text:
The list below provides a description of each parameter used in the SCRFA Fish Aggregation Database.
Aggregation (Fish Spawning): a grouping of a single species of reef fish that has gathered together in greater densities than normal with the specific purpose of reproducing.
Aggregation duration: The length of time (from hours to months) that the spawning aggregation lasts for.
Area of aggregation: An index to provide details of the two-dimensional substrate area over which the aggregation was observed to form at maximum numbers observed.
Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) trend: CPUE is a useful way of quantifying the amount of fish caught in relation to the amount of fishing performed; it is a proxy of abundance. Units depend of the type of fishing, e.g. kgs fish per hook per fisher per hour, number fish caught per 50 m length gill net per day. Changes in CPUE over time can be used to infer changes in the numbers of fish in the spawning aggregation providing certain assumptions are met.
Current status: A qualitative assessment of the Contact's opinion regarding the current status of the aggregation relative to the past. Categories are: Same (i.e. no change); Increasing; Decreasing, Gone. See Status parameter(s).
Direct - the following are critical spawning signs: spawning, hydrated eggs, postovulatory follicles.
Fish numbers: An index to describe the peak (maximum) number of fish observed for a given species in an aggregation at one time.
Habitat: Smaller scale of site details such as rubble, sand channels, seagrass.
Indirect – other signs that suggest the aggregations have formed for the purpose of spawning such as courtship, colour changes observed exclusively in association with reproduction, multiple gravid females.
Management/Protection: This field indicates whether the aggregation is managed or if the aggregating species is protected in any way during the time that the aggregation forms. Examples include a ban on sales during spawning season, Marine Protected Area (no-take), time/area closure, size limits, landing quota, limited entry, none. Enforcement: The level of enforcement for any management measures i.e. Strictly, Moderately, Lightly, None, Don't know. Monitoring type: The methodology used to monitor the aggregation. Examples include visual transects, visual point surveys, landings, test fishing, interviews, CPUE, etc. Monitored by: The affiliation of the person monitoring the aggregation, e.g. individual, organization, government department.
Moon phase: The lunar phase (new moon, first quarter, full moon, third quarter) during which aggregations were noted.
Reef geomorphology: The larger scale coral reef type such as Promontory, Drop-off, Reef Crest, Reef Channel, Inner/Outer Reef, or a verbal description.
Residentwhere individuals travel a short distance, from their typical site of residence, to the aggregation site taking a few hours or less and where spawning may occur many times a year, or
Sign of spawning: It is important to confirm that the aggregation observed has formed for the purpose of spawning (it is not uncommon to observe a non-spawning aggregation e.g. for feeding). Both direct and indirect indications can be used. Direct signs provide unequivocal evidence for spawning; indirect signs are other indications of spawning that need to be accompanied by supportive information.
Status parameter(s): An explanation of the parameters and data used to deduce the current status of the aggregation. Parameters could include data of the following collected over several years: CPUE, numbers of fish, density, extent of aggregation area, average fish size landed. Any changes in fishing practices that could have caused, at least in part, such changes to occur (e.g. changes in gear type used, introduction of fishery management, etc.) are also included.
Tidal movement: Whether the tide was high, low, incoming or outgoing.
Time of spawning: The time of day at which actual spawning (i.e. egg/sperm release) was observed in the field. Examples include Sunset, Sunrise, Noon, or military time.
Traditional knowledge details: Information on spawning aggregations that have been exploited for many generations.
Transientwhere individuals migrate long distances over days or weeks to the aggregation site during a very specific portion of one or two months of the year.
Type of spawning: The type of spawning observed, either pair spawning (male and female pair), or group-spawning (a group of fish rise together in the water column, often comprising a single female and many males).
Type of aggregation: An aggregation refers to a group of fish of the same species gathered together, as indicated by fish densities or numbers being significantly higher than those found during the non-reproductive period.
Visibility: The maximum horizontal underwater visibility when dive surveys were undertaken.
Year discovered: The year the spawning aggregation was first discovered.
Year first exploited: The year the aggregation was first fished.


text:
The modern dynamic world requires that basic science courses for engineering, including linear algebra, emphasise the development of mathematical abilities primarily associated with modelling and interpreting, which are not exclusively calculus abilities. Considering this, an instructional design was created based on mathematical modelling and emerging heuristic models for the construction of specific linear algebra concepts: span and spanning set. This was applied to first year engineering students. Results suggest that this type of instructional design contributes to the construction of these mathematical concepts and can also improve first year engineering students' understanding of key linear algebra concepts and enhance the development of higher order skills.
|Journal||Journal of Technology and Science Education|
|Publication status||Published - 1 Jan 2016|
- Emerging models
- Instructional design
- Linear algebra
- Mathematical modelling
- Spanning set

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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NeutralNPC 32Kalaran
Kalaran the Deceiver
Title The Annihilator, The Deciever
Gender Male
Race Black drake (Dragonkin)
Level 55 Elite
Health 7,842
Reaction Alliance Horde
Location Searing Gorge
See Icon-3D-48x48
Kalaran Windblade
Kalaran Windblade
Kalaran is a mighty drake of the black dragonflight. Initially, he appears in the guise of a human known as Kalaran Windblade, a level 55 quest giver located southeast of Thorium Point in the contested territory of Searing Gorge.
He tells a tale (fabricated, of course) of his father having been slaughtered by Dark Iron dwarves, and urges adventurers who cross his path to help him avenge their deaths.
When the quests are completed, he turns into his true form of Kalaran the Deceiver and yells "The legion of Blackrock comes, dwarflings! We shall scorch the earth and set fire to the heavens. None shall survive..." indicating he is one of the drakes who are with Nefarian — due to the fact that Nefarian constantly fights with the Dark Iron dwarves specifically for control of Blackrock Spire.
Fortunately for those who take his quests, he refrains from killing them after revealing his true form. He even commands his servant to throw them some "trinkets" such as [Axe of the Ebon Drake], [Dragonflight Leggings] and [Drakefire Headguard], before flying off to scorch the earth and set fire to the heavens as mentioned above.
He starts the following quests:
See List of Searing Gorge NPCs.
World of Warcraft: The ComicEdit
Kalaran makes a brief appearance in the comic series. As Kalaran Windblade, he is posing as a spy in the service of Ironforge against the Dark Iron dwarves. When the missing King Varian Wrynn appears at the Gates of Ironforge, Kalaran attempts to assassinate him but is stopped by Valeera Sanguinar. In his anger, Kalaran disposes of his human guise and reveals his true form before being chased off by King Varian.
In CataclysmEdit
Kalaran returns in Cataclysm as a full grown black dragon named Kalaran the Annihilator. His death is an objective of The Wrath of a Dragonflight.
Kalaran is named after the original EverQuest character of WoW quest designer, Alex Afrasiabi.
External linksEdit
Kalaran Windblade Kalaran the Deceiver
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text:
Ancient Chola temple at Madambakkam
The Siva temple near Tambaram... an example of architectural excellence.
THE SMALL and little-known suburb of Madambakkam, situated close to Tambaram, is home to a very ancient temple dedicated to Lord Siva, known here as Lord Dhenupureeswarar.
This temple, dating back to more than a thousand years, was built during the reign of the Chola king, Parantaka II, also known as Sundara Chola (956-973 A.D.), father of Rajaraja Chola I, who constructed the famous Brihadeeswara temple in Thanjavur. This temple was probably rebuilt of stone during the reign of Kulottunga Chola I.
The main sanctum of this temple, which houses the presiding deity Lord Dhenupureeswara in linga form, faces east. Unlike most shrines, which are square or rectangular in plan, this one is apsidal in shape (called gajaprishta vimana in Sanskrit), a feature found in some Chola temples in and around Chennai.
There are beautiful sculptures of Ganesha, Dakshinamurti, Vishnu, Brahma and Goddess Durga in the niches of the outer walls of the sanctum. Also seen nearby are shrines for Lord Ganesha, Sri Varadaraja Perumal with Sri Devi and Bhu Devi, Sri Kapilanathar and Annapurani and Sivasubrahmanya with Valli and Deivanai.
The sanctum of Goddess Dhenukambal, situated close to the main shrine, faces south and has a separate entrance in front. There are a number of cylindrical pillars in front of this shrine with beautifully carved bases.
Beautifully carved deities of a bygone era...
The walls of the main shrine and the Ambal shrine have numerous ancient epigraphs neatly etched in ancient Tamil script belonging to the reign of the Chola kings like Kulottunga III and Rajaraja III. There are also some epigraphs of Jatavarman Sundara Pandya and rulers of the Vijayanagara age like Kampana Udaiyar, Devaraya II and Sadasiva Raya.
These epigraphs record the gifts of land, lamps and livestock to this temple and also various other services rendered for conducting festivals and daily worship. The inscriptions reveal that the original name of Lord Dhenupureeswarar was Sittreri Udaiya Nayanar and that of Goddess Dhenukambal was Nampirattiyar.
The Vijayanagara rulers also contributed to the architectural expansion of this temple. The front mandapa, through which visitors pass to reach the shrine of Lord Dhenupureeswara belongs to this age. The exquisite sculptures found on the pillars here are a treasure house of Vaishnavite and Saivite iconography and reveal the talent of the sculptors of this period.
Noteworthy among these sculptures are a four-armed Vishnu, Narasimha in a standing posture, Garuda, Siva and Parvathi, and Muruga.
There is an unfinished gopuram over the main entrance. Adjacent to it is a large temple tank now brimming with water. Saint Arunagirinathar of the 15th Century A.D., author of the 'Tirupugazh,' has composed a hymn on this temple.
This ancient village, now called Madambakkam, was once known as Ulaguyyavanda-Chola Chaturvedimangalam. It was part of the ancient territorial subdivision called Nedugunra Nadu in Puliyur-Kottam situated in Jayamkonda-Cholamandalam.
Many important festivals like Pradosham and Panguni Uttiram are celebrated in this temple. During Navarathri, which begins from September 26, many devotees visit this shrine to offer special pujas. This beautifully maintained temple-complex, situated in serene surroundings, is a protected monument under the care of the Archaeological Survey of India.
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text:
CENTRO DE REFERENCIA PARA LACTOBACILOS
Unidad Ejecutora - UE
Stability of freeze-dried vaginal Lactobacillus in presence of different lyoprotectores
MARIA SILVINA JUAREZ TOMAS; ELENA BRU; GLADYS MARTOS; MARIA ELENA NADER-MACIAS
CANADIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY
NRC Research Press
Lugar: Otawa; Año: 2008
Lyophilized cultures of probiotic microorganisms are employed to start the biomass production at an industrial scale and to include viable functional bacterial cells in the probiotic product. In this study, the effects of different lyoprotectors on the survival behavior during the freeze-drying process and storage of six vaginal Lactobacillus strains were evaluated, and the survival parameters during storage estimated by applying a cubic polynomial model to experimental data. The vaginal lactobacilli showed variation in the extent of losses of viability after lyophilization and long term storage. The presence of 12% sucrose or 12% lactose in water or in 6% skim milk as suspension medium increased the recuperation of viable cells of lactobacilli during the freeze-drying and storage. The application of statistical model and the analysis of survival rates allowed advancing in the optimization of the preservation conditions of each particular strain, in order to reduce costs and simultaneously obtain a higher number of viable and active cells of probiotic cultures for technological applications.


Night tide.png
General Information
Species 1/2 Totanium
1/2 T'zun Army
Body Humanoid Water Jackal
Powers and Abilities
Abilities Hydrokinesis
Water Absorption
Water Projection
Water Generation
Enhanced Strength
Enhanced Durability
Space Survivability
Weaknesses Extreme Heat Vulnerability
Extreme Cold Vulnerability
Powers Limited (by armour)
Hight-tide is the Biomnitrix's fusion of Totanium and T'zun Army DNA from the planet Kubran 11 and the T'zeen Nebula. He is a free use fusion alien. Hightide and Nighthowler are also free use.
Night-tide looks like a fusion between Nighthowler and Hightide. He is a humanoid construct of water with a jackal-like head and sheet metal armour covering his upper torso. His feet form puddles surrounded by a thin mist.
It is unknown whether Night-tide is actually living water, living armour, or both.
Powers and Abilities
Night-tide is made mostly of water, and therefore has some shape-shifting ability albeit limited by his armour. He can increase his body mass by absorbing water from external sources.
He can freely manipulate water up two twice his current mass at any given point that is outside his body. He can pull this water towards himself to absorb it and increase his mass, or he can use it as a weapon. Naturally this ability is reliant on his environment. His ability to finely manipulate this water is much stronger than Hightide's alone.
He can project pressurised water blasts either from his mouth, hands, or feet. However, unlike Hightide, this water is generated internally and does not diminish his body mass unless he blasts the water faster than he can replenish it.
He can survive in the vacuum of space, providing it is not too cold too freeze him and is not too warm to boil him. His armour also gives him highly enhanced durability.
His mobility is greatly reduced when he is frozen, albeit he can still move to some small degree.
He becomes immobile of the water making up his body is evaporated, however it does not kill him.
The water parts of his body seems to be able to feel pain, giving him a pain threshold.
His armour is vulnerable to attacks (like Biosovortian attacks) that magnetise him. He seems to also be vulnerable to attacks from Galvanic Mechamorphs.
Night-tide is a free use alien, feel free to use him in your own series. He can be used alongside Hightide and Nighthowler.
Aaronbill3's Alien Arsenal!
Swamp Swarmer - Bone Wraith - Terralifter
Home Worlds


difference between lpn and rn
LPN vs. RN Infographic: What's the Difference?
difference between lpn and rn
Nursing is one of the most rewarding careers you can pursue today. On a daily basis, nurses work hard to make a difference in patients' lives, helping them to get better, stay healthy, and sustain a high quality of life. If you are compassionate, quick-thinking, and wish to help others in need, the nursing field may be for you. The question is, which nursing career path should you pursue?
What many don't know about the nursing field is that there are all types of nurses out there today. There are Registered Nurses (RNs), Licensed Practical Nurses (LPNs), and nurses of all different specialties and job titles. To help you understand two of the most common nursing careers, Goodwin breaks down the differences between an RN and LPN below.
What is What?
What is an LPN? An LPN, or Licensed Practical Nurse, is a licensed professional who can provide basic care to patients, under the supervision of a Doctor or Registered Nurse. LPNs work with patients who are relatively stable, ensuring they are comfortable, taking vital signs, checking blood pressure, monitoring their overall health. The duties of an LPN are very practical, as the name implies. LPNs are responsible for observing patients and reporting any changes in condition to the supervising RN.
What is an RN? A Registered Nurse (RN) is the most common type of nurse you will find in the healthcare field. These nursing professionals main responsibility is to provide and coordinate patient care: evaluating, diagnosing, treating, and following up with patients in need. RNs have a more expanded scope of practice than LPNs, in that they can perform diagnostic tests, administer medications, and educate patients on how to manage their health after treatment. RNs also oversee LPNs, Certified Nursing Assistants (CNAs), and home health aides.
Where Do LPNs and RNs Work?
Licensed Practical Nurses usually work in long-term care settings where patients are generally stable, such as nursing homes and other residential care facilities. However, some LPNs work in physicians' offices, hospitals, and for home healthcare agencies.
The majority of Registered Nurses (over 60 percent, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics) work in hospitals. However, RNs can also be found working in schools, private clinics, ambulatory settings, and residential care facilities.
LPN vs. RN Requirements
Becoming an LPN is one of the fastest ways to get into the nursing field. LPNs must complete an accredited practical nursing program, which takes about one year. Upon graduation, they can go on to take the NCLEX-PN examination, which will grant them licensure as an LPN.
Due to their wider scope of practice, Registered Nurses must complete a nursing degree from a state-approved college. However, RNs have options: they can pursue an associate degree in nursing (ADN) or a bachelor's degree in nursing (BSN), depending on their readiness to commit to nursing school. While an ADN is the standard expectation for Registered Nurses, many choose to earn a BSN degree due for advanced job opportunities and earning potential in the field. To become licensed, Registered Nurses must also pass the national board exam, the NCLEX-RN, and complete any state-specific requirements.
Goodwin College is an accredited nursing school in Connecticut, offering Associate, Bachelor's, and Master's degree programs in Nursing. To learn more about the nursing career paths available to you, call _PHONE_ today.


text:
Guest blogger: Grant Lee, Lead Engineer
The famous architect Frank Gehry was known to use construction paper and tape to quickly build dozens of prototypes for his buildings. In a similar vein, Flite's Engineering team builds prototypes to develop software for a powerful cloud-based ad platform.
The two major benefits of prototyping in the context of software development are:
- It can help stakeholders confirm the direction that the product is taking.
- Engineers can identify potential technical pitfalls and limitations early on in the development cycle.
The real benefit is that a prototype is a small investment you can afford to lose. It doesn't matter if the prototype fails or is imperfect. Why? Because the prototype's failure closes the door to undesirable options early on, which is better than investing in a specific path and having the product fail at the final stage. These small "failures" actually lead to the success of a product and help to guide it's direction.
Prototypes are inexpensive and provide value. Teams can learn a lot without huge financial repercussions or strain on engineering resources. One of the most impressive things that we do at Flite is prototype using our own tools and products. We create prototypes or mocks of anything from marketing landing pages to mini-CMS systems using our platform.
Of course, we also use prototyping in the sense of traditional software engineering, but these examples are a testament to how our products help people and organizations succeed through the power of agile methodologies.


text:
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
- n. Insulation used to prevent heat diffusion, as from a steam pipe.
- n. A wooden frame built especially to support the sides of an arch until the keystone is positioned.
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. The act of walking or moving slowly, or of falling behind.
- n. In architecture, the planking, consisting of narrow strips, extending from one rib of the centering of an arch, vault, or tunnel to another, and affording direct support to the voussoirs until the arch or vault is closed in.
- n. In mining, strips of wood or light timbers laid across the stulls in the drifts to prevent fragments of rock from falling through. In some coal-mines bars or rails of iron are used for this purpose, and give an important increment of strength to the construction. Sometimes called
- n. In machinery, same as deading.
- n. A covering for the face of a pulley, designed to increase its effective diameter or to augment the adhesion of the belt.
- n. Same as lag, n., 7.
- n. Nautical, the part of a barrel-stave beyond the head. Also spelled laggin.
- adj. falling behind, not keeping up the pace
- adj. Occurring after; indicating the later phase of
- n. The covering of something with strips of felt, wood etc, either as insulation or for protection
- n. The material so used
- v. present participle of lag.
GNU Webster's 1913
- n. (Mach.) The clothing (esp., an outer, wooden covering), as of a steam cylinder, applied to prevent the radiation of heat; a covering of lags; -- called also
- n. Lags, collectively; narrow planks extending from one rib to another in the centering of arches.
- n. used to wrap around pipes or boilers or laid in attics to prevent loss of heat
- from lag (Wiktionary)
- From lag2. (American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition)
"Beware, the jobs market is what we call a lagging indicator."
"So what this is telling us is that the labor market is continuing to deteriorate and, remember, this is what we call a lagging indicator."
"What she wants to do is try to push forward what she describes as a lagging effort to deal with millions and millions of very vulnerable people."
"VILES: Investors tend to brush off jobless reports as what they call a lagging indicator, but the jobless rate has never lagged like this before."
"The real reason i think the GOPs are lagging is because they don't have any plans for the future."
"But Gray warns men that if they don't start breaking the Martian rules and changing, they will begin lagging behind the competition."
"Variations in CO2 greenhouse gases of between 7,000 - 380 ppm of atmosphere which show a short-term lagging (800 years) correlation but no long-term leading correlation with the earth's temperature."
"This is why the number is often referred to as a lagging economic indicator."
"Does Michael Steel understand the word lagging or does he think that the public are stupid?"
"The unemployment rate is what's called a lagging indicator."
Looking for tweets for lagging.


text:
you are here: Home / News / Simulation of person flows
Simulation of person flows
ifp consulting simulates person flows on the factory premises of a pharmaceutical group
In the context of the development of a holistical logistics concept for a pharmaceutical group in Switzerland the different person flows are being simulated and analysed.
The simulation's purpose consists of the permanent guarantee of a sufficient level of security for the staff during the different construction phases as well as for the future factory layout. For that purpose all traffic participants are being considered, areas of intensive pedestrian traffic are being identified and appropriate actions are being initiated.
The following focuses are being worked on:
Identification and preparation of all person flow data
Modelling of the relevant scenarios
Analysis of the pedestrian traffic peaks on the factory premises
Realization of the simulation runs with the software SimWalk
Visualization of the different person traffic intensities in heat maps with following analysis
Deduction of suitable actions
Development of a future concept for the implementation of the actions


text:
To ensure correct pronunciation, screen readers use a different sound library for each language they support. Screen readers can switch between these language libraries easily, but only if a web page specifies which language to read for a given piece of content.
If a page doesn't specify a language for the
a screen reader assumes the page is in the default language
that the user chose when setting up the screen reader,
often making it impossible to understand the content.
How the Lighthouse missing
lang audit fails
flags pages whose
 element doesn't have a
Note that this audit
checks whether a
lang attribute is present.
 element does not have a valid value for its
[lang] attribute audit
checks whether the value for that attribute is valid.
The Lighthouse Accessibility score is a weighted average of all the accessibility audits. See the Lighthouse accessibility scoring post for more information.
How to add an HTML
To ensure your page's content is pronounced correctly for screen reader users,
use a valid language code
lang attribute of the
For example, this sample code sets the language of the document to English:


text:
The method above is still valid when encoding HTML tags, but fails short when encoding quotations and ampersands.
We need to encode the ampersands (the '). This will produce a correct output:
The \ will escape the ' signs.
For us who does not have the possibility to use.NET 4.0, the function is pretty easy to develop. And why not pair it with the System.Uri.EscapeDataString() so you get a complete clean string encoding.
This Extension Method will escape the data and all quotes in one go:
To use the function you can do the following:
Now you will never have any problems with HTML tags, quotes, double quotes, ampersands or other special signs.


4 pages. "Thank you 'berry' much for lending a helping hand. A sweet card for volunteers, room helpers, secretaries etc.
6 pages. 2 different sailboat "craftivities." One for the end of the year with students sailing into the summer; the other for the beginning of the year when students are sailing into a new school year.
30 pages. Use these community helper cards for your word wall, pocket chart, games, puzzles and booklets.
2 pages. Here is a helpful alphabetical list of over 300 community helpers and occupations.
8 pages. Make these treats for your students st the end of the year using the summer template, or the beginning of the year using the "Orange you glad you're in __________ grade" header.
Page 8 of 57


text:
What Do Starlings Eat?
The primary food of starlings is insects and other invertebrates, such as flies, beetles, grasshoppers, spiders, earthworms, caterpillars, snails, millipedes and insect larvae. They also eat fruits, berries, seeds, grains and other plant matter. Additionally, when dumpsters and trash bins are left open, they feed on garbage.
In the late 19th century, European starlings were let loose into Central Park in New York by Shakespeare enthusiasts intent on introducing all of the animals mentioned in his works. They quickly multiplied and spread across North and Central America. As of 2014, there are about 150 million starlings in the United States. They are social birds and are commonly seen foraging in flocks on lawns, pastures, farms, golf courses and other open areas. They nest in any open cavity they can find, including buildings, utility poles and trees.
Many people consider starlings to be an invasive species because they compete with native birds for habitat, scatter garbage while foraging and leave deposits of droppings beneath nesting areas. In some cities and towns, large roosts of starlings also create considerable noise. The American Humane Society recommends that, rather than kill intrusive starlings, homeowners should close off cavities that could provide possible nesting sites and keep rubbish containers tightly sealed.


text:
||This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (April 2009)|
Satsuma Domain (薩摩藩 Satsuma-han ), also known as Kagoshima Domain, was a Japanese domain of the Edo period. It is associated with the provinces of Satsuma, Osumi and Hyūga in modern-day Kagoshima prefecture and Miyazaki prefecture on the island of Kyūshū.
In the han system, Satsuma was a political and economic abstraction based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields. In other words, the domain was defined in terms of kokudaka, not land area. This was different from the feudalism of the West.
The Shimazu family controlled Satsuma province for roughly four centuries prior to the beginning of the Edo period. Despite being chastised by Toyotomi Hideyoshi in his 1587 Kyūshū Campaign, and forced back to Satsuma, they remained one of the most powerful clans in the archipelago. During the decisive battle of Sekigaharain 1600, the Shimazu fought on the losing side. Satsuma was one of the most powerful feudal domains in Tokugawa Japan. It was controlled throughout the Edo period by the tozama daimyō of the Shimazu clan.
In 1609, the Shimazu requested permission from the shogunate to invade the Ryūkyū Kingdom which lay to its south. After a brief invasion which met little resistance, Satsuma seized a number of the Ryukyu Islands, annexing them to the han, and claimed the Ryūkyū Kingdom as a vassal state. For the remainder of the Edo period, Satsuma exacted tribute from Ryukyu, influenced their politics, and dominated their trading policies. As strict maritime prohibitions were imposed upon much of Japan beginning in the 1630s, Satsuma's ability to enjoy a trade in Chinese goods, and information, via Ryukyu, provided it a distinct and important, if not entirely unique, role in the overall economy and politics of the Tokugawa state. The degree of economic benefits enjoyed by Satsuma, and the degree of their oppression of Ryukyu, are subjects debated by scholars, but the political prestige and influence gained through this relationship is not questioned. The Shimazu continually made efforts to emphasize their unique position as the only feudal domain to claim an entire foreign kingdom as its vassal, and engineered repeated increases to their own official Court rank, in the name of maintaining their power and prestige in the eyes of Ryukyu.
Edo period
Though not the wealthiest han in terms of kokudaka (the official measure of the wealth and therefore power of a han, measured in koku), Satsuma remained among the wealthiest and most powerful domains throughout the Edo period. This derived not only from their connection to Ryukyu, but also from the size and productive wealth of Satsuma province itself, and from their extreme distance from Edo, and thus from the Shogun's armies. The Shimazu exercised their influence to exact from the shogunate a number of special exceptions. Satsuma was granted an exception to the shogunate's limit of one castle per domain, a policy which was meant to restrict the military strength of the domains; the Shimazu then formed sub-fiefs within their domain, and doled out castles to their vassals, administering the domain in a manner not unlike a mini-shogunate. They also received special exceptions from the shogunate in regard to the policy of sankin kōtai, another policy meant to restrict the wealth and power of the daimyō. Under this policy, every feudal lord was mandated to travel to Edo at least once a year, and to spend some portion of the year there, away from his domain and his power base. The Shimazu were granted permission to make this journey only once every two years. These exceptions thus allowed Satsuma to gain even more power and wealth relative to the majority of other domains.
Though arguably opposed to the shogunate, Satsuma was perhaps one of the strictest domains in enforcing particular policies. Christian missionaries were seen as a serious threat to the power of the daimyo, and the peace and order of the domain; the shogunal ban on Christianity was enforced more strictly and brutally in Satsuma, perhaps, than anywhere else in the archipelago. The ban on smuggling, perhaps unsurprisingly, was not so strictly enforced, as the domain gained significantly from trade performed along its shores, some ways away from Nagasaki, where the shogunate monopolized commerce. In the 1830s, Satsuma used its illegal Okinawa trade to rebuild its finances under Zusho Hirosato.
The Satsuma Daimyo of the 1850s, Shimazu Nariakira, was very interested in Western thought and technology, and sought to open the country. At the time, contacts with Westerners increased dramatically, particularly for Satsuma, as Western ships frequently landed in the Ryukyus and sought not only trade, but formal diplomatic relations. To increase his influence in the Shogunate, Nariakira engineered a marriage between Shogun Tokugawa Iesada and his adopted daughter, Atsu-hime (later Tenshōin).
In 1854, the first year of Iesada's reign, Commodore Perry landed in Japan and forced an end to the isolation policy of the Shogunate. However, the treaties signed between Japan and the western powers, particularly the Harris Treaty of 1858, put Japan at a serious disadvantage. In the same year, both Iesada and Nariakira died. Nariakira named his nephew, Shimazu Tadayoshi, as his successor. As Tadayoshi was still a child, his father, Shimazu Hisamitsu, effectively held the power in Satsuma.
Hisamitsu followed a policy of Kōbu gattai, or "unity between the shogunate and the imperial court". The marriage between Tokugawa Iemochi, the next shogun, and imperial princess Kazunomiya was a major success for this faction. However, this put Satsuma at odds with the more radical Sonnō jōi, or "revere the Emperor and repel the barbarians" faction, with Chōshū as the major supporter.
In 1862, in the Namamugi Incident an Englishman was killed by retainers of Satsuma, leading to the bombardment of Kagoshima by the Royal Navy the following year. Even though Satsuma was able to withstand the attack, this event showed how necessary it was for Japan to import western technology and reform its military.
Meanwhile, the focus of Japanese politics shifted to Kyoto, where the major struggles of the time occurred. The shogunate entrusted Satsuma and Aizu with the protection of the Imperial court, against attempts of the Sonnō jōi faction to take over, as in the Kinmon Incident of 1864. The shogunate decided to punish Chōshū for this event with the First Chōshū expedition, under the leadership of a Satsuma retainer, Saigo Takamori. Saigo, however, avoided a military conflict and allowed Chōshū to resolve the issue with the Seppuku of the three perpetrators behind the attack on the Imperial palace.
When the shogunate decided to finally defeat Chōshū in a Second Chōshū expedition the next year, Satsuma, under the lead of Saigo Takamori and Ōkubo Toshimichi, decided to switch sides. The Satchō Alliance between Satsuma and Chōshū was brokered by Sakamoto Ryōma from Tosa.
This second expedition ended in a disaster for the shogunate. It was defeated on the battlefield, and Shogun Iemochi died of illness in Osaka castle. The next shogun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, brokered a cease fire.
Despite attempts by the new shogun to reform the government, he was unable to contain the growing movement to overthrow the shogunate led by Satsuma and Chōshū. Even after he stepped down as shogun and agreed to return the power to the Imperial court, the two sides finally clashed in the Battle of Toba-Fushimi 1868. The shogun, defeated, escaped to Edo. Saigo Takamori then led his troops to Edo, where Tenshōin was instrumental in the bloodless surrender of Edo castle. The Boshin war continued until the last of the shogunate forces were defeated in 1869.
Meiji period
The Meiji government, which was established in the aftermath of these events, was largely dominated by politicians from Satsuma and Chōshū. Though the samurai class, domain system, and much of the political and social structures surrounding these were abolished shortly afterwards, figures from these two areas dominated the Japanese government roughly until World War I.
However, the beginning of the period was marked by growing discontent of the former Samurai class, which erupted in the Satsuma Rebellion under Saigo Takamori in 1877.
List of daimyo
The hereditary daimyo were head of the clan and head of the domain.
|1||Shimazu Iehisa (島津家久)||1602–1638|
|2||Shimazu Mitsuhisa (島津光久)||1638–1687|
|3||Shimazu


Things to Consider When Getting a Tattoo
Things to Consider When Getting a Tattoo
1. Being Picky About the Parlor
While it might seem more fun to make a spontaneous trip to the tattoo parlor, it is important to take some time to find more about the parlor before you can choose to have the tattoo. You can end up regretting choosing a parlor because of their convenient location. The only important thing is not the quality of their art – tattooing will involve a needle in your skin, which is why it is important to choose a parlor that follows proper health precautions. Tattoo parlors should invest in high-quality equipment, the Surplus database offers a selection of equipment at great prices. If you have well-tattooed friends, ask them to give you recommendations for a parlor.
2. Following Aftercare Instructions
A tattoo is said to be complete when the healing process is done. Different artists have different aftercare instructions, so you should always follow them so you don't end up with an infection. The upper part of the skin has been removed, and this exposes your body to bacteria. The care advice can vary a little from one artist to another, but it is going to mostly involve washing, drying, and applying a moisturizer every day. During the bandaging phase, you should not let it be covered using a plastic wrap. While people can easily see it without having to expose it, it can provide the perfect ground for bacterial breeding.
3. Avoiding Alcohol
It can be tempting to take a little alcohol to take off the edge, but this might not be a good idea. Alcohol is going to thin your blood, which leads to more bleeding during the tattooing. The blood will push out and makes it harder for the ink to push in. Alcohol is going to have a big impact on the design while impairing your judgment and you can decide to go with something you end up regretting. You might have wanted a small tattoo but decide to go with a big tattoo on your forearm, which leaves you with a lot of regrets. Alcohol is not going to make it hurt less.
4. Checking Your Spelling
There are many people who like tattoos that have texts from Eastern philosophy. A line from Confucius can give you some street cred, especially when you put it on the nape of your neck. Japanese characters have become popular because they are beautiful characters, but it is not wrong to get a tattoo from another culture, as long as it has meaning to you. A mistake people make is choosing fashion over form and choose something just because it looks neat. You need to invest time in researching about the symbols you are considering to write on your body so you can know what they mean. You might end up tattooing something that is offensive or funny without even knowing.
5. Location, Location
Where your tattoo is going to be is very important, and you have to factor in your lifestyle. Some of the things you need to consider when choosing the location are your wardrobe, and when you want it to be seen. If you are getting started, the face and head are off the table. You should only consider your face and head after you have had many tattoos. If you are working or planning to work in a job prohibiting tattoos, then you should choose a location that cannot be seen easily. This means ankles, forearms, and necks are a no-no. Some parts of your body experience more wear and tear, and you will need to go for touchups so they can keep looking good, and this means spending more money. If you cannot tolerate a lot of pain, then choose meaty parts of your body because tattooing areas close to the bone hurts a lot.
6. Getting a Bid
This is one of those many people getting started with tattoo fail to consider. Getting a good tattoo from a respected artist is going to cost a lot. When designing the tattoo, have this in the back of your mind. The two factors that will largely determine the cost of your tattoo are size and detail. This is because it means more time. The longer it takes, the more it is going to cost. A small tattoo that is in just one color will cost between one hundred and three hundred bucks. Look for an artist with an impressive portfolio then find out how much they charge.
7. Design Challenge
When you tattoo something on your body, it is going to be part of your forever, unless you choose to remove it, a process that is both painful and expensive. You need to choose something that you are going to still love decades later. Take your time and check out different places for ideas. You can even have an inspiration book with all the different ideas, then narrow them down. A tattoo can be anything that you think looks cool, it doesn't need to have a significance. Choose the right colors because there are some that go better with your skin tone. Always remember the more detailed and larger the tattoo is, the more you are going to pay.
What to know before getting a new tattoo
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Quick Answer: What Is A Tribune Gallery?
What was the difference between a tribune and a dictator?
Only a dictator was exempt from these powers..
Who was the first dictator of Rome?
A gallery is an area of a building that's usually long, narrow, and has a specific function. … There are a few kinds of galleries, but the first is a part of a house or building that's unusually long and narrow.
What is higher than a centurion?
Primus Pilus were also paid more than an average centurion and like a narrowband tribune. … This rank is senior to all other centurions, save the primus pilus and pilus prior. Other centurions: Each legion had 59 or 60 centurions, one to command each century of the 10 cohorts.
What is a clerestory?
1 : an outside wall of a room or building that rises above an adjoining roof and contains windows.
Generically speaking a gallery is a platform, raised above the church floor. Galleries were often located at the west end of the church, over the west door, and used to house musicians or singers performing during church services. For this reason they are sometimes called minstrel's galleries or musician's galleries.
What is a Triforium in architecture?
Triforium, in architecture, space in a church above the nave arcade, below the clerestory, and extending over the vaults, or ceilings, of the side aisles. … The triforium became an integral part of church design during the Romanesque period, serving to light and ventilate the roof space.
What does Triforium mean?
: a gallery forming an upper story to the aisle of a church and typically an arcaded story between the nave arches and clerestory.
What is the title of a dictator?
Most commonly the title is a form of "leader" or "guide", such as "Supreme Leader". See dictatorship.
a large room or building used for photography, target practice, or other special purposes: a shooting gallery. a collection of art for exhibition.
What was a tribune in the Roman Empire?
Tribune was a title of various offices in ancient Rome, the two most important of which were the tribuni plebis and tribuni militum. The military tribunes were responsible for many administrative and logistics duties, and could lead a section of a legion under a consul, or even command one alone on the battlefield.
What were Roman soldiers called?
legionariesThe main Roman soldiers were called legionaries and they had to be Roman citizens to join. This didn't mean they had to live in Rome though – many soldiers joined from across the Roman Empire including Africa, Britain, France, Germany, Spain, the Balkans and the Middle East.
What is an ambulatory in architecture?
What rank is a Tribune?
A military tribune (Latin tribunus militum, "tribune of the soldiers", Greek chiliarchos, χιλίαρχος) was an officer of the Roman army who ranked below the legate and above the centurion. Young men of Equestrian rank often served as military tribune as a stepping stone to the Senate.
Is a prefect higher than a centurion?
The camp Prefect. Generally he was a long serving veteran who had been promoted through the ranks of the centurions and was 3rd in overall command.
What is rib vault in architecture?
A rib vault or ribbed vault is an architectural feature for covering a wide space, such as a church nave, composed of a framework of crossed or diagonal arched ribs.
What is a Tribune?
A tribune was someone in the government of ancient Rome who looked out for ordinary people, in other words, an elected representative. Tribune is also a word that newspapers like, such as the "Chicago Tribune" or the "Des Moines Tribune." There are many types of tribunes, but the earliest dates from ancient Rome.


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Volvo's Gangeri lays out 5 rules for mobile marketing:
-Make your content discoverable. No treasure hunts?
-Make your content readable. You don't have to tell whole story at once. Flipboard, is an example, of tool a brand could use to embed content with a smaller but sophisticated audience
-Create relevant content. Offer stories that resonate with audience, across all devices.
-Make content sociable. 24% of mobile phone user recommend a brand to a friend via mobile. Volvo uses Instagram to let people tell the brand's story—taking photos of their cars, etc.
-Make content actionable. QR code? App? No. The app is not the answer. What we know about inmarket buyers is that embedding response mechanisms is critical. 90% of smartphone searches result in a consumer inquiry; 88% of these take action within a day. 70% of these actions take place at retail. (Those are Google stats, so take w/a large grain of salt.)


This highlights one issue of governmental technology not being taken on by commercial business to continue. Either way, Fogbank is a prime example of the complexity, and secrecy of nuclear warhead production, and how in that secrecy, technology is lost.
The Difference Between Bolts vs. Screws
Bolts That Cannot be Unfastened by the Head
Screws That Cannot Use a Nut
Bolts That Need a Nut to Function
Screws That Look Like Bolts
The Fallow Deer


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RTEC Offers numerous Plant Health Care programs to fit the needs of your property. Each program utilizes our SmartTreat™ Process and is customized by a Certified Arborist to fit your property and provide solutions to your needs.
What is Plant Health Care?
Plant Health Care is the proactive approach to maintain tree and shrub health through the process of scheduled monitoring and preventative maintenance.
Why Are Plant Health Care Important?
Cherished landscapes are constantly subjected to environmental and human stress such as insects, disease, weather fluctuations, construction, over-or-under watering, soil compaction, and pollution. These stresses severely compromise the ability of trees and shrubs to thrive and must be addressed in order to sustain a healthy and vigorous landscape.Routine monitoring and timely treatments can protect your landscape from these stresses which protect your property investment and reduces expenses in the long run.
For example, a monitoring visit might reveal:
- A hidden infestation of defoliating insects.
- A dangerous branch that may fall and damage your house.
- Soil Compaction that may lead to the premature death of your favorite tree.
- Poorly pruned shrubs causing sub-par flowering.
Benefits of Plant Health Care:
Protect Your Investment: A healthy landscape can increase home values by 10% on average.
Safety: Routine inspections may find early warning signs of dangerous trees and branches.
Aesthetics: Canopy protection programs improve the health of plants and trees making their natural colors more vibrant and healthy looking.
Health: Canopy protection programs improve the health of your landscape making your trees and shrubs less susceptible to disease and insect infestations.
Human Health: Studies show being surrounded by healthy and mature trees & shrubs can improve the human immune system, decrease high blood pressure, lower obesity, and boost overall health.
Programs We Offer:
Winter Protection Programs
Year Round Canopy Protection Plans For Total Tree And Shrub Care
Ash Protection Programs (Protect From Emerald Ash Borers)
Pest Management Programs


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NEWS - EGLS: NOT just another Online Version!
EGLS was adapted to a virtual format that ALSO provides physicians with a real opportunity to enhance their manual ultrasound skills. Don't wait for this pandemic to end to get training: subscribe now! _EMAIL_
There are 4 steps to our EGLS online program:
1. Preparation (6h)
Prior to the online group session, participants complete the pre-course material. They read the EGLS theory book (sent by mail) and complete the e-Learning.
2. Online interactive Group Session
Participants attend an online group course. Basic notions are reviewed and clinical cases are discussed as a group.
3. Practical Session
Participants pick-up the probe in their own environment of practice and complete an EGLS porfolio of videos. They are asked to acquire 30 ultrasound images in total.
4. Personalized Coaching Session
Participants share their videos with an EGLS instructors to receive personalized and constructive feedback.
Register for our Online Program Now!
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The standalone software connects to other DAWs and hardware instruments via MIDI and sends note commands to trigger chords and melodies.
The main focus of Sundog lies on writing harmonic EDM songs from scratch without having to worry about music theory.
This is how it works:
- Connect Sundog to your DAW.
- Pick a scale - like C Major or E Minor.
- Sundog will show you a list of chords that can be used on this scale.
- Create a chord progression by clicking and listening.
- Use the internal step sequencer to create melodies or arpeggios on your chords and scale notes.
The main features:
- Over 300 scales included.
- Create harmonic melodies and arpeggios easily.
- MIDI file export via drag and drop.
- Find all fitting chords for a given scale.
- Convert MIDI note input (white keys) to scale notes.
- Cure writer's block by experimenting with new harmonies.
- Output: Standard MIDI note data.
- Input: MIDI notes, computer keys, mouse.
- Buy once, get updates forever - for all supported platforms.
Price: Sundog costs $39 / €29 and is available for Mac OS X and Windows.
To celebrate the release of Sundog for Mac, feelyoursound.com is also running a sale: until Sunday (2014/07/13) you can get a 15% discount on the software.
The official trailer: _URL_


Math Worksheets and Study Guides Second Grade. Ordinals
The resources above correspond to the standards listed below:
Virginia Standards of Learning
VA.NNS.2. Number and Number Sense
2.3. The student will
2.3.a. Count and identify the ordinal positions first through twentieth, using an ordered set of objects.
2.3.b. Write the ordinal numbers 1st through 20th.


Chapter 19
Alberto Gianinetti
Entropy quantification can be performed under the assumption that both the position of a particle in space and its level of energy can be defined as corresponding to one among many enumerable states, even if their number is hugely high. This means that, if absolute values of entropy have to be computed, neither energy nor space should be continuous variables, even though entropy changes can be calculated in any case. Remarkably, quantum theory just says that's the case, because at a very short scale both energy and space seem to behave like discrete quantities rather than as continuous ones. So, a general string theory, which represents the evolution of quantum theory, appears to be the natural, preferable theoretical framework for the definition of entropy.
Total Pages: 149-151 (3)
Purchase Chapter Book Details
.Modern Applications of High Throughput R&D in Heterogeneous Catalysis


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A study of whether MRI or MRS imaging of leg muscles can be used to follow the progression of Duchenne MD is open in three states
A multicenter study of the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to measure the progression of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is open at sites in Florida, Oregon and Pennsylvania for boys with DMD who meet study criteria.
The study, known as ImagingDMD, is a joint effort of the University of Florida, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, the University of Pennsylvania, Oregon Health and Science University and Shriners Hospital for Children in Portland.
It's supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and is being conducted to learn more about the changes that occur in the muscles of the lower legs in boys with DMD and to develop an improved imaging procedure to follow disease progression.
MRI and MRS are noninvasive imaging procedures that allow researchers to take pictures of what's going on inside the body without invading the body (such as through a muscle biopsy procedure).
Prospective participants must:
Prospective participants must not:
Overall Project Coordinator and Gainesville Site Coordinator
Portland Site Coordinator
Philadelphia Site Coordinator
For more details about this study, see ImagingDMD; and/or see Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Biomarkers for Muscular Dystrophy; or enter NCT01484678 in the search box at ClinicalTrials.gov.
About Clinical Trials
A clinical trial is a test, in humans, of an experimental treatment. Although it's possible that benefit may be derived from participating in a clinical trial, it's also possible that no benefit, or even harm, may occur.


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- About Us
Potential Effects of a Forest Management Plan on Bachman's Sparrows (Aimophila aestivalis): Linking a Spatially Explicit Model with GIS
Journal or Book Title: Conservation Biology
Page Number(s): 62-79
Year Published: 1995
By combining a spatially explicig individual-based population simulation model with a geographic information systerrg we have simulated the potential effects of a US. Forest Service management plan on the population dynamics of Bachman's Sparrow (Aimophila aestivalis) at the Savannah River Site, a U.S. Department of Energy facility in South Carolina. Although the Forest Service's management plan explicitly sets management goals for many specie& most of the prescribed management strategy deals with the endangered Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis) because of legal requirements. We explored how a species (the sparrow) that is not the target of specific management strategies but that shares some habitat requirements with the woodpecker, would fare under the management plan. We found that the major components of the proposed management plan may allow the sparrow population to reach and exceed the minimum management goal set for this species, but only after a substantial initial decline in sparrow numbers and a prolonged transition period, In the model, the sparrow population dynamics were most sensitive to demographic variables such as adult and juvenile survivorship and to landscape variables such as the suitability of young clearcuts and mature pine stands. Using various assumptions about habitat suitability, we estimated that the 50.year probability of population extinction is at least5% or may be much higher if juvenile survivorship is low. We believe, however, that modest changes in the management plan might greatly increase the sparrow population and presumably decrease the probability of extinction. Our results suggest that management plans focusing on one or a few endangered species may potentially threaten other species of management concern. Spatially explicit population models are a useful tool in designing modifications of management plans that can reduce the impact on nontarget species of management concern.
Type of Publication: Journal Article


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Molecular Biology and Genetics
Statistics of barcoding coverage: Xylocopa violacea
Public Records: 0
Specimens with Barcodes: 2
Species With Barcodes: 1
Xylocopa violacea, the violet carpenter bee, Indian Bhanvra is the common European species of carpenter bee, and one of the largest bees in Europe. Like most members of the genus Xylocopa, it makes its nests in dead wood.
It is not particularly aggressive and will attack only if forced to. It is sometimes mistaken for the European hornet. This species is well known in India as the 'Bhanvra'.
In 2006 it was reported from Cardigan and 2007 it was found breeding in England for the first time in Leicestershire, this follows a northwards expansion of its range in France and Germany and breeding in the Channel Islands and in 2010 it was also recorded in Northamptonshire and Worcestershire.
Violet Carpenter Bees hibernate overwinter and they emerge in the spring, usually around April or May. Hibernation is undertaken by the adults in wood where there are abandoned nest tunnels. In the late spring or early summer, they may be seen around searching for mates and suitable nesting sites. After mating, the gravid queens bore tunnels in dead wood, which is where the name Carpenter Bee comes from,although old nest tunnels may be used. Like other solitary bees, the queen creates the nest alone. The eggs are laid within a series of small cells, each of which is supplied with a pollen ball for the larvae to feed upon. The adults emerge in late summer then hibernate until the following year.
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font QML Basic Type
The most commonly used properties are:
If both pointSize and a pixelSize are specified, pixelSize will be used.
The following properties are also available:
Text { "Helvetica"; font.pointSize: 13; font.bold: true }
When integrating with C++, note that any QFont value passed into QML from C++ is automatically converted into a font value, and vice-versa.
This basic type is provided by the QtQuick import.
Font weighting is classified on a scale from 0 to 99, where a weight of 0 is ultralight, and 99 is extremely black. The following values are supported:
Capitalization supports the following values:
Font.MixedCaseNo capitalization change is applied.
Font.AllUppercaseAlters the text to be rendered in all uppercase type.
Font.AllLowercaseAlters the text to be rendered in all lowercase type.
Font.SmallCapsAlters the text to be rendered in small-caps type.
Font.CapitalizeAlters the text to be rendered with the first character of each word as an uppercase character.
Setting the hinting preference only has an effect when using the "NativeRendering" render type. The property supports the following values:
Font.PreferDefaultHinting - Use the default hinting level for the target platform.
Font.PreferNoHinting - If possible, render text without hinting the outlines of the glyphs.
Font.PreferVerticalHinting - If possible, render text with no horizontal hinting, but align glyphs to the pixel grid in the vertical direction.
Font.PreferFullHinting - If possible, render text with hinting in both horizontal and vertical directions.
See also QML Basic Types.


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Hemispherectomies reveal the surprising degree of independence to which each hemisphere of the brain is capable, as well as the ability of the brain to rewire itself when necessary. Split-brain patients reveal the nature of the mind as separate processes acting in concert.
Cognite researchers believed that, if given sufficient time and careful training, new modules could be folded seamlessly into transhuman minds. A human brain could be augmented with a third hemisphere, a sub-sentient AI, adding new modes of thought to the transhuman mental arsenal.
Physically, the third hemisphere is a cyberbrain peripheral, designed to connect through the simulated corpus collosum. Mentally, the AI is designed to mesh with a human mind and seek synchronicity, but simultaneously provide access to modes of thought difficult for the natural brain. Typically the AI is designed to provide talent at Bayesian analyses, game theory analyses, formal logic, and various higher-level mathematics.
With proper psychosurgical adjustments and training, the brain and new hemisphere will grow into each other, becoming so smoothly intertwined as to become indistinguishable, they form one mind just as the two hemispheres of a natural brain form one mind. At first, the brain will have no way to interpret the signals of the new hemisphere. Plasticity, training and psychosurgery, however, given time, allow the brain to begin to understand and incorporate the new source of information. After a decade of use, the union is total.
A third hemisphere is cyberware [Expensive]
It grants the anamolous mind and math wiz traits, as well as the equivalent of the savant calculation and pattern recognition sleights.


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Arse is the British slang word referring to (1) the human or animal posterior, or (2) a stupid person. Ass is the American equivalent.
Arse is an old word, with origins going all the way back through Old English to the language's Germanic roots. It was originally an inoffensive and even polite term for the body part, but it eventually became slangy and somewhat vulgar. Today, it has a variety of uses and is embedded in a number of colorful phrases and idioms.
Ass, as most people know, originally referred to a group of of horselike animals. This sense lives on, but ass developed in the 19th century as a primarily America variant of arse.


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Neuroszars are an artificially-created species using synthetic DNA. Their major trait is the ability to discharge lethal quantities of static electricity from the epidermis of these creatures, utilising the many neurones' impulses to generate the charge they require.
The prototype of these creatures was nothing more than a tissue culture as a proof of concept of the lethality of the charge produced. The 4cm2 sample of tissue was capable of generating 18 milliamps when stimulated. Which is usually far over a lethal charge across the heart for many species on Earth and other planets.
The first Neuroszar species produced was a quadrupedal species, a gloomy, dark grey in colour and had a rather heavy build. Two blue eyes, faintly glowing in a pink colour due to its charge generated. The height of the beast was roughly 5 foot to the shoulder and 11/12 foot from nose to tail,
The type 2 has always been larger in design, it typically reaches just over 6 foot in height and approximately 13 feet in length. the type 2 also sports heavy and highly resilient natural plating.


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The power company requires reduced-voltage starting to limit its line voltage dip. What type of starter is best for various-sized motors ranging from 200 hp to 2000 hp? See how a comparison of autotransformer and solid-state technologies drives the decision process.
Water pumping stations can be electrical challenges, especially when constructed in a residential location. Take the new Spring Mountain-Durango pumping facility in Las Vegas, for example. The length and voltage of the utility's power feeder circuit to the pumping station was a major problem. The utility required reduced voltage (RV) starters to limit the effects of voltage dip on other users of the feeder when the pumping facility's 2000 hp motors started. This is a normal requirement because a typical motor will draw about six times its full-load current on an across-the-line (full voltage) start. Since the full-load current of the 2000 hp motors was around 270A, an across-the-line start would be expected to draw 1620A at 4.16 kV, or 540A on the utility company's 12.47kV side of the transformer.
Which type of RV starter is best? RV motor starting methods include primary impedance, part-winding, wye-delta, autotransformer, and solid-state. For single-winding, medium-voltage (MV) squirrel cage induction motors, autotransformer/solid-state units are commonly used.
Primary-impedance starters achieve current reduction by inserting a resistor or reactor directly in series with the motor during starting. They're a sensible choice for smaller horsepower motors. Once you get over 200 hp, autotransformer RV starters also become a viable option because they cost almost the same as primary-impedance starters yet offer more features.
With part-winding or wye-delta starters, you need motors with special windings. This means a more expensive motor with a more involved design. Therefore, we decided not to use such starters on this project.
Features of the autotransformer. An autotransformer RV starter is connected so the motor is on the secondary of an autotransformer during starting. (See the simplified diagram in Fig. 1, in original article). The autotransformer has taps, to limit the voltage, applied to the motor at 50%, 65%, or 80% of full-voltage. Because the line current varies as the square of the impressed voltage, these same taps equate to 25%, 42%, and 64% of the full-voltage value of line current. The latter values reveal the advantage of the autotransformer over the primary impedance starter. Those same taps on a primary-impedance starter equate to 50%, 65%, and 80% of the full-voltage value of the line current.
Let's refer to Fig. 1 again. To start the motor, the 'M' and two-pole neutral 'S' contactors are closed. The motor feeds through the autotransformer, from the 65% tap. After a preset time, the 'S' contactor opens and the 'R' contactor closes, delivering full voltage to the motor. In newer autotransformer starters equipped with solid-state motor protection relays, the transition from the 'S' to 'R' contactor can be triggered based on current rather than time.
Advantages of the autotransformer starter include its lower relative cost and simplicity. For a 2000 hp, 4.16kV motor, an autotransformer starter costs about 66% of a similarly sized solid-state starter. Features now found with autotransformer starters include solid-state motor protection relays and vacuum contactors. While these starters may have complex equipment, they operate on a concept much simpler than solid-state starters.
Disadvantages of the autotransformer starter include its non-continuous acceleration and inflexibility. Acceleration is non-continuous because the torque developed by the motor is practically constant during the initial starting period and then changes to another value after the transition period. With the typical three taps, the autotransformer starter was historically the most flexible of reduced voltage starters until the advent of the solid-state starter. However, its flexibility pales in comparison to the solid-state starter.
Characteristics of the solid-state starter. In the last 10 to 15 years, the solid state-starter has become the workhorse of the industry for RV starting at low-voltage (up to 600V). However, MV models have only been available in the last five to seven years. Solid-state type starters (see Fig. 2, on page 44 of original article, for simplified diagram) use back-to-back thyristors for each line to the motor. These six thyristors control power to the motor. The power adjusts by not completely turning on the thyristors during starting. In other words, only a portion of the 3-phase sinusoidal wave is supplied to the motor during start.
Because of these control features, the big advantage of the solid-state starter is the large number of starting characteristics. The standard soft-start mode simply ramps the voltage from a preset initial torque value to 100% during a user-selected time of 0 sec to 30 sec.
Another available control mode is a start based on current limitation. In this mode, you select how much you want to limit the current (between 50% and 600%), and the duration (between 0 sec and 30 sec). If you try to limit the current to a level lower than required to start the motor, the motor won't start.
But there is much more flexibility using a solid-state starter than an autotransformer starter with its three taps. For example, we were pretty certain the 2000-hp motors would not start on 150% of full-load current, which would be the 50% tap on an autotransformer starter. We did expect them to start on 384% of full-load current, which would be the 80% tap on an autotransformer starter. However, we didn't know if they would start at 254% of full-load current, which would be the 65% tap.
With a solid-state starter, we can attempt a start at 300%, and move either up (to 310%) or down (to 290%) as necessary. With an autotransformer starter, the jump would be all the way to 384%.
Other available operating modes include kickstart, soft stop, and pump control options. The last option starts a pump motor on a curve rather than a straight line ramp. This causes the hydraulic system to react as if there were a closed discharge valve behind the pump, opening during starting. We did not use that starting mode on this project because of hydraulic reasons. For the Spring Mountain-Durango pumping facility, a pump control valve is required on each pump anyway, so there's no need for the pump control option.
There's another advantage in using a solid-state starter: Larger sized units (over 1000 hp) take up less floor space than their autotransformer counterpart. That was an important factor for this project because we installed the electrical equipment in a building on the roof of the pump station. The smaller this building, the less detraction to the neighborhood.
The major disadvantage of the solid-state starter is its higher relative cost. For larger sizes, these units cost 150% of an autotransformer starter. Another disadvantage is complexity. Finding experienced maintenance workers capable of troubleshooting a thyristor problem is much more difficult than finding someone to change out an autotransformer. For smaller solid-state units (200 hp), finding a competent maintenance staff is not difficult.
We recently began testing one of the 2000 hp motors and found it would start at the 250% current limiting setting on the starter. At this setting, the motor reached full speed in 10.8 sec, with a maximum recorded current of 510A. (The normal full-load current is 270A.) We're considering using the standard soft-start ramp mode and exploring what time period is best for minimal starting current. Because of the flexibility in these solid-state starters, we can find the optimum starting mode that will satisfy the power company while minimizing stress on electrical and mechanical components.
For the Spring Mountain-Durango pumping station, the solid-state starter's additional benefits outweigh its additional cost. But, this certainly isn't true for all projects. First, the starter's ability to limit starting current as much as possible is very important-enough to convince the local power company to quickly provide 12.47kV service to the location. This helps maintain our fast-track construction schedule. Second, the starter's smaller size helps reduce the size of the electrical building. This, in turn, reduces the visual impact of the pump station on the neighborhood.
With continual advances in semiconductor technology, lower-cost thyristors for use at 5kV are almost a certainty. Thus, solid-state starters for MV applications may become as economical as the autotransformer starter.


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Superposition Coding Strategies: Design and Experimental Evaluation
Source: University of Notre Dame
The authors design and implement a software-radio system for Superposition Coding (SC), a multiuser transmission scheme that deliberately introduces interference among user signals at the transmitter, using a library of off-the-shelf point-to-point channel codes. They experimentally determine the set of rate-pairs achieved by this transmission scheme under a packet-error constraint. Their results suggest that SC can provide substantial gains in spectral efficiencies over those achieved by orthogonal schemes such as Time Division Multiplexing. Their findings also question the practical utility of the Gaussian approximation for the inter-user interference in Superposition-Coded systems.


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Throughout Art History, the use of drapery has been a fundamental expressive tool of the artist. Many periods can clearly be delineated by how the artists handled drapery, or the clothed figure. This series of lessons is designed to give you the basic knowledge and skills needed to use drapery in an authoritative and convincing way, either working from imagination or from life.
First we will discuss the basic elements that affect how drapery looks and hangs. Second, we will make a detailed study of the seven basic folds. The final part of this series will deal with the use of folds for expression and defining the action.
Before we get started discussing drapery, I would like to make a few general remarks. If you have not studied the basic drawing lessons in my book, the Vilppu Drawing Manual, it would be a good idea to do so. Many of the elements discussed in the lessons are taken for granted, especially those lessons that deal with the rendering of form.
I would like to repeat again some of the basic concepts I have discussed so often. First: there are no rules just tools! Folds have patterns that are created by fundamental elements that have a cause and effect relationship. As such, they are not rules, but the laws of nature itself. In categorizing the folds and giving them names we acquire recognition and control. There are three distinctly different elements in using drapery. The first is understanding how drapery naturally appears and is affected by the real physical world, i.e. gravity, the type of material and the forms it is in contact with. The second is the way we use the drapery to further our artistic intentions. The third element is the basic technique used to render the drapery. I will discuss these elements separately, but in practice they all come into play simultaneously. In studying, it is important to see these elements separately so that you will have a greater flexibility in how you use them. The careful building of one element upon another is the surest way of achieving a mastery and true freedom of expression.
Gravity is the first basic element that you need to take into consideration in drawing drapery. Without gravity drapery would have no real form. Gravity, in conjunction with the type of material being used, is what creates a large portion of the folds we see. In the drawing above, notice how the folds start at the points that the fabric leaves the underlying supporting form. These points are the points of origin of the fold and define the form that is underneath. This brings us to the next major element affecting the shape of the drapery and the use of drapery, the underlying form, which will be the subject of the next lesson.
By Glenn Vilppu
This article was taken from the Drawing Drapery Manual.


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Q. Why have my rhododendron's leaves turned brown and curled up this winter? Will my shrub be all right? — Beth, Monticello
A. When the temperature drops below 35 degrees F, rhododendron leaves begin to cup and curl at the edges. At 24 degrees, the leaves have curled so tight that half the leaf surface has disappeared and the leaves droop. When temperatures hit the teens and below, leaves shrivel even tighter and can turn brownish-green and dangle like stiff string beans.
This response to temperature changes is a rhododendron's method of preventing loss of moisture through the leaves.
The upper side of the rhododendron's leaf is leathery. The bottom side is dappled with tiny air valves that control the flow of air in and out of the leaf. Cold air contains less moisture than warm air. So, when low temperatures and high winds arrive, the leaf leaves close.
By looking out a window on a wintry day, one can determine roughly how cold it is by how much the rhododendron leaves have curled and dropped. The subzero temperatures we have had the last week or so have caused this to happen to your shrub.
When temperatures rise again, the leaves will open again.
It is interesting to note that rhododendrons have a similar response in summer when the temperatures become excessively high. Instead of curling down, the leaves curl upward to prevent undue moisture loss.
Rhododendrons are also subject to leaf scorch in winter, particularly in January, February and March when the sun moves northward. That is why these plants prefer growing in shaded areas such as the shadow of a building or tall tree.
Winter protection in severe climates can be given to a rhododendron by means of a temporary windbreak such as burlap stretched between poles in front of the shrub. Your shrub will also thrive better when mulch is added after the ground has frozen.
Q. We recently moved to this area and were surprised to see so many squirrels in our bird feeders during this frigid weather. Don't they hibernate like other animals? — Judy, Wurtsboro
A. Some animals do hibernate in winter. In New York state, black bears, woodchucks (sometimes called groundhogs), jumping mice and some bats, such as the little brown bat, are mammals that hibernate.
Many reptiles and amphibians also hibernate. These include turtles, frogs, salamanders and snakes.
Some fish even hibernate. The carp covers itself with mud and sleeps in the bottom of the pond.
Many insects hibernate.
However, some animals only nap in winter, waking up to eat and even go out if the weather is mild. These include chipmunks, skunks and squirrels.
So the squirrels you see are nappers that sometimes have food stored so that they can get it easily when they wake up. They will venture out for food when it is readily available in a feeder.
The hibernators or deep sleepers will soon be venturing out as the temperatures begin to warm up.
February thaws may bring out furry raccoons and skunks. Feb. 2 is supposed to bring out the woodchuck for Groundhog Day, but by late February, both woodchuck and skunk tracks are common. It is during this later winter period that males are checking all the neighboring dens for their lady friends.
Susan M. Dollard is the Master Gardener program coordinator at the Cornell Cooperative Extension of Sullivan County.


Teen Librarian Toolbox
Inside Teen Librarian Toolbox
Morgan's Mumbles: My Favorite Plays Part 2, by teen contributor Morgan Randall
Today as part of our ongoing series where we give teens a platform to share themselves with us teen contributor Morgan Randall shares more of her favorite plays. You can read part 1 here.
And People All Around by George Skylar
This story talks directly on racism and the white supremacy within the United States in the 1960s (and ultimately calls the audience to no longer stay complacent in the racism that is happening in the modern-day). It follows the story of Don Tindall in the small town of Leucadia, in the south. The Redeemers (a nod to the KKK) is a group that is very alive within this town, and that a majority of the authorities who run the town are apart of it. Don, is not, and he becomes really conflicted as a COFO Center is established in their town. He is outraged by the bigotry and hate but is unsure what to do for fear of his own life and comfort. It follows him as he grows close to the people that are at the COFO Center and begins to experience life with them. This story is based on real events, known as the Mississippi Burning and while not all the characters are the same as they were in real life there are a lot of parallels.
The Trojan Women by Euripides
This is a Greek Tragedy, that is well known it follows the women of Troy after the Trojan War. It talks about the challenges they face as they exist in their once homeland with the Greeks now occupying their home. Their husbands have been killed in the war and they are all being taken as slaves or to be forced, brides. It mainly follows the Queen and Princess as they try to cope with losing their family and nation, but also with the grief as they try to support and provide light to the other women.
Never The Sinner by John Logan
Never The Sinner is based on Leopold and Loeb, two men who kidnapped and killed a teenager named Bobby Franks in May of 1942. This story was all over the headlines as the two men were apprehended and tried for their crimes, and their sexual relationship was exposed to newspapers. This story depicts not only these two men living in a world where sexuality isn't accepted but also deals with the concept of manipulation and how the two men's ideas and thought impacted each others actions.
Macbeth by William Shakespeare
Macbeth is one of the most well-known plays by William Shakespeare, it follows the story of a Scottish general who is told his destiny by three witches. His destiny tells of his future glory, and how he will become the King of Scotland. It shows how ambition blinds and consumes him, and greed and glory can completely change who a person is. The show follows Macbeth and how his actions impact his family, friends, and all of Scottland.
Hamlet by William Shakespeare
Another one of Shakespeare's most well-known shows is Hamlet, a story that follows a prince whose Father recently passed away. His Mother re-married very quickly after, to his Uncle, and it is all having a very heavy toll on Hamlet's psyche as he admired his Father very much. At the start of the show the King's ghost is appearing, almost as if haunting Scottland, however it is revealed that he has come back to ask Hamlet for a favor. He needs Hamlet to avenge his death, so blinded by rage and revenge Hamlet begins his quest to kill his Uncle inorder to avenge his Father.
Morgan's Mumbles: My Favorite Plays, by teen contributor Morgan Randall
One of the things that being a theatre mom has taught me is that teens are engaged with wrestling with story and literature in so many more ways then we often give them credit for. For many teens, theatre is home. It's a way to take on new skin and explore lives and wrestle with deep thoughts and emotions. Today teen contributor Morgan Randall, another theatre kid, shares some of her favorite plays with us. Never underestimate a teen, they are thinking deeply and wrestling with the world in so many profound ways.
Medea by Euripides
This show is a classic Greek tragedy, if you know Greek Mythology you are most likely familiar with Jason and the tale of the Gold Fleece. This story takes place not long after that in Corinth, where Medea and his two children lived with him. However, at the start of the show, Medea is informed with the terrible news that Jason is to be married to Glauce, the daughter of the King of Creon. The story follows Medea's rage towards Jason and how that affects both her and her children, along with Jason and his new family.
Eat! It's Not About Food by Linda Daugherty
This show tackles a very big issue in society, it talks about eating disorders and their impact on all different people. It talks about the toxic culture around body image and dieting, as well as discussing multiple stories of people dealing with different disorders and also informs the audience of facts about eating disorders. The story follows multiple people, specifically the people around Amy (her friends, kids at school, family, and then eventually people who are in recovery). It follows their struggles with their bodies and how their eating disorders impact not only their health but also their relationships. It also tackles the problem with the lack of discussion about eating disorders, in general, but also specifically with males.
Morgan and Riley behind the scenes and on the stage
Girl In The Mirror by Jacoby
I was really lucky to be able to direct this show with my best friend a few years back, it is another pretty heavy show as it talks about suicide. It follows a girl named Susan, who recently committed suicide, while in a coma between life and death she gets to choose if she lives or dies. In order to make this decision, she leaves her body and a Speaker takes her through her memories. The things she had experienced that made her want to commit suicide, then halfway through the show, it switches. They are looking into the future and what will happen to the people around her if she ends up dying.
Lafayette No. 1 by Mandy Conner
This story follows a young girl named Lizzie Landry, and the orphans (known as the Forgotten) as yellow fever sweeps the streets of New Orleans. The story follows these orphans and Lizzie, as they try to band together against the local law enforcement and leaders of the town to make them aware of the most vulnerable citizens in New Orleans. This story is absolutely amazing, it gives me chills even just reading it. I adore the emphasis on friendship and the power that is obtained when people fight together for what is just.
Shipwrecked: An Entertainment, The Amazing Adventures of Louis de Rougemont by Donald Margulies
This is the only comedy on this list because I enjoy the deeper meaning behind the show as it brings into question how far we as people are willing to go in order to tell an engaging story. Louis de Rougemont breaks the fourth wall in order to tell us his incredible tale of bravery and how he has risen to popularity. While the story is engaging, parts are obviously exaggerated and some are just straight-up lies. The show also has a lot of really cool pops and ensemble, if you ever get the chance to watch it.
Morgan RandallTeen Contributor


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This tutorial will present how to use DB Store and DB Filter components in Wires using the OPC-UA simulated server already used in OPC-UA Application.
The DB Store component allows the wire graphs to interact with the database provided by ESF. It stores in a user-defined table all the envelopes received by the component. The component can be configured as follows:
- table.name: the name of the table to be created.
- maximum.table.size: the size of the table.
- cleanup.records.keep: the number of records in the table to keep while performing a cleanup operation.
The DB Filter component, instead, can run a custom SQL query on the ESF database. It can be configured as follows:
- sql.view: SQL to be executed to build a view.
- cache.expiration.interval: cache validity in seconds. When the cache expires, a new read in the database will be performed.
The following procedure will create a wire graph that collects data from a simulated OPC-UA Server, stores it in a table in the database, using the DB Store component, and publishes it in the cloud platform. Moreover, the DB Filter is used to read from the database and write data to the OPC-UA Server based on the values read.
- Download the OPC-UA server simulator bundle and install it on your ESF instance. It will create a simulated OPC-UA server that exposes some sensors (light, temperature and water sensor) and some actuators (buzzer, led and fan).
- In the ESF Administrative Web Interface, select "OPCUA Server demo" in "Services" and set server.port to 1234. Click the Apply button. This will start an OPC-UA server on port 1234.
- Install the OPC-UA Driver from Eclipse Kura Marketplace
- Use the local ESF Administrative Web Interface to create a new OPC-UA driver instance:
- Select Drivers and Assets, click the New Driver button
- Select org.eclipse.kura.driver.opcua, type in a name, and click Apply: a new service will show up under Services.
- Configure the new service as follows:
- endpoint.ip: localhost
- endpoint.port: 1234
- server.name: leave blank
- Click on Wires under System
- Add a new Timer component and configure the interval at which the OPC-UA server will be sampled
- Add a new Asset with the previously added OPC-UA Driver
- Configure the new OPC-UA asset, adding new Channels as shown in the following image. Make sure that all the channels are set to READ.
- Add a new DBStore component and configure it as follows:
- table.name: WR_data
- maximum.table.size: 10000
- cleanup.records.keep: 0
- Add a new Publisher component and configure the chosen cloud platform stack in cloud.service.pid option
- Add Logger component
- Add another instance of Timer
- Add a new DBFilter component and configure it as follows. The query will get the values from the light sensor and if they are less than 200, the fan is activated.
- sql.view: SELECT (CASE WHEN "light" < 200 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS "led" FROM "WR_data" ORDER BY TIMESTAMP DESC LIMIT 1;
- cache.expiration.interval: 0
- Add another Asset with the OPC-UA Driver, configured as shown in the following image. Be sure that all the channels are set to WRITE.
- Connect the components as shown in the following image, then click on "Apply" and check the logs and the cloud platform that the data is correctly published.
Updated over 2 years ago


My Book, The Golden Scrolls, on the Kindle
posted in: Libraries | 1
A myth or a prophecy? As unspeakable evil lurks, can the Golden Scrolls restore a fallen civilization?
The Golden Scrolls, Kindle Edition
Storyteller? The fate of civilization depends upon the courage and faith of a boy. Is he the Chosen One?
Fuad, a young boy from the kingdom of Cor, must leave his home to travel the Known World in search of the legend his heart believes to be true. The Golden Scrolls, written thousands of years ago, could hold the answers to the mysterious darkness that has been consuming kingdoms, with Cor in its path. But is the legend true or simply another fable of the renowned
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text:
StatusThe thesis was presented on the 25 November, 2011
Approved by NCAA on the 16 February, 2012
Abstract– 0.57 Mb / in romanian
Thesis structure: introduction, three chapters, general conclusions and recommendations, bibliography of 184 titles, 9 annexes, 118 pages of basic text, including 25 tables, 14 figures and 4 formula. The work fundamental thesis was published in 10 scientific works, with 3,6 author sheets as volume.
Key words: rural marketing, investment attractiveness, rural benchmarking, mix of rural marketing, Investor Relations, Internet Marketing, investment marketing plan.
Domain of study: economics, marketing.
The goal and research objectives. The thesis goal consists in scientific foundation and the elaboration of conceptual base of rural marketing and the investment attractiveness appreciation of the rural localities. The proposed goal imposes the solution of the following objectives: The conceptual aspects studding over the rural space and of the investment attractiveness through the marketing prism; Identification of the advantages of Marketing Internet applying and of the benchmarking process as possibility of promotion the rural localities; The elaboration of the appreciation methodology of the investment attractiveness of the rural localities; The submission of a methodological application in the way of elaboration of an investment marketing plan as a component plan of the investment strategy of the rural locality.
The work scientific innovation consists in the rural marketing concept concretization, the elaboration of the appreciation methodology of the locality investment attractiveness; benchmarking activity transposition on rural dimension; the revelation of particularities of the elements of mix of the of rural marketing.
The current scientific problem of high significance, resolved in the study: Аs а result of the studies of the carried out research there was developed the appreciation mechanism applying of the investment attractiveness of the rural localities.
The applicative value of the researches. The thesis materials may be used in the Local Public Administration activity, as well as at the analytical programs elaboration for didactic activity of higher educational institutions with economic field.
Implementation of the scientific results. The research results were presented and debated at the scientific conferences and symposiums and also published in scientific magazines in the field. Several recommendations, elaborated in this thesis, have been accepted for implementation in the activity of the mayoralties of the rural localities.


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Scientific Computing in High-Energy Physics
Module version of SS 2021 (current)
There are historic module descriptions of this module. A module description is valid until replaced by a newer one.
Whether the module's courses are offered during a specific semester is listed in the section Courses, Learning and Teaching Methods and Literature below.
|available module versions|
|SS 2021||SS 2020|
PH8124 is a semester module in English language at Bachelor's level which is offered irregularly.
This Module is included in the following catalogues within the study programs in physics.
- Catalogue of non-physics elective courses
If not stated otherwise for export to a non-physics program the student workload is given in the following table.
|Total workload||Contact hours||Credits (ECTS)|
|90 h||30 h||3 CP|
Responsible coordinator of the module PH8124 is Ante Bilandzic.
Content, Learning Outcome and Preconditions
Course website for the current semester: _URL_
The material covered in the previous year is at _URL_ (the current semester is based on it, but minor modifications are foreseen).
The module will give an introduction to the core data analysis tools and techniques which are used in experimental high-energy physics. Typically, analysis of data in high-energy physics is characterized nowadays both by large datasets and by large computing facilities (e.g. at experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider), for which the stability and parallelization of running analysis jobs, automated operation of various tasks, and efficient compression of large files is necessary. By combining the functionalities of Linux, Bash, and ROOT, this can be achieved, and physics observables of interest can be extracted quickly from available large datasets.
This module covers the most important aspects of the Linux operating system, scripting with Bash shell, and ROOT analysis framework, putting always an emphasis on real-case scenarios of their usage as encountered in high-energy physics. Linux is the default operating system used in high-energy physics due to its high performance in computing, security, and free and open-source nature. Bash is by far the most popular shell on Linux platforms and its knowledge is essential for a physicist in order to use Linux. In addition, Bash is a programming language and can be used to automate with scripts all repetitive programming tasks encountered in data analysis. Finally, ROOT is an object-oriented framework written mostly in C++ and developed by physicists at CERN, with the specific aim for high-energy physics. All major collaborations in this field worldwide (e.g. ALICE, ATLAS, CMS at LHC, STAR at RHIC, CBM at FAIR, etc.) use ROOT.
All covered Linux, Bash and ROOT functionalities will be supported with concrete examples of their usage in high-energy physics.
After successful completion of the module the students can:
- use the Linux operating system at an advanced level and perform on it all tasks typically encountered by experimental physicists;
- master in-depth the shell scripting, terminal control, and task automation with Bash shell;
- use the most important ROOT functionalities (e.g. sampling, histogramming, plotting, fitting, data storage, file merging, etc.).
These three aspects are among the most important core skills required nowadays for high-energy experimental physicists, doing large-scale data analysis for instance in experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider.
Courses, Learning and Teaching Methods and Literature
Courses and Schedule
Learning and Teaching Methods
The content of the lecture is delivered through the presentation, assuming no prior knowledge on the subject. During each lecture, the newly introduced programming concepts will be demonstrated on a computer by the lecturer.
In total there will be 12 days of lectures, each lecture lasting 2x45min.
Presentation projected from the laptop. Blackboard for additional clarifications. Summary of each lecture, including integrated code snippets with exercises, in.html format.
- Mendel Cooper: "Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide" (_URL_
- Cameron Newham and Bill Rosenblatt, 'Learning the bash Shell: Unix Shell Programming (In a Nutshell (O'Reilly))'
- ROOT User's Guide (_URL_
- Richard Blum and Christine Bresnahan, 'Linux Command Line and Shell Scripting Bible'
Description of exams and course work
The achievement of the competencies given in section learning outcome is tested exemplarily at least to the given cognition level using presentations independently prepared by the students. The exam of 25 minutes consists of the presentation and a subsequent discussion.
For example an assignment in the exam might be:
- Develop a Bash script which will automate all stages (job submission, re-submission of failed jobs, quality assurance of output files, the final merging of output files, etc.) for a given Linux process
- Develop a Bash script which will automate common maintenance tasks on a Linux machine
- Set up from scratch a Monte Carlo simulation in ROOT for some physical observable of interest
There will be a bonus (one intermediate stepping of "0,3" to the better grade) on passed module exams (4,3 is not upgraded to 4,0). The bonus is applicable to the exam period directly following the lecture period (not to the exam repetition) and subject to the condition that the student passes the mid-term of successfully completing 75% of the homework problems.
The exam may be repeated at the end of the semester.