Do Men and Women Cook Really Differently?
The kitchen is neutral ground in almost every home. Husbands, wives, brothers, sisters, and all other family members get to maximize the kitchen space. In maximizing the kitchen, a difference is seen in the mode of operation by men and women.
What do they do differently? What is the difference between the way a man or woman prepare meals? The answers to these questions are not far-fetched. As some parameters would be used to discuss their difference in preparing meals in this article.
I think we would all agree that women are neater in the kitchen than men. Women tend to clean up after themselves as they cook. Usually, women do not wait until they are done cooking before cleaning. For everything that spills, they are ever ready to clean up with a towel.
Men, on the other hand hardly do so. It is quite typical of men to wait until they are done with cooking before cleaning up. However, this does not mean men are dirty cooks. It just means that women are more conscious of their cooking environment.
Composure in the kitchen is a clear cut difference between men and women in the kitchen. Typically, women are more composed and relaxed while cooking. They almost always know what they are doing. They know what to do at every point in time and how to conveniently.
Again, it is a different ball game for men. Men are more adventurers than they are cooks. They hardly follow instructions and often just go with the flow. Also, men tend to get panicky when things go south. I dare say, they're ill-equipped for kitchen emergencies, unless it is a broken pipe of course. Check here!
It is common knowledge that food taste would be bland without enough spice. Having said that, men and women spice their food differently.
Women are more discrete in spicing their food. They hardly go over the appropriate amount of spices for the food they cook. They always aim for balance. Well, it's a different story when it comes to men.
Men could care less about getting the spice amount right. They spice up their food based on intuition and they usually do not mind their food being too spicy.
Men avoid baking. They would rather cook than bake up anything. This might be due to the fear of getting wrong since baking requires precision to say the least.
Women on the other hand can conveniently bake and cook. They are more open to diverse types of food than men. Baking is not an issue for most women because they follow recipe instruction by paying keen attention to the least detail.
Recovering dishes
I would like to think that this is one of the reasons women are called superheroes. Women can easily turn a bad kitchen day into a good one. They have enough arrows in their quivers to take care of unforeseen circumstances in the kitchen.
If they try one procedure and it does not go as plan, they have an immediate alternative to rescue the situation.
Men on the other hand accept defeat without blinking. If they don't get it right with the formula at hand they usually just give up. Unless it's a competition, men would not bother with getting it right.
These differences do not mean men are not good cooks. In fact, they are great cooks. This difference just means that the kitchen could mean different things for different people. Hence, each gender gets to handle things differently and how they see fit.
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Best Ways to Bake With CBD
Cannabidiol is an interesting ingredient and yet more people include this with their meals. It's strange because a few years ago you would never have dreamt of adding CBD to your baked goods. However, it's a popular trend of modern times and more bakers love to add this to their baked delights. Of course, over the years home bakers have used all sorts to create 'special' cookies and treats and have loved the results. CBD is slightly different though. Adding CBD to beverages and food is quite popular. So, how can you bake with CBD? you may also like to read about CBD Cannabigerol
Understand How Potent Cannabidiol Can Be
CBD is widely located but it isn't always clear how much should be used at any one time. When it comes to using it with food, you have to be even more careful because adding too much could be potentially deadly. What you might not know is that CBD is quite potent; in simple terms, it means it's quite strong and should only ever be used minimally. Small doses would be wise, more so than adding large quantities of it, this is especially important for those who want to bake with it. If you don't know the potency of Cannabidiol, you might use too much so it's essential to look at the strength of the product you're using.
If you're going to bake with Cannabidiol, it's essential to use a minimal amount in every dish prepared. This would be sensible whether you're baking a tray of chocolate fudge brownies, an apple pie, or blueberry muffins. Click here for more information:
Flavors and Taste
You want to bake with CBD so think about the flavors being used. What flavors do you like? What do you want to bake? Would you prefer to have an underlying taste of Cannabidiol or would you prefer to mask the taste entirely? These are the things you have to think about to get the balance in your cooking just right. If you really don't want to taste CBD then you have to pair with ingredients that will mask the flavor. For instance, chocolate, especially dark chocolate, can taste wonderful and often overpower all other ingredients. It's the same with chili.
Pair Your Ingredients
As said above, Cannabidiol can have a unique taste and some won't appreciate or enjoy it. If you're serious about baking with CBD, then you have to match or pair your ingredients properly. What does that mean? Let's say you were baking a cake or a tart, you may want to use a strong flavored jam so Cannabidiol wouldn't overpower the cake. Again, this is a personal preference. It could be risky to put CBD in your food so you have to think before you use too much.
Show Off Your Baking Skills
Cannabidiol is widely used in baking and it's an interesting ingredient to work with, but, it's complicated. The health benefits mightn't outweigh the risks and while it's popular, it's not for everyone. You have a potent flavor; you have to pair it wisely and at times, mask the taste to make it enjoyable. CBD is tricky to work with in food so try and test to find the best. Know more here!
CBD and Exercise: Risks and Benefits
People who do sports often and also athletes are always in search of the perfect complement. Either to achieve your goals or to help with your diet and the necessary nutrients.
In any case, to enjoy sports it is very important that we have a quality sleep cycle and a balanced diet. Along with these two premises, there is a supplement that can help you in your workouts, this supplement is CBD.
The healthiest way to consume CBD for sports is oil.
Cannabis oil is produced in very good condition, making it definitely the healthiest (and legal) way to consume cannabis.
When it comes to sports, there are many benefits that CBD can bring you.
 - Helps the development of your muscles
CBD is a product that helps prevent excess catabolism and also maintains muscle mass and prevents muscle loss.
 - Helps reduce inflammation
When we want to build muscle or get fit, we often do heavy exercises in the gym. Hypertrophic training can cause your muscles to break and ache the next day.
If you consume CBD you will help to reduce this inflammation.
 - Helps alleviate genes in various diseases
There are people with degenerative diseases who have a problem when playing sports.
At home, cannabis oil is considered an alternative treatment agent that cancer patients can use in combination with other medications. However, not only cancer patients during chemotherapy can use cannabis oil as an alternative treatment agent.
The oil has a calming effect on the body and can therefore also be recommended for people suffering from stress or anxiety.
Cannabis oil can, among other things, be used to cure headaches and migraines, if normal medicine does not have the desired effect.
Several people suffering from sclerosis and arthritis also have good comments about the use of cannabis oil. They prefer to use the oil because common medicine will not always ease the pain they suffer on a daily basis.
Cannabis oil can also help reduce cramps, pain, and spasms.
 - It is good for the heart
The cannabis oil content is believed to reduce the likelihood of heart problems and balance the body system by causing the blood vessels to relax and expand.
This reduces blood circulation and at the same time improves blood pressure. Therefore, cannabis oil can help improve your cardiovascular system and prevent cardiovascular disease.
The oil also stimulates the antioxidant pathway through the body and can also help lower cholesterol levels.
For more information read our article


that Genesis held meaning that was true in an ultimate sense. This true meaning is based upon recognizing that the tree of knowledge of good and evil is a metaphor for reason. How so?
Reason is capable of perceiving only quantities. A quantity is something that can be measured or compared to something else. In fact, quantities can be arranged to hold the end positions on a range of possibilities. For instance, on one end of a range is good, on the other end is evil.
Consider the Platonic Ideals. They are quantities because they make sense only when each is paired with its opposite; such as beauty and ugliness. How about right and wrong? Quantities derived through reason. How about the spatial orientations that are described by reason? Up or down, left or right, front or back. These are all quantities derived by reason, because while they may not be measurable, each member of a pair is understood only as it is compared to the other.
Another characteristic of reason is that it breaks wholes down into component parts in the form of quantities. With reason, you perceive and manipulate details. Adam and Eve begin life in the garden without benefit of reason. We know this because they do not notice the details of each other or of themselves.
 "Both the man and the woman were naked, but they felt no shame." Genesis 2:25
If Adam and Eve are not using reason, and they are thinking beings, then what kind of thinking are they using? There is not a lot of choice. There are only reason and intuition. Adam and Eve begin life in the Garden of Eden using the same thinking paradigm with which we are all prewired at birth – pure intuition. We, and Adam and Eve, began life in a world where there is no concept of value, no concept of ownership, a world in which all is perceived as it participates in a whole. We begin our journeys through early development just as Adam and Eve presumably began life in the Garden of Eden – not connected to our potentials for reason. We are born prewired with pure intuition.
After Adam and Eve have eaten fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and evil, they suddenly demonstrate that they have acquired reason. They can instantly grasp details. Only reason isolates and perceives details, which it does without reference to the whole.
 "She took of its fruit and ate it, and also gave some to her husband and he ate. Then the eyes of both were opened, and they realized that they were naked; so they sewed fig-leaves together and made themselves coverings." Genesis 3:6
Reason perceives details in information from the senses. Intuition perceives wholes. Before eating the fruit, Adam and Eve saw each other as wholes, noticing no details. After eating the fruit, suddenly they are embarrassingly aware of differences between them in terms of details. They have gained reason, and lost, well, we will see what they have lost.
Reason is useful, and powerful. With reason we have changed the world, positively and negatively. Reason can know what intuition cannot, and intuition can know what reason cannot. Intuition knows:
Although it is reason that organizes information from the senses in terms of 'time,' reason is incapable of knowing the "correct moment," say, to keep silent or to speak. You have chosen this moment to speak, and to back up your rhetoric with courageous and difficult actions. You have recognized the moment through your intuition. (This could indicate that you are using an intuitive thinking paradigm, which uses intuition as primary and reason as secondary, which is two thirds of the new thinking paradigm. A personal thinking paradigm that is intuitive grows naturally out of the original thinking paradigm with which we are all prewired at birth, pure intuition.)
Because we are made to communicate under the academic/scientific thinking paradigm, what you have recognized with your intuition, you must describe and defend with your reason, and that is where you run into trouble.
What you have recognized with your intuition 'in the moment' about the system are qualities that participate in 'organic wholes.' A quality cannot be measured or compared. It cannot be made to yield to statistics. A quality exists only as it participates in a whole.
 "…we have seen that there is no necessity to hold that the "this" has any meaning whatever when considered in the indifferent exteriority of its being and independently from the upsurge of the for-itelf. Actually its quality, as we have seen, is nothing other than its being. The yellow of the lemon, we said, is not a subjective mode of apprehending the lemon; it is the lemon. We have shown also that the whole lemon extends throughout its qualities and that each one of the qualities is spread over the others; that is what we have correctly called "this." Every quality of being is all of being; it is the presence of its absolute contingency; it is its indifferent irreducibility." Jean-Paul Sartre, Being and Nothingness, p. 739
Reason cannot perceive anything as a whole, and it cannot grasp a quality. Reason breaks wholes down into component parts, and in the process turns qualities into quantities. When you agreeably participate in a debate about social or environmental issues, you understand the issues through your intuition. You see them as wholes, organic wholes, organic wholes that are totalities of qualities. But to communcate them, you are forced to destroy those wholes.
It is probably safe to say that many of the shills for, and members of, the 1% possess a personal thinking paradigm that is a version of the academic/scientific, which means that they will be using reason, regardless of what type of task they are performing. Not only will you not be able to communicate the system as a whole to them in a debate, if you are debating a shill for (or member of) the 1%, because he will be using reason, he would be unable to see the system as a whole. He cannot see any qualities. He only sees quantities.
Because he would be using reason when he meets a stranger, here is an experience that a member of the 1% (a "one percenter") might have.
On a warm afternoon in early July, he is walking along one of the pleasant pathways in Central Park in New York City. Approaching him from the direction he is heading is a man a full foot taller than he, and half-again as wide at the shoulders. It is the height of summer, yet he is wearing a tattered winter coat and long, overlong, thick pants that cover his feet and drag on the ground. As he is about to pass by, our one percenter moves off the sidewalk and strenuously avoids making eye contact, quickening his step.
In this encounter, the one percenter has used reason. He has not seen this man as an organic whole, as something living in the particular way that this man is alive, but as an object, a thing composed of quantities. He has abstracted qualities from the whole, and in the instant that he did, they became quantities, and the man as an organic whole was lost. The one percenter saw the man in terms of details, aspects seen apart from the whole and by which he made judgments about him.
Once the man has been seen in terms of component parts, he cannot be built back together again as an organic whole. To perceive an organic whole as an organic whole, you must perceive it as such in the first instance of perception. Only through intuition can you do that.
If your personal thinking paradigm is indeed an intuitive version, here is how you might perceive the same stranger. You would be using intuition in the first instance of perception. You would perceive him as an organic whole.
On this July day, you may have just left from a visit to the Whitney Museum of American Art, and are teetering At the Edge of the World, brought there by the exhibit of that name (June 30-October 16, 2011), a show of eerie, troubling expressionist/cubist paintings by Lyonel Feininger (_PHONE_). Feeling like the incredible shrinking man or woman as a reaction to his abstract, larger than life humanoid figures dominating apparently shrinking, dilapidated manmade high rise structures, shrinking and contorted like rotting carved halloween pumpkins within sterile, artificial environments absent of nature, you are suddenly conscious of being embraced by the living, natural world.
From the fading edge of the dieing human world, you are suddenly transported into the center of a living, vibrant environment. You feel overhead and around you the enveloping canopy of trees; you feel as well as hear the cacophonic symphony of birdsong emanating from everywhere. Your awareness is arrested momentarily by the intrusion of the sound of a horse's hooves clomping heavily on the pavement in counterpoint to the jangling of harness hardware. You do not identify the sounds, or their sources, yet you yourself are lost in them, in the sense that you are not present, but are a part of the whole.
You are absent from your awareness. You have no sense of your self. You are not making judgments, looking at any objects, or thinking about your meeting at three or what you will eat at seven.


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Hopewell Culture National Historical Park is located in Chillicothe, Ohio on State Route 104, two miles north of US 35. The park is open daily March - November. During December - February it is closed on Mondays and Tuesdays. It is also closed on Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New Year's day. The park is open from 8:30AM - 5:00PM. There are extended hours in the summer, I'm not sure how late it's open. I guess it closes at dark.
The mounds at Hopewell Culture National Historical Park were bulit by, you guessed it, the Hopewell Indians. Until the late 1840's scientists and historians did not know who built these mounds. The Native Americans living in the area, mainly the Shawnee, did not know who built the mounds so it was assumed that a lost race built them. However, through scientific studies it was determined that the Hopewell built them 2,200 - 1,500 years ago!
The Hopewell settled along riverbanks throughout the midwest. They were hunters and gatherers. They were named after Captain Mordecai Hopewell. He owned a farm were a major earthworks (group of mounds) were excavated in 1891.
The Hopewell did not live by the mounds. They were built to bury their dead. The dead were buried with ceremonial objects, such as statues and beads made out of bone, shell, copper, and stone.
There used to be more mounds at this site and at other sites throughout the midwest, however, a lot of the mounds were destroyed by farming and building.
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When selecting pen refills, identify the pen manufacturer and model, check the size and shape of the existing ink cartridge, and find a refill that matches these characteristics. Check whether there are quantity and shipping promotions and buy refills in bulk to ease the process of procuring future refills.Continue Reading
Some pens can take standard refills while others require the refill cartridges specified by the manufacturer. To find the right refill, look for cartridges that have the same size and shape as the cartridge of your existing pen. Ensure that the identified refills are made for the type and model of your pen. Although a rollerball refill and a fountain pen refill may be from the same manufacturer, they may not require the same refill. Check the tip size of your pen, and ensure that the refill does not have a wider or narrower tip than the one you are used to.
If buying a refill online, pay attention to the refill color as computer screens may not show the color shade correctly. For example, blues and blue-blacks are easy to mistake. Check the listed characteristics to ensure you buy the refill you intended to get. Consider ordering refills with multiple colors and tip sizes to explore new ways of writing.Learn more about Office Supplies

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Date of Award
Master of Science (MS)
In film boiling, a layer of vapor completely blankets the heated surface and prevents liquid contact with the surface. Film boiling is usually considered undesirable because it is an inefficient mode of heat transfer and can lead to temperatures in excess of those allowed for many materials. Because film boiling may inhibit desired heat transfer in several processes including metals manufacturing, cryogenic engineering, and electronic cooling, it is useful to consider how the film boiling vapor layer may be destabilized or altered such that time-averaged heat transfer is improved.
Long, Jolie Ann, "A Theoretical Nonlinear Dynamical Model of Coupled Heat and Momentum Transfer in Forced Convection Film Boiling" (1995). All Theses. 2315.


1. Mobile apps that use big data better do the data science too
3/29/2019 8:10:24 AM
Mobile apps that use big data better do the data science too
Data Science,Mobile App Data,Enterprise Data
App Developer Magazine
Mobile apps that use big data better do the data science too
Mobile apps that use big data better do the data science too
Richard Harris Richard Harris in Big Data Friday, March 29, 2019
For mobile apps that use big data, sciencing the data is important. Expert Ryohei Fujimaki, Ph.D., founder, and CEO of dotData recently spoke with ADM to cover the fascinating world of data science and why it matters to mobile app development.
Data science has emerged as a new powerhouse for organizations, turning mountains of data into actionable business insights that impact every part of the business. However, not all data science platforms and methodologies are created equal. The ability to use data science to make decisions with transparency and accountability comes down to many factors, including whether the platform uses a Black Box or White Box model.
Once the industry standard, Black Box models offer high degrees of accuracy, but neither the transparency nor features required for accountability and actionable insights. On the other hand, White Box models offer accuracy while also clearly explaining how they behave, how they produce predictions and what the influencing variables are.
Ryohei Fujimaki, Ph.D., founder, and CEO of dotData spoke with ADM about the key differences between these two approaches, and the three top reasons that White Box data science models are key to deriving business value from data science: actionability, explainability and accountability.
ADM: Why is data science getting more important in the app development world, especially for mobile apps that use big data?
Fujimaki: In order to be successful, mobile apps must be fast, user-friendly, bug-free, and visually appealing – and most of all, they must effectively meet user needs better than competing options. Big data provides information that app developers can use to create apps that users genuinely want and need.
Mobile and web apps are increasingly adding features powered by machine learning and natural language processing. By combining big data with machine learning, app developers are able to identify customer behaviors, spot risky connections, build better products, and identify additional opportunities for growth. Nearly every modern app leverages data science and machine learning. Being able to collect, process, and report this data in an efficient way that empowers business decisions based on real-time intelligence is crucial to application success.
Putting more data science into your app development projects
ADM: How are data science and machine learning enhancing innovation in apps?
Fujimaki: Data science and machine learning bridge the gap between big data and usable data. Through data science, app developers can see who's using the app, when they're using it, where they're using it, and even why they're using it. From here, developers can personalize messages and experiences for users based upon how they use the app, helping them more clearly see who is using their apps in a premium, pay-for mode, and where they should be investing their efforts to further monetize their products.
ADM: How can app developers work with data scientists to ensure a smooth data science deployment in their applications?
Fujimaki: The automation of the data science process is transforming how app developers, and developers across all sectors, are working with big data. Before automation, it took months between collecting data identifying use cases that could be put into production. It also required extensive effort from professional data scientists, who are valuable and skilled resources – but who are also scarce. New automation technologies have eliminated the manual processes associated with data science, democratizing the processes to leverage existing resources and enable faster time to value. With these tools, app development companies can execute data science projects at scale in weeks instead of months, freeing app developers and the rest of the organization to focus on their core competencies and operate more strategically.
Developers better engage with corporate data science and analytics teams
ADM: What are the biggest data science challenges that app developers face?
Fujimaki: App users produce an enormous amount of data. The amount of data produced by app users has surpassed the petabyte level; raw data is now measured in zettabytes, and in the years to come, the amount of globally stored data is expected to reach yottabyte level. Without the right resources, it can take significant time to produce meaningful insights from this amount of data, and time is one luxury that app developers don't have.
The traditional data science process isn't scalable; it was meant to be exploratory and was never intended to be deployed in real-time applications. It also requires the acquisition and onboarding of extensively trained resources, which strained budgets and personnel management. App developers who still use this process find it to be slow and cumbersome and find that it drains valuable resources while providing ambiguous results far too late to help them gain a competitive edge.
Enterprise-grade, automated solutions help solve this challenge by operationalizing data science, empowering analysts of all skill levels to execute on data science projects while freeing data scientists and app developers to focus on the highest value projects with the biggest impact. App developers can simply deploy these solutions, delivering substantially more data science projects in near real-time, meeting their speed-to-market needs.
ADM: How can app developers better engage with corporate data science and analytics teams?
Fujimaki: Data science functions are currently more tied to business functions as opposed to app development, which sits in engineering. In order to achieve the full impact of data science, all of these functions should be more closely linked, so the results can be contextualized within the organization's business strategies and objectives, and how these are achieved.
Ryohei Fujimaki PhD founder and CEO of dotData talks with App Developer Magazine
Ryohei is the Founder & CEO of dotData. Prior to founding dotData, he was the youngest research fellow ever in NEC Corporation's 119-year history, the title was honored for only six individuals among 1000+ researchers.
During his tenure at NEC, Ryohei was heavily involved in developing many cutting-edge data science solutions with NEC's global business clients, and was instrumental in the successful delivery of several high-profile analytical solutions that are now widely used in industry.
Ryohei received his Ph.D. degree from the University of Tokyo in the field of machine learning and artificial intelligence.
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tva logoTennessee Valley Authority
Ocoee Power
picture of Ocoee riverOcoee Dam No. 1 and Ocoee Dam No. 2 were among the first hydroelectric projects in the Tennessee Valley. Built by a private power company between 1910 and 1913, they were acquired by TVA in 1939. TVA built Ocoee Dam No. 3 during World War II.
Ocoee No. 2 and Ocoee No. 3 make clever use of East Tennessee's mountainous topography to maximize power production. The powerhouses of Ocoees No. 2 and 3 are located five and two-and-a-half miles downstream from their respective dams. Water flows from Ocoee No. 2 to its powerhouse by way of a wooden flume, and from Ocoee No. 3 to its powerhouse by a tunnel.
In each case the terrain drops precipitously from the dam to the powerhouse, while the tunnel and flume remain fairly level. This means that when water reaches the Ocoee No. 2 powerhouse, it must drop 250 feet through pipes to reach the generators.
As a result, the power-producing capacity of 30-foot-high Ocoee No. 2 is roughly equal to what you'd get if a 250-foot dam had been built at the powerhouse site. The same ingenious design boosts power production at Ocoee No. 3.
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Background: rigid trocars are widely adopted in video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS), despite some disadvantages: (I) cannula strong pressure on intercostal nerve stimulating postoperative pain; (II) limited movement of thoracoscopic devices on their fulcrum when extreme acute angles with the chest wall are needed. Wound retractor (WR) device, designed for laparoscopic surgery, it is also used in VATS, but to protect mini-thoracotomy. We compared the use of extra-small WR versus rigid trocar at camera port that is the most painful thoracostomy. The aim was to determine if WR is associated with less postoperative pain and better scope maneuverability.
Methods: This is a single institution prospective study recorded and approved by ethics committee at our hospital. From October 2016 to June 2017, we enrolled 40 patients (statistical power 88%), randomized into two different groups. Group A (20 patients) underwent VATS lung resection using WR at camera port, group B (20 patients) using rigid trocar. Intra-operative data collected were maximum acute angle obtained between the camera and chest wall and chest wall thickness. Pain was measured by numerical analog scales (NAS) at 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after surgery. We also measured total morphine consumption at 72 h administered by patient controlled analgesia (PCA) system.
Results: No statistical significance was found in the demographic traits of the two groups (P=1). Statistically significant differences were found in favor of group A for both pain control, morphine consumption (P<0.001) and camera maneuverability (described as maximum acute angle obtained/chest wall thickness) (P<0.001).
Conclusions: patients who had WR showed less postoperative pain. Moreover, WR presented other advantages: camera protection by small bleeding from chest wall, adaptability with every chest wall thickness, absence of skin injury around the port. We suggest its use instead of rigid trocar.


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Introducing the Performance of Political Feeling
- Date: Wednesday 27 February 2019, 14:00 – 16:00
- Location: University House
- Type: Seminars and lectures
- Cost: Free
covering Interdisciplinary Approaches and Perspectives
Part of the 2018-19 Sadler Seminar Series, 'The Performance of Political Feeling'
Across the disciplines of arts, humanities and social sciences, contemporary academic research has increasingly sought to devote attention toward the topic of emotion. Paired with an emerging focus in the political arena on the performance of emotion - and indeed political feeling more broadly, – this seminar aims to bring together academics from different disciplines to explore when, how and through what methods and means political feeling is constructed, mediated, understood and theorised. The event will use a film/television montage of events from political and cultural life that speak to the themes of politics/emotion/performance to stimulate conversation. Key questions include:
- What is political feeling? And how do political feelings emerge?
- What political feelings matter – to whom? And how, when and where are they mediated?
- What tenets of performance emerge from political feeling?
- What do the arts, humanities and social sciences do with the study of political feeling?
Key information and speakers:
The event will be introduced by Dr Beth Johnson and facilitated by Professor Stephen Coleman. The second half of the seminar will feature a short talk from writer, broadcaster and performer, Dr Kate Fox
Places are limited for this event, so if you would like to come along please send your rsvp to the seminar convener Beth Johnson
Location: St George Room, University House.


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For Educators Overview
The wealth of themes explored in THE NATIONAL PARKS: AMERICA'S BEST IDEA offer an extraordinary educational opportunity for your classroom. The lessons and activities developed around the film look at the rich history of the national parks, the art and photography of the breath-taking geography that inspired so many people and the human story of politics and policy that shaped and continue to shape the parks today.
The lessons on this site were developed to help teachers use THE NATIONAL PARKS: AMERICA'S BEST IDEA in the classroom. Activities are appropriate for grades 7-10 but are easily adapted to different age ranges. Many of the lessons incorporate video clips from the film as well as additional resources found on this site. All the lessons address national teaching standards listed within each plan.
Because THE NATIONAL PARKS: AMERICA'S BEST IDEA is so rich in educational themes and we know that teachers have a limited amount of time, we have developed a series of quick, adaptable activities for classroom use. Each "day trip" contains a brief overview along with activity ideas you can use to create lessons tailored to your individual class curriculum and teaching style.
The Untold Stories from America's National Parks initiative was designed to bring to light stories from the national parks focusing on the role of African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanic Americans and Native Americans in the creation and protection of individual parks and to engage new and traditionally underserved audiences in the educational richness of the national parks. The Untold Stories discussion guide will help you introduce students to a wide variety of history and stories representative of our diverse society and lead them on an exploration of our national parks as not just places that preserve our nation's natural and cultural heritage but sites that enrich lives, enhance learning and provide inspiration in an increasingly challenging and complex world.
Here you will find eleven screencasts and associated quick-start guides offering hands-on training in place-based digital storytelling. Using themes woven into the film and highlighted in the lesson plans, these modules train teachers how to integrate new media, digital storytelling and online mapping projects in their curriculum to engage students in authentic learning.
The training modules are tiered allowing participants to choose their level of engagement: from simple uploading and geo-tagging of photos, to the Share Your Story media uploading tool, to creating, publishing, and geotagging personal digital stories. As the modules can be used separately or together, participants choose the appropriate level of engagement, given available skill level, time, and resources.
THE NATIONAL PARKS: AMERICA'S BEST IDEA and the associated educational materials offer a wonderful opportunity to explore place-based learning. Often explained as using "community-as-text" (as opposed to "textbook-as-text"), students study their connection to the natural world through real-life exploration of place and location and by delving into regional human-environment interaction. Through this authentic learning, students come away with an understanding of the role they can and do play in this complex system.


Living Will, i.e. the desire for death, has been heard by the the Constitution bench of five Supreme Court judges. Court has allowed Passive euthanasia in Living Will. The Constitution Bench has issued guidelines for security measures for this. In such cases as the court guidelines have been issued which do not have Living Will in Advance itself.
Under this, a family member or friend can go to a high court and high court makes a medical board who will decide whether Passive euthanasia are needed or not. The court said that these guidelines will continue until the law comes.
What is Passive Euthanasia
The difference between active and passive Euthanasia is that something done for the patient's death in Active, while Passive Euthanasia do nothing to save the life of the patient.
During the hearing, the Constitution Bench had said that we would not say this in the right to life that the dignity of death is included in the right. We would say that dignified death should be painless. There should be some process where death can be done in a dignified manner.
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Quattrone & Tversky's Experiment
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Quattrone & Tversky's Experiment
People lie all the time even to themselves and surprisingly, it does work! This is the finding of the Quattrone and Tversky social psychology experiment that was published in the Journal of Personality and Psychology.
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Everyone is guilty of self-deception especially in the occasion where we don't end up getting what we wanted. We tend to rationalize ourselves and tell ourselves that what we instead got is better than what we originally wanted anyway and then we learn to settle. Sometimes it can be as obvious and direct as this, but there are also times when we do it to ourselves unknowingly and without even being aware of it.
Quattrone and Tversky further explored this phenomenon of self-deception in their classic social psychology experiment in 1984. It was then published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
Quiz 1 Quiz 2 Quiz 3 All Quizzes
The researchers recruited a total of 38 student respondents who were informed that they were to participate in a study about the "psychological and medical aspects of athletics".
The truth was, that the researchers were tricking the participants into thinking that the span of time that they will be able to submerge their arms in cold water tells them their current health status. This consequently allows researchers to find out how readily people deceive themselves to achieve more desirable results for themselves.
First, subjects were instructed to submerge their arms into cold water for as long as they could stand.
Next, the subjects were given some other tasks to do to make them think they were really involved in a study about athletics. They were asked to do some bike exercises, among others.
The subjects were then given a short lecture regarding life expectancy and how this relates to the type of heart each person has. They were informed of the two types of heart namely:
 - Type I heart which is associated with poorer health, shorter life expectancy and more vulnerable to heart disease.
 - Type II heart, which is associated with better heath, longer life expectancy and lower risk of contracting heart disease.
Half were told that people with Type II hearts are expected to have increased tolerance to cold water after exercise, while the remaining half were told it decreased tolerance to cold water. But these are not factually right anyway and were just made up lies to see whether participants will be deceiving themselves to think this way or not.
Subjects where then asked to submerge their arms again into the cold water for as long as they could stand.
The results acquired by Quattrone and Tversky showed that the experimental manipulation was effective. For the first half whom was told that cold tolerance is healthy, subjects were able to submerge their arms in cold water much longer the second time compared to the first time they did. At first, they averaged at 35 seconds but during the second attempt, they lasted longer than 45 seconds.
On the contrary, the other half whom was told that cold tolerance is unhealthy, correspondingly lessened their submersion time. On the average, when they first submerged their arms in cold water, they lasted for around 45 seconds. But after being informed about their heart type, their time went down on an average of 35 seconds.
Apparently, as results show, when people thought higher cold tolerance meant healthier heart, they held their arms underwater much longer and those who believed the reverse did otherwise and felt they couldn't any longer tolerate the cold.
To further test whether subjects were self-deceiving, they were asked whether they intentionally held their arms underwater longer or shorter as it indicates the health of their heart. Among the 38 subjects, 29 denied they did and 9 confessed indirectly. Those 9 justified that the water had changed temperature, thus explaining the change, but of course the water just had the same temperature all throughout the experiment.
They were then asked whether they really do believe that they had a healthy heart or not. More than half of the subjects that denied or 60% of them thought they had the healthier type of heart. While among the 9 confessors, only 20% thought they had the healthier heart. This only means that the deniers were more likely to be really deceiving themselves because they thought that the test was really telling them that they had a healthy heart.
The subjects confused diagnostic effect with a causal one. Submerging their arms for more or less time in the cold water is diagnostic of whether you have a healthy heart or not and does not cause a change in your heart's type. With this in mind, the subjects behaved as if they can actually change their heart's type.
Quattrone and Tversky: Causal versus Diagnostic Contingencies
Wikipedia: Self-Deception
The Truth About Self-Deception
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Tea Tee Neem Toothpaste, Wintergreen
Tea Tee Neem Toothpaste, Wintergreen
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Desert Essence Pure Aromatic Tea Tree Oil is known as an inherent antiseptic and comes from the bountiful outback of Australia. Distilled from the leaves of the melaleuca alternifolia tree it works on your mouth, leaving a refreshed and clean feeling. Neem is an ayurvedic extract from the bark of the neem tree which is known as the toothbrush tree in India where the twigs of the tree are used to clean the teeth daily. Additionally, Desert Essence has included baking soda which actively helps to fight plaque. Flavored with pure essential oil of Wintergreen for an ultra clean sensation.
INGREDIENTS: Calcium Carbonate, Vegetable Glycerin, Purified Water, Eco-Harvest Tea Tree Oil (Melaleuca Alternifolia), Neem Extract, Essential Oil of Wintergreen, Baking Soda, Carrageenan (Seaweed Extract), Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, Sea Salt.
 - No animal ingredients or testing.
 - No artificial preservatives, sweeteners, coloring or harsh abrasives.


Bárány chair
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Bárány chair
Demonstration of Bárány chair.jpg
A test person is sitting in a swivel chair. A second person has just stopped the rotation of the chair. The disoriented test person points at a sign held up by a third person.
ICD-9-CM 95.45
The Barany chair or Bárány chair, named for the Hungarian physiologist Bárány Róbert, is a device used for aerospace physiology training, particularly for student pilots.
The subject is placed in the chair, blindfolded, then spun about the vertical axis while keeping his head upright or tilted forward or to the side. The subject is then asked to perform tasks such as determine his direction of rotation while blindfolded, or rapidly change the orientation of his head, or attempt to point at a stationary object without blindfold after the chair is stopped. The chair is used to demonstrate spatial disorientation effects, proving that the vestibular system is not to be trusted in flight. Pilots are taught that they should instead rely on their flight instruments.
The device is also used in motion sickness therapy.
Nobel Prize[edit]
Bárány used this device in his ground-breaking research into the role of the inner ear in the sense of balance, which won him the 1914 Nobel prize.
See also[edit]


A Primer On Air Cargo Security
The industry readies for a December TSA deadline to screen all cargo on international passenger planes bound for the United States.
On Dec. 3, the Department of Homeland Security will enforce a new regulation requiring air carriers to screen 100 percent of all cargo aboard international inbound passenger flights. So how prepared is the cargo industry? What still needs to be done? And what's the difference between "screening" and "scanning," anyway?
How did we get here?
The initiative was mandated as part of the recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act that President George W. Bush signed into law in August 2007. Originally, legislators set a deadline of August 2010 to screen all such air cargo. The law required the Department of Homeland Security to establish a system that would screen all cargo transported on passenger aircraft to be "commensurate" with the level of security used for checked baggage.
'Commensurate?' Please explain?
The law does require all air cargo to be screened by the TSA at the "piece level" prior to transport on passenger aircraft for flights inbound for the United States. Keep in mind, this 100 percent screening cargo rule is already in force for domestic passenger flights and has been since 2010. Also, according to the TSA, more than 80 percent of cargo on international passenger flights bound for the United States is already being screened, up from around 65 percent two years ago.
But cargo isn't exactly a suitcase. How can this be screened like passenger bags?
Like a lot of laws, legislators offered little direction at the time the bill was made law. At the moment, the TSA provides shippers with a list of approved screening technologies:
Explosives detection.
Explosives trace detection.
Metal detection.
But much of this technology on the market today is designed to screen baggage not cargo.
So how is the industry expected to screen cargo?
There are a couple of programs in place, including many supported by the air cargo industry. For example, the TSA's National Cargo Security Program recognizes other nation's air cargo screening security programs. Last June, the United States and the European Union, Switzerland and Canada agreed to recognize each other's air cargo security procedures. "We strongly support efforts to enhance security of the air cargo supply chain without unduly disrupting vital commercial flows," says Michael Steen, chairman of the International Air Cargo Association. "Mutual recognition of robust security regimes is an important way to further this goal."
How different is what we do in the United States compared to what, say, the Europeans do?
The entire world stepped up cargo security measures after the 9/11 attacks. The TSA, for example, imposed strict protocols at the last departure point to the United States. Meanwhile, the European approach focused on ensuring that cargo, once it had been screened at its point of origin, could not be tampered with at any point along its route. Prior to the agreement, having these two procedures meant separating cargo bound the United States in airport warehouses for special processing that duplicated previous work and administrative paperwork. The costs of all this extra effort were passed on to the customers in the form of higher shipping rates. The additional handling procedures all but guaranteed longer shipping time, too. "Air cargo is by definition naturally urgent," says Slim Kallas, the EU's transportation commissioner. "Cutting out the duplication of security procedures will mean huge savings for cargo operators in terms of time and money."
Any other countries?
Brandon Fried, executive director of the Airforwarders Association says there are currently 20 more agreements in the pipeline. "The absence of a screening agreement with the U.S. should not imply that those countries are failing to inspect cargo on U.S.-bound planes," he says. "All countries are taking steps to secure departing flights …, but these steps may not be consistent with current U.S. practices."
That's great. But cargo is still not a suitcase.
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In many code samples, people usually use '\0' after creating a new char array like this:
string s = "JustAString";
char* array = new char[s.size() + 1];
strncpy(array, s.c_str(), s.size());
array[s.size()] = '\0';
Why should we use '\0' here?
share|improve this question
cstrings aren't usually the best idea in c++ code – Anthony Sottile Jun 8 '12 at 4:23
C string, which is a essentially a char array, must be NUL terminated. Otherwise, the functions in string.h will not function as expected. – nhahtdh Jun 8 '12 at 4:24
In C, you will see this a lot. In C++, there are probably better ways to get the same thing accomplished. – jedwards Jun 8 '12 at 4:24
It's a convention – valdo Jun 8 '12 at 6:09
it is not for the compiler, it is for the libraries and possibly your code. C does not support arrays properly. You can have local arrays, but there is no way to pass them about. If you try you just pass the start address (address of first element). So you can ever have the last element be special e.g. '\0' or always pass the size, being careful not to mess up. I use a set of macros to pass a start-address, length bi-tuple. Structures are another way. Classes are the best way. But C did not have classes. – richard Jun 8 '12 at 9:55
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5 Answers
up vote 31 down vote accepted
The title of your question references C strings. C++ std::string objects are handled differently than standard C strings. \0 is important when using C strings, and when I use the term string here, I'm referring to standard C strings.
\0 acts as a string terminator in C. It is known as the null character, or NUL. It signals code that processes strings - standard libraries but also your own code - where the end of a string is. A good example is strlen which returns the length of a string.
When you declare a constant string with:
const char *str = "JustAString";
then the \0 is appended automatically for you. In other cases, where you'll be managing a non-constant string as with your array example, you'll sometimes need to deal with it yourself. The docs for strncpy, which is used in your example, are a good illustration: strncpy copies over the null termination characters except in the case where the specified length is reached before the entire string is copied. Hence you'll often see strncpy combined with the possibly redundant assignment of a null terminator. strlcpy and strcpy_s were designed to address the potential problems that arise from neglecting to handle this case.
In your particular example, array[s.size()] = '\0'; is one such redundancy: since array is of size s.size() + 1, and strncpy is copying s.size() characters, the function will append the \0.
The documentation for standard C string utilities will indicate when you'll need to be careful to include such a null terminator. But read the documentation carefully: as with strncpy the details are easily overlooked, leading to potential buffer overflows.
share|improve this answer
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Why are strings in C++ usually terminated with '\0'?
Note that C++ Strings and C strings are not the same.
In C++ string refers to std::string which is a template class and provides a lot of intuitive functions to handle the string.
Note that C++ std::string are not \0 terminated, but the class provides functions to fetch the underlying string data as \0 terminated c-style string.
In C a string is collection of characters. This collection usually ends with a \0.
Unless a special character like \0 is used there would be no way of knowing when a string ends.
It is also aptly known as the string null terminator.
Ofcourse, there could be other ways of bookkeeping to track the length of the string, but using a special character has two straight advantages:
 - It is more intuitive and
 - There are no additional overheads
Note that \0 is needed because most of Standard C library functions operate on strings assuming they are \0 terminated.
For example:
While using printf() if you have an string which is not \0terminated then printf() keeps writing characters to stdout until a \0 is encountered, in short it might even print garbage.
Why should we use '\0' here?
There are two scenarios when you do not need to \0 terminate a string:
 - In any usage if you are explicitly bookkeeping length of the string and
 - If you are using some standard library api will implicitly add a \0 to strings.
In your case you already have the second scenario working for you.
array[s.size()] = '\0';
The above code statement is redundant in your example.
For your example using strncpy() makes it useless. strncpy() copies s.size() characters to your array, Note that it appends a null termination if there is any space left after copying the strings. Since arrayis of size s.size() + 1 a \0 is automagically added.
share|improve this answer
Not necessarily. You can also store an arbitary-length array by keeping the length somewhere (like how Java works.. I assume). – Brendan Long Jun 8 '12 at 4:25
_USER_: Hope that answers. – Alok Save Jun 8 '12 at 4:28
_USER_ I'm assuming edit went through after that comment but as pointed out it removes additional overhead. To do it the way you're suggesting you would need to make a struct with an int as well as the array and that would offer worse performance and consume more memory. – evanmcdonnal Jun 8 '12 at 4:30
_USER_ More overhead, yes, but the idea that the null pointer has "no overhead" is untrue -- it's one extra character (1-4 bytes). If you're using UTF32 (for some reason), then they'd be exactly the same size. Storing the length is also much faster in any case where you need to look up the length (since with a null terminator, you need to walk all the way through the string to figure out its length). I'm just trying to point out that it's not "one way is obviously better". It's notable that C++ stores the length for strings and vectors. – Brendan Long Jun 8 '12 at 4:33
I also disagree with the "more intuitive" point, since storing the length of your data seems just as intuitive to me as using a sentinel value. – Brendan Long Jun 8 '12 at 4:34
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'\0' is the null termination character. If your character array didn't have it and you tried to do a strcpy you would have a buffer overflow. Many functions rely on it to know when they need to stop reading or writing memory.
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array[s.size()] = '\0';
Why should we use '\0' here?
You shouldn't, that second line is waste of space. strncpy already adds a null termination if you know how to use it. The code can be rewritten as:
strncpy(array, s.c_str(), s.size()+1);
strncpy is sort of a weird function, it assumes that the first parameter is an array of the size of the third parameter. So it only copies null termination if there is any space left after copying the strings.
You could also have used memcpy() in this case, it will be slightly more efficient, though perhaps makes the code less intuitive to read.
share|improve this answer
or the other way around, strncpy being so weird perhaps makes the code less intuitive than the straightforward memcpy. But when I see code as shown above, my first reflex is usually to check if copying data to an array could not be completely avoided by direct use of c_str() content, because the final zero is often added to strings that wont be modified afterward (output strings). – kriss Aug 20 '12 at 20:36
add comment
In C, we represent string with an array of char (or w_char), and use special character to signal the end of the string. As opposed to Pascal, which stores the length of the string in the index 0 of the array (thus the string has a hard limit on the number of characters), there is theoretically no limit on the number of characters that a string (represented as array of characters) can have in C.
The special character is expected to be NUL in all the functions from the default library in C, and also other libraries. If you want to use the library functions that relies on the exact length of the string, you must terminate the string with NUL. You can totally define your own terminating character, but you must understand that library functions involving string (as array of characters) may not work as you expect and it will cause all sorts of errors.
In the snippet of code given, there is a need to explicitly set the terminating character to NUL, since you don't know if there are trash data in the array allocated. It is also a good practice, since in large code, you may not see the initialization of the array of characters.
share|improve this answer


text:
AOH :: CLONEPOT.TXT|
Cloning marijuana from cuttings
Cloning from cuttings
Like many plants, cloning of cannabis is possible through a relatively
simple process. The process itself is quite similar to the cloning of
most other plants and involves rooting branch cuttings from donor
First and foremost all substances coming into contact with the internal
tissues of the plant should be sterilized to prevent infection. Cutting
tools can be sterilized using bleach and growth media using an oven
(most come sterilized).
Cuttings are taken ideally with a 90 degree cut on the branch to
minimize surface area which is susceptible to infection. Then the large
fan leaves near the bottom of the cutting are removed to minimize
transpiration and the larger remaining fan leaf blades are cut to remove
half of their surface area.
The stem is then re-cut at a 45 degree angle, ideally just below a
growth node (the place on a stem where the leaves or branches are
attached). Many growers claim cloning is most successful when clones are
cut so that 1-2 growth nodes are surrounded by the growing medium, with
2-3 showing above the medium. Clones between 3 and 6 inches tall are
Many growers believe that the second cut (of 45 degrees) should be done
underwater to prevent air bubbles (called embolisms) from forming in the
xylem of the stem which may affect water and nutrient uptake. An
embolism is a common cause of internal infections in the plant which is
almost always fatal. Using a clean knife minimizes infection risks,
which can wipe out a number of clones quickly.
Rooting hormone gel or powder mixes are then applied to the cut to
promote root growth and inhibit fungal infection. The cutting is then
placed in a rooting medium which may be a soil mix or a soil-less
medium. Typical soil-less media are Perlite, vermiculite, peat moss,
sand, rock wool or Oasis foam. A good medium is one that drains well,
holds moisture and air well also. Oxygen is important for healthy root
The cuttings in their new medium should be kept at a constant
temperature (around 78 F) and with high humidity. Elevated humidity
levels can be achieved by use of a humidifier or a humidity dome.
Elevated humidity levels slow the transpiration rate which is important
because without a root system the water uptake is very slow; If the
transpiration rate exceeds the uptake rate the cutting is losing water
and will wilt and die.
Many growers use a humidity dome as they are very inexpensive, around
$7, and are easy to use. Many others improvise domes with simple plastic
baggies secured with rubber bands (even less expensive and equally easy
to use). When using a humidity dome, the dome should be removed at least
twice a day and the rooting clones should be fanned to prevent mold and
to give them some air circulation. Alternatively, you can cut off the
bottom of a clear 3-liter bottle and temporarily put it over a single
plant. The cap can easily be removed a couple times a day to easily
The rooting medium should be kept moist and should never dry out.
During other stages of growth one is advised to allow the soil to dry
out to allow the roots to get oxygen and to prevent root rot. Since
cuttings do not have roots this is not of concern. What is of concern is
that a cutting will dry out and die, which occurs very rapidly.
Light intensity should be very low during the rooting process. High
light intensities will force the plant to focus on photosynthesis at the
expense of rooting. Light intensity should be increased during the last
week up to normal illumination levels.
Cuttings usually take 7-14 days to develop root systems. Drooping is
common within the first week. Cuttings that have not regained rigidity
after 7 days are weak and are culled by most growers. To speed the
rooting process keep the cuttings at constant temperature. Allowing the
parent plant to become mildly nitrogen deficient before the cutting is
taken will also speed rooting.
If performed correctly, the cuttings should stay green during their
rooting time, and condensation should appear on the plastic coverings
for the cuttings, which indicates proper humidity. After 7 days, healthy
cuttings will appear strong with leaves reaching upward. Yellowing leaf
tips are a common indicator of successful rooting. Browning likely
indicates too much sunlight, too little humidity, cutting rotting in
sitting water, or unsanitary cloning conditions.
In recent years, stores selling hydroponic grow equipment began offering
automated machines (i.e.: EZCloner, etc.) in which trimmed cuttings are
placed and left alone for approximately two weeks. Anecdotal accounts
from established growers indicate these automated machines have near
100% success rates. Unfortunately, the cost (more than $300 USD) is
prohibitive for most people that grow at home for personal use.
1) Sterilize equipment
2) Remove cutting from mother plant with a 90 degree cut
3) Remove lower fan leaves and remove half of the surface area of
remaining fan leaves
4) Re-cut the stem (preferably underwater) with a 45 degree cut
5) Apply rooting hormone to cut end
6) Place cutting into a moist rooting medium
7) Cover with humidity dome and store at constant temperature (of about
78øF or 25.55øC)
8) Open dome lid and fan cuttings twice a day and keep medium moist
9) Keep illumination level low and increase it from day 7-14
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Memory Alpha
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Ammonium (NH4+) is a positively charged ion comprised of four molecules of hydrogen and one molecule of nitrogen.
Manure consists of potassium nitrate, ammonium, and methane. (VOY: "The 37's")
In 2376, B'Elanna Torres detected elevated levels of carbon monoxide and ammonium on Kelemane's planet during a series of scans, indicating evolutionary progress by the planet's inhabitants. (VOY: "Blink of an Eye")
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text:
The Jungfraujoch High Altitude Research Station, Switzerland, was awarded the EuChemS Historical Landmark Award in recognition of the pioneering work and exceptional "liaison réussie" between the research group of Prof. Marcel Migeotte (_PHONE_) with collaborators from the University of Liège, Belgium, and the International Foundation of the High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat (HFSJG), Switzerland. History was made at this alpine site in terms of the first fundamental measurements and early identification of harmful atmospheric constituents, such as anthropogenic greenhouse gases, and evidence of how their presence in our atmosphere has changed over the last 70 years. Our current understanding of atmospheric chemistry and physics in the context of Earth's climate system would not be possible without the visionary approach of asking the right questions, developing cutting-edge instrumentation and forging strong coalitions at a seminal time for atmospheric chemistry.
The Swiss Chemical Society aswell as the International Foundation 'High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat' and its partners are very proud to have received this prestigious award and look forward to sharing with you the activities related to the award ceremony.
University of Bern


text:
August 21, 2017
Computer algorithm automatically recognizes soccer formations and defensive strategies
Though soccer players have assigned roles, it's routine for players to swap positions during the course of a game, or even of a single play. Other players and most fans recognize when this occurs and now, thanks to new work on multi-agent imitation learning, so can a computer.
Researchers at Disney Research, the California Institute of Technology and STATS, a supplier of sports data, used deep learning techniques to develop an algorithm that can automatically recognize formations of teams when analyzing player tracking data.
"To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time an imitation learning approach has been applied to jointly learn cooperative multi-agent policies at large scale," said Peter Carr, research scientist at Disney Research.
From the viewpoint of sports analytics, he noted, this enables a machine to better analyze the play of each athlete in soccer, basketball or other team sports by understanding how players coordinate with each other to shift roles.
"This new capability, however, has applications well beyond sports," said Markus Gross, vice president at Disney Research. "These include robot movement, autonomous vehicle planning and modeling of collective animal behavior."
The team presented its findings Aug. 8 at the International Conference on Machine Learning in Sydney, Australia.
Multi-agent learning is not new, but advances have been modest compared with conventional supervised learning and single-agent reinforcement learning, said Yisong Yue, assistant professor of computing and mathematical sciences at Caltech. That's understandable, he added, given the complexity of the problem and a historic lack of data sources and experimental testbeds.
"The wealth of sports tracking data being amassed by organization such as STATS now makes it possible for computers to learn by watching a bunch of people in action - what's known as multi-agent imitation learning," said Patrick Lucey, director of data science at STATS.
In work presented earlier this year at the MIT Sports Analytics Conference, the Disney, Caltech and STATS team demonstrated that computers could indicate where defending players should have been based on what the attacking team was doing, and identified occasions when defending players were out of position. With this latest work, the computer no longer requires humans to identify the formation being used. Instead, the algorithm is able to discern player roles - and how they change during the course of the game - automatically from the tracking data.
To do so, Yue explained, the researchers extended single-agent imitation learning approaches into the multi-agent domain by using deep learning, powerful machine learning techniques that use brain-inspired programs called neural networks. But applying deep learning directly to the problem was not sufficient to solve it.
"If we input raw tracking data to the neural network, it is unable to learn a suitable set of policies that identify the formation," said Hoang Le, Ph.D student at Caltech. "Re-indexing the players at each time step so that the data is arranged in a consistent ordering that reflects the underlying formation of the team is our key insight." In the past, this was handled manually, but the researchers were able to devise a new learning approach that performs this re-indexing automatically, enabling the computer to learn the underlying formation.
In an experiment involving data from 45 games of European professional soccer teams, the researchers used the algorithm to learn the set of roles employed by each team, and then inferred which player was fulfilling each role (not including the goal keepers). They found it substantially outperformed conventional imitation learning methods.
The researchers also ran experiments on a predator-prey simulation game, where four predators and one prey are positioned on a grid. The predators must coordinate their actions to capture the prey in the least possible time. The algorithm quickly approached expert performance, Le noted, far outperforming an unstructured multi-agent imitation learning method, which often failed to capture the prey.
As part of this publication, STATS has released the tracking data to fuel further research in multi-agent learning, noted Patrick Lucey.
Combining creativity and innovation, this research continues Disney's rich legacy of leveraging technology to enhance the tools and systems of tomorrow.


text:
school eye screening versus a primary eye care model to provide refractive error services for children in India
Aim: To compare the cost-effectiveness of school eye screening (SES) for refractive errors with a primary eye care (PEC) model that provides comprehensive eye care, including refractive services, to children of school age.
Methods: Retrospective data from SES and PEC clinics in Delhi slums for 2005-2006 were examined. Children who had been dispensed spectacles through both models over 12 months were surveyed. Visual acuity with and without spectacles was measured and the children's spectacle-wearing behaviour was evaluated. The quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained were calculated using utility analysis for each model and were compared.
Results: The SES model was more cost-effective than the PEC model in all areas. In the SES model, the cost to examine a child was US $0.64, the cost to examine and dispense spectacles was US $12.13, and the undiscounted cost per QALY was US $18.11. In the PEC model the cost of examining a child was US $3.10, the cost of examining and dispensing spectacles was US $25.58, and the undiscounted cost per QALY was US $45.42. The correlation of spectacles prescribed to spectacles manufactured was excellent in both models, with a combined correlation of 98%. The sensitivity of teachers screening for vision impairment was 100%, while their specificity was 59.8%.
Conclusion: School eye screening in India is a highly cost-effective method of correcting visual impairment due to refractive errors in school-age children and should be expanded where possible. As not all children can be examined through school screening, comprehensive eye care clinics play an important role in the correction of refractive errors, but at a higher cost.


text:
The humanitarian Kindertransport program brought nearly 10,000 children, mostly Jewish and mostly girls, out of Nazi Germany to Britain during the Second World War. Reunion of Kindertransport, is an international organization aimed at helping the now grown displaced persons find their kin. Some have never recovered psychologically and spent the past 50 years in mental institutions.
Yet, at the end of the Vietnam war, the U.S. decided to enact another mass "savior" of children project. The infamous Vietnam "Operation BabyLift" airlifted more than 2,500 infants and children from Vietnam in 1975, allowing the children to be adopted by families around the world.
This evangelistic rescue effort led to a class action suit in the Federal District Court in San Francisco on behalf of Vietnamese children brought to the U. S. for adoption. The suit, which claims that several of the children labeled orphans were not. They seek to enjoin adoption proceedings in order to ascertain if parents or extended family in Vietnam ever consented to their adoption or cannot be found. They further wish to return to Vietnam.
Then came the tsunami of 2004 that left in excess of five million people homeless, including about 1.5 million children most of whom "became" orphaned, according to the United Nations. As calls poured in to adopt victims, Save the Children issued a statement "Adoptions, especially inter-country ones, are inappropriate during the emergency phase…" With orphans being targeted by criminal gangs, in the wake of the floods, Sri Lanka banned adoptions fearing child trafficking.
And now we are faced with an earthquake with unimaginable damage in Haiti.
Unicef has stated it very simply:
The United Nations Children's Fund (Unicef) said Tuesday that international adoption should be the 'last resort' for children orphaned by last week's catastrophic earthquake in Haiti.
"Unicef's position has always been that whatever the humanitarian situation, family reunification must be favoured," spokeswoman Veronique Taveau said during a press briefing in Geneva.
"The last resort is inter-country adoption," she said.
Taveau said Unicef is working to find and identify children left without parents after last Tuesday's devastating earthquake in the country.
"We find them, identify them and register them, and favour family reunification," she said, adding that for Unicef's purposes, family includes uncles and aunts, cousins, grandparents and more distant relatives.
Unicef expressed concern amid reports of efforts to speed international adoptions of Haitian children in the aftermath of the disaster, which is estimated to have left about 200,000 people dead.
International Social Services and the International Rescue Committee concur, stating "in general, international adoption should not take place in a situation of war or natural disaster, given that these events make it impossible to verify the personal and family situation of children. Any operation to adopt or to evacuate children that are victims of the earthquake to another country must be absolutely avoided, as was the case during the 2004 tsunami…."
Haitian "children are currently experiencing extreme stress so that a sudden shift to a new country and a new family can have a psychological impact that is impossible to measure. According to the Guidelines developed by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the evacuation of such children or their temporary placement in families abroad is also traumatic. It is considered as an added disruption to the injury already suffered by the child."
The Hague Conference on International Law likewise states:
evacuation should not be confused with intercountry adoption which is a more radical measure changing the parenthood of a child. Haiti covered by the UNCRC but is not a signatory of the Hague Intercountry Adoption Convention. However, any and all countries attempting to adopt from Haiti are under the limitations of that treaty which recommend that in a disaster, like the Haitian earthquake, efforts to reunite a displaced child with their parents or relatives must take priority. Premature and unregulated attempts at the international adoption of these children should be avoided. "Any decision to evacuate a child should be based on considerations of the child's safety and should not be confused with the adoption process. A humanitarian disaster such as the earthquake should not be the reason for by-passing essential safeguards for safe adoption…. In a situation where child care and protection services have broken down such as in Haiti, the risks are even greater that the adoption may be 'unsafe'. This is why in these tragic situations the emphasis should first be on child protection, rather than adoption.
The Quebec government has followed the advise of these experts, putting a hold on new adoption applications for Haitian children while the U.S. and the Dutch have sent planes to bring children out of Haiti in the midst of the recovery efforts despite Professor Rene Hoksbergen of Utrecht University, the Netherlands, warning that authorities should take great care in dealing with orphans from such a disaster, fearing the hurried evacuation could send a wrong signal.
"You have to be very careful in adopting these children from a country in chaos," he said. "It might look like when a country is a disaster it is easy to adopt children there." Worse still is the fear of all NGOs of corrupt baby brokers and opportunistic child traffickers using such disasters to their advantage.
When confused by pro and con statements about adoption, with both sides claiming to have the best interest of children at heart…follow the money.
Adoption agencies, even religious and non-profit rely on the redistribution of children to pay their bills, including salaries. This motivates their "concerns." They have lobbyists that pressure government into quick "feel good" bills and "rescue" actions that don't always look so quite so good in hindsight, and by those "rescued" and their families – or snatched – depending on your point of view.
Truly non-profit child advocating organizations all side with caution before the wholesale removal of children from their families and culture while lobbyists and marketers for those who profit from the redistribution just want to rush in and grab up the commodities.
SOS Children's Village, The UN, ISS and IRC, The Hague have no financial gain in the best and safest outcomes for these children. They simply advocate what is best for the children and have the expertise and workers on the ground to back it up.
Unicef and other NGOs involved in child welfare know full well that nearly 90% of children worldwide in orphanages are not orphans but have one living parent, or extended family who visit and hope to regain custody. People in impoverished nations like Haiti reply in institutional care for temporary assistance and to access medical care they cannot otherwise afford.
Children are a highly sought commodity in a multibillion dollar industry in which demand creates supply. Poverty is always exploited, let's not add this exploitation to people who have already suffered so very much.
There are many organizations accepting donation aid the children of Haiti for all who feel compelled to help without risking being exploitative.


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Aligning F-ATPase alpha and beta subunits
Change color chainD to grey/blue (rightclick in control panel on D in first column to select chain D, right click on COL, select color)
Scrol down the control panel and select all ATP analogs (press ctrl key and right click to select)
right click on COL in heading and select red color
Read the pdb file to get info on which chain is which
select chain F (including nuc) and save selected residues as betaTP.
select chain A (including nuc) and save selected residues as alphaE.
After playing with the F1-ATPase, close this file and open betaTP and alphaE.
Display layer info
select and display only the nucleotides
There are different ways to align 3-D structures. One way is to select 3 corresponding points in each of the two structures. To do so you can use the substrate molecule.
Using the mov check off in the Layer Info, reorient the two ANPs so that they are in a similar orientation (but not overlapping).
Click on the align bottom with the 3 green and 3 red dots. Notice the red instructions that appear in the header next to the pdb-page icon. Follow these instruction using three corresponding atoms.
SHIFT DISPLAY CA chain (Shift makes the commands act on both layers)
Using the mov checks in the Layer info, move the two chains next to each other.
What do you think about the result?
Another way to align structures is to use the magic fit in the tools command. Do this and run improve fit (notice the red info in the header)
Click on alpha in Layer info to make the alpha subunit the active layer
Make the beta subunit the active layer
COLOR rms. The further the atoms in the beta subunit are away from the alpha subunit, the longer wavelengths it is the colored.
DISPLAY Show alignment window - gives you the aligned sequences.
How does this alignment compare to the ones calculated using Clustalw?
If you have time, repeat the exercise for the three beta subunits to observe the structural changes the beta subunit is undergoing in the catalytic cycle.
If you have more time to spare and you are up for a challenge, take a look at the nucleosome. Right click here and save as pdb file. Open it from within spdbv. You might want to do some of the future exercises with the nucleosome in addition to the ATPases – thus save the pdb file, where you can find it again.
Align all the histones form the nucleosome to one reference histone and color in rmv:
The result might look something like this:
The picture shows a structure alignment of the 8 histones (2 each) that are part of the nucleosome. All the histones were colored regarding the match to H2A, except H2A, which was colored according to its match to H3. Coloring option RMS – shorter wavelengths – better match
Below same as last figure, but histones are depicted side by side
Below are two views of the complete nucleosome. Histones H2A are depicted as spacefilling balls and RMS colored regarding their match to H3. The rest of the molecule is colored according to chain.


in,
Life Cycle Costing in Construction
What is Life Cycle Costing
One of the most important aspects of a construction company is a life cycle costing that is used by every business to outline the costs that lay ahead of them fully. To understand this, it's important to go over what a life cycle cost is, the benefits of life cycle costing, and what a building's life cycle cost is.
What is a Life Cycle Cost in Construction?
The name is what sort of helps an individual understand what a life cycle cost is. It's a method that determines the overall cost of a construction project and the cost of the entire building's life cycle.
It's often used in the early stages of a building's development. However, some companies like to use it as a tool for the entire process of a building. As noted, this is due to the fact that a life cycle cost determines the costs surrounding the entire life of a building such as the investment cost, maintenance cost, renovation cost, operating cost, and the end of life cost.
The entire stage of a construction process is a long one. Starting and ending with a concept, design, construction, operation of the project, and the end of life for the project. The amount of information surrounding this is the main reason why a life cycle cost is used. It's a tool that paints out the greater picture of cost surrounding a project to the construction team behind the project.
Life Cycle Costing in Construction Industry
Benefits of Life Cycle Costing
There are a lot of benefits for life cycle costing. One of the most important being the ability to allow a company to reduce costs. If it turns out that the company is going over their budget, they can look at a life cycle cost to help determine what alternatives they can go with to reduce cost. Alternatives such as the design, building components, and much more.
These factors are determined over the entire life span of the project allowing the company to encompass what they should do entirely.
However, it's important to know that a life cycle cost doesn't necessarily determine the cheapest option available for a construction team. It actually helps a company determine the largest economic advantage with consideration of cost and benefit over the life of a project.
Besides the ability to reduce costs, a life cycle cost helps a construction team determine the maximum benefit of their project. This is done by analyzing the cost with the benefits in mind. Combining the two is what determines the overall success rate of a project.
In simple terms, a life cycle cost is what can help determine alternatives for a more cost-effective and benefit based project.
What is a Building's Life Cycle Cost?
A life cycle cost is not just used in construction. It's something that is used in all sorts of projects because of how it determines current and future costs. This is why it's important to note the exact features of a building's life cycle cost.
A building's life cycle cost isn't too difficult to comprehend. Below is a list from beginning to the end of what a life cycle cost looks at.
1. Resource Extraction
A company will look at where the actual resources for the building should come from. Factors such as cost and environmental impact play an important role in determining where they should get the resources from.
2. Manufacturing
After the resources are extracted, the actual manufacturing of the materials needed for the project will be done. Determining what manufacturer is most suited for the job plays an important role in this method. Cost, reputation, environmental impact, and relationship plays the main factor in this step.
3. On-Site Construction
After the resources have been manufactured, the next step is the actual on-site construction. This is the main component of a construction company and is the most looked at area of the entire project.
4. Occupancy and Maintenance
Some people think that the on-site construction should be the last factor when looking at a companies costs. In reality, a life cycle cost determines everything after that as well. The occupancy and maintenance of a project should be just as heavily looked at as everything else.
5. Demolition
Once a company enters its final life cycle, demolition is the key factor in ending the life cycle of a building. The demolition is an important piece of this process, but it isn't the final step.
6. Recycling, Reuse, Disposal
After demolition occurs, the recycling, reusability, and how disposable the resources should be determined. Factors such as cost, environmental impact, and the ending of the process are what concludes the entire process of a life cycle cost.
As noted, the life cycle cost of a project is important for a company to analyze a projects entire cost and to compare and contrast alternatives for an economic benefit. It's an important tool that a lot of construction companies utilize.


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Master of Science
Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Dr. Monali Malvankar
Dr. Amardeep Thind
Purpose: To determine the efficacy of selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) in lowering intra-ocular pressure (IOP) levels and reducing the number of medications in patients with open angle glaucoma (OAG) or ocular hypertension (OHT).
Methods: A systematic review was conducted by searching various databases including MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid), CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Web of ScienceCore Collections, BIOSIS Previews, and Scopus. Duplicates were removed and articles were screened using EPPI Reviewer 4.0. A meta-analysis was conducted using STATA 13.0. Weighted mean difference (WMD) was computed and the heterogeneity statistic was assessed using the I2. Fixed and random effects models were computed based on heterogeneity.
Results: We identified 31 articles that met our inclusion criteria. We found that Sequential SLT versus pharmacotherapy had an IOP-lowering effect favoring pharmacotherapy: WMD= 5.92% (95% CI [3.06, 8.79]) and WMD= 2.73% (95% CI [0.24, 5.23]) at 6 and 12 months, respectively. Adjunctive SLT had a greater IOP-lowering effect compared to pharmacotherapy, WMD= -8.98% (95% CI [-17.19, -0.77]). A significant reduction in the post-operative medications was observed up to 17 months. No serious complications were reported.
Conclusion: Adjunctive SLT may lead to significant reduction in IOP compared to topical medications. Additional studies need to be conducted on SLT alone, without previous treatment in order to determine its IOP-lowering effect.
Hassan, Muna, "Efficacy of Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty in Patients with Open-angle Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" (2017). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 4524.


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Presentation on theme: "A tale of randomization Chris Brien Phenomics & Bioinformatics Research Centre, University of South Australia. The Australian Centre for Plant Functional."— Presentation transcript:
A tale of randomization Chris Brien Phenomics & Bioinformatics Research Centre, University of South Australia. The Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, University of Adelaide. This work was supported by the Australian Research Council.
Outline 1.Once upon a time. 2.Randomization analysis. 3.Examples. 4.Conclusions. 2
1.Once upon a time In the 70s I was a true believer: We are talking randomization inference. 3
Purism These books demonstrate that p-value from randomization analysis is approximated by p-value from analyses assuming normality for CRDs & RCBDs; Welch (1937) & Atiqullah (1963) show that true, provided the observed data actually conforms to the variance for the assumed normal model (e.g. homogeneity between blocks). 4 Kempthorne (1975):
Sex created difficulties … and time Preece (1982, section 6.2): Is Sex a block or a treatment factor? Block factors cannot be tested. Semantic problem: what is a block factor? Often Sex is unrandomized, but is of interest – I believe this to be the root of the dilemma. If it is unrandomized, it cannot be tested. In longitudinal studies, Time is similar. Sites also. What about incomplete block designs with recombination of information? Missing values? Seems that not all inference possible with randomization analysis. 5
Fisher (1935, Section 21) first proposed randomization tests: It seems clear that Fisher intended randomization tests to be only a check on normal theory tests. Added Section 21.1 to the 1960, 7 th edn to emphasize. 6
Conversion I became a modeller, BUT, I did not completely reject randomization inference. I have advocated randomization-based mixed models: a mixed model that starts with the terms that would be in a randomization model (Brien & Bailey, 2006; Brien & Demétrio, 2009). This allowed me to: test for block effects and block-treatment interactions; model longitudinal data. I comforted myself that when testing a model that has an equivalent randomization test, the former is an approximation to the latter and so robust. 7
More recently …. Cox, Hinkelmann and Gilmour pointed out, in the discussion of Brien and Bailey (2006), no one had so far indicated how a model for a multitiered experiment might be justified by the randomizations employed. I decided to investigate randomization inference for such experiments, but first single randomizations. 8
2.Randomization analysis: what is it? A randomization model is formulated. It specifies the distribution of the response over all randomized layouts possible for the design. Estimation and hypothesis testing based on this distribution. Will focus on hypothesis testing. A test statistic is identified. The value of the test statistic is computed from the data for: all possible randomized layouts, or a random sample (with replacement) of them randomization distribution of the test statistic, or an estimate; the randomized layout used in the experiment: the observed test statistic. The p-value is the proportion of all possible values that are as, or more, extreme than the observed test statistic. Different to a permutation test in that it is based on the randomization employed in the experiment. 9
Randomization model for a single randomization Additive model of constants: y w + X h where y is the vector of observed responses; w is the vector of constants representing the contributions of each unit to the response; and is a vector of treatment constants; X h is design matrix showing the assignment of treatments to units. Under randomization, i.e. over all allowable unit permutations applied to w, each element of w becomes a random variable, as does each element of y. Let W and Y be the vectors of random variables and so we have Y W + X h. The set of Y forms the multivariate randomization distribution, our randomization model. 10
Randomization model (cont'd) Now, we assume E R [W] 0 and so E R [Y] X h. Further, 11 is the set of generalized factors (terms) derived from the factors on the units; H is the canonical component of excess covariance for H ; S H, are known matrices. This model has the same terms as a randomization-based mixed model (Brien & Bailey, 2006; Brien & Demétrio, 2009) However, the distributions differ.
Randomization estimation & testing Propose to use I-MINQUE to estimate the s and use these estimates to estimate via EGLS. I-MINQUE yields the same estimates as REML, but without the need to assume normal response. Test statistics: F Wald Wald test statistic / numerator d.f. o For an orthogonal design, F Wald is the same as the F from an ANOVA. Otherwise, it is a combined F test statistic. Intrablock F ratio of MSqs from a single stratum. 12
Test statistic distributions Randomization distribution of a test statistic: Evaluate the test statistic for all allowable permutations of the units for the design employed; This set of values is the required distribution. Under normality of the response, the null distribution of F Wald is: for orthogonal designs, an exact F-distribution; for nonorthogonal designs, an F-distribution asymptotically. Under normality of the response, the null distribution of an intrablock F-statistic is an exact F- distribution. 13
3.Examples Wheat experiment in a BIBD (Joshi, 1987) Rabbit experiment using the same BIBD (Hinkelmann & Kempthorne, 2008). Casuarina experiment in a latinized row-column design (Williams et al., 2002). 14
Wheat experiment in a BIBD (Joshi, 1987) Six varieties of wheat are assigned to plots arranged in 10 blocks of 3 plots. The intrablock efficiency factor is 0.80. The ANOVA with the intrablock F and p: 15 plots tiertreatments tier sourced.f.sourced.f.MSFp-value Blocks9Varieties539.320.580.718 Residual467.591.17 Plots[B]20Varieties5231.294.020.016 Residual1557.53 F Wald 3.05 with p 0.035 ( 1 5, 2 19.1). Estimates: B 14.60 (p 0.403); BP 58.28.
16 Test statistic distributions 50,000 randomly selected permutations of blocks and plots within blocks selected. Intrablock F-statistic Combined F-statistic Peak on RHS is all values 10.
17 Combined F-statistic Part of the discrepancy between F- and the randomization distributions is that combined F-statistic is only asymptotically distributed as an F. Differs from Kenward & Rogers (1997) & Schaalje et al (2002) for nonorthogonal designs. Parametric bootstrapRandomization distribution Samples from
Two other examples Rabbit experiment using the same BIBD (Hinkelmann & Kempthorne, 2008). 6 Diets assigned to 10 Litters, each with 3 Rabbits. Estimates: L 21.70. LR 10.08. Casuarina experiment in a latinized row-column design (Williams et al., 2002). 4 Blocks of 60 provenances arranged in 6 rows by 10 columns. Provenances grouped according to 18 Countries of origin. 2 Inoculation dates each applied to 2 of the blocks. Estimates: C 0.2710; B, BR, BC < 0.06; BRC 0.2711. 18
Comparison of p-values For intrablock F, p-values from F and randomization distributions generally agree. For F Wald, p-values from F-distribution generally underestimates that from randomization distribution: (Rabbit Diets an exception – little interblock contribution). 20 ExampleSourceIntrablock FF Wald (Combined) 2 F-distribution Randomization 2 F-distribution Randomiz -ation WheatVarieties150.0160.01219.10.0350.095 RabbitDiets150.0380.03916.00.0320.035 TreeCountry60<0.001 79.3<0.0010.013 Provenance600.2350.23279.00.3380.484 Innoc#C600.917 84.80.9630.975 Innoc#P600.9380.93781.10.9430.969
A controversy Should nonsignificant (??) unit sources of variation be removed and hence pooled with other unit sources? The point is that effects hypothesized to occur at the planning stage have not eventuated. A modeller would remove them; Indeed, in mixed-model fitting using REML will have no option if the fitting process does not converge. Some argue, because in randomization model, must stay. Seems reasonable if doing randomization inference. Sometimes-pooling may disrupt power and coverage properties of the analysis (Janky, 2000). 21
4.Conclusions Fisher was right: One should employ meaningful models; Randomization analyses provide a check on parametric analyses. I am still