text:
Article: article from journal or magazin.
The database search problem: a question of rational decision making
Forensic Science International
_PHONE_ ; 0379-0738
This paper applies probability and decision theory in the graphical interface of an influence diagram to study the formal requirements of rationality which justify the individualization of a person found through a database search. The decision-theoretic part of the analysis studies the parameters that a rational decision maker would use to individualize the selected person. The modeling part (in the form of an influence diagram) clarifies the relationships between this decision and the ingredients that make up the database search problem, i.e., the results of the database search and the different pairs of propositions describing whether an individual is at the source of the crime stain. These analyses evaluate the desirability associated with the decision of 'individualizing' (and 'not individualizing'). They point out that this decision is a function of (i) the probability that the individual in question is, in fact, at the source of the crime stain (i.e., the state of nature), and (ii) the decision maker's preferences among the possible consequences of the decision (i.e., the decision maker's loss function). We discuss the relevance and argumentative implications of these insights with respect to recent comments in specialized literature, which suggest points of view that are opposed to the results of our study.
Database search Evidential value Bayesian decision theory Influence diagrams
Last modification date


text:
Top ways push technology can be used to increase the life of your radios and the effectiveness of your communications:
The desired maintenance activation can be programmed into the network to automatically initiate a notification or process (such as starting a maintenance check or a designated reprogramming of radios), or it can be initiated by a system manager who presses a specific START key on the program, which initiates the process manually. But the process itself, however instigated, is automatic after that point. The system connects to the network components and runs a preventative maintenance program on them and produces a report of its findings, allowing radio technicians to focus on mechanical repairs and writing reprogramming instructions, which the system could then carry out. Some maintenance processes, such as managing battery charging and re-installation, reprogramming instructions, and the like, will still require the work of the radio technicians; only the server-based digital radio network functionality would be subject to the push process.
2. PLANNED UPGRADES
Because the radio network and its components are being monitored regularly by the system server, you will likely know in advance when the system approaches insufficiency and needs to be serviced or even upgraded. The data provided by the radio's automated maintenance server should provide clues as to the health of your radio system.
3. AVOID THE UNEXPECTED
For the same reasons, by knowing in advance the overall health of your radio network, problems can be anticipated ahead of time and avoid sudden crashes of the network or a component thereof. Since evaluation and preventative maintenance of the network is being done automatically and continuously, potential problems can be caught, diagnosed, and treated early.
source: Police One

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Naming ceremony and baby welcoming options
There are a variety of ways of celebrating the gift of a new life, either in a place of worship or at home, conducted by a priest or by a member of the family…
Since the beginning of time, every culture has seen birth as a miraculous event that is part of the wonder and mystery of creation. For the parents and those close to them, there is a need to celebrate this remarkable event. In addition, there is the important business of bestowing a name, which is seen by many to have a sacred and magical significance.
Apart from the celebratory and religious aspect of a naming ceremony, there are also other implications. There is a declaration of intent where parents and godparents pledge themselves to bring up the child in a godly and upright way. The appointing of godparents or 'god friends' is a way of providing the child with well-wishers who will take a keen interest in his or her development. By formally announcing the name to the gathering, the child is welcomed as a member of the community.
Marking the birth with a special event and preserving mementos that surround the occasion provides the child with a sense of identity and a feeling of love, which will be treasured throughout life.
Here are some options for a birth celebration to help you find the one that is right for you:
Traditional christening or formal religious ritual
Several religions have formally prescribed rituals to do with naming, purification and blessing. A Christian baptism or christening is a wonderful way to mark a child's birth and with many churches having it as part of the main Sunday worship, there's a sense of a communal celebration. However, a baptism requires a commitment involving bringing up the child in the faith and attending church regularly. Most vicars and Catholic priests will need to see whether you are sincerely committed before agreeing to conduct the ceremony. Certain Christian denominations only believe in adult baptism as then the individual is fully conscious of its meaning. Also, it is worth noting that once a child has been christened in the Church of England, the Roman Catholic Church or a Methodist chapel and is issued a Baptismal Certificate, the given names cannot be changed afterwards.
Thanksgiving service
This is designed for parents who see this as a preliminary to baptism; those parents who do not wish their children to be baptised immediately, or others who do not want to baptise their child into the Church, but recognise that the birth is something for which they wish to offer thanks to God. It is perfect for people who do not attend Church regularly themselves, but still believe in God. The ceremony gives thanks for the new baby's arrival and asks for God's blessings for the life ahead. This is becoming an increasingly popular form of marking the baby's birth without the formality of an official baptism.
Civil naming ceremony
There are companies that provide a service, which includes writing a script and the visit of a trained celebrant for the event. It allows for a non-religious, yet structured ceremony and is flexible to include requests. Certificates are issued at the end of the ceremony as a memento of the event. Fees vary according to what is asked for, the location and the day of the week the event is held.
Humanist naming ceremony
The British Humanist Association can put together a personal and unique welcoming ceremony that is tailored to the requirements of the family concerned. It can be held outdoors or indoors and can include poetry, music and readings. The parents state their love and commitment to their child. Instead of godparents, the child has 'guide parents', or 'special friends' who can join in the ceremony and state that they will be there for the child as he or she grows up. The occasion can be marked with the planting of a tree and a book for everyone present to write a message for the child to read in later years.
Create your own ceremony
A personal and deeply meaningful ceremony can be put together, combining both naming ceremony and welcoming celebrations. Parents can take elements from various religions and cultures that have a particular resonance for them and write their own words and choose the music. It can be held in a hired venue or the home and be conducted by a celebrant, a friend, relative or a parent. Ideas that could be included are planting a tree, a white 'christening' outfit, and incorporating items such as flower petals, candles and incense.
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Black Granite Stains
Malicious Stone Doctoring
Do you have black granite stains, ghost marks or white rings? Should black granite change over time? Below is a quick Q&A on the possible causes and solutions.
What Is Malicious Stone Doctoring?
Temporarily altering the look of the stone without telling you. Making a gray stone black. Taking a black stone with a few imperfections or color variations and dying it a solid black.
Black Granite Stains
Why Are Stones Doctored?
Sometimes stones are maliciously doctored to obtain a higher price. Sometimes they are doctored to make them look like a more expensive stone but are sold for less.
Altering the color of a stone without telling you is most common with the black granites. The blacker the stone the higher the price.
How Is It Done?
An industrial oil or a shiny black wax is applied to the surface of a gray stone to make it appear blacker or darker. On other stones, a topical paint might be applied to change the color of the stone.
What Happens?
Over time the doctoring agent wears off leaving rings or marks lighter than your stone.
These marks or rings look like black granite stains.
How Do I Know If A Stone Has Been Maliciously Doctored?
Test The Stone Before Buying It:
Resined Slab
 1. Try the Lemon Juice Test.
 2. Wet the unpolished side of the stone. What color is it?
 3. Look at the edge of the slab before it is fabricated. The edges of a doctored stone will look like a varnish was carelessly applied.
 NOTE: The edges of a resined stone also look like this. Resining is a good thing but MOST high quality black granites are not resined.
After Installation:
Remember that a true stain is always darker than the stained material. A true stain is NEVER lighter than material that is supposedly stained. If the area in question is lighter than the rest of the stone it is either:
 - Surface Damage - Etching. Your stone is sensitive to acids.
 - Doctored - Your stone is dyed.
Does Granite Etch?
MOST granites do not etch but some do!
How Can I Tell If My Stone's Been Doctored Or If It's Etched?
Look at the gloss of the stone where the MYSTERY MARK is. Still shiny? Etches are dull.
What If My Stone Is Doctored?
 1. If you were unaware of the doctoring and you paid for a different stone than was installed, have the fabricator replace it with the correct stone. OR,
 2. Remove all of the doctoring agent and live with the color.
How Do I Avoid Buying A Doctored Stone? Lemon Juice Test
 - Test the slab you plan to buy. Lemon Juice Test.
 - Have the fabricator put in writing that the stone has no artificial colors or temporary dyes applied.
Will My Fabricator Knowingly Install A Dyed Stone?
MOST fabricators will not knowingly install a dyed stone.
"If doctoring produces a permanent result and it's disclosed to you, theres nothing wrong with it.
If the doctoring produces a temporary result and you are unaware of it, that is deceptive".
Maurizio Bertoli
You'll find More hints & tips on:
Care For Granite Black Granite Stains Etched Marble Black Granite
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Swiss Company Turns Your Loved One's Ashes Into A Beautiful Diamond
November 8, 2014
When your time on Earth is over, how will you be honored? A new trend has people skipping out on the traditional burial funeral for something a little more glamorous - turning into a diamond.
turning ashes of loved ones into diamonds
A finished diamond. The color comes from the amount of boron in the ashes / algordanza
Swiss company, Algordanza, provides a service where the cremated remains of a loved one convert into a diamond. The diamond can then be used in jewelry or kept in a collection.
"A Memorial Diamond symbolizes love, loyalty and respect for loved ones who have passed away," Algordanza says on their website. "The process of creating a diamond funeral has generated a completely new way of saying goodbye to our beloved deceased - one that is modern, full of promise and filled with peace."
So how do they do it?
First, the carbon is extracted from the cremated remains. The human body is about 18% carbon, and about 2% of that remains after the cremation process. This is the carbon Algodanza uses to make their diamonds, and filters out of the other materials via a chemical process. The carbon is heated and turned into graphite, the material found in pencils.
The graphite is heated to 2,700 degrees Fahrenheit and subjected to as many as 870,000 pounds of pressure per square inch. The result of this process, which mimics a process deep in the Earth, is a diamond that ranges from white to dark blue in color. The color variation depends on the amount of Boron in the ashes.
turning ashes of loved ones into diamonds
The diamond is then cut and polished.
turning ashes of loved ones into diamonds
(H/T) ViralNova. You can learn more at
Turning a loved one's ashes into a diamond is not a cheap process, but it's comparable with the cost of an average funeral. This process will set you back about $4,500.
Would you want to me made into a diamond?
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Publisher description for Sentimental bodies : sex, gender, and citizenship in the early republic / Bruce Burgett.
Counter Sentimentalism, sex, the construction of the modern body, and the origins of American liberalism all come under scrutiny in this rich discussion of political life in the early republic. Here Bruce Burgett enters into debates over the "public sphere," a concept introduced by Jurgen Habermas that has led theorists to grapple with such polarities as public and private, polity and personality, citizenship and subjection. With the literary public sphere as his primary focus, Burgett sets out to challenge the Enlightenment opposition of reason and sentiment as the fundamental grid for understanding American political culture.
Drawing on texts ranging from George Washington's "Farewell Address" and Charles Brockden Brown's Clara Howard to Hannah Foster's The Coquette and Harriet Jacobs's Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Burgett shows that the sentimental literary culture of the period relied on readers' affective, passionate, and embodied responses to fictive characters and situations in order to produce political effects. As such, sentimentalism located readers' bodies both as prepolitical sources of personal authenticity and as public sites of political contestation. Going beyond an account of the public sphere as a realm to which only some have full access, Burgett reveals that the formation of the body and sexual subjectivity is crucial to the very construction of that sphere. By exploring and destabilizing the longstanding distinction between public and private life, this book raises questions central to any democratic political culture.
Library of Congress subject headings for this publication: American literature _PHONE_ History and criticism, Politics and literature United States History 19th century, Politics and literature United States History 18th century, United States Intellectual life _PHONE_, Gender identity in literature, Sentimentalism in literature, Body, Human, in literature, Citizenship in literature, Sex role in literature


Messy Mink Lashes X16CL
I. What is Messy Lashes?
About this question, there is more than one answer, because different Messy Lashes Vendors have different views on this concept. As far as we are concerned, we often classify Messy Lashes as 3D Mink Lashes, which means that Messy Mink Lashes have the same features as 3D Mink Eyelashes, thus we can use the meanings of 3D Mink Lashes to explain Messy Mink Eyelashes. For example:
A. Messy Lashes are more tridimensional than regular lashes.
B. The wearing effect is clear and vivid, which can make you become more charming and dramatic because it can integrate with people's eyes well.
C. Messy Lashes are some of the newest Mink Lashes in the market and have become the recent craze for good reason.
D. Messy Mink Lashes use the long, sturdy, light, and glossy mink furs, which are from the end of the tails of the young minks.
In addition, in a literal sense, we can know that Messy Lashes are more curly and messy than common 3D Mink Lashes, which give customers a kind of very natural beauty. but that's just a slight difference between the two.
Furthermore, some Mink Lashes Suppliers often classify Messy Lashes as 5D Mink Lashes, 6D Mink Eyelashes, or even 7D Mink Lashes, it's all OK.
II. How are Messy Lashes produced?
Generally speaking, there are two kinds of explanations. Please continue to look at the following contents in order to dissolve your doubts.
A. The first explanation
It was produced by the worker due to errors in operation, which brings a kind of 3D effect by chance.
Unintentionally, they made a beautiful mistake and promote the development of Mink Lashes.
B. The second explanation
It was designed by a famous Lashes designer. This process comprises several steps.
Step1: The designer worked out a design drawing.
Step2: Producing out samples
Step3: Forging the 3D effect and multilayer effect on the sample by making use of specialized machine
Step4: Making a beautiful eye make up to check the final effects
III. Why are more and more people interested in Messy Lashes?
A. Novel style
It's common for people to pursue novel things because novel things can bring people the different experience. Messy Mink Lashes are new things for customers, so there is no doubt that it can attract many people's eyes and has a broad market.
B. Show personality
Everyone is unique in the world just like there are no two identical leaves in the world. People sometimes choose unique things to show personality, so Messy Mink Lashes can act as such things to make you unique. In addition, Messy Lashes are suitable for any occasion due to their nature and reality, so if you are interested in our Messy Eyelashes, you can contact us at any time.
C. Fashion trends
As we all know, new and old things change very fast because of the rapid development of the economy. Generally speaking, the old things are often replaced by new things, because people's thoughts are always changing. It's very normal. Messy Lashes are one of the most popular things here and now. And many people follow the trends, which comes from the love of eyelashes.
IV. How many eyelash styles do you have as a Messy Lashes Manufacturer?
A. Length of Messy Mink Lashes
1. 13-18MM
13-18MM Mink Lashes is very appropriate, which can give you one kind of natural beauty.
2. 20MM
20MM Messy Lashes is moderate, which can be used for many occasions. When you wear them, you will look more dramatic and charming.
3. 25MM
25MM Messy Lashes is longer than the above two, but that's OK. It will bring you long dramatic and show your personality well.
B. Texture of Messy Eyelashes
There are mink furs, chemical fiber，human hair，horse hair, and syntectic hair in the market. And in our Messy Lashes Factory, we just use mink furs, because we are committed to the design, produce, and sales of high-end lashes and pay more attention to the quality of products.
C. Makeup preference
In our daily life, there are many makeup ways, but there are mainly two effects. Some people like natural makeup, others like dramatic makeup, and you can choose the length of lashes according to your interests.
D. Colors of Messy Mink Lashes
1. Natural black
This color can be consistent with the eyelashes color of human beings and is integrated with the human eyelashes.
2. Colorful eyelashes
They are made by making use of various stains and can show personality fully and increase the charm.
E. Application scenes of Messy Mink Eyelashes
1. Office
Natural styles are used more often, which reflects a kind of concise style and makes women more charming.
2. Wedding
You can choose natural styles, which make you look natural and beautiful, or dramatic styles, which make you look passionate and unrestrained. In a word, these two styles reflect the happy and joyful mood of the bride.
3. Party/Festival
Long styles are the first choice. Colorful eyelashes are also a good choice.
4. Stages
Makeup artists will choose the appropriate colors according to the themes of stages to create a professionally aesthetic effect.
5. Travel
Natural styles are the best choice. The followings are the reasons:
①The Messy Lashes of CK Lashes are light and comfortable when you wear them because we use 100% mink furs, which are light, glossy, and soft.
② Keep your sightline clear to view the beautiful scenery
③Keep your makeup
④Long-term wear will not increase your eyes fatigue, which is very useful and important and we can say that we often use this point to judge the good or bad of lashes.
F. Connecting material:
1. Glue
quick, simple, flexible，wear easily
It means that connect eyelashes with skins by using a tiny magnetic block.
It will increase the weight of eyelashes and cause eye fatigue.
②Use condition
It can be used for natural styles, not for long styles because the magnetic force is not enough and easy to fall off.
V.Where to find cheap Messy Lashes Suppliers?
Generally speaking, most Mink Lashes Vendors can't do this kind of luxury mink lashes, because the craft is very complicated. For example, temperature and time are the two key factors. But we make it.
We are one of the most popular Mink Lashes Suppliers in Chins, where is the birthplace of lashes and there are many Lashes Factories and Lashes Wholesalers here. More and more our Wholesale Mink Lashes Vendor USA finds us to produce the best fluffy Messy Lashes to meet the requirements of the market. So if you want to start your own Wholesale Messy Mink Lashes, you can come to China and then find us, because we can give you the satisfying service. Moreover, our products are factory outlet and no middlemen pocket the difference.
VI.What about unique design?
Firstly, we have the world's top design team and all the styles are designed by our own designers. We possess abilities in independent research and development, design, and production integration. We have the most professional OEM and ODM lashes.
Secondly, our lashes are designed according to the shapes of the human face and eyes and accord with ergonomics, and are very easy to wear.
Thirdly, our inspirations come from the exceedingly strange flowers in nature, so our lashes have ever-changing structures and beautiful lines, which can fully show the charm of women in all shapes and forms.
VII.What is the Production techniques of Messy Lashes?
Our products are shaped by a high temperature, a kind of physical method.
Advantages: sterilize, no potion residue
Our products are natural, green, and healthy. Other products often use chemicals to shape, which is not only quick and convenient but also shortens the production cycle and saves costs. But, there are also a lot of disadvantages: There will be potion residue and an unpleasant smell. In serious cases, this can lead to eye diseases and even loss of sight.
Our lashes are 100% purely handmade and created by skilled artists. Our artisan artists can produce up to 12 pairs of eyelashes per day, as we pursue high quality and are committed to providing every consumer with comfortable and high-end eyelashes.
VIII.What about the price?
The price is $5 per pair, but this price is subject to change, according to the order quantity of your order, so if you buy Messy Lashes in bulk, you can get a more preferential price.


text:
Ginkgo CADx is a multi-platform, open core medical visualization and image-based diagnosis framework designed for specialists, practitioners, and physicians. Developed by MetaEmotion Healthcare, this framework provides an end-user friendly interface and extensible application for visualizing DICOM studies, diagnoses, and creation of new DICOM studies.
The main input source for the application is DICOM series/studies, especially on non-radiology images based on specific workflows under IHE specifications.
Integration workflows provide formal and effective guidelines for the clinical pathway, which is the major gap we intend to fill. Without going into any technical details, a generic workflow could be summarized in five simple steps:
1. An appointment is scheduled or implicitly requested.
2. Ginkgo CADx generates or consumes the data.
3. Ginkgo CADx produces the output: Aided derived images, enhance, registration, automatic diagnose candidate or metadata.
4. The trial is reported.
5. The trial is stored and linked in the medical history.
Image integration is a mature deployment in radiology environments, where almost any image produced and consumed is integrated using HL7 and DICOM standards. Ginkgo CADx is willing to provide these workflows in other environments such as ophthalmology, dermatology, cardiology, pathological anatomy, etc.
We have developed an innovative workflow in ophthalmology diagnosis covering teleophthalmology workflows and specialist diagnosis. Advanced image processing algorithms are applied in image acquisition, including image stitching or the creation of synthetic images. The Ginkgo CADx visualization module has been extended to show all generated information in a simple way that focuses on ophthalmology.
Our image processing results are applied to dermatology samples to provide automatic skin segmentation and body surface area (BSA) calculations.
The project covers these main features:
- DICOM visualization: Multiple modalities support for neurological, radiological, dermatological, ophthalmological, ultrasound, endoscopy, electrocardiogram applications, amongst others.
- DICOM communication with PACS servers.
- 3D Reconstruction: volume and surface reconstruction.
- A pluggable architecture.
Ginkgo CADx's backbone is a wrapped ITK and VTK streaming I/O, and the processing pipeline is adapted to the medical environment workflow. Thanks to the streaming features supported in these libraries, the application can handle large DICOM datasets with low memory requirements. A graphical UI layer has been developed using the wxWidgets library, and the DICOM backend is a wrapped DCMTK subset.
The main focus in the framework design is to wrap complexity at many levels:
- Image processing
- DICOM format and protocol
As these tasks are deeply specialized in heterogeneous technologies, we have been focused on providing a soft wrap over them, as well as orchestrating components interaction.
Conclusions and Future Work
Robust and standard workflows provide several improvements to diagnosis and reviewing outcomes availability; reduce the patient wait list, which results on better quality of diagnosis outcomes and economical refunds due unmissed trials; and avoid wasted time spent on tedious procedures.
The Ginkgo CADx project is constantly growing. We expect to cover more medical specialties and enhance the framework with architecture and technical improvements.
Ginkgo CADx takes advantage of the CMake build system. CMake helps us to scale our build with no effort on different platforms. CMake is a great tool that lets programmers save time spent on repeating common tasks; for example, library modularization and singular settings setup. Its dependency calculator and powerful control sentences are just brilliant.
The Ginkgo CADx project is hosted at Sourceforge and uses Launchpad to support the translations platform. It is being maintained by debian-med community, bringing the binary package into debian (currently in unstable) and ubuntu (latest stable) linux-based distributions.
We wish to thank the Nuestra Señora de Sonsoles Hospital at Avila (Spain) for their funding contribution and support.
We would also like to thank Kitware's team for developing and bringing such quality technologies and knowledge to the community.
Carlos Barrales Ruiz is a Senior Medical Computing Consultant at MetaEmotion specializing in medical integration standards, computational geometry, and visualization. He leads the Ginkgo CADx and HydraDICOM development. His interests are scientific visualization and geometry processing.
Javier Tovar Velasco is a Computing Engineer working in MetaEmotion's healthcare department, taking part in the development of the open-source medical visualizer, Ginkgo CADx. He specializes in image analysis, and focuses his research on computer-aided diagnosis based on medical images.


text:
Adding the Lookup_array for the MATCH Function
This step covers adding the Lookup_array argument for the nested MATCH function.
The Lookup_array is the range of cells that the MATCH function will search to find the Lookup_value argument added in the previous step of the tutorial.
In this example, we want the MATCH function to search cells D5 to G5 for a match to the name of the month that will be entered into cell E2.
These steps are to be entered after the comma entered in the previous step on the Col_index_num line in the VLOOKUP function dialog box.
- If necessary, click on the Col_index_num line after the comma to place the insertion point at the end of the current entry.
- Drag select cells D5 to G5 in the worksheet to enter these cell references as the range the function is to search.
- Press the F4 key on the keyboard to change this range into absolute cell references. Doing so will make it possible to copy the completed lookup formula to other locations in the worksheet in the last step of the tutorial
- Type a comma ", " after the cell reference E3 to complete the entry of the MATCH function's Lookup_array argument.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Modeling oil spill risk in Washington waters
This model is part of a package of measures passed by the Legislature in 2019 to reduce the risk of oil spills and protect Southern Resident Killer Whales.
The model will be a long-term asset for Ecology to analyze oil spill risks and the potential effectiveness of oil spill prevention, preparedness, and response strategies. As part of this work, we are consulting with tribes and stakeholders to develop modeling assumptions and scenarios, and to periodically update the model.
The Legislature directed Ecology to use the model to complete two assessments:
- A quantitative assessment of whether an emergency response towing vessel (ERTV) serving Haro Strait, Boundary Pass, Rosario Strait, and connected navigable waterways will reduce oil spill risk.
- An analysis of tug escorts for oil tankers, articulated tug barges, and towed oil barges to be completed with the Washington State Board of Pilotage Commissioners.
Reports on the results of these first two assessments are due to the Legislature by Sept. 1, 2023.
Marine transportation systems are very complex. As a result, it can be difficult to compare the relative benefits of different safety measures just by analyzing historical data. A modeling approach will help us leverage our knowledge about the past into insights about what might happen in the future.
To build the model, we will use existing knowledge and data on vessel behavior, including historical frequency of incidents and accidents. Once the model is built, we can test future scenarios against that historical backdrop to provide insight into oil spill risk in different scenarios.
Our modeling project is in the beginning phases, and many aspects of the model have yet to be decided. However, certain components are common to many marine transportation models:
- Information about the local waterway
- Depth of the water
- Frequency of low visibility conditions
- Local tidal currents
- Information about the vessels operating in the area
- Cargo and fuel capacity
- Incident or accident likelihood
- Historical rates for accidents like collisions and groundings
- Historical rates for incidents like loss of propulsion or near misses
- Estimated spill volume
- Oil outflow based on things like vessel design, fuel tank location, type of accident, etc.
Why it matters
More than 20 billion gallons of crude oil and refined petroleum products are transported through Washington each year by vessel, pipeline, and rail. A major spill in Washington waters could have severe consequences to the environment, economy, public health, and cultural and historical resources.
Our new modeling capability will provide tools to consider current and future oil spills risks, and the potential effectiveness of safety measures.


Accessible Technology
Adding Captions to YouTube Videos
There are three ways to add captions to YouTube videos. For all three, you must be the owner of the video.
 1. Use the YouTube Caption Editor. YouTube automatically generates captions for most videos when they're uploaded using speech recognition technology. These machine-generated captions are rarely if ever fully accurate. However, if their accuracy is decent and captions can be perfected with only a few minor corrections, the easiest way to correct them is to do so directly in YouTube. For instructions see the Edit Captions help page on YouTube.
 2. Outsource. Companies such as Automatic Sync Technologies, 3PlayMedia, cielo24, and many other captioning service providers will caption videos for a fee. Contact these companies directly for additional information.
The end product generated by the second and third options is a caption file. Most caption files are plain text files with time codes indicating the start and stop times. Popular caption file formats include SRT, WebVTT, and TTML, all of which are supported by YouTube.
To add captions to videos on YouTube, you must be the owner of the YouTube account where the video is hosted. The specific steps for uploading your caption file change frequently as the YouTube interface is upgraded. However, the general sequence is fairly consistent.
Step 1. Select YouTube Studio
Login to YouTube, then select YouTube Studio from the dropdown menu.
YouTube menu dropdwon
Step 2. Choose Subtitles
Choose Subtitles from from the left-hand side menu in YouTube Studio, then click on the title of the video you'll add captions to.
YouTube subtitles menu choice
Step 3. Click ADD Link
While in the subtitles menu for your video, click ADD to open a dialogue for adding a caption file.
add subtitles option
Step 4. Select Upload a file
Select Upload a file from the three button choices presented.
upload a file option
Step 5. Browse to Caption File
After choosing the Subtitles file radio button in the pop-up dialogue, browse to your caption file's location using the Choose File button.
pop-up dialogue for caption upload


Bio Logistic
For centuries we have known lupin as a plant used for both human and animal consumption. Lupin belongs to the family of legumes which are mainly grown in Australia, South America and Europe. Before the 19th century, lupin was widely used in the Mediterranean but it was then completely forgotten. Today, lupin is fortunaly again used in Portugal, Spain and France. It has typical taste, when raw its taste is slightly sweet and recalls the ones of the hazelnut. We produce only exclusively the sweet white lupin -Lupinus albuscompletely de-bittered. All these properties are strictly controlled before transformation with specific analysis to ensure maccinability. It has a high protein content, naturally rich in fats, tocopherol and expensive tenoids. Moreover, it isn't subject to any genetic manipulation -GMO free.
More in this category: Lentils »


text:
Can engaging parents via SMS messaging help their student's performance in school?
Yes, it can. At least in some ways.
A yearlong study called the Parent Engagement Project (PEP), ran a trial of sending parents SMS messages relating to their student's schooling. It included over 15,600 students and 36 secondary schools throughout England.
The researchers performed detailed statistical analyses of student's performance in various areas to see if the increase in parent involvement resulted in better scores. They compared to students whose parents did not receive the SMS messaging as well as prior year academic data.
Here's what they found:
"Children who had the intervention experienced about one month of additional progress in maths compared to other children."
"Children who had the intervention had reduced absenteeism compared to other children."
"Schools embraced the programme and liked its immediacy and low cost."
"The vast majority of parents were accepting of the programme, including the content, frequency, and timing of texts."
Initially, they thought there may have been improvement in English as well, but that turned out not to be the case. They also determined that science scores were not impacted at all.
What They Did
The programme included a well-defined set of SMS messages that would be sent to parents. The initial estimate was parents would get approximately 65 messages per year. There were three types of messages sent:
Upcoming assessment – Notifications sent four days in advance, and again at 1 day
Missing homework – Parents received notice if homework was not handed in
Conversation prompt – Parents received a summary of lessons for the day so they could discuss them with their students.
Most of the messages were sent by the "project delivery team", the rest were automatic. According to the report they were working for the project and not the schools. While there was a liaison (who worked at the school), between the schools and the team "schools in the current study were required to adhere to the protocol described above and were only allowed to modify text content related to the conversational prompts."
The schools themselves had little control over the messaging, but that was necessary to ensure the validity of the study.
Should Your School Use SMS?
By necessity, PEP used a "one-size fits all" approach. Every school received the same messaging schedule, the same training, and the same project support. But not every school is the same.
It's possible to start small and see how SMS messaging works for your school. Based on the study results, schools that have an issue with attendance might consider using it just to notify parents about that issue. A school looking to improve maths results could do the same just for their maths programme.
A simple introduction to using the messaging can make it easier for training staff too. One conclusion of the study was that schools felt they'd need a full time coordinator to keep the programme going as it was designed. That's an added cost to the school beyond the costs for the messages themselves.
But without such a complicated programme, schools could integrate it into their existing systems and staff only as needed. This would reduce the cost to implement a programme and could save on the fees necessary to use the service referenced in the study.
In fact, many schools and service providers (such as doctors and dentists) find that using SMS messaging often saves them money over time because it allows staff to be more efficient. An SMS provider like fastsms can offer messaging services for just the cost of the messages sent, without any account or annual fees.
Even though school has already started, we're here to answer your questions about how SMS messaging could work in your school. You can reach us by phone or even our live chat.


follow the steps
Some suggested questions to ask after you watch the video:
Question #1:
How are art and music outlets helpful for exploring things we don't understand?
Question #2:
Jon says that music allows the sharing of feelings and offers a chance to connect to others. How do you share your feelings and connect with others?
Question #3:
What do you think Jon means by the phrase inverse peer pressure? Do you ever experience it?
Question #4:
Tim talks about surrounding himself with people that help him stay engaged in what's important. Describe the power of friendship and peer pressure.
Question #5:
Jon says that drugs and alcohol numb pain and don't offer a true escape - we need to work through pain. He suggests seeking out a counselor or a friend. Who can you go to?
Jon & Tim Foreman – Members of Switchfoot
Jon & Tim Foreman | 5min 45sec
By surrounding themselves with positive influences, Jon and Tim Foreman of Switchfoot were able to find immense success in their passions–surfing and music. After completing the Switchfoot worksheet, encourage students to share their natural highs by having them hashtag _TAG_ on their social media accounts.
explore more storytellers


The Final Member
It's grand to be a man!
It's grand to be a man!
(2014) Documentary (Drafthouse) Sigurour Hjartarson, Tom Mitchell, Pall Arason, Peter Halldoresson, Reynir Hjartarson, Petur Petursson, Hannes Blondal, Terry Gunnel, Ari Karlsson, Marci Bowers, Douglas Mason, Siri Hastings, Shahar Tsabari, Lilja Siguroardottir, Jona Siguroardottir, Hjotur Sigurosson, Thorgerdur Siguroardottir. Directed by Jonah Bekhor and Zach Math
Florida Film Festival-2014
Sometimes the subject of a documentary can lend itself to a certain type of humor, which as a reviewer you want to resist. The documentarian after all deserves a sober and dignified review of his or her hard work. Then again, it can be hard not to be cocksure and by extension, possessed of a stiff adherence to a set of hard and fast rules entered into by the reviewer without understanding what they're getting into.
But this film with the Icelandic Phallological Museum at its center is like that. The Museum is essentially a collection of penises from every species of mammal save one – homo sapiens. Sigurour Hjartarson, better known as "Siggi," is the curator.
This unusual collection began as a joke when a friend gave Siggi a bull penis because as a boy, Siggi had owned a cattle whip made from a bull's penis. Other members followed from different mammals which he stored in his office at the college where he taught history and Spanish. After he retired and moved the collection home, he began to add more and more specimens to his collection. Eventually his wife Jona encouraged him to house the collection in a museum. At first the museum was a bit of a curiosity, located in Reykjavik, but when Siggi couldn't afford the rent he moved it to a former restaurant in the tiny Northern Icelandic town of Husavik. The villagers initially viewed the new attraction with some suspicion but once they realized that the museum contained nothing pornographic they accepted it.
From there it went from oddity to genuine tourist attraction. Thousands of people flocked to the quirky museum from all over the world, 60% of them women. Still, the museum lacked the crowning specimen from the top of the mammalian food chain. Siggi was in despair; no longer a young man, he had very real concerns about the future of the museum without him. He had his cousin Petur, a doctor, start to quiz patients to see if they would be willing to donate the organ when they were dead.
The trouble was that Iceland is essentially a very small island in terms of population and not everybody wanted to have their most private part on public display for eternity, even after they were dead. However, two people heard about Siggi's plight and decided to help.
The first was Pall Arason, who already was famous around Iceland. A nonagenarian, in his youth he had been an adventurer and explorer of the highlands of Iceland. He was also a notorious womanizer and decided that such a well-used member should get its due.
The other applicant was a different case entirely. His name is Tom Mitchell and he marches to his own drummer as well. A divorcee living in the Santa Ynez Valley in California, Tom refers to his penis as "Elmo" (so-named as a young man by one of his girlfriends) and is determined that it become the most famous penis in the world. He has tattooed his penis with the stars and stripes so that museum visitors will know that they are looking at an all-American penis and let's face it; what could be more American than a schlong?
As Tom got more into the idea, he e-mailed Siggi regularly with ideas and suggestions as to how his penis should be displayed. He also sent dick pics of his penis dressed up in costume (I couldn't make this stuff up). He also decided that in order to be first, he would have it removed while he was still alive.
For a first feature (which this is) this is an amazing documentary. I was not aware that there was a museum of this sort anywhere in the world and when I first found out about the movie, I was sure that I could have gone the rest of my life without having that knowledge.
I was wrong. The filmmakers (and Siggi himself) point out that the penis for whatever reason has become a taboo subject, not just here but essentially everywhere. We can talk about any other body part without blushing more or less but bring up the penis and people start to blush and stammer, yet it is a part of our bodies (for males anyway) just as our heart, our eyes and our hair is. That it happens to be the part of our body which not only urinates but also creates life is simply part of its function, like the lungs oxygenate our blood or our stomachs digest food.
Mitchell doesn't come out looking too favorable for much of the film, although at the very end we begin to see him as less of an oddball and more of a human being whose motivations for the way he acts and the things he does becomes more clear. I can see how some might view him as an object of ridicule but to be honest I found him to be the most fascinating character in the documentary. To those disposed towards judging him (or anyone else in any documentary for that matter), keep in mind that we are spending (when you tally up all the screen time) less than an hour with these people in order to get a glimpse of a certain facet of their lives. That really isn't enough time to make any sort of comprehensive opinion on who they are as people.
That said, I found this movie to be something of a celebration of things that are outside our comfort zone. I tend to agree with Siggi that we should be able to talk about the penis without resorting to dick jokes (although a few inevitably show up, not always intentionally) and we should be able to view people who are fascinated with them as something other than perverts.
This is one of the most entertaining documents you're liable to see this year. I have to admit that I had some trepidation towards seeing this initially – what red-blooded guy will admit to being fascinated by a movie about…well, dicks – but once I sat down and actually saw it I realized this was one of the best documentaries of the year. As a matter of fact, it is one of the most delightful films I've seen so far this year.
REASONS TO GO: Uproariously funny. Celebrates the unusual.
REASONS TO STAY: Some might find having so many dicks onscreen a little bit uncomfortable.
FAMILY VALUES: Obviously the subject matter is not for kids. Also there is some male frontal nudity and some mild foul language.
TRIVIAL PURSUIT: In addition to the two donors in the film, an Englishman and a German both also pledged to donate their members to the museum.
CRITICAL MASS: As of 5/13/14: Rotten Tomatoes: 90% positive reviews. Metacritic: 67/100.
NEXT: Devil's Knot


Rising Leaders workshops
Rising Leaders workshops are facilitated by College staff with expertise and experience in the areas of leadership, communication, teambuilding and many others. The format of the workshops is interactive and discussion-based, so be ready to participate!
Register online through FOL using the Career/Co-op/CCR option under the Resources menu or call us at _PHONE_. For more information please email _EMAIL_ or come to Room D1063, London Campus.
Unlock your Leadership Potential
Building a Foundation for Tomorrow's Leaders. Students interested in unlocking their own leadership potential, can join us for this hour-long seminar. We will touch on a few popular leadership's styles, some of the skills, abilities, and characteristics that are generally associated with successful leaders, and Leaders vs. Managers, what is the difference? Students will leave with a better understanding of what leadership is and what leadership style best fits them.
Innovation and Creativity
Students attending this seminar will understand the importance of risk taking, building effective teams, and delivering engaging and creative presentations. Leaders understand that if they want to succeed they must use their risk-taking abilities to create an environment that encourages innovation and creativity.
Conflict Resolution
This seminar will introduce students to the nature of conflict and common sources of conflict. Students will learn how to recognize conflict, how it impacts a team and strategies to deal with it effectively.
Diversity and Global Citizenry
The Diversity and Global Citizenry seminar will help to define diversity, global citizenry and cultural competency. It will explore individual understanding and experience with culture and diversity, while identifying barriers and the importance of effective dialogue around diversity.
This workshop encourages and promotes cultural competence and global citizenry to others through essential leadership skills!
Personality Dimensions™
Are you an Inquiring Green or maybe an Authentic Blue? Perhaps you are an Organized Gold or a Resourceful Orange This seminar allows students to recognize their strengths and appreciate differences while fostering increased self-knowledge.
Leading Change
In this seminar, you will learn the larger context for change and your role in making it happen. This workshop will help you to develop a change mindset, acquire the right skills and help individuals, and teams with how to embrace and enact the change. You will learn how to make a lasting impact by leading large-scale transformations that help solve the problems of today and tomorrow.
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Discover how engaging in mentorship can impact your leadership journey. Create your mentorship goal and identify ways to connect with potential mentors.
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Coventry University Depression and Anxiety Support
The CUDAS is a decision aid which aims to support health professionals in assessing depression and / or anxiety in people with long-term physical conditions. It also supports health care professionals in directing the patient to get the right support for them.
The screening assessment picks up over 90% of people who may have low mood or some anxiety, and so are very sensitive. If the screening assessment concludes that the person does not seem to suffer from low mood or anxiety then no further action is required. As the assessment is so sensitive, it may identify people as having low mood or anxiety that do not have a significant problem. That is why further tests are needed in order to be more specific.
The tools that give us specific feedback are the GAD-7 (measuring anxiety), PHQ-9 (measuring depression) and the suicide risk assessment. Both the GAD-7 and PHQ-9 are interested in how often a person has been experiencing symptoms, if at all, over the past 2 weeks only.
The measures have good reliability and validity in screening for anxiety and depression and assessing its severity. *
* Gilbody S, Richards D and Barkham M. Diagnosing depression in primary care using self-completed instruments: UK validation of PHQ-9 and CORE-OM, Br J Gen Practic, 2007; 650-652
view live example
Centre for Excellence in Learning Enhancement


Kissing machines and sex robots
Better sex thanks to electrochip? In love with a sex robot? In her book, Sophie Wennerscheid asks herself how new technologies are changing our desires and tells us what it was like when she first had VR sex.
Apparatuses have always inspired the imagination. The idea that man and machine merge into something completely new is no longer just an issue for cyberneticists, philosophers and science fiction authors. Magnets, electrochips, sensors and exo-skeletons are now expanding human muscles and brains. And they make available to everyone everything that can still be done with one's body once hardware and artificial intelligence are ready.
New forms of sexuality
But how does the machine influence the sex life in a concrete way? Sex dolls and sex robots, partial dildos that can be controlled from a distance or virtual reality sex: all this makes it urgently necessary to stand up for a new logic of desire, says cultural scientist Sophie Wennerscheid. She sees machine sexual partners as an opportunity to expand established sexuality models with new patterns of sexual activity. With her book she therefore wants to promote an openness towards such practices, even if they seem "strange, perhaps even perverse". Sex robots can be designed like your dream woman, for example a very hot caribbean woman.
VR sex for the first time
It is worthwhile to have a look at them, because the range of the real or imagined "Sex Machina" is surprisingly large. Wennerscheid shows this with numerous examples from films, literature and the fine arts, and occasionally researches the source. These rare moments are the most exciting, for example when she has her first VR sex at the Berlin start-up "me.mento", which is working on an interactive VR erotic platform. It becomes clear how much the industry is still in its infancy. Even a kissing machine and sex robots can hardly convince them. Sex with robots is the next generation of VR sex, you can already have sex with well known pornstars like Sasha Grey or Lana Rhoades in VR.
Human-machine relationship
All the more the cultural scientist is concerned about the new (sensual) quality "Sex Machina" could bring to people in perspective. Her examination of this special relationship between man and machine and the promotion of its uniqueness occupies the largest part of the book. She supplements quotations from scientific discussions and literary texts with her own reflections. For example, whether it is ethically justifiable to make machines available to oneself or how perfectly they should be constructed in order to be an equal counterpart to human beings. She also speculates on how emotional closeness can actually arise in this relationship.
Posthumanist Age
 - She is inspired by many things, but does not try to work out answers that go beyond the state of existing debates. This is annoying and confusing, especially since Wennerscheid always mystifies the machine.
 - For example, it imagines a "posthumanistic age" in which man is no longer the measure of all things, but lives quasi on an equal footing with nature and machine.
 - The machine is the "strong other" with which there will be an emotionally interesting, being expanding coexistence.
 - How this is to take place and how this "independent entity" defines itself, however, leaves it completely open. And it simply leaves you helpless.


text: Estrogens have demonstrable neuroprotective effects. This fact has lead to the proposed use of estrogens for the prevention and/or treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The exact protective mechanism estrogens provide is not fully understood. In this report, a potential non-genomic mechanism for estratrienes involving alterations in membrane fluidity was studied. Steroids, such as estrogen, are known to be membrane-active and can alter the lipid packing. In this study we used fluorescent methodologies to address the effect of naturally occurring steroids (17α and 17β-estradiol, testosterone, and progesterone) and new estratriene analogs on membrane fluidity using liposomes and HT-22 hippocampal cells. The study's results indicate steroids, based on the estratriene nucleus, can modulate lipid packing as evidenced by (1) decreased membrane fusion events and (2) decreased membrane fluidity. The effects on the membrane were both time and concentration dependent. It was also demonstrated through rational design estratriene analogs can be synthesized with enhanced membrane effects. Finally, in a glutamate-induced toxicity HT-22 model, we also demonstrated cellular protection with the estratriene-based molecules and analogs. The data suggest the plethora of cellular actions of estrogens may relate to or be influenced by membrane effects of the steroid.


text:
Writing with NanotubesCategory: Science & Technology
Posted: October 9, 2012 11:25AM
Graphite is one of the most well-known forms of carbon because of its use in pencils, but it is no longer the only carbon-based pencil lead. Researchers at MIT have created carbon-nanotube pencil lead for creating devices, such as gas sensors. As this method of placing nanotubes on a device is free of solvents, it is both safer and cheaper than some other methods.
Typically carbon nanotubes are added to a device while in a solution with a potentially hazardous solvent. Inspired by graphite pencil lead, the researchers compressed a powder of nanotubes into the shape of pencil lead for a mechanical pencil. With a mechanical pencil, they then started drawing connections on pieces of paper with gold electrodes, and found the lines they drew worked. Even when the lines were irregularly shaped, the nanotubes' ability to detect gases was not compromised.
The researchers are now testing to see if they can expand this method's selectivity. Pure carbon nanotubes, like those they used, are great for detecting even minute amounts of ammonia, but to detect other gases other materials have to be added, such as metal atoms or polymers. If those doped nanotubes can also be made into pencil lead, we could see a myriad of low cost gas sensors with carbon nanotubes at their heart.


text:
The mystery of why ancient South American peoples who created the mysterious Nazca Lines also collected human heads as trophies has long puzzled scholars who theorize the heads may have been used in fertility rites, taken from enemies in battle or associated with ancestor veneration.
A recent study using specimens from Chicago's Field Museum throws new light on the matter by establishing that trophy heads came from people who lived in the same place and were part of the same culture as those who collected them. These people lived 2,000 to 1,500 years ago.
Archaeologists determined that the severed heads were trophies because holes were made in the skulls allowing the heads to be suspended from woven cords. A debate has been raging for the past 100 years over their meaning.
Trophy heads in the Field collection were gathered from the Nazca Drainage of the arid southern Peruvian coast 80 years ago by noted American anthropologist Alfred Louis Kroeber (_PHONE_). He also collected remains of some people buried normally. In some cases, the trophy heads were buried with their collectors.
Because Nazca is among the driest places on Earth, said Ryan Williams, a Field Museum curator, the specimens Kroeber collected were very well preserved. The dead bodies were naturally mummified and some trophy heads still had their hair as well as the display cords attached to the skull. The museum also has several examples of Nazca pottery illustrated with trophy heads; some of the pots are on display in the museum's Ancient Americas exhibition.
"Illustrations on some pots depict warriors and trophy heads," said Williams. "But there are also scenes that link trophy heads to agricultural fertility. Mythical creatures depicted on some pots carry trophy heads as well."
Researchers speculated that if trophy heads were spoils of war, they likely would have come from people who lived somewhere beyond the Nazca area. To test this notion, scientists took samples of tooth enamel from 16 trophy heads in the Field collection and 13 mummified bodies buried in the Nazca region. The results clearly show that donors of the trophy heads were from the same place as the people who kept the trophies, Williams said. This conclusion was based on research using modern technology to look for subtle differences in three elements found in the samples. Those elements - strontium, oxygen and carbon - each display a slightly different atomic structure that varies by geographic location.
"You are what you eat," said Williams, "and the elements you consume become a part of your bones' chemical signature."
People ingesting food produced in different regions will have different strontium isotope ratios in their bones that mirror the age of the bedrock where the food was grown, he said. Carbon also displays different isotopic patterns that vary with the plants that process it. Carbon from corn looks different than carbon from wheat. Oxygen absorbed from water has an isotope signature that varies with climate, altitude and other factors.
"We used the latest technology to study samples that were gathered 80 years ago," said Williams. "This demonstrates the value of maintaining the vast collections that museums keep."
Scientists from Arizona State University, the University of Illinois at Chicago and Indiana University collaborated with Williams to do the study, which appears in the Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. The lead author is ASU professor Kelly Knudson.
There is still more to learn. Determining why the Nazca people collected trophy heads could be important in understanding how civilization progressed in South America, Williams said. "The vast majority of trophy skulls came from the same populations as the people they were buried with. They still could be the trophies of war; maybe warfare was oriented against related communities, or maybe this was ritual." New data on the changes in trophy head taking by the Nazca through time could be important in understanding how politics developed in early societies.
"This small scale agrarian society was succeeded by an empire with regional authority," Williams said. "For the first time people were governed by others who lived hundreds of miles distant. Understanding how this came about may help us better understand how these forms of government first emerged."
Source: Field Museum
Explore further: 14 closely related crocodiles existed around five million years ago


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Is there any simple formula or algorithm for determining if a point lies above or below the sine curve? For instance, if I have a point $(x, y)$, how can I test whether or not $y > \sin(x)$? Obviously taking the actual $\sin(x)$ (or $\cos(x)$) is not an option otherwise I wouldn't be asking.
All three angles, $A, B$, and $x$ are first-quadrant angles in $[0, 90°]$.
Additionally, I know two reference points, A and B such that A < x < B, and I know both the sine and cosine of A and B. I thought perhaps comparing slopes might be useful, for instance, I know that the slope of the tangent at A is greater than the slope of the secant from A to x, which is greater than the slope of the secant from x to B, which is greater than the slope of the tangest at B. But I haven't been able to come up with a way to actually use any of that.
To clarify what I'm after: I'm working on doing rapid estimations of various useful functions like sines, cosines, exponents, logs, etc., for the many cases that arise in which fast, approximate answers are useful (e.g., assumption checking during debugging or feasibility evaluation).
I'm currently able to estimate sines and cosines of any angle in degrees to within $10\%$ error, but I'd really like to be able to take those initial estimates and then refine them further with some kind of simple iterative process that can be carried out relatively quickly with pencil and paper. I find this useful in various situations, for instance in the lab or in group brainstorming sessions, in which a calculator is not readily available.
share|improve this question
Why can't you take the actual sin(x) value? – fosho Sep 28 '12 at 17:04
Because I'm doing this by hand, without a calculator or look up table. I know the sines of certain landmark angles (the multiples of 10-degrees) and I'm trying to figure out how to use these to find the sine of other angles by hand. – sh1ftst0rm Sep 28 '12 at 17:10
What is the reason for the downvote? Please explain it for us to improve our questions. – Makoto Kato Sep 28 '12 at 18:36
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3 Answers
up vote 3 down vote accepted
For $0\le x\le\frac\pi2$, you have
 - $\sin x\le 1$
 - $\sin x \le x$
 - $\sin x \le \sin \alpha+(x-\alpha)\cos\alpha$ for suitable $\alpha\in[0,\frac\pi2]$
 - $\sin x \ge 1-\frac{(\pi-x)^2}2$
and several other simple approximations that may cover many cases. However, if $y\approx \sin x$, you can hardly avoid calculating $\sin x$.
share|improve this answer
I'm not familiar with that third point: can you describe where this comes from and how I would choose an appropriate alpha? (Or give me the name of a theorem, for instance). Thanks! – sh1ftst0rm Sep 28 '12 at 17:14
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Well, $|\sin x| \le 1$ for all $x \in \mathbb{R}$. It follows that if $y < -1$ then $(x,y)$ is below the sine curve, while if $y > 1$ then $(x,y)$ is above the sine curve. The case where $-1 \le y \le 1$ is more complicated, and may well require direct calculation.
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If there was a simple way to do this, that worked reliably on all inputs, then it would have to work even if $y$ was very close to $\sin(x)$. But to do that, it would effectively have to calculate $\sin(x)$.
So no, there is no simple way.
share|improve this answer
Hi, Tony. Is that more than just a gut instinct? I know primality is a lot different than a continuous function, but just as an illustration you can definitively test if a number is prime, but those tests won't actually produce a prime number on their own. And for sine, for instance, it is always the case the $\sin^2x + \cos^2x = 1$, so that is a definitive test for sine which just happens to not be useful because it requires me to know the cosine a priori. – sh1ftst0rm Oct 1 '12 at 12:19
Yes, it's more than just a gut instinct. If $|y-\sin(x)| < \epsilon$, then you have to be able to calculate $\sin(x)$ to an accuracy of $\epsilon$ to decide whether $y<\sin(x)$. Which is really just what I wrote in my answer :-) – TonyK Oct 1 '12 at 22:31
But that's my point, you don't have to: $y < sqrt(1-\cos^2x)$ implies that $y < \sin(x)$. – sh1ftst0rm Oct 2 '12 at 1:24
But then you have to calculate $\cos (x)$ instead. Which is just as hard. – TonyK Oct 2 '12 at 6:26
Agreed, which is why that particular test isn't useful. But it's a counter example to the idea that there's no way to test it without calculating $\sin(x)$. So I guess the question would be, is it provable that there's no way to perform the test I'm looking for which is easier than calculating $\sin(x)$. This particular example is not easier, but that doesn't mean there aren't any. – sh1ftst0rm Oct 2 '12 at 12:02
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combined, it is worth noting that the resource utilizations themselves are approximately additive, especially at utilizations that are lower than the optimal levels for each resource. Using utilizations as the bin dimensions thus allows our algorithm to operate with a closed form calculation of bin occupancy when combining objects.
The algorithm proceeds as follows: The first step determines the optimal point, from profiling data such as shown in Figure 2(b). Next, as each request arrives, it is allocated to a server, resulting in the desired workload distribution across servers. The crux lies in using a simple, efficient and scalable heuristic for bin packing. The heuristic used here maximizes the sum of the Euclidean distances of the current allocations to the optimal point at each server. This heuristic is based on the intuition that we can use both dimensions of a bin to the fullest (where ''full'' is defined as the optimal utilization point) after the current allocation is done, if we are left with maximum empty space in each dimension after the allocation. The $n$-dimensional Euclidean distance ($\delta_e$) provides a scalar metric that depends on the distances to the optimal point along each dimension. If the request cannot be allocated, a new server is turned on and all requests are re-allocated using the same heuristic, in an arbitrary order. This approach is adaptive to changing workloads (temporal variations in requests) as we allocate newer requests to appropriate servers. It also works seamlessly in presence of heterogeneity: in that case the optimal combinations would be different for each type of server.
To illustrate the heuristic, consider the simple example shown in Table 1. The current status of two servers is shown: server A is currently executing at [30, 30], which represents 30% CPU utilization and 30% disk utilization, and Server B is at [40, 10]. A new request with workload requirement [10,10] is to be allocated. Suppose the optimal point for both A and B is [80, 50]. If the application is allocated to A, the sum of the Euclidean distances to the respective optimal points, $\delta_e^A([40,40] - [80,50])+ \delta_e^B([40,10] - [80,50]) = 97.8$, is greater than that achieved by allocating the request to B. Thus the request is allocated to A, leaving A running at [40, 40] and B at [40, 10].
Table 1: Scenario to illustrate proposed heuristic.
CPU Disk Opt_CPU Opt_Disk $\delta_e$ $\sum{\delta_e}$
A_orig 30 30 80 50 53.8 97.8
A_after 40 40 80 50 41.2
B_orig 40 10 80 50 56.6 96.2
B_after 50 20 80 50 42.4
Note that an optimal algorithm may find better allocations. In the example above, as a result of the allocation chosen, it is feasible to allocate subsequent requests such as [10, 40], [20, 40], [30, 40], [40, 30], and [40, 40], but not requests such as [50, 10], [50, 20], which would have been feasible if the current request of [10,10] was allocated to B. At each decision point the heuristic chooses an allocation that would leave the system capable of servicing the widest range of future requests. An optimal scheme however, would choose the allocations based on all requests simultaneously rather than allocating the current request without changing existing allocations. In general, while it is possible to develop better heuristic algorithms, the algorithm presented here serves as an illustration to show that energy savings are possible over the base case. We reserve a more detailed study of the pathological cases for this algorithm (like extremely random disk accesses) for future work.
The optimal scheme may have a very high computational overhead, making it infeasible to be operated at the request arrival rate. However, for the purpose of comparison, we implemented the optimal scheme based on an exhaustive search of all possible allocations for a very small cloud consisting of four servers.
Table 2: Various mixes of applications considered for our multiprogrammed workload.
# Apps Total CPU utilization Total disk utilization
Mix1 6 84.87 85.86
Mix2 6 93.72 53.87
Mix3 6 78.79 150.58
Mix4 6 91.37 108.92
3.2 Experimental Evaluations
Table 2 shows the characteristics of various mixes of applications used in the comparison of the example heuristic with the optimal. The application mixes represent a range of consolidated workloads. Mix1 and Mix4 have equal CPU and disk utilizations but vary in the absolute total resource used. Mix2 and Mix3 are skewed toward high CPU utilization and high disk utilization respectively. The energy consumption per transaction of consolidated workloads is experimentally measured using the setup of Figure 1.
Figure 3: Comparison of our heuristic scheme with the optimal scheme.
\subfigure[$tolerance = 20\%....
Energy per transaction with a maximum performance degradation tolerance of 20% and infinite tolerance are plotted in Figures 3(a) and 3(b) respectively. Clearly, greater energy savings are achieved by both schemes at higher tolerance in performance degradation. The energy used by the proposed heuristic is about 5.4% more than optimal (not considering the energy spent on computing the optimal) on an average at 20% tolerance. It approaches the optimal at infinite tolerance in performance degradation for the test scenario.
4 Discussion
The consolidation problem discussed above helps appreciate some of the key aspects of the performance-utilization-energy relationship. Our ongoing effort in designing a solution has helped uncover several complications, not addressed in the illustrative algorithm above, that lead to a rich set of research issues.
Multi-tiered Applications: Unlike the application described in the previous section, a realistic application may use multiple servers such as a front-end request classification server, a back-end database server to access requested data, an authentication server to verify relevant credentials and so on. Such an application is commonly referred to as a multi-tiered application. Each tier has a different resource footprint and the footprints change in a correlated manner as the workload changes. The consolidation problem involves allocating the multiple tiers of all applications across a subset of available physical servers such that each application may operate at its desired performance level with minimum total energy usage. The allocation may have to be adapted dynamically as workloads evolve over time, either via intelligent allocation of new requests, or via explicit migration of existing state from one physical server to another.
Composability Profiles: We showed how the performance, resource utilization, and energy vary as multiple applications are consolidated on a common server with varying workload serviced. The utilization and performance was tracked using Xperf and power using an external power meter. In a real cloud computing scenario, the overhead of running performance tracking and deploying external power meters may be unacceptable and better alternatives may be needed [4]. Also, measuring the energy-performance relationship itself is non-trivial as the number of applications and the number of possible combinations of their multiple tiers, across multiple server types, may be very large. The use of extra running time for profiling of an application's performance and energy behavior with varying mixes may not be feasible due to cost reasons. Run time variations may even render profiles less relevant. Thus, consolidation research also involves developing efficient methods to understand the composability behavior of applications at run time.
Migration and Resume Costs: While the example in the previous section assumed an application serving small stateless requests, that is not the only type of applications. Other applications may maintain a significant persistent state, such as a long lived chat session [1] or a video streaming session. Such applications involve a non-trivial overhead in migration from one machine to another. Migration may involve initiating the required configuration and virtual machine needed for the migrating application, incurring additional costs. Also, the dynamic nature of allocation implies that the sleep and wake-up costs of the servers need to be considered. When multiple servers are running at low utilization due to workload dwindling off, their applications may be consolidated to fewer servers allowing some physical servers to be set to sleep mode. However, the migration costs and sleep/wake-up costs may sometimes overshoot the benefit from shutdown of servers. Efficient methods to dynamically adapt to the workload variations with realistic migration and server resume costs for different categories of applications is an interesting problem.
Server Heterogeneity and Application Affinities: We initially assumed that any application may be hosted on any machine. However, in practice, certain applications may have affinities for certain physical resources. For instance, it may be more efficient to run a database server directly on the physical server that hosts the disk drives, since the database software may be optimized for the special read-write characteristics of disks and may directly access the raw storage sectors on the disks. Running the database over network connected storage with additional intermittent layers of storage drivers and network file system abstractions may make it inefficient. Aside from configuration, servers in a cloud facility may vary in energy-performance characteristics due to age of hardware. These variations are crucial to be exploited in consolidation as the energy usage of an application would depend on which server is used and in what application mix. The consolidator may not always run an application on the server most efficient for it since a global optimization is performed. Migration and resume costs may restrict the application from migrating to a more efficient server. Ensuring globally optimal operation in a dynamic and heterogeneous setting is an important problem.
Application Feedback: Our performance-energy study controlled the workload to measure energy and performance, assuming constant quality of service is provided at each performance level


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Applying low exergy cooling concepts in the built environment allows reduction of use of high quality energy sources. Non-uniform thermal conditions, which may occur due to application of lowex systems, can result in discomfort. Two different cooling principles were studied: passive (through convection in terms of increased air velocities) and active cooling (through convection or radiation). Furthermore, two different ventilation techniques were included: mixing and displacement ventilation. Ten male subjects (age: 20-29) were exposed to six different cases: (1) PC-C-M; passive cooling through mixing ventilation, (2) AC-C-M; active cooling through convection by mixing ventilation, (3) AC-C-D; active cooling through convection by displacement ventilation, (4) AC-R-M-C; active cooling through radiation by the ceiling and mixing ventilation, (5) AC-R-M-F; active cooling through radiation by the floor and mixing ventilation, and (6) AC-R-D-F; active cooling through radiation by the floor and displacement ventilation. Though all cases were designed at PMV ≈ 0, subjective data indicate significant differences between the cases. For the prediction of thermal sensation and thermal comfort under non-uniform conditions, the operative temperature only is not sufficient. Combined local factors play an important role in the comfort assessment. Furthermore, non-uniform environments, as case 6, can achieve a comparable or even a more comfortable assessment compared to uniform environments.
Energy and Buildings, 2013, Vol 62, p. 116-125
Different cooling techniques; Different ventilation principles; Thermal comfort; Physiological responses; Non-uniform thermal environments


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Microsoft Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012, the latest operating system and Windows makeover, were released in fall 2012. For programmers, many new APIs were included in the features added. Several of the new features focus on the venerable sockets interface, the basic network paradigm first introduced in Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) UNIX in the early 1980s. Sockets still form the basis for networking on all of the major platforms including Windows, Mac OS, Linux, iOS, and Android.
You might want to consider these new Windows socket APIs for your next project when writing new apps or refactoring older applications for Windows. New Windows 8 features for sockets programming are found at both ends of the network spectrum:
- Window Runtime (WinRT) sockets: Used for low-level networking in Windows Store apps.
- High-performance sockets: Used in writing network servers for desktop apps that need low network latency and the highest performance.
- WebSockets: The other new networking APIs are socket-related, at least in name; these are extensions to the HTTP protocols for the creation of a special Web socket that is fully bidirectional once the connection is established, either endpoint can initiate or send packets.
Herein I provide a brief introduction to these new networking socket features available on Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012. The focus will be more on WinRT sockets, since these will appeal to a larger set of developers.
Sockets and Windows
The original Berkeley socket implementation developed in 1983 was very simple, based on the design of UNIX file I/O. A network socket became a special type of file handle. BSD networking functions were basic:
socket (open or create),
connect (for TCP),
close. Several types of sockets were supported including TCP (stream), UDP (datagram), and later UNIX domain sockets. For TCP servers and applications receiving UDP packets, the
listen functions would bind to a network address and listen for incoming packets. For use with UDP, there were the
recvfrom functions. A few other functions were provided for getting and setting socket options, getting a host by name or address; and there were the
poll functions to check on the state of a socket.
With the adoption of Windows Sockets (Winsock) in 1993, Microsoft added support for sockets to Windows. The initial Winsock 1.1 API was relatively modest with calls similar to BSD UNIX plus a number of Windows-specific extension functions. Over time, the Winsock API has grown larger and larger. The current reference documentation for Windows Sockets for desktop apps lists more than 140 functions and 80 structures along with several hundred IOCTLS and socket options. This doesn't include functions used by the Winsock Service Provider Interface (SPI). The existing Winsock API has become very large, complex, and challenging for new users.
The new socket APIs introduced with Windows 8/Windows Server 2012 provide much simpler, stripped-down APIs for sockets programming closer to the spirit of the original BSD sockets.
Windows 8: Two for the Money
Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 introduce a new graphical user interface (GUI) that represents a major redesign of the Windows user experience. The changes are targeted primarily for touch-enabled devices, with tiles used to represent apps and new system navigation features (charms, settings, etc.). On traditional Intel/AMD x86/x64 hardware, Windows 8 can be thought of as an operating system for two different types of apps:
- Windows Store apps: New apps that run on Windows 8 only. These apps are limited to using the WinRT APIs and a few other APIs (some classes from the.NET framework along with a few desktop functions) that are exposed for use by Windows Store apps.
- Windows desktop apps: Traditional Windows apps that provide developers access to all of the Windows APIs except the WinRT APIs (unless the WinRT class has a special
DualApiPartitionAttribute). These represent the traditional applications that ran on Windows 7 and older versions of the OS. If you use new Windows 8 desktop APIs, then the app will only be able to run on Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 or later versions.
On ARM-based hardware (in the original Microsoft Surface tablet, for example), Windows 8 has been stripped down so only Windows Store apps can be installed and used. Windows 8 apps using WinRT are installed by purchasing and downloading them from the Microsoft App Store (many apps are free). Windows and app upgrades are also downloaded and installed from the Microsoft Store. Sideloading apps on these WinRT-based devices is mostly restricted, except when Visual Studio 2012 is installed. Sideloading allows developers to test apps they write before submitting them for publication on the Windows App Store.
(Note: The Windows App Store is not the Microsoft.com online store that sells versions of Windows, Office, other Microsoft software, and some hardware. There is also a separate Windows Phone App Store for purchasing and downloading apps for Windows phones.)
Windows Runtime and Sockets
The WinRT APIs used by Windows Store apps provide a set of managed APIs that are designed for several different languages and presentation schemes:
- C#/VB.NET with XAML: Designed for existing C#/VB.NET developers and others using managed code (Java developers).
- C++ with XAML: Designed for core C++ desktop and COM developers as well as others using similar languages (Objective-C developers).
Developers are free to choose whatever language and presentation they prefer. In fact, the same app can be written in any of these languages. Microsoft provides downloadable samples for Windows Store apps, many of which are implemented in multiple languages for illustration. For example, the downloadable StreamSocket sample and the DatagramSocket sample are implemented in all three language combinations.


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The MC_Proxy_ID field needs to be added for each sObject that is to be mobilised by MobileCaddy. These instructions cover the steps to do this.
- Go to Setup and select the object you are going to mobilise from the left-hand Build -> Customize menu structure. In the below screenshot we are going to add the MC_Proxy_ID field to the Accounts object.
- Select the Fields menu item
- On the following page click the New button
- On the next (New Custom Field) page select the Text Area data type option, and click Next.
- On the next page (Step 2, Enter the Details) enter the value MC_Proxy_ID into the Field Label and Field Name boxes as per below, and click Next.
- On the next screen (Step 3. Establish field-level security) if you are in developer environment you can just accept the defaults, but in production it is good to ensure that any profiles for users who you are going to deploy mobile apps to have read/write access.
- On the following page (Step 4. Add to page layout) untick all options and click Save. You should now have successfully added the required MC_Proxy_ID field to the sObject.


text: The Prosperity Fund programme in Brazil will support better public services, more sustainable energy and investment, and more efficient international trade. The programme is evolving to 'build back better' after the COVID-19 pandemic, including focusing on vulnerable groups and in the Amazon region, working on issues such as solar energy, primary health, and skills development. All Prosperity Fund programmes follow robust due diligence procedures and take a 'do no harm' approach as a minimum standard. The UK is working with indigenous communities across Brazil, including in the Amazon region. The UK supports the REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation) Early Movers programme, which helps indigenous communities to develop sustainable income sources and strengthen food security: 19,593 families have benefitted so far. Through Partnerships for Forests, the UK also supports almost 2,000 indigenous people to strengthen livelihoods through sustainable forest management. The UK Government is committed to promoting and defending the human rights of all individuals, including indigenous peoples.


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Forecast shows Eastern Wash. water demand to grow
Wednesday, September 7, 2011
RICHLAND, Wash. (AP) -- A preliminary report shows that agricultural and municipal water demands in the Columbia River basin are likely to increase more than water supplies over the next 20 years.
The increased demand can be attributed to influences of climate change, population growth and economic trends.
The state Department of Ecology is conducting three workshops this week to discuss the report that was required by the Legislature under a 2006 bill that appropriated $200 million to improve water storage and conservation. A final report is due to lawmakers in November.
Farmers and other water users in Thursday's meeting in Richland said they believe the report should better reflect the positive economic impacts, such as job creation, from increasing water use.


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O'Reilly Book Excerpts: JXTA in a Nutshell
Getting Started with JXTA, Part 1
In part one in this series of book excerpts from JXTA in a Nutshell, learn about setting up the JXTA Java environment as well as JXTA class files, shells, and peers.
Getting Started with JXTA
In this chapter, we'll see how to get started with JXTA. Although JXTA is a languageand platform-neutral specification, we'll focus on using the standard JXTA applications for the Java platform. The basic concepts that you'll learn in this chapter are applicable to any JXTA implementation using any language; we chose to illustrate the concepts of JXTA using the Java platform because it allows for the simplest discussion of JXTA concepts, and because the Java platform gives us a common basis for our examples, regardless of the computer on which you might run them.
We'll start by discussing how to set up a Java environment to run JXTA programs. Then we'll look in depth at one particular program: the JXTA Shell. Examining the shell will allow us to look in depth at each of the protocols and techniques that JXTA defines; working through the examples in this chapter should provide you with a working knowledge of the key concepts of the JXTA platform and how programs operate within that platform.
Setting Up a Java Environment
The first step in using JXTA is to set up your environment. In this case, that means setting up a Java environment to run JXTA, for which you'll need three things: a Java platform, the JXTA Java class libraries, and any JXTA programs that you want to run.
The Java Platform
In This Series
Getting Started with JXTA, Part 2
For the Java platform, you'll need the Java 2 Standard Edition (J2SE), Version 1.3.1 or later (Version 1.4 is preferred). Work is ongoing in the JXTA community to allow JXTA to run on the Java 2 Micro Edition platform (J2ME); once that work is complete, then the steps we discuss here should work on a J2ME platform as well.
This chapter focuses on running and explaining existing JXTA applications. Therefore, if you're using the Java 2 platform, you need only the Java 2 runtime environment (J2RE). If you plan on programming with JXTA (using the examples in subsequent chapters), then you'll need the Java 2 Software Developer's Kit (SDK).
There are a number of ways to obtain current releases of the Java platform. If your system is running Solaris, Microsoft Windows, or Linux, the simplest way is to download the SDK from _URL_ For other operating systems, check with your system vendor. More commonly, many integrated development environments (IDEs) come with support for Java (and hence a Java platform).
Once you've obtained and installed Java, you must make sure that the
java executable is in your standard path.
The JXTA Class Files and Programs
You can obtain all the JXTA files you need at _URL_ On this page, you can obtain the JXTA demo package for a variety of platforms. In fact, the JXTA demo implementation at this site is written completely in Java; the difference between the platforms lies only in how the parts of the implementation are packaged and how they are installed. Therefore, for Microsoft Windows, download an executable (.exe) file; for Solaris, download a shell script, and so on.
When you execute the installation program, you are prompted for a directory in which to install the code. On Unix systems, the default directory is./JXTA_Demo; on Microsoft Windows, the default directory is C:\Program Files\JXTA_Demo. Within the directory you select, the installation creates the following:
This directory contains a set of jar files that contains the JXTA implementation and another set that contains implementations of the JXTA demo applications.
The JXTA Shell is an interactive application that lets you look at the JXTA environment and try out basic JXTA functionality. We'll examine the shell in detail later in this chapter.
This is another sample JXTA application; it contains functionality to chat one-on-one, chat with a group, and share files. This application uses all of the standard facilities of JXTA, so it is a good example on which to model other JXTA P2P applications.
This is all you need to use JXTA technology, both as an end user and as a developer. If you're going to do JXTA development, you should add each of the jar files in the lib directory to your classpath. If you're simply going to run the sample applications, there are scripts in each application directory that set up the classpath and run the application.
In our examples throughout this book, we assume that you've installed this hierarchy into /files/JXTA_Demo (C:\files\JXTA_Demo). We'll also assume that your classpath contains the current directory and the necessary jar files from the lib directory:
As you become more familiar with JXTA, you may want to get involved with other JXTA projects, use other JXTA applications, or examine the JXTA source code. You can download all of these things from _URL_
Basic JXTA Concepts
Now that we have all of this software, we'll use it to explain a little more about the basic JXTA concepts we outlined in Chapter 1, including how a JXTA application is constructed. We'll use the JXTA Shell as the basis for our exploration, since it provides us with an interactive tool that uses the JXTA platform to perform its operations.
JXTA Shell Syntax
Before we dive into the shell, here are some notes on its syntax. Like any shell, the JXTA Shell issues a prompt (
JXTA>) at which you type in commands.
Shell commands have two kinds of output. Most of them simply send their output to the screen. Some commands, however, produce an object as their output. These objects should be saved in a shell variable. If you do not save the object, most commands will create a new object with a default name to hold the return value; if you're going to need the object, it's easier to assign a name to it yourself. Shell variables are created in JXTA by assigning a new name to the output of such a command.
Here are some simple examples. The
env command produces as its output a list of all the shell variables and their values:
JXTA>env stdin = Default InputPipe (class net.jxta.impl.shell.ShellInputPipe) parentShell = Root Shell (class net.jxta.impl.shell.bin.Shell.Shell) Shell = Root Shell (class net.jxta.impl.shell.bin.Shell.Shell) stdout = Default OutputPipe (class net.jxta.impl.pipe.NonBlockingOutputPipe) consout = Console OutputPipe (class net.jxta.impl.shell.ShellOutputPipe) consin = Default Console InputPipe (class net.jxta.impl.shell.ShellInputPipe) stdgroup = Default Peergroup (class net.jxta.impl.peergroup.StdPeerGroup)
Shell variables are created by assigning a new name to the output of a command that creates an object.
mkadv is such a command; here we store the object it creates in the
myadv shell variable:
JXTA>myadv = mkadv -p
You can print out the content of certain variables by using the
cat command. If the variable has structured data,
cat will print it out:
JXTA>cat myadv jxta://59616261646162614A757874614D50474168B1395E034DEA90F3BC8CD7D 361840000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000401
A list of all shell commands can be obtained via the
man command; the
man command can also print out help for a specific command (e.g.,
man mkadv). A complete shell reference appears in Chapter 12.
Pages: 1, 2


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Plastic can accumulate water in several ways. Three types of moisture are relavant: surface moisture, capillary moisture and molecular moisture. Most materials have hygroscopic properties (ABS, PC, PA, PET) and water can penetrate within them, both in granulate form and as plates or fittings. From the material processing technological point of view, moisture is the most dangerous where processing at higher temperatures is conducted – thus in virtually every type of plastic technology. In our materials science laboratory, water content is determined using a weighing-drying method based on in-house procedure BOSMAL/I-7-49/05.
For those materials absorbency (absorbability) can also be determined. Strongly absorbent materials including polar groups, for example: cellulose, phenolic polymers, aminoplastics, polyamides. Water absorbency expressed in weight percentage is called weight absorbency and is defined as the ratio of the mass of water absorbed by the sample to the mass of the dry sample. Polymer materials' absorbency (absorbability) tests are conducted in the laboratory using climatic chambers according to the norm PN-EN ISO 62:2008 p. 6.3, 6.4, 6.6 Equipment. The laboratory possesses a number of dryers, vacuum dryers and analytic scales.
- Instruction: BOSMAL/I-7-49/05
- PN-EN ISO 62:2008 p. 6.3, 6.4, 6.6
- Ford, Mercedes, Kia, Fiat and others