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The Muscovy Duck (Cairina moschata) – also known as Musky Duck or Barbary Duck – is a large, hardy perching duck Most people are curious about them; some dislike them for their messiness, aggression and odd appearance, while others appreciate them for their intelligence, friendly and trusting personality and their distinctive appearance. For these reason alone, Muscovies are increasingly kept as backyard pets and even exhibition birds. The origin of the Muscovy's name is unknown. It is not from Moscow; and even though it is commercially known as "Barbary Duck," it is also not native to Barbary. Ducks or Geese? Many believe that Muscovies are more geese than ducks – in fact, often they are referred to as "Muscovie Geese" for the following reasons:
- Muscovy ducks don't quack as is typical of other duck species and are generally quiet.
- Their eggs take longer to hatch than other duck eggs—35 days. Unlike all other breeds of ducks.
- All domesticated ducks originate from the Mallard, with the exception of the Muscovy which has distinct origins in South America.
- Muscovy Ducks usually live for 7-8 years; however they can live up to 20 years or more if they have access to good nutrition and don't fall victim to an accident or predation.
- The males can be very aggressive towards other birds. They are often observed in fights, using their claws, wings and beaks. They will chase away other males and pursue unwilling females in order to forcibly mate with them. The dominant male may even force himself on other males, particularly when the females are busy brooding eggs or raising their ducklings. This being said, they are generally quite friendly with people.
- Muscovies communicate with one another by wagging their tails and raising and lowering their heads at one another.
- Unlike other ducks, Muscovies don't swim much as their oil glands are quite under-developed compared to other duck species. However, they still fly (low flight mostly), swim and walk fairly well.
- Unlike most domestic waterfowl, Muscovies will often fly up into trees to roost.
- Muscovies graze like geese.
Muscovies are native to Mexico, Central and South America – but they originated in Brazil. This non-migratory (resident) species normally inhabits forested swamps, lakes and streams. At night, they often roost in trees. Some domesticated muscovies have escaped into the wild and now breed outside their native range, including in Western Europe and the United States. They are particularly well known in the town of Ely in Cambridgeshire.
The most distinctive feature of the muscovy ducks is the featherless, bright "lumpy" red mask around their eyes and above the beak, which is larger in the male. Muscovies have a "crest" on the top of their heads that they can raise at will. Males will raise this crest to fend off other males or he raises his crest to impress the females. The male is easily identified by his face mask alone – but also by his generally larger size – in fact, the adult male is usually twice the size of the female. The female's appearance is generally more slender than that of the male.
The adult males can weigh up to 10-15 lbs (4.5 6.8 kg). The male measures, on average, 31 inches or 79 cm. Most of the females are 5-7 pounds (2.3 – 3.1 kg) but can, in rare instances, reach up to 10 lbs (4.5 kg). The female measures about 23.6 inches or 60 cm Colouration The original colour of the Muscovy is glossy blackish/brown and white, and most of them still are that colour – with varying degrees of white, black or brown ("pieds"). Some of them are very light coloured (mostly white), while others are mostly black/brown. The black / dark brown patches have an attractive iridescence to them that can only be seen in the right light conditions. Many other quite exotic colours have occurred – mostly in domesticated breeds, such as blue, blue and white, chocolate, chocolate and white, lavender and calico. Dark coloured muscovies have brown eyes. Whites, lilacs and blues usually have grey eyes. They have webbed feet and strong sharp claws for grabbing tree branches and roosting. Their tail is fairly short, flat and wide.. Juvenile muscovies are as cute as can be. Most of them are variably yellow and brown; a few are all yellow and others all brown. They lack the bumpy face masks of the adults and have a more slender appearance. They are very curious and friendly and will readily approach people looking for food (a somewhat trained response, as many people will gladly feed them to get a close-up look of them). They are mostly seen following their mother as she is foraging for food. Calls / Vocalizations Muscovies have very different vocalizations from other ducks. Male Muscovies have a dry hissing call – often "wagging" their tail and fluffing up the feathers on their crown at the same time. The female's make quiet trilling "pip" sounds. It is reminiscent to a flute quickly alternating between the notes F and G.
The major benefit associated with having these ducks in urban areas is that they help keep insect populations down, such as mosquitoes, roaches, flies, spiders (including poisonous ones) and even ants. They will basically eat any bug they can find. Muscovies also eat maggots and mosquito larva in the water, thus making a huge difference when it comes to insect control. They catch bugs flying around and those they find on the ground or under rocks.
Muscovies are efficient weed eaters. But on the downside, they will also go for your vegetables and fruits — so those need to be protected.
Muscovies eat all the excess food laying around that would otherwise attract mice and rats.
Both males and females reach reproductive maturity when they are about one year old; although at that young age, they have not yet necessarily attained their full body mass. This species, like the Mallard, does not form stable pairs. Forced intercourse has been observed in feral populations. Popular males are often seen with up to four females – potentially the entire female population in the group; while the remaining males "hang out" in bachelor groups. However, the female may also mate with other males. The hen lays a clutch of 8-10 white eggs and communal nests may contain up to 21 eggs. The nest is usually situated in a tree hole or hollow, which are incubated for 34 – 36 days, as opposed to 28 days in other duck breeds. Muscovy hens can produce up to three clutches a year. The mother duck will keep her brood of ducklings together to protect them from predators. The eggs and ducklings are preyed upon by raccoons, large turtles, birds of prey, large fish and snakes. Ducklings can fly within 5 – 8 weeks. Their feathers develop very fast. Nesting is facilitated by the use of nest boxes. They will readily accept a wide range of nesting boxes, from large wood duck-like boxes with 6″ to 8″ diameter entrance holes to igloo-shaped half barrels, to l' by 2′ ground nest boxes with either side or end-entry holes, to naturally occuring hollow trees and stumps.
If Muscovies are mated to other domestic breeds, they produce young that are commonly known as Mulard Ducks ("mule ducks") – in reference to their sterility. Male hybrids produce abnormal sperm and are, therefore, mostly sterile; however, about one out of every thirty male is able to produce young. The females are always sterile.
The Muscovy Duck had probably been domesticated for centuries by South American Indigenous cultures at the time of its introduction to European colonialists. The Domestic Muscovy duck is descended from the wild Muscovy Duck. While the majority of its ancestors were also wild Muscovy Ducks, the males of two other wild species also contributed their genepool. Muscovy Ducks as pets are very popular because raising them is inexpensive and less time consuming. Muscovy ducks don't generally like to be over handled by humans (unless they were raised by them); however, they can grow very confiding. Muscovies are less prone to illnesses as compared to other ducks. As Muscovy Ducks lay large clutches and can be encouraged to produce up to three clutches of offspring a year, the selective breeding regimes of the South American Indian cultures were successful in producing dramatically larger domestic muscovy with unusual colouration making individuals recognizable. This is critical in the development of domestic breeds. At some point, Europeans and/or their Asian neighbours either inadvertently or purposely hybridized the now critically endangered White Winged Wood Duck to their domestic Muscovy Ducks. The White Winged Wood Duck is much closer related to the Muscovy Duck than the Comb Duck. Fertile male offspring were bred back into the domestic Muscovy Duck gene pool in high enough numbers to introduce a number of new traits into the populations of founders that reached African and European Shores.
All the photographs on this page were taken in our garden on Isleham Marina, where a pair of male Muscovy ducks live. They are wild but come and visit every day for a feed. There were three until recently, but sadly 'Albus' our white Muscovy recently passed away (March 2013


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On August 9, 2011, the Canadian Ice Service (CIS) reported that the Petermann Ice Island-A (PII-A) appeared to be grounded off the east coast of Newfoundland, east of the city of St. Anthony.
The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Terra satellite captured this natural-color image of the ice island and its surroundings on August 14, 2011. Clouds hide much of the region, and white lines delineate coasts and borders.
PII-A appears as an irregularly shaped white body east of St. Anthony. What look like small fragments of ice appear immediately west and north of the ice island. The CIS had reported for weeks that the ice island was losing mass due to melting and calving, so a continued loss of ice is consistent with CIS reports.
PII-A is a remnant of a much larger ice island that calved off the Petermann Glacier in northwestern Greenland on August 5, 2010. Over the course of the following year, that ice island fragmented into smaller pieces, which continued drifting. Other fragments of the original ice island were in Baffin Bay and Lancaster Sound as of August 9, according to the CIS.
- Canadian Ice Service (2011, August 9). Petermann Ice Island Updates. Accessed August 15, 2011.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
The purpose of this paper is to argue for clarity of methodology in social science simulation. Simulation is now at a stage in the social sciences where it is important to be clear why simulation should be used and what it is intended to achieve. The paper goes on to discuss a particularly important source of opposition to simulation in the social sciences which arises from perceived threats to the orthodox hard-core. This is illustrated by way of a couple of case studies. The paper then goes on to discuss defences to standard criticisms of simulation and the various positive reasons for using simulation in preference to other methods of theorising in particular situations.
|Journal||The Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation|
|Publication status||Published - 31 Oct 2000|
- reciprocal altruism
- group living

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Common name: Stomach worm
The adult worms measure 40 to 48 mm long.
Anterior end of worm
The egg, containing the infective first stage-larva, is passed in the feces and eaten by a beetle larva. The larva develops to the infective third stage larva. The dog eats the beetle and the worm develops to the adult stage in the stomach. Eggs are laid in the stomach and pass out with the feces.
Common Diagnostic Test
© University of Pennsylvania 2004
Comments or Questions please contact: Dr. Nolan at:


text:
November 18, 2014
Health Tip: Make Home Safer for Alzheimer's
Limit access to areas that could pose danger
(HealthDay News) -- People with Alzheimer's disease may wander or forget how to use household appliances such as a stove, making home a more dangerous place.
The Alzheimer's Association discusses how to make home safer:
- Install Dutch doors or folding doors to limit access to areas such as the kitchen.
- Post a list of emergency contacts, including phone numbers of local hospital, police and fire departments, and the poison-control hotline.
- Inspect devices such as smoke detectors, carbon monoxide detectors and fire extinguishers to make sure they are working properly.
- Remove any firearms from the home, and keep medications out of the person's reach.
- Reduce tripping hazards by providing plenty of lighting and picking up clutter.
- Set the water heater temperature lower to avoid burns.


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Price competition between store brands and national brands: determinants of price elasticities for cheese products
Store brands and national brands (Kraft) account for eighty percent of the retail cheese market in the United States. The goal of this study is to estimate brand demand elasticities and reveal factors that determine price elasticities for store and national brands of cheese; more importantly, to provide implications for marketing managers. Data used in this study are store-level scanner data provided by a national supermarket chain in the Columbus, Ohio metropolitan area (CMA). Based on product forms, cheese is classified into five product categories: shredded, sliced, chunk, snack, and miscellaneous. Six stores are included in the data set and these stores are selected from geographic areas that can be described as being populated by higherand lower-income consumers. A two-stage modeling process is utilized in this study. First, brand demand elasticities are estimated with respect to various store locations, cheese product forms, and package sizes. Second, a meta-analysis is applied to reveal the factors that determine price elasticities of store and national brands. This process involves regressing the estimated price elasticities of store and national brands on the determinants of elasticities: store location, market share, product form, and package size. Both the nonlinear Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) and linear approximation AIDS (LA/AIDS) are utilized in the first stage to estimate brand demand elasticities. Given five product categories and two income groups, a total of 20 demand systems are estimated for the two AIDS models. Before estimating the two versions of AIDS model, the unit-root test was initially conducted to confirm stationarity of the time-series variables. This study provides a rich knowledge base for retail store managers and manufacturers to use for maximizing sales and profits. Results from the first stage demand systems indicate that compared with store brands, consumers are very sensitive to national brands price changes for most cheese items even in higher-income areas. The second stage meta-analysis shows that store location, market share, product form, and package size affect price elasticities for store and national brands; moreover, the estimated demand elasticities between AIDS and LA/AIDS models are not significantly different.
School:The Ohio State University
School Location:USA - Ohio
Source Type:Master's Thesis
Keywords:store brands national cheese
Date of Publication:01/01/2004


AniMag' n°2
AniMag' n°2
Did you know?
featured image
The Falaise sow trial
Falaise is a village in France, 60 km away from Normandy beaches.
In 1385, taking advantage of the fact that parents were frolicking in the hay, a sow devoured a 3 months old infant, Jean Le Maux, who died of his wounds. She was then arrested, placed in pretrial detention with other prisoners. A lawyer was appointed to represent her. But the cause was lost in advance, and even the owner of the beast testified against it. She was sentenced to death and the decision was notified to her. The local breeders were asked to bring their animals to attend the execution, the purpose being that they serve as an example. She was hanged by the legs, with a mask with a human face on the snout.
In the Middle Ages, indeed, pigs and sows roamed free in the streets of villages, where they acted as garbage collectors, and it happened that as they walked, they swallowed children.
The Falaise sow is not the only animal to have been "judged". In the Middle Ages, the animal was considered a responsible person for its actions and, over three centuries, there are, in France, hundreds of animal trials. Nine times out of ten, they are pigs.
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What is a Granulator
It only takes a Google search on the internet to find out that the word "Granulator" is one of the most widely used terms in the size reduction industry and perhaps, one of the most misused terms. In my most recent search for the word "granulator", I was not surprised to find that only a few of the results were from companies that actually offer true granulators. The vast majority of the results were from companies who simply use the word to attract people to their websites. Once you click on their link, you quickly find out that what they are calling a granulator is in reality something else; often a shredder, usually single shaft in nature or a grinder, both of which produce significantly different outputs than that of a granulator. Caution!! Selecting one of those machines to handle what is truly a granulating process can end up being a frustrating endeavor and possibly a costly mistake.
Granulator Background
With that in mind, to understand what a true granulator (or granulating process) is, we need to take into account the definition of the word. Originally, to granulate something was to turn a larger component into a "grain". Thus the name Granulator was given to any equipment that could take a larger component and reduce it to a grain sized output; perhaps on the level of corn meal or below. Sadly for those who have size reduction needs, the fact that the word has been attached to equipment other than granulators has greatly confused its usage and likely caused many to purchase equipment that simply is not capable of optimal production for a granulation process. Granted, the ability of any machine to produce a specific output is based on the material being reduced, it remains that granulators have a very specific purpose and place that no other machine can compete with.
So, how do we define a Granulator in today's size reduction market?
Granulators Defined
Simply put, a Granulator is a high speed, normally open rotor knife mill designed to take larger components of feed stock (such as plastics, bottles, organics, etc…) and reduce them to a particle size of approximately 40 mesh to 1/8" chip. And while many granulators are used for processing of material outputs of greater than 1/8", it still remains that their primary place is in the reduction to the finer grains.
While that may be an overly simplistic definition, it does comprise the most common usage of equipment. And it should also be noted that other styles do exist, such as closed rotor designs, higher production models and really, a multitude of similarly designed rotors, however; even with these options which are often to facilitate differing feed stocks – the output of a granulator still remains close to the same sizing.
Make the Right Choice
Confused about your application? At Jordan Reduction Solutions, we manufacture Granulators, Shredders and Grinders – and the output of each differs substantially. Therefore, if you're not certain of exactly what your equipment needs are, contact our engineers and they can quickly assess your needs and help you determine if a granulator is right for you.


I'm having a strange experience trying to reproduce a token of ɛ / æ from a native speaker of Thai. When I play my attempt back it sounds like a reasonable copy, but looking at it in Praat, the formants are quite a bit off. With some experimentation I can produce a vowel with similar formants, but it doesn't sound like the original token. This would seem to indicate that I'm latching onto something other than the formants in the original, that that quality is present in my initial attempt to copy the sound but not my later attempt to reproduce the formants, and that it's throwing my perception of the formants off... but what could it be?
Is there any research into the perception of foreign language sounds that might cast light on how the perception of vowels can be distorted by factors like (say) nasalisation or voice quality?
There is a lot of research on how some acoustic factor can influence perception of a sound: the challenge would be narrowing the choices down to something more specific. The situation that you face involves some specific limitations / complications such as the fact that you are perceiving a foreign language, and you are perceiving your productions of a foreign language. This paper may be a useful hook into research on perception issues in foreign language acquisition
The other challenge would be correctly characterizing the difference between the target vowel and what you (or any subject) is producing. For example, there was a study by Blodgett, Rytting and possibly others on Americans attempting to produce Vietnamese tones, where Americans or at lease the subjects sampled are bad enough that Vietnamese speakers have problems understanding productions. The reason turns out to be that Vietnamese tones are not just pitch profiles, they involve phonatory properties which American speakers were not getting. A sub-problem regarding the difference between target and speaker production is that the formant information from Praat may be wrong (the settings may be inappropriate).
 - Thanks. I'm reading the formants off the spectrogram so assuming F1 is going to be stronger than the 5th and 6th harmonics there shouldn't be a problem there. I think it must be something to do with voice quality because if I synthesize a vowel based on the formants from the original token and copy that, the formants match. The original is quite nasalized and there's hardly anything above F2 (1950), so maybe that's what's throwing me off. OTOH it could be that if you turn something into a non-linguistic sound by synthesizing it, there's less interference from L1 when you come to imitate it. – rchivers Jun 27 '20 at 21:01
Your Answer


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Session 4: counselling and confidentiality in the review of this document: dr nenette motus, dr sajith gunaratne, ms jaqueline weekers and ms valerie hagger. Termination of counseling the termination stage is the final stage of counseling, but is just as important as the initial phase of counseling. Closing a person centred counselling session it is timely to re-evaluate this theory which formed many of us as counsellors and to look with new eyes at.
Performance coaching, counseling and leadership performance coaching, counseling and leadership principles 3 individual gives during a coaching session. Connecting with clients what is the first thing the therapist says after the initial this first session is not the session to ask what is it you hope to. Counselling as process and activity within the counselling session the first session/initial stage. New client's initial intake form its video recording capability allows students to easily evaluate what occurred during a client session.
An initial assessment will be carried out during the personalised counselling session for your long term we can evaluate your choice of schools and categorize. Start studying counseling marines learn vocabulary, planned and agreed upon session occurs at initial counseling review and evaluate performance 2. Taste of a first counselling session (created specifically) birmingham counselling & psychotherapy centre web-site: wwwcounselling-directcouk this video. The counseling process coun 540 applies as a whole (1st to last session) from an initial look at case info,. The counseling process the professional counselor the initial session evaluate, and alter as needed.
An initial counseling session approximately 30 days after the start of the senior/junior relationship a follow-on session. First counselling session carl rogers – locus of evaluation definition in therapy, in the initial phases,. Professional learning and the reflective practitioner able to consider and evaluate an aspect of your work how a particular teaching session went.
Counselling case study, critique of counsellor processes were employed within a counselling session with posed an initial challenge for the therapist as. Study focus 2 theoretical integration their own integrative style over time "but the initial training should a video of a counselling session. It's the ability to evaluate which tell us what a client can expect to experience in an initial counselling session with you in an initial counselling. Counseling program practicum & internship each counseling session or recording that you the pre-service counselor realizes that she or he is in the initial.
The best way to make initial contact with a psychologist is by you should have a new understanding of your if you don't think a session went well,. Important in the initial stages effects on the client in the counselling session as with all professions it is important to evaluate your performance as a. Beginning therapy: a primer the initial interview, newer therapists may feel taking notes helps them remember the content of the therapy session, and this is.
277 form 61: self-assessment of counseling performance skills purposes: to provide the trainee with an opportunity to review levels of competency in the per. Task: conduct an individual counseling session for a substance abusing individual number: _PHONE_ effective date: 2003-jan. How should we evaluate research on counselling and the the per-session with cbt as the benchmark treatment that will yield initial results.
Many people are simultaneously fearful and fascinated by the prospect of undergoing counselling or psychotherapy session what happens in a counselling session. 1 introducing counselling and therapy approaches i invite you on an intellectual, practical and personal journey through six of the most interesting and important approaches to contemporary counselling. Genetic counseling is the the genetic counselor can evaluate the intake and follow-up phases occur outside of the actual counseling session the initial.


What Happens When You Exclude A Transaction In QuickBooks?
Can I delete everything in QuickBooks and start over?
Example: URL shows _URL_ change to: _URL_
The next screen will provide a summary of the items to be deleted.
Type the word "YES" once the data gets deleted, then click OK.
Click Wipe Data once your selections are complete..
What does manually added from bank feeds mean?
The transactions that you'll see under For Review tab on the Banking screen are all downloaded from your bank. If these transactions don't exist in your Register, you can add them by clicking Add under ACTION column. On the other hand, if these transactions show in your Register, this means they're manually created.
How do I fix a deleted reconciled transaction in QuickBooks?
Here's how:Click the Gear icon in the upper-right corner and select Audit Log.Look for the deleted transaction and click View.Click the arrow on when it was created and deleted.Take note of the transaction details.Recreate the transaction manually by clicking the Create menu (+).
How do I exclude a transaction in QuickBooks online?
excluding transationsClick the Banking menu from the navigation panel.Go to the Banking tab, click the account you want to use.Tap the For Review tab.Mark the checkbox of the transactions you want to exclude.From the Batch actions drop-down, choose Exclude Selected.The items will be moved to the Excluded section.More items…•
What happens when you delete a transaction in QuickBooks?
When you delete a transaction, you completely erase it from your books. It won't appear anywhere on your reports or in your accounts. You can use your Audit Log to recover some details, but you can't recover the transaction. You can delete any type of transaction in QuickBooks.
Why might a transaction be excluded in bank feeds?
It's located under Batch Actions. Common reasons to exclude transactions: Two transactions in the bank feed are a match against one transaction in the register (in this scenario, you would exclude both items). The transaction(s) is already reconciled in QuickBooks.
What exclude means?
to shut or keep out; prevent the entrance of. to shut out from consideration, privilege, etc.: Employees and their relatives were excluded from participation in the contest. to expel and keep out; thrust out; eject: He was excluded from the club for infractions of the rules.
Can I delete a transaction on my online banking?
From Banking, open the relevant bank account. From Activity tab, select the tick box to the left the transactions you want to delete. A toolbar now appears above the list. … From the toolbar, select the Delete button.
Is there a way to recover deleted invoices in QuickBooks?
Once a transaction (invoice, bills, etc.) is deleted in QuickBooks, we can only "recover" them on your audit log. … To view your audit log, just go to the Gear (at the top right) > Audit Log.
How do you correct reconciliation discrepancies?
How do I clean up old transactions in QuickBooks?
Here's how to manually clear bank transactions in QuickBooks:Go to the Gear icon, then choose Chart of Accounts.Locate the account of the transaction.Select View Register from the Action column.Identify the transaction to clear.Under the reconcile status column, select C for Cleared. … Select Save.
What is an excluded transaction?
When you exclude a transaction, it doesn't appear in any account registers or financial reports. Depending on the type of transaction, this may make it easier or harder for you to reconcile an account.
What is the difference between transfer and add in QuickBooks?
"Add" means you have not created the transaction in QuickBooks Online. "Add" is to basically record the new transaction to the register in QuickBooks. "Transfer" means you make a transfer from one bank account to another bank account (or credit card account).
Where can we view a list of voided and deleted transactions in QuickBooks?
Go to the Gear icon on the top right corner, select Audit Log under Tools menu. Click Filter. Select Transactions. Show field: select "Deleted/Voided Transactions"
What does rule mean in QuickBooks?
QuickBooks Online has an added feature called Rules (or Bank Rules). It saves you time by setting up automatic categorisation of regular recurring transactions even if they are slightly different each month.
Can you see deleted transactions in QuickBooks?
Locate the deleted transaction. (Tip: To easily find deleted transactions, use the browser search Ctrl + F and type "deleted"). Under the History column, select View. All the information needed for the transaction can be found under the Event column.
Which three statements regarding bank rules are true in QuickBooks?
Top AnswerThe correct Statements are :Bank rules can be prioritized.Bank rules can be copied, edited, or deleted.You can automatically add transactions to the register using Bank Rules.Bank rules can be prioritized.Bank rules can be copied, edited, or deleted.More items…
When would you use bank rules in QuickBooks online?


Card Pairology?
Answer: Any guesses? The chance of Matt getting any money is zero. Do you know why?
Here's a table to explain each case.
John Discarded Matt
13 pairs 0 pairs 13 pairs
12 pairs 2 pairs 12 pairs
11 pairs 4 pairs 11 pairs
10 pairs 6 pairs 10 pairs
9 pairs 8 pairs 9 pairs
8 pairs 10 pairs 8 pairs
7 pairs 12 pairs 7 pairs
6 pairs 14 pairs 6 pairs
5 pairs 16 pairs 5 pairs
4 pairs 18 pairs 4 pairs
3 pairs 20 pairs 3 pairs
2 pairs 22 pairs 2 pairs
1 pair 24 pairs 1 pair
0 pairs 26 pairs 0 pairs
So we see that in any case, there is a tie between John and Matt. So Matt never ends up with a dollar.
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4 Responses
 1. manful says:
 Like you can nver win in casino.
 2. Candy says:
 For each pair of black cards, there's a pair of red cards left that will eventually land with Matt, and vice-versa. If there's one red one black, it will affect both players as this pair will land in the discard pile. So in the end there will be a tie, which according to the rules, John will win anyways.
 No chance for poor Matt to make a buck 🙂
 3. There is no need to create a table. The pigeonhole principle summarizes the whole solution in one fell swoop. Like so:
 Assume that Matt gets at least X pairs of red cards. Then, in the rest of the deck there are 26-2*X red cards and 26 black cards. By the pigeonhole principle, after the remaining red cards are paired off, there must be at least 2*X black cards remaining, which must be paired with one another, thus giving John at least X pairs of black cards. Since this holds for any X, we can see that Matt can never beat John.
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Taper reamers, machine
SHELL REAMERS are usually large in diameter, running as much as 8 inches. These reamers are hollow. The inside hole is tapered to fit the taper of a specially made arbor, the opposite end of which fits the taper in a drilling machine chuck. Two square driving blocks fit corresponding notches in the shell reamer. Many different sizes of reamers will fit the same arbor. See Fig. 53.
Shell reamers are made either fluted or rose type, and the cutting action is exactly the same as for the smaller sizes.
Fig. 53
Fig. 53
THE FLUTED REAMER is used where great accuracy is not required. The teeth are spaced fairly close together and the reamer cuts fast enough for an ordinary job. The cutting is done along the sides of the teeth, which are separated by the flutes. See Fig. 54.
Fig. 54. Tapeer shank fluted reamer. Cuts on the edges of the teeth for the full length. Fluted reamers are made either straight or sprial.
Fig. 54
THE ROSE REAMER cuts only on the end. The teeth are shaped to cut ahead of the body of the reamer. The flutes allow the chips to get out of the hole and also provide a way for the lubricant to get into the cutting end. The rose reamer is not expected to cut a very smooth hole, and it is made a few thousandths under-size, so that the hole may be finished out accurately with a hand reamer. Rose reamers are sometimes used to make a flat bottom hole for a stud. See Fig. 55.
Fig. 55
Fig. 55
HAND REAMERS are made to exact sizes and may have either spiral teeth or straight teeth. The spiral-tooth reamer cuts much more smoothly than the straight tooth. For a very smooth, accurate job the spiral reamer is the better one to use. See Fig. 56.
Fig. 56, Has a square on the end of the shank for the reamer wrench or handle. A spiral taper hand reamer is shown here. Hand reamers may be either straight or sprial.
Fig. 56
THE HAND EXPANSION REAMER is made especially for close work. The reamer has slits along the body and a tapered hole through the center. A taper plug is closely fitted to the taper hole in the reamer, and by means of a screw the reamer teeth can be swelled out to a barrel-like curve, causing the reamer to cut a few thousandths over size. The reason for the expansion feature of the reamer is to provide for its longer usefulness. Any wear is taken up by the taper adjustment. See Fig. 57.
Fig. 57
Fig. 57
TAPER REAMERS are made for hand and machine use. When hanging brass operating-rod ends on a deck-stand, the upper and lower collars are secured in the correct location on the rod with taper pins. A taper reamer is used to ream the hole to the correct size. See Fig. 58.
When two holes do not line up exactly in steel plates that are being riveted or temporarily bolted together, a machine taper reamer may be used to cut the opposite edges of the two holes enough to slip a bolt or rivet through.
Fig. 58, A straight taper reamer is shown here. These reamers are made for hand and machine use.
Fig. 58
Throwing reamers around carelessly, using a reamer for a hammer, leaving a reamer in the drill chuck after using, or anything else that will allow the reamer teeth to become damaged or broken, is not good practice.
Reamers are high-grade tools, very expensive, and sometimes hard to replace. A reamer may be sharpened by grinding in the tool room, but the nicks and broken places cannot be repaired.
Do not allow reamers to get rusty, and do not return them to the tool room dirty.
Be careful to use the correct size holder on a hand-reamer square. If a wrench is used, be sure it fits the square tightly.
Accidents happen with tools. Report broken or damaged tools immediately. This will give the leader a chance to do something about replacements. Do not let the job be held up for lack of planning.
1. Name two reasons for reaming a hole.
2. What is the principal difference between hand and machine reamers?
3. Explain the advantage of a spiral reamer as compared with a regular reamer.
4. Why are expansion reamers constructed so that the diameters may be adjusted?
5. Where is the cutting edge on a rose reamer?
6. What is meant by a shell-reamer arbor?
7. Name the type of reamer used to ream a hole for a taper pin.
8. State what type of reamer to use and what to do when two holes are out of line so that a rivet or bolt will not go through.
9. How may the teeth of reamers be ruined?
10. Name a few items of what to do before returning a reamer to the tool crib.
11. What should be done in the case of a broken or damaged reamer?
12. Where is the square on a hand reamer and for what is it used?
Reaming Through Holes
Reaming a hole is done to bring the hole to an exact size. For example: When fitting a straight pin to a hole where a snug fit is necessary, first drill the hole 1/64" to 1/32" smaller than the pin, and then
use a hand reamer which is the size of the pin. See Fig. 59, "a". An expansion reamer (Page 47) is often used to ream a straight hole to fit a pin.
It is always necessary to use a taper reamer to fit a tapered pin. (Fig. 60). The hole is first drilled about the size of the small end of the tapered pin and a taper reamer is then used to taper the hole to fit the pin. Use the same number taper reamer as the pin number. See Fig. 59, "b". Care must be used when reaming with a taper reamer or the hole will be reamed too large. A taper reamer is not like a straight reamer in one respect: One turn with a taper reamer can mean the difference between a good fit and a spoiled piece of work. For this reason it is safer to use a hand reamer on such jobs.
Fig 59, Reamed Hole For Rod 1 1/8 inch Diameter.
Drill first.
Ream to fit taper pin.
Fig. 59
standard taper pin
Fig. 60
Never try to bring a hole to "position" with a hand reamer. The reamer follows the drilled hole. Trying to change the direction of the hole by leaning the reamer or applying more pressure on one side will be useless and may possibly break the reamer.
Great care must be used when reaming very small holes by machine. The air machine is heavy, and the operator cannot easily get the "feel" of a small reamer to an extent which will prevent breakage. This is not so likely to happen with larger reamers. The job may be done much more quickly by using the air machine. Use a small machine for a small job.
When reaming with the air machine, keep the reamer "in line". Wobbling around on the start will affect the size of the hole. After the reamer has entered the hole, it must be kept in line to prevent breaking.
When the depth of the reamed hole is very great, more care must be taken. Reaming holes for dowel pins, or reaming holes through unit bases and foundations for fitted bolts calls for careful handling of the air machine and reamer.
The general procedure for reaming holes through a base and foundation is as follows:
NOTE: A generator base frequently has 7/8" drilled holes in the corners when it is delivered by the manufacturer. The other holes in the base are about 1" drilled and not reamed, and a black iron bolt of the proper size is used to bolt the unit at these places.
Fig 61
Fig. 61
1. With the proper size drill in the "corner air drilling machine" drill the foundation on the corners, using the drilled hole in the base of the unit as a guide. See Fig. 61.
NOTE: A corner air drilling machine (Fig. 62) is an air or electric motor driven device made especially for drilling in close corners.
2. If the corner hole is 7/8" diameter, run a 15/16" reamer through, after drilling the 7/8" hole.
Fig. 62
Fig. 62
3. Now run a 1" reamer through, which will remove 1/32" stock on a side.
4. Mike the hole and order from the machine shop the right number of fitted bolts,.00025 per inch larger than the hole. This allows just the right amount for a drive fit.
NOTE: On some heavy installations the corner holes are reamed to 1.500 diameter, and the bolts are made 1.503" for a snug fit. In those cases a bushing is placed in the
drilled hole in the base and a 3/8


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History and Literature
1. The Life and Exploits of Three-Finger'd Jack
The Life and Exploits of Three-Finger'd Jack
2. Quasheba's Revenge
3. Runaway Cudjoe
4. Kitty's Emancipation and Other True Stories of Jamaican Slaves
5. Lovely Norah and Other Ladies of St. Molasses Island
6. Beckas's Buckra Baby
7. Maroon Medicine
8. The Jonkonnu Mask and Other Survival Stories
9. Old Jamaica Conversations
10. Old Jamaica Journeys
11. Old Jamaica Memories
12. Old Jamaica Notes
13. Old Jamaica Poems
14. Old Jamaica Stories
The Life and Exploits of Three-Finger'd Jack by William Burdett is a novel about Jack Mansong, an African military hero, who was betrayed into slavery and taken to Jamaica. Jack ran away from the plantation where he worked and escaped into the mountains, where he led a gang of sixty rebels who fought, during the 1780s, for freedom that was not attained until well over fifty years after. Jack Mansong is one of the unsung heroes of Jamaica.
Quasheba's Revenage is an adaptation of a story originally written by Charles Dickens, William H. Ainsworth, and Albert Smith. When a young slave woman's husband is killed through the connivance of other jealous slaves, she takes revenge through an ingenious scheme that bolsters her resistance spirit and eventually leads to her freedom.
Runaway Cudjoe by George Cruikshank is a novel based on a true story about a runaway slave in 1820s Jamaica. Cudjoe escapes into the mountains where he lives for the first time in freedom with other runaways. Their liberty is constantly under threat from the British military on the hunt. This is a story that reveals the strong resistance spirit of Jamaicans in the past when they had to fight against slavery.
Kitty's Emancipation and Other True Stories of Jamaican Slaves
Kitty's Emancipation and Other True Stories of Jamaican Slaves by Henry Bleby, is a collection of four short stories: "Kitty's Emancipation," "Old Moggy," "Old Hope," and "Betsey's Education." The stories recall the experiences of slaves in Jamaican, before the advent of emancipation in 1838. Some of the incidences are genuinely beautiful and help to reinforce one's hope in humanity, while others are heart-wrenching and painful to read. At the same time all are testament to the strong survival spirit of the Jamaican people.
Lovely Norah and Other Ladies of St. Molasses Island
Lovely Norah and Other Ladies of St. Molasses Island by George Hammond Hawtayne, is a collection of five short stories: "Miss Elsie's Hospitality," "Ginger and Mrs. Stump," "What Happened to Abba Clarke?" "The Hurlock Sisters," and "Lovely Norah." The stories explore some comedies, as well as the various complexities of life on a fictional Caribbean island during the 18th Century colonial period.
Becka's Buckra Baby
Becka's Buckra Baby by Tom Redcam (Thomas Henry MacDermot), is a novel that explores the social implications and unforeseen consequences when a young lady gives a little black girl the Christmas gift of a white doll. The novel was first published in1905, and is claimed by many to represent the beginning of modern Anglophone Caribbean prose writing.
Tom Redcam was a pioneer of stories written by Jamaicans, about Jamaica, for Jamaicans. Today, the main library on the island, as well as the street on which it is located, is named in his honour.
Maroon Medicine by E. Snod (E. A. Dodd) is a collection of four short stories that portray the lighter side of people in Jamaica. First published in 1905, these fictional stories: "Maroon Medicine," "Paccy Rum," "The Red Cock," and "The Courting of the Dudes," are sketches from rural Jamaican life in the early 1900s, and as such are both extremely humorous and immensely valuable.
The Jonkonnu Mask and Other Survival Stories
The Jonkonnu Mask is a collection of ten stories about children who survive against all the odds. Meet Aisha who goes to live with her mother in a foreign country, Boogsie the car washer, the Windscreen Boys, a scholarship girl, and determined Omari, Jamila, and more. These children not only survive, they go on to build lives that are honest and valuable.
Old Jamaica Conversations
Old Jamaica Conversations is a collection of ten conversations that recall the Jamaican people's unique history and culture. The various conversations recapture the cruelties of the Atlantic slave trade and slavery, the difficulties the slaves faced when they wanted to convert to Christianity or worship freely, the joy many felt on the eve of emancipation in 1838, insightful proverbs and parables, as well as different view of the future of the island nation. Included in the collection are: "No Rum! No Sugar! Or, The Voice of Blood," by an anonymous author; William Knibb's "The Persecuted Disciple" and "The Death of a Female Slave;" William Jameson's "I Never See Goshen People So Quiet;" James Phillippo's "Seven Christian Dialogues;" Joseph Williams's "Ashanti Proverbs in Jamaica;" Charles Joseph Rampini's "Jamaican Proverbs;" and John Henderson's "The Politics of a Jamaican Negro," and "The White Man's Politics."
Old Jamaica Journeys
Old Jamaica Journeys is a collection of ten revealing journeys people took to and through the island of Jamaica. First is Alexander Falconbridge's account of sailing with slaves to the island, which is followed by Henry Bleby's "Just to Look at Massa Minister." The complexities of the island are recalled in Charles Rampini's "To the Bullhead" and "In Bluefields Bay;" Edgar Bacon's "Port Antonio;" Charles James Ward's "The Blue Mountains;" John Henderson's "Bog Walk;" Joseph Williams's "Weird Happenings," (about the earthquake of 1907); and finally, H. G. De Lisser's "Kingston," and "On the Way to Montego Bay."
Old Jamaica Memories
Old Jamaica Memories is a collection of ten articles that give glimpses into how ordinary people lived on the island through the years. Alexander Barclay's 1827 account of plantation life is valuable, as too Benjamin McMahon's "Sarah from Harmony Hall." The other memories are: James Edward Alexander's "A Favoured Isle;" Henry Bleby's "I Saw the Monster Die," (about a watch night service on the eve of emancipation – July 31st, 1834); Jas Thome and Horace Kimball "A Day with Special Magistrate,
Richard Hill," during the apprenticeship period; James Phillippo's "Clarkson Town" that describes one of the first free villages established by former slaves; Theodora Elizabeth Lynch's "The Cotton-Tree;" Robert Hill's scrutiny of Jamaicans in the 1890s; Ralph Hall Caine's recollection of the 1907 Kingston earthquake; and finally an exploration of unique Jamaican religious observances with H. G. De Lisser's "Revival Time."
Old Jamaica Notes
Old Jamaica Notes is a collection of extracts from books that address different aspects of life, or particular experiences, in old-time Jamaica. The collection begins with Robert Montgomery Martin's "From Columbus to Cromwell," and traces the early history of the island, from the arrival of the Spaniards to the British capture in 1655. The next account is Emmanuel Heath's "I Saw the Earth Open," an eyewitness account of the1692 earthquake that destroyed the pirate's lair of Port Royal. The other notes are: Charles Joseph Rampini's "The Obeahman;" Alexander Barclay's "Catching Fish and Crabs;" Frederick John Robinson's "What Happened to Eleanor James;" Michael Scott's "John Canoe," an extract from his celebrated novel, Tom Cringle's Log; Mary Gaunt's "The Plantation Books," William Knibb's "The Planning of the Christmas Rebellion in 1831;"
Algernon Aspinall's, "The Legend of Rose Hall;" and finally John Henderson's the light-hearted "Love Letters."
Old Jamaica Poems
Old Jamaica Poems is an anthology of twenty-four great poems about Jamaica that were written during the last three-hundred years. In many cases the verses are preceded by a brief account of the poet's life, such as the interesting chronicle of Francis Williams, a Jamaican who was probably the first negro poet in all of the Americas to have his poems published. Other poets represented in the collection are: Philip Morin Freneau, John Marjoribanks, Edward Rushton, Charlotte Turner Smith, Emily Capadose, Richard Robert Madden, Tropica (Mary Adella Wolcott), Henry Shirley Bunbury, Tom Redcam (Thomas Henry MacDermot), Eva Nicholas, and Claude McKay.
Old Jamaica Stories
Old Jamaica Stories is an anthology of stories that cover a range of topics at the heart of the island's history and culture. The collection begins with Henrietta Camilla Jenkin's "The Runaway," an extract from her1859 work, Cousin Stella. Next is a story from another renowned novel, Hamel, The


text:
When we looked at how native code and ActionScript communicate in a native extension, we saw that native code is mostly called and talked to and has a limited number of ways to respond or send data back. These are:
- Returning a FREResult object from a call to FREFunction.
- Using output parameters in a FREFunction.
- Sending an event to ActionScript.
In this article we are focusing on number 3: how events are sent from Java to ActionScript.
Events from Java to ActionScript are asynchronous
We already saw why in the post about events from C to ActionScript, but I'll repeat it here, as it's important:
- there isn't a synchronous way for native code to call an ActionScript function via the AIR Java API the way that ActionScript makes direct calls to native code. When information needs to be sent to ActionScript outside a call that ActionScript initiated, your option is to send an event that ActionScript will receive asynchronously.
- you can send an event to ActionScript form any thread in your native code and it's delivered on AIR's single main thread. This is the only AIR Java API call you are allowed to make outside the main thread.
In Java dispatchStatusEventAsync() is a method of the FREContext class, which represents your Extension Context.
public void dispatchStatusEventAsync( String code, String level )
- code is a string, which you set. Use it to identify the event you are sending, for example "SPEECH_RECOGNITION_EVENT".
- level is another string that you set. Use this to send more detailed information about the event to ActionScript, for example "Speech recognition results" or "No results found".
How this is received by ActionScript
On the ActionScript side the target of the event is the instance of flash.externalExtensionContext, which was passed to FREDispatchStatusEventAsync. Wondering where it comes from? Read the next section.
The event's type is flash.events.StatusEvent. You'll notice that, among other things, StatusEvent has the following two properties:
- code : String
- level : String
See how this maps to the information sent from the Java side?
A call to dispatchStatusEventAsynch() from your Java code:
"This is the message CODE",
"This is the message LEVEL" );
will be received in your ActionScript code in the form of a StatusEvent in a StatusEvent.STATUS handler that you provide:
private var m_extensionContext : flash.external.ExtensionContext;
m_extensionContext.addEventListener( StatusEvent.STATUS, onStatusEvent );
private function onStatusEvent( _event : StatusEvent ) : void
trace( _event.code );
trace( _event.level );
This will print out:
This is the message CODE
This is the message LEVEL
Here's a definition of Extension Context, if you need a reminder.
Have a look at how events are sent from C to ActionScript.
Next we'll see what are the Extension Context Initializer and Finalizer.
Then we will see the order of calls for all these initializers and finalizers.
Over to you
Why do you code in Java? No, seriously.


text:
A hand powered piezoelectric strobe light.
The blinklight is a combination of two familiar devices.
Piezoelectric spark generators use a high voltage pulse to make a spark. Camera strobes use a high voltage pulse to generate a flash of visible light.
If the voltage and current requirements of a camera strobe could be met by flexing a piezoelectric crystal the result would be a mechanically powered strobe light.
A blinklight is a flashlight that makes one bright flash each time you squeeze the handle. It can be well sealed since it never needs batteries. The high visibility of a strobe suggests signaling applications such as emergency rescue gear on boats and airplanes. Lack of deteriorating batteries would be a benefit for this type of application where it might be stored for years before use.
Chemoluminescent elements near the strobe would be charged by it for a continuous dim light between flashes, increasing its utility.
There are dozens of industrial applications for a mechanically powered strobe.
Blinklight Technical notes:
The output characteristics of piezoelectric units will have to be modified to meet the power requirements of strobe lights. There is some possibility that a sufficiently bright strobe needs more power than a hand compressed piezoelectric can provide. I once attached a small xenon strobe tube across the terminals of a piezoelectric gas range lighter. When I pulled the trigger dozens of tiny blue sparks ran through the tube accompanied by a crackling sound. The light given off was feeble but a high voltage capacitor which would store the charge for a single flash would help a lot.


text:
Sent in by:
Brooke of Alberta, Canada and Nirav of Pleasanton, CA
Play it again, Sam.
- 3 glasses of each of 3 different sizes and shapes (9 glasses total)
- 4 glasses of the same size and shape
- different liquids like vinegar, water, milk, tomato juice, maple syrup, oil or apple juice
- Check with a grown-up before you begin.
- In the ZOOMsci, Glass Xylophone, and in the online gizmo, Tunes & Spoons, you can experiment with the different sounds made by glasses holding different amounts of the same liquid.
- Now's your chance to experiment with other variables like the kind of liquid in the glass or the size and shape of the glass itself.
- First, find out if different kinds of liquids change the sound made by tapping the glass with a spoon.
- Pour the same amounts of different kinds of liquids into the same kind of glass. Try liquids that are thick and gooey like maple syrup as well as liquids that are runny like water.
- Tap the same spot on each glass. Do the different liquids produce different sounds? How are the sounds different?
- Touch the glass after you tap it with the spoon. Do the vibrations from each glass feel different? What is it about each liquid that might change the sound the glass makes?
- Next, find out if the shape or size of the glass makes a difference in the sound made by tapping the glass with a spoon.
- Pour the same amount of the same liquid into three glasses of different sizes and shapes. Tap each glass with the spoon. Does it make a different sound than the other glasses? How are the sounds different?
- Touch the glass after you tap it with the spoon. Do the vibrations from each glass feel different? What is it about the shape and size of the glass that changes the sound?
Ready for the science scoop? When an object vibrates, it sends a disturbance through the air in the form of waves. These are called sound waves. It's like when you drop a pebble into water and the waves ripple out in all directions. Sound waves in the air are sort of like waves in the water in the way that they move farther and farther out from the center where the disturbance was created.
When you tap a glass filled with liquid, the liquid slows down the vibrations or sound waves. Different liquids slow down the sound waves by different amounts. The differences in the sounds you hear are called pitch. The pitch of a sound depends on how fast the object making the sound vibrates (how fast the sound waves move away from the object.) A glass that vibrates slowly produces slow sound waves and a low pitch sound. A glass that produces a high pitch vibrates quickly, making sound waves move fast.
See how many different pitches you can make using glasses and liquids. Can you play a song with them? Give it a try and send your results to ZOOM!
Shayla, age 10 wrote:
It made high sounds
Tre, age 14 of Jefferson City, MO wrote:
The glasses made different sounds no matter what the variable was. If the liquids were different, but the glasses were the same, it was different. If the liquids were the same, but the glasses were different, it was still different. When everything was different, it was completely different.
We used glass containers and glass cups and they were all different sizes. We used oil, vinegar, and water. The oil was the thickest and the vinegar was the thinnest. The water was in between. We tried to use all three liquids in three different glasses and put the sounds in order. It sounded like a messed up xylophone. When we put the same liquids in three different glasses then the sounds were different. We did different liquids in the same type of glass. They all made different sounds. The oil made the lowest sound and the vinegar mad the highest sound. The water was in between. It was fun!
Nicki, age 11 of Jefferson City, MO wrote:
It made different sounds depending on the glasses we used. We used vinegar, water, and used vegetable oil. The vinegar was the highest because it was the thinest, the water was in the middle and the used vegetable oil made the lowest sound. The glasses we used were 3 tiny wine glasses, 3 glass tostitos salsa containers, and 3 regular glass cups.
Roslyn, age 13 of Jefferson City, MO wrote:
Well when we did it, we could almost play a song from a commercial. It was really fun. Even though our xylophone wasn't all the way in order, it was good enough.
Clara, age 11 of Bexley, OH wrote:
I just used water but at different levels and it made sounds that were higher when I had less water in them and sounds that were lower when I had more water in them. Also, I had a tall and a short glass and they were both filled up to the top and I tapped them and the taller one made a lower sound and the shorter one made a higher sound.
Nicole, age 13 of NY wrote:
I used water, syrup, and water as my liquids. I poured them in the same type of glass and they all sound the same.
Madeline, age 12 of Davison, MI wrote:
That the glass that had the most water was the lowest sound and the least water was the higher sound.
Marylin of Las Cruces, NM wrote:
It made these crazy sounds all over the place.
Ellie, age 11 of Colorado Springs wrote:
It was neat it made all different types of sounds!!!
Lily, age 11 wrote:
It was really cool because it sounded great! My little sis said that I should become a musician when I grow up.
Ethan, age 4 of Villa Park, IL wrote:
It was fun. I used milk, vinegar, water, and cherry juice. They made different sounds.
Mallory, age 10 wrote:
I tried the glass xylaphone part 2 and found out that when you wet your finger and go around the top of the glass it makes a squeaky noise but I aldo found out that it doesnt work on plastic glasses.
Amelia, age 5 of Centennial, CO wrote:
We tried using a wine glass with some water and some ice in it to make a sound when you rub your finger around the rim. It didn't make a sound.
Alyana, age 9 of Manchester, CT wrote:
I tried it when I was on Spring break it was very messy, but fun. I tried it with the same amount of diffent liquids and they didn't sound diffent and I thougt it was cool. Then I tried it with diffent amount of liquids. IT WAS FUN!!! TRY IT!!!
Briseida, age 11 of Houston, TX wrote:
When I performed the experiment, different sounds came from each of the glasses. Also, different kinds of liquids make different kinds of sounds.


text:
Significance and Use
A main purpose of using robots in emergency response operations is to enhance the safety and effectiveness of emergency responders operating in hazardous or inaccessible environments. The testing results of the candidate robot shall describe, in a statistically significant way, how reliably the robot is able to traverse the specified types of terrains and thus provide emergency responders sufficiently high levels of confidence to determine the applicability of the robot.
This test method addresses robot performance requirements expressed by emergency responders and representatives from other interested organizations. The performance data captured within this test method are indicative of the testing robot's capabilities. Having available a roster of successfully tested robots with associated performance data to guide procurement and deployment decisions for emergency responders is consistent with the guideline of, "Governments at all levels have a responsibility to develop detailed, robust, all-hazards response plans," as stated National Response Framework.
This test apparatus is scalable to constrain robot maneuverability during task performance for a range of robot sizes in confined areas associated with emergency response operations. Variants of the apparatus provide minimum lateral clearance of 2.4 m (8 ft) for robots expected to operate around environments such as cluttered city streets, parking lots, and building lobbies; minimum lateral clearance of 1.2 m (4 ft) for robots expected to operate in and around environments such as large buildings, stairwells, and urban sidewalks; minimum lateral clearance of 0.6 m (2 ft) for robots expected to operate within environments such as dwellings and work spaces, buses and airplanes, and semi-collapsed structures; minimum lateral clearance of less than 0.6 m (2 ft) with a minimum vertical clearance adjustable from 0.6 m (2 ft) to 10 cm (4 in.) for robots expected to deploy through breeches and operate within sub-human size confined spaces voids in collapsed structures.
The standard apparatus is specified to be easily fabricated to facilitate self-evaluation by robot developers and provide practice tasks for emergency responders that exercise robot actuators, sensors, and operator interfaces. The standard apparatus can also be used to support operator training and establish operator proficiency.
Although the test method was developed first for emergency response robots, it may be applicable to other operational domains.
1.1.1 The purpose of this test method, as a part of a suite of mobility test methods, is to quantitatively evaluate a teleoperated ground robot's (see Terminology E2521) capability of traversing complex terrain composed of crossing pitch/roll ramps in confined areas.
1.1.2 Robots shall possess a certain set of mobility capabilities, including negotiating complex terrains, to suit critical operations such as emergency responses. A part of the complexity is that the environments often pose constraints to robotic mobility to various degrees. This test method specifies apparatuses to standardize a confined areas terrain that is composed of crossing pitch/roll ramps and that notionally represents types of terrains containing moderate discontinuities, existent in emergency response and other environments. This test method also specifies procedures and metrics to standardize testing using the apparatus.
1.1.3 The test apparatuses are scalable to provide a range of lateral dimensions to constrain the robotic mobility during task performance. Fig. 1 shows three apparatus sizes to test robots intended for different emergency response scenarios.
1.1.4 Emergency ground robots shall be able to handle many types of obstacles and terrains. The required mobility capabilities include traversing gaps, hurdles, stairs, slopes, various types of floor surfaces or terrains, and confined passageways. Yet additional mobility requirements include sustained speeds and towing capabilities. Standard test methods are required to evaluate whether candidate robots meet these requirements.
1.1.5 ASTM Task Group E54.08.01 on Robotics specifies a mobility test suite, which consists of a set of test methods for evaluating these mobility capability requirements. This confined area terrain with crossing pitch/roll ramps is a part of the mobility test suite. Fig. 2 shows examples of other confined area terrains, along with the traversing paths. The apparatuses associated with the test methods challenge specific robot capabilities in repeatable ways to facilitate comparison of different robot models as well as particular configurations of similar robot models.
1.1.6 The test methods quantify elemental mobility capabilities necessary for ground robots intended for emergency response applications. As such, users of this standard can use either the entire suite or a subset based on their particular performance requirements. Users are also allowed to weight particular test methods or particular metrics within a test method differently based on their specific performance requirements. The testing results should collectively represent an emergency response ground robot's overall mobility performance as required. These performance data can be used to guide procurement specifications and acceptance testing for robots intended for emergency response applications.
Note 1—Additional test methods within the suite are anticipated to be developed to address additional or advanced robotic mobility capability requirements, including newly identified requirements and even for new application domains.
1.2 Performing Location—This test method shall be performed in a testing laboratory or the field where the specified apparatus and environmental conditions are implemented.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are not precise mathematical conversions to inch-pound units. They are close approximate equivalents for the purpose of specifying material dimensions or quantities that are readily available to avoid excessive fabrication costs of test apparatuses while maintaining repeatability and reproducibility of the test method results. These values given in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
FIG. 1 Mobility: Confined Area Terrains: Crossing Pitch/Roll Ramps Apparatuses
FIG. 2 Three Confined Area Terrain Apparatuses in the Mobility Test Suite with Increasing Complexity; The Continuous Pitch/Roll Ramps Terrain is Shown on the Left. The Crossing Pitch/Roll Ramps Terrain is Shown at the Center. The Symmetric Stepfields Terrain is Shown on the Right.
2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard.
E2521 Terminology for Urban Search and Rescue Robotic Operations
E2592 Practice for Evaluating Cache Packaged Weight and Volume of Robots for Urban Search and Rescue
NISTSpecialPublicati Autonomy Levels for Unmanned Systems ALFUS Framework Volume 1: Terminology, Version 2.0 Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, _URL_
abstain; emergency response; emergency responder; full ramp terrain element; half ramp terrain element; human-scale; mobility; OCU; operator control unit; operator station; oriented strand board; OSB; repetition; robot; test suite; urban search and rescue; US
ASTM International is a member of CrossRef.
Citing ASTM Standards
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text:
The White-bordered Copper (Lycaena pavana) is a small butterfly found in India that belongs to the Lycaenids or Blues family.
- Evans, W.H. (1932) The Identification of Indian Butterflies. (2nd Ed), Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India
- Gaonkar, Harish (1996) Butterflies of the Western Ghats, India (including Sri Lanka) - A Biodiversity Assessment of a threatened mountain system. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society.
- Gay,Thomas; Kehimkar,Isaac & Punetha,J.C.(1992) Common Butterflies of India. WWF-India and Oxford University Press, Mumbai, India.
- Haribal, Meena (1994) Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and their Natural History.
- Kunte,Krushnamegh (2005) Butterflies of Peninsular India. Universities Press.
- Wynter-Blyth, M.A. (1957) Butterflies of the Indian Region, Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India.


text:
5:30 pm to 6:30 pm
The paper examines how California Indians resisted the pull of assimilation to non-Indian culture and undermined the homogeneity of federal Indian citizenship policy in the early twentieth century. Prior to 1924, Indians wishing to become United States citizens had to first demonstrate their assimilation to American culture through the ownership and appropriate use of land. In this way, the Indian Office hoped to align the individual, functional relationship with the state to an affective sympathy with the collective national culture. But this paper provides two case studies of how Indians navigated the crosscurrents of federal Indian policy, leveraging citizenship and off-reservation employment to strengthen Indian communities.
AIS seminar papers are pre-circulated electronically two weeks prior to the seminar date. Email _EMAIL_ to request a copy of the paper. Please do not request a paper unless you plan to attend.


text:
New Website Invites Public to Help Identify Seafloor Life and Habitats
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
Media Relations Office
September 13, 2012
The public is invited to help identify objects they see in images of the seafloor through a new interactive website called "Seafloor Explorer." The result of a unique collaboration between oceanographers studying seafloor habitats, Web programmers and social scientists, Seafloor Explorer (_URL_) launches September 13.
The team has more than 40 million images, but are launching the site with a preliminary set of 100,000 – all of them taken by HabCam, a habitat mapping underwater vehicle. HabCam was developed and built by the HabCam group, which comprises marine biologists and engineers from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) as well as fishermen and other scientists. The Seafloor Explorer interactive website was funded by a grant from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, and built in collaboration with the HabCam Group by the Citizen Science Alliance (CSA), the developers behind interactive sites found on Zooniverse.org.
Public contributors to the website will say whether they see fish, scallops and other organisms in each image, provide basic measurements, and describe whether the seafloor is sand or gravel, and whether they see boulders and other interesting objects in the frame.
"We're really excited about this project," says Dr. Scott Gallager, a WHOI biologist in the HabCam Group and Principal Investigator of the Cooperative Institute for the North Atlantic Region National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration project to develop the next generation HabCam imaging system, the first project to use the new annotation tool. "We'll gain a greater understanding of organisms living on the seafloor and create maps of habitats at a resolution that we would not be able to do without this kind of help – because of the manpower required."
Ultimately contributions by the public will help scientists answer questions about the distribution of scallops and other resources relative to their predators such as starfish and the composition of their habitat. Along the way, the contributors have a chance to enjoy working with seafloor imagery that has never been seen before, through a unique Web interface.
"There's a lot of technology under the hood to make this a compelling user experience," says Dr. Arfon Smith, director of Citizen Science at The Adler Planetarium, home of the Zooniverse websites.
The idea of using the public to provide analysis of scientific data is relatively new and is gaining acceptance in scientific circles. Over the past several years, CSA has developed the statistical context by which data extracted by citizens are interpreted. In that time, the CSA has used their technique in 14 projects such as Galaxy Zoo (_URL_), Planet Hunters (_URL_), and Old Weather (_URL_), and the work has resulted in more than 40 peer-reviewed scientific papers.
"The website's primary focus is to deliver on a real science goal that couldn't be delivered in any other way or without significant financial resources," says Smith. "With careful analysis of the data collected, the results are at least as good as what one would get from a professional. The method is somewhat radical, but the output is quite traditional."
The HabCam team hopes the Seafloor Explorer website will add to the growing confidence of this kind of carefully monitored and administered citizen science. "CSA set a precedent and found a way to take crowd-sourced data and produce a valid scientific product," says Amber York, a HabCam researcher in Gallager's Lab.
The HabCam imagery used in this project was collected in coastal regions of the Northeast, including Georges Bank, the Mid-Atlantic Bight, and the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary. To collect imagery, HabCam is towed from a ship and "flies" approximately 2.5 m (6-8 ft.) above the seafloor, collecting six to 10 images per second. Getting help going through the millions of images collected is one of the reasons the HabCam group reached out to the Citizen Science Alliance.
The team also hopes the Seafloor Explorer project will help them in efforts to develop automated classification of images.
"We have the right tools now to do automated classification of say, scallops and substrate. But what we need are training sets," says York. "We need images that humans have identified and have said 'Yes, that's a scallop right there.'"
"Then our automated tools can use the human-annotated training sets to identify scallops in images humans haven't looked at yet," adds Gallager.
Seafloor Explorer marks the first ocean-based citizen science website created by CSA. "Our heritage is in astronomy," says Smith. "So it is really exciting to launch this project. Science is overwhelmed by the amount of data we're able to collect with advanced technology, and having people help out is great."
CSA's umbrella website, Zooniverse, has had approximately 700,000 volunteers contribute to data analysis, a number that increases by nearly 5,000 each week. With Seafloor Explorer, CSA says it will reach a new community of people and hopes, after analysis of the results by the scientists involved, to add another 150,000 images in the next year.
"We're really led by the goals of the science team," says Smith. "Over the next several months, we will look for the next opportunities."
Media Contact for Zooniverse.org
_PHONE_ (Office)
_PHONE_ (Cell)
The CSA is a collaboration of scientists, software developers and educators who collectively develop, manage and utilize internet-based citizen science projects in order to further science itself, and the public understanding of both science and of the scientific process. These projects use the time, abilities and energies of a distributed community of citizen scientists who are our collaborators.
The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution is a private, non-profit organization on Cape Cod, Mass., dedicated to marine research, engineering, and higher education. Established in 1930 on a recommendation from the National Academy of Sciences, its primary mission is to understand the oceans and their interaction with the Earth as a whole, and to communicate a basic understanding of the oceans' role in the changing global environment.
Originally published: September 13, 2012


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Choosing between constructor and setter methods
While the use of constructor helps in initializing the member variables during object creation. The setter methods help to assign values to member variables after the object has been created in the memory. The choice of constructor or setter methods for initializing the member variables depends upon the requirement.
Some of the examples where using a constructor which accepts arguments and then uses these arguments for initializing a member variables are:
- When no setter method has been exposed, the constructor can be used to initialize any private member variable. We can see this approach being used by the string class in JDK where in the constructor accepts a string literal object and use the characters of this literal to initialize the internal character array.
- When invoking the methods on constructor from super class is a requirement before object can be constructed, one has to resort to using constructors for member variable initialization.
- Another common scenario we constructors are used for initializing instance variable is is when those instance variables are quite significant for the object being constructed. For example when creating a Book class instance, passing the title of the book as an argument to the Book class constructor.
Using Setter Methods
Some of the examples where using the setter methods for setting instance variables are:
- When a large number of member variables are present in a class then using a constructor with say 15 arguments does not make sense and one should resort to using setter methods for initializing those 15 member variables.
- When the member variables have the property of changing their value quite frequently than one must be using the setter methods.
- The use of setter methods makes it clear as to which member variable is being set. This is because of the fact that proper naming convention is used for the names of setter methods whereas in case of constructor there is no clear indication about the arguments which need to be passed to the constructor.
One last point I want to make above the choice of using constructor or setter methods is that while one can overload the constructors to accept a different type and number of arguments which can be convenient in some cases. But that is not possible with the use of setter methods.


and make_tuple helper functions for what they are designed.
The six relational operators
Like array, all six relational operators are defined for the tuple class also. All overloaded operators demand that both operands (tuple objects) must be exactly of the same type! Following C/C+ semantics, the functions return true or false as the result.
New functions in
The following functions are new to the header as part of the TR1 additions:
 1. all_of
 2. any_of
 3. none_of
 4. find_if_not
 5. copy_if
 6. partition_copy
 7. is_partitioned
 8. partition_point
 9. minmax_element
 10. is_sorted
 11. is_sorted_until
 12. is_heap
 13. is_heap_until
 14. move
A basic understanding of how algorithm functions work is expected from the reader. Like how the count, count_if, or find_if functions work. In short, they work on the given iterator(s), and return the desired result. Like count_if counts the number of elements in a given container (specified by iterators) that match a specified criteria. Most functions do not change the given ranges. A few functions do modify one of the given ranges (like copy, remove_copy), and a few functions modify the given range (for_each, fill, generate).
 - all_of function
 - The function all_of tests all elements in the given range and returns true only if all elements match the given predicate. If any element fails to match the predicate, the function aborts further search and returns false. Example:
 vector IntVector(10);
 fill(IntVector.begin(), IntVector.end(), 64);
 // IntVector[1]=3;
 bool bAllAre4 = all_of(IntVector.cbegin(), IntVector.cend(),
 [](int nValue) { return nValue % 2 == 0; });
 The code above fills all 10 elements of the vector with the value 64. It then calls the all_of function to test if all the elements are even numbers. The predicate is provided via the C++0x lambda. It can be a function pointer or a function object (functor). Here, it would return true, since all elements are even. If you uncomment the commented (third) line, the return value would be false.
 For this function, and all forthcoming functions, it is important to note that the given function does not copy the given functor/lambda. By that I mean: the given predicate would be called for each iteration, and the behavior depends on what the predicate is returning on that call. Let me explicate through an example:
 int nCheck = 2;
 [&nCheck](int nValue) { return nValue % nCheck++ == 0; });
 With stateful lambda, the meaning of the predicate function has changed. Therefore, with each call, the function would behave differently. For the first call, it would test with modulo 2, then with 3, and so on. Thus, you see that the given predicate function is not copied by the algorithm function, but called on each iteration. Though this behavior may be desirous for you - do make a note of it!
 - any_of function
 - You can guess the behavior of this function; it tests if any element matches the given predicate, and if so, returns true. If no element matches the given predicate, it would return false. It is worth noting that the function would exit as soon as it finds an item matching the given predicate. This function is not perfectly the same as the find function. The find/find_if function returns an iterator, but any_of returns bool. Many times, we just need to locate if an item exists in a container or not. Using 'iter!= container.end()' is cumbersome. So, here is a boon for you:
 array IntArray = {1,2,3,4,5};
 bool bDoes3Exists = any_of(IntArray.begin(), IntArray.end(),
 [](int nValue) { return nValue == 3; });
 It would return true, since number 3 exists in the container. To find if any even/odd number exists in the container, you can change it appropriately. Here is another example, which finds a country name in a given list of strings:
 list Countries;
 if ( any_of(Countries.begin(), Countries.end(),
 [](const string& sName) { return"Singapore")==0; } )
 wcout << "Country exists";
 If you want to know which element has matched the criteria, you need to use the find or find_if function. Unfortunately, the any_of function doesn't support searching with a given value; it needs a function/lambda!
 - none_of function
 - The none_of function returns true if no element matches the given predicate. Semantically, it is same as!any_of. It returns true only if all elements fail to match the criteria (i.e., the predicate always returns false). If any match succeeds, it returns false. Example:
 array IntArray = {1,8,64,128,1024};
 //IntArray[2] = 8192;
 auto bLessThan2K = none_of(IntArray.cbegin(), IntArray.cend(),
 [](int nValue) { return nValue>=2048;});
 The variable bLessThan2K would be true since no item is more than 2048. When you uncomment the second line, the return value of none_of would be false, since it finds a match failing the predicate. You achieve the same by replacing 'none_of' with '!any_of'.
 - find_if_not function
 - Similar to the find/find_if functions, it returns the iterator of the appropriate type. It attempts to locate the first item which does not match the given predicate. For example, you would like to find a person who is not married. Since marital status can be multiple, it is better to find if someone is not married (a search for 'unmarried' may not do good!). Let's see an example:
 using namespace std;
 // Tuple of Name, Age, Sex, Marital Status
 typedef tuple Person;
 vector People;
 People.push_back(make_tuple("Adam", 21, 'M', 'M'));
 People.push_back(make_tuple("Eve", 19, 'F', 'M'));
 People.push_back(make_tuple("Natasha", 23, 'F', 'C')); // Committed
 People.push_back(make_tuple("Enrique", 32, 'M', 'U'));
 People.push_back(make_tuple("James", 38, 'M', 'D'));
 auto iter = find_if_not(People.cbegin(), People.cend(), [](const Person& person)
 // Lambdas dont capture namespace
 return std::get<3>(person) == 'M';
 if(iter == People.end())
 wcout << "No one found!";
 wcout << "Found a person!\n" <<
 "Name: " << get<0>(*iter).c_str() // I hate std::string
 << "\nAge: " << get<1>(*iter);
 // Output:
 // Name: Natasha, Age: 23
 The code above demands you to revisit the tuple! The type of iter is vector::const_iterator, which is shortened via the auto keyword.
 - copy_if function
 - This function demands some attention and explanation. First, the root function: copy, which copies a range (input) into another range (output). Since, this is a copy function, and not insert, the destination range must have enough space. Example:
 vector IntVector(10);
 array IntArray = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10};
 copy(IntArray.cbegin(), IntArray.cend(), IntVector.begin());
 If the destination is not large enough, the Debug version will assert. To implement insertion, you can use the back_inserter class:
 // Starts from IntVector.end
 copy(IntArray.cbegin(), IntArray.cend(), back_inserter(IntVector));
 Moving ahead, for a relevant discussion. The remove_copy function can be used to copy only elements that match the given value to another container/range. Further, remove_copy_if can be used to copy by a given predicate. The "remove" word in the function name does not mean that it would remove something from the original range, but copying only values that match value/predicate, removing (excluding) others. The requirement of the target range is the same as the copy function. Here is an example for both:
 vector IntVector; // Size = 0
 array IntArray = {1, 2, 3, 4, -1, 6, 7, -1, 8, -1};
 // Copy all excluding -1
 remove_copy(IntArray.cbegin(), IntArray.cend(), back_inserter(IntVector), -1);
 wcout << "Size: " << IntVector.size(); // 7
 IntVector.clear(); // size = 0
 // Copies ONLY elements that are NOT even


1- Why did they choose this lifestyle? (Whole take can be viewed in our 'Extra Scenes' on our DVD)
2- What made The Hutchinsons say yes to being filmed?
"We wanted to make people aware of the hard work and challenges that go into producing good quality produce so that hopefully farmers will no longer have to sell produce for less than the cost of production."
3- Did they ever get their washing dry?
"If you leave it long enough yes! It is so windy out here so we don't have a problem although it always starts raining 5 min after I have hung the washing out to which I get earache from Tom for making it rain!"
4- Do they recognise all their sheep and how? Do they give them all a name?
"Tom on the whole can recognize just about every ewe on the farm by their features, same as people. He also knows grandmothers and great grandmothers. Names are given only to tup shearlings that we sell."
5- What are record prices for sheep?
"£120,000 for a Texel and £101,000 for a Swaledale."
6- Why do they cut the horns?
"If we didn't the horn would grow into their face and stop them from eating."
7- How much do they get for the wool of the flock?
"Approximately 30-50 pence for a Swaledale fleece (if lucky!). In the 1960's the wool cheque used to pay the farm rent. Nowadays it couldn't buy a ton of feed."
8- What are the reasons for using different colour codes and shapes on sheep and what do they mean?
"We do it so that each flock can be distinguished by their owners. The 'Shepherds Guide' which is published every 4-5 years identifies each mark to be used on hefted flocks in each dale. For instance the blue stripe on the right side is our mark. A mark stays with the farm."
9- What marks do they burn on horns and why? Do they have to do it every year on each sheep?
"Horn burning marks are also stated in the 'Shepherds Guide'. Each farm has its own burn mark along with pedigree Swaledale crown burn. It is normally applied to gimmer hoggs (young adults) upon their return to the fell in Spring. The two letters we use for our flock are IB.
10- Why are Swaledales an important breed and why do so many other farmers from around the country travel up here to buy them?
"Swaledales are a hardy breed that has a strong mothering ability. They are with the hill farmer until draft age (4 years old) then they are sold to lowland farmers normally to produce mule lambs (a mix of Blue Faced Leicester tup onto Swaledale yow)."
11- Why do they keep their tails long? Other breeds have short tails?
"As they live in harsh weather conditions, the tail keep them warm between the legs, covering their udders helping to prevent mastitis."
12- Was it difficult to have someone filming them? Did it not feel intrusive?
"At first yes but Magali practically became part of the family and she spent that long with us that we ended up ignoring her!"
Magali was never really intruding on our personal lives and knew when it was appropriate to film and when it wasn't so that it didn't feel too intrusive but yes there are times when you don't feel like being filmed that day but then you get on with it and forget about it!"
13- What have The Hutchinsons most enjoyed?
"Magali showed us some of the footage she had filmed early days and discovered that Hetty could switch the light on with a pole in the barn. We didn't know it until we saw it on film. We have such a great record of the children growing up which is invaluable. The film has also highlighted hill farming and made people realise the hard work and 24/7 work that hill farming entails. It's a way of life, not just work. We are not rich financially but rich in so many other ways."
14- What did Director Magali Pettier want people to take away from the film?
"I wanted people to have more respect for farmers and the challenges that they go through on a daily basis for such little financial rewards. I was tired of hearing people assume that farmers are wealthy (or grumpy). That is true some are but a lot aren't and especially not tenant hill farmers. So I set out to challenge those clichés."
15- When did Director Magali Pettier realise she wanted to be a filmmaker and who/what influenced her in that decision?
"I was 20 when I started to be interested in photography and documentaries. After studying Photography and Video in the North East of England, I worked as a documentary photographer but felt that although I loved photography and still do I felt a bit limited by the medium as text always had to accompany every piece of work in order to explain its context which is not a bad thing but I wanted to explore my options further. And so a few years later I focused entirely on making films in the hope that my work would have more impact. For me the aim of a film is that it is widely seen and has an impact on people and society. This is what I hoped to achieve with Addicted to Sheep when I set out to record the daily lives of The Hutchinsons in 2010."
For a more detailed Q&A with film-maker Magali Pettier please read our Press Pack here (Page 8 & 9).
To read the definitions of some of the jargon used in the film please follow this link.


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induction rather than a theory of belief, Bayesian inference does not determine which beliefs are a priori rational, but rather determines how we should rationally change the beliefs we have when presented with evidence. We begin by committing to a prior probability for a hypothesis based on logic or previous experience, and when faced with evidence, we adjust the strength of our belief in that hypothesis in a precise manner using Bayesian logic.
Around 1960, Ray Solomonoff founded the theory of universal inductive inference, the theory of prediction based on observations; for example, predicting the next symbol based upon a given series of symbols. This is a formal inductive framework that combines algorithmic information theory with the Bayesian framework. Universal inductive inference is based on solid philosophical foundations, and can be considered as a mathematically formalized Occam's razor. Fundamental ingredients of the theory are the concepts of algorithmic probability and Kolmogorov complexity.


text:
A study at the University of Arkansas analyzed over 30,000 snow blower accidents from 2002 to 2008. Can you suggest the main reason the accident happened? Yes, clogged machine.In wet snow conditions, snow blowers often get clogged and unclog them with a stick is not often very efficient. The easier way is to stick one's hands into the machine, but that's the leading cause of the accident. The study also found that inside all that clogged snow, rotational force is built up just enough to do damage even when the engine is cut completely off, which is the perfect recipe of a snowblower accident.
Unfortunately, we had our share of accidents for this exact reason. Since then, we have created strict safety guidelines for our associates to follow and we reinforce them during our seasonal training and before every snow snowstorm.
Our guideline was inspired by the safety guideline offered in the American Society for Surgery of the Hand and by our own observation of the correct and incorrect use of snowblower machines:
- NEVER put your hand or fingers near the moving parts, intake or output areas of snowblowers.
- NEVER remove stuck objects with your hands. The blades are sharp and can cause serious injury even while it's turned off.
- Turn off and disconnect spark plug for small on-site maintenance.
- Turn off and disconnect spark plug while moving or picking up the snowblower
- DO NOT lift a machine from the bottom, again, the blades are sharp enough to cause serious injury.
- Wear non-slip, closed-toe shoes to prevent slipping under the machine.
- Operate the machine safely and with care