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As of Friday 4th of September, due to government amendments to the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA) passed in 2013, the general tree protection rules which are the only legal protection for the vast majority of trees on private 'urban' properties will be repealed.
General protection rules allowed Councils to nominate whole areas as protected but Penny Pirrit, Auckland Council's General Manager of Plans & Places, says the changes to the RMA do not allow the council to re-introduce general tree protection rules:
"Through changes to the RMA over the last few years, we are unable to include any general tree protection rules on most 'urban' sites. Exceptions to this include notable or 'scheduled' trees (which are listed in the district plans), trees within reserves, any area subject to a conservation management plan or conservation management strategy, and trees within a Significant Ecological Area (SEA). These trees will continue to be protected under the Unitary Plan."
Trees in the Hauraki Gulf Islands, streets and parks will remain protected under the RMA after 4 September because they don't meet the Act's definition of 'urban environment'.
It is important to note that general protections and even scheduling are not absolute prohibitions. They simply require that a resource consent be obtained for trimming or removing protected trees. Unfortunately, the nature of the resource consent process is such that there were many cases of people having to pay significant amounts of money to have work done on trees on their property but the answer to that is to streamline processes and assess costs, not to remove protections altogether.
The last five years have seen a progressive weakening of protections for trees and particularly our native species. Until a RMA amendment in 2009, any native tree over a certain size was considered to be protected and required a resource consent to be significantly trimmed or cut down.
This latest law change is a disaster for tree protection in Auckland and throughout urban New Zealand.
A study from the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Auckland found that the Auckland isthmus has just six percent of its original urban forest left. Of that, 63 percent are on private land where just 15 percent of trees are protected through Auckland Council's Schedule of Notable Trees.
Sadly, human destruction of forests appears to be an inexorable process with a very long history. A recently released study published in Nature states that we have lost 46% of global tree coverage since the advent of human civilisation.
We have to make dramatic changes in our treatment of non-human nature. Trees produce the very oxygen we breathe, provide homes to innumerable biota, are our greatest land-based carbon sinks, and provide visual amenity that defies quantification. New Zealanders identify strongly with many of our better-known native plant species, think of the Pōhutukawa as the icon of a (northern) kiwi summer, our reverence for a mighty Totara, the widespread public support for schemes (and actions) to protect threatened Kauri. The silver fern is no less than our national symbol. Yet, tree protection has never been weaker.
This gradual erosion of our tree protection rules is moving in precisely the wrong direction. We are now seeing notices such as the one below informing property owners that they are free to cut down their trees. Sure enough, within days arborists were inundated with jobs to cut down trees and many of them feel conflicted about it.


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U.S. Department of Transportation
Federal Highway Administration
1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE
Washington, DC 20590
Metrics are used to help monitor, recognize, and correct problems as early as possible. Metrics need to be measured against a references so that deviations will trigger actions. Good metrics are meaningful [i.e., they represent the progress of the project or expected performance of the system], easy to collect, and help make a decision.
There are both technical and project management metrics. Technical metrics track how well the finished project will meet its performance objectives. Project management metrics are whatever should be tracked during each process step to reduce project risks and get what is expected. Cost and schedule are key project management metrics for any project. Other metrics may come out of the risk management process or performance requirements. Each activity described in Chapter 3 includes a list of suggested metrics to be tracked during or in support of that activity.
CONTEXT OF PROCESS:
Goals and objectives define direction, priorities, and change of course, if necessary.
Metrics for project phase are defined by each project step to check its progress.
SEMP provides guidance for the systems engineering process.
Schedule and Budget constrain the project.
Stakeholder involvement enables the stakeholders to suggest metrics and provide guidance.
Control gates provide an opportunity for tracking progress.
Risk management suggests and uses metrics.
Metricsare the selected measures of project progress and performance.
Tracking documentation is a history of project progress relative to the metrics.
Recommended response actions to noted project problems document the recourse and rationale.
Technical reviews suggest metrics and review their tracking.
Trade studies compare alternatives relative to the metrics.
Define technical metrics
Technical metrics track the expected performance and effectiveness of the system being developed. These are related to the system mission. They often address critical performance parameters such as response time or accuracy. An example is the time to compose an Amber Alert message and get it displayed on CMS system-wide, since this must be done within 15 minutes. A Technical metrics topic [What should I track in this process step to reduce project risks and get what is expected?] is included in each chapter that related to the task.
Define project management metrics
Project management metrics track progress. Define metrics that indicate a potential problem. These, then, act as triggers for risk management. Each step of the systems engineering process has metrics associated with it. Each task in Chapter 3 includes a list of project-related metrics specific to that task. These give an indication of how far along the task is. For example, Concept Exploration has metrics for the percentage of candidate concepts evaluated and the percentage of stakeholders who have approved the study. In some cases the metrics will simply be whether or not something has been completed. There are other metrics related to milestones or to how much has been developed or delivered, such as the number of subroutines written or the lane-miles instrumented. Appropriate milestones should be meaningful and easy to track. Spending to date is always an essential metric.
Progress on the milestones and status of metrics relative to cost and schedule is compared regularly with the expected progress. A simple way to do this is to plot the metric relative to dollars spent. The best estimate of where the project will end up comes from extrapolating the line out to the end. This is because, despite all efforts to "catch up," projects that are behind tend to continue to fall behind by the same percentage.
If any of the metrics indicate a potential problem, use them to trace back to the source of concern. A fast and decisive response is necessary to get a project back on track. Asking the right questions will suggest what action to take. Are there any problems that are hindering development? Do we have the right resources? Is the budget realistic? Is the schedule realistic? Is the scope overly ambitious?
Make sure personnel are properly assigned and well used. Eliminate any efforts which do not trace back to the requirements, and are therefore unnecessary.
Modify budget, schedule, or scope
Sometimes project plans are overly optimistic. If everything possible to streamline the project and solve problems has been done, it may be that the scope of work cannot be completed within the time and budget allocated. Sometimes hard decisions need to be made, and will only get worse if delayed. Consider eliminating requirements of marginal value, extending the schedule, or asking for more budget. This is extremely disruptive, and should be avoided if at all possible. Ideally, the project plan is carefully and realistically developed up front, so that these types of changes are avoided.
Where do metrics take place in the project timeline?
Is there a policy or standard that includes Metrics?
FHWA Final Rule does not specifically mention practices to be followed for metrics. CMMI has material related to metrics
Which activities are critical for the system's owner to do?
How do I fit these activities to my project? [Tailoring]
The level of each activity should be appropriately scaled to the size of the project. For example, a small project will have fewer and less complex metrics. A larger project will more likely use earned value [see Closer Look, below] or similar techniques. Always track spending.
What should I track in this process step to reduce project risks and get what is expected? [Metrics]
On the technical side:
General technical metrics are based on the mission of the system being developed, and will be defined as part of this task. Examples are
On the project management side:
In addition, each project activity will have its own metrics. The specific metrics used will be selected as part of this activity.
Furthermore, this activity has metrics of its own:
Checklist: Are all the bases covered?
|Are the metrics good indications of the progress of the project?|
|Are the metrics meaningful and clear?|
|Are the metrics easy to collect?|
|Do the metrics support making a good decision?|
|Are the number and complexity of the metrics reasonable for the size and complexity of the project?|
|Are the metrics tracked regularly?|
|Is there a plan for identifying and responding to a lagging project?|
Are there any other recommendations that can help?
If the project is behind schedule early on, the temptation is to catch up by "working harder." In fact, studies show that projects tend to lag by the same percentage throughout their lifetime. The following paragraph provides a method called "earned value" is used to help clearly identify project progress.
A closer look at Earned value analysis is a technique for comparing actual and expected progress to date, and for estimating future progress. The earned value is simply the project budget multiplied by the percentage completed. For example, if a traffic signal system is being planned, a good metric could be the number of intersections completed. Further more, if 10 out of 50 intersections are completed, 20% of the work is done, and would have expected to have spent 20% of the budget. That is the earned value. Then, divide this by what was actually spent to date, to get the performance ratio. If it's equal to or greater than one the project is on or under the target spending rate but if it is less than one the project is overspending.
One can also estimate what it will cost to finish the project [cost to completion]. Divide the spending to date by the percentage complete. Compare this with the budget.
In the example above, the project has a $100,000 budget and has spent $20,000 to do $15,000 of work [15% of the job]. The earned value is $15,000, and the performance ratio is 15,000/20,000 =.75. This is less than one, and in fact it indicates that the project is 25% [1 -.75] behind. The estimated cost to complete is $20,000/.15 = $133,333, well above budget. This project needs to make changes.
It is generally difficult to estimate percentage completed. We have all known developers who were "90% done" during most of the project duration. A simple and more objective approach is to earn value only where there are clear milestones: specifically, at the beginning and end of each task. Rather than try to track progress on a small task, call it 100% only when it is complete, but 0% before that. A longer task would have a 50% earned value for getting started, and 100% only at the end. Combining these over many tasks gives a good indication of the overall project progress.
Combining metrics Alternative systems are often evaluated to more than a single metric. These metrics may have very different sizes and units [ [number of vehicles per hour, average speed, number of incidents, time to respond, mean time between failures, cost, rating on a scale of 1 to 5, and so on]. These must be normalized to a common scale before they can be combined in any meaningful way. There are many ways this can be done. The following ratio seems to give the most reasonable results. It compares expected performance of the candidate system to current performance.
For example, if the current system is 96% reliable, and the candidate is 98% reliable, here is how it will come out. The ideal is 100% reliable, so we get [1.00 -.96]/[1.00 -.98] =.04/.02 = 2. This agrees with our intuition that a 2% failure rate is twice as good as a 4% failure rate. This ratio works even if the metric is negative in other words, less is better. For example, if there are currently 300 major accidents a year and simulation shows that a candidate system will average only 200 accidents a year. Then, since 0 accidents is the ideal, we get [0 – 300]/ [0 – 200] = 1.5.
Once all of the metrics

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Why is "Data Source" grayed out when I try to import?
Table of Contents
Some IMW configurations require that multiple ascii files be specified for import. When a configuration of this type is loaded (at import time) the "Data Source" button is grayed out and indicates "n/a".
The Intersection Magic importer is capable of importing data from multiple files or "tables" and merging them together. When properly set up, the import dialog box will "know" that it needs multiple files (and therefore import definitions and cng files) and will disable the "Data Source" button. This is to make sure that you are required to specify multiple file names.
In order to import data when multiple files are used, simply select Ok in the import dialog box. Instead of the standard "Begin Importing?" question, it will prompt you for each of the files that it needs. After specifying these files, you will be prompted to begin importing.
The log files will reflect that this was a multi-file import.
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National trends in intestinal resection for Crohn's disease in the post-biologic era
- First Online:
- Cite this article as:
- Burke, J.P., Velupillai, Y., O'Connell, P.R. et al. Int J Colorectal Dis (2013) 28: 1401. doi:10.1007/s00384-_PHONE_-5
- 288 Views
Prior international datasets have demonstrated equivocal results in the rate of surgical procedures for the treatment of Crohn's disease (CD) following the introduction of biologic medications. The first biologic medication licensed for use in the Republic of Ireland (ROI) was infliximab in 1999. The current study examined national trends in intestinal resection for CD in the ROI following the introduction of biologic medications.
The Irish Hospital In-Patient Enquiry database was examined for the period 2000–2010. Cases of CD and relevant surgical interventions were identified using International Classification of Diseases, ninth and tenth editions. Using Irish census data to establish population denominators, trends in population-based procedure rates were examined. Trends were tested for significance with Spearman rank tests.
From 2000 to 2010, there were 11,796 patient admissions with a principal diagnosis of CD. The rates of admission for CD overall (r2 = −0.191, P = 0.574) and for emergencies (r2 = 0.055, P = 0.873) did not change; however, elective admissions reduced (r2 = −0.636, P = 0.035). The mean length of stay reduced (r2 = −0.783, P = 0.004). The rates of small bowel/right colon procedures (r2 = 0.282, P = 0.401) and proctectomy (r2 = −0.209, P = 0.537) did not change. Left colon procedures reduced (r2 = −0.800, P = 0.003) while the rate of total colectomy increased (r2 = 0.718, P = 0.013).
During the decade following the introduction of biologic medications in the ROI, the rate of elective hospitalization and length of stay reduced. However, there has not been a dramatic reduction in the rate of intestinal resection for Crohn's disease at a population level.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Different Kinds of Greek Breads to Eat
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Mediterranean snacks set. Olives, oil, herbs and sliced ciabatta bread on black slate stone board over painted dark blue background, top view.When we eat Greek bread here in the United States, most of us only think of a few types. There's the white bread with the hard crust that we eat with our meals and maybe also a whole grain version for those who are more health conscious. There's also the special occasion breads, such as those that are eaten on Easter, and also the flatbread that is used in gyros.
However,Greek cuisine is made up of a multitude of different types of breads! Here is an overview of the different types of Greek breads there are:
"City" Bread
The white Greek bread that we know especially well outside of Greece is actually thought of as "city bread" in Greece. This bread is usually made from refined wheat flour or semolina (or a combination of the two). It's called city bread because these refined flours are more readily available in parts of the country that aren't isolated, such as the larger cities.
"Country" Bread
In many parts of Greece, there are only certain types of flour that are readily available. In some of the villages, the people grind their own flour from grains such as wheat and barley. As a result, "country breads" that use these rustic flours are more common in the small villages and remote areas of Greece. They are usually made with yeast or sourdough starter and baked in large, domed ovens that are located outside.
There are two basic understandings of what "paximadia" is in Greek cuisine. Many of us know it as a type of dessert cookie that is similar to the Italian biscotti. However, it also has another meaning. Some refer to it as the twice-baked toasts that allow the bread to keep far longer than if it were stored in its soft state after it was initially baked. The truth is, paximadia originated in the fifth century B.C.E and was a regular staple food since it took a long time for it to go bad. Today, they are made by slicing regular bread and baking it for 20 minutes in an oven that is set at 400 Degrees Fahrenheit. They are also referred to as "rusks".
Bread Rings
Bread rings, or koulouria, are another popular food in Greek cuisine. The nature of these breads changes depending on the time of year or the area of Greece that they were baked. Technically speaking, you can use any type of bread dough that you want to make. Instead of forming the dough in loaves, you just form it into small rings. Mavrokoulouria are made from black barley, and other types of koulouria are coated with egg wash and sesame seeds.
Pita Bread
Pita bread is also another type of bread that is common in Greek cuisine. Some form of this bread is popular in several cuisines throughout the world. In Greece, they are most often used to dip into spreads such as tzatziki and they are also used for gyros and souvlaki sandwiches. Greek pita bread is different than other types of pita bread because the Greek version tends to be much softer.
Special Occasion Breads
This is another important type of bread in Greek cuisine. Special occasion breads that we eat during holidays such as Christmas (Christopsoumo), Easter (Tsoureki), and New Year's (Vasilopita) are made only once a year. The one thing all of these breads has in common is that they are on the sweet side. Because they are only made once a year, they're a highly anticipated part of the celebrations.
As you can see, there is a high variety of bread in Greek cuisine!
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This post was written by GreekBoston.com


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Impact of slash loading on soil temperatures and aspen regeneration
Lieffers-Pritchard, Sarah Marie
Natural regeneration is used to restock trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) cutblocks and factors controlling regeneration are areas of interest and concern to the forest industry. Harvest operations in Manitoba require that coarse woody debris, or slash, be left and distributed in cutblocks. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of slash loading on soil temperatures and aspen regeneration, and implications for harvest operations in the Duck Mountain area. Early sucker growth, initiation, and soil temperatures were surveyed in six winter and six summer cutblocks under different levels of slash loadings. A growth chamber study, using field temperature data as a guideline, examined the effects of diurnal temperature variation on sucker initiation and production. In winter and summer cutblocks, mean depths to sucker initiation from the parent root were 4.6 + 2.4 cm and 3.4 + 2.1 cm, respectively, and initiation of suckers occurred mainly from parental roots located in the LFH layer. Daily mean soil temperatures during the growing season were significantly lower under higher levels of slash (difference of 3.6 oC during May). Higher amounts of slash also significantly shortened the length of the growing season (89 fewer days above 0 oC in one season) and decreased the number of suckers produced (150 000 ha–1 decreased to 14 000 ha-1), sucker volume (decreased by 256 cm3m-2) and leaf area index (decreased by 0.9). There was no difference in sucker production between any diurnal temperature treatments in the growth chamber study. Shallow depth to sucker initiation has important implications for harvest operations using heavy machinery especially those occurring during the summer season. Moderate levels of slash in summer cutblocks, and heavy levels of slash in winter cutblocks limit sucker growth. Although slash decreases diurnal temperature amplitudes, this may not be the reason for the decrease in sucker production associated with increased levels of slash. Both soil temperature and early sucker growth are strongly affected by slash loading; by monitoring harvest operations and the distribution of slash within cutblocks, the negative effect of heavy machine traffic and heavy piles of slash can be reduced and ensure successful forest regeneration.
DegreeMaster of Science (M.Sc.)
SupervisorVan Rees, Ken C. J.
CommitteeThorpe, Jeff; Knight, J. Diane; Johnston, Mark
Copyright DateFebruary 2005
slash load estimation


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So you have stalled and delayed, and actually gotten a few fall days out of the season. But with Friday off, now you are facing your big decision.
Pull the boat out or winterize in the water?
Okay boys and girls, the northeast generally isn't to kind to boaters who decide to keep their boats in the water all winter. Yet, many of you say that with de-icer, you can survive. It can help, but only in some instances. I don't recommend keeping it in the water, but if you do:
Here are three winter disasters a de-icer can help prevent:
- Hull Damage
Normal current and wind speeds naturally make water rigs tip, rock and pitch in the water. When freezing temperatures and a layer of ice are added to the equation, the result is a nasty grinding action that can scratch and tear away the gel-coat along the waterline of fiberglass boats. This allows water to sneak into the laminate and further damage the hull. Ice can also get into the plank seams or the bilge of a wooden boat and cause anything from minor cosmetic damage to major leaks.
- Dock Lifting
Ice, wind and current are no friend to docks, either, especially if all three elements are thrown together. Because ice expands during the freezing process, the water levels will fluctuate, making it difficult for dock piles to stay firmly in place. Heavy ice flows and ice pressure can shift the dock pilings – or worse, pull them out of their footings entirely. Any watercraft near the dock could be damaged as the dock shifts.
- Ice Expansion
Like most substances, water at ordinary temperatures contracts, increasing in density as it cools. At about 4 degrees Celsius, however, water reaches its maximum density and then decreases in density as it reaches its freezing point. Because of this, ice forms on the top of the water first, allowing it to freeze and float, and then the rest of the ice forms below. This simple sequence can be disastrous for both docks and boat hulls. The pressure from ice expansion can crush a hull or dock, causing major damage and compromising the structural integrity of the craft.
Old Man Winter can try as he may to freeze lakes and rivers, penetrate boat hulls and crush docks – but he'll have a much harder time succeeding if a de-icer is on hand to protect your goods during the winter.


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The Ceramide brand is built on the premise of developing formulations that replenish essential, naturally occurring elements in the skin that are lost over time, while also supporting skin's natural functions that slow down as you age. New Ceramide Youth Restoring Essence is able to deeply nourish skin with moisture while providing anti-aging benefits by helping to repair and replenish the appearance of skin's natural barrier layer with vital ceramides. The result? Skin appears smoother, firmer and healthier-looking.
A number of minerals naturally occur in the skin and serve many purposes to maintain skin's vitality. With age, there is a decrease in the natural levels of minerals and the rate in which they reproduce within the skin. In order for skin to look younger, those lost minerals need to be replaced. New Ceramide Youth Restoring Essence infuses skin with many of the minerals that naturally occur within the human body, plus a unique combination of skin identical ceramides and nutrients. These ingredients are vital in helping to restore the skin's moisture barrier and overall texture. Through daily use, skin is left feeling soft and supple to the touch and is perfectly conditioned to begin the skincare routine.
To Use: Following cleansing and toning skin, dispense 3-4 drops of Ceramide Youth Restoring Essence on to a cotton pad or into the palms of your hands and apply to the face. Gently press down with palms for thorough absorption; avoid applying directly onto the eyes. Allow to fully absorb into the skin - about 15 seconds - then follow with Elizabeth Arden SUPERSTART Skin Renewal Booster, recommended for use morning and night, and is dermatologist tested and safe for all skin types, including sensitive skin.
- Ceramide Skin Identical Matrix-A unique blended ratio of ceramides which are essential to a healthy moisture barrier.
- 73 Minerals-A balanced complex of revitalising microand macro-minerals, including calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, and elements such as iron, manganese, selenium, and zinc for healthier looking skin.
- Hyaluronic Acid Derivative & Pro-Vitamin B5-Attracts and retains water on the skin to help soften and moisturise skin.
- Aloe Vera Complex-A natural plant extract that hydrates, soothes and calms the skin while also preserving moisture.
- Women agreed that their skin felt soothed, revitalised and hydrated.
- Women felt that their skin was perfectly conditioned for the next step in their skincare routine.


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This is the third year of the Tech Edvocate Awards, which recognizes outstanding edtech products that support students by catering to identified classroom and learning needs. Winners and finalists were selected by a panel of educators and industry experts who reviewed the submissions and judged the products and services based on the extent to which they are transforming education through the development or advocacy of edtech. A complete list of winners of the 2019 Tech Edvocate Awards can be found here.
"The Tech Edvocate Award represents the combined opinion of industry insiders and knowledgeable educators," said Ido Yerushalmi, CEO of CoderZ. "It's an honor to have our coding and robotics platform and its game-based design and instructional model recognized by our peers."
Related story: DOE hosts second annual cyber-robotics coding competition
CoderZ is a powerful online platform that teaches students valuable STEM skills, including coding, robotics and physical computing. Its fun, gamified interface uses a graphic or text-based code editor and 3D virtual robotics simulation to engage students in learning. The solution caters to both novices and experts alike, offering a simple, Scratch-like language called Blockly for new coders and allowing more advanced students to start working directly with Java code. The integrated curriculum are aligned to standards, such as the Common Core Standards for Mathematical Practice, Career Readiness Standards, Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS), K-12 Computer Science Standards (CSTA – Computer Science Teachers Association) and state CS requirements.
CoderZ serves as the platform for the upcoming third annual Cyber Robotics Coding Competition (CRCC), a first-of-its-kind, online coding and robotics tournament for students in grades 5-8. Teachers and schools can sign up to join the event that starts on October 15th. For more information on the competitions, go to _URL_
CoderZ is an innovative and engaging online learning environment. Developed for students in grades 5 and above, the gamified STEM solution allows student to work at their own pace, easily programming real and virtual robots from anywhere in the world. The platform enables student to acquire computational thinking, problem solving skills and learn coding as a life skill all via a flexible and scalable virtual solution. For more information go to _URL_.


You are in site section: Engage & learn
Indigenous Languages
Indigenous Languages
Australian English borrowed more than 400 words from some 80 Aboriginal languages
Cartoon of two wombats trying to get reception on a broken television.
Cartoon: David Pope
Broken, exhausted, out of action — 'the TV's bung'.
It comes from bang meaning 'dead', which was first recorded in 1841 in the Yagara Aboriginal language of the Brisbane region.
The word found its way into nineteenth-century Australian pidgin, where the phrase to go bung meant 'to die'. By the end of the nineteenth century, the present sense had developed.
audio Hear the word bung in use (MP3 54kb)
Cartoon of a British settler arriving on the shores of Australia and calling out coo-wee, to be answered with a bellowing, 'Koori!'
Cartoon: David Pope
An Aboriginal person, usually from south eastern Australia.
First recorded in 1834, Koori comes from the term for 'Aboriginal man or person' in the language of the Awabakal Aboriginal people of eastern New South Wales, and in neighbouring languages. It is now widely used throughout the south-eastern states.
Different words for 'Aboriginal person' are used in other parts of Australia, such as Murri, Nyungar, Palawa, and Yolngu.
audio Hear the word Koori in use (MP3 66kb)


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Oracle fusion application security mechanism is designed on the base of role-based access control (RBAC). Oracle recommend to implement roles with functional security and data security and then assign roles to user, which bring benefits from maintenance and reusability. We should not directly assign functional security and data security to user, even though it looks ok from technical perspective.
First, let's have a look at the Oracle recommended security setup process with a real business scenario, and then have a review of Oracle fusion security architecture and concept for further understanding.
Oracle recommended Security Setup Process, which is the most safe for your implementation.
Considering you have a financial manager called Ning Yun, who is responsible for all financial modules as a manager role in business unit A, B, C, Ledger X, Y, and asset book Z.
1. Create a user ning with person information (generally employee information). A person will auto created in HCM. Or you can create person in HCM and user will be auto created.
2. You should have had job roles, like general ledger manager, payables manager, receivables manager, etc. in your system, generally they are predefined by oracle.
3. Create data roles for above job roles through data role template. Or the data role can be generated automatically when you create BU, asset book, GL data access set.
4. Assign the necessary data role to user.
I recommend that you always generate data role by data role template or generate automatically and NOT try to generate your own data security, because it is not completed. If you try to research the Oracle-predefined data role template, it is very complex. You can duplicate it by data security easily. So, always use data template or auto generation.
Oracle fusion security architecture and concepts
1. Resource: Very technical concept that the technical components used by privilege.
2. Entitlement (Privilege): A task/action of duty role. An entitlement is one or more allowable actions applied to a set of database resources.
3. Application Role (Duty/Duty role): Duty roles cannot be provisioned directly to users, but are inherited by enterprise roles to control access to applications. Duty roles may carry both function and data security grants.
4. External Role (Job/Job role): Specific to a job, and controls access to functions through inherited duty roles that carry the entitlement necessary for performing specific tasks associated with the duties of the job, such as access for a procurement manager.
5. User: application user registered in system.
6. Database resource: A database resource specifies access to a table, view, or flexfield that is secured by a data security policy.
7. HCM Security Profile: HCM data roles are generated using the Manage Data Roles and Security Profiles task, which uses HCM security profiles, not data role templates, to define the data security condition.
8. Data role template: You use data role templates to generate data roles. You generate such data roles, and create and maintain data role templates in the Authorization Policy Manager (APM).
Data Role (Also external role in APM): Specific to a job within a dimension of data, and augments the inherited abstract, duty, or job roles with entitlement to access specific data, such as access for a procurement manager in a particular business unit. Job role with data security.
External Role/Job Role: Accounts Payable Manager (which is mapping to real AP manager in business)
Duties assigned directly and indirectly to the job role Accounts Payable Manager
Application Role/Duty Role
Accounts Payable Managerial Analysis Duty: Analyzes Invoices and related documents along with Payments, Holds Discounts, and Payables Balances
Accounts Payable Period Status Management Duty: Manages Oracle Fusion Payables period status.
Accounts Payable Period Status Review Duty: Reviews Oracle Fusion Payables period status.
Actual Procurement Cost Collection Duty: Subscribes to costing service for interfacing invoice transactions to receipt accounting.
The relationship between external role (data role) and job role: (first page for functional hierarchy, second page for data security)
The relationship between job role and application rule:
The relationship between application role and entitlement:
The relationship between entitlement and resource:
(From my own opinion, the security mechanism, especially data security is very complex in current version of Fusion Application, so please always use data role template or auto-generation. That's enough)


newlisp(1) Commandline Parameters newlisp(1) NAME newlisp - lisp like programming language SYNOPSIS newlisp [-n] [-x source target] [-h | -v] [-c | -C | -http] [-t microseconds] [-s stack] [-m max-mem-megabyte] [[-l path-file | -L path-file] [-p port-number | -d port-number]] [-w directory] [lisp-files...] [-e programtext] DESCRIPTION Invokes newLISP which first loads init.lsp if present. Then one or more options and one or more newLISP source files can be specified. The options and source files are executed in the sequence they appear. For some options is makes sense to have source files loaded first like for the -p and -d options. For other options like -s and -m it is logical to specify these before the source files to be loaded. If a -e switch is used the programtext is evaluated and then newlisp exits otherwise evaluation continues interactively (unless an exit occurs during lisp-file interpretation). OPTIONS -n Suppress loading of any init.lsp or.init.lsp initialization file. -x source target Link the newLISP executable with a source file to built a new target executable. -h Display a short help text. -v Display a version string. -c Suppress the commandline prompt. -C Force prompt when running newLISP in pipe I/O mode for Emacs. -http only accept HTTP commands -s stacksize Stack size to use when starting newLISP. When no stack size is specified the stack defaults to 1024. -m max-mem-megabyte Limits memory to max-cell-mem-megabyte megabytes for Lisp cell memory. lisp-files Load and evaluate the specified lisp source files in sequence. Source files can be specified using URLs. If an (exit) is executed by one of the source files then newlisp exits and all processing ceases. -e programtext Programtext is an expression enclosed in quotation marks which is evaluated and the result printed to standard out device (STDOUT). In most UNIX system shells apostrophes can also be used to delimit the expression. newLISP exits after evaluation of programtext is complete. -w directory Directory is the start up directory for newLISP. Any file reference in a program will refer to this directory by default as the current directory. This can be used to define a web root directory when in server mode. -l -L path-file Log network connections and newLISP I/O to the file in path-file. -l will only log network connections or commandline input or net-eval requests. -L will additionally log HTTP requests and newLISP output from commandline and net-eval input. -p port-number Listen for commands on a TCP/IP socket connection. In this case standard I/O is redirected to the port specified in the -p option. Any specified lisp-files will be loaded the first time a connection is made, that is, before text is accepted from the port connection. -d port-number Run in demon mode. As for the -p option, but newLISP does not exit after a closed connection and stays in memory listening for a new connection. -t microseconds-connection-timeout Specifies a connection timeout when running in -p or -d demon mode. Server will disconnect when no further input is read after accepting a client connection. -6 Starts newLISP in IPv6 'Internet Protocol version 6' mode. Without this switch newLISP willl start in IPv4 mode. The protocol mode can also be switched with the built-in 'net-ipv' function during runtime. EXAMPLES Start interactive session newlisp Excute a program newlisp myprog.lsp Excute a remote program newlisp Add 3 and 4, 7 prints on standard output newlisp -e "(+ 3 4)" newLISP is started as a server (the & indicates to LINUX to run the process in the background) and can be connected to with telnet by issuing telnet localhost 1234 newlisp -p 1234 & newLISP is started as a server for another newlisp process connecting with the net-eval function or HTTP requests. Connection timeout is 3 seconds. newlisp -c -t _PHONE_ -d 4711 & newLISP is started as a server handling HTTP requests only. Connections are logged to the file /usr/home/www/log.txt newlisp -l /usr/home/www/log.txt -http -d 8080 & newLISP is started as a server handling HTTP requests and defining the startup/web root directory newlisp -http -d 8080 -w /usr/home/www/httpdocs & When accepting HTTP commands a file httpd.conf can be loaded, which will preprocess the path-name in the HTTP request newlisp httpd.conf -http -d 8080 -w /usr/home/www/httpdocs & If the file httpd.conf contains: (command-event (fn (s) (local (request) (if (find "?" s) ; is this a query (begin (set'request (first (parse s "?"))) ; discover illegal extension in queries (if (ends-with request ".exe") (set'request "GET /errorpage.html") (set'request s))) (set'request s)) request) )) then all files ending in.exe will translate the request in to a request for an error page, else the original request string is returned. EXIT STATUS newLISP returns a zero exit status for normal termination unless an exit command specifies a code to be returned. Non zero is returned in case of abnormal exit. AUTHOR Lutz Mueller - the newLISP home page version 10.6.0 April 2014 newlisp(1)


From Kerbal Space Program Wiki
Revision as of 16:03, 27 September 2012 by Istas (talk | contribs) (Atmosphere)
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Eve is the second planet from Kerbol, and only available in versions 0.17 and higher. It is purple in appearance. It has one small asteroid moon called Gilly.
Eve is the closest planet to Kerbin and the easiest to reach, requiring the least Delta-V of any planet. Having a similar size to Kerbin gives it a large gravity well and a thick atmospheric composition makes landings easier.
Orbiting Eve
A topographic map of Eve made with the ISA MapSat plugin
Eve has large oceans of liquid mercury and large, flat continents with a few mountain peaks, and a large crater in the western hemisphere. The surface looks like purple sand dunes.
File:Eve sky surface.png
Eve's sky at the surface.
The atmosphere begins ~100 KM. When you are inside the atmosphere, Eve appears indigo-blue during nighttime. During dawn and dusk, the sky is green. The atmosphere is very thick, and slows you down to (roughly) 130 m/s at 11 KM, 110 m/s at 8.5 KM, 100 m/s at 7.5 KM, 90 m/s at 6 KM, 80 m/s at 4.3 KM. At this point it stops decelerating you. The atmosphere is probably composed of iodine given its purple coloration.
Jet engines function in Eve's atmosphere, but do not provide useful thrust near the surface due to the thick atmosphere.
Natural Satellites
Eve's only natural satellite is the tiny captured asteroid Gilly in a highly eccentric and inclined orbit.. Gilly's surface is currently bugged, and it is impossible to land there.
See Also


Major United Nations Enforcement Bodies
last updated 28 May 2013
There are several UN bodies that are concerned with the enforcement of women's human rights, through both complaint and reporting mechanisms. Additionally, other enforcement bodies monitor human rights broadly, but will address women's rights when applicable. The major UN enforcement bodies and the mechanisms available under each one are summarized below. More information is available by clicking on the specific body or mechanism.
Procedurally, many of the committees will not consider complaints if they have been submitted under another mechanism. The term "multiple applications" refers to complaints based on the same facts that have been submitted to several mechanisms at close to the same time. NGOs and advocates should consider all available options for redress, both domestic and international, before submitting a complaint.
Unlike the complaint mechanisms, NGOs are not limited in the number of UN bodies to which they can submit reports. In fact, NGOs should submit relevant information to any and all Special Rapporteurs, working groups, or committees that are reviewing a specific country or rights violation.
United Nations Body
Individual Complaint
NGO Reporting Mechanisms
Complaint Procedure (for patterns of gross and reliably attested violations)
Optional Protocol on Communications (had not entered into force as of June 2013)
Article 77 (had not entered into force as of June 2013)


text:
Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) utilizes a number of techniques to determine the health of an engineering component or structure without affecting its usefulness. Much like a doctor may use ultrasound or radiography to assess the health of the body, engineers use these and other techniques to decide if material properties are within an acceptable range, if a component was well manufactured, or if damage has occurred in service that would warrant retirement. NDE professionals are active in all phases of engineering, from design to manufacturing to in-service use, and in all industry sectors including aviation, power generation, transportation, manufacturing, and many others.
How can undergraduates get involved in NDE?
The NDE Minor at Iowa State University is a unique opportunity to get a multi-disciplinary qualification in the rapidly evolving engineering discipline of Nondestructive Evaluation. There are also several summer internship opportunities accessible by students taking the NDE minor. Below is the current list of required and approved courses for the minor, for which 16 credits are required. Courses other than the two required courses can be selected from those listed below according to your interests; you can take courses in various NDE disciplines and at the same time qualify for this important minor.
* MatE/EM 362 Principles of Nondestructive Testing (Cr. 3. S.)
* MatE/EM 362L Nondestructive Testing Laboratory (Cr. 1. S.)
NDE Specific courses (2 needed for at least 6 credits)
* MSE/EM 550 Fundamentals of Nondestructive Evaluation (Cr. 4. F.)
* EM / AerE / MatE 490 + other departments Independent Study (Cr. 3. F.S.SS.)
* EM 350 Introduction to NDE Engineering (Cr. 3. S.)
* Mat E/EE 488 Eddy Current NDE (Cr. 3. F.)
Supporting Courses (2 needed for 6 credits)
* AerE 321 Flight Structures Analysis and Laboratory (Cr. 3. F.)
* AerE 421 Advanced Flight Structures (Cr. 3. S.)
* AerE 423 Composite Flight Structures (Cr. 3.)
* Stat 231 Probability and Statistical Inference for Engineers (Cr. 4. F.S.)
* Stat 305 Engineering Statistics (Cr. 3. F.S.SS.)
* Stat 322 Probabilistic Methods for Electrical Engineers (Cr. 3. F.S.)
* AerE 422 Aeroelasticity (Cr. 3. Alt. F.)
* AerE 426 Design of Aerospace Structures (Cr. 3.)
* EE 424 Introduction to Digital Signal Processing (Cr. 4.)
* EM 424 Intermediate Mechanics of Materials (Cr. 3. F.S.)
* EM 425 Introduction to the Finite Element Method (Cr. 3. S.)
* ME 417 Advanced Machine Design (Cr. 3. S.)
* ME 418 Mechanical Considerations in Robotics (Cr. 3. S.)
* MatE 418 Mechanical Behavior of Materials (Cr. 3. S.)
* MatE 443 Physical Metallurgy of Ferrous Alloys (Cr. 3. F.)
* MatE 444 Corrosion and Failure Analysis (Cr. 3. S.)
For more information including mentor opportunities for 490 projects, contact _EMAIL_ or Nicola Bowler or Lisa Brasche.


text:
Hi all. I am currently taking a beginning class in C programming and am working on an assignment where I need to prompt the user to enter an expression then display the expression and the result. e.g
Enter INT Expression: 6 / 2
Result: 6 / 2 = 3
I know how to store the INT values using the scanf function, but I'm not sure how I should go about storing the operator. Also once I have the operator stored, how should I go about writing an expression to store the result. I know how if the operator was a constant, e.g. "x + y = result", but how should I approach it when the operator is a variable. Thanks in advance for the help.


text:
The sum utility calculates and prints a 16-bit checksum for the named file and the number of 512-byte blocks in the file. It is typically used to look for bad spots, or to validate a file communicated over some transmission line.
The following options are supported:
Use an alternate (machine-dependent) algorithm in computing the checksum.
The following operands are supported:
A path name of a file. If no files are named, the standard input is used.
See largefile(5) for the description of the behavior of sum when encountering files greater than or equal to 2 Gbyte ( 231 bytes).
See environ(5) for descriptions of the following environment variables that affect the execution of sum: LC_CTYPE, LC_MESSAGES, and NLSPATH.
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:
|ATTRIBUTE TYPE||ATTRIBUTE VALUE|
"Read error" is indistinguishable from end of file on most devices; check the block count.
Portable applications should use cksum(1).
sum and usr/ucb/sum (see sum(1B)) return different checksums.


text:
Difference between revisions of "The Black Boxes"
Latest revision as of 01:32, 1 June 2014
In our experience, discussion on the "black boxes" of the 9/11 flights tends to fall into one of two areas.
The first, most commonly found on forums and message boards, tends to be a comment along the lines of this article:
In reality "all four black boxes" are not "supposedly destroyed". The Flight 93 flight data recorders were recovered. The Flight 77 black boxes were also removed from the Pentagon, but one of them (the cockpit voice recorder) was too badly damaged to be used. The only boxes not to be recovered were from the World Trade Centre impacts (although one story says otherwise: more on that below).
How could even three black boxes be destroyed? These were exceptional crashes: most impacts will be at far lower speeds as the pilot attempts to limit damage, not into a mass of steel columns, and not ending inside a building where they'll be exposed to fire and without (potentially, in the case of the WTC) enormous crush damage from many floors of a building falling onto them.
The potential end result of this trauma was revealed in a photo of the American Airlines Flight 77 cockpit voice recorder, released at the Moussaoui trial.
Black boxes not indestructible
Let's keep in mind that black boxes have been destroyed by impact or fire before.
So perhaps it's no surprise that a Chicago Tribune story at the time expressed doubt over the survival of the Flight 11 and 175 recorders:
DeMasi and Bellone
The second and more common topic of discussion in this area, however, refers to a story that at least three of the recorders were recovered from Ground Zero:
As far as we're concerned, this story raises more questions than it answers.
If there was a need to find these boxes urgently, for instance, why wait until October 3rd? Wouldn't that risk them already have been sent off to Fresh Kills in the early part of the cleanup?
Of course there was still plenty of rubble around, and in all likelihood they would still be buried. But then if that were true, how likely is it that you would find 3 out of 4 boxes, apparently in one search session, by a few FBI agents, and with no reports of major digging?
But let's suppose they were still at ground zero, and conveniently close to the surface. Why not announce they've been found, as happened at the other sites? If you happen to believe conspirators were able to cover up the true contents of the Flight 93 and Flight 77 black boxes, then why couldn't they do the same with these?
The counter to this would be to ask "why would they make it up?", of course. Well, the story was first mentioned in a book, and any controversy would generate a few more sales. The proceeds were for Bellone's Trauma Response Assistance for Children (TRAC) Team, however, so this seemed like a worthy cause... Until we discovered a few newspaper reports:
Now the picture doesn't look quite as good. Although it's worth remembering that, whatever Mr Bellone's troubles, he only verified a story that was told by Nicholas DeMasi.
If we just pay attention to the first story, though, it suggests the TRAC team were in financial trouble in April, around six months before the black box story materialised. Which sounds suspiciously convenient, but isn't really, because the main reason TRAC owed money is they'd had the book published already. If the "we found the black boxes" story was created to boost sales then you might have expected them to mention it on release, not around a year later.
Confused yet? We are too. The central story of the boxes being found doesn't seem plausible to us, and there are murky stories around the book where the claim appeared, but the incentive to make it up doesn't seem very strong, either.
A December 2005 story in CounterPunch didn't really help. They quoted an NTSB source as saying:
The source isn't named, so there's no way to check or verify this information, and it does seem a little odd. If the boxes were taken originally because it was known they contained incriminating information, then why would they be sent to the NTSB? This suggests a genuine attempt to find out what happened, not a coverup. But if there was an investigation, then why not announce that the boxes were found, just as happened with Flights 77 and 93? If it's so critical that these boxes just "disappeared", then why would the NTSB decided to reveal that they were recovered now? If it were someone who wanted the truth to be exposed, then why wouldn't they leak something more substantial, copies of emails or documents to support the claims? And to a media outlet that would get them more attention? Because in reality, although this is a step closer to significant evidence, it's not there yet.
Search online and you'll quickly find a clip of Dan Rather saying that at least one of the black boxes had been found at Ground Zero, something that's often used to support claims of their recovery. The people who use this in their YouTube movies never seem to post what happened around five minutes later, though, when Rather apologised and said he'd made a mistake. Here are both clips.


text:
The Old Testament contains writings that span approximately 2,000 years of history, but they are not arranged in chronological order. In addition, books of the Bible that overlap are not always found alongside one another. This book edited by Biblical scholar Stephen Merrill attempts to harmonize these disparate writings into one continuous document. The history contained in the Books of Kings and the Books of Chronicles is rearranged into a single chronological order. Beginning with the deaths of the prophet Samuel and King David, the narrative presents the rise and fall of the twin kingdoms of Israel and Judah. Throughout the chronology, the prophetic writings found throughout the Old Testament are placed into their proper historical context.
BiblioBoard is a free iPad® App that gives you access to dozens of historical Anthologies that explore places, events, people and themes from across the centuries. Within BiblioBoard, there are a variety of Anthologies available for purchase and for free. Each Anthology is a curated multimedia experience about a topic that includes numerous pieces of unique historical content such as books, images, articles and historical documents, accompanied by expert commentary. For the price of a single paperback book, you can own an entire curated universe.


What Car Modifications are and are Not Legal
Car enthusiasts value their vehicles more than many other things in their lives; it is a prized possession. These people will not hesitate to keep spending money on their car(s) to upgrade, modify, and personalize it to their liking. These modifications can include tinted windows, car wraps, and new exhaust pipes. However, they can only legally do so much, according to the California DMV laws. Here are a handful of those laws.
There are laws that dictate how loud a vehicle may be. Exhaust systems cannot increase or amplify the amount of sound beyond what is produced by factory equipment. Vehicles that weigh less than 6,000 pounds cannot be louder than 95 decibels; motorcycles are excluded from this. The radio or other sound systems cannot be heard from beyond 50 feet from the vehicle.
Rear and back side windows can be tinted to any darkness. However, front side windows can only be tinted to a certain darkness. Non-reflective tint is only allowed on the top 4 inches of the front windshield; it is illegal to have non-reflective tint anywhere else.
All vehicles must pass a smog check, even when it is equipped with a new engine. In addition, all engines must be certified for use, and be certified as the same or newer model year of the vehicle. This ensures that it will function properly and meet the proper emissions standards.
Frame and Suspension
No vehicle can be taller than 14 feet in height. There are additional frame regulations according to certain vehicle weights.
Just because it can be illegal to modify a car a certain way, does not mean that it is impossible to do it anyway. You may have seen or heard cars that have been illegally modified. Common illegal car modifications include cars that:
Are too loud
Whose front windows are tinted too dark
Are equipped with radar detectors attached to the windshield of the car
Are equipped with reflective covering over their license plate
Have a license plate frame that covers any part of the number, letters, or state name
Have neon lights under it
Not every state has the exact same car modification laws so if you ever plan on moving or taking your car out of state, make sure it is legal to drive it there.


text:
The following terms are used with respect to the OpenNMS HORIZON provisioning system and are essential for understanding the material presented in this guide.
Entities are managed objects in OpenNMS HORIZON such as Nodes, IP interfaces, SNMP Interfaces, and Services.
The Importer service from 1.6 introduced the idea of foreign sources and foreign IDs. The Foreign Source uniquely identifies a provisioning source and is still a basic attribute of importing node entities into OpenNMS HORIZON. The concept is to provide an external (foreign) system with a way to uniquely identify itself and any node entities that it is requesting (via a requisition) to be provisioned into OpenNMS HORIZON.
The Foreign ID is the unique node ID maintained in foreign system and the foreign source uniquely identifies the external system in OpenNMS HORIZON.
OpenNMS HORIZON uses the combination of the foreign source and foreign ID become the unique foreign key when synchronizing the set of nodes from each source with the nodes in the OpenNMS HORIZON DB. This way the foreign system doesn't have to keep track of the OpenNMS HORIZON node IDs that are assigned when a node is first created. This is how Provisiond can decided if a node entity from an import requisition is new, has been changed, or needs to be deleted.
Additionally, the foreign source has been extended to also contain specifications for how entities should be discovered and managed on the nodes from each foreign source. The name of the foreign source has become pervasive within the provisioning system and is used to simply some of the complexities by weaving this name into:
the name of the provisioning group in the Web-UI
the name of the file containing the persisted requisition (as well as the pending requisition if it is in this state)
the foreign-source attribute value inside the requisition (obviously, but, this is pointed out to indicate that the file name doesn't necessarily have to equal the value of this attribute but is highly recommended as an OpenNMS HORIZON best practice)
the building attribute of the node defined in the requisition (this value is called "site" in the Web-UI and is assigned to the building column of the node's asset record by Provisiond and is the default value used in the Site Status View feature)
Import requisition is the terminology OpenNMS HORIZON uses to represent the set of nodes, specified in XML, to be provisioned from a foreign source into OpenNMS HORIZON. The requisition schema (XSD) can be found at the following location. _URL_
Auto discovery is the term used by OpenNMS HORIZON to characterize the automatic provisioning of nodes entities. Currently, OpenNMS HORIZON uses an ICMP ping sweep to find IP address on the network. For the IPs that respond and that are not currently in the DB, OpenNMS HORIZON generates a new suspect event. When this event is received by Provisiond, it creates a node and it begins a node scan based on the default foreign source definition.
Provisiond takes over for the Model Importer found in version 1.6 which implemented a unique, first of its kind, controlled mechanism for specifying managed entities directly into OpenNMS HORIZON from one or more data sources. These data sources often were in the form of an in-housed developed inventory or stand-alone provisioning system or even a set of element management systems. Using this mechanism, OpenNMS HORIZON is directed to add, update, or delete a node entity exactly as defined by the external source. No discovery process is used for finding more interfaces or services.
Directed discovery is enhanced with the capability to scan nodes that have been directed nodes for entities (interfaces.
The phrase, Policy based Directed Discovery, is a term that represents the latest step in OpenNMS HORIZON provisioning evolution and best describes the new provisioning architecture now in OpenNMS HORIZON for maintaining its inventory of managed entities. This term describes the control that is given over the Provisioning system to OpenNMS HORIZON users for managing the behavior of the NMS with respect to the new entities that are being discovered. Current behaviors include persistence, data collection, service monitoring, and categorization policies.


Semi-transparent particles
Particles can be made semi-transparent by setting their Transparency particle property. A Transparency value of 0.0 lets a particle appear fully opaque, while any value in the range 0.0-1.0 renders the particle translucent.
The easiest way to set the Transparency property is the Compute property modifier. Simply enter the desired transparency value into the expression field and the Compute property modifier will assign that value to all particles.
Sometimes you want to make only a subset of the particles semi-transparent. For this, first select the particles, then apply the Compute property modifier. Activate its Compute only for selected particles option to restrict the assignment of the Transparency value to the currently selected particles only. Unselected particles will keep their transparency values (0 by default).
For demonstration purposes, in the example shown on the right, the Compute property modifier was used to set the Transparency property according to a simple math formula: ReducedPosition.X. Thus, instead of assigning a uniform transparency value to all particles, each particle's value is computed individually from its X position divided by the simulation cell size, which varies between 0 to 1 from one side of the simulation box to the other.


Impact of MapReduce Policies on Job Completion Reliability and Job Energy Consumption
Jia Chun Lin, Fang Yie Leu, Ying-ping Chen
研究成果: Article同行評審
9 引文 斯高帕斯（Scopus）
Recently, MapReduce has been widely employed by many companies/organizations to tackle data-intensive problems over a large-scale MapReduce cluster. To solve machine/node failure which is inevitable in a MapReduce cluster, MapReduce employs several policies, such as input-data replication and intermediate-data replication policies. To speed up job execution, MapReduce allows reduce tasks to early fetch their required intermediate data. However, the impact of these policy combinations on the job completion reliability (JCR for short) and job energy consumption (JEC for short) of a MapReduce cluster was not clear, where JCR is the reliability with which a MapReduce job can be completed by the cluster, whereas JEC is the energy consumed by the cluster to complete the job. Therefore, in this study, we analyze the JCR and JEC of a MapReduce cluster on four policy combinations (POCs for short) derived from two typical intermediate-data replication policies and two typical reduce-task assignment policies. The four POCs are further compared in extensive scenarios, which not only consider jobs at different scales with various parameters, but also give a MapReduce cluster two extreme parallel execution capabilities and diverse bandwidths. The analytical results enable MapReduce managers to comprehend how these POCs impact the JCR and JEC of a cluster and then select an appropriate POC based on the characteristics of their own MapReduce jobs and clusters.
頁（從 - 到）_PHONE_
期刊IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems
出版狀態Published - 1 五月 2015
指紋 深入研究「Impact of MapReduce Policies on Job Completion Reliability and Job Energy Consumption」主題。共同形成了獨特的指紋。


text:
History of Devon
What is Devon
- Devon is a large shire county in the South Western peninsula of the United
- famous for clotted cream, picture postcard thatched cottages and cider.
- The largest city in Devon is Plymouth with the famous Hoe where Sir Francis
Drake played bowls before sailing to defeat the Spanish Armada, and the Pilgrim
Fathers started their journey to the 'New World'.
- Devon is perhaps best known today for its beautiful, unspoilt beaches
- Inland is Dartmoor, a National Park, made famous in the Sherlock Holmes
mystery, "The Hound of the Baskervilles".
- Devon is 670,343 hectares in area, (2,700 square miles)
- has a population of just over 1 million people.
- It borders Cornwall to the west and Somerset and Dorset to the east
- it has two areas of high moorland (highest point 621m) with characteristic
granite "tors" of Dartmoor. These areas are rich in Bronze
and Iron Age archaeological features
- 500 km (300 miles) of coastline
- areas of hilly pastoral farming land.
- The major towns are
Newton Abbot (population
So let us find out about Devon's past
Dartmoor in particular has many remains of pre-historic man. The Romans left
their mark on Exeter, and major portions of the Roman city walls can still be
seen. The Normans followed with Exeter Cathedral. But Devon was never in the
mainstream of English politics. Perhaps there was not enough wealth to be exploited.
The history of Devon is therefore more the history of the average man
The Middle Ages
The Weather and changes in climate resulted in many changes in farming practices
in Devon. It is recorded that a cold wet climate started around 1300 AD in England
in general. But by the 15th century it is believed that wine was made in Devon.
Unlike many parts of England, Devon had very few noblemen as landowners, the
land was owned more by the country gentry. Between 1485 and 1914, the gentry
were the people who ran Devon
- Plague and disease were common everywhere in Europe. in
1546 a plague swept the county
- By 1606 it appears to have got cold again, rivers became
frozen and storms swept the county
- In the first half of the 17th century, Devon was noted by contempories as
spacious and populous, and that its inhabitants, though hard
working were distrustful of strangers and travellers
- Cold winter were recorded again through the century. The winter of 1676
was again extremely hard
- Smallpox epidemics in the 1640's, 1710's and 1760's resulted
in many deaths
- 1690, October 7th, the 'London Gazette' reported an earthquake in
Barnstaple, followed by another hard winter
- Daniel Defoe published his account of a tour of Great Britain between 1724
and 1727. The tour took him through Chard
and Honiton, and much of what he saw in South Devon impressed him.Going north,
his first impression was that the country was wild, barren and poor.
- Records exist showing that Europe was snow bound for months
on end in 1739, 1776, 1814 and 1895.
- But there were droughts and long hot summers through the 1880's
- In 1842 Devon was mainly agricultural
- But all was not rural bliss. Conditions could be harsh, open sewers and
poor housing were the norm.
- Many emigrated at this time to avoid the economic misery of living in Devon
- The population having declined during the 19th century, it is starting to
gently increase due to the attractive climate
- Today tourism is the mainstay of Devon's economy
- During the 20th century however, changes in society and the wider economy
have accelerated the transformation of the County into an area popular with
tourists. Agriculture is still important, as is fishing and primary industry,
but the modern economy in Devon focuses on services and manufacturing industries.
- (Devon County Council's view on Devon today)


text:
|> Other English exercises on the same topic: Animals [Change theme]|
|> Similar tests: - Animals (video) - Animals - Animals and pictures - Animals - Animals - Birds II (Idioms) - Wild animals - Vocabulary: animals' noise|
|> Double-click on words you don't understand|
RHESUS MACAQUE or RHESUS MONKEY MANDRILL
PYGMY MARMOSET COMMON MARMOSET
GOLDEN MARMOSET or GOLDEN LION TAMARIN
BONOBO or THE PYGMY CHIMPANZEE CHIMPANZEE
GIBBON ORANG-OUTANG or ORANG-UTAN
many monkeys are in danger today
natural predators and the human being represent a real danger for them
if we do not pay attention,species risk to disappear
English exercise "Monkeys" created by anonyme with The test builder.
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Old February 13 2013, 10:29 AM #17
Re: Caitians - height
I don't say the 2-3 meters for Caitians can't be possible, but it has no strong enough evidence that it is the only possibility or that this variant should be more autoritative than others.
Obviously not. But what I originally said stands: material exists that claims a relationship between the two felinoid species, and material exists that claims no such thing. If one assumes that the two species are related, then 2-3 meters is a better range than 1.8-2 meters, per onscreen evidence. If one recognizes that it's sort of futile to explain the similarities of Star Trek species by claiming that A1 and A2 are lost colonies of A (because the whole alphabet wouldn't then suffice for covering all the cases of B1 through B999 having shared characteristics, C1 through C999 likewise, etc), then Caitians are short and Kzinti are tall and that's it.
And I still think the simplest explanation for FASA's bizarre "2-3 meters" claim is that whoever wrote that page of the sourcebook didn't understand metric measurements.
That's downright mean of you.
Timo Saloniemi
Timo is offline Reply With Quote


text:
Covering the keyboard while learning to keyboard is a popular strategy for teaching touch typing. Interestingly, there hasn't been much research on the effects of using keyboard covers when students are learning to keyboard. Overall, the research says that students who can't see their keyboards while they use keyboarding software to learn to keyboard will learn significantly faster than those who did not use covers.
Can Learning to Touch Type be Facilitated by Covering the Keys on a Computer?
by Leigh E. Zeitz, Ph.D.
University of Northern Iowa
May 25, 2008
Learning to key without looking at the keyboard is a difficult thing to do. This is especially difficult if your learners have taught themselves to type and developed "bad habits." On of the most prominent "bad habits" that novice keyboarders learn is looking at the keyboard while typing. In response to this need, vendors have developed keyboard covers (or skins) which hide the letters on the keys from students. But does this work?
The $64 question is "Will it help my students learn to touch type faster if we install keyboard covers?"
Let's see what the research says:
Steven Reagan (2000) studied multiple factors when middle school students used software programs to learn touch typing skills. He compared two typing programs: one that was drill and practice (KeyWords Elementary) and a gaming drill and practice program (Type to Learn 3). Half of the students in each of these groups used covers on their keyboards and half of them did not. The results showed that the middle school students who used KeyWords Elementary and had covers on their keyboards did not experience a significant different in improvement over those who could see the letters on their keys.
Conversely, students who had covered keyboards while using Type to Learn achieved a significant increase in their keyboarding skills. Interestingly enough, the Type to Learn users without the covers achieved an average speed that was lower than either of the KeyWords Elementary users. The researcher observed that the game players were highly motivated to do well on the game so those without covers would look at the keyboard instead of using the more efficient touch-typing methods.
Lois Nichols (2004) did some research with 3rd and 4th graders (n=84). The students were randomly assigned to use either covered or uncovered keyboards. They received instruction 30 minutes/day for 4 weeks (10 hours) using Sunburst's Type To Learn 3. The software is developed to enable the students to progress independently through the program. Type to Learn 3 provides an on-screen keyboard with superimposed hands showing the students which keys to press.
It turned out that the students who had the covers on their keyboards finished the 4 weeks typing significantly faster than students who were able to watch the keys. There was no significant difference in their levels of accuracy.
Leonard West (1967) explored the effects of depriving visual feedback when typists typed on a typewriter. Unlike the other two studies which reviewed the effects of using covers on students' abilities to learn to keyboard faster, West did not study typing speed improvement. He asked people who could already type (9 – 118 wpm) and then measured the difference between their speed and accuracy rates with and without being able to view the keyboard. Not surprisingly, the less experienced typists experienced a high increase in errors and decrease in speed while the accomplished typists had a small increase in errors and slight decrease in speed. While this research is interesting, it doesn't hold much relevancy for optimizing keyboarding instruction programs.
These studies that researched the effects of using covers when teaching keyboarding found that those students who couldn't see their keyboards while they use keyboarding software learned to keyboard significantly faster than those who did not use covers. This indicates that covers can be helpful when learning to keyboard. It would be useful to engage in additional research at elementary, middle and secondary levels. The effects of using a gaming context could be further studied by using the Reagan study design with other software packages.
Nichols, L. (2004) Learning to keyboard: Does the use of keyboard covers make a difference? Information Technology in Childhood Annual. 175-185.
Reagan, S. (2000) Increasing touch-keyboarding skills in the middle school student: "Keywords" vs. "type to learn." hand covers vs. no hand covers. Masters thesis.
West., L. (1967) Vision and kinesthesis in the acquisition of typewriting skills. Journal of Applied Psychology, 51(2). 161-166.
Contact Dr. Leigh Zeitz at _EMAIL_
Visit Keyboarding Research and Resources website: _URL_


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I want to get the string length when a key is pressed like StackOverflow does.
Example of StackOverflow showing length
I have tried to do this with onblur, but it's not working. How do I do this?
share|improve this question
use onkeyup/onkeydown event. Could you post the code you tried? – Fabrizio Calderan Jun 15 '12 at 8:02
Is your problem really getting the length of a string? – Bergi Jun 15 '12 at 8:04
onblur refers to the opposite of focus, i.e. you are leaving the field. This is not the appropriate event handler. – Jeff Watkins Jun 15 '12 at 8:04
He just ask for the right event to bind a function to – Trinh Hoang Nhu Jun 15 '12 at 8:07
8 Answers 8
up vote 25 down vote accepted
As for the question which event you should use for this: use the input event, and fall back to keyup/keydown in older browsers.
Here's an example, DOM0-style:
someElement.oninput = function() {
 this.onkeydown = null;
 // Your code goes here
someElement.onkeydown = function() {
 // Your code goes here
The other question is how to count the number of characters in the string. Depending on your definition of "character", all answers posted so far are incorrect. The string.length answer is only reliable when you're certain that only BMP Unicode symbols will be entered. For example, 'a'.length == 1, as you'd expect.
However, for supplementary (non-BMP) symbols, things are a bit different. For example, '𝌆'.length == 2, even though there's only one Unicode symbol there. This is because JavaScript exposes UCS-2 code units as "characters".
Luckily, it's still possible to count the number of Unicode symbols in a JavaScript string through some hackery. You could use Punycode.js's utility functions to convert between UCS-2 strings and Unicode code points for this:
// 'String.length' replacement that only counts full Unicode characters
punycode.ucs2.decode('a').length; // 1
punycode.ucs2.decode('𝌆').length; // 1 (note that ''𝌆'.length == 2'!)
P.S. I just noticed the counter script that Stack Overflow uses gets this wrong. Try entering 𝌆, and you'll see that it (incorrectly) counts as two characters.
share|improve this answer
𝌆 isn't even supported by standard Microsoft web fonts, so the likelihood of its usage is quite low, imho. EDIT: I could be wrong... It definitely doesn't appear in the answer body above, tho. – bvukelic Jul 25 '12 at 12:34
It's just an example. Feel free to replace it with any astral (i.e. non-BMP) Unicode symbol. – Mathias Bynens Jul 25 '12 at 13:16
Thanks for pointing that out. Most english speakers overlook that problem. – Gastón Sánchez Jan 6 '14 at 3:38
Use keyup event:
0
var inp = document.getElementById('myinput');
var chars = document.getElementById('chars');
inp.onkeyup = function() {
 chars.innerHTML = inp.value.length;
Just a note for those that suggest keydown. That won't work. The keydown fires before character is added to the input box or textarea, so the length of the value would be wrong (one step behind). Therefore, the only solution that works is keyup, which fires after the character is added.
share|improve this answer
I suggest you post your code here too - its more helpful when the target site it unavailable – ManseUK Jun 15 '12 at 8:08
Thanks for suggestion. Updated. – bvukelic Jun 15 '12 at 8:12
This is outdated advice. Use the more appropriate input event where available, then fall back to keyup/keydown. Also, note that this doesn't count the number of symbols in the string correctly. – Mathias Bynens Jun 15 '12 at 9:42
It might not be cutting edge, but it seems to work rather well. It's certainly not deprecated (at least not to my knowledge). – bvukelic Jun 15 '12 at 9:44
_USER_ The keyup event won't fire if you enter text by pasting (without using the keyboard), or by dragging text in; or when dictating text, for example. The input event does. As a bonus, the input event fires before you even lift up your key — making it feel much faster. – Mathias Bynens Jun 15 '12 at 13:08
You should bind a function to keyup event
textarea.keyup = function(){
with jquery
 var length = $(this).val().length;
share|improve this answer
function cool(d)
it will return the length of string
Instead of blur use keydown event
share|improve this answer
 var myString ='sample String'; var length = myString.length ;
first you need to defined a keypressed handler or some kind of a event trigger to listen, btw, getting the length is really simple like mentioned above
share|improve this answer
The quick and dirty way would be to simple bind to the keyup event. For example : _URL_
 $('_TAG_').text('you typed'+ this.value.length +'characters');
But better would be to bind a reusable function to several events. For example also to the change(), so you can also anticipate text changes such as pastes (with the context menu, shortcuts would also be caught by the keyup )
share|improve this answer
I'm not sure what you mean by having tried it onblur, but to get the length of any string, use its.length property, so in the case of a textbox or textarea:
Changing that ID, of course, to whatever the actual ID is.
share|improve this answer
The OP is talking about the event used - onblur – ManseUK Jun 15 '12 at 8:09
Basically: assign a keyup handler to the element, in it count the length of the and write the count to a separate if its length is shorter than a minimum value.
Here's is an example
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


text:
International Festivals are common in all countries. However countries hosting international festivals are unaware of the expectations and behavior of travellers related to their food choice behavior before their visit. A study was conducted with specific reference to Rainforest World Music Festival (RWMF), Sarawak, Malaysia, to explore the food choice behavior of international travellers relating to neophobic behavior. The study followed interpretive research philosophy and exploratory study design with phenomenological interpretations, case studies and Delphi method. The research design integrated a longitudinal design during 2016 to 2017 period to develop a food choice consumer behavior model with triangulated tools and methods, identified causative factors related to consumer food choices. The study followed purposive sampling with a sample of 148travelers during the festival and data collection was done with the triangulated tools of indepth interviews, content analysis and observation following phenomenology method. The investigators came up with a thematic model in relation to food choice behavior of RWMF travelers, by extending theoretical and practical contributions.
Kumar M., Dileep and S Govindarajo, Normala
"Consumer Food-Choice Behaviour Model,"
Interscience Management Review: Vol. 4
, Article 3.
Available at: _URL_


1. What is the difference between Nigori Sake and Refined Sake?
 Sake is brewed using rice and water, made from the moromi (fermenting rice solids) produced during the fermentation process of malted rice.
 Refined sake is made by pressing the moromi using a cotton bag to filter and remove the solid content, or sake lees, for sake that is completely clear and serene.
 Nigori Sake is sake that remains unfiltered, resulting in unfermented rice solids deliberately left floating around inside. A sweeter smooth flavoring produced by these remnants therefore adds to the taste of the sake.
 2. What is the difference between MoMo Nigori Sake and other Nigori Sakes?
 MoMo uses orginal style sake as its base. Therefore, the sweet yet acidic flavoring from rice is characterized for having a very natural and mellow quality, and the sake is comparably low in alcohol content.
 This rich and smooth flavor cannot be found in Nigori Sakes that use refined sake as its base, and is what distinguishes MoMo from other sakes.
 3. When does MoMo Nigori Sake expire and what is the best preservation method?
 MoMo's delicate flavors and qualities are sensitive to UV rays so make sure to keep it away from direct sunlight or fluorescent light.
 Temperatures above 68F（18℃） for prolonged periods may also have adverse affects on its smell and taste.
 A cool, dark storage area is ideal for preserving MoMo's delicious taste.
 4. What is the white sediment at the bottom of the bottle? Is it ok to drink?
 The white layer is formed by the remnants of rice, and contains nutrients that are vital for the health and beauty of your body, such as fiber and amino acids.
 The naturally sweet and flavorful rice remnants also add to the taste and quality of the sake.
 Therefore, to enjoy MoMo to its full potential, it is important to thoroughly shake or stir the bottle before pouring so that the sediments are mixed in with each sip.
 5. Unlike other Nigori Sakes which are usually white, why is MoMo Nigori Sake pink?
 MoMo's distinctive pink color is a natural color produced by a special yeast.
 This all-natural, delicate, and cute coloring is another one of MoMo's unique appeals.
 6. Once the bottle is opened, does the pink color disappear?
 Even after the bottle is opened, as long as it isn't exposed to strong UV rays, MoMo's pink color can be preserved.
 However, because no synthetic preservatives are used, once opened, the overall flavor and aroma will spoil at a faster rate.
 Therefore, after opening the bottle, it is best to keep it refrigerated and finish it as soon as possible.
 7. Does the pink color ever disappear? In how long?
 Because the pink coloring is naturally produced, the pigments will dissolve and color will be lost (turn white) from prolonged exposure to strong UV rays.
 As long as MoMo is kept out of direct sunlight, the color will remain preserved for an extended period.
 8. What is the best way to drink MoMo Nigori Sake?
 It can be enjoyed both chilled, or on the rocks.
 Find out original recipes for cocktails that make use of MoMo's exceptional qualities and flavors
 Highly recommended is the Simple MoMo Mix, MoMo Nigori Sake mixed with fruit juice at a 1 to 1 ratio. Squeeze drops of 100% Lime Juice for a touch of zest and a refreshing, crisp finish.
 MoMo's catchphrase is "Discover Something Delicious!"
 Let your imagination take over and have fun inventing your very personal MoMo creations!


text:
Mediatized Populisms| Digital Populism: Trolls and Political Polarization of Twitter in Turkey
This article analyzes political trolling in Turkey through the lens of mediated populism. Twitter trolling in Turkey has diverged from its original uses (i.e., poking fun, flaming, etc.) toward government-led polarization and right-wing populism. Failing to develop an effective strategy to mobilize online masses, Turkey's ruling Justice and Development Party (JDP/AKP) relied on the polarizing performances of a large progovernment troll army. Trolls deploy three features of JDP's populism: serving the people, fetish of the will of the people, and demonization. Whereas trolls traditionally target and mock institutions, Turkey's political trolls act on behalf of the establishment. They produce a digital culture of lynching and censorship. Trolls' language also impacts pro-JDP journalists who act like trolls and attack journalists, academics, and artists critical of the government.


B]. It is [U][B]Constant Power[/B][/U]. What Power?. Who knows, depends on how strong the sun is. In our AC charger example it was up to 160 watts to supply 10 amps @ 16 volts. So when we set it to 14.4 volts and in Bulk it was a constant 144 watts @ 10 amps. So say you have a 160 watt panel and a 10 amp controller. In Bulk at a few brief seconds around noon it was 10 amps for a second. What is it 30 minute after noon?. Something less than 10 amps. If it is hazy maybe 5 amps. All your controller can do is transfer the maximum available power at the time. It cannot do any more than that. So that makes it Constant Power, not CC. This is what makes a 3 Stage Solar Charger useless in the practical sense. You have to change strategy to Maximum Smoke 1 stage charger. You set the voltage to Bulk = Absorb = Float. Throw away your battery Owners Manual and it voltage set points. They are useless. Instead you use your Battery Hydrometer to set the voltage. To learn how read this thread.


text:
'Math Topics' adds creativity
By Nayoung Ahn
& Phillip Zhang
Advanced Topics in Mathematics II is a new course being offered at TPHS
for the first time this school year and is taught by Math Department Chair Abby Brown.
Students in the class are to apply high school math concepts to real-world
Their primary tool is Mathematica, a computer algebra system
program developed by Wolfram Research, which also holds the Wolfram
Technology Conference that Brown will attend this October, in Champaign,
Ill. There, she will present materials she developed at Wolfram
Research over the summer. Students accompanying her--Ryan Chuang (12),
Samantha Patterson (12), Jenny Tan (12) and Jeffrey Tsao (11)--will also
present work they did using Mathematica, a mathematics software
"It's a great opportunity for us," Tsao said. "We're meeting all these professionals, and we're just high school students."
Ideas for projects include making an interactive tool to teach logarithms, or a simulation of momentum for a physics class.
"For community service projects we will be seeking out ideas from other
[teachers] so that we can develop materials to [help them teach]," Brown
A flexible curriculum gives students plenty of freedom and independence, and is cited as one of the primary attractions of the class.
"We enjoy [exploring topics of our own choosing], and we get some learning out of it," said Matt Schotz (12). "[The freedom] keeps me interested."
No tests are given and lessons--on Mathematica--are given on a need-to-know basis.
"It's not really traditional. [Brown will] teach you how to use Mathematica, and you go from there," Jamie Ding (11) said.
Even so, the students are there to work. Most of them, including Ding, have already exhausted the TPHS math courses, including college courses Calculus C/D and Linear Algebra.
"I felt that Discrete Math and Statistics weren't my thing," Ding said. "So I felt that this was the best choice."
For students, Advanced Topics was a chance to take their study of math to the next level.
"Right now, we are just getting started, but I have big ideas as to where this can go and how many students it may touch," Brown said.


text:
Photovoltaic solar power generation is proven to be effective and sustainable but is currently hampered by relatively high costs and low conversion efficiency. This paper addresses both issues by presenting a low-cost and efficient temperature distribution analysis for identifying PV module mismatch faults by thermography. Mismatch faults reduce the power output and cause potential damage to PV cells. This paper firstly defines three fault categories in terms of fault levels, which lead to different terminal characteristics of the PV modules. The investigation of three faults is also conducted analytically and experimentally and maintenance suggestions are also provided for different fault types. The proposed methodology is developed to combine the electrical and thermal characteristics of PV cells subjected to different fault mechanisms through simulation and experimental tests. Furthermore, the fault diagnosis method can be incorporated into the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) schemes to shift the operating point of the PV string. The developed technology has improved over the existing ones in locating the faulty cell by a thermal camera, providing a remedial measure and maximizing the power output under faulty conditions.
|Number of pages||10|
|Journal||IEEE Transactions on Device and Materials Reliability|
|Early online date||15 Aug 2014|
|Publication status||Published - 2 Dec 2014|
- fault diagnosis
- photovoltaic power systems


text:
LEFTY: A Two-view Editor for Technical Pictures (thesis)
This thesis describes LEFTY, a two-view graphics editor for technical pictures. This editor has no hardwired knowledge about specific picture layouts or editing operations. Each picture is described by a program that contains functions to draw the picture and functions to perform editing operations that
are appropriate for the specific picture. Primitive user actions, like mouse and keyboard events, are bound to functions in this program. Besides the graphical view of the picture itself, the editor presents a textual view of the program that describes the picture. Programmability and the two-view interface
allow the editor to handle a variety of pictures, but are particularly useful for pictures used in technical contexts, e.g., graphs and trees and VLSI layouts. LEFTY can communicate with other processes. This feature allows it to use existing tools to compute specific picture layouts and allows external processes to use the editor to display their data structures.


text:
This short example has been prepared to demonstrate usage of FEA tool for pressure vessel lifecycle prediction in regard to ASME regulations.
FEA software when properly tempered by comparisons with test data can be highly helpful to provide better answers for many cases.
The purpose of this analysis is to show that this pressure equipment is capable of withstanding
the operation for its intended life cycles. Pressure and temperature is changed for operating condition. Due to the stress range induced by pressure and temperature variation, fatigue crack can be initiated at the discontinuity where fatigue strength is very weak.
The base code for the demonstration is ASME Sec.VIII, Div.2,Appendix.5 ('10 ED.& '11 ADD.)
- Analysis Workflow
Complete analysis process has been presented below. Related video example starts from the point where FEM discretization has been already made.
- Modeling in midas NFX
3.1. Analyzed Model
For the demonstration purposes, only one nozzle has been selected for detailed investigation.
Figure 3: Model Mesh – Nozzle Details
3.2. Material Data
Assumed Material data:
Limit Properties at 150 0C
3.3. Loads for fatigue calculation
- One cycle condition has been defined as below:
- Operating Case 1 : 0.5 MPa at 150°C (Unload Phase)
- Operating Case 2 : 0.3 MPa at 150°C (Load Phase) – not presented
- Design Life Cycle, n = 180 000 cycles
- Nozzle Load (Case 2 is not presented):
3.4. Boundary Conditions
Constraints have been applied to support lugs. All necessary Degrees of Freedom have been checked for corresponding surfaces and planes.
- Result Post-processing
4.1. Results for Case 1 – Unload Phase
The results below are presented only for display purpose:
In a fatigue analysis, the item of interest is the Von Mises of the Stress Range.
4.2. Fatigue Analysis
4.2.1 Evaluation Point – SCLs
– Selection of Stress Classification Lines (ASME Section VIII Division 2. ANNEX 5.A.3) :
Pressure vessels usually contain structural discontinuity regions where abrupt changes in geometry, material or loading occur. These regions are typically the locations of highest stress in a component.
For the evaluation of failure modes of plastic collapse and ratcheting, Stress Classification Lines (SCLs) are typically located at gross structural discontinuities. For the evaluation of local failure and fatigue, SCLs are typically located at local structural discontinuities.
For this paper evaluation will be performed for one nozzle only for demonstration purposes. To determine the fatigue lifecycle for pressure vessel it is mandatory to study all critical areas. For SCL other locations should be checked, like: nozzle-to-repad intersection, repad-to-nozzle intersection and varying locations around circumference of the nozzle.
Figure 11: Stress classification line for the nozzle
4.2.2 Fatigue Assessment Procedure (ASME Section VIII Division 2. 5.5.3)
STEP 1 – Determine a load history for vessel.
– Case 01 (Operating Case 1) : 0.5 MPa at 150°C (Unload Phase)
– Case 02 (Operating Case 2) : 0.3 MPa at 150°C (Load Phase)
STEP 2 – Determine the individual stress-strain cycles and cyclic stress ranges.
– Cycle 1(Normal Operating Case) : Case01(Unload Phase) ~ Case02 (Load Phase)
STEP 3 – Determine the equivalent stress range for the cycle determined in STEP 2
Calculated Values for (Range of Primary plus Secondary plus Peak Equivalent Stress) for the kth cycle
STEP 4 – Determine the effective alternating equivalent stress amplitude (Salt,k) for the cycle
using the stresses calculated in STEP 3.
– As the local notch and effect of the weld is not accounted for in the numerical model,
Kf = 4.0
– for fatigue penalty factor, Ke,k
Comparing to Sps shows that ≤ Sps for all components, and therefore: 1.0
As the temperature distribution is uniform to all component in each case, there are no thermal effects (ΔSLT,k =0). Therefore, the alternating stress is calculated as follows:
STEP 5 – Determine the permissible number of cycles, Nk, for the alternating equivalent stress computed in STEP 4, using the fatigue curves provided in Annex 3.F.
For the vessel materials of construction, the smooth bar fatigue curve for carbon steel with cycle temperature below 371ºC and σuts ≤ 552MPa are listed in Table 3.F.10 (ASME Section VIII Div.2 Annex 3.F). Fatigue Curve for 3.F.1 is as follows.
The calculated allowable number of cycles for selected SCL.
Considering the result above, current design is not acceptable to resist cyclic condition. The allowable number of cycle for selected component is lower then design cycle of 180 000.This does not meet code requirement for fatigue.


Regulatory Design for RES-E Support Mechanisms: Learning Curves, Market Structure, and Burden-Sharing
Carlos Batlle, Ignacio Perez-Arriaga, and P. Zambrano-Barragán
May 2011
Drawing from relevant experiences in power systems around the world, this paper offers a critical review of existing policy support mechanisms for RES-E (renewable energy sources for electricity), with a detailed analysis of their regulatory implications. While recent studies provide an account of current RES-E support systems, in this paper we focus on the impacts these mechanisms have on the overall energy market structure and its performance in the short and long term. Given the rising importance of RES-E in systems everywhere, these impacts can no longer be overlooked.
For Associates Only


text:
ABOUT YOUNG CITIZENS
The Young Citizens program focuses on citizenship and is a complementary component to Heritage Fairs, an annual event where students present the results of their research on Canadian heroes, legends and key events in Canadian history. Participants in the Young Citizens program make a short video about their heritage fair topic, much like an evening news report or short documentary. The student videos are posted online and reviewed by a panel of judges for a chance to win a trip to Ottawa to attend the Canada's History Forum.
Watch a clip about Young Citizens from CBC's The National:
2013 Young Citizens: Expedition North
To celebrate the centennial of the Canadian Arctic Expedition (_PHONE_), Canada's History is looking for 40 students to participate in this special version of Young Citizens. These students will create a video that explores a theme relating to the history of Canada's north. A panel of judges will review all 40 videos and select 2 students who will receive a trip to Ottawa to show their film at the Canada's History Forum in the fall.
From May 13 - June 3, friends and family can view and vote for their favourite videos. The number of votes received will form part of the judge's criteria.
In June, a panel of judges will review all of the 40 videos based on 6 different criteria. The top 2 videos will be chosen and the students will receive a trip for 2 to Ottawa in the fall, where they will show their film at the Canada's History Forum.
We invite you to meet our Young Citizens, watch their videos, and cast your vote! Go to Find a Young Citizen and discover the stories of Canada's past.