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A tumulus (one tumulus, several tumuli) is a certain type of grave. The word comes from Latin. This way of burying people was common in the Stone age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. There are different layouts. Sometimes sarcophaguses were used, at other times, urns were placed in the grave. There are layouts with one or with multiple chambers. Sometimes the location is privileged, and stone circles can be found nearby.
Related pages[change | change source]


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Looking for help on RTI? Read the success stories of other people, locate a PIO and even access ready-made RTI applications for everyday problems.
RTI Guide for Social Issues
( 4 items )
RTI is a powerful Act that allows a common citizen effect some remarkable changes. The Burning Brain Society in Chandigarh managed to use RTI to force the local government to implement the Supreme Court order for banning smoking in public spaces. Something even the militants were never able to do despite the power of fear.
Sakshi Trust develops Guides on particular issues and distributes them free to concerned citizens. If you have an issue that you would like a Guide book developed on, contact Sakshi Trust.
Sakshi has developed the following Guide books:
1. RTI Guide for Improving the Urban Environment
2. RTI Guide to track cases of Missing Children
3. RTI Guide to Improve Public Education
4. RTI Guide for People with Disabilities
Daily Use RTI
( 20 items )
Even before the National Right to Information Act was passed, 7 states had already implemented state-level RTI Acts. Since then activists from across the country have been experimenting with RTI and have evolved a set of RTI applications that you can use for most daily issues like your roads, drains, streetlights etc. Now you can use these ready-to-use RTI applications for solving your everyday problems with your government.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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|Introduced In||Deus Ex Machina|
|Last Seen In||Because You Left|
A Beechcraft originating from Nigeria, that was later flown to the island and crashed approx 2-8 years before the Crash of Oceanic Flight 815.
Yemi and GoldieEdit
The Beechcraft was a plane full of heroin that was flown out of Nigeria by Goldie and Yemi that crashed on the island and became lodged in the tree canopy. When the plane made its descent, Goldie bailed out of the plane by parachute and was killed when he was snagged by a tree. Yemi was either killed by the gunshot he received in Nigeria prior to takeoff, or by the impact of the crash.
Nikki and PauloEdit
Shown in a flashback, Nikki and Paulo are seen to have found the Beechcraft and the Pearl Station before any of the other survivors."Exposé"
Boone and LockeEdit
Years later, while on the island, Locke had a dream about the Beechcraft crashing and he and Boone set out the next day to locate it as Locke was adamant that the contents inside would be give them what they needed to gain entry into the hatch. When they arrived at the plane, Boone climbed up to the canopy as Locke had temporarily lost the use of his legs. While inside, Boone discovered maps of Nigeria, the remains of Yemi, and that the plane was actually used to smuggle heroin inside of Virgin Mary statues. After Boone made contact over the plane's radio, his weight made the plane shift, and it crashed into the ground, with him inside. Locke would carry the bloody injured Boone back to the camp on his back.
Sayid and LockeEdit
After Boone died, Sayid set out to discover the truth about what happened. He demanded that Locke take him to the plane in the jungle. Once he did so, Sayid attempted to salvage what he could from the plane. And while there, he discovered that Locke was concealing the gun that he had lifted from Goldie's body. Locke then revealed to Sayid that when he had been attempting to triangulate the French signal, it was him that struck him from behind and destroyed his equipment. Sayid became infuriated and inquired as to "the Hatch" which Boone had mentioned before he died.
Charlie and EkoEdit
When Sayid and Charlie made their way across the island, they stopped to rest at the Beechcraft, and it was there that Charlie took one of the Virgin Mary statues out of temptation. When Eko discovered this days later, he demanded Charlie bring him to the plane. Once there Eko found his brother's body, and the necklace which he had worn as a child, Eko and Charlie then set the plane ablaze, and Eko recited Psalm: 23 for a memorial for his brother.
Locke and EkoEdit
After following a dream he had which contained a message from Ana Lucia and Yemi informing him that he had to help John, the two set out to find the mysterious question mark. When the two arrived at the fallen Beechcraft, they made camp for the night. That night, Locke had a dream which featured Eko following Yemi to the top of the cliff, and then falling to his death. Once Eko climbed to the top of the cliff, he stated that he didn't see anything, but then noticed that the ground had been salted in order to form a question mark on the ground. Eko determined that whatever they were looking for was buried directly under the Beechcraft, when they removed it from their path, they discovered the entrance to the Pearl Station.
Locke, Sayid, Desmond, Nikki, Paulo and EkoEdit
When an injured Eko wandered off from the camp in search of his brother after a vision he had. Locke knew that the place he was going to, was the exact place that he was planning on going with Desmond and Sayid to - The Pearl Station, which the Beechcraft containing Eko's brother sat atop. Once meeting up with Eko, Locke returned Eko's cross which he had found in the jungle. Locke and his party descended down into the Pearl, and Eko remained outside, and began searching for his brother again. After following his brother, to a spot of open field, Yemi revealed that he was not actually Eko's brother, when Eko demanded Yemi reveal himself, Eko was then grabbed by the Monster and killed in the process.
Locke, Ethan, and RichardEdit
After Ben turned the Wheel and the island inhabitants started jumping through time, Locke witnesses the original crash of the Beechcraft, and is shot by Ethan Rom while trying to climb up to it. Before Ethan executes Locke, Locke jumps to the future, where Richard Alpert dresses his wound and gives him a compass to give to a past version of himself (Richard) so that he would believe Locke's story of time-jumping.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Photometric Units of Measurement
The intensity of electric lights is commonly given as so many candlepower, i.e., so many times the intensity of a standard candle. Since an ordinary candle is not a sufficiently accurate standard, the unit of intensity has been defined in various ways. It was originally defined as the luminous intensity in a horizontal direction of a candle of specified size burning at a specified rate. Later the international candle was taken as a standard; not actually a candle, it is defined in terms of the luminous intensity of a specified array of carbon-filament lamps. In 1948 a new candle, about 1.9% smaller than the former unit, was adopted. It is defined as 1/60 of the intensity of one square centimeter of a black body radiator at the temperature at which platinum solidifies (2,046°K). This unit is sometimes called the new international candle; the official name given to it by the International Commission of Illumination (CIE) is candela.
Other quantities of importance in photometry include luminous flux, surface brightness (for a diffuse rather than point source), and surface illumination. Luminous flux is the radiation given off in the visible range of wavelengths by a radiating source. It is measured in lumens, one lumen being equal to the luminous flux per unit solid angle (steradian) emitted by a unit candle. Surface brightness is measured in lamberts, one lambert being equal to an average intensity of 1/π candle per square centimeter of a radiating surface. The intensity of illumination, also called illuminance, is a measure of the degree to which a surface is illuminated and is thus distinguished from the intensity of the light source. Illumination is given in footcandles, i.e., so many times the illumination given by a standard candle at 1 ft. Another unit of illumination is the lux, one lux being equal to one lumen incident per square meter of illuminated surface. One lux equals 0.0929 footcandle.
Sections in this article:


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Some differences between tungsten and titanium are that they belong to different groups on the periodic table, tungsten has a higher boiling point and titanium is known as the only element that burns in nitrogen. Tungsten belongs to group 6, and titanium belongs to group 4 on the periodic table. Since these elements belong to different groups, they have dissimilar chemical properties.Continue Reading
Of all the metallic elements, tungsten has the highest melting point, which is 6,192 degrees Fahrenheit. The melting point of titanium is 3034 F. Another difference between these elements is that titanium has a lower density at 4.5 gram per cubic centimeter, while tungsten's density is 19.3 grams per cubic centimeter.
Although these are some differences, tungsten and titanium do have some things in common. They are metals that are white in appearance. In nature, tungsten and titanium are not found as pure elements but in minerals.Learn more about Atoms & Molecules


Gateway to Languages and Cultures
Basic information
We are looking for a partner class to collaborate with for language exchange and intercultural communications. My students range from Novice L2 Chinese speakers to those without any Chinese langauge background at a public university in the United States of America. They are mostly English native speakers. We are looking for L1 Chinese speakers in a partner class from Chinese speaking regions/countries. We hope to collaborate with the partner class to explore cultural similarities and differences on a range of themes and topics, such as food, transportation, festivals, travel, etc. as well as develop and sharpen students' L2 language so that they can engage in basic conversations with native speakers if they travel to a Chinese-speaking country to study abroad or intern.
Study programme:
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Wed, 01/03/2017
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Increasingly, experts and interested laypeople are turning to the explosion of online data to form and explore hypotheses about relationships between public health intervention strategies and their possible impacts. We have engaged in a multi-year collaboration to use and design semantic techniques and tools to support the current and next generation of these explorations. We introduce a tool, qb.js, to enable access to multidimensional statistical data in ways that allow non-specialists to explore and create specific visualizations of that data. We focus on explorations of health data - in particular aimed at helping to support the formation and analysis of hypotheses about public health intervention strategies and their correlation with health-related behavior changes. We used qb.js to formulate and explore the hypothesis that youth tobacco access laws have consistent, measurable impacts on the rate of change in cigarette smoking among high school students over time. While focused in this instance on one particular intervention strategy (i.e., limiting youth access to tobacco), this analytics platform may be used for a wide range of correlational analyses. To address this hypothesis, we converted population science data on tobacco-related policy and behavior from Impacteen to a Resource Description framework (RDF) representation that was annotated with the RDF Data Cube vocabulary. A Semantic Data Dictionary enabled mapping between the original datasets and the RDF representation. This allowed for the creation and publication of data visualizations using qb.js. The RDF Data Cube representation made it possible to discover a significant downward effect from the introduction of nine youth tobacco access laws on the rate of change in smoking prevalence among high school-aged youth.


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Competencies for Learning and Working in E-Health Environment Summer Institute of Health Informatics and Canadian Medical Association Electronic Medical Records case study
Knowledge learned in academic settings is solidified and made practical via apprenticeship experiences. The internships in the Master of Health Informatics at Dalhousie University program helps students bridge their knowledge from a classroom setting to a real world setting. In today's climate, healthcare providers have an increasing burden of sorting thorough vast amounts of information with time constraints. One of the important tasks of health informaticians is to identify the requirement of the health professionals and provide them the knowledge and tools to do their day to day activities efficiently. The health informatician must distribute the available knowledge according to the stockholder's needs. The main objective of this internship was to develop Decision Support exercises for the Division of Medical Education (DME)-Summer Institute of Health Informatics (SIHI). The other main objective was to encode an interview in a qualitative software ATLAS ti for the Canadian Medical Association (CMA)-Electronic Medical Record (EMR) Case Study. Both objectives aim was based on knowledge sharing within the learned communities. The Dalhousie University Medical School has significant number of educational programs for their students. The Division of Medical Education (DME) is a division under the Faculty of Medicine which undertakes and fosters research and development in medical education with particular emphasis in faculty development, communication skills, medical informatics and health/medical education research. As part of this internship's objective; Clinical Decision Support Systems tools (CDSS) were explained with hands on experience on CDSS tools like ISABEL, Visual Dx, data analysis along with operations of SPSS, a statistical package, were explained for decision making to the faculty to help promote life long learning. The SIHI worked as a knowledge sharing model 5 through Community of Participation (CoP) which was effective according to the response of the participant; however an effective sharing of this knowledge gained through an online discussion forum should be implemented in the future. Canada does not have full implementation of EMR and there is tremendous room for growth. The Canadian Medical Association (CMA)-Electronic Medical Record (EMR) Case Study is the first national collaborative effort among academic researchers and the Canadian Medical Association (CMA) representatives to examine the implementation and use of an Electronic Medical Record (EMR) system in primary care settings. The purpose of this research was to provide physicians with practical information on best practices and lessons learned with regards to implementation and use of EMR systems in clinical practice settings. Systematic procedures were followed under the supervision of Dr. Grace Paterson. Moncton, New Brunswick was visited physically and the information was recorded, transcribed and a previously conducted interview by researchers was analyzed by this author using qualitative data analysis software Atlas-ti. The findings of EMR implementation case study will be published and will be recommended to the different stakeholders so that effective measures are taken to make an integrated health care system, the primary initiative of the Canada Health Infoway. Both the above tasks should inspire the participants to use intelligent software's in case of clinical and other health related decision making. There should be continued and enhanced cooperation between health informaticians and health care providers to provide optimal delivery of health care.


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Today's post is from Morris Proctor, certified and authorized trainer for Logos Bible Software. Morris, who has trained thousands of Logos users at his two-day Camp Logos seminars, provides many training materials.
In a recent blog post about displaying a verse from all Bibles, I suggested creating a collection of English Bibles. This suggestion in turn generated some discussion about the order of books in a collection. If you've created a collection from the Tools menu, you've noticed that Logos alphabetizes the resources in a collection.
To illustrate, in a theology-books collection, Baker's Dictionary of Practical Theology appears before Concise Theology because B is of course before C (A).
When using this collection, therefore, in a search, the Baker results appear before the Concise hits (B).
The question then is, how can we move the Concise ahead of the Baker yet leave them both in the collection? The answer is: rename Concise. This method is a little tedious, but it does accomplish the goal.
- Click the Library icon
- Click the Resource information icon on the library's toolbar (C)
- Type title:theology in the library's Find box to display resources with theology in the title (D)
- Click something other than the title of Concise Theology in the viewing area (E) to display the book in the Resource information pane (F)
- Click the Edit (pencil) icon next to the title in the Resource information pane (G)
- Type the numeral 1 in front of the title in the Edit box so the name of the book is now 1 Concise Theology (H)
- Press the Enter key to save the name
- Repeat this process with other theology books using the numerals 2, 3, 4 etc. (I)
- Close the Library
- Choose Tools | Collections
- Name the collection Theology Books (J)
- In the Rule box, type title:theology to list resources with theology in the title (K)
(Please note: this is not a complete rule to locate all theology books, but used just for illustration purposes.)
- Notice that the resources with numbers in their names are now at the top of the list (L)
To see this newly ordered collection in action, generate a basic search in Theology Books and notice which books appear at the top of the list! (M)
Of course, you can use this same method to reorder books in any collection, such as History Books, Ethics Books, or others. This method ensures that your favorite books always appear at the top of your search results.


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Tanzania - FAO wheat database
Wheat production potential in Tanzania
Tanzania's population is about 20 m and nine tenths of the people depend on agriculture, directly or indirectly, for their livelihood. The inhospitably long dry season, and the infestation of large areas with tsetse fly, restrict two thirds of the population to one tenth of the area of the country. Tanzania's economy is, and will continue to b e, agricultural. Since 1970, however, food production has expanded at a rate of only 2.9 percent, while the population has grown at a rate of 3.3 percent annually. During this period, Tanzania has changed from a net exporter of food to a net importer on a large scale.
Tanzania is situated between latitudes 1 0 S and 11 0 S, and between longitudes 30 E and 43 E. Since it is so close to the equator, Tanzania has a typically tropical climate in all lowland areas, with warm temperatures, slow wind velocities, humid air in most months., and no winter. Altitude modifies the climate of the highlands to a temperature regime suitable for wheat. In the south-east the climate is warmed by the Indian Ocean.
In the east and south-east annual rainfall generally ranges between 750 mm and 1,250 mm. Some parts of the Southern Highlands receive more than 1,250 mm. Large areas in central and southern Tanzania receive much less than 750 mm of rainfall. Rainfall increases towards the west and north, and parts of the Northern Highlands receive more than 1,250 mm.
Mean monthly temperatures for January range between 20 0 C and 26 0 C, coolest in the Northern and -Southern Highlands and warmest along the coast of the Indian Ocean. The range of mean monthly temperatures for July is between 16 0 C and 220C.
In much of Tanzania, lack of water limits the growing of wheat more than temperature. Under the prevailing conditions of temperature, sunshine and wind, the minimum annual rainfall required for wheat is 750 mm. The following tables give the proportions of the total area of the country receiving various amounts of rainfall.
The total land area of Tanzania is estimated at 88.6 m ha. The area with sufficient rainfall (more than 750 mm per year) for reliable crop production is thus about 18.6 m ha. The total area harvested during 1979/80 was 6.3 m ha, while potential arable land (regardless of rainfall) has been estimated at 28 m ha. Thus '-he potential for the development of rainfed crop production, including wheat, to sustain the growing rural population, is satisfactory.
Soils with medium to high potential are found mostly in the highland and plateau regions of Mbeya, Njombe, Iringa, Rukwa, Kigoma, Tabora, Kagera, Shinyanga, Mwanza, Singida, Dodoma, Kilimanjaro, Meru and the Usambaras. The level to gently undulating terrain of these areas favours cultivation, but this very feature is often associated with flooding, inadequate drainage and saline soils. These soils cover an area of about 8 m ha.
Soils of slight to medium fertility, with moderate potential, cover considerable areas in most regions. Another group of soils, which are infertile but have moderate potential when fertilized, is fairly extensive in central and south-eastern Tanzania. Together these two groups of soils occupy about 20 m ha.
Wheat production in Tanzania depends almost entirely on rainfall. At present, only 144,000 ha are under partial or full-scale irrigation. Potential irrigable land is estimated at 933,000 ha.
Present wheat production
Wheat is grown entirely under rainfed conditions. Production falls short of requirements and the country relies heavily on wheat import, which ranged between 47,000 and 76,000 tons between 1982 and 1984.
Wheat is the preferred food grain in towns, while the rural population lives mainly on other cereals. As people move into the towns, consumption of wheat in the coming years is likely to grow faster than that of all other cerals. Evidently, unless a determined effort is undertaken in the research and development of wheat, Tanzania's wheat production will remain inadequate for a long time.
There are three modes of wheat production in Tanzania, each with a different level of technical management:
(1) Large-scale mechanized production is being carried out by the National Food and Agriculture Corporation (NAFCO) with the assistance of the Canadian International Development Agency in the Arusha and Kilimajaro regions. Since 1970 these agencies have established six farms totalling 20,757 ha in the Hanang Wheat Complex in the Arusha region. in addition, NAFCO has 6,000 ha under wheat in the Kilimajaro region. Wheat cultivation on these farms is fully mechanized and average yield is 1.6 tons/ha without the use of fertilizer. Erosion problems at Hanang are discussed below in Chapter 7, item 15. To conserve water in the soil and to prevent erosion, the technique of minimum tillage is now being practised, using chisel and sweep ploughs. About three quarters of Tanzania's commercial wheat production comes from these farms.
(2) Smallto medium-scale mechanized wheat cultivation has been practised in parts of the Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions, and in the Irenga region, since 1945. Medium-sized wheat estates, established by expatriate (British) farmers, still continue under state management. Alongside these estates, small-scale farmers grow wheat, hiring tractors and combine harvesters from specialist local contractors.
(3) Hand-tool cultivated wheat is traditional in parts of the Southern Highlands in the Iringa and Mbeya regions. The average plot is a quarter of a hectare. Growers use no input other than seeds and family labour, and they consume practically all that they harvest. Tanzania's evolving rural development programme may improve the output of small-scale wheat farming.
All areas below an 0 altitude of 1,500 m experience temperatures above 20 C for most of the possible growing period and are, therefore, not suitable for wheat. Annual precipitation in these areas may appear to be adequate, but the amounts received during the season when wheat would be grown (April to October) are small and erratic. Areas above 1,500 m are relatively cool, have more reliable precipitation and offer good prospects for rainfed wheat production.
Land with potential for wheat is delineated in seven mapping units:
Land with medium potential (P2)
P2c. Potential limited by climate. This land has no limitation except that temperatures are too warm to achieve large wheat yields.
Three fifths of this mapping unit consist of nearly level to gently undulating land with deep, brown, medium-textured soils (chromic, eutric and calcic cambisols). A quarter of the mapping unit consists of deep, dark-coloured, clayey soils with a fair amount of organic matter and a good surface structure (pellic vertisols) and brownish-coloured, clayey soils, containing little organic matter but with a medium-textured surface (chromic vertisols). These soils, together constituting some 85 percent of this mapping unit, are moderately suitable (P2c) f or wheat. The remaining 15 percent of the unit has very shallow, gravelly soils (lithosols) which have no potential (N) for wheat production.
P2h. Potential limited by hard pans. This mapping unit occupies nearly level to undulating plateaux, about four fifths of which have deep, medium-textured soils with hard lime layers at shallow depths (petrocalcic phases of calcic cambisols, eutric cambisols and eutric nitosols). The hard layers occurring in these soils restrict aeration and the penetration of plant roots. In about a third of these soils, the hard pans are fairly deep and the soils are moderately suitable (P2h) for wheat. In the remaining part, mostly where the surface is undulating, the pans occur near the surface so that any attempt to improve the land, such as by levelling or terracing, would be likely to expose tha pans; this difficulty renders the land unsuitable (N) for wheat.
The remaining fith of the mapping unit comprises deep, dark-coloured, clayey soils containing a moderate amount of organic matter (pellic vertisols); shallow., medium-textured soils with hard pans just below the plough layer (eutric planosols); shallow. dark-coloured, steep soils containing much organic matter and lime (rendzinas); and very shallow S 0 11 S (lithosols). The vertisols are moderately suitable (P2c) and the others unsuitable (N) for wheat production even with a high level of inputs.
P2e. Potential limited by erosion risks. Half this mapping unit (not counting the enclaves near Mbeya in south-west Tanzania, and Arusha in the north-east) consists of gently sloping to steeply dissected. reddish, medium-to fine-textured soils (haplic, eutric and dystric nitosols).
A fifth of the unit consists, in almost equal proportions, of brownish, medium-textured soils (eutric and calcic cambisols) and black to greyish-brown volcanic ash soils (humic and ochric andosols). Two fifths of all these have a small risk of soil


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Chapter 6 - More Song-Teaching Strategies
Every song is different. Every group of children is different. You need to know a variety of song-teaching strategies. You may use hand signs to teach a song one day, then use the echo technique for the same song the next day. You may want to combine the echo technique with the story technique. You need to use your intuition and creativity. Above all, remember the four guidelines I discussed in Chapter 3, starting with making everyone sound fantastic. Ultimately, that is the rule that will help you choose the best song-teaching strategy.
- The call-and-response song
- Teaching songs that have hand movements
- The zipper song
- Rounds and canons
- The partner song
- The non-strategy
- Storytelling with songs
This work is made possible by the generosity of individual donors and congregations. Please consider making a donation today.
Last updated on Saturday, December 10, 2011.
- Spirituality and the Arts in Children's Programming
- Making Music Live
- About the Author(s)
- Chapter 1 - Where and How to Make Music
- Chapter 2 - Movement, Expression, and Creativity
- Chapter 3 - Four Simple Guidelines for Great Singing
- Chapter 4 - How to Choose a Song
- Chapter 5 - Song-Teaching Strategies
- Chapter 6 - More Song-Teaching Strategies
- Chapter 7 - Activities for Listening to Music
- Chapter 8 - Culture and Music
- Chapter 9 - Closing Thoughts Becoming Magnificent
- Chapter 10 - Resources


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Peanut oil, also known as groundnut oil, is a mild tasting vegetable oil derived from peanuts. The oil is available in refined, unrefined, cold pressed, and roasted varieties, the latter with a strong peanut flavor and aroma, analogous to toasted sesame oil.
It is often used in Chinese, South Asian and Southeast Asian cuisine, both for general cooking, and in the case of roasted oil, for added flavor. Peanut oil has a high smoke point relative to many other cooking oils, so is commonly used for frying foods. Its major component fatty acids are oleic acid (46.8% as olein), linoleic acid (33.4% as linolein), and palmitic acid (10.0% as palmitin). The oil also contains some stearic acid, arachidic acid, arachidonic acid, behenic acid, lignoceric acid and other fatty acids.
Antioxidants such as Vitamin E are sometimes added, to improve the shelf life of the oil.
The oil had increased use in the United States during World War II, due to war shortages of other oils.
According to the USDA data upon which the following table is based, 100 g of peanut oil contains 17.7 g of saturated fat, 48.3 g of monounsaturated fat, and 33.4 g of polyunsaturated fat.
Most highly refined peanut oils


Thomas Defferriere
Graduate Student
MEng, Material Science and Engineering (2015-2016)
Imperial College London, UK
B. S., Materials Science and Engineering (2012-2015)
Imperial College London, UK
MIT Contact info.
77 Massachusetts Ave.
Room 13-4010
Thomas Defferriere's research interest focuses on the investigation of optical, magnetic and electrical properties of oxygen deficient metal oxide materials for the development of novel non-volatile memory devices and improvement/design of existing/novel opto-magnetic-electronic devices. Particularly, his work is focused on understanding how these properties can be directly related to the local chemistry and crystallography of the metal oxides. By identifying model systems that can exhibit large oxygen non-stoichiometries we can actively tune the local chemistry and investigate the intricate coupling of the materials functional properties. By designing experiments that can simultaneously investigate the inter-relationship of these properties ex-situ and in-situ, we can acquire a better understanding of how to design devices that take advantage of these unique properties.


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Papanicolaou's stain is used commonly for cancer screeing
and smear preparations of various bodily secretions.
- Mix 11.25ml of a 10% eosin Y solution into 450ml
of 100% ethanol.
- Mix 2.25ml of a 10% aqueous solution of light green
SF into the solution from step 1.
- Mix 25ml of a 1% bismarck brown solution (in ethanol)
into the solution from step 2.
- Mix 10ml of a 10% aqueous solution of phosphotongstic
acid into the solution from step 3.
- Mix 0.3ml of an aqueous solution of saturated lithium
carbonate into the solution from step 4.


latency to route the first packet to an identifier is about 4 times that of raw IP routing, because a Chord lookup must be done (after applying some standard Chord tricks to try to pick the "closest" Chord node among the alternatives as the ring is traversed). To reduce the latency required to route subsequent packets, i3 employs two techniques:
 - Caching the address of the i3 node that owns a given identifier, as discussed above.
 - A receiver generates k random trigger identifiers, and then chooses the identifier that it can reach via IP with the lowest latency.
By having each receiver generate 15-30 random triggers with this technique, the authors are able to reduce the i3 routing latency for subsequent packets send to an identifier to between 2 and 1.5 times more than raw IP.
Overall, I liked this paper: it is an elegant idea that is explained well. A cynical view of this paper is that it isn't all that innovative or "deep": it is just a thin logic layer on top of a DHT. i3 is basically a generalization of the name-to-value lookup service provided by the DHT.
Both performance and security are serious issues with this design, and the paper didn't really convince me that their approach addresses these problems.
I would have liked to see a performance comparison between IP-level multicast and anycast with implementations built on i3.
It would be interesting to compare i3 with group communication systems (GCS) that provide totally-ordered broadcast messages. What features could you add to i3 to make it easier to write reliable distributed systems?
Leave a comment
Filed under Paper Summaries
"Chord: A Scalable Peer-to-Peer Lookup Service for Internet Applications"
This paper describes the design of Chord, one of the earlier and most popular academic DHT systems (according to one measure, the Chord paper is the most-cited CS paper from 2001, along with a raft of other DHT papers). Chord's design focuses on simplicity and offering provable performance and correctness properties. Chord provides a single service: given a key, it returns the address of the node storing the key. Other practical issues, like replication, caching, naming, and cryptographic authentication should be provided by an application level that runs on top of Chord.
Basic Protocol
In Chord, nodes and keys are arranged in a circle (the "identifier circle"). Each node maintains the address of the successor of that node; maintaining the correctness of these successor pointers is the critical correctness property of the protocol. Each key k is owned by the first node whose identifier (e.g. hash of IP address) follows k in the identifier circle. Therefore, keys can be located by simple sequential search; the search terminates when it reaches the node that ought to own the key.
To improve search performance, Chord also maintains a finger table. The finger table is essentially a skip list: if there are N nodes in the DHT, each finger table has O(log N) entries, holding the address of a node 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, … of the way "forward" from the current node in the identifier circle. This essentially allows the search procedure to perform a binary search of the identifier circle, to quickly approach the "neighorhood" of the target key. Note that this means that each node maintains more information about its local neighborhood than about distant nodes, which makes sense.
Joining A Chord Group
To join a Chord group, a joining node begins by computing its predecessor and finger tables. It then joins the group by notifying its successor node, which includes the new node as its predecessor. Each node runs a "stabilization" protocol to maintain the correctness of the successor pointers: each node n periodically asks whether the predecessor of its successor node is n; if not, a new node has joined the group, so n sets its successor to the new intermediate node, and notifies that node to make n the node's predecessor. Once the successor pointers are updated, the new node has joined the Chord group, and can be accessed by subsequent lookup queries. In the background, keys that are now owned by n will be transferred from n's successor, and finger tables will be updated lazily: updating fingers promptly is not actually important for good performance, because fingers are used only to quickly reach the right "neighborhood."
Handling Node Failure
If a node fails, the data on the node may be lost. This is not Chord's concern, because it delegates responsibility for replication to the application. Instead, Chord must ensure that the Chord ring is not "broken": lookup queries can continue, despite the fact that the predecessor of the failed node has an invalid successor node.
Chord achieves that by having each node maintain a list of successors, rather than a single one. If a node notices that its successor has failed, it simply tries the next node in the list. The paper argues that since the failure probabilities of elements of the successor list can be considered to be independent, using a sufficiently large successor list provides arbitrary protection against node failures. The stabilization protocol above is extended to apply to the entire list of successors, not just the first one.
Overall, this is a great paper, and it deserves its reputation as such. It also shows the benefit of combining good systems work with a top-flight theoretician (Karger).
Despite the paper's formal tone, I was confused by their talk of "correctness": they never actually define what their correctness criteria are. Their notion of "correctness" is apparently that the Chord ring remains live and can continue answering queries, even if the query answers are incorrect or undetected ring partitions occur. For example, they observe that when a join occurs and before stabilization finishes,
the nodes in the affected region [may] have incorrect successor pointers, or keys may not yet have migrated to newly joined nodes, and the lookup may fail. The higher-layer software using Chord will notice that the desired data was not found, and has the option of retrying the lookup after a pause.
That is quite disconcerting, and would be an impediment to using Chord-like systems as a backend for a reliable storage service. Importantly, many applications would like to distinguish between "lookup failed because of stabilization problems" and "lookup failed because the key was definitely not in the Chord ring." As presented, the protocol does not appear to allow this distinction.
Another troubling aspect of the paper is the author's attitude toward network partitions, which they regard as a "pathological case." I thought this was surprising, because (short-lived) network partitions are not that rare. In fact, one of the explicit benefits of loose-consistency systems like DHTs is their ability to tolerate network partitions gracefully. They sketch a few ideas on how to detect and heal partitions, but don't address this problem in any real depth.
The paper doesn't talk about an obvious optimization: making "distance" in the Chord ring correlate with distance within the underlying physical network, to reduce communication costs. This is explored in depth by subsequent work.
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"A Path Metric for Multi-Hop Wireless Routing"
A High-Throughput Path Metric for Multi-Hop Wireless Routing" presents the expected transmission count (ETX) metric for finding high-throughput paths on multi-hop wireless networks. By considering link loss rates, asymmetrical loss ratios between the directions of a link, and interference, the paper argues that ETX substantially outperforms routing protocols based on finding the shortest path (fewest hops) in an ad-hoc wireless network.
There are several shortcomings with using minimum hop count for routing in ad-hoc wireless networks:
 - Shortest-path routing protocols essentially assume that either a link works (probe packets are delivered successfully), or it doesn't. While wireless networks can be roughly classified in this manner, wireless links have a much richer space of performance and loss characteristics than "it works" or "it doesn't".
 - Minimizing the hop count typically means maximizing the physical distance traveled by each hop, which leads to selecting links with weak signals and high loss rates. As the related RoofNet paper discusses, it is often preferable to utilize a path of short, high-quality links over a single long-distance, low-quality link.
 - In a dense ad-hoc network, there may be many different routes with the same number of hops. Deciding between routes on the basis of hop count is therefore not sufficient in any case.
There are problems with two naive alternatives to min-hop-count:
 - An improved routing metric could simply choose the path by maximizing the product of the per-link delivery ratios. This is inadequate, however, because it would result in preferring a two-hop route with perfect delivery to a one-hop route with a low loss rate — the latter route is actually better in many cases.
 - Choosing links on the basis of end-to-end delay is problematic, because of oscillation: once a route is utilized for traffic, its delay will often increase. This will result in the routing metric choosing another path, whose latency will then increase, causing it to switch back to the first path, and so on.
ETX Metric Design
The ETX metric for a link is the expected number of data transmissions required to send a packet of a certain size over the link. The ETX metric for a path is the sum of the per-link ETX metrics. ETX calculates per-link delivery ratios for both directions of a link (transmit and receive), to take into account the asymmetrical nature of wireless communication. Delivery ratios are calculated by periodic probes of a fixed size (sent once per second by default via broadcast); each node calculates per-link delivery ratios based on the


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Zoltan Hajnal, University of California – San Diego
Abstract: Since the 1950s, there has been roughly a two-fold rise in the proportion of Americans who identify as political Independents. We argue that the ethnic and immigrant experiences of Latinos shed new light on why and how individuals self-identify with a political party. For Latinos, we argue, party identification is defined by social and political identity formation under uncertainty. We argue that for immigrant-based ethnic groups like Latinos, identification as Independent is a rationally adaptive strategy given uncertainty and ambivalence about one's social group attachments, one's core political predispositions, and the benefits of political and civic involvement to pursue the individual and group interests of Latinos in the US. Absent home-grown and wellgrooved habits, the category of Independent affords a safe harbor for many Latinos from which to bank experiences and impressions about political life in the US. We test our account using data from _PHONE_ Latino National Politics Study, the _PHONE_ Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality and the American National Election Studies.


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Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month 2013
Our country's cultural richness stems from the many immigrant and native legacies which bind us as one Nation from many peoples. Our strength as a Nation resides in the hearts and minds and spirit of our people, united in preserving freedom and justice, and in our willingness to work hard to earn our own way. Asian and Pacific Islander Americans have contributed enormously through language, the arts, music, literature, science, and medicine, adding their own hopes and dreams, to the countless threads that give color and resilience to the fabric that is America.
Asian and Pacific Islander American Heritage Month commemorates both the arrival of the first immigrant Japanese to the United States on May 7, 1843, and the completion of the transcontinental railroad on May 10, 1869, linking our Nation's east and west coasts. So many Chinese immigrants were instrumental to this uniting of the continent. And so many Asian and Pacific Islander Americans since have likewise served and sacrificed for our country. More than 292,000 of them have defended this Nation. Over 67,000 men and women of Asian and Pacific Islander descent currently serve on duty in our Armed Forces around the world.
America is safer, and our democracy is stronger, because of their service in uniform. These Asian and Pacific Islander Americans, from the first brave immigrants to today's generation of vibrant Americans, have made positive and lasting contributions to the greater good of our society.
Their impact has been truly significant—from operating small businesses to leading multinational corporations; from teaching in our most rural classrooms to lecturing in our greatest universities; from volunteering to care for the sick and homeless to commanding the formations which defend us, preserving peace in a dangerous world. Asian and Pacific Islander Americans are fully interwoven into every aspect of American life, bringing with them the hopes and dreams to build an ever-greater America.
On behalf of the Department of Veterans Affairs, it is a privilege to celebrate the rich histories of all Asian and Pacific Islander Americans, including over 22,000 of our co-workers, during this month which honors their heritage.
Eric K. Shinseki


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The untold tales of Lyari
Gang wars, poverty, Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), football and, maybe, boxing are the notions usually associated with Lyari, one of Karachi's oldest neighbourhoods. There is, however, more to Lyari than these stereotypes.
Historically, the inhabitants of Lyari were among the first settlers Karachi.
In her book "The Dual City: Karachi During the Raj," renowned architect Yasmeen Lari writes: "By 1890 the population of Lyari had already reached 24,600." These figures are indicative of Lyari's high population rates even before the notion of partition emerged. Even today, the area remains among the most densely populated, with the highest ratio of inhabitants-per-square-kilometre.
Some of the most popular names to have been associated with Lyari include Hussain Shah (Olympic boxer), Umar Baloch, Ghulam Abbas and Ustaad Qasim (footballers), Waja Ghulam Muhammad Noor ud Din (educationist), Syed Sajjad Ali Shah (former Chief Justice), Waja Khair Mohammad Nadvi (scholar who translated Quran into Balochi language) and Sikandar Baloch (former Mr Pakistan in body building).
Lyari's history, however, goes beyond these names.
Quaid-e-Azam and Lyari
In 1948, during the days of his illness, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was travelling near Lyari, when his car came to a sudden halt in the area. The inhabitants were quick to offer their services to the country's founder. In those early post-partition days, Lyari was home to a sizable immigrant population, which was welcomed by the old settlers of the area despite their own financial woes.
Later that year, when Jinnah lost his life to prolonged illness, it was one of Lyari's oldest sons Noor Mohammad Baloch, who performed his burial, as well as that of the country's first prime minister Liaquat Ali Khan.
After Jiinah's death, government officials got in touch with Zulekha Bibi, who was in charge of Marwari Grave Yard to prepare for the burials. Zulekha instructed Baloch and others to finalise and carry out the services.
The literary Lyari
Apart from being home to sports greats, Lyari has also attracted one of the biggest names of Pakistan's literary world. For Faiz Ahmed Faiz, Lyari was like a passion. In the early 1970s, Faiz frequented the Abdullah Haroon College, where he taught and served as principal (1972-73).
"We were very fortunate to have Faiz sahib at the college," says Zafar Ali Zafar – a Balochi and Urdu poet from Lyari.
"He (Faiz) would travel from the Nursery area (in Karachi) to Lyari to offer his services because it was very close to his heart," recalls Zafar.
Zafar says Faiz inspired him and his poetry. "He even selected a poem for me to recite at a Radio Pakistan mushaira (poetic symposium)."
Decades after Faiz's death, Lyari still maintains a literary aura.
"The Abbas Ali Zehmi Academy remains an active hub for literary dialogue, with Ghani Naqsh and Hassan Ali Hassan among the most active poets."
Muhammad Baig Baloch is another literary figure from Lyari. "He has written several books in Urdu, English, Sindhi and Persian in addition to translating major literary works into Balochi language."
Lyari has also been central to the region's politics. The Madressah Mazhar ul Uloom played a pivotal role in anti-British movements (including the Khilafat Movement) in the pre-partition era. Lyari-based Qadir Bux Rind Baloch (alias Kadu Makrani), an anti-British freedom-fighter met his death in the Chakiwara area in 1887, when he was hanged.
In the days of the martial law imposed by Ayub Khan, members of the Alliance for Restoration of Democracy (ARD) would meet at Lyari's Kakri ground.
From Lyari to Australia
Lyari is commonly known for its passion for camel-cart racing. The area, however, was once the centre of camel trade to countries as distant as Australia.
Traders Dost Muhammad Brohi and Jorak introduced the camels of Balochistan and Afghanistan to Australia, via steam ships in the 1890s
Camel trade took Brohi, a Baloch born in 1870, to Australia in 1883, but it was his love for British girl Annie that made him settle down in the country and marry her in 1896.
Brohi, however, remained unsettled in the Australian lifestyle and after several brawls, his wife's brothers killed Brohi in 1909.
Annie was then invited by the Brohi family to visit Karachi. Upon her arrival, Anne was murdered by Brohi's brothers, who accused her for their brother's death.
In 1993, Brohi and Annie's granddaughter Jane Garnand landed in Karachi, in search of Annie's grave, which she later found in the Clifton area.
Education on the streets
Lyari boasts a distinctive record of school systems, such as the ARM and Kiran Hasht Chowk and Baghdadi areas are, in particular, the hub of education. Here, local non-government organisations have been operating "street schools" for students of primary and secondary classes.
The educated youth of the area have launched the "Lyari Naujawan Tehrik" against the prevalence of drugs and crimes in the area. The movement came under threat from the drug mafia but also brought in other NGOs, which set up schools for informal education.
Despite the odds, street schools in Lyari offer hope to the people of Lyari, as they discourage the youth from falling prey to the gang wars.
"Financial problems are real ailment of Lyari, "according to M.Y Baloch a concerned local.
"Political parties have failed to meet our needs and even the ruling party made empty pledges, said Baloch."
Lyari, can be called a mini-Pakistan, with colours of culture, sports, and traditions. The Lyari River was clean and a healthy habitat for fish, before the 1970s. It has now turned into a dirty stream. The sea breeze from Lyari cooled the other parts of Karachi, which has now been blocked by the Lyari Expressway.
Locals believe their miseries can be dealt with, if the government is sincere.
"The people of Lyari need love not force," insists Zafar, as he recalls a Balochi proverb: "Hoo'n Go'n Hoo'na Shodag Nabet – you can't wash blood with blood."


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Bass, Striped (Suzuki)
Striped Bass are a moderately growing, long-lived fish found along the Atlantic Coast of the U.S. and Canada. Since the collapse of the Striped Bass fishery in the 1980s, numbers have gradually increased due to successful management, and today Striped Bass have a high abundance throughout much of their range.
Striped Bass are an important recreational and commercial seafood species, and are mostly caught using hook and line, and gillnets. These fishing methods have minimal habitat impacts and result in moderate levels of bycatch.


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Photo credit: gifrancis via Flickr
Clothespin Games are two-fold in their purpose. They can address target learning skills and they are great for strengthening fine motor skills in little hands. Plus, clothespins are cheap! You can find them at the dollar stores in the laundry supplies. I prefer the wooden clothespins because they can be written on to address skills.
There are a variety of ways to make simple clothespin games:
- ABC Order: Label clothespins A-Z and have kids pin them to a hanger in the correct order.
- Number Order: Label clothespins 1-20 and have kids pin them to a hanger in the correct order.
- Spelling: Use the A-Z clothespins to spell names, sight words, etc.
- Word Families: Use the A-Z clothespins when working on word families. Have kids change the first letter to change the words.
- The Adventures of Bear ~ Clothespin Color Game
- The Adventures of Bear ~ Clothespin Spelling
- The Adventures of Bear ~ Paint Chip Color Clothespin Match-up
- 221Vision.com ~ Paint Chip Color Clothespin Match-up
Printable Clothespin Games:
- Confessions of a Homeschooler ~ A-Z Review Clothespin Match-up & Number Circles
- Confessions of a Homeschooler ~ Clothespin Number Cards
- Confessions of a Homeschooler ~ Beginning Math Skills
- Teach Mama ~ ABC Cards and Clothespin Match on a string
- 1+1+1=1 ~ Learning Color Wheels
- 1+1+1=1 ~ Uppercase/Lowercase Matching
- 1+1+1=1 ~ How Many? Number Cards
- Some of the preschool packs from Homeschool Creations and 1+1+1=1 have cards that can be made into a clothespin game.


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Table of Contents
The OPC DataHub can log data to any ODBC compliant database or text file.
With this feature of the DataHub you can:
Log data to any ODBC-compliant database, such as MS Access, MS SQL Server, MySQL, Oracle, and many more
Log data to an ODBC database (or soon, text file) from any other data source connected to the DataHub.
Log to existing database tables, or create new tables as necessary.
To write data from a database into the OPC DataHub, please refer to Tutorial 3: Writing data from a database to the DataHub in the DataHub ODBC Scripting manual.
The OPC DataHub's ODBC Data Logging interface provides an easy way to connect to a DSN, create or select a table, assign data point properties to table columns, and assign a trigger and conditions for logging points. The fastest way to learn how to use the interface is by watching the web-site video or by using the Quick Start.
In general, a database is a collection of information. Computerized databases store data in tables, which are accessed through a database management system or DBMS, such as SQL Server, MS Access, MySQL, Oracle, etc. All of these are capable of storing data in related, linked tables, which taken together are called a relational database. Most modern computerized databases are relational databases.
A database table is a logical grouping of related data, organized by the common attributes or characteristics of individual data items. Each column or field in the table contains a particular attribute, and is of one particular data type. Typical data types include boolean, string, numeric, date/time, etc. Each row or record in the table contains a complete set of every data value related to a single item.
For example, a table containing data from the OPC DataHub might have columns (fields) for a point name, value, timestamp, and quality. Each row (record) would show the various data values logged for that point at different times:
A different kind of table might have one column for a timestamp, and then additional columns containing the values of different DataHub points logged at each time, like this:
A database table may require each row (or record) to be uniquely identified. This is commonly done through a key column, whose main and (sometimes only) purpose is to provide a unique identifying value to the row. Most DBMSs allow this value to be assigned manually by the database user, or automatically through an auto-incrementing counter or other mechanism. It is possible for a table to have multiple key columns, but some funtions in the OPC DataHub will only write to tables with a single key column. For more information about configuring database tables with the OPC DataHub, please refer to Section 6.4, "Configuring a Database Table"
Connecting to a database is done through the DBMS, which normally offers two possibilities: native drivers and ODBC (Open Database Connectivity). Native drivers are inconvenient to use because each requires its own programming interface. ODBC, on the other hand, specifies a standardized, common interface that is available from almost every database vendor, including SQL Server, MS Access, MySQL, Oracle, and many, many more. The OPC DataHub uses ODBC to connect to databases.
ODBC supports communication with a DBMS locally or across a network, using an ODBC driver. Every ODBC-compliant DBMS provides an ODBC driver, which needs to be installed on the user's machine. For example, there is an ODBC driver for MS Access, for SQL Server, for MySQL, and so on.
You can use the Windows ODBC Data Source Administrator to configure a connection between the ODBC driver and the specific database you want to work with. That configuration is called the Data Source Name, or DSN. For example, the OPC DataHub references the DSN and uses the configured connection for the ODBC driver to connect to the database.
Configuring the DSN is straightforward, varying slightly depending on the ODBC driver you are working with. Usually you need to select an ODBC driver, create a name for the DSN, and select a database. Other information, such as a login name or password may be required or optional. For more information, please refer to Section 6.3, "Setting up the DSN (Data Source Name)"
Once connected to a database, any queries (requests) to retrieve, modify, add, or delete data must be made through a language. The most popular database query language is SQL (Structured Query Language), pronounced "sequel" or "ess-kyu-el". Created in the 1960s, this language has become a widely-used standard supported by most DBMSs, although there are some minor variations in certain commands offered.
The OPC DataHub uses SQL to write to and read from databases. When you configure the Data Logging interface to write DataHub point values, under the hood the commands used are written in SQL. The DataHub scripts also use SQL commands to write and read data. For example, the following line from the ODBCTutorial3.g script uses an SQL SELECT command to pull all of the data from a database table.
result =.conn.QueryToClass (.tableclass, string ("select * from ",.tablename));
The SELECT command is often used with the FROM and WHERE operators, in queries such as this:
SELECT data_element_1 FROM table_1 WHERE data_element_1 > 32 and data_element_1 < 212;
The syntax of SQL is fairly simple, and there are many books and online tutorials that can help you learn. The information presented here about SQL, ODBC, and databases in general should be enough to get started logging data with the OPC DataHub.
Copyright © _PHONE_ by Cogent Real-Time Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.


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While all curriculum areas share some of the same issues and concerns, individual curriculum areas seem to also have concerns specific to them and their courses. This list looks at the top ten concerns for social studies teachers.
1. Breadth vs. Depth
Social studies standards are often written so that it is virtually impossible to cover all the required material in the school year. For example, in World History
, the National Standards require such breadth of material that it is impossible to do more than just touch on each topic.
2. Dealing with Controversial Topics
Many social studies courses deal with sensitive and at times controversial issues. For example, in World History
teachers are required to teach about religion. In American Government
, topics like abortion and the death penalty can sometimes lead to heated debates. In these instances, it is important for the teacher to maintain control of the situation.
3. Making Connections to Students' Lives
While some social studies courses like Economics
and American Government
lend themselves well to making connections to students and their lives, others do not. It can be tough to connect what was going on in Ancient China
to a 14 year old's daily life. Social Studies teachers have to work very hard to make these topics interesting.
4. Need to Vary Instruction
It can be very easy for Social Studies teachers to stick to one method of instruction. There is a tendency to give a great deal of lectures
. It can be very tough to cover the depth of material without relying on lectures and whole group discussions. Of course, there are some teachers who go to the other extreme and have mainly projects and role playing experiences. The key is to balance the activities.
5. Staying at the Lower Level of Bloom's Taxonomy
Because much of teaching social studies revolves around names, places, and dates, it is very easy to create assignments and tests that do not move beyond the Recall level of Bloom's Taxonomy
6. History Is InterpretationThere is no such thing as "history" because it is truly in the eye of the beholder. Social Studies texts were written by humans and therefore are biased. A perfect example is two American Government texts that my school was considering adopting. It was obvious throughout that one was written by a conservative and the other by a liberal political scientist. Further, history texts might describe the same event in a different way based on who wrote them. This can be a tough one for teachers to deal with at times.
7. Multiple PrepsSocial Studies teachers are often faced with having to teach multiple preps. This can be especially tough for the newer teachers who have to prepare so many new lessons from scratch.
8. Too Much Reliance on TextbooksSome social studies teachers rely too much on their textbooks in class. Unfortunately, there are ditto masters out there who basically assign the students to read from their text and then answer a particular number of questions.
9. Some Students Have a Dislike of HistoryMany students come into a Social Studies class with a particular dislike of history. Some will complain that it has nothing to do with their lives. Others will just say it's boring.
10. Dealing With False KnowledgeIt is not rare for students to come into your class with inaccurate historical information that they were either taught at home or in other classes. This can be really hard to combat. One year I had a student who swore that Abraham Lincoln had slaves. There was really nothing I could to dissuade them of this belief. They had learned in in 7th grade from a teacher they loved. This can be really difficult to handle at times.


Why are sulfates in shampoo bad?
Quick Answer
Sulfates in shampoo are bad because they are known to dry out hair when used frequently. Using shampoos that contain sulfates can lead to dryness, irritation and breakage.
Continue Reading
Full Answer
Sulfate shampoos don't need to be completely eliminated from a person's hair care routine if one is currently being used and its performance is satisfactory. Since sulfates are meant to remove buildup, sometimes sulfate shampoos can be useful; however, their usage should be limited to prevent any dryness, irritation or buildup. If the performance of a sulfate shampoo is unsatisfactory, then switch to a sulfate-free shampoo; this will still remove any buildup but will be milder.
Learn more about Shampoo & Conditioner
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Brain Networks Supporting Execution of Mathematical Skills versus Acquisition of New Mathematical Competence
Date of Original Version
Abstract or Description
This fMRI study examines how students extend their mathematical competence. Students solved a set of algebra-like problems. These problems included Regular Problems that have a known solution technique and Exception Problems that but did not have a known technique. Two distinct networks of activity were uncovered. There was a Cognitive Network that was mainly active during the solution of problems and showed little difference between Regular Problems and Exception Problems. There was also a Metacognitive Network that was more engaged during a reflection period after the solution and was much more engaged for Exception Problems than Regular Problems. The Cognitive Network overlaps with prefrontal and parietal regions identified in the ACT-R theory of algebra problem solving and regions identified in the triple-code theory as involved in basic mathematical cognition. The Metacognitive Network included angular gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, and anterior prefrontal regions. This network is mainly engaged by the need to modify the solution procedure and not by the difficulty of the problem. Only the Metacognitive Network decreased with practice on the Exception Problems. Activity in the Cognitive Network during the solution of an Exception Problem predicted both success on that problem and future mastery. Activity in the angular gyrus and middle temporal gyrus during feedback on errors predicted future mastery.
Public Library of Science PLoS ONE, 7, 12.


What is Ultimate?
Ultimate is fun!
Ultimate is a fast paced, non-contact sport suitable for people of all ages. Ultimate combines the speed of soccer with the throwing and catching of basketball and football.
Games are self-officiated and players settle disputes amongst themselves using a code of ethics known as "Spirit of the Game". All you need to play is a field and a disc, what are you waiting for?
Ultimate in 10 Simple Rules
As found on usaultimate.org
1. The Field: A rectangular shape with end zones at each end. A regulation field is 70 yards long by 40 yards wide, with end zones 20 yards deep.
2. Starting Play: Each point begins with both teams lining up on the front of opposite end zone lines. The defense throws ("pulls") the disc to the offense. A regulation game has seven players per team.
3. Scoring: Each time the offense catches a pass in the defense's end zone, the offense scores a point. The teams switch direction after every goal, and the next point begins with a new pull by the team that just scored.
7. Non-contact: Players must attempt to avoid physical contact during play. Picks and screens are also prohibited.
8. Fouls: When a player initiates contact that affects the play, a foul occurs. When a foul causes a player to lose possession, the play resumes as if the possession was retained. If the player that the foul was called against disagrees with the foul call, the play is redone.
10. Spirit of the Game: The foundation of the rules in ultimate is Spirit of the Game, which places the responsibility for fair play on the player. Competitive play is encouraged, but never at the expense of respect between players, adherence to the rules, and the basic joy of play.
TUL letters transparent.png


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U.S. Energy Information Administration - EIA - Independent Statistics and Analysis
Country Analysis Brief Overview
- Colombia has seen a dramatic increase in hydrocarbons production in recent years following a period of steady decline.
- Colombia's oil production has increased since 2008 due to increasing exploration and development.
- Colombia is self-sufficient in natural gas and recently began exporting to neighboring Venezuela.
- Colombia was the fourth largest coal exporter in the world in 2010.
Analysis Last Updated: June 2012
Overview data for Colombia+ EXPAND ALL
-- = Not applicable; NA = Not available; F = Forecast value
Sources: EIA. For more detailed data, see International Energy Statistics.
Data last updated: February 12, 2013
Non-OPEC oil supply outages remain above year-ago level
November 8, 2012
Colombia's oil production at highest level since 1999
July 14, 2011
Related International Information
International Energy Outlook yearly energy projections through 2035
Short Term Energy Outlook monthly energy projections through 2014
Annual Energy Outlook yearly US energy projections through 2040Sign Up for Email Updates


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STEM outreach at UNI offers teachers access to information on the Iowa Core and video examples of best practices teaching methods in action. The Iowa Core provides academic expectations for all Iowa K-12 students and seeks to provide a world-class curriculum. The Core focuses on a well-researched set of standards in literature and mathematics and essential concepts in science, social studies and 21st century learning. For more information, go to the Iowa Department of Education's Web page on the Core.
Another recommended source of information on best practices is the Modeling Method™ of High School Physics Instruction, developed at Arizona State University. The Modeling Method corrects many weaknesses of the traditional lecture/demonstration method, including fragmentation of knowledge, student passivity and persistence of naïve beliefs about the physical world. In 2000 the program was extended to physical science and in 2005 to chemistry, and work is under way on a new program in biology. For articles, presentations and recommendations for educators, resources for the modeling classroom, Web links for modelers and curriculum resources for modeling instruction, visit the AMTA Modeling Instruction website.
Externships The opportunity for teachers to work in the summer in STEM careers
A World in Motion _URL_ Sponsored by the SAE Society of Automotive Engineers brings STEM to life in the classroom
Camp in A Can _URL_ Day camp materials for activities and crafts
Carolina STEM curriculum _URL_
CASE _URL_ Curriculum for Agricultural Science Education
Defined STEM _URL_ is a web based curriculum that uses real world experiences in various professions
Engineering is Elementary _URL_ Twenty units that present fun, challenging, and engaging engineering challenges
Health Career Connection _URL_
HyperStream _URL_ Connect with technology professionals
PLTW Gateway to Technology _URL_


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can be re-detected using the new parameters.
Alternatively just a subset of the noise peaks can be manually re-classified as useful peaks. When entering an assignment (as described below) for a noise peak (initially TYPE 2 or 3), this will be automatically re-classified as normal (TYPE 1) peak.
By displaying the CLUSTID variable user can inspect the overlapping peaks (i.e. having same CLUSTID value, Figure 8)
By entering the Peak Edit mode (either from the Peak Menu or using the corresponding <%> or shortcut) users can manually add new peaks, modify any peak variable or manually remove some peaks classified as noise or artifacts from the peak table. The assignment variable "ASS" for all peaks in a new peak table contains a generic "None" value (Figure 9). These labels can be manually edited in the Peak Edit mode (effectively assigning the spectrum).
Anytime during peak assignment editing these labels can be displayed or hidden using the Show Labels or Erase labels commands either from the Peak Menu or by using their corresponding keyboard shortcuts "[" and "]". As with all modes, the Peak Edit mode displays the mouse button functions in the top window border (Figure 10).
For example, deleting characters from the labels is performed with or and deleting entire label is done using . After an assignment is typed and the key is pressed, the new label value is saved in the assignment table. After each such editing a single backup copy of the table is generated, each time overwriting the previous version, therefore the table can be saved with different names if different stages of such a manual label editing need to be stored (Figure 11).
CHAPTER 5. How to superimpose existing assignments on a peak table
Once a spectrum was assigned, its assignments can be mapped onto an unassigned peak table using the Tcl script ipap.tcl. For example, the assignments of a 2D H-N HSQC spectrum can be used to automatically assign 2D H(N)CO or 3D HNCO spectra, or both the upfield and lowfield components of a coupled 2D H-N HSQC or IPAP spectrum.
The script will search in a closed vicinity of the assigned peaks and if a unique peak is found this can be automatically assigned. The dimension of the searching vicinity is adjustable and can be optimized by trial and error to maximize the number of automatic assignments. The remaining degenerate cases (e.g. overlapping peaks) can be manually assigned after user inspection.
An example is provided with the NMRPipe package. The conversion, processing, and analysis schemes described here require the latest version of the NMRPipe software system.
The example data can be found in the file ipap.tar.Z in the demo data collection. The example directory, called ipap_nhsqc.fid, can be extracted with the (UNIX) command:
zcat ipap.tar.Z | tar xvf –
After converting and processing the data in the usual way (using the provided fid.com and procgauss.com scripts), the user can inspect all the options and syntax of the ipap.tcl program issuing the ipap.tcl command with the "-help" option ("ipap.tcl -help").
The program provides input options of a coupling constant in any dimension, multiplet peak description via a common or individual peak offsets, adjustable search regions, chemical shift offsets and a customizable graphical interface for inspection and eventual adjustment of the automatically mapped assignments.
The example provides a typical automatic assignment mapping for extracting isotropic (J) and residual dipolar (D) couplings from the sum and difference of in-phase/anti-phase (IPAP) spectra using a previously assigned 2D H-N HSQC. The peak positions correspond to the previously assigned HSQC peaks shifted by +/- J/2 or +/- (J+D)/2 in the indirect dimension of the isotropic or aligned spectra respectively.
The program opens a main window (IPAP) containing the graphical interface and an additional window (Changes) that allows navigation across assigned peaks. The Changes window is synchronized with the main window: a click on any assignment will center the spectrum in the main window on that particular assignment (and the neighboring peaks, candidates for assignment mapping, will be also displayed).
In the main IPAP window, display of any of the two spectra to be assigned (color coded white/blue) can be switched off/on by checking their selection boxes on the top line. Similar, the peak labels belonging to each spectrum can be switched off/on from their selection boxes on the top line. The same applies to the source assignment label (to be mapped), situated in this case in the middle of the two mapped assignment labels (color coded red for the selected assignment and yellow for the others). The threshold level (first drawn contour level) displayed in the top line can be increased or decreased using the "+/-" buttons and the spectra can be re-drawn using the Draw button.
The functions of the 3 mouse buttons are displayed on the top window bar (similar to any nmrPipe graphical programs). Peaks can be selected with a left-click (Select) and their automatic (mapped) assignments can be reset using a right-click (Reset). Subsequently any selected peak will get the current assignment (selected in the Changes window). In the case of overlapping assignment labels in the main window, the obstructing label can be send to back (underneath the obstructed label) using a middle-click (Lower).
In the Changes window the Prev and Next buttons are used to navigate sequentially the assignment list and the Reset button will reset both assignments simultaneously. The assignments can be saved at any moment using the Save button and program may be exited using the Quit button.
CHAPTER 6. How to fit a 2D spectrum, evaluate the fit, and revise a peak table accordingly
In many spectroscopic applications the evolution of a particular characteristic (linewidth, intensity, volume etc.) of a peak needs to be evaluated in a series of spectra acquired while a parameter is varied (e.g. relaxation delay, spin coupling evolution delay, etc.).
The NMRPipe package provides tools for extraction of evolution curves for peak intensities across 2D spectral series and fitting those curves with different functional forms.
Example: 2D J-Modulated Spectral Series
The first example provided with the NMRPipe package demonstrates two methods for extracting evolution curves from a 2D spectral series, in this case a 2D J-modulated spectral series. The scalar coupling (J) is encoded in the peak amplitudes and let to evolve under a variable delay tau in the pulse sequence of a 2D series of spectra. In both cases, the evolution of a given peak's amplitude is extracted, and this evolution curve is later fitted to a damped sinusoid model with a frequency corresponding to the J coupling.
The conversion, processing, and analysis schemes described here require the latest version of the NMRPipe software system.
The example data can be found in the file jmod.tar.Z in the demo data collection. The example directory, called jmod, can be extracted with the (UNIX) command:
zcat jmod.tar.Z | tar xvf –
The experimental data contains JCH modulated series (JCaHa ~ 141 ± 8 Hz). Two scripts will automatically process the data:
demo1.com: extract peak heights by Fourier interpolation; this method is quick, but does not account for peak overlap. This demo also fits each evolution curve to a sinusoid, and generates a PostScript plot of each result.
demo2.com: extract evolution curves by pseudo-3D lineshape fitting, which accounts for peak overlap. It also displays evolution curves on the screen, with the option of fitting the current curve to a sinusoid.
Other output directories:
nJ J0 dJ0 amp0 [J1 dJ1 amp1...] damp dDamp pkID xPPM yPPM ass
In this case options are:
The "-gsin" option refers to the Gauss Damped Sinusoid function:
amp*exp(sign*alpha^2 * x^2)*sin(PI*(beta*x + phi))
so the coupling constant JCH corresponds to the beta variable and the expected value of this fitted variable should be given as a starting value for the fit (e.g. ~145 Hz or ~290 Hz etc.)
During display of evolution curves by showEvolve.tcl there is an option to save the results as a table.
Scripts and macros:
CHAPTER 7. How to fit pseudo 3D spectra
Example: 2D Relaxation Series
This example is also provided with the NMRPipe package to show a method for extracting evolution curves from a 2D relaxation spectral series. The relaxation time (T1, T2 or T1ρ) is encoded in the peak amplitudes and let to evolve under a variable delay tau in the pulse sequence of a 2D series of spectra (pseudo 3D spectrum). The evolution of a given peak's amplitude is extracted and this evolution curve is later fitted to an exponential model with a decay rate corresponding to the relaxation time.
The conversion, processing, and analysis schemes described here require the latest version of the NMRPipe software system.
The example data can be found in the file relax.tar.Z in the demo data collection. The example directory, called relax, can be extracted with the (UNIX) command:
zcat relax.tar.Z | tar xvf –
The experimental data contains T1 relaxation time series.
Note: proc.com uses scripts fid.com and ft2.com to convert and process each spectrum in the series. proc.com sets the header of the result spectra via series.com so that


text: Lambertville is a City in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, United States. As of the United States 2000 Census, the city population was 3,868. Lambertville was originally incorporated as a town by an Act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 1, 1849, from portions of West Amwell Township. The area was reincorporated as a city on March 26, 1872. Lambertville is located on the Delaware River in the southwestern portion of Hunterdon County. During the 1700s, the City was named after various operators of ferries across the river to Pennsylvania, ultimately becoming known as Coryell's Ferry, after Emanuel Coryell who owned the Ferry. Coryell's Ferry was the western terminus of the New Jersey portion of the York Road (which is now known as U.S. Highway 202) connecting New York City and Philadelphia. The City was named Lambertville in 1814 when the post office was established, in honor of John Lambert, a local resident, who had served as United States Senator and Acting Governor of New Jersey.


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Revista do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões
Print version ISSN 0100-6991
RICCIARDI, Bruno Filippi; CHEQUIM, Luiz Henrique; GAMA, Ricardo Ribeiro and HASSEGAWA, Leonardo. Abdominal hernia repair with mesh surrounded by fibrous tissue: experimental study in Wistar rats. Rev. Col. Bras. Cir. [online]. 2012, vol.39, n.3, pp. 195-200. ISSN 0100-6991. _URL_
OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and complications of surgical repair of incisional hernias by grafting of polypropylene mesh surrounded by fibrous tissue, compared to polypropylene mesh. METHODS: twenty-five male and female Wistar rats were divided into two groups: control and experimental. The 15 animals of the experimental group underwent implantation of the mesh in the subcutaneous tissue. After 21 days, the screen was removed and served to correct an induced abdominal hernia. The animals were euthanized after 21 days and submitted to macroscopic, microscopic and tension analises. The control group had undergone usual abdominal hernia repair with polypropylene mesh. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in macroscopic adhesions. The control group had a higher degree of adhesions when compared to the experiment ones (p = 0.003). We could not determine whether there were significant differences in tensile strength and microscopy. CONCLUSION: The polypropylene mesh surrounded by fibrous tissue was effective in the correction of induced abdominal hernias, with a lower degree of macroscopic adhesions when compared to polypropylene mesh.
Keywords : Hernia; Herniorrhaphy; Prostheses and implants; Surgical mesh; Polypropylenes.


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Activity Pacing on the "Good Days" and "Bad Days"
Activity pacing is an important skill to have when coping with chronic illness, recovering from an injury, or managing other health problems. As you work to juggle your physical symptoms with your daily activities and responsibilities, it can be hard not to overdo it. Learning how to pace yourself, even on your "good days," can be crucial in limiting the physical and emotional lows of your "bad days," and allow you to take back a sense of control over your life.
Why do I need to pace myself?
When coping with a physical illness, it is common to experience "good days" and "bad days." Sometimes you may wake up feeling energized with minimal pain or discomfort, and on other days, you may wake up feeling sluggish, achy, and all around uncomfortable. It is only natural that on the "good days," you may feel the need to "take advantage" of your energy to complete tasks or engage in activities—and it can be very easy to "overdo it."
Doing too much during a "good day" often leads to a big crash or burnout and can make you more susceptible to longer bouts of "bad days," as your body recovers. At the same time, it is easy to do get in the habit of over-limiting your activities because of your fear of a bad crash. Activity pacing can keep you from burning out and help you find the balance between doing too little (under-activity) and doing too much (over-activity) by teaching you how to effectively listen to your body as you go about your everyday life.
How do I pace myself?
Activity pacing requires you to actively monitor your physical symptoms and mindfully gauge how you are feeling as you plan your activities. It may take some time to understand how much you can or cannot do, without risking feeling worse later. Here are a few tips that may help you to find a balance that works for you:
 - Write down your schedule ahead of time.
 - Make sure to include things you have to do, things you like to do, and time for rest.
 - Plan what you can skip if you are starting to feel too tired.
 - Troubleshoot how you may complete the tasks you have to do, if you begin to feel worn down (e.g. asking for help or finding alternative solutions).
 - Use a daily planner to schedule your activities and track how you are feeling.
By taking the time to pace yourself, you can increase in the odds of having another "good day" rather than knowing there will be a burnout and crash afterwards that could last days/weeks. It can also encourage you to safely stay active and engaged, even when you aren't feeling your best. Activity pacing can be hard to do at first, especially if you feel you have been stuck in an endless cycle of "good" and "bad" days for a long period of time. Health psychologists can help you begin to manage your days so you can regain a sense of control in your life.
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SEAOC Convention: Design for Improved Performance of Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames
Forell | Elsesser Structural Engineers, Mason Walters and Russell Berkowitz, presented at the Convention of the Structural Engineers of California (SEAOC)
In this article, Mason and Russell discuss the rigid, field-welded beam/column/gusset connection of a Buckling Restrained Braced Frame (BRBF), and its undesirable seismic behavior, which motivated Forell | Elsesser to explore an alternate connection configuration that significantly reduces the vulnerability of the connection assembly to seismic drift-induced damage, while reducing the time consuming and thus expensive field welding of beam and gusset connections. The alternative connection is far superior to the more traditional welded connection, both on a first-cost basis, as well as a life-cycle cost basis by reducing the cost of earthquake damage repair over the life of the structure.
John O'Hagan
As a Structural Designer, John thrives in integrating his analytic mindset with a keen interest in the manner with which people interact with their environment. This is exemplified through a range of previous work experiences across multiple civil engineering fields and an interdisciplinary design project working on short term housing solutions with the City of San Jose and Habitat for Humanity as an undergraduate at Santa Clara University. As a graduate student at Stanford University, John turned his attention to improving his structural engineering knowledge base, particularly focusing on earthquake resistant design and sustainably built structures. His studies into sustainable materials and Life Cycle Assessment practices allow him to better assess the impact of structural engineering and construction practices on people and the environment.
When not working, John is an avid endurance athlete, having run on Santa Clara University's cross country and track team. When not running, he can be found outside biking, hiking, and enjoying a good game of bocce ball in the park. He also enjoys music and cooking.


"looking for" in the big, long-term, political picture is connected to the intimate, shortterm picture that "you," the reader-as-potential-lover, may be "looking for." Further intensifying the blend of the two frames, the next line returns to the more formal, messianic, and hence distancing, voice--"I announce a man or woman coming"--even though the conclusion of that line is entangled with the desire for the intimate "friend": "perhaps you are the one." To pull the verses apart and force them to fit only one frame would be to dismantle the entire poem. "So Long!" is less a puzzle where each piece has its exact place than it is a 3-D holographic picture which shifts depending on our angle of sight. As lines 23 and 24 fuse the two clashing frames, they also present the first of two uses of the poem's title, "So Long!" (the other is in line 30). The temporal meaning of this parenthetical phrase depends on the frame to which we attribute its origin. The literal meaning of "so long" indicates a spatial length, and this meaning is metaphorically proj ected to temporal duration, as in, "The road between here and my destination is so long; therefore, the time for my journey will take so long." The adverbial "so" intensifies the relative distance, both spatial and temporal. In this case, then, the phrase appropriately has origins in the visionary orator frame with its emphasis on temporal distance. However, the parentheses and italics characterizing "(So long!)" in line 24 visibly mark it off from its neighboring words, and this prompts us to wonder if it originates from a different frame. William Sloane Kennedy apparently asked Whitman about the meaning of the phrase "So long!" and reported Whitman' s reply: "A salutation of departure, greatly used among sailors, sports, and prostitutes. The sense of it is 'Till we


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In a world where dreams meet reality, there exists a mystical realm known as Rainbow Riches. It's a place where the colors of the rainbow hold more than just beauty—they hold the promise of wealth, prosperity, and abundance. Join us as we embark on an enchanting journey to uncover the secrets and treasures hidden within the vibrant hues of Rainbow Riches.
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Conclusion: In the realm of Rainbow Riches, the possibilities are endless and the rewards are bountiful for those brave enough to embark on the journey. It's a place where dreams come true and fortunes are made, where the colors of the rainbow hold the key to a life of abundance. So, dare to dream, dare to explore, and dare to uncover the wonders of Rainbow Riches. Your journey to prosperity awaits!