This project is an Integrated Marketing Campaign (IMC), aiming to explore the topics of freedom of speech and censorship more in depth. This campaign revolves around the development of a pop-up event that has the goal of informing and provoking thought in people about how government censorship systems around the world are more than just about controlling content. Censorship of internet content and media is just the tip of the iceberg, as the true significance of censorship is to control thought, speech and choice of the population. It's important for people to think critically about why these systems are in place and why even minor censorships are dangerous.
Creative direction: Lucy Ferreira
Designers: Lucy Ferreira, Manbir Salh, Stacey Hu
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Display Portatile Milk
The portable display is a practical and functional device and it is useful to simplify the work of the farmer
The system is made of a model MILK 200 and a portable display with radio transmission. The aim of the system is to distribute known quantities reading the value on the display. The quantity to be distributed is contained in the tank which uses the Milk 200 weighing system. Through a specific key the Display shows the actual weight of the milk being discharged removing the burden of the calculation from the operator.
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text:
Citizen Conferences allow for citizens to deliberate and provide policy recommendations for a government entity. The government entity can then use these recommendations to better meet the needs of its citizens.
The participants in citizen conferences are selected randomly to represent the diverse sets of opinions and demographics of a region (e.g. a State). These participants are usually ordinary citizens, not stakeholders or professional lobbyists.
e-Deliberation is an online enabling technology for collaborative decision and strategy making by the persons who have the expertise or are impacted by the focus of the e-Deliberation. It provides the thinking process and platform to tie it all together.
Problems and Purpose
e-Deliberation targets difficult, complex or wicked problems that have multiple stakeholders each with their varied interests, preoccupations and goals. The e-Deliberation thinking process yields a multifaceted resolution which tends toward full participant consent.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


FREYR's planned manufacturing facilities are an important part of our full-cycle sustainable battery production model.
Freyr Final 1 2020 09 22 mindre
FREYR targets emission-free construction sites
FREYR has a long-term target of emission-free construction sites and we are investigating how we can reduce emission from construction activities.
Local climate advantages for reduced energy consumption
All production sites have access to natural cooling water and cold, relatively dry air, allowing for efficient cooling and drying processes in the production line. Additionally, FREYR may export heat from the manufacturing process to the existing local district heating system and further reduce the net overall energy consumption.
Focused on energy efficiency
We design for energy efficiency in our operations. A fully integrated HVAC (Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning) and climate control across all processes, will drive facility energy optimization at all production sites by optimizing heat balance across all process steps and reuse of surplus heat.
FREYR and Siemens are developing a Digital Twin of the battery cell and of the facility which produces the battery cell, creating a virtual model of the entire manufacturing facility. The model enables FREYR to evaluate, in real time and optimize the physical battery cell manufacturing process over time. In addition, we plan to deploy a fully integrated Manufacturing Execution System (MES) across all production processes. Energy-consuming facility elements will provide a digital platform for further reductions to energy consumption during facility operations.


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American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
- n. A man of noble rank.
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. One of the nobility; a noble; a peer.
GNU Webster's 1913
- n. One of the nobility; a noble; a peer; one who enjoys rank above a commoner, either by virtue of birth, by office, or by patent.
- n. a titled peer of the realm
"November 2nd, 2009 Virgin nobleman SIR RICHARD BRANSON has abandoned his efforts to hire a heroic commander of a miraculous Hudson River plane crash for his intergalactic spaceship mission."
"The bird carols as sweet a lay for the toil-worn peasant, who labors from morn till night, to gain a scanty subsistence, as for the titled nobleman, who rolls along in his gilded chariot."
"On the 14th of July, 1909, during the sitting of the British House of Commons, a certain nobleman-a real earl-charged a Labour member with being drunk, and a hub-bub arose and the Labour member resented it, and said he was not drunk."
"There had been much gossip about a certain Italian nobleman who had wooed her openly and madly."
"In that same world, one man, even a nobleman, is of little account."
"He had informed them of the earl of Mar's danger, and the policy as well as justice of rescuing so powerful and patriotic a nobleman from the threatened execution."
"At one of the first of the evening parties which they attended, the general topic of conversation was the conduct of a certain French nobleman, the Baron"
"The person whom you speak of as a nobleman was presented to me as 'Mr. Vincent, an artist."
"When he became a man he mortally offended a certain Polish nobleman by some improprieties in which he became involved with the nobleman's wife."
"Did you ever hear that, in the last century, or in the century before the last, to put my story far enough back, so that it shall not touch anybody living; when a certain English nobleman, Lord"
These user-created lists contain the word 'nobleman'.
Words in the Bible evoking biblical stories or with special spiritual meaning. Proper names have been reduced to the minimum.
These politically incorrect words for people contain the element'man','son', or 'boy'.
Everything that contains a man in it
Its a rhetorical question.
Looking for tweets for nobleman.


Documentation of menutext
Function Synopsis
answer = menutext(HeaderText, varargin);
Help text
 Generate a text menu of choices for user input (no graphical menu)
 Presents a text menu in the command window. The menu-items will be
 presented as a numbered list in the command window.
 The functionality is nearly identical to menu. However, no graphical
 menu is presented.
 Syntax: answer = menutext(HeaderText, varargin)
 Input parameter:
 HeaderTextString containing the header / descriptive question for the text menu
 varargin - multiple strings or cell array of strings containing the mnu options
 Output parameter:
 answer - Scalar containing thenumber of the selected menu option
 >> choice = menutext('Select function', 'objfun1', 'objfun2', 'objfun6')
 ----- Select function -----
 1) objfun1
 2) objfun1
 3) objfun1
 Select a menu number:
 The number entered by the user in response to the prompt is
 returned as choice (i.e. choice = 2 implies that the user selected objfun2).
 See also: menu
Cross-Reference Information
This function calls This function is called by
The Genetic and Evolutionary Algorithm Toolbox is not public domain.
© _PHONE_ Hartmut Pohlheim, All Rights Reserved, (


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Below is one of our free research papers on The Growth Of Democracy. If the term paper below is not exactly what you're looking for, you can search our essay database for other topics.
The Growth of Democracy
In 1850, Britain was an undemocratic country. At this time the electoral system divided Boroughs and Counties. Voting qualifications were different in boroughs and constituencies. The vote was only given to men over the age of 21 providing their property was valued at £10 or more, or land was more than £2 per year in rent. Seats were distributed unequally and traditional ruling families usually formed the Cabinet. Furthermore, bribery and corruption were widespread and only the minority of the population were entitled to vote. At this time there was no form of a basic education for the population masses and there was still a lot of power lying within the House Of Lords and not with elected officials. A certain degree of money was necessary to stand for election because this was not a paying job, which, as a result stopped vast numbers of people standing for election because the did not have the finances to support themselves. Nor were they able to afford to stand for election as due to bribery and corruption, the poor stood no chance of winning as they did not have the money to provide voters with what they wanted in return for their support. For democracy, there needed to be regular elections and although at this time elections were every seven years, this was not often enough.
However between 1850 and 1918, progress was made towards Britain becoming a democracy. Now there was better communication and education increasing political inte...


What is the X in X-mas?
ion propulsion
Rocketry. a projected type of propulsion for vehicles in outer space, the exhaust consisting of positive ions and negative electrons repelled from the vehicle by electrostatic forces, resulting in a very high exhaust velocity.
Also, ionic propulsion. Unabridged
Cite This Source
Examples from the web for ion propulsion
 - Install an ion propulsion engine and send it slowly to its destination.
Word of the Day
Difficulty index for ion propulsion
Few English speakers likely know this word
Word Value for ion
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Nearby words for ion propulsion


Precipitation Distribution for July 2011
This July was the wettest on record for Chicago (O'Hare International AP); along with the region that encompasses Dubuque, IA to Freeport, IL. At O'Hare, 75% of July's rainfall occurred within a two day span (22 July-23 July). Before those dates, the last significant rainfall that had been recorded at O'Hare was 11 July, 2011; when 0.39" of rainfall was recorded. By comparison, the station at Galena, IL received 13.45" of rain in a 24 hour span on 28 July, 2011. That same mesoscale convective complex did indeed affect areas further east, but was not as efficient upon reaching Chicago O'Hare. The Galena area had an initial complex come through, and the outflow boundary left from the first complex was enough to initiate new storms. These new storms trained over areas which had already recorded excessive rainfall.
 Surface Frontal Analysis 22 July 2011
Figure 1: Note the orientation of the quasi-stationary front draped across north central IL.
The start of the two day rain event for Chicago O'Hare had a quasi-stationary front draped across north central IL. This created moisture gradient in which an MCS trained W-E across northern IL. In general, the heaviest rain fell from O'Hare and northward, north to Waukegan.
Surface Analysis 23 July 2011
 Figure 2: Note the advancing cold front in central Wisconsin, and its W-E orientation.
On 23 July, 2011, there was an advancing cold front in central Wisconsin; of importance with this feature was the orientation of it: Its W-E orientation, which was parallel to the jet stream aloft, generally advocates a slowing in the progression of the front, and promotes the training of thunderstorms due to its slowed progression and orientation. Moisture pools along the front (especially in this case, due to strengthening low level jet), and the increase of moisture leads to higher perceptible water values (which indicates the amount of available moisture in the atmosphere). In this case, we could expect WNW-ESE storm tracks with these storms. Along with those storm tracks, we had very efficient precipitation producing thunderstorms. There was more than adequate MUCAPE (Most Unstable Convective Available Potential Energy; measurement of how favorable/unfavorable the atmosphere is for thunderstorms) to allow for continued thunderstorm development. Most of the thunderstorms were driven by the approach 500mb shortwave, which induced rising motion (synoptic lift), which is a needed ingredient for thunderstorms. This thunderstorm threat was highlighted by SPC in their Mesoscale Discussion #1700:
SPC Mesoanalysis Graphic
In a case like 23 July, 2011 one cannot predict the exact areas which will be affected by these thunderstorms, and how much precipitation the thunderstorms may produce. In general, most of the July precipitation was confined to areas north of I-80, leaving areas south of I-80 rather dry for the month. For instance: DeKalb, IL received 5.28" of rain for July, whereas O'Hare received 11.15". DeKalb was outside of the heaviest precipitation on the morning of 23 July, 2011 due to the track(s) of the thunderstorms. This can be noted in the following graph:
July Precipitation Graphic
The issue with these rain events is the amount of precipitation in a short amount of time. There is no doubt that the National Weather Service Chicago's area lacked precipitation for July; but when large amounts of rain occur in a short amount of time, not as much water is absorbed deep in soils. Instead, it causes flash flooding because of the run off. So, while the crops of northern IL could have used the rain, it's likely that most of the rain was not as useful for some areas: Whilst other areas, such as DeKalb, had beneficial rainfall, because it was distributed more evenly throughout the month compared to Chicago O'Hare.
Jeff Kilburg
Senior Meteorology Student
Northern Illinois University


What is the "country of origin" for the drugs you manufacture? This question arises every time a pharmaceutical company labels a drug, imports it, exports it, markets it, or sells it to the U.S. government. Unfortunately, the answer to this question is more complicated than many think. In fact, the correct answer often changes, depending on which government agency is asking.
Here are the Top 10 things pharmaceutical companies need to know before determining their products' country of origin (hereinafter "COO"):
1. A drug's COO often varies under different agencies' COO standards
U.S. Customs law requires all drugs to be marked with their COO (unless they are U.S.-made). For this purpose, a product's COO is the country where its various components are "substantially transformed" into a new product with a different character and use. But, as discussed below, a different COO standard may apply when determining a product's eligibility for government procurement. A higher standard applies for "Made in the USA" claims. And, when foreign trading partners request a "certificate of origin" for goods exported to their country, COO standards vary by country of export and category of goods.
2. A drug's COO for Customs-marking purposes is usually the COO of its API
Customs views the active pharmaceutical ingredient ("API") as the "essence" of any pharmaceutical product and, even though raw API must often undergo costly processing before it is suitable for human consumption, Customs does not consider such processing to result in a "substantial transformation" unless it changes the character of the API. The necessary analysis is very fact-sensitive,
requiring the advice of counsel in collaboration with personnel who understand the specifics of the drug's manufacture.
3. Changes in API suppliers often require a change in product marking
Pharmaceutical companies sometimes change API suppliers to take advantage of lower prices and other business benefits. However, if the country of the API supplier changes, the proper COO marking for the finished product usually changes as well (see No. 2 above). Manufacturers also occasionally purchase the same API from multiple suppliers in different countries. As a result, the correct marking for a drug may vary over time, or from batch to batch. Despite the substantial logistical challenges involved, Customs requires each product, in the form it arrives to the "ultimate purchaser," to be marked with its actual COO.
4. NAFTA employs its own COO marking standard
For goods from NAFTA countries (United States, Canada and Mexico), the COO for Customs-marking purposes is determined under special NAFTA Marking Rules—not the substantial transformation test. Application of the NAFTA Marking Rules can be complex, but generally, where a drug is manufactured with materials from various countries, the COO will be a NAFTA country if all of the "foreign materials" incorporated in the drug (i.e., materials from non-NAFTA countries) undergo an applicable change in tariff classification. For example, if the tariff classification for API made in Germany emerges from processing in Mexico as a finished product with a different classification, a tariff shift has occurred that may render the drug a product of Mexico, assuming other applicable requirements are met.
5. Manufacturers of mismarked products are subject to high penalties
Customs can penalize a company that fails to mark its products with the correct COO, with duties equal to 10 percent of the appraised value of the finished products. Unlike penalties for most Customs violations, these penalties cannot be mitigated by filing a "prior disclosure" of the violation to Customs. It is crucial, therefore, that manufacturers ensure their products are properly marked.
6. The FDA requirement to label drugs with the manufacturer's place of business is not a requirement to list the product's COO
The FDA requires each drug label to "bear conspicuously the name and place of business of the manufacturer, packer, or distributor." The "place" identified for this purpose may or may not be in the same country as the COO marked for Customs purposes. For example, the FDA defines a "manufacturer" as one who performs mixing, granulating, milling, molding, lyophilizing, tableting, encapsulating, coating, or sterilizing, as well as filling dispensing containers with aerosol or gas drugs. Thus, if a drug is manufactured into tablets in the United States, using API from India that is not substantially transformed in the United States, the label may include a "Product of India" marking for Customs purposes and a U.S. "principal place of business" for FDA purposes. It is important to note that a drug may be deemed "misbranded" if "its labeling is false or misleading in any particular," and this includes representations about the product's COO.
7. When selling drugs to the U.S. government, a different COO standard may apply
The substantial transformation test is used under the Trade Agreements Act ("TAA") to determine whether a product is eligible for government procurement by virtue of being either U.S.-made or made in certain designated countries (China and India, for example, are not designated countries). However, the substantial transformation test does not apply to supply contracts for drugs valued below $202,000. Such contracts are subject to the Buy American Act ("BAA"), which gives preferences to products manufactured in the United States, using its own COO standard. Specifically, a drug is BAA-compliant when the cost of the components manufactured in the United States exceeds 50 percent of the cost of all its components.
8. Failure to comply with the TAA and BAA carries severe consequences
If a pharmaceutical company supplies drugs to the federal government and falsely represents them as TAAor BAA-compliant, it faces not only the loss of a lucrative supply contract, but also the troubling prospect of penalties under the False Claims Act, suspension and debarment, and even criminal charges.
9. Drugs should not be marked "Made in USA" unless they are entirely U.S.-made
When a drug is U.S.-made under the substantial transformation test, the manufacturer may be eager to emphasize the drug's U.S. origin on the packaging or marketing materials. However, a higher standard applies for "Made in the USA" claims and similar statements. Under U.S. consumer protection laws administered by the FTC, only a product that is "all or virtually all" made in the United States may be accompanied by express or implied representations that the product is U.S.-made. CBP only requires a drug to be marked with its COO when it is foreign-made. Therefore, drugs that are substantially transformed in the United States, but that are not "all or virtually all" U.S.-made, can comply with both standards if they simply omit a COO marking.
10. When exporting drugs, "certificates of origin" requested by foreign trading partners are subject to various COO standards
When pharmaceutical companies export their drugs, they often receive requests from foreign importers and customs authorities to provide a "certificate of origin"—usually to prove eligibility for preferential tariff treatment under a free trade agreement ("FTA"). Unfortunately, there is no uniform COO standard in this context. Where an FTA controls, different standards for various category of goods have been negotiated by the signatory countries. Where no FTA applies, the country of export may have its own COO standard. For example, many countries will accept a "U.S. certificate of origin" if at least 50 percent of the product's production costs originate in the United States.
Pharmaceutical companies are especially vulnerable to making non-compliant COO determinations for several reasons. First, drug manufacturers are typically subject to the full range of regulatory regimes discussed above, creating a greater risk of error in applying the numerous divergent standards. Second, it is common for pharmaceutical manufacturers to purchase API from multiple sources in different countries, or to switch API suppliers with some frequency, which can make the COO something of a "moving target." It is vitally important, therefore, that pharmaceutical companies take a fresh look at the COO determinations they have made in the past and verify that their current determinations are correct and accurately reflected in the labeling, packaging, and marketing materials. Finally, companies must ensure that their compliance programs incorporate procedures that ensure the appropriate standards are applied, that they are applied correctly, and that they are applied on an ongoing basis to account for changes in the supply chain.


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SULUJAM INDIANS. Although they were apparently native to the area lying between the San Antonio and Frio rivers south and southeast of San Antonio, the Sulujams were not encountered by the earliest Spanish travelers who traversed parts of southern Texas. They were first seen in 1709 at the site of present-day San Antonio. There is no indication that they had been displaced from some other area and had migrated into southern Texas. Sulujams are said to have entered Mission San José y San Miguel de Aguayo of San Antonio in considerable numbers when it was founded in 1720. As the registers of San José have not been found, no figure can be given for the total number of Sulujams in residence at the mission. A few entered nearby San Antonio de Valero Mission, whose surviving registers identify twelve Sulujam individuals for the period 1719–56. No Sulujams seem to have entered the remaining three missions of San Antonio or any missions elsewhere. It is generally thought that the Sulujams spoke a dialect of the Coahuilteco language, but this is not based on conclusive evidence. Nothing is known of the Sulujams' culture other than that they lived by hunting and gathering.
Thomas N. Campbell and T. J. Campbell, Historic Indian Groups of the Choke Canyon Reservoir and Surrounding Area, Southern Texas (San Antonio: Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas at San Antonio, 1981). J. Jesús Figueroa Torres, Fr. Juan Larios, defensor de los Indios y fundador de Coahuila (Mexico City: Editorial Jus, 1963). Frederick Webb Hodge, ed., Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico (2 vols., Washington: GPO, 1907, 1910; rpt., New York: Pageant, 1959).
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Thomas N. Campbell, "SULUJAM INDIANS," Handbook of Texas Online (_URL_ accessed May 21, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.


datapointsr is an R package that I wrote while I was working at College Board. datapointsr makes it a little bit easier to QC and work on statistical summary tables. datapointsr acts as a wrapper for sqldf and reshape and it also puts statistical tables into a standard format(categories, variables, values). The idea is that it will be easier to build reusable functions later on if I can assume that data will be in this format.
I'm moving toward making this work more like the dplyr package with a emphasis on verbs.
You can install datapointsr from Github using the devtools package like this:
Here is an example of how to use datapointsr. First, make a dataset to work on. Below I summarized the built-in quakes dataset.
quakes_summary <- quakes %>%
 group_by(stations) %>%
 summarise(mag_mean = mean(mag),
 mag_sd = sd(mag),
 depth_mean = mean(depth),
 depth_sd = sd(depth))
quakes_summary %>% head()
Here is what the output would look like:
stations mag_mean mag_sd depth_mean depth_sd
1 10 4.230000 0._PHONE_ _PHONE_ _PHONE_
2 11 4.228571 0._PHONE_ _PHONE_ _PHONE_
3 12 4.196000 0._PHONE_ _PHONE_ _PHONE_
4 13 4.333333 0._PHONE_ _PHONE_ _PHONE_
5 14 4.276923 0._PHONE_ _PHONE_ _PHONE_
6 15 4.282353 0._PHONE_ _PHONE_ _PHONE_
To use datapointsr, figure out which variables will act as categories and which variables will act as measure values. Since I grouped by stations I can treat it as a category while all the other columns look like measures; so I will use datapoints to make a long dataset with stations.
quakes_summary %>%
 datapoints(1) %>%
 filter_sql("stations IN (10,43) AND Variable ='mag_sd'")
Here is what you would see if you ran the code above:
 stations Variable Value
1 10 mag_sd 0._PHONE_
2 43 mag_sd 0._PHONE_
There is also a wide() function that can be used to switch back to wide format.You can see the latest work on datapointsr in this GitHub repo.
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Word! Animal Dander
Word! Animal Dander
Animal Dander
(En español: Polvillo proveniente de los animales)
Say: ah-nuh-mul dan-dur
All warm-blooded animals shed tiny flakes from their skin, fur, or feathers. This is called dander. (It's like dandruff in humans but much harder to see.) When someone is allergic to animals, it could be dander that's causing the problem. Pet dander can be trouble for people who have asthma because, if they're allergic to it, it can worsen breathing problems.


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Afghan hound, © Kent & Donna Dannenbreed of dog developed as a hunter in the hill country of Afghanistan. It was once thought to have originated several thousand years ago in Egypt, but there is no evidence for this theory. It was brought to Europe in the late 19th century by British soldiers returning from the Indian-Afghan border wars.
The Afghan hound hunts by sight and, in its native Afghanistan, has been used to pursue leopards and gazelles. The animal is adapted to rough country by the structure of its high, wide hipbones. A long-legged dog, the Afghan stands 25 to 27 inches (63.5 to 68.5 cm) high and weighs from 50 to 60 pounds (23 to 27 kg). It has floppy ears, a long topknot, and a long, silky coat of various but usually solid colours. The coat is especially heavy on the forequarters and hindquarters; the Afghan carries its slim tail in an upright curve. The Afghan's appearance has been described as "aristocratic, with a farseeing expression."

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Po Leung Kuk Mr. & Mrs. Chan Pak Keung Tsing Yi School
School for Children with
Severe Intellectual Disability
(The following information is provided by the school.)
It is a special school located in Tsing Yi, covering around 5000 square meters. It serves P1-S6 students with severe intellectual disability and/or multiple disabilities, aiming at implementing equal education, respect life and care to the students. Students can explore their potentials and integrate into the community through the school's support. The school has primary section and secondary section, as well as boarding section.
The school provides balance education which focuses on 'Cognitive, Aesthetic, Social, Physical and Moral development'. Students can study in a pleasant learning environment with appropriate teaching and rehabilitation provided. Students can also improve their ability of self-care, social communication, muscle training and prepare well for their future after leaving the school.
The core values of the school are "With student-orientated approach, we progress with innovation; With care and appreciation, we unlock their potential". In order to increase students' self-esteem, confidence and independence, the school focuses on developing students' interests and performance on self-care, sports and arts, which are the opportunities for their personal development in life planning education.
The school strengthens students' ability of self-care and health through routine training. The school walking team and cycling team can strengthen student's ability of using muscles and sports equipment. Students with potential or better abilities will run rather than walk during trainings.
For cycling training, students can practise skills of riding tricycles or bicycles with assisted wheels. The training does not only beneficial to their health but also increases the variety of leisure play they can choose in daily life. Teachers also make sure they have opportunities to select what they like as a part of their living style and thus enhancing their quality of life.
Swimming training also provides suitable sports experience for students of different abilities. In addition to the regular after-school water sports group, which allows students with weaker muscles to perform activities in the hydrotherapy room, students with good gross motor abilities go swimming in Tsing Yi Swimming Pool. By doing this, the school can make good use of community resources, and students can learn social norms and the way of getting along with others. In addition, in order to allow some potential students to have more training systematically, the school also adds swimming coaching and strengthens their training, so as to allow them to enjoy swimming.


July 18, 2006
Cloning a twin?
After studying twins, scientists believe that a clone would feel very much like an individual. I think one thing cannot be tested in such a study though, which is noted; twins are conceived and born at nearly the same time, but a clone would be created based on a previously living human being, someone who most likely has established what direction their genes have taken. Twins do not know what is to come, but tell a clone what the original individual accomplished in his life and I suspect a clone would feel a great deal of pressure.
I hope that this study is not used to try to rationalize human cloning.


text:
Learn something new every day More Info... by email
Deposit feeding is one of five feeding modes used by organisms to obtain food, the others being fluid feeding, filter feeding, bulk feeding, and phagocytosis. Deposit feeders obtain food particles by sifting through soil, vaguely analogous to the way that filter feeders get food by filtering water. Prominent examples are earthworms, other annelids such as polychaete worms, and fiddler crabs. Insects and their larvae, which may burrow through living or dead plants and animals, or feces, are also considered deposit feeders.
Deposit feeding is a feeding strategy that only works in fertile areas with a lot of preexisting life. The top layer of soil is targeted, typically within six inches of the surface, as this is the soil most likely to contain food particles that haven't been completely broken down yet. Biologists call these food particles detritus. After detritus has been broken down to a chemically neutral state, it becomes known as humus. Humus has a black color due to its high carbon content.
Among deposit feeders, precise strategies vary. Earthworms are unique animals in the world of deposit feeding, and in general, by having an oral cavity that connects directly to their digestive system without any intermediary. Lauded for their benefits to the soil, of earthworms, Charles Darwin wrote, "It may be doubted whether there are many other animals which have played so important a part in the history of the world, as have these lowly organized creatures." By breaking detritus into humus, breaking soil down into tiny pieces that maximize available nitrogen and phosphates for plants, and aerating the ground by poking it full of tunnels, earthworms have a trifold benefit for the earth and its plants.
Besides earthworms, terrestrial deposit feeding is practiced by fiddler crabs. These crabs pick up little balls of dirt, reach them to their mouths, and pick out any edible material, including colonies of microbes. Then, the spheres are discarded as quickly as they were picked up. These little dirt spheres can be found wherever fiddler crabs dwell.
There are marine species that practice deposit feeding as well, which burrow through the ooze on the ocean floor. These include polychaete worms, some bivalves, and giant protozoa called xenophyophores. Marine deposit feeders are more poorly understood due to their remote location and fragility when brought to the surface.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK!


text:
From Farm to Market: Fruit Ripening
Fruit has a brief window where it is perfectly ripe. If farmers waited until every piece of fruit was ripe before harvesting, farming would be more labor-intensive as farmers rushed to pick ripe fruits. Prices might crash due to a short-term glut of fruit on the market. To ensure a steady supply and demand, keep prices competitive, and reduce food waste, farmers use artificial ripening procedures. One method for ripening fruit after harvest involves ripening chambers. Ripening chambers using ethylene, a natural plant hormone, enable the fruit to be harvested, stored, and transported to where it will be marketed and consumed. While ethylene ripening chambers are beneficial, they are not without risks.
How Ethylene Ripening Chambers Work
While there are other ways to artificially ripen fruit in ripening chambers, ethylene has become a favorite, since it occurs naturally in fruit.
Ethylene is a natural hormone found in plants. Fruits begin to ripen when exposed to ethylene, whether the exposure occurs naturally or artificially. In ethylene ripening chambers, unripe fruits are laid out, and the chamber is sealed.Ethylene gas is then piped into the sealed chamber. As the fruit is exposed to ethylene, the fruit
"respires",which involves intake of oxygen andemission of carbon dioxide. For the ripened fruit to have the right color and flavor, the ripening should occur in a controlled atmosphere in which the temperature, humidity, ethylene, oxygen, and CO2 concentrationaremaintained at optimum levels.
However, there is a risk of combustion from the ethylene gas, as well as decreased levels of oxygen and increased levels of carbon dioxide inside the chamber.
How Oxygen/Carbon Dioxide and LEL Combustible Monitors Protect Employees
Low oxygen levels cause respiratory distress. If oxygen levels drop below the safe threshold for breathing, which could happen in the event of an ethylene gas leak, employees could suffocate. Suffocation is also a danger when there is too much carbon dioxide in the air. Ethylene gas used in ripening chambers would be hazardous if an employee were to enter the chamber before determining that oxygen and carbon dioxide were at safe levels.
A dual oxygen/carbon dioxide (O2/CO2) monitor detects the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the chamber and sounds an alarm should the oxygen level falls to an OSHA action levelor if the carbon dioxide rises to an unsafe level. By checking the monitor's display, an employee will know when it is safe to enter the chamber.
PureAire Monitoring Systems has developed its dual O2/CO2 monitor with zirconium oxide and non-dispersive infrared sensor ("NDIR") cells. The cells are unaffected by changing barometric pressure, storms, temperatures, and humidity, ensuring reliable performance. Once installed, the dual O2/CO2 monitor needs no maintenance or calibration.
Ethylene is a highly flammable and combustible gas. If the gas lines used to pipe ethylene into the ripening chambers were to develop a leak, the chamber could fill with ethylene and reach combustible levels. A combustible gas monitor, which takes continuous readings of combustible gases, would warn employees of an ethylene leak within the chamber.
PureAire Monitoring System's Air Check LEL combustible gas monitor continuously monitors for failed sensor cell and communication line breaks. The Air Check LEL gas monitor is housed in an explosion-proof enclosure. If a leak or system error should occur, an alarm will immediately alert employees.
To learn about PureAire Monitoring Systems' dual O2/CO2 monitors or the Air Check LEL Combustible monitor, please visit _URL_.


text:
Jewish Solidarity woth Native American People (JNAP) Haggadah Supplement
JSNAP PASSOVER HAGADDAH INSERT
Thinking About Issues of Native Rights and Social Justice
Jewish Solidarity with Native American People (JSNAP) works with Native American
communities to link our Jewish values towards supporting Native land and cultural
rights. Add sections from JSNAP's insert at the recommended places in the seder or simply have
it available for guests to read over as they like!
Use this piece during the discussion of Miriam's Cup.
In the Passover story, Miriam the prophetess is a true community organizer, leading her people across
the Red Sea in song and dance and helping them to feel the power of liberation! Miriam knows that their
power lies in the full diversity of the community. Everyone, man or woman, can be a great leader.
Another story is told about Miriam and her brother Aaron challenge Moses' prophetic authority asking:
"Has the Lord spoken only through Moses? Has he not spoken through us also?" (Numbers, 12:2). Like
women throughout history, Miriam bears the brunt of the penalty for her and Aaron's actions. While
Aaron is left unpunished, Miriam suffers leprosy and is sent to live outside of the camp for a week.
Though G-d and Moses instruct the community to continue in the wilderness, they refuse and insist on
waiting until Miriam returns. This story illustrates the power of fierce women in our communities,
demonstrating that gender diversity is critical on our long path to liberation.
The example Miriam sets is reflected in the work that women organizers are doing all over the country,
including those in Native American communities. Winona LaDuke is a fiery Anishanaabe Native rights
and environmental activist who founded the White Earth Land Recovery Project in Minnesota and the
international Indigenous Women's Network. Winona's calls for action against destruction of sacred land
have made tremendous impacts on both indigenous people and the world at large. She speaks to
women's experience and, like Miriam, maintains a feminist perspective in her work. She writes:
"We, collectively, find that we are often in the role of the prey, to a predator of society, whether for
sexual discrimination, exploitation, sterilization, absence of control over our bodies, or being the
subjects of repressive laws and legislation in which we have no voice. This occurs on an individual
level, but equally, and more significantly on a societal level. It is also critical to point out at this time,
that most matrilineal societies, societies in which governance and decision making are largely controlled
by women, have been obliterated from the face of the Earth by colonialism, and subsequently
industrialism. The only matrilineal societies which exist in the world are those of Indigenous nations.
We are the remaining matrilineal societies, yet we also face obliteration."
Like Miriam, Winona and the organizations she helped to form provide spaces for indigenous women to
develop political consciousness and a powerful national voice. During Passover, we can all be moved
by Miriam and Winona's work and strive to be concious of creating inclusive communities as we cross
from slavery to freedom.
Use this piece before singing Hallel and think about what it means to transition from slavery to freedom.
Exodus and Liberation translate many different ways for different communities, religious groups, and
individuals. Chief Tom Dostou of the Wabanaki Nation of Massachusetts offers the following prayer in
an excerpt from a larger piece describing his journey across his ancestral homeland of "Turtle Island."
"We will pray for the American peoples who send their sons and daughters
out to foreign lands to be mutilated and or die for the flag which has been
prostituted for the oil profits of a few to the expense of many.
We will pray for the children of those brought over here in chains from
Africa and the children of Abraham, Issac and Ishmael.
And we will pray for the children of the Pilgrims and Puritans whose
ancestors came here to escape religious persecution and economic slavery
but who once offered hospitality and safety lost their vision and became the
And finally we will pray for the American Indian people who are now
exiles in our own homelands. We will pray that the spiritual connection
which the indigenous peoples of this land have cherished and maintained
despite overwhelming odds and obstacles will continue to be the backbone
and staff upon which this land rest."
Use this piece in tandem with the telling of the Exodus story. Think about the connection between
the Jewish story of Exodus from Egypt to more contemporary examples of persecution and forced
migration. How did the formation of the territory now known as the United States depend upon
the forced migration of people already residing on the land?
The Hebrews' Exodus from Egypt is a climactic moment in the Passover story. After suffering for
generations as slaves in Egypt, the Hebrews cross the Sea of Reeds and head into the desert with only
matzah, the bread of affliction. Led by Miriam and Moses, the community seeks its freedom from
slavery, oppression, and violence by wandering in the desert for forty years. Though this is a long
struggle, the Hebrews' persistence leads them to the Promised Land.
More contemporary examples demonstrate that forced migrations are not a thing of the past. In 1863 and
'64, the United States government forcibly removed the Navajo Nation from its ancestral homeland in
Arizona, Utah, New Mexico, and Colorado. Prior to this forced move, the US Army went to war with
the Navajo and Apache tribes, destroying much of their community. The US Army, led by Kit Carson,
then forced 8,500 Navajo people to march 400 miles to their internment in Bosque Redondo, a forty
square-mile area. This is now known as the Navajo Long Walk.
Over 200 people died after walking through the harsh winter for two months. Many more perished after
arriving in the barren Bosque Redondo reservation, where disease, crop failure, and poor irrigation made
survival almost impossible. The Navajos also had their own "bread of affliction." They were given
meager rations of only flour and coffee beans, but because the coffee beans were unfamiliar to this
community, they tried to boil them and starved.
After the Navajo were recognized as a sovereign nation under the Treaty of 1868, they returned to their
homeland on the ArizonaNew Mexico border (one of very few tribes who were allowed to do so).
Though their lands were greatly reduced by the US Army and government, the Navajo worked hard to
take care of their livestock and rebuild their community.
Can you draw parallels between the Jewish Exodus from Egypt and the Navajo Long Walk? What are
the key similarities and differences between these histories? What do you know about the long-term
effects of forced migration and persecution on contemporary American Indian communities?
As we observe Passover to commemorate the hardships of our ancestors, how can we act in solidarity
with American Indian communities' histories of persecution, forced migration, and genocide?


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Announcement YOSE _PHONE_ CM16 Biologist TERM 7-9 is available on USAJOBS Thursday, June 9 through June 13, 2016. Limited to 100 applicants.
These positions will assist in the implementation of vegetation management and ecological restoration actions for various park projects including but not limited to the Mariposa Grove Restoration Plan, Merced River Management Plan, and Tuolumne River Management Plan. The mixed tour of duty TERM position is located in El Portal, CA. These positions will require working with NPS staff in different divisions throughout the park, other organizations associated with the park, interest groups, and the public.
These positions may require the following skills:
1. Carrying out project management duties by developing work plans and schedules, scopes of work, cost estimates, and proposals and/or grants
2. Designing, developing, creating, and managing GIS projects, statistics, and databases for the long-term maintenance, analysis and dissemination of natural resource-related data sets, working closely with network data managers, park resource managers, scientists, GIS specialists, and cooperating personnel.
3. Designing, developing, testing, and implementing scientific monitoring protocols for restoration, revegetation, or invasive species projects.
4. Designing and implementing meadow or wetland monitoring or restoration.
5. Training, leading, and supervising other NPS staff, volunteer groups or interns, sometimes in a wilderness setting.
6. Organizing and ensuring good coordination and logistics for field crews.
7. Developing, designing, and implementing habitat restoration projects.
8. Controlling invasive plants through integrated pest management (IPM), including the use of fire and herbicides.
9. Using GIS for a complex spatial problem to perform an analysis or develop a solution.
10. Combining numeric fields, calculating statistics, generalizing data, summarizing data and using appropriate statistical methods using R, JMP, or SAS.
11. Preparing project reports, including literature review, description of methods, graphs and charts, results, and conclusions or recommendations.
12. Making presentations in the park, at public gatherings, and professional meetings.


Files in this item
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Title:Hydrothermal liquefaction of low-lipid microalgae to produce bio-crude oil
Author(s):Yu, Guo
Director of Research:Zhang, Yuanhui
Doctoral Committee Chair(s):Zhang, Yuanhui
Doctoral Committee Member(s):Funk, Ted L.; Schideman, Lance C.; Blaschek, Hans-Peter M.
Department / Program:Engineering Administration
Discipline:Agricultural & Biological Engr
Degree Granting Institution:University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
hydrothermal liquefaction
thermochemical conversion
bio-crude oil
Environment-Enhancing Energy
renewable energy
Abstract:Microalgae are considered as suitable feedstocks for next-generation biofuel production because of their fast growth rates and prolific yields. Moreover, growing algae has less impact on land-use for food production compared with grain and other lignocellulosic biomass. However, current lipid-to-biodiesel technology primarily focuses on utilizing high-lipid algae, which usually has lower biomass productivities than low-lipid algal strains. In addition, biodiesel production from algae often requires drying of the algal biomass followed by solvent and/or mechanical extraction, which are both energy intensive processes. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) has been demonstrated to be an effective technology to produce bio-crude oil from different biowastes with high moisture content. Therefore, it is suitable to convert algae into bio-crude oil. In this study, two fast-growing, low-lipid, high-protein microalgal species, Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Spirulina platensis, were converted into four products via HTL: bio-crude oil, aqueous product, gaseous product, and solid residue. Effects of the operating parameters, including reaction temperature, retention time and initial pressure on HTL product yields and bio-crude oil quality were investigated. Bio-crude oil yield increased with temperature: it increased from 0.4% to 39.8% as temperature increased from 100°C to 320°C for Chlorella, and increased from 9.7% to 37.3% as temperature increased from 200°C to 300°C for Spirulina. Gaseous product yield, mainly consisting of CO2, also increased with temperature, but the rate of increase was low at temperatures from 240°C to 300°C. Aqueous product yield, which represents the water-soluble fraction of HTL products, first increased and then slightly decreased as temperature increased. Higher reaction temperature resulted in substantially lower yield of solid residue. Solid residue yields were both lower than 5% for Chlorella and Spirulina at 300°C. At five temperature levels (200°C, 220°C, 240°C, 260°C, and 280°C), bio-crude oil yield increased by prolonging retention time. The highest bio-crude oil yield was obtained at 280°C with 120 minutes retention time. Initial pressure provided by nitrogen had a negligible effect on HTL product yields. At 240°C and 280°C with 30 minutes retention time, the effects of five metal catalysts and two alkaline catalysts on HTL of microalgae were investigated. Effects of catalysts at 280°C were more prominent than at 240°C. The highest increase of bio-crude oil yield by adding catalysts compared with uncatalyzed tests was 10% at 280°C. Carbon deposition and mineral mixing was found on the surface of metal catalysts after hydrothermal treatment. Carbon recovery (CR), nitrogen recovery (NR) and energy recovery (ER) in the bio-crude oil fraction increased with reaction temperature and retention time. For instance, from 100°C to 300°C with 30 minutes retention time, CR of bio-crude oil produced from Chlorella increased from 0.1% to 55.3%, NR increased from 0.4% to 23.4%, and ER increased from 0% to 64.1%. Both carbon and nitrogen tended to preferentially accumulate in the bio-crude oil as temperature and retention time increased, but the opposite was true for the solid residual product. The NR value of the aqueous product also increased with reaction temperature and retention time. 65-70% of nitrogen and 35-40% of carbon in the original material were converted into water-soluble fraction when reaction temperature was higher than 220°C and retention time was longer than 10 minutes. At 240°C, with the presence of alkaline catalysts, the CR of bio-crude oil and aqueous product both increased, but the increase of CR of bio-crude oil was mainly due to the increase of its yield. At the same time, NR of bio-crude oil also increased with additions of alkaline catalysts. At 280°C, CR of bio-crude oil increased with the addition of different catalysts. The addition of metal catalysts could decrease the NR of the aqueous product. The energy consumption ratio (ECR), decreased from 0.42 to 0.30 for Chlorella, and from 20.20 to 0.29 for Spirulina, as the temperature increased from 200°C to 300°C, which implies that HTL becomes more energetically favorable at higher temperatures. The fossil energy balance (FEB) value of producing algae bio-crude oil via HTL is higher than that of corn ethanol, algae-biodiesel and petroleum gasoline. The energy balance of algae bio-crude oil is comparable with lignocellulosic ethanol in terms of similar FEB values. The fraction of hydrocarbons, cyclic oxygenates and heterocyclic compounds in bio-crude oil increased with reaction temperature. Some intermediates produced from protein hydrolysis, which can be dissolved in water, degraded at higher temperatures due to their instabilities under hydrothermal conditions. Fraction of amides and N&O heterocyclic compounds in bio-crude oil increased as retention time was prolonged. At the same time, the fraction of organic acids decreased. Additions of heterogeneous catalysts increased the fraction of hydrocarbons as well as decreased the fraction of organic acids in bio-crude oil. The fraction of N&O heterocyclic compounds in bio-crude oil was largely increased with additions of alkaline catalysts. A first-order kinetic model was established for microalgae decomposition under hydrothermal conditions. The activation energy for Chlorella and Spirulina decomposition was 29.8 kJ∙mol-1 and 24.0 kJ∙mol-1, respectively. A simplified reaction pathway including interactions among intermediates produced from protein, lipid and carbohydrates was proposed.
Issue Date:2012-09-18
Rights Information:Copyright 2012 Guo Yu
Date Available in IDEALS:2012-09-18
Date Deposited:2012-08
This item appears in the following Collection(s)
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most cases. (see collocations page specific help)
* Original Concordance: is visible if you have refined your concordance. If you select this you can get rid of the refinements and return to the original concordance.
*!ConcDesc: provides a technical description of your query. This is useful for programmers and technical people.
5. The Word Sketch function
A Word Sketch is a corpus-based summary of a word's grammatical and collocational behaviour.
Click on Word Sketch in the left hand side main menu (top section of the left hand side menu), and this takes you to the Word Sketch entry form, which looks like this:
Choose a lemma and specify its part of speech using the drop-down list. Word Sketches are typically available for nouns, verbs, and adjectives and can be available for other word classes depending on the grammatical definitions supplied to the sketch engine (see the documentation on grammatical relation definitions for more information). Word sketches also depend on the availability of substantial amounts of data, so if you try to create a Word Sketch for a fairly rare item you will see a message saying there is no Word Sketch available. (This is perfectly reasonable: the point of the Word Sketches is to provide helpful summaries when there is too much corpus data to scan efficiently using a concordance; but when there are only a few concordance lines it is easy enough to analyse them all manually.) In general, you need several hundred instances of a word to make a useful word sketch.
This link shows a Word Sketch for the noun challenge. (Alternative link for ACL ARC.)
Each column show the words that typically combine with challenge in a particular grammatical relations (or "gramrels"). Most of these gramrels are self-explanatory. For example, "object_of" lists - in order of statistical significance rather than raw frequency - the verbs that most typically occupy the verb slot in cases where challenge is the object of a verb. Most of the data is lexicographically relevant, though one might query the adjectival modifier larval: it turns out that larval challenge is a technical term used in parasitology, discussed in a BNC document.
You can at any time switch between Concordance mode and Word Sketch mode, and this is a useful way of getting more information about a particular word combination. Thus, if you want to look at examples of "pose + challenge" (where challenge is the direct object of pose), simply click on the number next to pose in the "object_of" list (92) and you will be taken directly to a concordance showing all instances of this combination.
6. The Thesaurus function
The software checks to see which words occur with the same collocates as other words, and on the basis of this data it generates a "distributional thesaurus". A distributional thesaurus is an automatically produced "thesaurus" which finds words that tend to occur in similar contexts as the target word. It is not a man made thesaurus of synonyms. The thesaurus function lists, for any given adjective, noun or verb, the other words most similar to it in in terms of grammatical and collocational behaviour.
Click on the Thesaurus link on the left hand side main (top) menu and then input the word with PoS that you are interested in.
For help on the advanced options see the thesaurus help page.
7. The Sketch Difference function
Sketch Difference is a neat way of comparing two very similar words: it shows those patterns and combinations that the two items have in common, and also those patterns and combinations that are more typical of, or unique to, one word rather than the other. You can also use the function to compare the same lemma in two different parts of the corpus, or to compare two different word forms e.g. men and man. Click on any word in a Thesaurus entry for a word, and you will be taken straight to a screen showing the Sketch Difference between the two words. Alternatively, you can click on Sketch-Diff on the left hand side panel and this will take you to the word sketch difference entry form which gives you more options.
Suppose you want to compare clever and intelligent. In the thesaurus entry for clever, intelligent comes top of the list: it is statistically the most similar word in terms of shared contexts of occurrence. Click on intelligent and you are taken to a new screen which is in three main parts: the first part shows "Common Patterns" (those combinations where clever and intelligent behave quite similarly), the second and third parts show "clever only patterns" and "intelligent only patterns". The screen looks like this click here. (Alternative link for ACL ARC.)
In the "Common Patterns" part, there are four numbers next to each collocate. The first two indicate the frequency of co-occurrence with the first and second lemma, the last two show the salience scores for the collocate with both lemmas. All collocates are sorted according to maximum of the two salience scores and coloured according to difference between the scores.
Try this out, and look at the difference in the "and/or" lists: people can be "intelligent and articulate/thoughtful/sensitive" etc, but they are often "clever and devious/cunning/brave".
For more information on the other options see the Word Sketch Difference help
8. The Search function
From any screen you can do a "simple" Search in any corpus by using the field and drop down list in the horizontal panel which appears just beneath the very top bar in which you can search the Help documentation. This search function provides a short cut to a simple concordance
9. Other functions
For an explanation of other functions in the left hand side margin you can click the help links marked with a?
Click here for the Start Page for Sketch Engine Documentation.


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Advantages and Disadvantages of Demat Account
As the trading world has shifted to the online space, it has become more and more accessible to the average investor accompanied by several useful tools and platforms.
A large part in this shift is played by the process of Dematerialisation, which has made it easier than ever for traders to hold and trade in their securities. However, like all concepts associated with trading, Demat accounts necessitate a closer look at its pros and cons.
What is a Demat Account?
Dematerialisation is the process by which physical securities are converted into electronic format. One of the prime benefits of Demat accounts is it serves a similar function to the one that is served by a bank account to store your money. Each Demat account comes with a specific account number and password to ensure security. Each transaction made with the Demat account also comes with its transaction password.
The various advantages of demat accounts are:
- Securities in Demat accounts can be stored in an electronic form, which makes the process of holding and transacting convenient and hassle-free.
- They have greatly reduced the risks associated with holding securities in physical forms like - forgeries, theft, fake securities.
- Demat accounts also allow instant transfer of securities. Hence, as soon as a trader spots a favourable opportunity, a transfer or transaction in securities can be made quickly.
- With Demat accounts, if you should choose so, you can buy or sell even a single share.
- As a trader, not only can you open a demat account online but also update important account information such as a change of address without having to reach out to multiple companies.
- Demat accounts are also a great all-in-one account for holding many different types of securities like - investments in both equity as well as debt instruments, and also use it to hold mutual funds and gold ETFs.
With the advantages, there are some disadvantages too, which include:
- Demat account holders are required to pay an annual maintenance charge. This charge applies to the trader even if there is only a single share held in the Demat account.
- As opposed to dealing with physical securities, trading in electronic securities might seem somewhat difficult and even complex to those new to the world of online trading.
While Demat accounts might seem to present a challenge to certain traders, for the most part, their pros outweigh their cons. If you too would like to make the most of this essential trading tool, consider opening a Demat account online with IIFL, wherein investors and traders can avail an all-in-one account through which you can trade in multiple securities online from anywhere.


Fun Riddles In English With Answers
Easy Fun Riddles for Kids in English with Answers
Fun With Puzzles presents the Fun Riddles in English for Kids. These are Fun Riddles that one can ask from his/her friends and surprise them with the funny answer of these riddles. Answers to these Fun Riddles in English are given at the end. Do try to solve these riddles by looking at the answers. These Fun Riddles is an extension of the earlier published riddles with a post titled "Quick Super Funny Riddles for kids with Answers".
21. Tom decided to give his bike 3 coats of paint. Which coat would go on the first?
22. If you have 5 fish in the fish tank and 2 drown how many fishes do you leave with?
23. What has only two words but thousands of letters?
24. What starts with the letter E and has only one letter.
25. What never asks questions but is always answered. What am I?
26. What is the longest word in the English language?
27. Which letter of the alphabet has the most water?
28. Which word in the dictionary is spelled incorrectly?
29. What grows when it eats, but dies when it drinks?
30. What has no beginning, end, or middle?
31. What has many keys but can't open any doors?
32. When you look at my face, you can't find 13 any place. What am I?
33. What you can catch but not throw?
34. What has one eye, but cannot see?
35. What can you hold without ever touching it?
36. If you had only one match and entered a COLD and DARK room, where there was an old heater, an oil lamp, and a candle, which would you light first?
37. Some months have 30 days, some months have 31 days. How many months as 28 days?
38. What has hands, but cannot clap. What am I?
39. What can you catch but not throw?
40. What demands an answer, but asks no questions.
41. Which alphabet is a part of our body?
Answers of Fun English Riddles
No comments:


text:
» in Treated Wastewater
Reports & Consumer Guides
Down the Drain: » in Treated Wastewater
Even after sophisticated treatment, trace levels of hormone-disrupting chemicals remain in treated wastewater entering San Francisco Bay. Fish and other aquatic species exposed to these chemicals may develop reproductive and other health problems due to disruption of their hormone systems. Reducing the pollutants at the source is the most effective way to reduce the amount of pollution entering San Francisco Bay.
-We tested 3 samples of treated wastewater.
-We detected 4 of 5 phthalates.
-We detected bisphenol A.
-We detected triclosan.
Hormone-disrupting contaminants were detected in Treated Wastewater
(Water released into San Francisco Bay, parts per billion)
|Sample 1||Sample 2||Sample 3|
Phthalates in treated wastewater
Studies of wastewater treatment show that phthalates may pass through treatment facilities without degrading (Alatriste-Mondragon 2003; Fauser 2003; Marttinen 2003), contaminating treated wastewater released into surrounding streams, rivers, and oceans. We detected 4 of 5 phthalates in treated wastewater samples. Studies show phthalates are common contaminants of people as well as streams and rivers (Kolpin 2002; CDC 2005; Wolff 2007). Phthalates have even been detected in San Francisco Bay (Oros 2002).
Reducing use of products containing phthalates will help to reduce phthalates in wastewater:
- Use nail polish and other beauty products that do not contain "dibutyl phthalate" – read the ingredient label.
- Use personal care products, detergents, pet care products, cleansers, and other products that do not contain phthalates or "fragrance" in the ingredient list – "fragrance" commonly includes the phthalate DEP.
- Avoid cooking or microwaving in plastic.
- Avoid products made of flexible PVC or vinyl plastic. A few examples of these products include vinyl shower curtains and toys for kids or pets made of PVC.
- Reformulate manufactured products to eliminate use of phthalates.
- Health care workers and patients can urge their medical facilities to reduce or eliminate use of products containing phthalates.
Bisphenol A in treated wastewater
Studies of wastewater treatment methods show that bisphenol A (BPA) may pass through treatment facilities without degrading (e.g. Fromme 2002), thus contaminating treated wastewater released into surrounding streams, lakes, and oceans. We detected bisphenol A in 2 of 3 treated wastewater samples. Studies show BPA is commonly detected in people, and in streams and rivers (Kolpin 2002; Calafat 2005; Wolff 2007).
Reducing use of products containing bisphenol A will help to reduce bisphenol A in wastewater:
- Avoid eating or drinking from polycarbonate plastics. Alternatives include bottles and other materials made from glass, stainless steel, or polypropylene bottles labeled plastic number 5 on the bottom (translucent, not transparent).
- Cut down on canned foods.
- Reformulate manufactured products to eliminate use of bisphenol A.
Triclosan in treated wastewater
Studies of wastewater treatment methods show that triclosan may pass through treatment facilities without degrading (e.g. Samsoe-Petersen 2003), thus contaminating treated wastewater released into surrounding streams, lakes, and oceans. We detected triclosan in 2 of 3 treated wastewater samples. Research has revealed that triclosan is a common contaminant of people as well as streams and rivers (Adolfsson-Erici 2002; Kolpin 2002; TNO 2005; Wolff 2007).
Triclosan can also form a variety of harmful byproducts, including a form of dioxin (Lores 2005), chloroform (Fiss 2007), and methyl triclosan (Adolfsson-Erici 2002, Lindstrom 2002; Balmer 2004), under conditions typically found in wastewater treatment facilities. Dioxins and chloroform are linked to cancer in people (Lores 2005; Fiss 2007), while methyl triclosan is thought to bioaccumulate, or concentrate, in the fatty tissues of wildlife and people (Adolfsson-Erici 2002, Lindstrom 2002; Balmer 2004).
Reducing use of products containing triclosan will help to reduce triclosan in wastewater:
- Avoid unnecessary use of "antibacterial" products (read the list of ingredients). The American Medical Association recommends against using products with antibacterial ingredients in the home (Tan 2002). Studies indicate that households that use antibacterial products are no healthier than those that use soap and water and other typical cleansing products (Larson 2003; FDA 2005).
- If you use an antimicrobial skin disinfectant, use an alcohol hand rub instead of a product containing triclosan.
- Medical and veterinary facilities can switch to alternatives to triclosan-based disinfection products.


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The pricing for Rubber-like is based on model volume, which is the volume of your model used to calculate the material cost (mm³).
If you order two or more copies of a model, the price automatically decreases because the preparation of multiple copies can be carried out more efficiently.
Rubber-like can be used for fashion pieces, jewelry, shoe soles, prototypes or squeezable gadgets.
Laser Sintering is used to build your design with this material. The models are printed layer by layer by a laser that draws thin lines in the powder, which melts and bonds it together in order to form a thin layer of the model. After a layer is printed, a new layer of fresh powder is spread over the surface by a roller. The printer has a print chamber that is heated to just below the melting point of the powder; the laser beam adds the extra energy to melt the powder, forming a solid model. After the print job is finished, the result is a big block of heated powder with the printed models contained inside.
- A patent currently limits our ability to offer this material to everyone. This means we can't produce, sell, or distribute objects made with TPU 92A-1 in the USA. Unfortunately, this also restricts our customers when importing TPU-based products in the USA. In other regions, these restrictions do not apply
- Rubber-like models are squeezable but very difficult to stretch
Learning about our materials is one thing, seeing and touching them another. That's why we've designed sample kits based on our Periodic Table of Materials.
Rubber-like Sample Kit
Includes a natural white and a dyed black sample. Currently not available in the United States.


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Air Purifier Creative Anti-gravity
- A stunning air purifier that combines the power of negative ion with the magic of water drop backflow visual effect to eliminate indoor pollution.
- Air purifier is noiseless with a submerged pump with a pure copper motor. The running time is only 20-35 dB, which is lower than 95% of the air purifier on the market.
- This product utilized principles of basic science to create an anti-gravity effect that sends water upwards.
- It has an extraordinary visual affect that attracts onlooker, but its mechanism is more down-to-earth, using negative ion technology in a filtration/purification process.
- When placed in the dim environment, the water drops are not flowing backward physically, but are seen as so due to the optical illusion.
- The Magic of Water is made of aluminum and glass that forms an elegant shape and displays great transparency.
- The geometrical body and the beautiful curve of the glass funnel combines together give it a solemn appearance yet still have a graceful flow.
- As cool as magic of water, our artistic air purifier that does exactly the same thing, creating a spectacular effect as a decorative item in your living room, shop or office – while also keeping the air clean and healthy in the process.
- We are sure that you will love this technology of science. So make sure that you order it today to enjoy the purifier air!


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Phase separation into percolated Si nanostructures in SiO2
Fig. 1. Cross-sectional TEM bright-field image of a Si-SiOx nano-composite layer deposited onto single-crystalline silicon.
Fig. 2. High-resolution zero-loss image of the interface between the Si-SiOx nano-composite and the silicon substrate.
Fig. 3. Superposition of Si (green) and SiOx distributions (red) obtained by EFTEM.


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Pointwise convergence. As n increases, what happens? More and more points are included as not very far from f(x) = 0. In fact, there isn't a point that won't be included eventually.
Uniform Convergence. The problem is over on the left, near x = 0. A little elementary calculus shows the first derivative having a zero at x = 1/(1+n). This certainly moves toward x = 0. What is the value of the function at x = 1/(1+n)? Whatever it is, it's limit needs to be zero if we are to establish Uniform Convergence
It is.
Use your favorite logarithm technique to prove to what this converges.
Rewriting as may not be obvious, but this invites l'Hospital.
A single application (and a little algebra) produces -(1 + (1/n)). Well, that's clear enough. So, the limit of the logarithm is -1. Where does that leave us?


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CenterNet3D:An Anchor free Object Detector for Autonomous Driving
Jul 15, 2020
Guojun Wang, Bin Tian, Yunfeng Ai, Tong Xu, Long Chen, Dongpu Cao
Accurate and fast 3D object detection from point clouds is a key task in autonomous driving. Existing one-stage 3D object detection methods can achieve real-time performance, however, they are dominated by anchor-based detectors which are inefficient and require additional post-processing. In this paper, we eliminate anchors and model an object as a single point the center point of its bounding box. Based on the center point, we propose an anchor-free CenterNet3D Network that performs 3D object detection without anchors. Our CenterNet3D uses keypoint estimation to find center points and directly regresses 3D bounding boxes. However, because inherent sparsity of point clouds, 3D object center points are likely to be in empty space which makes it difficult to estimate accurate boundary. To solve this issue, we propose an auxiliary corner attention module to enforce the CNN backbone to pay more attention to object boundaries which is effective to obtain more accurate bounding boxes. Besides, our CenterNet3D is Non-Maximum Suppression free which makes it more efficient and simpler. On the KITTI benchmark, our proposed CenterNet3D achieves competitive performance with other one stage anchor-based methods which show the efficacy of our proposed center point representation.
* 9 pages, 3 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1912.12791 by other authors
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Clothe - Crossword Clue
Crossword Clue Last Updated: 08/05/2020
Below are possible answers for the crossword clue Clothe.
5 letter answer(s) to clothe
 1. apply a bandage or medication to; "dress the victim's wounds"
 2. convert into leather; "dress the tanned skins"
 3. kill and prepare for market or consumption; "dress a turkey"
 4. cut down rough-hewn (lumber) to standard thickness and width
 6. put a finish on; "dress the surface smooth"
 9. a one-piece garment for a woman; has skirt and bodice
 10. put a dressing on; "dress the salads"
 11. provide with decoration; "dress the windows"
 12. decorate (food), as with parsley or other ornamental foods
6 letter answer(s) to clothe
 1. adorn with a robe
 2. provide with a coating; "enrobe the nuts with chocolate"
4 letter answer(s) to clothe
 2. provide with power and authority; "They vested the council with special rights"
 3. a collarless men's undergarment for the upper part of the body
 4. a man's sleeveless garment worn underneath a coat
 5. clothe formally; especially in ecclesiastical robes
 6. clothe oneself in ecclesiastical garments
 7. become legally vested; "The property vests in the trustees"
Other crossword clues with similar answers to 'Clothe'
Still struggling to solve the crossword clue 'Clothe'?
If you're still haven't solved the crossword clue Clothe then why not search our database by the letters you have already!


text:
When a fire burns, ashes fall to the ground (form) and smoke ascends to the sky (emptiness). Firesmoke examines the relationship between form and emptiness and questions how fire can arise from both life and death. Firesmoke also explores the restorative power of the feminine principle, the alchemy of nature and the impermanence of life.
Each poem in Firesmoke is an offering to the four elements: earth, water, fire and air. They mimic the breath and death of a sacred fire, from its inception to its annihilation. The more structured poems & ghazals act as the kindling taken from the forest floor. As the kindling begins to burn and transform into smoke, the poems become less and less structured (free verse).


Subject: Re: Making a common API for cpu frequency drivers
To: Juan RP <>
From: Jason Thorpe <>
List: tech-kern
Date: 09/01/2006 15:56:43
On Sep 1, 2006, at 3:15 PM, Juan RP wrote:
> Do I need to release references with every obj used in the code?
 From the proplib(3) manual page:
 The rules for managing reference counts are very simple:
 o If you create an object and do not explicitly maintain a
reference to
 it, you must release it.
 o If you get a reference to an object from other code and wish
to maintain a reference to it, you must retain the object. You are
 sible for releasing the object once you drop that reference.
 o You must never release an object unless you create it or
retain it.
So, take the following example:
foo(device_t dev)
 prop_number_t num;
 num = prop_dictionary_get(device_properties(dev),
 /*... do something... */
You did not need to manipulate the ref count because you did not
maintain a reference outside the scope of where the device (and thus
its properties dictionary) was guaranteed to be valid.
foo(device_t dev, prop_number_t *nump)
 prop_number_t num;
 num = prop_dictionary_get(device_properties(dev),
 *nump = num;
...because you are maintaining a reference (via *nump) to that object,
you must retain it (bump the ref count).
When you add something to a collection (array or dictionary), the
collection maintains a reference, and thus retains it:
[from prop_array(3)]
 prop_array_add(prop_array_t array, prop_object_t obj)
 Add a reference to the object obj to the array, appending
to the
 end and growing the array's capacity of necessary. The
 will be retained by the array. Returns TRUE if storing
the object
 was successful and FALSE otherwise.
If you create an object are finished with it after storing it in a
collection, then you must release it (decr the ref count) because
object creators must release unless they keep a reference.
> And when the obj is stored in a dictionary or array its refcount
> is increased, but how can I use it in another code?
All of the objects contained by a collection are valid so long as the
collection is valid.
> My plan is to construct the array with supported frequencies in the MI
> driver and pass it to sysmon, but I will need to use this array too in
> the userland code.
Passing it to userland code means "externalize" followed by
"internalize", which is essentially a deep copy, so you don't need to
worry about it in this case.
> Am I right?
>> And finally, construct the array BEFORE storing it in the dictionary.
>> That way the "I am done with the array" is more clear, and you also
>> avoid having partially constructed data visible in the dictionary.
> Thanks for your comments.
-- thorpej


text:
The vortex tube is a device used for generation of cold and hot air streams from compressed air. This simple device is very efficient in theseparation of air streams into two different temperatures streams. Cold air coming out of vortex tube can be used for air conditioning and refrigeration purpose. The coefficient of performance (COP) and outlet cold air temperature difference (?TC) of vortex tube are considerably influenced by its thermophysical and geometrical parameters. The present study deals with the experimental investigation on the effect of 2, 4 and 6nozzle number on COP and?TC of thevortex tube. Vortex tube with length to diameter ratio (L/D) 15'0°, 15'4°, 16'4°, 17'4° and 18'4° where 0° and 4° are diverging angles, cold end orifice diameter(do) 5, 6 and 7mm and valve angle (O) 30°, 45°, 60°, 75° and 90° have been experimented with inlet pressure (Pi) 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 bar. The effect of nozzle number on COP and?TC for acold mass fraction (CMF) varying from 0 to 1 was studied and the validation of experimented and simulated value of COP and?TC for pressure varying from 2 bar to 6 bar was done.The experimental results are validated with simulation results. Experimental result indicates that COP increases with increase in inlet pressure but decreases as a number of nozzle increases.The simulation result holds true with anexperimental result where the value of COP decreases with increase in CMF value and?TCdecreases with increase in CMF. The best result was achieved for2 nozzle numberwhere it produces maximum 0.1237 COP for CMF = 1 and maximum?TC about 20.3794 at CMF = 1. The best COP experimentalandCOPsimulationwere achieved for 2 nozzle number as0.136668811 and 0.062378066 respectively at 6 bar inlet pressure.Also, the best?TCvalue of experimental and simulation was achieved at 6 bar pressure as 7.2 and 11.80075 respectively.
Cite this article:
Snehal Bharat Bhote, K D Devade. Investigations on Thermal Performance of Multi-Nozzle Ranque-Hilsch Vortex Tube. Int. J. Tech. 2018; 8(2): 65-78. doi: 10.5958/2231-3915.2018.00010.X


text:
What is a payment scheme?
A payment scheme is a body that sets the rules and technical standards for the execution of payment transactions using the underlying payment systems. Payment schemes manage the day-to-day operations of the payment systems and processes and ensure any regulatory requirements associated with the processing of payments are met.
Characteristics of a UK payment scheme:
- · offers a service to move money between parties;
- · has a governance structure that includes independent directors with a mandate to represent the views of all service users, together with directors appointed from the members of the scheme;
- · custodians of the payment scheme rules and technical standards for operation of the payment schemes;
- · responsible for the operation of the underlying payment systems;
- · complies with regulatory aspects governing payment schemes and systems;
- · has access criteria and an application process for joining.
Scheme rules and procedures
Each payment scheme's rules and procedures can be regarded as an 'instruction manual' which dictates how money is moved from Bank A to Bank B within the relevant underlying payment system and payment infrastructure.
Adherence to a payment scheme's rules is mandatory for all organisations accessing that payment system.
Examples of the areas payment scheme rules and technical standards cover include:
- · the currency of the money to be exchanged e.g. UK sterling;
- · timelines to be observed by Payment Service Providers when executing a payment transaction;
- · the standard data formats used to exchange messages between banks.
UK payment schemes:
This site provides information about the following payment schemes operating in the UK:
- Bacs Payment Schemes Limited
Bacs is the scheme responsible for the payment system that enables electronic transfer of funds directly to a specified bank account (Direct Credit) and the collection of pre-authorised debits on a payer's bank account (Direct Debit).
- The Belfast Bankers' Clearing Company Limited (BBCCL)
BBCCL is the scheme responsible for the oversight of the systems used for processing of cheques and other paper instruments in Northern Ireland.
- CHAPS Clearing Company Limited
CHAPS Co is the scheme responsible for the CHAPS payment system that enables real-time, high-value sterling payments where payments are settled over the Bank of England's Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) system.
- Cheque and Credit Clearing Company (C&CCC)
C&CCC is the scheme responsible for managing the processing of cheques and other paper payment instruments in England, Scotland and Wales.
- Faster Payments Scheme Limited
Faster Payments enables electronic real-time payments via internet, telephone and mobile banking applications, as well as standing orders.
- LINK Scheme
LINK is the scheme responsible for end-users' access to cash (amongst other activities) via the UK's ATM network.
Other payment schemes:
This site does not currently include information on the global card schemes; more information on card issuance or merchant acquiring can be found via UK Finance.


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Urea is an organic compound with the chemical formula (NH2)2CO.
Urea is also known as carbamide, especially in the recommended International Nonproprietary Names (rINN) in use in Europe. For example, the medicinal compound hydroxyurea (old British Approved Name) is now hydroxycarbamide. Other names include carbamide resin, isourea, carbonyl diamide, and carbonyldiamine.
Chemical structure of urea Urea 3D structure of urea
Systematic name Diaminomethanal
Other names carbamide
Molecular formula (NH2)2CO
InChI InChI=1/CH4N2O/c2-1(3)4
Molar mass 60.07 g/mol
Appearance white odourless solid
CAS number [57-13-6]
Density and phase 1.33·10³ kg/m³ [1], solid
Solubility in water 108 g/100 ml (20 °C)
167 g/100 ml (40 °C)
251 g/100 ml (60 °C)
400 g/100 ml (80 °C)
733 g/100 ml (100 °C)
Melting point 132.7 °C (406 K)
Boiling point n.a.
Acidity (pKa) 0.18
Basicity (pKb) 13.82
Chiral rotation [α]D Not chiral
Viscosity ? cP at ? °C
Critical relative humidity 81% (20°C)
73% (30°C)
Heat of solution in water -57,8 cal/g (endothermic)
Nitrogen content 46.6 %N
Molecular shape trigonal planar
Coordination geometry - - -
Crystal structure tetragonal
Dipole moment 4.56 p/D
Main hazards Toxic
Flash point ? °C
R/S statement R: ? S: ?
RTECS number ?
NFPA 704
Supplementary data page
Structure & properties n, εr, etc.
Thermodynamic data Phase behaviour
Solid, liquid, gas
Spectral data UV, IR, NMR, MS
Related compounds
Other anions ?
Other cations ?
Related? biuret
Related compounds ?
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for
materials in their standard state (at 26°C, 100 kPa)
Infobox disclaimer and references
It was the first organic compound to be artificially synthesized from inorganic starting materials, thus dispelling the concept of vitalism.
Urea was discovered by Hilaire Rouelle in 1773. It was the first organic compound to be artificially synthesized from inorganic starting materials, in 1828 by Friedrich Wöhler, who prepared it by the reaction of potassium cyanate with ammonium sulfate. Although Woehler was attempting to prepare ammonium cyanate, by forming urea, he inadvertently disproved vitalism, the theory that the chemicals of living organisms are fundamentally different from inanimate matter, thus starting the discipline of organic chemistry.
This discovery prompted Wohler to write triumphantly to Berzelius:
It is found in mammalian and amphibian urine as well as in some fish. Birds and reptiles excrete uric acid, comprising a different form of nitrogen metabolism that requires less water.
Urea is highly soluble and is therefore a efficient way for the human body to expell excess nitrogen. Due to extensive hydrogen bonding with water (up to six hydrogen bonds may form, two from oxygen atom and one from each hydrogen), it is very soluble and thus is also a good fertiliser.
The urea molecule is planar and retains its full molecular point symmetry. Each carbonyl oxygen atom accepts four N-H-O hydrogen bonds, a very unusual feature for such a bond type. This dense (and energetically quite favourable) hydrogen bond network is probably established at the cost of efficient molecular packing: the structure is quite open, the ribbons forming tunnels with square cross-section.
The individual atoms that make up a urea molecule come from carbon dioxide, water, aspartate and ammonia in a metabolic pathway known as the urea cycle, an anabolic process. This expenditure of energy is necessary because ammonia, a common metabolic waste product, is toxic and must be neutralized. Urea production occurs in the liver and is under the regulatory control of N-acetylglutamate.
The urea cycle was originally known as the Krebs-Henseleit cycle after it was partially deduced by Hans Adolf Krebs and Kurt Henseleit in 1932. Its details were clarified in the 1940s as the roles of citrulline and argininosuccinate as intermediates were understood. In this cycle, amino groups donated by ammonia and L-aspartate are converted to urea, while L-ornithine, citrulline, L-argininosuccinate, and L-arginine act as intermediates.
Most organisms have to deal with the excretion of nitrogen waste originating from protein and amino acid catabolism. In aquatic organisms the most common form of nitrogen waste is ammonia, while land-dwelling organisms convert the toxic ammonia to either urea or uric acid. Generally, birds and saurian reptiles excrete uric acid, while the remaining species, including mammals, excrete urea. Remarkably, tadpoles excrete ammonia, and shift to urea production during metamorphosis. In veterinary medicine, Dalmatian breeds of dogs are noteworthy in that they excrete urea in the form of uric acid in the urine rather than in the urea form. This is due to a defect in one of the genes controlling expression of the conversion enzymes in the urea cycle.
Despite the generalization above, the pathway has been documented not only in mammals and amphibians, but in many other organisms as well, including birds, invertebrates, insects, plants, yeast, fungi, and even microorganisms.
Urea is essentially a waste product, but is vital for forming hypertonic (concentrated) urine. In the distal portions of the kidney collecting duct, urea is reintroduced into the kidney medulla to raise osmolarity. Afterwards, water flowing through the collecting tubule follows back into the body by osmosis through aquaporins.
Urea is dissolved in blood (in humans in a concentration of 2.5 - 7.5 mmol/liter) and excreted by the kidney in the urine.
In addition, a small amount of urea is excreted (along with sodium chloride and water) in human sweat.
Urea can be irritating to skin and eyes. Too high concentrations in the blood can cause damage to organs of the body. Low concentrations of urea such as in urine are not dangerous.
It has been found that urea can cause algal blooms to produce toxins, and urea in runoff from fertilizers may play a role in the increase of toxic blooms.[1]
Repeated or prolonged contact with urea in fertiliser form on the skin may cause dermatitis. The substance also irritates the eyes, the skin and the respiratory tract. The substance decomposes on heating above melting point producing toxic gases. Reacts violently with strong oxidants, nitrites, inorganic chlorides, chlorites and perchlorates causing fire and explosion hazard
Urea is a nitrogen-containing chemical product which is produced on a scale of some 100,000,000 tonnes per year worldwide.
Urea is produced commercially from synthetic ammonia and carbon dioxide. Urea can be produced as prills, granules, flakes, pellets, crystals and solutions.
More than 90% of world production is destined for use as a fertilizer. Urea has the highest nitrogen content of all solid nitrogenous fertilizers in common use (46.4%) It therefore has the lowest transportation costs per unit of nitrogen nutrient.
Urea is highly soluble in water and is therefore also very suitable for use in fertilizer solutions (in combination with ammonium nitrate: UAN), e.g. in 'foliar feed' fertilizers.
Solid urea is marketed as prills or granules. The advantage of prills is that in general they can be produced more cheaply than granules which, because of their narrower particle size distribution have an advantage over prills if applied mechanically to the soil. Properties such as impact strength, crushing strength and free-flowing behaviour are particularly important in product handling, storage and bulk transportation.
Commercial production
Urea is produced commercially from two raw materials, ammonia and carbon dioxide. Large quantities of carbon dioxide are produced during the manufacture of ammonia from coal or from hydrocarbons such as natural gas and petroleum derived raw materials. This allows direct synthesis of urea from these raw materials.
The production of urea from ammonia and carbon dioxide takes place in an equilibrium reaction, with incomplete conversion of the reactants. The various urea processes are characterized by the conditions under which urea formation takes place and the way in which unconverted reactants are further processed.
Unconverted reactants can be used for the manufacture of other products, for example ammonium nitrate or sulphate, or they can be recycled for complete conversion to urea in a total-recycle process.
Two principal reactions take place in the formation of urea from ammonia and carbon dioxide. The first reaction is exothermic:
2NH3 + CO2 → H2N-COONH4 (ammonium carbamate)
While the second reaction is endothermic:
H2N-COONH


text:
||This article relies largely or entirely upon a single source. (June 2009)|
|Look up award in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.|
An award is something given to a person or a group of people to recognize their excellence in a certain field; a certificate of excellence. Awards are often signified by trophies, titles, certificates, commemorative plaques, medals, badges, pins, or ribbons. An award may carry a monetary prize given to the recipient; for example, the Nobel Prize for contributions to society or the Pulitzer Prize for literary achievements. An award may also simply be a public acknowledgment of excellence, without any tangible token or prize.
Awards can be given by any person or institution, although the prestige of an award usually depends on the status of the awarder. Usually, awards are given by an organization of some sort, or by the office of an official within an organization or government. For instance, a special presidential citation (as given by the President of the United States) is a public announcement giving an official place of honor (e.g., President Ronald Reagan gave a special presidential citation in 1984 to the Disney Channel for its excellent children's television programming.)
However there are exceptions like some quality labels, for which it is neither person nor organizations that are rewarded, but products. This is the case for the World Quality Selections organized by Monde Selection. These international awards are assigned to beverages, foods, cosmetics and diet products, which stand out for their quality.
People who have won certain prestigious awards, such as the Nobel Prize, a championship title in a sport, or an Academy Award (Oscar), can have the award become their identity, thereafter being known primarily for winning the award, rather than for any other achievement or occupation. To distinctly be categorized as an 'Award', rather than some other type of ceremonial or arbitrary recognition, there should be a clear process of nominations, award criteria and appropriate judging process. Generally, recognition by a set of peers, acknowledging quality of work, rather than a 'popularity contest' is considered to be an authentic award.
Mock awards, which typically recognize failures or atypical achievements, are also popular. They are usually given by people and organizations of lower or average prestige, such as comical organizations and individual writers. Popular mock awards include:
- Golden Raspberry Awards (Razzies), a satirical counterpart to the Academy Award which recognizes the worst acting, screenwriting, songwriting, directing, and films that the film industry had to offer
- Ig Nobel Prize, a satirical counterpart to the Nobel Prize, given for achievements that "first make people laugh, and then make them think."
- Darwin Awards, "given to people who seem to improve the human gene pool by accidentally killing or sterilizing themselves during a foolish or careless mistake."
One common type of award in the United States is the Employee of the Month award, where typically the recipients' names are listed in a prominent place in the business for that month. A common mock award is the wooden spoon, given to an individual or team which has come last in a competition.
Some awards are given only after a fee is paid by the recipient, such as the German Design Award.
- The Kentucky Derby Trophy is an award worth $70,000 with an estimated 1000 man hours of labor.
- Ken Bensinger (2006-12-14). "The Bogies: Radar nominates the most bogus awards in America". Radar Online. Archived from the original on 2007-06-03. Retrieved 2007-06-07.


From Misunderstanding to Understanding 3
Misunderstanding causes a lot of problems. Misunderstanding causes relationship breakdowns. Misunderstanding the Bible would produce followers with strange behaviors. Similarly, when human beings misunderstand God, the outcome would be distorted beliefs and actions.
By and large, Jonah's actions are indications of his misunderstanding of God. One of the misunderstandings is God's salvation plan for the Gentiles.


Skip to definition.
Noun: grass parakeet 'grãs'per-u,keet [N. Amer], 'grãs,pa-ru'keet [Brit]
 1. Small Australian parakeet usually light green with black and yellow markings in the wild but bred in many colours
 - budgerigar, budgie, lovebird, shell parakeet, Melopsittacus undulatus
Derived forms: grass parakeets
Type of: parakeet, paroquet, parrakeet [non-standard], parroket, parroquet
Part of: genus Melopsittacus, Melopsittacus


text:
Evaluating Trigonometric Expressions Using Cosine Difference Formula Video Tutorial
evaluating expressions video, evaluating trigonometric expressions video, expressions video, trigonometric expressions video.
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Evaluating Trigonometric Expressions Using Cosine Difference Formula
This math video tutorial gives a step by step explanation to a math problem on "Evaluating Trigonometric Expressions Using Cosine Difference Formula".
Evaluating trigonometric expressions using cosine difference formula video involves evaluating expressions, evaluating trigonometric expressions, expressions, trigonometric expressions.
The video tutorial is recommended for 7th Grade, 8th Grade, 9th Grade, 10th Grade, 11th Grade, and/or 12th Grade Math students studying Algebra, Trigonometry, Pre-Algebra, and/or Advanced Algebra.
For a given combination of values for the free variables, an expression may be evaluated, although for some combinations of values of the free variables, the expression may be undefined. Thus an expression represents a function whose inputs are the values assigned the free variables and whose output is the resulting value of the expression.
An expression is a combination of numbers, operators, grouping symbols (such as brackets and parentheses) and/or free variables and bound variables arranged in a meaningful way which can be evaluated. Bound variables are assigned values within the expression (they are for internal use) while free variables can take on values from outside the expression.