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Maté is an evergreen tree native to Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. The leaves and small stems of the tree are used to make a tea-like caffeinated beverage. Maté has traditionally been used to enhance alertness and mental function, and also to treat digestive problems.
Maté is widely advertised as a healthful beverage, said to provide all the presumed benefits of green tea, such as preventing cancer and heart disease. However, the basis for this claim is largely theoretical. Maté does contain antioxidant polyphenols similar to those in tea, but this by itself does not demonstrate that mate is health-promoting; numerous substances with strong antioxidant properties have failed to prove beneficial in double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. Even green tea itself has not yet been proven to offer any health benefits.
In the test tube, mate has shown effects that suggest possible value for reducing cancer risk.1-3 However, these findings are far too preliminary to rely upon; in fact, there is stronger evidence that maté could under certain circumstances increase risk of cancer (see Safety Issues).
Other proposed benefits of maté also largely lack foundation. One study found that an extract of mate could help slow glycation, a metabolic side effect of diabetes.4 These findings have been used to claim that maté is healthful for people with diabetes. However, this study did not involve people with diabetes; it involved chemicals in a test tube. Tens of thousands of substances show benefits in the test tube that fail to translate into real life; it is greatly premature to claim that maté is helpful for people with diabetes based on these exceedingly preliminary findings.
Similarly weak evidence hints that maté might increase fat metabolism,5 and on this basis maté has been proposed as a weight-loss agent. However, there are no published human studies of maté that show any weight loss benefit. One small double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated an herbal preparation containing maté combined with guarana(Link tonew article) and damiana.6 The herbal mixture appeared to cause participants to feel full more quickly during a meal, and to continue to feel full for longer after the meal; this led to modest, short-term weight loss. However, it is not clear to what extent the maté in this product played a role.
Another study found that maté might increase bile flow and speed the action of the intestines 7 ; these reported effects, even if real, do not indicate any particular health benefit.
Although some maté proponents attempted for many years to maintain that maté does not contain caffeine (supposedly it contained a chemical called "mateine," which, in fact, does not exist), maté does in fact contain caffeine. Depending on how it is brewed, maté tea contains somewhat more caffeine than black tea and slightly less caffeine than coffee. Based on this caffeine content, maté would be expected to enhance mental function and improve sports performance.
A typical dose of maté is 3–10 grams dried herb per cup. Concentrated extracts are also available. These should be taken according to label instructions.
As a widely consumed beverage maté is generally assumed to be entirely safe. However, this may be an incorrect assumption. Numerous studies have found associations between high consumption of maté in South American and increased rates cancer of the esophagous, mouth, throat, and larynx.8-10 It is widely stated that this increased risk is entirely due to the practice of drinking maté at very high temperatures. However, the underlying evidence is not so clear-cut. The data actually suggest that at least some of this increased risk is be due to the maté itself, rather than the temperature at which it is consumed.10 In addition, maté consumption has also been associated with increased risk of kidney and lung cancer, which would not be expected to be influenced by beverage temperature.11,12 Finally, there is some direct evidence that mate has carcinogenic effects.13 Putting all this information together, it does appear that maté is at the very least slightly carcinogenic. However, so is charred hamburger; moderate use of maté is not likely to significantly increase cancer risk.
Other potential problems with maté relate to its caffeine content. Potential side effects of caffeine include heartburn, gastritis, insomnia, anxiety, and heart arrhythmias (benign palpitations or more serious disturbances of heart rhythm.)14 All drug interactions that can occur with caffeine would be expected to occur with maté as well (see next section).
Maximum safe doses have not been established in pregnant or nursing women, young children, or people with severe liver or kidney disease.
If you are taking:
1. Gonzalez de Mejia E, Song YS, Ramirez-Mares MV, et al. Effect of yerba mate ( Ilex paraguariensis) tea on topoisomerase inhibition and oral carcinoma cell proliferation. J Agric Food Chem. 2005;53:1966–73.
2. Ramirez-Mares MV, Chandra S, de Mejia EG, et al. In vitro chemopreventive activity of Camellia sinensis, Ilexparaguariensis and Ardisia compressa tea extracts and selected polyphenols. Mutat Res. 2004;554:53–65.
3. Chandra S, De Mejia Gonzalez E. Polyphenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, and quinone reductase activity of an aqueous extract of Ardisia compressa in comparison to mate ( Ilex paraguariensis) and green ( Camelliasinensis) teas. J Agric Food Chem. 2004;52:3583–9.
4. Lunceford N, Gugliucci A. Ilex paraguariensis extracts inhibit AGE formation more efficiently than green tea. Fitoterapia. 2005 May 12 [Epub ahead of print]
5. Martinet A, Hostettmann K, Schutz Y, et al. Thermogenic effects of commercially available plant preparations aimed at treating human obesity. Phytomedicine. 2000;6:231–8.
6. Andersen T, Fogh J. Weight loss and delayed gastric emptying following a South American herbal preparation in overweight patients. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2001;14:243–50.
7. Gorzalczany S, Filip R, Alonso MR, et al. Choleretic effect and intestinal propulsion of'mate' ( Ilex paraguariensis) and its substitutes or adulterants. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001;75:291–4.
8. Goldenberg D, Lee J, Koch WM, et al. Habitual risk factors for head and neck cancer. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;131:986–93.
9. Sewram V, De Stefani E, Brennan P, et al. Mate consumption and the risk of squamous cell esophageal cancer in Uruguay. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2003;12:508–13.
10. Goldenberg D, Golz A, Joachims HZ, et al. The beverage mate: a risk factor for cancer of the head and neck. Head Neck. 2003;25:595–601.
11. De Stefani E, Fierro L, Mendilaharsu M, et al. Meat intake,'mate' drinking and renal cell cancer in Uruguay: a case-control study. Br J Cancer. 1998;78:1239–43.
12. De Stefani E, Fierro L, Correa P, et al. Mate drinking and risk of lung cancer in males: a case-control study from Uruguay. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1996;5:515–9.
13. Leitao AC, Braga RS. Mutagenic and genotoxic effects of mate ( Ilex paraguariensis) in prokaryotic organisms. Braz J Med Biol Res. 1995;27:1517–5.
14. Cannon ME, Cooke CT, McCarthy JS. Caffeine-induced cardiac arrhythmia: an unrecognised danger of healthfood products. Med J Aust. 2001;174:520–1.
Last reviewed July 2012 by EBSCO CAM Review Board
Last Updated: 7/25/2012
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A Promising Digital-Based Radio Network Over IP
This paper illustrates the major software and hardware issues associated with a promising digital-based radio network station established in the Hashemite University (HU). The project can be considered as new and simple way to limited broadcasts. Modern broadcasting techniques are to be used; Stereo FM and HTTP stream broadcasting. This radio network is modern and all network devices and computers are to be designed to run without man's existence. Though, it can run with presence of man (semi-automatic). Those devices are connected to a main computer called sound engineering compute, and the overall network is managed by the administrator computer.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Partile & Platick
- Originally the term partile referred to aspects that were calculated by degree (rather than by sign) because they acknowledged the 'parts' (degrees) of the sign. Aspects judged according to the relationship of the signs were termed platick, from a phrase which meant 'plate' or 'broad area'.
In later astrology the term partile generally referred to aspects which were exact or near perfection, whereas platick referred to those which were 'loose', or within the limits of their recognised orbs.
The term partile has been used in different ways to describe aspects in a state of near-perfection. Usually, and most correctly, it is used to describe an aspect where both planets are in the same degree, ie., a square from a planet in the 14th degree of Taurus to a planet in the 14th degree of Leo. This is a partile square because both planets are in the same degree, and the definition wouldn't be used to describe a square where one planet is at 13°58' Taurus and the other is 14°02' Leo, even though these planets are extremely close to perfection, because they are in different 'parts' of the zodiac division into degrees.
However, traditional authors have used the term partile to indicate an aspect that is within 1 degree of exactness.
In Christian Astrology (p.107), written in 1647, William Lilly defines a partile aspect as occurring within the same degree, saying "as if Venus be in nine degrees of Aries, and Jupiter in nine degrees of Leo, this is a Partill Trine aspect"; but in his Merlini Anglici, written in 1677, he redefines it thus: "A Partile Aspect comes to pass within the difference of three degrees".
(Many ancient authors considered an aspect within 3 degrees of orb to be in a very strong point of contact and near enough to perfection to express a full effect; however it would be less confusing to describe such aspects as 'close' and reserve the term partile for those that fall in the same degrees of the zodiac.)
For more details see 'Application & the Development of Orbs'
in the article The Classical Origin and Traditional Use of Aspects.
© Deborah Houlding


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The Sankey chart type contains both columns and a special type of line chart.
Sankey diagrams illustrate a flow through, a process, or a system. Transactional data is optimal for this type of diagram. For example, financial transactions that take place as money moves through accounts or as a product is processed. Many marketing users are familiar with Sankey charts as they analyze sales conversions.
When you build a Sankey chart, you must provide at least 2 (two) attributes and one measure. Your x-axis attributes can contain at most 13 values; any more and you cannot view a SanKey chart. ThoughtSpot Sankey charts are read from left to right. The width of the flow represents the measure, the attributes or "steps" appear as solid bars:
The Austin Animal Center Outcomes data shows the outcome of processing for different animal breeds. The measure is the count of total animals. The chart shows how the animal's classification when they entered the system predicts the outcome.
By clicking on each flow, you can see the total number of animals that have identical breed and outcome types. Many domestic short-haired cats (over 10k) were transferred to other agencies, and nearly as many were adopted. However, all bats that came into the system were euthanized; there is a surprisingly large number of bats processed.


Maybe you have been working in the legal field for some time and considered yourself as a fairly experienced lawyer? Well, now you are faced with a situation where you need to attract new blood into your family. The moment you take a look at how the legal field develops, you realize that there are a lot of things that are still unrealized. You see that more and more people are getting into the legal field, but few of them know that there are some things that are not possible to them. One of such is appraisals. Many people consider it to be one of the most difficult things that you can face as a lawyer. It is the process of finding value in an itemized contract and trying to understand its value. Yet, this thing can also save you quite easily. Sure, you have to spend a lot of time and money on an attorney to guarantee that everything is done correctly. Yet, if you see that your money and time were worth it, you can simply get an online divorce with ease. All you have to do is just submit all the paperwork that you have got from the previous steps and the process will already be over.
Modern Technology Issues that Affect Divorce
Divorce is a thing that goes on for quite a long time. It is a period of integration and understanding of different people and aspects of their divorce. Divorce is also known as divorce. Usually, people experience divorce across a span of many years. Yet, there are some cases, when the divorce process becomes a thing of the past. Today, a lot of things can affect a person during or after the divorce. Those are extremely rare, but they still happen. A great example would be the situation with the marriage field. Yes, you can marry online nowadays. And that is as easy as uploading a few documents on special service. However, as soon as you get to the point where you need to divorce, you will have to use a whole different set of services. Moreover, you will have to separate from your spouse if you do not want to marry again. Yet, there are some other things that can affect a relationship during or after the divorce. Here are some of them.
1. Money
Just like always, money is a big problem. You have to understand that it is not always the problem. Sometimes, divorce is a whole different story. A person will be struggling to get by until they start to deal with all of the problems that are going on in their life. One of the problems is the fact that most people are not able to see the real value of the marriage. They think that it would be as easy to divorce as it is to marry. Yet, as soon as you start looking into the numbers, you realize that it is not as easy to divorce as you thought. Therefore, you have to start thinking about how to make the process easier. Some suggest that you can get a divorce online, while others suggest doing everything through the court. Do not forget to check out the latter option, as it will not just save you the time but also money. You will also be able to avoid using the lawyer and just complete the divorce online. Yet, do not get scared by the idea that you can complete divorce online. It is a completely legal process, so there is no need to be afraid.
2. Housing
Another thing that you have to take care of as soon as possible is the housing issue. You might have heard it many times, but the process of divorce is not only a legal and psychological challenge it also takes a lot of time. It is also a situation where the law gives too much importance to the relationships. You need to understand that the relationship is not only a means of getting prepared for a divorce, but also a guarantee of one's own future. Therefore, if you are in a situation where you need to get a divorce, make sure that you are preparing yourself for a new life. Get some of the needed documents and get prepared to change everything.
3. Communication with your ex
One of the problems that people face when they are divorcing is the fact that they are not able to talk about the past. That is something that you have to fix first if you are going to live a happy future together. Moreover, if you are divorced, you will have to talk to your ex for the first time. That might even be a good sign that you need to fix everything. If you are still in a bad situation and need someone to talk to, you can always call your friend. That will be an even better choice than talking to your spouse alone. Remember, your children are also in your ex-spouse's shoes and have a lot of emotions. Therefore, it is crucial to be able to discuss everything with your ex-husband or wife without spilling the beans.
Post Author: SPeLAWaLc


text:
Survival After Recurrence of Stage I–III Breast, Colorectal, and Lung Cancer
cancer recurrence, cancer outcomes
Background/Aims: Cancer recurrence is common, costly and lethal. Little is known about it in community-based populations, in part because electronic health records and tumor registries usually lack recurrence status. We examined determinants of survival duration after recurrence of breast, colorectal and lung cancers using two databases with excellent recurrence and death data.
Methods: Recurrence data were abstracted from medical records in the Cancer Care Outcomes Research and Surveillance (CanCORS) study and by two Cancer Research Network (CRN) sites — Kaiser Permanente Colorado and Kaiser Permanente Northwest. Death data were extracted from death certificates collected from the National Death Index or health plans. Claims and utilization data provided information on comorbidities and treatments. CanCORS enrolled only those patients who consented, whereas the HCSRN-CRN sample included all eligible patients who received care. This analysis included 1,653 patients who developed recurrence after having had definitive therapy for stage I–III cancer and were followed for at least one day after recurrence.
Results: Restricted mean survival times (RMST) after recurrence for breast, colorectal and lung cancer patients were 34.0, 27.7 and 16.9 months, respectively. Multivariable models revealed lower RMST in breast cancer was associated with: age ≥ 70 (vs. < 55), higher comorbidity burden (2+ vs. 0), stage III (vs. stage 1), chemotherapy for primary tumor (vs. no chemotherapy), and distant/regional recurrence vs. local. Higher RMST in breast cancer was associated with: longer time to recurrence, and stage III and radiation for primary tumor (vs. stage I or no radiation for primary tumor). Lower RMST in colorectal cancer was associated with: age ≥ 70 (vs. < 55), comorbidity burden ≥ 1 (vs. 0), distant/regional recurrence (vs. local), and radiation therapy for recurrence (vs. no radiation). Higher RMST in colorectal cancer was associated with: chemotherapy for recurrence but not for primary (vs. no chemotherapy for primary or recurrence). Higher RMST in lung cancer was associated with: income ≥ $60,000 (vs. < $20,000). Lower RMST in lung cancer was associated with: stage III (vs. stage I), and interaction of income ≥ $60,000 and comorbidity burden ≥ 2 (vs. income < $60,000 or comorbidity of 0).
Conclusion: Breast and colorectal, but not lung, cancer patients with local recurrences had longer survival than those with regional/distant recurrences. Shorter time to recurrence was associated with inferior survival after recurrence among breast cancer patients only. Original cancer stage was a predictor of survival after recurrence; original cancer grade was not.
Hassett MJ, Uno H, Cronin AM, Carroll NM, Hornbrook MC, Ritzwoller D. Survival after recurrence of stage I–III breast, colorectal, and lung cancer. J Patient Cent Res Rev. 2016;3:171-2.


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Hardly anyone will dispute the growing environmental consciousness that has taken place on a global scale in the past 10 years. The term green has become a part of our everyday lexicon. It should come as no surprise then that the "green awakening" has now trickled down to how we take care of our bodies.
What is green medicine, you ask? Green medicine is defined as taking a more holistic approach to healing. Green medicine goes beyond trying to understand the physical and encompasses the mental, emotional, environmental, energetic, psychic, and spiritual aspects of the human experience that can also impact our overall health and sense of well-being.
Much like the green movement taking place with the environment, advocates of green medicine strive to reduce the amount of toxins that enter our bodies. In this case, the toxins are the drugs produced by pharmaceutical companies. Advocates of green medicine believe that the body has the extraordinary ability and power to repair and rebuild itself and to help reverse even serious illness through diet, nutrients, and detoxification procedures as opposed to the use of synthetic drugs.
Green medicine could potentially grow in importance, not only from an ideological perspective, but also from an economic one, especially among consumers, who face rising healthcare costs. From a physician perspective, green medicine is definitely a revolutionary idea to embrace, because it completely reassesses and challenges the established methods and practices of Western medicine, which looks at the human body from a reductionist point of view, meaning the body is viewed as a component of parts. Green medicine views the body as a system, in which all the parts are interrelated and have one effect on our overall health.
Image credit: Creative _EMAIL_

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Geometric morphometric analysis of skull morphology reveals loss of phylogenetic signal at the generic level in extant lagomorphs (Mammalia: Lagomorpha)
Contributions to Zoology, Volume 84 - Issue 4 p. 267- 284
The intergeneric phylogeny of Lagomorpha had been controversial for a long time before a robust phylogeny was reconstructed based on seven nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences. However, skull morphology of several endemic genera remained poorly understood. The morphology of supraorbital processes in Lagomorpha is normally used as a diagnostic characteristic in taxonomy, but whether shape change of this structure parallels its genetic divergence has not been investigated. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of the skull morphology of all 12 extant genera using geometric morphometrics. These results indicated that no significant phylogenetic signal is observed in the shape change of the dorsal and ventral views of the cranium as well as in the lateral view of the mandible. The supraorbital processes also show insignificant phylogenetic signal in shape change. Similarly, mapping the centroid size (averaged by genus) of these datasets onto the phylogeny also showed insignificant phylogenetic signal. Aside from homoplasy caused by convergent evolution of skull shape, the massive extinction of lagomorphs after the late Miocene is proposed as one of the main causes for diluting phylogenetic signals in their morphological evolution. Acknowledging the loss of phylogenetic signals in skull shape and supraorbital processes of extant genera sheds new light on the long-standing difficulties for understanding higher-level systematics in Lagomorpha.
|,,,,,
|Contributions to Zoology
|Released under the CC-BY 4.0 ("Attribution") License
|Naturalis journals & series
Deyan Ge, D., Yao, L., Xia, L., Zhang, Z., & Yang, Q. (2015). Geometric morphometric analysis of skull morphology reveals loss of phylogenetic signal at the generic level in extant lagomorphs (Mammalia: Lagomorpha). Contributions to Zoology, 84(4), 267–284.
|CtZ84-4_Ge_267-284_S1.txt Final Version, 16kb


text: The U-Pb thermochronology of titanite, apatite, and rutile from a crustal profile through a Mesozoic magmatic arc in Fiordland, New Zealand, is used to constrain the timing and duration of significant vertical movements during arc construction and evolution. Titanite data from deep-crustal (12–13 kbar) basement and cover rocks of central Fiordland imply that contractional arc thickening (∼25 km) occurred by 111.1–113.4 Ma, within a few million years of a major phase of midto deep-crustal magmatism. This finding suggests that this cycle of magmatism, arc thickening, and high-grade metamorphism occurred in ≤6.2 m.y. In contrast to rapid burial, significant unroofing of the central Fiordland granulites was more protracted, requiring an additional 40–45 m.y. These new data are consistent with continued residence of the granulites in thickened arc crust for 15–20 m.y., with subsequent major unroofing recorded by rutile cooling to <450 °C by ca. 70 Ma. Such temporal constraints are essential for comprehensive models of the growth, modification, and unroofing of magmatic arc systems.


Journey to Icacos
The natural beauty of Icacos
The natural beauty of Icacos Reporters
Posted: May 10, 2007
The journey to the last point of Trinidad in the southwestern end of the island, the village of Icacos, was a long one but every moment of the trip was well worth it. The day was radiant and ideal for sight-seeing: the sky showed-off its brilliant blue; the few clouds in the sky added soft drops of fluffy balls to the blue canvas; and the sun completed the heavenly scene with a spot of gold that illuminated the colourful earth below.
What was also amazing were the various shapes and textures of the earth that ranged from the busy, multicolored roads, vehicles and high-rise buildings of San Fernando in the city, to the more serene, naturally pigmented, soft textures of Icacos with the tall green and yellow silky leaves and rugged barks of coconut trees; the grey, misty, dry, chilling forms of teak trees; the mellow blues of the ocean; the golden waves of burnt grass; the mystical appeal of old wooden houses; and the dark, snaky bends of the long Southern Main Road.
Before reaching the remote Icacos village, journeyed along the Southern main road passing through areas such as La Brea, Vessingy, Guapo, Cochrane, Point Fortin, Coromandel, Chatam and Granville. Each area had a unique something that distinguished it from another. For example, the southern main road in Chatam was lined with trees and shrubs of all types, whereas Cedros mainly had miles of teak trees on either side of the road and coconut trees characterized the area from Fullerton Road to Columbus Bay.
Along Syfoo Trace to Granville beach
Along Syfoo Trace to Granville beach
What was also noticeable was the slow industrialization rate of the area after Point Fortin to Icacos. Although there are few industries in these areas, more archaic forms of industry exist such as farming. Also, in terms of the housing, most of them are made out of wood and fewer out of concrete adding to the antiquity of the area.
The journey though the southwestern peninsula also offered the spectacular view of beaches such as Granville Beach, Cedros Beach and Columbus Bay with the 'Three Sisters' (the three protruding rocks in the bay) as a main site. Although they were quite inviting, not too many persons were there, which may be attractive to those who like to sea-bathe in relative isolation.
Passing through the Coromandel area, we met a group of girls who were quite willing to show us around the area. They were sisters Amanda, Catherina and Samantha Coomansingh and close friend and neighbour, Seeta. They took us to Barran Trace, Coromandel, where they live and gave us a tour of the area. The narrow lane from the corner of Barran Trace leads to an expanse of land used primarily for agriculture such as for growing watermelon and hot peppers and for fishing. In fact, we were amazed at the size of the bhagai plant which stood as high as five feet. The girls also explained that during the rainy season, the river that runs through the land, which was dried up when we went there, has many fish which they catch and eat. However, it also contains caiman which renders it dangerous for bathing.
We were later introduced to other members of the family when we visited their home: Cathy-Ann, Jamani, Shania and Minkey, Seeta's pet monkey. While there we observed their beautiful garden with plants such as bougainvillea, hibiscus, double hibiscus, lemon Portugal and watermelon. Other creatures observed in the area were the typical domestic dog, goats, different species of birds and insects.
Mr. Boodoo Ramsaroop, villager of Icacos
Mr. Boodoo Ramsaroop, villager of Icacos
On arrival at Icacos, we met residents Mr. Mannie Kanju and Mr. Boodoo Ramsaroop and had discussions with them.
Mr. Boodoo Ramsaroop said that he lived in the village all his life except for a brief period in Constance Estate (where coconuts and their by-products are manufactured) where he lived in the barracks and worked for about 25 years. However, after a nine month strike in the 1960's for union reformation with regards to wages, the worker's stuff was put out on the road and the employees left.
Life as a youth in this village was a quiet one, according to Mr. Ramsaroop. He finished school at about age 14, then started to work immediately after. He got married at age 19 to Golah Ramsaroop and had eight children, two of whom have passed away. In 1976, he worked as a PTSC bus conductor on the Point Fortin/Icacos, Point Fortin/San Fernando route as well as in Fyzabad.
Mr. Ramsaroop said that he loves the country more than the town because you can get fresh things here and it is not congested like the city.
At the moment, Mr. Ramsaroop is retired and spends much of his time sea-bathing and liming with friends.
The second person we talked to, Mr. Mannie Kanju, also a resident of Icasos, is a fisherman by profession. According to Mr. Kanju, about 20 years ago, the cost of living was not so high, so that although you worked for a little money you got its worth. He explained that in those times, he would give his wife twenty-five dollars to make a fortnight's grocery but today, the cost of living is several times higher and twenty-five dollars can't get you that far. Mr. Kanju is a father of six and explained that he could have easily fed them during that era because there were plenty of fish to make a decent living, but things are tough now.
Mr. Mannie Kanju during the interview with
Mr. Mannie Kanju during the interview with
Mr. Kanju explained that although things are not what they were before, he loves fishing, his livelihood. The experienced fisherman who has been doing this for about forty years explained that he always makes a nice catch but that you have to understand the skills of this type of trade: sometimes when you make a big catch you get a lesser price and when you catch less fish you get more value for it. There is no standard price for fish and the only stabilized price is the red fish price which is a little over $10.00.
During his rendezvous to sea, he catches all types of fish: salmon, cariete, cavali, red fish and shrimp. They usually fish in a southwesterly direction and sometime in the east along the Erin/Moruga area. Fish can no longer be legally obtained across the border in Venezuelan waters which contains the most fish. Still, some take the chance.
If the Venezuelan Coast Guard catches them on their borders, which they often do, they may be arrested, prosecuted, and fined. He said that he has been arrested once or twice but isn't too bothered by that. He also told us that he was involved in an incident with someone taking his boat and leaving him out on the Soldado rock which was a story made popular by the press some years ago. He eventually got back his boat.
He has been to Venezuela many times and this is made easier with the port of entry in Cedros which allows them to travel from coast to coast.
Mr. Kaju ended by stating that the laws in the country need to be improved as they relate to the sea. For example, reservation laws which regulate the size of fish and the size and type of net are very restricting and often times not conducive to their work and the environment. He expressed that trolling, for example, should be banned because it damages the grounds and the fish beds which kill thousands of fish every day. However, these laws are hard to change because the 'big town boys' usually have their way.
Beach in Icacos
Beach in Icacos
After talking with the two gentlemen, we then journeyed to the coast not too far away. The beachfront was lined with boats which are used for fishing, and from the coast, neighboring Venezuela was easily seen. What was peculiar was that the sea waves, instead of crashing onto the shore in a back and forth motion, ran very speedily from west to north. It was explained that the waters were fed by the large, fast-flowing Orinoco River in South America. This type of rough sea was what Columbus described in his memos and hence one can understand why the sea, Serpent's Mouth, was so named.
Although we enjoyed the unique beauty of the beach, we were earlier warned by the Coomansingh clan that we should keep our shoes on because we could be bitten by the jigger (Tunga penetrans ) parasite which lays its eggs in the feet of its hosts and leads to Tungiasis. Some of the symptoms of Tungiasis are extreme itching, pain, inflammation, fibrous cysts, bumps, lesions, ulceration and discharge from the ulcer. If left untreated, secondary infection such as bacteremia, tetanus and gas gangrene can occur.
Not too far away was the Constance Estate which we visited. There we saw the old coconut factory which is still in operation with its barracks or housing for workers, a main processing factory, a carpenter's shed which housed coconut husks, and an animal pen which housed cattle called Buffalypso


text:
Reflex action is a rapid automatic and involuntary response to a stimulus which is not under the control of the brain.
If we unknowingly touch a hot object, we immediately move our hand away from it. So moving our hand away on touching a hot plate is an example of reflex action.
A knee jerk, coughing, yawning, blinking of eyes, sneezing, salivation, movement of diaphragm during breathing are all examples of reflex actions.
The nerve pathway involved in a reflex action is called a reflex arc.
If we unknowingly touch a hot object, this heat is sensed by a heat receptor (Thermo receptor) in our hand.
The receptor starts an impulse in a sensory neuron, which transmits the message to the spinal cord.
The impulse is passed to the relay neuron, which is in turn passes to motor neuron.
The motor neuron passes the impulse to a muscle in our arm.
The muscle of arm is an effector organ because it responds to the stimulus.
Stimulus → Receptor → Sensory neurons
Effector organs ← motor neurons ← spinal cord
Dear students this is the diagram of reflex arc.
Dear students If diagram of reflex arc is asked
Animals have five sense organs.
1. Photoreceptor - respond to light……..eyes
2. Phonorceptor - respond to sound……ears
3. Olfactory receptor - respond to smell…….nose
4. Chemoreceptor - respond to chemicals…tongue
5. Thermo receptor - respond to heat ……..skin


text:
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Data Handling - Mayfield School
- Essay length: 4095 words
- Submitted: 13/04/2008
The first 200 words of this essay...
Data Handling Project Alexandra Mullan
For this project, I have chosen to show the relationship between height and weight. The main reason for this is because the data for height and weight is continuous, unlike eye and hair colour and KS2 results which are discrete or qualitative. Therefore, I can put the information I find into cumulative frequency tables, box plots, histograms and scatter graphs.
Before I begin my statistical inquiry I need a hypothesis to examine. A hypothesis is used as a basis for further investigation, and my first hypothesis is going to be as follows:
"The taller a pupil is, the more they are going to weigh "
I will use scatter graphs to compare all of my data and find correlations and standard deviation. I will use my histograms and box and whisker plots to investigate further the weight differences between each year and the boys and girls, and therefore I will find the quartiles and the median etc.
I could do this investigation using all 1183 pieces of data; however this would be extremely time-consuming. I therefore am going to take a random stratified sample, and
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Re: BEGIN block and prototyped subroutines
by ikegami (Pope)
on Apr 18, 2010 at 08:30 UTC ( #835319=note: print w/ replies, xml ) Need Help??
in reply to BEGIN block and prototyped subroutines
You seem to misunderstand both BEGIN and prototypes.
Let's look at BEGIN first. It causes the enclosed code to be executed as soon as it is compiled.
For the following code:
print "a"; BEGIN { print "b"; } print "c";
the following happens:
 - print "a"; is compiled.
 - BEGIN {... } is compiled.
 - print "b"; is compiled.
 - BEGIN {... } is executed.
 - print "b"; is executed.
 - print "c"; is compiled.
 - Compilation finished. Execution begins.
 - print "a"; is executed.
 - print "c"; is executed.
BEGIN is completely useless around a sub definition because a sub definition doesn't produce any runnable code.
Now, let's look at prototypes. Prototypes affect how sub calls are parsed and they affect the code into which a sub call is compiled. Obviously, that means the prototype of a sub must be known at the time a call to the sub is encountered.
For the following code:
foo('bar'); sub foo($) { print "foo called: _USER_\n"; }
the following happens:
 - foo('bar') is compiled. foo hasn't been declared, so a stub with no prototype is created. No prototype exists, so parsing is not affected, and no check is done on the args.
 - sub foo($) {... } is compiled. The prototype doesn't match the one that was previously declared, which means Perl used the wrong prototype when generating earlier calls to foo, so a warning is issued.
 - Compilation finished. Execution begins.
 -...
You need to declare the sub before any calls to the sub are compiled. It's the only way the sub call can be affected by the prototype.
sob foo($); foo('bar'); sub foo($) { print "foo called: _USER_\n"; }
By the way, prototypes are by and large discouraged in Perl. They are not a good way to check the validity of arguments.
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Mirjana Popovic, Public Information Services Assistant in the World Bank Belgrade Office, offers this story.
One-third of Aleksandar Tisma's land used to be too wet to farm. "Of the 178 hectares that I own, 50 hectares were practically impossible to cultivate. No machinery could work on flooded soil," says Tisma, a farmer from small town in Vojvodina. But since the water that once flooded his wheat and maize farm is now drained away through a repaired drainage canal, things have changed. "Now, after the repair of the canal, I can cultivate that part of my land as well!," he says.
Tisma is one of many farmers who have reclaimed land and increased yields near rivers or canals thanks to repaired drainage canals and improved flood protection. Around Serbia, more than 160,000 hectares have been protected from flooding, and over 300,000 people have directly benefitted from the Irrigation and Drainage Rehabilitation project, supported by a $75 million World Bank loan.
The project aims to reduce the chances of people losing their lives in floods, and cut down the risk of damage to land, crops, property and infrastructure. Major floods in 2006 caused much property damage.
Angelina Taskovic lives in a two story house with her daughter, son-in-law, and two granddaughters near the Gabrovacka River. The river's embankment was reinforced and heightened.
"We feel much safer now, as there is less risk for the river to swell as much when it rains a lot, or when the snow melts quickly, as it happened twice about ten years ago. We feared flooding," Angelina says.
A recent survey of households in the project area near canals showed that the number of people who had damage on their property from poorly regulated canals has halved—as compared to the time before the works started. At the same time, 63% of those interviewed said the works contributed to personal and family safety, and improved their quality of life.
Repairing drainage canals does more than reclaim land—it allows farmers to irrigate. Novi Knezevac has too little rain during the year, but parts of the municipality could not be farmed because the neglected irrigation channel was clogged, flooding nearby land. Once the channel was repaired, the land could be farmed and watered.
"Yields are higher now," says Ljubomir Savin. "They were 3.5-4 tons before the works, and now are 7 tons. Some farmers have had even higher increases."
Farmers are joining resources to buy irrigation equipment to draw water from rehabilitated canals. Petar Jancic is looking to the future. He says, "Dikes need to be cleaned regularly. And if some of the smaller dikes are cleaned as well, we would have a full effect. We could have two harvests and higher yields every year. We are interested in working with Hungary to better use the Tisa River."
Improved drainage has been completed on about 85,000 hectares. Maintenance of these improved drainage systems will be critical, but although lack of funds is a worry, everyone appreciates the need to keep up this essential agricultural infrastructure.
Project coordinator at the Ministry of Agriculture, Dmitar Zakula, says: "During this project, we have started serious deliberations about maintenance. But if there is something we did not expect, it is to see the extent to which our domestic companies have learned and improved through this project's tender processes, and they are now able to compete for both domestic projects, and projects abroad."
Agriculture accounts for about 12% of Serbia's GDP, and slightly less than a quarter of its exports. To be more competitive, including in the European Union markets, farms need to increase productivity and yields. Reducing damage from flooding and increasing irrigation brings Serbian farmers one step closer to that goal. And it increases the safety of those living near river beds and dykes.
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GPL 750 Odorizer – Principle of Odorant Injection System Operation
 In Natural Gas Products
GPL Odorizers manufactures cost-effective, planet-friendly odorization solutions using advanced technology to deliver safe, accurate, and reliable odorant injection for natural gas, biogas, and propane. The GPL 750 odorizer operation is unique, and the following highlights its working principle.
Request More Info
GPL 750 Odorizer Operation Overview
GPL 750 Odorizer principle of odorant injection operationThe GPL 750 uses proprietary drip technology, permitting precise odorization in even problematic ranges, such as low-volume (even no-flow) and intermittent-volume applications from 0-24 MMSCFD on pipelines with pressure ranging 40 to 250 PSI. The odorization system is appropriate for small city gate stations, municipalities, and methane (biogas) producers.
The GPL 750 is a solenoid-driven odorant injection system and has a clean, sealed, and ventless design since pipeline gas does not actuate the injector. No gas or odorant ever discharges to the atmosphere from the odorizer; therefore, there is no smell during normal operation and maintenance. This design alone contributes to lowering false leak-call complaints commonly associated with the operation of an odorization system. Additionally, with only one moving part, the GPL 750 odorizer is an uncomplicated system, has long-lasting performance, is easy to maintain, and operate.
Odorization controllerPLC Interfaces with Injector
An industry-leading programmable logic controller (PLC) interfaces with the flow meter and the odorizer's system components, automatically compensating the injection rate to provide uniform odorant distribution.
Drip Technology
The odorizer accurately doses the gas with odorant in individual droplets of 0.01 cm3. An optical sensor counts each droplet and communicates the information to the PLC. The PLC, having the gas flow rate through the flowmeter, instructs the injector to introduce the next odorant dosage when sufficient gas flows. The dose is calculated and optimized based on the flow rate and the configured injection rate. The dosage can vary, from one to multiple drops, to provide optimal and consistent odorization, which maximizes the life of the components. The optical sensor can accurately record, as many as six drops/second; however, the corresponding flow rate for such a high odorant dosage is improbable. If an extra drop of odorant falls during dosing, the optical sensor recognizes it, and the PLC allows additional gas to flow before the next dose.
The target period between doses is three minutes; however, the optimization algorithm creates some variation between dosages to compensate for the effects of flow rate fluctuations.
Gas Mass Flow Meter
Since the gas flow determines the odorant injection rate, by measuring the flow rate precisely, accurate odorization is ensured. GPL Odorizers uses the GPL 100 to determine the gas flow. The GPL 100 thermal mass flow meter has excellent low-flow sensitivity and high rangeability. Both parameters ensure accurate, optimal, and repeatable odorization, even in low-and intermittent-flow systems.
Odorant Pressure and Injection Rate
A springand dome-loaded regulator automatically controls the pressure of the odorant to the injector based on pipeline pressure to ensure consistent dosing.
The PLC calculates the odorant injection rate and determines the total odorant usage. The optical comparator generates a pulse when a configurable mass of odorant flows. Both the measured gas flow rate and mass of injected odorant stores hourly on the PLC SD card and is available for regulatory or company documentation.
Self-Monitoring and Real-Time Alarms
The system is self-monitoring. If the GPL 750 is unable to odorize within the configured settings, an external alarm is sent to specified PCs and smartphones. Alarm conditions are stored and time-stamped in non-volatile memory (SD card).
Mechanical Mode During Power Failure
In the event of a power failure, by opening the solenoid and adjusting the pressure regulator, a temporary mechanical mode can provide an acceptable odorant injection. In this situation, the flow computer goes down because there is no power on-site; however, the manual fix safely odorizes gas for delivery.
If you are interested in learning more about the GPL 750 odorant injection system, download the GPL 750 datasheet, download the GPL Odorizer brochure, or request a quote now.
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text:
The Brandywine River Museum collects and preserves American art with primary emphasis on the art of the Brandywine region, American illustration and still life painting.
Since 1971, when it was founded, the museum's collections have grown to more than 3,000 works of art by hundreds of artists and thousands of other objects in the N.C. Wyeth House & Studio. Permission to reproduce works in the museum's collections must be obtained through the Rights and Reproductions Office. Click here for more information.
The Valley of the Brandywine
William T. Richards
Landscape & Genre Painting
During much of the 19th century, when landscape painting was a dominant form of visual expression, many artists ventured to the Brandywine Valley. By 1819, Bass Otis had published the nation's first lithograph--a Chester County scene entitled House and Trees at Waterside--now in the Brandywine River Museum's collection. Within decades, well-known members of the Hudson River School, including Thomas Doughty and Edward Moran, had documented the distinctive beauty of the region
and are now represented by works in the Museum's collection. Some, like William T. Richards, chose to remain in the area and created powerful works here, such as the museum's Valley of the Brandywine, Chester County (September), painted by Richards about 1886. Landscape painting has continued in the region throughout the 20th century and is represented in the museum by painters as diverse as George Cope, Clifford Ashley, Peter Hurd and George Weymouth.
The field of American genre painting in the 19th and 20th centuries is exemplified here with important interior scenes by Horace Pippin and Jefferson David Chalfant, both of whom lived and worked in this valley. Such works as Pippin's Saying Prayers, along with many others frequently on view, are prime examples of the vital artistic heritage of the Brandywine region.
A Man's Table Reversed
William M. Harnett
Still Life and Portraits
Still life painting also has strong roots in the Brandywine region, particularly trompe l'oeil or "fool the eye" painting that was popular in the late 19th century. The museum's collection includes examples by such painters as William Michael Harnett, the acknowledged leader in this type of painting, John F. Peto, George Cope, John Haberle and Alexander Pope. Many of these works were created for gentleman's clubs, pubs and other "masculine" interiors, hence the decidedly male subject matter: often hunting and fishing equipment, dead game, mugs and pipes. The museum's
Miss Mary du Pont
Jefferson David Chalfant
collection includes works by other important American still life painters,including Raphaelle Peale, John F. Francis, Levi Wells Prentice, J. Alden Weir and Walter Murch, among many.
The museum's portrait collection include fine examples by regional artists from the 18th through the late 20th centuries. Early formal portraits by Gilbert Stuart, Benjamin West, and Thomas Sully, depict the Hare family of Philadelphia. The subjects are elegantly dressed and posed in refined settings that convey their social status. Late 19th-century and 20th-century portraits in the collection by Mary Cassatt, Jefferson David Chalfant, Thomas Smedley, Barry Moser, and members of the Wyeth family emphasize informal settings and attire.
A major portion of the region's heritage is American illustration. The first illustrator of note was the famous F.O.C. Darley, who left New York in 1859 to settle just north of Wilmington, Delaware. A few decades later, Howard Pyle, who is often called "the Father of American Illustration," also began to work in the Brandywine Valley. Pyle established an extraordinarily influential art school in Wilmington and Chadds Ford, where he trained dozens of artists, including major illustrators such as N.C. Wyeth, Harvey Dunn, Jessie Willcox Smith and Frank Schoonover. Pyle and many of his students are represented in the Brandywine River Museum.
American illustration is a major component of the museum's collection. Among the hundreds of illustrators represented are early 20thcentury giants such as Edwin Austin Abbey, Winslow Homer, Howard Chandler Christy, Charles Dana Gibson, Rose O'Neill, Maxfield Parrish and Rockwell Kent; late 20th-century cartoonists, such as Al Hirschfeld, Charles Addams, Edward Gorey and Charles
Schulz; and other illustrators such as Theodor Geisel (Dr. Seuss), Charles Santore and Nancy Eckholm Burkert. These are only some of the diverse talents revealed in an illustration collection that also includes Reginald Marsh, George Bellows and Frederic Remington.
Siege of the Roundhouse, Kidnapped
Three Generations of Wyeth Art
N.C. Wyeth was profoundly affected by the Brandywine Valley when he arrived here to study with Howard Pyle in 1902. He married, settled in Chadds Ford, raised a family, and within a decade established himself among America's foremost illustrators with work featured in magazines and newspapers and in numerous very popular books. Several of his best-known illustrations, including ten works from Treasure Island along with works from Kidnapped, The Black Arrow, The Boy's King Arthur, The Last of the Mohicans and other Scribners' classics, are frequently on view at the museum. Wyeth is also represented here by fine still life and landscape paintings and portraits.
N.C. Wyeth's five children inherited much talent. Daughters Henriette Wyeth Hurd and Carolyn Wyeth gained recognition as painters and are well represented in the museum's collection. Andrew Wyeth, the youngest son of N.C., has become one of the most influential and well-known painters in the history of American art. Andrew Wyeth's images in egg tempera and watercolor are often thought to be exact representations of scenes or people. But, in fact, Wyeth restructures elements of visible reality, arranging people and objects as he pleases in order to create his private visions of places and people in Pennsylvania and Maine. Many works by Andrew Wyeth are exhibited at the museum; often on view are such well-known paintings as Evening at Kuerner's, Night Sleeper, Roasted Chestnuts, Siri, Trodden Weed and Snow Hill.
© Andrew Wyeth
The third generation of the Wyeth family includes Andrew Wyeth's younger son, painter James Wyeth. By his early 20s, James Wyeth had earned national attention with a posthumous portrait of John F. Kennedy and other work. Later, he produced striking portraits of Rudolf Nureyev and Andy Warhol, studies for which are in the museum's collection. Since then, Wyeth has established a distinctive style, characterized by strong images and sharp contrasts in his landscapes and portraits. He is known for his monumental animal portraits, including Portait of Pig and Raven in the museum's collection, which represents various stages in his changing style.
Portrait of Pig
Brandywine River Museum, U.S. Route 1, P.O. Box 141
Chadds Ford, PA 19317 Phone: _PHONE_
© 2013 Brandywine Conservancy
This site is for personal, educational, non-commercial use only and may not be reproduced in any form
without the express permission of the Brandywine Conservancy.
For more information send e-mail to: _EMAIL_


text:
Toxin proteins are genetically engineered into our food because they kill insects by perforating body cell walls, and Professor Rikard Blunck of the University of Montreal's Group for the study of membrane proteins (GÉPROM) has detected the molecular mechanism involved. In recognition of his breakthrough, he received the Traditional Paul F. Cranefield Award of the Society of General Physiologists yesterday evening. "This study is about gaining a better understanding of the basic functioning of the toxin proteins in order to judge the risks of using them as pesticides for our nutrition," Dr. Blunck explained.
The Cry1Aa toxin of B. thuringiensis that was investigated is a member of the class of proteins which are called "pore-forming toxins" because they perforate the walls, or membranes, of cells. Cry toxins kill insect larvae if ingested by them and are, therefore, genetically engineered into a number of transgenic crops, including those for human consumption, to make them resistant against these insects.
The pores in the membranes cause minerals necessary for the cell to live to break out and collapse the energy household of the cell. While these toxins could be studied outside of cell membranes through existing techniques that provide images of the 3D structure, the toxins rapidly change their architecture once in contact with the membrane, where the traditional approaches cannot be applied.


text:
Delivery of the 185th Inaugural Lecture series of the University of Benin, Benin City, at the Akin Deko Auditorium Ugbowo Campus, on 30th March 2017.
Present at the event were the ViceChancellor of the university, Prof F.F.O Orumwense,DVC Academic Prof E.P Iribhogbe,DVC Administration Prof. Ehirobo, the school Liberian Dr Evelyn Idiodi, Deans, Directors, Professors, Emeritus Professors and
top government functionaries.
The lecture which witnessed an unprecedented attendance had the Topic : " A Square Peg In a Round Hole:Redressing The Anomalies In Educational Administration in Nigeria. Delivering the lecture was Prof. (mrs) Bridget Ogheneakpobo Ogonor, professor of Educational Administration. With her research findings and interactions with both trainees and educational administrators for the past 27 years reveaedl that numerous challenges in the educational system arose from faulty or non implementation of the well articulated policy of the administration of the education in Nigeria by the federal government. She said that with her humble effort, it indicates that the numerous issues that bedevil the administration of education in Nigeria can be addressed if the well articulated government policy on education are properly effective. She added that an efficient educational system where the products would be self –reliant and contribute positively to national development could thus be realised.
According to her, education refines a man to become useful to himself and the society. It is a potent tools for national development overtime and it has been identified as a very important instrument that can be used to attain the desired goal of a society
She said educational delivery is a complex and dynamic process that requires huge investment, co-operation and the contribution of all stake holders. In this lecture, education is conceptualized as the process humans undergo to function adequately in their environment, and be useful to themselves and relevant to their society where they live, through space and time, and the interlink between education and society cannot be overemphasized as the education that is obtained in a society is determined by the nature of that particular society. And the society itself is a product of the education acquired by the citizenry.
Redressing this is a continuous process of effort targeted at repairing, altering, correcting and modifying the identified segment of the social system and supra system that indicate symptoms of weakness or failure that culminate in the attainment of the intended goal.
She further said that the anomalies are key concept of her lecture. This implies identified areas of weakness, loop holes, failure that indicates deviation from the expected, which needs correction. Quality control in an organization is the key to ensuring that the massive resources invested in the production process yield the desire outcome. In the educational sector, government inspectors and divisions at the state and federal levels need to compliment the institutional heads in the performance of this important function.
However, school inspectors had been criticized for their adequacy to assist classroom teachers to improve their performance.
Finally, she said education has been purposefully administered and utilized in many advanced nation as an instrument for development. In Nigeria, the federal government adequately articulates how education should be administered to enhance national development in the national policy on education( the round hole in the title of this lecture ). But, the implementation of the national policy on education in Nigeria is riddle with:
- insufficient participation and involvement of the communities, of the communities at the level in the administration of the school;
- gap in communication between the stakeholders of education at all levels of policy formulation and implementation
- inadequate motivation of the teaching personnel to attract and substain them on the job.
The listed problems gave rise to the challenges of poor infrastructure facilities in schools, lack of synegy among the stakeholders of the education industry in the review and imlimentation of policy, application of improper technology in the production process culminating in the prevalence of anti social activities such as cultism,indicipline, examination malpractice etc. among staff and students. In view of this anomalies in the processing, in the educational system, the output tend to be at variance with the desired outcome.


text:
The basic arrangement for cross-laced spokes is thus:
Spoke Length = sqrt[ (RRSP - (HSR * cos(SAA)))^2 + HFO^2 - (HSR * cos(SAA))^2 ]
For radial (straight) spokes, the formula is simpler:
Spoke Length = sqrt[ (RRSP - HSR)^2 + HFO^2 ]
- RRSP (Rim Radius plus Spoke Penetration) is half of the Effective Rim Diameter given by the manufacturer plus 2mm for the spoke's penetration into the nipple
- HSR (Hub Spoke Radius) is the radius from the hub center to the outermost edge of the spoke holes on the hub
- SAA (Spoke Anchor Angle) is the angle of from the hub spoke hole to rim hole that the spoke goes to. It depends upon the lacing pattern and which individual spoke you are calculating for.
- HFO (Hub Flange Offset) is the distance from the hub's flange to the lateral center of the wheel, based upon the dish of the wheel. For a front wheel, this will be the same on each side, but for a rear wheel, which has a dish to accommodate the rear gears, this is different for each side since the hub's own lateral center is different from the wheel's lateral center.
I'll credit this page for the formula; it also has more detail.
There are also a bunch of calculators online, the easiest of which is probably Damon Rinard's spocalc spreadsheet. Other calculators:
As usual, Sheldon Brown has a great page on wheel building and you can learn more about the math from the above mentioned book.


text:
**We are not accepting new students at this time.**
Undergraduate students are required to commit to a minimum of two years for training and research.
Undergraduates may pursue:
- Research for credit (PSYCH 499, NBB 499, or departmental equivalent) – 10+ hours
- Volunteer (8+ hours)
- Federal work study (10-20 hours; see _URL_ – coming Fall 2018
- Honors thesis (10+ hours)
- Independent Study/Research (10+ hours)
All lab members are required to attend a weekly lab seminar/journal club and a separate lab business meeting. Students are responsible for completing assigned readings in preparation for these meetings.
All undergraduates start off as lab trainees. We require 2+ years because any student interested in contributing to our research in a substantive way (analyses, collection, etc), must first undergo training in ethics, behavior genetics methods, and statistics. The following year will involve project-specific learning (e.g. directed reading, related academic courses, psych/NBB 499, tasks that support prospective individual projects). Time in the lab culminates with advanced statistical methods and independent study/honors thesis. Throughout your time in the lab, training will be achieved through tutorials/lectures and actual research experience. We expect students who know more to help train junior lab members.
Example projects include:
- examining the relationship between stress, mood disorders and substance use
- identifying genetic variation related to alcohol and other drug use, cognition, and other behaviors in humans
- curating gene-sets related to substance use phenotypes
Example of a recent URA project:


text:
Part of speech: noun
Origin: French, mid-17th century
A small or minor literary or musical work.
Examples of Opuscule in a sentence
"While this book could be considered an opuscule, it means a lot to me personally."
"The opuscule doesn't even sound like it was written by the famous poet."
This noun originally comes from the Latin word "opusculum," a dimunutive of the word that means "work." If you are working on a project, no matter how big or small it is, you can refer to it as your "opus."
Did you Know?
A magnum opus is the complete opposite of an opuscule work. The former term refers to the most important work of an artist's career, often one that they are most recognized for.


text:
Socioeconomic Impacts of Coastal Tourism on Local Communities in Kuakata, Bangladesh
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The socioeconomic impacts of coastal tourism depend on local communities' participation in tourism activities and gathering both positive and negative consequences. However, an understanding of the socioeconomic impacts is essential for making proper strategic efforts for its sustainable existence. We identify the socioeconomic impacts of coastal tourism on local communities in Kuakata, which is one of the natural coastal tourist attractions in Bangladesh. Our study is based on quantitative survey data from 350 local tourism stakeholders obtained through a semi-structured questionnaire. Based on a theoretical framework, factor analysis has been conducted to perceive the latent construct of four dimensions of coastal tourism impacts, namely, livelihood, economic, social, and environmental aspects. Later, cluster analysis has been used to observe the overall socioeconomic impact. Our study revealed that the overall impacts of coastal tourism have significant consequences among the respondents in different age groups, educational levels, and income categories. Tourism activities are important for sustainable livelihood, increasing adaptive capacity, and reducing vulnerability in coastal areas. We also observe that there is poor empowerment of locals, lack of regulations, and limited community participation in coastal tourism activities in Kuakata. Policymakers, industry professionals, and academics need to give careful attention to the overall impacts so that sustainable development can be achieved through coastal tourism development in the study area.
WORKING PAPER 1430


text:
An app to serial reading (Only TXT Files)
In conventional reading most of time is spent moving the eyes, not really reading the word.
Serial reading allows a faster reading (with the same or better comprehension) because the eyes are kept almost fixed, while the text is displayed.
Additional features of this application:
1) The speed is increased automatically (if you want).
2) Tries to put together symbols and words.
3) Complex words have a bigger time on screen
4) Automatically Save the line you're reading, letting you to continue after a pause.
5) Allows you to pause the reading, just touch the word that are being displayed.
- Fixed bugs when saving the positioning in the file
- Improved Open File Dialog


Tax Filing Tips: When to Check Your Withholdings
Check your withholdings
The U.S. has a pay-as-you-go tax system. This means that instead of paying your total tax bill in one lump sum, the amount of tax you owe is spread out over the entire year. When you start a new job, you fill out a Form W-4 that tells your employer how much of your income should go to your tax liability. As a result, a certain amount of federal income tax is withheld from your paycheck each pay period.
If you are having too much income withheld for taxes, you will get a refund when you file your next return. But if you have too little withheld, you will owe the IRS at tax time – and you might even have to pay a penalty for it. Fortunately, it is easy to update your withholdings and avoid a surprise when you file your next return.
When should I check my withholdings?
Anytime your personal or financial situation changes, you'll want to make sure you are having enough income tax withheld from your paycheck. Here are five reasons you would need to give your W-4 an update.
 1. Your total household income increased – A change in total income might put you in a different tax bracket, and you could end up owing more in taxes than you expected.
 1. You started a side-gig – If you work two jobs, you can split your allowances between two W-4s, or you can claim all of them on a single form. Income tax withholdings are calculated based on your total earnings, so if you don't receive a Form W-2 from your side gig (say you get a 1099 instead), you still need to account for your additional income on your W-4.
 1. You or your spouse began a new job – If you and your spouse file a joint return and you're both employed, you really only need to fill out one W-4 with your combined allowances. Otherwise, you can divide them over both W-4s. Just be sure you aren't claiming the same allowances on two different forms.
 1. Your family situation changed – The number of allowances you can claim changes when you have children, get married or get divorced. If you didn't make an adjustment after a major life event, do it as soon as possible. Waiting means there are fewer pay periods to withhold the necessary federal tax.
 1. The tax laws changed – In 2018, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act changed our tax law system in some major ways. The Child Tax Credit and Standard Deduction increased, but a lot of other tax breaks were eliminated. The income tax rates and brackets were revamped as well. All of these could affect how much you owe or will receive as a refund.
How can I adjust my withholdings?
Adjusting your withholdings for these life events is simple. Use the new Form W-4 and the simplified 5 step process.
 1. Estimate how much income tax should be withheld from your paycheck each pay period using the IRS Withholding Calculator
 1. Complete Form W-4. The W-4 can be adjusted anytime during the year. You can simply ask your employer for a new form or download one here. Use the following steps to fill out the form:
 - Step 1 – Enter your personal information
 - Step 2 – Enter multiple jobs or indicate that your spouse also works
 - Step 3 – Claim dependents
 - Step 4 – Indicate other adjustments (optional)
 - Step 5 – Sign the form
 1. If you haven't been withholding enough for income tax, you can make an estimated payment. To do so electronically, use IRS Direct Pay or the Treasury Department's Electronic Federal Tax Payment System (EFTPS).
This article is up to date and accounts for tax law changes for tax year 2020 (tax returns filed in 2021).
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Masquerade, Series _PHONE_
Approximately 60.96cm X 121.92cm, Oil on Canvas
All my paintings with staircases or steps refer to the sensation of becoming lost and needing to find one's way. Note that these staircases sometimes start out of nowhere and/or have no end…
More specifically, the staircases symbolise the predicaments humans create for themselves. People then have to somehow find a solution to resolve the problem that they have created, even when it looks impossible to do so.
The bird does not need a staircase, however, and moves only by instinct. The bird can fly and does not think these staircases are a problem, but humans do because that is their nature!


text:
Research and Analysis by Cori E. Uccello
This article assesses the prospects for retirement security among Social Security beneficiaries in 2022 and 2062. In absolute terms, beneficiaries in 2062 will be better off than those in 2022, at least assuming Social Security benefits scheduled under current law. Relative measures of well-being, however, suggest a decline in well-being between 2022 and 2062. Projected improvements over time would lessen, and declines would be exacerbated, if Social Security benefits are reduced according to what is payable under current-law taxes.
Issues addressed in this article include the adequacy of household retirement saving, controlling for lifetime earnings levels and uncertainty, and the examination of the role of Social Security in bolstering financial security. The authors show that reductions in Social Security benefits could have significant deleterious effects on the adequacy of saving, especially among low-income households. They also show that, controlling for lifetime earnings, households with high current earnings tend to save far more adequately than do other households.


text:
5th Grade, Research and Inquiry Activities
2. You are about to learn about the photosynthesis of trees. To begin, Click on the icon titled Photosynthesis.
3. Read the intro page and click on Begin located on the bottom left. Follow all the prompts until you come to the end of the exercise.
4. On a blank sheet of paper, answer the following questions using the information you have just read.
a) What is the difference between chloroplast and chlorophyll?
b) What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
c) What is the reason for leaves changing color in the fall?
d) What does decomposition mean?
For additional information on trees, go to _URL_


text:
Imperial Oil, majority owned by ExxonMobil Corp., produces an average of more than 140,000 b/d of bitumen from the Cold Lake deposit via cyclic steam stimulation.
ExxonMobil Upstream Research said the steam injection technology, developed by Imperial at Cold Lake, improves regulation and distribution of steam in long horizontal wells, reducing the number of wells required, lowering operating costs by cutting steam consumption, and improving bitumen recovery.
The system has two key components. One is an externally mounted screen section that facilitates contact between the well and reservoir. The other is one or more small flow orifices beneath the screen section that create the desired level of flow restriction between the inside of the pipe and the reservoir.
The technology allows control of steam into the formation over the full length of a horizontal well. In steam-assisted gravity drainage developments, it can be used in injector and producer wells to manage steam distribution.
Eddie Lui, Imperial vice-president, oil sands development and research, said the company has seen reductions of up to 10% in carbon dioxide emissions because of improved efficiency of injected steam and improvement in ultimate recovery.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Many sites and applications using WrapPanel to display your items. Items are queued from left to right and when there is no more space tend to skip to the next line.
For Example:
Image App Windows 8 NetFlix
What is the best way to make this organization? Or it depends on what I'm showing? When you leave all items of the same size and when can they have variable size? (Figure 1, search on google images is similar)
One similarity is that there is always a margin between the elements (however small). But why most applications share content like this: enter image description here
And not so?
enter image description here
The second option is clearly more symmetric (margin left and margin right).
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I'm not really clear on what your question specifically is? Are you asking if version 'B' with symmetric margins is better than A? What is the relationship to the overlapping-type images in your first image? I can't see the specific question that you want answered here. – JonW Sep 21 '12 at 23:27
Actually is no specific question. It is open to some more general concept. When to use X, or when to use Y, or when to use Z? Why? Is there any rule of User Experience for stacking items like this? – J. Lennon Sep 22 '12 at 0:28
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3 Answers
Sometimes it is hard to read intention into a UI without insider-context to know if something is a conscious or unconscious decision. We could very well ascribe valid UX principles to explain why something is a certain way, but it's also quite possible it is more accidental.
Consequently there are two possible answers to your question:
As a conscious design decision, having different margins between elements is an example of using grouping principles to create a relationship between the elements using negative space (as other answers have pointed out).
As an unconscious design decision, it can also be as simple as that's how it looks when you're using CSS margins for flowing lists where you don't know which items are at the first or last position in the row.
The CSS applied to each item would therefore be the same, i.e. margin: 10px; When you have two items next to each other the gap between them becomes the sum of the right and left margin:
download bmml source – Wireframes created with Balsamiq Mockups
The result is more white space between neighboring elements than you have for the first or last item in the row.
With the examples you provided, I would say that the first one looks like a conscious design decision whereas the second example (Netflix) is probably more representative of the cumulative effect of uniform margins in a list.
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Different margin within and outside of the wrap re-enforce the content grouping. By having a different (smaller or wider) margin on the side it becomes clear that the images do not continue beyond the visible area, but the visible group that gets formed by the internal same-width gaps is entirely visible.
Furthermore there often is not space on the sides of the wrap, but only within the columns (gaps). Your example actually shows that: the margin on the side is applied to the whole page, not just the wrap as you show in the wireframe.
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Actually, I think your second example is less symetric than your first. Think of the space around items in your view as belonging to the item, a constant margin around each item. It then suddenly makes sense that there is less (half) as much margin between the edge of the view and the first item than there is between items themselves. In the latter case, you will have two times the margin, as each item gets its own margin.
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I understand your point. Well placed. Although there are still many unanswered questions. – J. Lennon Sep 20 '12 at 0:20
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text:
ESL services and activities are designed using the SIOP model and serve as an extension to enhance and reinforce what is currently taught in the classroom. Our goal is to further develop and strengthen English language skills in the areas of Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing. During the month of October, Anti-bullying month, students learned how to identify character traits through action and dialogue using descriptive words. Students participated in a self reflection activity and created and presented a self portrait of themselves using words that describe their character both inside and out.
Mrs. Rodriguez's 3rd Grade ESL Small Group Instruction
Aida Rodriguez, Teacher


text:
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
Chapter 2: A Peck of Owls
Where a Vietnamese word has been borrowed from Chinese, the original Chinese character is shown in parentheses.
群 qún = 'crowd, bunch, group'.
猫头鹰 māotóuyīng = 'cat-headed hawk' = 'owl'.
|A bunch of owls|
= 'cat-headed hawk' = 'owl'.
大隊 dàduì = 'large body, specifically batallion, regiment, group, or brigade (depending on organisational context)'.
|A contingent of owls|
Fukurō no tsubute
|ふくろう fukurō =
の no = connecting particle
つぶて tsubute = 'throwing stones' (or stones so thrown).
|Pelted with owls|
|Vietnamese||Một bầy cú||một
= 'one, a'.
bầy = 'flock, pack'.
cú = 'owl'.
|A flock of owls|
There is no problem saying 'a flock of owls' in CJV, but the word play involved in this little slip of the tongue (Uncle Vernon meant to say 'a pack of owls' but said 'peck of owls' instead) is not so easy to reproduce. (See Wordplay: '...a peck, I mean, a pack of owls').
Alas, the 'peck of owls' must be sacrificed for the prosaic 'bunch of owls' in the Mainland Chinese version, a 'large body or contingent' of owls in the Taiwanese version, and a 'flock' or 'pack' of owls in the Vietnamese.
The Japanese translator comes up with the most ingenious translation. The word つぶて tsubute means 'throwing stones' and can also refer to the stones that are so thrown. The Japanese title thus means 'Owl stone(s)', with the implication that the owl or owls come pelting at you like stones. This is no doubt exactly how Uncle Vernon felt about the owls that kept bringing letters to Harry.


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I used the following code and I am able to link references, List of Symbols but unable to link the Table of Contents in my thesis. I wish a completely linked PDF of my thesis. Please help me....
% dvipdf,
% ps2pdf, % using ps2pdf vs pdftex
% colorlinks=true, % color the words instead of use a colored box
% urlcolor=blue, % \href{...}{...} external (URL)
% filecolor=blue, % \href{...} local file
% linkcolor=black, % \ref{...} and \pageref{...}
% citecolor=black, % \cite{}
pdfborder={0 0 0}, % for removing borders around links
% plainpages boolean true
% Forces page anchors to be named by the arabic form of the page number,
% rather than the formatted form.
% breaklinks boolean false
% Allows link text to break across lines; since this cannot be accommodated in
% PDF, it is only set true by default if the pdftex driver is used. This makes
% links on multiple lines into different PDF links to the same target.
% Adds?backlink? text to the end of each item in the bibliography, as a list
% of section numbers. This can only work properly if there is a blank line
% after each \bibitem.
% bookmarksnumbered boolean false
% If Acrobat bookmarks are requested, include section numbers.
% bookmarksopen boolean false
% If Acrobat bookmarks are requested, show them with all the subtrees expanded.
pdftitle={PhD Thesis},
pdfauthor={Jonathan M. McCune},
pdfsubject={Carnegie Mellon University},
pdfpagemode=UseOutlines % None, UseThumbs, UseOutlines, FullScreen
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Adding lintocpage to the options of hyperref will help? – Harish Kumar Aug 2 '12 at 4:21
2 Answers 2
Probably you mean that the table of contents is not in the bookmarks (outlines). It is debatable, whether the table of contents should have an entry for itself. But for the bookmarks it is IMHO ok, because they are just a navigational help. I use the opportunity to comment some option settings for hyperref. Additional bookmarks can be set using \pdfbookmark as shown in the example, see documentation of hyperref. To avoid links to wrong pages, it is important that \pdfbookmark is on the same page. Ensuring a page break before makes this easier.
 % Some remarks:
 % * drivers like 'pdftex' that can be detected automatically
 % are not necessary
 % * breaklinks is rather an internal option.
 % If a driver does not support it, then forcing the option
 % let the text break across lines, but also the link
 % areas are "broken". If the driver supports the option,
 % then the option is enabled anyway.
 % * Information entries should be set outside,
 % because LaTeX expands the package options,
 % hyperref does not like them, if they are
 % prematurely expanded.
 % * Hyperref has a new option for hiding links: hidelinks
 %...
% Adding package bookmark improves bookmarks handling.
% More features and faster updated bookmarks.
\newpage% or \cleardoublepage
% \pdfbookmark[]{}{}
enter image description here
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I had this same problem. My fix is kind of messy but does the job for me. Hope it helps you
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Table of contents}
(note that I use \cleardoublepage to ensure that each new section begins on an odd-numbered page for printing purposes)
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text: Introducing: GISetc TV! by gisetc | Apr 29, 2010 | GIS Happenings, Our Blog | 0 comments The goal of GISetc TV is to share and create content that: Excites students about GIS. Is a resource for GIS educators and professionals. Shares technological advances in the field of GIS studies. Shares the adventures of GISetc in field studies, training, educational opportunities and more!


text:
Mainstreaming Non-Motorised Transport (NMT) in police and planning in Nairobi: iInstitutional issues and challenges
MetadataShow full item record
Non Motorized Transport (NMT) is a dominant mode of transport in African cities, and there are a number of institutional issues and challenges that confront African governments in mainstreaming the mode into the overall planning of cities. This paper acknowledges the progress made in the mainstreaming of NMT in planning, including inherent institutional issues and challenges, based on preliminary findings from a study on NMT provision in Nairobi. The paper argues that, in spite of several attempts aimed at mainstreaming NMT in policy and planning, the process is confronted with institutional issues and challenges which affect implementation. After an extensive discussion of the NMT drivers, institutional issues and challenges, the paper concludes that there is an innovative trend emerging which bears hope for mainstreaming NMT within the city of Nairobi. As discussed in the paper, there is awareness among various actors of the need to accommodate and integrate NMT into the existing modes of transport. However, a number of challenges impact on this effort, including: the slow pace of processing the National Integrated Transport Policy, an existing biased inclination towards motorised transport, poor coordination of the drivers of NMT, and, poor enforcement of regulations. These constraints make it difficult to conclusively determine the direction of NMT mainstreaming within the city of Nairobi.


text:
||This article needs attention from an expert on the subject. (December 2011)|
A fail-safe or fail-secure device is one that, in the event of failure, responds in a way that will cause no harm, or at least a minimum of harm, to other devices or danger to personnel.
"Fail-safe[ty]" should not be confused with "fail-secur[ity]." A fail-secure component of a system secures that system (or at least the portion to which the component is dedicated) in the event of a failure either of that component or elsewhere in the system. For example, during a failure of an ingress-egress control system, e.g., a user propping a door open somewhere in a building, a fail-secure lock will close, lock, and remain locked even when a user attempts to unlock it with the key that the user usually employs. In such a case, an independent release, such as a reboot or disarming of the securing mechanism, is required. In contrast, a component may be considered fail-safe even if its failure does not secure the system. For example, if a door locked from the inside is left unlocked or is unlocked at the wrong time, it has failed (in some cases, along with the entire system), the door may be (but is not necessarily) fail-safe if its being unlocked does not open it or attract additional attention to its unlocked state.
Significantly, despite popular belief to the contrary, a system's being "fail-safe" means not that failure is impossible/improbable, but rather that the system's design prevents or mitigates unsafe consequences of the system's failure; that is, if and when a "fail-safe" system "fails", it is "safe" or at least no less safe than when it is operating correctly.
Mechanical or physical
- Aircraft landing on an aircraft carrier increases the throttle to full power at touchdown. If the arresting wires fail to capture the plane, it is able to take off again.
- Coiling/rolling fire doors that are activated by building alarm systems or local smoke detectors must close automatically when signaled regardless of power. In case of power outage the coiling fire door does not need to close, but must be capable of automatic closing when given a signal from the building alarm systems or smoke detectors. A temperature sensitive fusible link may be employed to hold the fire doors open against gravity or a closing spring. In case of fire, the link melts and releases the doors, and they close.
- Operation of some airport luggage carts requires that one hold down a given cart's handbrake switch at all times; if the handbrake switch is released, the brake will activate, and assuming that all other portions of the braking system are working properly, the cart will stop. The handbrake-holding requirement thus both operates according to the principles of "fail-safety" and contributes to (but does not necessarily ensure) the fail-security of the system.
- See dead man's switch, a more extreme example that, depending on its placement in the system, can be used to render a system "safe" and/or "secure" against a failure that disables it.
- Lawnmowers and snow blowers have a hand-closed lever that must be held down at all times. If it is released, it stops the blades or rotors rotation.
- Air brakes on railway trains and air brakes on trucks. The brakes are held in the "off" position by air pressure created in the brake system. Should a brake line split, or a carriage become de-coupled, the air pressure will be lost and the brakes applied. It is impossible to drive a train or truck with a serious leak in the air brake system.
- Motorized gates — In case of power outage the gate can be pushed open by hand with no crank or key required. However, as this would allow virtually anyone to go through the gate, a fail-secure design is used: In a power outage, the gate can only be opened by a hand crank that is usually kept in a safe area.
- During early Apollo program missions to the Moon, the spacecraft was put on a free return trajectory — if the engines had failed at lunar orbit insertion, the craft would have safely coasted back to Earth.
- Elevator cabins have a safety mechanism that wedges securely onto the guide rails to arrest a fall if the hoist cables were to fail.
- Various devices that operate with fluids use fuses or valves as a fail-safe mechanism.
- A railway semaphore signal is designed so that should the cable controlling the signal break, the arm returns to the "danger" position, preventing any trains passing the inoperative signal.
- On diving watches, the rotating bezel used to measure dive time contains a ratchet so it can only be turned counter-clockwise. If the bezel is inadvertently rotated during the dive, it will only rotate so as to give a false reading of increased time spent below, prompting the underwater diver to return to the surface earlier than intended, rather than later. This protects the diver from, for example, underestimating their decompression obligation, an error which could result in decompression sickness.
Electrical or electronic
- Many devices are protected from short circuit with fuses. The destruction of the fuse will prevent destruction of the device.
- Avionics using redundant systems to perform the same computation with voting logic to determine the "safe" result.
- Traffic light controllers use a Conflict Monitor Unit to detect faults or conflicting signals and switch an intersection to all flashing red, rather than displaying potentially dangerous conflicting signals, e.g. showing green in all directions.
- The automatic protection of programs and/or processing systems when a computer hardware or software failure is detected in a computer system. A classic example is a watchdog timer. See fail-safe (computer).
- A control operation or function that prevents improper system functioning or catastrophic degradation in the event of circuit malfunction or operator error; for example, the failsafe track circuit used to control railway block signals.
- The iron pellet ballast on the Bathyscaphe is dropped to allow the submarine to ascend. The ballast is held in place by electromagnets. If electrical power fails, the ballast is released, and the submarine then ascends to safety.
- Inside a modern CPU are features to prevent damage through overheating. In the event of cooling failure, the CPU will throttle then shut down beyond a critical temperature threshold to avoid damage.
- In industrial automation, alarm signals are usually "normally closed" (or active at 0). This insures that in case of a wire break the alarm will be triggered. If the signal were normally open, no wire failure would be detected.
- In control systems, critically important signals can be carried by a complementary pair of wires ( and ). Only states where the two signals are opposite (one is high, the other low) are valid. If both are high or both are low the control system knows that something is wrong with the sensor or connecting wiring. Simple failure modes (dead sensor, cut/unplugged wires) are thereby detected. An example would be a control system reading both the NO and NC poles of a SPDT selector switch against common, and checking them for coherency before reacting to the input.
- In HVAC control systems, actuators that control dampers and valves may be fail-safe, for example, to prevent coils from freezing or rooms from overheating. Older pneumatic actuators were inherently fail-safe since if the air pressure against the internal diaphragm failed, the built-in spring would push the actuator to its home position. Newer electrical/electronic actuators need additional components (springs or capacitors) to automatically drive the actuator to home position upon loss of electrical power.
As well as physical devices and systems fail-safe procedures can be created so that if a procedure is not carried out or carried out incorrectly no dangerous action results. For example:
- In railway signalling signals which are not in active use for a train are required to be kept in the 'danger' position. The default position of every signal is therefore "danger", and therefore a positive action — setting signals to "clear" — is required before a train may pass. This practice also ensures that, in case of a fault in the signalling system, an incapacitated signalman, or the unexpected entry of a train, that a train will never be shown an erroneous "clear" signal.
- Train drivers are instructed that a railway signal showing a confusing, contradictory or unfamiliar aspect (for example a colour light signal that has suffered an electrical failure and is showing no light at all) must be treated as showing "danger". In this way, the driver contributes to the fail-safety of the system.
Other terminology
Fail-safe (foolproof) devices are also known as poka-yoke devices. Poka-yoke, a Japanese term, was coined by Shigeo Shingo, a quality expert. "Safe to fail" refers to civil engineering designs such as the Room for the River project in Netherlands and the Thames Estuary 2100 Plan which incorporate flexible adaptation strategies or climate change adaption which provide for, and limit damage, should extreme events such as 500 year floods occur.
See also
|Look up fail-safe in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.|
- Control theory
- Dead man's switch
- Elegant degradation
- failing badly
- Fault-tolerant design
- Fault-tolerant system
- IEC 61508 (Safe Failure Fraction - SFF)
- Safe-life design
- Safety engineering
- "Fail-safe". AudioEnglich.net. Accessed 2009.12.31
- e.g., David B. Rutherford, Jr., "What Do You Mean — It


i,name in enumerate(book.sheet_names()) if name == sheet_name]
## check if index[0] has a value, otherwise sheet_name couldn't be found
 sh = book.sheet_by_index(index[0])
except IndexError, Ierr:
 print str(Ierr), 'No sheet named', sheet_name, '!'
db = {}
## get the cellvalues from the second row, these are the (shape-) field names
header = [sh.cell_value(1,i) for i in range(sh.ncols)]
for head in header:
 ## the values gonna be stored in simple lists
 db[head] = []
## loop through all the cells, starting at row three
for c in range(sh.ncols):
 for r in range(2,sh.nrows):
## re-arrange the data: data to put is a list of list and col is a list of the fieldnames
data_to_put, col = zip(*[(db[k],k) for k in db.iterkeys()])
## get a sql statement based on the identifier HYDRO_CODE to select only those rows from the shape
## write the data to the shapefile
update_fields(shape, sql, col, data_to_put)
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path of the linux_files folder that you created at the first phase.
17- Copy the following files from the image/linux folder into the linux_files/boot folder that you created in the first phase.
18- In the linux_files/boot folder create the linux.bif file containing the following lines
/* linux */
 [fsbl_config] a53_x64
 [bootloader]
 [pmufw_image]
 [destination_device=pl]
 [destination_cpu=a53-0, exception_level=el-3, trustzone]
 [destination_cpu=a53-0, exception_level=el-2]
3- Create Platform
1- Create a folder named pfm in the ultra96v2-vitis-pkg folder that you created in the first step.
cd pfm
To create the ultra96v2 platform for Vitis. First, run the Vitis IDE and choose the pfm folder (that you created in the first step) as the workspace.
2- Create a new platform project by selecting "File–>New–>Platform Project…". Choos "ultra96v2" as the project name and accept the default folder.
3- In the next window select the XSA option and press Next
4- Click on Brows… button and locate the ultra96v2.xsa file generated in the first step by Vivado, and then select the linux as Operating System and click Finish button.
5- Clock the Welcome window if it is open. Select "linux on psu_cortexa53" and configure the Linux domain as the following figure.
6- Press the right-click on the project name on the left panel and select Build Project.
4- Test
1- In the Vitis IDE, select "File–>New–>Application Project…" to create a new application.
2- Select vector_add as the Project name
3- Select the ultra96v2 [custom] platform in the next window
4- Press the Next button in the next window.
5- Select the Vector Addition as the template and press Finish button.
6- Select Hardware as the active build configuration from the menu on the right.
7- Build the project by pressing the right-click on the project name and selecting the Build project option.
8- Copy the content of the sd_card folder generated by the application project into an SD-CARD and boot the U;tra96v2 board.
9- Using putty open a serial terminal with the following configuration
10- login to the board by using root as both username and password. Then go to /run/media/mmcblk0p1 folder
11- Run the following commands to define the Xilinx XRT library
export XILINX_XRT=/usr
12- Run the application by running this command
./vector_add.exe binary_container_1.xclbin