text:
MHR, Regular Distributions and Myerson's Lemma
Monotone Hazard Rate (MHR) distributions and its superclass regular distributions keep appearing in the Mechanism Design literature and this is due to a very good reason: they are the class of distributions for which Myerson's Optimal Auction is simple and natural. Let's brief discuss some properties of those distributions. First, two definitions:
- Hazard rate of a distribution :
- Myerson virtual value of a distribution :
We can interpret the hazard rate in the following way: think of as a random variable that indicates the time that a light bulb will take to extinguish. If we are in time and the light bulb hasn't extinguished so far, what is the probability it will extinguish in the next time:
We say that a distribution is monotone hazard rate, if is non-decreasing. This is very natural for light bulbs, for example. Many of the distributions that we are used to are MHR, for example, uniform, exponential and normal. The way that I like to think about MHR distributions is the following: if some distribution has hazard rate, then it means that. If we define, then, so:
From this characterization, it is simple to see that the extremal distributions for this class, i.e. the distributions that are in the edge of being MHR and non-MHR are constant hazard rate, which correspond to the exponential distribution for. They way I like to think about those distributions is that whenever you are able to prove something about the exponential distribution, then you can prove a similar statement about MHR distributions. Consider those three examples:
Example 1: for MHR distributions. This fact is straightforward for the exponential distribution. For the exponential distribution and therefore
but the proof for MHR is equally simple: Let, therefore.
Example 2: Given iid where is MHR and and, then. The proof for the exponential distribution is trivial, and in fact, this is tight for the exponential, the trick is to use the convexity of. We use that in the following way:
Since, we have that. This way, we get:
Example 3: For MHR distributions, there is a simple lemma that relates the virtual value and the real value and this lemma is quite useful in various settings: let, then for,. Again, this is tight for exponential distribution. The proof is quite trivial:
Now, MHR distributions are a subclass of regular distributions, which are the distributions for which Myerson's virtual value is a monotone function. I usually find harder to think about regular distributions than to think about MHR (in fact, I don't know so many examples that are regular, but not MHR. Here is one, though, called the equal-revenue-distribution. Consider distributed according to. The cumulative distribution is given by. The interesting thing of this distribution is that posted prices get the same revenue regardless of the price. For example, if we post any price, then a customer with valuations buys the item if by price, getting revenue is. This can be expressed by the fact that. I was a bit puzzled by this fact, because of Myerson's Lemma:
Myerson Lemma: If a mechanism sells to some player that has valuation with probability when he has value, then the revenue is.
And it seemed that the auctioneers was doomed to get zero revenue, since. For example, suppose we fix some price and we sell the item if by price. Then it seems that Myerson's Lemma should go through by a derivation like that (for this special case, although the general proof is quite similar):
but those don't seem to match, since one side is zero and the other is 1. The mistake we did above is classic, which is to calculate. We wrote:
but both are infinity! This made me realize that Myerson's Lemma needs the condition that, which is quite a natural a distribution over valuations of a good. So, one of the bugs of the the equal-revenue-distribution is that. A family that is close to this, but doesn't suffer this bug is: for, then. For we have, then we get.


audio/video sync in SMPEG
Sathish Vasudevaiah vsatish at
Mon Feb 2 10:47:38 EST 2004
Recently I put some efforts in trying to understand
the audio/video synchronisation in smpeg and wasn't
comfortable with what I understood. So I decided to
prepare this writeup on what I digested and place
it before the group for critique. In the process I hope
to learn the missing pieces.
Before I start I must admit that my knowledge of
MPEG1 is what I got from the book "Video Demystified",
brief chapter on MPEG1.
Also what I write here could be wrong, very wrong
Inn the following XXXX marks the spot where I
am very confused and look forward to some guidance.
Synchronisation in smpeg:
In smpeg, a/v sync is broadly achieved using MPEG
Presentation Time Stamps (PTS).
Presentation time stamp:
"..The optional PTS is a 33-bit number coded using three
fields, separated by marker bits. PTS indicates the
intended time of display by the decodder. The value
of PTS is the number of periods of a 90 kHZ system
clock. This field is present only if PTS_bits is
present and stream_ID not equal to private stream 2...."
 From what is seen so far, it appears that a time stamp
is calcualted for each packet and is inserted into the
MPEGstream along with the packet data. Mainly the
time stamp is derived from the PTS.
As raw audio output (afer decoding) is played back by the
SDL, SDL driver independently synchronises the audio playback
based on the expected time for one frame of audio.
typedef struct {
 int freq; /* DSP frequency -- samples per second */
 Uint16 format; /* Audio data format */
 Uint8 channels; /* Number of channels: 1 mono, 2 stereo */
 Uint8 silence; /* Audio buffer silence value (calculated) */
 Uint16 samples; /* Audio buffer size in samples (power of 2) */
 Uint16 padding; /* Necessary for some compile environments */
 Uint32 size; /* Audio buffer size in bytes (calculated) */
} SDL_AudioSpec;
 From this information two values are calculated:
_TAG_ frame_ticks (this->hidden->frame_ticks)
 - based on spec data structure, the time duration
 of one audio frame is calculated in ticks
 (nothing but milliseconds)
_TAG_ next_frame (this->hidden->next_frame)
 - This contains the expected start of time for
 the next frame.
 frame_ticks = (float)(spec->samples*1000)/spec->freq;
 next_frame = SDL_GetTicks()+frame_ticks;
One thing that has bugged me is the SDL_Audiospec->samples member.
How is this computed? XXXX
The actual synchronisation....
 _TAG_ USE_BLOCKING_WRITES /* Not necessary when
 using blocking writes */
 /* See if we need to use timed audio synchronization */
 if ( frame_ticks ) {
 /* Use timer for general audio synchronization */
 Sint32 ticks;
 ticks = ((Sint32)(next_frame - SDL_GetTicks()))-FUDGE_TICKS;
Preparing for the next frame...
 /* If timer synchronization is enabled, set the next write frame */
 if ( frame_ticks ) {
 next_frame += frame_ticks;
- synchronisation means a wait (the assumption being that
 the incoming data rate is much faster than the rate at
 which the driver is outputting) XXXX
 If it is not underruns at the device driver level? XXXX
- FUDGE_TICKS - this is linked to RR scheduling delays
 (overheads). How to calibrate this ? XXXX
SMPEG: Time stamp processing in MPEGaudio
The MPEG PTS info is kept in this array found in
MPEGaudio class.
 /* Timestamp sync */
 _TAG_ N_TIMESTAMPS 5
 double timestamp[N_TIMESTAMPS];
Here timestamp[] is used as a FIFO to store and then use the timestamps.
PTS -> stream -> MPEGring -> timestamp array[]
The timestamp info is put into the MPEGRing by mpeg audio decoder
(in Decode_MPEGaudio).
 In MPEGaudio::run, the timestamp info is read from the MPEGstream
 and put into the MPEGring buffer in the call
 audio->ring->WriteDone(...., timestamp);
Time stamps from the MPEG ring are used to compare with the
audio->Time() (which internally uses the play_time variable) and
calculate the difference. This difference is added to the
play_time to keep it in sync with the PTS. The main purpose of
timestamp[] array seems to keep the Time() virtual method to
return the correct time of the playback.
MPEG::seekIntoStream(int position) methos is used by
MPEG:Rewind and MPEGL:Seek to implement the functionality.
The seekIntoStream uses the MPEGstream-> time() method to
get the timestamp info.
In addition, there is an usage of frags_playing and frag_time variables
as shown below. Their meanings have completely eluded me XXXX.
int Play_MPEGaudio(MPEGaudio *audio, Uint8 *stream, int len)
 /* Increment the current play time (assuming fixed frag size) */
 switch (audio->frags_playing++) {
 // Vivien: Well... the theorical way seems good to me :-)
 case 0: /* The first audio buffer is being filled */
 case 1: /* The first audio buffer is starting playback */
 audio->frag_time = SDL_GetTicks();
 default: /* A buffer has completed, filling a new one */
 audio->frag_time = SDL_GetTicks();
 audio->play_time += ((double)len)/audio->rate_in_s;
Basic synchronisation strategy is to skip frames if
the playback is slow (less than the desired framerate)
or wait if it is fast.
To do this two times are important and are used used:
 - one is the actual playback time
 - desired or the specified time in the encoded
There is another twist to this, video timing is
tied to the audio timing. This is done by using
the audio time stamps in the synchronisation
calculations. 'SetTimeSource' method is used to put
a reference to audio timing information in the video module.
 void MPEG::EnableAudio(bool enabled) {
The MPEG video module appears to have three ways of knowing the time:
 This inline function returns the current playback
 time of the MPEGaudio module.
 The Time() method in base class MPEGaction
 returns the current playback time of the video module.
 It is a 'get' method for the attribute play_time
 but the attribute is directly modifed in the video module
 vid_stream-> current-> show_time
 This contains the fine-grained timing information.
 The MPEG PTS gives the frame level timing information,
 however the GoP timestamp gives the timing at the
 sub-frame level (like picture level).
- Other data structures used in the synchronisation
 This can have values from -1,0,.....n. When it
 is > 0, it indicates that so many frames have to
 be parsed but not displayed. However following
 is a mystery to me: XXXX
 MPEGvideo:: RenderFinal
 /* Process all frames without displaying any */
 _stream->_skipFrame = 1;
 How is this relayed to _skipFrame? It is updaed
 only in timesync and carries its values across
 frames decoding.
 This contains the frame no. to which a seek can be done.
 When a seek is done in seconds the current_frame
 attribute will not contain the correct value.
 This flag indicates that the current frame no.
 should be re-calculated using GoP time code.
 It may sound silly but I still haven't got the true
 meaning of these variables.
 At the beginning of the timeSync method, we have...
 /* Update the number of frames displayed */
 XXXX Why increment both? why do we need both?
Here is the sync loop...
 While loop
 mpegVidRsrc( 0, mpeg->_stream, 0 );
 < parse video stream >
 if (need to skip frame)
 look for new Picture Start Code
 When complete frame is decoded.
 call MPEGvideo::ExecuteDisplay( VidStream*
vid_stream )
 if(! vid_stream->_skipFrame )
 timeSync( vid_stream );
 end of loop
Sync logic
'time behind' = Audio playback - Video playback
 time time
'time behind' range is used to compute the sync level:
 | | | |
-----Ahead----> <-------In Sync------> <----little-----> <------- lot -----
 out of sync out of sync
Based on this range, no. of frames to be skipped is computed
and this information is used in the sync.loop to skip frames.
XXXX But won't 'time behind'/(one frametime) give the correct no.
 of frames to skip???
- The sync. logic assumes RR scheduling for the threads. If
a different policy is in place for the threads (e.g. FIFO


text:
Changes over time can be well illustrated by percent change. However, if another variable, population, is added, that percentage must be on a per capita basis to show accurate figures. For instance in the city of Palm Springs, in the year 1993, there were 1000 pets registered with the city. In 1995, there were 1100 pets. It is obvious that we increased the number of pets by 100 and the percentage of change, is an increase of 10 percent. If the population was 10000 people in 1994 and 13000 people in 1995, did we actually increase the ratio of pets to population, or decrease it on a per capita basis?
To determine that, you must divide the number of pets by the number of people in the city.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Water Conservation
By: Kelly Creswell Email
By: Kelly Creswell Email
Despite receiving more than two inches of rain in the Valley last week, it still wasn't nearly enough to off-set the drought.
Governor Tim Kaine is urging residents to voluntarily conserve water. But there are small things residents can do do help on their own.
The next time you're brushing your teeth, make sure to turn off the water because the average water flow is about five gallons a minute. So every minute you don't use it, you help the environment.
On average, the city of Harrisonburg goes through about six million gallons of water a day. Although the drought has to be pretty severe for residents who are conserving water to actually make a difference, the director od public utilities, Mike Collins, says voluntary cutting back is the first step.
Especially by doing small things, like shortening your shower, you can help save about 40,000 gallons of water a day.
"We could probably get 100,000 gallons a day in reduced usage, and if extreme majors were practiced we'd probably push a half a million but it would be pretty substantial majors beyond just voluntary," says Collins.
As of now, the water supply has not been an issue in Staunton or Harrisonburg.
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WSVF Public Inspection File


Send Intel agents
2. During Initial and Peaceful Stage
a. Allow demonstrators to supervise themselves.
b. Allow private volunteers to supervise demonstrators
c. A show of force by the Police
3. During Riotous Stage
a. Use respected civic leaders to appeal to the
rioters to disperse
b. Use of police formations and arrests
c. Use of special types of less lethal weapon and
d. Use of additional forces (security team/AWAT
e. Use of AFP force – only as reserve
4. During Violent Stage
a. Police should stand their ground to prevent
violent demonstrators from inflicting injuries
against any individual, damage to public and private
properties, and for their dispersal.
b. Use respected community leaders to persuade the
demonstrators to stop the violence and surrender.
c. Use necessary force as a last resort.
Post-Demonstration Stage
a. Withdraw main police force from the demonstrators'
b. Maintain force or presence in the area.
following steps shall be undertaken:
a. A Crisis Management Task Group shall be activated
b. Incident scene shall be secured and isolated.
c. Unauthorized persons shall not be allowed entry and exit to
the incident scene.
d. Witnesses' names, addresses, and other information shall
be recorded. Witnesses shall be directed to a safe
the area.
panel or Ground Commander.
life for all parties.
shall be consolidate efforts in solving the crisis.
be done to consolidate efforts in solving the crises.
safety of the hostage shall always be paramount.
be undertaken in the conduct of negotiations:
a. Stabilize and contain the situation;
c. Take time when negotiating;
d. Allow hostage-taker to speak;
of the negotiation;
i. Never say "NO";
j. Soften the demands;
negotiation process, unless their presence is extremely necessary in the
do's and don'ts of hostage negotiations;
particular, do not exchange a negotiator for a hostage;
o. Avoid negotiating face-to-face; and
participate in hostage negotiations.
safeguard against hijacking and acts of unlawful interference to civil aviation.
a. The Chicago Convention
The Chicago Convention which was participated in by 52 nations in
international civil aviation throughout the world.
The ICAO officially came into existence on 4 April 1947 and thus
the principles and objectives of Convention.
b. The Tokyo Convention
The Tokyo Convention, also known as the Convention on Offenses and
of 124 states, including the Philippines.
The convention defined all acts which, whether or not classifiable as
over offenses committed on board an aircraft.
c. The Hague Convention
The Hague Convention, also known as the Convention for the
by a total of129 states, including the Philippines.
Signatory states agreed to make hijacking punishable by severe
country where the aircraft landed or where the aircraft is registered.
d. The Montreal Convention.
The Montreal Convention, also known as the Convention for the
Signatory states were obligated to enact laws covering all acts of
unlawful interference with civil aviation and to provide severe penalties for any
e. National Legislations: Republic Act 6975-
Aviation Security Command which was later renamed as Aviation Security Group
country's airports against offensive and terroristic acts that threaten civil aviation,
travel protection and safety.
passengers and their cabin baggage by ASG elements is mandatory.
inspection/screening devices:
for suspicion and increased alertness on the part of Aviation Security Group
search with a hand-held metal detector.
through the "Gate" and triggered the alarm.
must be conducted.
explosives or other dangerous substances which maybe concealed. This is
the AFP shall:
a. Conduct sustained law enforcement actions against dissident Terrorists'
(DTs) atrocities;
b. Collect intelligence information on DT activities;
AFP units in the area at the first opportunity.
d. Conduct investigation and prosecution of ISO-related cases.
a. Conduct search and destroy operations against DT strongholds and
b. Conduct intelligence operations to neutralize guerilla safe houses in urban
the CPP/NPA in the area.
be undertaken as follows;
a. Continuously remind all personnel to be extra careful and
security conscious in their day to day activities and during
troop movements;
b. Vigorously implement added security measures in all police
stations and police kababayan centers, particularly those
situated in far-flung or isolated places which are vulnerable to
surprise attacks, raids or harassment by DTs;
c. Conduct continuous check and inspection of the operatio9nal
readiness of your field units/stations;
being practiced/employed by the DTs;
e. Refrain from injecting or deploying personnel/unit in
insurgent-affected areas without first conducting a thorough an
sincere threat analysis or evaluation, including social
background of the areas;
combat patrols, military/police intelligence, Police Community
Relations (PCR) and the like;
g. Intensify intelligence-gathering and counter-intelligence
operations to monitor or detect enemy plans and activities;
DTs who are acting as ordinary criminals/bandits and
i. Enhance the establishment of Advance Security Control Points
stations; and
j. Exercise continuous vigilance and maintenance of law, order
and public safety in respective AOR through the conduct of
intensified police visibility patrols.
responding to bomb threats, and other suspected explosive devices.
a. Upon receipt of information.
1. Determine the exact location of the establishment under
2. Instruct the security officer of the establishment to conduct
a bomb search while proceeding to the area.
3. Proceed immediately to the scene.
4. Alert Explosive Ordnance Demolition team (EODT) for
bomb search mission for emergency readiness before
5. Notify higher Headquarters of development.
b. Upon arrival at the scene:
1. Confirm the reported bomb threat; notify EODT to conduct
bomb sweep.
persons familiar to the location.
evacuation of the affected area but may inform the person
evacuation of personnel should it be necessary.
explosive or ordnance.
at least 300 meters away, and maintain security for the
protection of life and property.
e. Isolate the suspected device.
f. Report discovery of suspected device.
g. Do not permit radio transmission within the area.
h. Turn off all electricity and gas units within the
i. Secure the area and prevent people from approaching.
j. Establish traffic control.
k. Summon ambulance and fire trucks to the scene.
n. Determine the following;
call was made.
3. Reason for the threat.
4. Time and Duration of call.
5. Voice characteristics of the caller:male or female; young,
6. identify of suspects, if known.
o. Assist in the conduct of investigation by responding units when
requested to do so.
p. Report incident to higher Headquarters.
a. Upon receipt of report;
1. Identify exact location of the incident.
3. Notify higher Headquarters and request assistance of
medical personnel.
4. Proceed to the scene immediately
b. Upon arrival at the scene.
1. Cause immediate evacuation of the injured.
2. Direct occupants of building/establishment to evacuate
the area. Maintain order and control crowd.
c. Notify higher Headquarters of the situation.
d. Seal off location until EODT determines if a secondary device
e. Conduct rescue operations at the scene when necessary.
f. Initiate immediate investigation if investigators have not yet
arrived. Determine the following;
1. Time of detonation/explosion
2. Time call/bomb threat was received
3. Type of device
4. Other matters as in paragraph 1
g. Submit incident report immediately
the job of the unit Commander or his designated spokesman.
SEC. 1 Computer Crime Response DefinedComputer Crime Response
matters of evidentiary value are traceable within the computer's hardware and its
SEC 2. Do's and Don'ts in Computer Crime Response-
e. Each unplugged cable must be marked in the same marking
corresponding to the socket from where the cable was unplugged.
transport to the police station.
f. Only a computer forensic expert should search for any evidence
contained in the computer hardware.
and the original should be kept by the evidence custodian for future
court presentation. Search and analysis shall be undertaken using the
imaged disk.
Tuesday, November 10, 2009
39 cops complete rescue training
MANILA, Philippines—The first batch of 39 policemen, who had just finished a five-day training on rescue operations, is now the National Capital Regional Police Office's ready force to be pulled out any time from their assignments in times of disasters.
The policemen on Tuesday held a demonstration on how to save flood victims, at a lakeside community in Taguig City.
At the graduation ceremony in Lower Bicutan, Taguig City, one policeman with a lifeline around his waist swam in "floodwater" to save two men who feigned drowning by flapping their hands to signal danger. He had also successfully saved a woman marooned inside a wrecked house submerged in water.
Metro Manila police chief Director Roberto Rosales said the training, which included emergency medical action, rope training, water safety and survival, boat handling, was made in response to the onslaught of Tropical Storm "Ondoy" and Typhoon "Pepeng."
"Last typhoons, our policemen were not fully trained for rescue operations but they were able to save lives and perform their duties," Rosales said.
He said the NCRPO intended to train at least 20 percent


The new Instruction creates a new piece of data represented by a Destination.
To enable multiple objects to be created, if there is already data loaded into the Destination, it will be committed to the database. Nothing will be committed if there are any errors processing the current Record.
action "new"
destination The Destination for this data.
It is generally unnecessary to use the new Instruction for dependent destinations unless you are intending to create multiple objects.
To ingest new objects in a project Destination, use a new Instruction followed by other Instructions to add data:
 "action": "new",
 "destination": "project"
 "source": "TITLE",
 "destination": "project",
 "name": "dc:attribute:title"


In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, Ever Merciful
Ahmadiyya Muslim Community
HomeIntroductionMuslim TelevisionLibraryOnline Store
<< Back to Table of Contents Punishment of Apostacy in Islam
Punishment of Apostacy by Companions of Holy Prophet
We now proceed to the examination of instances which are cited to establish that the Companions of the Holy Prophet imposed the penalty of death upon apostates. Before examining those instances we would observe that we are not bound by the action of any companion of the Holy Prophet. We are bound only by the Holy Quran and the practice of the Holy Prophet, peace be on him. Syed Sharif al Jarjani has stated in his Mukhtasar: The word or action of a companion, however reliably stated, is not binding. In Kashful Asrar, which is a commentary on AI-Manar, it is stated at p.99 of Vol. II: We follow the Prophets, peace be on them, as we have been assured through the signs exhibited by them that they have been safeguarded against falsehood and mistake, and we follow them on account of their sinlessness. This quality is not guaranteed in respect of others. Therefore we are not bound to follow any of them. That is why Imam Shafai has said that the word of a companion is not binding. Had it been binding, people would have been called to obey it as they are called to obey the Holy Prophet, peace be on him.
At page 100 of the same book it is recorded: It is related of Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, that he wrote to Shuraih, directing him to decide in accordance with the Holy Quran, and failing that, according to the practice of the Holy Prophet, and in default of that, according to his own judgment. He did not direct him to follow any dictum of Umar himself.
Nevertheless, the cases cited by those who differ with us, do not uphold their thesis. The first case cited is that of the widespread apostacy which followed upon the death of the Holy Prophet, peace be on him. It is argued that Hazrat Abu Bakr's fighting the apostates is conclusive proof that simple apostacy is punishable with death.
Our naive divines who cite this instance assume that those apostates were harmless people" whose only fault was that they did not consider themselves bound to pay the zakat to the Khalifa and had given up salat. It is imagined that they had committed no wrong beyond this and that they did not fight the Muslims, nor hurt anyone. It is supposed that they had no quarrel with the Islamic state, that indeed they were obedient to the Khalifa and supported him and were eager to live peacefully, and obediently under the authority of the Islamic state. Had that been so, then it would be doubtful whether they were apostates at all. But the case was not as our divines imagine. Those apostates had repudiated their allegiance to the Islamic state and had taken up arms against it. Those of them who continued to adhere to Islam were killed, and forces were got ready to wage war with the Islamic state. In fact, they advanced upon Medina and laid siege to it in their effort to destroy the Muslims altogether. Therefore, Abu Bakr took up the sword against them and defeated and subdued them. This lends no support to the thesis that the punishment of simple apostacy is death. If the apostates had no rebellious designs, then why is it that leading Refugees and Helpers urged Hazrat Abu Bakr that he should detain the force which was ready to march north under the command of Usamah bin Zaid, as the security of Medina was threatened by the apostates? Also, why had Usamah begged Hazrat Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, to go to Hazrat Abu Bakr and to persuade him to permit Usamah to return to Medina? The -reason given by Usamah for his request was that the force under his command contained all the leading Muslims and he had serious apprehensions that the Khalifa and the wives of the Holy Prophet and the Muslims in Medina might find their security in danger from the apostates.
Tabari has recorded: Abs and Zeeban were the tribes Who were the first to attack Medina and Hazrat Abu Bakr fought them before the return of Usamah (Tabari, V 01. IV, p.1873).
Ibn Khalladun has recorded: Abs and Zeeban were the first to attack Hazrat Abu Bakr and the others collected together at Zil Qassah (Ibn Khalladun, Vol. II, p.65).
Khamees has recorded: Kharajah bin Hasan, who was one of the apostates, advanced upon Medina with some mounted men of his tribe so as to deliver his attack unexpectedly before the Muslims emerged from Medina to oppose him. Thus he attacked Abu Bakr and those Muslims who had been left in Medina and took them unawares (Khamees, Vol.lI, p.237).
Some of the apostates sent delegations to Medina begging the Khalifa to release them from the obligation to pay the zakat and to observe salat. When Hazrat Abu Bakr rejected their request categorically, they went back to prepare their people for an attack on Medina. After they left, Hazrat Abu Bakr called the Muslims of Medina together and addressed them as follows: The whole country has reverted to disbelief. Their delegation has observed the smallness of your numbers in Medina. You do -not know whether they might attack you by night or by day. Their vanguard is only at the distance of one stage from Medina. They had desired that we should accept their proposals and make an agreement with them, but we have rejected their request. So, make ready to defend yourselves against their attack. Within three days they attacked Medina at night, having left some forces at Zil Hussay as their support (Tabari, Vol. IV, p.1875).
Thus it is clear that the apostates were the first to advance against the Muslims of Medina and they conceived that they would occupy Medina as the number of Muslims in it was small and they were weak. But God Almighty, according to His promise, supported the Khalifa and frustrated the designs of his enemies.
The apostates had not only made preparations to advance upon Medina, they had, immediately after the death of the Holy Prophet, slaughtered the sincere Muslims among them who persisted in their adherence to Islam. Ibn Khalladun has said that on receiving the intimation of the death of the Holy Prophet, peace be on him, Banu Zeeban and Abs attacked those among themselves who were Muslims and the same was done by the other tribes who had become apostates (Ibn Khalladun, Vol. II, p.66).
Tabari has said: As soon as intimation was received of the death of the Holy Prophet, peace be on him, Banu Zeeban and Abs attacked those who still adhered to Islam and slaughtered them in diverse manners and so did the other tribes around them (Tabari, Vol. IV, p.1817).
Thus it is clear that those tribes had rebelled openly against the authority of the Islamic state, they slaughtered the Muslims and were determined to wipe them out and to destroy the Islamic state and Islam itself. The advocates of the penalty of death for simple apostacy can derive no support from such instances. Their recourse to these instances shows that they can find nothing relevant in support of their thesis.
There were two considerations that held back the greater part of the apostates from advancing upon Medina. One was that Hazrat Abu Bakr and his companions had, with great courage and bravery, repelled those who had attacked Medina and this discouraged the rest. Secondly, the departure of the force under the command of Usamah for the north created an impression among the disaffected Arab tribes that the Muslims were very strong in Medina inasmuch as, despite the revolt of the tribes, they had been able to dispatch a large army to the north.
The author of Tarikhal Kamil ha$ observed: The dispatch of the army under the command of Usamah was an event which proved of the greatest benefit for the Muslims, inasmuch as the apostate tribes imagined that if the Muslims had not been in a position of great strength, they would not have dispatched the army to the north in the situation with which they were faced. Under this impression, they held back from putting their evil designs into effect {Tarikhal Kamil, V 01. II, p.139).
This also shows that all the apostate tribes had designs against Medina but they held back under the impression that the dispatch of the army under Usamah was an indication of the strong position of the Muslims in Medina. A study of the situation with which Hazrat Abu Bakr was confronted at the time makes it clear that the Arab tribes had not only repudiated Islam, but they had all rebelled against the Islamic state and they were determined to wipe out the Muslims altogether. Their design was frustrated only by the timely and courageous action of Hazrat Abu Bakr.Had he not moved quickly against the first batch of rebels, who were advancing upon Medina, the position of the apostate tribes would have grown stronger, they would have slaughtered all the Muslims in their respective localities and would then have attacked Medina. It was, therefore, necessary that the Muslims should have acted quickly to break up their ranks and to put out the fire that was spreading in all directions and spelt danger to the very existence of the Muslims. Had Hazrat Abu Bakr not used force against the apostate tribes, there would have survived no


6 Stages Every Gay Couple Should Reach In Their Relationship
Gay Dating
6 Stages Every Gay Couple Should Reach in Their Relationship
Brian Rzepczynski
Brian Rzepczynski Updated:
Discuss This! Discuss This!
Life is all about development, evolution and progression, and as we go through this maturation process, there are often typical stages we experience as we continue to grow.
For example, you will likely recall you went through certain stages and phases of identity development as you came out to yourself as a gay man and started to come to terms with your sexuality.
Here is an article about the well-known "Cass Homosexual Identity Development" model that details this process.
Well, relationships are the same way
In much the same way that as individuals we grow and develop, so do our relationships.
When you start dating someone and work toward a long-term partnership, there is a common developmental trajectory you will likely follow.
There are a variety of stage models that attempt to explain intimate relationship development, though the great majority are descriptive of heterosexual love.
While there are many similarities in the qualities and characteristics of relationships with our heterosexual counterparts, gay/lesbian relationships also have some unique differences and challenges that may not necessarily follow some of these other relationship theories.
Well, relationships are the same wayAlas, there is one such model that speaks to gay male pairings!
In 1984, David P. McWhirter and Andrew M. Mattison published "The Male Couple: How Relationships Develop."
The authors conducted a research study over the course of five years in which they interviewed 156 male couples in loving relationships lasting anywhere from one to 37 years.
Their intent was to discover how male couples function in everyday life in terms of domestics, finances, sexuality and relationship issues.
What actually emerged from the study was a groundbreaking discovery that regardless of the differences between men, their relationships pass through typical developmental stages in the same way individuals grow and develop.
McWhirter and Mattison share their research findings in this book and identify six separate developmental stages gay male couples go through that's essential for the growth and healthy maturation of their relationship.
"Each stage can become a building
block to subsequent phases."
The six stages are labeled as:
 1. "Blending" in year one
 2. "Nesting" in years two and three
 3. "Maintaining" in years four and five
 4. "Building" in years six through 10
 5. "Releasing" in years 11 through 20
 6. "Renewing" in years 20 and beyond
McWhirter and Mattison describe the various characteristics that are reminiscent of each of the stages, which also can become building blocks and bridges toward passage to subsequent phases and can identify other influences and possible crises or challenges that are common.
These oftentimes are inherent in the growing pains necessary for the development and health of the relationship and the partners within the system as well. Here is an article that details these stages.
Not every couple will mirror this model
Not every couple will mirror this model
Jesse Tyler Ferguson, of "Modern Family," with his husband, Justin Mikita.
However, this framework provides instrumental findings that not only dispel common myths and misconceptions that abound about gay relationships but also provides a valuable structure to help educate couples about the possible challenges they have, are currently or will eventually encounter.
This information could possibly help yield more positive outcomes for the maintenance of relationships through conflict that might ordinarily spell their demise due to increased awareness, preventative troubleshooting and skills-building to aid in more smooth transitions through such developmental challenges.
The stage model also provides positive normalization for gay couples and could be helpful to couples of other sexual orientations and relationship styles as well.
The anecdotal stories and case examples in the book also provide helpful supportive illustrations of points made and could be deemed inspirational and validating for couples. It's a highly educational read!
Another relationship model I like that speaks more toward heterosexual relationships, though it has some relevance and applicability to gay relationships, is the Knapp Relational Stages Model. Here is an article that describes the stages in this particular model.
How does this model resonate with you?
Want to play around with it and have some fun
This first link showcases the various stages of the model with snippets from popular movie scenes that depict all of the relationship phases.
This second link has you practice identifying the various stages as you watch snippets from the popular TV show "The Office" to add a little humor and enjoyment to this process!
What are your thoughts about relationship development stage models? What stage are you and your boyfriend/partner negotiating at this time? How can this help you navigate your relationship journey ahead?
Photo sources: nydailynews.com, chicagomag.com


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Process design artifacts have been increasingly used to guide the modeling of business processes. To support users in designing and understanding process models, different process artifacts have been combined in several ways leading to the emergence of the so-called "hybrid process artifacts". While many hybrid artifacts have been proposed in the literature, little is known about how they can actually support users in practice. To address this gap, this work investigates the way users engage with hybrid process artifacts during comprehension tasks. In particular, we focus on a hybrid representation of DCR Graphs (DCR-HR) combining a process model, textual annotations and an interactive simulation. Following a qualitative approach, we conduct a multi-granular analysis exploiting process mining, eye-tracking techniques, and verbal data analysis to scrutinize the reading patterns and the strategies adopted by users when being confronted with DCR-HR. The findings of the coarse-grained analysis provide important insights about the behavior of domain experts and IT specialists and show how user's background and task type change the use of hybrid process artifacts. As for the fine-grained analysis, user's behavior was classified into goal-directed and exploratory and different strategies of using the interactive simulation were identified. In addition, a progressive switch from an exploratory behavior to a goal-directed behavior was observed. These insights pave the way for an improved development of hybrid process artifacts and delineate several directions for future work.
In Software & Systems Modeling.


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Topics covered in e-RADS include:
Radiotherapy, both external beam, brachytherapy and unsealed source therapy
Diagnostic imaging using x-rays (both planar imaging and fluoroscopy) and nuclear medicine
Interventional radiography and cardiology
The sessions are of value to ward and theatre staff, porters and facilities, catering, domestic and mortuary staff. They are also of value to managers and patient representatives.
e-RADS provides staff with an understanding of the types of controls in place to warn of the radiation hazards, the monitoring available for some staff and the protective devices or methods used to keep doses ALARP. The differences between the risks associated with high dose therapies and lower dose diagnostic uses of radiation and the difference between radioactive substances and x-rays are all considered.
Staff are able to gain a better perspective on the magnitude of the radiation risks involved and why it can be appropriate in many cases not to be over concerned.


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Dickinson State University (DSU), located on the edge of the North Dakota Badlands, strives to be a premier university in the Upper Great Plains. DSU is also the physical home of the Theodore Roosevelt Center.
To celebrate the centennial year of Theodore Roosevelt's birth in 1958, a Theodore Roosevelt Centennial Commission was created by the United States House of Representatives. The Commission worked with the Theodore Roosevelt Association to coordinate activities to commemorate the anniversary of Roosevelt's life. In observation of the centennial, Dickinson State University, then Dickinson State Teacher's College, organized a symposium to honor Roosevelt's memory and to give recognition to the role North Dakota played in his life. The symposium theme was Responsible Citizenship, and the keynote speakers included Senator John F. Kennedy, Howard K. Beale, Hermann H. Hagedorn, Secretary of the Interior Fred A. Seaton, and Theodore Roosevelt McKeldin.
The 1958 Theodore Roosevelt Centennial Symposium collection housed at DSU was digitized and cataloged by TR Center staff and an intern working on-site. The collection includes manuscripts, letters, pictures, newspaper articles, magazine clippings, comics, mementos, speeches and books about the image, life and legacy of Theodore Roosevelt. Highlights in the collection are a copy of a handwritten autobiography and other manuscripts authored by Theodore Roosevelt. Some of the latter are titled "The Home Ranch," "Frontier Types," "Sheriff's Work on a Ranch," and "The Ranchman's Rifle on the Crag and Prairie." The collection includes extensive documentation on the Theodore Roosevelt Centennial Symposium hosted by Dickinson State Teacher's College along with photographs and articles about Roosevelt and his life.
For full details on the 1958 Theodore Roosevelt Centennial Symposium collection, please see the Finding Aid.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Acacia Communications recently announced the first 400G single carrier DWDM transmission on the 6,600 km Marea submarine cable between Virginia Beach, Virginia and Bilbao, Spain. The field demonstration was conducted by Acacia in collaboration with Microsoft and Facebook, and helped to demonstrate that improvements in capacity and spectral efficiency can enable increased utilization of deployed fiber and improved network capacity. The 400G single carrier transmission was achieved with baud rate of around 70Gbaud using Acacia's AC1200 module.
The growth of cloud and internet services are driving the need for increasing subsea network capacity. Meeting these demands requires advanced coherent transmission systems that support higher data rates that weren't possible in prior transatlantic systems. The Marea submarine cable, a joint project between Microsoft, Facebook, and global telecommunications infrastructure company Telxius, features an "open" design that allows it to evolve with technology and enables adoption of new technologies, such as the Acacia AC1200 coherent module.
The field demonstration was performed with Acacia's AC1200 coherent module, which is powered by its Pico digital signal processor. Acacia's AC1200 supports a combination of high baud rate, flexible modulation formats and enhanced performance features that enable improvements in capacity and reach. Utilizing Acacia's patented Fractional QAM modulation, the field demonstration achieved 400G transmission using approximately 4 bits/symbol, with a baud rate of nearly 70Gbaud. Additionally, modulation formats greater than 4 bits/symbol were utilized to achieve a spectral efficiency of 6.41 bits per second per Hz (b/s/Hz) on the same 6,600 km cable.
Earlier in October, Infinera had a trial with Telxius to use Infinera's fourth-generation Infinite Capacity Engine (ICE4) advanced coherent technology, transmitting 26.2Tbps capacity over a fiber pair across the 6644km MAREA cable, achieving a spectral efficiency of 6.21 bits per second per (b/s/Hz) over the 6644 km trans-atlantic cable, and upgrading system capacity of MAREA to more than 200Tbps over 8 fiber pairs.
Using 400G technology, it won't significantly upgrade the total capacity of MAREA cable system further than above 200Tbps at this moment. And there is no announcement of the achievement on capacity per fiber pair from the stakeholders. But it demonstrates further the success of MAREA's OPEN Cable strucutre.
The MAREA cable system is supplied by SubCom and equipped with SubCom's SLTE when it was ready for service. The trials by Infinera and Acacia demonstrate that SLTEs from multiple suppliers can work well in this OPEN cable system.


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Should there be a right to a radio aid?Published Date: 08 Oct 2018
Everyday life can be busy and noisy with family gatherings, trips out to playgrounds and activity centres and frequent journeys in the car and the buggy. Having two children myself I know how loud we all can be particularly when my six siblings and their children come round. In fact recent research indicates that young children can spend up to 25% of their day in noisy environments. So knowing what we know about how important it is for young children to hear spoken language in order to develop good communication and language and how babies have to learn how to be good listeners, why can't all deaf pre-school children be considered for a radio aid at the same time as they are fitted for a hearing aid?
We think every family should have the right to try a radio aid, from an early age, so they can see if it would work well for them. Our research shows that it can have big benefits. If you would like to try one, you can talk to your audiologist and Teacher of the Deaf about radio aids. As soon as your child has hearing aids or a cochlear implant, discuss options with your Teacher of the Deaf about trying out a radio aid at home. It may take some getting used to and you don't need to use it all the time, but when you think about the times your child is in a noisy place or behind you in the car, it will be then that your child could really benefit from hearing your voice clearly.
So here are some things you may want to consider when using a radio aid with a baby or toddler.
- Think about the best time to use the radio aid for you and your child, it may be in the car, when you are sharing a book with a sibling, or playing with your child at toddler group. Take a look at this short video to see how a family used a radio aid to help communication.
- All the family can use the radio aid, so pass it around when another family member is interacting with your child
- Radio aids use up battery power so you will need to change the batteries in your child's hearing aids more frequently
- Place the microphone carefully. About 15cm from your mouth is best and avoid wearing anything that will knock against it as the sound will travel straight into your child's ears.
- Don't forget to use the mute button, there are some conversations your child doesn't need to hear.
Unfortunately, radio aids are not always available for use in the home or for pre-school deaf children. We're campaigning for them to be more widely available – local authorities will need to ensure that services have the resources to fund, maintain and monitor the equipment.
Remember the best communication happens in a quiet environment, when you are close to you child, they can see your face and you are sharing experiences, but when this isn't possible consider trying a radio aid. If you'd like more information about radio aids, take a look at our website.


Frequently Asked Questions
Why was Sitefinder set up?
Establishing a national database of base stations was a recommendation from the Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones (IEGMP) - also known as the Stewart Group because it was chaired by Sir William Stewart. This expert group was commissioned by the Minister for Public Health in April 1999 to investigated possible hazards posed by mobile phone technology including base stations.
In response to the IEGMP recommendation the Government asked the Radiocommunications Agency (now Ofcom) to set up and manage a national database giving details of all mobile phone base stations and their emissions.
The Governments response to the IEGMP report can be found
Sitefinder was developed in co-operation with the mobile phone operating companies.
Following its creation Ofcom inherited the duties of the Radiocommunications Agency and continued to manage Sitefinder on behalf of Government.
I can't see any base stations on the Sitefinder maps
The base stations will appear as blue pins when the map is zoomed in.
Is Sitefinder compulsory?
Sitefinder was set up by the Government with the voluntary cooperation of the operators. To impose a compulsory scheme would require a legal basis for collecting network data. The process to implement that, for example through a licence variation, would require considerable consultation and legal work to be undertaken.
Can I have a copy of the Sitefinder Database?
The last Sitefinder update was done in May 2012, although some operators ceased providing updates some years before then. The dataset is available . Ofcom cannot accept liability for any inaccuracies or omissions in the data provided within Sitefinder.
How up to date is Sitefinder?
The last update in May 2012 is based on the following datasets received by Ofcom: O2 (May 2012), Network Rail (April 2012), Hutchison (February 2012), Vodafone (October 2011), Airwave (February 2010), Orange (February 2010) and T-Mobile (August 2005).
What is a base station?
Typically a base station will consist of an equipment cabinet, an antenna that sends and receives radio waves to and from mobile phones and a structure that supports the antenna. The radio waves can carry speech, data, music, pictures etc.
Each base station provides coverage for a given area. Base stations can be a few hundred metres apart in major cities or several kilometres apart in rural areas. The transmitting power of any particular base station is variable and depends on several factors, including the number of calls and the distance between the base station and the mobile phones making the calls.
A base station is not necessarily associated with a mast. A mast is a free-standing structure that supports the antennas. A base station might equally consist of an equipment cabin and an unobtrusive antenna attached to a building or other structure.
What if a base station is not shown on the maps?
The last Sitefinder update was done by Ofcom in May 2012, which was based on the most recent datasets received from participating operators: see How up to date is Sitefinder? above. Some operators have also ceased providing updates altogether, as a result of the Information Commissioners decision of 2007 ordering that Ofcom should release the Sitefinder database. For those reasons in particular, base stations may not be shown because the underlying datasets are out-of-date or otherwise contain inaccuracies or omissions, particularly when compared with current network deployment. Also, Ofcom makes no corrections to the data supplied by the operators. Therefore, Ofcom cannot accept liability for any errors, inaccuracies or omissions.
It is also possible that the station in question is used instead by one of the other types of radio user. These include radio and television broadcasters, utility companies, the emergency services, taxi companies, government services, aeronautical radio, and the paging industry.
What is the audit of base station emissions?
Ofcom has carried out measurements of emission levels around mobile phone base stations which indicate that, even in the vicinity of cellular masts, levels are consistently found to be very significantly below (by two orders of magnitude at the very least) the safety levels for exposure published by the UK Health Protection Agency. Ofcoms remit is restricted to carrying out sample measurements of emission levels so as to allow those with an interest to assess compliance with the ICNIRP guidance.
Ofcom is able to survey sites if requested to do so. For more information please see:


Enrique MOLINS-BALLESTE
Ref 07005 - French Art Deco "Young Lady with Fawn" Sculpture by Enrique MOLINS-BALLESTE 1925
Enrique (Henri) Molins-Balleste was born in Barcelona, a Spanish artist who later moved to Paris.
It would appear that Molins and Balleste are one and the same artist and he would use either Molins or Balleste to sign his pieces. Some same figures are signed Molins whilst the other is signed Balleste. Often signed his name as BAL.
Famous for his theatrical and genre groups and figural lighting. Also made many sculptures using wood as the medium.


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Date Listed: 8 October 1981
English Heritage Building ID: 135957
OS Grid Reference: SU4191312412
OS Grid Coordinates: 441913, 112412
Latitude/Longitude: 50.9097, -1.4052
Location: Above Bar Street, Southampton SO15 2BG
Incorrect location/postcode? Submit a correction!
983/1/260 WATTS PARK
Also Known As: CENOTAPH, WEST PARK
A cenotaph of Portland stone designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens (_PHONE_), erected in Watts (West) Park in 1919, in memory of Southampton's World War I Fallen.
The cenotaph is in the form of a five-tier tapering stone pylon to a platform topped with a stone sarcophagus, on which is draped a recumbent effigy of a dead soldier. Flanking it to the west is a stone of remembrance and to the north and south flush with the eastern face, two shorter single-tier pillars surmounted by fir cones (symbols of eternity); the latter being joined to the pylon by a seat and a wall.
The pedestal of the cenotaph has recessed panels on the north and south, where the 1793 names of the fallen are inscribed. The supplemental roll of honour added in 1921 (203 names) and 1922 (one name) is inscribed at the shoulder of the pylon, below the recessed panels that contain the original list. In addition to the names of the fallen, the simple phrase 'Our Glorious Dead' is inscribed on the lower tier of the eastern (front) face of the central pylon and 'Their name liveth for evermore' into the west face of the stone of remembrance.
The central pylon contains a wealth of sculptural depictions; the eastern (front) face of the central pylon has a cross of sacrifice; the eastern and western faces, of the third tier bear the coat-of-arms of Southampton; lions are mounted on the north and south shoulders of the fourth tier; and on the fifth tier, just below the sarcophagus, are the sculptured wreaths enclosing the emblems of the army, navy, merchant marine and air forces.
The entirety of the monument is mounted on a platform of five stone steps, with the stone of remembrance raised on a further two steps.
Shortly after the World War I armistice a public meeting was held in Southampton and a resolution was passed that 'this meeting resolves to provide in Southampton a memorial to perpetuate the memory of those who had fallen in the Great War'. A committee was formed, to which the Lord Mayor, Alderman Sidney G Kimber, was elected both Chairman and Honorary Treasurer, and decided that 'the people of Southampton would like to point to some really fine outstanding memorial in the best position of the town, always to remind them of the sacrifices made for them and others'. One of its members, a local architect, Alfred Gutteridge, recommended Sir Edwin Lutyens (_PHONE_) as a potential designer and, on 22nd January 1919, the architect met Kimber, Gutteridge and others to discuss the matter.
Lutyens' designs were much sought after; his knighthood in the New Year honours in 1918 was partly, in addition to his work in New Delhi, as a result of his unpaid advice to the Imperial War Graves Commission (now the Commonwealth War Graves Commission). He was one of the three principal architects appointed by the Commission, being justly acclaimed for the prodigious output of more than 50 war memorials projects.
Lutyens rejected the initial site (on Asylum Green) that his clients had chosen and suggested Watts (West) Park instead. However, his first design for a War Stone flanked by a pair of arches, at the east and west entrances to Watts Park, each topped by a recumbent figure resting on a pier was rejected by the committee because of its perceived cost (the architect had been given a budget of £10,000). In its place, Lutyens retained the upper part of the arch that contained the figure, but set it on a tall modelled pillar. He kept the War Stone and, in nod to his proposal for the temporary war shrine, he included two smaller columns topped by pine cones.
The new design was approved at a public meeting on 12th September 1919 and, with drawings that could now be shown to the public, fundraising began. Tenders were invited for the building work and, on 16th December 1919, a bid of £8,500 was accepted from Messrs Holloway Bros of Westminster. Building work commenced and the memorial was completed for its unveiling on 6th November 1920 by Major General JEB ('Galloping Jack') Seely, Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire, whilst the Bishop of Winchester, the Right Reverend Edward Stuart, undertook the dedication. The unveiling, at which Lutyens was present, was a two-stage affair, which Seely began by pulling a cord that allowed a light canvas-covered structure that encased the memorial to fall away. He then addressed the crowd and released the Union Flag that covered the figure atop the memorial. The ceremony concluded with the Last Post, two minutes' silence, the Lord's Prayer and the national Anthem, before Kimber, on behalf of the subscribers, formally handed over the memorial to the Council. It was described in the pamphlet produced for the dedication ceremony as 'The Great War Stone of Remembrance, a monolith, an altar in form, identical to those which lie in each of our War Cemeteries throughout the War area, with the words chosen by Mr. Rudyard Kipling - "Their name liveth for evermore" - cut on its west face. Behind this stone, on a plinth, standing on a platform of steps, rises a great pylon'.
The pamphlet for the dedication ceremony claimed there to be 1,800 names of the men of Southampton who died in the war, however, there were actually 1,793 and included a number of women who had worked in the Merchant Navy or with the Queen Mary's Army Auxiliary Corps. A total of £9,485-17-3 had been raised which, after the deduction of costs, left a balance of £101-18-11 that was donated to the Hampshire County and Isle of Wight War Memorial Fund.
In the months following the dedication a number of families came forward asking that their loved ones also be included, but their requests were initially refused, being told that is was not possible to add any further names. Mrs Hayball, the mother of an unlisted fallen soldier, then contacted Norton Catchpole, Secretary of the Hants Division of the 'Comrades of the Great War', who took up the case and advertised in the Echo for more families to come forward. By 26th April 1921 Catchpole had a list of a further 148 names, which he sent to Kimber who headed the War Memorial Committee. As a result of Catchpole's letters in the 'Echo' he had contacted by PF Morant, of Morant Bros stonemasons, Southampton. Morant offered to cut the extra names free of charge, on the understanding that it would be done anonymously. He did not want a 'cheap advertisement' and wrote to Catchpole that 'I am offering to do this as I am an ex-service man myself and thankful my own name hasn't to go on there'. Despite this offer, when the decision was taken to add the missing names, by then standing at 203, Garret and Haysom were commissioned. Their invoice for £26-16-0 showing that the work was completed by 15th November 1921. This was not quite the final act and, in February 1922, Garret and Haysom were hired again to add the 1,997th and final name, William Henry Thomas Deem. The addition of names of the fallen from World War II was proposed in 1995, but was not undertaken.
Boorman, Derek, 1988. At the Going Down of the Sun: British First World War Memorials. William session Ltd: York
Corke, Jim, 2005. War Memorials in Britain. Shire Publications Ltd: Princes Risborough
Everill, Paul, 2008. The Southampton Cenotaph 'Roll of Honour'. Unpublished report by Southampton City Council Archaeology Unit. February 2008
Skelton, Tim & Gliddon Gerald, 2008. Lutyens and the Great War. Frances Lincoln Ltd: London
REASONS FOR DESIGNATION
The cenotaph in Watts Park is Southampton listed at Grade II* for the following principal reasons:
* the design is notable for the wealth of carved decoration in comparison to the austerity of cenotaphs that were to follow;
* as a memorial which contains approximately 2000 names, Southampton cenotaph has great significance in illustrating the experience and sacrifice of one British city in World War I.
* it was the first, more elaborate design of a template, by Sir Edwin Lutyens in England, which was to be adopted across the nation for its war memorials, including the Whitehall cenotaph (Grade I), which is the national focus for Remembrance Day services every Armistice Day.
Source: English Heritage
Listed building text is © Crown Copyright. Reproduced under licence.


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SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
Employment is an important contributor to overall wellbeing and quality of life. Employment-related income is a key determinant of the capacity of individuals and households to meet the needs of daily life and employment itself is a means by which individuals may learn and apply new skills, gain access to social networks and develop a sense of self worth (ABS, 2004d).
Across all regions of Australia women contribute substantially to their local economies through their participation in the labour force. The nature and extent of this contribution has changed considerably over the last few decades as a result of various economic and social changes. For example, since the early 1970s laws have been changed to remove marriage bars from employment (e.g. in the Australian Public Service), equal pay rights have been granted and the Sex Discrimination Act has been widely promulgated. Structural changes in the economy, particularly the growth of service industries (increasing the availability of casual and part-time work), flexible working arrangements and increased access to child-care have allowed more women to enter the workforce or to combine work with family responsibilities (ABS, 2003b). In addition, Australian families have become more reliant on dual incomes for their economic wellbeing (ABS, 2003a).
Women residing in rural and regional Australia may face additional employment challenges to those faced by women in urban areas. Employment opportunities for women in these areas may not be as frequent or varied as a result of smaller and less diverse local economies.
This publication explores differences in women's employment across urban and rural areas of Australia and highlights some of the characteristics of women as they relate to the labour force, including full-time and part-time employment, age, industry of employment and post-school qualifications. The data are drawn mainly from the 2001 Census of Population and Housing and represent a snapshot of employed women aged 15-64 years at that point in time. Some comparisons are made with results from earlier Censuses.
The geographical areas used in this analysis have been derived from the 'Section of State' (SOS) Structure contained in the Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC), Volume 1, 2001 (cat. no. 1216.0). The Section of State structure divides Australia into various types of urban and rural areas, on the basis of population size.
For the purposes of this report, the following categories have been used to compare women's employment patterns in urban and rural areas. The data for these geographic categories are based on where people were located on Census night (i.e. place of enumeration), which may not necessarily correspond to where they usually live (i.e. place of usual residence).
While this paper focuses on these four broad geographic categories, it is important to note that employment patterns may vary widely between towns or regions within the same category, depending on local economic and labour market conditions. For example, while the unemployment rate for women in Medium townships may be relatively high overall, individual towns in this category will have relatively low rates of unemployment, while others will have relatively high rates. The impact of local conditions should therefore be accounted for when making assumptions, based on this publication, about individual towns.
- Major urban - urban centres with a population exceeding 100,000 persons (Major urban in the SOS Structure),
- Medium townships-towns and urban centres with a population in the range of 20,000 to 99,999 persons (part of Other urban in the SOS Structure),
- Small townships - towns and urban centres with a population in the range of 1,000 to 19,999 persons (part of Other urban in the SOS Structure), and
- Rural areas - the remainder of Australia which includes towns with a population in the range 200 to 999 persons (Bounded localities in the SOS Structure) and all other rural areas including towns with a population less than 200 persons (Rural balance in the SOS Structure).
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
Based on results from the 2001 Census:-
- Women in Major urban areas are more likely to have higher educational qualifications, have the highest labour force participation rate, are least likely to be self-employed, and are less likely to be working part-time.
- Women in Rural areas are least likely to be unemployed, and most likely to be self-employed, with almost half working in agriculture.
- In 2001, the labour force participation rate for women aged 15-64 years in Australia was 65.3%, compared to 80.4% for men. Small townships had the lowest labour force participation rate for women (61.1%), compared with 66.6% in Major urban centres.
- Between 1991 and 2001 female labour force participation rates increased in each of the four broad geographical regions defined in this report.
- The unemployment rate for women aged 15-64 years across Australia was 6.7% in 2001, which was 1.4 percentage points lower than the rate for men similarly aged (8.1%). Highest rates of female unemployment were observed in Medium townships (8.2%) and Small townships (7.8%), compared to 5.8% in Rural areas.
- Small townships had the highest proportion of part-time employed women (54.3%) compared with 51.9% in Rural areas and 46.5% in Major urban centres.
- In each of the four areas defined in this report, Retail trade and Health and community services were the main industries in which women aged 15-64 years worked.
- The proportion of self-employed women in Rural areas (25.3%) in 2001 was more than double the proportion in Major urban centres (10.2%).
- One quarter of employed women aged 15-64 years in Major urban centres had a University degree compared with around 17% for both Medium townships and Rural areas and 15.7% in Small townships.
This page last updated 8 December 2006


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Using an 8 1/2 x 11 piece of paper, we drew the line for the ground about 3/4 of the way down the paper. We then turned our gray pastel stick on its side to skumble in the sky. Blending or 'fisting in' makes the sky overcast and will make the colors of the tree stand out.
Now for some color! Take your orange pastel stick and skumble some leaves onto your branches. Not many, because, like our backyard tree, most have fallen off. Be sure to add your orange lightly so that the branches show well.
- Print this lesson: Just click the green, 'print-friendly' button at the top, left of this post. You can choose to print the lesson with or without photos. By clicking the 'remove photos' box, you may print the text directions only.
- A note on chalk pastels: Pastels are an easy, forgiving medium. Fun for children and adults alike! Details on the pastels and paper we use, how and where to purchase, and links to all of Nana's other pastel lessons are all contained in the post Pastels plus links to tutorials. A simple set is very affordable. Nana also teaches acrylic lessons.
- The practical aspects of a mess: Pastels are blessedly messy. We always have baby wipes close by to wipe hands. We wear something we don't mind getting stained or don a smock.
- Subscribe to Hodgepodge so you won't miss a free art lesson!


Triangle of reference
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The triangle of reference (also known as the triangle of meaning[1] and the semiotic triangle) is a model of how linguistic symbols are related to the objects they represent. The triangle was published in The Meaning of Meaning (1923) by Ogden and Richards.[2] While often referred to as the "Ogden/Richards triangle" the idea is also expressed in 1810, by Bernard Bolzano, in his Beiträge zu einer begründeteren Darstellung der Mathematik. However, the triangle can be traced back to the 4th century BC, in Aristotle's Peri Hermeneias (often referred to in its Latin translation De Interpretatione, second book of his Organon). The Triangle relates to the problem of universals, a philosophical debate which split ancient and medieval philosophers (mainly realists and nominalists).
The triangle describes a simplified form of relationship between the speaker as subject, a concept as object or referent, and its designation (sign, signans). For more elaborated research see Semiotics.
Ogden semiotic triangle.png
Interlocutory applications[edit]
Other triangles[edit]
The relations between the triangular corners may be phrased more precisely in causal terms as follows[citation needed][original research?]:
 1. The matter evokes the writer's thought.
 2. The writer refers the matter to the symbol.
 3. The symbol evokes the reader's thought.
 4. The reader refers the symbol back to the matter.
The communicative stand[edit]
Such a triangle represents ONE person, whereas communication takes place between TWO (objects, not necessarily persons). So imagine another triangle and consider that for the two to understand each other, the content that the "triangles" represent must fit or be aligned. Clearly, this calls for synchronisation and an interface as well as scale among other things. Notice also, that we perceive the world mostly through our eyes and in alternative phases of seeing and not seeing with change in the environment as the most important information to look for. Our eyes are lenses and we see a surface (2D) in ONE direction (focusing) if we are stationary and the object is not moving either. This is why you may position yourself in one corner of the triangle and by replicating (mirroring) it, you will be able to see the whole picture, your cognitive epistemological and the ontological existential or physical model of life, the universe, existence, etc. combined.[citation needed][original research?]
Direction of fit[edit]
Main article: Direction of fit
John Searle used the notion of "direction of fit" to create a taxonomy of illocutionary acts. [3] [4]
World or
or Word
 Writer's THOUGHT retrieves SYMBOL suited to REFERENT, Word suited to World.
 Reader's THOUGHT retrieves REFERENT suited to SYMBOL, World suited to Word.
Actually the arrows indicate that there is something exchanged between the two parties and it is a feedback cycle. Especially, if you imagine that the world is represented in both persons' mind and used for reality check. If you look at the triangle above again, then remember that reality check is not what is indicated there between the sign and the referent and marked as "true', because a term or a sign is allocated "arbitrarily'. What you check for is the observance of the law of identity which requires you and your partner to sort out that you are talking about the same thing. So the chunk of reality and the term are replaceable/interchangeable within limits and your concepts in the mind as presented in some appropriate way are all related and mean the same thing. Usually the check does not stop there, your ideas must also be tested for feasibility and doability to make sure that they are "real" and not "phantasy". Reality check comes from consolidating your experience with other people's experience to avoid solipsism and/or by putting your ideas (projection) in practice (production) and see the reaction. Notice, however how vague the verbs used and how the concept of a fit itself is left unexplained in details.[editorializing]
See also[edit]
 1. ^ Colin Cherry (1957) On Human Communication
 2. ^ C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards (1923) The Meaning of Meaning
 3. ^ John Searle (1975) "A Taxonomy of Illocutionary Acts", in: Gunderson, K. (ed.), Language, Mind, and Knowledge (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press) pp. 344-369.
 4. ^ John Searle (1976) "A Classification of Illocutionary Acts", Language in Society, Vol.5, pp. 1-24.
External links[edit]


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Alternanthera sessilis is a weed that inhabits many areas of the world. It is a pest of sugarcane, a weed of rice in tropical areas, and an agricultural weed that. Alternanthera sessilis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species e. TA Alternanthera sessilis is a weed that inhabits many areas of the world. It occupies moist areas and can be found from sea level to over m.
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India Biodiversity Portal
Distribution Table Top of page Sessipis distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. Prospects for Biological Control. Seeds are dispersed by wind and water and stem fragments can be carried considerable distances by floodwater—downstream and out over floodplains.
A textual diagnostic description of the species that is not necessarily structured. Related observations Show all. Alternanthera triandaLam. An indication of whether a population is stable, or increasing or decreasing. It is true that they are plant ed in undesirable places sometimes but can also provide beneficial uses. Good descriptions of the plants with terse notes on their uses. Alternanthera tenuissimaSuess. This article shows how Alternanthera philoxeroides and Alternanthera sessilis have different water needs and will often be found in different areas and in different size populations according to water availability.
National Assessments, Alternanthera sessilis Summary: Molecular phylogenetics of Alternanthera Gomphrenoideae, Amaranthaceae: Pancho and Soerjani, ; Holm et al. Informations on Alternanthera sessilis has been recorded for the following locations. The plant grows wild, but is also cultivated for food, herbal medicines, as an ornamental plant red variety, as a hedging plantin the aquarium trade though it only grows submersed for short periodsand as poultry feed.
While it is typically found growing on disturbed parts of a variety of wetland habitats, including in water up to 1 m deep Gupta,the plant is adapted to both hydric and xeric conditions Datta and Biswas, Describes biorhythms – those states or conditions characterised by regular repetition in time, whether on the scale of seconds, hours, days, or seasons. University of the West Indies.
Encyclopedia of Life EOL. Uses Top of page A.
On careful observation you will notice that flowers of Alternanthera sessilis are situated over the stem and their shape is round. Weed Science Society of the Philippines Inc. Invasive alien species in southern Africa: Bracts are ovate, concave, 0. International Rice Research Institute. An online database that provides taxonomic information, common names, synonyms and geographical jurisdiction of a species.
Zettler and Freeman in their discussion on the biocontrol of aquatic plants, state that in India, Alternanthera sessilis a near relative of alligatorweed, is affected by the fungial species Corticium solaniColletotrichum capsiciGlomerella cingulataPhoma spp.
Adventitious and post-cultural vegetation of Kisangani and the Tshopo Upper Zaire. Retrieved from " https: It is reported as native to some of the Pacific Ocean island groups and as introduced to others Gupta, Risk and Impact Factors Top of page Invasiveness Proved invasive outside its native range Has a broad native range Abundant in its native range Highly adaptable to different environments Is a habitat generalist Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc Pioneering in disturbed areas Highly mobile locally Benefits from human association i.
They are light sensitive and the average number of seeds per plant is ca Natural History Natural History Cyclicity. Found along the banks of fresh water streams, canals and ponds from plains to m. Food, Feed or Medicine: Contol and spread of Alligator Weed Alternanthera philoxeroides Mart. The main threat is competition from invasive species sessilks as A.
Alternanthera sessilis – Sessile Joyweed
The food preferences of translocated Rhinos in Manas National Park were studied to find out variati Domin Alternanthera nanaR. In North America it has been recorded flowering during summer or early autumn Holm et al.
Juice of the plant alternathera an ingredient in medicinal hair oils Gupta, The bract are shiny white under the flower's sessile spikes. Brown Alternanthera glabra Alternanthera nodiflora R. Vietnamese traditional medicine also holds an alternanfhera position within the health care system and many of the plants that are used have both dietary and medicinal functions.
This paper gives a detailed description of invasive species throughout southern Africa. Flora of the Marquesas. Factors leading to agro-biodiversity loss in developing countries: A total of species belo Message The user has shared this species from India Biodiversity Portal with you.
During August-October, Alternanthera sessilis produces many utricles that spread with wind and water. Plains from the coast to m.


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Author:Susan Dabney Smedes
|←Author Index: Sm||Susan Dabney Smedes
- Memorials of a Southern Planter (transcription project)
- "A Southern Planter's Ideals of Honor" in Southern Life in Southern Literature (reprinted from Memorials of a Southern Planter, Chapter XX, The Crown of Poverty)
- A Southern Planter's Ideals of Honor (Chapter XX-The Crown of Poverty)
Works by this author published before January 1, 1923 are in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago. Translations or editions published later may be copyrighted. Posthumous works may be copyrighted based on how long they have been published in certain countries and areas.


_t tosys, /* destination system */
 touser, /* destination user */
 fromsys, /* originating system */
 fromuser, /* originating user */
 main_type, /* main message type */
 minor_type, /* minor message type */
 list_len; /* # of entries in system list */
 uint32_t daten, /* date/time sent */
 length; /* # of bytes of msg after header */
 uint16_t method; /* method of compression */
Each header is 24 bytes long. The fields, in detail, are:
tosys, touser
The destination of this message (system number and user number, if applicable). The touser field will be zero in all cases except for email (main_type==2) and SSMs (main_type==15).
fromsys, fromuser
The origin of the message (system number and user number). This contains the user number/system number combination of who actually wrote the message.
main_type, minor_type
The type of message this is. The main type stores the actual type (email, post), and the minor_type is used to specify what sub-type it is. For example, the main_type for a post is 3. The minor_type is then used to specify what type of post it is, what subboard the post is to go on to. A list of main and minor types is found in section IV(D), below.
The time the message was sent, stored in unix time, as the number of seconds since Jan 1, 1970.
The length of the message. This includes any information between the packet header and the message itself, such as the sender's name, message title, and so forth. Note that the length does not include the node list indicated by list_len.
If the file is encrypted or source-verified, this describes the type of encryption used. This will tell NETWORK2 (or other local mail tosser) which DEmmm.EXE to execute. DEmmm.EXE is explained in more detail in the next section, below.
Some messages need to go to more than one system. For example, networked posts may go to over 20 different systems. It makes no sense to have a separate copy of the message for each destination system, so the same copy of the header and message is used. (This is referred to as "stacking" the message). The list_len specifies the number of destination systems listed. If list_len is non-zero, then the touser and tosys fields are ignored. The list_len is not used for e-mail to a user (main_type is 2 or 7).
When a message has only one destination system, the destina tion system is stored in tosys, and list_len is zero. If there are two or more destinations, then tosys is 0, and list_len holds the number of destination systems.
When list_len is non-zero, the list of destination systems is stored immediately after the header, but before the actual message itself. The length of the list is not included in the length field in the header; the length stored in the header is the length of the message only.
Each entry in the destination system list is two bytes long, and is stored in the little-endian format (x86 default format).
For example, if a post is destined to system 1, the tosys field will be 1, and list_len will be 0. If the post is destined to systems 1 and 2, tosys will be 0, list_len will be 2, and there will be 4 bytes between the header and message. The bytes will be: 01 00 02 00 (remember, byte-reversed format). The rest of the header will be the same for both messages.
A packet thus consists of a net header, a destination list (if any), and the text of the message. The length of a full message packet is thus: 24 + 2*list_len + msg_length.
The message text (the part following the header) for a post or email begins with information intended for the message header shown when the message is displayed. Each piece of information is followed by a carriage return and line feed (cr/lf) character to separate it from the next except for the message title, which is followed by a NUL character. For most posts and email, that information is:
Message Title
Whatever title the user gave to the post.
Sender name
usually the name and number of the user who wrote the message with the system number, in whatever format the sending BBS uses.
Date string
Formatted date the post was written, in whatever format the BBS uses.
So the message header format for most posts and email would be TITLESENDER_NAMEDATE_STRINGMESSAGE_TEXT.
Some main_types have other information, as noted in the main_type descriptions in section IV(D).
B. Mail File Processing
A NETXX file is simply several packets appended into one file.
Once it has been received the mail file should be processed following these steps:
 1. Open the file, and set the current message pointer to the beginning of the file.
 2. Read in the net header (24 bytes).
 3. If list_len is non-zero, read in the list following the header (2 * list_len bytes).
 4. Read in the message itself (length bytes).
 5. Process the message.
 6. If not the end of file, go to step 2.
To ensure the integrity of the mail file, an initial pass over it should be done. This pass would step through each packet in the file, reading each header and making sure no packets are truncated. If the file ends in the middle of a packet, then it is obviously corrupted and cannot be processed properly. At this point, either throw away the whole file or remove the truncated packet and process the remaining packets.
During the packet tossing, each packet needs to be marked as processed. Thus, if analysis is interrupted before completion, the packet analyzer can skip over those packets already processed when run again. To mark the packet as already processed (or deleted), set the main_type to 65535. Any packet with a main_type of 65535 should therefore not be processed.
The analyzer should follow these steps when processing each packet:
 1. If main_type is 65535 (deleted), skip the message.
 2. If list_len is non-zero, do steps 3-6 for each entry in the list, substituting that entry for "tosys"
 3. If tosys is this system, process the file locally (in the case of network1, the message is copied to LOCAL.NET for processing by the local packet processor).
 4. If tosys is an unknown system or unreachable, put the packet in the dead mail file.
 5. If the next system to forward the packet to ("next hop") is the system that the message was last received from, put the packet in the dead mail file. This prevents messages from looping
 6. If the tosys is okay, put the packet into the file that is to be sent to the next hop.
Of course, it is more complicated than that. If list_len is non-zero, all destination systems should be processed before the message is stored anywhere. This way, if the message has 10 destinations, each of which has the same next hop, only one copy of the message will be printed out, that packet with 10 systems in its destination list. Likewise, for a system with more than one connection, if a message has 4 destination systems going through one next hop and 3 going through another, one copy of the message will go into each hop's file -- one with four systems in the node list, the other with the remaining three.
The dead mail file is reprocessed whenever a network update (new BBSlist or connection list) is received.
C. Local Mail Processing and DEmmm.EXE
Processing of local mail packets should be similar to processing of incoming netmail packets. The main difference between netmail tossing and local mail tossing is that the main and minor types are ignored during netmail processing, and the list_len and node list are ignored (since there won't be a list on local mail).
 2. Read in the net header (24 bytes).
 3. Read in the message itself (length bytes).
 4. Process the message. This is done according to the main_type and (if applicable) minor_type of the message.
 5. If not the end of file, go to step 2.
A few main_types (noted below) cause return messages to be generated to go back out to other systems. The local mail file analyzer should place these into an interim mail file that will be processed by the netmail file analyzer after local mail processing has been completed. The NETXX local mail analyzer (network2) puts these messages into P1.001 or P2.001. Then network1 analyzes this file and places them into outgoing netmail files for the system's connections.
Some types of messages that contain network related files such as updates to the nodelists and connect lists and email to all sysops from the NC. For the sake of network security, these messages have a source-verification signature at the beginning (using, for example, RSA or a similar algorithm). There are several "methods" used to handle these messages, and each requires a decryption program, or DEmmm.EXE (where "mmm" is the encryption method, as


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Solar panels can generate significant amounts of electricity for example on March 25th our 4kW panels generated 22.4 kWh over the course of the day as shown.
ImmerSUN 25-03-2016
This generation typically substantially exceeds the load being drawn by the house leading to export of electricity to the grid – 12.3 kWh in this example or more than half the generated energy.
Moving loads such as the washing machine or dishwasher from night to day can help use this electricity, but done to excess risks increasing day time electricity import if changing cloud cover or other factors reduces generated power. The varying power demand from such devices is also unlikely to coincide the the surplus power available leaving some unused surplus. I was thus pleased to come across the ImmerSUN system.
The ImmerSUN is a device which diverts surplus power to a range of possible consumers such as an immersion heater. It has a current sensor that measures any surplus power being exported and then diverts a similar amount of power into the immersion heater. Normally of course an immersion heater is either on or off, but the ImmerSUN provides proportionate control between 0 and 100%. It can control several devices diverting power to a lower priority device once, for example, a higher priority immersion heater has raised the water temperature to the set point and power for that purpose is no longer required. In the top illustration the blue bars show 4.7kWh being diverted into water heating (and thus reducing my gas bill) that otherwise would have been lost to export.
For further details see ImmerSUN website.
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 Regrettably 4eco Ltd (makers of the immerSUN) went into creditors' voluntary liquidation on 15 July 2016. At the time of writing the remote monitoring system still works (although one might wonder for how long this will remain true) but the immerSUN itself is no longer being made. Unfortunately the immerSUN seems uniquely suitable for my charger control project since it provides both immersion heater control and a export-based switched output. The latter switched output can be prioritised to drive the charger.
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