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Homology and Analogy Essay: Animal Form and Function Essay Sample
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Homology and Analogy Essay: Animal Form and Function Essay Sample
Similarities of physiology and behaviour due to homology – share common ancestor with that trait or analogy – not due to common ancestor but common due to convergent evoution.
Improvement suggestions: the behavioural homology of crocodiles and birds may be flawed. Also the analogy between fish and mammals could be wrong as the post-anal tail of quadrupedal mammals and fish is a common trait.
Homology and Analogy Essay
Animal Form and Function
Homology and Analogy
Many species share similarities in their structural apperance and behaviour but this can be due to different reasons. A characteristic or behaviour is said to be homologous if it is shared by two or more species and was present in their common ancestor. Homologous features arise from adaptive radiation whereby many species derive from a single or few ancestor species to adapt to different environmental conditions and modes of life. By descent with modification species adapt to new environments by modifying existing charcteristics. Homologous structures are often specialized in different organisms, for example the pentadactyl limbs of tetrapods contain the same basic structure but the bones have been adapted to each organisms way of life.
This is demonstrated by the elongated digits of bats to support their wings, and the the grasping hand of a monkey adapted for climbing. Charateristics or behaviours that are similar in two or more species but not present in their common ancestor are said to be analogous. Analogous features arise through convergent evolution as they have developed separatley in unrelated taxonomic groups as a result of a similar way of life, for example the wings of birds and insects as they do not share a common ancestor with wings. The theory of evolution suggests we would expect a higher number of shared homolgies for closely related species, and decreasing number as the species become less related (Campbell & Reece, 2005; Purves et al., 2001;
Examples of Morphological Analogy and Homology
Fish and Mammals
An example of homology between fish and mammals is the presence of a jaw, providing the ability to bite and chew, which assist in food capture and aid digestion. The Humpback anglerfish, and the Lion both possess specialised jaws, both groups are descended from a common ancestor that had a jaw, and so this trait is described as homologous (Purves et al. 2001;
An example of analogy between fish and mammals is the presence of a flattened tail for propulsion in water. The tails are described as analogous as the whales have evolved from terrestrial quadrupedal mammals and adapted their tails from the hindlimbs of their ancestors. The hind limbs were gradually lost as their skeletons adapted back to life in water. As the evidence suggests whales have evolved from land animals this explains why in mammals such as the Orca the tail flukes are horizontal and move ventrally (up and down), and in fish for example Black Sea Bass, the caudal fin (tail) is vertical and moves laterally (from side to side). The tails are structurally different but have the same fuction of propulsion and so are analogous (de Sarre, 1994; _URL_
Insects and Birds
A homologous feature of birds and insects is that they both possess circulatory systems. As animals evolved from small unicellular organisms into larger multicellular organisms diffusion between the cells and environment alone was not enough to provide nutrients to all the cells in the body, and so animals had to develop circulatory systems to move nutrients, hormones and metabolic wastes around the body. In insects, e.g. Large Marsh Grasshopper, this is an open ciculatory system where the blood or haemolymph bathes all the internal tissues and organs. Insects do not transport oxygen via their circulatory system but have a separate tracheal system to supply oxygen to the cells. In birds, e.g. Bee Hummingbird a closed circulation system transports the blood around the body via arteries, capillaries and veins by the pumping action of the heart. The first animals with circulatory systems probably had a simple open-circualtion which later developed into a more specialised closed-circulation system, and so although the systems are different in structure and the way they achieve circulation, they have evolved from the same original system (Campbell & Reece, 2005; Purves et al., 2001).
The wings of birds e.g. Bald Eagle and insects such as the Green Darner Dragonfly are analogous as they are both used for flight but have evolved separately and the two groups do not share a common ancestor with wings or a structure that gave rise to both types of wing. The structure of insect wings which are extensions of the body wall, differs greatly from that of bird wings which are modified skeletal forelimbs. The support for insect wings are veins whereas for birds the support structures are the bones. Although insects and birds share a remote common ancestor, the wings of the two groups evolved separatley after their ancestral groups had split (Purves et al., 2001; _URL_
Birds and Mammals
The pentadactyl limb is a homologous trait of birds and mammals. The bones in the wings of a bird e.g. Great Tit, and the bones in the legs of a mammal e.g. Arctic Wolf are derived from the common tetrapod (four-legged) ancestor, although during the course of evolution these structures have been modified greatly to adapt to their different habitats and way of life. The limbs both retain the five digit structure at some stage in their development (birds lose two of these during development). In the bird the digits support their wings and in wolves the digits are shortened to allow fast running. As there is no functional or environmental reason why these limbs should all have five digits, however, these bones are seen in transitional fossils of the extinct Eusthenopteron, which lived about 350 million years ago. Birds and mammals both inherited their pentadactyl limb from this common ancestor (Purves et al., 2001;
Feathers and fur, which are both used for insulation by endotherms but differ in their origins are an analogous trait of birds e.g. Spotted Owl, and mammals e.g. House Mouse. As the Aves and Mammalia groups are quite evolutionarily distant these features are analogous – have similar function due to similar environmental pressures
Macropod Marsupials and Lagomorphs
The Macropod Marsupials e.g. Tammar Wallaby and Lagomorphs, e.g. Eastern Cottontail rabbit are both of the class Mammalia and so share many homologous characteristics such as the presence of fur for insulation. Some of the earliest mammals had fur or hair and this successful adaptive trait was passed to their many descendants. As both groups share a common ancestor with fur, fur can be said to be homologous between the two groups.
An example of analogy between Macropod marsupials such as the Red Kangaroo and Lagomorpha such as the Antelope Jackrabbit is that both groups possess large, powerful hind limbs. These are both used for speed and manoeuvrability and therefore have a similar function. However, Macropod marsupials are Marsupialia and Lagomorpha are Eutherians also known as placental mammals, marsupial and placental mammals are very different, and diverged from each other a long time ago on the evolutionary tree. They are therefore unlikely to have a common ancestor with this trait. Instead the trait has arisen through convergent evolution, due to the similar environmental selection pressures on the separate groups
Primates and Xenarthrans
Primates e.g. the Pied Tamarin and Xenarthrans such as the Giant Anteater, are both Vertebrates and so both have a spinal column, enclosed in and protected by the vertebral column. They inherited this feature from a common ancestral vertebrate of the pre-Cambrian era. The spinal cords of the two groups are therefore a homologous morphological trait as the groups share a common ancestor with this trait (_URL_ _URL_
Primates such as the Orangutan and Xenarthrans such as the Maned Three-toed Sloth both have elongated front limbs and specialised hands and feet adapted for their life in the trees. Primates have adapted fingers and opposable thumbs to aid gripping and climbing, this is important as infants cling to the fur of their mother and must have strong front limbs. Sloth's have claws instead of fingers to aid hanging and swinging, and infants also hang to the mothers' fur so strong limbs are needed. The claws and fingers provide same function but are structurally different. This feature is analogous as the two groups do not share a common ancestor with it, but have evolved them separately, through convergent evolution, due to similar environmental conditions
Homology and analogy can also be seen in behavioural traits. Behavioural homology can be described as the similarity of behaviour between two or more species due to a common ancestor with that behaviour. For example the nesting behaviour of birds such as the European Robin, and crocodiles e.g. Saltwater Cro


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Joti jot is a Punjabi phrase which literally means the "light joining another light" and is used to refer to the "joining of the light of the human person (soul) to the Supreme Light (God)". It is a term that is customarily used to refer to the "accession of a honoured person to their heavenly abode". In simple terms, this is a polite and honourable term used to refer to the "death" of a respected, honoured and blessed person. In its original language, it is a term which is polite, respectful and traditional. When referring to the death of the Sikh gurus, this term is commonly used.
The Sikh scriptures teach that the soul is indestructible and survives for eternity. When the person dies, it is only the body that is destroyed; the soul carries on its journey of reincarnation until it becomes pure and sinless so that it can blend with the pure Lord. So when the body of a person who is pure and one who has lived a life of righteousness dies, the soul of this perfect person is said to join the Almighty God. The act of joining with the Lord is referred to as "Joti jot samana" (Sah-ma-na means to "merge")
The Gurus tell us that the person's soul is immortal and that the soul never dies and is never born. However, the soul travels through many lives where the soul experiences birth and death while living within various bodies. This cycle of births and death only stops when the soul attains salvation or Mukti when it leaves this existence in moral bodies and joins the immortal supreme soul (god). The person is then said to have rejoined with God. This special condition is referred to as "Joti Jot" in Punjabi.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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The nation lost an inspirational figure when Bob McCall died on Friday, February 26. As an artist, Bob invited people around the globe to share his optimistic dreams of a human future in space. A native of Columbus, Ohio and a graduate of the Columbus School of Fine Arts, McCall came out of the Army Air Forces at the end of WW II and established himself as a successful advertising illustrator with a number of magazine covers to his credit. But it was the notion of flying through air and space that truly inspired him. Beginning in the 1950s, he produced over forty works for the U.S. Air Force art collection. When James Webb, administrator of NASA, created an agency art program in the 1960s, Bob McCall was one of the first artists invited to participate. He became a favorite with Hollywood, as well, producing major paintings and posters for films such as 2001: A Space Odyssey, and Tora, Tora, Tora.
McCall was perhaps best known for his murals. The Space Mural — A Cosmic View (1976), which he painted on a south lobby wall of the National Air and Space Museum, is perhaps the best known of all of his works. It was the first of several major murals that McCall produced for other museums and NASA facilities. In addition, his paintings appeared on a dozen U.S. postage stamps commemorating space feats. "There's a great pleasure in designing something so many people are collecting," he once remarked. "My art may fade into oblivion, but the stamps and murals will last."
Lester Cooke, curator of painting at the National Gallery of Art, once noted that Bob McCall had "…the quality and scope of imagination to travel in space, and carry us along with him." Without artists like McCall, he explained, events in space which ordinary citizens could not see or experience "…would remain in the realm of words, mathematical formulae and electronic signals." There was no danger of that, as long as Bob McCall was around.
Tom Crouch is Senior Curator for Aeronautics at the National Air and Space Museum.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Pink-eye in Beef Cattle
Note Number: AG0066
Published: September 1998
Updated: Feburary 2010
Pink-eye, or infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis, is an inflammatory bacterial infection of the eye that can cause permanent blindness in severe cases. It is a contagious disease and in Victoria occurs mainly in young cattle in summer and autumn.
Pinkeye can affect up to 80% of a mob, with affected weaner calves losing up to 10% of their body weight. Although rare, deaths may occur when both eyes are affected, due to starvation, thirst or misadventure.
Most cases of pinkeye are caused by the bacterium Moraxella bovis of which there are several strains. The bacteria produce a toxin which attacks the surface of the eye (cornea) and conjuctiva, causing inflammation and ulceration.
Several factors influence infection of the eye by Moraxella bovis.
Infective material discharged from the eyes of affected cattle can be spread to other animals by flies, or onto long grass grazed by the cattle. Sunlight and dust make the problem worse.
There may also be other organisms, such as viruses and mycoplasmas, which cause eye damage and allow Moraxella bovis to become established.
Pink-eye is mainly a disease of young cattle commonly occurring in their first summer. Severe outbreaks may occur in older cattle if they have never been exposed to the disease.
After infection, cattle develop a temporary immunity which lasts up to a year. Exposure to the causative agents in following years gives further immunity, usually without eye changes being obvious.
Infection can occasionally persist in a few animals and these are a source of infection in the following summer. The infection rate increases to a peak about 3-4 weeks after the first cases appear, and then gradually decreases.
The prevalence of pink-eye in districts and on individual farms varies from year to year, depending on seasons and weather, the fly population and whether cattle are grazing long grass.
On some farms there may be only occasional cases while on others 60-80% of cattle may be affected in very severe outbreaks.
In most years the average infection rate is 5-10%.
Signs and course of pink-eye
The first signs seen are:
- copious watery eye discharge
- aversion to sunlight
- signs of irritation: for example, excessive blinking
- reddening and swelling of the eyelids and the third eyelid.
The eye will then go cloudy in the middle and the cornea may ulcerate during the next two days. Many animals spontaneously recover at this stage.
In a small number of untreated cases, ulceration may progress to abscess formation, with possible rupture of the cornea and permanent blindness.
After recovery about 2% of affected eyes have a residual white scar on the cornea. An even smaller percentage progress to abscess formation.
Most animals are completely recovered 3-5 weeks after infection without treatment and usually only one eye is affected.
Animals that are severely affected in both eyes may grow poorly. Milking cows may produce less milk. Cattle become more difficult to muster with blind animals in the herd. Accidental deaths may occur if affected animals fall into dams or are trapped in fences.
Other causes of eye trouble
Grass seeds are also troublesome during the time of the year when pink-eye usually occurs. Examination of the eyelids, including behind the third eyelid may reveal one or more grass seeds. Damage to the eye caused by a grass seed is generally more varied than damage due to pink-eye, and the eye does not get better unless the grass seed is removed.
Cancer of the eye
Eye cancer (squamous cell carcinoma) usually originates on the unpigmented lateral part of the cornea (sclera) but some cancers will begin on unpigmented eyelids or the third eyelid. Initially most cancers begin as a plaque or growth with ragged edges on the lateral corneal surface. Some plaques will disappear, but many will grow into larger eye cancers if left untreated.
Some viral diseases, such as malignant catarrhal fever and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, may be confused with pink-eye because they cause cloudiness of the eyeball. However, affected cattle will also show other signs, related, for example, to the central nervous system or the respiratory system.
If you need further advice contact your veterinarian or the District Veterinary Officer at the local DPI office.
Many cattle recover from pink-eye without treatment, 3-5 weeks after infection.
Mustering cattle for the purpose of treating pink-eye may be unwise because dust and flies increase the spread of infection. Consider the percentage of cattle affected before mustering the mob, and potentially spreading the infection to others.
If mustering is needed for essential management procedures such as weaning and drenching, affected cattle should be treated for pink-eye while in the yards, and severely affected cattle, such as those with abscesses in both eyes, should be isolated, treated daily and carefully nursed.
In commercial herds treatment is usually given once only.
Treatments options are based on antibiotics to counter the bacteria and anti-inflammatory drugs
There are several proprietary formulations of eye ointments available under prescription from veterinarians, with the active antibiotic constituent Cloxicillin. Application of Cloxicillin based eye ointment into the conjunctival sac (under the upper and lower eyelids) is effective against the Moraxella bacteria. A single application is usually sufficient, but may be repeated every 48 hours in severe infections.
Other topical preparations include antibiotic sprays or powders. These only give short term antibiotic coverage and must be repeated several times per day to be effective. Eye ointments are less irritating and less traumatic to the eye and generally are the recommended treatment.
In late and more severe stages of the disease, injection of a combination of a broad-spectrum antibiotic and an anti-inflammatory drug underneath the upper eyelid is often successful. This form of treatment is more expensive, requires head restraint, and is best given by a veterinary surgeon. Occasionally intra-muscular injections of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs are used despite the expense.
Applicable with-holding period (WHP) and export slaughter interval (ESI) must be observed with any antibiotic treatments
Eye patches are not a sole treatment for pinkeye, but are a recommended adjunct with an antibiotic preparation. Patches offer protection from further irritation from sunlight, dust and flies. Direct sunlight is painful to a pink-eye affected animal. Patches reduce the pain, so animals are more comfortable and continue to graze, reducing the weight loss often caused by pinkeye. Denying flies access to the affected eye will help to reduce pinkeye spread within the herd. Patches are glued over the eye, with care taken not to apply glue into the eye. There are several proprietary eye patches available. Heavy cloth (eg denim) or a dust mask may be a cheap alternative. The patch will fall off after a few weeks.
Prevention and Control
There are some prevention and control measures available.
A vaccine has recently been registered for use in Australia. The vaccine, Piliguard®, which works by blocking the attachment of the bacteria to the cornea, will help prevent pinkeye. A single 2ml dose used strategically 3-6 weeks before the onset of the pinkeye season provides significant protection against the pinkeye causing bacteria Moraxella bovis. Annual revaccination is recommended by the manufacturer immediately prior to the beginning of the pinkeye season. Producers may strategically vaccinate the most susceptible lines of stock, namely calves and weaners.
Other control measures include:
- limiting the spread of the bacteria from animal to animal by controlling fly numbers on cattle with the use of the pour-on synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, deltamethrin. Observe any applicable WHP & ESI;
- prompt segregation and treatment of any pinkeye in affected stock;
- avoiding unnecessary yarding of cattle during the problem months.
Experimental work in Queensland has shown that Bos indicus type cattle seem to be less susceptible to pink-eye than British breeds. In British breeds, cattle with complete eyelid pigmentation have been found to be less susceptible to pink-eye.
The original author of this agriculture note was Neil Farquhar, and the previous version was published in September 1998 and updated by Dr David Champness, February 2008.
Published and Authorised by:
Department of Environment and Primary Industries
1 Spring Street
This publication is copyright. No part may be reproduced by any process except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968.
The advice provided in this publication is intended as a source of information only. Always read the label before using any of the products mentioned. The State of Victoria and its employees do not guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or other consequence which may arise from you relying on any information in this publication


text: In this, Part 1 of the paper, the sound generation of a diesel engine is modelled based upon the combustion process, and time-frequency analysis is used to reveal the underlying characteristics of the sound waves. Simulation shows that the frequency bandwidth of the generated acoustic signals is significantly widened around the engine's top dead centre (TDC) positions, with the energy concentrated predominantly at the firing frequency and its harmonics. As anticipated, the model predicts an increase in sound level with increasing engine load and speed, and the model-predicted noise generation is correlated with waveforms extracted from intrusively-monitored cylinder pressure. Real monitored data, taken in an ordinary engine test-bay environment and without special acoustic monitoring precautions, is shown to be highly contaminated due to adverse environmental acoustics and intrusive background noise. The representation of acoustic signals using the smoothed pseudo-Wigner-Ville distribution (SPWVD) and continuous wavelet transform (CWT), however, is found to permit recognition of the adverse influences of the measurement environment. This subsequently allows the monitored sound characteristics to be closely correlated to the combustion process. Part 1 concludes with an investigation of the influences of the measurement environment upon the acoustic data, and of the signal conditioning and representation techniques required to reveal the condition-indicating content of the monitored acoustic data. The sister paper to this ("Part 2 - Fault Detection and Diagnosis"), puts the developed methodology to the test by investigating its capability to detect and distinguish between a range of realistic yet incipient engine faults on a standard production engine in an uncontrolled industrial environment.


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Art. 1.
Can. 1421 §1. In a diocese, the bishop is to appoint diocesan judges, who are to be clerics.
Can. 1422 The judicial vicar, adjutant judicial vicars, and other judges are appointed for a definite time, without prejudice to the prescript of can. 1420, §5 and cannot be removed except for a legitimate and grave cause.
Can. 1423 §1. With the approval of the Apostolic See, several diocesan bishops can agree to establish a single tribunal of first instance for their dioceses in place of the diocesan tribunals mentioned in cann. _PHONE_. In this case, the group of bishops or a bishop they designate has all the powers which a diocesan bishop has over his own tribunal.
§2. The tribunals mentioned in §1 can be established either for any cases whatsoever or only for certain types of cases.
Can. 1424 In any trial, a single judge can employ two assessors who consult with him; they are to be clerics or lay persons of upright life.
Can. 1425 §1. With every contrary custom reprobated, the following cases are reserved to a collegiate tribunal of three judges:
1/ contentious cases: a) concerning the bond of sacred ordination; b) concerning the bond of marriage, without prejudice to the prescripts of cann. 1686 and 1688;
2/ penal cases: a) concerning delicts which can entail the penalty of dismissal from the clerical state; b) concerning the imposition or declaration of an excommunication.
§2. The bishop can entrust more difficult cases or those of greater importance to the judgment of three or five judges.
§3. Unless the bishop establishes otherwise in individual cases, the judicial vicar is to assign the judges in order by turn to adjudicate individual cases.
§4. If it happens that a collegiate tribunal cannot be established in the first instance of a trial, the conference of bishops can permit the bishop, for as long as the impossibility continues, to entrust cases to a single clerical judge who is to employ an assessor and auditor where possible.
§5. The judicial vicar is not to substitute judges once they have been assigned except for a most grave cause expressed in a decree.
Can. 1426 §1. A collegiate tribunal must proceed collegially and render its sentences by majority vote.
§2. The judicial vicar or an adjutant judicial vicar must preside over a collegiate tribunal insofar as possible.
Can. 1427 §1. If there is a controversy between religious or houses of the same clerical religious institute of pontifical right, the judge of first instance is the provincial superior unless the constitutions provide otherwise; if it is an autonomous monastery, the local abbot judges in first instance.
§2. Without prejudice to a different prescript of the constitutions, if a contentious matter arises between two provinces, the supreme moderator will judge in first instance either personally or through a delegate; if the controversy is between two monasteries, the abbot superior of the monastic congregation will judge in first instance.
§3. Finally, if the controversy arises between physical or juridic religious persons of different religious institutes or of the same clerical institute of diocesan right or of the same lay institute, or between a religious and a secular cleric or lay person or a non-religious juridic person, the diocesan tribunal judges in first instance.
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In Collaboration with World Forum Foundation
In Loving Hands: How the Rights for Young Children Living in Children's Homes Offer Hope and Happiness In Today's World by Elsa Chahin with Anna Tardos, is the definitive book that advocates for children living in residential settings. Under the proper circumstances, these institutions, while not always having provided the ideal climate for healthy growth, both emotionally and physically, can operate in the best interests of children when they adhere to the precepts of this book.
Written in three parts – an overview, the declaration of 10 rights and global voices of experience – In Loving Hands offers an in-depth look at how the quality of care in residential homes can be improved through information, detailed guidance and applicable tools. After comprehensive research, the authors have made it their mission to support institutions in successfully caring for young children in group settings.
No longer is it necessary for institutes to be branded as "Dickensian," as this book provides the tools for creating a safe and nurturing environment, with children receiving responsive care from trained, educated and caring adults. The authors of In Loving Hands offer a responsible, pragmatic and passionate alternative to the familial home, one where children are able to thrive and grow up to be healthy, happy and productive members of society. Equally important is the idea that the information in this book can also apply to parents blessed to be raising children at home.


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The people of Cyprus have an opportunity to choose a name for an exoplanet, following the Cyprus Space Exploration Organisation's (CSEO) accession to the International Astronomical Union (IAU) last year. A campaign started on Saturday, November 9 and will last one week. You can visit the webpage and vote for the pair of names you wish to be given to a star and its exoplanet (each pair is a combination of two names – one for the star and one for the exoplanet).
Cyprus was assigned a solar system located 137 light-years away from Earth discovered in 2002. The star and its exoplanet are in the constellation of Ophiuchus, more specifically, at the point where Ophiuchus holds the snake. The star belongs to the category of our sun and was given the number HD168746. The size of the exoplanet HD168746b is equal to the size of the largest planet in our solar system, Jupiter, and orbits the star at 6.4 days, meaning that an entire year on the planet lasts only 6.4 Earth days. It belongs to the category of the yellow dwarfs and consists of gas.
Another notable feature of this solar system is that it is close to the nebula where stars are born.
An exoplanet (or extrasolar planet) is a planet outside the Solar System. The first possible evidence of an exoplanet was noted in 1917 but was not recognized as such. The first confirmation of detection occurred in 1992.
Sources: Philnews. Cyprus News Agency


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Kitchen countertops made of concrete are generally thin, smooth, pigmented, and polished to a light gloss. But despite their beauty and elegance, they are not designed to resist cuts and scratches. Cutting directly on your concrete countertop does not actually damage the concrete, but it does damage the sealer. Once the sealer has broken down, the ability of your concrete countertop to resist stains and water is reduced. Constant cutting using knives can result to gouges and scratches on the surface's finish. It can also cause the sharp edges of your knives to chip or become dull.|
What causes cuts and scratches on concrete countertops?
- Just like other kitchen countertops, the surface and edges of your concrete countertop can chip or cut if they are struck by a heavy, solid object.
- Due to the inherent characteristics of the materials used in making the concrete countertop, it can be prone to hairline cracks. This is a natural occurrence and is not an indication of the structural failure of the countertop.
- Pointed objects that are regularly slid across, rubbed, or dropped on your concrete countertop can cause minor to moderate cuts and scratches.
How to prevent and repairing cuts and scratches on your concrete countertop
- To prevent cuts, scratches, and stains, seal your concrete countertop properly. Sealing does not only protect the surface, it enhances the sheen and color as well.
- For additional luster and protection against serious damage, apply a finishing wax or other protective coating on your concrete countertop to help preserve the sealer. Apply it regularly to maintain its effectiveness.
- Do not cut directly on the surface of your concrete countertop because it is not designed to serve as a chopping board. Make it a habit to use a separate cutting board when preparing food. Appropriate inserts can also be installed on your concrete countertop that can serve as a permanent area where you can cut, slice, and dice food directly on your countertop.
- Avoid exposing your concrete countertop to strong chemicals like acids, oven cleaners, and paint removers. These chemicals contain destructive substances that can damage the surface. If any contact with these chemicals occurs, wipe the surface with water right away.
- Evaluate the severity of the scratches on your concrete countertop. For small scratches, use a sanding pad with the finest grit to wipe them away. The level of roughness and smoothness of sanding pads are determined by their color. Arranged from roughest to smoothest, sanding pads come in white, yellow, green, peach, lilac, blue, and gray colors.
- Using the appropriate sanding pad, remove the scratches on the surface by rubbing it in a straight line, periodically switching to a 90-degree direction. Make sure all scratches are removed before you stop rubbing. Wet the surface to reduce dust accumulation while sanding.
Back to Concrete Kitchen Counter Tops home


Begin3 Title: KWC -- Key Width Calculator Version: 0.2 Entered-date: 2000-07-20 Description: calculates bit count required to represent specified number of combinations. Additionally calculates key width in platform bytes (C char type), actual number of combinations covered by that many bits, difference and ratio of requested and actual coverage. Keywords: database design, key width Author: KuroiNeko Primary-site: hum 30kB kwc-0.2.tar.gz 592 kwc.lsm Alternate-site: /pub/Linux/devel Copying-policy: GPL End


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This paper is a critical commentary on the article "Adaptation Processes Affecting Performance in Elite Sport" (Schinke, Battochio, Lidor, Tenenbaum, Dube, & Lane, 2012). We review relevant literature and highlight theoretical and conceptual concerns regarding Schinke et al.'s model, particularly regarding their characterization of adaptation as a process versus an outcome, and the role of appraisals, emotions, emotional regulation, coping, and Fiske's (2004) core motives within their model of adaptation. Adaptation or adjustment among elite athletes is a valuable area of research in sport psychology; however, Schinke et al.'s model oversimplifies the adaptation process and has limited utility among sport psychology researchers and practitioners.
Katherine A. Tamminen and Peter R.E. Crocker
Zoë A. Poucher, Katherine A. Tamminen, and Gretchen Kerr
Support providers may experience positive and negative outcomes associated with supporting others. However, there is a lack of research on support provision to elite athletes and the views of athletes' support providers. This study addressed this gap by exploring the experiences of providing and receiving support between female Olympians and their main support providers. Five female Olympians and their main support providers participated in separate semistructured interviews. It appeared that support provision was personally and professionally rewarding, as well as challenging, for support providers, and athletes were generally satisfied with the support they received. Athletes appeared highly dependent on their support providers, but both athletes and support providers felt that high levels of support were necessary for athletic success. Further research is needed to understand how support providers are able to foster their own personally supportive relationships and whether high levels of interpersonal dependence are required to achieve athletic success.
Zoë A. Poucher, Katherine A. Tamminen, and Christopher R.D. Wagstaff
Sport organizations have been noted as pivotal to the success or failure of athletes, and sport environments can impact the well-being and development of athletes. In this study, the authors explored stakeholders' perceptions of how high-performance sport organizations support athlete development. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 18 stakeholders from the United Kingdom's high-performance sport system and transcripts were analyzed using a semantic thematic analysis. Participants emphasized the importance of performance lifestyle advisors, sport psychologists, and financial assistance for promoting athlete development. Several stakeholders observed that despite the extensive support available to athletes, many do not engage with available support, and the prevalence of a performance narrative has led to an environment that discourages holistic development. It follows that sport organizations could develop alternative strategies for promoting athletes' access to and engagement with available supports, while funding agencies might broaden existing funding criteria to include well-being or athlete development targets.
Katherine A. Tamminen, Kaleigh Ferdinand Pennock, and Courtney Braun
The ability of young athletes to effectively cope with stressors is crucial for sustained sport enjoyment and participation, and parents play a key role in providing coping support. However, there is limited evidence for coping interventions directed at both youth athletes and their parents. The purpose of this study was to implement a coping workshop for youth athletes and also engage parents to provide them with information to support the development of coping skills among young athletes. Athlete–parent dyads from a high-performance soccer academy were assigned to either a 4-wk coping intervention or a control group using a matched quasi-experimental design. Survey data were analyzed using 2-factor repeated-measures ANOVAs and multiple-regression analyses. Results indicated that lower parental pressure and greater coping self-efficacy predicted lower stress in youth athletes. However, findings for the intervention in reducing overall stress and perceptions of parental pressure were not significant. Future coping intervention studies should address study design considerations related to timing, intervention modalities, and skill level of youth athletes.
Jeemin Kim, Katherine A. Tamminen, Constance Harris, and Sara Sutherland
Athletes often upregulate and downregulate pleasant or unpleasant emotions to feel or perform better (i.e., for hedonic or instrumental reasons). In addition to athletes regulating their own emotions, interpersonal emotion regulation (IER) also occurs in sports, wherein individuals attempt to regulate the emotions of others. Although previous research has examined IER between teammates, studies have rarely considered coaches' efforts to regulate athletes' emotions. The current mixed-method study explored coaches' beliefs about athletes' emotions and engagement in IER. Analysis of quantitative survey data (N = 208) and qualitative interview data (n = 10) from competitive level coaches (M age = 44.0 ± 13.2 years) revealed that coaches perceived both benefits and detriments of various emotions, and coaches' beliefs about emotions influenced the ways they attempted to regulate athletes' emotions. Most coaches reported frequently engaging in affect-improving IER. Although the coaches generally opposed the idea of intentionally worsening athletes' emotions, sometimes their feedback to athletes had the effect of worsening their emotions. Coaches also emphasized the need to consider athletes' individual differences when engaging in IER. The current findings highlight the relevance of coaches' IER, suggest several directions for future research, and offer useful considerations for coaches and coach education programs.
Nicholas L. Holt, Katherine A. Tamminen, Danielle E. Black, James L. Mandigo, and Kenneth R. Fox
The purpose of this study was to examine parenting styles and associated parenting practices in youth sport. Following a season-long period of fieldwork, primary data were collected via interviews with 56 parents and supplemented by interviews with 34 of their female children. Data analysis was guided by Grolnick's (2003) theory of parenting styles. Analyses produced five findings: (1) Autonomy-supportive parents provided appropriate structure for their children and allowed them to be involved in decision making. These parents were also able to read their children's mood and reported open bidirectional communication. (2) Controlling parents did not support their children's autonomy, were not sensitive to their children's mood, and tended to report more closed modes of communication. (3) In some families, there were inconsistencies between the styles employed by the mother and father. (4) Some parenting practices varied across different situations. (5) Children had some reciprocal influences on their parents' behaviors. These findings reveal information about the multiple social interactions associated with youth sport parenting.
Nicholas L. Holt, Danielle E. Black, Katherine A. Tamminen, Kenneth R. Fox, and James L. Mandigo
We assessed young adolescent female soccer players' perceptions of their peer group experiences. Data were collected via interviews with 34 girls from two youth soccer teams (M age = 13.0 years). Following inductive discovery analysis, data were subjected to an interpretive theoretical analysis guided by a model of peer experiences (Rubin, Bukowski, & Parker, 2006). Five categories of peer experiences were identified across three levels of social complexity. At the interaction level players integrated new members into the team and learned to interact with different types of people. At the relationship level players learned about managing peer conflict. At the group level a structure of leadership emerged and players learned to work together. Findings demonstrated interfaces between peer interactions, relationships, and group processes while also simplifying some apparently complex systems that characterized peer experiences on the teams studied.
Katherine A. Tamminen, Patrick Gaudreau, Carolyn E. McEwen, and Peter R.E. Crocker
Efforts to regulate emotions can influence others, and interpersonal emotion regulation within teams may affect athletes' own affective and motivational outcomes. We examined adolescent athletes' (N = 451, N teams = 38) selfand interpersonal emotion regulation, as well as associations with peer climate, sport enjoyment, and sport commitment within a multilevel model of emotion regulation in teams. Results of multilevel Bayesian structural equation modeling showed that athletes' self-worsening emotion regulation strategies were negatively associated with enjoyment while other-improving emotion regulation strategies were positively associated enjoyment and commitment. The team-level interpersonal emotion regulation climate and peer motivational climates were also associated with enjoyment and commitment. Team-level factors moderated some of the relationships between athletes' emotion regulation with enjoyment and commitment. These findings extend previous research by examining interpersonal emotion regulation within teams using a multilevel approach, and they demonstrate the importance of personand team-level factors for athletes' enjoyment and commitment.
Krystn Orr, Katherine A. Tamminen, Shane N. Sweet, Jennifer R. Tomasone, and Kelly P. Arbour-Nicitopoulos
This study was guided by self-determination theory to explore the sport experiences of youth with a physical disability and the role of peers within this context. Interviews were conducted with eight youths using a relational mapping technique and analyzed using a deductive thematic approach. Sport peers were broadly defined by the youth as individuals from a large age range and of all abilities. Youth perceived their sport peers to have dynamic roles throughout their participation in sport. The perceived roles of these sport peers included supporting and thwarting basic psychological needs, and influencing the youths' processing of sport internalization. Findings focus on the complexity of peer need-thwarting and need-supporting interactions in sport for youth with physical disabilities. Overall, peers have a multifaceted role in the sport experiences of youth identifying with a physical disability and may, in some cases, thwart youths' basic psychological needs.
Krystn Orr, M. Blair Evans, Katherine A. Tamminen, and Kelly P. Arbour-Nicitopoulos
For individuals with an intellectual disability, emerging adulthood (18–25 years) may be a disruptive time with an abrupt ending to programming and services after adolescence. This study critically explores the social environment and experiences of individuals involved in a Special Olympics paddling program for emerging adult athletes with an intellectual disability. Using an instrumental


Boldness, Character, Discipline, Excellence, Freedom, Influence, Purpose, Speech
Unusual Strength
When we think of strength, we may naturally connect to the physical realm. The amount of weight one can lift. Competitors who give their all straight to the finish line. Those who work hard to build their bodies so they can win and be their best.
We may also connect strength to our mind, will, or emotion. There are many philosophies and practices surrounding how to strengthen these areas. Our thoughts. Our determination. Our discipline.
The main focus of strength for this writing is exploring one many may not consider a strength–meekness. Meekness has been considered by some as a form of weakness. However, it is actually a strength. It has been described as strength under control.
What are examples of meekness? Some that come to mind include humility, gentleness, and patience. These are not popular characteristics to possess, according to many. Why?
One who is meek may not retaliate when confronted–they stay quiet. One who is meek may not respond with anger–they respond with love. One who is meek exercises strength under control. They exercise grace and wisdom with humility, gentleness, and patience. They live a life of selflessness and purpose.
Meekness is an attribute that is not natural. It requires continued practice. It requires disciplined training. It requires determined focus. Those who are meek have a goal in mind, and they give their all to reach.
Over time, they display a life of joy and peace. They display wisdom in their decisions and actions. They are fulfilling their purpose.
Our Connections Challenge for the week: Take a moment to notice those around you. Do they display meekness? Are there areas in which you could exercise meekness? If possible, ask those you notice how they live a life of meekness and why.
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SCICEX: The Science Ice Exercise
The Science Ice Exercise (SCICEX) program is a collaboration between the U.S. Navy and the marine research community to utilize nuclear-powered submarines for the study of the Arctic Ocean. Unlike surface ships, submarines have the unique and valuable ability to operate and take measurements regardless of sea ice cover and weather conditions. The goal of the program is to acquire comprehensive data about Arctic sea ice, water properties, and bathymetry.
SCICEX is important because it adds critical pieces to the overall information needed to analyze sea ice and ocean dynamics - ice thickness and bathymetry data in particular but also chemical, biological, and physical oceanographic data. With the success of the initial project in 1993, the U.S. Navy and the National Science Foundation (NSF) signed a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) in 1994 that called for five more dedicated SCICEX missions. The dedicated SCICEX cruises occurred in 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, and 1999.
In October of 1998, due in large part to a drastic reduction in the size of the nuclear submarine fleet, the U.S. Navy announced that they could no longer facilitate the dedicated missions. In an effort to try and continue the SCICEX program, the Navy and the science community agreed upon shorter duration missions that included data collection for science but did not include civilian scientists on board the submarines. These were coined Science Accommodation Missions (SAMs). To date, four SAMs have been completed in 2000, 2001, 2003, and 2005. More routine opportunities to collect SCICEX data during SAMs are expected.


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Teacher resources and professional development across the curriculum
Teacher professional development and classroom resources across the curriculum
|| Lesson Plan: Teaching
the Lesson: Activity 3
Activity 3: Constitutional Creation: Legislative Branch
Once the procedural matters have been settled, reform the groups and direct them to complete the Legislative Branch Worksheet, which focuses on the election process, term length, term limits, qualifications for office, leadership positions, type/number of houses, responsibilities of each house, type of representation, duties shared, duties reserved, and checks on the judiciary, the executive, and the prime minister. As with the Executive Branch Worksheet, students are expected to tell where their ideas come from and why they have chosen them. For homework, have students complete the Judiciary Branch Worksheet, which deals with length of term, term limits, appointment process, removal process, powers of court, judicial review, structure of courts, and decision to hear a case. For each of these issues, students must again identify the country from which his or her idea generated and their rationale for selecting it.


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Shotover Jet Boat (New Zealand)
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 23.10.2009 14:55
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 A fun way to spend an afternoon. Family friendly - the children will enjoy this.
 Shotover Jet is the name of a New Zealand adventure company based in Shotover Canyon, near Queenstown, New Zealand. They offer what is apparently the world's most exciting Jet Boat right through the steeply walled canyon.
 ===What is a jet boat and how does it work?===
 You may be wondering what jet boating is. Imagine, if you will, a cross between a hovercraft and a motor boat that can carry up to 28 passengers. These are very rapid boats that can operate in very shallow water and move very close to obstacles. This is ideal for the famous braided rivers of the South Island, which are twisty, shallow, meander over the seasons and have many frequent obstacles.
 Unlike a propeller driven boat, these boats are powered by jets of water. The water is sucked up through two inlet areas underneath the boat, and then jetted powerfully out of the two rear jets to provide both steering and propulsion. The direction the jets point in is adjustable, which means that the jets are also used for very rapid braking. By combining the two jets and separately adjusting the power, the boats can make extremely rapid changes in direction and speed and operate in only a few inches of water.
 ===Jet boating as a sport===
 Of course, this is New Zealand, so what was initially a practical way of getting around has been developed into an adventure sport - these boats are driven to thrill! The sport boats have four tiered rows of seats, with the rear ones being raised above the front ones - partly for a better view, but also because that's where the jet is. Heated hand rails make the experience a little bit more comfortable, but do take a woolly hat to keep warm and your sunglasses to keep the wind out of your eyes. And make sure you hold on for the sharper turns, because you do slide all over the place.
 The most fun thing that can be done in a jet boat (but not in normal boats) is a 360-degree spin that is virtually on the spot. It's a little bit like a handbrake turn; by angling the jets just right, you do a tight left hand or right hand spin and go all the way around. This causes the occupants to be flung around the boat (hold on!) and a big splash that soaks half of the boat. For this reason, the driver will mix left hand and right hand spins to ensure that everyone ends up with a sexy punk drowned rat hairstyle by the end of the trip.
 ===Shotover Canyon===
 Shotover canyon is a steeply walled narrow gorge, filled which white, churning water and a myriad of rocky obstacles, only some of which are visible above the water line. It is through this treacherous passage that the boats journey. Very rapidly. The pilots know their boats well, so drive extremely close to the walls for maximum adrenaline rush. You are being filmed for the duration of the ride by a camera at the front of the boat and another one at the rear. Selected clips of this (presumably the best) are made available as a pricy souvenir at the end of the ride. So overact the fear to your heart's content as you near the walls, or yawn and look bored, as you choose.
 ===Safety and comfort===
 For safety reasons, you wear life jackets and for comfort, you don waterproofs. Don't expect these to keep you dry - you will be soaked by the end of it, particularly if you sit in one of the edge seats. The edge seats are definitely more fun - do take one of those. All of your bags and other possessions will be left in secure lockers whilst you are on the boat, but I generally don't bring anything I can't afford to lose just in case.
 ===The price===
 The jet boat ride costs NZD$109 (about £45) for adults and $69 for children. So this is not a cheap activity, but adrenaline sports in New Zealand are generally extremely pricy, so this is not an unreasonable price. A bus to the canyon is provided as part of the price. You should budget about another £10-20 per person for souvenirs, such as the video or a t-shirt.
 ===Is it the most exciting Jet Boat ride in the world?===
 We also went Jet Boating on a river near Te Anau, so this was our second experience of the sport. Shotover was a little bit more exciting (because of the fear we were going to drive into the walls), but as adrenaline sports go, this is definitely extremely tame. But tame doesn't mean boring - it was plenty fun enough. So perhaps it is true that it is the most exciting in the world, but that's not saying very much. It does however, have a huge celebrity following. There is a wall of photographs of famous celebrities going boating, including many rock and film stars.
 ===Other things===
 They do have a minimum age of 3 years old, and insist on adults accompanying young children. People with medical conditions should speak with them about individual requirements. It does involve a fairly steep walk down to the river, but there is access for people with limited mobility.
 There is a cafe and a shop at the centre. We didn't have much time to try these because we were there at the end of the day and the last shuttle bus of the day was waiting for us. Overall, you should expect the round trip to take about 1.5 -2 hours, including boat ride. It is a good idea to book in advance, particularly in busy times, but in April (Autumn in NZ), we were able to turn up on the day and get seats. Opening hours vary on the time of year, but this sport requires good light, so usually finishes around 3.30-4.30 depending on time of year.
 An excellent choice for a family friendly adventure sport if you are in New Zealand. Fairly tame, but lots of fun.
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 Ride a Jet boat through Shotover canyon (near Queenstown, NZ)


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Sacred Music. (Level 3). By David Carr Glover. For Piano. Method/Instruction; Piano - Glover Christian Library. David Carr Glover Piano Library. Piece for the Hymn Playing event with the National Federation of Music Clubs (NFMC) Festivals Bulletin 2008-2009-2010. Sacred. Early Intermediate. Book. 24 pages. Published by Belwin Music (AP.FDL00982).
ISBN _PHONE_. Sacred.
David Carr Glover has selected, arranged, and correlated these well-known hymns. They represent part of our heritage of sacred music. Students enjoy playing familiar melodies, and this book provides them with such material. Like the REPERTOIRE Books of this library, this book will also stimulate interest and enjoyment in playing. Chord symbols have been included in all hymn arrangements. This will enable the student to use this book as a keyboard harmony aide.


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The objective is to specify the requirements for the safety instrumented functions.
- To define the safe state of the process for each identified safety instrumented function;
- The assumed sources of demand and demand rate on the safety instrumented function;
- Requirement for proof-test intervals;
- Response time requirement for the sis to bring the process to a safe state;
- The safety integrity level and mode of operation(demand/continuous) for each safety instrumented function;
- A description of SIS process measurements and their trip points;
- Requirements relating to energize or de-energize to trip;
- Requirement for resetting the SIS after a shutdown.
- Maximum allowable spurious trip rate ; as per IEC 61511.


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Elk Mountain Campground Closed
The Elk Mountain Campground is closed and will remain closed through the summer of 2013 due to across the board budget cuts.
Nature & Science
Photo by K.L. Day
One of the world's longest and most complex caves and 33,851 acres of mixed-grass prairie, ponderosa pine forest, and associated wildlife are the main features of the park. The cave is well known for its unusual geology and outstanding displays of boxwork, an rare cave formation composed of thin calcite fins resembling honeycombs. The cave also contains a variety of other cave formations such as popcorn, frostwork, and flowstone. Continued exploration is still occuring as cavers actively search for new passages in this complex maze.
The park's mixed-grass prairie is one of the few remaining and is home to native wildlife such as bison, elk, pronghorn, mule deer, coyotes and prairie dogs. In 1911, the American Bison Society looked for places to establish free roaming bison herds. They selected Wind Cave National Park as one of the first areas where these animals would be returned to the wild.
Bison, pronghorn, and elk were reintroduced to the park in 1913 and 1914. Because of this, we can see many prairie animals such as: elk, bison, pronghorn, turkeys, prairie dogs, and maybe even a black-footed ferret. And, just as important, we can see the habitat that supports them.
Did You Know?
Littleleaf pussytoes can vary in color by elevation. Generally at higher elevations the plant has deeply pink bracts. At lower elevations they are more commonly white. More...


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A new, retrospective study published in Scientific Reports found that tinnitus patients may have a higher risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD).
The retrospective matched cohort study was conducted with 12,657 tinnitus patients and 25,314 controls from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) in Taiwan, which provides coverage to almost 100% of Taiwanese citizens, according to the article. Tinnitus, according to a large-scale study cited in the article, is estimated to effect about 10% of the adult population and around 12-18% of the population over age 60. Many brain functions—including learning, memory, and concentration—are linked to the neural correlates of sensory processing for tinnitus, and, for those diagnosed with "central-type tinnitus," it can be thought of as a "soft sign" of neurodegenerative central nervous system disease, according to Scientific Reports. Both AD and PD are "neurodegenerative diseases, which are characterized by gradual progressive loss of neuronal function in an anatomical or physiological way." Chronic tinnitus can often exist with a hearing impairment, and there is research that shows a connection between hearing loss and dementia. Previous studies have shown a connection between tinnitus and cognitive dysfunction including executive control of attention and working memory, according to the article.
The authors concluded that tinnitus patients may have a higher risk of AD and PD. The presence of diabetes mellitus and head injury are also thought to increase the risk for AD, while head injury, cerebrovascular disease, and osteoarthritis could increase the risk of later PD.
To read the entire article, please click here.
Original Paper: Chu H-T, Liang C-S, Yeh T-C, et al. Tinnitus and risk of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease: A retrospective nationwide population-based cohort study. Scientific Reports. 2020;10(12134).
Source: Scientific Reports


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A truism that I hear repeated frequently that cooking is an art, while baking is more of a science which requires accuracy and following recipes to the letter. I don't think that is necessarily true, I certainly improvise changes to baking recipes frequently and usually with good results. But I think there is an underlying element of truth, which is that with cooking you can generally imagine what will result from a change, whereas with baking it can be much more difficult for us amateurs to predict.
That got me thinking about just how many variations there might be for something as simple as bran muffins. Let's start with a bran muffin recipe I've used before with good success and try to calculate how many ways they could be made. Obviously there are actually effectively infinitely many variations – you could add just one more molecule of baking soda. My goal is to get a rough count of distinguishable variations that a sensitive human could tell apart.
To get started, here are the ingredients:
- 1.5 c. wheat bran
- 0.5 c. yogurt
- 1.5 c. milk (preferably whole milk)
- 1 egg
- 4 T. blackstrap molasses
- 1/4 c. brown sugar
- 1 c. all purpose flour
- 1 t. baking powder
- 1/2 t. baking soda
- 1/2 t. salt
Let's take the amount of wheat bran as a given, and then we can adjust the ratios of all the other ingredients to it. For the yogurt, milk, molasses, sugar and flour let's assume we could use 25% less, 12% less, the same amount, 12% more, or 25% more. Already that is 5^5 = 3125 combinations. For the egg, let's say we could use 0, 1, 2, or 3, so that is a factor of 4. For the baking powder and baking soda let's assume 4 variations of each, and the salt is assumed to be equal to the baking soda, that's 16 more options.
Of course that is assuming a fixed set of ingredients. We could use cereal bran flakes or oat bran, whole, part skim or fat-free yogurt or sour cream, and the same for the milk, or soy milk, any of a dozen kinds of brown sugar, maybe 4 kinds of molasses and maybe 4 distinguishable kinds of white flour, not to mention that you could whole wheat, or spelt, or teff.. We could use honey or agave nectar or half a dozen other sweeteners. We could add some applesauce for additional moisture. That is 147546 more combinations, not even considering that we could add fruit or nuts or seeds.
Then let's figure that there could be at least 3 levels of how thoroughly we mix the batter, 3 of how big the muffins are (which affects the surface area to interior ratio), 4 types of pans, 6 oven temperatures, and 4 variations of how deeply brown we cook them to, for 784 more options.
That gives us a grand total of 23,135,212,800,000 ways to make a basic bran muffin! 23 trillion ways. And I believe those are legitimate differences, meaning that a reasonably sensitive taster could tell any two of them apart in a head-to-head comparison, and tell you which of the two they thought was better. And if anything, this is probably an underestimate given how conservative some of the assumptions above are.
So what conclusions can we draw from this? I guess one is that there is real value in a recipe. Someone has been willing to put a stake in the ground and say "this is the best bran muffin out of 23 trillion options!" And on the flip side, there is value in experimenting, as there is real reason to believe you can improve your baked goods. Since you clearly can't explore that number of variations, the best way to experiment is hold all other variables constant and change just one thing, like the milk or the type of flour over a few batches, and keep track of which one you like best. Of course that would miss any second-order effects like preferring whole milk with bread flour but skim milk if you used pastry flour. That is just the chance us muffin scientists will have to take!


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A selection of articles related to friendship etymology.
Original articles from our library related to the Friendship Etymology. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Friendship Etymology.
- The Beauty of Friendship
- Acquaintance, friend, lover, partner, soulmate. The pattern of human contact that is so vitally important to our being. Emotionally, we not only need to feel connected.. we desire it. But what is a connection? How does it happen? We know certain like signs...
Spirits >> The Soul
- Group Mind Effectiveness
- "Friendship" is really just the psychic alignment of two people, on the basis of good Intent. We know the exact moment a friendship is solidified. There is a distinct impression within the body at a given moment in the interaction, when we perceive a...
Mind >> Telepathy and Group Mind
- Starting with Jesus and the Christian Path...
- During the years of the historical Jesus' life, there are eight or nine years that his whereabouts are not accounted for. Meaning these are the 'lost' years. It was after returning that he truly began to teach his wisdom. Many scholars believe he was in India...
Religion & Philosophy >> Religions
- The Elements of Color Magick
- "Color is the place where our mind and the universe meet each other." Paul Cezanne In magick colors represent a certain energy, goal, person (someone you're working for) or a non-physical being (deity, spiritual force). The magickal color meanings...
Symbology >> Colorology
- A Quick Guide to Reading Ordinary Playing Cards
- Divining from regular playing cards is an old practice and I am sure many of us know at least one fortune-telling game done with this tool. Reading regular cards is called cartomancy or metasymbology. Playing cards have been called "The Devil's Picture...
Divination >> Tarot Cards
- The Rose - Love, Healing, Symbolism and Alchemy
- When someone gives you red roses you know what it means: Love. Some say it means love and respect, but most of the times it means love and desire. The rose, this wondrous Lady of Flowers, is attributed to femininity. The red rose belongs with Aphrodite, the...
Earth Mysteries >> Essential Oils
Friendship Etymology is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Friendship Etymology books and related discussion.
Suggested Pdf Resources
- What is Gonzo? The etymology of an urban legend
- journalism also offer different and contradictory etymologies. This paper assesses Gonzo'.
- VULNERABLE ACCUMULATION: Etymology: Vulnerable: from L
- Emotional ties and connection, friendship and affiliations c. Intellectual. Esposito, Roberto Communitas: The Origin and Destiny of Community, trans.
- A DICTIONARY OF GHANAIAN ENGLISH
- European origin; possibly some of these are due to their interpretations of... French speaking countries next to Ghana friend n. girl-friend/boy-friend froy n.
Suggested Web Resources
- 1 - Online Etymology Dictionary
- plant genus of the borage family, 1753, Modern Latin, of unknown origin.
- Online Etymology Dictionary
- The Online Etymology Dictionary.
- Etymology of word "friend" in many languages - WordReference Forums
- Jan 14, 2008 Hello Team! I'm working on a project for my university's president, studying the etymologies of the word "friend" in different languages.
- Communication, Friendship and Etymology : The Irreverent Buddhist
- Aug 24, 2005 Communicate" comes to English from Latin, the word is the past-paticiple of Communicare, from the root "commune" meaning "to talk.
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
Friendship Etymology Topics
Related searchescanadian 100 dollar bill
peyton manning records
the kinks history


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About the Law
This section is your guide to understanding some laws that govern Canada and Ontario, including your rights and responsibilities as a Canadian citizen or a new resident. These are covered in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
You can also locate information about workers' rights in Ontario, child protection laws, women's rights and the Ontario Human Rights Code.
Rights and Responsibilities of Immigrants
Justice Ontario is a one-stop source for questions about Ontario's legal system, including:
- Finding a lawyer
- Tickets and fines
- Lawsuits and disputes
- Family and criminal law
- Human rights, and
- Wills and Estates
You can also call Justice Ontario at _PHONE_ for legal information in over 170 different languages.
Human Rights, Law and the Police
Learn about what human rights protection Ontario offers. To read more, select your language from the drop-down menu above. Information provided by Settlement.org
To learn more about worker's rights in Ontario, go to the Find a Job section and scroll down.


The FLUID model for documentation
The FLUID model helps you create user centered documentation. It describes the five steps users go through when they use documentation. The model provides practical tips for supporting users in each step.
The FLUID model can be adapted to search and help.
The FLUID model has five steps:
Formulate the problem
Users realize that there is a problem. They formulate the problem in words they can look for.
To facilitate this, you should:
 - Provide a table of contents, which users can skim when they look for ways of expressing their problem.
 - Write chapter and section headings that are comprehensible for users.
 - Offer a troubleshooting-section that deals with problems that users typically encounter. You can get inspiration for this section from usability testing and by talking to people in user support.
Locate an answer
Users then look for the relevant section in the documentation, often by flipping through the documentation.
To facilitate this, you should:
 - Show the name of the current chapter and section in the header of each page.
 - Offer an overview of user tasks, with links to step-by-step instructions for how to carry out the tasks.
 - Place the most important information at the start of each section.
 - Offer an overview of typical problems, with links to step-by-step instructions for how to solve the problems.
 - Make sure the overview describes functions that users might expect, but that the site cannot live up to. This prevents users from wasting their time looking for information that does not exist.
 - Include an extensive subject index.
 - Make the subject index easy to find, for example by placing it at the end of the document.
 - Include important synonyms and permutations in the subject index. You can find the synonyms through usability testing or by talking to users.
Understand the information found
Next, users try to understand what the author is saying.
To facilitate this, you should:
 - Write explanations in the users' language.
 - Use examples to explain concepts.
 - Provide links that explain technical terms.
 - Use words consistently.
 - Use consistent (stereotypical) terminology. Create a vocabulary for your system; include synonyms that should not be used.
 - Provide clear explanations. Divide the text into short chunks. Present options as headings so the user can click them for information that is more detailed.
Implement the understanding
Once users have understood the author's message, they convert the information into action.
To facilitate this, you should:
 - Ensure that the information in the documentation is updated and complete.
 - Provide actionable information.
 - Provide relevant examples that show precisely what users should do.
 - Explain the action's consequences, that is, what will the system do in response to the user's actions? What (invisible) data will be changed?
Determine if the problem has been solved
Finally, the user checks whether the website reacts as expected.
To facilitate this, you should:
 - Explain how the system should react.
 - Provide descriptions of possible errors and instructions for troubleshooting.
Credit for the FLUID model
I first wrote about the FLUID model in my book Brugervenlige edb-systemer (in Danish) in 1994. The FLUID model is strongly inspired by the works of Patricia Wright about usable computer documentation, in particular the paper Manual Dexterity – A User-Oriented Approach to Creating Computer Documentation from the CHI Conference in 1983. Patricia says that she did not invent the acronym "FLUID"; the origin of the acronym is unclear.


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The March 2010 revision of the General Eric Shinseki reading list
Gen. Shinseki's list has several characteristics that support those purposes. It is hierarchical, presenting sub lists of books appropriate to varying levels of experience and responsibility. Lieutenants and buck sergeants have different frames of reference than do generals and sergeants major. It is progressive, with each sub list preparing its intended audience not only for present levels of responsibility but also for responsibilities at the next higher level. It is synchronized, complementing formal Army education and bridging intellectual intervals between attendances at Army educational institutions. It is diverse, collectively representing the entirety of our military heritage and encouraging reflection upon a variety of issues and circumstances. Finally, it is intended to be challenging, calling upon soldiers to read at a level that is within their capacities but that stretches their intellects.
- Cadets, Soldiers And Junior NCOs
- Company Grade Officers, WO1-CW3, And Company Cadre NCOs
- Field Grade Officers, CW4-CW5, And Senior NCOs
- Senior Leaders Above Brigade


Are you nervous about proposing a contract to your client? Among the many importance and values of having one are as follows: a contract provides a well-written detailed agreement of each party's responsibilities. It binds both parties to their duty as stated on the agreement as well as agreed schedule or time frame. It ensures secured payment for virtual assistant services rendered. During recourse moments when relationships between client and VA falter, you can use the said agreement to demand payment.
A virtual assistant agreement is a document between two parties, the virtual assistant and the client for a contractual working relationship. Virtual assistants can help with almost anything an in-person assistant can. Information such as required hours, can be included if applicable. In an arrangement like this, standard contractual clauses are also included, like choice of law and place.
In this document, basic identifying info regarding the parties will be entered, like names and address details. Then, details about the actual work and the virtual assistance services, like what the projects are, deadlines, milestones, fees info, etc., will be included. After this document is filled out, it must be printed in order that both parties can sign it. Then, a best practice is for both parties to keep a copy.
By setting out a clear agreement between you and the client, both parties know exactly where they stand, what's expected, who has the rights to what, when payment must be made, how to terminate the agreement, and so on.


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This is the embroidered linen nightcap worn by Charles I on the eve of his execution, the 29th-30th January 1649. With the death of the King, the monarchy was abolished and England became a republic governed by the Commonwealth. Charles' trial was unprecedented in world history, and the events that followed were unique in British history. Upon the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, parliament declared Charles a martyr, added him to the calendar of Anglican saints, and ordered prayers to be said in his memory and honour on the anniversary of his death. Interest in the cult of Charles's martyrdom was revived in Queen Victoria's reign.
The nightcap was donated by Queen Victoria to Carisbrooke Castle Museum (established in 1898 by her daughter Princess Beatrice) where it can be seen today. Charles I was confined at Carisbrooke Castle from November 1647 to November 1648, before being brought to trial in London. His time at Carisbrooke was marked by failed attempts at escape, and fruitless negotiations with both Parliament and potential allies. The story of Charles I in the Isle of Wight is a significant part of the island's history and of the present museum's content.


Ventilation: a breath of fresh air is all it takes
Housing design: Ventilation
By Paul Henman
On a daily basis, a dairy cow will release up to 22 litres of water vapour and 14,400 watts of excess heat. To put this into perspective it is the same amount of heat you'd get from a small panel or electric fan heater. Removing this heat and keeping animals cool is a major challenge.
The perfect shed prevents high humidity in winter and high temperatures in summer which, from a design perspective is challenging. Even more so as the range in temperature between winter lows and summer highs gets wider.
The aim of good ventilation is to remove excess heat and water vapour and replace it with cooler air from outside. This process of gas exchange also prevents the concentration of ammonia (NH4) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) from reaching levels that depress the animal's immune system. As well as depressing the production of your herd, poor ventilation can also put you and your employee's health at risk.
Making the effort to understand how air moves around in your sheds is time well spent. For ventilation to work a building needs both inlets and outlets in the correct ratio. Warm air will rise through the outlets along the ridge of a building drawing in cooler air through the sides.
Providing more outlets if you have no inlets will have minimal impact; and equally, providing more inlets where outlets are insufficient will have limited effect. As a rule of thumb you need 0.1M2 outlet ventilation per cow which means a 200 cow shed will need a total 20M2 to exhaust the stale air. Ideally inlet ventilation should be a minimum of two times outlet ventilation.
Natural ventilation is the lowest cost ventilation to be addressed first. There are some very simple, and relatively inexpensive improvements you can make to ensure better air flows:
5 ways to maximise natural ventilation
 1. Provide more ventilation at the side of your building. Remove tin sheets and trim vegetation away from existing space boarding.
 2. Consider curtain sides for your buildings. This can increase air flow in the summer months without making it excessive in winter months.
 3. Provide more outlets in the ridge. This can be done by creating a wider open ventilated ridge or by leaving spaces or making slots between roof sheets.
 4. Open end walls in the summer especially if they face the prevailing breeze.
 5. Let off smoke bombs to make sure airflows are uniform. Stale air can sit in pockets of the building and moist air can condense bringing more moisture into the building that makes bedding a breeding ground for bacteria.
There is a lot of complicated maths involved in getting ventilation right and specialist advice is recommended if you aren't satisfied with the performance of your ventilation systems. If none of these solutions provide adequate or practical ways to improve the airflow in animal housing naturally, it may be time to consider more expensive options including fans and automated openings.


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Date of Award
Master of Science
Department or Academic Unit
College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
Erosion, Fluid Jet Polishing, Metal Erosion, Metal Polishing, Polishing, Slurry Jet
Polishing and erosion of aluminum surface using fluid jet carrying abrasive alumina particles was investigated. Setup was built and combined to a lathe allowing flexibility to vary jet orientation and control the jet impact location on the metal surface. The effects of pressure (90-75-50 psi), jet orientation (90°-60°-30°-15°) and polishing time (10-15-20 minutes) on the final surface obtained were studied. Experiments were carried out on a fixed spot on the aluminum substrate, keeping nozzle and substrate stationary. Stylus profilometry was used to examine the final surface along different directions. The surface morphology was investigated through measurements of depths and slopes of the contour obtained. Conclusive trends were obtained for variations in the parameters. It was seen that the final wear contour strongly depends on the jet orientation. The most polished part of the contour was in the region of jet impact as compared to the surface surrounding the vicinity of the impact. The average roughness (Ra) of the surface changed from 430 nm to 139 nm when all the tests are considered. Most polished surface was obtained with the jet orientation of 30° with Ra value of 68 nm. The largest polished surface area was obtained with the 15° jets. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to study the jet-to-surface interactions. This showed that the fluid dynamic pressure is the main parameter affecting the material removal off the surface. It was concluded that the region of material erosion with respect to the fluid stagnation, changed with the slurry jet orientation. The results are applicable to erosion as well as polishing of metal surfaces.
Shreyansh P. Patel
Patel, Shreyansh P., "Effects of alumina slurry jet on polishing and erosion of aluminum substrate: experimentation and cfd modeling" (2011). Mechanical Engineering Master's Theses. Paper 54. _URL_
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By Manjima Bhattacharjya, Jenny Birchall, Pamela Caro, David Kelleher, and Vinita Sahasranaman
Article can be found here
Social justice movements are able to generate deep and lasting changes that policy change and development interventions alone cannot achieve. However, in many cases, women's rights and gender justice remain low on the priorities of movements, even when women are active members. This article offers a preview of three case studies developed as part of the BRIDGE Cutting Edge programme on gender and social movements, which aims to inspire and support the inclusion of gender equality principles and practices in social justicemobilisation. The case studies feature the global human rights movement (with a focus on Amnesty International), the CLOCVia Campesina movement in Latin America, and the Occupy movement in the United States. We summarise some of the strategies each social movement has used to encourage the integration of women's rights and gender justice in both internal and external-facing work; discuss some of the challenges that the movements have faced in implementing these strategies; distil common lessons from the three experiences; and end by suggesting some prerequisites for positive gender transformation in social justice movements.
Vinita Sahasaranaman in the Director - Programmes & Advocacy at The YP Foundation.


This is an article related to Calbion. Click here for more information.
Jack I
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Jack I
Prince of the Calbain
Reign 1597 - 1630
Predecessor Dawydd
Successor Jack II
Governor-Generals William Nelson
Llywelyn Lewis
Consort none
Issue none
Name Jack Mackenzy Willem de Montfort
Father Alejandro Cornelis de Montfort-Blanckenberg
Mother Helena de Maer
Born XI.1566
Charlotte, New Britannia
Died IV.1628
Ynys Corrach, Calbion
Prince of the Calbain
Calbion coat of arms.png
Llywelyn I
Arthur I
Llywelyn II
Arthur II
Jack I
Jack II
Arthur III
Jack I (born: Jack de Montfort; _PHONE_) was Prince of the Calbain from 1597 until 1630, with an interruption in his reign between 1600 and 1608 as a result of the defeat of Calbion in the Calbain Independence War.
Early life
Prince Jack I was born Jack Mounford, son of the head of the newly established order of the Knights Templar, a Catologian order that protected the faith. His mother was an Aragonese commoner, while his father served as Grand Master of the Order. Jack received a modern education at Lady Germania University in Aragon, and assumed the position of Grand Master after his fathers death. Jack modernised and updated the Order, but tried to prevent the upcoming Jingdaoist Catologian dogmas into the general Catologian faith.
After the Juan rebellion in Southbatavia, the Order was weakened. Together with some important businessmen and officers in the Southbatavian army, he sailed to unknown lands. The island they landed was the Island of Maraguo, or as the local Celtic tribes called it: Calbion. Mounford stumbled upon a divided nation. The south was still very Maraguan, but the north was under control of the larger population of the celtic tribe of the Calbain. With the help of Jingdaoese forces, Mounford united the country and placed it under Southbatavian control. He himself was declared Count of Calbion. But that didn't prevent the Maraguan population to rise up agains the, mainly Calbain, government. This resulted in a bloody uprising that was dealt with accurately by the Calbain and Southbatavian forces. Subsequently, Jack Mounford recieved the title of Lord of Calbion. The reign of Jack Mounford saw large cultural development on the Island and the Calbain culture reached new hights. In 8 ÔD, Jack was proclaimed Prince of the Calbain.
Calbain Independence War
Several incidents occured however which created a schism between Calbion and the Southbatavian mainland. The first incident was the rocket launching site. The Emperor wanted to create a rocketbase on the isle of faenor, but the local residents protested against this. Mounford was unable to prevent the creation of this site and had to settle for an aircraft base which also included the rocket facility. The second incident was the raid of the Calbionese pirate Callaghan of a Natopian trading ship and of a Natopian holiday facility for homosexuals. The cruelty which the pirate showed towards his victims led to a diplomatic crisis between Calbion and Natopia. This was only enlargened by the crash of a Natopian airplane on a Calbionese square afterwards.
No longer wishing to submit themselves to the rule of the despotic Empress Sisera, The Calbain rose up in a rebellion against Jingdao. A declaration of independence was handed in and Jingdaoese soldiers were killed. Sisera reacted by attacking Calbion in full scale, destroying large parts of the country and killing the large majority of the population.
Exile, Return and Death
Following the unsuccesful revolt against the Jing, Jack I went in exile on Penguin island. After the failure of the Maraguans to establish a state, Jack I returned to Calbion and oversaw much of the reconstruction, together with Governor-General Llywelyn Lewis. The two became close friends and are together regarded as the fathers of the modern Calbain state. The Prince worked together with the Brettish in advancing the maritime rights of the Calbain people. Under his later rule, Calbion became a colonial power. During one of his travels to the colonies, Prince Jack I fell ill and passed away for the shores of the isle of Ynys Corrach, currently part of the South Sea Islands. The place where the Prince died is currently marked by a monument.
The Prince had declined a state Cremation, which had been traditional for Princes of the Calbain. in his will, stating "What am I but a man? I have been given the opportunity to aid the Calbain people. The strive and toil of this endeavour has shown me that I cannot accomplish anything but for the grace of Cato. Let glory be to Him, and to the great people of Calbion". Prince Jack I was instead cremated in a private ceremony, and his ashes were distributed in the Bay of Adventon. He remains the first Prince of the Calbain whose ashes are not placed in the Crypt of the Catodral in Pentyre after Arthur II.
Never married, Prince Jack I did not have an immediate heir. It took several months before his closest relative assumed the throne as Prince Jack II.


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Top 5 Things to Know Before Starting CCTV Manufacturing
CCTV manufacturing stands for 'closed-circuit television' and is popularly known as a video surveillance camera. Whether it's home, commercial spaces or industries, these cameras are found pretty much everywhere we go.
If you want to start a CCTV manufacturing business, you have made a great choice. The CCTV camera market is expected to grow at 10.3% CAGR and reach 10490 Million USD by 2026. This is quite not a surprise as the need for surveillance is bound to increase in almost all parts of the world.
Thanks to the opportunities it offers, CCTV manufacturing is a lucrative business. However, like any other industry, it also comes with complexities and challenges. This blog post will lay out five crucial things that you cannot afford to miss before you get started with CCTV manufacturing.
Read Also this Relevant Blog:- 5 CCTV Manufacturing Industry Trends You Need to Know
1. It's Not All About Capturing Video Anymore
For most people, all cameras are the same. They all record the video and store the footage for later use. However, it's not the case.
In recent years, the CCTV camera business has witnessed massive technological advancements. Not only there are many different types of cameras, but the latest technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and cloud monitoring have also been integrated with these cameras.
Thus, the first thing you should do is learn all about CCTV cameras and the latest technologies in the space. Without understanding the nuts and bolts of the industry, it's not possible to have a great CCTV manufacturing business.
2. Different Types of CCTV Camera
Which kind of CCTV camera do you want to manufacture? If you aren't sure about the answer to this question, you should probably learn about the different types of CCTV cameras used in the market. Let's see some of the most common types of CCTV cameras being used today.
- PTZ Camera: PTZ is the short form of 'Pan, tilt, and zoom.' These cameras are highly sensitive, and they can detect the motion, sound, and change in heat signature and get activated. Thus, they can detect any potentially suspicious activity and warn human monitors.
- IR Camera: IR (Infrared) cameras are used for surveillance in darkness. Their infrared capabilities allow us to capture the perfect movement of things through Night Vision Cameras. They offer reliable, clear and sharp images in the nighttime.
- IP Cameras: IP (internet protocol) cameras, as the name suggests, are the cameras that are connected with mobile phones through a broadband internet connection. These are some of the most commonly used cameras in domestic and commercial spaces.
- Facial Recognition Cameras: These cameras allow users to identify faces that are difficult to recognize within standard video surveillance technology. They offer remarkable accuracy of over 98.5% on public standard data sets.
- AI Cameras: As the name implies, these cameras come equipped with artificial intelligence and machine learning capabilities. They come with algorithms that detect unusual motions and offer high definition resolution.
Other CCTV cameras include Thermal cameras, 4G/5G cameras, Wi-Fi cameras and ANPR cameras.
3. AI & IoT are the Present and Future
Today, the biggest CCTV manufacturers invest a lot of money in researching and developing new-gen cameras. Although it's still the transition phase, we're witnessing a rapid shift in the CCTV camera industry.
Conventional CCTV cameras need constant human monitoring to ensure the safety of a particular space. This becomes quite a challenge when you have hundreds of cameras to monitor. Moreover, humans can make mistakes, resulting in huge losses and accidents.
AI-powered cameras alleviate this problem as they facilitate machine-based surveillance. Plus, as a part of the internet of things (IoT) network, these cameras are now being synchronized with other devices to offer better security. For example, you can integrate AI cameras with an alarm system at your home to warn you of any suspicious activity.
4. Complex CCTV Manufacturing Process
A lot of things go into manufacturing CCTV cameras. It's a ten-step process starting with circuit development till packaging. Let's see the steps involved in the CCTV manufacturing business:
- Step 1: PCB development
- Step 2: Raw material purchase
- Step 3: PCB manufacturing
- Step 4: SMT process
- Step 5: IC Programming
- Step 6: Assembling lens
- Step 7: Focusing process
- Step 8: Gluing process
- Step 9: Quality inspection
- Step 10: Packaging
5. Industry Standards & Compliance
CCTV cameras deal with sensitive information, and that's why there are stringent standards that CCTV manufacturers must comply with. There are some country-specific standards, and some are applied worldwide. You must do in-depth research so that your manufacturing process follows all the guidelines and don't face any problems.
Although CCTV manufacturing is a rewarding business, it involves a lot of complexities on the technical and business side. Thus, one of the most important things you need to do is hire good talents who have been in the industry for quite some time. Their experience and expertise will help you set your business on the right track.