text:
[tweetmeme source="Intellogist" only_single=false]Although Intellogist focuses on resources for patent searchers, we often explore search tools for other types of intellectual property researchers. A few weeks ago, I gave a brief overview of how to search the USPTO's Trademark Electronic Search System (TESS), an invaluable resource for trademark searchers focusing on US intellectual property. Besides patents and trademarks, copyright is the third major type of intellectual property in the US, and the US Copyright Office provides access to all copyright records from 1978 to present through the US Copyright Catalog. The US Copyright Catalog is an excellent place to start a copyright search, although you may want professional searchers to help you with locating copyright records for important business decisions and legal matters.
Continue reading to learn about searching for copyright records through the online US Copyright Catalog!
Searching for Copyright Records
The US Copyright Catalog (from 1978-present) is available through the Copyright.gov website, which is maintained by the US Copyright Office. From the Copyright.gov homepage, users can select the "Search Copyright Records" option to view the "Search Copyright Information" webpage.
This page offers users two options:
- Search the Catalog – "Search records of registered books, music, art, and periodicals, and other works. Includes copyright ownership documents." This option also provides links to information about the online catalog and a tutorial demonstrating how to use the online copyright catalog.
- Find records prior to January 1, 1978 – This option links to a publication by the US Copyright Office about searching for early copyright records (prior to 1978).
Choose the link to "Search the Catalog" to open the public catalog search interface. Users can choose from two search options on the interface:
- Basic Search – Enter a term in the search form and select a field from the menu of options to search within (title, name, keyword, registration number, document number, or command keyword). Descriptions of search types and various hints for effective searching are displayed on the bottom half of the page. Users may define the number of records they want to display per page (10, 25, 50, or 100), and they can also select the "Set Search Limits" option to filter results by date or item type. Choose the "Begin Search" button to conduct the search, or clear the search form through the "Reset" button.
- Other Search Options – Choose this tab to utilize a fielded search interface, where users can enter search terms in one or two text boxes (connected by a selected Boolean operator). Beside each text box, users can select how the terms in the box will be interpreted (select to search for any of the terms, all of the terms, or treat the terms as a phrase). Users can also select a field for each text box through an adjacent drop-down menu of options. Search tips are displayed below the form. Finally, the user can define the number of records they want to display per page (10, 25, 50, or 100), and they can also select the "Set Search Limits" option to filter results by date or item type. Choose the "Begin Search" button to conduct the search, or clear the search form through the "Reset" button.
Viewing Copyright Records
After conducting a search, a list of titles will be displayed. At the top of the results page, the full query ("Search Request") and number of search results will be displayed. The results are displayed in a table that includes a numbered link to the full record, the record author, full title, and date of the record. The table can be re-sorted by title, name, or date (ascending/descending), and the result set can be filtered by date or item type through the "Set Search Limits" option. Select the check boxes beside each relevant result in the table, and records can be printed, saved, or emailed through the options displayed at the bottom of the page.
Choose the linked number in the table to view the full record. Full records can be saved, printed, or emailed. Names are often linked in the full record, so users can view lists of copyright records associated with a particular claimant or author name.
From the horizontal menu at the top of the screen on each page of the catalog, users can select from the following options:
- Help – View help tips associated with the particular search form or display that you are currently utilizing.
- Search – Return to the "Basic Search"/"Other Search Options" form.
- History – View a list of past search queries. Queries created through the "Other Search Options" form may be combined with other past queries. Select the hyperlinked number in the "Edit" column to edit the query directly within the search form. It should be noted that "Search History does not retain information about Search Limits. When a search is re-executed or edited, any current limits in effect will be used instead of limits previously specified."
- Titles – View the list of results from your current search.
- Start Over – Clear the current search history and limits.
The US Copyright Catalog provides a no-frills search interface that may confuse novice searchers with the text-heavy fielded search forms and frustrate expert searchers with the lack of a command line interface. I found some bright spots with the site interface, such as the option to combine past search queries and the easy menu for selecting, saving, and emailing/printing search results and full records. Overall, the main problem with the US Copyright Catalog is the coverage that only dates back to 1978. If you need to search for copyright records prior to 1978, you'll most likely need to visit the Copyright Public Records Reading Room at the Library of Congress. Luckily, there are expert searchers who can do the hard work for you: contact Landon IP for more information!
Do you know of any other copyright search resources? Let us know in the comment section!
This post was contributed by Joelle Mornini. The Intellogist blog is provided for free by Intellogist's parent company Landon IP, a major provider of patent searches, trademark searches, technical translations, and information retrieval services.


text:
The term 'Risk Retention Group' (RRG) originated in the Federal Risk Retention Act of 1981, which was passed in response to a 'Products Liability Crisis' that arose from the rising costs and decreasing availability of products liability coverage from commercial insurers in the 1970s. This Act was written to help organizations in any industry to meet their products liability risk financing needs (for example, by forming their own captive insurance company). In response to the liability crisis in the mid 1980s, the Act was expanded in 1986 to include all types of liability insurance (except personal liability and workers compensation).
The Act provides for like businesses to join together to insure their common liability risks.
Under the Act, each insured is required to have an ownership interest in the insurance company.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


in Ruby
 Here's an example of catching a Perl exception from Ruby:
 use Inline Ruby;
 sub callback { die "died!" }
 def func
 yield [1, 2, 3]
 rescue PerlException => e
 print "Got an exception: " + e + "\n"
 Resulting in this output:
 Got an exception: (in cleanup) died! at line 3.
 2. Catching exceptions in Perl
 Here's a familiar example of catching exceptions in Perl:
 use Inline Ruby;
 sub callback { die "died!" }
 eval {
 print "Got an exception: $@" if $@;
 def func
 yield [1, 2, 3]
 Which prints:
 Got an exception: #
Supported Data Types ^
Inline::Ruby seamlessly converts between most types of Perl and Ruby data types.
Supported Perl Data Types
The following data types may be passed from Perl into Ruby. Any unrecognized type is replaced with undef during translation.
 1. Integer
 Converted to Ruby "Fixnum" object.
 2. Floating Point
 Convert to Ruby "Float" object.
 3. String
 Converted to Ruby "String" object.
 4. Array Reference
 Converted to Ruby "Array" object (elements recursively converted).
 5. Hash Reference
 Converted to Ruby "Hash" object (elements recursively converted).
 6. Code Reference
 Converted to Ruby "Proc" object.
 7. Undef (and all others)
 Converted to Ruby NilClass object (known as nil).
Supported Ruby Data Types
The following Ruby types map be either returned from a Ruby method or function to Perl, or may be passed as arguments to a Perl callback. Unrecognized types are replaced with nil and translated to undef.
 1. Object
 Ruby objects are wrapped in instances of the Inline::Ruby::Object class. This allows Perl to call methods on the object as usual.
 2. Fixnum
 Converted to a Perl integer scalar.
 3. Float
 Converted to a Perl floating point scalar.
 4. String
 Converted to a Perl string.
 5. Array
 Converted to a Perl array reference (elements recursively converted).
 6. Hash
 Converted to a Perl hash reference (elements recursively converted).
 7. True
 Converted to a scalar containing 1.
 8. False, Nil, and anything else
 Converted to undef.
Low-Level Inline::Ruby ^
Unlike most other Inline languages, you can use Inline::Ruby independently of Inline:
 use Inline::Ruby qw(rb_eval);
 rb_eval('print "hello from Ruby!\n"');
By default, Inline::Ruby doesn't export anything. You can request any or all of the following functions:
 1. rb_eval()
 Takes one string argument, a Ruby expression, and returns the result of evaluating it. For example:
 $sum = rb_eval("3 + 4");
 2. rb_call_function()
 Takes the following arguments:
 1. $func
 The name of the Ruby function to call.
 2. _USER_
 Optional arguments to the Ruby function.
 For example:
 rb_eval <
Copyright (c) 2002, Neil Watkiss.
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CMMS for Church Maintenance
July 2, 2020 jill Blog
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By Heather Wilkerson
When maintaining a church, it is important to be organized. A Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS) can be a very useful tool to help with this. Many think that this type of computer software is strictly for manufacturing plants, but that could not be further from the truth. Here are just a few ways a CMMS can be beneficial to your church.
Work Orders
Many times, when repair work is needed within a church, it is written down on a piece of paper or in an Excel spreadsheet, which can easily be lost or deleted. A CMMS allows users to enter work requests and work orders into the software itself, making it impossible to misplace them. For example, when the church vacuum needs to be repaired, instead of verbally asking a volunteer or handing them a sheet of paper, the work order can be entered into the CMMS and assigned to the correct volunteer. This can also help with getting new volunteers, since scheduling work allows people to see if more volunteers are needed or not to get everything done.
Scheduling Repairs
Since the majority of the people doing repairs within a church are volunteers, it can be difficult to track what needs done, who can do it, and when. This results in much needed repairs going uncompleted. CMMS software enables users to schedule needed repairs. Volunteers can also be assigned to the repairs and can configure the system so they receive an email notifying them when a repair is assigned to them.
Preventive maintenance tasks can also easily be scheduled in a CMMS. A preventive maintenance task is basically when certain things on a piece of equipment or location are checked or repaired on a regular basis so the asset does not break down.
Historical Data
CMMS software programs automatically keep historical data on locations and pieces of equipment, which can be very useful later on. This data can be gathered and used to make important decisions on repairs vs buying new. For example, if the outdoor sprinkler system keeps acting up, historical data can show the lifetime repair costs of the system. From there, church officials can decide whether it is less costly to keep repairing it or purchase a new system. Without the historical data, this would be quite difficult to determine.
Inventory Tracking
One of the most useful components of a CMMS is inventory tracking. Keeping close track of inventory items not only helps ensure items are on-hand at all times, but it also helps workers locate items quickly. For example, if a particular tool is needed to complete maintenance on a church vehicle, people can go into the CMMS, lookup the tool, and know exactly where it is. This helps cut down the time spent doing repairs, so more things can be completed.
In addition, knowing what tools and parts are on-hand prevents buying duplicates, which can save the facility money. Some CMMS systems also have automatic reordering, which means whenever an item gets below a certain number, a purchase request is automatically created for that item.
The ability to run reports within a CMMS is another excellent reason for a church to have one. Reports can show volunteers things like which work orders have been completed, which have not been, repair costs over a certain time period, and many other things. This data helps volunteers within the church stay organized and on top of repairs.
Along with the above listed advantages, having a mobile application version of a CMMS makes things even easier. Workers can take photos and attach them to work orders, right from their smartphone or tablet. Work orders can also be completed on mobile devices right after the work is done. Attachments, such as images and manuals, can also be viewed on mobile devices, which can really help get repairs done in a more timely fashion.
Churches all across the country can benefit from having a CMMS in place. This software can help track inventory, schedule repairs, and run valuable reports, among other things.
Heather Wilkerson is marketing coordinator for Mapcon Technologies, which has been creating maintenance management software since 1982. MAPCON software is used in industry and facilities worldwide,
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Doppel Your Pleasure
A German beer cellar filled with wooden barrels
In the Bible it's said that man cannot live by bread alone. However, it may be possible to temporarily survive on doppelbock, a brawny German beer that's nicknamed "liquid bread."
The hearty doppelbock resides in a category of strong German lagers called bocks. Its lager cousins curtail fall's first chill, but winter's icy clutch requires the warming prowess of a true doppelbock ("double bock"). It's a fairly hefty beer style, with an ABV hovering between 7 and 10 percent and, typically, a hue that ranges from rich gold to a ruby brown. As for flavor and aroma, top billing goes to malt, with notes of toffee, caramel, dark fruits, and chocolate along for the sweet ride; bitterness hides in the backseat.
As for its liquid-bread designation, allow me to explain: As with any alcoholic beverage, beer contains calories. The stronger a beer, the higher its caloric count. Thus, a lager of sizable potency could theoretically sustain men—like the food-shunning monks who fast during the 46 days of Lent (excluding Sundays) that lead up to Easter. In the seventeenth century the brothers of Munich's St. Francis of Paula (a.k.a. the Paulaner monks) received a papal dispensation to brew a brawny beer suited for consumption during Lent. The beer was known as Sankt Vaterbier, or Holy Father Beer, until the name was corrupted into Salvatorbiere—that is, Salvator, or "savior."
A hearty, refreshing glass of doppelbock.
In time the style's popularity spread beyond monastery walls. The brothers began illegally selling the beer, before receiving proper permits in 1780. Too bad Napoleon rolled into Munich at the end of the eighteenth century and banned churches from owning property or earning money. The monastery and brewery were shut down. Doppelbock as the hearty style came to be named, seemed doomed.
Salvation came in 1806. The Bavarian state rented the brewery to secular brewer Franz Xaver Zacherl, who licensed rights to produce the doppelbock. Salvator climbed in popularity, especially around Easter, and competing breweries soon borrowed the name. It nearly became as generic as Band-Aid, but Zacherl's successors trademarked the Salvator name in 1896. Competitors' response was to attach the "-ator" suffix to the name of their doppelbocks, a tradition that endures for both American and German brewers.
With regard to cheese pairings, the sweet doppelbock is an excellent match for many styles. Try it with a Swiss-style wedge, such as DCI Cheese Company's Stella Swiss or the namesake of Iowa's Swiss Valley Farms. The strong beer also complements an earthy, bloomy Camembert, such as Marin French Cheese Company's Rouge et Noir or Ferme de la Tremblaye, a farmstead Camembert from France. Additionally, doppelbocks have an affinity for stinky, pungent Limburger cheese, such as the version made by America's sole producer, Wisconsin's Chalet Cheese Cooperative. Fittingly, it's a match made in heaven.
Paulaner Brauerei Salvator
 The original doppelbock has not dulled over the centuries, still offering up a rich riot of fruit, caramel, and a bit of bitter chocolate to boot. The copper-colored beer tastes a bit like fresh-baked bread drizzled with toffee.
Brauerei Aying Ayinger Celebrator
 My favorite doppelbock is Celebrator, a delightful mocha-brown brew that delivers a nose of Christmas fruitcake and cocoa. Celebrator slides down nice and silky, with lovely flavors of chocolate, coffee, and sun-baked dark fruit.
Samuel Adams Double Bock
 This doppelbock is a malt bomb, with around half a pound of barley required for each 12-ounce bottle. As you'd expect, there's oodles of rich, chewy sweetness—think molasses, caramelized sugar—that's balanced by a subtle bitterness.
Tröegs Brewing Company Troegenator Double Bock
 Given the Pennsylvania brewery's location in Hershey, it's a no-brainer that they'd brew this big, sweet, ruby-brown beauty. There are flavors of chocolate and figs, but I like the gentle spiciness that pairs well with its stomach-stoking warmth.
Smuttynose Brewing Company S'muttonator
 Around 30 hours of brewing time is required to craft S'muttonator, a muscular testament to malt. Pour a snifter, and savor the interplay of molasses, toffee, and brown sugar, with a bready and fruity profile. You could have this doppelbock for dinner.
Joshua M. Bernstein
Photographer Michael Harlan Turkell
Sign up for cheese


England & Wales HR, workforce and communications, Technology
Lower costs but the same service
Local authorities could save between 10 and 20 per cent of their expenditure on energy, telephony and solicitors simply by procuring differently. This is the conclusion of a White Paper released by Opera Solutions last Friday.
I was initially sceptical about the papers focus, though the figure for savings seemed very accurate. I am very much a believer that councils need to be focusing on redesigning their services and making choices about what they provide. The fear is that if councils just concentrate on how they can provide the same service for less they will miss a big opportunity to reform public services.
However, councils would need to purchase the services featured in the report whatever their model of service provision. It is important to recognise that redesigning services and securing better value from existing private suppliers are not mutually exclusive. It is therefore well worth looking in to how they could be provided more cheaply and this paper is a good place to start.
The data currently released does not allow accurate cross local authority comparisons. This is a big problem. Managers need data which will allow them to see the deals other comparable authorities have achieved with suppliers. They can then use this information to negotiate cost reductions. This data is provided by companies such as opera solutions – hence why they produced this report.
For example, to assess whether your phone service is expensive or cheap you need to categorise the cost of the phone service across the council and have other authorities do the same. If telephone expenditure is recorded as part of a general contract with a supplier who provides other services such as refuge collection or legal or human resources services you cannot compare costs effectively.
Opera Solutions analysed data from three local authorities and three expenditure items, which were telephony, solicitors and energy. They believe that councils can achieve significant savings without affecting core public service delivery. To do this councils need to get the clarification of spend data right and negotiate better deals with suppliers.


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Let $X$ be an algebraic variety, $S \subset X$ its singular locus, and $x \in S$. Say that $x$ is good if for any neighborhood $U$ of $x$, any top differential form $\omega$ on $U \setminus S$ and some resolution of singularities $U' \rightarrow U$, the pullback of $\omega$ to $U'$ is regular.
An obvious necessary condition is that $S$ is of co-dimension at least 2. An example of a good point is $(0,0,0)$ in the variety defined by $x^2+y^2+z^2=0$. An example of a singular point which is not good is $(0,0,0)$ in the variety defined by $x^4+y^4+z^4=0$.
Here is the question:
Is the notion of good point related to other properties of singular points?
We are mainly interested in the case when $X$ is complete intersection.
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 5 down vote accepted
The condition you want is very close to having rational singularities.
Definition: A variety $X$ of characteristic zero has rational singularities if it is:
 1. Cohen-Macaulay and,
 2. for some resolution of singularities $\pi : Y \to X$ we have $\pi_* \omega_Y = \omega_X$.
Now, let me explain why condition 2. is essentially the one you described. If $S$ is codimension 2, then $\omega_X$ is actually defined to be the pushforward of $\Omega^{\dim X}_{X\setminus S}$. In other words, $\omega_X$ is exactly those top forms coming from the smooth locus. Since $Y$ is a resolution and hence smooth, $\Omega^{\dim Y}_Y = \omega_Y$.
The statement that $\pi_* \omega_Y = \omega_X$ simply says that any form from the smooth locus of $X$, also comes from a form on $Y$. Which is exactly what you want.
It is worth noting that this definition is independent of the choice of resolution. In particular, if it holds for one resolution, it holds for all.
For further reading I would suggest Singularities of Pairs by János Kollár.
share|improve this answer
Thank you very much for your answer. There is one thing that I did not understand. Do you mean that if $X$ is Cohen-Macaulay and regular outside subvariety of co-dimension 2 then it is good? This will mean that the variety defined by $x^4+y^4+z^4=0$ is good, and I think that it is not true. Or do you mean that if $X$ is Cohen-Macaulay and have rational singularities than it is good. Thank you again, Rami Is it true that the variety defined by $x^4+y^4+z^4=0$ does not have rational singularities? – Rami Feb 3 '12 at 22:37
I've tried to clarify things. But also, if $X$ has rational singularities it is good. Rational singularities implies Cohen-Macaulay and being regular outside a set of codimension – Karl Schwede Feb 3 '12 at 23:50
Sorry for bothering you again, but I still have some qustions: 1. When you discuss direct image do you mean direct image in the derived category or in the abilian category of sheaves? 2. You say " $ω_X$ is actually defined to be the pushforward of $Ω^{dim X}_{X∖S}$." Why it is true? Do you mean that it is true whenever S is of co-dimension 2 or only under certain conditions that are satisfied in this case? what condition? I only see why it is true in the case that X is Gorenstein and only on the level of the abilian category. This should be enough for me but I still want to understand. – Rami Feb 4 '12 at 4:00
I think $\omega_X$ is the unique line bundle on $X$ extending $\Omega^{d}_{X^{\textrm{sm}}}$, where $d$ is the dimension of $X$ and $X^{\textrm{sm}}$ is the nonsingular locus of $X$. The existence and uniqueness of $\omega_X$ are actually not so easy; see Chapter 6.4 in Liu's "Algebraic geometry and arithmetic curves" for a general discussion. In general, if you have a good enough morphism $X\to Y$ of schemes, there exists a unique line bundle $\omega_{X/Y}$ (called the relative dualizing sheaf of $X\to Y$ I think) extending the line bundle $\Omega^r_{X^{sm}/Y}$, where $r$ is the rel. dim. – Ariyan Javanpeykar Feb 4 '12 at 7:34
1. I don't mean the derived pushforward. I mean the ordinary pushforward. In characteristic zero, one also has Grauert-Riemenschneider vanishing which makes $R \pi_* \omega_Y = \pi_* \omega_Y$. 2. This is not trivial, but it's true as I stated it, the Gorenstein condition is not needed. Whenever S has codim 2, $\omega_X$ is the pushforward of the top forms from the smooth locus, the point is that $\omega_X$ is always S2 and it agrees with the top forms on the smooth locus, thus it agrees with the pushforward from the smooth locus. – Karl Schwede Feb 4 '12 at 12:54
Your Answer


Risks of High Temperatures in Schools without AC
Earlier on this blog, we discussed how school districts, at elementary schools and even colleges, have the complete freedom to make the decision to continue with classes or cancel classes if a power outage occurs and knocks out the air conditioning and other climate control measures. It seems there is not a lot of discussion on this important topic, the risk of High Temperatures in Schools.
If we look at this situation at its most basic level, we must examine the effects of extended exposure to high temperatures in enclosed locations on children. We can leave college students out of this discussion for the most part, because they are adults, more often than not. Adults are not considered "in the care of the school" while they attend classes on campus; children attending school, on the other hand, are minors, and legally cannot make their own decision to skip class because of High Temperatures in Schools.High Temperatures in Schools
They must rely on their parents or the school administration, which is authorized to act in loco parentis ("in the place of a parent") while the students are on school grounds attending classes.
What effects might extreme high temperatures in schools cause in students?
According to one Dr. Jerri Rose, a pediatric emergency care physician at Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital in Cleveland, Ohio, says, "Certainly temperatures in the 90s for a prolonged period of time, like an entire school day, can put kids at stress and risk for heat related illness."
She also urges parents and school officials to be aware that children can experience different symptoms of heat related illness than adults will often present with. She states that children can have the following symptoms, but this is by no means a comprehensive listing:
 - Nausea
 - Headaches
 - Vomiting
 - Confusion
 - Difficulty thinking and reasoning
What measures are appropriate to combat the risks of heat related illness in children?
Many people think that if the power goes out during a period of high temperatures, staying indoors and minimizing activity levels will keep your temperature down.
That may not be entirely true.
While remaining sedentary can help, it is by no means a solution on its own. Heat related illness and injury occurs when one's core body temperature rises above safe operating levels. Let me ask you a few questions.
How do we check the "doneness" of meat when cooking?
We check the internal temperature.
What is an oven?
A box made of any number of hard, heat-resistant materials and insulating materials that is heated to cook food and other items.
Does an oven always keep all the heat it creates inside?
No, some heat leaks out, no matter how well insulated or sealed the system is.
So, what are buildings made of?
Hard materials and insulating materials, designed to keep as much of the outside environment outside as possible.
If a building has windows, what do the windows do?
Let in light.
What's a greenhouse made of?
Glass, or other mostly-transparent materials, designed to let in light. They also trap heat, creating a warm environment for plants to grow out-of-season.
So, when the air conditioning goes out….High Temperatures in Schools
You are now in an oven, sitting in the sun, with greenhouse windows letting in light and preventing heat from escaping. With no power to circulate and cool the ambient air in the rooms, the school will literally turn into an oven.
Cool water will not help.
There is no power to run fans.
(Even if there were, fans do not function to cool the air. They only circulate the air, and once temperatures rise above 85 degrees, the fan motor overheats, and turns into a heat pump, compounding the problem.)
The only solution to avoid the risk of High Temperatures in Schools with no AC is to allow students to go home, because not only will they not be able to learn anything when their bodies are struggling to survive the extreme temperatures; there could be drastic physical consequences of being forced to sit in a brick oven while the sun rides higher overhead.
Randy Murphy
Call Us At _PHONE_


Do you take unnecessary risks? your brain structure could be to blame
 - Risk propensity, or the degree to which a person is willing to take a chance with respect to possible loss, is viewed as a necessary attribute for successful entrepreneurs. But excessive or unnecessary risk-taking can have negative consequences, potentially leading to financial loss, gambling disorders, legal issues and strained relationships, among other things.
 - Using brain scans, a new study has observed a link between connections in the brain and the ability of the person to tolerate economic risk. The paper titled "Amygdala Functional and Structural Connectivity Predicts Individual Risk Tolerance" was published in the journal Neuron on April 5.
 - Research had linked depression and other affective disorders to connections between two areas of the brain known as the amygdala and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). In the new study, scientists from the University of Pennsylvania also observed individual differences in these structural and functional connections, which in turn, reflected varying degrees of risk propensity.
 - 108 participants were recruited for the study. First, they were asked to answer questionnaires involving 120 different scenarios. The answers were used to classify where the individuals stood on a spectrum ranging from extremely risk-averse to extremely risk-seeking. "We assessed risk tolerance by giving people an opportunity to gamble. We assessed how willing individuals were of accepting the risk of getting nothing for the chance of getting a higher amount of money," said lead author Joseph Kable, an associate professor of psychology at the University of Pennsylvania.
 - Next, the researchers used MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and DTI (diffusion tensor imaging) to examine connections between different parts of the brain, specifically the aforementioned amygdala-mPFC system. The size of the amygdala was also measured, including the volume of gray and white matter.
 - By analyzing the brain structures and the questionnaire data, it was found that participants with a higher tolerance for risk had more gray m
 Risk taking is a complex phenomenon that is likely influenced by many factors
 atter (a larger amygdala) and displayed more functional amygdala-mPFC connectivity than those with a lower tolerance for risk.
 - "The three measurements — structural and functional connections and the volume of amygdala gray matter — reinforce each other to suggest that there is something important about the function of this system related to differences in how tolerant people are to taking risk," says Kable. "Just by looking at these features of your brain, we could have a reasonable idea if you are someone who will take lots of risk or not."
 - The researchers expressed the desire to collaborate with financial planning organizations in the future, as they believe these findings can help measure risk tolerance in the face of larger economic-based decisions. "Perhaps we can get a better assessment for someone's economic risk tolerance to provide the best advice possible for that particular individual," says Kable.
 - But given the early stages of the research, it is too soon to understand whether a system could be designed and implemented with regards to business investments or gambling disorders. "Risk taking is a complex phenomenon that is likely influenced by many factors. It seems like a big leap to go from a lab study to using this technology to inform financial decisions," added Professor Timothy Caulfield, Canada Research Chair in Health Law and Policy, University of Alberta.
Content Credit: By Sadhana Bharanidharan (Author) – By – Medical


Apple Pears
Can Dogs Eat Apple Pears?
Some fruits are so delicious that you cannot stop yourself from offering some to your dog. Is that the case with apple pears? If yes, you might have the question of whether they can healthily digest this fruit or they will have some stomach problems. So, can dogs eat apple pears a.k.a. Asian pears?
To briefly answer that question: dogs can eat apple pears only in moderation. It is not toxic. However, you should be careful about the seeds and the sugar content that most fruits naturally have high amounts of.
It might be true that some fruits and vegetables have amazing effects on dogs. But not all of them. As you know, some human food is toxic to dogs. So, it is always a wise idea to check what your dog is feeding on. The same goes for the apple pears. It does not matter if your dog accidentally ate them, or you are planning to offer him some.
Many dog owners have thought of giving food to their furry friends, myself included. It might be really tempting to share some delicious food, but do they really need it? If you are wondering if canine friends can eat apple pears, read on to learn everything you need to know.
Nutritional Value of Apple Pears
Apple pear is a fruit coming from a tree called Pyrus Pyrifolia in science. It is native to Asian countries, and you might also hear people call it nashi pear, sand pear or Asian pear. It is a really delicious type of pear with a high water level and a more complex texture when you compare it to the common pear we have at our homes.
A standard apple-pear would be around 50 kcals. 47 kcals of apple pears, almost most of it, comes from the carbs and sugar. That is around %7 of a 30lbs dogs' daily intake. Apple pears have 13 grams of sugar, where 9 grams of it is sugar. The rest is fiber.
Among beneficial things that apple pears have, we can list vitamin C, beta-carotene, thiamin (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2), niacin (vitamin B3), pyridoxine (vitamin B6), and folate (vitamin B9). Apple pears also have minerals such as magnesium, sodium, potassium, calcium, and iron.
Can Dogs Actually Eat Fruits?
A balanced diet for dogs works in the same way that it works for humans: it needs to have carbohydrates, protein, water, vitamins, and minerals. Most of the dog owners stick with the classic packed dog food, and some want to try different food and discover new possible diet options for their dogs.
Fruits have shown to be a great source of vitamins and fiber for them. Actually, it would not be a bad idea to give your dog fruits as treats to make up for the vitamin and fiber needs in his body. You know, maybe he will love it.
Apple Pears
Seeds of Apple Pears Might be Toxic
Apple pears are not toxic to dogs, but you should not let your dog eat it without any supervision. Because, even though they are not toxic, the seeds might be dangerous for the dogs.
There is only a small concern, and that is the seeds of apple pears. They contain a small amount of cyanide, and that substance is dangerous for dogs to consume. If the seeds are swallowed without being crushed, the cyanide will stay inside the seed, and it will be dumped with the stool.
However, if your dog ended up crushing the seeds while chewing, they will absorb some cyanide. People say that it is very unlikely to cause any harm, but it is never a bad idea to be extra cautious with your furry friend.
He will most likely be gassy and have diarrhea after consuming the seeds that have cyanide, but you should know that any fruit will have these side effects.
Apple pears are very less likely to cause serious damage to dogs. If your dog is finding some apple pears that have been fallen to the ground and eating it, make sure that you clean that place so you can control how and how much he is eating this fruit.
What Will Happen If My Dog Eats too Many Apple Pears?
Apple pears are delicious, and your dog might be a big fan of it, too. However, more than half of one apple pear is too much for a dog, and it will cause stomach problems if consumed more than that.
Eating too much apple pears can cause diarrhea and vomiting in dogs. If you think your pooch had a little too much of this delicious fruit, contact your vet right away to be safe.
Conclusion: Can Dogs Eat Apple Pears?
It is very tempting to resist watching your dog look at you with his puppy eyes while you cook or eat. And you might be wondering if he can eat some delicious apple pears or not. Most of the fruits are a very great way to supply your dog's vitamin, fiber, and mineral need because they are full of them.
Yes, we can say that dogs can eat apple pears, but dogs can eat apple pears only in moderation. Because so much of any human food will have some unwanted consequences when consumed by our canine friends.
Another thing to look out for when giving apple pears to your dog is the seeds of this fruit. We already mentioned that the seeds of apple pears contain a small amount of cyanide, which is toxic to dogs.
We hope that you have the answer you have been looking for. Do not forget that moderation is the key when feeding your dog with the same food you are eating.
Gummy Bears
Can Dogs Eat Gummy Bears?
We hope that most of the adults know how unhealthy gummy bears are. So, willingly giving it to your dog is not an option. However, let's say that your dog accidentally ate a bunch of gummy bears or a kid unknowingly gave it to your furry friend. In that case, you have to know the answer to the question of whether dogs can eat gummy bears.
The short answer is, dogs can't eat gummy bears. Gummy bears have a substance called xylitol in them, and that is what makes it problematic food for dogs. This chemical is seriously toxic if eaten by dogs. In fact, gummy bears are the most dangerous thing to give to a canine.
Let's admit that regardless of age, everyone loves gummy bears. So, you might think that it can be a good snack to offer your pup Or, your dog might have done some counter surfing, who knows.
Let's look at what can happen if your dog consumes gummy bears and their effects on dogs to avoid any potential problems.
What Happens If My Dog Consumes Gummy Bears?
Gummy bears have a huge amount of a toxic substance called xylitol. It is a sweetener and is a chemical substitute for sugar. Yes, it does not affect humans if you have not consumed lots and lots of it. However, it is seriously risky for dogs to even eat the tiniest bit of it.
Just a few grams of xylitol can cause death to a 60lbs dog. As you might know, the chocolate has the same effect. So, what do you do if your dog eats too much of gummy bears?
The first thing to do should be watching for signs of poisoning. Just a couple of gummy bears are unlikely to cause big of a problem. However, you should still look out for symptoms such as tremors, vomiting, increased heart rate, and diarrhea.
It is always a good idea to call a vet while observing your dog for further help and support. If your dog ate more than a couple, you have to induce vomiting. This process is an extreme one, and it will probably be messy. So, at least make sure you have your dog in the shower or bathtub, or maybe somewhere that you can clean easily.
Give your dog 2 to 3 tablespoons of hydrogen peroxide to cause vomiting. If your dog does not react in three minutes, send him two or three more tablespoons. When doing so, make sure that someone is in touch with your vet or medical pet care facility in your city.
Symptoms of Xylitol Toxicity
If you are not sure that your dog has eaten enough gummy bears to be poisoned, you should always look for the symptoms listed to act immediately: seizures or shaking, lethargy, abnormal stool, not walking normally, falling or collapsing, vomiting, increased heart rate, diarrhea.
If your furry friend has just eaten gummy bears and you are aware of the problem, keep a very close eye on your canine and check his behaviors for any of the mentioned signs, or anything else that is odd. Because this is not exactly an accurate interpretation of what he can suffer.
Please notify your vet immediately if you find something odd about your dog's actions, behavior, or health, and call your vet if your dog eats xylitol-containing gummy bears. Although your dog may be treated for xylitol poisoning, it is important to detect the symptom early to improve your dog's chances of survival.
Gummy Bears
Effects of Xylitol
Even though xylitol is safe for humans to consume, it is not the same case for dogs. Xylitol is as sweet and dangerous as refined sugar. If we do not consider the toxic effects, we can also say that it is very high in calories. That is why it can make your dog extra active for a short amount of time.
If your dog gains weight, this can bring unwanted health complications. Obesity and heart diseases are only a couple of them. Among


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The "silver" fox, also marketed as a Siberian fox, is a color phase (or specially produced mutation) of the red fox that, after 50 years of experiments in the Soviet Union and Russia, is widely available via the exotic pet trade.
Naturally occurring silver foxes are somewhat rare, comprising only 8% of Canada's wild red fox population. Those seen in captivity, like this male given refuge at Black Pine, are typically outcasts of the pet trade.
Since arriving in September 2012, this male is as yet unnamed and his age is unknown. He was brought to Black Pine by a conservation officer with the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, safely captured while wandering around a residential neighborhood at a northeast Indiana lake.
After consulting with the state licensing agent Black Pine determined if the fox was kept as a "pet", which is likely given the animal's lack of fear of humans, he was apparently not owned legally. With no other apparent options, Black Pine is happy to be able to provide the animal a new forever home.
Foxes have grown in popularity within the exotic pet trade because of their beauty, curious and playful nature, and similarity to dogs. They are, however, very smelly and will continuously scent mark their home by urinating and defecating often and in obvious places. They are often destructive and skittish, nervous animals, so do not do well in people's homes around other high-energy animals, or children. Foxes often kill cats, too, so can pose a danger to both fellow "pets" and keepers.
InfoBox - Silver Fox
Status: Least concern.
Diet: Beef, venison, poultry, fruit, vegetables, dog food.
Life span: 10 to 15 years in captivity.
Weight: 8 to 15 pounds.
Native habitat: Canada and northern U.S.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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New Chameleon Species from the Aberdare Mountains, Kenya
A new species from the central highlands of Kenya is described but may be threatened by fires
Surveys of the highlands of East Africa continue to reveal undescribed chameleon species diversity. Researchers recently surveyed the inaccessible Kinangop Peak (4000m) at the southern end of the Aberdare range, central highlands of Kenya. They compared the external morphology of small chameleons they found with other described taxa in the bitaeniatus group, which revealed them to be morphologically distinct. Mitochondrial DNA was used to construct gene trees and showed that the proposed new taxon, Trioceros kinangopensis sp. nov., is unique evolutionary lineage that is closely related to T. nyirit and T. schubotzi. Trioceros kinangopensis sp. nov. is restricted to the afroalpine zone (>3500m) and the prevalence of fires in this type of habitat may threaten its long-term survival.
For more information, read the full article here.


Lotus-Notes-oriented questions on StackOverflow are infrequent enough that the single lotus-notes tag should encompass all Lotus Notes language topics, including LotusScript, the Notes formula language, the Notes C/C++ API, and the COM and Java interfaces. As such, it is better to use that tag, lotus-notes, rather than this one, lotusscript.
It is appropriate to also include specific language tags when asking questions about communicating with Lotus Notes from those languages, for example using.NET or VBA to send an email, or to pull data from SQL into Notes.
history | show excerpt | excerpt history


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Length: 4-6 mm
Members of this genus are often attracted to lights, and may also be found on the flowers or leaves of plants growing near water. The male (pictured) has improbably pectinate, or comb-like antennae. Presumably these are used to hone in on pheromones released by the female. Female members of this genus have serrate antennae.
The Toed-Winged Beetle family is a small one, and in northeastern North America there is only one other genus, Anchytarsus. Unlike Ptilodactyla, however, members of the genus Anchytarsus have neither serrate nor pectinate antennae.
For ones peace of mind, it is probably a good idea to refrain from trying to identify members of this genus to species. For that you would need a stereomicroscope, a dissecting kit, a large entomological library, and considerable patience.
Right: Another male of the genus Ptilodactyla.
Note: This page is both the Ptilodactyla sp. page, and the family page for Ptilodactylidae.
Insects of West Virginia


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Answer in brief.
Describe any five points of importance of coordinating.
Attempt the following.
Describe the importance of coordinating.
Answer in brief.
Explain importance of coordinating with any Four Points.
Answer the following.
Explain importance of coordinating.
Co-ordination refers to the integration and synchronization of the group efforts so as to provide unity of action for organisational goals. Coordination is a hidden force which binds all other functions of management together.
The importance of co-ordinating is as follows:
The need for coordination arises out of the fact that different elements and efforts of an organization are to be harmonized and unified to achieve the common objectives. The importance of coordination can be discussed as follows:
- Encourages Team Spirit:
In organizations, a group of individuals works together. There may be the existence of conflicts, disputes between individuals, departments, and employers, and employees regarding organizational policies, roles, and responsibilities, etc. Coordination arranges the work in such a way that minimum conflicts are raised. It increases the team spirit at the workplace.
- Gives Proper Direction:
Coordination integrates departmental activities for achieving the common goal of the organization.
The work is arranged in a very systematic way. The interdependence of departments gives proper direction to the employees.
- Facilitates Motivation:
Coordination motivates the employees to take initiative while completing their assigned tasks.
Effective co-ordination increases efficiency and results in the growth and prosperity of the organization. A prosperous organization ensures job security, higher income, promotion, and incentives. Such monetary and nonmonetary incentives provide job security and motivate the employees for hard work.
- Optimum Utilization of Resources:
Managers try to integrate all the resources systematically. It helps in utilizing all available resources at its optimum level. Co-ordination also helps to minimize the wastage of resources and control the cost of work.
- Achieve Organizational Objectives:
Co-ordination leads to minimizing the wastages of materials, idle time of employees, delay in completion of targets, departmental disputes etc.to a great extent. It ensures the smooth working of the organization in the process of achieving the objectives of the organization.
- Improves Relation:
Co-ordination develops cordial relations between all the levels of management of an organization. Every department depends on the functioning of other departments. For example, the sales department works according to the production department, the Production department depends on the Purchase department, and so on. Coordination helps the employees to build strong relations among them and achieve the given targets.
- Leads to Higher Efficiency:
With the help of optimum utilization of resources and effective integration of resources, the organization can achieve high returns in terms of high productivity, high profitability as well as can reduce the cost. Thus, coordination leads to higher efficiency.
- Improves Goodwill:
Higher sales and higher profitability can be achieved due to synchronized efforts of organizational people, strong human relations, and lower costs. It directly results in creating goodwill for the organization in the market. It reflects on the market value of shares as well as it helps in building a good image in society.
- Unity of Direction:
Different activities are performed by different departments. Coordination harmonizes these activities for achieving the common goal of the organization. Thus, coordination gives proper direction to all departments of the organization.
All departments of the organization are headed by experts in their respective fields. The specialized knowledge of these departmental heads helps in managerial decisions. It leads the organization to march towards growth and success in the competitive world of business.


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Posted: Feb 14, 2013 7:00 AM by By Serena Gordon
THURSDAY, Feb. 14 (HealthDay News) -- In news that might one day help humans who struggle with type 1 diabetes every day, Spanish researchers report that a single session of gene therapy injections cured five beagle puppies who had the blood sugar disease.
Even four years later, the dogs showed no signs of diabetes.
"Our data represent the first demonstration of long-term correction of diabetes in a large animal model using gene transfer," the scientists wrote in the Feb. 7 online issue of Diabetes.
However, the dogs all had a chemically induced version of diabetes that's meant to model human type 1 diabetes.
In humans, type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease, which means the body's own immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells as though they were bacteria or viruses.
In the case of type 1 diabetes, the immune system destroys the insulin-producing beta cells located in the pancreas. Insulin is a hormone that's needed to transport glucose into the body's cells to be used as fuel. Glucose is sugar that comes from the carbohydrates you consume. Carbohydrates are nutrients found in a variety of foods, including fruits, vegetables, breads and sweets.
Once the beta cells are destroyed, the body no longer makes insulin (or makes very little of the hormone), and anyone with type 1 diabetes needs insulin injections or an insulin pump for the rest of their lives.
However, insulin needs change constantly, depending on the type and amount of food eaten and level of physical activity. Even emotions can affect insulin levels. Too little insulin can cause high blood sugar levels, while too much insulin can cause low blood sugar levels. Neither condition is healthy and, if severe enough, either can cause death.
In the current study, the researchers developed a gene therapy that served two purposes: one was to sense the amount of glucose in skeletal muscles and the other was to release insulin. This research group had already tested this therapy in mice, where it was found to be successful in controlling blood sugar levels.
To test the therapy, the researchers needed dogs with diabetes. However, the types of diabetes that occur naturally in dogs aren't the same as type 1 diabetes. So, the researchers induced diabetes in a group of beagle puppies between 6 and 12 months old. The dogs were then given daily insulin injections.
The gene therapy involved a single session of numerous injections in the dog's rear legs. The needles used are like those used in human cosmetic procedures.
The dogs quickly got better and maintained normal blood sugar levels without insulin. The researchers continued to measure blood sugar control and the animals' health for more than four years. The dogs stayed healthy, and seem to have no long-term problems from the gene therapy.
Lead researcher Fatima Bosch, director of the Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy at the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona in Spain, said the next step in their research is to test the gene therapy on dogs with naturally occurring diabetes. The dogs will also be pets, so their living conditions and glucose levels will be varied, more closely mimicking what a person with type 1 diabetes would encounter.
Dr. Camillo Ricordi, director of the Diabetes Research Institute and the cell transplant center at the University of Miami, called the new research "an important study, and a remarkable initial finding. But, this is not a type 1 model of diabetes. This is a model where you induce diabetes chemically and you may have residual [beta] cell function."
Ricordi explained that because it's not naturally occurring type 1 diabetes, there's no worry of the immune system destroying the insulin-releasing cells in the muscle. But, in a person with type 1 diabetes, the immune system could still attack and destroy these new cells.
Dr. Massimo Trucco, chief of the division of immunogenics at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, said the issue of autoimmunity is an important one. But, of greater concern to him is that while this therapy worked in very controlled conditions -- the dogs' diets and exercise sessions were controlled -- in real-life conditions, this therapy might not work as well.
"Dogs get the food you want them to have. They probably spent most of their time in a cage. But, kids eat what they want and play when they want, meaning their [blood sugar level] varies dramatically. If you inject this therapy into the muscles, the muscle cells don't have the same apparatus to control the insulin levels that beta cells do. This would release insulin too slow to give good control, and could cause [low blood sugar levels] when it does release," he said.
Trucco said he doesn't believe this therapy could translate to humans.
"Human beings are not clones of dogs. Beta cells are more complicated than muscle cells. Muscles just can't secrete insulin quickly and efficiently like beta cells do," he said.
But, he added that this was a very well-done gene therapy study that showed that the particular form of gene therapy used in this research appears to be safe for long-term use.
Learn more about gene therapy from the Human Genome Project.
SOURCES: Massimo Trucco, M.D., chief, division of immunogenics, and professor, pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh; Camillo Ricordi, M.D., director, Diabetes Research Institute and the cell transplant center, University of Miami; Fatima Bosch, director, Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain; Feb. 7, 2013, Diabetes, online
Copyright (c) 2012 HealthDay. All rights reserved.


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This is a bit outside my expertise, so anyone with a good knowledge of the appropriate physics would be nice. Just thought of an unusual world concept to go along with all those people who dream of ringworlds, Dyson spheres, and such.
My idea: A binary planet (a pair of binary planets?), er, two masses that orbit each other, have roughly the same size and mass, and keep the same face towards each other. The potentially interesting aspect: The inhabitants of one planet build a space elevator connecting to the other one.
It's my understanding that our moon keeps the same face towards us because of its origin as a torn-out chunk of Earth. Seems to me the right circumstances could divide a planet evenly. Of course, I realize this, along with the chance of making both halves life-sustaining would be wildly improbable, but it's a big universe, and a potentially cool setting helps.
So, any difficulties to discuss? Stuff that comes to mind: 1. Even if life develops on both places, the two would be quite different. 2. The two faces might not be synchronized enough to support an elevator for long. 3. Routine eclipses might make for interesting, though potentially nasty climates.


Posted in Health Libido and sex
How to have sex several times a day! Having a second erection after an orgasm
How to have sex several times a day! Having a second erection after an orgasm Posted on 10 October 2018Leave a comment
Many men feel frustrated at not being able to satisfy their partner because of the difference in the time it takes a man to enjoy and that of a woman. Often, to make a woman enjoy, men end up with their fingers or leave their partner to fend for themselves. Yet all men would like to assure and say that they are able to have a new erection and put the cover back.
If men are unable to have a second erection after cumming, it is because of the refractory period. It is this phenomenon that happens just after having enjoyed. Man produces hormones of well-being and satisfaction, which prevent him from being aroused again and to get a boner directly. All this is also a question of testosterone. We tell you everything!
How long does it take to get a new erection?
Unfortunately, answering this question is difficult because you know it better than us. It depends on everyone, and age. As the refractory period depends on your hormones and your testosterone, this period of time increases with age, since hormonal imbalance occurs with age. A 50-year-old man produces testosterone less quickly than a 20-year-old man.
For example, in a young man of 20 years, the refractory period is 2 to 15 minutes, while for a man of 40, he must wait 1 to 2 hours before having an erection again after doing the love. And when you're 70 years old, you have to wait 24 hours before having sex again. That's why mechanically, without viagra, without any help, a man of 70 years without erection problems makes maximum love 7 times a week.
What is the refractory period?
The refractory period in physiology is the moment immediately preceding the activity of a nerve or a muscle. After intense activity, the muscle ignores any stimulation, then after a while, we start a second phase, which is the recovery phase during which the muscle regains sensitivity but is still weak.
For sex, it's pretty much the same thing. Except that the mechanism is different. The refractory period refers to the length of time between two periods of sexual activity. Put another way and simply, it's the time it takes for your penis to get hard again.
Is it impossible to get hard again after an orgasm?
Knowing why we lose our erection after sex is the same as asking ourselves what causes this refractory period. The main causes are two hormones: prolactin and oxytocin. Prolactin is a hormone that like testosterone plays a role on the libido. This hormone is produced in quantity when reaching orgasm. Its role is to provide a feeling of well-being and a bliss. We can thank that hormone! Except that our body is so tired, that it kills the effect of arousal that causes testosterone. Oxytocin is a neuropeptide that is a bit like the magic wand that makes you fall in love. It also gives a feeling of confidence, rest, zenitude and love.
We do not say that love is bad and that to be sexually active you must not be in love. Besides, love is not only due to these two hormones, but the high presence of these hormones after orgasm induces the body to feel good. You are no longer looking for something else. Simply, you are not arroused.
How to decrease the refractory period?
The basic answer is very simple: you have to increase your testosterone level. The longer answer is also to have a much healthier lifestyle: quit smoking, drinking, playing sports, eating balance.
 - Testosterone cure
For the testosterone level, fortunately, there are solutions. Just take a course of testosterone supplements. These natural capsules are studied to increase the rate of testosterone, which obviously allows to band faster. This is why a teenager or a young man has a much shorter rest period. This is because it is at its peak of testosterone production. Unfortunately, the testosterone level decreases with age.
produit pour avoir plus de testostérone⇒ We advise you to start a TestRX cure!
It also contains many vitamins such as B6 or vitamin D. But that's not all! You will understand with the following point why it is advisable to buy this product.
 - Cure of vitamins and dietary supplements
Again, for vitamins there is a solution. Zinc is very good for sexual performance, especially to increase sperm production. Some vitamins help maintain muscle shape and tone.
⇒ We told you to buy TestRX because it is twice a solution to the problem of testosterone.
In addition to having all the natural components to increase testosterone, it includes many vitamins and dietary supplements. There is magnesium, zinc, D-aspartic acid, fenugreek, vitamin K2, B6 and D.
 - Improve your lifestyle
For the other points, there is no cure, it's up to you to make an effort. Eating fat is bad for the body and being overweight has destructive effects on sexuality. Eating too much sugar can have inhibitory effects on the excitement. The cigarette is very bad for sexual performance. If you are used to watching porn frequently, reduce the dose a little. Porn has a negative effect on long-term sexual arousal.
Reducing stress is obviously very important. Everyone knows that when you're stressed you can have trouble to have a boner. Try to find a way to reduce stress, relieve tension, think of something else.
Eat products rich in nitric oxide (NO). These are nitrates that are found in a series of foods and that promote the influx of blood. Since the penis is full of blood and erection is possible because of cavernous bodies that are filling with blood, it is wise to find a way to improve the flow of blood. Citrulline, arginine and nitrates promote the production of nitric oxide. The rich foods are watermelon, rhubarb, beets, spinach and celery.
 - Avoid too much tenderness
As we have seen, we already produce enough hormones that make us feel good and soothed. In fact, everything is done so that we look at each other with love and sweetness. Unfortunately, this behavior also indicates to our body that it has had its dose of sex. So to avoid falling into too much romance that would cut the carnal desire for sex, do your best to stay in an atmosphere more sexual than romantic.
For example, do not stay in bed doing cute hugs. Do not get into burning statements. Jump from bed, try to think of things that excite you. See your partner as a fantasy and not as the loving person who makes your heart beat. Yes … it's easier said than done!
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(1869–1930) Austrian chemist
Pregl, who was born at Laibach (now Ljubljana in Slovenia), was the son of a bank official. He graduated in medicine from Graz (1893) where he became an assistant in physiological chemistry in 1899. In 1910 he became head of the chemistry department at Innsbruck, remaining there until 1913 when he returned to Graz to become director of the Medico-Chemical Institute.
Pregl began research on bile acids in about 1904 but soon found that he could only obtain tiny amounts. This led him to pioneer techniques of microanalysis. Justus von Liebig had needed about 1 gram of a substance before he could make an accurate analysis; through his new techniques Pregl was capable of working with 2.5 milligrams. This was achieved by the careful scaling down of his analytic equipment and the design of a new balance, which was produced in collaboration with the instrument maker W. Kuhlmann of Hamburg. With this he was capable of weighing 20 grams to an accuracy of 0.001 milligram.
The techniques developed by Pregl are of immense importance in organic chemistry and he was awarded the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1923 for this work.
Subjects: Science and Mathematics.


How did different people with different philosophies and ideologies attain the same enlightenment or did they not? Buddha attained enlightenment and so did Adi Shankaracharya, but their philosophies are different (not to mention ramanujacharya, nagarjuna and many others). Or is it the case that we can never really know who attains enlightenment? Well I know that there is similarity between Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta but at the core they are very different. How did they attain the same enlightenment knowing the real truth in two different ways? At least one of them is wrong.
Well some say the truth can be interpreted in different ways but if advaita says self exists and buddhism denies it there is a big problem you can't make them compatible with one another.
I have already asked this question here _URL_ and got pretty decent answers, i just wanted to know advaitins view.
 - Buddha acted as enlightened from Gaya for moha of buddhist. But actually buddha is avatara of vishnu there is no requirement for enlightened because he is light itself. – Prasanna R Sep 2 '20 at 7:40
 - well i'm not spiritual so i want more of philosophical answer. advaita claims "aham brahamasmi" – dark_prince Sep 2 '20 at 12:16
 - Same Moksha can be achieved by various methods. As Ramakrishna Paramhamsa used to say "Jato mat tato path" which means "there are as many paths to moksha as there are doctrines" _USER_ – Rickross Sep 3 '20 at 11:34
 - _USER_ Gangopadhyay and @ Srimannarayana K V has already given a speculative answers. My problem was that the one who follows advaita becomes enlightened after knowing - brahman alone exists and he is that(brahman) while the one who follows buddhism gets enlightenment after he realizes that everything is impermanent and transient these two statement are at the opposite end of the spectrum one says there is self and other says there is no self but still both of them gets the same enlightenment. – dark_prince Sep 3 '20 at 11:46
 - Budha the avatar of Vishnu is different from Buddha who estb Buddhism. K thought that's clearly sorted. – sbharti Sep 28 '20 at 0:07
No definitive answer can be given to this question. However, a speculative answer may be given.
Advaita Vedanta enlightenment is attained when the mind becomes still.
When the lake of the mind becomes clear and still, man knows himself as he really is, always was, and always will be. He knows that he is the Atman. His 'personality', his mistaken belief in himself as a separate, unique individual, disappears. "Patanjali" is only an outer covering, like a coat or a mask, which he can assume or lay aside as he chooses. Such a man is known as a free, illumined soul.
How to know God The Yoga Aphorisms of Patanjali I.3 Commentary by Swami Prabhavananda and Christopher Isherwood
:"Now I'd like to say more about the fundamental nature of the mind. There is no reason to believe that the innate mind, the very essential luminous nature of awareness, has neural correlates, because it is not physical, not contingent upon the brain. So while agree with neuroscience that gross mental events correlate with brain activity, I also feel that on a more subtle level of consciousness, brain and mind are two separate entities."
Dalai Lama in 'On Luminosity of mind' quoted in 'The Really hard problem meaning in a material world' by Owen Flanagan
It seems comparing the two quotes that Advaita Vedanta enlightenment is achieved when the mind disappears while Buddhist enlightenment is attained when the mind itself becomes luminous.
 - so is the nature of enlightenment of buddhists and advaitin different? and if this is so which one is correct? and is this sense of correctness subjective? – dark_prince Sep 2 '20 at 12:21
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 Judging by the two quotes they seem to be different. The Advaita experience is ontological while the Buddhist experience is psychological. Both are experiences. So the question boils down to which experience leads to enlightenment. It is not possible to answer this question without experiencing both. – Pradip Gangopadhyay Sep 2 '20 at 12:44
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 Can an experience of a Salt be different for Buddhist and advaitin? Experience is an ABSTRACT thing. So enlightenment will be the same. _USER_ – Srimannarayana K V Sep 2 '20 at 12:46
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 _USER_: Did Buddha himself state that the nature of enlightenment of buddhists and advaitin different? I don't think so. Normally, an enlightened person will not enter into unnecessary arguments. At best, he may provide a terse reply to a query put forth to him. The hair-splitting arguments are the product of people without actual REALISATION. – Srimannarayana K V Sep 2 '20 at 13:32
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 I think that's why attaining enlightenment is difficult. thanks for giving such a perfect answer. – dark_prince Sep 2 '20 at 13:46
Enlightenment is philosophical phenomena each tradition has it's own definition. if one is not belonjng to that specific cannot claim that I'm enlightened in that tradition its like saying I'm PhD in physics submitted thesis in physics but got PhD in chemistry instead.
Now Advaita says that for enlightenment only brahman exists ones illusion must be destroyed completely to be that brahman the whole world illusion. As per this theory enlightened person should vanish from this illusionary world as he is destroyed illusion aka the world that was only his making. Since no enlightened person exists in this illusionary world one cannot compare with Buddhist enlightment
For tattvada its realizing oneself and in turn god inside ones heart is enlighment here the criteria of destruction of illusionary world is not there because world is real and ever changing here both jive and brahman exists confirmed by dwasuparna. Enlightenment is attainment of ones own bliss that is different for different jivas according to their capacity its relative fullness cup is full, bucket is full in it's own capacity as its evident bucket is not same as cup qualitative same but quantitatively different. There is gradation is difference of bliss in moksha what jiva are having bliss on moksha that is both qualitative and quantitative several thousand less in comparison with brahma the creator even without moksha brahma have bliss which several times greater than normal jiva in moksha
Two people who has attained enlightenment cannot work on the same philosophy or path. They have to create their own instead.
An enlightened being sees other enlightened being as a replica who is doing the same job but in a different way.
the main task is to make people realise who actually they are, and making them realise who they are is one of the hardest job on this planet. for this, philosophies are developed, a philosophy is nothing but a thought. A thought of seeing the humanity in its best possible state.
It is obvious that this thought of seeing humanity in its best state must be common to every enlightened being. In reality this thought is the core motive of every philosophy, be it philosophy of science or any other philosophy given by a being.
But when we see, the expanded form of this thought, it looks very different from other expanded forms of this same thought. Sometimes they seems just opposite to each other.
so, wether its Buddha or Adi Shankaracharya, both worked for the same cause.
Suppose there are two points A and B.
Now say, there is a men who is sticked with point A, sticking simply means he is calling only point A is true.
Now, You have to make him detach from point A, in order to make him realise what he is calling true is not true for everyone, what will you do? you will disagree with point A in your philosophy.
And same will go for point B.
Now, in this contradiction which really exists in our society, the men will think if point A is not true and B is also not true, Than what is the truth.
In this he will go for self enquiry, which is the ultimate aim of spirituality. Hence every philosophy has its own values, so instead of going through them, go in yourself. In the end every philosophy becomes true.
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Last night I helped launch of Neighbor to Neighbor Lighting, a free Green Lighting program that will help Connecticut homeowners save on their electricity bills by switching to energy efficient light bulbs. Go Green Lighting!!
Neighbor to Neighbor Lighting is part of the larger Neighbor to Neighbor Energy Challenge. The program is a free and simple first step for homeowners who want to reduce their energy consumption. Seth Leitman, co-author of the book "Green Lighting" – who is often referred to as "the green living guy," took center stage at the program's launch event at Eastern Connecticut State University (ECSU) to discuss his new book and the importance of energy efficiency.
"If more people in our communities switched to compact fluorescent light bulbs, light emitting diodes, day lighting and other greener lighting options, we would be able to save more than enough energy costs to stop building coal, nuclear and natural gas power plants," Leitman said. "People are afraid of transitioning to CFLs or LEDs because they don't know enough about them. That's why we need to get the word out about green lighting."
"ECSU and Windham are working together to bring the Neighbor to Neighbor Energy Challenge to households throughout the community," said Laurel Kohl, an Education and Training Energy Specialist at ECSU's Institute for Sustainable Energy. "I am pleased how well our community has come together with the campaign to rally our residents around these important money-saving issues."
Lighting accounts for 10 to 15 percent of electricity consumption in an average home, adding up to between $200 and $300 over the course of a year. Switching to energy efficient bulbs can save families at least $100 per year and will greatly reduce the amount of energy wasted through the use of outdated incandescent light bulbs. Neighbor to Neighbor Lighting will provide free lighting consultations and energy efficient light bulb replacements to participating households.
The program is available for a limited-time: only the first 2,000 eligible households in Neighbor to Neighbor Energy Challenge towns will be able to participate. One of the first 250 households to sign up for Neighbor to Neighbor Lighting will be selected to receive a special prize: a personal consultation from Leitman and the Neighbor to Neighbor Clean Energy Corps.
The Neighbor to Neighbor Clean Energy Corps, a team of 10 recent college graduates working with Connecticut residents to reduce energy waste, recently received residential lighting certificates after completing a course from the Lighting Research Center at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. The Clean Energy Corps will visit participating households to perform energy efficient light installations and educate homeowners on efficient lighting technology.
These were the members of the Corps! Hoorah!!"We are so excited to launch Neighbor to Neighbor Lighting," said Bryan Garcia, Chief Community Officer for Earth Markets, the organization that designed the program. "This is another great way that Neighbor to Neighbor is helping residents lower their monthly bills in communities across Connecticut."
Eligible residents can get started today by visiting _URL_ There, they can sign up for Neighbor to Neighbor email updates and join the growing movement to reduce
Connecticut's energy waste.
More On Green Living News from The Green Living Guy:


text: This title is co-published with Oxford University Press. Long considered the most comprehensive account of electromagnetic theory and analytical methods for solving waveguide and cavity problems, this new Second Edition has been completely revised and thoroughly updated - approximately 40 per cent new material! Packed with examples and applications "Field theory of guided waves" provides solutions to a large number of practical structures of current interest. The book includes an exceptionally complete discussion of scalar and Dyadic Green functions. Both a valuable review and source of basic information on applied mathematical topics and a hands-on source for solution methods and techniques, this book belongs on the desk of all engineers working in microwave and antenna systems! It is sponsored by: IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society.


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archaeological dig at Scotts Landing, Eggemoggin Reach
Fri, 06 March 2009 14:28
Archaeologists unearth paleo-Indian artifacts at Island Heritage Trust site in the summer of 2006
Ancient Materials Come to Light in Scott's Landing Archaeological Dig
Holding artifacts that not seen the light of day for over 2,000 years, a group of amateur and professional archaeologists unearthed ancient materials from a shell midden illustrating life in the Early Archaic and Ceramic periods of Deer Isle's paleo-Indian ancestors at Scott's Landing this summer.
Blessed with good weather, over 20 amateur archaeologists and islanders dug and meticulously screened a small patch of the island's newest preserve in late June and early July. After a lecture and welcoming meal at Ann and Roger Hooke's the night before, Cox led his own archaeological team and the community participants through an enthralling but exhausting sunup to sun-down field school on the shores of Eggemoggin Reach.
Cox's team has worked with him on many other digs so they were paired up with community members to learn proper archaeological field techniques and how to recognize materials such as stone tools, pottery, food remains, and cultural features such as hearths and tent floors. Cox and others taught the more inexperienced participants how to record and interpret results and protect fragile artifacts for future study.
From the photo of the materials, one can see how crucial it is when excavating a site that everything be carefully removed from a site and its location recorded with precision.
Many community members remarked on the effort expended and time needed to protect the detailed history and important information that is available in a professionally supervised dig.
IHT President and anthropologist Bill Haviland says in his book, Deer Isle's Original People, that "Once taken out of context, objects by themselves tell us next to nothing. Thus to dig around in archaeological sites looking for relics destroys them and the information they contain as effectively as if they were bulldozed into oblivion."
He goes to say that Paleo-indian sites are generally "very small briefly but repeatedly by small groups of people; perhaps 1 or 2 families together."
Often the sites were used for seasonal camping, fishing and harvesting for a highly mobile people who worked closely in clans and small units.
Steve Cox will be providing an in-depth public lecture about the findings of the Scott's Landing sometime in the fall of 2007.
Many thanks to Ken and Marnie Reed Crowell for their key role in creating this great opportunity for Deer Isle and the IHT and to the Bar Harbor Bank and Trust and the Island Education Foundation and other donors who underwrote the cost of the field school.
Dr. Steve Cox has over three decades of field school experience and has led excavations for the Maine State Museum and the Abbe Museum. He is currently an Adjunct Curator for the Maine State Museum.
Cox's team included Betsy Webster, Diane Kopec, Donna Madonna, Jacob Freedman, Laurie Labar, Robert and Sandy Lewis, Robin Marion, Stephanie Wagner, and Susan Blaisdell.
Community members were 18 year-old islanders Greta Avis and Brittany Pottle, Joanie Banks, teachers Pam Cohen and Stephanie Lee, Tom and Marilyn Mehalic, Cathy Hart, Wilson Museum Director Patty Hutchins, Ken Schweikert, and Marion Foss.


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Under the Sea
Land of the Unique: Menubar
CuttlefishCuttlefish average 30 cm long and live for only about 18 months. They are nocturnal animals that feed at night using tentacles, and keep hidden during the day. Cuttlefish eat small fish, crab and shrimp. The cuttlefish is also chameleon-like because they too can change colors to match their surroundings and hide from predators.
Palau Resources
| Screen Saver | Palau Credits
Jellyfish Lakes Sea Anemones Parrotfish Moray Eel Sea Cucumber Saltwater Lakes Jellyfish Sharks Cuttlefish Coral Reefs


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Union learning has an impact on everything that unions stand for. It can help improve Heath and Safety, equality of opportunity, job security and pay.
Trade unions can play a major role in making sure members have the skills needed to compete in the jobs of the future. Many of our future economic challenges, such as digitalisation and automation, can be addressed through learning and skills.
The Wales TUC has led the way in union learning for over 20 years. We support our affiliated unions and their Wales Union Learning Fund (WULF) projects. These learning projects range from Essential Skills and reading to plumbing and make-up artist qualifications. Because they work through unions and the workplace, WULF projects find learners which other funds can't reach. They support those who need help the most.
The Wales TUC is currently campaigning to make learning and skills part of making Wales a 'Fair Work Nation'. By supporting members with their learning we improve their job prospects and they gain the skills they need. But there are also wider benefits - WULF can create a more skilled workforce and improve the economy.
Watch our video about WULF to find out more.
Union Learning Reps (ULRs) are the invaluable asset that helps unions reach learners. Together with WULF they can support a range of learning opportunities including digital literacy, bespoke professional courses and help during career or organisational change. Within their workplace a ULR will:
raise awareness about the value of learning
help organise courses
support and encourage members to take part in learning
promote equality and health and wellbeing through learning
If you are interested in becoming a Union Learning Rep talk to your branch secretary.


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Historic Economic Decades 1980s &1990s Research Assignment (Annotated Bibliography Sample)
Group Research with Annotated Bibliography (75 points)
Each group will research and present the economic history of two decades in United States history.
As a team, choose which 2 of the historic economic decades your team will research for this course project. You may choose any two decades from this list below or a decade pair may be assigned by your Professor based on your Group number. As you will notice from this list, the decades are focused on United States history.
Each group will research their selected or assigned decade(s) for its economic history (remember to keep notes of your sources for citation purposes as you research). You will submit your research in Week 4 as an Annotated Bibliography.
Remember, this is not a history assignment, but rather an economic assignment.
Below is our assigned Decades
Decade groupings, along with some examples of significant events in those decades that may have influenced the economy in the United States:
◾1980s: Recession, Reaganomics, Stock market growth and crash, Japanese auto competition and unions
◾1990s: Recession, Stock market boom, Tech Bubble/Bust, Welfare reform, Internet
After you have determined which decades to research, begin compiling information from credible and reliable sources on the economic features of the decades. Your research should offer a description of the economy during the decade and an explanation to account for the performance of the economy. Many events influence the economy within a ten year period.
In your research, considerations should include changes, such as in:
Annotated Bibliography: Historic Economic Decades 1980S &1990S
Miner, J. (1989). The Reagan Deficit. Public Budgeting & Finance, 9(1), 15-32. doi:10.1111/_PHONE_.00806
Miner focuses on the budget deficit as it is an indicator on the governments influence on the aggregate demand, and macroeconomic policies are available to address this, while deficits affect interest rates, inflation and exchange rates. While there was a recession in 1982-83, there was increased employment from then on. The inflation rate was lower than the average of the previous carter administration. The rise in the Regan deficit occurred at a time there was a rise, then fall in exchange rates form 1986 and the U.S. became a net foreign debtor beginning 1985. Even as there was a recession, this was followed by economic expansion and low unemployment rates for a longer period of time during peacetime than previous administration. Higher defense spending and low taxation were identified as the main factors that caused deficit growth during the Reagan administration.
Kirchhoff, Sue., & Hagenbaugh, Barbara & Block, Sandra. (2004, Jun 11). Reagan had lasting impact on world's economic future. USA Today
The writers pointed out that Reagan
- Historic Economic Decades 1980s &1990s Research AssignmentDescription: As a team, choose which 2 of the historic economic decades your team will research for this course project. You may choose any two decades from this list below or a decade pair may be assigned by your Professor based on your Group number....3 pages/≈825 words | 6 Sources | APA | Mathematics & Economics | Annotated Bibliography |


1. Archive
U.S. seeks credible opposition leader
U.S. officials are casting their nets wide to find a credible opposition leader or perhaps a figurehead who might lead Iraq after Saddam Hussein, meeting even with a man who would be king.
During the U.S. and British bombings of Iraq, State Department and Pentagon officials met with Sharif Ali bin al-Hussein, the 42-year-old heir to the throne of a modern Iraqi monarchy that ended 40 years ago.
Ali, who leads the Constitutional Monarchy Movement, survived a revolution in 1958 that toppled his cousin, the last king, Faisal II. The king was killed, along with the crown prince, Abdullah. Ali, 2 years old, was taken out of Iraq by his parents, both of whom were also related to the royal families of Saudi Arabia and Jordan.
Ali's grandfather, the emir of Mecca, was the uncle of Iraq's first modern king, Faisal I, who had been handed the throne of Iraq by the British in 1921. Britain set about establishing a parliamentary system in Iraq and decided to crown it with a constitutional monarchy.
Ali, who lives in London, commands only a small movement. But he thinks nonetheless that the idea of a constitutional monarchy still has resonance in Iraq.
"The Iraqi monarchy would be a symbol around which all parts of Iraq would be able to rally because we're not based on any single constituency, nor are we a political party," Ali said in an interview. "What we look forward to is establishing democratic institutions that would guarantee that all players in politics would be able to participate as they wish.
"It was the monarchy that achieved independence for Iraq from the League of Nations mandate. Iraq was the first Arab nation to have independence. The legacy of the monarchs compared to the republics that followed _ all of them dictatorships _ have made people much more aware of the positive roles of the monarchy."


Installation overview
Installing a StorageGRID system in a Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) or CentOS Linux environment includes three primary steps.
 1. Preparation: During planning and preparation, you perform these tasks:
 - Learn about the CPU, network, and storage requirements for StorageGRID.
 - Identify and prepare the physical or virtual servers you plan to use to host your StorageGRID grid nodes.
 - Prepare the RHEL or CentOS hosts, which includes installing Linux, configuring the host network, configuring host storage, installing Docker, and installing the StorageGRID host services.
 2. Deployment: When you deploy grid nodes, the individual grid nodes are created and connected to one or more networks. When deploying grid nodes:
 1. You deploy virtual grid nodes on the hosts you prepared in Step 1.
 2. You deploy any StorageGRID appliance Storage Nodes, using the StorageGRID Appliance Installer.
 3. Configuration: When all nodes have been deployed, you use the StorageGRID Grid Manager to configure the grid and complete the installation.
This document recommends a standard approach for deploying and configuring a StorageGRID system, but it also provides information about these alternative approaches:


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Why do so many divination techniques sound like a cat hacking up a hairball? Just asking.
Anyway, similar to bluffing your way through the Tarot, astragalomancy is an extremely easy way to come over looking all mystical and premonition-having.
This term has been conscripted to mean divination with dice, but it originally referred to "throwing the bones;" the knucklebones of a sheep most usually. If you don't happen to have some of those laying around, you can use oxtail bones from the supermarket (oxtails are super-yummy when braised; eat 'em and save the bones) or any other bones that strike your fancy. You need four bones (or, really, non-bony objects. Get creative!) with these properties:
- One that's large, or at least larger than the others. This will represent strength and a promise of good fortune.
- One that's long. This will indicate that the outcome will take a while to come to fruition.
- One that's damaged. This will caution that care must be taken, as all is not well.
- One that's small. This will indicate that the outcome will not have much substance to it–it will be low-energy and lightweight.
Now the technique: Hold the bones in your right hand, ask your question, and scatter them before you. The bone that falls nearest to you gives the answer.
How easy is that? It's like "Divination for Dummies."
You could do ten readings on your coffee break. Although I suppose your boss might ask why you were carrying oxtails around in your purse. Better think up an answer first.


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WEST LAFAYETTE, Ind. - Parts of the human brain think about the same word differently, at least when it comes to prepositions, according to new language research in stroke patients conducted by scientists at Purdue University and the University of Iowa.
People who speak English often use the same prepositions, words such as "on," "in," "around" and "through," to indicate time as well as location. For example, compare "I will meet you 'at' the store," to "I will meet you 'at' 3 p.m." These examples show how time may be thought of metaphorically in terms of space.
Just because it's the same word, however, doesn't mean the brain thinks about it the same way, said David Kemmerer, an assistant professor of psychological sciences and linguistics at Purdue's College of Liberal Arts.
"There has been a lot of cognitive neuroscience research about how the brain processes language pertaining to concrete things, such as animals or tools," said Kemmerer, who also is an adjunct faculty member at the University of Iowa's Department of Neurology, where this research was conducted. "This is the first cognitive neuroscience study to investigate brain regions for spatial and temporal relations - those involving time - used in language.
"I was interested in whether these spatial or temporal prepositions can be dissociated in individuals with brain damage. One might think that if a person's knowledge of the word 'at' to describe location is impaired, then his or her ability to use that same preposition to describe time would be disrupted. But we found the words implying time are processed independently."
This research was conducted at the Benton Neuropsychology Laboratory in Iowa's Carver College of Medicine and was funded by the Purdue Research Foundation and the National Institute for Neurological Disease and Stroke. Kemmerer's paper is available online at Neuropsychologia.
"This study has potential implications for neurology," Kemmerer said. "A clinician could use information about how brain injuries in stroke patients affect specific speech components to develop therapies to help their patients."
The four patients in Kemmerer's study were used because of similar brain injuries, such as lesions from stroke, in the perisylvian region, which is responsible for language processing. Kemmerer found the stroke subjects who passed the language tests asking about prepositions relevant to time subsequently failed when these same words reflected spatial meanings. For example, the subjects were asked to choose the correct preposition for scenarios such as, "The baseball is 'on/in/against' the glove." Two subjects did not select "in" as the correct answer. However, they did select "in" as the correct preposition for "It happened 'through/on/in' 1859."
The other two subjects' test performances were the opposite.
Kemmerer's earlier research with Daniel Tranel, professor of neurology at Iowa's Carver College of Medicine, had confirmed that the left inferior prefrontal and left inferior parietal regions of the brain play a crucial role in processing spatial prepositions. The previous research with Tranel was published in October's Cognitive Neuropsychology.
This work, which has explored how different types of words are retrieved by different parts of the brain, is part of a larger-scale investigation being carried out by Tranel and his colleagues at the University of Iowa.
"For example, we have identified the anterior left temporal lobe as being critical for proper nouns, whereas the left inferior prefrontal/premotor region is important for verbs," Tranel said. "The collaboration between myself, a neuropsychologist, and professor Kemmerer, a neurolinguist, has yielded important breakthroughs in understanding how the brain operates language, due to the unique perspectives that these researchers bring to a common research agenda."
Three of the patients in Kemmerer's recent study also had damage to their brains' left hemispheres, in an area known as the parietal lobe, which houses the supramarginal gyrus. This area is involved in spatial meaning, and it is the part of the brain that guides action. For example, the supramarginal gyrus coordinates how a person moves his or her hand toward a glass of water. Previous research with normal brains identifies this area as important also in the knowledge and meaning of prepositions.
The patients with damage to the supramarginal gyrus did not score high on the tasks that evaluated their knowledge of prepositions that dealt with space. In comparison, the fourth patient, who did not have similar damage to this region of the brain, was able to demonstrate complete knowledge of spatial prepositions.
Kemmerer's next step will be looking at how the brain processes these prepositions in other languages.
"If this is true in English, then what about the 6,000 other known languages in the world? This time-and-space metaphor is used from language to language, but how the metaphor is used does vary," he said.
In English, months of the year are treated as containers. People say "in January" or "in February." Other languages treat months as surfaces. For example, "on January" or "on February." Despite the difference, there is a metaphor at work, Kemmerer said.
"The cross-linguistic ubiquity of the metaphor suggests that people are naturally inclined to conceptualize time in terms of space," he said. "Nevertheless, the neuropsychological data suggest that people don't need to invoke the metaphor every time they use prepositions to talk about time. Just as the word 'breakfast' doesn't require one to think of a morning meal in terms of breaking a fast, so the sentence 'She arrived at 1:30' doesn't require one to think of time as a series of points on a line."
Source: Eurekalert & othersLast reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 21 Feb 2009
Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved.
Great things are not done by impulse, but by a series of small things brought together.
-- Vincent Van Gogh


text: This one hour video workshop visits three high school classrooms and introduces the basics of economics. Economics can be broadly defined as how people react when pursuing their own interests in a situation of scarcity. This workshop shows how teachers introduce their students to the basic building blocks of economic thinking. In a good economics course, students learn the economic way of thinking, rather than a definite set of conclusions. This first workshop in the series presents some of the key ideas that constitute an economic way of thinking. Educators Elaine Schwartz, Steve Reich, and Jay Grenawalt deomonstrate teaching strategies to engage students to understand the basics of economics.