America's Cup 2021: Interactive explainer: Inside Team NZ's speed machine – how it all works
The boats being raced in this year's America's Cup are pushing the boundaries of both science and design.
The 75-foot foiling monohulls are unlike anything seen before in our waters and have been attracting huge interest and fanfare as they fly across the Waitematā Harbour daily.
But how exactly do these boats fly? What differences are there between Team NZ and Luna Rossa? And what are the responsibilities of each crew member?
Cheree Kinnear and AUT's Sailing Professor Mark Orams break down every inch of Team NZ and Luna Rossa's 75-foot, 7.5 tonne America's Cup boats.
The twin cantilevering foil arms, which extend out the side of the boat, provide lift and stability and are controlled by battery-powered hydraulics.
When the boats are foiling, the force of the wind on the sail is essentially trying to push the boat over on its side, so the foil in the water on the opposite side of the wind helps keeps it stable.
The other foil, if kept in the water would drag, therefore, is lifted. But because it's heavy it also helps with stability. The only time both foils are kept in the water is during a manoeuvre.
"The foils basically support the boat," Orams says. "They're around the size of an ironing board so you've got this massive yacht and all the force is supported by this very narrow foil."
The foil arms also have adjustable flaps attached to the bottom of each wing, and the flight controller's job is to control the flap's angle when foiling.
"If you think of an airplane's wings, the flaps go down to give you lift to take off and then as you take off, you'll see the pilot retract the flap as you've got enough speed that you've got to reduce the drag. It's the same principle with the main foils," says Orams.
Team New Zealand have fairly straight foils while Luna Rossa's resemble more of an inverted 'Y' shape and slant downwards to the tips.
"In aerodynamic terms that gives you more stability," Orams said. "So somehow Team NZ have figured out how to stay stable but have a really low drag set up on their foils. That tells me they must have a very sophisticated way of controlling their flaps."
Controlled by the helmsman, the rudder acts like the tail wing on a plane and is essentially a steering device.
The 'elevators' at the bottom of the rudder control the pitch of the yacht and enable stable flight -basically how much the boat flies nose up or nose down when foiling.
The rudder must work in unison with the foil arms, as Orams explains.
"If you've got them both going the same way, so both angles up, they'll both go to the sky and the boat will breach and fall to the surface. In contrast, if they're both down it'll nose dive so they have to work together."
Just like the foil arms, the larger the rudder, the more control the boat has, but once flying, the more drag it can create. The challenge is in striking the right balance.
While both teams have similar rudders, Team NZ's is the smallest.
The hull is the main body of the boat.
The unique difficulty with designing the hull of these foiling AC75's is, because it spends time both in and above the water, it needs to be built hydro-dynamically and aero-dynamically.
To achieve this balancing act, the hull needs to have enough buoyancy to take off yet be thin enough that when flying, has minimal drag.
Team NZ and Luna Rossa have relatively similar shaped hulls, in that they're arrow-shaped in design but Team NZ is much wider at the back.
"What they're trying to achieve is buoyancy in the hull by making it wide but as they present the hull to the wind direction, that it has as little profile as possible," Orams says.
"A little bit like a fighter jet.
"Luna Rossa's shape is less radical with no hard corners or bumps whereas Team NZ have a bit more of a narrow bow and boxy stern."
The other important aspect of the hull design is the shape of the keel. When the boat is at full flight, wind travelling underneath from one side of the hull to the other can create turbulence.
Extended keels, as seen on both boats, force the wind to go front to back and tunnel either side of the hull.
"It's a lot less drag and allows the boat to go faster," Orams says. "So both teams have these keels that drop from the middle of the boat that closes the gap between the water surface and the hull."
Mast & sails
Each boat must have an identical mast, but how it's installed, how much it leans and where it's positioned is up to the teams.
The sails are constructed out of carbon fibre. Team NZ and Luna Rossa both use North Sails, which are built in a mould.
The jib – being the triangular sail at the front of the boat – is single sided so when the boat goes from one tack to the other, the sail inverts in its shape onto the other side.
The mainsail, however, has two skins, and so creates a "soft wing".
"This is the engine of the yacht so how teams adjust it is huge," says Orams. "Mainsails are adjusted using hydraulics, powered by the grinders, how much power the grinders can produce determines how much adjustment the mainsail trimmer can make. And they have to be adjusted a lot for manoeuvres, puffs and lulls and they're always trying to manage the compromise between power and drag."
When it comes to race day, each team selects which sails to use based on recommendations from their meteorologist. The mainsails are selected fairly early but they leave their jib choice until much closer to the start time.
"You'll have your plan A, plan B and plan C before you even leave the dock," Orams said.
At the top of mast and front of the bowsprit, there are instruments that measure the wind strength and angle.
This provides the afterguard (helmsman and tactician) with valuable information when racing.
It also provides critical information about angle of attack, foil arm cant, pitch of the elevator and the rudder.
"They'll look at some key things such as the target of their boat speed, turn rate in manoeuvres, the speed going into a turn, through the turn and coming out and how they accelerate to get up to speed," said Orams.
"It determines where the mainsail is, the foils are adjusted to and the angle the helmsman is steering the yacht."
In basic terms, grinders use hand winches to create hydraulic power for the trimmers to adjust the sails.
To create hydraulic power, pressure needs to be created to pump hydraulic oil through pipes so the grinders ensure pressure is kept in the accumulator tanks.
"Think about it like a hot water cylinder. When filled up, you've got plenty of hot water and pressure but when you have two showers going, the pressure drops and so goes the temperature, the grinders are basically keeping the pressure up in those tanks," Orams explains.
"Without pressure, a person will essentially push a button and nothing will happen."
Both Team NZ and Luna Rossa have eight grinders, four on each side of the boat.
Flight controller
The flight controller is in charge of the foils and plays an essential part in ensuring the boat pulls off manoeuvres while foiling.
With the more traditional approach, Team NZ have thrust the role onto Blair Tuke.
Luna Rossa, on the other hand, has opted for the configuration with two helmsmen in Jimmy Spithill and Francesco Bruni, meaning both alternate in the role of flight controllers as they manage the foil control system.
Mainsail trimmer
The mainsail trimmer controls the 'engine'.
They're key to spotting changes in wind and can change the top and bottom sections of the mainsail.
But they must coordinate with the helmsman, as Orams explains.
"It's like if you were in a car and you've got one person on the steering wheel and the other with a foot on the accelerator. If they're not in sync with one another, it's really difficult," said Orams.
"They have to be like fighter pilots, very cool and calm."
The helmsman's primary responsibility is steering the boat and making decisions in manoeuvres.
He talks the team through their routines when entering a tack or gybe and the helmsman has the final say.
Team NZ has one helmsman – Peter Burling. But as mentioned above, Luna Rossa has opted to have two – Spithill and Bruni.
"The tricky thing for teams is when they change from one tack to another, how do they control the boat? Team NZ has one primary helmsman, and you want to steer the boat from the windward side. So when they go into a turn Burling ends up on the wrong side so Glenn Ashby has to steer while he crosses the back of the sail," Orams explains.
"In a new innovation, Luna Rossa have one helmsman on each side and swap between roles of steering the boat and controlling the pitch."
Source: Read Full Article


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 (Redirected from Gaziosmanpasa)
Jump to: navigation, search
Location of Gaziosmanpaşa
Gaziosmanpaşa is located in Turkey
Coordinates: 41°04′34″N 28°54′02″E / 41.07611°N 28.90056°E / 41.07611; 28.90056Coordinates: 41°04′34″N 28°54′02″E / 41.07611°N 28.90056°E / 41.07611; 28.90056
Country Turkey
Province İstanbul
 - Mayor Erhan Erol (AKP)
 - Kaymakam Seddar Yavuz
 - District 216.63 km2 (83.64 sq mi)
Population (2012)[2]
 - District 488,258
 - District density 2,300/km2 (5,800/sq mi)
Gaziosmanpaşa (pronounced [ɡaːziosˈmanpaʃa]; old name: Taşlıtarla) is an impoverished working class municipality (belediye) and district of Istanbul, Turkey, on its European side. With a population of 400,000 plus, it is one of the most populous districts. In 2009 Gaziosmanpaşa district were the divided to three districts: Gaziosmanpaşa, the central; Sultangazi, the northern part and Arnavutköy, the northernmost part. Esenler and Bayrampaşa are at west, Sultangazi is at north and Eyüp is at south and east of district.
This was empty, stony pasture until the 1950s when immigrants from the Balkans (especially from Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Western Thrace) were settled here. Much of their housing was illegally built, primitive tiny cottages. Gaziosmanpaşa expanded rapidly during the 1970s and 80s due to migration from eastern Anatolia. The population is still growing with half the people under 20 years old. NBA's Orlando Magic star, Hedo Türkoğlu, who played in the 2009 NBA Finals, was born in the district. The NBA's Cleveland Cavaliers center Semih Erden was also born in the district.
Gaziosmanpaşa today[edit]
The centre of Gaziosmanpaşa is still inhabited by the descendents of the 1950s and 1960s Balkan immigrants. Now most of the original illegal houses are being pulled down and replaced with semi-legal blocks of flats, to house the children and grandchildren.
Other areas, often isolated communities far out of the city, are dominated by populations of migrants from Anatolia. These areas are an ethnic, religious and political melting pot. In particular, one area of Gaziosmanpaşa has a substantial population of migrants from Tunceli Province, a province mainly populated by people who claim both Kurdish and Zaza identities. The mixture of people plus the number of young people in the communities has at times given Gaziosmanpaşa the unfortunate reputation for being the centre of crime and of left and right wing violence in Istanbul, with many Istanbul people referring to the area as 'little Colombia'.
The city council is trying to spend its way out of this situation by putting in sports facilities, theatres, shopping centres and better transport to the city. But still more and more housing is being built. As the area has grown without sufficient control or regulations the city is still struggling to put in schools and other infrastructure throughout Gaziosmanpaşa to support the population, while industrial development is taking place too.
The area itself suffers from unemployment despite the industry coming in, and the main employers are small workshops producing light fittings, electrical goods, clothing, lathe and metalwork and car repairs.
The district was named after Gazi Osman Pasha, a prominent Ottoman general who had been active in the Balkans.
External links[edit]


How to Hang a Dartboard in a Cabinet
A dartboard mounted on a bare wall can lead to pretty several holes inside the wall from darts that miss the target. 1 method to resolve this challenge is always to hang the dartboard within a cabinet that could support defend the wall from errant shots. Most cabinets are constructed from wood and have doors that will conceal the board when it really is not in use. You could hang a dartboard inside a wall cabinet within a handful of minutes with some simple hand tools.
 1. Measure the height with the dartboard cabinet and divide the measurement in half. Subtract that measurement from five feet eight inches, measure up in the floor to this height and spot a horizontal pencil mark around the wall.
 2. Find the wall studs just above the mark and note the centers on the studs around the wall using a pencil.
 3. Position the dartboard cabinet to ensure that its bottom edge is aligned with all the horizontal pencil mark. Adjust the board in order that the 4 mounting holes are aligned with all the centers on the two wall studs, then adjust the angle in the cabinet using a level. Drive a two 1/2-inch wood screw by way of every single of your pre-drilled holes within the back in the cabinet in to the studs making use of a energy drill having a lengthy screw bit.
 4. Attach the mounting bracket for the dartboard towards the two hole places within the center on the cabinet having a screwdriver.
 5. Insert the mounting screw in to the center of your back from the dartboard. Drive the screw till it can be flush, then back it out a single complete turn.
 6. Attach the 3 rubber bumpers in the dartboard kit evenly spaced about the perimeter in the dartboard having a screwdriver. Then position the dartboard in to the cabinet and slip the head on the center screw in to the mounting bracket. In the event the board is also loose, get rid of it and tighten the screw slightly, then remount the dartboard. Rotate the dart board till the 20 position is pointing straight up.
Related search:
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text:
If Aldebaran were placed where the sun is now, its surface would extend almost to the orbit of Mercury.
Okay, it's not the most famous star in Cetus. It's not even the brightest, although it carries the designation Alpha. But Menkar has its own claims to fame.
The star Hamal, also known as Alpha Arietis, is the brightest star in Aries the Ram. Learn the role this star played in defining the term First Point in Aries.
Look for Deneb Kaitos – brightest star in Cetus the Whale – highest in the sky around mid-evening in November.
Achernar – also known as Alpha Eridani – is the 9th brightest star in Earth's sky and the flattest star known.
The star Al Risha in Pisces is not bright. But – at the tip of the V in Pisces – it's very noticeable.
On (or around) Halloween, look for Algol – a star named for a demon!
Come to know this star and be one step further along the path of finding the Andromeda galaxy.
The third star in the system, a red dwarf called Proxima Centauri, is thought to be about 4.22 light-years distant and is actually our sun's closest neighbor.
Fomalhaut is sometimes called the Loneliest Star. Its planet Fomalhaut b was the first beyond our solar system to be visible to the human eye.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
A Communication Medium Suitable for a De-linearized Online Learning Platform
by Jean Bebe
Traditional education is no longer regarded as the only source for knowledge. This is largely due to the digital evolution. Although there have been steps taken to transform the education system from traditional to modern, it is argued that linearized learning remain as the underlying framework. In order to be in sync with current and future market demands, a de-linearized learning approach is found suitable. This is best described as the exchange of roles namely, student, teacher, practitioner and researcher and the exchange of knowledge between them. An online platform that adopts a de-linearized learning approach is very much different and new compared to other online learning platforms. For this reason, a communication medium suitable for the exchange of knowledge in a de-linearized learning setting is unknown. Through the use of interviews consisting of the four roles as participants and literature research, the author has been able to identify six factors together with media capabilities that should be considered in a communication media in order to achieve effective knowledge exchange in ade-linearized learning platform. The factors are targeted towards the underlying layer of the exchange of knowledge which is the transmission and processing of information.
File Download : Thesis Jean Bebe

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Irrigation control system with a web-based interface for the management of Eucalyptus planting stock.
Kaptein, Nkosinathi David.
MetadataShow full item record
Commercial forestry nurseries use large quantities of water to irrigate the planting stock to meet the annual forestry industry planting demands. However, South Africa is a water scarce country and there is high competition for this limited resource with other sectors. Thus, sustainable water management strategies should be put in place to preserve this precious resource. In commercial forestry nurseries, sustainable water use may be achieved by carefully managing irrigation schedules, such as accurately measuring growing media water content and then replenishing the depleted soil water. Improved nursery irrigation management may not only save water, but also has the potential to reduce the prevalence of pests and diseases, excessive leaching of nutrients, irrigation costs and may produce robust planting stock that is better suited to adapt to field conditions. Growing media water content can be directly measured by the gravimetric method. However, this method is laborious, time consuming, costly and does not allow for near real-time monitoring and control. Several indirect methods for estimating soil water content have been developed and are in use today. Some common methods are: frequent domain reflectometry, time domain reflectometry, time domain transmission and the dual-needle heat pulse method. However, each method has advantages and disadvantages. Considerations for choosing the most appropriate method are the ability to automate, accuracy and precision, skills required to use and the costs to purchase. The main objective of this study was to calibrate the low cost commercially available Decagon EC-5 soil water content sensors using nursery growing media. The calibration equation was then used to measure and control irrigation for Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla and Eucalyptus dunnii planting stock grown in seedling trays in a greenhouse. A web-based data and information system was utilised to share measurements and display greenhouse environmental conditions in near real-time. The data could be viewed or downloaded using the internet1. Decagon EC-5 soil water content sensors were laboratory-calibrated, using nursery growing media, against the standard gravimetric method. Four nursery growing media were used for calibrations: coir/perlite mix (CP), coir/pine bark/vermiculite mix (CPBV), pine bark (PB) and sandy soil. The calibration relationships between gravimetric water content and sensor output for each growing media were established, and the manufacturer supplied calibration equation was evaluated against laboratory calibration equations. The appropriate laboratory calibration equation was programmed in the datalogger to measure and control irrigation. Greenhouse microclimate measurements of air temperature, relative humidity and solar irradiance were conducted. Hourly grass reference evaporation (ETo) was calculated by the datalogger. The greenhouse microclimate measurements were compared against an open area automatic weather station at the University of KwaZulu-Natal Agrometeorology Instrumentation Mast (UKZN AIM) system measurements. The EC-5 soil water content sensors were used to schedule irrigation for E. grandis x E. urophylla hybrid clones (GxU) (Experiment 1) and E. dunnii seedlings (Experiment 2) grown in seedling trays inside a fully air temperature controlled greenhouse. Irrigation was controlled in three treatments: low, medium and high watering. All treatments were treated the same except for differing irrigation application. Total daily irrigation and drainage were measured per treatment. Irrigation scheduling for GxU was programmed at a set point and E. dunnii seedlings at lower and drained upper limits. Seedling measurements conducted were root collar diameter (RCD), heights, stomatal conductance (gs), root-to-shoot ratio and total leaf area. Total drainage and its electrical conductivity (EC) was also measured. The calibration relationship showed a linear relationship between gravimetric water content and sensor output for all four growing media with an R2 greater than 0.92. The manufacturer supplied calibration equation poorly estimated growing media water content compared to the laboratory calibration. Poor estimation exceeded the 5% error specified by the manufacturer. Air temperature was consistently less than 25°C inside the greenhouse. The external air temperature, as measured by the UKZN AIM system, fluctuated and reached a maximum of 36.6°C during the study period. Solar irradiance inside the greenhouse was 60% lower than that measured by the UKZN AIM system. The relative humidity was consistently higher inside the greenhouse compared to that measured by the UKZN AIM system. Greenhouse grass reference evaporation was consistently lower than the UKZN AIM system due to low air temperature and high RH inside the greenhouse. For Experiment 1, the GxU clones were irrigated too frequently for short periods. This led to overand underirrigation in high and low watering treatments, respectively. However, these challenges were addressed in Experiment 2 using E. dunnii seedlings irrigated at lower and drained upper irrigation limits. In Experiment 2, variability in sensor measurements within each treatment were observed at drained upper limit and decreased at lower limit. This was likely caused by a change in the pore space volume from dry to wet growing media. The web-based system was successfully used as an early warning system to monitor soil water content measurements and greenhouse microclimate, averting experimental failure due to lack of irrigation on one occasion. Seedlings in the high watering treatment had the highest RCD, heights and gs followed by the medium and low watering treatments. Although the low watering treatment had the lowest growth rates and gs these seedlings were more robust, hardy and resistant to water stress. The root-to-shoot ratio showed no statistically significant differences between treatments. However, seedlings in the high watering treatment had slightly greater root volume. This was probably due to the increased total seedling leaf area for this treatment which facilitated increased photosynthetic activity and carbohydrates production, enabling increased root growth. The highest EC measurements were recorded in the low watering treatment. This was likely due to low irrigation and therefore nutrients were not washed off the growing media. Medium watering treatment EC was 30% lower than the low watering treatment whilst high watering EC was almost equivalent to the irrigation water. The analysis of economics showed that implementing the fully automated system could be costly. However, there are many potential benefits that may be offered by this system such as reduction in water use, pumping costs and management time. The early warning offered by this system could potentially help avoid the loss of planting stock if there is a problem with the irrigation system. The study showed that irrigation may be automatically scheduled for nursery seedlings trays using low cost Decagon EC-5 soil water content sensors with reasonable accuracy. However, medium-specific calibration is important to improve the soil water content measurement accuracy. The study also showed that reducing irrigation may result in reduced growth rates of seedlings. However, other benefits such as seedling resistance to water stress, robust seedlings, irrigation water savings and a reduction in washing off nutrients may be achieved.


text:
🏆 Over 5 years of experience teaching online classes
She's from Turkey
Turkish Elementary/A1-2, Intermediate/B1-2
About me (pictures, hobbies, extracurricular interests...)
Frequently Asked Questions
Yes, you can cancel booking up to 8 hours before the lesson starts, indicating the reason for the cancellation. We will study each case personally to carry out the refund.
At the time you select a lesson or package of hours, you will make the payment through our virtual payment service. You have two options:
- Debit / Credit
Once the payment is settled, we'll send you an e-mail with the booking confirmation.
Yes, something unexpected can always happen, so you can change the time or day of the lesson. You can do it from your personal area in "Scheduled lessons" through the option "Change date".
The class is done through classgap's virtual classroom. Classgap was developed specifically for educational purposes, including many useful features such as: digital whiteboard, online text editor, webcam, screen sharing and many more. View virtual classroom


text:
Display options control which features of the mesh are displayed. Each display feature associated with the mesh is listed in the 2D Mesh Display Options dialog which is accessed by selecting the Display Options command in the Display menu. Most of the items in the dialog represent features of the mesh that can be displayed. The toggle next to the feature can be toggled on or off to control whether or not the feature is to be displayed. In addition, the window to the left of the check box can be used to set the graphical attributes (line thickness, color, font, etc.) of the feature. The items in the dialog are as follows:
The Nodes item is used to display mesh nodes. A small circle is drawn at each node.
The Elements item is used to display the edges of elements. The elements can be drawn using either the default color for elements or using the color of the material associated with each element.
3 options are available for the element edges:
Autodraws the material color if faces are not displayed. Uses black or white if the faces are displayed.
Specifiedused the color specified next to the cell edges
Materialdisplays the material color of the cell
This option fills the elements with the material color.
The Mesh boundary item is used to display a solid line around the perimeter of the mesh. Displaying the boundary is useful when contours are being displayed with the element edges turned off.
The Node Numbers item is used to display the ID associated with each node next to the node.
The Element numbers item is used to display the ID associated with each element at the centroid of the element.
If the Thin elements item is set, triangular elements with small aspect ratios are highlighted. The minimum aspect ratio can be set using the Aspect Ratio command in the Modify Mesh menu.
The Scalar Values item is used to display the scalar values of the active dataset for each node next to the node.
Texture Map Image
The Texture Map Image Item is used to "drape" an image over the surface of the 2D Mesh.
2D Mesh Module


HOME Forums Controllers EZX10RF EZX10RF Repeats transmissions Reply To: EZX10RF Repeats transmissions
Post count: 1001
Insteon controllers send a Group message sequence to signal On and Off. The first message is a Group Broadcast which identifies the controller and the group number. There is no command retry associated with this message as it is not addressed to any specific responder. The second message in the Group sequence is a Group Cleanup Direct and this message is sent to each linked responder. This message has command retry associated with it as each responder must ACK the message. If the controller does not receive an ACK it resends the Group Cleanup Direct message.
The traced sequence is very strange because the Group Broadcast is being shown 5 times in a row, even though there is no command retry associated with that command. The Group Cleanup Direct, which does have command retry, is being sent only once and there is an ACK of that command from the PLM.
First let me make some assumptions which you should agree or disagree with. This is happening only with the EZX10RF. No other devices show multiple Group Broadcast messages being issued. The same sequence was observed from two different EZX10RF devices. If these assumptions are true then either two different EZX10RF devices have the same trait or there is some other variable involved. Is there more than one wireless X10 device producing the same results? What happens if you send the same X10 code directly over the powerline (no wireless)?
There are some issues with the ISY programming in that it produced 6 commands to the ApplianceLinc, one for each Group Broadcast and one for the Group Cleanup Direct. This is my assumption as I know nothing about how ISY works. If a command is being sent to the ApplianceLinc as a result of receiving a Group Broadcast (a normal Insteon device receiving the Group Broadcast would turn On/Off in response) the subsequent Group Cleanup Direct should have been ignored. Not a major issue and it has nothing to do with the multiple Group Broadcast messages.
One possibility is the RF signal is weak or intermittent, being sensed only long enough to generate the Group Broadcast but not long enough to trigger the Group Cleanup Direct. This seems like a low probability because it seems unlikely the command would be issued 5 times each time. The PLM could be repeating the Group Broadcast to the application (ISY in this case) but this also seems a low probability if the EZX10RF is the only device showing this sequence. If the same sequence is generated by multiple X10 wireless devices and it is not seen from any other Insteon device, that leaves the EZX10RF at the top of the list, except it is hard to believe multiple EZX10RF devices would fail the same way.
Perhaps more diagnosing will help. Trying different X10 wireless devices, sending the same X10 code from a wired X10 controller, making sure no other devices produce the same results.


text:
Technical Report Number
We present a surface reconstruction technique that constructs a smooth analytic surface from scattered data. The technique is robust to noise and both poorly and non-uniformly sampled data, making it well-suited for use in medical applications. In addition, the surface can be parameterized in multiple ways, making it possible to represent additional data, such as electromagnetic potential, in a different (but related) coordinate system to the geometric one. The parameterization technique also supports consistent parameterizations of multiple data sets.
Grimm, Cindy and Ju, Tao, "Smooth Surface Reconstruction using Charts for Medical Data" Report Number: WUCSE-2006-29 (2006). All Computer Science and Engineering Research.


Definitions for bombardment
Definitions for (noun) bombardment
Main entry: bombardment, bombing
Definition: an attack by dropping bombs
Main entry: bombardment
Main entry: barrage, barrage fire, battery, bombardment, shelling
Definition: the heavy fire of artillery to saturate an area rather than hit a specific target
Usage: they laid down a barrage in front of the advancing troops; the shelling went on for hours without pausing
Main entry: onslaught, outpouring, bombardment, barrage
Definition: the rapid and continuous delivery of linguistic communication (spoken or written)
Usage: a barrage of questions; a bombardment of mail complaining about his mistake
Visual thesaurus for bombardment


text:
Including All Apps in a Service Plan
The disable-aps-filter operation is used to make all apps available to subscribers of a certain service plan.
Request Packet Structure
A request XML packet allowing plan subscribers to install all available apps includes the disable-aps-filter operation node:
The disable-aps-filter node is presented by type ServicePlanApsFilterInputType (
domain_template.xsd). Its graphical representation is as follows:
- The filter node is required. It serves to specify the criteria by which the necessary service plans will be selected from the database. Data type: DomainTemplateFilterType (
domain_template.xsd). See the Available Filters section for details on this node.
- The owner-id node is optional. It specifies the ID of the service plan owner. Data type: integer.
- The owner-login node is optional. It specifies the login name of the service plan owner. Data type: string.
Important: When creating request packets, put nodes and elements in the order they follow in the packet structure.
Response Packet Structure
The disable-aps-filter node of the output XML packet is of complex type (
domain_template.xsd) which has the following presentation:
- The result node is required. It wraps the response got from the server. Data type: resultFilterType (
- The status node is required. Specifies the execution status of the operation. Data type: string. Allowed values: ok | error.
- The errcode node is optional. Returns the error code when the operation fails. Data type: unsignedInt.
- The errtext node is optional. Returns the error message if the operation fails. Data type: string.
- The filter-id node is optional. Returns the parameter by which the service plan was filtered by in the request packet. Data type: anySimple.
- The id node is optional. Returns the identifier of the service plan specified in the request. Data type: id_type (
This packet makes available all apps to the service plan base_plan.


Diary of a Wimpy Kid Wiki
The Muddy Hand
750pages on
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Redirected from The Muddy hand
The Muddy Hand is a disembodied hand made covered with mud that appears in one of Rodrick's horror movies entitled "Hello, You're Dead". In it, the Muddy Hand travels the countryside looking
Muddy Hand
for victims to strangle, and the last person who sees it is always the next victim. The film in question frightened Rowley and Greg at the end (where the Muddy Hand strangles its last victim and walks straight at the screen, implying that the viewer will be its next victim.) This made Greg and Rowley become really paranoid that the Muddy Hand was out to get them (despite being a fictional character.) Greg then figures out that since it is just a hand it would take a long time to get to them so they stopped worrying about it. It was only mentioned in Dog Days. In Rodrick Rules, The Foot is used (which is most likely a parody of the Muddy Hand).
In Fregley's version in Dog Days film,in the wilderness awareness he tells a campfirestory about the Muddy Hand. It is about an old woodsman who chops of his own hand by mistake while chopping wood in rain,his hand is the Muddy Hand.
The Muddy Hand looks just like an ordinary hand,the only notable difference is that the hand is quite dirty and has black spots that resemble mud, which is the reason why it's called the "Muddy Hand". It's also unknown how he kills its victim, it is most likely it either strangles the victims throat or any other body part.
 - If the Muddy Hand was not in the book, the plot could have been very different, as Greg and/or Rowley, in specific scenes, would not have been scared and would not have taken the plot-defining actions (such as Rowley smashing Greg's hand with a hammer because he thought it was the Muddy Hand.)
 - In the fim, Rodrick Rules the movie was not The Muddy Hand, but it was The Foot.
 - In the film, Dog Days The Muddy Hand was not in a horror movie, but in a campfire story told by Fregley.
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Multiply monomials
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SWBAT multiply monomials.
Big Idea
Capitalize on students' mastery of the properties of exponents to create fluency in multiplying monomial algebraic expressions.
10 minutes
For a video narrative about how I structure each lesson, and how the warm-up fits in watch my Lesson Structure video.
In today's warm-up, I wanted to re-focus on standards that are outside of the 8th grade common core, but part of the Algebra I standards. The first two tasks should be quick, but the third task is meant to be a bit of a problem-solving exercise - and I like how the interleaving of different topics gets their brains going in the beginning of class.
Play of the Day
40 minutes
10 minutes
15 minutes
The homework this evening provides students with an opportunity to advance their understanding of multiplying polynomials:
13 - 2 HW139 Multiply monomials


Home / Womens Secretariat / Iran, Islamic Republic Of / Articles / Lesbians in Iran: Stories of Persecution and Torture
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anonymous contributorWritten anonymously. (English)
Iranian Woman flogged as punishment for her lesbianism
Lesbians in Iran: Stories of Persecution and Torture
The Iranian Railroad for Queer Refugees (IRQR) documented cases of Iranian lesbians being forced into marriage, persecuted, become victims of extortion, "persuaded" to undergo hormone treatment and/or sex reassignment procedure, take unnecessary medication for serious mental disorders, raped and tortured.
Iranian lesbians, like their gay brothers, are not allowed to have an existence in Iran. Many are forced by society and by their family to live a lie and marry a man. Women convicted of lesbian sex face flogging or, after conviction for a fourth time, the death penalty. Lesbians have no security of person vis-à-vis the government. Each time they are arrested, they risk being raped, whipped, persecuted or even tortured to death. If they are raped by strangers or acquaintances, they and their family members are often reluctant to file a formal complaint because being raped is itself a matter of shame and disgrace. Even when complaints are filed, they do not prosper as the law pertaining to the crime of rape requires four male witnesses to prove the legitimacy of the accusation.
Those forced into marriage by their families experience the trauma of rape every night as a wife's first duty is to serve her husband's sexual needs. Under Iranian law, it is lawful for a man to rape his wife. The only unlawful rape of a woman is zena or adulterous rape. Many of these women suffer from depression and other mental and spiritual problems. If their sexuality is discovered by their family members, they are likely to be beaten and abused if not abandoned. Abandonment often means drug abuse and prostitution. Sometimes, lesbian women are forced by their families to consult a doctor, a process which can involve agitation and trauma. There have been cases where a lesbian required hospitalization after being prescribed a dangerous pill used typically for serious mental illnesses. They may even be persuaded to undergo sex-change operation, which can lead to depression, various mental and physical conditions and even suicide.
For lesbians and bisexual women, family and institutional social control may be the greatest threat to their safety and well-being. Research conducted by IRQR in last few years with Iranian lesbians indicates that their families and communities pressure them to repress their sexuality in myriad ways. Their fear of discovery is well-founded.
Lesbians whose families suspect them of homosexuality may be punished. A university student in her mid-twenties in Tehran told us that she was barred from leaving their home for there months when her mother discovered she was a lesbian. After which she was under constant supervision and was prevented from communicating outside the family.
Maryam is a 29-year-old Iranian lesbian refugee whom we were able to help get an early legal interview with the UNHRC in Turkey. She had a terrible life in an abusive situation. Her family forced her to marry one of their relatives. The husband raped her every night. She could do nothing about it because one of the first duties of women in the Islamic Republic of Iran is "sexual delivery" to their husbands. This poor girl went to a doctor after the repeated brutal marital rapes. The doctor told her, "You appear to have been raped by an animal and you need urgent health care now." However, her family ordered her to be patient and stay at her husband's home. She was then repeatedly beaten by her husband but she eventually escaped and went to a friend's house. While she was there, her brothers came when she was out and told her friend they were going to kill their sister to save the family's honour. She allegedly had dishonored the family because she had left her husband and has suspicious connections with other women. That was when she fled Iran to Turkey, where she was put in touch with us by one of our members in Iran. She cried when she told her story and I lost control too. I told her, "Don't go back to Iran. We don't want to lose any more members of our queer family."
As part of the routine pressure on Iranian women, lesbians are forced into marriages. Sanaz, 32, explained that her mother forced her to marry a man after discovering she was a lesbian. Had she refused, her parents would have disowned her. She had no means of supporting herself. She continues to live in fear of her husband discovering her sexuality and thus might become abusive or publicly "out" her in a shameful divorce. She also described a pattern of forced sex with her husband.
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There also exist other sources of power like HEP especially at stiegleis Gorge. These will provide power for the iron and steel industry
 2. The need of cutting down costs which incurred in the importing the iron from other countries
Advantages Expected from the Iron and Steel Industry in Tanzania
 1. It will create employment opportunities for the populations especially in the southern parts of Tanzania
 1. It will lead to the local supply of steel material to steel rolling industry in Tanga
 1. This will cut down costs of importing steel from other countries and hence it will save a lot of government revenue that could be used in importing steel
 1. It will facilitate the construction sector such that stronger buildings and bridges will be set up.
 1. It will also facilitate the development of transport and communication within the country
 1. Agriculture will also improve since farm implements will be produced in a greater quantity and will be cheaper compared to the imported iron and steel materials
 Iron and Steel Industry
Factors Limiting the Development of Iron and Steel Industry in Tanzania
 1. Lack of capital since Tanzania's economy is very low
 1. Low technology among many Tanzanians This has led to the existence of poor skilled manpower.
 1. There are poor transport and communication systems such that the transportation of iron and steel materials will be problematic.
 1. Shortage of internal market is another hindering factor delaying the development of iron and steel industry in Tanzania.
 1. Traditionally Tanzania has poor industrial base since it has been depending on agriculture as its economic back bone [economic mainstay].
 1. Lack of Government support.
Factors that Hinder the Development of the Manufacturing Industries in East Africa
 1. Low levels of science and technology
 2. Low levels of capital to be invested in the industries
 1. People are so migratory (they keep moving from place to place and hence they cannot concentrate on production)
 1. Civil wars also hinder industrial development in Tanzania and East Africa in general
 2. Low government support on industrial development
 3. Poor availability of raw materials
 1. Poor transport and communication, Hence the transportation of manufactured goods and raw materials is very costly.
 1. Poor labor supply to the industrial places.
 2. Limited or poor marketing system.
 3. Limited mineral sources and sources of energy.
 Iron and Steel Industry
Ways of improving the industrial base in East Africa
 1. There should be improvement in transport and communication system.
 1. There should be improvement in science and technology so as to facilitate industrial growth.
 1. The government should formulate policies which support industrial development in the country.
 1. The local resources should be explored and exploited for industrial use.
 2. There should be control of population growth so that the capital can be invested in industrial development rather than supporting the rapid growth of population rather than wasting time moving from one place to another.
 1. Competition should be encouraged among the Industrial producers.
 1. The development of Internal and external trade should be encouraged
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text:
practice problem 1
- the total distance of the entire trip
- the total displacement of the entire trip
- the average speed of the entire trip
- the average velocity of the entire trip
- the average acceleration of the entire trip
- Distance? No problem. First I walked 6.0 km and then I walked 10 km. Thus, I walked 16 km. Distance is a scalar quantity and so the individual distances add just like regular numbers to yield the overall distance…
- Displacement is a bit more challenging, but not by much. Displacement is a vector and vectors have direction, so it's best to diagram this problem (a procedure that's remarkably useful in general). The resultant displacement is the vector sum of the two displacements experienced during the trip. Since they're at right angles to one another, their magnitude can be found using Pythagorean theorem and their direction can be found using tangent…
r = √[(6.0 km)2 + (10 km)2] r = 11.6619… km tan θ = 10 km 6.0 km θ = 59°
r = 11.7 km
at 59° west of north
- The speed was 6.0 km/h for the first 6.0 km and 5 km/h for the last 10 km. The naive solution is to average the speeds using the add-and-divide method taught in junior high school. This method is wrong, not because the method itself is wrong, but because it doesn't apply to this situation.
6.0 km/h + 5.0 km/h = 5.5 km/h 2 The method of averaging
The weight of the two segments is not equal. The second segment lasted twice as long as the first (as you will soon see).
Go back to the definition to solve this problem. Average speed is the total distance (which we've already found) divided by the total time (which we need to find). Since time is a scalar, all we need to do is find the time for each leg of the journey and add them…
Δt1 = Δs1 v̅1 Δt1 = 6.0 km 6.0 km/h Δt1 = 1.0h Δt2 = Δs2 v̅2 Δt2 = 10 km 5.0 km/h Δt2 = 2.0h Δt = Δt1 + Δt2 Δt = 1.0 h + 2.0 h Δt = 3.0 h
Thus the average speed is…
v̅ = Δs Δt v̅ = 16 km 3.0 h v̅ = 5.3 km/h
- The velocity was 6.0 km/h north over the first 6.0 km and 5 km/h west over the last 10 km. Average velocity is the total displacement divided by the total time. Both of these quantities have already been determined.
v̅ = Δr Δt v̅ = 11.6619… km 3.0 h v̅ = 3.8873… km/h v̅ = 3.9 km/h 59° W of N
- Acceleration in this context is relatively meaningless. It would be better to illustrate acceleration in two dimensions with a different problem (like the one below).
practice problem 2
- the speed of the current
- the magnitude of the swimmer's resultant velocity
- the direction of the swimmer's resultant velocity
- the time it takes the swimmer to cross the river
Since distance and velocity are directly proportional, this begins as a similar triangles problem.
- Since speed and distance are directly proportional, the ratio of the downstream distance to the width of the river is the same as the ratio of the current speed to the swimmer's speed.
x = vx y vy 40 m = vcurrent 80 m 1.6 m/s vcurrent = 0.8 m/s
- Determining the resultant velocity is a simple application of Pythagorean theorem.
v2 = vx2 + vy2 v = √[(0.8 m/s)2 + (1.6 m/s)2] 0v = 1.8 m/s
- Direction angles are often best determined using the tangent function. This problem is no exception. The only thing open to discussion is our choice of angle. I suggest using the angle between the resultant velocity and the displacement vector that points directly across the river, but this is just my preference. Be sure to indicate that the resultant lies on a particular side of this vector for clarity.
tan θ = x = vx y vy tan θ = 40 m = 0.8 m/s 80 m 1.6 m/s tan θ = 0.5 θ = 27° downstream
- This is where it gets interesting. By now you should understood that time is the ratio of displacement to velocity. This is a vector problem, so direction matters. This is why we should probably use the words displacement and velocity instead of distance and speed. The only question is which distance and which speed should we use? The simple answer is pick the pair you like the best, just be sure they point in the same direction. It works along either of the component directions…
t = x = y vx vy t = 40 m = 80 m 0.8 m/s 1.6 m/s t = 50 s
It also works along the resultant direction…
t = r v t = √[(40 m)2 + (80 m)2] √[(0.8 m/s)2 + (1.6 m/s)2] t = 50 s
There's an interesting sideline to this question that astute readers might have noticed when looking at the first ratio in the chain of three shown above. The time it takes to cross a river by a swimmer swimming straight across is independent of the speed of the river. The only factors that matter are the speed of the swimmer and the width of the river. This swimmer will always cross the river in 50 s regardless of the speed of the river. 1 m/s, 10 m/s, 100 m/s, it doesn't matter. This example is a perfect illustration of an idea to be presented in the next section of this book. Motion in two dimensions can be thoroughly described with two independent one-dimensional equations. This idea is central to the field of analytical geometry.
practice problem 3
Finding the change in velocity is complicated in this problem by the change in direction. A diagram is indispensable. Let's assume that the initial direction of the car is 0° (to the right in standard position) and that the final velocity will be 90° (toward the top of the page in standard position). The difference of two vectors drawn this way would then connect the the head of the initial vector to the head of the final vector. Use Pythagorean Theorem for magnitude and tangent for direction as usual. Only after we have done all of this can we then plug numbers into the definition.
|Δv =||√((20 m/s)2 + (15 m/s)2) = 25 m/s|
|a̅ =||Δv||=||25 m/s||= 20 m/s2|
|tan θ =||15 m/s|
|θ = 143°|
a̅ = 20 m/s2 at 143°
practice problem 4
Start with a diagram.
Strip it down to its essence.
Two sides of this triangle are given (vasteroid and vimpact). None of the angles are known. The third side (vearth) can be determined from basic knowledge. The average speed of the Earth is the distance covered in one orbit (the circumference) divided by the time it takes to complete that orbit (one year). We could do this on a hand held calculator…
or use an online calculator (which knows the average earth-sun distance with more precision)…
We now have three sides of a triangle and can find the desired angle using the law of cosines.
a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos A
|a =||impact velocity (16.9436 km/s)|
|b =||earth's velocity (29.7853 km/s)|
|c =||asteroid's velocity (16.9401 km/s)|
|A =||impact angle (our goal)|
Solve algebraically, substitute numerical values, and compute the answer.
|cos A =||a2 − b2 − c2|
|cos A =||(16.9 km/s)2 − (29.8 km/s)2
|− 2 (29.8 km/s) (16.9 km/s)|
|A = 28.5°|


text:
is of particular significance in smartphone display applications, as curved or shaped corners are often required to accommodate buttons, controls, LEDs and camera lenses. CO2 lasers are typically limited to cutting glass in straight lines because their round output beam must be reshaped into a long, thin line in order to distribute the intense heat generated at the surface. In contrast, the lower absorption of the CO laser allows its round beam to be used directly without adverse heat effects.
The CO laser also enables processing of very thin glass (below 300-µm thick). This material is almost impossible to cut mechanically and is also challenging to process using the CO2 laser. In this case, the CO laser can cut completely through the glass, eliminating the need for a subsequent mechanical breaking step, which is particularly difficult to accomplish with very thin glass.
Figure 4. Polyethylene cutting speed of CO lasers of various output power levels as compared with a CO2 laser. A 20-W CO laser cuts at about the same speed as a 150-W CO2 laser.
Drilling glass holes
Another important glass processing application is drilling for glass interposers used in 2.5D and 3D advanced circuit packaging techniques. This application takes advantage of both the superior focusability and lower absorption of 5-µm light in glass. Specifically, it enables very small holes to be drilled in glass with precise depth control and no heat damage or cracking.
Polyethylene (PE) has strong absorption at 3.5 µm, with mild transitions at 7 µm and ~14 µm. Unfortunately, no high-power lasers are available at any of these wavelengths, so laser cutting of PE has not been practical in the past.
Figure 5. Top view of the edge of a 20-µm-thick polyethylene sheet (at left), cut using a 164-W CO laser at a feedrate of 3000 mm/s. The laser produced a clean cut edge, with a heat affected zone of about 29 µm.
While low-level absorption can always be driven with high powers at CO2 laser wavelengths, the residual heat generated by the unabsorbed light creates unacceptable collateral damage. But the higher focused fluences achievable with the CO laser avoid this problem, enabling PE to be effectively cut.
Testing at Coherent has shown that thin (20 µm) PE can be cut at speeds beyond 3000 mm/s with a limited HAZ (30 µm). CO2 laser cutting of this material at similar power levels reaches 500 mm/s at best and creates 500 µm of HAZ. At 60-µm thickness, the CO2 laser simply cannot cut the PE without destroying the material, whereas the CO laser cuts with acceptable speed and cut quality.
Meet the author
Andrew Held holds a PhD in physical chemistry from University of Pittsburgh. He is director of marketing at Coherent for the company's CO2 laser products; email: _EMAIL_.


pycassa.pool – Connection Pooling
Connection pooling for Cassandra connections.
class pycassa.pool.ConnectionPool(keyspace, server_list=['localhost:9160'], credentials=None, timeout=0.5, use_threadlocal=True, pool_size=5, prefill=True, socket_factory=, transport_factory=, **kwargs)
A pool that maintains a queue of open connections.
All connections in the pool will be opened to keyspace.
server_list is a sequence of servers in the form "host:port" that the pool will connect to. The port defaults to 9160 if excluded. The list will be randomly shuffled before being drawn from sequentially. server_list may also be a function that returns the sequence of servers.
If authentication or authorization is required, credentials must be supplied. This should be a dictionary containing 'username' and 'password' keys with appropriate string values.
timeout specifies in seconds how long individual connections will block before timing out. If set to None, connections will never timeout.
If use_threadlocal is set to True, repeated calls to get() within the same application thread will return the same ConnectionWrapper object if one is already checked out from the pool. Be careful when setting use_threadlocal to False in a multithreaded application, especially with retries enabled. Synchronization may be required to prevent the connection from changing while another thread is using it.
The pool will keep up pool_size open connections in the pool at any time. When a connection is returned to the pool, the connection will be discarded is the pool already contains pool_size connections. The total number of simultaneous connections the pool will allow is pool_size + max_overflow, and the number of "sleeping" connections the pool will allow is pool_size.
A good choice for pool_size is a multiple of the number of servers passed to the Pool constructor. If a size less than this is chosen, the last (len(server_list) - pool_size) servers may not be used until either overflow occurs, a connection is recycled, or a connection fails. Similarly, if a multiple of len(server_list) is not chosen, those same servers would have a decreased load. By default, overflow is disabled.
If prefill is set to True, pool_size connections will be opened when the pool is created.
Example Usage:
>>> pool = pycassa.ConnectionPool(keyspace='Keyspace1', server_list=['', ''], prefill=False)
>>> cf = pycassa.ColumnFamily(pool, 'Standard1')
>>> cf.insert('key', {'col': 'val'})
Whether or not a new connection may be opened when the pool is empty is controlled by max_overflow. This specifies how many additional connections may be opened after the pool has reached pool_size; keep in mind that these extra connections will be discarded upon checkin until the pool is below pool_size. This may be set to -1 to indicate no overflow limit. The default value is 0, which does not allow for overflow.
pool_timeout = 30
If pool_size + max_overflow connections have already been checked out, an attempt to retrieve a new connection from the pool will wait up to pool_timeout seconds for a connection to be returned to the pool before giving up. Note that this setting is only meaningful when you are accessing the pool concurrently, such as with multiple threads. This may be set to 0 to fail immediately or -1 to wait forever. The default value is 30.
recycle = 10000
After performing recycle number of operations, connections will be replaced when checked back in to the pool. This may be set to -1 to disable connection recycling. The default value is 10,000.
max_retries = 5
When an operation on a connection fails due to an TimedOutException or UnavailableException, which tend to indicate single or multiple node failure, the operation will be retried on different nodes up to max_retries times before an MaximumRetryException is raised. Setting this to 0 disables retries and setting to -1 allows unlimited retries. The default value is 5.
logging_name = None
By default, each pool identifies itself in the logs using id(self). If multiple pools are in use for different purposes, setting logging_name will help individual pools to be identified in the logs.
Gets a connection from the pool.
Returns a connection to the pool.
execute(f, *args, **kwargs)
Get a connection from the pool, execute f on it with *args and **kwargs, return the connection to the pool, and return the result of f.
Adds connections to the pool until at least pool_size connections exist, whether they are currently checked out from the pool or not.
New in version 1.2.0.
Closes all checked in connections in the pool.
Sets the server list that the pool will make connections to.
server_list should be sequence of servers in the form "host:port" that the pool will connect to. The list will be randomly permuted before being used. server_list may also be a function that returns the sequence of servers.
Returns the capacity of the pool.
Returns the number of overflow connections that are currently open.
Returns the number of connections currently in the pool.
Returns the number of connections currently checked out from the pool.
Add a PoolListener-like object to this pool.
listener may be an object that implements some or all of PoolListener, or a dictionary of callables containing implementations of some or all of the named methods in PoolListener.
exception pycassa.pool.AllServersUnavailable
Raised when none of the servers given to a pool can be connected to.
exception pycassa.pool.NoConnectionAvailable
Raised when there are no connections left in a pool.
exception pycassa.pool.MaximumRetryException
Raised when a ConnectionWrapper has retried the maximum allowed times before being returned to the pool; note that all of the retries do not have to be on the same operation.
exception pycassa.pool.InvalidRequestError
Pycassa was asked to do something it can't do.
This error generally corresponds to runtime state errors.
class pycassa.pool.ConnectionWrapper(pool, max_retries, *args, **kwargs)
Creates a wrapper for a Connection object, adding pooling related functionality while still allowing access to the thrift API calls.
These should not be created directly, only obtained through Pool's get() method.
get_keyspace_description(keyspace=None, use_dict_for_col_metadata=False)
Describes the given keyspace.
If use_dict_for_col_metadata is True, the column metadata will be stored as a dictionary instead of a list
A dictionary of the form {column_family_name: CfDef} is returned.
Returns this to the pool.
This has the same effect as calling ConnectionPool.put() on the wrapper.
class pycassa.pool.PoolListener
Hooks into the lifecycle of connections in a ConnectionPool.
class MyListener(PoolListener):
 def connection_created(self, dic):
 '''perform connect operations'''
 # etc.
# create a new pool with a listener
p = ConnectionPool(..., listeners=[MyListener()])
# or add a listener after the fact
Listeners receive a dictionary that contains event information and is indexed by a string describing that piece of info. For example, all event dictionaries include 'level', so dic['level'] will return the prescribed logging level.
There is no need to subclass PoolListener to handle events. Any class that implements one or more of these methods can be used as a pool listener. The ConnectionPool will inspect the methods provided by a listener object and add the listener to one or more internal event queues based on its capabilities. In terms of efficiency and function call overhead, you're much better off only providing implementations for the hooks you'll be using.
Each of the PoolListener methods wil be called with a dict as the single parameter. This dict may contain the following fields:
 - connection: The ConnectionWrapper object that persistently manages the connection
 - message: The reason this event happened
 - error: The Exception that caused this event
 - pool_id: The id of the ConnectionPool that this event came from
 - level: The prescribed logging level for this event. Can be 'debug', 'info', 'warn', 'error', or 'critical'
Entries in the dict that are specific to only one event type are detailed with each method.
Called when a connection returns to the pool.
Fields: pool_id, level, and connection.
Called when a connection is retrieved from the Pool.
Fields: pool_id, level, and connection.
Called once for each new Cassandra connection.
Fields: pool_id, level, and connection.
Called when a connection is closed.
dic['message']: A reason for closing the connection, if any.
Fields: pool_id, level, connection, and message.
Called when a connection to a single server fails.
dic['server']: The server the connection was made to.
Fields: pool_id, level, error, server, and connection.
Called when a connection is recycled.
dic['old_conn']: The ConnectionWrapper that is being recycled
dic['new_conn']: The ConnectionWrapper that is replacing it
Fields: pool_id, level, old_conn, and new_conn.
Called when an attempt is made to get a new connection from the pool, but the pool is already at its max size.
dic['pool_max']: The max number of connections the pool will keep open at one time.
Fields: pool_id, pool_max, and level.
Called when a pool is disposed.
Fields: pool_id, and level.
Called when the pool finalizes its server list.
dic['server_list']: The randomly permuted list of servers that the pool will choose from.
Fields: pool_id, level, and server_list


About DutchTrig®
Integrated elm management programme
To retain elms, conducting an integrated elm management programme is essential. In addition to inventories, inspections, phytosanitary measures and monitoring, injecting elms with DutchTrig® is one of the basics in an elm management programme.
Why DutchTrig®?
DutchTrig® makes it possible to retain existing healthy trees so that greenspaces, long-established tree lined avenues and parks with beautiful mature trees, can be retained for future generations and reduce the cost of sanitation felling.
What is DutchTrig®
DutchTrig® is a biological and organic control agent. This vaccine consists of spores of a specific strain of Verticillium fungus that activates the elm's natural defence mechanism.
How does it work?
In practice, it can be compared with an influenza vaccination. Instead of making healthy elms sick, DutchTrig® ensures that they respond sufficiently to infection by Dutch Elm Disease. In other words, it induces an immune response. Because elm trees grow a new outer layer of sapwood every year, the treatment has to be repeated every spring.
When is DutchTrig® effective?
DutchTrig® is effective for all elm species and cultivars of any age all around the world:
 - when used on healthy trees
 - when injected on an annual basis
The vaccine has no curative properties. Vaccinating elm trees which already have Dutch Elm Disease or have had contact via root grafts with previously infected elms is of no use.
Is DutchTrig® harmfull?
DutchTrig® is safe for people, animals and the environment because Verticillium is not a human or an animal pathogen and has no chemical or toxic substances. DutchTrig® has been injected into several tree species to see if the vaccine would induce any wilting. None of the injected species showed any signs of wilting after injection.
Learn more
About the application of Dutch Trig® and the value of elms.


text:
Now that we know how to declare and initialize variables in Java,
we can do some mathematics with those variables.
What You Should See
The plus sign (+) will add two integers or two doubles together, or one
integer and one floating-point value (in either order). With two Strings
(like on line 32) it will concatenate5 the two Strings together.
The minus sign (-) will subtract one number from another. Just like
addition, it works with two integers, two floating-point values, or one
integer and one double (in either order).
An asterisk (*) is used to represent multiplication. You can also see
on line 15 that Java knows about the correct order of operations. b
is multiplied by 3 giving 81 and then a is added.
A slash (/) is used for division. Notice that when an integer
is divided by another integer (like on line 17) the result is also
an integer and not floating-point.
The percent sign (%) is used to mean 'modulus', which is essentially
the remainder left over after dividing. On line 19, b is divided by 10
and the remainder (7) is stored into the variable g.
Modular arithmetic is a fairly simple mathematical operation that just isn't
often taught in public school or even introductory university math curriculum.
Wikipedia's example is good enough: we do modular arithmetic every time
we add times on a typical 12-hour clock. If it is 7 o'clock now, what
time will it be in eight hours? Well, once we hit 12:00 we "wrap around",
so it will be 3 o'clock. (8+7 = 15, 15-12 = 3)
Put another way, 15 divided by 12 is 1 with a remainder of 3.
Modular arithmetic is used more than you would think in programming, but I
won't be using it too much in the book.


comes out on History channel (I remember thinking, "Man, Wardruna should do music for this show!" And then mfw)
 - Recently started looking into Asatru and stuff that is still going on in this age that can be tied to Vikings
 My interest in the Vikings isn't necessarily about the specific dates, locations, etc. It's more about the lifestyle, the myths, the attitude they had. And Vikings does a great job, IMO, of keeping that interest going. It's inspiring me to get in touch with nature again, learn how to do things I've never done, etc. Plus it's entertaining!
 EDIT: Here's the two books I've bought (so far) regarding Viking history. You'll note that they're basically children's books. The first one deals with the myths on a children's story level, the second has more in depth analysis on the myths, but without the pictures. I think simply reading about the things the Vikings may have lived by is better than just learning what date Bjorn raided "whatever-land". Anyways, here's the two books I have:
 Book of Norse Myths: Kid's book with pictures, walking you through the myths on an introductory level
 The Norse Myths: A much more comprehensive book about the myths
 I also have two other books related to Norse history or culture:
 Practical Guide to the Runes
 Practical Heathen's Guide to Asatru: For learning about the way a heathen's mind works and how he lives his life. I don't follow the stuff in the book, but I'm putting some of it into practice as I explore my ancestral connections
u/weshallrise · 7 pointsr/thelema
Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the law!
I will answer some of your questions in random order. I am a Thelemite but in no way do I speak for all Thelemites, or for Aleister Crowley.
First off, I would start by contacting Seven Spirits Camp in Tucson. They will no doubt be able to answer many of the questions you have. I would also consider purchasing a copy of "Liber ABA: Book 4" which is arguably one of the most important books any magickian could own. It contains, among others, "The Book of the Law" and "Magick in Theory and Practice"; the latter being a book that will answer many of the questions you asked in your post (and many other questions as well). MTP is, in my opinion, the best book on the subject of magickal practice ever written. Liber ABA is an expensive book but believe me when I tell you it is worth every penny and a whole lot more!
As for other occult groups, you will find people from all of them associated with Thelema. Thelema is not a doctrine that pushes out other beliefs and all of us began somewhere else before coming here. I myself came to the OTO as an ordained Gnostic Luciferian priest. Thelema fit well with my existing beliefs and complimented them nicely. I've met Wiccans (which, by the way, Crowley had a hand in helping to found), Satanists, and even ex-Jehovah's Witnesses if you can believe that! We all share one thing. We are each looking to understand the truth within ourselves. You must do the same for "Thou hast no right but to do thy will. Do that and no other shall say nay."
Good luck in your journey!
Love is the law, love under will.
u/greybeard45 · 2 pointsr/Wicca
 1. You end up interacting with the spirit world as part of Wiccan practice. The Gods are part of the spirit world so we don't "believe in" so much as work with them.
 2. Probably the best easy to read beginning book ever, True Magic: A beginners Guide by Amber K: Llewellyn Publications;, 2nd Edition (2006). For more complete and extensive reading our coven has a recommended book list we want our witches in training to read.
 3. Tarot cards from good artists are better than most hand made cards. A hand made athame or other item is really good. However do not turn away from those who make and sell their art and craft work. But, do not haggle over the price.
 4. Doing magic together is a big part of being in a coven. A coven is a group Wiccan friends who celebrate, party, and do magic together. A bigger group of witches makes more powerful magic.
 5. Wiccan altars are a place to put your working tools during ritual. They are NOT a sacred shrine. In the last few years quite a few solitary wiccans are creating shrine altars which are really not from traditoinal Wiccan practice. It helps the solitaries feel connected since they have no other connections.
 6. I've never found those monikers useful. Witches I know all do some of this or some of that depending on what's going on this week.
 7. Don't wear a big silver pentacle to your day job, especially if the company owner is of another religion.
 8. Many questions is one of the reasons I always recommend finding a local coven (group of Wiccan friends). Those who have been practicing for a few years can answer your questions and guide your path.
u/SpotISAGoodCat · 6 pointsr/pagan
I am a recovering Christian (grew up Southern baptist, eventually went non-denominational) who is looking for a path of some kind.
My wife has always related to and followed paganism and very easily went back to it after our schism from the church. My mother very strongly associated with Celtic beliefs (our family way back was from the Isles) but she passed away before I was able to talk to her about them in depth. I'm struggling to define what I feel, believe, and desire.
I mention my previous Christianity because that is all I've ever known. I practiced for 39 years of my life by devoting myself to one figure head, reading from one specific book, and channeling one specific spirit. The switch to paganism and its leniency on such practices is both freeing but also a huge adjustment for me to make. I'm not saying I want to devote, read, or channel paganism the same way I did Christianity but I just don't know where to begin. I would love to meditate and see visions of something to lead me where I should be or have dreams that introduce me to something or someone to guide me.
My apologies if this comes off as more of a word vomit than anything else. I would love and appreciate some insight or advice on how to begin this journey. The Seeking website linked above is already open in my browser and I plan to read that. I've also been reading Paganism: An Introduction to EarthCentered Religions as well. But nothing beats Reddit and hearing from people who have been there themselves.
u/MetalDumpCan · 4 pointsr/occult
You could try summoning Orobas, and asking him. He's supposed to be relatively friendly and doesn't usually lie to the mage and doesn't try to fuck you over. He is #55 in the Lesser Key (The Crowley, Mathers, Conybear one). His shit says "The Fifty-fifth Spirit is Orobas. He is a great and Mighty Prince, appearing at first like a horse; but after the command of the Exorcist he putteth on the Image of a Man. His Office is to discover all things Past, Present, and to Come; also to give Dignities, and Prelacies, and the Favor of Friends and of Foes. He giveth True Answers of Divinity, and of the Creation of the World. He is very faithful unto the Exorcist, and will not suffer him to be tempted of any Spirit..."
I think he is usually one of the first entities people summon for this reason. I know, like, Lon Milo DuQuette summoned him for help and he helped him get out of some dire financial straights. So if you're up for working with demons again I suggest giving him a shot.
I think this is supposed to be the better version of the Lesser Key _URL_
That's all I can think of at this moment, hope it is helpful.
u/RajBandar · 2 pointsr/occult
777's great to have on standby as a handy reference, especially when you're constructing rituals & operations, at the most basic level it helps to get things just so 😃
I'd say 'Living Thelema' is an excellent intro to the subject and always good to get different perspectives on things-even if some it is the similar info. It's packed with really good explanations of and guides to basic and some more advanced ritual & practice & lots of advice concerning self-motivation & personal daily practice etc. No better or worse, but for me slightly more approachable is Lon Milo Duquette's 'The Magick of Aleister Crowley; A Handbook of The Rituals of Thelema'
They actually work well in tandem & compliment each other nicely. There's a 'Speech in the Silence' collection of lectures & podcast on YouTube https


text:
601 Third Avenue
Two Harbors, MN
- View Map:
The first formal courthouse of Lake County was a wooden building built in Two Harbors in 1887. It served citizens until 1904, when it burned to the ground. Luckily, most county records were rescued.
The courthouse built in 1905 to replace the original courthouse has been called a "sophisticated version of a City Beautiful courthouse." The formally composed academic style building was designed by James Allen MacLeod and built at a cost of $80,000. The low dome, seen in the picture above, has a silvery fish-scale metal helmet.
A mural called "Angel of Justice" once decorated the inside of the dome. Construction crews concealed the mural when a lowered ceiling was installed in the courtroom in 1945. However, the 10 by 15 foot canvas mural, was removed, restored, and placed in the main corridor as a bicentennial project in 1976.
The Lake County Courthouse, seen above in 1906, was built a year prior in Two Harbors, named for its twin harbors of Burlington Bay and Agate Bay.
- Historical information adapted from "The First 100 Years... The Minnesota State Bar Association."
Return to Courthouse List


text:
Tilt lenses have their tilt-range specified in degrees, typically around ±8°. It seems that this number corresponds to how much a lens physically tilts along one axis. The effect is to tilt the plane of focus by some angle.
Can one calculate the focus plane angle from the tilt-angle of the lens?
Can we compute the lens tilt needed to tilt the focus plane to a desired angle?


Animal fucking
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This article concerns animal-on-animal coitus and not human-on-animal coitus, or bestiality. Humans are not animals, because Jesus said so.
Buffalo fucking.
Fucking by animals is a phenomenon observed commonly in nature. Fucking methods vary from animal to animal, and sometimes involves fucking underwater for certain aquatic mammals. The sight of the act itself ranges from the mundane to downright hilarious. As reproduction necessitates fucking by the majority of animals incapable of external fertilization, animals really just can't stop fucking.
edit Good fucking reasons
Motivations to fuck among animals stem primarily from a desire to progenerate the species, but also include boredom, irritability, revenge or aphrodisiacal mushrooms. In the wild, fucking occurs frequently, and often in plain sight. Scientific experiments under controlled conditions have repeatedly shown that the only way to prevent animals from fucking is by removing their genitals or whacking them on the head with a big shovel.
It is conceivable for an animal to desire to or attempt to fuck a human of either gender, but in most societies it is considered inappropriate, and punishable by death.
Humans can coerce animals to fuck or create environments in which they will be inclined to fuck for the purposes of animal husbandry, science, or just for kicks. Although the first two are societally accepted in most of the world, the third would classify you as a deviant, or possibly a furry, and thus subject you to public derision and/or cyberbullying.
edit Process
Fucking by animals is sometimes initiated when an aroused female animal entices the male animal by flashing its swollen genitals in the male's direction. The act begins when the male exhibits a willing response to this, and gives chase. The fucking then commences. Another approach to fucking involves the male animal approaching the female animal and forcibly jabbing its elongated penis inside of a moist, handily located orifice, usually the female genitalia. Although this is considered rape when done by humans, males of the animal world are fortunate in that there are no rules.
Pulling out is rarely observed in the animal world. This is considered a result of the male animal just not caring about the consequences, similar to the way a bird lacks concern for the world below it when it defecates. This factor has plagued the wildlife pornography industry since its inception, with directors unable to get their "money shot" despite persistent coaching.
edit Terminology
It is widely believed that all species of animal "fuck".[1] This is a falsehood, however, as depending on the species, and in some rare cases, the breed of the animal, they may be classified as one that "makes love". For example, all dogs fuck except for the Pomeranian and Border Collie, who both make love. [2] Fuckers include primates, canines, felines, reptiles and elephants while lovemakers include most amphibians, marsupials and imaginary animals such as dragons, unicorns, and males in-touch with their feelings.
Tortoise mating sdnr-0310
Turtles were long believed to make love, but were reclassified as fuckers in 1972. [3]
edit Fuckers
edit Elephant
A female elephant will usually be ready to fuck around the age of thirteen, when she first comes into estrus, a short phase of intense horniness lasting a couple of days. Females announce their estrus by prancing around and making a general ruckus. The male mate is chosen purely by the size of its nutsack, which even for less-endowed elephants can run the size of two Scottish bagpipes. The small-nutted male will more than likely be rejected by the selective female and forced to settle with just trunking her.
edit Dolphin
Dolphins fuck belly to belly, necessitating developed abdominal muscles on the part of the male. Although not readily visible, a female dolphin is said to be able to feel whether a male has a six-pack or not while fucking. This will increase his chances of fucking her again in the future. Fucking between dolphins is fast, furious, and often alerts aquatic life in the vicinity, sometimes arousing them and setting off a chain reaction of spontaneous undersea orgies.
Mate selection criteria, or fuckable factor, for a typical male dolphin is a female dolphin that "can swim", while a small, but significant minority actively pursue either gender of any animal species that either breathe underwater or hold their breath really long.
edit Golden snub-nosed monkey
They enjoy fucking in big piles of poop.
edit Imitation of animal fucking by humans
Cover of "Doggystyle" album by African-American rapper Snoopy Dogg in which majority of songs advocate imitation of animal fucking positions.
In general, missionary position sex is considered the only thing that separates humans from animals. Therefore, imitation of animal fucking can be done by humans, but is not recommended by experts. Pairs of both heterosexual and homosexual people are capable of this, although the latter may require a strap-on. The most common of such is doggy style, which is viewed as very humorous and ironic by actual dogs who find the lack of ass-sniffing foreplay among human couples comical. Fucking springbok style is outlawed in Massachusetts.
edit Future of animal fucking
Animal fucking predates fucking between human beings, and will likely continue past the duration of human existence, although there will be nobody to write about it then. Experts have suggested surviving animals of the future will fuck on top of our penless, paperless corpses.
edit Notes
 1. 89% of U.S. adult population per National Wildlife survey, 2006
 2. Not usually to each other. Except on special occasions.
 3. Consequently, they went and ate shit.
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Tantrum Tracker
Tantrum Tracker is a handy way to keep a record of your children's good or bad behavior for discussion at a more convenient time. The date and time are recorded automatically while you input the location and observed behavior with reminder notes. You award or remove stars or half-stars that you and your child have agreed upon as a desired reward. Tantrum Tracker may be used for as many as nine children. There are no in-app purchases available or add-ons required for the full use of this app. It won't track any information about you or your children - it simply takes the information you enter and stores it in an internal database.
Here's how Tantrum Tracker works:
Little Jimmy threw a fit in Walmart because he couldn't get the latest junky toy that he managed to set his sights on. You want to keep track of his improper behavior but with two other kids in tow, you quickly forget who did what. And by the time you get home, that fleeting thought of writing down the details of Jimmy's fit has long since vanished from your frazzled mind.
Does this sound familiar? Well, that's where the Tantrum Tracker app steps in and allows you to record the details of that fit on your Android phone when it happens so it will be noted for later use. Tantrum Tracker also records good behavior so it can be used to keep track of your child's progress toward an agreed-upon goal.
Sit down with your child and decide what goal he or she wants (toy, special dinner, family outing, etc.) and determine an appropriate number of stars needed to reach that goal. Then simply enter that information into Tantrum Tracker. Following each occurrence of good or bad behavior, use Tantrum Tracker as a quick note-taker to add or remove stars as indicated by the situation and to take notes on the particular behavior.
For additional information, including complete page-by-page screenshots, please visit our website:
Tantrum Tracker Features:
1) Keeps track of up to nine children
2) Date and time of behavior is entered automatically
3) Parent inputs location, description of behavior and number of stars given or taken away
4) Visual display of stars and goal so child can easily see his or her progress
5) No advertising of any sort
6) No in-app purchases offered or required for full app use
7) Secure - absolutely no location tracking or "calling home"
8) Internet use needed only for access to the Home, Help and Legal Stuff pages of the Tantrum Tracker website
Other Possibilities:
1) Reward and track your child's progress during potty training
2) Provide a goal for your child to do better in school
3) Encourage your partner to take out the garbage or perform other household tasks
4) Other uses are limited only by your imagination
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text:
December 6, 2003
The Florida Keys are a chain of islands, islets, and reefs extending from Virginia Key to the Dry Tortugas for about 309 kilometers. Stretched out into the waters of the Strait of Florida between the Gulf of Mexico to the west and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the keys are chiefly limestone and coral formations. In this image from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) on the Terra satellite, the keys form a mosaic of green and white against the blues of the sea. The white areas clearly show where the islands have been developed with both communities and roads. Among the roads is the causeway that connects the Keys to the mainland and to one another.
Topics: Environment, Monroe County, Florida, Geography of the United States, Florida, Tortugas Banks, Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer, Dry Tortugas, Terra, Florida Keys


seeks to return to Eden.
Finding The Drum Beat of Your Movie
Every movie needs a drum beat—a clear structure that lets us know where we are and helps us imagine the road ahead, so that we can hope for, be disappointed by, or pleasantly surprised by the turns that the story takes.
And this is doubly true when you are building around a structure as complex as that of The Tree of Life. Commercial movies tend to have more of a rock and roll drum beat—while The Tree of Life is more like experimental jazz—leaving the beat behind for extended sequences of improvisation—and then returning to the beat to get the story flowing again.
We first see this jazz-like improvisation in an extended way with the epic montage of big-bang images early in the film. But just when it seems like we're just going to drift in an endless meditation, we find the beat again with a much smaller big bang: Jack's birth, and the idyllic memories of his early childhood: a childhood filled with beautiful moments where death is present, but not perceived.
Each of these moments foreshadows the road ahead, preparing us for the inciting incident in Young Jack's journey, when the boy dies at the swimming hole, the question of the film arises and his fall from Eden begins.
Hegelian Dialectic and the Drum Beat of Life
The Tree of Life is quite obviously a film about ideas—about characters grappling with profound questions (and even narrating those questions aloud in the voiceover soundtrack which punctuates the piece—as if the audience were listening through God's ears). It's not a big Hollywood film, it's a piece of poetry on the screen.
But for all its poetry, The Tree of Life is also a film. And as a character in a film, Jack cannot simply ask his questions with words; he must grapple with them through action.
In writing the script, this means Malick must take the profound ideas he wants to explore, and bring them into active conflict through the characters of the film, the actions they take, the choices they make, and Jack's journey in relation to those choices.
The structure through which Malick gives shape to this journey is known as a Hegelian dialectic.
HegelWho is this Hegel guy anyway?
An 18th century German Philosopher, Hegel certainly wasn't a screenwriter. However our craft, and many of the best movies ever written, owe him a debt of gratitude.
Hegel believed that if you took a thesis (something you believed strongly) and forced it to do battle with an equally powerful and irreconcilable antithesis (a belief that runs deeply counter to the original thesis), you would end up with a synthesis which would somehow bring unity to the dialectical opposites of thesis and antithesis, and in this way lead you closer to the truth.
In dialectical screenplay structure, thesis and antithesis stop merely being philosophical ideas, and take human form, in our characters and the belief systems they represent. As those belief systems come into conflict, our characters are forced to change, driving to a synthesis that transcends their original belief systems, and leads them closer to the truth in relation to the question of the film: the question the with which the writer is wrestling in him or herself.
In many Hollywood movies, the thesis and antithesis of the Hegelian dialectic are boiled down to a "good" protagonist and an "evil" antagonist.
But while good vs. evil might be the oldest Hegelian dialectic out there, in the best movies, protagonist and antagonist transcend simple good and evil, and come to represent powerful ideas with which the writer is truly wrestling: ideas which the writer is questioning in him or herself.
Just like great philosophers, great writers don't stack the deck for one side of their argument.
No matter what you believe as a writer, to truly make the most of a dialectical structure, you must step into the world view not only of the protagonist, but the antagonist, crashing their ideas against each other as if both were true, and pealing back the layers of their true and false assumptions as you search for a synthesis that somehow reconciles their irreconcilable differences.
This isn't just true for art films like The Tree of Life.
In Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back, Darth Vadar represents the Dark Side of the Force and Luke Skywalker represents the Light Side. But their dialectic transcends simple good and evil, because Luke doesn't know that Darth Vadar is his father, and doesn't realize that he also has the Dark Side in him. In the Synthesis, good does defeat evil, but at a cost that changes Luke forever, and costs him both his hand and his black and white view of the world.
In The Big Lebowski (as I discuss in detail in my video seminar The Big Lebowski: Seven Act Structure) The Dude represents the non-violent hippy thesis "the dude abides" and John Goodman's character represents the antithesis of the "This will not stand" mentality, tempting The Dude away from his values and into a "war" for his stolen Persian carpet. (A satirical examination of the way the grown up hippy generation was seduced into The First Gulf war.)
In There Will Be Blood, the thesis of Capitalism in the character of Daniel and the antithesis of Church in the character of Eli do battle literally to the death, forcing both thesis and antithesis come to grips with their failures and hypocrisies, driving to a synthesis in which "Church" is left dead in the bowling alley, and "Capitalism" has drunk his own milkshake, and destroyed everything he has built.
The Tree of Life is built around a dialectic between Nature, as represented by Jack's father and Grace, as represented by his mother.
When using a Hegelian Dialectic to structure your screenplay, it's important to remember that your characters are more than just the ideas they represent. They are also people, complete with complexities, contradictions, and competing motivations that have nothing to do with your dialectical structure. In The Big Lebowski, The Dude may represent the hippy thesis, but he's also a character who loves White Russians and bowling, and spends most of his time pursuing one of these things. In There Will Be Blood, Daniel may represent capitalism, but he also is a character desperate for a family connection and someone he can confide in. Even Darth Vadar loves his son, and secretly wants to overthrow the Emperor and rule the galaxy with him.
Rather than fixating on the structural role your character plays in your dialectical structure, you can think of the ideas your characters represent as a kind of North Star—something to navigate by as you construct their choices.
But if you're lost in the forest, you need to remember how the North Star actually works!
If you spend every moment with staring up at the sky looking for that North Star, you're going to spend most of your time crashing into trees. But if you keep your eyes on the instinctual path of your character, and allow yourself to remember that North Star is there to guide you when you need it, that dialectical idea will help you discover the most profound structure possible for your character's journey.
What makes both the father and mother function so well as characters in the The Tree of Life is that in addition to representing dialectical opposites of Grace and Nature, they both love their children more than anything in the world, and want to protect them from suffering. The problem is that they have opposing views of how to do this—and in good Hegelian fashion, neither of their views work in the universe.
The Thesis of Nature
The father, played by Brad Pitt, believes that the Nature of the world is violent and destructive, and in many ways he's right. That's why he wants to make his sons tough, so that other people don't walk all over them, so that they can express themselves as artists, control their own destinies, and not have to compromise the way that he did.
We've seen this type of character before in movies like Billy ElliotThe Return and A Prophet— in fact there's even an archetypal name for him: The Terrible Father. But Brad Pitt's character is more than just an archetype or an intellectual thesis. And that's what makes him care about him, and keeps him from being a cliché.
2011_the_tree_of_life_003Unlike the terrible fathers we've seen in the past, who want to quell the artistic expression of their children, Brad Pitt's character wants only to foster it. He loves his children, hugs his children. He is loyal to his wife, and makes sacrifices for his family. His tough Nature is the North Star by which he navigates. But its not his sole reason for existence.
The problem with the father's Thesis is that it doesn't ultimately protect him, his family or his children. Rather than earning him his son's love, his lessons in Nature only destroy the beauty in his family and in Jack, turn his sons against him, tear apart his marriage, and pit brother against brother. For all his toughness, he can't protect his patents from the courts, himself from a lost job, or his children from suffering. And his rage at his failures only manifests in more violence against the people he most loves.
The Antithesis of Grace
In dialectical opposition to the beliefs of the father, the mother inherently believes that the world is beautiful. And she's right too. That's why she wants to play happily with her sons at every moment, love everyone and everything


Liberals and organised labour
The loss of the support of organised labour during the late Victorian and Edwardian period was a key factor in the decline of the Liberal Party as an electoral force.
Once this confidence in the party was gone, the Liberals never got it back and trade union and labour issues have never since had the highest priority in Liberal politics.
The speakers examined why and how organised labour broke away from supporting the Liberal Party, and its impact on the Liberal vote.
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