text:
Reference implementation of Open Voting Consortium (OVC) design standards
|Head over to OVC's homepage and make a donation at this critical time!|
A worldwide group of scientists, engineers, political scientists, legal scholars, and voting-rights activists are working on developing a PC based voting machines that will be easier to use, more secure, cheaper, and provide greater democratic transparency than commercially available voting machines. All EVM2003 voting stations produce a voter-verifiable paper ballot
Computerized voting offers many advantages over traditional systems, including,
- The ability to easily handle multiple languages
- Meeting the needs of voters with disabilities
- Eliminates problems such as over-voting and other voter intent issues.
High quality refurbished PC's that are only one generation old exist in great abundance and have more than enough power to make great voting machines.
The EVM2003 software development project includes participants from around the United States as well as from many other countries. Our EVM2003 reference software is Free Software, programmed in Python, and uses documented XML formats for data storage. EVM2003 consists of several software elements:
- A GUI touchscreen ballot entry interface. User will touch screen regions or use another pointing device to select candidates or other elections issues. After completion of selections, a readable paper ballot will be printed for a voter to place into a ballot box after verification.
- A Reading-Impaired Interface (RII) ballot entry interface. User who are visionor reading-impaired may use an alternate ballot entry interface that uses a keypad to navigate and headphones to confidentially select ballot options. After completion of selections, a ballot identical to that produced by the touchscreen GUI will be printed.
- A Ballot Vocalization Application (BVA). Voter who are not able to see or read a printed ballot may bring their ballot (in a private folder) to the BVA, which will read back the selections made on a ballot over headphones. The BVA is a separate station, not networked with the GUI or RII stations, and is coded independently of the other software components.
- A Ballot Reconciliation Program (BRP) creates a local count of votes recorded on paper ballots, and checks that they match the XML-format electronic ballot images (EBIs) recorded on GUI or RII stations. BRP is run at a precinct level, at the end of a polling period.
- Tallying Software. Votes collected at precincts are canvassed (aggregated) at higher levels. EVM2003 software will support both single-vote plurality winner tabulation and a variety of ranked-preference tabulation styles, including but not limited to: Instant Runoff Voting; Condorcet; Borda; Cardinality.
EVM2003 volunteers include architectural advisor David Mertz of Massachusetts, a well-known writer on computer programming and security issues; and Developer Lead Fred McLain of Washington who has consulted for IBM, Sun Microsystems and Johns Hopkins University on software security issues. Additional key people include Jan Karrman (Sweden), Eron Lloyd, Karl Auerbach, Laird Popkin, Matt Shomphe, Anand Pillai (India), John-Paul Gignac (Canada), Matteo Giacomazzi (Italy) and Will Brunner (Germany). Liam Helmer is developing an EVMix "live CD" based on StrongBox Linux
The developers appreciate the ongoing advice from OVC board members and supporters: president, Alan Dechert; Arthur Keller, a UC Santa Cruz computer science professor; Douglas W. Jones, a University of Iowa computer science professor and world-renowned expert on voting technology; OVC Founding Member Charlie Strauss; and others.
The EVM2003 project is using the services offered at SourceForge.net, the world's largest Open Source software development web site, to store source code and documentation, track issues, and manage the project. Developers want to demonstrate a voting system where all components are open for public inspection and debate. Consistent with this idea, all aspects of the development of the software are open to the public also.
A successful, and widely reported, initial demonstration of EVM2003 voting systems took place on April 1, 2004, in Santa Clara County, California. A web based version is also available so that anyone with Internet access can try out the look and feel of the GUI entry and printed ballots.EVM2003 will be a modern, reliable, affordable, uniform, and fully auditable voting system. While designed to be certified in the United States first, it will be built from the ground up as an international voting machine. The larger study will include not only the development of voting machine software, but all software necessary for election administration, and an Election Rules Database that will document all election rules in effect in all jurisdictions in the United States.


text: Allogeneic islet transplantation into the liver has the potential to restore normoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes. However, the suboptimal microenvironment for islets in the liver is likely to be involved in the progressive islet dysfunction that is often observed post-transplantation. This study validates a novel microwell scaffold platform to be used for the extrahepatic transplantation of islet of Langerhans. Scaffolds were fabricated from either a thin polymer film or an electrospun mesh of poly(ethylene oxide terephthalate)-poly(butylene terephthalate) (PEOT/PBT) block copolymer (composition: 4000PEOT30PBT70) and were imprinted with microwells, ~400 µm in diameter and ~350 µm in depth. The water contact angle and water uptake were 39±2° and 52.1±4.0 wt%, respectively. The glucose flux through electrospun scaffolds was three times higher than for thin film scaffolds, indicating enhanced nutrient diffusion. Human islets cultured in microwell scaffolds for seven days showed insulin release and insulin content comparable to those of free-floating control islets. Islet morphology and insulin and glucagon expression were maintained during culture in the microwell scaffolds. Our results indicate that the microwell scaffold platform prevents islet aggregation by confinement of individual islets in separate microwells, preserves the islet's native rounded morphology, and provides a protective environment without impairing islet functionality, making it a promising platform for use in extrahepatic islet transplantation.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
" unit used.
This source will be parsed and executed by an
interpreter on the user's system. The interpreter is
responsible for vetting source to ensure it obeys the required
language syntactic and semantic restrictions; and then for
providing a safe execution "sand-box" environment.
The safety of this approach relies on the correct specification
and implementation of the interpreter.
The main advantages of the source code approach is the distribution of
relatively small amounts of code; the fact that since the user has the
full source, it is easier to vet the code; and that it is
easier for the interpreter to contain the execution environment.
Disadvantages include the fact that it is slow, since the source must
first be parsed; and that it is hard to expand the core functionality,
since the interpreter's design limits this.
One early example which included aspects of "mobile code"
were some of the MUDs which were programmable (see Bro93)
eg MUCK, MOO, UberMUD. These systems could execute
source authored by arbitrary users anywhere in the world, manually transferred
to the MUD system, and subsequently executed in the MUD interpreter environment.
Safeguards were provided by the fact that the MUD interpreter had
no other access to host system apart from the single MUD database file.
However, any MUD program had full access (as the running user) to MUD data.
One limitation was that users needed explicit permission to author code:
once granted however, they were trusted not to abuse the privilege.
These systems are early illustrations of some of the concepts: the use
of a "sand-box" interpreter, and restrictions on the source of code.
The most widespread and common example of the source code approach is
Safe-TCL, a subset of the TCL language with restricted features for safety.
TCL was designed by John Ousterhout as a
simple, clean, interpreted, embeddable command language,
with graphical toolkit (Tk) (see Ous94).
Safe-TCL is restricted by having
limited file system access, and is prevented from executing arbitrary
system commands. Safe-TCL code is usually
executed by the "untrusted interpreter" (that is the interpreter
which executes code from an untrusted source). A key component of the
Safe-TCL system is the provision of another "trusted interpreter"
(which executes code from a trusted source). Trusted code
can be used to extend the capabilities of the Safe-TCL system.
Such extension code can be invoked by any code running on the
"untrusted interpreter", but the extension code uses the
This provides a clean mechanism for extending the system.
Safe-TCL was designed by Nathaniel Borenstein and Marshall Rose as
a means of augmenting email to include active messages, termed
"Dynamic Email" (see Bor94). With the addition
of new MIME types: application/safe-tcl
Safe-TCL programs could be incorporated into email messages,
and executed either on delivery or access by the recipient.
The concepts in Safe-TCL were subsequently adopted by the Tcl group,
and are now incorporated as standard in the latest Tcl/Tk releases.
More recently, Safe-TCL has been adapted for use on the web to execute
"Tclets" -- Safe-TCL code downloaded by a web browser and executed by
an interpreter on the user's system (see Tclet96).
It is currently handled by a
plug-in on common browsers such as Netscape (see Lev96).
Safe-TCL has also been extensively used in the First Virtual Internet
embedded in an HTML document. It is NOT Java! It is
interpreted by the user's web browser, and
allows control over most of the features of the web browsers.
It has access to most of the content of its HTML document, and has
full interaction with the displayed content.
It can access Java methods (& vica versa), providing access
Currently there is only a very coarse level of security management:
it is either enabled or disabled. Its security features are not
yet well documented.
A second approach to providing "mobile code" is to have the
programs compiled to a platform-independent intermediate code,
which is then distributed to the user's system.
This intermediate code is executed by an interpreter on the user's system.
Advantages are that it is faster to interprete than source,
since no textual parsing is required, and the intermediate code
is semantically much closer to machine code.
The interpreter provides a safe execution "sand-box", and again, the
safety of the system depends on the interpreter.
The code in general is quite small, and the user's system can vet the
code to ensure it obeys the safety restrictions.
Disadvantages of this approach are its moderate speed, since an interpreter
is still being used, and the fact that less semantic information is
available to assist in vetting the code than if source was available.
Probably the best known intermediate code technology today is Java.
It is Sun Microsystems' "executable content" technology, using an
interpreted, dynamic, type-safe object-oriented language
(see GM95). Its safety features include the use of
runtime bytecode verification, late dynamic binding of modules,
automatic memory management, and exception processing. Considerable effort
has gone in to ensuring its safety in design and implementation.
This safety is, however, dependent on the correct specification
and implementation of both the verifier/interpreter AND the
standard library implementation (esp. SecurityManager). Failures
in these areas have led to some security flaws,
as described later.
Telescript is a technology for creating distributed applications
using "mobile agents" (see Tar95). A key
difference between Telescript and Java is that a Telescript
"mobile agent" is a migrating process that is able to autonomously
transfer its execution to a different system by asking to "go" elsewhere.
Like Java, it is an interpreted, dynamic, type-safe object-oriented language,
compiled to an intermediate code, with runtime type checking and
late dynamic binding, automatic memory management, and exception processing.
Additional features include object persistence and remote access,
enabling objects to access each other over the network.
Because of its migratory and remote access features,
authentication and protection features are integral.
Currently, Telescript is also supported via Netscape plugins for
web applications, as well as using dedicated interpreters for
other distributed applications.
Native Binary Code
The final category of code distribution uses native binary code,
which is then executed on the user's system. This gives the
maximum speed, but means that the code is platform dependent.
Safe execution of binary code requires:
Approaches to ensuring this can rely upon:
- restricted use of instruction set
- restricted address space access
A combination of verified use of a trusted compiler, and the
software fault isolation approach has created considerable interest,
especially when used with a Just-in-time Compiler.
- tradional heavy address space protection, which is costly in
terms of system performance and support;
- the verified use of a trusted compiler, which guarantees to
generate safe code that will not violate the security restrictions;
- the use of "software fault isolation" technologies
(see WLAG93) which augment the instruction stream,
inserting additional checks to ensure safe execution
Just-in-time Compilation (JIT) is an approach that combines the portability
of intermediate or source code with the speed of binary code.
The source or intermediate code is distributed, but is then
compiled to binary on the user's system before being executed.
If source is used, it is slower, but easier to check.
If intermediate code is used, then it is faster.
Another advantage is that the user can utilise their
own trusted compiler to verify code, and insert the desired
software fault isolation run-time checks.
This approach is being used with Java JIT compilers, and
also in the Omniware system.
Omniware is yet another technology for "mobile code"
(see LSW95). Omniware code is
written in C++, which is then compiled to an intermediate
code for the OmniVM. This is distributed, and at run-time
is translated to native code for execution.
It relies on "software fault isolation" techniques
to enforce safe execution of binaries. This
adds special checking code which emulates a MMU in software, placing
each module in its own protection domain. The run-time environment
vets access to resources. The major advantages claimed for Omniware
are that it uses a standard, well known language, C++, that it
is fast, since binary code is actually being executed, and yet it
is safe, due to the use of the "software fault isolation" techniques.
Theory vs Practice
There are a number of good proposals for providing safe execution of
"mobile code". However, some flaws have been found in practice.
Most of the recent effort has focused on Java (see below), although the
researchers believe that other systems would be likely to
have similar flaws if they were as closely scrutinised.
By examining the flaws found, some lessons may be drawn to assist
with future designs.
Java Implementation Flaws
A number of implementation flaws have been found in the Java system
(see DFW96, Ban95,
All of these flaws can be corrected by changes to the standard Java
run-time environment: many have already been made.
- Problems with network security, mostly created using DNS spoofing
to subvert the interpreter's view of the domain namespace, and subsequently to
violate the restriction on opening connections only back to the source
of the Java code.
- There were some early problems with buffer overflows in sprintf
in the original JDKs. These have mostly been fixed

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Abdul Razak, I.; Jaafar, N.; Mat Nor, G. (1989) The causes of tooth mortality of permanent teeth in a Malaysian population. Journal of the Irish Dental Association, 35 (1). pp. 39-41. ISSN 0021-1133
The reasons underlying the need for extraction of 2765 permanent teeth carried out over a 6 month period in the Out-patient Clinic in the Dental Faculty, University of Malaya, was investigated. The present study showed that dental caries (67.4) is the leading cause for extraction followed by periodontal disease (19.6). Caries accounted for the highest proportion of extractions up to the age of 50 whereas periodontal disease becomes the major factor beyond this age. The highest frequency of extractions carried out was between the ages of 21-30.
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text:
Copyright © University of Cambridge. All rights reserved.
Why do this problem?
requires a lot of calculations of surface areas, within
a rich problem solving context.
Work with a specific cuboid, eg $2 \times 3 \times 5$, or a
breakfast cereal box, to establish how to calculate surface area of
cuboids. Students could practise working out surface area mentally
on some small cuboids made of multilink cubes.
Present the problem, ask students to keep a record of things
that they tried that didn't work (and what was wrong) as well as
things that did work. In this initial working session, try to
ensure that students are calculating surface area correctly.
may be useful (for teachers' eyes only!).
It may be appropriate to draw a ladder on the board, with this on
the steps (starting from the bottom):
- calculations going wrong
- no solutions yet
- one solution
- some solutions
- all solutions
- why I am sure I have all the solutions
- I'll change the question to...
A short group discussion could suggest strategies to help students
move on up the ladder, before they continue with the problem.
This might be a good lesson in which to allocate fiveminutes at the
end to ask students to reflect on what they have achieved, which
methods and ideas were most useful, and what aspects of the problem
- Have you found none/one/some or all of the solutions
- Is there a cube that will work?
- How might you organise a systematic search for the cuboids with
surface area $100$?
The main extension activity could focus on the convincing
argument that all solutions have been found. Once this has been
answered, you might like to consider these extensions:
- Express the method for calculating surface area,
- What surface area values will generate lots of cuboids and
which give none or just one?
- Could you set up a spreadsheet to help with the
In groups, or as a class, keep a record of all cuboids whose
surface areas have been calculated.
Award tenpoints for a bulls eye "$100$",
fivepoints for each $95-105$, and twopoints
Any miscalculated results could lose points, providing
motivation for peer checking, and helping each other.
A sheet showing a net of a cuboid, like this
, may help students to
organise their working and ideas.


text:
The Texas State Senate: Senate Committee on Natural Resources
Senate Committee on Natural Resources
Video/Audio Archives [ 79th | 78th | 77th | 76th ]
80th Session Interim
80th Regular Session
- Study the safety of major dams, levees, and other flood control structures across Texas, and determine the appropriate responsible agency [Texas Commissioner on Environmental Quality (TCEQ), Texas Water Development Board (TWDB) or the Governor's Office of Homeland Security] and the level of authority and funding needed to inventory, assess, repair or replace those with impairments. Develop liability and control standards for flood control structures and make recommendations to properly and safely manage these assets in the future.
- Review Texas' current air emissions inventory and evaluate the need for additional data to enhance or improve the inventory. Review current federal, state and local incentive programs related to emissions reductions and recommend improvements.
- Study and assess the use of advanced control technologies for the reduction of point source pollution emissions, including, but not limited to:
- Identifying state-of-the-art pollution control technologies;
- Identifying facilities which could benefit from state-of-the-art control technologies;
- Identifying mechanisms for implementing state-of-the-art controls in Texas;
- Reviewing the ability of the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) to regulate the use of pollution control technologies, including possible legislative options to grant, improve, or mandate TCEQ actions to implement state-of-the-art control technologies; and
- Investigating the use of different approaches or methods in regulating emissions based on geographical/regional locations around the state.
- Assess the environmental impact of new electric generation sources and technologies. Collect and evaluate data related to use and conservation of water used in the production of energy. Examine the need to include electric generation facility water needs in regional water plans.
- Inventory and analyze bodies of water with high salinity. Explore new technologies and approaches to reduce salinity in the state's surface and groundwaters. Examine the need for state action to address salinity levels in surface waters of the state. Include an assessment of the following:
- brackish desalinization projects, including brine disposal options;
- permitting of brackish water by groundwater districts;
- the value and potential uses for brackish water; and
- the imposition of export fees for brackish as opposed to potable water.
- Monitor the implementation of House Bill 1763, 79th Legislative Session, including progress by Groundwater Conservation Districts (GCDs) on joint planning within Groundwater Management Areas (GMA) and collaboration with entities within a GMA in joint planning including areas not covered by a GCD. Study the impact of HB 1763 on the following:
- GCD creation within areas not covered by a GCD;
- single or partial county GCDs;
- consolidation with existing GCDs, and within priority groundwater management areas.
- Investigate issues related to groundwater use in areas of the state without a Texas Water Development Board defined aquifer, such as the Barnett Shale. Evaluate the impact of permitting the increase of the cap on export fees by GCDs.
- Review all state-created river authorities, including the powers exercised by each authority and the advisability of subjecting these authorities to legislative review. Consider options for ensuring adequate protection of public assets, improving transparency of operations, enhancing appropriate access to financial and management records, and authorizing audits by the State Auditor's office.
- Study and assess issues concerning mercury and arsenic emissions, including, but not limited to:
- identifying the sources of mercury and arsenic pollution in air and water;
- investigating the status of drinking water, reservoir, river, estuary, and fish and wildlife mercury and arsenic monitoring programs in Texas;
- investigating the implementation by TCEQ of the Federal Clean Air Mercury Rule (CAMR) on power plants in Texas;
- studying the potential costs and benefits of including all coal/lignite burning sources in Texas, not just power plants, into the State's CAMR program; and
- determining the legislative and regulatory mechanisms and advisability of including all coal/lignite burning sources into the State's CAMR program.
- Study the need for regional water quality standards, particularly in the Edwards and Barton Springs recharge zones.
- Monitor the progress of the Edwards Aquifer Authority (EAA) Recovery Implementation Plan to determine, after reviewing reports to the Legislature and with input from the EAA Oversight Committee, any changes in legislation needed to implement the plan.
- Monitor the implementation of legislation addressed by the Natural Resources Committee, 80th Legislature, Regular Session, and make recommendations for any legislation needed to improve, enhance, and/or complete implementation. Specifically, focus on SB 3, relating to water; SB 12, relating to air quality; and the transfer of historic properties from Texas Parks and Wildlife Department to the Texas Historical Commission.
The following reports are available for download:


text:
When a saturated gel is deformed, its mechanical response is profoundly influenced by the flow of liquid in its pores. For example, if a gel bar is suddenly deformed in 3-point bending, the liquid cannot immediately flow out of the pores, so the gel initially responds incompressibly; consequently, its deflection provides a measure of its shear modulus, Gp, rather than Young's modulus, Ep. In this paper, the kinetics of deformation of such a rod are analyzed, showing that it is possible to obtain the permeability, D, of the gel from the time-dependence of the load, as well as finding both Gp and Ep. Analyses are presented for the time dependence of the load at constant deflection for a square and cylindrical beam, and for load at constant deflection rate for a square beam. The method is applied to determine Gp, Ep, and D for a silica gel made from tetraethoxysilane.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
- Ceramics and Composites
- Condensed Matter Physics
- Materials Chemistry


text:
Devices made from gallium arsenide could enable optical communication that is 1000 times faster than today's electronic communication.
Solid State Electronics journal - Ultrafast nonlinear optical effects in semiconductor quantum wells resonantly driven by strong few-cycle terahertz pulses
Intraexciton transitions in semiconductor quantum wells are modulated by strong and tunable few-cycle terahertz pulses. Time-resolved terahertz-pump and optical-probe measurements demonstrate that the 1s heavy-hole and light-hole exciton resonances undergo large-amplitude spectral modulations when the terahertz radiation is tuned near the 1s–2p intraexciton transition. The strong nonlinear optical transients exhibit the characteristics of Rabi sidebands. The spectral features also reveal the dephasing properties of the optically dark 2p states. A microscopic theory shows that the 2p-dephasing rate is three times that of the 1s-state. The ultrafast nonlinear optical effects and their quantum nature suggest promising applications to ultrahigh-speed optical signal processing and quantum information processing in the THz region.
If you liked this article, please give it a quick review on Reddit, or StumbleUpon. Thanks
How to Make Money


text:
PEI 4-H Fast Facts
- 4-H began in Canada in 1913 in Roland, Manitoba
- 4-H began on PEI in 1918
- 4-H was known as "Boys and Girls Clubs" until 1952
- The 4-H motto, "Learn to do by doing", was adopted in 1952
- 4-H PEI has a history book called, "Rural Roots".
- The first 4-H clubs on PEI were:
- Teach practical business methods, feeding, exhibiting, selling, and to instill a love for animals.
- Gave members a means of contributing to food production while earning money
- First clubs were in Central Lot 16, Tryon, Hillsborou, and Morell.
- Similar goals of inspiring young producers, increasing efficiency, and proper management.
- First clubs were in Charlottetown, Eldon, Hillsboro, Morell, Mt. Stewart, O'Leary, St. Georges, St. Peter's, St. Teresa, Tyne Valley, Tryon and Uigg.
- The Women's Institute developed projects in home economics in 1933
- The five 4-H Districts were established in 1970
- There have been four Presidents of the Canadian 4-H Council from PEI:
1942, 52 – Stewart Wright
1975 – Dale Dewar
1987 - Gwyneth Jones
2000 – John J. MacDonald
4-H Brand and Logo
- 4-H emblem is a four leaf clover with a capital "H" inscribed on each leaf and the word 'Canada' forming the base or banner.
- The official 4-H colors in Canada are green and white. Green is symbolic of agriculture and youth. White is symbolic of purity.
- The 4-H Mascot is Frisco the Fox
- The 4-H Pledge, recited at the beginning of most 4-H events, is:
I pledge:My head to clearer thinking,
My heart to greater loyalty,
My hands to larger service, and my
Health to better living,
For my club, my community, and my country.
4-H PEI Stats
- On Prince Edward Island there are currently:
- 570 members
- 250 leaders
- 23 clubs
- In 2012/13, the top 4-H project was dairy.
- One third of 4-H members identify as living on a farm.
- The longest continuous 4-H Club on PEI is the Freetown Harmony 4-H club: 85 years and counting!


the underline separately from the color of the text.)
Other neat features in Eudora Pro 4.2 can be accessed via URLs. Here are a few of my favorites:
 - You can double-click a URL to open it in the appropriate program. But, with the setting below, you can Command-click a URL to open it in the background without switching out of Eudora. It's a great way to open a bunch of URLs from TidBITS for browsing after reading the issue. You can also Command-click partial URLs like _URL_ and ftp.tidbits.com and Eudora will try to open them in the appropriate helper application. And, although this isn't new, you can Command-click email addresses to create a new message addressed to that person.
 - If something crashes while you're writing a message, you can lose a fair amount of work. Eudora has an auto-save function, though it's not turned on by default. Double-click this URL to make Eudora save messages every 120 seconds.
 - The default settings for the size of the preview panes may not work well with larger monitors. The first URL below sets the default size of the preview pane, in number of lines, and the second one sets the minimum number of lines for either the preview pane or the summary pane. Play with different numbers for these settings and see what works best for you.
 - Although Eudora allows spaces in nicknames, Eudora still tries to replace spaces with underscores when you're creating nicknames. You can override that behavior with this URL. Double-click it, and in the dialog box change the third character from an underscore to a space.
 - If you dislike the new format=flowed display of excerpt bars rather than angle brackets after giving it a chance, you can revert by double-clicking this URL.
Discussion Rampant -- The TidBITS Talk discussions of various aspects of Eudora have ranged far and wide, with numerous people weighing in on the bits of Eudora they like or dislike. Eudora being the program that it is, people posting complaints about how Eudora does something have often received tips on how Eudora can in fact meet their needs; check out the various threads relating to Eudora and you may learn even more about this deep program.
READERS LIKE YOU! Support TidBITS by becoming a member today!
Special thanks to Peter Grimbeek, Holly Farish-Hunt, Morris Johnston,
and Derek Hilton for their generous support!


text:
3 = 6 cm
Question 10: The radius of two concentric circles are 12cm and 13cm. If the chord of the greater circle be a tangent to the smaller circle, then the length of that chord is:
Solution : Acc. to Question
AO = 13 cm and OD = 12 cm
AO2= DO2 + AD2
132 = 122 + AD2
AD2 = 169 – 144
AD = 5cm
AB = 2xAD = 10 cm
Questions 11: Two tangents are drawn at the extremities of diameter AB of a circle with centre O. If a tangent to the circle at the point C intersects the other two tangents at Q and R, then the measure of the ∠QOR is
Solution : Acc. to question
In ∆OCR and ∆RBO
OC = OB (radius)
RC = RB (tangent from same point)
PR is common
By SSS property both are congruent ∆OCR ≅ ∆RBO
Similarly they are also congruent ∆OCQ ≅ ∆QAO
Then ∠COR = ∠ROB = x
and ∠AOQ = ∠COQ = y
2x + 2y = 180°
x + y = 90°
∠QOR = 90°
Question 12: Two equal circles whose centres are O and O' intersect each other at the point A and B, OO'= 24 cm and AB = 10 cm then the radius of the circle is
AB = 10 cm
AC = BC = 5 cm
OC = CO' = 12 cm
In right angled triangle ∆ACO
OA2 = OC2 + AC2
OA2 = 122 + 52
OA2 = 144 + 25
OA = 13 cm
Question 13: The distance between the centers of two circles of radii 6 cm and 3 cm is 15 cm. The length of the traverse common tangent to the circles is:
Solution : Length of traverse common tangent = √[(Distance between their centres)2-(r1 + r2)2]
=√[(15)2-(6 + 3)2]
=√(225 – 81)
= 12 cm
Question 14: If the distance between two points (0, -5) and (x, 0) is 13 units, then the value of x is:
Solution :We know that
(Distance)2 =[(x2-x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2]
(13)2 = [(x2-0)2 + (0 – (-5) )2]
169 = x2 + 25
x = 12 units
Attention reader! Don't stop learning now. Get hold of all the important DSA concepts with the DSA Self Paced Course at a student-friendly price and become industry ready.


text:
Illinois Ethnic, Political, or Religious GroupsEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Records and histories of minorities and ethnic groups may provide clues to immigrant origins, migration information and previous residences. See United States Minorities for further sources on ethnic, racial, and religious groups.
Ethnic Research in Illinois
You can find information on ethnic ancestors in most of the same records as other groups. Start your research in the same resources you would search for non-ethnic ancestors. The records listed on this page provide information about specific groups in Illinois.
Additional resources for Illinois ethnic groups may be found in the Illinois-Minorities topic page of the Family History Library catalog (FHLC). Copies of records on FHL microfilm and microfiche can be ordered for viewing at FamilySearch Centers. Also find Illinois ethnic resources available at many libraries (WorldCat). Explore how to search WorldCat and the FHLC.
Some sources for early settlers of Kaskaskia and other French areas of Illinois are described in Illinois History.
Some African-Americans may be listed in the comprehensive index of servitude and emancipation records at the Illinois State Archives. These records are also available in IRAD depositories. See also the following sources:
- Tregillis, Helen Cox, comp. River Roads to Freedom: Fugitive Slave Notices and Sheriff Notices Found in Illinois Sources. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, 1988. The information was obtained from newspaper microfilm available at the Illinois State Historical Library. Available at many libraries (WorldCat); FHL book 977.3 H6t
- Hodges, Carl G., and Helene H. Levene, comps. Illinois Negro Historymakers. Chicago: Illinois Emancipation Centennial Commission, 1964. Available at many libraries (WorldCat); FHL film 982206 Item 5; book 977.3 A1 no. 15.
For further information, see: Illinois African Americans.
- Illinois State Archives Servitude and Emancipation Records Database (1722–1863) includes names of African American servants, slaves, or free persons from selected governmental records. A full description of this database can be found here.
- African-American Genealogy (Newberry Library) includes research guides, periodicals, and genealogical records.
- Illinois State Archives: African-American Records. In addition to the servitude records mentioned above, this site provides research guidance, military databases, and record descriptions.
- Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature has digital collections as well as archival collections.
- Mapping the Stacks: A guide to Black Chicago's Hidden Archives is a plan to identify and organize the collections of Black Chicago. Finding aids are included.
The most prominent Indian tribes in Illinois were the Illinois, Miami, Winnebago, Fox and Sacs (Sauk), Kickapoo, and Pottawatomie tribes. Most of these tribes were eliminated from Illinois by about the mid-nineteenth century either through warfare or resettlement to other territories by the federal government. See Illinois American Indians for additional information on tribes, reservations, agencies, and resources.
- Center for Belgian Culture
712 18th Ave.
Moline, IL 61265
Phone: _PHONE_
Czech and Slovak
The Paul M Nemecek Research Library of the Czech & Slovak American Genealogy Society of Illinois (CSAGSI) offers an extensive ethnic collection, especially for Chicago and Cook County.
- The CSAGSI Library is in the
T.G. Masaryk School
5701 22nd Place
Cicero, IL 60804
CSAGSI publishes a quarterly journal, Koreny (Roots) FHL book 977.3 H25k
German Newspapers in Illinois available at Chronicling America,
Foreign Language Press Survey is collection of translated newspaper articles - many of which are German.
Karen's Gen website has many records for Germans who settled just south of Chicago.
Brinkman, Michael. Quincy, Illinois, immigrants from Munsterland, Westphalia, Germany. Westminster, Maryland: Heritage Books, 2010. Available at: Various Libraries (WorldCat) and FHL book 977.344/Q1 W2b, 2 vols.
Deitrich, Julius. Bloomington's Deutsche in Wort und Bild = Bloomington's German Population in Word and Picture. Normal, Illinois: McLean County Genealogical Society, 1993. Available at: Various Libraries (WorldCat) and FHL book 977.359/B1 F2d
Holtschlag, Lester and Kimbrough, Lenore, translators. Bornmann's Sketches of Germans in Quincy and Adams County. Quincy, Illinois, Great River Genealogical Society, 1999. Available at: Various Libraries (WorldCat)
LaSalle County Historical Society, Genealogy Guild. LaSalle County Cemeteries : St. Joseph's Cemetery, Bureau County, Illinois. Ottawa, Illinois: LaSalle County Genealogical Guild, 1991. Available at: Various Libraries (WorldCat) and FHL book _PHONE_/S1 V3L
Tolzmann, Don Heinrich, ed. Illinois' German Heritage. Milford, Ohio: Little Miami Pub. Co., 2005. This is the most exceptional resources for Germans in Illinois. Available at: Various Libraries (WorldCat)
Woodruff, George, H., William Henry Perrin, & W. Le Baron Jr. The History of Will County, Illinois. W. Le Baron, Jr., Co., 1878. FHL book Digital Version
von Roeder, Flora. Deep in the Heart of America: A Chronology of six German Immigrant Lines to St. Clair County, Illinois. Houston, Texas: F. von Foeder, 1995. Available at: Various Libraries (WorldCat) and FHL book 929.273 G55v
Don Heinrich Tolzmann, "The German Heritage of Southern Illinois and Missouri," The Palatine Immigrant.
Kircher, Henry A. and Hess, Earl J. A German in the Yankee Fatherland: the Civil War letters of Henry A. Kircher. Kent, Ohio, Kent State University Press, 1983. Available at: Various Libraries (WorldCat)
Freund, Hanns Egon. Emigration Records from the German Eifel Region _PHONE_. Crystal Lake, Illinois: McHenry County Illinois Genealogical Society, 1991. This has a focus of emigrants whose final destinations were Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan. Available at: Various Libraries (WorldCat) and FHL book 977 W2f
Klotz, Jane Smithenry. Immigrants from Mernes, Germany to Indiana and Illinois. Indianapolis, Indiana: J.S. Klotz, 1993. Available at: Various Libraries (WorldCat)
Marxkors, Heinz, compiler. Emigrants from the former Counties of Büren and Paderborn in the former Province of Westphalia in the former Kingdom of Prussia emigrated to St. Libory, St. Clair County, State of Illinois. Bielefeld, Germany: H. Marxkors, 2004. Available at: Various Libraries (WorldCat)
This is a wonderful resource for St. Clair County, Illinois and discusses St. Louis, Missouri historical associations.
Cunningham, Julie. LaBounty, William, editor.Church Book for German Evangelical Lutheran: Combined Friedens Church, Bloomington, Illinois. Normal, Illinois: McLean County Genealogical Society, 1995. Available at: Various Libraries (WorldCat) and FHL book 977.359/B1 K2c
The Early German Churches of Illinois publication coupled with the Illinois, Diocese of Belleville, Catholic Parish Records _PHONE_ Illinois, Diocese of Belleville, Catholic Parish Records, _PHONE_ can be of assistance in establishing time-lines for Germans in Illinois.
Mintert, Roger P., editor. German Immigrants in American Church Records, Volume 10: Illinois North Protestant. 10 Volumes. Rockland, Maine: Picton Press, 2011. FHL book 973 W23g, 10 vols.
Randolph County Genealogical Society, compiler. The German English Lutheran Zion Congregation at Blair, Randolph County, Illinois, translated from the German Church Records. Chester, Illinois: Randolph County Genealogical Society, unknown date. Available at: Various Libraries (WorldCat)
Schmidt, Martha Mae and Elsa E. History, Church Records, and Cemetery Burials of St. Peter's United Church of Christ, Lenzburg, IL 62255, _PHONE_. Marissa, Illinois: M.M. Schmidt, 1977. Available at: Various Libraries (WorldCat)
Stopp, Klaus. The Printed Birth and Baptismal Certificates of the German Americans. Six Volumes, Volume VI has Illinois entries. Mainz, Germany and East Berlin, Pennsylvania: The Author, 1998. Limited printing. Available at: Various Libraries (WorldCat) and FHL Book 974.8 A3st, 6 vols.
Wendelin History Book Committee, compiler. Holy Cross Church, _PHONE_, Wendelin, Illinois. Wendelin, Illinois: Wendelin History Book Committee, 1996.
German Press Club of Chicago < _URL_
Harzig, Christiane. Peasant Maids-City Women: from the European Countryside to Urban


text:
How much do words matter when it comes to what's on our plates? Two poultry farmers talk about chicken-raising and how their understanding of words has changed over time.
In six minutes, "The Lexicon of Sustainability" looks at the evolution of words. People who raise their chickens outdoors, with access to fresh air, insects, seeds, and room to roam have "cage-free" chickens. But does cage-free actually mean that?
Cage-free simply means that the chicken lives outside the cage and nothing more. The chickens can be packed into a small room that gives them no more individual space than they would have in a cage.
For a few years, farmers who raised their chickens humanely used cage-free to denote their model. However, it didn't take long for factory farms to take the label and apply it to their thousands of chickens crammed into a small room.
The farmers then have to find a new word to describe what they're doing, so that consumers know what we're getting. Marketers for the large corporations inevitably find a way to use the new labels.
It's an interesting look at how these farmers' view of what they're doing and how others see them develops.
Image capture from video


text: Several times we have used this English word "Kid" to refer to our own children. We keep repeating this word even while knowing a kid actually refers to a young goat. Why then do humans take pleasure in calling their young children kids and not babies or any other befitting name? The story goes that because a he-goat has a goatee it wears about as it matures, its young was named a kid. In the same manner because humans also interestingly sometimes grow goatees, they look so much as he goat with a goatee that it became necessary for children sired by men with goatees to be called kids. Today, even men without goatees have no problems calling their own children Kids.


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Rendering PDF Documents with Mupdf and P/Invoke in C#
, 9 Oct 2014 CPL
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Converting PDF into bitmaps without installing extra components.
I've been looking for a PDF rendering engine on.NET Framework for quite a few years. However, there is NO free, native.NET based one available on this planet yet. At the end, I was attracted by a GNU licensed, fast and slim PDF rendering engine--Mupdf, and wrote my own C# wrapper for it.
This article will introduce the first steps on writing such a P/Invoke based C# wrapper for the Mupdf engine and render PDF pages into picture files.
Background and relative projects
During the search for PDF render engines, I found two projects providing C# interfaces nicely. The libraries provided by these two projects can be used to render PDF pages using C#.
The first project was initially posted here on, titled View PDF files in C# using the Xpdf and muPDF and finally settled down on GoogleCode, named pdfviewer-win32. It used C++/CLI to bridge C# and the Mupdf. The positive side of the C++/CLI approach is that it allows developers to access every most internal parts of the Mupdf library. The down side is that developers have to write many C++/CLI wrapper classes. Writing and debugging such kind of classes isn't a piece of cake, and many C# developers even don't know about C++.
The second project was hosted on GoogleCode, named mupdf-converter. It has 2 layers: the first one introduces some C++ classes to encapsulate the library; the second one provides some C functions as static methods exposed by those classes. Finally, those C functions are exported in a DLL for P/Invoke. In short, the flow of the wrapper is MuPDF -> C++ Wrapper -> C (exported as DLL functions) ->.NET P/Invoke.
Since there're existing projects such as pdfviewer-win32 or mupdf-converter, why not just use them? It was fine unless you want to keep up with the most recent development or use all functionalities provided by the Mupdf library, when you have to eventually dig into the Mupdf yourself. The pdfviewer-win32 project provides a lot of functionalities, but it had not been updated for more than one year when I wrote this article. The mupdf-converter library provides merely very few functionalities--You could not do other things with it except rendering PDF pages--and it works only on.NET 4.0 or above.
I studied the source code of mupdf-converter and found that it was quite simple and its two-layer-wrapper implementation was quite bloated. Actually it is unnecessary to use a C++ class to wrap functions from Mupdf. As Mupdf is written in C, it is possible to make a DLL out of it and call its export functions via P/Invoke directly. That is, the calling path can be shorten to MuPDF ->.NET P/Invoke. Inspired by this library, I began to make my own and hence wrote this article.
Warning: The following part of the article assumes that you know how to write P/Invoke functions in C#. If you don't know a bit about it, you can learn it from MSDN. If you don't want to take that trouble. Please use the existing library provided by pdfviewer-win32 or mupdf-converter.
The 'cooking' procedures
The procedure of making our P/Invoke-only MupdfSharp library includes the following steps.
 1. Obtaining the Mupdf DLL library.
 2. Learning the essential concepts and export functions in Mupdf.
 3. Writing the P/Invoke functions.
Obtaining the Mupdf DLL
If you have once downloaded and compiled the source code of Mupdf, you would probably find that the compiled output are several EXE files. There is no DLL library at all. So if you are not familiar with MAKE files, it can take you quite some hours to learn and modify the MAKE file in order to get the DLL library.
Fortunately there are always nice guys in this world. The developers of SumatraPDF, a slim PDF viewer program utilizing the power of Mupdf, are our savers. They have released their code files on Github and the compile result of their project does lay down a DLL library for you to reuse. So the steps can be quite simple.
 1. Go to the project host of SumatraPDF:
 2. Download the source code package (or use an SVN tool to synchronize with their latest work).
 3. Open Visual C++ (you can use the free Express version here) and load the project.
 4. Select "Release" as the build configuration and compile the project.
 5. Find out the "libmupdf.dll" file out of the release folder.
 6. You have the Mupdf DLL now.
The developers of SumatraPDF are very diligent programmers. They keep quit a closed track with the latest development of Mupdf and update their code frequently. Therefore, you can quite well trust them and use their library instead of trying to compile your own Mupdf DLL out of the official code.
Learning the essential concepts and functions
Once you have the libmupdf.dll in your hands. It is time for you to study the functions provided by the Mupdf library.
The library is written in C. In the C programming world, the most common functions are placed in header files, which have file extension names ".h".
In the SumatraPDF project, the source code of the MuPDF library are placed in the mupdf\include\mupdf folder.
From the documentation section of the MuPDF official website, three header files are listed--"fitz.h", "pdf.h" and "xps.h". We need to get started with the first two of them. Then we will follow them and find out the needed functions and structures.
The following lines are part of the "fitz.h" file. When we are exploring the functionalities of the MuPDF library, we will follow the _TAG_ instruction and examine the corresponding files one by one.
_TAG_ MUDPF_FITZ_H
_TAG_ MUDPF_FITZ_H
_TAG_ "mupdf/fitz/version.h"
_TAG_ "mupdf/fitz/system.h"
_TAG_ "mupdf/fitz/context.h"
// the rest of the file is omitted here
When we open the files listed in the fitz.h file or pdf.h file, for instance, context.h, we will see some definitions for functions and structures. The definitions of functions and structures will be essential for writing P/Invoke funtions later.
To learn about the working mechanism of MuPDF, we can start with the example file "source/tools/mudraw.c" listed in the MuPDF documentation web site. By studying the code, we will learn how MuPDF works.
Structures that hold the document content
Five key structures in fitz.h are used in the code, listed as below.
 1. fz_context structure: Used to hold information when working with PDF files (or other supported document formats). You have to prepare the context before working.
 2. fz_document structure: Used to hold the opened PDF document.
 3. fz_page structure: Used to work with PDF pages. Once you opened a document, you can load its pages and work with them.
 4. fz_pixmap structure: Represents the rendered visual results of a page. If you want to render the PDF document, you have to setup a pixmap and draw on it.
 5. fz_device structure: Represents the device on which the render result is drawn. Usually we create the device from the pixmap.
You don't have to care about the internal implementation of those structures. It means that when we write the P/Invoke code, we don't have to setup corresponding structs in our C# code. Using IntPtrs to hold references to them will do. Knowing this can considerably simplify our works in the P/Invoke part later.
Functions that operate with the structures
With the knowledge of the above key structures, we find out the following useful functions in the example file.
 1. fz_new_context_imp: Creates the fz_context.
 2. fz_free_context: Frees the resources used by the fz_context
 3. fz_open_document_with_stream: Creates a fz_document instance out of a given fz_stream.
 4. fz_open_file_w: Opens a fz_stream with a Unicode encoded file name. Notice: If you don't work with documents which have non ASCII characters in their file names, you can just use the fz_open_document function to open documents, instead of using the combination of fz_open_file_w and fz_open_document_with_stream
 5. fz_close_document: Closes the fz_document.
 6. fz_close: Closes the fz_stream.
 7. fz_count_pages: Gets the page numbers in a document.
 8. fz_load_page: Creates a fz_page instance for a given page number.
 9. fz_free_page: Frees the resources used by the fz_page.
 10. fz_bound_page: Gets the dimension of a page.
 11. fz_new_pixmap: Creates a fz_pixmap instance to


Fossil fuel companies must be held accountable for climate change: Greenpeace | Greenpeace Philippines
Fossil fuel companies must be held accountable for climate change: Greenpeace
Press release - December 12, 2013
Quezon City, Philippines—Fossil fuel companies must be held accountable for the deaths and damages brought on by climate change impacts, Greenpeace said today in a press conference in Quezon City. The group exposed an independent, ground-breaking study(1) that names 90 companies responsible for more than 60% of the world's cumulative greenhouse gas emissions and called on the Filipino people, as victims of climate change, to demand that the culprits be responsible for the harm they have caused.
The report, "Tracing anthropogenic carbon dioxide and methane emissions to fossil fuel and cement producers, _PHONE_," published last month in the scientific journal Climactic Change, estimates how much oil, coal and natural gas has been extracted since the industrial revolution and how much these resources had contributed to the current levels of carbon in the atmosphere. This means that those who have been the biggest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions so far can now be named and challenged on their contribution to climate change and the impacts we are now experiencing. Among the worst climate culprits are oil companies Chevron, ExxonMobil, BP, Saudi Aramco, Gazprom and Shell. Most of the named companies have not let up their plans to exploit more fossil fuels which will continue to damage the climate while they reap the financial benefits at the cost of the environment.
"This report is significant because we are able to name the culprits. We can now pinpoint, fingerpoint and hold companies accountable for climate pollution," said Greenpeace International Executive Director Kumi Naidoo. "In the same way that we can hold factories accountable, for example, for dumping toxic chemicals in a lake and endangering lives, we should be able to hold fossil fuel companies accountable for dumping greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere and abetting climate change effects like extreme weather which can destroy whole cities."
"In the past decade alone, extreme typhoons have cost the Philippines tens of thousands of lives and hundreds of billions in damages," said Von Hernandez, Executive Director of Greenpeace Southeast Asia. "Meanwhile, the fossil fuel industry continues to rake in profits to the detriment of the people and the planet. As one of the countries that is most vulnerable to climate change impacts, it's about time that we--as a nation--hold these companies liable for their role in abetting global warming and our addiction to fossil fuels."
Greenpeace is calling on President Benigno Aquino III to take the lead in seeking climate justice by holding fossil fuel corporations accountable for the loss of lives and tens of billions in damages caused by climate change impacts. This can be done through exploring legal action by the Philippines in an international court.
Meanwhile, the environment group also called on the government to develop a sustainable master-plan for climate resilience for the country which includes establishing decentralized renewable energy (RE) systems. This can start with the rehabilitation plans of provinces devastated by Yolanda. With the massive and costly work needed to get Eastern Visayas back on its feet, Greenpeace said that the Philippine government must rebuild the country with climate resilience firmly in mind.
"If the country is aiming to be climate-proofed, it must avoid, rather than use, fossil fuel power generation which led to the problem in the first place," said Amalie Obusan, Regional Climate and Energy Campaigner for Greenpeace Southeast Asia. "Visayas, being naturally abundant with renewable energy resources, can be transformed into a model for climate-resilience."
Greenpeace said that the on-going reconstruction after typhoon Yolanda should be seen as an opportunity to establish sustainable climate-resilient communities using renewable energy (RE) systems. A de-centralized energy system through renewable energy connected to micro-grids will maximize the use of the country's vast RE potential, and provide reliable and safe power to communities as compared to diesel power barges and centralized power through climate-harmful coal plants.
For more information, please contact:
Amalie Obusan, Regional Climate and Energy Campaigner for Greenpeace Southeast Asia,, +639175216804
Therese Salvador, Media Campaigner for Greenpeace Southeast Asia,, +639178228734
(1) _URL_


{-# LANGUAGE NoImplicitPrelude #-}
module Synthesizer.Plain.Miscellaneous where
import qualified Algebra.NormedSpace.Euclidean as Euc
import qualified Algebra.Field as Field
-- import qualified Algebra.Ring as Ring
-- import qualified Algebra.Additive as Additive
import qualified Prelude as P
import PreludeBase
import NumericPrelude
{- * Spatial effects -}
{-| simulate an moving sounding object
 convert the way of the object through 3D space
 into a delay and attenuation information,
 sonicDelay is the reciprocal of the sonic velocity -}
receive3Dsound :: (Field.C a, Euc.C a v) => a -> a -> v -> [v] -> ([a],[a])
receive3Dsound att sonicDelay ear way =
 let dists = map (Euc.norm) (map (subtract ear) way)
 phase = map (sonicDelay*) dists
 volumes = map (\x -> 1/(att+x)^2) dists
 in (phase, volumes)


text:
A Few Myths About Beard Transplantation
Myths About Beard Transplantation: Are you afraid that your beard is uneven or that it does not look the way you envisioned it before growing it? Fortunately, some choices and surgeries can help you with this, but one startling surgery that is gaining favor among men is the Beard Transplant. Here, we walk you through the essentials of beard hair transplants to offer you a heads-up on something you might be interested.
Are you suffering from uneven beards and exploring beard hair transplantation surgery? Then there are certain things you should be aware of before choosing the operation. To get more information about the other article you can follow what does forwarded for delivery mean.
Who Is Eligible For A Beard Hair Transplant?
A beard transplant could be the solution for men who cannot raise a goatee, a mustache, sideburns, or any other beard part. A lack of growth power can be caused by various conditions, including genetics and hereditary factors, surgical scars, burns, and other events. A transplant does not have to be performed if you have a complete lack of hair; it can also be the solution for guys who have patchy beards and want to see them thicker and more 'filled up.'
Facts About Beard Hair Transplantation
Are you planning on getting your beard hair transplanted? You should be well-versed in the method before implanting hair in any portion of your body. Because being educated gives you confidence. Then, here are the essential facts about beard hair transplant surgery that you should be aware.
Beard Transplantation Is Performed With Scalp Hair:
Previously, beard transplants were conducted using the donor's hair, but today you can be your donor. Your scalp hair will be used for beard transplantation, either through Follicular Unit Transplantation (FUT) or Follicular Unit Extraction (FUE) (FUE). The beard transplant doctors ensure that the places are quickly and easily concealed.
There Are No Shape And Size Restrictions:
There are no restrictions so that you can grow the beard of your dreams. You can have any amount of hair embedded on your face, regardless of their size or shape.
Beard Hair Transplantation Is A Type Of Facial Hair Treatment:
Beard hair transplantation is sometimes confused with facial hair transplantation. It is simply a form of facial hair transplantation. Many people prefer beard transplantation to conceal scars caused by acne or sideburns. There are procedures for brow hair transplantation, mustache hair transplantation, and various facial hair transplantations.
The Results of a Beard Transplant Can Increase Your Confidence:
When performed by an experienced and trained beard transplantation surgeon, the results of beard transplants are accurate and positive. It can help people conceal their scars and aren't just for the goatee zone.
Maximum Time Allowed for the Procedure:
A beard transplant normally takes 4 hours. However, the length of the hair transplantation surgery varies from person to person and is determined by the number of grafts to be implanted. In some situations, this procedure may fail. In such instances, your surgeon may advise you to attend a second session.
After Two Weeks, Your Hair Will Fall Out:
It is highly usual for your hair to fall out two weeks after the surgery. It would help if you were not concerned because this is due to shock loss. After two weeks, you can expect to get a new beard hair in three months. Shock loss is not the same as hair loss. If your hair does not grow in three months, see your beard transplant surgeon right away.
Involved Risk Is Minimal:
Beard transplanting, like any operation, has dangers. These dangers include bruising, swelling, and skin redness in the affected area. You will also experience minimal soreness, which will subside in two to three days.8. Permanent Results.
Myths About Beard Transplantation:: The effects of beard transplant surgery are long-lasting. The roots are permanent, and they will continue to develop and look like any other plant. You can shave and style your beard in the same way that any other regular person would. Your doctor will prescribe a time limit for the growth of the hairs.
Beard Transplant Benefits
- A risk-free surgical technique
- Only a local anesthetic is required.
- Painless: only minor 'pinches' are felt.
- Transplanted hairs function in the same way that natural hair does.
- As standard, the new beard can be trimmed and shaved.
- If necessary, covers burns or scars permanently.
- Allows for a variety of (and adjustable) beard styles. Please take a look at our suggested Beard Styles.
- You can even flaunt that highly fashionable Handlebar Mustache by growing the beard of your desires!
Disadvantages and Risks of Beard Transplantation
- Hair removal from the donor area
- Initially, the implanted hair will fall out.
- It may take several months for new hair to develop during the revival period.
- Mild pain is possible (bruising, swelling, increased sensitivity, redness, crusts, and ingrown hair)
- Antibiotics or ointments may be required to prevent infections.
- Expensive outlay (depending on the method used and the quality desired; see below)
- There is no such thing as a 100 percent assurance of success. According to sources, the success rate is 60-80%, and a second transplant may requiring for a full recovery.
What Is The Price?
Beard transplants are not inexpensive! Prices range from $5,000 to $15,000, depending on the number of hair follicles that need to move, the quality of the treatment, the clinic's reputation, and the location. When studying the cost, you must understand how you will charge: per session, per follicle, per graft (a graft comprises 2-4 hairs), and so on. A formula like this (total cost = number of grafts x price per graft) can help you create a rough estimate of your financial spend.
The Cost Of A Transplant Varies Substantially. The Average Indicator For Various Facial Styles Or Locations Is:
- Each mustache has 500 to 800 grafts.
- _PHONE_ grafts per full goatee;
- 200-350 grafts per sideburn
- Per cheek beard, _PHONE_ grafts is use.
Where Can I Go?
Moreover, myths About Beard Transplantation:: India, Turkey, the United States, and Canada are the most common destinations for beard transplants. According to reviews, the most acceptable quality surgical procedures can be found in the United States and Canada, but you should also expect the highest rates! Quality procedures can also be found in India and Turkey with proper investigation. However, you must select the top clinics or get a reference from a friend.
However, complications with beard transplantation are uncommon. However, as a cosmetic operation, they may leave you disappointed. In addition, it is prudent to have a thorough understanding of how the procedure works. Surprisingly, the best part is that the effects are long-lasting and natural-looking.
And also, myths About Beard Transplantation:: Beard transplants are extremely popular. Moreover, professional beard and hair transplant facilities abound, and technology assists you in achieving the results you seek. Therefore, even better, you can customize your desired beard. And also, consult the best beard hair transplant surgeon in Hyderabad at BHT and shine for the rest of your life like pandavar illam
BEARD GROWTH TREATMENT IN HYDERABAD
BEARD HAIR TRANSPLANT
PERMANENT BEARD HAIR TRANSPLANTATION
THERE IS NO LIMITATION FOR SHAPE AND SIZE
EYEBROW HAIR TRANSPLANTATION
BEARD HAIR TRANSPLANT SPECIALIST IN HYDERABAD
BEARD HAIR TRANSPLANTATION FACTS
FACIAL HAIR TRANSPLANTATION
[BEARD HAIR TRANSPLANTATION SURGERY]
[BEARD TRANSPLANT RESULTS]
[BEARD HAIR TRANSPLANT CLINIC NEAR ME HYDERABAD]
MUSTACHE HAIR TRANSPLANTATION
HAIR TRANSPLANT SPECIALIST NEAR ME


text:
I haven't play enough with this and usually use mocks, but I wonder what are the differences between this two and when to use one or the other on Rhino Mocks.
I also found the answer to my question in Ayende's words:
The difference between stubs and mocks
You can get the actual definition of the these terms in this article: Mocks Aren't Stubs. I want to focus on the difference from the point of view of Rhino Mocks.
A mock is an object that we can set expectations on, and which will verify that the expected actions have indeed occurred. A stub is an object that you use in order to pass to the code under test. You can setup expectations on it, so it would act in certain ways, but those expectations will never be verified. A stub's properties will automatically behave like normal properties, and you can't set expectations on them.
If you want to verify the behavior of the code under test, you will use a mock with the appropriate expectation, and verify that. If you want just to pass a value that may need to act in a certain way, but isn't the focus of this test, you will use a stub.
IMPORTANT: A stub will never cause a test to fail.


/Planning & Performance
 /Range & Endurance
Power Required and Drag vs AirspeedPower Required and Drag vs Airspeed
Range & Endurance Flying, I
Maximum range flying is done so we can fly the maximum distance for the amount of fuel onboard. This can be set against distance covered through air or over ground. It is of interest to a pilot when he wants to fly with the least amount of fuel flow for a distance traveled to save fuel.
Maximum endurance flying is done when the pilot wants to remain airborne for the maximum time possible given an amount of fuel. Waiting for the weather to clear to be able to land is an example of this practice.
Flying for maximum range or endurance can take the aircraft and maybe the pilot to their limits, do this safely and wisely.
Range performance
For maximum range flying you must operate the aircraft and engine in such a way that maximum efficiency is obtained over the distance to be flown. Do that by keeping the following factors in mind:
 - Actual takeoff weight, lesser weight means less power required
 - Wind direction and speed (velocity), a tailwind favors range
 - Air temperature, the warmer the air (lower density) the more power required
 - Altitude, higher is better for range it increases TAS, but not for endurance
 - Aircraft configuration, keeping drag as low as possible
Specific Range
We have two ways of expressing specific range: as Specific Air Range, which is air nautical miles per fuel unit (SAR) or as Specific Ground Range, which is ground nautical miles per fuel unit (SGR). These two are interconnected because SGR is SAR influenced by wind velocity.
If we would include time (hour) in these definitions then we get the following: Nautical Miles / Time = TAS (kts) and Fuel / Time = Fuel Flow (USG).
Fuel Flow
Specific Air Range (TAS / fuel flow)
To achieve the best possible SAR we need to get the best TAS / Fuel Flow ratio and as fuel flow relates to power we can also say TAS / Power ratio.
Engine gross fuel consumption or fuel flow (GFC) depends on how much power is requested related to its specific fuel consumption (SFC), thus GFC = SFC × Power. Combining these formula's results in: SAR = TAS / Power × 1 / SFC.
Thus, we need to fly the aircraft to its maximum airframe efficiency TAS / Power and engine efficiency 1 / SFC. Maximum airframe efficiency is at the speed for minimum drag or maximum L/D ratio. This is usually equal to the well known VY.
For piston aircraft the best range speed is about 10% higher, sometimes known as the 'long range cruise speed'.
As the minimum drag or maximum L/D ratio does not change with altitude (TAS and power required increase by the same amount) so therefore there is no effect on SAR. Even the IAS remains the same. Only tailwinds at altitude could mean a real advantage.
Weight does have its toll on SAR. As weight increases, the angle of attack for the best L/D ratio is at a higher IAS (thus TAS is higher), more speed means more drag and more power is required and it is out of proportion too because Power = Drag × TAS. Thus specific air range is lower with an increase of aircraft weight.
Specific Ground Range (GS / fuel flow)
To take into account the distance covered over ground we need to apply the headwind component to the true airspeed (TAS) to arrive at groundspeed (GS). It is easy to see that a tailwind favors specific range resulting in a higher SGR. GS is used to find the best SGR, thus GS / Fuel Flow or GS / Power.
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Antecedents, Behavior, and Consequences
Antecedents, Behavior, and Consequences
For this assignment, use the case study about James on page 263-276 in your Functional Assessment text. Create a blank Functional Analysis Observation Form (FAOF) using page 264-265 in your Functional Assessment text as a guide to document the behaviors of James.
The disruptive target behaviors for this analysis include James':
Hits and kicks adults when confronted for inappropriate behavior.
Noncompliant behavior.
Off-task behavior.
Disruptive Behavior.
Property Destruction.
You will also target his cooperative behavior.
Use the table you have created to record:
The antecedents (A) that trigger the behavior.
The consequences (C) that follow the behavior.
The setting events (SE) that may be affecting behavior.
Remember that there may not be setting events for each instance of behavior, but they may be present throughout the activity. Antecedents and consequences may also occur across paragraphs.
Once you have completed the table:
Use the space below the table to list the patterns or consistencies in antecedents and consequences that appear to be related to the disruptive behaviors.
Develop a summary statement concerning antecedents, disruptive behaviors, and consequences. Then develop a summary statement concerning antecedents, cooperative behavior, and consequences.
Explain the importance of conducting assessments prior to the implementation of intervention. How does this ensure effective treatment?
Assignment Requirements
Your assignment should meet the following requirements:
Resources: A sufficient number of scholarly or professional resources.
Length: 23 double-spaced pages.
Case Study Reference:
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作者Yeh, Chien-Wei;Tseng, Hui-Yun;Lin, Chung-Ping;Liao, Chen-Pan;Hsu, Jung-Ya;Huang, Wen-San
著作名稱Rafting on floating fruit is effective for oceanic dispersal of flightless weevils
刊名Journal of Experimental Biology
摘要Terrestrial species, especially non-vagile ones (those unable to fly or swim), cannot cross oceans without exploiting other animals or floating objects. However, the colonisation history of flightless Pachyrhynchus weevils, inferred from genetic data, reveals their ability to travel long distances to colonise remote islands. Here, we used captive-bred Pachyrhynchus jitanasaius to analyse (i) the physiological tolerance of weevils (egg, larva and adult stages) to different levels of salinity; (ii) the survival rate of larvae in a simulated ocean environment in the laboratory; and (iii) the survival rate of larvae in a field experiment in the ocean using fruit of the fish poison tree floating on the Kuroshio current in the Pacific Ocean. We found that the survival rate of larvae in seawater was lower than in fresh water, although if the larvae survived 7 days of immersion in seawater, some emerged as adults in the subsequent rearing process. No adults survived for more than 2 days, regardless of salinity level. After floating separately for 6 days in salt water in the laboratory and in the Kuroshio current, two of 18 larvae survived in the fruit. This study provides the first empirical evidence that P. jitanasaius larvae can survive 'rafting' on ocean currents and that the eggs and larvae of these weevils have the highest probability of crossing the oceanic barrier. This ability may facilitate over-the-sea dispersal of these flightless insects and further shape their distribution and speciation pattern in the Western Pacific islands.
Aug 16 2018 10:46:44


Interest Rates in Financial Analysis and Valuation
( 10 )
101 pages
This book provides a compendium of selected important topics covered in any finance course.
Ceci est un eBook gratuit pour les étudiants
Dernières publications
A propos de l'auteur
Has had his tertiary education in both sides of the Atlantic in the areas of business management and finance. His research interest is in banking and financial markets. Initially worked in a trading company and later, after gaining his postgraduate qualifications, worked in the banking/financial secto
This book provides a compendium of selected important topics covered in any finance course. The main subject on time value of money and its computational application are explained and demonstrated. This follows other subjects as cost of capital, capital budgeting and securities valuation that used time value factor in their computational analysis.
The pocket book also covers topics associated with interest rates in particular financial derivatives and securities valuation. There is also a topic on discounted cash flow analysis, which covers cash flow recognition and asset replacement analysis. Both financial mathematics and interest rate are two main elements involved in the computational aspect of these two financial analyses.
The pocket book provides several computational examples in each topic. At the end of each chapter there are exercises for students to work on to help them in understanding the mathematical process involved in each topic area.
The main idea is to help students and others get familiar with the computations.
Ahmad Nazri Wahidudin, Ph. D
 1. Single principal sum
 1. Simple Interest Rate
 2. Flat Rate
 3. Compound Interest Rate
 2. Multiple stream of cash flows
 1. Even Stream of Cash Flows
 2. Uneven Stream of Cash Flows
 3. The rates of return
 1. The Term Structure of Interest Rates and Theories
 2. Forecasting Interest Rates
 3. Interest Rates in Derivative Contracts
 4. Rates of Return
 4. Security valuation
 1. Valuation and Yields of Treasury Bills and Short-term Notes
 2. Bond Valuation
 3. Preference Share Valuation
 4. Ordinary Share Valuation
 5. Share and Portfolio Performance Measures
 5. Cost of capital
 1. Weighted Average Cost
 2. Cost of Debts
 3. Cost of Equity
 6. Capital budgeting
 1. Net Present Value
 7. Appendix


text:
. However, chambers for qualitative testing are often easier to construct since then need only provide a level of airtightness sufficient to achieve the desired test pressure; this is in contrast to chambers for quantitative testing, which must be relatively airtight to allow for accurate measurement of the airflows in question. A basic test chamber can be constructed on the interior of the component (Photo 4), connected to a fan and differential pressure gage only. The chamber is typically necessary in new construction projects, where the building enclosure is still relatively open to the elements. For enclosed, or partially enclosed, buildings, a blower door or similar device can be used to place whole rooms or whole buildings under positive or negative pressure, eliminating the need for a specially-constructed chamber. Rather than measure the air leakage directly, visualization aids such as tracer smoke or infrared thermography (if temperature conditions allow) are used to locate leaks in the air barrier system
Tracer smoke is a relatively simple method of locating air leaks while a specimen or area has a pressure differential applied. The smoke will quickly reveal air leakage paths as it is drawn into gaps or blown away from them (Photo 5). An alternate method is to use a large smoke generator within the test chamber so that smoke is "blown out" through any breaches in the system.
A variety of test methods are available for both quantitative and qualitative evaluation of air barrier systems. A summary of the most common methods is provided in Table 1. Understanding the special requirements for these procedures, as well as the difficulties and limitations associated with the tests, are critical for performing successful tests that produce accurate and meaningful results.
Table 1 – Common Tests for Air Barriers
ASTM E2178 - Standard Test Method for Air Permeance of Building Materials
|Quantitative – Laboratory Test||Air Barrier Materials (membranes, etc.)|
|ASTM E2357 - Standard Test Method for Determining Air Leakage of Air Barrier Assemblies.||Quantitative – Laboratory Test||Air Barrier Assemblies (membrane, including laps and penetrations but not including fenestration components)|
|ASTM E283 - Standard Test Method for Determining Rate of Air Leakage Through Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors Under Specified Pressure Differences Across the Specimen||Quantitative – Laboratory Test||Fenestration components|
|ASTM E783 - Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Air Leakage Through Installed Exterior Windows and Doors||
Quantitative - Field Test
|Fenestration components; can be modified to test air barrier assemblies|
|ASTM E1186 - Standard Practices for Air Leakage Site Detection in Building Envelopes and Air Barrier Systems||Qualitative - Field Test||All air barrier materials, assemblies, and components|
ASTM E779 - Standard Test Method for
|Quantitative - Field Test||Air barrier systems (i.e., whole buildings)|
Part 4 - Energy Analysis
Sean M. O'Brien, P.E., LEED AP
Michael B. Waite, LEED AP
The first article of this series discussed the problems with excessive air leakage, detrimental air leakage paths through the enclosure, and pressurization for certain building types and environments. In subsequent articles we presented materials and design strategies to minimize air leakage, and discussed how to quantify enclosure air leakage in existing buildings, and the challenges this poses. This article addresses the difficult question of how to predict the amount of air leakage in a new design, and the implications of inaccurate quantification of air leakage in new and existing buildings.
Underestimating air leakage could result in undersized mechanical equipment, but this is not typically the case since mechanical engineers employ safety factors in the design of cooling and, especially, heating systems. With the evolving implementation of sustainable design practices and the understanding of the effects of peak building energy on the required capacity of on-site equipment and the nation's energy infrastructure (i.e. the number of power plants), more sophisticated tools have gained prominence in sizing mechanical equipment and predicting building energy use.
By employing more advanced tools, there is a potential for smaller safety factors and, thus, smaller equipment. However, smaller safety factors coupled with inaccurate assumptions about building performance may cause problems. Complicating matters, building owners and designers often expect energy analyses developed during design to be absolute predictors of building energy use. This expectation is generally unrealistic due to the wide variation in actual versus assumed building operation. In addition, mischaracterizing air leakage rates will reduce the accuracy of energy models and may adversely affect design decisions that depend on whole building energy analysis results.
A theme throughout this series has been the importance of designing and understanding an air barrier as a system. In much the same way, the building enclosure itself is a system made up of many component assemblies, such as fenestration, insulation, waterproofing and air barriers. And, as discussed previously, the overall building is a system with far too many interdependent performance characteristics to allow for compartmentalization of our design evaluations.
Whole Building Energy Analysis
The use of whole building energy analysis (often referred to as "energy modeling") to evaluate design options is becoming increasingly widespread throughout the building design community, and particularly in high performance building design. Energy modeling allows users to include many more aspects of building design and operation than traditional HVAC sizing approaches. Naturally, it is very dependent on the accuracy of those inputs. No matter how simple or complex the tool, its performance relies on the user's understanding of the capabilities and limitations of that tool. The complexity and interdependence of building systems require that engineers constructing energy models understand how the systems interact and how the inputs and assumptions for individual systems relate to other systems and affect the predicted building performance as a whole.
Some practitioners in the building industry may expect energy models to be absolute predictors of building energy use. However, software developers (and most users) make no such claims. Still, the presence of engineers (or "modelers" who are not engineers or architects) who claim the ability to predict actual energy use has provided fodder for energy modeling's detractors. Though this article does not aim to examine - and certainly not adjudicate - the current deliberations in the industry over the proper role of whole building energy analysis, we think it is important to understand these tools have their shortcomings, but also their advantages. To evaluate design options, system control schemes and building operation considerations, whole building energy analysis is beneficial in its primary role as a comparative tool.
The assumed level of air leakage affects both the predicted energy performance of a building and what systems may appear attractive to a designer. That is, the relative performance of some energy efficiency measures is affected by the assumed air infiltration. The first item here is understood, and perhaps even intuitive, to the majority of designers. Mischaracterizing the air leakage performance of the enclosure in an energy model will likely affect the building energy use predicted by that model. The effect will be particularly pronounced in heating-dominated climates, where the effect of air leakage is more significant.
Probably less intuitive is the fact that incorrect air leakage assumptions, even if they are consistent across all analyses, can affect the predicted improvement or increase in energy use for the design option (or combination of criteria) being evaluated. At higher leakage rates, the heating and cooling requirements are higher. Since the absolute increase or reduction in energy use is similar under most conditions, the relative effect of air leakage will be less at higher leakage rates (the denominator in the equation increases while the numerator remains the same). Generally, however, the opposite problem seems to present itself in many energy models we have seen: The predicted air leakage rate is much lower than that of the actual building. This can result in overstated energy savings, which can affect the economic analyses for a project.
In most climates, the effect of inaccurate air leakage modeling on the evaluation of design options will not be significant enough to significantly influence the decision-making process. Existing buildings, as is often the case in energy modeling, present unique challenges. On existing building projects, we are often trying to evaluate and predict the reduction in energy use associated with "tightening" the building enclosure. In these cases, improvements in thermal (or solar heat gain) performance are often coupled to reductions in air leakage in the same energy efficiency strategy (e.g. replacing windows). The best approach is to evaluate the envelope modifications with a range of air leakage rates to gauge the sensitivity of the building's predicted performance to the assumed air leakage. We have found that utilizing the testing techniques discussed in the previous article to be effective in evaluating an existing building and envelope improvements. Whole building tests establish a baseline and component tests can be used to quantify the contribution of specific envelope areas to the overall leakage rate. By assuming a leakage rate for these components after upgrading the envelope, the whole building rate can be adjusted in the energy model.
Air Barriers in High Performance Building Design Standards
The first article in this series touched upon the rise in popularity of "green building" rating systems, such as LEED, and the increasing stringency of energy efficiency codes and standards, such as ASHRAE 90.1. We discussed the lack of air barrier requirements in most codes and standards and the absence of any credit in LEED rating systems for reducing air leakage. These systems - and the codes and standards themselves - rely heavily on whole building energy analysis to show compliance or to exhibit improved energy performance. Due to the issues discussed above, the energy savings associated with various energy efficiency measures may be misrepresented if air leakage is modeled inaccurately. That said, the effect this has on certification under LEED, while worthy of discussion, is a secondary concern. A good, continuous air barrier is essential to acceptable enclosure performance in high performance buildings. However, the supporting infrastructure for projects attempting to achieve a sustainable design has not been formalized. The benefits of air leakage must be properly included in these standards and programs, and the high performance building


Before you choose to take "one for the road" literally, you might want to research the open container law in Texas. As much money as the state spends on anti-DWI initiatives and ad campaigns, they don't exactly use as many resources to inform people how the open container law in Texas works.
The result? Many Texans find themselves breaking laws by mistake or because they've fallen prey to common drunk driving myths. And of course, what you don't know could land you with expensive criminal charges and create barriers to obtaining an education, work, and more.
There are more dimensions to open container laws in Texas than you might think. Get the full story on our open container law in Texas and learn the facts every Texan driver should know before they go out this weekend.
Texas open container law history and definition
Changes around open containers, DWI and expungement make it difficult to keep current on every nuance of the laws. The open container law as we know it today was passed in 2001 and was a significant part of our state becoming more strict on drinking and driving.
According to the Possession of Alcoholic Beverage in Motor Vehicle statute (Texas Penal Code, Title 10), an individual has committed an offense if they "knowingly possess an open container in a passenger area of a motor vehicle that is located on a public highway, regardless of whether the vehicle is being operated or is stopped or parked" (§ 49.031(b)).
That's right, you don't even have to be driving to get charged with having an open container in your vehicle. So long as you are on a public highway — "The entire width between and immediately adjacent to the boundary lines of any public road, street, highway, interstate, or other publicly maintained way…" — being found with an open container in your car can spell big trouble.
You can be charged separately for each open container found in your vehicle.
Understanding what counts as an open container in Texas
To understand Texas open container laws, it's important to know what an "open container" actually is. According to the law (§ 49.031(a)(1)) an "open container" means a bottle, can, or other receptacle that contains any amount of alcoholic beverage and that is open, that has been opened, that has a broken seal, or the contents of which are partially removed. For example, a half-consumed bottle of vodka or an open can of beer both count as an open container of alcohol. A fully-sealed bottle of any type of booze, on the other hand, would not.
In order for an open container of alcohol to turn into a crime, it must meet several other conditions. It must be in the "passenger area of the motor vehicle," i.e. where people can sit in the car. In other words, the open container must be visible and reasonably in-reach from the driver's seat (in the cupholder, in the passenger seat, rolling around in the back seat, etc.). An open container is not technically in the "passenger area" if it is:
 1. In the glove compartment or another locked storage area within the vehicle
 2. In the trunk of your vehicle
 3. In the area behind your upright seat (if your vehicle doesn't have a trunk)
As you may have noted, you do not actually have to be drinking from an open container to be charged with an open container violation. Just having an open alcohol container in your vehicle is enough for you to receive a charge.
Can passengers drink alcohol in a car in Texas?
The laws and consequences of the open container law in Texas for passengers are the same as those for drivers? If your friend is giving you a hard time about bringing a roadie along as a rider, he isn't doing it just to be mean. That open container is technically in the "passenger area" mentioned above. Both passenger(s) and the driver of the vehicle can be charged with possession of an open container, even if they are 100% sober.
Exceptions to the open container law in Texas
The Texas open container law does make some exceptions for a few reasonable situations. For example, if you are a passenger in a taxi, bus, train, or limo, you may be able to claim an exception against Texas open container law.
Also, if you have a recreational vehicle (RV), self-contained trailer or motorhome, you may meet the other Texas open container law exception. Open containers in the living quarters of these vehicles are generally not considered a violation of the law. Do keep in mind that every situation is different and could change drastically if you are committing other crimes in the process.
Thiessen Law Firm's Mark Thiessen explains how the open container law in Texas applies to cars-for-hire (Uber, Lyft, etc.) in this quick video:
Open container law in Texas: Fines, jail time, and other consequences.
You should also know that if you're actually caught in the act of drinking and driving, the open container charge may be the least of your worries. Being caught drinking while driving can lead to other, more serious charges, possibly including DWI.
How bad is an open container ticket?
In the state of Texas, possession of an open container is a Class C Misdemeanor—in other words, it's a traffic ticket. As long as your blood alcohol concentration is below.08 and you aren't committing any other crimes in the process, you/your buddies will be issued a ticket and a fine.
But remember: While a Class C Misdemeanor may not seem so bad, misdemeanors hold costs beyond fines. A misdemeanor from the Texas open container law could affect college admissions and financial aid for students, employment, your ability to secure professional licensure, insurance costs, and more.
How much is an open container ticket in Texas?
The open container fine in Texas is no more than $500. However, you can receive a fine for each open container found in your vehicle, so if you have a stash of half-empty bottles rolling around in your front seat, then you may receive multiple $500 fines.
Open container law in Texas and jail time
If you receive an open container ticket by itself, you will not be required to spend time in jail. However, if you are on parole or probation, an open container violation could be more severe.
Is an open container violation the same as a DWI?
No. However, if coupled with related charges (such as a DWI), open container charges can become "enhanced" to a Class B Misdemeanor, which carries up to a $2,000 fine and 6–180 days in jail. Additionally, open container charges can become much more severe if you are found in DWI probation violation or if you have suffered a DWI license suspension in Texas from a previous DWI.
Defenses against Texas open container laws
Aside from the open container law exceptions, a range of defenses exist for the open container law in Texas. If you were subject to an illegal traffic stop by police or an unlawful search, you may be able to successfully defend charges with a skilled attorney.
Charged unfairly? Contact the Thiessen Law Firm today.
Open container laws in Texas should not be taken lightly. Even a seemingly simple charge for an open container can be made unjustly or used as illegitimate evidence for a bogus DWI charge. If you or a loved one has been charged with having an open container and/or DWI in Texas, don't entrust your case to second-rate defense. Instead, hire Houston DWI lawyer Mark Thiessen and his team at the Thiessen Law Firm.
As a Super Lawyer and a Lawyer-Scientist, Mark has what it takes to beat both blood and breath results in court and has even won cases for charges as severe as intoxication manslaughter. If your freedom is on the line, don't wait another moment—contact Thiessen Law Firm today to schedule your free consultation.
Other Helpful Resources by Thiessen Law Firm:
Mark Thiessen
Mark Thiessen is an aggressive trial lawyer best known for his devotion to justice for his clients and high rank as a DWI Super Lawyer in Texas.


text:
According to many experts, the best way to improve a pick-up's fuel economy is to add a tonneau cover. A tonneau cover will help reduce aerodynamic drag and can improve gas mileage by as much as 10%. By improving your gas mileage with a tonneau cover, you will also be good to the environment by reducing the carbon dioxide (C02) emitted from your truck, see below for details.
Gas Savings Calculator
According to the United States Department of Energy, one gallon of gasoline produce 20 pounds of C02, click here for more details.
According to the Canadian Department of Natural Resources, every liter of gasoline used produces about 2.4 kg of CO2, click here for details.
According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency: Carbon dioxide, while not regulated as an emission, is the transportation sector's primary contribution to climate change. Carbon dioxide emissions are directly proportional to fuel economy—each 1% increase (decrease) in fuel consumption results in a corresponding 1% increase (decrease) in carbon dioxide emissions. Click here for details.


text:
Do you know what it means to truly be fit? Heart disease now is the number 2 cause of death for children under the age of 16. Suicide rates have doubled for children from the ages of 5-14 over the past twenty years. This generation will be the first generation that will not outlive their parents.
How do you know if your children are what is defined as fit?
Some people may think being fit is defined as:
1. Being free of disease and other health problems.
2. Others may define it as having a lot of energy, a muscular or thin body or the ability to finish a vigorous exercise or activity.
However, fitness refers to your own optimal health and overall well-being. Fitness is a combination of wellness of the mind, body and spirit. In fact, all of these things are interconnected.
Fitness is your health at its very best. A child that is fit is not just physically fit, but he or she should have a great emotional and mental well-being as well.
Smart eating and active living are both instrumental to all three. Therefore, a parent should provide a combination of healthy meals and stimulating opportunities for physical activity every day for your children to remain at an optimal fitness level.


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In this video, we'll look at a core concept in dynamic array behavior - spilling and the spill range.
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