With little forewarning to the regulated community, the California Division of Occupational Safety and Health ("Cal/OSHA") passed a sweeping new standard requiring employers in the state to implement prescribed COVID-19 protections. On November 19, Cal/OSHA voted unanimously to pass the "Emergency COVID-19 Prevention Regulations" (the "Standard") and on November 30, the Standard went into effect. As covered in our previous updates, the Standard obligates employers to, among other things, write and implement a COVID-19 Prevention Program, engage in contact tracing following any positive case that involved potential workplace exposure, require physical distancing and mask wearing and improve ventilation, and to report all "outbreaks" to the public health department.
Now, employers' groups are fighting back. On December 17, the National Retail Federation ("NRF"), National Federation of Independent Business ("NFIB"), and three California employers (collectively, "Plaintiffs") filed suit against Cal/OSHA. In their 37-page complaint, Plaintiffs lay out what they call California employers' "rigorous and science-driven safety measures" to help slow the spread of COVID-19 and bring four causes of action challenging the Standard.
First, Plaintiffs allege Cal/OSHA violated the California Administrative Procedure Act by enacting the Standard without the required notice and comment. According to the complaint, Cal/OSHA "adopted the emergency regulations based on an improper and fatally flawed finding of emergency" that failed to meet the APA's requirements, and so notice and public comment should have been allowed.
Second, Plaintiffs allege Cal/OSHA violated the California Occupational Safety and Health Act by exceeding its authority to regulate wages or sick leave, overstepping its jurisdiction as outlined in the Act. Cal/OSHA's "jurisdiction, while broad, has limits," the complaint argues. The Standard's requirements that an employer pay for COVID-19 testing and provide paid leave exceeds that jurisdiction, according to Plaintiffs.
Third, Plaintiffs allege Cal/OSHA violated the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. Cal/OSHA improperly adopted the Standard "on an emergency basis instead of through the normal rulemaking process" and in doing so, "deprived Plaintiffs due process of law and denied them any meaningful opportunity to respond to the proposed regulations and explain how and why they are so deeply flawed." And, because the Standard "can create an obligation for employers, including small business employers…to provide ruinous mandatory paid exclusion periods that amount to unlimited paid leave," it "expose[s] employers to unanticipated and unjust outcomes that significantly infringe upon their property rights." "Worst still," the complaint continues, the Standard's "scientifically unsupported mandatory exclusion requirements can severely cripple or entirely shut down a business based on as few as three COVID-19 infections that can occur entirely outside of the workplace over a 14-day period." These effects "can only be described as arbitrary and capricious."
Finally, Plaintiffs allege Cal/OSHA violated California's Constitution and its guarantee of protection of property: "By requiring Plaintiffs to exclude employees from the workplace for potentially unlimited periods of time and to pay the potentially ruinous costs associated with these exclusions despite Plaintiffs' effective compliance with measures being taken to serve the public health interest," the Standard deprives "Plaintiffs of their property without just compensation or due process."
Plaintiffs are seeking a declaratory judgment finding the Standard null and void, and injunctive relief preventing Cal/OSHA from enforcing or implementing the Standard. If granted, temporary injunctive relief could immediately relieve California employers from the strict obligations imposed by the Standard.
Once Cal/OSHA is served with the complaint, they will have 30 days to answer or file a responsive pleading. We will continue to monitor this and any other challenges to the Standard and to provide updates.


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I am trying to understand the proof of Thm 9.23 in. Let $S_k(\Gamma)$ be the cusp forms for a subgroup $\Gamma_1(N) \subseteq \Gamma \subseteq \Gamma_0(N)$. Let $\mathbb{T} := \mathbb{Z}[T_1, T_2, T_3,...]$ be the hecke algebra viewed as a subset of $End(S_k(\Gamma))$ (not as abstract double coset stuff!). Let $S_k(\Gamma, \mathbb{Z}) := S_k(\Gamma) \cap \mathbb{Z}[[q]]$ then the author claims that $ \langle \cdot, \cdot \rangle : \mathbb{T} \times S_k(\Gamma, \mathbb{Z}) \mapsto \mathbb{Z},$ $\langle T, f \rangle = a_1(T(f))$ is a perfect bilinear form and because of finite-rank-arguments i already know that it suffices to show that the $\mathbb{Z}$-module homomorphism $T \mapsto \langle T, \cdot \rangle \in Hom_\mathbb{Z}(S_k(\Gamma, \mathbb{Z}), \mathbb{Z})$ is surjective but i am unable to understand why this is the case. Only for $N=1$ i have found a workaround (see below).
This is what i have tried:
As was pointed out to me here "Hecke algebra" finitely generated?, the set $S_k(\Gamma, \mathbb{Z})$ is a finitely generated free $\mathbb{Z}$-module. Let us take a basis $S_k(\Gamma, \mathbb{Z}) = \mathbb{Z}f_1 \oplus... \oplus \mathbb{Z}f_n$. The $Hom_\mathbb{Z}(S_k(\Gamma, \mathbb{Z})) = \mathbb{Z}\phi_1 \oplus... \oplus \mathbb{Z} \phi_n$ where $\phi_i(f_j) = \delta_{ij}$. Let us assume that we select $\Gamma_0(N)$ with trivial character. Then, the ring $\mathbb{T}$ is nothing else than the $\mathbb{Z}$-module
$\mathbb{T} = \mathbb{Z}T_1 + \mathbb{Z}T_2 + \mathbb{Z}T_3 +...$
(because $T_{p^e} = T_p T_{p^{e-1}} - p^{k-1} T_1$ so that every polynomial in the $T_m$ is actually a sum in the $T_m$). We want to show that there is a $T$ such that $\langle T, f_j \rangle = \phi_1(f_j) = \delta_{1j}$ so that we search for a $\mathbb{Z}$ linear combination of the $T_m$ mapping to $\phi_1$, say $T = v_1 T_1 +... + v_l T_l$. Then, $\langle T, f_j \rangle = \phi_1(f_j) = \delta_{1j}$ is equivalent to
$\begin{pmatrix} a_1(f_1) & \cdots & a_l(f_1) \\ \vdots & & \vdots \\ a_l(f_n) & \cdots & a_l(f_n) \end{pmatrix} \cdot \begin{pmatrix} v_1 \\ \vdots \\ v_l \end{pmatrix} = e_1$
Let us denote the matrix on the left hand side by $A$, then the question is: is $A$ a surjective map seen as a map $A : \mathbb{Z}^l \mapsto \mathbb{Z}^n$ (where we can select $l$ as big as we want)? Rephrased i ask for the following:
For a subgroup $\Gamma$ that satisfies some properties (i.e. $\Gamma$ a congruence subgroup or so) is there a $\mathbb{C}$-basis $f_1,..., f_n$ of $S_k(\Gamma)$ with fourier coefficients in $\mathbb{Z}$ such that the matrix $A$ becomes surjective as a map from $\mathbb{Z}^l$ to $\mathbb{Z}^n$ (for example: when selecting $n$ columns, does the matrix consisting of these columns satisfy $\det(Matrix) = \pm 1$? I.e. is there something like a Victor Miller basis for modular forms of higher level)?
For $\Gamma = SL_2(\mathbb{Z})$, this is easy, because one has a Miller basis, i.e. a $\mathbb{C}$-basis $f_1,..., f_n$ of $S_k(SL_2(\mathbb{Z}))$ with integral fourier coefficients such that $a_i(f_j) = \delta_{ij}$ so that $A = (Id ~~...)$. Note: if $f_1,..., f_n$ are a $\mathbb{C}$-basis for $S_k(SL_2(\mathbb{Z}))$ with integral fourier coefficients then this does not necessarily imply that $f_1,..., f_n$ form a $\mathbb{Z}$-basis for $S_k(\Gamma, \mathbb{Z})$ but this suffices to see that the Hecke algebra is finitely generated by the first $r$ Hecke operators since one can do the same argument with $\mathbb{Z}f_1 \oplus... \oplus \mathbb{Z}f_n$ in place of $S_k(\Gamma, \mathbb{Z})$ since the behavior of an operator in $End(S_k(\Gamma))$ is determined by its actions on $f_1,..., f_n$.
Note that for $N > 1$ this seems to be true in "many" cases: For example, typing the following lines in magma
M := ModularForms(Gamma1(16),3);
q - 189*q^9 + 132*q^10 + O(q^12),
q^2 - 136*q^9 + 94*q^10 + O(q^12),
q^3 - 92*q^9 + 66*q^10 + O(q^12),
q^4 - 57*q^9 + 38*q^10 + O(q^12),
q^5 - 33*q^9 + 22*q^10 + O(q^12),
q^6 - 17*q^9 + 9*q^10 + O(q^12),
q^7 - 8*q^9 + 4*q^10 + O(q^12),
q^8 - 3*q^9 + O(q^12),
q^11 + O(q^12)
So here one would select columns 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,11.
Also note the following: Using the Sturm bound and selecting $l \geq \max(n, \operatorname{SturmBound})$ one can show that the matrix $A$ has a full $\mathbb{Q}$-rank, i.e. there are $v_1,..., v_l \in \mathbb{Q}$ satisfying the above relation but can they be somehow found to be in $\mathbb{Z}$?
Could someone help me out of this mess?
Best regards,
Fabian Werner
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Fabian, you need to study the theorems just before Thm 9.23 in William Stein's book, about congruences of modular forms. The result you want ultimately relies on the fact that $S_k(\Gamma_1(N))$ admits a basis consisting of modular forms all of whose Fourier coefficients are algebraic integers (which was first proved by Shimura, I think). – François Brunault Jan 24 '12 at 12:17
Is it really that recent? I'm no expert on the history, but didn't Igusa have some results on this kind of thing in the 30's and 40's? – David Loeffler Jan 24 '12 at 12:44
_USER_ : you may be right (I'm also not expert on the history). Maybe Shimura was the first to treat the general case. – François Brunault Jan 24 '12 at 13:09
1 Answer 1
up vote 5 down vote accepted
You pose your questions for a general $\Gamma$, but I'm not sure that quite makes sense; in general the Hecke algebra won't be commutative and will have a very different structure, and $S_k(\Gamma, \mathbb{Z})$ won't necessarily span $S_k(\Gamma, \mathbb{C})$. So let's assume $\Gamma$ is $\Gamma_0(N)$ or $\Gamma_1(N)$ for some $N$.
Let $\mathcal{S} = S_k(\Gamma, \mathbb{Z})$ and $\mathcal{T} \subseteq End_{\mathbb{Z}}(\mathcal{S})$ the Hecke algebra. Then (as I


text:
Improving Pacific Health and Reducing Health Inequalities: Policy Implications
Pacific people migrated to New Zealand in search of a better life. However, despite making important social, sports, cultural, and economic contributions in New Zealand, they continue to face challenges in other areas such as health, education, employment, housing, and the justice system. The level of health inequalities between Pacific and non-Pacific people had become a major concern by the late 1990s and became a policy focus of the incoming Labour-led Government in 2000. The ambitious health reforms led by this government meant a significant change in tide for the entire health sector. The principal purpose of this thesis is to analyse the Pacific health sector experience during the 2000 health reforms, which established District Health Boards (DHBs) and required, for the first time, an explicit focus on improving Pacific health and reducing health inequalities, but built on earlier strategies and policies. It is a qualitative piece of research undertaken by an 'insider', which aims to capture the stories and experiences, voices and viewpoints of those trying to paddle the popao (canoe) to improve Pacific health and reduce health inequalities during this period of intensive reform. It is an exploratory study about how DHB model was working (2000-2005) with a view to develop further to ensure there is a strong focus on Pacific health issues and appropriate service delivery for Pacific peoples. The goal and aims of this thesis: To identify the factors that support, and the factors that provide barriers to progress, in the early stages of the DHB model, with respect to improving Pacific Health and further developing services to more appropriately meet the needs of Pacific peoples. Aims: • To describe the structures and processes established by DHBs in respect of Pacific Health. • To describe the experiences of Pacific and non-Pacific senior staff and Pacific providers during the health reforms with respect to those structures and processes. • To provide recommendations to inform future work on the impact of implementing policies to reduce health inequalities. A combination of Pacific and Tongan frameworks, metaphors, and proverbs are used to frame the study, as well as inform analysis and presentation of ideas. The three data collections approaches were: (1) Talanoa (sharing or telling stories) – face-to-face interviews; (2) Lalanga (weaving) – textual analysis of strategic documents; and (3) Siofi (observation) – participant observation. Three-week placements were carried out with four DHBs and with three Pacific providers funded by those DHBs. The four DHBs studied were chosen because of their large Pacific populations, and also to provide a range of geographical perspectives. Overall, participants were overwhelmingly generous with their time. This willingness to engage highlighted the effectiveness of the talanoa (sharing stories) method, as it provided an open space for sharing experiences and eliciting the rich views of the participants. Factors that enabled and acted as barriers to implementing policies related to Pacific health are discussed in detail in this thesis. In particular, the study found that having Pacific people participating in decision making at the governance level was critical to pushing the reducing inequalities agenda forward in institutions that were not ready for change. Participants strongly advocated for more inclusion of Pacific cultural values at all levels of decision making within the health sector. In addition, health workers being fakatoukatea, or able to operate in both Pacific and non-Pacific worlds, was seen to be a vital enabling factor. This research documents the complexities of working in a DHB environment where there are many tides and currents operating. The local needs, community demands, organisational requirements and agendas of DHBs, and broader political currents and influences did not necessarily flow in the same direction. In addition, the study describes a complex, but important relationship between Māori and Pacific communities. The popao (canoe) was developed as the interpretive and analytical framework to describe the existing organisational structure of the DHB, acknowledging the desirability of moving to a kalia, a more stable double-hulled canoe. This thesis argues that health inequalities will continue until there is a renewed emphasis on social and economic determinants and DHB structures and processes move beyond the popao and develop the structural support of a kalia, where Pacific values are given enough space to co-exist, and Pacific people have real input into navigation. The study uses the popao and kalia as guiding metaphors to analyse the existing organisational structure of the DHB and possibilities for the future. In addition, the study utilised the Pacific Policy Framework 'Alamo'ui: Pathways to Pacific Health and Wellbeing (MOH, 2014) to guide and to elaborate the discussion of results and findings. Effectively improving the health of Pacific peoples and reducing inequalities in this context of competing demands is challenging. This study provides an insider account of those at the forefront of paddling the popao for change in a complex environment.
Advisor: Howden-Chapman, Philippa
Degree Name: Doctor of Philosophy
Degree Discipline: Public Health
Publisher: University of Otago
Keywords: Pacific; Inequalities; Pacific Health; District Health Boards; Pacific Health Policies; Pacific Health Framework
Research Type: Thesis

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text:
(2007). The prophet and the sceptic: George Eliot and Ford Madox Ford.
In: Skinner, Paul ed.
Ford Madox Ford's Literary Contacts.
International Ford Madox Ford Studies, 6.
Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, pp. 49–62.
Ford did not write very often, or very much, about George Eliot. His critical reflections on her writing occur on four occasions, in 1911, 1919, 1929 and 1931. This essay contends that, despite the lack of frequency in his critical comment, Eliot had a significant influence on the way in which he thought about, and practised, writing. Discussing each of his treaments of Eliot in detail, and also placing these reactions in context, this chapter concludes with an assessment of perhaps the most significant figure determinng Ford's responses to Eliot: Henry James.
||Ford Madox Ford, George Eliot, criticism, literature, writing, review, Henry James, gender politics, the Novel, critical reception
||Arts > English
||01 Oct 2007
||02 Dec 2010 20:03
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text:
Spolia in the Garden
This summer I got a chance to hang out a bit with Jon Frey at the site of Isthmia. For the past several years, he's been working on understanding the use of spolia — that is bits and pieces of older monuments — that were built into the Hexamilion wall in Late Antiquity. His interests derive from his excellent dissertation on the topic: Speaking through spolia : the language of architectural reuse in the fortifications of late Roman Greece. In Late Antiquity, the use of spolia became a regular practice in monumental architecture. Scholars from the "bad old days" understood this Late Antique practice as evidence for the decline in skills among Late Antique craftsmen and the weakness of the Late Roman economy. For this earlier generation of scholars, the use of spolia reflected the decline of ancient culture. Now most scholar recognize the use of spolia as an intentional choice on the part of Late Antique architects, and the combination of old blocks, columns, and even inscriptions gave Late Antique buildings the desired variatio (variation) that was central to the aesthetic of the day. Scholars who study spolia have used it to explore issues of Late Antique and Byzantine attitudes toward earlier buildings and how they sought to incorporate, appropriate and even commemorate these earlier structures in their own monumental environment.
As I mentioned in my brief note on the Kourion basilica on Cyprus, the desire for spolia among Late Antique and Byzantine builders presumably influenced the archaeological processes at play during the abandonment of Late Antique and earlier buildings. At Kourion, for example, a there is evidence for a group of workers who systematically dismantled parts of the episcopal precinct in preparation for the transfer of parts of that building to another site. Similar systematic quarrying of site appears elsewhere in the Eastern Mediterranean. The energy exerted to obtain high quality spolia does not appear to have been much less intensive than the initial quarrying of stones.
In my own community, Grand Forks, North Dakota, recent construction projects have uncovered the remains of earlier buildings destroyed a decade ago in a catastrophic flood. The scatter of bricks, concrete, pipes, and even everyday objects form a halo around a new home. Eventually, I would guess, these fragments of the past will be removed or turned under a well manicured lawn.
As my wife and I begin to do some rather significant restoration work on our own 100 year old house, we've had opportunities to produce spolia of our own. Being archaeologically inclined we could not simply discard these fragments of earlier construction! I was admiring my wife's herb garden the other day and noticed that she had lined the space with bricks that had been quarried from a wall in our house. These bricks had surrounded a hole in an interior wall of our house through which the chimney for a coal or wood stove passed. Judging by the color and fabric of the bricks, they were probably made from Red River clays — most likely at the local Red River Valley Brick Company. They are soft, buff to red in color and tend to have a fair amount of lime in them. Similar bricks can be seen in our now crumbling foundations.


text:
A sunscreen formula's ability to protect the skin from UV damage depends on a wide variety of factors. These factors include chemical structures of UV fi lters, concentrations of active ingredients in the formula, and importantly, what concentration can be achieved on application to the skin and how much remains during the water wash process. The emulsifi er(s) and fatty components in an applied sunscreen emulsion are the principal infl uences on the product's effectiveness.
In a previous study, we concluded that a new phosphate emulsifi era improved the SPF water wash resistance of sunscreen formulations, and the structural characteristics of the emulsion were also very important. The INCI name of this ingredient is cetearyl alcohol (and) dicetyl phosphate (and) ceteth-10 phosphate. Figure 1 shows a drawing of the two phosphate esters. In general, phosphate esters demonstrate the following chemical properties:
- The ionic phosphate group constitutes a powerful O/W emulsifying agent.
- The ionic phosphate group is shielded by the alkyl chains, hence the "crypto" in the term "cryptoanionic."
- Unlike carboxylic acid esters, the phosphate ester link is very stable at high and low pH.
- The emulsification characteristics of the ester depend on the degree of neutralization of the free-acid groups (ratio of free-acid/mono ester/di-ester).
- The lipophilic character is critically dependent upon the alkyl chain length, chain-length distribution, and number of EO (ethylene oxide) groups in the molecule.
- Fatty alcohols work well in combination with phosphate esters made from these alcohols.
Excerpt Only This is a shortened version or summary of the article that appeared in the Oct. 1, 2003 issue of Cosmetics & Toiletries magazine. The full content is not currently available online.


text:
Gδ set A countable intersection of open sets. See Fσ set.
Gauss equations A system of partial differential equations arising in the theory of surfaces. If M is a surface in R3 with local coordinates (u1, u2), its geometric invariants can be described by its first fundamental form gij (u
1, u2), and second fundamental form Lij (u
1, u2). The Christoffel symbols kij are determined by the first fundamental form. In order for functions gij and Lij, i, j = 1, 2 to be the first and second fundamental forms of a surface, certain integrability conditions (arising from equality of mixed partial derivatives) must be satisfied. One set of conditions, the Gauss equations, relate the determinant of the second fundamental form to an expression involving only the first fundamental form (and its first and second partial derivatives). See also Christoffel symbols, first fundamental form.


text:
The red dragon against a green and white background is an unambiguous symbol of Wales. But how Welsh are these colours and how ancient is the design?
I had always assumed that the Welsh Flag was an ancient design. The green and white stripes have a suitably Celtic feel and are completely alien to the vexillological tradition across the rest of the British Isles. England, Scotland, Ireland and even Cornwall and Devon are represented by crosses inspired by their patron saint.
With a great red dragon superimposed on the two stripes, the design is uniquely Welsh. In Welsh it is usually known as Y Ddraig Goch – the Red Dragon or, more obviously, Baner Cymru – the Flag of Wales.
But the design is not as ancient as I had assumed and its colours are not inspired by a Celtic past. Instead, they are the green and white of the Tudor family and were introduced by the future Henry VII as he made his way to destiny and the Crown on Bosworth Field in 1485.


text: Both the House and Senate international appropriations bills include an increase for poverty-focused development assistance. The House bill would make available an additional $1.9 billion over FY2007 and the Senate bill an additional $1.35 billion. Bread for the World is urging Congress to finalize a spending bill that, at a minimum, includes the $1.9 billion increase in poverty-focused development assistance approved by the House. This additional funding will enable the U.S. to honor its commitments to developing countries, such as doing our share to achieve the U.N. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). We are particularly concerned about two accounts funded at higher levels by the House than by the Senate: Development Assistance and the Millennium Challenge Account (MCA). Both are focused on long-term anti-poverty initiatives, which are vital to ending hunger in poor countries. ACTION: The U.S. is not on track to keep its commitments made to the worldâ€™s poorest people. The U.S. needs to provide significantly more resources for poverty-focused development assistance. Long-term development deserves increased attention. Therefore, we URGE Congress to do everything possible to ensure that the U.S. honors its commitments to hungry and poor people around the world by approving, at a minimum, a $1.9 billion increase in poverty-focused development assistance. Senator Mary Landrieu is a member of the Foreign Operations Subcommittee of the Appropriations Committee. Contact Senator Landrieu _PHONE_ / _PHONE_) and urge her support an increase of $1.9 billion in Development Assistance for 2008.


text:
The soldermask needs to be adjusted to compensate for possible misalignments of the soldermask. We use an automated system to detect whether a soldermask opening has already been adjusted or not.
Every process has imprecisions to a certain degree, this also applies to the soldermask of PCBs. A misalignment of the soldermask might cover up parts of a pad, resulting in less space to mount a component. A soldermask opening around a Pad compensates for some misregistration. The opening is typically 20~125µm larger per side than the copper pad, the value depends on the component. Reputable component manufacturers will often provide an example landpattern with a recommended soldermask opening.
Some designs may not have adjusted soldermask openings, to provide an optimal PCB we use an automated system to adjust the opening. In this paragraph, we explain how the system works and what its capabilities are.
Our System assumes that optimized soldermask openings are larger than the copper pad. Square, Rectangular and Round openings can be optimized, irregular shapes will be left as is.
When a design is uploaded, our system will create a test opening/area which is 10 µm smaller than the soldermask openings in the design. The system will now create test points along the outline of the test opening/area and probe if the test shape touches copper. If all test points touch copper, we assume the opening was not optimized. We will then enlarge the original opening by 20µm.
If some points do not touch copper, we assume the soldermask opening was already adjusted.
Gerber files do not contain any information about pads, so we can only detect whether copper is present or not. This means that the automatic system cannot correctly detect Pads placed in copper fills, as a result, they will not be adjusted. We do not categorize this as problematic, as small pads where a soldermask misalignment might be suboptimal are typically not connected to copper planes.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I am attempting to allocate some amount of shared memory based on a variable shmsz which is always some multiple of 8. In most cases, it's either 8 or 16.
Using the following code:
// allocate shared memory
if ((shmid = shmget(IPC_PRIVATE, shmsz, IPC_CREAT | 0666)) < 0) {
 printf("Could not allocate shared memory.\n");
This used to work like a charm. But now, I am always getting the error message and having my program exit on me.
EDIT: errno() shows "Bus Error: 10"
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How about looking at the value of errno when the call fails, that might give a hint... – Seg Fault Sep 27 '12 at 17:15
And what does the errno say? – Nikolai N Fetissov Sep 27 '12 at 17:16
Don't forget _TAG_ – Nikolai N Fetissov Sep 27 '12 at 17:52
Seems you are getting a signal SIGBUS and the program is terminating at that point.Are you sure the signal is due to this line or any subsequent lines? What is the plaform? is there any core files generated? Can you run gdb on that core file to see exactly which line is generating SIGBUS? Here most likely errno may not help. At least, this line with shmz = 8, is not raising any SIGBUS in my Fedora 15. The shm segment is successfully created.Can you pl. paste some more code, before/after this line? – Tanmoy Sep 27 '12 at 18:05
errno is not a function - you cannot call it with (), it's an integer value for all purposes. – Nikolai N Fetissov Sep 27 '12 at 18:23
1 Answer 1
Sometimes, when there is an violation of access in that shared memory (such as trying to write in a shared memory where you only have read rights), the process is sent SIGSEGV or SIGBUS.
In your case, as you are creating it with 0666, there is only one possible situation for this scenario: so are you trying to execute code from that shared memory?
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text:
As a consequence of the crisis of mulberry farming, around 1890 the slopes of the middle and high hills were interested by the diffusion of another protagonist of Nebrodi rural landscape: the hazelnut tree. Already cultivated in the past in the territory of Tortorici, thanks to its adaptation skills, its very thick roots preventing soil erosion, and its productivity this cultivation successfully replaced the mulberry farming.
Hazelnut groves, covering about 12,000 ha and with a very rich genetic heritage, provide top-quality products. Among the main cultivars: Curcia, Carrello, Ghirara, the various Minnulare. Hazelnuts are largely used in the local confectionery to prepare ice-creams, chilled desserts, and characteristic desserts like royal pastry, nougat, and other traditional products.


Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics
, Volume 92, Issue 3, pp 239-254
First online:
Effects of atmospheric circulation and boundary layer structure on the dispersion of suspended particulates in the Seoul metropolitan area
 - H. ChoiAffiliated withDepartment of Atmospheric Environmental Sciences, Kangnung National UniversityState Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences, Peking University
 -, M. S. SpeerAffiliated withCentre for Environmental Modelling and Prediction, School of Mathematics, The University of New South Wales
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A three-dimensional non-hydrostatic numerical model and lagrangian particle model (random walk model) were used to investigate the effects of the atmospheric circulation and boundary layer structure on the dispersion of suspended particulates in the Seoul metropolitan area. Initially, emitted particulate matter rises from the surface of the city towards the top of the convective boundary layer (CBL), owing to daytime thermal heating of the surface and the combined effect of an onshore wind with a westerly synoptic-scale wind. A reinforcing sea-valley breeze directed from the coast toward the city of Seoul, which is enclosed in a basin and bordered by mountains to its east, disperses the suspended particulate matter toward the eastern mountains. Total suspended particulate concentration (TSP) at ground level in the city is very low and relatively high in the mountains. Radiative cooling of the surface produces a shallow nocturnal surface inversion layer (NSIL) and the suspended particulate matter still present near the top of the CBL from the previous day, sinks to the surface. An easterly downslope mountain wind is directed into the metropolitan area, transporting particulate matter towards the city, thereby recycling the pollutants. The particulates descending from the top of the NSIL and mountains, combine with particulates emitted near the surface over the city at night, and under the shallow NSIL spread out, resulting in a maximum ground level concentration of TSP in the metropolitan area at 2300 LST. As those particles move toward the Yellow Sea through the topographically shaped outlet west of Seoul city under the influence of the easterly land breeze, the maximum TSP concentration occurs at the coastal site. During the following morning, onshore winds resulting from a combined synoptic-scale westerly wind and westerly sea breeze, force particulates dispersed the previous night to move over the adjacent sea and back over the inland metropolitan area. The recycled particulates combine with the particulates emitted from the surface in the central part of the metropolitan area, producing a high TSP and again rise towards the top of the CBL ready to repeat the cycle.


text:
ARCHIVE: Exotic animal disease risks
Defra is responsible for the management and co-ordination of the response to outbreaks and incidents of exotic animal disease such as Foot and Mouth Disease, Avian Influenza, Bluetongue, Classical Swine Fever and Rabies in England at the local and national level, working closely with partners from other government departments, operational partner and stakeholder organisations.
Detailed information is set out in Defra's Contingency Plan for Exotic Animal Diseases.
In the event of an outbreak or incident in Wales or Scotland, Defra, and Animal Health as the main delivery body, work closely with policy officials in the devolved administrations to ensure a consistent and co-ordinated disease control response throughout GB.
Further information can be found on the Defra website:
Page last modified: 29 October 2008
Page published: 13 February 2008


text:
Dogs and small children who share similar social environments appear to understand human gestures in comparable ways, according to Gabriella Lakatos from Eötvös University in Budapest, Hungary, and her team. Looking at how dogs and young children respond to adult pointing actions, Lakatos shows that 3-year-olds rely on the direction of the index finger to locate a hidden object, whereas 2-year-olds and dogs respond instead to the protruding body part, even if the index finger is pointing in the opposite direction.
It is widely accepted that in the course of domestication, dogs became predisposed to read human communication signals, including pointing, head turning and gazing. Furthermore, the social environment of human infants is often shared by pet dogs in the family, and therefore there are likely to be similarities in the social stimulation of both young children and dogs.
The authors carried out two studies in which they compared the performance of adult dogs and 2- and 3-year-old children - the period of human development during which children and dogs respond in similar ways. They investigated whether dogs and human children are able to generalize from familiar pointing gestures to unfamiliar ones and whether they understand the unfamiliar pointing actions as directional signals.
A total of fifteen dogs and thirteen 2-year-old and eleven 3-year-old children took part in the two studies. In the first study, the researchers used a combination of finger and elbow pointing gestures to help dogs locate hidden food and children a favorite toy. They found that dogs choose a direction for the reward on the basis of a body part that protrudes from the experimenter's silhouette, even when the index finger is pointing in a different direction. Like dogs, 2-year-olds did not understand the significance of the pointing index finger when it did not protrude from the silhouette. (In these cases, the elbow protruded in the opposite direction.) However, 3-year-olds responded successfully to all gestures.
In the second study, the researchers used unfamiliar pointing gestures with a combination of finger, leg and knee pointing. All children and the dogs understood the leg-pointing gestures but only 3-year-olds successfully responded to pointing with the knee.
The authors conclude that "protruding body parts provide the main cue for deducing directionality for 2-year-old children and dogs. The similar performance of these groups can be explained by parallels in their evolutionary history and their socialization in a human environment."
- Lakatos et al. A comparative approach to dogs' (Canis familiaris) and human infants' comprehension of various forms of pointing gestures. Animal Cognition, 2009; DOI: 10.1007/s10071-_PHONE_-4


Recover data by restoring an Azure SQL database
Testing and validating the restore capability and procedures is a critical piece of a recovery strategy. By testing the restore process, you validate that your backups are successful. You also familiarize yourself with the process and options available for recovering a database. This helps to ensure a quick and successful recovery of data when needed.
Here, you'll learn how to restore an Azure SQL Server database from automated database backups.
What you can restore
Automated backups in Azure SQL Database copy databases to blobs in read-access geo-redundant storage (RA-GRS) accounts on the schedule that you specify. If you want to restore one of these backups, you must create a new database to contain the restored data. You can't restore a database over an existing database.
You can create the database on the same server where the backup was taken or on another server with these options:
 - Create a new database on the same SQL Database server recovered to a specified point in time within the retention period.
 - Create a database on the same SQL Database server recovered to the deletion time for a deleted database.
 - Create a new database on any SQL Database server in the same region recovered to the point of the most recent backups.
 - Create a new database on any SQL Database server in any other region recovered to the point of the most recent replicated backups.
How restore works
To complete a restore, Azure copies the database from the storage account to the Azure SQL Database server that you specify. In a point-in-time restore, SQL Database follows that by applying transaction logs to the restored database, up to the time you chose.
The length of this process varies widely. It depends on the database size, the transaction logs, network bandwidth, and the number of concurrent restore operations. Most restore operations finish in less than 12 hours.
The only way to know how long your restore operation takes is to perform a trial restore. It's good idea to perform trial restores occasionally to time them and to ensure your complete backup and restore strategy works as you expect.
Perform a point-in-time restore
You can perform database restores by using the Azure portal, PowerShell, or the Azure CLI. If you're performing a point-in-time restore on the original SQL Database server, you can choose:
 - Database replacement. If you want to replace the original database with the restored one, make sure you specify the same compute size and service tier as the original. Then rename the original database and give the restored database the original name by using T-SQL ALTER DATABASE commands.
 - Data recovery. If you want to retrieve data from the restored database to mitigate an error, you don't need to rename the original and restored databases. Instead, use T-SQL commands to extract the data that you need from the restored database. Then insert the data into the original database.
Both of these options begin with the restoration of a database backup from storage. To recover in the Azure portal, select the Restore button on the database overview page, and then specify the time to restore to.
In PowerShell, use the Restore-AzSqlDatabase cmdlet to execute restorations. In the Azure CLI, use the az sql db restore command.
Restore a deleted database
If a database is mistakenly deleted, you can restore it from backup to the deletion time by using the Azure portal or PowerShell.
In the portal, go to the database server's Overview page. Then, in the Operations area, select Deleted databases. You can specify a point in time up to the deletion, and then select OK to recover.
Perform a geo-restore
Azure SQL Database automatically replicates backed-up databases to datacenters in other regions. If the database in the original region is unavailable, for example because of a datacenter outage, you can restore from one of these replicated backup copies. You can restore up to the point in time when the backup was made. The latest backup might not have fully replicated to your region, so you might lose some recent changes.
To perform a geo-restore in the Azure portal, add a new database to an Azure SQL Database server. Then in the Select source drop-down list, select Backup, and choose the backup to restore from.


text:
So, I don't really do alot of oragami in the classroom, but I have used this lesson with 5th grade before when our park was full of wildflowers. It is really just a simple box but you can make it into a flower basket, nesting boxes, or gift boxes. I have alot of old Christmas cards and make these boxes for advent treats or tiny gift boxes. The large greeting cards work best. You can do this with any paper we just use greeting cards to upcycle, but you could use scrapbook paper, construction paper or whatever.
1. pick a nice, large, colorful greeting card
2. fold the top down and align with the edge
6. fold the edge of the same pieces you just folded, until they line up and touch each other in the middle
7. open up the folds youjust made in #6 and draw a line along those folds
8. cut along all four lines
9. Fold the flaps you just cut straight down
so they look like this
10. then fold those two little sections up to make the sides
My girls love picking flowers out of my front yard flower beds. This tiny basket was a great idea for allowing their inner florist to take over while at the same time not depleting mass quantities of my Spring pageantry of color!! They spent SO much time delicately making their flower filled Easter baskets!!


text:
The 131-foot tall wind turbine at Other World Computing in Woodstock, Illinois.
A small lSP and hosting company in Illinois may be the first data center operator in the U.S. to power its facility entirely with wind power from an on-site turbine. On Oct. 19, Other World Computing
(OWC) began using a 131-foot tall wind turbine to provide all the electric power for its building in Woodstock, Illinois, which includes the company's headquarters and a data center supporting its web hosting and ISP services.
There are other data center operators that use utility power that is sourced from wind generation. But this is the first example we've seen of a working data center with on-site wind generation that can produce enough power to support its entire facility. That's partly due to the fact that OWC has a small data center, which can be supported by a single wind turbine, limiting the initial investment required to commit fully to wind power. The company has also invested in other energy efficiency measures for its facility, reducing its overall electricity needs.
OWC is one of several examples of data centers seeking to go "all in" on wind energy for their data center. Here's a look at other data center projects focused on wind energy:
- Green House Data in Cheyenne, Wyoming operates a 10,000 square foot data center that is powered entirely through renewable wind energy from its local utility. The company useselectricity provided by Cheyenne, Light, Fuel and Power, which has partnered with Tierra Energy on a 30-megawatt wind generation site in Cheyenne. Green House Data plans to build several wind turbines on site in the next several years, and says it facility is the largest wind-powered public data center in the nation.
- The Microsoft Virtual Earth service operates out of a data center container housed at a Microsoft facility in Boulder, Colo. The container is "100 percent wind powered" through offsets purchased from Boulder-based Renewable Choice Energy. While not powered directly by "wind turbines" Microsoft has tapped into a major advantage of containers: they can easily be placed near renewable energy sources, allowing companies to chase green power to meet carbon reduction goals.
- Texas startup Baryonyx plans to build a data center powered by energy from huge "wind farms" in the Texas panhandle and the Gulf of Mexico. In the first phase of the project, Baryonyx plans to build a 28,000 square foot data center in Stratford, Texas which will be powered by 100 wind turbines built on the adjacent land that will generate up to 150 megawatts of power.
OWC, which also operates an online catalog of iPod, and iPhone products, uses utility power when the wind dies down, and also has generators on site. The company's Vestas V39-500 wind turbine, which arrived in September, can provide 500 kilowatts of power. That's plenty to support the 37,000 square foot facility, which already employs a geothermal cooling
system. OWC estimates that the turbine will generate 1.25 million kilowatt hours of power per year, more than twice the amount OWC needs for its operations.
The tower is 131 feet high with the blades extending the turbine's total height to 194 feet. The blade housing can rotate 360 degrees so it can turn facing into winds up to 150 mph. During extreme winds, the blades automatically go "flat" with the narrowest point into the wind and in essence, shut the turbine down until it senses safe operational wind speeds.
The turbine cost about $1.25 million, and will take between 10 and 14 years to recover the cost, according to OWC.
"I made the decision to 100 percent self fund this project because of the conservational benefits as well as the future cost of energy," said Larry O'Connor, CEO, Other World Computing, in the press release. "With the kilowatt hour rate in the Chicago market up 24.3percent since 1999, it only makes sense to use technology to lower our usage and costs related to traditional power sources."
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is equivalent to a variant of pathwidth called connected pathwidth. We prove that connected pathwidth is fixed parameter tractable, in particular we design a $2^{O(k^2)}\cdot n$ time algorithm that checks whether the connected pathwidth of $G$ is at most $k.$ This resolves an open question by [Dereniowski, Osula, and Rzążewski, Finding small-width connected path-decompositions in polynomial time. Theor. Comput. Sci., 794:85–100, 2019}]. For our algorithm, we enrich the typical sequence technique that is able to deal with the connectivity demand. Typical sequences have been introduced in [Bodlaender and Kloks. Efficient and constructive algorithms for the pathwidth and treewidth of graphs. J. Algorithms, 21(2):358–402, 1996}] for the design of linear parameterized algorithms for treewidth and pathwidth. While this technique has been later applied to other parameters, none of its advancements was able to deal with the connectivity demand, as it is a «global» demand that concerns an unbounded number of parts of the graph of unbounded size. The proposed extension is based on an encoding of the connectivity property that is quite versatile and may be adapted so to deliver linear parameterized algorithms for the connected variants of other width parameters as well. An immediate consequence of our result is a $2^{O(k^2)}\cdot n$ time algorithm for the monotone and connected version of the edge search number.
Joint work with Mamadou Moustapha Kanté and Dimitrios M. Thilikos
14 mai 2020
Weighted proper orientations of trees and graphs of bounded treewidth
Given a simple graph $G$, a weight function $w:E(G)\rightarrow \mathbb{N} \setminus \{0\}$, and an orientation $D$ of $G$, we define $\mu^-(D) = \max_{v \in V(G)} w_D^-(v)$, where $w^-_D(v) = \sum_{u\in N_D^{-}(v)}w(uv)$. We say that $D$ is a \emph{weighted proper orientation} of $G$ if $w^-_D(u) \neq w^-_D(v)$ whenever $u$ and $v$ are adjacent. We introduce the parameter {\em weighted proper orientation number} of $G$, denoted by $\overrightarrow{\chi}(G,w)$, which is the minimum, over all weighted proper orientations $D$ of $G$, of $\mu^-(D)$. When all the weights are equal to 1, this parameter is equal to the {\em proper orientation number} of $G$, which has been object of recent studies and whose determination is NP-hard in general, but polynomial-time solvable on trees. We prove that the equivalent decision problem of the weighted proper orientation number (i.e., $\overrightarrow{\chi}(G,w) \leq k?$) is (weakly) NP-complete on trees but can be solved by a pseudo-polynomial time algorithm whose running time depends on $k$. Furthermore, we present a dynamic programming algorithm to determine whether a general graph $G$ on $n$ vertices and treewidth at most $tw$ satisfies $\overrightarrow{\chi}(G,w) \leq k$, running in time ${\cal O}(2^{tw^2}\cdot k^{3tw}\cdot tw \cdot n)$, and we complement this result by showing that the problem is $W[1]$-hard on general graphs parameterized by the treewidth of $G$, even if the weights are polynomial in $n$.
09 janvier 2020
Andreas Schmid ()
A New Approach for the Maximum Planar Subgraph Problem
A cactus graph is a graph in which any two cycles are edge-disjoint. We present a constructive proof of the fact that any plane graph G contains a cactus subgraph C where C contains at least a 1/6 fraction of the triangular faces of G. We also show that this ratio cannot be improved by showing a tight lower bound. Together with an algorithm for linear matroid parity, our bound implies two approximation algorithms for computing "dense planar structures" inside any graph:
(i) A 1/6 approximation algorithm for, given any graph G, finding a planar subgraph with a maximum number of triangular faces; this improves upon the previous 1/11-approximation;
(ii) An alternate (and arguably more illustrative) proof of the 4/9 approximation algorithm for finding a planar subgraph with a maximum number of edges.
Our bound is obtained by analyzing a natural local search strategy and heavily exploiting the exchange arguments. Therefore, this suggests the power of local search in handling problems of this kind.
19 décembre 2019
Marc Heinrich (University of Leeds, School of Computing, United Kingdom)
Counting independent sets in strongly orderable graphs
We are interested in counting problems which consists in computing the number of solutions to a given instance of the problem. This kind of question has strong connexions, in particular in the case of independent sets, with problems from statistical physics and what is called the hard core distribution. As many counting problems, counting exactly the number of independent sets of a graphs is difficult (i.e., _TAG_-complete) even on bipartite graphs, and even difficult to approximate for general graphs. On the other hands, it was shown to be polynomial time solvable for more restricted classes of graphs such as chordal graphs, cographs or monotone bipartite graphs. We show that the number of independent sets can also be computed in polynomial time for strongly orderable graphs which is a super-class of chordal bipartite and strongly chordal graphs.
This is joint work with Haiko Muller.
12 décembre 2019
Dimitrios Thilikos (LIRMM, Algco)
Hitting Topological Minor Models in Planar Graphs is Fixed Parameter Tractable
For a finite collection of graphs ${\cal F}$, the ${\cal F}$-TM-Deletion problem has as input an $n$-vertex
graph $G$ and an integer $k$ and asks whether there exists a set $S \subseteq V(G)$ with $|S| \leq k$ such that $G \setminus S$ does not contain any of the graphs in ${\cal F}$ as a topological minor. We prove that for every such ${\cal F}$, ${\cal F}$-TM-Deletion
is fixed parameter tractable on planar graphs. In particular, we provide an $f(h,k)\cdot n^{2}$ algorithm where $h$ is an upper bound to the vertices of the graphs in ${\cal F}$.
Joint work with Petr A. Golovach and Giannos Stamoulis
06 novembre 2019
Uéverton S. Souza (Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil)
Computing the largest bond of a graph
A bond of a graph G is an inclusion-wise minimal disconnecting set of G, i.e., bonds are cut-sets that determine cuts [S, V \ S] of G such that G[S] and G[V \ S] are both connected. Given s,t \in V(G), an st-bond of G is a bond whose removal disconnects s and t. Contrasting with the large number of studies related to maximum cuts, there are very few results regarding the largest bond of general graphs. In this paper, we aim to reduce this gap on the complexity of computing the largest bond and the largest st-bond of a graph. Although cuts and bonds are similar, we remark that computing the largest bond of a graph tends to be harder than computing its maximum cut. We show that Largest Bond remains NP-hard even for planar bipartite graphs, and it does not admit a constant-factor approximation algorithm, unless P = NP. We also show that Largest Bond and Largest st-Bond on graphs of clique-width w cannot be solved in time f(w) × n^{o(w)} unless the Exponential Time Hypothesis fails, but they can be solved in time f(w) × n^{O(w)}. In addition, we show that both problems are fixed-parameter tractable when parameterized by the size of the solution, but they do not admit polynomial kernels unless NP \subseteq coNP/poly.
Joint work with Gabriel L. Duarte, Daniel Lokshtanov, Lehilton L. C. Pedrosa, and Rafael C. S. Schouery.
26 septembre 2019
Petr A. Golovach ()
Parameterized Low-Rank Binary Matrix Approximation
(joint work with Fedor V. Fomin and Fahad Panolan)
We provide a number of algorithmic results for the following family of problems: For a given binary m\times n matrix A and integer k, decide whether there is a ''simple'' binary matrix B which differs from A in at most k entries. For an integer r, the ''simplicity'' of B is characterized as follows.
- Binary r-Means: Matrix B has at most r different columns. This problem is known to be NP-complete already for r=2. We show that the problem is solvable in time 2^{O(k\log k)}(nm)^{O(1)} and thus is fixed-parameter tractable parameterized by k. We prove that the problem admits a polynomial kernel when parameterized by r and k but it has no polynomial kernel when parameterized


text:
Dairy farmers are totally focused on milk price, an aspect of their business which is so discouraging at the moment. They could improve their situation by taking a closer look at their management system and costs.
For example, do they know the pregnancy rate on the farm? Do they realise that an increase in that figure could have a beneficial impact on the overall profitability of their enterprise. Unfortunately some farmers do not know this figure and do not have an analysis of their herd records which would provide this data.
They are losing out on a golden opportunity to increase their income according to James Woods, Reproduction Services Manager with Genus ABS. James points out that the average calving interval in Northern Ireland herds is 428 days which equates to a pregnancy rate of 12%. Each 1% increase in pregnancy rate is equivalent to £25/cow/year. If Northern Ireland could even increase this pregnancy rate by a modest 4% to 16% it would mean an extra £100/cow/year, which in the average Northern Ireland 90 cow herd would be £9,000.
He added: "A high Pregnancy Rate means that the farm will be milking a higher proportion of fresh cows, which in turn increases yields and feed efficiency."
James went on to explain that the pregnancy rate for the top 25% of cows in Genus' RMS (Reproduction Management System) system in Northern Ireland is 24%.
If a farmer with 200 cows could move from a 14% pregnancy rate to the top RMS rate of 24% it would be worth £50,000 per year. Allowing for an average cost of the system of £8000 this still means an increase in income of £42,000.
James emphasised: "If a farmer only considers cost then a figure of £8000 seems a large sum, but as I pointed out earlier he must also consider the results."
The RMS system involves an expert technician checking the cows daily and inseminating at the optimum time.
The important aspects for improving pregnancy rate are heat detection and data collection and analysis. Farmers are often amazed that an experienced technician can detect more heats in a once a day visit than they, who are working with the herd, can detect.
The collection of data and its analysis is vital. Key statistics are useless if their impact cannot be analysed, quantified and the results utilised on farm. This is a very important aspect of the RMS system - the detailed information and analysis that is provided.
James emphasised: "Increased pregnancy rates will not only mean increased yields but will also mean more replacements, more bull calf sales, better culling policies and better breeding decisions."
James can be contacted on _PHONE_ 7886.


text:
Out-of-Hospital Do Not Resuscitate Information and Form
Authored By: Texas Department of State Health Services
"The Out-of-Hospital Do-Not-Resuscitate program allows people to decide that they do not want to be resuscitated. The program allows people to declare that certain resuscitative measures will not be used on them. Those resuscitative measures specifically listed in the OOH DNR legislation are cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), advanced airway management, defibrillation, artificial ventilations and transcutaneous cardiac pacing."


text:
Question: Is there a certain safe level for blood sugar for a person that has diabetes?
I know a high blood sugar level affects being able to drive safely. Is there a certain level where a ticket will be written if known by the State Patrol?
Answer: There is no level where a ticket would be written by the Minnesota State Patrol.
Of course, I am not a doctor, but I do know that the blood sugar concentration or blood glucose level is the amount of glucose (sugar) present in the blood.
Blood glucose monitoring is the main tool you have to check your diabetes control. This check tells you your blood glucose level at any one time.
Even though there is no blood sugar level where a ticket would be written, if an incident or a crash occurs involving a diabetic loss of consciousness or voluntary control and a trooper or any law enforcement officer investigates, a request for an examination of the driver can be submitted to the Driver and Vehicle Services – Driver Evaluation Unit.
This can be a very serious matter, and the best advice is to ask your healthcare provider what your blood sugar levels should be. Some other reasons for a driver's re-examination can include:
- General physical/health problems.
- Vision problems.
- Lack of physical driving skills.
- Mental or emotional problems (road rage, memory loss, etc.).
- Loss of consciousness (seizures).
- Lack of knowledge of traffic laws.
- And others.
Thanks for asking, and let's all work together to create a traffic safety culture in Minnesota.
Remember also to slow down, buckle up, drive sober and pay attention!
If you have any questions for future columns concerning motor vehicle traffic in Minnesota, send them to: Sgt. Curt S. Mowers MN State Patrol P.O. Box 644 Brainerd MN 56401. Email questions to _EMAIL_ with "Ask a Trooper" in the subject line. Questions are edited.


text:
- floor (v.)
- early 15c., "to furnish with a floor," from floor (n.). Sense of "puzzle, confound" is 1830, from notion of "knock down to the floor" (1640s). Related: Floored; flooring.
- floor (n.)
- Old English flor "floor, pavement, ground, bottom (of a lake, etc.)," from Proto-Germanic *floruz "floor" (cf. Middle Dutch and Dutch vloer, Old Norse flor "floor," Middle High German vluor, German Flur "field, meadow"), from PIE *plaros "flat surface" (cf. Welsh llawr "ground"), enlarged from *pele- (2) "flat, to spread" (see plane (n.1)).
Meaning "level of a house" is from 1580s. The figurative sense in legislative assemblies (as opposed to the platform) is first recorded 1774. Spanish suelo "floor" is from Latin solum "bottom, ground, soil;" German Boden is cognate with English bottom. Floor plan attested from 1867.


text:
What causes high IgE levels in blood?
Q: I am a 24 years old male asked to get my IgE test done to check my allergy level. The result showed 523.90 Iu/ml. What is the minimum range of this and what should I do to reduce allergy level if it is high?
A:A high level of IgE such asl you describe probably just reflects the fact that you are atopic, that is, you are, like about a third of the population, genetically predisposed to allergic sensitisation to common air-borne allergens such as pollens, animal dander and house-dust mites. The fact that dust exposure can trigger your symptoms tends to confirm this. There is no need to try to reduce the total IgE levels which are raised in many perfectly healthy people, and just reflect your allergic/atopic status.


text:
Sparse Approximate Inverses in a Finite Element Framework
My thesis describes a method for constructing sparse approximate inverses (SPAI) of blocks of matrices arising in the numerical solution of partial differential equations (PDEs), discretized using the finite element method (FEM). The matrices have a 2 by 2 block form, which in this case is obtained via refinement of the discretization mesh and classification of the nodes as coarse and fine. The SPAI matrix is assembled from small matrices, obtained by manipulation of the local stiffness matrices; a procedure that is fully parallelizable.
The framework can be used recursively on a sequence of meshes and is suitable for constructing of algebraic Multi-Level preconditioners of block-multiplicative type.
As an illustration, numerical results of using this method to solve the Poisson problem are presented, both serial and parallel. The serial test results show that this preconditioning method is robust with respect to problem size and to discontinuity of the coefficients of the PDEs, when the areas corresponding to different coefficients are aligned with the coarse mesh. The method is not fully robust to anisotropy. Parallel tests show that the performance of the method is independent of the number of processors used to solve the problem, and that the method is highly scalable with excellent parallelization properties.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have the following code
var d = new Date();
Object.prototype.toString(d); //outputs "[object Object]"
Object.prototype.toString.apply(d); //outputs "[object Date]"
Why is this difference and what's going on?
d.toString() // outputs "Tue Nov 06 2012..."
So from where does the Date in "[object Date]" comes from. Is it the native code of the browser that do the trick?
share|improve this question
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3 Answers
converts Object.prototype to string and ignores its argument. In
d gets passed as this to the ToString method (as if d.toString() with toString referring to Object.prototype.toString was called), which is what the method respects.
See Function#apply and Object#toString
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But d.toString() is giving entirely different result. right? – suhair Nov 6 '12 at 6:49
Yes, because in that case you are calling Date.prototype.toString not Object.prototype.toString (i.e. Date instances inherit a different toString method). – RobG Nov 6 '12 at 6:59
add comment
Another explanation is that Object.prototype.toString operates on its this object. A function's this is set by how you call it so when you do:
the toString function's this is the Object.prototype object. When you call it as:
its this is the object referenced by d (a Date object).
share|improve this answer
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The parameter is ignored in the first call. You are calling the toString method on the Object.prototype object, basically the same as:
{}.toString(); //outputs "[object Object]"
In the second call you are calling the toString method for Object but applying the Date object as its context. The method returns the type of the object as a string, compared the toString method of the Date object which would instead return the value of the Date object as a string.
share|improve this answer
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text:
5 Myths of NetFlow for Incident Response
NetFlow is an important tool for incident responders, providing valuable insight into the activities that take place on organizations networks. NetFlow is capable of summarizing information about network traffic into brief records that may be maintained indefinitely, providing a running history of network connections that may be referenced during incident response.
With all the good NetFlow brings, there are still some misconceptions about NetFlow that I will dispel for you today:
Myth 1: Complex Attacks Can't Be Detected with NetFlow
On the contrary, NetFlow records are often used to identify complex attacks, allowing responders to identify indicators of compromise across a large amount of network traffic in a timely fashion. Furthermore, because NetFlow can see deep into the network, it can be used for behavioral analysis that identifies anomalous traffic patterns, network reconnaissance, policy violation, internal pivots, and more.
Myth 2: Full Packet Capture Makes NetFlow Irrelevant
Full packet capture is simply not a sustainable practice. Maintaining these records for an extended period of time requires extensive deployment of probes and massive storage capacity. Furthermore, analyzing records of full packet capture is very time consuming compared to the preprocessed data available from NetFlow.
Moreover, it's not likely that a packet capture solution will be able to monitor pervasively throughout your network. You're likely to be doing it at an access point that exists between your network and the outside world. Maybe you've got a little bit of packet capture scattered around within your internal environment, but it's very difficult to capture every single packet that happens everywhere.
Myth 3: NetFlow Provides Insufficient Information
One of the biggest mistakes made in incident response is failing to conduct sufficient monitoring and surveillance to inform the response effort. NetFlow logs every communication taking place through a monitored device and provides information essential to incident responders. In its most basic configuration, NetFlow logs timestamps, source/destination IP addresses and ports, and the amount of information exchanged. Advanced configurations may include additional information requested by incident responders.
Myth 4: NetFlow Is Not Admissible Evidence
Incident responders can rest assured that NetFlow records can indeed be admissible in court. These records, gathered during the normal course of business, are often relied on as evidence in both criminal and civil trials. Various courts have repeatedly accepted NetFlow as a valid form of evidence of network activity.
Myth 5: NetFlow Degrades Performance
When NetFlow first came to market over 15 years ago, it had a significant impact on router and switch CPU consumption. However, NetFlow is now a core capability of network devices, which are optimized to perform NetFlow operations without significant performance impact. Generally speaking, networking devices operating under a 50 percent utilization rate should see an impact of less than 2 percent on CPU performance after NetFlow is enabled. From a bandwidth perspective, network overhead is usually between 0.1 percent and 0.3 percent of the monitored traffic.
Lancope's StealthWatch System applies NetFlow and IPFIX to the problem of detecting sophisticated, targeted attacks and creates an audit trail of network activity enabling organizations to discover active attacks in each phase of the attacker's "kill chain", determine the scope of successful breaches and document the timeline of the attacks.
To learn more about leveraging NetFlow for Incident Response download your free copy of the "Incident Response with NetFlow for Dummies" ebook.


text:
An audio exhibit revealed how people's explanation of how the Causeway was formed developed as scientific understanding improved.
Young earth creationists believe the Causeway was formed 6,000 years ago. The vast majority of scientists say it was formed 60m years ago.
The trust says it has always supported the "scientific view" of its formation.
The Causeway is a Unesco World Heritage Site and features more than 40,000 interlocking basalt columns.
The £18.5m centre was opened on 3 July.
The National Trust decided to carry out a review of the exhibit after the creationist element provoked what it termed a "wide and mixed response".
In July, an online campaign to remove it began.
A new piece of audio, approximately 20 seconds long, now replaces the previous recording.
Graham Thompson, project director for the Giant's Causeway, said the change would clear up "any misunderstanding there may have been".
"The National Trust is content that this review is complete."He said: "The National Trust only endorses the scientific explanation of the origins of the stones, yet recognises that others have alternative beliefs.


Fuel Gas
Fuel gas is commonly used in the power generating industry as an energy source for turbines. Before the fuel gas is burned in the turbines it needs to be treated to ensure the removal of solid, liquid and gas contaminants. A fuel gas conditioning system commonly consists of the following components: a pre-heater, a pressure regulation valve, two high efficiency coalescing filter elements and a super heater.
The pre-heater is used to prevent the formation of hydrate due to a pressure and temperature drop across the pressure regulator.
The pressure regulating valve is then used to maintain a constant gas pressure to the turbine in the event that the gas supply pressure exceeds an acceptable level.
The coalescing filter is used to remove the solids and liquids. The system will commonly include two such filters so that one can be replaced without shutting down the fuel gas conditioning system
Finally a superheater is used to ensure that superheated gas enters the turbine at the correct temperature.
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Ecological characteristics of Brachychiton populneus (Sterculiaceae) (kurrajong) in relation to the invasion of urban bushland in south-western Australia
Buist, M., Yates, C.J. and Ladd, P.G. (2001) Ecological characteristics of Brachychiton populneus (Sterculiaceae) (kurrajong) in relation to the invasion of urban bushland in south-western Australia. Austral Ecology, 25 (5). pp. 487-496.
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Brachychiton populneus (Sterculiaceae) (Schott et Endl.) R. Br. (kurrajong) is a small tree that occurs naturally ranging from southern Queensland to Victoria. It has been widely planted as an ornamental tree in south-western Australia. In Kings Park, B. populneus has moved from cultivation to become a weed in the adjoining bushland reserve. The aim of this study was to examine the ecology of B. populneus and the Kings Park environment in order to identify the particular conjunction of characteristics that have led to the species becoming a weed. The highest density of kurrajongs (69.3 trees ha–1) was observed in the most disturbed area of Kings Park, and there was a strong relationship between density of B. populneus and disturbance (P = 0.058). The most striking feature of the invasion was the tendency of B. populneus to occur beneath other tree species, and this was attributed to birds feeding on transported fruit in trees and rats building seed caches at their base. Mature trees produced large amounts of viable seed, but rates of seed predation were high. Weevils, beetle larvae and omnivorous vertebrates such as Australian ravens, magpies and introduced black rats were observed eating seeds. The foraging behaviour of the vertebrates may facilitate the dispersal of seeds for relatively long distances away from parent plants. Seeds that escape predation form a transient seed bank and germinate with the onset of the winter rains. Early in their development, seedlings allocate resources to form a large tap-rooted tuber that has substantial starch and water reserves, allowing seedlings to survive the long dry and hot summers in Perth. The study observed that B. populneus could survive at least one fire by resprouting from basal dormant buds. Brachychiton populneus appears to have become a weed in Kings Park because, first, it is dispersed widely into new sites through the foraging behaviour of vertebrates and once germinated has no grazing pressure, and, second, its development of a root tuber and ability to resprout means the seedlings are resilient in this frequently disturbed Mediterranean environment. While management of existing plants is relatively straightforward, continued vigilance will be required to avoid reinvasion.
|Publication Type:||Journal Article|
|Murdoch Affiliation:||School of Environmental Science|
|Publisher:||Blackwell Publishing Inc|
|Item Control Page|


Cocktail: What came first? | Bartender: Lachlan Robinson
The idea behind this drink is to create innovation through legacy, the legacy of those who have gone before. It is awkward to view the legacy of those great innovators that have gone before and decide that one can do better, but it is on the shoulders of those giants where modern innovation occurs. John Walker started the process for Johnnie Walker, but it was his son and grandson that would be the people to innovate Johnnie Walker, making it what it is today. The Johnnie Walker brand is the perfect example of legacy vs. innovation. I drew inspiration from the history of Johnnie Walker and how over the years sine the early 1800s they have released numerous expressions of whisky culminating in some of their limited release bottling's. One such limited bottling is the Johnnie Walker "Espresso Roast", the brainchild of blender Aimée Gibson and master blender Jim Beveridge. This whisky has huge coffee and chocolate notes not from the addition of coffee or chocolate, but purely born out of the roasting process. The barley used to make the "Espresso Roast" is roasted specifically to bring out the chocolate and coffee characteristics seen in the whisky. Whilst the legacy of Jonnie Walker is seen clearly in this product, there is also substantial innovation present.
The "Espresso Roast" and the innovation surrounding it led me to think about how bartenders use their ingredients. Are their more interesting or creative ways to use the ingredients we see every day? The method of production used for this whisky inspired me to look at ingredients and products more deeply, to see if I could utilize them differently. An obvious and highly overlooked ingredient is the egg.
What is an egg? The egg contains 4 parts, shell, membrane, whites and yolk. As bartenders we are known to use the white and the yolk regularly, but rarely, if ever, the shell or membrane. As I researched I happened upon the Chaud Froid egg leading me to discover the properties of the various parts. An egg has something that chefs have only just started to utilise for cooking, a semi permeable shell.
Looking through the legacy of classic whisky cocktails that use eggs I found inspiration. Eggs are mostly used as a textural element in a drink, adding creaminess or richness. Some have used the semi-permeable shell to infuse the egg yolk and white with other flavours. None, however, have used the shell as a vessel for a warm cocktail to be cooked in.
The What Came First is the cocktail spawned by the inspiration I had following the legacy of others. The hero of the drink is the Johnnie Walker "Espresso Roast". Bold notes of coffee, toffee, dark chocolate, and toasted malt are the foundations on which all other flavours are built on.
The "Espresso Roast" is married with Amer Picon and a Golden Beetroot and white chocolate liqueur. The Amer adds a herbal sweet bitterness, complementing the vanilla and chocolate notes of the "Espresso Roast" whilst the Golden beetroot and white chocolate liqueur adds a light vegetal, floral earthiness complementing the floral aroma and earthy palate notes of the coffee tones.
Vino Cotto, black walnut bitters and saline are added to balance. The vino cotto adds a sweet and sour element, rounding out the rich flavours of the drink and sending a sharp bite of acidity down the palate. Black walnut bitters add depth of flavour and nutty flavours complementing the flavours of the "Espresso Roast". Saline pares back the bitterness of the cocktail and carries some of the sweeter, lighter flavours to the front.
Chocolate tea is added to lengthen the drink, bringing down the alcohol content making the drink palatable, without losing or diluting flavour.
Finally an egg yolk is added, for texture and palate weight.
All these ingredients are added to the hollowed shell of the egg used for its yolk. They are then sat in a Sous-Vide for 2 hours at 48 degrees Celsius, in honey water. The drink is warmed as the honey water permeates the shell and infuses into the drink. This cooking process adds a warm sweetness and a rich velvety texture to the drink.
Served warm in a double walled coffee glass, shaped distinctly like an egg with no lid, the drink is topped with a lemon, white chocolate and beetroot foam, created with the whites of the egg. This foam adds the cold element to this drink giving juxtaposition in both texture and temperature. The lemon and liqueur add acidity, pleasant aroma and carry the flavours of the warm component of the drink.
Finally, as homage to Alain Passard's Arpège Egg the foam is topped with a chiffonnade of chocolate mint. The green fresh aroma from the mint, along with the aroma of the foam, brightens the deep, rich flavours of the drink. The chocolate mint also adds colour contrast, along with the foam, to make the drink visually appealing. The clear double walled glass allows this to be achieved as well.
This drink pays respect to the legacy of those who have innovated before us. Old techniques are used to create familiar flavours and textures. However, the inspiration garnered from those who gave us these techniques led to new, interesting and innovative techniques to be used to showcase new flavours or flavours used in a manner yet unseen. The Johnnie Walker "Espresso Roast" is the perfect example of innovating with what you have in front of you, using some everyday thing differently for a completely different result. This is what is achieved in the What Came First.
Cocktail: What Came First? | Bartender Atlas
What came first? Inspired by the process of creating ""Johnnie Walker espresso roast"". This drink truly breaks the mould with a technique. Made by utilising every part of an egg in ways not seen before.
*hot part of drink
Johnnie Walker espresso roast
Amir Picon
Saline solution
Chocolate tea
Duck yolk
Golden beetroot
White chocolate
The drink is then infused with honey broth through the semi permeable shell of a duck egg, using a sous-vee that is filled with honey broth sitting at a temp of 48 degrees.
*cold part of drink
White chocolate
Golden beetroot
Lemon juice
Garnished with fried cinnamon sugar brioche soldiers, Johnnie Walker espresso roast maple caramel and a chiffonade of chocolate mint.
Feel free to get in contact with me for a longer explanation, the method and recipe for this drink and it's ingredients is about 3 pages long. The story gives a good idea about what's been going on with this cocktail.
Lachlan Robinson
Lachlan Robinson has been bartending in Perth, Western Australia since 2014, having travelled across a large amount of the world and worked in different cultures and gained insights into many others he feels its one of the best things a bartender can do, although he still thinks not much beats having a pint at the local pub. A consumer of most things booze (still can't get his head around midori), Excited to see where the bartending world will take him and what the Bartending community has in store for the World!
Lachlan Robinson on EmailLachlan Robinson on Instagram
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The definition of chew means to use teeth to bite, cut through and grind into smaller pieces, or is slang meaning to reprimand someone.(verb)
See chew in Webster's New World College Dictionary
Origin: ME chewen < OE ceowan, to bite, chew < IE base *gjeu-, to chew > Pers ǰavidan, Ger kauen
See chew in American Heritage Dictionary 4
verb chewed, chew·ing, chews verb, transitive
Origin: Middle English cheuen
Origin:, from Old English cēowan.
Learn more about chew


Prof. Santos acts as Opponent of the thesis 'Silver nanoparticles for cancer research'
Prof. Santos acted as the opponent of the doctoral dissertation of Anne-Mari Willmore at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia
The thesis show how silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) can enhance conjugated dyes and effectively scatter light for optical detection, and enable simple peptide conjugation. The AgNPs were developed further to evaluate accessible target molecules on the surface of cancer cells. This would facilitate classifying different cancers to guide the selection of an appropriate treatment. Additionally, the particle composition was altered so as to enable detection and quantification of AgNPs from cells or tissues by mass spectrometry.
For details see the e-thesis in here and the Lab in here


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Everyone learns at their own pace and has a different level of prior knowledge. This makes it difficult to put a time limit on a course and doing so sets an unrealistic expectation, especially if an individual already has the knowledge to pass the assessment.
Using Click, learners can choose to take the assessment first if they believe they already have sufficient knowledge on a subject. They then only need to undertake learning and be re-assessed on the areas they did not achieve in the previous assessment. This will obviously be much quicker than completing both the full learning and assessment. We call this smart assessment. It values prior learning and is designed to make learning relevant to each individual's personal needs, reducing time and saving money. It enables learning to be focused in areas where needs exist making it meaningful.
Does time logged equal learning?
We know learners can walk away from their device at any time so how can we be sure that they are learning. We have heard of staff watching TV whist scrolling through eLearning, or even just setting their eLearning to play and going to make a cuppa. This is why Click focusses on passing the assessment which a learner has to focus on fully in order to complete it.
However, in some cases we know you have to pay staff based on the amount of time they have spent completing their courses. If this is the case then there are a few options:
Fixed rate - simplest
Each course has a suggested or guide duration which you can check on our website
. Use this to pay your staff a fixed rate for each course.
Staff hours logged - Most accurate and ethical (Recommended!)
Ask your staff to log the amount of hours they have spent on their courses and pay them accordingly. This is similar to a TOIL or overtime system where staff log the date and hours they started and finished working. This means staff will be properly paid as it includes time they spent accessing the system and navigating between courses. It will also accurately reflect individual variations in learning speed, knowledge and ability. Remember, you can check their times using the method below if you have any concerns. It might be worth explaining this to staff before asking them to do the learning so they know you can do this.
Detailed system activity log
As a manager sign-in and view a course which your learner has completed. The results page has everything you need to check your learners activity and calculate the time they have spent. It will also allow you to spot if they have completed the course much quicker or more slowly than you expected, allowing you to check this with them before making any payments. You will need to calculate the time spent on the assessment eLearning separately.
Count the number of outcomes and allow one minute per outcome.
Check the number of retakes and add time accordingly - you can check how many questions were answered by expanding the results page and scanning down. Think about reducing the amount of time for retakes if the learner has taken a lot of retakes. Learners tend to speed up if they are doing lots of retakes.
Check the number of times the learner has viewed the eLearning at the bottom of the results page and calculate the difference in time from their first and final dates, making sure to this for each day they have been working on the course.
Here is an example:


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Previous abstract Next abstract
Session 15 - Planetary Nebulae and White Dwarfs.
Display session, Wednesday, January 07
We present the Hipparcos parallaxes and resulting radii for 10 white dwarfs in visual binaries or common proper motion systems, and 11 field white dwarfs. For bright stars, Hipparcos parallaxes have uncertainties approaching 1 milliarcsecond and are thus considerably more accurate than earlier ground based parallaxes. Overall, our results support the predictions of the white dwarf mass-radius relation and our understanding of stellar degeneracy. Our most important finding for an individual object is the position of 40 Eri B, a well known puzzle now consistent with single star evolution. In addition, we present evidence supporting the existence of a range of atmosphere thicknesses for hydrogen white dwarfs, as well as tantalizing suggestions of white dwarfs with cores heavier than carbon.
Program listing for Wednesday


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A biochemical engineer could...
|Work on a new kind of fertilizer that will improve a farmer's crop yield.||Figure out how to grow large batches of mammalian cells for use in cancer-drug testing.|
|Design the manufacturing equipment needed to convert raw materials into everyday products.||Discover a method for improving a well-known cold medicine.|
Key Facts & Information
|Overview||A nice cool yogurt is the perfect snack. It comes in a variety of delicious flavors like peach, chocolate, and cherry and contains calcium, vitamins, and minerals that are good for you. Yogurt also contains live cultures that your body needs to maintain good health. How did all of those good things get into your yogurt? The answer is that a biochemical engineer helped to develop a recipe to make that yogurt a perfect snack for you. So many of the products that we use every day, from medicine and fertilizer to packaged foods, result from the hard work of a biochemical engineer. A biochemical engineer takes a recipe that has been formulated by a biologist or a chemist in the laboratory and develops it into a large-scale manufacturing process. Biochemical engineers design the manufacturing equipment that is required to convert raw materials into the products that you have at home, like cold tablets and packaged foods. If you are interested in applying your problem-solving skills to improving human lives, then you should definitely investigate this career.|
|Key Requirements||Excellent problem-solving skills, ability to work well on teams, curiosity, good laboratory and mechanical skills|
|Minimum Degree||Bachelor's degree|
|Subjects to Study in High School||Physics, chemistry, biology, algebra, geometry, calculus|
|Projected Job Growth (2010-2020)||More Slowly than Average (3% to 6%) In Demand!|
Training, Other Qualifications
A bachelor's degree in biochemical or chemical engineering is required for almost all entry-level biochemical engineering jobs, but some basic research positions may require a graduate degree. Faculty positions require graduate degrees. Engineers offering their services directly to the public must be licensed. To keep current with rapidly changing technology, continuing education is important for biochemical engineers.
Beginning biochemical engineering graduates usually work under the supervision of experienced biochemical engineers and, in large companies, also may receive formal classroom or seminar-type training. As new engineers gain knowledge and experience, they are assigned more difficult projects with greater independence to develop designs, solve problems, and make decisions. Biochemical engineers may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a staff or team of engineers and technicians.
Education and Training
A bachelor's degree in biochemical or chemical engineering is required for all entry-level positions. Research and development jobs at industrial laboratories or with the government usually require graduate training, either a master's degree or a PhD. Faculty positions require a PhD. Many experienced engineers obtain graduate degrees in engineering or in business administration to learn new technology and to broaden their education.
Admissions requirements for entry into a biochemical or chemical engineering university program include a solid background in mathematics (algebra, geometry, trigonometry, calculus) and science (biology, chemistry, physics) with courses in English and humanities. Bachelor's degree programs are typically designed to last four years, but many students find that the program takes between four and five years to complete their studies.
Biochemical engineers should be creative, inquisitive, analytical, and detail oriented. They should be able to work as part of a team and to communicate well, both orally and in writing. Communication skills are becoming increasingly important as biochemical engineers frequently interact with specialists in a wide range of fields outside engineering.
Nature of the Work
In this video a process development engineer explains why his job is rewarding, exciting, and important to everyone.
Biochemical engineers act on teams with biologists and chemists to take laboratory processes and ramp them up into large-scale manufacturing. In fact, they are integral to a variety of manufacturing industries, such as food manufacturing and agro-technology. They design the equipment that is used to produce cell cultures of up to thousands of liters. Biochemical engineers grow cell cultures in order to develop natural fuels, improve the efficiency of drugs and pharmaceutical processes, and also develop cures for disease. They formulate the instructions the equipment uses to grow and maintain the cell cultures, and they create the operating specifications used by manufacturing personnel to keep the manufacturing floor running smoothly. Since biochemical engineers work directly on making large volumes of products for human use, they are concerned with manufacturing-plant safety and product safety.
Biochemical engineers design and conduct studies to determine the optimal conditions for cell growth, protein production, and virus expression and recovery using a variety of equipment such as centrifuges and bioreactors. The cell cultures produced in bioreactors can also be used for waste treatment. Biochemical engineers apply their engineering problem-solving skills to studying and learning more about the cell cultures they grow. The discoveries they make are often used to make manufacturing a repeatable and efficient process. Chemists and biologists also use this knowledge to improve their understanding of the molecular workings of the cell.
Biochemical engineers work in corporate laboratories and in research laboratories. This career has a wide focus and includes metabolic engineering, enzyme engineering, and tissue engineering.
- Metabolic engineers use the tools of molecular genetics to optimize the production of specific metabolites and proteins.
- Enzyme engineers use and design biocatalysts to produce chemicals and biochemicals.
- Tissue engineers study all aspects of transplanting living cells to combat disease.
Most biochemical engineers work in office buildings, laboratories, or industrial manufacturing plants. Because many biochemical engineers work on the manufacturing floor, they may come in contact with hazardous chemicals and machinery.
Many biochemical engineers work a standard 40-hour week. At times, deadlines or design standards may bring extra pressure to a job, requiring engineers to work longer hours.
On the Job
- Design or conduct follow-up experimentation, based on generated data, to meet established process objectives.
- Design or conduct studies to determine optimal conditions for cell growth, protein production, or protein and virus expression and recovery, using chromatography, separation, and filtration equipment, such as centrifuges and bioreactors.
- Design or direct bench or pilot production experiments to determine the scale of production methods that optimize product yield and minimize production costs.
- Develop methodologies for transferring procedures or biological processes from laboratories to commercial-scale manufacturing production.
- Devise scalable recovery, purification, or fermentation processes for producing proteins or other biological substances for human or animal therapeutic use, food production and processing, biofuels, or effluent treatment.
- Recommend process formulas, instrumentation, or equipment specifications, based on results of bench and pilot experimentation.
- Review existing manufacturing processes to identify opportunities for yield improvement or reduced process variation.
- Advise manufacturing staff regarding problems with fermentation, filtration, or other production processes.
- Collaborate with manufacturing or quality-assurance staff to prepare product specification and safety sheets, standard operating procedures, user manuals, or qualification and validation reports.
- Confer with research and manufacturing personnel to ensure the compatibility of design and production.
- Consult with chemists and biologists to develop or evaluate novel technologies.
- Develop statistical models or simulations of biochemical production, using statistical or modeling software.
- Direct experimental or developmental activities at contracted laboratories.
- Lead studies to examine or recommend changes in process sequences and operation protocols.
- Maintain databases of experiment characteristics and results.
- Modify and control biological systems to replace, augment, or sustain chemical and mechanical processes.
- Prepare piping and instrumentation diagrams or other schematics for proposed process improvements, using computer-aided design software.
- Collaborate in the development or delivery of biochemical manufacturing training materials.
- Communicate with regulatory authorities regarding licensing or compliance responsibilities, such as good manufacturing practices.
- Communicate with suppliers regarding the design and specifications of production equipment, instrumentation, or materials.
- Participate in equipment or process validation activities.
- Prepare project plans for equipment or facility improvements, including time lines, budgetary estimates, or capital spending requests.
- Prepare technical reports, data summary documents, or research articles for scientific publication, regulatory submissions, or patent applications.
- Read current scientific and trade literature to stay abreast of scientific, industrial, or technological advances.
Companies That Hire Biochemical Engineers
Explore what you might do on the job with one of these projects...
- An Aerobic Exercise: Yeast Metabolism with and without Aeration
- Dye Eggs Using Silk Ties for Egg-cellent Colors
- Expression Cloning
- Foldit: Playing a Game While Solving Protein Structures
- Mag-nificent Breakfast Cereal
- Rise to the Occasion: Investigating Requirements for Yeast Fermentation
- Yeasty Beasties
Do you have a specific question about a career in Chemistry that isn't answered on this page? Post your question on Science Buddies Ask an Expert Forum.
- O*Net Online. (2009). National Center for O*Net Development. Retrieved May 1, 2009, from _URL_
- SchoolsintheUSA.com (2010). Biochemical Engineer. Retrieved July 8, 2010, from _URL_
- Answers.com (2010). Biochemical Engineering. Retrieved July 8, 2010, from _URL_
- Sloan Career Cornerstone Center. (n.d.). Profiles of Chemical Engineers: Raquel Widrig. Retrieved July 12, 2010, from _URL_
- University of Limerick. (2010, January 11). Bachelor of Engineering in Chemical & Biochemical Engineering at the University of Limerick LM115. Retrieved July 8, 2010, from _URL_


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Seeing a need for a cutting fluid that would not cause harmful health effects, LubeCorp set out on a journey which led to the creation of GreenCut Cutting Fluid.
GreenCut packs top notch cutting ability and remains completely safe!
GreenCut Cutting Fluid provides excellent performance in extreme temperatures and pressures:
- 100% effective regardless of the tool speed or feed.
- Originally certified under Environment Canada's EcoLogo program.
- Eliminates sump odors permanently.
- Easy on the hands and helps heal lacerations and dermatitis.
- Vapors won't cause asthma or breathing problems.
- Immediate biodegradation of up to 5% of oil wastes means no stench and extended service life.
How it Works:
GreenCut provides exceptional lubrication, burnishing and cooling of the work piece.
- Extends tool life by up to 40%
- Extends bandsaw blade life by 2 to 3 times
- Provides improved accuracy
- Superb surface finish
- Increased production speeds
GreenCut does this by having full access to the seizure zone on the tool rake-face where all the cutting action takes place, preventing metal-to-metal contact.
Friction plane heat is drastically reduced by the extraordinary lubrication qualities of the GreenCut Cutting/Misting Fluid.
LubeCorp GreenCut mix ratio: 20:1 with water (20 parts water to 1 part GreenCut).
GreenCut Cutting Fluid is effective and non-toxic:
Machining all metals:
- Carbon/Stainless Steel
Perfect bandsaw coolant provides huge savings.
GreenCut Cutting Fluid is SAFE
GreenCut is totally safe for humans, animals, fish, land, air and water.
Misting with GreenCut is safe, economic and very effective.
GreenCut spills are safe to walk on: "no-slip."
GreenCut totally prevents bacterial growth; eliminates all sump odors.
No sump clean-outs for at least one year. Just add GreenCut and water to balance the mixture to approximately 1:20 ratio.
LubeCorp GreenCut Cutting Fluid mix ratio: 20:1 with water. (1 litre GreenCut Cutting Fluid per 20 litres of water; 1 gallon GreenCut Cutting Fluid per 20 gallons of water.)