Mosiah 6-7: Limhi's People in Bondage
Book of Mormon Student Study Guide, (2000), 78
After making a record of all those who made a covenant with Christ, King Benjamin appointed his son Mosiah (Mosiah II) to rule the kingdom. What do you think the new king would do first? You may be surprised at what Mosiah did. Mosiah 7 gives a preview of what happened to the Nephites who went back to the land of Nephi that we read about in Omni 1:27–30. You will read this story in greater detail in Mosiah 9–22.
Understanding the Scriptures
Mosiah 6
Expedient (v. 1)Appropriate, desirable
Mosiah 7
Teasings (v. 1)Repeated requests
Endeavor (v. 12)Try
Subjection (vv. 18, 22)Under the control of others
Effectual (v. 18)Effective
Over-zealous (v. 21)Too eager
Craftiness (v. 21)Deceptive means
Succor (v. 29)Help, assist, aid
Hedge up (v. 29)Block
Mosiah 7:1–6—Where Was the Land of Lehi-Nephi in Relationship to the Land of Zarahemla?
Sometime after King Mosiah I (the father of King Benjamin) arrived in Zarahemla, a group of people wanted to go back to the land of Nephi. The first group that went failed because of contention (see Omni 1:27–28). A second group, led by Zeniff, succeeded in establishing a settlement in the land of Lehi-Nephi (see Omni 1:29–30; Mosiah 7:9, 21). About 50 years later, King Mosiah II sent a group under the leadership of Ammon to find out what happened to Zeniff's people (see Mosiah 7:1–6). For more information, see "Possible Book of Mormon Sites (in Relation to Each Other)" (p. 203).
Studying the Scriptures
Do activity A or B as you study Mosiah 6–7.
Activity A iconWrite Your Own Record
King Benjamin asked that a record be made of those people who made the covenant to follow Jesus Christ (see Mosiah 6:1). Today in the Church we also keep records. Every member of the Church has a record that shows family relationships and important dates. Just as the people of King Benjamin, your name has been recorded as one who made a covenant with Christ. List several important events that have and will occur in your life. For those events that have already occurred, also list the dates.
Activity B iconWrite a Letter
Suppose you lived at the time of Limhi and you had family members who were ill and unable to hear Limhi's speech to his people. Study Mosiah 7:17–33, and then write a letter to your family, detailing the important principles Limhi taught. Be sure to explain the following:
 1. 1.
 Why they should "be comforted" (v. 18)
 2. 2.
 Why the Lamanites let the people return to the land of Lehi-Nephi
 3. 3.
 The real reason for the present troubles
 4. 4.
 What the people must do to be delivered


Adding Customer Attribute Tutorial
In this tutorial, we will walk through the two different ways you can keep track of personalized attributes for your customers. We will demonstrate the easy way of simply storing the attributes in the customerAttributes object and the slightly more customized (but still easy) way of extending the Broadleaf CustomerImpl class. Also, please note that while we're going through extending a Customer in this tutorial, the same patterns apply for all Broadleaf provided objects.
Using the provided CustomerAttributes object
If you're only wanting to save off simple String values to be referenced later, the easiest way is to use the CustomerAttributes. This is exactly what we'll do to store a referral code on our Customer.
First, we need to modify the UI to pass in a referral code to our controller. We'll do that by extending the RegisterCustomerForm to carry our referral code along.
public class HCRegisterCustomerForm extends RegisterCustomerForm {
 public String referralCode;
 public String getReferralCode() {
 return referralCode;
 public void setReferralCode(String referralCode) {
 this.referralCode = referralCode;
Then, we need to modify RegisterController to initialize our extended form. If we look at the source of the parent BroadleafRegisterController, we can see that it initializes a RegisterCustomerForm and simply sets the customer object. Therefore, we can utilize the super method and just modify it slightly:
 public HCRegisterCustomerForm initCustomerRegistrationForm() {
 RegisterCustomerForm superForm = super.initCustomerRegistrationForm();
 HCRegisterCustomerForm form = new HCRegisterCustomerForm();
 return form;
Then, we can add the new field to ajax/register.html, right below the confirm password field:

 Referral Code

Note: We are not attaching any validation to this field. It is completely optional for the sake of this tutorial.
At this, point, when you click on Register, you should see your additional field:
Referral Code field
All that's left is to save our referral code into our customer. We want to do this if the registration was successful. So, in RegisterController, we want to modify the processRegister method to look like this:
String url = super.processRegister(registerCustomerForm, errors, request, response, model);
 if (url.equals(getRegisterSuccessView())) {
 // Grab the current customer from the request
 Customer newCustomer = CustomerState.getCustomer();
 // Create the referralCode CustomerAttribute
 CustomerAttribute referralCodeAttr = new CustomerAttributeImpl();
 // Update our customer object
 newCustomer.getCustomerAttributes().put("referralCode", referralCodeAttr);
 newCustomer = customerService.saveCustomer(newCustomer);
 // Place the new customer onto the request
return url;
It's as easy as that!


text:
- App Store Info
DescriptionAcrosport! An activity that combines gymnastics, dance and circus and is practiced by hundreds of thousands of fans throughout the world!
A mix of logic, strength, discipline and artistic sensibility, Acrosport can be practiced by everyone, everywhere! At school, at home, with your family or your friends, let your ingenuity express itself to create the wildest human pyramids ever!
This application, that lets you simulate your pyramids in advance, gives you all the tools you need to let your imagination run wild:
- 70 different characters in 400 situations,
- Possibility to reduce the size of the characters, horizontal rotation, vertical rotation,
- Possibility to annotate, comment on your achievements,
- Possibility to capture screenshots to save your work.
Used with the Acrosport software (compatible PC / MAC) available at the following address: _URL_ you can import your files from your computer to your iPad and edit them directly on your tablet wherever you are!

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Named for Mason County, Kentucky
Name chosen by influence of emigrants from Mason County, Kentucky. Mason County, on the Ohio River in northeast Kentucky was formed in 1789. The Kentucky County was named for George Mason [_PHONE_], a member of the Virginia house of burgesses. He was also a member of the Virginia Convention of 1775 and the Constitutional Convention of 1787. Mason was the author of the Virginia Declaration of Rights which was adoped in June 1776.
Established in 1841
The area was originally part of Tazewell County, which was formed in 1827.
Mason County Genealogical and Historical Society Collection
Housed at the Havana Public Library, 201 W. Adams St., Havana, IL
Looking for more info?Copyright © _PHONE_ Infobahn Outfitters, Inc., All rights reserved.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
On the 2nd of May, Generation Science staff led P6/7M in a "Power from the People" interactive workshop. During the workshop, they explored what electricity is and how it is produced.
P6/7M became electric scientists to discover how they could produce electricity from the movement of their bodies. Pupils explored the principles of electricity using circuits, flowing electrons, magnets and capacitors. As a final challenge, the children worked in small groups to assemble their own generator and produce electricity from their own movement. This was a great way to continue our learning about energy and electricity.
Can your children explain what is happening in each photo?


Aarhus University Seal / Aarhus Universitets segl
The VILLUM FOUNDATION awards grants to young researchers
Søren Besenbacher, Bioinformatics Research Centre (BiRC), receives DKK 2.6 million for a project entitled 'Disentangling mutation and selection in human evolution'.
2013.02.01 | Ellen Bernadette Noer
This study will use bioinformatic methods to examine data from genome sequencing of pairs of parents and children in order to determine local differences in the human mutation rate and investigate what causes these differences. This will contribute to the understanding of serious genetic disorders such as schizophrenia and will also make it possible to disentangle the effect of the mutation from the effect of other evolutionary forces such as selection.
Read more about the grants.


TODAY in Masonic History:
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The Mosaic Floor
Today in Masonic History we discuss the Mosaic Floor.
The Mosaic Floor is an important part of masonic lore.
Often in artwork with Masonic symbols in it, there is a white and black checkered floor. This is often referred to as a the Mosaic floor or the Mosaic pavement.
In some descriptions of the floor of King Solomon's Temple the ground floor is a Mosaic pavment. Although some dismiss this, there are descriptions that make it clear that the floor of the temple is made of wood beacue and it is elevated. The argument is that stone would not be used for an elevated floor. While this is most likely a true argument, it does not take into account that a Mosaic floor does not have to be one of stone, merely one of multiple colors. It makes it difficult to prove or disprove what the floor was made of since no archealogical evidence of the Temple of Solomon exists and any written acconts of the temple were most likely done by scribes in the court of Solomon, who had no knowledge of the engineering that went into the building of the temple.
The explanation Freemasons use is that the black and white floor of King Solomon's Temple is representive of the good and evil in every man's life. This explanation attempts to explain the reasoning for the floor. It would tend to make the concept of the Mosaic floor a more modern creation, at least in it's philosophy. The philosophical explanation would have been easier for scribes in the court of Solomon to relate in their writings. Since this fact is not related in the descriptions of the temple it is less likely that it was the reasoning for the floor. Again there is no achealogical evidence for the Temple of Solomon so it is hard to say whether it is lost knowledge or a modern interpretation.
Regardless of whether it is meant as a direct represenation of the floor in Solomon's Temple or not, the philosophical explanation is what should be most important to the Freemason. The reminder that good and evil is present in all of our lives should be taken as a reminder and as a warning. It is should be a reminder that there are always those who would, by design or by accident, bring unhappiness or "evil" into our daily lives and to be vigilant to those threats and concerns. It should not just be to avoid them, is should also be to temper our reaction to those events and actions. It should be a warning to ourselves that we are just as capable of inflicting that unhappiness or "evil" on others.
Freemasons should remember that it is our own deeds that color the Mosaic floor. That we all have good days and bad days, that the goal is to always have the one extra white square balancing our life to the good and not the bad. We keep this balance by how we respond when "evil" enters our life and whether we choose by our actions to insert "evil" into the lives of others.


text:
Published on Brock University (_URL_)
A Brock prof's research into how the government of Ontario dealt with the regulation of alcohol and public drinking in the province in the post-prohibition 20s and 30s raises some interesting questions about our society's attitudes towards to alcohol.
"We have this incredibly conflicted relationship with alcohol," says Dan Malleck, associate professor of Community Health Sciences and author of Try to Control Yourself: The Regulation of Public Drinking in Post-Prohibition Ontario, _PHONE_.
"From the end of prohibition in Ontario until the Second World War, liquor laws in the province changed significantly," says Malleck. "And with the creation of the LCBO in 1927, the government tried to foster a system that worked in the complex political and social culture of the time."
The whole idea of allowing drinking in a province where a lot of people still thought it should be illegal because it was immoral and destructive to society had to be weighed against the fact that prohibition simply did not work.


ale glaciation about 200,000 years ago and drained meltwaters from the ice sheet into the North Sea. The present course of the Aller in the miles-wide glacial valley does not reflect the courses of numerous streams of earlier centuries and millennia. For a long time there was a system of interwoven water courses, that changed their location and size depending on the materials and quantities of water being carried. Today there is a large number of dry oxbow lakes, river beds and branches in the water meadows. Climatic conditions and the work of erosion also changed the landscape around the streams of the glacial valley. For example, the wind formed inland sand dunes parallel to the river, especially on the northern side of the valley, around which the river sometimes snaked in meanders.
Near Wolfsburg the level of the river bed scarcely dropped at all and during times of low water it became almost an area of standing water. The Wolfsburg Volkswagen Factory uses the river and also feeds waste water, after cleaning, into its own sewage works.
Today the landscape of the Aller valley between Celle and Verden is mainly utilised as grassland. The Aller depression there comprises valley floors lying close to the watertable, so that fertile wet areas may be found here with rich habitats for flora and fauna. The landscape is characterised by ox bows, potholes, copses and rows of bushes. The valley floors are widened by the depressions of the tributaries flowing into to the Aller, so that fens and bogs can form. Around the lower reaches crops are cultivated on the clay soils. Around the upper course of the river, many pine forests are managed on the sandy soils.
The most important tributaries to join the Aller from its left-hand, southern, side facing the Harz mountains, are the Oker near Müden (Aller), the Fuhse in Celle, and the Leine near Schwarmstedt. If the Leine is counted as a source stream for the Aller, it has a total length of 346 kilometres (215 mi).
From the right the Aller is joined by smaller rivers that predominantly drain the Lüneburg Heath. Those worth mentioning include the Kleine Aller fairly near Weyhausen, the Ise in Gifhorn, the Lachte east of Celle (near Lachtehausen), the Örtze near Winsen (Aller), the Meiße near Hodenhagen and the Böhme near Rethem.
Streams of the Upper Aller[edit]
The Upper Aller has numerous tributary streams between its source and Müden:
 - Riole
 - Schölecke
 - Spetze
 - Rote Riede
 - Lapau
 - Katharinenbach
 - Drömlingsgräben
 - Wipperaller
 - Steekgraben and Hehlinger Bach
 - Hasselbach
 - Kronriede
 - Momerbach
 - Kielhorster Graben
 - Bruno
 - Fischergraben
 - Flotte
 - Sauerbach
 - Beberbach
 - Platendorfer Moorgraben
Streams of the Aller Canal[edit]
The Aller Canal runs parallel to the Upper Aller between Wolfsburg and Gifhorn. The canal was built in the mid-19th century to reduce flooding. It has the following tributary streams:
Streams of the Lower Aller[edit]
From the left the following small rivers and brooks feed the Aller: the Alpe and the Wölpe near Rethem, the Lehrde near Kirchlinteln-Hohenaverbergen, the Gohbach near Verden-Eitze and, just before its mouth, the Halse near Verden-Dauelsen.
Castles and monasteries[edit]
Merian copper engraving from the Renaissance castle of Hodenhagen-Hudemühlen on the Aller, 1654
Culture and tourism[edit]
The Aller is one of the few - at least to all appearances - undisturbed larger rivers in Germany. From Celle as far as the Verden area it forms, together with the Leine the attractive landscape of the Aller-Leine Valley. The Aller flows gently through relatively natural surroundings alongside meadows and woods, small villages and country towns. As a result it is of great importance for those seeking relaxation in Lower Saxony with almost 4 million people in the conurbation of the Hanover-Brunswick-Göttingen-Wolfsburg Metropolitan Region. The Aller Cycle Way, which is around 250 kilometres (160 mi) long and generally follows the course of the river at some distance, is just one of the leisure attractions in the area. There are attempts to make tourism along the river more compatible with nature through the'soft tourism' (Sanfte Tourismus) initiative, especially in the Aller-Leine Valley. Leisure options include canoeing or travelling by houseboat. Water skiing is allowed on short sections of the lower river.
The river is the biggest tributary of the Weser. The catchment area of the Aller covers 15,744 square kilometres (6,079 sq mi), about one third that of the Weser itself. The water flow gauge at Rethem below the Aller's confluence with the Leine registers an average volumentric flow of 114 cubic metres (4,000 cu ft) per second.
The Aller receives via the Oker about half the run off from the Harz mountains (the other half drains into the Elbe via the Saale and other tributaries). Consequently the Aller was and is frequently flooded by its tributaries. Since the commissioning of the dams in the Harz it is now possible to limit the impact, especially of seasonal floods, e.g. by delaying and slowing down the release of meltwaters on the Oker and Ecker, the Innerste and the Grane in spring. As a result the discharge of the Aller into the Weser can be largely controlled and, although the level varies, it can be kept within boundaries.
Very little of the Aller is shaded by woods (apart from the section along the Aller Canal). Direct sunlight on much of the river encourages the growth of aquatic plants and, in the absence of shady trees along its banks, the water becomes quite warm during the summer months.
Water velocity[edit]
The water velocity of the Aller is very slow in places. In its upper reaches at the height of the Drömling the water compares to a sluggish canal and, in some sections it is almost like a stretch of still water. Its sluggishness is due to the very gradual slope of the channel, that in Lower Saxony averages a mere 10–20 cm per kilometre. Even in the upper course of the river, the flow across the whole of the stream bed is uniformly slow, due to the river having been widened and straightened. Here the bed is covered by a mixture of sand and mud.
Sewage from about half a million people is piped into the upper reaches of the Aller between its source and Müden/Aller, both directly and via its tributaries. The sewage is treated by 40 large sewage plants. Sewage from the town of Wolfsburg, the only city along the river, is not discharged into the river, but dispersed by sewage farms. The chemical composition of the Aller shows that the sewage discharged into it has generally been treated sufficiently well.
Heavy metal pollution[edit]
The pollution of the Aller by heavy metals has resulted from centuries of mining in the Harz mountains. Harz rivers, such as the Aller tributary of the Oker, picked up heavy metals from the mines and their spoil heaps. These were mainly cadmium, zinc and lead compounds that were concentrated into the suspended solids in the river. In this way these chemicals were transported by the Oker into the Aller and Weser where they were deposited in the slacker-moving sections as sediments.
In 1999 investigations were carried out into the heavy metal content of the suspended material in the Aller near Verden. They showed that the Aller was polluting the Weser disproportionally with lead, cadmium, zinc and mercury.[2]
Water quality[edit]
The Lower Saxon water quality report [3] of 2004 assessed the chemical water pollution level of the Aller overall as moderately polluted (quality level II). Some individual indicators were rated as quality level I (unpolluted to very lightly polluted), some however showed heavy levels of pollution (quality levels III-IV). Heavy pollution is predominantly caused by nitrates. Pollution by ammonium in places is ascribed to the unsatisfactory operation of certain sewage works. Raised phosphate values were put down to intensive arable farming near the source of the river. Its salt content today is above the critical level for aquatic plants. Since 1990 the salt content has reduced considerably which may be connected with lower discharges from the former East German area following the Wende in 1989. Biological water quality, based on the research into its saprobian systems, is generally rated as unpolluted to very lightly polluted. The only area that is critically contaminated is the region of Wolfsburg, where deposits of digested sludge in the river are responsible.
Flooding and historical flood protection[edit]
Spring flood in 1987 in the Drömling: the Aller at the level of the poplar avenue
Start of the Aller-Ohre


text:
African American Museum and Library at Oakland (AAMLO), part of the Oakland Public Library system. Alas, since it was a Monday and the AAMLO was closed, I couldn't check out the museum afterwards. The building itself is interesting, one of 5 libraries built with funds from Carnegie. But what's of real interest are the collections it houses. In 1946, Eugene and Ruth Lasartemay and Jessie and Dr. Marcella Ford began collecting the oral histories and artifacts that documented the activities of African Americans in and around Oakland, the Bay Area and California. After combining with other collections and various moves, the collection ultimately became the AAMLO in 1994. Read more of the history of the AAMLO collections on the OPL website.
- Did you know Jack London was raised by ex-slave Jenny Prentiss? He later borrowed money from her to buy his first boat, and left money to her in his will.
- That section of highway 24 named the Rumford Freeway? That's named after William Byron Rumford, the first African American elected to public office in Northern California. He also was one of the early fighters against automotive air pollution. Besides the freeway, there's also an Oakland post office named after him. Ironically, it's one of the post offices slated to be shut down.
- Oakland's Youth Court? It's named for civil rights activist and superior court judge Donald McCullum.
- mayor Lionel Wilson was the first African American mayor of Oakland.
I have to admit the names and facts were kind of a blur, because we spent the first 30 minutes standing outside the museum. It was tiring to stand in one place for so long, and it made it harder to remember the names and associated facts because there wasn't a place to associate many of them with. But it was a still a good, informative tour, and worth checking out.
More pictures in my Oakland New Era, New Politics walking tour album:
|Oakland New Era, New Politics walking tour|


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Dognoglwosgjes gex quiz
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Take this qu
This quiz is going to be about me
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File.AppendAllText Method (String, String, Encoding)
Appends the specified string to the file, creating the file if it does not already exist.
Namespace: System.IO
Assembly: mscorlib (in mscorlib.dll)
public static void AppendAllText (
 string path,
 string contents,
 Encoding encoding
public static void AppendAllText (
 String path,
 String contents,
 Encoding encoding
public static function AppendAllText (
 path : String,
 contents : String,
 encoding : Encoding
Not applicable.
The file to append the specified string to.
The string to append to the file.
The character encoding to use.
Exception typeCondition
path is a null reference (Nothing in Visual Basic).
An I/O error occurred while opening the file.
path specified a file that is read-only.
This operation is not supported on the current platform.
path specified a directory.
The caller does not have the required permission.
The file specified in path was not found.
path is in an invalid format.
The caller does not have the required permission.
Given a string and a file path, this method opens the specified file, appends the string to the end of the file using the specified encoding, and then closes the file. The file handle is guaranteed to be closed by this method, even if exceptions are raised.
The following code example demonstrates the use of the AppendAllText method to add extra text to the end of a file. In this example a file is created, if it doesn't already exist, and text is added to it.
using System;
using System.IO;
class Test
 public static void Main()
 // This text is added only once to the file.
 if (!File.Exists(path))
 // Create a file to write to.
 string createText = "Hello and Welcome" + Environment.NewLine;
 File.WriteAllText(path, createText);
 // if it is not deleted.
 string appendText = "This is extra text" + Environment.NewLine;
 File.AppendAllText(path, appendText);
 // Open the file to read from.
 string readText = File.ReadAllText(path);
.NET Framework
Supported in: 3.0, 2.0
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© 2014 Microsoft. All rights reserved.


Skip to definition.
Noun: uprising 'úp,rI-zing
 "military security has been stepped up since the recent uprising";
 - rebellion, insurrection, revolt, rising
Verb: uprise (uprose,uprisen) ,úp'rIz
 1. Come into existence; take on form or shape
 "An interesting phenomenon uprose";
 2. Ascend as a sound
 "The choirs singing uprose and filled the church"
 3. Rise up as in fear
 - bristle, stand up
 4. Get on one's feet from a sitting or kneeling position
 - arise, rise, get up, stand up
 5. (astronomy) come up, of celestial bodies
 - rise, come up, ascend
 6. Move upward
 "The mist uprose from the meadows";
 7. Return from the dead
 "The dead are to uprise";
 - resurrect, rise
 8. Get up and out of bed
 "He uprose at night";
 - get up, turn out, arise, rise
Derived forms: uprisings
Type of: ascend, battle, become, change posture, conflict, go, go up, locomote, move, return, struggle, travel
Encyclopedia: Uprising


text:
Survey of Energy Resources 2007
Geothermal Country Notes
Poland has substantial resources of geothermal energy, but not at high temperatures. The available resource ranges from reservoir temperatures of 30°C to 130°C at depths of 1 to 4 km.
Although thermal water has been used for balneological purposes for many centuries, development of geothermal power for heating has only taken place during the past 15 years or so. Both the Strategy of Renewable Energy Resources Development which came into effect in 2000 and Polish membership of the European Union in 2004 have helped to encourage the growth of renewable energy use in general, but greater promotion of geothermal energy is needed.
Three heating plants were installed in the period _PHONE_ in the Podhale region (near Zakopane), in Pyrzyce (near Szczecin) and in Mszczonów (near Skierniewice). Two further heating plants came into operation in 2001 (Uniejow) and 2002 (Slomniki). Some of the geothermal units work in conjunction with heat pumps and/or fossil-fuelled boilers.
Geothermal water is mainly used for heating purposes. The bulk of the capacity installed for direct heating is utilised for district heating, with much smaller amounts for bathing and swimming, greenhouse heating, fish farming and wood drying. The number of ground-source heat pumps has grown steadily and capacity now stands at about 53 MWt.
At the present time it is not foreseen that geothermal heat will be utilised for traditional electricity generation. However, there is an interest in studying binary plants which would be based on 90+°C water.


Surge Columbus
Surge Columbus is a collaborative of museums, libraries, and media organizations in Columbus, Ohio empowering teens to discover and pursue their learning interests outside of school by connecting them with mentors, digital and cultural resources, and each other.
The project seeks:
 - to help create more welcoming, open, accessible, and connected learning opportunities for Columbus teens.
 - to re-imagine learning to help Columbus teens become creative citizens who can think on their feet in order to actively participate in civil discourse and compete in the global economy, and to develop their 21st century learning skills.
 - to form a â€œlearning ecologyâ€ for teens that will have a significant impact on shaping the learning potential of Columbus teens.
 - to help teens develop their skills in critical thinking, civic engagement, media literacy, media production, and creative expression.
We are:
The Columbus Metropolitan Library
WOSU Public Media
The Columbus Museum of Art
The Wexner Center for the Arts


text:
Batumi Raptor Count
Our day began with a short but steep hike to watch point one. It was difficult to find the trail and we asked a local lady for help and she pointed in the general direction we needed to go. When we arrived at the monitoring station I saw several people standing and looking through binoculars, and there were also about five spotting scopes set up. The hike to the second watch point was about a half an hour longer than day one and it provided great views of the Black Sea and surrounding areas.
We saw a couple of raptors at a distance but we were about ten days early for the major migration. The main thing I learned was that each person is assigned a different sector, for example, west 1, west 2, west 3 and east 1,2,3 and so on. To make sure they identified the sex and species correctly, an observer would call out the region and species for example, "east 1 honey buzzard adult male." Then the other observers would check and confirm the identification.
We also learned that the raptors migrate from Russia all the way to Africa without eating. The area we were in is a "bottleneck" between the Black Sea and Caucus Mountains and in the height of the migration they count tens of thousands of raptors per day. Please look at the Batumi Raptor Count website to learn more about it.


3D Printing Transmission Line Speakers
Anyone who has played with speakers on the workbench knows the huge difference enclosure design makes to the frequency response of an audio system. Speakerheads spend hours tinkering with designs and calculations, aiming to get the best out of a given set of drivers. [HexiBase] decided to try some experiments of his own, running into some hurdles along the way.
[Hexibase] aimed to 3D print a compact transmission line design, to suit a pair of 1 1/8″ full-range drivers. Being aware of the benefits of high-resolution resin 3D printing, he set out to print a design taking full advantage of the build volume of his Longer 3D Orange 30 printer. Unfortunately, after much fiddling with slicer settings, the printer turned out to have a fundamental fault, leading to unusable prints.
Undeterred, [Hexibase] switched to using his Longer FDM model instead. Printing out the enclosures in PLA. he noted that the different material will have a slightly altered frequency response than originally intended. Regardless, the final result sounds great, and barring some higher-frequency anomalies, the output correlates well with the mathematical model of expected performance.
3D printers make great tools for budding speaker builders, as they make constructing advanced geometries a cinch. Of course, you can even try and 3D print the drivers themselves if you're so inclined. Video after the break.
9 thoughts on "3D Printing Transmission Line Speakers
 1. How do you measure the response without room acoustics having effect on the end result? Hexibase manages that somehow because measured response is so close to the mathematical model.
 1. Well my first thought would be to use a pink noise generator and spectrum analyzer to "map" the room's response curve, then EQ it out or subtract it from the results.
 2. I don't know about this particular speaker and set up, but the standard way in the DIY Audio community is to take very short recordings so the sound can travel from the speaker to the microphone, but by the time it's bounced off anything else the recording is over.
 1. Seems to miss out selective dampening, the all important manual tuning away of the peaks. Faff but fun.
 Open, add fluff, close and test. Open, move fluff, close and test. Repeat.
 2. Room? Just set up outdoors on a grassy hill. Almost as good as an anechoic chamber. Transmission line should start with a symmetrical "Y" to combine both driver's waves as equal in time.
 1. Do you mean a grassy knoll?
 Was once doing measurements in a typical UK box room (how can these count as bedrooms??). Spent ages wondering why there was a hump in the upper bass response. All the room's dimensions were 2.4m, leading to a 3D set of 140 Hz standing waves. Presumably the 70 Hz would have been present too, but microphone and driver placement were close to the floor so might not have excited/measured that mode well.
 3. 3D printing is great for speaker builders who use drivers that are 1 and 1/8″
 I will admit that I have a bluetooth speaker that is around that size and sounds amazingly good for what it it, but really, my real speakers are significantly larger, as in over an order of magnitude. There are a lot of materials you could build the enclosures out of, but I don't see them being 3D printed. At least not with a 3D printer I will ever be able to house or afford. Than again after the shameless ad for the vacuum pump on here, perhaps I should add a ginormous 3D printer to the list of things that I want.
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A Guide to the Otto Wick Papers, _PHONE_
Composer, conductor, teacher, and arranger, Otto Wick was born in Krefeld, Germany, on July 8, 1885. Wick studied music in Krefeld and Kiel before emigrating to America in 1905 in order to study composition with Vassily Ilyich Safonoff, the conductor of the New York Philharmonic. He worked in New York primarily as a conductor and composer, authoring several compositions for the stage, including the operetta Alles für die Kunst, the cantata Temples of Peshawur, and the opera The Moonmaid, among others.
Wick also composed several works on Texas themes. He moved to San Antonio in 1935 with his completed historical opera, The Lone Star. Although intended for the Texas Centennial in 1936, although it was never produced in its entirety. Nonetheless, he composed other works on historical themes pertaining to Texas and Mexico, such as the symphonic poem The Gulf of Mexico, inspired by William H. Prescott's Conquest of Mexico, and a symphonic trilogy entitled, Montezuma. In addition to composing, Wick was the dean of music at the University of San Antonio for four years and also taught at Trinity University for three years. Furthermore, he served as the musical conductor of the City-Wide Easter Sunrise Association for twenty years before his death in 1957.
Handbook of Texas Online, s.v. "Wick, Otto, "_URL_ (accessed October 19, 2010).
The Otto Wick Papers, _PHONE_, contain the scores and libretti of the historical opera, The Lone Star, scores to the symphonic trilogy Montezuma, a bound reprint of Temples of Peshawur, and three libretti of unpublished compositions, including The Moonmaid, Matasuntha, and Alles für die Kunst. In addition, the collection contains a bound copy of Erinnerung, based on a poem by Joseph Wick, as well as newspaper clippings, stage directions, sheet music, notes, and correspondence.
This collection is open for research use.
Otto Wick Papers, _PHONE_, Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, The University of Texas at Austin.
Basic processing and cataloging of this collection was supported with funds from the National Historical Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC) for the Briscoe Center's "History Revealed: Bringing Collections to Light" project, 2009-2011.
Detailed Description of the Papers


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Colonial Williamsburg Gardens
Colonial Williamsburg is known for its cool green spaces, tidy flower gardens, fenced pastures, trimmed boxwoods, and big shade trees. It was not always so, as a 1777 account of the view from the cupola of the College of William and Mary indicates that both the York River and the James River were visible from that vantage point, because the view was unobstructed by trees.
Historians and horticulturists have combined historically accurate native plants with exotics that tolerate the hot humid summers to create gardens and green spaces that keep visitors coming back again and again to photograph and enjoy. Garden clubs make regular excursions to see the gardens and participate in Colonial Williamsburg gardening programs. At Christmas, plant materials are used to make some of the most beautiful and anticipated decorations in the country.
Whether you are interested in planning your own colonial garden, researching native plants, participating in an educational gardening program, visiting the colonial nursery, or taking a garden walking tour, you are sure to enjoy Colonial Williamsburg's gardens.
"Through the Garden Gate"
This walking tour focuses on the historic documents and archaeological evidence used in creating The Revolutionary City gardens.
"Gardens of Gentility"
This escorted walking tour visits the gardens of the Governor's Palace and other gardens along Palace Green.
"Meet the Gardener"
Garden volunteers answer questions about growing flowers and vegetables in The Revolutionary City.
A vibrant collection of springtime images. Learn more.
Flowers grown in Colonial Williamsburg gardens make this vivid screensaver. Learn more.
Available for PC and MAC.
- "A Williamsburg Perspective on Colonial Gardens," excerpted from The Gardens of Colonial Williamsburg, written by M. Kent Brinkley and Gordon W. Chappell.
- Relative Flowering Dates in the Gardens of Colonial Williamsburg
- Book: "Vegetable Gardening the Colonial Williamsburg Way"
- Book: "Plants of Colonial Williamsburg"
- Book: "Flowers and Herbs of Early America"
- Book: "From a Colonial Garden"
- Book: "The Gardens of Colonial Williamsburg"
- View more Colonial Williamsburg publications.


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City of Alexandria, VA
Page updated Jan 29, 2013 12:11 PM
The Lyceum: Alexandria's History Museum
In 1839, a group of gentlemen calling themselves The Alexandria Lyceum joined with the Alexandria Library Company to build a grand hall to provide a place for lectures, scientific experiments and quiet reading.
Eventually, the building itself became known as The Lyceum and, since that time, it has been a Civil War hospital, a private home, an office building and the nation's first Bicentennial Center. In 1985, The Lyceum became Alexandria's History Museum, providing exhibitions, school programs, lectures and concerts, volunteer opportunities and space for rental functions for the community. The Lyceum Museum Shop carries a wide variety of maps, books, note cards and special items related to Alexandria's history. The present-day Lyceum Company serves the museum as a membership and fund-raising organization.
Registration for 2013 Clio's Kids summer camp is now open! Clio's Kids introduces children ages 5-7 years to American history and life in historic Alexandria through artifacts, storytelling, singing and crafts, "old-fashioned" games, and visits to nearby historic places. Click here to learn more about our summer camp.
Download the fall issue of our newly-launched digital newsletter for The Lyceum and Friendship Firehouse Museum here.
"Occupied City: Life in Civil War Alexandria" examines life in an American town, seized and held by its own Federal government, following Virginia's decision to secede from the Union in May 1861. See how Robert E. Lee's hometown of Alexandria was transformed literally overnight from a prosperous, bustling commercial port into a supply, hospital, and transportation center for the Union Army, and find out why Alexandria became a destination for African Americans seeking freedom. Explore the experiences of Alexandrians and others who lived here during this tumultuous time, through their own words, as well as period photographs and collections items.
This teapot, in The Lyceum's Howard W. Smith, Jr. Collection, demonstrates the beautiful and high quality work produced by Charles A. Burnett. Burnett, born in Virginia in 1769 was working by 1790. Although the reference has been lost, according to tradition he advertised in Alexandria in 1793. Burnett moved his shop to Georgetown by 1800, where he produced and retailed silver for close to fifty years.
American Alliance of Museums


Database - Normalization AND Three Normal Form
 Normalization is the process of designing a data model to efficiently store data in a database. The end result is that redundant data is eliminated, and only data related to the attribute is stored within the table.
For example,
 let's say we store City, State and ZipCode data for Customers in the same table as Other Customer data. With this approach, we keep repeating the City, State and ZipCode data for all Customers in the same area. Instead of storing the same data again and again, we could normalize the data and create a related table called City.
The "City" table could then store City, State and ZipCode along with IDs that relate back to the Customer table, and we can eliminate those three columns from the Customer table and add the new ID column.
Normalization rules have been broken down into several forms. People often refer to the third normal form (3NF) when talking about database design.
This is what most database designers try to achieve: In the conceptual stages, data is segmented and normalized as much as possible, but for practical purposes those segments are changed during the evolution of the data model.
 Various normal forms may be introduced for different parts of the data model to handle the unique situations you may face.
Whether you have heard about normalization or not, your database most likely follows some of the rules, unless all of your data is stored in one giant table.
 We will take a look at the first three normal forms and the rules for determining the different forms here.
 1NF - A relation R is in first normal form (1NF) if and only if all underlying domains contain atomic values only.
 - A relation is said to be in First Normal Form (1NF) if and only if each attribute of the relation is atomic. More simply, to be in 1NF, each column must contain only a single value and each row must contain the same columns
 - Example: 1NF but not 2NF
 - FIRST(Supplier_no,Status,City, part_No,quantity)
 - 2NF - A relation R is in second normal form (2NF) if and only if it is in 1NF and every non-key attribute is fully dependent on the primary key.
 - An entity is in the second normal form if all of its attributes depend on the whole (primary) key. In relational terms, every column in a table must be functionally dependent on the whole primary key of that table. Functional dependency indicates that a link exists between the values in two different columns.
 Example (2NF but not 3NF) :
 SECOND (supplier_no, status, city).
 3NF - A relation R is in third normal form (3NF) if and only if it is in 2NF and every non-key attribute is non-transitively dependent on the primary key. An attribute C is transitively dependent on attribute A if there exists an attribute B such that: A ® B and B ® C. Note that 3NF is concerned with transitive dependencies which do not involve candidate keys. A 3NF relation with more than one candidate key will clearly have transitive dependencies of the form: primary_key ®other_candidate_key ® any_non-key_column
 Example (3NF but not BCNF) :
 SUPPLIER_PART (supplier_no, supplier_name, part_no, quantity)


in seconds + that times the speedup, lower scores are better:
 score = fast_time + ((fast_time ** 2) / slow_time)
Time your programs using time, include the time taken for I/O.
Note: This scoring method is good for two reasons:
 1. In the case that there is no speedup compared to the baseline, the score is just 2x the time.
 2. Any speedups over the base version will decrease the score, but the score will never be less than the wall-clock time it takes.
To determine the answer with the best writeup, we'll also be running a popularity contest.
Entry Template
I'm no stickler, but here's a loose entry template if you'd like to keep things consistent:
## ()
## How it works
Good luck, and happy tagging! Bitty Benny awaits your entry!
Participant number
A math Olympiad will be held, and participants are being registered. The highest number of participants is 100. Each participant is given an ID number. It is given in a sequence like \$100, 97, 94, 91, 88,...., 1\$, and when the first sequence is over, then \$99, 96, 93, 90, 87,...., 3\$ sequence and so on.
Let's assume one of the participant's ID number is \$k\$ and he/she is the \$n^{th}\$ participant. Given the value of \$k\$, return the value of \$n\$.
Test Cases
59 -> 81
89 -> 71
16 -> 29
26 -> 92
63 -> 47
26 -> 92
45 -> 53
91 -> 4
18 -> 62
19 -> 28
There will be no leading zero in input. Standard loopholes apply, shortest code wins. In output there can be trailing whitespace.
98 99
101 102
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cedar forests of Lebanon as fuel in steam trains. Despite two millennia of deforestation, forests in Lebanon still cover 13.6% of the country, and other wooded lands represent 11%.
Law No. 558, which was ratified by the Lebanese Parliament on April 19, 1996, aims to protect and expand existing forests, classifying all forests of cedar, fir, high juniper (juniperus excelsa), evergreen cypress (cupressus sempervirens) and other trees, whether diverse or homogeneous, whether state-owned or not as conserved forests.
Since 2011, more than 600,000 trees, including cedars and other native species, have been planted throughout Lebanon as part of the Lebanon Reforestation Initiative, which aims to restore Lebanon's native forests. Projects financed locally and by international charity are performing extensive reforestation of cedar being carried out in the Mediterranean region, particularly in Lebanon and Turkey, where over 50 million young cedars are being planted annually.
The Lebanon Reforestation Initiative has been working since 2012 with tree nurseries throughout Lebanon to help grow stronger tree seedlings that are better suited to survive once planted.
The Billion Tree Tsunami was launched in 2014 by planting 1 billion trees, by the government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) and Imran Khan, Pakistan, as a response to the challenge of global warming. Pakistan's Billion Tree Tsunami restored 350,000 hectares of forests and degraded land to surpass its Bonn Challenge commitment.
In 2018, Pakistan's prime minister declared that the country will plant 10 billion trees in the next five years.
In 2020, the Pakistani government launched an initiative to hire 63,600 laborers to plant trees in the northern Punjab region, with indigenous species such as acacia, mulberry and moringa. This initiative was meant to alleviate unemployment caused by lockdowns to mitigate the spread of COVID-19.
In 2011, the Philippines established the National Greening Program as a priority program to help reduce poverty, promote food security, environmental stability, and biodiversity conservation, as well as enhance climate change mitigation and adaptation in the country. The program paved the way for the planting of almost 1.4 billion seedlings in about 1.66 million hectares nationwide during the 2011-2016 period. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ranked the Philippines fifth among countries reporting the greatest annual forest area gain, which reached 240,000 hectares during the 2010-2015 period.
4000 years ago Anatolia was 60% to 70% forested. Although the flora of Turkey remains more biodiverse than many European countries deforestation occurred during both prehistoric and historic times, including the Roman and Ottoman periods.
Since the first forest code of 1937 the official government definition of 'forest' has varied. According to the current definition 21 million hectares are forested, an increase of about 1 million hectares over the past 30 years, but only about half is 'productive'. However, according to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization definition of forest about 12 million hectares was forested in 2015, about 15% of the land surface.
The amount of greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey removed by forests is very uncertain. however a new assessment is being made with the help of satellites and new soil measurements and better information should be available by 2020.
According to the World Resources Institute "Atlas of Forest Landscape Restoration Opportunities" 50 million hectares are potential forest land, a similar area to the ancient Anatolian forest mentioned above. This could help limit climate change in Turkey. To help preserve the biodiversity of Turkey more sustainable forestry has been suggested. Improved rangeland management is also needed.
National Forestation Day is on 11 November but, according to the agriculture and forestry trade union although volunteers planted a record number of trees in 2019, most had died by 2020 in part due to lack of rainfall.
It is the stated goal of the US Forest Service to manage forest resources sustainably. This includes reforestation after timber harvest, among other programs.
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) data shows that forest occupied about 46% of total U.S. land in 1630 (when European settlers began to arrive in large numbers), but had decreased to 34% by 1910. After 1910, forest area has remained almost constant although U.S. population has increased substantially. In the late 19th century the U.S. Forest Service was established in part to address the concern of natural disasters due to deforestation, and new reforestation programs and federal laws such as The Knutson-Vandenberg Act (1930) were implemented. The U.S. Forest Service states that human-directed reforestation is required to support natural regeneration and the agency engages in ongoing research into effective ways to restore forests.
As for the year 2020, United States of America planted 2.5 billion trees per year. At the beginning of the year 2020, a bill that will increase the number to 3.3 billion, was proposed by the Republican Party, after President Donald Trump joined the Trillion Tree Campaign.
Ecosia is a non-profit organisation based in Berlin, Germany that has planted over 100 million trees worldwide as of July 2020.
Ecologi is an organisation that has its members pay a monthly fee to offset their carbon emissions, primarily through tree planting. As well as this they work to promote sustainability and low carbon alternatives. So far over 2 million trees have been planted through Ecologi.
Shanghai Roots & Shoots, a division of the Jane Goodall Institute, launched The Million Tree Project in Kulun Qi, Inner Mongolia to plant one million trees to stop desertification and alleviate global warming.
Team Trees was a 2019 fundraiser with an initiative to plant 20 million trees. The initiative was started by American YouTubers MrBeast and Mark Rober, and was mostly supported by YouTubers. The Arbor Day Foundation will work with its local partners around the world to plant one tree for each dollar they raise.
Many companies are trying to achieve carbon offsets by Nature-based solutions like reforestation, including mangrove forests and soil restoration. Among them are Microsoft and Eni. Increasing the forest cover of Earth by 25% will offset the human emissions in the latest 20 years. In any case it will be necessary to pull from the atmosphere the CO2 that already have been emitted. However, it can work only if the companies will stop to pump new emissions to the atmosphere and stop deforestation.
A similar concept, afforestation, refers to the process of restoring and recreating areas of woodlands or forests that may have existed long ago but were deforested or otherwise removed at some point in the past or lacked it naturally (e.g., natural grasslands). Sometimes the term "re-afforestation" is used to distinguish between the original forest cover and the later re-growth of forest to an area. Special tools, e.g. tree planting bars, are used to make planting of trees easier and faster.
Another alternative strategy, proforestation, is similar as it can be used to counteract the negative environmental and ecological effects of deforestation through growing an existing forest intact to its full ecological potential.
Reforestation competes with other land uses, such as food production, livestock grazing, and living space, for further economic growth. Reforestation often has the tendency to create large fuel loads, resulting in significantly hotter combustion than fires involving low brush or grasses. Reforestation can divert large amounts of water from other activities. Reforesting sometimes results in extensive canopy creation that prevents growth of diverse vegetation in the shadowed areas and generating soil conditions that hamper other types of vegetation. Trees used in some reforesting efforts (e.g., Eucalyptus globulus) tend to extract large amounts of moisture from the soil, preventing the growth of other plants.
There is also the risk that, through a forest fire or insect outbreak, much of the stored carbon in a reforested area could make its way back to the atmosphere. Reduced harvesting rates and fire suppression have caused an increase in the forest biomass in the western United States over the past century. This causes an increase of about a factor of four in the frequency of fires due to longer and hotter dry seasons.
The European Commission found that, in terms of environmental services, it is better to avoid deforestation than to allow for deforestion to subsequently reforest, as the former leads to irreversible effects in terms of biodiversity loss and soil degradation.
Furthermore the probability that legacy carbon will be released from soil is higher in younger boreal forest. Global greenhouse gas emissions caused by damage to tropical rainforests may be have been underestimated by a factor of six. Additionally the effects of afor reforestation will be farther in the future than those of proforestation. It takes much longer − several decades − for the benefits for global warming to manifest to the same carbon sequestration benefits from mature trees in tropical forests and hence from limiting deforestation. Some researchers note that instead of planting entirely new areas, reconnecting forested areas and restoring the edges of forest, to protect their mature core and make them more resilient and longer-lasting, should be prioritized.


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He is currently a Distinguished Engineer at IBM Almaden Research Center near San Jose, California, and is leading a multi-lab research program on Unified Activity Management, which is exploring how to make activity the central organizing construct in the IBM Workplace platform. The Unified Activity Management (UAM) project is defining a new organizing framework for supporting collaborative work around the concept of human activity by creating a Unified Activity representation, architecture, and user experience. Activities are what we do everyday. An activity is any coherent set of actions that we take towards some end, be it specific or vague. Effective business activities involve a combination of formal and informal work, often spread among a variety of people, tools, systems and service providers. An explicit activity object is needed to represent the collection of relationships that emerge between people, the artifacts they work on, their communication and coordination, the calendar, and the business processes they use to complete their work. As presented in the below figure, the unified activity management integrates formal business processes with the informal collaborations needed to accomplish business objectives.
I was also part of this program lead by Tom when in IBM. I helped explored the collaborative activity patterns as building blocks in workplace and helped design the activity centered project management tool for IBM Workplace (former Lotus Workplace). I published two papers as the first author on these threads.
Tom Moran is the founding Editor of Human-Computer Interaction. In 2003 he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery. In 2004 he won the CHI Lifetime Achievement Award. He is a good friend of my adviser Jack. They coauthored the book Design Rationale: Concepts, Techniques, and Use and had many other collaborations.


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General Productivity Growth in a Theory of Quits and Layoffs
An efficient matching model of quits and layoffs is developed to account for several empirical regularities. Differences between quits and layoffs over the life and business cycles and across demographic groups are generated by differential rates of general productivity growth. The standard approach to quits and layoffs, based on wage rigidity, is shown to be incapable of accounting for many of the empirical regularities. Although a formal test rejects a structural prediction of the efficient turnover model, the specification does well in predicting both the level of, and time-series variation in, the fraction of separations labeled quits. Copyright 1990 by University of Chicago Press.
When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:ucp:jlabec:v:8:y:1990:i:1:p:75-98. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.
For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: (Journals Division)
If references are entirely missing, you can add them using this form.


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Piratas del Caribe y el mapa secreto – Reader/Audio CD Package
Adventure, written in Present Tense
185 Unique Word Count
Adventure, suspense and deception abound in this novel based on historical fiction. Set in the 1600's, this engaging plot commandeers the reader through a pirate's quest for a secret map and leaves him/her with rich treasures of crucial vocabulary and enhanced language skills.
The low unique word count and high frequency factor (the number of times core structures are embedded in the text) make this an ideal read for beginning Spanish students. Each page is loaded with cognates (words that are similar in English and Spanish), recycled vocabulary, and illustrations, which makes this read highly comprehensible. Enjoy the story! The more you enjoy it, the more you will acquire Spanish without even realizing it! Happy reading!
All Fluency Matters materials are protected by U.S. Copyright Law. No portion of any book, unless represented as reproducible, may be reproduced or used in any manner without the express written consent from Fluency Matters. Unlawful duplication of materials and file sharing, including photo-copying, scanning, uploading to a server, disseminating materials via email, or posting on the internet, regardless if a site is password-protected, is strictly prohibited and punishable by law. Thank you for honoring our teacher-authors and respecting copyright.


Browse The NAHA Bookstore
Essential Oils and the Doctrine of Signatures
Category: NAHA Teleseminars
Essential Oils and the Doctrine of Signatures
only $10.00 each
Essential Oils and the Doctrine of Signatures
with Cynthia Brownley and Joy Musacchio
So most of us know that essential oils are distilled or extracted from various parts of the plants and trees. The essential oils that we use are stored in secretory sacs in the roots, leaves, wood, flowers, leaves, seeds, fruits, bark and resin. While we readily look to the chemistry of the essential oil to determine its therapeutic uses, we can also look to the plant and tree as well as the particular part of that plant and tree that the oil comes from.
In today's world we analyze nature by way of technological imaging, before nature was simply what we saw in front of us. As Matthew Wood states, "The doctrine of signatures is used around the world in pre-modern cultures where thought-by-association is accepted as a valid means of obtaining knowledge of the world. The idea is that a plant that looks like the disease, organ, or person it will heal."
In this teleseminar we will explore:
* The correlations between certain essential oils and plant parts
* Therapeutic blending according to the Doctrine of Signatures
* The energetics and applications of various plant parts
* Signatures and Symbolism
"The practice must not proceed from the theory, but the theory from practice." -Paracelsus
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Sheet #
Microscale 48-107 for P-80A
See review
Review By:
Scott Van Aken
The F-80 Shooting Star was the US's first operational jet fighter. It was designed by Kelly Johnson, who also designed the P-38 and went on to be involved in other great Lockheed aircraft like the F-104 and SR-71.
It was a basic WW II aircraft that just happened to be powered by a turbojet engine. It was nothing fancy and still very much an aircraft of the early 40's. Armament was 6.50calibre machine guns, which was standard for the day.
Like all early Allied jets, it was powered by a centrifugal flow turbojet. These didn't provide the same level of power as the axial flow turbojet used by the Germans and what is used in modern fighters today, however it was a simpler design and was easier to maintain than the more complex German engines. Today, the centrifugal flow engine is what is in most helicopters.
The P-80 was actually flown in the war zone. This happened in April of 1945 when four of them were taken to Italy. None ever saw any combat as the war ended soon after their arrival.
Early P-80s were all painted an overall pearl grey color. Later variants were left in natural metal.
This sheet offers two aircraft for the 416th Fighter Group. All of the group's aircraft were named and had the pilot's WWII scores on the tail. The trim on the nose and tip tanks is yellow. The insignia for these aircraft are the older WWII type without the red bar.
The only kit available for this sheet is the Monogram 1/48 F-80C. It can be used pretty much as is with a few modifications. First of all the nose must be modified to accept the landing light. This is a pretty straight-forward job where you cut out a section and insert some clear sprue then sand to shape. Next the aft section of the canopy needs modified by removing a section of plastic and sanding the area smooth. These early P-80s also only used the smaller tear-drop wing tip tanks
All the markings except the insignia are on the sheet allowing you to do both aircraft. Overall a nice sheet of America's first production jet fighter.
Review copy courtesy of me and my wallet!!!


Aggression and Veiled-Aggression
Xyz school is playing its Big Match with Pqr school. The ground is full of students and old boys. A group of Xyzians chant "Down with Pqr! Down with Pqr!!". A group of Pqrians respond to this with another chant. Then one Xyzian gets really angry and throws a stone at Pqrians. "You don't have guts! That's why you throw stones!" They shout and that makes the stone thrower even angrier.
Machang, Are we Xyzians?" He asks to a response of a mighty "Yes" from his group.
"Do we have guts?" And the answer is a mighty "Yes" again.
"Will we stand such an insult?" The answer is "No".
"If we do, are we Xyzians?" The answer is "NO!" And they ram into the group of Pqrians and start beating them. The incident ends in many injuries, police intervention and few hospitalisations.
This is obvious violence. Violence is a prominent feature of aggression. Violence could be physical like in this example. Or it could be verbal like harsh words and degrading remarks, threats to harm etc. But aggression is not only violence.
Aggression is using one's superior power to subdue another. The Xyzians thought that they have superior muscle-power over the Pqrians in the above example. If not some other superior power, like having more people to support them, having weapons with them or being able to draw support of police. If you feel that you are inferior in power to the other party, you will never use aggression as your approach. The alcoholic husband beats his disempowered wife, not other people. At least not in that way. And come people, jokes, stories try to tell us that hurting the powerless person, beating the wife in this instance, is acceptable.
At certain instances an apparently inferior person may use aggression against the superior person. For an example a child may shout using foul language at the father who asked him why he smells of tobacco. Although it is the father who is at the receiving end of aggression here, surely he must be more powerful. But that is not the case. The son knows that shouting always subdues fathers as he is dead scared that neighbours will know that something is wrong. The son has a superior weapon here. Hence is the more powerful one in this instance. However if you remove the weapon his aggression will disappear.
Another characteristic feature of aggression is this: Once the superiority is gone, so is aggression. The aggressive robber with a knife will beg for mercy the moment you pull out a revolver. The shouting boyfriend would become silent the moment the girl breaks down in tears. The aggressive son would keep his mouth shut, if he learns that father is not afraid of neighbours finding out any more.
Let us consider another scenario. A man uttering lurid nasty sexual comments to a woman standing at a deserted bus halt, where nobody is to be seen. She bears that up for a while and then she removes her sandal and whacks him over the face. Is she aggressive? Is she superior to the man? Well, probably not. He might physically assault her now. But she did this in utter frustration. To, at least, saver her pride. This is self-defence. But the man has been aggressive. If there were people around he wouldn't have made those comments. When they were alone, he became superior in power.
Hence a child throwing something at the mother who was repeatedly beating the child, student raising his hand against the master who was canning him, the animal trying to bite the predator killing it, at that very moment of aggression from the superior party, are not instances of aggression, but mere self-defence.
Sometimes we mix up aggression and assertiveness. Assertiveness is the approach of the really smart person. The person who is in control, of his/her life and the world around him/ her is the one who adopts assertiveness. Aggression is sometimes seen as the superior approach in some sub-cultures in certain boys' schools in Sri Lanka believing that it is synonymous with being male. Assertiveness is an effective approach that men and women both can make use of. For a detailed discussion on assertiveness, see previous issues
Now at times we are uncertain if we are really superior over the other party in our daily lives. Even if we are, if we act violently we might lose our superiority. Then we turn to passive-aggression or veiled aggression.
Let us consider the couple having a chat about buying a washing machine. The woman hates washing, but does it believing that it is a woman's job. But it seems the husband does not appear to appreciate that she hates washing, and happily waits while she does all the washing. He wants to buy a motor bicycle instead a washing machine. The woman suddenly gets up and leaves, and when asked why says "nothing". During dinner time she appears gloomy and grumpy and talks only the bare minimum. The dishes seem to move with thuds and screeches over the table. When somebody asks how she is, she says "fine".
She is not violent. If the husband claims so, anybody who witnesses this, or hears the story would say that she is not violent. However she is violent. But that violence is covered by a thin veil of "innocence"; or passiveness. Hence her way is called passive-aggression.
Passive aggression is the last approach we are going to discuss in this series. Passive-aggression is as harmful as aggression. The other party is unaware what this person is reacting to. In aggression, at least that is clear. Being extremely angry about something, just like in aggression, but reacting to it with a different way without violence, is called passive-aggression.
If this woman acted violently, and shouted at husband, he can conveniently say that over the decision to buy a washing machine or motor bicycle, she has become aggressive. And she will have to back down. And others would take his side as well. But now she has gained a sort of a control over him, although not very progressive as it is not really meaningful. The husband may actually not know why she is grumpy. But the woman believes that he does. At least that he ought to. By some magical mind reading mechanism.
The work mate who appears distant and cold after being refused a request for a favour, the daughter who refuses dinner after an argument with parents, the lover who refuses to be intimate after a wish he had was not granted, the mother who forgets to take her blood pressure medication the day their son informed they are going to visit his wife's parents but not mother, the boy who goes out and get drunk after his love is refused by his dream-girl are all showing passive-aggression. They are extremely violent and want to hurt the other party, but their violence is disguised, and they would deny that they want to hurt the other party. Extreme passive-aggression can be frequently seen in many television series these days.
Aggression may occur in a wider variety of contexts, but passive-aggression mainly occurs within relationships. Here are few more examples:
Situation Example of an aggressive response Example of a passive-aggressive response
1 Daughter forgets to greet elderly mother on birthday Mother picks up the phone and shouts at her for not doing so. Mother does not answer the phone for the next three days.
2 Son finds a strand of hair in his dinner plate. Son barks "You are ignorant, mother. Can't you be a bit careful?" Son washes his hands and leaves the table without finishing his dinner. When asked why, he says he is not hungry.
3 Student expected to bring glory to school at Year V scholarship exam, gets just a "pass". Teacher yells at her saying it is really shameful for her to do such a thing to the school. Teacher does not talk to her very much now and appears distant.
4 Novice actor is reprimanded by the veteran dramatist for being absent for a practice session due to a beer drinking session with friends. Novice actor tries to assault the elderly veteran dramatist. Novice actor stops coming to practices while knowing he plays an important role in the drama.
5 Husband notices that his wife talks to another man in an intimate wayat the party. He slaps her. He grumpily says he is not feeling well and they have to leave now.
Let us discuss how we can improve our assertiveness, reduce our passiveness, aggression and passive aggression later.
Dr. Mahesh Rajasuriya
Dr. Rajasuriya is at present a Senior Lecturer at the Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo as well as a Consultant Psychiatrist at the University Psychiatry Unit, Ward 59, National Hospital of Sri Lanka, Colombo.
Aggression and Veiled-Aggression සදහා ප්‍රතිචාර 5ක් දක්වා ඇත
 1. පින්ග්කිරීම: The Ways We Deal With The World And Ourselves: Assertive/ Passive/ Aggressive/ Passive-aggressive | මනෝ සෞඛ්‍යය
 2. පින්ග්කිරීම: So you think you are assertive? | මනෝ සෞඛ�


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This paper craft flip book lets kids create their own collection of kooky characters.
What You'll Need:
- 2 sheets of white paper (8-1/2x11 inches)
- Light cardboard
- Crayons or markers
How to Make Match-Up Books:
Step 1: Cut each sheet of paper into 3 equal-size rectangles. (Cut across the short side of the paper.) This will give you 6 rectangles.
Step 2: Cut a piece of light cardboard the same size as the rectangles. Stack the 6 paper rectangles on top of each other. Fold them down twice, dividing the papers into 3 sections.
Step 3: Unfold the rectangles and draw a different person, family member, animal, or monster on each page. Draw the head in the top square, the body in the middle square, and the legs at the bottom.
(NOTE: The drawings should all be about the same size, and the heads, bodies, and legs should all line up in the same place. This way the head of one figure will line up with the body on every other drawing.)
Step 4: After you finish drawing, put the piece of cardboard on the bottom of the stack. Then staple the left side of your drawings together to make a book.
Step 5: Carefully cut across the papers along the folds, stopping before you get to the left side. (Don't cut the cardboard!)
Your book is done. Flip through your book, turning different flaps at a time, to see what silly characters you can create!
Paper crafts are great fun, and they also make great gifts. Your kids will learn how to make a special book just for Mom in the next section.


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- Add a Content Editor Web Part to the Main Page of the site.
- Modify the Web Part and click on Source Editor.
- Paste in the following code while changing the URLs to match your target.
- I set the redirect time to 0, but you can set it higher if you like. 1 sec = 1000, 2 sec = 2000, etc.
- Save the code changes.
Redirecting you to the new location. If you are not redirected, click HERE.


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Reclaiming the Meaning of 'Direct Tax' is a new paper by Charlotte Crane, Northwestern University School of Law. Just this abstract is posted:
The history of the litigation in the carriage tax case, Hylton v. United States (1796), including the extraordinary steps taken to present a case to the Supreme Court in which the tax would be ratified, suggests that the case was far more important than the simple amount of revenue at stake. This article explores the motivation behind the imposition of the carriage tax, and its defense in Hylton, as a part of the effort s of Hamilton and his fellow Federalists to create a robust federal government. That federal government would include revenue officers whose loyalties were primarily to the federal government not the state governments, and a federal power to tax that was neither limited to excise and other transaction-based taxes nor constrained by the apportionment clause.


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A Hybrid Approach for Efficient Provenance Storage
Efficient provenance storage is an essential step towards the adoption of provenance. In this paper, the authors analyze the provenance collected from multiple workloads with a view towards efficient storage. Based on their analysis, they characterize the properties of provenance with respect to long term storage. They then propose a hybrid scheme that takes advantage of the graph structure of provenance data and the inherent duplication in provenance data. Their evaluation indicates that their hybrid scheme, a combination of web graph compression (adapted for provenance) and dictionary encoding, provides the best tradeo in terms of compression ratio, compression time and query performance when compared to other compression schemes.


it as often as you'd like. Also, if you accidentally vacuum up something valuable, opening up the chamber to retrieve the item is incredibly simple, unlike a bagged vacuum cleaner where you'd have to cut open the bag and sift around.
Bagless Vacuum Cleaners: Drawbacks
While bagless vacuums are indeed a popular choice among consumers, they are not right for everyone. There are a couple of clear downsides to this type of vacuum cleaner, and it would be wise to take these into consideration if you are in the market for buying a new vacuum.
1. More possibility of allergens exposure
Oftentimes, especially when attempting to empty the chamber full of dirt and debris, bagless vacuum cleaners may expose users to more dust and allergens than a bagged model. This is mainly due to the fact that the dirt and debris doesn't go into an air-tight bag, but instead, an air-tight chamber. Because the disposal process isn't simply removing a bag, it is possible for some of the dust and allergens to be kicked back into the air while emptying your bagless vacuum.
2. Bit more maintenance needed
This disadvantage is a bit more anecdotal, as it likely won't have an affect on many people. However, because of the way a bagless vacuum collects the dirt, dust and debris, some consumers feel that this type of vacuum is dirty and requires too much maintenance. While it is true that you have to be careful when emptying the chamber, which we would recommend doing outside to prevent the allergens from re-entering your indoor air, it's not as dirty as some would initially think.
Over to You
In summary,
Bagged Vacuum CleanerBagless Vacuum Cleaner
Bags need to replace frequentlyNo need to replace bags
Replacing the bags are expensiveCost-effective as there are no bags
Bulky and difficult to move aroundCompact and easy to use
Less suction powerStronger suction power
There are excellent models of both types and the technology and filtration is getting better all the time. So, we hope that by weighing each of these pros and cons, you'll have a better idea of whether a bagged or bagless vacuum is better for you and your home.
Neither type of vacuum can be categorically crowned the best choice, because it really comes down to knowing what you need and want in a vacuum cleaner.
Leave a Reply


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This week has been a hot one in the Pacific Northwest! And with extremely warm summer temperatures, the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) is asking anglers to take special care when catching and releasing fish.
"Fish mortality can increase drastically when water temperatures reach 74 degrees," explained ODFW officials. "Since warm water does not hold as much oxygen as cooler water, fish are getting less oxygen while they are being caught, and take longer to recover once they are released."
When fishing during prolonged periods of warm weather, ODFW is recommending the following practices to help minimize the negative impact on fish populations:
- Fish early in the mornings when water temperatures are lower.
- Fish in lakes and reservoirs with deep waters that provide a cooler refuge for fish.
- Use barbless hooks, land fish quickly and keep them in the water as much as possible in order to minimize stress.
- Shift your fishing efforts to higher elevation mountain lakes and streams where water temperatures often remain cool.
Additionally, ODFW suggests anglers concentrate on warmwater species, such as bass, bluegill, and crappie.
Be curteous this fishing season, and do your part to help maintain the delicate balance of our ecosystems. Always carry proper fishing equipment and safety gear, and adhere to local regulations and statutes. For more information, visit your state's department of fish and wildlife.


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.... and what to look for
Notice the difference in how flat these primers are.
Examining the flatness of your fired primers is the best way to read
chamber pressure. It's important to keep an eye on this when you're reloading. These 4 fired cases clearly show the different degrees
of chamber pressure, and this is an accurate representation when reloading any caliber. If you pay close attention to your fired cases, and
you slowly work your way to hotter loads, you'll avoid seeing any of the "serious" pressure signs.
Some brands of primers have a noticeably harder cup than others. This difference in hardness can cause a slight
variation in your pressure readings. Seating bullets too short or too long will affect chamber pressure considerably, and some types of powder
will increase pressure as the outside temperature increases. When you develop maximum loads in the winter, beware of the pressure increase
when using those handloads in the heat of summer.
- Very mild load (this is too mild).
- Mild load.
- This is an ideal load (could go just a bit hotter).
- Absolute Maximum load (approach this pressure very carefully).


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Some operations are difficult or even impossible to obtain with an expression, or the operation could become too complex to achieve. The alternative is to create a function that would take care of performing the operation and supplying the result to the table. Of course, as you may know already, a function is its own object. This means that, after creating it, to use its result in a table, you must call it. For example, you can create a function that returns a value, then call that function and assign its returned value to a column. You can create your own function and use it, or you can use one of the built-in functions of Transact-SQL.
In order to involve a function with your data entry, you must have one. You can create your own function using the techniques we learned already. To make the function easily accessible, you should create it as part of the database that would use it. Here is an example:
-- ============================================= -- Author: FunctionX -- Create date: Saturday 22 December 2007 -- Description: Used to calculate the greatest common divisor -- ============================================= CREATE FUNCTION GCD ( _USER_ int, _USER_ int ) RETURNS int AS BEGIN DECLARE _USER_ int; WHILE _USER_ <> 0 BEGIN SET _USER_ = _USER_ % _USER_; SET _USER_ = _USER_; SET _USER_ = _USER_; } RETURN _USER_ }
When calling the function, follow the normal rules. Here are examples:
INSERT INTO Calculations VALUES(345, 135, dbo.GCD(345, 135)); GO INSERT INTO Calculations VALUES(40, 6, dbo.GCD(40, 6)); GO INSERT INTO Calculations VALUES(16, 28, dbo.GCD(16, 28)); GO
You can use one of the built-in functions of Transact-SQL. Probably the best way to be familiar with the built-in functions is to check the online documentation to find out if the assignment you want to perform is already created. Using a built-in functions would spare you the trouble of creating your own function. For example, imagine you have a database named AutoRepairShop and imagine it has a table used to create repair orders for customers:
CREATE TABLE RepairOrders ( RepairID int Identity(1,1) NOT NULL, CustomerName varchar(50), CustomerPhone varchar(20), RepairDate DateTime ); GO
When performing data entry for this table, you can let the user enter the customer name and phone number. On the other hand, you can assist the user by programmatically entering the current date. To do this, you would call the GETDATE() function. Here are examples:
INSERT INTO RepairOrders(CustomerName, CustomerPhone, RepairDate) VALUES('Annette Berceau', '_PHONE_', GETDATE()); GO INSERT INTO RepairOrders(CustomerPhone, CustomerName, RepairDate) VALUES('_PHONE_', 'Paulino Santiago', GETDATE()); GO INSERT INTO RepairOrders(CustomerName, RepairDate, CustomerPhone) VALUES('Alicia Katts', GETDATE(), '_PHONE_'); GO INSERT INTO RepairOrders(RepairDate, CustomerPhone, CustomerName) VALUES(GETDATE(), '_PHONE_', 'Bertrand Nguyen'); GO
You can also involve the function in an operation, then use the result as the value to assign to a field. You can also call a function that takes one or more arguments; make sure you respect the rules of passing an argument to a function when calling it.
If none of the Transact-SQL built-in functions satisfies your requirements, you can create your own.


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Why would a plant want an animal to have sex with it? Because, it turns out, plants can be horrifically manipulative and deceitful! Wild sex expert Carin Bondar explains.
Sexual deception is a biological bummer, at least for the deceived party. However, the animal kingdom has some of the most blatantly sexually deceitful beings on the planet. They engage in the ultimate in exploitation. I'm talking about sexually deceptive plants, and all the poor arthropod males who are wasting their reproductive efforts on entities that aren't even animal.
The majority of examples of sexual deception come from members of the orchid family (Orchidacae), although examples from an iris and a daisy have recently been discovered, indicating that sexual deception is probably widespread over the entire planet. It has evolved independently on at least four continents, and its existence continues to perplex evolutionary biologists and botanists alike. An initial question springs to mind: why would a plant want an animal to have sex with it? Plants require animals (or other interventions) to cross-pollinate, and sexual deception is thought to have evolved from plants that offer food rewards to pollinating insects. Except, in this instance, instead of receiving a food gift, the duped male suitor receives absolutely nothing.
Most systems of sexual deceit are species-specific: a single insect species, for example, will pollinate a single orchid species. This is in direct contrast to the systems of food-gifting pollinators, which may have a wide variety of pollinating insects helping to spread their seeds. It would appear that having a single pollinator is more effective, since less pollen is lost or deposited on the wrong species.
So how do these plants so effectively entice the attention of would-be male suitors? The most definitive answer is in the chemistry. Over millions of years orchids have evolved countless chemicals that are exact replicas of reproductively active female arthropods (most generally members of the Hymenoptera, one of the largest insect orders containing bees and wasps). The accuracy of this chemical mimicry is astounding, and this is undoubtedly what draws the male's attention at the outset, but an effective female disguise must continue the foolery even when the male is close enough for his vision to come into play.
We see the remarkable structures and colors on many orchid species, which run the gamut from simple yellow pigmentation (a wavelength that is most discernible within the visual spectrum of the hymenoptera) of the pollen, to bright yellow sepals and petals. The shape of the flower, as well as its UV reflectance and size are important factors for males of different hymenoptera. In one orchid species, the UV reflectance of bumps on its labellum (or inner structure) is a perfect match to the UV reflectance found on the wings of sexually receptive females. In extreme cases the labellum may have evolved to appear as an exact replica of the female in question, and in some species it has evolved to be a slightly larger version of a sexually receptive female in order to exploit the male's natural preference for females with a larger body size.
Once a male pollinator has located his orchid lover, he will engage in a variety of behaviors, dependent on the species.
As if the deck wasn't stacked enough against male hymenopterans, there are also several factors that render specific hymenopteran species particularly susceptible to deception. Solitary species (as opposed to colonial species) are liable to be sexually deceived because males have evolved mechanisms to be attracted to airborne sex chemicals from potential female partners. They engage in intense mate searching and tend to show fairly robust mating behaviors once females are located. While males are polygynous (meaning they will mate with lots of females), the females are obligately monandrous, i.e. the first sperm a female receives will sire the majority (or all) of her offspring. These ecological characteristics provide the perfect scenario for deceptive orchids: males who are easily drawn by chemicals, and try to fertilize as many virgin females as they possibly can. In addition, the majority of species subject to sexual deception are haplodiploid — which means that fertilized eggs produce female offspring, and unfertilized eggs produce male offspring. It's a reproductive strategy that allows females to produce offspring (males) in the absence of a sperm donor, and it's an important aspect of the solitary nature of these species.
Once a male pollinator has located his orchid lover, he will engage in a variety of behaviors, again dependent on the species. These behaviors range from briefly touching down to full-out sexual action and ejaculation. The delightful term pseudocopulation encompasses the acts of intense sexual behavior that many males employ on their "females." Males will erect their genital capsules and make convulsive movements, rubbing them against various parts of the flower. In some cases, the labellum (or inner part of the orchid flower) acts as a spring trap, responding to male stimulation by closing up and temporarily trapping the male inside. In an extreme case involving members of the orchid genus Pterostylis, this touch-sensitive trap snaps shut in response to the probing sexual behavior of a male gnat. The orchid doesn't immediately open, forcing the male to exit through a small tunnel that brings him into direct contact with the plant's reproductive structures. This seems an energetically costly process for the orchid (not to mention for the gnat, who must maneuver through its genitals to find the exit), but it recovers after three hours, and has the ability to be "sprung" three times during its reproductive life.
So it seems that, in this case and several others, there is the possibility for significant costs to the male. There are examples where orchid deception is so accurate that males prefer to copulate with a flower rather than a true female. In other cases a male may prematurely end copulation with a true female in order to visit an orchid. Such "wrong decisions" prove costly to a male in the context of biological fitness, as do cases of mistaken identity when the density of mimicking orchids is high in a particular area. Once again, all males are not created equal, nor are all orchids. Evolution favors orchids with the highest level of sexual deception, and favors male Hymenopterans with the most acute ability to discern them from females. Although biologists have long assumed that the fitness consequences of sexual deception on male hymenoptera are negligible due to the low cost of sperm, it has recently been argued that the loss of time and energy incurred by fooled males can be substantial. Male pollinating bees that are the targets of the sexually deceptive African daisy (Osteospermum species) exhibit a distinct learning behavior over the short term; if they have visited a daisy (as opposed to a true female), they are less likely to visit another one immediately afterwards. This avoidance behavior is critical because it reflects the fact that there must be some kind of cost to the male for engaging with the daisy in the first place. It implies a form of antagonistic coevolution between sexual deceiver and sexual fool. Unfortunately, male Hymenopterans seem to have short memories; after 24 hours they cease to "remember" that orchids are not sexual partners. This may be critical to the maintenance of sexual deception overall.
Excerpted with permission from Wild Sex: The Science Behind Mating in the Animal Kingdom, by Dr. Carin Bondar. Reprinted by arrangement with Pegasus Books. All rights reserved.


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The present investigations embodied in this thesis comprises of two parts. The first part designated as Part-A deals with the isolation, structure elucidation and characterization of various secondary metabolites from the plant Asparagus dumosus Baker. In addition, bioactivity studies have also been carried out. This work was done under the supervision of Prof Dr. Viqar Uddin Ahmad at H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi.
The second part entitled as Part-B is related to the synthesis of some biotin analogues, azidosphingosine and tetrahydrothiophene type compounds. These studies were completed under the guidance of Prof. Dr. Richard R.Schmidt at the Faculty of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Germany.
PART – A: Isolation and Structure Elucidation of Compounds From Asparagus Dumosus
The Part-A is composed of five chapter (I-V). The first chapter describes a general introduction in which saponins have been discussed in detail, while most of the compounds which were isolated are saponins. Then a biosynthetic route has been given. In the second chapter a brief description of the plant Asparagus dumosus was given along with a detailed literature survey on the genus Asparagus.
The third chapter deals with the present work which describes the structure elucidatin of five sterioidal saponins, six sterols, two triterpenes and a flavoring compound. Phytochemical investigations were carried out for the first time on this plant, therefore, all of the secondary metabolities isolated were considered new from this source. Dumoside (48) is a new saponin which is being reported for the first time. The four other saponins named as methylprotoneodioscin (49), trigonelloside (50), pregnadienolone 3-O-β-chacotrioside (51) and blechnoside (54) are being reported for the fist time from A. dumosus. All these compounds were characterized with the help of (1D) and (2D) MR e.g. 2D, J-resolved, COSY 450, NOESY, Hetero COSY, HOHAHA, HMBC, HMQC, as well as DEPT experiments.
Beside the phytochemical investigations, bioactivity studies have also been done including antibacterial and antifungal activities, brine shrimp lethality test and Lemna minor bioassay. These tests were carried on the crude extracts of the plant including methanolic and ethylacetate fractions with a pure steroid ecdysterone (53). The results were given in the tabulated form of this chapter
The fourth chapter comprises of the experimental part in which at first general instrumentation has been specified. Then the materials and methods of the plant are given which follows on with detailed physico-chemical data of all the isolated compounds. The fifth and last chapter of this part depicts all of the references present in Part-A of this thesis.
PART – B: Syntheses of Biotin Analogues and Related Compounds