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Arsenic concentrations exceeding the U.S. EPA's 10??g/L standard are common in glacial aquifers in the midwestern United States. Previous studies have indicated that arsenic occurs naturally in these aquifers in association with metal-(hydr)oxides and is released to groundwater under reducing conditions generated by microbial oxidation of organic matter. Despite this delineation of the arsenic source and mechanism of arsenic mobilization, identification of arsenic-impacted aquifers is hindered by the heterogeneous and discontinuous nature of glacial sediments. In much of the Midwest, the hydrostratigraphy of glacial deposits is not sufficiently characterized to predict where elevated arsenic concentrations are likely to occur. This case study from southeast Wisconsin presents a detailed characterization of local stratigraphy, hydrostratigraphy, and geochemistry of the Pleistocene glacial deposits and underlying Silurian dolomite. Analyses of a single core, water chemistry data, and well construction reports enabled identification of two aquifers separated by an organic-rich aquitard. The upper, unconfined aquifer provides potable water, whereas arsenic generally exceeds 10??g/L in the deeper aquifer. Although coring and detailed hydrostratigraphic characterization are often considered impractical, our results demonstrate that a single core improved interpretation of the complex lithology and hydrostratigraphy. This detailed characterization of hydrostratigraphy facilitated development of well construction guidelines and lays the ground work for further studies of the complex interactions among aquifer sediments, hydrogeology, water chemistry, and microbiology that lead to elevated arsenic in groundwater. Copyright?? 2009 The Author(s). Journal compilation?? 2009 National Ground Water Association.
Additional publication details
Arsenic Geochemistry and Hydrostratigraphy in Midwestern U.S. Glacial Deposits


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Helping Seniors with Disabilities get Online: Accessibility features in popular computer and mobile devices
This manual has been created for member organisations of the Council of the Ageing by COTA Western Australia to support seniors with disabilities in participating online through the use of computers and mobile devices such as tablets and smartphones. Funding for the creation of this resource has been provided by the nib foundation and the manual itself has been created by Media Access Australia.
Accessibility, in this context, generally refers to the provision of a tool or method that makes it easier for people with disabilities to use computing devices and the Internet. Popular computing devices may include a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a tablet computer or a mobile phone.
Traditionally it has been expensive for people with disabilities to get access to computers and the Internet. A few years ago it would have been necessary to purchase software programs generally called Assistive Technologies (AT), and these tools could cost several thousand dollars. Today, however, most popular computers and mobile devices have accessibility features and AT which are built-in or can be freely downloaded from the Internet.
Due to the improved affordability of accessibility, initiatives by the Australian government to improve website accessibility and the rapid increase of social media among seniors, it could be argued that there has never been a better time for seniors with disabilities to join in the popular community interaction that occurs online, including keeping in touch with grandchildren, participating in community events and finding information related to interests and hobbies.
This resource provides step-by-step guides to assist in enabling the accessibility features on your computer or mobile device so that seniors with disabilities are able to participate in the same online benefits as everyone else. In addition, the resource also provides guidance on overcoming potential barriers in using social media and other popular tasks.
To access your free copy of this manual click here. To order your free copy of this manual email _EMAIL_ or call 08 9321 2133 with your details.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Help Children to Learn the Essence of Surah Al-Fatihah
A set of 38 beautifully crafted flash cards to help children understand and memorise the true essence of Surah Al-Fatihah.
* Vocabulary learning is made fun and exciting by picture-word association.
* Exercise cards stimulate imagination and reinforce the concepts behind every ayah for practical and linguistic understanding.
* Instruction booklet suggests multiple different games to engage children for hours.
A must have resource for every family!

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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|| Checking for direct PDF access through Ovid
Decades of research have demonstrated that disease risk varies in relation to culture. Much of this research has focused on blood pressure, given its relative ease of measurement under difficult field conditions. Community average blood pressures in more developed, industrialized societies are higher than those in less developed, traditional societies. These differences can be accounted for only in part by differences in body composition and nutrient intake. A portion of the difference is accounted for by more direct effects of culture on individual behaviour and physiology. This chapter reviews this evidence. Approaches to this research have included studies of communities differing in exposure to modernizing influences; studies of sociocultural stresses generated within the process of social change and modernization; and, studies of how individual differences in the ability to act on shared cultural models (referred to as 'cultural consonance') are associated with disease risk. Clinical implications of these results are briefly discussed.


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Students in COS 340 (Software Engineering) last fall wrote an interactive "Hyper Concordance" for the Bible. The students were divided into teams of three or four, and each team wrote their own back-end code as well as their own user interfaces for the programs.
Software Engineering is a class devoted to studying the concepts, procedures, and tools of large system software project development, including project estimation and management, software technical metrics, configuration management, and software testing.
Part of the project was done using the traditional waterfall development methodology, and then part-way through the project, Dr. Nurkkala had them switch to a more modern, agile methodology, extreme programming.
What the program does is to compare each verse in the Bible with every other verse and compiles a large list of how many words in those verses match. It uses those lists to suggest to users which verses are likely to be most similar to the ones that they are currently looking at.
For some students, this was their first real-world applicable programming experience. One sophomore commented, "I learned a great deal about the software engineering process through working on this concordance tool, especially about working in a team.... I am grateful for the opportunity to grow as a programmer and team participant."
Dr. Nurkkala wrote to Crossway (the company that holds the copyright to the English Standard Version of the Bible) about the project, and they are interested in hosting a copy of the final program on their system. Senior David Kaspar volunteered to polish up his team's program for use on the Crossway Web site using the ESV.


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Depression Care Across the Lifespan
2009. 230 Seiten, Softcover
ISBN 978-0-470-51772-7 - John Wiley & Sons
Preis inkl. Mehrwertsteuer zzgl. Versandkosten.
E-Books sind auch über alle bekannten E-Book Shops erhältlich.
Depression Care across the Lifespan is a comprehensive, practical text that aims to increase knowledge and understanding of depression enabling professionals to enhance the care delivered to patients with depression. This text explores depression across all ages, starting with children and teenagers, through adulthood and finally old age.
Depression Care across the Lifespan explores depression amongst different groups including children and teenagers, depression throughout the adult female lifecycle and depression in later life. It also discusses the impact of depression in people with learning disabilities and those from ethnic minority and immigrant populations. It also looks at topics including the causes and treatment of depression, the impact of stress and depression upon work and wellbeing, depression in chronic illness, suicide and self harm, and managing depression in primary and secondary care are included.
* Essential reading for practitioners involved in the care of depressed people
* Useful for students undertaking nursing, health and social care courses
* Evidence-based, and supported by relevant literature
* Links policy with current practice across the whole lifespan


Bheka Bhujangasana
Definition - What does Bheka Bhujangasana mean?
Bheka bhujangasana is a beginner to intermediate backbend that's a variation of bhujangasana, a pose that's foundational to many styles of yoga. The name comes from the Sanskrit, bheka, meaning "frog"; bhujanga, meaning "serpent," "snake" or "cobra"; and asana, which means "pose" or "posture."
To practice bheka bhujangasana, begin in balasana (child's pose). The soles of the feet are drawn together as the knees drop to opposite sides. The arms are straightened as the back and neck arch.
In English, it is known as frog cobra pose.
Bheka Bhujangasana
Yogapedia explains Bheka Bhujangasana
In a variation of the arm position that creates a less intense backbend, the elbows rest on the ground and the hands are held in namaste (prayer position) with the chin resting on the upward-pointing fingers.
In addition to stretching the back, legs and hips and opening the chest, bheka bhujangasana reduces stress and anxiety. It is also believed to open three of the chakra energy centers: the svadisthana (sacral) chakra, anahata (heart) chakra and visuddha (throat) chakra. Svadisthana is the center of creative and sexual energy. Anahata is associated with love, compassion and empathy. Visuddha is the first of the spiritual chakras and is associated with higher truth and authentic expression.
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Amber Teething Necklaces
Amber teething necklaces for teething babies and children can alleviate drooling and pain when teething. Baltic amber contains a substance called succinic acid. When worn on the skin, body heat causes the amber to release an oil containing succinic acid, which when absorbed into the skin, works to block pain and reduce inflammation and is commonly known as "teething jewelry" in Europe. All amber necklaces feature a safety breakaway clasp for child safety.


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Locust Care Sheet
Locust are probably the largest type of insect that you will use as livefood. Adults measure up to 8cm and are a yellow colour with darker brown/purple patches. They are popular for their large gut content which means they are highly nutritious feeders but are somewhat expensive compared to other foptions.
The Locust is a fascinating insect. They are quite pleasant to have around and will not try to bite like a cricket would. Locust are often portrayed as a swarm insect that destroys crops and eats everything in their path. In fact, they are lower down the pecking order than crickets so the two should never be mixed, unless the aim is to feed the crickets. However, they do eat a lot and grow fairly quickly.
Only adult locust have wings that are able to give them flight. All locust have wings but only at the 5th and final moult a locust develops flying wings and are capable of flight over short distances.
Locust have amazing claws they can hold onto and climb just about anything including glass. They tend to hang upside down while shedding so their good grip comes is readily employed.
 Housing and Heating
Housing locust is just like housing crickets, you will want to put them in the biggest tub you can find (of course glass is fine), as long as it is sufficiently deep to deter any would-be escapees. Ventilation is important to locust so make sure the lid is perforated with holes, you can do this with a drill or a soldering iron. As locust prefer to perch a substrate really is not necessary, so a simple stack of egg crates does the trick and also provides hiding places. For water, provide a dish of damp kitchen roll, this prevents drowning and is easily changed when it gets dirty.
When it comes to cleaning time after a week or two, there are several options. You are probably best lifting out the hides slowly and transferring them to another tub while working around the rest of the locust while cleaning the tub. Shake the locust off the egg crates and throw them away, swap them with clean ones and you have a nice clean tub of locust. Alternatively you can use all the locust then throw the whole lot away before purchasing a fresh batch.
As for temperature, locusts like a temperature of 25-33Â°C (77-91.4Â°F) and a dry atmosphere which will prevent fungal infections.
 Feeding Locust
Feeding is very similar to crickets. They need to be provided with a good supply of dry foods, "bug grub" is an insect feeder that has a mixture of ingredients designed to be fed to insects so that they have a good gut content and provide ample nutrients to your pets. Alternative foods can be used such as bran, weetabix, digestives and bread. Fruits such as grapes, apples or vegetables such as potatoes, tomatoes and cabbage provide extra vitamins and moisture. If moist foods are available on a regular basis then a water dish is not really needed.
 Breeding Locust
Temperature and humidity are important in breeding. Eggs are laid in a 4 inch deep dish filled with silver or sharp sand so prepare a tub as such. The sand should be kept moist but not too wet so it looks soggy.
The female locust will position herself over the sand dish and push her down and deposit up to 200 eggs. Hoppers will emerge after 10 - 12 days. The hoppers will go through 5 instar molting before becoming adult locust.


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Using NCBO Technology In Your Project
There are several ways in which you can use the NCBO technology on your own Web site or in your application. For more ideas visit the Sample Code Cookbook
All the content that the NCBO BioPortal uses (and more!) is available via REST services. You can use the NCBO REST Services:
- to access all BioPortal ontologies, their different versions, and metadata for those versions
- to access information about any ontology concept in BioPortal (its definition, synonyms, and other properties)
- to search across all ontologies in BioPortal
- to get hierarchy information for BioPortal ontologies (such as parents, children, or siblings of a class, roots or leaves of a class hierarchy)
A service that identifies mentions of biomedical ontology concepts in text that users submit. You can use the annotator service to tag automatically any item of interest with terms from UMLS and BioPortal ontologies.
- Term-selection field on a form: You can add a text field to your Web form that will let users enter a term from a controlled vocabulary (e.g., terms from a single ontology)
- Example use case: Suppose you are running a tissue microarray database and users upload sample descriptions to your database using a web form. There is usually a field for the user to enter the diagnosis for the tissue sample that she is entering. Usually, this field is a text-box or a drop down menu populated with a list of controlled terms. The free text-box is prone to errors, the drop-down gets too unwieldy with large terminologies. Using the NCBO term-selection widget to have users easily select a term from an ontology or controlled vocabulary (such as the NCI Thesaurus) to fill in the field. For example, when the user starts typing "cutaneous me", the term "cutaneous melanoma" pops up.
- What does the term-selection field get you:
- Look-ahead so that you don't need to type the whole term
- Controlled vocabulary provides consistency of the way different users use the term (If you want to put "Malignant melanoma", it will always be the same term from NCIT, regardless of how a user started typing it
- When a new version of your controlled vocabulary becomes available in BioPortal, the widget will automatically use that new version.
- Ontology search widget: You can add to your Web site a search box that searches a specific BioPortal ontology. When the user selects the term of interest (with the help of the look-ahead feature), he can jump to the BioPortal page for the corresponding concept in BioPortal.
- Example use case: Suppose your web site provides textbook information for anatomy students. When describing a particular organ or organ part, you want to enable access to the formal definition of that organ part in the Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA) developed at the University of Washington. Your web pages can contain a widget that enables you to search FMA in BioPortal and jump directly to the definition of the selected term.
- Track updates (RSS Feed widget): you can put a widget on your site that will have a live feed of all the changes to your ontology of interest, such as uploads of a new version, comments from other users, new mappings for concepts in your ontology.
- Ontology visualization widget: You can put a widget on your Web site that visualizes your entire ontology of interest, or some part of it, as on the "Visualize" tab in BioPortal.


Short Note : Sonitpur district, Assam
The Sonitpur district is the second largest (area wise) and the third most populous district in Assam. The district headquarters of the Sonitpur district is located in Tezpur. It is known for its immense flora and fauna reserves and is home to multiple national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.
Nameri National Park
The Nameri National Park which is located in Sonitpur district shares its northern boundary with the Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary of Arunachal Pradesh. It was declared as Tiger Reserve (2nd to be declared after Manas Tiger Reserve). It has 2 core areas: the Nameri National Park & the SonaiRupai Wildlife Sanctuary (Satellite Core of the Nameri Tiger Reserve).
Orang National Park
The Orang National park which is also partially located in Sonitpur District. The fauna in the national park includes the great Indian one-horned rhinoceros, pygmy hog, elephants, wild buffalo, and tigers. It is the only place where the rhinoceros are found on the north bank of the Brahmaputra river.
Along with the above national parks, Sonitpur is also home to two wildlife sanctuaries: Burachapori Wildlife Sanctuary and Sonai Rupai Wildlife Sanctuary. Other reserved forests in Sonitpur are Behali, Naduar and Charduar.
Why is it in the news?
The plans for a mega food park in the Sonitpur district have been shelved after a visiting team of wildlife experts found that the project was encroaching on a major elephant corridor.
Latest E-Books


Fishing for sustainability: Will your grandchildren have the option to eat seafood?
Book overview
Author statement:
By Tor Hundloe, Julian Morison, Kate Brooks and Andrew Sullivan
Once a week the average Australian family enjoys a seafood meal, whether it is take-away fish and chips, servings of prawn curry at a restaurant or a snapper barbecued at home. These meals are based on Australian-harvested seafood, fresh, clean and green - the latter because we are determined to keep our fishery harvest at a sustainable level. We face immense challenges. All our fisheries have reached their sustainable limit, yet our population continues to grow and consequently so does the demand for seafood. We can only meet existing demand by importing seafood and recently have had to import more than we catch. This book shows how Australian society can recognise the contribution commercial fishers make to our lifestyle. This will require us to embrace them as a vital part of our communities rather than blame them for declining catches and environmental damage. It also indicates what fishers need to do to gain community acceptance, so that everyone can understand the dilemma and act to ensure that future generations will have the option to eat seafood.


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Welcome to the Catalog of Bologna Process at KOU and Kurdistan Region Higher Education
The Bologna Process is an intergovernmental cooperation of 48 European countries in the field of higher education. It guides the collective effort of public authorities, universities, teachers, and students, together with stakeholder associations, employers, quality assurance agencies, international organisations, and institutions, including the European Commission, on how to improve the internationalization of higher education.
The main focus is:
the introduction of the three cycle system (bachelor/master/doctorate)
strengthened quality assurance and
easier recognition of qualifications and periods of study
For more information, contact: _EMAIL_


Irrigation Tutorials
How to Splice Irrigation System Wires
Water-proofing your irrigation system's wire splices is one of the most critical tasks in any installation or repair that involves wire splices. The splices need to be completely water-proof. Taping them up with electrical tape will NOT work for this! The electrical tape will allow water into the splice as it becomes old, brittle, and the adhesive on it dries out. If you don't water-proof your splices it WILL cause your valve to fail! Don't save a buck on a wire splice and ruin a $20 valve! I'll explain in detail why waterproofing is so important later, first let's get down to the details on how to make a good waterproof wire splice.
General Things That you Need to Know about all splices!
Caution: The methods described below are intended for low-voltage wires of 24VAC or less, such as those used in typical irrigation system controls. They should not be used for higher voltages.
DO NOT BURY SPLICES directly in the ground. Put a box around them to protect them and to help you find the later. A small plastic utility box works fine. Glue a large steel washer to the bottom of the box lid using epoxy. This will allow you to find the box with a metal detector if grass grows over it. Splices are the most likely place a wire will short out in the future, so a box makes the splices easier to find and repair.
2-wire irrigation systems: These are a newer type of system that uses only 2-wires to control all the valves. The irrigation controller sends a signal through the valves to a decoder at each valve. The decoder then allows power to the valve solenoid only when told to by the controller. These types of systems depend on electrical "signals" sent from the controller through the wire to the decoder. Any voltage leak at a splice can severely impact the signal and cause the system to malfunction. For this reason splices for 2-wire systems need to be made much more carefully. Many of the 2-wire manufacturers have specific splice methods they require be used in order to protect your warranty. Be sure to use these if required!
Not sure if your system is 2-wire? As i write this in 2013, 2-wire systems are seldom used on residential systems, but they are also gaining popularity and will probably start showing up soon, first on larger systems. The controller case normally will be clearly labeled as "2-wire". A 2-wire system will also have a "decoder unit" installed on the wires at each valve. Standard irrigation control systems have two wires going to each valve. But in a standard system one of the wires goes to a single valve and only that valve. So if you have 4 valves there will be 5 wires (1 common shared by all the valves, + 1 individual wire to each of 4 valves = 5 wires.) On a 2-wire system with 54 valves there would be only 2 wires and each valve would have a decoder unit installed on it. The presence of a decoder to be installed at each valve is the best way to tell if it is 2-wire.
The best way to make the splice is to use special water-proof splice connectors that you can buy at any hardware store. These are made for sealing outdoor wire connections and work very well. There are many different styles and types available.
Water-Proof Twist On Connectors – "Nut" Style or "Wing" Style
Most of the connectors currently used by pros consist of an twist on type wire connector that is filled with a water sealing grease. Sometimes these are called water-proof "nut" or "wing type" connectors. These are inexpensive and very simple to use. Here are general instructions for use since a lot of these inexpensive connectors are sold without instructions. If instructions came with the connectors please use those instructions, as they are intended for the actual connectors you bought!
 1. For every 3 connections you need buy 5 connectors. Why? Because you will probably make several bad splices, and you will have to remove those connectors and toss them in the trash. They can't be reused because when you remove them a lot of the sealer comes out with the wire. (If you look close most connectors actually say "do not reuse" or similar language on them.)
 2. Start by stripping the insulation off the end of the wires to expose the bare metal wire. Do not strip off too much insulation, the exposed bare wire should be about 1/2 the length of the connector body. You can splice 3 wires together easily using a single connector. It's OK to put 4 or 5 wires in a connector, but be warned that it gets a lot more difficult getting the wires to stay in the connector when you use more than 3 wires.
 3. Place the bare ends in one hand and using your other hand, align the wires side-by-side, so the ends of the bare sections are lined up together. Those ends need to all go into the connector together at the same time, so hold the wires tight and don't let them slip out of position. Do not try to insert an additional wire into a wire connector that already has wires spliced together in it. You need to remove all the wires and redo the splice to add more wires.
 4. Push the connector down over the bare ends of the wire. Twist the connector clockwise to screw it on. Hold the wires firmly in position as you twist the connector over them. The connector has threads, a spring, or barbs inside it that will grab the wires and cinch them together tightly as you twist it on. Stop twisting when you feel substantial resistance.
 5. Hold the connector in one hand and tug on each of the wires with the other to make sure the wires are secure and will not pull out. If a wire feels loose or pulls out, disassemble the entire splice and try again. Use a new connector as some of the sealer will probably be lost when you remove the connector, and it needs all the sealer for a good seal. If the wires still pull out after another try you are probably using the wrong size connector.
 6. Finally make a visual inspection of the splice. The insulation on the wire should be fully inserted into the sealer gel or grease. No bare wire should be visible. That's all there is to using twist on wire connectors, they are very quick and easy.
The connector size is important when using twist on connectors! Be sure you buy and use the correct size connector for the wire sizes you are splicing. The package will list the various wire size combinations that the connector works on. The connector colors indicate the connector's size and most are standardized. Here are some general guidelines. Warning: There are some brands that do not follow these color guidelines so double check the instructions on the package!
Connectors for #18 wire. Most residential irrigation systems use #18 size wire, this is the size of most of the multi-wire underground irrigation cables sold in hardware stores. Unfortunately the colors for these connectors are not standardized. Most I have seen are dark blue or black. Make sure it says it will connect 2- #18 wires.
Connectors for #14 & #12 wire. Larger irrigation systems and commercial irrigation often use individual #14 wires. Sometimes #12 will be used for irrigation systems with very long distances between the controller and the valve. Most often these connectors are yellow. Note: Most of the yellow connectors I have seen will NOT connect a single #14 wire to a typical valve solenoid wire. For this you will probably need the smaller #18 wire connectors above.
Twist-On Waterproof Wire Connectors. Wing Style on left (blue), Nut Style on Right (black).
Mechanical Clip Style Non-Stripping Connectors
Clip style is a catch-all name I use for the various types of connectors that use a mechanical clamping system to grab and bite into the wire. Typically with this type of connector you push the wire into a round slot on the connector, and then squeeze some type of clamp that bites into the wire to hold it in place. Some require pliers to squeeze the clamp into the wires. The most popular of these types of connectors for irrigation use is the Blazing Snaploc BVS Series wire connectors and the 3M Scotchlok 314 series connectors. These connectors are more expensive but make a very secure connection almost always on the first attempt. You won't need to buy nearly as many extras for bad splices.
Container Type Connectors
These connectors are a two piece, two step system. You connect the wires together using either a standard twist type wire connector, a crimp sleeve, or even soldering the wires together. Then you shove the splice into a container filled with a water-proofing grease or jell and snap a retainer lid closed to hold the splice inside the container.
A variation on this type of connector is the original waterproofing method used back when I started in the business. You mixed a 2-part epoxy resin in a small plastic envelope and then shoved the splice into the envelope so it was covered in resin. The resin was allowed to harden creating a solid water-proof seal. Unfortunately the resin was a carcinogen


Sir Isaac Newton's life rendered as KML
Italian boffins suggest "georeferenced" lives of notable people
Forget biographies in conventional books. Forget e-books too, while you're at it. A pair of Italian boffins have mashed up the idea of "Georeferences" and an ancient Roman form of travel guide called itineraria to create Keyhole Markup Language (KML) tours of a notable person's life.
A.C. Sparavigna and R. Marazzato, both of the Politecnico di Torino in Italy, proposed the idea on ArXiv a few weeks ago.
The pair have since published a work-in-progress life of Newtown as KML.
ACME Mapper is the pair's weapon of choice, as it uses Google Maps and creates data in a format that is easy to annotate with details of a subject's life. That annotation, the pair feel, makes for a great educational tool.
"In our opinion, the most important feature of KML is the possibility of implementing a comprehensive virtual tour, based on a movie and the use of balloons, which can be run on Google Earth," the pair write. "We proposed these virtual tours to describe the lives of famous persons for teaching purposes."
The Newton KML file does not offer the most elegant or comprehensive experience imaginable, but Sparavigna and Marazzato promise an updated version soon. ®
Sponsored: Go beyond APM with real-time IT operations analytics


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A team of University of Michigan professors have created a new model for funding academic research that potentially eliminates months of delay from when an idea is born till the money arrives to put it in play.
They hope the rapid-funding approach will help their peers at Michigan compete in an increasingly fast-paced research community. (U-Mich, with $1.24 billion in annual research funding, is the second-most-productive research university in the nation, behind Johns Hopkins.) Ideas that used to languish for months or years in poorly circulated academic journals now see instantaneous release online and can be shared by all. Michigan administrators believe the concept, an apparent first among the nation's research universities, represents the future of scholarship on university campuses.
"If I publish a paper in science, there are thousands of people who will read it even before it comes out," said Mark Burns, professor and chair of chemical engineering at Michigan. In the digital age, "it's really the scholars who are able to respond very quickly who will succeed."
Burns created the new funding model, called MCubed, with professors Alec Gallimore and Thomas Zurbuchen, both associate deans in the College of Engineering.
In the traditional model, a researcher has an idea and then launches a torturous quest for funding to realize it. Along the way, the professor must write various grant proposals, submit them and wait for approval and funding.
That leisurely tempo "was OK in the past," Burns said, "because the pace of research and the pace of publishing were kind of disjointed. The speed of communication now is essentially instantaneous."
The new concept puts start-up funding in the researcher's hands immediately. To access the cash, all the scholar must do is enlist at least two colleagues who agree that the idea has promise and are willing to commit time to it.
The general concept is that any idea good enough that three or more researchers will line up behind it is worth further exploration. Once three researchers decide to "cube" their talents on the project, each will receive $20,000 from a $15 million pool of Michigan funding. It's enough money to hire one or two grad-student helpers and fully develop the idea.
This initial exploratory phase is key to determining whether an idea has merit. If so, then the team can seek larger, more ambitious funding sources to bring the project to scale. If not, it can be abandoned, with minimal waste in time or money.
"Cubes" needn't be limited to three: Twenty or 30 faculty can pool their talents, tap much more start-up money and open a full-scale research center in a matter of days or weeks. Research at that pace simply is not possible under the traditional model, the scholars say.
MCubed is set up to encourage big, bold, risky ideas. Researchers might not ordinarily pursue a risky idea, because of the time involved in securing even the meager funds to explore whether it has promise.
"In the traditional system, faculty are often forced to do research based on what will get funded, as opposed to what's the best idea or what is most important for society," Burns said, in a prepared statement. "Today those decisions are being made by external parties, and not by the best scientists in the world. MCubed will change that."
In the new Michigan model, faculty essentially vote with their feet. If colleagues coalesce around an idea, that sends a signal to the university that it is probably a good one; no professor may pursue more than one idea at a time, so choices must be made. One member of each research "cube" must be from a different academic department, a provision that ensures projects will reach across disciplines.
As many as 250 projects will be funded in the pilot program, which starts in the fall.


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It is very important to automobile manufacturers to ensure a high visual impression of quality for cars. This includes a faultless exterior as well as an impeccable interior. During production, however, it is not always possible to visually detect all discrepancies. Evaluating such discrepancies is often subjective. INB Vision AG, a company of the Micro-Epsilon group, designed the surfaceCONTROL measuring system for defect recognition of automotive interior parts.
This system uses structured light projection. With its measuring area the size of an A3 paper (approx. 300x400mm), surfaceCONTROL captures the surface and computes the 3D data within just a few seconds. Even shape deviations of a few 10µm on textured cockpit surfaces, for example near airbag seams, are recognized and evaluated. A number of evaluation procedures are available, depending on the nature of the shape deviation being investigated: these may include calculating a flawless virtual cover or using a digital whetstone, much like a whetstone in the press shop. These procedures provide alternatives to the manual defect detection customary in the trade, and they ensure reproducible and objective evaluations of discrepancies.
Visit INB-VISION Website


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Knee-joint piezoelectric energy harvester
Shown in the photos above: (a) Knee-joint piezoelectric harvester. It is worn on the
external side of the knee and fixed by braces. Inside, a hub carries a
number of bimorphs, which are plucked by the ring-mounted plectra as the
joint rotates during walking. (b) Geometrical details of the harvester
showing side view (above) and top view of the mounted bimorph.
Click on image to enlarge
A team of UK researchers from Cranfield University, the University of Liverpool and the University of Salford proposes a piezoelectric energy harvester to be worn on the knee-joint that relies on the plucking technique to achieve frequency up-conversion. The energy harvester, which is designed to fit onto the outside of the knee, is circular and consists of an outer ring and central hub. The outer ring rotates as the knee joint goes through a walking motion. The outer ring is fitted with 72 plectra which "pluck" four energy-generating arms attached to the inner hub.
By strapping the energy harvester to the knee joint, a user could power body-monitoring devices such as heart rate monitors, pedometers and accelerometers by simply walking and not have the worry of running out of power and replacing batteries.


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Rhaugilath, called "the Ageless", was a male human and an archlich. He was the former Sorcerer-King of the enclave of Orbedal in ancient Netheril and later one of the servitor liches of Larloch the Shadow King of Warlock's Crypt.[2][3]
Rhaugilath was once the ruler of the enclave of Orbedal in High Netheril, known as the Lich-King of Orbedal.[2][1] In this position, he was an archrival to Larloch of the enclave of Jiksidur.[2]
In the Year of Sundered Webs, −339 DR, Netheril suffered Karsus's Folly, all magic failed, and Orbedal fell from the sky to crash-land on the Sword Coast, near the mouth of the Winding Water. Rhaugilath and his phylactery survived the impact, but he was buried and trapped by rubble in a small pocket.[2]
Many years later, Rhaugilath was discovered and freed from the rubble—by his archrival Larloch, who'd found and claimed Orbedal for his own. A vicious battle erupted between the two. Larloch was victorious and he bound Rhaugilath to serve him. He became the first of Larloch's lich servitors, as Orbedal became the infamous Warlock's Crypt.[2]
He was still there by 1374 DR.[2][3]
Rhaugilath dedicated himself to writing Netheril's complete history, compiled in his great work, Of the Fall of Netheril.[2][1] However, he considered the Netherese Diaspora after Netheril's fall to be an integral part of the history, as well as the expected restoration of Netheril, thought to be only beginning in 1374 DR. Thus his book was never likely to be finished, and it reached several volumes. Larloch reviewed each chapter when it was completed, and they were delivered to Candlekeep to be archived in the library there.[2]
Occasionally, Larloch allowed Rhaugilath to use either a dream or nightmare spell, at Larloch's choosing, to send a vision to some being Rhaugilath had scried upon. Rhaugilath used these visions to grant some small piece of Netherese lore to the targeted individual. Reportedly, those who received such visions heard Rhaugilath sigh and Larloch chuckle as the vision ended.[2]
 1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Ed Greenwood (1991). Anauroch. (TSR, Inc), p. 3. ISBN 1-56076-126-1.
 2. 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 Richard Baker, Ed Bonny, Travis Stout (February 2005). Lost Empires of Faerûn. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 102. ISBN 0-7869-3654-1.
 3. 3.0 3.1 Brian R. James and Ed Greenwood (September, 2007). The Grand History of the Realms. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 47–48. ISBN 978-0-7869-4731-7.
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cocorahsCoCoRaHS is an acronym for the Community Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow Network. CoCoRaHS is a unique, non-profit, community-based network of volunteers of all ages and backgrounds working together to measure and map precipitation (rain, hail and snow). By using low-cost measurement tools, stressing training and education, and utilizing an interactive Web-site, its aim is to provide the highest quality data for natural resource, education and research applications. This is a community project. Everyone can help, young, old, and in-between. The only requirements to join are an enthusiasm for watching and reporting weather conditions and a desire to learn more about how weather can effect and impact our lives.
imagesEach time a rain, hail or snow storm crosses your area, volunteers take measurements of precipitation from as many locations as possible. These precipitation reports are then recorded at the web site The data are then displayed and organized for many of the end users to analyze and apply to daily situations ranging from water resource analysis and severe storm warnings to neighbors comparing how much rain fell in their backyards.
Visit for more information.


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The rich text editor will support character formatting and the international character set. However, do not copy and paste directly from a webpage or from a word processor document since that will include hidden formatting information. Instead, copy from those documents to a text file (using Notepad in Windows, for example). Then copy from that text file to this editor. That will remove hidden formatting information.


text:
When you need to connect any database, you need to provide connection string. Oracle is the same. What you need to provide is following information basically.
- Database Server Name or IP.
- Database Name, Oracle SID or Service Name
- Datapase Port
- Username and password
First connection method is Local naming which uses Oracle Net. Before TCP/IP was standardized a lot of third party networking protocols existed. To overcome this problem, oracle used Oracle NET. According to Oracle Documentation Local Naming : "Resolves a net service name stored in a tnsnames.ora file stored on a client". tnsnames.ora file contains 1-3 of above. Therefore you only need to provide (4) username and password. Below an example line of tnsnames.ora can be seen.
Second easy connect is same. You provide information contained in tnsnames.ora in command line. Here host = 1, port (2), service_name = (3). As you can see it is same as first one. You give same information to connector as before. You may skip default information like port.
Third is Directory Server, LDAP Server like Microsoft Active Directory. Here you provide a key and directory server gives you back connection string. You use this connection string to connect to oracle.
Fourth one is same as Directory server, you only use other network services. As explained in oracle documentation.
"Configuring External Naming Methods
External naming refers to the method of resolving a net service name, stored in a non-Oracle naming service, to a network address."
According to NIS wikipedia: "Network Information Service, or NIS is a client–server directory service protocol for distributing system configuration data...over time other modern and secure distributed directory systems, most notably LDAP, came to replace it."
As you can see, External Naming is same as Directory Server, only uses a different server technology (older) than LDAP.
These are four connection methods. I do think other than where do they get connection string information, they differ. Therefore easy connect should not have less performance than local naming.


text:
What is a Derrick Operator?
Table of Contents
A derrick operator is closely related to that of a rigger, or rig technician. The job is defined as a worker who erects, operates, and positions a derrick, and inspects, maintains, and services all the derrick components. The derrick operator works on construction sites, or on drilling rigs for the oil and gas industry. An oil derrick manages the drilling rigs, first digging an initial hole for an oil or gas well, then forcing the drill pipe deep into the earth, creating a bore hole. Pumps are then operated by the rig derrick to circulate mud and extract oil and gas. Derrick operators working in construction and shipping may be classified as crane and tower operators, using guy derricks equipped with cables and booms to move heavy materials and equipment.
The operator manages all aspects of derrick machinery. This includes guiding the pipe lengths, controlling drilling fluid, monitoring operation of the drill system, and ensuring the pumps are working correctly. They operate the electric or gas-powered components of the derrick, move the cables and pulleys and levers necessary to move products, equipment or materials onto and around the site. The derrick operator also must read and monitor console readings.
What does a Derrick Operator do?
The derrick operator must understand how the derrick is designed and know how to operate and maintain it. The operator must know how to position the derrick properly to ensure that drilling is done in the right location. In managing the derrick, many tasks are required of the operator. This includes positioning the pipes, guiding them into the elevators, making sure they remain steady, and keeping all elements of the derrick aligned. They must set up the pumps to remove drilling sediment, and monitor pumping circulation.
A key component of the drilling process is drilling mud, which is pumped into the bore hole. The derrick operator must know how to mix the mud and water and chemicals to create the proper mud viscosity. He or she listens to the pumps and must recognize the signs that they are operating properly and vibrating correctly. Mud reports must be prepared and chemical additives balanced. Mud flow must be monitored and logged.
The derrick operator also inspects the derrick, using climbing devices and harnesses, and must check for any flaws or potential problems. Inspections may need to be done from the derrick platform and the operator must handle sections of the drill string assembly during drilling. The operator keeps the derrick clean and the machinery properly lubricated. Often he or she serves as the crew boss, directing others in keeping the operations of the oil derrick running smoothly and safely. Good record keeping is an important part of the job, since all derrick activities must be carefully recorded.
A derrick operator should enjoy working with machinery and equipment, and should be comfortable working at heights and in potentially dangerous environments. Derrick operators have a higher than average rate of injury, so particular attention must be paid to personal care and obeying safety regulations.
Other personal characteristics important for a derrick operator include:
- good depth perception and eye-hand coordination
- good teamwork and interpersonal skills
- leadership and management abilities
- attention to detail
- physical strength and stamina
- mechanical aptitude and precision measuring
- good vision and hearing
- understanding of safety regulations
Find your perfect career
Would you make a good derrick operator? Sokanu's free assessment reveals how compatible you are with a career across 5 dimensions!
What is the workplace of a Derrick Operator like?
Derrick operators work around the world in many locations, and travel is often part of the job. The workplace can include offshore oil platforms where you are responsible for drilling deep under the ocean into the ocean floor. Many oil derricks are in remote northern locations, or places in the middle east. Work is generally outdoors and sometimes means dealing with extreme weather conditions, such as heat or cold. The noise from machinery is extremely loud and constant, and communication often is done by means of hand signals or technology. Offshore operations often require a greater level of experience than land work.
Safety is essential and the workplace safety rules must be understood and followed at all times. Work may be seasonal and involve extensive shift work, split shifts, or working around the clock. Workers often are required to live onsite for long periods of time in work camps, and work long shifts followed by extended leave periods.
Farm Equipment Mechanic
Mining Machine Operator
Automotive Service Technician
Recreational Vehicle Service Technician
Wind Turbine Services Technician
Power Plant Operator
Oil and Gas Rotary Drill Operator
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text:
How relevant is the trait theory to your workplace?
When I was reading this article, it made me think of the IB Learner Profile and transdisciplinary skills to some degree. The learner profile attributes are ten qualities as teachers we try to instil in our students to help them be successful beyond our school. It is difficult to measure these attributes (How do you measuring caring vs very caring vs exceptionally caring objectively?).
In the workplace, qualities are used as identifiers in appraisals and are outlined in job descriptions. Again though, it can be difficult to objectively measure and provide evidence for any of these qualities except for observations, anecdotes and perhaps comparisons between people. Often a person with certain characteristics is encouraged to apply for certain jobs. However, while the person may have certain qualities, they still have to use them effectively in the given context to hold any value for the organisation. It is also important to remember that with subjectivity can come different perspectives. A strong driven leader may also be seen as too pushy with their agendas.
Strengths of Trait Theory of Leadership
Weaknesses of Trait Theory of Leadership
Does your nation or province have a framework which lists the capabilities or competencies of educational leadership?
Working in an international private school in Singapore, I am not aware of a framework of capabilities or competencies of educational leadership. It has been interesting to read about the Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership (AITSL) in others' blogs.
Watkins, P. (1986). The trait approach. In A critical review of leadership concepts and research: The implications for educational administration (pp. 11-13, 21-25, 28),


text:
Posted on Thursday 7th November 2013
While understanding the rules of the abstract part of physics called'quantum mechanics' occupied the 20th century, harnessing its power for applications will be a dominant theme of the 21st century. Making the earth beneath our feet transparent is the latest example of utilising the strange properties of the microscopic quantum world to provide such a 'Quantum Technology'.
The most down-to-earth application concerns the 4 million holes dug in UK roads every year. Only around 30 per cent of the buried infrastructure is known beforehand, making the task much slower (due to the care needed) with consequent delays to traffic. Quantum 'gravimeters' will revolutionise this business,especially with the moist soil conditions typical of the UK.
In general, a Quantum Technology makes use of the counter intuitive consequences of quantum mechanics – the principal theory explaining our world on a microscopic scale. One of these consequences is that a single object can be in several different places (or in several different 'states') at the same time. In the quantum world, a person could pass a tree simultaneously on the right and the left side, or be wearing business clothes and beach attire simultaneously.
For example, in our everyday experience the force we feel due to gravity appears to be the same anywhere on Earth. A precision quantum gravity sensor picks up variations, by letting single atoms explore different paths in the gravitational field of the Earth. From those differences one can infer what lies beneath the Earth's surface.
So far there are only two commercially viable quantum technologies: quantum cryptography and quantum sensors. Quantum cryptography systems are well established in the market, eg, for secure communications between banks, while quantum sensors are just becoming commercially available.
Gravity sensors will be the first in this new industrial revolution, with remarkably diverse applications. The University of Birmingham led EU iSENSE and EPSRC GG-TOP projects are leading the way in providing the means to enhance oil and mineral exploration, find water resources, drive climate research and to map urban infrastructure and archaeology. These collaborations encompass all the European work in this area, with pioneering involvement of engineers and archeologists (both of these last groups are at the University of Birmingham).
There are many moreapplications of the quantum gravity sensors. Helping determine the spatial extent of aquifers that have run dry – by the change in gravity due to the water being pumped out, or the equivalent processes in oil and gas recovery (where unrecovered pockets of oil and gas can represent considerable residual value) are other big applications.
More academically, climate change science (snow cover of mountains and magnitude of ocean currents) and archeology ('seeing' without digging) will benefit greatly.
This panorama of applications has been hailed by Neelie Kroes (Vice-President of the EU, with responsibility for the Digital Agenda) as the 'coolest thing' at the 2013 EU Information and Communication Technologies meeting this week in Vilnius.This area, which brings together the oldest part of physics, gravity, with one of the most recent, ultracold quantum atomic gases, shows the capacity of scientific research driven by curiosity to have large and unexpected dividends.
Professor Kai Bongs, Professor of Ultracold Atomic Physics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmimingham


text:
Multi-effect for gentle tweaking through to full-on mangling!
ShapeShifter is a multi-effect VST plug-in which gives you a number of tools for changing your sounds, ranging from subtle effects through to extreme mangling of your audio. The following effects modules are included:
1. Waveshaper linked to a step sequencer, allowing you to create changes in tone that normal waveshapers can't achieve
2. Resonant Filter including an LFO and step sequencer to control the cut-off frequency
3. Stereo Delay including step sequencers to vary the delay settings over time
4. Gate to create rhythmic changes in volume
5. Chorus & Reverb to fill out sounds and add some polish
6. Compressor for controlling the dynamics of the audio.
ShapeShifter uniquely ties a waveshaper to a step sequencer, allowing you to blend between waveshaper settings in time with your track, creating interesting changes in tone.
Additionally, the signal path is configurable so that the effects can be ordered any way you like for maximum flexibility.
Price: £35 / €52 / $60
* Fixes a compatibility problem with certain hosts, namely Sonar and Orion.


text:
HTML and CSS Reference
The muted attribute is also extremely new, and had not been implemented—as an attribute—in
any browser when this was written.
The combination of loop and autoplay can be used to create a background sound for when a
page is loaded. You'll want to use this functionality sparingly, but it could be useful if you're
creating a more presentation-like website where sound is tolerated, even expected, by your
web page readers. Example 1-6 demonstrates how to use these attributes with an audio element that doesn't have a controls attribute, and is also hidden using CSS, just in case the
user's browser has scripting disabled. The sound will play as soon as the page and media are
loaded, and continue to play until the user leaves the page.
The example works in IE, Opera, Chrome, and Safari. It only partially worked in Firefox at
the time this was written because Firefox (5, 6, or 7) doesn't currently support the loop attribYou'll want to use display: none for the CSS style setting of the audio element, to ensure
that the element doesn't take up page space. You might be tempted to use the hidden attribute, but doing so just to hide the element is an inappropriate use of the attribute. The hidden
attribute is meant to be used with material that isn't relevant immediately, but may be at some
You can use the loop and autoplay with video files, but unless the video file is quite small,
or encoded to load progressively, you're not going to get the same instant effect that you get
with audio files.


text:
WILLIAMSPORT, Md. (AP) — If Scott Bragunier has his way, cannon tubes that sat for more than a century on Doubleday Hill, a spot in Riverview Cemetery named for Union Gen. Abner Doubleday, will be returned to the same spot by spring.
The cannon tubes — the barrels of a cannon — were procured for the town in 1896 to honor local men who fought and died in the Civil War. They were dedicated on Doubleday Hill on July 4, 1897, said Bragunier, a Williamsport native and local firefighter who has spent a lot of time studying local Civil War history.
"There was a parade, and there was a big to-do in town for it," Bragunier said.
Three brick supports were built for the cannon tubes, and for more than 100 years, they served as a popular remembrance of the Civil War and the Williamsport men who died in it.
"As a child, I went to Doubleday Hill and played on the cannons. I sat on top of them and pretended I fired them. My dad and mom did the same thing," Bragunier said.
The spot chosen for the tubes related to Doubleday's military duty.
History has it that Doubleday was assigned the duty of setting up a western defense for the Union army at the beginning of the Civil War in 1861, Bragunier said.
Doubleday was in charge of setting up a defense over a broad area that stretched to Washington, D.C., but Williamsport became a "collection point" because it was a major crossing point along the Potomac River, according to Bragunier.
At Williamsport, he said, there was a ferry across the river and two fords for making the crossing.
On a hill above Salisbury Street, three 32-pound siege cannons were set, pointing across the Potomac River.
The Union army eventually moved into Virginia and it is not known whether the cannons on what today is known as Doubleday Hill were ever fired, Bragunier said.
But it has been a lasting memorial to the men in Williamsport who fought and died in the Civil War.
After the war ended, cannon tubes that survived the fighting often were donated to towns in honor of war dead from their communities. Three cannon tubes were donated to Williamsport in honor of local war dead, Bragunier said.
Over the years, however, they fell victim to vandalism and the steel became pitted from exposure to the weather, Bragunier said.
"People would stuff all kinds of stuff down the tubes," he said.
In about 2000, a collector offered the town money for the tubes, Bragunier said.
It was at that point, Bragunier said, that the town began to realize their value and former Mayor John Slayman had the tubes moved to the basement in town hall. They were replaced by plastic replicas that were set on the brick mounts on Doubleday Hill.
Bragunier worked on an effort to have the cannon tubes refurbished. In July, the town was awarded a $23,000 grant for the work through the Maryland Heritage Areas Authority, Bragunier said.
In August, the tubes were loaded on a flatbed truck and sent to the Steen Cannon & Ordnance Works in Ashland, Ky., to be refurbished, Bragunier said. There, the company smoothed out the rough finish on the tubes and made aluminum cannon carriages for them, he said. The insides of the tubes were coated with oil to preserve them and the ends were plugged so no one could shove items inside, he said.
Bragunier said it is his hope that by the beginning of May, the cannons will be rolled back onto the exact spot where cannons stood during the Civil War.
As the town did 116 years ago, Bragunier said he hopes to have the cannons dedicated July 4 in a ceremony with local elected officials.
Bragunier said he would like to have a split-rail fence erected around the site, stairs leading up to the site from Salisbury Street and interpretive signs.
Williamsport Town Council member Joan Knode said she is looking forward to the cannon tubes being returned.
"I think it's going to be a great day for Williamsport," Knode said.


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I'm new to Qt. I installed Qt for VS2008 and integrated with my VS2010. I just want to know how to make HTTP requests. I've read about QtNetwork but QtHttp is obselete.
I also know about libcurl and curlpp, but I have problems installing it, and making it work with Qt.
What do you recommend, QtNetwork or curlpp? If QtNetwork, can you please give me a sample function or piece of code (and what class to use). If curlpp(libcurl), can you please point me to somewhere where I can find the steps to install it for Qt (or kindly explain)?
Thank you very much.
share|improve this question
2 Answers 2
up vote 6 down vote accepted
libcurl and curlpp are great libraries, but using them adds a dependency to your project that probably you can avoid.
Recent versions of Qt recommend to use QNetworkAccessManager to make network requests (included http requests) and receive replies.
The simplest possible way to download a file is:
QNetworkAccessManager *manager = new QNetworkAccessManager(this);
connect(manager, SIGNAL(finished(QNetworkReply*)), this, SLOT(replyFinished(QNetworkReply*)));
When the replyFinished slot is called, the QNetworkReply object that it takes as parameter will contain the downloaded data as well as meta-data (headers, etc.).
A more complete example can be found in the Qt examples, you can read here its source code.
share|improve this answer
Giuseppe is right, you don't need to use libcurl, curlpp and similar libraries. There is no need for that, Qt has a simple and working class on it own.
Keep in mind that the standard way of sending request and retrieving reply is asynchronous. You always have to connect the manager finished(QNetworkReply*) signal to a slot.
If you send multiple requests and don't want to add a slot for each reply, you can always run an event loop, and connect the managers signal to event loops quit() slot.
Something like this:
QNetworkAccessManager *manager = new QNetworkAccessManager(this);
QEventLoop *eventLoop = new QEventLoop();
QObject::connect(manager, SIGNAL(finished(QNetworkReply*)), eventLoop, SLOT(quit());
QByteArray replyData = reply->readAll();
... //do what you want with the data your receive from reply
Btw. don't know what are you doing. But if its a mobile app, I would recommend you switch from VS to QtCreator IDE. It has a nice simulator and a complete toolchain for mobile device testing.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


text:
A Verso roundtable on Ariella Aïsha Azoulay's Potential History, discussing imperial knowledge, history, art, the possibility of repairing devastated worlds, and above all: what can a radical practice of history look like?
In The Invention of Sicily, Jamie Mackay offers a sweeping history of Sicily from ancient times to the present day. Mackay presents Sicily's history as one of an autonomous community fighting for liberation against their oppressors.
The development of distinctive property forms in English agriculture entailed new forms of class struggle. If we want to sum up the ways in which class struggle between landlords and peasants 'liberated' capitalism, it might be closer to the truth to say that capitalism was advanced by the assertion of the landlords' powers against the peasants' claims to customary rights.


Policing and justice report
Hate Crime and Public Order (Northern Ireland) Bill not expected until 2022
Northern Ireland could jump from being a laggard to having the most progressive hate crime laws in the UK, if recommendations from an independent review are accepted in the form of a proposed Hate Crime and Public Order (Northern Ireland) Bill.
However, moves to bring forward the recommendations will likely not take place until late 2022 because of the volume of legislation already being progressed by the Department.
A spokesperson for the Department of Justice confirmed that, following receipt of the recommendations in December 2020, officials in the Department are working to develop a departmental response and set out an implementation plan, expected to be considered by the Justice Minister in early 2021.
The Department has highlighted that a majority of the recommendations relate to legislative changes and will need further consideration. Asked about a proposed timeline for potentially bringing legislation forward to the Assembly, a spokesperson added: "Any legislative changes will need to be scheduled into the Department's legislation programme in due course. Given that the legislative programme for this mandate is already full and, given the need to further develop and scope any legislative changes, this is likely to happen early in the next mandate of the Assembly."
The final report into hate crime legislation in Northern Independent Review was published by the Department of Justice in December 2020 and includes a recommendation that age and gender (rather than misogyny) be covered as protected characteristics.
Adoption of the recommendation would see Northern Ireland align closely with the Scottish model of hate crime law but also become the first of any of the UK jurisdictions to include gender under hate crime legislation.
Justice Minister Naomi Long has asked for time to give the "complex and wide-ranging" recommendations "careful consideration".
The report includes 34 recommendations, including a suggested definition of a hate crime for Northern Ireland, in the absence of a clear and universally accepted definition in law.
Distinguishing between hate speech (criminal expressions of bigotry) and hate crime (the commission of criminal offences with a bias motive (hate crime), Judge Desmond Marrinan, the man tasked with the review by the Department of Justice in June 2019, recommends that: "A hate crime may be defined as a criminal act perpetrated against individuals or communities with protected characteristics based on the perpetrator's hostility, bias, prejudice, bigotry or contempt against the actual or perceived status of the victim or victims."
The backdrop for the review was a commitment from then Justice Minister Claire Sugden MLA to initiate the process in 2017, following calls from numerous corners for hate crime legislation in Northern Ireland to be reviewed on recognition that Northern Ireland reports a hate crime ratio in excess of England and Wales.
An average of eight hate incidents are reported in Northern Ireland every day and in recent years racist hate incidents have outnumbered sectarian hate incidents. Between 2016 and 2018/19, 1,124 racist hate-motivated incidents were recorded compared to 865 sectarian hate motivated incidents for the same period.
In 2018/19, racist hate abuse in Northern Ireland accounted for almost half of all reported occurrences with hate motivation, while sectarian abuse accounted for just over one-third. However, the extent of the problem is emphasised when considering the smaller proportion of the population from a black or multi-ethnic background in Northern Ireland. The review found that there is roughly a one in 31 chance of being a victim of a reported racial hate incident in Northern Ireland compared to an approximately one in 1,777 chance of being a victim of a reported sectarian hate incident.
Currently no specific offence of 'hate crime' exists in Northern Ireland law. Instead, provision for hate crime in Northern Ireland centres exclusively on the enhanced sentencing provisions of the 2004 Order. In 2019, not one single defendant brought before the crown court on allegations of hate crimes received an enhanced sentence above the expected penalty for their crime.
Sixteen years on from the introduction of enhanced sentencing provision for hate crime incidents, Judge Marrinan says: "Nothing I have read or reviewed since the launch of the consultation paper in January 2020 has given me any assurance that this enhanced sentencing law is working any better now or is capable of being reformed."
His recommendation, therefore, is for the Department of Justice to legislate to copy the Scottish model and add statutory aggravations to all existing offences, meaning that any criminal offence could be charged in its aggravated form.
The proposed expansion of categories of protected characteristics by the review would see Northern Ireland join England, Scotland and Wales in including transgender as a protected characteristic and go further to include all crimes with a gender-based motive. Additionally, the review recommends adding age as a protected characteristic, however, it opts not to suggest an elder specific protection. Interestingly, Marrinan suggests leaving the door open in legislation for other protected characteristics to be added to the list if evidence emerges that this is necessary.
— Hate crime definition recommendation
On sectarianism, the report suggests the requirement for a more precise legal meaning for the term and believes that sectarianism "should be specifically defined as an issue that exists between Christian communities in Northern Ireland" at this time, adding the belief that not enough is understood about sectarianism in relation to other communities in Northern Ireland to make the application of sectarianism to those communities meaningful in a legal or social sense. In essence, the report recommends the application of the findings of the report of the working group on defining sectarianism in Scots law in 2018 to Northern Ireland.
In a series of other wide-ranging recommendations, the report also suggests changes to that would have bearing on freedom of expression and the regulation of hate expression in public spaces, where a clear and unambiguous statutory duty on relevant public authorities is recommended to take all reasonable steps to remove hate expression from their own property and, where it engages their functions, broader public space.
Additionally, the review had included in its remit the role of restorative justice in dealing with hate-motivated offending and has established the need for a new statutory scheme for restorative justice for over-18s, similar to the existing Youth Justice Agency in Northern Ireland. This, the report recommends, should be supported by the established of a funded framework and that the scheme remain independent of the Department of Justice.
Addressing online hate crime was also a focus for recommendations. As well as calls for the UK's Online Harms White Paper (2019) to be implemented in full, and for stricter rules on jurisdiction, enhanced access to prosecution guidelines, and an alteration of Northern Ireland's Malicious Communications (Northern Ireland) Order 1988 to change the use of publication to refer to posting or uploaded material.
Article 3 of the Malicious Communications (Northern Ireland) Order 1988 should be amended to explicitly bring within its ambit electronic communications, the report says. The word 'publication' should be amended to refer to 'posting' or 'uploading material online'.
Concluding with a recommendation that all hate crime and hate speech law should be consolidated into a new Hate Crime and Public Order (Northern Ireland) Bill, Judge Marrinan's recommendations also assesses the potential oversight of change. Outlining his belief that the issues "fully justify" a dedicated post, Marrinan recommends an office of a Hate Crime Commissioner for Northern Ireland should be established and suggests the potential for a joint shared post of Hate Crime and Domestic Abuse Commissioner.
"I believe this would work well because the remit for this post relates to specific criminal contexts which are not dissimilar," he adds.
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Why is Blackberry also called Crackberry?
The popular phone, Blackberry is commonly given to people working for a company, since it's easy to use for reading company emails. The term "Crackberry" originated because people quickly became addicted to their Blackberrys just like they could become addicted to Crack cocaine – a real drug. Because many people are addicted to reading emails, the term Crackberry became quite popular as a fond nickname for Blackberry.
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Why You Should Take Your Kid to International Schools in Thailand
 - English
 - ภาษาไทย
Every parent wants a quality education for their children, which explains why more students are joining international schools in Thailand. If you are wondering if to follow this trend, read on to discover why need to take your kid to these learning institutions.
Harmony with Diversity
One of the unique qualities of international schools is providing a platform for different cultures to meet and interact. By learning how others from diverse backgrounds live, your kid develops harmony and expands their perspective. This makes them better global citizens when they finish school.
Emphasis on Moral Values
Besides focusing on academics, international schools also strive to make students better leaders for the future. That is why they teach moral values like diligence, discipline, empathy, etc. These are essential for character development and building holistic human beings.
Innovative Programs
Since their objectives is to offer quality education, international schools provide innovative programs that push the beyond normal academic standards. For example, scholars might go hiking to improve mental endurance, physical fitness, resilience, and teamwork.
Experiential Learning
International schools understand that the best way of learning incorporates classwork and experiments. This is why experiential learning is included in their curricula, as it enables students to learn through experience and reflection. Moreover, this approach gives scholars an opportunity to apply their knowledge practically.
Academic Excellence
International schools are renowned worldwide for their academic excellence. Some of the reasons behind their fantastic results are having first-class facilities and smaller class sizes.
When an institution has first-class amenities, it makes it easier for the teacher to transfer their knowledge. This is because there are more reference materials that the student can use to expand their thinking.
Likewise, smaller class sizes make teaching more effective, as the teacher can deal with the unique needs of every scholar.
Additionally, these schools have extracurricular activities that break the monotony of classwork, allowing your kid to be sharper for the next lesson.
For the reasons mentioned above and many others, Map Guide Thailand recommends taking your kids to international schools. This way, your child will be forever grateful to you for shaping their future positively.
To learn more about International Schools in Thailand please KIS.ac.th


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If you use the word
Bubbler a trademarked name that refers to a drinking fountain. The Bubbler was developed in 1888 by the then-small Kohler Company in Kohler, Wisconsin, which was already well-known for its faucet production. While Harlan Huckleby is credited with the actual design, it was Kohler that patented it and trademarked the name.
The Bubbler concept took off and there were many copies. Since the name was trademarked, other companies named their fountains "The Gurgler" and "The Gusher". In the end, the generic term "drinking fountain" became the standard term used in American English for a device that shoots water into the air for purpose of drinking.
The bubbler term is still used in several regional dialects of the United States such as in Wisconsin (mostly in the southeast part of the state, centered on Milwaukee, where it is considered part of the local dialect; residents of southeastern Wisconsin often state that the term is used within a "five county radius," however, the term's use has spread throughout the region, beyond five counties in the area.
Some people only call ones that are outdoors "bubbler" and some vice versa. Some residents of Milwaukee refer to them as "water bubbler". Most residents of southern Wisconsin refer to water fountains, both indoor and outdoor, as "bubbler".
The Bubbler at the Washington County Fairgrounds


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The Correlation Between Climate and Demographic Growth
According to McGill-trained ecologist, Jason Samson, climate is as important in shaping the distribution and movement of humans as it is in other animals.
By using census data and information about weather patterns (temperature and rainfall) gathered from the nearly 3,000 counties in the U.S. over the course of the century, Samson and his colleagues were able to show the predominant importance of the correlation between climate and demographic growth. In this study, the researchers found that population growth was more correlated with climate than income, urbanization or food production.
The researchers found that the average American today not only lives in a drier environment than they did a century ago, but that they have also experienced a temperature increase of over 1.5° Celsius or 2.7° Fahrenheit over the last century. That represents a six-fold increase compared to the temperature change across the US during the same time period.
More and more Americans now live in the warm southern belt of the country that extends from California to Florida, and includes cities such as San Diego, Austin, and Tampa. The researchers also point to the fact that demographic growth in these warmer and drier climates within the country, and the trend towards urbanization and agglomeration, has been happening at an accelerating pace over the course of the twentieth century, and is particularly noticeable within the last thirty years.
Although the researchers were able to show such a significant correlation between climate and demographic growth, they caution against thinking of climate as a strong predictive factor in determining population movements. They also caution that this concentration of population in warm, dry areas is likely to have a significant effect on human well-being in these locations due to monetary and environmental factors. The researchers suggest that policy makers may be well advised to consider this information as they plan for the future given the context of global climate change.


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This is a pretty simple Django question, but I can't find the answer in the Django docs, despite lots of hunting!
How do I check whether an object already exists, and only add it if it does not already exist?
Here's the code - I don't want to add the follow_role twice in the database if it already exists. How do I check first? Use get() maybe - but then will Django complain if get() doesn't return anything?
current_user = request.user follow_role = UserToUserRole(from_user=current_user, to_user=user, role='follow') follow_role.save()
There's a helper function for this idiom called 'get_or_create' on your model manager:
role, created = UserToUserRole.objects.get_or_create( from_user=current_user, to_user=user, role='follow')
It returns a tuple of (model, bool) where'model' is the object you're interested in and 'bool' tells you whether it had to be created or not.


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Each Kubernetes cluster provides its own isolated network namespace. This approach has a number of benefits. For example, each pod can be easily accessed with its own IP address. One of the consequences of this approach, however, is that a network bridge is required in order to route traffic from outside the Kubernetes cluster to services inside the cluster.
While there are a number of techniques for routing traffic to a Kubernetes cluster, by far the most common and popular method involves deploying an in-cluster edge proxy / ingress controller along with an external load balancer. In this architecture, the network topology looks like this:
Each of the components in this topology is discussed in further detail below.
The load balancer is deployed outside of the Kubernetes cluster. Typically, the load balancer also has one or more static IP addresses assigned to it. A DNS entry is then created to map a domain name (e.g., example.com) to the static IP address.
Cloud infrastructure providers such as Amazon Web Services, Azure, Digital Ocean, and Google make it easy to create these load balancers directly from Kubernetes. This is done by creating a Kubernetes service of
type: LoadBalancer. When this service is created, the cloud provider will use the metadata contained in the Kubernetes service definition to provision a load balancer.
If the Kubernetes cluster is deployed in a private data center, an external load balancer is still generally used. Provisioning of this load balancer usually requires the involvement of the data center operations team.
In both the private data center and cloud infrastructure case, the external load balancer should be configured to point to the edge proxy.
The Edge Proxy is typically a Layer 7 proxy that is deployed directly in the cluster. The core function of the edge proxy is to accept incoming traffic from the external load balancer and route the traffic to Kubernetes services. The edge proxy should be configured using Kubernetes manifests. This enables a common management workflow for both the edge proxy and Kubernetes services.
The most popular approach to configuring edge proxies is with the Kubernetes ingress resource. When an edge proxy can process ingress resources, it is called an ingress controller. Not all edge proxies are ingress controllers (because they can't process ingress resources), but all ingress controllers are edge proxies.
The ingress resource is a Kubernetes standard. As such, it is a lowest common denominator resource. In practice, users find that the ingress resource is insufficient in scope to address the requirements for edge routing. Semantics such as TLS termination, redirecting to TLS, timeouts, rate limiting, and authentication are all beyond the scope of the ingress resource.
The Ambassador Edge Stack can function as an ingress controller (i.e., it reads ingress resources), although it also includes many other capabilities that are beyond the scope of the ingress specification. Most Ambassador Edge Stack users find that the various additional capabilities of Ambassador are essential, and end up using Ambassador's extensions to the ingress resource, instead of using ingress resources themselves.
Each instance of your application is deployed in a Kubernetes pod. As the workload on your application increases or decreases, Kubernetes can automatically add or remove pods. A Kubernetes service represents a group of pods that comprise the same version of a given application. Traffic can be routed to the pods via a Kubernetes service, or it can be routed directly to the pods.
When traffic is routed to the pods via a Kubernetes service, Kubernetes uses a built-in mechanism called
kube-proxy to load balance traffic between the pods. Due to its implementation,
kube-proxy is a Layer 4 proxy, i.e., it load balances at a connection level. For particular types of traffic such as HTTP/2 and gRPC, this form of load balancing is particularly problematic as it can easily result in a very uneven load balancing configuration.
Traffic can also be routed directly to pods, bypassing the Kubernetes service. Since pods are much more ephemeral than Kubernetes services, this approach requires an edge proxy that is optimized for this use case. In particular, the edge proxy needs to support real-time discovery of pods, and be able to dynamically update pod locations without downtime.
The Ambassador Edge Stack supports routing both to Kubernetes services and directly to pods.


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Two New Apps Boost Planting and Harvest Analysis
Nov 15, 2012
To some extent, smartphones are only as smart as the apps they contain. Ag PhD is attempting an IQ boost through the release of two new apps to help farmers more easily analyze planting populations and losses at harvest. The apps, Planting Population Calculator and Harvest Loss Calculator, were created thanks to a Case IH sponsorship and are available for iPhone and Android devices.
"I'm using both of these apps already on my farm, and we feel many other farmers will benefit from them, too," says Brian Hefty, co-host of Ag PhD.
The calculators are pretty straightforward and simple to use. The Harvest Loss Calculator lets you select from soybeans, corn, wheat, sorghum, barley or oats. From there, you count the number of seeds or kernels left on the ground in a square foot. Then, you enter in that number, along with seeds per pound and current crop price, and the app calculates the value of the crop that didn't quite make it into the combine.
"With commodity prices for so many crops at record levels, even the loss of a single bushel per acre over an entire farm can translate to thousands of dollars of lost revenue," Hefty says.
The Planting Population Calculator is another easy-to-use tool. Before planting, farmers can determine optimum in-row spacing between seeds based on row width and desired plant population. After planting, farmers can "ground truth" their results by selecting a row length, counting the number of plants within that distance and entering in their row spacing.
The apps are free and ready for download from the Apple iTunes Store and Google Play.
A screenshot of the Harvest Loss Calculator mobile app.


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20 July 2020, La Union. "Faced with the climate and biodiversity emergencies, the United Nations has declared 2021-2030 as the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration. The goal is to ramp up efforts to reverse centuries of damage to forests, wetlands and other ecosystems. Getting it right will be key to putting the planet back on a sustainable course.
Tree planting as a way to restore local ecosystems has already captured the imagination of many people. Trees are astonishing. They capture carbon from the atmosphere, protect and fertilize soils, supply firewood and timber, and harbour many of the planet's animals, birds and insects. The cultural, spiritual and recreational role of forests make them even essential for human well-being.
The new enthusiasm for trees is welcome. Individuals and organizations can make an impact through tree planting on various scales. However, tree planting for social good is not as simple as it sounds.
Visit the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration to learn the five basic rules for getting it (tree-planting) right: _URL_
In 2015, the Philippine government submitted to the United Nations the country's commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The country committed to reduce its carbon emissions by 70 percent by 2030. The carbon dioxide reductions will come from the sectors of energy, transport, waste, forestry and industry. Join us!
Tree-Planting with FEED
© Fostering Education & Environment for Development, Inc.


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Scientists at the Natural History Museum have identified for the first time how the tiny structures that make butterfly wings shimmer, and seemingly change colour, actually work
'We've found for the first time that more than one structure within a single scale causes the colour changes in butterflies,' says Dr Abigail Ingram, butterfly expert (zoologist) at the Museum.
Butterflies display some of the most vivid colours in nature and these colours are the result of light striking structures on the surface of the wing scales. They are known as iridescence or structural colours.
The centre of the study was a butterfly from New Guinea called Lamprolenis nitida.
Butterfly wing under SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope)Butterfly wing under SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope)
This butterfly has an intriguing characteristic - it appears matt brown when lit from above but green to red when lit from the front, and blue to violet when lit from the back.
'L. nitida uses 2 nanostructures in a single wing scale, each of which causes a separate iridescent signal of different colours that can be seen in different directions,' says Ingram.
'We've never seen this in any other butterfly, nor indeed other animals or plants. This discovery is therefore new to the field of butterfly structural colour but also more generally, to the study of structural colours in nature.'
L. nitida> lives in the forests of New Guinea with thousands of other species of butterflies. They therefore need to be able to recognise each other.
Light levels are very low in these dense forests and occasionally a shaft of light breaks through the overhead canopy and will light up a butterfly and make it very noticeable.
Only the males butterflies of this species use the colour changing ability and Dr Ingram and her team say it is probably used in threat displays to warn off other males.
Understanding how these tiny nanostructures in the butterfly wings cause optical effects is important because scientists want to replicate these structures, and other good designs from nature and use them in modern technology.
This is known as biomimetics and already scientists have made iridescent structures using conventional engineering and Museum scientists have grown cells (culture cells) that produce the structures for us.


Organic Farms Can Pollute Too
Organic agriculture can pollute groundwater more than conventional synthetic chemical fertilization systems, researchers have found.
Israeli scientists measured the amount of nitrate, a form of nitrogen that plants consume, in the deep soil beneath crops grown using composted manure mixed into the soil. The team of biologists, agronomists and geologists also measured the levels of nitrate beneath crops fertilized with liquid synthetic fertilizer mixed into drip irrigation water, a system known as fertigation. Much higher levels of nitrate existed beneath the organic crops.
PHOTOS: Top 10 Genetically Engineered Crops
Soil directly beneath organically farmed green houses contained a maximum of 724 milligrams of nitrate per liter (mg/L) of soil at a depth of 2.5 meters. At that depth, the roots of the plants were unable to grab the nutrients, so the nitrate was destined to eventually sink into the groundwater. Nitrate contamination beneath organic crops averaged 357 mg/L. The results have been published in the journal Hydrology and Earth System Sciences.
Nitrate levels under crops receiving synthetic fertilizer averaged 38 mg/L. However, these fertigated crops had higher levels of nitrate in the upper soil where the plants roots could actually feed on the nutrients. Nitrate levels averaged 270 mg/L in the root zone of fertigated crops, compared to 109 mg/L in the organic crops' root zones.
ANALYSIS: Teens Win $50,000 with Hydroponics
The researchers suggested that the increased contamination beneath organic crops may result from compost being applied to the soil before the plants are sown. The compost provides nitrate to fertilize the crops. However, after the seeds sprout, the tiny plants can't absorb much nitrogen. Irrigation water leaches the unused nitrate into the deeper soil before the baby crops can devour the fertilizer. The synthetic fertilizers, on the other hand, are added incrementally to the irrigation water in amounts that the plants can absorb at different life stages.
The results of this study don't mean that organic agriculture necessarily pollutes more than conventional systems, however. Run off from synthetic nitrogen fertilization of lawns and crops leads to massive pollution of waterways and marine dead zones, such as the oxygen starved waters at the mouth of the Mississippi River in the Gulf of Mexico. The nitrogen fuels blooms of algae that suck oxygen from the water when they die and decompose. Fish and other marine life suffocate in these waters.
ANALYSIS: Giant Dead Zone May Choke Gulf of Mexico
The Israeli study does add to the evidence that organic agriculture doesn't provide a flawless solution to agricultural pollution. Besides pollution, the demand for organic produce led to farming of the parched Baja Peninsula of Mexico, reported the New York Times. The irrigation for the organic crops sucked water from scarce sources in the arid region and shattered the fragile ecology of the desert.
In rainier areas more suited to farming, organic agriculture can improve soil quality and foster a healthy community of microbes in the soil.
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Person:Philip le Despenser (1)
Philip le Despencer
d.24 Sep 1313
Facts and Events
Name Philip le Despencer
Gender Male
Birth? ABT 1288 Harry Stoke, Gloucestershire, England
Marriage to Margaret de Goushill
Death[4][5][1] 24 Sep 1313
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Sir Philip Le Despencer, Knt., of Goxhill, Lincolnshire was the son of Hugh Le Despencer, 1st Earl of Winchester and his wife, Lady Isabella Beauchamp, daughter of William de Beauchamp, 9th Earl of Warwick and Maud FitzJohn. He was born ca. 1290 in Stoke, Gloucester, England. He married Margaret de Goushill, daughter of Ralph De Gousille and his wife Hawise Fitzwarine. Philip was brother to Hugh Despenser, the Younger, a favorite of King Edward II.
According to Douglas Richardson's Magna Carta Ancestry, Philip and Margaret were parents to Sir Philip le Despenser of Goxhill, Lincolnshire (6 Apr 1313-Aug 1349) who married Hon. Joan de Cobham, daughter of John, 2nd Baron Cobham of Kent.
They were parents to:
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Philip Despencer. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
 1. PHILIP, in Cawley, Charles. Medieval Lands: A prosopography of medieval European noble and royal families.
 2. Moor, Charles. Knights of Edward I. (London: Harleian Society], _PHONE_), Volume 1, pages 279 and 280.
 3. Philip Despencer, in Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia.
 4. The Descent of Col. Charles Edward Cumberland, in Foster, Joseph. The royal lineage of our noble and gentle families, together with their paternal ancestry. (London, England: Hazell, Watson and Viney Limited, 1884).
 Foster makes Philip the son of Hugh and Eleanor de Clare.
 5. Cokayne, George Edward, and Vicary Gibbs; et al. The complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, extant, extinct, or dormant [2nd ed.]. (London: St. Catherine Press, 1910-59), 4:289 fn a, 6:42.
 "...Philip was yr. s. of Hugh le Despenser the elder (Close Rolls, 6 Edw. II, m. 21; 20 Edw.III, p. 1, m. 25 d; 21 Edw.III, p. 1, m.6), not, as usually stated, of Hugh the younger."


Antique and Vintage Swords
The words "sword" and "saber" are sometimes used interchangeably, but the blades are different in design and purpose. Swords tend to be straight, and often have sharpened edges on two sides. Sabers, or sabres, are curved weapons whose convex, or outside, edges are meant for slashing—picture a soldier in the Civil War riding into battle on a horse. Beyond these two general categories, swords are described in European countries as rapiers,...Continue Reading


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Navigational Bronchoscopy
When examining tissue masses or tumors inside the lungs, a standard flexible bronchoscope is typically used. However, many bronchoscopes cannot find or reach tumors located in the periphery of the lungs, where smaller bronchi are not wide enough to permit passage of a normal scope.
Over two-thirds of lung masses are located in the periphery of the lungs. Navigational bronchoscopy is a technology which combines electromagnetic navigation with real-time 3D CT images, enabling doctors to biopsy and treat masses in these distant regions of the lungs.
Before undergoing a navigational bronchoscopy procedure, a CT scan is performed to locate potential tumors in the lung. The CT scan is then loaded onto a computer and used to create a virtual, three-dimensional "roadmap" of the lung. A doctor marks where the target lesions are located on the virtual map and plans how to navigate through the lung to reach the lesions.
For the procedure, the patient lies on a low-frequency electromagnetic bed. A bronchoscope, containing an extended working channel (EWC) and locatable guide, is inserted into the patient's airway, down the trachea and into the bronchi. The electromagnetic bed allows the doctor to view the locatable guide in real-time on the virtual map to carefully guide the scope deep into the lung. The doctor is able to control the movement and direction of the locatable guide as it travels into the smallest bronchiole. Once a target lesion is reached, the locatable guide is removed and a surgical instrument is passed through the EWC to collect a biopsy for testing.
Navigational bronchoscopy may also be used in conjunction with external beam radiation therapy, such as TomoTherapy, to treat peripheral tumors with a precise form of radiation that delivers a high dose to the tumor while reducing radiation exposure to surrounding healthy tissue.
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Visions Journal
Visions—Social Support
PDF | Vol. 6, No. 4 (2011)
In this issue of Visions, we examine the many faces and facets of social support. Social support—that is, being connected to others who care—is an important part of overall health and well-being. The positive effects of social support in mental health and substance use are significant. But is any support good support? How can we make positive changes to our social supports? And how do technology and online communities affect social support? These are just a few of the themes we'll explore.
Experiences and Perspectives
Alternatives and Approaches
Regional Programs
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