Cooperating with the police can help or completely backfire.
Suppose someone is arrested for a minor drug offense, and the police suggest they cooperate and help police prosecute others. Good idea? Maybe not.
Michigan Criminal Defense Attorneys
To Cooperate or Not to Cooperate, that is the Question
Police and federal agents are notorious for trying to "flip" a defendant by turning him or her into a confidential informant. Cooperating with the police can include providing information regarding others' illegal activities, performing controlled buys, wearing a wire or other surveillance technology, arranging meetings or introductions, testifying at a trial or grand jury, and more. The decision of whether to cooperate with law enforcement is fraught with danger and risk. There are cases where cooperation might be in the individual's best interest; however, steps must be taken to ensure the cooperator gets the benefit of promises and representations made by police or federal agents. So, if you are asking, "does it help to cooperate with the police?" you've come to the right place.
Cooperation is Not Limited to Drug Cases
The most common type of cooperation involves a person arrested for drug possession, intent to deliver, or delivery of a controlled substance. Investigators handling these matters operate under a mandate to use confidential informants and work their way "up the chain of command" to get more prominent dealers or drug traffickers. In addition to drug cases, law enforcement officers also seek cooperation in the following types of cases:
 - RICO (Organzied Crime or Gang Activity)
 - Healthcare Fraud
 - Unemployment Fraud
 - Medicare and Medicaid Fraud
 - Destruction or Theft of Postal Service Property
 - Violent Crimes (such as Murder, Kidnapping, Carjacking, etc.)Tax Fraud
 - Bank Fraud
 - Wire Fraud and Money Laundering
 - Credit Card and Financial Transaction Device Fraud
 - Immigration-Related Crimes (Such as Human Trafficking and Immigration Fraud)
 - Prostitution, Sex Trafficking, and Other Sex Crimes
 - Child Pornography or SCAM
 - Malicious Destruction of Property or Buildings
 - Arson, and many more.
Lying Police and Federal Agents and Other Dangers of Cooperation
The most obvious danger of cooperating with the police, including state or federal law enforcement, is that the cooperator, often viewed as a "snitch," might face physical retaliation, like an assault or even murder. A cooperator's family can also be placed in danger. If the cooperation relates to a criminal allegation involving their employment, the cooperator may find it difficult to reenter their career field.
Another significant danger includes police and federal agents who make promises they cannot keep. For cooperators without knowledgeable legal representation, this happens more frequently than you might think. Police are legally allowed to lie to suspects to manipulate them into incriminating themselves or believing their situation is catastrophic. They can be so convincing that a suspect becomes convinced that they have no other option but to become an informant. In reality, this is rarely the truth. Under Michigan and Federal law, a law enforcement officer's promise to drop or reduce charges, or seek a lenient sentence, is not enforceable. Additionally, police rarely specify precisely what they will do in exchange for cooperation, leaving a suspect to hope for the best and then face great disappointment when it comes time for the police to step up and follow through on these representations.
How to Get a Benefit from Cooperating with the Police
Many individuals facing criminal allegations will not cooperate or become informants under any circumstances. Law enforcement quickly determines those suspects operating under a "no cooperation" code or a conviction against "snitching" on other people. This being said, some individuals desire to cooperate in an attempt to improve their situation or avoid charges.
Most law enforcement officers and agents, particularly state-level police officers, will do everything they can to influence a potential cooperator not to seek the advice of counsel or hire a criminal defense attorney. To be clear, they do this to make it easier to control and take advantage of scared, anxious people who are desperate to help themselves, not because it is in their suspect's best interest. A common threat made by police officers and detectives, particularly those dealing with narcotics, is that if the individual hires a lawyer, the police will no longer work with them and immediately charge them in court.
For some, there are advantages and disadvantages of cooperating with police and other law enforcement agents. Hiring a criminal defense attorney is the best decision a person, who wants to get the most out of their cooperation with law enforcement, can make. There is no reason to proceed without a criminal defense lawyer to ensure their client receives the benefit of any promises or other inducements. A seasoned lawyer will know how to document or preserve evidence of law enforcement representations and get state and federal prosecutors to agree in writing that any useful cooperation results in a proportionate benefit. Bargains made by county prosecutors and United States Attorneys are legally enforceable in court.
"Will law enforcement protect me if I cooperate?"
Police officers and federal agents will always promise or represent that they will protect someone whose assistance they seek in an investigation. Unfortunately, some officers could care less if their informant is endangered as a result of cooperation. On the other hand, many officers and federal agents will go to extreme lengths to protect someone and their family if their cooperation and information are helpful. A qualified lawyer familiar with these matters can help their client understand the limitations of protection and, potentially, negotiate for security to be maximized or extended to family or other individuals who might be placed in harm's way.
"Should I cooperate with the police, or not?
The best answer is "maybe." Cooperation with law enforcement can result in the lessening of charges and sometimes the dismissal of all charges. Judges typically consider cooperation favorably and will order less prison and jail for those defendants who have provided substantial assistance to the government. Conversely, cooperation can have dire consequences in almost every part of a person's life.
Deciding whether to cooperate is significantly consequential and must not be made lightly. An experienced criminal defense attorney can help you work through the advantages and disadvantages of working with law enforcement. They can frequently provide vital assistance in ensuring that you benefit from any help or assistance you provide. Although police will do everything they can to encourage someone not to seek a lawyer's advice, they rarely follow through with a threat to abandon a person who seeks to help them build cases, solve crimes, and help in the prosecution of others. Don't fall for that trick!
Michigan Criminal Defense Attorney
Veteran Michigan Criminal Defense Attorneys
The criminal defense attorneys with LEWIS & DICKSTEIN, P.L.L.C. have decades of experience successfully protecting and defending clients charged with serious offenses in courts throughout Michigan. We maintain an excellent rapport with law enforcement and prosecutors in virtually every jurisdiction. If you face felony or misdemeanor charges and the police have suggested that cooperation is an option to improve your circumstances, call us immediately. We will help you understand your options to make the best possible choice in how to proceed. We can work with you to choose the path that is in your best interest. Our attorneys can help reduce your exposure to various types of potential consequences. Call us, and we will take the time to talk with you, answer your quests, and address each of your concerns. Don't go it alone; the risks are too high to take chances.
we are not afraid to win!
Contact Us - Michigan Criminal Defense Attorneys


Sacred Texts Bible Bible Commentary Index
Joshua Index
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Joshua Introduction
jos 0:0
Book Introduction - Joshua
Joshua records the consummation of the redemption of Israel of Israel out of Egypt; for redemption has two parts: "out," and "into" (Deu 6:23). The key-phrase is "Moses My servant is dead" (Jos 1:2). Law, of which Moses is the representative, could never give a sinful people victory (Heb 7:19; Rom 6:14; Rom 8:2-4).
In a spiritual sense the book of Joshua is the Ephesians of the Old Testament. "The heavenly" of Ephesians is to the Christian what Canaan was to the Israelite and blessing through divine power (Jos 21:43-55; Eph 1:3).
Joshua falls into four parts:
1. The conquest (Joshua 1-12).
2. The partition of the inheritance (Joshua 13-21).
3. Incipient discord (Joshua 22).
4. Joshua's last counsels and death (Joshua 23 - 24).
Next: Joshua Chapter 1


Driade Kosmo
The accessories by Italian manufacturer Driade come under the name of Driade Kosmo.
Behind the decision to create its own collection of objects was Driade's belief that people can hardly imagine a life without objects and that these go far beyond pure functionality while always maintaining an artistic aspect. Objects can't be reduced to the purely material, instead always communicating with their users and observers - thus always saying something about their owners.
With Driade Kosmo, Driade is researching in collaboration with famous designers the rites and principles that influence the interaction between subject and object and make a simple, functional object a cherished and expressive part of a person's home.


Source: Sherman Publications
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Chapman overcomes learning disability, wins scholarship
by Trevor Keiser
May 15, 2013
Actress Sigourney Weaver looks on as OHS senior Ross Chapman gives a speech after recieving a $10,000 scholarship.
"Never give up, never, never, never give up" was the famous quote by British Prime Minster Winston Churchill that helped give determination to Oxford High School Senior Ross Chapman to overcome his learning disability (LD).
After being held back in kindergarten a second time, teachers couldn't understand why Chapman wasn't reading very well and he couldn't understand how his peers could read sentences with what he called "dancing letters." The answer came in third grade when he found out he had a learning disability called "dyslexia."
"I cried my eyes out when he was diagnosed thinking what was going to happen," said his mother Nancy.
"From the moment I was diagnosed with my disability my mom told me that my brain works differently and I just need to find a way to figure out how my brain works differently," Ross said.
While he tried to figure out how his brain "worked differently," for reading he also found out he had two other LD's working against him, "dyscalculia," which hinders the ability to do math and "dysgraphia," whichhinders handwriting ability. In grade school Ross said his reading and mathematical skills were below grade level and despite his hard effort to read, there was very little progress.
Ross's "blessing in disguise" came the summer between fifth and sixth grade, when he started running with the high school cross country team and was misdiagnosed with a heart murmur at a physical. Due to the misdiagnosis the doctor told Ross he wasn't allowed to do any physical activity, so after getting bored watching television all day, he took his mom's advice. He went to the library and started getting books from the children's section.
"I went from Dr. Seuss books all the way to Tom Clancy books in one summer," he said. "I just pushed through. I can't really explain exactly what happened. I wanted to show the world I can do everything that everyone else can."
Even though he had become "friendlier" with his dyslexia and was learning how to continue making progress in his reading. Ross said the challenges of math followed him through his middle school years, where he was only working at a fourth grade level and tested at a third grade level in eighth grade. Nancy wondered if her son would ever be able to even work at McDonald's due to such a low math level. But just like his inability to read, Ross found motivation to push him to be able to do math.
The push came in the "No Child Left Behind Act," which was signed in 2001 by President George W. Bush. Because Ross was still in special education math he was given the choice of getting a high school completion certificate or a high school diploma.
"In order to get a diploma you can't be in a special ed class, that's part of 'No Child Left Behind,'" Nancy said. "I was OK with him getting a certificate and then going to Oakland Community College and I didn't even know that was going to happen with (a) third grade math (level.)"
However, a certificate wasn't good enough for Ross, he wanted to earn his diploma. His eighth grade teacher decided to do an experiment with him. She found out by giving Ross a calculator that he indeed could do math at an eighth grade level, which moved him up to algebra.
"I thought 'No Child Left Behind' was the devil when they were first making him go into the eighth grade math," Nancy said." I thought 'he is in third grade math, how do you push him like that?'"
"If it wasn't for that (No Child Left Behind)," Ross added. "I wouldn't have been in normal math and in pre-calculus right now."
When he entered high school, Ross said he also pushed to be in Advanced Placement (AP) classes because they didn't allow dyslexic or any kids with learning disabilities to take them because they thought they couldn't do it.
"My biology teacher, human anatomy teacher and (former) cross country coach Mr. (Ray) Sutherland was the only teacher at first who believed I could go into honors and AP courses," Ross said. In fact he was the one who placed me in the honors course without talking to the counselors."
Ross said his first honors course was honors chemistry, where he earned a B + and since has taken three AP courses and been successful.
Ross's determination not only helped him conquer his LD, but also landed him a $10,000 scholarship from Anne Ford and the National Center for Learning Disabilities.
"I felt amazed (that I won,) he said. "I couldn't believe it at first."
Ross was only one of two to receive the $10,000 scholarship and his winning 500 word essay was selected out of 400 other applicants.
As a winner of the scholarship he was flown to New York City for the NCLD's 36th Annual Benefit Dinner held at the Mandarin Oriental Hotel where he received his scholarship from award-winning actress Sigourney Weaver and gave a memorized speech in front of 400 people, including Barbara Walters.
"It was probably one of the most nerveracking things I've done," Ross added.
He also got to try his first caviar
"It was wrapped around the salmon so I couldn't really taste it," he said.
The trip he said was "unreal."
"It made me want to live in New York, it's an amazing city. I love New York," he said. "It's almost like you're in Disney World when you're in Time Square, it was amazing."
"One thing that was a surprise being in New York is they have this persona of being such tough, snotty people, but they're really nice," added Ross. "Everyone comes up to you and asks if you need directions or where you want to go and they're just everyday people."
While one opportunity leads to another, upon returning home from New York, Nancy said she received an e-mail asking for Ross to speak at Capital Hill in Washington DC where he will be part of an educational panel.
"It's exciting and nerve-racking," he said. "It's almost the same mixed feelings about graduation."
Outside of the classroom, Ross has also found success running cross country and playing his first year of varsity lacrosse. He is a member of the National Honors Society and does a lot of community service, including volunteering as a reading tutor for a fourth grade boy, who is also believed to have dyslexia.
Looking at all of his accomplishments so far and that Ross will be graduating with a high school diploma, Nancy said she couldn't be more proud of her son.
"Never put constraints and box a kid in because you never know what is going open their mind to enable them to do things (they never thought was possible). If you get a bad grade, it's not the end of the story; it's what you come out with," she said. "He's coming out with a 3.7 grade point average in honors and AP classes and he did it with hard work."
As for the future, Ross plans to attend Michigan State University with a major in International Relations, where he hopes to get a job working for the government.
"Whether that is Secretary of State, FBI or something like that, I've always had an interest in history," he said. "I just want to be a part of history and do something that's remembered."


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Axillary nerve dysfunction
Axillary nerve dysfunction is nerve damage that leads to a loss of movement or sensation in the shoulder.
Neuropathy - axillary nerve
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
Axillary nerve dysfunction is a form of peripheral neuropathy. It occurs when there is damage to the axillary nerve, which supplies the deltoid muscles of the shoulder and the skin around it. A problem with just one nerve, such as the axillary nerve, is called mononeuropathy.
The usual causes are:
- Direct trauma
- Long-term pressure on the nerve
- Pressure on the nerve from nearby body structures
- Shoulder injury
Entrapment creates pressure on the nerve where it passes through a narrow structure.
The damage may destroy the myelin sheath that covers the nerve, or part of the nerve cell (the axon). Damage of either type reduces or prevents the movement of impulses through the nerve.
Conditions that can lead to axillary nerve dysfunction include:
- Body-wide (systemic) disorders that cause nerve inflammation
- Deep infection
Fracture of the upper arm bone (humerus)
- Pressure from casts or splints
- Improper use of crutches
- Shoulder dislocation
In some cases, no cause can be found.
Numbness over part of the outer shoulder
- Shoulder weakness, especially when lifting the arm up and away from the body
Signs and tests
Your health care provider will examine your neck, arm, and shoulder. Weakness of the shoulder may cause difficulty moving your arm.
The deltoid muscle of the shoulder may show signs of muscle atrophy.
Tests that may be used to evaluate axillary nerve dysfunction include:
EMG and nerve conduction tests -- will be normal right after the injury; should be performed several weeks after the injury or symptoms start
MRI or x-rays of the shoulder
Depending on the cause of the nerve disorder, some people do not need treatment. They will get better on their own. However, the rate of recovery can be different for everyone. It can take many months to recover.
Anti-inflammatory medications may be given if you have:
- Sudden symptoms
- Small changes in sensation or movement
- No history of injury to the area
- No signs of nerve damage
These medicines reduce swelling and pressure on the nerve. They may be injected directly into the area or taken by mouth.
Other medicines include:
- Over-the-counter pain medicines may be helpful for mild pain (neuralgia).
- Other medications (phenytoin, carbamazepine, gabapentin, pregabalin, duloxetine, or tricyclic antidepressants such as nortriptyline) may reduce the stabbing pains that some people experience.
- Opiate pain relievers, such as morphine or fentanyl, may be needed to control severe pain.
Whenever possible, avoid or reduce medication use to lessen the risk of side effects.
If your symptoms continue or get worse, you may need surgery. Surgery may be done to see if a trapped nerve is causing your symptoms. In this case, surgery to release the nerve may help you feel better.
Physical therapy may help you maintain muscle strength. Job changes, muscle retraining, or other forms of therapy may be recommended.
It may be possible to make a full recovery if the cause of the axillary nerve dysfunction can be identified and successfully treated.
Calling your health care provider
Call for an appointment with your health care provider if you have symptoms of axillary nerve dysfunction. Early diagnosis and treatment increase the chance of controlling symptoms.
Preventive measures vary, depending on the cause. Avoid putting pressure on the underarm area for a long period of time. Make sure casts, splints, and other appliances fit properly. When you use crutches, learn how to avoid putting pressure on the underarm.
Last reviewed 2/5/2011 by David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by Joseph V. Campellone, MD, Division of Neurology, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
- The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition.
- A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions.
- Call 911 for all medical emergencies.
- Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites.
Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


English version
From Longman Dictionary of Contemporary Englishturmoiltur‧moil /ˈtɜːmɔɪl $ ˈtɜːr-/ ●○○ noun [singular, uncountable] CONFUSEDa state of confusion, excitement, or anxietypolitical/emotional/economic/religious etc turmoil the prospect of another week of political turmoilin (a) turmoil Ashley gazed at him, her thoughts in turmoil.
Examples from the Corpus
turmoilOur arrangements are thrown into complete turmoil.He shivered, his thoughts in turmoil, his pulse racing.But he must have endured more mental turmoil as his rookie replacement lit up White Hart Lane.The big thing actually seemed happy to have caused so much turmoil and confusion.They did so again amid the turmoil caused by the collapse of Soviet power in 1991.The earliest had left their homeland during the turmoil of its unification.In the midst of this turmoil, life on the surface at Holy Trinity went on much as it always had.political/emotional/economic/religious etc turmoilThis new party was briefly banned for arousing political turmoil that led to street insurrections in October 1993.He was beginning to feel as if he had just switched roller-coasters - from one set of emotional turmoil to another.In addition to their own emotional turmoil, parents must cope with the demands and expectations of those around them.But the political turmoil that landed her father in prison prevented her from returning home.It did not suit her now to observe the emotional turmoil inside Rose.Yet all this faded into insignificance when compared to the political turmoil it was causing.Beyond the political confusion, there were other factors that wrought economic turmoil in the wake of partitioning the country.
Pictures of the day
Do you know what each of these is called?
Click on the pictures to check.
Word of the day priceless extremely valuable


text:
Posted by Jeromino on Thursday, March 31, 2011 at 5:02am.
(gof)(x) means you substitute the whole expression of f(x) to g(x):
(gof)(x) = g(f(x)) = f(x) + 1
(gof)(x) = x + 1
for #2, we do the same,, we substitute f(x) to f(x):
(fof)(x) = f(x)
(fof)(x) = x
hope this helps~ :)
math - Find a. fog b. gof c. fof d. gog for each function f(x)=4-x g(x)=3x-5
college algebra - 1. answer the following for the given quadratic function f(x)=...
math - Find a. fog b. gof c. fof d. gog f(x)=4-x g(x)=3x-5
math - (x) =pi/2-x g(x)= 5sinx/8+cos x find (gof)(pi/2) and (fof)(pi/2)
precalc - f(x) =pi/2-x g(x)= 5sinx/8+cos x find (gof)(pi/2) and (fof)(pi/2)
Calculus - Hi there, I need help with composition of functions. I need to find...
college algebra - 1.for the given function f&g, find the following and state...
math/calculus - let f(x)=ln(x)x>0 let k(x)= f(g(x)) and m(x)= f(g(x)) a)...
calcius - Determine whether the relation represents a function. If it is a...
math - questions involving domain and range... 1. Find the domain of the...
For Further Reading


text:
Learning - When You Want It, Where You Want It
OSIsoft recently released a new offering called the "On Demand Library". This library is in the form of voice and video recordings that are designed to be as easy-to-use as possible. They are based on the same tasks and objectives that form the basis for our classroom training. Users can search for the instruction they need, or go through the videos as if they were in a classroom setting. The Library also contains access to our Virtual Learning Lab environment, where users can test their new skills in real-time using a PI System "sandbox." During this presentation, Nick D'Orazio, E-Learning Manager and Pablo Benvenuto, Instructional Technologist, will discuss the subscription model, including pricing, options, access for EA customers and browser requirements. They will also cover the Virtual Labs, new trends in training and the future direction of the OSIsoft online training offering. As part of the presentation they will show how to register and launch the On Demand Library successfully. They will also demo the new features such as search, the content currently searchable and the Virtual Environment.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Divergence time estimations and contrasting patterns of genetic diversity between Antarctic and southern South America benthic invertebrates
Diversity, abundance and composition of taxonomic groups in the Southern Ocean differ from elsewhere in the planet, since the biogeography in this region reflects the complex interactions of tectonics, oceanography, climate and biological elements since the Eocene. Several groups of marine benthic organisms exhibit high levels of genetic divergence among provinces in this region, supporting the existence of a vicariance process through plate tectonics, while other groups with high dispersive capacity exhibit recent divergence processes. Moreover, the discovery of non-Antarctic decapod larvae in Antarctic Peninsula suggests that some groups can travel across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Here we analyzed levels of genetic divergence in congeneric species of three Southern Ocean's benthic invertebrate groups with dispersive potential. For this purpose we included in the analyses COI sequences of an echinoid (Sterechinus), a gastropod (Nacella), and a bivalve (Yoldia). Considering the levels of genetic differentiation and assuming the molecular clock hypothesis we estimated the separation of invertebrates from the two continents. We also compared levels of genetic variation between Antarctic and sub-Antarctic species of Nacella and Sterechinus to determine the effect of the Quaternary glacial episodes in the demography of these species. We detected clear genetic differences between Antarctic and sub-Antarctic congeneric species of Sterechinus, Nacella, and Yoldia. According to our results, the installation of an effective barrier between Antarctica and sub-Antarctica occurred almost at the same time (between 3.7 and 5.0 Ma) for these groups of organisms, long after the physical separation of both continents. Genetic comparisons between Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic species of Nacella and Sterechinus detected lower levels of genetic diversity in Antarctic species, suggesting more pronounced effects of the glacial episodes in Antarctica than in South America. These results may reflect the dramatic effect of the Quaternary glacial cycles on Antarctic population sizes, especially in groups with narrow bathymetric ranges. The present study provides new evidence about the differentiation processes between Antarctic and South American organisms. None of the analyzed genera showed evidence for recurrent gene flow across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current since the Mio-Pliocene. Genetic comparisons indicate that Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic species were differentially affected by glacial periods.


Cellphones could damage human tissues in totally new way
Posted by Emma Woollacott
A theoretical biologist at the government's Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico says that cellphone radiation could be interacting with human tissue in a completely new way.
a paper titled What does photon energy tell us about cellphone safety?, Bill Bruno describes a new mechanism by which this type iof microwave radiation could cause damage.
It's previously been argued that the radiation emitted by cell phones can't damage biological tissue because microwave photons don't have enough energy to break chemical bonds.
But Bruno argues that this only applies when the number of photons is less than one in a volume of space equivalent to a cubic wavelength.
When the density of photons is higher than this, he says, interference can bring other effects into play. It's similar, he says, to optical tweezers, in which coherent photons combine to move small objects such as cells.
While optical tweezers generally work at infrared frequencies, Bruno believes a similar effect could work for microwave photons.It would depend on whether there is a high enough density of microwave photons from cellphones to generate a big enough force; and whether there are structures in the body with the required dielectric properties to be susceptible.
And, says Bruno, the density of microwave photons from cell phones and cell phone is easily high enough; and there are plenty of vulnerable structures, including neurons up to a meter long.


%0 Journal Article %A Bruil, Martine %T The development of the portmanteau verbal morphology in Ecuadorian Siona: A story of the formal merger of linguistic categories %D 2018 %J Journal of Historical Linguistics %V 8 %N 1 %P 128-167 %@ 2210-2116 %R _URL_ %K Tukanoan languages %K tense %K clause-typing %K portmanteau morphology %K Ecuadorian Siona %I John Benjamins %X Subject marking in the Western Tukanoan language Ecuadorian Siona is part of a complex system of portmanteau morphology that also marks tense and clause type. This system shows a remarkable number of regularities that hint that it might be possible to tease apart these functions. Synchronically, it is problematic to posit distinct markers for each of the three relevant linguistic categories, but diachronically, it is likely that these categories were expressed by distinct markers. This article reconstructs the pathway of the formal merger of these three linguistic categories, comparing the expression of Ecuadorian Siona's system to the expression of these categories in other Tukanoan languages. %U _URL_


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Consider a desalination process where you enter sea water and receive fresh water and brine (or maybe pure salt).
How do I compute the least amount of energy per mass? I think this has something to do with the entropy of the different mixtures, mostly dependent on the salt concentration in the brine. Is this correct? How to calculate?
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up vote 2 down vote accepted
Assuming that the process is done at constant temperature and pressure, what you want is the Gibbs free energy difference. The reaction could be taken to be 1 mole of water in brine on one side and one mole of pure water on the other side.
The result should be a positive number since the process is not spontaneous. However the value of $\Delta G$ will be the minimum non-mechanical work necessary for the process.
To understand this read up on the Gibbs free energy.
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You can now set your Google Sheet to automatically update as your campaign sends. Opens, clicks, replies, and bounces will update columns in your Google Sheet so that you can easily see how each person has engaged with your mail merge or cold email campaign.
Go ahead and stare!
You can use this data to further refine follow-up campaigns by filtering on the columns that have values equal to X.
Activating this feature
In order for your Sheet to be updated, there are two basic steps you must follow:
- Check the box to update your Sheet at the time you connect to your Google Sheet inside Gmail.
- Grant GMass permission to write to your Google Sheet. When you first sign up for an account, GMass does not ask for the permissions necessary to write to your Sheet; at sign-up it only asks for permission to read from your Sheet. The first time you check the above-shown box, a popup will ask you to grant GMass the additional permissions:
If you don't grant the necessary permissions before you launch your campaign, you will hear from us! You will eventually get an email notification requesting permission, but this will be after GMass has already tried and failed to update at least one cell in your Sheet. That email notification will look like this:
Make sure there are blank columns
If your Sheet looks like this and doesn't have any available columns, the reporting metrics won't be written to your Sheet.
If your Sheet does look like this, just right-click on the right-most column to add a few more columns. You should have at least four empty columns after your last column of data. To future-proof your spreadsheet, in case we add more data to this feature (like "blocks" for example), add even more blank columns. By default, when you first create a new Sheet, columns A-Z exist, giving you a total of 26 columns. Generally, the only reason you would need to eliminate some columns entirely is to reduce the overall size of your Sheet, but that only becomes necessary if you have more than 100,000 rows of data.
GMass will write the column headings to the first row as soon as the first event takes place. For example, on the first "open," GMass will label the column "OPENED" and mark the appropriate row with an X to indicate the open. You do not need to add the column headings; you just need to ensure there are blank columns available for use.
Once reporting events start to register on your Sheet, do not move or delete the reporting columns. Doing so could cause your other columns of data to get overwritten by Xs if GMass thinks that a column containing your actual merge data is a reporting column that we created automatically. That's because GMass caches the structure of your Sheet and "memorizes" which columns are where in order to optimize computing resources, so if you suddenly alter the columns while it's updating your Sheet, that will throw the process off until it caches your Sheet again during the next hour.
If your Sheet isn't updating the way you expect:
- Make sure you've given GMass permission to edit your Google Sheets (see above).
- If the Sheet has been shared with your Google account by someone else, do you have EDIT permissions? If you only have READ permissions, then GMass won't be able to update it, even if you've given GMass permission to update your Sheets, because the read-only permission on the shared Sheet takes precedence.
- Make sure you have enough blank columns to the right of your data.
- Make sure you checked the "Update Sheet with reporting data…" box when connecting to the Sheet. If you forget to to this and then launch a campaign, there's currently no way to change it.
- Make sure you're waiting long enough. Some events, like opens and clicks, will trigger the update to your Sheet within a few seconds of their occurrence. Other events, like replies, can take longer (up to a few hours). This is because GMass only checks your account for replies periodically, a process that happens once every couple of hours.
Other ways to get reports on your campaigns
Seeing the reporting data back in your Sheet is just one way to gain insight into how your mail merge campaigns are performing. You can also:
- Look at the real-time, web-based report for your campaign. The link can be found in any notification under GMass Reports –> [CAMPAIGNS] or any "sending complete" notification.
- Look at the campaign report under GMass Reports –> [CAMPAIGNS].
- Download a complete CSV file that will include your recipient list, all merged columns from the source Google Sheet, along with opens, clicks, replies, bounces, blocks, and more. This download link can also be found in either the web-based report or the report placed in the GMass Reports –> [CAMPAIGNS] label.


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Feature: Local evolutionary clues to global vaccine design
Research that could transform our approach to vaccine design and livestock breeding
Research to identify variation in pathogen recognition genes, both within and between mammalian species, could transform our approach to vaccine design, as well as providing a useful tool in livestock breeding programmes to improve genetic resistance against a range of infections.
Veterinary scientists studying a family of genes called toll-like receptors (TLRs) in livestock have identified subtle differences in the way that different animal species have evolved alongside pathogens. Molecules that target TLRs are of interest as new generation 'adjuvants' for improved vaccination against infectious disease.
These discoveries will allow researchers to develop or refine vaccines that protect a range of mammalian species against not only bacterial infections caused by Salmonella species and E.coli, but also against viral infections and protozoal infections such as those causing East Coast Fever of livestock and malaria. The work indicates that vaccines could be tailored, by way of strategic TLR agonist adjuvant use, to individual species or even breeds for diseases such as tuberculosis where there is emerging evidence of divergent immune responses.
Reading pathogen barcodes
TLRs are one of the most ancient, conserved parts of the immune system that recognise microbes and pathogens by their individual 'bar code' of signature components (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) leading to a cascade of cellular responses that ultimately determines the quality or type of immune response generated against the invading pathogen. Because of this, pathogen pattern molecules that activate TLRs are excellent adjuvant molecules for use in vaccines where they can be used strategically to direct hostprotective responses against infection.
"Animals have co-evolved with most pathogens for millions of years," explains Professor Dirk Werling from the Royal Veterinary College (RVC)who is part of a Genesis-Faraday consortium led by Professor David Haig (University of Nottingham), studying animal innate immunity receptors, funded by BBSRC, the Scottish Executive, and Pfizer Ltd. The team also included Drs Tracey Coffey and Jayne Hope from the Institute for Animal Health, and Drs Liz Glass and Oliver Jann from the Roslin Institute.
"We compared TLR gene sequences across a range of mammalian species. We have found evidence that animal immune systems have evolved to recognise pathogens not only in a species-specific manner, but also, pathogens in distinct geographical locations," says Werling. "In other words, it appears that the local microbial environment drives receptor-binding domain selection in different animal species. Our findings may help to explain why some species/breeds react to a given pathogen or just seem to ignore it. Even more interestingly, our findings could potentially help explain the variable success rates of Tuberculosis (TB) vaccination programmes around the world, as well as why Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes human TB, fails to cause disease in cattle".
Breeding for disease resistance
Interestingly, when comparing the same TLR from different species, and even within different breeds of cattle, the team found a number of potential pathogen recognition sites that differed by only a single amino acid.
"This could have implications for breeding strategies to improve genetic disease resistance in livestock, rather than having to continuously design and develop new antibiotics," says Werling.
Initial genetic analysis revealed the association of specific TLR sequences with susceptibility to bacterial infections in cattle, such as clinical mastitis and possibly with TB. Interestingly, the same gene-locus seems to be linked with an association with malaria resistance in humans, and other parasitic infections in divergent species such as mouse, sheep and cattle".
One medicine approach
But as well as highlighting differences between TLR genes from different species, the team have discovered a number of highly conserved sequences involved in pathogen recognition across species. These sequences may be of importance in the understanding of zoonoses such as Salmonellosis or TB. These highly conserved sequences may help scientists to develop adjuvants for new vaccines that show a similar efficacy in both farm animals and humans, especially as there is close contact between these species and a sharing of local infectious agent pools.
The co-evolution of pathogens with their animal hosts and the nature of their components that interact with TLRs should be taken into account during vaccine development. This may be critical in the development of species-dependent and species-independent medicines.
Werling warns, "In these times of multi-drug resistant bacteria, increased antimicrobial residues in food-products of animal origin, and newly emerging or re-emerging diseases with the potential to cross both geographical and species barriers, we shouldn't assume that immune responses are going to be the same to any given infectious agent in different species".
Professor David Haig, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham
tel: 0115 _PHONE_
Professor Dirk Werling, Royal Veterinary College
tel: 01707 666358
tel: 01793 414695
fax: 01793 413382


text:
My workflow is sometimes the following:
- Delete many images from the media library at once (named for example,
- Re-upload a series of images with the same file names (
The media library retains and display shows the old images as thumbnails and previews, even though they are deleted.
Obviously this problem is avoidable by adding images with distinct file names, but I wondered if there were some better way that works regardless of naming convention. Or something else that I'm completely missing?


text:
System Qualities Ontology, Tradespace, and Affordability (SQOTA)
Stevens Institute of Technology, Systems Engineering Research Center Hoboken United States
Pagination or Media Count:
Systems and software qualities SQs are also known as non-functional requirements NFRs. Where functional requirements FRs specify what a system should do, the NFRs specify how well the system should do them. Many of them, such as Reliability, Availability, Maintainability, Usability, Affordability, Interoperability, and Adaptability, are often called ilities, but not to the exclusion of other SQs such as Security, Safety, Resilience, Robustness, Accuracy, and Speed.As compared to functional requirements, NFRs have been underemphasized in project management, and serious sources of project shortfalls and overruns. They are often late in being thoroughly reviewed, being preceded by reviews such as the System Functional Requirement Review. They do not have a place in function-oriented management aids such as Work Breakdown Structures and traceability diagrams the NFRs generally trace to the whole system. Their requirements are often easy to specify and hard to validate one classic case was a project in which changing one character in the NFR for system response time in seconds from a 1 to a 4 in a 2000-page specification reduced the cost of achieving the system from 100 million to 30 million.This report begins with a summary of the origin of the SERC project as the result of SERC universities participation in two 2012 workshops that addressed the challenges of achieving one such NFR resilience, in support of one of DoDs high-priority initiatives on Engineered Resilient Systems ERS. It turned out that the existing ERS research underway was primarily directed at field testing, supercomputer modeling, and resilient design of physical systems, and that the SERC could best complement this research by addressing the design and development of resilient cyber-physical-human CPH systems.
- Computer Programming and Software
- Computer Systems


Tips for Getting More Nuanced Answers from User Interviews
Leave a comment
Content Strategy / Uncategorized / User Research / UX Design
Showing Respect for People's Context and Emotions
One of the biggest UX trends in the last year has been the conversational UI. Every tech company seems to be embarking on the digital Oregon Trail for the gold rush of chatbots, machine learning, and AI-powered whatevers. I wonder if they have stopped and asked if their audience really need another channel to "engage with the brand" or if the company is just trying to shoehorn this new interaction into their lives.
When I was a UX researcher on an AI team at Capital One, Steph Hay, the VP of Design, would often ask, "What unique value does Eno provide for our customers?" (Eno is a chatbot from Capital One.) Every team working on conversational UIs should strive to answer that question for themselves. Preferably in St. Louis, if we're continuing with the Oregon Trail metaphor.
That's why I advocate doing user research to understand how products like chatbots and voice assistants actually fit into people's real world, day-to-day lives. How do we make sure they are emotionally intelligent and respect people's contexts, emotions, and social conventions?
Human-Centered Conversation Design
With conversational agents, they can be either helpful or frustrating depending on the situation people use them in. "'Nailing it' means different things to different people," says Steph Hay. And she's right — getting a conversation right means different things to different people in different contexts. So it pays to do user research to uncover how conversational UIs actually becomes relevant, helpful, and delightful.
To be human-centered is to lead with the human perspective first.
While I was at Capital One, I mostly conducted in-lab, moderated user interviews, and in this post, I want to share what I learned doing research for AI-driven products. Specifically, in defining what "nailing it" meant to customers, I had to probe deeper into people's answers, which admittedly, I wasn't great at first. (Everything is a WIP, right?) So this article will focus on 3 strategies I've found helpful in eliciting more nuanced answers from my participants.
Three Strategies to Try in Your Next User Interview
1) Phrase your questions in the past tense
Usually, interview questions start out general, but it's easy to get stuck there if you don't probe people for more specific responses. This happens when you hear phrases like, "I usually…" or "generally, I…" more than specific stories or details. It's hard to decide if something actually happened or if a person is describing their idealized scenario.
For example, participants might give their answer in the present tense:
"I usually go to the grocery store after work on my way home. I hate wasting a trip or spending extra time in traffic."
They might also answer in the past tense. In this case, they begin their response with, "I would…" or "I used to…" For example:
"I would first open my app to check my balance and then if it's low, I wait until I get home to make the transfer."
These generalized responses are what the book, Learning from Strangers, calls "generalized present" and "generalized past." And surprise–as an interviewer, how you phrase your question will influence the kind of responses you'll get. When I notice participants speaking in generalities, the first thing I do is to check my own questions to see if they are in generalized present or generalized past.
Let's compare the two types, and then see how we might rephrase them.
Generalized present questions might take the form:
"What happens when you…"
"When do you…"
Generalized past questions might be phrased:
"When would you…"
"When have you…"
Instead, you might try tuning your questions:
"What happened when you…"
"When did you…"
You'll know you're on the right track when people start telling stories without you prompting or describe a specific event rather than a summary of what they've done. When you develop a certain level of trust with your participants, they might even reveal moments of embarrassment, shame, or inner conflict–the private details you don't get with generalized answers.
But if you're getting only surface-level details, you can still follow up by asking about a specific incident. Here's a sampling of questions I found useful.
 - Can you tell me a story of a time that happened, with as much details as you can remember?
 - Could you walk me through the last time you did that?
 - Could you tell me what happened, starting from the beginning?
 - Is there a specific incident you can think of that captured what you just told me?
 - What happened then?
If you need a gut check for whether you're getting enough details, I found it helpful to categorize my questions–and the responses I'm getting–into either internal conditions (thoughts and feelings) or the external forces (people, events, and tools surrounding the incident). Depending on your research goals, you might need more of one or the other, but the framework is a quick way to take inventory of things you're learning.
2) Develop the story when there's a possibility that it could influence behavior
A good story has details, and sometimes, good stories could turn into great stories with help from the listener. Most of the time, participants need your help to uncover more concrete and specific details.
I used to think that user interviews were about trying to pull out relevant information from participants, but I found that they are not going to "show you the good stuff" if they feel like they're being interrogated — or worse, if they don't care at all. So treat the interview like a partnership instead of an extraction. Make it enjoyable!
If you feel like you will bias the participant — you won't. You're guiding them towards revealing a richer story. Once the participant has alluded to something that might be important to the study or your learning goals, it's up to you to develop that incident in fuller detail. You can do this by…
Clarify what they said
Sometimes you need to check your understanding or unpack a more complex topic.
 - What you mean by (a term or phrase)?
 - When you say, (a term or phrase), what are you actually doing?
 - How would you describe this to someone who had never experienced this before?
Fill in the details
Prompt them to paint you a fuller picture or fill in the gaps to their story. The ethnographic framework, AEIOU, is a great tool to keep in mind if you want to categorize the kinds of details you might ask about.
 - Could you walk me through it with as much detail as possible?
 - So you were (doing this activity, talking to this person, looking up info about _____, etc.) and (this occurred). What happened after?
 - Tell me more about that.
 - Can you give me an example?
 - What did that look like?
 - How do you do that?
 - What were other people doing then?
 - How did others (i.e. relevant people they mentioned already) respond to that?
 - If I were watching you do this, what would I see?
Identify actors, tools, or resources used
Related to the last point, people seldom act in a vacuum. Other people — and the relationship among them — can play a part in what happened. You might ask about the social context and resources available, and how it constrained their perception of the problem and influenced their decisions.
 - Was anyone there while that was happening? What were they doing?
 - Did you talk to anyone about what was going on?
Probe for inner events
Inner events are what the participant heard or saw (perceptions); what they thought, believed, or decided (cognitions); and how they felt and what impulses they experienced (emotions). Inner events are also great starting points for diving into their stories since they are easier to remember. They include values, goals, hopes, and fears.
 - When that was happening, what thoughts did you have?
 - What were your feelings when he/she said that?
 - Can you remember how you reacted, emotionally?
 - Why was that important to you?
 - Why does that stand out in your memory?
 - Why do you think you noticed that?
 - Why does that matter?
 - What motivated your response?
 - How did you feel about that?
 - What was significant about this to you?
Make their body language more explicit
A participant's body language and facial expressions also tell a story. A gesture, a grimace, or a shrug could indicate that there's something more, especially if it seems to contradict what they're saying.
 - Can you say something about why this issue generated so much emotion?
 - What aspects of this issue do you think prompted such strong emotions?
At the end of the day, you want to be able to visualize the scene and the relationships between people and objects. You want to understand how events developed and unfolded, and what people felt and thought while it was happening. Filling in the details will help you identify factors and needs that were especially important to the participant.
3) Unblock participants if they get stuck
It's not uncommon to hit a lull the conversation, and you sit uncomfortably in silence in hopes that they start elaborating more on what they just told you. But sometimes a participant is


text:
The Society's aim is to perform and appreciate the works of Gilbert and Sullivan and their contemporaries.
Its primary objectives are:
To enable members to develop their knowledge of the operas and their contemporaries
To build up a nucleus of amateur artists with a view to the production of dramatic or operatic works connected with the authors
To foster an interest in the operas amongst the younger generation and their contemporaries


text:
An International Human Right to Free Legal Counsel for Unaccompanied and Separated Children in U.S. Immigration Proceedings
For the purpose of this memorandum, the following definitions apply:
§ Child: Every human being below the age of 18 years, unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier.
§ Unaccompanied children: Children (as defined above) who have been separated from both parents and other relatives and are not being cared for by an adult who, by law or custom, is responsible for doing so.
§ Separated children: Children (as defined above) who have been separated from both parents, or from their previous legal or customary primary caregiver, but not necessarily from other relatives. Accordingly separated children may include children accompanied by other adult family members.
§ Unaccompanied and separated children/child ("UASC"): This definition encapsulates the two immediately preceding definitions in their plural and singular forms, as relevant.
 Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), at Article 1.
 Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 6 (2005): Treatment of Unaccompanied and Separated Children Outside Their Country of Origin (General Comment No. 6), at paragraph 7.
 Id. at paragraph 8.


text:
Dogs nibble and bite on blankets and other things to explore them. Dogs explore the world mostly through their senses of smell and taste, which is why puppies are so prone to chewing on things. Teething also causes young dogs to favor chewing as they cut new teeth.
Dogs chew and suck on blankets for a number of reasons. The sensation is soothing on their gums if they have irritated gums or if they are young and teething. The blanket may also have a scent they like. They might also be playing with the blanket, and one form of play is to chew on the item. Picking up a chew toy and directing the dog to it instead of the blanket redirects the behavior. Dogs often mistake blankets as toy obstacles when their owner is in bed. This can be corrected by directing the dog to an actual toy when it goes towards a body part under the blanket so that it recognizes that the blanket movement does not initiate playtime.
Chewing on blankets is a common phenomenon that a lot of dog owners have to work around. Sometimes, the easiest solution is to designate a cheap blanket just for the dog to chew on so that other high-quality items remain unsullied.


The American Psychological Association alluded recently to a study by Debi Roberson from Essex University who compared how English children learned colours with Himba tribe children, who come from northern Namibia in South West Africa. What was discovered was that Himba children may use one word for a colour while English children would use words that would divide a single colour word into several different colours.
Language Change Colour
For example, in Himba language, the word "serandu" for a single colour would be described as several different colours notably orange, red or pink. Additionally, the word "zoozu," which represented several dark colours would by English children be divided up into dark red, dark brown, dark blue, black and dark green. Notably, English has 11 words for the most basic colours, which are red, green, orange, yellow, white, black, purple, grey, pink, brown and blue, while Himba only has 5, which cover a broader spectrum of colours under one name.
The Himba's colour classification is ordered into 5 basic colours which are:
 - Serandu is pink, red and orange
 - Zoozu is black and darker shades of green, blue, red and purple
 - Vapa is white with some yellow
 - Borou is greens and blues
 - Dumbu is other greens, brown and red.
The way the Himba language view colours are different from western languages and it actually influences how they see things in the world.
In a BBC documentary called Horizon, the Himba people easily and quickly picked out colours which they had names for but if they were given 2 colours which shared the same name in their language they found it difficult to decide on a name for one they were asked to pick because they had no specific name for it.
The green / blue distinction is of particular significance, as the Himba have different ways of describing these colours so it shows that how we see the world is totally different from the way the Himba view it. Basically, if we as westerners use our version of blue or green to describe say a tranquil bush like setting, the Himba will see it totally differently because of the way they classify and label colour in their language.


text:
To truly inspire insights through market research, we must first create a model that deciphers current and past behaviours to predict future outcomes
PMG Intelligence started as a full-service market research organization that developed a core competency in asking the right questions and finding ways to analyze and present results that answered our clients' informational objectives. In the 90s we grew our data collection and focus group facilities, entered the realm of online survey technology, and added multivariate data analysis techniques to our process. Our analysis methods were really starting to evolve and the insights we were producing deepened. However, there was still a gap in understanding the relative impact and meaning in certain areas in our findings.
Researchers have different philosophies and processes for how they design and interpret research data. From which scales to use (Likert, 7-point, and 10-point are a few popular choices) to how the data is analyzed (for example, top box vs. top 2 box), the possibilities are endless. Standard deviation thresholds vary as well as the sequence of advanced statistical processes. Factor analysis, PLS modelling, regression, clustering, ANOVA, t-tests, and correlations can be applied in various combinations to help answer simple to complex research questions.
Raising the Bar in Analysis
We sought to innovate new approaches to how we interpret data that go beyond conventional methodologies. To increase our data analysis capabilities and maximize the insights produced, we developed an analysis methodology built on benchmarks established over millions of interviews across various topic areas and research samples. This model helped us establish algorithms that we use to more effectively test hypotheses and uncover patterns in the data that we may not have otherwise observed.
"We wanted to identify the specific triggers that improve outcomes between company and client and establish new insights into consumer decision-making and behaviour change."
Our Behavioural Analytics framework has changed how we think about data and was foundational in the development of our Behavioural Segmentation (P3), Predictive Modelling, and our Path to Engagement model.
Segmentation is an overused word in research and can simply mean a crosstab that compares data by geography, gender, or any other demographic variables. In our view, segmentation is the process of identifying unique, homogenous groups that are connected by specific behavioural and attitudinal markers. Through a specific multivariate methodology, we identify how many different pathways exist in the data by examining response patterns. Like identifying the number of highways that exist on a map based and how someone gets from A to B, a company may have several different types of customers; our process discerns the number of customer types and then overlays models to determine how to most effectively influence them. The outcomes are then tested against benchmark references and qualitative research. Today, we are using this framework to create customized segmentation models for our clients across many industry sectors and have also developed industry-specific segmentation applications in financial services, risk management, health science, and technology.
How Was the Model First Established?
The process was initiated by first developing a consumer Psychological Personality Profiling model (P3). We essentially created our own Myers-Briggs analysis. We determined there are unique segments of Canadian consumers and business professionals reflecting their personality, risk tolerance, behavioural, and attitudinal characteristics. Where applicable, we apply this model to our research design and data analysis processes so that we can leverage more insights and present recommendations that answer the important questions such as: "How do we increase satisfaction?", "How do we improve retention?", or "What tools or messages have the greatest impact on our market and segments?".
We don't work in "I think"; we work in probability and certainty. In our view, our responsibility as a consultancy is to help our clients make informed decisions – to take risks when the probability of success is high and to make the best decisions that are financially sound. With this, predictive modelling is our process of using historical data to help anticipate the future behaviours of consumers and businesses. Our analytical and segmentation models help interpret data and maximize insights and those insights are then applied against our data stores to develop recommendations. More specifically, we have tested segmentation profiling and evaluated the attitudinal and behavioural impact of various messaging and tactical marketing strategies through preand post-quantitative measurements with tens of thousands of consumer households. In application, we have helped our clients maximize the impact of their marketing and operational spend by supporting strategy development, messaging design, product development, and digital and usability evaluation.
Path to Engagement Framework
PMG's Path to Engagement framework plays a critical role in how we decipher research data. It is built on the premise that people, consumers of products and services, and business professionals work through a specific process when making decisions. Whether it is to switch from one company to another, adopt a new technology, change lifestyle, or manage money, human decision-making travels through a routinized process. We may spend a different amount of time at each step of the process, but all decisions travel through the Path to Engagement.
This framework helps identify where the consumer or customer resides in the process in terms of their relationship or connectivity to a brand, technology and product/service adoption, their predisposition to recommend, and, importantly, changing their way of doing things. By leveraging our segmentation models, P3, benchmarking, and qualitative data we provide key insights in how to move consumers through messaging, marketing, and digital media.
Advanced NPS Modeling
The Net Promoter Score is one of the most effective mechanisms available to understand the retention and promotion qualities of a company's brand.
To enhance the level of insight in terms of customer experience and what specific variables have the greatest influence on increasing NPS and Gamma outcomes, PMG has developed the Customer Experience Composite Analysis (CECA). CECA connects four (4) key variables, including propensity to refer, satisfaction, confidence, and switch/adoption rates/propensity to consider counter-offers.


Segisaurus is an Early Jurassic meat-eater that seemed adapted for life in a dry, sandy environment. Though all early dinosaur predators had evolved to be quicker than the animals they replaced, scientists believe Segisaurus has features that made it extra fast.
The North American landscape where Segisaurus lived was very arid and sandy. This little dinosaur seemed to have features that would have made it well adapted to squatting down and sitting out a sandstorm. With only post-cranial remains, the exact look of this dinosaur is unknown.[1]
Wikipedia has a more detailed and comprehensive article on Segisaurus
Segisaurus map icon.
A Segisaurus' icon was located on a map of the Jurassic Park brochure, but the animal was never seen on-screen. On the map, the Segisaurus enclosure is located at the far southern end of the island where the tourist route does not connect. However, it is unknown if this enclosure was ever constructed.[2][3] Segisaurus was planned to be an attraction in Jurassic Park, with 48% of its genome being completed,[4] but sadly, this had to be put on hold due to the Isla Nublar Incident of 1993.
It is unknown what happened to the Segisaurus populations in 2018, but it is known that Segisaurus was subject to cruelty at some point in the past.[5]
 - The map logo of the Segisaurus features a skull. However, the only known Segisaurus skeleton does not have a skull.[6]
 - Segisaurus appeared on the Jurassic Park Institute website, in the Dinopedia section. The picture in the entry, and shown in the infobox on this page, is the only image of the Segisaurus in the entire franchise.
 1. 1.0 1.1 Jurassic Park Institute: Dinopedia. Retrieved from _URL_
 2. The computer screens in the film don't show a "Segisaurus Paddock" (see image).
 3. Segisaurus does not appear in Jurassic World: The Game media: the brochure, Tour the Island website, InGen Field Guide or InGen Field Journal.
 4. InGen's Dinosaur Information guide leaked by DPG, page 4.
 5. DPG banner "Dinosaurs are mortal. Cruelty is timeless"


Page last updated at 18:47 GMT, Thursday, 4 September 2008 19:47 UK
Bumblebees outwit robotic spiders
By Elizabeth Mitchell
Science reporter, BBC News
Bumblebee and robotic crab spider
Bumblebee vs Robotic Crab Spider
Scientists have found that bumblebees learn from their "near-death" encounters with crab spiders and adapt their future foraging strategies.
They watched real bees in an artificial meadow - containing yellow "flowers" and robotic crab spiders.
Bees that had been "captured" spent longer inspecting flowers during subsequent foraging trips.
They may outwit the spiders - but at the expense of valuable foraging time, Current Biology reports.
Crab spiders lie in wait on flowers, ready to ambush their "most prized prey" - the bumblebee.
This cryptic predator has an amazing ability to change its colour to closely match the flower it is lurking on.
Scientists wanted to know if bumblebees adapt their foraging behaviour after encountering a crab spider.
Artificial meadow
This looped video shows how the robotic spiders capture the bees
Dr Thomas Ings and Professor Lars Chittka from the Queen Mary University in London created a "meadow" with artificial yellow flowers.
"The bees behave very much as they do in nature: they go from one flower to the other as they empty it of food," Dr Ings told BBC News.
"Dangerous" flowers harboured life-sized, robotic crab spiders with two remote-controlled, foam pincers.
"We thought it would be more difficult for the bees to learn to avoid camouflaged spiders," explained Dr Ings.
"However, the bees learned to avoid both types of spider equally well - and very quickly," he said.
A 3D video tracking system revealed that although the bees became very accurate at detecting the camouflaged spiders - they also became increasingly wary.
"When they come in to inspect flowers, they spend a little bit longer hovering in front of them when they know a camouflaged spider is present," said Dr Ings.
Bumblebe and crab spider
"Cautious" bumblebees spend longer inspecting flowers
With this "trade-off", the bees may lose valuable foraging time - but they reduce the risk of becoming the crab spider's next meal.
Their memory does not fade: the next day the bees rejected all yellow flowers - even those without spiders.
These "false alarms" may have a knock-on effect on pollination - bees may ignore a whole patch of flowers if they know it contains a high number of camouflaged spiders.
The bees that detected the highly visible (white) spiders did not change their flight behaviour.
It is unclear why the crab spider uses so much energy to change colour - especially when this strategy seems to make their prey more cautious.
"It might be that camouflage reduces the chances of the crab spiders being eaten by their own predators," suggested Dr Ings.
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Gone With the Wind? Norwegians Oppose Further Turbine Construction
In late June this year, Norway released a government announcement stating the rules regarding the construction of wind turbines will be tightened and regulated accordingly. This announcement was inspired by the increased number of massive protests displayed by local citizens, similar to citizens in other European countries, who opposed the heavy construction of wind turbines in recent years.
Gone With the Wind? Norwegians Oppose Further Turbine Construction
Courtesy of NREL
Norway is one of multiple European countries that previously developed an extensive and impressive hydropower network; however, local officials and citizens have raised concerns in hopes of slowing down further development projects. In the new framework plan, regulations include permits (of a shorter expiration) before the start of construction, turbine height and noise, and local acceptance of each project.
Despite these actions set for by Norway's government, local citizens have displayed many acts of aggression throughout their protesting efforts. Tina Bru, the Petroleum and Energy Minister of Norway, has witnessed these moments firsthand. Bru has been physically blocked from attending an event and continued to receive verbal insults.
Bru is a native of the Stavanger area, the core of oil industry in Norway. Bru had been anticipating the announcement of two new sites opening for wind projects off the west coast of Haugesund. She was expecting a more positive response from the public considering wind is a much more sustainable alternative to oil and gas.
Unfortunately this was not the case. The wind power plan announcement attracted protestors complaining that the potential turbines detailed would fill the spacious landscape and harm local wildlife. Aggravated demonstrators previously blocked the pathways to where the potential wind turbines would be erected, while shouting and threatening to "destroy the island." Local police even needed to remove a car blocking the roadway to the site.
The Socialist Left Party in Norway has openly supported demonstrations and protests against wind turbines like this one for years. One of the main objectives of the Socialist Left Party is to provide local municipalities with total control over wind power projects to ensure that the areas and wildlife remain unharmed.
Bru on the other hand has stood by Norwegian businesses specializing in wind turbine production to support the offshore wind industry overall. Finding more sustainable alternatives to oil and gas appeared to be her main objective in these efforts.
Germany is similarly facing a decline in their onshore wind market. Enercon, the top German competitor in turbine manufacturing, had a triple-digit million euro loss in 2019 and is expecting another deficit by the end of this year.
The OEM in Germany announced a restructuring effort that will consist of focusing manufacturing projects on core sites while integrating partners that were previously external, and discontinue any projects that require outsourced production.
However, with hydropower meeting many sourcing needs, and almost all power needs in Norway, locals in these European nations have made it clear that the continuation of wind turbine (most specifically onshore) construction is either unwanted or unnecessary.
Overall, it appears that public outcries are the main instances creating dysfunction between local authorities, government officials, and business within the wind sector that are trying their best to continue operations in a normal and peaceful fashion. It is clear that finding a resolution to public protest would be in the best interest of government officials in these European nations.
If local citizens continue to display aggressive behavior towards officials and businesses involved in renewable energy like wind power, the local government will continue to face difficult threatening situations. Retrospectively, if the government does nothing to reply to the concerns raised by the community, outrage among citizens will only grow.
A robust public affairs campaign could be a starting point for government officials to build public support of wind among constituents consisting if Bru and other energy ministers and officials concur.
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Ellie Jones


Does cello play in alto clef?
Explanation: Music for the cello is primarily written in the bass clef, though the tenor clef is commonly seen in both solo and orchestral music. … The cello plays in all of them except the alto, which is the primary clef of the viola.
What are the 4 clefs?
In modern music, only four clefs are used regularly: treble clef, bass clef, alto clef, and tenor clef. Of these, the treble and bass clefs are by far the most common.
What is the range of a cello?
three octaves
Is it hard to learn the cello?
Is cello a bass or treble?
Music for the cello is generally written in the bass clef, with tenor clef and treble clef used for higher-range passages. Played by a cellist or violoncellist, it enjoys a large solo repertoire with and without accompaniment, as well as numerous concerti.
What are the cello notes?
You might be interested: How is a cello tuned
Is the fifth line at the bottom or top of the staff?
The lines and spaces are numbered from bottom to top; the bottom line is the first line and the top line is the fifth line. The musical staff is analogous to a mathematical graph of pitch with respect to time. Pitches of notes are given by their vertical position on the staff and notes are played from left to right.
Why is bass clef different than treble?
In the treble clef, G is second from the bottom while F is the top line. In the bass clef, F is the second line from the top and G is the bottom line. … Visually, the separation of the two clefs makes playing with the left (bass clef) and right hand (treble clef) easier to read.
Why does Alto Clef exist?
Why does the alto clef exist? Historically, the Alto Clef was originally used to reduce the need for ledger lines when writing out the music for alto singers in choirs. This is because the pitch range of an alto occupies an awkward range of notes that sits between the Treble Clef and Bass Clef staves.
What is the hardest instrument to play?
Here are the hardest and easiest instruments to learn:
 1. Violin. The hardest instrument on the list. …
 2. Organ. …
 3. French horn. …
 4. Accordion. …
 5. Harp. …
 6. Drums. …
 7. Guitar. …
 8. Piano.
Why does the cello make me cry?
The cello can "sound sad" because of its low voice (pitch range). This allows composers to feature this stellar instrument in "sad songs, which tend toward lower pitch registers.
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African Charter of partnership between inhabitants and local collectivities
Informative and educative tools and strategies
Is the international cooperation an efficient instrument to fight against poverty?
Leave or die
The Charter and public responsibilities in Togo
The Charter and the African Union
The Charter and the management of conflicts in Africa
The Charter and the media (Togo, Ivory Coast)
The Charter as seen by women
The Charter with background rap music, in Wolof, French and English!
Senegalese children bring song to the Charter and children's rights
Day of the African Child
On 16 June 2007, CERPAC together with a young people's group organized a children's ceremony awarding the best students from a neighborhood in Guédiawaye (a town in the Dakar Region of Senegal). The date was not chosen at random: the Day of the African Child has been celebrated on 16 June every year since 1991, to commemorate the massacre of hundreds of children during a protest march in Soweto (South Africa) by the apartheid government on 16 June 1976. The day has a different theme every year:
To perform for their parents on 16 June (extract):
The children's choir also sung the Declaration of the Rights of the Child, an international text setting out children's rights:


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Judicial notice is an important underpinning of litigation in Canada. The need to prove every trite and accepted fact as evidence would make litigation even more unwieldy than it already is.
Some of the problems emerge when judicial notice is used for facts which may be disputed by the parties. For example, in R. v. Zundel, the Court dealt with hate speech and the denial of the Holocaust. To provide the defendant to litigate the purported evidence against the facts around the Holocaust would only give him a platform to extend his hate speech further. Instead, the trial judge... [more]


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Flowability of powders in Kjemi
Powders are widely used in a range of applications within the pharmaceutical, chemical, metallurgical and food industries. They are three-phase systems containing complex and variable solid particles, as well as an unquantified amount of air and a degree of moisture. As a result, powder behaviour is an intricate interaction of all three phases and is influenced by a vast array of parameters. This makes both measurement and processing demanding.
Although there are many powder testing techniques available, the article suggests that in order to deliver true value, methods must be reliable, reproducible and relevant. Techniques that meet these essential criteria can guide formulation specialists and process engineers through the challenges of working with powders. In order to obtain an in-depth understanding of how a powder will behave in different situations a multivariate approach is in most cases a necessity.
To read the article in Norwegian, please visit Kjemii, or contact us for more information.


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The new vapor retardant is a polyamide film that can become more than 20 times more permeable at high relative humidity than during times when there is low humidity, such as in the winter.
More typical polyethylene vapor retardants allow moisture to condense on cold surfaces and accumulate in the wall cavity when the seasons change.
The concept of a "smart" vapor retardant was introduced seven years ago in Europe and has become widely accepted there, CertainTeed says.
With a high resistance to water vapor diffusion in winter, says the manufacturer, the pores of MemBrain™ react to increases in the relative humidity so that water vapor can pass through. This lowered resistance supports the drying process.


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1956 Nobel Prize Winner in Chemistry : Soviet Scientist Nikolai Semyonov Dies
October 01, 1986|From Times Wire Services
MOSCOW — Soviet scientist Nikolai N. Semyonov, whose work on the mechanism of chemical reactions won him the Nobel Prize in 1956, has died at age 90.
"Soviet science has suffered a heavy loss. A whole epoch in Soviet and world science is associated with Semyonov's name," said an obituary signed by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and other Soviet leaders and scientists.
The obituary, carried by the Tass news agency, said Semyonov died Thursday.
In 1956, Semyonov shared the Nobel Prize for Chemistry with Cyril Hinshelwood of Oxford, England, for demonstrating that branched and unbranched chain reactions are the general rule in the chemical transformation of matter.
Previously, it was believed that chemical processes followed simple laws and chain reactions were rare exceptions.
The work had applications for the refining of petroleum and natural gases and combustion in internal combustion and jet engines and contributed to theories on nuclear fission.
The Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences noted in its Nobel citation that the two men had done significant work exploring why chain reactions occur "and their importance in connection with the phenomenon of explosion."
Semyonov was nine times awarded the Order of Lenin, the nation's highest honor, and other state and scientific awards. He was a member of several foreign scientific academies and held honorary doctorates from Oxford University, Brussels University, the Polytechnical Institute of Milan and other prestigious schools.
Los Angeles Times Articles


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The military's robotic beast of burden went out this week for another stroll, demonstrating advancements in the way it moves through real-world environments.
The LS3, first revealed in February, is designed to carry heavy loads for troops in the field -- up to 400 pounds worth of equipment.
In the footage released by the Defense Department's research and development arm, two of the mule-like robots can be seen navigating hilly terrain with relative ease, sidestepping rocks and getting up from a sitting position.
The new and improved version of the LS3 is roughly 10 times quieter than what was seen earlier this year and has the ability to "easily transition" between speeds ranging from 1 to 7 mph, "showing the versatility needed to accompany dismounted units in various terrains," said Army Lt. Col. Joe Hitt, a program manager for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.
The robot, which is being developed to have the ability to recognize basic voice commands, such as "stop," "come here," "sit," or "go over there," is able to follow a human leader and track members of a squad in forested terrain and high brush, according to DARPA.
"The goal of the LS3 program is to demonstrate that a legged robot can unburden dismounted squad members by carrying their gear, autonomously following them through rugged terrain, and interpreting verbal and visual commands," said Hitt. "The vision for LS3 is to combine the capabilities of a pack mule with the intelligence of a trained animal."
The agency had previously designed a similar four-legged robot called BigDog, which demonstrated to the research group that a "legged" design would be able to handle harsh terrain.
"BigDog was about mobility. Can we have a four-legged system navigate terrain the way soldiers navigate," Hitt said earlier this year. "We took BigDog's legs and put them on a platform three times the size and gave it eyes so that it could see its terrain."
The LS3 is smarter and stronger than its predecessor, which was able to carry only 100 pounds.
Onboard sensors allow LS3 to perceive obstacles in its environment, differentiating between a rock and a tree for example, and give the robot the capability to plan a different route.


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One of the more common types of surgical errors to occur is when an object is left inside a patient. It can be shocking for any victim to discover that a surgeon left behind an object inside their body, a phenomenon known as "retained foreign object." This type of medical negligence can lead to further damage, serious injury or even death. Infection, punctured blood vessels/organs and other types of internal damage can result in serious complications to a patient.It has been reported that every year about 1,500 patients are the victim of this type of surgical error. Common bbjects that may be left inside a patient include:
- suction tubes;
- calipers; and
The potential risks that these foreign objects pose to a patient can be very serious. If you have been the victim of an object being left inside of you after undergoing surgery, contact a Chicago medical malpractice lawyer who can talk to you about your options for legal redress. Contacting a Chicago Medical Malpractice LawyerAt the Law Offices of Barry G. Doyle, P.C, a Chicago medical malpractice lawyer will examine all aspects of your claim, determine liability, and aggressively pursue the full amount of compensation due to you or your loved one for any injuries or loss of life as the result of medical malpractice. Contact us today for a free case evaluation – _PHONE_.


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Fast heating induced impulse halogenation of refractory sample components in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry by direct injection of a liquid halogenating agent
Faculty of Sciences. Chemistry
Talanta : the international journal of pure and applied analytical chemistry. - Oxford, 1958, currens
, p. _PHONE_
University of Antwerp
A novel electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) method was developed for the halogenation of refractory sample components (Er, Nd and Nb) of lithium niobate (LiNbO3) and bismuth tellurite (Bi2TeO5) optical single crystals to overcome memory effects and carry-over. For this purpose, the cleaning step of a regular graphite furnace heating program was replaced with a halogenation cycle. In this cycle, after the graphite tube cooled to room temperature, a 20 μL aliquot of liquid carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was dispensed with a conventional autosampler into the graphite tube. The CCl4 was partially dried at 80 °C under the mini-flow (40 cm3 min−1) condition of the Ar internal furnace gas (IFG), then the residue was decomposed (pyrolyzed) by fast furnace heating at _PHONE_ °C under interrupted flow of the IFG. This step was followed by a clean-out stage at 2100 °C under the maximum flow of the IFG. The advantage of the present method is that it does not require any alteration to the graphite furnace gas supply system in contrast to most of the formerly introduced halogenation techniques. The effectiveness of the halogenation method was verified with the determination of Er and Nd dopants in the optical crystals. In these analyses, a sensitivity decrease was observed, which was likely due to the enhanced deterioration of the graphite tube surface. Therefore, the application of mathematical correction (resloping) of the calibration was also required. The calibration curves were linear up to 1.5 and 10 μmol L−1 for Er and Nd, respectively. Characteristic masses of 18 and 241 pg and the limit of detection (LOD) values of 0.017 and 0.27 μmol L−1 were found for Er and Nd, respectively. These LOD data correspond to 0.68 μmol mol−1 Er and 11 μmol mol−1 Nd in solid bismuth tellurite samples. The analytical results were compared with those obtained by a conventional ETAAS method and validated with X-ray fluorescence spectrometry analysis.


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A Categorization Project solves the task of placing records into categories. It is a top-down organizational project designed to classify individual records into a collection of hierarchical categories, referred to as a taxonomy.
A project can be begun by adding data and adding a taxonomy, with either task being completed first.
One first step in a categorization project is to add one-or-more sources to be categorized from Unify's registered datasets to the project's datasets. A project's sources are focused on a single logical entity, e.g. customers or products. Once added to the project, sources must be mapped to a single unified dataset and initially configured for Unify's machine learning to understand (Working with the Unified Dataset).
The alternative first step is to load the target taxonomy into the project. Understanding and working with the taxonomy as Unify classifies records with increasing confidence and reviewers create more and more feedback is crucial to the success of the project (Working with the Taxonomy).
The next step is to begin categorizing records into the taxonomy. Once a minimum of 5 records have been categorized, Unify can begin to identify matches between words / tokens contained within values of each dataset record and words / tokens already associated with each category of the taxonomy. This enables Unify to suggest a classification for each record based on the initial model it generates (Categorizing Records).
Unify then produces simple high-impact questions regarding whether or not certain records, that are representative of a large portion of the unified dataset records, are categorized appropriately. For example, if Unify has low confidence regarding whether or not a record pertaining to "1 inch turbine bolts" is in fact part of the "Bolt" category within the organization's taxonomy, it will ask a Reviewer for their feedback - driving accuracy and enhancing future automation. The reviewer's feedback is then incorporated into the dataset and Unify's models (Curator and Reviewer Categorizations).


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Final Silent "e"
If a word ends in a consonant followed by a silent "e", drop the "e" before endings beginning with a vowel, but keep the "e" before endings beginning with a consonant:
- engage becomes engaging but engagement
- care becomes caring but careful
- fate becomes fatal but fateful
- scarce becomes scarcity but scarcely
Written by Dorothy Turner


Here's why the term 'Karen' became popular during the Black Lives Matter movement
Wednesday, 5th August 2020, 1:26 pm
Updated Wednesday, 5th August 2020, 1:26 pm
(Photo: Shutterstock)
One surprising development in the wake of 2020's Black Lives Matter protests has been the use of the name 'Karen' to signify an officious, entitled, white woman.
Its use has become so widespread on social media that businesses have jumped on the bandwagon.
In New Zealand, Domino's was offering people called Karen the chance to win a free pizza as a "break from negativity" (it eventually shuttered the promotion following widespread backlash).
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There's even a sub-Reddit dedicated to the shaming of r/EntitledKarens.
But where did the new meaning of the name come from, and how did a seemingly innocuous first name come to be shorthand for rude, obnoxious and insufferable middle-aged white women who complain about things?
Here's everything you need to know:
What does Karen mean?
The name Karen first entered the English language hundreds of years ago from Danish, where it has been a short form of "Katherine" since medieval times.
It became popular in the English-speaking world in the 1940s, and has seen a resurgence in online mentions in recent years; but not for the reasons many people called Karen would like.
Why Karen?
One may assume the name's current usage sprung up following the story of a woman calling the police on a black birdwatcher in New York's Central park after he asked her to obey the rules around dogs on leads.
But the name's new connotations predate that story: there was the time a woman was dubbed a Karen after helping herself at a restaurant's server's station in an impatient bid for condiments, and the story of a mum who was called a Karen for telling a woman wearing a bikini to cover up.
Rarely in those situations is the entitled person in question actually called Karen, so why has the name become attached to such instances?
According to Robin Queen, Professor of Linguistics at the University of Michigan, "first names tend to contain a range of social cues.
"An obvious one is gender," Prof Queen said, writing for The Conversation. "But they can convey other kinds of information too, including age, ethnicity, religion, social class and geography.
"The first name Karen peaked in popularity in 1965, which means that in 2020, most people named Karen are middle aged.
"Because roughly 80% of the U.S. population was white in the 1960s, it's safe to assume that the proportion of people named Karen in 2020 is predominantly white."
Prof Queen says it's "largely a coincidence" that Karen – rather than another popular baby name from the 1960s – is the name that became the label, and the name's repeated use on social media has reinforced its status.
Where did the new use of 'Karen' come from?
A number of theories about the origins of Karen's current subtext have been put forward.
In African American communities, generic names have stood as shorthand for white women to be wary of due to their propensity to wield their privilege for a number of years.
A trend of posting pictures of white women calling the police on the everyday activities of black people emerged in 2018, each labelled with alliterative hashtags like _TAG_ and _TAG_.
Another theory traces the use of Karen back to American comedian Dane Cook's 2005 skit in which he derided Karen as "that friend nobody likes."
Karen - according to Cook - is entitled and "always a douche," though Cook's angle seems to be void of racial critique and more focused on gender-stereotypes.
Another hypothesis points to the 2017 thread 'F*** You Karen', a parody of a Reddit user who ranted about his ex-wife (called Karen) receiving custody of their children and possession of the family home.
Central Park incident a 'perfect moment'
Those three ideas all seem to explain a different slice of the Karen pie.
The first deals with its racial connotations, the second with Karen's perceived entitlement, and the third with her pushy nature.
The Central Park incident earlier in 2020 fused all three together to form the Karen we know today, a "perfect moment" for the "strands to come together" says Prof Queen.
"There's the intersection of entitled behaviour, racism and demographics."
What happened on This Morning?
The Karen debate reached a new head in Britain this week when This Morning viewers were left baffled as three Karens appeared to complain about the "racist" and "unfair" use of their name.
Karen Masters, Trigg and Serfass all appealed to viewers to stop using their name in a "negative" way, a moment described as "the most Karen thing to do" by social media users.
"We can't, as Karens, now talk about how this is affecting us because we are told we are entitled if we do this," said Masters. "I set up a to show this is not fair for us to put up with this."
"'People say Karens are entitled, but we're not,' insists Karen, who started a petition and went on the TV to complain about people using the name Karen facetiously, in what is perhaps the most Karen thing any Karen has ever Karened," said one Twitter user.


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Digital simulation models have become increasingly important to innovation processes. When used within organisations intent on innovating products, processes or services, the affordances of these technologies can enable the possibility to explain, experiment, and predict complex systems. As complex tools, however, models must become integrated into a social context characterised by differences in technical knowledge about when, how, and why the models are useful. In this paper, we draw on our experiences studying the labour of digital modelling work over the past 10 years to discuss some of the important social mechanisms through which models come to be trusted by stakeholders, and, consequently, integrated into innovation processes. By comparing three very different contexts we show that the work of trust-building requires modellers to create appeals to the credibility of the model's analysis, the utility of its outputs, and to negotiate unavoidable political issues that emerge from differing values among parties in the innovation process. Revealing this labour positions models as social objects, and leads us to provide practical recommendations for scholars and practitioners who hope to use modelling as a key process for digital innovation.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Management of Technology and Innovation
- Digital modeling
- digital transformation