Man reading computer screen
How to Become a Cybersecurity Engineer
Cybersecurity engineers address the growing need for secure data and information systems by implementing security protocols to protect an organization's valuable digital assets. The position requires professionals to be experts in all areas of cybersecurity and to have a thorough understanding of computer operating procedures and methods. Utilizing their expertise in vulnerability management and computer forensics, cybersecurity engineers work to keep computer networks safe from malware, spyware, and phishing attacks. As the cybersecurity job market continues to grow, so will the need for trained cybersecurity engineers. This overview of the cybersecurity engineer profession describes the type of education to pursue, such as a Master of Science in Cybersecurity, as well as the skills needed to succeed in the field.
A Look at the Cybersecurity Engineer Career
Cybersecurity engineers evaluate their organization's information systems to prevent and detect data breaches, viruses, and other threats. They are also responsible for preparing for other risks that could harm IT infrastructure, including disasters such as fires and floods.
Cybersecurity engineers have a broad range of responsibilities. They often work with other technology professionals inside and outside their own organizations, including software engineers, programmers, and network managers; they also work closely with non-IT employees. Cybersecurity engineers may be involved in several projects at one time. On a given day, an engineer might install a firewall, meet with senior staff to recommend operational changes that could enhance security, develop new frameworks to address security issues, run cyberattack simulations to test network security, or train employees in computer security practices.
Because these data and computer network protection skill sets are in high demand across the board, cybersecurity engineers can work for a variety of organizations, such as large corporations, small businesses, and government agencies. In addition to being able to choose from a number of work environments, professionals in this field benefit from a strong job market outlook and above-average income potential. Industry research group Cyber Seek estimates an annual salary range of about $75,000 for an entry-level cybersecurity engineer to more than $120,000 for a senior position.
Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities for Cybersecurity Engineers
For a career as a cybersecurity engineer, one must have advanced programming skills and a deep understanding of technical concepts. Information security provider CompTIA lists the following as key areas in which cybersecurity engineers should have expertise: intrusion detection and prevention; penetration and vulnerability testing; firewall protocols; ethical hacking; secure coding practices; and threat modeling.
Along with these IT security skills, cybersecurity engineers must possess more generalized technical abilities related to network architecture, virtualization, database platforms, operating systems, and other relevant technologies.
Suggested Steps for Becoming a Cybersecurity Engineer
Once aspiring cybersecurity engineers are familiar with the necessary knowledge and skills to succeed in the role, they can begin the path toward a career in the field.
Academic Requirements
Many cybersecurity engineers earn a bachelor's degree in a related area, such as computer science or cybersecurity. After earning a bachelor's degree, attaining an advanced degree, such as a Master of Science in Cybersecurity (MSCY), can provide cybersecurity engineers with the advanced skills and knowledge base needed to thrive in the position. Cybersecurity engineers who have earned an MSCY degree can advance to serve in more senior roles in the field, such as Chief Information Security Officer, IT Director, Networking/Information Technology (IT) Security Engineer, and Senior Systems Engineer (Computer Networking/IT).
Norwich University's online Master of Science in Cybersecurity program provides students with the business acumen and management skills they need to qualify for senior positions and become leaders in the cybersecurity field. Through its concentrations, this advanced degree gives individuals the opportunity to specialize in particular areas of cybersecurity, which helps them become more competitive in the job market. Concentrations include Vulnerability Management; Project Management; Critical Infrastructure Protection and Cyber Crime; Cyber Law and International Perspectives on Cyberspace; and Computer Forensic Investigation and Incident Response Team Management.
On-the-Job Experience
Aspiring cybersecurity engineers need to gain professional experience to thrive in the field. Many of these professionals seek internships and entry-level positions while earning their master's degree. Doing so allows individuals to sharpen their knowledge and skills in real-world settings. For example, one might work at technology firms in entry-level positions as cybersecurity technicians, IT auditors, or incident analysts, roles that can provide them with a thorough background in cybersecurity and help them advance within the profession throughout their career.
Attaining professional certifications, either before or after becoming a cybersecurity engineer, can be beneficial for continually enhancing one's skill set. These credentials include the CompTIA Cybersecurity Analyst (CySA+) and the CompTIA Advanced Security Practitioner (CASP) certifications. As the field evolves and cybersecurity needs become more complex, cybersecurity engineers and candidates should pursue additional certifications and competencies to show employers that they are fluent in current digital trends.
As computers, data, and digital technologies have become increasingly intertwined with our day-to-day life, the need for cybersecurity engineers to protect valuable digital assets has grown within organizations of all types and sizes. By earning a Master of Science in Cybersecurity degree, aspiring and current cybersecurity engineers can gain leadership skills along with advanced technical skills to help raise their earning potential and compete for senior positions in this increasingly important field.
Learn More
Recommended Readings
How to Become an Information Security Analyst
Information Assurance vs. Information Security
6 Trending Cybersecurity Careers
Interview with a Cybersecurity Consultant, Bureau of Labor Statistics
Your Next Move: Cybersecurity Engineer, CompTIA
Cybersecurity Career Pathway, CyberSeek
Should You Become a Cybersecurity Engineer?, Cybrary
Master of Science (MS), Information Security & Assurance Degree, Payscale


text: The Red Speckled beans commonly known as the sugar bean is a legume. It is grown for its seed, which is eaten as a vegetable. It has high soluble fiber content. Soluble fiber absorbs water in the stomach forming a gel that slows down the absorption of the beans carbohydrates. They can therefore help balance blood sugar levels while providing steady, slow-burning energy, which makes them a good choice for people with diabetes suffering with insulin resistance.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Meaning of U in English
I. ˈyü noun
( plural u's or us ˈyüz)
Usage: often capitalized, often attributive
a. : the 21st letter of the English alphabet
b. : an instance of this letter printed, written, or otherwise represented
c. : a speech counterpart of orthographic u (as long u in mute, short u in cut, or u in rule )
2. : a printer's type, a stamp, or some other instrument for reproducing the letter u
3. : someone or something arbitrarily or conveniently designated u especially as the 20th or when j is used for the 10th the 21st in order or class
4. : something having the shape of the letter U
II. abbreviation
Usage: often capitalized
1. uncirculated
2. uncle
[German und ]
4. under
5. unified
6. uniform
7. union; unionist
8. unit; united
9. universal
10. university
11. unpleasant
12. upper
III. symbol
Usage: capitalized
1. ital intrinsic energy
2. uranium
IV. ˈyü adjective
Usage: usually capitalized
Etymology: u pper class
: characteristic of the upper classes — usually used in contrast to non-U
V. abbreviation
Usage: capitalized


Who Actually Invented the Macintosh Computer?
Who Actually Invented the Macintosh Computer?
In December of 1983, Apple Computers ran its famous "1984" Macintosh television commercial on a small, unknown station solely to make the commercial eligible for awards. The commercial cost $1.5 million and only ran once in 1983, but news and talk shows everywhere replayed it, making TV history.
The next month, Apple ran the same ad during the Super Bowl and millions of viewers saw their first glimpse of the Macintosh computer. The commercial was directed by Ridley Scott, and the Orwellian scene depicted the IBM world being destroyed by a new machine called the "Macintosh."
Could we expect anything less from a company that was once run by the former president of Pepsi-Cola? Steve Jobs, the co-founder of Apple Computers, had been trying to hire Pepsi's John Sculley since early 1983. While he eventually succeeded, Jobs soon discovered that he did not get along with Sculley - who, after becoming CEO of Apple Computers, ended up booting him off Apple's "Lisa" project. The "Lisa" was the first consumer computer with a graphical user interface (GUI).
Steve Jobs and the Macintosh Computer
Jobs then switched over to managing the Apple "Macintosh" project that was started by Jef Raskin. Jobs was determined that the new "Macintosh" was going to have a graphical user interface like the "Lisa," but at a considerably lower cost. The early Mac team members in 1979 consisted of Jef Raskin, Brian Howard, Marc LeBrun, Burrell Smith, Joanna Hoffman, and Bud Tribble. Others began working on the Mac at later dates.
Seventy-four days after the introduction of the "Macintosh," the company was only able to sell 50,000 units. At the time, Apple refused to license the OS or the hardware. The 128k memory was not enough and the onboard floppy drive was difficult to use. The "Macintosh" did have "Lisa's" user friendly GUI, but was missing some of the more powerful features of the "Lisa," such as multitasking and the 1 MB of memory.
Jobs compensated by making sure developers created software for the new "Macintosh." Jobs figured that software was the way to win the consumer over and in 1985, the "Macintosh" computer line received a big sales boost with the introduction of the LaserWriter printer and Aldus PageMaker, which made home desktop publishing possible. That was also the year that the original founders of Apple left the company.
Power Struggle at Apple Computers
Steve Wozniak returned to college and Steve Jobs was fired when his difficulties with John Sculley came to a head. Jobs had decided to regain control of the company from Sculley by scheduling a business meeting in China for Sculley so that Jobs could carry out a corporate takeover while Sculley was absent.
Word of Jobs' true motives reached Sculley before the China trip. He confronted Jobs and asked Apple's Board of Directors to vote on the issue. Everyone voted for Sculley and so, in lieu of being fired, Jobs quit. Jobs later rejoined Apple in 1996 and worked there until his death in 2011. Sculley was eventually replaced as CEO of Apple.


key with Shift held down.
CJL The minimal example of this mildly unexpected behaviour is to switch Caps Lock on, then in a Wish console (I'm talking Windoze here) type something, highlight it and press Ctrl-C. Now try to paste your text somewhere else (e.g. Notepad) using Ctrl-V - you'll discover that the copy didn't happen, but even though Caps Lock is still on, Notepad will quite happily obey the paste request (by pasting whatever was already in the clipboard). To me 'Ctrl-C' means "the physical key labelled with a 'C' was pressed while ctrl was down", and should have nothing to do with the state of Caps Lock, only the combination of keys pressed.
WHD: On both Windows and Mac OS X, normal apps accept both and ( and ) as the Paste key. For Tk, it appears that you need to bind both. On the other hand, if you bind both you'll find that all of the following combinations will paste:
 -
 -
 -
 -
If you want to support Shift-Control sequences in your keyset, you need to bind both and . Here's a simple solution that results in CapsLock-independent letter key bindings:
proc bindletterkey {tag modifier letter binding} {
 set upper [string toupper $letter]
 set lower [string tolower $letter]
 bind $tag <$modifier-$upper> $binding
 bind $tag <$modifier-$lower> $binding
bindletterkey.text Control F {puts Control-F}
bindletterkey.text Shift-Control F {puts Shift-Control-F}
Case Insensitive Binding edit
MG 2005-06-06: And, where the bindings already exist (ie, for the Text widget) and you want to make them case-insensitive, something like this will help.
proc mirror {class {dir 1}} {
 if {$dir eq {1}} {
 set range a-z
 set case toupper
 } else {
 set range A-Z
 set case tolower
 foreach x [bind $class] {
 if {[regexp "^<(.+-)?\[$range]>$" $x]} {
 set y [string range $x end-1 end-1]
 set y [string range $x 0 end-2][string $case $y]>
 if {[bind $class $y] ne {}} {
 bind $class $y [bind $class $x]
};# mirror
Then run, for instance:
mirror Text 1; # copy all lower-class bindings for the Text widget to upper-class versions
mirror Text 0; # copy all upper-class bindings for the Text widget to lower-class versions
mirror Entry 1; # copy all lower-class bindings for the Entry widget to upper-class versions
It's also careful not to overwrite bindings - if you have an and an binding for the Text widget, and run mirror Text 1, will be left as it is, rather than being overwritten with 's binding.
This raises one question for me, though - what's better practice? Should you bind to
bind Text [bind Text ]
and copy the binding, or use something like
bind Text {event generate %W }
to mirror 's state at the time the event happens?
Unbound bind edit
Some of the best bind coding doesn't involve bind at all. DKF, for example, astutely remarked that
event add <>
bind $class [bind $type <>]
bind $class [bind $type <>]
... [Correct; elaborate]
bind to a plain keystroke only (not modified by Ctrl or Alt) edit
proc bind'plainkey {tag key script} {
 bind $tag {}
 bind $tag {}
 bind $tag $key $script
bind'plainkey all x {puts Hello}
RUJ: If bind leave command to main window it is not (bindings) grabbing to its associated widgets. e.g.:
toplevel $wa -bd 1 -relief ridge
wm geometry $wa 600x40+$mousex+$mousey
wm resizable $wa 0 0
wm overrideredirect $wa yes
wm iconname $wa "menu"
wm group $wa.
focus $wa
grab set $wa
entry $wa.ent01 -width 6 -background white
bind $wa <1> [list after cancel destroy.base]
bind $wa [list destroy.base]
But it is destroying base if cursor goes near to entry. Can anybody solve the problem.
Disable Pasting edit
2008-03-17: How can I disable pasting into a text widget? I tried the following:
bind $theText <> {tk_messageBox -message {Paste Attempt}}
bind $theText {tk_messageBox -message {Paste Attempt}}
bind $theText {tk_messageBox -message {Paste Attempt}}
bind $theText {tk_messageBox -message {Paste Attempt}}
The message boxes are shown, so the event handling works. But after the message box has been clicked away, the pasting takes place anyway - at least for Shift-Insert.
Answer: You are adding bindings to the widget but aren't addressing the bindings associated with the widget class. Read up on bindtags. One solution is to add ;break to each binding to prevent the class bindings from firing:
bind $theText <> {tk_messageBox -message "Paste Attempt"; break}
Of course, you can also just set the -state option to "disabled".
Class binding, do they work?
[Janic]: 2009-07-01T09:48:17:
I tried to set a class binding but it never works. For example:
checkbutton.a -text test
pack.a
bind.a break
works fine (the widget is still active but you can't check it anymore), but if write
bind Checkbutton break
it doesn't work. Did I miss something in the class binding behavior?
MG: Many different bindings are checked for a widget, based on its bindtags. The default order for a widget is: bindings on the widget itself, bindings on its class, its toplevel, and then on all. Also, bindings are checked from most specific match to least specific (so if you press the 'a' key, it checks for KeyPress-a before a more generic KeyPress, etc).
That's why you're seeing what you see; first the widget's own bindings are checked, and the generic binding matches and is run; break stops further bindings being checked.
When you bind that on the Checkbutton class, though, the default binding is more specific, and gets used instead of your binding. (You can see all the default bindings with bind Checkbutton, then see what a specific one does with bind Checkbutton $binding.) So, to override the default binding, you'd need to either replace the Button-1 binding, or add something higher up the bindtags chain.
DKF: You are advised to be very careful with changing bindings of widget classes, as that affects all widgets of that type in the application. (It's most useful if you're adding more editing keys to the text widget, or are making your own megawidget class.) It's far better to adjust the bindtags for the specific widgets in question as the results are a lot more predictable.
wdb: Here an example: button.b has new binding tag, Button1 instead of Button. Bindings are copied from Button to lButton1, then binding of <1> is modified:
% package require Tk
% pack [button.b -text Howdy]
% # button appears
% bindtags.b
.b Button. all
% bindtags.b {.b Button1. all}
% apply {{old new} {
 foreach p [bind $old] {
 bind $new $p [bind $old $p]
}} Button Button1
% bind Button1 <1> "+puts yep!"
% # now clicking on.b:
% yep!
From now on, you can change arbitrary buttons without side-effects to "normal" buttons.
[telgo] 2010-07-29 15:22:47:
On a Mac [OSX 10.6.4] I have a program with a text widget, and the binding
bind. {
I also have a menu item that calls Find
$Test add command -label Find -accel Command-F -command Find
Find puts up a dialox box, but involves some sorting. However, it still takes less than a second to generate the data. Here it is:
proc Find {} {
 global body dict t
 set t1 [clock clicks -milliseconds]
 set f.dictdisplay
 _TAG_ if we want to restrict display
 set target {}
 if {[$t tag ranges sel] ne {}}


text:
England or France (Normandy)
Lead-glazed earthenware, with carved slip decoration
Museum no. C._PHONE_
Most decorative tiles in medieval England had stamped designs filled with clay of contrasting colour. Here, however, a more refined design was produced by covering red earthenware with a light-coloured slip, which was cut away and incised.
The tile, probably from a church at Tring, Hertfordshire, is based on manuscript illustrations. It shows Christ resurrecting three children who had died while playing with him and visiting a well, scenes from his childhood described in the apocryphal gospels.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


.
 2. Simplification and harmonisation of customs clearance procedure.
 3. Harmonisation of national customs classification based on HS coding system.
 4. Customs cooperation in resolving entry point disputes.
 5. Simplification and harmonisation of import licensing and registration procedures.
 6. Simplification of banking procedures for financing imports.
 7. Transit facilities for efficient intra‐SAARC trade, especially for landlocked countries.
 8. Removal of barriers to intra‐SAARC investments.
 9. Macroeconomic consultations.
 10. Rules for fair competition and the promotion of venture capital.
 11. Development of communication systems and transport infrastructure.
 12. Making exceptions to foreign exchange restrictions, if any, relating to payments for products under the SAFTA scheme, as well as repatriation of such payments without prejudice to rights under Article XVIII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the relevant provisions of Articles of Treaty of the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
 13. Simplification of procedures for business visas.
This sub‐regional organisation came into force in June 1997 in terms of a declaration made in Bangkok. This organisation includes seven member states: five from South Asia (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal and Sri Lanka) and two from Southeast Asia (Myanmar and Thailand). BIMSTEC has also implemented several TF promotional programmes in order to promote free trade among members. They have identified areas such as transport and communication sector development as priority commitments. However, this agreement does not provide any special provision for TF [21, 54]. International agencies such as the Asian Development Bank provide technical assistance to BIMSTEC in developing policies and strategies to enhance physical connectivity and to develop a regional TF [57].
4.2.3. The South Asia Sub‐Regional Economic Cooperation (SASEC)
In addition to these two major intra‐regional initiatives, there have been several sub‐regional interactions between SAARC countries to strengthen intra‐regional trade in South Asia. The South Asia Sub‐regional Economic Cooperation focuses on the most significant TF improvements. SASEC was established in 2001 as a project‐based partnership to improve cross‐border connectivity, boost trade among member countries and strengthen regional economic cooperation. The member countries are Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Since 2001, this organisation has contributed to the implementation of 44 regional projects ($9.05 billion) in energy, transport, TF, economic corridor development and the information and communications technology sectors (SASEC). ADB administers the SASEC Program. SASEC has established a TF Strategic Plan for 2014–2018, aiming to boost intra‐regional trade through the reduction of time and costs. The TF strategic framework focuses on five priority areas:
 1. Customs modernisation and standardisation: This includes simplifying and expediting border formalities to facilitate the movement of goods, vehicles and people; increase the application of information and communication technology processing and developing a national single window system that would link all border agencies with the trading community.
 2. Standards and conformity assessment strengthening: This aims to identify sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS)‐sensitive commodities and strengthen the National Conformity Assessment Board.
 3. Cross‐border facilities improvement: Establishing logistics facilities and services at major trade ports to facilitate trade.
 4. Through transport facilitation: Develop a pilot bilateral transport facilitation arrangement.
 5. Institution and capacity building: Enhance cooperation and coordination mechanisms among stakeholders to improve TF.2
SASEC has prioritised customs modernisation and harmonisation, as well as institution and capacity building during the first 2 years of the TF strategy.
In general, entire TF implementation programmes in South Asia proceed with similar objectives. However, the TFA implemented by WTO is focused only on simplification and harmonisation of trade procedures at borders to increase global trade, while other regional TF agendas target both border issues and behind the border issues including hard infrastructure developments, in order to stimulate intra‐regional trade. However, it is very difficult to identify which TF measures are most efficient and have contributed to boost trade in the region. TF implementation programmes are no easy mission since the need for investment spending is immense. Bayley [57] also highlighted that the improvement of TF is a slow laborious process. Efforts to achieve regional implementation targets have greater complexity and thus are more difficult to meet than national goals. Similarly, regional initiatives take longer to meet targets.
5. Concluding remarks
A facilitated trading system is a key to expanding trade. Trade is a foremost factor in achieving economic growth. Thus, efficient TF measures have the potential to enhance economy. South Asian trade is impeded by serious TF issues. As discussed in this chapter, South Asian TTCs, both direct and indirect, are relatively high. Obviously, traders are distressed by border delays which add further costs above direct charges for acquiring information, documentation costs, charges for logistic services and customs brokers and the customs clearance fees which increase with outsourcing to service providers. Such charges increase when border facilitations are insufficient and complicated.
Complex regional trade procedures and administrative barriers have led to laborious documentation to process trade transactions. Insufficient customs procedures and port handling, ineffective use of information technology and transit barriers are few of the major TF issues facing South Asia. Such barriers to trade affect landlocked countries more adversely, as trade by these countries faces additional red tape imposed by transit governments. The landlocked countries exhibit fragile economic growth leaving their poor among the poorest in the region. This has led to substantial regional disparities. Conversely, despite its position as regional leader in economic development, India is the home of the majority of the poor in the region. This chapter has ascertained that if the region could deliver trade goods and services across its borders on time and with minimum costs, it would increase export competitiveness and promote imports. Therefore, it is essential that South Asia can stimulate further growth in trade, in order to increase economic development and reduce poverty lags among the economies of the region. TF is one of the keys to improving regional trade and strengthening economies. There are several TF initiatives which have been implemented to bolster regional trade. WTO TFA is one of the mammoth implementation programmes currently being undertaken. In addition, there are several regional TF programmes active. However, further research is essential to identify which TF measures are more efficient for boosting trade across the region.
 - Which is commonly accepted measure for market concentration. The value ranges between 0 and 1 and if country's trade value concentrated to few markets will have an index closed to 1 (less diversifies).
 - SASEC Trade Facilitation Strategic Framework 2014–2018 (
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Subashini Perera, Mahinda Siriwardana and Stuart Mounter (October 4th 2017). Trade Facilitation, Economic Development and Poverty Alleviation: South Asia at a Glance, Poverty, Inequality and Policy, Gabriel Ilie Staicu, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.69948. Available from:
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Semantics is the study of meaning in natural language. The course surveys various topics in linguistic semantics, and pragmatics, including word definition, sentence meaning, predication, quantification, logic connectives, the tense and aspect of verbs events, thematic roles and conversational implicature.
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(Or "Multiple Master Font") A font that is a mixture of two or more other fonts.
A Multiple Master font is a single font containing from two to sixteen master designs (the current implementation limit). A weight factor specifies the contribution of each master design for the creation of a multiple master font instance.
A Multiple Master instance is a single interpolation of a multiple master font as created by a user or application.
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Nearby terms: multiple inheritance « Multiple Instruction Multiple Data « Multiple Instruction/Multiple Data « Multiple Master » multiple perspective software development » multiple value » Multiple Virtual Storage


text:
"The wealth of Illinois is in her soil, and her
strength lies in its intelligent development."-Andrew Sloan Draper, President,
University of Illinois, _PHONE_
When Andrew Sloan Draper paid that tribute to Illinois agriculture in 1894, the Morrow Plots already were as old as his freshman students. Established in 1876 by men of vision who sought answers to agricultural questions, the Morrow Plots are the oldest agronomic experiment fields in the United States. They include the longest-term continuous corn plot in the world. In 1968, the Morrow Plots became a National Historic Landmark. Located near the center of the University of Illinois' Urbana campus, they are a living reminder of the purpose for which this university and the land-grant system were established.
FIG. 1. These two ears of corn demonstrate vividly the difference between adequate and inadequate soil management and crop production.
When the Morrow Plots were established in 1876, the United States was celebrating, its 100th birthday. Farm wage rates in Illinois were $15 a month and corn sold for 30 cents a bushel. The state's average corn yield was 30 bushels an acre, about one-quarter what it is today. Fewer than 40 million people lived in the United States - over two-thirds of them on farms. Only 388 attended the nine-year-old Illinois Industrial University, whose name would be changed in another nine years to University of Illinois.
George E. Morrow, who was to become the first dean of the College of Agriculture, and Manley Miles, a professor of agriculture, were the visionaries behind the Morrow Plots. They planned to conduct experiments that would yield results "suggestive to the practical farmer." Three years after they established the original 10 half-acre plots, Morrow paid a visit to the experimental farm of John Bennet Lawes at Rothamsted, England. Continuous agricultural experiments had been conducted at this farm for over 40 years, and Morrow became convinced that continuous experiments should be maintained on the plots in Urbana.
Illinois was already famous for its deep, black prairie soils that were so admirably suited to corn production. But Morrow and Miles wanted to find out whether this productivity could be sustained and how various cropping-systems would affect yield and soil properties. If corn were grown year after year on the same field, would yields decline? How soon would this decline come and how severe would it be? If corn were alternated or rotated with other crops, would that help to maintain the soil's productivity?
FIG. 2. Sampling soil from the Morrow Plots around 1904: At left is James H. Pettit, an assistant in soil analysis at the Agricultural Experience Station; at right, Cyril G. Hopkins, head of the Department of Agronomy from 1900 to 1919.
As the growing university expanded, the plots were reduced in both size and number. The Observatory now stands where Plots 1 and 2 were located. Mumford Hall, as well, was built on land that once was part of the Morrow Plots. Only three plots, totaling six-tenths of an acre, remain of the 10 original half-acre plots. The north plot - Number 3 - has been planted to corn every year since 1876. The middle plot - Number 4 - was in a two-year rotation of corn-oats until 1968, when soybeans replaced oats. The south plot - Number 5 - originally was in a six-year rotation of corn-corn-oats-meadow-meadow-meadow, but this was changed in 1901 to a three-year rotation of corn-oats-clover. In 1953, the south plot's rotation was changed again - to corn-oats-alfalfa.
No soil treatment was applied to the plots until they were 29 years old. By then, two lessons already had been learned: the highly fertile prairie soil could be depleted with cropping, and depletion could be postponed by using crop rotations. Beginning in 1904, manure, lime and phosphorus (MLP) were added to the south half of each plot. Fifty years later, the unfertilized continuous corn was yielding an average of less than 25 bushels per acre. In vivid contrast., the fertilized corn in the three-year rotation that included legume hay was averaging well above 100 bushels!
Although hybrid corn, introduced into the experiment in 1937, was a factor in increasing yields on the fertilized plots, the untreated plots were so low in plant nutrients that they were unable to take full advantage of this new development. Another turning point came in 1955. Limestone, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (LNPK) were added to a plot that had received no prior treatment and to another that had been getting MLP since 1904.
FIG. 3. Soil treatments and cropping systems for the Morrow Plots: M = manure, L = limestone, P = phosphorus, N = nitrogen, K = potassium. Some plots have received no soil treatment.
FIG. 4. Response of soybeans to soil treatments. In this corn-soybeans rotation, nitrogen is added only to the corn. Soybeans were first grown on the Morrow Plots in 1968
These new LNPK treatments increased corn yields on the plots that had earlier received MLP. On the previously unfertilized plots, the results indicated dramatically how soon productivity could be restored. In the first year, the LNPK treatment more than doubled the yield of continuous corn on the plots that had not been fertilized before. The following year, 1956, the yield for untreated continuous corn was 29 bushels per acre, compared with 113 for the continuous corn that had received LNPK. Nevertheless, the long history of growing corn every year has taken its toll on the soil. Yearly tillage and organic matter loss are breaking down the structure of the soil, making it difficult for water to penetrate. Even with adequate fertilizer, continuous corn appears to be more vulnerable to moisture stress in dry -rowing seasons than is rotation corn.
Reflecting the rapidly changing technology in agricultural production, the Morrow Plots were modified again in 1967. Another section of each plot from all three cropping systems was treated with higher levels of LNPK. Plant populations also were increased. Corn yields of more than 200 bushels per acre were produced on three subplots during 1982. The highest corn yield that year was 215 bushels on the subplot which had received LNPK 1955 to present, but previously had received no limestone or fertilizer treatment. During 1985, this same subplot produced 205 bushels of corn per acre.
Soybeans, now the second most important crop in Illinois but unknown in the state when the plots began, were introduced into the cropping system in 1968 as part of a corn-soybeans rotation. Without soil treatment, the average soybean yield has been 35 bushels an acre (Fig. 4). With limestone and fertilizer added, soybean yields have increased to 48 bushels an acre.
From the story of the Morrow Plots comes both a warning and a promise. The warning is symbolized by the top ear of corn in Fig. 1. This ear grew on a plot whose soil was once productive. Year after year, the land was plowed and planted to corn. Year after year, the corn removed nutrients from the soil that were never returned. The result: pale, stunted plants and a small yield of low-quality nubbins.
The other ear of corn, however, reminds us that, with good rotation and adequate soil treatment, we can reap the benefits of the soil ourselves and still keep it productive for our children.
Persons interested in more details about the Morrow Plots can write to the Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102 South Goodwin, Urbana, Illinois 61801.
FIG. 6. Corn yields on the Morrow Plots, _PHONE_: Crop yields have been influenced
by both soil treatment and cropping systems. LNPK treatments were started in 1955


Jefferson Lab
Jefferson Lab, known officially as the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, is one of 17 US National Laboratories maintained by the US Department of Energy. The CLAS Experiment is located in Experimental Hall B. CLAS is an acronym for CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer. CEBAF is the acronym for Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility known for a "world-class" facility devoted to the experimentation and study of hadronic matter. The facility is used by scientists around the world to probe deeply into the interior of the atomic nucleus for the purpose of studying its properties.
Lamar University became a member of the CLAS Collaboration in July 2018, marking the first university in Texas to join CLAS.
Experimental Hall B
Experimental Hall B is the smallest of four experimental halls located at Jefferson Lab. Refer to the following resource for more information on Experimental Hall B to acquire more resources about the purpose, scientific and technical details of CLAS.
Experimental Hall B


text:
If you hear a flight attendant give a little sigh when you order a Diet Coke, you're about to learn why. According to a flight attendant on the flight blog These Golden Wings, Diet Coke takes the longest amount of time to pour. The author explains that high altitude makes carbonated drinks foam up more, and Diet Coke is the worst. The blog entry reads, "Pouring Diet Coke is one the biggest slow-downs in bar service and on shorter flights those precious seconds count!" A study by Illinois State University confirms that Diet Coke has higher levels of carbon dioxide than regular Coke, making it more fizzy, even on the ground.
Content Goes Here


text:
A Critical Case Study of Aadhaar Converting Traditional Social Welfare Systems into the Digital Age.docxThe University of Texas at Arlington (2016)
Known as the world's largest biometric identification system in the world, India just recently announced that its goal of 450 million people has been realized in the form of their unique biometric identification social welfare system called Aadhaar. This paper investigates, reviews, and analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of the innovative and cost-effective digital social welfare system in India, known as Aadhaar. As of this writing, it is currently the world's most prominent and popular social welfare system with vast opportunities and innovative implications for potential adaptation by other countries with a vast deluge of potential benefits since it has overwhelmingly passed every milestone and projected target that it was originally designed for through a comprehensive and innovative conversion of what was a stoic, stodgy and traditional non-digital social welfare delivery system into a digital successful breakthrough of design, implementation, and execution custom fit for the twenty-first century and beyond.
- Aadhaar card,
- Supreme Court order,
- UIDAI scheme,
- National Population Register,
- Citizenship Act,
- Registrar-General and Census Commissioner of India,
- biometric data,
- social welfare,
Publication DateFall December 17, 2016
Citation InformationSkylar M.G. Joyner. "A Critical Case Study of Aadhaar Converting Traditional Social Welfare Systems into the Digital Age.docx" The University of Texas at Arlington (2016)
Available at: _URL_
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons CC_BY International License.


- Wigan Hearing
Check out these 11 fun facts about hearing:
Newborn babies' middle ear is full of fluid and can impair their hearing slightly.
A dog's attention level can be determined by noticing their ears. Ears forward means engaged. Pulled back ears means friendly.
Your ears don't stop hearing when you sleep; your brain chooses to ignore sound.
Snakes hear through their jawbone and fish hear through ridges on their body because neither have physical ears.
You do not need to clean the wax out of your ears unless you have an abnormal condition.
Ears push the excess wax out as needed.
Sound travels at the speed of 1,130 feet per second.
A newborn baby's entire hearing apparatus is slightly immature but responds best to high-pitched voices.
The number one cause of hearing loss is exposure to excessively loud sounds (85 decibels or higher).
In the inner ear, there are three small loops above the cochlea called semicircular canals. Like the cochlea, they are also filled with liquid and have thousands of microscopic hairs. When you move your head, the liquid in the semicircular canals moves, too, and helps you keep balance when in motion.
What is your favourite fact about hearing?
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Tolkien Gateway
Valandil (Lord of Andúnië)
Biographical Information
BirthS.A. 630
ParentageSilmariën and Elatan
Physical Description
Valandil was the son of Elatan of Andúnië and Silmariën, the eldest daughter of Tar-Elendil, the fourth King of Númenor. He founded the line of the Lords of Andúnië, who ruled the city on the western shores of the island kingdom of Númenor. Though he did not belong to the direct royal line, he remained close to the royal house, and was important among the Council of the Sceptre (a post he passed on to his descendants).
In the story of Aldarion and Erendis, Valandil held a feast around Second Age 700 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Guild of Venturers and another feast for Aldarion and Erendis after their wedding in 870.
 | | |
 | | |
Elatan = Silmariën Isilmë Tar-Meneldur = Almarian
 | |
 | |
 VALANDIL Tar-Aldarion
Preceded by:
1st Lord of Andúnië
II 630 – c.870
Followed by:
eventually Eärendur


text:
Italian Language Course C2.1 Proficiency
Our school offers both group and private classes of Italian.
Each group class includes 4-8 students and will commence with a minimum of 4 students. Courses are offered on a modular basis (from module 1 to module 3) and each module follows the standards of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2). Each teaching class lasts 2 hours, for a total of 12 classes (24 hours) per module. The C2 book will be issued on the first day of lesson and will be used for both modules.
1:1 private classes are offered both inside and outside the school, varying from a 10-hour package (once per week) to a 20-hour package (twice per week). They are customized according to the student's needs and each package can be repurchased.
At the end of their two C2 modules, our students reach the "mastery level" in Italian (proficiency level: C2) and are able to understand without any effort everything they hear or read in Italian. They can sum up information from any kind of source (both oral and written) and re-compose a coherent text about it. They can express themselves fluently and precisely, by making use of some linguistic and pragmatic nuances to convey slightly different meanings according to the context.
Students must maintain a minimum of 75% attendance (9 lessons out of 12) to be eligible for a Certificate of Attendance awarded by the Singapore Italian School.
By reaching the C2 level, the student masters the Italian language and is able to test their Italian language knowledge through the language exam CILS level C2. The CILS certification is a qualification issued by the university which declares the level of linguistic and communicative competences in Italian as a foreign language.
Our students can take this exam at the end of their C2.2 module, once they have completed both C1 modules. At the end of each module (C2.1, C2.2) they will be tested with a 50-minutes exam based on the topics learned in the module, which however does not function as a language certificate.
The CILS C2 level exam is divided into 5 parts which will test the student's oral comprehension (part 1), the written comprehension (part 2), the grammatical structure knowledge (part 3), the written production (part 4) and the oral production (part 4). To complete part 1 – part 4 you will be given 5 hours and 15 minutes (with a 15-minute break before part 3), while part 5 will take 15 minutes and will test both your oral interaction (dialogue with your teacher) and oral production (monologue on a topic) skills.
- Over 24 lectures and 48 hours of content.
- Small classes (4-8 pax) for a better language practice and learning.
- Lessons recaps sent weekly directly from your teacher.
- Make-up classes at competitive prices.
- Online continuous learning and assessment.
- Conversational Italian supported by grammatical evidences.
- Course content designed by considering both the students' needs and the Common Framework Reference for Languages (CEFR) standards.
- Practical assignments at the end of every session.
- Extra material for those students who want to improve one specific linguistic dimension.
- Lectures 0
- Quizzes 0
- Duration 24 hours
- Skill level Proficiency
- Language English
- Students 4
- Certificate Yes
- Assessments Yes


text:
The primary curriculum review and redevelopment necessitates a comprehensive understanding of national and international curriculum studies and literature. Account is also taken of curriculum research and trends internationally.
The NCCA collaborated with national and international researchers to develop a series of short papers on key aspects of a curriculum. The papers cover a range of topics including a critique of the 1999 curriculum, values and priorities for education, key competencies, integration, and assessment. They also include an audit of curriculum developments in other jurisdictions.
As part of Languages Connect: Ireland's Strategy for Foreign Languages in Education 2017-2026 (DES, 2017), the NCCA commissioned a background paper on the possible integration of modern foreign languages in the redeveloped primary curriculum. Read the background paper here.
This information booklet was shared with all primary schools in June 2019. It outlines why the NCCA is undertaking primary curriculum review and redevelopment, the work to date, what we are hearing, and the next steps. Importantly, it suggests how you and your school can get involved.
© 2020 National Council for Curriculum and Assessment. All Rights Reserved


Thermes de Cluny
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Thermes de Cluny: caldarium
It is believed that the bath complex was built by the influential guild of boatmen of 3rd-century Roman Paris or Lutetia, as evidenced by the fact that the consoles on which the barrel ribs rest are carved in the shape of ships' prows. Like all Roman Baths, these baths were freely open to the public, and were meant to be, at least partially, a means of romanizing the ancient Gauls. [1] As the baths lay across the Seine river on the left bank and were unprotected by defensive fortifications, they were easy prey to roving barbarian groups who apparently destroyed the bath complex sometime at the end of the 3rd century.
The bath complex is now partly an archeological site, and partly incorporated into the Musée national du Moyen Age, and as such is the occasional repository for historic stonework or masonry found from time to time in Paris. The spectacular frigidarium is entirely incorporated within the museum and houses the Pilier des Nautes. Although somewhat obscured by renovations and reuse over the past two thousand years, several other rooms from the bath complex are also incorporated into the museum, notably the gymnasium which now forms part of gallery 9 (Gallery of French Kings and sculptures from Notre Dame). The caldarium (hot water room) and the tepidarium (warm water room) are both still present as ruins outside the Musée itself and on the museum's grounds.
External links[edit]


August 28, 2013
Exceptional Exception Handling
The best way to write a reliable crash reporter on Mac OS X is to make it handle EXC_CRASH, but this will only work if you can handle the crash in another process. You can't catch EXC_CRASH in-process. This question arises from time to time, and I saw it most recently in Apple radar _PHONE_.
The short story is that your process is already dead by the time EXC_CRASH is raised. The long story is interesting, though.
Hardware Traps to Mach Exceptions
EXC_CRASH isn't like the other exception types in that it doesn't originate as a hardware trap (or fault, interrupt, or exception, depending on terminology). Take EXC_BAD_INSTRUCTION, for example. On x86 (ARM is similar but the iOS kernel source isn't public), that's the Mach exception that corresponds to the _TAG_ hardware exception, among others. You can see the genesis of EXC_BAD_INSTRUCTION in the kernel source at 10.8.4 xnu-2050.24.15/osfmk/i386/trap.c user_trap. ( T_INVALID_OPCODE is the constant for _TAG_.) When your code triggers _TAG_ (perhaps via a ud2 mnemonic, which clang will generate for you if you call __builtin_trap()—on ARM, it gives you a trap mnemonic), it gets turned into an EXC_BAD_INSTRUCTION Mach exception, which will be delivered to the Mach exception handler registered for the thread, task, or host. The handlers are attempted in that order, and the first one that's got a handler registered for the exception type gets to handle the exception. You can see this delivery mechanism in xnu-2050.24.15/osfmk/kern/exception.c exception_triage. The handler can be anything: in-process, out-of-process, or nonexistent.
Mach Exceptions to POSIX Signals
For the normal hardware crash types (everything in from EXC_BAD_ACCESS through EXC_MACH_SYSCALL), there's a host-level exception handler present, installed by the kernel, and whose handler runs in the kernel. The exception port is called ux_exception_port in the kernel, and it's set up by xnu-2050.24.15/bsd/kern/bsd_init.c bsdinit_task. Note that it uses EXC_MASK_ALL, which does not include EXC_CRASH. The actual handler code is xnu-2050.24.15/bsd/uxkern/ux_exception.c catch_mach_exception_raise (this is probably where things will start to sound familiar if you've written your own Mach exception handler before) which, in conjunction with ux_exception and the processor-specific machine_exception, is responsible for mapping the Mach exception to a POSIX signal and sending that to the victim process. The EXC_BAD_INSTRUCTION example will be turned into SIGILL, for example. EXC_BAD_ACCESS, which could have started as _TAG_ (T_GENERAL_PROTECTION) or _TAG_ (T_PAGE_FAULT), maps to SIGSEGV or SIGBUS, depending on the circumstances that caused the trap. Concisely, for Mach exceptions that aren't EXC_CRASH, unless you've got your own exception handler registered at the thread or task level, the in-kernel host-level exception handler will send your process a signal.
Lots of people writing Mach exception handlers set them up at the task level, and they use EXC_MASK_ALL or specific EXC_MASK values to pick the exception types they want to handle. This works if your exception handler is out-of-process, and if in-process, it works as well as an in-process handler can work (with the obvious caveat regarding exceptions on the exception handler thread). You're not going to get a POSIX signal, but that's probably fine, because if you're handling exceptions through the Mach interface, you're probably not trying to catch signals anyway.
Software-Based Termination
If you're messing with EXC_CRASH, you probably know that a major drawback of this scheme is that it can only respond to crashes that originated as genuine hardware traps. abort() and all of the things that wind up calling abort() are not, they're generated entirely in software. This is important for a crash reporter because lots of interesting crashes arise through this mechanism, such as assertion failures and runtime (C++ and Objective-C) exceptions. abort() is implemented in Libc-825.26/stdlib/FreeBSD/abort.c abort, and it raises SIGABRT all on its own, without ever triggering a hardware trap. That means that your program can catch these crashes in-process via the POSIX signal interface, but because it was never a Mach exception to begin with, there's no opportunity to catch one.
This is where EXC_CRASH comes in. EXC_CRASH is a new (as of Mac OS X 10.5) exception type that's only generated in one place: when a process is dying an abnormal death. In xnu-2050.24.15/bsd/kern/kern_exit.c proc_prepareexit, the logic says that if the process is exiting due to a signal that's considered a crash (one that might generate a " core" file, identified by the presence of SA_CORE in xnu-2050.24.15/bsd/sys/signalvar.h sigprop), an EXC_CRASH Mach exception will be raised for the task. Along with several other signals, the SIGILL, SIGSEGV, SIGBUS, and SIGABRT examples above are all core-generating, so they qualify for this treatment. By the time a process is exiting due to an unhandled signal, it's a goner. It's not going to be scheduled any more. That includes any Mach exception handler that was running on a thread in the process. This is why you can't catch EXC_CRASH exceptions in the process itself: by the time an EXC_CRASH is generated, your process is no longer running. Indeed, in the bug report, you can see the abort() as an "upstream" caller of in-kernel process teardown code, passing through proc_prepareexit, exception_triage, and ultimately getting blocked waiting for a response to mach_exception_raise that will never come.
I recommend EXC_CRASH as the best way to handle crashes, but it absolutely requires an out-of-process handler, which is a more robust architecture for other reasons anyway. If your handler needs to be in-process for whatever reason (including being on a platform where you're not supposed to be able to run more than one process), EXC_CRASH won't work, but nothing's stopping you from writing signal handlers, or from writing a Mach exception handler for all of the hardware-based exceptions and adding a SIGABRT handler to cover software-based crashes.
Leading by Example: Apple's Crash Reporter
Apple's Crash Reporter (or CrashReporter, or ReportCrash, after the name of its executable) is kind of fibbing when it tells you that the reason for your crash was " EXC_CRASH (SIGABRT)". Everything that it catches was caught via EXC_CRASH. When it catches an EXC_CRASH that originated as a hardware exception, it recovers the original Mach exception type from the exception codes passed to it, stashed away by proc_prepareexit, and it shows you that instead of EXC_CRASH. This is where most people's first encounter with EXC_CRASH comes from, and based on preexisting experience with the Mach exception handling interface, it can be misleading.
ReportCrash is set as the default exception server for EXC_CRASH by launchd. launchd-442.26.2/src/core.c job_set_exception_port sets an internal variable, the_exception_server, the first time it sees a job that contains a Mach service definition that contains an ExceptionServer key with a boolean value (regardless of the actual value), or any time any Mach service definition has a value attribute that's a dictionary regardless of the key. (This behavior seems odd to me too.) For a user launchd, the launch agent at /System/Library/LaunchAgents/ provides the_exception_server in the form of a service named Subsequently, when launching any process (and user launchd is responsible for launching all processes in a user's graphical login session), launchd-442.26.2/src/core.c job_setup_exception_port will default to the_exception_server as the task-level EXC_CRASH handler if no other exception port was specified. For the system launchd (which runs as the init process), the launch daemon at /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/ provides the_exception_server in the form of a service named, and once it's detected, job_setup_exception_port immediately sets it as the host-level EXC_CRASH handler. Because task-level exception ports are inherited from parent processes by their children, this allows ReportCrash to run as the logged-in user for a crash in any process that descends from a user's session, unless overridden by setting a different task-level EXC_CRASH handler. System-level coverage is provided by a ReportCrash instance that runs as root for any other process on the system descended from the root launchd ( init).
To handle user processes not descended from a user's launchd, processes associated with a specific user can set the user's handler themselves. login does this to provide user-level coverage of terminal logins via SSH, for example. Finally, to avoid the deadlock problem that would otherwise arise, crashes in the user-level process itself are addressed by a distinct user-level instance of ReportCrash operating under the service name.
In the pre-10.5, pre-EXC_CRASH days,


text:
The molecules of life
The molecules of life If we exclude water, the greatest part of our food and drink is of organic origin and is derived from plants or animals, which themselves are more than half made up of water while in living form. Water is, therefore, the most important single substance for life and its sustenance. Organic material from plants and animals is classified into four different categories: proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. The first three categories supply the most vital molecular components in our food, also sushi.
KeywordsDouble Bond Essential Amino Acid Essential Fatty Acid Lipid Molecule Cane Sugar
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Manitoba has a total population of 1,103,695 people. The capital city is Winnipeg, which has a total population of 661,725. The total area of the province is 160,070,638 acres, of which 90% is Crown Land and the remaining 10% is privately held.
How Manitoba is owned
The Crown owns all land in Manitoba. Only 10% of Crown land has been placed in freehold tenure and the remaining Crown land remains in the possession of the Crown, directly, and is administered by the Provincial Government.
Homes in freehold tenure
There are 432,555 dwellings in Manitoba. Of these, 276,735 are held in freehold tenure by the occupant. 64% of people in Manitoba hold their own home, freehold.
Manitoba has two National Parks which cover a total of 3,576,772 acres. An additional 9,884,000 acres are covered by the 39 Provincial Parks and 44 ecological, heritage and wildlife reserves.
There are 21,071 farms in Manitoba, covering a total of 18,783,995 acres. The average farm size is 892 acres. Of this, 20,031 farms are held in freehold tenure by the operator, covering a total of 11,729,953acres. The remaining farms are rented or leased and cover 7,054,042 acres.
The principal minerals and resources mined in Manitoba include nickel, copper, zinc, crude oil, gold, sand and gravel. Significant mines include New Britannia (gold), Flin Flon, Thompson and Leaf Rapids.
Total Forest Land held by the Province: 84,681,170 acres
Forest Land held by the Federal Government:
Federal Aboriginal Land: 301,462 acres
Other Federal Land: 1,153,957 acres
Total: 1,455,419 acres
Privately held land (held by individuals, companies, municipalities):
Industrial: 0 (This figure is uncertain and subject to conflicting estimates)
Nonindustrial: 2,456,174 acres
Other: 271,810 acres
Total: 2,727,984 acres
Percentage of land held by Provincial Government: 94%
Percentage of land held by Federal Government: 1%
Percentage of Forest Land Privately held: 5%
Percentage of Industrial Private holders: 0% (See above)
Big in Manitoba Landowners
Normandy Mining Ltd
Page last changed: 2nd July 2007 @ 8:39 am


A Brief History of Neckties
Following the event held the other week at Dashing Tweeds (4th July 2019) where I felt honoured to talk about the history of neckwear, which leads to neckties as we know it today. Also, unravelling the construction of ties and demonstrating the different knots that you can apply to your style now.
The new collection 'Work of Art: Well Dressed Man' was also showcased to our guests.
View the new collection here.
In the midst of my obsession with creating ties for myself because I couldn't find a tie I liked, which developed into the Shaun Gordon brand. I couldn't help wondering about where ties came from? And why were they worn in the first place?
The earliest discovery of neckwear as we know it was in China. During the reign of the first Emperor Qin Shih Haug-di (259-221 BC), he built 8000 sculptures of Terracotta soldiers in an underground chamber for the purpose of his reign in the after-life. It was noted that each soldier wore a scarf around their neck, which wrapped around once and tucked into their armour.
Another observation was in AD 113 in Rome, Emperor Traianus erected the column of Trajan, which has sculpted relief of 2500 around the circumference. Most of these military men wore neckwear around their neck, which were knotted and left the ends to drapes. It is believed that this is the earliest forefather of the four in hand knot because of the knot's shape and how the ends draped. Interestingly to note, the civilians did not wear neckwear as it was believed to be effeminate or meant you were sick!
However, it is commonly believed that today's tie ancestors stem from King Louis 13th (France) who fought alongside with the Croatian Cavalry Mercenaries against the Hamburg empire for 30 years (Hence the name of the war '30th Year War', 1618-48). The Croatian soldiers wore muslin neckwear, which they called the 'cravat'. This was worn by wrapping the cloth around their neck twice and ended with a simple knot with two short tails. During this time Charles 2nd was exiled in France and 9 years later when he returned to England to claim back his throne, he also inherits the French fashion and wore the cravat. In those times the Monarch was the style influencers and before you know it everyone from the courtiers to civilian wore the cravat. Depending on your social standing would determine what type of material you wore such as a prince would be seen wearing lace and a working class wearing muslin.
During the course of the 18th century, there were various trends and the one that stands out for me was the Macaronis, whose style was eccentricity on steroids! From the voluminous wigs, powered faces, big lapels, bold colour and pattern combinations and wore cravats that wrapped round their neck ten times with a big bow for extra 'punch'.
In contrast to George 'Beau' Brummell who inspires King George 4th during the early 19th century with a style, which speaks inconspicuousness. To paraphrase a quote of his 'If John Bull looks at you, then you are not well-dressed'. The idea behind Brummell style was to be understated and allow the form of clothes to complement your body with perfect balance. Therefore this meant no bold colours or design details that called to attention. The only expression of individuality was through the tying of your cravat. Bearing in mind, that he only wore white until he fled away from England due to being heavily in debt and wore black cravat as it required less washing.
Legends have it that it took Brummell 5 hours to get ready and with the continuous tying of his cravat contributed to this. As tying the cravat meant that it was not allowed to have any creases and the knot itself had to be perfectly placed in the middle. With every wrong attempt, Brummell would discard his linen cravat. And start again with a fresh one. Notice how he uses linen and linen by nature creases! The everyday gentleman with a family did not have time to wake up at 4am in the morning to perfect his cravat before heading out to work in the morning! Therefore, it opened up a market for craftsman and tailors to produce accessible neckwear, which complemented the increasing active lifestyle at that time
By the end of the 19th century there were three reigning neckwear's, which was the Bow-tie, the Ascot and the Necktie (formerly called the four in hand).
Though the necktie was the most popular of the three, it had shortcomings such as due to the tie being cut on the grain (straight), during the course of wear it would loosen and not stay in place. Hence the reason why they wore tie pins or clips. Then the problem was solved by Jesse Langsdorf (N.Y, USA) in 1926 by cutting the tie's fabric on the bias (45 degrees angle) and with three separate pattern pieces: Blade (Front), Neck (Middle) and Tail (Back).
I am presuming he created the patterns into three pieces to save on fabric wastage. The result of this gave the tie elasticity to accommodate the daily knots applied. This also gave the fabric more resilient to creases and allow the tie to drape straight without twisting.
As time went on wearing waistcoat became unfashionable and therefore, the necktie grew longer to meet the trouser's waistband. And there we have the early tie as we know it today.
I can only conclude with and hope that you walk away looking at the humble necktie in a completely different light. It really is an evolutionary work of art or craftsmanship, which I hope will be with us for many more decades to come.
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text:
Doubters say that we need to wait until systems are available to store energy when the wind stops blowing, or that clean energies will always be secondary to oil.
But the obvious solution is all around us. Sugarcane has the optimum photosynthesis process to transform sunlight into plant material. There are a variety of methods available to transform these plants into energy, from burning bagasse—which is done today—to planned ethanol factories and modern gasification plants. All of these methods can also utilize leaves that are now wastefully burned away.
It's a bit more expensive to make energy from sugarcane than from oil. It's a bit cheaper to make energy from wind. A combination of wind and sugarcane together with solar and storage turns out to be a perfect solution. Analyzing the available resources brings to light that in God's infinite wisdom, we have just the right amount of sugarcane growing to balance the variations in wind energy.
Old man sugar is in trouble. Sugar prices have not increased in 25 years. Most sugar plantations on the islands have closed. There is not a good alternative crop in sight, but empty fields would allow winds to blow dust throughout Kahului and North Kīhei. Clearly, the transformation into an energy plantation is the only way out.
Thirty 5 MW windmills would generate half of our electricity needs, and sugar plants (including the leaves) would generate the other half. Electricity prices would stop rising and new jobs would be created. To complete the picture, powerful electric cars will be available next year, which could run on 100 percent clean energy if this system was in place.
Given the political will, Maui could be powered by 100 percent clean energy within five to seven years.


text:
06 Oct 2022 Recommendation for the eIDAS toolbox
Eurosmart, the Voice of the Digital Security Industry, started working on digital identity topics in 1999 – long before the eIDAS Regulation was even enacted. The association has developed strong expertise in the field, including standardisation aspects.
In this new document, Eurosmart would like to focus on specific points that deserve attention in the context of the eIDAS toolbox. This document builds on the set of technical guidelines that Eurosmart prepared at the beginning of the year.
Eurosmart's recommendation concerns six topics:
- Security and data protection
- Specific functionalities of the Wallet that need to be considered in the design phase or for which there is a lack of standardisation
- The level of trust that relying parties can place in the attestations of attributes
- Gatekeepers' ecosystems
- Governance aspects
- The format of attestations of attributes
In addition, readers will find an Annexe that compiles standards per Wallet functionality.
For the eIDAS toolbox, the most relevant European standardisation working groups are CEN/TC 224/ WG 17 and WG 20) and ETSI TC ESI. Their past and ongoing work is particularly useful for the eIDAS toolbox and often mentioned in this paper.Eurosmart_recommendation_eIDAS_toolbox_FINAL


text:
Drug Sentece Context
Table 1. Analysis of context sentence of guanfacine gene in 1 abstracts.
|33229969||Brian's developmental pediatrician initiated guanfacine (eventually adding a small dose of aripiprazole) and referred the family to psychology for weekly telehealth behavioral parent training to address behavioral concerns using the Research Units in Behavioral Intervention curriculum.1Brian's behavioral problems decreased during the initial weeks of the COVID-19 crisis, when he no longer had to leave home or attend special education. […] The developmental pediatrician continued to modify the medication regimen over the summer, transitioning Brian from guanfacine to clonidine and increasing his aripiprazole incrementally (with clear increased benefit); hydroxyzine was also used as needed during the episodes of highest intensity.Despite the availability of best-practice guidelines for children with Brian's presenting concerns,2 a confluence of barriers (geographic, economic, ABA work force, global pandemic, etc.) present serious questions for his family and care team related to the next steps in Brian's care.|


text:
Part of Child and Adolescent Clinic which is engaged in outpatient treatment of children and adolescents under the age of 15, who are exhibiting a variety of mental health problems characteristic for this age. The only category of disorders that are not treated in this department are – addiction disorders.
The first examination should be scheduled, except in emergencies. It is necessary for children to get accompanied by their parents or guardians – that should have a written custody decision.
Within this department operates:
Unit for the protection of children against abuse and neglect
In addition to individual psychotherapy, defectological and pedagogical treatment within the department are organized:
1. Adolescents Club: „ 12+"
2. Groups for mothers with children under the age of two: „Prevention of disorders in mother-child relationship",
3. Team meetings (team consideration of complicated cases, presentation of new therapeutic and theoretical achievements in the field of developmental psychiatry)
Head of Department for specialist – consultant examinations: Prim, Olivera Aleksić Hil, Child Psychiatry Spec., MD, mr sci.
Head Medical Technician of the Department for Specialist-Consultant Examinations:
Biljana Milićević, Psychiatric Mental Health Advanced Practice Registered Nurse


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Examining Public Perceptions of Career and Technical Education in Nebraska - Survey of General Public (July 2010)
This report presents the findings of the survey: "Examining Public Perceptions of Career and Technical Education (CTE) in Nebraska." In Nebraska, CTE is also commonly referred to as "Career Education," but for the purposes of this report, the term "CTE" will be used. There are six subject areas that fall under the umbrella of CTE: 1) Agricultural Education (Environmental and Agricultural Systems); 2) Business and/or Marketing (Business Marketing and Management); 3) Computer Education/Information Technology; 4) Family and Consumer Sciences (Human Services); 5) Health Science; and 6) Industrial Technology (Industrial Manufacturing and Engineering Systems).
The purpose of the survey is to inform possible revisions to CTE standards in Nebraska. Thus, the results herein provide a snapshot of public perceptions of CTE among a randomly selected portion of the public in Nebraska. This survey was conducted during March, April and May, 2010. Both landline and cell phone users were surveyed. Of the 535 respondents, 447 (84%) were landline users, while the other 88 (16%) were cell phone users. The response rate for landline users was 33.9% and was 17.7% for cell phone users. The margin of error for this study is 4.23%. The mean age for the entire sample was 55; the mean age for landline users was 57 and the mean age for cell phone users was 44. Respondents were primarily female (59%) and white (95%). Respondents were roughly evenly split between rural (52%) and urban (48%) areas of the state; urban areas were defined as Douglas, Lancaster and Sarpy Counties, and rural areas were defined as any other county. Finally, 29% of respondents indicated that they had children in school in Nebraska. Where possible, researchers worded questions to allow for comparisons to responses to a similar survey that was administered to Nebraska educators in late 2009; these comparisons are included within this report.


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The California Poppy is a member of the Papaveraceae family. The Poppy family consists of 42 genera and approximately 800 species. It is named for Johann Friedrich Von Eschscholtz; a German botanist who explored California in 1810. Eschscholzia californica became the official state flower in1902 beating out the Mariposa Lily (Calochotrus) and the Matilija Poppy (Romneya) for the Honor.
Eschscholzia californica is an herbaceous annual or biennial, 6 inches to two feet in height and spread. The leaves are bluegrey-green, glaucus and finely divided into linear segments. The leaves are primarily basal and attach to a long thin carrot like taproot. The flowers have four bright orange silky petals 1 to 2 inches long and bloom from February through September. The flower has numerous stamens and 1 pistil attached to a superior ovary. The flowers close at night or in windy conditions to help conserve water. The seed pod is a single chambered linear tube; 1 ½ to 3 inches long and 1/8 inches in diameter, containing 50 or more seeds. The seeds are round, dark brown to black in color and less than a thirty-second of an inch in diameter.
Eschscholzia californica is native to the Western United States and Northern Mexico from sea level to 6000 feet of elevation. It is commonly found in large colonies in open meadows and hillsides. It is tolerant of most soil types, but prefers well drained loam and full sun.
California Poppy leaves and roots contain several useful medicinal compounds in the form of alkaloids. The main alkaloids are Chelirubine, Sanguinarine and Macarpine; which are used as an Analgesic, Sedative and Antispasmodic. The seeds were also consumed by Native Americans as a source of protein.
There are several other species of Eschscholzia native to California.
E. caespitosa; Tufted Poppy. Tufted foliage and yellow flowers
E. lemmonii; Lemon's Poppy. The leaves are whitish and pubescent.
E. minutiflora; Pigmy Poppy. The plant is less than 3 inches tall.
E. ramose; Island Poppy. The flowers are less than ½ inch in diameter.
–By Steven Schulz


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Star Wars: The Fist of Oppression
The Gands, or Gand (pronounced /Gănd/), were a sentient species of humanoids that xenobiologists believed had evolved from an insect genus that inhabited the ammonia-gas planet of Gand. Gands were considered by galactic society to be a very humble species, a trait resultant of their culture, which dictated that an individual's identity had to be earned. Accordingly, most Gands were self-deprecating and polite, and usually referred to themselves in the third person. First-person pronouns were reserved for the most legendary of Gands, as the usage presumed that one was so renowned that everyone knew one's name. However, an accomplished Gand often responded with humility if praised and even downplayed his or her achievements.
For more information visit Gands.


Nov 7 2008 1:34pm
Here There Be Dragons: Or Sometimes Not.
Q: When is a dragon not really a dragon?
A: When you are looking at the tiles in a mah-jong set.
When I started my research into mah-jong in anticipation of writing Thirteen Orphans, I looked forward to learning the answer to a question that had puzzled me since the first time I'd looked at a set of tiles.
Why is the Red Dragon tile inscribed with the character that means "center"? What does "center" have do with dragons?
The answer is that "center" has absolutely nothing at all to do with dragons. In fact, even the idea of dragons entered mah-jong terminology fairly late in the development of the game.
In the earliest surviving sets of mah-jong tiles, there are only six "honors" suits: the four directions (or winds) and two tiles with no set association of any sort. One of these is usually labeled "center" and the other is usually left blank.
Experts still argue when the final honors suit—now called the Green Dragon—was added, but certainly it had appeared by the late 1800s, as it is included in a set purchased in either 1889 or 1890.
Just as the Red Dragon tile is actually "center," the late added Green Dragon tile is labeled with the character meaning "get rich." The White Dragon very well may have begun life as a blank replacement tile or a joker. However, as time passed, the White Dragon became a standard part of play. The tile was now sometimes labeled with "B" or "P", the first letter in the word "bai" or "pai" (depending on your transliteration system) meaning "white."
When the White Dragon became standard for play, additional tiles were added to serve as replacements or jokers. This is why in some sets you have both tiles that are blank and tiles labeled "B" or "P". Sometimes the spare tile has a border around the edges. If there is a pure white tile and a bordered tile, it's up to house rules which tile serves as the White Dragon.
But how did center, get rich, and white become three dragons, adding richness to the imagery of the game, and contributing to any number of poetically named limit hands?
Likely the transition had to do with the game's acquiring Western players. Western players would not recognize what the inscribed characters "center" and "get rich" meant, and a blank tile is just plain confusing. Someone sought for something to call those three odd honors tiles, and settled on the symbol almost universally associated with the mystic Orient. This is, of course, the dragon.
Moreover, because these tiles were often printed in red, green, and white, you ended up with three colors of dragons.
It is quite likely that the direction tiles had been associated with winds for a long while. Therefore, the honors tiles became known as Winds and Dragons, creating poetry where none had been initially, once again transforming a mere gambling game into something that inspires not only enjoyment, but strange twists of the imagination.
Please note: This is the fifth post I've written about various aspects of the game of mah-jong. Rather than repeat myself, you can find them here, here, here, and here.
1. Jei
I've been enjoying your posts about mah jongg. I play the National Mah Jongg League's version with friends on a (mostly) weekly basis. I have a friend who plays one of the Chinese versions & another friend who plays the Wright-Patterson version as well. My daughters & grandsons have learned to play. We always play at least one game when they come to visit.
- -
2. heresiarch
So this intriguingly mysterious appellation which Westerners find so fascinating came about because Westerners wanted an appropriately exotic name to go with their exotic game? Hm.
3. bookfoldbrewcineaste
I learned how to play Mah Jongg when I was living in Japan back in the early 90's. A wonderful Japanese couple, who were very generous to my wife and I during our stay in their city, taught us the game, and even presented us with one of their sets of tiles when we left.
I can't remember now if the husband--who had a wonderful sense of humor--referred to the red and green honors tiles as dragons, but I'll always remember what he called the blank white tiles. Whenever he drew one that he couldn't use, he would sigh and discard it with the dismissive exclamation, "Tofu!"
Jane Lindskold
4. janelindskold
I thought I posted a response to this thread...
I guess I punched the wrong button.
In any case...
"bookfold" you got me... I'm never, ever going to be able to look at the "White Dragon" without thinking "Tofu"!
Thanks for the laugh...
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06 Feb
What is the role of a Title Examiner?
Title ExaminerThe primary task of a Title Examiner, also known as an Abstractor, is to search and summarize title records of real estate. The legal documents and insurance records have to be summarized for a variety of purposes. It's because, for land or building to be sold, its title has to be clear of liens or legal issues. Any buyer who wishes to buy a property would get its title checked before beginning the purchasing process. Only when the title is clear will the buyer be able to get a loan sanctioned to by the property by a financial institution.
Other names for Title Examiner also include Title Officer, Commercial Title Examiner Abstract Clerk, Data Abstractor, Escrow Officer, etc. They all perform similar tasks of compiling, searching and scrutinizing the lists of contracts, mortgages and other instruments related to property titles. For this, they have to go about searching public and private records for at the county offices, law firms, or title insurance companies. Here are the tasks performed by Title Examiner.
 - Analyzing search requests to determine the type of title evidence required
 - Obtaining the descriptions of properties as well as the names of parties involved
 - Preparing lists of legal instruments pertaining to a property
 - Examining the documentation related to the title that includes, liens, mortgages, judgments, plat books, legal agreements easements, maps, contracts, etc.
 - Verifying factors such as the legal descriptions, ownership, or restrictions related to the property
 - Preparing and issuing title insurance policies and title commitments based on information compiled from title searches.
 - Summarizing recorded documents, such as trust deeds, vesting contracts, etc., that can affect the property's title
In addition to the above tasks, a Title Examiner might also be required to:
 - Prepare legal documents
 - Investigate relevant legal materials to aid decision making
 - Evaluate legal information in public or personal record
The Title Examiner profile is suitable for people who consistently follow a given routine, and have the following skillsets:
 - Attention to Detail
 - Independence
 - Analytical Thinking
 - Time Management
 - Critical Thinking
 - Active Listening
Thus, a Title Examiner needs to be quick and precise at verifying the accuracy and completeness of land-related documents. They are also required to have a working knowledge of real estate procedures and legalities, as well as summarize the pertinent legal or sections of statutes from reference books, needed to prepare real estate closing statements.


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- It is not possible to clone Lonesome George now, but other endangered animals have been successfully cloned.
- In the future, cloning and further studying Lonesome George might be possible, so scientists are focusing on preserving his tissues now.
- Biobanks known as "frozen zoos" hold tissues and other remains of certain endangered animals.
The recent death of Lonesome George, the famed Galapagos tortoise believed to be the last representative of his subspecies, has many experts wondering how we should try to save other endangered and at-risk animals.
Cloning is one option. While cloning methods for reptiles are not as advanced as those for mammals, scientists also say they face other incredible obstacles.
"At the most, I could envision one male turtle of this subspecies cloned in future or maybe two males, but where are you going to get a female?" asked Martha Gomez, a senior scientist with the Audubon Nature Institute, which has one of the world's few "frozen zoos."
Frozen Zoos stockpile biological materials from a wide variety of rare and critically endangered species. The biological material is usually composed of gametes (sperm and egg cells), embryos, tissue samples, serum and other items. Together, they represent a bank vault of irreplaceable genetic information that can be preserved for possibly hundreds of years or more. In most cases, the materials are stored in holding tanks filled with liquid nitrogen.
Oliver Ryder, director of genetics at the San Diego Zoo, spoke to Discovery News as his team was racing to the Galapagos Islands to help preserve the tissues of Lonesome George. The San Diego Zoo operates one of the other few frozen zoos.
"This is an extremely urgent matter," Ryder said. "We had planned to meet in the Galapagos in two weeks to discuss preservation of the tortoises there. It is a bitter irony that Lonesome George died before we could even finish setting up the plans. It underscores the importance of preserving such animals."
"We are facing some logistical problems now, but we don't want to look back with 'what if's,'" he added. "This may be the only chance we'll have to preserve, document and study this tortoise subspecies."
Ryder believes discussions of cloning Lonesome George are premature at this point. Before that takes place, he thinks more must be learned about this particular tortoise's physiology and reproduction. Studying Lonesome George's remains may also help to reveal how tortoises often live to advanced ages, information that could one day lead to breakthroughs in extending human lifespans.
For cloning, researchers are focusing more on "species where we have detailed knowledge of their reproductive biology," Ryder said. That is one reason why cats, dogs and mice were among the first animals to be cloned. Scientists are now working to clone endangered relatives of such animals, in hopes of releasing those individuals into the wild to strengthen natural populations.
Earlier this year, Gomez and her colleagues successfully cloned endangered black-footed cats. An endangered wild ox, called a gaur, and a banteng (wild cattle) have also been successfully cloned. Work is underway to clone and otherwise increase the population of Sumatran rhinos, which presently number only about 200-300 in the wild.
While one healthy clone is an interesting novelty, clones must also be able to reproduce in order to be fully successful. Gomez said that kittens of cloned wild cat parents have died "due to problems with nuclear programing," but some normal kittens have resulted and continue to thrive.
Both she and Ryder say that there is no international policy calling for cloning and preservation of highly endangered species. Instead, isolated facilities and the work of dedicated individuals are responsible for the successes.
"The effort needs to be more widespread and organized," Gomez said.
Through published papers and talks, Ryder and his colleagues have repeatedly called for an organized global effort. It would need an "overarching international body" on par with UNESCO, he believes.
"The first step is saving tissue samples, as we're in the process of doing for Lonesome George," he said. "But we who are among the forefront would like to train others to establish frozen zoo biobanks in other countries."
"I am confident that one day such an international structure will come together, bringing in other conservation work, such as preserving habitat," Ryder concluded. "It's poignant to lose a subspecies like that of Lonesome George. People in the future will be looking back at us, wondering why we didn't act sooner."


Day 10 of the April 2013 AtoZ Challenge…
J is for….
Julia set – named after French mathematician Gaston Julia, is one of two complementary sets defined from a function in the context of complex dynamics, a topic of mathematics. A relatively small difference in values can create chaotic changes in the nearby functions in the sequence of iterated function systems. Whereas with the complementary Fatou set (named for Pierre Fatou, another French mathematician) changes in function values create similar and less variable results to the nearby function values, thus creating regular, orderly results from iterated function systems. (I really have no idea what that means, literally, but I interpret it to be the mathematical behaviour of the "regular" Fatou set and the "chaotic" Julia set.) In other words, the Julia set is a specific type of fractals, with certain mathematical properties. I dasten't go any further, because I would get into complex numbers, real and imaginary and pretty much out of my understanding. Here is a link that may describe it better for you, if you have the math background.
the fractal for J is:JOYOUS
Joyous is in my book, Fractal Dreams, which is available exclusively at RedmundPro.
Check out all my art at the following galleries:
_TAG_ _TAG_ _TAG_


text: Economic analysis to aid in the implementation of public policy made major strides in the 1960s when organizations such as the Rand Corporation and Resources for the Future began systematically applying benefit–cost analysis (BCA) to regulatory choices. A further burst of enthusiasm for economic analysis swept the policy world in the 1970s and 1980s. This surge gained momentum from the nearly revolutionary impact of economist Alfred Kahn and his merry band of academic warriors who disrupted long-standing political equilibria, brandishing economic analysis as their primary offensive weapon. The movement garnered support from the White House in both the Carter and Reagan administrations. During the latter an Executive Order issued in 1981 mandated that executive branch regulatory agencies formally include benefit–cost analysis in their evaluation of rules. The BCA approach was likewise endorsed by the George H.W. Bush, Clinton, George W. Bush, and Obama administrations to follow.


text: EXPERIMENT 3 INEXTINGUISHABLE FLAME Place a funnel against the flame of a candle and blow it through the thin end. The flame of candle won't so much as stir, although the stream of air from the funnel would seem to be striking the flame directly. You might think that the funnel is far way from the flame and bring the flame more near to funnel and blow harder alas you might be shocked because the flame is not deflected away from you but towards you in spite of the fact that you may blow harder, against the stream of air coming form the funnel. What is done to extinguish the flame? It is needed to locate the funnel so that flame is not on the axis of the funnel but in the line of its cone part. Now by blowing into the funnel you will easily extinguishes the candle. This is explained by the fact that air stream leaving the narrow part of the funnel does not propagate along the axis but spreads along the walls of the cone, thus forming a sort of air vortex. But the air along the funnel axis is rarefied with the result that airflow sets in near the axis, thus making it lean toward the funnel.


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Hopefully this is simple - I DataBind a bunch of labels and text controls in a Silverlight application (to DependencyProperties that I create in my class), but of course the text is empty at design time.
I'd still like to have an idea of how this will be laid out; is there a way to specify a design-time value, even though it's databound?
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up vote 4 down vote accepted
The feature you're looking for is Expression Blend Sample Data. Sample Data allows you to specify a Design Time data source that has some sample fields in it (names, addresses, numbers, images, hierarchies, etc).
Here's a good introduction article: _URL_
And here's a collection of links on Sample data: _URL_
The core of Sample Data is you use build a mock design time datasource in blend (shaped like your data types), define the type of sample data and the bindings get evaluated to give you a meaningful design time experience.
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Knoppix Linux newbie commands
This is a quick guide to the most-used commands in a Linux shell, intended for someone who has never used the shell (command line) in Linux before.
What is a shell?
The Linux shell is a CLI, or command line interface. A prompt (such as $ ) is shown and commands typed in. They are run when the enter key is pressed. The command executes, some text may be witten to the screen, the text scrolls up the screen, and a new line is displayed, with another prompt, ready for another command. The Linux shell is very advanced, most tasks can be accomplished using the shell, but this page focuses on the most basic tasks required.
Loading a shell
The simplest way to use a shell is to hold down the Ctrl and Alt keys, and press F1. Now login. To return to the grapical interface, repeat, but with a different key, probably F7, or in Knoppix F5.
If you're using a GUI, you can open a shell in a window. In KDE, for instance, click the shell icon: Shell
Setting a password
To set the password for the knoppix user open a shell and type passwd.
To set the root (administrator) password, first type su then type passwd. This can be useful if you need to access your knoppix machine from another machine.
Alternativly, you can open a root shell in Knoppix, click the pengion icon and click Root Shell Root shell
Mounting a drive
To mount a hard drive, you can just click its icon on the desktop. This mounts it read only. Right click on its icon and choose 'Change read/write mode' to make it writable. Change read write mode Note that, at the moment, Linux cannot write to NTFS-formatted drives – if you use Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP or Windows 2003 you probably have an NTFS-formatted drive. Knoppix will inform you of this, and will not let you write to your drive. Mounting CDs is done in the same way.
Mounting a USB drive
This should be as simple as plugging the USB drive in, waiting for an icon to appear on the desktop, and clicking it. If no icon appears on the desktop, try rebooting the computer into Knoppix with the drive plugged in. Some drives don't work well with Knoppix and cause it to crash, if Knoppix isn't booting and you have USB drives plugged in (including devices like cameras and MP3 players) try unplugging these and see if that corrects the problem.
Starting the Network
If your network was not started automatically when you loaded Knoppix, follow the steps given in Knoppix Recovery to start the network, using the NetCardConfig program. You can also type netcardconfig at the shell (command prompt), or select it from the pengiun menu.Network configuration
Wiping your hard drive
If you want to delete all the data from you hard drive, and intend to reinstall Windows, type this in a root shell:
root@ttyp0[knoppix]# fdisk -l /dev/hda
The computer should output some information, this lists the partitions (virtual drives) on the disc. If the computer runs Windows, you will probably see something like this:
knoppix@ttyp0[knoppix]$ su root@ttyp0[knoppix]# fdisk -l /dev/hda Disk /dev/hda: 40.0 GB, 40007761920 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 4864 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = _PHONE_ bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/hda1 * 1 1195 39070080+ 7 HPFS/NTFS
If you just want to wipe the drive use dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/hda1 bs=1M count=10M to write over the partition table. To erase this entire hard disc so that it is almost impossible to recover the data from it, type shred -fzv /dev/hda. Be careful doing this, you cannot recover the data!
If you want to wipe the drive and make new partitions, run cfdisk /dev/hda. This gives you a program you can use to make new partitions, you then have to initialise them, for instance I might make these partitions with cfdisk:
cfdisk 2.12 Disk Drive: /dev/hda Size: 40007761920 bytes, 40.0 GB Heads: 255 Sectors per Track: 63 Cylinders: 4864 Name Flags Part Type FS Type [Label] Size (MB) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ hda1 Boot Primary NTFS 4096.19 hda2 Primary Linux 2048.10 hda3 Primary Linux swap 509.97 hda5 Logical Linux 10240.48 hda6 Logical W95 FAT32 20480.95 Logical Free Space 2632.09
This means that /dev/hda1 is NTFS, /dev/hda2 and /dev/hda5 are Linux, /dev/hda5 is FAT32, and /dev/hda6 is free space: I can use this space later. I could install Windows on /dev/hda1, Linux on /dev/hda2, /dev/hda3 and /dev/hda5 and use /dev/hda6 for storing files readable and writable to both. To initialise these drives I use:
root@ttyp0[knoppix]# mkntfs -I /dev/hda1 root@ttyp0[knoppix]# mke2fs -j /dev/hda2 root@ttyp0[knoppix]# mkswap /dev/hda3 root@ttyp0[knoppix]# mkreiserfs /dev/hda5 root@ttyp0[knoppix]# mkdosfs -F 32 /dev/hda6
Writing a CD
You can burn a CD using the K3B program. K3B
Installing Knoppix
You can install Knoppix permanently to your disc with knoppix-installed. I do not recommend this however, instead I suggest you use Mandrake Linux as this is much more suited to day to day use.
You can also copy the Knoppix CD to your hard drive so that you can remove the CD once Knoppix has booted, enabling you to use you CD drive (if you only have one). This is not a simple task if you have an operating system installed on your computer already, briefly it requires you to make an 800MB partition (using Partition Magic if you do not want to lose data), format it to ext2fs (mke2fs /dev/hdaX), and at the boot prompt execute knoppix tohd=/dev/hdaX. You can then boot Knoppix, and at the prompt enter knoppix fromhd=/dev/hdaX. You can remove the CD once it starts detecting hardware.
Running programs
To run a program installed on the system, simply type its name: programname. If the program isn't installed in one of the standard locations you need to give a path, like./programname (if the program is in the current directory) or./myprogram/program or /home/matt/bin/programname.
Further Questions
I made this page after looking at what people had searched for when they got to this page. I shall continue to check what people are searching for and add anything appropriate, but if you'd like to contact me with any suggestions, they might make their way on here sometime!