Take the 2-minute tour ×
(My questions are at the end, but they may not mean much without explanation below.)
Galileo argued that because the mass of a falling object can always be redistributed in ways that asymptotically approximate a set of smaller falling objects, e.g. linked by light strings, then the equations of motion for an object falling in a vacuum cannot depend on its mass. That is, because dependency on mass would lead to paradoxical motion predictions if in one case you used the total mass $m_\Sigma$ and in another one of the asymptotically free submasses $m_i$ were used as the arguments to the equation of motion. Thus for example, the equation for the instantaneous velocity of any object falling in a vacuum does not include mass as a significant parameter:
Galileo's argument was insightful but largely tautological. The problem is that the equations of motion for objects falling though fluids, such as terminal velocity, provide an existence proof that self-consistent equations of motion with mass as a significant parameter can be constructed. However, such self-consistency becomes possible only if the distribution of object mass in space also becomes a non-trivial parameter. This additional information allows paradoxes to be resolved by converting seemingly inconsistent state predictions into asymptotic limits of a larger continuum of predictions.
For example, in fluid mechanics a mass $m_{\Sigma}$ is correctly predicted to have a higher terminal velocity than the same mass configured as two smaller spheres $m_1$ and $m_2$ linked by a thin string. The latter form is an example of how the predicted behavior of a single falling sphere can be made to approach asymptotically the prediction for two smaller spheres by slowing "morphing" the original object into one that closely approximates the case of two smaller spheres.
What Galileo really proved, then, was that since experimental evidence showed that mass was not a relevant parameter for the equations of motion of objects falling in a vacuum, then the specific distribution of mass in any one object must also be irrelevant to those equations.
What Galileo could never have realized was that exists a domain of physics for which his argument is very relevant: quantum physics.
The de Broglie wavelength $\lambda=h/p $ of an object falling at modest speeds in a vacuum is a function of its instantaneous momentum $p_i=mv_i$, so:
$\lambda_i=\frac{h}{mv_i}=\frac{h}{m \sqrt{2gd}}=\frac{h}{m}\sqrt{\frac{1}{2gd}}$
While not an equation of motion, this equation violates Galileo's argument by predicting that the de Broglie frequency of an object falling in a vacuum is a function of its mass. As in the case of fluid dynamics, the inclusion of mass as a significant parameter results in paradoxical predictions unless and until the configuration of the mass in the object is also taken into account.
In other words, the de Broglie wavelength of an object must necessarily depend upon its shape and how mass is distributed within that object. The resulting more closely resembles solid state acoustic resonances in complexity than it does the simple singular mass parameter of pointlike particles isolated in space.
For example, if $m_1=m_2=m$ and $m_\Sigma=m_1+m_2=2m$, three state equations are relevant:
$\lambda_1= \lambda_m=\frac{h}{m}\sqrt{\frac{1}{2gd}}$
Self-consistency alone argues that if these equations are even approximately correct, then $\lambda_{2m}$ should dominate when the $2m$ mass takes the form of a compact spherical object. Conversely, reconfiguring the $2m$ sphere into two smaller $m$ spheres linked by a slender thread should asymptotically approach the case of two separate $m$ spheres, and so should be dominated by the $\lambda_m$ wavelength.
However, any single wavelength cannot be accurate in any of the cases. There should instead be a spectrum of wavelengths and intensities that is highly dependent on the particulars of how the mass is distributed and connected in the object. That is why I mentioned earlier that an accurate equation model for predicting de Broglie wavelengths for non-point object will necessarily be comparable in complexity and subtly to resonance models in solid state physics.
I do not readily see a way out of this. Galileo's argument, while largely specious in the case of the equations of motion for objects falling in a vacuum, is extraordinarily relevant to quantum mechanics, where it appears to say that the entire concept of "mass" requires revisiting if it is to be used accurately and meaningfully. A correct model should instead have more kinship with the equations of motion for objects falling though a fluid, in the sense that both must define very carefully how the distribution and "connection" of mass impacts the predictions.
So, my two main questions are:
 1. Do there currently exist mathematical models of de Broglie wavelengths that pass the Galilean self-consistency test? For example, are they perhaps hidden away in the mathematical details of phenomena such as quantum models of molecular vibration? (My impression is "no", but I could certainly be wrong.)
 2. What are the particle physics implications, if any, of quantum mass being dependent on form?
share|improve this question
very nice question, I am eagerly anticipating an answer to this! – user36538 Jan 30 '14 at 7:30
Paticle physics has to do with elementary particles. Elementary particle are point particles, no extent. The de broglie wavelength assigned to them by their four vector is a wave in probability space and tells us what is the probability of finding the elementary particle at (x,y,z). Due to special relativity composites of elementary particles have an invariant mass given by the measure of the addition of their four vector which is bigger than m_1+m_2. The rho meson is heavier than the sum of masses of the individual pions, the pion is heavier than the sum of the masses of individual quarks+g – anna v Jan 30 '14 at 11:55
anna v thanks, nice to hear from you again. One resolution would be to forbid composite mass frequencies, but of course that cannot be right, since very tightly bonded particles such as helium nuclei behave like point masses all the time and in all sorts of calculations. Bonding strength is in any case almost a profound component of how such the wavelength spectra of composite articles emerge. I still suspect that I'm asking something that a good quantum chemist might be able to answer easily, since they have to deal with quantum behavior with bonding all the time. – Terry Bollinger Feb 2 '14 at 5:37
2 Answers 2
There is no contradiction between quantum mechanics and the equivalence principle. There has never been any such contradiction. String theory makes the compatibility of the principles explicit but to explain the compatibility at the level of the question, we don't really need any characteristically stringy arguments. So the answers to the numbered questions are
 1. Quantum mechanics with the gravitational potential has been compatible with the equivalence principle since the birth of quantum mechanics.
 2. The quantum mass depends on the internal arrangement of the objects thanks to special relativity's $E=mc^2$. For example, all masses in string theory boil down to the different energies of vibrating strings in string theory. But this is just special relativity; there is no "other" dependence on the mass, there is no threat for the equivalence principle posed by the basic postulates of quantum mechanics, so as long as I correctly feel which implications the OP means, there are no implications.
The equivalence principle is how we call the general observation that all massive bodies accelerate at the same acceleration in a given gravitational field.
Even in classical physics, Galileo's argument with thin strings is just a heuristic way to think about the problem. It would only apply if all objects were composed of the same small massive bodies or "atoms", with the same mass $m$ and other parameters, that are just connected by thin strings. In such a case, the equivalence principle could be a tautology.
But in more realistic physics, objects are composed of different atoms, with different masses and other parameters, and the forces simply don't have to obey the equivalence principle a priori. In other words, the parameter $m$ in $F=ma$ doesn't have to be the same one as the parameter $m$ in $F=GMm/r^2$. In the real world, the inertial mass and the gravitational mass are the same parameter because the equivalence principle holds but Newton's theory may be formulated equally naturally while refuting this assumption i.e. it leaves the assumption unexplained. Einstein's general relativity explains the equivalence principle. Well, it was constructed so that it explains it (in this sense, "it" assumes it).
Larger bodies have a larger momentum and larger energy, and because the energy/momentum is linked to frequency/wavenumber (inverse wavelength) by quantum mechanics, larger objects also have shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies.
But these frequencies and wavenumbers are in no way "observable patterns we may directly measure" by the measurements of phases at particular points and moments. The de Broglie frequency and wave number tell us how quickly the phase of the wave function – using a particular simple convention for the phase – is changing as a function of space and time. But the phase of the wave function is not observable (and it is not an observable in the sense of a linear operator on the Hilbert space).
Just a trivial example. Nonrelativistic quantum mechanics is using the non-relativistic


text:
Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
The Great Ape Project, founded by Italian philosopher Paola Cavalieri and Australian philosopher Peter Singer, is campaigning to have the United Nations endorse a Declaration on Great Apes. This would extend what the project calls the "community of equals" to chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans.
Right to lifeEdit
The declaration states that members of the community of equals, which includes humans, may not be killed except in certain strictly defined circumstances such as self-defense.
Protection of individual libertyEdit
Members of the community of equals are not to be deprived of their liberty, and are entitled to immediate release where there has been no form of due process. The detention of great apes who have not been convicted of any crime or who are not criminally liable should be permitted only where it can be shown that the detention is in their own interests or is necessary to protect the public. In such cases there must be a right of appeal, either directly or through an advocate, to a judicial tribunal.
Prohibition of tortureEdit
- Declaration on Great Apes, Great Ape Project
- Animal testing, Vivisection
- Animal rights
- Peter Singer,
- Richard D. Ryder
- Great Ape research ban
- The Mind of an Ape
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).|

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Accessories & Courses
Plog comprises two programmable logic sections (select one of six different 3 input boolean logic types) as well as a toggle flipflop and data flipflop block. All four sections are linked together via specially planned normals. Features:
This module was primarily designed as an interesting tool to be used with sequencers. You can derive complex rhythmic sequences from basic sparse sources (e.g. from a simple gate sequence or clock). By adding vc control of the logic types via some kind of cv source like a triggered envelope, lfo or sequencer you produce even more complex results. This module can also be used in many other creative applications including making interesting timbres and for self-generating patches.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Next-Level Training for HVAC Installers & TechniciansThe Need for HVAC Installers and Technicians In many ways, HVAC is in the same boat as every other industrial sector. Like other trades, the world of heating, ventilation,...
Inspire tomorrow's engineers with engaging curriculum and practical learning designed specifically for students in elementary and middle school. Our engineering products for K-8 focus heavily on engineering concepts through interactive eLearning, technology, hands-on projects, and career exploration for a variety of STEM fields.
Students will be introduced to engineering concepts like materials science, engineering design, physics, computer science and coding, applied math and technology, data science, autonomous vehicles, control systems, mechatronics, and more.
Solutions are available turn-key or fully customized to the needs of your classroom. Message us to get started today.


text:
Charleston, South Carolina, is renowned for its charming streets lined with historic trees. To maintain the beauty, health, and safety of these green giants, tree trimming is an essential practice. In this blog post, we'll explore the fascinating world of tree trimming in Charleston, delving into the artistry and science behind this crucial arboricultural technique.
The Charleston Canopy: A Natural Marvel
Charleston's urban canopy is a source of pride for residents and a hallmark of the city's beauty. It's a living tapestry of oaks, magnolias, and other majestic trees that provide shade, character, and a sense of history to the city.
Tree Trimming: Beyond Aesthetic Appeal
While many associate tree trimming with aesthetic enhancements, its significance extends far beyond that. Properly trimmed trees are healthier, safer, and better equipped to withstand storms, pests, and diseases.
The Art of Pruning
Tree trimming is not just about chopping branches; it's a delicate art. Certified arborists in Charleston approach pruning with precision and care, shaping trees to enhance their natural form while maintaining their structural integrity.
Health and Vitality
Trimming promotes tree health by removing dead or diseased branches and improving air circulation within the canopy. This enhances the tree's overall vitality and reduces the risk of infections spreading.
Overgrown branches can pose a hazard, especially during hurricanes and severe storms that Charleston occasionally experiences. Tree trimming ensures that branches are well-balanced and less likely to fall, protecting property and people.
A Tailored Approach
No two trees are the same, and Charleston arborists understand this well. They tailor their trimming techniques to each tree's species, age, and condition, ensuring that the treatment is precisely what the tree needs.
Timing is critical in tree trimming. Charleston arborists follow the best practices for each tree species, trimming at the right time to minimize stress and maximize growth potential.
Preserving Historic Trees
Charleston is home to numerous historic trees, some dating back centuries. Tree trimming is essential to preserving these living landmarks, ensuring they continue to thrive and contribute to the city's charm.
Over time, trees can become misshapen due to improper trimming or storm damage. Arborists in Charleston use restoration pruning techniques to bring these trees back to their former glory, respecting their unique history.
Proper tree trimming practices in Charleston consider the environment. Arborists ensure that trimming does not harm wildlife habitats, and they take care to dispose of tree debris responsibly.
Tree trimming in Charleston is a harmonious blend of art and science, where certified arborists meticulously care for the city's urban canopy. Beyond aesthetics, tree trimming promotes health, safety, and the preservation of Charleston's historical trees. So, the next time you stroll beneath the towering oaks or relax under the shade of a magnolia, remember the skilled hands that have shaped these living landmarks into the natural marvels they are today.


text:
TV Spots on Cross-Cutting COVID-19 and Ebola Prevention Behaviors (Mali)
In early 2021, Mali was faced both with the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the challenge of an outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in neighboring Guinea. The Breakthrough ACTION project, in collaboration with the National Communication Sub Commission of the COVID-19 Crisis Committee, developed a French and Bambara TV spot with the theme of "Une Pierre, Deux Coups" (Two birds, one stone) to reinforce key behaviors that help to prevent the transmission of both COVID-19 and Ebola. These aired nationally while the EVD response effort was active.
Source: TV Spots on Cross-Cutting COVID-19 and Ebola Prevention Behaviors (Mali)


your post presents it.
Intersecting geo isn't just for occasionally "cutting corners", it's how things should be handled except for specific cases such as huge planes having light leaks, and indirect lighting on tiled objects with no break-up geometry.
teaching isnt your forte
The post wasn't a problem, your comprehension was. Here let me break it down for you:
>You now have to consider the topology
>and also have to create a second set of UVs for lightmapping.
>If this scene were to be 100% perfect for baked lighting...
This explains how to achieve perfect lightmaps
>Practically, you can cut corners for smaller geometry.
After that was stated, this statement explains that perfect lightmapping is impractical and a situation where corners can be cut.
The next posts were just corrections of your mistakes about lighting, terrain, and props.
Maybe next time you can read slow, take a breather. If you find words too hard, look them up. Maybe your local college can offer you remedial classes?
you literally opened your post by saying intersecting geo was no longer a thing, and stressing static mesh creation had to be as detailed as organic, animated meshes. it doesn't matter that you made a little addendum, because what you said was as misleading as saying hitler killed a few people because you define "few" as anything more than 1.
why can't you just admit that your initial post was poorly worded, regardless of your point? it'd definitely make you appear more humble and intelligent than going "hurr durr no I was technically right all along"
he'll never concede that his wording is retarded because he's the "edgy" anon
You need proper UVs for lightmap.!st uvs are for texture, 2nd uv map is for lightmapping. Open that model in any 3d app, add second UV (just flattern) and make at least 3 pixels wide gaps between uv islands. So if your lightmap is 256x256 those need to be separated at least by 3/256. Else shadows may overlap.
Also if you know that one surface may be in shadow (like side of bed next to wall) put it on separate uv island, that way you can get sharp difference of light on that edge.
Last ting is: check smoothing groups on that model.
Unreal has really sucky lightmapping, or should i say it is great but very easy to mess things. And most models (even those on epic marketplace) are done by artists that never released things on unreal, so they are clueless about those quirks of unreal engine.
UE4 creates lightmaps automatically based on your 1st uv set.
Does it remap the UVs if they overlap? I haven't found a way to get it to do that, though I just run a pack on the second channel before exporting my mesh.
It basicly picks all of your uv islands from your first uv channel, and rearranges them so they don't overlap. That's all it does.
Make sure your second channel is empty when you export. (If you use 3ds max you can use the clear uvw modifier, dont know with other software). When you import in ue4 you can check the auto generate lightmap box.
Delete Post: [File Only] Style:
[Disable Mobile View / Use Desktop Site]
[Enable Mobile View / Use Mobile Site]


text:
Explore more education and human sciences grant opportunities or find fellowships.
American Speech-Language-Hearing Foundation: Supports the advancement of knowledge in this field and seeks to improve the lives of people with speech, language, or hearing disorders. Programs include:
- Clinical Research Grant: Seeks to advance knowledge of the efficacy of treatment and assessment practices in speech-language pathology and audiology. Priority will be given to proposals investigating approaches to improve the everyday functioning of individuals with, or at-risk for, communication and related impairments. Awards are up to $75,000 for two years.
- New Century Scholars Research Grant: Supports studies that are innovative, groundbreaking, or that can meet research needs not yet addressed. Awards are up to $10,000 for up to two years.
- New Investigators Research Grant: Seeks to help further research activities of new investigators and should have particular clinical relevance to audiology and/or speech-language pathology. Awards are $5,000.
- Speech Science Research Grant: Supports research on the acoustic properties of speech production and perception. Awards are $5,000.
Autism Speaks: Supports research into the diagnosis, causes, prevention, and treatment of autism or its disabling symptoms. Awards range from $60,000 to $150,000.
Deafness Research Foundation: Seeks novel investigations of auditory and vestibular function and dysfunction. All research proposals in hearing and balance science, including those for basic, translational and applied clinical research, will be considered for funding. Awards are up to $25,000 for one year.
Helen Bader Foundation: Seeks to make Wisconsin a leader, not just in how we address the challenges posed by Alzheimer's disease, but in how we view growing older and the later stages of life. Through an emphasis on program development, applied research, and public policy, the Foundation aims to offer hope to families grappling with Alzheimer's. In the broader interest of healthy aging, the Foundation supports education and training efforts that raise the capacity of professionals who serve older adults.


text:
There's an interesting controversy brewing in the Carolinas.
Advocates in North and South Carolina are fighting to have a region made up of 58 counties recognized as a national heritage area, specifically focusing on the contributions made by the Carolinas during the American Revolution.
The national heritage designation is a way to celebrate, protect and preserve what makes a region unique and can be used as a tool for tourism.
Examples of places with a national heritage designation include the Tennessee Civil War National Heritage Area and Iowa's Silo and Smokestacks National Heritage Area.
Sounds like a good idea to me. So what's the problem?
A recent National Park Service study was completed, and the counties were told they did not meet the necessary criteria for the designation.
In the published results, one of the reasons cited was that there is a lack of distinctive cultural traditions in North and South Carolina from the 18th century that have carried over into today's everyday life. These distinctive characteristics must be readily apparent to an outside observer.
What, I wonder, would constitute a readily apparent and distinctive cultural tradition from the eighteenth century? Knee breeches? Smallpox inoculation?


text:
U of A scientists find that past learning and success play a role in how birds build their nests
When building a nest, past experience raising chicks will influence the choices birds make, according to a new study by scientists from the University of Alberta.
The results show that birds that have successfully raised families adhere to tried-and-true methods when building their nests, while less successful birds will try something new.
"We found that when presenting a choice between a familiar material, coconut fiber, and a material that had not been encountered before, the white thread, and zebra finches that had successfully raised chicks, preferred to stick to the same material that I had used previously." Explained Andres Camacho Albesar, PhD student at Faculty of Science, that birds that fail to raise chicks build nests with equal quantities of familiar and new materials.
Male Zebra Finch Choice series
The research shows that nest building is a behavior that builds on previous learning and experiences, and sheds new light on the decision-making processes that birds use when creating nests.
"It is very similar to human architecture that is always adapting – from changing patterns to improved building materials – and birds also adapt their nest-building behavior based on learning by trial and error," added Camacho Albizar, who conducted the study under Lauren's supervision. Guillette, Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychology.
The study also showed that all birds took fewer days to complete their second nests compared to the first.
Nests for Zebra Finch
Nests built by previously successful zebra birds (left) and unsuccessful (right). The nest on the left is primarily constructed of coconut fiber, which is a familiar material to birds. The nest on the right is built in a more equal proportion of familiar and new materials, in this case a white chain. (Image: Animal Cognition Research Group)
"This study adds to the small and growing field of research into nest-building behavior that challenges long-standing assumptions about why animals do what they do," Goylett said.
"While one can find many references in both the scientific and scientific literature indicating that nest building in birds is fully preprogrammed, our work demonstrates that birds learn and modify the materials they place in their nest based on previous breeding experiences with this or similar material.. "
This research was funded by the Canadian Council for Natural Sciences and Engineering.
The study, "If It's Not Broken Don't Fix It: Breeding Success Affects Nest Building Decisions" was published in Behavioral processes.


text:
Chemical engineer advocates recycling uranium, plutonium and other radioactive byproducts
While spent nuclear fuel continues to pile up by the ton across the United States, UC Irvine's Mikael Nilsson says the solution is clear: recycle it at the commercial nuclear power plants that create it.
More than 96 percent of the waste – namely uranium and plutonium – can be used again, says the assistant professor of chemical engineering & materials science, and plants in Europe and Asia are doing just that. Nilsson's laboratory research is focused on how to recycle or destroy the remaining 3 to 4 percent.
Taking the "Waste" Out of Nuclear Waste [UCIrvine Today]


How do I add a comment in Jira?
How do I add a comment to a JIRA issue?
This page is relevant for anywhere you see the new Jira issue view. For information on the old issue view, take a look at Editing and collaborating on issues.
To link to comments and work entries:
 1. Go to the issue view of an issue.
 2. Hover over a comment or work entry.
 3. Click copy ( ).
 4. Paste the link to your team.
How do you add a comment on Wikipedia?
Go to the Confluence wiki page you want to comment. Click Add on the top, right-hand corner of the screen and select Comment. Type in your text/comment. Click the Post button to save your comment on that page.
How do I add a description in Jira?
Enter JIRA, press the 'g' key twice and type 'custom fields'.
 1. Click on the button 'Add Custom Field', on the top right corner.
 2. Select a text field (multi-line or single line). …
 3. Give it a name and, optionally, a description.
 4. Click on Create.
 5. Select the project(s) checkboxes in which you want to include your custom field.
IT IS INTERESTING: What does a JIRA administrator do?
How do I add multiple labels in Jira?
You can add multiple labels by typing them in, separated by spaces. This also means your labels cannot contain spaces. In order to create multiple-word labels, you should use hyphens or underscores.
How do I view an issue in Jira?
To watch an issue, open it and click the watch icon at the top right.
How do you reply to a fandom comment?
If you would like to reply to a comment, simply click in the reply box. Your reply will show below the comment.
How do I resolve a comment in Confluence?
Inline Comments in Confluence
Once you've added your feedback, you can resolve comments simply by clicking 'Resolve'. This fun, one-click solution allows users to add their comments while viewing the relevant section of text – eliminating the need to scroll down to the comments section.
How do I hide text in Wikipedia?
To make a hidden comment, simply type around the text which one wants to hide, like
How do I create a custom field in Jira?
To create custom field in Jira:
 1. Go to Jira Administration > Issues.
 2. Select Custom fields from the menu in the Fields section.
 3. Click Add custom field.
 4. Depending on the type of custom fields, select: …
 5. Click Next.
 6. Configure the selection criteria for the field. …
 7. Click Create.
How do I create a ticket template in Jira?
2 answers
 1. You can create new jira project, configure the custom schemes and call them as say 'Dept A template'.
 2. While creating a new project, select 'Create with shared configuration'
 3. And select 'Dept A template' project as source project and proceed with the creation.
IT IS INTERESTING: What type of issues can be handled in Jira?
How do I create a template in Jira?
Create a template
 1. Click Create at the top of the screen to open the Create issue screen.
 2. In the Create Issue dialog box, select the Template Repository project – the default repository is called Templates (TEMP).
 3. Choose Template as the Issue Type.
 4. Fill in the Summary and Description fields.
 5. Click Create.
How do I add labels in Jira?
Label an attachment
 1. Do either of the following: Go to the page that contains the attachment and choose Go to > Attachments. …
 2. Choose the Edit label icon beside the list of labels and type in a new label (existing labels are suggested as you type)
 3. Choose Add.
What is the difference between component and label in Jira?
Components are defined by project admins. Labels are more open and people-focussed, across projects.
In a team


Analysis of Spatial Density Utilizing the Big Data of Floating Population of Seoul City
Video thumbnail (Frame 0) Video thumbnail (Frame 1607) Video thumbnail (Frame 2277) Video thumbnail (Frame 3572) Video thumbnail (Frame 4166) Video thumbnail (Frame 6083) Video thumbnail (Frame 8895) Video thumbnail (Frame 9144) Video thumbnail (Frame 9474) Video thumbnail (Frame 9895) Video thumbnail (Frame 10230) Video thumbnail (Frame 10621) Video thumbnail (Frame 10923) Video thumbnail (Frame 11278) Video thumbnail (Frame 11689) Video thumbnail (Frame 12297) Video thumbnail (Frame 12774) Video thumbnail (Frame 13098) Video thumbnail (Frame 13370) Video thumbnail (Frame 14817) Video thumbnail (Frame 15432) Video thumbnail (Frame 15835) Video thumbnail (Frame 16491) Video thumbnail (Frame 17313) Video thumbnail (Frame 19268)
Video in TIB AV-Portal: Analysis of Spatial Density Utilizing the Big Data of Floating Population of Seoul City
Formal Metadata
Title of Series
CC Attribution - NonCommercial - ShareAlike 3.0 Germany:
Release Date
Production Year
Production Place
Seoul, South Korea
Content Metadata
Subject Area
This article aims at dealing with the inconveniences—associated with places—the foreign tourists are experiencing by utilizing the big data technology. It analyzes the spatial density of floating population of foreign tourists and suggests a variety of applications based on the results. This thesis associates the roaming big data of foreign tourists with Geographic Information System(GIS) to analyze the floating population density by location, time, and country. It uses R-Studio, a statistical computing software, and QGIS, an open source GIS software to visualize the data on a map. The first step to conduct the research is to open CSV format data and set variables for analysis. Then it analyzes the spatial density of floating population of foreign tourists sorted by time, location, and country, and the number of visitors is ranked for each location. Based on the analysis results, the data are visualized on a map through QGIS. Lastly, several adjacent target points—base stations—for certain locations are matched, and the necessary data are sampled out of them. This paper selects fourteen locations whose floating population of foreign tourists is dense: Gyeongbok Palace, Namsan Hanok Village, Deoksu Palace, Insadong, Myeongdong, Namdaemun Market, Dongdaemun Market, Garosu-gil, Apgujeongdong, Itaewon, Hongik University Entrance, Gangnam Station, COEX, and Lotte World. Moreover, it categorizes fourteen places into historical, shopping, and complex attraction and delves into the pattern or characteristics of floating population according to the categories; the categorized results directly show the distinct preferences for places and visiting time period. (Although the names of the countries the tourists are from are not provided in the roaming data of foreign tourists, they could be readily inferred from the comparison of the analysis results to the survey conducted by Korea Chamber of Commerce and Industry.) This research paper makes four pragmatic proposals in order to alleviate the inconveniences regarding the signposts, bus route, and insufficient tourist information centers; it suggests to add languages in the signposts for certain locations, modify the current route of the city tour bus, and build additional tourist information centers in several sites where floating population of foreign tourists turns out to be dense. The degree of correspondence between the analysis results and reality is examined via field inspection. Recently, tremendous amount of data is produced and open to public, which leads to the enhancement of transparency. This article, which connects the big data to GIS technology, would be one of the significant cases of effectual spatial decision.
Area Trail Presentation of a group Focus (optics) View (database) Mathematical analysis Line (geometry) Cartesian coordinate system Mereology Computer animation Software Procedural programming Office suite Resultant Probability density function
Ocean current Mobile Web Boss Corporation Statistics Beat (acoustics) Multiplication Service (economics) Open source Forcing (mathematics) Time travel Fisher information Uniform resource locator Computer animation Personal digital assistant Authorization Office suite Mathematical optimization Local ring Probability density function Spacetime
Dependent and independent variables Statistics Mapping Open source System administrator Decision theory Multiplication sign Cellular automaton Mathematical analysis Combinational logic Content (media) Bit Student's t-test Variable (mathematics) System software Number Frequency Uniform resource locator Arithmetic mean Bit rate Mutual information Series (mathematics) Resultant Probability density function
Area Point (geometry) Statistics Mapping File format Multiplication sign Sampling (statistics) Mathematical analysis Combinational logic Variable (mathematics) Code Number Fisher information Mathematics Uniform resource locator Population density Computer animation Semiconductor memory Energy level Quicksort Table (information) Associative property Resultant Probability density function
Resultant Number
Point (geometry) Fisher information Cumulant Multiplication sign Number
Force Multiplication sign
Area Force Twin prime Multiplication sign Planning Probability density function
Uniform resource locator
Uniform resource locator Tower Cellular automaton
Revision control Word Goodness of fit Lecture/Conference Multiplication sign Universe (mathematics) Pattern language Mereology
Fisher information Addition Statistics Multiplication sign
Fisher information Addition Computer animation Mathematical analysis Food energy Resultant 2 (number)
Ocean current Addition Presentation of a group Code Sampling (statistics) Cartesian coordinate system Twitter Uniform resource locator Arithmetic mean Computer animation Natural language Resultant Probability density function
Area Word Computer animation Energy level
Area Point (geometry) Uniform resource locator Service (economics) Process (computing) Computer animation Link (knot theory) Mereology Routing Probability density function Physical system
Group action Presentation of a group Service (economics) Computer animation Confidence interval State of matter Decision theory Network topology Prisoner's dilemma Archaeological field survey Energy level Measurement
and but now and again but the along
the lines of Wiltshire Professor drawn to their pronounce it right and fellow participants no audience I'm very honored to present my paper analysis of spatial density utilizing the Big Data of floating population of some city in the academic track the 1st 4 G conference In this presentation I will be 1st mentioning how and why initiated this research the that have been focus then the title and I'm and throughout the research the software I use for the analysis the procedure through which conducted this analysis of the results of the analysis will be demonstrated in 2 aspects 1st on and I'll provide you with a view of the spatial density of foreign tourists and solve the and further down into the 5 significant areas with the analysis results are not that in the latter part of my presentation I introducing new applications based on the results of an office currently but there was a
rise to support spatial density other special diffusion more efficiently and there are 2 cases that proved that 1st use would be such metropolitan governments all so it is operating on best-first thing passengers it's sniper service focuses on joint optimum bus route from the center the grounds for appropriate locations which are the bus stops and time travel between bosses
moreover that there was used to fight against crime publication shared information combined with the data from under local authority social services and intelligence gathered by the beat officers is helping the police forces around the world to spot tried that before it starts while previous researchers have used either come back and historical knowledge or the on offenders profiling the missing researchers presented another approach to predict the crime in a geographic space than multiple data sources in particular mobile phone and demographic data however current tourism industry mobilize and so these are all simplistic statistics we are smart phones and social networking services are producing significant data which it can pass this large amount of population the
fabulous admin looting and into dead for interest in on culture heritages and Korea independent or obstruents expressed a inconveniences and possible such fundamental problems is significant for crew whose number of foreign tourists is referring to increasing yet revisiting rate is still remains strong so I want you to a Amy research that on provides
that those and scientific spatial decision with this statistic and geographic means and that the use of learning the French West and so the on the but such interdisciplinary approach the analysis of interest uh is conducted in 2 variables the location of the country where the towers of from and the time period the combination of those 3 variables at the time the spatial density of Franklin population was drawn which enabled this research to contribute to dealing with the contents of and visitors of so the the so the remainder of the analyzes and this research was provided by a 12 bit announces contest it contains 1 million 773 thousand 618 variable users registered in 1560 cell powers of 30 I 1st used by the student to statistically analyze the up into jurists an open-source she geographic information sector system software on 2 instead of statistical analysis results on the map of the city the 1st step of analysis is
is set workspace instead necessary packages but in the hour studio In this paper the package deductible is used since it's useful for fast aggregation of large amount of data that and there's fast on arrangement arrangement of columns with in the table and then the number of foreign interest in CSV format is are important the that is further analyzed the organizing several columns consisted of combination of variables I the time our country codes that latitude and longitude the the statistical analysis results are visualized on the map in transformed into a heat map which effectively shows a floating population density by points did you points are matched to a certain location and sampled to indicate the spatial density of 4 1 hour twist within the within the area as mentioned the child of a number of foreign tourists as 1 million 774 thousand 618 and this heat map represent the foreign phone population of


text:
Streamline care and improve patient outcomes with an interactive clinical decision-making resource
With UpToDate® Advanced in the workflow, you can help reduce unwanted care variability for your patients with:
- UpToDate® Pathways: interactive guides to help make appropriate decisions related to specific clinical questions.
- Lab Interpretation: monographs to quickly help interpret abnormal lab results and choose next steps.
UpToDate Advanced is based exclusively on content synthesized from UpToDate and the underlying evidence in society guidelines and in the literature is accessible via links in "Related Content".
- Easy access to UpToDate Pathways and Lab Interpretation from within UpToDate
- Evidence-based pathways and monographs regularly created and updated


text:
Republic of Ireland
Ireland became the first country to enact a comprehensive nation-wide smoke-free law in 2004. The ITC project has been able to monitor the effects of that law on reactions and perceptions of smokers, and will continue to report on the effectiveness of new tobacco control policies as they are implemented. The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control was signed and ratified on September 16, 2003, and November 7, 2005, respectively.
|Population (2006 estimate)||4,062,235|
|Life expectancy (2002 estimate)||Males: 75 years, Females: 81 years|
|Healthy life expectancy (2002 estimate)||Males: 68.1 years, Females: 71.5 years|
|Ethnic groups||Celtic, English|
|GDP per capita (2004)||$36, 371|
|Median age||34 years|
Smoking Prevalence and Associated Costs:
- Cigarette smoking is the most common form of tobacco use in Ireland.
- Smoking prevalence for both sexes have been declining since the 1980s, and stood in 2004 at 24%. This is down from 29% in 1994, which was already brought down from 35% in 1980.
- In 2000, smoking accounted for 18% of all deaths in Ireland.
- Ireland is the first country in the world to ban smoking in enclosed workplaces that included bars and restaurants.
- Ireland has no legislation in place that restricts the sale of tobacco in vending machines and self-service displays.
- The minimum age for purchasing tobacco in Ireland is 18 years old.
Shawn Allwright (Principal Investigator)
ITC Affiliated Institutions:
Sources: World Health Organization, CIA World Factbook, Ireland Office of Tobacco Control, Tobacco Control. (14): 73 - 74. 2005.
The ITC Scotland Project launched its first wave in 2004 (along with ITC Ireland) and completed its final wave of surveys in 2007.
|Population (2006 estimate)||5,116,900|
|Life expectancy (2006 estimate)||Males: 74.8 years, Females: 79.7 years|
|Healthy life expectancy (2006 estimate)||Males: 64.6 years, Females: 67.2 years|
|Ethnic groups||White Scottish 88.09%, toher white British 7.38%, Indian 0.3%, Pakistani 0.63%, Bangladeshi 0.04%, Chinese 0.32%, other South Asian 0.12%, Caribbean 0.04%, African 0.1%, Black Scottish/any other Black background 0.02%, Any mixed background 0.25%, Any other background 0.19%|
|GDP per capita (2001)||$23,632|
|Median age (2004)||39.8 years|
Smoking Prevalence and Related Costs:
- 25% of the Scottish populations smokes
- smoking is most common among 25 to 34 year old men (34%) and this is also the age gruop where there is the alrgest differences between men and women. Smoking increases among males between the ages of 16-24 and 25-34 but the same pattern is not seen in women
- in 2004, 1403 men and 1504 women in Scotland died from chronic obstructive and lower respiratory diseases
- in 2005, 2151 mena dn 1772 women in Scotland died from lung cancer
- in 2005, just over a third of all accidental dwelling fire deaths in the UK were caused by smokers' materials (i.e. cigarettes, cigars or pipe tobacco)
- taxation on tobacco is currently 63% of the retail price
- direct advertising is banned on nationa (but not international) TV and radio and local magazines and newspapers
- all healthcare facilities, educational facilities, governmental facilities, and indoor offices and workplaces are smoke-free
- all pubs, bars and restaurants are also smoke-free
- on October 1, 2008, the UK government will require pictoral warnings on cigarette packages (currently require text warnings that cover 30% of display area)
Ireland/Scotland Contact Information
Mary McNally,Project Manager. Email: _EMAIL_
Sources: Registrar General's Review of Scotland's Population, Scottish Publish Health Observatory website, Scottish Government website, Tobacco Information Scotland website, WHO MPower Report 2008


text:
Enslaved Communities on Drayton Family Plantations: SC, GA, FL and TX
"Slaves of the Rebel General Thomas F. Drayton" Photographer: Moore, Henry P., _PHONE_
Source: Library of Congress: _URL_
No known restrictions on publication.
In the first project of its kind, the Magnolia Plantation Foundation of Charleston, SC has sponsored genealogical research to reconstruct the lineages of enslaved communities on Drayton family plantations in the United States and Barbados. For the past four years, the Lowcountry Africana team and known descendants of families formerly enslaved on Drayton family plantations have worked together to rediscover the scattered paper trail which may connect the enslaved ancestors on Drayton family plantations with many thousands of living descendants throughout the United States. We are now compiling the research for presentation here.
The documents presented here are small fraction of those to be presented. In the course of our research we have gathered more than 30,000 pages of documentary evidence which spans the years 1724 to 1930.
To begin exploring the Drayton family records, you may follow the links to the first and second generation of the slaveholding Drayton family in the column bar to the right.
Project Scope And Research Goals
The goal of the present study is to trace the descendants of the founding enslaved populations on Drayton family plantations by bringing the lineages of enslaved ancestors forward through time to connect with the family oral history and genealogical research of living descendants.
The first component, presented here, documents the founding enslaved communities on Drayton family plantations. With the estate settlement of Thomas Drayton, Jr. in 1724, the slaveholding Drayton family lineages diverge, as Thomas Drayton's estate was divided among his sons. Please be sure to visit often as we track lineages forward.
Known Descendant Families
The research team includes known descendants of Drayton family freedmen and researchers from Lowcountry Africana. Descendants have shared family oral history, documents, photographs and results of past genealogical research. Working with these vital pieces of the puzzle, we have compiled known family histories, then searched the historical record for documents which would fill gaps in known lineages.
You may view the lineages of known descendants by following the link below:
Research - Phase IPhase I of the research project consisted of the following:
- Gathering oral histories of known descendants and constructing family tree files from known lineages
- Identifying slaveholding Drayton family members for each generation from 1724 to 1865
- Gathering will and probate records for Drayton family slaveholders to learn the names of those enslaved on Drayton family plantations
- Gathering an array of other historical documents such as runaway slave advertisements, court records, Drayton family correspondence and plantation records which reveal more about the lives of enslaved ancestors on Drayton family plantations
- Gathering post-Emancipation records for known descendants of enslaved ancestors to learn more about their lives
Phase II: Underway
Phase II is underway. We are now compiling the historical documents and presenting them here at Lowcountry Africana. We've posted the wills, estate inventories and plantation records of known Drayton family slaveholders in the Lowcountry Africana document database in order to make them available for researchers as we work to build the website presentation.
Each new document brings new information and as the pieces of the puzzle come together, the names and lives of enslaved ancestors begin to come into focus.
As we layer on documents and lineages, we will weave those stories together and present them here.
Join the Research Project
If your family has roots on Drayton family plantations, we would love to hear from you, and we invite you to join in the ongoing research. Please let us hear from you! You can write to us at _EMAIL_.


Rights Respecting School
unicef human rights logo
Hackney New Primary School receives the Rights Respecting Silver Award a prestigious Unicef UK Award
HNPS promotes the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and we are working towards being a UNICEF recognised Rights Respecting School.
This means that we place the language of rights and responsibility at the heart of our behaviour policy and Personal, Social, and Health Education lessons.
Examples of rights from the Convention and how we apply this in school include:
 1. Article 6
 every child has a right to life, to survive and develop
 This is the key to understanding why we have certain rules at school.
 2. Article 12
 every child has a right to a say in matters affecting them
 This is the key principle of our school council.
 3. Article 28
 every child has the right to education
 We use this right to explain the importance of not calling out and working together in the classroom.


Search results for "duma"
bisita [bisíta] 1n Guest; visitor. bisíta [From the English "visitor".] (sem. domains: - Visit.) 2v To visit somebody (as of those in a bad situation e.g. hospital, bereavement, jail). dumálaw Abisitahon namo si Awi sa Sabado. We will visit Awi on Saturday. Sinra ay nagbisita sa inra lola nak naospital. They visited their grandfather who had been put in the hospital. [From the English "visit" but the meaning is slightly changed.] (sem. domains: - Visit.)
duma [dúma] n Plant species; Root crops (as of the general term for all root crops). bungang kahoy Pag waya it bugas, kag inakaon it mga tawo ay duma. When there's no rice, people eat root crops. [These foods are used as a rice substitute and are staple food.] syn: tangkon. (sem. domains: - Growing roots.)
dumali [dumálì] n Plant species; a variety of rice. (sem. domains: - Food from seeds.)
dumar [dumár] n Young head louse or lice (as of on people). kuyumád (sem. domains: - Insect.)
liskar [lískar] v To have food swell unevenly in one's stomach, cooking pot (like beaten rice). dumami Rabuki it maado kinang kinaydo agor indi yang ray magliskar. Put the wood on the fire evenly so that it won't just swell unevenly as it cooks.
rumayaga [rumayága] (der. of rayaga) n 1Young female animal (as of the general term for one that has not yet produced young). 2A pullet (as of a young hen that lays eggs); young female animals. dumalaga 3Heifer (young cow); filly (young horse); young female pig, goat, water buffalo etc.. 4
talin₂ [talín] n A pullet (as of a half grown chicken hen or rooster). dumalaga
tangkon [tángkon] n Root crops. bungang kahoy Umutwang kag mayabong nak mga tanom - mga kinayo, ubi, apali, kinusoy ag iba pang tangkon pati mga utanon. Milky root crops would come up - cassava, yams, large and small taro and other kinds of root crops as well as greens to use as vegetables. syn: duma.
silot [sílot] 1n Sorrow, grief; trouble. salot Imaw yang kinang anak kag nagraya it silot sa inra pamilya. That is the only child who brought a curse to their family. (sem. domains: 4.4.2 - Trouble, - Problem.) 2v To curse; to hinder, hamper; to cause trouble; to be a setback. Indi ako'g raya it mga duma kung apasilutan yang ra ako't pagpas-an. I won't bring any root crops with me if I'll just be hampered by carrying them on my shoulder. (sem. domains: 4.4.2 - Trouble, - Problem.)
tagaylo [tagáylo] vt To exchange; to barter. palit Matukar ako insulip dahil itagaylo nako kaling mga isra it balinghoy ag iba pang duma. I go to the farm tomorrow because I will exchange these fish for cassava and other rootcrops. syn: baydo.
tamika [tamíkà] adj Abundant. marami Tamika kag inra duma. They have abundant rootcrops. syn: duro 1, ramo 1.


text:
Rather than a barrier, the sea has been a passageway of exploration, settlement, and exchange for the peoples of the Pacific. Among the world's greatest, The Field Museum's collections from Oceania have been the inspiration for influential advances in social and evolutionary theory.
Learn more about Pacific Anthropology and the Museum at: PacificAnthropology.org
Figure above: Network mapping of the genetic relationships of islanders in the southwest Pacific (Figure 7 from Terrell, John Edward. 2010. Social network analysis of the genetic structure of Pacific Islanders. Annals of Human Genetics 74: 211-232)
- Follow Our Research
- Conservation Efforts
- Explore Our Collections
- Research Resources
- Science Podcasts


Mullā Ṣadrā
Mullā Ṣadrā, also called Ṣadr Ad-dīn Ash-shīrāzī (born c. 1571, Shīrāz, Iran—died 1640Basra, Iraq), philosopher, who led the Iranian cultural renaissance in the 17th century. The foremost representative of the illuminationist, or Ishrāqī, school of philosopher-mystics, he is commonly regarded by Iranians as the greatest philosopher their country has produced.
A scion of a notable Shīrāzī family, Mullā Ṣadrā completed his education at Eṣfahān, then the leading cultural and intellectual centre of Iran. After his studies with scholars there, he produced several works, the most famous of which was his Asfār ("Journeys"). Asfār contains the bulk of his philosophy, which was influenced by a personal mysticism bordering on the ascetic that he experienced during a 15-year retreat at Kahak, a village near Qom, Iran.
Toward the end of his life, Mullā Ṣadrā returned to Shīrāz to teach. His teachings, however, were considered heretical by the orthodox Shīʿite theologians, who persecuted him, though his powerful family connections permitted him to continue to write. He died on a pilgrimage to Arabia.


have to spend the entire day waiting for the event to happen from 8 am to 5 pm just in case you showed up for one minute to invalidate the test. There would be no end to the test if there were no constraint so no final test result would occur.
So a test requires both a positive event and a way to measure it with a metric. The metric involves measuring something with a unit. Writing the requirement this way creates a formal approach that eliminates most bad requirement writing.
Completeness per project
The other type of requirement quality that works to create great requirements is really not about the individual requirement. The completeness check is about traceability and dependencies throughout the project. If you know you have to be at work today, you might want to think about all the other days you want to be at work. This is looking at the requirement as a specific and making a generality out of it. You can find more requirements for days you should be at work this way.
The other type of completeness check involves the going from generality to specific. In this case of going to work, when you go to work, should you stay at work all day? Can you leave for lunch? How long should you be gone before it's not seen as being at work a full day? If you drill down into just the lunch period for more detail, then you can ask if taking a longer lunch but talking about work counts as working?
Another type of completeness check might involve switching the role or actor of that scenario or looking for alternate scenarios. Is the work day the same for all job titles? How about if we talk about a different type of work activity like being on the road? Now being at work today takes on a different approach. Also in the scenario of a use case, we can ask if we captured all of the sequential tasks of achieving our goal.
Even looking at one specific quality for completeness can be rolled up into asking whether we have captured all the qualities that should be checked for all of our requirements. Now we are asking as an analyst about what we have forgotten. Sometimes, it an implicit requirement that no one has said but everyone expects. Or maybe it was just forgotten. Don't let this lack of completeness analysis turn into scope creep you blame on the users.
Complete testability
I do like completely understanding and testing the requirements so much that the documents I write can be used in their entirety of content and structure as test documents for successful test cases. It's also in my mind the reason that programmers have taken to Test Driven Development which is just making requirements testable in code editors because they didn't get good requirements in the first place and feeling that a giant methodology is an administrative waste of time.
If the developers can change how they write code, surely the analysts can change to a more structured approach that keeps emphasizing the testability and completeness of the requirements document. It does mean that an analyst now can't just document what they hear. They will have to apply a judgment using some rules about what is complete and testable for their environment.
But the end result will be that the business or individual will end up with a better and cleaner implementation in code or business process, that will be easily tested and create more feedback to improve the quality of the end product.
Thursday, July 28, 2016
Ranking rain and risky business events with confidence in strategy and testing
Risk isn't measured easily. It's better viewed as a personal understanding of probability applied to avoiding unpleasant situations. It can also measure positive chances but we'd rather know what the chance of rain is instead of the chance of sunshine. The point of risk management is to find out where risks are and how to mitigate them if possible. Why are we obsessed with measuring it when it's really a useless number?
I am amused by meteorologists who say they measure the probability of rain by saying they measure the area that will get rain as a percentage of the total area and multiply that by their confidence. Nobody really understands what 40% means but that's math. We like percentages for rain and risk because in repeated forecasts, we have something to compare whether it really rains or not for that one time. But the weather guys spend more time than project managers do on that so we'll go with their best guess on risk measurement.
Probability of events
Probability, and therefore risk, starts with measuring outcomes of similar events. To measure anything in a business metric so you can compare results, you need a quantity of a standard unit. Math is funny. When you divide the number of useful past events by the total past events you lose your units of measurement. So you don't have any probability units. There is nothing that assigns an IT project to have 4 RUs (risk units) and another 15 RUs. So probabilities of different kinds of events can't be compared. That's our first problem.
Risk has to be related to a concrete event. Rain forecasts assume a probability of occurrence from a large number of the same types of events and as a stand-in we use similar historical events. A 50% chance of getting heads on a coin toss doesn't mean anything after one coin toss because it's one event. Your only two outcomes are heads and tails. There's no 50% tails. But a history of 500 tosses shows that heads is 50.3%. Now we have some confidence.
Confidence in chance
Confidence is what gets degraded though when we don't have similar events. In projects, we never have the same events so, like the thousands of influences on a storm system, if more of them are about the same, the confidence level of the forecast increases, which increases the chance of rain. Confidence is easier to do when the events are less reality based and can be easily counted. Coin tosses dominate the probability world but even tossing a coin has been shown to be not that easy.
Most business people don't have a backlog of 50 similar sized projects of the same type run by the same project manager with the same budget. The more events with the same influences, the better the confidence value. So confidence is easily eroded making our probability of an event less likely making our calculations less helpful. That's our second problem. We can make an educated guess of how likely the event is based on past events of the same type but the necessary confidence reality check will destroy a risk result.
How priority affects risk
Priority is not risk. Priorities are best assigned to scope units called work packages or use cases that estimate that total value. I like ITIL's breakdown of priority into impact and urgency and adapt it from the incident or trouble ticket to a use case. ITIL puts the value in terms of numbers of people that are affected (impact) and the value perceived (urgency).. For internal projects it might be expressed as a high, medium or low number of employees and high to low level of visibility to executives or high-level managers. For external projects it might be expressed as a high to low market share, and a high to low price point compared to competitive products.
In fact, priority does not influence risk at all. Risk can be multiplied times a priority ranking to show how value is reduced but the end result of a subjective number times another subjective number isn't useful except to compare to each other. Priority is good for ranking order of development of use cases. It's also good for ranking test case execution effort and thoroughness after factoring in development complexity and unfamiliarity of the unit under test.
Project risk
There are two easily confused types of risk in a project. There is project risk which occurs during the project. And there's organizational risk which is taken as a bet when the project is chartered and realized when the value is gained.
PMI defines project risk as "an uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs, has a positive or negative effect on a project's objectives." But using that definition, since all future events are uncertain, means that all project activities are risks. Even if we declare risk to be the measure of the likelihood of a project failing to meet objectives, we're still in the same boat because any event could conspire to reduce the full obtainment of the objectives.
Project risk bets are taken mostly in design. The bet on the scope to be delivered starts when you spend money towards a design and ends when the product/code is delivered using that design. Strategy and analysis phases can influence design but design commits you to a path. These are all known risks and estimated up front. But there's always a component of unknown risks like developers changing jobs or emergencies but that's what project managers have 'flex time' for.
I have seen risk associated with failure to do adequate analysis called scope definition risk. That's the same baloney as when people call bad requirements gathering down the line, scope creep. This isn't project risk, it's systemic and therefore organizational risk. Check your process maturity and start there with a project constraint. Since you know you don't have good enough requirements management, you should expect some sort of decay around the elicited scope. It's a given, not a risk.
Organizational risk
The estimated value or dollars associated with the project which guides the project manager are broken up into three critical success factors. These three things that make a project succeed are
 - finishing on time
 - coming in on budget
 - delivering total decided scope
The value measurement units that we can use for each of these are standardized into
 - number of days
 - amount of dollars
 - use cases
The first two can be reduced to similar units of dollars. Days is just a measure of cost of overhead, labor, and other consumed resources. Scope is harder. If you are using good requirements estimation units as recommended in my blogs, you should choose a scope measurement unit


1. Select an appropriate leakproof container. If Nasco Whirl-Pak bags are not available, you may use a standard Zip-loc type sandwich bag (*not* the "fold-top" kind). If using Zip-loc sandwich bags, it is recommended that the sample be "double-bagged". For samples OTHER THAN complete paint chips, such as dust or soil, select a RIGID container, such as a plastic film can (NO glass containers, please).
Note #1: EPA would advise latex gloves when handling suspect lead-containing materials.
Note #2: If sample collection is being conducted for regulatory compliance or evaluation of lead hazards, Regulatory Agencies may require testing to be conducted by certified individuals.
2. Carefully place the sample in the container, evacuate as much air as possible, and seal.
 * a. Paint chips: about two square inches [or a 2 inch by 1 inch piece]
 * b. Dirt or soils: about 1/4 cup, or nearly fill the container.
 * c. Dust wipes: wipe a measured 1 square foot area with an EPA approved sample media.
 * d. Water: We are not able to accept water samples at this time, due to lab requirement for pre-acid-treating the containers.
3. Label and/or number each sample. Provide information on *each* sample to include:
 * a. Sample number
 * b. type of material, such as "white trim paint on wood", "brown exterior paint on stucco", etc.
 * c. location, such as "master bedroom window", etc.
A Sample Submission Form is provided, which you may simply fill out on and send with your samples.
4. Check to be sure the number on each sample container (bag) matches the sample number on the log sheet.
5. Address the envelope or package to:
22693 Hesperian Blvd, Ste 230
Hayward, CA 94541
(the words "hand cancel" are so it is not run it through the automatic metering machines which may risk rupturing the sample bag.)
6. Be sure to enclose:
 * a. Sample, sealed in it's container (bag), and identified with sample ID number
 * b. Sample log sheet
 * c. Check, bank draft, or money order made out to HMA, Inc. for US$35.00 per sample.
 * d. Name, address and phone number where results are to be sent.
7. Send to above address.
Instructions for Submitting Samples for A. A. Analysis for Lead
Hazardous Materials Assessment, Inc
22693 Hesperian Blvd, Ste 230, Hayward, CA 94541
_PHONE_
© 2015 by Design by Dana Davis
 - w-facebook
 - White Yelp Icon


PlateSpin Orchestrate 2.0 VM Client Guide and Reference
This guide introduces the PlateSpin® Orchestrate VM Client, including its basic administration environment, which is accessed through an Eclipse* rich client platform. The guide provides an introductory overview of the VM Client, and explains how to install, monitor, and manage VMs.
The guide is organized as follows:
This book is for data center VM operators. It assumes that users of the product have the following background:
Additional Documentation
In addition to this VM Client Guide and Reference, PlateSpin Orchestrate 2.0.2 includes the following additional guides that contain valuable information about the product:
Documentation Updates
For the most recent version of this guide, visit the PlateSpin Orchestrate 2.0.2 documentation Web site.
Documentation Conventions
When a single pathname can be written with a backslash for some platforms or a forward slash for other platforms, the pathname is presented with a backslash. Users of platforms that require a forward slash, such as Linux, should use forward slashes as required by your software.


text:
A co-design prototyping approach for building a Precinct Planning Tool
- 1Architecture Building and Planning, The University of Melbourne, Australia
- 2Institute for Social Research, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia
- 3Curtin University Sustainable Policy Institute, Curtin University, Australia
- 4School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Australia
Keywords: precinct planning, co-design, 3D visualisation, workflows, sustainability assessment, agile software development
Abstract. As the world is becoming increasingly urbanized there is a need for more sustainability-oriented planning of our cities. Policy and decision-makers are interested in the use of evidenced based approaches and tools that will support collaborative planning. There are a number of tools in the domain of spatial planning and decision support systems that have been built over the last few decades but the uptake and use of these tools is somewhat limited.
In the context of Australia there is significant urban growth occurring across the major cities and a need to provision planners and developers with precinct planning tools to assist in managing infill and the densification of the existing urban fabric in a carbon constrained economy. In this paper we describe the development of a new precinct planning tool known as the Envision Scenario Planner (ESP), which is being applied initially in two cities, Melbourne and Perth to assist in the urban design and planning of Greyfield sites.
To set the scene in this paper we firstly provide a brief review of the existing state of play of visualization and modelling tools available to urban planners in Australia. The focus on the paper will be to introduce an iterative co-design prototyping approach for developing a best practice precinct planning support tool (ESP) from an earlier tool known as ENVISION. The first step of the approach is an exposure workshop with experts to refine the proposed tool workflow and its functionality. Subsequent iterations of the prototype are then exposed to larger audiences for validation and testing. In this paper we will describe the process and the preliminary findings in implementing the first phase of this iterative co-design prototype approach.


text:
Internships Help Students Prepare for Workplace
Job shadowing also a tactic schools use for career readiness
Internships and job shadowing offer a close-up look at life in the workplace, yet some high school students are so focused on academics that they pass up the opportunity, or they are uncertain about their interests and don't know where to start.
But the push to improve college and career readiness and produce a better-prepared workforce is increasing the pressure on schools to build partnerships with businesses. What's more, educators realize that students are motivated when they see the relevance of what they are learning.
"The central goal is to get students out of the classroom and into the real world so they can feel and see the entire work process," said Randy McPherson, the director of counseling services and college preparation for the Memphis, Tenn., schools and the American School Counselor Association's counselor of the year in 2011. "Otherwise, they don't really grasp what a day looks like or what a job entails."
While there is no agency tracking trends with internships, interesting models are being used across the country, and students often find the work exposure enlightening—even life-changing.
Internships can be set up in various ways. Some are offered in the summer, some on evenings or weekends or during part of the school day. They can last a few weeks or more than a year. Many are unpaid, but some offer a paycheck or grant school credit for the work. With job shadowing, students typically spend a few hours or a full day on a job site to learn about a profession.
Whatever the structure, a work experience can confirm, or rule out, a career choice. It can also help students cope with mistakes when the stakes aren't so high, as later in life.
Learning on the Job
Alex Carroll worked last fall as an unpaid intern at a golf course near his home in Searsport, Maine. The high school senior has a passion for the sport and was considering it as a career, along with mechanical engineering. The golf pro showed him the business side and how to maintain the course.
"I knew a lot of money went into it, but I didn't realize how much. And I didn't realize how much was needed to care for the fairways," said Mr. Carroll, who had to write a weekly blog about his experience for school. After the internship, he decided a two-year golf college wasn't for him. Instead, he's applying to colleges, including the University of Maine, and may try to play golf there.
Recognizing the value of workplace exposure, Mr. Carroll's teacher, Kathleen Jenkins of Searsport District High School, has expanded internships and job-shadowing programs with local businesses, including a solar-energy company, jewelry store, newspaper, and plumbing firm.
Internships at Searsport, like at many high schools, are unpaid. And that can be a barrier for the teenagers who need to earn money to make ends meet or save for college.
But Garrett Miller, a New Jersey-based workforce-productivity coach and the author of 2012's Hired 'Right' Out of College, encourages students not to rule something out because it doesn't pay. "You are being paid in experience," he said. "A recruiter looking at a résumé never asks how much were you getting paid.... If it looks interesting, he just says, 'Tell me about that.' "
With all the emphasis on grades and college, schools have fostered an "elite" attitude that doesn't always embrace workplace experience, according to Bill Coplin, a professor of public affairs at Syracuse University, in New York, and the author of 10 Things Employers Want You to Learn in College, published in 2012. In addition to academics, students need to develop a work ethic, communication skills, and the ability to work on a team. The high school curriculum is "traditional and very narrow," said Mr. Coplin, which particularly hurts low-achieving students who may not be pursuing a four-year degree but need to develop career skills.
It can be difficult to persuade students to take the time for an internship or job-shadowing day, especially those in Advanced Placement classes, and increasingly, many don't want to work for free, said Cara Kirby, the senior career-experience specialist for the Fairfax County district in Virginia. "They are scared to miss one day of school, even though the opportunity could change their lives. It's a challenge," she said.
Polishing Up Students
The more successful internship programs make workplace expectations clear to students.
"You have to work with students to [help them] understand there is an appropriate dress, way to act, and address people," said Mr. McPherson of the Trezevant center.
In Fairfax County's hospitality program, Pat Edwards teaches juniors and seniors the basics of the industry in the classroom before they spend two days a week in an internship at local businesses. She explains the etiquette of the workplace, but students don't always catch on right away.
One of her seniors, Jermane Whyte, was in an all-day orientation at the Ritz Carlton, Tysons Corner this past fall when he pulled out his cellphone during some down time to text his father. He also missed about a quarter of his internship days the first semester because of conflicts with college interviews and other activities.
The hotel supervisor called Ms. Edwards, who then talked with her student to reinforce the rules. Looking back, Mr. Whyte, 17, said he recognizes his mistakes and is more aware now of his conduct. He continues to intern at the Ritz and has enjoyed rotating among various positions, from the front desk to security. "I had no prior work experience," he said. "This has opened my eyes to work life and team building."
Talking It Over
What's missing from many work experiences in high school is time to reflect, said Mr. Miller. To get the most out of an internship, students should talk about what they enjoyed, what they didn't, and how that translates into their next move, he said.
At Children's Hospital of Colorado, Stacey Whiteside holds weekly group debriefing sessions for interns. "They may see something hard emotionally or physically, and this is where they need to be talking about it. And they are assigned a mentor on the unit," said Ms. Whiteside, who coordinates the hospital's high school internship program aimed at underrepresented minority students.
More than 200 students in Denver apply for the 25 positions in the hospital's two-year, paid Medical Career Collaborative, which includes training, monthly field trips, and internships. At the end of the program, students give a formal presentation to a group of about 70 hospital staff and family members about their experience. "Many families are blown away by seeing their student in a professional role," said Ms. Whiteside. "They have not seen that side of them, and it helps the families buy into college."
Former hospital intern Chisom Agbim is a second-year medical student at the University of Colorado. In 2006, she worked alongside a nurse in the emergency room at Children's Hospital and says it solidified her career choice. "It was exciting to be able to see what was going on … to see how the whole team works," said Ms. Agbim, who noted that the experience gave her a different impression than what she had imagined from watching episodes of the drama "ER" on television. "I had a more realistic sense of what patients are like and what physicians can do."
Now 23, Ms. Agbim says she understands it was rare to get a hands-on opportunity in medicine as a high school student, while she knew of others who just volunteered and got stuck shelving books.
To help students, mentors, and employers understand their responsibility in an internship, Ms. Jenkins of Maine has all parties sign a contract. "It makes it clear who is accountable for what," she said.
Once, Ms. Kirby of Fairfax sent three students to a job site and the chief executive officer asked them to sweep. "They were furious," she recounts. After later talking with the CEO, she learned he had started at the company by sweeping and was trying to convey that to the students. "Even if it is not ideal, you still have to be respectful," said Ms. Kirby.
In Lincoln, Neb., all students at Northeast High School take a career course that includes job-shadowing, and next fall, it will be expanded from one quarter to a semester of instruction. "Every student is required to do job-shadowing. It's the only way for students to make a good decision and be confident in their career decision," said Ruth Lohmeyer, a counselor and the counseling team leader, recently named 2013 School Counselor of the Year by the ASCA.
The district has increased its emphasis on working with the business community, and Ms. Lohmeyer has found employers receptive. "People like to talk about their occupations," she said. The push to make business connections is also fueled by efforts to stem the brain drain from Nebraska and keep graduates working in the area.
As a teenager in Pennsylvania, Meagan Phelan toured a manufacturing plant, bank, and hospital as part of her mother's goal to introduce her to a variety of careers. "It created in me this curiosity," said Ms. Phelan. Learning how various professionals arrived at their jobs was liberating for her because she realized there were many paths to take with a degree.
After studying biology and Spanish in college, she went on to get a master's in science writing and now works as a writer for a firm in Boston, as well as a columnist for the website Prepped & Polished. "Everyone is working hard to get good grades in high school and studying for the


Phoenicia Elementary School students hold 'Invention Convention'
Phoenicia Elementary School second-grader Stella Schiavo, 7, daughter of Ame Schiavo of Mount Tremper, talks about how her invention, "Hot Bulb Heater Lamp," works by positioning it over food to keep it warm. (Freeman photo by Tania Barricklo)
PHOENICIA, N.Y. -- First-grader Milo Turba was annoyed that his long hair gets in his eyes, but he found barrettes to be too feminine.
The solution: he invented a "Boyrette," similar to the apparatus used by his female counterparts, except constructed in the forms of more masculine superheroes or Lego men.
Milo's Boyrette was among about 60 inventions Phoenicia Elementary School students recently showcased at the school's first "Invention Convention," which was organized by parent Heather Roberts as part of the PTA's shift from the annual science fair to a new theme to encourage students to develop an interest in science, technology, engineering, and math.
"All these projects were just from the kids' imaginations -- ways they thought they could improve their lives or their community's lives or their families' lives," Roberts said.
Many inventions, like a seed spreader created by Milo's big brother Hudson, were designed to make every day life easier.
Hudson and Milo were tasked with planting grass seeds when their parents bought a new house, and Hudson explained his seed spreader is designed to be attached to a lawn mower to easily distribute seeds around the yard. The seed spreader was constructed from an empty Tropicana orange juice container, tubing, and a hair dryer.
It is not difficult to envision second-grader Meadow Madera's "Spic and Span Sponge Bob Shoes" raking in big bucks on late night QVC. The invention comprises sandals with sponges attached to the bottoms to clean floors while the wearer walks.
Nash Roberts, Heather Roberts' son, displayed sunglasses with pen lights mounted on the frames so people can still wear their shades at night, in addition to a camouflage cover for mako sharks to protect them from poachers.
Another socially conscious invention came from third-grader Oliver McGillicuddy, school board president Ann McGillicuddy's son. The idea behind "The Amazing Flying Chair," a plain white chair with propellers attached to it, is to allow handicapped people to get around more easily.
Principal Linda Sella estimated 85 percent of the school, from kindergarten through third grade, got involved in the invention theme in some way, whether through classroom activities, an after-school program, and the culminating "Invention Convention" event.
Teacher Jane Wolfrom was among teachers who integrated the theme into their classes. Wolfrom's second-grade class, in the midst of studying simple machines, came up with a clothesline run by pulleys to help their snow clothes dry more quickly.
"We wanted to get away from the solar system models and erupting volcanos that you see every year at science fairs and force the kids to start thinking a little more creatively," Roberts said of the PTA initiative to move away from the annual science fair to the invention-themed activity.
Roberts said students learned about the history of various inventions and famous inventors. Some classes and the after-school Young Inventors Club comprising 26 students that Roberts organized included some brainstorming and guidance, and then students made their ideas come to life at home.
Other activities at the Young Inventors Club included deconstructing existing technology, such as telephones, and imagining other ways they could be built.
"It's very, very exciting for our children to be able to come up with their idea, think it through, and then actually invent," Sella said. There's a few research (projects), but not many. Most of them are clearly inventions."
Sella said even though the Young Inventors Club is done meeting for the year, students will be encouraged to keep refining their projects and using their imaginations.
Bennett Elementary School students in grades four through six have been participating in similar activities and have their own Invention Convention upcoming on Feb. 27.


text:
Date: Around 1993
I have heard that supposed "space plane prototype" that flew over
California and Denmark, and a few other countries. I read an article which
said that it used an engine which ran on liquid methane. Is this the same as
methanol in cars? Also, is this plane's engine a Scramjet (what is this
engine about?), or what?
Methane is a gas from the same "family" that includes butane,
propane, octane, etc. Methanol is an alcohol and a liquid at room
temperature. Liquid methane is cold methane.
Click here to return to the Engineering Archives
Update: June 2012


Select one of the keywords
Ice Drift by Theodore Taylor order for
Ice Drift
by Theodore Taylor
Order: USA Can
Harcourt, 2006 (2005)
Hardcover, Paperback
* * Reviewed by Kerrily Sapet
The time is mid-October 1868. The place is Ellesmere Island near Greenland. Fourteen-year-old Alika and his younger brother Sulu are on the edge of a thick ice floe hunting for seal when the floe breaks free from the shore. The two brothers are set adrift with only each other, the supplies on their sledge, and their lead husky Jamka to keep them alive. To make matters worse, they face this danger on the eve of the long winter darkness. Snow is already falling and will continue to fall until June.
Theodore Taylor tells the story from two perspectives - that of Alika and that of his village of Nunatak. As the boys' parents search for them in kayaks, the brothers fall back on the survival skills they have been taught. They build themselves an iglu, continue hunting for meat to keep themselves alive, and fend off a nanuk, or polar bear. They also remind themselves of home by retelling village legends and the story of the only other person they know who survived life adrift on an ice floe. The boys are haunted by the unknown question of how long they will be trapped and wonder if they will survive this ordeal.
As the two brothers struggle to keep themselves alive, Taylor is also educating the reader about life in the Arctic Circle. The thrilling story is full of information about native animals and the harsh, yet beautiful seasons. Each of the characters in the tale also learns something about themselves, their ability to survive, and at heart what is most important to them in life.
Find more Kids books on our Shelves or in our book Reviews


text:
The Next Page / Inside Phipps' Center for Sustainable Landscapes: Making clean water, all in one place
The Tropical Forest Conservatory, the second phose of the Phipps expansion, overlooks the Center for Sustainable Living.
Share with others:
Please click on the PDF below to see the entire plan.
Early this century, Phipps Conservatory and Botanical Gardens in Oakland launched a three-part expansion plan that put green-building principles front and center. The first phase, a redesigned entrance and cafe, emerged in March 2005; it was the first LEED-certified visitor center in a U.S. public garden. Late 2006 brought the new tropical forest conservatory, the most energy-efficient of its kind.
Since 2007 Phipps has been building the Center for Sustainable Landscapes. The research, education and administrative complex has an immodest ambition: to be one of the greenest buildings on planet Earth.
Set to open in spring 2012, the CSL aims to meet or achieve the three highest green standards: the Living Building Challenge, LEED (that's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Platinum certification, and SITES certification (a landscape rating system also known as the Sustainable Sites Initiative). To achieve the Living Building Challenge design standards, the CSL must produce all of its own energy using on-site renewable resources. And it must capture, treat and reuse all water on site. In addition to serving Phipps, the CSL will be an environmental education center for the region. By pushing the limits of what's possible in green building, and showcasing local expertise, Phipps hopes its example will spread nationally and internationally.
Today, we're offering a closer look at one of the most innovative features in the CSL project: How the water works.
The wastewater treatment begins with a 300-square-foot horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland system (two-stage). The "constructed wetland" is a biological wastewater treatment technology designed to mimic processes found in natural wetland ecosystems. It uses wetland plants, soils and their associated microorganisms to remove contaminants from wastewater.
With the treatment and reuse system in place, the building's impact on the city's combined sewer will be eliminated. The wastewater flow from the Center for Sustainable Landscapes and the adjacent Phipps maintenance building has been estimated at 416 gallons per day (242 gallons per day from low-flow efficient toilets and 174 gallons per day from low-flow efficient sinks).
1) Plant a rain garden. Beautify your yard, attract wildlife and pollinators, and protect local waterways by planting a rain garden. A rain garden full of perennials and shrubs soaks up polluted water before it reaches the sewers, helping to protect our communities from flooding and providing cleaner drinking water.
2) Capture valuable water with rain barrels. Lawn and garden watering makes up nearly 40 percent of a household's summer tap water usage despite the fact that nearly 600 gallons of rainwater can be captured in rain barrels for reuse from the average size roof in an average rain storm.
3) Landscape with sustainable plants. Even a beautiful garden can be low maintenance. Consult Phipps' Top 10 Sustainable Plants lists for plants that require less water and fertilizer, and are disease and pest resistant.
4) Vary your landscape. Lawns are lovely, but so are lots of other types of groundcover - many of which are quite low maintenance and require far less water too. Try mixing and matching in your yard, and only planting grass where you really need it.
5) Mulch and mulch some more. Mulch protects the soil by helping it retain moisture, suppresses weeds, and insulates plants from extreme temperatures. Any material such as wood chips, straw, nut shells, paper, sawdust, leaves, seaweed, grass clippings, or compost can be used as mulch. Apply only two to three inches and keep away from stems and trunks.
6) Make your lawn "Phipps Safe." Ditch chemicals that are unsafe for you, companion animals and children, and opt for a "Phipps Safe" yard by adopting natural and organic lawn care practices. Learn how easy it is at _URL_.
7) Direct water to where it counts. Cut your water bills in half! More than half of the water you use to irrigate your garden and lawn goes to waste. Installing a drip irrigation or soaker hose system efficiently directs water to the roots of the plants, right where they need it most.
8) Don't flush water (or money) down the drain. Replace or retrofit your inefficient toilet with one that has the WaterSense label. This will not only reduce your water use by about half but it can also save a family of four more than $90 annually, and $2,000 over the lifetime of the toilet. A low-flower shower head can also save an average of 8,000 gallons of water each year. And, even more water can be saved by limiting showers to five minutes.
9) Put aerators on your faucets. Available at hardware stores, aerators are inexpensive and cut usage from three to four gallons per minute to as little as a half-gallon, without sacrificing pressure. You won't be able to tell the difference, but you'll be using up to 88 percent less water.
10) Reduce, reduce, reduce. Only run the dishwasher with a full load, and if you're running lots of water down the drain while waiting for it to cool down or warm up, place a bowl or bucket in the sink to catch and it use it for other tasks, like making coffee, soaking dirty pots or watering houseplants. If you wash dishes by hand, don't let the water run but rather partially fill the sink with warm, soapy water and rinse dishes under a faucet with an aerator.
Learn more and find more tips at _URL_
First Published October 23, 2011 12:00 am


text:
Difference between type and class
Nikolaus at rath.org
Thu Jul 31 16:46:28 CEST 2008
Maric Michaud writes:
>> > Can someone explain to me the difference between a type and a class?
>> If your confusion is of a more general nature I suggest reading the
>> introduction of 'Design Patterns' (ISBN-10: _PHONE_), under
>> 'Specifying Object Interfaces'.
>> In short: A type denotes a certain interface, i.e. a set of signatures,
>> whereas a class tells us how an object is implemented (like a
>> blueprint). A class can have many types if it implements all their
>> interfaces, and different classes can have the same type if they share a
>> common interface. The following example should clarify matters:
> Of course, this is what a type means in certain literature about OO
> (java-ish), but this absolutely not what type means in Python. Types
> are a family of object with a certain status, and they're type is
> "type", conventionnaly named a metatype in standard OO.
Hmm. Now you have said a lot about Python objects and their type, but
you still haven't said what a type actually is (in Python) and in what
way it is different from a class. Or did I miss something?
»It is not worth an intelligent man's time to be in the majority.
By definition, there are already enough people to do that.«
PGP fingerprint: 5B93 61F8 4EA2 E279 ABF6 02CF A9AD B7F8 AE4E 425C
More information about the Python-list


text:
Researchers from the University of the Philippines – Los Banos (UPLB) found that sweet sorghum, a grain commonly used in the production of molasses, can be a healthier substitute to regular coffee beans.
In the study titled the "Acceptability, nutritional, and potential health values of sweet sorghum coffee substitute," the researchers ran sampling tests by roasting the grain and brewing it at different temperatures.
They found that roasting the grains for 50 to 70 minutes at approximately 226 degrees Celsius and brewing them for three minutes produced the most acceptable sample, comparing the coffee's taste and aroma to that of rice coffee.
Other coffee substitutes used in the Philippines are corn, ampalaya, and soy.
The stem of the sweet sorghum is usually used to produce molasses, and its leaves are used as food for animals.
The United States is the world's leading exporter of the grain, accounting for almost 75 percent of the global trade.
In the Philippines, sweet sorghum has been utilized as a source of bio-fuel.
Although not popularly cultivated in the country, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), an India-based agricultural research organization, identified the North Luzon Super Region (Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR), Ilocos, Cagayan Valley, and Central Luzon) as a suitable location for sorghum cultivation.
The researchers also said that drinking sweet sorghum coffee may help in preventing neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, and serious diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases.
"SSCS [Sweet Sorghum Coffee Substitute] could be a potential health and nutritious beverage as its powder contains carbohydrates, protein, essential fatty acids, dietary fiber, and is low in fat, particularly saturated fat. Moreover, the SSCS powder contains phytochemicals contributing to its high antioxidant activity. These findings suggest that consumption SSCS may help in preventing diseases in which free radical production plays a key role," they said.


text:
A drug delivery ion pump constructed from organic electronic components also works in plants. Researchers from the Laboratory of Organic Electronics at Linköping University and from the Umeå Plant Science Centre have used such an ion pump to control the root growth of a small flowering plant, the thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana).
In the spring of 2015, researchers from the Laboratory of Organic Electronics at Linköping University presented a microfabricated ion pump with the ability to pump in the correct dose of a naturally occurring pain-relief agent exactly where it was needed. This was a first step towards effective treatment of such conditions as chronic pain. In the autumn of the same year, the researchers presented results showing how they had caused roses to absorb a water-soluble conducting polymer, enabling them to create a fully operational transistor in the rose stem. The term "flower power" suddenly took on a whole new meaning.
"Around 10 years ago, we started considering applying our ion pump drug delivery devices to plants. It wasn't until several years later that we teamed up with Professor Markus Grebe and colleagues at the Umeå Plant Science Centre and finally discovered that the ion pump could be of great use to plant biologists, says Daniel Simon, Associate Professor and head of the organic bioelectronics research area in the Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University.
Assistant Professor David Poxson, Laboratory of Organic Electronics, teamed up with the group's chief chemist, Assistant Professor Roger Gabrielsson, to develop new ion pump materials capable of transporting and delivering powerful plant signalling compounds such as the hormone auxin.
Dr. Poxson then worked closely with biologists at the Umeå Plant Science Centre to investigate highly-resolved delivery of auxin to the roots of living thale cress, Arabidopsis thaliana. This plant is to plant biologists what the fruit fly Drosophila is to researchers working in animal research: a major model organism.
The result: Electronically-controlled gradients of plant hormone were taken up by the roots. Dr. Poxson and co-author Dr. Michal Karady followed the internal auxin response with the help of fluorescent reporter proteins that change their fluorescence intensity in the presence of auxin. They observed that the internal auxin response and even the roots' growth rate could be controlled by the ion pump delivery of auxin.