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|Reference : Genomic Association Screening Methodology for High-Dimensional and Complex Data Struc...|
|Dissertations and theses : Doctoral thesis|
|Engineering, computing & technology : Computer science|
|Genomic Association Screening Methodology for High-Dimensional and Complex Data Structures: Detecting n-Order Interactions|
|Mahachie John, Jestinah [Université de Liège - ULg > Dép. d'électric., électron. et informat. (Inst.Montefiore) > Bioinformatique >]|
|University of Liege, Belgium|
|Doctorale en sciences de l'ingenieur (élec & électro)|
|[en] We developed a data-mining method, Model-Based Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction (MB-MDR) to detect epistatic interactions for different types of traits. MB-MDR enables the fast identification of gene-gene interactions among 1000nds of SNPs, without the need to make restrictive assumptions about the genetic modes of inheritance. This thesis primarily focused on applying Model-Based Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction for quantitative traits, its performance and application to a variety of data problems. We carried out several simulation studies to evaluate quantitative MB-MDR in terms of power and type I error, when data are noisy, non-normal or skewed and when important main effects are present.
Firstly, we assessed the performance of MB-MDR in the presence of noisy data. The error sources considered were missing genotypes, genotyping error, phenotypic mixtures and genetic heterogeneity. Results from this study showed that MB-MDR is least affected by presence of small percentages of missing data and genotyping errors but much affected in the presence of phenotypic mixtures and genetic heterogeneity. This is in line with a similar study performed for binary traits. Although both Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction (MDR) and MB-MDR are data reduction techniques with a common basis, their ways of deriving significant interactions are substantially different. Nevertheless, effects on power of introducing error sources were quite similar. Irrespective of the trait under consideration, epistasis screening methodologies such as MB-MDR and MDR mainly suffer from the presence of phenotypic mixtures and genetic heterogeneity.
Secondly, we extensively addressed the issue of adjusting for lower-order genetic effects during epistasis screening, using different adjustment strategies for SNPs in the functional SNP-SNP interaction pair, and/or for additional important SNPs. Since, in this thesis, we restrict attention to 2-locus interactions only, adjustment for lower-order effects always (and only) implies adjustment for main genetic effects. Unfortunately most data dimensionality reduction techniques based on MDR do not explicitly require that lower-order effects are included in the 'model' when investigating higher-order effects (a prerequisite for most traditional, especially regression-based, methods). However, epistasis results may be hampered by the presence of significant lower-order effects. Results from this study showed hugely increased type I errors when main effects were not taken into account or were not properly accounted for. We observed that additive coding (the most commonly used coding in practice) in main effects adjustment does not remove all of the potential main effects that deviate from additive genetic variance. In addition, also adjusting for main effects prior to MB-MDR (via a regression framework), whatever coding is adopted, does not control type I error in all scenarios. From this study, we concluded that correction for lower-order effects should preferentially be done via codominant coding, to reduce the chance of false positive epistasis findings. The recommended way of performing an MB-MDR epistasis screening is to always adjust the analysis for lower-order effects of the SNPs under investigation, "on-the-fly". This correction avoids overcorrection for other SNPs, which are not part of the interacting SNP pair under study.
Thirdly, we assessed the cumulative effect of trait deviations from normality and homoscedasticity on the overall performance of quantitative MB-MDR to detect 2-locus epistasis signals in the absence of main effects. Although MB-MDR itself is a non-parametric method, in the sense that no assumptions are made regarding genetic modes of inheritance, the data reduction part in MB-MDR relies on association tests. In particular, for quantitative traits, the default MB-MDR way is to use the Student's t-test (steps 1 and 2 of MB-MDR). Also when correcting for lower-order effects during quantitative MB-MDR analysis, we intrinsically maneuver within a regression framework. Since the Student's t-statistic is the square root of the ANOVA F-statistic. Hence, along these lines, for MB-MDR to give valid results, ANOVA assumptions have to be met. Therefore, we simulated data from normal and non-normal distributions, with constant and non-constant variances, and performed association tests via the student's t-test as well as the unequal variance t-test, commonly known as the Welch's t-test. At first somewhat surprising, the results of this study showed that MB-MDR maintains adequate type I errors, irrespective of data distribution or association test used. On the other hand, MB-MDR give rise to lower power results for non-normal data compared to normal data. With respect to the association tests used within MB-MDR, in most cases, Welch's t-test led to lower power compared to student's t-test. To maintain the balance between power and type I error, we concluded that when performing MB-MDR analysis with quantitative traits, one ideally first rank-transforms traits to normality and then applies MB-MDR modeling with Student's t-test as choice of association test. Clearly, before embarking on using a method in practice, there is a need to extensively check the applicability of the method to the data at hand. This is a common practice in biostatistics, but often a forgotten standard operating procedure in genetic epidemiology, in particular in GWAI studies.
In addition to the presentation of extensive simulation studies, we also presented some MB-MDR applications to real-life data problems. These analyses involved MB-MDR analyses on quantitative as well as binary complex disease traits, primarily in the context of asthma/allergy and Crohn's disease. In two of the presented analyses, MB-MDR confirmed logistic regression and transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) results. Part of the aforementioned methodological developments was initiated on the basis of observations of MB-MDR behavior on real-life data.
Both the practical and theoretical components of this thesis confirm our belief in the potential of MB-MDR as a promising and versatile tool for the identification of epistatic effects, irrespective of the design (family-based or unrelated individuals) and irrespective of the targeted disease trait (binary, continuous, censored, categorical, multivariate). A thorough characterization of the different faces of MB-MDR this versatility gives rise to is work in progress.
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needed you can perform a dry-run of a chart installation. This will perform a template render over the enclosed chart templates, outputting actual Kubernetes manifests so that you can view exactly what will be installed in the cluster.
To host the newly created chart within a chart repository, you would simply need to create an index chart file, using the following command. And then store both the generated index.yaml file together with the chart archive in a directory that was then served up via a standard web server. The "helm repo index" command will actually perform a recursive directory scan within the provided directory to search for and find all Chart archive files. Any discovered chart archive file will then be written into the resulting index.yaml file which is used at repository search time.
If your chart is hosted and being served, then you could run the following commands to install the chart. If again there are settable values, they can be passed in by using the set parameter, overriding any equivalent values stored in the chart's values.yaml file. Okay, that completes this lesson. In this lesson, I reviewed the process involved in building your own custom Helm Charts. I reviewed the internal chart directory structure and highlighted what each directory and file was responsible for.
Finally, I documented how to package, host, and install a custom chart. Understanding how to create package, and host your own charts will not only aid you with rolling out your own applications into a Kubernetes cluster but will also allow you to share them within your own organization or the wider online community. Okay, close this lesson, and I'll see you shortly in the next one.
Jeremy is the DevOps Content Lead at Cloud Academy where he specializes in developing technical training documentation for DevOps.
He has a strong background in software engineering, and has been coding with various languages, frameworks, and systems for the past 20+ years. In recent times, Jeremy has been focused on DevOps, Cloud, Security, and Machine Learning.
Jeremy holds professional certifications for both the AWS and GCP cloud platforms.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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I was using while (true) to control some code that was supposed to run for a designated amount of time. I noticed the processor load spike by 40-60%. As there was no input to slow down execution, it was tearing through the code in the while loop and repeating as quickly as possible. Looked up a way to slow it down and discovered sleep(# of milliseconds in Windows.h. Is there either: a) a better way to go about controlling the rate of execution; or b) a cross-platform variant of sleep(time)?
Generally sleep() is not recommended. The alternative is to use events and signals to control the flow of a program. The reason for this is that programs should not be 'hanging' themselves but instead allow the user to do other tasks while the program is waiting for some new event to process.
while(true) is a brutal way to pause a program as you've seen. Depending on how you've implemented your 'timer' the actual sleep time could have been dependent on processor speed and the actual hardware you use instead of the equivalent seconds you programed it for.
All this said, there are still applications for a sleep() function and it is much better than most while variants. Since sleep functions make use of the system time they are OS specific but most OS do have some sort of sleep() function. It's just a matter of finding the right header.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Las pilas del Camino de Logroño
In 1996, because of some improvement work on the A-124 road an archaeological survey was carried out to investigate the existence of possible remains in the area.
The bibliographical information that pointed out the existence of some remains of a hermitage and a necropolis was discarded. This archaeological survey resulted in the finding of a Roman archaeological deposit.
This Roman deposit was called "Las Pilas del Camino de Logroño". The excavation, with an area covering over 450 m², took place between July and August, 1998. Here, the archaeologists found the remains of a pottery workshop, from Roman times, for the making of pottery objects for construction. It is a unique deposit so far in the Basque Autonomous Community.
In the deposit it is worth mentioning a kiln that has an entrance made of sun-dried bricks;¡ it is two metres long and one and a half metres high, leading to two rectangular vaulted rooms (fire chambers) The grate of the kiln is located over these rooms.
Some remains of ancillary constructions have been found in the surroundings of the kiln.
Besides, some physical evidence has been found, such as Roman roof tiles, sun-dried bricks, pottery floor tiles etcetera.
Due to the importance of the finding, it was decided to preserve the kiln, with the prospect of keeping it as a unique monument of the craftwork that was made two thousand years ago.
Some other remains of Roman settlements have been found in the area.
Within the town of Laguardia there are obvious remains of Roman occupation.


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Swedish explorer Peter Lindberg has discovered what he believes to be a UFO at the bottom of the Sea. He states the object is perfectly round, about 60 ft in diameter and unlike anything he has seen in his 18 years of research. The object was discovered between Finland and Sweden on the Ocean floor about 300 ft down. His team has found submerged treasure using sonar, including a century old shipwreck with rare and valuable champagne. Could his team have discovered a UFO wreck? Part of me remains incredulous but after watching the video and seeing the pictures I have to admit, the thing doesn't only look out of this world, but looks just like what a saucer shaped UFO would look like if it somehow ended up on the Ocean bottom. I've heard some people speculate that UFOs energy fields are disrupted by airplanes and helicopters and could cause them to crash. Some say this is what happened with the crash in Roswell. If it is a UFO crash in the Ocean, I hope the aliens hitched a ride and got to safety? Do you think it could be a UFO? If it is, how did it get there? Can aliens travel through the Ocean? What else could it be?
More like this:
- The Bermuda Triangle
- Mu: The Lost Continent?
- Alien World Found Beneath Sea
- Not Exactly Treasure…
- Ocean Bloop: Giant Monster Howl?
Peter Lindbergh _URL_
Sources: read full article here _URL_


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Front Page Titles (by Subject) 4: [Plymouth Oath of Allegiance and Fidelity] - Colonial Origins of the American Constitution: A Documentary History
The Online Library of Liberty
A project of Liberty Fund, Inc.
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4: [Plymouth Oath of Allegiance and Fidelity] - Donald S. Lutz, Colonial Origins of the American Constitution: A Documentary History
Colonial Origins of the American Constitution: A Documentary History, ed. Donald S. Lutz (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund 1998).
About Liberty Fund:
Liberty Fund, Inc. is a private, educational foundation established to encourage the study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals.
The copyright to this edition, in both print and electronic forms, is held by Liberty Fund, Inc.
Fair use statement:
This material is put online to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. Unless otherwise stated in the Copyright Information section above, this material may be used freely for educational and academic purposes. It may not be used in any way for profit.
[Plymouth Oath of Allegiance and Fidelity]
Text taken from Charles Evans, "Oaths of Allegiance in Colonial New England," Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, n.s., 31 (April 13–October 19, 1921): 383. Text is complete except for the ellipsis inserted by Evans.
The Oath of Supremacy, begun by Henry viii to break the power of the Roman Catholic Church, and the Oath of Allegiance, begun by James i in 1605, after the Gunpowder Plot, were both required by Charles i, who reigned from 1625 to 1649. The latter oath did not refer to the king as the head of the church and thus was more acceptable to the Puritans. The Charter of Massachusetts Bay gave the company liberty to admit new members on its own terms. The colony at Plymouth, however, was not, strictly speaking, a colony because it was outside of Massachusetts Bay territory and lacked its own charter. Plymouth took advantage of its position to avoid both the Oath of Supremacy and the Oath of Allegiance by writing its own oath, which did not mention the king but instead created allegiance primarily to the colony. In the absence of a document that explicitly created a polity, such as the Mayflower Compact, an oath such as this one became the covenantal basis for a "civil body politick," as the Pilgrims put it, and effectively served as both a founding document and a means of naturalizing later arrivals to the colony. Here, as in other similar documents (9, 15, and 16, for example), we find an efficient use of a religious form to implicitly create a civil society, establish and underwrite its legitimacy, define citizenship, provide a means for adding new citizens later, and define a police power, while enunciating a political theory based on popular consent, political equality, and loyalty to the common good of the citizenry.
form of oath for all inhabitants
You shall sweare by the name of the great God... & earth & in his holy fear, & presence that you shall not speake, or doe, devise, or advise, anything or things, acte or acts, directly, or indirectly, By land, or water, that doth, shall, or may, tend to the destruction or overthrowe of this present plantation, Colonie, or Corporation of this towne Plimouth in New England.
Neither shall you suffer the same to be spoken, or done, but shall hinder & opposse the same, by all due means you can.
You shall not enter into any league, treaty, Confederace or combination, with any, within the said Colonie or without the same that shall plote, or contrive any thing to the hurte & ruine of the growth, and good of the said plantation.
You shall not consente to any such confederation, nor conceale any known unto you certainly, or by conje but shall forthwith manifest & make knowne by same, to the Governours of this said towne for the time being.
And this you promise & swear, simply & truly, & faithfully to performe as a true christian [you hope for help from God, the God of truth & punisher of falshoode].1
form of the oath given the governor and council at every election
You shall swear, according to that wisdom, and measure of discerning given unto you; faithfully, equally & indifrently without respect of persons; to administer Justice, in all causes coming before you. And shall labor, to advance, & furder the good of this Colony, & plantation, to the utmost of your power; and oppose any thing that may hinder the same. So help you God.
[1. ]The words "a true christian" were later struck out and the phrase in brackets substituted so that the last sentence read: "to perform as you hope for help from God...."


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I'd like to know if there is a way to determine if a variable contains a MooTools Class instance.
Here's the example below in jsFiddle: _URL_
var a = new Class();
var aInstance = new a();
document.write('#1 instanceOf(aInstance,a) ='+ instanceOf(aInstance,a) + '') // aInstance is instance of a. Returns true.
document.write('#2 instanceOf(aInstance,Class) ='+ instanceOf(aInstance,Class) + '') // aInstance isn't instance of Class, so returns false.
Is there a way to make #2 happen?
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up vote 1 down vote accepted
I think I got it.
var Foo = new Class({});
var FooInstance = new Foo();
alert(typeOf(FooInstance.$constructor)); // alerts 'class'
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Font attributes are properties of a font, which can be combined to uniquely specify a font on a given platform. There are some portable attributes which can be used on all platforms; other attributes are platform specific and will be ignored or signal errors when used on the wrong platform.
Font descriptions are externalizable objects which contain a set of font attributes. When using a font description in a font lookup operation, missing attributes are treated as wildcards (as are those with value
) and invalid attributes signal errors. The result of a font lookup contains all the attributes needed to uniquely specify a font on that platform.
font attribute is special: it can be used to reliably look up a system font on all platforms.
Font descriptions can be manipulated using the functions
These are the current set of portable font attributes and their portable types:


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Online degrees in legal studies provide a thorough overview of the American legal system, including legal theory and practice, civil and criminal law, civil and criminal procedure, and constitutional law. Students learn key skills in legal writing, research, and analysis that can be applied to a broad range of careers, and even professional study in law.
Curriculum in a legal studies degree program will explore special topics in law, such as real estate law and business law, that can be applied to a wide range of careers, since not every student who pursues a legal studies degree wants to become a lawyer. Another special topic in a legal studies degree might be employment law, and knowledge in this area is particularly useful in careers in human resources, where a top concern is avoiding legal trouble with employees.
Online programs in legal studies may share certain course work with online programs in paralegal studies, but paralegal studies is a vocational program designed specifically to prepare students for careers as paralegals or legal assistants. Legal studies tends to be a more general program applicable to a wider variety of careers where legal knowledge would be beneficial.
Graduates of legal studies degree programs may pursue graduate degrees in library science in preparation for a career in law libraries, or may pursue a professional law degree. However, students should be careful to maintain a high GPA if they plan to attend law school or be accepted into graduate programs. Other possible careers might be found in contract negotiation, human resources, labor relations, real estate, legal consulting, litigation analysis, and lobbying, according to the University of Illinois Springfield.


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- 2 green balls, 2 red balls, 2 sashes of the same colour.
- 6 children are chosen out of the class to be dinosaurs while the other children run around and try to avoid getting caught.
- 2 children of those children hold the green balls or "freeze balls" and 2 of the children hold the red balls or "dance balls". The remaining 2 children are to wear sashes and it is their job to be officers and unfreeze the children that have been caught by the freeze and dance dinosaurs.
- This means that whenever the frozen dinosaurs move towards the other children, those children have to freeze in order to prevent getting caught and whenever they see a dancing dinosaur coming towards them they need to dance to prevent getting caught. If a child is caught, they need to freeze in a dinosaur pose until the officers come and unfreeze them.
- More dinosaurs can be added if desired, and actions can be altered to suit individual needs.
- If you have a small class, only elect one child per dinosaur.
Do you have any other suggestions for different actions? Leave a comment below…


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Spotlight: CBD and childhood Epilepsy
In recent years there have been a lot of media attention about the theory that CBD (a chemical in cannabis) can reduce seizures in children with epilepsy. There is a lot more attention on epilepsy now and research has sped up to the stage where drug trials are now in phase 3 trials. While Phase 2 results were promising, a small percentage of patients who took CBD found their seizures got worse, and for some there was no change at all.
The goal now is to find out why patients respond differently. The more that is known about how the drug works and why, the better people will be treated in the future.
What happens after Phase 3?
If positive results are found in Phase 3, there may be enough evidence for the drug to be available to the public. But there is one final hurdle approval from a government regulatory body.
In Australia, the organisation that approves drugs for public use is called the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). The TGA s job is to make sure the benefits of a new drug outweigh the risks.
Drugs are often products that are made by big companies and they can cost people a lot of money to buy. That means they can also make a lot of money for the big companies that own them. For this reason, we can t just let those big companies test the drugs themselves and then make them available they could just say they work, even if they don t, because they want to make money.
The TGA assesses the results from Phase 1, 2 and 3 clinical trials to make sure the drug meets the standard set by the Australian Department of Health. They are also in charge of how the public will have access to the new medication whether it can be in the supermarket, in a pharmacy or only by special request. If there is enough evidence it is effective and safe, they will make it available to the public.
Acceptance and beyond
Success! The drug has made it through Phase 1, 2 and 3 and is available to the public. But there is no rest yet there is more research to be done!
This research is done by a range of different international research groups in clinical settings, rather than within specialist research facilities, to ensure the findings are very robust and reproducible. This may be done alongside this next phase.
This stage is known as Phase 4, or the post-marketing phase. The new drug will now reach thousands or potentially millions of people, and with this amount of patients, it is now possible to search for very rare side effects.
This is also the time to look for unexpected drug interactions (negative side effects caused by the drug mixing with other things, like other drugs or foods) there are thousands of medications taken daily, and it would be impossible to test them all in the clinical trial phases.
By gathering information in this stage, the drug can then be made safer by identifying which patients have the best response to the drug and which patients should avoid it. It can also reveal other therapeutic effects not related to the drug s original design if this is the case, the drug s use can be expanded (provided it passes phase II and III again for this new condition, of course).
Medications can be withdrawn from public sale if side effects are found that weren t detected in the early stages of testing. This has happened to Rimonabant, a cannabinoid drug that was designed to treat obesity and passed through the clinical trial process in Europe.
When it was made available to the public it was found to cause seizures and psychiatric events in some patients these were serious enough that it was withdrawn from the market after two years.
In the world of drug development, failure (like success) isn t final. A drug that has failed in one phase of clinical trials can go back to drug development for tweaking depending on what the nature of the problem is. This could mean changing the dosage, finding a specific patient group that has the best response, trying a different administration method or changing the molecule so it might have fewer side effects.
Knocked out: THC for glaucoma
THC has been known to treat glaucoma, an eye condition which can cause eventual blindness, since the 1980s. However, it has not yet been able to overcome some serious downsides to make it a good medication:
1) It doesn t last long enough, meaning patients would need too many doses to be manageable (they d need to use it around 8 times each day!).
2) It also causes unwanted side effects that patients don t like, including psychoactive and cardiovascular effects.
Researchers are currently trying to find a way to make it last longer and have its effects only in the eye eyedrops have been tested but aren t yet perfected. There are also much more effective drugs available. Back to phase 1!
The clinical trial process has the downsides of being slow and expensive. You might wonder what s the point, especially when people have been using cannabis for years?
The reason the clinical trial process is so important is it helps us better understand a drug how safe it is, how we should use it, what side effects we can expect, just to name a few. It also helps stop big companies from just releasing dangerous drugs to make quick profits.
It is generally a bad idea to blindly trust the health claims of someone who has something to gain from you buying their product this is true of pharmaceutical companies, but it is also true of food producers, health care product makers, celebrities and cannabis sellers. It would be very tempting for a seller to oversell the good of their product and hide/ignore the bad. The law of selling used to be Caveat Emptor: in English this is let the buyer beware or in other words, buy at your own risk!
The only way to make sure people or businesses selling a product are being held accountable is regulation – the clinical trial procedure is a way to keep up the standard of pharmaceuticals, but also provides monitoring specifically to make sure it is both safe and effective.
The standard for therapeutic goods that aren t counted as pharmaceuticals, things like herbal remedies you buy at the supermarket, is much less difficult to pass than the phases you ve just learned about. Businesses selling these types of goods are only required to prove that what they are selling is safe it doesn t necessarily have to be effective. So you might be paying for nothing!
These products often have lots of ingredients, making it very difficult to know what might be beneficial (or if the ingredients cancel each other out). Long-term monitoring of use and drug interaction studies are also at a much lower standard it is only when bad effects are reported in the public enough that a product can be found unsafe. This may be too late for those who have taken something hoping to improve their health. And this is only if you are taking an Australian drug if you are buying something online, it might not be regulated at all!
In the United States it looks like some cannabis products are not reaching the standard required for pharmaceuticals a study looking at the accuracy of labelling for edible cannabis products in California found that less than 20% of them actually had the amount of THC they claimed to contain. As a buyer, it becomes difficult to have faith in a product if you can t trust what is written on the label.
There s still a lot of research to be done for cannabis as a medicine. Unfortunately a lot of newspapers and online media forget this, and publish headlines like cannabis cures cancer before the drug has even passed phase 1. Most of the time these stories will be based on reports from preclinical studies, which is great but there is still a lot more work to do as you now know! By going through this process we can know that when cannabis does reach the public it will be as safe and effective as we can make it.
It is also important to be aware that scientists are often testing different parts of cannabis and different combinations of parts of cannabis. Cannabis is made up of more than 100 compounds called cannabinoids (for example, CBD and THC), and it seems many of these have different effects. For example, a cannabinoid called THC can make you feel high, but one called CBD probably won t. While CBD alone may be great to treat a condition, THC might make the condition worse so scientists will often pull out the CBD for use and get rid of the THC (or vice versa). This also means that just smoking a joint likely won t have the medical affects you want, and could make an illness or symptom worse.
Really reading the research, not the newspaper story is also important right now when you hear cannabinoids are used to treat cancer, they are used to treat symptoms associated with cancer (pain and nausea) rather than the cause (tumours). This might change in the future, but it always pays to get the details.


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DEP 101: Basin Management Action Plans
A Basin Management Action Plan, or BMAP, is a comprehensive set of site-specific strategies to reduce or eliminate pollutant loadings and restore particular waterbodies to health.
Each BMAP is designed to achieve one or more Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs), each of which establishes a target for the maximum amount of a specific pollutant that may be present while ensuring the functionality and health of the affected waterbody.
Every BMAP is different to account for variations in water quality problems, land uses, pollutant sources, stakeholders, geography, hydrology and economic resources.
The fundamental steps in the BMAP development process are to identify and quantify pollutant sources; allocate responsibilities for reducing pollutant loadings; develop strategies and projects to accomplish the reductions; establish a monitoring program to measure progress; determine an implementation schedule; and identify financial resources to underwrite the necessary actions.
Common BMAP strategies include more stringent permit limits on wastewater facilities; land acquisition and conservation; public education; wastewater and stormwater system infrastructure improvements; agricultural best management practices; and financial assistance.
BMAPs are developed and refined collaboratively through a series of local public meetings and formal workshops and are adopted by enforceable Secretarial Order.
Restoration is a long-term process. BMAPs are typically developed in multi-year phases that include specific project and pollutant load reduction milestones in each phase. After adoption, the department holds regular meetings to keep stakeholders and the public apprised of progress and to generate new restoration strategies and projects. Each BMAP is reviewed and reported on annually and may be updated as necessary.
To learn more:
 - Read more about BMAPs, including links to the adopted plans.
 - View an online map including BMAPs adopted and in progress:
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July 5, 2019 - 11:33am
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Lankelly Chase Foundation has commissioned Queen Mary University of London, the University of Manchester and Words of Colour Productions to establish an independent centre of excellence on ethnic inequalities, severe mental illness and multiple disadvantage.
Synergi Collaborative Centre Stroke
Lankelly Chase is an independent foundation working in partnership with people across the UK to change the systems that perpetuate severe and multiple disadvantage. Originally formed in 1962, Lankelly Chase's work is now focused on creating an environment where people have the skills, motivation and freedom to help create a system that effectively responds to the interlocking nature of severe disadvantages, such as homelessness, drug misuse, violence and abuse, extreme poverty and mental ill health. Lankelly Chase is driven by a belief that people are resourceful and have strengths, and that collectively we can find solutions and create a fairer society where we are all able to thrive.


ale signs of autism that aren't backed by scientific evidence. The signs of autism shouldn't be confused with other medical issues such as canine anxiety or injury-pains. To determine if your dog is suffering from either autism or other illness, you should consider taking it to the vet for a thorough diagnosis.
Vets can perform several behavioral tests to assess how a dog responds to certain situations. Still, these tests are not always concrete since other disorders such as canine anxiety can produce autism-like symptoms. They will rely on tell-tale signs or cues to determine canine autism.
Here are five tell-tale signs of autism.
Display of Repetitive Behavior
Repeating certain patterns and behaviors is one of the tell-tale signs of autism in both humans and dogs. If your canine starts showing unusual repetitive behavior, it's best to ask your vet for a quick diagnosis. It isn't unusual for dogs to chase after their tail, fidget with the door lock, or stand in front of the door every day, and you shouldn't confuse every repetitive behavior with the symptoms of autism. The onset of autistic behaviors is often accompanied by other signs such as withdrawal or sudden aggression.
Display of Social Nervousness and Awkwardness
Dogs are sociable creatures, and they love spending time with humans and other animals. This is one of the reasons why they enjoy visiting the park. Most dogs will seek comfort and safety from their owners.
It's a telltale sign of autism when your dog isn't sociable. Injuries, traumatic history, accidents, and other major events could make many dogs stop interacting or start showing social nervousness, and these shouldn't be confused with autism's symptoms. It's best to observe your dog for any such unusual awkwardness. If your dog is showing similar signs even after a few weeks, it's best to take it to the vet for a diagnosis.
Display of lack of enthusiasm
It's unusual for dogs to display a lack of enthusiasm when you invite them to go out for a walk, take a break in the park, or play any games. While most of the time, the lack of energy and physical lethargy could make them display a lack of enthusiasm, but if this behavior persists for a long time, you should know that there's something wrong with it.
This is often accompanied by a lack of physical expression, including tail wagging, not making direct eye-contact, entering a trance-like state, staring in one direction for a long time, etc.
Display of OCD
Repetitive motions are also a characteristic of autistic behavior. They can include various actions such as circling a room over and over again or chronic tail-chasing or obsessive teeth grinding. Other repetitive behaviors include lining up toys or other objects, placing food bowl in a certain direction, or obsessive chewing.
You'd know the signs of OCD by observing their unusual repetitive behavior. Like humans, dogs can fall victim to OCD because of canine autism.
Display of Emotionless
Dogs may show inappropriate reactions to unfamiliar stimuli such as yelping or barking at the slightest touch of your hand and barking to sudden sounds. Autistic dogs can become hypersensitive to any stimuli.
They often avoid new environments, situations, and social interactions because they may find it difficult to cope with new experiences.
To better diagnose the symptoms of autism, it's best to talk with your veterinarian, who will advise you to observe certain behaviors.
Newly adopted and rescued dogs may become antisocial or show signs of communication issues, lethargy, and reduced physical activity. To learn more about your new pet's behavior, you should talk with the previous owner or the rescue home for more information.
How to Treat Autism in dogs?
After a licensed veterinarian has ruled out other possibilities for your furry friends' unusual social awkwardness and withdrawn behaviors, you should start seeking possible treatments.
There is no single treatment for autism; hence you should start prescribed medications and advised lifestyle changes.
Your veterinarian will prescribe medication like Fluoxetine (Prozac) to treat OCD and autism problems in humans.
Offer a Safe, Secured, and Stress-Free Place
Your dog may become anxious or nervous in crowds or around other animals. Dogs inhibiting the signs of autism may seek a safe and secure place to spend most of their time. As the certain sound and environment may trigger OCD and bark in autistic dogs, it's best to provide them a completely stress-free place. Avoiding situations that can stress your dog and cause anxiety is important too.
Offer Regular Exercise and Well-Balanced Diet
Make sure your dog gets enough exercise every day along with a well-balanced diet. Regular exercises and healthy meals can help to reduce anxiety and stress in dogs while keeping them engaged.
Your veterinarian may also suggest you work with professional trainers or therapists who specialize in positive reinforcement. They can help provide therapies and training to curb autistic behaviors in dogs.
Dr. ValliParthasarathy DVM explains that,
Dogs who have anxiety disorders may exhibit symptoms that their owners interpret as autism and diagnose themselves. But in reality, anxiety, in general, can affect a dog's ability to learn, problem-solve, retain and recall information.
She advises that it's better to begin working with a positive reinforcement reward-based trainer to help treat your dog's autistic conditions. It would be best if you also were gentle with your dog at all times.
Check this infographic out for more information in detail.
Get in touch with Urban Pet Hospital & Resort, the best doggy pet hospital in Des Moines, to learn more about diagnosing and treating canine autism.
Can Pets Still Get Infected with COVID-19? The 2021 Updates
According to our previous article posted on March 10, 2020, we mentioned that pets are less likely to get infected with COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2). The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) identified no animals in the US were infected with the virus, and there is no evidence that dogs or other pets can spread COVID-19.
But there has been a recent development. According to CDC,
"It appears that it can spread from people to animals in some situations, especially after close contact with a person with COVID-19."
The cases of household pets that were found to be infected by COVID-19 proved that a person could transmit the virus to animals. However, at this time, there is not much scientific evidence that animals play a significant role in spreading the virus to humans.
According to CDC,
Several animals in zoological facilities have tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, including large cats and great apes. Several lions and tigers in a New York zoo, a puma in South Africa, tigers in a Tennessee zoo, snow leopards at a Kentucky zoo, and gorillas at a California zoo tested positive SARS-CoV-2 after showing signs of illness. A cougar and tiger at a Texas facility that exhibits wild animals also tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. It is suspected that these animals became sick after being exposed to employees with COVID-19, despite the staff following COVID-19 precautions.
COVID-19 infection was seen in many different animals worldwide since the onset of the novel coronavirus disease in December 2019.
How to protect your pet from COVID-19 Infection?
To protect your pet from the SARS-CoV-2 infection, don't let your dog or cat interact with people or animals outside your household. For example:
 - Avoid taking your pet to parks or public areas where many people and dogs gather.
 - When walking your dog, make sure to put it on a leash and keep it at least 6 feet (2 meters) from other people and animals.
 - Do not put a mask on pets. Masks could harm your pet.
 - Keep cats indoors when possible.
If you become sick with SARS-CoV-2 and have a pet,
 - You should immediately restrict contact with pets and other animals and isolate yourself from house members.
 - If possible, have another person in your household care for your pet.
 - Avoid petting, snuggling, being kissed or licked, and sharing foods or bedding with your pet.
 - Wear a cloth face covering and gloves before caring for your pet.
 - Wash your hands thoroughly before and after handling animals and their food, waste, and supplies.
 - Also, make sure you clean up after your pet.
 - If you need to take your pet to the vet, don't do it yourself. Either call your veterinarian home or ask your family member or friend to take it to the vet.
Strictly follow these preventive measures for SARS-CoV-2.
 1. Wash your hands
Wash your hands properly using soap and water to keep yourself and your pets from contracting COVID-19. Regularly rub your hands with an alcohol-based hand rub when going out or after coming.
 1. Maintain Distance
If you have any symptoms such as coughing or sneezing, maintain at least 1 meter (3 feet) distance between yourself and your dog.
 1. Avoid touching eyes, nose, and mouth
Do not fidget your fingers with your eyes, nose, and mouth before or after petting your dog to ensure the safety of your family and pets.
 1. Practice respiratory hygiene
Make sure to cover your mouth or nose when sneezing or coughing. Use disposable tissue and mask whenever around your pets.
 1. Seek medical care early
Stay home or indoors if you have a fever, cough, difficulty breathing, seek medical attention, and call in advance.
 1. Stay informed
Stay informed about the latest developments about the COVID-19 pandemic, red zones, and possible vaccination drive in your community.
COVID-


text:
3D printed dental is predicted to explode in the next decade, displacing existing manufacturing methods and making your biannual trip to the dentist both cheaper and less painful. SmarTech Publishing – a leading additive manufacturing research firm – recently released a report predicting that the market for 3D printing in the dentistry sector will grow to $9.5bn by 2027, and grew an incredible 35% year on year between 2016 and 2017.
Contrary to popular opinion, 3D printing has already taken over a few areas of healthcare and manufacturing. The majority of hearing aids, for example, are already 3D printed due to their need to be formed according to each person's specifications. This makes 3D printing the perfect solution to other areas which require tailor-made parts, like dental implants.
Why 3D printing in dental?
The list of different dental areas are wider than you'd think: including teeth and orthodontic implants; crowns and bridges; surgical guides used in dental surgeries; braces and more.
3D printing is perfectly suited to all of these, in the same way it suits hearing aids. People are unique, and need uniquely shaped pieces that fit them perfectly. Hence, the 3D printing dental market is predicted to balloon – at a 18% CAGR rate – to $9.5bn by 2027, with the 3D printed dental implants market predicted to be worth $1bn on its own by 2024.
Much of this growth is coming from the increasing amounts of prostheticians, dentists, and laboratories that are using 3D printing to experiment with the manufacturing of new materials, parts, and implants; leading to increasing adoption.
The biggest gains in 3D printed dental are predicted to be in Stereolithography, as well as metal 3D printing technologies like Direct Metal Laser Sintering and Electron Beam Melting. SLA is touted to be the best for resin-based implants and solutions, whereas DMLS suits metal parts.
How can 3D printing help dentists?
Beginning with another 3D technology, 3D scanning; a model of the patient's can be taken without having to actually touch the patient's mouth. This is a far cry from the uncomfortable method used prior to create dental prosthetics during which patient's had to bite into molds which were then cast.
The 3D file can then be opened and edited in a dental 3D software tool – such as 3D-Doctor, Maestro Ortho Studio, Medical Design Studio or Within Medical – before being exported, ready to print. Having a file also means many 3D printing services can create the orthodontic piece for you if you do not have access to a 3D printer.
Using 3D printing means that if the model doesn't fit, the whole piece doesn't need to be remade like with injection molding. Instead, simply modify the design and reprint the incorrect part. There are even talks of special 3D printed teeth made from a special microbial plastic that kills bacteria on contact that are responsible for tooth decay, in addition to 3D printed braces with inbuilt LED lights.
Areas in dentistry where 3D printing can help
- Crowns and bridges – Typically made using ceramic and metal alloys, these forms of prosthodontics can be made more quickly using a castable resin such as those that Formlabs offer. The printed resin dental implant can then be used as a mold to create a hollow negative before the final part is cast.
- Surgical guides – Not all 3D printed dental parts are for implanting into patients; 3D printed surgical guides can play a key part in patient welfare too. Dental drilling is a process that requires extreme precision to avoid hitting nerves and potentially causing the patient extreme pain. Resins can be used to create 3D printed dental surgical guides with a hole over the area which needs to be drilled, aligning the drill exactly where it needs to go. This reduces the amount of dental surgery error, and helps flatten the learning curve dentists face, too.
- Direct printed orthodontics – There are some dental applications like mouth guards and splints which, with 3D printing, can be made in one part rather than in multiple steps. Other manufacturing methods struggle with the geometries, but 3D printers can create these parts easily from clear resins using either Stereolithography or Digital Light Processing. Companies like Formlabs have even partnered with dental 3D scanner company 3Shape to make creating dental prosthodontics as simple as possible. You can now seamlessly use a 3Shape dental 3D scanner to create scans to be printed on any Formlabs SLA 3D printer.
Advantages of Dental 3D Printing
- Speed – The time taken to create a dental implant such as a crown is far longer and more difficult when using traditional methods. It involves the invasive and uncomfortable process of biting down onto a mold to model your teeth, before sending the mold off to be cast. Instead, the mouth can be 3D scanned using a 3D scanner to get an accurate model of the patient's mouth, which can then be sent to a 3D printer. If the laboratory has a dental 3D printer in store, you can potentially go from scanning a patient's mouth to having the implant ready, in less than an hour. Some 3D printing technologies, such as Selective Laser Sintering, can print multiple custom implants in one print tray, at the same speed it would take to print a single piece.
- Accuracy – Another advantage of 3D printing is how accurate it is, with industrial dental 3D printers such as Formlabs' Form 2 SLA 3D printer accurate up to 35 microns. EnvisionTEC's DLP 3D printers are accurate up to 10 microns, which is even better. This means dental implants will definitely fit, and inhabit the exact space they are required to. No more, no less.
- Efficiency – Existing methods involve waiting not only for your implant to be made, but also the lead time in booking multiple appointments in with your dentist. 3D printing offers the potential for same-day dental solutions, making the whole process far more efficient. Dentists could see more patients, and patients require less time off work to see their dentists; everyone's a winner.
- Environmentally Friendly – Since 3D printing is a form of additive manufacturing rather than subtractive, there is very little waste. This means less materials are used in the making of parts like orthodontic aligners, crowns and bridges. This is not only beneficial for the environment, but also helps cut costs.
Major Dental 3D Printer Manufacturers
Stratasys manufacture a wide variety of dental 3D printers, including the Objet260 and Objet500 Dental Selections; J700 Dental; and the Eden260VS Dental Advantage. These dental 3D printers can create cast chrome partial dentures, as well as dental surgery guides which help to improve results and reduce errors. This improved planning using 3D printing both reduces patient discomfort and speeds up recovery.
Stratasys dental 3D printers can also create implants that mimic the textures and colors inside a real human mouth. This improves clinic outcomes as dentists can practice under conditions with the highest level of realism, shortening the learning curve.
Despite being founded as recently as September 2011, Formlabs is already a major player in dental 3D printing. Creating low-priced and accurate models of mouths and teeth, another advantage of Formlabs 3D printers is they are accurate up to 35 microns using their Dental Model Resin. SmarTech even reported that Formlabs' market share grew twenty-fold in the two years leading up to 2017.
Formlabs dental 3D printers are able to print: crowns and bridges; clear aligner models; surgical guides; splints and occlusal guards, and the American company claim they will even soon be able to print dentures.
EnvisionTEC are an industrial 3D printer manufacturer which make huge behemoth printers capable of extraordinary things. The American company manufactures DLP 3D printers accurate up to 10 microns, meaning near-perfect dental implants can be printed.
EnvisionTEC dental 3D printers can print: dental and orthodontic models; crowns and bridges; night guards and splints; denture bases; surgical drill guides and more. This wide range of applications meant that EnvisionTEC dental 3D printer sales grew by an estimated 75% between 2015 and 2016.
Overall, the 3D printed dentistry market seems to be unstoppable in its rise. The two seem perfectly matched: a manufacturing method that offers one-off, custom production; and a market that requires it. To us, 3D printing will come to dominate this sector in the same way it has begun to dominate hearing aids, leading to a number of efficiency gains, safer treatment, and lower costs. This is a concrete application of 3D printing in an important industry, and may be important in its quest for increasing democratization.


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Researchers study why waste in bioreactor landfills degrades in haste
Craig H. Benson
Craig H. Benson (large image)
Part of Craig Benson's laboratory looks — and smells — like a landfill.
It's not that the UW-Madison professor of civil and environmental engineering is excessively messy. Rather, he's studying bioreactor landfills, a relatively recent technology in solid-waste management that may help landfill owners make better use of their land — and of the waste itself.
Traditional landfills incorporate systems to collect leachate and limit waste exposure to liquids like rain. However, bioreactor landfills, which have emerged over the past decade, are designed to recirculate liquids such as rainwater or leachate through the waste to break it down more efficiently. "Rather than sending the leachate — the contaminated liquid — off site to be treated at a plant, we just pipe it back up and send it through the waste to help the degradation process," says Benson.
Morton Barlaz
Morton Barlaz (large image)
He and Morton Barlaz (MSCEE '85, PhDCEE '88), a professor of civil and environmental engineering at North Carolina State University, are developing computer-based tools that will help predict bioreactor landfill behavior. Their comprehensive research project combines their expertise in solid-waste containment, hydrology and decomposition.
Thanks to advances like improved liners and barrier systems for traditional landfills, bioreactor landfill managers can operate their sites without worrying that the liquid will leak and contaminate groundwater. "Things that go in a landfill stay in there," says Benson. "So we can put liquids in confidently."
Because liquids enhance microbial processes key to waste degradation — meaning that waste breaks down and compacts more quickly than in traditional dry landfills — one benefit to bioreactor landfill owners is increased "airspace," or volume, in the landfill. Since landfills close when the land and airspace are full, bioreactor landfill owners are able to squeeze more years of life out of their land.
Owners of traditional landfills pay to send their leachate to a water-treatment plant, while bioreactor landfill owners recirculate leachate. "It has an in situ treatment system — so you just loop it through, and as the system goes through its biochemical changes, it tends to lock up most of the contaminants, which is a real advantage," says Benson. "So you have a more sustainable management system. It's cleaning itself."
A number of demonstration bioreactor landfills exist, including those in Canada and the United States. "There's a lot of interest in this nationwide in the solid-waste community because of the practical and economic advantages," he says. "This is something that a lot of people are trying."
Bioreactor landfills are relatively simple in concept; yet, it's difficult to predict their behavior — in part, because there are so many variables, says Benson. For example, the waste material itself is comprised of many materials. The biological processes that break down waste can vary. Thermal conditions within the landfill, as well as the amount, temperature and type of recirculated liquid, can change.
For their research, Benson and Barlaz each have established bioreactor landfills in their own laboratories. With their industrial partners, they have installed sensors in several operating bioreactor landfills around the country and are monitoring their processes and conditions. Eventually, they will construct computer models to simulate those processes and conditions.
Their data and resulting predictive tools could help state and federal agencies regulate and evaluate bioreactor landfills. They also may help waste management companies make decisions about siting and operating new landfills.
A three-year, $750,000 National Science Foundation Partnerships for Innovation grant is funding the project.


text:
There are a number of stupid people out in this earth, who consider life to be fairy tale. They think that there
will be no odd and difficulties in their life. They believe that life is a straight line where there is no
existence of uncertainties. So when the life starts to show its cruel part, they are shattered. They are broken
down into pieces and hardly can recover from it. This happens because they do not possess positive attitude.
Whenever they stumble they tend to curse the fate rather than having positive attitude towards life.
Positive attitude is a power and this is such powerful that, it can change whole course of life. People having
positive generally evaluate everything in a positive manner. They can see the truth of life. They rarely blame the
fate as they think that it is just his deeds that make them to fall down. So they start to design their life with
completely new hope and courage which are triggered by positive attitude. There are a lot of people who have become
successful just by possessing positive attitude in them. They neither consider the life as a fairy tale nor an evil
one. They consider life as an integration of beauty and war. The positive attitude always gives them the strength
to fight against the odds of life.
The source of this positive attitude can be many things, such as confidence, determination, self belief and self
esteem. The confidence that they bear is capable changing the look of life. People normally nurture it from the
very childhood. At one point of life, they make it so stable they this can not be easily shattered by an obstacle.
Apart from these the education, surroundings, and the experiences make their inspirational one for the next
Luckily, this topic can be significantly improved with hypnotherapy
and clinical hypnosis.


called,
 i.e. the function is executed by beginning with the =sign in the active cell.
 The function doubleValue() can be called within other sub or function
 procedures. For example, in the following macro called testDouble(), a call
 to the function doubleValue is made with the line: MsgBox "the value is: "
 & doubleValue(37)
 Sub testDouble()
 MsgBox "the value is: " & doubleValue(37)
 End Sub
 The function doubleValue() can also be used within a cell formula, e.g.
 Take note
 Both the argument passed to the function doubleValue() and the
 return value was declared as being Integer. If you therefore pass a
 non-integer value, the result will not be as expected. For example,
 =doubleValue(3.4) will return 6 (the truncated value).
 This example rewrites the calling subs example from pages 170171, by
 implementing the called procedure as a function instead of a sub. The
 procedures are written in Listings 9.4 and 9.5. To translate the called
 procedure to a function you will see the following changes have been made:
 M The called procedure countValidCells begins with the word Function, and
 an End Function statement is used to terminate it (see Listing 9.5).
 M A range parameter has been passed into the function, and we have designed
 the function such that a string is returned that will contain the number of cells
 in the valid range (see Listing 9.5).
 M The function value is returned in the function by the statement:
 countValidCells = Str(myCount)
 M The function value is returned to the calling procedure by the statement:
 thisCount = countValidCells(Rng)
 M The function value is output in the calling sub procedure using the message
 box statement:
 MsgBox answerString, vbInformation, "Count Cells"
Listing 9.4 Sub GetRange
 Sub getRange()
 Dim thisCount As String
 Dim Rng As Range
 If Rng Is Nothing Then
 MsgBox "Operation Cancelled"
 End If
 thisCount = countValidCells(Rng)
 answerString = "There are "+ thisCount + " valid cell(s)in this selection"
 MsgBox answerString, vbInformation, "Count Cells"
 End Sub
Listing 9.5 Function CountValidCells
 Function countValidCells(Rng As Range) As String
 Dim myCount As Integer
 Dim strCount As String
 myCount = Application.CountA(Selection)
 strCount = Str(myCount)
 countValidCells = Str(myCount)
 End Function
Worked example
 This example function is intended to work with the weeklysales worksheet
 of the SALESMAN.XLS workbook. Its purpose is to find the highest weekly
 sales in the week_sales named range. We have used a function for this
 purpose because we require a value to be returned: i.e., the highest value. The
 function has been named getMaxSales, and searches through all the cells in
 the week_sales range to find the largest value, which will be an integer. The
 function therefore, will return an integer value. No arguments are passed into
 this function. The function definition is shown in Listing 9.6, and the
 screenshot in Figure 9.4 displays the result of 402 when the function is
 executed by calling it in cell G28.
Listing 9.6 Function getMaxSales()
 Function getMaxSales() As Integer
 Dim maxSales As Integer
 Dim Cell As Object
 maxSales = 0 'assume the lowest possible
 For Each Cell In Range("Week_sales")
 If Cell > maxSales Then
 maxSales = Cell 'we've found a bigger sales
 End If
 getMaxSales = maxSales
 End Function
 In the function definition, there are no arguments associated with it  the
 parentheses for the name are empty. However, the return type is an integer
 (i.e. a maximum value of sales).
 The function works by declaring a variable called maxSales that is used to
 contain the largest number in the range week_sales. The initial value
 assigned to maxSales is 0, which is the smallest value that the actual
 maximum can be, and therefore has to be used initially for comparison with
 all cell values in the range week_sales. Each cell in the For loop is examined
 to see if its current value is > maxSales. This comparison is implemented
 using the statement If Cell > maxSales Then maxSales = Cell. This means
 that if a cell value is greater than the current value of maxSales then assign
 the contents of maxSales to Cell, otherwise leave the maxSales value
 unchanged. When the loop is completed, the contents of the variable
 maxSales will contain the maximum sales value in the range. Notice that
 after the loop is completed, then maxSales is assigned to the return value,
 i.e., the function named getMaxSales. We can see this function running using
 the worksheet weeklysales.
 Figure 9.4 Screenshot of Function getMaxSales() Called at cell G28
Using parameters to extend the scope of functions
 Parameters provide a way of transferring data between sub procedures and
 function procedures. We can often extend the capabilities of a function by
 using parameters. For example, suppose we wanted to extend the getMaxSales
 function that was developed in Listing 9.6 to provide the cell address and the
 RepName of the salesperson who recorded the maximum sale. The extended
 function procedure, called GetMaxSalesInfo, is shown in Listing 9.7. Notice
 that in the new function definition, we have passed two arguments: one
 called maxSalesAddress, and the other called thisRepName. The function
 only differs from that of Listing 9.6 in that whenever maxSales > myCell,
 maxSalesAddress is assigned to myCell.Addess and thisRepName is assigned to Worksheets(weeklysales).Cells(myCell.Row, 1).Value. This
 means that the final values of these arguments will contain the cell address,
 and name of the rep giving the highest sales during the period. Notice, this
 function is called using Listing 9.8. This uses a MsgBox to output the
 maximum sales, the cell address, and the corresponding rep name.
Listing 9.7 Function getMaxSales()
 Function GetMaxSalesInfo(maxSalesAddress As String, thisRepName As
 String) As Integer
 Dim maxSales As Integer
 Dim myCell As Object
 maxSales = 0 'initialise to the lowest possible value
 For Each myCell In Range("Week_sales")
 If myCell > maxSales Then
 maxSales = myCell 'we have found a bigger sales
 maxSalesAddress = myCell.Address
 thisRepName = Worksheets("Weeklysales").Cells(myCell.Row,1).Value
 End If
 GetMaxSalesInfo = maxSales
 End Function
Listing 9.8 Calling the extended function
 Sub testMaxSalesInfo()
 Dim theAddress As String
 Dim theRepName As String
 Dim theMax As Integer
 theMax = GetMaxSalesInfo(theAddress, theRepName)
 MsgBox "the maximum is: " & theMax & vbCrLf & _
 "the address is: " & theAddress & vbCrLf & _
 "the rep name is: " & theRepName
 End Sub
Figure 9. 5 Screenshot of Listing 9.8
 Take note
 Since ByRef is the default method for passing parameters, then you could
 omit the ByRef part whenever you use a by reference declaration.
Passing parameters
 If we look at the previous examples of the use of functions, we see that in the
 function doubleValue there was one parameter passed into it, called
 anyNumber, that didnt change within the function: the purpose of this
 parameter was to supply information. On the other hand, when we passed the
 parameters theRepName and theAddess to the function GetMaxSalesInfo
 these could be changed within it, for their purpose was to represent the rep
 name and cell address associated with the maximum sales value. Since the
 maximum sales is a variable, then so are the values of theRepName and
 theAddress and therefore their values could change within the function.
 There are two methods of passing arguments: by reference and by value.
Passing a parameter by references
 When a parameter is passed by reference, a reference to the original
 argument is passed to the calling procedure. The result is that if a change is
 made to the parameter in the passed procedure, then that changed value is
 passed back to the called procedure. In VBA, the default method of passing
 arguments is by reference. That is, if neither ByRef nor ByVal is specified
 then ByRef is assumed. The syntax for declaring a ByRef parameter is to
 insert the keyword ByRef before the parameter list is declared in the
 parentheses following the function name. For example, suppose we


text:
i believe that TV and books are equal.
books need light to read but TV includes light,there can be sound and you can sometimes pause it. my uncle, Des, is sadly blind so he listens to the TV because he cant read books. A reason about books is you can visualise the word and it helps you learn.
another reason for TV is easier than reading a book because you have to learn to read and it takes time to develop reading but with TV there are 3 easy steps: 1.sit 2.turn on 3. watch.
That also means reading a book is like a reward for learning.
That's why i am unsure if books are better than TV.


text:
Pneumatics is the control of force and movement through the use of valves and actuators where the motive fluid is compressed air. Pneumatic products can be split into 3 categories: Pneumatic Cylinders, products for Air Service and Preparation and Pneumatic Valves and Controls.
Pneumatic cylinders and accessories
Pneumatic cylinders use the force of compressed air against a moving piston to create mechanical movement, and would be sized to suit the mass of the load being moved over a distance, in the time required. Cylinders can be single-acting or double-acting. In single-acting cylinders the air forces the piston against a spring which will return the cylinder to its default position when the air is removed. In double-acting cylinders, air is used to push the piston one way, and to return the cylinder to its default position, air is applied on the opposite side of the piston while the original side the air is allowed to exhaust.
Air service and preparation
Related pages: Air service and preparation
Air preparation is designed to provide a quality air supply to the plant systems that will promote reliable operation and increased efficiency. This entails the removal of particles or contamination from the air stream such as water, and at the same time the air pressure is controlled to minimise energy wastage. For some applications, the cleaned air is then lubricated by the injection of an aerosolised oil to increased life, efficiency, reduced static friction and ensure all downstream components require no lubrication.
Pneumatic Valves and controls
To get effective use out of the pneumatic cylinders or actuators, use of the appropriate valve system interfaces the pneumatic system with the plant control scheme, such as SCADA. The Valve systems can be combined to perform complicated functions such as, sequential operation of cylinders, interlocking of machine movements, controlling the application of force and ensuring fail-safe operation using discrete logic or integrated controllers.
Valves can be individual units or they can be combined into valve islands for simplified communication using all standard BUS protocols.
MGA Controls Ltd has developed long-standing partnerships with the following suppliers, to allow us to supply a wide range of industries and application with the best products around:
- Asco Numatics


text:
Winds of Mars: Aeolian Activity and Landforms
following is a short list of general references on Mars used
in the preparation of this slide set. Numerous others exist,
although care must be taken to keep them in historical context
due to the extremely rapid pace with which our understanding
of the Red Planet has advanced. No journal articles are cited;
if you wish to pursue a more in-depth study of Mars, these texts
can guide you to those articles.
J. (1977) Mars and Its Satellites, A Detailed Commentary
on the Nomenclature. Exposition Press, Hicksville, New
York. 200 pp.
Carr M. H. (1981 ) The Surface of Mars. Yale University,
New Haven. 232 pp.
M. H., ed. (1984) The Geology of Terrestrial Planets.
NASA SP-469. 317 pp.
E. C. and Ezell L.N. (1984) On Mars: Exploration of the
Red Planet. NASA SP-4212. 535 pp.
R. and Iversen J. D. (1985) Wind as a Geologic Process.
Cambridge University, Cambridge. 333 pp.
H., Aksnes K., Hunt G., Marov M., Millman P., Morrison D., Owen
T., Shevchenko V., Smith B., and Tejfel V. (1986) International
Astronomical Union Working Group for Planetary Nomenclature,
Annual Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. U.S. Geological
Survey Open-File Report 84-692. 442 pp.
T. A., Arvidson R. E., Head J. W. III, Jones K. L., and Saunders
R. S. (1976) The Geology of Mars. Princeton University,
Princeton. 400 pp.
Orbiter Imaging Team (1980) Viking Orbiter Views of Mars.
NASA SP-411. 182 pp.
Special Publications (SPs) are available from the Superintendent
of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC


text:
The Law of Supply and Demand
Austrian Economists Dislike Most Textbook Explanations of This Subject
JANUARY 01, 2000 by ISRAEL M. KIRZNER
The theory of supply and demand is recognized almost universally as the first step toward understanding how market prices are determined and the way in which these prices help shape production and consumption decisions-the decisions that make up not only the skeleton, but also the flesh and blood of the economic system. Austrian economics thoroughly agrees with this. However, when we dig just a little below the surface of the "law" of supply and demand, we encounter difficulties that have, directly or indirectly, led Austrians to explain the determination of prices differently from how it is often, at least implicitly, presented. I will try to explain the sense in which Austrians are unhappy with the textbook presentations of supply and demand—and are yet fully in agreement with the general emphasis on supply and demand as being the key to economic understanding.
The Basic Proposition
The basic insight underlying the law of supply and demand is that at any given moment a price that is "too high" will leave disappointed would-be sellers with unsold goods, while a price that is "too low" will leave disappointed would-be buyers without the goods they wish to buy. There exists a "right" price, at which all those who wish to buy can find sellers willing to sell and all those who wish to sell can find buyers willing to buy. This "right" price is therefore often called the "market-clearing price."
Supply-and-demand theory revolves around the proposition that a free, competitive market does in fact successfully generate a powerful tendency toward the market-clearing price. This proposition is often seen as the most important implication of (and premise for) Adam Smith's famed invisible hand. Without any conscious managing control, a market spontaneously generates a tendency toward the dovetailing of independently made decisions of buyers and sellers to ensure that each of their decisions fits with the decisions made by the other market participants. Were this tendency to be carried to the limit, no buyer (seller) would be misled so as to waste time attempting to buy (sell) at a price below (above) the market-clearing price. No buyer (seller) would in fact pay (receive) a price higher (lower) than necessary to elicit the agreement of his trading partner. To the extent that this proposition is valid, free competitive markets achieve what F. A. Hayek has justifiably called a "marvel." But it is in regard to the validity of this proposition (and in particular to our reasons for being convinced that this proposition is both valid and relevant) that Austrians differ sharply with mainstream textbook economics. And it is precisely because of the universally acknowledged centrality of the supply-anddemand proposition for all of economics that this disagreement is so important.
The Role of Knowledge
The mainstream textbook approach to this proposition is, in one way or another, explicitly or implicitly, based on the assumption of perfect knowledge. The Austrian approach does not make the perfect-knowledge assumption the foundation for this proposition; quite the contrary, Austrians base the proposition squarely on the insight that its validity proceeds from market processes set in motion by the inevitable imperfections in knowledge, which characterize human interaction in society.
In certain respects the mainstream view is not unreasonable. In many contexts we generally take it for granted that human beings are aware of the opportunities available to them. When economists believe, for example, that a price increase will cut the quantity people seek to purchase, and a price decrease will stimulate sales, this belief is based on the reasonable assumption that such price increases or decreases are in fact likely to become known to prospective buyers soon enough to make a difference.
The mainstream view takes this not unreasonable assumption and pursues it relentlessly, in effect, to its logical—but no longer quite so reasonable—conclusion. This conclusion is that in any free market, the market-clearing price is instantaneously (or, at least, very rapidly) established. If every market participant knows what every other market participant is prepared to do (including, especially, the quantity he is prepared to buy or sell at any given price), it follows that any price higher than the market-clearing price cannot emerge (since prospective sellers would realize that they would be left with unsold goods). It follows, similarly, that any price lower than the market-clearing price cannot emerge (since prospective buyers would realize that they will be left without the goods they wish to buy and for which they are in fact prepared to pay a higher price if necessary). The proposition that free-market prices are thus inevitably market-clearing prices proceeds inexorably from the belief that market prices are, in effect, instantaneously known to all potential market participants.
The Dangerous Assumption
The assumption that all market participants are always fully aware of market opportunities in which they might be interested is often presented, in mainstream textbook expositions, as part of the assumption of so-called "perfect competition." Perfect competition explicitly presumes universal market omniscience. One way of expressing the Austrian unhappiness with the mainstream textbook treatment is to point out that to start supply-and-demand analysis by assuming that competition is "perfect'' (in the textbook sense) is not only to be wildly (and therefore unhelpfully) unrealistic; it is in fact also to rob the analysis of all significant economic content—since the principal results sought to be shown turn out to be simply statements repeating the governing assumption in slightly different language.
To demonstrate that the interplay of supply and demand in a free market generates a powerful tendency toward the market-clearing price is to meet a daunting analytical challenge. To demonstrate that in a perfectly competitive market the only possible price is the market-clearing price is simply trivially to identify what has already been planted in the initial assumption. To unpack the mathematically implied properties of a definition may, of course, be a significant (mathematical) contribution. But to demonstrate the attainment in free markets of the market-clearing price by restricting analytical attention to the situation in which this price is the only one permitted to be conceivable, is, as a matter of economic analysis, a hollow triumph indeed.
This difficulty that Austrians find with the textbook discussions of supply and demand can be presented in somewhat different terms. The traditional classroom blackboard demonstration of the law proceeds by drawing the classic supply-and-demand diagram—a downward sloping demand curve intersecting an upward sloping supply curve. (For present purposes we forgo the details surrounding the construction of this diagram; it is one familiar to the hosts of students who have ever been exposed to elementary economics.) The core of the classroom analysis generally consists of discussion showing, first, that any market price higher than that indicated by the intersection of the two curves (that is, a price higher than the market-clearing price) must tend to produce competitive pressure toward a decrease in price (since the high price will generate a surplus of unsold merchandise); and second, that any market price lower than that indicated by the point of intersection must produce competitive pressure toward an increase in price (since the low price will generate a shortage of goods offered for sale, as compared with the quantities prospective buyers wish to buy).
Austrians do not have serious disagreement with such discussions in themselves; they simply point out that those discussions are utterly inconsistent with the assumption of perfect competition (which textbook analysis takes as its operative assumption). A little careful analysis of the perfect-competition assumption (which analysis can, however, unfortunately not be fitted into this space) suffices to show that under perfect competition there cannot in fact exist two curves (the demand curve intersecting with the supply curve). Under perfect competition the supply-and-demand diagram shrivels instantly to a single point—the point where the two curves would have intersected (had the curves themselves existed!). This is so because any point on a market supply curve or on a market demand curve that is not that intersection point can have analytical existence only by suspending some or all of the condi tions that define the state of perfect competition. The diagram (valuable though it certainly is!) is simply not consistent with the assumed conditions under which it is supposed to be operating.
Our discussion has unfortunately been overwhelmingly negative. We have pointed out problems that Austrians have with mainstream supply-and-demand analysis—but we have not suggested how an alternative approach might avoid these difficulties. Subsequent articles in the present series will attempt to fill this gap. For Austrians, the law of supply and demand, properly explained, is at least as centrally important for economic understanding as it is for mainstream economics. We will show how Austrians deploy insight into the entrepreneurial character of dynamically competitive markets (insights that can have no place within the mainstream textbook paradigm) to explain the law of supply and demand in an intuitively and analytically satisfying way.


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In computer science, a mark-compact algorithm is a type of garbage collection algorithm used to reclaim unreachable memory. Mark-compact algorithms can be regarded as a combination of the mark-sweep algorithm and Cheney's copying algorithm. First, reachable objects are marked, then a compacting step relocates the reachable (marked) objects towards the beginning of the heap area. Compacting garbage collection is used by Microsoft's Common Language Runtime and by the Glasgow Haskell Compiler.
After marking the live objects in the heap in the same fashion as the mark-sweep algorithm, the heap will often be fragmented. The goal of mark-compact algorithms is to shift the live objects in memory together so the fragmentation is eliminated. The challenge is to correctly update all pointers to the moved objects, most of which will have new memory addresses after the compaction. The issue of handling pointer updates is handled in different ways.
A table-based algorithm was first described by Haddon and Waite in 1967. It preserves the relative placement of the live objects in the heap, and requires only a constant amount of overhead.
Compaction proceeds from the bottom of the heap (low addresses) to the top (high addresses). As live (that is, marked) objects are encountered, they are moved to the first available low address, and a record is appended to a break table of relocation information. For each live object, a record in the break table consists of the object's original address before the compaction and the difference between the original address and the new address after compaction. The break table is stored in the heap that is being compacted, but in an area that are marked as unused. To ensure that compaction will always succeed, the minimum object size in the heap must be larger than or the same size as a break table record.
As compaction progresses, relocated objects are copied towards the bottom of the heap. Eventually an object will need to be copied to the space occupied by the break table, which now must be relocated elsewhere. These movements of the break table, (called rolling the table by the authors) cause the relocation records to become disordered, requiring the break table to be sorted after the compaction is complete. The cost of sorting the break table is O(n log n), where n is the number of live objects that were found in the mark stage of the algorithm.
Finally, the break table relocation records are used to adjust pointer fields inside the relocated objects. The live objects are examined for pointers, which can be looked up in the sorted break table of size n in O(log n) time if the break table is sorted, for a total running time of O(n log n). Pointers are then adjusted by the amount specified in the relocation table.
In order to avoid O(n log n) complexity, the LISP2 algorithm uses 3 different passes over the heap. In addition, heap objects must have a separate forwarding pointer slot that is not used outside of garbage collection.
After standard marking, the algorithm proceeds in the following 3 passes:
- Compute the forwarding location for live objects.
- Keep track of a free and live pointer and initialize both to the start of heap.
- If the live pointer points to a live object, update that object's forwarding pointer to the current free pointer and increment the free pointer according to the object's size.
- Move the live pointer to the next object
- End when the live pointer reaches the end of heap.
- Update all pointers
- For each live object, update its pointers according to the forwarding pointers of the objects they point to.
- Move objects
- For each live object, move its data to its forwarding location.
This algorithm is O(n) on the size of the heap; it has a better complexity than the table-based approach, but the table-based approach's n is the size of the used space only, not the entire heap space as in the LISP2 algorithm. However, the LISP2 algorithm is simpler to implement.
- B. K. Haddon and W. M. Waite (August 1967). "A compaction procedure for variable length storage elements". Computer Journal 10: 162–165.


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Automated Test Suites for Electronic Health Record Technology Provider
As a part of a security reorganization process, our client needed to reorganize their authentication and authorization workflow ensuring better and more cost-effective control, support and maintenance. They chose SoftServe to develop a new security platform, as well as utilize our quality control experts to validate and verify that it conformed to the functional and performance requirements as well as our Client's business needs. Since manual testing was inapplicable due to the absence of a user interface, a set of automated test suites were created.
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The combination of these best practices enabled SoftServe's quality control engineers to develop 3000 tests within 8 months, sufficiently covering all of the project stakeholder's acceptance criteria.
SoftServe's quality control experts met the client's expectation of thorough security platform testing and continuous optimization, delivering the following business values:
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Air valves are hydromechanical devices designed to automatically release air and wastewater gases or admit air during the filling, draining or operation of liquid piping systems for water and wastewater services. The safe and efficient operation of a liquid piping system is dependent on the continual removal of air and wastewater gases from the liquid piping system. The following includes an explanation of the effects of air and wastewater gases and their sources in liquid piping systems.
OCCURRENCE AND EFFECT OF AIR AND WASTEWATER GASES
Water contains approximately 2% dissolved air or gas by volume at standard conditions (14.7 psia [101 kPa absolute] and 60°F [16°C])1 but can contain more, depending on the liquid pressure and temperature within the liquid piping system.
Wastewater systems can also contain more undissolved air and wastewater gases due to the decomposition of materials in the wastewater. Dissolved air and wastewater gases can come out of solution in pumps and in different locations along the liquid piping system where turbulence, hydraulic jumps and other pressure variation phenomena occur. Once out of solution, air and wastewater gases will not readily dissolve and will collect in pockets at high points along the liquid piping system.
Air and wastewater gases come out of solution in a liquid piping system due to low pressure zones created by partially open valves, cascading flow in a partially filled pipe, variations in flow velocity caused by changing pipe diameters or slopes, and changes in pipe elevation. Entrained air that reaches water service connections may be detrimental to the customer's water systems.
An air and wastewater gas pocket may reduce the flow of liquid in a liquid piping system by reducing the cross-sectional flow area of the pipe, and if the volume of the air and wastewater gas pocket is sufficient, complete binding of the liquid piping system is possible, stopping the flow of liquid.2
The velocity of the flow of liquid past an enlarging pocket of air and wastewater gases may only be sufficient to carry part of the pocket of air and wastewater gases downstream unless the liquid velocity is greater than the critical velocity for transporting air and wastewater gases in that particular pipe diameter.3 The velocity needed to scour a pocket of air and wastewater gases in larger piping systems (e.g., 24 inches [610 millimeters]) may be as high as 7.1 feet per second [2.2 meters per second] at a 5% slope as shown in Table 1.4 Although the flow velocity of the liquid may prevent the liquid piping system from complete air and wastewater gas binding, the pockets of air and wastewater gases will increase head loss in the liquid piping system.5 As shown in Figure 1, a pocket of air and wastewater gas can reduce the flow in the pipe to "d" and create head loss equal to "HL" due to the restricted cross section. Additional head loss in a liquid piping system decreases the flow of liquid and increases power consumption required to pump the liquid.
Pockets of air and wastewater gases in a liquid piping system are difficult to detect and will reduce the liquid piping system's overall efficiency. Pockets of air and wastewater gases may also contribute to water hammer problems, pipe breaks, system noise and pipe corrosion—especially hydrogen sulfide corrosion—and can cause erratic operation of control valves, meters and equipment. Studies have shown that small pockets of air and wastewater gases in certain locations along the system can cause transients and surge and/or intensify transients and surges, including downsurges.6 However, temporary pockets of air and wastewater gases may be needed in special circumstances to prevent vacuum conditions in a liquid piping system after pump outages or line breaks. Vacuum conditions should be avoided as they may result in collapse and/or deformation of thin-walled pipe. Finally, on system applications, in locations where liquid column separations and returns may occur, a vacuum breaker with air-release valve or an air valve with restricted outflow (slow-closing device or throttling device) should be considered.
SOURCES OF AIR AND WASTEWATER GASES
In addition to air and wastewater gases coming out of solution, air may enter liquid piping systems at leaky joints where the pressure within the liquid piping system falls below atmospheric pressure. These conditions exist in the vortex at the pump suction, at pump glands where negative pressure occurs and at all locations where the pipe elevation is above the hydraulic grade line.
Air may enter liquid piping systems through air/vacuum and combination air valves following complete pump shutdown, through the orifices of air-release valves installed in locations where the pressure is less than atmospheric and through pump suction pipes or inlet structures that are not properly designed to prevent vortexing. Finally, most vertical turbine and well pumps start with air and wastewater gases in the pump column as shown in Figure 2, which may pass by the check valve and flow into the liquid piping system with every pump start.
Air and wastewater gases entrainment is much greater in wastewater force main systems than in other pumped liquid transmission systems owing to their unique design and operational characteristics. Lift stations with wet wells or other sewage collection basins are a major source of entrained air and wastewater gases induced by plunging jets of sewage and by vortices of air and wastewater gases sucked into the pump. Because of the cyclic operation of force main systems, sections of the force mains empty out at the end of each pumping cycle, drawing air and wastewater gases into pipes. At the entrance to sewage lift stations, air and wastewater gases are entrained from plunging jets of sewage.
GAS POCKET BEHAVIOR
Four major factors influence entrained air and wastewater gas behavior in liquid piping systems: buoyancy, velocity, drag and equilibrium in surface tension between the liquid, air and wastewater gases, and the pipe wall. These factors, together with air and wastewater gas pocket size and concentration, influence the tendency of bubbles to aggregate and increase in size and determine the direction of their movement either with or opposite to the direction of liquid flow.
These factors also affect the entrained air and wastewater gases pockets' influence on liquid flow capacity, head loss and energy consumption. In rising pipe sections and when there is no flow in the pipeline, buoyancy will force air and wastewater gas pockets of all sizes and shapes to travel to peaks or high points along the liquid pipeline. At down-sloping and level pipe sections, when buoyancy exceeds drag, the pockets will travel upward in the opposite direction to the flow. When drag exceeds buoyancy, the pockets will travel in the direction of liquid flow.
Large air and wastewater gas pockets traveling in opposite direction to the liquid flow often break up in flow due to buoyancy, resulting in smaller air and wastewater gas pockets, including bubbles, changing direction and being dragged in the direction of the liquid flow with the larger air and wastewater gas pockets or continuing to travel upstream against the flow. Pockets of air and wastewater gases traveling with the liquid stream also break up into smaller air and wastewater gas pockets and bubbles that disperse in the liquid stream, traveling in different velocities.
In all these cases, the air and wastewater gas pocket's movement disturbs the flow where drag and turbulence increase head losses, resulting in decreased flow capacity and increased energy consumption.7
EDITOR'S NOTE: This article is Chapter 1 of the M51 Air Valves: Air Release, Air/Vacuum, and Combination, Second Edition by the American Water Works Association. The manual also covers specific types of air valves (see Chapter 2: Types of Air Valves), where they should be located, design of the valve orifice, the effects of water hammer and installation, operation, maintenance and safety of air valves. For information, go to _URL_.
- Dean, J.A. 1992. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 14th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Karassik, I.J., J.P. Messina, P. Cooper, and C.C. Heald. 2008. Pump Handbook, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Escarameia, M., C. Dabrowski, C. Gahan, and C. Lauchlan. 2005. Experimental and Numerical Studies on Movement of Air in Water Pipelines, Report SR 661, Release 3.0. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK: HR Wallingford Ltd.
- Jones, G.M., R.L. Sanks, G. Tchobanoglous, and B.E. Bosserman II, eds. 2008. Pumping Station Design, rev. 3rd ed. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann.
- Edmunds, R.C. 1979. Air Binding in Pipes. Jour. AWWA, 71(5): 272–277.
- Pozos-Estrada, O. 2007. Investigation on the Effects of Entrained Air in Pipelines, Dissertation Volume 158. Stuttgart, Germany: Institute of Hydraulic Engineering Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Engineering and Allied Operations, Institut für Wasserbau der Universität Stuttgart.
- Lubbers, C.L., and F.H.L.R. Clemens. 2005. Capacity Reduction Caused by Air Intake at Wastewater Pumping Stations. In Proc. Water and Wastewater Pumping Stations Conference, April. Cranfield, UK: University of Cranfield.