KOSMOS THEATRE is an independent company which focuses on combining classical theatre forms with achievements and technologies of contemporary science. Established in 2012 the creative team moved to seek for new artistic forms. By gathering young artists and bringing them creative platforms involving education the company started to push the limits in order to become a centre of contemporary art experiments in Lithuania. Multi-genre theatre. Mystical visual musical theatre rises of combining live music, drama, puppetry, modern dance and visual media. Analyze a dreamy reality. Unconsciousness, dreams, memories, virtual reality are the only measures of theatres reality. KOSMOS THEATRE researches these pseudo realities, visual characters and relevant manipulation tools to represent characteristics of our dreamy reality. Science and art is the content. Creation of scripts involves contemporary science achievements and scientific topicality. Create teams involving scientists and artists whom can lead scientific researches in becoming material for performances. Science and art is the form. Combine contemporary approaches (3d animation, virtual reality ect.) with classical theatre genders. Research new forms and combinations to create theatrical installations. Kosmos Theatre in public spaces. Actively transform spaces to become theatre. From festivals and fairs to performances and visual installations. By establishing performances in various cultural spaces, prioritise advertisement by street art principles.
"The more you see, the more you are seen"


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trimmers are almost identical, so the connection-disconnection of the wires is the same.
Bearing replacement is quite a complicated operation because it can stick and not be removed from the motor shaft. Be careful not to damage the rotor or the seat.
When the trimmer motor fails, and you need to replace it with a new one, you must carefully remove the fan and bearings, and then install them in their original place. In terms of costs, replacement is almost comparable to the acquisition of a new mechanism. It is better to entrust its implementation in the absence of experience with electric motors to specialists.
Assembling electric scythes.
Instructions for assembling the electric part of the mowers are as follows:
- install the engine, tightening the fastening screws;
- connect the electrical circuit;
- lay the wires neatly between the individual compartments in the existing recesses;
- close the top cover, locking the locks and fastening it with screws.
After assembly, check the performance of the device.
Possible failures in gasoline and electric trimmers quite a lot. For the device to be operational for a long time, it should be kept clean, in a dry place. The vital point is regular preventive measures (for example, lubrication of the gearbox) and compliance with the rules of operation outlined in the instructions for the device. Acquire better quality equipment from reputable manufacturers.
When analyzing the mechanism, it is recommended to photograph the process in stages, so as not to forget anything, and not to miss any detail during assembly. When replacing parts should pay attention to the selection of suitable components: it is better to use original spare parts.
In some models, the bar consists of two parts. they use a coupling to connect them. Such devices are convenient during transportation.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


argument top image
What are the pros and cons of police wearing body cameras?
Back to question
Police cameras promote community and law enforcement relationships
Police cameras may seek to promote the relationship between the community and law enforcement officials, leading to a decrease in complaints against the police.
The Argument
Police cameras are likely to alleviate the lack of trust and promote citizen-police relations. The body camera is able to do this in two ways. It serves as a deterrent to the police officer in acting in a manner that involves using excess force where unnecessary, and in the same respect, stops any citizen from acting in an unlawful manner towards police. Both are deterred at the risk of their actions having consequences. Secondly, the body camera leads to both the officer and the citizen to become more self aware of their actions. It promotes them to consider what steps they will take, and whether these are correct or necessary rather than acting on impulse. This self-awareness will reduce the conflict, and promote more amicable discourse where an incident arises. It is suggested that this external (deterrent) and internal (self-awareness) approach, leads to better community relations between citizens and police. Studies have suggested a reduction in police complaints of 78% in one department with the use of body cameras, as opposed to 50% in the control group, and a 90% reduction of complaints against police officers with body cameras in another department. There was also a reduction of complaints against LVMPD officers when provided a body camera. [1]
Counter arguments
Research conducted over six jurisdictions has found that there was not a discernable difference in the use of force exerted by police with a camera on, but more significantly, police wearing body cameras were more likely to be assaulted by a suspect. It is suggested that the presence of a camera may escalate an already heated situation between the police and an individual. [2] It is suggested that although wearing of a body camera by police is supported, the level of trust towards police with the use of cameras has not increased. It is argued that they are being used as tools by officers to collect evidence against the citizen and vice versa, further increasing tensions. A further concern that eradicates trust is the use of the footage. The release of footage varies by departments, and can be redacted or witheld by certain departments. [3]
Rejecting the premises
This page was last edited on Monday, 26 Oct 2020 at 15:31 UTC
Explore related arguments


HRLN files Amicus in before Republic of Uganda for establishing food reserves
MIsc Appeal in CIVIL APPEAL N0.______OF 2020 AND 1. CENTER FOR FOOD AND ADEQUATE LIVING RIGHTS (CEFROHT) 2. ATTORNEY GENERAL | Court of Appeal of Uganda | Status: Pending | |
The High court of Uganda at Kampala brushed away the claim of CEROHT on access to food from government strategic food reserves to stabilize the rising food prices
on the market and enable easy access to food by all and declaring that the Country is a violation of and threat to rights guaranteed under the National Objectives and Directive Principles of State Policy No.XXII, XXIII, Article 20, 8A and 45 of the Constitution of Uganda (as amended).
The SECR Net members including HRLN intervened by way Amicus in Appeal to the aforementioned proceedings by mainly summarising the following -
Established international, regional, and comparative right to food standards inform and reinforce the Ugandan State's human rights duties to respond to the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic by:
1) recognizing and enforcing the right to food within the domestic legal order;
2) appropriately providing for all necessary food distribution during the pandemic;
3) establishing and maintaining food reserves;
4) ensuring economic accessibility of food and food price stabilization;
5) ensuring food safety; and
6) utilizing maximum available resources in the face of the food emergency.
 It was argued that vis a vis Constitutional law of India the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Conventions of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights recognize the needs which include right to food, clothing, housing, education, right to work, leisure, fair wages, decent working conditions, social security, right to physical or mental health, protection of their families as an integral part of the right to life.
It was further stated that the PUCL v Union of India, the Supreme Court of India recognized Right to food was envisaged as being a component of the right to life and the Court issued a continuing mandamus to monitor the overall implementation.
It was stated that, the timeout, nonrestrictive, nonarbitrary compliance with international standards, focus on disadvantaged and marginalized, and grave and risky situations can effect in maximum realization in minimum available resorces.


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noun (used with a pl. verb)
- Diminished, damaged, or weakened: an impaired sense of smell.
- Functioning poorly or incompetently: a driver so tired as to be impaired.
- Having a physical or mental disability: an impaired child in need of special assistance.
People who have a physical or mental disability considered as a group: a swimming class for the physically impaired.
Learn more about impaired

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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With the history of interior design, one of themes that was noted in the lecture that I find to be true of a major theme is settlements. Throughout history there have always been buildings and settlements that are created to show power or dominance or even just security. We have seen how there are barriers around historic settlements to keep others out and be an exclusive place. We have also seen how many of these ancient settlements seem to ascend and get higher and higher which is a sign of reaching to a higher power or in some cases a religious power. In talking about those boundary markings, the lecture gave the great example of the Great Wall of China which is one of the most iconic examples of boundary markings through building. There were also examples of circular boundaries which may have represented religious gatherings that were exclusive. The study of interiors and buildings have greatly been impacted by the way buildings used to be built with their boundaries and exclusiveness. In the world today we can still see how status is impacted by exclusiveness and privacy. The theme 'settlements' works well as the first theme of the history of interiors because it is the basic building block for the rest of design to build off of.
Another theme that I think accurately depicts the history and theory of interior environments is the theme of gender. When I say the theme 'gender' I am talking about how the way buildings, furniture, finishes, etc. used to be different for men and women due to power and cultural elements. Looking at Egypt is a very informative way to see how gender played a role in the evolution of interiors because Egyptians were the pioneers for much of the furnishings we see in our world today. Men and women in Egypt were looked at in very different ways with men being the higher power and women having a much lesser role during the time. An example of this would be the chairs we studied when we looked at the history of furnishings. We saw pictures of Egyptian chairs and how the men's chairs had backs and armrests and women's chairs were very simple and just a stool. This theme of gender evolved in other time periods too. An example of this would be with royalty. The sight of the throne is easily recognizable by the size and lavishness of the chair of the King while the throne of the of the queen is less extravagant.
Another theme that I think describes the history and theory of interior environments is building type. In the online lecture we went over how there are different building types throughout the ages that represent different styles, statuses, and time periods. In the lecture Patrick discussed how in Rome the building types played a huge role in society. For example the Colosseum in Rome is a very specifically made building to bring together the city in one building and hold gladiator festivities. The lecture also talked about there are different types of details on buildings. Patrick said that arches and columns were introduced to buildings as story telling details because the different columns and arches each depicted a different style and sometimes even had details around them that would actually tell a story. Building types and styles are a huge part of the history of interiors because if there weren't different building styles we would not have the uniqueness of buildings in our world today. Different styles are what make people drawn to certain buildings and interiors. For my image I have chosen a picture of a Palladian home because this is a building type/style that is easily recognizable and has had such an impact of the field of design.
A theme that describes what we have learned throughout this course and depicts the history and theory of interior environments is the theme of motifs. Motifs are what make distinctions between different style periods and make interior finishes easily noticeable. Over this semester, as a non-major, I learned exactly what a motif was in interior design. I learned the motifs from the different cultures and time periods. For example, the lotus motif from the Egyptians. This motif can be found on ancient Egyptian furniture and finishes. The motifs throughout history are important for interior design today because they are still used for furniture and finishes today. A designer may use a Greek fret motif to finish a room or an Egyptian motif. We put such an emphasis on motifs in this class because details and finishes revolve around the design of motifs. After the activities and sketches we did with ancient motifs, I realized that many of the ancient motifs we studied are in my home and around me when I am walking to class and everywhere else in my world. That is why I feel the theme of motifs is such an important study of this class and for the study of interiors.
The final key theme that I feel describes what we learned over the course of the history of interiors and environments is the theme of innovation. The word 'innovation' itself is so important in the design world because the world is always being innovated with new technology and ideas and therefor design and interior design is also constantly innovating. From ancient architecture to modern day buildings we can see that building structures have changed and interior finishes have changed over time. Each style period has built off the period before them, whether that be perfecting an arch design or creating a new type of ceiling in a building. I think that innovation is a huge theme in this course. The use of technology has evolved over time and that has allowed for design to change with it. Lighting in interior environments used to be all from natural sources, but through technology and innovation over time electricity has become the source of light in interior spaces. Even with the use of textiles in interiors spaces, it has changed over time. Textiles were used on walls to preserve art work and keep rooms warm before there was electricity and heat. With innovation being a theme of this course, it makes me wonder what interior environments will consist of in the next 100 years.


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Mourning doves consume large quantities of grains, seeds, and fruits. This has a significant impact on the plant communities in which they live. They may act as seed dispersers for certain fruiting plants that they feed upon.
Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds
No one has provided updates yet.


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If you ever go to Mallorca the first thing you'll see when you look down from the plane are windmills. When you take a bus or taxi from the airport you'll see about a million more windmills. When you google "Why does Mallorca" it autocompletes "have so many windmills?" So we're here to answer that question.
In our town of Manacor I don't think I could count how many windmills there are. In one block alone there are at least 10. The vast majorities of the windmills here and in Palma don't have their spokes/vanes/blades anymore. Also most don't have their coned top. Most look like they're falling apart like in this picture.
Even without blades or a roof they used to be windmills. And the questions are: why are there so many windmills all over Mallorca? Are they all the same? Are they still in use? How long have they been here?
How long have they been here?
The concept of windmills were probably brought over by the Romans or Moors. So a long time ago. They've changed a lot since then to have a unique Mallorcan flare. Some had a steering pole so you could change the direction to the wind. Some were painted blue and white which has become the traditional coloring of them. In the 1600s they were so important that millers got together and created a guild. The guild owned all of the repair tools so everyone had to work together (and couldn't buy their own stuff individually). This guild chose Saint Lawrence as their patron saint and some windmills have his image on them.
Some were covered in cotton or wool which made a great impression on Pope Pius IX who visited Mallorca in the 1850s/1860s. Maybe. This could just be a rumor.
Are they all the same?
No, there are 2 kinds: Flour and water windmills.
Probably the vast majority of windmills in Manacor are former flour mills. They've been written about since the 1400s. They were probably around before then (Romans/Moors probably brought them to the island) but maybe no one wanted to write about them. The ones still around probably date from between the 1600s-1800s. You can tell, the stairs are worn down severely from people walking up and down for hundreds of years.
The World Monument Fund says there used to be around 900 on the island but 200 have probably been lost – but First Mallorca says over 3,000 flour mills are on the island (this feels more accurate when you look around) 600 are considered "classical." On a short walk through Manacor we counted over 15.
The base of these mill is called the cintell and it's actually a small house. It serves as the foundation of the windmill as well as the home of the miller and his family. Most of the former flour mills in Manacor are now homes.
Some are remodeled and others are dissolving from age. When we were looking at apartments there were at least 3 listings for windmill homes. They're gorgeous, obviously with arched ceilings and intricate stone work.
Some have the coned top intact. Most still have the cylindrical stone tower above them – while others have chopped the whole tower off and continue living in the stone base. There are many guilds and groups "Friends of the Windmills" which will help you remodel your windmill at little to no cost to you. Additionally some tourist taxes have gone into remodeling the windmills.
The tower used to hold the millstones. Some of the remolded versions online have been converted into bedrooms.
The vanes were made of metal and would be covered with cotton or wood to make sails. I've never seen one that still has fabric on the sails.
People deposited their grain at the top, the wind would turn the sails which would turn a driveshaft. There were two millstones inside the tower, one was fixed and the other is connected to the driveshaft which turned with the wind. The grain would be milled into flour between the stones. As more grain is added it would push the finished product down onto ramps where it could be bagged.
In the 1890s the railway made the grain mills less important since you could just bring food anywhere on the island. According to Mallorca Incognita the last one stopped milling in 1964. 500+ years is a pretty good run for any piece of technology.
These were used to extract water from underground wells or reservoirs. This water was usually for irrigating crops.
These are the most common windmills you'll see in the Palma area. First Mallorca says there are around 2,500 water extraction windmills. They can have a platform below them but many just stand directly on the ground.
The tower can be square or rounded – the top may have angles to it. There are modern versions with metal blades (that are still in use in agricultural areas like Pla de Sant Jordi). In short there are loads of different kinds of windmills – you can see a whole list here.
The first water mill dates back to 1845. It wasn't actually made to irrigate agriculture. It was made, as Trump would say, to drain the swamp. There was a swampy bit of land and a Dutch engineer was like "I can fix that." A local man figured he could use it to actually irrigate something so he tweaked the design to have wooden blades but no real sails – called a ramell (after a flower in Catalan). Every man since then took a look at the design and made tweaks to the blades or the shapes. One was even close-able like an umbrella if it got too windy.
At the best of times they could pump 40,000 liters and hour which is way too much and ended up causing people to dig deeper and deeper each year. They were still being used until the 1970s. Three things happened almost at once that killed off the mainstream use of the water mill
- The 60s and 70s was the beginning of the tourism boom for Mallorca. Tourism began bringing more people than the island could provide water or food for. So there was a push for electric mills.
- Underground aquifers were ruined by sea water and it wasn't worth it anymore to get underground water.
- Franco died in 1975 and the whole country underwent a giant political remodel. Many people moved after his death so many mills and farms were just abandoned.
So these mills didn't last as long as the flour mills. They barely made over 100 years.
So in short why are there so many windmills all over Mallorca?
People need to eat and drink. Mills provided water to crops and mills crushed the crops into delicious flour to make bread. We didn't always have railroads or boats to bring things over and people needed to grow their own food.
The only reason you can still see them is because they're extensively (and expensively) remodeled – some say this is only done to please tourists. And some people blame the tourists for destroying the mills in the first place. If you want to be accurate: wind and water are destroying the mills which is ironic because they were designed to use wind to get water.


What do the control valves operate in my spa?
Air Venturi Valves open an air line into the jet stream which pulls in air bubbles, so that you can increase/decrease the pressure of that jet and inserts bubbles into the flow.
Water Diverter Valves diverts the flow of water from one jet zone of the spa to the other.
Looking from the outside of the shell, if the piping goes straight down, this is a Venturi Valve. If the piping goes to a "T" shape, this is a Diverter Valve.
Waterfall Control Valves are the larger size and have a higher profile
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Waste Management in South Korea
Recyclables, however, are exempt from the charge and just need to be segregated.
When the PAYT was first implemented, people started to throw their trash in public bins to avoid charges. To counteract this, the government greatly reduced public bins as well. Citizens started to carry around their own little plastic bags to keep their trash in and throw away later. When foreigners visit Seoul, they are often perplexed and feel a little inconvenienced by the lack of garbage bins. The PAYT system is the reason why there aren't many available, and I hope that after reading this, instead of thinking of it as an inconvenience, people will reflect on their own waste disposal habits. Additionally, continuous public awareness on waste management fosters good habits among citizens.
Is this need being met? How?:
According to my research, after the implementation of the PAYT, waste generation dropped by almost 18% and recycling increased to 24%. Food waste management has also gone a long way. Currently, food waste is processed into animal feed or compost, or else it is generated into electricity. The government has set a goal of 3% landfill rate and an 87% recycling rate by 2020.
I've heard some people complain that the streets are still dirty, although to me, they are cleaner than what I'm used to. After all, waste management is a two-way street! Our actions and responsibilities as residents or etiquette as visitors is crucial.
(Where I improved my knowledge on Korea's trash collection: _URL_


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Safeguarding (Keeping Minors Safe)
Safeguarding is an organisation wide holistic process that aims to prevent and identify issues and intervene before larger and more serious concerns develop. A well designed and efficiently implemented safeguarding program can promote accountability and responsibility for keeping children and minors safe from harm such as abuse. This service is offered to organisations whose activities involve minors.
Trench & Associates DMCC assists with the design, review, and delivery of:
- safer recruitment policies and processes;
- early help processes;
- safeguarding awareness training; and
- online safety.
Anti-Harassment/ Respectful Workplace
The recent overhaul of the UAE Labour Law, with the issuance of Law no. 33 of 2021, expressly prohibits sexual harassment at work which includes psychological as well as physical harassment, these amendments complement existing provisions in the UAE Penal Code under which sexual harassment is a crime. The new UAE Labour Law brings into focus the need for companies to develop and implement respectful workplace policies, workplace behaviours training, and awareness campaigns.
Our training and awareness campaigns centre around how to create professional, safe and healthy boundaries and establish a thriving professional environment in which we can expect to see and benefit from workplace behaviours such as:
- Acceptance of personal responsibility
- Replacing manipulation with influence
- Elimination of passive aggressive behaviour
- Tempering survival behaviours
- Improving appropriate assertive behaviour


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Jade Massager-Stone Heat Therapy 9 Ball Projector
Jade Massager-Stone Heat Therapy 9 Ball Projector
Jade Massager-Stone Heat Therapy 9 Ball Projector
Price And Quantity
 - Piece/Pieces
 - 1
 - Piece/Pieces
 - 590 INR
 Product Specifications
 - Electrical
 - Body Massager
 - All
 - 154 x 62 x 45 Millimeter (mm)
 - Soothes Face & Body
 Product Description
 Description :
 Features :
 1. Viberating Function
 2. About the temperture : you can chose any one from 30 degree to 70 degree.
 3. Timer can be seted at 30 min, 1 hour, 2 hour
 4. Has "Electromagnetic Wave" and "Negative Hydronium" Functions.
 5. Life : Light can be use more than 5000 hours
 6. 9 jade stone.
 7. All new Remote controler.
 1. Pain Relief
 Far infrared heat stimulates vasodilatation of peripheral blood vessels, bringing oxygen to joints and extremities, speeding the healing of sprains and strains, thus relieving pain and reducing the time it takes to recover from an injury.
 2. Reduces Stress and Fatigue
 Far infrared heat reduces stress by loosening the muscles and relaxing the body. You'll feel rejuvenated and renewed, restored in both body and mind.
 3. Improves Blood Circulation
 Far infrared heat is absorbed by cells, causing a physical phenomenon called "resonance" in which the cells are instantly invigorated, resulting in a better blood circulation. The increased blood circulation stimulates the tiny blood vessels in the skin to expand accommodating the increased blood flow.
 4. Removes Harmful Toxins
 When toxins are present in our body, blood circulation is blocked and cellular energy is impaired. The body's immune system is inhibited, which makes it difficult for the body to fight disease. When far infrared heat is applied, the large water molecules in our bodies that contain toxic gases like sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide, lead, mercury and chlorine vibrate and are broken down. The encapsulated toxic materials and gases are then released.
 5. Improves the Immune System
 The deep heat raises your inner body temperature, inducing an artificial fever (mild hyperthermia). Fever is the body's natural mechanism to strengthen and accelerate the immune response, as seen in the case of infection. This enhanced immune system, combined with improved elimination of toxins and wastes, increases your overall health and resistance to disease.
 6. Negative Ions
 Therasage Healing Pad features negative ions. Negative ions are odorless, tasteless, and invisible molecules are believed to produce biochemical reactions helping to relieve stress (calming), alleviate depression, boost our daytime energy and increase defense against infection.
 7. Vibrate Massage
 Three kinds of Vibrate functions: Strong, Soft, Intermittent Vibrate. Supply deep infrared vibrate massage, Adjustable Projector is designed to deliver maximum benefit to the user by adjusting to different types of weights of the user. The Projector moves smoothly along the spinal contour while providing Acupressure, hand massage, and moxibustion to the spine and nearby Meridians, muscles and ligaments.
 Trade Information
 - 100 Per Week
 - 10-20 Days
 - All India
 Contact Us
 Phone :+918045801248


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CBCPW - What does CBCPW stand for? The Free Dictionary
References in periodicals archive
One way to avoid the high radiation losses of microstrip at high frequencies is through the use of CBCPW transmission lines.
Fabrication costs for stripline are higher than those for microstrip or CBCPW transmission-line structures.
To derive the effective conductivity, one can calculate the distribution of current density in the cross section of CBCPW
and the ratio of current density in each conductor using a 3D EM simulator.


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In this tutorial, we share how to use our Kraft Artist Trading Cards to make Party Animals! This is a super creative way to turn chipboard into a fun and entertaining work of art. You can choose to use your own pet, or any favorite animal you have.
Download a printable version of this activity here so you can easily follow the steps and the design!
Party Animal Tutorial
Below is the step by step tutorial on how to make a Party Animal. We used a rabbit as an example, perfect for Easter coming up in April! You can personalize this craft any way you'd like.
- Kraft Artist Trading Cards
- Acrylic paint or Tempera paint
- Colorful paper
- Pom poms
- Glue (gluestick or tacky glue)
Step 1: Choose an animal you want to use for your design. You can print black and white clipart photos, or use a photo of your pet. Scale the image to be about 2 inches long and wide, so that it fits on the 2.5" x 3.5" chipboard. Print and cut out the image, then set it aside.
Tip: Use an image of an animal that is facing foward and will look good with a party hat!
Step 2: If you know you would like to add some fun line designs to your background like in our examples, you can use another piece of chipboard or cardstock paper and cut the edges to use in Step 3.
Step 3: Create an abstract background on your chipboard using acrylic or tempera paint. Overlap colors to add variety. Before the paint dries, use your chipboard from Step 2 to slide over the paint and make designs, like rolling hills or an intricate sky. Let the paint dry.
Tip: If you layer the paint colors, once you "comb" over the chipboard with your jagged edges, the color underneath will show through!
Step 4: Make the party hat for your animal using colorful paper and a pom pom. Cut a triangle out of colorful paper, then use a mini pom pom or cut a small piece off of a larger one. You can choose to draw on the hat with marker to add more designs. Glue the pom pom to the end of the hat.
Step 5: Glue the animal clipart or photo you chose from Step 1 onto the chipboard, then glue the party hat on. Now you have a Party Animal! You can choose to add a magnet to the back to display it, punch a hole at the top and hang it, or make it a gift.
Share how your Party Animal came out in the comments below!


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Supporting a Parent Coping with Miscarriage or Stillbirth
Advice on supporting a parent who has experienced a miscarriage or stillbirth
Parents who have experienced a miscarriage or stillbirth often find that their grief is ignored or judged. If you are supporting someone who is grieving after losing an unborn baby, the best thing you can do is respect and understand their grief.
It is important to remember that miscarriages and stillbirths can be as traumatic as losing a live-born baby. Not only does it have a physical impact on the mother, but both parents may mourn for the baby they looked forward to meeting and holding in their arms.
Everyone deals with grief differently. Some parents may heal and move forwards relatively quickly, others may grieve for their baby forever. Here are a few things to bear in mind if you are trying to understand what they are going through:
- They may have already had a future planned for their baby. Expectant parents often begin to love and care for their child long before it is born. The wonderful future they had imagined is now gone.
- They might be worried that they can't have children. Although miscarriages and stillbirths don't necessarily indicate a medical problem, this can be an extremely distressing time when the parents question if they will ever fulfill their dream of having a family.
- They might blame themselves. Sometimes parents believe, often irrationally, that they have done something to cause the miscarriage or stillbirth. This can cause intense feelings of guilt, which can be difficult to cope with.
- You cannot fix their grief. There is nothing you can do or say to make their grief go away, so it's best not to try. Instead of trying to offer solutions, just be there to listen to them when they need you.
- Children cannot be replaced. Unfortunately, comments like "You can get pregnant again" are well-meaning but often hurtful. In the parents' minds, this child already had a personality and a future that can't simply be replaced.
Ways to help
Although you can't fix someone's grief, you can offer emotional support. Here are a few ways to be there for your grieving friends:
- Don't ignore them. Ignoring or avoiding the parents can make them feel isolated and ashamed. Reach out and talk to them – saying something is better than saying nothing.
- Don't pretend nothing is wrong. Ignoring the fact that they have lost a baby might be upsetting and make them feel even more isolated. Try asking them how they are, and if the subject of their loss comes up, don't try to change the subject.
- Be patient. It may be a while before they open up about how they are coping, if they ever do. Feel free to ask them how they are doing, but don't pressure them into sharing.
- Invite them to socialize. Invite the bereaved parents to a social event, starting small with something like dinner at your house. Don't be offended if they say no and keep inviting them to events occasionally. Even though they don't feel up to it right now, there's a good chance they will do in the future.
- Attend the funeral if they decide to have one. Parents who have had a stillborn child may choose to have a full funeral service. The practice is also becoming increasingly common after miscarriages. The best way of showing your support for their grief is to attend any funeral or memorial services.
For more information on how bereavement affects parents, contact a bereavement support organization for expert help and advice.


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Landscape, Water and Religion in Ancient India
Ritual sites and water resource structures in their archaeological landscape
project is geared towards building integrated models of religious, economic and
environmental history in central and western India through the documentation of
ritual sites and water-resource structures in their archaeological landscape.
central question is how did the spread and institutionalisation of Buddhist and
Brahmanical religious traditions between c. 3rd century BC and 6th century AD
relate to other important processes such as urbanisation, state-formation and
innovations in agriculture?
There are two major interrelated research themes: Religion in the Landscape; and Water and Civilisation, with three main geographical zones of application: Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat.
- Religion in the Landscape
The study of ancient Indian religion has long since been dominated by textual scholarship which has given priority to the Sanskrit tradition, and drawn on archaeology largely for supplementary evidence. Furthermore, until recently the site-based focus of South Asian archaeology has meant that ritual sites have tended to be studied in isolation from wider patterns in the landscape. This project has sought to build a more integrated approach to textual and archaeological scholarship on early Indian religion, focussing in particular on the following questions: What was the changing relationship between the state and religion? How did the different religious traditions attract local patronage networks? How did they relate to local agricultural communities? What was the nature of inter-religious dynamics?
- Water and Civilisation
The development of advanced irrigation systems has been seen as a major factor in the rise of complex, urban societies in ancient India. However, a number of questions regarding the history and chronology of irrigation technology and its role in the wider economic, political and religious landscape, have remained unanswered. The traditional view, based largely on readings of problematically dated texts such as the Arthasastra, is that the building and management of irrigation works was dependent on centralised state administration. Marxist-inspired models such as Wittogel's 'Hydraulic Civilisations of the Orient' have led to similar notions regarding Asian economic systems as a whole. In recent years, these have undergone major revision following studies of more devolved systems of irrigation management in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia involving village councils and religious institutions. In India, however, traditional models have until recently remained unchallenged due in part to the paucity of archaeological research on irrigation.Steps towards redressing this problem have been taken in relation to a group of dams documented during the Sanchi Survey Project (Madhya Pradesh) with comparative studies in Gujarat and Maharashtra. Datable to the early centuries BC, the Sanchi dams appear to have been central to the development of sustainable exchange networks between Buddhist monks and the local laity, just as contemporaneous irrigation systems in Sri Lanka formed the basis of monastic landlordism and a distinctly 'Buddhist economics'.
- Shaw, J. (2011). 'Monasteries, monasticism, and patronage in ancient India: Mawasa, a recently documented hilltop Buddhist complex in the Sanchi area of Madhya Pradesh', South Asian Studies 27 (2): 111-130.
- Sutcliffe, J., J. Shaw, and E. Brown (2011). 'Historical water resources in South Asia: the hydrological background', Hydrological Sciences Journal 56 (5): 775-788.
- Shaw, J. (2009). 'Stūpas, monasteries and relics in the landscape: typological, spatial, and temporal patterns in the Sanchi area', in A. Shimada and J. Hawkes, eds., Buddhist Stūpas in South Asia: Recent Archaeological, Art-Historical, and Historical Perspectives. New Delhi : Oxford University Press.
- Madella, M., R. Osborne, and J. Shaw, (Eds.) (2009), The Archaeology of Water. World Archaeology, vol. 41.1.
- Shaw, J. (2007). Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi hill and archaeologies of religious and social change, c. 3rd century BC to 5th century AD. London: British Association for South Asian Studies, The British Academy.
- Shaw, J. (2007), 'Landscape, Water and Religion in Ancient India', Archaeology International 2006-2007, 43-52.
- Shaw, J., J. V. Sutcliffe, L. Lloyd-Smith, J-L. Schwenninger, and M.S. Chauhan, with contributions by E. Harvey and O.P. Misra (2007), 'Ancient Irrigation and Buddhist history in Central India: Optically Stimulated Luminescence and pollen sequences from the Sanchi dams', Asian Perspectives 46(1): 166-201.
- Shaw, J. (2005), 'The archaeological setting of Buddhist monasteries in central India: a summary of a multi-phase survey in the Sanchi area, _PHONE_', in C. Jarrige and V. Lefèvre (eds.), South Asian Archaeology 2001: proceedings of the 16th international conference of the European Association of South Asian Archaeologists, Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations, ADPF, Vol. 2, 665-676.
- Shaw, J. and J.V. Sutcliffe (2005), 'Ancient Dams and Buddhist Landscapes in the Sanchi area: New evidence on Irrigation, Land use and Monasticism in Central India', South Asian Studies 21, 1-24.
- Shaw, J. (2004), 'Naga sculptures in Sanchi's archaeological landscape: Buddhism, Vaisnavism and local agricultural cults in central India, first century BCE to fifth century CE', Artibus Asiae LXIV(1), 5-59.
- Shaw, J. (2004), 'Early historic landscapes in central India: recent archaeological investigations in districts Raisen and Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh, 2003-4', Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in History and Archaeology 1, 143-150.
- Shaw, J. and J.V. Sutcliffe (2003), 'Ancient dams, settlement archaeology and Buddhist propagation in central India: the hydrological background', Hydrological Sciences Journal 48 (2), 277-291.
- Shaw, J. and J.V. Sutcliffe (2003), 'Water management, patronage networks and religious change: new evidence from the Sanchi dam complex and counterparts in Gujarat and Sri Lanka', South Asian Studies 19, 73-104.
- Shaw, J. and J.V. Sutcliffe (2001), 'Ancient irrigation works in the Sanchi area: an archaeological and hydrological investigation', South Asian Studies 17, 55-75.
- Shaw, J. (2000), 'The sacred landscape', in M. Willis, with contributions by J. Cribb and J. Shaw, Buddhist Reliquaries from Ancient India, London: British Museum Press, 27-38.
- Shaw, J. (2000), 'Sanchi and its archaeological landscape: Buddhist monasteries, settlements and irrigation works in central India', Antiquity 74, 775-776.
Shaw, J. (1999), 'Buddhist landscapes and monastic planning in eastern Malwa: the elements of intervisibility, surveillance and the protection of relics', in T. Insoll, (ed.), Case Studies in Archaeology and World Religion: the proceedings of the Cambridge conference, Oxford: Archaeopress, 5-17.
Publications in preparation
- Shaw, J. (Ed.) Archaeology of Religious Change. World Archaeology, vol. 45.1
- Shaw, J., 'Introduction'. Archaeology of Religious Change. World Archaeology, vol. 45.1
- Shaw, J., 'Archaeologies of Religious Change in South Asia'. Archaeology of Religious Change. World Archaeology, vol. 45.1
- Shaw, J., 'Archaeologies of well-being and suffering: environmental ethics and Buddhist economics in ancient India' (2013)
- Shaw, J., 'Buddhist mortuary rituals in ancient India'. Invited paper for pre-circulation in seminar to be held at the McDonald Institute, Cambridge in April 2011. Papers will be peer reviewed and published in a single volume by 2013. Seminar title: Death Shall Have no Dominion. Organisers: Colin Renfrew, Michael Boyd, and Ian Morley
- Shaw, J., and A. Beck, 'The archaeological application of satellite remote-sensing in Central India' 2012/3).
- Shaw, J., J. Sutcliffe, and E. Brown. 'Irrigation and complex society in ancient India: an archaeo-hydrological assessment'. Water History(journal). (2012)
- Shaw, J., J., Sutcliffe, E. Cork, and H. Bakker. 'Archaeological landscapes at Ramtek and Mansar: religion, politics and water in the Vakataka empire', South Asian Studies (2012)
- British Association for South Asian Studies (2006-8)
- Department of Archaeology, Museums and Archives, Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal (PI)
- John Sutcliffe, Reading
- Religious change
- Social & economic change
- Landscape archaeology
- Water management
- Ancient irrigation
- Patronage & kingship
- Ritual landscapes


text:
Toybox Shape Sorting House
Let's match up the shapes and slot them through the holes with the Early Learning Centre Shape Sorting House.
The perfect addition to your toy box, this sorting house is both fun and educational! Choose a shape and figure out where it fits. Can you match the colours and shapes and name each of them. When you're done, lift the roof or open the door and start all over again.
Sorting the shapes helps children develop with fine motor skills.


they're in the kitchen, we're directly controlling the number of people allowed into the kitchen at any given point by limiting the number of keys available on the hook outside the door.
With threads, this is accomplished via a semaphore. A "plain" semaphore works just like a mutex -- you either own the mutex, in which case you have access to the resource, or you don't, in which case you don't have access. The semaphore we just described with the kitchen is a counting semaphore -- it keeps track of the count (by the number of keys available to the threads).
A semaphore as a mutex
We just asked the question "Could you do it with a mutex?" in relation to implementing a lock with a count, and the answer was no. How about the other way around? Could we use a semaphore as a mutex?
Yes. In fact, in some operating systems, that's exactly what they do -- they don't have mutexes, only semaphores! So why bother with mutexes at all?
To answer that question, look at your washroom. How did the builder of your house implement the "mutex"? I suspect you don't have a key hanging on the wall!
Mutexes are a "special purpose" semaphore. If you want one thread running in a particular section of code, a mutex is by far the most efficient implementation.
Later on, we'll look at other synchronization schemes -- things called condvars, barriers, and sleepons.
Note: Just so there's no confusion, realize that a mutex has other properties, such as priority inheritance, that differentiate it from a semaphore.
The kernel's role
The house analogy is excellent for getting across the concept of synchronization, but it falls down in one major area. In our house, we had many threads running simultaneously. However, in a real live system, there's typically only one CPU, so only one "thing" can run at once.
Single CPU
Let's look at what happens in the real world, and specifically, the "economy" case where we have one CPU in the system. In this case, since there's only one CPU present, only one thread can run at any given point in time. The kernel decides (using a number of rules, which we'll see shortly) which thread to run, and runs it.
Multiple CPU (SMP)
If you buy a system that has multiple, identical CPUs all sharing memory and devices, you have an SMP box (SMP stands for Symmetrical Multi Processor, with the "symmetrical" part indicating that all the CPUs in the system are identical). In this case, the number of threads that can run concurrently (simultaneously) is limited by the number of CPUs. (In reality, this was the case with the single-processor box too!) Since each processor can execute only one thread at a time, with multiple processors, multiple threads can execute simultaneously.
Let's ignore the number of CPUs present for now -- a useful abstraction is to design the system as if multiple threads really were running simultaneously, even if that's not the case. A little later on, in the "Things to watch out for when using SMP" section, we'll see some of the non-intuitive impacts of SMP.
The kernel as arbiter
So who decides which thread is going to run at any given instant in time? That's the kernel's job.
The kernel determines which thread should be using the CPU at a particular moment, and switches context to that thread. Let's examine what the kernel does with the CPU.
The CPU has a number of registers (the exact number depends on the processor family, e.g., x86 versus PPC, and the specific family member, e.g., 80486 versus Pentium). When the thread is running, information is stored in those registers (e.g., the current program location).
When the kernel decides that another thread should run, it needs to:
 1. save the currently running thread's registers and other context information
 2. load the new thread's registers and context into the CPU
But how does the kernel decide that another thread should run? It looks at whether or not a particular thread is capable of using the CPU at this point. When we talked about mutexes, for example, we introduced a blocking state (this occurred when one thread owned the mutex, and another thread wanted to acquire it as well; the second thread would be blocked).
From the kernel's perspective, therefore, we have one thread that can consume CPU, and one that can't, because it's blocked, waiting for a mutex. In this case, the kernel lets the thread that can run consume CPU, and puts the other thread into an internal list (so that the kernel can track its request for the mutex).
Obviously, that's not a very interesting situation. Suppose that a number of threads can use the CPU. Remember that we delegated access to the mutex based on priority and length of wait? The kernel uses a similar scheme to determine which thread is going to run next. There are two factors: priority and scheduling algorithm, evaluated in that order.
Consider two threads capable of using the CPU. If these threads have different priorities, then the answer is really quite simple -- the kernel gives the CPU to the highest priority thread. Neutrino's priorities go from one (the lowest usable) and up, as we mentioned when we talked about obtaining mutexes. Note that priority zero is reserved for the idle thread -- you can't use it. (If you want to know the minimum and maximum values for your system, use the functions sched_get_priority_min() and sched_get_priority_max() -- they're prototyped in . In this book, we'll assume one as the lowest usable, and 255 as the highest.)
If another thread with a higher priority suddenly becomes able to use the CPU, the kernel will immediately context-switch to the higher priority thread. We call this preemption -- the higher-priority thread preempted the lower-priority thread. When the higher-priority thread is done, and the kernel context-switches back to the lower-priority thread that was running before, we call this resumption -- the kernel resumes running the previous thread.
Now, suppose that two threads are capable of using the CPU and have the exact same priority.
Scheduling algorithms
Let's assume that one of the threads is currently using the CPU. We'll examine the rules that the kernel uses to decide when to context-switch in this case. (Of course, this entire discussion really applies only to threads at the same priority -- the instant that a higher-priority thread is ready to use the CPU it gets it; that's the whole point of having priorities in a realtime operating system.)
The two main scheduling algorithms (policies) that the Neutrino kernel understands are Round Robin (or just "RR") and FIFO (First-In, First-Out). (There's also sporadic scheduling, but it's beyond the scope of this book; see "Sporadic scheduling" in the QNX Neutrino Microkernel chapter of the System Architecture guide.)
In the FIFO scheduling algorithm, a thread is allowed to consume CPU for as long as it wants. This means that if that thread is doing a very long mathematical calculation, and no other thread of a higher priority is ready, that thread could potentially run forever. What about threads of the same priority? They're locked out as well. (It should be obvious at this point that threads of a lower priority are locked out too.)
If the running thread quits or voluntarily gives up the CPU, then the kernel looks for other threads at the same priority that are capable of using the CPU. If there are no such threads, then the kernel looks for lower-priority threads capable of using the CPU. Note that the term "voluntarily gives up the CPU" can mean one of two things. If the thread goes to sleep, or blocks on a semaphore, etc., then yes, a lower-priority thread could run (as described above). But there's also a "special" call, sched_yield() (based on the kernel call SchedYield()), which gives up CPU only to another thread of the same priority -- a lower-priority thread would never be given a chance to run if a higher-priority was ready to run. If a thread does in fact call sched_yield(), and no other thread at the same priority is ready to run, the original thread continues running. Effectively, sched_yield() is used to give another thread of the same priority a crack at the CPU.
In the diagram below, we see three threads operating in two different processes:
Three threads
Three threads in two different processes.
If we assume that threads "A" and "B" are READY, and that thread "C" is blocked (perhaps waiting for a mutex), and that thread "D" (not shown) is currently executing, then this is what a portion of the READY queue that the Neutrino kernel maintains will look like:
The READY queue
Two threads on the READY queue, one blocked, one running.
This shows the kernel's internal READY queue, which the kernel uses to decide who to schedule next. Note that thread "C" is not on the READY queue, because it's blocked, and thread "D" isn't on the READY queue either because it's running.
Round Robin
The RR scheduling algorithm is identical to FIFO, except that the thread will not run forever if there's another thread at the same priority. It runs only for a system-defined timeslice whose value you can determine by using the function sched_rr_get_interval(). The timeslice is usually 4 ms, but it's actually 4 times the ticksize, which you can query or set with ClockPeriod().
What happens is that the kernel starts


text:
A chocolate is such a thing that everyone loves to eat whether young or old. Many of us eat ferrero rocher chocolates as they are very yummy and filled with the crunchiness of hazelnuts. But it is a good idea to know how many calories are present in it before one puts this wonderful piece of tasty food into ones mouth.
The total calories present in 3 pieces of ferrero rocher chocolates of serving size of 41 grams is about 220 calories. A closer look at the segregation of the calories that it is filled with can be obtained as follows:-
- The three pieces of ferrero rocher chocolates have about 144 grams of fat.
- The total fat content is about 16 grams which is 25% of the daily assigned value of calories that an average person consumes on a daily basis.
- These chocolates even have saturated fat and cholesterol of about 5.0 grams and 3.0 mg respectively which accounts for 25% and 1% in the total calories assigned per day.
- Besides these the ferrero rocher chocolates also have sodium of 20 mg, carbohydrates of 16.0 grams and dietary fiber of 1.0 grams accounting for 1%, 5% and 4% respectively in the calories.
- One can also get protein of about 3.0 grams and sugars of about 15.0 grams from these chocolates. Apart from these one can also get additives of calcium and iron wherein both are present to the extent of 4% in these chocolates.
The best part of consumption of these hazelnut chocolates is that it has least content of cholesterol and is also low in sodium content which is a blessing for people suffering from heart and blood pressure problems. But there are also certain minus points in it for people suffering from diabetes as it has high content of saturated fat and sugar present in it.


text:
Luis Ángel Firpo sends Jack Dempsey outside the ring; painting by George Bellows
|Also known as||Pugilism, English boxing, Western Boxing, Sweet Science, Gentleman's Sport|
|Country of origin||Greece (Ancient Boxing)
United Kingdom (Modern Boxing)
|Olympic sport||Since 698 B.C.|
Boxing (pugilism, prize fighting, the sweet science or in Greek pygmachia) is a martial art and combat sport in which two people engage in a contest of strength, speed, reflexes, endurance, and will by throwing punches with gloved hands against another opponent.
Amateur boxing is an Olympic and Commonwealth sport and is a common fixture in most of the major international games - it also has its own World Championships. Boxing is supervised by a referee over a series of oneto three-minute intervals called rounds. The result is decided when an opponent is deemed incapable to continue by a referee, is disqualified for breaking a rule, resigns by throwing in a towel, or is pronounced the winner or loser based on the judges' scorecards at the end of the contest.
The birth hour of boxing as a sport may be its acceptance by the ancient Greeks as an Olympic game as early as 688 BC. Boxing evolved from 16thand 18th-century prizefights, largely in Great Britain, to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid-19th century, again initially in Great Britain and later in the United States. In 2004, ESPN ranked boxing as the most difficult sport in the world.
Early history
- See also Ancient Greek boxing
First depicted in Sumerian relief (in Iraq) carvings from the 3rd millennium BC, while an ancient Egyptian relief from the 2nd millennium BC depicts both fist-fighters and spectators. Both depictions show bare-fisted contests. Other depictions can be seen in Assyrian, Babylonian (Today Iraq) and Hittite art. The earliest evidence for fist fighting with any kind of gloves can be found on Minoan Crete (c. 1500–900 BC), and on Sardinia, if we consider the boxing statues of Prama mountains (c. 2000–1000 BC).
Modern boxing
Broughton's rules (1743)
Records of Classical boxing activity disappeared after the fall of the Western Roman Empire when the wearing of weapons became common once again and interest in fighting with the fists waned. However, there are detailed records of various fist-fighting sports that were maintained in different cities and provinces of Italy between the 12th and 17th centuries. There was also a sport in ancient Rus called Kulachniy Boy or "Fist Fighting".
As the wearing of swords became less common, there was renewed interest in fencing with the fists. The sport would later resurface in England during the early 16th century in the form of bare-knuckle boxing sometimes referred to as prizefighting. The first documented account of a bare-knuckle fight in England appeared in 1681 in the London Protestant Mercury, and the first English bare-knuckle champion was James Figg in 1719. This is also the time when the word "boxing" first came to be used. It should be noted, that this earliest form of modern boxing was very different. Contests in Mr. Figg's time, in addition to fistfighting, also contained fencing and cudgeling. On 6 January 1681, the first recorded boxing match took place in Britain when Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of Albemarle (and later Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica) engineered a bout between his butler and his butcher with the latter winning the prize.
Early fighting had no written rules. There were no weight divisions or round limits, and no referee. In general, it was extremely chaotic. The first boxing rules, called the Broughton's rules, were introduced by champion Jack Broughton in 1743 to protect fighters in the ring where deaths sometimes occurred. Under these rules, if a man went down and could not continue after a count of 30 seconds, the fight was over. Hitting a downed fighter and grasping below the waist were prohibited. Broughton also invented and encouraged the use of "mufflers", a form of padded gloves, which were used in training and exhibitions. The first paper on boxing was published in the early 1700s by a successful Cornish Wrestler from Bunnyip, Cornwall named Sir Thomas Parkyns who was a Physics student of Sir Isaac Newton & added it to his style and the paper was actually a single page in his extensive Wrestling & Fencing manual that entailed a system of headbutting, punching, eye gouging, chokes & hard throws not common in modern Boxing.
These rules did allow the fighters an advantage not enjoyed by today's boxers; they permitted the fighter to drop to one knee to begin a 30-second count at any time. Thus a fighter realizing he was in trouble had an opportunity to recover. However, this was considered "unmanly" and was frequently disallowed by additional rules negotiated by the Seconds of the Boxers. Intentionally going down in modern boxing will cause the recovering fighter to lose points in the scoring system. Furthermore, as the contestants did not have heavy leather gloves and wristwraps to protect their hands, they used different punching technique to preserve their hands because the head was a common target to hit full out as almost all period manuals have powerful straight punches with the whole body behind them to the face (including forehead) as the basic blows.
London Prize Ring rules (1838)
- Fights occurred in a 24 feet (7.3 m)-square ring surrounded by ropes.
- If a fighter were knocked down, he had to rise within 30 seconds under his own power to be allowed to continue.
- Biting, headbutting and hitting below the belt were declared
Marquess of Queensberry rules (1867)
In 1867, the Marquess of Queensberry rules were drafted by John Chambers for amateur championships held at Lillie Bridge in London for Lightweights, Middleweights and Heavyweights. The rules were published under the patronage of the Marquess of Queensberry, whose name has always been associated with them.
There were twelve rules in all, and they specified that fights should be "a fair stand-up boxing match" in a 24-foot-square or similar ring. Rounds were three minutes with one-minute rest intervals between rounds. Each fighter was given a ten-second count if he were knocked down, and wrestling was banned.
The introduction of gloves of "fair-size" also changed the nature of the bouts. An average pair of boxing gloves resembles a bloated pair of mittens and are laced up around the wrists. The gloves can be used to block an opponent's blows. As a result of their introduction, bouts became longer and more strategic with greater importance attached to defensive maneuvers such as slipping, bobbing, countering and angling. Because less defensive emphasis was placed on the use of the forearms and more on the gloves, the classical forearms outwards, torso leaning back stance of the bare knuckle boxer was modified to a more modern stance in which the torso is tilted forward and the hands are held closer to the face.
Through the late nineteenth century, boxing or prizefighting was primarily a sport of dubious legitimacy. Outlawed in England and much of the United States, prizefights were often held at gambling venues and broken up by police. Brawling and wrestling tactics continued, and riots at prizefights were common occurrences. Still, throughout this period, there arose some notable bare knuckle champions who developed fairly sophisticated fighting tactics.
The English case of R v. Coney in 1882 found that a bare-knuckle fight was an assault occasioning actual bodily harm, despite the consent of the participants. This marked the end of widespread public bare-knuckle contests in England.
Throughout the early twentieth century, boxers struggled to achieve legitimacy, aided by the influence of promoters like Tex Rickard and the popularity of great champions from John L. Sullivan to Jack Dempsey. Shortly after this era, boxing commissions and other sanctioning bodies were established to regulate the sport and establish universally recognized champions.
The Marquess of Queensberry rules have been the general rules governing modern boxing since their publication in 1867.
A boxing match typically consists of a determined number of three-minute rounds, a total of up to 12 rounds (formerly 15). A minute is typically spent between each round with the fighters in their assigned corners receiving advice and attention from their coach and staff. The fight is controlled by a referee who works within the ring to judge and control the conduct of the fighters, rule on their ability to fight safely, count knocked-down fighters, and rule on fouls.
Up to three judges are typically present at ringside to score the bout and assign points to the boxers, based on punches that connect, defense, knockdowns, and other, more subjective, measures. Because of the open-ended style of boxing judging, many fights have controversial results, in which one or both fighters believe they have been "robbed" or unfairly denied a victory. Each fighter has an assigned corner of the ring, where his or her coach, as well as one or more "seconds" may administer to the fighter at the beginning of the fight and between rounds. Each boxer enters into the ring from their assigned corners at the beginning of each round and must cease fighting and return to their corner at the signaled end of each round.
A bout in which the predetermined number of rounds passes


Wednesday, 23 March 2011
BHANGRA is a form of dance and music that originated in the Punjab region.Bhangra dance began as a folk dance conducted by Punjabi Sikh farmers to celebrate the coming of the harvest season. The specific moves of bhangra reflect the manner in which villagers farmed their land. This hybrid dance became bhangra. The folk dance has been popularised in the Western world by Punjabi and is seen in the West as an expression of South Asian culture as a whole. Today,Bhangra dance survives in different forms and styles all over the globe – including pop music, film soundtracks, collegiate competitions and cultural shows.Bhangra dance is based on music from a Punjabi folk drum, dhol, folk singing, a single-stringed instrument called the iktar, the tumbi and the chimta. The accompanying songs are small couplets written in the Punjabi language called bolis. In Punjabi folk music, the dhol's smaller cousin, the dholki, was nearly always used to provide the main beat. Nowadays, the dhol is used more frequently. Additional percussion, including tabla, is less frequently used in bhangra as a solo instrument but is sometimes used to accompany the dhol and dholki. This rhythm serves as a common thread that allows for easy commingling between Punjabi folk and reggae, as demonstrated by such artists as the UK's Apache Indian.In the 1980s, Bhangra artists were selling over 30,000 cassettes a week in the UK, but not one artist made their way into the Top 40 UK Chart despite these artists outselling popular British ones; most of the Bhangra cassette sales were not through the large UK record stores, whose sales were those recorded by the Official UK Charts Company for creating their rankings.Bhangra has developed as a combination of dances from different parts of the Punjab region. The term Bhangra now refers to several kinds of dances and arts, including Jhumar, Luddi, Giddha, Julli, Daankara, Dhamal, Saami, Kikli, and Gatka.Traditional men wear a chaadra while doing bhangra. A chaadra is a piece of cloth wrapped around the waist. Men also wear a kurta, which is a long Indian-style shirt. In addition, men wear pagadi (also known as turbans) to cover their heads.
In modern times, men also wear turla, the fan attached to the pagadi. Colorful vests are worn above the kurta. Fumans (small balls attached to ropes) are worn on each arm.Bhangra lyrics, always sung in the Punjabi language, generally cover social issues, such as love, relationships, money, dancing, getting drunk and marriage. Additionally, there are countless bhangra songs devoted to Punjabi pride themes and Punjabi heroes. The lyrics are tributes to the rich cultural traditions of the Punjabis. In particular, many bhangra tracks have been written about Udham Singh and Bhagat Singh. Less serious topics include beautiful ladies with their colorful duppattas and dancing and drinking in the fields of the Punjab.
Bhangra singers do not sing in the same tone of voice as their Southeast Asian counterparts. Rather, they employ a high, energetic tone of voice. Singing fiercely and with great pride, they typically add nonsensical, random noises to their singing. Likewise, often people dancing to Bhangra will yell phrases such as hoi, hoi, hoiballe ballechak deoye hoibruah (for an extended length of about 2–5 seconds); haripa; orch-ch (mostly used as slow beats called Chummer/Jhoomer) to the music.
Many different Punjabi instruments contribute to the sound of bhangra. Although the most important instrument is the keyboard, bhangra also features a variety of string and other drum instruments.
The primary and most important instrument that defines bhangra is the dhol. The dhol is a large, high-bass drum, played by beating it with two sticks - known as daggah (bass end) and tilli (treble end). The width of a dhol skin is about fifteen inches in general, and the dhol player holds his instrument with a strap around his neck.
No comments:


mIRC.
 /dll [data]
 $dll(name.dll, procname, data)
 These open the named DLL, call the procedure in the DLL, and send it
 the specified data.
 The procedure in the DLL being called must be of the form:
 int FAR PASCAL *procname(HWND mWnd, HWND aWnd, char far *data,
 char far *parms, BOOL show, BOOL nopause)
 mWnd is the handle to the main mIRC window.
 aWnd is the handle of the window in which the command is being
 issued, this might not be the currently active window if the
 command is being called by a remote script.
 data is the information that you wish to send to the DLL. On
 return, the DLL can fill this variable with the command it
 wants mIRC to perform if any.
 parms is filled by the DLL on return with parameters that it
 wants mIRC to use when performing the command that it returns
 in the data variable.
 The data and parms variables can each hold 900 chars maximum.
 show is FALSE if the. prefix was specified to make the command
 quiet, or TRUE otherwise.
 nopause is TRUE if mIRC is in a critical routine and the DLL must
 not do anything that pauses processing in mIRC, eg. the DLL should
 not pop up a dialog. Otherwise nopause is FALSE.
 The DLL can return an integer to indicate what it wants mIRC to do:
 0 means that mIRC should /halt processing
 1 means that mIRC should continue processing
 2 means that it has filled the data variable with a command which
 it wants mIRC to perform, and has filled parms with the parameters
 to use, if any, when performing the command.
 3 means that the DLL has filled the data variable with the result
 that $dll() as an identifier should return.
 The 32bit mIRC can only call 32bit DLLs, and the 16bit mIRC can only
 call 16bit DLLs.
67.Added event on RAWMODE, triggers when mode change is made on one or
 more users on a channel, you can use $1- to parse the raw mode change
 on 1:RAWMODE:_TAG_:/echo $nick set $chan mode to $1-
 Also added $mode(N).op/deop/ban/unban/voice/devoice/help/dehelp
 which can be used in mode change events to list the nicks affected
 by the mode change.
 eg. $mode(0).op returns the number of opped nicks
 $mode(1).op lists first opped nick
 Added $modefirst and $modelast identifiers, return $true or $false
 depending on whether the event is the first or last to trigger.
68.Custom identifiers now pass parameters separated by commas correctly,
 ie. $test(a, b c, d) will result in $1 = a, $2 = b c, $3 = d
 Also added /tokenize command, this fills $1 $2... $N
 identifiers with tokens separated by character C in text, eg. if
 you used /tokenize 32 $1- in the above $test(a, b c, d) example,
 this would make $1 = a, $2 = b, $3 = c, $4 = d.
69.Fixed bug in $read returning $null for lines containing only one
70.Fixed /sockread -f bug when used with %vars.
71.Trailing menu separators are now removed from menus.
72.Changed /flash method, displays flash message longer, also added
 /flash -rN switch, repeats flash only N times.
73.Fixed bug relating to query windows MDI/desktop mode.
74.Fixed popup menu separator bug.
75.Extended $right()/$left(), you can now specify a negative value to
 return all but N characters.
76.Added /echo -l switch, applies the "highlight" settings in the
 options dialog to the line that's displayed.
77.Improved message highlight feature in options dialog, now allows
 individual highlight matches each with its own settings.
 For match words you can now specify a word, an identifier or
 variable, or wildcard text.
78.Fixed $snick() returning $null when N = 0 in some cases.
79.Increased custom dialog controls maximum from 250 to 500.
80.Added $did().visible and.enabled properties, return $true or
81.Added /dialog -v switch, makes dialog the active window.
82.Fixed error reporting bug for invalid dialog tables.
83.Added $menu identifier, returns menu name, eg.
 menu nicklist,channel {
 $iif($menu == nicklist,...):{}
 $iif($menu == channel,...):{}
84.Extended $deltok(text,N,C), can now specify N1-N2 a range of
 tokens to delete.
85.Added /query -n switch to open query window minimized.
86.Word completion with Tab Key now works for:
 1) nickname in a query window, 2) nicknames in notify list
 when in status window, and 3) _TAG_ names in your channels
 folder when in any window.
87.Hotlink now won't display hand over an address that contains!
88.Added $auto $ignore $protect identifiers, return $true or $false
 if /auto /ignore /protect is on or off.
89.Added $abook(nick,N) identifier, with properties,.nick.info
 .email.website.picture.noteN to return address book info.
 Allowed formats $abook(nick) $abook(N) $abook(nick,N) where
 nick can also be a wildcard.
90.Extended /filter command, format is now:
 /filter [-sgdfwxnprcteu] [n-n2] [C S]
 -c = clear output window/file before writing results to it
 -t = sort output based on column C using character S as the
 columns separator, -e = descending, -u = numeric sort.
 Also, if the input and output are the same window/file, mIRC
 will process the request correctly.
91.Toggling MDI/desktop window now keeps editbox contents.
92.Added $disk(C).type.free.label, you can test if a hard-disk
 exists or is accessible with $disk(C), returns $true/$false.
93.Fixed DCC Send freezing bug.
94.If the switchbar "sort tabs" switch is on, DCC sends/gets are
 sorted in the order in which they were started.
95.Added support for!channels for IRCnet. mIRC only enables this
 on IRC servers with >= 2.10 in server numeric 004.
 Note, important consequence: when mIRC is on IRCnet >= 2.10,
 it internally recognizes! as a channel prefix. This may
 results in script/etc. problems where! is used to identify
 a fileserver session.
96.Added support for IRCX %_TAG_, and for owner.nicks in
 channel nick listbox, as well as /mode +q. mIRC also does
 /listx on IRCX servers by default now and reads numerics
 811, 812, 816, and 817 for the channels list. mIRC recognizes
 IRCX servers by seeing a >= 5.5 in the server numeric 004.
 Note, important consequence: when mIRC is on IRCX >= 5.5,
 it internally recognizes % as a channel prefix. Since % is
 used as a variable prefix in scripts/aliases/etc. in mIRC,
 this may result in script/etc. problems.
97.Now shows "you're not channel operator" server message in
 channel window.
98.Can now use $(vars/identifiers) in remote event match sections
 to evaluate any combination of vars/identifiers/text, eg.
 on 1:TEXT:$(*hello $me $+ *):?:echo hello back!
99.Added support for local variables by using the /var command:
 var %x = 1, %y, %z = $me
 Local variables can only be used in the alias in which they
 were created and are destroyed when the alias terminates.
100.You can no longer unset a variable by using /set with no
 value, you must use /unset.
101.Fixed /nick gpf bug when specifying very long nicknames.
102.Extended /bset command:
 /bset -t <&binvar> [...]
 The -t switch indicates that it should treat the values as
 plain text and copy them directly into the &binvar.
 Also added N2 range parameter to $bvar(&binvar,N[-N2]), and
 a.text property which returns plain text up to the first
 zero character.
 Also added /breplace command:
 /breplace <&binvar> [...]
103.Fixed $mask() ip address related bug.
104.Added option in General dialog, right-clicking mouse button on
 a line in a listbox can now auto-select it.
105.Added Merge


text:
Turbocharger Installation Instructions
It is important to conduct a diagnostic check of the engine system to determine if the "fault" is actually the turbocharger. A lack of power, noisy operation, excessive smoke or oil consumption could be caused by a faulty fuel injection system, electrical problems, restricted/blocked air filter, a damaged exhaust system, or a lubrication problem.
If possible, check crankcase pressure according to the engine manufacturer's specifications. A higher than normal crankcase pressure reading may lead to oil leakage from the turbo into the inlet and exhaust systems.
Turbocharger damage can be a symptom of another problem so it is important to fix the problem before fitting a new turbocharger.
Common turbocharger problem areas to examine are:
- foreign objects
- lack of lubrication
- oil contamination
- over-speeding of the turbo and excessive temperature.
Before purchasing a new turbocharger check the part number to ensure that its the correct model for the engine. Installing an incorrect turbo could damage the turbo and will void the 12 warranty.
If in doubt, contact Speedup Autoparts and we will advise.
Turbo Installation Guide
- It is important that during the entire installation process, you prevent dirt or fragments from entering any part of the turbo. Any dirt or fragments entering the system may cause damage due to the high speeds the turbo spins at.
- Always ensure that correct gaskets are used. For example - the centre hole of any gasket must be perfectly aligned with the centre hole of the turbo flange. Some turbochargers use a threaded connector and no gasket. Other turbochargers use a "banjo fitting" with "banjo bolt"; in these cases, use new sealing gaskets/washers. Note: Do not use sealants, particularly for the oil inlet or outlet since excessive sealant has been known to enter the turbo, reducing or stopping the oil flow. Using sealants will void the warranty.
- The engine oil and oil filter should be replaced as per the vehicle manufacturer's guidelines. Before fitting the turbo, ensure that all air hoses connected to the turbo are totally clean and show no sign of any damage. If they are damaged then they must be replaced.
- Check the air filter and its housing is totally clean and free from any debris. Also, we recommended installing a new air and fuel filter.
- Clean the engine Positive Crankcase Ventilation system (and ERG valve) to ensure that it's in full working order. Any blockages could cause high crankcase pressure and result in oil leakage from the turbo into the inlet and exhaust systems.
- Remove any old gasket material from the exhaust manifold and pipe. The surfaces of the flange must be clean and have no damage.
- Position the turbo onto manifold or engine block using the correct new gasket and then reconnect the exhaust pipe.
- Tighten all nuts and bolts.
- Check the oil feed and drain lines, as they must be totally clean and have no damage to ensure unrestricted oil flow. Make sure that any flexible hose lines have not collapsed internally and that the oil feed line is positioned next to sources of extreme heat as this can damage the oil feed line internally. To avoid oil contamination the turbocharger oil feed pipes and banjo bolts must be ultrasonically cleaned or replaced when installing the new turbocharger.
- Next, install oil drain line to the turbocharger.
- Pour new engine oil into the oil inlet hole of the turbocharger.
- Next, fit the oil feed line.
- Install inlet and outlet air hoses to turbocharger compressor housing. Make sure that the connections are airtight and hose clamps are correctly tightened.
- Crank the engine for around 10 seconds without starting the engine. If possible, disable the fuelling/ignition or use compression test mode to allow this. This will help to prime the oil feed to the turbocharger by filling the oil pressure lines, oil filter and turbo with oil before start-up. Note: Lubrication in these first few seconds of starting the engine is vital to the turbocharger. As soon as the engine starts, the turbo impeller cartridge will spin at high speed and a lack of lubrication can destroy the brand new turbo unit.
- Start the engine and let it idle for 3 to 4 minutes to allow for proper inspection for any oil, gas and air leakages. If any leakages are detected during engine start up, fix the issue immediately and repeat.
- Finally, stop the engine and re-check engine oil level. The oil level should be between the minimum and maximum mark on the dipstick. Note: It is important to make sure that oil level is not above the point where turbo oil drain pipe connects to the engine or this may lead to oil leakage from the turbo into the inlet and exhaust systems.


text:
On joy and learning
At Haiti Partners, it's important to us to present not only Haiti's harsh realities, but its beautiful sides as well. In videos like the one below, we celebrate the joy of happy students having fun with one of their favorite people, Children's Academy Coordinator, Alex Myril.
But making our students feel safe and happy isn't just about having fun. It's essential to successful learning. Research shows that stress impedes memory and learning. In order for children to engage and develop to their potential, they need to feel safe and cared for. And, unfortunately, stress is the norm in all too many schools in Haiti where corporal punishment and humiliation are used regularly in the classroom.
Thank you for your partnership as we work to make high quality, transformative, joyous education the norm in Haiti.


, 3, 4, and 5 are provided by sources 1, 3, 2, 3, and 1, respectively. In this example three sources are required to provide five fields of data. Fields 4 and 5 are initially provided by data sources having a low field ranking. Using edit precedence, the expected outcome is that the data in fields 4 and 5 will be replaced by data from sources having a higher field ranking, as defined by edit precedence.
Table 2 Example of edit precedence using three data sources
Field 1
Field 2
Field 3
Field 4
Field 5
Source 1
Source 2
Source 3
Edit precedence provides a number of key benefits for the Microsoft CRM and DSS data warehouse:
 - It generates cost savings through the elimination of one or more data sources.
 - It results in field-level data becoming more reliable over time.
 - It simplifies the replacement of data from one source with data from another source.
Primary Record Types
The ODS contains two primary types of records: individual-based records and organization-based records. Individual-based records refer to individual customers who have purchased at least one product, attended at least one event, or subscribed to at least one online newsletter. Individual-based records, which are identified by residential addresses, do not ordinarily contain the names of organizations.
Individual-based records provide support for multiple e-mail aliases including the data source of each alias. A household key is used to bring together individual customers at the same physical location.
Organization-based records refer to businesses, companies, agencies, or divisions. An organization-based record is loaded into the warehouse provided the record is tied relationally to an individual-based record.
Telephone numbers are associated with individual-based records, but not organization-based records. Data suppliers periodically supply new telephone and fax numbers so that they are kept up to date. Telephone numbers are associated with existing fax numbers to ensure that a customer's preference is preserved even after a fax number is changed. If necessary a flag can be set to associate a telephone number with a company's home-office. Suppression flags accommodate each customer's preference of contact. For instance, a flag may be set indicating that contact via fax should not be attempted.
Factory Processing
Factory processing, a term used within Microsoft, applies to warehouse implementations that distribute the ODS, the application of business rules, and data marts among multiple computers. Factory processing is a customized process developed by the warehouse design team using SQL and is specific to the distributed nature of the warehouse within Microsoft.
Factory processing is used to periodically extract data from the ODS to perform transformations, aggregations, derivations, and partitioning before the enriched denormalized data is published through the generation of new data marts. Using the data marts, decision-makers can drill down and analyze individual customer transactions, produce reports, and support campaign-management activities. Figure 7 illustrates the flow of data from ODS through the factory process.
Figure 7: Factory-processing data flow
Factory processing provides a number of key benefits for the Microsoft CRM and DSS data warehouse:
 - It provides an effective way of scaling the warehouse beyond 1 terabyte.
 - It enables servers to perform more specialized processing.
 - It simplifies the implementation of additional servers when they are necessary.
Data Marts
Data marts are SQL Server 2000-based databases optimized for efficient reporting. Factory processing generates new data marts on a weekly basis. The data marts provide a robust decision-support and campaign-management environment.
Once the data marts have been generated, a combination of internally developed and third-party applications are used to pull data and graphically display it in a graphical user interface. The graphical user interface permits decision-makers to gain visibility to the data and to conduct analyses. For example, one graphical user interface is used to pull data from four data marts, allowing decision-makers to "peel back" data layers to expose virtually any target audience. Doing this enables decision-makers to better understand which products, newsletters, and events are preferred by various target audiences.
Warehouse designers implemented four perspectives in the data marts so as to ease access to information for decision-makers. These perspectives are customer data, product registration, online subscription, and customer events.
Customer-Data Perspective
The customer-data perspective provides decision-makers with a comprehensive view of individual customers and organizations according to geography, profile, interests, and account activity. This perspective accommodates complex queries involving cross-activity analysis including profiles of individuals and organizations. The perspective counts individuals and organizations depending on which virtual perspective is being used.
Two virtual perspectives are based on the customer-data perspective: individual and organization. These virtual perspectives are similar to the base customer-data perspective except that the virtual perspectives can produce reports based on a specified number of individuals and organizations and the base perspective cannot.
Figure 8 illustrates a small segment of a fact table and some related dimensions in a data-mart customer-data perspective.
Figure 8: Example of data-mart information available to corporate decision-makers
Product-Registration Perspective
The product-registration perspective stores product-registration transactions in a time-based view. The principal use of this perspective is to establish product-registration trends by individual customers over time. The default queries are fiscal month, subsidiary, sales location, product name, and count of product registrations.
Online-Subscription Perspective
The online-subscription perspective stores online-subscription transactions in a time-based view. The principal use of this perspective is to establish online-subscription trends by individual customers over time. For newsletter-related activity, the perspective includes all subscribe and unsubscribe activity, including multiple subscribe or unsubscribe actions by a single individual.
Customer-Events Perspective
The customer-events perspective stores information about customer-events activities in a time-based view. The principal use of this perspective is to view customer activities connected with specific events over time. The perspective counts individual invitations, registrations, confirmations and event attendances.
The following section of this paper details some of the more important support tools used by the data-warehouse team for monitoring and maintaining the system.
These tools help to collect some information proactively, so that if a problem does arise the information can help to narrow down its potential causes; they collect other information at the time a problem arises. The primary support tools consist of Windows 2000 Performance Monitor, Windows 2000 Event Viewer, SQL Server-based e-mail, Windows 2000 Terminal Services, and SQL code.
Windows 2000 Performance Monitor
Windows 2000 Performance Monitor, which is included in Windows 2000 Professional, Windows 2000 Advanced Server, and Windows 2000 Datacenter Server, is used for locating performance bottlenecks caused by system or software components. Output from Performance Monitor is displayed graphically and supports the concurrent viewing of multiple system components and application processes. Performance Monitor is the first tool used by the operations team to determine whether a process or application is allocating too much memory or using too much processor time.
Data provided by Performance Monitor is extremely valuable to analysts and operations teams when it is time to tune operating-system performance. At Microsoft, only server administrators may run Performance Monitor, because experience has shown that information can readily be captured from a single machine and shared among analysts when necessary. Experience has also shown that performance is slightly improved by limiting the number of computers that are used for simultaneously viewing performance data. At Microsoft this number rarely exceeds five.
There are many reasons for initiating performance analysis using Performance Monitor, chief among them when an important process begins requiring far more time to complete than it did in the past. The decision to initiate a performance analysis comes from a group that is responsible for collecting performance data on a few computers dedicated to that purpose. Data is collected more-or-less following the scientific method, with collection taking place while suspect processes are run. Administrators add all performance counters (except for network segment) and log the results to disk, for a period of 48-72 hours. Then they pass the log file to a support analyst who analyzes the performance data.
The Performance Monitor also is used for systematically overlaying performance counters with memory, CPU, and disk counters, which are needed to identify which process or processes may be causing a given performance problem. Depending on the outcome of the analysis, performance problems can generally be resolved by the addition of more hardware, adjustment of the timing of SQL jobs, or the moving of a resource-intensive process to another server.
Event Viewer
The Event Viewer displays information based on event messages that SQL Server 2000 and Windows 2000 Datacenter Server write to application and event logs located on each server. Each event message has a corresponding ID that can be used to help determine the nature and severity of many common problems, such as full disks, failed hardware devices, or processes that have run out of memory. Through the Event Viewer, database administrators (DBAs) can use the event ID for searching through the Microsoft Knowledge Base (;EN-US;KBHOWTO&sd=GN&ln=EN-US?ln=en-us) for more detail on the potential cause of a given problem.
SQL Server-Based E-mail
The operations team relies on SQL Server-based e-mail to keep track of SQL Server 2000 activities in the Microsoft CRM and DSS data warehouse. SQL Server-based e-mail is configured to periodically send notification to the production team so they have some insight as to what is going on inside the system.
SQL Server-based e-mail is also used to automatically page someone on the production support team if an issue warrants immediate intervention. The data warehouse initiates SQL Server-based e-mail by programmatically calling the extended SQL stored procedure XP_SendMail from code locations that warrant e-mailing the production team.
Windows 2000 Terminal Services
Members of the operations team use Windows 2000 Terminal Services, which is part of Windows 2000 Datacenter Server, for remote operations. With Terminal


text:
Black Americans need to know and respect our heritage. Know the contributions of your ancestors, and you will learn who you are. One of America's greatest strengths today is "diversity." An African American who blazed the trail toward diversity, innovation, and marketing creativity across corridors in corporate America while concurrently opening doors previously closed to Blacks is corporate pioneer of note, Houston native Henry Hartford Brown.
The career of Brown should be of highlighted because he is one of a select few Blacks hired by corporate American companies in upper-level sales positions to target and develop the African-American consumer market. Brown should be remembered for the successes he had in the development and implementation of effective community relations over the three decades he practiced his trade with Anheuser-Busch. As corporate liaison to its "special markets" Brown indelibly etched Anheuser-Busch and Budweiser's name among Black leaders and their communities.
As part of a groundbreaking group of African-American market developers that evolved from the 1950s, Brown is a role model in multicultural public relations. Brown's business and social talents enabled him to generate corporate market share and profits as he at the same time introduced diversity theories, techniques and implementation platforms that revolutionized strategies of niche marketing. Brown helped corporate heads and decision influencers to see and identify Blacks as an important customer segment. The "Black Market" Brown helped his company identify and "tap" is expected to reach a population of 42.6 million by 2016. Black's current $957 billion annual spending expects to climb to $1.3 trillion by 2015. Black consumers spend $2.8 billion annually on alcoholic beverages.
Brown's innovativeness toward Black markets is epic. In 1975, he developed the legendary Budweiser's Great Kings and Queens of Africa by commissioning a series of portraits among African-American-artists. These 29 portraits became Budweiser's Great Kings and Queens of Africa exhibits, an educational program and one of history's most influential collections of art honoring African-American culture. Budweiser's Great Kings and Queens of Africa have touched the lives of millions of people and etched in the minds of millions of Blacks a point of racial pride and identification.
Those who attended the Congressional Black Caucus' Annual Legislative Conferences [ALC] over the years know Brown and that Budweiser's booths anchored ALCs' Exhibit Halls for over 33 years. For four decades, Black Market specialists from tobacco, petroleum, food and beverage companies, such as Anheuser-Busch, provided the ALCs' financial underpinnings. Black corporate executives were the impetus for forums promoting subjects of importance to the Black community. In his career, Brown worked to do what's right by Blacks and their communities. He worked with civil rights leaders and politicians and was an original sponsor of the MLK Memorial project. Overall, Brown's been a catalyst for positive and progressive changes among African Americans. His impact on Anheuser-Busch has permanency. The company says, "It's important to be in the community and of the community" and supports community-based organizations' efforts to inform, advance and support the African American community.
Anheuser-Busch, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Anheuser-Busch In Bev, the United States' largest brewing company. Anheuser-Busch operates 12 breweries in the U.S. and nearly 20 in other countries. In 1994, Brown retired from Anheuser-Busch after launching major initiatives including: Budweiser's Living Legends and The Lou Rawls/UNCF Parade of Stars.
Brown served as an adjunct professor at Howard University and in 1959 started as a wholesaler representative for Anheuser-Busch, Inc. In 1980, Brown was named vice president of Marketing Development and made responsible for community outreach and a corporate liaison to the various ethnic communities. He currently lives in Houston and has received several honors and awards throughout his distinguished career, including the Presidential Award from the National Conference of African-American Mayors in 1994; and the Alpha Psi Alpha Fraternity Lifetime Achievement Award in 2004.
Budweiser's Great Kings of Africa Mirrored Signs are available on e-Bay for $119.90.
(William Reed is president of the Business Exchange Network and available for projects via the BaileyGroup.org)


text:
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Limited approaches exist for studying population connectivity in widely dispersing marine benthic invertebrates. Genetic techniques can provide important insights toward identifying recruitment trajectories. Here, 10 microsatellite loci were used to examine connectivity among Oregon Dungeness crabs (Cancer magister, Dana, 1852) in the California Current System (CCS) (n = 801) as well as between Oregon and two British Columbia populations, Alison Sound (n = 54) and Boundary Bay (n = 48).
Using population-based methods (F-statistics), evidence for weak genetic differentiation was found among 12 sites in Oregon that did not conform to a pattern of isolation by distance. Whereas individual-based methods (kinship analyses) indicated higher than expected relatedness in two Oregon sites, this finding did not help interpret the pattern of genetic differentiation observed among sites in the CCS. Extending our analyses to British Columbia, it was determined that genetic diversity within the Boundary Bay population was comparable to that observed for Oregon, whereas genetic diversity within Alison Sound was considerably lower. Furthermore, genetic connectivity between Oregon and British Columbia was reduced as Alison Sound was genetically distinct from all Oregon sites, whereas Boundary Bay was genetically differentiated from several Oregon sites. In accordance, a Bayesian clustering approach provided support for two genetic groups: (1) Oregon and Boundary Bay and (2) Alison Sound. Kinship analysis revealed a high degree of relatedness within Alison Sound which helps explain the observed pattern of population differentiation. By combining population-based and individual-based approaches, these results demonstrate that connectivity between ocean and fjord-like areas is reduced and may lead to elevated kinship in isolated populations.
Inter-library loan copies available from National Sea Grant Library.