Dry Ducks
Many waterfowl enthusiasts only hunt ducks over water and don't feel their experience is the same without a set up on the wetlands to foster and sustain their love for ducks and geese. In the Pacific and Central Flyways, hunting the agricultural fields the birds use to feed in, is a unique experience that can generate incredible sights and sounds without having to wiggle into waders.
Any avid duck hunter notices when birds are in the sky. I'm always on the lookout for birds and pay attention to what I see throughout the fall. The key to setting up a successful field shoot is to find concentrations of birds staging along their migration route.
Maps are a great tool for locating large staging wetlands that will draw and hold large numbers of birds. Being familiar with my hunting area, I already know the best wetlands to watch and focus my spotting efforts. Google Earth is a great tool, allowing you to find productive wetlands with suitable habitat to hold birds.
Spotting an area consists of travelling to the wetlands that hold birds and following them out to where they are feeding. It can often mean chasing the birds for miles, but if you lose one flock, there will be others to follow. Watching the direction of flight of the first flocks leaving will provide your starting point. Fields used for feeding will have birds circling and landing for several hours in the morning and evening. Getting permission to hunt is a critical link to success.
The Field
Paying attention to what the birds are doing in the field will ensure you are in the right spot when you set up. Ducks have an incredible sense for finding the best areas of a field where there is grain spillage and other great feeding opportunities. You want to pinpoint the exact location where birds are feeding, as they will return to that spot the next time they come out to feed. Being a couple of hundred metres off the spot, often means birds won't decoy without some coaxing, so set up where the birds want to feed, to ensure they center your decoy spread and finish close enough to see every detail in their feathers.
There are key crops in different regions that ducks have developed an appetite for, and they continue to change as producers find new and profitable grains and seeds to grow. Barley has been a long-time favourite, but field peas are attracting lots of hungry ducks. If you aren't sure what the ducks are eating, take the time to dissect the crops of harvested birds to figure out their favorites.
Watch for Content Birds
Ducks are cautious creatures and they like the security of open spaces. The best shoots will have birds landing in the middle of big fields. If birds are pushing fence lines or roads, there is a good chance that they are bouncing around trying to find the best feeding locations. Watching bouncing birds until they settle down into a prime feeding location will always provide the best shooting opportunities—being patient is worth the time investment.
Often hundreds, if not thousands of ducks, will concentrate in good feeding fields. The longer they feed in one location, the larger their numbers can grow. To make your decoy spread look realistic, and provide birds with confidence to come in, you have to have enough bodies on the ground.
I start with six to eight dozen decoys and haven't found there is such a thing as too many. Safety in numbers is a confidence builder for birds returning to a field and if you have a good spread of decoys, the birds often wing straight in to join the party.
Ducks will decoy well into Canada goose decoys so don't worry if you don't have a good spread of duck decoys, just use the honker spread.
If there are hundreds of birds in arriving flights, you must give them enough room to land as a flock, or they will bounce to find a spot to land without running into each other. When birds are flaring, you have set the landing area too tight.
In a blind with a decoy
Excited birds, wanting to feed, make a considerable amount of noise. To make your decoy spread convincible, you must have calls to make it realistic. Try to imagine how strange it would be for a duck to come to a field, where their buddies are usually chuckling and quacking, only to be greeted with silence? I'm sure alarm bells go off in their tiny brains at something that seems completely unbelievable.
You can spend a considerable amount of time spotting and setting up, and if you aren't well hidden, all your efforts will be in vain. Even if ducks are used to coming to a field, foreign objects or the faces or outlines of hunters will send them elsewhere.
Layout blinds have become the norm for hunting fields and covering the hides with natural vegetation and straw from the field will help you to blend in even further. In areas where birds are hunted heavily, ducks often get wise to layouts, so changing your approach may be the ticket to success. Bale or willow blinds were extremely popular in years past and if you switch back to a historical blind if birds are wary, it can make all the difference in the world. Stay flexible and let the birds dictate what makes them comfortable.
Hunters with Ducks


Genealogy Friday: 9 Reasons to Check Out Printed Family Histories
Printed family histories are a great place to start when you're stuck.
Many families have printed their family histories over the years. Some provide more detail and sources than others.
However, these can be a great resource. They may even help you to break a brick wall.
So why use printed family histories:51rgmhJO6uL._SX258_BO1,204,203,200_
 1. Family stories you may have never heard before
 2. For cluster genealogy
 3. To find missing relatives
 4. To go back farther in your line
 5. To discover what other researchers have done. Double check their sources, but this can save you a lot of time.
 6. To discover sources you never knew were available
 7. For family pictures you've never seen
 8. To discover the history of the family or clan
 9. To connect with other researchers on this line
How have printed family histories helped your genealogical journey?
Click here for my articles on the Positives and Negatives of Printed Family Histories


Garden Area Calculator
1Determine How Many Square Feet You Have:
To determine how many square feet you have, you will use the formulas listed below to find area (A) - this mathematical formula will be different based on the shape of your garden. First, you will need to go outside and measure your garden bed. You will need to have the proper measurements handy, such as width (W), length (L), radius (R), base (B), or height (H).
Rectangular Garden Diagram
Rectangular/Square Garden
A rectangle and square both have four right angles. The area of a rectangle or square is found by multiplying the length (L) by the width (W).
Circular Garden Diagram
Circular Garden
A circle is a closed curve of which every point on the edge of the curve is the same distance from the center point. The area of a circle is the radius squared (R)x(R) multiplied by pi (~3.14). The radius is equal to one-half the diameter of the circle.
Oval Shaped Garden Diagram
Oval Shaped Garden
An oval has an elliptical, or egg-like, shape. The area of an oval is the length (L) multiplied by the width (W), multiplied by 0.8.
Triangular Garden
A triangle is a polygon with three sides. The area of a triangle is one-half the base (B) multiplied by the height (H).
Irregularly Shaped Garden Diagram
Irregularly Shaped Garden
To find the area of a large irregular shape, divide it into a series of smaller units equally spaced along a measured line. This method will calculate the area to within 5%.
 1. Determine the length line. This is the longest axis of the shape as shown in the image from point A to point B.
 2. Mark width lines along the A-B line into several segments of equal width. To ensure accuracy, use as many width lines as possible. The more irregular the shape, the more width lines you will need.
 3. Measure the width at each width line. In this example, there are 5 width lines: C, D, E, F and G.
 4. Calculate the area by adding all of the width lines together and multiplying the total by the distance between each line (C+D+E+F+G) x Segment Width.
2Decide How Many Bulbs You Need
Now that you know how many square feet you have, you will now determine how many bulbs you need to fill it! Use the table below to calculate how many bulbs you need per square feet. Multilply your square feet (sq ft) by the number of bulbs (# of bulbs) for your total number of bulbs needed. For example: If your garden is 10 square feet and you want to fill it with tulips, you will multiply: 10 (sq feet) x 5 (# of bulbs) to equal 50.
Type of Bulb Bulbs Per Square Foot
Tulips 5
Daffodils 4-5
Bearded Iris 1
Hyacinths 3-4
Dutch Iris 6-8
Allium (large/small) 1-2/8-12
Fritillaria 1-2
Muscari 14-18
Scilla 15-16


text:
ChristianAnswers.Net WebBible Encyclopedia
Meaning: transparency; whiteness
The name of two biblical places…
One of the stations of the Israelites in the wilderness (Num. 33:20, 21).
One of the royal cities of the Canaanites taken by Joshua (Josh. 10:29-32; 12:15). It became one of the Levitical towns in the tribe of Judah (21:13), and was strongly fortified. Sennacherib laid siege to it (2 Kings 19:8; Isa. 37:8). It was the native place of Hamutal, the queen of Josiah (2 Kings 23:31). It stood near Lachish, and has been identified with the modern Arak el-Menshiyeh.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Thermal design power
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 (Redirected from Thermal Design Power)
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the thermal design envelope of microprocessors. For the general concept, see power rating.
The thermal design power (TDP), sometimes called thermal design point, is the maximum amount of heat generated by the CPU that the cooling system in a computer is required to dissipate in typical operation. Rather than specifying CPU's real power dissipation, TDP serves as the nominal value for designing CPU cooling systems.[1]
The TDP is typically not the largest amount of heat the CPU could ever generate (peak power), such as by running a power virus, but rather the maximum amount of heat that it would generate when running "real applications." This ensures the computer will be able to handle essentially all applications without exceeding its thermal envelope, or requiring a cooling system for the maximum theoretical power (which would cost more but in favor of extra headroom for processing power).[2]
Some sources state that the peak power for a microprocessor is usually 1.5 times the TDP rating.[3] However, the TDP is a conventional figure while its measurement methodology has been the subject of controversy. In particular, until around 2006 AMD used to report the maximum power draw of its processors as TDP, but Intel changed this practice with the introduction of its Conroe family of processors.[4]
A similar but more recent controversy has involved the power TDP measurements of some Ivy Bridge Y-series processors, with which Intel has introduced a new metric called scenario design power (SDP).[5][6]
In some cases the TDP has been underestimated, leading to real applications (typically strenuous, such as video encoding or games) causing the CPU to exceed its specified TDP, thus overloading the computer's cooling system. In this case, CPUs either cause a system failure (a "therm-trip") or throttle their speed down.[7] Most modern processors will cause a therm-trip only upon a catastrophic cooling failure, such as a stuck fan or a loose heatsink.
For example, a laptop's CPU cooling system may be designed for a 20 W TDP, which means that it can dissipate up to 20 watts of heat without exceeding the maximum junction temperature for the laptop's CPU. A cooling system can do this using an active cooling method (e.g. forced convection) such as a fan, or any of the three passive cooling methods: convection, thermal radiation or conduction. Typically, a combination of these methods is used.
Since safety margins and the definition of what constitutes a real application vary among manufacturers, TDP values between different manufacturers cannot be accurately compared. For example, while a processor with a TDP of 100 W will almost certainly use more power at full load than a processor with a 10 W TDP from the same manufacturer, it may or may not use more power than a processor from a different manufacturer that has a 90 W TDP. Additionally, TDPs are often specified for families of processors, with the low-end models usually using significantly less power than those at the high end of the family.
The dynamic power consumed by a switching circuit is approximately proportional to the square of the voltage:[8]
P = C V^2 f
where C is capacitance, f is frequency, and V is voltage.
Variable TDP[edit]
TDP specifications for some processors may allow them to work under multiple different power levels, depending on the usage scenario, available cooling capacities and desired power consumption. Technologies that provide such variable TDPs include Intel's configurable TDP (cTDP) and scenario design power (SDP), and AMD's TDP power cap.
Configurable TDP[edit]
Configurable TDP (cTDP), also known as programmable TDP or TDP power cap, is an operating mode of later generations of Intel mobile processors (as of January 2014) and AMD processors (as of June 2012) that allows adjustments in their TDP values. By modifying the processor behavior and its performance levels, power consumption of a processor can be changed altering its TDP at the same time. That way, a processor can operate at higher or lower performance levels, depending on the available cooling capacities and desired power consumption.[9]:69–72[10][11]
Intel processors that support cTDP provide three operating modes:[9]:71–72
 - Nominal TDP – this is the processor's rated frequency and TDP.
 - cTDP down – when a cooler or quieter mode of operation is desired, this mode specifies a lower TDP and lower guaranteed frequency versus the nominal mode.
 - cTDP up – when extra cooling is available, this mode specifies a higher TDP and higher guaranteed frequency versus the nominal mode.
For example, some of the mobile Haswell processors support cTDP up, cTDP down, or both modes.[12] As another example, some of the AMD Opteron processors and Kaveri APUs can be configured for lower TDP values.[10][11][13] IBM's POWER8 processor implements a similar power capping functionality through its embedded on-chip controller (OCC).[14]
Scenario design power[edit]
Scenario design power (SDP) is an operating mode of certain later generations of Intel's mobile processors (as of January 2014), allowing them to work at much lower power levels when compared to similar mobile processors not featuring the SDP. In other words, SDP is an additional lower power level a processor is certified to work at, providing an additional reference design point for power-constrained platforms. Such processors can still exceed their SDP specifications and operate at higher power levels under certain workloads and with appropriate cooling capacities provided; for example, SDP-enabled processors can reach their TDP power levels.[5][15][16]:71
For example, Y-series (extreme-low power) mobile Haswell processors support SDP.[17]
See also[edit]
 1. ^ Mike Chin (2004-06-15). "Athlon 64 for Quiet Power". p. 3. Retrieved 2013-12-21. Thermal Design Power (TDP) should be used for processor thermal solution design targets. The TDP is not the maximum power that the processor can dissipate.
 2. ^ "The technical details behind Intel's 7 Watt Ivy Bridge CPUs". 2013-01-14. Retrieved 2013-01-14. In Intel's case, a specified chip's TDP has less to do with the amount of power a chip needs to use (or can use) and more to do with the amount of power the computer's fan and heatsink need to be able to dissipate while the chip is under sustained load. Actual power usage can be higher or (much) lower than TDP, but the figure is intended to give guidance to engineers designing cooling solutions for their products.
 3. ^ John L. Hennessy; David A. Patterson (2012). Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach (5th ed.). Elsevier. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-12-383872-8.
 4. ^ Ou, George (2006-07-17). "Who to believe on power consumption? AMD or Intel?". ZDNet. Retrieved 2014-02-11.
 5. ^ a b Anand Lal Shimpi (2013-01-14). "Intel Brings Core Down to 7W, Introduces a New Power Rating to Get There: Y-Series SKUs Demystified". Retrieved 2014-02-11.
 6. ^ Crothers, Brooke (2013-01-09). "Intel responds to cooked power efficiency claims". Retrieved 2014-02-11.
 7. ^ Stanislav Garmatyuk (2004-03-26). "Testing Thermal Throttling in Pentium 4 CPUs with Northwood and Prescott cores". Retrieved 2013-12-21.
 8. ^ "Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology for the Intel Pentium M Processor (White Paper)" (PDF). Intel Corporation. March 2004. Retrieved 2013-12-21.
 9. ^ a b "4th Generation Intel Core processor based on Mobile M-Processor and H-Processor Lines Datasheet, Volume 1 of 2" (PDF). Intel. December 2013. Retrieved 2013-12-22. Configurable TDP (cTDP) and Low-Power Mode (LPM) form a design vector where the processor behavior and package TDP are dynamically adjusted to a desired system performance and power envelope. [...] With cTDP, the processor is now capable of altering the maximum sustained power with an alternate guaranteed frequency. Configurable TDP allows operation in situations where extra cooling is available or situations where a cooler and quieter mode of operation is desired.
 10. ^ a b Michael Larabel (2014-01-22). "Testing Out The Configurable TDP On AMD's Kaveri". Phoronix. Retrieved 2014-08-31.
 11. ^ a b "AMD Opteron 4200 Series Processor Quick Reference Guide" (PDF). Advanced Micro Devices. June 2012. Retrieved 2014-08-31.
 12. ^ "Sony Vaio Duo 13 Review". 2013-07-22. Retrieved 2014-02


This insight is inspired by 'The Win Without Pitching Manifesto' from Blair Enns.
Free-pitching is rampant in the creative industry. We can't speak for other fields, but we are certain 'the pitch' doesn't belong in the creative field. This statement goes against the status quo which is why eradicating the pitch feels almost like a revolution.
The problem with the pitch is it declares'may the best win' while forgetting that the best won't be in such a situation to begin with. To put in other words, while the pitch is intended as a way to differentiate the best from the rest; often its only achievement is a reduction in quality for all parties involved.
What's Wrong With The Pitch.
The nature of a pitch is that it requires presentation. Creatives are expected to present or more accurately perform, persuade and convince the clients that we are the right fit; whilst the clients are expected to judge our presentation or performance. However, in theory, the client is the one in need of the assessment and recommendations from the creative. To grant the judge role to the client is a maldistribution of power.
Because we are not used to thinking of an alternative to the norm, it's helpful to look to other professions for wisdom. For example, in the medical and legal fields, doctors and lawyers aren't expected to know what's wrong with their patients and clients before setting aside time for the investigation—a process which normally follows after having won the client, not prior. Ideally, we must not prescribe or even attempt to prescribe before diagnosing.
The Pitch's True Color.
Furthermore, the pitch often is just a front for the client's true motivations such as their need to identify the best, to compare, to gain inspiration, to stall, or to shop around for a better price. All of these motivations have one thing in common and that stems from the client's lack of value in our expertise. It is, therefore, our responsibility as creatives to correct this which brings us to the next point.
Expert Positioning.
The key to escaping the pitch lies in our ability to position ourselves as experts. The three steps to positioning are:
1. Choose a focus.
2. Articulate that focus via a consistent claim of expertise.
3. Work to add the missing skills, capabilities and processes necessary to support our new claim.
The benefits of the expert positioning extend beyond the free passes that allow you to dodge the pitch. It brings forward a sales advantage and a price premium, both of which allow for us to guarantee clients satisfaction as well as the opportunity to reinvest in ourselves thereby further strengthening our expertise.
Thought Leadership.
Intellectual influence and innovative or pioneering thinking.
Where we once relied on proposals to communicate our expertise, we now seek conversation and collaboration. This only becomes apparent when we begin to recognize our true objective in sales; that it's not to sell but to determine if we have the right products or services that the clients need. In other words, our objective is to determine the best fit. Such endeavors can only be achieved through conversations.
Presenting is a tool of swaying while conversing is a tool of weighing.
After having achieved verbal understandings, do we move onto documenting our agreements in a contract to set the expectations straight. Aside from verbal communication, we cannot stress the importance of written communication enough. Experts write. The writing serves two purposes: as proof to prospective clients our expertise in a given field or domain but also to further strengthen our expertise in that given field or domain.
Why Writing Is Important.
Overlooking the impact of great writing can cause a huge difference in your productivity, brand profitability, and general business practises.
Discussing Finances.
Discussing finances can sometimes feel like a taboo subject. However, it is absolutely necessary, especially in the early stages of the conversation. It is one of the key indicators of business and client fit. This, however, is not to be mistaken that money is the only thing that matters. Yet, to continue brushing the subject of money under the rug is irresponsible.
It's important to be realistic and this means allowing the clients to be honest, to say 'No' early when necessary, and to have the courage to walk away. There is nobility in walking away. When we walk away, it means we are allowing for the clients to look instead to another business that can better serve them.
In Conclusion.
We know how bold all of this sounds and we warned you it's going to be like a revolution. However, we feel that the light at the end of the tunnel is worth the endeavor. While we believe in this path, we also acknowledge that it's a difficult one that only comes with time and hard work.
At Mäd, while we still make exceptions, we are cautious to not lose sight of our ultimate goal: to be free from the pitch and to keep building our expertise.


text:
When the iPad was released earlier this month, reviewers were quick to tout its advantages for reading books, watching movies and browsing the Web. What they overlooked, though, was its potential to change the lives of people with autism.
For decades, the autistic have relied on bulky text-to-speech machines in schools and homes to help them communicate. Many of the devices had limited portability, and their cost -- anywhere from $5,000 to $10,000 -- placed them out of the reach of families without insurance.
But Samuel Sennott's software, Proloquo2Go, offers comparable features as those older machines on an iPad, iPhone or iPod Touch at a fraction of the cost. A Ph.D. student and specialist in Augmentative Alternative Communication at Pennsylvania State University, Sennott co-developed the app, which people can download from the iTunes store just like thousands of other programs.
The program converts symbols and text into speech, which it then reads aloud on an iPad's speakers. Choosing from about 8,000 symbols, people with autism, Lou Gehrig's disease, Down syndrome, cerebral palsy and others with trouble communicating can tap out a sentence and give their thoughts a voice.
Today on the Conversation, we talked with Sennott about his software and the difference it's making in people's lives. It's a Conversation about a new way to converse, and we hope you'll check it out.


the manual, either.)
Anyway, you are learning. And that's good. You should be learning a LOT from your queries and the information provided in response to them here on sometimes things are NOT just technically black and white. Like hero, automated turbine control systems. They aren't what they are made out to be by salespeople and what owners and managers want them to be. Or, what they want them to be when they realize what they actually are.
Someone wrote to tell me I should have explained the "high-high" references.
Many control systems or control system providers/packagers refer to an alarm setting value as a "high" condition (when it exceeds some value in the increasing direction), or a "low" condition when the condition drops below an alarm setting value (drops below the alarm value in a decreasing direction).
And, if the condition results in a further alarm, or a trip, then the next alarm setting is referred to as a "high-high" alarm, or a "low-low" alarm.
For example, when the bearing L.O. temperature for a GE-design heavy duty gas turbine exceeds approximately 165 deg F (approximately 74 deg C) an alarm "L.O. Temperature High" is annunciated. If the bearing L.O. temperature is allowed to continue increasing and exceeds 175 deg F (approximately 79 deg C) the unit is tripped and another alarm, "L.O. Temperature High - Trip", is annunciated. The first alarm setpoint is called the "high" value, and the second alarm (trip in this example) is called the "high-high" value.
Hope this helps!


text:
Evaluating Food Assistance Programs in an Era of Welfare Reform: Summary of a Workshop
||January 1, 1999
Note: Proceedings contain the opinion of the presenters, but do NOT reflect the conclusions of the Health and Medicine Division or the National Academies. Learn more about the differences between Reports and Proceedings.
In collaboration with the Board on Children, Youth, and Families of the NRC and the Institute of Medicine (IOM), and with the Food and Nutrition Board of the IOM, CNSTAT convened a one-and-a-half-day workshop on February 12-13, 1998, to discuss evaluation of food assistance programs in an era of welfare reform.
The workshop had five main goals:
- to provide overviews of research conducted for policy analysis of food assistance programs,
- to review the state of the art in program evaluation methods,
- to review data sources relevant to the needed policy analysis and research,
- to identify innovative directions for research, and
- to identify issues for further study through commissioned research or an NRC panel.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


data ByteString
bytestring Data.ByteString, bytestring Data.ByteString.Char8, bytestring Data.ByteString.Lazy, bytestring Data.ByteString.Lazy.Char8
A space-efficient representation of a Word8 vector, supporting many efficient operations. A ByteString contains 8-bit characters only. Instances of Eq, Ord, Read, Show, Data, Typeable
module Data.ByteString
bytestring Data.ByteString
A time and space-efficient implementation of byte vectors using packed Word8 arrays, suitable for high performance use, both in terms of large data quantities, or high speed requirements. Byte vectors are encoded as strict Word8 arrays of bytes, held in a ForeignPtr, and can be passed between C and Haskell with little effort. This module is intended to be imported qualified, to avoid name clashes with Prelude functions. eg. > import qualified Data.ByteString as B Original GHC implementation by Bryan O'Sullivan. Rewritten to use UArray by Simon Marlow. Rewritten to support slices and use ForeignPtr by David Roundy. Rewritten again and extended by Don Stewart and Duncan Coutts.
module Network.Socket.ByteString
network Network.Socket.ByteString
This module provides access to the BSD socket interface. This module is generally more efficient than the String based network functions in Socket. For detailed documentation, consult your favorite POSIX socket reference. All functions communicate failures by converting the error number to IOError. This module is made to be imported with Socket like so: > import Network.Socket hiding (send, sendTo, recv, recvFrom) > import Network.Socket.ByteString
module System.Posix.ByteString
unix System.Posix.ByteString
POSIX support with ByteString file paths and environment strings. This module exports exactly the same API as System.Posix, except that all file paths and environment strings are represented by ByteString instead of String. The System.Posix API implicitly translates all file paths and environment strings using the locale encoding, whereas this version of the API does no encoding or decoding and works directly in terms of raw bytes. Note that if you do need to interpret file paths or environment strings as text, then some Unicode encoding or decoding should be applied first.
module System.Posix.Directory.ByteString
unix System.Posix.Directory.ByteString
String-based POSIX directory support
module System.Posix.DynamicLinker.ByteString
unix System.Posix.DynamicLinker.ByteString
Dynamic linker support through dlopen()
module System.Posix.DynamicLinker.Module.ByteString
unix System.Posix.DynamicLinker.Module.ByteString
DLOpen support, old API Derived from GModule.chs by M.Weber & M.Chakravarty which is part of c2hs I left the API more or less the same, mostly the flags are different.
module System.Posix.Env.ByteString
unix System.Posix.Env.ByteString
POSIX environment support
module System.Posix.Files.ByteString
unix System.Posix.Files.ByteString
Functions defined by the POSIX standards for manipulating and querying the file system. Names of underlying POSIX functions are indicated whenever possible. A more complete documentation of the POSIX functions together with a more detailed description of different error conditions are usually available in the system's manual pages or from (free registration required). When a function that calls an underlying POSIX function fails, the errno code is converted to an IOError using errnoToIOError. For a list of which errno codes may be generated, consult the POSIX documentation for the underlying function.
module System.Posix.IO.ByteString
unix System.Posix.IO.ByteString
POSIX IO support. These types and functions correspond to the unix functions open(2), close(2), etc. For more portable functions which are more like fopen(3) and friends from stdio.h, see System.IO.
module System.Posix.Process.ByteString
unix System.Posix.Process.ByteString
POSIX process support. See also the System.Cmd and System.Process modules in the process package.
module System.Posix.Temp.ByteString
unix System.Posix.Temp.ByteString
POSIX temporary file and directory creation functions.
module System.Posix.Terminal.ByteString
unix System.Posix.Terminal.ByteString
POSIX Terminal support
module Text.Parsec.ByteString
parsec Text.Parsec.ByteString
Make strict ByteStrings an instance of Stream with Char token type.
module Text.Regex.Posix.ByteString
regex-posix Text.Regex.Posix.ByteString
This provides ByteString instances for RegexMaker and RegexLike based on Text.Regex.Posix.Wrap, and a (RegexContext Regex ByteString ByteString) instance. To use these instance, you would normally import Text.Regex.Posix. You only need to import this module to use the medium level API of the compile, regexec, and execute functions. All of these report error by returning Left values instead of undefined or error or fail. The ByteString will only be passed to the library efficiently (as a pointer) if it ends in a NUL byte. Otherwise a temporary copy must be made with the 0 byte appended.
byteString :: ByteString -> Builder
bytestring Data.ByteString.Builder
Create a Builder denoting the same sequence of bytes as a strict ByteString. The Builder inserts large ByteStrings directly, but copies small ones to ensure that the generated chunks are large on average.
package bytestring
An efficient compact, immutable byte string type (both strict and lazy) suitable for binary or 8-bit character data. The ByteString type represents sequences of bytes or 8-bit characters. It is suitable for high performance use, both in terms of large data quantities, or high speed requirements. The ByteString functions follow the same style as Haskell's ordinary lists, so it is easy to convert code from using String to ByteString. Two ByteString variants are provided: * Strict ByteStrings keep the string as a single large array. This makes them convenient for passing data between C and Haskell. * Lazy ByteStrings use a lazy list of strict chunks which makes it suitable for I/O streaming tasks. The Char8 modules provide a character-based view of the same underlying ByteString types. This makes it convenient to handle mixed binary and 8-bit character content (which is common in many file formats and network protocols). The Builder module provides an efficient way to build up ByteStrings in an ad-hoc way by repeated concatenation. This is ideal for fast serialisation or pretty printing. There is also a ShortByteString type which has a lower memory overhead and can can be converted to or from a ByteString, but supports very few other operations. It is suitable for keeping many short strings in memory. ByteStrings are not designed for Unicode. For Unicode strings you should use the Text type from the text package. These modules are intended to be imported qualified, to avoid name clashes with Prelude functions, e.g. > import qualified Data.ByteString as BS Version
package bytestring-builder
package bytestring-class
In theory, this allows the design of more data-agnostic APIs. Version 0.0.0
package bytestring-csv
Parse CSV formatted data efficiently Version 0.1.2
package bytestring-delta
Compute a patch between two ByteStrings which can later be applied to the first to produce the second. This can be used to save bandwidth and disk space when many strings differing by a small number of bytes need to be transmitted or stored. The underlying implementation is written in C, and can also be found at Currently, a patch does not save any space when two strings differ by more than 1000 bytes. This arbitrary limit serves to keep applications from spiking in memory and CPU usage, as the algorithm uses quadratic space and time with respect to the length of the patch. A better algorithm may be introduced in a future version of bytestring-delta. Version
package bytestring-handle
package bytestring-lexing
Parse and produce literals efficiently from strict or lazy bytestrings. Some benchmarks for this package can be found at: Version 0.4.3
package bytestring-mmap
This library provides a wrapper to mmap(2), allowing files or devices to be lazily loaded into memory as strict or lazy ByteStrings, using the virtual memory subsystem to do on-demand loading. Version 0.2.2
package bytestring-nums
Parse numeric literals from ByteStrings. Version 0.3.6
package bytestring-plain
More compact representation for strict ByteStrings avoiding the overhead and indirection caused by ForeignPtr. This representation is useful to reduce the incurred memory overhead when operating with many small, long-lived, distinct byte strings (such as keys for containers). See documentation in Data.ByteString.Plain for more details about this representation. As an alternative, recent 'bytestring' versions provide Data.ByteString.Short which has a similiar overhead but uses unpinned memory instead (and thus requires an additional string data copy in contrast to Data.ByteString.Plain which allows to share the string data with the associated Data.ByteString value). Version
package bytestring-progress
package bytestring-rematch
package bytestring-show
Efficient conversion of values into readable byte strings. Version
package bytestring-trie
An efficient finite map from (byte)strings to values. The implementation is based on big-endian patricia trees, like Data.IntMap. We first trie on the elements of Data.ByteString and then trie on the big-endian bit representation of those elements. Patricia trees have efficient algorithms for union and other merging operations, but they're also quick for lookups and insertions. If you are only interested in being able to associate strings to values, then you may prefer the hashmap package which is faster for those only needing a map-like structure. This package is intended for those who need the extra capabilities that a trie-like structure can offer (e.g., structure sharing to reduce memory costs for highly redundant keys, taking the submap of all keys with a given prefix, contextual mapping, extracting the minimum and maximum keys, etc.) Version


text:
Search for specific information by program or topic on our Alphabetical Index.
Our mission is to educate all Californians about the importance of water quality so that they will support our efforts and understand their role in protecting our state's rivers, lakes, streams and coastal waters.
Through this program, the State Water Board has developed a new educational curriculum and outreach tools and materials (see Erase the Waste) to inform the public and its varied stakeholders about the Board and its mission and to involve them in water quality decisions and pollution prevention efforts. The goal is emphasized in the Board's Strategic Plan.
Our Education Program promotes existing water education resources to benefit our varied stakeholder groups.
- Business & Industry Outreach
- Environmental Justice
- Municipal Outreach
- School Outreach
- Tribal Outreach
- Videos - Produced by different organizations on specific water quality related subjects.
Contact the Education and Public Outreach Manager at _PHONE_ or _EMAIL_, for further information.


text:
Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations
8-4 - NOTIFICATION OF EMERGENCIES
Various terms (i.e., alert, case, suspect, preliminary, etc.) have been used in describing the status of a sample analysis or the stage of an investigation. This has led to confusion and misinterpretation in the identification and management of emergency situations. The following terminology will be used to describe the status of a notification of an emergency:
Information without support. An alert should be made when the following type of information is received:
- Unconfirmed report of product related illness/injury or unanticipated adverse reaction;
- Unconfirmed report of the presence of a toxic (chemical, radioactive, or microbial) substance; or,
- A report of a man-made disaster (oil spill, radiological accident) or a natural disaster (hurricane, flood, tornado).
- Confirmation of declaration of pandemic influenza (WHO) Phases 4, 5, and 6; US Government Response Stages 2, 3, 4, and 5.
Information (analytical, inspectional, investigational, etc.) strongly suggests that a problem exists. Presumptive may be used to describe situations which include the following:
- Epidemiological data has provided a significant association between the illness, injury, or unanticipated adverse reactions and the product;
- An original analysis by a reliable laboratory has revealed a significant level of a toxic chemical, radioactive material, or microbial substance in a regulated product, but confirmation is not complete;
- An oil spill has drifted into fishing areas;
- A radiological incident has occurred and radioactive material has been released, but the extent is unknown; or,
- Floods have caused property damage in an area where regulated products are being held.
- Confirmation of widespread outbreak in multiple locations overseas (WHO Phase 6; US Government Response Stage 3).
A problem has been confirmed through laboratory analyses, field investigations, analysis of epidemiological data or a combination of these. Information received from another governmental agency or other source known to be reliable may be accepted for confirmation purposes. The first human case of pandemic influenza in U.S. is confirmed (WHO Phase 6; US Government Response Stage 4).
When it is not possible to obtain information confirming that an emergency situation exists, emergency investigations may be terminated at the Alert or the Presumptive stages. However, in all cases, the EOC will attempt to identify the source and scope of the problem, given the hazard involved. The depth and extent of FDA activities, at the confirmation of an emergency situation, is based on factors such as:
- interstate distribution of involved product, and/or,
- other Federal, state, or local government efforts to control the problem.
When other Federal, state, or local agencies can more effectively deal with a problem, FDA will terminate its emergency investigation, at which time ad hoc emergency teams or units established under this procedure may be phased out by EOC. EOC contact should be maintained with the investigating agency until a conclusion is reached. Following completion of an FDA emergency investigation, ad hoc emergency teams or units established under this procedure may be phased out after consultation with the EOC.


text:
Map the public health training courses and programs offered in Latin America, and identify regional training strategies and competencies developed in health workers.
An internet search was conducted to identify public health training courses and programs offered by Latin American institutions. The following data were collected: name, country, and province/state of the training institution; course name; type of institution; educational level; modality; accreditation; year first offered; periodicity; and contact information. The programs and curricula on offer were analyzed by training level using descriptive content analysis, and the main competencies developed were identified.
The mapping identified 2 296 public health training opportunities in all Latin American subregions, distributed across 29 of the Region's 33 countries; these were fairly heterogeneous, both conceptually and programmatically, with uneven geographical distribution within and between countries. In the analysis of curricula and programmatic contents, a need for greater linkage with essential public health functions was detected.
It is necessary to adapt the competencies and skills developed by the courses and programs to the demands of users of the regional health services, programs, and systems in order to achieve programs aimed at tackling the socio-environmental determinants of health and the production and reproduction of inequalities.


text:
Fragment caching is used for caching various blocks within templates without caching the entire action as a whole. This is useful when certain elements of an action change frequently or depend on complicated state while other parts rarely change or can be shared amongst multiple parties. The caching is doing using the cache helper available in the Action View. A template with caching might look something like:
Hello <%= _USER_ %> <% cache do %> All the topics in the system: <%= render_collection_of_partials "topic", Topic.find_all %> <% end %>
This cache will bind to the name of action that called it. So you would be able to invalidate it using expire_fragment(:controller => "topics", :action => "list") — if that was the controller/action used. This is not too helpful if you need to cache multiple fragments per action or if the action itself is cached using caches_action. So instead we should qualify the name of the action used with something like:
<% cache(:action => "list", :action_suffix => "all_topics") do %>
That would result in a name such as "/topics/list/all_topics", which wouldn't conflict with any action cache and neither with another fragment using a different suffix. Note that the URL doesn't have to really exist or be callable. We're just using the url_for system to generate unique cache names that we can refer to later for expirations. The expiration call for this example would be expire_fragment(:controller => "topics", :action => "list", :action_suffix => "all_topics").
In order to use the fragment caching, you need to designate where the caches should be stored. This is done by assigning a fragment store of which there are four different kinds:
- FileStore: Keeps the fragments on disk in the cache_path, which works well for all types of environments and shares the fragments for all the web server processes running off the same application directory.
- MemoryStore: Keeps the fragments in memory, which is fine for WEBrick and for FCGI (if you don't care that each FCGI process holds its own fragment store). It's not suitable for CGI as the process is thrown away at the end of each request. It can potentially also take up a lot of memory since each process keeps all the caches in memory.
- DRbStore: Keeps the fragments in the memory of a separate, shared DRb process. This works for all environments and only keeps one cache around for all processes, but requires that you run and manage a separate DRb process.
- MemCacheStore: Works like DRbStore, but uses Danga's MemCache instead. Requires the ruby-memcache library: gem install ruby-memcache.
Configuration examples (MemoryStore is the default):
ActionController::Base.fragment_cache_store = :memory_store ActionController::Base.fragment_cache_store = :file_store, "/path/to/cache/directory" ActionController::Base.fragment_cache_store = :drb_store, "druby://localhost:9192" ActionController::Base.fragment_cache_store = :mem_cache_store, "localhost" ActionController::Base.fragment_cache_store = MyOwnStore.new("parameter")
One of the common ways of using fragment caching is to cache content that's shared across the site (eg. left navigation, menus, widgets etc.) that looks and works the same regardless of the name of the action or controller calling it. In such cases it's very easy to just use named fragment caching eg.:
<% cache('left_nav') do -%> <%= display_left_nav -%> <% end -%>


text:
New Zealand grasshoppers belong to the subfamily Catantopinae. A number of species are present including the common small Phaulacridium of the more coastal areas, the larger species of Sigaus of the tussock lands, and the alpine genera Paprides and Brachaspis, which include some quite large species. These inhabit the alpine areas of the South Island, some preferring scree and others tussock areas. They apparently survive the rigorous alpine winter conditions both as nymphs and as adults, and it is possible that they can withstand complete freezing. All species are plant feeders and lay batches of eggs or pods in short holes in the ground which they excavate with their abdomen. After hatching, the young nymphs moult four or five times before becoming adult.
by Graeme William Ramsay, M.SC., PH.D., Entomology Division, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Nelson.


text:
Start by taking a look at and downloading our online Installation Manual: installation manual for residential garage doors.
Here are some common situations you might encounter:
- The door is very heavy and only goes halfway up The torsion spring(s) were installed backwards. Reverse the position of the tube and spring(s). Review Step 5 in the manual.
- The door opens very fast but is difficult to lower. The spring(s) are wound too tight. Adjust the tension. Review Steps 5 or 5.1, depending on the spring type.
- The door closes quickly but is heavy to raise. The spring(s) are not wound tight enough. Adjust the tension. Review Steps 5 or 5.1, depending on the spring type.
- The door works well, but goes back up when it's 2 to 3 inches from the threshold of the door. The spring(s) are a little too tight Adjust the tension. Review Steps 5 or 5.1, depending on the spring type.
- The door doesn't close squarely on the floor. The floor isn't level compared to the vertical tracks. If it is a problem with the floor, the threshold must be corrected to be level.
- The door is difficult to open at the beginning of its cycle. The exterior frame weatherstripping is too tight. Loosen it and move it a bit away from the door (the base of the weatherstripping should be about ½" from the door).
- The door is difficult to open at the end of its cycle. The horizontal tracks are not perpendicular to the axis of the door. To check, use a tape measure and Figure 17 in the manual.
- The top section doesn't close completely. Adjust the position of the upper support (see Figure 16 in the manual).
If you encounter any other problems, please contact us.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Possible Duplicate:
How would one go about proving that the rationals are not the countable intersection of open sets?
Constructing a number not in $\bigcup\limits_{k=1}^{\infty} (q_k-\frac{\epsilon}{2^k},q_k+\frac{\epsilon}{2^k})$
When I was considering a comment on Conditions for integrability, I began to think of a few facts on Lebesgue measure. I often used to have to reconvince myself that the measure of the rationals was zero, and I thought about this in particular.
A standard way of showing that the measure of $\mathbb{Q} \cap [0,1]$ is $0$ is to come up with your favorite enumeration of the rationals in $[0,1]$, and then put an $\epsilon$-ball around the first, an $\frac{\epsilon}{2}$-ball around the second, an $\frac{\epsilon}{2^2}$-ball around the third, and so on, so that the overall length is bounded by (in this case) $4 \epsilon$. One might go on to show that the measure of $\mathbb{Q}$ is $0$ by showing that a countable union of null sets is null, by doing an analogous argument with $\epsilon$ covers.
Suppose for a moment that we look at the $\epsilon = 1/8$ covering, so that at most $1/2$ of $[0,1]$ is covered. Suppose we also that our enumeration of the rationals is the standard one of Cantor, i.e.
It might be easier if we don't remove duplicates (still a proof of denumerability) so that we know the general $n^\text{th}$ number easier.
Then my question is: can we explicitly find an irrational not covered by one of the $\epsilon$-balls? Perhaps it's deceptively easy. Can we find many?
Now, I'm not really set of the $\epsilon = 1/8$ case, nor on this particular enumeration. It's the spirit that counts, if you'll pardon the pun.
share|improve this question
marked as duplicate by Andres Caicedo, mixedmath, Martin Sleziak, Asaf Karagila, t.b. May 30 '12 at 7:22
This question (math.stackexchange.com/questions/61100/…) is related if not the same. – user17762 May 30 '12 at 1:10
Note that the irrational would be very much dependent on the enumeration chosen. Also if you need to convince yourself that $\mathbb Q$ is of measure zero, think about is as a countable union of disjoint singletons. – Asaf Karagila May 30 '12 at 6:34
_USER_: Yes, indeed - it is the same. Goodbye question! – mixedmath May 30 '12 at 6:48
What... I don't have universal closing powers on my own questions? – mixedmath May 30 '12 at 6:52
Ha. I even contributed to the earlier question, and completely forgot about it. Well, they say memory is the second thing to go. I can't remember what the first thing is. – Gerry Myerson May 30 '12 at 9:51
1 Answer 1
up vote 5 down vote accepted
The irrational number $\phi=(\sqrt5-1)/2$ has the property that $$|\phi-(p/q)|\gt1/(3q^2)$$ for all integers $p,q$ so you can certainly choose your enumeration and your epsilons in such a way as to avoid covering it.
share|improve this answer


text:
Word problem on Percentage
In a room with 35 men, 80 percent of the occupants are women. How many women are in the room?
Answer STEP 1:
The percentage of women present in the room is given as 80. So, in a room with only women and men, the percentage of men present will be 100 – 80 = 20.STEP 2:
Since we are given the number of men in the room, we find that it is easy find the number of women, if we know the total number of occupants in the room. Let's assign any variable say x
for the total number of people. Now, let us determine x
Percentage of men × total occupants = Number of menSTEP 3:
The total number of occupants in the room is 175, and the number of men is 35. Subtract 35 from 175 to get the number of women in the room.


Opting Out of the 'Rug Rat Race'
American children, especially those who grow up in relative comfort, are, more than ever, shielded from failure as they grow up. They certainly work hard; they often experience a great deal of pressure and stress; but in reality, their path through the education system is easier and smoother than it was for any previous generation. Many of them are able to graduate from college without facing any significant challenges. But if this new research is right, their schools, their families, and their culture may all be doing them a disservice by not giving them more opportunities to struggle. Overcoming adversity is what produces character. And character, even more than IQ, is what leads to real and lasting success. —Opting Out of the 'Rug Rat Race'


text:
If you are caring
for an elderly loved-one, consider keeping their
refrigerator well stocked to keep them healthy. Sounds
strange? Well a newly published research letter in the
August 12, 2000 issue of The Lancet suggests this claim
According to the
report, "Elderly people with empty refrigerators are
more likely to be readmitted to the hospital after
assessment compared with patients with adequate
refrigerator content." Researchers from Geneva
University Hospital in Switzerland conducted the study.
A total of 132 elderly patients (aged 65 and older)
recently discharged from the hospital for various
aliments were studied. All received routine medical
visits in their homes at least once a month after their
release from the hospital. During the visits, medical
researchers did a thorough assessment of their
refrigerator content; classifying it as adequate,
inadequate or empty.
of adequate meant the seniors contained the appropriate
amounts of different food products to maintain proper
nutrition. An inadequate measure was based on
refrigerators containing rotten foods or outdated foods.
An empty classification proposed there were less than
three different food products in the fridge.
collected included variables such as body mass index,
biological markers and nutrition. In addition, social
data was collected and proved to be a valuable measure.
According to a report on Aging-Related Statistics
published in 2000 by the Federal Interagency Forum,
seniors who are socially active are more likely to have
better physical and mental health.
evaluated for at least three months, and the numbers and
exact dates of hospital admission were calculated within
the figure. The study recorded that of the 132
refrigerators assessed, 119 or 90% were classified as
having adequate or inadequate food content and 13 or 10%
were considered empty. The patients with an empty
refrigerator, compared to patients with a full
refrigerator, did not differ in age, gender, body mass
index, or socially.
According to the
findings, four or 31% of the patients with empty
refrigerators were admitted back into the hospital four
weeks following the conclusion of the assessments. Only
10 or 8% of those patients with a full fridge had to be
readmitted into the hospital.
concludes that the adjusted risk of being admitted was
increased threefold with an empty refrigerator.
suggests that future studies need to be completed in
other settings to help determine the impact on one's
health from an empty refrigerator. However, caregivers
may want to take notice of food content in their
loved-one's home. The report does not give direction as
to which food products should be kept stocked up, just
that the food product should not be spoiled or outdated.
The Food and Drug Administration's food pyramid is
normally recommended for an adequate source of nutrition
for most people, except those on special diets.
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All Fresh Water Fish
American pickerel
New Fish Tank Tips: Get the biggest tank you can afford. A larger aquarium generally means that your aquarium water parameters will be more stable. A bigger tank gives you some room for error, like when a fish dies and you don't notice it right away. Or, for instance, when your heater breaks and the stores are closed. The water temperature should be more stable in a bigger tank.
Contents of this page belong to
The American pickerels are two subspecies of Esox americanus, a species of freshwater fish in the pike family (family Esocidae) of order Esociformes: the redfin pickerel, E. americanus americanus Gmelin, 1789, and the grass pickerel, E. americanus vermiculatus Lesueur, 1846.
The two subspecies are very similar, but the grass pickerel lacks the redfin's distinctive orange to red fin coloration, its fins having dark leading edges and amber to dusky coloration. In addition, the light areas between the dark bands are generally wider than the bands on the body grass pickerel and narrower on the redfin pickerel. These pickerels grow to a maximum overall length of 40 cm (16 in) and a maximum weight of 2.25 pounds
The redfin and grass pickerels occur primarily in sluggish, vegetated waters of pools, lakes, and swamps, and are carnivorous, feeding on smaller fish. Larger fishes, such as the striped bass (Morone saxatilis), bowfin (Amia calva), and gray weakfish (Cynoscion regalis), in turn, prey on the pickerels when they venture into larger rivers or estuaries.
These fishes reproduce by scattering spherical, sticky eggs in shallow, heavily-vegetated waters. The eggs hatch in 11–15 days; the adults guard neither the eggs nor the young.
The E. americanus subspecies are not as highly prized as a game fish as their larger cousins, the northern pike and muskellunge, but they are caught by anglers. McClane's Standard Fishing Encyclopedia describes ultralight tackle as a sporty if overlooked method to catch these small but voracious pikes.
Lesueur originally classified the grass pickerel as E. vermiculatus, but it is now considered a subspecies of E. americanus.
E. americanus americanus is sometimes called the brook pickerel. There is no widely-accepted English common collective name for the two E. americanus subspecies; "American pickerel" is a translation of the systematic name and the French brochet d'Amérique.


text:
primary property of cognitive workload. It refers to a measurement's ability to detect different degrees of workload imposed by the task or system. The degree of sensitivity required is directly associated with the question to be answered by the workload technique. Two basic questions asked with regards to workload are: (1) is an overload occurring which demonstrates a degradation in operator performance, and (2) is there a potential for such an overload to exist.
Diagnosticity refers to the ability to discriminate differences in specific resource expenditures, as related to the multiple resources model. For example, a secondary tracking task may demonstrate there is an overload for motor output when an operator is performing a typing task.
Global sensitivity refers to a measurement's capability to detect changes in workload without clearly defining why the change is occurring in workload. A globally sensitive measure cannot discriminate differences in specific resource expenditures.
Intrusiveness is a measurement's ability to interfere with the primary task. An intrusive task may not affect performance (an operator who is not overloaded may compensate) but it may affect the workload measure (an operator may have felt more workload, heart rate may have increased, etc.). In an operational environment, this property is extremely important to control, otherwise, operator performance may decrease and operator workload may increase due to the chosen workload measurement technique and not to changes in the task.
Implementation requirements include any equipment, instruments, and software that are necessary to present the task. It also includes data collection procedures and any operator training that is necessary for proper use of the measurement.
Operator acceptance is important to ensure that a measurement will reflect accurate data. If an operator does not accept the measurement, the measurement could be ignored (e.g., the operator ignores the secondary task or randomly rates the task with a subjective measurement), the operator could perform at a substandard level, or operator workload could increase due to the measurement not due to the task.
Transferability is the ability of a measurement to be utilized in a variety of applications. Transferability is based on the specific measurement and task or system to be measured. For example, a tracking task (i.e. one where a specific user action is monitored) may be transferable, but only to a system that will be measured with a secondary task, which focuses on visual, spatial, and manual skills.
For the service representative embodiment of the present invention, the cognitive workload (mental workload) method 18 is chosen because of its ability to obtain a variety of information. However, any categorization method used would still be within the spirit and scope of the present invention. Cognitive workload has been described in several publications. Two examples are O'Donnell, R. D., and Eggemeier, F. T. (1986). Workload assessment methodology, and K. R. Boff, L. Kaufman, and J. Thomas (Eds.), Handbook of perception and human performance: Volume II. Cognitive processes and performance (pp. 42/1-42/49). New York: Wiley.
Different types of cognitive workload techniques are shown in
For subjective measures, users are required to judge and report the level of workload experienced during the performance of a specific task or system. These measures are usually based on rating scales. Theoretically, the operator can accurately report an increase in effort or capacity expenditure associated with subjective feelings. Some of the more researched subjective assessment techniques include the Modified Cooper-Harper, Subjective Workload Assessment Technique (SWAT), NASA-Task. Load Index (NASA-TLX), and Subjective Workload Dominance (SWORD).
A reason for using subjective measures is that they typically are highly sensitive to detecting overloads. They tend to be globally sensitive and are not intrusive since they are performed after the task is completed. In addition, the implementation requirements are low (e.g., a pencil and paper, possibly some training on the measurement) and operator acceptance is usually high. However, subjective measures are not always diagnostic, especially in facilitating the redesign of a task or system. The few subjective techniques that have some diagnostic abilities are very generalized. Some subjective techniques also have problems with operator acceptance.
Physiological measures examine the physiological response to the task requirements. Typically, users who experience cognitive workload, display changes in a variety of physiological functions. Some of the physiological measurements of workload include heart rate, heart rate variability, sinus arrhythmia, EEGs, ERPs, and eye blink.
Physiological measures tend to be extremely sensitive, some are highly diagnostic, while others are globally sensitive. However, physiological measures are intrusive, have a high degree of implementation requirements (e.g., for an EEG, an EEG machine, an oscilloscope, and electrodes are needed), and are expected to have low operator acceptance in operational environments.
Performance-based measures are broken down into primary task measures and secondary task measures. Primary task measures evaluate aspects of the operator's ability to perform the intended task. Typically, all measures of cognitive workload should include the primary task performed by the operator. Primary tasks are only sensitive to overloads in workload, they are not typically sensitive to the potential for an overload to exist. Some primary tasks are globally sensitive. Since they are the primary task, they are not intrusive and have high operator acceptance. However, primary tasks are not diagnostic, and are generally not transferable. Their implementation requirements vary.
Secondary task measures are categorized as either a subsidiary task paradigm or a loading task paradigm. In the subsidiary task paradigm, secondary task measurements evaluate how much of one or more resources are being consumed by the primary task. Users put emphasis on primary task performance. Secondary tasks are added to the primary task to impose an additional load on the operator. Analyzing performance decrements on secondary tasks determines how much resources are consumed. Properly choosing secondary tasks determines which resources are consumed.
In the loading task paradigm, secondary task measurements determine when and how much the primary task deteriorates. Users put emphasis on secondary task performance while the degree of difficulty of the primary task is manipulated. Two or more primary tasks may also be compared for task deterioration with this paradigm.
Secondary tasks are extremely diagnostic and may be sensitive to potential overloads. However, if a secondary task is chosen which is not employing the same resources that the primary task is, employing the secondary task will not be sensitive to changes in workload and may not display expected overloads. It is usually recommended that a battery of secondary tasks be used and this can be time consuming. Secondary tasks are, by nature, intrusive, tend to have high implementation requirements (e.g., for a tracking task, a joystick, screen, and computer are needed), and are expected to have low operator acceptance in operational environments.
For the service representative embodiment, a subjective measure is chosen. As shown in
The NASA-TLX evolved from the NASA Bipolar scale. Similar to SWAT, the Bipolar scale was developed with the consideration that workload is multidimensional, thus, a measurement of workload should also be multidimensional. Developed after SWAT, the Bipolar was designed with nine scales because the Bipolar authors did not believe the scales in SWAT were sufficient. The Bipolar also recognizes that from task to task, the scales may vary in importance, and allows users to acknowledge these differences. In addition, this technique was developed to contain diagnostic scales, which could be rated based on subjective importance.
The NASA-TLX inherited properties from the Bipolar scale with the exception that the NASA-TLX has six scales to allow for an easier implementation. The scales represent task characteristics (mental demand, physical demand, and temporal demand), behavioral characteristics (performance and effort), and operator's individual characteristics (frustration). These scales and their corresponding definitions are shown in
TLX also added the ability to consider individual differences through the weighting of the workload scales. TLX involves a two-part procedure consisting of both ratings and weightings. After the operator completes the task, numerical ratings are obtained for each of the six scales. The operator is given both the rating scale definition sheet and a rating sheet. On the rating sheet, there are twenty intervals with endpoint anchors for each of the six scales. Users mark the desired location for each scale. A score from 5 to 100 is obtained on each scale by multiplying the rated value by five. Depending on the situation, rating sheets, verbal responses, or a computerized version are considered practical.
In the second part of TLX, users weigh the six scales. Paired comparison procedures are implemented for 15 comparisons, accounting for comparisons between all of the scales. Users choose the scale which most significantly created the level of workload experienced in performing a specific task. For each task and operator, each scale is tallied for the number of times it was chosen in the paired comparisons. Scales can have a tallied value between zero and five. Each new task requires users to rate and weigh the scales upon its completion.
The ratings of each scale are arranged in a raw ratings column. Adjusted ratings are calculated by multiplying the raw ratings by the corresponding tallied scale scores. The adjusted ratings for all six different scales are then summed. The total sum is divided by 15 (for the number of paired comparisons) to obtain the weighted workload score (ranging from 0 to 100) for the operator in that task condition. Analysis of the data can then be performed.
Due to the multidimensional properties of workload, some level of diagnosticity may be distinguished by using TLX. Generalized conclusions may be made based on operator strategies and on weightings and judgments of the six dimensions of mental demand, physical demand, temporal demand, performance, effort, and frustration.
TLX is not considered intrusive because it is performed after the task is completed. Implementation requirements are typically low; the definition sheet, rating sheet, and paired comparisons are needed for every operator and task. Some time may be required for users to practice with and familiarize themselves with the scales. Operator acceptance is


text:
Employer safety responsibilities apply to all work activities, including those carried out away from the usual office, depot, or workplace.
In situations where your employees or contractors are required to drive in the course of carrying out their work you are required to manage the risks.
To do this you will need to identify and control the risks associated with work-related vehicle travel as part of your safety management process.
In particular, there are three critical areas which employers should ensure are adequately addressed:
People who drive in the course of their work are:
- Licensed for the kind of vehicle they are required to drive
- Competent to drive to the conditions which they will be exposed to
- Fit to drive and aware of conditions (medical and otherwise) which may render them unfit to drive
- Aware of your procedure for managing concerns about driving tasks
- Trained in tasks associated with driving (e.g. lifting items out of the vehicle) and the use of specific vehicles and equipment
- Encouraged to report any problems with vehicles, equipment, journeys and related issues
Ensuring vehicles, trolleys, tool boxes, emergency kits and other equipment are:
- Fit for purpose and in good condition
- Assessed and serviced regularly to ensure they remain suitable
- The subject of risk assessments if the tasks for which they are used carry a risk of injury
Policies, procedures and instructions must reflect:
- Journey planning that considers the specific risks associated with the trip and provides ways to minimise these risks
- Management of fatigue
- Management of on the road emergencies
- Communication mechanisms for people working and travelling alone
With regard to Fatigue Management here are some interesting facts you may not know:
- The reaction time of a driver who has been awake for 17 – 19 hours is similar to that of a driver with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.05.
- Not sleeping for 20-25 hours will reduce a driver's reaction time to the equivalent reaction time of someone with a BAC of 0.10.
- Signs of fatigue include wandering thoughts, missing a gear or road sign, braking late, yawning, blinking more than usual and eyes closing for a moment or going out of focus.
Getting 8 hours of sleep a night will prevent fatigue. If you feel fatigued while driving, stop immediately. Swap drivers or take a break.
For further information about driver, fleet and general workplace safety management contact CCI's Safety and Risk Services today on 08 9365 7415 or _EMAIL_.
► Have a new manager in need of some safety training? Book them into CCI's Safety for Supervisors course today!


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Nutrition, Science
Exploding Milk Bottles! When Ice and Dairy collide…
Sub-zero temperatures can be hazardous. If frostbite, hypothermia and road accidents weren't bad enough; now our milk bottles are exploding!
In a previous post, Ruth wanted to know the answer to her milk bottle saga:
Sweet-tasting cream erupting from a bottle of milk!
"My milk was frozen this morning so that the cream erupted out of the bottle in a column. I see why that happened but why did this bit of cream taste really sweet?"
After promising to investigate and learning about the science behind a simple bottle of milk, it seems Ruth has discovered an ingenious way to get naturally sweet cream…
What happens when you freeze milk?
Milk is mostly water, so when it turns into ice (at about -0.5 degrees C) it expands as it freezes. So if the bottle is pretty full then an eruption is likely…
Water expands by about 10% when it freezes, which is why frozen pipes tend to burst!
Milk isn't just water though; it contains fats, proteins and sugar (lactose). If you've ever made an olive oil salad dressing, then you will know that fats (oil) and water don't like to mix. It is the same with the milk fats: They help to give milk its nice white colour and they are dissolved, but only just. If you freeze milk slowly, then as the water turns to ice the fats 'condense' out and rise to the top as cream.
Fat is suspended in milk as microscopic globules. When milk freezes slowly, the globules come together as cream
So why did Ruth's cream taste so sweet?
Why does frozen cream taste sweet?
Ruth's main question had me stumped: milk contains sugar (called lactose) but why would the cream taste particularly sweet? Well, I eventually found the answer in a 1935 research paper where researchers in Washington, USA devoted months of research to what finding out all the different things that happen to milk when you freeze it!
Those of you who have sugar in your tea will testify: sugar mixes and dissolves well in water with a bit of a stir. The sugar in milk (lactose) is a bit different, and doesn't dissolve in water as well.
Lactose (milk sugar): Looks like normal sugar but doesn't dissolve well
So, in the same way cream separates from milk when freezing, so does the sugar. The researchers found that cream from frozen milk had sucked up lots of lactose from the milk and so tasted sweet!
Is it safe to freeze milk?
If you forego the risks associated with potentially exploding milk bottles, drinking milk that has been frozen is perfectly safe. If you fancy stock-piling a few bottles of milk for a rainy day, then freezing is good way of stopping it going off. If you freeze it quickly, it is less likely to separate. But when it is defrosted, a good shake will mix the cream and the liquid back together again, giving you the perfect accompaniment to your morning Cheerios!
Another danger of milk delivered to your front door
Read More:
Advice on freezing milk from the Food Standards Agency
Guidance on storing and freezing breast milk
Read all about the Chemistry and Physics of Milk!
Web, BH and Hall, SA. (1935) Some Physical Effects of Freezing upon Milk and Cream. Journal of Dairy Science Volume 18, Issue 5, Pages 275-286
About Stuart Farrimond
5 thoughts on "Exploding Milk Bottles! When Ice and Dairy collide…
 1. Thanks Dr Stu,
 I was thinking is this a way to make lactose free milk for people who are lactose intolerant? Happy Christmas. Ruthie
 Posted by Ruth Behan | December 23, 2010, 12:09 pm
 - It could be… but it probably wouldn't get rid of all the lactose. You can buy lactose-free dairy milk. They get rid of the lactose by adding an enzyme to break it down into simple sugar. The enzyme they add is the same one that is missing in people who are lactose intollerant (lactase) – so it should have exactly the same nutritional benefits as normal milk (Apparently, it makes the milk taste a bit sweeter).
 Posted by Stuart Farrimond | December 29, 2010, 10:50 am
 2. Dr Stu，
 Could you please tell me if these's any sucrose and fructose in milk？Thanks a lot
 Posted by NanZhang | October 31, 2012, 9:16 am
 - Hi there – thanks for the question.
 In a word, no.
 The main sugar in milk is lactose. There are minute traces of other sugars (e.g. glucose). Fructose comes from plants (fruits and vegetables). Sucrose is present in fruit and vegetables, but is principally isolated from sugar cane and sugar beets.
 Lactose is actually a disaccharide – meaning it is made of two, more basic, sugars. When digested, it is broken down into glucose and galactose.
 Hope that answers your question!
 Posted by Stuart Farrimond | October 31, 2012, 6:53 pm
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text:
Definitions of bel
n. - The Babylonian name of the god known among the Hebrews as Baal. See Baal. 2
n. - A thorny rutaceous tree (Aegle marmelos) of India, and its aromatic, orange-like fruit; -- called also Bengal quince, golden apple, wood apple. The fruit is used medicinally, and the rind yields a perfume and a yellow dye. 2
The word "bel" uses 3 letters: B E L.
No direct anagrams for bel found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after bel (in bold), or to bel in any order:
a - able bale blae b - bleb d - bled i - bile l - bell o - bole lobe p - pleb s - bels t - belt blet u - blue lube w - blew
All words formed from bel by changing one letter
Browse words starting with bel by next letter


text:
Vanburen County Courthouse
Rochester was selected as the
first county seat in 1838, but the governor refused to approve the act.
Subsequently, a committee chose Keosauqua as the county seat and the governor
approved this choice. A two-story brick courthouse completed in 1843. It is
still in use today and is the oldest courthouse in Iowa. The framework is made
of oak, which was strengthened by installing truss rods through the building.
The style of architecture is Greek Revival. The solid brick walls are 22 inches
thick on the first flood and 18 inches thick on the second.
For many years, the
courtroom on the second floor was hailed as the largest auditorium unbroken by
columns or pillars in Iowa. The interior is decorated with framed pictures of
judges, old maps, and other historical memorabilia. Native walnut woodwork also
accents the inside.


_USER_{oai:kitami-it.repo.nii.ac.jp:00006152, author = {佐々木, 満雄 and 岡, 宏}, issue = {1}, journal = {北見工業大学研究報告}, month = {Mar}, note = {application/pdf, For the investigation of chemical proparties and structure of peat humic acid，we have compared natural humic acid with the humic acid treated with oxidizing reagents，by the aid of the infrared spectrophotometric analysis and chemical analysis. In this case，the oxidation of humic acid was carried out with H_2O_2, aq. and HNO_3 aq.. The results of the above researches were as follows. By oxidation with H_2O_2 and HN0_3 aq.，humic acid was not converted step by step to low molecular humic acid but the oxidized part of humic acid was converted to oxalic acid，CO_2 gas，and soluble organic substances in water.}, pages = {49--58}, title = {泥炭フミン酸に関する研究（第２報）}, volume = {1}, year = {1963} }


text:
The Experts Speak
A graduate of Harvard College and Cornell University, Andrew Biemiller retired in 2004 after 36 years of teaching at the Institute of Child Study, University of Toronto. He led the teacher education program at the Institute for 15 years. Much of his research has involved language and reading, including studying children's miscues as they learn to read, the development of reading speed, and the effects of reading practice. He is the co-author, along with Donald Meichenbaum, on the book Nurturing Independent Learners. For the past 12 years, Andrew has studied the development and acquisition of vocabulary. He recently published Words Worth Teaching (SRA/McGraw-Hill), a book of 1600 words needed by primary grade students and upper-elementary students.
Read the Transcript (pdf, 340KB)


text:
udes sinew backing covered by an oil-based or pitch-based waterproofing.
There is evidence poisoned arrows were used by the Kalapuya, Umpqua and Klamath. The Rev. R. W. Summers, First Episcopal Priest of Seattle (1871-73) and McMinnville (1873-81) collected examples of poisoned arrows and special quivers for poisoned arrows. His collections ended up in the British Museum.
"I drove this afternoon several miles into the region of the Umpquas, to find the witchcraft doctor, Santiago. The air was so balmy and the aged man so interesting that I gave the rest of the day to this expedition and shall always retain in my memory as a vivid picture in the Grand Ronde gallery. He had a beautiful ancient spoon of carved bone, a tiny white water-bucket, ornamented with diamonds of brown; a quiver of Klikitats, exactly of the style and material of a cowhanna (my note: this appears to be a leather bag of some kind), even to the fringes, in which, he said, poisoned arrows were safe, as the points could not work through. A strong band, over one arm and under the other, kept it on the warrior's back" (Cawley 1994: 41).
"Seven men and some squaws (sic) formed a circle in front of me tent this morning, bringing two yew-wood bows and some arrows.... The wood for these bows is sap-wood, and the back of the bow is the side nearest the bark. It is carefully scraped and is thinned so that no place shall be thicker or thinner than the rest, which would make it bend unevenly; and a bit of each end is made to turn back. Deer sinew is now split into fibers and these glued to the bow till its outer side is a good deal convex. The fibers are bent around the tips of the bow, making its strength and elasticity very great. Deer and elk bone are boiled to make this glue and pitch put with it... The duck-arrows are of reed tipped, with light-weight arrow wood, the reason being, as they tell me, so that, when they miss what they are aiming at, they may recover the arrow, floating on the surface of the lakes. The heavy, stone-pointed arrows are poisoned, with broad brown streaks of venom wound around several inches of the shaft. These are held as dangerous now as at first making.... On the plains the Indians make arrows of button-willow, buckeye and reeds; but their best ones, as well as their finest bows come from the mountain tribes, who have superior wood.... These Klamaths call their bows "N-tice" and their poisoned arrows "N-doc-tis"" (Cawley 1994: 60-61).
Indians used belly or a side quiver rather than Hollywood style back quiver in most cases. The Paiute used crossed stick bird stunning and expanding wood dum-dum arrows for rabbits. There were many fletching styles and methods. Once an animal was down, the hunter needed a separate knife for skinning, butchering, and to filet the animal. The arrow foreshaft was too small to use as a knife in most instances, but may have been used as a knife on small game and fish.


🤫 7 Secrets for ESL Learners - FREE download
photo Tara Benwell Listen to News with Tara Benwell - Instructions:
1. Preview the vocabulary and read the gapfill text.
3. Answer the comprehension questions by writing full sentences.
dateline: 18 May 2016
NB! For WEEKLY audio stories check out LISTEN & LEARN 🔈
Musicians Boycott North Carolina Over Bathroom Law
Pre-Listening Vocabulary
 - celebrity: a famous person
 - boycott: to refuse to attend, use, or buy as a form of protest
 - high-profile: well-known, powerful
 - controversial: causing a lot of debate
 - correspond: to match
 - LGBT: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender
 - violate: to not respect a rule, law, or space
 - NBA: National Basketball Association (US)
Celebrities Boycott North Carolina Over Bathroom Law
Several high-profile, including Bruce Springsteen, Demi Lovato, and Pearl Jam have canceled concerts in North Carolina recently to protest the state's controversial new bathroom. The new state law (HB2) bans individuals from using public that do not correspond to their birth gender. Some companies and organizations, including PayPal and the NBA, have also taken to show support for the LGBT community. Earlier this month, the US Department of Justice filed a suit against the state, saying that the bill violates.
Comprehension Questions
 1. What did Bruce Springsteen recently do and why?
 2. Why does the report mention PayPal?
 3. What did the US Department of Justice do?
Discussion Questions: Do you agree with singer Elton John who called North Carolina's bathroom bill "discriminatory" and "dangerous"? Why or why not?
show Answers
Written by Tara Benwell for EnglishClub
Teacher's Notes
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Korea: The 22-year-old male, housed in a South Korean zoo, places the end of his trunk in his mouth and, rather than coming out as a low rumble, the sound matches human speech in pitch and tone. Koshik an elephant has been chatting away in Korean since August 2004, when he was 14. Sometimes he speaks when prompted, other times without any encouragement, the journal Current Biology reports.
Researcher Angela Stoeger, an expert in elephant communication, said, "Human speech has two important aspects, pitch and timbre. Intriguingly, Koshik is capable of matching both. This is remarkable considering the anatomical differences between an elephant and a human."
Stoeger and her colleagues played recordings of Koshik's calls to native Korean speakers to see if they could understand what he was saying.
"We found a high agreement concerning the overall meaning, and even the Korean spelling of Koshik's imitations," Stoeger said.
It is thought that Koshik, an Asian elephant, learned to mimic human speech to bond with his trainers when he was kept alone for five years as a young animal. His five words spelt phonetically are 'annyong, anja, aniya, nuo and choah'. They mean: hello, sit down, no, lie down and good.
Despite Koshik's apparent ingenuity, scientists don't think that he actually means what he says.
Talking mammals
Californian researchers told of a white whale that liked to tell divers to get out of his pool. NoC, as he was called, was also fond of holding burbling 'conversations' with himself.
Latest newsfrom Lifestyle News Desk


How to Install a Chandelier & a Dimmer Switch
How to Install a Chandelier & a Dimmer Switch
Danny Lipford installing a Chandelier.
Replacing a dated light fixture with a beautiful ceiling medallion and chandelier is a great way to improve the look of a room. Adding a dimmer switch is a perfect way to control the level of lighting when entertaining.
Chandelier Size
There are several methods of determining the proper size of a chandelier:
 - Room Size: The length and width of the room added together in feet should equal the diameter of the chandelier in inches. Example: a 12′ by 12′ room should have a 24″ diameter chandelier (12 + 12 = 24″).
 - Table Size: In a dining room, the diameter of a chandelier should be at least half the width of the table. Example: a 42″ wide table should have a 21″ minimum diameter chandelier (42″ ÷ 2 = 21″). Another method is to make the diameter of the chandelier no larger than the width of the table minus 12″. Example: a 42″ wide table should have a maximum 30″ diameter chandelier (42″ – 12″ = 30″).
Chandelier Height
The height of the chandelier is based on the ceiling height and location:
 - Entry Hall: The lowest point of a chandelier should be a minimum of 6½' from the floor. If possible, or with higher ceilings, hang it 7′ from the floor.
 - Dining Table: The bottom of a chandelier should be at least 30″ above the dining table (59″-62″ from floor). For ceilings higher than 8′, add 3″ for each additional foot of ceiling height. Example: With a 10′ ceiling, the bottom of the chandelier should be approximately 36″ above the top of the table.
Hanging a Chandelier
 1. Start by determining the height of the chandelier.
 1. Next, cut the support chain to length, leaving the electrical wire about 6" longer.
 1. Turn the power to the light off at the circuit breaker box and remove the old ceiling fixture.
 1. Run the wires through the trim ring and ceiling medallion, then through the hollow threaded tube in the center of the ceiling box.
 1. Attach the wires to the house wiring using wire nuts.
 1. Push the medallion and trim ring up against the ceiling, screw on the lock nut, and attach the chain.
Installing a Dimmer Switch
 1. Select a dimmer switch that has a rated capacity high enough to handle the combined wattage of all the bulbs in the chandelier added together.
 1. Turn the power off to the fixture at the breaker.
 1. Remove the cover and existing switch.
 1. Attach the dimmer to the wires using wire nuts.
 1. Fit the wires back in the box, and screw the switch to it.
 1. Replace the cover and turn on the power
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the importance of social proof


text:
CHAPTER 9 - SUBMERGED ORIFICES
12. Orifice Check Structures
Occasionally, at a given site, the canal water surface level should be checked up to a specified elevation while simultaneously measuring the rate of flow. The combined checking and measuring functions can be provided by orifice check structures which are built into the canals as in-line structures (figure 9-7). One or more orifice openings of the necessary size are constructed in the lower portion of a wall that extends across the canal at the upstream end of the check-type structure. These orifices are used to measure the discharge. A second wall with one or more gated openings is constructed at the downstream end of the structure. This downstream control is used to check the canal water surface to the desired elevation. Two stilling wells are located outside of the structure. One is connected to a piezometer in the canal upstream from the orifice wall, and the other is connected to a piezometer in the basin between the upstream and downstream walls. In small orifice check structures, staff gages are used in place of piezometer and stilling wells. In either case, the differential head acting across the orifice can be determined, and with knowledge of the orifice dimensions and characteristics, the rate of flow can be determined.
The coefficients of discharge that should be used to compute the rate of flow are difficult to determine analytically because of different degrees of suppression at the bottom and sides and between the orifice openings. Computed discharge tables are ordinarily provided for each structure, but usually a statement is included that a field rating is necessary to ensure accurate results. In general, the recommended practice is that field ratings be made by current meter data and that discharge curves be prepared. For maximum potential accuracy, care must be exercised to prevent either excessively small gate openings or small differential head readings that cause large errors of precision of head or gate opening effects on discharge measurement.


text:
WP-MIRROR is a free utility for building mirrors of any desired set of Wikimedia Foundation wikis.
Which Wikis[edit | edit source]
WP-MIRROR can build mirrors of any desired set of these wikis.
Why Build a Mirror[edit | edit source]
The main use cases for a mirror are these:
- Development. If you are technically minded and need a mirror with which you may conduct experiments;
- Infrastructure. If you need redundancy, or need to serve pages locally to minimize telecommunications traffic;
- Offline browsing. If you need off-line access, perhaps for reasons of mobility, availability, and privacy; and
- Research. If you need a mirror as a tool to assist your research on the contents of any given wiki.
Key Features[edit | edit source]
WP-MIRROR builds a set of mirrors with the properties:
- Appearance. A wiki page rendered by a mirror looks very similar to the same page rendered by the WMF servers;
- Behavior. A wiki page rendered by a mirror behaves almost the same (e.g. edit, search, user account creation, beta features); and
- Completeness. Builds a complete mirror with original size images.
WP-MIRROR is easy:
- Easy to install. Available as a DEB package, and is available from a Debian package repository;
- Easy to configure. The user may select any desired set of wikis by editing just one line in a configuration file;
- Easy to use. Sets up virtual hosts such as _URL_ _URL_ and _URL_ one for each wiki in the set, which the user may access with a web browser; and
- Robust. Stable even in the face of: corrupt dump files, corrupt media files, incomplete downloads, Internet access interruptions, and low disk space; and uses check-pointing to resume after process interruption.
WP-MIRROR automatically configures other software:
- Apache2. Enables the URL rewrite module, and enables virtual hosts;
- Cron. Sets up a cron job that updates the mirrors weekly;
- MediaWiki. Configures MediaWiki 1.24 and several dozen extensions; and
- MySQL. Configures MySQL to achieve an order-of-magnitude improvement in database performance.
WP-MIRROR is free:
- Free software. Software is released under the GNU General Public License (GPLv3); and
- Free documentation. Documentation is released under the GNU Free Documentation License, version 1.3.
Out-of-the-box Experience[edit | edit source]
WP-MIRROR by default, builds the following set of mirrors:
where Simple English means shorter sentences, and Wikidata is a centralized collection of facts usable by all other wikis (e.g. to populate infoboxes).
The default works out-of-the-box with no user configuration. It should build in 200ks (two days), occupy 150G of disk space, be served locally by virtual hosts: _URL_ _URL_ and _URL_ and update automatically every week.
The default should be suitable for anyone who learned English as a second language (ESL).
Largest Wikis[edit | edit source]
The largest wikis (with over a million articles each) are: en, sv, de, nl, fr, war, ru, it, ceb, es, vi, and pl. Because WP-MIRROR uses original size media files, the largest wikis are too large to fit on a laptop with a single 500G disk, unless the user does not need the images (and this is configurable). The en wikipedia is the most demanding case. It should build in 1Ms (twelve days), occupy 3T of disk space, be served locally by virtual host _URL_ and update automatically every month.
Platforms[edit | edit source]
WP-MIRROR 0.7.4 is known to install out-of-the-box on the following platforms:
- Debian 7.4 (wheezy) with backports. Tested both on a host, and on a virtual machine.
- Ubuntu 14.04 (trusty). Tested on a virtual machine.
Contact[edit | edit source]
Author is reachable by e-mail with user name wpmirrordev and domain name gmail dot com.


text:
An efficient implementation of maps from integer keys to values (dictionaries).
These modules are intended to be imported qualified, to avoid name clashes with Prelude functions, e.g.
import Data.IntMap (IntMap) import qualified Data.IntMap as IntMap
The implementation is based on big-endian patricia trees. This data
structure performs especially well on binary operations like
intersection. However, my benchmarks show that it is also
(much) faster on insertions and deletions when compared to a generic
size-balanced map implementation (see Data.Map).
- Chris Okasaki and Andy Gill, "Fast Mergeable Integer Maps", Workshop on ML, September 1998, pages 77-86, _URL_
- D.R. Morrison, "/PATRICIA -- Practical Algorithm To Retrieve Information Coded In Alphanumeric/", Journal of the ACM, 15(4), October 1968, pages 514-534.
Operation comments contain the operation time complexity in
the Big-O notation _URL_
Many operations have a worst-case complexity of O(min(n,W)).
This means that the operation can become linear in the number of
elements with a maximum of W -- the number of bits in an
(32 or 64).