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BGSU biologists fight soybean disease, train new scientists
|BGSU biologists (left to right) Karen Sirum, Paul Morris and Vipaporn Phuntumart in a field of soybeans last fall|
BOWLING GREEN, O—A new research grant from the U.S. Department of Agriculture is bad news for soybean diseases but good news for undergraduates studying biology. Three Bowling Green State University biologists — Drs. Paul Morris, Vipaporn Phuntumart and Karen Sirum — are part of a team of 28 scientists that has been awarded a five-year, $9.28 million grant by USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture. Led by Dr. Brett Tyler of Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, the project's goal is to engineer new disease-resistance strategies to reduce soybean crop yield losses due to root and stem rots.
In addition, because of the increasing amounts of genetic data that are becoming available, part of the funding will be used to prepare a new generation of biologists to sequence DNA and analyze information related to plant and other genomes. BGSU will receive $350,000 over the five-year period for Morris, Phuntumart and Sirum to train six undergraduate students each year of the program.
Science education research specialist Sirum, one of 29 selected as founding members of the National Science Foundation-funded Society for the Advancement of Biology Education Research, will have overall responsibility for assessment and implementation of the undergraduate research programs at the five participating institutions, supported by a shared USDA_NIFA investment of $1.2 million. One goal will be to establish criteria for undergraduate genome annotation competency and define standards for achievement and certification that students completing the program can add to their resumes.
Soybean exports were valued at $21.9 billion in 2009, but yield losses due to infections by the soil pathogen Phytophthora sojae are now estimated to exceed $300 million per year due to the decreasing effectiveness of resistance genes in presently used cultivars. Cultivars are varieties of a plant that are selected for their desirable qualities.
The goal of the new study is to take advantage of genome sequence data that is now available for P. sojae, along with the rapidly increasing understanding of the mechanisms used by this group of pathogens to cause disease, in order to engineer new disease-fighting strategies into soybean cultivars now used in the Midwest.
A three-pronged approach will be implemented to ensure the success of the project. One, research scientists will employ high throughput molecular techniques to rapidly screen wild varieties of soybeans to identify new resistance genes that could be genetically transferred into soybean cultivars. Two, crop extension scientists across the Midwest will survey soybean fields to determine the genetic variation of this pathogen in soybean growing regions, so farmers can better select varieties of soybeans that will further reduce the economic impact of this disease. From the network of five universities, three will implement a research program to train undergraduates in oomycete bioinformatics and functional analysis.
"The new grant-funded program has the potential to be a model for integrating genome annotation into the core training of a new generation of undergraduates. The research experience they gain will enable them to graduate and join competitive research programs elsewhere," Sirum said.
Outreach activities are a key part of this grant. The project will also build on the popular Kids' Tech University program sponsored by the Virginia Bioinformatics Institute and establish a new Kids' Tech University program at BGSU.
(Posted April 08, 2011 )


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Calling all science teachers, grades 5-10! Mark your calendars for Thursday, June 2, 2011 at 1pm ET. Philippe Cousteau and Dr. Eduard Sarukhanian will be sharing their knowledge of the Arctic region and the effects of global warming. You and your students are invited on a journey to the Arctic with Philippe for an up close and personal look at the effects of global warming on glaciers, melting sea ice, and other temperature changes in the Arctic waters.
Next, Dr. Eduard Sarukhanian, an oceanographer and polar climate expert will explain the science behind the changes in the Arctic. Students will have an opportunity to ask questions and will walk away with a greater understanding of Arctic, it's role in our global climate system and their lives, and what they can do to make a difference.
Additional classroom connections include a Biography of Philippe Cousteau and Lesson Plans to accompany the adventure. Click on the link to register for this great adventure: STEM CONNECT WEBINAR Adventure to the Arctic Circle, the Earth's Air Conditioner

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


和田助家合戦注文 (Mikita Sukeie kassen chūmon)
Mikita Sukeie submitted a second document six days after the first, recounting the siege of Chihaya on 4.20.1333. Kamakura's attackers attempted to undermine the defenses of Chihaya castle. A Mikita retainer (wakatō) named Akimune was shot by an arrow slightly to the right of his hip bone, and the administrators added the notation "medium" to describe this wound. Although these documents were submitted within six days of each other, slight distinctions exist in their handwriting. "Chihaya" castle, for example, was written with different characters than the previous document. Of the two battle administrators who affixed their monogram to the previous document, one, Sadakane, added his signature here, but he was joined by a certain Kagekiyo.
The Mikita, Sukeie, a of Izumi Province [at the battle of] Chihaya Castle. While digging underneath the embankment below the main gate's tower, the Shinsaburō Akimune was shot slightly to the right [medium] of the hipbone
Therefore, the report is thus
The, fourth month twentieth day
「和田修理亮進 正慶二四廿」
和泉國御家人和田修理亮助家 茅破屋城
Not originally specified in the ritsuryō system, those with this title might have been tasked with upkeep and maintenance of imperial buildings, but by this time the post may have been mostly ceremonial rather than functional
While this is a broad and difficult-to-define term, those called gokenin are agreed to have had some kind of ties to and were recognized by the bakufu
a young retainer


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Feathered trees are profitable
This second-leaf Gala tree produced the equivalent of 300 bushels per acre.
Does it pay to plant a more expensive, but highly feathered tree rather than a one-year graft, bench graft, or sleeping eye tree?
Cornell University's Dr. Terence Robinson, who has studied the economics of planting different types of trees, believes that most growers are better off planting a finished tree.
While unfinished trees are half to one-third the cost of feathered trees, his analysis of the effect of tree price and its influence on profitability showed that the differences between the cost of using finished versus unfinished trees were small when trees were planted at low densities.
At low densities, the feathered trees were the most profitable. The optimum tree density for feathered trees was around 950 trees per acre, whereas the optimum density for low-cost trees was more than 2,000 trees per acre.
"In large measure, you're trading dollars at all the densities—you buy cheaper trees, you get less yield, or you buy more expensive trees and you get early yield," he said.
Moreover, in many locations, such as New York, the smaller trees do not produce fruit in the second year.
For those who have the management and knowledge to grow sleeping eyes or one-year grafts, they can work well, he said. But there is greater risk in growing bench grafts in a new planting. In a Cornell trial, they had a 98 percent survival from feathered trees, but he has heard of as low as 50 percent takes in bench-graft plantings.
"You're less likely to fail if you plant highly feathered trees," Robinson said.
He reminds eastern growers that micro-drip irrigation must be available to supply the highly feathered trees with water within two weeks of planting. "Highly feathered trees experience water stress in late May and June due to limited root systems and extensive leaf area," he stated, adding that water must be applied frequently to the newly planted trees.
Fertigation can also improve tree growth to the young trees, as they have limited nutrient uptake due to damaged root systems.
He recommends providing the young trees with 60 to 100 pounds of nitrogen per acre through the drip system over the course of about ten weeks. A liquid nitrogen product like CAN 17 works well, he said. About 60 pounds per acre per year of potassium is needed in the third year of planting.


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St. Turibius de Mogrovejo: Champion of indigenous people's rights
Feast day: March 23
Catholics in Latin America and throughout the world will celebrate the life and ministry of St. Turibius of Mogrovejo on March 23. The 16th century bishop upheld the rights of Peru's indigenous peoples, and became one of the first canonized saints of the Americas.
Turibius was born in Spain during 1538, to a noble family in the kingdom of Leon. Even as a child, he frequently prayed, fasted and gave to the poor, and he eventually developed the daily habit of praying the rosary along with the Little Office of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
He went on to study law at the University of Salamanca and eventually served as a judge for five years in the territory of Granada. His judicial wisdom and diligence drew the attention of King Philip II, who wanted Turibius – who was still a layman – to be consecrated as a missionary archbishop for the Spanish colony of Peru.
Turibius became greatly dismayed, protesting to the king and Church authorities that he was not even a priest and could not possibly accept the charge. In a series of letters, he pleaded that he was not personally capable of serving as the archbishop of Lima – nor, he reminded them, did canon law permit a layman to become an archbishop.
Eventually, however, he had little choice but to comply. The 43-year-old was consecrated as a bishop in 1581 and immediately left for Lima, Peru.
The new archbishop undertook to travel throughout the rugged and mountainous diocese, where he observed many of the worst effects of colonialism – both upon the enslaved and oppressed natives, and on many of the colonists who seemed to have lost their souls in the pursuit of wealth.
He responded with constant prayer and penance as he traveled throughout his territory administering the sacraments, teaching the Catholic faith and establishing schools, seminaries and hospitals.
To the indigenous Peruvians, the archbishop was a herald of the Gospel who held their lives as more precious than their country's supplies of gold and silver. But to the many colonists whose behavior showed no sign of their Catholic origins, he was a prophetic scourge – whose efforts to awaken the public conscience earned him rebukes and opposition.
Turibius ultimately managed to make three visitations of his diocese, under rugged and dangerous conditions, which occupied about half of his 25 years as archbishop of Lima. He united the Peruvian Church at an administrative level by holding several local councils of its clergy, but he was also known to spend days traveling to reach a single person with the message of Christ.
The archbishop became seriously ill in 1606. He sensed that his death was imminent, and he decreed that his possessions should be distributed to the poor. St. Turibius died on March 23, and his body was found to be incorrupt the next year. He was declared a saint in 1726, and is now regarded as the patron of native peoples' rights and Latin American bishops.
— Benjamin Mann, Catholic News Agency
Father Patrick Winslow: What can we learn from Pope Francis?It appears as if popes have something on their mind when first elected. One might call it a diagnosis and a proposed remedy for current ails. With Pope John Paul II, it was a message of hope to a world filled with fear. One can still hear him...
David Hains: Close that unhealthy health centerThe Gosnell abortion mill in Philadelphia and A Preferred Woman's Health Center in Charlotte have something in common: little regard for human life. It should come as no surprise that women are being mistreated in these facilities since...
Peggy Bowes: Honor thy mother: Devotions to Mary"We never give more honor to Jesus than when we honor His Mother, and we honor her simply and solely to honor Him all the more perfectly. We go to her only as a way leading to the goal we seek – Jesus, her Son." — St. Louis de Montfort,...
Father Shawn O'Neal: In this debate, remember Church teaching on human rightsAs a means to develop a comprehensive plan to reform our nation's current immigration system, a group of senators has introduced legislation formally called the "Border Security, Economic Opportunity and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013."...
Father Matthew Buettner: Radical ChristianityRecently, the Boston Marathon came to an abrupt end when two bombs exploded near the finish line. Three young people died in the explosion, including an 8-year-old boy who received his first Holy Communion just 11 months ago. Along with these...
The Poor Clares: Joy and sacrificeSt. Paul was a man passionate with zeal and consumed by love for God and desire for the salvation of souls. His actions and words were geared toward one purpose: the claiming of souls from the dominion of the devil, and the deceit used by him...
Brian Williams:The honest 411 on Vatican III recently had the opportunity to take a class about the Second Vatican Council offered through a diocesan adult education program. While much was covered within a relatively short span of four classes, one subject occupied much of our time...
LETTERS FROM OUR READERS
Vatican II called for post-conciliar liturgical adaptationsThe April 26 Catholic News Herald commentary entitled "The Honest 411 on Vatican II" discussed a participant's experience at an adult education series in the diocese. The course, "The 411 on...
Warrior saints are found throughout historyRegarding the April 26 letter criticizing St. Nicholas of Flue, I am disgusted that an American would insinuate that a soldier who distinguishes himself or herself in combat is not following...
Who would be worthy?In a letter in the April 26 Catholic News Herald, St. Nicholas of Flue was referred to as someone who "did not follow those teachings" of Christ because he defended the faith with his sword and...
MOST POPULAR STORIES
FROM THE PASTORS
Read and listen to homilies posted regularly by pastors at parishes within the Diocese of Charlotte:
- Fr. Frank Cancro at Queen of the Apostles
- Fr. Patrick Earl at St. Peter in Charlotte
- Fr. John Eckert at St. John the Baptist in Tryon
- Fr. Timothy Reid at St. Ann in Charlotte
- Fr. Benjamin Roberts at Our Lady of Lourdes in Monroe
- Fr. Patrick Winslow at St. Thomas Aquinas in Charlotte
- Watch full Masses live and on demand, listen to homilies and reflections from Sacred Heart Church in Salisbury
- Listen to homilies from St. William Catholic Church in Murphy


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Events Log / Audit Trail
About Events Log
- The Events Log automatically records information about how an organization is using the DicksonOne system.
- The Events Log is an important feature for organizations in highly compliant environments. Creating an audit trail that can be referenced at any time.
How to use the Events LogThe user name, time, date, device (when applicable), and a brief notation are added to the log when any of the following events occur:
- Users log in or out of the DicksonOne Web Portal
- Device or location information is added or changed
- Alarms are added or changed
- Users are added or their permissions changed
- Data is exported
- Annotations are made or changed in the graph area.
- To view the Events Log, click Events on the left of the page.
- Time Zone - changes the time zone the events are reported in (defaults to browser's time zone).
- Filter - filter the results to exactly what you want.
- Export - export all events or just a filtered set to a CSV file.
- Event Detail - Each line is an individual event or set of changes.
Filtering:You can filter the audit trail based on a number of things:
- A specific device or set of devices
- A specific user or group of users
- Type of event
- Date range
Details:The event log captures a number of different types of data including:
- Account - anything relating to account settings
- Alarm - anything related to the creation, deletion, editing, pausing, commenting, or acknowledgement of an alarm
- Annotation - a user has added an annotation to the graph of a device
- Device - a user has added, deleted, or edited a device
- Export - a user has exported data for a device
- Location - A location has been added, deleted, or edited
- User - A user has been added, deleted, or edited
- Report - A user has created, deleted, or edited a report
- System - The system has performed an action based on alarms or other programmed behavior (this includes alarms that were triggered)

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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1. Choose an area clear of boats and underwater obstacles.
Check your chart to ensure no cables, wrecks or other underwater obstructions will foul your line. Determine the water depth and bottom type (preferably sand or mud). Calculate the amount of line needed; the general rule is five to seven times the water depth plus the distance from the water's surface to where the anchor attaches to the bow. If the water is 8 feet deep and your bow cleat is 2 feet from the surface, multiply 10 by 5 to determine how many feet of anchor line to put out. Secure your anchor to the bow cleat at the point on the line where you want it to stop. Then, with your boat heading into the wind (or current if that is stronger) move into position, put the engine in idle and stop the boat with the bow just forward of where you intend to drop anchor.
2. Lower the anchor slowly.
With your life jacket on, slowly lower the anchor into the water from the bow. Don't throw it over the side; this tends to foul the line. Your boat should begin to drift backward with the wind or current, allowing the anchor to move down and away as it enters the water. This backward drift is important. If your boat is stationary when the anchor reaches bottom, the chain piles on top and prevents the anchor from digging in. If your boat isn't drifting backward on its own, put the engine in reverse and move slowly backward as you pay out the anchor rode. This stretches out the chain from the bow and ensures the anchor will lie on the bottom facing in the correct direction.
3. Keep tension on the anchor rode.
As you pay out the anchor rode, maintain tension to keep the boat's bow pointed toward the anchor. This ensures your anchor, chain and rope don't become tangled. If you're anchoring in strong winds, you may have to put the engine in forward gear to control the speed and direction of backward drift.
4. Set the anchor.
With the anchor rode out and the boat in the intended swing zone, secure the rode, let the anchor dig in and stop the boat. Exercise caution: Wrap the rode once or twice around a cleat and keep your hands well clear. Once you feel the anchor dig in and set, put the engine in idle reverse and back down on the anchor to secure it to the bottom. This is especially important where the bottom has a layer of sand and grass. Once the anchor is set, note any landmarks in relation to the boat. Check these reference points frequently to make sure you're not drifting.
5. Weigh anchor.
Once you've set the anchor, pulling or weighing anchor should be easy. Still, proceed with care and wear your life jacket. The combination of anchor pull, current and weight can sometimes swamp a small boat. Lift the anchor as vertically as possible and be careful not to hit the side of the boat. Wash off any mud and debris while lifting. –U.S. Coast Guard


The Good News: Treating Violence Like a Disease Means a Cure Is Out There
A bad apple ruins the bunch, and it's a similar principle with people who get violent in communities.
Jan 30, 2015·
Shaya Tayefe Mohajer is TakePart's News Editor.
Even when violence isn't retaliatory, it affects those who witness it. The innocent bystander who sees someone fatally shot carries the weight of witnessing that, and often acts out on it.
The researchers at Cure Violence have found that to be true time and again, and they are pushing to find ways to help stop violence at the root of the problem. The solution is simpler than reorganizing people's lives or moving away from neighborhoods that are deemed dangerous, and it's cheaper than incarcerating all the perpetrators who beget more perpetrators.
It's been shown that following the path of violence and helping people in violent areas mediate conflict, listen, and talk has saved lives. Just one example: In the Brooklyn neighborhood of East New York—an airport-adjacent area of the borough where crime and poverty are common—there were no shootings for 363 days one year after a program was implemented to unite the community against violence.


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Sample game screen:
- There are a bunch of athletes whom we call etc.
- The left panel depicts outcomes of matches between every pair of athletes. The winner of athlete x vs athlete y is the entry in the xth row, yth column of the table. For example, the top-right cell with a green background that displays "1" indicates that entity 1 beats 5.
- The right panel shows (partial) outcomes of a number of races involving all athletes (each row is a race). In this entire set of races, athlete x beats athlete y if x finishes ahead (">") of y in a majority of the races. For example, 1 finishes ahead of 5 in the first two races while 5 finishes ahead of one only in the third race, and hence 1 beats 5 in the set of races.
- Your goal is to fill in the empty cells on the right in a manner that the winner among each pair of athletes on the right is the same as the winner among that pair on the left. Since the rows on the right is the outcome of a race, each row must contain distinct values.
- More about the game interface:
- Left Panel:
- Cell is green: your current assessment of the races on the right hand panel is in sync with that pairwise match.
- Cell is red: your current assessment is incorrect.
- Cell is blue: your current assessment is tied.
- You win the game when all cells turn green.
- Right Panel:
Some values are fixed (dark background). Clicking on any other cell brings up the Input Panel.
- Input Panel:
- Blank button clears that cell.
- ★ bookmarks (or unbookmarks) that cell, i.e., shows the cell in a slightly darker background.
- Top Panel:
-? leads to this instructions-page.
- ♻ button clears all entries except bookmarks.
- R fills random entries in all empty cells.
- X quits the game and reveals the correct answer.
- Advanced Customization (via the address bar of your browser):
- You can choose the number of athletes: for x athletes, append "?x" at the end of the URL in your browser. For example, for 11 athletes, type in.
- You can also specify the number of cells on the right hand panel whose answers will be fixed (and displayed). To fix a fraction y of the cells, append the "?x" with a ",y". For example, for a game with 7 entities and half the cells fixed, type in


How long should video captions be on TeachVid?
Some questions to consider when creating transcript-based resources on TeachVid:
 - How long should each caption be?
 - Where's the best place to split text?
 - When should I join separate lines into a single caption?
The image at the top of the post shows step 3.2 of the resource creation process, where every line of text in your transcript (from step 3.1) is shown as a blue "caption bubble".
At this point, you can click anywhere within a caption bubble to split it into more than one caption. You would typically do this if your transcript consisted of one or more long paragraphs of text or of separate lines of text that you consider to be too long.
You can also join adjacent captions by placing your mouse at the end of the first of the two caption bubbles that you want to join. When you do this, a blue + appears at the end of this line (as shown in the top line of the image above). Click this to join the captions, and the result will be that a + appears inside the caption bubble (and if you click this again, the captions revert back to how they were previously).
So, referring again to the image above… What you are seeing here is some song lyrics, which were originally formatted like this:
Je suis née ce matin
Je m'appelle Mercy
Au milieu de la mer
Entre deux pays, Mercy
C'était un long chemin et maman l'a pris
Elle m'avait dans la peau, huit mois et demi, oh oui,
huit mois et demi
What I have done is joined the lines of the song so that those 7 lines of the song are converted into 3 captions only. Why? Because (a) it works better with the natural breaks in the audio; (b) it helps maintain the flow of the audio, avoiding stops and starts every second; and (c) because it avoids having mini-tasks based on only a few words.
Note that, although the caption based on multiple lines appears as one line of caption below the video, the original text format is maintained for the transcript, the translation, all activities and all printables. See the image below which shows how the example given above actually displays in the TeachVid player.
Lines joined in caption, but original format maintained elsewhere
So that's an example of why you might want to change the natural format of your transcript so that it works better as part of a TeachVid resource.
Have a read of the pointers below, which are all things to consider when creating a transcript based resource on TeachVid:
1) Not too long
Aim for captions that are not too long. When creating captions, they shouldn't ideally be much longer than the width of the white containing box (if you are creating a resource on a typical computer or laptop). Think about the fact that the caption needs to be displayed in the caption bar beneath the video during playback (and if the caption is very long, the font size will be tiny).
2) Not too short
It may be tempting when creating resources based on a song to make each line of the lyrics into a caption. BUT this often results in a resource which stops and starts every second or two and spoils the flow of the music and the lyrics. Try combining 2 or 3 (or more) lines of the lyrics into one caption, especially if these adjacent lines of the song lyrics essentially equate to a single thought or concept.
3) Similar length
Especially when working with a transcript which is not based on the lines of a song or poem, aim for captions that are fairly equal in length. This just makes the activities work better, but it isn't a big deal if some captions are very short and others are much longer.
4) Total number
(Minimum of around 10? No more than 40 if you can avoid it… Note that some song lyrics can easily go above 40 lines if you don't combine lines to make fewer captions – which works better in practice anyway.)
5) Split by audio
Split your text into captions according to how it works with the audio. This is crucial. Your captions need to be clearly distinguishable from one another, so try to avoid placing your breaks between captions at points in the audio where the speaker is speaking very fast.
Place your breaks where there is a natural pause in the audio, as far as possible. And this includes songs – just because the lines of the song appear on separate lines, this doesn't mean that they are separated by audible spaces. Much better to split where the audio splits than simply where the line breaks.
Here's a link to the resource shown above so that you can see how it all works 🙂
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Representative Plants Used as Natural Dye in Okinawa
The vegetation nurtured by the soil of Okinawa provides its power to create natural dyes to give our threads various shades of Okinawan colors.
annatonionsuouyamamomoseiyouakanefukugigoolenicotiilyamamomo ex
- Hues of Blue:
Ryukyu Ai (Ryukyu Indigo)
The stems and leaves of the plant are clipped between summer and autumn, and indigo paste, or mud-indigo known as doro-ai, is produced and used as dye. In the past, the Ryukyu indigo plants were cultivated in various regions throughout Okinawa, but presently, these native species of plants are mostly grown in the northern region of Okinawa Island, in the Izumi area of Motobu town. Okinawa's own distilled spirit, awamori, as well as starch syrup and alkaline agents are naturally fermented with the Ryukyu indigo in special bottles.
- Hues of Yellow:
Fukugi (Garcinias)
Fukugi plants are planted as protective hedges, to shield seaside homes from the salty winds and tides. Its bark, branches and leaves are used to produce the dyes.
- Hues of Reddish-Brown:
Okinawa Saru-tori-ibara (Smilax china var. kuru)
The name derives from the thorns on the stems of the plant, where monkeys (saru) get caught. The round fruit is approximately 1cm in diameter and ripens to a bright red color. Auburn dye is made from the extracts from the plant's underground stems.
Sharinbai (Yeddo Hawthorn; Rhaphiolepis indica var. umbellate)
The tips of the branches of this fragrant plant are full of blooming white flowers and the fruit ripens to a blackish-purple color. The bark, stem and roots have high tannin content.
- Other:
Getto (Pink Porcelain Lilies, Shell Ginger, Shell Flowers; Alpinia zerumbet)
In Okinawa, the leaves are used to wrap mochi, or sticky rice cakes, for the traditional event called Muchi which is held on December 8th of the lunar calendar. Muchi is an event where locals pray for the well-being of their children and other family members. The plant, with its distinctive fragrance, is also used to produce essential oils.
From the collection and processing of natural fibers which are extracted from plants to make the dyes, to the weaving itself, every step of the creation of Chibana-Hanaori is done completely by hand.
◆ The Dyeing Process
- Ryukyu indigo and awamori are combined,mixed
 and naturally fermented.
- The threads are dyed numerous times.
- Ryukyu indigo in the fermentation stage.
The plants that are used to make the dyes for Chibana-Hanaori are collected in the woods in the area, including those in the Chibana Gusuku castle ruins, which still remains in this district.


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Human rights violations in haiti essay
Washington was particularly scathing in its criticism of haiti us slams caribbean human rights cases involving the violation of rights that. Find info on the united nations declaration of human rights including the right to exist, personal liberty and freedom from abuse and violation of individual, group. Although these laws are meant to ensure human rights are being obeyed, there are still countless violations that occur as cardenas says, human rights violations. Magnum foundation's photography and human rights program is now haiti exantus thought he these 28 fellows continue to bring the human rights violations in. This section of the globalissuesorg web site introduces some of the human rights issues surrounding haiti and how the and the gross human rights violations went.
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Human rights violations in haiti essay
Essay on human rights ask a question can infringement on sovereignty of a nation-state be permissible for protection of and safeguard against human rights violation. According to its constitution and written laws, haiti meets most international human rights standards in practice, many provisions are not respected. Beyond intractability essays crinfo marking the transition from a classical internal conflict into a 'dirty war,' where human rights violations and not the.
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Human rights violations in haiti essayRated 5/5 based on 10 review


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This volume presents a layer-by-layer account of the discoveries from the six Iron Age strata (12th through 5th centuries B.C.) at Tell Hesban, Jordan, with regional survey data from its immediate vicinity. Discoveries are interpreted in light of cultural, ethnological, and natural-science data as well as historical events. Implications of these finds for an understanding of the history of the biblical tribe of Reuben and the tribal kingdoms of Ammon and Moab are also examined. It includes a summary of the site and the surrounding region during the Late Bronze Age and Hellenistic periods as well as a chapter on the history of the excavation methodology of the Heshbon Expedition. There are numerous plans, photographs and pottery plates. The ceramic discussion compares the pottery of Tell Hesban with similar Iron Age forms found elsewhere in the Levant. The volume includes appendices of all loci, objects and faunal remains found in the Iron Age strata. An index is provided. Illustrations include 68 figures, 37 plates, and 7 tables.
Click here to read a sample from this book.
Preface by Řystein Sakala LaBianca
Foreword by Randall W. Younker
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: The Evolution of the Archaeological Methodology at Tell Hesban
Chapter 3: Chronology
Chapter 4: Hesban and Vicinity in the Late Bronze Age
Chapter 5: Hesban and Vicinity in Iron I
Chapter 6: Hesban and Vicinity in Iron II
Chapter 7: Hesban and Vicinity in the Hellenistic Period
Chapter 8: Conclusions
Appendix A: Abbreviated Locus List for Strata 21-16
Appendix B: Tell Hesban Objects for Strata 21-16
Appendix C: Fauna Summary List for Strata 21-16


Sous Vide Cooking
S ous vide (pronounced /su veed/) is a French culinary term meaning 'under vacuum.' It refers to a low-temperature method of cooking that originated in the early 1800s, but is favored by many professional chefs today. In very basic terms, sous vide is putting ingredients into a vacuum-sealed bag, then immersing in warm water kept at a steady temperature for an extended period of time.
Sous vide - Cooking Techniques –
As sous vide continues its revival with pro chefs, there are also enthusiatic home cooks employing the technique. Sous vide equipment is more affordable than ever before, so this method is accessible to home cooks.
Little Bite of History
Although written records about sous vide show up as early as 1799, the method wasn't brought to the forefront of French cuisine until the early 1970s. French chef George Pralus, of Restaurant Troisgros fame, and French scientist, Dr. Bruno Goussault are both cited as sous vide pioneers. Chef Pralus experimented with the method for cooking foie gras. He found the silkiness of the liver was enhanced by vacuum sealing without losing any of its precious fat, and it soon became one of his signature dishes.
Dr. Goussault took the experimentation and development even further, studying the effects of different temperatures and times, developing new processes and safety standards. He is credited in teaching his sous vide mastery to many of the world's best chefs, including: Thomas Keller, Joël Robuchon, Michel Richard, Anne-Sophie Pic, Jean-Georges Vongerichten, Daniel Boulud, Michel Bras, Alain Ducasse, Charlie Trotter, and Heston Blumenthal.
Sous Vide Advantages
There are good reasons many of today's most acclaimed chefs employ the sous vide method of cooking. First, the use of lower temperatures results in succulent, tender meat.
At lower temperatures, the tough collagen in connective tissue melts into gelatin, similar to braising. But with sous vide, the proteins in the meat are never heated so much that they denature and toughen, or lose moisture. Sous vide meats are tender to the nth degree.
Next, by placing the meat in a water bath with temperature set at the desired final cooking temperature, you remove overcooking from the equation. The food will never get hotter than the bath it is in. Keeping the low temperature strictly constrained maintains the integrity of ingredients, and achieves precise control of cooking even with irregularly shaped or very thick items, given enough time.
Finally, sealing food, especially meats, in plastic bags before cooking keeps in juices and aroma that would otherwise be lost in the cooking process.
Sous Vide Disadvantages
While sous vide cooking has a lot going for it, it's not the be-all-end-all technique. There are some limitations. For example, sous vide takes time. Because you're cooking low and slow, it takes a while for meat to reach temperature.
The technique also requires special equipment such as a vacuum-sealer and an immersion circulator, which precisely heats and circulates the water bath ensuring proper, safe cooking.
Safety is sometimes a concern of vacuum cooking since certain bacteria will propagate at lower temperatures and some people are wary of the risk of cooking in plastics.
Delve further if you'd like to learn more about sous vide cooking, or if you're feeling adventurous and would like to try sous vide at home, D'Artagnan friend and client, Chef Thomas Keller, has a wonderful sous vide tome called Under Pressure.


Said bin Sultan, Sultan of Muscat and Oman
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Said Bin Sultan
Said Bin Sultan.jpg
H.E. Said bin Sultan
Sultans of Oman
Reign 1807–1856
Predecessor Sultan bin Ahmad
Successor Turki bin Said
Dynasty Al Said
Born (1790-06-05)5 June 1790[1]
Died 19 October 1856(1856-10-19) (aged 59)
Religion Ibadi Islam
Said bin Sultan Al-Said (Arabic: سعيد بن سلطان, Sa'id bin Sulṭān) (5 June 1790 – 19 October 1856) was Sultan of Muscat and Oman from March 1807 to 4 June 1856.
Early years[edit]
Said bin Sultan was son of Sultan bin Ahmad, who ruled Oman from 1792 to 1804. Sultan bin Ahmad died in 1804 on an expedition to Basra. He appointed Mohammed bin Nasir bin Mohammed al-Jabry as the Regent and guardian of his two sons, Salim bin Sultan and Said bin Sultan.[2] Sultan's brother Qais bin Ahmad, ruler of Sohar, decided to attempt to seize power. Early in 1805 Qais and his brother Mohammed marched south along the coast to Muttrah, which he easily captured. Qais then started to besiege Muscat. Mohammed bin Nasir tried to bribe Qais to leave, but did not succeed.[2]
Mohammed bin Nasir called on Badr bin Saif for help.[2] After a series of engagements, Qais was forced to retire to Sohar. Badr bin Saif became the effective ruler.[3] Allied with the Wahhabis, Badr bin Saif became increasingly unpopular.[4] To get his wards out of the way, Badr bin Saif made Salim bin Sultan governor of Al Maşna'ah, on the Batinah coast and Said bin Sultan governor of Barka.[5]
In March 1807 Said bin Sultan lured Badr bin Saif to Barka and murdered him nearby. Said was proclaimed ruler of Oman.[6][1] There are different accounts of what happened, but it seems clear that Said struck the first blow and his supporters finished the job. Said was acclaimed by the people as a liberator from the Wahhabis, who left the country. Qais bin Ahmad at once gave his support to Said. Nervous of the Wahhabi reaction, Said blamed Mohammed bin Nasir for the murder.[1]
Said bin Sultan became the sole ruler of Oman, apparently with the consent of his brother. Their aunt, the daughter of the Imam Ahmad bin Said al-Busaidi, seems to have influenced this decision.[7]
In 1835, he ratified a treaty with the United States on very favorable terms, that had been negotiated by Edmund Roberts at Muscat on September 21, 1833,[8] and returned by USS Peacock.[9]
In 1837, he conquered Mombasa, Kenya. In 1840, Said moved his capital from Muscat, Oman, to Stone Town, Zanzibar where Richard Waters was American Consul,[10] and sent a ship to the United States to try to further a trading relationship.[11]
Upon Said's death in 1856, his realm was divided. His third son, Thuwaini bin Said, became the Sultan of Muscat and Oman, and his sixth son, Sayyid Majid bin Said, became the Sultan of Zanzibar.
The National Museum of Oman in Muscat houses numerous items of silverware and other possessions that belonged to Said.
Said had 36 children 1 michael.omeke bin Said al-Said (ca. 1815–1851): an alcoholic, according to Ruete (Ch. 15), he left three sons, Suud, Fesal, and Mhammed
 1. Sayyid Khalid bin Said al-Said (c.1819–1854)
 2. Sayyid Thuwaini bin Said al-Said (also called Tueni) (−1866): Sultan of Muscat and Oman, 1856–1866
 3. Sayyid Muhammad bin Said al-Said (1826–1863): he "...was considered the most pious of our entire family.... cared little for the world and wordly goods.... possessed by... antipathy against Zanzibar" (Ch. 14, Ruete); he lived most of his life in Oman
 4. Sayyid Turki bin Said (1832–1888): Sultan of Muscat and Oman, 1871–1888
 5. Sayyid Majid bin Said Al-Busaid, 1st Sultan of Zanzibar (1834/5-1870): Sultan of Zanzibar, 1856–1870
 6. Sayyid Ali bin Said al-Said (?-1893)
 7. Sayyid Barghash bin Said Al-Busaid, 2nd Sultan of Zanzibar (1837–1888): Sultan of Zanzibar, 1870–1888
 8. Sayyid Abdu'l-Wahhab bin Said al-Said (1840–1866)
 9. Sayyid Jamshid bin Said al-Said (1842–1870)
 10. Sayyid Hamdan bin Said al-Said (1843–1858)
 11. Sayyid Ghalib bin Said al-Said
 12. Sayyid Sawedan bin Said al-Said (1845–?)
 13. Sayyid Abdu'l-Aziz bin Said al-Said (1850–1907)
 14. Sayyid Khalifah bin Said Al-Busaid, 3rd Sultan of Zanzibar (1852–1890): Sultan of Zanzibar, 1888–1890
 15. Sayyid Hamad bin Said al-Said
 16. Sayyid Shuwaid bin Said al-Said
 17. Sayyid Abbas bin Said al-Said
 18. Sayyid Manin bin Said al-Said
 19. Sayyid Ali bin Said Al-Busaid, 4th Sultan of Zanzibar (1854–1893): Sultan of Zanzibar, 1890–1893
 20. Sayyid Badran bin Said al-Said (?-1887)
 21. Sayyid Nasir bin Said al-Said (also called Nasor) (?-1887) went to Mecca with his older sister Chadudj: died in his twenties
 22. Sayyid Abdu'l-Rab bin Said al-Said (?-1888)
 23. Sayyid Ahmad bin Said al-Said
 24. Sayyid Talib bin Said al-Said
 25. Sayyid Abdullah bin Said al-Said
 26. Sayyida Sharîfe of Zanzibar and Oman: the daughter of a Circassian woman, she was "a dazzling beauty with the complexion of a German blonde. Besides, she possessed a sharp intellect, which made her into a faithful advisor of my father's" (described in Ruete, Ch. 15)
 27. Sayyida Chole (or Khwala) of Zanzibar and Oman (died 1875): the daughter of a Mesopotamian woman, she "was particularly close to our father; her enchanting personality, her cheerfulness and charm won him over completely" (Ruete, Ch. 15)
 28. Sayyida Aashe of Zanzibar and Oman: full sister of Chole; after the death of their brother Hilal (1851), she "took motherly care of his eldest son Suud" (Ruete)
 29. Sayyida Chadudj of Zanzibar and Oman: full sister of Majid; after his death (1870), she went with her younger brother Nasir to Mecca and died not long afterward (Ruete)
 30. Sayyida Shewâne of Zanzibar and Oman: the daughter of an Abyssinian woman; "a classical beauty... endowed with a keen mind", she died early (Ruete)
 31. Sayyida Mettle of Zanzibar and Oman: the daughter of an Abyssinian woman, she married a "distant cousin" in Stonetown and had "two charming twin boys" (Ruete)
 32. Sayyida Zeyâne of Zanzibar and Oman: the daughter of an Abyssinian woman (Ruete)
 33. Sayyida Semsem of Zanzibar and Oman: full sister of Zeyâne, she was married "rather late in life [to] our distant cousin Humud" (Ruete)
 34. Sayyida Nunu of Zanzibar and Oman: the daughter of a Circassian woman, she was born blind; after the deaths of her parents, she lived with her sister Aashe (Ruete)


Success is found in "the Culture"
Success is found in "the Culture"
Potential in the Nutrient Value
Lets pretend for the next few minutes that you are a Farmer, but instead of growing rabbit food, hogs or cows, you are growing your business. Really. I am talking about bib overalls, tractors pulling a variety of machinery for tilling, seeding, fertilizing, pest control, weed control, harvesting, shipping and hauling. You get my point.
"No likeness," you say. Oh contraire. The similarities are astounding. There is nothing that a business owner does that a farmer does not also do. In fact, I would suggest that farming is much more complex and demanding than the average business simply due to being climate dependent. This dependency adds another layer of responsibility to fund next years crop before the current one is even harvestable.
Farming, to me, is a great metaphor for any owner or leader of a company, simply because growing a business takes the same types of both central and peripheral focus, just from a different perspectives.
What are you focused on right now? I would put money on it being a HR or people challenge, even if you disagree. And my perspective is that your employees impact the client experience more than anything else, including product. And that is what people value, the experience.
Leadership roles of a farmer and business owner
 1. Strategic planning and management of all things; it varies with the crops and livestock, annually.
 2. Resource management – budget, finance, land nutrient value, and facility management.
 3. Adapting to changes in product, service, demand and climate
 4. Research for expansion
 5. Responding to issues unanticipated (natural disasters)
 6. HR – personnel and talent development
 7. Networking/Marketing
 8. Celebrate new milestones
All are very similar with one exception. And, that exception is the nutrient value or growth potential found in the "medium" in which you are growing the business. The "Medium" of most farmers is soil or hydroponic. Both have specific nutrients that support the growth of the plants and consumable portion it produces.
However you, the business owner, have a different medium in which you grow your business and it is called the business culture. The nutrient value of the culture shows up in the employees, vendors and consumers as the collective-mindset; including attitudes, motivations, backgrounds and attractiveness of the company. The business culture impacts every relationship that is created, before during and after you open and close your doors.
In every business the medium or culture is a highly integrated blend of knowledge, experience, systems, background, attitudes, values, mindsets and intentions of each member of the organization. It becomes the medium in which employees feel nurtured, appreciated, listened to, encouraged to grow, and stretch into more than they were before working with the company.
When essential nutrients, such as appreciation, are missing or insincere, you are remiss to expect employees to be fully engaged and naturally caring of customers. What they witness, feel and experience from owners and leadership, they then model and reflect to others. When ownership, leadership and management are disengaged from each other and staff, most staff interactions with each other and customers will mirror what they witness and experience with leadership and management. They were trained to model.
What disengagement and valued experiences specifically am I talking about?
 - Incongruity of company purpose with company offerings and service.
 - Confusion between what is said and expected of everyone, without exception.
 - Poor training and staff development – assuming learning on own time without compensation.
 - Expecting experience, then hiring inexperience and expecting someone to fill gaps.
You are the farmer of A business. Done any nutrient checks lately?
Call Spectrum Coaching to assess the Culture of your company.


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the Improved Processes and Parameterization for Prediction in Cold Regions program and the Drought Research Initiative. In particular, they made significant contributions toward the main objective of the Drought Research Initiative, which was to better understand the causes and impacts of major hydro-climatologic extremes over Canada, with a focus on the severe 1999–2005 drought that affected the Canadian Prairies. Specific contributions from Department scientists include research toward acquiring a better understanding of past variability and projected future occurrences of extreme droughts on the Prairies, and of groundwater variability associated with extreme Prairie drought events. Work is under way to establish a permanent archive of the data and findings for these CFCAS studies.
Throughout 2010–2011, the WSC contributed internationally through its leadership as the Canadian hydrological advisor to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). This entails providing input and advice to the WMO on all matters related to hydrometric monitoring and hydro-meteorology. Specifically, it included the contribution of departmental expertise toward the development of a new WMO publication on stream-flow monitoring, published last year. As well, the Department continued its engagement in the Arctic Hydrological Cycle Observing System (HYCOS) initiative, which focuses on stream-flow assessment in the Arctic Ocean. Canada co-leads the Arctic HYCOS program with the Russian Federation.
Environment Canada scientists initiated a research study in 2009 to improve understanding of water availability and sustainability of stream-flow in the Athabasca River Basin, which is experiencing multiple stressors from climate change/variability and various water uses (e.g., water extraction for oil sands processing). Historical stream flow trends and variability for 33 hydro-ecologically relevant indicators of alteration on the Athabasca River main stem and tributaries continued in 2010–2011.
In 2010–2011, Environment Canada's atmospheric researchers continued to improve methods for coupled hydro-meteorological modelling and prediction under an expanded environmental prediction framework. The model enables an improved understanding of interactions between the atmosphere and land surface, and supports improved water management using the Modélisation environnementale de surface et hydrologie (MESH) system and the international Hydrologic Ensemble Prediction Experiment. Partnering with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Environment Canada operationalized the MESH modelling system for historical analysis of the water balance in the upper Great lakes. The model will also help with understanding the water levels of the Great Lakes, which are of significant economic importance to Canada and the United States.
Ongoing studies have focused on improving our understanding of water availability in Canada through the development of new methods for modelling the hydrological cycle at a variety of scales, from small basins to large rivers. In 2010–2011, research continued on developing physically based models for frozen soils parameterization and large-scale simulation of the Saskatchewan River Basin.
The development and implementation of Environment Canada's eco-hydraulic modelling system for major portions of the St. Lawrence River continued during 2010–2011, including work toward the operationalization of hydrodynamic models.
The Department continued to develop water supply indicators in support of the National Water Atlas project, and contributed to ecosystem trends studies that focused on the availability of water resources.
- Date Modified:


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Common Understanding Wiki
A Common Knowledge Source of Terms and Definitions
CloudSocket Common Understanding Wiki
Common Technical Understanding of Business Process as a Service #
This Wiki offers a BPaaS taxonomy as well as an explanation of background material in order to create a common understanding with respect to technical realisation for business process as a service in the cloud.


You are here: Home / Publications & Online Resources / Publications / Books in Print / Ancient Maya Art at Dumbarton Oaks
Ancient Maya Art at Dumbarton Oaks
Joanne Pillsbury, Miriam Doutriaux, Reiko Ishihara-Brito, and Alexandre Tokovinine, editors
Pre-Columbian Art at Dumbarton Oaks
Art, Art History, Pre-Columbian Studies, Museum Collections
Based on the comprehensive study of one of the most important collections of Maya art in the United States, Ancient Maya Art at Dumbarton Oaks is a scholarly introduction to one of the great traditions of sculpture and painting in ancient America. Assembled by Robert Woods Bliss between 1935 and 1962, the collection is historically important, as it was one of the first to be established on the basis of aesthetic criteria. The catalogue, written by leading international scholars of Maya archaeology, art history, and writing, contains detailed analyses of specific works of art along with thematic essays situating these works within the broader context of Maya culture. Monumental panels, finely worked jade ornaments, exquisitely painted ceramic vessels, and other objects—most created in the first millennium CE—are presented in full color and analyzed in light of recent breakthroughs in understanding their creation, function, and deeper meaning in Maya ritual and history. Individual essays address the history of the Dumbarton Oaks collection; Maya culture, history, and myth; and Maya aesthetics. They also study specific materials (including jade, shell, and fine ceramics) and their meanings. Scholarly yet accessible, this volume provides a detailed introduction to Maya art and culture.
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The Great River Regional Waste Authority Sanitary Landfill Phase 1 municipal solid waste landfill (MSWLF) unit stopped receiving waste in 1993, and post-closure care began following closure. However, the 30-year post-closure period did not officially begin until 2006. Compliance activities including groundwater sampling, active leachate collection via numerous extraction wells, ambient air monitoring, and final cover maintenance were on-going for the Phase 1 MSWLF unit.
Results from Evora Consulting's Landfill Compliance Program:
Evora Consulting identified the Phase 1 MSWLF unit as a candidate to move towards ending post-closure care. Our team met with the Iowa Department of Natural Resources to discuss a path forward in a manner that would allow ending post-closure maintenance with fewer on-going requirements. This included switching to Appendix I analyses for groundwater samples, turning off the leachate extraction pumps and measuring leachate level recovery along with regular inspection for possible leachate seeps, installation of subsurface landfill gas monitoring probes, and delineation of portions of the waste boundary.
The Great River Regional Waste Authority received compliance requirement changes which included:
- Approval to temporarily cease leachate collection from the Phase 1 MSWLF unit – pumps were turned off in 2015 and data has not indicated they will need to be turned back on.
- Approval to change from the previous groundwater analytical program to Appendix I parameters as well as to begin utilizing a more powerful statistical method. The collection of meaningful data and statistical evaluation allowed for groundwater sampling and reporting to be deferred until further notice.
- Approval to change from ambient air monitoring to subsurface gas monitoring to determine if landfill gas was migrating off-site. Based on the consistent measurements below action levels, subsurface methane monitoring is deferred until further notice.
- Post-closure cost estimate was reduced by a significant amount, decreasing the overall financial assurance cost estimate for the site as a whole.
Compliance Program Cost Savings Estimated to Date at: $17,000/ annually


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A study found an association between migraine headaches and breast cancer. In this study, women who got migraines were more than 30% less likely to develop invasive breast cancer compared to women who didn't get migraines.
The researchers reviewed the medical histories, including migraine histories, of nearly 3,500 women ages 55 to 79. More than 2,000 of the women had been diagnosed with invasive breast cancer. The researchers compared the risk of breast cancer between women who got migraines and women who didn't get migraines.
- Invasive ductal breast cancer (IDC) was 33% less likely in women who got migraines.
- Invasive lobular breast cancer (ILC) was 32% less likely in women who got migraines.
Migraine only seemed to affect hormone-receptor-POSITIVE invasive ductal breast cancer (IDC). The risk of hormone-receptor-negative invasive ductal breast cancer was the same whether or not the women got migraines. This result suggests that hormones play a role in how migraines may influence breast cancer risk.
The researchers also looked at whether any migraine treatments might have affected the outcome. But it was definitely the migraines that had the effect on risk, not the migraine treatments.
Estrogen can promote the development and the growth of hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer cells. Doctors also have seen a link between estrogen levels and migraine headaches in women. When estrogen levels fall -- right before your period, for example -- women who suffer from migraines are more likely to have one. When estrogen levels rise -- during pregnancy, for example -- women who suffer from migraines are less likely to have one.
The researchers think that the same changes in estrogen levels that make a woman prone to having migraines also may cause the lower breast cancer risk they saw in this study.
This type of research offers doctors information on how breast cancer happens and helps them create better ways to prevent or treat breast cancer. Stay tuned to Breastcancer.org for the most up-to-date news on research that shapes the future of breast cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.


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Can a regularisation of the determinant be used to find the eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian in the normal infinite dimensional setting of QM?
Edit: I failed to make myself clear. In finite dimensions, there is a function of $\lambda$ whose roots are the eigenvalues (or inverses of the eigenvalues) of a given operator $U$, namely, the characteristic polynomial $\det (I-\lambda U)$. Is there some way of regularising this determinant to do the same thing in infinite dimensions? In general? Or at least for unitary operators which describe the time evolution of a quantum mechanical system?
link to a related question What does a unitary transformation mean in the context of an evolution equation?
EDIT: Perhaps the question still is not clear. The question was, and still is, ¿if you regularise $\det(I-\lambda U)$ as a complex valued function of $\lambda$, for $U$ a unitary operator, will its zeroes be the values of $\lambda$ such that $I-\lambda U$ fails to be invertible? ¿Has a non-zero kernel? ¿Or does regularising the determinant lose touch with that property of the finite dimensional determinant?
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Can you please clarify the question? Do you mean, can you discretize the Schrordinger eigenvalue problem to a finite dimensional system, and then find the eigenvalues E of the finite dimensional matrix M using det(M-EI)=0, and recover the correct levels E in the limit that the dimension of the system goes to infinity? – Ron Maimon Jan 3 '12 at 8:37
That would be the best possible answer, but I could settle for less. I'll try to rephrase the question, too. – joseph f. johnson Jan 3 '12 at 8:50
Then your question is not about the determinant at all, but about regulating the Schrodinger operators computationally. This is very easy to do, it is normal in computational studies, but I am not sure how much is rigorously known about the continuum limit. – Ron Maimon Jan 3 '12 at 12:35
I don't know why you say "regularizing". I gave you the "regularized" form below. I think you mean something different, "regularization" means putting the theory on a lattice, or breaking the continuum limit some other way, like doing an infinite sum with additional factors. You are asking whether the determinants converges after appropriate rescaling in the large L small $\epsilon$ limit to a unique function of $\lambda$, and it might, for the appropriate class of potentials. Zeta-function regularization is often used. Convergence isn't necessary for PI. – Ron Maimon Jan 4 '12 at 18:12
I don't know whether this makes a difference, except in grammar, but I did not say « regularising », I said « regularisation », and that is because that is the normal word for altering the definition of a divergent function (or integral) to make it convergent yet still agree with the original if the original were convergent. E.g. zeta function regularisation of the determinant. Lattice methods are one method of regularisation but not the only one. AFAIK, the zeta function regularisation doesnt work for the characteristic poly, and even if it did, wouldnt have the eigenvalues as roots. – joseph f. johnson Jan 4 '12 at 22:12
2 Answers 2
The continuum eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the Schrodinger operator are the limiting low-lying eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the discrete lattice approximations. Given a Schrodinger operator
$$ H= \sum_i A_i \partial_i^2 + V(x_1,....,x_n) $$
Where V is of the appropriate class (smooth is too restrictive--- you can have delta functions too, and random potentials, but I don't know the best possible function class--- it might be any integrable potential, i.e., any potential at all EDIT: of course it can't, as the -1/r^n energy levels run away to be localized on top of the attractive spot. The correct condition on the potential is involved, but you can take it to be continuous for this discussion), you replace the x's by a square lattice of spacing $\epsilon$ and of total size L in each direction with periodic boundaries, replace the $\nabla_i$ by the lattice $\nabla_i$
$$ (H_L \psi) (x) = \sum_i {A_i\over \epsilon^2} (\psi(x_i + \epsilon) - 2\psi(x_i) + \psi(x_{i-1})) + V_L(x) \psi(x) $$
Where V_L(x) is the integral over one lattice volume of the continuum V(x) in an $\epsilon$ box centered at x, and the discrete second derivative is the difference between the forward difference and the backward difference.
Then the approximately smooth low lying eigenvectors of $H_L$ converge to the eigenvalues of H in the continuum limit, and as for the high eigenvectors, who cares, these are lattice artifacts. I am sure that it is possible to prove all this rigorously, although from the physical point of view, if it were not the case, the Schrodinger equation would be physically suspect.
You can see the convergence on a computer, if you simulate a discretized Schrodinger operator. You can prove the convergence of the discrete to continuous propagator relatively easily from the path integral. For the individual eigenvalues and eigevectors, things will be somewhat more involved. If you want a mathematical proof, I can try to sketch one.
EDIT: Determinant formula
If you look at the eigenvalue equation for the finite dimensional operator $H_L$,
$$det(H_L - \lambda I)$$
you find a finite degree polynomial, whose zeros are the eigenvalues of the equation in the limit $\epsilon\rightarrow 0$, $L\rightarrow\infty$.
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You mean $det(H_L - \lambda I)$. This is a finite degree polynomial in $\lambda$ whose eigenvalues are those of $H_L$. – Ron Maimon Jan 3 '12 at 23:16
you seem to be saying that it is the set of zeroes which has a limit? Not the polynomial? – joseph f. johnson Jan 3 '12 at 23:55
_USER_: yes--- it is not obvious that the polynomial is converging, but for sure the zeros are. But when you get a certain set of zeros, you can write an Euler product formula and make an analytic function which has these zeros, and perhaps this gives a unique correct continuum notion of infinite dimensional determinant, I am not sure. I always think of it regulated. – Ron Maimon Jan 4 '12 at 7:06
It seems, then, that the answer to my question is « no », but you are not sure. – joseph f. johnson Jan 4 '12 at 8:27
_USER_: The answer seems to be yes, I didn't work out the limit of the polynomial, but an analytic function is usually specified by its infinite set of zeros and some additional constraints, like a polynomial of infinite degree. I am not sure under what conditions the convergence is guaranteed, and convergence of the determinant is not necessary for any of the physics results, but the mathematical topic is Fredholm theory. – Ron Maimon Jan 4 '12 at 8:39
As you have already mentioned, there are many ways to understand'regularization' and it is not very often connected with discrete limit - rather, these are dirty tricks to give a meaning to certain sums/integrals which are clearly divergent. Here, the problem is different - we do not know a priori WHAT should be this divergent object - to have divergence we have to have a limit and we have no limit so far. So, the question is rather about the definitnion than about'regularization' which might be necessary in later steps.
So, i may suggest a definition - we have an identity for finite dimensional operators (let us assume U unitary), : $det(I-\lambda U) = exp(Tr(ln(I-\lambda U))$. This is always correct - because $I-\lambda U $ is normal and therefore diagonalizable.
We can expand ln in Taylor series around 1 to obtain (ordinary Taylor series when U is in eigenbasis, no problems with radius of convergence when looked upon U - as modulus of all U's eigenvalues is 1).
$$ det(I-\lambda U) = exp(- \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{\lambda^n}{n} Tr\, (U^n) ) $$
Now we have an expression explicitly containing a limit and at the same time well defined for U an operator in finite dimensional complex Hilbert space. Note, that the appearance of limit is a side-effect, not intentional. Now, we can ask if this expression makes sense when our space becomes infinite-dimensional. There are theorems that state, that if U is bounded (that is $\exists_{M>0}: \forall_{v \in V}\,\, ||U v||\leq M \, ||v|| $) and trace-class (so that trace always exists and is finite) the above formula is well defined in infinite dimensional case. For unit


By Faranak Bakhtiari
War footprint never fades away from nature
November 6, 2020 - 19:49
TEHRAN – When a war occurs, casualties and destruction come to mind first, while one of the main victims of this human phenomenon is the environment because the effects of war on nature never fade away and can be seen in the food cycle and nature for a long time.
War always brings to mind the destruction of houses, deserted villages, smoky cities, and streets littered with war weapons and barricades, massive explosions, and, ultimately, misery, homelessness, and death.
These are the obvious signs of war, but in the meantime, the part that has been out of sight and mind for years is the extent of the damage it does to nature, the environment and everything in it, from animals to plants, perhaps the catastrophe of human-caused war is so great that is no longer possible to address, while the long-term effects of environmental degradation on the quality of human life are determined and manifested over time.
Statistics show that in the late twentieth century alone, there were 118 armed conflicts around the world that displaced 6 million people and imposed devastating consequences on people and the environment.
According to the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 1992, articles 24 and 25, warfare is inherently destructive of sustainable development. States shall therefore respect international law providing protection for the environment in times of armed conflict and cooperate in its further development, as necessary. Peace, development, and environmental protection are interdependent and indivisible.
Although many countries have signed the Rio Declaration, studies show that wars still cause the most damage to the environment.
Furthermore, the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) has found that over the last 60 years, at least 40 percent of all internal conflicts have been linked to the exploitation of natural resources, whether high-value resources such as timber, diamonds, gold, and oil, or scarce resources such as fertile land and water. Conflicts involving natural resources have also been found to be twice as likely to relapse.
The United Nations attaches great importance to ensuring that action on the environment is part of conflict prevention, peacekeeping, and peacebuilding strategies because there can be no durable peace if the natural resources that sustain livelihoods and ecosystems are destroyed.
In November 2001, the UN General Assembly declared 6 November of each year as International Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War and Armed Conflict.
Since the devastation of war knows no boundaries, all countries must work together to reduce the destructive effects of war, for example, the Iran-Iraq war, in the process of which Iraq dried up the Hour al-Azim wetland to limit the access of Iranian fighters to the territory of Iraq, and now, years after the end of the war, the sand and dust storms have taken over Iran, which originates from the dried-up parts of Hour al-Azim wetland.
Or the Invasion of Kuwait (1990), which is another example of this negative impact. During this war, hundreds of oil wells in the Persian Gulf were set on fire, polluting vast water and marine resources and making the air breathless. Oil and bitumen covered hundreds of kilometers of the coast of the Persian Gulf, which killed at least 30,000 seabirds.
When ISIS occupied a large part of Iraq and Syria, leaving the agricultural lands abandoned, caused the lands to become sand and dust storm hotspots.
The impact of war is not limited to these, however, its physical effects still exist, as landmines planted during World War II, some 70 years ago, still claim lives in Europe, or mines in Iraq still leaves dead in the west of the country.
Armed conflicts pose serious threats to environment
Masoud Tajrishi, the deputy chief of the Department of Environment (DOE), told IRNA that one of the biggest challenges posed by conflict and war is population displacement; putting aside the social impacts of war, the environment is the most important issue that has not received much attention.
During the eight years of the imposed war, we witnessed the displacement of large numbers of people in different parts of the country, he stated.
Also, when the enemy entered the country, it planted numerous mines, which made these lands unusable for a long time, even after the lands were taken back, however, people could not enter them again, one of the major effects of which was sand and dust storms, as well as when ISIS controlled a large part of Iraq and Syria, he noted.
There are oil facilities in the region, which is a weakness of both sides. In fact, during the war, the two sides target oil facilities, which is a vital vessel of the countries that can strengthen the displacement, and on the other hand, these wells can be targeted as sources of funding, he lamented.
The same happened in the Iraq-Iran war, the U.S.-led invasion in Iraq, and the Kuwait Invasion, when a significant number of oil wells in the Persian Gulf were set on fire and smoke rose to miles in the air, after studies shown that a significant amount of soot entered our land, settled on the soil, rain washed them into groundwater, fed on plants, animals, and humans, he regretted.
Statistics at the Basra hospital, three to four years after the Americans were in Iraq, showed that many children were born with abnormalities, as well as serious complications and diseases for the residents of the area, all of which caused by the chemical weapons with huge damage to both humans and the environment, he also lamented.
However, if we are to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, we need to act with greater urgency and coherence to reduce the threats armed conflicts pose to our environment and ultimately our health and livelihoods.
On this International Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War and Armed Conflict, we have only one way forward: to up our ambition to protect our planet, even in the most complex and challenging scenarios.
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In what follows is presented a series of abstracts for coming papers tackling the topic of transportation mobility and intermodality in contemporary cities.
Paper 1: Reshaping City using Theoretical and Practical Study of Transport Mobility or Intermodality
by Anamika Das
This paper is devoted to the understanding of transport mobility and its necessity for a sustainable community in a city. The fundamental need of the people to access social and economic places is fulfilled by an efficient transport system. The paper presents, beginning from the traditional transport system that aimed to improve mobility, especially for vehicles but failed to consider wider impacts on the environment, to improving this system to create more vibrant, liveable and sustainable cities. Mobility refers to the movement of people or goods. Transport system has the potential to reshape the city by encouraging greater density and walkability so that the basic needs of life are available with less travel. This increases the accessibility. Smooth passage of motor vehicles and unobstructed movement for pedestrians characterize an efficient mobility network. Finally, we arrive at a complex solution of intermodality. Multiple mode of transport operating at the same location is called intermodal system. Adopting this concept, the aim of a sustainable city is fulfilled. Intermodality integrates two or more transport modes on the same journey. For every traveller, a change of transport mode is unnecessary. Aim is to make this interchange as seamless as possible with common information, an integrated ticket and a multi modal station where passengers feel safe, secure and comfortable.
Keywords: accessibility, mobility, sustainability, pedestrian, safety.
Paper 2: Urban Mobility Development….Towards Intermodality
by Vito Zampini
The mobility of the people and goods is largely recognized as essential for the economic growth and the development of the society; it is a strategic element for the competitive development of our cities and fundamental need for the collectivity. In the European context, the vehicular moves are predominantly private. This so rooted tradition, brings the traffic inside urban centers producing increasing negative impacts in terms of congestion, pollution and consumption of ground and sources. The result is a strong reduction of the life quality, especially in the areas that are built more densely and characterized by strong functional fragmentation. Favourite from the numerous European directives; strategies, programs and interventions are being adopted, to implement a sustainable urban mobility. Together with mobility, The concept of accessibility has been object of attention and research. Intermodality consists in giving the possibility to the users of different transport mode and combining them in order to offer as continuous and door-to-door services as possible. The concept of intermodal transport has become more and more important over the last years. Projects such as integrated public transport systems have been implemented in several cities of the world. However, numerous difficulties are still present. How to spread the culture of the public transport, how to make it easy to use and safe? How to make the net of transports more present in city of different scale but with attention to the environment? how to make the intermodal system less vulnerable? The aim of this work is to provide an overview of the main factor that have to be investigated for a correct understanding of the reality of the different cities. No unique solution is suggested for different contexts, but rather investigating how to control the urban development in order to achieve a form of intermodal transportation in the medium-long term that could be sustainable.
Keywords : Culture,life quality, intermodality, vulnerability, adaptive system.
Paper 3: Efficiency of Intermodality: Obstacles and Opportunities
by Ahmed Abdelwahed Mekhamar
The need of public transportation can be easily recognized due to the fact that growth of population is causing a high rate of mobility which may create many problems with environmental, economic and social consequences if not carefully considered in cities planning. Public transport is encouraged by urban authorities in most of large cities in both of developed and developing countries, however it presents insufficient attraction to switch from using individual vehicle towards the use of public transport. Intermodality as planning and policy principle can be activated effectively to provide the passengers who use different modes of transportation with smooth journey while assuring appropriate service level. Different obstacles confronting the integration of Intermodality principle into public transport networks are mainly caused by inadequate planning and poor infrastructure networks where different transport networks can be considered as transport links without the necessary facilities and polices required to act effectively. Such problems can be overcome through the integrated design which use Intermodality to act as interface between the different modes not only to increases the percentage of passengers who use urban public transport but also consolidates the overall public transport system of an urban area. This study aims to provide clear understanding of Intermodality principle as an integrated system where different factors interact all together to achieve the efficiency of the system, such as modal connectivity, safety requirements for pedestrians, Integrated terminals, integrated fare policy, integrated timetable, information dissemination. To accomplish the objectives of this paper, different design issues and factors to be examined by literature survey and analysis of previous experience of Intermodality networks and finally to define list of factors that would represent obstacles in case of applying in developing cities in addition to clarify some of opportunities that can be used to achieve the efficiency of the system.
Keywords: Intermodality, Integrated terminals, Connectivity, Transportation efficiency.
Paper 4: The Effect of Transportation Hubs on Urban Dynamics
by Ghada ELBalal
For a long time now, there is a growing need for automobile dependency, due to a lot of factors: urban sprawl, increasing urban densities, lack or poor services of transportation …etc. Automobile dependency is the main reason for a lot of problems that are experienced in cities, such as traffic congestion, noise pollution, air pollution, consumption of non renewable resources, and consequently increase of CO2 emissions and climate change. Improving the quality and efficiency of transportation services in general is considered a growing demand nowadays in many countries. Governments should develop transportation plans and policies to reach creative approaches for transportation services. The European Commission White Paper states that the idea of connecting modes, particularly through rail and transport hubs, is seen as increasingly important in the achievement of seamless travel, says Michèle Dix, Managing Director of Planning, Transport for London. A transportation hub acts as a good moderator for a lot of transportation means in which its design and location starts from a well planned mobility strategy and a convenient and inexpensive transportation mode. This paper aims to discuss the role of transportation hubs in cities defining the different types of transportation means that can exist in the hub in regard to the city size and complexity, investigating their role in the urban dynamics and highlighting the importance of improving the energy and economic efficiency of these hubs as a step forward towards a sustainable city.
Keywords: Cities, transportation hub, transportation means, energy efficiency, sustainability.
Paper 5: Maglev Urban Project for a Modern and Ecological City
by Andrea Fogliani
Transportation Mobility or …. Intermodality? Starting from this fundamental question this paper wants to analyse and discuss about the road that the actual urban society should follow in order to obtain a better and liveable future. Enrique Penalosa said "an advanced city is not a place where the poor move about in cars, rather it's where even the rich use public transportation", and maybe one of the most important points and obstacles to a concrete change is the attractiveness of the actual mass public transportation system. A renewal of urban transportation means that we should discuss again from the beginning the dominant urbanization model that made our world unordered and based on soil consumption. From the agricultural tradition that made the urban centre developing in courts first, and then along main roads connecting different settlements, our cities grew becoming industrial centers intensively based on wheel transportation systems: transportation and social costs became high due to new necessities, losing the relationship between private and public space and life. Through this paper the author intended to examine how small and medium towns, applying a new balance between public transportation, green spaces, public services and politics, can really change their aspect going towards a green and sustainable future, promoting social aspects of life and creating a more liveable environment.
Keywords: Intermodality; sustainable urban design, passenger, eco-district, transportation.
Paper 6: Re-organisation of Traffic Flows in the Smart City
by Matthias Wechsler
In a more and more urbanized world, people, traffic and trade accumulate in cities more than ever. The way in which these flows challenge the city are of different nature: not only do they need to get handled in their quantity most efficiently, but they also need to get organized in a sustainable manner. At last solutions have to contribute to a spatially fair, participatory and satisfying city. Today, the principals of how to create a sustainable city are commonly accepted: high density, balanced mix of residential & commercial and integrated public transportation are among the most important ones. However, details of the organization of soft mobility and public transport are still subject of debate and research. Supply chains of industries are getting more complex due to specifications and this results in increased traffic necessary to keep the economy alive. This paper investigates the problem of how to reconcile the increased demand for transport on the one hand and the need to reduce its impact on the environment on the other hand. The research looks for solutions and approaches on the legislative, technical, and spatial level of a city. Furthermore it analyses unused potentials in cities that can be activated to support a more sustainable and economic flow of people and goods. The streets of a city are often congested on peak hours but mostly free over night. With a set of incentives, this potential to process traffic can be activated. Eventually, the paper provides an overview over best practices worldwide and the limits and chances of re-organized traffic flows in a city.
Keywords: Smart city, traffic, urban planning, sustainability.
Paper 7: Plan a Sustainable Transport Geography in Tianjin
by Xuan Zhang
As the number of smoggy weather


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China magnesium die casting is one of the best magnesium die casting parts on the world today.
What is magnesium die casting
Magnesium die casting is a manufacturing process that involves the use of magnesium alloys to create complex shapes and components. The process is widely used in the automotive, aerospace, and electronics industries, where lightweight, strong, and durable components are required. In this blog post, we will explore what magnesium die casting is, how it works, and its advantages and disadvantages.
China is a major player in the global magnesium die casting industry, with a large number of manufacturers and suppliers offering a wide range of products. In this article, we will explore the benefits of using China magnesium die casting, the production process, and tips for finding reliable Chinese suppliers.
Benefits of Using China Magnesium Die Casting
There are several reasons why companies choose to use China magnesium die casting for their manufacturing needs. Some of the key benefits include:
- Cost: China is known for its low labor and production costs, which can result in significant cost savings for manufacturers. This is especially true for companies located in countries with higher labor costs.
- Quality: Despite its reputation for low-cost manufacturing, China has made significant strides in terms of quality control. Many Chinese manufacturers have adopted advanced production techniques and quality control measures to ensure the production of high-quality parts.
- Speed: China magnesium die casting manufacturers are known for their fast turnaround times, making them a popular choice for companies with tight production schedules.
- Wide Selection: China has a large number of magnesium die casting manufacturers and suppliers, offering a wide range of products and customization options.
Production Process of Chinese Magnesium Die Casting
The production process of Chinese magnesium die casting is similar to that of other countries, involving several steps including melting, injection, and cooling.
- Melting: The first step in the production process is to melt the magnesium alloy. This is typically done using an electric furnace, where the alloy is heated to a temperature of around 700°C.
- Injection: Once the magnesium alloy is in a molten state, it is injected into the die casting mold under high pressure. The mold is made of steel or another durable material and is designed to create the desired shape of the finished product.
- Cooling: After the magnesium alloy is injected into the mold, it is allowed to cool and solidify. This process can be accelerated by using water or air cooling. Once the magnesium has cooled and solidified, the mold is opened, and the finished product is removed.
Quality Control and Standards in China Magnesium Die Casting
Quality control and standards play a crucial role in ensuring the production of high-quality magnesium die castings in China. Here is an explanation of quality control and standards in China's magnesium die casting industry:
- Compliance with international standards and certifications: China's magnesium die casting manufacturers strive to meet international standards such as ISO 9001 (Quality Management Systems) and ISO/TS 16949 (Quality Management Systems for Automotive Production and Relevant Service Parts Organizations). Compliance with these standards demonstrates their commitment to quality management systems and processes.
- Quality control measures in manufacturing processes: Chinese magnesium die casting companies employ various quality control measures during production. These measures include:
a. Inspection and testing of raw materials: Manufacturers inspect and test the magnesium alloys used as raw materials to ensure they meet the required specifications. This involves assessing the chemical composition, purity, and mechanical properties of the alloys.
b. Process control techniques: Magnesium die casting processes involve controlling various parameters such as temperature, pressure, and cycle times. Manufacturers implement process control techniques to maintain consistency and quality throughout the production process. Monitoring and controlling these variables help minimize defects and ensure product integrity.
c. Statistical process control (SPC) methods: SPC involves using statistical techniques to monitor and control the production process. By analyzing process data, manufacturers can identify variations and trends, allowing them to take corrective actions and maintain quality standards.
- Testing and inspection methods for ensuring product quality: Chinese magnesium die casting manufacturers employ various testing and inspection methods to ensure product quality. These methods include:
a. Non-destructive testing: Visual inspection, X-ray, and ultrasonic testing are commonly used non-destructive testing methods. These techniques help detect surface defects, internal voids, and other potential quality issues without damaging the castings.
b. Dimensional measurement and tolerance verification: Manufacturers measure the dimensions of magnesium die castings using precision tools to ensure they meet the required specifications and tolerances.
c. Mechanical property testing: Magnesium die castings undergo mechanical property testing to assess their strength, hardness, and other mechanical characteristics. Tensile strength testing and hardness testing are commonly performed.
d. Surface finish evaluation and quality assessment: The surface finish of magnesium die castings is evaluated to ensure it meets the specified requirements. This includes assessing factors such as texture, smoothness, and appearance.
e. Metallurgical analysis and microstructure examination: Manufacturers conduct metallurgical analysis and examine the microstructure of magnesium die castings. This helps assess the material's grain structure, porosity, and other metallurgical properties, ensuring they meet the desired standards.
- Traceability and documentation: Traceability and documentation are important aspects of quality control in magnesium die casting. Manufacturers establish systems to track and identify materials, components, and production processes. This allows for traceability throughout the production cycle and enables effective quality management. Documentation of manufacturing parameters, inspections, and test results helps maintain records and ensures transparency and accountability.
- Continuous improvement and corrective actions: Chinese magnesium die casting companies emphasize continuous improvement in quality control. They employ quality improvement methodologies such as Six Sigma and Lean manufacturing to identify areas for improvement, reduce defects, and enhance overall quality. Root cause analysis is performed to identify the underlying causes of quality issues, and corrective actions are implemented to prevent recurrence.
- Supplier quality management: Chinese magnesium die casting manufacturers establish robust supplier quality management processes. This includes evaluating and selecting reliable and qualified suppliers who meet quality standards. Ongoing performance monitoring of suppliers ensures consistent quality of raw materials and components.
- Industry collaborations and standards development: Chinese magnesium die casting manufacturers actively participate in industry associations and organizations related to the industry. They collaborate with industry stakeholders, share knowledge and experiences, and contribute to the development of industry standards and best practices.
By implementing these quality control measures and adhering to international standards, China's magnesium die casting industry aims to achieve the following outcomes:
Consistent product quality: By implementing rigorous quality control measures, Chinese manufacturers strive to ensure consistent quality in their magnesium die castings. This consistency is crucial for meeting customer expectations and building a strong reputation in the market.
Customer satisfaction: The adherence to quality standards and the implementation of effective quality control measures contribute to enhanced customer satisfaction. Meeting or exceeding customer requirements in terms of product performance, dimensional accuracy, and surface finish helps build trust and long-term relationships with customers.
Reduced defects and waste: Through continuous improvement efforts and quality control measures, Chinese manufacturers aim to minimize defects and waste in the production process. This leads to higher efficiency, reduced costs, and improved overall productivity.
Compliance with regulatory requirements: China's magnesium die casting industry places importance on complying with relevant regulations and industry standards. This ensures that the produced castings meet safety, environmental, and other regulatory requirements, both domestically and for export purposes.
Competitive advantage: Adhering to international quality standards and delivering high-quality magnesium die castings gives Chinese manufacturers a competitive edge in the global market. It allows them to compete effectively with manufacturers from other countries and attract customers who value product quality.
Continuous improvement culture: Quality control efforts in China's magnesium die casting industry foster a culture of continuous improvement. By analyzing data, identifying areas for enhancement, and implementing corrective actions, manufacturers strive to drive continuous improvement in their processes, products, and overall quality management systems.
Innovation and technological advancement: Quality control practices also promote innovation and technological advancements in the magnesium die casting industry. By focusing on quality, manufacturers are driven to explore new materials, process optimization techniques, and advanced inspection methods, leading to advancements in the field.
Quality control and adherence to standards are integral to China's magnesium die casting industry. These practices help ensure the production of high-quality castings, meet customer expectations, drive competitiveness, and contribute to the industry's growth and success.
Challenges and Future Prospects in China Magnesium Die Casting:
- Environmental concerns: The production of magnesium and magnesium alloys involves energy-intensive processes and can have environmental impacts. The industry faces challenges in minimizing energy consumption, reducing emissions, and adopting sustainable practices to mitigate environmental concerns.
- Material availability and cost: Magnesium is not as abundantly available as other metals, which can lead to fluctuations in its availability and cost. Ensuring a stable and cost-effective supply of magnesium alloys is a challenge for manufacturers in China.
- Technological advancements: The magnesium die casting industry is constantly evolving, driven by advancements in technology. Manufacturers in China face the challenge of staying updated with the latest technological trends, such as advanced simulation software, process optimization techniques, and automation, to improve productivity and maintain a competitive edge.
- Skills and expertise: The production of high-quality magnesium die castings requires skilled labor and expertise in die design, process optimization, and quality control. Developing and retaining a skilled workforce is a challenge for the industry, as it requires continuous training and knowledge transfer.
- Quality control and consistency: Ensuring consistent quality in magnesium die castings can be challenging due to factors such as material variations, process complexities, and dimensional tolerances. Maintaining strict quality control measures and process standardization is crucial to overcome this challenge.
- Lightweighting in automotive and aerospace: The demand for lightweight materials in industries such as automotive and aerospace is growing to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. Magnesium die casting offers significant weight reduction opportunities, and it is expected to play a vital role in the future as these industries continue to prioritize lightweighting.
- Advancements in alloy development: Researchers are constantly exploring


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