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Everybody in the car world nows what a supercharger is, and what it will do. But not everybody knows how actually work. Here is a nice article about how superchargers work, what the advantages and disadvantages are.
1. Introduction to How Superchargers Work
2. Supercharger Basics
3. Roots Superchargers
4. Twin-screw Superchargers
5. Centrifugal Superchargers
6. Supercharger Advantages
7. Supercharger Disadvantages
8. Lots More Information
9. See all Engine Performance articles
Since the invention of the internal combustion engine, automotive engineers, speed junkies and racecar designers have been searching for ways to boost its power. One way to add power is to build a bigger engine. But bigger engines, which weigh more and cost more to build and maintain, are not always better.
Another way to add power is to make a normal-sized engine more efficient. You can accomplish this by forcing more air into the combustion chamber. More air means more fuel can be added, and more fuel means a bigger explosion and greater horsepower. Adding a supercharger is a great way to achieve forced air induction. In this article, we'll explain what superchargers are, how they work and how they compare to turbochargers.
A supercharger is any device that pressurizes the air intake to above atmospheric pressure. Both superchargers and turbochargers do this. In fact, the term "turbocharger" is a shortened version of "turbo-supercharger," its official name.
The difference between the two devices is their source of energy. Turbochargers are powered by the mass-flow of exhaust gases driving a turbine. Superchargers are powered mechanically by beltor chain-drive from the engine's crankshaft.
An ordinary four-stroke engine dedicates one stroke to the process of air intake. There are three steps in this process:
Once air is drawn into the engine, it must be combined with fuel to form the charge -- a packet of potential energy that can be turned into useful kinetic energy through a chemical reaction known as combustion. The spark plug initiates this chemical reaction by igniting the charge. As the fuel undergoes oxidation, a great deal of energy is released. The force of this explosion, concentrated above the cylinder head, drives the piston down and creates a reciprocating motion that is eventually transferred to the wheels.
Getting more fuel into the charge would make for a more powerful explosion. But you can't simply pump more fuel into the engine because an exact amount of oxygen is required to burn a given amount of fuel. This chemically correct mixture -- 14 parts air to one part fuel -- is essential for an engine to operate efficiently. The bottom line: To put in more fuel, you have to put in more air.
That's the job of the supercharger. Superchargers increase intake by compressing air above atmospheric pressure, without creating a vacuum. This forces more air into the engine, providing a "boost." With the additional air in the boost, more fuel can be added to the charge, and the power of the engine is increased. Supercharging adds an average of 46 percent more horsepower and 31 percent more torque. In high-altitude situations, where engine performance deteriorates because the air has low density and pressure, a supercharger delivers higher-pressure air to the engine so it can operate optimally.
Unlike turbochargers, which use the exhaust gases created by combustion to power the compressor, superchargers draw their power directly from the crankshaft. Most are driven by an accessory belt, which wraps around a pulley that is connected to a drive gear. The drive gear, in turn, rotates the compressor gear. The rotor of the compressor can come in various designs, but its job is to draw air in, squeeze the air into a smaller space and discharge it into the intake manifold.
To pressurize the air, a supercharger must spin rapidly -- more rapidly than the engine itself. Making the drive gear larger than the compressor gear causes the compressor to spin faster. Superchargers can spin at speeds as high as 50,000 to 65,000 rotations per minute (RPM).
A compressor spinning at 50,000 RPM translates to a boost of about six to nine pounds per square inch (psi). That's six to nine additional psi over the atmospheric pressure at a particular elevation. Atmospheric pressure at sea level is 14.7 psi, so a typical boost from a supercharger places about 50 percent more air into the engine.
As the air is compressed, it gets hotter, which means that it loses its density and can not expand as much during the explosion. This means that it can't create as much power when it's ignited by the spark plug. For a supercharger to work at peak efficiency, the compressed air exiting the discharge unit must be cooled before it enters the intake manifold. The intercooler is responsible for this cooling process. Intercoolers come in two basic designs: air-to-air intercoolers and air-to-water intercoolers. Both work just like a radiator, with cooler air or water sent through a system of pipes or tubes. As the hot air exiting the supercharger encounters the cooler pipes, it also cools down. The reduction in air temperature increases the density of the air, which makes for a denser charge entering the combustion chamber.
There are three types of superchargers: Roots, twin-screw and centrifugal. The main difference is how they move air to the intake manifold of the engine. Roots and twin-screw superchargers use different types of meshing lobes, and a centrifugal supercharger uses an impeller, which draws air in. Although all of these designs provide a boost, they differ considerably in their efficiency. Each type of supercharger is available in different sizes, depending on whether you just want to give your car a boost or compete in a race.
The Roots supercharger is the oldest design. Philander and Francis Roots patented the design in 1860 as a machine that would help ventilate mine shafts. In 1900, Gottleib Daimler included a Roots supercharger in a car engine.
Photo courtesy HowStuffWorks Shopper
The Eaton supercharger, a modified Roots supercharger.
As the meshing lobes spin, air trapped in the pockets between the lobes is carried between the fill side and the discharge side. Large quantities of air move into the intake manifold and "stack up" to create positive pressure. For this reason, Roots superchargers are really nothing more than air blowers, and the term "blower" is still often used to describe all superchargers.
Photo courtesy Sport Truck
A 1940s Ford pickup with a Roots supercharger.
Roots superchargers are usually large and sit on top of the engine. They are popular in muscle cars and hot rods because they stick out of the hood of the car. However, they are the least efficient supercharger for two reasons: They add more weight to the vehicle and they move air in discrete bursts instead of in a smooth and continuous flow.
Photo courtesy Superchargers Online
A twin-screw supercharger operates by pulling air through a pair of meshing lobes that resemble a set of worm gears. Like the Roots supercharger, the air inside a twin-screw supercharger is trapped in pockets created by the rotor lobes. But a twin-screw supercharger compresses the air inside the rotor housing. That's because the rotors have a conical taper, which means the air pockets decrease in size as air moves from the fill side to the discharge side. As the air pockets shrink, the air is squeezed into a smaller space.
This makes twin-screw superchargers more efficient, but they cost more because the screw-type rotors require more precision in the manufacturing process. Some types of twin-screw superchargers sit above the engine like the Roots supercharger. They also make a lot of noise. The compressed air exiting the discharge outlet creates a whine or whistle that must be subdued with noise suppression techniques.
Photo courtesy Muscle Mustang
ProCharger D1SC centrifugal supercharger
A centrifugal supercharger powers an impeller -- a device similar to a rotor -- at very high speeds to quickly draw air into a small compressor housing. Impeller speeds can reach 50,000 to 60,000 RPM. As the air is drawn in at the hub of the impeller, centrifugal force causes it to radiate outward. The air leaves the impeller at high speed, but low pressure. A diffuser -- a set of stationary vanes that surround the impeller -- converts the high-speed, low-pressure air to low-speed, high-pressure air. Air molecules slow down when they hit the vanes, which reduces the velocity of the airflow and increases pressure.
Centrifugal superchargers are the most efficient and the most common of all forced induction systems. They are small, lightweight and attach to the front of the engine instead of the top. They also make a distinctive whine as the engine revs up -- a quality that may turn heads out on the street.
Any of these superchargers can be added to a vehicle as an after-market enhancement. Several companies offer kits that come with all of the parts necessary to install a supercharger as a do-it-yourself project. In the world of funny cars and fuel racers, such customization is an integral part of the sport. Several auto manufacturers also include superchargers in their production models.
The biggest advantage of having a supercharger is the increased horsepower. Attach a supercharger to an otherwise normal car or truck, and it will behave like a vehicle with a larger, more powerful engine.
But what if someone is trying to decide


text: Wood has been humanity's basic building material throughout recorded history. It's versatile, easy to work with, and unlike money, it grows on trees. If the wood is painted, repairs are simple. Dents or other flaws can be filled with wood filler, and then painted over. Repairs to wood that's been stained, varnished, or otherwise finished to show the grain is as much an art as a skill. You want to repair the damage, but in a way that blends in with the original grain. For minor scratches, you can buy touch-up sticks that are a lot like crayons. Find one in a shade that matches the wood, and then rub the stick along the scratch. Repeat this procedure until the scratch disappears. More severe blemishes might require a shellac stick. If the surface is burned, scrape away until only bare wood shows. Mask off the area and use a hot knife or soldering iron to melt the shellac stick. It will drip down into the depression, filling the hole. When it's dry, carefully scrape it down to the level of the original surface and sand it smooth. You can use artists' acrylic paint and a fine brush to paint in the grain, if necessary. A layer of clear lacquer seals the surface. For dings in vertical surfaces like paneling, try one of the plastic-type wood fillers. You can try to find it in a shade that matches the original wood, or you can add a few drops of stain until it matches. Press it into the hole with a putty knife and wipe away any excess. When it dries, you can paint in the grain, if you want to.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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CINCINNATI -- Teenagers who experienced high blood-lead levels during childhood appear to suffer more accidental injuries than those who had lower lead exposure, according to new research conducted by University of Cincinnati (UC) environmental health experts.
The UC team reports these findings in the October 2006 edition of the Journal of Adolescent Health.
The researchers surveyed 212 teens (with a 42 percent response rate) from the Cincinnati Lead Study, a group of children from neighborhoods with high lead concentrations who were exposed to the substance at various levels.
Participants with varying childhood blood-lead levels were surveyed to determine the relationship between lead exposure and injuries during adolescence. These included sprains and cuts, most of which occurred at home and affected the upper extremities.
Using advanced probability tools, the UC research team showed that the injuries were more likely to occur in adolescents who had experienced elevated blood-lead levels when they were younger.
"The teens' blood lead measurements were not categorized as high or low," explains Laurel Kincl, PhD, lead author of the study and a graduate of UC's occupational ergonomics and safety program. "Using each individual's historical blood lead levels we found that those who reported having an injury had higher historical blood lead levels than those who didn't report an injury. Also, teenagers who reported that loss of balance or a fall was the cause of injury, resulting in limited activity or having to seek medical care, also had higher historical blood lead levels."
"This study shows a significant correlation between elevated childhood blood lead levels and the risk for multiple, unintentional injuries related to a fall or loss of balance later in life," says Kincl, who is now on the faculty of the University of Oregon.
Previous research has shown that childhood lead exposure affects neuromotor (muscle-function) skills. This new study is the first to examine the relationship between lead exposure at a young age and the risk for injury later in life.
The UC team found that 42 percent of teens who responded to the survey suffered at least one unintentional injury--the majority being related to a fall or loss of balance--since age 14. In addition, they found that more than a third of those injuries were serious enough to limit the teen's activities for more than four days.
"Lead exposure is a major public health threat," Kincl adds. "We need to learn more about the risk for injuries in adolescents so we can develop good intervention tactics to protect them."
The team received information from 89 adolescents, aged 14 to 17, about their history of unintentional injuries--including where the injury happened, what part of the body was hurt and its severity.
Falls and loss of balance were the most common causes of these injuries, according to the UC team, a finding that supports previous research showing that lead exposure directly affects a child's balance and other neuromotor skills.
According to the most recent U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, more than 434,000 children between the ages of 1 and 5 have elevated blood lead levels. Lead is known to be associated with decreased intellectual capabilities and balance disorders among infants, children and teens.
"We know that lead exposure can affect motor coordination--specifically bilateral body coordination (moving arms and legs together), upper limb speed and dexterity, as well as fine motor coordination," adds Amit Bhattacharya, PhD, a professor of environmental health and study collaborator. "But our research shows that this early-life exposure can cause lasting health effects that impact a person's functional abilities well into adolescence and adulthood."
This research was supported by grants from the Pilot Research Training Program sponsored by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Kim Dietrich, PhD, director of UC's epidemiology and biostatistics division, collaborated on the study.
Last reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 21 Feb 2009
Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved.


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I'm working on my bachelor thesis right now and about 95% of the literature I have is in english. While I understand pretty much all of it, yesterday I stumbled on something that I just couldn't figure out and I thought some of you native speakers could probably help me out.
In other words, for a variety of reasons, the financial system is seen as initially vulnerable; suddenly, a shock occurs, which is then amplified by the endogenous response of market participants. There is no role for the factors underlying the build-up of the vulnerability in the first place. Finally, in many models, structurally illiquid portfolios are the key source of vulnerability and amplification. Liquid liabilities, and the threat of deposit runs, play a key role.
What exactly does he mean with the seconds (red) sentence? As I understand it he says that there are no factors which contribute to the vulnerability. So the system can't be made more or less vulnerable. It just is.
But then in the third (green) sentence he says that structurally illiquid portfolios are the source of the vulnerability. So more illiquid portfolios would surely make the system more vulnerable, which condradicts the second sentence, doesn't it?
Is my interpretation right, or did I misunderstand the second sentence?

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Insulin C-peptide is a blood test that measures the amount of C-peptide, a byproduct created when the hormone insulin is produced.
How the test is performed
Blood is typically drawn from a vein, usually on the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. The site is cleaned with germ-killing medicine (antiseptic). The health care provider wraps an elastic band around the upper arm to apply pressure to the area and make the vein swell with blood.
Next, the health care provider gently inserts a needle into the vein. The blood collects into an airtight vial or tube attached to the needle. The elastic band is removed from your arm. Once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed, and the puncture site is covered to stop any bleeding.
In infants or young children, a sharp tool called a lancet may be used to puncture the skin and make it bleed. The blood collects into a small glass tube called a pipette, or onto a slide or test strip. A bandage may be placed over the area if there is any bleeding.
Review Date: 04/19/2010
Reviewed By: Ari S. Eckman, MD, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.


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A Lesson in Math
Subject(s)/Grade(s): Math Grades 4 and 5 (based on 4th grade NC Objectives)
Related Subject(s): Cultural connection: Art and History of basket-making (Craft Revival Project)
By viewing traditional Cherokee basket designs and creating unique designs, students will incorporate various math concepts including visual imagery, pattern, and spatial reasoning. After finishing "basket pattern," student will calculate fractional, decimal and percentile amounts.
- The learner will recognize Cherokee baskets designs.
- The learner will create a unique basket design incorporating patterns, symmetry, and spatial reasoning.
- The learner will apply concepts of fractions, decimals, and percentages based on their basket designs.
- Time required for lesson: Allow two 50-minute class periods to complete this lesson.
- Teacher preparation involves gathering materials needed to supplement lesson.
- Traditional Cherokee basket designs - _URL_
- Student sample design
- Pictures of Cherokee basket designs
- Graph paper
- Colored pencils (to represent various basket dyes)
Flowing water pattern
Cherokee culture is rich in basketry. There are several known designs woven into the baskets. Patterns woven into baskets are generally continuous and symmetric. Baskets are made from white oak and honeysuckle. Various natural materials are used to dye white oak. Black walnut is used to make a dark brown color. Butternut bark makes a black color. Bloodroot produces a rusty orange color and yellow root provides a golden yellow color.
- View various Cherokee basket designs. _URL_
- Discuss elements of symmetry, pattern, and color
- Mark off a 10" x 10" square grid on graph paper.
- Create a colored pattern design using 2-5 colors.
- Mark off a 20" x 20" square grid on graph paper.
- Repeat design on 10" x 10" grid four times onto the 20" x 20" grid (see attachment 1).
- After design is completed, have students count the number of squares of each color used on the 10" x 10" grid (total should add up to 100).
- After determining the number of squares of each color used, students can represent the number in fraction, decimal, and percentage forms. (ex. 28 squares are bloodroot color, the fraction 28\100, the decimal is.28, and the percentage is 28%).
- Display and share.
- End product graded then displayed
- Conference about symmetrical pattern, use of color, and originality of name
North Carolina Curriculum Alignment
Current K-8 - Grade 4
- Hill, Sarah. Weaving New Worlds: Southeastern Cherokee Women and their Basketry. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997.
- Sommer, Robin. Native American Art. New York: Brompton Books Corp., 1994.
- Craft Revival: Shaping Western North Carolina Past and Present craftrevival.wcu.edu
- Craft Revival: Shaping Western North Carolina Past and Present - Basket Pattern Index _URL_
- Museum of the Cherokee Indian _URL_
- Cherokee basket design cards by Shan Goshorn; available for purchase at _EMAIL_
- Submitted by Donna Beck and Jonnie Walkingstick, Cherokee Elementary School, Cherokee, NC 28719


Car batteries run on relativity
Technology 14 January 2011
The transfer of electrons between two forms of lead in the batteries yields a potential of more than 2 volts, higher than most other batteries. But why they are so good has been a puzzle. Lighter weight tin, for example, which sits one row above lead in the periodic table, is too feeble to power a battery.
Pekka Pyykkö at the University of Helsinki in Finland and colleagues have calculated that the stronger charges on the heavier lead nuclei attract electrons more powerfully, so they reach 60 per cent the speed of light compared to tin's 35 per cent. According to relativity, this gives the electrons higher effective masses, increasing their binding energy to the electrode that attracts them and thus their voltage.
Without these relativistic effects, Pyykkö and colleagues calculate that lead-acid batteries would generate only 0.39 volts. With them, they predict 2.13 volts, in good agreement with the measured 2.11 volts.
"Batteries involving other heavy elements, such as mercury, will probably have very similar effects," Pyykkö told New Scientist.
Journal reference: Physical Review Letters, vol 106, p 018391


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Interdisciplinary research ("IDR") is often trumpeted as essential for scientific and technological advancement. However, interdisciplinarity is an ambiguous and multidimensional concept: there are several legitimate perspectives on how to track it --and a lack of consensus on which are the most appropriate.
This website offers a novel tool, the overlay maps of science, as a method to explore the degree of interdisciplinarity of a set of publications. The overlay technique visualizes the spread of publications over the global map of science, i.e. the structure of science as obtained from the analysis of cross-citations between disciplines.
The analysis can be carried out at different units of aggregation: for example for a university or corporation, for a research topic, or for a research programme or funding agency. By locating the publications over the map of science, one can gain an understanding of the diversity of disciplines involved. Since attribution of publications to disciplines is problematic and controversial, the overlay maps are only reliable with large numbers. We have estimated at least 70 publications may be needed for an exploratory map, but we recommend above 1,000 for accurate representations (see details in appendix in Rafols, Porter and Leydesdorff (to appear)).
The maps allow one to intuitively perceive various aspects of disciplinary diversity. First, the number of disciplines involved. Second, the balance of disciplines, i.e. –whether publications are evenly distributed or some disciplines are predominant. Third, and crucially, the cognitive distance between the disciplines involved –whether the research investigated covers disparate or cognate areas of science. This aspect of disparity is a key advantage of the maps: they differentiate between short-range interdisciplinarity (e.g. chemistry and physics), or long-range interdisciplinarity (e.g. social science and biology). Measures of interdisciplinarity can be associated with these maps, as described in Porter et al. (2007) and Rafols and Meyer (2010).
The overlay maps provide just one perspective on interdisciplinarity –namely the disciplinary diversity of publications. We suggest that other aspects be considered as well when assessing interdisciplinary research. Within the bibliometric remit, we believe it is equally important to explore degree of knowledge integration, i.e. whether the publication set under study constitutes or not a coherent (i.e. directly interrelated) body of research (Rafols and Meyer, 2010). More generally, we warn the users about the limitations of bibliometric tools to capture the complex processes involved in interdisciplinary interactions.
Please do not hesitate to contact us for questions and feedback!
Alan Porter and Ismael Rafols
School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology
SPRU (Science and Technology Policy Research), University of Sussex
This website was developed with support from the Science of Science Policy Program, SBE Award _TAG_. The findings and observations contained here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.


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taste buds to select the 'preferred taste' in the liquid / wine. This allows the human taste receptors to 'select' what they prefer thus making the liquid / wine smoother tasting, the molecular structures soften the acid effect of the liquid / wine, fills' the palate with exactly what the 'taste receptors' prefer. E.g. every individual tasting the molecular structured liquid / wine will prefer the liquid / wine to any other.
The molecular chain within the liquid / wine refracts more light in the liquid improving colour balances. The surface tension of the liquid / wine is also removed.
The bouquet of the liquid / wine is rounder and less sharp because the human smell receptors only select the aroma they prefer!
In the stomach the molecular structure holds the minerals / alcohol and tannins in quantum suspension; the effect is to reduce the side effects of the unwanted minerals / alcohol.
NOTE: DO NOT USE THE TECHNIQUE ON CHAMPAGNE or SPARKLING LIQUIDS. THEY WILL TASTE FLAT AS THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE QUANTUM SUSPENDS THE GAS MOLECULES.
This is because our body's own molecular structure (DNA) can 'link' with the liquids biotechnology molecular structure via the taste bud sensors. Instead of having to taste every part of the liquid, the taste buds only taste 'select what they like'. In molecular structured liquids all the 'free radicals' have been suspended in quantum suspension which allows the taste buds to 'sample'. Therefore the individual who prefers SWEET tastes will taste sweet atoms and those who prefer BITTER tastes will taste bitter atoms.
Quantum suspension of the minerals locks in the acidic nature of a liquid into a molecular structure. This allow individuals to taste what they like as the receiving taste buds will reject any over powering acid or accept them as they prefer. The pH remains the same yet it has no effect on the other living tissue. For instance, orange juice with a molecular structure can be rubbed in the eyes because the living DNA does not recognise the negative in the liquid only the positive. On the other hand if we are attuned to enjoying high levels of acid then we will taste them all!
A molecular structure provides body cells with more ability to absorb water, increasing 'hydration' Locked within the natural molecular structure are thousands of molecular clusters. The body organs can hydrate and absorb liquid more easily. In addition the surface tension of the water has been removed (bio film) which adds to the hydration effect. Water also tastes fresher.
Energised Water has Increased Oxygen potential
Increasing oxygen in the blood cells increases energy levels. The natural molecular structure locks in the oxygen and other gases within the liquid into quantum suspension. These gases cannot evaporate, as they are part of the liquid. This in turn allows our body's DNA to absorb oxygen at much higher levels than can be found in other liquids.
Energised Water detoxifies body organs
As the body can absorb more liquid, it can also detoxify quicker. Because the liquid is now in a molecular structure, the body cannot only reject negatives but the body's aged sedimentation can be easily 'linked' to the new molecular chain and is swept away. For example, kidney stones are dissolved.
Energised Water may reduce the effects of alcohol on the body
Because the alcohol is 'locked into' the molecular structure the body can reject much more. In most cases, many people report they can drink twice as much without becoming intoxicated. In all cases, the 'hang over effect' is removed.
Energised Water directly benefits long haul flight passengers – reduced jet lag
Increasing hydration and removing Electro-Smog effects enhances the body's functions. Increasing oxygen levels within the blood stream while in flight improves the body's ability to withstand 'long haul' flights.
Updated August 2009
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We know the five-cent coin as a nickel, but it wasn't always so. The first five-cent coin was not called a nickel, and for a very good reason: it was not made of nickel. This coin was made of silver, like the dime. In the Mint's early days, all coins had to be made of gold, silver, or copper by law.
This five-cent coin was called a "half disme" (pronounced like "dime"). A new five-cent coin, made of nickel (and copper), was created in 1866...but the half disme kept being made of silver until 1873. So both kinds of five-cent coin were circulating at the same time.
The half disme was much smaller than today's nickel, too. That's because silver has always cost more than nickel. The value of silver coins depended on their weight, so the half disme had to be exactly half the weight of a disme. When Congress decided to make a five-cent coin of nickel and copper, the coin had to be made larger. This was good, because this nickel was much easier to handle than the tiny silver half disme.
The man on the nickel is President Thomas Jefferson, who took his place there in 1938. The building on the back of many nickels is called "Monticello," a large home that Jefferson designed and built for himself. But change can change! Check out the designs of the Westward Journey Nickel Series™.
Find out more about Jefferson and his close ties with our money by clicking the "Coin of the Month" link below!
Teachers! Looking for lessons based on the coins in our pockets? Check out Coin Curricula.


Repair virtual instruments is an increasingly popular and rewarding way to add a touch of realism to your live performance.
 This article looks at how to do it.
 What you need to know before you begin.
 Before you begin, it's important to understand the basic steps of how to repair a virtual instrument:You will need to have a set of stereo and/or microphone equipment that you can play through a virtual console.
 If you have one of these, we recommend you use the Virtual Mic and/o Mic for this tutorial.
 You can also repair virtual instrument components on the fly, using an instrument repair program like VSTi Repair or Ableton Live.
 If the software is not available, you can use Ableton's Repair app, which allows you to perform repairs of hardware, software, and hardware-related items on your computer or mobile device.
 If you have a real instrument, you will need a special tool that can remove the microphone, and then the instrument.
 This is where your microphone goes.
 You will also need a MIDI controller or a virtual instruments program that supports the instrument, like Ableton Instruments.
 If there is not one available, the software that you use can be downloaded from the Ableton website or from Ableton Audio.
 You also need to connect your instrument to a computer via a USB cable.
 You can do this by using a USB-to-Digital Converter (USB-DAC) to plug your computer into a computer and connect it to your computer's USB port.
 You will need an audio interface that will play a track from your USB device to your virtual instrument, and the software will convert the track into a MIDI track.
 The virtual instrument itself is not the only thing you need.
 You'll need a digital microphone, a speaker, and a guitar tuner.
 You could also use a MIDI cable to connect two of these things, but it's a bit more work.
 You need to be willing to pay for these items.
 If your instrument is a real one, you could also buy a kit that includes the equipment you need, but in that case you will not have a good deal for repairing your instrument.
 If it's not a real thing, you may be able to save money by getting a digital instrument that you get for free.
 Here are some more tips:Make sure you have the correct equipment to repair the virtual instrument.
 A good way to do this is to use a professional's virtual instrument repair tool that you have.
 If this isn't possible, then you can always contact your local hardware store.
 For some virtual instruments, the hardware may come with software that supports their functions.
 These software may be free, but you will be charged for them.
 If not, you should contact your hardware store to get software that is compatible with your instrument and that you want to use.
 Make sure you know the software you want, as well as the features that it has.
 If a virtual device has a built-in software, it is usually more expensive.
 If the virtual instruments software is free, then the virtual device may not be compatible with the virtual hardware that you bought.
 For example, some virtual machines that are available for sale will only work with a virtual machine that has software that only works with a real computer.
 To find out if the virtual machines software is compatible, look for the virtual machine's name on the hardware page.
 Some virtual instruments require a digital signal to be connected to them.
 This signal can be an audio signal or an audio source.
 If either of these are not available on your instrument, then there is no way to use it.
 If these devices are free, you probably can't use them.
 If your instrument doesn't have an external signal source, then a digital device may be the way to go.
 You may be tempted to use an external analog audio device, such as a CD player, but these devices require an external source of audio to play through the virtual interface.
 If that source is not readily available, then it's probably best to use your virtual guitar tuners.
 These devices are sometimes called digital guitar tunings.
 These devices have a built in amplifier that can play audio, and they use a digital digital signal instead of an analog digital signal.
 You are charged for these devices, but if you have to purchase the amplifier and a tuner separately, it will probably cost more than the cost of the instrument and tuner combined.
 If an external digital signal source is available, it can also be used to play the instrument using your own software.
 If an external audio source is included with the instrument in some cases, you'll need to purchase an external USB audio interface to play it.
 Some virtual instruments may also come with a software that includes a virtual keyboard and mouse.
 The software will play the virtual keyboard, and it will also be compatible if your instrument supports that functionality.
 후원 혜택


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Electronic system for Static Postural Re-education in Real Time
AbstractThis paper presents an electronic system aimed to assist on the postural evaluation by measuring the weight distribution on the feet. Postural evaluation is commonly used by physiotherapists in order to correct muscle-skeletal problems such as those derived from ageing, accidents, diseases, etc. The developed electronic system was validated preliminary using video cameras to confirm the correct postures of the subject under test. With the obtained data it is possible to corroborate that the proposed system is capable to assist on the correction of the postural position in real time. The main limitation of this work is the reduced number of tests, due to this only preliminary results are presented. The main novelty of this work is the proposed solution to evaluate and help to correct the posture by using a portable electronic device based on force sensors. Derived from the presented results it can be concluded that the proposed system is capable to assist on the evaluation and correction of postural position in real time.
Upon acceptance of an article in the RMIB, corresponding authors will be asked to fulfill and sign the copyright and the journal publishing agreement, which will allow the RMIB authorization to publish this document in any media without limitations and without any cost. Authors may reuse parts of the paper in other documents and reproduce part or all of it for their personal use as long as a bibliographic reference is made to the RMIB and a copy of the reference is sent. However written permission of the Publisher is required for resale or distribution outside the corresponding author institution and for all other derivative works, including compilations and translations.


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Frequently Asked Questions
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How do I delete a space after an email address in Excel file?
Sometimes email addresses are entered into a Microsoft Excel file with spaces after them and this can cause issues when you try to upload the list into your Benchmark Email account. Follow these steps to remove any spaces from your file:
- Highlight and copy the space that is after the email address.
- Open the "Find and Replace" menu by clicking CTRL+F or by selecting Edit > Find > Replace.
- Select the Replace tab.
- In the "Find" field, paste the space you copied earlier.
- Leave the "Replace" field blank.
- Click Replace All.
- Highlight and copy the column of email addresses from your Excel file.
- Open the Notepad program by selecting Start > All Programs > Accessories > Notepad. Paste the email addresses into Notepad.
- Place the cursor after the first email address on the list. Click and drag to the right to highlight any space. Copy the area you just highlighted.
- Click CTRL-H to open the "Replace" box. Paste the space you copied into the "Find What" box. In the "Replace with" section, place your cursor inside and then click Replace All.
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Yo, welcome to the forums and this great game. Glad you're enjoying it. To answer yer questions, lad:
1) Colonies grow depending on the number and quantity of normal and luxury resources that they receive. So you need both a source of luxury resources(you can see which in the expansion planner and the sources for it) and a large quantity of it(again the expansion planner provides that info). The quantity greatly depends on the distance from and number of sources, and, more important, of spaceports. Because a spaceport, even a small one, greatly increases a colony's ability to receive and supply cargo, especially from foreign trade( yes, once you have a trade agreement, your colonies get the stuff they need and you don't have from the other empire). So, try building at least a small spaceport per system and increasing the number of luxury resource sources and you'll see a boom in colony development in a couple of years.
2. Yes, culture rating is actually development level, and in turn development level depends greatly on luxury resources, the status of 'capital' and the ruins currently on the planet. If you have lots of luxury resources a planet can reach 90-100 culture rating rather quickly.
3. The Loros fruit is an EXTREMELY valuable resource and you should hold on to it tightly. It is required by all your colonies and so all of them should receive it, provided you have a well developed trade network. Trade network = spaceport network, basically the dotted lines between systems, which mean that resources flow between the ends of those lines. All the systems connected to the system with the Loros fruit get the resource directly, the others get it from the first batch of systems and so on. So if you have a good network of spaceports, cargo will move very fast between worlds and all of your colonies will get it.
The Loros fruit gives a great development bonus to colonies and a population boom, as well as morale. It's advisable to build a proper mining facility for it, or if it's at a colony, you need a big spaceport, because a HUGE number of ships will come to get it.
I have written a few tips and explanations on developing a trade network here, if you're interested
As for the korrabian spice, it's also a great resource for your colonies, granting huge development bonuses. You should try to set up a trade agreement with the other empire so you get more of that. I recommend you trade your loros fruit with that empire as well, that way both of you profit. As with the fruit, all of your colonies should get the spice, but it depends on your trade network. To ensure that you get the maximum amount of spice from trade you should build a medium or large spaceport as close as you can to the other empire without entering their borders. That will make trading a lot more easier, especially if you have a trade agreement, and tons of freighters will come at your spaceport.
To check if your colonies have a resource, open the build menu and click on cargo, it should show all the cargo on the colony.
4. Well, if you build it in an area that says 'black hole name' in the corner of the screen when you look at it(meaning you are looking at the area of the general phenomenon) then it should be ok. I recommend adding a few labs of each kind to the resort base design for an extra bonus.
Hope this helps
< Message edited by Merker -- 11/13/2010 7:40:54 PM >


Let $F(k,n)$ be the number of permutations of an n-element set that fix exactly $k$ elements.
We know:
 1. $F(n,n) = 1$
 2. $F(n-1,n) = 0$
 3. $F(n-2,n) = \binom {n} {2}$
 4. $F(0,n) = n! \cdot \sum_{k=0}^n \frac {(-1)^k}{k!}$ (the subfactorial)
The summation formula is obviously
$\displaystyle\sum_{k=0}^n F(k,n) = n!$
A recursive definition of $F(k,n)$ is (my claim):
$$F(k,n) = \binom {n} {k} \cdot \Big( k! - \displaystyle\sum_{i=0}^{k-1} F(i,k) \Big)$$
Question 1: Is there a common name for the "generalized factorial" $F(k,n)$?
Question 2: Does anyone know a closed form for $F(k,n)$ or have an idea how to get it from the recursive definition? (generating function?)
The "semi-exponential" generating function for these is
$\sum_{n=0}^\infty \sum_{k=0}^n {F(k,n) z^n u^k \over n!} = {\exp((u-1)z) \over 1-z}$
which follows from the exponential formula.
These numbers are apparently called the rencontres numbers although I'm not sure how standard that name is.
Now, how do we get a formula for these numbers out of this? First note that
$$exp((u-1)z) = 1 + (u-1)z + {(u-1)^2 \over 2!} z^2 + {(u-1)^3 \over 3!} z^3 + \cdots $$
and therefore the "coefficient" (actually a polynomial in $u$) of $z^n$ in $exp((u-1)z)/(1-z)$ is
$$ P_n(u) = 1 + (u-1) + {(u-1)^2 \over 2!} + \cdots + {(u-1)^n \over n!} = \sum_{j=0}^n {{(u-1)^j } \over j!} $$
since division of a generating function by $1-z$ has the effect of taking partial sums of the coefficients.
The coefficient of $u^k$ in $P_n(u)$ (which I'll denote $[u^k] P_n(u)$, where $[u^k]$ denotes taking the $u^k$-coefficient) is then
$$ [u^k] P_n(u) = \sum_{j=0}^n [u^k] {(u-1)^j \over j!} $$
But we only need to do the sum for $j = k, \ldots, n$; the lower terms are zero, since they are the $u^k$-coefficient of a polynomial of degree less than $k$. So
$$ [u^k] P_n(u) = \sum_{j=k}^n [u^k] {(u-1)^j \over j!} $$
and by the binomial theorem,
$$ [u^k] P_n(u) = \sum_{j=k}^n {(-1)^{j-k} \over k! (j-k)!} $$
Finally, $F(k,n) = n! [u^k] P_n(u)$, and so we have
$$ F(k,n) = n! \sum_{j=k}^n {(-1)^{j-k} \over k!(j-k)!} $$
 - $\begingroup$ Thanks. Am I - as an MO user - supposed to know how to get the closed form for F(k,n) from this "semi-exponential" generating function? $\endgroup$ – Hans-Peter Stricker Dec 21 '09 at 16:35
 - $\begingroup$ Not necessarily. It's not hard, though; I'll edit the solution to explain that. $\endgroup$ – Michael Lugo Dec 21 '09 at 16:57
 - $\begingroup$ The name "recontres numbers" is standard in the following ways: (1) EIS, (2) canonical name in Wikipedia, (3) 10 hits in Google Scholar. Although that last one is not a huge number, if you take all three together, it's plenty standard enough for a relatively obscure concept. $\endgroup$ – Greg Kuperberg Dec 21 '09 at 17:38
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ My claim that the name was nonstandard was entirely subjective; basically, this is something that I felt I should have known a name for, and the name was new to me. $\endgroup$ – Michael Lugo Dec 21 '09 at 17:50
A permutation of {1,..., n} with k fixed points is determined by choosing which k elements of {1,..., n} it fixes and choosing a derangement of the remaining n-k elements. So,
$F(k, n) = {n \choose k} F(0, n-k)$.
(This formula is also on the page Michael Lugo linked to.) You have already given one formula for the number of derangements on n letters. Another one is F(0, n) = the nearest integer to n!/e.
Various links on this answer have expired, so I thought I would add an answer.
One can use inclusion--exclusion. First, note (as in _USER_'s answer) that $$ F(k,n) = \binom kn F(0,n-k). $$ So it is sufficient to only study permutations with no fixed points. This is known as the number of derangements. Various proofs using inclusion--exclusion can be found on Wikipedia:
Your Answer


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For Leak Detection and Testing Bearing Lubrication
GTILube Route-Based Ultrasound Lubrication
Under and over lubrication of bearings are major causes of bearing failure. GTILube is a simple app that uses UE Systems sensor technology to baseline and measure changes in the ultrasound signal to determine when a bearing needs lubrication. GTILube uses NASA standards for ultrasound measurement – an 8 dB increase signals a need for lubrication. A 12 dB increase indicates early bearing failure.
GTILube includes a calculator for determining an acceptable amount of lubrication for the bearing based on its geometry. This value is displayed on-screen when the measurement exceeds the Alert level. Users can also enter and display the type of grease for each bearing.
GTILube uses GTI Hierarchy technology for simple set up of routes and measurements. Bearing geometry is added during measurement set up. Users can accept the initial measurement as a baseline or enter a custom baseline value.
Ultrasonic Analyzer is a real-time spectrum,spectrogram, oscilloscope and octave RTA analyzer for your iPad. It provides a visual representation of many ultrasounds using a sampling rate up to 384kHz. The app can record, analyze and use slow down playback for sounds normally impossible to hear. The app can also analyze any imported audio file into a spectrogram context.
Ultrasonic is a great tool for doing bearing lubrication testing and detecting air leaks. The ultrasonic sensor plugs directly into the iPad's Lightning port. It is a highly directional sensor enabling very precise readings.
This application takes full advantage of the iPad's processor. For maximum resolution an iPad Air or Air 2 is required; the app utilizes the newer iPad's 64-bit processor.
- 250k sampling per second
- True 16 bits resolution
- Frequency range up to 100 KHz – 125 KHz
- MEMS high sensitivity surface mount wide-band ultrasonic acoustic sensor
- High quality and low noise analog amplification
- 32 bit 80 MHz integrated microcontroller
- Dimensions: 130 mm length x 20 mm diameter
- 8th order anti-aliasing low pass filter
- Filter out noise below 20kHz
Available for $699: includes sensor, cable and app


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Brownian motion of a particle is caused by random jostling of atoms and molecules against the particle. Random fluctuations produce a time-varying net force on the particle. Brownian motion is not observed for a baseball because its mass is too large to be much affected by the imbalance of hits.
Work Step by Step
This is discussed on page 210.


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if we use gettype() before initializinf any variable it give NULL
it will show
add a note User Contributed Notes Tipos - [4 notes]
shahnaz khan ¶
8 years ago
arjini at gmail dot com ¶
7 years ago
Note that you can chain type castng:
var_dump((string)(int)false); //string(1) "0"
Trizor of _URL_ ¶
8 years ago
The differance of float and double dates back to a FORTRAN standard. In FORTRAN Variables aren't as loosly written as in PHP and you had to define variable types(OH NOES!). FLOAT or REAL*4 (For all you VAX people out there) defined the variable as a standard precision floating point, with 4 bytes of memory allocated to it. DOUBLE PRECISION or REAL*8 (Again for the VAX) was identical to FLOAT or REAL*4, but with an 8 byte allocation of memory instead of a 4 byte allocation.
In fact most modern variable types date back to FORTRAN, except a string was called a CHARACHTER*N and you had to specify the length, or CHARACHTER*(*) for a variable length string. Boolean was LOGICAL, and there weren't yet objects, and there was support for complex numbers(a+bi).
Of course, most people reading this are web programmers and could care less about the mathematical background of programming.
NOTE: Object support was added to FORTRAN in the FORTRAN90 spec, and expanded with the FORTRAN94 spec, but by then C was the powerful force on the block, and most people who still use FORTRAN use the FORTRAN77.
4 years ago
The Object (compound) Type
Like every programming language, PHP offers the usual basic primitive types which can hold only one piece of data at a time (scalar). I am particularly fond of the "object" type (compound) because that allows me to group many basic PHP types together, and I can name it anything I want.
$firstName; // a PHP String
$middleName; // a PHP String
$lastName; // a PHP String
$age; // a PHP Integer
$hasDriversLicense; // a PHP Boolean
Here, I have grouped several basic PHP types together, (3) Strings, (1) Integer, and (1) Boolean... then I named that group "Person". Since I used the proper syntax to do so, this code is pure PHP, which means that if you run this code, you would have an extra PHP "type" available to you in your scripts, like so:
$myAge = 16; // a PHP Integer - always available
$yourAge = 15.5; // a PHP Float - always available
$hasHair = true; // a PHP Boolean - always available
$greeting = "Hello World!" // a PHP String - always available
$person = new Person(); // a PHP Person - available NOW!
You can make your own object types and have PHP execute it as if it were part of the PHP language itself. See more on classes and objects in this manual at: _URL_


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Surrey Police Federation is a branch of the Police Federation of England and Wales, who are the representative body to which every police officer below the rank of Superintendent belongs. It was established by the Police Act 1919 to provide the Police with a means of bringing their views on welfare and efficiency to the notice of the government and the Police Authorities.
All the elected officials of the Police Federation must be serving Police officers. Police officers are not permitted to belong to trades unions and must not take part in politics. Under the provisions of the Police Act, the police are forbidden to take industrial action and to incite anyone to do so is a criminal offence. Police pay, allowances, pensions and conditions of service are negotiated nationally in the Police Negotiating Board, which covers the United Kingdom Police service.
Following a police strike in London in 1918, and subsequent trouble between an unofficial body called the National Union of Police and Prison Officers and the Metropolitan Police Commissioner, the Government appointed Lord Desborough to head a Committee of Inquiry into the Police Service.
The Committee reported in June, and recommended standard conditions of service for all police forces in Great Britain. The Home Secretary was to become directly responsible for the service, and an advisory Police Council was to be appointed.
Desborough also recommended that there should be a Police Federation to represent the interests of constables, sergeants, inspectors and chief inspectors on matters affecting their welfare and efficiency.
The Government quickly accepted the Desborough Report and the pay scales he recommended. This meant a substantial improvement in police pay for most forces. It was also announced that, following the passages of the Police Act and the setting up of the Police Federation, members of the police forces would no longer be allowed to belong to a trade union, meaning the end of the Police Union. A second strike, called in defiance of the Police Act, was a failure: only on Merseyside was there a large response from the police, and rioting had to be put down by military intervention. All 2,000 strikers were dismissed.
1920 – First meeting of the Police Council The first meetings of the Police Council of England and Wales drew up new Police Regulations which were approved by Parliament. Many local authorities strongly objected to the new powers of the Home Secretary and complained about the high level of police wages.
The Police Pensions Act standardised pensions for all police forces. However, by requiring officers to serve for 30 years, instead of 26 years, for their maximum pension entitlement, in many areas conditions were worsened.
The Home Secretary told the Joint Central Committee that a pay cut for provincial forces, as recommended by the Geddes Committee on Public Expenditure, could only be avoided by savings in other areas. It was agreed that there should be: a cut in rent allowances and the abolition of tax refunds on them; a 'levy' of 2.5% of pay; reductions in plain clothes and subsistence allowance; overtime was to start after nine hours duty instead of eight. The 'levy' was considered a temporary measure.
The agreement at the Police Council split the JCC and aroused bitter protests from branch boards. It was a major blow to confidence in the new Federation.
The levy was renewed for another year. In July, the Government yielded to pressure from the local authorities and reconvened Lord Desborough's Committee to reconsider the pay scales it had drawn up in 1919.
Desborough reported that the Committee saw no reason to alter police pay, saying that it was not the right time for "disturbing an agreement come to so recently".
Following disagreement at the Police Council, a Committee under Lord Lee recommended that the deductions from pay and rent allowances should be ended, but that pension contributions should be doubled to 5%.
The year of the General Strike saw the Times newspaper set up a National Police Fund, in response to public's gratitude for the work of the service.
The Police (Appeals) Act gave members of the police service a limited right of appeal against disciplinary decisions.
The JCC was unable to find a secretary after Station Sergeant Berry resigned because there were no official facilities. After much argument, the Home Secretary agreed to an annual grant of £300 a year to cover all Federation expenses, and agreed that the JCC Secretary, although not a full-time Federation official, would be given 'every facility' to do the work.
The Police Council convened, for the first time since 1925, to discuss the Home Office proposal for a National Police College to train the higher ranks. The scheme was accepted by all bodies represented on the Police Council, but was abandoned because of the economic crisis the following year.
The Home Office agreed that the new JCC Secretary, Constable Albert Goodsall of the Metropolitan Police, should be the first full-time official of the Federation.
The May Committee on National Expenditure recommended a cut of 12.5% in police pay as part of general cuts in public spending, phased over two years. May also recommended the abolition of the right to retire on 'half pay' pensions after 25 years' service.
A sub-committee of the Police Council recommended that there should be no change in pensionable pay, but that there should be 'temporary deduction'. The sub-committee was divided on the pensions issue, but a majority proposed that the pay of new entrants should be reduced.
The Government decided to reduce police pay by 10% in two instalments of 5%, taking into account the reduction in police pay when pension contributions were increased in 1925.
The Federation held a series of mass meetings of the membership to protest against the pay cuts.
A Committee, under Sir George Higgins, recommended that the pay of new entrants to the police should be lower than the pay of existing officers. The Government accepted the report and two scales of pay, 'A' for existing officers and 'B' for recruits, were introduced.
Lord Trenchard, the Metropolitan Commissioner, persuaded the Home Secretary to ban the Federation from holding Open Meetings, on the grounds that they were being used to make protests against Government policy.
The JCC submitted a resolution to the Home Secretary which drew attention to 'dissatisfaction in the Force'.
Lord Trenchard's Annual Report for 1932 contained a strong attack on the Metropolitan Branch Boards, accusing them of attempting to stir-up discontent in the force and of issuing a steady stream of propaganda against his policies.
The Commissioner's Report also contained his proposals for a Metropolitan Police College, which would train bright young officers and recruit others from public schools and universities. After graduating from the college, the students would be given the rank of Junior Station Inspectors.
A scheme to recruit constables on ten-year contracts in the Metropolitan Police was announced. These officers would not qualify for promotion or permanent appointments, but would be paid a gratuity on completing their engagement.
The Trenchard proposals were embodied in the Metropolitan Police Act of 1933, and amongst other provisions, Metropolitan chief inspectors were taken out of membership of the Police Federation.
The 10% pay 'cut' was reduced by one-half (and abolished altogether the following year).
1939 – World War Two impacts on the service With the outbreak of war, the right of police officers to retire on pension was suspended, and they were classed as a reserved occupation. Thousands of officers who were military reservists were called up and their places were taken by temporary police officers, members of the wartime Police Auxiliary Service.
For the first time since Desborough, police pay was increased, thanks to a five shillings a week supplementary payment to take into account wartime inflation, plus a war duty allowance of three shillings in lieu of overtime. This only applied to men receiving less that £5 a week.
A Committee, under Lord Snell, reported that the pensions of police widows and the allowances paid to dependent children should be increased, provided that the pension contribution was increased to 7%. The Federation opposed any increase in contributions and the Snell Report was shelved. The JCC Chairman, Inspector Strangeways, resigned after being censured for supporting increased contributions.
The ban on Open Meetings, imposed in 1932, was lifted.
After a long period of strained relations between the Federation and the wartime Home Secretary, Herbert Morrison, the entire JCC was summoned to the Home Office where they were told they were entitled to submit representations. However if Morrison refused their requests, it was their job to justify his decisions to their membership, not to continue to press their claims.
'Scale B', the lower pay scale for post-1932 recruits, was abolished. Police pay was formally increased for the first time since 1919.
The ban on married women serving in the police service was lifted.
The Report of the Police Council Committee on Rent Allowances recommended that the rent allowance should be high enough to reimburse the reasonable rent and rates of all members occupying unfurnished rent property. New maximum allowances of 30 shillings for the provinces and 35 shillings for London were recommended, and these proposals were accepted by the Government. The system by which police authorities paid a compensatory grant in respect of income tax on rent allowances was also introduced.
The National Police College was established, offering higher training for serving officers. Hendon Police College had closed in 1939, and had not been reopened.
A 'London Allowance' was introduced for the first time, starting at £10 a year for constables.
The Oaksey Committee of Inquiry into the Police Service published its First Report after a lengthy examination of pay and conditions of service. Oaksey recommended a modest pay increase, conditional upon police officers agreeing to 'average'; i.e. to have their pensions based on the their average pensionable pay over the last three years of their service.
The Oaksey recommendations came as a major disappointment and did nothing to solve the great


text:
When a loved one is deployed, we're full of wishes: that he'll be safe, that she'll be home soon, that the children will adjust to the separation. A wishing tree offers a concrete reminder of the person who is away, while providing a place to collect wishes, hopes, and prayers.
It's easy to create a wishing tree for your own home, classroom, family assistance center, church, or business. Use some of these ideas or get creative on your own.
Miniature Wishing Tree
1. Select a small tree or plant (artificial or real) or use branches supported by florist foam.
2. Cut lengths of ribbon.
3. Using a fabric pen, write your wishes on the ribbons and tie them to the branches.
Bulletin Board Wishing Tree
1. Hang a bulletin board, cork board, or heavyweight poster board on a wall.
2. Cut out a bare tree with several long branches using construction paper or flannel. Tack, tape, or staple your tree to the bulletin board.
3. Cut out "wishing leaves" made of ribbon, paper, flannel, or faux leaves or fruit, in any shape (leaves, ribbons, hearts, stars, ornaments, etc). The leaves can be flat or three-dimensional or have flaps to cover/reveal the wishes.
4. Have family members, students, or other participants write wishes, hopes, and prayers on the wishing leaves and tack to the tree.
Box of Wishes
1. Select a box with a lid. Cut an opening in the box top or use a lid that lifts off.
2. Decorate the box with photos of a person you are wishing for.
3. Write wishes on small pieces of paper or paper leaves and put into the box.
Jar of Wishes
1. Choose a large clear container with an easy on/off lid, such as a large pickle jar or candy jar.
2. Decorate the jar with permanent marker, paint, or pasted paper or leave the jar clear if you want to see the wishes.
3. Cut out colorful ribbons, paper leaves, stars, hearts, and other shapes and write on your wishes.
4. Put the wishes in the jar by color or material type to create a pattern, or randomly for a colorful display of wishes.
Wishing Tree Placemats
1. Color a picture of a tree onto a large piece of paper slightly smaller than the placemat you want to make. Include leaves on the tree. Include photos of your family around the tree.
2. Laminate the paper, leaving an edge around the paper for the lamination to adhere to itself.
3. For reusable wishing tree placemats, use dry erase markers or other wipe-off crayons or markers to write wishes on the leaves. Write new wishes at each meal.
Styrofoam Wishing Tree
1. Begin with a Styrofoam cone, with the flat edge down. Spray paint or decorate the cone.
2. Write wishes on ribbons or paper leaves and affix to tree with pins or pipe cleaners.
Holiday Wishing Tree
1. Using your normal holiday tree, write wishes on ribbons, paper ornaments, or other crafts and decorate with your wishes and hopes for others.
2. Create a giving tree, decorating with wishes from others in need. Encourage everyone to select a wish from the tree and make it come true!
Create Your Own Wishing Tree Idea!
We'd love to see your creations! Send your wishing tree pictures to _EMAIL_.
We'll award a free copy of The Wishing Tree by Mary Redman and Christina Rodriguez to our favorite wishing tree photos sent in by July 31. Be sure to include your name, mailing address, and a brief story about your tree with your photo.


text:
Scientists Identify Likely Origins of Vertebrate Air Breathing
Fairbanks, Alaska—University of Alaska Fairbanks scientists have identified what they think is the ancestral trait that allowed for the evolution of air breathing in vertebrates. They will present their research at the 42nd annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience Oct. 17 in New Orleans.
"To breathe air with a lung, you need more than a lung, you need neural circuitry that is sensitive to carbon dioxide," said Michael Harris, a UAF neuroscientist and lead researcher on a project investigating the mechanisms that generate and control breathing.
"It's the neural circuitry that allows air-breathing organisms to take in oxygen, which cells need to convert food into energy, and expel the waste carbon dioxide resulting from that process," he said. "I'm interested in where that carbon-dioxide-sensitive neural circuit, called a rhythm generator, came from."
Harris and colleagues think that air breathing likely evolved in an ancestral vertebrate that did not have a lung, but did have a rhythm generator.
"We try to find living examples of primitive non-air-breathing ancestors, like lamprey, and then look for evidence of a rhythm generator that did something other than air breathing," Harris said.
Lampreys are ancient fish that have characteristics similar to the first vertebrates. They do not have lungs and do not breathe air. As larvae, they live in tubes dug into soft mud and breathe and feed by pumping water through their bodies. When mud or debris clogs a lamprey's tube, they use a cough-like behavior to expel water and clear the tube. A rhythm generator in their brain controls that behavior.
"We thought the lamprey 'cough' closely resembled air breathing in amphibians," said Harris. "When we removed the brains from lampreys and measured nerve activity that would normally be associated with breathing, we found patterns that resemble breathing and found that the rhythm generator was sensitive to carbon dioxide."
Air breathing evolved in fish and allowed the movement of vertebrates to land and the evolution of reptiles, birds and mammals. Without a carbon-dioxide-sensitive rhythm generator, the structure that would become the lung might not have worked as a lung.
"The evolution of lung breathing may be a repurposing of carbon dioxide sensitive cough that already existed in lungless vertebrates, like the lamprey," said Harris.
Harris and collaborators Barbara Taylor, a UAF neuroscientist, and their lab technician Megan Hoffman, also study Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and hope understanding the evolutionary origin of breathing will provide insights into their SIDS research.
ADDITIONAL CONTACTS: Michael Harris, associate professor of integrative physiology and neuroscience, _PHONE_, _EMAIL_. Barbara Taylor, associate professor of biology in neuroscience, _PHONE_, _EMAIL_. Megan Hoffman, research technician, _PHONE_, _EMAIL_
ON THE WEB: Society for Neuroscience annual meeting: _URL_
Institute of Arctic Biology: _URL_


text:
In an effort to boost profits from monoculture tree plantations, tree biotechnology companies are developing genetically engineered (GE) varieties of pine, poplar, eucalyptus, and other species with characteristics such as rapid growth, pest resistance, and low levels of lignin for biofuel production.
Led by US-based Arborgen and Futuragene – a spinoff from Brazilian pulp giant Suzano – several companies along with a number of academic institutions are seeking to develop genetically engineered (GE) varieties of pine, poplar, eucalyptus, and other species. The traits they are engineering include rapid growth, pest, disease and stress resistance, and altered lignin production, among others. The goal is to produce "more wood", and to custom engineer trees to meet the needs of pulp and biofuel producers. Some are working to engineer disease resistant trees, which, they argue, would enable reintroduction of species like the American Chestnut.
But GE trees are far from a "sustainable" solution to climate change. Their introduction would likely exacerbate the serious issues already engendered by monoculture tree plantations – ranging from biodiversity loss, soil degradation, mining of groundwater, and human rights abuses due to land grabs. Furthermore, there is an extremely high risk of irreversible ecological impacts such as cross-contamination with native species, or the invasive spreading of a species like GE eucalyptus.
Due to these risks, Biofuelwatch supports the call for a global ban on the testing and commercial deployment of GE trees, and is a founding steering committee member of the International Campaign to Stop GE Trees. We believe it is imperative that we reduce demand for wood and wood products rather than pretend GE trees can fulfill ever-expanding demand.
For more information on the state of GE tree research and commercialization, visit:


text:
UNC and Duke Energy sign contract to develop coastal
wind pilot project
In a pilot project designed to harness the power of the
ocean breezes along North Carolina's coast, the University
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Duke Energy announced
they have signed a contract to place up to three demonstration
wind turbines in the Pamlico Sound.
The pilot project builds on a nine-month study completed
in June 2009 by UNC for the North Carolina General Assembly
which concluded that North Carolina is well-positioned
to develop utility-scale wind energy production.
These demonstration turbines may be the first turbines
placed in water in the United States, providing UNC with
a valuable opportunity for ongoing research about issues
raised in its coastal wind study. Duke Energy will pay
for the turbines and their installation. UNC will continue
its research throughout the project.
The pilot turbine installation will facilitate utility-scale
wind energy development by enabling studies to optimize
measuring and predicting the wind resource, quantifying
ecological impacts, and demonstrating turbine performance
in tropical storm conditions.
In September, government representatives along with representatives
from UNC and Duke Energy, held a meeting on the Outer
Banks to get community feedback on the pilot project.
Over the coming weeks and months, UNC and Duke Energy
will continue to seek out community comments and answer
questions about the project.
"This project is the critical step that will determine
the future of wind power off the Outer Banks," North
Carolina Senator Marc Basnight said. "It will allow for
community feedback and collaboration, and it will be
a very positive information-finding effort. People will
be able to view the turbines working and we will gain
a greater understanding of how to use wind as a renewable
energy source. What we learn from this project will chart
the future of offshore wind energy for our state."
Places with the best conditions for producing constant,
strong winds include rounded hilltops, mountain gaps,
open plains, shorelines and over the ocean. To generate
power from these winds, a wind turbine uses specially-shaped
blades that connect to a drive shaft that then turns
an electric generator to produce electricity.
Although wind power produced only about 1.5 percent of
the world's electricity in 2008, its usage doubled between
2005 and 2008, according to a report by the non-profit
World Wind Energy Association.
Duke Energy has 634 megawatts (MW) of land-based wind
energy in Pennsylvania, Texas and Wyoming, another 99
MW under construction and an additional 251 MW of wind
projects scheduled to begin operation in 2010.


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- Services & Solutions
- Clients & Partners
An Application Of Default Logic To Speech Act Theory
One of the central issues to be addressed in basing a theory of speech acts on independently motivated accounts of propositional attitudes (belief, knowledge, intentions, etc.) and action is the specification of the effects of communicative acts. The very fact that speech acts are conventional means that specifying the effects of the utterance of, say, a declarative sentence, or the performance of an assertion, requires taking into consideration many possible deviations from the conventional use of sentences — specifically uses that are insincere, not serious, or indirect. Previous approaches to the problem of specifying speech act consequences have paid insufficient attention to the dependence of the participants' mental state after an utterance on their mental state preceding it. We present a limited solution to the problem of belief revision within Reiter's nonmonotonic Default Logic and show how to formulate the consequences of many uses of declarative sentences. Default rules are used to embody a simple theory of belief adoption, action observation, and the relation between the form of a sentence and the attitudes it is used to convey.


Tramsorb® hydrogels can be of assistance throughout the growth cycle of grasses and sods, especially in germination, quicker growth, reduction of transportation stress, and root establishment. The collection and storage of rain and irrigation water can reduce labor and water costs, as well as provide relief for difficult growth areas and "hot spots." The application of Tramsorb® hydrogels is extremely beneficial for golf courses, sod farms, and gardens.
These are our suggestions to produce a successful planting.
1. Work the soils either manually or with a plough.
2. Spread from 0.1-0.2# Tramsorb® hydrogels per 10 F2 of soil surface area on the top of theground. The rate of application should be adjusted according to climate, soil conditions and plant water requirements. The polymer may be broadcasted by hand or with a fertilizer spreading device.
3. Incorporate the polymer into the soil beneath about 2″ of untreated soil and at a maximum depth of 4″. Incorporation can be done either manually or by a disc harrow or other device.
The soils must be leveled evenly.
4. Broadcast the seed or lay down the sod rolls. Roll the soil for compaction. Apply fertilizers if recommended.
5. Water the field liberally to allow for full water absorption by the Tramsorb® hydrogels.
6. Apply water to the planted area using a normal watering schedule for one week. Following the first week, irrigation may be reduced by 50% or more depending upon conditions.
Tramsorb hydrogels are now known as: Tramfloc® 1001, 1001A, 1001B, 1002 and 1004.


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Capital Structure ArbitrageHedge Funds
Among the most obvious places to find arbitrage opportunities is within a firm's capital structure. Firms usually have many differing assets which use the firm's value as the underlying investment. The value differences aren't always held on a correct ratio to the firm's value or other capital instruments. Differences in these values give traders potential arbitrage opportunities.
Capital structure arbitrage opportunities arise from differing investments issued by the underlying firm. The various components of capital structure include secured bonds, unsecured bonds, subordinated bonds, preferred banking debts, common or preferred shares, and many other potential examples. All of these instruments have the company's value as the underlying asset. Price differences between assets are readily exploited for the profit of hedge funds. The underpriced assets are purchased, and the overpriced assets are short sold. Once the spread is narrowed, the purchased assets are sold and the short sales are closed. The profit is reinvested in other arbitrage capital opportunities.
Fund managers readily exploit these differences in hopes of gaining alpha. Alpha is generated by understanding the differing relationships capital instruments have with each other and the firm's underlying value. Profit gained is determined by the manager's knowledge of these relationships and ability to predict potential changes based on current and future events.
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International Economic Analysis:
- Major Currency Economic Summaries
- Performance of Major Imports and Exports
- Mandates of Central Banks versus Expectations
- Performance Indexes of Major Economies
- Economically Correlated Currency Projections
- Large Funds Currency Sentiment Readings
- List of Technical Indicators to Look For
- Occasional: Foregin Exchange Technicals Markups
American Markets Analysis:
- Summaries of American Economic Structure
- Performance of Major
- Federal Reserve Mandate versus Expectations
- Performance Indexes of U.S Economy
- Economically Correlated U.S Dollar Projections
- Large Trading Fund Index Sentiment Readings
- Market Wide Earnings Versus Valuations
- Fundamental Ranking of U.S Business Sectors
- Best and Worst Future Consensus Estimates
- Occasional: Firm Fundamental Strength Report
- List of Technicals to Look for While Trading
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In February of this year, farmers G.S. Shropshire & Sons found a massive trunk of black bog oak thousands of years old in their field at Downham Market, Cambridgeshire, east England. The marshy Fenland area is known as a treasure trove of ancient timber which fell when sea levels rose starting around 7000 years ago. The fallen timbers were preserved in the silty water that would become peat. This trunk is 44 feet long and weighs five tons...Instead of processing this log into parquet-sized pieces, such as those for the table in the insert above, the finders decided that this one deserved special treatment:
The finders alerted cabinet makers Adamson and Low, specialists in bog oak processing who purchase hundreds of logs a year from fenland farmers who turn them up while working their fields. Hamish Low recognized that the size and condition of this trunk made it exceptional, that as a remnant of the giant trees that once bristled in England's forests this specimen should be saved for the nation instead of being made into small furniture pieces.
He could go ahead and plank the trunk, but instead of dividing the planks into more easily dried boards, they would be kept in their 44-foot lengths. Once dried the planks would shrink, but they'd still be massive and could be used to make a giant table. That huge tabletop could then be exhibited as an example of and tribute to the arboreal giants that once dominated the English landscape. There isn't a single piece of bog oak as such on public display in the UK. Here was the perfect opportunity to rectify that oversight...That required specially-made equipment, extra funding, and the skills and muscles of 40 volunteers. Some of the details are discussed in The History Blog. The table was projected to be completed and publicly displayed in the summer of 2013.


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How do you arrange the children's time now that the schools are shut (for non key worker families) and what child arrangements apply – term time arrangements or holiday arrangements?
These are unchartered waters. Common sense and communication will have to prevail. As is often the case in family law, there is no right answer and there are 2 (or more) ways of approaching this question. Firstly, the children are off school, so, the children undoubtedly have more free time available to them to spend with their other parent. Secondly, the parent whom the child lives with may wish to create a daily curriculum for the children so that their learning is minimally affected. In these circumstances, that parent may prefer the term time routine to be maintained until official school holiday dates come around. Further, travel between 2 homes should potentially be reduced to limit transmission. Maybe changes in the normal routine should be agreed to extend time the children's time with each parent to reduce lots of to'ing and fro'ing giving any development of symptoms time to show so that risks of transmission can be reduced. Each parent will have to monitor their own, their children's and their wider family's symptoms. The children's contact with each parent will be affected by any development of symptoms. In an ideal world, both parents should be involved in sorting out the additional childcare and learning arrangements necessary for their children in this novel and unsettling period.
You could find that you must self-isolate for 7 days or your whole family may have to isolate for 14 days or more. For a split family living in 2 homes this will create extended separation and upset. It is highly probable that there will be occasions in the coming weeks and months where a child is with one parent and that family then must isolate for 14 days or more. What happens about contact with the other parent?
The Government guidance is that it is very important that individuals with symptoms that may be due to coronavirus and their household members stay at home. Staying at home will help control the spread of the virus to friends, the wider community, and particularly the most vulnerable. Therefore, unless the other parent also has symptoms then the guidance would indicate that time with the other parent will have to await the conclusion of the isolation period.
During this time parents should encourage regular telephone calls and facetime with the absent parent. If child arrangements are subject to a Child Arrangements Order, then the parent isolating with the child(ren) concerned will ultimately be in breach of that order. Given the uncertain times we are in, so long as the justification to isolate is reasonable and not driven to prevent the child spending time with the other parent it is unlikely any criticism would be levied at the parent with care. A word of caution to not misuse this unprecedented Government guidance to prevent your child spending time with their other parent. The courts are still operating and solicitors and the judiciary have access to telephone and video conferencing for hearings so applications and enforcement proceedings can still take place.
Court proceedings (existing and new)
The court system is still operational, there is strong public interest in keeping the Family Justice system continuing to function amidst the coronavirus pandemic. On 19th March 2020 the President of the Family Division issued guidance on court use at this time. Most hearings can be conducted by telephone or video conferencing or by emailed correspondence between the parties. In some situations, physical hearings will be necessary, these will be considered on a case by case basis and subject to the health needs and requirements of all parties. If a party cannot attend because they are vulnerable or isolating but other parties, can, the vulnerable/isolating party will be able to attend by telephone or video link. If a telephone/video hearing is not appropriate and nor is a physical hearing, the case will be adjourned but swift directions will be given for the onward management of the case.
Whilst the pandemic is of course unwelcome, the court has, for several years, operated a physical presence requirement for most court hearings and this experience may at least develop a more remote and cost efficient way of hearing cases in the future.


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An alternative to salt-based water softening
Although the varied climatic conditions along California's Central Coast, home of Hahn Family Wines, are ideal for the growing of grapes, the water underground, which the vintner uses for closed-loop heat-cleaning of fermenting barrels and bottles, is mineral-rich and scale-producing. Gritty deposits collect and become troublesome with the application of heat.
After years of using salt-based water softening for critical boiler-treatment applications, Hahn Family Wines sought an environmentally friendlier form of water treatment, one free of chemicals, salt, and waste discharge. For its main water supply, it commissioned the installation of a template-assisted-crystallization (TAC) central treatment system.
TAC falls into a category often referred to as "physical water treatment" (PWT). The primary goals of PWT are to:
Avoid the use of chemical additives.
Minimize or avoid discharge water, regenerates, and waste water.
Avoid pollution and disposal costs.
Minimize capital costs and ongoing maintenance.
The technology behind TAC treatment systems was developed in Germany about 15 years ago and used throughout Europe before coming to the United States about eight years ago.
TAC media start out as polymeric beads (resin) in the 20-to-40-mesh size range. Catalytically active sites, or templates, are imprinted on the beads' surface through a batch-coating process.
PWT works by changing the physical characteristics of a solution, with little or no change in the solution's chemical composition. PWT is used chiefly to reduce water hardness (calcium carbonate) in plumbing systems, appliances, and equipment (boilers, water heaters, dish washers, automotiveand process-washing equipment), valves, and other components that generate or use heated water.
Most PWT devices promote hardness crystallization in a bulk solution to prevent scale formation on downstream surfaces.
TAC is technology that influences a water solution at localized sites (on the media surface) so that hardness ions and their counter-ions (bicarbonate) combine to form inert nanometer-size "seed crystals." Called nucleation, this is the process by which dissolved molecules or ions dispersed throughout a solution gather to create clusters in the submicron size range.
The sum of the seeds provides an enormous area for preferential growth of remaining hardness ions still in solution. Making use of the phenomenon of low-energy heterogeneous transfer, by which solubility shift is achieved, the remaining dissolved ions attach to the seed crystals and continue harmlessly downstream, eventually to be consumed or drained.
Although there is no flow to drain in closed-loop boiler systems, TAC has been successful in controlling scale while reducing or eliminating chemical additives in systems that incorporate a bottom blowdown with scheduled daily discharges.
TAC is the mechanism behind biomineralization — the growth of bone structures in the human body — and commonly is used by pharmaceutical companies to create medicines.
TAC media were submitted to DVGW (German Technical and Scientific Association for Gas and Water), whose standard W 512 is considered the most rigorous and challenging accredited standard for certifying PWT systems for scale-reduction efficiency. The media achieved a scale-prevention efficiency of more than 99 percent for both recirculation-hot-water and single-pass-cold-water protocols.
Used in an upflow design, TAC media are not subject to low-flow channeling or high-flow pressure drops. Pressure drop at peak flow rate is less than 4 psi. Like other resins, the media are subject to water-chemistry limitations, such as chlorine, iron, manganese, tannins, and pH.
The effective life of TAC media is three years and is dependent on neither the volume nor the hardness of water.
Protecting a plumbing system from damaging lime deposits can incur considerable expense — both initially and throughout the life of the system — for any commercial property.
For many years, commercial-grade water softeners were the only proven technology for scale protection. Water softeners, however, require electricity to operate, take up precious space in mechanical rooms, demand hundreds of gallons of water for draining during backwash and regeneration cycles, and require salt or an even more expensive alternative (potassium chloride) for performance to be maintained.
TAC can be used in point-of-entry applications to protect whole buildings on the hot and the cold side and protect equipment that is more prone to scale buildup. Peak flow rate is all that is required to size a commercial TAC system.
The system chosen by Hahn Family Wines requires no water-consuming discharge while providing micron filtration and hard-water scale protection.
Two centrifugal micron filters remove particulate matter from well water. Microfiltered water then is passed through a hard-water scale-prevention system. The scale-prevention media operate catalytically without salt or chemicals and do not produce a waste stream.
According to the manufacturer, TAC prevents over 98 percent of the scale produced by the winery's hard water, while the only maintenance that is required is a simple media replacement after two to three years of service.
TAC technology enabled Hahn Family Wines to remove its salt-based water softeners, which preceded the boilers. The TAC system provides treated water throughout the winery's water-distribution system.
"With Hahn Winery's move to become more ecological, we looked at every facet of our environmental stewardship," Hahn Family Wines spokesperson Evelyn Pool said. "Water treatment was an important part of that puzzle.
"We're delighted with our effort to become sustainably certified in the vineyards," Pool added. "Eliminating salt-based softeners while adding new (TAC) scale prevention is a real boost to our sense of environmental responsibility."
Did you find this article useful? Send comments and suggestions to Executive Editor Scott Arnold at _EMAIL_.
A journalist focusing on the plumbing-and-mechanical, HVAC, geothermal, and solarand radiant-heat industries, John Vastyan is owner of Common Ground, a trade-communications firm. He can be reached at _PHONE_ or _EMAIL_.
In 2005, Gregg Josey, chief engineer for Embassy Suites in Tempe, Ariz., was considering replacing the failing water softener installed years earlier.
The hotel had numerous points of entry for municipally supplied water. Water hardness measured between 12 and 14 grains per gallon. As a result, water treatment was practical only on the "hot side" of the plumbing system.
The hotel needed to treat water for the domestic-water boiler, heat-exchange surfaces, and numerous point-of-use tempering valves — essentially, the entire domestic-hot-water-distribution system.
Of concern were the many showerheads: one in each of the hotel's 224 rooms.
"Calcium deposits within the showerheads … at many hotels often look filthy and frequently are the cause of recurring maintenance issues," Stephen Callahan, national sales manager for Watts Water Technologies, said. "Water flow to showerheads is restricted by the deposits, and in addition to that, front-desk personnel at hotels get calls — often at night or early in the morning — from guests who complain about unsightly, dirty-looking deposits. They think the maids aren't doing their jobs when, in reality, the problem stems from insufficient water treatment."
Josey decided to replace the old water-treatment system with template-assisted-crystallization (TAC) scale-control technology. His research showed TAC would be less costly upfront and save the facility nearly 70 percent in operating costs, mostly in saltand water-purchase and discharge costs. He has enjoyed maintenance-free scale protection for five years.
"A simple media replacement once every three years is all that's needed to keep the system running scale-free," Josey said.
Today, the hotel's metered water use and wastewater discharge are substantially less than they were previously, and the hotel has found it no longer needs to perform the routine maintenance and replenishing tasks it had with a salt-based system.


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Reciprocating pump is a positive displacement pump. The given pump is single acting single cylinder pump with air vessel. It can be used for less discharge at higher heads. Priming is not required because it is a positive displacement pump. Reciprocating pumps are used in pumping water in hilly areas. Reciprocating pumps has lower efficiency compared to centrifugal pumps
The Main Parts of Reciprocating Pump are:
It is made of cast iron or steel alloy. The piston reciprocates inside the cylinder. The movement of piston is obtained by a connecting rod which connects piston and rotating crank.
2. SUCTION PIPE
It connects the source of water and cylinder, the water is sucked.
3. DELIVERY PIPE
Water sucked by pump is discharged into delivery pipe.
4. SUCTION VALVE
It adjusts the flow from the suction pipe into delivery pipe.
5. DELIVERY VALVE
It admits the flow from the cylinder in to delivery pipe.
6. AIR VESSEL
It is a cast iron closed chamber having an opening at its pass through which the water flows into vessel.
During the suction stroke the piston moves left thus creating vacuum in the Cylinder. This vacuum causes the suction valve to open and water enters the Cylinder. During the delivery stroke the piston moves towards right. This increasing pressure in the cylinder causes the suction valve to close and delivery to open and water is forced in the delivery pipe. The air vessel is used to get uniform discharge.
SINGLE ACTING RECIPROCATING PUMP
DOUBLE ACTING SINGLE ACTING RECIPROCATING PUMP
RECIPROCATING PUMP FITTED WITH AIR VESSEL AT BOTH SUCTION AND DELIVERY SIDE


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This boar-shaped terracotta rattle is approximately eight centimeters tall and eleven centimeters wide. It stands on a small rectangular base and has a ring attached to its right side. Several holes can be seen on the upper part of the clay attachment connecting the ring to the rattle's right side. The boar's snout is also [...]
Carlos Muñoz is a rising Junior and Classical Studies major. In the summer of 2011 he will work as an intern in the Baltimore Museum of Art. During the fall of 2011, Carlos will attend the Intercollegiate Center for Classical Studies in Rome where he will study Roman history, architecture and art.
The art of gem carving or intaglio dates as far back as the seventh millennium B.C.E. By the second millennium B.C.E., engraved gems had developed into a full-fledged industry in the Indus Valley. Through trade, these objects reached the Mediterranean. By the fourth century B.C.E., we find numerous references in Greek texts to Eastern gems. [...]
This terracotta warrior is shown wearing a plumed helmet, a muscled cuirass and greaves. His bent right arm and kneeling stance, with its weight on the left side, suggest that this figure once represented an archer. Originally, his extended right arm would have held a bow. The terracotta archer in the JHUAM presents a number [...]


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Palazzo Strozzi is one of the symbols of Renaissance architecture. Its creation was the idea of Filippo Strozzi 'the elder' who charged Benedetto da Maiano with planning a family residence that would be the envy of the Florentine nobility.
Construction began in 1489 and was directed by Simone del Pollaiolo, called Il Cronaca. Today the palazzo seems a fortress in the heart of the city. On a rectangular base there are two floors plus the ground floor, each divided by linear cornices.
One of its principle characteristics is the fidelity with which the canons of 15th century architecture have been respected in the realization of the façade: symmetrical and linear, in stone blocks that are coarse and rough-hewn on the ground floor and become progressively finer with each higher floor.
On the opposite sides, on piazza Strozzi and via Tornabuoni, rectangular windows surround the imposing entrances. Inside the arch is the stem of the Strozzi family.
On the ground floor it is also possible to see the splendid surroundings of Sala Ferri, which contains the Gabinetto Viesseux and the rich library of the Institute for Renaissance Studies.
The decorations of the first floor were designed by Pietro Berti and today form the background for the important exhibits that the Palazzo holds. The first floor is open only for exhibits, but the ground floor is always open.
For any information:
Piazza Strozzi _PHONE_).


TitleProspective prediction of major depressive disorder from cortisol awakening responses in adolescence.
Publication TypeJournal Article
Year of Publication2010
AuthorsAdam, EK, Doane LD, Zinbarg RE, Mineka S, Craske MG, Griffith JW
Date Published2010 Jul
KeywordsAdolescent, Circadian Rhythm, Depressive Disorder, Major, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Pituitary-Adrenal Function Tests, Predictive Value of Tests, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Saliva, Stress, Psychological, Wakefulness
Levels of the stress-sensitive hormone cortisol increase dramatically in the first 30-40min after waking, an effect known as the cortisol awakening response (CAR). There is considerable cross-sectional evidence that psychosocial stress is associated with an increased CAR, and the CAR has been found to be altered in the presence of stress-related diseases, including major depressive disorder (MDD). To date, no prospective longitudinal studies have examined whether individual differences in the CAR serve as a premorbid risk factor for MDD. In a sample of 230 late adolescents, clinical diagnoses of MDD were predicted from the CAR as well as other indicators of basal cortisol functioning gathered 1 year earlier, including: waking cortisol levels, bedtime cortisol levels, the size of the CAR, average cortisol, and the slope of the diurnal cortisol rhythm across the waking day. Age and gender, health and health behaviors, baseline neuroticism, exposure to stressful life events and past episodes of mood and anxiety disorders were included as covariates, to help ensure effects are attributable to the CAR rather than related variables. A higher baseline CAR was associated with a significantly increased risk of developing MDD by follow-up, even when excluding individuals with baseline MDD. No other baseline cortisol measures were significant prospective predictors of MDD. In summary, the CAR is a significant prospective risk factor for the development of MDD in young adults, providing some support for the possibility that a heightened CAR may play a role in the etiology of major depressive disorder.
Alternate JournalPsychoneuroendocrinology