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On May 4, 2000, a prescribed fire was set at Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico, to clear brush and dead and dying undergrowth to prevent a larger, subsequent wildfire. Unfortunately, due to high winds and extremely dry conditions in the surrounding area, the prescribed fire quickly raged out of control and, by May 10, the blaze had spread into the nearby town of Los Alamos. In all, more than 20,000 people were evacuated from their homes and more than 200 houses were destroyed as the flames consumed about 48,000 acres in and around the Los Alamos area.
The pair of images above were acquired by the Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) sensor, flying aboard NASA's Landsat 7 satellite, shortly before the Los Alamos fire (top image, acquired April 14) and shortly after the fire was extinguished (lower image, June 17). The images reveal the extent of the damage caused by the fire.
Combining ETM+ channels 7, 4, and 2 (one visible and two infrared channels) results in a false-color image where vegetation appears as bright to dark green. Forested areas are generally dark green while herbaceous vegetation is light green. Rangeland or more open areas appear pink to light purple. Areas with extensive pavement or urban development appear light blue or white to purple. Less densely-developed residential areas appear light green and golf courses are very bright green. In the lower image, the areas recently burned appear bright red.
Landsat 7 data courtesy United States Geological Survey EROS DataCenter.
Images by Robert Simmon, NASA GSFC.


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SB 758, as introduced, Block. Atmospheric Rivers Research and Mitigation Fund.
Existing law requires the State Energy Resources Conservation and Development Commission to implement and administer various energy research, demonstration, development, and conservation programs in the state. Existing law also requires specified state agencies to prepare and submit to the Secretary for Environmental Protection, specified information relating to the state's greenhouse gas emissions.
This bill would establish the Atmospheric Rivers Research and Mitigation Fund in the State Treasury for the purposes of funding research, demonstration, and development of an atmospheric rivers program to mitigate the effects of climate change associated with atmospheric rivers.
Vote: majority. Appropriation: no. Fiscal committee: yes. State-mandated local program: no.
The people of the State of California do enact as follows:
Chapter 7.2 (commencing with Section 25621)
2is added to Division 15 of the Public Resources Code, to read:
There is hereby established in the State Treasury, the
5Atmospheric Rivers Research and Mitigation Fund, for the
6purposes of funding research, demonstration, and development of
7an atmospheric rivers program to mitigate the effects of climate
8change associated with atmospheric rivers.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Access to Astronomical Catalogues
← Click to display the menu
III/145 Radial Velocities in the Cardinal Directions (Sandage+ 1987)
U, V, W Velocity Components for the Old Disk Using Radial Velocities of 1295 Stars in the Three Cardinal Directions Sandage A., Fouts G. =1987AJ.....93..592S
ADC_Keywords: Radial velocities Abstract: Radial velocities are presented for 430 stars in the U direction (l=0,b=0), 445 stars in the V direction (l=90,b=0) and 420 stars in the W direction (b=90). The stars were chosen from the SAO catalog to be within about 10deg of the respective cardinal directions, to be brighter than m(pg) about 10.5mag, and between spectral classes A5 and K0. Except for the K0 stars, almost all are dwarfs. They were chosen to present a kinematically unbiased selection, as the intent was to understand the percentage of stars in each kinematic component of the galaxy. File Summary:
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
ReadMe 80. This file u.dat 52 430 Radial velocities for stars within 10deg of (0,0) v.dat 52 445 Radial velocities for stars within 10deg of (90,0) w.dat 52 420 Radial velocities for stars within 10deg of (0,90)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: u.dat, v.dat, w.dat
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
1- 8 A8 --- Name *Star name 9 A1 --- m_Name Component 11- 12 I2 h RAh Right ascension (1950) hours 13- 14 I2 min RAm Right ascension (1950) minutes 15- 16 I2 s RAs Right ascension (1950) seconds 17 A1 --- DEDeclination sign 18- 19 I2 deg DEd Declination (1950) degrees 20- 21 I2 arcmin DEm Declination (1950) minutes 22- 23 I2 arcsec DEs Declination (1950) seconds 25- 26 A2 --- Sp Spectral type 28- 31 F4.1 mag Vmag?Visual Magnitude 33- 36 F4.1 mag Pmag?Photographic magnitude 38- 43 F6.1 km/s RV Radial Velocity 45- 48 F4.1 km/s e_RV?Standard deviation of radial velocity 49 A1 --- --- [(]Left parenthesis 50- 51 I2 --- o_RV?Number of measurements of radial velocity 52 A1 --- --- [)]Right parenthesis
Note on Name: Star is either from SAO (Cat. I/131) when it stars by "SAO", or from the BD (Cat. I/122) when its stars by a "+". SAO is used in u.dat and w.dat; and BD in v.dat
History: * 29-Sep-1995 (Nancy G. Roman, ADC): Several corrections in the file "v.dat": -- in line 155 (47-3650) the record as it was received is appended by * 471420. This does not appear in this version or in the printed version. -- in lines 155 and 335, the BD zone was prefixed by NX. This has been changed to X in the comp column. It apparently is another star near the BD star numbered. * 16-Mar-2005: all 3 files changed to an identical format.
(End) Nancy G. Roman [ADC/SSDOO] 29-Sep-1995
catalogue service


The students work at two facilities of the company - in Sosnovy Bor (69 people) and the Kaliningrad region (57 people).
Five brigades work in Kaliningrad: "Kariatida" (Rostov Region), "Prospect-15" (Republic of Chuvashia), "PSK-Master" (Nizhny Novgorod Region), "Tesla" (Republic of Tatarstan), "ShSO PGUAS" (Penza Region).
Most of the students were trained to be concrete workers and rebar fitters. Also, the session brigades include ten masons and seven carpenters. The students perform specialized types of work under the supervision of their team leaders.
As part of the employment at JSC CONCERN TITAN-2, the student construction brigades were briefed on occupational health and safety, electrical safety, working at heights, fire safety basics, they received special clothing and personal protective equipment. The company arranged three meals a day for the students. They live in a comfortable hostel and are transported to the facility by a company shuttle bus.
The winter practice shift of the student construction brigades will last until the end of February. The main task for this period is to fulfill all operational tasks set by the employer, strictly observing the labor safety rules.


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An important unit operation in biotechnology and chemical engineering is fixed-bed adsorption.
Species to be separated, called separands, are either in the mobile phase or adsorbed by the stationary phase. The separands are subject to convection, mechanical dispersion, and molecular diffusion.
A mass balance, obtained by considering a disk of cross-sectional area equal to that of the column, gives:
are the concentrations of the separand in the mobile and stationary phases, respectively,
is the void fraction of the column,
is the mobile phase superficial velocity,
is the effective dispersivity of the separand in the column,
is the longitudinal position in the column, and finally
Since linear equilibrium is assumed:
. Also consider that mass transfer resistances are negligible (i.e.,
The breakthrough curve, the separand concentration versus time at the exit of the column, can be determined experimentally or computed numerically. In the present Demonstration, breakthrough curves are computed for a variety of values of the relevant parameters.


Highway Maintenance
Road maintenance techniques
Our roads and footpaths need periodic maintenance to keep them in a usable condition.
Video films
Road and footpath improvements
In order of cost, with cheapest first:
 - Localised patch repairs corrects areas that have cracked or crazed but which are structurally sound.
 - Surface-dressing (a thin layer of chippings spread onto a film of bitumen) protects an otherwise structurally sound and regular surface from water ingress, UV light, slows-down the rate of wear and restores grip.
 Find out more about Surface Dressing
 - Resurfacing corrects the unevenness of a deformed surface or areas of extensive shallow cracking where the integrity of the underlying road is sound.
 - Localised full-depth repairs (of more than one of the structural layers of the road or footpath) strengthens the road or footpath in areas that have failed through settlement, typically at road edges (known as 'Haunching').
 - Major Maintenance uses a combination of two or more of the above techniques
Drainage improvements
Drainage improvements allow water, that would normally 'pond' on the highway (known as 'standing' water), to drain into the drainage system or onto lower ground. Standing water can undermine the road and footpaths' ability to withstand heavy traffic and cause aquaplaning or the formation of black ice in cold conditions.
As a general rule:
 1. Once a surface starts to become polished, cracked or crazed (damp but drying surfaces show this best), a small amount of localised patch repair (maximum of 5% of the surface area) can be used to deal with any defects. The whole area can then be surface dressed. This approach can delay the need for costly and disruptive major maintenance for upwards of ten to fifteen years.
 2. Where levels of patching exceed 10% of the surface area, it is more than likely that full resurfacing would be a more cost-effective solution.
 3. With problems such as large cracks, extensive potholing and rutting, the only appropriate treatment is localised full-depth repairs.
 4. It is not unusual to find some sites that rate too high for surface dressing but not high enough for resurfacing. The amount of patching required on these site means that surface dressing would not be a cost effective solution. In these circumstances the road must remain untreated until resurfacing can be justified.


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In Canada, there is still no national regulation or oversight of animals used in laboratories. Instead, an industry-dominated body called the Canadian Council on Animal Care ("CCAC") sets some minimal, non-legal standards for animal ethics and care in science in Canada. The Council recently released a draft of the new "CCAC Principles for the Ethical Use of Animals in Science", and it's open to public review. This ethics principles document is intended to guide all stakeholders involved in animal experimentation in Canada.
Animal Justice will continue to push for laws and government oversight of labs, but in the meantime, CCAC policies can have major implications for how animals in labs are treated. There's an ongoing public consultation about the policy, so now is your chance to have your voice heard and to support stronger standards for animals used in experiments by providing your input to CCAC. The deadline for comments has been extended and is now September 23, 2022.
To submit your feedback, click on the following link and select "Review the Draft". Once you have done this, select the option to provide "general comments on the document" (or, alternatively, select a specific section that you may have comments on).
Animal Justice recommends writing to CCAC on one or more of the following topics:
- In support of the elimination / phasing out of animal testing. Much of CCAC's principles document should be applauded in that it emphasizes the use of non-animal methods over animal use in many circumstances. In particular, CCAC's proposed "principles of application" provide that "animals must not be used if there is another, valid non-animal means of achieving the same research, educational, or regulatory goal". This is a significant step towards phasing out outdated and unreliable animal testing.
That said, the principles document still supports animal testing where it is "necessary" or "cannot be avoided". Unfortunately, the document does not clarify what is a necessary or unavoidable use. This leaves the door open to continued overuse of animal testing. In the spirit of moving toward a complete phase out of animal testing, Animal Justice recommends asking CCAC to strengthen the language in the principles document to restrict, phase-out, or ban animal testing altogether by an achievable date.
- In support of CCAC's harm-reduction and humane treatment proposals as necessary minimum requirements when dealing with animals in research, testing, teaching and training, etc. We recommend commenting in support of: (a) CCAC's acknowledgment that animal welfare includes both the physical and psychological state of individual animals; (b) the proposed principle that "any potential pain, distress or suffering must be minimized, and positive welfare states should be promoted"; (c) the proposed principle that "captive environments should provide animals with the opportunity to experience a life worth living"; and (d) the acknowledgment that particular activities should not be permitted for any reason, including those that are likely to cause "extreme harm" to be experienced by an animal.
- In support of CCAC's proposal that, wherever possible, animals bred for use in scientific activities who are "no longer needed" should be retired, rehomed, or released into an ecologically suitable environment, rather than being killed. Animals used for science have historically been killed when they are no longer useful to the facilities that breed them. CCAC's proposal in support of rehoming animals should be strongly supported. Animals' lives should not be arbitrarily ended because they are no longer useful or convenient for research purposes.
Don't miss your chance to speak out on behalf of animals used for science in Canada. CCAC's public review closes on September 23, 2022.


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Jerome Jay Wolken, a biophysicist at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh who delved into the mysteries of sight and light and invented a lens system that gave sight to some legally blind people, died on May 10 at his home in Pittsburgh. He was 82.
Dr. Wolken's Light Concentrating Lens System, developed in the 1980's and used in eyeglasses, opened new vistas on medical science, photography, astronomy and the collection of sunlight. One of the patents for the system involves a pear-shaped lens 10 times more sensitive to light than a standard camera lens.
The system reproduced the lenses that deep-sea creatures adapted over millions of years to see objects at depths of up to 1,500 feet in almost total darkness. The key was a special geometric relationship between the curvature of the top and the curvature of the bottom of the lens.
Made of glass or plastic for an eyeglass frame, the system increased the light-gathering ability of eyes that could not send enough light to their retinas. It was used primarily by people with cataracts.
In researching deep-sea optics, Dr. Wolken worked with the Marine Biological Laboratory and the Oceanographic Research Institute at Woods Hole on Cape Cod, Mass., and with similar institutions in Miami, Bermuda, the Bahamas, Europe and Japan. He applied his findings to lenses of enhanced photosensitivity.
Jerome Jay Wolken was born in Pittsburgh and received a bachelor's degree in chemistry from the University of Pittsburgh in 1946. He received a master's degree in biological sciences in 1948 and a Ph.D. in biophysics in 1949, both from Pittsburgh, where he taught in the 1950's and was named a professor of biophysics physiology in 1962.
Two years later, Carnegie Mellon appointed Dr. Wolken a professor and head of the biological sciences department at Morrison Carnegie College. He wrote nine books in his field, edited two more and contributed some 120 papers to scientific journals. He retired in 1982, but he continued his work until recently.
Dr. Wolken is survived by his wife of 43 years, Tobey Holstein Wolken; their daughter and son, Johanna Zorn of Chicago and Erik A., of Chapel Hill, N.C.; a daughter and son by an earlier marriage, Ann Wolken of Los Angeles, and Jonathan, of Washington Depot, Conn., and five grandchildren. His first wife, Dorothy Mallinger Wolken, died in 1954.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Title: What Is the Biggest Railroad Company in the United States?
Railroads have played a crucial role in shaping the transportation landscape of the United States since their inception in the early 19th century. Over the years, numerous railroad companies have emerged, connecting cities, transporting goods, and fostering economic growth. In this article, we will explore the biggest railroad company in the United States, delving into its history, operations, and overall significance in the nation's transportation infrastructure.
The Biggest Railroad Company in the United States: Union Pacific Railroad
Union Pacific Railroad is widely recognized as the largest railroad company in the United States. Established in 1862 through the Pacific Railroad Act signed by President Abraham Lincoln, Union Pacific has since become an iconic symbol of American railroading.
1. History and Expansion:
Union Pacific Railroad was initially formed as part of the First Transcontinental Railroad project, which aimed to connect the eastern and western coasts of the United States. The company played a pivotal role in the completion of this ambitious project, with its tracks finally meeting those of the Central Pacific Railroad at Promontory Summit, Utah, in 1869.
2. Network and Operations:
With a vast network spanning 32,000 miles across 23 states, Union Pacific serves as a vital link for transporting goods and people throughout the country. The company operates in major regions like the Midwest, Southwest, and Pacific Coast, providing seamless transportation services for various industries, including agriculture, energy, and manufacturing.
3. Technological Advancements:
Union Pacific has consistently embraced technological advancements to enhance its efficiency and safety standards. It has implemented advanced train control systems, such as Positive Train Control (PTC), to prevent accidents and optimize operations. Additionally, Union Pacific has utilized modern locomotives and innovative freight car designs to increase capacity and reduce emissions.
4. Economic Impact:
As the largest railroad company in the United States, Union Pacific plays a crucial role in driving economic growth. The company employs thousands of workers nationwide and contributes significantly to the nation's GDP. Its transportation services facilitate domestic and international trade, ensuring the efficient movement of goods and resources.
5. Environmental Initiatives:
Union Pacific is committed to sustainable practices and reducing its environmental footprint. The company actively promotes fuel efficiency, investing in locomotives with lower emissions and utilizing alternative fuels. By moving freight via rail, Union Pacific helps reduce road congestion and carbon emissions, contributing to a greener transportation system.
1. How many employees does Union Pacific have?
Union Pacific employs around 36,000 people, making it one of the largest employers in the railroad industry.
2. What is Union Pacific's market share?
Union Pacific holds a significant market share, with its extensive network covering a substantial portion of the United States.
3. How does Union Pacific compare to other major railroad companies?
In terms of track mileage and revenue, Union Pacific consistently ranks as the largest railroad company in the United States.
4. Does Union Pacific provide passenger services?
While Union Pacific primarily focuses on freight transportation, it collaborates with Amtrak, the national passenger rail service, to ensure the smooth operation of passenger trains on shared tracks.
5. What safety measures does Union Pacific employ?
Union Pacific prioritizes safety and employs various measures, including advanced train control systems, regular inspections, and comprehensive employee training programs.
6. How does Union Pacific contribute to local communities?
Union Pacific actively supports local communities through charitable initiatives, community engagement, and partnerships with nonprofit organizations.
7. Does Union Pacific have plans for expansion or future projects?
Union Pacific continuously invests in its infrastructure and explores opportunities for expansion to meet the growing demand for rail transportation in the United States.
As the largest railroad company in the United States, Union Pacific Railroad occupies a prominent position in the nation's transportation infrastructure. With its extensive network, technological advancements, economic impact, and commitment to sustainability, Union Pacific continues to serve as a vital link for goods and people throughout the country.


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Vamps, riffs and ostinanti
At the community choir last night our conductor referred to part of a song we were practising as a vamp. I have heard this term before in the context of songs, but wasn't entirely sure what it meant, so decided to find out.
According to the OED, vamp (/væmp/) has a number of meanings, including:
1. That part of hose or stockings which covers the foot and ankle; also, a short stocking, a sock.
2. The part of a boot or shoe covering the front of the foot; U.S., that part between the sole and the top in front of the ankle-seams.
3. Anything vamped, patched up, or refurbished; a patchwork; a book of this nature.
4. A vamped or improvised accompaniment.
Etymology: from the Anglo-Norman *vampé / *vanpé, from the Old French avanpié, which later became avantpied – a combination of avan(t) (before) and pié foot.
None of these definitions entirely fit what we were singing last night – a short repeated phrase at the end of a song.
According to Wikipedia, a vamp is "a repeating musical figure, section or accompaniment" that's used mainly in jazz, gospel, soul, and musical theatre, and also in other types of music. Vamp can also mean "to improvise simple accompaniment or variation of a tune".
The equivalent of vamp in classical music is ostinato, the Italian word for 'stubborn'. A related term is riff, which is perhaps an abbreviation of refrain and refers to a repeated chord progression, pattern, refrain or melodic figure, and is used mainly in rock, funk, jazz and Latin music.


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Since 2010, Frasca's advanced helicopter full flight simulators have helped Bristow Group develop a true company‐wide learning and safety culture.
Next Generation Requirements
In the mid‐2000s, the Bristow Group began operating a new generation of twin‐engine IFR helicopters to support offshore oil and gas (O&G) exploration and production – the Airbus EC225, Sikorsky S‐ 76C++, and Sikorsky S‐92. To support flight training in these new aircraft, Bristow chose Frasca to design, certify, manufacture, and install three new type‐specific state-of‐art full flight simulators for Bristow's North Sea helicopter training center in Aberdeen, Scotland.
Bristow Mission Profile
Founded in 1955, Bristow today operates 345 aircraft supporting offshore O&G in Europe, Russia, and North, Central, and South America. Specifically, in the often unforgiving North Sea, Bristow provides O&G support in addition to 24‐hour, all‐weather day/night search and rescue (SAR) for the UK government and the Norwegian O&G industry.
Notorious for rough and changing weather conditions, the North Sea is an exceptionally challenging environment with high winds, rough seas, poor visibility, fog, thunderstorms, icing conditions, and turbulence. The company sought superior simulator technology to ensure pilots received realistic, multi‐sensory training preparing them to maintain safe flight operations no matter what the North Sea throws at them.
Frasca developed three custom simulators featuring the Frasca TruVision Global visual system with a 200‐degree horizontal by 70‐degree vertical dome visual system, six‐axis electric motion base, vibration platform, exact cockpit replication, electric control loading, blade element modelling, multi‐channel sound simulation, night vision goggle (NVG) compatibility, and a touch screen instructor operator station (IOS).
The visual database installed for Bristow includes several high‐detail UK airports, coastlines, and North Sea offshore oil field installations, and allows for a range of sea states, weather, and light conditions to accurately simulate the operating environment.
The Frasca simulators are also equipped with an auto‐test utility employing sensors and software to automatically fly the FFS through the required CAA maneuvers, record the performance, and compare the results to flight test data obtained from an actual helicopter. Auto‐test also includes a real‐time graphical feedback on the visual display, greatly simplifing performing control sweep tests.
Bristow required an FFS that permitted the company to get as close to the FFS Level D training credit as possible, but used an alternate certification level allowing more flexibility in technology to better meet its training objectives.
Frasca designed and certified Bristow's simulators from the ground up to meet the company's specific training and certification requirements. Each FFS is dual qualified as FFS Level B by the UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) and a FTD Level 3 under the EASA system. As such, pilots receive credit for 90% of initial type conversions and 100% for recurrent training and check requirements in the simulators.
Simulator Training at Bristow
Bristow provides initial and recurrent training in its advanced FFSs. Bristow's initial training program includes aircraft‐type rating and operator conversion, the majority of which is conducted in the simulators and supplemented by actual aircraft training. All semiannual recurrent training and checks (apart from line checks) are conducted in the simulators.
Training Benefits Realized
The new FFSs greatly enhance Bristow's training efforts, allowing instructors to effectively teach and monitor pilot performance, multi‐crew procedures, and crew resource management (CRM).
The Frasca simulators also feature recording facilities, including video, audio, instrument readouts, and flight path data. This allows the flight to be played back for debrief, analysis and learning opportunities, further enhancing training.
In the end, the three high fidelity flight simulators not only meet Bristow's certification and training objectives, but proved to be extremely reliable and easy to maintain, with reliability exceeding 98 percent.
"These aspects can only be trained and assessed effectively when instructors/examiners are not part of the crew (as they would have to be during training in the actual aircraft)," says Bristow's Training Standards Manager Paul Quick.
"The simulator is ideal, allowing the instructor/examiner to observe and test from the instructor station."


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Just how big is the world's biggest ball of twine? Well stop in at Cawker City, KS to see. Look at these figures:
40 foot circumference
Over 6,000,000 feet of sisal twine
Frank Stoeber started this ball of twine on his farm in 1953. By 1957 it weighed 5,000 pounds, stood 8 feet high, and had 1,175,180 feet of twine on it. Stoeber gave the ball to Cawker City in 1961 before his death in 1974.
Canis Major is the brightest star in the sky, alpha C ma
The state of Delaware accepted the Constitution on December 7, 1787. Delaware is the second smallest state in the Union, but can claim that it is the "First State."
Sir Francis Galton,, began his observations of fingerprints as a means of identification in the 1880's. In 1892, he published his book, "Fingerprints", establishing the individuality and permanence of fingerprints.
Why do you yawn?
You yawn because oxygen levels in our lungs are low. The brain prompts the body to yawn to get more air into the lungs.
Samuel Morse designed the first telegraph. On May 24, 1844, the first telegraph message, "What hath God wrought," was successfully sent and received along the first telegraph wire system.


The fight continues
The Supreme Court on Monday rejected the pleas to review the capital sentences of three assailants in a notorious gang rape and murder of a young college student that shook India in 2012, bringing them one step closer to eventual execution. Many will see this as a natural justice. The Nirbhaya incident shocked nation and forced government to bring in more stringent laws in order to protect the women. There was hope that sacrifice of Nirbhaya will not go in vain and country will become safer for women due to implementation of stricter laws.
In the years since, women's advocates say that the Nirbhaya case raised awareness, prompting more women to come forward if they're abused or assaulted, with authorities responding to the concerns with more closed-circuit security cameras and fast track courts for crimes against women. However question mark hinges over effectiveness of these courts. Also according to government crime data, the number of reported rapes continues to rise – from about 25,000 in 2012 to 38,000 in 2016. Earlier this year because of the continues rise in number of rape case, the union cabinet approved an emergency ordinance allowing the death penalty for the gang rape of children under the age of 12. However, one wonders whether it will have desired impact in years to come. Formulation of stringent law alone will not curb such heinous crime. The Indian society also needs to change its mentality towards the women.


WINDS: A Legend from the Lower Yukon
Price: $15.95 (USD)
Long ago, when the Earth was young, there were no winds to make waves dance upon the sand. No fierce storms would tear up the villages. No summer breezes would flow in through the windows. There were no winds, no winds at all!
In that time lived a couple, who more than anything else, longed for a child. A moon spirit driving a mysterious flying dogsled took pity upon the grieving husband and wife. In a dream the spirit showed the woman a strange tree and told her to make a doll from the trunk of the tree. The husband and wife followed the spirit's commands-and were rewarded when the doll turned into a bright-eyed, smiling little boy who changed the nature of the world forever.
Many cultures from around the world have creation stories to explain natural events. Winds is one such story, told by the people of the Lower Yukon section of Alaska, to explain how winds came to be, while introducing kids to a little-known tale from one of the most fascinating cultures of the world.


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Ancient Skeleton Discovered in Sri Lankan Cave
A complete human skeleton has been excavated from a cave in western Sri Lanka.
Discovered in the Fa Hien Cave in the district of Kalutara, Western Province, Sri Lanka, the skeleton, thought to be a Homo sapien, could be the oldest found in South Asia so far.
Items found in the same layer as the skeleton have been dated back 37,000 years, suggesting that the skeleton is likely around the same age. To find out for sure, officials plan to get it carbon-dated.
Stone tools were found with the skeleton, as well as ornaments made of beads and weapons made of animal bone. These discoveries are helping to build a picture of the eating habits and rituals of these ancient people.
Although human remains were found at the cave in the 1960′s and 1980′s, this find, made a few days ago, represents the first complete pre-historic human skeleton discovered in Sri Lanka.


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Adaptive Release - Create Multiple Rules for a Content Item
Adaptive release allows instructors and course designers to release course content based on rules that they create; in other words, you can control what content is made available to which students and under what conditions they are allowed to see it. Rules can be created for individuals or groups, based on criteria related to date, time, assessment scores or attempts, and the review status of other items in the course.
By the time you finish this tutorial you should be able to
1. Create Multiple Rules
2. Set Criteria
2. Use an items contextual menu to access Adaptive Release. To do this select the Double Down Arrow positioned next to the item title.
- Adaptive Release – used to create basic rules for an item. In this tool only one rule per item may be created.
For instance, instructors can create one rule containing multiple criteria which makes users satisfy all restriction before gaining access to the item.
- Adaptive Release: Advanced – this feature allows instructors to create multiple rules per item. For example, if different rules apply for different Groups in a course this feature should be used.
When an item has multiple rules applied to it users need to satisfy the criteria of only one rule to gain access.
3. For the purpose of this tutorial we will use Adaptive Release: Advanced to create a rule with multiple criteria and multiple rules.
6. A success message appears at the top of the screen. Now Select Create Criteria. You can create criteria according to Date, Grade, Membership and Review Status. For content to be visible to a user the user must satisfy all the criteria in a rule.
7. Membership Criteria allows content to be displayed to specific users and Groups. Use the Username field to enter individual users and the Course-Groups field to select Available Course Groups.
All Groups can be selected, even those that are unavailable. To Select one or more course groups highlight the Group Name and select the Right Arrow.
8. Now add another criterion. Adding criteria to the rule will narrow the ability of users to view the content item. Select Create Criteria > Date.
10. When multiple criteria are added to a rule. The word AND appears between each criteria. This means that all of the rules criteria must be met before the item is released.
11. Now Create a New Rule. In creating a new rule a different option or path for releasing the content will be available. The content will be released if any one of the rules is satisfied.
14. Content items can be released based on an attempt (A) or score (B).
For example, an Instructor may prepare a pre-test for Students to prepare for the Final Exam. A Student cannot take the Final Exam until the pre-test has been attempted, regardless of the grade. Instructors can also restrict access to an item until a certain score or score range is reached on a test or quiz.
15. Select a Grade Center column, Set a condition and Submit.
16. On the Adaptive Release: Advanced page you can see that when multiple rules are added the word OR appears between each rule. This means that one of the rules must be satisfied for the item to be released.


.)
Gas Ovens
Older ovens used to be ignited with a pilot light. This is a small flame from which the oven drew its fire when turned on. In halachic terms, this allowed the user to turn them on, on Yom Tov without a question of transgressing the prohibition of molid. As with the gas cooktops, new ovens are equipped with electric igniters, most commonly an electric igniter called a glow plug. When turning on the oven, the power to the glow plug is initiated. When the glow plug is hot enough the gas will begin to flow and start the flame. When the oven chamber reaches the temperature set by the thermostat, it turns off the flow of gas and electricity. As the chamber loses heat, the oven will restart the glow plug which in turn restarts the gas to bring the chamber back to the required temperature. Because one may not directly initiate the flow of electricity to the glow plug on Yom Tov, he must turn the oven on before Yom Tov. When raising the temperature on the oven on Yom Tov, one must be sure that they are not initiating electric current to the glow plug. Therefore, if one sees the glow plug glowing (it gives a bright orange light which can be seen through the side vents on the floor of the oven) or if the flame is on, one may raise the temperature. As discussed earlier with regard to stovetops, one may lower the oven setting only when needed for the benefit of the food. It is important to note that some ovens will give a digital readout of the temperature when raised or lowered. This would pose a halachic question of writing and erasing, both of which are prohibited acts on Yom Tov.
Sabbath Mode Ovens
(The Following Applies to Yom Tov Only)
Sabbath mode ovens are designed to bypass many of the practical and halachic problems posed by the modern oven. For the Sabbath mode ovens with the random delay feature, one may raise or lower the temperature of the oven without concern for the heating element or glow plug. This is because the computer does not directly react to the change in settings. The oven will randomly look to the setting and adjust the temperature. This means that turning on the heating element or glow plug is only an indirect result of your action (grama). Therefore, since a grama is permitted on Yom Tov one may actually adjust the temperature. For the Sabbath mode ovens without the random delay, the temperature may be raised only when power is flowing to the oven and lowered when power is not flowing to the oven as indicated by the readout on the display.6
 No. One is permitted to lower the setting only when it is necessary for the preparation of the Yom Tov's food.
 Those Sabbath Mode ovens that are equipped with a random delay may be lowered on Yom Tov. This is because the random delay makes the reaction of the oven to lower the temperature a grama (indirect action). Although we permit extinguishing or lowering a flame only where it is needed for food, this applies where one does the action. Here, where the computer will lower the temperature later on as a reaction to your instructions, it is called gram kibui and it is permitted.
 One may open and close the door of an oven on Yom Tov to process the food as needed if this does not cause a light or icon to go on directly because the door was opened. On Shabbos there is a problem with opening the door because it will cause additional burning in the oven. This is prohibited on Shabbos8 but permitted on Yom Tov.
 Regarding raising the temperature of a gas oven on Yom Tov, one may not do so unless they know that the glow plug is glowing and the display will not change. This is because raising the temperature setting will directly cause the glow plug to go on if it is otherwise off, creating a problem of molid. However, if the oven is certified with sabbath mode that has a random delay feature built in, and this was initiated before Yom Tov, one may adjust the temperature on Yom Tov.
1. Shmos 20:9, D'varim 5:13
2. Vayikra 23:7
3. We consider it to be right after tzeis hakochavim.
4. The eruv should consist of a cooked and a baked food. Each food type should be a minimum of a kezayis (an average egg). A blessing and statement are recited as these foods are set aside before Yom Tov. By setting aside this food for use on Shabbos we are in essence saying that we have some food prepared for Shabbos. Therefore, that which we cook on Yom Tov for Shabbos is only to add to this mix of prepared food for Shabbos. In addition, it is best to cook early on a Friday Yom Tov, so that the food for Shabbos is ready on Yom Tov. This way you are also saying that the food is for Yom Tov, and if you would have visitors on Friday, this food could be served to them.
5. Please note that this may nullify a warranty.
6. Check the appliance section of our website at or contact our office at _PHONE_ to determine if your model has the random delay.
7. Please be aware that some companies advertise their ovens as having a Sabbath mode where in actuality, the only feature that the oven has is the twelve hour cutoff override. If it does encompass more than the twelve hour cutoff override, check to make sure there is a competent halachic authority behind the Sabbath mode to endorse it.
8. On Shabbos, while the oven is operating, the door may be opened once, all the food removed, and then closed. For further information about oven usage on Shabbos, see "Oven Kashrus: For Shabbos Use" on our website at


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Java does not support goto, it is reserved as a keyword just in case they wanted to add it to a later version.
- Unlike C/C++, Java does not have goto statement, but java supports label.
- The only place where a label is useful in Java is right before nested loop statements.
- We can specify label name with break to break out a specific outer loop.
- Similarly, label name can be specified with continue.
Using break with label in Java
value of j = 0
Using continue with label in Java
We can also use continue instead of break. See following program for example.
value of j = 0 value of j = 0 value of j = 0 value of j = 0 value of j = 0 value of j = 0 value of j = 0 value of j = 0 value of j = 0 value of j = 0
Explanation : Since continue statement skips to the next iteration in the loop, it iterates for 10 times as i iterates from 0 to 9. So the outer loop executes for 10 times and the inner for loop executes 1 time in each of the outer loops.
Java does not have a goto statement because it provides a way to branch in an arbitrary and unstructured manner. This usually makes goto-ridden code hard to understand and hard to maintain. It also prohibits certain compiler optimization. There are, however, a few places where the goto is a valuable and legitimate construct for flow control. For example, the goto can be useful when you are exiting from a deeply nested set of loops. To handle such situations, Jave defines an expanded form of the break statement.
The general form of the labelled break statement is:
Before the break This is after the second block
Pass 0: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Loops Complete.
Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed above.
- Java.util.BitSet class methods in Java with Examples | Set 2
- Shadowing of static functions in Java
- How does default virtual behavior differ in C++ and Java?
- How are Java objects stored in memory?
- How are parameters passed in Java?
- Are static local variables allowed in Java?
- final variables in Java
- Default constructor in Java
- Assigning values to static final variables in Java
- Comparison of Exception Handling in C++ and Java
- Arrays in Java
- Inheritance and constructors in Java
- More restrictive access to a derived class method in Java
- Comparison of static keyword in C++ and Java
- Static blocks in Java


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Native American Legal Update
Catholic Church To Canonize First Native American Saint
This month, the Catholic Church will canonize its first ever Native American saint, Kateri Tekakwitha. Sometimes known as Lily of the Mohawks, she died more than 300 years ago, but is thought by some to have performed a miracle as recently as 2006.
Kateri Tekakwitha was born in 1656 in a village called Ossernenon, part of what is now New York state. Dutch, English and French colonialists were competing for control of the territory, bringing with them European diseases. A smallpox epidemic killed Kateri's parents and younger brother. She survived, but the disease left her face scarred and her sight seriously impaired. The Mohawk word "Tekakwitha" roughly translates as "the one who walks groping her way".
Kateri converted to Catholicism, which for many Mohawks was as much a practical and strategic move as a religious one. The Tribe was trying to align itself with European allies without becoming politically subservient. Kateri appears to have been ostracized for converting. Her uncle, the chief of the village, is said to have been unhappy with her decision, and her refusal to marry a Mohawk man he had selected for her.
Kateri ended up travelling hundreds of miles by foot and canoe to a Jesuit-run Native American missionary village near Montreal, called Kahnawake. There she proved herself to be pious in the extreme. She took a lifetime vow of chastity, and subjected herself to a harsh regime of self-punishment, which included walking barefoot in the ice and snow, placing hot coals from the fire between her toes until they cooled, and lying on a bed of thorns. Mohawk men would conduct tests of strength and willpower before going into battle, and Kateri may have been influenced by this, effectively fusing her native beliefs with her newfound faith.
Kateri Tekakwitha died when she was just 24 years old - and it was upon her death that reports of miracles began. Jesuits at the scene said that the scars on her face vanished entirely, and soon after, a number of people reported seeing visions of her.The Jesuits believed her to be a saint and catalogued all they could of her life, making her the most well-documented indigenous person in the history of the Americas.
The recent reported miracle that secured Kateri Tekakwitha's canonization occurred in 2006, when Jake Finkbonner, a five-year-old Lummi boy from Washington state fell playing basketball and hit his lip against some metal, contracting a potentially deadly "flesh-eating" bacterial infection, necrotising fasciitis.
Sister Kateri Mitchell put the word out for people to pray to Kateri Tekakwitha for his recovery. She then went to his bedside in the hospital in Seattle with a piece of Kateri's wrist-bone - a first-class relic - which she placed against his body, and together with his parents, prayed.
Jake, now 12, still needs some medical attention, but he made a recovery considered by some, including the Vatican, to be miraculous.
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Originally from China, crape myrtles are truly beautiful trees. With their colorful flower blooms and delicate, exfoliating bark, it is no wonder that crape myrtles have become a favorite for homeowners and landscapers all across North Carolina and the rest of the South. Here at Leaf & Limb Tree Service we receive numerous inquiries from individuals asking what they should do to ensure the well-being of their crape myrtles. Here is some general information about caring for these trees:
- Pruning: Crape myrtles usually need little pruning in order to develop a strong structure. But there are some basic pruning techniques that can enhance the tree's beauty and bloom capacity. First of all, remove dead branches, lower branches very near the ground, suckers growing from the base, and small twiggy branches inside the foliage. Second, you should select one to five strong shoots arising from (or near) ground level to be the tree's main stems. Remove all others. The remaining shoots now form the tree's central framework. These main stems will support the flowering branches (known as laterals and sublaterals). Third, prune one out of every three lateral and sublateral back to the main framework. This will stimulate new growth that matures to bear flowers through the summer. Last, for crape myrtles located in cooler areas, especially in northern regions where the growing season is short, the canopy should be further thinned out in order to let light and air into the center of the tree, thereby discouraging disease.
- Fertilizer: Crape myrtles generally grow best in soil with a pH of 4.5 to 7.5. But even if the soil conditions are not ideal, crape myrtles need very little fertilizer, since they are hardy trees. For older plants, sickly plants, or plants in especially bad soil, a light application of 5-10-5 fertilizer applied in the spring when growth begins should do the trick
- Sunlight: Crape myrtles thrive in full sunlight and full heat. If your crape myrtle is planted in the shade, look for ways to increase sunlight, such as trimming nearby trees. If you are getting ready to plant your crape myrtle, choose a spot that has plenty of sun.
- Water: Crape myrtles, particularly those that are well established, are drought resistant. Crape myrtles need a minimal amount of water and prefer well drained soil. Therefore you should avoid excessive watering.
- Flowers: Excessive watering, too much fertilizer, not enough sun, and too little heat can all cause a dearth of flowering. These actions promote more vegetative growth, which results in less flowers.
- Powdery Mildew: Though there are a handful of resistant varieties, most crape myrtles are susceptible to mildew. This is the most common disease on crape myrtles. If there is a white or grey powder film on the leaves and flower buds of your crape myrtle, it may have powdery mildew. This is a fungal disease that causes damage by halting photosynthesis and other basic life processes of the leaves and buds, which harms the tree. It can be eradicated by applying any fungicide that is labeled for mildew on a weekly basis until the flower buds open. In addition, thinning out branches in order to allow sun and air flow penetration into the canopy can help reduce susceptibility to mildew problems.
- Aphids: These are yellowish green insects that can cover the underside of the crape myrtle's leaves and cause damage by sucking sap out of the tree. In addition, they produce sticky honeydew drops that get all over the tree itself as well as nearby decks, chairs, cars, and patios. These pests are controlled by predators, such as lady bugs. But if you are using pesticides, it may be killing the predators and not the aphids. Quit using pesticides and see what happens – it should allow the predator population to grow and they in turn will eat the aphids. If that does not work, try spraying your crape myrtles with insecticidal soap, such as Safer's Soap, or with an oil product, such as Neem Oil Spray or a paraffinic oil.
- Japanese Beetles: Whole books can be (and have been) written about controlling Japanese Beetle infestations. Here are some of the basics. If you are able to start early before there are too many Japanese Beetles, hand removal is the most effective control method. The best time to do this is early in the morning, when the beetles are still sluggish. The goal is to remove the beetles while they are emerging, before they have a chance to emit pheromones. Just pluck the beetles from the tree, reaching from above (so they cannot fly away) and drop them in a bucket of soapy water. A variation to this method, which can be used if a) there are many beetles or b) you do not want to touch these critters, is to simply place a bucket of water underneath a branch or cluster of flowers, then tap the branch. The beetles usually fall to the ground when disturbed and they will land in the water. Again, the early morning is the best time to do this since the beetles are generally still lethargic. Other methods include: 1) Use a shop vacuum to suck up the beetles. 2) blend dead beetles with some water, then spray this on the plant. Many farmers swear this method is most effective. 3) Blend garlic and hot peppers in water and spray this on the trees. 4) Shower the trees with a commercial garlic spray used to deter mosquitoes. This usually works with beetles as well. 5) Encourage birds to take up residence by placing birdbaths, feeders, and nesting boxes nearby. Birds, especially Starlings, love eating Japanese Beetles. There are many other methods for getting rid of these pests, but do keep two things in mind: First, Japanese Beetle traps are a bad idea. They generally attract more beetles than they kill, which leaves an excess of new bugs to prey on your trees and plants. Second, it is usually not worth spraying Japanese Beetles with pesticides since this will also kill aphid predators and likely lead to an explosion in the aphid population.
The good news is that crape myrtles are very tough trees. They do not need much care in order to survive. But if given a little extra TLC, your crape myrtles are sure to be especially healthy trees full of lovely flower blossoms.


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Build Your Own Time Capsule
Did you know there's a time capsule in Japan that will be opened in 5,000 years? In 1968, two Japanese companies, Panasonic and Mainichi Newspapers, agreed to undertake a joint time capsule project in celebration of the Japan World Exposition in 1970. It will remain buried near Osaka Castle for the next 5,000 years. There are 2,090 items in the capsule that were chosen by a team of scientists, engineers, and historians that reflected everyday life in 1970. Items included false teeth, a glass eye, insects encased in resin, an origami instruction book, handcuffs, counterfeit money, and letters from elementary students.
After learning about famous time capsules, have students create their very own personal time capsule to lock up and discover in the future. There are seven parts of the time capsule project, including where they tell about their favorite things, important people in their life, and what they want to be when they grow up. They will even write a letter to kids in the future telling them all about what the world is like right now! Part six is collecting photos or small objects to place into their time capsule. I usually use a 9 x 12 envelope to collect all of the writing pieces and their secret stash. I have students write their full name and graduation year on the front of the envelope and decorate it. Then, we do a desk a rotation activity to make sure that everyone signs their name on the back of the envelope so they remember who was in their class.
Part One: Introducing Me
Part Two: In My World
Part Three: The People in My Life
Part Four: My Favorite Things
Part Five: A Look into My Future
Part Six: A Secret Stash
Part Seven: A Letter to Kids in the Future
Create Your Own Country Project
- Have students come up with a name for their country. I encourage them to base it off their name or a combination of the letters in their names, if it's a group of students.
- Review major landforms, such as mountains, deserts, volcanoes, rivers, seas, oceans, and islands.
- Next, look at a variety of different types of maps to compare similarities and differences. Ask the students questions like: "All the maps we've looked at today were alike in some ways. What did you notice about them? What were some of the main differences?" Be sure to discuss map keys, a compass rose, map symbols, colors, etc.
- Have students create a map of their country on a large poster paper or a piece of white butcher roll paper. In pencil, have them label all major landforms, cities, capitals, and bodies of water. They also should add a map key and compass rose.
- Have them color the maps: green for land and blue for bodies of water. Colored pencils or crayons work best.
- Next, have them create and design their country flag. Attach a Popsicle® stick for a stand-up flag.
- For older students, you could also have the students create "Country Cards" with factual information about their country, including natural resources, housing, schools, climate, language, traditions, and other interesting cultural facts.
- The beauty of this project is that it can be as simple or as complex as you want it to be, depending on the amount of time and interest of your students.
Invent Something New
- What makes an invention great?
- Why do some inventions become famous and others flop?
- What's a problem that you've noticed?
- How would you fix it?
Turn it into a research project. Have students choose an invention to research and learn more about. Then, create a mock model of the assigned invention or a PowerPoint presentation to teach the rest of the class all about it.


A Quick Reminder About Fairness Opinions
While we've written on this topic in the past, given the high volume of transaction (M&A, investment, etc) activity over the past few years, we thought it might be relevant to throw out a few reminders on some of the key issues related to fairness opinions.
When a company contemplates a major transaction, key decision makers have a lot to consider. One thing that shouldn't cloud their judgement is the question of whether they will be held personally responsible if the transaction turns out poorly. In the US, courts give a lot of deference to the judgement of managers and board members, under a doctrine referred to as the business judgement rule. However, if a plaintiff objecting to a decision by the board can show that the board breached either the duty of care or the duty of loyalty, then courts will grant no deference to the board's judgement and will review both the procedure and substance of their decision under the strictest standards. One of the most common ways that a board can demonstrate that it is fulfilling both the duty of care and duty of loyalty is to obtain a fairness opinion.
A fairness opinion is an opinion as to whether the consideration paid or received in a transaction is fair from a financial point of view to the party paying or receiving the consideration. When faced with a particularly important decision, such as whether to approve an acquisition involving the company, a board of directors often will hire independent experts to evaluate the contemplated transaction. A fairness opinion should be just one of many factors that the board considers in deciding whether to approve a transaction. However, it can be very helpful from both strategic and legal perspectives, as it will provide an independent assessment of the company's value in addition to demonstrating that directors fulfilled both the duty of care and duty of loyalty.
Duty of Care and Duty of Loyalty
Duty of care refers to a director's responsibility to act in an informed manner in making a business decision and requires that the director must review all information reasonably available. Duty of loyalty refers to a director's responsibility to act for the benefit of the corporation and all shareholders. Engaging independent experts before making a decision helps directors demonstrate that both standards were seriously considered, and the decision was consistent with the contemporaneous judgement of a neutral expert.
Not Only for Public Companies
While many assume fairness opinions are important only in transactions involving publicly traded companies, they can be just as important for private companies. On the one hand, a public company has a broader shareholder base, making it more difficult for directors to gauge shareholder sentiment and potentially more likely that some shareholders will be unhappy enough to bring suit because of a board's decision. On the other hand, the economic interests of all shareholders of a public company usually are aligned. By contrast, the economic interests of shareholders of a private company can differ substantially if there are different classes of stock. In particular, the interests of common shareholders can be very different from those of preferred shareholders. Because preferred shareholders are likely to have more seats on the board of directors, directors need to be very careful to avoid actual or perceived conflicts of interests.
Potential Conflicts of Interest
One clear example of a conflict of interest that would call into question a director's duty of loyalty is if the director is involved with companies on both sides of a transaction. More subtle conflicts can also raise suspicions about a board's motivation, though, making it especially important to obtain a fairness opinion. For example, if a company is contemplating a sale for a value only a little above the liquidation preference of the preferred stock, preferred shareholders will be made whole (and may even receive a healthy return depending on dividend and participation rights), while common shareholders may receive very little consideration in the transaction. To the extent that a director's financial interest isn't aligned with all the financial interest of other shareholders, the duty of loyalty can come into question.
Fairness opinions provide both useful perspective and legal protection for boards that are weighing important financial decisions. They can inform deliberation about a potential merger, acquisition, or sale, but also frequently are obtained when a company is considering the redemption of securities or a restructuring. If a transaction goes poorly, it can be very difficult for a board to demonstrate that its decision making was well informed and unbiased. Obtaining a fairness opinion is a very strong argument that the board sought out the opinion of experts, considered the transaction from the perspective of all shareholders, and exercised appropriate judgement based on the best available information at the time.
How can we help?
A good fairness opinion follows strong procedural guidelines and also scrutinizes the economic substance of the proposed transaction. The professionals at Teknos understand valuation techniques and the special requirements of technology companies. We utilize a variety of different valuation approaches, examining everything from historical trading in the company's stock (if the company is public) to current acquisition premiums being paid to the discounted value of projected earnings.
In addition to providing the traditional opinion letter which forms the core of a fairness opinion, Teknos completes an extensive written analysis and explains that to the Board of Directors or Special Committee, both before execution of the transaction documents and again just prior to the closing. We have performed fairness evaluations in connection with purchases, sales, inside financings and other transactions and opinions by our team members have been included in SEC filings.
Teknos would be pleased to provide a proposal for a fairness opinion in connection with a transaction. We can complete our work rapidly, if necessary, and our fees are reasonable, varying with the size and complexity of the proposed transaction. For more information please contact us: _EMAIL_.
Teknos Associates provides valuation and advisory services for emerging growth companies and their venture capital backers. Clients rely on our financial expertise, knowledge of technology markets, and high standards to deliver relevant and timely valuation reports, opinions, and analyses.


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Nov. 4, 2011 Part of human fascination with space is the chance to look back at our own planet from afar. The unique vantage from the International Space Station affords a vista both breathtaking and scientifically illuminating.
Here on Earth, both scientists and spectators rely on the station's crew to record and transmit images and videos of what they see to share in their experience. Until recently, reduced lighting conditions at night, combined with insufficiently perceptive equipment, made some of the most beautiful views difficult to capture.
This changed with the arrival of the Super Sensitive High Definition TV, or SS-HDTV, camera on the space station. With the SS-HDTV, the crew can document new and more detailed footage of the dynamic interactions that take place in the area between the Earths' atmosphere and the vacuum of space, known as the cosmic shore.
According to Keiji Murakami, a senior engineer with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, or JAXA, this camera's superior recording capability opens up a significant window of observation. Some may not realize that the station orbits Earth 16 times a day, experiencing multiple sunrises and sunsets during those 24 hours. The crew actually has a 50/50 chance of a night view. "Half of the Earth view from [station] is a night view. And the day view and night view are very different," said Murakami.
By October, JAXA astronaut Satoshi Furukawa had logged more than 30 hours of video using the camera. While the Earth observations are an amazing sight, they are also an important part of the research goals for the space station. From images taken by crew members aboard station, scientists can research natural phenomena and human-made changes to the planet.
Japan Broadcasting Corp., or NHK, which is similar to the U.S.'s Public Broadcasting System, or PBS, aired the first public videos showing the SS-HDTV camera's capabilities Sept. 18, 2011. The resulting show was appropriately titled "The Cosmic Shore," and it thrilled audiences with a spectacular view of natural phenomena, such as aurora and lightning. Furukawa filmed and narrated the video footage, which also shared artificial wonders, like the lights of Japan at night, in greater detail than previously possible.
Murakami comments on the merit of the SS-HDTV camera system's ability to capture momentary phenomena, like meteors and sprites -- a form of upper atmospheric lightning. "Using this super sensitive camera, we have observed the lightning, sprite, aurora, meteor, noctilucent cloud and airglow," said Murakami. "The phenomena of the sprite has not yet been studied in high definition until now. The color video of the sprite was taken for the first time from space using this camera."
This advanced equipment belongs to JAXA, in cooperation with NHK, and enables recording of the elusive phenomena that occurs within low-light conditions using an Electron Multiplying Charged Coupled Device, or EM-CCD, sensor. After filming, the crew downlinks the videos to the ground using data-relay satellites.
The SS-HDTV also can advance astronomical observations, according to Murakami. This equipment will continue to operate on orbit indefinitely. Even if a failure should occur, there is a backup camera and Panasonic SD card recorder already aboard the station as a precaution. As with many facilities and technology on the space station, this camera provides another asset available to future researchers as they continue to explore the space environment using the orbiting laboratory.
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Personal Bubble
 - Time Length
 Group Created with Sketch.
 < 1 hour
 - Mess Level
 A Little Messy
 - Cost
 Materials or Fees
 - Difficulty
 Shape Created with Sketch.
Question and Wonder:
 - Have you ever been in a crowded place? How did it make you feel?
 - How close to someone is too close?
 - What is personal space? Do I have it? You?
 - I wonder what it looks like?
Stand with your arms spread wide. Turn in a circle. This is your personal space. Imagine that space as a bubble. It's your personal space bubble!
Use the ribbons to hang a hula hoop from your shoulders. Imagine the space inside is your bubble.
Imagine and Design:
 - What can you do in your bubble?
 - Can you pop your bubble? How?
 - How do you respect your bubble? Other's bubbles?
Stand about 2 feet away from your parent or caregiver. Move slowly towards each other until it feels uncomfortable.
Test and Discuss:
 - How close was too close? Did you feel uncomfortable first?
 - What did you learn about personal space?
 - Why is it important to respect people's bubbles? For people to respect yours?
Extension Activity:
You can help your children increase their understanding of personal boundaries by designating specific spots in the home that are just for them. This can be their bedroom, their bed itself if they share a room, a toy chest, a closet, and more. Allow this place to be only for them and their belongings and make other family members ask for permission before accessing it. The more a child can understand and appreciate his own personal space, the more he can understand it for others.
Did You Know:
Personal Space is a very important social skill for children to learn, practice and grow. Understanding and keeping good personal space helps children to engage more successfully in everyday interactions and in personal relationships with peers and adults, as well as helping them to stay safe.
Print Instructions


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used when it is necessary to maintain the biological material at a constant cool temperature and can also accommodate several sizes of tubes. Microcentrifuges are used for very small plastic centrifuge tubes called microcentrifuge tubes. All centrifuges require that the centrifuge tube containing the biological material be placed across from a tube of the same weight. We call this "balancing the centrifuge." Tubes cannot be balanced by filling them to equal volumes, as these may not have the same weight. They must be balanced by weight, using a scale.
B. Practice Exercises with Pipettes
- Practice using the 10, 5, 2 or 1 milliliter serological pipettes by transferring the following volumes of deionized water into 13mm test tubes. Observe the volume differences. To insure the best accuracy, it is important that the pipette chosen to measure a specific volume has a total volume close to the volume to be measured. For example, the best pipette available to measure a volume of 1.7mL is a 2.0mL pipette. Remember that many serological pipettes have the volume markings in descending order, so be sure to draw the liquid to the appropriate mark on the pipette so the correct volume is dispensed.
- Adjustable micropipettes are very expensive, so please take great care in using them. To use a micropipette, attach a plastic tip to the end, depress the plunger on the micropipette to the first stop, and insert the tip into the liquid you wish to measure. Slowly release the plunger taking care not to trap any air bubbles in the tip or splatter any liquid onto the pipette base. Withdraw the tip from the liquid and dispense the volume into the desired receptacle by depressing the plunger as far as you can. Be sure to keep the plunger depressed until it is removed from the liquid, or you will remove some of the material you have just measured. Be sure never to hold a pipette upside down or sideways when liquid is in the tip. Also, if you feel resistance when changing the volume setting, stop immediately and ask your instructor for help. The following website Using a Micropipette has more detailed information about micropipette use.
Practice using the micropipettes by completing the following exercise. Keep in mind that this is an exercise designed to allow you to practice and test your pipetting technique. When carrying out experiments, it is always important to choose the best pipette for the volume desired.
- To test your micropipetting prowess and/or to calibrate your P1000, P200, and P20 micropipettes, first label 6 microfuge tubes (1-6) and weigh them on the top loading balance. Remember to zero the balance before weighing the tubes. Record the weights in the table below.
- Following the table below, pipet the specified volumes into the pre-weighed microfuge tubes prepared above using either your P20, P200 or P1000, as specified, then reweigh them. Record all weights.
- Calculate the weight of the water in each tube in grams. (1000 microliters of water should weigh 1 gram at room temperature.)
- If the water in any tube weighs more or less than 1 gram, your pipetting technique may need revision. Repeat steps 1-3 for the tube that is off the expected weight. If your water weight is significantly off after several repeated attempts, your pipette (or your technique) may need adjustment. Ask your instructor to watch your technique and/or to recalibrate your pipette.
PART III: Solutions
When doing biological experiments, it is essential that the exact concentration of every solution be known. It is also important to know the pH of a solution since pH is often critical in biological reactions. Buffered solutions, which can absorb minor challenges to pH, are often used to maintain the pH of a solution. Different ways of describing the concentration of a solution as well as pH and buffers are reviewed below.
A. Classifications of Solutions
1. Percentage by weight (w/v) Solutions
The number of grams in 100mL of solution is indicated by the percentage. For example, a 1% solution has one gram of solid in a final volume of 100mL solution. To make this type of solution properly, you should weigh 1.0g of the solid material and dissolve it in slightly less than 100mL of solvent. Once the solids have dissolved, you can bring the volume up to 100mL. If one liter of a 1% solution is needed, then 10g of solid would be dissolved first in 975 mL of solution and then topped off to a final volume of 1000mL of solution to maintain the 1% ratio of solid weight to solution volume.
2. Percentage by volume (v/v) Solutions
In this case the percentage indicates the volume of the full strength solution in 100mL of dilute solution. For example, a 60% ethanol solution is made by mixing 60mL of 100% ethanol with 40mL of water. If only 10mL of a 60% ethanol solution is needed, then 6mL of 100% ethanol should be mixed with 4mL of water.
3. Molar Solutions
A 1 molar (1M) solution is a solution in which 1 mole of a compound is dissolved in a final volume of 1 liter (1L). For example, the molecular weight of sodium chloride (NaCl) is 58.44, so one gram molecular weight (1 mole) is 58.44g. If you dissolve 58.44g of NaCl in a final volume of 1 liter, you have made a 1M NaCl solution. To make a 0.1M NaCl solution, you could weigh 5.844g of NaCl and dissolve it in a final volume of 1L water.
Convert a 0.2M solution of NaCl into %(w/v) units.
0.2M = 0.2mol/L = (58.44g/mol)(0.2mol)/L = 11.7g/1000mL = 1.17g/100mL = 1.17%(w/v)
4. Buffered Solutions
A buffered solution resists changes in pH. The pH of a solution is a measure of its acidity, and is defined as the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 where 0 is the most acidic, 14 is the most basic, and 7 is neutral. Since pH is a log scale, the difference between pH 5 and pH 6, for example, is a factor of 10. Buffers are used when biological samples need to be kept within a narrow range of pH to maintain activity. The enzymes involved in biochemical reactions often require a narrow pH range. This range is usually 7.2–7.4 for human and animal tissues. A phosphate buffer is commonly used in the biology laboratory, because it exhibits excellent buffering capacity in the neutral pH range. It is made up of a mixture of sodium monobasic phosphate (NaH2PO4) and sodium dibasic phosphate (Na2HPO4) dissolved in water.
B. Solution Preparation
To prepare the solutions needed in later exercises, the 4 students at one lab table will prepare 2 different solutions. One pair of students will prepare 50mL of a 0.11M solution of copper (II) chloride dihydrate (MW=170.5) and the other pair of students will prepare 50mL of a 0.26M solution of cobalt chloride hexahydrate (MW=237.9).
- Calculate the correct weight of the material to yield 50mL of the proper molarity for the cupric or cobalt chloride solutions and record all calculations in your lab notebook. What would be the millimolar concentration of your solution? Have your lab instructor check your calculations before you weigh the material.
- Put on gloves before handling chemicals in the solid state. Nitrile gloves are available on the bench at the front of the laboratory. Please advise your lab instructor if you have a nitrile allergy.
- Using one of the top loading balances, weigh the correct amount of solid material and transfer it to a 250mL beaker.
- Using a graduated cylinder, add 35mL of deionized water to the beaker. Add a magnetic stir bar and mix on a magnetic mixer until all the solid material has dissolved. Remove the magnetic stir bar.
- Transfer the solution into an empty 100mL graduated cylinder and bring the volume to exactly 50mL with deionized water.
- Transfer the solution to an empty storage bottle. Label the bottle with the name and concentration of the solution, your initials, your lab section and date.
PART IV: Dilutions
A helpful animation of dilution making.
Many solutions will be provided to you this semester as stock solutions. A stock solution is a solution that has been prepared with a greater concentration of solute than is needed for a procedure, so it must be diluted to the proper concentration(s) before use. Consequently, it is very important that you master the concepts and techniques of preparing dilutions early in the semester. A dilution is made by taking an aliquot (a measured portion) of a stock solution, and adding to it an aliquot of a solvent (water or a buffer). This creates a new solution with a lower concentration of solute than


Autonomous system and autonomous system number
Autonomous system and autonomous system number
A group of networks that are under the control of a single administrator is called as an Autonomous System. All the networks must be controlled by a single entity.
Large organizations and Internet Service Providers are best examples of Autonomous Systems. The data packets in a Autonomous System are forwarded with the help of Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP). RIP, EIGRP, and OSPF etc. are the examples of Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP).
If the data packets have to be transferred between two different autonomous systems, Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) is used. Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the best example of Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP). Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) forwards the packets between two different Autonomous Systems.
There are four types of autonomous systems and are as described below:
a. Multihomed Autonomous System: The Multihomed autonomous system is connected with more than one autonomous system.
b. Stub Autonomous System: In a stub autonomous system an autonomous system is connected only to one other autonomous system.
c.Transit Autonomous System: This autonomous system provides connections through itself. If network A wants to communicate with network C, it can either directly communicate with network C or the data can be passed from network A to network C through network B.
d.Internet Exchange Point Autonomous System: A physical infrastructure which helps the ISP (Internet Service Provider) to exchange data among their networks and are usually transparent.
Autonomous System Number (ASN) with Example
Each Autonomous System is allocated with a Autonomous System Number (ASN). The Autonomous System Number is a unique number and is used when the data packets are transferred between two different Autonomous Systems. Similar to public and private IP addresses, there are public and private autonomous system numbers are present.
Private autonomous system numbers are used when the communication between two autonomous systems is private (i.e. internet is not used as a communication link between two autonomous systems).
 When packet has to be forwarded from one autonomous system to other autonomous systems over the internet, public autonomous system numbers are used.
Autonomous System number was defined by 16 bits until 2007. Hence 216 autonomous system numbers can be generated. ASN 0 and ASN 65,535 are reserved numbers. The autonomous systems numbers between the range 64,512 to 65,534 are used as private autonomous system numbers.
 These can be used where internet is not used for communication. After 2007 32 bit Autonomous System Numbers came in to existence.
IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) assigns block of autonomous system numbers to RIR (Regional Internet Registries). RIR assigns autonomous numbers to the entities within its area from the block give by IANA.
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Quick Answer: Is Cucumber Good For PCOS?
Is banana good for PCOS?
And what about bananas you may ask.
A large banana counts as two servings of fruit (like eating two apples at once).
Buy baby bananas or cut one regular-sized banana in half.
Bananas are rich in potassium, which regulates blood pressure, and are a good source of B vitamins, which help maintain blood sugar levels..
Is rice bad for PCOS?
Most foods fit into a healthy eating plan for PCOS, but you should read food labels to help you pick out the healthier choices. Look for high–fiber grains such as brown rice, whole–wheat pasta, and whole–wheat bread rather than low–fiber grains such as white rice, pasta, or white bread.
Is Apple good for PCOS?
Also, gorge on low GI fruits like apples, pears, cherries, plums, grapefruit (chakotra), coconut, kiwi, oranges, etc. PCOS interferes with insulin function thereby stimulating the pancreas to produce more insulin, which wreaks havoc on the overall health.
What should I eat for breakfast if I have PCOS?
Oats for PCOS breakfastOats Methi Multiflour Khakhra.Upma for PCOS breakfast.Oats Upma ( Breakfast Recipes)Dosas, Idlis for Indian PCOS breakfast.Sprouts and Palak Idli.Oats Idli.Moong Dal and Spinach Idli.
Can you eat potatoes with PCOS?
With PCOS, it is okay to have anything you want but what is important is to keep in mind the portion size and how often. Potatoes are carbohydrates which provide our body with energy and fuel our brain. With PCOS, it is helpful to focus on high-fiber, low-sugar carbohydrates in order stabilize insulin levels.
Is milk bad for PCOS?
Dairy foods are not strictly prohibited for women with PCOS, you can consume milk and products to enjoy their nutritive values but in a limit. Excess consumption of dairy which is a carbohydrate can lead to an increase in blood glucose level and also stimulate insulin growth factors.
Is coffee OK for PCOS?
With PCOS, you are already battling hormonal issues at this phase of the game so you don't want to contribute to the problem. This may be a time to switch to nominal amounts of caffeine per day, or cut it out entirely. Plus, too much caffeine isn't good for your developing fetus so you might as well kick the habit now.
Which fruit is best for PCOS?
Examples of antioxidant-rich foods for a PCOS diet include:Fruits (strawberries, blueberries, raspberries )Vegetables (spinach, artichokes, kale)Whole Grains (whole oats, whole wheat, quinoa, brown rice)Unsaturated fats (nuts like pecans, nut butters, olive oil, avocado)
What should be avoided in PCOS?
Foods to avoidRefined carbohydrates, such as mass-produced pastries and white bread.Fried foods, such as fast food.Sugary beverages, such as sodas and energy drinks.Processed meats, such as hot dogs, sausages, and luncheon meats.Solid fats, including margarine, shortening, and lard.More items…
Is Chicken bad for PCOS?
Lean protein sources like tofu, chicken, and fish don't provide fiber but are very filling and a healthy dietary option for women with PCOS. Foods that help reduce inflammation may also be beneficial. They include: tomatoes.
What are the 4 types of PCOS?
There are four types of PCOS: Insulin-resistant PCOS, Inflammatory PCOS, Hidden-cause PCOS, and Pill-induced PCOS.
What foods make PCOS worse?
Foods which have saturated or hydrogenated fats in, include dairy products such as cream or cheese and fatty red meats, as well as processed or fried foods. These unhealthy fats can increase estrogen production, which can make your PCOS symptoms worse, and can lead to weight gain which can also worsen symptoms.
How can I get rid of my PCOS belly?
In addition to taking medication, adding healthy habits into your lifestyle can help you keep your weight under control:Eat a high-fiber, low-sugar diet. … Eat four to six small meals throughout the day, rather than three large meals. … Exercise for at least 30 minutes a day on most, if not all, days of the week.More items…•
How can I lose weight naturally with PCOS?
How to Lose Weight With PCOS: 13 Helpful TipsReduce Your Carb Intake. Lowering your carb consumption may help manage PCOS due to carbs' impact on insulin levels. … Get Plenty of Fiber. … Eat Enough Protein. … Eat Healthy Fats. … Eat Fermented Foods. … Practice Mindful Eating. … Limit Processed Foods and Added Sugars. … Reduce Inflammation.More items…•
Which tea is good for PCOS?
Studies have shown that both green tea and spearmint tea can have a positive impact on PCOS symptoms, including hirsutism. In a 30-day randomized controlled trial, 41 women were randomized to drink either a placebo herbal tea or spearmint tea twice per day.
Is yogurt good for PCOS?
For these reasons, it may be advisable for women with PCOS to limit their dairy intake of yogurt or milk. You may not need to completely eliminate dairy, though, and you can consume a few servings per week unless you have a milk allergy or are highly sensitive to it.
Is green tea good for PCOS?
These changes demonstrated a marked improvement in the symptoms of PCOS which may be due to green tea effects on oxidative stress pathways. Green tea can be considered as a potentially effective drug for treatment of PCOS, Insulin resistance and Type II diabetes.
How can I get pregnant fast with PCOS?
For women with PCOS who are overweight or obese, a modest weight loss sometimes results in more regular ovulation, which increases the chance of pregnancy. For those who know they ovulate, having sex during the "fertile window" (the five days leading up to and including ovulation) boosts the chance of conception.
What is the root cause of PCOS?
What causes it? Doctors don't know exactly what causes PCOS. They believe that high levels of male hormones prevent the ovaries from producing hormones and making eggs normally. Genes, insulin resistance, and inflammation have all been linked to excess androgen production.


Zanzibar Revolution
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Zanzibar Revolution
Spice Islands (Zanzibar highlighted).svg
Unguja and Pemba, the two main islands of Zanzibar
Date12 January 1964
Revolutionary victory
Zanzibar Revolutionaries
Zanzibar Zanzibar Sultanate
Commanders and leaders
Zanzibar John Okello Zanzibar Sultan Jamshid bin Abdullah
Casualties and losses
2,000–4,000 (up to 20,000) civilians killed in the aftermath[4][5]
The new government's apparent communist ties concerned Western governments. As Zanzibar lay within the British sphere of influence, the British government drew up a number of intervention plans. However, the feared communist government never materialised, and because British and United States citizens were successfully evacuated, these plans were not put into effect. Meanwhile, the Communist Bloc powers of East Germany and the Soviet Union, along with the anti-Soviet People's Republic of China, established friendly relations with the new government by recognising the country and sending advisors. Karume succeeded in negotiating a merger of Zanzibar with Tanganyika to form the new nation of Tanzania, an act judged by contemporary media to be an attempt to prevent communist subversion of Zanzibar. The revolution ended 200 years of Arab dominance in Zanzibar, and is commemorated on the island each year with anniversary celebrations and a public holiday.
Around 3:00 am on 12 January 1964, 600–800 poorly armed, mainly African insurgents, aided by some of the recently dismissed ex-policemen, attacked Unguja's police stations, both of its police armouries, and the radio station.[1][2] The attackers had no arms, being equipped only with spears, knives, machetes, and tire irons, having only the advantage of numbers and surprise.[23] The Arab police replacements had received almost no training and, despite responding with a mobile force, were soon overcome.[1][24] Okello himself led the attack on the Ziwani police HQ, which also happened to be the largest armory on the island.[23] Several of the rebels were shot down, but the police were overwhelmed by sheer numbers, with Okello impressing his men with his courage by personally attacking a police sentry and having wrestled his rifle from him, used it to bayonet the policeman to death.[23] Arming themselves with hundreds of captured automatic rifles, submachine guns and Bren guns, the insurgents took control of strategic buildings in the capital, Zanzibar Town.[25][26] At about 7:00 am, Okello made his first radio broadcast from a local radio station his followers had captured two hours earlier, calling upon the Africans to rise up and overthrow the "imperialists".[27] At the time, Okello only referred to himself as "the field marshal", which prompted much speculation on Zanzibar about just who was this mysterious figure leading the revolution who spoke his Swahili with a thick Acholi accent, which sounded very strange on Zanzibar.[27]
Within six hours of the outbreak of hostilities, the town's telegraph office and main government buildings were under revolutionary control, and the island's only airstrip was captured at 2:18 pm.[25][26] In the countryside, fighting had erupted between the Manga as the rural Arabs were called, and the Africans.[28] The Manga were armed with their hunting rifles, and once the arms seized from the police stations reached the rebels in the countryside, the Manga were doomed.[28] In Stone Town, the fiercest resistance was at the Malindi police station, where under the command of Police Commissioner J.M. Sullivan (a British policeman who stayed on until a local replacement could be hired), all of the rebel attacks were repulsed, not least because the insurgents tended to retreat whenever they came under fire.[28] Sullivan only surrendered the Melindi station late in the afternoon after running out of ammunition, and marched his entire force (not one policeman had been killed or wounded) down to the Stonetown wharf to board some boats that took them out to a ship, the Salama to take them away from Zanzibar.[29] Throughout Stone Town, shops and homes owned by Arabs and South Asians had been looted while numerous Arab and South Asian women were gang-raped.[29] The Sultan, together with Prime Minister Muhammad Shamte Hamadi and members of the cabinet, fled the island on the royal yacht Seyyid Khalifa,[26][30] and the Sultan's palace and other property were seized by the revolutionary government.[3] At least 80 people were killed and 200 injured, the majority of whom were Arabs, during the 12 hours of street fighting that followed.[3] Sixty-one American citizens, including 16 men staffing a NASA satellite tracking station, sought sanctuary in the English Club in Zanzibar Town, and four US journalists were detained by the island's new government.[26][4]
Not knowing that Okello had given orders to kill no whites, the Americans living in Stone Town fled to the English Club, where the point for evacuation was.[31] Those travelling in the car convoy to the English Club were shocked to see the battered bodies of Arab men lying out on the streets of Stone Town with their severed penises and testicles shoved into their mouths.[32] As part of Okello's carefully laid out plans, all over the island, gangs of Africans armed with knives, spears and pangas (machetes) went about systematically killing all the Arabs and South Asians they could find.[33] The American diplomat Don Petterson described his horror as he watched from his house as he saw a gang of African men storm the house of an Arab, behead him in public with a panga, followed by screams from within his house as his wife and three children were raped and killed, followed by the same scene being repeated at the next house of an Arab, followed by yet another and another.[33] After taking control of Stone Town on the first day, the revolutionaries continued to fight the Manga for control of the countryside for at least two days afterwards with whole families of Arabs being massacred after their homes had been stormed.[34]
According to the official Zanzibari history, the revolution was planned and headed by the ASP leader Abeid Amani Karume.[2] However, at the time Karume was on the African mainland as was the leader of the banned Umma Party, Abdulrahman Muhammad Babu.[30] The ASP branch secretary for Pemba, Ugandan-born ex-policeman John Okello, had sent Karume to the mainland to ensure his safety.[1][30] Okello had arrived in Zanzibar from Kenya in 1959,[9] claiming to have been a field marshal for the Kenyan rebels during the Mau Mau uprising, although he actually had no military experience.[1] He maintained that he heard a voice commanding him, as a Christian, to free the Zanzibari people from the Muslim Arabs, though Zanzibaris themselves were predominantly Muslim[9] and it was Okello who led the revolutionaries—mainly unemployed members of the Afro-Shirazi Youth League—on 12 January.[2][15] One commentator has further speculated that it was probably Okello, with the Youth League, who planned the revolution.[2] There appears to have been three different plots to overthrow the government, led by Karume, Babu and Okello, but it was Okello's plan which was furthest advanced and it was he who struck the blow that brought down the Sultan's regime.[35] Okello was not widely known in Zanzibar, and the government was more concerned with monitoring the ASP and Umma rather than a little-known and barely literate house painter and minor union official.[36] Okello was a complete mystery to the world at the time of the revolution, and MI5 reported to Whitehall that he was an ex-policeman who fought with the Mau Mau in Kenya and had been trained in Cuba in the art of revolutionary violence.[37] Okello himself at a press conference several days later angrily denied having ever been to Cuba or China, stating that he was a Christian whose motto was "Everything can be learned from the Bible".[38]
During the revolution, there was an orgy of violence committed against the South Asian and Arab communities with thousands of women being raped by Okello's followers, and much looting and massacres of Arabs all over the island.[29] The American diplomat Don Petterson described the killings of Arabs by the African majority as an act of genocide.[39] Petterson wrote "Genocide was not a term that was as much in vogue then, as it came to be later, but it is fair to say that in parts of Zanzibar, the killing of Arabs was genocide, pure and simple".[39] Okello frequently went on the radio to urge his followers in thunderous Old Testament language to kill as many Arabs as possible, with the maximum of brutality.[40] As a Pan-African nationalist who made his followers sing "God Bless Africa" whenever he marched through the streets, Okello appealed to the black majority, but at the same time, as a militant Christian who claimed to hear the voice of God in his head, Okello's appeal on an island whose population was 95% Muslim was limited.[40]
The bodies of Arabs killed in the post-revolution violence as photographed by the Africa Addio film crew
Paper shows photos of ex-government officials defaced after


text:
Women who breathed a lot of secondhand smoke during their lifetime but who never smoked appear to be at greater risk of developing breast cancer later, according to City of Hope researchers and colleagues.
The study — one of the largest ever on passive smoking and breast cancer risk — appeared in the December 2009 issue of Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. Leslie Bernstein, Ph.D., director of the Division of Cancer Etiology, was the study's senior author; Katherine Henderson, Ph.D., assistant research scientist in the division, was a co-author.
|Leslie Bernstein (Photo by Walter Urie)|
"Research now shows that women who started smoking as teenagers, during a critical window of breast development, have greater breast cancer risk than nonsmoking women," said Bernstein, "but links between exposure to secondhand smoking and breast cancer risk have been tenuous.
"We need to clarify this issue, particularly since breast cancer is the leading cancer among women."
The team turned to the California Teachers Study for more answers.
The California Teachers Study follows the medical history, lifestyle and health of nearly 133,500 female teachers and administrators who have worked in the California public school system.
In 1995, researchers asked women about exposure to cigarette smoke in their homes over their lifetimes — smoking by parents, roommates or a spouse. Two years later, they gathered information on secondhand smoke exposure in the workplace, in social situations and at other places outside the home, asking about exposures at different periods during their life. Scientists also asked about the intensity of the smoke to which women were exposed and the duration of their exposures.
Restricting their study to the 66 percent of women who were lifetime nonsmokers and who had no history of breast cancer in 1997, the researchers followed more than 57,000 women for more 10 years. Of these participants, 1,754 went on to develop new, invasive breast cancers.
The researchers found that never-smoking postmenopausal women with high intensities of secondhand smoke exposure after age 20 had greater risk of breast cancer than similar women with little exposure. Among these women, those exposed to the most secondhand smoke for the longest time had a 26 percent higher risk of breast cancer than women with little or no exposure to secondhand smoke.
The California Teachers Study provides some of the most extensive data and is one of the largest studies ever conducted on secondhand smoke and breast cancer risk.
Although federal and international agencies have classified secondhand smoke as a carcinogen, researchers are unsure how it may specifically increase breast cancer risk or whether it may increase breast cancer risk among some women more than others.
The study's lead author was Peggy Reynolds, Ph.D., of the Northern California Cancer Center (NCCC) and Stanford University, and included additional scientists from NCCC, as well as University of California, Irvine.
The National Cancer Institute, California's Tobacco-Related Research Program and the California Breast Cancer Research Fund supported the study. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention is a journal of the American Association of Cancer Research.


text: 1. Move into a community 2. Get your numbers up (births, recruitment into Islam) 3. Practice Sharia Law the result: Cry foul and discrimination when you are arrested claimng your religious rights are being violated so the kangaroo courts will give you a pass. Repeat steps 1-3 until it is spread across any given city/community. perfect example - Africa. Once a country that believed in Isis/Horus/Ra. Sharia Law changed all that. Would you like to see Sharia Law get a foothold in America? then keep pacifying these barbaric brutes and calling them "Peaceful". the candy ass Muslims in America are just bait for the cause. they are the first ones to defend to call Islam "the Religion of Peace"...damn idiots Blasphemy.