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If we think of the l1 distance as a grid-distance between points, then we can think of l2 distance as what we get when we "shortcut" the grid by going "inside" a cell.
Making the grid finer doesn't change the l1 distance, so there's no obvious sense in which the l2 distance can be seen as a limiting version of the l1.
So here's my question: is there any way to take an l1-like distance and extract an l2 like distance from it (possibly as a limiting case). I'm asking because i have a distance defined in a discrete space that has an l1-like behaviour, and I'd like to generalize it as the discrete space gets finer and finer, but I want to end up with a distance that goes "directly" through the space like l2.
apologies if this is way too vague.
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3 Answers 3
up vote 5 down vote accepted
L_2 can be viewed as the limit of a sequence of metrics whose metric balls are (in the plane) regular polygons with 2n sides, where n goes to infinity. In higher dimensions one doesn't have enough regular polytopes to make a limit out of them, but it works just as well to use irregular ones. This technique is sometimes useful in computational geometry, because the polygonal metrics allow for faster range searching data structures than the Euclidean one.
If you want a distance in some sort of discrete graph (the way that L_1 can be viewed as distance in a regular grid) but that approaches planar L_2 in the limit, try using the pinwheel tiling. If you measure the shortest path along tile edges between any two points on the edges of any two tiles, and then repeatedly subdivide to produce a finer pinwheel tiling, the shortest path distance will approach the Euclidean distance in the limit.
As for Kore min's suggestion of looking into metric embedding: any metric can be embedded into L_infinity with no distortion at all. And in the plane, L_1 is the same as L_infinity (though they are quite different in higher dimensions) so it might have something to do with what you're talking about. See e.g. this Wikipedia article.
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Thanks David, what's the pinwheel tiling? – Suresh Venkat Nov 19 '09 at 8:02
In some cases, you can recover L_2 information in the limit by considering random walks, or said differently, basically by counting paths. When you say "discrete space with L_1-like behavior," I imagine a big grid of points (something like Z^d) that are connected to their nearest neighbors by edges, with the distance between two points being defined in the natural graph-theoretic way as the length of the shortest path between them. If that's the case, you can consider a uniform random walk along the edges of the graph, and then successively refine the grid. This is important: if you refine the grid, say, by a factor of two (so each step of the random walk becomes half as big), then you have to refine the walk by taking steps four times as fast. (In general, when you refine by a factor F, you have to take steps F^2 times as fast.) As you keep refining, the probability of the walk ending up near a particular point at a fixed time in the future may stabilize to something that looks like a function of L_2 distance from the starting point.
If this construction works in your case, then you can think of the logarithm of the probability of ending up in a small neighborhood as being roughly proportional to the volume of the neighborhood and the square of its L_2 distance from the starting point, but except in very special cases, the approximation probably won't be good for all pairs of points, especially if they aren't very close to one another. Note that computing such probabilities basically amounts to counting paths of particular lengths between points, as opposed to just finding the length of the shortest path (which would roughly corresponding to the L_1 distance).
How much that computation will actually resemble an L_2-like distance depends on many things. The construction will work basically as stated when you successively refine a grid like Z^d because of the central limit theorem. If your "discrete space" isn't very similar to that, then the construction might not work at all, or it might give you something that isn't quite right but is "close enough for government work," so to speak. You'll have to be the judge of that.
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I guess you are thinking something about metric embedding. Any metric can be embedding into l_2 with the distortion bounded by O(log n), which is tight in general.
See this lecture notes for more information: _URL_
Also, the Kashin's decomposition is closely related to your problem, see _URL_
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I'm not convinced the Kashin decomposition is related to the problem at hand (although it is a lovely result & proof) – Yemon Choi Oct 28 '09 at 3:29
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Freighter (or barge) was the term given to any spacecraft that was used to transport freight or cargo (such as parts and supplies). Both legitimate businesspersons and smugglers could be found captaining such transports. Freighters were needed from the time space travel began because of the need for supplies to all reaches of the galaxy. Freighters usually traveled with hyperdrives because people would often pay more for quick delivery.
For obvious reasons, freighters were used mainly for trade. Although very few fought in great battles, many freighters did see action. Smugglers and legitimate traders alike had some tangles now and then, but freighters were often armed and shielded so that they could resist attempts on their cargo.
Smuggling was a very prominent criminal fringe activity in the galaxy that involved the transportation of contraband between planets. To do this, a freighter generally of small size such as the Millennium Falcon, was required to transport the contraband past planetary security forces. Some examples of contraband include spice, blasters and medical supplies.
Smugglers often added upgrades to their ships so that they could beat competitors and outwit planetary security forces. Almost every smugglers vessel had improved light speed and sub-light speed drives for increased speed as well as boosted weapons systems to fight their way out of tough situations. Another of the most prevalent modifications to a smugglers freighter were numerous secret compartments to hide contraband from security checks while legitimate cargo occupied the cargo bays. On the Millennium Falcon, these consisted of removable floor plates.
Some freighters became so heavily modified that the mess of cross wired and non traditional parts prevented starship mechanics from working on them effectively. The smugglers themselves were therefore required to have a detailed knowledge of freighter mechanics and electronics to be able to keep their vessels in working order. Most smugglers preferred it this way as they didn't trust anyone tampering with their prized possessions.
Most smugglers freighters required a crew of more than one and as such most smugglers hired a copilot, such as Chewbacca on the Millennium Falcon or the droid LE-BO2D9 aboard the Outrider. To a smuggler, their freighter was everything; their job, their home, their lives. Many smugglers lived in their freighters as they had no terrestrial home.
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- "The Heart"
- "Maze Run"—Star Wars Insider 131
- Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope (First appearance)
- Choices of One
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- Star Wars: Empire at War: Forces of Corruption
- "Sandbound on Tatooine" — Star Wars Galaxy 10
- "Slaying Dragons"—Star Wars Adventure Journal 9
- Slave Ship
- Hard Merchandise
- The New Rebellion
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SCPL and Crowd++: Two Unobtrusive Human Context Awareness Techniques
Rutgers University, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
Thursday, July 17, 2014|
3:30pm - 4:30pm
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About the Event
Learning human contexts is critical to the development of many applications, ranging from healthcare, business, to social sciences. Most existing work, however, acquires contextual information in an obtrusive manner -- they may require the subjects to carry mobile devices to be monitored, or rely on self or peer report to report the data. In this talk, we will present two unobtrusive techniques that can help us learn important human contextual information including the count, location, trajectory, and speech. We first present SCPL, a RF based device free localization technique. SCPL is able to count how many people are in an indoor setting and track their locations by observing how they disturb the wireless radio links in the environment. Second, we present Crowd++, a smartphone based speech sensing technique. Crowd++ records a conversation and automatically counts the number of people in the conversation without prior knowledge of their speech characteristics. Crowd++ can also calculate the percentage of each person's speech, as well as the turn-taking behavior of the speakers. Both techniques are unobtrusive, low-cost, and private, which can thus enable a large array of important applications that rely upon the knowledge of human contextual information.
Yanyong Zhang is currently an Associate Professor in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at Rutgers University. She is also a member of the Wireless Information Networks Laboratory (Winlab). Her current research interests are in future Internet and pervasive computing. Her research is mainly funded by the National Science Foundation, including an NSF CAREER award.
Contact: Ann Pace
Sponsor(s): University of Michigan, Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science
Open to: Public

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Consider a compact connected complex manifold $X$ of dimension $n$. Siegel proved in 1955 that its field of meromorphic functions $\mathcal M (X)$ has transcendence degree over $\mathbb C$ at most $n$. Moishezon studied those complex manifolds for which the degree is $n$, and consequently these manifolds are now called Moishezon manifolds.
In dimension 2, every Moishezon surface is projective algebraic according to a theorem of Chow-Kodaira proved in 1952, long before Moishezon formally introduced his concept. However in dimensions 3 and more, there exist nonprojective Moishezon manifolds (you can see an example in Shafarevich's book Basic Algebraic geometry).
Nevertheless a Moishezon manifold $X$ is close to projective: Moishezon's main result is that after a finite number of blow-ups with smooth centers, $X$ becomes algebraic projective. So if a blow-up of $X$ is projective, you can't deduce that $X$ was projective. However this main result says nothing about the dimensions of the manifolds you blow up. I've heard it claimed that if only one point is blown-up, you can't get from a non-projective to a projective manifold, but I could obtain neither precise reference nor proof. Hence my question :
If a compact complex manifold becomes projective algebraic after blowing-up a point, was it already projective algebraic?
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A reference which indicates that the answer is "yes" is the thesis of Laurent Bonavero, arXiv:alg-geom/_PHONE_. There he says (p.13, after "Remarque") "Or, de façon générale, si X est une variété compacts et si X^~ est la variété éclatée au point x, alors X est projective si est seulement si X^~ l'est". – Artie Prendergast-Smith Feb 10 '11 at 9:38
(I'm not sure what went wrong with those accents...) – Artie Prendergast-Smith Feb 10 '11 at 9:40
Dear Artie, I knew about Bonavero's article and the sentence you quote:it was implicitly included in the category "I've heard it claimed..". But the absence of proof or reference is pretty frustrating. Anyway, thanks a lot for taking the trouble to dig up the article and telling me about it. – Georges Elencwajg Feb 10 '11 at 11:07
You're welcome! I guessed that you probably knew about the Bonavero reference, but I thought it was worth mentioning it here for other readers of the question. (To elaborate on Georges' last comment: after the sentence quoted above, Bonavero refers to Kleiman's famous paper "Towards a numerical theory of ampleness". But as far as I could tell, that paper doesn't say anything about the matter at hand.) – Artie Prendergast-Smith Feb 10 '11 at 13:16
3 Answers 3
up vote 14 down vote accepted
Dear Georges, maybe the following argument works. (It's quite possible a sign went wrong somewhere, though.)
Let $\pi: Y \rightarrow X$ be the blowup. By assumption Y is projective, so it carries an ample line bundle A say. Let E denote the exceptional divisor of the blowup, and consider line bundles of the form $A+nE$ (for positive integers n). If C is any curve in Y which is not contained in E, then $(A+nE).C = A.C + nE.C$ is positive, for any n. On the other hand, let L be a line in E: then $E.L = -1$. (Note that all other curves in E are numerical multiples of this one.) So if we set n=A.L (positive, by ampleness of A) then we have $(A+nE).L = 0$. So the line bundle A+nE is nef, and has degree 0 exactly on those curves which lie in E.
I claim that $A+nE$ is in fact basepoint-free. To see this, it suffices (by the Basepoint-free Theorem, see e.g. Koll\'ar--Mori Chapter 3) to show that the line bundle $m(A+nE)-K_Y$ is nef and big, for some positive integer m. Now A is ample and E is effective, so $A+nE$ is big for all positive n (ample+effective=big --- this is also in Koll\'ar--Mori). Moreover, bigness is an open condition, so for m sufficiently large, $m(A+nE)-K_Y$ is still big. So it remains to prove nefness.
Recall that we were free to choose A to be any ample line bundle, so choose it to satisfy the condition that $A-K_Y$ is itself ample (again, using the fact that ampleness is open). Then $m(A+nE)-K_Y = (mA-K_Y) +mnE$, so in particular it has positive degree on any curve C which is not contained in E. On the other hand, if L is a line in E, then $(m(A+nE)-K_Y).L = -K_Y.L$ (by the calculations in the first paragraph.). Moreover, $-K_Y=\pi^\ast(-K_X)-(dim X-1)E$, so $-K_Y.L=-(dim X-1)E.L>0$. So $m(A+nE)-K_Y$ has nonnegative degree on all curves, i.e. it is nef.
Putting all this together, we have that $m(A+nE)$ is basepoint-free for suitable positive integers m and n. So it defines a contraction morphism $p: Y \rightarrow Z$ to another projective variety Z. But the morphism p contracts exactly those curves on which A+nE has degree 0, which by construction are exactly the curves contained in E. Therefore Z is exactly the blow-down of E to a point, hence isomorphic to X. Since Z is projective, so is X.
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Of course, it would be more satisfying and plausible if I could give an example to show why the same idea need not work if we blow up something of higher dimension. I don't have one at the moment, but let me just say vaguely: if the exceptional divisor E of the blowup contains curves with distinct numerical classes in Y, things can clearly get more complicated.... – Artie Prendergast-Smith Feb 10 '11 at 8:09
In particular, suppose the curves in E span a face of the cone of curves of Y which is not rational polyhedral: then it is not at all clear to me that we can choose n as in the first paragraph so that A+nE is nef with degree 0 exactly on the contracted curves. – Artie Prendergast-Smith Feb 10 '11 at 8:10
Thanks a lot, Artie. Your mastery of concepts like "nef" or "big" is impressive. I'm happy to accept your answer. – Georges Elencwajg Feb 10 '11 at 11:14
Georges: this seems to follow from the Moishezon criterion for ampleness. i.e. a divisor D on an n manifold is ample if it has self intersection D^n >0, and also D^r meets every r dim'l irreducible subvariety >0. (One needs the Moishezon, not the Nakai criterion, since one needs to allow that the variety is not projective a priori.) I.e. if D^r meets E on the blow up it seems to still do so on the original variety. Sorry if this is stupidly wrong. I admit I just thought about this, and did not check it on paper. So this may be equivalent to Artie's much better answer. – roy smith Feb 12 '11 at 4:18
I apologize for these half baked remarks. But if you blow up a curve in a 3 fold, and take an ample divisor in the blowup, then it is not obvious to me why the blow down of that divisor should have positive intersection with the curve that was blown up, because it will usually contain that curve. – roy smith Feb 12 '11 at 4:31
There is a sledgehammer available for this particular nut: Mori's results on extremal rays, in his paper (Annals 1979?) on smooth projective varieties $Y$ where $K_Y$ is not nef: if $Y=Bl_PX$, with exceptional divisor $E$, then any line in $E$ will span an extremal ray and then can be contracted in the category of projective varieties. Since all curves in $E$ lie in the same ray, $E$ must be contracted to a point, so the result of the contraction must be $Y$.
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Dear inkspot, Indeed, one of the key ingredients in the "sledgehammer" result you mention is the basepoint-free theorem (as invoked in my answer). So the two answers are


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Corn, beans, sweet potatoes…it's hard to say which crop sets contributor Anthony Boutard's heart aflutter more. Here he offers a basic guide to the beans he and Carol grow at Ayers Creek Farm and how to cook them to best enjoy their flavor.
Dried legumes have a relatively short life. Typically, after two years, chickpeas and garden beans become stale and eventually they may not even soften up no matter how much they are cooked. They are in their prime for six months after harvest, and good for a year.
Anthony and the Roto-Fingers Pea-Bean Sheller.
The bean is a seed and the two halves within the seed coat are storage leaves bridged by a stalk supporting the root and a shoot which will grow into the plant. The cotyledons store a mixture of carbohydrates (long chains of sugar molecules) and proteins (long chains of amino acids) that were originally formed in special seed tissue called the endosperm. In grains, the endosperm is retained, but in legumes and many other plants, it is entirely absorbed into the cotyledons. This repackaging of these long molecules apparently makes them vulnerable to tangling, sort of like the way that elastic bands, string and paper clips left in a drawer will eventually form a knotted mass. As the carbohydrates and proteins get tangled up they become harder and then impossible to separate into digestible units by heat or enzymatic action. This repackaging problem is probably why beans have a shorter shelf life than grains.
Soaking the beans.
We always soak our legumes overnight or a bit longer. As the seed draws in water, enzymes are released which start to chop apart its proteins and carbohydrates into smaller units. In our experience, allowing the seed's natural enzymes to start the process yields a sweeter and smoother cooked bean. The next day, we drain off the soaking water. Seeds must germinate in a relatively hostile environment. To fend off hungry invertebrates, fungi and bacteria, they release nasty compounds that make life unpleasant for these creatures and us. There is a myth that the soaking water contains valuable nutrients; taste it and decide for yourselves. We dump the water, rinse the beans and start cooking them in fresh water.
Harvesting the beans.
Beans cook best in a nearly neutral pH, which makes water the best cooking medium. In some areas, it is customary to add a pinch of "soda" to raise the pH of the water. Acidic ingredients such as tomatoes should be added after the beans are cooked. Some people believe salt impedes the cooking of beans. Whether or not this is true, we always salt our beans after cooking. Judy Rodgers' advice in The Zuni Cafe Cookbook is to salt the cooking liquid to taste after the beans are done and let them rest. This works well for us.
Finally, the cooking liquid of all of our beans is really delicious and, if the recipe calls for draining the cooked beans, retain the liquid for some other recipe or enjoy it as you would a cup of stock.
The Bean Roster
We sell both pole and bush beans. The pole beans (Borlotto, Tarbais, Black Basque) cost more to grow because they must be trellised, so we package them in 3/4 pound packages. Bush types come in 1-pound packages. Over the last decade, we brought more than 50 types to the market. We have settled on this group of ten which provides a manageable level of diversity and includes our favorites.
Borlotto bean stew.
Borlotto Lamon: This is a classic Italian pole bean from the Veneto. Traditionally used for la jota. The flavor is nutty with a very fine, silky texture, our choice for a desert island bean. Several years ago, a virus brought in by some seeds purchased for a different variety destroyed our crop. We bought new seed but it had declined in quality; the beans were highly variable, with about 90% off-type, and ripened over a five week period. As there is no substitute for the variety, we have spent the last three years reselecting the crop in order to improve its quality. We have invested well over $2,000 in the effort, and we are very pleased with the result.
Ayers Creek tarbais beans.
Tarbais: A flat, white pole bean traditionally used for cassoulet. Also great with kale and cabbage dishes.
Black Basque: A black pole bean from northern Spain. It is a slightly sweet bean with a delicate flavor. Unlike other black beans, it is best prepared with a light hand on the seasonings, and served simply in its own broth with some good bread.
Zolfino: A white bush bean with a yellowish cast. Like the previous bean, go easy on the seasoning, just a sprig of sage or rosemary is enough. We add a splash of vinegar and olive oil before serving.
Purgatorio: A small white bean traditionally served with fish. We have it courtesy of our sister-in-law, Shirin. Many years ago, we had dinner at Al Covo, a restaurant that specializes in fish, and the person serving us noted that she was from Texas and wanted to know where we lived and what we did. We introduced ourselves as bean farmers from Oregon. A few minutes later her husband, Cesare Benelli, came out and told us how much he loved beans. The chef then turn serious and told us that we should grow the bean from Gradoli, as it is the best bean for serving with fish. He checked in the kitchen, but had run out of the beans. A few months later, Shirin sent us a box with several types of beans, including 'purgatorio', the bean of Gradoli. This week, we enjoyed them as a soup in their own broth with some Oregon bay shrimp sauteed with a bit of cumin and lots of freshly ground cayenne.
Black Turtle: The standard black bean for Cuban and Mexican dishes. Holds it own in the company of strong seasonings and whatever else you fling at it.
Gorgeous Dutch Bullets.
Dutch Bullet: A golden round bean with a red eye. Good for soup, perhaps with some escarole added. The late Dutch plant breeder, Kees Sahin, recommended that we grow these beans as they are a favorite in Holland. Our friend, Alice Doyle of Log House Plants, brought Kees to the farm and we spent a whole evening tasting and talking about beans and other vegetables. By coincidence, our neighbors grew several acres 'Bull's Blood' beet for seed this year which is one of Kees's varieties.
Vermont Cranberry: A red kidney bean with dark streaks. Use as you would other red kidney beans. The common name is a misnomer as cranberry beans are round and red like the fruit. This type of bean used to be called a horticultural bean, and is very similar to the old 'Boston Favorite' bean, and it will be perfect for baked beans.
Soldier: A white kidney bean from Northern New England. Similar to the other white kidney beans, the cannellino and lingot. Good for soups and other dishes that call for navy beans or white kidney beans.
Flageolet: A small, greenish bean traditionally served with lamb. It is also good in a gratin. It is named after a small wind instrument related to the recorder, a reference to its long, delicate pod.


Trees and Sidewalk Safety
Many things could potentially create tripping hazards out on sidewalks. Among these are trees and where their roots end up growing. This can be seen in complaints a woman in Brooklyn has leveled regarding a city-planted tree near her home.
Purportedly, the roots of this elm tree have lifted some of the concrete on the sidewalk outside the woman's home up around two or three inches. The woman has expressed multiple concerns about this, including:
 - Safety concerns: The woman says there have been tripping incidents in relation to a raised edge created by the lifted concrete. Reportedly, the woman has put paint on the edge to try to make it more visible to people.
 - Security concerns: The raised edge purportedly has made it so the woman can no longer fully close the security gate that leads to her home.
 - Legal-related concerns: The woman has expressed worry that the raised concrete might result in accidents that expose her to litigation.
According to the woman, she has made complaints to the city asking it to address the tree and the problems the tree has created. A spokesperson with the city has said that there is a work order out on the site and that the site is on a wait list for repairs. One wonders what the city will end up doing regarding the tree.
The fact that sidewalk dangers can come from many sources can create a range of challenges. As the above story points to, this can include challenges related to keeping sidewalks safe. What sorts of efforts would you like to see New York City take to ensure its conduct, including conduct related to city-planted trees, isn't resulting in tripping hazards out on sidewalks in the city?
The wide range of potential causes of sidewalk dangers can also create some compensation-related difficulties for individuals hurt as a result of tripping due to a dangerous condition on a sidewalk. It could make it challenging to determine what specifically caused the danger, which could create uncertainty regarding what particular legal options the victim might have in relation to the tripping accident. Skilled attorneys can help such individuals look for evidence that could help add clarity to the situation when it is unclear what caused the accident. Such attorneys can also help tripping accident victims when difficult legal issues come up regarding their efforts to be compensated for their injuries.


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FFC Cambridge process
The FFC Cambridge Process is an electrochemical method in which solid metal compounds, particularly oxides, are cathodically reduced to the respective metals or alloys in molten salts. It is thought that this process will eventually be capable of producing metals or alloys more efficiently than by current conventional processes, such as titanium by the Kroll process.
The FFC Cambridge process was developed by George Chen, Derek Fray and Tom Farthing between 1996 and 1997 at the University of Cambridge. (The name FFC derives from the first letters of their last names.) They reduced oxide scales on titanium foils, as well as small pellets of titanium dioxide powder, to the metal by molten salt electrochemistry. A similar process was patented in 1904 as German patent 150557.
The intellectual property relating to the technology has been acquired by Metalysis, (Sheffield, UK).
The process typically takes place between 900 and 1100 °C, with an anode (typically carbon) and a cathode (oxide being reduced) in a bath of molten CaCl2. Depending on the nature of the oxide it will exist at a particular potential relative to the anode, which is dependent on the quantity of CaO present in CaCl2. The cathode is then polarised to a more negative voltages versus the anode. This is simply achieved by imposing a voltage between the anode and cathode. When polarised to more negative voltages the oxide releases oxygen ions into the CaCl2 salt, which exists as CaO. To maintain charge neutrality, as oxygen ions are released from the cathode into the salt, so oxygen ions must be released from the salt to the anode. This is observed as CO or CO2 being evolved at the carbon anode. In theory an inert anode could be used to produce oxygen.
When negative voltages are reached, it is possible that the cathode would begin to produce Ca (which is soluble in CaCl2). Ca is highly reductive and would further strip oxygen from the cathode, resulting in calciothermic reduction. However, Ca dissolved into CaCl2 results in a more conductive salt leading to reduced current efficiencies.
Cathode reaction mechanism
The electro-calciothermic reduction mechanism may be represented by the following sequence of reactions.
x+ x Ca → M + x CaO
When this reaction takes place on its own, it is referred to as the "calciothermic reduction" (or, more generally, an example of metallothermic reduction). For example, if the cathode was primarily made from TiO then calciothermic reduction would appear as:
TiO + Ca → Ti + CaO
Whilst the cathode reaction can be written as above it is in fact a gradual removal of oxygen from the oxide. For example, it has been shown that TiO2 does not simply reduce to Ti. It, in fact, reduces through the lower oxides (Ti3O5, Ti2O3, TiO etc.) to Ti.
The calcium oxide produced is then electrolyzed:
(2a) x CaO → x Ca2+ + x O2−
(2b) x Ca2+ + 2x e− → x Ca
(2c) x O2− → x/2 O2 + 2x e−
Reaction (2b) describes the production of Ca metal from Ca2+ ions within the salt, at the cathode. The Ca would then proceed to reduce the cathode.
The net result of reactions (1) and (2) is simply the reduction of the oxide into metal plus oxygen:
x→ M + x/2 O2
Anode reaction mechanism
The use of molten CaCl2 is important because this molten salt can dissolve and transport the O2− ions to the anode to be discharged. The anode reaction depends on the material of the anode. Depending on the system it is possible to produce either CO or CO2 or a mixture at the carbon anode:
- C + 2O2− → CO2 +4
- C + O2− → CO + 2
However, if an inert anode is used, such as that of high density SnO2, the discharge of the O2− ions leads to the evolution of oxygen gas. However the use of an inert anode has disadvantages. Firstly, when the concentration of CaO is low, Cl2 evolution at the anode becomes more favourable. In addition, when compared to a carbon anode, more energy is required to achieve the same reduced phase at the cathode. Inert anodes suffer from stability issues.
- 2O2− → O2 + 4
- Fray, D. J.; Chen, G. Z.; Farthing, T. W. (2000). "Direct electrochemical reduction of titanium dioxide to titanium in molten calcium chloride". Nature. 407 (6802): 361–4. doi:10.1038/35030069. PMID _PHONE_.
- DRP 150557 "Verfahren der Gewinnung von Titan aus seinen Sauerstoffverbindungen auf elektrolytischem Wege". dpma.de
- Rideal, Eric Keightley (1919) Industrial Electrometallurgy, Including Electrolytic and Electrothermal Processes. D. Van Nostrand co. p. 137
- Metalysis Official Website
- R. Bhagat; M. Jackson; D. Inman; R. Dashwood (2009). "Production of Ti-W Alloys from Mixed Oxide Precursors via the FFC Cambridge Process". J. Electrochem. Soc. 156: E1–7. doi:10.1149/_PHONE_.
- R. Bhagat; M. Jackson; D. Inman; R. Dashwood (2008). "Production of Ti-Mo Alloys from Mixed Oxide Precursors via the FFC Cambridge Process". J. Electrochem. Soc. 155 (6): E63–69. doi:10.1149/_PHONE_.
- Ryosuke O. Suzuki (2005). "Calciothermic reduction of TiO2 and in situ electrolysis of CaO in the molten CaCl2". Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. 66 (2–4): 461–465. Bibcode:2005JPCS...66..461S. doi:10.1016/j.jpcs.2004.06.041.
- Il Park; Takashi Abiko; Toru H. Okabe (2005). "Production of titanium powder directly from TiO2 in CaCl2 through an electronically mediated reaction (EMR)". Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. 66 (2–4): 410–413. Bibcode:2005JPCS...66..410P. doi:10.1016/j.jpcs.2004.06.052.
- X. Ge; X. Wang; S. Seetharaman (2009). "Copper extraction from copper ore by electro-reduction in molten CaCl2–NaCl". Electrochimica Acta. 54 (18): 4397–4402. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2009.03.015.


Old School Trio: AKG K701, Beyerdynamics DT880, Sennheiser HD650
Soundstage Evaluation
There are several factors that I consider when evaluating soundstage:
 - Width is how wide left and right the soundstage is.
 - Depth is how far the soundstage extends in front of you.
 - Center area is how well can a headphone fill in the area in front of your face, and not just the area on the sides.
 - Separation is how clearly separated are one instrument from the next.
 - Imaging is how true-to-life is the reproduction of the arrangements of the band/orchestra.
Having established those parameters, the K701 scores very highly in the width and instrument separation, where you can see every instruments being individually isolated and laid out on the wide soundstage. My complaints with the K701's soundstage is mostly with the imaging performance, as the lay out of the band and instruments doesn't follow a logical live concert pattern. The K701's soundstage is mostly felt on the left and right side of the head, and with very little information on the front. This may give a false impression of being immersed in the sound, as you would feel the instruments coming distinctly from left and right. But on the real world, bands and orchestras perform in front of you, not on your sides around you. And so the front/center soundstage is very important to a faithful reproduction. This is where the K701 fails heavily, as there is very little information on the front/center area of the soundstage.
Another factor that deeply disturbs the K701's soundstage presentation is the lack of air between the instruments. The K701 separates the instruments very well with distinct distances between them. Yet, the background is almost too clean. Live recordings almost always have a small amount of air sound — that is, the sound of the air moving around the microphone. And it happens that this air is very critical for achieving a realistic ambiance. On the K701, the air sound is non existant. And while that may help give a clearer separation between the instruments, ultimately it makes the instruments disconnected without a proper "air" between them. It's like taking a photograph of 5 people, cropping them in Photoshop, and laying them out in a perfectly clean white background. You get a very clean look at the subjects, but the photograph wouldn't look very realistic.
The DT880's soundstage is a little narrower than the K701, but it also improves on the aspects that I find to be more important for a realistic imaging. First, the "air" sound is not eliminated in the DT880. If your recording has that sound, it'll come out in the DT880. Next, the center area of the soundstage is not blank as in the K701's. The DT880 ultimately gives a more realistic view of the soundstage, with proper information coming from the front and expanding naturally to the sides.
Perhaps the biggest surprise of all is how I find the soundstage of the HD650 to be the best among the three, though under one condition: good source and amplification. On lesser systems, the K701 and the DT880 will give a more consistent, big and wide soundstage. Though they improve with better amplifiers and better sources, the improvements is limited to a certain extent. The K701 will continue to have some void in the center soundstage, while the DT880 only improves very slightly on the width and depth of the soundstage. The HD650, on lesser systems, feels fairly closed and claustrophobic. However, as you provide better amplifiers and sources, the HD650 improves tremendously. And I feel that the HD650 is the only one among the three that's worthy of big amplifiers like the Zana Deux or the Beta22. The soundstage will expand tremendously, in the width, but also in the depth. The HD650 certainly has the most impressive depth of the three. Not only is the depth very good, but there is a very good projection of instruments that lay in the front and the back area of the stage. Like the DT880, the HD650 maintains the sound of the air between the instruments, and even more. I still feel the DT880 to lack the necessary soundstage depth to create a three dimensional image, but the HD650 is very good at this aspect. The HD650 ultimately gives the best ambiance among the three, and playing a well recorded live music like Buena Vista Social Club, the HD650 sounds far more engaging and three dimensional than the other two.
Old School Trio: AKG K701, Beyerdynamics DT880, Sennheiser HD650 3.03/5 (60.63%) 32 votes
 - Milko Georgiev
 Even HD600 has too much bass. R&B and other bassy music sounds like you are in a barrel. Mids are weak. AKG K701 and K712 give enough bass and still sound balanced, natural, nice, with no offence. Boom-tataa-boom is not the root of the misic 😉
 - _URL_ dalethorn
 I thought the K712 was very nicely balanced. I'm surprised to hear that the HD600 has a warmer or bassier sound, but it's been more than 10 years since I had the HD600, so can't compare them. But the K712 is a much newer design, yes? I think the Sennheisers are just too old, and look what they're making now!! Momentum, Momentum junior, and (gasp) the Urbanite!
 - _URL_ Milko Georgiev
 Yes K712 is an noticeable upgrade of K701.
 I'll try Momentum, thanx for the advice.
 In my opinion Sennheiser (as many others) gives people (what they want) more disco/club feeling.
 - Ritwik
 Hello Mike,
 First thank you for this great article. I am relatively a noob and just been 2-3 years in this business. Got hooked by cheap Sennheisers which are easily available here or any part of the world. From Senn 180 to PX90 to CAL! and then Logitech UE6000 to M50 and now again I was in lead for a deal this time a used K701. Honestly, I never intended to buy an AKG more so because it's total absence from Indian market. As with almost every full sized headphone enthusiast I was too looking forward to upgrading to 600(again unavailable in India)/650. But, the added cost of an expensive amp is what is holding me down for a while. Out of the blue a K701 popped up for sale and got me interested for what great many things I have read in the forums. Still, hungry and need for a more informed decision landed me here. And, it's been an eye opener. I actually can understand exactly what you mean by this article. Why people tend to exaggerate one or a few traits making them characterised into extremities. Now, I am clear headed. I am going with the K701 which can easily be driven unamped or might make a good pairing with my Fiio E11. I found the Fiio not to my liking on M50 or any other cans as they all have sufficient bass and Fiio sounds very closed so had put up for sale. I will keep the M50 for v-signature and K701 for vocal/instrument till I can afford a decent 650 based setup. Meanwhile, might soon upgrade to a better Fiio DAC+AMP like E17k if this pairing worked.
 - Peter Harlovic
 I really fail to understand why audio 'reviewers' always seem to obsess over products that produce a so called 'warm' sound and try to describe such products as being better for music.
 'Warm' is a term people use to describe a product that overemphasiss the base and/or midbass (300hz down) which tends to drown out all detail and leave you with a completely unnatural sound.
 It also leaves me wondering when reviewers start to describe some speakers/headphones as being 'rock headphones' or 'jazz headphones' and the like.
 A speaker is a transducer – it converts electric impulses in to sound energy. A speaker does not know if it's playing Rap, or Jazz, or Rock. It colours every piece of music / source in the exact same way.
 Ultimately the most linear a speaker / headphone measures, the more accurately it reproduces ALL source material.
 When it comes to sonic accuracy, the HD650 is very clearly the worst performing product of this trio. It's the strongest exhageration from 200hz down, and it's got easilly the weakest output above 3khz. It's relatively accurate 300hz to 3khz, but even over that range ti's no more accurate than the K701 or the DT880.
 The Beyer actually has (by a significant margin) the most accurate bottom end of these three products, with strong bass extension that's around -3dB at 25hz. The HD650 by comparsion is -3dB at around 40hz, and the K701 is -3dB at around 50hz. Anybody who describes the DT880 as being 'thin' down low has no idea what they're talking about, because no audio system that plays down to 25hz (i.e. below the typical human's audible hearing level) at -3dB can be described as thin or lacking extension.
 If the DT880 does in fact sound 'thin' then that would be because of the


In March 2019, the CEDAW Committee published a set of recommendations on how the UK could better protect and promote women's rights. The UK and devolved governments have until 2023 to implement these recommendations before they must report back to the UN on progress made, although three overarching recommendations and one surrounding Brexit must be reported on in 2021.
Women's Resource Centre (WRC) are monitoring the progress that the Government is making towards those recommendations that have a direct impact upon women's organisations. This report focuses on the following five key areas, which are relative to the CEDAW recommendations:
1. Equality Act (2010) and Single Sex Exemption
2. Commissioning specialised services for women who are victims of gender-based violence
3. Mitigating the disproportionate impact of austerity upon women
4. Mitigating potential disproportional economic impact of Brexit upon women
5. Ensure availability of specialist services to assist women/girls in exiting
This report is prepared by Dr Louise Harvey-Golding and Dr Sue Robson, Associate Researchers.
Find out more about CEDAW


Guns, Drugs, and Elvis: A Guide to Research for Fiction Writers
A novelist and creative writing teacher revises the injunction to "write what you know"
A few years ago, a reviewer wrote this about my second pseudonymous novel: "Kenneth Abel must be either a cop or a mafioso. He really knows his drugs."
Sadly, "Kenneth Abel" was nothing so glamorous. What he was at the time that review was published was an assistant professor of English at Kenyon College, and what he knew was that he had a Shakespeare class to prepare for the next morning and a stack of English 1-2 papers to grade waiting in his office in Sunset Cottage. Some fiction writers wander the world in search of a great story, or throw themselves into the lives of their characters--hunting lions in Africa, fighting bulls in Spain, enlisting as a mercenary in some distant colonial war. The rest of us do research.
One of the most famous pieces of advice given to young writers is "Write what you know." And yet, as anyone who has ever taught fiction writing to undergraduates can testify, telling an eighteen-year-old to "write what she knows" is dangerous: what young people "know" is what they've seen on TV, along with the horror that is middle school and the world-weary decadence of 2:00 a.m. at the Psi U lodge. "Please," I find myself begging them six weeks into a fiction workshop, "don't write what you know!" In fact, if I could revise this most basic rule of writing, it would be, "Don't write what you know; know what you write."
So how do you know what it's like to work as an Elvis impersonator in the Philippine liberty port of Olongapo, as Kenyon's Writer-in-Residence P.F. Kluge describes in his novel Biggest Elvis? Or to be a union organizer in Iowa meat-packing plants, like one of Kenyon Review editor David Lynn's characters in Wrestling with Gabriel? Or to run a scrap metal yard, the setting at the heart of Kenyon Review fiction editor Nancy Zafris's novel The Metal Shredders?
How do you investigate a murder, or commit one? What's it like to deal drugs in a New Orleans housing project? How does it feel to smoke hashish in a brothel in Baluchistan in 1842, or to stand trial for heresy in Renaissance Florence?
The answer to all those questions, of course, is research--or, more accurately, the way a novelist combines that research with imagination. Like the foundation of a building, research gives the writer's imagination a solid basis in reality to support the mind as it shapes a world. For a fiction writer, research frees the mind to explore the human experience within any situation.
Fans of the historical novelist Patrick O'Brien often express their amazement at the remarkable detail with which he recreated the daily life of a British warship during the Napoleonic wars. Many of those details can be found in history books, biographies, or the ships' logs gathering dust in the archives of the British Admiralty. But it is the novelist's imagination that breathes life into those facts by considering what a man might see, smell, and feel as he stands on a ship's deck on the midnight watch. Research is a novel's rigging, the intricate web of lumber and rope that one uses to catch the wind; it takes the imagination to fill those sails and get the story moving.
To write about life on the killing floor, David Lynn talked his way into a harrowing tour of a meat-packing plant, following the animals down the production line from slaughter to draining, disemboweling, and then on to the various stages of slicing, dicing, and packing. P.F. Kluge's Biggest Elvis began in a piece of journalism that he wrote for Playboy magazine about nights spent among the bars and brothels of Olongapo when the fleet was in. Nancy Zafris spent time on the operator's platform of a metal shredder, straining to catch the words of a scrap metal dealer while the machine chewed up a car. In each case, that brief experience was enough to set the imagination working, and the sights, sounds, and smells that they brought away breathed life into a story written in the quiet room where the real work of making a novel gets done.
It's easy to get things wrong: I've received letters from observant readers complaining that I put a subway stop on the wrong corner of an intersection in downtown Boston or reversed the traffic flow on a one-way street. (Maps, I've learned, are not to be trusted.) A geologist wrote to me a few years ago pointing out that I'd put the wrong kind of rocks in a field in southern Louisiana. (Those particular rocks, he noted, are found only in the next parish, some twenty miles to the north.) And God help you if you get the guns wrong! Some readers of crime novels, I've discovered, care more about the gun a character draws than his reason for using it.
So careful research is an important first step for a novelist. If you know what you write, your reader will believe that you write what you know. But good fiction is finally about character. What I look for when I research a novel--talking to cops, observing criminal court proceedings, or reading the autobiographies of those who have smoked hashish in Baluchistan or stood trial for heresy in Renaissance Florence--isn't simply the details of that process, but rather how the people involved inhabit the experience. Flannery O'Connor observed that "anybody who has survived his childhood has enough information about life to last him the rest of his days." That doesn't mean, as some of my students believe, that one should write only about childhood, but rather that the emotions one experiences in childhood can teach a writer how to understand any experience, no matter how distant from our own lives.
"If you want to write fiction," I tell my students, "start by learning everything you can about the world your characters inhabit, and then use your imagination to bring them to life."
--Professor of English Sergei Lobanov-Rostovsky, whose scholarly interests range from Shakespeare to film, has published a series of crime novels under the pseudonym Kenneth Abel.
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PS3 power requested for research project
Sony invites PlayStation 3 owners to loan their machines' processing power to Stanford study of protein chemistry. Images: Harnessing PS3 power for Folding@home
If you bought a PlayStation 3 thinking it was just for games or watching movies, Sony wants you to know you can use the powerful device for something a lot more important.
Sony announced on Thursday that owners of any Internet-connected PS3 will be able to participate in a wide-ranging, distributed, scientific experiment led by Stanford University's Folding@home program, which is seeking to better understand a process called protein folding and its relationship to several serious diseases.
According to a release from Sony, the Stanford program is focusing on how two-dimensional protein strands in the human body fold into the three-dimensional molecules that determine their biological functions, and why incorrect folding can lead to debilitating diseases such as cancer, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.
But studying the folding process is an extremely complex task requiring vast amounts of computing power, Sony said in its release. Hence the PS3/Folding@home initiative. PS3 participants will be able to lend their console's massive processing power to the effort, much as PC users are able to assist in the SETI@Home project, which is seeking to identify extraterrestrial life.
PS3 users are expected to be able to start lending their machines to the project on March 23, accessing Folding@home via the PS3's XrossMediaBar, the console's interactive menu system. Once participating machines are connected to the project and idle, Folding@home will tap the devices' unused processing power. Users will be able to watch the scientific simulations in real time, Sony said, as well as interact with the research by manipulating protein strands.
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and on the job), and help people reach you.
Attaching a signature file is not a substitute for having a signature block. DON'T assume that your reader will open attachments to get basic information that should appear in the content of your e-mail, like your name and how to reach you.
Be careful about including quotations and sayings in your signature block. Obviously don't include anything that has potential to be offensive or misunderstood. Think about the impression your message sends to someone who doesn't know you, and be judicious.
Generally avoid graphics and backgrounds in business e-mail. They are unnecessary, make your e-mail file larger and clog up memory in people's in-boxes. Don't do it. Better safe than sorry. Moving graphics are annoying and are disability-unfriendly.
See above: If I'm e-mailing my resume, should my cover letter be attached OR be the content of the e-mail?
Name your attachment(s) logically — for the recipient, not yourself, that is. "EmilyAlderResume.doc" works fine. "Myresume4jf206" might work for you, but won't mean anything or be helpful to the employer.
When attaching an MS Word document (or any type of e-file), include the appropriate extension ".doc" or "docx" (or other extension) so the employer's computer can open it with the appropriate computer application.
Don't send a pdf file to an employer unless you are instructed to do so by the employer, or unless that's the absolute stated standard in your industry and field. (Ask 10 people if they like receiving pdf files; most groan, they create barriers to getting the information, and even now, some people's computers can't/won't open them.)
Don't send a content-empty e-mail that forces the recipient to open an attachment to know why you're writing. Include a brief, clear summary in your e-mail telling why you're writing and what the attachments are.
See more on e-mailing resumes.
Retain copies of the e-mail you send and receive.
Additional E-mail business etiquette resources
Netiquette by Virginia Shea, "Miss Manners of the Internet." Business E-mail Basics (and other good stuff) e-mail rules
Writing Effective E-Mail: Top 10 Tips
An e-mail vacation... (
...with stories of e-mail goofs on the job: the embarrassing e-mail page of shame (good warnings, good laugh).
Email Etiquette 101
18 suggestions, including "don't discuss multiple subjects in a single message."
Want more?!
Google "effective e-mail" or "e-mail etiquette."
You'll get a wealth of advice and you'll see patterns.
P.S. Some old advice says to put your reply below the original message. That never really took hold. Current advice and usual business practice is to put your response above the previous e-mail when you reply. And don't delete the original message to which you're responding. The person to whom you're replying has lots of other e-mail besides yours (imagine that!).
Related topics:
 1. Guidelines for correspondence in your job search
 Do I have to send a cover letter with my resume?
 Dear Whom? (What if I can't find a name?)
 Hard copy or e-mail? When to use which.
 2. Researching employers — why and how
 3. Cover letter types and samples
 4. After your interviews / follow up / thank-you letters
 5. Acknowledging a job offer
 6. Declining a job offer
 7. Requesting extension of deadline to accept/decline offer
 8. Accepting an offer and withdrawing from the job search
Q: If I'm sending a resume and cover letter by e-mail, SHOULD MY COVER LETTER be THE E-MAIL CONTENT, OR an ATTACHMENT?
A: Common question! Either are possible. Consider this approach:
If the employer's website or a person doesn't instruct on this (you could ask!), and you just have an e-mail address, make your e-mail a brief version of your cover letter — boil it to the essense — and indicate that your resume and cover letter are attached. The attached cover letter can be a bit more detailed.
This way, you've essentially given the employer the option to look at just one or both, and you have included the more formal document as an attachment.
Be sure the e-mail has at least enough info so the employer knows why you're writing: the job of interest, your basic qualifications and your complete contact info.
And of course we're happy to review your documents before you send them via advising.


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A gadget cache is a geocache where one has to solve a physical puzzle of some sort to open the container, or get the next waypoint coordinates.
They are also, in my opinion (but then, who else's opinion would it be?), some of the most fun one can have while geocaching.
Case in point: I was out and about geocaching one day in the recent past when I came across a multi-cache.
At the first waypoint I found a nondescript box that contained the following bits and bobs:
- a bunch of PVC pieces,
- 3 large metal bolts of various sizes, each marked with a letter
- a bag of 10 or so small black bolts.
- an instruction booklet
By following the instructions in the booklet (in multiple languages no less), you end up constructing a set of scales, like so:
To get the coordinates for the next waypoint you need to weigh each large bolt to see how many smaller bolts it takes to balance the scales. Then you plug in those numbers into a formula, the answer of which is the next coordinates.
Following the coordinates takes you to a nice ammo can.
I love these types of caches, and I really hope I get to do more of them in the future. Definitely a lot better than any LPC or guard rail cache. It just goes to show that a little creativity when creating your geocache hides can turn a typical hide into something really worth writing home about.


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It seems like yesterday that we all came together from all over the world for this International Summer School in Glaciology. The village of McCarthy and the Wrangell Mountains Center have been gracious and amazing hosts, and many thanks go to the University of Alaska Fairbanks' Geophysical Institute and International Arctic Research Center, in particular Regine Hock and Vladimir Alexeev, for organizing such an unforgettable learning experience. Throughout this course, which was funded and supported by the National Science Foundation, I know that all participants taught and learned from each other, and met new friends and potential future collaborators. I am honored to have been invited to join this experience along with the Patricia and Phillip Frost Museum of Science – I have met amazing people and learned so much from them, and I hope in return I have imparted knowledge and inspiration to them about how important it is to effectively communicate scientific research to the public. And I hope you have enjoyed following along with all of us on this blog! We have now officially had our closing banquet on our last night here in McCarthy (which included quite the entertaining competition for best and funniest photo and video taken during the summer school), and then joined together for a bonfire at the campsite ("glaciology terminology jeopardy" may have been played around the fire). A fitting end to a fantastic experience.
A celebratory bonfire on our last night together in McCarthy
Our group on the glacier (photo: Andy Aschwanden)
This Glaciology Summer School is an immersive experience if there ever was one. It's "hands-on" (activities), "feet on" (glaciers), and "brains on" (lectures and projects). Students have been challenged with projects that have been guided by glaciology instructors and designed to give students further experience and understanding of glaciology research, data, and techniques. As the end of the course approaches, we had a "mini-conference" session to allow students time to present their work and their findings.
Mini-Conference at The Porphyry
Interpreting GPS data from moving ice to work out glacier velocities and how it varies…
Using computer models to derive conditions at the base of a glacier, from glacier surface data…
Combining observations and simulations of Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbrae glacier to gain a better understanding of how seasonal changes affect glacier flow speeds and more…
Gaining experience with the FEniCS Project to investigate how this tool can assist in glaciology research…
Building a computer model of the hydrology and sliding of the Kennicott glacier during summer conditions, especially considering the sliding generated by annual floods…
Building numerical schemes to describe the dynamics of Antarctic ice shelves and ice streams, and comparing the model to observations…
Aalyzing the seasonal surface mass balance of the Austfonna Ice Cap in Svalbard, Norway, using stake data…
Calculating the energy balance at the glacier surface, exploring the sensitivity of melt to meteorological variables…
Using airborne remote-sensing data to measure area and elevation changes of glaciers in Svalbard, and calculating long-term changes in the context of on-site glacier and meteorological measurements…
Analyzing time-series images of temperature and microwave data from the Antarctic Peninsula to investigate snow melt dynamics and compare to regional climate models…
Using a UAS (unmanned aircraft system, or drone) to collect new imagery of Kennicott Glacier and compare to existing data, to calculate changes over time and compare with predictions of glacier melt and motion…
It's amazing what they accomplished in 10 days… and trust me, there are a LOT more details, so if you want to know more, just ask!
Communicating science effectively to the public is definitely a skill. Scientific research can be complex and very specific. Part of the skill of getting the public engaged in science is taking that information and making connections – connections between ideas, and connections between the scientist and the public. During the second in my series of science communication workshops that I am leading as a part of this Glaciology Summer School, students participated in some activities that illustrated some strategies for engaging non-scientists in science. Things like… how to build a common perspective (aka get on the same page), make meaningful experiences, use thoughtful question sequencing, while also remembering that learning is personal and connected to each person's own background and experiences. I then challenged students to conceptuallly develop "hands-on" activities related to their research that could be done in a museum or classroom – anything from a demonstration to a game-style challenge to a more structured hands-on activity.
Some of the students working on their activity concepts, outside the old McCarthy hardware store
All 27 students came up with a fantastic range of ideas – it's just too bad they all can't physically build their activities and come to Miami to show them off! (But hopefully it's an idea they may build for later in their own home town or country…)
Simulate an atmosphere & then test weather conditions like rain (spray bottle), sun (light bulb), wind (a fan) and cloud cover, to see how weather and heat affect glaciers (icy surface)
Racing glaciers – model different glacier conditions using flubber (which deforms like ice as it flows) and water (to lubricate "glacier bed" surface), to "race" glaciers down a slope
Learn science and measurement techniques in person, and then go home and take your own measurements of weather conditions like snow depth, to digitally contribute data from more places not previously studied
The environment here in Alaska is stunning, but students in this Glaciology Summer School course are not only here to enjoy the environment, they are here to better their understanding of it. Everyone is working on group projects as assigned and guided by one of the course instructors, and it will be the students' turn to give presentations on the last day of the course. This is what evenings in McCarthy, Alaska look like these days for us. Lines of computers and tangles of cables in the Wrangell Mountains Center, aka "the old hardware store." Can't wait to see the results!
Glaciers are ice, and ice is cold. But heat plays an important a role in glacier dynamics. In our project for this Glaciology Summer School, we are looking at all the ways that heat flows in and out of the glacier surface, starting with how weather conditions affect glacier flow. We are developing a computer program in which we can input weather data recorded from a weather station placed on the glacier surface, that we can use to see how weather conditions correlate with the melting rate of the glacier. Programs like this that can accurately relate weather conditions to glacier conditions will be a key tool in helping us understand – as well as predict – how a warming climate affects icy glaciers.
- Noel, Shaun, Andy, Kathrin
A weather station similar to that which took the data used in this project. The station in this photo, involved in one of the students' research, is based on Nordic Glacier in British Columbia, Canada.
Do you have a favorite place to go on vacation? Well, I do, and it's a bit unconventional. I have spent almost a half a year of my life living in Antarctica! I lived on the Whillans Ice Stream, working hard researching the ice sheet there.
First, let me tell you about Antarctica. It's a huge continent covered in thousands of feet of ice that accumulated as snow over many thousands of years. Did you know that ice flows (despite how solid it looks floating in your glass of iced tea)? This means that the huge pile of ice sitting on top of Antarctica is slowly flowing under its own weight towards the ocean, where it will break off into icebergs or melt into the ocean. How thick the ice sheet is depends on the balance between how much snow accumulates, and how much ice breaks off or melts into the ocean. If more ice breaks off or melts into the ocean than accumulates as snow, the ice sheet shrinks and sea level rises. If more snow accumulates, then the ice sheet grows, and sea level drops. So if you live near the beach (my other favorite place to go on vacation) and want to know how much sea level will rise in the next 50 years, you need to understand how the ice flows downhill towards the ocean. That's what I'm studying.
What is an ice stream? An ice stream is essentially a glacier, but instead of flowing between rocky mountains like a glacier in the Alps, it is held on either side by more ice. The ice on either side barely creeps along, moving very slowly, while the ice in the middle flows really fast (1000 feet or more per year). In between the stationary ice and the moving ice, there are house-swallowing crevasses, or cracks in the ice (don't go there!). Nobody is quite sure what is underneath, but it's some mixture of mud, sand, water, and rock. Ice streams drain a huge portion of the interior of the Antarctic Ice Sheet.
The Whillans Ice Stream is one of five ice streams on the Siple Coast of West Antarctica, across the Ross Ice Shelf from McMurdo Station. This motley bunch of ice streams has some interesting behavior. MacAyeal, Bindschadler, and Mercer Ice Streams all behave "normally," flowing out of the highlands of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet and into the Ross Ice Shelf. The Whillans is actually slowing down, and moves in fits and starts. And the Kamb Ice Stream is stopped entirely! How do you stop a river of ice??? (I wish I knew.)
When glaciers and ice streams move, they are sometimes deforming internally (like silly putty), sometimes they slide over their muddy beds, and sometimes they scrape along over harder bedrock.


text:
| Quote #7
[Gomez to Henry:] "Are you the same person?" (1.14.91)
Gomez thinks that Henry's condition makes him a flawed being with no sense of identity that can stick around through all the traveling.
| Quote #8
[Henry:] Whatever I am. What am I? What am I? (2.2.231)
Henry questions his identity. Is he an advanced human being, or is he a faulty version of a human being? What do you think?
| Quote #9
[Henry:] There is a noise in the shrubbery. I open the window farther and look down. There I am, sitting in the dirt, under the window, soaking wet, panting. He grins at me and gives me the thumbs up. (2.14.45)
Henry deals fairly easy with meeting other versions of himself. But in which version does his sense of identity and consciousness reside at any given time? Or does he split his identity between various versions and how might that feel?


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|PostgreSQL 8.2.23 Documentation|
|Prev||Fast Backward||Chapter 42. Overview of PostgreSQL Internals||Fast Forward||Next|
Here we give a short overview of the stages a query has to pass in order to obtain a result.
A connection from an application program to the PostgreSQL server has to be established. The application program transmits a query to the server and waits to receive the results sent back by the server.
The parser stage checks the query transmitted by the application program for correct syntax and creates a query tree.
The rewrite system takes the query tree created by the parser stage and looks for any rules (stored in the system catalogs) to apply to the query tree. It performs the transformations given in the rule bodies.
One application of the rewrite system is in the realization of views. Whenever a query against a view (i.e. a virtual table) is made, the rewrite system rewrites the user's query to a query that accesses the base tables given in the view definition instead.
The planner/optimizer takes the (rewritten) query tree and creates a query plan that will be the input to the executor.
It does so by first creating all possible paths leading to the same result. For example if there is an index on a relation to be scanned, there are two paths for the scan. One possibility is a simple sequential scan and the other possibility is to use the index. Next the cost for the execution of each path is estimated and the cheapest path is chosen. The cheapest path is expanded into a complete plan that the executor can use.
The executor recursively steps through the plan tree and retrieves rows in the way represented by the plan. The executor makes use of the storage system while scanning relations, performs sorts and joins, evaluates qualifications and finally hands back the rows derived.
In the following sections we will cover each of the above listed items in more detail to give a better understanding of PostgreSQL's internal control and data structures.


Här ska det bytas till en sökruta
Driving Simulator
Cybercom developed a driving simulator that puts a stroke patient in a life-like driving situation.
Assessing if a stroke patient still can drive safely can be a complex, costly and imprecise process. Aspects such as ability to focus, peripheral vision, reaction times and eye-hand coordination all needs to be evaluated and condensed into a final ruling. The doctor performs examinations and uses an array of different tools to measure various abilities, but in the end it is down to the doctors personal judgement.
Making an incorrect judgement can have grave consequences, from serious injuries or even deaths on one end and a severe limitation for the patients professional and daily life on the other.
Our solution was to develop a driving simulator that puts the patient in a life-like driving situation while providing certain stimulus and measuring the patient's ability to react timely and accurately without compromising their driving. The simulator calculates and provides several test results that can be directly compared to other patients.
Clinical Trials have been conducted and a total of 120 stroke patients participated in the tests and another 120 non-stroke patients have been used as a control group. Preliminary findings indicate a strong correlation between Cybersim and the current leading tool with the possibility that Cybersim can provide additional, relevant data since it measures more aspects of the driving.
The clinical trials of Cybersim also provided some valuable feedback on how to improve the product. Innovation Zone therefore started work on a second version, based on an improved framework and a revised specification, early 2017.
The second version has modifications and improvements that makes it more suitable for wider deployment in the medical sector and is currently being evaluated in Linköping.
Watch the clip from TV4 news (Swedish):
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Irfan Khalid
Head of Innovation Cybercom Group
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Urban Forestry, Urban Greening
Course content
The "re-naturing" of cities has come to the fore-front of urban planning the world over. From Singapore to Copenhagen, city leaders have implemented large-scale tree planting campaigns and the greening of post-industrial sites with urban parks and community gardens. But why are green spaces so important for today's cities and towns? How do we develop sustainable and multifunctional green structures that meet the expectations of local citizens, politicians and other diverse interests? How can green spaces and trees provide nature-based solutions for a climate-resilient future? How can green spaces and trees continue to be prioritized given the pressures of urban densification? These are some of the questions delt with in this course. Working with a Nordic and international perspective, students are challenged to conceptualize and apply key concepts, theories, and methods involved in the adaptive planning and governance of urban parks, woodlands, street trees, community gardens and other green areas. This is a must-have course for students with a professional interest in the greening and re-naturing of cities.
This course challenges students to shift perspectives from the spatial to the political. In this regard Urban Forestry Urban Greening is a problemand knowledge-based course drawing on relevant urban green space governance cases from the Danish and international context . The course explores international literature and Danish cases as an introduction to the planning, management, and governance of public urban green spaces. The course provides an in-depth perspective on the following topics:
- The concept of Urban Forestry & Urban Greening (UFUG) approach, definitions etc. touching on its relation to urban green infrastructure and the ecologicalization of the urban fabric.
- History, background, developments and current status of UFUG resources in Europe and abroad
- Adaptive governance of urban forestry and urban greening
- Case-based examples of benefits, values and uses of urban forestry and urban greening (ecological, economic, social, cultural, human health etc.)
- Case-based examples of policies, planning legislation and regulations of urban forestry and urban greening
- Development of tools for adaptive governance of urban forestry and urban greening with a specific focus on community-based planning
- Focus on diverse actors, stakeholders and professions involved in ruabn forestry and urban greening governance
- Focus on various methods of public engagement and co-creation in urban forestry and urban greening
MSc Programme in Landscape Architecture
Learning outcome
The main objective of the course is to provide a theoretical introduction to the governance (planning, management, and steering of decision making processes) of public urban green spaces from an adaptive and community-based planning perspective. These course objectives are supported through case-based group work resulting in a written urban green space governance plan at the end of the block. In this course we work with "real-world" cases often engaging directly with a municipality, community groups, and parks organizations thus we aim to move from theory to praxis within the course.
The course is integrated in the Master program in Landscape Architecture, yet is also highly relevant for students studying Nature Management, Sustainable Urban Development, Climate Resiliency, and or other topics relating to urban sustainability.
After completing the course the student should be able to:
- Describe and challenge relevant theories related to the combination of urban governance, landscape urbanism, green space management, and urban green infrastructure planning and how they relate to real-world practice.
-Describe and challenge, using relevant models, the actors and aspects involved in urban green space planning and governance, and specifically explain and challenge the role of a public manager within a basic democratic system.
- Reflect upon the different user groups, their wishes and needs, and possible conflicts between different user groups.
-Summarize and complicate the various benefits of urban forestry and urban greening.
-List relevant methods of resident engagement and co-creation and reflect upon their suitability in different situations.
- Describe in detail how an adaptive green space governance plan may be structured, and developed over time.
- Read and analyze peer-reviewed scientific publications
- Make oral presentations of preformed analyses, developed visions and planned actions
- Structure reports and presentations in a professional manner
- Select and asses relevant information for the course project
- Discuss central tools, their scope and values in relation to green space governance.
- Obtain new methodological insights into the collection of urban forestry and urban greening data
- Develop a green space governance plan, including both short and long term visions and related means to fulfill the plan.
-Work independently
-Cooperate effectively in a multidisciplinary and multicultural group with a common project
-Apply the course theory to related subjects and/or to different work situations, e.g. in other countries
The course will be taught as a combination of lectures, group work, seminars and field tests. Lectures will be given as a basis for theoretical input. Group work will be based on exercises where students develop further understanding. Seminars will be based on students own preparation and dissemination of knowledge. Field tests will be excursions where students are expected to test theory in practise. As both the future work field and the expected students represent a wide range of interests and educational backgrounds, teaching methods in this course will be interactive and active participation of the students in discussions and multidisciplinary group work is expected. Thus, students will be able to work interdisciplinary as well as relate their own academic background to related disciplines.
See Absalon for a list of course literature.
A relevant Bachelor completed, with a proven 'green space' component, for example landscape architecture, landscape management, forestry, natural resource management, nature conservation, geography, environmental science.
Academic qualifications equivalent to a BSc degree is recommended.
Peer feedback (Students give each other feedback)
Feedback will be given in two-way formats. Students will frequently be asked to assess the course lecture content and relevance as well as their personal learning experience. This will be done orally. Oral feedback will be given during group-work presentations. All students will comment on their peers' progress in group presentations as part of peer-feedback. Individual feedback will be given upon request. Each student will receive feedback at their exam when the grade is given.
Type of assessment
Oral examination, 20 minutes
Oral exam, with use of all materials allowed. Question to be drawn prior to exam, followed by 20 minutes of preparation time.
All aids allowed
Marking scale
7-point grading scale
Censorship form
External censorship
Criteria for exam assessment
Please see learning outcomes.
Single subject courses (day)
 - Category
 - Hours
 - Lectures
 - 40
 - Preparation
 - 250
 - Exercises
 - 106
 - Guidance
 - 16
 - English
 - 412


Create a Delphi Form From a String
Elevated view of programmers working on laptops
Maskot / Getty Images
There may be instances when you do not know the exact class type of a form object. You may only have the string variable carrying the name of the form's class, such as "TMyForm".
Note that the Application.CreateForm() procedure expects a variable of type TFormClass for its first parameter. If you can provide a TFormClass type variable (from a string), you will be able to create a form from its name.
Sample Exercise
 1. Create a new Delphi project and name the main form: MainForm (TMainForm).
 2. Add three new forms to the project, name them:
 3. FirstForm (TFirstForm)
 4. SecondForm (TSecondForm)
 5. ThirdForm (TThirdForm)
 6. Remove the three new forms from the "Auto-create Forms" list in the Project-Options dialog.
 7. Drop a ListBox on the MainForm and add three strings: 'TFirstForm', 'TSecondForm', and 'TThirdForm'.
procedure TMainForm.FormCreate( Sender: TObject);
RegisterClass(TFirstForm); RegisterClass(TSecondForm); RegisterClass(TThirdForm);
In the MainForm's OnCreate event register the classes:
procedure TMainForm.CreateFormButtonClick( Sender: TObject);
s : string;
s := ListBox1.Items[ListBox1.ItemIndex]; CreateFormFromName(s);
Once the button is clicked, find the selected form's type name, and call a custom CreateFormFromName procedure:
procedure CreateFormFromName(
const FormName : string);
fc : TFormClass; f : TForm;
fc := TFormClass(FindClass(FormName)); f := fc.Create(Application); f.Show;
; (* CreateFormFromName *)
If the first item is selected in the list box, the "s" variable will hold the "TFirstForm" string value. The CreateFormFromName will create an instance of the TFirstForm form.
mla apa chicago
Your Citation
Gajic, Zarko. "Create a Delphi Form From a String." ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, Gajic, Zarko. (2020, August 28). Create a Delphi Form From a String. Retrieved from Gajic, Zarko. "Create a Delphi Form From a String." ThoughtCo. (accessed August 5, 2021).


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priest in Alexandria; founder of Arianism
|This religious leader article is a stub. You can help Wikiquote by expanding it.|
- If the Father begat the Son, he that was begotten had a beginning of existence: and from this it is evident, that there was a time when the Son was not. It therefore necessarily follows, that he had his substance from nothing.
- As quoted in Church History, by Socrates of Constantinople, Book I, Ch. 5
Quotes about AriusEdit
- Arius began to say things like this in his sermons and writings: "If God and Christ were equal then Christ should be called God's brother, not God's Son." People puzzled about that. They were hearing now something different from this presbyter than they were hearing from the bishop. And Arius also created the very famous saying, "There was a time when He was not." "There was a time when the Son did not exist." So in his view, Christ became what we could call a third thing. He is neither God nor is He man, but something in between. There is God and there is the Son and there is the rest of creation. So rather than having two things you have a tertium quid, a third thing — neither god nor man.
- David Calhoun, in Ancient & Medieval Church History (2006), Lesson 12


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This patent production line of rice bran pretreatment and expansion machines adopts reasonable designs. It can make high efficient expansion for rice bran. This rice bran oil expansion pretreatment is featured by high quality rice bran expansion, low human and production cost, small footprint, low power consumption etc.
Process flow of Rice Bran Oil pretreatment & Expansion introduction:
1. Rice bran was unloaded into workshop manually through artificial screw feeder and then be sent to elevator.
2. The uploaded rice bran goes through rice bran separating screen in order to remove large complexes of rice bran.
3. Clearly cleaned rice bran is sent into quenching pot through elevator conveyor. The quenched rice bran goes into feeding auger after expansion and fall into extruder.
4. After extruding, rice bran expansion materials fall on flat dryer for drying. The dry extruding rice bran is sent to extraction plant by conveyor.
Process Flow Chart of Rice Bran Oil Expansion & Pretreatment:
Working Principle of rice bran oil pretreatment and Expansion:
Rice bran oil expansion pretreatment will change the shape and structure of rice bran through press and promotion of non-isometric and nonstandard screw system of extruder. The gas among rice bran gap is squeezed out and quickly filled with materials, which causes rice bran sheared back and increased pressure inside the chamber. Rice bran hybrid is fully mixed, squeezed, heated, glued and pasted with increasing friction between screw and chamber, which changes rice bran structure and destroys rice bran fat layer structure.
At the same time, mechanical energy converts into heat, and machine chamber quickly rises to 125 degrees, which causes effective passivation of various enzyme activities of rice bran, and destruction of fat layer structure. The starch and protein turn into viscous state while rice bran is extruded to the exit, and high pressure changes into atmospheric pressure instantaneously. Moisture is evaporated from rice bran organizational structure quickly, forming into numerous pore structure inner rice bran. The rice bran oil expansion pretreatment is completed after cooling.


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Empty Justice: One Hundred Years of Law, Literature and Philosophy : Existential, Feminist and Normative Perspectives in Literary Jurisprudence
Utilising literature as a serious source of challenges to questions in philosophy and law, this book provides a fresh perspective not only upon the inculcation of the legal subject, but also upon the relationship between modernism, postmodernism and how such concepts might evolve in the construction of community ethics. The creation and role of the legal subject is just one aspect of jurisprudential enquiry now attracting much attention.
How do moral values act upon the subject? How do moral'systems' impinge upon the subject - jurist and judged - throughout the 20th century, when religious values are called into question, when 'existential' doubt prevails? To what extent do issues of gender and identity inform these questions?
Many sources can provide insights into these issues: this book intends to concentrate upon fiction as just such a resource. However it is not just another law and literature compilation. Spanning the last century, each chapter will attempt to fulfil four objectives: to identify key texts in relation to a given period; to look for linked legal and philosophical developments from that period; to establish fresh links from these sources regarding concrete doctrinal, or practical legal questions, and finally draw a more general inference about the legal subject and the frequently less evident feminine citizen-subject.
Central to this approach will be the consideration of contemporary case law and legal materials as social documents of the relationship between law and the wider community.


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A Public Enemy's Life in the Fast Lane
The National Archives is known for maintaining and preserving documents like the Constitution and Declaration of Independence. But among America's historic documents, there are also records of bank robbers, bootleggers, and gangsters.
In this week's "True Crime at the Archives" spotlight is America's first public enemy—John Dillinger.
A cunning and sophisticated bank robber, Dillinger led a string of violent robberies during his short yet infamous criminal career.
So why did auto theft prove to be his most costly crime?
It all began in 1933, when Dillinger was paroled from the Indiana State Prison after serving eight and a half years for robbing a grocery store. Within months, Dillinger organized a group of his closest criminal associates and began a notorious crime spree.
From September 1933 until January 1934, Dillinger and his fellow outlaws managed to evade law enforcement. And while Americans struggled during the height of the Great Depression, the gang stole hundreds of thousands of dollars from Midwestern banks.
After a robbery of the First National Bank of East Chicago turned violent, national publicity intensified. The gang then fled to Arizona, where they were caught by local police on January 23.
Dillinger was extradited to Indiana to await trial for the murder of a police officer. But while he was sequestered in what officials called an "escape proof" jail, Dillinger deceived two guards and broke out.
Then the infamous bank robber made a crucial mistake.
Dillinger fled the jail in a stolen car and drove from Indiana to Illinois. That placed him in violation of the National Motor Vehicle Theft Act, which made it a Federal offense to transport a stolen motor vehicle across state lines.
The Federal charge enabled the FBI to lead the nationwide manhunt. Director J. Edgar Hoover made Dillinger's capture the FBI's top priority. Hoover sent his top lieutenants to the Chicago field office, where agents used an informant to locate the country's top public enemy.
FBI agents planned to catch Dillinger outside of Chicago's Biograph Theater on the evening of July 22. But as he left the theater, he reached for his gun. Several agents opened fire. Dillinger was shot three times before being pronounced dead at 10:50 p.m. on July 22, 1934.
For more information about John Dillinger and Chicago's notorious organized crime syndicates, visit the National Archives at Kansas City for their exhibit "They're Not Going To Get Me: Crime in the 1930s."
Posted by Gregory Marose on March 14, 2012, under - Great Depression, Unusual documents.
Tags: 1933, 1934, bank robbery, Biograph Theater, car theft, Chicago, Dillinger, FBI, Federal crime, Hoover, Indiana state Prison, John Dillinger


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Sandblasting is a term for the procedure of smoothing, forming and cleaning a hard surface by constraining strong particles over the surface at high speeds. Truly the material utilized for sandblasting was sand. Right now numerous other better materials have been created to rough impact, for example, smashed glass, glass globules, aluminum oxide and steel shot/coarseness.
240 credit hours (45 days)
Mr. Raja Muhammad Akbar
Middle or Matriculate
15,000 PKR ($300)
Desire Learning Objective
This course will help you to:
- Abrade metal surfaces or hard-composition objects to eliminate adhering scale, paint, sand, tar, rust, grease and dirt.
- Utilize abrasive-blasting to impart specified finish.
- Protect specified areas of objects from abrading action by masking them.
- Load parts on shelves in enclosed rooms, into tumbling barrels, or into cabinets.
- Turns valves on equipment to adjust pressure and composition of abrasive mixture
flowing through nozzle or into tumbling barrel.
- May be designated by type of equipment or abrasive used as Cabinet-Abrasive Shot blaster.
- Starts equipment that directs blast or flow of abrasive-laden compressed air, gas, or liquid over surface of parts.
- Manually directs nozzle over surface of large parts or inserts arms through glovefitted cabinet openings and manipulates small parts under nozzle for specified interval.
- May examine finished parts to make sure conformance to requisites.
We impart knowledge and Practical Training in following way:
Ethics, discipline, motivation, health and safety training: Half an hour daily (10%)
Theoretical knowledge: One (01) hour daily (25%)
Hands on Training: Six (06) hour daily (65%)


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Building a lunar base with 3D printingJanuary 31st, 2013 in Technology / Engineering
Lunar base made with 3D printing. Credit: ESA
(Phys.org)—Setting up a lunar base could be made much simpler by using a 3D printer to build it from local materials. Industrial partners including renowned architects Foster + Partners have joined with ESA to test the feasibility of 3D printing using lunar soil.
"Terrestrial 3D printing technology has produced entire structures," said Laurent Pambaguian, heading the project for ESA.
"Our industrial team investigated if it could similarly be employed to build a lunar habitat."
Foster + Partners devised a weight-bearing 'catenary' dome design with a cellular structured wall to shield against micrometeoroids and space radiation, incorporating a pressurised inflatable to shelter astronauts.
A hollow closed-cell structure – reminiscent of bird bones – provides a good combination of strength and weight.
The base's design was guided in turn by the properties of 3D-printed lunar soil, with a 1.5 tonne building block produced as a demonstration.
"3D printing offers a potential means of facilitating lunar settlement with reduced logistics from Earth," added Scott Hovland of ESA's human spaceflight team.
"The new possibilities this work opens up can then be considered by international space agencies as part of the current development of a common exploration strategy."
"As a practice, we are used to designing for extreme climates on Earth and exploiting the environmental benefits of using local, sustainable materials," remarked Xavier De Kestelier of Foster + Partners Specialist Modelling Group. "Our lunar habitation follows a similar logic."
The UK's Monolite supplied the D-Shape printer, with a mobile printing array of nozzles on a 6 m frame to spray a binding solution onto a sand-like building material.
3D 'printouts' are built up layer by layer – the company more typically uses its printer to create sculptures and is working on artificial coral reefs to help preserve beaches from energetic sea waves.
"First, we needed to mix the simulated lunar material with magnesium oxide. This turns it into 'paper' we can print with," explained Monolite founder Enrico Dini.
"Then for our structural 'ink' we apply a binding salt which converts material to a stone-like solid.
"Our current printer builds at a rate of around 2 m per hour, while our next-generation design should attain 3.5 m per hour, completing an entire building in a week."
Italian space research firm Alta SpA worked with Pisa-based engineering university Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna on adapting 3D printing techniques to a Moon mission and ensuring process quality control. The effect of working in a vacuum was also assessed.
"The process is based on applying liquids but, of course, unprotected liquids boil away in vacuum," said Giovanni Cesaretti of Alta.
"So we inserted the 3D printer nozzle beneath the regolith layer. We found small 2 mm-scale droplets stay trapped by capillary forces in the soil, meaning the printing process can indeed work in vacuum."
Simulated lunar regolith is produced for scientific testing by specialist companies, typically sold by the kilogram. But the team required many tonnes for their work.
"As another useful outcome, we discovered a European source of simulated lunar regolith," added Enrico.
"Basaltic rock from one volcano in central Italy turns out to bear a 99.8% resemblance to lunar soil."
"This project took place through ESA's General Studies Programme, used to look into new topics," Laurent commented.
"We have confirmed the basic concept, and assembled a capable team for follow-on work."
Factors such as controlling lunar dust – hazardous to breathe in – and thermal factors will require further study.
3D printing works best at room temperature but over much of the Moon temperatures vary enormously across days and nights lasting two weeks each. For potential settlement, the lunar poles offer the most moderate temperature range.
Provided by European Space Agency
"Building a lunar base with 3D printing." January 31st, 2013. _URL_


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School cafeterias across the country are serving up delicious and different menu items that are nutritious too.
Whether it's Spicy Stir Fry, Chicken Curry Salad, or Cuban Style Roast Pork, international recipes helps school districts to meet nutrition standards in a fun way. It also helps students to understand and appreciate different cultures.
To provide students a wider range of vegetables, Wayzata Public Schools in MN offers a Spicy Lemon Chicken Stir Fry dish full of veggies like broccoli, carrot strips, green beans, crisp water chestnuts, onions and julienned red bell pepper.
Highline School District, WA (featured in the video) below provides kids with fun, educational activities that match the cultures represented on the lunch menu to promote cultural awareness among students.
Interested in ethnic menu options? Check out the whole story and learn more about new ethnic school menus at: _URL_
Tray Talk is not Mealtalk!Do you know that Tray Talk and Mealtalk are different programs? Mealtalk is USDA's listserv and Tray Talk (_URL_) is SNA's website for parents to help them understand the facts about school meals and learn about school nutrition success stories from around the country.
© 2000 - 2013 School Nutrition Association, All Rights Reserved