Home visitation program effectiveness and the influence of community behavioral norms: a propensity score matched analysis of prenatal smoking cessation
Visit Article
BACKGROUND: The influence of community context on the effectiveness of evidence-based maternal and child home visitation programs following implementation is poorly understood. This study compared prenatal smoking cessation between home visitation program recipients and local-area comparison women across 24 implementation sites within one state, while also estimating the independent effect of community smoking norms on smoking cessation behavior.
METHODS: Retrospective cohort design using propensity score matching of Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP) clients and local-area matched comparison women who smoked cigarettes in the first trimester of pregnancy. Birth certificate data were used to classify smoking status. The main outcome measure was smoking cessation in the third trimester of pregnancy. Multivariable logistic regression analysis examined, over two time periods, the association of NFP exposure and the association of baseline county prenatal smoking rate on prenatal smoking cessation.
RESULTS: The association of NFP participation and prenatal smoking cessation was stronger in a later implementation period (35.5% for NFP clients vs. 27.5% for comparison women, p < 0.001) than in an earlier implementation period (28.4% vs. 25.8%, p = 0.114). Cessation was also negatively associated with county prenatal smoking rate, controlling for NFP program effect, (OR = 0.84 per 5 percentage point change in county smoking rate, p = 0.002).
CONCLUSIONS: Following a statewide implementation, program recipients of NFP demonstrated increased smoking cessation compared to comparison women, with a stronger program effect in later years. The significant association of county smoking rate with cessation suggests that community behavioral norms may present a challenge for evidence-based programs as models are translated into diverse communities.
Matone M, O'Reilly ALR, Luan X, Localio R, Rubin DM


text:
The letters at the end of a number sequence in HP cartridges signify the cartridge's ink volume. Many HP cartridges, as well as some other manufacturers, have a long sku, a short part number and, sometimes, even an alternative part number. For example, HP's #56 cartridge is also known as the 56A C6656, C6656A and C6656AN. These are all the same product and have the same ink volume, but are displayed using various shortened versions of the full part number, which is C6656AN. Most HP cartridges are available with different ink volumes. HP cartridges with different ink volumes are identified by a different letter at the end of the number sequence. For example, HP cartridge 51645G and 51645A are identical cartridges, but have different ink volumes. The "G" is the free starter cartridge that comes with a printer and the "A" is the regular high volume cartridge that is sold in stores. When our house-brand cartridges are manufactured, they are always filled completely. So, regardless of the letter at the end of the HP part number, or the letter at the end of the HP cartridge that you normally order, you will always get a cartridge with a high-ink volume from LD.
Articles in this section
- Why is my new ink cartridge not printing?
- How can I get dried ink out of my inkjet print head so I can continue to print?
- Why am I getting an error message when I install my new cartridge?
- Why does it say my cartridge is empty when I install it?
- Is it normal for my cartridge to read low or empty?
- Why does the cartridge I received look bigger than the one that's already in my printer?
- Will my warranty be voided if I refill my cartridges?
- Why don't you carry Epson refill kits?
- Does the letter at the end of the HP inkjet cartridge part number matter?
- Some cartridges come in big sets for example, 4 black and 2 of each color. Can the cartridges be mixed around within the set so that we can get more of one color than others?

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
If updating then
If updating then - who is haley reinhart dating
The following "globally allowed characters" MAY be used anywhere in a member name: as the primary data (as described above). A server MAY include error details with error responses.A server MUST prepare responses, and a client MUST interpret responses, in accordance with MUST be returned, as described above. A server MAY include error details with error responses.
parameter MUST be a comma-separated (U 002C COMMA, ",") list that refers to the name(s) of the fields to be returned.
Members of the relationships object ("relationships") represent references from the resource object in which it's defined to other resource objects. A "relationship object" MUST contain at least one of the following: request.
If present, a related resource link MUST reference a valid URL, even if the relationship isn't currently associated with any target resources.
A JSON object MUST be at the root of every JSON API request and response containing data. A document MUST contain at least one of the following top-level members: A logical collection of resources MUST be represented as an array, even if it only contains one item or is empty.
"Resource objects" appear in a JSON API document to represent resources.
The optional request to the specified URL with a response that includes the resource as the primary data.
A "resource identifier object" is an object that identifies an individual resource.
Additionally, a related resource link MUST NOT change because its relationship's content changes.
Resource linkage in a compound document allows a client to link together all of the included resource objects without having to Note: The spec does not impart meaning to order of resource identifier objects in linkage arrays of to-many relationships, although implementations may do that.
Compound documents require "full linkage", meaning that every included resource MUST be identified by at least one resource identifier object in the same document.
These resource identifier objects could either be primary data or represent resource linkage contained within primary or included resources.
A resource object MUST contain at least the following top-level members: member is not required when the resource object originates at the client and represents a new resource to be created on the server.


text:
Tom Misselbrook1, Alison Carswell1, Graham McAuliffe1, Taro Takahashi1,2, Laura Cardenas1, Michael Lee1,2
1 Rothamsted Resesarch, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon EX20 2SB, UK, _EMAIL_;
2 University of Bristol, School of Veterinary Sciences, Langford, Somerset BS40 5DU, UK
The North Wyke Farm Platform comprises three 22 ha beef and sheep grazing 'farmlets' which are highly instrumented to monitor hydrology, weather, nutrient flows and productivity. Typical management for lowland UK grazing systems, based on permanent pasture, was applied to all three systems for an initial two-year baseline period. Following that, the platform has been progressively modified with the underlying principle being to improve the sustainability (economic, social and environmental) of two of the three farmlets, by reseeding of one with a grass-clover sward to drive production through nitrogen (N) fixation and one with a grass monoculture utilising the latest grass breeding advancements and higher yield potential. The third farmlet continued under permanent grassland. This paper presents the framework to be used in assessing the impacts of the reseeding period and to estimate system scale N budgets for the three systems. Data are being compiled with no results yet available, but will consist of a combination of measurements and modelled N pools and flows based on detailed management and production data. N use efficiency will be evaluated at the partial (forage production) and full (livestock product output) system level. A range of metrics expressing N flows on a product and land area basis will be derived. For a more complete understanding of the impacts of the system interventions and potential for future interventions to further improve NUE, further measurement data are required including N losses though denitrification, ammonia volatilisation and total N losses to water and N inputs through fixation.


text:
To the editor:
Let me add my voice to that of Douglas County Commissioner Charles Jones, who reminded us all that the beauty of the night sky needs to be protected from light pollution (Journal-World, July 29).
The Heritage Baptist Church might do well to reflect on the opening verses of Psalms 19:
"The heavens declare the glory of God; and the firmament sheweth his handywork. Day unto day uttereth speech, and night unto night sheweth knowledge." The night sky is our universal heritage, and nocturnal illumination of Old Glory should not be allowed to dim the eternal glory of the heavens.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
The cycle double covering conjecture states that every bridgeless graph admits a collection of cycles such that every edge in the graph is contained in exactly two cycles from the collection (allowing repetitions). The counterexample with the smallest number of edges is proved to be cubic. My first question is that whether it is true that such a minimal counterexample has the property that removing every edge yields a bridge. In other words, is it true that if $G$ is a graph with a cycle double covering, then $G\cup e$ also has a cycle double covering, where $e$ is an added edge between two vertices of $G$?
My second question is whether anything is known regarding cycle coverings that cover every edge the same number of times.
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 2 down vote accepted
No. In a minimal counterexample of the cycle double cover conjecture, removing an edge creates no bridges. The reason is simple. If such an edge existed, then contracting it would yield a smaller counterexample. In fact it is known that a counterexample to the cycle double cover conjecture with the smallest number of edges is a Snark. For more information I suggest looking at M. Chan's survey on the cycle double cover conjecture.
As for your second question, it is known that every bridgeless graph has a cycle cover which covers every edge precisely $2k$ times for every $k\geq 2$. So in particular there is always a cycle 4-cover. This is all stated with references in the survey I mentioned above.
share|improve this answer
Thanks Gjergji. So it follows that such a minimal graph $G$ admits a cycle covering so that every edge is covered exactly $2E-2$ times, where $E$ is the number of edges of $G$. Maybe there is a more trivial way of covering a graph with cycles that cover all edges the same number of times? Also do we know for example if there is a quadruple covering (or a number smaller than $2E-2$)? – Hej Jun 4 '12 at 2:03
Your Answer


text:
I took a look at what you could cram into a 1x1 mm cube using fabrication technology that is on the leading edge.
You can build chips that are 1x1 mm and 25 microns thick, including the active layer.
You could stack them and interconnect them using through silicon vias into a stack of 40.
The leading edge of scaling is 10 nanometers (more or less - but easier for the math) which means you could have 400 billion transistors or 50 gigabytes of memory in that one millimeter cube. This is not out of the realm of being manufacturable in 10 years.
One basic problem in things talking to each other wirelessly is the physics of antennas. That's a much more difficult problem, but then I think everything that is analog is a more difficult problem.
And I'm not sure how you would get them to "bond" to each other.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
By Nicholas Hebb
Occasionally I get asked in FlowBreeze can create Nassi-Shneiderman diagrams. Short answer: No. However, you can make them using the built-in shapes and drawing tools in Excel. there are free tools available online, but if you already have Microsoft Excel, then hopefully this short tutorial will save you from having to download and install some specialized software.
Nassi-Shneiderman diagrams (aka, NS diagrams or structograms), are used to outline structured programs. They are not very common in industry today but are sometimes used as a computer science teaching tool, often as an alternate to flowcharts. A simple example is shown below.
Sample Nassi-Shneiderman diagram
Any statement that is not
a branch or loop.
Binary branch statement,
such as an if statement
with a true/false choice.
such as a switch-case statement.
Default case is the short leg of the triangle.
Loop with precondition,
such as a for loop or a while loop
Loop with postcondition,
such as a do-while loop.
Adding a bunch of shapes to the diagram is fairly straightforward. (Well, except for the Branch triangle, which is a pain. We'll show why below.) Since the default shape style in Excel is dark blue with centered text, we will create some baseline shapes with plain styling that we place off to the side and then copy and paste to build the diagram.
Before adding shapes, the first step is to create a grid and then turn on Snap to Grid. These steps are covered in the How to Flowchart in Excel article, so we won't repeat them here.
Click the Insert tab, then click the Shapes dropdown and select either a Rectangle from the Basic Shapes group or a Process shape from the Flowchart group. Use you left mouse button to draw it to size on the sheet. With the shape still selected, right-click on the shape and select Format Shape from the context menu. Follow these steps to set the styling:
There are several triangle shapes available in Excel, but the only one that is suitable is the Isoceles Triangle under the Basic Shapes group. It has an adjustment handle (covered below in Adjusting Branch Shapes) that lets you move the center vertex for making switch branches. There is one problem, though. It points upward, and if we rotate the shape, then any text will be upside down. So what we will do is to create a branch shape and use a borderless, transparent textbox on top of that.
Grouping the Triangle and Textbox:
Grouping shapes together lets you treat multiple shapes as a single object, which is how we will want to use our contrived branch block.
Once shapes are grouped you can select individual shapes within the group by first clicking on the group to select it, and then clicking again on the individual shape. Do this now to select the textbox. Right-click on the textbox and use the Format Shape dialog to change the Fill to None and the Line Color to No line. You now have a reusable branch element.
Now that we have created the base shapes, creating the diagram is just a matter of copying and pasting the baseline shapes. Of course, you will need to position and size the shapes as you build the diagram. You will also need to set the z-order* of the triangles and adjust their vertices so that the branch statements are properly positioned on top of the process blocks, which are both covered below in the Editing tips section.
* Z-order is the front to back positioning. When shapes overlap, it determines which shape is on top.
In Excel, shapes that can be altered display yellow "adjustment handles" at the adjustment points. You can click and drag these points to change the shape of the shape, so to speak.
When dealing with branches and loop tests, it is often necessary to change the z-order stacking of a shape by bringing it forward or sending it backward. The easiest way to do this is to right click on a shape and use Bring to Front or Send to Back from the context menu. But the following keyboard shortcuts are useful when a shape is hard to select with a mouse.
The multi-key shortcuts look odd compared to most keyboard shortcuts, but when you hold the Alt key, Excel hightlights them on the screen making the path becomes obvious. The letters map to characters in each word, even though they are not underlined like menu systems. For example, Send to Back is Page Layout > Arrange > Send Backward > Send to Back.
You can select shapes with your mouse and use the Tab key to toggle between selected shapes. To select multiple shapes, click the first shape and then hold the Shift key down as you click on the others. You can also use a special Select Objects cursor available on the Home tab under the Find & Select menu. You need to toggle this cursor off to resume normal mouse usage - via the menu or by double-clicking anywhere on the worksheet.
Clicking and dragging with the mouse is the most obvious way, but you can also use the keyboard arrow keys to move a shape around. With Snap to Grid on, shapes will snap to the next cell as you do this.
On the Home tab, use the standard horizontal and vertical text alignment buttons.
On the View tab, uncheck the Gridlines checkbox.
Starting with Excel 2007, copy operations place an image of the copied range onto the Windows clipboard. To save the diagram as an image, select the cells fully encompassing the diagram, copy, and then paste into an image editor (even MS Paint will suffice). Alternately, you can paste into Word. I recommend doing a Paste Special and choosing the Enhanced Metafile format. Metafiles are like vector graphics in that when you resize the image, the lines and text will still render nicely.
Lastly, you can save to PDF. Excel has some problems when saving shapes to PDF. I recommend that you read the How to Save Excel Flowcharts to PDF article


text:
Super Speed: Flash's most iconic power is his incredible speed, hence his name. He is the fastest man in the world proven by his able to run near the speed of light. With his speed he is granted the ability to run on water and create whirlwinds by running in a circle. He also has the ability to react at incredible speeds as if he can see incoming attacks in slow motion and quickly react to them.
Super Vibration: Flash's speed is caused by the ability to vibrate vigourously in order to gain speed. Flash has tuned this ability to the point where he can vibrate his molecules in order to phase through solid objects. This also allows him to move other parts of his body at extreme speeds and can cause him to talk etremely fast or punch at extreme speeds.


high dynamic range. 16 bit integers were used in the past and were too lossy and slow for the amount of improvement. RGB float does not destroy information when used with YUV source footage and also supports brightness above 100\,\%. Be aware that some effects, like Histogram, still clip above 100\,\% when in floating point. \item[Interlace mode:] this is mostly obsolete in the modern digital age, but may be needed for older media such as that from broadcast TV. Interlacing uses two fields to create a frame. One field contains all odd-numbered lines in the image; the other contains all even-numbered lines. Interlaced fields are stored in alternating lines of interlaced source footage. The alternating lines missing on each output frame are interpolated. \end{description}


text:
"This paper has very strong implications for the United States staying ahead in magnet technology, which would bring great dividends in research and improvements in medical imaging."
A scientific surprise greets FSU researchers at higher magnetic fields
by Susan Ray
Research performed by a team at Florida State University's National High Magnetic Field Laboratory suggests that the benefits of building higher-field superconducting magnets likely will far outweigh the costs of building them.
FSU researchers Riqiang Fu, Ozge Gunaydin-Sen and Naresh Dalal discovered something they weren't expecting while trying to improve the resolution, or quality of image, in the magnet lab's unique 900-megahertz, 21.1-tesla magnet. While experimenting with the giant magnet, the three noted an exponential increase in the ease of detecting the "fingerprint" of the chemical compound they were studying as they exposed it to ever-higher magnetic fields.
A paper describing their research was published recently in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, a top-tier chemistry journal. The paper can be accessed here.
"This paper has very strong implications for the United States staying ahead in magnet technology, which would bring great dividends in research and improvements in medical imaging," said Tim Cross, director of the magnet lab's NMR User Program and a professor of chemistry and biochemistry at FSU. "We need—and are working on—additional fundamental studies that show the benefits of going to higher fields."
Nuclear magnetic resonance, or NMR, generates a true-to-life fingerprint—a unique pattern indicating the presence of specific molecules—for a research sample that is being analyzed. As a technique, NMR is very accurate as long as one can detect the sample in the first place. The ease or difficulty of detecting a sample is known as "sensitivity." Low sensitivity has been one of NMR's biggest liabilities, because the lower the sensitivity, the longer the experiment takes. Such slowness has limited NMR's potential applications.
"Poor signal is like a faint picture in the darkness," said Dalal, the Dirac Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry at FSU. "We've shown that the '900' (magnet) increases the picture's brightness by a factor of about 10 relative to low-field images. Think of how much more you can see in a room that is that much brighter…and imagine what you'd see at even higher fields."
Theorists had predicted a linear increase in both resolution and sensitivity at higher magnetic fields, moving from 14.1 tesla to 21.1 tesla, the current state of the art in superconducting magnets. In their experiment, the FSU team members observed an exponential increase—with the sensitivity increasing by a factor of three over what had been predicted.
Higher sensitivity in a magnet means it takes far less time—or much less of a sample—to conduct an experiment.
"The reduction in time is like going from one hour to a couple of minutes," said Fu, an associate scholar/scientist at the magnet lab and the FSU chemistry department. "Many experiments take weeks, and such a reduction in time will allow for far more studies to be conducted on a single instrument."
Dalal said the shortening of experimental time increases scientists' ability to fingerprint materials, opening up new areas of scientific investigation in NMR, including the study of materials useful in nanotechnology and medical imaging. The need for less of a sample—up to 18 times less—will open up high-field NMR to the study of enzymes and purified proteins, an area in which samples typically are of limited size.
The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (_URL_) develops and operates state-of-the-art, high-magnetic-field facilities that faculty and visiting scientists and engineers use for interdisciplinary research. The laboratory is sponsored by the National Science Foundation and the state of Florida and is the only facility of its kind in the United States.


text:
SG Ports is a comprehensive, searchable database of official and unofficial tcp/udp port
assignments, known vulnerabilities, trojans, applications use and more. The ports, services and protocols database contains combined information
derived from IANA, numerous port lists, as well as our own research and user submissions. You can search by application/service name,
or simply click on port numbers below for detailed information.
Please simply use the "Add comment" buttons on individual port pages to add information about ports not already in the database.
IANA official ports
simovits.com trojan list
gameconfig.co.uk - port settings for online games
practicallynetworked.com - special applications port list
nmap.org services list
In computer networking, a port is an application-specific or process-specific software construct serving as a communications endpoint used by Transport Layer protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite, such as TCP and UDP.
Ports are identified by their port number (between 0 and 65535).
The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is responsible for the global coordination of Internet protocol resources, such as the DNS Root, IP addressing,
and the registration of commonly used port numbers for well-known Internet services. The port numbers are divided into three ranges:
Well Known Ports: 0 through 1023
Registered Ports: 1024 through 49151
Dynamic (Private) Ports: 49152 through 65535
Well Known and Registered ports should not be used without IANA registration. The registration procedure is defined in [RFC4340], Section 19.9.


text:
Posted on | August 1, 2010 | No Comments
Prior to the outbreak of the First World War, barely a week passed by without somebody floating another proposal for a railroad running from one far-flung corner of Alberta to another. While the vast majority remained dreams and schemes, by 1930 around a dozen of these subdivisions actually made it off the drawing board in southeastern Alberta. For a period of time, branch lines such as the Suffield subdivision–which upon completion stretched for 150 miles over some of the flattest, driest, most desolate prairie Alberta had to offer–served as lifelines to vast spreads of barren grassland that were (and in many cases still are) hardly fit for anything on two legs.
Rumours of a branch line running from Suffield on the Canadian Pacific mainline to various points westward persisted in the years following the opening of lands between Lethbridge and the Bow River for settlement. However, it wasn't until construction on the Southern Alberta Land Company irrigation project was well underway that preliminary work on the Suffield line would begin. In November 1910, a report appeared in the Lethbridge Herald noting the initial survey of a rail line to run from Kipp, just west of Lethbridge, to Suffield through the soon-to-be-irrigated lands of the Southern Alberta Land Co. had just been completed.
Word of this survey prompted much boosting for a Lethbridge connection to the Suffield branch from a number parties, including the Lethbridge Board of Trade, and the long-suffering farmers of the Sundial, Barney and Alby districts north and east of Lethbridge, who at the time faced a 40-mile haul to the nearest grain handling facility.
Subsequent reports in November 1911 seemed to confirm that an agreement was in place between the Southern Alberta Co. and the C.P.R. to construct two new branch lines: One running from Shepard, just east of Calgary, to Medicine Hat; and another running from Kipp to Brooks.
Finally, in May of 1912, the C.P.R. would begin construction of the much-anticipated Suffield subdivision. Two crews were dispatched for the project, one working eastward from the Barney district (north of Taber), and the other westward from Suffield, with both to meet at a point along the Bow River before year's end.
As work commenced, the Lethbridge Herald, together with the city's Board of Trade, continued to boost the Kipp connection. In the fall of 1912, the Herald confidently proclaimed that the location of the western terminus of the Suffield line would be Kipp, and it would hook up with the C.P.R. spur line to the Chinook Collieries at Commerce north of Lethbridge.
Some in the public, still none-the-wiser about the C.P.R.'s actual plans, began engaging in land speculation along the proposed route of the Suffield-Kipp line. The Southern Alberta Land Company, lending credence to the Kipp rumours, began promoting "150,000 acres of dry lands in an irrigated belt" for sale along with eight townsites along the "new Suffield-Kipp Branch of the C.P.R."
Some hypothesized that the Kipp-Suffield line would become the southern branch of the proposed Hudson's Bay Railway, which was projected to run north through Bow City and Brooks, on its way to Saskatoon.
Everyone involved seemed sold on the fact that a branch line from Suffield to Kipp was a given. All except the C.P.R. that is.


text:
British International SchoolTuraida Street 1, Piņķi, Babītes municipality
The school is located in the territory of 1,5 ha. Institution has several sports and playing fields as well as 76 parking places. Works consisted of new 2-storey 32 classroom school, with fully equipped art studio, music, science classrooms, modern computer class and a canteen. Project allows further extension of the building.
New school is one of eight prestigious British King's College schools in the World. For 45 years already, with an excellency they have been working in the United Kingdom's education system as well as out of it. Latvian British School is the first this level United Kingdom's education institution in Latvia. The school ensures studies in various levels – starting from pre-primary school (3 years old) until the end of high school (18 years old). Study process is provided by a team of teachers from the United Kingdom. School is intended to be for 200 students.
- SIA "ESPI"
- Name of the project:
- British International School
- Type of construction:
- Education, culture, sports buildings
- SIA „ER. ARCH" Egils Raņķis
- SIA "Diānas Zalānes projekta birojs"
- Description of work:
- New building
- Turaida Street 1, Piņķi, Babītes municipality
- Beginning of project:
- Completion year:
- Characteristic feature:
- Total area: 3 400,33 m2


text:
Policy and Procedure
Student Support Services is one of the Federal TRiO Programs funded by the U.S. Department of Education. TRiO began in the 1960's as a result of the Educational Opportunity Act of 1964, the original War on Poverty statute that initiated the Upward Bound program.
The Higher Education Act of 1965 followed, which provided the foundation for the Talent Search program. The reauthorization of the Higher Education Act in 1968 led to the creation of the Special Services program, now called Student Support Services. Thus, by 1968, the original TRiO programs had been created: Upward Bound, Talent Search, and Special Services.
The original three programs have grown into eight, which now include Educational Opportunity Centers (1972), Training Program for Federal TRiO Programs (1976), Ronald E. McNair Post-Baccalaureate Program (1986), Upward Bound Math/Science (1990), and the TRiO Dissemination Partnership (1998).
The general purpose of TRiO programs is to provide educational access and opportunity to at-risk high school and college students who are first generation, low-income, or have disabilities. The purpose of Student Support Services is twofold: 1) to increase the retention and graduation rates of eligible students and 2) to foster an institutional climate that is supportive of first-generation, low-income students and students with disabilities.
Students must apply and be accepted to be a part of the program. SSS offers a variety of academic support services, which increase the retention and graduation rates of eligible students. Because the program is federally funded, all services are free of cost to accepted students. SSS at The University of Virginia's College at Wise is funded to serve 190 participants.
SSS at UVa-Wise has been in existence since 1973 and has provided assistance to thousands of eligible students. National studies completed on the effectiveness of SSS programs reveal that participants in SSS are more than twice as likely to remain in college than eligible students who did not participate in the program.
- Is enrolled at the College or accepted for enrollment for the next academic term
- Is a U.S. citizen or meets the residency requirements to receive Federal financial aid
- Is low-income, first generation or has a physical or learning disability
- Has a need for academic support
The U.S. Department of Education requires that two-thirds of all participants be first generation and low-income or be students with disabilities. The remaining one-third may be first generation, low-income or have a disability. Of those students with disabilities, one-third must be low-income.
IDENTIFICATION, RECRUITMENT, AND SELECTION OF PARTICIPANTS
Student Support Services staff identifies eligible students with the cooperation and assistance of the Offices of Enrollment Management and Financial Aid.
- The Office of Enrollment Management provides SSS with the list of students who have been accepted to the College and confirmed. Information collected by both the Offices of Enrollment Management and Financial Aid is used to identify eligible students.
- Then, a targeted pool of eligible students who have a need for academic support is identified. Those students meet the following criteria: 1) are admitted with less than a 3.0 academic GPA 2) have less than 900 on both the critical reading and math sections of the SAT 3) placed into a remedial course 4) are undecided about a major 5) are non-traditional students 6) were participants in a pre-college TRiO program (Upward Bound, Talent Search) and 7) self-identify themselves as having a need for academic support.
- Referrals are sought from other TRiO programs in the area as well as from outside agencies, faculty, and staff.
- SSS staff participates in the College's summer orientation at which it introduces incoming students to the program. Students who apply to SSS and have been determined to be eligible by program staff participate in a separate SSS Orientation at which students receive academic advising.
- Applications are evaluated on the basis of the eligibility requirements established by the Department of Education: first generation, low income, and/or disability. Participants must also have a need for academic support. This is determined by information provided on the application, transcripts, and placement and test scores. In addition, candidates are interviewed prior to selection.
- Once accepted, students must complete an intake form (LIFE Plan) which serves as the contract by which they accept the terms of membership. Students who fail to meet the conditions of the contract or fail to receive services regularly from the program over the course of one year are placed on inactive status. Inactive students do not receive the full benefits of the program.


Saturday, January 28, 2006
Sentence Structure in Mathematical Poetry
Here is a detail of the equation from above
Today I would like to share part of a conversation I had with Gregory Vincent St. Thomasino dated December 2, 2005 …
Gregory Vincent St. Thomasino said:
You have to find the analogy between math and the grammar of the sentence, and make your "math" work within that grammar.
Kaz Maslanka said:
I am not sure if I understand exactly what you are saying but I find grammatical similarities in physics equations all the time. For example F = ma ---- force is equal to mass times acceleration. "ma" could easily be seen as a clause where mass is the subject and acceleration is the predicate. Many of my polyaesthetic pieces rely on physics equations to supply a sub-context for the piece. Lets look at the piece from "Karmic influences on the double helix" First we must talk a bit about physics. This piece utilizes the physics equation for Energy. E = Fd Energy is equal to force multiplied by distance. In other words the Energy expended on an object is equal to force applied to that object continually spread over a distance. The latter sentence obviously has grammatical qualities and is synonymous with the equation. We also know that F = ma. Now lets break force into its components of mass and acceleration and substitute (ma) for 'F' it in our equation that defines energy.
E = (ma)d or E = mad
In other words the Energy expended on an object is equal to the accelerated mass of that object applied continuously over a distance. (Notice again that we are using words to be synonymous with the actual equation)
Even the equation can easily be mapped with sentence structure. The energy in question is equated to Fd or (ma)d where 'm' is the subject 'ad' is the predicate and d is the object of the verb 'to accelerate' To reiterate the mass is the subject and 'acceleration over a distance' is the predicate where 'over the distance' is the object of the verb 'accelerate'
Before we look at the poem lets take a look at the distance formula (in two dimensions) used in analytical geometry. In a nutshell the distance formula is the Pythagorean theorem mapped onto a Cartesian coordinate system. e.g. the hypotenuse of a right triangle is the distance we wish to solve and we can do so by using the difference in the y values as one leg of the triangle and the difference in the x values as the other leg of the triangle. This whole mess is a lot easier to see visually. Click here
Now let us look at the poem.
The energy in question is "Karmic Energy" which is equal to the 'mass' being the phrases: the conscious embryo, rampart, through the viridian passage" multiplied by the 'acceleration' which is "misfortunate paranoia" and multiplied by the distance between the concepts of the difference between the concepts of "the discovery of the wheel and extra-dimensional travel" and the difference between the concepts "single cell intelligence and the discovery of the wheel"
You can see that the poem follows the exact sentence structure of the physics equation, Furthermore the physics equation serves as a paradigm or metacontext for the poem to 'ride' or 'be carried ' in.
Friday, January 27, 2006
Distance and Visual Poetry
The piece, "DISTANCE", shows how the concepts of velocity and time tessellate a plane in an infinitely woven tapestry of distance.
The piece above "distance" is a little different for me for it is influenced by new information I have learned from the 'visual poetry' movement. The piece has elements of visual poetry that I have never used before. It functions in two different ways. One way it functions mathematically as a visual paradigm for a physics tenant of kinematics. Notice a paradigm is not a metaphor it is a simile. The Second way it functions is mathematical vispo because it performs math operations on text. The bottom line is that I would not call it mathematical poetry as such because we are not performing mathematical operations on words as meaning with the intent for connotation. However we are performing math operations on text and I reiterate that I feel this is in the realm of mathematical vispo. Check out Geof Huths amazing blog if you want to understand all the branches of visual poetry.
On a side note here is a visual poem I made for Gregory Vincent St. Thomasino titled "church" It is inspired by and uses his math poem, "change + purse = church"
Tuesday, January 24, 2006
Four-Dimensionally Centered
This piece was inspired by the beauty in New Mexico and its relationship to the spiritual ideas of its native people. It is a four dimensional point metaphorically pointing at the atonement archetype.
There are four axes in this Cartesian system: the first axis is that of east and west the next axis being north and south the third axis being up and down and the last axis being inward and outward. Mathematically speaking the point described uses the analytic geometric midpoint formula to define the midpoint in each of the four axes. Metaphorically speaking The point described is at the center of everything and nothing.
Wednesday, January 18, 2006
Joint Mathematics Meeting Report
American Mathematical Society
I just returned from the Joint conference on Mathematics in San Antonio and was extremely pleased with the Art Show. Many of the 'Bridges' mathartists participated in the show and some attended the conference. Here is a picture of my good friend Reza Sarhangi the nucleus of the Bridges conference (left) standing with Slavik Jablan an extremely important and interesting figure in the Mathart movements in Europe.
Here is a picture of my friend Paul Hildebrandt (left) and Ivars Peterson dining on good Mexican food. Paul is the president of Zometools and Ivars is extremely important figure in the proliferation of fun filled mathematical ideas and is the creator of "Math Trek" for Science News.
Here is a snapshot of Robert Fathauer standing next to his mathart. Robert is president of Tessellations company and he also is involved in the curation of many mathart shows.
Here is a snapshot of Francisco Lara-Dammer with his beautiful Cayley diagrams
Here is a snapshot of Gwen Fisher who does amazing mathematical beadwork.
Here is a snapshot of Anne Burns and her beautiful mathematical landscape
My apology to to Bradford Hansen-Smith for missing the opportunity to shoot his picture (he also attended the conference)
Remember the Alamo!
Wednesday, January 11, 2006
Mathpo Beauty?
I snagged this quote off of the new-poetry list, submitted by Jeff Newberry
Miguel de Unamuno
When I look at this quote I easily see it also as a mathematical metaphor.
Life = Doubt
Faith - Doubt = Death
What hits me so obviously is how much more beautiful the verbal language is relative to its'seemingly cold' mathematical counterparts. However, the beauty in mathematical poetry is being able to see within an instant all the mathematically synonymous permutations and synergistically experience them as a whole integrated with the poetic beauty and power of the verbal language.
Doubt = Life
Doubt = Faith-death
Life = Faith-death
I wonder if Mr. Unamuno put much thought into the following quote:
Doubt is life, and life is faith without death
Tuesday, January 03, 2006
The Evolution of a Math Poem
Bob Grumman has recently posted another mathpoem worth thinking about. Its history goes back to early March 2005 when Bob was blogging about his version of the Basho haiku which concerns a frog jumping into an ancient pond.
Bobs blog 401
Bobs version:
old pond--abruptly, the sound
of a frog's splash-in
on March 10 2005 Bob reveals that a math poet named El Konde had sent him his interpretation of that same Basho Haiku poem.
Bobs blog 403
Which was:
Old pond / silence = frog splash!
Bob replied, "I like the idea of dividing the pond (arithmetically), but it would be more logical, it seems to me, to divide silence by the frog to get the old pond." Or:
Silence / frog splash! = Old pond
I would like to analyze these two different syntactical forms of the same Basho poem and see how they relate to Bobs recent poem "Mathemaku for Basho"
First of all we must talk about what takes place when we create and equation in the form:
A = B multiplied by C
When we multiply 2 subjects together those subjects are integrated into a new subject that has its identity is founded in both of the previous subjects.
Lets looks a something we are familiar with If you drive your car 100 miles down the Jersey turnpike from New York to Philly at 50 miles per hour you would get there in about 2 hours (assuming someone doesn't shoot you for driving too slow)
Distance is equal to velocity multiplied by time. d = v t
The very idea of distance is founded on the ideas of time and velocity at least as far as our equation is concerned. It is also interesting to me that we can use different syntax to make this mathematical expression synonymous in three ways.
d = v t (Distance is equal to velocity multiplied by time.)
v = d/t (velocity is equal to distance divided by time)
t = d/v (time is equal to distance divided by velocity)
Now let's look at El Konde's version of the Basho poem:
old pond / silence = frog splash!


text:
Transboundary EIA in Central America
08 June 2007 | News story
Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental Transfronteriza en Centroamérica - Lineamientos generales is the name of a new book of the EPLP Series, produced by the IUCN Regional Office for Mesoamerica (ORMA) and the IUCN
Environmental Law Centre (ELC).
Central America is a region that shares ecosystems, river basins, and protected areas. The development of projects, plans or activities likely to produce transboundary impacts need to be appropriately considered, and an EIA process established and anchored in regional policies and legislation.
This book, elaborated by Dr. Alejandro Iza, Director of the ELC, Dr. Grethel Aguilar, Regional Director, IUCN ORMA, and Marianela Cedeño, environmental lawyer at the IUCN Regional Office in Mesoamerica analyses the relevant initiatives on transboundary EIA in the world, and advances the basic elements of a regional agreement on EIA in a transboundary context for Central America.


≡ Menu
What Moves Swiss Franc Currency Futures?
usdchf price study
Swiss Franc currency futures are widely traded in the currency future markets and Swiss Franc is one of the most stable currency in the world's foreign exchange market
It is the national currency for the European countries of Switzerland and Liechtenstein. The Swiss currency is regulated by the Swiss National Bank (SNB).
For decades, Switzerland has been an international banking and financial center This currency is considered stable because it is strongly backed by the Swiss government's gold reserves. The Swiss economy is also a very strong economy and as a result the currency is not likely to suffer from frequent and sudden spike in value.
Swiss Franc is considered a safe haven currency by countries around the world.
Daily Swiss Franc Prices (CME)
Economic Indicators Affecting Swiss Franc Currency Futures
Switzerland's Unemployment Rate
Recently one of the most important economic indicators that has influenced the Swiss Franc exchange rate has been the rising unemployment rate. Major Swiss companies in the retail sector, travel and banking are worried that a strengthening Swiss Franc might lead to a rise in unemployment.
In addition, the Swiss National Bank expects Swiss GNP growth to fall slightly this year. Clearly these would not help improve the employment rate. The growth of the Swiss economy has been affected and has exerted some downward pressure on the currency.
usdchf point and figure chart
Swiss Franc Currency Futures Strengthening Due To European Problems
Over the past few months, the Swiss currency appreciated in value against the Euro. This was the result of the financial meltdown in European countries like Greece,Spain and Ireland. External trade with other European countries affects the strength of the Swiss Franc. Two thirds of all trade is conducted with Europe.
Investors panicked and there had been a stampede to convert their currencies to Swiss money. The appreciation of Swiss Franc does not help Swiss companies as it causes a fall of exports to other European countries. Conversely, a stronger European economy would lead to a fall in value of their Currency and Swiss companies would be able to increase exports to other European countries.
Government Intervention In Swiss Franc Currency
The recent rise in value of their currency affected the growth of the Swiss economy. To protect their economy the Swiss government warned that they would buy up unlimited amount of foreign currencies in an attempt to protect their own currency.
This strong talk has convinced foreign exchange investors that they should not attempt to continue trading in a manner that would further drive up the value of the Swiss Franc or else the Swiss government could intervene.
Swiss Franc Is Stable
This currency will continue to be regarded as a very stable currency due to the fact that it is backed by the Swiss Government. It is also the world's best inflation-resistant money. It is well-know that Switzerland has a strong workforce, with the banking and insurance industry employing over fifty per cent of the population.
Hence the Swiss Franc currency futures will continue to be regarded as one of the safest bet by investors in times of uncertainty.


Strong's Hebrew: 1121 (ben) - son, children, old, first, man, young, young 1241, child, stranger, people, misc
Parts of Speech
n m
Root Word (Etymology)
from 1129
Dictionary Aids
TWOT Reference: 254
KJV Translation Count — 4906x
The KJV translates Strongs H1 in the following manner: son (2978), children (1568), old (135), first (51), man (20), young (18), young 1241 (17), child (10), stranger (10), people (5), misc (92)
Outline of Biblical Usage
1. son, grandson, child, member of a group
a. son, male child
b. grandson
c. children (pl. -male and female)
d. youth, young men (pl.)
e. young (of animals)
f. sons (as characterisation, i.e. sons of injustice [for un-righteous men] or sons of God [for angels]
g. people (of a nation) (pl.)
h. of lifeless things, i.e. sparks, stars, arrows (fig.)
i. a member of a guild, order, class
Strong's Definitions
Concordance Results Using KJV
Unto the woH1121 he said, I will greatly multiply thy sorrow and thy conception; in sorrow thou shalt bring forth H1121; and thy desire shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee.
And Adam knew his wife again; and she bare a H1121, and called his name Seth: For God, said she, hath appointed me another seed instead of Abel, whom Cain slew.
And to Seth, to him also there was born a H1121; and he called his name Enos: then began men to call upon the name of the LORD.
And the days of Adam after he had begotten Seth were eight hundred years: and he begat H1121s and daughters:
And Seth lived after he begat Enos eight hundred and seven years, and begat H1121s and daughters:
And Enos lived after he begat Cainan eight hundred and fifteen years, and begat H1121s and daughters:
And Cainan lived after he begat Mahalaleel eight hundred and forty years, and begat H1121s and daughters:
And Mahalaleel lived after he begat Jared eight hundred and thirty years, and begat H1121s and daughters:
And Jared lived after he begat Enoch eight hundred years, and begat H1121s and daughters:


text:
This section describes how to modify the Compose window.
You can modify the following in the Compose window:
Change the location of the tools in the window
Alternative text associated with the tools
Enable and disable emoticons
Create your own dictionary
To modify the Message Composition window, edit the rtfeditor.html file.
Functionally, rtfeditor.html is called by comp_fs_lr.html. This function assembles the code and assigns the functions to the graphics by calling WMtoolbar() in main.js that also handles colors and text-only versions. The rtfeditor.html file generates the "To", "Cc", and "Bcc" control area by calling the i18n_compose_controls() in /i18n.js.
Example 5–6 shows the necessary changes to be made in the file en/i18n.js for changing the text "Recipients" to "Send to".
// Message Composition.... i18n['recipient'] = ' Send To '


text:
A group of rows and columns. The x-axis is the horizontal row, and the y-axis is the vertical column. An x-y matrix is the reference framework for two-dimensional structures, such as mathematical tables, display screens, digitizer tablets, dot matrix printers and 2D graphics images.
Search For x-y matrix On ChannelWeb
Find the latest news and information on x-y matrix from across the Channelweb Network of IT Web sites.


text:
BelongTo is an amazing organisation that provides support for young Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender people in Ireland. If you know someone who is trans or non-binary, you probably want to be supportive, but maybe have some questions and are afraid to ask in case you cause offense. This week, BelongTo have released a series of videos in which the trans and non-binary community and their families share their stories in order to start some open and honest conversations.
Here's what we learned:
- Gender identity is who you are, and sexuality is who you are attracted to.
- Theres no one way to be trans.
- Names and pronouns are important to trans people, if you're not sure, use 'they' or 'them' (its okay to make mistakes, as long as you try).
- Allies and supportive people are very important to the trans community (and we should all try to be allies).
- Don't ask a trans person something you wouldn't be comfortable answering yourself.
- Bathrooms can be difficult for trans people, and some schools are starting to introduce gender neutral bathrooms, which is cool.
Watch the videos below.


- Cobalt-60
 What is Cobalt-60?
 Cobalt-60 is an isotope that emits gamma rays essential to the medical community for cancer treatments, as well as sterilization of medical devices.
 Sterilization Cobalt-60
 Sterilization Cobalt-60 is the first and most widely used type of Cobalt-60. It is employed by the healthcare industry to sterilize medical devices such as sutures, gloves and syringes. This type of Cobalt-60 is typically sourced from nuclear companies like Bruce Power in great quantities. In fact, LSA Cobalt-60 from Bruce Power sterilizes more than 40 per cent of the world's single-use medical devices.
 Medical-grade Cobalt-60
 Medical-grade Cobalt-60 is used worldwide to battle cancer and for radiation therapy for the treatment of complex brain conditions. Bruce Power has recently begun producing this new source of Cobalt, which will ensure doctors and their patients have treatments when they need them, and access to new and innovative machines.
 What is Bruce Power's role in its creation?
 For more than 30 years, the four reactors at Bruce Power's Bruce B generating station have been a reliable Cobalt-60 supply for Nordion, an Ottawa-based company.
 The Cobalt-60 rods are stored in Bruce Power's secondary fuel bay. The harvested rods are suspended on the wall of the fuel bay, about 14 feet below the surface; the water providing employees with shielding from the radioactivity. From the reactivity mechanism deck over the fuel bay, Bruce Power's specialized fuel handlers extract the individual irradiated rods and place them in a shielded flask to be shipped to Nordion's facility.
 Cobalt-60 process
 What can be done with Cobalt?
 Gamma sterilization is a proven process that's highly effective at treating single-use medical devices. With the ability to penetrate products while sealed in its final packaging, gamma sterilization economizes the manufacturing and distribution process, while still ensuring full sterility of the product.
 Sterilization of Combination Devices
 A combination device is a medical device combined with a tissue, pharmaceutical or other component that falls within one or more regulatory standards, such as drug-eluting stents. Sterilization can affect drug and material properties, so sterilization by gamma irradiation is applied to ensure that the combination device's sterility and functionality are maintained.
 Sterilization of Implantable Devices
 Implantable devices include orthopedics (i.e. knees), stents, heart valves and more. Metal and polymers present a challenge to some sterilization modalities. Gamma is highly efficient for sterilization of implantable devices; in fact, the highest percentage of sterilization modalities for orthopedics is gamma. Additionally, many implantable devices are high value and therefore depend on a reliable process to ensure quality control and prevent the potential for lost product due to processing faults.
 Sterilization of Pharmaceuticals
 Sterilization by gamma irradiation is advantageous for a wide range of pharmaceutical products. Due to the high demand in the pharmaceutical industry, gamma has proven itself to be an effective method as indicated by its acceptance in the European Pharmacopeia, and, more recently, drafted into the United States Pharmacopeial Convention. Some of the advantages of gamma over other modalities include high penetration power, isothermal character (small temperature rise) and no residues. It also provides a better assurance of product sterility than aseptic processing and lower validation demands.
 Gamma Knife and Cancer Treatment
 One of the technological advancements is the Elekta Gamma Knife? surgery, which uses an innovative tool that allows for non-invasive treatment of brain disorders, which is complex to do through conventional means. Stereotactic Radiosurgery using Cobalt-60 therapy allows doctors to deliver higher doses of radiation to tumours, while limiting damage to the surrounding healthy tissue and organs. For many brain cancers, Cobalt-60 therapy is one of the most precise and advanced forms of radiation treatment available.
 Gamma Knife radiosurgery is a type of radiation therapy used to treat tumours and other abnormalities in the brain. In Gamma Knife radiosurgery, specialized equipment focuses close to 200 tiny beams of radiation on a tumour or other target. Although each beam has very little effect on the healthy brain tissue it passes through, a strong dose of radiation is delivered to the site where all the beams meet.
 Gamma Knife radiosurgery is usually a one-time therapy, completed in a single day.
 Another such way is Xcision's GammaPod, which is a new solution that is designed to provide non-invasive treatments to patients, with the potential to shorten the course of radiotherapy and limit doses to the surrounding healthy tissue, including the whole breast, heart and lungs.
 Insect Sterilization
 Cobalt-60 is the key component of the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), a process aimed at eliminating or, at a minimum, suppressing the population of insects that spread disease like Zika virus. In this case it's like a high-tech form of insect birth control for mosquitoes.
 The International Atomic Energy Association has deployed the SIT using gamma radiation from Cobalt-60 to combat the spread of Zika and West Nile viruses, as well as dengue. SIT poses no risk to the environment or to public health and, in fact, is considered one of the most environmentally friendly insect pest control methods ever developed because the insects are not self-replicating and do not become established in the environment.
 Pioneered in the 1950s, SIT involves using gamma irradiation to render sterile insects such as male tse-tse flies, screw-worm flies and other fruit flies, especially in climates that stay warm year-round. After irradiation, large numbers of sterile males are released into the wild, dramatically reducing the number of insects in the next generation. Repeated release can eventually wipe out a population of insects.
 Food Irradiation
 Gamma is also used to disinfect certain food and consumer products such as spices and cosmetics, and eliminate invasive insect pests from tropical produce prior to export to various countries. While some methods leave traces of toxic substances, gamma rays do not. The rays are highly effective at killing micro-organisms and insect pests, yet there is no residue or radioactivity on or in the products and packaging. This means no quarantine is required, and product is immediately available for shipment or use after processing.
 The American Spice Trade Association provides guidance on the use of irradiation as a microbial reduction strategy for spices. In some countries, regulatory requirements and consumer demands are restricting the use of chemical treatments required for export of fruits and vegetables. The growing awareness of the dangers of chemicals that are known carcinogens has led countries to review and, in some cases, suspend their use. These and other drivers have resulted in an increase in irradiation of food products as an alternative to chemical treatments.
 Gamma irradiation is also used to treat meat and produce against micro-organisms such as E. coli and salmonella. Irradiation is for the safety of consumers and neither changes the taste nor the nutrient levels of the food.
 Agriculture and R&D
 Cobalt-60, which is produced in four of Bruce Power's eight nuclear reactors, is used for the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), which could be a powerful strategy for controlling the pepper weevil, a devastating pest problem for Ontario pepper farmers. Bruce Power and Nordion have both put forth funding and support for a multi-year study led by University of Guelph Professor Cynthia Scott-Dupree on sterilizing pepper weevils using Cobalt-60. The researchers hope to control pepper weevils, which can burrow into farmed peppers and destroy them from the inside.
 It is very difficult to control these insects when they are hidden inside the pepper, and, in 2016, pepper weevils caused significant damage to the crop in both field and greenhouse production systems.
 Gamma radiation from Cobalt-60 will sterilize the insects before they are released to mate normal, unsterilized pepper weevils in greenhouses. The only pepper weevils released will have all the attributes of normal, unsterilized weevils, except they are sterile. When they mate, the eggs will not be viable, no progeny results and the pest population will decrease.
 This innovative research could improve Ontario's agricultural sector by reducing the impact of pests on produce, while also providing a possible gateway to the future of farming.
 Stay in touch
 Sign up for our monthly eNewsletter
 The shortcode with the name issuu-popup dose not exist.
 - 欧美大尺码久久夜


text:
How Do You Introduce Computing in an Engaging Way? Meet Them Where They Are (Case Study 3)
Engage students not already drawn to computing by creating academic and social environments where these students feel like they belong. Students respond positively to solving real-life problems that draw on their existing knowledge and interests and that involve collaboration in hands-on projects. The Girl Scouts' "Technobile" is a mobile technology classroom with 12 workstations. It showcases technology and technology careers in ways that appeal to girls, while breaking down the access barriers to IT.


text:
Transfer Learning for Reinforcement Learning Domains: A Survey
Matthew E. Taylor, Peter Stone; 10(56):1633−1685, 2009.
The reinforcement learning paradigm is a popular way to address problems that have only limited environmental feedback, rather than correctly labeled examples, as is common in other machine learning contexts. While significant progress has been made to improve learning in a single task, the idea of transfer learning has only recently been applied to reinforcement learning tasks. The core idea of transfer is that experience gained in learning to perform one task can help improve learning performance in a related, but different, task. In this article we present a framework that classifies transfer learning methods in terms of their capabilities and goals, and then use it to survey the existing literature, as well as to suggest future directions for transfer learning work.
|© JMLR 2009. (edit, beta)|


text:
- Show that you know first aid for the types of injuries that could occur while surveying, including cuts, scratches, snakebite, insect stings, tick bites, heat and cold reactions, and dehydration. Explain to your counselor why a surveyor should be able to identify the poisonous plants and poisonous animals that are found in your area.
- Find and mark the corners of a five-sided lot that has been laid out by your counselor to fit the land available. Set an instrument over each of the corners and record the angle turned between each line and the distance measured between each corner, as directed by your counselor. With the assistance of the counselor, compute the error of closure from the recorded notes. The error of closure must not be more than 5 feet. From the corners, take compass readings or turn angles to trees, shrubs, and rocks and measure to them. All measurements should be made using instruments, methods, and accuracies consistent with current technology.
- From the field notes gathered for requirement 2, draw to scale a map of your survey. Submit a neatly drawn copy.
- Write a metes and bounds description for the five-sided lot in requirement 2.
- Use one of the corner markers from requirement 2 as a benchmark with an assumed elevation of 100 feet. Using a level and rod, determine the elevation of the other four corner markers.
- Get a copy of the deed to your property, or a piece of property assigned by your counselor, from the local courthouse or title agency.
- Tell what GPS is; discuss with your counselor the importance of GPS and how it is changing the field of surveying.
- Discuss the importance of surveying with a licensed surveyor. Also discuss the various types of surveying and mapping, and applications of surveying technology to other fields. Discuss career opportunities in surveying and related fields. Discuss qualifications and preparation for such a career.


text:
How to play Quiz Game Version 1
- You will hear six questions in six segments.
- For each segment, preview the question.
- Then, play the audio for the segment.
- As the audio plays, listen for the answer.
- When the audio stops, answers the question.
- If you are correct, you move on to the next question.
- If you incorrect, you will replay the segment again.
- The goal is to reach the end by answering all questions correctly.
- Good Luck!


text:
Heel lifts and shoe lifts are prescribed for a number of reasons. The health problems may include lower back pain, correcting a runner's gait, Achilles tendon pain or physical rehabilitation. The heel lift and shoe lift are the same thing. They're used in one or both shoes. A heel lift is different than a heel cushion. A shoe lift or heel lift is used to treat biomechanical problems with the foot or gait. A majority of people have a measurable leg length difference of 1/4" or more, although most people adapt to the difference with no apparent ill effects. Unfortunately, some do not, and the effects range from low back to hip, knee, or foot problems.
Causes of a Leg Length Discrepancy
- Broken Bones - Any bone in the leg ever broken, particularly during growth years,
- Congenital differences Diseases -caused shortening of the muscles and connective tissue, a common after-effect of polio,
- Surgically-induced differences, especially common after hip replacement surgery,
- Compensation for problems elsewhere in the body, such as pelvic or spinal scoliosis.
Long Term Effects of a Leg Length Discrepancy
These biomechanical compensations for even a slightly short leg can have long-term side-effects. These problems are often related to the adaptations that occur due to continuing unbalanced movement, and can be aggravated by the extra stresses of sports activities such as running. Short leg syndrome or anatomical (structural) or functional (adaptive) leg length discrepancy, is often treated using heel lifts or shoe lifts. Heel lifts, also known as shoe lifts, are firm wedge-shaped inserts for shoes, which attempt to better balance the lower body by adding to the length of the short leg at the point when the heel strikes the ground while walking.
When coming to Family Foot and Ankle Specialist, we will examine your walking pattern and measure you for limb length discrepancy.


This screenshot is Step 3 of 6 in the Add Standby Database process. Near the top of this screenshot is a timeline indicating the step you are performing in the process. As you proceed through the Add Standby Database process, the timeline will advance appropriately.
The third step in adding a standby database is to select the Oracle home in which to create the standby database. Only Oracle homes on hosts that match the operating system of the primary host are shown at the bottom half of this screenshot. You must provide a Standby Instance Name and Standby Host Credentials.
At this time, you can click Cancel, Back, or Next. If you click Cancel, you terminate the current process and must begin again at the introductory page of the Add Standby Database wizard. This scenario assumes you are continuing to the next step.


text:
What it takes to be a lawyer
So you have decided to embark on the path to being a lawyer. But before you do so, the below points offered the good & bad on being a lawyer in Singapore and aim to give you a different perspective on it.
The good side of being a lawyer
- When you are a lawyer, you always feel like you are the reason of your country being great.
- Lawyers contribute to their own fields as patriots.
- A lawyer is always termed to be a well educated and articulate person in the society.
- Lawyers write persuasively by the use of logic and then discuss every topic that comes up thoughtfully and analytically.
- They are intellectually curious that is they want to acquire more knowledge and update it to the modern or current trends.
- Lawyers value excellence in whatever they do, in themselves or doing to others. This is brought about because they have sworn to uphold the process of justice.
- They have sworn to keep clients' confidences, even from each other.
- Lawyers also love working together because they believe if they do so, the sum is much greater than the parts.
- I can't forget to mention that lawyers are among the best-paid experts in the legal industry and most advocates earn remunerations well above the national average.
The bad side of being a lawyer
- The career is exhausting when done through one's life. This is because one will always find herself/himself in the midst of trying to solve a conflict.
- The task that lawyers have of reading and trying to remain with current information is enormous.
- It is always a hard thing for the lawyers to leave their work at the office, and they carry it home too. This is because the profession is stressful and requires a high level of thinking.
- Some attorneys give lawyers hard criminals who they should negotiate for in court. This gives lawyers had time in court with their clients and the opposing side. They need to master all the details and beat the deadline provided by the court.


Legal Information: Idaho
State Gun Laws
October 30, 2020
According to Idaho state law, anyone who meets any of the following cannot get a license to carry concealed weapons:
 - is under age twenty-one, although there are exceptions in the law regarding people ages 18 - 21;
 - is currently formally charged with a felony crime;
 - has been found guilty in any court of a felony crime;
 - is a fugitive from justice;
 - is an unlawful user of marijuana or any depressant, stimulant or narcotic drug, or other controlled substance;
 - is currently suffering from, or has been declared by a court as having suffered from, any of the following conditions:
 - lacking mental capacity;
 - mental illness;
 - being gravely disabled; or
 - being an incapacitated person;
 - has been discharged from the armed forces under dishonorable conditions;
 - has received a withheld judgment or suspended sentence for a felony crime, unless the person has successfully completed probation;
 - is currently under probation after having been found guilty of, or received a withheld judgment for, a misdemeanor offense that involves the intentional use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person or property of another;
 - is an "alien" illegally in the United States;
 - was a citizen of the United States but has renounced his/her citizenship;
 - is free on bond or personal recognizance pending trial, appeal or sentencing for a crime which would disqualify him/her from obtaining a concealed weapons license;
 - is subject to a domestic violence protection order that restrains him/her from harassing, stalking or threatening an intimate partner, his/her own child, or a child of the intimate partner; or engaging in other conduct that would place an intimate partner in reasonable fear of bodily injury to the partner or a child; or
 - is for any other reason ineligible to own, possess or receive a firearm under Idaho law or federal law.1
In addition, Idaho law says that anyone convicted of any of the following felony crimes permanently loses his/her right to "ship, transport, possess or receive" a firearm: aggravated assault; aggravated battery; assault with intent to commit a serious felony; battery with intent to commit a serious felony; burglary; crime against nature; felony domestic battery; felony enticing of children; forcible sexual penetration by use of a foreign object; felony indecent exposure; felony injury to child; felony intimidating a witness; lewd conduct with a minor or child under sixteen; sexual abuse of a child under sixteen; sexual exploitation of a child; felonious rescuing prisoners; escape by one charged with, convicted of or on probation for a felony; unlawful possession of a firearm; degrees of murder; voluntary manslaughter; assault with intent to murder; administering poison with intent to kill; kidnapping; mayhem; rape; robbery; ritualized abuse of a child; cannibalism; felonious manufacture, delivery or possession with the intent to manufacture or deliver, or possession of a controlled or counterfeit substance; trafficking; felony threats against state officials of the executive, legislative or judicial branch; unlawful discharge of a firearm at a dwelling house, occupied building, vehicle or mobile home; unlawful possession of destructive devices; unlawful use of destructive device or bomb; or attempt, conspiracy, or solicitation, to commit any of the above-mentioned crimes.2
If any of these situations apply to the abuser, it may be illegal for him/her to have a gun. Also, federal laws, which apply to all states, restrict an abuser's right to have a gun if you have a restraining order against him/her that meets certain requirements or if s/he has been convicted of a felony or domestic violence misdemeanor. Go to Federal Gun Laws to get more information.
1 ID Code § 18-3302(11)
2 ID Code § 18-310(2)
What is the definition of a felony?
Under Idaho state law, a felony is any crime that can be punished by death or by imprisonment in a state prison.1
1 ID Code § 18-111


text:
Microsoft Excel is a powerful tool that can transform the way you use data. This book explains in comprehensive and user-friendly detail how to manage, make sense of, explore and share data, giving scientists at all levels the skills they need to maximise the usefulness of their data.
Interactions between species are of fundamental importance to all living systems and the framework we have for studying these interactions is community ecology. This is important to our understanding of the planet's biological diversity and how species interactions relate to the functioning of ecosystems at all scales. Species do not live in isolation and the study of community ecology is of practical application in a wide range of conservation issues.
This is a book about the scientific process and how you apply it to data in ecology. You will learn how to plan for data collection, how to assemble data, how to analyze data and finally how to present the results. The book uses Microsoft Excel and the powerful Open Source R program to carry out data handling as well as producing graphs.


text:
Intuitive Painting Techniques
Dear Wonderful, Creative You:
The last days of the year are a time for most of us to take a deep breath and sink deeply into the couch after the holiday craziness. It's also a great time to do some introspective art. Rather than endlessly scrolling through social media or watching Harry Potter for the tenth time, (who, me?) why not make some time for yourself and your art practice by using these intuitive painting techniques?
I had a ton of fun developing these pages and I can't wait to see what you create. I've included a list of tips and supplies below, but first here's your tutorial!
Intuitive Painting Tips:
- Intuitive painting is an invitation to be non-judgmentally present with yourself. See what shows up on the page and follow it. Don't be perfect, be open.
- Stand back and let the painting "speak" to you: Pick up your journal and stand it up. Take several steps back and consider it from a distance.
- Trust your imagination. When you think – "Oh, this reminds me of," or, "It's sort of like" let that shape the direction of the art piece.
- Work on more than one painting at a time. This will help keep you from overdoing or forcing your art pieces in a particular direction.
- Turn your work and create from different angles.
- Break some art rules. Write on your painting or use art supplies the "wrong" way.
- Mix and match different elements of your art practice: Sew on journal pages, stamp on painted pages, or dance while you paint. It will make your work more fresh and more you.
- Take your time. Give yourself and your work the respect it deserves and let the intuitive painting narratives unravel slowly. It might be a narrative about a character, or simply about color. Be open to whatever offers itself to you. Our art is after all, a gift.
- If you'd like to learn more about working this way, check out my class, Fluid Art.
Supplies I Used for this Intuitive Painting Session:
High Flow Acrylic Paints:
Brushes: Artist Loft Synthetic Brushes
Adhesive: Liquitex Matte Gel Medium
I'd love to hear about your intuitive painting experiences in the comments.
*Most of the links are affiliate links. This means that at no extra cost to you, if you choose to click and purchase something, you'll support the work of Mindful Art Studio at no extra cost to you. Thank you!
Join my newsletter for weekly inspiration, workshops, and ways to connect to nature through art.


Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to: navigation, search
 1. Present participle of gob.
gobbing (plural gobbings)
 1. (mining) The refuse thrown back into the excavation after removing the coal; gob stuff.
 (Can we find and add a quotation of Brande & C. to this entry?)
 2. The process of packing with waste rock; stowing.


text:
ERS stands for Energy Recovery System, and it is a fairly new innovation within the world of F1. First bursting onto the scene in 2009, it has evolved over time to become integral to the powertrains within the F1 cars. So, what are the MGU-H and MGU-K, and how do they work?
ERS in F1 stands for Energy Recovery System. The MGU-H uses excess exhaust gases from the engine to feed power to the energy store, which is then used to power the turbocharger's compressor. The MGU-K feeds waste energy from the decelerating wheels back to the energy store for later use.
Although the two systems work in similar ways, there are also some big differences. Plus, they are used in different parts of the car, and so it is key to look at each one individually and consider the benefits that each one gives in terms of power.
What Is ERS On An F1 Car?
ERS is the energy recovery system on an F1 car, made up primarily of the energy store, the MGU-K, and the MGU-H. ERS allows drivers to get a boost of around 160 HP for about 33 seconds per lap, using energy that is harvested from regenerative braking and waste exhaust gases.
The powertrain on an F1 car is the mix of components that drives the car. Most people think of simply the engine powering the car, but instead it is actually known as a Power Unit, or PU, as it is made up of several vital components that work together to give the car an enormous amount of power, about 1000 HP.
The powertrain is made up of many different components, but the main ones to consider are the engine, the turbocharger and both the MGU-H and MGU-K. We will talk about these more specifically in later sections, but MGU stands for Motor Generator Unit, while the H is for Heat and the K is for Kinetic.
Since 2014, the engines used in F1 cars have been 1.6-liter hybrid V6s. These are internal combustion engines, or ICEs, and they work using a traditional 4-stroke system you would find on your normal car. With a few extra components, like special spark plugs and precise fuel injection systems, it draws fuel and air into the cylinders, compresses and ignites them, and discharges exhaust gases.
Where the powertrain differs from your road car's is in the power they can provide to the cars. They are capable of more than 1000BHP, which is a massive amount of power for a car that weighs less than a ton. The engine itself produces around 700BHP, with the remaining power coming from the motor generator units that this article will explain.
These units generate and make use of energy that is stored in an extra Energy Store (ES) or Energy Storage System (ESS), which is essentially a large lithium ion battery. It is regulated to weigh between 20 and 25kg. They are also regulated with regards to how much energy they can store and provide.
F1 batteries work by taking the energy generated by both the MGU-K and MGU-H and storing that energy until the driver needs to use it. When they do, at the press of a button, some of this energy is redirected to the turbocharger and the rear wheels for a power boost of up to around 160 hp.
This power boost can be used for around 33 seconds each lap, which is obviously of massive advantage to the drivers. The MGU-K is used to harvest "waste" energy from the wheels under deceleration and provide this to the energy store to be used later. The MGU-H works in a similar way, although it is linked with the turbocharger.
The MGU-K can harvest 2MJ per lap and deploy 4MJ per lap, while the MGU-H can harvest an unlimited amount, but only deploy 2MJ per lap. Energy from the MGU-H can either be used to power the MGU-K or sent to the Energy Store.
The turbocharger is a key component of these engines, and itself is made up of two main parts. The turbine is the first part, and this is connected to the waste gate of the engine. The exhaust gases from the engine flow out of the waste gate to the turbine, and they then spin the turbine, which is connected via a shaft to a compressor.
This compressor spins with the turbine, drawing in extra air and pushing this air into the engine. This increases the amount of oxygen available to be sent into the engine, which allows the engine to burn more fuel faster for more power. The MGU-H is attached to the turbocharger and works in a similar way to the MGU-K to send "waste" energy to the energy store.
How Do F1 Cars Harvest Energy?
F1 cars harvest energy using the energy recovery system, made up of the MGU-K in the brakes and the MGU-H in the turbocharger. These motor generator units harvest waste energy lost under braking as kinetic energy, and as heat lost in the exhaust gases, before sending it back to the energy store.
We have mentioned the word energy quite a lot already, and especially waste energy. This word has been in inverted commas for a good reason. Essentially, the car's powertrain can only be so efficient, as there is a lot of energy lost at each stage due to friction, which results in heat which is lost to the atmosphere. This is common of all mechanical equipment and is a challenge for engineers.
Thus, the waste energy in question is not wasted just for the sake of it, as it is instead inevitable when it comes to combustion engines. The second idea to note concerns the first law of thermodynamics. This states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only transformed. Essentially, it can only be shifted from one form to another, rather than "made" or "lost".
So we need to consider what is happening to the energy within a car when it is being driven. The engine uses fuel and oxygen to generate mechanical energy through combustion. This is a result of the chemical energy of the fuel and oxygen being burned, and the mechanical energy of the pistons is converted into kinetic energy in the wheels, driving the car forwards.
At every stage of the process, heat is generated, which is another form of energy. This occurs due to friction of components rubbing against each other, as well as a by-product of combustion itself. But there is a lot of heat generated at the wheels in particular, most notably when the car is braking intensely. It is friction between the brake pads and the brake discs that slow the car down.
This results in a lot of "lost" heat energy. This is important to consider for the MGU-K. Both the MGU-K and the MGU-H use heat, or thermal, energy to provide power back to the energy store. They do this by converting the thermal energy into electrical energy by means of a motor system. Hence the name, motor generator unit.
A motor is an electrical component that turns when it receives an input of energy. As part of a circuit, that input energy is electrical energy, and the motor turns by converting it into kinetic energy. These motors can be used to turn things like wheels and turbines. Turning the motor mechanically however can also turn the kinetic energy back into electrical energy.
This can be seen with the common dynamo which you might have on your bicycle. Essentially, as the wheels turn, the motor in the dynamo turns, which through some complex electronics that we will hopefully simplify below, provides power to another electronic device, such as your bike light. This energy can also be stored, which is the basis of the MGUs.
The Electronics Of An F1 Car
The last section gave some very basic explanations of energy and some common concepts that relate to the motor generator units we are finally about to discuss in more detail. But just how does the motor in these units turn the kinetic, or rotational, energy of the motor into electrical energy, which can then be stored for a power boost later on?
Understanding The Motor
As mentioned, the motor can turn as a result of electrical energy being applied, or it can turn via the input of kinetic or mechanical energy. Think of a fan on your desk that keeps you cool in the summer. You turn it on, and electrical energy spins the fan's blades. But you can also spin them with your hands even when the power is disconnected.
What happens with both the MGUs in an F1 car is a similar process. They both contain motors, as the name suggests, and these motors can be made to turn via the input of electrical energy from the energy store, like a traditional motor. Or they can be used like a dynamo, using external kinetic energy to turn the motors, and then converting that into electricity.
The way they do this is quite complex. Essentially, the motor consists of wires and magnets. When wires are placed in a rotating magnetic field, current can be generated within the wires, even when they are not connected to a power source. This rotating magnetic field is created by the spinning of the motor, which is being spun by external forces that are different for the MGU-H and MGU-K.
So the movement of a rotor can be used in the opposite direction to generate electrical energy, or simply electricity, from kinetic energy. This is a vital concept for both MGUs. Let us first look at how this works for the MGU-H, and it will hopefully start to make more sense if it does not already.
What Is The MGU-H On An F1 Car?
The MGU-H on an F1 car is the Motor Generator Unit Heat. The MGU-H is connected to the turbocharger,


text:
A screen shot, screenshot, or screen capture is a way to "take a picture" of your computer screen (or a portion thereof).
Why would you want to do that?
Well, let's say you're trying to explain a computer problem to a technical friend of yours, and you're trying to describe what you see on the screen — the dialogs, buttons, messages, whatever. You're not sure of the terms to use, and your friend is having a difficult time understanding your description.
And of course, your friend insists that the exact wording of everything you see is incredibly important (for the record, he's right.)
You know what they say: "A picture is worth a thousand words." And it can go a long way to eliminating miscommunication.
Let's take a picture of your screen you can email to your friend.


text:
Microsoft Word is a powerful tool for making presentations and art. When you need to make a timeline, Microsoft Word 2007 has options for making the perfect design. You can make a timeline in Microsoft Word 2007 using SmartArt or your own drawing.
Make a timeline using SmartArt, as follows:
- Select Insert from the top menu. Choose SmartArt from inside the Illustrations box.
- Click Process in the SmartArt Graphics Gallery.
- Double-click the type of illustration you want for your timeline.
- Select Text and enter your first event.
- Click the SmartArt graphic you just made and choose Add Shape from the Create Graphic Group in the Design section of the SmartArt toolbar, to add another event. You can move an event by selecting it and dragging it to its new position. You can delete an event by selecting it and pressing the delete key. [Microsoft]
- Click Change Layout, to switch your timeline's style without starting over.
- Click on WordArt to create a header for your timeline. You can change your header by right clicking on it and selecting Format WordArt. [Microsoft]
- Save your timeline when you're happy with the way it looks.
Make a timeline with your own drawing, as follows:
- Select Insert from the top menu.
- Choose Shapes from inside the Illustrations box and click the rectangle.
- Draw a rectangle across the page by clicking and dragging your mouse.
- Right click on the rectangle and choose Format AutoShape from the popup menu.
- Add color and effect to your timeline, and change the color and style of the outline by clicking the Colors and Lines tab.
- Select Insert. Select Shapes and choose a straight line.
- Draw a line going up or down from your rectangle for each event on your timeline.
- Select Insert. Select Text Box from the Text group and choose a text box. [Computer tips]
- Create a text box for each event you've marked off. You can adjust the way the text boxes look by right clicking on the boxes and selecting Format Text Box.
- Select Insert. Select WordArt from the text group.
- Create a header for your timeline using WordArt. You can change your header by right clicking on it and selecting Format WordArt. [Microsoft]


text:
Peconic Community School
- School Type: Alternative School
- Grades: Prekindergarten-6
- Students: 105 students
- Yearly Tuition: $16,800
- Average class size: 12 students
- Application Deadline: None / Rolling
Academics and Faculty
Tuition and Acceptance Rate
- The PCS approach begins with a clear, and bold, vision: education should prepare students to change the world. And, students who know how to learn about the world and who know how to care about the world are in the strongest position to initiate and support positive change. Learning to care about the world is a dynamic and courageous process shared by PCS students and educators; it is a process that unfolds in real time, both in our classrooms and in our community.
- Students at Peconic Community School are engaged and inspired by an integrated curriculum that is relevant to their lives, rooted in their place, and responsive to their interests and inquiries.The PCS approach is integrated: academic disciplines are combined in thematic study. Like real-world projects, student work at PCS is multi-faceted, multi-disciplinary, multi-dimensional and purposeful, incorporating elements of math, science, art, literature, and history within a social context.Curriculum at PCS is place based: students at PCS connect to and learn from our unique place, the East End of Long Island. Its natural resources, its communities of professionals and citizens, its culture and history, anchor the threads of our learning to a local context that is meaningful and accessible to students.
- Learning at PCS is project-based: students engage in hands-on, authentic learning experiences that integrate academic disciplines to develop real world problem solving skills. Students tinker, build, write, calculate, draw, and experiment each day with a curriculum that challenges them to think both critically and creatively.Education at PCS is child-centered: flexible curriculum adapts to the diverse and changing learning styles, intellectual interests, and social-emotional development of our students.
Endorse Peconic Community School. Endorsements should be a few sentences in length. Please include any comments on:
- Quality of academic programs, teachers, and facilities
- Availability of music, art, sports and other extracurricular activities
- Academic or athletic awards


Sign up ×
Sparked off by Is sea water more conductive than pure water because "electrical current is transported by the ions in solution"?
This question really belongs on chemistry.SE, which is still in area 51.
While answering this question, I realised that there was a flaw in the standard logic for these situations.
Let's take $NaNO_3$ solution in water, and compare it with pure water (same size cell). (I'm not taking $NaCl$ for a reason*).
In both cases, we have nearly the same(~7) PH and pOH, right? So concentrations of $H^+$ and $OH^-$ are the same, and thus contribution of these ions to the overall conductance/conductivity is the same. These ions both migrate to the electrodes, get reduces/oxidised, and emit/absorb electrons, facilitating passage of current.
OK. Now, let's consider the $Na^+$ and $NO_3^-$ ions. Yes, they migrate as well. But, they don't get redoxed (the water ions are preferentially redoxed). So, all I see happening here is a buildup of charges on either electrode, which will stop once equilibrium is attained. This buildup of charges cannot migrate to the outside circuit like a capacitor, as it cannot translate to electrons. But, these ions still make a significant contribution to the net conductance by Kohlrausch law.
So how does a general good neutral electrolyte help water conduct electricity? I feel that it should conduct electricity at the same rate as water; but by Kohlrausch law, it clearly doesn't. And anyways, I've always heard that impure water conducts electricity better.
*$NaCl$ has the issue of overvoltage of $O_2$, causing oxidation to of $Cl_2$, which complicates the situation. The $Cl^-$, being able to get oxidised, facilitate current and thus don't serve as a good example here.
share|cite|improve this question
On a related note, please consider supporting the area51 chemistry proposal. – Manishearth Mar 4 '12 at 3:13
FYI, "This question really belongs on chemistry.SE" means "This question is off topic," and in general we (mods) will act accordingly. However, I happen to disagree that this particular question really belongs on a hypothetical chemistry site; yes, it could go there, but it's also physics-related enough that it's appropriate here. (Conductance = E&M, equilibrium = stat mech) I just wanted to mention (in case you didn't know) that the presence or absence of another SE site on a particular topic has no bearing on whether a question on that topic is appropriate here or not. – David Z Mar 4 '12 at 4:06
_USER_ Yep, I know, otherwise I wouldn't have asked it here(I wasn't too sure of its on-topicness, so I kept the hatnote). But, if there was a chemistry site, wouldn't this have been migrated? (its on-topic, but I doubt conductance of solutions is dealt with in physics as much as chemistry--so its more appropriate there). I do realise that the meaning of on-topic won't change, though. Unless an overlapping site is created (I think that theoreticalphysics.SE must've changed the definition of on topic, right?) – Manishearth Mar 4 '12 at 4:19
Nah, I probably wouldn't have migrated it even if there was a chemistry site. First we decide if the question is on topic or not, and only if it is off topic do we consider migration. The existence of theoreticalphysics.SE doesn't change the scope of what is on topic on this site at all. – David Z Mar 4 '12 at 7:52
What happens when the $Na^+$ ion meets an electron at the elektrode? And in my opinion, this is a very relevant physics question! – Bernhard Mar 4 '12 at 8:07
1 Answer 1
if the electrolyte is not removed you will indeed get a buildup that will stop conduction (assuming there is no conventive or other mixing within your cell). However bearing in mind that 1 amp is $10^{-5}$ (ish) moles of electrons per second it will take a while.
In your example sodium gets reduced at the cathode then reacts with the water to produce hydrogen and sodium hydroxide. If it was silver nitrate the silver would be plated on the cathode and removed from solution.
share|cite|improve this answer
Aah right. 1/96500 tiny.. Yeah, I know about the plating. A quick and dirty order of magnitude calculation reveals that it will take $\approx 10^7 s$ which can range from a few months to a few years. Any idea how the charge distributes itself? Will there be a charge gradient, or will almost all of it stick to the plates? – Manishearth Mar 4 '12 at 8:36
That's a good question, and I must admit I have no idea how the charge would be distributed. Google, Google, Google, bing!… – John Rennie Mar 4 '12 at 10:36
If the Na+ and NO3- ions aren't going to be redoxed, won't they just diffuse back throughout the water, and serve as a catalyst for further conduction? They're not all going to stick around the plates. – Peter Shor Mar 4 '12 at 13:33
I just realised that this doesn't answer the full question--By kohlrausch law, the nitrate contributes significantly to conductivity. But here, I can't see why.. I see how sodium contributes. :/ – Manishearth May 6 '12 at 15:59
Rejected! How will I live with the shame :-) Actually I don't see the problem. Both Na and NO3 are mobile and contribute to the conductivity, though the NO3 is a lot less mobile than Na because it's bigger. Anyhow, what does this have to do with the charge separation in an unstirred tank? Can you elaborate on what you see as the problem? – John Rennie May 6 '12 at 17:40
Your Answer