LINGUIST List 3.440
Tue 26 May 1992
Qs: Telugu, Mandarin, Voice Projection, Dictionaries
Editor for this issue: <>
 1. Zvi Gilbert, Phonology of Telugu
 2. S Wang, Retroflex Suffix in Mandarin Chinese
 3. Laurie Bauer, Query: voice projection
 4. Victor Raskin, Brief E-Dictionaries
Message 1: Phonology of Telugu
Date: Sat, 23 May 1992 15:37:13Phonology of Telugu
From: Zvi Gilbert <>
Subject: Phonology of Telugu
I am a master's student writing my thesis this summer in the phonology
of sandhi processes in Telugu. I have dug around a lot in the
references to Telugu in the linguistics literature, but it is certain
that I have missed some.
If you have any references to the phonology of Telugu, could you
please mail them to me? I will of course acknowlege any assistance.
I have the two basic references for Telugu consonantal sandhi:
Krishnamurti, 1957 and Bhaskararao, 1982, as well as the work in
Language by Wilkinson, 1974. Did he ever publish again on this topic?
Thanks in advance to all.
--Zvi Gilbert
Message 2: Retroflex Suffix in Mandarin Chinese
Date: Tue, 26 May 92 00:24:13 BSRetroflex Suffix in Mandarin Chinese
From: S Wang <>
Subject: Retroflex Suffix in Mandarin Chinese
A little while ago I put in a mail asking for ideas about
experiments in Mandarin Chinese for my Masters Thesis.
Thanks very much for all the replies I recieved, there were lots of
great ideas and suggestions.
What I've decided to do is as comprehensive a study as I can of the
retroflex suffix in Beijing Mandarin (this is the -r suffix added to
words often as a dimintive or to show affection).
I'm going to be working on it full time over the next three months,
here in the linguistics department of Edinburgh Univeristy.
Some of the aspects I will be considering will be:
1) Phonetics: What are its acoustic and tonal characteristics? How
 does it relate to stress?
2) Phonology: What are the phonological rules governing how it
 interacts with the preceding syllable?
3) Syntax: Which syntactic categories can it go on? Can it ever
 affect the syntax of the word it is attached to? (I doubt it!)
4) Semantics: Which semantic categories is it most at home on? Can it
 ever change the meaning? (I doubt this too)
5) Pragmatics: When is it used, and what does it signify?
Idealy I would like to find a computerised corpus and search it for
sentences with the suffix in. Then I'll get native speakers to record
them onto DAT, so that I can make acoustic measurements and also work
out the phonological rules. I will do an analysis of the syntactic
and semantic categories of the words the suffix is attached to,
and find out, as far as I can, the pragmatic situations in which it is used.
If I can't find a computerised corpus, then I'll have to extract the
data by hand from a selection of books, newspapers etc.
If anyone knows where I could find a corpus of Mandarin Chinese,
or has any ideas, comments, or references about the retroflex
suffix, then please do let me know. Anything you can say
would be very useful.
Thanks very much,
Sophia Wang.
Sophia Wang
Department of Linguistics
Adam Furgeson Building
Edinburgh University
E-Mail: As header, or sophiaed.ling
Message 3: Query: voice projection
Date: Mon, 25 May 1992 10:40:00 Query: voice projection
From: Laurie Bauer <>
Subject: Query: voice projection
The other day I was speaking to a (non-linguist) colleague about the (lack of)
ability of university lecturers to project their voices. He said (and I quote
as nearly as I can recall) 'The main problem is that they speak down here
[indicating the ventral pharyngeal wall] rather than in the front of their
mouths'. This person has successfully taught voice production, but I could not
interpret what he meant. Clearly raised larynx or general palatalization --
both of which seemed possible interpretations -- were not what was meant. Can
anyone interpret this expression? More generally, is there any source which
interprets in phonetic terms the weird but apparently effective instructions of
speech and singing teachers, such as'sing with your forehead'?
Laurie Bauer
Message 4: Brief E-Dictionaries
Date: Mon, 25 May 92 21:26:57 ESBrief E-Dictionaries
From: Victor Raskin <>
Subject: Brief E-Dictionaries
I am posting it for a friend in Russia. She has a limited e-mail
connection, so please direct your responses to me. I will summarize
them for her and, if appropriate, for the list. This is just a query,
not at all a commercial. This is her unedited message:
"My firm produces electronic dictionaries - two of them, Engish-Russian
and Russian-English general dictionaries, are in the process of development
now, and one terminoligical dictionary (business and commerce, 6.700
entries) is already in sale. We intend to develope several series of
terminological dictionaries of small volume - from 1000 to 5000 entries
each. I'd like to know, are there any electronic terminological dictionaries
into US software market? I saw in price-lists only thesauruses,
synonim dictionaries and two (and more)-language general lexics dictionaries.
May be Americans use modem-link with big terminological databases instead of
standalone programes? I'll be very grateful to you for any information
on US electronic terminological dictionaries and their sales prices."
Victor Raskin
Professor of English and Linguistics _PHONE_
Chair, Interdepartmental Program in Linguistics _PHONE_ fax
Coordinator, Natural Language Processing Laboratory
Purdue University
W. Lafayette, IN 47907 U.S.A.


text:
Usage – ways of dressing and others
After exploring the different factors that are involved in decorative development, some examples allow the evocation of the role and place that fabrics play in the social life, as marks of identity, such as elements of profane or religious rituals or as vectors of artistic expression.
The majority of decorated fabrics that enter into social rituals, or have a symbolic function with their patterns or colours, are mainly clothing but they can also have other profane or ceremonial uses.
Marital bed cover China, Guizhou, Songtao, Miao, towards 1900 Cotton (spun Z-twist), silk 70.2001.23.46
Besides the fact that costumes of which woven designs or dyes are important marks of identity in the minorities in the south of China, women use these textile pieces intended for other uses. This is the case with marriage sacks, as well as bed covers that will be part of the trousseau of the young married couple. This is carried out in three parts : a central panel of cloth with an additional weft pattern given and stitched in silk, surrounded by two cloth panels. It is here that preparation for the reserves is carried out. Tie-dyeing, zha ran, by sewing a cross piece in rolled 2-ply and by sewing and tying on pinched pleats and then pleated forming an isolated pattern. After reserve, they are dyed black (one can see the bad quality of fixing of the dye). The isolated pattern (sometimes interpreted as a floral or butterfly pattern) is characteristic of the Miao dyeing process in the preparation of reserves. 181x91 cm

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Fossil Collectors' Paradise
Most residents of Cincinnati are probably unaware that its local fossils can be viewed in museums all over the world.
Most residents of Cincinnati are probably unaware that its local fossils can be viewed in museums all over the world. Now Trammel Fossil Park in Sharonville offers Cincinnatians a unique opportunity to understand what all the attention is about.
The story of Trammel Park actually begins 440 million years ago when shallow seas covered North America during what is called the Ordovician Period. The bedrock underlying Cincinnati and the Tristate region was formed at this time and has been intensely studied for over 150 years because of its good exposure at the surface and its abundant and well preserved fossils. In fact, the layers of limestone and shale composing the bedrock serve as a scientific standard for comparison throughout North America and are called the "Cincinnatian Series."
The next chapter in the park's story involves local developer, R.L. Trammel, who was excavating land for the Sharonville Industrial Park and discovered its rich contents. Since natural exposure to Cincinnati's fossils was better before urbanization, reforestation, and construction of dams along the Ohio River and its tributaries, exposure today is usually limited to road building sites and developments like that planned by Trammel.
Once news of Trammel's find was out, scholars like David Meyer, professor of geology, began taking students there, so Meyer was
excited when Trammel decided to donate the last ten acres of the building site to Sharonville rather than develop it for business.
At that point Meyer offered to assist in development of a concept for a park on the site. He contacted Virginia Russell, associate professor and landscape architect in DAAP, to collaborate on a design. She devoted Site Systems, a spring quarter class, to the task, and 14 student design projects were subsequently presented to Sharonville's mayor and city council. These set the stage for architect Ted Johansen's final design.
Meyer's work continued as he and his wife created signs for the park. In the interpretive section the signs explain the purpose of the park, the geological story of the site, the four geological formations exposed there, and the characteristics of the fossils. Meyer notes, "At Trammel we have four of the best Cincinnatian formations exposed; the Fairview formation, Miamitown shale, Bellevue limestone, and the Corryville formation. The strata were all named for sites within the inner city that are now only poorly exposed."
What makes the park unique is not only the generosity of Trammel and the dedication of volunteers like McMicken's Meyer but also the willingness of the city of Sharonville to allow visitors a special privilege. Guests may collect surface level fossils from the site so long as no digging is involved. The city has also agreed to allow the site to be periodically renewed by having the surface scraped.
Meyer is currently helping to develop in-place displays by exposing particularly interesting fossil-rich layers and protecting them under covered frames. Visitors can arrange to have the covers opened to allow close examination of the layers, but no digging is allowed.
More A&S News |
A&S Home |
A&S Research |
UC News |


text:
Background: Dexmedetomidine is a highly selective α 2- adrenoceptor agonist used for short-term sedation of mechanically ventilated patients. The analgesic profile of dexmedetomidine has not been fully characterized in humans. Methods: This study was designed to compare the analgesic responses of six healthy male volunteers during stepwise target-controlled infusions of remifentanil and dexmedetomidine. A computer-controlled thermode was used to deliver painful heat stimuli to the volar side of the forearms of the subjects. Six sequential 5-s stimuli (ranging 41° to 50°C) were delivered in random order. The recorded visual analog scale was used to fit an Emax model. Results: Compared to baseline, remifentanil infusions resulted in a right shift of the sigmoid curve (increased T 50, the temperature producing a visual analog scale score of 50% of the maximal effect, from 46.1°C at baseline to 48.4° and 49.1°C during remifentanil infusions) without a change of the steepness of the curve (identical Hill coefficients γ during baseline and remifentanil). Compared to baseline, dexmedetomidine infusions resulted in both a right shift of the sigmoid curve (increased T 50 to 47.2°C) and a decrease in the steepness of the curve (decreased γ from 3.24 during baseline and remifentanil infusions to 2.45 during dexmedetomidine infusions). There was no difference in the pain responses between baseline and after recovery from remifentanil infusions (identical T 50 and γ). Conclusion: As expected, dexmedetomidine is not as effective an analgesic as the opioid remifentanil. The difference in the quality of the analgesia with remifentanil may be a reflection of a different mechanism of action or a consequence of the sedative effect of dexmedetomidine.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


depends on the nation you look at. Ireland had different
gods than Wales, who had further different gods than Gaul. Another point to consider is not only were gods known by different names, but many of the names were deemed too holy to pronounce aloud. (thus the common oath: "I swear by the god my tribe swears by".) Here is a brief, by no means authoritative, list of deities.
Ireland: The Tuatha de Danann (Tribe of the Goddess Danu) was the name of the pantheon, for the Sidhe (faeries) were Image - gaiadescended
from Her. Some names you may recognize: Lugh of the Long Handed, Son of the Sun. Dagda the Good (good not by his moral disposition but by the diversity of his skills) Morrigu, Babd, and Macha (a triple goddess of War.) Brigid (a triple goddess of Fire, Poetry, and the Forge) Diancecht, god of healing Manannan mac Lir, god of the sea and master of magic
 - Wales: Welsh mythology tends to focus on the actions of heroes, and their interaction with gods. Arawn, lord of the Annwyn (the underworld) Math ap Mathonwy, the quintessential wizard Pwyll,
 lord of Davyd Rhiannon, (wife of Pwyll) Goddess associated with horses and the Underworld, Gwydion, the magician and trickster, and his sister Arianrhod, Lyr, god of the sea, Manawyddan
Gaul: Gaulish deities are the focus of Caesar's records. He drew analogies between his own Roman gods and those he discovered in Gaul. Herne the Hunter Taranus, Teutates Esus, Hu'Hesu, the Dying God Cernunnos, Master of the Wild Hunt, or the Animal Lord/Green Man, Epona, The Horse Goddess. Not all modern Druids worship the gods by name.
 - There is some evidence that the Druids of old believed in a kind of universal Life Force, flowing from a central place (such as the Irish Well of Wisdom or the Welsh Spiral of Annwyn), to and from all living things. Perhaps the best modern description is Obi-Wan's description of the "Force", from the famous Star Wars films. 🙂 Neo Druids may worship any or all of the above. Reformed Druids lean towards Dalon ap Landu, Be'al, "the Earth Mother," Sequoia, and Cywarch merch Dalon. But these are archetypal, and not seen as real entities, as are all the other known Celtic gods. and like all religionists of the ancient past, the Druids invented their Gods, their ceremonies and the tenets of their religion. Reformed Druids are Panentheists. They believe, "Thou art God." All of us, the whole universe in fact, is God. "Thou art God,
 and I am God and all that groks is God."
 — Valentine Michael Smith ~INDEX~
 Image - morgana
 Q: Dalon ap Landu?? I've never heard of him. What did you do, make him up?
 A: In fact we did. How do you think the other Gods and Goddesses came to be? They were made up. The difference is that Lugh and Danu et.al. were made up centuries ago. Dalon, Sequoia and Cywarch were made up practically yesterday. This is a simple fact: All the religions and spiritualties, and all the deities
 of the world were invented by human beings. None of them exist on their own, or existed prior to their being imagined by humans, no matter how ancient they may be. ~INDEX~
 Q: What are the historical sources by which we can know the Druids?
 *A: Prof. Ronald Hutton, a historian at Bristol Univ. (UK), once wrote: "All that we know about the Druids is that they were the most highly respected magical practitioners and spiritual experts of the tribes of northwest Europe. The trouble is that we don't have a single word of writing left by a Druid, and we don't have a single archeological artifact that everyone agrees is associated with the Druids. We know so little about them in fact that they are almost legendary characters." Again, the main sources we do have on what they did are Roman historians, who wrote on them as they were in the process of conquering Gaul (what is now France; a variant of Welsh is still spoken in Brittany) so there is that political problem, and they equated Celtic deities with Roman ones as well. The main authors are Julius Caesar, Pliny, Tacitus, Strabo, and Diodorus Siculus. But in my point of view, the best sources are the mythologies. There we can read of what the Druids did, how they behaved, whatImage - druid and apprentice some of them said, and though the medieval manuscripts that preserved them were written by Christian monks, much wisdom yet remains there. In Ireland the chief myth cycles
 are the Ulster Cycle, the Fionn Cycle, and the Invasion Races. In Wales, the major myths are contained in a book called The Mabinogion – as well as in the
 Red Book of Hergest, and the Black Book of Carmarthen. In this century, a number of folklore collections were made of remaining oral-tradition
 stories, the best of which are W.B.Yeats' "Mythologies" and Lady Gregory's "Gods and Fighting Men". If you were to expand your search to include historical and archaeological records, you might have more luck, and may arouse less suspicion if your area is not very pagan friendly. In fact what you will be doing is precisely what the Druids did, for they had to study so many academic, legal, and spiritual subjects they became walking encyclopedias. The problem is that the zdruids were the subject of a number of persecutions and conquests, not only by the Romans,but also by later Christians. Some Druidic wisdom was censored, evolved into something unrecognizable, or just plain lost. A modern person might attempt to reconstruct the wisdom based on the sources discussed above. The Romans never invaded Ireland, so that country became a haven for Druidic learning for a while. After St. Patrick and St. Columcille, Ireland evolved a unique and beautiful blend of Christianity
 and Druidism, headquartered on the Isle of Iona, which was later to be eradicated by the invading English. Catholicism eventually became a point of national identity in Ireland (and without it they may never have become independent). ~INDEX~
 Q: Do you cast a circle?
 Image - druid altar
 A: No we don't cast a circle – we consider all of Nature to be sacred and don't need to create sacred space. However we do often times consecrate a space before ritual to clear out any negativity. ~INDEX~
 Q: Do you worship Satan?
 A: No, We don't believe in Satan and therefore don't worship him nor do we have an equivalent to Satan. Satan is in fact one of the four Gods of Christianity, and has no place whatsoever in either Druidry or in Paganism. It's obvious that the real Satan worshipers are Christians. After all, look at how much time and energy they spend talking about him. ~INDEX~
 Q: Do you believe in and follow the Pagan Rede, and the "Law of Three?"
 A: No. First of all, there is no such thing as the "Pagan Rede." There is however, the "Wiccan Rede," and it is just that, a Rede, or advice for Wiccans. Since we are Druids, we don't believe in or follow it. Likewise, we do not believe in or follow the "Law of Three." It's not part of our belief system,
 just as Satan, Hell and Heaven are not part of our belief system. "That software doesn't run on our operating system." ~INDEX~
 Q: If you don't follow the Rede than what is the basis of your ethics?
 A: The idea that we are all one people on this Mother Earth, and so harm to one is harm to all and harm to oneself, should be sufficient. We also take in the wisdom passed down through the ages known as the Celtic Triads (and for all we know, they may be all that is left of the wisdom of the ancient Druids).~INDEX~
 Q: Who are / were the Celts?
 * A: This is a hot topic and there are many definitions: (1)- A culture and people defined by the archeological remains of two cultures now in Austria and Switzerland: Halstatt ( 800BC toImage - warrior druid
 250BC ) and La Tene ( +/- 430BC to 1AD ). The Celts, whose language group belongs to the Indo-European family of languages, eventually occupied lands from Turkey to Spain to the British Isles. Names of a few of the tribes were: Arverni, Treveri, Helvetii, Iceni, Venetes, Silures, Caledonii. Most were conquered by the Romans
 by 200AD. Remnant peoples in Ireland, Scotland and Wales converted/were converted to Christianity by +/-


A new perspective—Workshops AC2018
A new perspective—Workshops AC2018
June 09, 2018
Participants broke out into smaller groups for workshops to further explore different topics including mental health, discipleship, Justice For Our Neighbors, benefits and mission education.
Two different workshops discussed mental health—a topic becoming increasingly important.
One workshop gathered people in small circles to have conversations that prepared participants to lead similar conversations in their local churches.
The other workshop held a panel with mental health clinicians who shared practical ways churches can make a difference in the mental health needs of their community.
Amber Jerson, of Asbury United Methodist, attended the mental health panel.
"It was really interesting to hear what they had to say because they were involved with churches, but also involved in mental health in Iowa and worked with clients, so they had both sides," Jerson said.
The workshops are interesting, provide a different perspective and serve as a guide to learn more about ways people in the conference can branch out to people in their communities.
Jerson said she now can help the church find ways to branch out to the people within her congregation and the communities that are struggling with mental health issues.


text:
Browse on keywords: grass grass barriers
Search results on 05/25/13
8645. Black, A.L. and F.H. Siddoway. 1971. Tall wheatgrass barriers for soil erosion control and water conservation.. J. Soil Water Cons. 26:154-157.
100. Aase, J.K. and L.L. Reitz. 1989. Conservation production systems with and without grass barriers in the northern Great Plains.. J. Soil and Water Conservation 44:320-323.
Double rows of tall wheatgrass (Agropyron elongatum) were planted as barriers 48 ft apart near Culbertson, MT. The greatest soil water gain occurred during the harvest to spring period, with a precipitation storage efficiency ranging from 41-57 %. Annually cropped wheat and spring wheat following fallow responded positively to barrier protection. Yields were highest in the annual crop rotation of wheat-barley-safflower, followed by the 3-yr rotation with fallow. The traditional fallow-crop system had the lowest yields. Net returns paralleled yield results, and in most instances there was an economic benefit from the barriers. Also, safflower had a high net return and appears to have potential as an alternative crop in Montana.


text:
- Cooking Time: 20
- Servings: 4
- Preparation Time: 30
- 12 large shrimp, shelled and deveined
- 8 shiitake mushrooms
- 8 broccoli heads
- 1 small eggplant, sliced into 8 bite-size pieces
- 1 green or red pepper, quartered
- 2 cups all-purpose flour
- 1 egg
- 1 tablespoon baking powder
- 1 teaspoon salt
- 2½ cups ice water
- 6 cups vegetable oil
- 3 tablespoons sesame oil
- Wafu® Original Sesame Japanese Dressing
- Flatten the shrimp by making several cuts across the inside curve of each shrimp and gently stretch the shrimp flat on a cutting board.
- Dredge all vegetables in a small amount of flour and place on a plate.
- In a large saucepan, heat 4 inches of oil to 325°F.
- In a large mixing bowl, mix together flour, egg, baking powder and salt.
- Gently whisk in 2½ cups ice water, mixing until ingredients are moistened. Lumps will form. Lumps in the mixture are preferable.
- Using chopsticks (or tongs) dip the shrimp and vegetables into the batter and fry, turning occasionally until golden or for about 2 minutes.
- Transfer shrimp and vegetables to paper towels to drain. Always remove any residual batter from oil before adding the next batch of shrimp or vegetables. Always ensure oil temperature remains at 325°F.
- Serve tempura immediately with Wafu® Japanese Dressing as dipping sauce.


text:
IoT testware is available from multiple sources. We are considering e.g. free online services, dedicated protocol tester and test features from IoT development kits.
An important key issue is the definition of suitable test cases that need to be derived from user scenarios or public test suites. Based on the system architectures and test case definitions, suitable access points for test system components have to be considered for the selection and assignment of existing test agents that have to execute test behavior or simulate parts from the system environment. New Open Source Tests using TTCN-3 will be published via the Eclipse technology project iottestware.
Special attention is given to e.g. security and scalability testing. Here, we do include also advanced test methods like fuzzing or risk-based testing.
Security test tools
Following the IoT challenges, special attention is given to security testing that can address privacy, integrity, credibility, accessibility, and authorization, including the identification of vulnerabilities or misconfigurations. Here, we do include also advanced test methods like fuzzing or risk-based testing. Special attention is given to open source tools:
- vulnerability scanner
- trafficor network analysis
- 0-day vulnerabilities or known from databases
- static code analysis
- Penetration tester tools using e.g. SQL injection
- intrusion detection tools
Last but not least we enhance the IoT testware with the integration of advanced modelling tools for testing:


Olfactory Fine-Tuning Helps Fruit Flies Find Their Mates
July 30, 2008
Normal fruit flies (left) quickly found a female at the center of the testing arena, whilst flies unable to calibrate their olfactory systems (right) wandered aimlessly. Track color depicts time beginning with violet and ending with red. Credit: Cory Root/UCSD
Fruit flies fine-tune their olfactory systems by recalibrating the sensitivity of different odor channels in response to changing concentrations of environmental cues, a new study has shown. Disable this calibration system, and flies have trouble finding a mate, the researchers found.
Just like overly bright light can wash out a photographic image, strong smells can overwhelm the olfactory system and eliminate an animal's ability to detect subtle differences, such as changes in concentration that would allow it to track a scent.
Now neurobiologists at UC San Diego, Stockholm University and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development have evidence that the fly nervous system can dampen its response to intense smells to prevent strong signals from overloading the circuits, they report in the July 31 issue of Neuron.
"We found a feedback mechanism in the olfactory system," said Jing Wang, assistant professor of biology at UCSD and senior author of the paper. "This system may be useful for the fly to navigate the olfactory landscape. Odor concentrations can change very dramatically, and this is how they deal it."
Chemical Calibration
Olfactory neurons selectively respond to particular chemicals, such as ethyl hexanoate, which smells like ripe bananas, or food to a fruit fly.
"We applied natural odors to the antennae, odors that the fly would normally smell," said Cory Root, a graduate student in biology at UCSD and first author of the paper.
When Root wafted concentrated banana smell onto the flies' antennae, he found increases in signaling by a molecule called the GABAB receptor, which helps to inhibit neurons from sending signals, and he confirmed that cells with increased signaling by GABAB receptors released neurotransmitter less easily.
Other strong fruity smells and a male pheromone, a chemical sex attractant, also shifted subsequent neural responses to those stimulants, adjusting the response range to detect differences between higher levels of these odors.
But carbon dioxide, a stress signal in flies, shifted the response very little. "It's like evolution has taken advantage of the system to adjust some channels up and down without affecting other channels," Wang said. "If you want high sensitivity to CO2 then you can eliminate the feedback receptor in those neurons. For other odors such as pheromone, which is important for finding other flies, a good tracking system is needed."
Sensory Overload
When the team knocked down levels of the receptor molecule within the specific olfactory neurons tuned to pheromones using molecular biological techniques they found that the fly neural system failed to adjust to chemical overloads. And without the fine tuning, male flies had difficulty finding females.
Most normal flies let loose in an area with an immobilized female quickly locate her and attempt to mate, even in the dark. But when Root and colleagues disabled the calibration system, most males wandered aimlessly.
"Flies that lack inhibition in their pheromone sensing neurons often fail to find the female," Root said. "The control flies are strikingly different. Soon after they get accustomed to the new arena they zoom in on the female and immediately start courting her."
Only half as many of the disabled flies he tested made contact with the female within the 30 minute testing period, despite being confined to a plastic dish only 40 millimeters wide.
One-minute video of experimental and control flies available: _URL_
Source: University of California - San Diego
Explore further: Fruit fly pheromone flags great real estate for starting a family
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Amazon deforestation leaps 16 percent in 2015
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text:
How to Remove Write Protection From Pendrive in Windows?
Today RFD is going to Provide a Solution For "The Disk is write Protected. Remove the Write-Protection or use another Disk" Error.
1. Editing the Registries to Remove write protection from USB drive Follow the steps one after another to more write protection from the Pen drive.
1. Press CTRL + R to open the RUN box.
2. Type REGEDIT and hit enter.
3. Navigate to HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE > SYSTEM > CurrentControlSet > Control > StorageDevicePoliciesand hit enter.
4. Give a double click on the WRITE PROTECT and a box will open in that enter the Value as 0 and press OK button.
5. Now restart your PC and again connect your USB pen drive to your computer and verify. That's it hopefully it will work.
Note: – In case you can't find the "StorageDevicesPolicies" in the Registry settings follow the steps below
1. Open your Notepad and copy the below code to it
CurrentControlSet\Control\ StorageDevicePolicies" /t Reg_dword/v WriteProtect /f /d 1
2. Now save this as add.bat (it should be with.bat extension or else it won't work) and run it.
3. Now continue the above process and it will work fine.
2. Formatting the Pen drive before OS boots to Remove Write protection Follow the below steps carefully to remove write protection from the USB storage drives
1. Shut down your PC/LAPTOP
2. Connect your USB drive to your PC/LAPTOP and turn it ON. While the system is booting press F8 continuously and advanced booting option screen will open.
3. In that select Safe mode with command prompt.
4. After the files loads, in the command prompt navigate to the drive of your pen drive.At first it will look something like this C:\windows\system32>now let your drive letter is"H". Then you have to type C:\windows\system32>H:and hit enter.
5. Now type H:\>format H:
it will again ask you for confirmation of Yes or No (Y/N). Type Y and hit Enter. By doing this your pen drive will get completely formatted, which will remove the write protection from it.
3. Using Command prompt to remove Write protection from Sandiskpen-drive Follow the below mentioned steps to remove write protection from the PEN DRIVES
1. Press CTRL + R and open the RUN box.
2. Type CMD to open the command prompt window
3. In the command prompt type DISKPART and hit enter
4. A new command window will open, in that again type LIST DISK and hit Enter
5. Now again type "Attributes disk clear read-only" and hit enter You can even try this method to format your Pen drive completely and remove write protection from it.
Pls Share and Support Us.


that the stones could represent a spiritualized human body, particularly that of a prominent figure such as a warrior or leader.[2] This theory is reinforced by the fact that the stones are all very different in construction and imagery, which could be because each stone tells a unique story for the individual it represents.
In 2006, the Deer Stone Project of the Smithsonian Institution and Mongolian Academy of Sciences began to record the stones digitally with 3-D laser scanning.
See alsoEdit
 1. ^ a b c Vitebsky, Piers. "The Reindeer People: Living with Animals and Spirits in Siberia". Soul Flight to the Sun. Houghton Mifflin Company. Missing or empty |url= (help)
 2. ^ a b c d e f g Fitzhugh, William (2009-12-25). "Project Muse". Stone Shamans and Flying Deer of Northern Mongolia: Deer Goddess of Siberia or Chimera of the Steppe?. University of Wisconsin Press. 46 (1–2): 72–88. doi:10.1353/arc.0.0025. S2CID 55632271. Retrieved 2011-12-29. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
 3. ^ a b c d e Fitzhugh, William. "American-Mongolia Deer Stone Project" (PDF). Field Report 2009. Arctic Studies Center. Retrieved 2011-12-28. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
 4. ^ a b c Fitzhugh, William. "The Mongolian Deer Stone-Khirigsuur Complex". Dating and Organization of a Late Bronze Age Menagerie. Missing or empty |url= (help)
 5. ^ Ж. Баярсайхан Монголын Умард нутгийн буган хөшөөд 2017 ISBN 978-99978-1-864-5
 6. ^ a b c d Jacobson, Esther (1993). The deer goddess of ancient Siberia : a study in the ecology of belief. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09628-8.
External linksEdit


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Syllabuzz: GST 368 - Nutrition in the 21st Century
A spotlight on some of the interesting courses faculty are teaching at Elon.
Obesity is on the rise in the United States. Meanwhile, millions of people around the world are malnourished or die of hunger every day.
How can we reconcile these facts? What can we learn, if anything, from cultural and societal trends related to nutrition, and what can we do as individuals about global hunger?
These are some of the issues Barry Beedle, professor of exercise science, addresses in his Nutrition in the 21st Century course, a new take on the Science of Nutrients class he has taught for years. Topics of emphasis include the role nutrition plays in helping cognitive, emotional and physical function; trends and controversies related to nutrition around the world; and ways this knowledge can shed light on issues such as renewable resources, organic farming, food insecurity and terrorism.
Students begin by focusing attention on their own eating habits and nutritional needs. Beedle assigns articles about practical skills, such as reading and understanding food labels and writing reflection papers about their diets. While nutrition has become a popular topic in mainstream America in recent years – stories highlighting the benefits or downsides of consuming certain foods are commonplace in news and talk shows – Beedle says it seldom translates to positive changes at the personal level.
"You need to think about what you eat. You need variety among and within each food group," he says. Eating salads every day, for example, doesn't provide the necessary variety.
The course then turns to broader issues related to nutrition. For instance, students might study the use of botany as medicine in Central and South America, the function of certain foods as health boosters and the relationship between diets and chronic diseases. Elon's emphasis on study abroad means many of these students have seen other parts of the world, an experience Beedle says helps them make better connections with the course material.
Beedle taught the class online this summer, so many of his students completed the assignments while traveling or working outside of Elon. He says he hopes students complete the course with a better knowledge of nutrition that they can apply in their personal and professional lives.
"I want them to understand the relationship of food and cultures and to integrate that knowledge into being good global citizens," Beedle says.
About the professor
Beedle has been a member of the Elon faculty for 34 years. He has taught a variety of courses, including physiology exercise, research methods and senior seminar. His research interests focus on physical fitness testing and training.
- Nutrition: An Applied Approach by Janice Thompson and Melinda Manore
- Staying Healthy with Nutrition by Elson Haas with Buck Levin
- Food Smart: Understanding Nutrition in the 21st Century by Diana Hunter
Syllabuzz is a recurrent feature in The Magazine of Elon. To read the latest edition, click here.


People in Goa are called Goans. By profession most people of Goa are fishermen. People of Goa are very co-operative and inherit a mingling of cultures, traditions and life-styles.
Language and religions
Goa is famously known for its New Year's celebrations and the Goan carnival is also an attraction attracting a large number of tourists. Some of the most popular celebrations of Goa are Ganesh Chaturthi, Diwali, and Christmas. A mix of Hindu, Christian or Muslim religion is seen here.
Languages spoken in Goa are Konkani and Marathi. Whereas most of the people in Goa can speak English and Hindi and it is a multi-lingual state. The various languages used in Goa are English, Portuguese, Konkani, Hindi and Marathi. And Konkani, is the official language of Goa.
The staple diet in Goa is rice with fish curry. The cuisine of Goa is known for its wide varieties of fish dishes cooked with elaborate recipes. The common ingredients used in Goan food are coconut, coconut oil, chili peppers, spices and vinegar adding a unique flavor to the food. Khatkhate is a very popular dish during the celebrations of festivals in Goa. A rich egg-based multi-layered sweet dish known as bebinca is a favourite during the Christmas.
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NFPA 407 is the Standard for Aircraft Fuel Servicing. The standard outlines general requirements for all aviation fueling operations and four individual fuel applications.
General requirements (Chapter 4). These apply to all fueling operations. Outlined in this section is general safety guidelines, fueling equipment requirements and specifications, and fueling operations requirements.
Aviation fueling facilites (Chapter 5). This section addresses requirements for fuel tanks, installation plan review requirements, system components, and acceptance testing criteria. In addition to the requirements listed in this section, fuel tanks must also be installed per the requirements of NFPA 30.
Airport fueling vehicles (Chapter 6). Fuel vehicle manufacturer requirements are outlined in this section. Marking, vehicle operation, and general safety requirements are also stated in this section.
Rooftop heliports (Chapter 7). With a few exceptions, this section largely refers the reader to NFPA 418, Standard for Heliports.
Self-service aircraft fueling (Chapter 8). Provides a short list of requirements for the protection of the user. These include location of emergency fuel shut-off switches, fire protection, informational signage, access control, and fire protection.
For fire inspectors tasked with conducting periodic inspections of these facilities, the minimum requirements can be difficult to pull from the standard. The link below will take you to an NFPA 407 inspection checklist that can be used for guidance during an inspection.
- How to Conduct Aircraft Fuel Servicing Operations
- Rapid Refueling and NFPA 407
- The 4-1-8 on Heliport Design
- How to Store Flammable and Combustible Liquids
|Information: or _EMAIL_.|


- Spencer Crilly
Luke's Jedi Order vs The Old Jedi Order
About seven years after the events of Return of the Jedi, Luke Skywalker, felt that the remaining Imperial forces that still existed in the Galaxy were no longer a major threat that he needed to constantly be on the frontline leading battles. He believed that the time had truly come for him to fully commit to bringing the Jedi Order back. Luke went on to create the new Jedi Order, establishing its base of operations on Yavin IV in the former Rebel Alliance Masasi Temple. This became known as the Jedi Praxeum and it served as the Jedi's headquarters for about 15 years, until it was destroyed and moved back to the former Order's location on Coruscant.
The Order began with only 12 students, but slowly grew over the years where it contained a couple hundred students. It was still smaller than the previous order's numbers, which was in the range of 10,000, though they had been around for thousands of years up until Order 66. Size was not the only difference between the two, the way Luke led the New Order, was vastly different to how the Old Order operated.
For example, Luke was far more flexible when teaching his students in the ways of the Force. He believed that students should learn by doing, rather than only listening to informative lectures. They should have their own unique journeys with the Force and make it their own and learn at their own pace. Luke would encourage his students to go on missions to learn from their experiences. Sometimes, the students would be accompanied by their master, but quite often, they went alone. Luke didn't want his students to just think about their actions, but to truly just do them, following the teachings he received from Yoda while on Dagobah. "Do, or do not. There is no try."
In Luke's order in the beginning stages, there were only a few Masters and Knights, many were survivors of Order 66, who emerged after the death of Palpatine. Many Knights and Masters had to take on multiple apprentices to compensate for the small numbers.
Luke also removed old rules that the Jedi use to follow, either because he thought it was irrelevant, or he simply didn't know about it. The new Jedi could be in romantic relationships with others, or with each other and could marry. (Including Luke himself when he married Mara Jade) The traditional robes worn by traditional Jedi were no longer mandatory and Jedi could adapt their own unique style. Though during formal ceremonies, traditional Jedi robes would be worn.
Each student also had a lot more freedoms and responsibilities to take care of, there was no group giving orders, and at the early stages, no Jedi Council. Luke did create it eventually after the Yuuzhan Vong War, but their authority was far more limited than the previous Order and they were disconnected from the politics of the Galactic Alliance. He did this to hopefully prevent the Council from being corrupted by the politics, which he believed was a factor in the downfall of the old Order in 19 B.B.Y.
Though Luke pushed for a separation of the Jedi Council and the politics of the G.A., he did want the Jedi to interact with the G. A's people.
Unlike the previous Order that lived in the temple, and only came out to settle issues, Luke encouraged his students and peers to go out and be involved with the community of the galaxy, even in areas where there was no conflict. Luke wanted the galaxy to see that the Jedi were not some closed off society, rather ones who were one with the galaxy. It was thought that this was used to help the galaxy rid themselves of the negative thoughts of the old Jedi Order.
When it came to dealing with the dark side of the Force, Luke believed in redemption and knew that everyone was capable of falling to the dark side. It was that believe that gave him his believe that therefore, everyone could be redeemed. The old Order believed that the dark side should be destroyed at first glance. They believed that it should be destroyed from the galaxy by doing anything necessary. His meant killing any dark side adepts or hiding any dark side creations or artifacts. Luke wanted everyone to understand how he had seen Darth
Vader, that no one was exempt from redemption.
Luke also allowed his Jedi Knights to carry various weapons other than only their lightsabers. Examples of these Jedi include Jaina Solo, Jaden Korr, and probably the most well known, Kyle Katarn who would wield his brayor pistol just as often as he would his lightsaber.
It was with these changes that Luke's New Jedi Order were truly the "Jedi." They were in some ways leaps and bounds grander than the old order. It was with this Order that they were able to survive after Darth Krayt and truly become the guardians of peace and justice once again in the galaxy.
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In this lesson you will participate in a trading game. The game is designed to demonstrate that when voluntary trade takes place, both parties benefit. Voluntary trade allows individuals to obtain the goods and services they desire and for societies to specialize in the production of those goods and services they are most efficient at producing. Other gains to trade in the presence of such trade implies competition. This means there is a greater variety of products at lower prices for consumers. In addition, the recent Obama policy is used to increase exports as a timely motivator. As a nation, the United States engages in fairly high degree of trade with other nations, as indicated in this list of Top Ten Countries with which the U.S. Trades. This lesson will encourage you to examine actual trade patterns between the U.S. and it's trading partners.
In this lesson you will take part in a trading game. You will learn about trade and why countries participate in it as well as understanding what one can gain from trade and that in a voluntary transaction both parties can gain.
You are going to play a game to try and demonstrate this phenomenon that economists call "gains from trade". Follow these steps to play the game:
1. Your teacher will put your class into groups of 8-10 students and have these groups of students sit together.
2. You will use this attached gift certificate file for this lesson.
3. Round 1: Review your gift certificate. Play the game as if they are real and could be spent. Next, rate your certificate from 1-10 (1=little value; 10=very valuable), on how much you value the certificate you've been given.
4. Your teacher will write all of the rankings on the board by student group and add them up to find a total score. The class will spend a few minutes discussing why students rated their certificates as they did. This will allow you to get a feel for all of the certificates that are out there and available.
5. Round 2 ("U.S. trade "): Now you have 5 minutes to trade your certificate with others within your group.
6. Once the trading is done, again rate how much you value your current certificate. The total will again be added up by group.
7. The class will have a discussion about why the number increased. Why did you make your trade?
8. Round 3 ("World trade "): Lastly, the class will play the game one more time but you have 5 minutes to trade with anyone in the classroom. Again, rate your certificate value.
This lesson has demonstrated the following: when voluntary exchange or trade takes place both parties benefit. The game provided a nice simulation of real life. When the certificates were first handed out you had a certain level of value similar to what people might have in a society without the ability to trade with their neighbors. The second activity, where you traded within your group, might be like trade among states in the U.S. The third activity, when you traded within the entire class, could represent open trade with the rest of the world. Countries that trade with the entire world are wealthier and their citizens have a higher level of satisfaction because of the gains they realize from trade.
Essay: Write a short journal entry about your experience with the trading game. Explain what certificate you were originally given, what trades you made and why you made these trades. Conclude whether or not your level of satisfaction was increased or decreased due to trade in the game.
This notepad can be used to record and print the question.
1. What do economists mean when they talk about the "gains from trade"?
Go to FTD Statistics. How have the U.S. major trade partners changed over the last decade?
Next, go to FTD Statistics to find out what the U.S. exports and imports from other countries.
What goods do we import and what goods do we export?


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Attitude refers to your immediate state of mind or disposition toward fighting with knives. The bottom line is, you must always possess a positive mental attitude when engaged in knife combat. Avoid all negative thoughts as you cannot afford to entertain the idea of death.
"Maintaining the right attitude in a knife fight is vital."
It may sound paradoxical but successful knife combat requires you to be both offensively aggressive and singularly defensive at the same time. Anything less and you are playing with fire. Blade combat requires you to attack your enemy with aggressive and precise slashes and stabs while protecting your vital targets at the same time. It is of the utmost importance to protect your face, throat, hands, forearms, chest and stomach organs. The only way to effectively accomplish this task is for you to use a practical stance and posture. Please don't confuse a knife fighting stance (you are equipped with a fighting knife) and a knife defense stance (your adversary has a knife and you are empty handed).
Sammy Franco demonstrates the proper knife fighting stance
CFA's stance provides maximal mobility, minimal target exposure and permits you to immediately counter cut your adversary. It's the most advantageous body position and posture for edged weapon techniques.
"Knife fighting requires you to be both offensively aggressive and singularly defensive."
When fighting with knives, hold your combat knife in your front hand at all times. Avoid the urge to hold your fighting knife in the rear hand! Holding the knife in your front hand (also called a knife forward stance) is critical for two reasons.
 - First, it brings your closest weapon (your fighting knife) to the assailant's closest anatomical targets and therefore provides the most direct route of attack.
 - Second, the unprotected or unarmed side of your body is kept back and further away from your assailant stabs and slashes.
Generally, lead hand knife combat will give you a tactical advantage over a rear hand knife fighter. Its worth mentioning that rear hand knife positioning is primarily used for "grab and stab" tactics that have been perfected by the criminal element.
"Keep your body behind the knife."
The fact of the matter is, edged weapon combat requires you to move in and out of fighting ranges! Both hand and foot mobility are vital to your survival. Actually, hand and footwork mobility are two key components necessary for successful knife techniques and they must work as a unit to maximize your ability to attack and defend with your knife. Don't forget, the more you move in a knife fight encounter, the less of a target you present to your adversary.
Generally, there are four basic directions you can move when engaged in edged weapon fighting:
 - Forward
 - Backward
 - Circling right
 - Circling left
Its essential that you can move in any of these directions with stability, balance and speed. Footwork drills are truly one of the best ways to develop these skills and they should be practiced on a regular basis.
"Knife fighting requires balance."
Never use a knife to threaten
Fast reflexes are another essential component of tactical edged weapon combat. Both your offensive and defensive reaction time must be fast allowing you to take full advantage of the visual stimuli that your are faced with when fighting. Windows of opportunity open briefly in a knife combat so you must "see quickly" and react immediately. In Contemporary Fighting Arts (CFA), we use a broad range of speed drills that will improve your reflexes and timing skills.
"Speed training improves knife fighting reflexes."
Whether you're unarmed and defending against a knife attack or knife fighting with your adversary, expect to get cut in the altercation. This sobering frame of mind is critical because it prepares you for the harsh realities of edged weapon fighting while helping prevent you from going into mental shock if you do get cut in the knife fight. Finally, the notion of getting cut when fighting also acts as a deterrent to unnecessarily engaging with someone. As I stated earlier, if you can avoid a knife fight, do it!
Never threaten anyone with a knife. If you decide to pull out a knife, you better be certain that you intend to use it and you are morally and legally justified in the eyes of the law. Remember, a fighting knife is a tool of destruction designed to injure or kill, not psychologically intimidate. A fighting knife should only be displayed when you have no other choice but to defend yourself or loved ones from immediate death! Never forget the old saying in Contemporary Fighting Arts, "the worst case scenario of a knife fight is you die, the best case scenario is you go to prison." Avoid a knife fight at all costs!
Never forget that knife combat is not a game and should only be a last resort in a self defense situation. Remember, knife fighting is not glamorous. It is not civilized! It's pure and simple barbarism! It's not like the movies. It is gruesome, dangerous and above all - deadly! If at all possible, avoid it at all costs!
"Knife fighting isn't civilized."
Sammy Franco discusses knife fighting targets on the human anatomy
Previously, I stated that you must possess technical knife fighting proficiency if you are to have a fighting chance against a formidable adversary. This means you need systematic training with a qualified edged weapon instructor who specializes exclusively in reality based self defense training. Let me emphasis the word, "qualified".
Unfortunately, you will not find him or her in commercial martial arts schools. You must remember all commercial martial arts schools are a typical business looking to make substantial profits. This means they must cater to the mainstream public and design "family oriented" programs that are socially acceptable.
For example, if a martial arts school was teaching quick kill knife targets by demonstrating the proper way to drive a tactical folder into the enemy's subclavian artery, they would lose their precious clientèle quicker than hell. So now the owner or manager of the school is faced with one of two options. The first option is to avoid the entire subject of tactical knife fighting and never add it to their training curriculum.
The second option is to offer watered-down elements of blade fighting in their curriculum that will not raise the attention and concern of the community. This actually presents a liability to the student because they are under the false impression they are receiving genuine and authentic life saving skills when in actuality they are getting the complete opposite. The bottom line is commercial martial arts are not suited to instruct the extreme combat situations that a soldier, police officer or civilian might face one day.
Even some of those popular eclectic "weapon based martial arts systems" will not meet your training needs. To put it bluntly, they are too unrealistic and unworkable for real world knife combat. While many of their knife drills may look impressive or "cool", I can assure you they will not work when faced with a non compliant adversary who is armed with a knife and fueled by adrenaline or pure rage. Moreover, many of the knife disarming technique will not work without getting yourself cut to ribbons.
Finally, most of these exotic martial arts will integrate both stick fighting concepts into knife fighting techniques. While killing two birds with one stone might seem like an efficient form of weapons training, its not! Contrary to popular opinion, real world stick fighting and edged wepon combat are not from the same ilk. They are different beasts requiring separate training programs with unrelated and self-contained approaches.
All of this boils down to the fact that you need to be a shrewd and sharp consumer when searching for authentic knife fighting techniques. You should search for an instructor with the same care as you would looking for a good doctor. Your life will depend on it!
Good luck in your training!
sammy franco picture
Sammy Franco
Founder & President
Contemporary Fighting Arts
Warning! Articles are property of Sammy Franco and Contemporary Fighting Arts, LLC. Reprint or distribution is strictly prohibited. Knife Fighting Techniques. Copyright _PHONE_, Contemporary Fighting Arts, All rights reserved.


Understanding and Improving Operating Room Scheduling at the VA-Ann Arbor Health System
Faculty/Clinicians/Staff: Prof. Amy Cohn, Dr. Ted Skolarus, Justin Dedecker, Dr. Tamar Lake, Rachel Moeckel, William Pozehl, Melissa Ringlein, Daniel Weir
Students: Fumiya Abe-Nornes, Samir Agrwala, Eric Chen, Laura Hattar, Malcolm Hudson, Max Wagner, Lan Yue, Shuhao Zhou
Project Contact: _EMAIL_
Project Synopsis:
Operating rooms (ORs) are vital to the overall operations of a hospital while also being one of their most expensive resources. Thus, it is imperative to maximize OR efficiency so that hospitals can increase their overall capacity for patient care while also saving significant amounts of money.
In this project, CHEPS is working with the surgical team at the VA-Ann Arbor Healthcare System in order to strategize ways of improving their OR efficiency. Some of the key performance indicators that we have focused on so far include:
 - OR Utilization: Proportion of scheduled OR time that is actually used for surgery
 - First-Case On-Time Start Rate: Proportion of first operations of the day that start at or before the scheduled time
 - Turnaround Time: Time in between two scheduled surgeries in the same OR
We are investigating specific factors within each of these areas that contribute to overall OR inefficiency by analyzing data from previous surgeries at the VA. The goal is to understand the current state of operations and eventually provide any needed interventions.
Papers, Posters, & Presentations:


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EFM140™ Electrochemical Frequency Modulation
The EFM140 Electrochemical Frequency Modulation software is a non-destructive corrosion rate measurement technique. It allows for measurement of the corrosion rate without prior knowledge of the Tafel constants. In addition, the technique determines the Tafel constants and provides 2 internal validity checks.
Electrochemical Frequency Modulation (EFM) software is a powerful non-destructive method for measuring the corrosion rate. It is an ideal and inexpensive companion to DC105 DC corrosion techniques software. It was developed at the University of Leuven in Belgium with support from the Electric Power Research Institute.
EFM is a harmonic technique that relies on the non-linear nature of the corrosion reaction to extract information about the corrosion rate and the Tafel constants. Two sinusoidal voltage waveforms are summed and applied to a corrosion sample. The resultant current response is recorded. The data are further transformed from the time domain into the frequency domain where the frequency response is analyzed to yield corrosion rate information.
The EFM140 operates within the Gamry Framework, and is available for use within the Sequence Wizard. The technique is also compatible with the ECM8 multiplexer.
- Gamry PCI4/Series G, Reference, or Interface Family Instrument
- Microsoft® Windows™ XP SP3/Vista/7/8 (32-bit or 64-bit)
Electrochemical Frequency Modulation
The standard EFM technique which calculates a single corrosion rate.
Electrochemical Frequency Modulation Trend
This experiment performs multiple EFM measurements over a period of time to build up a corrosion rate versus time trend graph.
Multiplexed EFM Trend
EFM Trend measurements, with multiplexer functionality.


In recent years, lithium-ion batteries have overtaken lead-acid batteries as the industry-wide standard.
NantEnergy, a US energy company, has announced the development of a zinc-air battery which stores energy and is considerably cheaper than other battery types currently on the market, including the popular lithium-ion battery.
Compared to lithium-ion battery costs estimated to be between $300 and $400 per kilowatt-hour, NantEnergy says its zinc-air battery has cut cost down to less than $100 per kilowatt-hour-a threshold at which power storage is expected to be affordable enough to have more mainstream impact.
Beyond potential pricing points, zinc-air batteries hold other advantages over lithium-ion batteries as they don't pose fire hazards or need to prevent overheating.
Like lithium-ion, the potential applications for zinc-air batteries range from powering electric cars and also homes and businesses.
NantEnergy says its zinc-air batteries have already been successfully tested in 110 villages that previously had no access to electricity in parts of Asia and Africa, including Indonesia and Madagascar.
Like most alternatives to national grids also existing across Africa, zinc-air batteries will be deployed alongside solar panels in micro-grids.


analysis, PCA aims to project the data to an space spanned by orthonormal vectors. A BNP-PCA [51] is defined as
\begin{equation} \begin{aligned} Y = P(X \odot Z) + E \end{aligned} \end{equation}
where $P$ is an orthogonal matrix that satisfies $P^TP=I$, and $Z$ is with an IBP prior.
Non-negative matrix/tensor factorisation (NMF/NTF). Same with PCA, the nonparametric versions of NMF/NTF are also mainly based on IBP or BP. The basic idea is to factor the data matrix or tensor into two matrices: one is binary (mask) matrix and the other is a factor matrix, and an infinite prior is given to the binary matrix, such as IBP [42, 182] or BP [108],
\begin{equation} \begin{aligned} Y = X Z, \end{aligned} \end{equation}
where $Z$ has an IBP prior. Instead of providing a prior to one matrix, another idea is to simultaneously given two matrices a joint prior, e.g., a dependent IBP [192]. A similar idea was also applied to NTF based on a tensor-variate Gaussian process or a tensor-variate t process [189]. Due to the infinity property of those processes, the nonparametric extensions of NMF or NTF can remove the requirement of prefixing the matrix dimensions. Another category of research is to simultaneously assign an infinite prior (i.e., a GaP [6]) to the combination parameter of the likelihood function as
\begin{equation} \begin{aligned} Y = X \Gamma M, \end{aligned} \end{equation}
where $\Gamma$ is with a GaP prior.
6.3 Transfer Learning
Transfer learning [131] is a learning scheme that extracts transferable knowledge from the a source domain(s) and reuses this knowledge in a target domain to resolve the problem of insufficient data in traditional machine-learning schemes. It appears that the core of the transfer learning is to extract transferable knowledge between domains that can be generalised to the target domain. BNL is good at generalisation because of its ability to build a flexible prior and, hence, has been applied to transfer learning. The existing works in this area are summarised according to the different forms of the transferable knowledge below.
Transfer by sharing factors. Factors are real-valued vectors and can also be viewed as high-level semantic descriptions of data; this allows them to be transferred from one domain to another. In Bayesian nonparametric joint factor analysis (NJFA) [79], domains are jointly factorised with shared factors and domain-specified factors. In contrast to simply sharing factors between two domains through a matrix product and summation, factor sharing in NJFA relies on an ingenious HBP prior. HBP is used to control the assignment of factors between domains, and its advantages are (1) factors are shared by domains through hierarchically dependent beta processes and (2) the number of both shared and domain-specified factors does not need to be prefixed but rather automatically learned from the data.
Transfer by sharing topics. Different from factors, topics are a set of latent variables characterised by the unit summation and are used as the transferable statistical strengths between domains. BNL makes these transferable statistical strengthens more flexible by giving them Bayesian nonparametric priors. In Clustered Naive Bayes [142], a number of Naive Bayes share topics (named parameters in Reference [142]) from a DP. Further tasks within the same group share the same parameters so that well-trained tasks can help to train the insufficiently-trained task. As we discussed in Section 4.2, HDP defines a way to share statistical strengths, which has also been applied to transfer learning [18]. Here, categories share the topics/clusters. HPYP is also able to benefit the transfer learning analogy to HDP. For example, a set of basic topics is first generated for sharing, and each domain uses these topics as the base measure of a Transformed PYP, which transforms these topics to another set of topics using a domain-specific transformation matrix [27]. Unlike HDP, the activated topics are controlled by an additional IBP. The advantage over HDP is that sharing of topics and their weights could be decoupled, which makes it possible to share low-weight topics between domains [53].
Transfer by sharing tree. Knowledge is inherently multi-granular, and the more general the knowledge in the source domain, the larger the probability it will be reusable in a (related) target domain compared to specific knowledge. Hence, sharing trees has emerged as an efficient method for transfer learning. In terms of the tree construction, BNL could contribute a rather flexible tree prior. One example is the transfer Hierarchical LDA (thLDA) [98], which transfers the knowledge in an existing tree to a target domain, where a path of the tree from the root to the bottom node is sampled for each document in the target domain through nCRP. In addition to thLDA, the second example is Reference [146] where a tree structure is built with a fixed three-layer depth and unbounded width through nCRP. In this model, domains are treated as nodes in the bottom layer (named "level 1"), the parent nodes of the domains are named supercategory in the middle layer (named "level 2"), and the root node in the top layer (named "level 3") is a set of two variables. Each domain is characterized by a Gaussian distribution, and domains are expected to share similar parameters with their parent nodes (i.e., supercategories or root nodes). The third example treats the parameters in the tree as transferable knowledge to assist the classification of classes with less labeled data [156] where a tree structure with leaf nodes as labels/domains is built with an nCRP prior. Another example is the polylingual tree-based topic model [91], which uses a similar method to nCRP. A tree is assigned a path through a probability made up of the product of the weights of branches in the path, where the tree is also separately built from the source domain. Without resorting to nCRP, the doubly Hierarchal Pitman-Yor Language Model [183] builds a latent HPYLM as the transferable knowledge and, simultaneously, two separate HPYLMs are built for the two domains with the latent HPYLM as part of the base measures in PYPs in two HPYLMs.
6.4 Tree Structure Learning
Tree structures play an important role in machine learning because they are pervasively applied and reflect the human habit of organising information. Thus, learning out a hierarchical structure from plain data has attracted a great deal of attention from researchers in the Bayesian nonparametric field. Compared to other approaches to this task, Bayesian nonparametric models have the advantage of a more flexible hierarchical structure. The lack of bounds on the structure's width and depth makes it much easier to incorporate the new data.
nCRP-based. Here, the nCRP views a tree as a nested sequence of partitions. A space is first partitioned by a CRP and each area in this partition is further partitioned into several areas to generate a tree of potentially infinite depth and branches. A datum (i.e., a document) is associated with a path in the tree using DP or Flexible Martingale [157] priors with the nCRP [8]. The datum could also be associated with a subtree of the generated tree using HDP priors in nHDP [129] instead of with a path.
Stick-breaking-based. With this method, an iterative stick-breaking process is used to construct a Pólya Tree (PT) [133] in a nested fashion. A datum is associated with a leaf node of the generated tree, and the traditional stick-breaking process is revised to generate breaks within the tree structure to result in a Tree Structured Stick Breaking (TSSB) [72]. A datum is attached to a node in the generated tree.
Diffusion-based. Both Kingman's coalescent [101, 163, 165] and Dirichlet Diffusion Tree (DDT) [125] define a prior for an infinite (binary) tree. The idea is that the data are generated by a diffusion procedure with several divergences during this procedure. An additional time-varying continuous stochastic processes (i.e., Markov process) is needed for the divergence control. A datum is placed at the end of branches in the diffusions. DDT has been extended into a more general structure: multifurcating branches by a Pitman-Yor Diffusion Tree (PYDT) [103] and to a feature hierarchy by Beta Diffusion Tree (BDT) [84].
Others. Motivated by the deep belief network (DBN) [86], the Poisson gamma belief network (PGBN) [199] learns a hierarchical structure where nodes have nonnegative real-valued weights rather than binary-valued weights in DBN and the width of each layer is flexible rather than fixed. Each layer's nodes can be viewed as an abstract feature expression of the input data.
6.5 Relational Learning
The aim of relational learning (also known as stochastic relational learning) is to analyse, model, and predict the relationships between entities. Many data contain relationships by nature, e.g., social networks, traffic networks, protein interactions, and user-item relationships. Hence, a typical and practical application of relational learning is predicting potential future connections using a trained model. In traditional Bayesian learning, the key to


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Unlock your data
Creating value with identifiers in an open data world
What are data identifiers?
Identifiers are simply labels used to refer to an object being discussed or exchanged, such as products, companies or people. The foundation of the web is formed by connections that hold pieces of information together. Identifiers are the anchors that facilitate those links.
This white paper is a joint effort between Thomson Reuters and the Open Data Institute. It is written as a guide to identifier schemes: why identity can be difficult to manage; why it is important for open data; what challenges there are today and recommendations for the community to address these in the future. Illustrative examples of identifier schemes are used to explain these points.
The recommendations are based on specific issues found to occur across different datasets, and should be relevant for anyone using, publishing or handling open data, closed data and their own proprietary data sets.
You're a data consumer? Learn how identifiers can help you create value from discovering and connecting to other sources of data that add relevant context.
You're a data publisher? Learn how understanding and engaging with identifier schemes can reduce your costs and help you manage complexity.
You're an identifier publisher? Learn how open licensing can grow the open data commons and bring you value by increasing the use of your identifier scheme
The design and use of successful identifier schemes involves a mix of social, data and technical engineering. We hope that this white paper acts as a starting point for discussion about how identifiers can and will create value by empowering linked data.
When citing this white paper, please use the following text:
"Open Data Institute and Thomson Reuters, 2014, Creating Value with Identifiers in an Open Data World, Retrieved from _URL_
Open Data Institute Summits
Catch up on the celebration of innovation and the evolution of open data and its impact across cultural, economic, environmental and social spheres
Showcasing our new generation of innovators and industries, customers and citizens that embrace network thinking, and are built on an open culture


Barbara Damrosch
 home's landscaping
Rabbits and Hares can cause substantial damage as is common with animals that proliferate at an accelerated rate. Rabbits can be quite detrimental in that they have been known to chew through irrigation lines and carry many diseases such as tularemia, ticks, mites and others that can adversely affect humans.
Contrarily, rabbits provide an important food source for their prey animals and humans alike. They also provide an excellent source of fertilizer for the ecosystem.
Whether you are a suburban homeowner or a commercial grower there are many common positive and negative affects of the rabbits in your yard, gardens or landscaping.


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Department of Physics
Organic soluble indigoids derived from 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde for N-type organic field-effect transistor (OFET) applications
Two new series of organic soluble indigoids 7-7′-dialkoxyindigoids (2a, 2b) and 4,4′-dibromo-7,7′-dialkoxyindigoids (3a, 3b) (alkoxy = n-butoxy and n-octyloxy) were synthesized starting from the inexpensive 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde. The indigoids were soluble in common organic solvents including chloroform, dichloromethane, toluene, ethyl acetate and ethers. The enhanced solubility was suggested to be a lack of intermolecular hydrogen-bonds as confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. It was found that intramolecular hydrogen-bonds in indigoids are crucial to the exhibition of field-effect in OFETs, while intermolecular hydrogen-bonds only caused insolubility of the indigoids. Compared to the pristine insoluble indigo (LUMO = −3.55 eV and Eg = 1.91 eV), the soluble indigoids containing electron donating alkoxy side chains at the indigoid 7 and 7′ positions were shown to have their LUMO decreased by −0.13 to −0.26 eV. Among the indigoid studied, the soluble indigoid 3a containing electron donating alkoxy side chains at the indigoid 7 and 7′ positions and bromine groups at the indigoid 4 and 4′ positions exihibited a narrowest bandgap energy with Eg = 1.66 eV. Employing the same fabrication technique and a bottom-gate-top-contact OFET configuration, the soluble indigoids were found to have electron mobility similar to and within an order of magnitude of the pristine indigo.
OFET, Baeyer Drewson indigo synthesis, 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, Organic semiconductors, Organic soluble indigoids
Source Publication Title
Link to Publisher's Edition
Ngai, Jenner H. L., Man Lay Louis Leung, Shu Kong So, and Harrison K. H. Lee. "Organic soluble indigoids derived from 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde for N-type organic field-effect transistor (OFET) applications." Organic Electronics 32 (2016): 258-266.


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The first switch-on of a Galileo SAR package functions well and marks a major extension of the space-based Cospas-Sarsat network.
The second pair of Galileo satellites is the first of the constellation to host Search and Rescue (SAR) repeaters which can pickup UHF signals from emergency beacons aboard ships or aircrafts and relay them to local authorities for rescue.
The international SAR system is accountable for saving about 31,000 lives over more than three decades.
Further SAR payloads will follow these first two into orbit with the launches of follow-on Galileo Final Operational Capability satellites.
- Galileo is the name of the European Satellite Navigation programme.
- Cospas is a Russian acronym for 'Space System for the Search of Vessels in Distress'.
- Sarsat is an acronym for 'Search and Rescue Satellite-Aided Tracking'


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Definitions of fake:
- noun: something that is a counterfeit; not what it seems to be
- noun: (football) a deceptive move made by a football player
- noun: a person who makes deceitful pretenses
- verb: make a copy of with the intent to deceive
Example: "He faked the signature"
- verb: fake or falsify
- verb: talk through one's hat
Example: "The politician was not well prepared for the debate and faked it"
- adjective: not genuine or real; being an imitation of the genuine article
Example: "It isn't fake anything"
- adjective: fraudulent; having a misleading appearance
- name: A surname (very rare: popularity rank in the U.S.: #64216)
Search for fake at other dictionaries: OneLook, Answers.com, Merriam-Webster
"Works flawlessly!": RhymeZone apps for iPhone/iPad and Android!
Help, Feedback, Customize, Android app, iPhone/iPad app
Copyright © 2013 Datamuse


How to get my birth certificate ny
How do I get a copy of my birth certificate in NY?
How do I get my original birth certificate if I was adopted in NY?
The law applies to any adoptee who was born in New York, no matter where they were adopted or live now, according to Gov. Andrew Cuomo's office. There are two main ways for most to obtain their birth certificates: either through the state's Department of Health or through a company called
Are death records public in New York?
The State Department of Health makes available for public use microfiche copies of older indexes to birth, marriage, and death certificates. The indexes cover the entire state outside of New York City and start in June 1880 (deaths) or 1881 (marriages and births).
How do I find adoption records in New York?
Adoption Records
 1. Agency: New York State Department of Health.
 2. Division: Adoption Information Registry.
 3. Phone Number: _PHONE_.
 4. Business Hours: Monday – Friday: 9 AM – 5 PM.
How long does it take to get a replacement birth certificate in NY?
Mail orders take 12-14 weeks to complete. To order by mail, please: Complete, sign and notarize the birth certificate application (PDF):
What is a certified US birth certificate?
You might be interested: Certificate of formation california
How do I adopt a child in New York State?
 1. Choosing an adoption agency.
 2. Submitting an application.
 3. Completing the homestudy process.
 4. Attending agency-sponsored training.
 5. Working with a caseworker to find an appropriate match.
 6. Visiting with the child.
Are NY adoption records open?
Under current law, an adoptee's birth certificate is sealed once an adoption is filed. To unseal the records, a person must petition the courts and all parties, including the biological parents, who must consent in order for the information to be released.
How do you find out if someone has been married before?
How do you find what time you were born?
What information is on a New York state death certificate?
New York death certificates can contain the following information:
 - Birth date (or age)
 - Birth place.
 - Name of spouse.
 - Names of parents.
 - Length of residence in the state or county.
 - Death details (cause, location, burial, etc)
 - Informant's name (the person who supplied this information)
You might be interested: Southwest airlines pet policy health certificate
How do I find my adoption records on ancestry com?
Search for adoption records in the Birth, Marriage & Death index
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text: The present thesis concerns catalytic conversion of syngas (H 2 + CO) into a blend of methanol and higher alcohols, an attractive way of producing fuels and chemicals. This route has the potential to reduce the oil dependence in the transport sector and, with the use of biomass for the syngas generation, produce CO 2 -neutral fuels. Alkali promoted MoS 2 -based catalysts show a high selectivity to higher alcohols, while at the same time being coke resistant, sulfur tolerant and displaying high water-gas shift activity. This makes this type of catalyst especially suitable for being used with syngas derived from biomass or coal which typically has a low H 2 /CO-ratio. This thesis discusses various important aspects of higher alcohol synthesis using MoS 2 -based catalysts and is a summary of four scientific papers. The first part of the thesis gives an introduction to how syngas can be produced and converted into different fuels and chemicals. It is followed by an overview of higher alcohol synthesis and a description of MoS 2 -based catalysts. The topic alcohol for use in internal combustion engines ends the first part of the thesis. In the second part, the experimental part, the preparation of the MoS 2 -based catalysts and the characterization of them are handled. After describing the high-pressure alcohol reactor setup, the development of an on-line gas chromatographic system for higher alcohol synthesis with MoS 2 catalysts is covered (Paper I). This method makes activity and selectivity studies of higher alcohol synthesis catalysts more accurate and detailed but also faster and easier. Virtually all products are very well separated and the established carbon material balance over the reactor closed well under all tested conditions. The method of trace level sulfur analysis is additionally described. Then the effect of operating conditions, space velocity and temperature on product distribution is highlighted (Paper II). It is shown that product selectivity is closely correlated with the CO conversion level and why it is difficult to combine both a high single pass conversion and high alcohol selectivity over this catalyst type. Correlations between formed products and formation pathways are additionally described and discussed. The CO 2 pressure in the reactor increases as the CO conversion increases, however, CO 2 influence on formation rates and product distribution is to a great extent unclear. By using a CO 2 -containing syngas feed the effect of CO 2 was studied (Paper III). An often emphasized asset of MoS 2 -based catalysts is their sulfur tolerance. However, the use of sulfur-containing feed and/or catalyst potentially can lead to incorporation of unwanted organic sulfur compounds in the product. The last topic in this thesis covers the sulfur compounds produced and how their quantity is changed when the feed syngas contains H 2 S (Paper IV). The effect on catalyst activity and selectivity in the presence of H 2 S in the feed is also covered.


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cryptocurrency, bitcoin, ethereum, crypto
As we enter the age where Blockchain Rules The Nation, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has said it will treat Initial Coin Offerings ("ICOs") on a case-by-case basis.
In light of this uncertainty, some token issuers may choose to ignore securities laws and hope to Get Lucky when they get pre-ICO investments. But the SEC is likely to increase its scrutiny of tokens, so you should probably try Doin' It Right and use a Simple Agreement for Future Tokens ("SAFT").
Background: what is a security is and why does it matter? Read this (spoiler alert: more investments are considered securities than you probably think).
Harder, Better, SAFTer, Stronger: What Is A SAFT?
SAFTs are modeled after Y Combinator's Simple Agreement for Future Equity ("SAFE"). A SAFT is an agreement between a utility token issuer and a token purchaser, and is often accompanied by an offering memorandum (which is a standard document used for marketing for VC and hedge fund offerings).
Two important features to note:
How Da Funk Does A SAFT Work?
The crux of a SAFT is the distinction between functional tokens and the right to those tokens once they become functional. It's akin to the difference between buying a house that's already built, and buying the right, before construction has begun, to own a house once it is built.
A SAFT is structured as follows:
The key is that the investors aren't buying tokens; they're buying the right to future tokens.
The SAFT itself (aka, the right to future tokens) is a security. But the tokens that the SAFT is converted into would most likely not be considered securities by the SEC.
The Technologic of Why Pre-Functional Tokens Are Likely Not Securities
The Howey test is used to determine if an investment is a security. The relevant requirement for SAFTs is that a security has a predominant expectation of profit that stems from the essential managerial efforts of others.
If an investor buys a utility token before it has reached functionality, it's likely a security. The purchasers of a pre-functional token "are, by and large, reliant on the efforts of the seller to develop functionality." The token's value would almost certainly be zero if its protocol is not developed to a functional point. Thus, the development team's managerial efforts are essential, and the utility token is likely a security.
If an investor buys the token after it has reached functionality, any managerial (aka, development) efforts by the dev team are likely not essential. Sure, the developers may play a role in any increase in token value. But so will supply and demand, broader blockchain trends, institutional investor sentiment, and so on. Courts have repeatedly held that mere increase in value on a secondary market does not constitute "efforts of others." Thus, a post-functional utility token is likely not a security.
Accredited Investors After All
Because the SAFT itself is a security, it must be registered with the SEC or fit into an exemption. As a result of this, most SAFT investments are generally limited to accredited investors so they can be exempt from registration.
Implications, Around The World
First, SAFTs are a sort of "pre-ICO," akin to angel investing.
Second, SAFTs are not for every day (aka, "retail") investors. SAFTs are typically restricted to the same accredited investors that traditional venture capital, private equity, and hedge funds are. This means SAFTs are more favorable to "centralized" investing, not crypto's promise of decentralization. This is not necessarily bad, though; more investment means more growth, regardless of source.


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Close range projection reduces not only shadows of the presenter but also glare of the projection light,
making lectures and meetings less stressful.
You can write letters or draw figures on the projected image with an interactive pen. Then you can store these letters and figures in a computer.
The interactive function allows efficient and effective presentations and promotes information sharing.
*The interactive function: PT-TW231R only.
Note: In order to allow the sensor of the projector to accurately detect the position of projected screen,
please install the Light Pen II software and execute the calibration first.
For better understanding of lectures
The teacher makes the students write answers on the whiteboard to increase their feelings of involvement in the class and their levels of understanding.
For facilitating information-sharing meeting
You can immediately digitalize the contents written on the screen for information sharing.
For more realistic training
The presenter writes key points and new data on the whiteboard in real time to conduct realistic training.
For more compelling presentations
Projection and writing on a large screen make presentations more compelling.


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The severe style, or Early Classical style, was the dominant idiom of Greek sculpture in the period ca. 490 to 450 BCE. It marks the breakdown of the canonical forms of archaic art and the transition to the greatly expanded vocabulary and expression of the classical moment of the late 5th century. It was an international style found at many cities in the Hellenic world and in a variety of media including: bronze sculpture in the round, stelae, and architectural relief. The style perhaps realized its greatest fulfillment in the metopes of the Temple of Zeus, Olympia.
The term "severe style" was first coined by Gustav Kramer in his Über den styl und die Herkunft der bemahlten griechischen Thongefäße ("On the style and the origins of painted Greek pottery", 1837, Berlin) in reference to the first generation of red figure vase painters; the name has since Vagn Poulsen's 1937 study Der strenge stil ("The Severe Style") become exclusively associated with sculpture.
Dating and relative chronology
There is no firm chronology for the Severe style, the dating of early 5th century BCE sculpture is approximate and consequently its first appearance has been conjectured to be at some point between 525 and 480 BCE. The one exception to this general rule of uncertainty is the Tyrannicide group; a replacement for the bronze created by Antenor in 514 to commemorate the assassins of the tyrant Hipparchus was sculpted by Kritios and Nesiotes and dated in an inscription of 477/6 BCE. This piece, now known only from Roman copies preserves the poses and facial features familiar from archaic art and combines it with a novel treatment of multiple viewpoints, feeling for mass, and anatomical observation that distinguishes it as one of several Athenian transitional works. Another is the Kritian boy, c. 480 BCE whose distribution of weight onto one leg, lowered right hip, and inclination of head and shoulders exceeds the formulas of the late Archaic kouroi marks a step toward the greater naturalism and individualization of the Classical – as B. S. Ridgway puts it: no longer a type but a subject.
The depredations of war and the sumptuary laws of Solon ensured that very little sculpture was practiced at Athens in the first half of the 5th century, instead we have to look to others cities to trace the development of the Severe style. We can observe the general characteristics of the period on its greatest masterpiece the Temple of Zeus, Olympia, attributed to the Olympia Master. Here we find a simplicity of forms, especially in dress and the absence of decoration, a feeling of heaviness both in the gravity of the body and the "doughy" cloth of the peplos. Indeed, this era sees a shift from the use of the Doric chiton to the Ionic peplos whose irregular groupings and folds better express the contours of the underlying body. We can also witness on the pediments of the temple the slight pout typical of this time where the upper lip projects a little over the lower and a volume to the eyelids, a striking departure from the fixed Archaic smile of the 6th century and suggestive perhaps of the brooding pathos also typical of the idiom. There is further experimentation with the expression of emotion on the metopes of the temple depicting the labors of Herakles, an experiment not pursued by later Classical art.
Brunilde S. Ridgway identifies six traits that might serve to define the style:
- A certain simplicity or severity of forms, visible in both facial features and the treatment of drapery; a heaviness of traits in open contrast to the lighter features of archaic sculpture; a feeling for the tectonics of the human body which conceives of each figure as composed of certain basic structural sections, as contrasted with the lack of articulation and the emphasis on outlines in archaic statuary. More especially, in the human face the eyelids acquire volume, often appearing as thick rims around the eyes, and chins become particularly heavy; cloth also is made to look heavier and "doughy." The Severe period owes its name to this most evident of all its traits. Contrary to the decorative approach of archaic sculptors, who multiplied details and fractioned into a variety of patterns the basic unity of single garments, Severe artists proceeded as if by a process of elimination, thereby focusing emphasis on the few elements retained. From this point of view the term Severe describes the style more accurately than the terms transitional or early classical, which stress continuity rather than difference.
- A change in drapery, readily apparent in two forms: (a) a shift from Doric to Ionic fashions; (b) a change in the treatment of the folds, so that the final effect resembles corrugated iron.
- A change in subject matter. One aspect of this phenomenon is an increase in characterization. The basic Kouros type now becomes sharply differentiated into either Apollo or a human being, and the difference no longer rests on the attributes held by the statue. Apollo is recognizable not only through a certain grandeur or ethos (one of those intangible elements in Greek art which are so difficult to pinpoint but with which one has inevitably to reckon), but mostly because he now wears his hair long while the contemporary athlete has his short.
- Interest in emotion. The increase in characterization, with its potential for narrative, is obviously accompanied by an interest in the mechanics of expression. The range goes from quiet brooding to worried forethought to physical distress, and ends with the uncontrollable muscular distortions of death.
- Interest in motion. Emotions or physical distress are usually dependent upon strain or action. Characterization has led to narrative. Thus traits 3 and 4 combine to produce a series of "statues in motion." This feature is not wholly dependent upon the demand for athletic sculpture nor can it be considered a total innovation of the Severe period since figures in action had already appeared during the archaic phase.
- The predominant use of bronze.
Of the Severe artists whose names have come down to us there are in addition to Kritios and Nesiotes already mentioned also Pythagoras, Calamis and most notably Myron. The latter, a native of Eleutherai, was a late practitioner of the style active in the 450s and 440s and the author of two identifiable sculptures that have survived in copies: his Discobolus and the Athena Marsyas group. Both seemingly original in composition, these works capture several of the chief characteristics of the style in its feeling for the dramatic moment, its rhythm and balance of masses, and the embodiment of feeling through the pregnant gesture.
Why this naturalizing trend should emerge in early 5th Century Greek art has been a matter of much scholarly speculation. Renate Thomas summarizes the contending views thus: The significance of the Late Archaic period remains unclear. Is it already a response to the awakening sense of personal value, which will then be held back during the Severe Style through a self-imposed discipline (Schefold), or has there developed, since the Late Archaic period, a new and freer spirit, which, however, becomes clearly visible only in the Severe or even in the Classical style (G. v. Lucken, E. Langlotz, B. Schweitzer)? Did the "Discovery of the Mind" in the sixth century produce two different effect (Schachermeyr), one of which produces new sets of laws through reflection upon traditional norms? Or does only the strong freedom of movement in the figurative art of the Late Archaic period, the self-confident recognition of personal individuality, go back to a change in the sixth century, while the causes of the "purified world of forms" of the Severe Style are others?
List of selected works
- Also called the Strong Style, see T.B.L. Webster, Greek Art and Literature, 530-400 BC Oxford, 1939, p.45 ff
- R. Thomas Athletenstatuetten, 1981, summarizes the competing views
- Aside from the example found at Hadrian's villa in Tivoli other heads and torsos survive including one from the Baiae studio affording us some idea of the reliability of Roman reproductions, see J. Boardman ''Greek Sculpture: The Classical Period'', p.18, for a discussion
- It is uncertain if this piece was part of the Perserschutt and therefore set up on the Acropolis before or after the Persian invasion, see BS Ridgway, Severe Style in Greek Art, 1970, p. 31-3, for chronology
- CAHN, HERBERT A.; GERIN, DOMINIQUE (1988). "Themistocles at Magnesia". The Numismatic Chronicle (1966-). 148: 19. JSTOR 42668124.
- Tanner, Jeremy (2006). The Invention of Art History in Ancient Greece: Religion, Society and Artistic Rationalisation. Cambridge University Press. p. 97. ISBN 9780521846141.
- B.S. Ridgway, The Severe Style in Greek Sculpture, 1970, p8-11
- R. Thomas Atheletenstatutten, 1981, translation B.S. Ridgway, in Ridgway, Late Archaic Sculpture, p.2 in Greek Art, Archaic into Classical: A Symposium, 1985
- Arguably High rather than Early Classical depending on date. If following


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Cogeneration is a California success story. Unlike traditional power plants, cogeneration doesn't let heat and steam escape into the atmosphere. Instead, it captures what would normally be wasted energy and harnesses it for optimal efficiency.
More than 550 cogeneration plants currently operate throughout the state, providing two-thirds of all the non-utility power generated in California. With output of about 6,500 megawatts (MW) each year, California produces more cogen power than any other state.


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Core Disciplines: Information - Technology & Management; Strategy & Management
DESCRIPTION: Module 2 of the Business Thought & Action™ course is entrepreneurial-themed, analyzing the essentials of starting and running a business. Companies are examined in-depth to illustrate that the same business principles apply to all companies, whether startups or multinational corporations. Students learn to apply analytical thinking to product innovation as a creative force, use process innovation as a competitive advantage, and harness the competitive advantages of information technology (IT).
TEACHING POINTS: At the end of this module, students will be able to:Explain why different companies and markets exist. Use the customer value proposition (CVP) framework to describe a business.Identify innovative, sustainable business ideas.Describe how executives can sustain a business through product differentiation and reinvestment.This module is one of six total modules included in the case-based, introductory business course entitled "Business Thought & Action™", created by former Dean Robert Dolan and Professors Robert Kennedy and Scott Moore of the Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan. While modules can be adopted individually or in groups, it should be noted they were originally designed to be taught sequentially and as part of the entire course.
Secondary Tags: Innovation
Sales Rank: #177