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Moment distribution method
The moment distribution method (not to be confused with moment redistribution) is a structural analysis method for statically indeterminate beams and frames developed by Hardy Cross. It was published in 1930 in an ASCE journal. The method only accounts for flexural effects and ignores axial and shear effects. From the 1930s until computers began to be widely used in the design and analysis of structures, the moment distribution method was the most widely practiced method.
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Implementation
- 3 Example
- 4 See also
- 5 Notes
- 6 References
- 7 External links
In the moment distribution method, every joint of the structure to be analysed is fixed so as to develop the fixed-end moments. Then each fixed joint is sequentially released and the fixed-end moments (which by the time of release are not in equilibrium) are distributed to adjacent members until equilibrium is achieved. The moment distribution method in mathematical terms can be demonstrated as the process of solving a set of simultaneous equations by means of iteration.
The moment distribution method falls into the category of displacement method of structural analysis.
In order to apply the moment distribution method to analyse a structure, the following things must be considered.
Fixed end moments
Fixed end moments are the moments produced at member ends by external loads when the joints are fixed.
The flexural stiffness (EI/L) of a member is represented as the product of the modulus of elasticity (E) and the second moment of area (I) divided by the length (L) of the member. What is needed in the moment distribution method is not the exact value but the ratio of flexural stiffness of all members.
When a joint is released and begins to rotate under the unbalanced moment, resisting forces develop at each member framed together at the joint. Although the total resistance is equal to the unbalanced moment, the magnitudes of resisting forces developed at each member differ by the members' flexural stiffness. Distribution factors can be defined as the proportions of the unbalanced moments carried by each of the members. In mathematical terms, distribution factor of member framed at joint is given as:
where n is the number of members framed at the joint.
When a joint is released, balancing moment occurs to counterbalance the unbalanced moment which is initially the same as the fixed-end moment. This balancing moment is then carried over to the member's other end. The ratio of the carried-over moment at the other end to the fixed-end moment of the initial end is the carryover factor.
Determination of carryover factors
Let one end (end A) of a fixed beam be released and applied a moment while the other end (end B) remains fixed. This will cause end A to rotate through an angle. Once the magnitude of developed at end B is found, the carryover factor of this member is given as the ratio of over :
In case of a beam of length L with constant cross-section whose flexural rigidity is,
therefore the carryover factor
Once a sign convention has been chosen, it has to be maintained for the whole structure. The traditional engineer's sign convention is not used in the calculations of the moment distribution method although the results can be expressed in the conventional way. In the BMD case, the left side moment is clockwise direction and other is anticlockwise direction so the bending is positive and is called sagging.
Framed structures with or without sidesway can be analysed using the moment distribution method.
The statically indeterminate beam shown in the figure is to be analysed.
- Members AB, BC, CD have the same span.
- Flexural rigidities are EI, 2EI, EI respectively.
- Concentrated load of magnitude acts at a distance from the support A.
- Uniform load of intensity acts on BC.
- Member CD is loaded at its midspan with a concentrated load of magnitude.
In the following calculations, counterclockwise moments are positive.
Fixed end moments
Flexural stiffness and distribution factors
The flexural stiffness of members AB, BC and CD are, and, respectively. Therefore, expressing the results in repeating decimal notation:
The distribution factors of joints A and D are and.
The carryover factors are, except for the carryover factor from D (fixed support) to C which is zero.
Numbersare balanced moments; arrows ( ) represent the carry-over of moment from one end to the other end of a member.* Step 1: As joint A is released, balancing moment of magnitude equal to the fixed end moment develops and is carried-over from joint A to joint B.* Step 2: The unbalanced moment at joint B now is the summation of the fixed end moments, and the carry-over moment from joint A. This unbalanced moment is distributed to members BA and BC in accordance with the distribution factors and. Step 2 ends with carry-over of balanced moment to joint C. Joint A is a roller support which has no rotational restraint, so moment carryover from joint B to joint A is zero.* Step 3: The unbalanced moment at joint C now is the summation of the fixed end moments, and the carryover moment from joint B. As in the previous step, this unbalanced moment is distributed to each member and then carried over to joint D and back to joint B. Joint D is a fixed support and carried-over moments to this joint will not be distributed nor be carried over to joint C.* Step 4: Joint B still has balanced moment which was carried over from joint C in step 3. Joint B is released once again to induce moment distribution and to achieve equilibrium.* Steps 5 - 10: Joints are released and fixed again until every joint has unbalanced moments of size zero or neglectably small in required precision. Arithmetically summing all moments in each respective columns gives the final moment values.
- Moments at joints determined by the moment distribution method
- The conventional engineer's sign convention is used here, i.e. positive moments cause elongation at the bottom part of a beam member.
For comparison purposes, the following are the results generated using a matrix method. Note that in the analysis above, the iterative process was carried to >0.01 precision. The fact that the matrix analysis results and the moment distribution analysis results match to 0.001 precision is mere coincidence.
- Moments at joints determined by the matrix method
The complete shear and bending moment diagrams are as shown. Note that the moment distribution method only determines the moments at the joints. Developing complete bending moment diagrams require additional calculations using the determined joint moments and internal section equilibrium.
- SFD and BMD
Result via displacements method
As the Hardy Cross method provides only approximate results, with a margin of error inversely proportionate to the number of iterations, it is important to have an idea of how accurate this method might be. With this in mind, here is the result obtained by using an exact method: the displacement method
For this, the displacements method equation assumes the following form:
For the structure described in this example, the stiffness matrix is as follows:
The equivalent nodal force vector:
Replacing the values presented above in the equation and solving it for leads to the following result:
Hence, the moments evaluated in node B are as follows:
The moments evaluated in node C are as follows:
- Cross, Hardy (1930). "Analysis of Continuous Frames by Distributing Fixed-End Moments". Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). pp. 919–928.
- Błaszkowiak, Stanisław; Zbigniew Kączkowski (1966). Iterative Methods in Structural Analysis. Pergamon Press, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
- Norris, Charles Head; John Benson Wilbur; Senol Utku (1976). Elementary Structural Analysis (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 327–345. ISBN 0-07-047256-4.
- McCormac, Jack C.; James K. Nelson, Jr. (1997). Structural Analysis: A Classical and Matrix Approach (2nd ed.). Addison-Wesley. pp. 488–538. ISBN 0-673-99753-7. Cite uses deprecated parameter
- Yang, Chang-hyeon (2001-01-10). Structural Analysis (in Korean) (4th ed.). Seoul: Cheong Moon Gak Publishers. pp. 391–422. ISBN 89-7088-709-1.
- Volokh, K.Y. (2002). On foundations of the Hardy Cross method. International Journal of Solids and Structures,Volume 39, Issue 16, August 2002, Pages 4197-4200. doi:10.1016/S0020-7683(02)00345-1.


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The group focuses on organic matter (OM) stabilization in the soil-plant system as affected by global change. We try to solve a paradox: why plant derived OM stays in soil for centuries even though energetically it should be mineralised much faster. We hypothesise that this persistence is due to ecosystem properties rather than chemical features. We are particularly investigating three topics: the pyrogenic OM, the root derived OM and soil OM vulnerability.
- Mirjam Studer (PhD candidate)
- Beatriz Gonzales Dominguez (PhD candidate)
- Juliane Hirte (external PhD candidate)
- Cordula Friedli (external PhD candidate)
- Pierre Stevenel (external PhD candidate)

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Where is the USS Franklin D Roosevelt?
paceholder image
Where is the USS Franklin D Roosevelt?
Roosevelt completed her final cruise in April 1977. She was officially decommissioned on 30 September 1977. The decommissioning ceremony was held on 1 October 1977 and the ship was stricken from the Navy List on the same day. Efforts to preserve Roosevelt as a museum ship in New York City failed.
How big is the Roosevelt aircraft carrier?
1,092 feet
What class of aircraft carrier is the USS Midway?
The Midway-class was a class of three United States Navy aircraft carriers. The lead ship, USS Midway, was commissioned in September of 1945 and decommissioned in 1992. USS Franklin D. Roosevelt was commissioned in October of 1945, and taken out of service in 1977….Midway-class aircraft carrier.Class overviewComplement:4,10424
How many sailors died at Midway?
How many American pilots died at Midway?
The victory cost the United States one carrier and a destroyer, as well as nearly 150 aircraft—more than two-thirds of which were carrier-based. American personnel losses were relatively light; 317 sailors, airmen, and Marines from the Midway garrison were killed.
Could the Japanese have won midway?
Victory at Midway would not have won Japan the war, but could well have given the Second World War a very different turn. Originally published in the August 2013 issue of World War II. To subscribe, click here.
Could the Japanese have invaded Hawaii?
In truth, the Japanese never had the slightest chance of successfully invading Hawaii, whether they triumphed at Midway or not. The main reason for this is the logistical ability of Japan to wage the Pacific War. The Japanese can't mount an operation against Hawaii until August, 1942.
How historically accurate is the movie Midway?
Each scene of the Midway movie was carefully reviewed to make sure it was historically accurate. "Despite some of the 'Hollywood' aspects, this is still the most realistic movie about naval combat ever made," commented retired Navy Rear Adm. Sam Cox, who oversaw the fact-checking.
Is 1917 a true story?
1917 is something of a true story, loosely based on a tale the director's grandfather – Alfred H. Mendes, who served with the British Army during the First World War – told him as a child.
Why did Japan lose the battle of Midway?
The result of Japanese seafarers' deference prior to Midway: the needless loss of the Kidō Butai, the IJN's aircraft-carrier fleet and main striking arm. Worse from Tokyo's standpoint, Midway halted the Japanese Empire's till-then unbroken string of naval victories.
Did best die in Midway?
Why did Japan attack the US?
What happened to Japanese pilots at Midway?
When the Japanese fleet approached Midway, the Americans were lying in wait. Several American pilots downed in the battle were picked up by the Japanese navy. They were interrogated and executed, and their bodies were thrown into the ocean, according to historians Parshall and Tully.
How many carriers did Japan lose at Midway?
four carriers


Sub-Saharan Africa; and a very small number from European and Asian countries.
Land Borders & Seaports of Libya:
Land Borders:
 - Ras Ejdayr (Tunisian-Libyan border), also spelt as: Ras Ejdir, Ras Jdayr.
 - Musaid [Emsaa'd] (Egyptian-Libyan border).
 - Debdab (Algerian-Libyan border), Ghadames.
 - Wazen (Tunisian-Libyan border), Nalut.
 - Ghat or Tenalkum (Algerian-Libyan border), Ghat.
 - Ethoom or Alqatroun (Niger & Chad-Libyan border).
 - Alkufra (Sudan-Libyan border).
 - Zuwarah
 - Tripoli
 - Misratha
 - Khoms
 - Ras Lanuf
 - Briga Commercial
 - Darna
 - Benghazi
 - Tobruk
administrative divisions
Administrative Divisions of Libya
At the highest level, Libya is divided into three regions or provinces: Tripolitania, with its capital Tripoli; Cyrenaica, with Benghazi being the second largest city in Libya; and Fezzan, with Sabha being its political centre. These then became the three mouh'afadat or muhafazat (municipalities), compromising twenty five districts or baladiyat (town halls), which later were replaced by thirty two sha'biyat (plus three administrative regions), before they were finally reduced to twenty two districts, known as sha'biyat or shabiyat (شعبيات), which can be translated as '*populates'.
The current administrative municipalities (numbers are shown in the above map):
An-Nuqat Al-Khams (1)
Az-Zawyah (2)
Tarabulus (Tripoli) (3)
Al-Murgub (4)
Mesratha (5)
Surt (6)
Al-Wahat (7)
Benghazi (8)
Al-Marj (9)
Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar (10)
Al-Butnan (12)
Al-Kufra (13)
Murzuq (14)
Aj-Jufrah (15)
Sabha (16),
Wadi Al-Hayat (17)
Ghat (18)
Wadi As-Shati (19)
Nalut (20)
Al-Jabal Al-Gharbi (21)
Aj-Jfarah (22)
Click here for an image of a table showing the administrative municipalities and their constituent towns and cities, as defined by the ousted government.
Copyright © 2006-2015 Temehu.com. All rights reserved.


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lot ("lot" means "township" in Island parlance) will help you locate the exact place where your ancestors lived. In many cases the farm is still owned by relatives. Ian Robertson's The P.E.I. Land Commission of 1860 (1988) is helpful for understanding the complicated land question on the Island. Genealogist's Handbook for Atlantic Canada Research covers the various Island record repositories and discusses various features of the records themselves. The Island Magazine, a semi-annual journal of history and genealogy, contains, among other items, passenger lists (few exist), lists of people involved in the Irish "Repeal" movement, and discussions of land records. Those with Irish interests will want to read relevant chapters of The Irish in Canada by Robert O'Driscoll and Lorna Reynolds (2 vols., 1988), plus the three special "Irish" issues of The Abegweit Review (especially if you are a Goodwin or McGuigan). Loyalist descendants will want to read An Island Refuge: Loyalists and Disbanded Troops on the Island of St. John (1983), edited by Orb Jones and David Haslam.
Many questions will be answered by such fine community histories as J. Clinton Morrison's Along the North Shore: A Social History of Township 11, P.E.I., _PHONE_ (1984). Published genealogies include the exemplary Wrights of Bedeque (2 vols.), and William Schunnan, Loyalist, and His Descendants (2 vols.), along with The Kinsman Family of Prince Edward Island; Genealogy of the Match Family; Leaves from the Birches of Avoca (on the Denis Birch family); Emigrant from the Highlands (on the Morrisons of Sutherlandshire); and works on the Beairsto and Lidstone families. The MacLeods of Prince Edward Island attempts to identify all bearers of one of the most common surnames on the Island.
In sum then, your first step in tracing Island ancestry should be a visit to 101 Newbury St. Ask for George F. Sanborn, Jr. Director of Library Operations, who has a special interest in this province and may be able to steer you to hidden treasures here. Such a visit will save you much the on P. E. I., where you can search sources available only there, talk with relatives who may be very helpful, and enjoy the most beautiful island in the world. - GFS

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Molesworth Crater)
|Eponym||Percy B. Molesworth, a British astronomer (1867–1908)|
Molesworth Crater is a crater in the Aeolis quadrangle of Mars, located at 27.7° south latitude and 210.9° west longitude. It is 181 km in diameter and was named after Percy B. Molesworth, a British astronomer (1867–1908).
|This article about the planet Mars or its moons is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|
|This article about an extraterrestrial geological feature is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


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Structural repair in marine environments
Nature's forces of deterioration are constant and unrelenting. Nowhere is this fact more evident than in marine environments, where corrosion, wave action, marine organisms and other forces are continually at work. The impact of deterioration can range from aesthetic issues to the general serviceability of a structure, including loss of section and reduced load bearing capacity. Severe deterioration can even result in the abandonment of a structure.
The Advanced Pile Encapsulation Process has been designed to address these issues. Since 1984, MasterBrace Pile Encapsulation Systems have been used on a wide variety of marine and industrial applications, including bridges, offshore oil and gas structures, dams, piers, pipelines and chemical process facilities.


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Brora: the industrial capital of Sutherland
A small pocket of Jurassic rocks containing coal on the east coast of Sutherland at Brora gave rise to its place in history as the industrial capital of the Highlands. Coal was mined here for 400 years. The first reference to coal in Brora occurs in a Sutherland Charter of 1529. The last pit closed in 1974. Coal powered a range of local industries including brickworks, textile making, distilleries and of course salt panning. No trace of the coal industry upon which the one-time prosperity of Brora so largely depended, now remains.
"The ancient glory of Brora...laid bare"
These words from the Inverness Advertiser in 1869 were reporting an
event in which "the sand banks along the shore have been considerably
encroached upon, and at Port Cheaniraidh (winter port), a mile to the
west of the river, the action of the sea against the banks has laid
bare a row of buildings which must have been for ages lain imbedded
in the sea… Numbers of people flock to visit this long hidden relic
of the ancient glory of Brora". Read more about recent uncovering
of long hidden buildings and new discoveries about Brora's former salt
pan sites in our Archaeology pages.
Local participation and events are the foundation and the strength of the Brora Saltpans Project. Find out more - and find yourself! on our Gallery pages.


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Our results indicate that spatial pooling is both non-linear and configuration specific. The idea that the whole is different from the sum of its parts (non-linearity) and that the visual system organizes parts into wholes (configuration) is a central idea in Gestalt theory. The facilitation effect can be found only when the three Gabor patches share the same orientation and spatial frequency as predicated by the Gestalt grouping rule. Similarity, proximity and smoothness effects have been demonstrated recently [2,9,15]. These rules seem to be implemented by long range spatial interactions.
Spatial interaction effects are functions of distance, contrast and similarity of test-mask and spatial configuration. Each cell therefore receives a network of inhibitory and excitatory connections to create a second stage of spatial filtering. Interaction effects may synchronize activity in the network to serve a grouping function [10,10]. Antagonistic connections in the network may result in an elongated second-stage interaction field which may underlie our ability to group lines and smooth curves.


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CAN YOUR PUPILS HELP US ILLUSTRATE OUR NEXT DISASTER BOOK?
and children's author and illustrator Michael Foreman
are once again challenging UK primary school pupils to bring a unique disaster story to life with their pictures.
The Day the Bombs Fell
is a story we have written to encourage reflection and understanding. All it needs now is illustrations! We want children across the nation to explore this global theme and through their artwork help others think about it too.
will select the winning pictures to be published in our 4th disaster book. The winners will be invited to an exciting London book launch, where they will take part in a special illustration workshop with Michael!
"An experience in developing skills right across the curriculum - activities like these enable our children to grow in their status as global citizens."
Sarah Bannister, Monteney Primary School, Sheffield
One day the bombs fell.
Boom and bang went the guns.
Whizz and whoosh went the missiles.
Stamp and stomp went the soldiers boots on the dusty road.
At first, the sounds were quiet and the war was far away…
…for the full story and competition pack, email us
... for more info 'Download PDF' on the right of this page
OUR LAST ILLUSTRATION COMPETITION
In 2012 primary school pupils were challenged to illustrate a special tale about a community experiencing a tsunami, it was called THE DAY THE SEA CHANGED.
MICHAEL FOREMAN and the authors of the story picked the winners who's work is now published in our latest disaster book, The Day the Sea Changed. See pictures of the 20 winners and those awarded highly commended here.
Books are a valuable addition to the classroom and available to buy in our ShelterBox on-line Shop
along with the first two titles The Day the Rain Came & The Day the Ground Shook - £4 each.
Our SHELTERBOX CHALLENGES FOR SCHOOLS have been designed to share what we've learnt about the world. Each exicting challenge features activities and a range of resources including film footage, original stories, fantastic pictures and much more. They're super easy to use and deliver national curriculum learning objectives through a cross-curricular approach. They're also great for ideas around Community Cohesion and Global Citizenship. Access each Key Stage above.


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All About Mangosteen
The Mangosteen Fruit
|Mangosteen the edible fruit of Garcinia mangostana, of the family Clusiaceae (Guttiferae), an evergreen tree native to Southeast Asia.
The purple fruit is similar to an orange in size, thickness of the rind, and segmentation. A highly prized tropical fruit with a flavor similar to a grape-apple mixture, the mangosteen is cultivated in the West Indies. The rind is used in traditional Southeast Asian medicines.
The mangosteen fruit and rind possess a great diversity of complex organic chemicals, amongst which are tannic acid, xanthones, proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, catechins, and polysaccharides, etc. The subsurface chemistry of the mangosteen exocarp comprises an array of polyphenols including xanthones and tannins that assure astringency which discourages infestation by insects, fungi, plant viruses, bacteria and animal predation while the fruit is immature. Colour changes and softening of the exocarp are natural processes of ripening that indicates the fruit can be eaten and the seeds have finished developing.
|The rind (pericap) has been found to contain the compounds alpha-mangostin, beta-mangostin, garcinone B, and garcinone E, which are collectively called xanthones. Laboratory studies suggest xanthones have anti-cancer effects when they are studied in test tubes. Mangosteen has also been found to have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiseptic properties in test tube studies.|
Various parts of the plant have a history of use in folk medicine, mostly in Southeast Asia. It is reputed to have possible anti-inflammatory properties, and may have been used to treat skin infections or wounds, dysentery or urinary tract infections.
Legend about Queen Victoria
There's a legend about Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, who offered a reward to anyone who could deliver to her this fabled fruit. This story was printed in a U.S. newspaper article in 1925:
Medicinal Benefits Of Mangosteen
Medicinal benefits of mangosteen date back hundreds of years with the oldest recorded documentation derived from the Ming Dynasty in China (_PHONE_ A.D). In southeast Asia, the rind—or pericarp—has been used for medicinal purposes for generations. According to folklore, the rind was used to make a tea for conditions such as diarrhea, bladder infections, and gonorrhea. An ointment made from the rind was applied to skin rashes.
Over succeeding centuries, the medicinal uses of the mangosteen rind are chronicled in traditional texts all over Southeast Asia.
- Thailand. Treat diarrhea, dysentery, skin infections and eczema.
- India. Treat chronic dysentery, diarrhea, other gastrointestinal problems, gout, fevers and urinary infections.
- Philippines. Treat fevers, thrush, diarrhea, dysentery and urinary disorders.
- Malaysia. Treat stomach ache and diarrhea.
- China. Treat bowel complaints.
As recent as 1932 the use of a mangosteen preparation was used to treat dysentery in hospitals in Singapore. The mangosteen has been used the same way (rind or whole fruit), for the same purposes (inflammatory and infectious conditions) by traditional healers all across Southeast Asia.
The mangosteen is not a new medicinal botanical; it is simply new to us.
VEMMA – Goodness of Mangosteen All In!
With Mangosteen and Xanthones, came VEMMA Nutrition Formula!
VEMMA is not a juice. VEMMA is a Nutritional Formula. VEMMA combines Eastern and Western philosophies in it's formula.
|The World's Most Powerful Liquid Antioxidant.
Vemma provides a powerful liquid formula that makes it easy to get the vitamins, minerals and antioxidants you need to form a solid nutritional foundation.
* Each refreshing serving is bioavailable (body-ready), delicious and easy to drink!
VEMMA provides you with
- Physician formulated supplement
– 12 Full Spectrum Multi-Vitamins
– 65 Vital Major, Trace and Ultra-Trace Plant-Sourced Minerals
– 115,779 units of ORAC (Xanthones packed with Super Antioxidant Power)


How to calm angry children?
Evenings are always the hardest part of the day for moms! As they try to set the dinner table, they also have to take care of their grumpy children fighting. "Is there any tips or advice to help you mothers cope with these magical hours?"
According to Talab, these few hours before dinner can be anything but fun! During these hours, children are often tired and moody. You are also very tired. And of course you are all hungry! Therefore, it is natural for children to be in a bad mood and for parents to lose their patience.
To help alleviate this uncomfortable situation, it is best to plan an evening routine. Whether your children have been home from school or daycare or have been home with you since morning, give them a healthy snack if there is plenty of time until dinner.
Then get them into an active game to drain some of their extra energy. Encourage them to play outside and in the yard (safe place) or sing at home and let them jump up and down and move.
If you spend most of the day away from your children, they will crave having quality time with "Mom". In this case, devote some time to your children. It will be easier for you to do your dinner if you do it earlier in the day or the night before.
Ask your children to choose an activity you can do together; This activity can be reading a book aloud, playing fun games or just talking. Only pay attention to your children at this time.
After your kids have played some active games and released their energy, now is the time to calm them down a bit before dinner, for example, you can do homework after an active game such as dancing to a quiet activity such as reading a book., Or suggest a quiet game with siblings (or alone).
You can also offer them to help you make dinner. Children who help prepare dinner are more likely to eat and enjoy a good meal at the table.
Ask younger children to help prepare the table and fold the napkins, while you can ask older children to measure the ingredients for cooking dinner, pour the drinks into glasses or wash the dishes.
If you have tried all of these options and your children are still exhausted and desperate before dinner, hire a support staff for 1 or 2 hours. You can also get help from your neighbors and take turns helping each other in the evenings if they want to.
Source: Cute Iran


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Pediatric Disclosure Materials: Booklet 1—How to Keep Healthy
How to Keep Healthy is the first in a series of four booklets designed to help adults facilitate health-related discussions with children and adolescents. It was written to be used with children from 2 to 6 years of age, an age when children may ask many questions about why they go to the clinic or why they have to take medicines.
The booklets are available for download in color and in black-and-white. Accompanying cue cards offer guidance for health care providers to use in introducing these booklets to caregivers.
The other booklets in this series include:


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Meat Science Laboratory Manual
by JEFF W. SAVELL and GARY SMITH
8th edition, Jan.2009, 220 pages, $49.95
Meat Science is a complex field of study. The quality and composition of the final consumer meat product will be influenced by a variety of factors that happen before and after slaughter, and by the method(s) used to process and package the product. Knowledge of these factors and how they can be influenced is key to ensuring that meat continues to be a safe, high quality food product for the consumer.
The eighth edition of the Meat Science Laboratory Manual reflects the changes in science, technology and regulations that have taken place in the past several years and that influence teaching meat science. The exercises have been revised to incorporate the most updated practices and procedures. These exercises have been simplified and modernized to help students learn with greater ease the complicated and technical areas in meat processesing.
Use this manual as a workbook that provides many examples and step-wise procedures to follow in slaughter, fabrication, evaluation, processing, manufacturing and packaging. Foundations in meat inspection, anatomy, and quality control help the student better understand these procedures.
- Exercise 1: Orientation
- Exercise 2: Meat Inspection
- Exercise 3: Anatomy
- Exercise 4: Pork Slaughter and Dressing
- Exercise 5: Pork Evaluation
- Exercise 6: Pork Fabrication
- Exercise 7: Curing and Smoking of Meat
- Exercise 8: Sausage Manufacturing
- Exercise 9: Lamb Slaughter and Dressing
- Exercise 10: Lamb Evaluation
- Exercise 11: Lamb Fabrication
- Exercise 12: Beef Slaughter and Dressing
- Exercise 13: Beef Evaluation
- Exercise 14: Beef Fabrication
- Exercise 15: Quality Control and Packaging Procedures
- Exercise 16: Meat Cookery
ABOUT THE AUTHORS...
Jeff Savell is Professor and holder of the E.M. "Manny" Rosenthal Chair in Animal Science at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.
Gary C. Smith is University Distinguished Professor and holder of the Monfort Chair in Meat Science, Center for Red Meat Safety, Department of Animal Sciences at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.


Registration Info
General Information on European Masters Programme in Advanced Textile Engineering
 1. Registering at one of the participating universities
 Students eligible for this Masters programme have to fulfil the entry requirements of the universities participating in the European Masters Programme in Advanced Textile Engineering.
 Students have to pay the registration fee at the university where they register.
 2. Students having a higher education degree (BSc, BEng, etc.) in textiles or related areas (mechanics, organic chemistry, physical chemistry, general process engineering, materials engineering, etc.) can subscribe.
 Decision of acceptance will be discussed by the E-TEAM members but is primarily depending on the participating university (universities) in the country where the student was last studying in a course relevant to the requirements of E-TEAM. It is at that (these) participating university (universities) that the student has to enroll.
 Non-EU students should enroll at one of the participating universities.
 3. Requirements for progression through the programme
 Attending all courses and participating in all exams is compulsory.
 4. Topics for thesis
 Topics for the thesis will be chosen by the students during the 3rd semester. The location of the project will be at the university of the supervisor for the topic chosen by the students.
 Topics will be based on proposals of the lecturers involved in the programme.
 5. Evaluation of thesis
 There will be three professors for the evaluation of the thesis, the supervisor and two other qualified lecturers from different universities participating in the course.
 6. Graduating
 Students having passed the 3rd semester and the thesis will receive a degree or diploma of the university where they have registered in accordance with local legislation.
 Students also receive an E-TEAM certificate issued by AUTEX (Association of Universities for Textiles). This certificate is signed by the heads of the textile departments/institutes of the host universities and by the programme coordinator.


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Astronaut Janice Voss (b.1956) died on February 6 after a battle with breast cancer. Voss served as a mission specialist on five space shuttle missions between 1993 and 2000. Flying two missions each on Endeavour and Columbia and one on Discovery. Following her in-space career, Voss worked as the Science Director for the Kepler Space Observatory and Payloads Lead of the Astronaut Office Station Branch.
Astronaut John Mike Lounge (b.1946) died of liver cancer on March 1. Lounge flew on three shuttle missions between 1985 and 1990, including the first mission after the Challenger disaster. From _PHONE_, Lounge served as the Chief of the Space Station Support Office. After leaving NASA, he worked for SPACEHAB and in 2002 became Director of Space Shuttle and Space Station Program Development for Boeing.
Astronaut William B. Lenoir (b. 1939) died on August 28. Lenoir joined the Astronaut Corps as part of Group 6 in 1967 as a scientist-astronaut. He flew his only mission in November 1982 as a mission specialist aboard Columbia flight STS-5, which was considered the first operational flight of the shuttle. Lenoir left NASA in 1984 after declining a space on a 1985 shuttle launch. He went on to work for Booz Allen Hamilton. He returned to NASA in 1989 as Associate Administrator for Space Flight and remained until 1992, when he again left for BAH, where he remained until his retirement in 2000.
Astronaut Frank Caldeiro (b.1958) died of brain cancer on October 3. Caldeiro worked on 52 shuttle launches before being selected for the astronaut corps in 1996. The first Argentinean to train for spaceflight, Caldeiro specialized in cryogenics and propulsion systems and directed the high-altitude atmospheric research experiment program carried onboard NASA's WB-57 aircraft.


text:
Did you ever find a small turtle along a roadside or during an outdoor adventure as a child? It's always such an exciting feeling to see one of these incredible creatures in their natural element. In Ohio alone, there are 12 species of turtle—all of which differ tremendously.
Let's get to know each one of these reptiles—and see if maybe you have seen a few of them in the wild a time or two.
1. Midland Painted Turtle
|Scientific name||chrysemys picta marginata|
The midland painted turtle is a colorful aquatic turtle that is a popular pet. However, in nature, it lives in slow-moving waters and creek beds. They are considered aquatic, but will exit the water for short visits to land.
These reptiles are diurnal, meaning they are most active in daylight hours. They spend their time regulating their body temperature by basking before returning to the water.
Turtles have a prolonged aging process—not reaching sexual maturity for up to six years. Even though these turtles are abundant in the pet trade industry, their numbers in the wild aren't incredibly affected.
2. Spotted Turtle
|Scientific name||Clemmys guttata|
The spotted turtle is easily detectable by the classic white dots on its body and shell. While the spotted turtle still exists in Ohio, their population has drastically declined in recent years, experiencing a 50% decrease.
In the wild, the spotted turtle spends most of their time on the soft bottoms of creeks, lakes, and ponds. These turtles are omnivorous, snaking on aquatic plants and insects.
3. Common Map Turtle
|Scientific name||Graptemys geographica|
In the family Emydidae, the common map turtle is the most prevalent of all ma turtle species. They have a j-shaped jawline with plain neutral-colored peaked shells.
Rather than inhabiting small ponds or creeks, these turtles prefer large bodies of still water—like lakes and large rivers.
4. Red-eared Slider
|Scientific name||Trachyemys scripta elegans|
The red-eared slider might strike your memory pretty quickly. They are one of the most prevalent wild semi-aquatic turtles around. You can find them popping their head above water or basking on logs in the warm summer sun.
One really sad thing about the red-eared slider is their terrible introduction to the pet world. These poor turtles were sold in small keychains and pouches—totally alive—for quick sales. Without proper oxygen and food, these turtles slowly starved to death.
Thankfully, things have turned around since then, as education regarding the subject grew.
5. Wood Turtle
|Scientific name||Glyptemys insculpta|
The wood turtle is a North American wonder, inhabiting most of Ohio. These turtles are semi-aquatic, though they mostly dwell on land. They interestingly have vibrant green on their bodies, contrasting their heavily neutral tone shells.
The wood turtle is dimorphic, meaning the males and females look different. Females have flat plastrons and short tails. Males, on the other hand, have concave plastrons with longer tails.
These turtles are omnivorous, meaning they eat both plant and animal material. They are great foragers, eating on both land and in water.
6. Common Musk Turtle
|Scientific name||Sternotherus odoratus|
The common musk turtle is a small aquatic reptile with an interesting appearance. They have quite the nickname—"stinkpot"—given to them because of the funky-smelling odor they release if they are scared.
These turtles are carnivorous, snacking on an array of small fish and earthworms. However, they have been known to eat a little leafy green material from time to time.
It's not abnormal to hear of someone keeping a musk turtle as a pet since they are easy to keep. However, you shouldn't take one from the wild.
7. Eastern Spiny Softshell Turtle
The eastern spiny softshell turtle is a big guy with a very original look—torturing a long, pointy snout. They have a very smooth, soft shell (hence the name) with various shaped circles. Females are much larger than males—and they can weigh up to 25 pounds.
These big guys usually are bottom dwellers, grazing on the foliage in ponds. Even though they are mostly aquatic, they do exit the water for good basking sessions. When they're in the water, they love to bury themselves in the mud and sand.
8. Midland Smooth Softshell Turtle
|Scientific name||Apalone mutica mutica|
Even though the midland smooth softshell lacks a tough layer of protection, they are zippy in the water. They can quickly get away from predators and out of sight.
These turtles are mostly carnivorous, eating crayfish, snails, and insects. They love free-flowing rivers and streams to swim. Their interestingly long necks and tube/like nose act as a snorkel. Softshell turtles are a sought-after meat source since they are tender.
9. Eastern Box Turtle
|Scientific name||Terrapene carolina carolina|
Eastern box turtles are strewn throughout ohio—and were sometimes domesticated pets that people set free. In any case, these terrestrial turtles roam the forests, hiding amongst fallen leaves and briar bushes.
If they feel they are in danger, box turtles have the ability to retract into their shell, closing up completely. This defense mechanism protects their soft bodies from threats and damage.
10. Blanding's Turtle
|Scientific name||Emydoidea blandingii|
If you've seen a Blanding's turtle before, you'll likely never forget. These reptiles have bright yellow chin and throat areas, so it's easy to tell them apart. They have long necks that act as a periscope in the water to help them navigate. They generally live at the top of Ohio, close to Lake Erie.
These turtles are remarkably shy and calm. If you have ever seen one, they likely ducked for cover before you got too close. They spend most of their time in the water, munching on a blend of crustaceans and plants.
11. Ouachita Map Turtle
|Scientific name||Grapetemys ouachintesis|
Even though the Ouachita map turtle lives predominantly in the Mississippi River, they're found in Ohio. The population is not high, but they are detected in rivers to this day.
These turtles have bands of lines and markings around their legs and faces, but their shells stay pretty plain—falling somewhere between brown and olive. The Ouachita is an omnivore, eating food items in the water and on land.
12. Snapping Turtle
|Scientific name||Chelydra serpentina|
You might have heard, or experienced, the mighty jowls of the snapping turtle. These guys are the largest turtles in Ohio, and they plentifully fill ponds and other water sources—sometimes exceeding 25 pounds.
These turtles can bite off your finger, but they probably won't. They tend to stay off to themselves unless they feel threatened. It isn't uncommon to hear of people hunting snapping turtles for evening stew.
Now, next time you're out on a hiking trip or kayaking down the river—maybe you'll be lucky enough to come across a turtle you can recognize. Most turtles are naturally shy creatures, so spotting one will always be a real treat for any nature lover.
Of all the beautiful, fascinating turtles Ohio has to offer, which was your favorite?
Featured Image Credit: Brian A Wolf, Shutterstock


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i want the numbers to be displayed in this format..
1 2 3 4 5 ^
where if i press 5, then it should display from 5 to 10
5 6 7 8 9 10
till the max records are available. i just want to know a how to do this for displaying numbers.
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What is your user interface framework? If it's the console then it's not so simple to do portable non-blocking I/O under Java. – trojanfoe Apr 2 '11 at 7:27
i have implemented using Spring MVC, where if i click on 1, it will display from 1 to 10 records. now the only problem is displaying numbers that are meaningfull. currently i have implemented showing numbers from 1 to 10 for 100 records. but if records increase, then the displaying numbers too will increase. so want to control this.. how do i do that? – Raju Apr 2 '11 at 7:36
i just want to know the logic of how this can be done. or if anybody can show with simple example for this calculation? – Raju Apr 2 '11 at 7:49
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4 Answers
up vote 4 down vote accepted
Normally you want your database to do the heavy lifting for pagination and sorting. With MySQL for example you can get a page of sorted results by adding
to the end of your SQL query. If you use hibernate you can do this in a vendor-independent way using the criteria API:
(List) Criteria criteria = getSession()
To display a pagination navigation you also need to count the total number of results:
(Integer) Criteria criteria = getSession()
You can add restrictions to both searches, for example when you want to filter on lastname you could add:
.add(Restrictions.eq("lastname", "Smith")
(This needs to be added to both the count query and the list query).
When you know the total number of results, the pagesize and the current page number you can do something like this:
// TODO: execute the count query here to determine totalResults
int totalPages = Math.ceil(totalResults / pageSize);
// show first page by default
int first = 0;
if (currentPage >= 0 && currentPage < totalPages) {
 first = currentPage * pageSize;
// the number of items on the page might be less than the page size
int count = Math.min(pageSize, totalResults - first);
// TODO: execute the list query here to get a page of data
How you display the navigation is up to you. Some frameworks (like my favorite, Wicket) have standard components for that. Otherwise you will have to think of a way to handle huge amounts of pages. A common approach is to show a range of say 10 page numbers and forward/backward jump to start/jump to end links.
Hope this helps.
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We cannot give the specific/exact answer you expected. The thing here is we can give you some advice for some logic ways to accomplish your request.
First thing is, read some documents for creating a well designed structure of your pagination. Here are some links that may help you in building the design of your pagination.
For my personal experience in designing my pagination and a large data will retrieve from a database. I'll use a LIMIT in my sql query to fasten retrieving the results. And I'll do things as follows.
 - First I do have a Model a class/object that will hold the pages that will display in my presentation layer.
 - The processing of query will process in a DAO/my business layer.
 - Now in my Services/Logic layer will process the assigning of values to my model. This where also the forwarding and requesting of data will be handle.
 - And in my presentation layer which the results of the query and the parameter for every links in pagination will display.
I know my explanation is not clear but I hope you get some point on it.
And now you could ask what's the relevant to your question. It is the process of how your presentation communication with your business layer. What I mean is the flow on how will you get the result you needed if some page number was call. Seems not really clear for that I'll make pseudo-codes that more related to you're question.
Since you don't have a ( First | Prev | page no here.... | Next | Last ) on your pagination. I'll make it short as possible.
First loading of the page with default pages. Assuming page data is from database and with the use of LIMIT
 1. DAO/Business - SELECT pagesContent/link FROM someTables LIMIT 0,5;..
 2. Services/Logic - Put links for page 1 and so on... and put it to pagination Model..
 3. Presentaton/Display - Display now the pages that stored in pagination Model.. Now in page5 or the last page you get the query you will pass another parameter that will change the starting limit of the query and you can pass also the nth page..
The logic here is, from your pagination display you will need to pass a value that your logic layer will understand what will be the next pages to be display. Another way is you can set a condition in you logic layer how to count the pages if it is not in the range of 1 - 4 or other thing you need to validate.
I hope this can be a help.
share|improve this answer
thank you for your reply. i have finished the part of access the and displaying the records. the only thing missing is the numbers that needs to be displayed. i tried this. if((currentPageNumber % 5 == 0) { firstPageNumber = currentPageNumber; endPageNumber = currentPageNumber + 5 ; if(endPageNumber >= totalRecords) endPageNumber = totalPages; } – Raju Apr 2 '11 at 9:51
that didnt work, if i click 6, it ll display from 1 to 5 again. need some logic to retain from 5 to 10 even if i click 6 or 7 or so.. – Raju Apr 2 '11 at 9:57
Your close to it.. Why it didn't work for 6.. maybe because you don't set the starting page to be displayed. Like I said there must be another parameter that can detect what will be the starting page. And for example a query like Select * FROM table LIMIT start-Page,nth-Page if you are using a query. But this can also apply to your process. Just play and analyze on your code and you will get it :) – ace Apr 2 '11 at 10:11
hmm thank you for all advice. :D – Raju Apr 2 '11 at 10:22
I think this was a great answer 1+ – sfrj Apr 2 '11 at 11:55
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Last week i discovered primefaces, it has lots of cool tools and gadgets, here have a look _URL_ if what you do is desktop apps you can have a look at javaFX _URL_
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Well you can also control that yourself with no need of a gadget. I think an idea could be making a custom component of your own that as input parameter takes the total number of records and also the selected paginator value. Then you would design an algorithm that will divide the ammount of records by the selected paginator choice. The result will be the number of pages. You will need exception handling to cover all options. The pages numbers can be represented as an array. – sfrj Apr 3 '11 at 16:53
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If you have a List of records then you can do pagination using subList method of List.
List.subList(fromIndex, endIndex);
returns a view of the portion of this list between the specified fromIndex, inclusive, and toIndex, exclusive
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Your Answer


text:
With Jane and Joanne
Each player draws a clock with the minute hand drawn in pointing to the 12 (the position it would be in if the time was exactly 3:00, 6:00, or 12:00). Or provide students with this reproducible page of blank clock faces.
Player 1 rolls the dice and adds them together. The number on the dice becomes the time that the player must fill in on her clock.
ExamplePlayers take turns rolling and filling in times on their own clock. When all the times are drawn in except for 1:00, players switch to throwing one die to try to roll a 1. The first player to complete their clock is the winner.
If the player rolls a 3 and a 5, the total on the dice is 8; so the player draws 8:00 on the clock.
The minute hand can be drawn to quarter past the hour, half past the hour, or any other time.
Copyright © 2006 Education World


What is the difference between center of gravity and center of mass?
1 Answer
Aug 11, 2017
See below...
An unconstrained object (no axle or pivot) on which there is no net force will rotate about a point called the center of mass.
 - The center of mass remains motionless while every other point on the object undergoes circular motion around it.
 - The center of mass is the mass-weighted center of the object.
 - The distribution of an object's mass is balanced around its center of mass.
The center of gravity is the point at which the resultant torque due to gravity disappears.
 - Gravity acts on every particle in the object, exerting a downward force of magnitude _TAG_# on a particle #"i"#.
 - The gravitational torque is found by treating the object as if all its mass were concentrated at the center of mass.
 - The point at which gravity acts is called the center of gravity
 - The magnitude of the gravitational torque on a particle is _TAG_(tau)=m_igd_i# where _TAG_# is the moment arm
 - An object will balance on a pivot only if the center of mass is directly above the pivot point. Otherwise, the gravitational torque will cause the object to rotate.
#:.# As long as gravity is uniform over the object (always true for objects on Earth), there is no difference between the center of gravity and the center of mass.


see how it works:
'issuersFrame' is the size of the current window in blocks and 'issuersCount' the number of members who have calculated at least one block during the current window. When first starting a blockchain, the very first block has an 'issuersFrame=1' and an 'issuersCount=0'. The genesis block being excluded as it is the last one at that precise point in time there are no members in the current window!
From the second block onwards (block #1) we track the variation of 'issuersCount'. The member having mined block #0 enters the current window and in block #1 we will therefore mention 'issuersCount=1'.
'issuersFrame' then varies as follows:
If 'issuersCount' increases by X -and with a maximum step of X = 1 - then 'issuersFrame' will increase by 1 unit over a period of 5X blocks. Conversely, if 'issuersCount' decreases by Y -and with Y = 2 at most: current window inching forward + loss of one calculating member-, then 'issuersFrame' will decrease by 1 unit during 5Y blocks. The effects compound over time meaning that if a new member starts calculating at block 'T' and another stops at 'T+1', 'issuersFrame' will increase by 1 unit at 'T+1' then decrease by 1 unit at 'T+2', to then settle at that number. The calculation can be found under rules [BR_G05]( and [BR_G06]( of the DUP protocol.
> Let's go back to our personalised difficulty for a second!
We've explained that 'exFact' spikes immediately after the member has found a block then rapidly decreases to '1' after a number of blocks equal to 1/3 of the number of calculating members. Let's see precisely how we calculate 'exFact' :
Let 'nbPreviousIssuers' be the value of the issuersCount field at the last block found by the member and 'nbBlocksSince' the number of blocks found by the rest of the network since the block in question.
exFact = MAX [ 1 ; FLOOR (0.67 * nbPreviousIssuers / (1 + nbBlocksSince)) ]
The FLOOR is a simple truncate function. For 'exFact' to exclude the member, we need the ratio of '(0.67 * nbPreviousIssuers / (1 + nbBlocksSince))' to be greater than or equal to 2. We can see that if 'nbBlocksSince' is greater than 1/3 of the calculating members = '0.33*nbPreviousIssuers (0.67* 6 / 1 + 3) < 2 whereas (.67 * 6 / 1 + 1) = 2.01' then the ratio will be less than 2 and the member will not be excluded from calculating the next block.
On the other hand, if the last block was authored by the said member then 'nbBlocksSince=0' and 'exFact' is equal to '0.67 * nbPreviousIssuers', which increases according to the number of members calculating. Just imagine how high the number would be if hundreds or thousands of members were calculating together. One's difficulty would spike so high that even the most powerful of supercomputers or mining farm would be excluded. We have therefore succeeded in our intent to deter attempts to seize the blockchain and its currency.
However, at any time t (no, not tea time 🍵 ), the two-thirds of calculating members all have an exclusion factor of '1', even though they might not all have the same computing power at hand. If the personalised difficulty only took into account the exclusion factor then only the members with the highest computational power from the remaining third would be able to author new blocks and the other 2/3s would almost always be excluded. Machines such as Raspberry PIs wouldn't stand a chance …
#### The handicap
The handicap is the second parameter of the personalised difficulty. Its main role is to improve the rotation mechanism between calculating peers by assigning a higher handicap to members that have higher calculating power to afford better chances to lesser machines and decrease the currency's environmental footprint.
In defining the handicap's value we take into account the median numbers of blocks authored by the peer within the current window. The goal is to handicap the half that has the authored the most blocks to favour the other one.
Let 'nbPersonalBlocksInFrame' be the number of blocks authored by a single member within the current window and 'medianOfBlocksInFrame' the median number of blocks written by the calculating members during the same timeframe.
Here's the formule:
handicap = FLOOR(LN(MAX(1;(nbPersonalBlocksInFrame + 1) / medianOfBlocksInFrame)) / LN(1.189))
Let's unwrap the formula:
'(nbPersonalBlocksInFrame + 1) / medianOfBlocksInFrame)' is simply the ratio between the number of blocks authored by the peer and the median number of blocks.
For example, assume that a peer has authored '9' blocks in the current window and that the median is at '5', the ratio will then be '(9+1)/5 = 2'. The MAX function allows us to ensure that the handicap has a value at least equal to '1'.
We then proceed by taking the Napierian Logarithm of this ratio to prevent the handicap from becoming excluding, its role being to level the calculating field so that all peers stand a chance and not to exclude anyone.
If we want the handicap to be applied as soon as the median is reached, we'd have to divide it by 'LN(1)', the problem is that we've already set a minimum value of '1' with the MAX function, so if we were to divide the ratio by 'LN(1)' all calculating peers would have a handicap >= '1'. In addition, is it really fair to handicap a member who's right on the median?
Si l'on veut que le handicap s'applique dés la médiane il faudrait ensuite diviser par 'LN(1)', le problème c'est qu'on a déjà nivellé la rapport à '1' avec la fonction MAX, donc si l'on divisait par 'LN(1)' tous les membres calculant auraient un handicap >= '1', qui plus est, est-il bien juste de donner un handicap à un membre qui est tout juste à la médiane?
That's why we went for '1.189' rather than '1' meaning that you have to be at least '18,9 %' above the median to be assigned a handicap -if we leave out the +1 in the formula -which becomes negligible as the number of calculating peers increases-.
Why '18,9%' you might ask?
It's actually 16^(1/16), the difficulty factor between two levels of the proof work whose hash is a hexadecimal.
To conclude, you have to remember that the handicap is indexed on the logarithm of the ratio to the median and that it is only applied on members whose ratio to the median is greater than the ratio between two levels of the proof-of-work's difficulty.
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Safety & Soundness Supervision
A key responsibility of the Federal Reserve banks is to regulate and supervise banking operations within their respective districts. Here in the Eighth District, financial institutions receive regular, risk-appropriate safety and soundness exams. During these exams, our examiners assess a bank's financial condition, as well as its risk management practices. They review the bank's overall balance sheet and the practices it has in place to monitor, identify and control risks. Compliance with federal and state regulations is also reviewed. Upon the completion of its examination, the financial institution receives a rating that reflects its current condition. The exam also addresses any supervisory concerns that might warrant further attention.
Information Technology
All financial institutions use technology regardless of their size and product/service complexity in their daily operational environments. Information Technology examinations are conducted to ensure our banks evaluate and manage the overall business and cyber risk associated with computer hardware, core banking software, software applications/programs, sensitive customer information, email and vendor relationships.
Financial institutions with trust powers have a duty to adhere to their contracted fiduciary responsibilities. Our examiners review the trust activities of these financial institutions to ensure they adhere to their fundamental fiduciary duties.
Examiners consider a variety of issues when determining the effectiveness in which a financial institution carries out these duties. They assess the following areas: management, operations, internal controls and audit, earnings performance, compliance and asset management.
How the regulation and supervision process works
When Congress passes a law that impacts the financial industry, the Federal Reserve, sometimes in cooperation with other federal agencies -- often drafts regulations that determine how the law will be implemented.
 - 1. Congress
 votes to approve legislation; President signs into law
 - 2. Federal Reserve
 drafts, proposes and invites public comment on regulations that specify how laws are implemented
 - 3. American Public
 institutions, individuals and others review proposed regulations and respond with comments and suggestions
 - 4. Federal Reserve
 considers public input, finalizes regulations, and issues and disseminates final regulations publicly, including rationale for actions
 - 5. Federal Reserve
 issues and disseminates publicly the procedures Reserve Bank examiners will use to evaluate institutions' compliance with laws and regulations
 - 6. Federal Reserve Banks
 train examiners to evaluate institutions' compliance with regulations
 - 7. Federal Reserve Examiners
 conduct onand off-site examinations and inspections of regulated institutions to determine their compliance with regulations
 - 8. Regulated Institutions
 implement internal practices to ensure that they are in compliance with regulations


Narali Poornima being their main fest.
From the monsoon times the sea shows very aggressive nature. In order to calm down the temper of the Sea Lord this feast is celebrated. During this feast people in agri-koli Samaj devote or release a golden coconut in the sea and pray for calmness and protection of their boats and ships they use in sea during fishing. All elders and younger in this community gather at the sea coast to worship the Sea Lord.
All people in the village celebrate this day by dancing, singing and then worshipping on the sea coast. After worship and prayer is done all fishermen go in the sea for fishing and start fishing from that day after a halt in the rainy season. That is why this is the most important festival of Agri Samaj.
External links[edit]


text:
The joy of bringing a new child home in time for the holidays is a marvelous feeling for adoptive parents. Gulf Coast Adoptions knows that this can also come with some challenges for these families, especially in the first year. Consider these tips to make the holidays as stress-free and enjoyable as possible.
- Choose your traditions carefully. Holiday traditions are a big part of memories for children. Consider adding some that incorporate your child's ethnicity or birth culture.
- Carve out alone time. You don't want your family overwhelmed by always having places to go. Planning some downtime can give everyone a chance to refocus and feel refreshed.
- Include your child's birth parents if you have an open adoption. Some adoptive parents invite the birth parents to a gathering; others choose to just share pictures.
- Document the milestones. A picture of your child's visit to Santa or a written account of your child's first parade are nice things to include in your child's memory box.
- Share your joy. Your family members might want to meet your new little one. Plan for time to make this happen during the holidays, but remember that large gatherings might overwhelm the child.
- Set clear rules. If you are just bringing your child home, you need to ensure that family members know your rules. For example, washing their hands before touching a newborn keeps the baby protected. Avoiding kisses on the baby's face might also be necessary.
- Avoid sick individuals. The winter is the prime season for influenza and RSV. Ask that anyone who is sick avoid spending time with your new family so that your holidays aren't filled with illness.
Gulf Coast Adoptions is here to help connect adoptive and birth families. Call us at _PHONE_ to find out more about our services.


British Government Condemns Ex-Gay Therapy As Harmful
British Health Minister Norman Lamb
British Health Minister Norman Lamb has issued the following condemnation of ex-gay therapy on behalf of the government's health programs:
The Department of Health does not condone the concept of therapists offering 'cures' for homosexuality. There is no evidence that this sort of treatment is beneficial and indeed it may well cause significant harm, to some patients.
It is incumbent on professionals working in the National Health Service to ensure that treatment and care, including therapy, is provided to every patient without any form of discrimination.
If someone is suffering a mental health problem, clinicians will try to help patients with whatever is causing them distress. This could involve helping someone come to terms with their sexuality, family arguments over their sexuality, or hostility from other people.
We know from research that the incidence of depression, anxiety and suicide within the gay community is significantly higher than within the heterosexual community and this is why 'No health without mental health' identifies lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people as a specific group for whom a tailored approach to their mental health is necessary.
Just last month, the British Association of Counselling & Psychotherapy came out against ex-gay therapy, pointing out that it had "no basis in science or medicine" and advising members not to offer it to clients.


text:
By Maina Kiarie
Shimoni caves are located in Shimoni village, a sleepy fishing village about 75kms south of Mombasa near the Wasini Islands. Shimoni is along the Mombasa-Lungalunga road, in the heart of Digo land. In late 19th century, the Imperial British East Africa Company, the commercial company chartered by the British government to administer her sphere of influence in East Africa had its headquarters in Shimoni.
A cave is a natural opening in the ground, some part of which is in total darkness having extended beyond the zone of light and it is large enough for a human to enter. Caves are often found on hillsides or cliffs. Most caves are created when slowly-moving water dissolves or eats away at a rock, creating spaces, caverns and even tunnel-like passages.
The caves at Shimoni are limestone caves, several in number, once joined together and believed to extend some 5km inland. In Swahili, the word "Shimoni" means "the place of the hole". Shimoni village derives its name from the presence of caves by the seashore formed by natural forces millions of years back. It is very dark inside the bat infested caves at Shimoni.
During the Indian Ocean trade centuries ago the caves today known as Shimoni caves were used by slave merchants as holding pens for slaves captured by slave hunters -both Arab 'caravans' and Africansfrom the hinterland. The slaves-on-transit were shackled and then fastened on metal hooks on the cave walls to hinder their movement awaiting slave dhows to ship them to Zanzibar, the main slave market on the East African Coast. Slaves were used as porters of ivory from the hinterland to the coast for shipment.
From Zanzibar the slaves were shipped to Arabia, Yemen, Turkey, India and Persia. Driven by the sultanates of the Middle East slave trade in East Africa resulted in African slaves serving as sailors in Persia, pearl divers in the Gulf, soldiers in the Omani army, workers on the salt pans of Mesopotamia (modern day Iraq), domestic slaves, and women as sex slaves.
In the caves can be found iron shackles on the walls, wooden crates likely used to transport slaves in, and old rusted pieces of chains. The metallic studs against which the slaves were held are now being swallowed by stalactites (a type of secondary mineral that hangs from the ceiling of limestone caves) and stalagmites (a type of secondary mineral that rises from the floor of a limestone cave) but some are still visible. They create a picture of what the conditions were like for the slaves held there.
It is also believed that before slave trade peaked at the East African coast in the 18th and 19th centuries Shimoni caves were used as kayas, religious shrines, by the locals and as a hiding place when attacked by warring communities.


text:
Insurance companies require an assignment of gender at the initial acquisition of an insurance plan for known coverage. If you or your child's gender identity does not match what is on file with insurance, they may reject coverage of services. For that reason alone, we must keep the gender assigned at birth, or gender assigned upon acquisition of insurance the same for submitting claims only. Your medical chart reflects you, and will honor your gender identity.
"WPATH standards of care are the guidelines that most large organizations follow. In fact, they are the only formal care guidelines that are widely accepted by the medical and insurance communities. WPATH updates its surgery and treatment guidelines every five to 10 years. In general, these standards of care have become less restrictive over time. This reflects the growing recognition of gender diversity in society." (_URL_


text:
Cartographic paper sculptures reveal global Cities' history by Matthew Picton
UK-based artist Matthew Picton uses strips of paper to construct maps of cities from around the world. The Londoner's sculptural creations use both historic and fictional texts to produce cartographic representations of multicultural cities like Las Vegas, Dresden, Tehran, and Venice. The materials used are reflective of each respective culture, from literary and religious texts to sheet music and DVD film covers.
More than simply lining out the aerial urban landscape of each site, Picton also creatively reflects the historical scene of certain locations that have dealt with disasters, especially those pertaining to fires. The Great Fire of London in 1666 is represented by the burnt pages of Daniel Defoe's The Plague Years. Similarly, Picton has ignited several of his paper cities to reflect their own fire-related tragedies. Taking the interpretation a step further, the artist constructed his scorched Lower Manhattan piece out of headlines following the aftermath of the World Trade Center bombings.
(Spotted on MyModernMetropolis)


What are the benefits of scolecite?
In summary...
Heart, blood circulation, lungs, nervous system, pancreas, back, eyes, bowel, stress, fear
Physical benefits
The scolecite is beneficial to the blood and lymphatic, respiratory and nervous systems. It has the ability to maintain a good functioning of our cardiovascular and cerebral system. It is also a stone that helps regenerate the pancreas, realign the spine, improve vision and balance the intestines.
Psychic benefits
The scolecite brings a lot of calm and inner peace. It dispels stress, sadness, fear and anxiety. It is a very valuable life path stone that facilitates forgiveness by eliminating the need to cling to a grievous past. The quest for true values finally makes sense.
 Warning :


Current Projects: Americana Engine (Game Engine Development)
Tuesday, January 5, 2016
Superhuman, Chess Pieces, and Binary Code
The first performance of the Jan 4 premiere of Superhuman has Zoe Wheeler reciting from memory the sequence of 60 chess pieces (30 white, 30 black). Only there are two types of pieces to memorize: a King (White) and Queen (Black). A 0 or a 1. Binary Code.
Although there are over 1 trillion combinations (more like 118 quadrillion) that figure need not apply here.
Memorizing 60 1's and 0's might be a difficult task, but there are ways to cut down on the memorization significantly.
There are various methods of memorizing groups of binary code, including hexadecimal (grouping four 1/0s together to get 0-9, a-f), and base64 (grouping six 1/0s together to produce a letter or a number). I use the latter since I can memorize a string of 10 letters/numbers easier than other options.
Base 64 Summary:
A set of six 0 and 1's (64 possible combinations) are grouped together to form a single letter or number (A-Z, a-z, 0-9). Two more characters are used for the binary values of 63 and 64 since the total number of letters and numbers = 26+26+10 = 62. There aren't a string of seven black/white pieces in a row, so they can be skipped for the purposes of memorizing this.
The order the pieces are laid out are as follows (Treating a white piece as a 1, with the piece closest to her as the first):
100101 001001 010010 001001 010100 111010 110110 001010 111001 101101
This can be encoded to base 64 as follows:
37 9 18 9 24 58 54 10 57 45
kIRIT 51J4s
Now it's a matter of memorizing this string, converting it back to binary, and reciting it... in front of a live audience.


text:
At the end of May, the Minneapolis City Council passed a controversial ordinance that will require all employers with at least one employee working in the city of Minneapolis to provide sick leave. The ordinance will become effective on July 1, 2017. Highlights of the ordinance include:
- Eligible employees include any employee who works within the geographical boundaries of the City and works at least 80 hours in a year. Eligible employees include full-time, part-time, and temporary employees so long as they work the requisite number of hours for the employer.
- If there are six or more employees, employers must compensate an employee at the same hourly rate with the same benefits as the employee was scheduled to earn during use of accrued sick leave.
- If there are five or less employees, employers must give employees unpaid use of accrued sick and safe time.
- Employers who already provide paid time off (PTO) or other paid leave policies that meet or exceed the requirements in this ordinance do not have to provide additional sick time. But, if the employer has an existing PTO policy, it does not mean it meets or exceeds the ordinance requirements. Instead, the PTO policy must (1) define "family member" as broadly as the ordinance defines it; and (2) allow for carryover of accrued but unused time.
Amount of Sick Time:
- Employees can accrue one hour of sick time for every 30 hours worked.
- Unless the employer chooses a higher amount, employees cannot accrue more than 48 hours of paid sick time in a calendar year. Employees must be permitted to carry over up to 80 hours of unused sick time.
Use of Sick Time:
- Accruals begin on July 1, 2017.
- For employees hired after that date, accruals begin on the date the employee commences work in Minneapolis.
- Employees can begin to use accrued sick leave beginning 90 calendar days after they start employment.
- Employees can use the sick leave to care for themselves, for a sick family member (who includes a child, step-child, adopted child, foster child, adult child, spouse, sibling, parent, step-parent, mother-in-ordinance, father-in-ordinance, grandchild, grandparent, guardian, ward, members of the employee's household and registered domestic partners), or for an absence due to domestic abuse, sexual assault, or stalking.
- If the sick leave is for three or more consecutive days, employers can require reasonable documentation supporting the need for leave.
- If the need for sick leave is foreseeable, employers can require that the employee provide seven days' prior notice.
- Employers must allow employees to use sick time in the smallest amount of time tracked in the payroll system.
- Although not required, employers can pay out any unused, accrued sick leave in the event of termination or resignation of employment.
Notices and Record Keeping:
- Employers must post notices informing employees of their rights under the ordinance.
- This notice must be included in a handbook if the employer has a handbook.
- Upon request by an employee, employers must provide information stating the current amount of accrued sick time available to the employee and used sick time.
- For a period of three years, employers must keep records showing accrued sick time and used sick time for each day of the workweek.
Construction Industry Employers:
- For employers with construction industry employees, those employers have the option of satisfying the ordinance by paying at least the prevailing wage rate or the required rate established in an applicable apprenticeship agreement for apprentices, regardless of whether the employee is working on a public or private project.
Violation and Relief:
- Suspected violations can be reported to the Minneapolis Department of Civil Rights, which has the sole discretion to pursue an investigation.
- Penalties can include:
- Back pay, crediting the employee accrued but uncredited or withheld time plus payment of the dollar value of the uncredited or withheld time multiplied by two
- Administrative penalty of up to $1,500
- Additional administrative fines of up to $50 per day for continued violations


text:
Last month I had the pleasure of travelling to Barcelona to participate in Mozilla's Drumbeat festival (of which more details are to come).
I very much wanted to demo the capabilities of HTML5 audio and so set about creating a demo in keeping with the theme of the festival – 'Learning, Freedom and the Web'. I ended up with a very rough prototype of a web app that synchronised audio to text, word for word, more accurately it provided an interface that allowed a person to synchronise the audio to text and then demonstrated a couple of things that were made possible once this synchronisation had taken place.
So what was possible?
The first thing I found was that once I had the timings I could easily create a mechanism to control the audio from the text. Now by clicking on individual words I could jump to the corresponding part of the audio, useful for navigating audio and also potentially as an aid to learning language. I took this a little further by allowing the user to highlight areas of the text and having just that part of the text played back, which was um, an interesting exercise*.
*This feature is very very experimental and needs some love.
Finally I added a bit of razzmatazz, tacking on 'Image Overlay Mode', which is really a text overlayed on image mode, but that was a bit too wordy. To achieve image overlay mode in my limited time, I used canvas, however I'm aware that CSS3 is probably a better fit for this type of 'animation'.
The code is very crude – it really was just flung together in a desperate rush to get it working for the Drumbeat Science Fair, so I hesitate to say feel free to take it and do with it what you will. But please do consider all demos posted on our blog open source and dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
Once again the jPlayer library came in handy, providing a useful abstraction and ensuring that the solution works on various platforms.
1. In Sync Mode – press play on the player and use the space bar or sync button to synchronise the words with the audio.
2. Switch to Playback Mode to see the words synched to the audio. Click on the words to play the audio from that point. Try selecting areas of text.
3. Hit Image Overlay Mode if you are so inclined and have a canvas enabled browser.
4. Try Hack mode if you want to adjust any part of the timings and/or words.
Alternatively watch a screen capture of the demo :
(Flash version coming soon, honest.)
Feedback and ideas on this demo are particularly appreciated. I'm also interested in possible uses (apart from karaoke ) and perhaps other projects that I could collaborate with to make something genuinely useful.
26 Comments to Drumbeat Demo – HTML5 Audio Text Sync
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- The Hyperaudio Pad – a Software Product Proposal
- Introducing the Hyperaudio Pad (working title)
- Accessibility, Community and Simplicity
- Build First, Ask Questions Later
- Further Experimentation with Hyper Audio
- Hyper Audio – A New Way to Interact
- P2P Web Apps – Brace yourselves, everything is about to change
- A few HTML5 questions that need answering
- Drumbeat Demo – HTML5 Audio Text Sync
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Highly variable affine registration results for repeated runs
Hi all,
I'm working on a workflow that includes image registration, with allowance for rigid, affine or bspline transforms, and initialization using either moments, geometry or landmarks.
Some background:
My workflow was developing quite nicely in SimpleElastix (Selx). In the early days I managed to get from 0 to "something workable" in Selx but I struggled in Sitk. But I eventually ran into some roadblocks with Selx (e.g. bspline registration with landmarks for initial alignment), so I decided to make a move to Sitk.
The data:
DICOM MR images (T1 and T2).
Variability test:
Perform an affine registration using center-of-mass or geometrical center 10 times. For Sitk, also vary the sampling percentage (5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) for evaluating the metric. Each "test" consists of 10 repeated runs with a fixed initialization method and sampling percentage (for Sitk).
Gauge performance by performing image addition and subtraction of a single slice in fixed image and registered image (middle of the stack, same slice index for both images), or adding the (10) registered images (pixel-by-pixel, frame-by-frame) from any given test.
Result using Selx:
Registration takes 20-30 s per run using either COM or geometry. COM and geometry results look different, but results look identical visually when looking at any given initialization method (i.e. COM or geometry).
Following is a plot of the sum of all registered images using a geometrical centering for initialization:
Result using Sitk:
Registration takes 25-80 s per run depending on sampling percentage, using either COM or geometry. Results are highly variable when looking at any given initialization method with any given sampling percentage.
The final metric values are similar from run to run, for different sampling and different initializations, with a similar number of iterations to reach convergence. The registration always terminates due to convergence (as opposed to hitting a limit on the maximum number of iterations).
Following is a plot of the sum of all registered images using a geometrical centering for initialization, and with 5% sampling percentage:
and with 50% sampling percentage:
I estimate the maximum pixel shift to be approximately 3 pix (3 mm).
Sitk Registration method:
def SitkNonDefReg(FixIm, MovIm, Transform='affine', InitMethod='moments',
 SamplingPercentage=5, NumIters=500):
 import SimpleITK as sitk
 from ipywidgets import interact, fixed
 def command_iteration(method):
 print(f"{method.GetOptimizerIteration():3} = {method.GetMetricValue():10.5f}")
 print("\t#: ", len(method.GetOptimizerPosition()))
 def command_multi_iteration(method):
 print("--------- Resolution Changing ---------")
 if InitMethod in ['geometry', 'geometricalcenter']:
 CTIF = sitk.CenteredTransformInitializerFilter.GEOMETRY
 elif InitMethod in ['moments', 'centerofgravity']:
 CTIF = sitk.CenteredTransformInitializerFilter.MOMENTS
 SamplingPercentage = SamplingPercentage/100
 LearningRate = 1.0
 _TAG_ = 5.0
 if Transform == 'rigid':
 SitkTx = sitk.Euler3DTransform()
 elif Transform == 'affine':
 SitkTx = sitk.AffineTransform(FixIm.GetDimension())
 """ Initial alignment. """
 InitialTx = sitk.CenteredTransformInitializer(FixIm, MovIm,
 SitkTx, CTIF)
 """ Registration. """
 RegMethod = sitk.ImageRegistrationMethod()
 RegMethod.SetInitialTransform(InitialTx, inPlace=False)
 """ Similarity metric settings. """
 """ Setup for the multi-resolution framework. """
 ShrinkFactors = [4,2,1]
 SmoothingSigmas = [2,1,1]
 """ Interpolator settings. """
 """ Optimizer settings. """
 # Connect all of the observers for plotting during registration:
 RegMethod.AddCommand(sitk.sitkStartEvent, StartPlot)
 RegMethod.AddCommand(sitk.sitkEndEvent, EndPlot)
 RegMethod.AddCommand(sitk.sitkMultiResolutionIterationEvent, UpdateMultiresIterations)
 RegMethod.AddCommand(sitk.sitkIterationEvent, lambda: PlotValues(RegMethod))
 _TAG_ = RegMethod.Execute(sitk.Cast(FixIm, sitk.sitkFloat32),
 # sitk.Cast(MovIm, sitk.sitkFloat32))
 FinalTx = RegMethod.Execute(FixIm, MovIm)
 """ Post registration analysis. """
 print(f'Final metric value: {RegMethod.GetMetricValue()}')
 print("Optimizer stopping condition:",
 _TAG_(f"Final Iteration: {RegMethod.GetOptimizerIteration()}")
 RegIm = sitk.Resample(MovIm, FixIm, FinalTx, sitk.sitkLinear, 0.0,
 return RegIm
I would very greatful if someone could check over the above method and suggest any ideas on where I'm going wrong, what could be causing the large variability and how to overcome it.
Hello _USER_,
You are not doing anything wrong. What you are seeing are the effects of random sampling.
With the default settings every registration run uses a unique set of samples (wall clock is used as random seed). To remove this randomness you need to set the random seed in the SetMetricSamplingPercentage function to a constant. Any constant will do, but commonly you'll see:
This should make all repeated runs behave the same.
This does not address the problem of "which of ten random runs should be taken as the correct solution" (taking the minimum amongst them is a common approach). You may find the registration initialization and panorama notebooks of interest. They both deal with registration initialization.
You can tune the number of samples, metric parameters, etc. and plot the metric value as a surface while perturbing two parameters around the optimum. You have found the good settings if the metric surface is smooth, with a single peak. If you see that the surface is noisy or the optimum is not a single peak but a ridge or there are multiple peaks then it indicates that that the metric is not good enough. If the metric surface plots look good then you can go on to choosing an optimizer and tuning its parameters (to make it move quickly, while preserving convergence, and make it quickly realize when it reached the optimum).
I can confirm your experience with SimpleElastix - its simple default rigid and rigid+bspline parameter sets work very well for all reasonable input images. In contrast, BRAINSTools (which is a thin wrapper over ITK's registration framework) always requires hours of tuning for each registration problem. As a result, in recent years I completely switched to Elastix. I've tried ANTS, too, and it seem to have similarly good performance as Elastix. I'm sure that ITK's built-in registration framework should be able to achieve similar performance as Elastix and ANTS, but somebody would need to take the time to thoroughly test and optimize it and come up with parameter sets that work well on all reasonable image inputs. Maybe you will be this person!
1 Like
Hi _USER_ many thanks for your clarification and suggestions. I will re-visit those notebooks.
I was aware of the random nature of the sampling but what struck me as surprising was that increasing the percentage seemed to make no difference in terms of reducing the variability. Even if I use 100% of samples I still get large variations:
Is this to be expected?
I'm guessing that in this case the random seed changes the order of the samples fed into the metric, but all samples are utilized nonetheless.
Hi _USER_ thanks for your insight and suggestion to plot the metric surface. I also admire your optimism with regards to my abilities. :laughing: Many times I've gone in circular arguments when trying to decide whether to progress with SimpleElastix or SimpleITK.
Apologies for the length of my response but this is an interesting topic with a fair bit of complexity. So if you will forgive me…
Despite Kasper Marstal's valiant efforts I think the people power behind the development of Sitk far exceeds that of Selx. And with numerous notebooks for examples and forums like this it's possible to get support from the community. This doesn't exist for Selx. But moreover I ran into some major roadblocks with Selx.
It might be helpful to take a moment to explain the bigger picture of what I'm trying to do: An add-on feature for the OHIF-Viewer that will enable a user to "copy" a ROI (contour(s) or segmentation(s)) from one DICOM series to another. The bulk of the code will likely remain in Python with some conversion from/to JavaScript at inputs/outputs to the Python code.
If the "source" and "target" series have different FrameOfReferenceUIDs registration will be performed. The images could be MR, CT, PET, etc. and might require rigid, affine or bspline transforms, and might require landmarks (e.g. MR to full-body CT) for initialization.
Once the user has patiently waited for a registration to be performed we don't want them to wait again if unnecessary. So following registration the parameters will be stored as a DICOM Registration Object. If in the future the user wishes to perform a copy of a different ROI but for the same pair


text:
Like many in finance and accounting, tax departments have historically relied on spreadsheets for tax data collection, provisioning and reporting. With Tax accounting still a leading cause for financial restatements and material weaknesses, a purpose-built tax provisioning application can materially decrease accounting close cycles while delivering increased accuracy and transparency.
This white paper highlights:
- The problems caused by using spreadsheets for tax provisioning
- The advantages provided by aligning financial reporting and tax provisioning


What is a lenis consonant?
A lenis consonant is a "weak" consonant produced by the lack of tension in the vocal apparatus. These weak consonants tend to be short, weakly voiced or voiceless, aspirated, low, and the following vowel tends to be lengthened.
Context for this page:
Page content last modified: 13 December 1996
© 2004 SIL International


text: Analogical and causal reasoning theories both seek to explain patterns of inductive inference. Researchers have claimed that reasoning scenarios incorporating aspects of both analogical comparison and causal thinking necessitate a new model of inductive inference (Holyoak, Lee, & Lu, 2010; Lee & Holyoak, 2008). This paper takes an opposing position, arguing that features of analogical models make correct claims about inference patterns found among causal analogies, including analogies with both generative and preventative relations. Experiment 1 demonstrates that analogical inferences for these kinds of causal systems can be explained by alignment of relational structure, including higher-order relations. Experiment 2 further demonstrates that inferences strengthened by matching higher-order relations are not guided by the transfer of probabilistic information about a cause from base to target. We conclude that causal analogies behave like analogies in general—analogical mapping provides candidate inferences which can then be reasoned about in the target.


text:
Submitted to: Book Chapter
Publication Type: Book / chapter
Publication Acceptance Date: 9/20/2003
Publication Date: N/A
Citation: Interpretive Summary:
Technical Abstract: The exchange of energy and mass between a surface and the lowest region of the troposphere is a complex process that governs many hydrological, agricultural and atmospheric processes. The layer of air directly affected by surface-atmosphere exchanges is strongly influenced by turbulent processes at the surface-atmosphere boundary and extends upward into the atmosphere to a height of approximately one kilometer. This region is commonly referred to as the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) that is uniquely characterized by turbulence resulting from mechanical (wind shear) and buoyancy (thermal) forces at or near the surface. Methods have been developed to evaluate energy/mass (heat, water vapor, trace gases and pollutants) exchanges between the ABL and the underlying surface. In this chapter, we describe the flux gradient approach for estimating mass and energy fluxes under the rubric of aerodynamic methods. We provide some historical perspective, present fundamental equations in the context of Monin-Obukhov similarity theory and introduce recent developments of an alternative method to compute heat and water vapor fluxes using turbulence variance statistics.


text:
The Manx (Kayt Manninagh or Stubbin in Manx) is a breed of cat with a naturally occurring mutation of the spine. This mutation shortens the tail, resulting in a range of tail lengths from normal to tailless. Many Manx have a small'stub' of a tail, but Manx cats are best known as being entirely tailless; the distinguishing characteristic of the breed and a cat body type genetic mutation. Some Manx cats resemble rabbits because of their long hind legs and often short tail, which has resulted in many being called Cabbits, a portmanteau of rabbit and cat.
The Manx are said to be skilled hunters, known to take down larger prey even when they are young. It is not uncommon to find a Manx with a squirrel or an opossum which are much larger than itself. They are often sought by farmers with rodent problems.
Folk beliefs claim the Manx Cats came from the Spanish Armada; a ship founded on Spanish Rock on the coast of the Isle of Man. According to legend, the cats on the ship swam ashore and became an established breed. Legend has it that the cats originally went onboard the Spanish ship in the Far East.
The Manx tail-less gene is dominant and highly penetrant; kittens from Manx parents are generally born without any tail. Having two copies of the gene is lethal and kittens are usually spontaneously aborted before birth. This means that tail-less cats can carry only one copy of the gene. Because of the danger of having two copies of the tail-less gene, breeders have to be careful about breeding two tail-less Manxes together. Problems can be avoided by breeding tail-less cats with tailed ones and this breeding practice is responsible for the decreasing occurrence of spinal problems in recent years.
There are various legends that seek to explain why the Manx has no tail. In one of them, Noah closed the door of the ark when it began to rain and accidentally cut off the Manx's tail, who'd been playing and almost got left behind. Another legend claims that the Manx is the offspring of a cat and a rabbit which is why it has no tail and rather long hind legs. In addition, they move with more of a hop than a stride, like a rabbit. This legend was further reinforced by the Cabbit myth. Recent postcards on the Isle of Man depict a cartoon scene of a cat's tail being run over and removed by a motorbike, because motorbike racing is popular on the Island.
Populations of tail-less cats also exist in a few other places in Europe. The population on the isolated Danish peninsula (former island) of Reersø in the Great Belt may be due to cats of Manx origin being shipwrecked on the island.
Manx kittens are classified according to tail length:
-Tail length is random throughout litter.
The ideal show Manx is the rumpy; the stumpy and tailed Manx do not qualify to be shown. In the past, kittens with stumpy or full tails have been docked at birth as a preventative measure due to some partial tails being very prone to a form of arthritis that causes the cat severe pain.
"Manx Syndrome" is a colloquial name given to the condition which results when the mutant tailless gene shortens the spine too much. It can seriously damage the spinal cord and the nerves causing spina bifida as well as problems with the bowels, bladder, and digestion. Some only live for 3 years; the oldest recorded was 5. In one study it was shown to affect about 20% of Manx cats, but almost all of those cases were rumpies, which exhibit the most extreme phenotype. Actual occurrences of this are rare in modern examples of the breed due to informed breeding practices. Most pedigreed cats are not placed until four months of age (to make sure that they are properly socialised) and this gives adequate time for any health problems to be identified. Renowned feline expert Roger Tabor has stated that "Only the fact that the Manx is a historic breed stops us being as critical of this dangerous gene as of other more recent selected abnormalities.
The Manx breed, in spite of the absence of tail, has no problems with balance.


Authors: Min Zhou and Carl L. Bankston III
Publisher: New York: Russell Sage Foundation Press, 1998
Language: English
ISBN: _PHONE_ (paper)
Vietnamese Americans form a unique segment of the new U.S. immigrant population. Uprooted from their homeland and often thrust into poor urban neighborhoods, these newcomers have nevertheless managed to establish strong communities in a short space of time. Most remarkably, their children often perform at high academic levels despite these difficult circumstances.
Growing Up American describes the process of building communities that were distinctive outgrowths of the new environment in which the Vietnamese found themselves. Familial and cultural organizations reformed in new ways, blending economic necessity with cultural tradition. These reconstructed social structures create a particular form of social capital that helps disadvantaged families overcome the problems associated with poverty and ghettoization. Outside these enclaves, Vietnamese children face a daunting school experience where language difficulties, racial inequality, deteriorating educational services, and exposure to an often adversarial youth subculture pose serious threats.
How have the children of Vietnamese refugees managed to overcome these challenges? Growing Up American offers important evidence that community solidarity, cultural values, and a refugee sensibility have provided the Vietnamese second generation with the very resources needed to get ahead in American society. Zhou and Bankston also document the price sometimes exacted by the process of adaptation, as the struggle to define a personal identity and to decide what it means to be "American" sometimes leads children into conflict with their tight-knit communities.
Growing Up American is the first comprehensive study of the unique experiences of Vietnamese immigrant children. It sets the agenda for future research on second generation immigrants and their entry into American society.
Table of Contents:
 1. The Scattering of War
 2. Resettlement
 3. The Reconstruction of the Ethnic Community and the Refugee Family
 4. Networks of Social Relations: Support and Control
 5. Language and Adaptation
 6. Experiences in Adaptation to American Schools
 7. Straddling the Gap: Bicultural Conflicts and Gender Role Changes
 8. Delinquency: Insiders and Outsiders
 9. Conclusion: Contexts of Reception, Selective Americanization, and the Implications for the New Second Generation
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