text:
In 2007, the Child and Family Research Centre, NUI Galway, was commissioned by the PMC to evaluate Globe: All Ireland Programme for Immigrant Parents. From 2007 - 2009 a number of interim evaluation reports were submitted to the PMC on the development phase of the project and its resources. In 2009, following the extension of the project, the objectives of the evaluation were revised. These objectives, which underpin this final evaluation report, are as follows:
Examine and assess the pilot phase;
Examine and assess the uptake and use of the Information Packs by parents and practitioners;
Examine and assess the partnership working and development on a multi-sectoral and crossborder basis of the PMC, and more generally in meeting the needs of immigrant parents;
Examine and assess the mainstreaming of learning and good practice; and
Examine and assess the training/awareness raising and support of practitioners in delivering the programme.
- A very high number of potential future professionals received the capacity and awareness training day and globe toolkit. The PMC or member organisations should consider initiating contact and work with further/higher education institutions who received the capacity and awareness training and resources. Attempts should be made to track the extensive numbers of students who received the training and resources to examine future use in practice.
- In any potential revisions to the toolkit the possibility of adding signposts to online or hardcopy sources of information should be explored.
- Consider refining the information pack to reflect more local information, or signposting practitioners and parents to sources of local information.
- The provision of an electronic toolkit is a positive, cost-effective development in sustaining the globe. However, it is clear that the resources, in tandem with the capacity and awareness training day, have made the most impact. Any electronic circulation of the toolkit should be done so with consideration for the capacity and awareness training day developed by culturewise.
- In addition to this successful mainstreaming approach, the pmc or member organisations should consider a dissemination plan for the findings of this evaluation and learning from the toolkit more generally.


text:
The Hiriya Recycling Park is a testament to Israel's out-of-the-box approach to greening the country.
Just outside of Tel Aviv, a half-mile long landfill was once an environmental nightmare. Basically a huge mountain of smelly garbage, Hiriya wasn't the sort of place you'd want to live near, let alone visit.
But today the site is used as an environmental educational facility, a natural bio-gas supplier and a transfer station. What's more, it will soon be the site of a family-oriented recycling park.
Doron Sapir, head of the site, explains that 84 wells were drilled into the dump to capture the methane gas produced by the rubbish. The gas is delivered by pipe to a textile plant about four kilometers from the dump, powering the entire operation.
"We are an eco-ecological facility," says Sapir, showing how all materials are separated and recycled. "What is unique here is that all over the world they are separating the waste in dry facilities, [using a] dry process. These Israeli guys thought the other way around: Not only are they not drying the waste, they are putting it into water!"
Any day of the week, you can see schoolchildren of all ages come to visit and learn all about how to reduce, reuse and recycle.
Credit: Ministry of Foreign Affairs

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
The Global Climate at a Glance (GCAG) web application can be used to retrieve monthly and annual global temperature anomaly maps that date back to 1880. Users can also create timeseries for locations around the globe by selecting a point on the map. The interactive interface allows users to adjust the vertical and horizontal axes of the timeseries plots to view selected range of months or years of data or to view the entire period of record.
The maps are created using land surface temperature anomalies from the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) data and sea surface temperature anomalies from the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS). These two datasets are blended into a single product to produce the combined global land and ocean temperature anomalies. The temperature anomalies are calculated with respect to the _PHONE_ base period and are averaged over 5 degree by 5 degree grid boxes. These gridded temperature anomalies are mapped by GCAG. Additional information on the dataset can be found here: Global Temperature Anomalies FAQ Page.
The data files used by the GCAG web application can be found here
*Adobe Flash Player is needed to launch GCAG. Get the latest version of Adobe Flash Player.


How to Determine Font Size
By Contributor
Updated April 02, 2020
The size of a font refers to just that -- how big or small the text you are seeing on screen is measuring. A standard font size used in most computer applications is "12 point." However, the size varies depending on the document being viewed and who originally created it. If you have a document and want to determine the its font size, you need only use a word processor program to learn this.
Highlight a block of text. This can be from a webpage, an email or even a word processing document.
Screenshot of highlighted text on web page.
Right-click anywhere inside the highlighted block of text.
Screenshot of copying selecting text on web page.
Click "Copy."
Screenshot of copying selected text on a web page.
Open a word processing utility, like Microsoft Word or Microsoft Works, on your computer.
Screenshot of blank MS Word document.
Paste the text that you've copied into the blank document, while maintaining the formatting. The formatting of the text is the font size and type, which is of importance to this process. For example, if you're using Microsoft Office 2007 you have to click on the "Home" tab. Then, select the arrow beneath the "Paste" button and click "Paste Special." Select the "HTML Format" menu option and click "OK." The copied text will be pasted into the document with the proper formatting.
If you're using Microsoft Word _PHONE_, you need to click on the arrow next to the "Paste" button in the toolbar and select "Keep Source Formatting" before pasting the text into the document.
Screenshot of pasting text into MS Word.
Highlight a block of text. This can be from a webpage, an email or even a word processing document. Look on the toolbar at the top of the word processing utility for the "Font Size" drop-down list. The number that is currently being displayed on the button is the font size of the selected block of text on screen.
Screenshot of determining font size in MS Word.
Even when you paste text from the web with the proper formatting into a blank word processing document, it may appear to look slightly differently than it does on the original source page. This is because it is not being viewed in a web browser anymore, but rather in a word processing computer program. However, both the font type readings and the font size readings will be accurate.


Top 10 Most Environmentally Friendly Nations
The 2010 Environmental Performance Index, which ranks 163 countries on 25 performance indicators tracked across ten policy categories covering both environmental public health and ecosystem vitality, has been released, and it's worth looking at in closer detail for the aspiring expat or the eco-conscious traveler. These are the places with the most pristine environments, cleanest waters, most startling biodiversity and even some of the best public transportation or health– definitely things that should be on the top of any soon-to-be expat's mind.
1. Iceland
Iceland is known for getting virtually all of its power from renewable energy. They are blessed with rich geothermal resources and roaring rivers for hydroelectic power.
2. Switzerland
Switzerland is among the several European nations on this list well known for their environmental and green efforts. But Switzerland is particularly noteworthy for their stewardship and "clean freak" mentality. Pristine waters fed from alpine glaciers certainly help to inspire!
3. Costa Rica
Costa Rica's rainforest conservation programs are renowned around the world. This is one country that knows its most precious resources need to be protected.
4. Sweden
Scandinavian nations invest heavily in their clean environments, and Sweden tops the list for Northern Europe. Count clean energy sources, efficient public transportation (like green-friendly rail networks) and top notch health care as reasons for the high ranking.
5. Norway
Norway is a land known for its natural beauty and glorious fjords, but they keep it pristine with their public policy. That dramatic scenery is an invaluable national treasure which is well protected by progressive environmental legislation across the board!
6. Mauritius
This breathtaking island nation off Africa's coast in the Indian Ocean was once home to the now extinct Dodo bird. Luckily, they learned their lesson. Today Mauritius has a "Ministry Of Environment" which is responsible for the cleanliness of the island, and they have a very effective anti-litter campaign.
7. France
France has a reputation for their eco-snobbery, but it has a pay off for anyone who has ever been to the French countryside. Although controversial, most of their power comes from nuclear energy, which despite producing nuclear waste does not produce any carbon emissions.
8. Austria
Austria is last among the three alpine or alp-bordering nations on the list, a testament to the pristine nature of those mountains. Cleanliness is an ingrained aspect of the Austrian culture, and their landscape is among the most awe-inspiring in the world.
9. Cuba
Clean, clear waters are a big reason this wondrous Caribbean island made the list. It's a shame that embargoes are still in place preventing U.S. tourists from fully enjoying this island paradise.
10. Colombia
Colombia has come a long way in recent years and is no longer a strictly dangerous place to live or travel. And it's a beautiful country too! The nation is one of the world leaders in fuel-efficient mass transit, making it one of this list's biggest surprises.
53 Responses to "Top 10 Most Environmentally Friendly Nations"
 1. Ryan
 August 2, 2012 at 7:52 pm #
 I have been to Cuba twice under the people to people license in recent years and am a living testament that the country is breathtaking. Containing many UNESCO Biospheres and some of the most preserved coral reefs on the planet, Cuba certainly deserves to be higher on this list. Anyone else agree?
 2. Terri
 November 28, 2012 at 4:29 pm #
 Costa Rica may be preserving its forests, but the rivers are polluted with sewage. Very little waste water is treated. Also there is litter everywhere.
 3. Yassine
 March 13, 2013 at 12:28 am #
 well maybe cuba is, but other countries like switzerland, sweden, norway,
 are both very developed and industrialized but still environmentally friendly
Leave a Reply


text:
It depends on what triggered the shift.
As _USER_ pointed out, PHB1 p.287 describes a
Charge as (emphasis mine):
Move and Attack: Move your speed as part of a charge and make a melee basic attack or a bull rush at the end of your move.
As _USER_ pointed out, PHB1 pg 268 describes an
Immediate Interrupt as (emphasis mine):
An immediate interrupt lets you jump in when a certain trigger condition arises, acting
before the trigger resolves. If an interrupt invalidates a triggering action, that action is lost. For example, an enemy makes a melee attack against you, but you use a power that lets you shift away as an immediate interrupt. If your enemy can no longer reach you, the enemy's attack action is lost.
If the attack was the trigger (for example,
Trigger: You are the target of a melee attack.), then movement is already done. The charger has already transitioned from the "movement" phase of the charge to the "attack" phase, and can't move any more.
If the movement was the trigger (for example,
Trigger: A foe enters a square adjacent to you.) then the shift happens before the "movement" phase of the charge resolves (i.e. finishes). In that case the charger can continue as long as they have movement left and each square of movement brings them closer to the target's new location.
The pseudo-momentum doesn't say you can't change directions, only that you must always be getting closer to your target. For example, because of how 4e counts diagonals, the following 90 degree turn in mid-charge is perfectly valid:
o = empty space,
X = obstacles,
T = target,
S = charger's starting position,
F = charger's final position,
P = charger's path

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
2-2-3 Custody and Visitation Schedule Examples
In the 2-2-3 residential schedule, your child lives with one parent for 2 days of the week, the next 2 days with the other parent, and then 3 days with the first parent. The next week it switches.
This is how the 2-2-3 schedule looks in the calendar.
If you modify your schedule and have it start on a different day of the week you may have a 2-3-2 schedule or a 3-2-2 schedule. These are variations on the same two week repeating schedule.
Custody X Change is software that creates custody schedules and professional parenting plan documents.
The 2-2-3 schedule is pretty structured, but you can customize it so it fits your situation. Here are some sample 2-2-3 schedules.
You can pick any day to start the schedule. Here is a 2-2-3 schedules that starts on a Thursday (this could also be a 3-2-2 schedule that starts on Monday).
You can change the exchange times. This 2-2-3 schedule has exchange times at 9:00 am except on the weekend when the exchange time is moved to 10:00 am. This schedule also starts on Saturday (or it could be a 2-3-2 schedule that starts on Monday).
You can show when your child isn't with either parent by marking 3rd party time. Here is a 2-2-3 schedule with school time shown.
You can use a visitation timeshare calculator to know the percentage of time that each parent has with the child. This can help you give each parent equal time with the child as you customize your 2-2-3 schedule.
- Children are able to spend time with both parents each week.
- Children don't go very long before seeing either parent.
- The schedule is structured and can be easily implemented.
- The schedule can work with unusual employment schedules.
- Both parents have the same amount of time with the and this can reduce conflict.
- This schedule can work for younger children who aren't in school.
- This is a shared parenting schedule and both parents are able to perform daily caretaking.
- There are frequent exchanges which take time and planning.
- Children may not do well changing homes so frequently.
- The schedule doesn't repeat for two weeks so there is a lot to keep track of.
- Parents must take extra effort to keep each other informed about the child's school work and other activities.
- Parents must live close to each other and close to the child's school.
- Parents must be able to communicate well with each other and commit to making the schedule work.


text:
You can create
and mount shadow sets using the $MOUNT system service in a user-written
program. Program calls to $MOUNT that create, mount, or add devices
to shadow sets use the same syntax. To direct the system to perform
any mount operation, you construct a $MOUNT item list. The item list
specifies the virtual unit that represents the shadow set and the
members (physical devices) that the shadow set contains.
The call to the $MOUNT system service has the
Example 5-1 illustrates MACRO-32 statements that produce
a $MOUNT system service item list to create and mount a shadow set.
Example 5-1 Item List to Create and Mount a Shadow Set
The following list describes the elements in Example 5-1:
Notice that the virtual unit item descriptor occurs
first. This item descriptor specifies DSA23 as the name of the virtual
unit. See "Creating a Shadow Set " for the proper naming syntax for the virtual unit and shadow set
The virtual unit item descriptor is followed by two
member-unit item descriptors. Because Volume Shadowing for OpenVMS
automatically determines the type of operation (copy or merge) necessary
before disks can join a shadow set, all of the devices are mounted
with MNT$_SHAMEM item descriptors. These item descriptors specify
that the physical devices, $4$DUA9 and $4$DUA5, are to join the shadow
set represented by DSA23.
The member item descriptors are followed by an item
descriptor that specifies MYVOLUME as the volume label for the shadow
The last item descriptor specifies DISK$MYVOLUME as
the logical name for the shadow set.
Later, if you want to add another device to the
shadow set, you make another call to $MOUNT that specifies an item
list that contains the name of the virtual unit and the name of the
device you want to add to the shadow set. Example 5-2 shows how
to add the physical device $4$DUA10: to the shadow set created in Example 5-1.
Example 5-2 Item List to Add a Member to a Shadow Set
"$MOUNT Shadow Set Item Codes" briefly describes the $MOUNT shadow
set item codes and discusses how to construct a valid $MOUNT item
list. For a complete description of the $MOUNT service and all its
item codes, see the HP OpenVMS System Services Reference


GB to kB
Welcome to GB to kB, you have found the right page. In order to change these units of data or information, multiples of the fundamental unit byte (B), it is necessary to understand that the term "gigabyte" (GB) has more than one interpretation. If you like to get gigabytes in kilobytes (kB), then it makes a difference whether a GB stands for 1,000 or 1,024 bytes. Read on to learn all about gigabytes to kilobytes, and check out our converter further below.
Gigabytes to Kilobytes
The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) defines one GB as 1,000,000,000 (109) bytes. This standard has been established in 1998 and widely been accepted such as by the International System of Units (SI), the metric system in modern form, so to speak. At the same time, the kilobyte has been defined as 1,000 (103) bytes. Throughout our website we stick with the SI/IEC standard. Yet, some companies have a different opinion, as detailed below.
The decimal prefix "giga" stands for one billion (109), whereas the decimal prefix "kilo" denotes one thousand (103). It follows that gigabytes to kilobytes is always one million times more, as one gigabyte equals 1,000,000 kilobytes. In other words, 1,000,000 kB = 1 GB.
Alas, the term gigabyte is sometimes used with a different interpretation:
For instance, Microsoft (Windows operating systems) claims that a GB is equivalent to 1024 bytes. They state that bytes are computed in powers of 2, and therefore should be expressed in powers of 2, too. With this in mind, 1 gigabyte = 10243 B and 1 kilobyte = 10241 B, etc.
Gibibytes to Kibibytes
However, according to the standards bodies, 1,024 bytes matches one kibibyte (KiB), and, in the same vein, 1,073,741,824 bytes (10243 B) make up a gibibyte (GiB). In between the kibibyte and the gibibyte is the mebibyte (MiB): 10242 B.
Manufacturers of hard storage devices regularly measure their drives, e.g. SSD, in multiples of 1,000,000,000 or 1,000,000,000,000 bytes, in other words in gigabytes or in terabytes.
Volatile storage, e.g. Random Access Memory, is often remains labeled in "kB", too. However, in this case a kB often means 230= 10243 = 1,073,741,824 bytes, that is a kibibyte.
Make sure to remember Microsoft's point of view which is that one kB is equal to 1,073,741,824 B. In our article kB to GB, you can find an example of how the differences between gibibytes and gigabytes adds up.
GB in kB
In base 10 definition a GB equals 109 B and a kB = 103 B. In base 1000, a GB is 10003 B, and one kB is 10001 B. One kilobyte = 1/1,000,000 gigabytes.
GiB in KiB
In base 2 definition, one GiB = 230 B and a KiB equals 220 B. In base 1024, a GiB is 10243 B and a KiB is 10241 B One gibibyte = 1/1,048,576 kibibytes.
How many kB in a GB?
Have you been searching for how many kB in a GB? Provided that you have read our information, then you are mindful of the fact that you have to differentiate if your capacity device is non-volatile or volatile, and to take into consideration vendor opinions, too. As already stated clearly, we stick with the official standards. Please keep that in mind when making use of our app in the next section.
Convert GB to kB
In order to change gigabyte to kilobyte you can either use our formula [kB] = [GB] x _PHONE_, or fill in the GB kB calculator below, which is what we recommend.
So as to conduct a conversion from GB to kB enter a value in gigabytes. Our tool then does the math on the fly, without a convert button. This GB to kB calculator processes inputs in gigabytes, gibibytes, kilobytes and kibibytes, and automatically converts it into all other multiples of the base unit byte.
Frequently searched conversions on this site include, for example:
A round-up of the building blocks of digital storage can be found in the next part of this article.
GiB to KiB
By now, you are certainly aware that gibibytes to kibibytes is not the same as gigabytes to kilobytes. It is recommended using our converter to change GiB to KiB.
Below you can locate our overview of the common units of digital storage or memory:
Metric Multiples of Bytes:
 - 1 kB (kilobyte) = 103 bytes = 10001 B
 - 1 MB (megabyte) = 106 bytes = 10002 B
 - 1 GB (gigabyte) = 109 bytes = 10003 B
 - 1 TB (terabyte) = 1012 bytes = 10004 B
 - 1 PB (petabyte) = 1015 bytes = 10005 B
Binary Multiples of Bytes:
 - 1 KiB (kibibyte) = 210 bytes = 10241 B
 - 1 MiB (mebibyte = 220 bytes ) = 10242 B
 - 1 GiB (gibibyte) = 230 bytes = 10243 B
 - 1 TiB (tebibyte) = 240 bytes = 10244 B
 - 1 PiB (pebibyte) = 250 bytes = 10245 B
Next is the summary of our information.
In this final part of our article, we would like to bring to your attention that you can always use the search form in menu and the sidebar to locate frequent conversions.
Provided x stands for your specific amount of storage or data, insert, for example, x GiB in KiB or x GB in kB. The results contain links to all relevant articles and posts.
This depiction is meant as summary:
Gigabytes to Kilobytes
Remember: gibibytes (GiB) in kibibytes (KiB) is not the same as gigabytes (GB) in kilobytes (kB)!
We look forwards to your comments and questions which can be left in the comment form at the end of this page. Alternatively, contact us by email and we will respond as soon as possible, too.
If our content has been helpful to you, please hit the share buttons and don't forget to bookmark us. If time permits, consider checking out the "recommended sites" section in the sidebar.
Thanks for visiting GB to KB.
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NCSU Institutional Repository >
NC State Theses and Dissertations >
Theses >
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
Title: Design of Autonomous Navigation Controllers for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Using Multi-objective Genetic Programming
Authors: Barlow, Gregory John
Advisors: H. Troy Nagle, Committee Member
Choong K. Oh, Committee Member
Edward Grant, Committee Chair
Mark W. White, Committee Member
Keywords: mobile robotics
evolutionary robotics
genetic programming
multi-objective optimization
incremental evolution
unmanned aerial vehicles
evolutionary computation
Issue Date: 23-Mar-2004
Degree: MS
Discipline: Electrical Engineering
Abstract: Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have become increasingly popular for many applications, including search and rescue, surveillance, and electronic warfare, but almost all UAVs are controlled remotely by humans. Methods of control must be developed before UAVs can become truly autonomous. While the field of evolutionary robotics (ER) has made strides in using evolutionary computation (EC) to develop controllers for wheeled mobile robots, little attention has been paid to applying EC to UAV control. EC is an attractive method for developing UAV controllers because it allows the human designer to specify the set of high level goals that are to be solved by artificial evolution. In this research, autonomous navigation controllers were developed using multi-objective genetic programming (GP) for fixed wing UAV applications. Four behavioral fitness functions were derived from flight simulations. Multi-objective GP used these fitness functions to evolve controllers that were able to locate an electromagnetic energy source, to navigate the UAV to that source efficiently using on-board sensor measurements, and to circle around the emitter. Controllers were evolved in simulation. To narrow the gap between simulated and real controllers, the simulation environment employed noisy radar signals and a sensor model with realistic inaccuracies. All computations were performed on a 92-processor Beowulf cluster parallel computer. To gauge the success of evolution, baseline fitness values for a successful controller were established by selecting values for a minimally successful controller. Two sets of experiments were performed, the first evolving controllers directly from random initial populations, the second using incremental evolution. In each set of experiments, autonomous navigation controllers were evolved for a variety of radar types. Both the direct evolution and incremental evolution experiments were able to evolve controllers that performed acceptably. However, incremental evolution vastly increased the success rate of incremental evolution over direct evolution. The final incremental evolution experiment on the most complex radar investigated in this research evolved controllers that were able to handle all of the radar types. Evolved UAV controllers were successfully transferred to a wheeled mobile robot. An acoustic array on-board the mobile robot replaced the radar sensor, and a speaker emitting a tone was used as the target. Using the evolved navigation controllers, the mobile robot moved to the speaker and circled around it. Future research will include testing the best evolved controllers by using them to fly real UAVs.
Appears in Collections:Theses
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text:
Newsroom > DHHS News Release
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
April 7, 2009
Marla Augustine, Communications and Legislative Services, _PHONE_ or _EMAIL_
Disease Investigations are Public Health at Work
April is Public Health Month
Note: Sound bites on this topic are available at: _URL_
Lincoln—Two outbreaks of foodborne illness that have been in the news in recent months show how public health works, according to the state's Chief Medical Officer. The recent outbreaks of salmonella linked to peanut butter and alfalfa sprouts were detected by state infectious disease specialists in Nebraska and other states. One Nebraskan became ill from eating peanut butter and 98 people in the state so far have become ill from eating alfalfa sprouts.
"Detecting outbreaks and determining their source can stop more illnesses from occurring," said Dr. Joann Schaefer. "Halting outbreaks is an important role that the people in public health perform on a regular basis. In these cases, they connected the clues to solve the problems. As a result, both alfalfa sprouts and products containing certain brands of peanut butter were taken off the market because there was strong evidence of a connection between the illnesses and consumption of the products."
Communicable disease staff in the Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services are alerted to outbreaks by laboratories, physicians or persons who are ill. When that happens, Division of Public Health staff members wheel into gear.
Working with local health departments, staff members survey sick individuals to see if they have food items or events in common. They coordinate with laboratories and physicians to get stool cultures or food samples which can yield the all-important DNA fingerprint that can link cases nationwide.
Staff members work closely with local health departments to coordinate with physicians and patients to get information needed to solve the outbreak.
"Public health assures conditions in which people can be healthy," Dr. Schaefer said. "A disease outbreak investigation is an example of public health at its best."
All in all, public health agencies make sure that children get their immunizations, that sexually transmitted diseases are followed up on to see that treatment is received and contacts are notified, that children's safety seats are properly anchored, that emergency medical services are available everywhere, that drinking water is safe to drink. The list goes on and on, Dr. Schaefer said. These are just some examples of the things public health does to save lives.
Local health departments play an important role, Dr. Schaefer said. They bring public health to their constituents, providing services, support and education.*
"I appreciate the local health departments because we rely on their collaboration with DHHS in order to reach all Nebraskans," she said.
April has been declared Public Health Month in Nebraska.
*Note: A map of local health departments and contact information can be found at _URL_


Apply of TA
Discussion in 'Technical Analysis' started by lojze, Dec 9, 2002.
 1. lojze
 My origin is from computer industry and that the reason, that I got today interresting article about behaviour of computer memory prices compared to moving averages of those prices.
 You can find some graphs and more detailed info in an attachment, but here is the question:
 What are the areas where trading TA can be used, except for trading itself?
 2. Wrong question, it's just the way around. TA uses simple concepts of statistical analysis: such as moving averages, standard deviations (Bollinger bands). TA itself has little to offer statistical analysis, probably nothing.
 3. I believe the original application of exponetial moving averages was to predict enemy shipping movements in WW II. Warships proceed in a zig zag path to confuse pursuers.
 Another interesting application of related technology is the Fair Isaacs credit model, which I believe uses some sort of artificial intelligence or neural net model to generate a credit rating.
 There are numerous computerized pattern recognition applications, such as fingerprint identification, facial scanning and other biometric uses.
 4. In other words, TA is just statistical analysis applied to the financial markets. Of course, you can have objects specific to TA that may not be found in other areas where statistical analysis is applicable, but moving averages are one of the basic concepts of statistical analysis and you can use them anywhere where average changes in time are of interest.


text:
Identify your enemy
Everyone has a purpose and a destiny. The things that keep you from fulfilling this destiny are your enemies.
- Who, and what are your enemies?
- What are you fighting for?
- Who, and what are you fighting against?
Make a list of your enemies. Then, write a plan on how you will defeat them.


Soninke, Serahuli in Senegal
Largest Religion
Main Language
Soninke people video
Source LinkUp Africa Download
Profile Source: Bethany World Prayer Center
Introduction / History
One of the first Soninke settlements was established in Ghana around A.D. 750. Because of persecution by the Berbers, the Soninke dispersed into small groups within the neighboring regions. The three main sub-groups of the Soninke are the Marka, Nono, and Azer. Often, these tribes are further broken into smaller clans that specialize in various crafts. Some of the most important Soninke tribes are the Sisse, Drame, Sylla, and Kante. After fleeing to Senegal and Gambia, these groups intermixed with the local Wolof, Serer, and Malinke tribes.
The Soninke live primarily along the upper Senegal River from Matam to Bakel, with some migrating to the city of Dakar. Two of their settlements are Jara and Gajaga. Due to influence by a large nomadic tribe known as the Fulani, the Soninke have become farmers and herdsmen. They speak a Mandingo language called Sarakole (or Soninke).
What are Their Lives Like?
The Soninke live in compact villages, in which homes are built in two distinct styles. One style is round huts with brick walls and thatched roofs. The other style is rectangular houses with brick walls, interior courts, and flat terraced roofs. Houses line both sides of the main street, and a mosque is typically located in the village square.
Soninke marriages require the payment of a bride-price. In contrast to most neighboring tribes, the bride-price is given to the bride rather than her parents, and becomes part of her dowry. Pre-marital sexual relations are forbidden. Polygyny (having more than one wife) is generally accepted, with each man being limited to four wives by Islamic law.
In the past, inheritances were passed down from fathers to sons. Today, Muslim rules govern the dispersion of property: one-eighth goes to the widow, while equal shares go to each son and half shares go to each daughter.
What are Their Beliefs?
As Muslims, the Soninke adhere to the five essential "pillars", or duties, of Islam. These include affirming that "there is no god but Allah and Mohammed is his prophet;" praying five times a day while facing Mecca; giving alms generously; fasting during Ramadan, the ninth month of the Muslim year; and making at least one pilgrimage to Mecca, if possible.
What are Their Needs?
Prayer Points
* Ask the Lord to send forth laborers into Senegal to share Christ with the Soninke.
* Pray that Christian radio broadcasts would be made available to the Soninke.
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Country Senegal
Continent Africa
Region West and Central Africa
10/40 Window No
Location in Country North and south of Bakel along Senegal River. Bakel, Ouaoundé, Moudéri, and Yaféra are principal towns
People Group Map Soninke, Serahuli in Senegal
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People Name General Soninke
People Name in Country Soninke, Serahuli
ROP3 Code 109413
Joshua Project People ID 14996
Indigenous Yes
Population in Senegal 284,000
Least-Reached Yes
Alternate Names for People Group Azer, Sarakole, Sarawulé, Serahuli, Serer, Toubakai,
Submit an update
Submit an update
Affinity Bloc Sub-Saharan Peoples
People Cluster Soninke
People Name General Soninke
Ethnic Code NAB63j
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2.0% ( Evangelical 0.05% )
Ethnic Religions
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text:
There are 3 ways to support our monthly fund.
1. Just download the standing order HERE take it to your bank or do it online, but, return the gift aid slip to Maggie with your details. This goes towards a teacher's
salary, a daily meal, text books, basic health care and a uniform.
2. Select a Zambian child or we will find a child for you. There would be no direct contact or letters exchanged but you would receive a yearly report from their teacher
3. Match up a child with a Zambian child of approximately 2 years older who is extremely poor yet is showing great potential academically. Aims and interests can be
shared ( see picture above). Letters can be exchanged once a term and also a newsletter.
All your money gets to the cause, goes into a fund and not given to the child.
Please email: _EMAIL_, if you'd like more details or a list of children's profiles.


text:
The Use of and Attitude Towards Telehealth in Rural Communities
Australian Journal of Primary Health
13(3) 29 - 34
This paper reports on the attitudes of a sample of health care providers towards the use of telehealth to support rural patients and integrate rural primary health and urban hospital care. Telehealth and other information technologies hold the promise of improving the quality of care for people in rural and remote areas and for supporting rural primary health care providers. While seemingly beneficial for rural patients, study participants believed that telehealth remains underused and poorly integrated into their practice. In general, participants thought that telehealth is potentially beneficial but places constraints on their activities, and few actually used it. Published literature usually reports either on the success of telehealth pilot projects or initiatives that are well resourced and do not reflect the constraints of routine practice, or has an international focus limiting its relevance to the Australian context. Because of the paucity of systematic and generalisable research into the effects of the routine use of telehealth to support rural patients, it is unclear why health care professionals choose to provide such services or the costs and benefits they incur in doing so. Research and policy initiatives continue to be needed to identify the impact of telehealth within the context of Australian primary health care and to develop strategies to support its use.
Full text doi:10.1071/PY07035
© La Trobe University 2007


text:
In November, Media & Design Manager, Chris Evans presented at the National Association for Interpretation's Conference in Denver, Colorado. Together with co-presenter Stefania Van Dyke, Senior Interpretive Specialist with the Denver Art Museum, they provided a framework for incorporating accessible design into exhibits. Using illustrative examples relevant to a range of parks and museums, practical elements of universal design were explored, such as tactile elements, audio, and multimedia.
Knowing where to start planning for accessibility is important. Also crucial is asking the right questions. Universal design features can be incorporated for a wide range of learning styles, abilities and diverse backgrounds and multi-generational family groups. Placement, context, and environment all play a role in successfully conveying a story to a broad audience. With thoughtful planning, one can create engaging exhibits designed for multi-generational, multisensory-attuned, and culturally and linguistically diverse audiences.
To learn useful tips and best practices for reaching your audience within your organization's available resources, download the presentation below:
Chris Evans is the Media & Design Manager at 106 Group, an award-winning exhibit and cultural resources management firm. Chris selects, tests, and builds the best media to convey its intended message, placing great emphasis on providing accessible and engaging content for a broad audience through innovative and interactive means.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have a unicode file that contains Chinese characters. I have a local and a remote copy of it.
When I use less on the local file the characters are shown properly:
However, when I ssh to the remote machine and look at the remote version of the same file the characters are just shown like this instead:
How can I properly view the remote unicode file (when connected via ssh)?
(I'm using the standard terminal application on Mac OS.)
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 2 down vote accepted
Does the file display correctly if you cat it (or used head to shorten the output)?
I think the key to making less display the file properly lies in setting LANG or LC_ALL properly. On your local system and the remote system compare the values of those variables and see if they are different and whether changing the remote one to match makes a difference.
From the less man page (Note the last sentence):
 If neither LESSCHARSET nor LESSCHARDEF is set, but any of the strings
 "UTF-8", "UTF8", "utf-8" or "utf8" is found in the LC_ALL, LC_TYPE or
 LANG environment variables, then the default character set is utf-8.
 If that string is not found, but your system supports the setlocale
 interface, less will use setlocale to determine the character set.
 setlocale is controlled by setting the LANG or LC_CTYPE environment
 Finally, if the setlocale interface is also not available, the default
 character set is latin1.
 Control and binary characters are displayed in standout (reverse
 video). Each such character is displayed in caret notation if possible
 (e.g. ^A for control-A). Caret notation is used only if inverting the
 0100 bit results in a normal printable character. Otherwise, the char‐
 acter is displayed as a hex number in angle brackets.
share|improve this answer
Thanks! cat worked fine. And less works now after I set LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8. – user9474 Nov 21 '09 at 0:25
Your Answer


text:
Step 1: We Started by Cutting Our 4x8 Plywood in Half; Using Only One of the Halves.
Step 2: We Cut Off Excess Corners and Made It Into a Circle.
Step 3: We Sanded the Edges and Cut Out a Hole for Leaf Blower Using a Jigsaw
Step 4: We Stapled the Tarp On, Then We Duct Taped Where We Thought Air Would Escape
Step 5: We Cut Out _ Circle From Dry Erase Board and Drilled It Into the Middle of Our Hovercraft on the Tarp Covered Side. Instead of Using a Cariage Bolt, We Used (5) Sheet Metal Screws to Ensure Durability.=)
Step 6: Exactly 9" Away From the Center, We Cut Out Holes in the Tarp. Evenly Spaced, We Drew Out 4 _ Inch Circles and Cut Them Out Using a Box Cutter.
Step 7: Fianally We Tested It and Decided to Add 2 More Holes. (we Probably Should of Gone With 8 Holes All Together).


text:
The Orange Bellowsfish (Notopogon fernandezianus) is found in the southwestern Pacific, off southeastern Australia and New Zealand (Glover 1994), and has a limited distribution off southern South America in the southeastern Pacific and southwestern Atlantic between northern Argentina and Uruguay (Duhamel 1995). It occurs at depths of 150 to 580 metres (490 to 1,900 ft). Orange Bellowfish may reach 18 cm in length
( Fishwise, Fishbase)
- Duhamel, G. 1995. Revision of the genera Centriscops and Notopogon, Macroamphosidae from the subtropical/temperate marine belt of the Southern Hemisphere. Cybium 19: 261-303.
- Glover, J.C.M. 1994. The Fishes of Australia's South Coast. State Printer, Adelaide.


text:
Monkeys can point to objects they do not report seeing
Are monkeys, like humans, able to ascertain where objects are located without much more than a sideways glance? Quite likely, says Lau Andersen of the Aarhus University in Denmark, lead author of a study conducted at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center of Emory University, published in Springer's journal Animal Cognition. The study finds that monkeys are able to localize stimuli they do not perceive.
Humans are able to locate, and even side-step, objects in their peripheral vision, sometimes before they perceive the object even being present. Andersen and colleagues therefore wanted to find out if visually guided action and visual perception also occurred independently in other primates.
The researchers trained five adult male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) to perform a short-latency, highly stereotyped localization task. Using a touchscreen computer, the animals learned to touch one of four locations where an object was briefly presented. The monkeys also learned to perform a detection task using identical stimuli, in which they had to report the presence or absence of an object by pressing one of two buttons. These techniques are similar to those used to test normal humans, and therefore make an especially direct comparison between humans and monkeys possible. A method called "visual masking" was used to systematically reduce how easily a visual target was processed.
Andersen and his colleagues found that the monkeys were still able to locate targets that they could not detect. The animals performed the tasks very accurately when the stimuli were unmasked, and their performance dropped when visual masking was employed. But monkeys could still locate targets at masking levels for which they reported that no target had been presented. While these results cannot establish the existence of phenomenal vision in monkeys, the discrepancy between visually guided action and detection parallels the dissociation of conscious and unconscious vision seen in humans.
"Knowing whether similar independent brain systems are present in humans and nonverbal species is critical to our understanding of comparative psychology and the evolution of brains," explains Andersen.


Set it to None if you don't want
# this feature. Overridden by command line option "-s" / "--stub-track".
USE_STUB_TRACK = u'00 Stub Track'
# Number of playlists processed between basic processing reports. (Use "-q"
# / "--quiet" option to inhibit these reports.)
# Character to commonly use between song-name path elements. Ommitted when
# the MAGIC_LEADING_DELIMITER, which see, is at the front of a path element.
# = False - create/sync m3u playlist files to target folder
# = True - skip creating m3u playlist files, eg if you're using Google
# Music to sync your playlists, and use this script just to keep a
# fallback stash of music files.
# = False - use the subject playlist names for the target
# = True - synthesize target playlist names based on subject names,
# transforming leading characters according to MAGIC_LEADING_DELIMITER.
# The names of the subject playlists, themselves, are not altered.
# If not empty and COMPOSE_PLAYLIST_NAMES is True, playlist names
# that start with MAGIC_LEADING_DELIMITER's first character are handled
# specially. Here are the alternatives:
# - Empty string: always prepend PLAIN_SEPARATOR to the playlist name when
# creating the full playlist folder path name.
# - One character: when a playlist name's leading character matches
# MAGIC_LEADING_DELIMITER's first (and, in this case, only) character,
# then that character is removed from the playlist name when constructing
# the playlist folder path name, and no additional delimiter is prepended.
# (Thus the playlist name's second character serves as the delimiter.)
# - Two or more characters: like the one-character case, but the
# MAGIC_LEADING_DELIMITER's second character is prepended to matching
# playlist names, to serve as the delimiter when constructing the playlist
# folder path name.
# Lexical precedence in Google Music player: _-,.+=[A-Za-z]
# Lexical precedence in old android Music player: +,-.[A-Za-z]_~
## Value that sorts higher for the old, standard android player:
# Value that sorts higher for the new google-music player ("_," works, too):
## Value that uses characters after the leading magic char, on the playlist
## names, themselves:
# When True, marginal blather() activity messages will be emitted. Can be
# set using the --verbose command line option, and is overridden by QUIET.
# Inhibit all blather() informational messages, even when VERBOSE is set.
# Error messages are still emitted via whoops().
QUIET = False
# Inhibit actually changing any state/filesystem/etc if True. Progress
# report lines will be prefixed with '# '.
DRYRUN = False
 # ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Customization above ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ #
 # vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv Operational config below vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv #
 # (and/or some obscure customization options - caveat emptor) #
# These things can be changed, but you less likely need to, and can more easily
# break things than the common user customizations, above.
# Sequences of extensiosn of filename to be removed from the target
# directory hierarchy if the files have no corresponding playlist or
# playlist track. Other files will be left alone, but directories left
# empty after tracked file deletions will be removed.
# The first PLAYLIST_EXTENSIONS entry will be appended after a '.' to the
# playlist names as part of forming the playlist filename.
PLAYLIST_EXTENSIONS = ('m3u', 'M3u', 'M3U')
TRACK_EXTENSIONS = ('mp3', 'MP3','m4p', 'M4P','m4a', 'M4A')
# Adjust this regular expression to specify characters to to be replaced in
# playlist names for their filesystem file name. (By default we specify the
# negation of the set of allowed characters.) The elided characters are
# replaced by the value of SUBSTITUTION_CHARACTER.
PLAYLIST_FILE_NAMES_REGEXP = '[^- _A-Za-z0-9:%,.'~!@^=*+%()]'
# Used for the mathematical fingerprint (python hash) of track files used
# to detect non-size-changing track audio and metadata edits.
# The logarithmic base for biasing the play density so continued plays as a
# track ages have more importance, or conversely, so the earlier rush to
# play a new track doesn't obscure the staying power of older favorites.
# The tuning of this setting is by feel, but in my (very slight) exploration
# doesn't seem to make a lot of difference except maybe in the low "play
# densities" (see Track.get_play_density()).
 # ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Operational config above ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ #
import appscript
import sys, os, time, shutil, re, optparse, datetime, math
re_playlist_file_names = re.compile(PLAYLIST_FILE_NAMES_REGEXP)
# SingletonByLabelAndClass belongs in a separate module, but by including it
# here we can deliver this application as a single script, so for now:
class SingletonByLabelAndClass(object):
 """Inherit for classes that have distinctly labelled unique instances.
 The distinguishing label is taken from a keyword argument named 'label'.
 >>> class DistinctService(SingletonByLabelAndClass):
 ... counter = 0
 ... def __init__(self, label='default'):
 ... self.counter += 1
 >>> first = DistinctService(label='first')
 >>> first_too = DistinctService(label='first')
 >>> second = DistinctService(label='second')
 >>> first.counter == first_too.counter
 >>> first.counter!= second.counter
 >>> id(first) == id(first_too)
 >>> id(first)!= id(second)
 >>> class DifferentDistinctService(SingletonByLabelAndClass):
 ... counter = 0
 ... self.counter -= 1
 >>> other_first = DifferentDistinctService(label='first')
 >>> id(other_first)!= id(first)
 >>> first._SingletonReset()
 __instances = {}
 # avoid classes colliding by using class-name/specified-name combo:
 name = (cls.__name__, kwargs['label'])
 got = cls.__instances.get(name, None)
 if got == None:
 got = cls.__instances[name] = object.__new__(cls)
 return got
 def _SingletonReset(cls):
 """Development-mode - clear the established instances.
 Use for fresh instances during incremental development of
 singleton-based classes."""
 for i in cls.__instances.values():
 del i
 cls.__instances = {}
class Playlist(SingletonByLabelAndClass):
 """Encapsulation of an iTunes playlist object.
 Playlists within the sync subject playlist must be initted with their
 dotted name, reflecting the containment.
 >>> library = Playlist(label='Library')
 >>> subject = Playlist(label=SUBJECT_PLAYLIST)
 label = None
 # Short-circuit redundant visits and accounting distortion after
 # appscript-timeout restarts:
 _already_done = None
 _is_terminal = None
 _pedigree = None
 _contained_tracks = None
 _children_playlists = None
 _playlist_file_string = None
 _playlist_file_name = None
 def __init__(self, label=None, ref=None):
 """Realize playlist for string LABEL, passed in as a keyword argument.
 To disambiguate playlists with the same terminal names, LABEL must be
 the dotted playlist containment path from the subject playlist.
 REF is for internal use on contained playlists, to disambiguate."""
 if self.label is not None:
 # we're a singleton that's already been initted.
 self.label = label
 self._mgr = mgr = PlaylistSyncManager(label=SUBJECT_PLAYLIST)
 if not ref:
 ref = mgr.get_playlist_refs(label)
 if not ref:
 raise ValueError, ("No playlists labelled '%s' found" % label)
 elif type(ref) == appscript.reference.Reference:
 self._ref = ref
 if len(ref) > 1:
 raise ValueError, ("%s ambiguous - mutiple found" % label)
 self._ref = ref[0]
 def __repr__(self):
 return "<%s.%s instance '%s'>" % (self.__module__,
 def is_terminal_playlist(self):
 if self._is_terminal is None:
 self._is_terminal = (self._ref.special_kind.get()
 == appscript.k.none)
 return self._is_terminal
 def sync_to_directory(self, target_dir_path):
 """Sync our playlist constituents to TARGET_DIRECTORY_PATH.
 A playlist file will not be created for this encompassing playlist,
 itself, but will be created for its constituents."""
 # Employ helpers, including._sync_to_directory(), to do actual work.
 fldr_mgr = PlayfolderManager(label=target_dir_path)
 self._sync_to_directory(fldr_mgr, save_playlist=False)
 def _sync_to


text:
In probability theory and statistics, a covariance matrix (also known as dispersion matrix or variance–covariance matrix) is a matrix whose element in the i, j position is the covariance between the i th and j th elements of a random vector (that is, of a vector of random variables). Each element of the vector is a scalar random variable, either with a finite number of observed empirical values or with a finite or infinite number of potential values specified by a theoretical joint probability distribution of all the random variables.
Intuitively, the covariance matrix generalizes the notion of variance to multiple dimensions. As an example, the variation in a collection of random points in two-dimensional space cannot be characterized fully by a single number, nor would the variances in the x and y directions contain all of the necessary information; a 2×2 matrix would be necessary to fully characterize the two-dimensional variation.
Because the covariance of the i th random variable with itself is simply that random variable's variance, each element on the principal diagonal of the covariance matrix is the variance of one of the random variables. Because the covariance of the i th random variable with the j th one is the same thing as the covariance of the j th random variable with the i th one, every covariance matrix is symmetric. In addition, every covariance matrix is positive semi-definite.
- 1 Definition
- 2 Conflicting nomenclatures and notations
- 3 Properties
- 4 As a linear operator
- 5 Which matrices are covariance matrices?
- 6 How to find a valid correlation matrix
- 7 Complex random vectors
- 8 Estimation
- 9 As a parameter of a distribution
- 10 Applications
- 11 See also
- 12 References
- 13 Further reading
Throughout this article, boldfaced unsubscripted X and Y are used to refer to random vectors, and unboldfaced subscripted Xi and Yi are used to refer to random scalars.
If the entries in the column vector
is the expected value of the ith entry in the vector X. In other words,
The inverse of this matrix, is the inverse covariance matrix, also known as the concentration matrix or precision matrix; see precision (statistics). The elements of the precision matrix have an interpretation in terms of partial correlations and partial variances.
Generalization of the variance
The definition above is equivalent to the matrix equality
This form can be seen as a generalization of the scalar-valued variance to higher dimensions. Recall that for a scalar-valued random variable X
Indeed, the entries on the diagonal of the covariance matrix are the variances of each element of the vector.
A quantity closely related to the covariance matrix is the correlation matrix, the matrix of Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients between each of the random variables in the random vector, which can be written
where is the matrix of the diagonal elements of (i.e., a diagonal matrix of the variances of for ).
Equivalently, the correlation matrix can be seen as the covariance matrix of the standardized random variables for.
Each element on the principal diagonal of a correlation matrix is the correlation of a random variable with itself, which always equals 1. Each off-diagonal element is between 1 and –1 inclusive.
Conflicting nomenclatures and notations
Nomenclatures differ. Some statisticians, following the probabilist William Feller, call the matrix the variance of the random vector, because it is the natural generalization to higher dimensions of the 1-dimensional variance. Others call it the covariance matrix, because it is the matrix of covariances between the scalar components of the vector. Thus
However, the notation for the cross-covariance between two vectors is standard:
The var notation is found in William Feller's two-volume book An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications, but both forms are quite standard and there is no ambiguity between them.
The matrix is also often called the variance-covariance matrix since the diagonal terms are in fact variances.
For and, where X is a random p-dimensional variable and Y a random q-dimensional variable, the following basic properties apply:
where and are random p×1 vectors, is a random q×1 vector, is a q×1 vector, is a p×1 vector, and and are q×p matrices.
This covariance matrix is a useful tool in many different areas. From it a transformation matrix can be derived, called a whitening transformation, that allows one to completely decorrelate the data or, from a different point of view, to find an optimal basis for representing the data in a compact way (see Rayleigh quotient for a formal proof and additional properties of covariance matrices). This is called principal components analysis (PCA) and the Karhunen-Loève transform (KL-transform).
The joint mean and joint covariance matrix of and can be written in block form
where and.
and can be identified as the variance matrices of the marginal distributions for and respectively.
If and are jointly normally distributed,
then the conditional distribution for given is given by
defined by conditional mean
The matrix of regression coefficients may often be given in transpose form, ΣXX−1ΣXY, suitable for post-multiplying a row vector of explanatory variables xT rather than pre-multiplying a column vector x. In this form they correspond to the coefficients obtained by inverting the matrix of the normal equations of ordinary least squares (OLS).
As a linear operator
Applied to one vector, the covariance matrix maps a linear combination, c, of the random variables, X, onto a vector of covariances with those variables:. Treated as a bilinear form, it yields the covariance between the two linear combinations:. The variance of a linear combination is then, its covariance with itself.
Which matrices are covariance matrices?
From the identity just above, let be a real-valued vector, then
which must always be nonnegative since it is the variance of a real-valued random variable. From the symmetry of the covariance matrix's definition it follows that only a positive-semidefinite matrix can be a covariance matrix. Conversely, every symmetric positive semi-definite matrix is a covariance matrix. To see this, suppose M is a p×p positive-semidefinite matrix. From the finite-dimensional case of the spectral theorem, it follows that M has a nonnegative symmetric square root, that can be denoted by M1/2. Let be any p×1 column vector-valued random variable whose covariance matrix is the p×p identity matrix. Then
How to find a valid correlation matrix
In some applications (e.g., building data models from only partially observed data) one wants to find the "nearest" correlation matrix to a given symmetric matrix (e.g., of observed covariances). In 2002, Higham formalized the notion of nearness using a weighted Frobenius norm and provided a method for computing the nearest correlation matrix.
Complex random vectors
where the complex conjugate of a complex number is denoted ; thus the variance of a complex number is a real number.
If is a column-vector of complex-valued random variables, then the conjugate transpose is formed by both transposing and conjugating. In the following expression, the product of a vector with its conjugate transpose results in a square matrix, as its expectation:
where denotes the conjugate transpose, which is applicable to the scalar case since the transpose of a scalar is still a scalar. The matrix so obtained will be Hermitian positive-semidefinite, with real numbers in the main diagonal and complex numbers off-diagonal.
If and are centred data matrices of dimension n-by-p and n-by-q respectively, i.e. with n rows of observations of p and q columns of variables, from which the column means have been subtracted, then, if the column means were estimated from the data, sample correlation matrices and can be defined to be
or, if the column means were known a-priori,
These empirical sample correlation matrices are the most straightforward and most often used estimators for the correlation matrices, but other estimators also exist, including regularised or shrinkage estimators, which may have better properties.
As a parameter of a distribution
If a vector of n possibly correlated random variables is jointly normally distributed, or more generally elliptically distributed, then its probability density function can be expressed in terms of the covariance matrix.
In financial economics
The covariance matrix plays a key role in financial economics, especially in portfolio theory and its mutual fund separation theorem and in the capital asset pricing model. The matrix of covariances among various assets' returns is used to determine, under certain assumptions, the relative amounts of different assets that investors should (in a normative analysis) or are predicted to (in a positive analysis) choose to hold in a context of diversification.
- Covariance mapping
- Multivariate statistics
- Gramian matrix
- Eigenvalue decomposition
- Quadratic form (statistics)
- Wasserman, Larry (2004). All of Statistics: A Concise Course in Statistical Inference. ISBN 0-387-40272-1.
- William Feller (1971). An introduction to probability theory and its applications. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-25709-7. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
- Taboga, Marco (2010). "Lectures on probability theory and mathematical statistics".
- Eaton, Morris L. (1983). Multivariate Statistics: a Vector Space Approach. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 116–117. ISBN 0-471-02776-6.
- Higham, Nicholas J. (2002). "Computing the nearest correlation matrix—a problem from finance". IMA Journal of Numerical Analysis 22 (3):


text:
The Morris Fromkin Memorial Collection
The Morris Fromkin Memorial Collection was launched in 1970 with seed money donated in memory of Morris Fromkin, who died in 1969. The donors were Morris Fromkin's widow, Selma Fromkin, and his three children, Marcia Fromkin Prester, Sari Fromkin Magaziner, and David H. Fromkin.
The Collection is now fully supported by the Golda Meir Library. The Collection's broad theme is social justice in the United States from the end of the Civil War to the end of World War II.
It also contains materials on European and Asian ideas and movements -- for example, the Russian and Chinese Revolutions, the rise of Fascism in Europe, the Civil War in Spain, the social insurance, city planning, and housing reform movements in England and Germany--that affected the American Left.
Morris Fromkin's interest in social justice and his legal work for the labor movement and pro bono work for the poor inspired this theme.
The Fromkin Collection covers a variety of subjects:
- The labor movement in the United States.
- Marxism, Leninism, and anarchism.
Communist ideology and the Communist Party in the United States.
- Socialist ideologies and the Socialist Party in the United States.
- The ideas of Henry George and the Single Tax movement in the United States.
- Social insurance, including old age pensions, workmen's compensation, health insurance, unemployment insurance, disability benefits, and pensions for widows and orphans, in the United States.
- A variety of liberal reform movements, such as prison reform, housing reform, city planning, the crusades against child labor and prostitution, and efforts to aid immigrants.
- The social concerns of social workers and the rise of social work as a profession.
- Pacifism and antiwar movements.
- Proletarian novels and fiction dealing with many subjects covered by the Collection.
Additionally, through the Archives, social justice researchers also have access to archival collections owned by the Wisconsin Historical Society. These collections are among the most important in the nation for the study of the American labor movement and the American Left, the civil rights movement and other social action movements of the post-World War II period, and social, political, and economic reform during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.


text:
Here are a few experiments that might be effective in evaluating XP practices. I would invite my academic colleagues to design and run experiments like these to provide experimental data on the effectiveness of the practices. I would be delighted to work with interested experimenters in the design of the experiments, training of the developers, and so on.
Purpose: Compare the performance of groups of developers working on the same requirements, with full XP Unit Tests, with Functional Tests used as they go, with Functional Tests at the end, and with both. (Functional Tests are provided and are used to drive the applications to a common level of quality.)Draft Design: Four groups are compared, each consisting of a number of developers working alone on the same application. Group 1 uses only Functional Tests, when they think their development is done. Group 2 uses only Functional Tests, running them regularly during the project. Froup 3 writes Unit Tests for each class as they go, in the XP style, and uses the Functional Tests only when they think development is done. Group 4 (full XP testing) writes Unit Tests as they go, and runs the Functional Tests regularly during the project. All groups are driven to the same level of quality, i.e. 100% on the functional tests. Measure: Time to delivery of desired quality level. Code metrics, code quality from expert and peer review after the fact, etc.
Purpose: Compare the effectiveness of a refactoring orientation in development with rapid development without refactoring.Draft Design Notes: Provide User Stories incrementally. Compare four groups, evaluating impact of design up front and refactoring. Divide experimental groups among those predisposed by instruction to refactor frequently, and those predisposed not to refactor. Divide between groups doing design for generality up front, and those doing simple solutions. Measure: Time to delivery of desired quality level. Code metrics, code quality from expert and peer review after the fact, etc. Evaluate design-only vs refactoring-only. Compare to mixed-strategy groups.
Purpose: Evaluate utility of design for generality.Draft Design:Choose a moderately rich domain. Make all experimental groups familiar with the domain. Choose, secretly, a planned release of a product, with a series of requirements stories that call for increasing generality in the code: for example, an early requirement might specify just one instance of some object, while a subsequent requirement might require extension to a collection. Measure: Time to delivery of desired quality level. Code metrics, code quality from expert and peer review after the fact, etc.


text:
Conservation value of forest plantations for bird communities in western Kenya
Farwig, N.; Sajita, N.; Boehning-Gaese, K.
Forest Ecology and Management 255(11): 3885-3892
Tree plantations of native and exotic species are frequently used to compensate for forest loss in the tropics. However, these plantations may support lower species diversity and different communities than natural forest. We therefore investigated bird communities in stands of natural forest, different types of tree plantations and secondary forest in Kakamega Forest, western Kenya. We compared birds differing in habitat specialisation, i.e. forest specialists, generalists, and visitors. We recorded significant differences in mean species richness and number of individuals among the different forest types. Stands of natural forest and plantations of indigenous tree species comprised more species and individuals than plantations of exotic tree species and secondary forest. This was caused by a significant decline of forest specialists and generalists from natural forest and indigenous plantations to exotic plantations and secondary forest. Species composition of the bird communities did not differ between natural forest stands and plantations of a mixture of indigenous tree species, but clearly changed between natural forest and plantations of single tree species. These findings demonstrate that natural forest areas are needed for the conservation of forest bird diversity, but that plantations with a mixture of indigenous tree species can have similarly high conservation value.


text:
Thammasat Design School, in collaboration with SCG, to drive Thai society towards Net Zero
Thammasat Design School organized an event on exchanging knowledge about sustainable environmental design titled "Climate Resilience - Addressing Climate Change".
Thursday 1 February 2024
The Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Thammasat University, in collaboration with SCG Cement-Construction Products Limited, organized a special lecture and exchange of perspectives on the topic of "Climate Resilience - Addressing Climate Change" to provide a space for cascading knowledge on sustainable environmental design and development to drive Thailand towards the goals of Carbon Neutrality and Net Zero Emission. The event took place at The Mitr-ting Room, Samyan Mitrtown.
Asst. Asan Suwanarit, Dean of the Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Thammasat University, stated that sustainability is not a new concept. The foundation of this idea lies underneath humans and nature, by linking the dimensions of the environment, society, and economy together. The concept is defined and interpreted in various ways. Over the past years, there are various tools for sustainability through the establishment of definitions, indicators, and targets, as well as through both promotional and regulatory measures, which have been gradually introduced in many countries, including the developed.
Currently, Thammasat University organizes teaching and learning subjects related to sustainable development. The university has introduced General Education courses on this topic for the past 10 years. For over 15 years, the Faculty of Architecture and Planning at Thammasat University has been developing and implementing sustainable design and planning courses for students in professional programs. These courses aim to provide new knowledge on sustainability to practitioners in various organizations and industries.
Asst. Prof. Kallaya Tantiyaswasdikul, Deputy Dean for Academic Services of the Faculty of Architecture and Planning, Thammasat University, has introduced the Scenario Planning for Sustainability Leadership course. This Executive Program was developed through collaboration between the faculty and SCG. It is a program designed for executives who prioritize strategic future forecasting in the dimension of sustainability amidst the global challenges faced by the environment, society, and complex economy. The role of managers is crucial in reshaping organizational perspectives and driving them towards new opportunities amidst these new challenges.
The role of managers concerns an ability to apply these principles in decision-making processes that benefit both the business and society as a whole and being environmentally responsible. It is to drive sustainable and inclusive growth within the organization and ensure its contribution. Therefore, Sustainability Leadership is a crucial skill for managers to drive organizations by prioritizing the process of transitioning towards sustainability. Managers with the potential for Sustainability Leadership can develop management strategies to provide solutions and address future challenges, create changes in the context of environmental, social, and economic sustainability, and consider the long-term impacts of organizational decisions. For more information, please visit: _URL_


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Discover learning games guided lessons and other interactive activities for children.
Identifying irony worksheet answers pdf. Some of the worksheets displayed are Identifying irony Identifying irony 3 Identifying irony 3 Situational irony dramatic irony Lesson 33 understanding sarcasm and irony Satire Cd 404215 Isnt it ironic. Identifying_irony_worksheet_answer_key 25 Identifying Irony Worksheet Answer Key American Slave by Frederick Douglass from Coterie Classics All Coterie Classics have been formatted for ereaders and devices and include a bonus link to the free audio book. Analyze pictures to determine kind of irony.
They identify an indirect character trait in each and explain their answers by referencing the text. Here is a great worksheet to help students practice or review irony. Sample answers have been given.
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Identifying Irony Worksheet 3 Answers Identifying Irony 4 Answers. Prior to discussing identifying irony worksheet answers please know that instruction is actually all of our answer to an even better tomorrow along with studying won t only end the moment the university bell rings. Understanding Irony Irony is a literary device in which words are used to express a contradiction between appearance and reality in irony reality is usually the opposite of what it seems.
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Read the following examples of irony. They will read examples of irony and determine which of the three types of irony is used verbal situational or dramatic. Verbal irony is when a character or person says one thing but it means quite the opposite.
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The Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe is filled with irony which. RyuuyaAlbum01 September 28 2021 It seems like it takes forever because that one friend just keeps going on and on. Dramatic irony This occurs when the reader or audience understands more about the events of a story than a character.
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Examples of Irony. Here is a great worksheet to help students practice or review irony. Dramatic irony This occurs when the reader or audience understand s more about the events of a story than a character.
I teach students that there are three types of irony. Suggested reading level for this text. Determine which of the three types of irony are being used and then explain your answer.
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Irony often examines extremely contrary situations. Identifying Irony 5 Directions. They will read examples of irony and determine which of the three types of irony is used verbal situational or dramatic.
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Is stunt driving a crime?
Fast and the Furious is a popular movie franchise that often features stunt driving. Though it may look cool on the screen, if a person were to do that in Canada they would likely find themselves either behind bars, or paying a hefty fine and losing demerit points.
What is stunt driving?
Stunt driving is defined by provincial law. For example, in Ontario stunt driving is defined as "driving a motor vehicle in a highway or race or contest, while performing a stunt or on a bet or wager."
Prince Edward Island has Racing and Stunt Driving Regulations in their Highway Traffic Act and a "stunt" while driving is described as:
 - While driving a vehicle one or more of its tires is lifted off the surface of the highway or road;
 - Driving in a way that some or all of the car's tires lose traction while turning, also known as drifting;
 - Causing the vehicle to spin or circle, also known as pulling donuts;
 - Driving a vehicle side by side with one or more vehicles where one of the vehicles is in the lane for oncoming traffic for a period of time longer than is needed to pass, also known as drag racing;
 - Driving a vehicle with someone in the trunk;
 - Driving a vehicle from a position other than the driver's seat;
 - Having a person or object to occupy the front seat in such a way that it prevents the driver from being able to control the vehicle;
 - Having a person ride in the vehicle in a way that interferes with the driver's control of the vehicle; or
 - Allowing a person or object to stick out of the vehicle through a window, moon roof, sun roof or other opening in the vehicle.
What is the law on stunt driving?
Stunt driving is forbidden in Canada. Though there is no individual charge for stunt driving under the Criminal Code of Canada, a person can be charged with dangerous driving.
Dangerous driving carries high penalties. If a person is convicted of a summary offence for dangerous driving they are liable to a fine and up to six month in prison, or both. However, if they are convicted of an indictable offence then they may face up to five years in prison. If the stunt driving caused injuries or even death, it's highly likely more charges will be added.
Many provincial highway traffic acts also forbid stunt driving.
For example, not only does the Ontario Highway Traffic Act forbid stunt driving but the person who is charged and is found to have violated that section of the act could face a fine of between $2,000 to up to $10,000, a license suspension for up to two years on a first conviction and up to 10 years for further convictions.
A person can face both federal criminal charges for stunt driving as well as provincial charges.
If you have been charged with stunt driving you should consult a criminal lawyer.
Read more:
Criminal Code of Canada Dangerous Driving


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A repository & source of cutting edge news about emerging terahertz technology, it's commercialization & innovations in THz devices, quality control, process control, medical diagnostics, security, astronomy,communications, graphene, metamaterials, CMOS, compressive sensing,3d printing, and the Internet of Everything. NOTHING POSTED IS INVESTMENT ADVICE! REPOSTED COPYRIGHT IS FOR EDUCATIONAL USE. I am a private investor in THz.
Friday, October 16, 2015
Abstract-Focused terahertz waves generated by a phase velocity gradient in a parallel-plate waveguide
We demonstrate the focusing of a free-space THz beam emerging from a leaky parallel-plate waveguide (PPWG). Focusing is accomplished by grading the launch angle of the leaky wave using a PPWG with gradient plate separation. Inside the PPWG, the phase velocity of the guided TE1 mode exceeds the vacuum light speed, allowing the wave to leak into free space from a slit cut along the top plate. Since the leaky wave angle changes as the plate separation decreases, the beam divergence can be controlled by grading the plate separation along the propagation axis. We experimentally demonstrate focusing of the leaky wave at a selected location at frequencies of 100 GHz and 170 GHz, and compare our measurements with numerical simulations. The proposed concept can be valuable for implementing a flat and wide-aperture beam-former for THz communications systems.


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Hope for spinal-injury victims
Canterbury University research is aimed at giving people with spinal-cord injuries improved movement and stability.
PhD student Cindy Allison plans to draw on the work of Israeli physicist Moshe Feldenkrais to develop a group programme for disabled people that would be accessible and affordable.
The Feldenkrais method aims to restore the sensory system through specific movements and attention to sensory feedback, with research showing it could reduce pain, fatigue, stress and medical costs, while improving mobility, stability, co-ordination and breathing.
Allison said Kevin Hitchcock, a former director of news at Channel Ten in Sydney, was told he would be paralysed from the neck down for the rest of his life after a diving accident, but had made an almost full recovery using the Feldenkrais method.
American Molly Hale broke her neck in 1995 and was told she would be paralysed from the shoulders down, but this year was able to walk unassisted for the first time since her accident.
Irene Lober, of Germany, was able to ski, despite being told she would need a wheelchair for the rest of her life.
Most disabled people who used the method did so individually.
"Working in a group setting, you get the added benefit of inspiration and frequent humour from others in the group, she said.
"They also get a bit of an understanding of the method so they can do things on their own during the week."
- © Fairfax NZ News
Would you like to see a bike-share scheme in Christchurch?Related story: Free bikes plan for Christchurch


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Langston Hughes. James Baldwin. Ralph Ellison. These are some of the writers who expanded American perspectives on race relations with their groundbreaking works. Fortunately, great literature about race didn't die out in the middle of the 20th century. In the 1990s and this millennium, gifted writers have penned notable novels and memoirs about race. Want to understand race better by reading modern books on the topic? Check out the half-dozen works of multicultural literature below.
Rain of Gold (1991)
Carlsbad, Calif., native Victor Villaseñor tapped into three generations of family history to craft epic work Rain of Gold. Sometimes referred to as a Chicano "Roots," Villaseñor chronicles his forebears as they migrate from Revolution Era Mexico to California in the 1900s. Of most importance are the author's parents, Juan Salvador and Lupe. Villaseñor tells parallel stories of each infused with humor, love, fantasy and folksiness.
How did this family history get the name "Rain of Gold"? After fleeing war torn Mexico as a boy, Juan Salvador landed in an Arizona prison for taking $6 of ore from his workplace—a gold mine. Meanwhile, Lupe was born in an American operated gold mine in Mexico that nearly cost her brother his life. Such tales demonstrate how Anglos, Mexicans and Indians collided during that time and in that region.
Sometimes criticized for its length and sentimentality, 550-page Rain of Gold has nonetheless left its mark. Not only did it become a bestseller, it is also frequently taught in American schools. All the more gripping is Villaseñor's personal story. Despite having severe dyslexia and contending with language barriers in childhood, he's managed to craft five books available in a variety of languages.
In 2001, he published Thirteen Senses: A Memoir. It's a follow up to Rain of Gold.
This bittersweet collection of short stories contains humor, drama and magical realism, not to mention a dose of social commentary. Set on the Spokane Indian Reservation in Washington, the book challenges mainstream perceptions of what it's like to be Native American. In the tome, author Sherman Alexie—a Spokane and Coeur d'Alene Indian—replaces the medicine men and stoic warriors of yesteryear with basketball playing Indians who have messy personal lives and grapple with what it means to be Native American in contemporary society.
In a story named "A Drug Called Tradition," Washington Water Power issues a character named Thomas a large check to install ten power poles on his land. Of such situations, the narrator thinks, "When Indians make lots of money from corporations that way, we can all hear our ancestors laughing in the trees. But we can never tell whether they're laughing at the Indians or the whites. I think they're laughing at pretty much everybody."
Throughout the Lone Ranger, Alexie seems to be a laughing at both as well, for his characters are flawed yet funny. The story collection made such an impact upon its debut, Miramax made it into a film called "Smoke Signals," released in 1998.
Dreams From My Father (1995)
Dreams From My Father debuted to little fanfare upon its release, a fact author Barack Obama recounts in the preface to the 2004 edition.
"I was filled with hope and despair upon the book's publication—hope that the book might succeed beyond my youthful dreams, despair that I had failed to say anything worth saying," he remarks. "The reality fell somewhere in between. The reviews were mildly favorable. …The sales were underwhelming. And, after a few months, I went on with the business of my life, certain that my career as an author would be short-lived, but glad to have survived with my dignity more or less intact."
After Obama's meteoric rise in the Democratic Party, however, sales of the memoir soared. Now, the bulk of his income reportedly comes from book sales. Many of the readers surely want to know what President Obama was like before he became a superstar politician. In Dreams From My Father, they'll find the answer. Within its pages, Obama reveals himself as an insecure young man struggling with his racial identity.
A biracial man growing up in such decidedly non-black locales as Hawaii and Indonesia with his Kenyan father nowhere in sight, Obama must decide for himself who he is. All the while, his estranged father haunts him. That is, until Obama returns to Kenya and learns all about the man who gave him life.


Offsite Detection
When measuring the power usage of laptops we need to consider the question of where the laptop is located at any point in time and hence who's power is being used to power the device. The offsite detection feature allows you to configure the eiPower agent to determine when a laptop is On-site (that is, operating within your organisation's buildings) or Off-site (such as when someone takes their computer home to do some work)
When the Off-site detection feature is enabled and configured the eiPower agent includes an On/Off site status on each power event sent to the server. Each of the eiPower saver reports contain a parameter that allows you to specify whether you want the report to include or exclude Off-site power events.
Offsite detection is configured by specifying one or more IP address ranges that contain all the IP addresses used in your organisation. For example, if your organisation uses the following subnets :
Then you would specify the following address ranges as your On-site address ranges: – –
Whenever a computer's IP address lies within one of these ranges then the computer is considered On-site, otherwise it is Off-site.
Notice that it is not necessary to specify an IP address range for each subnet in your organisation, it is only necessary to specify ranges that cover all the IP addresses. Additionally it does not matter if you specify IP ranges that cover a few IP addresses not used by your organisation – these will have no affect on the Offsite detection.
The eiPower agent only checks the IP address of the computer's ethernet and wireless network adaptors – all virtual adaptors are ignored. This ensures that a laptop that is connected via VPN to an organisation's network is not considered On-site.
The use of IP Address ranges to determine On/Off site status is a simple and effective mechanism for performing Offsite detection that does not introduce any addition network traffic.
Issue with use of Private IP Ranges
An issue can arise when an organisation uses the same IP address ranges that are typically used by home networks. In these situations, care must be taken when configuring Offsite detection to ensure that the eiPower agent does not incorrectly report devices as being On-Site when they are being used from someone's home or a public internet location.
The default configuration for your typical home modem/wireless device issues IP Addresses starting from either or Hence when a user is using their laptop at home they will generally have an IP address in the following ranges : -> ->
When the eiPower Offsite detection is configured is it important not to specify an IP Address range that includes the above IP address as doing so will cause the eiPower agent to report a computer as being On-site when it is actually being used from a user's home. Although there may be a few On-site computers that have an address in the above ranges which will get incorrectly reported as Offsite, these will be very small in number and will have a minimal affect on the report results.
Offsite Detection Changes in Adelaide Update 2
One of the major features in the Adelaide Update 2 release is an extension to the Offsite detection feature so that the eiPower agent is able to use the computer's DNS server as well as its IP address when determining if a computer is On/Off site.
The Offsite Detection Policy page has been updated to allow you to specify a list of DNS server addresses as well as the list of IP address ranges.
The agent have been updated to use the follow algorithm to determine if a computer is On/Offsite :
If the computer has no active ethernet or wireless adaptors then the computer is ON-SITE
Otherwise if one or more DNS addresses have been specified and the DNS address of the computer's ethernet or wireless adaptors is NOT in the list of DNS addresses then the computer is OFF-SITE
Otherwise if one or more IP address ranges have been specified and the IP address of the computer's ethernet or wireless adaptors is NOT within one of the IP address ranges then the computer is OFF-SITE.
Otherwise the computer is ON-SITE


23rd December 2020
2020 – Being ingenious
 1. (of a person) clever, original, and inventive.
 2. (of a machine or idea) cleverly and originally devised and well suited to its purpose
Concluding our reflections on the unusual year that has been 2020, our Co-founding Director Stephen O'Malley talks about our value of being ingenious and how as engineers we pursue technical excellence, it's crucial for us to be socially aware and emotionally intelligent.
The degree of digitally driven disruption through 2020 has accelerated change that was already taking root. The impact of these new patterns however has presented a dynamic that is fertile territory for exploring, experimenting and driving positive change.
For our engineering fraternity, we must seize this opportunity. It is our chance to shake off the risk aversion and calcification that is tied to the current fossil fuelled urban infrastructure networks of our towns and cities, paradigms that have their feet in the 1960s. These 2020 conditions are ripe to foster a culture of risk engagement, in which ingenuity can flourish. It means we can develop City scale initiatives and strategies to create places where more people have more opportunities and a greater desire to gather, meet and live. This, by extension will encourage investment, economic growth and increased residential demand. This aspiration should be founded on a nature based approach to designing the City's urban infrastructure so the natural environment is protected and enhanced and there is a real, meaningful concentration on the human experience of the city.
To achieve this, we, as engineers, need to be highly socially aware and emotionally intelligent. We need to recognise that decisions occur in complex political environments where multiple stakeholders, holding different values and conflicting goals, interact and make decisions together. We need to recognise that relationships overlap so being clear about what we want to achieve and the difference it will make to people's lives is key, as is real public engagement. This means we need to weave together the demands of networks and components, of movement and place, of neighbourhoods, streets and buildings. Working collaboratively with board based design teams and co designing with a wide variety of statutory and local stakeholders to offer holistic designs, considering the composition and arrangement of the district, the routes and spaces that traverse them and the services, amenities and facilities that occupy them.
Delivering these type of high value outcomes requires engineers to change, adapt and evolve, placing the need for ingenuity as the platform for progress. Delivering this integrated, multi-layered and sophisticated urban landscape will call on engineers to have more courage, exercising emotional self-control, demonstrating adaptability, achievement orientation and all founded on a positive outlook. Furthermore we will need to develop our skills as advocates and influencers, equipping ourselves to identify and address conflict management through teamwork and inspirational leadership.
For many, the New Year is a new start. If we're going to grab this opportunity and really make the difference and improvements to people's wellbeing and health, while protecting the planet through our engineering, that we know we can, we've got to start by looking at ourselves and how we can be genuinely ingenious.
2020 – Being ingenious


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The Dolby Surround format, engineered by Dolby Labs in 1982, was the first digital audio coding system to add an additional channel to the two channels used in stereo sound. This additional channel, called "surround", is used for adding an extra dimension to the sound.
The three channels encoded in Dolby Surround travel through two traditional stereo channels, in order to stay compatible with existing audio equipment. A decoder is needed to use the third channel, which is discretely mixed with the first two.
The surround channel has an upper frequency limit of 7 kHz and, in order to make the effect more realiztic, a delay time of about 20 ms.
Devices with a Dolby Surround decoder normally carry the following logo:
Dolby Surround Pro Logic
The Dolby Surround Pro Logic format (usually called Dolby Pro Logic), which appeared in 1987, is an improvement to Dolby Surround, adding a fourth audio channel to Dolby Surround, a central channel for reproducing the actors' voices.
All together, a Dolby Pro Logic system includes:
- Two side speakers in front
- One central speaker
- Two rear surround speakers (in mono)
It also adds improved sound quality and adjustment capabilities.
Devices which can decode a Dolby Pro Logic-encoded audio source usually bear the following logo:
Dolby Pro Logic II
Dolby Pro Logic II, created in August 2000, can artificially reconstruct a 5.1 sound environment, by applying computer processing to a stereo source (2.0) or Dolby Surround (3.0/4.0/4.1).
Devices which can decode a Dolby Pro Logic II-encoded audio source usually bear the following logo:
Dolby Surround and Dolby Pro Logic have been upstaged with the emergence of Dolby Digital and DTS. They are still useful for reproducing 3D sound from a stereophonic source.
Dolby Pro Logic IIx
The Dolby Pro Logic IIx standard, introduced in 2003, can artificially reconstruct a 6.1 or 7.1 sound environment from a stereophonic source. It offers several sound ambiance settings depending on how the speakers are being used:
- Movie for playing films,
- Music for playing audio CDs,
- Game for videogames.
Devices which can decode a Dolby Pro Logic IIx-encoded audio source usually bear the following logo: