Quick Answer: How do i label coordinates in autocad?
How do I set relative coordinates in Autocad?
 1. On the command line, enter DSETTINGS.
 2. In the Dynamic Settings dialog box, click the Dynamic Input tab.
 3. Under Pointer Input, click Settings.
 4. In the Pointer Input Settings dialog box, select either Relative Coordinates or Absolute Coordinates, as desired.
24 мая 2017 г.
How do I draw a line with coordinates in AutoCAD?
Using Specific Coordinates
 1. Click Home tab > Draw panel > Line. Find.
 2. Type the coordinate value for the first point by typing the X value, a comma, then the Y value, for example 1.65,4.25.
 3. Press the Spacebar or Enter.
 4. Do one of the following: …
 5. Press the Spacebar or Enter.
How do I make labels in Autocad?
To Create a Label Template
 1. Click Tools menu Palettes dbConnect.
 2. In the dbConnect Manager, click the New Label Template button.
 3. In the Select a Database Object dialog box, select a link template and click continue.
 4. Enter a name for the label template.
 5. To open the Label Template dialog box, click Continue.
How do you use relative coordinates?
Use relative coordinates when you know the location of a point in relation to the previous point. To specify relative coordinates, precede the coordinate values with an @ sign. For example, entering _USER_,4 specifies a point 3 units along the X axis and 4 units along the Y axis from the last point specified.
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What is the difference between absolute coordinates and relative coordinates in AutoCAD?
There are two ways to enter coordinates in AutoCAD LT. The first is absolute, when you know the actual coordinates of the point you want, like (5,3). The second is relative, when all you know is how far the point is away from another point.
How do I get easting and northing coordinates in AutoCAD?
How to Enter Northings & Eastings in AutoCAD
 1. Select the "Home" tab and choose the "Draw" panel.
 2. Choose the "Line" drop down option. Click "Create Line By Northing/Easting." The button is marked with a line and a grid icon.
 3. Enter the "northing" value. …
 4. Type additional northing and easting values to add additional lines.
How do you plot Northing and Easting coordinates in AutoCAD?
To Create Lines by Specifying Northing/Easting Coordinates
 1. Click Home tab Draw panel Line drop-down Create Line By Northing/Easting Find.
 2. Enter a northing value.
 3. Enter an easting value. …
 4. Continue to enter northing and easting values to define the line segments.
How do I add labels in Autocad 2018?
To Insert Note Labels
 1. Specify the layer for Note labels on the Object Layers tab of the Drawing Settings dialog box.
 2. Click Annotate tab Labels & Tables panel Add Labels menu Notes.
 3. In the Add Labels dialog box, under Feature, select Note.
 4. Select the Note label style to use.
 5. Optionally, select a Marker Style to use.
How do you use leaders in Autocad?
 1. Click Home tab Annotation panel Multileader. …
 2. At the Command prompt, enter o to select options.
 3. Enter l to specify leaders.
 4. Enter s to specify straight leaders.
 5. In the drawing, click a start point for the leader head.
 6. Click an end point for the leader.
 7. Enter your MTEXT content.
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What is relative coordinate system?
Relative coordinates are locations defined by their distance from a reference point. An example of a relative coordinate is the distance from your computer monitor to your printer.
What is the use of offset command?
The offset command in AutoCAD is used to create parallel lines, concentric circles, and parallel curves. We can offset any object through a point or at a specified distance. We can create as many parallel lines and curves with the help of the offset command.
What do you mean by absolute polar coordinates?
Absolute polar coordinates are measured from the UCS origin (0,0), which is the intersection of the X and Y axes. Use absolute polar coordinates when you know the precise distance and angle coordinates of the point. With dynamic input, you can specify absolute coordinates with the # prefix.
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Start New Discussion within our Software Development Community
I would like to seek help from all experts in VB.NET (VB Language) regarding copying file from source folder to destination folder.
I have a files named YYYYMMDDHHMMSS.txt. Now i want to build a small project to copy those file to destination folder. The project should work in following manner:
 1. Check Computer Date
 2. Look for the file in destination folder similar to computer date and then copy that file to destination folder. For example:
 Let say Computer Date is 26/12/2012. When the program starts, it should check the computer date and then look for the file named 20121226*.txt. If the file is present then it should start copying else it should give a message saying the file does not exists.
 3. It should create log file storing the copy information.
Can any one help me how to have above feature in my project.
Till now how far you wrote code for this? You want someone to write code for you?
That is not a question, that is a specification. As stated above, show what you have tried and described what is giving you problems.
For the date use the Date.Today() function.
To take the date from the format dd/mm/yyyy and put it in the form ddmmyyyy you will need to build a new string like this Date.Today.Day & Date.Today.Month & Date.Today.Year
To check if a file exists you need to use the System.IO.File.Exists(path) function
Hope this helps. Should be enough to complete your task


Reflex Systems announces Reflex|Drama V.1.0
Thu 20th Mar 2003 | News
Reflex Systems Inc announced today the release of the REFLEX|DRAMA v.1.0 system, the first offering of its family of 3D human generation products.
Reflex|DRAMA is the industry's first resolution-independent human modeling and animation system. What this means is that users can design humans once (using the patented Reflex|DNA) and change the resolution on the fly to produce 3D humans tailored to their needs and requirements. Reflex|DRAMA was designed for users who need a scaleable solution that can address the low to medium-resolution required for games while still being able to go super-hires for film and television work.
Reflex|DRAMA is a new class of 3D animation software based on a musculo-skeleton approach. A musculo-skeleton is a simulated assembly of volume tissue representing all the major layers of the human body. Reflex|DRAMA musculo-skeleton layers include bone, cartilage, muscle, tendon, fat and skin.
To model a new Human being, users simply need to modify the internal layers (ex: bone warping, bone scaling, muscle bulging, fat injection, etc.) and prompt the system to update the external skin based on the new layer information. Changes in the musculo-skeleton are saved into a format called Reflex|DNA and can be reapplied to any human in a 3D scene.
The patented Reflex|DNA sequencing technology is the fastest ways to design humans with realism. Everything that users change in the body is "recorded" as they work. The result is the electronic version of a real DNA: a faithful recording of what makes an individual truly unique! Users do not need to know anything about the human anatomy. Everything is visual, interactive and mouse-driven.
ReflexDRAMA was developed with direct input from leading special FX and game companies to address long standing issues:
 - Resolution independence - Design once and deploy at any resolution in NURBS or polygon meshes.
 - Speed of design - Considerably reduces the time that it takes to generate human characters.
 - Openness - Includes an SDK to generate a large number of different human models at various resolutions and automatically assign motion files to them.
 - Simplicity - Eliminates the need for IK setups and manual vertex weighting and assignments.
 - Compatibility - Compatible with existing 3D animation software. The outside skin can be exported using different file formats.
Pricing and availability
The REFLEX|DRAMA software is available immediately from authorized resellers. Through May 31st, 2003, it is available at the introductory price of $8,990 per node-locked and floating license. For further information please visit the Reflex Systems website at.
Related Links
Reflex Systems Inc
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Anime And Manga
- One Piece's great prison Impel Down serves as this, as well as being a Hellhole Prison. It holds particularly notorious and dangerous criminals, with 5 different levels of hellish punishments. Meanwhile the secret level 6 qualifies more as a Tailor-Made Prison.
- In Kenichi: The Mightiest Disciple, whenever one of the obscenely powerful martial artists of YAMI are defeated and incarcerated, they're taken to the prison "Big Lock" to serve sentences. However, this is subverted into a Cardboard Prison when the guards eventually realize that the prisoners could easily escape any time they want, but stay put as a matter of honor in having lost their fights. Once YAMI requires their services again, they break right out.
- In Tokyo Ghoul, those Ghouls that aren't outright killed are sent to Kokuria, a special prison in the 23rd Ward. Prisoners are housed according to their threat ranking, and used as informants or for research materials. The walls are made from a special metal (created by combining steel with melted down Ghoul corpses) and a gas that weakens them is pumped into the air to keep them from using their full strength.
- The DC Universe:
- Belle Reve Penitentiary in Louisiana is used to hold metahuman criminals. It is also the headquarters of Task Force X (AKA the Suicide Squad), which allows prisoners to perform dangerous missions in return for a reduction in their sentences.
- In the 30th century, Takron-Galtos is a prison planet used by the United Planets to hold high risk inmates, such as super criminals.
- Marvel Universe:
- Project: Pegasus has been used to hold (and study) high powered super criminals.
- The Prison 42. During the Civil War, a group of heroes led by Iron Man, Mister Fantastic and Yellowjacket created a massive prison in the Negative Zone to house captured non-registering heroes as they waited for their trials.
- Massively Multiplayer Crossover fanfic Blood And Revolution has the Japanese government, and later PrivateMilitaryContractors KaibaCorp, creating prisons for the youkai, both legitimate prisoners and political versions. The original was a The Alcatraz-type destroyed by Kenshin and Aoshi, but they get more high-tech and more effective as the decades go on.
- Seeing as the eponymous organization in Shadowchasers acts as law enforcement in a Fantasy Kitchen Sink world, they have such a facility. Both magic and technology are woven into the security, with more powerful wards used on higher risk and powerful inmates. They have a far more secure prison in Norway where demons and other evil extradimensional beings are held. (The ones not banished, that is.)
- X-Men Origins: Wolverine briefly featured a series of holding cells that combine this trope and Tailor-Made Prison. Each cell was made capable of holding their individual mutant occupant.
- The Ghostbusters' containment unit holds all the ghosts they capture.
- General Zod and his cronies are banished to the Phantom Zone in the 1978 Superman: The Movie. The Phantom Zone is portrayed as an interdimensional wasteland with no hope of escape. Unless, of course, someone therein is needed by the plot, in which case, the Phantom Zone is a horrible vacation spot.
- In Men in Black 3 there's a prison for alien criminals on the moon. The guards have futuristic technology, and the fact that escape means exposure to vacuum also helps.
- Azkaban in the Harry Potter universe is a prison for evil wizards, guarded by the soul-sucking dementors.
- In Myth-ing Persons, Aahz is arrested and imprisoned in a city of vampires. Because a normal jail cell can't hold a vampire, he's placed inside the mouth of an animated dragon-head statue, which can swallow a prisoner who tries to break free or inhale them if they turn into mist.
- Kholomi in Labyrinths of Echo is a prison for mages where magic just doesn't work.
- The Divine Comedy's Ironic Hell features horrid weather, cliffs, monsters, demons, and a doorway marked "Abandon all hope, ye who enter here."
Live Action TV
- The protagonists of The Flash (2014) stored captured metahumans in a failed particle accelerator re-purposed to be a prison. In Season 2, once the existence of metahumans becomes common knowledge, the ordinary Iron Heights prison is refitted to be able to handle metahuman prisoners. We're never shown how it works, though. Presumably, though, Cisco is consulted on each prisoner. The cells in the particle accelerator remain, though, and are used twice to temporarily hold people (Harry from Earth 2 and the original Eobard Thawne). Additionally, Zoom holds his special prisoners in small transparent cells that only he can enter by vibrating his body. Barry is able to escape it by copying Zoom's trick.
- In the crossover Supergirl (2015) episode, Barry helps the National City justice department do the same to their prison, allowing it to contain individuals with superpowers, as well as to be afforded the same rights of due process as everyone else.
- Tartarus of Classical Mythology, where the souls of the worst of humanity are tormented for eternity along with the monsters that have been banished there.
- Champions has Stronghold, a prison specifically designed to hold super-powered criminals. Exceptionally powerful inmates are kept in Tailor-Made Prison cells.
- The Spellhold, a prison designed specifically to hold rogue mages, in Forgotten Realms. It is also featured prominently in Baldur's Gate II: Shadows of Amn.
- The New World of Darkness has the Lansing Facility, an "ultramax" prison the Vanguard Serial Crimes Unit uses to store slashers who are too dangerous to be brought to trial.
- World of Warcraft:
- The Arcatraz is being used by the Naaru as a prison for some of the most dangerous entities in the universe.
- The Violet Hold is the prison of Dalaran and is designed to hold beings with magical abilities. As of Legion, it's had major breakouts twice, and Lt. Sinclari thinks it's about time they found someplace else to keep these prisoners.
- In Batman: Arkham Asylum, Arkham had special prisons for the super-powered individuals. Poison Ivy, for example, was kept in a reinforced greenhouse.
- Star Wars: The Old Republic: Belsavis, an entire planet used by the Republic as a prison for the kinds of convicts and POWs that can't be kept in regular jail cells. The most slippery escape artist, the most brutal mass murderers, species with abilities that can't be contained, and all of it built on the ruins of an ancient prison built by the Rakata for a race they were terrified of. And that's not even the planet's true purpose.
- Dragon Age:
- The Aeonar is a prison mostly reserved for convicted mages. What distinguishes it from a normal prison is that the veil (the incorporeal barrier between the physical world and the Fade) is damaged due to a brutal massacre of Tevinter mages that took place there several centuries prior, allowing spirits and demons to easily pass through. This makes it a particularly dangerous and hostile environment for mages, who are connected to the Fade and thus are in constant danger of possession by spirits and demons (the latter of which are technically just malicious spirits), giving the Chantry ample excuse to routinely execute its prisoners in a world where magic is deeply feared. The location of the prison itself is unknown to everyone except for a small number of Templars (knights enlisted by the Chantry to hunt down hostile mages).
- It's not just mages who are sent there, either - anyone caught conspiring with blood mages or other maleficarum are sent there as well. At the end of the Magi origin in the first game, Lily, a Chantry sister-in-training, is willfully sent there as punishment for being in love with the player character's friend Jowan, who had been practicing blood magic without her knowledge. The prison is essentially used as a brutal test to weed out hostile mages among the Chantry's prisoners simply by waiting and seeing who doesn't get possessed.
- As of the end of Dragon Age II, the Aeonar is empty with no sign of violence or struggle after the start of the Mage-Templar war.
- The SCP Foundation has a lot of Tailor Made Prisons, but the foundation also has standard cells if the SCP doesn't require any special containment procedures yet risks breaking the Masquerade if it is discovered.
- In Worm, the Birdcage was specifically designed to be proof against escape even by the most powerful parahumans.
- The unnamed prison within Hell in Void Domain. Designed to hold demons. Permanently if need be.
- The Citadel from Star Wars: The Clone Wars was a prison built by the Republic to contain Dark Jedi and other Force-using criminals. The Separatists found that it's perfectly capable of holding good Jedi.
- There were several prisons for benders in Avatar: The Last Airbender, built by the Fire Nation. They were built with precautions regarding the element the inmates were capable of bending: for example, a prison designed to hold earthbenders was built from iron over water, with nary a piece of earth in sight.
- The Alliance in Roswell Conspiracies: Aliens, Myths and Legends has a prison facility for all the various alien they've arrested, many of whom have special abilities.
- The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


's Jump Function J(x) for the Primes and The Inverse Mellin Transform, Bell Polynomials, a Generalized Dobinski Relation, and the Confluent Hypergeometric Functions.
Edwards in Riemann's Zeta Function in Ch. 10 Fourier Analysis Sec. 10.1 Invariant Operators on R+ and Their Transforms gives a nice, more group-theoretic intro to the Mellin transform in line with other comments in this stream.
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In a similar vein, look at $f(x)=H(1-x)(1-x)^\alpha=H(1-x)\sum_{n=0}^{\infty }\frac{\alpha!}{(\alpha-n)!}\frac{(-x)^n}{n!}$ with $H(x)$ the Heaviside step function, giving a fundamental result for fractional calculus, and for the iconic Ramanujan divergent series look at $f(x)=\frac{1}{e^x-1}=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty }e^{-{nx}}\rightarrow \sum_{j=0}^{\infty }\left ( \sum_{n=1}^{\infty }n^j \right )\frac{(-x)^j}{j!}\rightarrow \sum_{j=0}^{\infty }\zeta (-j)\frac{(-x)^j}{j!}$. – Tom Copeland Sep 12 '12 at 23:56
The Ramanujan divergent series relation to the Riemann zeta function can be generalized to more general Dirichlet series through $f(x)= \sum_{n=0}^{\infty } \varphi (n)e^{-nx} \rightarrow \sum_{j=0}^{\infty}\left ( \sum_{n=1}^{\infty }\varphi (n)n^j \right )\frac{\left ( -x \right )^j}{j!}\rightarrow \sum_{j=0}^{\infty} D_{\varphi}\left ( -j \right ) \frac{\left ( -x \right )^j}{j!}$ – Tom Copeland Sep 27 '12 at 22:21
See also… – Tom Copeland Aug 7 at 20:46
For $ y < 0$, the Heaviside step function in the last integral is to be interpreted as setting the upper limit of the integral as the first zero from the origin of $ (1-|y|tx^{-|y|})^{\alpha/|y|}$, i.e., the upper limit should be $ t = x^{|y|}/|y|$. – Tom Copeland Sep 15 at 1:13
Another property: The (inverse) Mellin transform interchanges $q$-expansions of modular forms and Dirichlet $L$-series.
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Of the people in the link, only person #7 is frictionally unemployed. Person #5 would be if they were not working part-time. Person #2 could be, depending on their reason for leaving the cod fishing industry.
Frictional unemployment occurs in three main ways:
- When a person is just entering the labor force and is looking for their first job.
- When a person quits a job to look for one they like better.
- When a person is fired for not doing the job well (as opposed to being laid off for economic reasons).
Person #7 is just entering the labor force and is therefore structurally unemployed. Person #5 is looking for a job they like better, but is still working part-time. Therefore, that person does not count as unemployed; they are underemployed. Person #2 could be frictionally unemployed if they left cod fishing to find a job they liked better. However, they will not count anyway because they have stopped looking for work and are therefore not in the labor force.
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Wife of Two Crows, a Hidatsa woman painted by artist George Catlin in 1832
Smithsonian American Art Museum
The Knife River region has been home to people for perhaps 11,000 years. Very few objects remain for us to learn from the cultures who lived here, but early written records and large quantities of cultural material document how the Hidatsa lived in earthlodge villages overlooking the Knife and Missouri Rivers for 500 years. They developed a prosperous way of life in harmony with nature and the cycle of the seasons.
The Mandan and Arikara joined the Hidatsa in settled villages south along the Missouri River. Together these three groups pioneered agriculture on the Northern Plains while still hunting bison and gathering wild edibles. Despite their links as earthlodge peoples, conflict and competition were not unknown between these three communities.
Tribes from across the Northern Plains journeyed to these permanent villages to trade, socialize, and make war. The Sioux, Cheyenne, Crow, Assiniboin, and Ojibwe along with white traders, explorers, and artists made the Knife River Indian Villages an exciting and cosmopolitan place. Foreign visitors also brought new diseases that dramatically altered communities and cultures and led to the end of the traditional lifestyle in the Knife River region.
Did You Know?
There were 3000 people living at the Knife River villages in 1804? That's more people than were living in St. Louis, Missouri at the same time!

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Package-Specific Context Entries
This example outlines how to create package-specific context entries.
The Context Panel provides easy clickable access to many commands in Maple. In Maple's user interface, when your cursor is on either input or output for 2-D math expressions (or output from 1-D math expressions), context-sensitive operations can be found in the Context Panel on the right side of the screen.
In order to make sure that as many people as possible can access commands in your package, it is important to consider adding one or more of your commands to the context-sensitive infrastructure. The following example will show you how that's possible.
First, start with a package that you have authored.
Here is a quick example of a package module that has three exports:
squared: a procedure that takes an integer and squares it
cubed: a procedure that takes an integer and cubes it
parsestring: a procedure that takes a string and attempts to parse it
Here is the output of the package exports.
Adding Context Panel Entries
There are several important parts of building individual entries for the context panel.
Most importantly, you want to know:
WHAT to call the entry; the label to show in the context panel
WHICH command you want to use; the command to apply when the label is clicked
WHEN to show the entry; under what type conditions the option is shown
HOW you will help the user use it; the tooltip to help describe what the command does
The command to add an entry to the current context-sensitive infrastructure is called ContextMenu:-CurrentContext:-Entries:-Add.
Here is a short example of using the command where you add an entry to the context panel that negates a boolean value:
"Negate", _TAG_ to show
"not %EXPR", _TAG_ to apply
boolean, _TAG_ conditions
'helpstring'="Negate the expression"): _TAG_ to show
Try clicking on the output below and using the "Negate" option from the context panel.
Using "Negate" gives the following:
The most important part of specifying a context panel entry is determining WHEN to show it. Typically, you should try to show context-sensitive entries whenever Maple detects input that is of the same type as is expected for your routines. For example, the above module expects type integer for the procedures squared and cubed, and type string for the procedure parsestring.
Here is another example using the module above. In this example, you will add a new entry called "Square" that is shown for an integer input.
"Square", _TAG_ to show
":-MyPackage:-squared(%EXPR)", _TAG_ to apply
integer, _TAG_ conditions
'helpstring'="Square the expression"): _TAG_ to show
Click on the output below, then use the "Square" option from the context panel.
Using "Square" gives the following:
Since the example for cubed will be similar to squared, you can skip that and do one more example for the parsestring procedure.
"Parse string", _TAG_ to show
":-MyPackage:-parsestring(%EXPR)", _TAG_ to apply
string, _TAG_ conditions
'helpstring'="Parse the string"): _TAG_ to show
Adding Context Panel Entries to a Package
Next, add the entries for each of the procedures created above to the code for the package module. For a package implemented as a module, new and relevant context-sensitive entries can be created inside the module's ModuleLoad export; this will cause the new context panel entries to be automatically created upon the first invocation or use of the package.
Before adding the entries for the procedures to the package module, make a copy of the current context panel. You can now freely customize the copied panel.
Note: The added entries will not be visible in the Maple context panel until you execute the Install command.
pCM := ContextMenu:-CurrentContext:-Copy():
Queries can be useful while determining when to show your context-sensitive items. New context panel entries can be configured so as to only appear under specific circumstances - such as when the package is loaded (using with).
Add a query to test if your package is loaded or not:
"Is MyPackage Loaded",
member( ':-MyPackage', packages() );
The AddMultiple command adds multiple entries in one call:
'helpstring'="Square the expression" ],
'helpstring'="Cube the expression" ],
[ "Parse string",
'helpstring'="Parse the string"],
'submenu'=["MyPackage"], _TAG_ a sub-folder for MyPackage
'active'="Is MyPackage Loaded"); _TAG_ active option tests whether some condition is met( i.e. if "Is MyPackage loaded"? );
The Install command adds the entries to the context panel:
Next, load the package to activate the entries:
Finally, you can put this together in the original procedure, creating a package that contains its own context-sensitive panel code. In order for the context-sensitive code to be available when a package is run, it is required that the code for the actions are added to the ModuleLoad section of the module. If a ModuleLoad local or export is present, then this procedure is called when the module is read from the Maple repository in which it is located (in the code below, this is done manually by calling ModuleLoad() ).
When MyPackage is loaded, the ModuleLoad section is initialized, making the commands available in the context-sensitive system.
Thus, clicking on 3 now shows a submenu for "MyPackage" as well as several available commands.
There are more examples that discuss package authoring and context panels in Maple, including:
Creating a New Package Workbook
Adding an Entry to the Context Menu Module
Return to Index for Example Worksheets
Download Help Document
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Go to Rice Insect Fact Sheets Page
Go to Rice Insects Home Page
Click on the links above to go to the Rice Insect Fact Sheets page or to go to the Rice Insects home page.
Common Name: Rice seed midge Scientific name: Chironomus spp.
Adult midges resemble small mosquitoes. They swarm over rice fields, levees, and roadside ditches. Eggs are laid in strings on the surface of open water. After emerging, the larvae move to the soil surface, where they live in spaghetti-like tubes constructed from secreted silk, plant debris and algae. The larvae develop through four instars before pupating under water in tubes. The life cycle from egg to adult requires one to two weeks.
Damage caused by mite: Larvae injure rice by feeding on the embryo of germinating seeds or on the developing roots and seeds of very young seedlings. Injury from the midge can be insignificant to very severe. Injury can also be localized, making damage assessment difficult. In some instances, whole fields may need to be replanted. In other instances, only parts of fields may require reseeding. Midge injury is indicated by the presence of chewing marks on the seed, roots and shoots and by the presence of hollow seeds.
Facts: Larvae feed on the embryo of germinating seeds or the developing roots of young seedlings. Midge injury occurs in water-seeded rice and is usually not important once seedlings are several inches tall. Midge injury is indicated by the presence of chewing marks on the seed, roots and shoots and by the presence of hollow seeds. If midge injury is present and plant stand has been reduced to fewer than 15 plants per square foot, treatment may be necessary.What should you look for: Rice seed midge is a problem only for rice seeds and seedlings in water-seeded fields. Fields should be scouted for midge injury 5-7 days after seeding. Check for hollow seeds and chewing marks on the seed, roots and shoots. Repeat scouting at 5- to 7-day intervals until rice seedlings are about 3 inches tall. Midges are not a problem in rice more than 2 to 4 inches tall. Midge presence is indicated by larval tubes on the soil surface. There are many midge species, most of which do not attack rice, and the presence of midge tubes alone does not indicate the need to treat a given field.How you can manage rice seed midge: Drain fields to reduce numbers of midge larvae. Reseeding of heavily infested fields may be necessary. Avoid holding water in rice fields for more than two to three days before seeding to discourage the buildup of large midge numbers before seeding. Pre-sprout seed and avoid planting in cool weather to help to speed rice through the vulnerable stage and reduce the chance for serious damage.


Shaping Your Flower Arrangement – The 6 Basic Shapes
Flower Arranging expert Louise Larabie shares her tips on the basic of a good flower arrangement with Dot Com Women. For any successful flower arrangement, a well-balanced shape and a proper balance and proportion are the most essential steps. Here are Louise's insider tips on how to shape your arrangements as well as her guidelines for bringing the perfect proportion to any flower arrangement.
These are the 6 basic flower arrangement shapes that are the easiest to start with.
1. Arc Shape
Arc shaped Flower Arrangement
2. Circle Shape
circle shape
3. Curve Shape
4. Right Angle Shape
right triangle
5. 'S' Curve Shape
S curve
6. Triangular Shape
Each of these arrangements is a combination of good proportion and balance.
All good flower arrangements have 'pleasing proportions' which means it looks comfortable within the size, shape and style of container.
If you are showing a single perfect bloom in a bud vase then you can disregard all but the first rule.
These are the basic rules for good flower arranging:
 1. Low arrangements should be a little wider than their container.Tall arrangements should be 1 1/2 to 2 times taller than their container.
 2. If your arrangement has a theme choose or make a container big enough to hold your arrangement.
 3. Put enough oasis in the base to fill it up level with the top of the container. Cut off any that goes above the lip of the container.
 4. Imagine an invisible outline of the shape you want to create and chose which side will be the front of your arrangement.
 5. Choose your tallest and widest flowers and arrange them in your container first within the outline of your chosen shape.
 6. Fill in around the base and lower part of the arrangement with more large blooms.
 7. Working up and outward user smaller blooms or filler to fill in the arrangement.
 8. Use the smallest blooms, foliage and filler to hide stems, oasis and the edge of container.
There are 2 kinds of balance; asymmetrical where the 2 sides don't match but appear to have equal weight or strength to our eyes and symmetrical where the 2 sides are nearly identical.
If your arrangement looks like it's about to tip over then, visually, it isn't properly balanced.
Good balance can be achieved following a few simple rules:
 1. The bottom half of the arrangement should be BIG enough to support the weight of the top.
 2. The left side should have the same amount of interest as the right side.
 3. Leave a little more s p a c e around anything you want to stand out.
 4. Keep it simple. Don't overd esign your arrangement: too many types of flowers will look messy.
Remember how well-balanced plants look in the garden all by themselves? They could be an inspiration for your arrangements.
Flower arranging and Art books have lots of information about balance, proportion and scale. They can give you lots of great ideas, too.


Taking Root
Why Is My Facebook Reach Decreasing? The Latest News Feed Update
Recent changes to the Facebook Newsfeed have thrown business owners, and marketers, for a loop. These changes will lead to a continued decrease in organic reach and referral traffic for many businesses, but there are some steps you can take to keep your posts appearing in your fan's feeds.
On August 4th, Facebook announced they would be reducing the number of misleading and spammy posts that appear in the News Feed. They plan to achieve this by penalizing Facebook business pages that utilize phrases typically associated with clickbait. Facebook considers clickbait to be headlines and link titles that leaves out crucial information, or misleads people, forcing them to click to find out the answer.
This change comes on the heels of the June 29th announcement indicating that content posted or shared by a user's friends will be given preferential placement in their News Feed. This change has left businesses scrambling to earn a coveted a spot in that same feed.
What can you do to protect your Facebook Page from the newest Algorithm changes?
 - Create content that benefits your users. Remember, Social Media Marketing is a conversation. Nobody likes chatting with someone who only talks about himself or herself. Be a good friend to your audience by posting valuable content that educates or entertains.
 - Make your posts shareable. What we share personally on Facebook sends signals to our friends and contacts. Think about your audience, what sharing your post would communicate about them? From what you know about your ideal client, how do they want to be viewed? The more closely you can align your ideal client's goals with your content; the more likely they are to read and share your posts. Finally, don't forget to include share buttons on your blog!
 - Avoid clickbait. Up until now, click-baity headlines such as "When She Looked Under Her Couch Cushions And Saw THIS… I Was SHOCKED!" were hard to ignore. Going forward, using these types of phrases in your Facebook messaging will ensure you are ignored by significantly reducing the number of people who actually see your posts. It isn't worth it. In addition to causing you to lose rank on Facebook, clickbait seriously damages your reader's trust. Instead, give users a clear and honest understanding of what your link is about.
 - Consider utilizing Instant Articles to share blog content. Facebook has an interest in keeping users on their platform. So it is not surprising that Instant Articles tend to receive preference in the News Feed, ranked above linked articles that drive users to another site. Because Instant Articles are housed on Facebook's platform they open more quickly. This can reduce your abandonment rate and increase the number of users who actually read your content after clicking on it.
 - Invest in promoting your content. When we opened Rooted Marketing in 2012, we were still in an age where you could simply set up a page and see incredible reach and traffic without purchasing ads. Since then, more companies have joined the party, algorithms have gone through many changes causing organic reach to become increasingly elusive. Brands that ignore the opportunity to promote their posts through paid ads and sponsored posts are going to face increasing difficulty in the months ahead.
 Not everything that has worked before will continue to work in the future. Facebook ad costs are bound to go up in response to the policy change, so you may need to adjust your budget and tactics accordingly.
 Keep an eye on your stats. As Facebook continues to evolve, you'll want to keep an eye on your results and adapt as needed. Be sure to monitor your Facebook Page Insights, which provides information about your page including how well your posts are performing, your audience's demographics, and more. To access Page Insights, click Insights at the top of your Facebook business page.
 Learn how to maximize your Facebook marketing results
Social Media Marketing
Nicole Gosz
Article by Nicole Gosz


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Information and guidance associated with Pre-Flight Checks
Accurate weather forecasts play a vital role in aviation activity. It is required by law that aircraft operators obtain all necessary weather information in order to plan and conduct a flight safely. Useful information is contained in the "Get Met" booklet, available from the Meteorological Office.
The Meteorological Office website includes weather services especially geared to aviation.
The following information is available on the NATS UK Aeronautical Information Service Website.
NOTAMs contain information concerning the establishment, condition or change in any aeronautical facility, service, procedure or hazard, the timely knowledge of which is essential to personnel concerned with flight operations.
Updated every 28 days, this contains static information of a permanent nature, and is essential to air navigation. Details of any temporary changes are also available.
AICs are notices relating to safety, navigation, technical, administrative or legal matters. The information they contain is split into five different categories, each printed on different coloured paper:


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Sketchpad Resources || Main CIGS Page
Modeling a Ferris Wheel
Using Translations and Animation
Physical devices can be modeled using dynamic geometry. A vital tool for moving objects around in the model are the isometries, or distance-preserving transformations. This model of a Ferris wheel provides a good example.
Begin with a circle and a template for the chair.
- Start a new sketch and draw a circle; then add point C as a Point on Object that slides around the circle.
- Also, create a chair-shaped blob as a Polygon Interior.
An animation button for C.
- We wish to animate C so that it runs around its circle. Select the point C and also the circle (by shift-clicking).
- Now we choose an item on a submenu. Press the mouse button down on the Action Button Item of the Edit menu and then slide the mouse to the right and down to choose Animation....
- You will get a dialog box with some choices. This time just click on the button that says Animate.
- An animation button appears in the sketch. Double-click on the button to send the point C running around the circle.
- To stop the animation, click with the mouse anywhere in the sketch (you may have to hold down the button a while to get the animation to stop).
- Add a segment. Construct the radial segment AC and double-click the animation button again. What happens to the segment?
Attach a chair at point C using a translation.
- We will mark a vector from a vertex of the blob to point C. Select one on the vertices of the blob and then point C. Now choose Mark Vector.
- Translate the blob by the marked vector. Where does the blob move? What happens when you drag point C. Why?
- Now double-click the animation button again. What happens? Why? In the figure, can you tell which vertex on the blob was selected when marking the vector?
Adding more seats.
This Ferris wheel has just one seat. Let's add more seats. We will do this by constructing 3 more points on the circle to which we will attach the seats. These points, along with C, will make four points, equally spaced 90 degrees apart around the circle.
- Construct these points by constructing the line AC and then the line through A perpendicular to line AC. The points of intersection of these lines with the circle are the four equally spaced points.
- Run the animation again to see how the four points move in unison. Hide the two lines for esthetic reasons.
- Now in turn mark the vector from the same vertex of the blob as before to each of these three new points. Each time you mark a vector, translate the blob by this vector.
- Now double-click the animation button again to see your Ferris wheel.
Refinements and Extensions.
- Adjustable seats. Since this construction is dynamic, we can make changes. Drag some vertices of the original blob to reshape the "seat." Can you make the seats face the opposite way as before?
- A three-seater. Make another Ferris wheel with three seats.
Home || The Math Library || Quick Reference || Search || Help


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Gomez-Hortiguela, L; Pinar, AB; Perez-Pariente, J; Cora, F; (2009) Structure-Directing Effect of (S)-(-)-N-Benzylpyrrolidine-2-methanol and Benzylpyrrolidine in the Synthesis of STA-1: A New Computational Model for Structure Direction of Nanoporous Systems. CHEM MATER, 21 (14) 3447 - 3457. 10.1021/cm901149a.
Full text not available from this repository.
We propose a new computational model to study structure direction in nanoporous materials that takes into account the stability of the guest species in solution as well as the possibility of occluding solvent molecules in the nanopores. The model is applied to study the structure directing effect of (S)-(-)-N-benzylpyrrolidine-2-methanol (BPM) and benzylpyrrolidine (BP) in the synthesis of the nanoporous STA-1 material (SAO framework type), and compare results with experimental characterization. Despite the fact that up to 8 BP or BPM molecules can be loaded within the nanoporous framework, the relative stability of the SDA molecules in solution and the simultaneous incorporation of water limit the amount of organic content. The most stable arrangements correspond to the occlusion of 6 BPM or 5 BP molecules per SAO unit cell, accompanied respectively by 9 and 22 water molecules in order to complete space filling, leading to a cooperative structure-directing action between organic SDA and water molecules during crystallization. The organic molecules act as primary structure-directing agents, and the water molecules as secondary space-filling species whose role is to completely fill the void space of the pore system and provide further stabilization to the nanoporous framework. We demonstrate the necessity of including in the computational models the occlusion of water molecules as well as to account for the stability of SDA and water molecules in solution for realistically studying the structure-directing effect of organic molecules in the synthesis of hydrophilic aluminophosphate nanoporous frameworks. We therefore provide a useful computational tool for studying the occlusion of guest species in host-guest systems, an issue which is essential for controlling the potential applications of these materials.
|Title:||Structure-Directing Effect of (S)-(-)-N-Benzylpyrrolidine-2-methanol and Benzylpyrrolidine in the Synthesis of STA-1: A New Computational Model for Structure Direction of Nanoporous Systems|
|Keywords:||CRYSTALLINE MICROPOROUS ALUMINOPHOSPHATES, TETRAALKYLAMMONIUM SILICATE SOLUTIONS, MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS, ORGANIC-MOLECULES, AQUEOUS-SOLUTION, SIMULATIONS, STABILITY, CATALYSIS, AGENT, ZEOLITES|
|UCL classification:||UCL > School of BEAMS > Faculty of Maths and Physical Sciences > Chemistry|
Archive Staff Only: edit this record


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Mains Paper 3: Economy | Mobilization of resources
From the UPSC perspective, the following things are important:
Prelims level: Not much
Mains level: Need for better regulation of CRAs to maintain investor confidence in Indian markets
According to new regulations issued by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), liquid mutual funds holding debt securities with a maturity term of more than 30 days will have to value these securities on a mark-to-market basis.
Changes in rules
- Until now, liquid mutual funds could report the value of debt instruments with a maturity term of up to 60 days using the amortisation-based valuation method.
- Only debt securities with a maturity term of over 60 days were to be valued on a mark-to-market basis. So the new rule seemingly narrows the scope for amortisation-based valuation.
- Amortisation-based valuation, which is completely detached from the market price of the securities being valued, allowed mutual funds to avoid the volatility associated with mark-to-market valuation.
- By exempting securities with a maturity period of up to 30 days from mark-to-market valuation, however, SEBI may be doing no favour to individual investors.
- this helps avoid the volatility of mark-to-market accounting and the need to provide a fair account of the value of their investments.
- What is likely is a decrease in the yields received on securities maturing in 30 days or less and an increase in the yields on debt instruments with a maturity period of 31 to 60 days.
- It will, however, do nothing to make investors in mutual funds become more informed about the real value of their investments.
Contrast with earlier arrangements
- The latest SEBI rules are also in direct contrast to the usual accounting practices when it comes to the valuation of securities.
- Generally accepted accounting principles mandate securities with the least maturity to be reported on a mark-to-market basis while allowing the amortisation-based method to be employed to value other securities with longer maturity periods.
- This makes sense as the profits and losses associated with securities with shorter terms are closer to being realised by investors when compared to longer-term securities.
- SEBI would do well to mandate that all investments made by liquid mutual funds should be valued on a mark-to-market basis. Simultaneously, it should work on deepening liquidity in the bond market so that bond market prices can serve as a ready reference to ascertain the value of various debt securities.


Skip to definition.
Noun: bones bownz
 1. (used in the plural) a percussion instrument consisting of a pair of hollow pieces of wood or bone (usually held between the thumb and fingers) that are made to click together (as by Spanish dancers) in rhythm with the dance
 - castanets, clappers, finger cymbals
Noun: bone bown
 1. Rigid connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrates
 - os[2]
 2. The porous calcified substance from which bones are made
 - osseous tissue
 3. A shade of white the colour of bleached bones
 - ivory, pearl, off-white
Verb: bone bown
 1. [informal] Study intensively, as before an exam
 "I had to bone up on my Latin verbs before the final exam";
 - cram [informal], grind away, bone up [informal], swot [Brit, informal], get up [informal], mug up [Brit, informal], swot up [Brit, informal], revise [Brit]
 2. Remove the bones from
 "bone the turkey before roasting it";
 - debone
 3. [vulgar] (of a man) have sexual intercourse with
Type of: animal material, connective tissue, hit the books, percussion instrument, percussive instrument, remove, study, take, take away, white, whiteness, withdraw
Part of: endoskeleton, horn
Encyclopedia: Bones, Thomas
Bone, Richard


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Philippine Historical Landmarks
The Historical Events knowledge database discusses the list of significant episodes in Philippine History. In relation to this, the country has hundreds of locations remembered for their historical relevance, and as such are called Historical Landmarks.
A landmark is defined as a position of a prominent or well-known object in a certain area or location. However, for the purpose of this knowledge database, by landmarks we mean "a building or any kind of structure known for its historical significance." Our list includes sites of battles, national shrines (e.g. ancestral house of prominent historical personalities), churches and places of worship, fortifications, military camps, among many others.
This knowledge database aims to generate recognition among the people of the many historical sites in the Philippines. They are not just tourist attractions; more importantly, they serve as fitting tribute to the momentous events that occurred and the people who took part in these defining moments of Philippine history. In addition, the Historical Landmark category advocates the protection and preservation of these historical and cultural sites as part of the country's heritage. In the process of appreciating these historical landmarks, there is also a heightening awareness of the Filipino national identity.
Below are some of the historical landmarks in the Philippines classified by geographical region:
(to access the knowledge database on the Philippine Historical Landmarks, click Historical Landmarks link)
Region I - Ilocos Region
Region II - Cagayan Valley
Cordillera Administrative Region
Region III - Central Luzon
Region IV A - CALABARZON
Region IV B - MIMARO
National Capital Region
Region V - Bicol Region
Region VI - Western Visayas
Region VII - Central Visayas
Region VIII - Eastern Visayas
Region IX - Zamboanga Peninsula
Region X - Northern Mindanao
Region XI - Davao Region
Region XII - SOCCSKSARGEN
Region XIII - Caraga
Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao


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A view into the challenges and contributions of GMP facilities
The field of regenerative medicine is researching and developing numerous cell-based therapies to address many different medical conditions. In Europe, approved 'Good Manufacturing Practice' (GMP) facilities are required to produce cells used in these cell-based treatments to ensure safety and meet quality standards. Dr Mariele Viganò and her colleagues describe the challenges of establishing, maintaining and meeting compliance with EU standards for a GMP facility as well as offer insight to how public GMP facilities contribute to developing future regenerative medicines.
What questions & challenges are raised?
Research in the field of regenerative medicine is leading to new clinical therapies that repair or replace damaged cells in tissues and organs. Many of these treatments use various types of cells, including stem cells or immune cells, which are often grown or manipulated in a laboratory. The European Union has specific regulations that designate cell-based therapies used for treatments as 'Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products' (ATMP). The EU regulations also specify that biological materials used for AMTP must be handled in facilities that meet standards of 'Good Manufacturing Practices' (GMP). These standards are the same as what pharmaceutical drugs must meet for production and quality control, but also require stringent microbiology conditions for growing cells for human use. Dr Mariele Viganò and her colleagues from the Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico in Milano describe in a special report the requirements and multiple challenges they faced in the process of establishing and maintaining a new GMP compliant cell manufacturing facility in a public hospital. The authors offer suggestions for others establishing GMP facilities and highlight the importance of participation from patients, academia, industry and clinics.
What background and points are discussed?
The initiative by Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico to develop a GMP facility for ATMP production was started in 2000 and received GMP certification in 2007. Dr Viganò and her colleagues note that their center was purpose-built to meet GMP requirements for controlled environments. The building's layout aims to maximise efficiency by considering the workflow of all 'life-stages' of production, manufacturing and quality control. The GMP staff of the Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico have advanced degrees in biology or medicine, yet most still required additional training to 'transform' them into pharmaceutical production and quality control specialists. The authors state that the center focuses primarily on developing AMTP addressing unmet clinical needs, supporting phase I, II and III clinical trials and undertaking research to better understand the biology of cell-based therapies. In their discussion about creating and maintaining a GMP facility, Dr Viganò and her colleagues note that quality assurance of the biological products being manufactured raised several issues. Quality assurance staff in hospitals typically focus on ensuring good patient care rather than evaluating if biological products meet pre-defined characteristics. Thus, training hospital quality assurance staff to understand these differences was important and was greatly helped by the cooperation of cell manufacturing staff. GMP facility guidelines require that an "adequate number" of appropriately trained personnel must be employed to cover specific responsibilities and meet production demands. The authors note that finding personnel with experience and specific qualifications was difficult, particularly for cell manufacturing staff with pharmaceutical production training and hospital quality assurance staff qualified to monitor cell-therapy quality control. Production of AMTP in a GMP facility requires that living material and cells must be processed and handled in extremely clean environments, where air quality and equipment cleanliness are continuously monitored. This involves multiple staff dressing rooms with increasing air cleanliness and special ventilation pass-boxes for equipment to transfer in and out of these areas. Finding staff capable of installing, operating, maintaining, and repairing clean-room equipment to meet GMP requirements was challenging and sometimes required service contracts with external companies. The authors note that GMP standards for documentation have required considerable resources to record, monitor and control the numerous details of ATMP production. Integrating these details into hospital data systems also presented difficulties. Production and quality control of AMTP also required addressing several challenges caused by the inherent variability and instability of living cells. The authors remark that risk assessment strategies are very valuable for driving and supporting decisions regarding challenges and other issues their facility encounters.
What insight and direction does this give?
The GMP facility that Dr Viganò and her colleagues work at is part of a public hospital, but financial support for building and maintaining the facility has largely come from private donations and a business model focused on being an academically oriented research and manufacturing center. This means the facility helps translate academic research into clinical GMP procedures and products for clinical trials. The authors note there are many different business strategies a GMP facility might adopt, but academically oriented facilities should carefully consider their objectives and risks when undertaking scientific research, developing initial AMTP manufacturing processes to hand off to industry, and fostering academic initiatives to 'spin-off' as independent businesses. Another important consideration is the role and support of patients and their organisations, who participate in trials, contribute to data collection, supply precious samples and act as fundraisers. Industry also plays a significant role in the development of ATMP, often partnering with academics to work synergistically together. Phase I and II clinical trials are primarily based on research and support from academic institutes, whereas companies offer expertise in developing therapies for later stages, phase III clinical studies and market authorisation. The authors note the interplay of patients, academic institutes and industry situates many public GMP facilities in a position between care, research and industry. This in-between status can put public GMP facilities in 'limbo' for funding, relying on an assortment of funding opportunities and without any form of stable funding. The authors close by stating that building strong networks and partnerships between patient organisations, public and private institutions, regulatory agencies and industry will be key to successfully deliver therapies to those that currently have no options.


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Background: A recent meta-analysis study showed that post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy with UFT, an oral combination drug composed of tegafur [prodrug of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)] and uracil [inhibitor of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD)] was associated with improved survival in patients with lung adenocarcinomas, but not in those with lung squamous cell carcinomas. Methods: We investigated the 5-FU-related gene expression levels of thymidylate synthase (TS), DPD, thymidine phosphorylase (TP) and orotate phosphoribosyl transferase (OPRT) in resected tumor specimens from 51 patients with adenocarcinomas and 47 with squamous cell carcinomas using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, and compared those levels between the two histological types. Results: The relative gene expression values of TS, TP and OPRT were significantly lower in adenocarcinomas compared with squamous cell carcinomas, 1.60 ± 0.86 versus 4.33 ± 3.40 (P < 0.001), 0.84 ± 0.52 versus 2.27 ± 1.16 (P = 0.006) and 9.59 ± 6.30 versus 16.94 ± 12.04 (P < 0.001), respectively. The relative gene expression value of DPD was significantly greater in adenocarcinomas than those in squamous cell carcinomas, 2.33 ± 1.22 versus 1.50 ± 1.20 (P = 0.01). Lower expressions of TS and TP were observed more in adenocarcinomas (89.8%) than in squamous cell carcinomas (48.9%) (P < 0.001). Conclusion: These data may explain that post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy with UFT was associated with improved survival in stage I patients with adenocarcinoma, but less with squamous cell carcinoma.
- Gene expression
- Lung cancer
- Orotate phosphoribosyl transferase
- Thymidylate synthase
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging
- Cancer Research


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American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
- adj. Showing or marked by proper respect.
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- Marked or characterized by respect; showing respect: as, respectful deportment.
- Full of outward or formal civility; ceremonious.
- Worthy of respect; receiving respect.
- Synonyms Civil, dutiful, courteous, complaisant, deferential, polite.
- adj. Marked or characterized by respect; as, respectful deportment.
GNU Webster's 1913
- adj. Marked or characterized by respect.
- adj. feeling or manifesting veneration
- adj. full of or exhibiting respect
- respect + -ful (Wiktionary)
"To this is added a severe rebuke of those who, by what they term respectful silence, pretend to obey the Apostolic"
"DANA BASH, CNN CONGRESSIONAL CORRESPONDENT: Well, you remember, Wolf, right after John McCain effectively clinched the Republican nomination, he said that he wanted all Republicans to run what he calls a respectful campaign."
"But Lou it really is a fine line for McCain because he has set the bar so high for himself when it comes to running what he called a respectful campaign -- Lou."
"The Republic Party is organizing what it calls a respectful opposition rally."
"On the day Obama visits, the party is organizing what it calls a respectful opposition rally in Austin."
"And one was, one -- a woman saying some things about Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama, saying, you know, some pretty negative things about them, and actually tried to hand John McCain a doll of Hillary Clinton which he kind of gave to an aide and said -- made the point of saying that it's all fine to have some humor, but wanted to really make the point, as he does many, many times, that he intends to have what he calls a respectful campaign in the fall."
"But if you'd rather accuse me of lying than engage in respectful and intelligent discussion, that's fine."
"As the party was looking on, a Laughing Jackass [kookaburra] sat gazing down in respectful silence, with no desire to show disloyalty by breaking out into a premier chuckle at the rather amusing scene."
"The thing about demanding that our children are always respectful is that we are sending the message that we expect, and believe they are capable of self control, of checking their behavior, of moderating their tone of voice and actions."
"The simplest and most respectful is to do "Namaste" as the Hindus do."
These user-created lists contain the word 'respectful'.
Words ending with -ful
Looking for tweets for respectful.


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UGA graduate student wins Singularity University scholarship to grow food indoors
April 30, 2012Print
Athens, Ga. - University of Georgia doctoral student Erico Rolim de Mattos envisions a world where exploding human populations, global climate change and land overdevelopment has rendered mankind incapable of producing enough food to sustain humanity. This scenario is a very real possibility, and it has captured the minds of specialists from organizations like NASA and the United Nations.
Mattos has an idea that may help solve the problem, and it recently won him a $30,000 scholarship to an intensive 10-week graduate studies program at Singularity University, a Silicon Valley ideas incubator that seeks to solve the planet's most pressing challenges using advanced technologies.
He proposes the use of LED lights and advanced computer monitoring systems to provide artificial light in structures known as vertical farms. These immense greenhouse-like buildings are dedicated to the production of indoor food crops.
"The big problem with vertical farming is energy consumption," said Mattos, a doctoral candidate in the UGA College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences department of crop and soil sciences. "Using this intelligent light system that we are developing here, we can make vertical farms feasible from the point of view of lights."
A large indoor farm using traditional grow lights would require massive amounts of electricity to operate. But Mattos' system works much more efficiently. An energy efficient LED array above crops provides the light. As the light shines, a device called a chlorophyll fluorometer measures the plant's energy use efficiency and sends that information to a computer. The computer runs a mathematical algorithm, which determines if the plants need more light, less light, or even light of different wavelengths, and it turns the appropriate LEDs on or off.
This process takes place in real time, and it ensures that the plants receive optimum lighting conditions without wasting power on traditional bulbs that burn constantly for set periods of time.
"It is like the plants and the lights are talking," he said. "If the plant is not using the light, the chlorophyll fluorometer can feel this and send a message to the computer."
Mattos discovered the usefulness of this system while working on the production of algae at the UGA Bioconversion Research and Education Center, where researchers study and test biomass fuel sources. He is presently testing the efficacy of the LED system as a method of increasing algae biomass.
Because it is not economically practical to implement vertical farms on a large scale currently, Mattos and his collaborators are working to reduce the cost and boost production of a system that may prove useful in the event of a global food crisis.
"You have to replace the sun, which is free," Mattos said. "It is a very hard competition."
As one of 80 students selected worldwide to attend Singularity University's program, Mattos will have the opportunity to meet with other researchers, entrepreneurs and inventors who will help him further develop his plan.
His adviser, K.C. Das, a UGA professor of biological and agricultural engineering and member of UGA's bioenergy Systems Research Institute, praised his drive and determination.
"Erico is a very energetic, hard-working and innovative person," said Das. "He has been quite successful both in his research and taking his ideas to the next level."
UGA is one of only two U.S. universities to hold competitions for the SU program. Mattos is the third UGA graduate student to attend the program; Kausar Samli, graduate student at the UGA Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, and Brinkley Warren, a graduate of the Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication and recent Fulbright Scholar, were SU scholarship winners the previous two years.
"When all these people from different areas try to solve problems and combine all their knowledge, it is a huge experience for everybody," Mattos said. "I can come back to UGA with a lot of new ideas, new points of view and new approaches, and hopefully I can share these with faculty members and students to improve the community."


Arabic speakers appreciate their gift
by Samantha Fabian
TScreen Shot 2018-03-15 at 1.45.02 PMhere are currently over 6,000 distinct languages spoken all over the world today, and out of those, at least 350 are spoken in the United States. When it comes to Marian, an array of these various languages are represented within the student body, Arabic being one of them.
With Arabic being the fifth most spoken language in the world, there is no question when it comes to its importance in today's society. Because of its dominating presence, those who speak Arabic are provided with many advantages. The Marian girls who speak Arabic are able to feel the effects of these advantages, as they are given unparalleled opportunities to connect with a wide variety of people and cultures. This in turn has given them a broader view of the world and opened their minds to new ideas.
Senior Telly Mounto has grown up speaking Arabic ever since she was able to talk. Mounto was brought up speaking Arabic because her family wanted to keep their culture alive in their household and have her be able to communicate with her other relatives. Now, it is "an everyday commutative tool," Mounto said.
Even at an early age, Mounto was aware that being bilingual was at a huge advantage to her, as it made her unique and gave her a way to set herself apart from others. She notes that living in America has conformed her to typical Western standards, but being able to speak Arabic has allowed her to also stick to her roots and keep her individuality.
"Not everyone can say they can speak Arabic. It's a very hard language to learn and it automatically distinguishes you," Mounto said.
Speaking Arabic has also been a way for freshman Wejuic Majok to stick to her roots. Majok's parents emigrated from Egypt to the United States in 2003 with her family; Majok was only eight months old at the time. Her family came over with very limited knowledge of the English language, so she ended up learning Arabic while simultaneously learning English.
The process of juggling the two languages was challenging for Majok, as her parents were also trying to incorporate Dinka, their native tribal language, into her vocabulary as well. Despite the early struggles, Majok is glad to have grown up in an Arabic speaking household, as she is now able to reap the benefits from speaking Arabic.
Majok has been able to form friendships with other Arabic speakers because of their mutual understanding of the language. Majok has also been able to connect with people in the Omaha community by attending Sudanese mass with other Arabic speakers.
Despite Majok never receiving formal training in Arabic, she plans to do so in the future so that she is able to read and write in Arabic. Along with becoming literate, she also wants to take formal classes so that she is able to pass down the language to her children in hopes that they are able to appreciate their heritage and background as much as she has.
Just as Mounto and Majok did, Sophomore Agoum Monydhel also grew up speaking Arabic, as both of her parents originated from Sudan. With Arabic being her first language, she didn't begin to speak English until she was placed into English as a Second Language (ESL) classes as a kindergartener.
"Learning English was very difficult for me, because at the time I was entering the kindergarten with little English," Monydhel said. "It wasn't enough for me to enter the reading class, so learning English was a difficult task. However, Arabic just grew on me. I was hearing it all the time at home, so it was just acquired."
Monydhel appreciates being able to speak both English and Arabic because it allows her to communicate with her relatives living in Sudan. Whether it is with her cousins or strangers in a supermarket, Monydhel admits that speaking Arabic has presented her with more opportunities to connect with a plethora of people and encounter more diverse cultures than if she were monolingual.
So, whether it be Arabic or one of the other 350 languages spoken in the United States, it is important to remember that learning a new language can open up new doors of opportunity and leave a trail of lasting impacts.
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Definition of oblivions
plural of oblivion 1
The word "oblivions" uses 9 letters: B I I L N O O S V.
No direct anagrams for oblivions found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after oblivions (in bold), or to biilnoosv in any order:
a - bolivianos
Words within oblivions
not shown as it has more than seven letters.
List all words starting with oblivions, words containing oblivions or words ending with oblivions
All words formed from oblivions by changing one letter
Other words with the same letter pairs: ob bl li iv vi io on ns
Browse words starting with oblivions by next letter
Previous word in list: oblivion
Next word in list: oblivious
Some random words: rangy


text:
Daniel Handler and Maira Kalman have received the American Library Association's Printz Award for their collaborative work Why We Broke Up. The full article, partially transcribed below, can be found here.
- Several award winners turned to song to accept their honors at this year's American Library Association conference.
- On Monday evening, Handler and Kalman received a standing ovation at the Michael Printz Awards ceremony. The Printz Award is given annually to the best-written book for teens; several honor — or runner-up — books also are usually chosen.
- In accepting their Printz Honor for "Why We Broke Up," Handler and Kalman performed a deadpan ditty underlining the importance of librarians "from cradle to grave." Handler, also known for writing "A Series of Unfortunate Events" under the pseudonym Lemony Snicket, played the accordion and sang, while Kalman provided "percussion" by tapping shoes on a tabletop, popping a plastic bag, etc.
Another article, transcribed below, focused more on Handler's song and his love of libraries, and included a video of his performance. The full article can be found here.
- Everyone has a story about being saved by literature and at a recent Friends of the San Francisco Public Library event, author Daniel Handler (a.k.a. Lemony Snicket) shared his tale, saying that he "can't imagine a world without libraries."
- His library love began as a child, where there was hardly a day he wasn't visiting the West Portal Branch. As a teen, he was a regular at the Merced Branch Library and even kept bookmarks in books he "didn't have the guts to check out."
- As an adult, Handler spends much of his time at the Eureka Valley Branch, which is where he wrote most of his newest novel, Why We Broke Up, adding that:
- I would mostly work with headphones on. One day the batteries went off and I took out my headphones and realized that suddenly, I was surrounded by exactly the sort of people whose voice I was trying to capture. It was a really diluted moment where I spent weeks trying to cover up the noise of teenagers so I could really get the voice of a teenager.
- To properly illustrate his love for libraries and where we'd be without them, he wrote and performed a song about the importance of libraries to people of all ages–children, teens and adults!


't make you grow old before your time, rot your teeth, steal your car or kill you. Your shooting accuracy may suffer a little but believe me, once you understand what it is and how to correct it, the condition is only temporary.
Parallax or more correctly, parallax error is an optical condition that exists in all optical devices. Parallax error occurs when the target image does not fall on the same optical plane as the reticle. The optical plane of a lens is determined by its focal length. Do you remember back when you were a kid and you tried to start a fire with a magnifying glass by holding it in the sun light and focusing the lens on the dried grass until it started to smoke? The distance from the lens to the grass where the sunlight was most tightly focused was the focal length of that lens. In a scope you have the objective lens at the front and the ocular lens at the rear and the reticle is in between. If the focal length of either of those two lenses is not exactly the same as the distance from their surface to the reticle then you have parallax error. This is because your eye is focusing on the reticle and if the focal length of the lens is incorrect, your eye focuses either ahead of or behind the reticle. So, if you can change the focus of the lenses you can correct the parallax error. In scopes with 4x magnification and lower the effect on accuracy is really somewhat insignificant. At higher magnifications it becomes very significant.
This optical error can be corrected internally during manufacturer so the scope is parallax free at a predetermined range. The effects of parallax error are compounded when the shooter sees the target at ranges either closer or farther away than the zero-parallax range because the target image falls in front of or behind the optical plane of the reticle lens. This can be observed by looking through a non-parallax adjustable scope and moving your eye off center of the reticle. The reticle center will appear to shift on the target.
Most high-powered rifle scopes are set to be parallax free at between 100 and 150 yards. This is the range where most of that type of shooting is done on large game. For most high-powered rifle shooting, a small amount of parallax error is insignificant in terms of useable accuracy because the intended targets are fairly large. But in air powered shooting, at ranges less than 50 yards, and where the difference between a hit and a miss is quite small, any zero shift due to parallax error is significant indeed. To remedy this problem, scope makers have come up with an adjustable objective lens that actually changes the distance from the objective lens to the reticle and corrects for parallax error. This is how they work. Turn the objective lens ring until you match the range of your intended target to the range graduations shown on the exterior of the lens ring. Small amounts of parallax error can still exist if you don't know your targets exact range, but if your estimation is close the error will be held to a minimum. You can actually use some of these types of scopes as range finders. A good example of this is the Burris 4-12X Rimfire Airgun Model. Look through the ocular lens, if the target image is blurry you can turn the objective ring until the image becomes clear. You then read the estimated range on the ring and match it to the bracketed range marks on the scope body. If the bracketed range mark is just past 30 and the objective ring falls halfway between the marks at 40 and 50 then you know the range to the target is 45 yards. Whether you estimate the range or decipher the range through focal clarity, the effect is still the same. Your eye, the reticle and the target are working within the corrected focal length of the scope's lenses so error due to parallax is minimal, accuracy will be optimal.
Basic Construction Revisited - I received an E-mail that contained a news group re-post a few weeks ago from Tim McMurry. The re-post contained information about scopes from Dick Thomas of Premier Reticles. Dick certainly qualifies as a "scope expert" and wanted to point out the difference in aluminum alloys that are used to make scope tube bodies. In the last installment I implied that any scope tube made from aluminum is of adequate quality and I really need to clarify that statement.
Better quality scope tubes are made from 6000 series aluminum. Lesser-quality scope tubes are made from unknown alloys that are considered "dead soft". I can tell you from experience that 6061-T6 aluminum is used to make some very, high-tech bicycle frames that are very lightweight, exceptionally strong and will withstand unbelievable abuse. 6000 series aluminum is generally referred to as "aircraft aluminum alloy" because it is used extensively in aircraft manufacturing. If a scope manufacturer is using 6061-T6 aluminum in its tube construction their brochures will say so. You can count on it because that grade of aluminum costs significantly more than the dead soft alloy.
This interesting and sometimes overlooked facet of scope making comes into play when we begin to factor in the repeated stress of recoil and its effects on the internal lens braces and the attachment method of the internal tube. The dead soft alloy begins to compress and wear. Soon, the lenses work loose and the scope starts to leak or the lenses fall out. Also, the scope will not hold its zero because of the increased tolerances caused by metal fatigue between the windage and elevation adjustment points and the internal tube. All this boils down to one more reason to spend a little more on a scope than you think you need to. Because if you do your homework, you'll find that higher quality scopes will last for many, many years and always deliver the performance you expect.
In the next issue, I will try to conclude with the section on scope mounts designed exclusively for air powered shooting. Rings and mounts designed for conventional firearms just won't do the job because they were never designed to be used at air gun ranges. As equally important as a good scope is an adjustable mount that will put you right on target and take full advantage of your new scope's potential. So stay tuned and we'll try to finish this epic tome in the very next issue.
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text:
Earth from Space: The Tibesti Mountains
About this Image
The Tibesti Mountains, located mostly in Chad with the northern slopes extending into Libya, are captured in this image, acquired on March 4, 2012 by Envisat's MERIS instrument. The mountains' highest peak is Emi Koussi – pictured here as a circular structure in the lower-right portion of the dark area. The westernmost volcano is Toussidé. Our satellite view shows the dark peak with lava flows extending to the left. The white depression to the southeast gets its colour from the accumulation of carbonate salts, creating a soda lake. Surrounding the Tibesti Mountains, the sands of the Sahara appear like orange, yellow and white brushstrokes.


text:
Water sampling devices range from a bucket dropped over the side of a small boat to large water bottles sent toward the deep ocean seafloor on a wire. Probably the most commonly used water sampler is known as a rosette. It is a framework with 12 to 36 sampling bottles (typically ranging from 1.2- to 30-liter capacity) clustered around a central cylinder, where a CTD or other sensor package can be attached.
Relatively simple to use (rosette only)
Heavy to transport/deploy
May be very fragile
Heavy gauge winch wire
High capacity boat
Introductory text modified from: University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS), The Research Fleet, edited by Vicky Cullen; Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, CA; 2000.


Fire Cider: the ultimate herbal cold & flu remedy!
What's Fire Cider?
Fire Cider is an apple cider vinegar-based herbal tonic revered for its ability to help prevent cold/flu symptoms, and/or shorten their duration if they occur. It's an immune-boosting remedy with antibacterial, antiviral, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, decongestant, and antifungal properties.
Fire Cider ingredients can change from year to year depending on when you make it and what's growing around you. The standard base ingredients are apple cider vinegar, garlic, onion, ginger, and horseradish. However, many other herbs that can be thrown in for added benefit.
Make your own "flu shot in a jar" with us!
We'll break down what each Fire Cider ingredient brings to the table and teach you:
 - how/when to take it
 - suggested dosages
 - the benefits of herbal additions
 - herbal folklore
Colonial Medicine
New England colonists believed there were 4 bodily fluids called the "humors"—blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. They believed all illness resulted from an imbalance of the body's humors.
The colonists believed that blood, the most important humor, was formed in the liver and channeled to the heart. After reaching the other parts of the body, the blood was used up, and spirits in the liver made a fresh supply. That's why bleeding was so popular and came to the New World with Europeans and lasted into the early 1800s.
Bad blood was blamed for just about every ill. Consequently, bleeding became a universal treatment.
Colonists began to fear and scorn doctors. Their "cures" killed more people than the diseases. Consequently, there was a huge distrust of regular physicians
In the meantime, many people in the 1700 and 1800s turned to traditional healers—like herbalists and wise women.
Subsequently, herbal medicine became popular in Colonial America. Families tended to treat themselves first with medicinal herbs grown in their gardens. One of the most popular herbal folk remedies was the vinegar tonic known as Fire Cider.
Did you know?
 - During the Middle Ages, ginger was held in such high esteem that it was said to have come from the Garden of Eden.
 - If you mix horseradish in milk, this will stimulate blood flow in the face and rejuvenate your complexion.
 - When Rome was attacked in 410 AD by the Visogoths, the Romans paid "three thousand pounds of pepper" to prevent the city from being sacked!
 - To dream of an onion meant you would experience much domestic strife.
Return to Green Witch Workshop Offerings
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Collins Living Learning Center | The Folklore of Star Trek
L220 | 16029 | Steve Stanzak
How different would a people from another planet actually be? Would they be completely
foreign to our understanding, or would we share some common experiences? This course
attempts to answer these questions and more by looking at the popular television show Star
Trek. However, just as the show is more about the hopes, fears, and beliefs of twentiethcentury culture than it is about the aliens and space travel, so this course is more about how
to understand, interact with, and appreciate the diverse range of cultures on Earth. We will
look closely at issues of ethics and social justice raised by the show, moving to cultural
constructs such as identity, gender, language, and worldview, and ending with a consideration
of Star Trek fandom. We will watch one episode each week, and the course culminates with a
final project. No prior knowledge of either folklore or Star Trek is assumed, just an openness
to new cultures, both here on Earth and beyond.


Boolean Gemini
Fight your way!
 - In most computer programming it's the data type with only two possible values such as true or false
 - Algebraic variables means "2 possible outcomes"
 - Zodiac sign represents the twins.
Expanded info:
Flavor text is a play on words
"Fight your way" the gun has two perks you can choose from (one way or another) to pick one of the perks
 - One Way: grants Agility bonus following a precision stacks three times
 - Or Another: grants Armor on body shot kills stacks three times
 - Boolean Gemini, was originally named "347 Vesta Dynasty", The gun existed in within the Destiny game files since the release of The Dark Below, and possibly earlier, but was not accessible. It was later named in the House of Wolves expansion
 - The original perk names were David and Goliath
The Vestian dynasty
 - Mysterious group "The Vestians" get their name from the minor planet 4 Vesta, the second largest body in the Asteroid Belt and, at roughly 326 miles in diameter, is one of the largest asteroids in the Solar System
 - The Vestian family of Asteroids, a cluster of some 235 core bodies with thousands of smaller members are designated as "V-type asteroids" or "vestoids", which are the result of two separate impacts on 4 Vesta's southern hemisphere approximately 1 and 2 billion years ago
The Queens Vestian Outpost is located near one of the vestoids and is linked to the Vestian Dynasty in some mysterious way
The Vestian Guard
 - A unit of the Reef's Royal Armada responsible for patrolling and defending the Reef's borders against incursion


drae became more sophisticated, and included gongs and moving mechanisms.[31] There is evidence that the Tower of the Winds in Athens, designed by the astronomer Andronicus of Cyrrhus in the 1st century BC, once had eight sundials, a water clock, and a wind vane.[36] In Greek tradition, clepsydrae were used in court; later, a practise later adopted by the Romans.[37]
The first geared clock was invented in the 11th century by the Arab engineer Ibn Khalaf al-Muradi in Islamic Iberia. It was a water clock that employed both segmental and epicyclic gearing. Islamic water clocks, which used complex gear trains and included arrays of automata, were unrivalled in their sophistication until the mid-14th century.[38][39] Liquid-driven mechanisms (using heavy floats and a constant-head system) were developed that enabled water clocks to work at a slower rate.[39]
The 12th-century Jayrun Water Clock, at the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, was constructed by Muhammad al-Sa'ati and later described by his son Ridwan ibn al-Sa'ati, in his On the Construction of Clocks and their Use (1203).[40] A sophisticated water-powered astronomical clock was described by Al-Jazari in his treatise on machines, written in 1206.[41] This castle clock was about 11 feet (3.4 m) high, and included a display of the zodiac and the solar and lunar paths, and doors that opened, revealing a mannequin every hour.[42] It was possible to reset the length of day and night in order to account for the changing lengths of day and night.[43] In 1235, a water-powered clock that "announced the appointed hours of prayer and the time both by day and by night" stood in the entrance hall of the Mustansiriya Madrasah in Baghdad.[44]
Chinese incense clocks[edit]
photograph of a Chinese incense clock
An incense clock; time was measured by means of powdered incense burnt along a pre-measured path
Incense clocks were first used in China around the 6th century,[45] mainly for religious purposes,[46] but also for social gatherings or by Chinese scholars.[47] Due to their frequent use of Devanagari characters, American sinologist Edward H. Schafer has speculated that they were invented in India.[48] As incense burns evenly and without a flame, the clocks were accurate and safe for indoor use.[49] To mark different hours, differently scented incenses (made from different recipes) could be used.[50]
Incense stick clocks used a calibrated incense stick. Some were designed to drop weights at even intervals,[46] The sticks could be straight or spiralled; the spiralled ones were intended for long periods of use, and often hung from the roofs of homes and temples.[51]
Incense seal clocks had a wooden or stone disk etched with one or more grooves, into which incense was placed.[52] They were common in China, but were produced in fewer numbers in Japan.[53] The length of the trail of incense, directly related to the size of the seal, was the primary factor in determining how long the clock would last; to burn 12 hours an incense path of around 20 feet (6.1 m) has been estimated.[54] The Chinese gradually introduced disks made of metal, most likely beginning during the Song dynasty. The use of metal allowed craftsmen to more easily create seals of different sizes, design and decorate them more aesthetically, and vary the paths of the grooves, to allow for the changing length of the days in the year. As smaller seals became available, incense seal clocks grew in popularity and were often given as gifts.[55]
photograph of astrolabe with gear calendar (obverse)
photograph of an astrolabe with a geared calendar
(left) al-Bīrūnī's 11th century description of a geared astrolabe; (right) the astrolabe made in c.1221 by the astronomer al‐Farisi (History of Science Museum, Oxford)
Sophisticated timekeeping astrolabes with geared mechanisms were made in Persia, built by the polymath Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī in the 11th century and the astronomer Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi in c.1221.[56][57] The brass and silver astrolabe made in Isfahan by al‐Farisi is the earliest machine with its gears still intact. It is both an astrolabe and a calendar. The design originates from a text by Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī, but the gearing has been simplified. Openings on the back of the astrolabe depict the lunar phases and gives the Moon's age; within a zodiacal scale are two concentric rings that show the relative positions of the Sun and the Moon.[58]
Muslim astronomers constructed a variety of highly accurate astronomical clocks for use in their mosques and observatories,[59] such as the astrolabic clock by Ibn al-Shatir in the early 14th century.[60]
Candle clocks[edit]
One of the earliest mentions of a candle clock is in a Chinese poem, written in 520 by You Jianfu, who wrote of the graduated candle being a means of determining time at night. Similar candles were used in Japan until the early 10th century.[61]
The invention of the candle clock was attributed by the Anglo-Saxons to Alfred the Great, king of Wessex, who used six candles marked at intervals of an inch, each made from 12 pennyweights of wax, and made to be 12 inches (30 cm) high and of a uniform thickness.[62]
The 12th century Muslim inventor Al-Jazari described four different designs for a candle clock in his book The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices (IKitab fi Ma'rifat al-Hiyal al-Handasiyya).[63][64] His so-called'scribe' candle clock was invented to mark the passing of 14 hours of equal length: a precisely engineering mechanism caused a candle of specific dimensions to be slowly pushed upwards, which caused an indicator to move along a scale. Every hour a small ball emerged from the beak of a bird.[63]
A detail from the painting Temperance
A detail from Lorenzetti's Allegory of Good Government (c.1338)
The hourglass was one of the few reliable methods of measuring time at sea, and it has been speculated that it was used on board ships as far back as the 11th century, when it would have complemented the compass as an aid to navigation. The earliest unambiguous evidence of the use an hourglass appears in the painting Allegory of Good Government, by the Italian artist Ambrogio Lorenzetti, from 1338.[65]
The Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan used 18 hourglasses on each ship during his circumnavigation of the globe in 1522.[66] Though also used in China, the hourglass's history there is unknown,[67] but does not seem to have been used in China before the mid 16th century,[68] and the hourglass implies the use of glassblowing, which appears to be an entirely European and Western art.[69]
History of early oscillating devices in timekeepers[edit]
The English word clock first appeared in Middle English as clok, cloke, or clokke. The origin of the word is not known for certain; it may be a borrowing from French or Dutch, and can perhaps be traced to the post-classical Latin clocca ('bell'). 7th century Irish and 9th century Germanic sources recorded clock as meaning 'bell'.[71]
Judaism, Christianity and Islam all had times set aside for prayer, although Christians alone were expected to attend prayers at specific hours of the day and night—what the historian Jo Ellen Barnett describes as "a rigid adherence to repetitive prayers said many times a day".[72] The bell-striking alarms warned the monk on duty to toll the monastic bell. His alarm was a timer that used a form of escapement to ring a small bell. This mechanism was the forerunner of the escapement device found in the mechanical clock.[73][74]
13th century[edit]
Water clock (representing a clock at the royal court in Paris, c.1250)
The first innovations to improve on the accuracy of the hourglass and the water clock occurred in the 10th century, when attempts were made to slow their rate of flow using friction or the force of gravity.[75] The earliest depiction of a clock powered by a hanging weight is from the Bible of St. Louis, an illuminated manuscript that shows a clock being slowed by water acting on a wheel. The illustration seems to show that weight-driven clocks were invented in western Europe.[76] A treatise written by Robert the Englishman in 1271 shows that medieval craftsmen were attempting to design a purely mechanical clock (i.e. only driven by gravity) during this period.[77] Such clocks were a synthesis of earlier ideas derived from European and Islamic science, such as gearing systems, weight drives, and striking mechanisms.[78]
In 1250, the artist Villard de Honnecourt illustrated a device that was the step towards the development of the escapement.[79] Another forerunner of the escapement was the horologia nocturna, which


text:
What if one of my breasts is bigger than the other?
When breasts are growing, they change shape and size until they're fully developed. Along the way, one breast may be bigger than the other. Of course, a girl would rather them both be the same size. If this happens to you, stay calm:
- No. 1: You are probably the only one who has noticed.
- No. 2: Your breasts are likely to even out as you develop.
- And No. 3: If you still notice a difference after your breasts have fully developed, you can use a bit of padding in one bra cup to balance things out.
Reviewed by: Mary L. Gavin, MD
Date reviewed: July 2010
See more Personal Questions


text:
Bulletin board: Fifth-grader Jessiah Tenorio checks out a bulletin board with Martin Luther King Jr. facts at Tamuning Elementary School Friday. "I'm told that the kids are actually stopping and reading the information," said fourth-grade teacher Susan Gogo, who decorated the bulletin board in observance of the holiday to mark the civil rights leader's birthday. Rick Cruz/Pacific Daily _EMAIL_
Today might be a day off for students on Guam, but it's also a chance for students to learn about the life and legacy of Martin Luther King Jr., as well as the overall history of the civil rights movement in the United States.
In island schools, students have spent the last several weeks learning about King and his legacy in the civil rights movement and how children can apply his dreams for a more equal world to their island.
Kathy Reyes, principal of Tamuning Elementary School, said teachers have been working to integrate King into their curriculum....