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Questions often get edited after you answer them. Some edits are insignificant, but there are edits that change the question significantly enough to warrant a change of the answer.
It would be nice to get notifications of edits that could potentially change the relevance of your answer. This would give you an opportunity to improve your answer in response to an edit.
However, there is a clear danger of "false positives" here: too many notifications reduce the chance of spotting the relevant ones. That's why I think that notifications should be added only when
 1. The edit to the question is done by the author of the original question1,
 2. The edit resulted in creation of a revision, and
 3. The edit is posted after your last edit to the answer.
The first condition makes sure that the edit could be potentially significant; the second rule reduces the chance of duplicate notifications; the third one removes notifications when the system is nearly certain that you have seen the edit (because you updated your answer after the edit to the question)2.
1 This rule can be bypassed for community WIKI questions.
2 I admit that the heuristic approach above may not be ideal, so an alternative way of identifying "significant" edits could be designed. For example, the site could offer the OP an opportunity to notify authors of the answers of the change to the question with a dialog box or something similar, for example, like this:
Should the authors of the answers be notified of this edit to your question?
 [Yes, please notify them] [No, this edit is not significant]
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As much as I would like to be notified, I can see a lot of problems with this in actual practice. I could see a lot of OPs sending out notifications for trivial edits (because it seems important to them, or they just choose a button to click) or not sending a notification for significant edits ("I won't want to bother everyone"). If posters could be trusted to use this notification properly I think it would be a great feature, but I just don't see that happening.
Also keep in mind there shouldn't be edits made that entirely invalidate answers. If such an edit would be that dramatic it likely means it should be a new question. This means that, even with the heuristics you've given, most of the edits to the OP shouldn't be invalidating your answer (even after the filters you've listed).
All in all I imagine the rate of false positives being greater than the rate of legitimate positives, or at least high enough that this feature wouldn't be all that useful.
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Circular mils to Square gigameters conversion
Enter circular mils value you wish to convert:
Circular mils conversion
Circular mil is a unit of area, equal to the area of a circle with a diameter of one mil or one thousandth of an inch.
Square gigameters conversion
Square gigameter is a prefixed form of square meter used to denote multiples of the square meter.
1 square gigameter = 1018 square meters

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


This semester was a change of pace from previous semesters and costuming work that I've done. Instead of costuming the production of a play, I am costuming a dance production with ten individual dance pieces.
With there being ten unique and individual pieces within this show, (and with one of these pieces being a repeated performance with previously designed costumes) my main objective was to create a unified complete performance through the costumes. Through discussions with the nine choreographers, I decided the unifying element would be the color palette and the concept of layers, with each of the costumes being layered in some aspect; either through color blocking, paint, or physical costume layers being included. Through this connection, all pieces keep their individuality, but are unified as a whole production.
The below pictures are examples of the final costumes for the Emerging Choreographer's Showcase. All pictures are taken by myself (Rachel Maggs).


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Recent, real-world cases illustrate how external expectations can shape and alter those responsibilities. It is apparent in GPIF's decision to suspend its equity lending program, in CDPQ's allocation of $4B to the Quebecois market in response to COVID-19, in the New Zealand Super Fund's engagement with social media firms that broadcast the Christchurch massacre, and in so many other instances.
Expectations placed on investors are ever-changing, can emerge from any of the institution's many relationships, and extend beyond settled matters of law, regulation, and contracts. Some – but not all – of these external expectations become responsibilities. Investors, when faced with potential responsibilities, need a process for deciding to accept a responsibility, defer it to the future, deflect the potential responsibility, or take a leadership role in driving action against it. Specifically, in the context of pension management, one integral element of this process-building is determining how to engage with individual pension members on these decisions.
On 10 November, FCLTGlobal led a "Workshop on Navigating Responsibilities of Long-term Investors" at the International Centre for Pension Management's (ICPM) Virtual Fall Discussion Forum to explore questions about investors' evolving responsibilities. These include:
- What are some of the new or emerging responsibilities for large pension plans in their capacity as asset owners investing the retirement savings of workers?
- Who are the key influencers in advocating for new responsibilities?
- Are there challenging trade-offs in accepting these responsibilities? Can a responsibility be eliminated once accepted?
Approximately forty leaders from long-term pension funds considered answers to these questions in the joint FCLTGlobal-ICPM session and produced a draft table of their own individual responsibilities, the influencers to whom these responsibilities are owed, and the trade-offs required to fulfill them. Sarah Keohane Williamson, CEO of FCLTGlobal, and Dr. Rob Bauer, ICPM Executive Director, moderated the discussion.
"Responsibility is a task of navigating – not solving – ever-changing external expectations," remarked Williamson. "These expectations can originate from nearly any source in society, yet the resulting responsibilities have a standard structure, and investors can prepare internally for emerging responsibilities."
Several types of responsibility are common among the pension funds that participated in this session. Nearly all face expectations that they will lead in the global response to climate change and that they will uphold the reputations of the institutions that sponsor them. European pensions also commonly are responsible for soliciting and integrating the preferences of beneficiaries in how they invest, for instance with respect to sustainability. Fewer pension funds have a responsibility to contribute to economic stability or growth in their home region, but many are responsible for doing no harm to the economies in which they invest.
In the words of one participant, "every now and then we get questions from our sponsors to invest in our local economy. Our country has infrastructure needs, whether it is energy related or something else, we get asked 'Why don't you invest more in our country?'"
Other responsibilities, as reported by the funds in the workshop, vary widely and reflect the unique mission of each fund. These include, but are not limited to:
- Aligning investments with the UN's Sustainable Development Goals
- Participating, in a commercially-viable way, in government-backed infrastructure projects
- Minimizing contributions required of pension sponsors
Such an array of responsibilities is expected, and appropriate, and no single, consistent set of "long-term" responsibilities exists. Rather, long-term behavior is fulfilling the fund's individual responsibilities so that trustee directors, executive leaders, and staff can maintain a focus on their long-term strategy, rather than "responding to the issue of the moment" as one participant put it. Including a risk perspective in this process may complement it and make it easier because, in the view of a participant, "risk reveals responsibilities more reliably."
Anyone can have expectations for an investment organization, but only some of these expectations will result in a responsibility for the investor. Pension leaders in the FCLTGlobal-ICPM working session discussed who has been influential in determining their organization's responsibilities.
Who has been influential in determining your organizations responsibilities?
All of these influencers are important to the pension funds in the room. "The most common influencers are our beneficiaries and sponsors, but regulators can also play a large role," said one participant.
In some cases, the pension funds follow the lead of their beneficiaries – including to the point of categorizing them as decision-makers, not just influencers.
"Our beneficiaries don't want us to ruin the world when we make our money," a participant commented. "We want to ensure our values and morals are not at odds with our investments." This speaks to the urgency to have a commonly-defined set of metrics for non-traditional considerations, including ESG and other impacts that unfold over longer time frames in financial terms.
In other cases, the fund boards lead. "The whole way that we're set up is using behavioral economics to help beneficiaries focus," another fund in the conversation said. And in other cases, the role of the peers is critical. "What are our peers doing is always a question that is asked," one participant noted. Investors need to navigate expectations from these influencers who see responsibilities for their funds – a type of discussion that could be had within ICPM's convenings of trustee directors.
When long-term investors fulfill their responsibilities, they preserve their strategic focus and the stability of their leadership. When they do not, they risk distraction and turmoil. Managing responsibilities well requires making difficult tradeoffs.
"The time horizon you choose matters when thinking about trade-offs," remarked one participant. Another added that "reputational risk is significant when we discuss emerging responsibilities – do these responsibilities diminish or enhance our reputation?" Again, the existence of a common set of non-traditional metrics would defray this risk.
Every investor in the working session reported having more than one responsibility, and investors know how hard it is to optimize for multiple issues. Several participants discussed how important it was to consider their responsibilities in terms of long-term returns. By making decisions to take on a responsibility – such as divesting from tobacco or coal – in the context of a long-term investment decision made it clear that the optimization function was for long-term return.
Participants recognize that they may make a short-term sacrifice for a long-term benefit, even if that long-term benefit is difficult to quantify today because "so many ESG initiatives are long-tailed, and that presents a critical mis-match because returns are reported quarterly or annually and that is insufficient metric for an ESG agenda".
Others pointed out that they are willing to sacrifice return based on key principles that they have adopted. When asked whether a responsibility could be eliminated once accepted, the rationale for the decision was critical: "You have to be able to change your mind, if the tradeoff is based on a financial decision. It's a bit different if the tradeoff is based on an ethical decision."
Pension investors appreciated this opportunity to explore their responsibilities, the influencers that champion those responsibilities, and the trade-offs associated with fulfilling them. Others can do the same by filling out the worksheet below.
Click image to download worksheet
Williamson concluded the conversation by observing that, "Investors' process of deciding to accept, defer, deflect, or drive a potential responsibility is critical. We have learned that responsibilities are individual to each investment organization, but it appears that long-term investors face similar challenges in making these decisions. Clarifying and operationalizing this process more widely is a promising area of research about how to focus capital on the long term."
FCLTGlobal facilitated this important session with ICPM to advance development of a practical roadmap for investors to evaluate and operationalize emerging responsibilities. We welcome your input into FCLTGlobal's broader, ongoing project on investors' rights and responsibilities. For questions or suggestions, please contact Research Director Matt Leatherman at [email protected].


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National Agricultural Land and Water Management Development Project (NEMA)
IFAD Asset Request Portlet
National Agricultural Land and Water Management Development Project
The goal of this project is to reduce poverty among rural women and young people through improved productivity based on sustainable land and water management practices. The project responds to two major challenges in rural areas of country:
- Limited productivity and economic carrying capacity of land used for farming
- Poorly developed domestic markets, which generate very low real demand for the main produce of smallholders.
To address these challenges, the project supports watershed development and agricultural commercialization. And in order to consolidate and scale up the approach taken by ongoing IFAD-financed operations in The Gambia, it is nationwide in scope. The project targets poor smallholders, particularly women, who are the core producers of rice and vegetables throughout the country. A secondary target group is composed of market intermediaries, service providers and operators in the rice and vegetable markets, including producers' organizations and small and medium-sized enterprises.


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Things keep changing rapidly in the software development lifecycle. Testing is an area that is integral to the creation of applications. Of late, it has become an early activity during the software development lifecycle.
In this article, we will learn about some of the latest trends that will affect the testing process. The year 2022 will be witness to a lot of changes in technology and digital transformation, and software testing practices will see major overhauls too.
Let us look at some of the software testing trends that will dominate in 2022.
#1 Agile and Continuous Integration Testing:
Thanks to Covid-19-powered remote work scenarios, agile development methodologies have gained momentum and will stay that way in 2022 as well. An agile testing approach will help with increasing transparency and flexibility. It ensures faster deployment, a reduced time-to-market, and a greater ROI because it increases the speed at which multiple applications can interact with each other.
When agile testing is backed by continuous integration, developers can integrate their code into a repository which makes it possible to identify issues in the code during the software iteration process itself. This implies that serious issues can be resolved during the early development stages.
#2 Cybersecurity and Compliance Testing:
With more and more connected applications and devices in the market, there are a lot of cybersecurity issues that crop up because of it. Businesses lose millions of dollars when they become victims of cyberattacks. Protecting the data of customers is pivotal to the existence of a business as a loss in reputation can completely tank their sales. The damage can be irrevocable for businesses.
You can expect more businesses to slowly shift to cloud-hosted environments by letting go of legacy systems. During this period of digital transformation, businesses should embrace modern testing practices so that they can be compliant with standards and keep their technological infrastructure secure.
#3 Testing Centers of Excellence (TCoE):
You will find Testing Centers of Excellence spread rapidly in 2022. It is a structure that integrates different methods of high-quality standard testing. The structures in TCoE allow businesses to integrate a new tester into any random testing team. Doing so will increase the effectiveness and the speed of the testing cycle. TCoE provides an effective solution for effectively automizing testing cycles. It takes little time to go through a test cycle and doesn't affect the code in any way too.
Issues like underperforming tests and underutilized resources which stem from disparate test processes spread across different geographies and teams are some of the main reasons why there is a need to establish a TCoE. TCoE helps empower a centralized QA function, detailed metrics spanning projects, consistent processes, and consistent deliveryall of this will help with customer satisfaction.
#4 Open Source Testing Tools Usage:
Editing open-source software allows testing teams to achieve the greatest level of safety and quality. It offers a great opportunity for new testers to better their craft. When testing on open source projects, testers can also integrate Selenium, Robotium and Jmeter. These three tools provide the best safety check estimation and show all the issues that are present in the code.
#5 Test Automation:
Software teams cannot afford to ignore test automation if they want to implement DevOps practices effectively. It is imperative that they find places to replace manual testing with automation testing. Test automation is important for DevOps, at least regression testing should be automated. There is a lot of space to increase the adoption of test automation in most businesses. Some of the most popular automation tools are Selenium, TestComplete, and Katalon, which make automation easy and incredibly effective.
#6 Artificial Intelligence for Testing:
With recent advancements in AI and ML and the amount of data that is available, the opportunities for AI/ML testing will only increase. The application of AI/ML testing is still in its nascent stages, therefore, businesses should find ways to better their testing practices for this technology. AI/ML algorithms generate better test cases, test data, test scripts, and reports. They can create predictive models which would suggest how, when, where, and what to test.
Automation testing tools are being developed using AI for visual testing and a self-healing mechanism. It helps the test teams in writing fewer tests when performing functional testing.
#7 Shift Left Testing:
It is an approach where testing is performed early in the software development life cycle. In a traditional software development life cycle setup, the requirements are written on the left side and testing is placed on the right side of the workflow. The issue is that it will result in negative outcomes for the businessdelay in bug detection, consumes a lot of time, increases costs.
When testing teams employ Shift Left, there is more collaboration and it ensures that all the initial ideas are feasible. It reduces the time-to-market and helps provide the best outcomes for the business as the QA team works closely with the product and development teams. Shift Left testing helps detect bugs early, ensures a high quality of code, and saves time
#8 Blockchain Testing:
Blockchain uses distributed ledger technology and is one of the hottest technological innovations in the world right now. It has a number of use cases, right from providing secure transactions to improving security. Blockchain testing involves the systematic evaluation of its multiple components such as blocks, transactions, wallets, miningall of which require special tools to test. It helps in the development of various quality stages from testing the performance of the system to that of the blockchain application.
#10 Scriptless Test Automation:
It enables testers and business users to automate test cases without worrying about the coding that is involved in it. Scriptless test automation reduces the time taken to understand the code and helps businesses achieve faster results.
By integrating a smarter framework design, it reduces the future costs which would have come from augmented script maintenance effort. It has a simple and non-complex test design and development process.
Testers do not have to worry about developing a framework, instead, they can carry out the testing work. TestCraft, Ranorex Studio, ACCELQ, ZeuZ, and Robot Framework are some of the tools that do scriptless test automation.
QAOps integrates quality assurance into the software delivery pipeline, thereby increasing the speed and the quality of the testing process. It improves the software delivery as they work with the development and operations team together. The backbone of the QAOps process is continuous integration, continuous testing, and continuous development.
Since QAOps follows the DevOps approach, it makes the software development cycle smoother and faster. Thanks to faster development lifecycles, the business will have more time to work on additional functionalities. Since QAOps relies on continuous testing, the end product will provide a great experience for the customers.
#12 Big Data and Analytics Testing:
The amount of data that each company possesses, both internal and external, is incredible. Converting the unstructured data into actionable business insights is pivotal for businesses. In the coming years, big data and analytics testing will become more mainstream. To ensure that there is a roadmap for executing this properly, businesses need to align this with their goals.
#13 IoT Automation Testing:
More than 23 billion IoT devices were active in 2021. The number is expected to increase to 50 billion by 2030. This means that there will be more IoT devices being used by consumers, which means that they should be validated for their performance, security and functionality.
Testing is pivotal for IoT devices because each system in an IoT influences the performance of all other devices. Effective testing will ensure that the entire IoT network can work collaboratively and deliver the way it is expected to. Wireshark, Tcpdump, Shodan, SOASTA, CloudTest are some of the best IoT software testing tools.
These are some of the hottest trends in the software testing world which will dominate 2022 and beyond. Businesses should be aware of the rapid changes that are taking place with respect to testing practices and adopt the latest trends. The only way to stay ahead of the competition is by embracing these innovations.
If you want to power your business with the latest technologies to improve your bottom line, then get in touch with us. Let us provide you with the technological firepower to take your business to the next level.


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Since 2004, ETAP has covered a spectrum of actions to promote eco-innovation and the take-up of environmental technologies. It includes priority actions along several lines:
ETAP complements DG Environment's regulatory approaches and directly addresses the three dimensions of the Lisbon strategy: growth, jobs and the environment.
On the ETAP website, you can access information either by Sectors of Activity in which Environmental Technologies play a key role or by Functions of Environmental Technologies. Environmental Technologies are all around us: wind turbines and solar panels, cleaner cars, biofuels and certain washing powders, recycling systems for waste or water, etc. These are basically any technology that are designed to prevent of reduce the environmental impacts, at any stage of the life cycle of the products and activities.


After the tremendous success of the stand-alone Stanley and Elsie, Nicola Upson's tour de force of the artist Stanley Spencer's complicated marriage and art from the view of his housekeeper, Elsie Munday, the author gives us the the eighth in her series the Sunday Times calls "historical fiction at its very best" featuring Josephine Tey as its main character in Sorry for the Dead.
Upson takes readers in part to Tey's younger years, alternating with the time period associated with the majority of the previous novels in the 1930s, with a few brief forays a decade later. It is to Upson's credit that the details for each period ring true and cement each era without confusing the reader. Indeed, the reader becomes immersed in each time frame, in its details and its mores within history.
These periods are needed to tell the story that starts in 1915, when a young Josephine is present as a teacher at Charleston Farmhouse on the Sussex Downs when a young girl dies under suspicious circumstances.
Decades later when Josephine returns to the same house, the memories of those days already brought to the forefront of her mind by recent events, she remembers the two women who ran the farm and taught horticulture to young women during the Great War.
Georgina Hartford-Wroe and Harriet Barker had a difficult time with the neighboring farmers, with whispers about their personal relationship they might have overcome, if not for the tragic death of the girl in their care. That death will turn out to haunt both women for the rest of their lives.
Deftly weaving the storylines between young Josephine's life and choices then to the path she has chosen as an adult, readers are given privy to her backstory and the events surrounding the death; and later as an adult as she determines she must follow up on the death of that young woman.
In each period, Upson's language captures the essence of any scene, such as when Josephine as an adult peers into the former site of the girl's death: "Everything was covered by a silver labyrinth of spiders' webs, miraculously strong enough to hold the past in place," presenting a wonderful foreshadowing of the secrets from that long-ago day.
In the earlier time frame, she illustrates the pathos of a WWI train station:
"The platform had filled up quickly, with no one willing to board the train before the last possible moment. She scanned the faces of those who had come to see their loved ones off: wives who talked too much to hide their fear; fathers standing strict and silent; children for whom a uniform hadn't lost its glamour … As for the men themselves, their faces were set and impassive, and she noticed how few of them dared to look for long at the people they loved."
This sense of loss, the effects of war, the horrors it brought to those who fought and to those left behind, are indicated in such a subtle but discerning way that it is impossible to forget the aura of the day in the earlier chapters, and in those of 1938, the lead up to the brink of new horrors.
The ending brings with it not so much a sense of justice as that of survival and ultimately, unending love. This is an accomplished novel, as moving as it is complex, with the mystery of a young woman's death at its heart. Highly recommended.


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BIOPHYSICS SEMINARStructural Determinants and Functional Consequences of Protein Partitioning to Membrane Domains
The organization of metazoan membranes into functional domains is a key feature of their physiology. A subset of these domains, known as membrane rafts, has been implicated in a large variety of processes occurring at the plasma membrane. However, the molecular mechanisms by which raft domains regulate cell function remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that membrane raft association is a necessary and sufficient sorting signal for cell surface localization of integral membrane proteins, and that this raft association is governed by the properties of the protein transmembrane domain. These results begin to define the physical bases for protein raft affinity and establish lateral domain formation in membranes as a mechanism for biosynthetic sorting in mammalian cells.


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NSW Climate Change Policy Framework
The NSW Government has released the NSW Climate Change Policy Framework, which commits NSW to the aspirational objectives of achieving net-zero emissions by 2050 and helping NSW to become more resilient to a changing climate.
The policy framework defines the NSW Government's role in reducing carbon emissions and adapting to the impacts of climate change and sets out next steps for implementation.
Click here for further information.
New climate change and energy plans
On 3 November 2016, the NSW Government released a Draft Climate Change Fund Strategic Plan and A Draft Plan to Save NSW Energy and Money. These draft plans are an important first step towards implementing the NSW Climate Change Policy Framework and achieving the government's aspirational objectives.
The government ran public consultation from 3 November to 16 December 2016. We will be using public feedback to develop three action plans for investing up to $500 million over five years across three priority investment areas:
- accelerating advanced energy
- national leadership in energy efficiency
- preparing for a changing climate.
You can visit our website for more information on these two draft plans.
Prepare NSW for unavoidable changes in our climate
The Government has worked with the ACT Government and the Climate Change Research Centre at the University of NSW to provide local-scale projections of future changes in temperature, rainfall and other climate variables for the whole of NSW and the ACT. These fine-scale projections will help local government, business and the community to build resilience in the face of future extreme events and hazards by helping them to understand the impacts of climate change in their local areas.
By understanding climate impacts, the community, business and government can better manage risk and take actions to adapt.
OEH's climate change adaptation programs are aimed at building the resilience of the State's natural environment, economy and communities by:
- helping communities adapt (including assessing regional communities' vulnerability)
- preparing for the impacts of climate change
- protecting ecosystems and natural resources
- managing water resources.
The NSW Adaptation Research Hub researches the best adaptation responses for NSW under the themes of coasts, biodiversity and communities.
To understand some of the risks, the NSW Climate Impact Profile provides an assessment of projected biophysical changes across the State. The profile has helped decision-makers with their planning and response strategies.
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in NSW
The NSW Government is working to deliver economically efficient and environmentally effective policies and programs that do not duplicate initiatives of the Australian Government. They include:
- understanding NSW emissions
- providing financial support through the Climate Change Fund
- promoting energy efficiency
- promoting clean and renewable energy
- promoting soil carbon sequestration
See more about Climate change mitigation
NSW Climate Change Council
The NSW Climate Change Council provides independent, expert advice to OEH on matters relevant to the NSW Government's response to climate change.


How fast can a Beagle run?
 Beagles have been used for hunting from centuries and the reason behind this is not else than their running speed.Later they were being used for gaming purposes like dog race.They have been developed by breeders to be smaller in size and faster in speed.Running speed of a dog varies dog to dog.It also depends upon the condition,previous training,health and the circumstances in which his running speed is being measured.Beagles are also thought to be bred with Greyhounds to improve their running abilities.Average running speed for a Beagle is considered to be around 25-30 mph or 40-48 km/h.
Image Source: Paul Roberts Flickr
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There is considerable evidence, both nationally and internationally, of the importance of effective parenting in generating outcomes for children and young people, as well as for their parents and society.
What the research says:
- The quality of the parent-child relationship is associated with self-regulation and behaviour, engagement and participation, mental health, academic achievement and the ability to develop and sustain relationships over a lifetime. For example, a negative parenting style is strongly associated with aggressive behaviour, delinquency, depression, anxiety and high-risk behaviours (e.g. smoking, drug/alcohol misuse).
- Parenting is an important mediator in redressing the effects of poverty and disadvantage.
- A supportive home learning environment is positively associated with children's early achievements and wellbeing and influences social mobility.
- Warm, attentive, stimulating parenting is strongly associated with children's positive social, emotional, cognitive and physical development. Children who have benefited from good parenting have a greater chance of succeeding in school, of getting jobs and reducing the chance of criminal behaviour.
- Parents are key mediators in developing and supporting desirable health-related behaviours among children and addressing undesirable behaviours e.g. healthy eating and physical activity.
- It is evident from research that changes in the family only occur if we empower parents; making decisions on their behalf will not have long-term benefits.
- Actively involving parents in the design, delivery and evaluation of parenting supports and services through parental participation initiatives may result in better outcomes for families. It is also more likely that parents themselves will use participatory practices at home.
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Parenting Support
Research on mothers and fathers who have experienced adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) indicate that there may be 18% increase in the suspected risk of their children developing a developmental delay, particularly in the areas of problem solving and communication. The wide-ranging health and social consequences of ACEs underscores the importance of prevention. Research also suggests that the benefits of effective prevention likely outweigh the costs of longer-term remedial interventions and deliver benefits for children, parents and wider society.


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Image: Cast of a Mousterian hand-axe
This style of tools was known as Mousterian or Mode 3 technology. This tool industry is characterised by finely made hand-axes, blades and points found at Le Moustier, France. These tools have only been found in Europe in sites associated with Neanderthals and dating to about 200,000-35,000 years ago. However it is possibly early modern humans used this technology when they first arrived n Europe about 40,000 years ago.
- © Australian Museum

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Many congratulations to Professor Mark Welland on his election to the Royal Society.
The Royal Society is the world's oldest scientific academy in continuous existence, and has been at the forefront of enquiry and discovery since its foundation in 1660. The backbone of the Society is its Fellowship of the most eminent scientists of the day, elected by peer review for life and entitled to use FRS after their name.
This election is in recognition of Mark Welland as a world leader in nanotechnology and scanning probe microscopy. His achievements combine the development of new experimental tools for nanoscale characterization with the modelling of nano-scale properties, and an interdisciplinary approach to practical applications. His seminal contributions are internationally recognised, he leads an IRC, and he continues to be a fertile originator of new nano-scale science and technology.


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Colostrum has important anti-infective properties. It may also somehow promote the development of the child's immunological system. Discarding colostrum, as practised in some cultures, could thus have adverse health consequences beyond the neonatal period. To test this hypothesis, the age at breast feeding start of 734 healthy newborns in urban Guinea-Bissau was ascertained. The children were then prospectively followed up to 3 years of age. Eighty nine deaths occurred during the study. The probability of death in the age interval 28 days to 3 years was about 20%. The child's age at breast feeding start had no statistical impact on postneonatal growth or survival. As a single measure, early breast feeding start is not likely to make much difference for the long term growth or survival of children living under material poverty conditions.
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Discussion Techniques – Application and Performance
Discussion Techniques - Application and Performance
Applying learning is important in all disciplines because it allows learners process information rather than simply receive it. Lectures mixed with application and performance like tasks can help maintain learners' focus. As they discuss their answers, they get different perspectives on the topic. Good activities during lectures can get students to think deeply and apply their knowledge.
Difficulty: 2/5
Class of learners
Core Competency Connection
Sketch of a dragonfly on a green gradient background
Sketch of three wolves on a grey gradient background
Sketch of two bees on a yellow gradient background
The Process
1. Contemporary issues journal
Have learners keep a journal for the purpose of connecting in-class issues and readings to contemporary events or personal experiences. Use the journal for individual learner assessment or discussion.
2. Directed paraphrase
Ask learners to articulate important passages or concepts in their own words. Learners can complete this task orally with partners or small groupsThis can also be done as an individual written activity.
3. Insights-resources-application (IRA)
Ask learners to complete a written assignment that includes discussion of 1) new understandings (insights), 2) resources that amplify or make sense of the reading (resources), and 3) an example from the learner's personal experience that relates (application). These can be short essays that can help begin discussion.
4. Jigsaw
Break off class into several small groups that will work to develop expertise together on a specific concept. Then reassign each learner to new groups with the other experts and have them teach the concepts to their peers.
5. (Virtual) Field trips
Visit a virtual location (or off-campus location, if restrictions allow) for first-hand observation, possibly with outside experts to help inform learners. This may require some preparation, especially if it involves interacting with others in a knowledgeable and ethical manner.
Selections from Barkley, Elizabeth. (2010)Student engagement techniques: A handbook for college faculty. Jossey-Bass. Compiled by Joe Bandy, CFT Assistant Director
Jessica Marcotte
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Resources and tools are available to assist in carrying out requirements and pursuing opportunities for archeological public outreach and education. In addition to those linked within each section of this module, the following sources are helpful.
Laws and Policies
Full text of laws applicable to archeology outreach and plain English explanations are available online:
- Archeological Laws and Ethics
- Archeology Laws
- NPS Office of Policy
- NPS 28: Cultural Resource Management Guideline
Director's Orders include special directives aimed at the NPS to encourage outreach.
- DO 6: Interpretation and Education
- DO 7: Volunteers in Parks
- DO 17: Tourism
- DO 28A: Archeology
- DO 75A: Civic Engagement and Public Involvement
Find assistance in identifying stakeholders and resources for effective outreach and civic engagement programs.
On the web:
- Civic Engagement Resources include related links, a bibliography, the Community Tool Box, and more.
- Archaeologists and Local Communities. Edited by Linda Derry and Maureen Malloy (Society for American Archaeology, 2003).
- Archeology as a Tool of Civic Engagement. Edited by Barbara J. Little and Paul A. Shackel (AltaMira Press, 2007)
- Technical Brief 23: Archeology and Civic Engagement, Barbara J. Little and Nathaniel Amdur-Clark
Consultation may take place with tribes, the general public, or other stakeholders. Outreach opens lines of communication.
- Native American Consultation Database (NACD) is a tool for identifying consultation contacts for Indian tribes, Alaska Native villages and corporations, and Native Hawaiian organizations. The database is not a comprehensive source of information, but it does provide a starting point for the consultation process.
- Consultation, from the 2008 Programmatic Agreement Toolkit for NHPA Section 106
Find assistance about the various public and professional audiences for archeological outreach.
On the web:
- According to the poll Exploring Public Perceptions and Attitudes About Archaeology by Harris Interactive, Americans support the goals and practice of archeology, think it's important to today's society, and endorse laws protecting sites and artifacts. Still, they harbor major misconceptions about the discipline and its accomplishments.
- Public Benefits of Archeology for communities, historians, ecologists, educators, forensics, museums
- Public Benefits of Archaeology. Edited by Barbara J. Little (University Press of Florida, 2002). See: Table of Contents and Selected Bibliography
- Archeology Education Handbook: Sharing the Past with Kids. Edited by Karolyn M. Smardz (AltaMira Press, 2000).
- Presenting Archaeology to the Public: Digging for Truths. Edited by John Jameson (AltaMira Press, 1997).
- Past Meets Present: Archaeologists Partnering with Museum Curators, Teachers and Community Groups. Edited by John H. Jameson, Jr. (Springer, 2007).
Beyond the NPS
Learn from museums and centers beyond the NPS.
- The Anthropology Outreach Office at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, includes news on departmental outreach activities including public programs, educational programs, exhibits, and publications.
- Read about exemplary archeological outreach projects on the Society for American Archaeology's Archaeology for the Public webpage. Also learn about writing for the public, exhibits, and more on the tips page.
- Project Archaeology is a joint project of the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management and Montana State University. Project Archaeology gives students a basic understanding of how archaeology works and teaches them to respect and protect our nationís rich cultural heritage.
- The Crow Canyon Archaeological Center has an active educational and exhibits program.
- The Alutiiq Museum Archaeological Respository has an active community outreach program that involves collections, excavations, and public programs.


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- Death -- Sociological aspects.
- _PHONE_ (pbk.)
- _PHONE_ (hbk.) :
people who borrowed this, also borrowed:
- Includes index.
- Bibliography: p. 271-294.
- Contents Acknowledgements Introduction Section One: Social characteristics and attitudes to death Chapter 1: Death, Denial and Diversity Chapter 2: When and How People Die Chapter 3: Life and Death in 'Risk Society' Chapter 4: Death, Religion and Spirituality Chapter 5: Death and the Media Section Two: Social structures and individual experiences of dying Chapter 6: Dying: Institutionalisation and Medicalisation Chapter 7: The Good Death Chapter 8: The Social Organisation of Sudden Death Chapter 9: The Dying and the Dead Body Section Three: Post-death rituals of remembrance and survival beliefs Chapter 10: Grief and Loss Chapter 11: Relationships between the Living and the Dead Chapter 12: Mortuary Rituals Chapter 13: Conclusions: Resurrecting Death? Bibliography.
University of Huddersfield Library Catalogue


Can I heat baked beans in the can?
How to cook canned baked beans. That's simple. You can use any oven proof dish you like and mix your canned baked beans right in there. Then bake until they are hot all the way through and bubbling around the edges.
Is it safe to heat canned food in the can?
Aluminum is considered toxic, making it not ideal for heating canned food. Besides this, already used cans that had been heated over an open fire are not suitable because they might not be in perfect condition. Instead, you should heat your food while it's still inside its can.
What to add to baked beans from a can?
How to make Kicked-Up Canned Baked Beans:
 1. Bacon.
 2. Onion.
 3. Molasses.
 4. Spicy brown mustard (can substitute yellow mustard)
 5. Worcestershire.
 6. Brown sugar.
 7. Ketchup.
 8. A teaspoon of apple cider vinegar for a touch of tanginess is optional and not shown.
1 июл. 2020 г.
Do you have to heat up canned beans?
Canned beans can be eaten directly from the can without additional cooking since they are precooked. However, before enjoying them as is—or if you decide to cook them—definitely rinse them off with cool water. … Use canned beans in salads, dips, and sandwiches or eat as is.
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What canned foods can you eat without cooking?
Is Tin toxic for cooking?
How do you spice up beans from a can?
Do canned baked beans go bad?
Properly stored, an unopened can of baked beans in sauce will generally stay at best quality for about 3 to 5 years, although it will usually remain safe to use after that.
How do you add flavor to baked beans?
5 Ways to Upgrade Canned Baked Beans
 1. Honey + Dijon Mustard. …
 2. Caramelized Onion + Bacon + Espresso Powder. …
 3. Adobo Sauce + Chorizo + Chopped Cilantro. …
 4. Fire Roasted Tomatoes + Little Smokies + Chopped Parsley. …
 5. Mixed Chopped Herbs + Breadcrumbs + Cheddar Cheese.
7 июл. 2015 г.
Should I rinse canned beans?
IT IS INTERESTING: How do I bake store bought crab cakes?
Can you eat corn straight out of the can?
The answer to the question is canned corn already cooked is "Yes, it is cooked enough for you to eat it". In fact, corn straight out of the can isn't bad at all. It is fresh and has a certain pop and crunch to it!
What can I add to canned green beans for flavor?
Flavor them with butter, onion powder, salt, and pepper. Let the beans simmer uncovered and stir occasionally. Do not turn off the heat until almost all the liquid evaporates. Otherwise, all the flavors from your seasonings will remain in the liquid and won't stick to the beans.
What is the healthiest canned vegetable?
The best canned vegetables are tomatoes, beans, green beans, corn, beets, peas, pumpkin, carrots, and artichoke hearts. Each of these vegetables is healthy, inexpensive, and taste great when they're canned.
When should you not eat canned food?
If your can shows any sign of bulging, especially around the lid, it is not safe to eat. In fact, it shouldn't even be opened. 5- Pressure Release – If you can hear an audible pressure release sound when you open your can, chances are, air has somehow gotten inside. Again, air fosters bacteria growth.
What is healthier frozen or canned vegetables?
This helps preserve the nutrients, so frozen and canned veggies can often be healthier than fresh vegetables. … Canning requires a lot more processing. Aside from certain fruits like tomatoes and pumpkins, canned goods are likely to have less nutritional value than frozen.
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Let's eat?


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Image_1_Regulation of Nitrogen Fixation in Bradyrhizobium sp. Strain DOA9 Involves Two Distinct NifA Regulatory Proteins That Are Functionally Redundant During Symbiosis but Not During Free-Living Growth.JPEG
The Bradyrhizobium sp. DOA9 strain displays the unusual properties to have a symbiotic plasmid and to fix nitrogen during both free-living and symbiotic growth. Sequence genome analysis shows that this strain contains the structural genes of dinitrogenase (nifDK) and the nifA regulatory gene on both the plasmid and chromosome. It was previously shown that both nifDK clusters are differentially expressed depending on growth conditions, suggesting different mechanisms of regulation. In this study, we examined the functional regulatory role of the two nifA genes found on the plasmid (nifAp) and chromosome (nifAc) that encode proteins with a moderate level of identity (55%) and different structural architectures. Using gusA (β-glucuronidase) reporter strains, we showed that both nifA genes were expressed during both the free-living and symbiotic growth stages. During symbiosis with Aeschynomene americana, mutants in only one nifA gene were not altered in their symbiotic properties, while a double nifA mutant was drastically impaired in nitrogen fixation, indicating that the two NifA proteins are functionally redundant during this culture condition. In contrast, under in vitro conditions, the nifAc mutant was unable to fix nitrogen, and no effect of the nifAp mutation was detected, indicating that NifAc is essential to activate nif genes during free-living growth. In accordance, the nitrogenase fixation deficiency of this mutant could be restored by the introduction of nifAc but not by nifAp or by two chimeric nifA genes encoding hybrid proteins with the N-terminus part of NifAc and the C-terminus of NifAp. Furthermore, transcriptional analysis by RT-qPCR of the WT and two nifA mutant backgrounds showed that NifAc and NifAp activated the expression of both chromosome and plasmid structural nifDK genes during symbiosis, while only NifAc activated the expression of nifDKc during free-living conditions. In summary, this study provides a better overview of the complex mechanisms of regulation of the nitrogenase genes in the DOA9 strain that involve two distinct NifA proteins, which are exchangeable during symbiosis for the activation of nif genes but not during free-living growth where NifAc is essential for the activation of nifDKc.


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Cutting edge: A revealing trend in turn-of-the-century Vienna.
Discover a moment when traditional craft met burgeoning modernism. This
At the turn of the 20th century, amid the domed grandeur of Vienna, a group of Secession artists reclaimed the humble woodblock. The gesture, though short-lived, and long overlooked by established art histories, may be seen as a decisive social, as well as aesthetic, moment. Elevating a primarily illustrative, mass-production medium to the status of fine art, the woodblock revival set a formal precedent for Expressionism while democratizing an art for all.
Coinciding with the traveling exhibition through the Schirn Kunsthalle, Frankfurt and Albertina, Vienna, this TASCHEN edition brings together leading examples of the Viennese woodblock renaissance to give a long overdue exploration of its achievements and influence. Through prints, publications, calendars and pages from Ver Sacrum, the official magazine of the Vienna Secession, it gathers works remarkable for their graphic and chromatic intensity, and vital with the traces of japonisme as much as the stylistic seeds of Die Brücke, Der Blaue Reiter and later Expressionist movements.
Through figure studies, landscapes, patterns, and typographical treasures, the featured works are accompanied by detailed captions, as well as essays exploring their aesthetic and ideological implications, and biographies for the more than 40 artists. Examining their stark contours, stylization of the surface per se, and tendency towards contained colour areas we evaluate the Viennese woodblocks as essential harbingers, and benchmarks, of the 20th century modernism to come. At the same time, we assess how the dissemination of the woodblocksubstantiated the Seccessionist claim for a democratized, all-encompassing art, while adding to their reappraisal of originality, and authenticity, and convention.


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2019 STIHL MS 311
Call for Price
Advanced engine technology improves fuel economy by up to 20% over previous model chainsaws for longer run times.
The MS 311 is a high-tech workhorse with a step up in horsepower and features over the MS 291. With our improved engine technology, you get higher fuel economy for longer run times. The MS 311 also has larger fuel and oil tanks for even longer extended use. You'll stay productive - while you're saving money on fuel. With the MS 311's fuel-efficient, high-powered engine, you'll reduce your down time on the job - so you can enjoy your own down time when the job is done.
- Reduced-Emission Engine Technology - Caring for Nature: The STIHL Inc. "Caring for Nature" seal identifies its powered products that are more environmentally conscious, producing zero or low exhaust emissions. STIHL Inc. defines "low exhaust emissions" as being cleaner than EPA and/or CARB exhaust emission standards.
- Pre-Separation Air Filtration System: This time-saving technology boosts the efficiency of the engine's filter system, doubling the time between air filter cleanings. Air drawn into the engine is first separated via centrifugal force, ejecting the heavier dirt particles before being routed to the air filter. This pre-separation means less dirt to be captured by the air filter, resulting in less frequent cleaning and maintenance.
- Anti-Vibration System: STIHL has developed a system for minimizing the vibration levels of handheld outdoor power equipment. The STIHL anti-vibration system helps reduce operator fatigue and provides a more comfortable working experience.
- Toolless fuel and oil caps with retainers Simply lift the lever and twist the caps to remove or tighten. There's no need to use a tool to tighten or loosen.
- Side-Access Chain Tensioner: The side-access chain tensioner makes it much more convenient for the user to adjust the saw chain with a bar wrench as opposed to the typical location of the guide bar adjustment screw.
- Decompression Valve: The decompression valve, also referred to as 'deco' or 'deco valve', vents compression in the cylinder for easier starting. The decompression valve temporarily reduces the compression in the combustion chamber during cranking and helps reduce the effort needed to pull the starter rope. It is opened manually and closes automatically as soon as the engine fires.
- Displacement: 59.0 cc (3.6 cu. in.)
- Engine Power: 3.1 kW (4.2 bhp)
- Powerhead Weight: 6.2 kg (13.67 Ibs.)
- Fuel Capacity: 600 cc (20.3 oz.)
- Chain Oil Capacity: 350 cc (11.8 oz.)
- Oilomatic® Chain: 3/8" RS3
- Guide Bar Lengths (Recommended Ranges): 40 to 50 cm (16" to 20")STIHL ROLLOMATIC®
- Power Source: Gas
- 3.6 cu. in. (59.0 cc)
- Horse Power
- 4.2 bhp (3.1 kW)
- 13.67 lb. (6.2 kg)
- Bar Length Options
- 16 in. to 20 in. (40 to 50 cm)


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QPD sum signal with trapped bead.
These two methods will help me decide which method is more accurate. In my experience when a bead is trapped, the beam through the trap diverges (expands) much faster. So some of the light is not entirely collected by the condenser and there is a reflection loss too because some of the light is going through total internal reflection inside the bead. The two can drop the voltage signal making this method more inaccurate.
Laser power in trap (mW) Vs QPD sum signal:
I took 3 data sets with 1.04 μm(r=520nm) bead sample in water. I put the sample on the tweezers and start recording the sum signal for 1.3 to 4.9 volts in.2 volts increment.
1) 1X gain data set is not useful; a voltage under.1 volt is not registered accurately by DAQ, which makes power-spectrum inaccurate for laser powers below 45mW (AOM RF-signal input 1.5V). See the data in spread sheet.
2) 2X gain is enough for whole range of AOM RF-signal input voltage from 1.4 to 5 Volts. The relationship is linear between the laser powers in the trap Vs QPD sum signal (see the chart).
I took this data set with no bead trapped. Laser power in the trap divided by QPD sum signal gives us a calibration parameter which will help us to calculate the laser power in the trap for data analysis. Data analysis program Secret peeking software_KL written in labview v7.1 needs three calibration parameters (conversion parameters) to determine the force exerted by the trap. These parameters are; detector sensitivity, trap stiffness and laser power from sum. The laser power from sum parameter (mW/mV) calculates the laser power from QPD sum signal. The laser power (mW) and stiffness (pN/nm/W) gives the stiffness at that laser power at which the data was acquired. Now this stiffness and displacement by detector sensitivity (mV/nm) gives the force.
Since the relationship is linear I can average this parameter for all the laser powers, which gives me.0700 (mW/mV) with 2.57% error considering the parameter calculation is done using the laser powers which were measured with different errors. So after doing an error analysis the accuracy of the parameter is 97.4%.
Calibration parameter for laser power for sum signal is.0700±2.57% mW/mV.
3) 3rd data set is taken with a bead trapped with same settings and procedure as 2nd. The purpose of this data set is to decide which method is more accurate. Calibration parameter by this method is.0722 which is only 3.8% different by previous method. If I do error analysis then these two numbers will overlap within the error range, which makes either method correct. But the sum voltage acquired with this method is less for every laser power by 3%. And while doing this experiment I notice a sudden increase in voltage of sum when a second bead falls in the trap, which suggests my notion for beam divergence because of the bead is true. As two bead trapped along the z-axis of light the cone exiting in the case of two beads is smaller in comparison to single bead, so condenser can collect more light, which suggest this method is less accurate because less light is reaching to QPD.
I use Krohn-Hite single-ended input 8-pole low-pass Bessel filters with cutoff at 1.5 kHz for x, y, sum and piezo signal. Even though the filters have cutoff at 1.5 kHz but they affect the power-spectrum generated corner frequency even at 500Hz. I use x-signal from on-track to generate the power-spectrum.
To study this behavior I generate an interferogram of sound with frequency components from 10 to 1600 Hz with whitesoundmain program written in labview V9 and produce it at the output of soundcard of one computer. I feed this sound signal into mic-input of another computer and read the interferogram with Noise investigator and helper program written in labview V9 (I used the same programs and method to study structural resonance of optical setups). See the slide show for more information.
I record the data; when there was no filter between the output and input (signal goes straight from one computer to another) and when there is a filter between (signal goes through the filter before input). The result is as expected: Graph is a power spectrum of input interferogram; without filter (Red curve) it is a square function over 1600Hz, with filter (white curve) frequency starts rolling off after 360Hz. This means with filter on power-spectrum taken at frequencies higher than 360Hz will report false corner frequency (low corner frequency will report low stiffness).
Fix of this problem is simple; remove the filter when doing power-spectrum.
Now we have collected all the essential information about the active components of our setup, it is time to proceed for calibration. Optical tweezers calibration is a tedious task, but it is done only once, if no major changes are made to the optical path or components downstream from the objective.
Optical tweezers calibration schematics in image shows all the parameters and programs I use. To determine the force exerted by the trap I need to know two parameters: Stiffness and displacement.
Calibration of Trap Stiffness
The stiffness of the trap is proportional to the corner frequency of the overdamped trapped free bead's Brownian motion. Basically trap stiffness depends on two parameters: Corner frequency and Stokes drag coefficient. There are multiple ways to determine the trap stiffness but we do it Power-spectrum way.
When a bead is trapped the mechanics of Brownian motion in a harmonic potential can be exploited to determine the stiffness of the trap. We can assume that the trap exerts a linear spring force on the bead. The one-dimensional equation of motion of a trapped bead is that of a damped driven oscillator:
Where x is position of bead, m is the mass of the bead, β=6πηr is the stokes drag coefficient for a sphere of radius r in a fluid of dynamic viscosity η, K is the stiffness along x-axis. and F(t) is the Brownian forcing term, whose power spectrum is white.
I use 520nm radius polystyrene bead which has a mass of 6.24e-13 gm. Also Reynolds number in the experiments is no greater than 10e-2. For this mass I can ignore the first term and rewrite after Fourier transformation (frequency representation):
here Brownian noise have amplitude of:
where kBT is the thermal energy. Square both sides and rearrange:
This is the power-spectrum equation for the bead's motion. This has a Lorentzian roll-off with corner frequency of:
Stiffness depends on the corner frequency fc and drag coefficient. Drag coefficient plays an important role in corner frequency determination, because it is height dependent. If the bead is too close to the surface the drag coefficient will change to Faxen's law:
If the bead is too close to the surface (h<10 times the bead radius) in drag coefficient Faxen's term dominates, and reports a wrong corner frequency (hens wrong stiffness). So when I do power-spectrum I make sure that I am more than 10 times of bead radius away from the surface. This affect can be exploited to determine the height of the bead correctly above the surface. If I know the corner frequency way away from the surface I can calculate it at any height from the surface; for example when bead center is a radius away from the surface the corner frequency would be 1/3. So knowing the corner frequency precisely I can position the bead precisely above the surface. This can help me knowing the trap height above the surface. But just remember the bead center and trap center do not coincide; due to the scattering force the equilibrium position for the bead center is slightly away from the trap center in the z-direction., which can be calibrated and since i am using water immersion objective with correction color i do not have to worry about the focal shift.


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Control Color of LED Matrix on Raspberry Pi Sense HAT over WebSockets
This example shows how to use the Simulink® Support Package for Raspberry Pi® Hardware to control the color of an 8x8 LED matrix on Raspberry Pi Sense HAT from a web page over WebSockets.
Raspberry Pi hardware
Raspberry Pi Sense HAT
Micro USB cable
Configure the Raspberry Pi network using the Hardware Setup screen.
Step 1: Connect Raspberry Pi Hardware to Sense HAT and Computer
Tip: Before you start this example, we recommend you complete the Getting Started with Simulink Support Package for Raspberry Pi Hardware and Publish Data from Raspberry Pi Sense HAT to WebSocket Server examples.
1. Plug the Sense HAT module into the GPIO pins of the Raspberry Pi hardware.
2. Connect the micro end of the USB cable to the Raspberry Pi and the regular USB end of the USB cable to the computer. Wait until the PWR LED on the hardware starts blinking.
Step 2: Open and Configure WebSocket Subscribe Simulink Model
Open the Raspberry Pi Dashboard Monitor and Tune model.
The model is divided into two areas based on the functionality of the blocks in each area.
Subscribe Data to Websocket Client: This model shows how to subscribe to the data from a web page over WebSockets. In this model, the WebSocket Subscribe block is configured to receive RGB values from the web browser. The output of the Websocket Subscribe block is connected to a subsystem. On receiving a valid input, the subsystem converts the RGB values to an 8x8 matrix and then provides the values to the Color Display block.
Step 3: Configure and Run Simulink Model
1. Modify the Server IP address and Server Port parameters of the WebSocket Publish and WebSocket Subscribe blocks.
Server IP address: The address of your Raspberry Pi hardware. The IP address specified in this example is a private IP address so that you can access the server in a private network.
Server Port: The port number of the server application running on your Raspberry Pi hardware. The client publishes or subscribes to data from this port on the server.
2. On the Hardware tab of the Simulink model, in the Mode section, select Run on board and then click Build, Deploy & Start.
The deployed model starts receiving pixel values from the client application running on your browser.
Step 4: Control Pixel Values from WebSocket Client
To open the dashboard in your default web browser, enter this command at the MATLAB® Command Window:
Tip: The web browser dashboard is best viewed in a Google Chrome® or Firefox® browser.
While the model is running on the hardware, drag the thumb of the scroll bar on the page. When you drag the scroll bar, the pixel values are communicated to the server application running on the hardware, which in turn changes the color of the LED matrix on the Raspberry Pi Sense HAT.
Publish Data from Raspberry Pi Sense HAT to WebSocket Server


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Giant Write Every Day - Grades 2-6
Evan-Moor Educational Publishers
Sale price $16.90 Regular price $23.99
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Daily writing prompts that help students build strong writing skills! Everything your students need to develop critical-thinking skills, vocabulary, writing fluency, creativity, and a love for writing itself is inside one book! The revised Giant Write Every Day: Daily Writing Prompts is filled with an abundance of engaging activities that are as inspirational as they are instructive. You'll love Giant Write Every Day because it: supports 6-Trait writing. Activities are designed to build skills in each trait -- ideas, organization, word choice, sentence fluency, voice, and conventions. And a trait-based writing guide at the beginning of the book makes it easy to see exactly which skills are being developed. helps you differentiate instruction. With such a wide variety of topics and skills covered, it's easy to match activities to your students' individual learning levels and interests. inspires reluctant writers. Motivating topics and delightful illustrations make writing fun! Writing prompts are grade-appropriate and are often based on seasonal events that relate to students' lives. strengthens writing fluency. Quickwrites, writing prompts, and sentence starters provide students with freewriting opportunities. can be used for independent practice. Writing forms provide guided writing experiences students can complete on their own. is correlated to state standards.


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Medical Definition of Deformity, cauliflower-ear
Deformity, cauliflower-ear: Destruction of the underlying cartilage framework of the outer ear (pinnae), usually caused by either infection or trauma, resulting in a thickening of the ear. Classically, blood collects (hematoma) between the ear cartilage and the skin. There is a marked thickening of the entire ear which may be so extensive that the shape of the ear becomes unrecognizable. The ear is said to look like a piece of cauliflower. It is typically seen in wrestlers and boxers who have had repeated trauma to the ear.
When trauma causes a blood clot under the skin of the ear, the clot disrupts the connection of the skin to the ear cartilage. The cartilage has no other blood supply except the overlying skin so, if the skin is separated from the cartilage, the cartilage is deprived of nutrients and dies and the ear cartilage shrivels up to form the classic cauliflower ear.
The treatment of the hematoma (the blood clot) is to drain it through an incision in the ear and apply a compressive dressing to sandwich the two sides of the skin against the cartilage.
When treated promptly and aggressively, the development of cauliflower ear deformity is unlikely. Delay in diagnosis and treatment leads to more difficulty in managing this problem and may leave greater ear deformity.Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary
Last Editorial Review: 6/9/2016
Medical Dictionary Definitions A - Z
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DC 12V 24V Hot Water Circulation Pump Solar Water Pump Brushless Motor 800L/HFeatures:
- This DC pump uses advanced electronic components and high-quality wear-resistant shaft
- It is smooth operation, high efficiency, good performance, long service life,
- Can be a long time continuous work, low noise, safety and environmental protection.
- It is widely used in industry, scientific research, aerospace industry.Specification:
Name: Solar Water pump
Sizes:About 4cm(D) x 8cm(H)
Inlet/Outlet: 1/2" male thead
Voltage: 12V -24V DC (can't more than 24V,so if you use 24v power supply pls test it first)
Maximum Rated Current: 1000MA
Max Flow Rate: 800 L/H
Max Water Head: 5 meter
Applicable temperature: 0 ~ 90 Â° CUsage:
The water pump cable (red line is positive, do not take the wrong) received a suitable power supply (the battery can be a battery, it can be a power converter), and then a good water pipe, then pump into the water, Can be used normally.
(Note: The DC brushless pump is a centrifugal pump, the pump water flow with the increase of the head decreases.No diving without self-priming function, prohibit no water free.)Common Troubleshooting:
1.The pump flow is reduced or no water. (The pump chamber can be disassembled for cleaning.
2Tland use when the pump does not run water. (There is air in the pump or in the pipeline.)Note:
1.Do not take the wrong pump positive and negative.
2.Prohibit not through the power converter will be connected directly to the 220V power supply pump.
3.Is strictly prohibited for strong acidity, alkali and other damage to the pump medium.
4.The pump is suitable for medium temperature 1 â„ -60 â„.
201863997915 - ali110 (281)


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The Pope refused to give Henry VIII a divorce from Catherine of Aragon, so he set up his own church, the Church of England. He dissolved over 800 monasteries across England, all of which were wealthy and loyal to the Pope. In doing this he reduced the power of the Church across England, and he gained a lot of money as he reclaimed the land and possessions of the monasteries.
Winding path to the ruins of Bolton Abbey, Yorkshire Dales, Yorkshire, England
Aulne Abbey, Belgium (637, burned 18th c.)
(Source: Flickr / ok2piter)
Whitby Abbey was disestablished during the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1538 under Henry VIII's orders
Whitby Abbey, England (Established 657AD, disestablished 1538)
Old Haunted Grounds. Whitby Abbey, April 2012, a very cold day


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Real Time Oxygen Sensor
Inventor: Ben Van Mooy, Richard Keil
Serial #: 13/476,531
Applications: The static measurement of dissolved oxygen as a surrogate for the metabolic status of algal and bacterial cultures is used in aquaculture and waste water management, respectively. Existing methodologies are laboratory-based, require several days to process, and measure dissolved oxygen as opposed to metabolic status. Thus, these methods do not provide real time information on the actual health of the biomass in the water column and cannot be used to inform instantaneous adjustment of culture conditions. Woods Hole scientists have developed a semi-autonomous system which passively samples the water column, and performs real time oxygen consumption measurements under in situ conditions for quick turn-around, direct measurement of biological oxygen demand. The unit can also be used as an early warning detector of toxic releases and spills into sensitive environmental areas. Working ocean prototypes have been developed.
Technology: Oxygen concentrations are tracked on passively acquired samples using oxygen optodes in incubations conducted at the depth and/or location where samples are taken. Data are transmitted directly without the need for sample recovery, disposal, or manipulation. Time-based recordings are made from both light-exposed and dark (control) sample chambers. No wet chemistry is involved and the device may be operated and maintained by personnel with minimal training.
Last updated: January 7, 2015


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Which would you rather have flying around your bedroom at night: a mosquito hawk? a or a sacaojos (a Spanish word that means "takes out eyes")? A crane fly or a gollywhopper? Personally, I don't mind the crane fly, but I vote for the mosquito hawk because I hate mosquitoes and admire hawks. A gollywhopper, however, is just silly and a sacaojos is scary. My Spanish husband gets very nervous when one is flying around and won't go to sleep until it is smashed.
Which bird would you rather encounter in the wild: a vulture or a condor? Naturally, a condor. Vultures are nasty scavengers, symbols of death, while condors are majestic birds. Which would you fear more: a catamount, a puma, or a mountain lion? And which is bigger? Which would your rather see in a zoo: the red panda or the lesser panda? Which would your rather meet: a little penguin or a fairy penguin?
Actually, these groups of words are popular names for the same creatures. As a parallel example, one word in Spanish, paloma, can be translated into English into two words: pigeon and dove. English speakers love the dove and despise the pigeon, even though they both belong to the same order, Columbiformes. Look at them. They have the same shape and make similar sounds. Spanish-speakers make no such distinction in everyday speech between these birds and are puzzled by the abuse English-speakers heap on the lovely, but sad paloma.
These changes in attitude with changes in name are examples of narrative madness, a concept I came up with to describe the influence of narrative language on perception and behavior. Words do not report objectively on the world; they tell stories that influence how we think and act, so choose your words carefully, or else the sacaojos may alight on your eyelids as you sleep.
(Read more about the influence of language on perception and behavior in my book Narrative Madness and in my posts Narrative Madness: The Influence of Narrative Language on Perception and Behavior and How Language Speaks You.)


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Re-inventing the Planned City Monday, March 12, 2012
TAU and MIT launch pilot project to re-think 50's era "New Towns"
A bird's-eye view of Kiryat Gat
In response to population growth, many "new towns" or planned cities were built around the world in the 1950s. But according to Dr. Tali Hatuka, head of Tel Aviv University's Laboratory for Contemporary Urban Design (LCUD) at the Department of Geography and the Human Environment, these cities are a poor fit for modern lifestyles — and it's time to innovate.
TAU has launched a pilot project, in collaboration with a team from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology led by Prof. Eran Ben-Joseph, to revitalize this aging model. Last month, a team of five TAU and 11 MIT graduate students visited Kiryat Gat, a mid-sized town in the south of Israel. Home to branches of industrial giants Hewlett-Packard Company and Intel, Kiryat Gat was chosen as a "laboratory" for re-designing outmoded planned civic spaces.
Based on smart technologies, improved transportation, use of the city's natural surroundings, and a reconsideration of the current use of city space, the team's action plan is designed to help Kiryat Gat emerge as a new, technologically-advanced planned city — a prototype that could be applied to similar urban communities.
Planning a future for the mid-sized city
The project, jointly funded by TAU's Vice President for Research and MIT's MISTI Global Seed Funds, will create a new planning model that could reshape the future of Kiryat Gat and similar cities across the world which are often overlooked in academia and practical planning. "Our goal is to put a spotlight on these kinds of towns and suggest innovative ways of dealing with their problems," says TAU student Roni Bar.
MIT's Alice Shay, who visited Israel for the first time for the project, believes that Kiryat Gat, a city that massive urbanization has left behind, is an ideal place for the team to make a change. "The city is at a catalyst point — an exciting moment where good governance and energy will give it the capacity to implement some of these new projects."
To tackle the design and planning challenges of the city, the team of students focused on four themes: the "mobile city," which looked at transport and accessibility; the "mediated city," dealing with technological infrastructure; the "compact city," which reconsidered the use of urban space and population growth; and the "natural city," which integrated environmental features into the urban landscape.
Finding common ground
Ultimately, the team's goal is to create a more flexible city model that encourages residents and workers to be a more active part of the urban fabric of the city, said Dr. Hatuka. The current arrangement of dedicated industrial, residential, and core zones is out of step with a 21st century lifestyle, in which people work, live, and spend their leisure time in the same environment.
"Much of the past discourse about the design of sustainable communities and 'eco-cities' has been premised on using previously undeveloped land," says Prof. Ben-Joseph. "In contrast, this project focuses on the'retrofitting' of an existing environment — a more likely approach, given the extent of the world's already-built infrastructure."
The students from TAU and MIT have become a truly cohesive team, and their diversity of background helps challenge cultural preconceptions, Bar says. "They ask many questions that help us to rethink things we took for granted." Shay agrees. "Tali and Eran have created an incredible collaboration, encouraging us all to exchange ideas. Our contexts are different but there is a common urban design language."
The team estimates that they will be able to present the updated model of the city early next year. The next step is further exploring the project's key themes at a March meeting at MIT. And while the project has provided an exceptional educational experience for all involved, ideas are already leaping off the page and into the city's urban fabric. "In the next two months, the Mayor of Kiryat Gat would like to push this model forward and implement the initial steps that we have offered," says an enthusiastic Dr. Hatuka.


This is a synchronous video playback system named Zither, special for LED perimeter screen, typically arrayed in long lines around sports fields, which integrates the functions of LED cabinets management, play list management and program editing. Video, image and text message can be arranged to broadcast synchronously in a long running state. Zither system is able to activate the maximum load of LED controller card and help you set up a powerful video playback system.
System Diagram
Zither System Diagram
Support program folded display and synchronous output
Breaking the resolution restriction on general LED controller card, making LED controller card most effective used, managing folded content display smartly.
Support variants file formats
Image formats: JPG, PNG
Video formats: AVI, MPG, MP4
Character format: TXT
Supporting editing text message manually.
HD and 4K pixel output
The maximum output resolution is 4K. One set of LED controller card is enough for entire perimeter screen.
Multiple display effects
Displaying program simultaneously.
Districting display.
Combination display.
Image stream display: Scrolling display a stream of pictures which allows to set moving speed.
Text effect: Go-round display of text, text speed setting, text editing manually.
Image effect: fade in.
Visual configuration
Input the number of perimeter screen's sides, display sections for every side, and cabinets for every section. Set the pixel for every cabinet, then you may preview display effect on entire perimeter screen.
Flexible combination modes of cabinets
1-n units of cabinets can be grouped as display sections at random. All display sections can broadcast synchronously.
Pause and play
Pause and play on-going playlist at any time without picture shaking.
Support insert-play
Any created general playlist can work as an insert-playlist, to display premium sponsor's programs when a "special events" happens, such as goals etc. whilst the original playlist will be paused and keep playing after that automatically.
Display Effect
Perimeter System
Stadium Advertising System
Stadium Circle Advertising


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Midwest states see biggest output growth over year-earlier levels, boosted by higher per-cow production.
Dairies in the 23 major producing states churned out 1.7% more milk in December 2012 than a year earlier, boosted by higher per-cow production, USDA reported today in its December milk production report.
Milk output totaled 15.7 billion pounds last month, while production per cow rose 30 pounds over year-earlier levels to average 1,848 pounds. For 2012, cow numbers increased to 9.231 million head over 2011's 9.194 million.
Analysts called the report bearish, saying it exceeded their production projections.
Output increases were largely seen in Midwestern states. Among them:
- Wisconsin, up 5.5% over year-earlier levels to reach 2.343 billion pounds;
- Minnesota, up 4.4% to 786 million pounds;
- Michigan, up 5.5% to 762 million pounds;
- Indiana, 4.6% to 317 million pounds.
The biggest year-over-year percentage increases were seen farther west: Kansas output jumped 10% to 241 million pounds while Colorado's milk production increased by 6.3% to 272 million pounds.
Western states saw lower or flat production from December 2011 levels. California, still the nation's milk-producing leader, fell 2.3% to 3.416 billion pounds. Milk output in New Mexico and Arizona dropped.3% each, to 674 million pounds and 375 million pounds, respectively. Washington increased only.4% to 515 million pounds.
Total U.S. milk production in all states during December was up 1.6% over December 2011.


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For the problems and questions that arise as you work through new projects, count on finding the answers in Woodworking FAQ (Storey Publishing, 2012) by Spike Carlsen. This woodworking guide offers the know-how and experience to answer common questions and provides handy tricks of the trade and simple instructions that will improve your woodworking and building skills. The following excerpt on wood shrinkage and expansion is taken from Chapter 2, "Wood & Plywood."
Movement in Wood: Dealing With Wood Shrinkage and Expansion
One challenge all woodworkers face is dealing with wood's predisposition to shrink and expand in response to changes in humidity and temperature. This may eventually result in cracks, gaps, and weak joints. This section offers some tips for meeting that challenge.
Q: Why is it so necessary to use dry wood?
A: Wood shrinks and changes shape as it dries. You want the bulk of that shrinkage and change of shape to occur before you start working with it. Freshly cut wood is also extremely heavy — in some species, over twice as heavy as when it's dry. Plus, wet wood is more susceptible to decay and rot. That said, there's an entire field of woodworking called "green woodworking" that focuses on building furniture and other items with wet or unseasoned wood. This furniture is often "rustic" in nature.
Q: Does wood shrink and expand equally in all directions?
A: No. The amount of shrinkage varies from species to species, but generally wood shrinks 8 to 10 percent tangentially, 4 to 5 percent radially, and close to zero percent lengthwise. In other words, the surface of the board where the grain intersects it perpendicularly, or close to perpendicularly, shrinks the most. This means woods of different shapes will shrink differently based on how they're cut from the tree.
Q: A friend told me I should use quartersawn boards for a tabletop because they're more stable than flatsawn boards. Is that true?
A: Yes. Due to the orientation of the grain, the boards will tend to expand and contract less across their width and be less prone to cupping.
Q: How much can wood expand and contract?
A: Some kiln-dried wood can change 1/8" to 1/4" in width for every foot. This may not seem like much, but when you add it up, a 4'-wide table can vary in width by as much as an inch from dry season to wet season.
Q: I've heard wood dries out in stages. What does that mean?
A: Picture wood as a bundle of paper drinking straws filled with water. If the water is emptied from the straws, the bundle will remain the same size. That's the first drying stage. If you were to extract the moisture from the straws themselves, the bundle itself would start shrinking. That's the second stage. In stage one, the moisture held in place by the cell walls dries out, bringing the wood down to a moisture content of about 30 percent. In stage two, water leaves the cell walls themselves. This is when noticeable differences start occurring. The wood shrinks, and as it shrinks it becomes denser, harder, and stronger.
Q: How long does it take for wood to dry thoroughly enough to stop shrinking and expanding?
A: Wood never stops moving. It's always trying to reach its equilibrium moisture content (EMC), the point at which moisture is no longer entering or exiting the wood. A board's EMC changes as the relative humidity changes. So unless wood is kept in a controlled environment where temperature and humidity never fluctuate — and even museums have difficulty doing that — the EMC is constantly changing, and the wood shrinks and expands accordingly.
Q: How much fluctuation can there actually be?
A: In dry areas, environments, or seasons where the relative humidity is as low as 20 percent, the EMC can be as low as 4 percent. In damp areas where humidity levels reach 80 to 90 percent, the EMC can reach nearly 18 percent. As a compromise, most kiln-dried lumber has a 6 to 8 percent moisture level.
Q: How can I tell if my wood is dry enough to build with?
A: The best way is to check it with a moisture meter. There are two types. Pin-style meters have pins that you push into the wood to measure electrical resistance, which in turn is expressed as a percentage of moisture. Pinless meters use radio frequencies to measure moisture levels. Pinless meters generally are more expensive, but they don't leave pinholes in your wood and often can give more accurate readings in dense woods that are difficult to penetrate with pin-style meters. Prices range from $50 to $200 and more.
Tip: A Scrap Wood Hygrometer
Throughout the year, the humidity in your workspace, and therefore the dimensions of the wood you're working with, can vary appreciably. One way to know how much to compensate when you're building is to use "moisture boards." Glue up 12"-wide planks of your most frequently used woods, measure their widths during both the driest and the most humid months of the year, and write those measurements on each board. When it's time to perform an exacting task, such as fitting an inset door or drawer, consult the moisture board made of that type of wood to see how much it's expanded or contracted, and adjust the fit of your pieces accordingly.
Excerpted from Woodworking FAQ © Spike Carlsen. Used with permission of Storey Publishing.


Top 10 Hunters In Animal World
8. Piranha
One of most dangerous fishes in the world, lives in South American rivers.
Using very strong jaws and sharp teeth they used to hunt wide range of preys, even humans, Their strong jaws can easily crush a human within 10 seconds. Their special sensory organs also help them to detect presence of blood at water. Piranhas generally hunt at nights, for small fishes and aquatic animals.
Piranhas also group together for large preys horses, deers…Etc. They also attack humans, several cases reported in Brazil.


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and personalization parameters and receiving a trustee's reputation value.
Collection and preparation
In the collection and preparation phase, the reputation system gleans information about the past behavior of a trustee and prepares it for subsequent computing. Although personal experience is the most reliable, it is often not sufficiently available or nonexistent. Therefore, data from other sources needs to be collected. These can be various, ranging from public or personal collections of data centrally stored to data requested from different peers in a distributed network. After all available data is gathered, it is prepared for further use. Preparation techniques include normalization, for instance, which brings the input data from different sources into a uniform format. Once the preparation is completed, the reputation data serves as input for the computation phase.
The computation phase is the central part of every reputation system and takes the reputation information collected as input and generates a trust/reputation value as output. This phase can be divided into the three generic process steps filtering, weighting and aggregation. Depending on the computation engine, not all steps have to be implemented. The first two steps (filtering and weighting) preprocess the data for the subsequent aggregation. The need for these steps is obvious: The first question to be answered is which information is useful for further processing (filtering). The second process step concerns the question of how relevant the information is for the specific situation (weighting). In line with this, Zhang et al. pointed out that current trust models can be classified into the two broad categories filtering-based and discounting-based. The difference between filtering and weighting is that the filtering process reduces the information amount while it is enriched by weight factors in the second case. Therefore, filtering can be seen as hard selection while weighting is more like a soft selection. Finally, the reputation values are aggregated to calculate one or several reputation scores. Depending on the algorithm, the whole computation process or single process steps can be run through for multiple times.
Storage and communication
After reputation scores are calculated, they are either stored locally, in a public storage or both depending on the structure (centralized/decentralized/hybrid) of the reputation system. Common reputation systems not only provide the reputation scores but also offer extra information to help the end-users understand the meaning of a score. They should furthermore reveal the computation process to accomplish transparency.
In this work, we focus on the computation phase, since the first phase (collection & preparation) and the last phase (storage & communication) strongly depend on the structure of the reputation system (centralized or decentralized). The computation phase, however, is independent of the structure and can look alike for systems implemented in both centralized and decentralized environments. Therefore, it works well for design with reuse.
Hierarchical component taxonomy
In this section, the computation process is examined in detail. We introduce a novel hierarchical component taxonomy that is based on the functional blocks of common reputation systems identified in this work. Thereto, we clarify the objectives of the identified classes (functions) and name common examples. Our analysis and selection of reputation systems is based on different surveys [2,3,8,13,14]. Figure 2 gives an overview of the primary and secondary classes identified.
Beginning with the filtering phase, the three broad classes attribute-based, statistic-based and clustering-based filtering can be identified:
Attribute-based filtering: In several trust models, input data is filtered based on a constraint-factor defined for the value of single attributes. Attribute-based filters mostly implement a very simple logic, in which an attribute is usually compared to a reference value. Due to their lightweight, they are proper for reducing huge amounts of input data to the part necessary for the reputation calculation. Besides the initial filtering of input data, it is often applied after the weighting phase in order to filter referrals that have been strongly discounted. Time is an example of an attribute that is often constrained because it is desirable to disregard very old ratings. eBay's reputation system, for instance, only considers transactions having occurred in the last 12 months for their overview of positive, neutral and negative ratings. Other models such as Sporas ignore every referral but the latest, if one party rated another party more than once. In this way, simple ballot stuffing attacks can be prevented. In ballot stuffing attacks, parties improve their reputation by means of positive ratings after fake transactions.
Statistic-based filtering: Further techniques that are used to enhance the robustness of trust models against the spread of false rumors apply statistical patterns. Whitby et al., for example, proposed a statistical filter technique to filter out unfair ratings in Bayesian reputation systems applying the majority rule. The majority rule considers feedback that is far away from the majority's referrals as dishonest. In this way, dishonest or false feedback can easily be detected and filtered.
Clustering-based filtering: Clustering-based filter use cluster analysis approaches to identify unfair ratings. These approaches are comparatively expensive and therefore rarely used as filtering techniques. An exemplary procedure is to analyze an advisor's history. Since a rater never lies to himself, an obvious way to detect false ratings is to compare own experience with the advisor's referrals. Thus, both fair and unfair ratings can be identified. iCLUB, for example, calculates clusters of advisors whose evaluations against other parties are alike. Then, the cluster being most similar to the own opinion is chosen as fair ratings. If there is no common experience (e.g. bootstrapping), the majority rule will be applied. Another example for an approach using cluster filtering was proposed by Dellarocas.
Once all available information is reduced to those suitable for measuring trust and reputation in the current situation, it becomes clear that various data differ in their characteristics (e.g. context, reliability). Hence, the referrals are weighted in the second process step based on different factors. In contrast to the filtering step, applied techniques differ strongly. For that reason, our classification of weighting techniques is based on the properties of referrals that are analyzed for the discounting. We distinguish between the following classes:
Context comparability: Reputation data is always bound to the specific context in which it is created. Ratings that are generated in one application area might not be automatically applicable in another application area. In e-commerce, for instance, transactions are accomplished involving different prices, product types, payment methods, quality or time. The non-consideration of this context leads to the value imbalance problem where a malicious seller can build a high reputation by selling cheap products while cheating on expensive ones. To increase comparability and avoid such situations, context has become a crucial attribute for many current approaches like or.
Criteria comparability: Besides the context in which feedback is created, the criteria that underlie the evaluation are important. Particularly, if referrals from different application areas or communities are integrated, criteria comparability can be crucial. In file-sharing networks, for instance, a positive rating is often granted with a successful transaction independent of the quality of service. On e-commerce platforms, in contrast, quality may be a critical factor for customer satisfaction. Other distinctions could be the costs of reviews, the level of anonymity or the number of peers in different communities or application areas. Weighting based on criteria comparability can compensate these differences.
Credibility/propagation: In network structures such as in the web-of-trust, trust can be established along a recommendation or trust chain. Obviously, referrals that have first-hand information about the trustworthiness of an agent are more credible than referrals received at second-hand (with propagation degree of two) or higher. Therefore, several models apply a propagation (transitivity) rate to discount referrals based on their distance. The biometric identity trust model, for instance, derives the reputation-factor from the distance of nodes in a web-of-trust.
Reliability: Reliability or honesty of referrals can strongly affect the weight of reviews. The concept of feedback reputation that measures the agents' reliability in terms of providing honest feedback is often applied. As a consequence, referrals created by agents having a low feedback reputation have a low impact on the aggregated reputation. The bases for this calculation can be various. Google's PageRank, for instance, involves the position of every website connected to the trustee in the web graph in their recursive algorithm. Epinions, on the other hand, allows users to directly rate reviews and reviewers. In this way, the effects of unfair ratings are diminished.
Rating value: Trust is event sensitive. For stronger punishment of bad behavior, the weight of positive ratings compared to negative ratings can be calculated asymmetrically. An example for a model using an "adaptive forgetting scheme" was proposed by Sun et al., in which good reputation can be built slowly through good behavior but easily be ruined through bad behavior.
Time: Due to the dynamic nature of trust, it has been widely recognized that time is one important factor for the weighting of referrals. Old feedback might not be as relevant for reputation scoring as new referrals. An example measure for time-based weighting is the "forgetting factor" proposed by Jøsang.
Personal preferences: Reputation systems are used by various end-users (e.g. human decision makers, services). Therefore, a reputation system must allow the adaptation of its techniques to subjective personal preferences. Different actors might have different perceptions regarding the importance of direct experience and referrals, the significance of distinct information sources or the rating of newcomers.
The tuple of reputation data and weight-factor(s) serve as input for the third step of the computation process - the aggregation. In this phase, one or several trust/reputation values are calculated by composing the available information. In some cases, the weighting and the aggregation process are run through repetitively in an iterative manner. However, the single steps can still be logically separated. The list of proposed algorithms to aggregate trust and reputation values has become very long during the last decade. Here, we summarize the most common aggregation techniques and classify them into the four blocks simple arithmetic, statistic, fuzzy and graph-based models:
Simple arithmetic: The