text:
Electrolytes are substances that produce an electrically conducting solution when dissolved in water or other polar solvents. Higher organisms such as the human body need to maintain a sensitive and complex electrolyte balance between their intracellular and extracellular environments. In the same organisms, the primary ions of electrolytes are sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and hydrogen phosphate.
The Three Major Roles of Electrolytes in the Human Body
1. Fluid Balance for the Maintenance of Homeostasis
Fluid balance is important in the maintenance of homeostasis in the human body. Note that homoeostasis is the state of steady internal conditions needed to maintain proper body functioning. In the case of fluid balance, the core principle is that the amount of water lost from the body must equal the amount of water taken in.
Electrolytes play a role in maintaining fluid balance both at the intracellular and extracellular levels. To be specific, intracellular fluids are dominated by potassium and phosphate ions while extracellular fluids are preponderated by sodium and chloride. These electrolytes maintain fluid balance inside and outside the cells through osmotic pressure.
An increased concentration of substances either from the intracellular or extracellular environment would draw water from the other. Consider the case of water intoxication. Consumption of large amounts of water leads to the dissolution of sodium in the extracellular fluids. To cope with this, the water naturally enters the cells, thus increasing the volume of intracellular fluids and leading to cellular swelling.
Nevertheless, an adequate level of electrolytes in both intracellular and extracellular fluids is a determinant of fluid balance. In other words, the same appropriate level of electrolytes is one of the variables of homeostasis.
2. Maintenance of Acid-Base Balance in the Blood
Another function of electrolytes in the human body is the maintenance of acid-base balance in the blood. The balance is determined by blood pH level. Blood acidity increases when the level of acidic compounds in the body rises or when the level of basic or alkaline compound falls. Blood alkalinity increases when the level of alkaline increases or when the level of acid decreases.
The acid-base balance of the blood is precisely controlled by different mechanisms. The lungs play a primary role in releasing carbon dioxide. Note that carbon dioxide is a mildly acidic waste product of metabolism. The kidneys help in excreting acidic or alkaline compounds in the body although their effect on blood pH level takes several days.
Another mechanism for maintaining acid-base balance is fluid balance and electrolyte balance. All of these three are interlinked with one another. Hence, an electrolyte imbalance leads to a fluid imbalance that in turn, would lead to an acid-base imbalance.
Essentially, both electrolyte balance and fluid balance are needed in the maintenance of proper hydration levels in the body. It is worth mentioning that dehydration results in a decrease in the pH or metabolic acidosis while overhydration results in an increase in the pH or metabolic alkalosis.
3. Role in the Activities of Muscles and Nerves
Electric current is needed in the proper functioning of muscle cells and nerve cells and thereby, muscle tissues and neurons. Remember that electrolytes produce an electrically conducting solution when dissolved in water or other polar solvents. Muscles and neurons are activated by electrolyte activity between the extracellular and intracellular fluid.
For example, calcium, sodium, and potassium are required in muscle contraction. This contraction occurs through an electrical stimulus. To be specific, in skeletal muscles, the brain sends electrochemical signals through the nervous system to the motor neuron that innervates several muscle fibers. In smooth muscles, contraction is partly influenced by spontaneous electrical activity. Nonetheless, low levels of these electrolytes result in either muscle weakness or severe muscle contraction.
Electrolytes also have specific roles in proper brain functioning and neural activities. Remember that the entire nervous system depends on electrical signaling. Sodium gives the inside of the nerve cell an electrical charge while potassium neutralizes the charged cell to reestablish resting state. Magnesium prompts the activation of enzymes that control the flow of sodium and potassium into and out of the nerve cells. The interplay between these electrolytes is vital to the electrical signaling between neurons.


wanted to know what a character would have to do to learn the Draconic language. Her answer was, you may choose Draconic as one of the languages your PC gains from a high Intelligence score. So, just like you can choose Goblin or Giant, you can choose Dragon (or Draconic).
Does anyone else see the problem? How is this language any more difficult or complex than any other? If I am a Human/Fighter, 1st level, and I have an Intelligence of 12, that means I can speak one additional language. I pick Draconic. Why not?
Here's how it works in D&D-But-Not:
First, you need to spend three Language Slots (a Slot is what we call a Language gained per Intelligence Bonus) in order to speak Dragon. Three.
If your class is Wizard, or you are playing an Elf, or a Dwarf, it takes two.
If you are an Elven or Dwarven Wizard, you need only spend one.
The language is difficult, physically and mentally. You need a long time to learn it and practice it in order to do it properly. Therefore, it takes up Intelligence bonus points that might have gone elsewhere, to the learning of other languages. Dwarves and Elves have an advantage because they are much longer lived. They have the time to learn something this complicated. Furthermore, Wizards would be one of the few professions with access to books and information on the subject.
Dragons don't exactly go around giving tutorials on their grammar.
Lastly, if you are a normal Human or Wilder (the Halflings of my setting), you must also provide a backstory of how you learned this language. As I noted, there is no Rosetta Stone: Draconic program going around teaching Dragon-Speak to blacksmiths and midwives in their spare time.
The beauty of my little house rule, and it's pretty minor I assure you, is that it directly effects your character.
It does not effect them in a major way, and it doesn't effect a character who doesn't choose to learn Draconic, but it makes an element of my fluff a choice you can make during character creation.
If Orcs are pig-like instead of green and burly, how does it effect me?
If we called Wizards in this setting Spell-Tamers, how does it effect me?
If there are not Clerics in your setting, how...Wait. That matters! I, the player in your setting, care about that!
Fluff is great. I love fluff? Where would a fluffer-nutter sandwich be without the fluff? OK, it would be an all peanut butter sandwich, which honestly I'm fine with, but, NOT THE POINT!
We need fluff. Yet, how can I put this delicately, um, it doesn't really make that game all that different and memorable. If the fluff has no effect on the characters and the game world in a interactive, experienceable way, the game, regardless of your unique story, will feel like any other game in that genre and/or system.
Remember, cotton candy is tasty, but not filling.
Barking Alien
Wednesday, June 18, 2014
Mystery Incorporated
A large number of RPG subjects have been on my mind lately. Not the least of which is my 'What Other GMs Do Wrong' series. However, before I address anything else, I wanted to say a little more about mysteries in RPGs.
Some additional thoughts came to me after a Superhero game I participated in this past Friday night. This was a game in which an opening investigation was the key to starting each of the mini-adventures that made up our session, and yet that proved the most difficult element to incorporate into the various scenarios.
In order to facilitate a better understanding of what I am talking about, I am going to use the specific example of the aforementioned Superhero game. While that may be the context, it should be noted that what I am discussing here can apply to practically any game of any genre.
A friend of mine runs a homebrew Superhero RPG, very rules-lite and narrative, set in either the Marvel or DC universe. We switch off. One week we're the Justice League of America facing off against Amazo in downtown Metropolis, the next we're the X-Men trying to prevent Sentinels from destroying Xavier's School for Gifted Youngsters.
The typical format is to have four or five short missions during our roughly 4 to 4 1/2 hour sessions.
This past Friday, the theme was Batman: The Brave and The Bold.
We mutually agreed during the first adventure that the style and tone of our game was actually a cross between the Batman: The Brave and The Bold animated series (especially its more surprisingly serious episodes) and the first Batman: The Animated Series show.
Now, the way each mini-adventure began, the GM would describe some situation going on, and before long, wouldn't you know it, it would attract the attention of Batman, Robin, Batgirl or all three.
The fellow playing Batman would then attempt to use the Batcomputer, his own knowledge and experience with Gotham's criminal element, his contacts with Commissioner Gordon or what-have-you, to figure out what was happening.
Translation: He would ask the GM a load of questions.
The GM would answer the questions, though very often in a very vague way. Most of the time, after Batman's initial investigation, it would be no clearer as to who, or what, was behind the situation than it was before doing his detective work.
The reason for this was two-fold (later explained by both the GM and Batman's Player in our post-game discussion):
From The GM's side:
First and foremost, he felt it was hard to run a true mystery in an hour, and also include a good comic book/animated series style fight and a guest star.
Second, the GM felt that stylistically, Batman would do more footwork in the thematic 'era' we were playing in. Yes, Batman has a Batcomputer, a communicator/phone to call Robin, Batgirl or Alfred back at the Batcave, and a remote control for the Batmobile. At the same time, Batman still looks at things with a magnifying glass, or comparable device. He takes samples while at the crime scene. He punches thugs and they let something slip.
He doesn't use the the Batcomputer, and the Internet, to just Google the answers.
From The Player's side:
I was very impressed when my friend said, "I'm playing Batman tonight, but I'm not Batman."
He admitted that he doesn't have that level of deductive reasoning. Yet, I ask you, who does? Batman is ridiculously astute. Almost superhumanly good at solving riddles, and puzzles of a variety of types. He is a character written to outwit the craftiest of criminal minds. That has little to no baring on a player playing him being able to discern what a GM running the Riddler, or Two-Face is thinking.
So was this an impossible experiment? Can running mysteries simply not be accomplished in RPGs? Well, as with my last post on the subject, I don't think it's impossible at all. I think it's tricky, and I think we need to alter how we think of RPG mysteries in the first place.
Remember that the point of a mystery in an RPG, especially a mystery that leads you to the rest of the adventure, is to have it solved. What I mean by that is, if you, the GM, create an unsolvable mystery, be content in spending the next few hours in a room full of people who are either frustrated, or bored, or both. If you're cool with that, we're done here. Go play a video game.
If on the other hand you get where I am coming from, keep reading.
In essence you are trying to design a solvable mystery. A challenging one, but a solvable one. You want a mystery that gets the players thinking. Not necessarily thinking exactly what you are thinking, but just thinking.
So let's say you are looking to use Catwoman in an adventure. You are thinking maybe she has a partner these days, a younger cat-themed sidekick like Robin is to Batman. You mention a series of crimes, all thefts of cat-oriented items, but some of the burglaries occur at the same time in two different parts of town.
You've planned out the scenario, and even a bunch of clues to indicate it might be Catwoman and an accomplice.
After a brief but thorough investigation involving talking to museum and jewelry store staff, checking the Batcomputer, etc., the PCs are convinced that the culprit is...not Catwoman. The idea of a partner of hers doesn't even come up. No, it's obviously someone trying to frame Catwoman!
You, the GM, have a problem. You prepped for Catwoman and Kittengirl (or whomever). You have their stats. You know where they're hiding out, and who their thug/henchmen are. The clues you gave, and the answers to the questions you were asked, should have told them it was Catwoman and Kittengirl. ARGH! What are you going to do?!
They are basically three ways to handle this.
1) Tell the players that they are idiots, that it's Catwoman and a sidekick named Kittengirl, and move on.
Not my favorite choice.
2) Continue throwing clues and hints at them until they change their minds about it being an impostor trying to make Catwoman look


text:
Participants will learn how plants utilize the diffusion of water (osmosis) to bring water into their roots. After placing food dye in water and watching diffusion, an analogy will be drawn to water and plant roots. Participants will be able to view toy "crabs" that have been undergoing
osmosis for different lengths of time and be challenged to put them in order as to which has been in the longest. A artfully illustrated poster-board will complement the activities.
Name of group hosting: Franklin County High School Science Club
About the club: The Franklin County High School Science Club is sponsored by the Bryan Neuswanger at Franklin County High School in Rocky Mount, Virginia. Students join to grasp a better understanding of science and to learn how science can be cool. The Science Club sponsors a monthly lab that allows its participants to play and experiment with anything from advanced science to something you can do in your own house.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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NIMPIS - the National Introduced Marine Pest Information System
Search for an Introduced Marine Species
Species search by name or number:
Enter search criteria in the above textbox. Text searches will find the text anywhere in the name. Numbers will need to be exact for a match to be found.
Search for introductions by invasion status:
This search provides a list of all species according to their invasive status in Australia, with each invasion status described below.
Non-native - indicates that the species has been identified and verified as being introduced to Australia from a source beyond Australia's marine environment.
Cryptogenic - indicates that the species is introduced but has an unknown origin or unclear status. For example, the species has not yet been confirmed as established or the taxonomic knowledge is unavailable to conclusively identify the species.
Native - indicates the species is native or indigenous to Australia or a region of Australia.
Absent - indicates that the species is verified as not being present in Australia.
Any particular species may fall into one or more of these categories. This occurs as species may be classified differently in different regions of Australia, for example non-native in one region but cryptogenic in another.
Search for introductions by distribution:
This search provides a list of all species introduced marine species based on their distribution. There are two searches available: species introduced into Australian states/territories; and species introduced into other areas of the world. The search will also include species that have been recorded as introduced, but eradicated.
Australian Introductions
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Several states have legislation relevant to marine pest species. This search will list species that have been listed by individual states. Some states may not have any specific species nominated as pests and therefore utilise the nationally legislated marine pests.
 Locate introduced marine species in Australia
 Monitoring survey results and other introduced marine species notifications


Understanding Carbon Arrows
Axis.jpgMany of today's serious bowhunters are finding that
carbon arrows offer real benefits. There are three kinds of carbon
arrows on the market right now: pultruded, cross-weave (internal
component) and carbon/aluminum composite. Pultruded carbon shafts
have uni-directional fibers that don't have enough burst strength
to withstand internal components. Therefore, the point and nock
fit into outserts that go over the outside of the shaft
instead of inserts that go inside. There hasn't been much
innovation in pultruded carbon shafts recently. Typically, they
are considered economical options to a company's top of the line
carbon shafts and weigh approximately the same as SuperLite aluminum
sizes in the same stiffness range.
Internal component
carbon shafts are made with a cross-weave of carbon fibers in alternating
layers. In this orientation the fibers
are able to counteract forces from the inside, permitting the shafts to support
traditional point inserts and nocks that slip inside the shaft. Internal component carbon arrows are where
most of the latest developments have been centered. They are available
from several companies and are much lighter in weight than aluminum
The final category of carbon arrows are hybrids, those composed of
both aluminum and carbon. The most popular and prevelant of these
shafts is the Easton a/c/c. Available in a variety of sizes these
arrows offer the straightness of an aluminum arrow combined with the
strength of a carbon arrow and are loved by bowhunters and archers who
demand the highest quality arrow available. However, they do cost
significantly more than both standard carbon or aluminum arrows.
While all styles of carbon arrows tend to be more bend-resistant and
penetrate significantly better than aluminum, they share one
disadvantage. Carbon arrows are smaller in diameter and require
that the arrow rest be positioned with the support arms closer
together. This makes it more difficult to achieve perfect arrow
flight as the fletching has less room to pass through. Although
the rather recent advances in total containment and dropaway arrow
rests have eliminated many of the fletching clearance problems of
two-prong rests and are gaining popularity with archers every day.
Testing done by AFC/Game Tracker, and confirmed several times since, has shown
that small diameter shafts (especially those made of carbon) produce better
penetration than large diameter shafts of the same weight shooting the same
broadheads. This is due to the reduced amount of surface area, and therefore reduced friction, of carbon shafts.
Just recently, several companies have begun producing even smaller
diameter, thicker walled carbon shafts that have quickly gained
popularity with bowhunters across the globe. Shafts such as the
Eason Axis ST, Beman Max 4, and Carbon Express Maxima are
micro-diameter carbon shafts that pack the punch of an aluminum arrow.
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text:
WASHINGTON (AP) -- What athletes take in may dry them out. Fast foods like hamburgers and carbonated drinks such as sodas can wind up causing dehydration, experts say.
Sugary, caffeine-packed soft drinks, in particular, can cause trouble, said Dr. Gary I. Wadler of New York University School of Medicine. A cola's sugar and the carbonation can make a person feel full without providing enough liquid.
''They are very sweet, so you get bloated. They are gaseous, so they distend you, so you get more bloated,'' Wadler said. And caffeine, which tends to increase the flow of urine, ''is a double whammy,'' he said. ''You lose on all counts.''
Former tennis star Jimmy Connors used to be one of Wadler's patients.
''He used to get these horrific total body cramps. It was sort of a mystery,'' Wadler said. ''I found out he was drinking cola drinks in great quantity, and he was getting bloated. Because he was bloated, he was not drinking adequate fluids.''
The risk is not limited to sodas, researchers say. Protein breakdown requires water, and the protein in a couple of fast-food hamburgers can leave people dehydrated, a researcher said.
''We didn't have to make them sweat,'' said nutrition researcher Catherine Jackson who conducted a dehydration study. ''The hamburger meat was enough.''
Although her study did not measure athletic performance, the amount of dehydration would have been enough to make an endurance athlete perform worse, said Jackson, who works at California State University, Fresno, and is also spokeswoman for the American Dietetic Association. The study was conducted to help NASA develop rehydration fluids for astronauts. It was published as a NASA internal memo in 1992.
Time spent sleeping also leaves people dehydrated, so the researchers had their test subjects eat the burgers before bedtime, to make the dehydration worse.
A separate study presented last month in New Orleans at Experimental Biology 2002, a conference of seven research-oriented professional societies, found that athletes who took in more protein wound up more dehydrated.
''The concern is that increasing protein increases the work the kidney has to do, and can impact the amount of fluid needed to get rid of waste,'' said researcher Nancy Rodriguez of the University of Connecticut.
That study, led by graduate student William F. Martin, examined five members of the university's track team. The athletes were placed on supervised high-, mediumand low-protein diets. All the athletes spent a month on each level. ''We fed them everything they ate for the four weeks of the diet,'' said Rodriguez, senior author of the preliminary report.
The low-protein diet worked out to about 68 grams a day for a 150-pound person; the medium-protein, to 123 grams, and the high-protein, to 246 grams.
The low protein diet was mostly grains, augmented by some beef and dairy foods, Rodriguez said. The medium-protein diet was equivalent to the level that athletes -- and most Americans -- normally have, she said. The high-level diet was mostly meat, supplemented by nutrition bars to add to the protein intake, she said.
The high level would be very unusual, but not uncommon for body builders, football players and others trying to add much muscle, Rodriguez said.
The athletes also got bottled water, and filled out forms each day on how much water they drank from any source, Rodriguez said. ''I was very conscious of keeping them hydrated,'' she said.
As the amount of protein rose, the athletes' kidneys had to work harder as the body tried to get rid of the excess protein, the study found. There was a higher proportion of protein breakdown chemicals such as nitrogen in the urine of athletes on the high-protein diet.
The researchers took those findings as signs that athletes on high-protein diets were losing more water. And because there was no evidence the athletes were drinking more, the scientists concluded the men were dehydrated.
It doesn't take much dehydration to reduce an athlete's ability to perform. Being about 1 percent below optimal fluid level can reduce exercise performance. Rodriguez said her study did not test performance because testing could have impaired the athletes' readiness to compete.
But the athletes did not notice being more thirsty, and did not report drinking more, as their protein levels rose, the study found.
On the Net:
American College of Sports Medicine statement on dehydration: _URL_
American Dietetic Association: _URL_
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text:
Being able to hook Power BI directly into Azure Data Lake Storage (ADLS) is a very powerful tool (and it will be even more so when you can link to ADLS files that are in a different Azure account!! – not yet available as at January 2017). However there is a problem, Data Lake is designed to scale to petabytes of data whereas Power BI has a 10GB limit. Yes this is compressed, so we'd expect around 100GB of raw data, however to load this you need 100GB+ of RAM available on your PC, so it's hard to actually reach the limit with a single dataset.
There's obviously a disconnect in scalability here. In some datasets we can just use U-SQL to aggregate the data and pre-summarise by the list of fields that we actually want to analyse, and this is fine for additive transactional data. However if we need a many to many link or the granular details of individual rows of data then there's an issue, how to we get this data into Power BI?
The answer is sampling, we don't bring in 100% of the data, but maybe 10%, or 1%, or even 0.01%, it depends how much you need to reduce your dataset. It is however critical to know how to sample data correctly in order to maintain a level of accuracy of data in your reports.
Option 1: Take the top x rows of data
Don't do it. Ever. Just no.
What if the source data you've been given is pre-sorted by product or region, you'd end up with only data from products starting with 'a', which would give you some wildly unpredictable results.
Option 2: Take a random % sample
Now we're talking. This option will take, for example 1 in every 100 rows of data, so it's picking up an even distribution of data throughout the dataset. This seems a much better option, so how do we do it?
— a) Use ROW_NUMBER() and Modulus
One option would be to include a ROW_NUMBER() windowing function in a U-SQL query that allocates each row a unique number.
ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY id) AS rn
We then apply a modulus function to the result, and only take those rows that return a 0
WHERE rn % 100 == 0;
This filters to only 1 in every 100 rows.
This method works in T-SQL, and just as well in U-SQL.
— b) U-SQL SAMPLE
However, there is an easier way. U-SQL contains the 'SAMPLE' clause that automates this process. Thanks to Paul (T|B) for spotting this beauty.
SELECT xx FROM xx [SAMPLE [ANY (number of rows) | UNIFORM (percentage of rows)]]
There are two sampling options here, ANY and UNIFORM.
After not being able to find anything on the tinterwebs about them I ran some tests to see what they did and how well do these methods work compared to each other. The following code runs some U-SQL over a simple two column csv file containing an arbitrary id and a name. The 640MB file contains 400 names, each repeated a number of times to build 40m rows. Names were repeated using a normal frequency distribution pattern to make the data more representative of real world data.
To assess the output we can look at the distribution of the sampled data to see how closely it correlates to the distribution of the original dataset.
The U-SQL code looks like this:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
DECLARE _USER_ string = @"/AWPF_Demo/Data/names.csv" ; //40601850 ROWS DECLARE _USER_ string = @"/AWPF_Demo/Data/names_results.csv" ; _USER_ = EXTRACT id INT, name string FROM _USER_ USING Extractors.Text(); //--Allocate each row a row number, and take 1 in every 100 _USER_ = SELECT *, ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY id) AS rn FROM _USER_; _USER_ = SELECT id, name FROM _USER_ WHERE rn % 100 == 0; //--Use the SAMPLE ANY clause in U-SQL _USER_ = SELECT id, name FROM _USER_ SAMPLE ANY(406018); //--manually calculated as 1% of the input row count //--Use the SAMPLE UNIFORM clause in U-SQL _USER_ = SELECT id, name FROM _USER_ SAMPLE UNIFORM(0.01); //--1% //--Find the name distribution of the original data, and sampled datasets _USER_ = SELECT name, COUNT(*) AS Qty FROM _USER_ GROUP BY name; _USER_ = SELECT name, COUNT(*) AS Qty FROM _USER_ GROUP BY name; _USER_ = SELECT name, COUNT(*) AS Qty FROM _USER_ GROUP BY name; _USER_ = SELECT name, COUNT(*) AS Qty FROM _USER_ GROUP BY name; //--Join all datasets together for analysis _USER_ = SELECT b.name, b.Qty AS QtyOrig, o1.Qty AS QtyMod, o2.Qty AS QtyANY, o3.Qty AS QtyUNIFORM FROM _USER_ AS b LEFT JOIN _USER_ AS o1 ON o1.name==b.name LEFT JOIN _USER_ AS o2 ON o2.name==b.name LEFT JOIN _USER_ AS o3 ON o3.name==b.name; //--Output the data OUTPUT _USER_ TO _USER_ ORDER BY QtyOrig DESC USING Outputters.Text(quoting:TRUE);
So what happens when we take the resulting data and plot the sampled distributions against each other?
- The Blue line is the number of times each name appears in the original dataset (on the right axis).
- The Orange line is the distribution from the ROW_NUMBER() and Modulus.
- The Yellow line is using U-SQL's SAMPLE UNIFORM.
- The Grey line is using U-SQL's SAMPLE ANY.
As you can see, the SAMPLE ANY is a terrible option to maintain data accuracy. In effect it looks like it just takes the top x rows from the file and discards the rest, which I explained earlier is a bad idea.
However the ROW_NUMBER/Mod and the SAMPLE UNIFORM approaches are both staggeringly accurate to the original, with variances +/-2% for each name. This isn't any good for exact numerical calculations (total sales £ for example), but for looking at trends over very large datasets this sampling approach is a good option.
So, should you use ROW_NUMBER/Mod or SAMPLE UNIFORM? Obviously SAMPLE UNIORM is simpler code, but how do they perform compared with each other?
- The ROW_NUMBER/Mod approach, using the above dataset used a single vertex, with a total compute time of 29s, read 640MB and wrote 5KB.
- The SAMPLE ANY approach used two vertices, with a combined compute time of 2s, read 34MB and wrote 5KB.
- The SAMPLE UNIFORM approach used four vertices, with a combined compute time of 26s, read 766MB and wrote 5KB.
So the SAMPLE ANY, although poor for data consistency allows a much faster execution by only reading a small section of the data.
The ROW_NUMBER/Mod and SAMPLE UNIFORM approaches are very comparable in terms of performance, so it wouldn't surprise me if they were doing something similar under the hood. However out of simplicity I'd recommend the SAMPLE UNIFORM method.
By now you may have heard about U-SQL, the new kid on the query language block. But what is U-SQL? Where is it? What's it for?
I was lucky enough to be at the 2015 MVP Summit in Redmond, at which one of the sessions was hosted by Michael Rys (_USER_), talking about U-SQL. As it's creator, there's no-one better to learn the ropes from. I was pretty much blown away by what it can do and the ease of access, so I've spent the last couple of months playing around with it, and doing a few talks at conferences about it.
But there's a lot of confusion over what it is, so here's my high level summary of what it is and where it fits, so you can judge whether it's relevant to you.
What Does U-SQL Look Like?
It's a hybrid of T-SQL and C#. Think if it as writing a SQL query, but being able to embed the power of C# and the.Net framework.
So you could write a query that looks like this:
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_USER_ = SELECT *,((CustomerGender=="M" || CustomerGender=="F")? CustomerGender : "-") AS CustomerGender_Clean,,MyUSQLApp.Udfs.ValidateDate(CustomerDoB) AS CustomerDoB_Clean FROM _USER_;
So the basic SELECT * FROM Table syntax

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The design shows a group of people with different cultures and ethnics embraced in a circle with their arms. The idea of different cultures is represented by the different colors that paint their arms, hairs and clothes. At the same time, the persons are equals, represented by the same graphics in order to emphasize that everybody has the same value. The concept of the rapprochement is done by the circle and the bodies touching each other.
The colors were choose to represent the earth. The primary and vivid color were avoid to establish a language that make a call to the natural aspect of the diversity.
The diversity is also reinforced on the title, where each word is written by one font and one different color, but keeping the same tones used on the image. There is a misalignment on the text to represent the randomness of the human races on the planet.


text:
12:1-20>, , and Gen 12:1-2 are all the same search.
Most resources in Logos have several fields in them. The ESV Bible, for example, has the following fields: surface, footnote, bible, later-addition, words-of-christ, heading. Please note that fieldnames are case-sensitive. In the resource information panel, they are called search fields.
You can restrict your search to a specific field like this: fieldname:value. So if we wanted to search for every time Jesus mentioned fish, we would search for words-of-christ:fish. You can also use lists in a field search, like this words-of-christ:(give, receive)
Search fields can be accessed on the drop-down menu that normally read 'All text' or 'All Bible text'. You can find out which fields are available in any resource by bringing up the Resource Information panel, by clicking the (i) at the top-right of any open resource, or by restricting your search to just that resource and then looking at the drop-down menu. You can also view an almost complete list of search fields.
Limiting your search to part of your library
You can limit your search to one resource, open resources, a series, or a Collection. Just select from the dropdown menu.
Limiting your search to part of the Bible
In Bible searches you can also limit your search to part of the Bible. To do so, just select a range from the drop-down menu. Some ranges are built in (e.g. Old Testament), but you can also create your own. Just type in the reference range (e.g. Gen-Deut or Isaiah 1-39 or even John, 1 John – 3 John, Revelation), add a title if you wish (e.g. Pentateuch or Proto-Isaiah or Johannine Literature) and click Save. If you want to make your search even more precise, you can also limit it to a passage list.
Using recent searches again
At the end of the search box is a small drop-down arrow. If you click that arrow, you'll get a list of your most recent searches, which can save a lot of re-typing.
Matching Case or All Word Forms
Normally when you're searching, you won't want to match case. You probably will want a search for 'fish' to find 'Fish' and even 'FISH'. But if you're searching for 'God' or 'Spirit', case might matter. If you want to Match case it's on the main dropdown menu in a search tab. Note: It will stay selected, so make sure you turn it off when you're done!
Match All Word Forms is also useful. It means you don't need to use wildcards every time you want to search for different forms of the same word. The drop-down menu on a search tab allows you to turn Match all word forms on. Logos will then use some built in logic to try and search for all forms of the word. So searching for love, with 'match all word forms' turned on will return find love, loved, loves, lovely, loving and love's. Note that the logic isn't perfect. In this case, lover wouldn't be found. If you search needs to be precise, think about using lists, below.
Changing the sort order
In basic searches, you can change the sort order between Ranked, By count and By title. Ranked displays those articles which Logos believes are most relevant to the search – that is they contain the highest concentration of search hits. So short articles with lots of hits appear at the top, long articles with few hits at the bottom. By title simply shows all the articles in the order they appear, grouped by resource, and with the resources displaying in alphabetical order. By count shows the results similar to By title except that books with the most hits appear at the top.
Changing the type of Bible search
In bible searches you have a choice of four different types of search: Grid, Verses, Aligned and Analysis. All but grid are also available in a morph search.
- Grid is especially useful if you are searching multiple versions. It displays a list of all the hits in all the versions in a convenient grid form. The colored boxes indicate that there is a hit in that particular version (a hollow box means there is no hit), and you can hover over the colored box to read the version in that version.
- Verses shows a simple list of all the hits in an easy to read list. It's most useful when you're just search one version of the Bible and you want to be able to read the whole verse, not just a snippet.
- Aligned also shows a simple list of all the hits. But rather than show the whole verse, it just shows a snippet of the verse, centred around the keyword you searched on. It's most useful when you're only searching one version, and want to be able to very quickly scan through all the results.
- Analysis is described below.
Bible search analysis
Search analysis is a very powerful feature that allows you to perform an analysis on your search results. It's probably most useful in morph searches, but you can use it on bible searches too. Your search results are presented in a tabular form. You can choose the columns by right clicking anywhere on the column headings. You can change the order of the columns by dragging them. And you can sort the results by clicking on the column headings. But the most useful feature is that you can group your search results. (In the screenshot below, the search result on the left is grouped by lemma.) To do this, simply drag the lemma column heading to the space above the headings. You'll see then that all the results are grouped by lemma, in order of the number of hits. You can collapse any of the lemmas by just click on their separator bars. You can use sub-groups as well, just by dragging up more fields. On the right I've grouped by part of speech, and then by Bible book. Other useful groups are tense, mood, and number, but you can use any of the fields to group.
When you do a Bible or Morph search the Graph results button will appear above the toolbar. If you click on it Logos will open the Graph Bible Search Results window. In it you will find 4 different graphs that you can select from. They show you details on the frequency and location of where your search term was found in your Bible(s). See the wiki page Graph Bible Search Results for more details.
When you do a Basic or Bible or Morph search the Make filter button will appear. If you click on it Logos will create a new Visual Filter using your search term and which books you were searching through. See the wiki page Visual Filter for more details.


Thursday, November 12 2020
Home / Psychic and Spiritual Help / How to Use Tarot Cards to Know He's Cheating
How to Use Tarot Cards to Know He's Cheating
How to Use Tarot Cards to Know He's Cheating
Many feel tarot cards can give information that could be helpful. Some information is about your past while others show your present or the future. While it shows many wonderful things, the cards can also show things that are tragic or hurtful also. That includes cards that show your love is cheating.
The Meaning of Tarot Cards
One thing to remember about tarot cards is the same card can mean different things. You must combine the cards with the layout and how each card related to each other to figure out what they are trying to say. It paints a complete picture when interpreted correctly.
It is difficult for a tarot card reader when the cards indicate the one you love has been unfaithful to you. Several cards can indicate infidelity, depending on the layout and the order they come up. It's important to be aware of what means infidelity and what does not.
Cards Indicating Cheating
Tarot cards can indicate a desire to cheat, actual cheating or trouble in a relationship. According to tarot card readers, the Devil card related to temptation or undesirable behavior. The Seven of Swords show that something is being hidden, but doesn't show what that is. The Moon card can either mean deception or being stalled between two competing desires.
Tarot cards that have a stronger indication of ongoing cheating already occurring include the Eight of Cups, the Five of Swords, the Ten of Swords, and the Three of Swords. Each has a different meaning though.
The Eight of Swords indicates either your feelings of disappointment or someone walking away. The Five of Swords points to betrayal while the Ten of Swords symbolizes someone you love will deeply hurt you. The Three of Swords is the most powerful card indicating that infidelity is happening.
Cards that indicate a troubled relationship, but do not show infidelity, includes the Tower card, which is associated with guilty feelings or ideas of a shattered life.
Some cards indicate a person is battling the desire to have an affair. Those are the Hanged Man, the Four of Cups, the Five of Wands, and the Two of Swords. Some cards suggest the person is regretful about an action or behavior they have already done. These two are the Five of Cups or the Nine of Swords.
Card Positions Showing Infidelity
Cards can't be read by the card alone. Their true meaning depends on their positions to each other and how they pop up.
For instance, the Four of Wands, the Lovers, the Ace of Cups, and the Two of Cups typically indicate happy, intensely romantic love. However, if they show up in a reading spread in an inverted, or upside down, position, they can mean infidelity. Any time a card comes up inverted, it means the exact opposite of what it usually means.
The most important thing you can do is to look at all the information a tarot card reading provides rather than looking at the one question. Like love, some tarot readings can be complicated so be sure to understand everything it is trying to tell you.
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The Law of Karma: Intent
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_USER_ {cheval_early-life_2019, title = {Early-life socioeconomic circumstances explain health differences in old age, but not their evolution over time}, journal = {J Epidemiol Community Health}, year = {2019}, note = {{:status: Advance online publication}}, abstract = {Background Early-life socioeconomic circumstances (SEC) are associated with health in old age. However, epidemiological evidences on the influence of these early-life risk factors on trajectories of healthy ageing are inconsistent, preventing drawing solid conclusion about their potential influence. Here, to fill this knowledge gap, we used a statistical approach adapted to estimating change over time and an outcome-wide epidemiology approach to investigate whether early-life SEC were associated with the level of and rate of decline of physical, cognitive and emotional functioning over time. Methods We used data on more than 23 000 adults in older age from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, a 12-year large-scale longitudinal study with repeated measurements of multiple health indicators of the same participants over time (2004 {\textendash}2015, assessments every 2 years). Confounder-adjusted linear growth curve models were used to examine the associations of early-life SEC with the evolution of muscle strength, lung function, cognitive function, depressive symptoms and well-being over time. Results We consistently found an association between early-life SEC and the mean levels of all health indicators at age 63.5, with a critical role played by the cultural aspect of disadvantage. These associations were only partly explained by adult-life SEC factors. By contrast, evidences supporting an association between early-life SEC and the rate of change in health indicators were weak and inconsistent. Conclusions Early-life SEC are associated with health in old age, but not with trajectories of healthy ageing. Conceptual models in life course research should consider the possibility of a limited influence of early-life SEC on healthy ageing trajectories.}, keywords = {ageing trajectories, early life, health status, Healthy ageing, Socioeconomic factors, www2}, issn = {0143-005X, _PHONE_}, doi = {10.1136/jech-2019-212110}, url = {_URL_ author = {Cheval, Boris and Orsholits, Dan and Sieber, Stefan and Stringhini, Silvia and Courvoisier, Delphine and Kliegel, Matthias and Boisgontier, Matthieu P. and Cullati, St{\'e}phane} }


7 Different Crushed Stone Sizes and Their Applications
Jul 27, 2020 Crushed Stone Grade 1-10. Generally, as the grade number goes up, the size of the stone goes down. #1 The # 1 crushed stone grade is the largest of the crushed stone grades and includes stone between 2-4 inches long. This material is great for larger jobs or for filling in larger holes. #3 This size of the stone ranges from 1/2 to 2 inches long.
The Complete Guide to Crushed Stone and Gravel
Nov 12, 2019 It is important to note that some contractors refer to any stone in certain size ranges as "gravel," even if it is crushed stone. For example, depending on the region of the United States, crushed stone in the size of a few mm to 2 inches is referred to as "gravel," even if it
Crushed Stone Calculator: Easy to Use Online Tool
Throw in an irregularly shaped project area or a job that requires you to figure out circumference and soon you'll be fighting against a headache. Make one mistake and you could end up with the wrong amount of supplies. A crushed stone calculator takes the hassle out of estimating your needs.
Crushed stone Wikipedia
Crushed stone or angular rock is a form of construction aggregate, typically produced by mining a suitable rock deposit and breaking the removed rock down to the desired size using crushers. It is distinct from gravel which is produced by natural processes of weathering and erosion, and typically has
Calculate Tons of Compacted Gravel or Limestone. Phone: _PHONE_ / _PHONE_. Radius in feet x Radius in feet x Depth in feet (inches divided by 12) x pi (3.14). Take the total and divide by 21.6 (the amount of cubic feet in a ton). The final figure will be the estimated amount of cubic yards required.
Gravel Calculator Square Footage Area
Sector 4 has a length of 10 feet and a width of 5 feet which gives 50ft 2. Now we have to sum up all these rectangle areas to get the area of the whole square feet; 60 ft 2 + 60 ft 2 + 30 ft 2 + 50 ft 2 = 200 ft 2. Now choose the desired depth of the gravel level, let's take 1ft.
How Much Crushed Stone Do You Need? A Sure-Fire Formula
Crushed stone is a material that is typically used as a base or underlayment, upon which the stuff that actually shows -- for example, the concrete of a patio-- will rest. Guessing is rarely a good solution to such dilemmas when undertaking a big project, so let's look at
Preparing the base for an above ground pool • The
Jul 04, 2018 5. Pack the crushed stone. Once the crushed stone was level, Tony again tamped it down. It is very important to get the base flat and level. It has to be entirely level within an inch, otherwise you risk the pool collapsing. That is not a risk we were willing to take.
I first dig the hole, as deep as necessary; then set the post and level it, putting some crushed stone around it to keep it straight; then drill holes on an angle on two 90 degree sides of the post and drive 3 foot long pieces of rebar through the ground, through the holes, and further into the ground on the other side of the post; then pour the concrete.


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The Gray Glassy Tiger, also known as the Wood Nymph (Ideopsis juventa) is a species of nymphalid butterfly in the Danainae subfamily. This butterfly is dark gray or black with two rows of circular white dots along the margins of its wings and any elongated white patchs closer to the body. The elongated white patches appear to radiate from the thorax and have a slight pale blue tint.
**Please keep in mind that these specimens are dried and unspread (as shown), meaning the wings are closed. These specimens are useful if you want to use their wings only (for artwork, fairy dolls, jewelry) or simply to study them for science.
In order to spread butterflies for mounting and display, we will include instructions on how to hydrate the butterflies to spread their wings.
- You will receive a specimen similar to that shown
- Each specimen is approximately 1.5″ unspread (3″ spread)


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Find a CBT Therapist
Search through our directory of local clinicians.
Cognitive Remediation for Psychiatric Disorders
What is Cognitive Remediation?
Cognitive remediation (CR), also called cognitive enhancement, cognitive rehabilitation, or cognitive training, is a behavioral intervention targeting problems with cognition (the mental ability to process and understand information and ideas) through the application of learning principles, with the ultimate goal of improving day-to-day community functioning.
Who might it help?
CR is for people who have cognitive difficulties that contribute to problems in functioning, such as social relationships, work, school, or self-care and independent living. Currently, CR has shown cognitive benefits for people with schizophrenia. It is also being explored for those with bipolar disorder, major depression, anxiety disorders, attention deficits, and autism.
What does Cognitive Remediation involve?
CR programs vary in the methods they use to improve cognitive functioning. Almost all CR programs include restorative task practice of cognitive exercises. Many programs are facilitated by a trained clinician who provides strategy coaching. In some programs, trained clinicians may also teach compensatory skills and prompt participants to describe their thinking process in approaching these exercises, also called meta-cognitive training. These methods are described below.
- Restorative task practice: this involves doing mental exercises that target different areas of cognition, including attention, learning and memory, planning, problem solving, and the speed with which we work through complex thoughts. Restorative task practice is usually done with commercially available software. There are many commercially available cognitive software packages; Cogpack, PSS CogRehab, and PositScience currently show the greatest success among participants.
- Strategy coaching: this involves teaching participants strategies to help improve their cognitive performance on the cognitive practice exercises. Examples of strategies taught include reading information aloud or creating a story containing the information to help participants learn new material better.
- Compensatory skills training: this training is aimed at helping people work around their cognitive limitations toward performing important tasks and optimizing community functioning. For example, the clinician may teach the individual how to keep appointments by maintaining a daily schedule, remember verbal information by immediately repeating the information back for verification, or improve attention by removing distractors.
- Metacognitive training: this training is focused on increasing awareness of and the ability to monitor one's own thoughts toward enhancing cognitive performance in daily activities. Metacognitive skills can be strengthened by asking the participant to pay attention to how and when they improved their performance on a particular cognitive task or by noting what things led them to become distracted.
CR programs for psychiatric disorders vary in the use of strategy coaching and the teaching of compensatory strategies. These teaching approaches require a trained clinician who provides such instruction during the course of cognitive exercise practice. Some CR programs focus only on restorative task practice and do not use a clinician to facilitate the practice (e.g., PositScience). Other CR programs use a trained clinician who provides a combination of strategy coaching, teaching compensatory skills, and metacognitive training. In programs in which CR is combined with another type of psychiatric rehabilitation (e.g., vocational rehabilitation, social skills training), the clinician plays a key role in integrating the cognitive and rehabilitative work. Programs that combine cognitive exercise practice and psychosocial rehabilitation and have been shown to improve cognition and community functioning include the Thinking Skills for Work program (improves cognition and work) and Cognitive Enhancement Therapy (improves cognition and social cognition).
How long are Cognitive Remediation programs and when can I expect changes?
CR programs vary in the length and frequency of sessions, and therefore in duration of the program. On average, CR programs provide approximately 24 hours of treatment programming over 3-6 months. The cognitive benefits of CR accrue gradually over the course of practice, with some benefits becoming apparent during the program and most readily apparent by its end. Cognitive effects of CR are assessed using standardized, neuropsychological tests that are different from the exercises used in the CR practice. These tests are given before the CR starts, and are re-administered when CR is completed. Benefits of CR are determined by comparing preand post-test performance.
Is Cognitive Remediation effective?
CR is effective at improving cognitive functioning in persons with schizophrenia and other serious mental illnesses, and, in some studies is associated with modest reductions in clinical symptoms, such as psychosis and lack of motivation. Some programs have also improved psychosocial functioning in areas such as work or social relationships. Specifically, programs that combine CR with a psychiatric/psychosocial rehabilitation intervention that targets a specific area of functioning, such as supported employment to improve work functioning or social skills and social cognition training to improve social functioning, have improved psychosocial function compared to psychiatric rehabilitation alone. Thus, improvements in cognitive functioning demonstrated in programs that provide CR alone, without other programming focused on psychosocial functioning, do not transfer to other areas of community functioning. CR appears to help people learn new skills, thereby increasing their ability to learn and benefit from rehabilitation and psychotherapeutic interventions.
CR is important for persons with serious mental illness for two primary reasons. First, impaired cognitive functioning in this population is strongly associated with poor psychosocial functioning in areas such as work, school, social relationships, and self-care and independent living. Second, people with more impaired cognitive functioning benefit less from established psychiatric rehabilitation or psychosocial treatment programs, presumably because they have a lower capacity to learn new skills.
Finding the right Cognitive Remediation Program
Some CR programs are combined with other rehabilitation programs, whereas others are not. If a "stand alone" CR program is all that is available, people are encouraged to find an additional rehabilitation program focused on the area of functioning they most want to change. Finding a CR program in the community can be difficult, as there are few people trained to provide these programs. Fortunately, the field is rapidly growing. It is possible to order commercially available CR software programs for home use, but the effectiveness of home practice without the guidance of a trained professional is unknown at this time. Local mental health centers or your doctor may have information about accessing a CR program.


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Acta bioquímica clínica latinoamericana
versión On-line ISSN _PHONE_
ARIS, Mariana. Origin of normal and malignant melanocytes. Acta bioquím. clín. latinoam. [online]. 2009, vol.43, n.3, pp. 333-337. ISSN _PHONE_.
Melanocytes are specialized cells that produce melanin, the most important pigment responsible for the coloration of skin, eyes and hair. The origin of melanocytes, their migration during the embryo development process from the neural crest to the epidermis, the molecular signals involved in the acquisition of both differentiated and functional states, and the issue of keeping undifferentiated reserve cells or stem cells will be discussed in this article. On the other hand, these facts will be related to the origin of melanoma, tumor pathology derived from the transformation of melanocytes. Particularly, the etiology and the different models proposed to explain the origin of this disease will be discussed, especially the model of cancer stem cells.
Palabras llave : Melanocytes; Origin of melanocytes; Differentiation; Model of tumor stem cells.


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(1) A term t is directly referential iff the semantic content of t is the designatum of t.
(2) The semantic content of a term t is X iff for every linguistic environment E, the semantic content that t contributes to E(t) is X [i.e Semantic Innocence].
(3) Thus, a term t is directly referential iff for every linguistic environment E, the semantic content that t contributes to E(t) is the designatum of t.
(4) In a bound environment (e.g. ∀xFx) a variable does not contribute its designatum (since 'Fx' must contribute a set of assignments).
(5) Thus, variables are not directly referential.
I'm interested in how people who advocate direct reference theory maneuver out of this argument. Denying either premise (1) or premise (2) are really the only options for not accepting the conclusion.
Premise (1) is an attempted definition of "direct reference". So perhaps I got the rough definition wrong. One alternative idea that would avoid the conclusion is this: a term t is "directly referential" iff the designatum of t is "directly" determined by the interpretation or assignment function, in the sense that its designatum is assigned independently of the world and time parameters. But to my ear this is a definition of rigidity de jure---it's a fact about a terms designatum across worlds/times and how it is built in by law that it be independent of worlds/times. Direct reference, however, is supposed to make a further claim about "semantic content". Kaplan defines it thusly: "When what is said in using an indexical in a context c is to be evaluated with respect to an arbitrary circumstance, the relevant object is always the referent of the indexical with respect to the context c." It's a familiar point that "direct reference" simply amounts to rigidity de jure, unless we construe it in terms of Russellian structured contents. But I'm not sure how one might want to tinker with the definition to avoid the conclusion.
In any case, I think the real action is with premise (2). And it seems that many will somehow want to deny it, and thus deny semantic innocence (e.g. see Salmon's "A theory of bondage", which develops a Fregean referential shift semantics for variable binding (although he doesn't exactly endorse the occurrence-based semantics he outlines)).
But if a term can be "directly referential" even though the value it contributes across all environments (i.e. its compositional semantic value) isn't its designatum, what is the significance of calling the term "directly referential"? For example, the direct reference theory of names is controversial precisely because of its commitments on embedded occurrences, e.g. names embedded in belief reports. (Perhaps this is where the distinction between Millianism and Direct Reference is important.) Can one accept that 'Hesperus' and 'Phosphorus' are directly referential (and thus have the same "semantic content" in some important sense) even though the semantic content of their occurrences in belief contexts are different? It's hard for me to get a grip on "semantic content", if it is detached from the semantic contribution an expression makes to the complex expressions of which it is a constituent.
I'm left wondering what "direct reference" is exactly and what important (and plausible) thesis about language it is committed to. Any ideas?


Zhangjiajie International Country Music Stage Has been Finished
Country music combines with the original ecological pastoral scenery, and a curved limpid stream goes through the stage. Among the mountains, we can hear the sounds of nature.
According to the introduction, The opening stage covers an area of 500 square meters. It was built between paddy fields and the water wheel live stage, the entire stage composed of rock grinding raw materials.
In the opening stage, quaver background combines with water wheel, which becomes a new scenery line. On the right side of the stage, there is an original "Tujia diaojiao building". It can reflect tujia living characteristics, give an intuitive impression to the audiences, which let the audience feel zhangjiajie culture, experience the country singles.
Zhangjiajie international country music first started in 2009, which aimed to show the world local music, inherit and carry forward the country music art. In ecological square of Huanglong Cave, there exsits grain, melon and fruit. The audience can sit around and listen to music feast.
In this country singles, the opening stage will be preserved as the music source iconic attractions, and it met the visitors for officially on August 25th.
Translated by Sophia


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MoEDAL (the Monopole and Exotics Detector At the LHC) is the newest of the experiments that will investigate particle collisions at the Large Hadron Collider. Approved by the CERN Research Board in December 2009, the MoEDAL experiment will search for very specific exotic particles.
The experiment is relatively small, cheap and quick to install but its physics potential is huge. The MoEDAL detector will consist of layers of plastic attached to the walls and ceiling of the cavern that houses the VELO detector of the LHCb experiment. Physicists will look for tell-tale collinear 'etch-pits' created by a stable particle such as a magnetic monopole or a massive stable supersymmetric particle crossing through the plastic.
The international MoEDAL collaboration, made up of physicists from Canada, CERN, the Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, Romania and the US, is preparing to deploy the MoEDAL detector during the next long shutdown of the LHC, which will start late in 2011. The full detector comprises an array of approximately 400 nuclear track detectors (NTDs). Each NTD consists of a 10-layer stack of plastic and altogether they have a total surface area of 250 m2. The detectors are deployed at the intersection region at Point-8 on the LHC ring around the VErtex LOcato (VELO) of the LHCb detector.


Book A.
Book B.
7150 Requirements Guidance
Book C.
References, & Terms
(NASA Only)
SWE-064 - Bidirectional Traceability Between Software Design and Software Code
1. Requirements
3.3.6 The project shall provide and maintain bidirectional traceability from software design to the software code.
1.1 Notes
1.2 Applicability Across Classes
Classes C through E and Safety Critical are labeled, "SO." This means that this requirement applies to the safety-critical aspects of the software.
Class F and Class G are labeled "X (not OTS)." This means that this requirement does not apply to off-the-shelf software for these classes.
2. Rationale
Code (software) is based on a software design which is based on a set of software requirements. Some measure of assurance is needed to show that the created code fulfills the design upon which it is based without leaving out any design elements or adding any new functionality not present in the design.
Tracing elements of the code such as functions, subsystems, modules, CSCI (Computer Software Configuration Item)s, etc. to design elements helps provide the basis of this assurance.
Traceability matrices help ensure that each design element, typically documented in a Software Design Document (SDD), is implemented in the resulting software, giving a reason for the code implementation through the design back to the software requirements.
Traceability links between individual requirements and other system elements, including, but not limited to, source code, are helpful tools when evaluating the impact of changing or deleting a requirement. When a requirement is changed, traceability can help identify the affected products, including design, documentation, source code, tests, etc. (NASA-GB-8719.13, NASA Software Safety Guidebook 276).
Tracing source code to design elements also provides the ability to demonstrate traceability of safety-critical software functions and safety-critical software controls to detailed design specifications.
Bidirectional traceability is defined as a traceability chain that can be traced in both the forward and backward directions as illustrated below (Bidirectional Requirements Traceability, Westfall, 2006 356). It is important because it can point out software design elements that are not fulfilled in the code (i.e., missing or incomplete functionality) as well as source code that does not have a parent design element (i.e., extra functionality). Ideally, the trace does not identify any source code elements that have no source design element, but if such "orphan" source code elements are discovered in the trace, they need to be discussed by the project team and assurance personnel to determine if the "orphan" elements are necessary. If they are determined to be necessary, any missing design elements and source requirements are added to the project.
3. Guidance
Using a matrix, such as the one shown below (Bidirectional Requirements Traceability, Westfall, 2006 356), allows a single exercise to show traceability both forwards and backwards. The matrix is completed left to right early in the appropriate phase in the project life cycle. As each column is completed, the forward trace is extended to the next set of products. Simply starting with a column, such as the LLD (low-level design) Section, and looking at the data in the columns to the left shows the backward traceability from a LLD element to its parent HLD (high-level design) element and back to the parent requirements.
While traceability matrices are not the only method for capturing bidirectional traceability, they are the most common. Traceability matrices can be included in the documents, such as the Software Requirements Specification (SRS), to which they apply or they can be combined into a single matrix covering higher level requirements, software requirements, design, code, and verification. General guidance for creating a bidirectional traceability matrix includes the following suggested actions:
 - Create the matrix at the beginning of the project.
 - Uniquely identify the elements in the matrix (requirements identifiers, design document identifiers and paragraph numbers, code module identifiers, etc.).
 - Keep the matrix maintained throughout the life of the project.
 - Assign responsibility for creating and maintaining the matrix to a project team member, since managing the links/references can be a labor-intensive process that needs to be tracked and monitored.
 - Maintain the matrix as an electronic document to make maintenance and reporting easier.
 - Create the matrix such that it may be easily sorted to achieve/convey bi-directional traceability.
 - Ensure a review of the matrix at major phases / key reviews of the project.
If the software development team is not the same as the software design team, collaboration may be needed to ensure proper bidirectional traceability between source code and design. Early collaboration is valuable since a one-to-one subsystem to design package relationship (or as close as possible), makes the traceability activity between design and source code much simpler.
Key aspects of tracing source code include:
 - Clear tracing of safety requirements to the source code that implements them (typically via comments in the code or via the traceability matrix using requirements traced to design to code) (NASA-GB-8719.13, NASA Software Safety Guidebook 276).
 - For traceability purposes, safety-critical code and data is to be commented as such (NASA-STD-8719.13B, NASA Software Safety Standard 271).
 - Trace source code to the detailed design specifications.
 - Map each low-level function or data specification to the requirements it fulfills. 047
 - Trace unit tests to source code and to design specifications. 127
Additional guidance related to bidirectional traceability may be found in the following related requirements in this Handbook:
Bidirectional Traceability Between Higher Level Requirements and Software Requirements
Bidirectional Traceability Between Software Requirements and Software Design
Bidirectional Traceability Between Software Test Procedures and Software Requirements
4. Small Projects
For small projects without access to a tracing tool for requirements, design, and code and with budget limitations preventing them from acquiring a new tool and associated training, tracing may be done with a spreadsheet (such as Excel), a simple database (such as Access) or a textual document. It is very important that the project be diligent about keeping such traces up to date as these methods do not include automatic updates when requirements, design elements, etc. change (NASA-STD-8719.13B, NASA Software Safety Standard 271).
In some instances, value-based requirements tracing may be a prudent deviation/waiver request against SWE-064 which would provide partial relief from this requirement. However, no matter how small the budget is, traceability of safety-critical requirements all the way through design and code is always a priority.
"Value-based requirement tracing prioritizes all of the requirements in the system, with the amount of time and effort expended tracing each requirement depending on the priority of that requirement. This can save a significant amount of effort by focusing traceability activities on the most important requirements. However, value-based tracing requires a clear understanding of the importance of each requirement in the system; it may not be an option if full tracing is a requirement of the customer or the development process standards used for the project." (Why Software Requirements Traceability Remains a Challenge 237, Kannenberg, CrossTalkOnline, July/August 2009).
5. Resources
5.1 Tools
Tool nameTypeOwner/SourceLinkDescriptionUser
Requirements Experts
Requirements Experts...
Tools and Templates for Developing Requirements. Others services and training also available.
Requisite Pro
IBM Rational...
Requirements traceability tool
GSFC...
This tool, an Excel spreadsheet, provides bidirectional traceability between requirements, design, code, and test procedures. For a list of features, see the tools section of the GSFC PAL. Note: You must be on site at Goddard in order to access this file. Search in span for "GSFC_TL_20161114_Req_Trace_Tool"
GSFC Requirements Matrix Tool
This tool, an Excel spreadsheet, provides bidirectional traceability between requirements, design, code, and test procedures. Available in SPAN on page: GSFC_TL_20161114_Req_Trace_Tool
IBM® Rational®...
Dimensions® RM
MicroFocus...
Create and manage requirements more efficiently. Dimensions® RM (formerly Serena® Dimensions RM) increases visibility and collaboration across business and delivery teams. Powerful reporting and tracking provide end-to-end traceability from initial concepts to production delivery.
Code to FlowChart
AthTek...
Micro Focus...
CaliberRM® is a requirements management tool that ensures that applications meet end user needs. Using CaliberRM, analysts, developers, testers and other stakeholders accurately capture and communicate the user's requirements throughout the application lifecycle. Version 11.5.
6. Lessons Learned
No Lessons Learned have currently been identified for this requirement.


Planned Parenthood must be prosecuted — not the citizen journalist who exposed them
In a shocking turn of events, a Houston county grand jury has indicted the citizen journalist behind the undercover Planned Parenthood videos, while ignoring evidence of the abortion giant's crimes against humanity.
According to the Harris County indictment, Center for Medical Progress project lead, David Daleiden, and his colleague, Sandra Merritt, face two to 20 years in prison and up to a $10,000 fine. Daleiden received an additional misdemeanor indictment related to an alleged offer to purchase fetal organs. The charges were brought because Daleiden and Merritt allegedly presented fake California driver's licenses for a meeting with Planned Parenthood in Houston.
It is troubling, too, that Harris County prosecutor, Lauren Reeder, is a Planned Parenthood director who sits on the board of an affiliate. Reeder's connection with Daleiden's case raises concerns that this conflict of interest is an attempt to silence and smear the Center for Medical Progress and Daleiden's team of investigators.
However, video footage reveals Planned Parenthood's fetal parts harvesting practices, extreme disrespect for human life, and potential profiteering from the destruction of preborn children.
1.Killing preborn children and harvesting their body parts
planned-parenthood-baby-arm-700x370 (1)
While Planned Parenthood engages in the greatest human rights injustice on the books — the killing of over 320,000 preborn children every year — undercover video evidence obtained by the Center for Medical Progress revealed the abortion giant's hand in the harvesting of fetal body parts. Many Americans were horrified after a dozen videos released by CMP detailed Planned Parenthood's gruesome fetal trafficking practices and contempt for human life.
In the first video, Planned Parenthood's senior director of medical services, Dr. Deborah Nucatola, discussed how she perfects her abortion practices in order to supply the demand of quality, salable baby parts. Under federal law, it is illegal for the abortionist to even know that the parts of the child are to be "donated" for research.
Subsequent videos released last year show top abortionists indicating how Planned Parenthood, from its corporate leadership down to local abortion facilities, may profit from the procurement of fetal tissue.
2. Altering abortion procedures
In a video released last year, Planned Parenthood Gulf Coast Director of Research Melissa Farrell— the branch that has been mistakingly cleared of wrongdoing— displayed willingness to obtain "intact," salable baby parts for profit.
In the video, Farrell states the abortionist can alter abortion procedures, which are longer and more painful for the patient, in order to procure organs from babies in the late-term. When describing fetal tissue procurement practices, Farrell admits, "if we alter our process, we are able to obtain intact fetal cadavers."
"We deviate from our standard in order to do that," Farrell said.
Federal law states that an abortionist is not allowed to change procedure to procure human "tissue."
In addition, Dr. Nucatola suggests in the first CMP video that abortion providers may commit what appears to resemble the illegal partial-birth abortion procedure, and even explains how abortion industry practitioners can circumvent the law based on interpretation:
Partial-birth abortion. It's not a medical term, it doesn't exist in reality. … [N]umber 1, the Federal Abortion Ban is a law, and laws are up to interpretation. So there are people who interpret it as intent. So if I say on Day 1 I do not intend to do this, what ultimately happens doesn't matter. Because I didn't intend to do this on Day 1 so I'm complying with the law.
3. Showing extreme disrespect for human life
The undercover videos have placed a spotlight on the gruesome nature of Planned Parenthood's abortion practices and its dehumanization of preborn children. In disturbing undercover footage, abortion facility staffers laugh and callously discuss procuring baby body parts as they sift through the pieces of aborted children.
In one tape, abortionist Savita Ginde of Planned Parenthood of the Rocky Mountains refers to the "war-torn" appearance of the body of a preborn child, and admits "it's a baby." Another staffer chimes in, while sifting through the remains: "Another boy!"
Another disturbing exposé shows Planned Parenthood Gulf Coast staff sorting through the hands, feet, intestines, and eye balls of a 20-week aborted baby, exclaiming, "it was a twin!" A staffer discusses harvesting the "orbits," or eye balls from aborted children in the same video.
4. Alleged profit from fetal parts trafficking
While Planned Parenthood has denied that it profits from fetal tissue transactions, the words of its top-level officers contradict its statements to media. In the investigative footage, Dr. Nucatola admits that affiliates are "happy" to "do a little better than break even" regarding reimbursement for tissue procurement. Under federal law, profiting from the sale of fetal tissue is illegal.
In an advertisement, StemExpress, a for-profit company that contracted with Planned Parenthood, promises "financial benefits" for abortion facilities that do business with them.
Farrell, who heads the research department at Planned Parenthood Gulf Coast, also hinted at a financial incentive: "My department contributes so much to the bottom line of our organization here."
In light of these damning statements, it is imperative that a full and fair criminal investigation of Planned Parenthood be launched. The abortion giant is committing egregious wrongs against humanity, yet it is going after whistle-blowers full force— with the help of its powerful political allies.
Live Action President Lila Rose condemned the indictment against Daleiden:
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Are You Aware of the Major Health Problems that Could Be Caused by Drywall?
Millions of homes,
business, and even trailers across America are constructed with the
popular building material known as drywall. This relatively light
material, which is very cheap and easy to work with, is the perfect
solution for creating smooth ceilings, walls, and even floors in
certain situations. It comes in standard sizes, so construction
workers know what they are getting into when they purchase it. It
also allows them to work quickly, avoiding the hassles of traditional
plastering methods, which can take days longer to accomplish the same
But with all of these
benefits of drywall, why has it been all over the news, and why is it
being blamed for extreme health and safety issues? To understand the
problem, it is helpful to understand how the product is made to begin
with. Most brands of wallboard are created from gypsum powder, which
is then mixed with a variety of other ingredients, and sandwiched
between firm paper or wood. The additives are always designed to
improve the strength and the safety of the already reliable gypsum.
Some frequent additions include fire retardant chemicals, fibrous
materials that contribute to strength, and other chemicals that
counteract the effects of dampness.
But an unscrupulous
drywall manufacturer in China recently exported some products to
America that had less of the safe chemicals, and far more hazardous
ones. In fact, a recent study performed by the Federal government
found that Chinese drywall victims
were being harmed by dangerous levels of hydrogen sulfide, a
broad-spectrum poison that can kill.
How do you know if your
drywall is safe or not? The first sign that your room or building was
constructed with faulty materials is, in fact, the smell. Hydrogen
sulfide is very noticeable because it smells like sulfur, rotten
eggs, or swampland. This makes it very hard to miss throughout daily
life. If you notice that the smell becomes especially bad during
rainy or damp weather periods, you have a problem in your home.
But bad drywall can also
be spotted in other ways. It turns silver fixtures black and it
corrodes electrical wiring and pipes. If you notice that your water
tastes odd, or that you have to replace electronic equipment more
often than normal, hydrogen sulfide may be to blame.
Although the smell is
pungent and obvious, the health effects of constant exposure to the
toxic fumes can be difficult to identify. If you notice that you are
exhibiting any of the symptoms listed below, contact your health care
professional as soon as possible.
Sore throat and cough
Fluid in the lungs
Loss of appetite
You should also obtain
some safety gear and examine your drywall
immediately. If for any reason you cannot do
this yourself, hire a professional to analyze the situation before
you or your family becomes even more ill. If you are capable of
checking for yourself, examine the place of origin, which should be
on the back of the sheet. It should say "Made In China" or "Knauf
Chinese Drywall Lawsuits Attorneys


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Last week I shared a simple spelling activity that we created using a pink party blower and some bottle caps.
This week I have another party blower activity that packs a punch! We used a party blower, a few Superhero friends, and some recycled materials to help us learn about action words!
My son loves Spiderman and the rest of the Superhero squad right now, so I decided to include them in this week's activity. As we talked about them we reviewed several action words like protect, create, and change.
Materials Needed for Action Words Game:
- recycled materials (we used paper towel rolls, cereal boxes, and pasta boxes)
- double stick tape
- party blower
- Superhero images (we just printed these off via Google images)
How to create the Action Words Game:
- Choose your Superhero images and print them off.
- Cut them to fit your boxes/materials.
- Stick them onto your recycled materials.
- Have your child tell you about each Superhero and talk about action words that you could use to describe each hero.
- Write the action words on the boxes (older kids could do this themselves).
- Set them up on the floor or on a table so that they are easy accessible for your child.
How to play the Action Words Game:
- Set up the materials on a table/counter and give your child a party blower.
- Describe one of the action words using simple hints or synonyms.
- Once your child guesses the correct word, have them look for it and then use the party blower to try and hit the word and knock down the box/paper towel roll.
- You can also play by telling your child to knock down the action word that starts with ___ letter or ____ sound.
As you play your child will notice that by hitting the words that are lower it is hard to knock down the boxes and they will notice that it is easier to knock down the boxes when they hit the words on top. Encourage them to problem solve and explore how to use the party blower to knock down the boxes (blowing faster/slower/at a certain spot/turning the box sideways… it is fun to see what they come up with!)
This activity was a great subtle way for me to teach my son some new action vocabulary words and their synonyms. He also liked taking turns describing the words so that I could knock down the boxes. Having him come up with hints/clues for me was another great activity because by being the "teacher" he ended up learning even more!
As mentioned in my post last week, blowing activities are great for helping kids improve breath control. Breath control issues can sometimes cause kids to have unclear speech. Blowing is also helpful with strengthening and controlling the muscles of the lips, which are used to produce sounds such as ˜p ™ in pop and ˜b ™ in bat.
Do you have any other favorite learning games that used recycled materials?
Here are a few recycled materials games that we've tried or have on our "must try" list:
Velcro ball game reusing gloves via Creative Connections for Kids
Magazine Hockey game via Toddler Approved
Jar Lid Letter Game via No Time for Flashcards
How else have you used party blowers for learning, exploring, or creating?


Ways Parents, Students Can Research Campus Safety
Prospective students should explore campus safety and crime statistics as they consider colleges….
Georgia (Jun 16, 2014)By
Link To Article
Prospective students should explore campus safety and crime statistics as they consider colleges.
Sexual assaults, school shootings and other forms of on-campus violence are a major part of the national discussion of campus safety. The threat of a stolen laptop isn't as frightening, but there are many types of crime that can affect college students.
As prospective college students and their families try to choose the right school, researching campus safety can seem daunting, uncomfortable or even impossible.
To thoroughly evaluate a school's safety, prospective students need to research crime statistics, ask current students and campus staff the right questions and explore the programs universities have to protect and assist students, experts say.
[Learn how to stay safe on a college campus.]
Under the law, schools must submit an annual security report, maintain a crime log, share statistics for a variety of crimes that happen on campus and in some off-campus facilities, issue timely campus alerts, maintain a fire log and create policies to handle reports of missing students.
Families should first check the annual security report, which schools must submit by Oct. 1 each year, says Abigail Boyer, assistant executive director of programs at the Clery Center for Security On Campus.
The Department of Education has a site that allows users to research statistics by institution. Families should also be able to find the information through a university's website.
The Clery Act provides basic rules, but colleges have flexibility in how they implement certain sections, including how they handle campus alerts about safety issues such as a shooter.
For example, the length of time it takes for a student to receive a notification from the campus in an emergency is important but varies by school, says Robert Lang, who heads up security efforts at Kennesaw State University. Lang says that families should also ask about the variety of alerts a school uses beyond text messages and emails. Kennesaw's alert system includes computer pop-ups that can override classroom lectures, messages that display on digital signs around campus and a siren system.
Lang encourages families to ask schools who handles campus safety measures and how those measures are divided up. Some schools may have departments and programs dedicated to campus security and safety or have university police, while others may work with local police.
Families should also think about where students will spend time when they're not on campus.
"You need to do some homework too, about not just the campus itself, but the city surrounding it," Lang says.Under a federal law known as the Jeanne Clery Act, brick-and-mortar schools that receive federal student aid are required to share information about crime on and around their campuses. …


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Start the Discussion
The goal of M.I.understanding is to create a community of support. We believe in the art of storytelling to start a conversation.
Working with community partners, the stories have been developed to increase awareness and understanding, and give families, schools and caregivers the tools to comfort, encourage and support children struggling with anxiety.
We are not a mental health organization. M.I.understanding ( mental illness understanding) is a communication tool designed to educate families and connect them to the resources available to support children who are experiencing mental health issues. Our Videos are designed to start a conversation. Watch as a group, as a family, or send to a friend. Early intervention is the key. Through storytelling, M.I.understanding's goal is to help build empathy, understanding, and resiliency. Let's start a conversation that makes everyone feel supported.
M.I. understanding (mental illness understanding) is looking to change the way we think about mental health in kids. 70% of childhood mental health can be treated if caught early and yet most families are embarrassed or unaware their child needs help. Many kids suffering with mental health issues are labeled as naughty or difficult. Empathy and understanding will go a long way to helping these children develop the tools they need to deal with mental health issues as teenagers.
This project consists of a series of videos along with accompanying resources on a website channel dedicated specifically to childhood mental health. The concept is endorsed by Children's Hospital at London Health Sciences Centre, (Child and Adolescent Mental Health Program) as well as the Thames Valley District School Board (Mental Health Strategic Planning Committee).


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What Winter Holiday Does the Family You Work for Celebrate?
Does the family you work for decorate a Christmas tree and sing Christmas carols, or perhaps they light the candles on a menorah during Hanukkah, or maybe they eat sweet tangerines and light the seven candles of a kinara for Kwanzaa.
Many people celebrate different winter holidays. Nevertheless, several of these holidays have a lot in common: They are a time for friends and families to gather together; they are a time to make special foods and desserts; and often gifts and cards are given as reminders of how much people care about one another.
Most winter holidays revolve around an important object of light: the Christmas lights on a Christmas tree, the nine candles on a Hanukkah menorah, the seven candles on a Kwanzaa kinara, the sun during the Winter Solstice, and the four candles on a Christmas Advent wreath.
There is much anticipation and preparation as the excitement for the winter holidays draws near. Many families make special foods and drinks such as eggnog, potato latkes, Christmas cookies, and hot apple cider. Often, friends and families will gather together for a feast and celebration of their holiday.
For Hanukkah, children may spin the dreidel and eat yummy potato pancakes called latkes. For Christmas, children may hang stockings, decorate Christmas trees, and eat plum pudding. For Kwanzaa, children may eat delicious fruit and make special bracelets and necklaces for family and friends.
All of these holidays have traditions that have been passed down from one generation to another. Hopefully, in the future, you will continue to pass down your family's customs to your own children.
The winter holidays are a time to be creative, generous, and thankful. It is also a time to look forward to good times ahead.
What Do You Enjoy Doing Most for the Winter Holidays?


_USER_{NBERw13771, title = "What Accounts for the Rising Sophistication of China's Exports?", author = "Zhi Wang and Shang-Jin Wei", institution = "National Bureau of Economic Research", type = "Working Paper", series = "Working Paper Series", number = "13771", year = "2008", month = "February", doi = {10.3386/w13771}, URL = "_URL_ abstract = {Chinese exports have become increasingly sophisticated. This has generated anxiety in developed countries as competitive pressure may increasingly be felt outside labor-intensive industries. Using product-level data on exports from different cities within China, this paper investigates the contributing factors to China's rising export sophistication. Somewhat surprisingly, neither processing trade nor foreign invested firms are found to play an important role in generating the increased overlap between China's export structure and that of high-income countries. Instead, improvement in human capital and government policies in the form of tax-favored high-tech zones appear to be the key to the country's evolving export structure. On the other hand, processing trade, foreign invested firms, and government-sponsored high-tech zones all have contributed significantly to raising the unit values of Chinese exports within a given product category.}, }


Comedia von der schönen Sidea
The topic Comedia von der schonen Sidea is discussed in the following articles:
discussed in biography
 - TITLE: Jakob Ayrer (German dramatist)
 ...he first popularized, and it represents his greatest artistic achievement. Sixty-six of his plays are preserved in his Opus Theatricum (1618; "Works of the Theatre"), of which Comedia von der schönen Sidea (c. 1600; "Comedy of the Beautiful Sidea") is often cited for the affinities it bears to William Shakespeare's The Tempest.


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Automatic Allocation of Sudoku Squares [Page 10 of 15])
Often there are a lot of 'easy' Sudoku squares to solve and it can be tedious just to work through them all one by one. Sudoku Dragon offers an automatic allocation command to scan the Sudoku grid and find one square that is easy to solve and allocate it for you. It will only locate squares that have only one possible allocation using the only choice, single possibility, or the only square rules, it will not solve squares requiring more detailed analysis. [You can select whether automatic allocation should just the 'only choice' rule using the Options screen].
In this partially completed puzzle there are 20 squares that can be solved using Automatic Allocation leaving only five that need more carefully study. The command is available from the toolbar, menu and the F12 function key. Any squares that have been solved automatically are marked with a special 'cog' icon in the list of square allocations at the side.
3 must be allocated in square Dd because it is the only unallocated square in the central region Dd. Sudoku Dragon can allocate this easy square automatically by pressing the F12 key.
Sometime later solving the same puzzle there are only a few squares left. If you consider square Hi, in column i only 3 and 7 are possible but the 3 in row H means that 3 is not actually possible, so this leaves 7 as the only possibility left for Hi so Sudoku Dragon can allocate this 'easy' square automatically for you.
You will find automatic allocation useful to mop up the last few 'easy squares' at the end solving a puzzle.
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