50 Avengers Trivia Questions and Answers (Fun List)
💡 The Best List of Avengers Trivia Questions and Answers.
Last update: 2021-06-03
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The best list of the avengers trivia questions.
Inside this article
 1. How to Play
 2. Trivia Questions
Are you the biggest Avengers fan? Take the test with friends! These Avengers trivia questions are a great way to have fun with friends. And show you're the true fan of the Marvel Studios pictures and original comics.
Don't forget to grab the free PDF at the bottom of this article! It will make it easier to play trivia with friends in person.
Have fun playing! And get ready to jump into the Marvel Cinematic Universe!
How to Play
Trivia is best played with a minimum of three players. If playing in person, each player should have a pencil and paper. When a trivia question is presented to the group, a correct answer is worth one point. It's best to play three rounds of the game. With the winner being the player with the most points.
A "game head" is normally chosen before the game begins. This player is going to be the one who reads the questions to the group.
In the event of a tie, leave 10 questions available. The two or three players must compete against each other in these 10 questions in order to determine the winner.
Avengers Trivia Questions & Answers
Trivia Question: How many rings does Captain America's shield have?
Answer: 2.
Trivia Question: What side of his face is the eye patch that Nick Fury wears?
Answer: Right side.
Trivia Question: What planet was the Soul Stone hidden on in the movie Infinity War?
Answer: Vormir.
Trivia Question: What is the real name of the Incredible Hulk?
Answer: Bruce Banner.
Trivia Question: How many infinity stones are there?
Answer: 6.
Trivia Question: Who took out Tony Stark's parents?
Answer: Winter Soldier.
Trivia Question: True or false, early Tony Stark Iron Man suit's were plugged into the wall?
Answer: True.
Trivia Question: Who was the person who came up with the name "The Avengers?"
Answer: The Wasp, wife of Ant Man.
Trivia Question: After being defeated by The Avengers in their firs issue, where did the hulk take refuge?
Answer: In a traveling circus.
Trivia Question: True or false, the avengers once had a Justice League crossover where they fought?
Answer: True.
Trivia Question: What is the signature move of Black Panther?
Answer: The Panther Punch.
Trivia Question: Captain Marvel once became pregnant with the child of which villain?
Answer: Marcus Immortus.
Trivia Question: What issue did Captain America join The Avengers in the Marvel Universe comic series?
Answer: The 4th issue.
Trivia Question: In which Avengers movie does Scarlet Witch make her appearance?
Answer: Avengers: Age of Ultron.
Trivia Question: In the marvel film Avengers: Infinity War, The Wakandan war cry is said to stand for what?
Answer: Hold strong.
Trivia Question: What does Loki say to Thanos in Avengers: Infinity War regarding Bruce Banner?
Answer: We have a Hulk.
Trivia Question: What was Steve Rogers treated with in order to become Captain America?
Answer: Super Soldier Serum.
Trivia Question: How many Avengers films are there in total?
Answer: 4.
Trivia Question: In which Avengers film does Spider-Man make an appearance?
Answer: Trick question, he makes an appearance in Captain America: Civil War.
Trivia Question: What percentage of credit did Tony Stark give to Pepper for the design of Stark Tower?
Answer: 12% of the credit.
Trivia Question: What word does Thanos say in the post-credits scene of the first Avengers movie?
Answer: Death.
Trivia Question: The Infinity Gauntlet was worn on which hand of Thanos?
Answer: His left hand.
Trivia Question: Joss Whedon wasn't a fan of Tony Stark's pose because it reminded him of what Disney character?
Answer: Peter Pan.
Trivia Question: What fake name does Natasha Romanoff give to Tony Stark when they first meet?
Answer: I want one.
Trivia Question: What does "S.H.I.E.L.D." stand for?
Answer: Strategic Homeland Intervention, Enforcement and Logistics Division.
Trivia Question: What actress plays Maria Hill in the Marvel Cinematic Universe?
Answer: Cobie Smulders.
Trivia Question: Kenneth Branagh directed which Marvel Studios film?
Answer: Thor.
Trivia Question: Is Doctor Strange part of The Avengers team?
Answer: Yes.
Trivia Question: In which movie does Doctor Strange fight Thanos?
Answer: In the final battle in Avengers: Infinity War.
Trivia Question: In the comic book series, who were the original avengers?
Answer: Iron Man, Ant Man, Hulk, Thor, and Wasp.
Trivia Question: Pepper Potts is the full name of which avengers assistant?
Answer: Iron Man's assistant.
Trivia Question: Where is the Avengers headquarters?
Answer:Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, New York City.
Trivia Question: What does Nick Fury tell to Captain America in order to get him back into the world?
Answer: Nick Fury tells him that he's trying to save the world.
Trivia Question: What is the full and real name of Black Widow?
Answer: Natasha Romanova.
Trivia Question: Jane Foster was taken out by which Avengers villain?
Answer: Thanos.
Trivia Question: "Puny God" was said to which person while inside Stark Tower?
Answer: Loki.
Trivia Question: What year did Avengers: Endgame get released?
Answer: 2019.
Trivia Question: In the first film, Dean Stanton made an appearance and said what?
Answer: I can do this all day.
Trivia Question: What infinity stone is green in color?
Answer: The Soul Stone.
Trivia Question: What is the color of the space stone?
Answer: Pink.
Trivia Question: What powers does the mind stone give?
Answer: Telekinetic powers.
Trivia Question: What's the name of the soldiers that fought with Captain America in World War II?
Answer: Howling Commandos.
Trivia Question: Who was the first Avenger who decided to quit the team?
Answer: Thor.
Trivia Question: True or false, was Star Wars ever references in an Avengers film?
Answer: False.
Trivia Question: What is the hero name of Clint Barton?
Answer: Hawkeye.
Trivia Question: "The Vision" from the comic book series was originally intended to be what type of creature?
Answer: An alien.
Trivia Question: Thanos was originally inspired by what competing comic companies character?
Answer: DC Comics Darkseid.
Trivia Question: In The Avengers comic book series, which talk show host made a cameo in the series?
Answer: David Letterman.
Trivia Question: In the comic series and movie series, which character was played by the same person?
Answer: Nick Fury.
Trivia Question: The Wasp was going to replace which character in the first Avengers movie?
Answer: Black Widow.
Free PDF Resource
Free PDF Resource: Get the full PDF of this resource right here.
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Created by John Smith and reviewed by Patrick D., the gaming guys. We love games and questions that inspire conversation. See more on the about page.


Eyes-Road - Another vision of EDI > All Blog > DOSSIER – La Vision Nocturne, bientôt à notre portée?
DOSSIER - Night Vision, soon within our reach?
Reading time : 4 minutes
Having the ability to see in the dark can be very useful. Night vision is even a fantasy for many science fiction enthusiasts. Some living beings, moreover, can already see very well in the dark. What if it were ever possible for a human being to borrow this characteristic?
What would happen to a human being able to see in the dark?
night vision
Night vision made possible by promising studies
Animals have amazing visual abilities. Many can see much better than us in the dark. They are called nyctalopes. On the other hand, however, the latter distinguish colors less well.
This is explained by a cone / rod proportion different from that of human vision. So why not borrow these faculties from animals to improve our own vision, which is very weak when the light is lacking?
Science has of course looked into the subject, and many experiments have been carried out or are in progress. In 2019, American and Chinese researchers even successfully injected infrared vision into mice.
mouse test
Rodents, like humans, do not have the ability to perceive all light waves, infrared radiation being invisible to the naked eye because its wavelength exceeds 700 nanometers.
The researchers therefore started from this base to develop ocular nanoparticles. These are anchored to the photoreceptors of the eye in order to retransmit light to the brain via a nerve signal.
The brain is then able to assimilate infrared radiation transformed into visible waves by nanoparticles.
night vision
In order to see the success of the injection, the researchers then placed the mice in a maze. They then managed to make out a platform hidden in the dark.
Ce6, serum capable of hypersensitizing sight
What if such an experiment could be carried out on a human being? This was the case in 2015, when a man volunteered for a rather crazy experiment.
Gabriel Licina, body hacker biochemist, was injected with a serum called Ce6.
This chemical serum caused almost total blackening of the retina for about two hours. During this time he was able, with complete success, to recognize people located 50 meters away in the dark!
The Ce6 serum was mixed with the serum physiological and insulin, in order to guarantee better absorption. Another substance called dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) helped increase the permeability of cell membranes in the eye.
Of course, the injection of this serum made the patient's eyes extremely vulnerable to any light during the test. He then had to wear contact lenses to protect them. At the end of the experiment, however, no abnormalities were noted and his vision returned to normal.
[Embed] _URL_ v = UJVPjREr4c8 & ab_channel = irodan1 [/ embed]
Chlorin e6, photosensitive molecule
Another treatment may be a way to improve our night vision. This is dynamic phototherapy, a treatment used to fight against certain cancers. The patients who underwent this treatment all admitted to seeing better in the dark.
A good starting point, therefore, for a scientific study. The researchers determined that, again, the culprit was chlorin e6, the photosensitive molecule used for the Ce6 serum.
To determine how the molecule, used to destroy tumor cells, works with the visual system, scientists used molecular simulation.
As a result, by absorbing infrared radiation, chlorin e6 interacts with oxygen present in the tissues of the eye and transforms it into reactive oxygen, or singlet oxygen, a very reactive species that can destroy cells. cancerous.
The production of reactive oxygen does not destroy cells in the eye, but is important enough to improve night vision.
Is a human who sees in the dark a new human?
Much remains to be done to understand this mechanism linked to the injection of chlorine. Improving night vision could have a growing impact on research, especially in the fight against blindness. But a new perspective would have other consequences.
Indeed, our whole life could be turned upside down. Because, what would the possibility of seeing in the dark really represent for the human being? We can imagine a multitude of scenarios, while allowing ourselves a little science fiction.
Of course, the probability of one day seeing perfectly in the dark remains very low to this day. But by imagining it, one can easily understand that this would considerably change many fields related to human activity.
This would probably be a new step taken in the Anthropocene, l era of man.
From a social, professional, even military and geo-strategic point of view, improving night vision would redefine all human existence.
[= ]
This dream or this fantasy would then take on a very special flavor, because it would also open the way to new ideas to allow the improvement of a new human being.
A challenge to match the ambitions of science, then, but a step that not everyone will be ready to take. In the meantime, you can always dream of being able to fend for yourself in the dark.
Sources: Actu santé.net, Cnrs, Indesciences.com,


Home Guns & Weaponry How To Teach A Child To Shoot A Gun
How To Teach A Child To Shoot A Gun
There are a lot of people who wonder what the best age is to begin teaching their kids about guns. The answer to that question depends on the parent and the maturity of the child it is not a dream.
Every kid matures at a different rate and their age isn't as important than how responsible they are. There are some adults who aren't responsible enough yet Nobrain mp3.
One of the best ways to begin teaching your kids about guns is by using a bb gun or pellet gun. Don't make the mistake of assuming these types of guns are not dangerous because they are 윈도우 익스플로러 다운로드. People have been killed by them just as they have regular firearms.
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MapScholar is a free, online platform for geospatial visualization. It enables humanities and social science scholars to create digital "atlases" featuring high-resolution images of historic maps.
This web application runs in any internet browser and requires no special software. MapScholar's user-friendly interface manages geospatial data to make it easy to create and publish simple map collections quickly. MapScholar also supports more sophisticated projects, from data-driven research to the creation of curated exhibitions of cartographic collections. Its suite of tools for image processing, text and graphic annotation, and georeferencing help put maps in context. MapScholar is the place to create and share new visual interpretations of how people have experienced and represented geographic space in world history.


ITK Definition / ITK Means
The exact definition of ITK is "In The Know".
What is ITK?
ITK is "In The Know".
The Meaning of ITK
ITK means "In The Know".
What does ITK mean?
ITK is an acronym, abbreviation or slang word which means "In The Know". This Page is dedicated to all those internet users who are looking for ITK Definition, The Meaning of ITK and What does ITK mean?. You can checkout the information shared above for acronym ITK and other 9000+ slang words shared on Web Acronym.
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text:
Medicaid is the largest payer for maternity care in the United States. The program has an important role to play in improving maternal and perinatal health outcomes. Timely postpartum visits provide an opportunity to assess a woman's physical recovery from pregnancy and childbirth.
Postpartum visits provide an opportunity to address:
- Chronic health conditions, such as diabetes and hypertension
- Mental health status, including postpartum depression
- Family planning, including contraception and inter-conception counseling
Explore the percentage of women delivering a live birth who had a timely postpartum care visit in each state. Higher rates are better on this measure.
The purple dashed line represents the median, or middle, of all values reported.
This measure reports state performance on the percentage of deliveries of live births during the measurement year with a postpartum care visit on or between 21 and 56 days after delivery.
States voluntarily report on Prenatal & Postpartum Care: Postpartum Care (PPC-AD) as part of the Core Set of Adult Health Care Quality Measures. These data show performance rates for states that voluntarily reported the measure using Adult Core Set measure specifications.
The included populations and calculation methods for Adult Core Set measures can vary by state. For example, some states include populations in certain programs, such as beneficiaries covered by Medicaid, but exclude beneficiaries in other programs, such as those dually eligible for Medicare and Medicaid. In addition, states may include beneficiaries in some delivery systems, but exclude other delivery systems. For example, a state may include beneficiaries who are enrolled in managed care, but exclude beneficiaries who are covered on a fee-for-service (FFS) basis. States can also choose to calculate this measure using the administrative or hybrid method. This variation in populations and calculation methods can affect measure performance and comparisons between states.
Source: Mathematica analysis of Medicaid and CHIP Program System (MACPro) reports for the Adult Core Set Federal Fiscal Year (FFY) 2019 reporting cycle as of May 31, 2020; see 2019 Child and Adult Health Care Quality Measures. For more information on the Postpartum Care (PPC-AD) measure, visit Adult Health Care Quality Measures.
The following states did not report data to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) for this measure: AK, AR, AZ, GA, IA, ID, ME, MT, ND, NE, SD, and VT.
The Adult Core Set specifications include guidance for calculating this measure using the administrative method or the hybrid method. The hybrid method uses a combination of administrative and medical records data to identify services included in the numerator or to determine exclusions from the denominator based on diagnoses or other criteria. Unless otherwise specified, administrative data sources are the state's Medicaid Management Information System (MMIS) and/or data submitted by managed care plans; medical record data sources are paper and/or electronic health records.
Unless otherwise specified:
- States used Adult Core Set specifications, based on National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) 2019 specifications. The following state used NCQA 2018 specifications: OR.
- Denominators are assumed to be the measure-eligible population for states using the administrative method; states using the hybrid method often reported the sample size for the medical chart review rather than the measure-eligible population. Some states reported exclusions from the denominator, as noted in the state-specific comments.
- The measurement period for this measure was November 1, 2017 to November 30, 2018. IN reported data for CY 2018.
ACO = Accountable Care Organization; AHRQ = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; CCO = Coordinated Care Organization; CHIP = Children's Health Insurance Program; CMS = Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services; CMO = Care Management Organization; CY = Calendar Year; ED = Emergency Department; EHR = Electronic Health Record; EQRO = External Quality Review Organization; FFS = Fee for Service; FFY = Federal Fiscal Year; HEDIS = Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set; HMO = Health Maintenance Organization; ICD = International Classification of Diseases; LOINC = Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes; MACPro = Medicaid and CHIP Program System; MCO = Managed Care Organization; MMIS = Medicaid Management Information System; NCQA = National Committee for Quality Assurance; NR = Not Reported; PCCM = Primary Care Case Management; PCP = Primary Care Practitioner.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
RICOH's Image Enhancement technology expresses the beauty of the property or facility
Increase the resolution of images while preserving the details
Correct the brightness of dark images while maintaining the highlight details
Intelligently removes image noise delivering incredible quality
RICOH's original image processing technology delivers stunning automatic enhancement
A 360 ° camera has the advantage of capturing the entire scene and allows the user to see wherever they like but when the image is enlarged its resolution decreases comapred to a regular digital camera
With the advancements in image processing technologies of digital cameras that RICOH has been producing for many years and letting AI learn a dataset that pairs 360-degree images from RICOH THETA with high-quality images from RICOH GR digital camera, we have developed an intelligent image processing technology that greatly enhances the quality of an image
This technology was presented by Ricoh Group researchers at the OmniCV (* 2) workshop at CVPR2020 (* 1), a major international conference on computer vision, held on June 15, 2020. We announced the result of our activities on super-resolution technology for 360° images using AI.
* 1: The Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. A prestigious computer vision and pattern recognition conference regarded as one of the most influential in its field convenes thousands from the Global AI, Machine Learning and Computer Vision Community.
* 2: Explanation of Omnidirectional Computer Vision in Research and Industry


Note: I received a free copy of this product for review purposes. Some links in this review might be affiliate programs, so I'll make some coffee money if you buy. You get it at the normal price though!
Rocket German Review
Reviewed by: The German Project
Rocket German "dashboard" screenshot
Rocket German is an online German course and app from Rocket Languages. It comes in three levels making it suitable for beginner to intermediate German learners.
Rocket German doesn't have quite the same flashy marketing as bigger names like Rosetta Stone, Pimsleur or Fluenz. It's also nowhere near as cute as that Duolingo owl. But you'll see a lot of people talking about it because it seems to offer a whole lot, without costing the earth.
On first glance it can be a bit hard to understand exactly what you're getting with Rocket German: There are podcast-style lessons, a grammar course, and a bunch of other tools for each lesson with a sugar-dusting of gamification, badges, awards and other trinkets.
So how does it actually work?
Let's take a look.
The interactive audio course
The first place you start in Rocket German is with the "Interactive Audio Course".
The Interactive Audio lessons are essentially podcasts. You can listen to them on your computer, download them to a music device, or access them through the app. They're all around 20 minutes long, which is a good length for me: Long enough to learn something, but not so long that it gets dull.
Rocket German interactive audio lesson screenshot
Confession time: In the past I've hurled a lot of criticism at language audio courses for teaching useless stuff at the beginning. Stuff like how to book a hotel room over the phone. Who does that anymore?
But Rocket German teaches you something much more useful: Within the first three interactive audio lessons you've learned how to how to order both tea and coffee in German. Now that's some useful language skills.
The Interactive Audio lessons are structured around a conversation. When the lesson starts, you'll hear a Pretty Intimidating Conversation, and then over the next twenty minutes Lena and Paul will break it down.
Rocket German audio lesson transcript
Part of a conversation from an audio lesson. (The actual lessons are like podcasts, but you also get written transcripts and notes to practice with.)
In these audio lessons you'll do a lot of pronunciation practice (occasionally right down to individual syllables — useful for those really long German words) and you'll learn a bit about how the words work.
Most importantly, you'll learn how to use all those words and constructions in a variety of other ways, so you can quickly start joining in real life conversations.
Update: The Interactive Audio lessons were re-written and re-recorded in 2020 with a new (American) host and two native German speakers. The previous host was a little grating. If you read other reviews that mention an annoying host... they're probably referring to the old versions of the lessons.
Overall I found the audio lessons taught me a surprising amount of useful German in a short space of time. They strike a nice balance between:
 1. Essential and usable German building blocks
 2. Cultural insights
 3. Pronunciation practice
Most importantly, what you get out of these lessons is a whole lot of motivation. Motivation comes from being able to see great results in a short space of time, and that's what these lessons deliver.
They don't necessarily go into a whole lot of depth, but that's where the next course component comes in...
The "language and culture" course
The audio course covers the most essential German you need to survive, and it gets you "functional" fast. But if you want to become fully fluent in German, the audio course isn't going to get you all the way there.
So Rocket German also comes with a more detailed written grammar course that can be used alongside the audio course. (They call it the "language and culture" course, but it's mostly grammar and vocabulary, with a few extra cultural insights included.)
This is more like a traditional-style German course. They cover in greater depth all of the nitty-gritty that the audio course skims over. The explanations are straightforward, and there's a lot of that lovely clear audio built-in, so you can practice hearing and speaking the words.
Rocket German grammar course layout
The "language and culture" lessons go into more depth than the audio course. There's audio and pronunciation practice for almost every audio example.
If you don't like learning all the technical grammar points in these lessons — that's ok. I'd recommend that you just stick to the interactive audio lessons, which are much easier to digest.
Once you start to get a little bit more curious, or you bump up against something you can't figure out, you can come back to these lessons.
(Curiosity is the best fuel for learning!)
Practicing and reinforcing what you've learned
One of my biggest weaknesses when learning a new language is that it's tempting to skip through the material too quickly. I think I understand it, so I move onto the next section. Then it all evaporates from my memory when I need it most.
Rocket German gives you a bunch of tools at the end of every lesson to make sure you've fully mastered every single angle of the material before you move onto the next step.
It tests your listening, your writing, your pronunciation, and your ability to find the right words when you're under pressure!
The tests use a self-rating system (so it's up to you to be honest) and spaced-repetition (so if something is difficult, you'll keep seeing it until it's easy). I've found these exercises challenge me to slow down and really learn the material, and my recall and confidence is better.
One of my favorite tools is the flash card game — simple but effective.
Rocket German flash cards example
Each lesson comes with a corresponding set of flashcards, or you can create your own to focus on words and phrases that you really want to practice.
Testing your pronunciation
If you've ever been afraid to speak your German out loud, for fear that nobody would understand you... you'll like this next feature.
Every single audio example in Rocket German has a voice-recording tool built in, so you can record your pronunciation and see how good it is.
Rocket German pronunciation tool example
In the first example, I got it right. In the second example I said the wrong name. Rocket German uses red text to highlight where you went wrong.
The tool is based on similar voice recognition technology to the technology in your phone that lets you give it voice commands.
The idea is that if you can get it to understand your German... you'll probably be easily understood by an actual German-speaking person. Right?
There are three difficulty levels that are supposed to require more refined pronunciation. In my testing I didn't notice much difference between the levels, but it could simply be that my German pronunciation is sehr gut.
You can try it out on the Rocket German website, about halfway down the page.
Who is Rocket German suitable for?
 - Anyone who needs a fast grasp of some German basics: The Interactive Audio Course is a great introduction. It's fun to listen to, teaches you a surprising amount, and it gives you real, usable German building blocks from very early in the course.
 - Anyone who wants to become fluent: The addition of the "language and culture" lessons means you can dig deeper and learn more grammar and vocabulary. Rocket German comes in three levels so you can go all the way from beginner to advanced.
 - German learners who have trouble getting German to "stick": The testing tools are really useful for locking the material into your memory, and they're fun as well.
 - Anyone taking a German course who wants extra help: The "language and culture" courses and testing tools can be used alongside another course for revision and practice.
The things I really like are...
 - It gives you meaningful results, fast: The course is front-loaded with useful language, so you can actually start using it from day one. This is a lot more motivating than courses that start with grammar basics, and it means you're more likely to stick with it.
 - But it's also includes a really comprehensive grammar course: So that after that initial burst of accomplishment, you can also dig down and learn the finer details of the language. This is a course that just keeps giving.
 - It's good for different learning styles: Rocket German offers different approaches to learning German. You might learn best through tests and games, or through listening to the audio course, or by reading through the lessons. You can pick the strategy that works best for you.
 - But it's not a gimmick: Some language courses are little more than fancy games that make you feel like you're doing well, but don't really help you become fluent in German. Rocket German is, underneath, a rock solid traditional German course with some fun ways of approaching the tried-and-true material. (Yes, there are 16 ways of saying "my" in German. Yes, Rocket German will teach you all of them.)
 - There's an app for iOS and Android so you can do the entire course from your smartphone or tablet.
 - No software to install on a laptop/desktop. It's an online course, so you just go to their website, log in, and it all works. No need to download anything or muck around installing things. It just works.
 - Good bang for buck: At the time of writing this, you can get the first level for under a hundred bucks. That gets you 29 interactive audio lessons, 34


text:
Olympus Mons, a volcano on Mars, is the highest mountain in the Solar System and stands about 80,000 feet tall. This graph shows lots of information about Olympus Mons. On the left side, the height is given in meters. On the horizontal axis, at the bottom, the graph shows degrees of latitude. This image distorts the volcano. The first 30,000 feet are nearly vertical while the upper 50,000 feet slope gently.
Image from: NASA/JPL

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Gaussians. To\nmeasure the consistency, we de\ufb01ne the following error function:\n\n(cid:8)(fL1; : : : ; Lkg) = min\n\nfQn;:::QN g\n\nX\n\nn;s\n\nqnsD(Qn(g) k p(gjxn; s));\n\n(3)\n\nwhere we used qns as a shorthand for p(sjxn) and Qn is a Gaussian with mean gn\nand covariance matrix (cid:6)n. The objective sums for each data point xn and model s the\nKullback-Leibler divergence D between a single Gaussian Qn(g) and the component den-\nsities p(gjx; s), weighted by the posterior p(sjxn). It is easy to derive that in order to\nminimize the objective (cid:8) w.r.t. gn and (cid:6)n we obtain:\n\ngn = X\n\nqnsgns and (cid:6)n = (cid:27)2I;\n\ns\n\n(4)\n\nwhere I denotes the identity matrix. Skipping some additive and multiplicative constants\nwith respect to the linear maps Ls, the objective (cid:8) then simpli\ufb01es to:\n\n(cid:8) = X\n\nqns k gn (cid:0) gns k2=\n\nn;s\n\n1\n2 X\n\nn;s;t\n\nqnsqnt k gnt (cid:0) gns k2(cid:21) 0:\n\n(5)\n\nThe main attraction with this setup is that our objective is a quadratic function of the linear\nmaps Ls, as in [7, 8]. Using some extra notation, we obtain a clearer form of the objective\nas a function of the linear maps. Let:\n\nun = [qn1z>\n\nn1 : : : qnkz>\n\nnk];\n\nU = [u>\n\n1 : : : u>\n\nN ]>;\n\nL = [L1 : : : Lk]>:\n\n(6)\n\nNote that from (4) and (6) we have: gn = (unL)>. The expected projection coordinates\ncan thus be computed as: G = [g1 : : : gN ]> = UL: We de\ufb01ne the block-diagonal matrix\nD with k blocks given by Ds = Pn qnsznsz>\n\nns. The objective can now be written as:\n\n(cid:8) = TrfL>(D (cid:0) U>U)Lg:\n\n(7)\n\nThe objective function is invariant to translation and rotation of the global latent space and\nre-scaling the latent space changes the objective monotonically, c.f. (5). To make solutions\nunique with respect to translation, rotation and scaling, we impose two constraints:\n\n(transl:) : (cid:22)g = X\n\ngn=N = 0;\n\n(rot: + scale) : (cid:6)g = X\n\n(gn (cid:0) (cid:22)g)(gn (cid:0) (cid:22)g)>=N = I:\n\nn\n\nn\n\nThe columns of L minimizing (cid:8) are characterized as the generalized eigenvectors:\n\n(D (cid:0) U>U)v = (cid:21)U>Uv, Dv = ((cid:21) + 1)U>Uv:\n\n(8)\n\nThe value of the objective function is given by the sum of the corresponding eigenvalues\n(cid:21). The smallest eigenvalue is always zero, corresponding to mapping all data into the same\n\n\f1.5\n\n1\n\n0.5\n\n0\n\n\u22120.5\n\n\u22121\n\n\u22121.5\n\n\u22122\n\n\u22122.5\n\n\u22123\n\n\u22123.5\n\n2.5\n\n2\n\n1.5\n\n1\n\n0.5\n\n0\n\nFigure 1: Data in\nIR3 with local charts\nindicated by the axes\n(left). Data repre-\nsentation in IR2 gen-\nerated by optimizing\nour objective func-\ntion.\nExpected la-\ntent coordinates gn\nare plotted (right).\n\n\u22121.5\n\n\u22121\n\n\u22120.5\n\n0\n\n0.5\n\n1\n\n1.5\n\n2\n\n2\n\n1.5\n\n1\n\n0.5\n\n0\n\n\u22120.5\n\n\u22121\n\n\u22121.5\n\n\u22122\n\n\u22122.5\n\u22122\n\n0\n\n\u22120.5\n\n\u22121\n\n\u22121.5\n\n\u22120.5\n\n1.5\n\n1\n\n0.5\n\nlatent coordinate. This embedding is uninformative since it is constant, therefore we select\nthe eigenvectors corresponding to the second up to the (d + 1)st smallest eigenvalues to\nobtain the best embedding in d dimensions. Note that, as mentioned in [7], this framework\nenables us to use feature extractors that provide different numbers of features.\n\nIn Fig. 1 we give an illustration of applying the above procedure to a simple manifold. The\nplots show the original data presented to the algorithm (left) and the 2-dimensional latent\ncoordinates gn = Ps qnsgns found by the algorithm (right).\n\n3 Laplacian Eigenmaps as a special case\n\nConsider the special case of the algorithm of Section 2, where no features are extracted.\nThe only information the mixture model provides are the posterior probabilities collected\nin the matrix Q with [Q]ns = qns = p(sjxn). In that case:\n\ngns = (cid:20)s;\n\nU = Q;\n(cid:8) = TrfL>(D (cid:0) A)Lg = X\n\nL = [(cid:20)\n\n>\n1 : : : (cid:20)\n\nk ]>;\n>\nqnsqnt;\n\nk (cid:20)s (cid:0) (cid:20)t k2 X\n\n(9)\n\n(10)\n\ns;t\n\nn\n\nwhere A = Q>Q is an adjacency matrix with [A]st = Pn qnsqnt and D is the diagonal\ndegree matrix of A with [D]ss = Pt Ast = Pn qns. Optimization under the constrains\nof zero mean and identity covariance leads to the generalized eigenproblem:\n\n(D (cid:0) A)v = (cid:21)Av, (D (cid:0) A)v =\n\n(cid:21)\n\n1 + (cid:21)\n\nDv\n\n(11)\n\nThe optimization problem is exactly the Laplacian Eigenmaps algorithm[4], but applied\non the mixture components instead of the data points. Since we do not use any feature\nextractors in this setting, it can be applied to mixture models that model data for which\nit is hard to design feature extractors, e.g. data that has (both numerical and) categorical\nfeatures. Thus, we can use mixture densities without latent variables, e.g. mixtures of\nmultinomials, mixtures of Hidden Markov Models, etc. Notice that in this manner the\nmixture model not only provides a soft grouping of the data through the posteriors, but also\nan adjacency matrix between the groups.\n\n4 Non-linear CCA by aligning local feature extractors\n\nCanonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) is a data analysis method that \ufb01nds correspondences\nbetween two or more sets of measurements. The data are provided in tuples of correspond-\ning measurements in the different spaces. The sets of measurements can be obtained by\n\n\femploying different sensors to make measurements of some phenomenon. Our main inter-\nest in this paper is to develop a nonlinear extension of CCA which works when the differ-\nent measurements come from separate nonlinear manifolds that share an underlying global\ncoordinate system. Non-linear CCA can be trained to \ufb01nd a shared low dimensional em-\nbedding for both manifolds, exploiting the pairwise correspondence provided by the data\nset. Such models can then be used for different purposes, like sensor fusion, denoising,\n\ufb01lling in missing data, or predicting a measurement in one space given a measurement in\nthe other space. Another important aspect of this learning setup is that the use of multiple\nsensors might also function as regularization helping to avoid over\ufb01tting, c.f. [11].\nIn CCA two (zero mean) sets of points are given: X = fx1; : : : ; xN g (cid:26) IRp and Y =\nfy1; : : : ; yNg (cid:26) IRq. The aim is to \ufb01nd


Health Benefits of Sweet Granadilla or Grenadia
Sweet granadilla or grenadia is a highly nutritious and flavorful fruit, with an orange to yellow skin when ripe. It is native to countries in Central and South America, including Mexico. Today, sweet granadilla grows in Ecuador, Peru, Colombia, Bolivia, Venezuela, Costa Rica, and Argentina. It is also an exotic fruit to tropical regions in Australia, Africa, the United States, New Zealand, India, Southeast Asia, Israel, Brazil, and Papua New Guinea. Sweet granadilla is scientifically referred to as Passiflora ligularis and is a close relative of the passion fruit (purple granadilla).
The fruit is not as popular as purple passion fruit. Sweet granadilla somewhat resembles the yellow passion fruit on the outer shell in terms of color. However, sweet granadilla and yellow passion fruit are completely different fruits based on their species and pulp characteristics. Besides, the skin of a sweet granadilla is thick and leathery, with white specks or spots.
A whole sweet granadilla and two halves displaying a sweet transparent pulp with black seeds
Sweet granadilla pulp and black seeds
Health benefits of sweet granadilla
Sweet granadilla is a less known species of passion fruits. People do not consume it for its good flavor alone. Sweet granadilla is certainly a nutritionally-dense fruit with many health benefits.
Sweet granadilla has a high nutritional value
Sweet granadilla is rich in calcium, potassium, phosphorus, and iron. The fruit is also a source of vitamins A, B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B9 (folate), C, E, and K. Sweet granadilla is a high-fiber fruit, with a significant amount of antioxidants and proteins. These nutrients contribute to the various health benefits associated with consuming sweet granadilla.
Sweet granadilla promotes red and white blood cell production
Sweet granadilla is a valuable source of the vitamin B complex, iron, phosphorus, and potassium, all of which play a crucial role in boosting the manufacture of red and white blood cells in the body. Thus, sweet granadilla can help maintain a normal blood cell count, promoting health and preventing diseases such as anemia. Besides, the nutrients found in a sweet granadilla might help improve platelet count, thus preventing thrombocytopenia.
Sweet granadilla improves cardiovascular health
Sweet granadilla contributes to better heart health when consumed regularly. The fruit contains minerals and vitamins that play a vital role in regulating heart rate and blood pressure. For instance, potassium, a nutrient available in high amounts in sweet granadilla, helps regulate the heartbeat and prevents cardiovascular diseases when consumed in adequate quantities.
Sweet granadilla leads to better gut health.
Sweet granadilla has a high fiber content that accelerates digestion and improves bowel movements. Thus, sweet granadilla can help reduce and prevent constipation. Additionally, this fruit's fiber provides a substrate for good stomach bacteria that eradicate the harmful ones that cause gastrointestinal diseases. Sweet granadilla is also beneficial for people with ulcers and hiatal hernia due to the wound-healing properties attributable to its high vitamin C content.
Sweet granadilla improves visual health
Sweet granadilla nourishes the body with vitamin A, which helps promote eye health and vision. On this note, the fruit can serve as a good source of vitamin A for people with poor eyesight and vision problems.
Sweet granadilla relieves anxiety and insomnia
Sweet granadilla is a known natural relaxant. The calming properties associated with this fruit help reduce anxiety. Sweet granadilla also induces sleepiness due to its mild sedative properties. As a result, consuming this fruit can help alleviate insomnia in people with sleep disturbances.
Sweet granadilla prevents cancer
Consuming sweet granadilla introduces potent antioxidants into the body. As a result, these antioxidants help get rid of free radicals that cause cellular and tissue damage. Normally, the presence of free radicals in the body might trigger cell mutations, causing cancer. On this account, the antioxidant properties of the compounds in sweet granadilla can help prevent cancer.
Sweet granadilla improves immunity
Eating sweet granadilla makes the immune system stronger by providing essential vitamins and minerals to the body. Specifically, the fruit is a good source of vitamin C, a micronutrient known to boost immunity when included in the diet.
How to eat sweet granadilla
Scoop the soft sweet-tasting pulp and seeds of sweet granadilla after cutting the fruit or breaking the thick leathery outer shell. You can eat the pulp right from the shell. Sweet granadilla is sometimes added to ice-cream, pavlova, and yogurt to provide a distinct flavor and improve the nutritional profile.
How does sweet granadilla taste?
Sweet granadilla has a transparent jelly-like pulp, with hard black seeds. The fruit is aromatic, with a distinctive soft sweet taste. Sweet granadilla also has a better and less acidic flavor than other varieties of passion fruits.
Categories: Health and wellness
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21 replies
 1. I've never heard If this fruit before. 😀
 Liked by 2 people
 2. Wonderful post
 Congratulations for 300 followers
 Liked by 2 people
 3. Its benefits for gut health alone are enough for me to add this fruit into may daily diet!
 Liked by 2 people
 4. Thank you for choosing to follow my blog! You are my 900th follower so thank you for getting me to that mile stone! I really appreciate your support and I'm looking forward to reading more about your blog.
 Liked by 1 person
 5. Does it help in general gastric issues, such as gas and bloating?
 Liked by 1 person
 6. We had a lot of sweet granadilla at our grandmother's home town. I did not know it had many health benefits. Anyways, thanks for sharing great information.
 Liked by 1 person
 7. I saw this fruit in the shops for the first time the other day. I didn't know what they were, thought they were all over ripe purple passion fruits. Thank you for your informative post. I enjoyed it.
 Liked by 1 person
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text:
Letter C >
C is for Candy corn
Crafts > Candy
* Oct. 30th > Nat'l
Candy Corn Day
* Oct. > Halloween
* Nov. > Thanksgiving
Here are printable materials and some
suggestions to present letter C. Review related topics
in the themes column and visit the candy
themed activities and craft.
Holidays > Foods > Sweets > Candy Corn
Candy corn is a sweet food made primarily from sugar, corn syrup and
honey, This candy is particularly popular for Halloween.
Letter C is for Candy corn
Present and display your option of alphabet letter C is for Candy
materials listed in the materials column. Present and display the poster and
and distribute the coloring page or handwriting practice worksheet.
*Finger and Pencil Tracing:
Trace letter C's in upper and lower case with your finger as you also sound out the
letter. Invite the children to do the same on their coloring
page. Encourage the children to trace the dotted letter
with your choice of sharpened crayon, fine tip marker, coloring or regular pencil
and explain the direction of the arrows and numbers (on the
upper right corner) that help them trace the
letter correctly. Letter C has a number one which
indicates it is written in one continuous stroke.
*Find the letter C's: Have the children find all the
letter C's in upper and lower case on the page and encourage them to circle
or trace/shade them first. Make sure to indicate that
the word candy corn has two letter C's. Visit each child to make sure they
have identified the letter C's and then discuss the locations with the poster.
Coloring and/or Craft Activity:
Encourage the children to color the candy corn and identify
the traditional colors, orange and yellow with a variety of materials.
Advanced Handwriting Practice:
1. Print your choice of printable
lined-paper. Have children draw candy corn or print
page behind the lined
2. Drawing and writing paper: encourage children to draw
candy corn and practice writing
letter C c.
Letter C words: Letter
C Activity Worksheet and Mini Book This worksheet and matching mini
book can be used as part of Letter C program of activities
to reinforce letter practice and to identify related C words (hard
letter C like letter K). Read suggested instructions for using
the worksheet and mini-book.
Discuss other letter C words and images (refer to letter activity
worksheet above): First 'brainstorm' and
ask the children about other words that have that beginning sound and
write them on a board (dry erase board) as the children come up with
example. You can print letter C in a different bright color to
make it stand out. If you have illustrated alphabet books you
can also use images in them. You can also display letter C posters and
coloring pages or even make a letter C classroom book. For
related images visit: Letter
C Printable Materials.
Letter C Word Search
& Handwriting Practice
The word search game features letter C words
with pictures and handwriting
*coloring and writing materials


the Nuances of generation of the application through the change chart
Model-Driven Development
When developing applications using Flexberry Designer use Model-Driven Architecture - that is, development is by creating and refining models.
Unfortunately, to confine the creation of a model is impossible, since you need to implement are unique to each project logic. However, Flexberry Designer allows you to take on a routine of creating applications and significantly speed up the development process.
As the renderer model used by UML. However, the model is not limited to define charts: there are many metadata affecting the generation of the executable code of the application.
Development through the modification of the model
After the creation of the first model there is possibility to generate executable code for the application.
Adding unique functionality to the generated application by appending executable code, but often there is a need for changes to the model. To make the programmer changes are not lost when changes to the model were created brackets programmer: all code written within these parentheses will not be lost when changes are made to the model and re-generate the executable code. All the code that lies outside the brackets, in contrast, is overwritten in accordance with the current state of the model.
Переведено сервисом «Яндекс.Переводчик»


text:
A special immigrant is a person who qualifies for a green card (permanent residence) under the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) special immigrant program. In order to apply for immigration documents under this status, an immigrant must fill out a petition documenting his or her circumstances and submit the petition to USCIS.
Religious workers, Panama Canal Company or Canal Zone government employees, physicians; international organization employees or family members, Juvenile Court dependents, Armed Forces members, Afghanistan or Iraq nationals who supported the U.S. Armed Forces as translators, and Iraq nationals who worked for or on behalf of the U.S. Government in Iraq are eligible for special immigrant visas.
Definition from Nolo's Plain-English Law Dictionary
A catchall category of people made eligible to apply for U.S. green cards by specially passed laws. Commonly used special immigrant types include workers for recognized religions, former U.S. government workers, and foreign doctors who have been practicing medicine in the United States for many years.
Definition provided by Nolo's Plain-English Law Dictionary.
August 19, 2010, 5:24 pm


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I'm wondering if tailf can generate blocking I/O which will slow down server responsiveness due to logging.
For ex. assuming the following setup:
Debian 5.1 linux server (foo) which is managed via terminal (foo is hosted on EC2).
Foo runs several applications, each writing to their own log file. For the sake of example, Apache httpd to /var/log/apache/access.log & Tomcat 5.5 to /var/log/tomcat5.5/myApp.log.
If I open an ssh connection to foo, (note: Internet link, high latency, relatively slow upload) and run tail -F /var/log/apache/access.log can't I reach a situation where the kernel blocks httpd's writes to this log file and thus slows down httpd's performance because of the wait enforced on each thread?
To give some numbers, let's assume that foo logs ~200kb of log data per second which needs to be pushed over the wire to the ssh client.
Another theoretical aspect: What would happen if the /var/log file system set on an infinite size ram (remember: Theoretically speaking) so that the hard disk seek time is eliminated?
Third aspect, what would happen if I'd open the ssh connection from a really slow link (Let's assume that foo is traffic shaped to push only 5kb/s upload)?
Would love to hear what you think guys.
Thanks for reading, Maxim.
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2 Answers
up vote 1 down vote accepted
I don't think there will be some blocking over I/O here. When you do "tail -f", what's happening is
 1. your shell process, let's say bash, will spawn a new process 'tail'.
 2. tail will open the file, move file pointer to the end, wait for 3 seconds and check whether there are new data.
 3. if there is new data, tail will push it back to the bash using unix pipe.
 4. this data gets transmitted from server to your machine by bash + ssh.
So as you can see, a slow internet connection won't affect step #2, which is the key for I/O performance anyway.
Plus, tail opens file in'read-only' mode and, an educated guess, logs are open in 'append-only' mode, so there shouldn't be much locking here to worry about. If this is still a bit concern for you, then you may want to try out the inotail which is based on latest linux inotify api to avoid polling the file.
Hope this helps, Alex
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I don't think it is likely. I believe the writes will be cached in ram and since they were just written I imagine that tail will be reading those pages from ram as well. The pages will be periodically synced to disk. I would be surprised if Apache blocks on waiting for the logs to be written out to disk myself.
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Your Answer


text:
Nov. 11, 2009 Sharing small snippets of information about your daily life is a key feature of the online social networking revolution. Soon status updates and other social information could be generated automatically.
A team of European researchers are working on merging the instant sharing of social information, popularised by networking and messaging platforms, such as Facebook and Twitter, with emerging ambient intelligence systems that use sensors and smart objects to create awareness of users' whereabouts and activities. Combined, the two technologies promise to provide pervasive awareness, a powerful new way to stay in touch with friends and relatives, whether they live down the street or on the other side of the globe.
"The theory we developed as the basis for our work is that social connections between people are enhanced by both the number and the quality of the interactions between them. Pervasive awareness systems can support and improve this social communication," explains Achilles Kameas, a senior researcher at the Research Academic Computer Technology Institute (raCTI) of Patras, Greece.
Kameas coordinated the EU-funded ASTRA project, which brought together researchers from multiple disciplines, including psychology, interaction design, knowledge engineering and computer science, to take social networking to the next level.
In touch with friends and family, automatically?
Users of a social networking platform based on the ASTRA approach, for example, would rarely have to post status updates manually to let their family know what they are doing or where they are. Surrounded by smart objects and sensors in their home or office, the system continually updates their status information, automatically telling friends that they are unavailable to receive a phone call while they are busy cooking or that they do not want to be disturbed during a business meeting.
"Not only is this information generated automatically, depending on the criteria set by each user, but it does not have to be displayed on a computer screen or in any other distracting way," Kameas explains. "In a smart home or office environment the system could let users know if someone is available for a phone call or not simply by changing the colour of the frame of a photo of them."
The researchers developed their approach based on the so-called focus-nimbus model to determine what information is shared and what is received by different people in a social network. In this context, a person's nimbus consists of the type, amount and detail of information they want to share with others, while their focus contains the type and amount of information they choose to receive from others, including their reaction to the person's nimbus.
The ASTRA software architecture allows both criteria to be defined through a rule-based system that governs what information is shared, in what way and with whom. A husband and wife, for example, may each want to know when the other gets home, but a mother may only want to be informed when her daughter returns, not the reverse.
Different applications, defined by each user or community of users, allow for a wide variety of scenarios, from simple event alerts, to supporting more complex, community-wide situations. According to Kameas, creating such apps is a relatively straightforward process, particularly for tech-savvy young people who are accustomed to modifying and adding features to their MySpace or Facebook pages. However, the researchers are currently working on a new interface to make the process even easier.
Consumer electronics manufacturer Phillips and mobile operator Telenor have conducted trials of the ASTRA technology, with Phillips testing it in its prototype HomeLab smart home.
The response of test users, Kameas says, has been generally positive, although many have raised concerns about privacy and security issues. In that regard, the ASTRA coordinator notes that the system is similar to Facebook and other online services in that users can choose how much information they share and with whom.
"It's like a window. You can leave it wide open, pull the curtain, or close the blinds. Then, what you choose to put on display in the window, be it content or an activity, can be seen by others," Kameas notes.
To meet user concerns, the researchers are planning to launch a follow-up initiative for adaptive pervasive awareness systems based on the notion of a trustworthy personal "bubble" that ensures privacy. At the same time, they are developing ASTRA-based applications for existing social networking platforms.
ASTRA received funding from the FET-Open activities of the EU's Sixth Framework Programme for research.
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.


text:
The logarithmic spiral is plotted with the origin in red. It can be expressed in polar coordinates as or parametrically as:
Each small black point represents the spiral's point for a different angle. Specifically, 80 black points are plotted for each completed round (). The big black point represents the "initial point" corresponding to. The big blue point highlights the point for the specific angle selected with the control.
Select "fixed axes" to restrict the range of in the plot to. Without "fixed axes", the same spiral can be seen resized; the unit line segment along the axis shows the scale.


text:
Publication: Research - peer-review › Report – Annual report year: 2006
This paper focus on how creative thinking, processes and methods can support the strategy development and planning process in organisations. First, several fundamental concepts related to both strategy development and planning are stipulated. In addition, the concept of living organisation will be discussed as well as the interaction between strategy and creativity. Then, methodological ideas to support the strategy making process are presented enhancing the use of creative methods and tools. Finally, a case study related to the development of a strategy for organisational development using creativity tools is discussed.
|Publisher||Informatics and Mathematical Modelling, Technical University of Denmark, DTU|
- methods, Strategy, case study, creativity
No data available


Take the 2-minute tour ×
In Weil's paper
"On a certain type of characters of the idele-class group of an algebraic number field",
Weil introduces a class of characters on the Idele class group (of not necessarily finite order) which take algebraic values. He calls them, characters of type (A) (the (A) probably stands for algebraic, I guess). On the last 3 lines of p. 3, he says that Artin pointed out to him how to use Minkowski's theorem on units (in absolutely normal number fields) to show essentially that all such characters come from CM fields.
Basically, this question boils down to understand the following: For which number fields $K$; collection of integers $f_{\iota}$; and a suitable choice of an integer $m$, is it possible to have $$ \prod_{\iota\in S_{\infty} }\left(\frac{\iota(\epsilon)}{\overline{\iota(\epsilon)}}\right)^{mf_{\iota}}=1 $$ for all $\epsilon\in \mathcal{O}_K^{\times}$? Here $S_{\infty}$ denotes the set of infinite places of $K$.
Q1: Is there a reference in the literature where I can find a proof (or a sketch of a proof) of this result?
Q2: If no such reference exists, then how does one prove it from Minkowski's theorem?
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See Laurent Fargues's great article 'Motives and automorphic forms: the potentially abelian case', available here: www-irma.u-strasbg.fr/~fargues/Motifs_abeliens.pdf It's Proposition 1.12. – Keerthi Madapusi Pera Jan 30 '13 at 14:49
Also, do you mean Dirichlet's theorem, rather than Minkowski's? – Keerthi Madapusi Pera Jan 30 '13 at 14:49
Fargues' article is indeed great in many ways but I don't find his proof of Proposition 1.12 all that clear -- he leaves a lot of checking to the reader. – David Loeffler Jan 30 '13 at 20:16
see Patrikis' 2012 thesis: math.ias.edu/~patrikis/variationsoct2012.pdf (in particular, 5.1.3). the first proof given is the standard one (see Keerthi's answer below), but it also indicates a second proof. – fherzig Jan 31 '13 at 19:37
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2 Answers
up vote 7 down vote accepted
Now that I've had the chance to look at Fargues's proof carefully, it seems incomplete for what it claims to prove, but it might answer the question under consideration.
Suppose that you have a collection of integers $f_{\iota}$ indexed by embeddings $\iota:K\hookrightarrow\mathbb{C}$ and satisfying for some integer $m$ (this is slightly different from the OP's identity):
$$\prod_{\iota}\iota(\epsilon)^{mf_{\iota}}=1,\text{ for all $\epsilon\in\mathcal{O}_K^\times$}.$$
Then I claim that there exists a CM sub-field $L\subset K$ such that $f_{\iota}$ only depends on $\iota\vert_L$ (for the purposes of this statement, totally real fields are CM).
The assertion that allows us to reduce this to Dirichlet's unit theorem is the following: It suffices to show that, for all $\sigma\in Aut(\mathbb{C})$, $f_{\sigma\iota}+f_{\sigma\overline{\iota}}$ is independent of $\iota$ and $\sigma$.
(EDIT: It was incorrectly stated in the original version that it was enough to require independence from $\iota$ alone).
To see this, we reinterpret this condition as follows: After fixing an embedding $\bar{\mathbb{Q}}\hookrightarrow\mathbb{C}$, we can view the collection $(f_{\iota})$ as an element $f$ of the $G_{\mathbb{Q}}$-module of maps $Hom(K,\bar{\mathbb{Q}})\to\mathbb{Z}$. The Galois action is given by $(\sigma(f))_{\iota}=f_{\sigma^{-1}\iota}$. From this point of view, our claim amounts to: For every complex conjugation $c$ of $\bar{\mathbb{Q}}$, $f_{\iota}+f_{c(\iota)}$ is independent of $c$ and $\iota$. In particular, for all $\sigma\in G_{\mathbb{Q}}$, and all complex conjugations $c$, we have:
$$ f_{\sigma^{-1}\iota}+f_{c(\sigma^{-1}\iota)}=f_{\iota}+f_{c\iota}. $$
Another way to write this is, for all $\iota$:
$$ \sigma(f)_{\iota}+\sigma(c(f))_{\iota}=f_{\iota}+c(f)_{\iota}. $$
So $\sigma$ stabilizes $f$ if and only if it stabilizes $c(f)$, for all complex conjugations $c$. Let $L$ be the fixed field of the stabilizer of $f$ in $G_{\mathbb{Q}}$. We have shown that $L$ is stabilized by all complex conjugations. To show that $L$ is CM we need to now need to know that all complex conjugations have the same action on $L$. This amounts to showing that $f_{c(\iota)}$ does not depend on the choice of $c$. But, since $f_{\iota}+f_{c(\iota)}$ does not depend on $c$ by hypothesis, this is clear.
Let us return to the first identity above. Taking the logarithm of its absolute value gives us:
$$ \sum_{\iota}f_{\iota}\vert \iota(\epsilon)\vert=0. $$
But consider the map
$$ \ell:\mathcal{O}_K^\times\otimes\mathbb{R}\rightarrow\oplus_{v\vert\infty}\mathbb{R}. $$ given by $\ell(\epsilon\otimes 1)_v=\log\vert \epsilon\vert_v$ if $v$ is real and by $\ell(\epsilon\otimes 1)_v=2\log\vert \epsilon\vert_v$ if $v$ is complex. The indexing set here is the set of inequivalent archimedean norms on $K$. Then Dirichlet's unit theorem says that $\ell$ is an isomorphism onto the hyperplane $H$ where the sum of the co-ordinates is identically $0$.
This shows that, for all $(b_v)\in H$,
$$\sum_{v}\frac{f_{\iota(v)}+f_{\overline{\iota}(v)}}{2}b_v=0.$$ Here, if $v$ is complex, $\iota(v)$ and $\overline{\iota}(v)$ are the two complex embeddings inducing $v$. If $v$ is real, they're the same embedding. If one uses the usual basis of $H$ consisting of differences of the basis vectors for the ambient space, one finds that $f_{\iota}+f_{\overline{\iota}}$ is independent of $\iota$. Applying the same argument to the character $\epsilon\mapsto\prod_{\iota}\sigma^{-1}(\iota(\epsilon))^{f_{\iota}}=\prod_\iota\iota(\epsilon)^{f_{\sigma\iota}}$, one sees that $f_{\sigma\iota}+f_{\sigma\overline{\iota}}$ is independent of $\iota$ as well.
(EDIT: The remainder of the proof has been changed to reflect the correction in the criterion above.)
Set $w(\sigma)=f_{\sigma\iota}+f_{\sigma\bar{\iota}}$: this doesn't depend on $\iota$. To finish the proof, we must show that it is independent of $\sigma$ as well. First, let $L$ be as above. From what we have proven already, we find that $L$ is stable under all complex conjugations. Assume that $L$ is totally complex; this implies that $K$ is also totally complex. Then, if $n=[K:\mathbb{Q}]$, we have:
$$ 2nw(1)=\sum_{\iota}(f_{\iota}+f_{\bar{\iota}})=\sum_{\iota}(f_{\sigma\iota}+f_{\sigma\bar{\iota}})=2nw(\sigma). $$
So, in this case, the independence is clear.
To finish, it is enough to show the following: If $L$ has one real place, then $L=\mathbb{


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It turns out that whales are preying on fish using stealth action and rush attack
Humpback whales prey on large amounts of fish every day, but humpback whales swim only fast enough for humans to jog, and far less than fast fish can escape. It turns out that such humpback whales are able to swallow a school of small fish with a clever predation technique that strikes the emptiness of the fish.
Predator-informed looming stimulus experiments reveal how large filter feeding whales capture highly maneuverable forage fish | PNAS
Study finds whales use stealth to feed on fish
A research group by Stanford University biologist David Cade et al. Has a camera on humpback whales living off Monterey Bay and off southern California to investigate why humpback whales that swim so fast can prey on quick small fish. And examined how humpback whales prey on food.
Using data such as the reaction speed of the small fish obtained from the survey and the number of small fish that escaped from the rush, we modeled how the small fish responded to the approach of the predator, and the humpback whale We simulated what was going on when predating on a PC. As a result, it was confirmed that the anchovy did not evade until the moment when the humpback whale opened. This means that when an anchovy notices the presence of a predator, it is just before entering the humpback whale's mouth.
In a further simulation, Kade and colleagues found that the anchovy uses the apparent magnification of the approaching object as a criterion when visually detecting the approach of a predator. 'We have been under threat from predators for at least 100 million years, and small fish have evolved to be able to quickly detect the approach of predators,' said Caid. It is now possible to respond to the approach of relatively small predators, but it is not able to respond to the predatory behavior of humpback whales that open up immediately before predation and seem to suddenly become huge ''.
by David Mark
Kade estimates that it was about 5 million years ago that humpback whales sneaked into the school of fish and opened their mouths before rushing to open their lungs. This means that humpback whales can now prey on 30-60% of the school of fish with a single rush foraging.
Past studies have shown that whales have grown rapidly since 4.5 million years ago, and may have something to do with having acquired rushing foraging.
Whales have grown very rapidly recently, and why? -GIGAZINE
They also found that hunting for humpback whales is a very efficient method of hunting. Rush foraging, which increases its speed after opening its mouth, requires a very large amount of energy because of the resistance of water. On the other hand, krill, one of the humpback whale feeds, is a small plankton that can be easily predated without rushing foraging. However, when Cade and his colleagues compared the energy consumed per predation to the energy gained from predation, it was seven times more energy efficient to eat small fish by rush-feeding than to feed on krill. It was.


Video Spotlight
A Little Bit of Gunks: Some Bouldering Classics
A Little Bit of Gunks: Some Bouldering Classics
How to Climb Safe: Ascender Safety 101
Pete Takeda yamming up fixed ropes on the Titan's Naked Lunch (VI A4 5.10). Photo by Duane RaleighASCENDER BACKUP OR SCREW UP
Any ascender can accidentally pop off a climbing rope. It can happen in any scenario, but is most likely to occur when the rope is strung horizontally, such as out a roof or across a traverse, both more technically challenging scenarios than that presented by a vertical hanging rope. The problem is threefold:
1. Sideways jugging is awkward and strenuous, making you more apt to screw up.
2. A laterally strung rope can torque your ascenders, possibly squeezing the rope through the gap between the ascender cam and frame. Make sure your ascenders and the rope you are jugging are compatible—some aren't (follow manufacturer's instructions).
3. Cleaning a sideways pitch, or passing a knot, involves constantly removing the top ascender and jumping it past a piece or knot. The frequency of removing and replacing ascenders increases the odds you'll bodger it and not properly reattach an ascender. Worse still, whenever you remove one ascender, you are left hanging from just one jug. If it comes off the rope … Adios.
Figure 1. A proper backup means tying into the end of the rope and clipping to a knot in the rope just below your bottom jug. (Aiders omitted for clarity.) Illustration by Jeremy Collins Always use a backup. For starters, stay tied into the end of the rope. This knot is your emergency chute—even if both ascenders come off the rope. Assuming the distance to the end of the rope is less than the distance to the ground or a ledge, you'll probably live. If the climber on the Trip this summer had tied in, he would be alive today, with one whopper of a free fall to talk about.
In addition, always clip into a series of backup knots as you jug. Clip a locking carabiner to your belay/rappel loop, or through your leg-loop crotch strap and waist belt. Next, tie a figure-eight-on-a-bight in the rope just below your bottom ascender, and clip into this. As you jug, tie another knot every 30 or so feet, and clip it to the locker (Figure 1). Now, the maximum you can fall is 60 feet (twice the length of the 30-foot backup loop). If you are cleaning above a ledge, shorten your backup loop as necessary to avoid a literal smackdown.
Figure 2. Use a prusik as a backup on a rope fixed at both ends. Illustration by Jeremy Collins Backup knots work fine as long as the rope isn't anchored on the bottom end. When the rope is anchored, or when the weight of numerous hanging ropes makes a knot backup impractical, set a prusik on the rope just above your bottom ascender, and clip it directly to your bottom jug (Figure 2). Some ascenders, such as the Petzl Ascension, have a clip-in hole at the top of the frame expressly for this purpose. Now, even if both ascenders mysteriously hop off the rope, the prusik will engage and catch you. Ideally, your bottom ascender will automatically push the prusik up as you go, but you may have to tinker with it to find the point where the prusik is loose enough to scoot but tight enough to cinch. As a final precaution, to help prevent your ascenders from torquing off the rope, especially on a diagonaling line, clip a carabiner to each ascender's frame, then clip the biner around the rope (Figure 3).
Some climbers prefer to rig one ascender on top and use a Petzl Grigri as the bottom "ascender." This method provides greater safety than two ascenders, since a Grigri can't come off the rope and is recommended for cleaning traverses and diagonaling pitches. However, any system, including this one, is fallible—always tie into the end of the rope and use an additional backup knot. The disadvantage of the Grigri is that it takes longer to attach and remove from the rope than an ascender.
Another method calls for two ascenders, per normal, and a Grigri on the rope just below the bottom ascender. Here, the Grigri replaces the backup knots—because it automatically moves with you, you save time by not having to constantly stop and tie those pesky knots. But it is easy to accidentally rig the Grigri upside down, making it a backup in name only. Also, the Grigri can tangle in your rack and possibly jam open. Backup knots and prusiks are safer.
Figure 3. To prevent an ascender from torquing off a rope that runs laterally, clip a carabiner through the frame as shown. certain ascenders, such as the one here, have a carabiner hole in the frame above the cam. Clip a carabiner through this hole to lock the ascender on the rope. Illustration by Jeremy Collins MAKING CONNECTIONS
Until recently, when I finally replaced my jugging rig, it was a tattered arrangement of slings and aiders, faded relics of the neon 1980s. Stupid, stupid, stupid. The slings and daisy chains that connect you to your ascenders are as critical as the rope itself. Keep them in top shape and upgrade as necessary. Also, keep your ascenders in proper working condition. Safety springs and cams wear out. Sticky cams and safety triggers are accidents waiting to happen. Use a locking carabiner for every link in the system, and make sure the locking mechanisms really lock—i.e., double-check your "self-lockers" before you weight the line.
As you sproing up the rope, alternately weighting each ascender, the rope stretches, then rebounds. This up-and-down action very effectively saws your taut cord across the rock. Protect your rope—and yourself—by jugging as smoothly as possible. With practice, and a fine-tuned jugging rig, where all the ancillary components are adjusted precisely to your anatomy and style, you can climb a rope with minimal bouncing. Good style and a good system are critical when you jug a fixed, free-hanging line. In this situation, the rope bounces a lot, with your entire body weight potentially grating the cord across an edge.
Figure 4. Cannily placed gear can direct a rope away from a jagged, ruthless edge. Illustration by Jeremy Collins Smooth over abrasive bulges or edges that can cut the rope. In most cases, the rope-cutting culprit is just below the anchor, where the rope makes its initial contact with the stone. Packs, gloves and shirts slid between rope and rock make for effective rope protectors—I've even used my foot to keep the rope off an edge while I was at a belay, waiting for my partner to jug-clean a pitch. Duct tape works well for covering edges, just be sure to remove it afterward. On numerous El Cap pitches, "fixed" duct tape blows in the breeze like used toilet paper. Some companies, such as Spiroll (, make specialized rope protectors, which "burrito" around the rope.
Another good technique is to use directionals to pull the fixed rope away from edges. Place pieces of protection off to the side of potential rope eaters, and clip the rope to the pro to direct it out of harm's way (Figure 4). Strategically unclipping the rope from protection, or shortening or lengthening slings, can sometimes achieve the same effect.
Last, fix with fat, 11mm ropes, which have durable sheaths meant for abuse. Big walls are no place for wimpy sport lines. Also consider static fixing ropes. Built primarily for the rigors of caving, static ropes have tougher sheaths than dynamic climbing ropes, and, because they have virtually zero stretch, eliminate most of the sawing action inherent to jugging. The downside to using static cords is, of course, that they don't stretch. Even a short fall onto a backup knot on a static rope can cause severe shock-loading.
Most jugging accidents are caused by pilot error. Learn your system inside and out. Practice at a short, safe crag or in a tree, where, removed from the intimidating environment of a big wall, you can concentrate on dialing everything in. Train yourself to listen for the audible "click" of the ascender safety engaging, and visually confirm that each ascender is properly set and locked. On the rock, take every possible precaution: Double-check your system each time you launch out onto the jugs, and you'll make those SAR folks, like the Maytag repair man, will happily become the loneliest people in town.
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Ashtiani, Kohaki, Amrei, vidari and Alviri.
phonologically this dialect is so much similar to the Persian language . with " cvcv" symbolically referred as a consonant and vowel representation.
There is not any consonant cluster in this dialect as it is the characteristics of Persian languages and dialects. In English it is shown in some words as " close, clean, please, plural, etc. " and the phonology representation for such words is " ccvvc" but In Vazvan dialect there has not been shown such any words that represent phonologically this rule. Example , " nemidunam= nizunon " which are both equal in meaning in Persian." I don't know " have the same phonological symbols as " cvcv"
Distance Education in Asia and the Pacific
 Distance Education in VAZVAN
 education system. The annual budget for distance education for the fiscal year of 1990 was
approximately $9,210,000 (the competitive $ rate has been used*).* Note: There are three rates for foreign currencies:
- Administrative rate: S1 = 65 Rials.- Competitive rate: Sl = 600 Rials.- Roating rate:S1 = 1350 Rials.Geographical COverage of the Provision
The names of the forty-three active study centers, in 1990-91, are Abadeh, Abhar, Ahvaz,Aligoodarz, Alashtar, Ardebil, Ardekan, Bandar Abbas, Behshahr, Birjand, Bojnoord,Boroojen, Damghan, Delijan, Esfahan, Fariman, Golpayegan, Gonabad, Gonbade Kavoos,Hamedan, Islamabad, Jahrom, Kerman, Khansar, Khoy, Mashad, Miandoab, Naghadeh,Najafabad, Rasht, Sari,- Shahre Kord, Shahreza, Shiraz, sirjan, Tabriz, Taft, Takestan*,
Talesh, Tehran, Torbate Heidarieh, Oroomieh, and Zahedan
The names of nineteen study centres, which will be established in 1991, are Aran,Behabahan, Bookan, Booshehr, Dezfool, Firoozabad, Ghazvin, llam, Kashmar, Malayer,Marand, Nahavand, Ramhormoz, Ramsar, abzevar, Saghez, Saveh, Zabol, andZarrinshahr.
The names of twenty-two study centres, which will be established in 1992 and afterthat year, are Amol, Azarshahr, Bandare Lengeh, Chabahar, Darab, Eshtehard, Gachsaran,Ghom, Iranshahr, Karaj, Khomein, Malavi, Mamassany, Meshkinshahr, Neiriz, Rafsanjan,Rey, Sanandaj, Semnan, Shazand, Shooshtar, and Vazvan.
The cuisine of Kashmir is famous for its delectable vegetarian as well as non-vegetarian dishes. The style of cooking is different for Hindus and Muslims. Traditional Kashmiri food includes dum aloo (boiled potatoes with heavy amounts of spice), tzaman (a solid cottage cheese), rogan josh (lamb cooked in heavy spices), zaam dod (curd), yakhayn (lamb cooked in mild spices), hakh (a spinach-like leaf), rista-gushtava (minced meat balls in tomato and curd curry) and of course rice, the staple food of Asian cultures.
The first main influence on the cuisine was the food of the Kashmiri Pandits. Kashmiri Pandit cuisine usually uses yoghurt and turmeric, and does not use onion and garlic. The cuisine was then influenced by the people who invaded with Timur from the area of modern Uzbekistan, as well as by Persian, and Afghan cultures.
The traditional 36-course wazwan is considered the height of Kashmiri cuisine. Probably no other cuisine in the world has so many courses. The preparation is considered an art and is traditionally done by a vasta waza, or head chef, with the assistance of a court of wazas, or chefs. The wazwan is most often prepared for a big event, especially marriages. One concern about wazwans is that much of the food has to be thrown out.
Guests are grouped into fours for the serving of the wazwan. The meal begins with a ritual washing of hands as a jug and basin called the Tash-t-Nari are passed among the guests. A large serving dish piled high with heaps of rice, decorated and quartered by four seekh kababs (kebabs), four pieces of methi korma (a mild curry made with yoghurt), two tabak maaz, sides of barbecued ribs, one safed murg, one zafrani murg, along with other foods. The meal ends with the gushtaba.
گزارش تخلف


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Applying Newton's Three Laws
Tension Force
How to Cite This SparkNote
Problem :
A 5kg picture frame is held up by two ropes, each inclined 45 o below vertical, as shown below. What is the tension in each of the ropes?
Because the picture frame is at rest, the tension in the two ropes must exactly counteract the gravitational force on the picture frame. Drawing a free body diagram we can calculate the vertical components of the tension in the ropes:
Clearly the horizontal components of the tension in the two ropes cancel exactly. In addition, the vertical components are equal in magnitude. Since F = 0, then the vertical components of the tension in the two ropes must cancel exactly with the gravitational force: 2T y = mgâá'2T sin 45 o = (5)(9.8) = 49N. Thus: T = = 34.6N. The total tension on each rope is thus 34.6N.
Problem :
Consider a 10kg block resting on a frictionless plane inclined 30 o connected by a rope through a pulley to a 10kg block hanging free, as seen in the figure below. What is the direction and magnitude of the resulting acceleration of the 2-block system?
Though this problem seems quite complex, it can be solved by simply drawing a free body diagram for each block. Since the resulting acceleration of each block must be of the same magnitude, we will get a set of two equations with two unknowns, T and a. First we draw the free body diagram:
On block 1, there are 3 forces acting: normal force, gravitational force and tension. The gravitational force, in terms of parallel and perpendicular components, and the normal force can be easily calculated:
F G = (10kg)(9.8) = 98N
F Gâä¥ = F Gcos 30 o = 84.9N
F G || = F Gsin 30 o = 49N
The normal force is simply a reaction to the perpendicular component of the gravitational force. Thus F N = F Gâä¥ = 84.9N. F N and F Gâä¥ thus cancel, and the block is left with a force of 49N down the ramp, and the tension, T, up the ramp.
On block 2, there only two forces, the gravitational force and the tension. We know that F G = 98N, and we denote the tension by T. Using Newton's Second Law to combine the forces on block 1 and block 2, we have 2 equations and 2 unknowns, a and T:
F = ma
10a 1 = T - 49
10a 2 = 98 - T
However, we know that a 1 and a 2 are the same, because the two blocks are bound together by the rope. Thus we can simply equate the right side of the two equations:
T - 49 = 98 - T Thus 2T = 147 and T = 73.5N
With a defined value for T, we can now plug into one of the two equations to solve for the acceleration of the system:
10a = 73.5 - 49 = 24.5
Thus a = 2.45m/s 2. Interpreting our answer physically, we see that block 1 accelerates up the incline, while block 2 falls, both with the same acceleration of 2.45m/s 2.
Problem :
Two 10kg blocks are connected by a rope and pulley system, as in the last problem. However, there is now friction between the block and the incline, given by μ s =.5 and μ k =.25. Describe the resulting acceleration.
We know from the last problem that block 1 experiences a net force up the incline of 24.5 N. Since friction is present, however, there will be a static frictional force counteracting this motion. F s max = μ s F n = (.5)(84.9) = 42.5N. Because this maximum value for the frictional force exceeds the net force of 24.5 N, the frictional force will counteract the motion of the blocks, and the 2 block system will not move. Thus a = 0 and neither block will move.
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Want to beat your Scrabble friends no matter where you are?WordSolver Android App!
Yes, lottes is a Scrabble word!
...and is worth 6 points in Scrabble, and 7 points in Words with Friends
1. Fishes having large mouths with a wormlike filament attached for luring prey
What Scrabble words can I make with the letters in lottes?
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GUEST OPINION: A problem with salmon hatcheries
Published: Saturday, February 16, 2013 at 7:00 p.m.
Last Modified: Friday, February 15, 2013 at 5:48 p.m.
Fishermen and fishery officials will meet in Santa Rosa on Feb. 28 to hear about the 2012 salmon returns. We'll learn how many salmon returned to spawn in California rivers and streams, including how many were young fish, a primary factor used to predict the 2013 number of salmon.
We'll also learn about how many tagged hatchery fish returned and how faithful they were to the hatchery of their origin versus how many got lost and returned to a stream other than the one in which they were born.
We expect, as usual, to hear we caught a lot of fish raised at the Feather River hatchery. We'll probably hear that few of the salmon we caught off the coast came from the Nimbus hatchery on the American River.
Why the discrepancy? Many speculate it's because the Feather River hatchery trucks its baby fish around the delta and releases them in the relatively safe bay waters beyond the vacuum pull of the delta pumps. Water diverted and pumped from the delta upsets natural currents and pulls juvenile salmon off their natural migration route to their death in the delta.
The American River hatchery refuses to truck its juvenile salmon, instead insisting on releasing them into the river. This forces these fish to migrate down the Sacramento River and run the gauntlet of the delta on their way to sea. Most die in the delta.
Why pay for a hatchery where all the offspring die and never return? As long as the delta pumps are wiping out wildlife, why not at least make good on our investment in the hatcheries and get the young fish safely to sea? Like Nimbus, the Coleman hatchery far up the Sacramento River near Redding also refuses to truck its fish around the delta for safe release. It also releases its fish to the Sacramento near the hatchery and sees very few returns.
Baby fish trucked around the delta don't benefit from imprinting of the smell of the different parts of the river that naturally migrating fish get. This smell imprinting helps the salmon find their way home two and three years later. Without the imprinting there are large numbers of lost or "straying" fish that wind up spawning in waters other than those where they were born. This is considered a big enough problem by some hatchery managers to keep them from trucking their fish.
Salmon are big business here on the North Coast. In addition to the salmon fishing industry, families and school classes come from far and wide to watch salmon in our local rivers and streams. But we can't take our salmon for granted. The fresh water they need to spawn and rear in is coveted by cities, towns and farm fields.
Salmon fishermen need to be heard to ensure enough water is left for salmon reproduction. They also need to prod unproductive hatcheries to contribute their fair share to the fish we catch off our coast.
The Golden Gate Salmon Association is taking a lead role in fighting for water and for positive hatchery reforms because so far no one is leaning on the hatchery managers to adopt standard, productive practices.
Soon we'll fish again, and for that we're thankful. But the future prospects are only as bright as the willingness of salmon advocates to stand up for measures needed to keep our salmon runs healthy. Only this will ensure our natural heritage is healthy and alive and we will have salmon jobs for future generation.
Victor Gonella is president of the Golden Gate Salmon Association. He lives in Petaluma.
All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


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Sun Screen Strength
A student in the science fair tried sun screen on light
sensitive plastic beads... they all turned color, indicating the screen
didn't work. Is this a valid test of the strngth of sun screen? Ideas?
What would be the effect if no-sun screen was used.
Would the beads change color to a larger extent?
What would happen with the beads using lower/higher SBF sunscreens.?
What is sun screen trying to filter out? All light, or just (invisible)
ultraviolet? What do the beads detect? Only ultraviolet, or visible light?
I think you can answer these questions, and from that answer your original
Richard Barrans Jr., Ph.D.
I assume that the beads were subjected to sunlight and they changed color.
These are some possible explanations for the stated observations.
The beads could be visible light sensitive and change color when exposed to
visible light. In that case, the observation does not prove anything.
The beads could be sensitive to both UV and visible light, in which case,
the sun screen could stop the UV and pass the visible. The beads would turn
color as a result of the exposure to visible light. No conclusion can be
made about sunscreen effectiveness.
If the beads are sensitive only to UV radiation, then we need to ask how
sensitive they are. Will they still show a change in color when exposed
to the fraction of the UV radiation that passes through the sunscreen?
If the beads are very sensitive, then even low levels of UV radiation could
saturate them (i.e., complete the color change). Sunscreens, even the
ones with high SPF (sun protection factor) of 30 or more, pass some UV
radiation and this may be sufficient to show a full color change to the
human eye (which is not a good light meter).
Dr. Ali Khounsary
Advanced Photon Source
Argonne National Laboratory
Sun screen only attenuates light in certain wavelength regions. If the
light-sensitive beads respond to a wavelength range the sun screen is
not intended to block, then the test results don't say anything about the
effectiveness of the sun screen.
Click here to return to the Physics Archives
Update: June 2012


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Your link to Wisconsin's land, air and water resources
Only 2% of household medicine is safely disposed
Wisconsin's voluntary take-back program for household pharmaceuticals is "insufficient and unsustainable" and succeeds in collecting only 2% of all the available waste medicines in Wisconsin, a new report says.
With little medicine recycled, the report said much of the rest is getting flushed down toilets, thrown in the trash or left in cabinets.
The report by the University of Wisconsin Extension and the Product Stewardship Institute estimated that 13.1 million pounds medicines were sold in 2010, ranging from aspirin to prescription narcotics.
The study was commissioned by the Department of Natural Resources.
In the 2010 analysis, 4.38 million pounds went unused because their use dates had expired or the pharmaceuticals were no longer needed.
Only 2% of household pharmaceuticals – or 93,500 pounds – were collected through voluntary take-back programs in 2011.
"I think the key thing is that we have done a lot to address the program, but we're only scratching the surface," said Steve Brachman, a waste reduction specialist with the extension and one of the authors of the report.
The medicine return program is estimated to cost $275,000 annually, with most of the money coming from local governments and federal Drug Enforcement Agency.
Wisconsin's per capita cost of $8.05 to $10.07 per pound is far more expensive than in Canada ($3.50 per pound) and France (23 cents per pound.)
Canada and France are among a group of countries that have programs where the pharmaceutical industry manages take-back programs.
The steady accumulation of medicines in households means unknown quantities are getting flushed down the toilet or thrown into landfills, which can lead to water contamination.
The study noted that the a U.S. Geological Survey study in 1999 to 2000 found that 80% of streams tested revealed the presence of at least one pharmaceutical, personal care product or other organic wastewater contaminant.
"It's not just an environmental issue – it's a public health issue too," said Brad Wolbert, a section chief at the DNR in solid waste and recycling. "The medicine that isn't used – that's sitting around in medicine cabinets – is ripe for abuse."
The study said there are several roadblocks in the program.
One is that there are limits on where and how the drugs can be disposed. Incineration is generally required, but with a few exceptions, utility and industrial boilers are not currently allowed to dispose of the waste.
Brachman said that government funding is not viable and won't spur widespread participation of a drug take-back program.
"The model we see as having the most promise is where the industry takes the primary responsibility," he said. "The community model has increased awareness, but it's not a long-term solution."


Headband Instructions
Nylon loops are machine washable in cool water, and machine dry-able at low temperature.
Make Hand Chains
Hold up hand, palm facing you.
 1. Twist loop back and forth over each finger.
 2. With new color loop, repeat Step 1.
 3. Starting with finger #1, lift lower from back of finger over upper loop and top of finger. Repeat with each finger in turn.
 4. With new color loop, repeat Steps 2 and 3.
Continue to repeat until small "chain" is formed in palm of hand. Tug gently on first loop to begin to stretch chain. It takes about 5 or 6 loops through last loop on finger #1, then #2 etc., to join chain into a circle. Knot ends together to secure.
Make Hand Chain Belts
Measure waist. Double length for double wrapped belt and add 36 inches to this measurement to allow for 18 inch ties. Make hand chain in desired pattern for length needed. Tie loops at each end to secure and slip ends through back of chains on wrong side of belt.


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I recently finished reading Towers of Gold: How One Immigrant Named Isaias Hellman Created California by Frances Dinkelspiel, and I have to say I'm a bit jealous. Isaias Hellman is the great-great grandfather of Ms. Dinkelspiel. It's not just anyone who can claim ancestory to a man who almost single-handedly birthed the state of California. While I'll admit that it took many, many people to birth the great state of California….Isaias Hellman's contributions cannot be denied.
The book is well written. It kept my interest with stagecoach robberies, an assassination attempt, bank runs, the 1906 earthquake, and is the final product of eight years of research during which Ms. Dinkelspiel poured over more than 50,000 archival documents.
Isaias Hellman isn't just an American who should be taught about in a course including California history, but he should be included in courses that include early immigration, growth of the west, growth of early cities and towns, Jewish contributions to the making of America, and 19th century financial American History.
So, just who was Isaias Hellman? Well, you really need to read the book for a clear picture, but here are a few facts:
1. Isaias Hellman was a Jewish immigrant from Reckendorf, Bavaria. He immigrated to Los Angeles in 1859, a few years after California being admitted to the Union.
2. In fact, at the time Hellman reached California the U.S. territory was still heavily entrenched in Mexican culture…..Pueblo type buildings and the rules of Spanish society were the norm.
3. Today, Hellman is thought to be one of the greatest Pacific Coast financiers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Library Journal advises [Hellman] is attributed with stabilizing the financial panic of 1893 in Los Angeles by stacking $500,000 worth of gold coins on the counter of the Farmers and Merchants Bank in plain public view, hence the title of [Ms. Dinkelspiel's] book.
4. He founded one of the territory's first banks which later became the Farmer's and Merchant's Bank. Ms. Dinkelspiel advises at the height of his power in the early 20th century, he controlled more than $100 million in capital and served as president of 14 other banks.
5. Because of his financial backing Hellman was instrumental in developing at least seven other industries that shaped California: transportation, oil, electricity, land development, water, wine, and education.
6. He controlled the California wine industry for almost twenty years, and helped develop the famous Pacific Electric red cars that crisscrossed the Los Angeles region. Hellman was also involved in agriculture raising oranges, walnuts, and lemons at Rosemeade…the Hellman Ranch.
7. Hellman was the president of the first synogogue in Los Angeles.
8. He was very involved in the founding of the University of Southern California by donating land the college sits on today, and he served as Regent for many years for the University of California.
9. Following a move to San Francisco, Hellman opened Union Trust Company, the first trust company in California. He also was involved with the Nevada Bank which later became Wells Fargo Bank.
10. During tough times it was Hellman that kept Californians moving ahead. Following the 1906 earthquake Hellman ran the Wells Fargo Bank out of home when the building that housed the bank was damaged.
11. Sugar Pine Point State Park at Lake Tahoe was originally a Hellman home before it was donated to the state.
12. San Francisco Magazine states visionary financier Isaias Hellman was the Warren Buffet and Alan Greenspan of early California rolled into one. He arrived in Los Angeles as a practically penniless, 16-year-old German Jew when there were only 300 other Europeans in town. Three decades later, he controlled much of the booming city's capital, land, and public works….Hellman starred in so many aspects of the state's phoenixlike rise between the Civil War and the Depression that he became our Zelig, only with a really thick portfolio.
13. The San Francisco Gate states the book is a carefully researched and superbly written memoir…Dinkelspiel's biography not only brings to life the transformation of California into the state with the strongest economy in the nation, and the outside personalities that forged it, but rescues from the proverbial dustbin of history the remarkable life and achievements of a man whose energy, creativity, resourcefulness and love for his adopted country had been all but forgotten.
If you are looking for a great biography to read then I suggest you give Towers of Gold a try.
Other bloggers are posting their 13 lists today as well. You can locate them here.