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Neurospast Neu"ro·spast noun [ Latin neurospaston, Greek..., from... drawn by strings.] A puppet. [ R.] Dr. H. More.
Neurotic Neu·rot"ic adjective [ Greek... nerve.] 1. Of or pertaining to the nerves; seated in the nerves; nervous; as, a neurotic disease. 2. Useful in disorders of, or affecting, the nerves.
Neurotic Neu·rot"ic noun 1. A disease seated in the nerves. 2. (Medicine) Any toxic agent whose action is mainly directed to the great nerve centers. » Neurotic as a class include all those poisons whose mains action is upon the brain and spinal cord. They may be divided three orders: ( a ) Cerebral neurotics, or those which affect the brain only. ( b ) Spinal neurotics, or tetanics, those which affect the spinal cord. ( c ) Cerebro-spinal neurotics, or those which affect both brain and spinal cord.
Neurotome Neu"ro·tome noun [ See Neurotomy.] 1. An instrument for cutting or dissecting nerves. 2. (Anat.) A neuromere.
Neurotomical Neu'ro·tom"ic·al adjective Of or pertaining to neurotomy.
Neurotomist Neu·rot"o·mist noun One who skilled in or practices neurotomy.
Neurotomy Neu·rot"o·my noun [ Neuro- + Greek... to cut.] 1. The dissection, or anatomy, of the nervous system. 2. (Medicine) The division of a nerve, for the relief of neuralgia, or for other purposes. Dunglison.
Neurula Neu"ru·la noun [ New Latin, dim. of Greek... a nerve.] (Zoology) An embryo or certain invertebrates in the stage when the primitive band is first developed.
Neuter Neu"ter adjective
[ Latin, from ne
not + uter
whether; akin to English whether
. See No
, and Whether
, and confer Neither
.] 1. Neither the one thing nor the other; on neither side; impartial; neutral.
In all our undertakings God will be either our friend or our enemy; for Providence never stands neuter. South. 2. (Gram.) (a) Having a form belonging more especially to words which are not appellations of males or females; expressing or designating that which is of neither sex; as, a neuter noun; a neuter termination; the neuter gender. (b) Intransitive; as, a neuter verb. 3. (Biol.) Having no generative organs, or imperfectly developed ones; sexless. See Neuter, noun, 3.
Neuter Neu"ter noun 1. A person who takes no part in a contest; one who is either indifferent to a cause or forbears to interfere; a neutral.
The world's no neuter ; it will wound or save. Young. 2. (Gram.) (a) A noun of the neuter gender; any one of those words which have the terminations usually found in neuter words. (b) An intransitive verb. 3. (Biol.) An organism, either vegetable or animal, which at its maturity has no generative organs, or but imperfectly developed ones, as a plant without stamens or pistils, as the garden Hydrangea; esp., one of the imperfectly developed females of certain social insects, as of the ant and the common honeybee, which perform the labors of the community, and are called workers.
Neutral Neu"tral adjective
[ Latin neutralis
, from neuter
. See Neuter
.] 1. Not engaged on either side; not taking part with or assisting either of two or more contending parties; neuter; indifferent.
The heart can not possibly remain neutral, but constantly takes part one way or the other. Shaftesbury. 2. Neither good nor bad; of medium quality; middling; not decided or pronounced.
Some things good, and some things ill, do seem, Sir J. Davies. 3. (Biol.) Neuter. See Neuter, adjective, 3. 4. (Chemistry) Having neither acid nor basic properties; unable to turn red litmus blue or blue litmus red; -- said of certain salts or other compounds. Contrasted with acid, and alkaline. Neutral axis
And neutral some, in her fantastic eye.
, Neutral surface (Mech.)
, that line or plane, in a beam under transverse pressure, at which the fibers are neither stretched nor compressed, or where the longitudinal stress is zero. See Axis.
-- Neutral equilibrium (Mech.)
, the kind of equilibrium of a body so placed that when moved slighty it neither tends to return to its former position not depart more widely from it, as a perfect sphere or cylinder on a horizontal plane.
-- Neutral salt (Chemistry)
, a salt formed by the complete replacement of the hydrogen in an acid or base; in the former case by a positive or basic, in the latter by a negative or acid, element or radical.
-- Neutral tint
, a bluish gray pigment, used in water colors, made by mixing indigo or other blue some warm color. the shades vary greatly.
- - Neutral vowel
, the vowel element having an obscure and indefinite quality, such as is commonly taken by the vowel in many unaccented syllables. It is regarded by some as identical with the ŭ in up, and is called also the natural vowel, as unformed by art and effort. See Guide to Pronunciation, § 17.
Neutral Neu"tral noun A person or a nation that takes no part in a contest between others; one who is neutral.
The neutral, as far as commerce extends, becomes a party in the war. R. G. Harper.
Neutralist Neu"tral·ist noun A neutral; one who professes or practices neutrality. Milman.
Neutrality Neu·tral"i·ty noun
[ Confer French neutralité
.] 1. The state or quality of being neutral; the condition of being unengaged in contests between others; state of taking no part on either side; indifference.
Men who possess a state of neutrality in times of public danger, desert the interest of their fellow subjects. Addison. 2. Indifference in quality; a state neither very good nor bad.
[ Obsolete] Donne. 3. (Chemistry) The quality or state of being neutral. See Neutral, adjective, 4. 4. (International Law) The condition of a nation or government which refrains from taking part, directly or indirectly, in a war between other powers. 5. Those who are neutral; a combination of neutral powers or states. Armed neutrality
, the condition of a neutral power, in time of war, which holds itself ready to resist by force any aggression of either belligerent.
Neutralization Neu'tral·i·za"tion noun [ Confer French neutralisation.] 1. The act or process of neutralizing, or the state of being neutralized. 2. (Chemistry) The act or process by which an acid and a base are combined in such proportions that the resulting compound is neutral. See Neutral, adjective, 4.
Neutralize Neu"tral·ize transitive verb
[ imperfect & past participle Neutralized
; present participle & verbal noun Neutralizing
.] [ Confer French neutraliser
.] 1. To render neutral; to reduce to a state of neutrality.
So here I am neutralized again. Sir W. Scott. 2. (Chemistry) To render inert or imperceptible the peculiar affinities of, as a chemical substance; to destroy the effect of; as, to neutralize an acid with a base. 3. To destroy the peculiar properties or opposite dispositions of; to reduce to a state of indifference or inefficiency; to counteract; as, to neutralize parties in government; to neutralize efforts, opposition, etc.
Counter citations that neutralize each other. E. Everett.
Neutralizer Neu"tral·i'zer noun One who, or that which, neutralizes; that which destroys, disguises, or renders inert the peculiar properties of a body.
Neutrally Neu"tral·ly adverb In a neutral manner; without taking part with either side; indifferently.
Neutrophile, Neutrophil Neu"tro·phile, Neu"tro·phil noun [ Latin neuter + Greek... loving.] (Physiol.) One of a group of leucocytes whose granules stain only with neutral dyes. -- Neu"tro*phil"ic adjective, Neu*troph"i*lous adjective
Neuvaines Neu'vaines" noun plural [ French neuvaine, from Late Latin novena, from Latin novem. See Noon.] (R.C.Ch.) Prayers offered up for nine successive days.
Nevadite Ne·va"dite noun (Min.) A granitoid variety of rhyolite, common in Nevada.
Névé Né'vé" noun [ French, from... nix, nivis, snow.] (Geol.) The upper part of a glacier, above the limit of perpetual snow. See Glacier.
Neven Nev"en transitive verb
[ Icelandic nefna
. √


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In this post, Eric Griffin, Assistant Professor at New Mexico Highlands University, discusses his paper Plant host identity and soil macronutrients explain little variation in sapling endophyte community composition: Is disturbance an alternative explanation?, which was shortlisted for the 2019 Harper Prize. You can see a full list of all shortlisted papers in the Harper Prize 2019 Virtual Issue.
Our group sought to determine the degree to which host species drive leaf bacterial endophytes in leaves among five common trees in a tropical forest in Panama. Moreover, we simultaneously measured how important soil nutrient additions (using a 15-year N, P, K soil fertilization experiment) and disturbance (using commercial antibiotics) are in structuring bacterial endophyte community composition.
Counter to our expectations, we found little evidence to support our hypotheses that host identity and soil nutrients are important drivers of endophyte communities. In fact, a small portion of bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were present on almost all individuals of all tree species and made up almost a third of all total sequences, suggesting that a core microbiome exists among all focal tree species. Moreover, we found that disturbance (antibiotics) explained more endophyte variation than all nutrient addition combinations combined and twice the variation explained by host identity for all five tree species.
Overall, our findings are in stark contrast to studies of bacterial and fungal epiphytes (leaf surface), as well as insect herbivores, suggesting that the drivers of bacterial endophytes may be different compared to epiphytes and insects. In addition, our findings highlighting the importance of disturbance parallel the critical role of disturbance in other areas of ecology. In all, we provide one of the first empirical, rather than observational, studies which uses leaf endophytes to test prominent theories in community ecology.
Eric Griffin grew up outside of Atlanta, Georgia, and after graduating from Berry College completed his PhD at the University of Pittsburgh under the supervision of Walt Carson. Afterwards, he received a Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Postdoctoral Research Fellowship to work on the roles of microbes in mediating plant biodiversity–ecosystem function relationships with staff scientists John Parker and Melissa McCormick. After his second year, Eric received the Smithsonian's Distinguished Postdoctoral Research Fellowship to continue this work for an additional year. In 2019, Eric began as an Assistant Professor at New Mexico Highlands University, where he currently continues his work on the identities and impacts of plant microbiomes.
You can read all of the Harper Prize 2019 shortlisted papers in our Virtual Issue.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Arbor Day – The Selflessness Of Trees
Arbor Day, as it is commonly known today, is of American origin and was first observed in Nebraska, USA on the 10th of April 1872. Now it is always observed on the last Friday in April. Arbor Day in different forms and names is now observed in more than fifty countries. Arbor in Latin means a tree. The spirit of Arbor Day is to plant trees and care for them and help them grow strong. It is what we give back to nature.
If we think about our ancestors, we can imagine the dependence on trees in those times. Trees were widely used for wood, fruits, flowers and the shade a tree gave. The earliest humans derived tremendous benefits from the trees. We are all obliged to trees. Can birds survive without trees? Think of a tree.
Most of the trees grow from a small seed. Let us become a little philosophical. The seed makes a tree and the tree gives so many more seeds, who in turn give so many trees and in turn more seeds. How many trees does a seed contain? Infinite. Is this not an exciting thought? The trees stand alone on a piece of land. The roots go deep down the earth and hold the soil strongly. The tree gives leaves, wood, bark, fruits, flowers, sometimes different types of gums and shade for the tired souls. A tree gives all that it has got back to the animal world. In deep jungles, so many animals rest below the trees in the afternoons, and the birds make countless nests on the trees. Can one imagine the importance of trees in the ecological balance? It can not be measured.
The butterflies know about that than many of us humans. Many of us have seen so many trees since our childhood that we never give a thought to them. Visit a desert and you will realize the blessing that are trees. The desert looks so desolate without any growth, without the trees. Where are the singing birds in a desert? Where are the fruits, the flowers, and the shade? Trees are necessary for our growth, and they tell us about a selfless life. After you plant a tree and help it grow, it asks nothing from you for its lifetime. It only gives. That is the selflessness of trees and that is how a life must be lived by all of us. Give more and expect less in return.
Australian Capers Articles
Australian Capers Books


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Based on the description, it can be seen that the reasoning ability is very important for students. If students are able to use their reasoning abilities to the maximum, students can easily understand, abstract, classify, and associate concepts that exist in mathematics. Conversely, if students have not used their reasoning abilities to the fullest, students will have difficulty understanding, abstracting, classifying, and associating concepts that exist in mathematics.
In addition to reasoning ability, student learning motivation also needs to be improved, because in mathematics learning there are still many students who feel bored, bored or unpleasant atmosphere that they can damage learning, the reactions saw from each individual usually appear stressful, drowsy, lost motivation, often permission to go out, chat with friends. This is supported by Herman research revealing that many students leave math classes in several high schools in West Sumatra before the lesson is finished. Among the four subjects studied (physics, chemistry, English, and mathematics), it turns out that in mathematics subjects most students are absent and leave the class before the lesson is finished. Why do not you use Easy Math Sheets Addition For Math Class?
Easy Math Sheets Addition For Math Class can be downloaded for free. You just need to download all the sheets quickly.
Well, the Easy Math Sheets Addition For Math Class can be used for free.


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M.C. Escher's "Curl-up" is one of his imaginative fantastic creatures. The note surrounding it gives strong support to the potential value of the curl-ups as a concept for an exploratory probe or perhaps a new generation of sophisticated off road vehicle. His "curl-up" creature came into existence because of the absence, of wheel shaped, living creatures with the ability to roll themselves forward Biological details are still few: is it a mammal, a reptile, or an insect? It has a long, drawn-out, horned, sectioned body and three sets of legs; the ends of which look like the human foot. In the middle of the fat, round head, that is provided with a strong, bent parrots beak, they have bulb-shaped eyes, which, placed on posts, protrude far out from both sides of the head.
In the stretched out position, the animal can slow and cautiously, with the use of his six legs, move forward over a variety of terrains (it can potentially climb or descend steep stairs, plow through bushes, or scramble over boulders). However, when it must cover a great distance, and has a relatively flat path to his disposal, he pushes his head to the ground and rolls himself up with lightning speed, at which time he pushes himself off with his legsfor as much as they can still touch the ground. In the rolled up state it exhibits the form of a discus, of which the eye posts are the central axle. By pushing off alternately with one of his three pairs of legs, he can achieve great speeds. It is also sometimes desirable during the rolling to hold up the legs and 'freewheel' forward. "Curl-Ups" is what is used in translation, but you may notice that Escher came up with a Latin title "Pedalternorotandomovens Centroculatus Articulosus." Here below we may see a real life model constructed by an artist Hawken King, a British designer living in Tokyo, who specializes in new-media illustration.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


KidZone History: France
History Facts
A misty Paris morning
Photographed by Leonard Cotte on Unsplash
France has a very long history as an independent nation and as part of various empires. It has had a significant impact on world affairs and culture. Some of the most famous historical events to ever happen have occured in or because of France.
Other links you might enjoy:


Quality Control for the Identify QIAseq DNA Variants workflow
The Ready-to-Use QIAseq DNA Workflows for variant analysis have been configured by default to address general needs, provided that the data quality fulfills minimal standards of coverage, proper library preparation, and appropriate reads/UMI structure. We do recommend running the workflow from the panel guide a first time using the default configuration, and then inspect the QC reports: the UMI Groups Report and the Create UMI Report.
The following subsections describe how to perform proper quality controls and why they are important. For example, the relationship between the number of reads per UMI and the original coverage is not straightforward: if the original molecule has been amplified many times, the resulting, seemingly deep, coverage will not add much information. So when the quality criteria are not fulfilled, we cannot guarantee the validity of the variant calls. After reviewing the quality controls described in this section, you can adjust workflows parameters and re-run the workflow in order to address specific experimental conditions. Parameters can be modified by opening a copy of the workflow and configuring workflow elements individually, as described at _URL_
All figures in these subsections are based on three different samples. The sample pictured to the left in each figure is a sample with few reads per UMI, the sample shown in the middle is an example of an ideal good quality sample and the one pictured to the right in each figure represents a sample with too many reads per UMI. All three samples are real samples and therefore also have different numbers of input reads which also needs to be taken into account when performing the quality control of the samples.
Proportion of reads per UMI group
According to the QIAseq Targeted DNA panel Handbook and protocol, and depending on the input DNA for the library preparation, the ideal value for Average reads per group should be 2 to 4, with 4 being the best value for the highest DNA input (i.e., 40ng). This value can be found in the Summary table of the "UMI Groups report" (see red highlight in figure 6.7).
Image umigroupreport
Figure 6.7: Summary section of the UMI group report.
Average reads per group values smaller than 2 will make it impossible to create a consensus read, and therefore difficult to improve the Q scores and achieve higher precision (the advantage of using UMIs in the first place). In this case, Average quality should be adjusted for the Identify candidates variants (Low average quality variants).
Similarly, if the value is more than 6 to 8, it indicates that not enough DNA input in the library preparation resulted in an excessive PCR amplification of the same fragments. This in turn leads to decreased efficiency of the library and a lower UMI coverage as a result of creating consensus across many reads per group. As the filtering of the variants depends on the counts (number of times a variant is observed at a UMI read), the Count filters might need further adjustments (available for Illumina workflows when configuring the Identify Candidate Variants tools for Low, Medium and High counts).
Reads by group size, 25th, 50th and 75th percentile shows the distribution of reads by group size. Examples from the figure where the 50th percentile is 5 meaning that half the reads will be in UMI groups containing up to 5 reads. If the 75th percentile is 73 it mean that 75 percent of all reads are in UMI groups containing up to 73 reads. The histogram shows the distribution of all reads by groups.
Proportion of singletons
The proportion of singletons indicates how many UMI barcodes are shared across different reads. If the number is too high, this corresponds to a very low number of reads per UMI on average. This value can be found in the Summary table (see red highlight in figure 6.7) and assessed with the Read by group size plot (figure 6.8) of the "UMI groups report". When the proportion of singletons is too high, you can modify the Average quality and Count filters as described above.
Image umigroupplot
Figure 6.8: Distribution of reads by group size also showing the proportion of singletons as seen in the UMI Groups report
Median Q scores
The median Q score is correlated to the generation of a good consensus among reads with the same UMIs. When there are not enough "big UMI" reads (i.e., reads created out of consensus of 2 or more reads carrying the same UMI barcode), the Q scores will be similar to the original Q scores calculated for the raw sequencing. In this case, you cannot benefit of stringent filtering based on average Q scores that are expected to improve by the creation of UMI reads.
The improvements of the Q score values can be inspected in the report called "Create UMI Report" Summary table (figure 6.9). When there is no difference in Q score between reads and UMI reads, adjust the Average quality parameter as described above.
Image umicreatereport
Figure 6.9: Summary section of the Create UMI report highlighting average and median Q scores
Composition of the barcodes used in the library prep.
The base composition of the barcodes used for UMI tagging is not dependent on the user (the barcodes are random) and can also be independent of the quality of the library preparation (input, reads per UMIs etc), but it will affect the quality of the consensus creation.
If the barcodes are not unique (i.e., their base composition is in percentage of the total barcodes very small), there is a risk that the UMI consensus step will group barcodes together that are meant to tag different fragments, and therefore reducing the quality of the consensus. This can be inspected in the plot "Nucleotide percentages of the unique molecular barcode symbols" of the report "Create UMI report" (figure 6.10). For good quality, we expect the distribution to be skewed to the left as much as possible.
Image umicreateplot
Figure 6.10: Item no. 18 from the Create UMI report showing the nucleotide composition of the barcode.
Coverage and accuracy when using UMIs
Appropriate coverage is important to achieve the best results when using UMIs, particularly when you wish to call variants with an allele-fraction lower than 5%. In our analyses, we observe that a UMI-coverage of at least 2000X is recommended to achieve the best results.
We analyzed only variants with variant allele-fraction (VAF) of 1%, thus measuring the performance of the workflow only on variants considered more difficult to detect. In these scenarios, UMIs are expected to reduce significantly the number of false-positives, and therefore show the highest impact on precision. The plots in figure 6.11 illustrate the relationship between sensitivity and coverage, precision and overage, and accuracy and coverage, with sensitivity, precision and accuracy defined as:
Sensitivity = $ TP / (TP + FN)$
Precision = $ TP / (TP + FP)$
Accuracy calculated at F1 = 2 * ((Precision * Sensitivity) / (Precision + Sensitivity))
and TP: True Positives, FN: False Negatives, FP: False Positives.
A/ For sensitivity, the total number of reads are known to be an important factor, influencing the number of variants called, and hence sensitivity. Comparing our results at 2000X UMI-coverage with the results at the same level of raw coverage, the sensitivity of UMI analysis is 90.13%, while a traditional pipeline achieves 77.28%. However, comparing the results on the same subsampled data, the effect of UMI on low VAF loci is more evident only at higher levels of coverage, because the creation of consensus reads reduces the total number of reads, although increasing their quality. The sensitivity analysis (A) also highlights an important message: when sequencing at very high coverage, hard filters may not be appropriate in all situations, as they tend to over-filter, reducing sensitivity. In these cases, adaptive filters may be necessary.
B/ The precision results show the clear advantage of UMI in reducing common errors, and hence the number of falsepositive variants. Our results show that precision in detecting variants is higher for the UMI-aware analysis even at the lower coverage levels: 69.79% for UMI versus 63.77% without UMI. While at higher coverage levels, UMI-aware workflow reaches 95.22% in the present analysis, versus 78.48% of the non-UMI workflow. The results of this analysis on VAF 1% variants show that overall the precision of a UMI-aware workflow is higher than the analysis ignoring UMI information, at all coverage levels, and accuracy shows its best performance at higher levels, where sensitivity is >90%.
C/ In the following figure, we observed an accuracy of 92% for UMI-aware at this coverage, compared to 78.4% achieved by the non-UMI workflow.
Image vafexperiment
Figure 6.11: Sensitivity, Precision and Accuracy of calling variant allele-fraction of 1% at different raw and UMI coverage values.


Yabba Dabba Don't: California Owner Of The "Flintstone House" Charged With Public Nuisance
A San Francisco Bay Area town is suing the owner of the so called "Flintstone House", alleging that it is a public nuisance after she added dinosaurs in her backyard to go with the iconic structure designed by architect William Nicholson in 1976. Nicholson built the 2700 square foot living space with new materials in a structure promptly declared the Flintstone House by supporters and detractors alike. The action raises troubling questions in the use of a claim of aesthetic nuisance.
The town of Hillsborough filed a complaint and declared the house a "highly visible eyesore" and "out of keeping with community standards." Hillsborough is specifically demanding the removal of the dinosaurs.
As we have previously discussed, such charges are usually rejected. The Vermont Supreme Court put it well in a recent opinion (citing California cases):
An unattractive sight—without more—is not a substantial interference as a matter of law because the mere appearance of the property of another does not affect a citizen's ability to use and enjoy his or her neighboring land.... A substantial interference requires some showing that a plaintiff has suffered harm to "the actual present use of land" or to "interests in having the present use of the land unimpaired by changes in its physical condition." Restatement (Second) Torts § 821D cmt. b (emphasis added). A landowner's interest "in freedom from annoyance and discomfort in the use of land is to be distinguished from the interest in freedom from emotional distress. The latter is purely an interest of personality and receives limited legal protection," since emotional distress is not an interference with the use or enjoyment of land. Id.For example, there is a difference between, on the one hand, a complaint that solar panels are casting reflections and thereby interfering with a neighbor's ability to sleep or watch television and, on the other hand, the landowners' complaint in this case—that the solar panels are unattractive. The former involves a potential interference with the use or enjoyment of property, while the latter involves emotional distress.
Additionally, a complaint based solely on aesthetic disapproval cannot be measured using the unreasonableness standard that underpins nuisance law. This is because unlike traditional bases for nuisance claims—noise, light, vibration, odor—which can be quantified, the propriety of one neighbor's aesthetic preferences cannot be quantified because those preferences are inherently subjective. Cf. Naegele Outdoor Ad. Co. of Minn.. v. Vill. of Minnetonka, 162 N.W.2d 206, 212 (Minn. 1968)(observing "primary objection" to aesthetic-based regulation is "its subjective nature, for what may be attractive to one man may be an abomination to another"). The appellants [**7] find the solar panels unsightly, but other equally reasonable people may find them attractive. And while the landowners may be frustrated by the appearance of solar arrays adjacent to their property, "they surely can see the converse mischief (and infringement) on a homeowner's property rights if homeowners could prevent their neighbors from construction deemed unattractive." Oliver, 76 Cal. App. 4th at 536; see also Rankin v. FPL Energy, LLC, 266 S.W.3d 506, 512 (Tex. App. 2008) (observing that recognizing aesthetic nuisance would give neighbors "in effect, the right to zone the surrounding property").
Likewise, recognizing aesthetic nuisance would transform nuisance law "into a license to the courts to set neighborhood aesthetic standards." Oliver, 76 Cal. App. 4th at 525. "In our populous society, the courts cannot be available to enjoin an activity solely because it causes some aesthetic discomfort or annoyance. Given our myriad and disparate tastes, life styles, mores, and attitudes, the availability of a judicial remedy for such complaints would cause inexorable confusion." Green v. Castle Concrete Co., 509 P.2d 588, 591 (Colo. 1973) (en banc). The judicial branch is ill-suited to be an arbiter of style or taste, and given the subjectivity of aesthetic preferences, they must remain the province of legislative decision-making in the form of zoning laws and, in specific instances, restrictive covenants that the courts are competent to interpret and apply.
=What is interesting is that the actual Hillsborough code expressly cites "aesthetic nuisances" as actionable:
Nuisance conditions means any nuisance as defined by law; or any attractive nuisance which may be detrimental to the health or safety of children whether in a building, on the premises of a building, or upon an unoccupied lot." This includes "physical conditions."
You can make your own judgment on whether these dinosaurs are an eyesore but the nuisance question goes to free speech and the right of property owners to decorate their property as they see fit. This strikes me as outside of recognized parameters for nuisance actions.
17 thoughts on "Yabba Dabba Don't: California Owner Of The "Flintstone House" Charged With Public Nuisance"
 1. "Aesthetic nuisance" is too subjective. It could be used, for example, to preferentially target conservatives with political yard signs, or Christians.
 If you live in a community with CC&Rs, they are usually explicit as to what is allowed, sometimes right down to the exact paint colors with which you may repaint your house.
 If the neighborhood does not come with explicit CC&Rs, then I am inclined to believe that people should be free on their property. I acknowledge that there are sometimes eye sores, like cars parked on grass, that bring down neighboring property values. I can understand why some are opposed to such a unique property. But does that give them the right to dictate what someone does with the land they bought?
 The Flintstone House is not to my personal taste. However, it is definitely interesting and quirky. The owner seems nice in the video. She would make a killing renting it out as an Air BnB or a Bed and Breakfast, or even giving tours. There are many such eccentric properties throughout the united states. The Winchester House is one of them. It can be argued that they should be preserved, as a piece of history or art.
 Mind you, the very people in the Bay Area up in arms about the Flintstone House might also support wildly inappropriate art installations like "My Bed", or the cross in urine.
 Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.
 Perhaps San Francisco should turn its considerable money towards more pressing problems, such as the infectious human waste littering the streets due to their enabling the homeless to live in Medieval squalor. Or perhaps they could loosen up their draconian restrictions on new building.
 2. a look at inside and outside the house ( it's a little bit more than metal dinosaurs). A fantastical place conjured up by an interesting lady:
 1. Thanks for the video. There is a lot to love about this house, inside and out! And it still has a lot of green shielding it from stuffy, aesthetically neutered neighbors.
 3. One of our neighbors had a photo of Hillary posted on a front fence. It was ugly. Some kids in the neighborhood put a photo of a donkey next to it. That eased the pain.
 4. In years past there was a similar dinosaur structure complete with hatchlings from eggs at south end of Merritt Island, FL.
 5. Since the house existed in its particular artistic style since the 1970s, it would seem compliant with that style in adding the dinosaurs.
 6. The house has been there almost 50 years. It's a historical building encapsulating the
 non-conformity of the early '70s. I love what they've done with their back yard. The Town of Hillsborough needs to take a chill pill.
 7. This is part of what is wrong with our country today. Many people choose to be adversarial when something is not to their beliefs, upbringing, or in this case, taste. Can't we all just get along?
 1. Yes and the neighbors don't see the house. If it was painted green it would disappear. Well maybe not the new additions;-)
 8. I think it's cool. The house itself is odd, and she paid $2.8 million for it. The town had no objection to the odd house, presumably because it benefits from the considerable property taxes, but then wants to micro-manage her yard art. I hope she doesn't back down and mounts a galactic court fight. I'm sure the local kids love it, and the people whizzing by on Highway 280 couldn't care less. Unless they're stuck in traffic, in which case they likely find it a stress-reducer.
 9. This seems really weird to me. The house is so incredibly strange, but the complaints are about the dinosaur sculptures in the back yard? If the house itself isn't considered an eyesore then there is no such thing as an eyesore.
Comments are closed.


Amaran Assisted Living
Montessori One Academy | Albuquerque, NM
This innovative senior community uses Montessori principles to engage aging adults in meaningful activities that promote independence and encourage them to contribute to their community. Amaran is integrated into the campus of an established Montessori school, Montessori One Academy, to enable daily interaction between seniors and children.
Amaran offers a mix of 72 assisted living and memory care apartments that include studio, one-bedroom, and 2-bedroom apartments. Each apartment is designed to reflect the Montessori principle of creating a prepared environment that provides sensory and behavioral cues to maximize independence. This includes custom entry cubbies that create a sense of order and routine at the transition between private apartments and shared spaces.
This Montessori-based, intergenerational approach required rethinking many typical design practices for senior communities. Compared to a more traditional memory care environment where access to food and outdoor areas is often highly controlled, Amaran empowers residents to access healthy snacks and courtyards themselves (independently) through a design that balances access with safety controls. Residents will use Montessori work stations with real activities and authentic materials rather than more typical memory care activity stations. Technology is used to enable independence through voice activated controls rather than for simulated interaction or virtual reality. Stations and displays are designed to avoid clutter and provide height-appropriate counters, sinks, etc. that allow both seniors and children to take advantage of the prepared environment.
The design of Amaran also includes operable windows, color-tuned lighting, and custom signage to create a cohesive environment and help residents easily navigate the community. Amaran's person-centered philosophy will benefit each resident in different ways. Residents with and without Alzheimer's or dementia will benefit from its structured environment, multi-sensory activities, and opportunities to spend time with children doing purposeful work and creating new relationships.
Featured Staff
Jennifer Facio Maddox Ronnie DiCappo Jitka Dekojova Courtney Mowrer
What We Create
Landscape Architecture
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Building a sense of home into housing.
Master planned communities
Assisted care and independent living facilities
Multi family housing communities
Affordable housing
Student housing complexes
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Building assessments
Tax credit packages
Environmental and human sustainability integration
Structural Engineering
The building must stand.
What's at stake?
Senior Living
Interior Design
Spaces that work harder.
Custom interior design
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Post-occupancy evaluations
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In Progress


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The Pont L'Evêque cheese: Introduction
The name of the Pont L'Evêque cheese comes from the town situated between Lisieux and Deauville. The rind of the Pont L'Evêque cheese is quite glossy, varying from yellow gold to orange in colour. Its colour, its rounded flavour and its soft texture make this a hearty cheese. When the pâte of the Pont L'Evêque is pale yellow the cheese should be tender, not too dry or too runny. Unctuous and slightly salty, this cheese is full of subtil and refined flavours. It has creamy, fruity and nutty aromas. It is in the shape of a square with 10cm sides, a thickness of between 3 and 3.5cm and a weight of 300 to 350grams. It is matured for 5 to 6 weeks in a humid cave and is washed periodically.
Exterior aspect of the Pont L'Evêque cheese: golden yellow, glossy rind
Odour of the Pont L'Evêque cheese: rather developed with a good bouquet
Texture of the Pont L'Evêque cheese: soft, smooth
Taste of the Pont L'Evêque cheese: Pronounced flavour of the land from which it is made.
The Pont L'Evêque cheese: AOC since 1976
The History of the Pont L'Evêque cheese
The Pont L'Evêque is without a doubt one of the oldest cheeses to come from Normandy. The production of the cheese was attested in Normandy from the 10th Century; the cheese was used as a tithe. At this time, the rearing of cows, ewes and goats was extensive contained in the vast forests of Normandy. A century later, in the 11th Century, Normandy was a land of marshes and forests. The weak surface of the pasture and a large population explain the difficulty having enough provisions for the monks of the abbeys and the seigniors. For this reason, large, hard cheeses were imported from England between Southampton and Barfleur.
In the 12th Century, the mould for the cheese was made of ceramic and represented the English money 'Angelot.' This cheese had a soft pâte and had been created by the Cistercian monks who had settled to the west of Caen. The cheese was known under the name 'Angelot.' In 1225, Guillaume de Lorris wrote, in the 'Romande la rose' "Any good table was always garnished for desert with Angelots cheeses." This term 'angelots' (which was later used to describe other Norman cheeses) comes from the name of a coin. This cheese served as a currency to exchange for things or to pay for things and especially to pay taxes.
From the 13th to the 14th Century, agriculture developed and the link between the rearing of the animals and the forest became weaker. In the 15th Century, the 'angelots' were the most reputed cheese of the kingdom. In 1560, Bruyerin de Champier mentions the cheeses of the region of Pont l'Evêque in 'Re Citeria.' In 1588, in a work of Charles de Bourgueville, 'Research and Antiquities of the province of Neustrie' the 'angelots' cheeses are mentioned. The name was drawn from the Pays d'Auge, the area where the Point L'Evêque comes from. It was known under this name in Paris. In 1622, Hélie le Cordier, a Norman writer, published a poem comprised of 16 verses, honouring the Pont L'Evêque cheese, with the famous verse:
"It does not have a bad smell
Nor an unpleasant skin
It is not waxy like others
It is loved in the same way by everybody
Because it is made with an art
Whether young or aged, it is the holy chrism"
The Pont L'Evêque can be formed into varies shapes due to the ceramic vaisselle (mould) which is used. Originally the Pont L'Evêque cheese was known by the name 'angelot' and then it was 'augelot' after the name of the Pays d'Auge, the area where the cheese originated from. In the 17th Century, the Pont L'Evêque cheese took its name from the little town between Deauville and Lisieu which held one of the major markets of the region. In the 18th Century, the notoriety of the Pont L'Evêque cheese expanded outside of France. From 1722, the historian and priest De Masseville underlined the fact that the cheeses came from the the Pont L'Evêque region; "are valued highly and transported to various places." After the confiscation of the fortunes of the Church, the revolution got rid of all references to religion. The town of Pont L'Evêque (évêque is the French word for bishop) did not escape this and became, in 1793 and was for several decades, known as Pont Chalier (Chalier being the name of a revolutionary).Joseph Chalier, a revolutionary from the very beginning, was the first to put up an army against the Ancien Régime in Lyon. A great defender of freedom, he was arrested and executed the 17th July 1793.
In the 19th Century, Normandy saw its grazier surface develop and so the rearing of its dairy cattle. The Pont L'Evêque was a farm produced cheese made every two days. At this time, there were different qualities of Pont L'Evêque according to the amount of fat they contained. The highest quality was made with whole milk, sometimes enriched with whipping cream. The second highest quality was made with a mix of skimmed milk, the milk from the day before and from whole milk fresh from that days milking. The third quality, made from skimmed milk and the milk from the day before is less rich and more acidic. The Pont L'Evêque was sold at the markets of Pont L'Evêque and Beaumont en Auge. On average, 600 dozens of the cheese were sold in the 6 spring/summer months and 200 dozens in the winter months.
The development of the railways helped with the commercialisation of the cheese. The cheese-makers benefited from the rapidity, the security and the moderate cost of this new mode of transport. The Pont L'Evêque cheese departed from Lisieux at 6pm and at arrived at the station at Batignolles for 2am. From there, they were supplied to the Halles de Paris (the central food market) or departed again by train and distributed to other towns of the province. Only the highest quality Pont L'Evêque was commercialised. This explains why the Pont L'Evêque had such excellent reputation, because in this period fat was rare and expensive.
The Pont L'Evêque cheese is a noble cheese, sought after by restaurateurs, one of which, Brillat Savarin said; "a dessert without cheese is like a beautiful person who is missing an eye." Less well-known, the 'pavés d'auge' and the 'Moyaux' represent respectively two or three Pont L'Evêque cheeses. These cheeses acted as the 'piggy bank' to pay for the tenancies of the farmland or to pay for the conservation of the milk for the season where production is weak. In the 20th Century, the collection of the milk was modernised and the way it was transformed was perfected still respecting the traditions. This developed large groups of cheese-makers. The Pont L'Evêque keeps its place as one of the most popular cheeses.


Society of African Journal Editors
Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal
Knowledge is the key to riches. Is the law (or anything else) protecting it adequately?
Authors: D van der Merwe
Journal: Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal
Information has brought about a new way of thinking and trading and a new concept of what is really valuable. In the present article the author explores whether efforts to catch up in various areas of law have kept pace with these developments. In the process some nice distinctions have to be made between data, information and intelligence and the various senses in which these terms are being used, depending on the context. In the end, one has to turn to legal philosophy and concepts such as post-modernism and empiricism in order to try to find a satisfying answer. PER/PELJ Vol. 4 2008: pp. 2-30


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How to Create Interactive Scenarios in Articulate Storyline
Date: Wednesday, July 11, 2012
Time: 10:00AM Pacific / 1:00PM Eastern (60 Minute Session)
The more relevant you can make the training to the learner's needs, the better it will be. One way to do so is by crafting decision-making scenarios. They are engaging and interactive. The challenge is that often we're pressed for time or we don't have the technical skills to create interactive content.
Join Tom as he shares his simple 3C model where you challenge the learner to make a decision, offer some choices, and produce consequences that provides relevant feedback or additional challenges. Then he'll show you how to quickly create them using Articulate Storyline.
In this session you'll learn:
- To use the 3C model to build decision-making scenarios
- Build interactive models using states, layers, and triggers in Storyline
- Craft interactive branched scenarios
- Discover how to create, share, and re-use what you build
About Tom Kuhlmann
Tom Kuhlmann is as close as we get to a rock star in e-learning. He is the VP of Community at Articulate and author of widely popular "Rapid e-Learning Blog" with over 50,000 readers. While that may not be as many readers as Oprah has viewers, for e-learning, it's HUGE!
He's passionate about learning and technology and has over 15 years experience in the training industry where he's developed hundreds of hours of elearning and managed elearning projects at Capital One, Washington Mutual, and Weyerhaeuser. Tom has a Master's in Education Technology from Pepperdine, where he researched how to cultivate communities of practice through the development of personal expertise.
Tom's core focus is on helping people succeed and grow. He is known throughout the industry for his practical, no-nonsense approaches to e-learning, and tips for making PowerPoint do things its creators didn't envision.
Click here for an interview with Tom Kuhlmann:_URL_


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RADIATION AND CLOUD CHANGES
1. Modified version of operational Lacis-Hansen scheme with modified water & ice absorption coefficients that are more consistent with those in the GFS radiation scheme
2. In calculating solar absorption, the optical depths for cloud water and for ice (cloud ice and snow) are obtained using the relationships described by eqs. (5.2), (5.3), and Table 9 from Hou et al. (2002), assuming a constant effective radius of 10 microns for cloud water and 75 microns for ice. For cloud water optical depths, equal weighting is assumed for absorption of UV-VIS and near IR radiation.
3. A minimum optical depth is assumed for grid-scale liquid water clouds consistent with a minimum mixing ratio of 0.1 g/kg. This lower limit has been removed, and this change has been found to have the biggest impact.
PRECIPITATION ASSIMILATION CHANGES
The precipitation assimilation algorthim in the EDAS has been modified to be less aggressive by eliminating the addition /creation of latent heat and moisture fields. Details can be found at _URL_
LAND-SURFACE PHYSICS CHANGES
A number of changes have been made to the Noah land-surface model (LSM) used in the operational NAM model, from the previous version (2.3.2) to the current version (2.7). These involve changes to Noah LSM physics, model formulation parameters, and some additional numerical refinements. Also, removing the vegetation greenness factor from the snow albedo formulation leads to an increase in albedo under snow-covered conditions. The NAM model cloud microphysics now passes the fraction of frozen precipitation to the Noah LSM, eliminating the crude determination of frozen precipitation by the Noah LSM based on lowest (atmospheric) model level air temperature. Separate snow sublimation and non-snow-covered evaporation is now considered for patchy snow cover conditions when snowpack is shallow, reducing snow sublimation and snowpack depletion. Changes to parameters in the patchy snow cover formulation decrease the snow depth for 100 percent snow cover. A reduction in vegetation-dependent soil moisture threshold values will increase transpiration. The depth at which the lower boundary condition on soil temperature is applied is increased from 3 meters to 8 meters. The thermal heat capacity of mineral soil has been changed to a more standard value. A change to the coefficient in the thermal-roughness length calculation will decrease the surface skin-atmosphere temperature gradient. The sea-ice albedo is changed from 0.60 to 0.65. Including a diagnostic soil heat flux calculation at the end of the Noah LSM code leads to better closure of the surface energy budget.
Reduced parameter CZIL from 0.2 to 0.1. This change will reduce aerodyamnic resistance (i.e. surface turbulent exchange coefficients are too low during mid-day)
Parameter SMHIGH_DATA reduced from 6.0 to 3.0; this will raise the value of the reference soil moisture value below which vegetation becomes stressed (SMCREF), which (at first order) should reduce the transpiration (surface moisture flux).
Minimum stomatal conductance increased from 40s/m to 70s/m for cropland, pasture, and grassland vegetation types in order to decrease surface evaporation.
The hi-res soil and vegetation type classifications:
The NAM 3DVAR code has been modified to use the NEXRAD Level 2.5 radial wind data, and a 2dvar module is now run to analyze surface temperature data
Mesoscale Parallel Home Page


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2009 Edition Part 9 Figure 9C-9. Shared Lane Marking
Figure 9C-9. Shared Lane Marking
This figure illustrates an example of a lane marked for bicycle shared use.
The figure shows a vertical symbol of a bicycle with a white "v" shaped marking inside a second "v" shape above the symbol. The points of the "v" shaped markings face up. The distance from the top of the topmost "v" shaped marking to the bottom of the bicycle symbol is shown as a dimension of 112 inches. The overall length of the symbol is shown as a dimension of 72 inches. The overall width of the symbol is shown as a dimension of 40 inches.


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online memory), as much as possible should be on-wiki. Moreover, some organizations prefer to write rather than speak.
Staff, mentoring and capacity buildingEdit
- How should the movement assess the high overhead and fixed costs of Wikimedia organizations in the FDC process?
- The most important issue is impact and effectiveness: staff is not just administrative, they contribute to programmatic work, but the assessment should be on how much value the organization (with its staff and other fixed costs) is contributing to the movement. Right now, we don't know if the cost of implementation of programs and the growth of organizations has enough value-add.
- Mentoring is something that needs to happen, but need to be careful of the scope creep of the FDC and see who should be responsible - WMF staff, AffCom, others.
FDC complaints and appeals processEdit
- The Ombudsperson system is working well for complaints on process. The appeals process, on the other hand, should be clarified and used strictly for extreme situations. There was no consensus regarding keeping this process or eliminating it.
- Suggest that the Board lays out criteria that make it clearer when appeals can result in overturning an FDC recommendation.
- Suggest that the appeals process is eliminated altogether. In the current process, "Appeal" means "I want to have the decision reopened." "Complaint" is "I think there is a procedural problem that the organization needs to address in the future." An appeals process sends a signal to the FDC that you don't entirely trust their process.
- Make formal complaint process to the ombudsperson, who can then decide whether to bring it as an appeal to the Board.
- Perhaps clarify that the appeals should be limited to suspicion of bias, rather than not liking a decision.
- Original goal behind the appeals process was to allow for accountability.
- Clarify the point of appeals and the criteria.
Diversification of FundsEdit
- Consider developing metrics to measure / quantify in-kind donations (such as space, materials etc), we know that they are an important resource to organizations and is not yet assessed.
- Organizational staffing should not necessarily be required for fundraising.
- A study could be undertaken by Wikimedia organizations to determine the average fees for membership based organizations in their context to use as a benchmark for their own fees.
- Additional guidelines may be needed on the use of our community's trademark in local fundraising.
Simplified renewal or continuing fundingEdit
- For small funding requests, 100% funding should be commonly expected in cases of approval.
- Some guidelines for multi-year/renewal funding:.
- Continuation of annual plan process, but with conditionality based on performance at the half way mark.
- Multi-year funding should not be project based, though annual plans can be adjusted to reflect projects with different time horizons.
- Reduce the amount of work for both applicants and the FDC, but continue to maintain accountability and impact measures.
- Limit renewals to two year processes, not more.
- Conduct pilot with existing grantees.
Metrics and evaluationEdit
- One key metric that we, as a movement, should tackle is way to measure the offline activities and their online impact. This could be done through the use of anonymised aggregated geolocalised data.
- Suitable metrics should include key performance indicators (KPI), and address both quantitative as well as qualitative impact, and online and offline work.
- The Board might periodically suggest a strategic priority or goal that FDC applicants primarily focus on with WMF funds, even as they have organizational flexibility to cover a range of issues and strategies.
WMF as part of the FDC processEdit
- One option is to simply continue this process.
- The value of the FDC's output relative to the proportion of time and effort required of FDC's committed volunteers is controversial. One estimate is that the FDC spent nearly half of its face-to-face meeting time in the past round reviewing the WMF proposal, a significant commitment. Those volunteer hours might be better focused on reviewing annual plan proposals.
- Alternately, the Executive Director could consider establishing a different process for receiving public review and feedback of the WMF proposal. We invite the Executive Director to be creative in coming up with ways that not only allow for a review of the annual plan, but an active involvement of the community while trying to minimize organizational overhead on the WMF.
- Suggest having an open, public evaluation of the WMF proposal, conducted by a neutral organization. There are consultants who can do this, however, it can be an expensive (resources, time from WMF staff for orientation) process and the movement will have to be aware of this cost.
- Can have this as an impact evaluation, rather than a review of the annual plan. For e.g. what is KPMG's evaluation of our grantmaking strategy after a year?
- Wish that the FDC would be willing to review the WMF proposal without a dollar amount: their feedback was really good.
- The FDC does a good job of synthesizing information, but misses important information if not supported by the CFO.
- The value of an evaluation like FDC's is very different from the value of a review of the operations of WMF. An operations' review does not need to be a community review: the community could be involved in the process. Perhaps the WMF's annual plan can have two forms of review:
- once as a general review by professionals;
- secondly in terms of implementation, with suggestions by the FDC.
- Impact analyses can be conducted in different ways around grantmaking and engineering.
- Strategic evaluation is most important: is the foundation achieving on its commitments, and does the community think these are good ideas.
- We should work with partner organizations other than Wikimedia organizations.
- We should build capacity for diverse organizations to be included.
- Capacity building should be provided to increase the diversity of skills of FDC members.
- It is important to be careful not to expect too much from the FDC; they should be focused on funds dissemination and not about every issue within our movement.


Chaucer: The Nun's priests tale
Essay by zee7903University, Master'sA+, February 2007
download word file, 6 pages 4.3
Downloaded 17 times
"Chaucer offers a positive view of medieval life"/ Chaucer's view of medieval life is peppered with criticisms and negative perceptions of the daily routine"
Chaucer's view of medieval life was peppered with criticism and negative perceptions of the daily routine. Through the use of a fictional narrator Chaucer is able to tackle diverse topics such as politics and criticise human vices such as gluttony and pride. The use of a beast fable allows Chaucer to openly voice his criticisms of medieval life under the disguise of animals. He satirically mocks flaws in the church and in doing so introduces the theme of rich and poor.
Right from the opening prologue we are made to realise that the priest although a religious figure is presented in a lowly way as his horse is described as 'a jade' and as 'foul and lene,' whilst the monk is described as to have 'belles that on youre bridel hange on every side.'
It suggests that Chaucer is criticising the state of the convent stables and so indirectly the state of the church.
The contrast of these two characters is also important. The monk whilst rich seems far from god as he has bells along his saddle and so it can be concluded that he is vain as he is only interested in outward appearance. Yet the priests' horse is in a poor state and yet he seems perfectly contented. This introduces the theme of rich and poor which is a reoccurring theme in the poem.
Chaucer helps to emphasise the gap between rich and poor with his use of vocabulary. A 'bour' and 'halle' are parts of a castle which are associated with rich and noble people, yet Chaucer satirically uses them in his description of the poor widow. The widow leads a dignified...


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Ernest Francisco Fenollosa (February 18, 1853 - September 21, 1908) was an American professor of philosophy and political economy at Tokyo Imperial University. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Year 1853 ( MDCCCLIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Political economy originally was the term for studying production buying and selling and their relations with law custom and government The, abbreviated as, is a major Research university located in Tokyo, Japan. An important educator during the modernisation of the Meiji Era, Fenollosa was an enthusiastic orientalist who did much to preserve traditional Japanese art. The, or Meiji era, denotes the 45-year reign of the Meiji Emperor, running in the Gregorian calendar, from 23 October 1868 to 30 July Japanese art covers a wide range of art styles and media including ancient pottery sculpture in wood and bronze ink painting on silk and paper and a myriad of other types of works of
Fenollosa was the son of Manuel Francisco Ciriaco Fenollosa and Mary Silsbee (Fenollosa) and attended Hacker Grammar School in Salem, Massachusetts, and the Salem High School before graduating from Harvard College in the class of 1874. Salem is a city in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. Harvard College is the undergraduate section and oldest school of Harvard University, a Private university in the United States founded in 1636 by the Massachusetts He then studied at Cambridge University in philosophy and divinity. The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the After a year at the art school at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, during which time he married Lizzie Goodhue Millett, he traveled to Japan in 1878 at the invitation of American zoologist and Orientalist Edward S. Morse to teach political economy and philosophy at the Imperial University at Tokyo. The Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts, is one of the largest museums in the United States attracting over one million visitors a year Edward Sylvester Morse ( June 18, 1838 &ndash December 20, 1925) was an American Zoologist and Orientalist The, abbreviated as, is a major Research university located in Tokyo, Japan. There he studied ancient temples, shrines and art treasures with his assistant, Okakura Kakuzō. Okakura Kakuzō (岡倉覚三 February 14, 1862 - September 2, 1913; also known as 岡倉 天心 Okakura Tenshin) was a Japanese
During his time in Japan, Fenollosa helped revive the Nihonga (Japanese) style of painting with Japanese artists Kanō Hōgai (_PHONE_) and Hashimoto Gahō (_PHONE_). Kanō Hōgai (狩野芳崖(_PHONE_ was a 19th century Japanese painter of the Kano school. Hashimoto Gahō (橋本雅邦 August 21, 1835 - January 13, 1908) was a Japanese painter, one of the last to paint in the After eight years at the University, he helped found the Tokyo Fine Arts Academy and the Imperial Museum, then acting as its director in 1888. In this period, he helped to draft the text of a law for the preservation of temples and shrines and their art treasures. Fenollosa converted to Buddhism and changed his name to Tei-Shin, also adopting the name Kanō Yeitan Masanobu, suggesting that he had been admitted into the ancient Japanese art academy of the Kanō. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices While resident in Japan, Fenollosa's accomplishments included the first inventory of Japan's national treasures, leading to the discovery of ancient Chinese scrolls brought to Japan by traveling Zen monks centuries earlier. For these accomplishments, the Emperor of Japan decorated him with the orders of the Rising Sun and the Sacred Mirror.
In 1886, he sold his art collection to Boston physician Charles Goddard Weld (_PHONE_) on the condition that it go to the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, and in 1890 he returned to Boston to be its curator of the department of Oriental Art. Charles Goddard Weld (_PHONE_ was a Boston -area physician sailor philanthropist and art lover The Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts, is one of the largest museums in the United States attracting over one million visitors a year There Fenollosa was asked to choose Japanese art for exhibition at the 1893 World Columbian Exposition in Chicago. The World's Columbian Exposition (also called The Chicago World's Fair) a World's Fair, was held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. He also organized Boston's first exhibition of Chinese painting in 1894. In 1896, he published Masters of Ukioye, a historical account of Japanese paintings and color prints exhibited at the New York Fine Arts Building. However, his public divorce and immediate remarriage in 1895 to the writer Mary McNeill Scott (_PHONE_) outraged Boston society, leading to his dismissal from the Museum in 1896.
In 1897 he journeyed back to Japan to accept a position as Professor of English Literature at the Tokyo Higher Normal School at Tokyo. Lafcadio Hearn considered Fenollosa a friend; and Hearn almost believed that he visited the professor's home too often. Patrick Lafcadio Hearn ( June 27, 1850 - September 26, 1904) also known as after gaining Japanese citizenship was an author best known
IN 1900, he returned to the United States to write and lecture on Asia. His 1912 work in two volumes concentrates on art before 1800 but offers Hokusai's prints as a window of beauty after Japanese art had become too modern for Fenollosa's taste: "Hokusai is a great designer, as Kipling and Whitman are great poets. was a Japanese Artist, Ukiyo-e painter and Printmaker of the Edo period. Joseph Rudyard Kipling (30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936 was an English Author and poet Walter Whitman (May 31 1819 &ndash March 26 1892 was an American poet, Essayist journalist, and humanist. He has been called the Dickens of Japan. "
After his death, Fenollosa's unpublished notes on Chinese poetry and Japanese Noh drama were confided by his widow to noted poet Ezra Pound who, with William Butler Yeats, used them to solidify the growing interest in Far Eastern literature among modernist writers. Ezra Weston Loomis Pound ( Hailey, Idaho Territory, United States October 30 1885 – Venice, Italy November 1 1972 was an American Expatriate Pound subsequently finished Fenollosa's work with the aid of Arthur Waley, the noted British sinologist. Arthur David Waley CH ( August 19, 1889 &ndash June 27, 1966) was a noted English Orientalist and Sinologist Sinology in general use is the study of China and things related to China but especially in the American academic context refers more strictly to the study of classical language


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The magneto-plasmon dispersion relation of a quasi-three-dimensional electron gas confined in a wide AlxGa1-x As parabolic quantum well is investigated in the magnetic quantum limit. Magneto-plasma excitations polarized perpendicular to the magnetic field and with wave vector q of the order of the inverse magnetic length 1 l0 are measured in far infrared magneto-transmission experiments on 100 nm thick electron slabs. A minimum is found in the magneto-plasma mode frequency at ql0 ≈ 2 suggesting the existence of a magneto-roton excitation. The collective excitation spectrum is calculated in analogy with Feynman's theory for rotons in helium, and is found to be in good qualitative agreement with the measurement.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Condensed Matter Physics
- Surfaces and Interfaces
- Surfaces, Coatings and Films
- Materials Chemistry


In 1970, during excavation work for the construction of a building, a large section of the Roman city walls were unearthed, critically dated to between the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD.
The creation of the municipium of Novaria in 42 BC was the final stage in the process of Romanisation of a densely inhabited part of western Lombardy, which had been characterised throughout the Iron Age by scattered village settlements.
The layout of Novara's city walls deviates from the four-sided castrensian regularity and adapts to the configuration of the local terrain, with oblique stretches forming a polygonal area. This pattern is noticeable in the deviation towards the west, reflected in the present-day road from the bend of Baluardo Quintino Sella.
The opus mixtum construction technique, with river cobbles laid in mortar and interspersed at regular intervals with double courses of brick, is also found in other municipalities in Piedmont.
A deposit of 297 amphorae of various shapes and types was discovered beside the city walls. These are connected with the construction period and were put in place to drain and regulate the flow of water in the area.
The creation of an opening in the wall and steps, and traces of a late Roman-era building, are all from later stages of settlement.


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The shrill carder bee (Bombus sylvarum) is one of the UK's rarest bumblebees. It has declined sharply over the last century and is now only found in 7 areas in southern England and Wales, including the Gwent Levels.
The bee is a pale grey-yellow with a distinctive black band of hairs on the thorax between the wings. It has a reddish-orange tail and a distinctive high-pitched buzz. Queens are about 17mm long, whereas workers and males are much smaller.
Shrill carder bee queens emerge from hibernation later than other species, in May. Nests are built on the ground or just below the surface in thick vegetation, such as tussocky grassland. The queen will produce a small colony of around 50-70 workers, which can normally be seen from mid-June onwards feeding on a range of plants, such as white dead-nettle, hedge woundwort, red clover and meadow vetchling.
Towards the end of the summer the queen switches to producing males and daughter queens. After mating, the new queens find a hibernation spot, where they remain until the following year, while the old queen and her colony begin to die.
Shrill carder bees rely on species-rich wildflower grasslands and undisturbed nesting sites, both of which have been severely reduced in area during the 20th century. It is considered to be a priority species for conservation in England and Wales.
You can help to conserve the shrill carder bee, and other pollinators on the Levels, by volunteering with our 'Pollinating the Levels' project.


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One day in December, the residents of the seaside village of Punta Gorda in Belize looked out to the horizon and saw something unexpected: Jamaican fishing boats. They had arrived, unannounced and without permits, to fish in Belize's diverse waters.
Many of Punta Gorda's local fishermen still work the shallow waters inside the Belize Barrier Reef from individual canoes using age-old methods to provide lobster, shellfish and reef fish for Belizeans, as well as a small but thriving export business. The Jamaican boats, with more sophisticated commercial gear, offered no such promise for the local economy or the continued sustainability of Belize's fisheries.
A few unpermitted Jamaican fishing boats may seem like a local hurly-burly, and after an uproar the boats were turned away by Belizean authorities. But Oceana has discovered that the fight to protect Belize's waters from exploitation has just begun.
Other countries with larger fleets, namely Chinese Taipei and Spain – Europe's largest and most aggressive fishing nation – have already approached the government of Belize about moving into the deep waters beyond the Belize Barrier Reef.


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The European solar industry has begun a campaign to exclude photovoltaic solar panels from the recast directive on the restriction of certain hazardous substances (RoHS), which is currently being debated by the EU institutions.
It argues that having to comply with bans and restrictions originally applied to electrical and electronic household appliances would harm the industry's competitiveness without offering any health benefits, while slowing the EU's fight against climate change.
The directive's revision engulfed the solar industry last autumn after Sweden proposed to extend its scope to cover all electrical and electronic equipment. The amendment would bring solar panels within the scope of the directive unless specifically excluded.
The open scope was not part of the original proposal from the European Commission, which consequently did not carry out an impact assessment into it either.
"If solar modules were included in this, we believe it would do much more harm to the environment, society and industry compared to the current situation, where our industry has already in place voluntary recycling programmes for all the different modules which are sold on the market place," said Winfried Hoffman, vice-president of Applied Materials, a semiconductor manufacturer, and vice-president of the European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA).
Considering the fact that the minimum lifetime of a solar module is 25 years at the moment, it would not be "very logical" to integrate modules into a framework designed to regulate products with short lifespans, which are likely to be dumped at landfills.
Widening the scope of the directive would affect the renewable energy industry at large, as manufacturers of equipment like wind turbines, fuel cells and geothermal power systems would have to demonstrate compliance with the legislation too.
Concerns have already been raised that the new legislation could put renewable energies at a disadvantage compared to fossil fuels, which do not have to comply with the requirements.
MEPs have been divided over whether solar panels should be included in the directive. Some argue that they should be as environmentally friendly as possible, while others think they should be eligible for exemptions or exclusions.
But the industry would rather see full exclusion from the legislation, arguing that having to apply for renewal every four years would introduce uncertainty to the market. At present companies give their modules warranties of at least 25 years or more.
A draft European Parliament report, to be voted upon in the environment committee in June, proposes to give an exemption to cadmium in thin-film photovoltaic panels based on cadmium telluride. It argues that the impact of substitution with more energy-intensive and technologically inferior alternatives would outweigh the benefits of using no cadmium.
But not everybody in the industry agrees that voluntary recycling schemes are enough to justify an exclusion from the legislation.
The Non-Toxic Solar Alliance (NTSA), which describes itself as a not-for-profit advocacy group including members of the solar industry, argues that any industry efforts to recycle photovoltaic (PV) modules containing toxic materials require a "sufficient safety guarantee". It wants RoHS to regulate the PV industry to ensure that standards do not encourage the use of toxic materials.
"Keeping modules containing toxic substances in a closed cycle over decades constitutes a significant and yet unsolved challenge," argues Jan Kallmorgen, the NTSA chairman.
Speaking to EurActiv, he argued that the safe use of toxic substances like cadmium and lead in PV modules cannot be guaranteed based on current scientific knowledge.
"There are no independent and public studies available that prove with certainty that the use of toxic substances in PV modules constitutes no risks. Risk factors to be considered include leakage, breakage and fire," he added.
In 2005, the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) organised a peer review of major studies on the environmental, health and safety aspects of cadmium telluride PV systems. It concluded that large-scale use of such modules doesn't present a risk to public health or environment under normal operating conditions.
The NTSA believes that compliance with RoHS would accelerate research and development in non-toxic PV technologies and improve the industry's capacity to meet the EU's climate goals.
"There are many PV technologies in compliance with RoHS that do not contain any of the toxic materials currently restricted by the directive. It is important to understand that CdTe is not the only thin film technology and that clean thin film alternatives, such as amorphous SI or cadmium free CIS/GICS, are available right now and more manufacturers are getting ready to enter the market," Kallmorgen said.
A turf war?
The debate has opposed producers of thin film modules like current PV market leader First Solar, and those of crystalline silicon, which make up around 80% of the market.
The NTSA sides with the silicon cell producers, arguing that manufacturers of such "non-toxic solar technologies" as they call them are put at a competitive disadvantage by the current regulatory framework.
"A level playing field is needed, where all are treated fairly by the same standards. A consequent application of the logic of the RoHS recast would accelerate and strengthen research and development in non-toxic PV technologies," said the NTSA chair.
First Solar uses cadmium telluride (CdTE) as the semiconductor material to ramp up the capacity of its solar cells and convert sunlight into electricity. The technology allows it to produce modules at a significantly lower cost than most of its competitors.
Products containing cadmium telluride and sulphide would not comply with RoHS rules, though.
However, studies assessing the life-cycle emissions of photovoltaic technologies have shown that thin-film cadmium telluride PV performs best environmentally due to energy-efficient production.
Solar World, a major crystalline producer, has announced it is against EPIA's efforts to exclude the solar industry from the RoHS directive.
NTSA says that Solar World is backing its position, but insists that it gets no funding from the company. Rather, it is fully funded by donations from its supporters, mainly scientists and private figures from the solar industry, according to its website.
"The NTSA does not represent the solar industry since nobody knows exactly which companies are behind this organisation. The one and only representation of the solar industry in Europe remains EPIA and we have a unambiguous position on RoHS," Hoffmann stressed.


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In cryptography, COCONUT98 (Cipher Organized with Cute Operations and N-Universal Transformation) is a block cipher designed by Serge Vaudenay in 1998. It was one of the first concrete applications of Vaudenay's decorrelation theory, designed to be provably secure against differential cryptanalysis, linear cryptanalysis, and even certain types of undiscovered cryptanalytic attacks.
The cipher uses a block size of 64 bits and a key size of 256 bits. Its basic structure is an 8-round Feistel network, but with an additional operation after the first 4 rounds, called a decorrelation module. This consists of a key-dependent affine transformation in the finite field GF(264). The round function makes use of modular multiplication and addition, bit rotation, XORs, and a single 8×24-bit S-box. The entries of the S-box are derived using the binary expansion of e as a source of "nothing up my sleeve numbers".
Despite Vaudenay's proof of COCONUT98's security, in 1999 David Wagner developed the boomerang attack against it. This attack, however, requires both chosen plaintexts and adaptive chosen ciphertexts, so is largely theoretical. Then in 2002, Biham, et al. applied differential-linear cryptanalysis, a purely chosen-plaintext attack, to break the cipher. The same team has also developed what they call a related-key boomerang attack, which distinguishes COCONUT98 from random using one related-key adaptive chosen plaintext and ciphertext quartet under two keys.


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- About us
- Laboratory Aims
- Laboratory Facilities
- Research Vessel
- Marine Geophysical Surveying
- Oceanographic & Environmental Instrumentation
- Laboratory Equipment
- Sediment Sampling Devices
- Remote Operated Vehicle
- Research Activities
There are three main reasons:
1.To take the opportunity experiencing some XTREME GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS such as:
2. To visit a natural under and above water laboratory where you can find out the role that sedimentary deposits laid down close to major basin-bounding faults could play in deciphering the space and time evolution of a fault and the history of sea level changes. Furthermore, the Gulf of Corinth is considered a modern field analogue for obtaining structural and sedimentological architectural information, which can be used in reservoir modeling processes in ancient oil-bearing extensional basins.
3. To visit some ancient and modern examples of very fine engineering.
Fig.1 (a): Plan view of the Diolkos: a paved ramp across the Isthmus, the land separating the Aegean from the Ionian Sea, for hauling ships from the one sea to the other.
Fig.1 (b): Remains of the Diolkos. The ramp has a width of between 3.5 and 5m whilst shallow parallel grooves 1.5m apart were cut in the ground for guiding the wheels of the cart on which the ship was loaded for transportation (from N.Papahatzis 1977)
Fig.2: Lechaeon harbour in plan view (A):inner port, (B) outer port, (C)&(D) entrance channels to the inner port.
Fig.3: The Kenchreae harbour in plan view and the submerged western (1) and eastern (2) moles.
Fig. 4:Kenchreae harbour(i)the northern mole and (ii) the northern escarpment of the Onia mounting delineating the Kenchreae fault. (N. Paphatzis 1977)
Fig.5: The Corinth canal connecting the Corinth Gulf in the Ionian Sea with the Saronikos Gulf in the Aegean Sea. The longest and deepest man-made geological section.
Papahatzis N., 1977. Ancient Corinth; The museum of Corinth, Isthmia and Sicyon. Ekdotike Athenon.
Theodoulou T., 2002. Lecheao the western port of Corinth (in Greek). Enalia VI: 83-98


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Workshop with students from Bombay International School
The students were first acquainted with the exhibition-'The Journey is the Destination'. They were briefed about the eight artists who featured in the exhibition, the possible contexts for each work and the various sources of inspiration. The children were given an understanding of the development of the artist's practice over time as the exhibition displays two works each-one earlier work juxtaposed with a recent work dating from 1970 up to 2016.
Following this, each child was asked to brainstorm about his/her journey and create a mind map that included objects that had influenced their lives. They then picked five objects/ words from their maps and tried to find suitable images relating to them bringing it all together finally in a collage. Each student got one minute to talk about their storyboard representing their journey and what their collage represented.


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So, if you haven't seen this page you should take a look. It has a whole bunch of interesting techniques you can use to manipulate strings in bash. If you end up working with bash a lot you might find yourself doing this quite a bit, since it can save a lot of time.
Lets take a pretty typical task, stripping the domain off of an email address.
So this poorly written program will split an email address at the first @ and print the first portion:
Its counterpart, which does not fork, uses a bash built-in to remove everything after the @:
So, whats the execution difference?
Its a 100x faster to skip the fork.
Now, granted this is a pretty dumb example, and its easy to rewrite this to perform better than the bash example (i.e. don't use a loop and just use awk which is 3x faster than the pure bash solution). So, think about what your doing, use a pipe over a loop, and if you can't do that, try to find a built-in that can take care of your needs.


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versão On-line ISSN 0717-7356
SANTORO, Calogero M et al. PLEISTOCENE HUMAN OCCUPATION IN THE ATACAMA DESERT: FIRST RESULTS FROM THE APPLICATION OF AN INTERDISCIPLINARY PREDICTIVE RESEARCH MODEL. Chungará (Arica) [online]. 2011, vol.43, n.especial, pp. 353-366. ISSN 0717-7356. _URL_
In South America, evidence of human occupation dates back to 14,600 calibrated years BP (14.6 ka). Yet, important areas such as the Atacama Desert, between latitude 17° to 21° S (northern Atacama), lack occupations older than 11,5 ka. Current hyperarid conditions in the Atacama have dissuaded many researchers from considering this region as a possible territory for Pleistocene-Holocene peoples. Paleoecological data, however, have suggested increased availability of water along the western slope of the Andes from 17.5-9.5 ka. Thus, we systematically searched for rodent middens and paleowetlands in the large canyons of the Andean Precordillera as well as the interfluves (1,000-3,000 masl). As a result, we identified specific habitats favorable for early human settling. This interdisciplinary and predictive methodological model, summarized in this paper, allowed us to identify several sites. Among these, Quebrada Maní 12 is the first Pleistocene-Holocene human occupation (~11.9 a 12.7 ka) known from the northern Atacama.
Palavras-chave : Pleistocene-Holocene transition; early peopling; paleoenvironment; Atacama Desert.


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Date of Award
Doctor of Philosophy
Roger K. Alexander
In this dissertation we studied the periodic solutions of the singularly perturbed delay differential equation [epsilon]x(t) = -x(t) + f(x(t - 1),[mu]), t ≥ 0 where [epsilon] > 0 is a small parameter and f is a nonlinear function depending on a parameter [mu];The bifurcation curves are described by studying the characteristic equation of the linearized delay differential equation. A theorem is proved about the pure imaginary roots of the equation (z + a)e[superscript] z + b = 0, where a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0 are real. The result is used to find an equation of the bifurcation curves. Periodic solutions of periods 2, 4 were found. The period-4 solution bifurcates as the nonsymmetric square wave loses its stability at [mu] = √5. Also solutions of period 2/3, 2/5, dots were found. A strange orbit of period 2 consisting of three square waves each of length 2/3 was found as [mu] increased past 2. Splitting of periodic solutions was described at the points where the bifurcation occurs. The boundary layer for the symmetric square wave was studied. And the value of the parameter [mu] at which the wave form is changed were found for the cases of symmetric and nonsymmetric square waves. It is noticed that the symmetric square wave of period 2 stays stable for some values of [mu] > 2. The period of the solution was evaluated numerically and the dependence of the period on [mu] was shown.
Digital Repository @ Iowa State University, _URL_
Abdullah Jamil Tamraz
Tamraz, Abdullah Jamil, "Bifurcation of periodic solutions of singularly perturbed delay differential equation " (1988). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 9736.


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How to say dear white girls in my Spanish class in Spanish?¿Cómo se dice dear white girls in my Spanish class en español? English to Spanish translation of "queridas chicas blancas en mi clase de español" (dear white girls in my Spanish class).
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S^9/U(1)$. So take $S^9 \subset C^5$ and then quotient by the natural diagonal action of the complex numbers of unit length. – David Roberts Nov 3 '10 at 2:54
that should be $R^{10}$ not $R^10$. $C^*$ is the nonzero complex numbers. – David Roberts Nov 3 '10 at 2:54
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Here's a sketch. Take a look at the Gysin sequence. This will tell you that $H^i(B)$ and $H^{i+n+1}(B)$ are isomorphic except in two dimensions, which gives you (if $n$ is odd) a restriction on the possible cohomology rings for $B$: truncated polynomial algebras or (polynomial algebra tensor an exterior algebra). The latter cannot happen because such a space would be an infinite CW-complex and cannot be the base space of a fiber bundle with total space $S^m$ (something just homotopy equivalent to $S^m$ would be possible, though.) Hopf invariant 1 will then tell you that there's also a restriction on $n$. I'm guessing you'll end up with just the mentioned bundles over $RP^n$, $CP^n$, $HP^n$ and $OP^n$ (the latter for $n\leq 2$) and possibly some twisted versions of these.
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Loading Custom Tracks
An annotation data file in one of the supported custom track
formats may be uploaded by
any of the following methods:
(Preferred) Enter one or more URLs for custom tracks (one per line) in the data text box. The Genome Browser
supports both the HTTP and FTP (passive-only) protocols.
Click the "Browse" button directly above the URL/data text box, then choose a custom
track file from your local computer, or type the pathname of the file into the
"upload" text box adjacent to the "Browse" button. The custom track data may
be compressed by any of the following programs: gzip (.gz), compress (.Z), or
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Paste the custom annotation text directly into the URL/data text box. Data provided by a URL may
need to be proceeded by a separate line defining
type=track_type required for some
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If a login and password is required to access data loaded through a URL, this information can be
included in the URL using the format protocol://user:firstname.lastname@_URL_. Only
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resulting in the modified password mypwd%24wk.


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Water: Articles and Activities for Middle School Students
Activities: "Streams in the City"
You will need Adobe Reader to view some of the files on this page. See EPA's PDF page to learn more.
For Grades 6 - 8
Streams in the City (Full Article) (PDF) (2 pp, 1.1MB)
Streams in the City (Activity Sheets) (PDF) (15 pp, 3MB)
These exercises are designed to guide a student to an understanding of how rainfall and storm events result in runoff over the surface of the earth. Runoff is influenced by the nature of the surface of the earth. Streamflow is particularly influenced by urbanization-the paving over of permeable surfaces with impermeable ones. In light of this, students are encouraged to think about design elements that incorporate more permeable surfaces into their own environments, including their school parking lots and neighborhoods.
Individual exercises are designed to be approximately 45 minutes to an hour long. These exercises are also ordered progressively: each builds on concepts introduced in the previous.
Curricular Standards and Skills
- water cycle
- cause and effect
- volume calculations
- differences in urban and rural areas
- challenges of urbanization


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Source Newsroom: Smithsonian Institution
Newswise — This Smithsonian Snapshot celebrates Black History Month with the 1960 Greensboro Lunch Counter from the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History.
On Feb. 1, 1960, four African American college students—Ezell A. Blair Jr. (now Jibreel Khazan), Franklin E. McCain, Joseph A. McNeil and David L. Richmond—sat down at this "whites only" lunch counter at the Woolworth's store in Greensboro, N.C., and politely asked for service. Their request was refused, and when asked to leave, the students remained in their seats in protest.
For the six months that followed, hundreds of students, civil rights organizations, churches and members of the community joined the protest and boycotted the store. Their commitment ultimately led to the desegregation of the F.W. Woolworth lunch counter July 25, 1960. Their peaceful sit-down was a watershed event in the struggle for civil rights and helped ignite a youth-led movement to challenge racial inequality throughout the South.
To learn more about freedom and justice in American history, visit the National Museum of American History's "Separate is not Equal" online exhibition website.
This item is one of 137 million artifacts, works of art and specimens in the Smithsonian's collection. It is currently on display at the National Museum of American History; to learn more about it, visit the museum's website.