Health Psychology - revision summary
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Georgia Sadler
Health Psychology
Definition of approach
Promotion and maintenance of health
Avoidance, diagnosis, and treatment of illness
Improvement of health care provision
Focuses on areas of health where mental processes are involved e.g. sleep, stress, drug
misuse, how people cope with life threatening illnesses, and mental disorders
Biological approach  addiction, tolerance
How drugs act and understanding their effects
Social, cognitive, and learning approaches
Understanding what makes healthy/unhealthy behaviour
Promoting good health
Seeks to understand behaviours that can cause good/bad health and how it affects society
Define and use psychological terminology appropriately and
Substance misuse
Addiction to a substance that causes disruption in everyday life
Use of a drug in a way that affects the individual's mental and physical health
Interferes with social and personal functioning
Tiny gap between axon terminal and dendrite
In the brain
Permits a neuron to pass an electrical/chemical signal to another cell
Drug user becomes used to a particular level of a drug
More is required to maintain the same effect
Has a limit
Drug is taken purely to avoid withdrawal
Physical dependence
When the body (including brain) cannot function normally without a drug supplementing
the neurotransmitter levels
Psychological dependence
A perception that coping without a particular drug is impossible
Leads to psychological symptoms such as cravings and irritability
Linked to self-confidence  euphoria
Believe you need the drug to function
The effect of coming off a drug causing withdrawal symptoms
User takes drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms
When levels of the drug in the blood decrease, withdrawal occurs
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Has the opposite feeling of the drug
Physical or psychological
Shaking, cold sweats, vomiting
A drug that effectively mimics the action of a natural chemical messenger within the body
An apparent sensory experience that arises in the absence of an external stimulus
Increases the probability of nerve impulses
Blocks effects of neurotransmitters
Increases the frequency of nerve impulses
Drug that induces calmness or sleep
Drugs that decrease the frequency of nerve impulses
Decreases the probability…read more
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Examples regarding aversion therapy:
Rats made to feel sick when consuming sweetened water later avoided sweetened water
Demonstrated learning by association and provided evidence for aversion therapy to treat
Adolescent male rats placed in cages for 16 hours a day for 3 days
Only liquid on offer was alcohol
Rats were then given a choice between water and alcohol
Rats given alcohol as adolescents consumed more frequently than rats not given such
early exposure
Strengths of using animals
Relatively small and…read more
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Comer 1997  laboratory based token economy system to reduce drug taking in heroin
Qualitative data  reporting how a drug makes participants feel
Well controlled environment  drug quantities and measurable effects can be seen as
objective and reliable
Gives a clearer idea on the effect of drugs on human performance compared with animal
Best way to systematically investigate the effects of a drug as all other factors are held
Allows a better understanding of the mechanisms of…read more
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Describe two explanations for substance misuse. One explanation
must be from the Biological Approach, and one from the Learning
Learning Approach  Social Learning Theory
1. Observe role models taking drugs e.g. celebrity in media
2. Identify with the role model  want to do the same
3. Become motivated to take drugs and be like their role model
4.…read more
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Mimic the neurotransmitter (agonist)- may increase the frequency of nerve impulses e.g.…read more
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During everyday activity, a moderate amount of endorphin is naturally produced, causing
the release of dopamine and facilitating the reward systems within the brain
If the body is under stress/pain, receptors are stimulated and the level of dopamine
Lock onto brain's receptor sites for pain
Heroin acts like a massive release of endorphin
Heroin floods the endorphin receptors
Large quantities of dopamine are released  activates the reward system and produces
feelings of well-being
Heroin blocks GABA (blocks dopamine at the…read more
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Severity of symptoms is directly related to level of addiction
Symptoms start 6  12 hours after last fix
Failure to take a fix means symptoms will increase
Addict becomes agitated and often very aggressive
Symptoms peak after 26  72 hours
Most symptoms are over in a week
Becomes agitated and restless
Alternate between feeling hot and cold
Chicken skin (goose bumps)
Breathing becomes short and jerky
May then sleep for up to 12 hours but will wake to:
Vomiting…read more
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Alcohol consumption stimulates the body to produce an enzyme that breaks down alcohol
more quickly
In a few weeks, a drinker will need to consume around 50% more alcohol to achieve the
same effect
Behavioural tolerance is largely a result of practice  individual becomes better at coping
with side-effects and appearing less drunk
Physiological dependence
Characterised by a lack of concern for the type of alcohol consumed
In extreme cases, alcoholics are known to drink industrial alcohol which can cause death
Often…read more
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Untreated withdrawal is fatal in a third of cases
Even with early treatment, about 5% of patients are likely to die
Describe and evaluate two ways of treating substance misuse,
including drug treatment in heroin dependence (the Biological
Approach) and one other  aversion therapy for alcohol abuse (the
Learning Approach)
Methadone  treatment in heroin dependence (Biological Approach)
Synthetic opiate  similar in chemical structure to heroin  has a similar effect at the
synapse  replaces heroin at synapse
Taken orally…read more
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At the planning phase of a new or (to be) redesigned Web site, write a description of its subject area/scope.
This step is important:
- to identify the content of the site (e.g. for development, selection and inventory);
- to ensure this Web site is actually required and does not duplicate information already available on another FAO; and
- as a starting point for subsequent steps related to the management of the information and the promotion of the site.
To define the subject scope of the Web site:
1. write a description (a sentence or two) and a list of concepts, topics and terms that best describe all aspects of the subject that the Web site will cover. Put together, they are the vocabulary of the Web site.
2. check the site vocabulary against formal vocabularies: AGROVOC is an FAO standard thesaurus in multiple languages. Use the standard terms and concepts whenever these match ones identified in your Web site.
3. develop a specific list of concepts when the existing vocabularies are insufficient for the Web site.
4. When redesigning a Web site:
- review the current content;
- identify topics and concepts; and
- do Step 2 above.
Why is it important to describe the subject coverage?
A formal vocabulary is the basis of several activities that are performed during the Web site project and after it has been launched:
- avoid duplication of conceptual work: professional vocabularies created by experts provide the correct and current terms for describing a topic domain. Using the standard terms and definitions will aid user comprehension and visibility. Consistency in terminology will give your information credibility.
- lay the foundations for interoperability: a formal definition of the subject scope helps you identify any existing relevant information management standards. These, if adopted from the start, will make your information easier to exchange with relevant systems. For example, if your information is about countries, or to be structured by countries, make sure you use FAO country names and ISO country codes. This will make your information consistent with systems and sites that already exist, and easier to be selected, aggregated and displayed in other relevant systems, like the FAO Country Profiles and Mapping Information System.
- set the criteria for the selection, acquisition and classification of content, whether from the existing site if you are redesigning, or from existing sources if you are building a topic-specific portal, a document area or a specialised search engine.
- re-use, in building and promoting the Web site: the concepts for your Web site can provide topic-based site navigation and provide useful clues for the development of focussed content. Your concepts are the building blocks for optimising the keyword density on the pages to be submitted to external search engines.
- prepare for metadata-based indexing and cataloguing: the description and the concepts (also to be considered as descriptive keywords) can be used for cataloguing your Web site in EIMS. This will result in submitting your site to the Information Finder (which draws from EIMS).

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Captain Porter Captain Porter Keynotes
The keynotes by Captain Porter (first name, Wayne) discuss the very popular article he co-wrote with... Need Inspiration?
A National Strategic Narrative is an Opportunities-Based View of America
By: Rebecca Byers - Published: Feb 24, 2012 • References: and
Military strategists Naval Captain Porter and Col. Mykleby of the Marines present their paper 'A National Strategic Narrative,' which incorporates their unique view for a renewed American foreign policy informed by their experience working at the highest level of government.
After being asked to write a paper on their vision for a national strategy, the two men found themselves shifting focus several times and eventually decided to steer away from the strategies that surrounded them. They shifted their focus to "the momentum and trajectory of the nation, where we are now and where we want to go now." Naval Captain Porter and Col. Mykleby of the Marines describe their vision as aiming to go beyond 'threat and risk,' in favor of an opportunities-based, hopeful view for the future of America. The paper centered on two principles: prosperity and security.
'A National Strategic Narrative' became a fascinating collection of their progressive ideas, which focused less on military force and more on social capital and sustainable energy and agricultural.


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Conviva Precision for A/B testing
Why use A/B testing
Let's say you are considering introducing a higher bitrate stream for increased picture fidelity. Given the extra costs in Encoding, Origin and CDN, this is a decision that needs a clear and justified business driver. Our customers usually ask:
1. What's the industry trend on average bitrates for similar types of service, content and devices? How does this trend evolve over time and what is my competition doing?
2. How can I calculate the ROI and justify the costs? Will this decision result in higher viewer engagement and consequently audience?
For a long time we have been able to help with #1 using Experience Benchmarks, which enables smarter decision making. It gives publishers unmatched insight and intelligence into streaming experience performance against their peers.
The best way to help with #2 is with AB group testing, which allows you to compare the results in terms of QoE and Engagement on each group.
Why use Precision
For A/B viewer testing, you create two groups:
- group A are viewers for a particular series or live channel, always getting a higher bitrate stream
- group B are other viewers always getting streams with assigned lower bitrate.
Precision will allow you to allocate the streams to groups A and B consistently. It also automatically ties with Experience Insights so you can confirm the QoE KPIs on each group of viewers and respective Viewer Engagement. Precision can assure that you have a meaningful engagement test, where the groups A and B MUST remain consistent (a viewer cannot get the lower bitrate stream sometimes and the higher another times). Then, Experience Insights will let you evaluate the results in terms of QoE and Engagement, for each group. Advanced analytics reporting capabilities can be leveraged to determine the statistical significance of the results.
How does it work
To achieve this viewer demarcation, Precision uses the same technology that already allows Publishers to Optimize by what we call a Generic Resource.
A Generic Resource is typically a CDN, or a CDN using a given Origin, or a given PoP from a CDN. In an example scenario of AB testing, the Generic Resource would be "Live Channel X with a Maximum Bitrate of 4Mbps on Roku" and "the same Channel but with 6M on Roku". In this case there is no concept of Optimization, but only load balancing two streams consistently and being able to connect this allocation to Experience Insights.
For further discussions on how to explore Precision capabilities, please contact us.
Enhancements to MetricLens Drill-Downs
and TimeLine Analysis
Conviva's MetricLens dashboards enable you to perform advanced analysis of QoE and audience data through a combination of filters, data ranges, metric values, and dimensions. This combination of metrics and performance data allows you to quickly understand the most critical contributors - ISPs, cities, player versions, assets – of your video streaming QoE and engagement issues.
To transition from summary data to time series analysis, MetricLens users are able to easily navigate between MetricLens summary and Timeline dashboards to quickly analyze timelines of the top five dimension values, determined by the number of Attempts. With the latest Pulse release, Pulse users can now also quickly analyze a timeline of each individual dimension to discover the detailed timing of anomalies in any dimension value.
Top Five Dimension Values
From a MetricLens Summary page, use the View Timeline button to view the time series of the top dimension values. MetricLens displays the metric-based time series with filters for each of the top five dimension values, in this example the top DMAs show metric spikes on Thursday 04:00.
The View Summary button returns to the MetricLens Summary page.
Single Dimension Value
To drill-down to the time series for a single dimension value for more specific dimension analysis, simply click the linked dimension value on a summary page. MetricLens displays the metric-based time series filtered for that dimension value, in this example focusing the time series analysis on the QoE metrics for the most impacted DMA, New York.
These MetricLens navigation paths are supported in both Conviva Experience Insights and Ad Insights MetricLens pages.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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The City of Talisay used to be an Agustinian estate in 1648 but only became a municipality in 1849 with Silverio Fernandez as its first gobernadorcillo and Pedro Labuca as capitan. Some accounts trace the origin of its name from Magtalisay trees abounding in areas while others claim origin of the name from a town in Spain. In both the American and Japanese occupations, Talisay served as haven of colonial forces. During World War II, the city served as the center of guerilla intelligence operations for the Philippine residence movement in Cebu. The returning American forces made their historic landing in the beach of Talisay on March 26, 1945 - an event that marked the eventual surrender of the Japanese forces in Cebu. The event is now annually commemorated by the provincial government of Cebu. On December 30 2000, Talisay became a component city by virtue of Republic Act 8979.
To promote and sustain environmental balance, economic stability and social equity for the welfare of its empowered citizenry
An environmentally sustainable Aqua City with a happy empowered citizenry working towards a peaceful and progressive community in a diversified economy guided by dynamic and efficient local leadership.


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Malnutrition prevalence, weight for age (% of children under 5)
Prevalence of child malnutrition is the percentage of children under age 5 whose weight for age is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0-59 months. The data are based on the WHO's new child growth standards released in 2006.
World Health Organization, Global Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition. Aggregation is based on UNICEF/WHO Joint Global Malnutrition Analysis Date Set 2011, and additional analysis by UNICEF.


Week 5/40
Exercises on WIG
 1. Implement (in some standard language) the CGI-script that makes the Python form on slides 6-7 work.
 2. Implement a WIG service that functions as the Python form (use the system).
 3. Discover the meaning of the environment variables on slide 9.
 4. The game of NIM consists of (say) seven piles of matches. Each player must in turn remove any number of matches from a single pile. The winner is the one that removes the last match. Implement a WIG service that allows clients to play against the server. Publish the game on your homepage. Can you make your server play an optimal strategy?
 5. Discuss why the security issues on slide 32 are important. Find examples where violations would be catastrophic. Outline how the sketched solutions would work.
 6. Perform a walkthrough of the code on slides 33-40.


text: Extensive morbidity related to hemodialysis vascular access exists among end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, but the risk factors for this morbidity have not been extensively studied. Medicare ESRD patient data were obtained from 1984, 1985, and 1986. Hospitalization for vascular access morbidity (ICD-996.1, 996.6, or 996.7) was analyzed among prevalent patients and, using survival analysis, among incident patients to assess sex, age, race, and underlying cause of renal failure as risk factors. We found that 15 to 16% of hospital stays among prevalent ESRD patients were associated with vascular access-related morbidity. Black race, older age, female sex, and diabetes mellitus as a cause of kidney failure were all independent risk factors for access-related morbidity. The rate ratio comparing Blacks to Whites was 1.12 (95% C.I., 1.09, 1.16); > 64 years to 20 to 44 years, 1.53 (1.46, 1.59); men to women, 0.81 (0.79, 0.84); and diabetes to glomerulonephritis, 1.29 (1.24, 1.35). We conclude that hemodialysis vascular access malfunction causes much hospitalization among ESRD patients. Women, Blacks, the elderly, and diabetics appear to be at particularly high risk, and additional studies are needed to understand these patterns.


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At 11:30 p.m. Wednesday, after the streets were clear of trick-or-treaters and parties were winding down, a group of Caltech students were pushing crates of frozen pumpkins up the elevator in Millikan Library.
There were about 50 pumpkins of various shapes and sizes in all. As part of a Halloween tradition dating back to 1972, five students climbed a ladder to the tallest point of the roof and prepared to launch the pumpkins, frozen in liquid nitrogen, off the side of the nine-story building.
"I don't know anywhere else where you can see a pumpkin drop from a building," said Kelly Douglas, a development research specialist at the campus.
Hosted by Caltech's Dabney House, the tradition began as an experiment to test the theory that dropping a frozen pumpkin from a significant height would produce blue-green sparks, an event called triboluminescence, when it shattered. The pumpkin-drop experiment is a play on the oil-drop experiment conducted in 1909 to measure an electron's charge by Caltech co-founder Robert Millikan.
No one has seen the mythical light in the event's 40-year run, but organizers continue to carry on the tradition. This year, they attached LED light strips to a few pumpkins to parody the theory.
"Primarily, it's just a fun event," said Jade Yang, a 19-year-old computer science sophomore who helped organize this year's pumpkin drop. "We all know that it's just fake science, so it's funny."
A group of trombone players dressed in skeleton costumes — a clever nod to the 'bone' in trombone — offered musical entertainment before the show started Wednesday. Students, some already in pajamas and others still in costume, gathered around the tallest building on campus.
At midnight, "The Final Countdown," a song played in previous years during the annual pumpkin smashing, blared through a set of speakers as the crowd cheered and looked toward the roof.
The first pumpkin hit the ground, covered in plastic, with a loud plop. It broke into several pieces, splattering orange-colored entrails everywhere. The music changed to Tchaikovsky and the pumpkins were dropped occasionally in rhythm to the notes. Organizers said the event has never caused any injuries, but halfway through Wednesday's drop, shards from a large pumpkin flew into the crowd, causing several people to duck and run out of the way.
Aashrita Mangu, an 18-year-old electrical engineering student attending the event for the first time, said some pieces flew right over her head. She wasn't phased.
"It's the Caltech way to do [Halloween]," she said, still dressed in her Aladdin costume.
Alan Smith, of Sherman Oaks, and Mark Jones, of West Hollywood, were some of the only people in the crowd who weren't affiliated with Caltech. They said they like to do something different on Halloween every year. After the last pumpkin fell, they posed for a photo with a couple of broken-off pieces.
"It was absolutely awesome," Smith said. "It makes a school very cool, literally."


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Established in 1982, Bird Conservation Nepal (BCN) is the leading organisation in Nepal, focusing on the conservation of birds, their habitats and sites. It seeks to promote interest in birds amongst the general public, encourage research on birds and identify major threats to birds' continued survival. As a result, we are the foremost scientific authority providing accurate information on birds and their habitats throughout Nepal. We provide scientific data and expertise on birds for the Government of Nepal through the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation (DNPWC) and work closely in birds and biodiversity conservation throughout the country.
BCN is a membership based organisation with a Founder President, patrons, life members, friends of BCN and several supporters. Our membership provides strength to the society and is drawn from people of all walks of life from students, professionals and conservationists. Our members act collectively to set the organisation's strategic agenda.
We are commited to showing the value of birds and their special relationship with people. As such, we strongly advocate the need for peoples' participation as future stewards to attain long-term conservation goals.
As the Nepalese Partner of BirdLife International, a network of more than 110 organisations around the world, BCN also works on a worldwide agenda to conserve the world's birds and their habitats.


Schollaert Channel, Antarctica Cruising Guide
A Schollaert Channel cruise is an incredible way to see the wonders of the South Pole, breathe in its fresh, wintry air, and see dozens of animal species up close and personal. Pass Anvers Island and Brabant Island during your scenic Antarctica cruise through this icy paradise, taking in panoramic snowy landscapes from the top deck of your cruise ship. Or, grab a camera with a zoom lens to capture penguins waddling across ice floes or leopard seals swimming in their natural habitat.
Top Things to Do on a Cruise through Schollaert Channel
Spot Animals in the Wild
A Schollaert Channel cruise offers ample opportunity to see Antarctica's favorite species, from energetic leopard seals and dolphins to tiny penguins and massive whales. Families of penguins often huddle together on land in the near distance, while seals jump in and out of the water around your cruise ship.
Admire Anvers Island
As you cruise to Schollaert Channel, you'll make out the snow-capped peaks of Mount Parry on Anvers Island, which measures over 8,000 feet tall. It's the largest island in Antarctica's sweeping Palmer Archipelago and home to distinct vistas: crackling icebergs, bright white snow, and deep blue waters colliding into one panoramic view.
Culture and History of Schollaert Channel
The Schollaert Channel, along with nearby Anvers Island, wasn't discovered until the late 1800s by the same Belgian explorers who ventured through Gerlache Strait. Before it was a hotspot for scenic cruising in Antarctica, Schollaert Channel was considered a hub for Gentoo penguins. In fact, the islands surrounding the channel aren't populated by human beings, so the Schollaert Channel possesses a beautiful tranquility you can appreciate from your ship.
Find Cruises to Antartica's Schollaert Channel (Cruising) Port
Journey to the far reaches of the world with a Schollart Channel cruise. Experience the spectacular wildlife that inhabits the great white South Pole and breathe in the exhilarating air. With Anvers Island to the southwest and Brabant Island to the northeast, take in the mesmerizing sights of massive ice flows, humpback whales, waddling penguins, leopard seals and more in their natural, and somewhat extreme, element. You are certain to leave with amazing memories, and pictures, as you cruise through Schollart Channel located near Antarctica.


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Under circumstances in which|
|On the occasion of||
|In a situation in which|
|Under circumstances in which|
|In reference to|
|With regard to|
|Concerning the matter of|
|Where ___ is concerned|
|It is crucial that||
|It is necessary that|
|There is a need/necessity for|
|It is important that|
|Is able to||
|Is in a position to|
|Has the opportunity to|
|Has the capacity for|
|Has the ability to|
|It is possible that||
|There is a chance that|
|It could happen that|
|The possibility exists for|
before, when, as, after
|In anticipation of|
|At the same time as|
|Not the same||
Nouns (person, place, thing, or concept) and verbs (words that describe an action or state of being) are the hearts and souls of all sentences. These become the essential elements—what your grammar teacher may have called the "subject" and the "predicate" or the "actor" and "action" of every sentence. The reader should be able to clearly locate the main subject and verb of your sentences and, ideally, the subject and verb should be close together in the sentence. Some style "crimes" are varied symptoms of one problem: the subjects and verbs or the actor and action of your sentence are hiding from the reader.The reader has trouble following who is doing what to whom. Instructors may write comments like "passive voice" or "weak verbs" in your paper's margins. While using passive voice or weak verbs is grammatically correct, it may make the reader work too hard to decipher your meaning. Use passive voice and weak verbs strategically once you get the hang of them. If you're still struggling to figure out what they are, you need to aim for "active voice" and "strong verbs" to improve your writing.
Examples: Here's a passive sentence with the actor at the end of the sentence (not at the beginning, where you would usually expect the subject):
The alien remains were lost by the government.
Some passive sentences omit actor entirely:
The alien remains were lost.
The car was wrecked.
Better (active) examples:
The government lost the alien remains.
I wrecked the car.
How to locate and correct this problem: Locate passive voice in your papers by circling every "to be" verb (am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being ) in your paper. Not all of these verbs will indicate a passive construction or one you want to change, but if the "to be" verb is sitting next to another verb, especially one that ends in "ed," ("was lost", "was wrecked") then you may be using passive voice. If you have trouble finding "to be" verbs, try finding the subject, verb, and object in each sentence. Can the reader tell who or what is doing the action in your sentence? Correct passive constructions by putting that actor back in the subject of the sentence and getting rid of the "to be" verb. Note that you may have to add information in the sentence; you have to specify who in your sentence and thereby keep the reader from guessing—that's good:
Examples: The discovery of the aliens was made by the government.
The car wreck was a result of a lack of visual focus.
How to locate and correct the problem: Locate nominalization in your papers by circling all of the nouns. Do you have several in a single sentence? You might be hiding the action (the verb) of your sentence inside of a noun. Correct nominalization by returning the abstract noun to its function as verb or adjective. This will take practice—focus on making the sentence simpler in structure (actor and action):
The government discovered the aliens.
My sister wrecked the car when she forgot to wear her glasses.
Also, look for sentences that begin with the following phrases: there is, there are, this is, that is, it is. Sometimes you need these phrases to refer to an immediately preceding sentence without repeating yourself, but they may be hiding nominalizations.
Example: There is a need for further study of aliens.
How to locate and correct this problem: Circle these phrases in your paper and try omitting them from the sentence. Who is doing what to whom?
Better example: We need to study aliens further.
Example: The aliens have a positive effect on our ecosystem.
How to locate and correct this problem: Locate weak verbs by circling all of the "to be" and "have" verbs in your paper. Correct weak verbs by omitting them and replacing them with a more meaningful verb. Notice that you will need to add information as you specify the nature of the action. Answer the question: "What does the subject really do?"
Better example: The aliens improve our ecosystem.
You may be inclined to improve your style by sounding more "collegiate" or by using multi-syllabic words. Don't ever do so without looking up those words to make sure you know exactly what they mean. And don't blindly accept the recommendations of your word processing program's thesaurus—these tools may be dangerous unless you double-check the meaning of the words in a dictionary. Many times, an inappropriate synonym will make you sound like you don't know what you are talking about or, worse yet, give the impression that you are plagiarizing from a source you don't understand. Never use a word you can't clearly define. It's okay to use big words if you know them well and they fit your overall tone—just make sure your tone is consistent. In other words, don't say "That miscreant has a superlative aesthetic sense, but he's dopey."
You may use overly "erudite" words because you think it is wrong to use the same words over and over again in an essay. In fact, it's often okay to repeat the same word(s) in your paper, particularly when they are significant or central terms. For example, if your paper discusses the significance of memory represented by the scent of wisteria in William Faulkner's Absalom, Absalom, you are going to write the words "memory" and "wisteria" a lot. Don't start saying "recollection," "reminiscence," "summoning up of past events," and "climbing woody vine" just to get a little variation in there. A thesaurus might even lead you to say that the significance of nostalgia is represented by the odiferous output of parasitic flowering vegetation. Such sentences may cloud rather than clarify your point.
You are probably not guilty of every style "crime" in this handout. If you consistently struggle with one of these issues, focus your attention on that one. If you struggle with two or more, work on one at a time. If you try to fix all of them at once, you may find your approach too scattered or the task just plain overwhelming. You may also find that you use different styles for different assignments, with different responses from instructors. Whatever the case, the next time you finish a paper, take the issue you want to address and isolate it. Edit your paper using our "locate and correct" suggestions for that one issue. Ignore everything else (spelling, punctuation, content) and look for only that one issue. This strategy may sound time-consuming, but by isolating your style problems, you will find them easier to fix. As you become more proficient, you will include fewer and fewer style problems in your initial draft, and therefore your draft will need less editing. In the end, you will be a better writer—so what are a few minutes now?
If, after reading this handout and looking at your own writing, you are still struggling to understand style problems, bring a few of your old papers to an appointment at the Writing Center. Using already finished papers will help your tutor show you where your chronic style problems occur, why they occur, and how you can fix them.
By the way, a lot of students who come to the Writing Center almost immediately locate their own problem sentences when they read them aloud. Try this technique yourself, before you hand in your paper. Check out our handout on proofreading techniques for more tips.
We consulted these works while writing the original version of this handout. This is not a comprehensive list of resources on the handout's topic, and we encourage you to do your own research to find the latest publications on this topic. Please do not use this list as a model for the format of your own reference list, as it may not match the citation style you are using. For guidance on formatting citations, please see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial.
Lanham, Richard A. Revising Prose, 3rd ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1992.
Strunk, William Jr. The Elements of Style, 4th ed. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 2000.
Williams, Joseph M. Style: Ten Lessons in Clarity & Grace, 4th ed. New York: HarperCollins College Publishers, 1994.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.5 License.
You may reproduce it for non-commercial use if you use the entire handout (just click print) and attribute the source: The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
If you enjoy using our handouts, we appreciate contributions of acknowledgement.


Cykelero's Projects
Write your name, press enter, and watch it being written by falling leaves.
nameTracer is a Flash movie created as a test of Flash 9 bitmap handling capabilities.
When you press enter, a black and white mask of your name is created, black areas needing to be filled. Random points in dark areas are randomly picked, and the mask is instantly stamped with a randomly rotated white leaf, and a leaf is created at the top of the animation, with various randomized parameters such as horizontal delta. This leaf is then animated, until it hits the grounds at the precise point chosen before; at this point, the leaf itself is stamped on a second bitmap, which is displayed behind all the leaves. The leaf can be safely removed, ensuring a perfect framerate.
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nameTracer was made using Flash. It is a test. It is graphic.


The Sociological Analysis of Universal Celebration of International Workers' Day
Timothy Ojewuyi Blessing
Timothy Ojewuyi Blessing
May 2021 | Nigeria
The Sociological Analysis of Universal Celebration of International Workers' Day
Sociologically, the purposes of holidays are to cease the everyday activities, to stop work and have a break that is recognised and endorsed by others. Holiday is an inseparable part of building a strong bond between family, and our community. It gives us a sense of being as an important part of the community and a way to express what is important to us. Holiday is an invaluable tool for a macro-sociological analysis because it reflects a society's attributes and also serve to modify these attributes. Holidays are intended to allow individuals to celebrate or commemorate an event or tradition of cultural or religious significance. This means that, with every holiday, there must be an historical events behind it.
The historical event behind International Workers' Day was an ancient European spring festival and it became manifested with the conscious efforts of socialist and communist groups that demanded a time for honouring workers and the working class. The holiday became universally promoted with the efforts of International Workers Association in 1904 to commemorate the socio-historic man slaughter of protesting labourers in Haymarket Square in Chicago, USA in 1886 by calling on "all Social Democratic Party organisations and trade unions of all countries to demonstrate energetically on the First of May for the legal establishment of the eight-hour day, for the class demands of the proletariat, and for universal peace."
Therefore, the first of May is a widely recognised as a public and national holiday in many sovereign countries across the globe. In fact, over 90 countries out of 195 countries in the world recognised May 1st as a public holiday. Though, some countries regarded it as a labour day while some called it International Workers' Day.
From my sociologist perspective, the celebration of International Workers' Day is a conscious effort of integrating labourers and workers into the community since they are vital part of the bigger society. Durkheim is of the opinion that collective consciousness is crucial in explaining the existence of the society because it does not only produces society but it also holds it together. With holiday like this, labourers and workers feel delighted as being part of the wider community of the world and it will definitely abolish what Durkheim called Egoistic suicide and Fatalistic Suicide.
According to Durkheim egoistic suicide is when a man becomes socially isolated or feels that he has no place in the society and he destroys or kills himself. This is the kind of suicide committed by self-centred person who lacks altruistic feelings and he/she is usually cut off from main stream of the society. While Fatalistic suicide is the type of suicide that is due to overregulation in society. The examples of fatalistic suicide are under the overregulation of a society, when a servant or slave commits suicide, when a barren woman commits suicide. Perhaps, that is why Durkheim argued that human beings become aware of one another as social beings, not just animals through their collective consciousness.
Also, the activities on the day, that is 1st of May, bring about unity, peace and sense of belonging. On the day, most citizens in different countries do engage in different public and group activities like parade, marches, public lectures and family shopping. Parade is a procession of people, usually organized along a street, often in costume, and sometimes accompanied by bands, floats or a large of balloons basking in the celebration of the day while in some other countries like Nigeria public lecture is staged where the president in the spirit of National May Day Celebration will address the nation in Abuja, the capital city at the Eagle Square. The president himself will be there to give a speech, and thousands of people will crowd the square to hear him, also, there are numerous events across Nigeria on this day, organized by schools, labour unions, hospitals, and various other institutions in Nigeria to make the day a memorable one.
As a reflection of holiday, most people also use the opportunity of "no work routine" to spend qualitative and quantitative time with their families. Families can decide to visit amusement parks, zoological garden, cinema, shopping mall, dam, Lake, beach, game reserve or any other places of interest that can unite the family and also bring peace of mind.
In conclusion, one will agree that International Workers Day celebration is a part of social inclusion that will give workers and labourers sense of belonging to the community. It will remove sense of inferiority, promotes contempment, satisfaction and brings about social recognition. Inwood (1992: 245-47) and Margalit (2001: 128-129) discuss the meaning of recognition as the act of acknowledging or respecting another being, such as when we 'recognise' someone's status, achievements or rights. Definitely, international Workers Day celebration gives labourers and workers the recognition and sense of belonging that they deserve because they are people that their activities can either make or mar the progress of any nation.
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An aircraft climbing at a constant angle of 30
above the horizontal passes directly over a ground radar station at an altitude of 1 km. At a later instant, the radar shows that the aircraft is at an air distance of 2 km from the station, and that this distance is increasing at 7 km/min. What is the speed of the aircraft at that instant? [Note: the law of cosines may be useful.] At what rate is the angle between the vertical line directly above the station and the line from the station to the aircraft changing?
--->I found the angle to be 34. To find the velocity at that point do I need to first find the distance and then differentiate the cosine law? Also, please guide me through the rate of change of angle.


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Once the PPP contract is signed and financial close has been achieved (refer to chapter 6), the Construction Phase commences. This culminates in a form of commissioning, which triggers the beginning of the Operations Phase. While the structure of the PPP Certification Guide treats the Construction Phase and the Operations Phase as being distinctive phases and provides separate guidance on each, there is an overarching theme that unites the two phases. The theme is contract management.
This chapter begins with a general introduction to contract management in PPPs (part A of this chapter), covering the main components that will be applicable to both the Construction and Operations Phases. Sections 2, 3 and 4 below introduce contract management in the PPP context and set out an overall contract management framework including governance structures, leadership and management, roles and responsibilities, establishing and implementing contract administration, and relationship and performance management. These sections provide a high level view of each of these activities. Further detail is provided in the individual sections that fall under the Construction Phase (part B of this chapter) and Operations Phase in chapter 8.


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When several buffers visit identically-named files, Emacs must give the buffers distinct names. The default method adds a suffix based on the names of the directories that contain the files. For example, if you visit files /foo/bar/mumble/name and /baz/quux/mumble/name at the same time, their buffers will be named 'name' and 'name', respectively. Emacs adds as many directory parts as are needed to make a unique name.
You can choose from several different styles for constructing unique
buffer names, by customizing the option
forward naming method includes part of the file's
directory name at the beginning of the buffer name; using this method,
buffers visiting the files /u/rms/tmp/Makefile and
/usr/projects/zaphod/Makefile would be named
'tmp/Makefile' and 'zaphod/Makefile'.
In contrast, the
post-forward naming method would call the
buffers 'Makefile|tmp' and 'Makefile|zaphod'. The default
post-forward-angle-brackets is like
except that it encloses the unique path in angle brackets. The
reverse naming method would call them 'Makefile\tmp' and
'Makefile\zaphod'. The nontrivial difference between
reverse occurs when just one directory
name is not enough to distinguish two files; then
the directory names in reverse order, so that /top/middle/file
becomes 'file\middle\top', while
post-forward puts them in
forward order after the file name, as in 'file|top/middle'. If
uniquify-buffer-name-style is set to
nil, the buffer
names simply get '<2>', '<3>', etc. appended.
Which rule to follow for putting the directory names in the buffer name is not very important if you are going to look at the buffer names before you type one. But as an experienced user, if you know the rule, you won't have to look. And then you may find that one rule or another is easier for you to remember and apply quickly.


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"Fifi," the last flying Boeing B-29 Superfortress, has been grounded because of an engine failure. The plane traveled regularly for appearances and at airshows and museums. A crowd-funded campaign has begun, in hopes of raising the $250,000 necessary to put Fifi back in flight.
The B-29's place in history was earned in U.S. military service during World War II and the Korean War. The four-engine plane could carry a 20,000-pound payload. Its long range bombing capabilities made it a perfect fit for the far-flung Pacific Theatre of WWII; the B-29 was immortalized when the Enola Gay dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima on August 6th, 1945. Three days later, another B-29, the Bockscar, dropped a second bomb on Nagasaki.
Fifi's work as a piece of living history has been endangered by the incredible cost of maintaining the plane. The $250,000 fund raising goal is meant to repair the damaged engine, as well as purchase a new spare engine. Beyond that, Fifi requires about $10,000 and 100 hours of (volunteer) labor per hour of flight. It is unknown whether Boeing or even the U.S. government would be willing to help keep the plane in the sky. While there are more than twenty B-29 planes still in existence, Fifi is the only one that is flightworthy. The campaign to keep her that way is linked below.


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WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FEATHER DUSTER AND CHRISTMAS TREE WORMS? For one thing, the conical feathery crowns of Christmas tree worms shout out their presence with color and beguiling shapes. Feather dusters' fan-shaped crowns often whisper with subtle elegance.
If it's simply about appreciating the beauty of the reef, that's the main point – conical versus fan-shaped, bold versus muted. It's the fan shape that gives feather dusters their other common name, fan worms.
Christmas trees present dramatic sights in shades of oranges, rusty reds, yellows, whites, blues, browns and tans. There are dramatically colored feather dusters, but mostly they're more muted. Yet a colony of pure white or reddish brown social feather dusters displays an elegant beauty.
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN FEATHER DUSTER AND CHRISTMAS TREE WORMS
Feather dusters and Christmas trees are both sessile tube worms – that is, they spend their lives fixed in holes in coral masses or sandy seafloors. They're both members of Phylum Annelida, Class Polychaeta, worms with bodies of ring-like segments, although they're in different families (Christmas trees: Serpulidae; feather duster: Sabellidae).
They both extend their paired crowns of some 30 feathery radioles into the water column to breathe and to filter plankton, passing it down to their mouths at the crown base. Rather than wait passively for plankton to pass by, they can wave their feathers to create a mile flow of water that brings their tiny prey to them. Coated with sticky mucus, the radioles trap any particle that contact them.
But Christmas trees, members of species Spirobranchus giganteus, are pretty much entirely found in embedded in corals. Feather dusters may be just as happy on a sandy bottom. S. giganteus builds its protective tubes of calcium they secrete as the coral builds up around them. Feather dusters, in many genuses and species, create parchment-like tubes of mucus, strengthened with bits of sand and shell. One genus of feather dusters, does create its tubes with calcium carbonate.
For both feather duster and Christmas tree worms, those feathery whorls of gills are also attractive to predators hoping to pick off an easy snack, so the ability to quickly withdraw into a protective tube home is important the worms' survival. Christmas trees have the advantage of opercula, or trap doors, they can snap shut above them, flush with the coral surface.
Feather dusters lack this, and in fact their tubes often extend above the substrate, even when they have withdrawn into it. Still, they find safety in their retreats.
CROWD SOURCING – OR NOT
If Christmas trees are often found bunched together, it suggests that the conditions are attractive for their settlement there as larvae, and it makes for efficient broadcast spawning. But they're still individuals who may be closely packed or spread sparsely on coral surfaces, often displaying an array of hues. And they're S. giganteus, regardless of the colors of their canopies.
Some species of feather dusters seem to be determined loners. But members of the Caribbean species Bispira brunnea are socialites – okay, social feather dusters. They gaggle together in solidarity and uniform coloration.
BEHIND FEATHER DUSTER AND CHRISTMAS TREE WORMS' PLUMES
Like land-based earthworms, as polychaetes feather duster and Christmas tree worms sport bodies of ring-like segments. While a central gut runs through a polychaete's body, each segment features parapodia – appendages sort of like undeveloped feet. Extending off them are setae, in many cases best described as bristles (the bristleworm, or fireworm, is a free-ranging polychaete).
As tubeworms, the mucus they secrete helps them slide up and down their tubes.
Both groups of worms reproduce through broadcast spawning. And, they're apparently picky about what kinds of corals they settle on. Biologists know that but they're still trying to figure out what the criteria are. One suggestion is that they try to avoid corals frequented by algae-eating parrotfishes, which tend to scrape away the corals and anything else in their way while ferreting out algae.
FAN WORMS' FANTASTIC EYES
Recent research has focused on feather dusters' remarkable visual capabilities. As a team of Swedish and Norwegian researchers put it in a paper titled "Here, There and Everywhere: The Radiolar Eyes of Fan Worms (Annelida, Sabellidae), fan worms "possess some of the strangest eyes in nature… They display a surprising diversity of eyes of varying levels of sophistication, ranging from scattered single ocelli to compound eyes with up to hundreds of facets."
Since their primary polychaete eyes are unfortunately stuck inside their tubes most of the time, various species have evolved additional eyes all over the place, including on their radioles. While some are simple light-detecting ocelli, some are resemble arthropod compound eyes, sometimes with vertebrate-like characteristics.
PRINCIPAL SOURCES: Marine Biology, Fourth Edition, Peter Castro, Michael Huber; Reef Creature Identification, Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas/Reef Creature Identification, Tropical Pacific, Paul Humann, Ned DeLoach; "Feather Duster Worm," Marine Education Society of Australasia; "Featherduster Worms," Waikiki Aquarium; "Here, There and Everywhere: The Radiolar Eyes of Fan Worms (Annelida, Sabellidae)," Integrative and Comparative Biology; "Fanworms, 'Nature's Eye Factories,' Stick Them Pretty Much Anywhere," Scientific American; "Sebellidae," Wikipedia.


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Research and projects
The Institute research projects in large numbers and diversity are operated; probably nowhere else in Germany, the history plays such a large role as a research as to the Humboldt University. Some of these research projects are as a qualification (PhD or habilitation) followed by employees; projects are increasingly financed by external donors (external funding). This gives young scientists and young researchers the opportunity to work as a historian researching and continue to qualify.
Increasingly important to large research networks such as the Collaborative Research Centres (CRC), in which historians work together with scientists from other disciplines and pursue long periods of time on minor issues. In an informal setting, there are thematic research areas, which represent the common interests of different departments and eras, such as migration history, the history of media, images and linguistic communication, violence, or Berlin. Scientists conduct research on these topics from different eras and regions independently, but are in constant communication with each other.
The projects described below represent a small selection of the numerous projects and are intended to illustrate the thematic, regional and epochal facets of research at the Institute for Historical Sciences.


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Piezoelectrically Initiated Pyrotechnic Igniter
- Created on Saturday, 01 June 2013
This innovation consists of a pyrotechnic initiator and piezoelectric initiation system. The device will be capable of being initiated mechanically; resisting initiation by EMF, RF, and EMI (electromagnetic field, radio frequency, and electromagnetic interference, respectively); and initiating in water environments and space environments.Current devices of this nature are initiated by the mechanical action of a firing pin against a primer. Primers historically are prone to failure. These failures are commonly known as misfires or hangfires. In many cases, the primer shows the dent where the firing pin struck the primer, but the primer failed to fire. In devices such as "T" handles, which are commonly used to initiate the blowout of canopies, loss of function of the device may result in loss of crew. In devices such as flares or smoke generators, failure can result in failure to spot a downed pilot.
The piezoelectrically initiated ignition system consists of a pyrotechnic device that plugs into a mechanical system (activator), which on activation, generates a high-voltage spark. The activator, when released, will strike a stack of electrically linked piezo crystals, generating a high-voltage, low-amperage current that is then conducted to the pyro-initiator. Within the initiator, an electrode releases a spark that passes through a pyrotechnic first-fire mixture, causing it to combust. The combustion of the first-fire initiates a primary pyrotechnic or explosive powder. If used in a "T" handle, the primary would ramp the speed of burn up to the speed of sound, generating a shock wave that would cause a high explosive to go "high order." In a flare or smoke generator, the secondary would produce the heat necessary to ignite the pyrotechnic mixture.
The piezo activator subsystem is redundant in that a second stack of crystals would be struck at the same time with the same activation force, doubling the probability of a first strike spark generation. If the first activation fails to ignite, the device is capable of multiple attempts.
Another unique aspect is in the design of the pyrotechnic device. There is an electrode that aids the generation of a directed spark and the use of a conductive matrix to support the first-fire material so that the spark will penetrate to the second electrode.
This work was done by Asia Quince, Maureen Dutton, Robert Hicks, and Karen Burnham of Johnson Space Center. MSC-24841-1
This Brief includes a Technical Support Package (TSP).
Piezoelectrically Initiated Pyrotechnic Igniter (reference MSC-24841-1) is currently available for download from the TSP library.
Please Login at the top of the page to download.


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How to start learning docker
I've started to learn the docker and thinking about the milestone of learning. The docker will be the de fact standard of the cloud container. By preparing the image of the docker, we can use many type of KVS based cloud platforms and Paas services using it.
Now I'm making docker image for Alinous-Core and the Alinous Document CMS.
The Docker is a container based cloud platform, and it uses the cgroup of the Linux OS. The cgroup is the function to handle namespace of operating system.
By using the cgroup, the container has independent space of the file system, networking and device so that it works like virtual machine on the host. And docker manage the image of the file system just like the git repository.
The first keyword to know is below.
- Docker image
- Docker container
The Docker image is the template of the file system, and the container is context running on the Linux OS using cgroup.
In order to run the docker, we have to type following command on the shell.
The "--name" parameter specify the name of container to run and the "centos" is the docker image which is the base template of the container. We can get the standard base image from official repository by following command easily.
The "-itd" options means below.
- "-i" keep the standard input to be interactive
- "-t" share the standard out put of the "/bin/bash"
- "-d" run the container in the background
After started running container, we can check the running container.
In order to login the container, type below.
The ended docker container's image remains, and you can restart the bash process with the image by "docker start" command.
In order to delete the container image, use "docker rm" command.
This is the overview of the docker. I'm going to make the docker image from Dockerfile next time.


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Hoya Odorata is from the family of Apocynaceae and is a common plant often found in the Philippines. It has non-twining shrubs that have fragrant white flowers on them. Hoya Odorata is tough to the touch and extremely easy to grow.
This plant has basic needs and is not at all a highly demanding plant. Hoya Odorata enjoys soil that is well-drained and has a pH ranging from slightly acidic to neutral. It can survive under both direct and indirect sunlight and enjoys being watered occasionally.
Hoya Odorata has an appearance that is similar to Hoya. CV. Iris Marie, but in comparison, it has smaller leaves and blooms a lot more easily. This plant was first discovered by Dr. E. D. Merrill in the year 1904. Amongst many gardeners, the Hoya Odorata is seen as a remarkable species whose blooms have the sweetest fragrance compared to all other Hoya species.
- 1 Hoya Odorata Plant Care
- 2 Common Problems for Hoya Odorata
- 3 Tips for Growing
- 4 Frequently Asked Questions about Hoya Odorata
- 5 Conclusion
Hoya Odorata Plant Care
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Hoya Odorata is not picky about several things, but when it comes to the soil, they still have a few preferences. This plant prefers a rich mix of soil, but even an indoor potting mix will get the job done.
Another mix you can use is a blend of the following things:
- Potting soil
- Worm castings
- Fir bark and perlite combination
Because Hoya Odorata is an epiphyte, they need to have perfect drainage, as this can prevent the roots from rotting. Other than the soil mix, try to make sure that the soil pH remains slightly acid (6.1 – 6.5) or neutral (6.6 – 7.3).
Water is not the biggest issue for Hoya Odorata, as they do not need to be watered continuously throughout the day. This plant is low maintenance, so just water it when the soil becomes dry to the touch.
However, when the weather becomes dry, then frequent watering may be necessary, but you will have to avoid overwatering the plant as it can cause the roots to rot.
Some Hoya Odorata owners like to mist their plant frequently so that they can increase the surrounding humidity and can clean off the leaves. This is fine as long as you do not do it repeatedly and never mist the buddings and flowers of your Hoya Odorata.
The best location to keep your Hoya Odorata is at a north window where bright indirect sunlight can reach the plant. This is considered to be the ideal spot for Hoya Odorata as it does not require a lot of sunlight. But remember, they do not grow well if it is placed far away from a window.
Hoya Odorata loves bright light, but even strong sunlight can cause harm to the plant. If you have difficulty placing this plant near a window, then you can also use fluorescent grow lights.
When it comes to temperature Hoya Odorata, tend to grow best under room temperature ranging from 70°F-80°F (21°C-26°C). They can tolerate low temperatures but are frost sensitive as well. The minimum temperature that they can survive outdoors is 50°F (10°C).
Humidity is essential for some plants, and when it comes to Hoya Odorata, it is one of the most important things you will need to take care of. Occasionally misting will help your Hoya Odorata to thrive during the summer season.
However, when the weather is cold, it is best not to mist the plant as often as you did before as it can lead to the growth of fungus.
Hoya Odorata is in full blossom during Autumn. Thus fertilizing it during its growing season (which is summer) is a good idea as it will help with the growth.
During the active growing period, make sure to use a fertilizer that is balanced in nutrients. You should fertilize your Hoya Odorata either on a weekly or monthly basis. Keeping a proper schedule for the fertilization sessions will allow the plant to not get over-fertilized and ensure proper growth.
Hoya Odorata usually does not need to be repotted often as several Hoyas love to be pot bound. Do not think that your Hoya Odorata needs to be repotted every year, as it will not be necessary. Remember, the less repotting you do, the more likely you'll have better blooms.
I repot my Hoya Odorata when:
- I notice that the Hoya Odorata is becoming dry more quickly as compared to the past. The soil must dry up before the next watering session, but once the soil starts getting dried more quickly than before, then it is time to repot.
- I notice that the roots are starting to pop out of the drainage holes.
- I notice that the plastic pots are not as flexible as before.
I had sometimes waited for three years even before I repotted my Hoya Odorata; by knowing this, you will have an idea of how often you need to be repotting your Hoya Odorata. Never jump into a size too big when you repot your plant; always make sure to pick a new pot that's just a few inches larger.
Pruning your Hoya Odorata is important as it promotes further growth, and in case the plant becomes too large, it can help control the size without harming the plant. When pruning, make sure to follow these points:
- Never cut off any portion of the plant that has a spur on it; this is because when a new flower grows, it will grow from the old spur or new one. Every year the quantity of the spur will increase and produce large flowers.
- If a spur absolutely must be cut off and there is no other way around it, then it can be done. Remember that cutting off the spur won't kill the plant. Instead, it will encourage new growth; thus, giving your plant a fuller appearance.
- Growth from the areas where you have pruned the plant will grow new branches, and those branches will have more spurs present on them.
Now that you have taken some points into consideration, you will need to know how you should prune the plant. To do that, you simply need gardening scissors or some sharp shears.
Then you need to cut a part of the plant just below the node. Make sure when cutting the plant to do it from a good angle because if it is not done right, then your plant will get damaged.
Never chop off any more than 1/3 of your plant. If you find that some leaves or flowers look unhealthy, then you can also cut those.
Hoya Odorata is easy to propagate through stems; in fact, the majority of plants are easy to grow through stem cutting. If you wish to propagate your plant properly, follow these tips:
- The best time for propagating your Hoya Odorata is during the spring and summer season, as it is actively growing during that period.
- Take a pot and fill it with a well-drained potting mix. This potting mix can contain perlite, vermiculite, or sand.
- Water the pot well and place the pot aside to let the pot drain until the soil becomes moist rather than wet.
- Proceed to cut off a stem from your adult plant. A stem with at least two or three leaves on it is the best choice.
- The stem should be at least 4 or 5 inches long (10 to 13 centimeters long).
- Remove all the leaves that are present on the lower end of the stem.
- Dip the bottom end of the stem in a rooting hormone. You do not need to use a rooting hormone if you cannot find one as it is not an absolute requirement, but it will help with the growth of your plant.
- Plant this stem cutting in the soil, and do not touch it afterward.
- Water your plant regularly and keep the soil moist.
- Do not overwater the soil to the point where it becomes soggy, or else the stem will rot.
- Place the pot under indirect sunlight and avoid direct sunlight as it can easily bake your young plant.
Hoya Odorata does not have unique leaves as they are the basic evergreen leaves found on many plants. However, the most eye-catching thing about this plant is its adorable flowers.
Hoya Odorata flowers have a wonderful scent that makes the air feel like it is crisp and clean. The fragrance is described as being slightly citrus and sweet.
Hoya Odoratas flowers are very seasonal and only tend to bloom during the autumn season. Once these flowers start to bloom, they grow in small clusters of tiny white flowers.
Hoya Odorata is considered to have moderate to slow growth. Their slow growth may be the reason why they tend to live such long lives. Hoya Odorata can grow up to at least 8 – 12 inches tall.
They grow actively during the spring and summer seasons, which is why people are encouraged to fertilize them often during these two seasons.
Common Problems for Hoya Odorata
Root-knot nematode is from the Meloidogyne genus. These are plant parasites that exist in areas where the climate is hot, and the winters are short. You won't spot them above ground as they live up to their name of being in the roots of different plants.
It is estimated that at least 2000 plants worldwide are susceptible to


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Played today: 1
All times played: 1633
Use up to 12 different shapes to fill up empty gray gap placed in the middle of the screen. Move, rotate or even mirror the shapes until you find the solution how to fill up the gap. There are 12 different shapes and every shape is composed of five colored squares.
Use the mouse to click and select shape and then to drag and drop where ever you want. R to rotate, M to mirror.


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a large developing country的用法和样例：
- China, with a large population, a weak economic foundation and unbalanced development, is still the largest developing country in the world.
- If China, a large developing country, is to speed up materializing modernization, keep up with and surpass developed countries, it will be of signality to develop education.
- " The Chinese people are working hard to modernize their country.This is a great practice in a large developing country both ancient and new.
- As we all know, China is the largest developing country.
- China is a large harmonious communistic capitalist developing country in Asia.


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- A comprehensive, lavishly illustrated guide to 20th century pewter, which combines key international manufacturers and designers in one book
Pewter is a versatile alloy which has been used to make a wide variety of domestic objects since antiquity. Malleable and lustrous, it was commonly used for making tableware until the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, when porcelain and glass became more popular. An inexpensive alternative to silver, it re-emerged as a popular material in the twentieth century, allowing for a new-found flexibility, and encouraging designers to experiment with form. From architectural finesse to the smallest everyday object, pewter was used globally, and was favoured as an inlay for decorative panels, furniture, vases and bowls.
20th Century Pewter outlines the development of pewter design from the Art Nouveau movement up to the Modernist period. The first book to examine the artists and manufacturers working in this versatile material, it highlights the important factories and workshops of Germany, Britain, France, the Netherlands, Austria, Scandanavia, Japan, and America. Histories of Wurttembergische Metallwaren Fabrik (WMF) and Liberty & Co. are included, as well as details of marks and monograms. With invalauble information on resoration, care, reproductions and fakes, the volume includes over 350 original photographs of outstanding examples of twentieth century pewter design.
Paul Carter Robinson is no stranger to the subject of 20th century pewter. He has been collecting and dealing in this specialist area, from his London gallery for over 20 years. He co-curated the exhibition The Beauty of 'English Art Nouveau Pewter, The Museum of British Pewter Harvard House, Stratford-Upon-Avon, May - Oct 2004. He has lectured extensively and published numerous articles on his specialist subject.


Trials of Passion
Crimes in the Name of Love and Madness
This book journeys into the heart of dark passions and the crimes they impel. When passion is in the picture, what is criminal, what sane, what mad or simply bad?
Brighton, 1870: A well-respected spinster infuses chocolate creams with strychnine in order to murder her lover's wife.
Paris, 1880: A popular performer stalks her betraying lover through the streets of the city for weeks and finally takes aim.
New York, 1906: A millionaire shoots dead a prominent architect in full view of a theatre audience.
Through court and asylum records, letters and newspaper accounts,this book brings to life a period when the psychiatric professions were consolidating their hold on our understanding of what is human. An increasingly popular press allowed the public unprecedented insight into accounts of transgressive sexuality,savage jealousy and forbidden desires.
With great story-telling flair, Lisa Appignanesi teases out the vagaries of passion and the clashes between the law and the clinic as they stumble towards a (sometimes reviled) collaboration. Sexual etiquette and class roles, attitudes to love, madness and gender, notions of respectability and honour, insanity and lunacy, all are at play in that vital forum in which public opinion is shaped - the theatre of the courtroom.
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So called "cognitive assistants" are flourishing, but how to evaluate the benefit/cost ratio of introducing that technology into aeronautical operations? How far can cognitive assistant help operators such as pilots or mechanics at work? What impact can we expect on human-system performance? Our hypothesis is that cognitive assistants will be useful and accepted if and only if they implement a certain level of cognitive interaction with the human operator. First we question what kind of human cognitive functions can actually be supported to by a digital assistant to increase its performance at work. Then we propose a set of basic principles of cognitive interaction inspired by human sciences, e.g. cognitive philosophy and sciences of language. That definition is agnostic regarding technology. Our intention is to shape the evaluation and the specification of future cognitive assistants from a user perspective. Our purpose in this summit is to spark a discussion on the ambition and the feasibility of "natural" cognitive interaction between human operators and cognitive assistants.
Denys Bernard is an aeronautical engineer and doctor in Computer Sciences. He has relentlessly worked in research and development activities for decision support systems - both on board and on ground - particularly for aircraft maintenance. His main domains of interest are: diagnostic; planning; knowledge extraction and representation; decision making. He is now focused on the application of cognitive technologies as the foundation of virtual assistants for mechanics and cockpit crew.


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is a regular operation, are there symbols [INAUDIBLE]?
PROFESSOR: O is the symbol for 4, 3, 2. And what we added as an extender is a mirror plane perpendicular to the fourfold axis. That is just one way of adding an extender. This is also Oi. If we add an inversion center, we get all this.
And if you look at the ones have been honored by being designated by a symbol, the horizontal mirror plane takes the precedence. So for example, for 2 over m, 2 over m, 2 over m, you've got two different vertical mirror planes, and you've got one horizontal mirror plane. But it's called 2 over m, 2 over m, 2 over m. You can call it 2, 2, 2, m, m, m. That's also a possible symbol, but much more of a mouthful.
There's some arbitrariness to the symbol because the arrangement of symmetry elements is what's real. And we decide how we want to devise a notation to label them. And as we've seen, there are two different people who adopted a different code for giving them names. So if it's rational and informative, it's a good notation.
Interestingly, the international notation, on the one hand, and the Schoenflies notation, on the other, complimentary. The international notation tells you unambiguously what you have. So 2, 2, 2 over m, m, m tells you three orthogonal twofold axes if you remember what came out of [INAUDIBLE] construction. And perpendicular to each of them is a mirror plane. And that's what you've got.
Schoenflies tells you how you derived it. You took D2, and that's the dihedral group 2, 2, 2, and you added an h, a horizontal mirror plane. And all hell broke loose. And you got mirror planes perpendicular to all the twofold axes.
So there's a certain complementarity to the two different notations. And the people who do diffraction and crystallography for the most part follow the international notation, the Hermann-Mauguin notation. The people who do condensed matter physics use the Schoenflies notation.
Because it's more inscrutable. And condensed matter physicists like to be inscrutable because it's how you gain respect. So both notation survive, but are more prevalent in some disciplines than in others and vice versa.
Let's take a brief look ahead. What remains to be done? We now have the 32 crystallographic point groups. These are the way things can be arranged by symmetry about a fixed point in space.
If we were to proceed in the same way that we did for the two-dimensional space groups, what we should do next is decide what sort of three-dimensional space lattices these symmetries will require. And then proceed to drop each of the point groups into each of the lattices that can accommodate them.
And then use the tricks that we've used in two dimensions, take mirror planes and replace them by glide planes. And then having done that, we would take the mirror planes and the rotation axes and interweave them. And lest that job seem too daunting, let me point out that we already have 17 of the space groups.
All we have to do is take the plane groups, take a translation that's perpendicular to the plane of the plane group, and let all the rotation axes and mirror planes extend up indefinitely in three dimensions parallel to that translation. So we already have 17 of the three-dimensional space groups. They look just like the plane groups except they extend in a direction that's perpendicular to the plane of our original two-dimensional group.
So we're already a long way towards deriving a three-dimensional space group without really knowing it. But what I would like to consider next is the lattices that are required for three dimensions. And I've already given you how one can approach this problem.
Take the lattices that have been required in the two-dimensional plane groups. And if the presence of a threefold axis and the base of the cell require, say, net that is hexagonal with a1 equal to a2 identically in magnitude and exactly at 120 degrees with respect to one another. Let's let the third translation be perpendicular to the base.
If it's hexagonal, we have to have at least a threefold axis here. And we've found that adding a threefold axis to that net gave rise to two other threefold axes in the center of the triangle. So one lattice would be one in which the third translation, which we'll label c, is straight up. In other words, perpendicular to the net that we derived in two dimensions.
What we will have as a constraint is that if we pick a certain translation that is not normal to the plane group, and let's say it terminates here in projection. So the third translation goes up and over. If there's a threefold axis at this end of the translation, there must be a threefold axis at the end of that translation.
And that mucks everything up, and we no longer have a group. We can't have another threefold axis poking down through the plane of this two-dimensional plane group. But it is perfectly OK if the third translation moves this threefold axis and puts down a lattice point and another threefold axis directly over this one.
Or alternatively, another choice for T3 would be this one. That would put the lattice point in a threefold axis directly over this one. So again, we have threefold axes extending normal to the plane of my drawing. And I've created no threefold axes.
So with a threefold axis, there are three potentially different space lattices, one in which the third translation is normal to the plane of the plane group, another one where the translation terminates over the other two twofold axes. And so this is the way in which one would proceed to derive the space lattices.
Buerger does not do it this way. He doesn't look at the plane groups. He looks just at where the axes sit in the nets. No mirror planes whatsoever.
And I'll return to the point. And the place where I think he's wrong is that if you add a twofold axis to a centered net, you get twofold axes in all of these locations. These are the twofold axes in C2mm.
And if that's all you look at, there's no reason why this should be the plane group. And it looks as though you can make T3 terminate over this twofold axis. And that would give you a peculiar triple cell with three lattice points along the long diagonal of a rectangular net.
And you say, wow, 15 space lattices. We're going to be famous, if not rich. You can't do that because this plane group can exist only if there are mirror planes in here like this. And then through these twofold axes, these have to be glides. So you can't take 2mm and put it on top of 2gg. It's impossible.
So there are 14 space lattices. The 15th doesn't exist. But it looks as though it's possible in Buerger's treatment when he looks just at the placement of the rotation axes alone and not the location of any mirror planes that are in the plane groups.
So that is where we're going to go next. And that is a process that actually is surprisingly simple. And we will get the space lattices very quickly.
We'll get a number of space groups along the way, as we've just seen. And then we will cut to the bottom line and just look at how this information is tabulated in tables for you in a fashion that's analogous to the representation of the plane groups. So we're pretty close. We'll be wrapping things up in another two or three meetings.
What I would like to do in the time that remains though, the point groups are very difficult to visualize unless you look at real crystals. So what I'm going to do is pass around a collection of models of actual crystals. I'm not sure I can tell you what every one of these models represents.
These are curious things. I would beg you not to drop them on one of the sharp corners. These are made out of wood. They're made out of pear wood in the Black Forest by elves. No, that last part is not true.
But they are incredibly expensive. Because the angles in these things have to be exactly right. So they are made on the same sort of machine that you use for faceting diamonds.
It's something that has two degrees of freedom, so you can get a surface that you want on the material exactly parallel to a grinding surface. And then you have a provision for advancing it normal to that direction by a controlled amount. If it were not precise, you would not see sharp edges and sharp corners.
So these are incredibly expensive. I, therefore, ask it that you hold them tightly with both hands. Don't drop them on the floor.
And I'll take around a couple of handfuls of these. I don't know if I have enough for everyone. With the tables of the point groups in front of you, why don't you try to identify the point group that's possible in each of these models.
This is a big one. So I'm sure you won't drop that one. I don't think I have enough for everyone, so I'll start passing them out to every other person. Maybe you can look on with the person adjacent to


text:
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Thanks to Wendell Cox
Full Story: The End of Affordability Part 1
There are a few good points
There are a few good points in the series but also a number of questionable statistics and faulty conclusions. For example, the claim is made that people in highrises don't use any less water than people in houses. If you don't count water used for landscaping, that might be true.
Water use
Research in Sydney shows that water use in high-rise is about the same as in detached housing. See
"Water Use and the Built Environment: Patterns of Water
Consumption in Sydney", Patrick Troy, Darren Holloway and Bill Randolph, City Futures Research Centre, Research Paper No. 1, December 2005
Water use etc
Centre for Resource Management Studies, New Zealand
We need to be aware that Australia has well advanced water charging regimes to the user generally pays.
Many assumptions about water use in other jurisdictions assume water is free.
Given that Australians pay for their water we should not be surprised if household use does not vary much according to location.
The recent Study "Consuming Australia" generally found that the carbon footprint and energy consumption of the Australian household was typically independent of place and primarily dependent on income.
Not necessarily. Depends on
Not necessarily. Depends on the common areas. In some condo developments the exterior areas are quite extensive; parklike with landscaping, pools, etc.
And some single family homes have very small yards.
I don't think a comparison can be made, given all the variables.
Blame the inhabitants, not the building
Another variable is, the people who can afford to live in highrises can also afford to waste more water.
High rises vs higher density
While a number of their conclusions are based on misleading data, they are right about the high water and energy use by high-rise dwellers in Australia. On this continent, energy consumption per person, per household, and per square foot is also higher for high-rises than for any other form of housing.
High-rise apartment buildings by themselves are not a good environmental or economic solution, but I don't know anyone who claims they are. This is just a straw man argument against any increase in density, like these videos do. Having a range housing choices everywhere, including apartments but not necessarily high-rises seems to be the best solution. It's high-er average density without the extremes.
Is high-density housing really more sustainable?
Thank you for providing these statistics, laplante. A real eye-opener!
John Zeger (
Statistics on High Rises
I don't trust the statistics in these links. Note that he makes a transparently misleading claim at:
His graph shows that people generally drive less as densities go up, and that people in detached houses at higher densities drive even less than people in apartments at the same higher densities. But he doesn't mention that you could not get those high densities unless most people lived in apartments: his claim that people in detached houses drive less at most densities is misleading, because you wouldn't have the higher densities at all if everyone lived in detached houses.
Likewise, I he cites studies of energy use in Australia showing that high-rise dwellers use more energy, but that is because high-rise dwellers in Australia are wealthier and consume more overall. It is their overall consumption that raises their energy, not their living in high-rises.
Those two examples of half-truths meant to support his biases make me suspect anything he says.
Note that I am against high-rises, as I have said in many posts on Planetizen, and I much prefer traditional human-scale cities, but I am still put off by the half-truths in these links.
Charles Siegel
Understandable Skepticism
It's a fair point, these statistics have to be taken in context, the more extreme ones make it into the blog because they are interesting though perhaps exceptional cases. The Australian study has figures and a methodology that I haven't seen repeated on this continent, but the ranking of energy use is the same here: high-rise apartments consume most, followed by detached houses, and townhouses consume least. And in the U.S. high-rise apartment dwellers are not generally wealthier, so that can't be the only explanation, although it might explain part of it in Australia.
Which is not to say that some forms of housing should be built and others not - you can't choose to not house a portion of the population. It's just useful feedback if you can calculate the effect of putting them in different parts of town, and predict the effect of lower or higher density.
If you are suspicious about the data, I will gladly point you to the original sources and tell you more about the methodology.
Your points about not taking statistics in isolation, whether it be the houses that you suspect of being surrounded by apartments or high-consumption apartment dwellers who might consume just as much if they lived elsewhere, are wise. It is in fact possible to achieve quite high densities without high-rise apartments, the highest point on the graph is only 9 housing units per acre, but the data used in the analysis (Federal Highway Administration's National Household Travel Survey) doesn't distinguish between different sources of density, so I don't know. I'm sure you're right, at higher density a larger proportion of housing units are likely to be apartments. Does the surrounding housing type affect how much people drive? Interesting question.
I am not sure what my biases are supposed to be, but in most of the modeling I have done, the CNU recommendations of having a range of housing types with an emphasis on the compact forms is what seems to minimize land and resource use. So my bias is for densities that are not at the high nor the low extremes.
Density without apartments
The highest density on the graph is almost 16,000 units per square kilometer. Let's call it 15,800. A square kilometer is equal to approximately 247 acres ( That comes out to about 64 housing units per acre.
As far as I am aware, single family detached homes have never been built at anything close to 64 units per acre.
High Rises And Energy
My bias is also against highrises and in favor of a traditional urban scale made up of mid-rise apartment buildings (5 or 6 stories) and rowhouses, so I find this discussion very interesting and would like to see some reliable statistics.
Kenworthy and Newman use international comparisons to show that automobile use is inversely proportional to density - greatest in low-density American cities and lowest in high-rise Asian cities. But the inflection point of the curve is right around the density of traditional European cities, so there is not all that much reduction of automobile use above that, and it is possible it could be outweighed by other forms of increased energy use with highrises.
One possibility is heat-island effects, which increase cooling costs. I hear that Arup designed the ecological city of Dongtan outside of Shanghai with an eight-story height limit to conserve energy by avoiding the heat-island effect, but Arup has not made any of its figures about energy conservation public, as far as I know.
Other possibilities are greater energy use for elevators and hvac systems in highrises. I have not heard about any studies of this.
I would appreciate references to any reliable studies about increased energy costs of highrises.
My own reasons for opposing highrises are in my blog post "Why Highrises are Faceless and Impersonal" at, but I would be happy if there were also some arguments about energy conservation to second the obvious human advantages of midrise cities
Charles Siegel
Energy use of different housing forms
Here is one reliable source, the Energy Information Administration.
It seems to vary quite a bit from year to year. It doesn't specifically study high-rises, just buildings with more units. Roughly speaking in the U.S. high-rises use something like 20% more energy than single-family houses. In Canada it's 30%, and in Australia up to 50%.
The articles I've seen name all sorts of different reasons. Yes, there are the elevators, lighting for the common areas, the difficulty in controlling humidity. Some of the physics of HVAC systems are different because of the heights and of the length of ducts, leading to large temperature and pressure differences that need energy to overcome. Even little things like dryer exhaust. In a house you just vent it through the wall, but it's not that simple in high-rises.
Energy use of different housing forms
Great table!
When all nine years of the study are averaged, the ranking comes out like this.
1. Single-Family Attached (87,400 btu/sqft)
2. Single-Family Detached (88,000 btu/sqft)
3. Apt. 2-4 (120,000 btu/sqft)
4. Apt. 5+ (123,400 btu/sqft)
5. Mobile Home (160,200 btu/sqft)
Energy Use Of Houses And Apartments
The problem with these figures is that they give energy use per sq. ft. rather than per person.
People living in apartments generally have less space than people living in houses, so it is possible that there is actually more energy use per person in houses than in apartments, though there is less energy use per sq. ft. in houses.
This is what I would expect, since some forms of energy use are pretty much constant per person (such as hot water use for showers and washing dishes) while others increase as square footage increases (such as heating). Thus, as a person lives in a larger home, that person's overall energy use increases, but not by