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A particular consideration of the impact of food composition variation on regression and correlation analyses arises in connection with validation trials in which food intake estimated by recall or observation methods is compared with intake during the same period estimated by direct chemical measurement of duplicate meals. This is a common procedure. What may not always be recognized is that variation in food composition will inevitably yield a bias in regression slopes and attenuation of correlation coefficients even if the estimation of food intake is perfect. Further, the impact on regression depends on whether the error term lies in the dependent or independent variable.
Table 8. Estimate of variability (CV) of one-day intake derived from consideration of both food composition variation and random error in the estimation of intake (assuming 15 foods in the dieta
a. Values calculated as value in table 7 divided by square root of 15, the assumed number of food items in the one-day diet.
This can be illustrated in a simulation analysis. Consider a model in which iron intake is computed from estimated food intake and is chemically determined from duplicate meals. Assume that for 97 individuals the intakes range from 5 to 25 mg per day and that the individuals are randomly distributed across this range. Consider also that the iron composition for one-day intakes has a CV of 15 per cent, a value consistent with the estimates presented in table 4. In the simulation analysis, 97 random values for iron intake lying in the 5 to 25 mg range were selected. For each of these mean intake values, a random value was selected from the population of possible real values described by a random distribution having mean as specified and CV = 15 per cent. The regression across the 97 individuals was then computed. This exercise was then repeated de novo 1,000 times. Finally the regression parameters for the 1,000 estimates were examined. The results are presented below:
X = calculated intake (no error term in this model)
Y = chemically determined intake (includes the "error" term)
|Intercept||0.0639 ± 0.5440a|
|Slope||0.995 ± 0.0441|
|Correlation coefficient||0.9229 ± 0.0146|
X = chemical composition (includes the "error" term)
Y = calculated intake (no error term in this model)
|Intercept||2.1579 ± 0.5403|
|Slope||0.8573 ± 0.0379|
|Correlation coefficient||0.9229 ± 0.0146|
a. Mean ± SD from 1,000 iterations of model.
That the bias in regression slope is seen only in one variation of the model is a recognized phenomenon. It is the error term in the independent variable that biases the regression.
Table 9. The impact of error in the independent and dependent variables on (A) regression slope and (B) correlation coefficienta
A. Impact on regression slope
|Dependent variable (Y) variance ratio||
Independent variable (X) ratio of intra/inter variances
B. Impact on correlation coefficientb
|Dependent variable (Y) variance ratio||
Independent variable (X) ratio of intra/inter variances
a. The reference slope and correlation are each set at 1.0.
The tables portray the bias introduced as a multiple of true
b. All calculations presented assume that there is no correlation between errors.
A random error in the dependent variable has no specific effect on the slope. In the case of correlation analyses, the effect is the same no matter where the error lies. Here the correlations are high since the range of observed intakes is quite large in relation to the error term stipulated. More general models of these effects on regression slopes and on correlation coefficients are presented in table 9. The bases of these calculations will be found in Beaton et al. and Snedecor and Cochrane.
The effects described in table 9 and discussed in the foregoing text are to be distinguished from a bias in the estimates of average intake for the group of subjects. If statistically significant differences between estimated and determined intakes are found, it is suggestive of systematic bias in either the food composition table or in the estimation of food intake. (The latter may be dismissed if food composites have been based on reported intake rather than being true duplicate meals. Both approaches to validation of food intake have been used. Building food composites from reported diets can be seen as a test of the validity of food composition tables. In this case the biological variability of individual samples of food should be considered in interpreting results. )
Any source of systematic error in food composition data will, of course, lead to a bias in the estimate of intake.
To consider the import of improving the food composition data base on data analyses involving regression or correlation analyses, it is necessary to consider concurrently the other error sources that may be present in the nutrient-intake estimates. It is necessary to recognize also that no matter how much the data base may be improved, there will always remain a biologic variability of composition among individual samples of foods. This will ultimately prove to be the limiting factor in improving the composition data base.
The above considerations have import in considering priorities in improving food composition data bases. Some of these are outlined below.
First, if there is any suspicion of true bias in the food composition data, the error will carry through all calculations. Thus, if there is suspicion that a methodologic error gives consistent underor overestimation of composition, correction of the error should have high priority.
Second, it should be apparent from the foregoing that the major contribution to the error term in estimated one-day intakes will be associated with the foods that make the greatest contribution to total nutrient intake. That is, greater benefit will accrue from improvement of the composition estimate of the major nutrient contributors than from improvement of minor contributors. Therefore, obtaining more replicates of composition for major contributors will be more cost-effective than addressing minor contributors.
Similarly, and particularly in the connotation of the INFOODS programme, which will have international implications, the effect of improving the reliability of food composition will be greater in diets that include only a few foods than in diets that are marked by great diversity. It follows then that increasing the composition replicates will be more cost-effective in major foods of limited diets than in the case of diverse diets.
Obviously, if data are missing for certain foods, either imputed values must be used or intake from that food will be taken as 0. Either way there is a potential error. In the latter instance, the error will always be a bias toward underestimation of total intake; in the former, the error could be in either direction, across foods it might even be random. If the food is a major contributor of total nutrient intake, then the error term could be quite important. It follows that filling in missing data in the food composition table must have a priority. If the food is expected to be a minor contributor to total intake, and if reasonable imputations can be made, imputation of missing data may be quite reasonable. Conversely, if the food is thought to be a major contributor, it will be cost-effective to undertake analyses. Unless there is an a priori reason to believe that varietal differences are great, it may not be cost effective to undertake composition determinations for each variety in use. The same consideration will apply to compositional differences attributable to soil composition and growing conditions (but note here that if the soil composition and growing conditions of a specific area affect all, or many, of the foods consumed in that area, a bias in the estimate of intake could be present). Perhaps the most cost-effective approach in this case would be research intended to determine whether major effects are likely to be present, and then a reconsideration of analytical priorities.
In all considerations, across nutrients, a scale of relative priorities must be based upon the perceived importance of examination of the nutrient in question as well as the relative cost of determinations.
If we are to address priorities for improvement of food composition data bases through increased numbers of analyses of food samples, the foregoing may be taken as an example of the merit of the following recommendation: Before major investment in food composition analyses is undertaken, either to increase the number of replicate analyses or to refine the specification of foods few which analyses are presented, it is recommended that the anticipated uses of food composition data be defined and "sensitivity analyses" be undertaken to examine the cost-effectiveness of such investment. From such sensitivity analyses a ranking of relative priorities, based on cost effectiveness considerations, should be developed.
1. G. H. Beaton, "Nutritional Assessment of Observed Dietary Intake: An Interpretation of Recent Requirement Reports," in H. H. Draper, ea., Recent Advances in Nutrition Research (in press).
2. G. H. Beaton et al., "Sources of Variance in 24-hour Dietary Recall Data: Implications for Nutrition Study Design and Interpretation," A.J.C.N., 32:2546 2559 (1979).
3. G. H. Beaton et al., "Sources of Variance in 24-hour Dietary Recall Data: implications for Nutrition Study Design and Interpretation. Carbohydrate Sources, Vitamins and Minerals," A.1.C.N., 37: 986995 (1983).
4. D. R. Jacobs, Jr., J. T. Anderson, and H. Blackburn, "Diet and Serum Cholesterol. Do Zero Correlations Negate the Relationship?" Am. J. Epidemiol., 110: 77-87 (1979).
5. K. Liu, J. Stamler, A.


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August 2009 / Volume 61 / Issue 8|
Hit it again, harder
By Dr. LaRoux K. Gillespie
Courtesy of Progressive Technologies Shot peening can produce longer part life.
When finishing parts, shops may want to hit them with their best shot. While commercial shot peening equipment looks and is used like the small abrasive blasting machines most shops use to clean, remove slag, scale and corrosion, or provide texture on parts, the process has other purposes: to significantly improve part performance and life.
In the process, metallic, glass or ceramic shot impacts a surface to plastically deform it. Essentially, each particle functions as a tiny ball-peen hammer. A peened surface spreads plastically, changing its mechanical properties.
Shot peening is widely used on highly stressed parts to remove detrimental tensile surface stresses and replace them with compressive stresses that resist operating forces and cyclic stresses. It is one of the easiest, least expensive and safest part finishing processes, and accommodates almost any part geometry and work material.
With proper peening, heavily stressed parts can withstand higher cyclic stresses, reducing the potential for fatigue fracture and extending part life. In turn, the higher fatigue strength may allow specifications of slightly lighter parts, which saves material and transportation costs for conventional parts and reduces jet fuel consumption in aircraft applications.
Repeated cycles of twisting, bending or flexing a part cause fatigue failures if loads are too high. Fatigue cracks originate from surface flaws, but peening closes them; in some instances, it actually welds them together, thus eliminating them as immediate sources of cracks and failures.Shot Peening Applications
The most common users of shot peening are producers of automotive transmission gears, highly stressed coil and leaf springs, welded joints and turbine blades. Peening is particularly useful on turbine blades because they operate continuously under large centrifugal forces that try to tear the blades apart. Chemical plants use peening to reduce stress-corrosion cracking in piping and vessels subject to stress corrosion. Fastener makers use it to reduce fretting corrosion. Shot peening is also used on aluminum die-cast transmission housings and gearboxes to close pores, preventing lubricant loss through the porous walls.
Shot peening effectiveness depends upon several factors. Longer peening time increases surface hardness and compressive stresses—up to a point. Shot size, shape, density, hardness and velocity are major factors in how the shot impacts the surface and in the effects of the peening process. Distance of the nozzle from the part affects particle velocity at impact.
Courtesy of Electronics
The impact of shot size and velocity that each particle delivers to the part is expressed by the equation E=1/2mv2, where E is the energy produced when an individual shot particle hits, m is the mass (weight) of the shot particle, and v is the velocity at which it hits the part. Most of that energy stretches the metal at the point of impact beyond its elastic limit so the part stores the energy of the impact as plastic deformation at and just below the part surface. That plastic deformation causes compressive stresses.
Aerospace Materials Specification 2431 describes seven types of peening media: cast iron shot, cast steel shot, carbon and stainless steel cut wire, peening balls, glass shot and ceramic shot. Shot media must be as hard or harder than the workpiece. Peening needs smooth-edged (normally almost round) particles to provide uniform plastic deformation.
Cast steel shot varies in hardness from 45 to 52 HRC, so it is used for parts softer than 45 HRC (a 55 to 62 HRC version of cast shot is also available). Carbon steel cut wire lasts longer than cast materials, so it is more economical in many instances. Stainless steel cut wire is used where carbon steel would leave corrosion-causing particles.
Typical shot blasting media comes in standard sizes (Table 1). Peening balls vary in size from 1⁄8 " to ½ ". Cut steel wire shot is defined by cut wire numbers from 20 to 62, with a CW20 corresponding to a 0.020 "-dia. wire, each about 0.020 " long. Glass and ceramic beads are chemically inert and use different SAE, Mil Spec and company size numbering systems. Glass beads are available from 0.0015 " to 0.0661 " in diameter. The smaller sizes allow the shot to reach into small crevices and root sections. Ceramic shot ranges from 0.008 " to 0.046 " in diameter and lasts longer than glass. Detailed information about glass beads is available on the Media Blast & Abrasive Inc. Web site: _URL_
After shot has been used once, it begins to break down into smaller particles. Because used shot is not of uniform size, it must be continuously sieved to remove undersized particles.Shot Blasting Equipment
Tyler Cotton, president of Blast Abrade Inc., Elyria, Ohio, said small, simple shot blasting equipment costs about $30,000, while a larger, more automated machine can cost up to $250,000. Heavy-duty, large-scale, high-production units may cost several million dollars. All machines need special screening classifiers and air-wash separators to remove undersize media and dust from the shot operating mix.
The cost of shot media varies. The least expensive is glass-bead shot, which costs less than 40 cents/lb. Cast steel shot typically sells for 35 to 45 cents/lb., depending on the size grade and order quantity. Hard cast steel shot may have a process and price premium of 6 to10 percent. Carbon steel cut wire shot costs about $1.50/lb., while stainless steel cut wire shot costs about $3.50/lb.Table 1: Cast steel shot sizes and equivalent cut wire shot sizes.
Shot peening machines can process from five to 500 parts per hour, depending upon required coverage, part size and part geometry. Shops typically charge between $100 and $300 per hour for standard shot peening services. Specialized machines for peening parts, such as aircraft landing gear components, have rates up to $2,000 per hour.
There are two main types of peening machines: those that throw shot using compressed air and those that sling shot with a centrifugal wheel. The compressed air design allows users to move the nozzles to cover different areas of the part or to apply different levels of impact to different areas. The nozzles can be directed manually, by hard automation or by CNC. Some specifications essentially prevent manual adjustments because hand placement does not ensure consistent control.
Parts are presented to the peening media via several approaches. They include a slack belt that tumbles the parts like a barrel, parts fixtured on a rotating table, hung from spinning hangers like parts to be painted on an overhead line and parts lying on a continuous mesh belt. For low-volume processes, operators in heavy gloves can manually position parts under a stream of shot media.Measurement and Control
There are several ways to measure and control peening. To measure peening intensity, one side of a sample Almen strip is blasted at the same conditions used on the part. The strip will curve in one direction as a result of stress changes at the surface caused by the peening. The degree of curvature provides a relative value of the blasting intensity. The Almen strip process is cheap, simple and provides both visual and quantitative information. Users test variations of peening on an Almen sample until they believe they have a combination that works.
The standard Almen sample is made from SAE 1070 cold-rolled spring steel tempered to 44 to 50 HRC and hot pressed to remove residual stresses. Using a steel like 1070 provides users with a clear understanding of process effects, as opposed to part effects. A similar specimen can then be made of the material in question to compare process effects. Separate analysis must be made on actual parts to determine if the objective was reached, but the samples save time and money and allow easy comparisons.
To measure hard-to-reach areas, a fluorescent tracer lacquer can be applied; when the area has been peened, the lacquer will be fully removed and its presence or absence readily detected by ultraviolet, or black, light.
To meet peening specifications, shot size and material, shot flow rate, Almen sample results and part position must be controlled. Adhering to process requirements is not difficult and most shop personnel can be quickly trained to provide consistent results.
Shot peening does imbed minute particles in the workpiece. This is usually not an issue, but can be.
Peening roughens most surfaces. This may be an advantage for some gears because the small pockets will hold oil better then slick surfaces. It is not an advantage for most parts and must be planned for. Fine-particle shot peening, a variation on the process, provides a much smoother surface than conventional peening. For example, Mitsubishi researcher A. Inoue tested an unpeened 7050-T7451 aircraft aluminum part with a surface finish of 0.2µm Ra. Conventional shot peening roughened the surface to 4.6 µm Ra while fine particle shot peening produced a 0.9µm Ra surface finish while increasing the residual compressive stress from 103 to 174 MPa. Vibratory finishing after peening removes the peaks of the indentations, generally without affecting the compressive stresses that peening induces.
Shot peening typically deforms thin samples unless both sides can be processed to prevent that deformation.
Four keys to successful use of shot peening include:
- Know exactly what the customer or application needs,
- Closely define the process

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


La Yerbabuena, Coffee and Corn
Greetings again! In this post, I will talk about the coffee-making process, and also the process of turning corn into tortillas. Both are very labor-intensive, but for those who obtain their food from supermarkets, you probably have never thought to question what goes into making these items.
Today, we volunteers took a ride to La Yerbabuena, near the foot of the Volcan de Fuego (Colima's Volcano of Fire), and home of Jose Ramon's coffee fields. The coffee trees produce the beans once per year, and it takes 8 tons of coffee beans to produce one ton of coffee. Jose Ramon processes 48 tons of beans to make 6 tons of coffee per year. The beans were on the trees today. The berries are red and the actual bean is in the center, like the pit of a cherry. I tasted the "pulp" around one of the beans, and it was very sweet.
Some of the beans are put through a grinder to remove the pulp, and then the beans are washed and put out on cement to dry in the sun, the pulp being used as compost for the plants. Some of the berries are not stripped of their pulp, but put out in the sun as is to dry. Most of the berries are red on the trees, but occasionally there is a mutation which will turn them a yellow color, but it is still the same coffee bean.
The bitterness and acidity of the final product depends on how long you let it dry and how long you roast the beans. He was very informative, but there were so many variables throughout the process, that I cannot remember it all to repeat here, but I do remember that the beans he grows are Arabica.
Behind his store, he had a small area where he roasts his beans over a wood fire. It was unbelievable to me that he would roast all 48 tons of beans in that one small pan, and do it himself. When all is said and done, he bags the coffee as whole beans, ground beans, plus sells hot and cold coffee at the store, and it is the best coffee in the area. After the tour, we volunteers had a variety of his drinks, from regular coffee (cafe Americano), to espresso, to my delicious cold frappe, all while looking out at the fields and coffee trees.
Not long ago, we also visited the family of one of our students – a family that makes a living selling homemade tortillas. If you've ever wondered where the corn flour comes from for cooking, it will probably come as a surprise that it is a very time-consuming and laborious process.
The dried corn kernels are hard and indigestible, so they are soaked in a lime solution, not only to re hydrate and soften them, but also to break down the protein so that they can be easily digested. Once they are softened, they are dried again and ground into powder. Then water is added to the powder and mixed together to form a dough. The dough is then ground again with a stone mortar and pestle which makes the texture incredibly light and smooth. After that, it is formed into balls by hand, pressed in a tortilla press to make it flat and round, and then cooked on a wood fire.
We volunteers, for the most part, were OK rolling the dough into balls and pressing them, but it took practice and skill to lay it out on the pan to cook without causing it to fold onto itself or have wrinkles.
As I stated, it is incredibly hard and time-consuming work. I don't think people of other countries realize how incredibly hard the people of these communities work to simply stay alive and make a very basic living, and I am so grateful that they have an organization such as Project Amigo helping to keep their children in school, which will enable them to have a better life.
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Ask Lafeber
March 31, 2021
Yogurt or kefir for parrots, hormonal Eclectus, alternative supplements
I've heard Parrots in general can have yogurt or greek yogurt. Can they have kefir? I make BOTH my own and do know you HAVE to make them different, but can they have kefir since kefir doesn't really have lactose.
Are female eclectus more or less hormonal caged with a male?
Do you feel it is good to give macaws or eclectus hemp?
Hi Mary,
In general, parrots should not have any dairy products. However, a small bite isn't going to harm a parrot. Kefir is not likely to be any better for a parrot than any type of yogurt. The way most kefir is made, makes it very high in sugar and parrots should not have high sugar content foods. But again, one bite is OK.
Any bird is going to be more hormonal if it is around or caged with another bird, even if they are the same gender. But yes, a female is going to be more hormonal around a male. She is also more likely to end up laying eggs. As to hormonal behavior, this is also a yes, and when birds are caged together, even if they are the same sex, they tend to become less tame.
Sterilized hemp seed used to be included in most seed mixes for pet birds, and it still is in some cases. As to any health benefit, there have not been any specific studies. They are beginning to study the CBD oil and any potential benefits or harm.
Thank you for asking Lafeber,
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Fate and Transport of an Acid Waste in Soil and Groundwaterby Houshang Esmaili, Brown & Caldwell, United States,
Document Type: Proceeding Paper
Part of: Environmental Engineering
Abstract: A fate and transport study at a closed acid waste pond located on the shore of San Francisco Bay indicated the potential of native soil and groundwater for retarding the movement of contaminants from the closed pond. The waste contained in the pond had a pH of 2, a zinc concentration of more than 2,000 milligrams per liter (mg/L), and a lead level of 220 mg/L. The impoundment is underlain by a thick sequence of fine-grained alluvial and marine deposits with occasional thin layers of more permeable silty sand and clayey sand deposits. Through laboratory testing, the investigator developed zinc adsorption isotherms for three major soil units occurring at the site. Computer simulations were also performed to evaluate the equilibrium pH and zinc concentration levels in various mixtures of wastewater and native groundwater.
Subject Headings: Permeability (soil) | Waste management | Groundwater | Zinc | Clays | Acids | Detention basins | Ponds
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Too much positivity?. ~ Stuart Watkins
on Oct 7, 2010
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Can there really be too much?
Have you been getting your daily dose of negative ions? Yes, we need exposure to negative ions in order to be more positive in our life. I know. It sounds a little backward doesn't it? Negative ions are invisible molecules that clean the air around us by attaching themselves to positive ions (from dust, smoke, electronics, car exhausts, our breathing etc) then dragging them to the ground so they're not just floating around for us to breathe into our system. Generally the more populated a city is, the less negative ions and the more positive ions there are.
Negative ions help relieve stress, increase vitality, strengthen the immune system and so much more. That's why we all feel so incredibly good after being at a waterfall or at the beach. The human body is meant to be absorbing negative ions on a regular basis, so it's no wonder why there are so many health problems related to fatigue, depression and immune disorders. It's no wonder why so many people find it so hard to let their true nature shine.
All of this technology we have around us has taken living to another level! Every now and then it blows my mind as to what we have available to us. One downfall of all of this technology around us is that it has virtually eliminated the positive ions in the air we live in (Unless you live at a beach with no cars or electronics or out in the wilderness etc.)
When you look around most bedrooms or offices there is probably at least a couple of electronic devices. Think about it… Laptops, mobile phones, televisions, lights, heaters and all the other gadgets available now. They all release positive ions galore! Even man-made fibers in carpets, clothes and furniture all reduce the level of negative ions and increase the positive ones. The house you live in or the place you work at could very well be more polluted than outside! Combine this with other pollutants, if you live in a populated area and you can almost guarantee that you're getting exposed to way too many positive ions. This over-exposure to positive ions contributes to the body being in toxic overload, unless small steps are made to make your environment a little more negative. Here are some tips to help bring more negative ions into your life;
 - Have Himalayan rock salt lamps or an ion generator or purifier in your house and in your office if possible. These lamps and purifiers mop up positive ions and help bring back natural harmony within your environment.
 - Place pot plants (real ones) throughout the house and office. It's very common for modern houses to be more polluted than outside, so enjoy bringing the beauty of nature into your home.
 - Connect with nature. Get barefoot and walk on raw earth. The earth is charged with negative ions! Our feet are conductors to absorb negative ions, so go outside and experience a lovely barefoot walk. Simply walking on the earth is so healing.
 - If you have the opportunity to go to the beach or a waterfall, go for it! There's a reason why we feel so good after being at the beach or at a waterfall. Because of the crashing pure water, these precious parts of the planet are especially charged with negative ions.
 - Use natural, preferably organic deodorants, body washes and creams. Even use Himalayan rock salt soaps, which are quite mainstream now.
 - If you really want to go the extra distance in your efforts to increase negative ions and decrease positive ones in your life, use organic natural sheets, towels, clothes, and dishwasher and laundry detergents.
So, if you're not feeling as good as you know you could feel, it may be as simple as looking at the environment you're in and making some small changes here and there. I can almost hear my friends saying, "Oh there goes Stuey, the new age hippie again!" In my mind, making these changes is anything but "new age" or "hippyish." To me, it's all about getting back to our true nature, which is full of joy and vitality. We're meant to connect with nature, not pollutants, so in gratitude for the body's we have been blessed with and in gratitude for the amazing planet we live on, do yourself a favour and bring some negative ions into your life.
If you have any other ideas to help increase negative ions in people's lives I would love to read your comments.
Stuart Watkins was born and raised in Perth, Australia and began his journey into the fitness industry at the age of 19. He is a fitness and lifestyle coach and a certified Holistic Fitness Practitioner, Personal Trainer, Holistic Life Coach, Yoga Teacher, Pilates Instructor, Massage Therapist and Stress Management Specialist. He believes in balance, and a harmony between mind and body that allows for a total achievement of every goal in life. You can visit Stuart's webpage or find him on Facebook!
*Photos by Natasja Kremers
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Cream-filled donut
Mind Numbingly Easy Tricks to Avoid Junk Food (..That Really Work!)
Junk food can be as addictive to people as nicotine. This is because, for some people, junk food can trigger the same response in the brain as nicotine or any other drug.
We've found a few super easy tricks to help you quit junk food, once and for all.
Craving Crabs? Brush Your Teeth
You might have never heard of this before, it's a method of avoiding junk food. Craving for food at night, after dinner, is mainly habitual; it is just a habit developed over time. After brushing, the person has a tendency to eat less food. Don't believe us? Give it a try tonight.
Know Your Trigger Food
Yes, it's as easy as identifying who your enemy is. Picture this: You're going strong with your resolution to give up fatty food, but then you spot the burger that weakens you. You bite into the meaty patty, melted cheese, and buttered bun; and it all goes downhill from there. Trigger food is the food which causes you to eat excessively. Identifying trigger food can help you in stopping its intake. Once identified, stay away from it – this will make it easier for you to avoid the junk.
Practice the five-ingredient rule
If there are more than five ingredients your meal, simply just avoid it. Though the five-ingredient rule won't eliminate all junk food from your diet, it will go a long way toward eliminating the unhealthy stuff. We're not talking about homemade Indian food. Scientifically, the specific number you adopt is subjective, but the more ingredients in a packaged food, the more highly processed it probably is.
Sniffing Vanilla Essence
Prone to frequent chocolate cravings? This is a tried and tested tip. Vanilla Essence is a solution containing the flavour compound vanillin. The essence has an extremely strong sweet smell, one whiff of which helps eliminate the desire to rush to the closest bakery.
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PROPELLER MRI (periodically rotated overlapping parallel lines with enhanced reconstruction) provides images with significantly fewer B o-related artifacts than echo-planar imaging (EPI), as well as reduced sensitivity to motion compared to conventional multiple-shot fast spin-echo (FSE). However, the minimum imaging time in PROPELLER is markedly longer than in EPI and 50% longer than in conventional multiple-shot FSE. Often in MRI, imaging time is reduced by undersampling k-space. In the present study, the effects of undersampling on PROPELLER images were evaluated using simulated and in vivo data sets. Undersampling using PROPELLER patterns with reduced number of samples per line, number of lines per blade, or number of blades per acquisition, while maintaining the same k-space field of view (FOVk) and uniform sampling at the edges of FOVk, reduced imaging time but led to severe image artifacts. In contrast, undersampling by means of removing whole blades from a PROPELLER sampling pattern that sufficiently samples k-space produced only minimal image artifacts, mainly manifested as blurring in directions parallel to the blades removed, even when reducing imaging time by as much as 50%. Finally, undersampling using asymmetric blades and taking advantage of Hermitian symmetries to fill-in the missing data significantly reduced imaging time without causing image artifacts.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging


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Regional patterns of total nitrogen concentrations in the National Rivers and Streams Assessment
Omernik, J., Steve Paulsen, M. Weber, AND G. Griffith. Regional patterns of total nitrogen concentrations in the National Rivers and Streams Assessment. JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION. Soil and Water Conservation Society, 71(3):167-181, (2016).
The purpose of this manuscript is to use nutrient data from EPA's Office of Water's national surveys to explore patterns of nutrient distribution and their relationship to ecoregions. It contains no information that will impact policies of EPA.
Patterns of nitrogen concentrations in streams sampled by the National Rivers and Streams Assessment (NRSA) were examined semi-quantitatively to identify regional differences in stream nitrogen levels. The data were categorized and analyzed by watershed size classes to reveal patterns of the concentrations that are consistent with the spatial homogeneity in natural and anthropogenic characteristics associated with regional differences in nitrogen levels. Ecoregions and mapped information on human activities including agricultural practices were used to determine the resultant regions. Marked differences in nitrogen levels were found among the nine aggregations of ecoregions used to report the results of the NRSA. We identified distinct regional patterns of stream nitrogen concentrations within the reporting regions that are associated with the characteristics of specific Level III ecoregions, groups of Level III ecoregions, groups of Level IV ecoregions, certain geographic characteristics within ecoregions, and/or particular watershed size classes. We described each of these regions and illustrated their areal extent and median and range in nitrogen concentrations. Understanding the spatial variability of nutrient concentrations in flowing waters and the apparent contributions that human and non-human factors have on different sizes of streams and rivers is critical to the development of effective water quality assessment and management plans. This semi-quantitative analysis is also intended to identify areas within which more detailed quantitative work can be conducted to determine specific regional factors associated with variations in stream nitrogen concentrations.
Record Details:Record Type: DOCUMENT (JOURNAL/PEER REVIEWED JOURNAL)
Organization:U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
NATIONAL HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS RESEARCH LABORATORY
WESTERN ECOLOGY DIVISION
FRESHWATER ECOLOGY BRANCH


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Trelawny Heritage Sites
Welcome to the JNHT Trelawny Heritage Sites.
- Falmouth Parish Church - Built in 1795, is the oldest public building in the town.
- Kettering Baptist - associated with William Knibb, who founded the Kettering Free Village. The Church was founded in 1844.
- Falmouth Court House - erected in 1815, the building is a Georgian design.
- Fort Dundas - 1778 is the suggested date the fort was built.
- Kettering - named after the birthplace of the late Reverend William Knibb in Northampton, England.
- Good Hope Great House - formed through a land grant, given to Colonel Thomas Williams.
- Granville - Originally 90 acres of land acquired by Reverend William Knibb, a Baptist minister to use as a free village was sanctioned by the Missionary Society of England.
- Time and Patience - The persons to whom lands were granted gave it this apt name, declaring time and patience work wonders.
- Green Park Great House - originally called Green Pond by its first owner George Sinclair of St. Ann
- Falmouth - capital of the parish of Trelawny, which is on the north side of western Jamaica
- Stewart Castle - location of the ruins of an impressive cut stone mansion
- Stewart Castle Development Proposal
- Falmouth Wharves - stand as a reminder of the town's former glory.
- Rio Bueno - a small town, the subject of James Bartholomew Kidd's lithographic print of Rio Bueno, in 1835.
- Persian Water Wheel - ordered by the Falmouth Water Company and installed in 1798.


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The State of Riverine Ecosystem and Fish Exploitation
Opak-Oya river basin and its tributaries physically have been intensively exploited for several purposes such as irrigations, sand mining, embankment as well as garbage and wastewater disposal. The community surrounding has also exploited a riverine fish intensively using electrofishing. Cyprinoformes and Percyformes dominated Fish taxa in the area. The objectives of research were to understand the state of riverine ecosystem and fish exploitation, fish population, and fish microhabitat preferences in down stream parts of the river. Field works and literature review was conducted to test the issues. The characteristic of fish exploitation was analyzed in focus of group discussion. Fish data was collected using electrofishing, while microhabitat criteria were calculated using Nakamura's procedure (1999) and analyzed using PHABSIM (Stalnaker 1995; Boove et. al 1998).
Awaos personatus was found preferred microhabitat with depth and velocity of about 0.3 – 1.0 m and 0.6 – 1.4 m/s respectively, while adult Caranx ignobilis preferred depth of about 0.1 – 0.3 m and velocity of 0.1 m/s. Liposarcus pordalis and Rasbora agryotaenia were preferred microhabitat with higher depth and velocity, which range of about 1.0 – 1.2 m and 0.9 – 1.4 m/s respectively. In terms of substrate preferences, it was found that A. personatus adult, juvenile L. pordalis and R. agryotaenia preferred microhabitat with sandy substrate, whereas A. personatus juvenil and C. ignobilis adult preferred clayey-silt substrate. Another species such as Dermogenis pusilla preffered microhabitat with depth of about 0.1-0.3 m. Based on chi-squared test (a=95%) fishes were not differ the optimal and usable microhabitat, except juvenile A. personatus for substrates. The rapid changing of riverine habitat might threaten the sustainability of the fish population.
Technology, Partnership & Equality


text:
Food Recycling Program A Major Success in San Francisco
San Francisco's new food recycling program — the first in the U.S. that requires all food waste from homes, apartments, businesses, and restaurants to be recycled and composted — has been enthusiastically embraced by city residents, officials say.
Although the program was officially launched on Wednesday, city officials say that residents have been recycling food for weeks and are already setting aside about half of the city's 500 tons of daily food waste.
The city requires residents and businesses to place food scraps in sealed buckets, and then collects the buckets and trucks them to San Francisco's Organics Annex, where the food waste is composted. The compost is then sold as fertilizer to area farms and vineyards.
Seattle was the first U.S. city to require all households to recycle food waste, but San Francisco's law covers businesses and apartments.
Jared Blumenthal, the city's environmental officer, said residents have strongly backed the food recycling plan because — overwhelmed by bad environmental news — this gives them something concrete to do.
"This is not rocket science," he said. "This is putting some food scraps into a different pile and turning them into compost."
Article appearing courtesy of Yale Environment 360
[photo credit: Norcal Waste Systems]
|Tags: compost fertilizer food recycling food scraps food waste San Francisco||[ Permalink ]|

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Guide to Understanding how to make a girl orgasm
Inexperienced men often find it Tough to make a woman Orgasm. The way a lady orgasm is way different than the way a man does. They need uniformity, hours, and foreplay. Once, the fundamentals are all clear, to learn how to make a girl orgasm premature ejaculation isn't tough.
What should you do before sex?
There are items that are certain to Be achieved if gender is planned. Girls do not get horny frequently and when they do, so you can start right away. If they Aren't horny, do the following before sex so that their chance of getting an orgasm raises:
- Foreplay. It is necessary to make out with her or perform such additional things. The longer you make her wait, the better it is.
- Using sex toys increase her chance of getting an orgasm. Sex toys are a excellent addition to some relationship since they enhance the experience and pleasure.
What if you do During intercourse?
If you have skipped the foreplay or if you've done the Foreplay and are now actually making love, you want to understand the following to understand how to make a girl orgasm. Maintain consistency, even should you change your own pace often, she will require more time. Additionally, be sure to keep whispering or talking in her ear, if the sex position allows one to.
The best way to make her Orgasm may possibly be the employment of sex toys. Anal beads, penis rings, butt-plugs, and so forth are all easily available on the web. Implementing them during sex makes her orgasm fast and intensely. Thus, to break up the monotony, sextoys may be utilized to aid or enhance orgasms.


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Illustrated by Eric Gurney
"I can read it all by myself" is the Beginner Books motto, and behind it is an understanding of how important it is for children to take pride and pleasure in their early reading. These books have been designed to appeal directly to children through the use of humour, rhyme and bright pictures that can be "read" even by the non-reading child. Some Beginner Books are simple stories, others are hilarious nonsense: both types have been designed to give children confidence and make them want to go on reading.
When Sam's new dog learns to dig holes, he can't stop. He digs up gardens, roads, and buildings, and finally digs himself into a hole he can't get out of. The adventures of 'The Digging-est Dog' are certain to appeal to the Beginner reader age group.
- Publication Date:
- 17 / 10 / 1983
- 163 x 225mm


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We studied the correlations between offspring sex ratio, UV coloration and overwinter survival in a population of blue tits, breeding in Gotland, Sweden, over three consecutive breeding seasons. In 2 of 3 years, we found that females paired to males with relatively brighter UV-coloration produced a greater proportion of sons in their broods, and that this effect was significant with all 3 years combined, despite a significant year by male UV interaction. In addition, we found other correlates of sex ratio (breeding time, female age and clutch size) in some, but not all years, and some of these showed significantly different relationships with sex ratio between years. In both years for which data were available, there were indications that males with relatively brighter UV coloration, and that paired with females that produced male-biased clutches, were more likely to survive to the next year. In addition, we also found that in both males and females, individuals produced similar sex ratios in consecutive years. Because correlations with the sex ratio may be expected to be weak, variation in results between years within the same population may be explained by low statistical power or genuine biological differences. Our results suggest that conclusions about sex ratio variation in birds should be based on multiple years. The correlations that we found in some years of this study are consistent with models of adaptive sex ratio adjustment in response to mate quality. However, careful experimental work is required to provide tests of the assumptions of these models, and should be a priority for future work.
Journal article
J Evol Biol
Publication Date
1045 - 1054
Adaptation, Physiological, Animals, Female, Male, Pigmentation, Population Dynamics, Seasons, Sex Ratio, Sexual Behavior, Animal, Songbirds, Survival Analysis, Ultraviolet Rays


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On the family and subfamilies of Carangidae
Proceedings of the United States National Museum
The family of Carangidae, as limited by me iu the "Arrangement of the lamilies of Fishes" (also as iu the Proc. Acad. Xat. Sc. Phila., for 18C2, p. 430, after the exclusion of Pomatomns) is an exceedingly natural one, notwithstanding the differences iu external form. I have examined skulls of representatives of all the groups hereinafter named, and their common characters are so numerous, while their severally peculiar ones are so insignificant that the so-called subfamilies are scarcely
... are scarcely entitled to that rank. The most characteristic skull is manifested in Tracliynotus ; in that form, the orbito-rostral portion is shorter in comparison, the postfrontal bones larger and more projecting, the inner lateral crests more produced forwards than in any others, and the ethmoid is abbreviated and markedly and abruptly declined. Analagous characters in many families, however, are of inferior systematic value. It is to be also remarked that the Caranginte and Seriolinse are especially nearly allied, so far as their crania are concerned, and there is even less superficial difference between the skull of Seriola and most Carangina* e. g. Carangus-than between it and the related genus Elagatis. Greatly as the elongated Trachurus and the high Selene differ, even they essentially agree as to the structure of the skull, that of Selene differing from the Carangine chiefly in being compressed, with its crest elevated and extended backwards and its rcstral portion attenuated and produced forward. Its ethmoid especially is characteristic in being much compressed and carinated above instead of flattened and doubleheaded. If, therefore, the subfamilies already indicated are retained in the present communication, it is rather in order to epitomize the history expressed in their nomenclature than because I insist on or persist in their retention. The haernal canal is perhaps more characteristic. CARANGID^. Synonyms as families.


text: . The author's observations led him to conclude that the bird's drumming was not part of a mating ritual but rather a noisy advertisement of his nest-building skills. Vireos nesting near his cabin allowed him to observe how they deliberately reduced the number of eggs they were hatching to accommodate the reduced food supply after an unseasonal freeze. Heinrich explains that bird-watching has been an important part of his life since he was a boy on his family's farm. When he was 6, they moved from Germany to Maine. Finding familiar birds nesting "immediately made this place our home," he writes.


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Definition - What does Electroplated Aluminum mean?
Electroplated aluminum is an anti-corrosion coating used in critical service applications. It is highly corrosion resistant, thin, non-embrittling and environmentally friendly.
Electroplated aluminum is valuable in a broad spectrum of applications with a wide range of advantages, including:
- Corrosion resistance
- Temperature tolerance
- Galvanic or chemical compatibility
- Low cost
Electroplating aluminum technology's availability is growing rapidly as plating costs continue to drop and capacity continues to expand. It offers an immediate drop-in replacement for cadmium.
Corrosionpedia explains Electroplated Aluminum
Electroplated aluminum is a high-performance anticorrosion coating which has applicability across a wide range of products and components. The pure aluminum electroplated layer is fully dense and pore-free at thicknesses of 0.0003 inches (~8 micrometers) to provide a naturally corrosion-resistant barrier.
The patented aluminum electroplating process is non-aqueous and instead uses an aprotic (proton-free) electrolyte. This limits the potential for hydrogen embrittlement, and the process has been certified non-embrittling. Aluminum electroplated high-strength components do not require a post-plating heat treatment for hydrogen relief, and the coating minimizes environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) in end-use environments.
Where dimensional tolerances need to be maintained, the thin aluminum layer can be applied within tight specifications. A plating thickness on the order of.0003 inches is typical and provides long-lasting protection. This thin coating is compatible with thread tolerances and eliminates the "thread fill" phenomenon associated with organic coatings.
Electroplated aluminum is compatible in a wide variety of difficult environments and applications, such as:
- Heavy equipment: Offering an excellent solution where superior corrosion resistance is needed, such as high-strength bolts, springs and connectors
- Marine: Suitable in chloride and sulfur dioxide-rich atmospheres, and has proven its outstanding corrosion resistance
- Aerospace: Military and commercial aviation use it as replacement of cadmium coatings
High-purity electroplated aluminum has also proven superior to ion vapor deposited (IVD) aluminum, with better uniformity and surface density without shot peening.


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What is the purpose of the ban on patching compounds and artificial ash and embers that contain respirable free-form asbestos?
These regulations eliminate from certain products respirable free-form asbestos fibers that may cause lung or other cancers.
Where can I find the bans on consumer patching compounds and emberizing materials containing asbestos?
The bans are published in the Code of Federal Regulations (C.F.R.) in Title 16, Parts 1304 and 1305.
What is respirable free-form asbestos?
Respirable free-form asbestos is asbestos that is notbound, woven, or otherwise "locked in" by a glue orresin to a patching compound or to artificial ashes orembers. Because they are not locked in, asbestosfibers can get into the air and be inhaled when thepatching compounds are sanded or the ashes andembers are heated.
What forms of asbestos are subject to the ban?
The bans cover products containing amosite, chrysolite, crocidolite, anthophyllite, actinolite, and tremolite asbestos.
Which products must meet this regulation?
The ban covers the following products containing asbestos:
(1) Products such as spackling compounds, tape joint compounds, and other mixtures that consumers use to patch or seal cracks, holes, or other imperfections in drywall and other surfaces. These products may be in dry form ready to be mixed with water or may be an already-mixed paste. The ban only applies to patching compounds to which asbestos has been intentionally added as an ingredient or which contain asbestos because the manufacturer knowingly used a raw material that contained asbestos. When a manufacturer finds out that a patching compound contains asbestos, the Commission will consider the manufacturer to have knowingly used a raw material containing asbestos, unless the manufacturer reduces the amount of asbestos as much as is feasible.
(2) Decorative simulated ashes or embers that are placed under artificial logs in gas-burning fireplaces and that, when heated, glow like real burning embers. The ban includes material containing asbestos that is glued to artificial logs either at the factory or by consumers using an "emberizing" kit, and also covers artificial embers and ashes used in artificial fireplaces for decorative purposes.
Synthetic logs made of cellulosic material that burn completely are not subject to the ban, nor are electric artificial logs and artificial ash beds used in electric fireplaces, which do not contain asbestos.
Where can I find additional information?
For more information on the requirements, contact the Consumer Product Safety Commission, Office of Compliance, Washington, D.C. 20207, telephone _PHONE_, E-mail: _EMAIL_
∗ This document is a simple unofficial description of the ban on certain products that contain asbestos and does not replace or supersede any requirements published in 16 C.F.R. 1304 and 1305.


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LEGO makes Technic Angle Connectors, like these:
Technic Angle Connector #1 Technic Angle Connector #2 Technic Angle Connector #3 Technic Angle Connector #4 Technic Angle Connector #5 Technic Angle Connector #6
(Here are names and part numbers).
They also make angular liftarms, like these:
Technic Beam 4x4 liftarm bent (part 32348).
That last part has an angle of 53.5 degrees. What are the angles of the angle connectors, and why were these angles chosen? (I'd understand angles like 45, 60, and 72 degrees, but 53.5?!)
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 14 down vote accepted
The regular connector have simple angles which are multiples of 22.5°. #4 is 45°, #3 is 22.5° and #5 is 67.5°. That's pretty boring stuff, but there you go.
The 53.5 angle isn't as bizarre as you would think and there's a very good reason for it (and less boring to me, but YMMV).
That reason is that it forms a Pythagorean triangle, and specifically the best known 3:4:5 one, meaning these liftarms can be used together with regular right-angle frames to make sturdy constructions.
The one you chose isn't the best example as the beam doesn't extend to the full hypotenuse (the connection points need to be 5 studs apart), but the longer one is perfect for that. If the small side is attached to a beam, the cross at the end of the long side will be perfectly aligned on a beam that would be 4 studs higher.
LEGO uses that to connect beams 4 studs apart in a very solid way, for example in 8435 - 4WD (the blue beam behind the front wheel) or in the more recent 8053 - Mobile Crane (left of the linear actuator)
And for the record, the angle in degrees is weirder that just 53.5°; it's actually 53.130102...°, or the invert cosine of 3/5. So if you thought Pythagoras and trigonometry wouldn't come and annoy you in your play, you're oh so wrong.
share|improve this answer
Aha! I knew there was a reason for the angle on the lift arm. Thank you. I did try connecting a number of angle bricks (of the same type) together with axles to see if I could make a complete circle, and it didn't work. I'll have to try again; maybe my axles are bent. – Clinton Blackmore Feb 19 '13 at 15:34
Try shorter axles :-) - that said, it works fine with #3 (16 sides) #4 (8) and #6 (simple square, obviously), but it won't work with the #5 one. And #2 might take a loooooong time, but there at least bendy axles will actually help. – Joubarc Feb 19 '13 at 15:42
Ah. It must've been the #5 ones I was working with. Thanks again : ) – Clinton Blackmore Feb 19 '13 at 16:58
Your Answer


Is the football coach a teacher or not
Is football coach in particular, and sport in general, considered to be a teacher? Or are they merely a collaborator with an athlete?
If judging by the standards of professional football in particular and top sport in general, it is clear that the coach is not the right teacher. It is a pure working relationship, based on commitments that both are bound to a common organization.
Những huấn luyện viên cá tính nhất của làng bóng đá thế giới | Bóng Đá
In binding the commitment that leads to their relationship in the other job, the coach is like a "boss" and a player as a special employee. Together they conquer goals that one is a "thinker" and one is a "doer".
But also in that relationship, there are many pairs of football coaches – players who are close to the level of a junior associate. Many players consider the coach to be like his father, a position quite similar to that of his mentor.
For example, Mourinho's relationship with Materazzi at Inter Milan, for example. Moreover, there are coaches who train their players and when they teach behaviors. surely they must have a teacher – student relationship.
Typically the story of Pochettino coach of Tottenham when he was a player. At the time, Pochettino was in his early 20s, playing center-back at Newell's Old Boys club and Mercelo Bielsa was the head coach.
Nét bốc lửa của huấn luyện viên đòi cứu vớt gấu Nga | Bóng Đá
That is what an assistant coach must do, not a player's task. But Bielsa sees the quality of coaching in the person of Pochettino. And he taught Pochettino more of a coach than a player. Now, as a famous coach, Pochettino still remembers those lessons and always calls Bielsa the teacher.
The aforementioned stories clearly show that not in the West, all relationships are so separate that the coach is a coach, not a teacher. And this relationship, in the Asian cultural environment, is increasingly tightened. With the majority of players, Asian athletes, coaches are always considered teachers. Or at least, in their lifetime, there will be some coaches they are exalted as teachers.


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SYMBOLISM DIGITAL ACTIVITY READING ESCAPE CHALLENGE
This digital symbolism activity is a new and fun way to engage and challenge your students to improve their symbolism skills. The resource includes everything you need to teach symbolism and practice using a fun escape room style challenge.
This is a digital resource and students complete all the work on the computer. This works well with distance learning, 1:1 classrooms, remote teaching, Google Classroom, or online education.
Included in your purchase:
- A Google Slides presentation that shares information on the purpose of symbolism, how to locate symbols in a text, and examples of symbolism.
- An original narrative backstory that puts students within the story and sets up the digital escape room challenge.
- Google Slides to guide the lesson and activity with instructional slides, activity prompts, the narrative story text, the story conclusion slides, and an answer key for easy review.
- An interactive, paperless escape-room style challenge where students must use their symbolism skills to complete the challenge.
- A password-protected PDF file where students can check their work. If they are correct, the conclusion slides will appear!
How it works:
- Start by using the Google Slides to guide you through each element of the lesson and activity. The slides will help you teach symbolism, introduce the story and challenge, and review the answers.
- Read the narrative story to hook students and introduce the challenge.
- Once you taught the symbolism skills and read the story, students are ready to try the digital escape-room style reading challenge!
- When students successfully solve the challenge, they can check their work with the included password-protected PDF file which will reveal the conclusion to the story if they are correct.
© Presto Plans © Limitless Lessons


text:
Systematic Correlation of Structural, Thermodynamic and Residual Solvation Properties of Hydrophobic Substituents in Hydrophobic Pockets Using Thermolysin as a Case Study
Water molecules participate besides protein and ligand as an additional binding partner in every in vivo protein–ligand binding process. The displacement of water molecules from apolar surfaces of solutes is considered the driving force of the hydrophobic effect. It is generally assumed that the...
|Online Access:||PDF Full Text|
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|Summary:||Water molecules participate besides protein and ligand as an additional binding partner in
every in vivo protein–ligand binding process. The displacement of water molecules from
apolar surfaces of solutes is considered the driving force of the hydrophobic effect. It is
generally assumed that the mobility of the water molecules increases through the
displacement, and, as a consequence, entropy increases. This explanation, which is based on
experiments with simple model systems, is, however, insufficient to describe the hydrophobic
effect as part of the highly complex protein–ligand complex formation process. For instance,
the displacement of water molecules from apolar surfaces that already exhibit an increased
mobility before their displacement can result in an enthalpic advantage. Furthermore, it has
to be considered that by the formation of the protein–ligand complex a new solvent-exposed
surface is created, around which water molecules have to rearrange. The present thesis
focuses on the impact of the latter effect on the thermodynamic and kinetic binding
properties of a given ligand.
A congeneric ligand series comprised of nine ligands binding to the model protein
thermolysin (TLN) was analyzed to determine the impact of the rearrangement of water
molecules around the surface of a newly formed protein–ligand complex on the
thermodynamic binding properties of a ligand. The protein–ligand complexes were
characterized structurally by X-ray crystallography and thermodynamically by isothermal
titration calorimetry (ITC). The only structural difference between the ligands was their
strictly apolar P2' substituent, which changed in size from a methyl to a phenylethyl group.
The P2' group interacts with the flat, apolar, and well-solvated S2' pocket of TLN. Depending
on the bound ligand, the solvent-exposed surface of the protein–ligand complex changes. The
ITC measurements revealed strong thermodynamic differences between the different ligands.
The structural analysis showed ligand-coating water networks pronounced to varying
degrees. A pronounced water network clearly correlated with a favorable enthalpic and less
favorable entropic term, and overall resulted in an affinity gain.
Based on these results, new P2' substituents were rationally designed with the aim to achieve
stronger stabilization of the adjacent water networks and thereby further increase ligand
affinity. First, the quality of the putative water networks was validated using molecular
dynamics (MD) simulations. Subsequently, the proposed ligands were synthesized, crystallized in complex with TLN, and analyzed thermodynamically. Additionally, a kinetic
characterization using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was performed. The
crystallographically determined water networks adjacent to the P2' substituents were in line
with their predictions conducted by MD simulations. The ligands showed increasingly
pronounced water networks as well as a slight enthalpy-drive affinity increase compared to
the ligands from the initial study. The ligand with the highest affinity showed an almost
perfect water network as well as a significantly reduced dissociation constant.
To analyze the influence of the ligand-coating water networks on the kinetic binding
properties of a ligand, seventeen congeneric TLN ligands exhibiting different P2' groups were
kinetically (by SPR) and crystallographically characterized. The different degree of the water
network stabilization showed only a minor influence on the binding kinetic properties. By
contrast, the strength of the interaction between the ligand and Asn112 proved crucial for the
magnitude of the dissociation rate constant. A strong interaction resulted in a considerably
prolonged residence time of the ligand by hindering TLN to undergo a conformational
transition that is necessary for ligand release.
In the last study, the reason for the exceptionally high affinity gain for addressing the deep,
apolar S1' pocket of TLN with apolar ligand portions was investigated. Therefore, a
congeneric TLN ligand series substituted with differently large apolar P1' substituents
(ranging from a single hydrogen atom to an iso-butyl group) was analyzed. The exchange of
the hydrogen atom at the P1' position with a single methyl group already results in a 100-fold
affinity increase of the ligand. To elucidate the molecular mechanism behind this
considerable affinity gain, the solvation state of the S1' pocket was carefully analyzed. The
results strongly indicate that the S1' pocket is completely free of the presence of any water
molecules. Thus, the huge affinity gain was attributed to the absence of an energetically costly
The data presented in this thesis show that to describe the thermodynamic signature of the
hydrophobic effect it is necessary to explicitly consider the change of the thermodynamic
properties of every involved water molecule. Solely considering the buried apolar surface area
and assigning an entropic term to it is not sufficient. The increasing stabilization of the water
network adjacent to the protein-bound ligand represents a promising approach — quite
independent of specific properties of the target protein — to optimize the thermodynamic
profile of a given ligand. This approach also allows fine-tuning of the kinetic binding
|Physical Description:||293 Pages|


Elisa Lam Reddit Theory explained, Is she died from Tuberculosis in Netflix's Crime Scene: The Vanishing at the Cecil Hotel
Elima Lam mysterious death case is getting a lot of speculations everyday on social media platforms like she was having Tuberculosis, hallucinating, and even having bipolar disorder. Nobody knows how the 21-year-old Canadian tourist die in the Cecil hotel. What happened to her before getting into the 1000 gallon water tank? Let's find out the reddit TB theory.
Elisa Lam Reddit Theory Explained
Elisa Lam reddit theory suggests that she was a test subject for testing some new Tuberculosis medications because in the 2013 there was a TB outbreak in downtown Los Angeles's Skid Row especially homeless peoples. Also, she go through LAM-ELISA to test for the fatal disease but during her autopsy report nothing was clear if she had TB or not.
Elisa Lam mysterious murder photo
However, this theory also puts light on the fact that the bizarre behavior of Elisa was a side-effect of taking anti-TB medication. Some theorists also suggest in Netflix documentary, Crime Scene: The Vanishing at the Cecil Hotel that she was fatally silenced because she knew too much at the popular TB Research center of Canada.
Does she died from Tuberculosis?
No! Elisa Lam's autopsy report revealed that she was not having Tuberculosis at the time of her death. Instead, the report determined that she died of accidental drowning but nobody knows how she got herself into the drowning scene. So, how did Elisa Lam die and who found her body in the tank?
What is an ELISA-LAM Test?
The LAM-ELISA test stands for Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). It is used to detect Tuberculosis in children and was carried out in February 2013 while looking for 4,500 carriers of the deadly disease.
Where is Elisa Lam family now?
Elisa Lam's family include her father David Lam, mother Yinna Lam, and her sister Sarah. She was living happily with her family in Vancouver, British Columbia before planning a solo trip to American West Coast and ended up to Los Angeles in the late January 2013.
ELisa Lam death
She was calling home everyday since she reached at the Cecil hotel. But one day, she neither accepted nor rejected a call from her home. This was the day she went missing and parents were unaware of the reason and without wasting time parents reported her missing to the authorities.
On February 2019, her body was found in hotel's water tank on roof and the autopsy report suggested the cause of her death was accidental drowning with bipolar disorder involvement. Then, her family filed a lawsuit on the hotel but that was a tragedy so LA Supreme Court dismissed the case. Today, the family prefers to stay away from the spotlight and no information about their location is revealed in the public.
What do you think about Elisa Lam Reddit Theory, is it correct or not?
Please enter your comment!
Please enter your name here


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August 20 - 25, 2018
National Safe at Home Week
National Safe at Home Week is August 20 to 24, 2018. This week is a time to remind caregivers of the risk of falls and other injuries in the home. One out of five falls causes a serious injury such as broken bones or a head injury. Over 300,000 older people are hospitalized for hip fractures with more than 95% of hip fractures caused by falling. Falling is also the most common cause of traumatic brain injuries.
When a fall occurs in the home, your loved one can become afraid to be alone even if they were not injured in the fall. This fear might cause them to slow down daily activities, thus making them weaker. This could lead to being even more unstable and likely to fall.
Caregivers from Health Force of Georgia
Health Force of Georgia can help by providing caregivers to check in on your family member and get them up and moving. A home health care worker can help if there is an injury or just be there to check in and help out with day-to-day activities.
Here are a few tips to help keep you or your loved ones safe at home:
- Keep nightlights in bathrooms, bedrooms, and any other dark areas.
- Make sure your home has lots of light by adding more or brighter light bulbs.
- Get rid of things you could trip over.
- Put railings on both sides of stairs.
- Add grab bars inside and outside your tub or shower and next to the toilet.
- Ensure that electrical cords are not exposed where they could be tripped over.
- Eliminate small area rugs that could slip on a floor or use non-slip strips or floor mats.
- Bring in the services of a physical or occupational therapist to gain strength and balance.
- Secure loose towel racks, sink tops, and toilet seats.
- Encourage the use of walkers or canes.
- Improve balance and strength with regular exercises.
- Clearly mark your street number on the mailbox, fence, gate, or wall so emergency personnel can find your home.
Health Force of Georgia Offers Many Types of Assistance
Call _PHONE_
to schedule help with:
- Companion Care
- Meal Preparation
- Taking to Medical Appointments
- Grocery Shopping
- Housekeeping Assistance
- Running Errands
- Respite Care
- Personal Appointments
- Skilled Nursing Care
- Personal Care Assistance
- Arranging for Uber transportation
Health Force of Georgia Service Area
Transportation services are available for Health Force of Georgia clients in the Metro Atlanta area. Never worry about how to get to a doctor's appointment or the grocery store. Health Force of Georgia and Uber Health will get you there and take care of the costs.
Our service area includes metro Atlanta, GA and 18 surrounding counties.


text:
(Santa Barbara, Calif.) –– A new paradigm in quantum information processing has been demonstrated by physicists at UC Santa Barbara. Their results are published in this week's issue of Science Express online.
UCSB physicists have demonstrated a quantum integrated circuit that implements the quantum von Neumann architecture. In this architecture, a long-lived quantum random access memory can be programmed using a quantum central processing unit, all constructed on a single chip, providing the key components for a quantum version of a classical computer.
The UCSB hardware is based on superconducting quantum circuits, and must be cooled to very low temperatures to display quantum behavior. The architecture represents a new paradigm in quantum information processing, and shows that quantum large-scale-integration is within reach.
Physicists Demonstrate a Quantum Processor – Memory on a Chip - [Link]


Question: What Means Foolish?
Is foolish a bad word?
Note: Calling someone a fool is similar to calling the person an idiot; it is an insult and would be considered offensive, so be careful about applying this label to people.
We also have the adjective foolish to describe things that lack good sense or good judgment..
Does nice mean foolish?
Word History Five hundred years ago, when nice was first used in English, it meant "foolish or stupid." This is not as surprising as it may seem, since it came through early French from the Latin nescius, meaning "ignorant." By the 16th century, the sense of being "very particular" or "finicky" had developed.
Is silly a positive word?
"Silly goes all the way back to Old English, when silly meant happy or blessed." This positive term quickly changed. Silly became a synonym for innocent or harmless, and then became an adjective for something or someone worthy of sympathy. Something we feel sympathy for is something that's weak.
Who is foolish person?
Foolish people are self-involved, overly optimistic regarding their own views, and unable to see their own vulnerabilities. They assume they already know all that needs to be known. Foolish individuals are apathetic—indifferent to outgroups, ethical concerns, and the common good. They are unimaginative and dogmatic.
What is the meaning of the foolish?
Foolish people are silly or senseless, and when you do something foolish, it's clearly unwise or irrational. Sitting on the hood of a car while your friend is driving is a foolish thing to do. Things that show a lack of judgment are foolish, like cheating on a test or running into the street after a basketball.
Are unwise and foolish the same?
As adjectives the difference between foolish and unwise is that foolish is lacking good sense or judgement; unwise while unwise is not wise; defective in wisdom; injudicious; indiscreet; foolish.
Why is nice a bad word?
The word "nice," Oxford claims, has pretty negative roots in the Latin "nescius," meaning "ignorant." But it really took off in the 14th century as a term for something foolish or silly. The negative connotations ballooned from there. … Folks in the 17th and 18th centuries, though, they loved modesty.
How do you describe a foolish person?
What is another word for unwise?
In this page you can discover 33 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for unwise, like: rash, wise, ill-considered, stupid, foolish, inexpedient, imprudent, ill-advised, dumb, impracticable and impractical.
What is another word for a foolish person?
Some common synonyms of foolish are asinine, fatuous, silly, and simple.
What is opposite of foolish?
foolish(adjective) Antonyms: sane, bright, smart, quick-witted, wise, intelligent. Synonyms: idiotic, silly, imprudent, ridiculous, indiscreet, brainless, unwise.
What does nice actually mean?
If you say that something is nice, you mean that you find it attractive, pleasant, or enjoyable. I think silk ties can be quite nice. It's nice to be here together again. Synonyms: pleasant, delightful, agreeable, good More Synonyms of nice.
What is the definition of a foolish woman?
n a female fool Synonyms: flibbertigibbet Type of: fool, muggins, sap, saphead, tomfool. a person who lacks good judgment.
What does melancholy mean?


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Research indicates that the dynamics and complexities driving and challenging business organisations in the current era have increased exponentially in the recent past. As a result more complex demands are being placed on organisations to adapt to an ever-changing environment. This adaptation to change is demanding more flexible structures capable of enduring the dynamics of current market risks. This research proposed that such endurance is possible by reconsidering the current paradigm that governs an understanding of risk. It is proposed that risk to date has been focused on a quantitative perception. In the light of this a comprehension from a qualitative perspective is proposed. This comprehension will then permit concepts from a number of diverse disciplines to be incorporated into an alternative paradigm on risk. As such a more creative approach to understanding risk can be presented. This dissertation will focus on introducing creativity into the current understanding of risk in a bid to produce a qualitative risk model capable of not only defining an alternative definition of risk but also providing solutions to managing risk. In this manner, it is proposed that a trend toward a more flexible organisational structure will arise and a comprehension of risk that is more in keeping with current economic trends will result.
Dissertation (Magister Commercii (Financial Management Sciences))--University of Pretoria, 2007.


A protégé is a person who receives special protection and promotion from someone more established in a field. If your boss introduces you as his newest protégé, you're off to a good start in your career.
Essentially, a protégé is a teacher's pet, someone who is given special status or favors. Often, the word is used for someone who has special standout talent and is taken up as an upcoming star or powerhouse. The word's original associations, however, have nothing to do with talent and everything to do with how a person treats the protégé — the source of the word means "protection."
Definitions of protege
n a person who receives support and protection from an influential patron who furthers the protege's career
a woman protege
Type of:
receiver, recipient
a person who receives something


Language: Français
 Staphylococci (9813-11) Examine classification and nomenclature, morphology, isolation and identification procedures, clinical significance and antimicrobial susceptibility of staphylococci. Version Date: August 2011
Code 9813-11
Level Basic
Member Price
Non-Member Price
Additional Details
PEP hours: 11
CPS credits: 0
Level: Basic
Course Type: Express
Start Date: Upon registration
Completion: Up to 52 weeks
Delivery: PDF via email
Prerequisites: None
Textbook: N/A
Equipment: Computer with Internet is required
Learning Outcomes:
 - Describe the cellular morphology of staphylococci and state criteria for recognition in direct smears of clinical exudate.
 - State the optimum temperature, oxygen requirements and suitable media for isolation.
 - Describe typical colonies of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) on sheep blood agar.
 - Describe the selective and differential properties of mannitol salt agar.
 - State two tests with results that usually indicate that a Gram positive cocci belongs to the genus Staphylococcus.
 - State the usual result for S. aureus in the slide coagulase test. State the usual causes of false negative results. Explain why a positive test may not always indicate S. aureus.
 - State the result of S. aureus for the tube coagulase test and explain why this is the GOLD STANDARD test for this organism.
 - Describe the principle of the latex and hemagglutination tests used as screen tests for S. aureus.
 - State which group of staphylococci are most likely to give false negative results with rapid screen tests and explain when a tube coagulase test is needed for definitive identification?
 - State the usual result of the DNase test for S. aureus and coagulase negative staphylococci. Explain why the DNase test is not a good screen test for S. aureus.
 - State the reliability of the thermostable nuclease test for detecting S. aureus and explain why it is not suitable for routine use.
 - Describe a screen test for Staphylococcus saprophyticus(S.saprophyticus) including interpretation of results.
 - Describe the cellular and colonial morphology of coagulase negative staphylococci.
 - State when identification of coagulase negative staphylococci to the species level is required.
 - Explain when it may be necessary to distinguish between Staphylococcus and Micrococcus.
 - List five tests that may be used to differentiate staphylococci from micrococci and give the typical results for each genus.
 - Briefly state what is involved in the definitive identification of coagulase negative staphylococci.
 - List and describe common infections caused by S. aureus.
 - List and describe three conditions caused by exotoxins of S. aureus.
 - Describe the pathogenicity of S. saprophyticus.
 - State where coagulase negative staphylococci are found as normal flora and name the most common species isolated.
 - Describe the pathogenicity of coagulase negative staphylococci.
 - State the current level of resistance of S. aureus to penicillin G and explain what causes this resistance.
 - Describe the appearance of zones around penicillin G discs when an organism is producing beta-lactamase.
 - State when it may be necessary to test for induced beta-lactamase and describe how this is done.
 - List the beta-lactamase resistant penicillins.
 - Understand what is meant by methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA)
 - Explain the term "intrinsically heteroresistant" as it applies to Methicillin Resistant S. aureus.
 - State the reason for supplementing media with sodium chloride when performing sensitivity tests.
 - Outline the oxacillin agar procedure recommended by CSLI for detecting MRSA.
 - State the usual in vivo sensitivity of MRSA to cephalosporins and vancomycin.
 - Explain the use of bacteriophage testing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.
Author/Instructor: Helen Smith, MLT
Version Date: August 2011


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Published: Sunday, March 3, 2013 at 4:00 a.m.
Last Modified: Friday, March 1, 2013 at 6:34 p.m.
Applications invited for ag entrepreneur program
A program designed to help beginning farmers and ranchers is accepting applications for a special class that begins May 17.
The AGROpreneurship program is sponsored by the UC Cooperative Extension and Santa Rosa Junior College.
The class will meet three times a month for six months at the college's Shone Farm. Participants will learn from college instructors and receive guidance from experienced farmers who serve as mentors.
Each participant will develop a comprehensive business plan and qualified grads can receive assistance finding suitable land.
The cost for the course is $650, with limited scholarships available. Information is available online at _URL_ or from the cooperative extension's Linda Peterson, _PHONE_.
Study: Wild honey bees more productive than domesticated bees
Wild honey bees fertilize blossoms more efficiently than the domesticated varieties brought in to help pollinate farm crops, according to researchers.
Scientists calculated that free-living bees were twice as effective as domesticated honeybees at prompting flowers to produce fruit. In addition, the proportion of flowers that matured to fruit improved in every field visited by wild insects, compared with only 14 percent of fields visited by rented honeybees, according to a report published online last week by the journal Science.
The findings have important implications for agricultural and land-use policies worldwide, said study leader Lucas A. Garibaldi, an agricultural scientist at the National University of Rio Negro in Argentina. Unless habitats for wild insects are protected and nurtured, farmers around the world could face a future of drastically lower yields.
"Honeybees cannot replace the service wild bees provide," Garibaldi said. "Biodiversity in agricultural landscapes matters and can help increase production."
Scientists gather at UC Davis to discuss climate change
Scientists and policymakers will gather March 20-22 at UC Davis to grapple with the threats of climate change for global agriculture and to recommend science-based actions to slow its effects.
The Climate-Smart Agriculture Global Science Conference builds on a 2011 international meeting held in the Netherlands. The gathering was planned in coordination with the World Bank,
"Climate change, which brings severe weather events and more subtle but equally menacing temperature changes, presents unprecedented challenges to the global community," said UC Davis Chancellor Linda P.B. Katehi.
Topics will include the implications of research for improving agricultural management and development. The conference will conclude with participants developing and endorsing a declaration on science-based policies and actions that can mitigate climate change and encourage adaptation.
— Staff and wire reports. Submit items to _EMAIL_
All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


text: Purpose: Patients with acute leukemia refractory to induction or reinduction chemotherapy have poor prognoses if they do not undergo hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT). However, HSCT when a patient is not in complete remission (CR) is of uncertain benefit. We hypothesized that pretransplantation variables may define subgroups that have a better prognosis. Patients and Methods: Overall, 2,255 patients who underwent transplantation for acute leukemia in relapse or with primary induction failure after myeloablative conditioning regimen between 1995 and 2004 were reported to the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research. The median follow-up of survivors was 61 months. We performed multivariate analysis of pretransplantation variables and developed a predictive scoring system for survival. Results: The 3-year overall survival (OS) rates were 19% for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and 16% for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). For AML, five adverse pretransplantation variables significantly influenced survival: first CR duration less than 6 months, circulating blasts, donor other than HLA-identical sibling, Karnofsky or Lansky score less than 90, and poor-risk cytogenetics. For ALL, survival was worse with the following: first refractory or second or greater relapse, ≥ 25% marrow blasts, cytomegalovirusseropositive donor, and age of 10 years or older. Patients with AML who had a predictive score of 0 had 42% OS at 3 years, whereas OS was 6% for a score ≥ 3. Patients with ALL who had a score of 0 or 1 had 46% 3-year OS but only 10% OS rate for a score ≥ 3. Conclusion: Pretransplantation variables delineate subgroups with different outcomes. HSCT during relapse can achieve long-term survival in selected patients with acute leukemia.


text:
- copy data to or from a kernel image or running system
cc [ flag… ] file… -lkvm [ library…] _TAG_ ssize_t kvm_read(kvm_t *kd, uintptr_t addr, void *buf, size_t nbytes);
ssize_t kvm_write(kvm_t *kd, uintptr_t addr, void *buf, size_t nbytes);
The kvm_read() function transfers data from the kernel image specified by kd (see kvm_open(3KVM)) to the address space of the process. nbytes bytes of data are copied from the kernel virtual address given by addr to the buffer pointed to by buf.
The kvm_write() function is like kvm_read(), except that the direction of data transfer is reversed. To use this function, the kvm_open(3KVM) call that returned kd must have specified write access. If a user virtual address is given, it is resolved in the address space of the process specified in the most recent kvm_getu(3KVM) call.
The kvm_read() and kvm_write() functions are obsolete and might be removed in a future release. The functions described on the kvm_kread(3KVM) manual page should be used instead.
On success, these functions return the number of bytes actually transferred. On failure, they return -1.
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:


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Researchers at GE have come up with a way to treat metals so that they repel water. The extreme water-repelling property, called superhydrophobicity, means that water forms drops on the surface instead of spreading and sticking to it.
The advance builds on previous work that came out of GE's Global Research Center, in Niskayuna, NY. Two years ago, researchers showed that they could make Lexan–a widely employed plastic that's used to create CDs, iPods, aircraft windscreens, and car headlamps–water-repellant. They did this by chemically treating the surface to make it rough. The researchers have now demonstrated the same effect on metal surfaces.
Many other superhydrophobic materials have been demonstrated, but most have used some kind of plastic. Superhydrophobic metals open up many new applications, says Jeffrey Youngblood, a professor of materials engineering at Purdue University. "Metallic structures are more robust and can survive in harsher environments, allowing for their use in applications where plastic is infeasible, [such as in] planes, trains, automobiles, heavy machinery, and engines," Youngblood says.
GE has some ideas about how to use the materials. One possibility is in de-icing aircrafts. Ice buildup on engines due to condensation can be catastrophic. Right now, aircraft use heat to prevent ice, which requires power. De-icing on the ground, meanwhile, is done with de-icing fluids, which contain toxic chemicals; spraying aircraft with de-icing fluids on the ground also takes a lot of time. "It would be very desirable if we could … just be able to have a material on which ice didn't stick," says Margaret Blohm, advanced technology leader for the nanotechnology program at GE's Global Research Center.
Another application for the metals could be in gas and steam turbines. The superhydrophobic metals could reduce the buildup of moisture and contaminants on the turbines, increasing their efficiency and requiring fewer shutdowns for maintenance.
GE researchers have not published their work, and they declined to divulge much about their research achievements. But they do say that their inspiration comes from lotus-plant leaves, which have a nanocrystalline wax structure. On the leaf's surface are tiny wax crystals tens of nanometers wide, which hold water drops as almost perfectly spherical beads.
Blohm says that the team is toying with two different approaches to making the metals. One is to texture the metal surface and then put a water-repelling chemical coating on it. The other approach is to leave the metal surface untouched and texture the coating itself. The technique is very general and should work with metals currently used for engines and turbines, such as titanium alloys.


Peter Vangheluwe, PhD
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
Peter Vangheluwe, PhD's research focuses on lysosomal transport systems that are implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD) to understand the role of lysosomal dysfunction in PD. He's appointed as associate professor at KU Leuven in Belgium, and is head of the Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems. Using biochemical and molecular cell biology approaches, he characterizes new P-type transport ATPases that regulate ion homeostasis and lipid distribution in the cell. His team discovered the function of two orphan transporters that are genetically implicated in PD. He described that ATP13A2/PARK9 works as a lysosomal polyamine transporter, and that ATP10B operates as a lysosomal glucosylceramide exporter. These breakthroughs provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of PD, and fuel a drug discovery pipeline for lysosomal transport modulators that runs together with pharmaceutical companies. He published over 60 peer-reviewed publications and received two awards by the Queen Elizabeth Foundation for Neurosciences. Lab website:


Thursday, December 23, 2010
Wolves in Sweden
From an article in Rolling Stone about Stieg Larrson:
As a boy, Stieg lived in his grandparents' cottage in the woods. At the time, an old Swedish law was still in effect that barred children from attending school until they were seven. Written a century earlier, the law was intended to protect little boys and girls from being devoured by wolves while walking through the forest on the way to school.
Also, there was a serial killer in Sweden known as The Laser Man.


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Physical parameters and ultra high field
According to the Boltzmann distribution, an increase in the field is accompanied by an accentuation of the difference between the populations of parallel and antiparallel spins.
Population difference between energy levels and field B0
This results in an increase in the potential signal, which varies with the square of B0 field, counterbalanced by a linear progression of the noise.
As a result, the signal-to-noise ratio follows a linear relation with the value of the field: it is theoretically twice as high at 3.0 T as at 1.5 T.
The relaxation times of the different tissues of the body vary in function of B0.
T1 increases from 20 to 40 % for most tissues, and T2 reduces. The free water (LCR) relaxation times are only slightly modified between 1.5 T and 3.0 T. The T1 difference between blood and the surrounding stationary tissues is accentuated. On the other hand T1 between the tissues is poorer at ultra high fields.
At ultra high fields, there is a rapid increase in the quantity of RF energy deposited, proportionate to the square of the value of the field B0.
SAR and field B0
The SAR value in W/kg is of the type:
- B0 = amplitude of the static magnetic field
- B1 = amplitude of the RF pulse
- α = flip angle
- D = cyclic ratio (fraction of the duration of the sequence during which the RF waves are emitted)
- ρ = density
The difference in frequency between the various molecules is proportionate to the amplitude of the magnetic field and the chemical shift between these. Thus it is twice as high at 3.0 T as at 1.5 T. For instance, a chemical shift of 3.25 ppm between the fat and water protons produces a resonance frequency difference of 220 Hz at 1.5 T and 440 Hz at 3.0 T.
Phase and phase opposition times are modified (2.3 and 1.15 msec instead of 4.6 and 2.3 msec).
Magnetic susceptibility is proportionate to B0. These effects are far more marked at high field.
The various conductivity effects of the different tissues of the body cause heterogeneity in RF excitations. These are seen as an image with a non uniform signal and areas of varying degrees of signal loss.
These effects, which also occur to a lesser extent at 1.5 T, are mainly seen in abdominopelvic imaging (bigger explored volume and more heterogeneous dielectric characteristics).
Reducing these artifacts involves optimizing the coils and RF emission, as well as developing parallel emission techniques adapting RF emission to heterogeneous environments.
The noise present inside the MRI scanner virtually doubles when passing from 1.5 to 3.0 T, and is further increased by strong gradients. The noise must be softened for the patient (passively and actively by headphones). Some manufacturers place the superconducting magnet housing under a vacuum to provide acoustic insulation.
- Physical parameters and ultra high field
- Adapting equipment and sequences for ultra high fields
- Clinical applications of ultra high field MRI