())
 # only keep entries with data after cleaning
 s = s[s!='']
 return s
Looking at a few sample strings:
30 (2 inch) unbaked tart shellsunbaked tart shell
1 (16 ounce) package uncooked linguine pastapackage uncooked linguine pasta
4 cups all-purpose flourcup all-purpose flour
2 lemons, juicedlemon, juiced
1 pound medium shrimp - peeled and deveinedpound medium shrimp - peeled and deveined
All we have to do now is choose the token (word) that represents each full string.
First Approach (miserable failure)
The first attempt relied on an integer program. If you're unfamiliar with linear (and by extension, integer) programs, check out wikipedia's entry on the subject here.
Generic Formulation (in math):
Formulation (in English):
Choose a subset of tokens (\(x\)) to designate as "core" tokens
With the goal of minimizing the cost of these selected "core" tokens (\(C^T x\))
Subject to:
 - every ingredient must contain at least one "core" token (\(Ax \leq b\))
 - every ingredient must contain two or fewer "core" tokens (\(Ax \leq b\))
 - every entry in \(x\) is binary (associated token is either "core" or is not "core")
First, the constraints: simply using scikit-learn's CountVectorizer implementation, we can obtain a matrix that looks like:
In this toy example, token_0 appears in ingredient_1, while token_1 appears in both ingredient_0 and ingredient_1.
Implementation is easy:
def get_A_matrix(s):
 '''Apply CountVectorizer and only retain tokens that are alphabetic.'''
 from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer
 model = CountVectorizer(binary=True, stop_words=None, ngram_range=(1, 1),
 tokenizer=lambda x:nltk.word_tokenize(x))
 data = pd.DataFrame(model.fit_transform(s).todense(), index=s.index, columns=model.get_feature_names())
 return data.loc[:, [x.isalpha() for x in data.columns]]
Now, each row of A is a representation of each ingredient description, which we can use to force the linear program to choose at least one token for each ingredient.
More complicated is the penalties. For each token, we need a penalty associated with choosing that particular token as a "core" ingredient.
I decided to penalize 4 things. If a token:
 1. appears after certain strings (usually punctuation), or
 2. appears as the first token in an ingredient, or
 3. appears earlier in an ingredient, or
 4. has a certain part of speech,
it should be "more expensive". Each penalty gets its own weight, usually passed as a dictionary.
The colossal function to find these penalties for each token looks like:
def penalties(processed, pos_dict, split_dict, desc_penalty, first_penalty):
 Returns penalties for each token in processed, penalizing those that appear after strings in split_dict,
 those that appear first in a string with first_penalty, those that appear earlier in strings with desc_penalty,
 and those with parts of speech in pos_dict.
 def get_split_penalties(processed, split_string):
 '''Penalizes tokens that appear after split_string.'''
 s = pd.Series()
 for lst in processed[processed.str.contains(split_string)].apply(lambda x:x.split(split_string)).values:
 for index, section in enumerate(lst):
 for token in nltk.word_tokenize(section):
 s = s.append(pd.Series({token:index/(len(lst)-1)}))
 return s.groupby(s.index).mean().rename(split_string)
 def get_pos_penalties(processed, pos_dict):
 '''Penalizes tokens with {part_of_speech:penalty} given by pos_dict'''
 pos_probs = pd.Series({x:nltk.pos_tag([x])[0][1] for x in set(nltk.word_tokenize(' '.join(processed)))}).apply(lambda x:x[:2])
 pos_probs = pd.get_dummies(pos_probs[[x.isalpha() for x in pos_probs.index]])
 for key, prob in pos_dict.items():
 pos_probs[key] = pos_probs[key]*prob
 return pos_probs.max(axis=1).rename('POS')
 def order_penalties(processed, first_penalty, desc_penalty):
 '''Penalizes tokens that appear earlier in strings'''
 from collections import defaultdict
 indices_dict = defaultdict(list)
 for string in processed:
 words = nltk.word_tokenize(string)
 for ind, word in enumerate(words):
 if ind==0:
 return pd.Series({key:np.mean(val) for key, val in indices_dict.items()}).rename('order')*desc_penalty
 # return sum of penalties
 c_T = pd.concat([get_pos_penalties(processed, pos_dict),
 order_penalties(processed, first_penalty, desc_penalty),
 pd.concat([get_split_penalties(processed, key)*value for key, value in split_dict.items()],
 axis=1, sort=True)
 ], axis=1, join='outer', sort=True).sum(axis=1)
 return c_T[[x.isalpha() for x in c_T.index]]
If your eyes just glazed over, that's normal. Suffice to say the result of penalties(**args) is a series, where the index is a single token (word), and the value is the penalty assigned to it, given **args. A larger penalty means the word should be


text:
For each of the following clues, what is a synonym that contains the letters in the () consecutively?
1. A talk (LEC)
2. A challenge between 2 or more people (CON)
3. To sign up (REG)
4. An organization established to help the needy (TY)
5. To talk (CATE)
6. In charge (SPON)
7. Place (CA)
Today's brain teaser courtesy of Braingle.com.


text:
Truth or Consequences? The Negative Effects of Concealing Who You Really Are on the Job
September 16, 2013
Most people know that hiding something from others can cause internal angst, but new research suggests the consequences go far beyond emotional strife: Having to conceal information about oneself (e.g., sexual orientation) during an interaction disrupts one's intellectual acuity, physical strength, and interpersonal grace—skills and abilities that are critical to workplace success.
"With no federal protection for gays and lesbians in the workplace, our work suggests that the wisdom of non-discrimination laws should be debated not merely through a moral lens, but with an appreciation for the loss of economic productivity that such vulnerabilities produce," says Clayton Critcher, an assistant professor at UC Berkeley's Haas School of Business. Critcher, a member of the Haas Marketing Group, conducts research on consumer behavior and social psychology, including questions of self and identity.
Critcher's paper, "The Cost of Keeping it Hidden: Decomposing Concealment Reveals What Makes it Depleting," forthcoming in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, details multiple negative consequences of concealment. Concealment produces deficits because of the difficulty of having to constantly monitor one's speech for secret-revealing content that needs to be edited out, says Critcher, who co-authored the article with Melissa Ferguson of Cornell University.
The researchers conducted four studies, each of which was a variation on a single paradigm. When participants arrived at the study, they learned they would be taking part in an interview. Following a rigged drawing, all participants learned they were assigned to be an interviewee. Another supposed participant—who, in reality, was an actor hired by the researchers—was the interviewer.
Some participants were given special instructions about what they could reveal in the interview. In three of the four studies, some participants were told they should make sure not to reveal their sexual orientation while answering the questions. For example, participants were told that in answering questions, instead of saying "I tend to date men who …," the participants could say, "I tend to date people who …."
After the interview, participants thought they were moving on to an unrelated study. In actuality, this second part of the experiment was related, offering researchers the opportunity to measure whether participants' intellectual, physical, or interpersonal skills were degraded by concealment. The studies revealed a variety of negative effects of concealment.
In one study, participants completed a measure of spatial intelligence that was modeled after military aptitude tests. Participants randomly assigned to conceal their sexual orientation performed 17 percent worse than those who went through the interview without instructions to conceal. In another experiment, participants tasked with hiding their sexual orientation exhibited reduced physical stamina, squeezing an exercise handgrip for 20 percent less time than those in a control condition.
Another study revealed that concealment led people to show less interpersonal restraint. After having to conceal their sexual orientation, participants responded to a "snarky" email from a superior with more anger than politeness. During another test, participants demonstrated poorer performance on a "Stroop task," a commonly used measure of executive cognitive function. In all cases, the willpower necessary to conceal sexual orientation left people with fewer resources to perform well on other tasks.
In some studies, the researchers varied whether the interview questions focused on participants' personal or dating life, or on topics for which one's sexual orientation would never be revealed. Concealment caused similarly sharp declines in both cases. "Environments that explicitly or implicitly encourage people to conceal their sexual orientation—even when employers adopt a 'Don't Ask' policy by not directly inquiring about employees' sexual orientation—may significantly harm workers," says Critcher.
"Establishing a workplace climate that encourages openness by supporting diversity may be one of the easiest ways to enhance workplace productivity."
Topics: Faculty News


text:
The Geotech Center added a white paper titled Best Practices Developing and Sustaining Geospatial Programs in Community Colleges (pdf). Here's the summary:
This paper begins with a brief historical perspective on the use of GIS and geospatial technology in industry and how it has impacted education focusing on community college programs. It outlines the components that help introduce and create a geospatial program and identifies the key players and resources needed to help build a strong, sustainable program or expand an existing program. Topics include methods for developing a course, certificate or degree program, tools to help build curriculum and suggestions on how to spread the use of geospatial technology across the campus. Specific resources include Model Courses and Certificate guidelines based on skills and competencies needed by the geospatial industry. This includes program Assessment and Content Tools that can be used for assessing current curriculum or used for creation or expansion of community college geospatial programs. Links to resources from other best practices documents created by partners of the GeoTech Center provide details on creating articulation agreements, and ways to have geospatial courses recognized as fulfilling General Education requirements appropriate for use in community colleges. Appendix A includes a discussion of the development of a Model Course and Certificate program and includes an Excel workbook that provides a Model Course and Certificate Content Tool and an Assessment Tool to help develop or evaluate geospatial programs. Appendix B includes recommendation for setting up a geospatial computer lab or providing software access via remote desktop access as well as resources needed for field data collection. Many of the suggestions are also appropriate for four-year university programs.
Also available are GTCM Model Course Descriptions (pdf).
This document contains the suggested Model Courses to be included in a Model Certificate including additional optional electives. A complete description of the development of the Models is included in the PowerPoint PDF titled "ModelCoursesandCertificateDevelopment" included on the Moodle Server. Also included is a short description of each course including their titles and Student Learning Objectives. Note: these are model courses and model certificate and should serve as guidelines and be adapted to serve the local geospatial program. The department hosting the program will provide the three letter code attached to each course. It is recommended that courses be cross listed in multiple departments.
The deadline for applying to the Geospatial Research and Mapping (GRAM) program has been extended to March 1. This summer program is a National Science Foundation (NSF) funded Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) offering. Our summer 2013 field program will take place at both California State University Long Beach and at the famous* Kualoa Ranch in the picturesque Ka'a'awa valley on the north shore of O'ahu. Only undergrads; graduating seniors need not apply. There is a stipend and most, but not all costs are covered.
It seems IGETT has begun notifying selected educators for the next phase of the project.
The program is sponsored by the National Council on Geographic Education, the National Science Foundation and the US Geological Society. It will prepare him to incorporate remote sensing data into GIS (Geographic Information Systems). Mr. Stetson is one of only two high school teachers selected from more than 40 applicants and said that he is extremely excited for the opportunity.
Stetson is from Covenetry High School in Rhode Island. I see no announcement from IGETT yet on the rest of the participants.


The Strong Natured Child
The Strong Natured child is self assured and forward in movement.
They are always on the lookout for action or to get a reaction.
They are:
Active and reactive
Determined and competitive
A Strong Natured child will display reactive behaviour if the environment is too restricting or if they haven't had enough physical activity. If they do not feel challenged in their day to day opportunities and activities they will challenge their siblings or parents.
Strong Natured children will push and push until they feel they are moving things forwards and getting a result. They demand a high level of control.
Try not to stop their swift forward movement. Instead, redirect their movement forwards onto a task they can have control of.
Super Nanny Suggests:
Give the Strong Natured child control over as many things in their world as possible.Ensure they are always challenged at school or through a sporting activity.Make daily chores and transitions a competition to get them engaged. For example, race them to the dinner table or challenge them on who can pick up the most toys the fastest.
_TAG_ _TAG_
Helping Families Solve Problems
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 - Facebook
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 - Instagram
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text:
Mind: An Essay on Human Feeling
Simply begin typing or use the editing tools above to add to this article.
Once you are finished and click submit, your modifications will be sent to our editors for review.
discussed in biography
...form of expression symbolizing direct or intuitive knowledge of life patterns—e.g., feeling, motion, and emotion—which ordinary language is unable to convey. In the three-volume work Mind: An Essay on Human Feeling (1967, 1972, and 1982), Langer attempted to trace the origin and development of the mind.
What made you want to look up "Mind: An Essay on Human Feeling"? Please share what surprised you most...


text:
Position and secure steel bars or mesh in concrete forms in order to reinforce concrete. Use a variety of fasteners, rod-bending machines, blowtorches, and hand tools. Includes rod busters.
- Field Ironworker
- Iron Worker
- Operating Engineer
- Post Tensioning Ironworker
- Reinforced Ironworker
- Reinforcing Metal Worker
- Reinforcing Rod Layer
- Reinforcing Steel Worker
- Position and secure steel bars, rods, cables, or mesh in concrete forms, using fasteners, rod-bending machines, blowtorches, or hand tools.
- Space and fasten together rods in forms according to blueprints, using wire and pliers.
- Determine quantities, sizes, shapes, and locations of reinforcing rods from blueprints, sketches, or oral instructions.
- Place blocks under rebar to hold the bars off the deck when reinforcing floors.
- Cut rods to required lengths, using metal shears, hacksaws, bar cutters, or acetylene torches.
- Cut and fit wire mesh or fabric, using hooked rods, and position fabric or mesh in concrete to reinforce concrete.
- Bend steel rods with hand tools or rodbending machines and weld them with arc-welding equipment.
People who work in this occupation generally have the interest code: RCI.
This means people who work in this occupation generally have Realistic interests, but also prefer Conventional and Investigative environments.
People who work in this occupation generally prize Support, but also value Relationships and Working Conditions in their jobs.
- Building and Construction - Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or repair of houses, buildings, or other structures such as highways and roads.
- Mathematics - Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their applications.
- Public Safety and Security - Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote effective local, state, or national security operations for the protection of people, data, property, and institutions.
- Mechanical - Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and maintenance.
- Administration and Management - Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, resource allocation, human resources modeling, leadership technique, production methods, and coordination of people and resources.
- Coordination - Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
- Critical Thinking - Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions or approaches to problems.
- Time Management - Managing one's own time and the time of others.
- Operation and Control - Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
- Judgment and Decision Making - Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one.
- Active Listening - Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times.
- Monitoring - Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organizations to make improvements or take corrective action.
These occupations usually require a high school diploma.
In 2012, the average annual wage in Washington was $68,130.00 with most people making between $30,630.00 and $91,190.00
During 2008, this occupation employed approximately 890 people in Washington. It is projected that there will be 850 employed in 2018.
This occupation will have about 0 openings due to growth and about 20 replacement openings for approximately 20 total annual openings.
- Pile-Driver Operators
- Helpers--Brickmasons, Blockmasons, Stonemasons, and Tile and Marble Setters
- Highway Maintenance Workers
- Rail-Track Laying and Maintenance Equipment Operators
- Derrick Operators, Oil and Gas
- Fiberglass Laminators and Fabricators
- Crushing, Grinding, and Polishing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders
- Mixing and Blending Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders
- Industrial Truck and Tractor Operators
collegeBevill State Community College
onetElectric Motor, Power Tool, and Related Repairers
onetCounter and Rental Clerks
majorIndustrial Mechanics and Maintenance Technology
collegeGeorge C Wallace State Community College-Hanceville
majorConstruction/Heavy Equipment/Earthmoving Equipment Operation
collegeGeorge C Wallace State Community College-Selma
collegeJohn C Calhoun State Community College
onetFirst-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation and Serving Workers


text:
Properties of MTA+
MTA+ is especially recommended in:
- root canal wall perforation,
- intracanal resorption,
- filling of the posterior root apex,
- direct coating of the pulp,
- pulp amputation,
- treatment of teeth with interrupted root development.
- The high content of calcium ions remineralizes the tooth tissue
- Supports tissue regeneration after wall perforation and intracanal resorption.
- after mixing with the liquid, the working time is about 6-10 minutes and the material is fully bonded after 3-3,5 h.
Instructions for use:
Handling the product MTA+
1. Place on the mixing plate content of MTA+ powder from the glass vial and 1-2 drops of MTA+ liquid dosed by the pipette (pic.1 – pic.3).
2. Mix them within 30 sec until obtaining consistency of the wet sand (pic.4). If the consistency of mixture is too much dense or crumbly it is necessary to add next drop of the liquid (or distilled water).
3. Insert preparation into selected field by means of the amalgam carrier (pic.5). After mixing with MTA+ liquid (or distilled water) the prepared mixture should be used within 10 minutes after preparation.
Comparison of MTA grains taken with scanning microscope
MTA+ Cerkamed is characterized by the smallest grain size in comparison to materials of other manufacturers
Why the smaller grain is better?
- facilitates penetration of calcium ions to the demineralized tissue
- facilitates packing material in the application site
- facilitates preparation
- increases filling tightness
- increases material strength
- homogeneous and phasing of the material reduces setting time
Pic.1. Pictures of MTA+ Cerkamed grains taken with scanning microscope.
Visible grains with similar size and compact weight. Homogeneous structure facilitates preparation, material application and improves the tightness.
Pic. 2, Pic 3. Pictures of other MTA leaders on the market.
Visible the differences in grain sizes. Lack of homogeneous structure hinder the preparation and accurate application and decreases the filling tightness.
FOR PROFESSIONAL DENTAL USE ONLY


text:
Acid–base bifunctional mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) were prepared by a one-step synthesis by co-condensation of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and silanes possessing amino and/or sulfonic acid groups. Both the functionality and morphology of the particles can be controlled. The grafted functional groups were characterized by using solid-state 29Si and 13C cross-polarization/magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) NMR spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and elemental analysis, whereas the structural and the morphological features of the materials were evaluated by using XRD and N2 adsorption–desorption analyses, and SEM imaging. The catalytic activities of the monoand bifunctional mesoporous hybrid materials were evaluated in carbon–carbon coupling reactions like the nitroaldol reaction and the one-pot deacetalization–nitroaldol and deacetalization–aldol reactions. Among all the catalysts evaluated, the bifunctional sample containing amine and sulfonic acid groups (MSN–NNH2–SO3H) showed excellent catalytic activity, whereas the homogeneous catalysts were unable to initiate the reaction due to their mutual neutralization in solution. Therefore a cooperative acid–base activation is envisaged for the carbon–carbon coupling reactions.
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text:
Millet nutritional benefits - What is millet?
How to cook millet - Some Millet recipes
Millet nutritional benefits have been recognized and millet has been in
use in many countries such as china, India, Greece, Egypt as well as
African countries for centuries.
Millet is referred to as a 'treasured
crop' in bible.
What is millet?
Millet is actually a kind of seed from grass. By many people it is
considered and used as a grain as it has a grain like consistency. It
has a mild, sweet, nutty flavor.
Unhulled millet may be used for animal and bird feed but for human
consumption, you need to use the hulled millet. Even in hulled form,
millet is very nutritious.
Millet is available in red, white, yellow, grey colors depending on the type of millet you select.
Types of millets
Finger millet - red, mixed colored. (Also known as ragi, nachani or mandwa in India)
Proso millet - also known as broom corn millet, common millet, hog millet or white millet
Sorgum - white, yellowish. Known as
Pearl millet - greenish, grayish. Also known as bulrush millet,
milheto, cattail millet, candle millet, dark millet. (Also known as
bajra in India)
Foxtail millet - yellowish. Also known as Italian millet, German millet, Chinese millet, and Hungarian millet.
Minor millets varieties - are not so commonly available everywhere.
Indian barnyard millet or sawa millet
Japanese barnyard millet
Kodo millet - is used in South India.
Uses of millet
Traditionally millet is used as bird feed as well as for human
consumption. Many people are only aware of millet's use as bird seed or
With the nutritional benefits that one gets from millet, it can be
considered as one of the super foods. Whole millet as well as millet
flour is commonly used in cooking in many countries.
Alcoholic beverages are made with millet. It is used to make beer in
Taiwan, east Africa. It is the base ingredient for distilled liquor
rakshi in Nepal.
It is also used to make fermented drink in Balkan
countries, Romania, Bulgaria etc.
Millet nutrition and health benefits
Millet is gluten free so can be used by those with celiac disease.
It can be easily digested.
It is rich in essential nutrients as it is not highly refined.
It is a very good source of natural fiber, so useful for those who have constipation problem.
It provides proteins, vitamins(thiamine and niacin) and minerals(iron, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, copper and manganese).
It is alkaline. As it does not increase stomach acid, it is useful to those with acid indigestion and heartburn.
Millets are rich in B vitamins (especially niacin, B6 and folic acid)
Cooking with millet - There are many millet recipes
- Millet can be used unroasted or it can be roasted a little before cooking.
- Millet is quite small and so cooks fast.
- Whole millet can be made into porridge or it can be cooked like rice.
- Millet flour is used in baking, to make breads, cookies, cakes etc.
- By itself, millet flour is suited for flat bread. With the addition of some wheat flour, it can be used for raised bread.
- Flour can be used to make flat breads, gruel.
- Cooked whole millet as well as millet flour can be used to thicken soups, gravies and curries.
- Millet flour can be used to make yummy snacks.
Go to Healthy foods from millet nutritional benefits
Go to Heartburn remedies Homepage from millet nutritional benefits


text:
Jan. 4, 2009 Sinalbin, the same compound that gives white mustard its pungent flavor, could also prove useful in fighting weeds. Agricultural Research Service (ARS) studies suggest sinalbin and other compounds released into soil by applications of white mustard seed meals can kill or suppress certain weedy grasses and annual broadleaf weeds.
Agronomist Rick Boydston, with the ARS Vegetable and Forage Crops Research Unit in Prosser, Wash., is conducting the studies with plant physiologist Steven Vaughn, at the ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research in Peoria, Ill. They evaluated the effects of three mustard seed application rates: half a ton, one ton and two tons per acre. Of the three, the one-ton and two-ton rates worked best in peppermint, reducing barnyard grass, green foxtail, common lambsquarters, henbit and redroot pigweed populations by 90 percent several weeks after application.
Although young peppermint plants sustained minor damage from the treatment early on, they recovered and resumed their normal growth. Onions weren't so lucky. Regardless of the application rate used, the treatment severely damaged the bulb crop when applied before emergence, or before the onions produced two true leaves. Applications at the two-leaf stage or later were more promising.
In trials with potted rose, phlox, coreopsis and pasque flower, the treatment killed or reduced the growth of annual bluegrass, common chickweed, creeping woodsorrel and liverwort. In treated plots, 86 to 98 percent of common chickweed seedlings died; those that survived were shorter and weighed less than treatment-free chickweed seedlings.
Besides white mustard, the researchers also evaluated the weed-control effects of field pennycress seed meal and dried distiller grains (DDGs), derived from corn ethanol production. Like white mustard, field pennycress also has potential as a biodiesel crop. It and the DDGs were less effective than white mustard at controlling weeds.
The research aim is three-fold: provide organic farmers with an alternative to hand-pulling, burning and other laborious methods of weed control in specialty crops including peppermint and potted ornamentals; develop value-added uses for seed meal, should mustards prove useful in making biodiesel; and diminish environmental risks possibly resulting from conventional herbicide use.
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text:
Core Testing Services
Regression Testing: Regression testing at HCL involves testing a sub set of conditions in the form of test cases that will give confidence that any enhancements, fixes, configuration changes, upgrades etc have not affected the functioning of those part of the system that have not changed. HCL conducts optimized regression testing through risk assessment, impact assessment and prioritization. HCL regression testing compliments explicit testing designed to verify the changed parts of the system.
System Functional & Non Functional Testing: HCL's objective of System Functional testing is to ensure that the system satisfies the functional requirements of the detailed system specifications. HCL conducts System Functional testing with a perspective of testing the integrated system against the functional requirements and specifications. To ensure, the system satisfies the non functional attributes of the detailed system specifications and required as part of operational and other service requirements. The Non Functional Testing perspective of HCL is to test the integrated system against the non functional system attributes, system specifications, operation and other service requirements.
System Integration Testing: HCL ensures through System Integration Testing that the system integrates and interfaces / communicates with all other systems, the target platforms and other infrastructures, satisfying the requirements and specifications. Testing that the system can integrate with other services and systems as required. This includes applications, systems, data and infrastructure.
User Acceptance Testing: HCL conducts and/or supports User Acceptance testing to ensure that the business customers of the system are satisfied; the system is fit for purpose and provides confidence that the system will support business. It includes testing the system against the business requirements and objectives following actual business processes or scenarios.
Risk Based Testing (Technique / Approach): HCL understands that Testing can be time consuming and costly and cannot be economically executed to provide exhaustive coverage of any system/software. The focus and attention of testing has to be placed on aspects of software that matter most. HCL achieves this by applying the principle of Risk Based Prioritization of tests. HCL approach to testing is Risk Based to ensure that appropriate testing activities are identified and prioritized based on risk. HCL reduces the risk of failure to the business and increase customer satisfaction through this approach.


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The Ranger: Overview
Ranger is a vital piece of Oceana's campaign work in Europe. Custom-built in 1986 as a hospital ship, Ranger was donated to Oceana by board member Steve McAllister.
Since then, its crews have sailed from the Pacific to the Mediterranean doing invaluable research and documenting illegal fishing.
With the help of Ranger, Oceana is able to document vulnerable marine habitat, discover new and rare species, document illegal fishing, take samples, evaluate the damages to the marine environment and more, all with the goal of achieving policy victories for the seas.
Since its first expedition in 2005, Oceana has achieved multiple victories with the help of Ranger's on-the-water presence.
In summer 2010, Ranger sailed to the Western Mediterranean to conduct research on marine areas of ecological interest that need protection.
Using an underwater robot, the crew filmed creatures and habitats up to 3,000 feet deep. In addition, for the first time, the crew also conducted a marine pH survey to gather data on the impact of ocean acidification in the Mediterranean.


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Which traffic laws apply to bicyclists and in-line skaters?
The same laws that apply to drivers of motor vehicle apply to bicyclists and in-line skaters.
Bicyclists and skaters must obey all traffic signals, signs and pavement markings. Bicyclists must also signal for turns when they ride roadways, bike lanes or bike paths. Bicycle riders and skaters who violate the law can receive traffic tickets. Parents can be held responsible for violations by their minor children.
Motorists must obey the rules of the road with respect to bicyclists and skaters. Motor vehicle drivers must yield the right of way to bicyclists and skaters the same as they would to other drivers.
The Governor's Traffic Safety Committee web site has safety information for bicyclists and in-line skaters
Governor's Traffic Safety Committee's Web SIte


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||This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2011)|
Fused quartz or fused silica is glass consisting of high-purity silica in amorphous (non-crystalline) form. It is different from traditional glasses in that no other ingredients are added to lower the melt temperature. Fused silica, therefore, has much higher working and melting temperatures than soda-lime or borosilicate glasses.
Fused quartz is manufactured by fusing (melting) naturally occurring quartz crystals of high purity at approximately 2000 °C, using either an electrically heated furnace (electrically fused) or a gas/oxygen-fuelled furnace (flame fused). Fused quartz is normally transparent. The optical and thermal properties of fused quartz are superior to those of other types of glass due to its purity. For these reasons, it finds use in situations such as semiconductor fabrication and laboratory equipment. It has better ultraviolet transmission than most other glasses, and so is used to make lenses and other optics for the ultraviolet spectrum. Its low coefficient of thermal expansion also makes it a useful material for precision mirror substrates.
Fused silica is produced using high-purity silica sand as the feedstock, and is normally melted using an electric furnace, resulting in a material that is translucent or opaque. (This opacity is caused by very small air bubbles trapped within the material.)
Synthetic fused silica is made from a silicon-rich chemical precursor usually using a continuous flame hydrolysis process which involves chemical gasification of silicon, oxidation of this gas to silicon dioxide, and thermal fusion of the resulting dust (although there are alternative processes). This results in a transparent glass with an ultra-high purity and improved optical transmission in the deep ultraviolet. One common method involves adding silicon tetrachloride to a hydrogen–oxygen flame, however use of this precursor results in environmentally unfriendly by-products including chlorine and hydrochloric acid. To eliminate these by-products, new processes have been developed using an alternative feedstock, which has also resulted in a higher purity fused silica with further improved deep ultraviolet transmission.
Fused quartz is a noncrystalline form of silicon dioxide (SiO2), which is also called silica. (The crystalline form of this material is quartz). Though quartz glass in theory contains only silicon and oxygen, industrially produced quartz glass / fused silica contains impurities. The typical impurities depend on the starting material and the process used. The most dominant impurities are aluminium and titanium.
Specially prepared fused silica is the key starting material used to make optical fiber for telecommunications.
Because of its strength and high melting point (compared to ordinary glass), fused silica is used as an envelope for halogen lamps, which must operate at a high envelope temperature to achieve their combination of high brightness and long life.
The combination of strength, thermal stability, and UV transparency makes it an excellent substrate for projection masks for photolithography.
Its UV transparency also finds uses in the semiconductor industry; an EPROM, or erasable programmable read only memory, is a type of memory chip that retains its data when its power supply is switched off, but which can be erased by exposure to strong ultraviolet light. EPROMs are recognizable by the transparent fused quartz window which sits on top of the package, through which the silicon chip is visible, and which permits exposure to UV light during erasing.
Due to the thermal stability and composition it is used in semiconductor fabrication furnaces.
Fused quartz has nearly ideal properties for fabricating first surface mirrors such as those used in telescopes. The material behaves in a predictable way and allows the optical fabricator to put a very smooth polish onto the surface and produce the desired figure with fewer testing iterations. In some instances, a high-purity UV grade of fused quartz has been used to make several of the individual uncoated lens elements of special purpose lenses including the Zeiss 105mm f/4.3 UV Sonnar, a lens formerly made for the Hasselblad camera, and the Nikon UV-Nikkor 105mm f/4.5 (presently sold as the Nikon PF10545MF-UV) lens. These lenses are used for UV photography, as the quartz glass has a lower extinction rate than lens made with more common flint or crown glass formulas.
Fused silica as an industrial raw material is used to make various refractory shapes such as crucibles, trays, shrouds, and rollers for many high-temperature thermal processes including steelmaking, investment casting, and glass manufacture. Refractory shapes made from fused silica have excellent thermal shock resistance and are chemically inert to most elements and compounds including virtually all acids, regardless of concentration, except hydrofluoric acid which is very reactive even in fairly low concentrations. Translucent fused silica tubes are commonly used to sheathe electric elements in room heaters, industrial furnaces and other similar applications.
Quartz glassware is occasionally used in chemistry laboratories when standard borosilicate glass can not withstand high temperatures; it is more commonly found as a very basic element, such as a tube in a furnace, or as a flask, the elements in direct exposure to the heat.
Physical properties
The extremely low coefficient of thermal expansion, about 5.5×10−7/°C (20–320 °C), accounts for its remarkable ability to undergo large, rapid temperature changes without cracking (see thermal shock).
Fused quartz is prone to phosphorescence and "solarisation" (purplish discoloration) under intense UV illumination, as is often seen in flashtubes. "UV grade" synthetic fused silica (sold under various tradenames including "HPFS", "Spectrosil" and "Suprasil") has a very low metallic impurity content making it transparent deeper into the ultraviolet. An optic with a thickness of 1 cm will have a transmittance of about 50% at a wavelength of 170 nm, which drops to only a few percent at 160 nm. However, its infrared transmission is limited by strong water absorptions at 2.2 μm and 2.7 μm.
"Infrared grade" fused quartz (tradenames "Infrasil", "Vitreosil IR" and others) which is electrically fused, has a greater presence of metallic impurities, limiting its UV transmittance wavelength to around 250 nm, but a much lower water content, leading to excellent infrared transmission up to 3.6 μm wavelength. All grades of transparent fused quartz/fused silica have nearly identical physical properties.
The water content (and therefore infrared transmission of fused quartz and fused silica) is determined by the manufacturing process. Flame fused material always has a higher water content due to the combination of the hydrocarbons and oxygen fuelling the furnace forming hydroxyl [OH] groups within the material. An IR grade material typically has an [OH] content of <10 parts per million.
Optical properties
where the wavelength is measured in micrometers. This equation is valid between 0.21 and 3.71 micrometers and at 20 °C. Its validity was confirmed for wavelengths up to 6.7 m. Experimental data for the real (refractive index) and imaginary (absorption index) parts of the complex refractive index of fused quartz reported in the literature over the spectral range from 30 nm to 1000 m has been reviewed by Kitamura et al. and are available online.
Typical properties of clear fused silica
- Density: 2.203 g/cm3
- Hardness: 5.3–6.5 (Mohs scale), 8.8 GPa
- Tensile strength: 48.3 MPa
- Compressive strength: >1.1 GPa
- Bulk modulus: ~37 GPa
- Rigidity modulus: 31 GPa
- Young's modulus: 71.7 GPa
- Poisson's ratio: 0.17
- Lame elastic constants: λ=15.87 GPa, μ=31.26 GPa
- Coefficient of thermal expansion: 5.5×10−7/°C (average from 20 °C to 320 °C)
- Thermal conductivity: 1.3 W/(m·K)
- Specific heat capacity: 45.3 J/(mol·K)
- Softening point: c. 1665 °C
- Annealing point: c. 1140 °C
- Strain point: 1070 °C
- Electrical resistivity: >1018 Ω·m
- Dielectric constant: 3.75 at 20 °C 1 MHz
- Dielectric loss factor: less than 0.0004 at 20 °C 1 MHz
- Index of refraction: at 587.6 nm (nd): 1.4585
- Change of refractive index with temperature (0 to 700 °C): 1.28×10−5/°C (between 20 and 30 °C)
- Strain-optic coefficients: p11=0.113, p12=0.252.
- Hamaker constant: A=6.5×10-20 J.
- Dielectric strength: 250–400 kV/cm at 20 °C
See also
- Chemical purity of fused quartz / fused silica, _URL_
- An Overview of MEMS Inertial Sensing Technology, February 1, 2003
- Penn, Steven D.; Harry, Gregory M.; Gretarsson, Andri M.; Kittelberger, Scott E.; Saulson,


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Non-native Birds in the Elfin Forest
(where to look for the species):
c = maritime chaparral
o = coast live oak woodland
t = transit – occasionaly feed on periphery of the Forest.
z = oak/manzanita complex
-● = non-native species which is or has the potential to negatively impact the natives species of the Elfin Forest.


Anna Monus Anna is a technical writer who covers frontend frameworks, web standards, accessibility, WordPress development, UX design, and more. Head to her personal blog, Annalytic, for more content.
5 tricks to eliminate render blocking resources
8 min read 2326
5 Tricks to Eliminate Render Blocking Resources
Render blocking resources are static files, such as fonts, HTML, CSS, and JavaScript files, that are vital to the process of rendering a web page. When the browser encounters a render blocking resource, it stops downloading the rest of the resources until these critical files are processed. In the meantime, the entire rendering process is put on hold. On the other hand, non-render blocking resources don't postpone the rendering of the page. The browser can safely download them in the background after the initial page render.
However, not all resources that the browser deems render blocking are essential for the first paint; it all depends on the individual characteristics of the page. There are best practices you can use to turn these noncritical render blocking resources into non-render blocking ones. Besides, you can also decrease the number and/or size of render blocking resources that are still critical and can't be eliminated.
Why eliminate render blocking resources?
If you reduce the number of render blocking resources, you can shorten the critical rendering path and reduce page load times, thus improving the user experience and search engine optimization.
There are three ways to reduce the number and impact of render blocking resources:
 1. Make them non-render blocking resources by deferring their download
 2. Decrease the total number of render blocking resources using techniques such as bundling (this also means fewer HTTP requests)
 3. Reduce the size of a resource via minification so that the page has fewer bytes to load
Types of render blocking resources
As a rule of thumb, the browser treats everything it finds in the section of an HTML page as render blocking. This includes:
 - CSS stylesheets
 - JavaScript files added in the section
 - Fonts added from either CDN or a local server
 - HTML imports (even though HTML imports are now obsolete, you might still encounter them on legacy pages)
Images, media files, and tags placed at the bottom of the <body> section are treated as non-render blocking resources.
Now let's zoom in on five strategies to eliminate or reduce the number and impact of render blocking resources.
1. Don't add CSS with the _USER_ rule
You can add CSS to a page using either:
 - The <link rel="stylesheet"> tag that you need to add to your HTML file
 - The _USER_ rule that you need to add to your CSS file
Even though the _USER_ rule keeps your HTML file cleaner and allows you to keep all your CSS dependencies in the same place, it's not the best choice performance-wise. The _USER_ rule lets you import CSS from other stylesheets, but this causes the browser to process your CSS file more slowly because it also has to download the imported files. Until this takes place, the rendering process will be blocked.
If you want to add more than one CSS file to your page, you can either use the <link> tag or concatenate the files using a minification and/or bundling tool.
We made a custom demo for.
No really. Click here to check it out.
You need to add the <link> element to the <head> section of the HTML page in the following way:
2. Use the media attribute for conditional CSS
By default, the browser treats all CSS files as render blocking resources. However, if you add the media attribute to the <link> tag, you can indicate the presence of a conditional CSS file to the browser.
Conditional CSS only applies under certain conditions, such as below or above a given viewport size or on a print page. With the media attribute, you can define a specific media condition for a CSS file. You can use any value that you would use for a media query in a CSS file. For example:
<link href="large.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen and (min-width: 1500px)">
Even though these files are still download on all devices, they become non-render blocking resources if the condition evaluates as false. However, they will still be render blocking if the condition evaluates as true.
For instance, the mobile.css stylesheet in the above example will be render blocking on mobile devices with a maximum viewport width of 600px and non-render blocking on viewports larger than 600px.
If you have an existing CSS file with one or more media queries, you can extract all _USER_ rules and save them as separate files using this PostCSS plugin. This performance optimization technique is also called code splitting. Although code splitting is usually mentioned in conjunction with JavaScript, you can also split larger CSS files and load each file only when needed to shorten the critical rendering path and decrease initial page load times.
3. Use the defer and async attributes to eliminate render blocking JavaScript
JavaScript files added to the <head> section of the document are treated as render blocking resources by default.
You can remove them from the critical rendering path by placing the <script> tags right before the closing </body> tag instead of the <head> section. In this case, they only begin to download after the entire HTML has been downloaded. However, because the download of these scripts starts later, elements loaded by them, such as ads, animations, or dynamic functionalities, might load later than the rest of the frontend — especially if it's a longer script. This can result in noticeable delays and lagging UIs on slower connections, which is bad for the user experience.
The defer and async attributes of the <script> tag offer a solution to this problem. Both are Boolean attributes which means that if you add them, they will fire without any further configuration. They also make scripts added to the <head> section of an HTML document non-render blocking, but in a different way — deferred scripts respect the document order while asynchronous scripts are independent of the DOM.
The defer attribute instructs the browser to download the script in the background so it won't block the rendering of the page. The deferred script executes once the DOM is ready but before the DOMContentLoaded event fires.
<script src="script01.js" defer>
Deferred scripts follow the document order, just like nondeferred, default scripts. For example, in the above example, script01.js will be executed first, irrespective of which script loads first. You can't add defer to inline scripts; it only works with external scripts that specify the script's location using the src attribute.
On the other hand, the async attribute informs the browser that a script is completely independent of the page. It will download in the background as a non-render blocking resource, just like deferred scripts. However, unlike deferred scripts, async scripts don't follow the document order, so they will execute whenever they finish downloading — which can happen at any time.
For instance, in the below example, we can't be sure which script will run first; it solely depends on which downloads faster (usually the smaller one). Remember, async scripts are independent of both the document and each other, so the document order won't impact them in any way.
The defer attribute is recommended for scripts that need the DOM, but you want to begin to download them before the document loads, without making them a render blocking resource. You should also use defer rather than async if the document order is important — for instance, when consecutive scripts depend on each other.
The async attribute is recommended for independent third-party scripts, such as ads, trackers, and analytics scripts. For example, Google Analytics recommends adding the async attribute to support asynchronous loading in modern browsers.
4. Minify and bundle CSS and JavaScript
In addition to removing nonessential CSS and JavaScript from the critical rendering path, you can also minify and bundle both render blocking and non-render blocking resources.
For instance, you can create bundles for files that use the same loading rules and minify each bundle separately. Since minified files are lighter and bundles mean fewer files in the critical rendering path, initial page rendering will finish sooner. Plus, it will also take less time to download non-render blocking resources in the background.
There are numerous tools available to help you perform minification and bundling according to best practices, including Minify, CSS Minifier, Minify Code, and PostCSS. Build tools such as webpack, Parcel, and Rollup come with built-in minification, bundling, and code splitting functionalities that enable you to quickly reduce the number of render blocking resources.
5. Load custom fonts locally
Since custom fonts are called from the section of the document, they are also render blocking resources. For instance:

You can reduce the impact of custom fonts on initial page rendering by adding them locally rather than pulling them from a content delivery network such as Google CDN. Font providers tend to add multiple _USER_-face rules, many of which you won't need.
For example, Google Fonts add _USER_-face rules for all the character sets a typeface comes with, such as Latin, Cyrillic, Chinese, Vietnamese, and others. Let's say, for instance, that the online CSS file you add with the tag includes _USER_-face rules for seven different character sets, but you only want to use one (e.g., Latin). However, Google Fonts don't download the font files for all the character sets; they just add many redundant _USER_-face rules to the CSS file.
If you add fonts


Population ages 25-29, female (% of female population) in India was reported at 8.3926 % in 2019, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. India - Population ages 25-29, female (% of female population) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on November of 2020.
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 india population ages 25 29 female percent of female population wb data
Female population between the ages 25 to 29 as a percentage of the total female population.
India | World Bank Development Indicators


On a Pi, to execute a C++ code, you'll need a Makefile.
Is there an equivalent with the Arduino? Where I have some valid C++ files to upload without the IDE's help, but instead with an executable?
Whether you compile manually with a Makefile (or Arduino-Builder) or in the IDE, the end result is a HEX file. This is a text file describing the data to load into the flash memory.
You then use avrdude to install it into the Arduino - either from the IDE or by running it manually (or specifying it in your Makefile, etc).
A Makefile doesn't produce an executable. A Makefile is merely a recipe - a set of instructions - telling the make program which programs to run (gcc, avr-gcc, etc) and in what order (and with what flags) to compile your code.
There are many Arduino Makefile projects out there that do it all for you.
Take a look at platformio.org. It Provides a simple CLI environment to compile, upload and monitor.
Your Answer


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| Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Anxiety, Advice, and the Ability to Discern: Feeling Anxious Motivates Individuals to Seek and Use Advice
Across eight experiments, we describe the influence of anxiety on advice seeking and advice taking. We find that anxious individuals are more likely to seek and rely on advice than are those in a neutral emotional state (Experiment 1), but this pattern of results does not generalize to other negatively-valenced emotions (Experiment 2). The relationships between anxiety and advice seeking and anxiety and advice taking are mediated by self-confidence; anxiety lowers self-confidence, which increases advice seeking and reliance upon advice (Experiment 3). Though anxiety also impairs information processing, impaired information processing does not mediate the relationship between anxiety and advice taking (Experiment 4). Finally, we find that anxious individuals fail to discriminate between good and bad advice (Experiment 5a-c), and between advice from advisors with and without a conflict of interest (Experiment 6).
Keywords: Motivation and Incentives;


Fanny Thornton 1880
Fanny Thornton 1880
FANNY THORNTON, ketch: On May 23, 1880, the ketch stranded just outside the South Head, Hokianga Harbour, and became a total wreck. The casualty was caused through the vessel missing stays owing to the sudden falling off of the wind, and there being no room to wear.
The Fanny Thornton, No. 74,920, was a ketch of 80 tons register, built at Jervis Bay, N.S.W., in 1877. Her dimensions were : length 77.2 ft., beam 19.6 ft., depth 8 ft., and she was under the command of Captain Charles McBurney.
PONEKE, schooner: Foundered in June, 1880, with a loss of all hands, when on a voyage from Onehunga to Picton. The schooner sailed from Onehunga on June 11, and was later seen off Greymouth, but from then was never seen or heard of again. She carried a crew of six, all told, and was under the command of Captain James Lee.
The Poneke, No. 69,003, was a schooner of 80 tons register, built at Wellington in 1878, and her measurements were: length 84.5 ft., beam 18.9 ft., depth 7.9 ft.
THREE BROTHERS, cutter : Foundered with the loss of all hands early in July, 1880, when bound from Great Barrier Island to Auckland. She left Great Barrier Island on July 2, and was never heard of again. The cutter carried a crew of three, and was commanded by Captain Thomas Blair.
The Three Brothers, No. 46,530, was a cutter of 26 tons register, built at Mangawai, Auckland, in 1862, by Donald McInnes, and her dimensions were : length 47.8 ft., beam 15.4 ft., depth 6.3 ft. She was owned by Captain John Blair, of Auckland.
JANE HANNAH, schooner : On July 6 and 7, 1880, wreckage and a ship's dinghy were found on the reef about three-quarters of a mile south of Akaroa Heads, and were identified as belonging to the schooner Jane Hannah. The schooner was bound from Catlins River to Lyttelton with a cargo of timber, and on July 2 left Oamaru in company with the schooner Pelican. They sailed in company until the 3rd, when a south-east gale was encountered. The schooners were then from six to ten miles off shore, level with the mouth of the Rangitata River. The Pelican cleared Banks
Peninsula by two miles, but it was thought that the Jane Hannah was unable to weather it, and was wrecked near Akaroa on July 4.
The Jane Hannah, No. 61,003, was a schooner of 52 tons register, built at Catlins River by William McPhee, and named after the wife of one of her first owners, Captain Peter Hannah. Her dimensions were: length 71.4 ft., beam 18.6 ft., depth 6.1 ft. She was under the command of Captain Roderick Currie, and carried three other hands.
SARAH AND MARY, ketch : Stranded on the west side of Motuara Island, Queen Charlotte Sound on August 9, 1880, and became a total loss. She experienced bad weather on the 8th, causing the master to seek shelter under Motuara Island. At 11 p.m. the captain was informed by one of the crew that the vessel was adrift and near the rocks. The kedge anchor was run out, but the line parted. An endeavour was then made to set the head sails, in order to wear the ketch, but it was unsuccessful. On going aft, the cabin was found to be in flames. An attempt was made to extinguish the fire, but without success, and the crew landed on the island. The vessel was still burning at daybreak next morning. The outbreak was supposed to have been caused by the stove in the cabin being knocked over and setting fire to a tin of kerosene.
The Sarah and Mary, No. 40,382, was a ketch of 40 tons register, built at Hoods Bay, Pelorus Sound, in 1872, by Richard B. Scott, of Havelock, and her dimensions were : length 64 ft., beam 17.7 ft., depth 5.9 ft. She was under the command of Captain William Penny Forman,, and was owned by the master and William Dempsey, both of Lyttelton.
SOUTHERN QUEEN, schooner : During a terrific north-west gale on August 26, 1880, the schooner parted her cables, struck a reef, and foundered with the loss of two of her crew. The vessel was lying at anchorage on the northern side of Amuri Bluff, which is about 12 miles south of Kaikoura Peninsula.
The Southern Queen, No. 40,339, was a schooner of 19 tons register, built at Akaroa by Henry Thomas, in May, 1861, and her dimensions were : length 50 ft., beam 13.6 ft., depth 6.2 ft. Captain William Shepherd commanded the schooner.
KAURI, schooner : Stranded on Ahaaha Rock, on the west side of Waiheke Island, Hauraki
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text:
Page 3 of 18
download applet play online a word on notation
|Congo, invented by a seven year old in 1982, in little more than an hour, went on to become the second most popular Chess variant at the games club 'Fanatic' at Twente University, the Netherlands.|
Congo takes pride of place on the cover of David Pritchard's 'The Encyclopedia of Chess Variants' (G&P Publications, P.O. Box 20, Godalming, Surrey GU8 4YP, UK. - ISBN 0-_PHONE_-0-1).
You can download this MindSports applet, which is tailored to save games played in the Pit, offline.
The applet shows the board with the pieces in initial position. There are two players, black and white. White begins. Players move - and must move - in turn.
- The object of Congo is to capture the opponent's Lion. There's no rule against a Lion moving into check:
it is simply captured. Since players must move on their turn, this effectively makes stalemate a win.
- The Lion is the proverbial King of this jungle. With one exception he may not leave his 3x3 castle.
Inside he moves and captures as the King in Chess.
The mutual check rule: If Lions face one another along an open file or diagonal, both are in check and
the player whose turn it is can capture his opponent's Lion and win. This is the exception mentioned above.
With the exception of the crocodile, that cannot drown, and the Lion, that cannot enter the river, pieces are subject to the following:
- A piece that ends its move in the river must leave it next turn or drown.
A drowned piece is removed at the end of the turn. The piece may not have moved at all, for instance because its Lion had to move out of check (!), or may have moved within the river, or even, in the Monkey's case, out of and back into the river. In the latter cases any captures made are legal.
|In the diagram the white Lion cannot move to the d-file because it will be captured.
Anticipating that the zebra moves as the knight in Chess, white must NOT move b2-c4+, because the black Lion would move to the c-file, pinning it in the river where it would drown, and thus drawing the game. As it is, the game is won: in Congo a Lion and any piece, including a pawn, always wins against a bare Lion.|
In the diagram the elephant can capture the black pawn.
- The Zebra moves as the Knight in Chess.
- The Elephant moves one or two squares along ranks and files.
The two-square move is a jump to the target-square, unaffected by intervening pieces of either color.
Two elephants leapfrogging a file, are known as the elephant roll.
- The Giraffe may move and capture jumping to
the second square along ranks, files and diagonals.
The move is not affected by intervening pieces of either color. In addition the giraffe may move,
but not capture, using the king's move in Chess.
The circled squares are the ones onto which the giraffe may move, but not capture.
- The Crocodile moves as the king in Chess.
When on land it also controls the file towards the river, including the river square.
- Inside the river the crocodile controls the whole length of it.
Crocodiles cannot drown.
- The Monkey moves like the King in Chess and captures a piece by jumping over it along rank, file or diagonal to the square immediately beyond, which must be vacant for the capture to take place.
A monkey may - but is not obliged to - make multiple captures in the same turn. During a multiple capture it may visit a square, including river squares, more than once, but it may not jump the same piece more than once.
The drowning rule only applies if it ends its move in the river.
The monkey jumping the Lion terminates both the move and the game, as illustrated in the diagram.
Congo pawns are very logical in their forward movement, less so in their abilities of retreat. Yet, here it is:
- A Pawn moves and captures one square straight or diagonally forward. Across the river it may retreat one or two squares straight backward, but it may neither capture nor jump a piece in doing so.
- A pawn promotes to Superpawn upon reaching the back rank. A superpawn has the additional power to move & capture one square sideways. It may now also retreat in a diagonal direction, and this ability no longer depends on its position with regard to the river.
Congo © Demian Freeling
Java applet ©