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Insect Advice from Extension
Have a problem with insects, or would you like to know more about them?
The Department of Entomology's Cooperative Extension program strives to provide up-to-date information about integrated pest management (IPM) that can be easily accessed by agriculture and pest control communities, the general public, and cooperative extension professionals throughout the state. Information is available on beneficial insects as well as pests that can affect our daily lives. The menu at the left is broken down into specific areas of interest.
For insect problems and identification:
- Insect Fact Sheets - description, life cycle, and management information
- Image Gallery - images of common Pennsylvania insects, including bees, wasps, carpenter ants, termites, ticks, gypsy moths, and many more
- Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
- Insect Identification--frequently, staff at your local county extension office will be able to identify insects. You may also contact the Department of Entomology Insect Identification Lab at _PHONE_.
- Bed Bug Information - Bed bugs are making a comeback in apartment buildings, dorm rooms, hotels, hospitals and homes across the country due to people traveling more frequently, resistance to pesticides and lack of public awareness.
- Conserving Wild Bees for Pennsylvania brochure available -- Conserving Wild Bees for Pennsylvania is the first brochure of the new Agroecology in Practice series authored by Tara Pisani Gareau. The 5 1/2 x 8 1/2 four color publication includes practical guidelines for land managers on how to conserve wild bees for improved crop production through habitat enhancements, conservation of nesting sites, and judicious use of pesticides. The brochure folds out to an 11" x 17" poster with colorful, high resolution pictures of wild bees found in Pennsylvania along with a table of Pennsylvania native plants shown in PSU research to be attractive to bees. The publication will also be made available to you on-line at _URL_ for print on-demand. You may direct questions about publication content to the author. All other inquiries may be directed to the PDC. Please respond to _EMAIL_ which is the central email account.
What is Penn State Cooperative Extension?
Penn State Cooperative Extension is an educational network providing Pennsylvania residents access to the University's resources and expertise. County extension offices are located across the state, making access to programs available to everyone. These programs range from 4-H clubs, time and stress management, gardening and landscaping, food safety, economic development, crop production, and much more.


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Go Go Games™ – Behind the Scenes
We have worked hard to give Go Go Games™ a light and playful feel but there is a great deal of work going on behind the scenes! Each set of options is selected by an algorithm designed to gradually increase the demand on a player's ability to detect multiple features of the items she sees.
In each game in the Go Go Games™ suite, the player must repeatedly make a correct choice given several options. For example, he might navigate a car down one of three roads marked with the following signs:
In this case exactly one feature – color – separates each wrong answer from the correct answer, forcing the player to notice this specific feature of color in order make a correct selection.
We can make this task more challenging by forcing the player to make a distinction based on two different features as shown in Figure 2:
Here the player must notice not only that the truck he is driving is purple, but also that it is a truck and not a car. While this second scenario may still seem trivial to a typically-developing adult, research has shown again and again that this is a surprisingly difficult task for many children with autism.
There are two components of the way we determine task difficulty:
- The "distance" between the correct choice and the wrong choices. "Distance" is a count of the number of features that differ between two items. So for example, the two items in Figure 3 have a distance of 1 – because they differ by one feature, the presence or absence of a flag.
On the other hand, the two items in Figure 4 differ by a distance of 5 because they differ in five ways:
- One is a semi-trailer truck while the other is a pickup truck
- One is blue while the other is pink
- One has only one door showing while the other has two doors showing
- One has a dog as a passenger while the other has no passengers.
- One has a flag and the other does not
The smaller the distance between two items, the more similar they will be.
- The number of choices displayed. It is not enough to use distance alone as a measure of task difficulty because it is always possible to look at a single feature to distinguish two items that differ, even if their distance is 1. However, the complexity of the decision-making process increases as more choices are displayed.
With only two options to choose from, we can only require a player notice one feature:
However, once a third choice is introduced we can require a player notice two specific features – in the example below, the player must notice both the type of animal riding in the train car and the color of the train car:
As we increase the number of options we are able to force players to make a decision based on an increasing number of features. By controlling both the number of options and the distance between options we control the difficulty of each choice the player is asked to make.
The change in the complexity of the game over time is determined by an algorithm that selects the items to present to the user from a pool of over 500 options.
As you can see from the graph above, we attempt to build a saw-tooth curve of difficulty based on level progression, such that the game becomes increasingly difficult over the course of each level, then briefly eases up at the beginning of the next level before increasing in difficulty again.
Of course, the real purpose of manipulating distance is to control the frequency with which a player needs to notice multiple features. Figure 8 shows how this progresses over the course of the game:
Again you can see we are creating a saw-tooth curve of difficulty, with a brief respite at the beginning of each new level as a reward to the player for successfully progressing in the game, a common technique in game design.
As our Build-a-Train game presents the player with first two, and later three, options we can never require that he notice more than two features when making a selection. We push this requirement to three features and later four in our "Roads and Wheels" and "Out of this World" games, using the same techniques to maintain a careful balance of "pleasant frustration" for the player – always challenging but never too hard.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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CANADIAN CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
By Samatha Oliver
General Characteristics of Agricultural, Industrial, and Information Age Cultural Characteristics
Agricultural Age Cultural Characteristics:Local cultures (organized around rural communities or city states).
Industrial Age Cultural Characteristics:National Cultures (organized around the nation-state).
Information Age Cultural Characteristics:Globalization of cultures (organized around an increasingly interdependent world), creating surface level global unity along with deeper level local diversity of the world's cultures. Increased danger of localized cultural conflicts in post Cold War era as people seek new identies without sufficient recognition of global interdependence needs and dangers of war in atechnological age. New non-localized virtual communities also emerging in cyberspace.
Information/Data on Canadian Cultural Characteristics
Canada is the second largest country in the world after Russia. Canada's population is about 28.1 million people. The language spoken is English and French which both are offical languages. Religious belief follow traditional lines. The French are generally Roman Catholic while those of British descent are mostly Protestant.
Conclusions on Canada (Whether Primarily Agricultural, Industrial, or Information Age Re: Its Cultural Characteristics)
Canada is in the agricultural age (Its Cultural Characteristics)
Additional Online Sources on Canadian Cultural Characteristics
Traditional Bibliographic Sources on Canadian Cultural Characteristics
- Culturgram '96.
- Wired. Monthly magazine with interviews and articles on cutting edge information age issues.
- Toffler, Alvin. Future Shoch. New York: Random House, 1970. The Third Wave. New york: Bantam Books, 1980. Powershift: Knowledge, Wealth, and Violence at the Edge of the 21st Century. New York: Bantam, 1990
Return to Canada Home Page

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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"Sports is great binder & leveler it teaches respect for all"
The idea got planted when I switched on my TV for the 2016 Euro Cup opening match, For a second looking at the French team in the match i got confused whether it was an Afro cup.
Does Race or Ethnicity has relationship on how you perform in a particular sport, What Inherent Traits stand out with a particular race/ethnicity/group of people which might tilt a particular sport in their favor.
Olympics was my chance to analyze this and it has to be driven by data and analytical techniques. The findings/observation/indication shared in the article are solid. So the winner here is not USA,Britain or China but a Race/Ethnic Group due to the specific traits they posses more than the others
Classifying Each Sports Based on Bio-Motor Trait/Ability
Went through each sport and based on what human Motor ability/trait is most needed categorized them as: Strength (physical), Speed, Endurance, Coordination/Mental Strength & Mix of these
How to read the sample chart…. The trait needed most is highlighted in green, the 2nd most trait needed is highlighted as yellow and the 3rd most is in Red. A particular sport may need a unique trait (i.e Shot Put ) or a combination of traits (i.e Rugby Seven).
The Point System (weightage)
~2300 individual athletes won medals (either Gold/Silver/Bronze) in Individual or Team Events. Here each athletes medal,countries cultural inclination to the sport, each countries sporting infra,each countries is accounted.
- Individual Gold Medal=5 Points, Individual Silver=3, Individual Bronze=1
- Team Gold=10 Points, Team Silver=6, Team Bronze=2
- High Cultural Inclination/History/Origins/Historical Wins/Idols=-1 ( points)
- Sporting Infrastructure/Money per Athlete= -1 (Negative Points)
- High Population=-1 (Negative Points)
Why Infra,Population & The Sports History in the Country…. i.e To compare Afro American Athletes with African Athletes in a particular event it is fair to factor in Infrastructure behind the athlete.
The Races/Ethnic Groups
Well there are 4 broad races, but Olympics is no fun without maximum participation and teams hence included as many ethnic groups I could research based on modern era.
WIP…..please visit in next 2 days for complete analysis……


Home » All Posts » Isaiah 53
Isaiah 53
isaiah53Isaiah 52:13Isaiah 53
Current day, most Rabbis will say that this passage speaks of Israel.
If one studies the ancient Rabbinical literature (Midrash) one will find a wealth of fascinating Messianic Rabbinic Commentary that discusses Isaiah 53 speaking of Messiah. I wish there would be a full volume of this literature in English online; unfortunately there does not appear to be. Here are some excerpts.
Why Isaiah 53 Most Definitely Speaks of The Messiah and Not Israel
1) The consistent use of pronouns in the passage makes it clear that the suffering servant is an individual separate from the Jewish people as a whole to whom Isaiah was speaking. The suffering servant is always referred to in the singular (he, him, himself, and his) while the people of Israel are referred to in the plural (we, us, and our or my people).
2) Israel observed the suffering of the righteous servant.
3) The suffering servant died for the transgressions, or sins, of the "my" people. Clearly, "my people" is Isaiah's people, the people of Israel. The passage would make no sense if the suffering servant were Israel. In that case, Israel would die for Israel's sins. In other words, Israel would have gotten what she deserved, which makes no sense. The entire passage speaks of the suffering servant suffering and dying for, on behalf of, or in place of Israel.
4) In verse 10, the suffering servant is offered as an "asham," or guilt offering. Throughout the Hebrew Scriptures, the guilt offering was never Israel, nor could it ever have been Israel. The guilt offering, or "asham," was always offered on behalf of or in place of the one who had committed the trespass or sin. It was never offered for or on behalf of the asham itself. (No one could ever be an "asham" for his or her own sins.) An asham offering was always offered by an individual and never by the nation of Israel. In addition, the offering had to be without blemish, or sinless. Because the offering was without blemish, it was always offered for the sins of someone other than the asham itself. For all of these reasons, Israel cannot be the suffering servant who offers himself as an asham offering.
5) The "asham" always had to die. The suffering servant clearly died. He was "cut off out of the land of the living," he had a grave; he was with the rich "in his death;" and he "poured out his soul unto death." However, Israel never died. In fact, it is impossible for Israel to ever die, because God promised Israel that she would live forever.
6) The suffering servant suffered a vicarious and substitutionary death. He suffers for the sins of others, so they need not suffer for their own sins. Nowhere in the Hebrew Bible nor in Jewish history do we ever see Israel suffering for, on behalf of, or in place of the Gentiles, so that the Gentiles do not have to suffer. The suffering servant bore the sins of the people, so they would not have to bear their own sins or be judged for them. If the servant is Israel and the people are the Gentiles, then the Gentiles would not need to be punished for their sins, as they would have been vicariously borne by Israel. This has never been the case. The Gentiles were never deemed innocent after Jews suffered at their hands. Instead, they were judged for mistreating Jewish people.
7) The suffering servant has qualities that were never true of Israel: The suffering servant is depicted as being innocent. He did no violence, and there was no deceit in his mouth. Israel is never told she would suffer for being innocent. And, Israel is never depicted as being innocent. That was why so many sacrifices were needed. Israel was never righteous, or even close to being righteous. Throughout the Hebrew Scriptures, Israel is pictured as continually rejecting God and being repeatedly judged for her sins. This is in sharp contrast to the suffering servant of Isaiah 53, who is portrayed as an innocent sufferer. The suffering servant is the most righteous person described in Scripture. In Isaiah 53:11, he is called "Tsadeek ahvdee", or "My righteous servant." This is the only place in the entire Hebrew Bible where this phrase is used. It certainly is never used of Israel. In addition, neither Abraham, Moses, David, nor any other prophet or ruler was ever called "Tsadeek ahvdee", or "My righteous servant" in the Hebrew Bible, except for the suffering servant of Isaiah 53. Only one righteous or without any blemish could die as a sacrifice for sin. However, no normal human was ever considered righteous on his or her own. (See Psalm 14:2-3 and Psalm 53:2-3.) This suffering servant must, therefore, be someone greater than Abraham, Moses, or David.
8) The suffering servant is depicted as being a silent sufferer, in that, like a lamb, he did not protest his execution nor did he defend himself. He, instead, suffered willingly and voluntarily. While Israel has suffered immeasurable persecution, she has never done so willingly or voluntarily. Israel has always cried out against the inhumanity of people against her.
9) Israel was promised that if they obeyed God, they would be greatly blessed. Only if they were disobedient would they be cursed. If Israel were the righteous servant of Isaiah 53, it would have been impossible for her to have suffered and died under the conditions and in the manner described in this passage.
10) Isaiah 53:1 refers to the suffering servant as "the Arm of the Lord." There are thirty seven references to the Arm of the Lord in the Tanakh. Never does that phrase refer to Israel. The Arm of the Lord acts on behalf of Israel, but is never Israel. Among other things, the Arm of the Lord redeems and delivers Israel when Israel is not able to deliver herself. (See, Exodus 6:6, Exodus 15:16, Deuteronomy 4:34, 5:14, 9:29, 26:8, II Kings 17:36, Psalm 44:4, and Ezekiel 20:33-34.) Therefore the suffering servant, the Arm of the Lord, cannot be Israel.
Please, examine and analyze this block of scripture for yourself Isaiah 52:13-Isaiah 53, not based on what is written here or what others may have written or told you. It is truly an incredible journey of discovery!
With Love,
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|[This is a MPIWG MPDL language technology service]|
Proceed (v. i.) To move, pass, or go forward or onward; to advance; to continue or renew motion begun; as, to proceed on a journey.
Proceed (v. i.) To pass from one point, topic, or stage, to another; as, to proceed with a story or argument.
Proceed (v. i.) To issue or come forth as from a source or origin; to come from; as, light proceeds from the sun.
Proceed (v. i.) To go on in an orderly or regulated manner; to begin and carry on a series of acts or measures; to act by method; to prosecute a design.
Proceed (v. i.) To be transacted; to take place; to occur.
Proceed (v. i.) To have application or effect; to operate.
Proceed (v. i.) To begin and carry on a legal process.
Proceed (n.) See Proceeds.
Proceeding (p. pr. & vb. n.) of Proceed
Proceeding (n.) The act of one who proceeds, or who prosecutes a design or transaction; progress or movement from one thing to another; a measure or step taken in a course of business; a transaction; as, an illegal proceeding; a cautious or a violent proceeding.
Proceeding (n.) The course of procedure in the prosecution of an action at law.


text: A search is presented for resonant production of second-generation sleptons ( μ~L, ν~μ ) via the R-parity-violating coupling λ211' to quarks, in events with two same-sign muons and at least two jets in the final state. The smuon (muon sneutrino) is expected to decay into a muon and a neutralino (chargino), which will then decay into a second muon and at least two jets. The analysis is based on the 2016 data set of proton-proton collisions at s=13TeV recorded with the CMS detector at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb-1. No significant deviation is observed with respect to standard model expectations. Upper limits on cross sections, ranging from 0.24 to 730 fb, are derived in the context of two simplified models representing the dominant signal contributions leading to a same-sign muon pair. The cross section limits are translated into coupling limits for a modified constrained minimal supersymmetric model with λ211' as the only nonzero R-parity violating coupling. The results significantly extend restrictions of the parameter space compared with previous searches for similar models.


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Is there a difference between E.Coli and fecal coliforms?
E. coli is a type of fecal coliform bacteria commonly found in the intestines of animals and humans. E. coli is short for Escherichia coli. The presence of E. coli (and fecal coliforms) in water is a strong indication of recent sewage or animal waste contamination. Sewage may contain many types of disease-causing organisms.
Additional information is available at _URL_
- Bottled Water
- Consumer Concerns
- Consumer Confidence Reports (CCRs)
- Contaminants and Standards
- Facts, Figures, and Databases
- Filters/Home Water Treatment Units (HWTUs)
- Household Wells
- Lead and Copper
- Local Drinking Water Quality
- LT2/Stage 2 Rule
- Public Notification (PN)
- Source Water Protection/UIC Program
- Tap Water Testing
- Water Utility (PWS) Compliance/Issues
- Topic #: 23002-19265
- Date Created: 10/31/2004
- Last Modified Since: 10/12/2010
- Viewed: 7671


My Recipe Box
Fried Capers, an addictive garnish
by Dabney Gough
fromFine Cooking
Issue 90
Capers, the pickled or salted flower buds of a Mediterranean bush, are normally rinsed or soaked and then added to dishes like salsa verde or puttanesca sauce, where they lend a briny edge. But fry capers in a little olive oil, and something magical happens: They open up like a flower and the "petals" become crisp and golden. In this form, they're an elegant garnish for salads, roasted fish, or grilled meats—and they're addictive little nibbles on their own, too. Leftover frying oil will be infused with caper flavor and may be drizzled on meats, fish, or vegetables.
Fried capers are quick to prepare. Here's how:
1. If using brined capers, drain them and pat dry with a paper towel. If using salted capers, soak in water for 30 minutes and then drain and pat dry.
2. Heat 1/8 inch (about 1/4 cup) of olive or vegetable oil in a small saucepan or skillet over medium-high heat. When the oil is hot, add the capers 1 to 2 tablespoons at a time—they'll give off some liquid at first, so watch out for spattering oil. Fry, swirling the pan gently, until just golden brown, about 45 seconds for small (nonpareil) capers or 90 seconds for large (capote) capers.
3. Using a slotted spoon, transfer the capers to a plate lined with paper towels to drain. Blot gently to absorb excess oil. Cool briefly before using.
Photos: Scott Phillips
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Motorcycle Defects and Recalls in Pascagoula
The duties of designers and manufacturers who design and sell motorcycles is to create a reasonably safe and properly operating product. If the manufacturer fails to warn consumers about the hazards, they could be held liable for damages. Under Pascagoula law, a manufacturer is required to notify consumers of recalls. When a motorcycle-related product is purchased new, the manufacturer might have information about their customers. They notify the customer by telephone, e-mail, or letter. A recall letter is sent by the manufacturer to publications and the news media. The manufacturer issues news alerts and other forms of notification to alert their customers.
It is best to speak to a skilled attorney to learn about the nuances of motorcycle defects and recalls in Pascagoula. A seasoned motorcycle accident attorney could review the facts of the case and help you understand your legal options.
Determining Liability For Motorbike Recalls
If a person is unaware of existing motorcycle defects or recalls in Pascagoula, and sustain a severe injury, the liability for the collision will depend on factors such as how much notice was given by the manufacturer. If a letter was sent out to all consumers by the manufacturer explaining the defects and the injured person was notified of the recall, they have some liability. Liability is a big factor for defects or improper equipment. Whether manufactured or assembled incorrectly, liability may ultimately fall on the manufacturer. Injured claimants should speak to a diligent motorcycle accident lawyer to learn about motorbike defects and recalls in Pascagoula.
Use of Product Before the Recall
Even when someone is injured using a product before a recall is announced, the manufacturer could be liable depending on the role the recall plays in the injury sustained. If someone is injured as a result of a defect that was later subject to recall, there could be imputed liability to the manufacturer. A quick settlement may be obtained without lengthy court proceedings.
Use of Product After the Recall
One danger associated with operating a motorcycle after a recall is initiated is that the defect could make the product more dangerous, and the operator could be seriously injured or killed. Most recalls are for minor defects but should still be corrected. For the most part, defects and recalls are not patently dangerous.
When someone was using the product after a recall was announced, that is not necessarily of consequence. The manufacturer always claims that they issued a recall, and therefore, they notified the public. The public has a duty to heed the warning for the recall. The public needs to cease use of the product or turn the product in for a correction. The manufacturer is still responsible for a defect.
Plaintiff Liability For Motorcycle Defects
Sometimes, the injured motorcyclist is blamed for their motorcycle defects. They have a duty to maintain the motorcycle and keep it in good operating condition. If the injured person played a role in the assembly of the motorcycles (custom bikes), failed to maintain it correctly, or added aftermarket products that make the motorcycle unsafe, they could be at fault.
The root cause of a motorcycle defect is usually established through expert testimony. These are motorcycle experts such as engineers who examine the product to see how it was rendered unsafe.
How a Motorcycle Accident Attorney Could Help
A motorcycle accident could cause significant damage and devastating injuries. Consumers should always be aware of motorcycle defects and recalls in Pascagoula. If you are injured due to a motorcycle defect, you may be eligible to recover compensation.
Schedule a consultation to learn about your legal options.


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Origins of Gamburtsev Sublacial Mountains Explained
17.11.2011 - Land & Geology, Antarctic
An international team of scientists from seven nations recently published in Nature their findings regarding the origins of the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains, located 3 km beneath the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. How the mountains formed is a mystery that has interested scientists since they were first discovered in 1958 as they are high, located in the middle of an ancient craton, yet have a youthful appearance for mountains.
During the International Polar Year (2007-2008), researchers from the Antarctica's Gamburtsev Province (AGAP) project flew two twin-engine aircraft equipped with ice penetrating radars, gravity meters and magnetometers over the part of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet where the Gamburtsev Mountains lie. Analyzing the data they gathered, the team was able to describe the geological processes that have taken place over the past billion years to create the East Antarctic Rift System (a 3,000 km fracture extending from Antarctica to India).
One billion years ago, several landmasses collided, pushing the oldest rock of the Gamburtsevs together and forming a thick, crustal root deep beneath the mountains. Later, when the Gondwana Supercontinent (what is now South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia and the Indian subcontinent) began to break up 250 – 100 million years ago, this caused the old crustal root to warm once again. Together with the East Antarctic Rift, the crustal root pushed the land upwards again, reforming mountains and thus creating the modern Gamburtsevs.
Intricate glacier and river systems carved deep valleys in the Gamburtsevs, giving them a spectacular landscape, resembling that of the Alps. Ever since the Antarctic Ice Sheet formed some 34 million years ago, the Gamburtsevs have been protected from further erosion.
According to the article's lead author, Dr. Fausto Ferraccioli from the British Antarctic Survey, the key to piecing together the puzzle of their origin was discovering similarities between the East Antarctic and East African Rift Systems. Co-author Carol Finn from the US Geological Survey, these findings have significant implications for understanding mountain formation and ice sheet evolution within continental interiors, as the formation of the Gamburtsevs involved more than one tectonic event.
The next steps will be to retrieve the first rock samples from the Gamburtsevs to find out exactly when the mountain range formed, according to co-author, Dr. Robin Bell of Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.


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Most stories recounting famed fossil discoveries include tales of long hours spent painstakingly searching through dirt and dust. For Bruno Maureille's latest find, however, all it took was a trip to the museum. Maureille rediscovered fossils belonging to a four-month-old Neandertal during a routine survey of a French museum's collections. A paper describing the skeleton (see image), which is one of the most complete Neandertal individuals ever recovered, is published today in the journal Nature.
The 40,000-year-old remains were first discovered in 1914 in an exposed cliff near Le Moustier in the Dordogne region of France. Named Le Moustier 2, the skeleton disappeared just a few years later. Although many scientists believed the fossils had been lost in Paris, Maureille, an anthropologist at the University of Bordeaux, encountered them in 1996 at the National Museum of Prehistory in Les Eyzies, also in the Dordogne. While cleaning and restoring the specimens, he writes, it became clear that they in fact belonged to the missing Le Moustier 2. That's because some of the bones were still encased in sediment that also housed telltale signs of the Vezere River, which flows past the Le Moustier cliff. Moreover, faunal remains in the surrounding sediment were identical to others recovered from the same cliff. With the addition of a right femur and a right humerus (which were wrongly attributed to another Neandertal newborn), Le Moustier 2 is now nearly complete, missing only its shoulder blades and pubic bone.


We've produced a series of expert podcasts to help parents understand and manage child and family mental health problems.
The series, Child in Mind, is presented by BBC Radio 4 presenter Claudia Hammond. In each 20-minute episode, she discusses an important issue in child and family mental health with an expert and a young person or parent.
If you have disabled non-essential cookies on this website, you may not be able to listen to the podcasts below but you can still access the podcasts via our iTunes channel and on Soundcloud.
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 What is ADHD and what help is available for children with ADHD?
 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common mental health issue in children. But what is ADHD and what help is available for children who are diagnosed with the condition?
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text:
To use RIP to manage routing information internal to your local network, you have to run gated on all hosts. At boot time, gated checks for all active network interfaces. If there is more than one active interface (not counting the loopback interface), it assumes the host is switching packets between several networks, and will actively exchange and broadcast routing information. Otherwise, it will only passively receive any RIP updates and update the local routing table.
When broadcasting the information from the local routing table, gated computes the length of the route from the so-called metric value associated with the routing table entry. This metric value is set by the system administrator when configuring the route and should reflect the actual cost of using this route. Therefore, the metric of a route to a subnet the host is directly connected to should always be zero, while a route going through two gateways should have a metric of two. However, note that you don't have to bother about metrics when you don't use RIP or gated.


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|Instrument family Wind instrument|
Conch, or conque, also known as a "seashell horn" or "shell trumpet", is a musical instrument, a wind instrument that is made from a seashell, the shell of several different kinds of very large sea snails.
The shells of large marine gastropods are prepared by cutting a hole in the spire of the shell near the apex, and then blowing into the shell as if it were a trumpet, as in blowing horn. Sometimes a mouthpiece is used, but some shell trumpets are blown without one.
Various species of large marine gastropod shells can be turned into "blowing shells", but some of the best-known species are: the sacred chank or shankha Turbinella pyrum; the "Triton's trumpet" Charonia tritonis; and the Queen Conch Strombus gigas.
Shell trumpets have been known since the Magdalenian period (Upper Paleolithic), one example being the "conch Marsoulas", an archeological shell trumpet which is on display at the Museum de Toulouse.
India and Tibet
The sacred chank, Turbinella pyrum, is known in India as the shankha. In Tibet it is known as "Dung-Dkar". For the Hindu context, see the article shankha.
Throughout Mesoamerican history, conch trumpets were used, often in a ritual context (see figure). In Ancient Maya art, such conches were often decorated with ancestral images; scenes painted on vases show hunters and hunting deities blowing the conch trumpet.
The Queen Conch Strombus gigas was, and sometimes still is, used as a trumpet in the West Indies and other parts of the Caribbean.
The Pacific Ocean area
The Triton shell, also known as "Triton's trumpet" Charonia tritonis, is used as a trumpet in Melanesian and Polynesian culture, and also in Korea and Japan. In Japan this kind of trumpet is known as the horagai. In Korea it is known as the nagak. In some Polynesian islands it is known as "pu".
Conch shell trumpets were historically used throughout the South Pacific, in countries such as Fiji. In resorts in Fiji they still blow the shell as a performance for tourists. The Fijians also used the conch shell when the chief died: the chief's body would be brought down a special path and the conch would be played until the chief's body reached the end of the path.
In Malta the instrument is called a bronja, colloquially known as tronga. The shell of a sea snail is modified, with a hole at one end, and when blown it creates a strong noise reaching a large distance in a given Maltese village. The tronja was generally used to inform the people that the windmills on the islands are operating that day due to being a windy day, of which wind allows the grain of wheat and other.
The American jazz trombonist Steve Turre also plays conches, notably with his group Sanctified Shells.
A partially echoplexed Indian conch was featured prominently as the primary instrument depicting the extraterrestrial environment of the derelict spaceship in Jerry Goldsmith's score for the film Alien. Director Ridley Scott was so impressed by the eerie effect that he requested its use throughout the rest of the score, including the Main Title.


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Golden Eagles are among the most magnificent raptors in the world, making them irresistible subjects for photographers. However, they're also challenging, being rather sensitive to human activity. Anyone who aspires to photograph Goldens needs to plan ahead and take special precautions to avoid disturbing the birds, both for basic ethical reasons and because harming or harassing the species can come with stiff penalties, thanks to both the Migratory Bird Treaty Act and the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act.
First, here's what not to do.
Goldens are more sensitive to human disturbance near the nest than Bald Eagles—despite the similarity in name, the two species are not close relatives, and there are major differences in their behavior. Several studies have shown that human activity nearby might reduce the likelihood that young will fledge successfully, and even a brief visit by humans can increase the chance that an eagle pair will move to a different site the following year. It's therefore best not to try to photograph these birds at the nest at all, unless you happen to be working with a researcher who has a hidden blind set up at a distance.
Extreme close-ups are almost impossible to get in the wild, and even attempting them will cause disturbance to the eagles. If you want close-up portraits, find a wildlife rehab center that has a Golden as a rescue or education bird, and ask if you can photograph it. (And remember that these centers can always use financial donations.) Or find a falconer who flies one of these big birds, and make arrangements to tag along.
One factor adding to the challenge of shooting Golden Eagles in the wild is that unlike Bald Eagles, which may concentrate near food sources such as fish kills or spawning runs, Goldens almost never gather in numbers at a feeding site. (Instead, they prey mainly on small to medium-size mammals, such as ground squirrels and rabbits, which are widely dispersed over the landscape.) They will feed on carrion, and in some cases it might be possible to set up a blind near a fresh kill and hope for them to arrive, but deliberately baiting them would be ethically questionable and not likely to succeed.
Having said all that, it is possible to ethically photograph Golden Eagles in the wild, from a respectful distance. In open country of the West, Golden Eagles sometimes perch near back roads. If one is perched on a power pole (or better yet, a picturesque dead tree or exposed rock) along the road, you can stop your vehicle and take photos out the window. (If the eagle flushes and flies away, you haven't ruined its life. But if it lands on another perch and you inch up to it again, then you're starting to harass the bird, and it's time to back off.)
Migrating birds of prey often follow ridges where they can ride updrafts, and at some sites in the northern Rockies, substantial numbers of Golden Eagles take part in the flight. With some scouting you may find sites where, with a long lens, you can capture good images of eagles in the air. No two hawkwatch sites are the same, and you'll want to find your ideal combination of lighting, proximity of the birds, and background. If the eagles are overhead, of course they'll be against the sky. But in areas where the birds pass along ridges, it's also possible to capture a shot of a Golden flying at eye level or below, with the mountain as your backdrop—which may be enough to convince you that more distant shots, featuring wild Goldens as an integral part of the wilderness, aren't just the most ethical images, but also the most compelling.
Audubon is a nonprofit, and stories like this are made possible by readers like you. To support our work, please make a donation today.


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Rene Geurts: Living on air
Living on air
The origins of nitrogen symbiosis
Nitrogen: it's essential to all life on earth and abundant in the air we breathe in and out. But it's also one of the strongest chemical compounds we know. Only some plants can unlock the treasure inside the air, by using a special bacteria: Rhizobium. How did these plants develop this precious tool? Plant researcher René Geurts wants to crack this secret and does groundbreaking research on its evolutionary origin.
René Geurts (1968) has carried out groundbreaking research in the field of molecular developmental biology. In collaboration with other plant biologists, he has decoded a set of genes used by plants such as members of the pea family to develop root nodules to host nitrogen fixing Rhizobium bacteria. His current research focuses on the evolution of this symbiotic signalling network. The research conducted by René Geurts is interdisciplinary in nature. The line of research he has set up integrates molecular biology, genetics, physiology and cell biology. Geurts' work, including three articles published in Science magazine, has earned him international renown.
Produced by Fast Facts
With the support of The Young Academy and René Geurts
Thanks to Iris Koopmans, The Young Academy Office, Wageningen University & Research centre, Department of Plant Science
Gemaakt door: Moira van Dijk 2012
In cooperation with
Camera, editing & compositing: Jonathan Massey
Music: Daan van West
Graphic design: SproetS


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Royal Navy surface fleet
of the British Armed Forces
|History and future|
The Surface Fleet is the name given to the collection of surface vessels (as opposed to submarines or aircraft) of the Royal Navy. At present it consists of two flotillas based at Portsmouth and Devonport, both on the south coast of England, and a flotilla based at the Clyde Naval Base at Faslane in Scotland.
The Surface Fleet consists of a wide variety of vessels, ranging from aircraft carriers to mine countermeasures vessels to offshore patrol vessels, but the backbone of the fleet consists of destroyers (type 42 and type 45) and frigates (type 23).
The surface fleet has recently been engaged in numerous operations in the North and South Atlantic, the Caribbean, the Northern Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea, where the Cyprus Squadron is based. Closer to home, the surface fleet also conducts Fishery Protection Patrols in UK waters, in a formal agreement with DEFRA. The Fishery Protection Squadron is the largest front line squadron in the Royal Navy.
 See also
|This United Kingdom navy-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


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You are hereStanding Stones
Moel Goedog 6 is a wedged shaped standing stone that has a notch in its upper surface. It stands 0.8 metres high and is part of the Fonlief Hir ancient Track way.
This standing stone found close to Merthyr Farm, Harlech, is the tallest and most prominent of the five stones denoting the supposed prehistoric track way known as Fonlief Hir. The stone stands just over six feet tall and can be seen over a gate in the stone farm wall beside the road.
Standing in the Norman churchyard of All Saints Church, the Rudston Monolith is the highest standing stone in Great Britain at 7.6m (25ft) with a 5m circumference and an estimated weight of 40 Tonnes.
An experiment run by William Strickland in the 18th century suggests the stone may extend underground to a similar depth as it high above ground. Read More »
The standing stones below Stemster Hill, are unusual in that they consist of a U shape, rather than the traditional stone circle. Their real purpose is unknown but they may have had an astronomical usage.
Directions: On a minor road off the A9 and the A99
The Devil's Arrows are three Neolithic Megaliths - the tallest of which is 23 feet high - standing in a crooked alignment of around 580 feet. The fourth stone was destroyed in the 16th century, when Camden noted that it had been pulled down by treasure seekers.
In legend they were thrown by the Devil from Howe Hill to destroy Aldborough, hence their common name. Read More »
This ancient site of worship is similar to Carnak in Brittany in its concept, but on a much smaller scale.
250 stones are set into 22 rows, which sweep in a fan formation down the hillside. The stones are set in a North South alignment, and are quite small in size, all standing under 3 feet in height. Read More »


Monday, February 20, 2012
We Are Marshal(ing)!
If you've been following my interop posts you've seen me toss around the word "marshaling" a lot, without really talking about what that means or how it works. This is an unfortunate oversight, since marshaling is possibly the most central concept behind interop programming. So, lets remedy that. Lets see what it means to marshal.
Marshaling vs. Serialization?
Marshaling (the second 'l' is optional), in general, occurs whenever data is being copied across some logical boundary. When an object is packaged up for transport, we say it is being marshaled; when it is extracted for use on the other side, it has been demarshaled. The whole process, from start to finish, is also referred to as marshaling.
In the C# world, we usually talk about marshaling in relation to the managed/unmanaged code boundary, but there are plenty of other kinds of marshaling going on. Essentially, marshalling happens whenever:
 1. An object is being copied from point A to point B, when
 2. The processes in charge of A and B cannot share the object directly, because
 3. There is some well-defined data boundary in the middle.
In.NET, the most common form of marshalling happens whenever you call into a web or WCF service. Parameters and return values have to be marshalled and demarshalled to cross the process or system boundary. In this case, we usually talk about "serialization", but the two are very closely related (and the distinction is somewhat fuzzy.) In a sense, serialization is a specialized case of marshaling; in another sense, it is the mechanism by which marshaling happens. The primary difference is one of degree, namely, how fully the original object is carried over to its new location.
When an object is serialized, its state is transformed into some form that is sent over the network, or to disk, or whatever. When it is deserialized, that state information is used to construct a new copy of the object in the same state as the original instance. Marshaled objects, on the other hand, are transferred intact, including any codebase associated with them, to whatever extent that is physically possible.
Interop Marshaling
For now, lets just focus on the kinda of marshaling we are most interested in: marshaling objects between managed and unmanaged segments of memory. The runtime already does a lot of this for us, including the automatic marshaling of strings between System.String and BSTR or LPWSTR, the automatic marshaling of C# classes that expose COM interfaces, and the automatic marshalling of C-style structures into C#-style value types. If the default behavior of the runtime marshaler isn't quite right, the judicious application of MarshalAs attributes is usually enough to fix it.
But there are times when things are just too complex for the runtime to handle on its own, and we need to step in and take direct control. That's where the Marshal object comes into play.
Grokking The IntPtr
Unfortunately, at the risk of driving many of you running for cover, I now have to break some tragic news to you. Understanding the marshaling process means understanding pointers. Pointers are simple to define but complex to explain, and the worst kind of language feature: hard to get right, easy to get wrong, and catastrophic when you do. A ridiculous percentage of bugs, across all applications, are the result of bad memory management due to a misunderstanding of how pointers work.
Fortunately, we don't have to know all about pointers to do interop, just enough about them to find the data we want. If you're truly interested, you can find good introductions to them here and here. For our purposes, we'll ignore most of the complexities of pointers, and stick with this very simplified definition: a pointer represents a chunk of memory. That memory could be 4 bytes (to hold an int), 16 bytes (to hold a decimal), or hundreds of megabytes (to hold a database).
Since (safe) C# code cannot deal directly with pointers, the BCL introduces a special type, the IntPtr, to represent them. IntPtr is defined as a "A platform-specific type that is used to represent a pointer or a handle". The platform-specific part is the size, depending on the native size of integers (32- or 64-bit). If you're familiar with C, an IntPtr is roughly the same as a void *, in both size and purpose. (They are also use to hold Windows API handles, like HWND, but those are mostly unrelated to marshaling.)
When used by the Marshal class, the intent is that your IntPtr represents a pointer to some block of unmanaged memory that you need to manipulate. Where do we get these IntPtrs from? Basically, three places:
 1. We received one as the result of a memory allocation operation, for whatever purpose we might need.
 2. We received one as a parameter or return value from an interop function, such as an out or ref parameter, or a structured parameter.
 3. We calculate one by adding or subtracting from another IntPtr, to get back an offset into the original memory block.
Manual Memory Allocation
In C#, memory management is mostly an afterthought. The compiler and runtime coordinate things so that memory is there when you need it, and cleaned up when you're done. But since we're interoperating here with languages that don't do that for us, sometimes we have to stoop to their level. To help out, the Marshal class provides two different ways for us to ask it for memory: one for COM, and one for P/Invoke. Once we have that memory, the easiest way to fill it is via the series of Copy overloads that copy a managed array into unmanaged memory. (We'll see other ways to fill this memory later on):
byte[] buffer = FillAByteBuffer();
IntPtr comMemory = Marshal.AllocCoTaskMem(buffer.Length);
Marshal.Copy(buffer, 0, comMemory, buffer.Length);
comObject.MethodThatUsesBuffer(comMemory, buffer.Length);
int[] buffer2 = FillAnIntBuffer();
var pinvokeMemory = Marshal.AllocHGlobal(buffer2.Length * sizeof(int));
PInvokeFunctionThatUsesIntegers(pinvokeMemory, buffer2.Length);
In both cases, we're asking for a block of unmanaged memory large enough to hold our array, and receiving a pointer to that memory. We pass that pointer in to our unmanaged function, then immediately free it. That last bit is key. Jamie Zawinski once famously stated, amid a rant about how awful Java is, that its one redeeming quality that completely overshadowed everything was the fact that it did not have free(). In other words, Java does not require you to manually allocate, or manually release, the memory you use; this is the hallmark of a garbage-collected language like Java or C#. But the garbage collector will not touch memory allocated by the Marshal class; if we don't do it, the memory will leak.
Also, note that you must always free memory with the method that matches how you allocate it, because the two allocation methods use different blocks of memory. (The runtime also follows this rule: out or ref parameters in COM methods are freed using FreeCoTaskMem, for example.) Actually, its more accurate to say that someone must free the memory; that might not always be you. As a general rule, the called function allocates memory for any out/ref/return values, and the calling function frees the memory when it's finished. But always read the documentation carefully: especially in older P/Invoke calls, you sometimes get back a static buffer that you must not free yourself.
The most common reason to need to allocate a chunk of memory is to hold string data, and the Marshal class has a variety of methods specifically for this purpose. In this case, we are asking the CLR to allocate as much as memory as we need to hold the characters, using the appropriate allocator, then automatically copy the characters into it and return an IntPtr to the memory buffer:
var s = "Interop is fun!";
IntPtr comBstr = Marshal.StringToBSTR(s);
IntPtr comWideString = Marshal.StringToCoTaskMemUni(s);
IntPtr piWideString = Marshal.StringToHGlobalUni(s);
There are also ANSI and Auto variants of the Unicode functions, which mimic the behavior of the corresponding UnmanagedType enumeration value. Its rare for a Windows COM object not to use Unicode, however, so I tend to stick to that. Note that COM objects can return either a BSTR (an OLE-style string) or a simple C-style wchar *; be sure you don't confuse the two.
We can also marshal data in the opposite direction: given a pointer, we can get the underlying string data from it. This works just like you would expect:
IntPtr bstr = comObject.GetAComString();
string s1 = Marshal.PtrToStringBSTR(bstr);
IntPtr comLpwsz = comObject.GetAWideCharString();
string s2 = Marshal.PtrToStringUni(comLpwsz);
IntPtr piLpwsz = GetAPInvokeString();
string s3 = Marshal.PtrToStringUni(piLpwsz);
(Auto, Ansi, etc.) Notice that, when a COM object chooses to return a C-style string, it is nearly identical to a P/Invoke function doing so. The only meaningful difference between the two, from our perspective, is which function we use to free it.
Why Bother?
The examples so far have been pretty contrived; all we've managed to do is replicate the


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Jesse Owens in 1936
|Full name||James Cleveland Owens|
|Born||September 12, 1913
Oakville, Alabama, USA
|Died||March 31, 1980
Tucson, Arizona, USA
|Height||5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)|
|Weight||165 lb (75 kg)|
|Sport||Track and field athletics|
|Event(s)||Sprint, Long jump|
James Cleveland "Jesse" Owens (September 12, 1913 – March 31, 1980) was an American track and field athlete who specialized in the sprints and the long jump. He participated in the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Germany, where he achieved international fame by winning four gold medals: one each in the 100 meters, the 200 meters, the long jump, and as part of the 4x100 meter relay team. He was the most successful athlete at the 1936 Summer Olympics.
Owens was the youngest of ten children, three girls and seven boys, born to Henry Cleveland Owens and Mary Emma Fitzgerald in Oakville, Alabama on September 12, 1913. J.C., as he was called, was nine years old when the family moved to Cleveland, Ohio for better opportunities, as part of the Great Migration, when 1.5 million African Americans left the segregated South. When his new teacher asked his name (to enter in her roll book), he said "J.C.", but because of his strong Southern accent, she thought he said "Jesse". The name took, and he was known as Jesse Owens for the rest of his life.
As a boy and youth, Owens took different jobs in his spare time: he delivered groceries, loaded freight cars and worked in a shoe repair shop while his father and older brother worked at a steel mill. During this period, Owens realized that he had a passion for running. Throughout his life, Owens attributed the success of his athletic career to the encouragement of Charles Riley, his junior high track coach at Fairmount Junior High School. Since Owens worked in a shoe repair shop after school, Riley allowed him to practice before school instead.
Owens first came to national attention when he was a student of East Technical High School in Cleveland; he equalled the world record of 9.4 seconds in the 100-yard (91 m) dash and long-jumped 24 feet 9 1⁄2 inches (7.56 metres) at the 1933 National High School Championship in Chicago.
Ohio State University
Owens attended Ohio State University after employment was found for his father, ensuring the family could be supported. Affectionately known as the "Buckeye Bullet," Owens won a record eight individual NCAA championships, four each in 1935 and 1936. (The record of four gold medals at the NCAA was equaled only by Xavier Carter in 2006, although his many titles also included relay medals.) Though Owens enjoyed athletic success, he had to live off campus with other African-American athletes. When he traveled with the team, Owens was restricted to ordering carry-out or eating at "black-only" restaurants. Similarly, he had to stay at "blacks-only" hotels. Owens did not receive a scholarship for his efforts, so he continued to work part-time jobs to pay for school.
Owens's greatest achievement came in a span of 45 minutes on May 25, 1935, during the Big Ten meet at Ferry Field in Ann Arbor, Michigan, where he set three world records and tied a fourth. He equaled the world record for the 100 yard dash (9.4 seconds); and set world records in the long jump (26 ft 8 1⁄4 in or 8.13 m, a world record that would last 25 years); 220-yard (201.2 m) sprint (20.3 seconds); and 220-yard (201.2m) low hurdles (22.6 seconds, becoming the first to break 23 seconds). In 2005, University of Central Florida professor of sports history Richard C. Crepeau chose these wins on one day as the most impressive athletic achievement since 1850.
In 1936, Owens arrived in Berlin to compete for the United States in the Summer Olympics. Adolf Hitler was using the games to show the world a resurgent Nazi Germany. He and other government officials had high hopes that German athletes would dominate the games with victories (the German athletes achieved a "top of the table" medal haul). Meanwhile, Nazi propaganda promoted concepts of "Aryan racial superiority" and depicted ethnic Africans as inferior.
Owens surprised many by winning four gold medals: On August 3, 1936, he won the 100m sprint, defeating Ralph Metcalfe; on August 4, the long jump (later crediting friendly and helpful advice from Luz Long, the German competitor he ultimately defeated); on August 5, the 200m sprint; and, after he and Ralph Metcalfe were added to the 4 x 100 m relay team that featured Frank Wykoff and Foy Draper, following a request by the Germans for United States coach Dean Cromwell to replace Jewish-American sprinters Marty Glickman and Sam Stoller, he won his fourth on August 9 (a performance not equaled until Carl Lewis won gold medals in the same events at the Soviet boycotted 1984 Summer Olympics). Jesse Owens set the world record in the long jump in 1935, and this record would stand for 25 years (a very rare length of time for a track and field record), until it was finally broken by Ralph Boston in 1960. In an ironic coincidence, Owens was a spectator at the 1960 Summer Olympics when Boston took the gold medal in the long jump.
Just before the competitions, Owens was visited in the Olympic village by Adi Dassler, the founder of the Adidas athletic shoe company. He persuaded Owens to use Gebrüder Dassler Schuhfabrik shoes, the first sponsorship for a male African-American athlete.
On the first day, Hitler shook hands only with the German victors and then left the stadium. Olympic committee officials insisted Hitler greet every medalist or none at all. Hitler opted for the latter and skipped all further medal presentations. On reports that Hitler had deliberately avoided acknowledging his victories, and had refused to shake his hand, Owens said at the time:
"Hitler had a certain time to come to the stadium and a certain time to leave." "It happened he had to leave before the victory ceremony after the 100 meters. But before he left I was on my way to a broadcast and passed near his box. He waved at me and I waved back. I think it was bad taste to criticize the'man of the hour' in another country."
Owens was allowed to travel with and stay in the same hotels in Germany as whites, while at the time African Americans in many parts of the United States had to stay in segregated hotels while traveling. After a New York City ticker-tape parade of Fifth Avenue in his honor, Owens had to ride the freight elevator at the Waldorf-Astoria to reach the reception honoring him. FDR never invited Jesse Owens to the White House following his triumphs at the Olympics games. Since 1936 was a presidential-election year, Roosevelt was afraid that he would lose southern votes if he played Kowtow to a black man. Jesse Owns also publicly endorsed Alf Landon during the upcoming election.
"Hitler didn't snub me – it was FDR who snubbed me. The president didn't even send me a telegram."
Hitler sent Owens a commemorative inscribed cabinet photograph of himself. Jesse Owens was never invited to the White House nor were honors bestowed upon him by President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) or his successor Harry S. Truman during their terms. In 1955, President Dwight D. Eisenhower (himself an athlete of note) honored Owens by naming him an "Ambassador of Sports."
The dormitory used by Owens during the Olympics has been fully restored into a living museum, with pictures of his accomplishments at the Games, and a letter (intercepted by the Gestapo) from a fan urging him not to shake hands with Hitler.
After the games had finished, the Olympic team and Owens were all invited to compete in Sweden. He decided to capitalize on his success by returning to the United States to take up some of the more lucrative commercial offers. United States athletic officials were furious and withdrew his amateur status, ending his career immediately. Owens was angry, saying, "A fellow desires something for himself."
Prohibited from amateur sporting appearances to bolster his profile, Owens found the commercial offers all but disappeared. In 1946, he joined Abe Saperstein in the formation of the West Coast Baseball Association (WCBA), a new Negro baseball league; Owens was Vice-President and the owner of the Portland (Oregon) Rosebuds franchise. He toured with the Rosebuds, sometimes entertaining the audience in between doubleheader games by competing in races against horses. The WCBA disbanded after only two months.
Owens helped promote the exploitation film Mom and Dad in black neighborhoods. He tried to make a living as a sports promoter, essentially an entertainer. He would give local sprinters a tenor twenty-yard start and beat them in the 100-yd (91-m) dash. He also challenged and defeated racehorses; as he revealed later, the trick was to race a high-strung thoroughbred that would be frightened by the starter's shotgun and give him a bad jump. Owens said, "


text:
...using only your brain! - We have reported before on technology that will enable paraplegics to control an internet cursor using only their brain waves. Now researchers may have found a way for them to send email that way too (and it's one way to avoid spam)!
The technology is based on the fact our brains are powered by electricity. Another use for this technology would be to enable us to control video games with our brains. In MSNBC, Eric Bland quotes researcher Mike D'Zmura as saying, "I think that this will eventually become just another way of communicating." Bland quotes D?Zmura as saying that his research has two objectives, and the first is to compose a message "that little voice in your head." After that, his teams wants to send that message to a particular individual using only the power of thought, so that it can be read as text or as a voice mail.
Here's something interesting: in the many letters the Striebers received after Communion was originally published in 1987, everyone who wrote said that the Visitors talked to them inside their heads, without moving their mouths.
Bland quotes D'Zmura as saying, "The eventual application I see is for students sitting in the back of the lecture hall not paying attention because they are texting. Instead, students could be back there, just thinking to each other."
But what about people listening in on thoughts you don't want them to hear? D'Zmura has a solution for that too: "When I was a kid I occasionally said things that were inappropriate, and I learned not to do that. I think that people would learn to think in a way the computer couldn't interpret. Or they can just switch it off."
Art credit: freeimages.co.uk
Even if nobody will admit it, unknowncountry.com listeners know that contact has begun (but let's not shoot them down this time)!
NOTE: This news story, previously published on our old site, will have any links removed.


local farming
Ithaca College
Local farms provide communities not only with nutritious food, but also a way towards environmental sustainability by working directly with their local community.
When Carol Anne Sayle began farming with her husband Larry Butler in 1981, they were ahead of their time as urban farmers. They also became early voices in the locavore movement in Austin, Texas. (Eva Legge/Dartmouth College)
Planet Forward Correspondent | Dartmouth College
Two Austin, Texas, urban farms led the way for their area's locavore movement. These farmers talk about their motivation, and discuss why eating local is so important.
Planet Forward Senior Correspondent | University of Georgia
Roger Williams University


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What is a Baker's Cyst?
The knee consists of a fluid called synovial fluid, which reduces the friction between the bones of the knee joint while you move your leg. Sometimes this fluid is produced in excess, resulting in its accumulation in the back of your knee. A Baker's cyst or popliteal cyst is a fluid-filled swelling that develops into a lump behind the knee. This causes stiffness, tightness, and pain behind your knee. It is commonly seen in women and people aged over 40 (although it can develop at any age).
Symptoms of Baker's Cyst
Baker's cyst, in some cases, does not cause any pain and may go unnoticed. However, you may experience symptoms such as swelling behind your knee and legs, stiffness behind the knees, slight pain in the knee towards the upper calf (especially when you bend your knee or straighten it completely). Pain can become severe when you flex your knee and are active. Sometimes the cyst can tear open and the fluid can drain into the tissues of the lower leg, causing swelling and redness.
Causes of Baker's Cyst
Baker's cyst is caused by underlying conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and gout, an injury to the knee or inflammation of the knee joint.
Diagnosis of Baker's Cyst
When you present with the above symptoms, your doctor will review your medical history and perform a thorough physical examination of your knee. Further tests such as ultrasound scan and MRI may be recommended in order to confirm the diagnosis of Baker's cyst.
Treatment Options for Baker's Cyst
Most often, Baker's cyst does not require treatment and may disappear on its own. However, if the cyst is large and causes a lot of pain, the following treatments are recommended:
- Medications: Your doctor injects corticosteroid medications into your knee to reduce pain. However, this doesn't always prevent the recurrence of the cyst.
- Fluid Drainage: Fluid from your knee is drained using a needle that is guided by ultrasound. Steroid injections sometimes follow fluid drainage to reduce inflammation and pain.
- Physical Therapy: Your doctor may suggest the application of ice and a compression wrap or crutches to help reduce the pain and swelling. He/she may also include strengthening and range-of-motion exercises for the muscles around the knee.
- Surgery: Your doctor may treat the underlying cause rather than the condition itself. If a cartilage tear is causing the overproduction of synovial fluid, surgery may be suggested to repair the cartilage.
Depending on your condition, your doctor will determine the best treatment that will help alleviate your symptoms of Baker's cyst.


The pitch of a tone is considered to consist of two components: the rectilinear component of height and the circular component of chroma, or pitch class. In an experiment employing simultaneous sequences of Shepard tones, it is shown that tones in different positions on the chroma circle differ in height when generated under the same spectral amplitude envelope. Further, the directions of these differences remain constant when the envelope is centered at different positions along the spectrum, resulting in clear differences in the overall heights of the patterns.
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EcoWorld's 2008 EcoTour Survey
Gorilla with Baby Gorilla
Visit a family of gorillas on your next family vacation.
(Photo: Terra Incognita Ecotours)
Have you ever looked a beautiful pristine place shining brightly on your computer's screensaver and thought how much you would like to be there right now?
For some people, a couch, cold drink and a decent video rental make up the key ingredients for their perfect vacation. What is a vacation anyway? The dictionary defines the word as "time away from work", but for many of us, the ideal vacation doesn't just mean a quick escape from the job, but an escape from the day to day lives we've become accustomed to. Working the 8-5 jobs leaves many drained and wondering what else the world has to offer. A plastic plant gathering dust next to the computer screen we stare at all day is never going to satisfy the need for a healthy dose of nature.
Nominated as "Best Tour Operator" in the 2006 First Choice Responsible Tourism Awards, Terra Incognita Ecotours, is a tour operator that has left many clients impressed. Terra Incognita founder, Gerard Caddick, spent many years working to conserve endangered species in South America before starting a business in the travel industry. Caddick's tours include trips to Rwanda where visitors can spend the day with wild gorillas, to Costa Rica where it is rare to leave without having seen toucans, parrots and monkeys in the jungle canopy or Borneo where orangutan's and elephants are a common sight.
Gerard Caddick, explains what makes eco-tours special ones: "I would say that what makes our trips different is that we're focused on taking people to natural areas to experience the wildlife and cultures that occur there. So its very different form a beach vacation or cruise. There is an educational component where you learn about wildlife and nature issues."
The Terra Incognita website provides a list that defines an ecologically responsible tour:
Minimize impact,
Build environmental and cultural awareness and respect,
Provide positive experiences for both visitors and hosts,
Provide direct financial benefits for conservation,
Provide financial benefits and empowerment for local people,
Raise sensitivity to host countries' political, environmental, and social climate,
Support international human rights and labor agreements.
Small Sloth
Have this little fellow join you for breakfast.
(Photo: Terra Incognita Ecotours)
There really is something out there for anyone. A jungle safari might appeal to the more adventurous while a laid back cruise would seem more appealing to someone who just wants to sit back and relax.
The difference between an eco-tour and booking a trip on your own is that an eco-tour allows the traveler to give something back to the country that they visit.
"We made the decision early that that everyone's involvement [in the local culture and habitat protection] would be a monetary donation," says Caddick, "On every trip that we offer, there is a component of the tour costs that goes to a local conservation organization. Our logic was that we are targeting the baby boomer generation that has more money than time. People want to do the right thing, but they don't have the time to do conservation or volunteer work, so they provide funding and get involved in that sense."
Some examples of where tourist dollars go when traveling through Terra Incognita include: Project Angonoka to protect the most endangered tortoise in the world-the ploughshare,which is found solely in Madagascar (_URL_
to the Belize zoo, to the Tropical Education Center and to the Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project (MGVP) where veterinarians have the risky job of roaming through the jungles and treating injured gorillas. The MGVP project can be proud of having increased the Mountain Gorilla population by 17% in the past 20 years. (_URL_
A lot of thought is put into where Terra Incognita donates this money. "We like to find local conservation organizations," continues Caddick, "We never give a whole lot of money, meaning it is not in the millions, so we want to make sure that what we give is wisely spent."
Terra Incognita's most popular and unique tour is the trip to visit the incredible Gorilla in Rwanda: "Sitting face to face with a mountain gorilla is a life changing experience," says Caddick emotionally, "everyone we've taken to see these gorillas has been moved by the whole experience. I've seen grown men weep. Imagine coming face to face with something three times your size and marveling at how incredibly gentle and compassionate these creatures are. The Mountain Gorilla tour involves waking up at 5am where the lodge owner knocks on your door with tea or coffee at hand. Breakfast starts at 5:30am and the group heads out to start the trek through the jungle at 6am. There are seven Gorilla families in the area, and each visitor is assigned a group. It takes 1-3 hours to reach the gorillas and one hour is spent with them when they are found. They only have human interaction 1 hour a day. After the experience, you go back to the lodge and relax till the cocktail hour starts at 6pm and dinner at 7pm."
A major concern for travelers is their budget. As with anything, careful research will provide a travel solution for everyone.
Italian Shore Village
Smart growth cluster-homes, ala Italia.
(Photo: A Closer Look Travel)
Kara Black, the owner and manager of A Closer Look Travel (_URL_ recently became focused on sustainable travel. Black decided to specialize in social change travel and runs one of the few travel agencies that specialize in eco-tourism. Black explains how varied eco-tours can be: "The prices of eco-tours are diverse; you can find luxury deluxe ecotourism or you could do a home-stay which is extremely in expensive."
St. John Island Vacations (_URL_) is an example of a luxury vacation. As with anything, you get what you pay for, and being pampered, fed, massaged and entertained at the one of the most beautiful island escapes in the world does not come cheap.
Ecotourism does not mean that your trip involves backpacking through rugged terrain or working in a rural village to earn your keep. These are options, but not what defines eco-tourism.
A Closer Look Travel offers other types of tours to individuals wishing to make a direct impact by staying with local families and working in the area to pay for their stay. Kara Black explains that "you could stay in a ghetto in Brazil or in the Dominican Republic. Of course you would be housed in fairly safe accommodations and get tours of the living conditions of the people that live there so it is not a white washed tour. You would have the opportunity to purchase a well for a family that provides much needed water, or work in a health clinic or in a school to help educate local children. An example of a typical day on one these adventures include staying on the outskirts of the poor area in a sort of Bed and Breakfast, where you take a group transport to a clinic and work on a variety of tasks like talking with parents, observing the situation and assisting in ways where you don't need medical expertise. You listen to people who work there, learn what their issues are and end up being donors to these programs. After a morning working at a clinic you would have lunch off site and then take a group bus to say, local archeological caves. Afterwards everyone enjoys time shopping at the beach district and receives a nicer meal for dinner. These types of tours are offered all over the world such as Pakistan, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, the Dominican Republic, South and Central America and Honduras."
Penguins in Patagonia
Penguins in Patagonia.
(Photo: A Closer Look Travel)
There are also opportunities to work with local habitats by planting trees or monitoring wildlife. Black continues to describe a tour that would appeal to travelers who want to completely immerse themselves in nature: "In the Earth Watch expedition up the Amazon, travelers stay in huts owned by the local tribes. You get to these huts by a dug out canoe boat. When you stay in your hut you hope you can sleep in because at night you stay up late studying cicadas via black light. During the day you go on wildlife excursions, and then you come back and enjoy dinner made from food grown locally. Afterwards you will stay up for several more hours and attract insects with the black light to count them."
Tropical forests or third world countries are not the only popular travel destinations offered through Black's travel agency: "You can stay at a ranch in Hawaii on the side of a volcano while reforesting native trees, another one of our trips includes a stay on a hilltop castle in Tuscany where guests learn how to do all the organic farming and learn how to sustainably harvest everything. You learn a lot about the history of the area and how locals live their lives."
Unfortunately, even ecotourism can have negative impacts if not managed properly. The psychology behind travel has changed tremendously over the years. In the past, people did not give a second though about trampling through jungles or riding jeeps across the Sahara. As traveling became easier and the world smaller, many people decided to take advantage of the situation and sought adventure in pristine jungles, deserts and oceans. Over time, these areas degraded and the environmentally conscious noted changes in the land, an increase in pollution and changes to the local society as a whole


Skip to definition.
Verb: nourish nur-ish or nú-rish [N. Amer], nú-rish [Brit]
 1. Provide with nourishment
 "This kind of food is not nourishing for young children";
 - nurture, sustain
 2. Give nourishment to
 - nutrify, aliment
Derived forms: nourished, nourishing, nourishes
Type of: cater, feed, give, ply, provide, supply
Encyclopedia: Nourish


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Instruments Made in Germany
Enlarge image Musikwinkel (musical corner) in Saxony (© picture-alliance/ dpa) The centers of German musical instrument making lie hidden in two German border regions. As early as Mozart's time, all orchestral instruments were being manufactured in the "Musikwinkel" (musical corner) of the Vogtland region, in Saxony, near the Czech border. Not far from Garmisch-Partenkirchen, the famous ski resort in the border region to Austria, lies the small town of Mittenwald, which is known for its string instruments.
The Musikwinkel, now also – borrowing on Silicon Valley – sometimes called Musicon Valley, incorporates the towns of Markneukirchen, Klingenthal, Erlbach, Schöneck, and the smaller communities situated between those localities.
Enlarge image Instrument master builder Björn Stoll manufactures premium double basses and cellos. (© picture-alliance/ ZB) In 1677, following the Thirty Years War, religiously persecuted Protestant violinmakers fled the Bohemian town of Graslitz (Kraslice) across the border to Saxony and settled in Markneukirchen. Gradually, more instrument makers migrated to Vogtland – string and bow makers, guitar and zither builders. The construction of musical instruments did not require city centers; rather, makers practiced the craft in their own workshops. The forests in the region supplied the raw material to build wooden instruments; other necessary materials were imported from abroad, particularly from Russia.
The instruments from Vogtland quickly became known beyond the borders of Saxony, and instrument-making developed into the region's most important economic sector. In Markneukirchen alone, the number of master builders climbed from 160 in 1821 to 234 in 1828. Employment and production figures reached mass-production levels in the 19th century, sometimes at the expense of the quality of instruments. Expanding trade was assumed by professional distributors, whose profit margins were so large that there were more than a dozen goldmark millionaires among them. Around the turn of the 20th century, instruments from the musical corner had a global market share of 80 percent; during the Depression, the region still accounted for 50 percent of the market. After World War II, the region became part of the GDR, and the instruments were mostly mass-produced in factories. The number of production plants fell from 700 to 100. Since reunification, the number of smaller and medium-sized companies has, however, begun to rise again. This has the advantage that small operations can better respond to customers' special requests.
Enlarge image A traditional violinmaker's workshop at the violin making museum in Mittenwald (© picture-alliance/ dpa) Direct trade relations with the United States (Bethlehem, Pennsylvania) have existed since 1795 through a native of Markneukirchen who immigrated to America. Business relations continuously expanded over the ensuing years. Another émigré from Markneukirchen in 1833 became the founder of C.F. Martin & Company, a guitar company still in existence today in Nazareth, Pennsylvania. Trade with the US was of such great importance that a US consulate was established in Markneukirchen in 1893 and remained in existence until 1916.
Instrument makers living in the musical corner are happy to let visitors see how they practice their craft in their workshops. In Markneukirchen alone, over 100 workshops today employ 1,300 people. The locale is known for its string and wind instruments. The world's oldest accordion factory is located in Klingenthal, and world-renowned guitars come from Erlbach. The secret behind the instruments' perfect tone, which is achieved through the use of certain woods and lacquers, are often closely guarded as family treasures and passed on from father to son. For some years now, the University of Applied Sciences of Zwickau has been offering the opportunity to study musical instrument making in Markneukirchen.
Enlarge image Violinmaker Anton Sprenger works on a violin in his workshop in Mittenwald. (© picture-alliance/ dpa) Only 260 miles south of Vogtland, along an old trade route between Augsburg and upper Italy, lies the city of Mittenwald. Violin-making in Mittenwald is inextricably linked with the Klotz family name. In the 17th century, during the life of the famous Italian violinmakers Stradivari and Amati, the young Mattias Klotz (_PHONE_) moved to Italy to learn the tradecraft of violin-making. On his return, he introduced it in Mittenwald, and until today all subsequent violinmakers follow his tradition. The residence of Mattias Klotz now houses a violin museum, where visitors trace the over 300-year tradition of violin-making in Mittenwald.
String instruments from Mittenwald soon became known well beyond Bavaria. To maintain the high-quality standard practiced there, Maximilian II of Bavaria in 1858 founded a violin making school, which is still widely respected today.
Mittenwald has been holding an international competition in violin and bow construction since 1989. The 6th competition took place in May 2010, and the gold medal in violin bow construction was awarded to American Kot hu-Sheng from Wayne, Pennsylvania.


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Eight Ingredients for a Peaceful Society By Michael Shank Christian Science Monitor[WEBSITE VERSION] December 19, 2011
What makes for a peaceful society? Hot spots from Congo to the Middle East would benefit from such knowledge. But so would the United States, which, at home, isn't always so harmonious and abroad, is still at war in Afghanistan.
The Institute for Economics and Peace, an international research group, has come up with eight ingredients for more peaceful societies. They're laid out in a report, "Structures of Peace," based on the institute's annual Global Peace Index and more than 300 data sets from around the world. The US does pretty well on five of them, but falls far short on three key ingredients.
Michael Shank, vice president of the institute's US office gives his take on eight ingredients America needs to reap the economic and social benefits of peace.
1. Government effectiveness
According to the institute's report, "government effectiveness" is measured by quality of public services, civil service, policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government's commitment to policies. The US falls short on all counts.
For example, the American Society of Civil Engineers estimates that more than $2 trillion is needed to fix US bridges, dams, waterways, and wastewater plants. Meanwhile, just 9 percent of Americans approve of how Congress is handling its job – an all-time low. US tax, trade, and labor policy over the last 30 years has largely failed the American people. You see that in the Occupy protests.
The tide is changing however. "Make it in America" is now bipartisan and bicameral and could do wonders for cities once buzzing with manufacturing and industry. The concept of a National Infrastructure Bank for public-private projects is becoming increasingly popular in Washington.
2. Distribution of resources
There is a "growing unequal" in America, to borrow a phrase from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Americans now have the highest poverty rate since WWII and the highest income inequality rate since the Great Depression. Data compiled recently by the Economic Policy Institute show that in the last 30 years, the top 1 percent doubled their incomes. Everybody else gained hardly anything.
It behooves the US to close its inequality gap because with it comes a host of social-health problems, whether those are high rates of homicide, incarceration, obesity, illness, addiction, teenage pregnancy, illiteracy and low social mobility and life expectancy – which cost in the hundreds of billions of dollars.
Improving this situation requires making it easier for Americans to get ahead, get insured, get educated, and get a job. The current tax code benefits asset owners (e.g. low taxes for capital gains) much more than it benefits wage earners. A more fair and distributive tax system would help balance the inequitable scales.
3. High levels of education
Considering persistently poor scores on the Program for International Student Assessment, which is given to 15-year-old students by the OECD, America's mediocre ranking in science, math, and reading has US policymakers scrambling for a fix. A recent example is releasing states from No Child Left Behind (NCLB) standards, allowing them to pursue their own accountability and performance measures. (Half of public schools fail to meet NCLB standards, according to a December report by the Center on Education Policy.)
The US needs to go beyond the short-term fixes of voucher programs and charter schools, which may work well for some but neglects others and fails to fix a broken system. The Department of Education's Equity and Excellence Commission, is a step in the right direction. It uniquely focuses on how education is financed to address disparities in educational opportunity.
Meanwhile, a college education is still inaccessible and unaffordable for many. Student debt nearing $1 trillion is testament to this unsustainable trend. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's focus on community colleges and efforts by governors to nationalize core curriculum standards are encouraging.
Greater educational opportunity and graduation rates correlate with lower levels of violence (see the US Peace Index) thus requiring fewer state funds to respond to violence. But with presidential candidates queuing to further cut the federal role in education and with congressional deficit reduction agendas targeting education funding, vigilance is vital – America's economic future depends on it.
4. Five other ingredients
America does fairly well on five other factors in the institute's report: a sound business environment, acceptance of the rights of others, good relations with neighbors, free flow of information, and low levels of corruption. But there's still much room for improvement.
For example, on the "rights of others," the US has yet to ratify the international treaties related to the rights of the child, the International Criminal Court, and the elimination of discrimination against women.
On "corruption" and the perception of corruption, the Occupy Wall Street protests illustrate growing distrust of the financial industry, an industry that can now spend unlimited amounts in federal elections thanks to campaign finance laws weakened by the Supreme Court.
On "good relations with neighbors," America's ongoing drug and gun wars with Latin America and war and conflict in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Yemen, Somalia, and Libya, continue to cost taxpayers trillions of dollars.
Baby steps on any of these fronts will garner big gains as a more peaceful America (on par with Canada, for example) would yield $361 billion in annual savings and additional economic activity. The investment is worth it.
Michael Shank is the US vice president at the Institute for Economics and Peace and a former senior policy advisor to Democratic Congressman Michael Honda of California.


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Following the line of the article posted by A.Riazi, Solving engineering problem using MATLAB C API, I will show in this small example how to use M Functions inside our VC++ 6 project.
The project calculates the convolution of two vectors, and shows the resulting vector in the MsChart control. The function that performs the convolution is written in MatLab and then through the MatLab Add-in converted to C code ready to be used inside our app.
You need Visual Studio 6 and MatLab Release 12 installed with the MatLab C Library and Matlab Compiler.
Installing the MatLab Add-in
The add-in automates the integration of M-files into Visual C++ projects. The add-in for Visual Studio is automatically installed on your system when you run either mbuild -setup or mex -setup and select Microsoft Visual C/C++ version 6. In order to use the add-in you must follow these steps:
- Start MatLab, in the prompt type mbuild -setup
- Follow the menus and choose MS Visual C++6.0.
- Type the following commands in the matlab prompt :
These commands save the MatLab path to a file called mccpath in your user preferences directory (prefdir), ussually inside your documents and settings file. The path is used by the add-in because it runs outside Matlab and there is no other way for it to determine your Matlab path. If you add new directories to your Matlab path you will have to rerun this command if you want the add-in to see them.
- Configure the Matlab Add-in for Visual Studio 6 to work within MSVisual C++.
- Open MSVisualC++.
- Select Tools -> Customize from the MSVC menu.
- Click on the Add-ins and Macro Files tab.
- Check MATLAB for Visual Studio on the Add-ins and Macro Files list and click Close.
The floating MATLAB add-in for Visual Studio toolbar appears. The checkmark directs MSVC to automatically load the add-in when you start MSVC again.
Calculating the convolution in Matlab
We will write a simple function in MatLab that will perform the convolution of two vectors:
In2 and store the result in
We actually can use any matlab built-in function or toolbox function inside our function here we use only the function conv for simplicity.
%Returns the convolution of vector IN1 and IN2
Save the function with the name MyFunc.m
Writing the Application
Use the MFC AppWizard (exe) option to generate a Dialog Based Application and call it conv. Create a Button which will calculate the convolution of two given vectors.
Add the code below to the button's Message Handler.
Copy MyFunc.m into your VC++ project directory. Now go to the MatLab Add-in and click the.m++ (Add m-files to current project) button:
Select Windows Console Exe from the Combo Box and check Generate main file and debug mode. Press OK.
Then select the MyFunc.m file and click Open. After a while you will see new files added to your project.
Under MATLAB M-files you will see our MyFunc.m, you can even edit it from inside Visual C++. Under MATLAB C/C++ are MyFunc.c and MyFunc_main.c, generated by the MatLab Compiler. And all the headers needed by the compiler.
We can't build the app yet, we must add the following lines to convDlg.cpp:
Now the project should be built without any problem.
Points of Interest
The steps described here don't include the MSChart part, you can see it from the source code, but you can see that the calculation is done by placing a breakpoint inside the button message handler and checking the value of the
res vector after the line:
Well I hope this simple article be interesting for MatLab lovers, this is the first article I wrote, so I apologize if it is not clear enough. I will be glad to explain anything if you ask me. Greetings.
Daniel Cespedes is now working on his final project to get the Electrical Engineering degree at the National University of Technology in Cordoba Argentina. He is developing a Computerized system for the study of Human Echolocation, the ability to detect obstacles with the echoes of self generated sounds.(yes like bats!!) at the CINTRA (Centro de Investigación y Transferencia Acústica).He uses MsVisual C++ 6 as a developing tool. He also work at the Software Research Lab at the University.
He comes from Sta.Cruz de la Sierra-Bolivia a paradise in SouthAmerica's heart, where you can find pure air, nature contact, happy people, beautiful women etc.


I received two notes on this happy leap day that there was a problem someone was having in with accounting for leap years in their code. Both were quickly solved.
The first was programming for a leap year that turned out to be a common problem. The programmer was checking for leap year by dividing the year evenly by 4, and seeing an error when looking at historical transactions in 1900 and 2000. Centennial leap years can only be evenly divided by 400.
The other was with the use of the ATL COleDateTime API related to handling leap years in Visual Studio and.NET Framework. It turned out that the workaround referenced in this article on Connect solved the issue: _URL_
Tags: leap year, Visual Studio.


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possession of mana
...possess it. Derived from a root term that has aristocratic connotations, mana corresponds to Polynesian social classifications. The ariki, or alii, the nobility of Polynesia, have more mana than commoners, and both their land and the insignia...
traditional Maori social structure
...( iwi) recognized a common ancestry (which might be traced through either or both parents) and common allegiance to a chief or chiefs ( ariki). Traditionally, at the day-to-day level, the most important social groups were the hapuu (subtribe), which was the primary landholding group...
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To become a highly-reputable education hub for syariah and law studies to contribute towards the preserving and upholding the sanctity of Islam as well as the development of the ummah and the country at large.
To produce outstanding graduates and world-quality research in the area of syariah and law whose reputation are recognized at national and international levels, through high-quality teaching and learning methods together with contemporary research, which are based on exemplary values and professional ethics.
1. To produce graduates who are capable and well-versed in diverse areas of syariah and law including studies in comparative law.
2. To produce scholars and experts who are capable of solving issues faced by society especially those related to Islamic legal rulings.
3. To equip graduates with sufficient Islamic education and excellent personal values in order for them to be holistic Muslim individuals.
4. To produce highly-capable and professional human capital in areas of syariah and law.