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This article will teach you how to make your own tinted and flavoured lip balm, which not only gives your lips a hint of colour, but smells great and moisturises your lips. It's extremely easy and completely free.
 1. 1
 What you need is: A small jar with a lid to store the finished product, a bowl, a spoon, a microwave, petroleum jelly and red food flavouring. Optional: If you want your lip balm to have SPF in it, you can also add some of your suncream in.
 2. 2
 Take a scoop of petroleum jelly with your spoon and put it in the microwavable bowl.
 3. 3
 If you want to add some SPF in it, put some of your suncream in the bowl.
 4. 4
 Put the bowl in the microwave for 1 minute. Keep microwaving the mixture until it turns into a complete liquid.
 5. 5
 Now add colouring. You are using food colouring instead of lipsticks and eyeshadows which means it doesn't have any harm on your body even if you eat it by mistake since it's 'food' colouring which you basically put inside foods. The more colouring you add, the more redder the lip balm will be. You can also put a few drops of yellow food colouring for an orange tinted lip balm, and of course, you can also use any loose eye-shadow and pigments instead or with the food colouring.
 6. 6
 Mix the contents of the bowl really well with a spoon, stirring continuously. Keep stirring until the colour combines with the petroleum jelly, and put it in the microwave if you want the lip balm to look flat and new:) Then just simply put in in the refrigerator to keep it cool and hardened.
Now you're done!!!♡
 - Try matching the food flavouring with the colour of the lip balm. If your lip balm is bright red, consider using strawberry food colouring. If your lip balm is a very pale colour, use peppermint. If it's a golden-orange-bronze colour, use vanilla or orange flavour.
 - If you have an old eyeshadow, blush or lipstick that you really don't want, consider putting the entire thing in. Your lip balm will have fantastic pigmentation.
 - You can also label the lip balm if you want, and give it a name, such as "Super Strawberry" or "Light Lemon" or "Pink Peppermint."
 - You can add very fine glitter to the lip balm before you put it into the container.
 - You can put stickers on the lid of the jar if you want, to decorate it.
 - If you have a leftover eos, just scoop that out, add some food coloring, microwave it, scoop it back into the container, and refrigerate it.
 - Be careful when you take the bowl out of the microwave! It'll be really hot!
 - Don't use essential oil for flavouring. It is not lip safe.
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In this article, we'll focus on the changes being proposed to the Class 4b formula, with specific attention paid to the way our Class 4b formula accounts for the value of the whey stream generated as part of the cheese-making process.
In order to fully comprehend the California minimum price formula for milk sold to cheese plants, we need a basic understanding of how the milk is utilized by these plants. To assist in that, CDFA has created a "Simplified Flowchart of a Cheese Plant with By-Product Processing."
You can find it at right or at: _URL_ While each cheese plant is unique, this flowchart captures the basic utilization of raw milk by a plant processing cheese and whey products.
As you can see on the flowchart, during the course of the cheese-making process, the curds and whey are separated, with the curds further processed into the different varieties of cheese. The whey stream is also available to be further processed, with the whey cream able to be skimmed from the whey stream and churned into whey butter.
The flowchart shows that cheese plants can also take the whey skim and further process it into products like whey protein concentrate, lactose or skim whey powder (often referred to as "dry whey").
In past CDFA hearings, testimony from the state's cheese-makers pointed out that not every plant has the infrastructure to process their whey stream. In 2008, CDFA released data on this issue, showing that while only 14 of the 61 plants operating in California at that time processed their whey stream, those 14 plants represented almost 90 percent of the volume of milk being purchased by our cheese plants.
So it's fair to say that while some of the smaller cheese plants in the state (many of whom are likely making a specialty cheese that receives a premium over cheddar cheese in the market) are not processing their whey stream, a vast majority of our milk sold to cheese plants is being processed into various whey products.
So why is this important?
The reason we need to understand how milk is used by processors is because in California (as well as in Federal Order areas), we've chosen to set our minimum milk prices using an "end-product pricing system."
That means in order to determine the minimum prices producers must be paid for their milk, we start with the value of the dairy products being made (butter, nfdm, cheese and dry whey) and work backwards.
A little history
Prior to 2003, the California Class 4b formula did not account for the value of dry whey when calculating the minimum price paid by cheese plants. But starting in April 2003, the Class 4b formula was amended to include a "dry whey factor."
That original formula to determine the dry whey factor was:
Dry Whey Factor = (Dairy Market News' "Western" Dry Whey Price MINUS a "Make Allowance" of $0.17 per lb.) TIMES a "Yield" of 5.8 (The "yield" of 5.8 accounts for the fact that CDFA estimated that 5.8 lbs of dry whey could be manufactured from 100 lbs of standardized raw milk.)
From 2003 until 2007, that formula was amended by CDFA twice through their hearing process, with both amendments resulting in a higher make allowance for dry whey (first it was increased to $0.20 per lb in 2005, then again increased to $0.267 per lb in 2006).
In 2007, after dry whey values that spring/summer had shot up above $0.80 per lb (which added more than $3 per hundredweight to the Class 4b minimum price during those months), CDFA held another hearing and decided to remove the formula used to calculate the "Dry Whey Factor," and instead assigned a constant value of $0.25 per hundredweight (cwt) as the "Dry Whey Factor."
That's what has been in place since December 2007.
At the same time, the Federal Orders have maintained a variable "Dry Whey Factor" using a formula similar to the California formula referenced above:
Other Solids Price = (NASS Dry whey price MINUS a "Make Allowance" of $0.1991 per lb) TIMES a moisture adjustment of 1.03 TIMES a "Yield" of 5.9
One of the most notable differences between this Federal Order dry whey factor and the pre-2007 formula used in California is the substantial difference in Make Allowances (the Federal Order make allowance from 2003 – present has ranged from $0.159 to $0.1991 per lb, while the California make allowance ranged from $0.17 to $0.267 per lb).
This is an issue that warrants a larger article by itself, so I won't go into those points right now.
The main point being focused on now is that for the past 42 months, California's "dry whey factor" has been a constant $0.25 per cwt, while the Federal Order "dry whey factor" has ranged from ($0.26) to $1.79 per cwt (that's right … when the price of dry whey is below the make allowance level, the Federal Order formula – as well as the pre-2007 California formula – has a negative dry whey factor).
With dry whey values escalating in recent months above $0.50 per lb, the gap between the California dry whey factor and the Federal Order dry whey factor is at its highest point in recent years – a difference of $1.54 per cwt in May 2011.
This difference between how California dairy families and their counterparts in Federal Order areas are paid for the value of the whey stream creates two major problems. For starters, the state is currently out of compliance with the California Food and Agricultural Code, which specifically states that: "… formulas shall be reasonably calculated to result in prices that are in a reasonable and sound economic relationship with the national value of manufactured milk products."
It's difficult to comprehend how California can be in a "reasonable and sound economic relationship" with the national value of manufactured milk products when it has a Class 4b formula that has a dry whey factor ranging from $0.51 higher to $1.54 lower than a comparable pricing formula used throughout most of the country.
Secondly, and of equal importance, is the difficulty this difference creates in participating in risk management strategies. The risk management tools available for milk sold to cheese plants use the Federal Order Class III minimum price to settle on.
But as you can see, the California Class 4b formula doesn't track well with the Federal Order Class III price, particularly in recent years, largely due to the differences in how the whey stream is valued.
For example, in the 42 months since California went to a flat $0.25 per cwt dry whey factor, the average difference between the Federal Order Class III price and the California Class 4b price has been $0.85 per cwt (that is, the Class III price has been $0.85 higher than the Class 4b price).
If that were the case month-in-month-out, you could adjust your risk management strategy to account for that. But the reality has been that the California 4b price has ranged from $0.80 per cwt higher (February 2009) than the Federal Order Class III price all the way to $2.64 per cwt lower (March 2011).
Milk Producers Council and other producer organizations have proposed alternatives to CDFA aimed at narrowing the gap between the California and Federal Order dry whey factors. While those alternatives have been rejected by CDFA in the past, this upcoming hearing presents another opportunity to make the case to CDFA.
The upcoming CDFA hearing on June 30/July 1
Land O'Lakes has put together a proposal for the upcoming hearing that attempts to address this huge gap between the California and Federal Order dry whey valuations. So stay tuned … PD
—Excerpts from Milk Producers Council Friday Market Update newsletter

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
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The human geography of the Pacific Realm is, of course, rather complex. There are many aspects to it and there are many ways in which it differs from place to place within the realm.
In some ways, the human geography of this region is rather homogeneous. In this whole huge realm, there were three main cultures that came to occupy large numbers of islands. These were the Melanesian, the Polynesian, and the Micronesian groups. These groups were rather similar in many ways. They tended to be animistic peoples who lived in relatively small groups. This was different on the larger islands, but many of the islands of this realm were too small to support large populations. People on the larger islands typically had more complex and hierarchical societies while those on the smaller islands were less complex and more egalitarian.
The human geography changed greatly with the coming of Europeans. In many places, native populations died either due to fighting or to disease. European cultural influences destroyed native ways of life. Many children of mixed racial descent were born. These changes irrevocably altered the human and cultural geography of the islands of the Pacific Realm.
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text:
- New figures of merit for comprehensive functional genomics data: the metabolomics case
- Analytical Chemistry
- Volume | Issue number
- 83 | 9
- Pages (from-to)
- Document type
- Faculty of Science (FNWI)
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS)
In the field of metabolomics, hundreds of metabolites are measured simultaneously by analytical platforms such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and NMR to obtain their concentration levels in a reliable way. Analytical repeatability (intrabatch precision) is a common figure of merit for the measurement error of metabolites repeatedly measured in one batch on one platform. This measurement error, however, is not constant as its value may depend on the concentration level of the metabolite. Moreover, measurement errors may be correlated between metabolites. In this work, we introduce new figures of merit for comprehensive measurements that can detect these nonconstant correlated errors. Furthermore, for the metabolomics case we identified that these nonconstant correlated errors can result from sample instability between repeated analyses, instrumental noise generated by the analytical platform, or bias that results from data pretreatment.
- go to publisher's site
If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library, or send a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible.


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Metal puzzles are a fun and challenging way to test your brain. But after hours of working through the same puzzle with no results, you may feel a little stumped! If you're desperate for a solution, a puzzle guide might be your best bet! The P-shaped, horseshoe ring, and double-M puzzle are among the most common metal puzzles—once you've mastered these 3 puzzles, you'll be ready to work through any puzzle design on your own!
Part 1 of 3:
Working Through a P-Shaped Puzzle
 1. 1
 Grab one end of each P-shaped ring with both of your hands. Hold the puzzle as evenly as possible to prevent twisting the puzzle the wrong way while you work. Align the puzzle horizontally before you begin twisting it, with both ends of the P-shaped rings facing outwards.[1]
 - The two Ps should make something resembling a "W" shape before you begin twisting them.
 2. 2
 Turn your left P-shaped ring down. Then, loop the right ring around the upper "P" loop of the left ring. Your two P-shaped rings should look stacked on top of each other and mirroring each other at the loops.[2]
 - The rings should resemble a heart shape at this stage.
 3. 3
 Pull the right ring from the top and through the left loop. As you string the right ring through the left loop, it should slide off once you reach the bottom end. Once the two rings are separated, you have completed the puzzle.[3]
 - Set them down somewhere you won't forget to prevent losing them.
 4. 4
 Slide one ring through the "P" loop of the other ring to reset the puzzle. To prevent losing either ring and to put the puzzle together again, insert one ring through the top loop of the other ring. Pull the first ring all the way through the second ring, then turn the second ring up to secure both in place.
Part 2 of 3:
Beating a Horseshoe Ring Puzzle
 1. 1
 Hold the ring up evenly in front of you. Align the ring as evenly and as tightly as you can. Avoid holding one end of the right higher or lower than the other to prevent the ring from twisting or tangling as you work on it.[4]
 2. 2
 Twist one horseshoe in a counterclockwise direction. Keep the metal ring in-between the two rings. Continue twisting it until the ring is tight between the two rings and you cannot twist the horseshoe any further.[5]
 3. 3
 Bend and align the two horseshoes. Push the two horseshoes together into the middle of the chain until it bends in half. Line up the horseshoes as evenly as possible, allowing the ring to fall to the bottom of the horseshoes.[6]
 4. 4
 Slide the ring up and off of the horseshoe. Grab hold of the metal ring and lift it up through 1 side of the horseshoes. If the horseshoes are aligned, the ring should come off without forcing it. Check the horseshoe alignment if your ring appears stuck or you cannot locate an opening at the top of the horseshoes.[7]
 5. 5
 Re-align the horseshoes to put the puzzle back together. When you're ready to put the puzzle together again, twist and bend the chain in half to align the horseshoes back together. Drop the ring through one end of the horseshoes, then fold the horseshoes back up and twist 1 horseshoe in the opposite direction to secure the ring.
Part 3 of 3:
Solving a Double M Puzzle
 1. 1
 Lift one double M ring above the other ring. Both double M rings have a large curve around the top of the ring. Position your rings so that 1 ring is facing with their curve up and the other is facing downward in the opposite direction.[8]
 - Because the pieces are identical, they should look like a reflection of each other.
 2. 2
 Turn the rings at a 90-degree angle. Lift the bottom ring up through the top ring's side, then tilt them sideways at a 90-degree angle. The two ring curves should still be facing in opposite directions.[9]
 3. 3
 Slide the bottom piece up through the top piece's curve. Keep the rings even and at the 90-degree angle to prevent twisting or complicating your puzzle. When you have reached the top, make the bottom ring aligned with the middle of the top ring's curve.[10]
 4. 4
 Lower the bottom ring through the middle of the top ring's "M." Turn both rings upright again and slide the bottom ring down through the top ring's "M." If you have aligned the rings correctly, it should go through the middle without twisting or catching.[11]
 5. 5
 Insert one ring through the other ring's "M" to put the puzzle together again. To attach the two rings together again, raise one ring through the middle of the other ring's "M." Then, twist the rings at a 90-degree angle and slide it over the top curve and to the bottom of the ring. This will secure the rings together for storage.
Community Q&A
Ask a Question
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 - The double M, P-shaped, and horseshoe ring puzzle are just 3 of the most common metal puzzles. For more obscure designs, try watching YouTube tutorials on your specific puzzle.
 - Of these 3 common metal puzzles, the double M puzzle (sometimes called "The Devil Puzzle") is the most difficult.
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 About This Article
 wikiHow Staff
 Co-authored by:
 216 votes - 33%
 Co-authors: 3
 Updated: May 21, 2021
 Views: 116,851
 Article SummaryX
 To solve a P-shaped metal puzzle, start by grabbing 1 end of each P-shaped ring with both of your hands. Hold the puzzle evenly, making sure it doesn't twist. Once you have the rings steady, turn your left ring down so your rings look stacked on top of each other and resemble a heart shape. Next, pull the right ring from the top through the left loop. Once the 2 rings are separated, you have completed the puzzle. If you want to reset it, slide 1 ring through the P loop of the other ring. To learn how to beat a horseshoe ring puzzle, keep reading!
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text:
Produksi Ujaran Siswa Autis
Studi Kasus di SMA Lazuardi GIS Depok
This study is aimed to determine the speech production in students with autism at Lazuardi GIS Senior High School, Depok. The study is focused on speech production in students with autism in order to have knowledge of the structure and the type of sentences given by students with autism. This research was conducted in Lazuardi GIS Senior High School, Depok in August 2016. This study is formed with a qualitative case study method. The data of this study were collected by conducting a direct observation of speech production activity in students with autism. This involved multifaceted interviews for studies conducted to teachers, friends, and families of students with autism. To be included, all findings are recorded on a sheet of field observations and recording devices. The data for this study are analyzed in the form of the table and also had a described analysis. The speech result of students with autism had been qualified to be a complete sentence consists of a subject and predicate. In addition, the study was found that speech does not have an element of predicate as forms an incomplete sentence. Out of 59 utterances that have been collected, the study had most commonly found utterance directive, as total 32 utterances. As many as 20 representative utterance speech in total, and the study also found the 7 commissive speeches. Moreover, the study did not found the form of expressive and declarative speeches. This is because the students with autism are not able to control their basic emotions in speech production. This resulted in the conclusion, that students with autism utterances produced by the age of 18 years old has become a communicative speech, in which contained messages that could be understood by the other speaker even though the sentence is not complete.
How to Cite
ALBAB, Suhfi. Produksi Ujaran Siswa Autis. UHAMKA Graduate School Thesis Abstract Collection, [S.l.], v. 2, july 2018. Available at: . Date accessed: 20 nov. 2018.
Pendidikan Bahasa Indonesia/ Indonesian Education


text:
Living in an Alkaline Environment
A WebQuest Exploring the Life and Ecology of Mono Lake
Introduction Task Process Resources Evaluation Conclusion Teachers
To prepare pages for your Mono Lake Field Guide, you will:
- Choose two organisms living in and around Mono Lake from each category in the table below (i.e, two producers, two ciliates, two arthropods, and two birds).
- Research these organisms, using the provided resources.
- Write a brief description and obtain an image for each organism.
- Illustrate the transfer of energy in the Mono Lake ecosystem by constructing a food web that connects all (or most) of your organisms.
- Research the geography and ecology of the area where Mono Lake is located.
- Present your food web and information about Mono Lake in the form of field guide pages. Refer to the evaluation rubric for details about the format and the information to include.


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I haven't studied basic calculus/analysis for a while so I apologise if this is obvious. In the course of solving another problem I have found that a sum of the form $$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}(n - 1)a_n$$ converges. I also know that the sum $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}a_n$ converges, and also that each term $a_n$ is non-negative. Can I then conclude that $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}na_n$ converges? I have a feeling this is true but I'm not really sure why.
share|improve this question
If $a_n \rightarrow a$ and $b_n \rightarrow b$, then $(a+b)_n \rightarrow a + b.$ Your partial sums can certainly be written in this form. – mjqxxxx Oct 18 '12 at 20:46
This is however not exactly matching the title of the question. Knowing just that $\sum a_n$ converges does not allow to conclude that $\sum(n-1)a_n$ converges (e.g. if $a_n=\frac1{(n-1)^2}$ for $n>1$). – Hagen von Eitzen Oct 18 '12 at 20:49
1 Answer 1
up vote 2 down vote accepted
For $n>1$ you have $0\le a_n\le(n-1)a_n$, and $\sum_{n\ge 1}(n-1)a_n$ converges, so by the comparison test $\sum_{n\ge 1}a_n$ converges. The convergence is absolute, since these are non-negative series, so
$$\sum_{n\ge 1}na_n=\sum_{n\ge 1}(n-1)a_n+\sum_{n\ge 1}a_n$$
must also converge.
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A downvote without explanation is singularly unhelpful. – Brian M. Scott Oct 19 '12 at 3:40
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Maximum Sample Size: 20×20 cm² (typically 1 standard wafer size)
Maximum Sample Height: 1 mm
The PCD (Photo-Conductance Decay) technique is used to determine carrier lifetime. It does not require contacts and is nondestructive.
Microwave detected PhotoConductance Decay (µ-PCD) Carrier lifetime measurement is a useful technology for incoming wafer inspection, quality control and process monitoring in wafer manufacturing as well as in solar cell manufacturing. The microwave induced photoconductive decay method is the most common way of measuring minority carrier lifetime in silicon. This method excels due to its reliability, good reproducibility and the short measurement time that permits of making lifetime maps with high resolution.
The photoconductance decay method is used to measure the minority charge carrier lifetime. It relies on the measurement of the excess conductance right after a very short light pulse (laser). µ-PCD detects the photoconductivity by measuring the reflection of a microwave at the sample surface.
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What is PhD life like in the Netherlands?
Eva Lantsoght
Eva Lantsoght
7 Nov '19
Some time ago, a reader asked me: "Eva, what are the opportunities for doing a PhD in the Netherlands, and how is it different from a PhD in other parts of the world?" That's an excellent question, and perhaps you are not aware of the differences between the PhD in the Netherlands and in other parts of the world.
On the internet and in the academic literature on doctoral studies, we mostly find references to PhD programs in the UK and the USA, with the odd reference to Australia or New Zealand. Few references and blogs deal with the PhD in continental Europa.
Since I did my PhD in the Netherlands and my husband in the USA, we often discussed how very different the programs are. If you are contemplating applying to a PhD position in the Netherlands, it may be good to know what is like, and how it is different from the many descriptions you find online about PhD life in the UK and USA.
Here are a few things that are different in the Netherlands:
1. You are a university employee
In the Netherlands, you either are hired as a university employee (one year contract first and then extension, or four years' contract) or as a scholarship student. Getting hired as a university employee is quite common, and is the typical arrangement when your PhD is funded by a research project. There are many advantages to being hired as a university employee, which include social security, employee protection, building up retirement savings etc. It also means of course that you have to pay taxes on your salary.
2. You apply to a project
The common path in the Netherlands is to apply to an advertised PhD position. This position will only be advertised when the project is already funded. In other words, part of the research and deliverables are already defined before you start. The proposal is already approved and funded. This approach is different from programs where you apply to work with a certain professor, and then propose your project, and defend your proposal.
3. Coursework is very limited
Traditionally, the PhD program in the Netherlands is a research-only program. In recent years, some universities have started doctoral schools, which require you to take a number of courses. Some of these courses are related to research skills, whereas other courses are related to your field of study. However, a number of these courses can be organized as intensive courses or summer schools. As such, your day to day life will still be mostly focused on your research.
4. People tend to treat their PhD like a job
You will see that in the Netherlands, PhD candidates tend to treat their PhD like a job with relatively steady hours. It may also be a requirement that you are in your office between certain blocks of time. University buildings tend to have opening and closing hours. Working around the clock or during odd hours is thus much less common than in the US.
5. Defense after publication of the thesis
In the Netherlands, your committee will approve your thesis, then you send your thesis for publication and printing, and at the very end you will have your defense and graduation ceremony in one event. In the USA and the UK, you finalize your thesis after the defense instead. So, in the Netherlands, the defense is much more of a ceremony and rite of passage (and a very formal one indeed) than in other parts of the world.
6. Your working environment may be partially Dutch-spoken
While the lingua franca of academia in the Netherlands is English, and you will most likely publish your thesis in English and give all academic presentations in English, part of your working environment will be in the Dutch language. When you have funding from industry or the government, it can be to your advantage to speak Dutch if you are the only person during meetings who does not speak the language. Try to learn the language early on, so that you can work more easily with partners outside of academia.
About Eva Lantsoght
Eva started writing about doing a PhD while studying concrete structures at TU Delft and since then blogs about the non-scientific skills you need during a PhD and life as a PhD.


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Warning after dog chews disinfectant bottle
Tuesday May 10th 2016
Pet owners have been urged to keep dangerous chemicals out of the reach of animals after a dog chewed a bottle of disinfectant. Vets managed to save Ruby the Jack Russell after tiny quantities of a household detergent came into contact with her face.
Luckily, Ruby's Poole-based owner Gary James saw the incident and washed her face in water straight away. The 11-year-old pooch seemed OK until the next morning, when she had to be taken to Bournemouth's PDSA Pet Hospital for urgent attention.
Ruby was experiencing breathing difficulties, a swollen tongue, bad dehydration and foaming at the mouth. Vets put her on pain relief medication and a drip, with the total cost of the treatment coming in at more than £500.
Half a day later evidence of chemical burns appeared and Ruby started producing a discharge from her mouth and nose and began to suffer from ulcerated eyes. Her mouth and nose became inflamed and she grew weaker as each day went by.
Vets considered putting her to sleep. Emily Sharp, a PDSA vet, called the dog's five-day ordeal horrific. She is urging pet owners to make sure that dangerous chemicals are well out of the reach of their animals.
Copyright Press Association 2016


Yes, artal is a Scrabble word!
Artal is a valid Scrabble word.
Table of Contents
Dictionary definition of the word 'artal'
The meaning of artal
1 definition of the word 'artal'.
 1. A unit of weight used in some Moslem countries near the Mediterranean; varies between one and five pounds
What Scrabble words can I make with the letters in artal?
5 Letter Words
4 Letter Words
3 Letter Words
2 Letter Words
3 Anagrams of Artal
Anagrams are sometimes called a Word Unscramble
Words that can be created with an extra letter added to artal:
Unscramble the letters in artal
There are 5 words that can be made by adding another letter to 'artal'.
More words that can be made using the letters in artal


text:
Active Ingredient: Pyrethrins
Natural pyrethrum insecticide labeled for a wide range or ornamental and edible crops in greenhouses and outdoor crops. Labeled pests include: aphids, beetles, caterpillars, leafhoppers and many others. Test small numbers of plants before large scale use.
Foliar spray rates: 1-2 tsp per gal or 16-32 oz per 100 gal.
MOA = 3A
REI = 12


Every spring, adult herring congregate in huge numbers to spawn along the coastal shores. Between February and April, depending on location, the females lay their sticky eggs on seaweed, sea grass, or rough rocks. On average, each female lays 20,000 eggs. The males spread their sperm, turning large swaths of the ocean into a characteristic turquoise blue color. Depending on the intensity and size of the spawning population, spawning activity lasts 2 to 4 days. Due to their long incubation period at relatively shallow depths, herring eggs are susceptible to a variety of physical and biological dynamics such as wave action and predation. As a result egg mortality is very high. However eggs can even still develop if they temporarily fall dry (–> see video).
A spawn event can stretch over many kilometers of shoreline. Approximately 5,285 km (or 18 %) of British Columbia's extensive 29,500 km coastline have been classified as herring spawning habitat. Of this, an estimated 300 to 600 kilometres, or about 1.8 % of BC's total shoreline length, is intensively utilized by herring spawners in a typical season. Unlike salmon, herring do not die after spawning, and they spawn every year.
Freshly laid herring eggs on bladder kelp in the intertidal. Photo: Mark Wunsch
Monday, October 7, 2013


text:
Resources for North Carolina Teachers
North Carolina recently passed a law requiring that all high school students take a course on the principles that form the philosophical foundations of documents including the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights. We are currently developing resources to help North Carolina educators meet this requirement. The resources include complete lesson plans, student handouts, interactive activities, answer keys, and much more.
Click below to download pilot test materials. Resources will be available for limited times during the Spring semester of 2013.
Note on course progression:
- Most lessons include a pre-assessment activity titled "Attitude Inventory." At the end of each lesson, we recommend the meta-cognitive exercise of having students return to their responses and evaluate how their understandings have progressed.
- Periodically as you progress through lessons, remind students that the history, primary sources, court cases, and other background knowledge they are gaining in each lesson should be applied to their final project described in the introduction.
Founding Principles Introduction (updated 2/25)
Due Process [available through 2/28]
Federalism (Pilot Test Closed)
Rule of Law
Separation of Powers


text:
ados, but he could have passed through on his way from England to the
Carolinas. Thus, his lack of evidence in the Barbados record is not a strike against
him in so far as the possibility of his existence.
If there were no Abel or John Alleyne Culpeper, a plausible explanation for them
is that Alleyne was actually their surname and that they were being raised in the
household of their William and Margaret (Alleyne) Culpeper.
It is quite clear from the 1680 census
that both an Abel Alleyne and several John Alleynes were living in Barbados in 1680.
I have been unsuccessful in identifying any orphaned Abel and John Alleynes of
the appropriate age, although this doesn't rule out the possibility of their being
orphans, since the extant records are far from complete. If they were not orphans, then
the illness of, or travel back to England by, their parents might also explain Abel and
John Alleyne being in the Culpeper household at whatever time somebody drew the conclusion
that they were Culpepers.
If Abel Alleyne and John Alleyne, as opposed to Abel Culpeper and John Alleyne
Culpeper were documented in the table above, then the table would contain an abundance of
preand post-1670 entries for them.
Given the preceding facts that call into question the
existence of a John Alleyne Culpeper, particularly in Barbados, it seems to me that this
theory is still speculative and that only a tenuous link exists from the apocryphal John
Alleyne Culpeper in Barbados to the Rebel in the late 1670's.
Even if it is proved that the Rebel was born in 1644, and
therefore most likely to be one and the same as "John, friend of Armel," more
research is needed before the ancestry of the Rebel can be established.
Last Revised: 01 Apr 2010


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Showing Collections: 1 - 1 of 1
Identifier: CBI 52
Abstract Collection contains documentation of Isaac L. Auerbach's activities in several professional associations, especially IFIP, his consulting, and other business activities. The IFIP records include materials about the biennial congresses and document the growth and activities of the federation; its relationship with other professional organizations is also documented. The AFIPS records focus on the History of Computing Committee and the Computer History Project of the late 1960s to mid 1970s,...
Dates: _PHONE_; bulk _PHONE_
Found in: Charles Babbage Institute Archives


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berg, Birger
Case studies of mountain forest wood fuel supply chains from Norway and Italy are presented and compared. Results from previous studies in which greenhouse gas emissions and costs were evaluated using life cycle assessment and cost analysis respectively, are compared. The supply chain is more mechanized in Norway than Italy. Steeper terrain and low road density partly explain the persistence of motor-manual felling in the Italian case. Mechanized forest harvesting can increase productivity and reduce costs, but generates more greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions than motor-manual harvesting. In both cases, the main sources of GHG emissions are truck transportation and chipping. The total emissions are 22.9 kg CO 2 /m 3 s.o.b. (Norway) and 13.2 kg CO 2 /m 3 s.o.b. (Italy). The Norwegian case has higher costs than the Italian one, 64 €/m 3 s.o.b. and 41 €/m 3 s.o.b. respectively, for the overall supply chain. The study shows that mountain forests constitute an interesting source for fuel biomass in both areas, but are a rather costly source, particularly in Norway. The study also exemplifies the care needed in transferring LCA results between regions and countries, particularly where forest biomass is involved. - Highlights: • We compare two mountain forest wood fuel supply chains in Norway and in Italy. • Transportation by truck generate the highest emissions in both case studies. • The energy use of the Norwegian supply chain was approximately twice as high as the Italian one. • Changes in fuel consumption affect significantly emissions and energy use from transportation and chipping operations. • Cable yarding and transportation by truck were the most expensive phases respectively in the Italian and Norwegian supply chain
Magdalena Warter, Maria; Peeters, Mattias; Kuppen, Emiel; Blok, Kas; Dilly, Lina
Natural parks and protected natural areas provide excellent recreational opportunities for outdoor activities through the richness of the natural environment and the abundance of walking trails. Hiking, mountain biking and running have rapidly gained popularity over recent years increasing concerns about the erosion and degradation of hiking trails caused by (over)use. This is also the case in the Sierra Mariola Natural Park in southeast Spain, which is a popular destination for tourists due to its diverse fauna and flora. The increasing number of tourists together with the negative impacts of climate change necessitates a better understanding of the key soil erosion processes impacting hiking trails. There are 4 scenic trail routes in the Natural Park amounting to 21 km plus an additional network of unofficial trails. Apart from the heavy touristic traffic on the trails there are large trail running events with up to 1000 participants becoming increasingly popular, however local park authorities have voiced concerns about the impacts of these activities on the trails. Despite the popularity of walking trails around the world, there is a paucity of research exploring soil erosion from these features. Therefore, the aims of this study are: 1) to ascertain the amount of erosion that occurs on trails in the Sierra Mariola Natural Park, and 2) determine the key factors that influence soil erosion. Some 100 km of trails were evaluated (both official and unmarked trails), with route segments ranging between 2 and 10 km. A trail classification system was developed to group trail segments based on their surface characteristics (bedrock, gravel, mixed sediment, soil or man-made) and specific erosion features (rills, ditch-shaped, tilted). For each class, the average erosion rate was calculated which ranged from 262 t/ha for soil-based trails to 2006 t/ha for heavily eroded, ditch-shaped trails. The spatial distribution of the different erosion rates and trail types were
Zhang, Yuan; Wang, Zhezhi
Gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to compare between the essential oil components from needles of Pinus armandii Franch versus P. tabulaeformis Carr., growing on the same site at Taibai Mountain, China. Under optimum extraction and analysis conditions, 65 and 66 constituents each were identified in P. armandii and P. tabulaeformis, which accounted for 87.9% and 87.1%, respectively, of their oils. Based on their terpene compositions, we concluded that these species belong to a high-caryophyllene chemotype, with sesquiterpenes comprising 54.4% to 54.8% of the total contents. We also determined minor qualitative and major quantitative variations in some compounds. Compared with that from P. tabulaeformis, P. armandii oil had more gamma-muurolene (7.5%), terpinolene (5.8%), and longifolene (5.7%). In contrast, alpha-pinene (8.6%) and caryophyllene oxide (7.4%) were the dominant compounds in P. tabulaeformis.
Hofmann, R.B.; Ibrahim, A.K.
Several western U.S. strong motion acceleration earthquake attenuation functions are compared to peak accelerations recorded during the 6/29/1992 Little Skull Mountain, Nevada earthquake. The comparison revealed that there are several definitions of site-to-source distance and at least two definitions of peak acceleration in use. Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) codes typically estimate accelerations assuming point sources. The computer code, SEISM 1, was developed for the eastern U.S. where ground acceleration is usually defined in terms of epicentral distance. Formulae whose distance definitions require knowledge of the earthquake fault slip zone dimensions may predict very different near-field accelerations when epicentral distance is used. Approximations to achieve more consistent PSHA results are derived
Awad, Louis N; Bae, Jaehyun; Kudzia, Pawel; Long, Andrew; Hendron, Kathryn; Holt, Kenneth G; O'Donnell, Kathleen; Ellis, Terry D; Walsh, Conor J
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects on common poststroke gait compensations of a soft wearable robot (exosuit) designed to assist the paretic limb during hemiparetic walking. A single-session study of eight individuals in the chronic phase of stroke recovery was conducted. Two testing conditions were compared: walking with the exosuit powered versus walking with the exosuit unpowered. Each condition was 8 minutes in duration. Compared with walking with the exosuit unpowered, walking with the exosuit powered resulted in reductions in hip hiking (27 [6%], P = 0.004) and circumduction (20 [5%], P = 0.004). A relationship between changes in knee flexion and changes in hip hiking was observed (Pearson r = -0.913, P Exosuit assistance of the paretic limb during walking produces immediate changes in the kinematic strategy used to advance the paretic limb. Future work is necessary to determine how exosuit-induced reductions in paretic hip hiking and circumduction during gait training could be leveraged to facilitate more normal walking behavior during unassisted walking.
Vías, Jesús; Rolland, José; Gómez, María Luisa; Ocaña, Carmen; Luque, Ana
This paper describes a system for recommending hiking routes to help manage hiking activities in a protected area. The system proposes various routes, based on five criteria that maximize some aspects of hikers' requirements (by analyzing the viability and difficulty of the trails) and also those of protected areas managers (by proposals to relieve congestion in areas already used for hiking and to promote awareness of new ones, as a contribution to environmental education). The recommendation system uses network analysis, multi-criteria decision analysis and geographic information system by free software tools: PgRouting, PostgreSQL and PostGIS. This system has been tested in Sierra de las Nieves Nature Reserve (Andalusia, Spain). Of the 182 routes obtained by the system, 62 (34%) are considered viable for hikers in Sierra de las Nieves, taking into account the type of user most likely to visit this protected area. Most routes have a high difficulty level, which is coherent with the mountainous character of the protected area.
The recent Take a Hike event, sponsored by Occupational Health Services, featured a new twist: A Poster Puzzler challenge courtesy of Scientific Publications, Graphics and Media. Participants were asked to identify words on six objects along the Hike path based on photographs that showed the objects with the words blurred out.
Terzi, Stefano; Torresan, Silvia; Schneiderbauer, Stefan
Keywords: Climate change, mountain regions, multi-risk assessment, climate change adaptation. Climate change has already led to a wide range of impacts on the environment, the economy and society. Adaptation actions are needed to cope with the impacts that have already occurred (e.g. storms, glaciers melting, floods, droughts) and to prepare for future scenarios of climate change. Mountain environment is particularly vulnerable to the climate changes due to its exposure to recent climate warming (e.g. water regime changes, thawing of permafrost) and due to the high degree of specialization of both natural and human systems (e.g. alpine species, valley population density, tourism-based economy). As a consequence, the mountain local governments are encouraged to undertake territorial governance policies to climate change, considering multi-risks and opportunities for the mountain economy and identifying the best portfolio of adaptation strategies. This study aims to provide a literature review of available qualitative and quantitative tools, methodological guidelines and best practices to conduct multi-risk assessments in the mountain environment within the context of


text:
have on(redirected from have someone on)
1. have something on. See have nothing on, def. 3.
2. have someone on; put someone on. Deceive or fool someone, as in There was no answer when I called; someone must be having me on, or You can't mean you're taking up ballet-you're putting me on! [Colloquial; mid-1800s]
1. To be wearing something: The dancers had on red shoes. The snowman had a scarf on.
2. To carry something on one's person: Do you have a toothpick on you?
3. To have something scheduled: We have a dinner party on for Friday. Do you have anything on for next weekend?
4. To possess information, usually damaging, about someone or something: Don't worry—the investigators have nothing on you. Anything they have on us won't hold up in court.
5. To tease or mislead by suggesting something is true: Did you really have dinner with the president, or are you just having me on?


"It Didn't Happen If You Didn't Write It Down"S
Borrowing an idea from a Tom Clancy novel, software developer and blogger Christopher Schanck explains why he writes everything down, then suggests a handful of worthy tools for the job.
Photo by Jacob Bøtter.
If you think of a good idea and don't record it somewhere, you'll forget it. Inevitably. If you need something done by a certain time and don't record it somewhere, you'll miss it. If you learn something while roaming through code, or exploring a new tool, write your experiences down. You'll thank yourself later.
As far as his write-it-down tool suggestions go, Schanck discusses everything from the classic text editor Emacs and reader favorite mind-mapping tool FreeMind to Evernote and pencil and paper. Ultimately, Schanck doesn't prescribe anything in particular—it's really an individual choice based on what works best for you—because it's not really about the tool you use to do the job, but the benefits of writing things down and taking notes in the first place.
So what about you? Do you prescribe to the "It didn't happen if you didn't write it down" philosophy? Tell us about it in the comments.


Phoronix: Embedding A Code Compiler With GPU Drivers
During the X.Org meetings at FOSDEM, Stephane Marchesin had discussed what he and other open-source developers are doing by using a code compiler (LLVM) and interweaving it with the Gallium3D driver architecture. By strapping the Low-Level Virtual Machine to Gallium3D, developers are hoping they can use the power of this relatively new compiler infrastructure to provide advanced GPU shader optimizations. This is not exactly an easy task, but it is believed it can be accomplished with beneficial results and they are making progress.


text:
, it is a software interface to graphics hardware. Recently, OpenGL implementations (e.g. Cosmo OpenGL from SGI) that allow for no specialized graphics hardware have been developed for Windows 95 platforms. OpenGL evolved from SGI's GL (Graphics Library) and has grown to be a fundamental industry standard with an architecture review board. A technical discussion of OpenGL is located at: (_URL_ information on OpenGL can be found at their Web site: (_URL_
What is VRML?
As noted in the previous section of these notes, the Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) is a specification for producting 3D interactive "worlds" on the Web. VRML 1.0 evolved from SGI's OpenInventor scene description language. VRML 2.0 (released in August 96) expands the specification to address real time animation on the Web. VRML 2.0 has been submitted to the International Standards Organization (ISO) with an expected publication in May 1997. Detailed discussions on components of the VRML specification can be found at the VRML Repository located at the San Diego Supercomputer Center: (_URL_
The VRML Consortium fosters future developments for VRML: (_URL_
The next sections of this tutorial highlight detailed aspects of VRML. Large Scale Virtual Environments and Large Scale Multicast Applications are addressed. The integration of computer graphics and networking standards will also be discussed.
Selected examples of general computer graphics references are listed below.
General References on Computers Graphics:
Hewlett Packard, "An Introduction to Computer Graphics", (_URL_ GraphicsPrimer/)
J. Foley, A. van Dam, S. Feiner, and J. Hughes, Computer Graphics: Principals and Practice, (2nd Edition in C), Addison-Wesley, New York, 1990.
D.D. Hearn and M.P. Baker, Computer Graphics, C Edition, Prentice Hall, 1996.
How to find out more on Computer Graphics publications:
ACM SIGGRAPH Online Bibliography Database: (_URL_ html)
Many of the concepts presented in these tutorial notes were inspired by a set of lecture notes developed by Pat Hanrahan for an Introduction to Computer Graphics course he taught, during Winter 1997, at Stanford University.
Pat Hanrahan (_URL_ Lectures/), 1997.
Many of the images shown were provided by various computer graphics experts. Their names are respectively noted under their images. Their support in creating these notes is very much appreciated.
Special thanks to Don Brutzman, Mike Macedonia and Steve McCanne for joining this collaboration and for thinking this tutorial was a good idea.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------


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Day Two: Working Sessions
Working Session 1: Identifying Threats and Challenges
Presenters, and participants from CRL member libraries and GWLA, discussed the most pressing issues related to the preservation and accessibility of data for water-resource research. Are institutions preserving the most important content, and doing so appropriately?
Some of the major challenges identified during this session included:
- Growth in demand for water-related information and data: The issues surrounding the use, supply, and management of water are of growing importance to the academic, policy, and business communities. Water issues permeate a number of related areas (agriculture, environment, geology). Expanded interest brings the challenge of educating non-technical users on what is available and how it may be used.
- Poor understanding of uses/users/markets: Most institutions do not have a librarian devoted specifically to water resources, and materials are often scattered throughout the general collections, government document holdings, and special collections. There has not been sufficient research on how patrons across sectors and fields are making use of collections, how they are discovering resources, and what they would like to see accessible in electronic format.
- Diversity of actors/producers: Many different types of organizations produce, collect, and distribute water resource data. These organizations include federal, state, regional, local government agencies, NGOs, development organizations, for-profit service and consulting firms, and others. The aims of these organizations vary widely.
- Inaccessibility of historical information: While most current reports and data are now made accessible online by the various producing agencies, those agencies' practices and policies on retention and availability of non-current information vary.
- Non-discoverability of current information: Even while more information is online for public use, the lack of uniformity of standards, display methods, and application of metadata make it extremely difficult for users to discover potentially relevant information.
- Diffusion/compartmentalization of preservation efforts: Numerous successful efforts preserve water research data and documentation and make it available online. However, the lack of coordination among such efforts threatens to create numerous "silos" that hamper uniform access to data. Common standards, tools, and sharing of best practices are necessary to bring together disparate efforts to assist in discovery and use.
- Funding: The decline of public funding (federal, state, and local) caused by the economic downturn jeopardizes a number of major open access projects that make water data available, and will probably contribute to the privatization of erstwhile public data.
Working Session 2: Toward an Action Agenda
What actions can libraries and partner organizations take to better ensure the survival and integrity of the most appropriate re-sources? What new models, partnerships, and investment strategies will best address these challenges? Where do we focus our efforts? The participants of the session outlined the following priorities and recommendations:
A) Federate regional and local efforts at international level: U.S. and Canada1. The community should exert its collective influence on the appropriate agencies of the U.S. federal, state, local, and foreign governments responsible for electronic record retention and distribution:
- National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) Electronic Records Archive (ERA): work with NARA through appropriate channels (such as the USGS) to articulate and provide water community input on the development of the ERA. This development should yield trickle-down benefits to state, regional, and local government records.
- Government Printing Office (GPO): communicate needs to ITHAKA, which is working with the GPO on a vision for the future of the Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP). CRL may also represent the interests through its audit and certification of FDSys, the GPO content management system for the archiving and dissemination of digital library publications created by federal agencies and established library partners.
- National libraries: Articulate water community needs to National Agricultural Library (NAL), perhaps through the recently an-nounced collaboration between CRL and the U.S. Agricultural Information Network (USAIN).
- Library of Congress/Overseas Operations: work with LC staff in the field offices in India, Pakistan, Nairobi, Cairo, Brazil, and West Africa (CAORC) to strengthen acquisition of foreign NGO and government information on water.
- Share information on best practices and models for the dissemination of water information with major funding agencies (National Science Foundation, National Endowment for the Humanities, Institute of Museum and Library Services, others) to assist in the development of guidelines for future funding cycles.
- Use CRL-USAIN cooperation to plan and support efforts to preserve and disseminate water-related agriculture information.
- Use CRL-LLMC partnership to digitize and preserve water-related legal information.
- Use CRL TRAIL project to digitize and preserve water-related engineering information.
- Use CRL to acquire or license water-related data sets for libraries.
B) Standards/replicable, extensible platforms1. Bring extant efforts to scale by federating and broadening bases of support, and certify those efforts, so that their practices, tools, and formats (e.g., WaterML) become de facto standards.
2. Influence NARA-ERA to mandate appropriate government agency-wide standards and practices for water-related government information. These will then become standards for state, regional, local agencies.
C) Leverage capabilities where they exist1. Exploit infrastructure and technologies already funded and developed through federal, university, and consortium investment, such as CUAHSI, ContentDM, GIS systems, etc.
2. Utilize developing technologies and trends—such as social media—to extend the reach of projects and further awareness.


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Challenges of Personal Health Data Protection in the Era of Cloud Computing: A Comparative Legal Analysis
Author：Chih-hsing Ho Assistant Research Fellow
Origin of Topic
The Taiwanese government has recently promoted the adoption of cloud services in its government agencies since the Executive Yuan approved its "Cloud Computing Industrial Development Plan" in 2010. Among the twelve government's proposed cloud service schemes, the "Health Cloud Project", which has been initiated and funded by the Ministry of Health and Welfare since 2015, aims at applying cloud computing techniques to the National Health Insurance Database to help improve health care delivery. By analyzing the Taipei High Administrative Court's judgments, this paper argues that whether the National Health Insurance Bureau is entitled to release its national health insurance data to third parties for the purpose of secondary use is not without controversy. It further pinpoints that in addition to recognizing information autonomy, which has been proposed by the Grand Justices' constitutional interpretation, as well as considering the legislative purpose of the revision of the Personal Data Protection Act in Taiwan, there is a need to re-evaluate the challenges that cloud computing techniques could have brought to the implementation of the Personal Data Protection Act. This paper adopts a comparative legal perspective to analyze different rules and governance frameworks implemented by the EU, the UK, and the US in their various definitions of personal data and the regulation of risks associated with applying cloud computing techniques to personal data. It plans to reflect an adequate way to address the balance of individual privacy and public interest, especially the protection of personal and information autonomy that the government in Taiwan shall take into consideration for its cloud computing application.


Hand paddles are commonly used in swimming pools around the world.
They are either loved or hated.
So without further ado, here is a list of top 8+1 ways you can use hand paddles
Note: I will not focus on the different types of paddles, just different ways to use the regular hand paddle:
1) Strappless paddles
Even though paddles are used on your hands to make you stronger, they serve an additional purpose.
Paddle only with a finger strap
Paddle only with a finger strap
2) Kickboard
Just hold onto one paddle with your outstretched arms and voila.
3) Lopsided swim
This one is a lot of fun. For this, you don't need to put your paddles on different appendages, but you will only use one paddle on the hand of your choosing.
4) Sculling
5) Hand holding
It will create a very similar effect as the Tech Paddles
Holding with hand to increase forearm power
Holding with hand to increase forearm power
6) Catch up swim
There is no need to put on your paddles for this exercise, but you can definitely utilize them in a different matter. (or at least one of them)
This catch-up drill is great for working on your underwater catch.
7) Breaststroke kicking
On some types of paddles, if you adjust the paddle straps in a bit different way you can slip the paddles onto your inner ankles and use them to increase the surface area of your foot during your breaststroke kick.
If you do go after this, I suggest getting a smaller set of paddles that you dedicate specifically for this.
Homemade breaststroke kicking paddles
Homemade breaststroke kicking paddles
8) Slicing through the water
Grab your paddles as if you'd hold a piece of paper between your thumb and fingers and every time you stroke, slice the paddle through the water.
This type of paddle usage is good for realizing that your hand should not reach over the mid axis of your body (cross-over stroke flaw).
Since the paddle has a larger vertical surface area now, any deviation from a straight line will be noticeable.
Bonus) Splashing your fellow swimmers :)
Since paddles have a larger surface, it is very easy to throw larger amounts of water at your swimmer friends or even the onlookers outside of the pool.
Try it, it is fun :).
You can even make huge water bubbles on top of the water but about that another time.
And there you have it.
8+1 ways to utilize your hand paddles without having to spend money on additional swim equipment.
Swim Advice Topics
8 Ways To Use Your Hand Paddles is part of the following categories: Drills-Tips, Swim Workouts, Kicking, Swim Gear and Equipment and is meant for swimmers in: Level 4 - Advanced, Level 3 - Intermediate
Swimming articles you might also like:
Speak your mind


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18 October – 19 November 2011
Commissioned by the British Council in partnership with the Preservation of Monuments Board, Singapore and the Royal Academy of Arts to celebrate ArchiFest 2011, the Pavilion invites visitors to experience the growing and shrinking sand and ice mounds and reflect on the way these materials have shaped and will continue to shape Singapore.
The Pavilion sits on the lawn of the National Museum of Singapore, underneath a Banyan tree. The form of the two cones is intentionally monumental, celebrating the two materials and suggesting a homage to the lost hills of Singapore. The Pavilion frames the space rather than enclosing it, thus inviting the visitor to experience subtle environmental changes and embrace the natural climate, unlike most buildings in Singapore that offer a drastically modified climate internal conditions.
Memory, like the sand and ice, is mutable and relative to the current time and place. What, how and why we choose to remember can shape the future. The Pavilion is a place to visit and reflect, inviting personal interpretations and recollection of old memories and the creation of new ones.
The Pavilion is a physical expression of the initial concept and drawing, with two monumental cones containing ice and sand. There is little distinction between inside and out as the two materials are exposed to the weather and human interaction. As one cone fills the other empties, creating an inside space and experience which changes over the lifespan of the Pavilion.
Naturally occurring slabs of lake ice were first imported to Singapore more than 150 years ago for cooling. The desire for climatic control is now considered vital. In the Future Memory Pavilion the melting ice becomes a visible and tangible sign of Singapore's hot tropical climate. People sitting on the ice leave a temporary imprint, a momentary symbol of their presence that will melt away.
The regular delivery of blocks of ice to be stacked inside the Pavilion evokes its past importation from America in the mid-nineteenth century. The space that is created by the blocks changes slightly with each iteration.
Minnesota ice harvest, late nineteenth century. Photo: Whitney & Zimmerman
Singapore's physical landscape today can be traced to the movement of sand, as its natural topography was altered and new parts of the city were built on land reclaimed from the sea. The growing sand dune in the pavilion is altered by wind, rain and people, but as sand falls a perfect sand cone is continually re-made.
The sand in the Future Memory Pavilion can be interpreted as having been intercepted in its journey from its natural location, to being used for land reclamation or within building products. Sand is used to make glass, concrete, bricks and mortar, which constitute the palette of Singapore's built environment.
An ongoing series of Forums at the Royal Academy set out to examine the character, uses and implications of memory in visual culture. Exploring the theme from a variety of angles, the series sought to question how designers, critics or just observers consider memory, which is in its very nature ephemeral and transient, when dealing with the physical realm. Over the course of the events, it became apparent that memory's tight relationship with the built environment in many western cultures suggested a collective lack of confidence in the ability of memory to actually remember. The increasing urge to preserve historic buildings may betray a fear of forgetting, of memory being swept away as buildings and environments disappear to be replaced by new developments. It was posited in one event that it may be through continually remaking our environment we begin to activate memory, ridding it of its tie to the physical to freely exist in the individual and collective consciousness.
The programme provides a platform for designers and architects from the UK and Singapore to showcase and exchange ideas around a theme of relevance and interest to both countries. In July a Forum was held in Singapore at the National Museum of Singapore which brought together British and Singaporean architects and artists for a shared discussion on the role memory has played in both their own practice and wider urban environment. The Future Memory Pavilion captures and elaborates on the themes in built form and encourages a continuing dialogue about memory and ideas about change.
On Monday 21 November 2011, the pavilion's designers, Asif Khan and Pernilla Ohrstedt talked about their inspiration for the project, the design process and the construction of this innovative structure. A panel of respondents including Kelvin Ang and Christopher Woodward critiqued and discussed the pavilion. Read more


How Green is Your Internet? (Video)
How Green Is Your Internet? from Dan Ilic on Vimeo.
The Internet has streamlined our lives, making it easier to keep informed, stay in touch, and share ideas -- but it's important to remember that the digital age isn't without its environmental impact. As the world wide web continues to grow, with more and more people getting online every day, the energy it takes to keep it going has increased too, resulting in a carbon footprint that's larger than you might expect. Filmmakers Dan Ilic and Patrick Clair put together this informative video outlining the emissions produced to deliver the internet to computers around the world. Of course, this isn't the first time such a question has been posed on TreeHugger. Last year, Pablo wrote about the environmental impact of the internet, and discussed some of the ways internet companies and users can trim their carbon footprint:
Server farms can be located near hydroelectric facilities or other sources of renewable energy and the can be built in the arctic circle to take advantage of natural cooling.
On an individual level it is important to simply be aware that using the internet is not "carbon neutral" and don't leave your computer on when you aren't using it.
As an industry, however, some internet companies have made great strides towards reducing their impact by powering their facilities with renewable energy sources -- but still there are more than a few that continue to get it from the high-emission coal plants. Perhaps the most effective way of getting more companies on board to reduce their carbon footprints is for users themselves to demand it.
Via Kuriositas
More on the Internet
What is the Environmental Impact of the Internet?
Twittering Adds How Much to Your Carbon Footprint?
The Internet is Becoming More Energy Efficient, But Total Energy Use is Climbing
Tags: Carbon Emissions
New to TreeHugger?
treehugger on phone
treehugger slideshows


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Rewritable Holographic Memory
A genetically engineered microbial protein could mean better data storage.
By using lasers to etch data onto microbial proteins, researchers at the University of Connecticut may have demonstrated a way to produce rewritable holographic memory. Holographic memory stores data in three dimensions instead of two and could make data retrieval hundreds of times faster. The first holographic-memory systems have recently come to market, but they do not yet feature discs rewritable in real time.
Researchers at the University of Connecticut, Storrs, led by Jeffrey Stuart, head of the Nanobionics Research Center at the university's Institute of Materials Science, based their holographic storage system on reengineered versions of proteins produced by bacteria-like organisms commonly found in salt marshes. Simply shining blue light on the proteins erases any data stored in them.
The technology exploits an evolutionary adaptation of the microbe Halobacterium salinarum, which produces a light-sensitive membrane protein when concentrations of oxygen get too low. The protein, known as bacteriorhodopsin, helps the organism convert sunlight into energy. After the protein absorbs light, it cycles through a series of chemical states, releases a proton, and finally resets itself.
When the protein is in some of these states, its ability to absorb light allows it to form holograms. In the natural environment, each of the states lasts only briefly: the whole cycle takes just 10 to 20 milliseconds. But prior research has shown that shining red light on the protein as it nears the end of its chemical cycle can force it into a useful state–known as the "Q state"–that can last for years.
The problem is that the Q state is difficult to produce in the naturally occurring protein. So molecular biologists at UConn, led by Robert Birge of the chemistry department, are genetically manipulating Halobacterium salinarum so that it can produce a protein that enters the Q state more easily.
To serve as part of a holographic system, the protein is suspended in a polymer gel. A green laser beam is split in two, and one beam is encoded with data. The beams are then recombined in the gel, imprinting the proteins with an interference pattern that stores the data. To read the data, the system sends a single, lower-power, red laser beam back through the interference pattern. A blue laser erases the data.
Tim Harvey, CEO of Starzent, a Fairfax, VA, company that is funded by the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and is developing a miniature holographic data storage drive, says "Protein-based holographic media has the potential for low-cost removable media rewritable up to 10 million times." The protein is extremely robust, he adds, and if the researchers find the right genetic variant, current advances in biotechnology could help quickly produce large amounts of the protein at a low cost.
Holographic storage devices in general, Harvey notes, could bridge a growing gap between the capacity of storage devices and the speed with which they access data. As an example, he points out that transferring a 30-gigabyte file comprising a full-length high-definition movie to a computer's hard drive may take 30 to 45 minutes using current technology. Holographic devices have the potential to reduce that time to less than 10 seconds.
Among the people interested in the new development is Liz Murphy, vice president of marketing at InPhase Technologies in Longmont, CO, which has demonstrated a holographic device with a storage density of 500 gigabytes per square inch and has several products in the pipeline. "At least one potential advantage is that it is erasable and rewritable, which is rare among currently available media," Murphy says of the UConn researchers' device. "However, a drawback is that recording is in the red, and blue light is used to erase the recordings."
That's a limitation because "storage density typically increases with shorter wavelengths," she notes, pointing to the progression from CD to Blue-ray/HD-DVD technology. "So limiting use of the bacterial media to red wavelengths will make it less attractive to use for high-density data-storage applications."


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Returning to health and vitality one bite at a time -
A Nutrition for Wellness Series
Facilitator: Lise Ritter, Naturotherapist (A Passion for Life)
A new "normal" of social distancing is creating unprecedented challenges that are compromising our physical, mental & emotional health on a global scale. This webinar series is designed to assist students in creating their own Nutritional Wellness Program, which will support them as they navigate through daily activities with increased energy, confidence, focus, clarity and vitality.
This six part series as outlined below will include hand outs as it pertains to the specific webinar subject matter.
Zoom link for sessions here
Lise Ritter, Naturotherapist
Lise has been supporting clients in the transformation of their health and well being through the power of nutrition for over 10 years. Her own journey of recovery, overcoming countless health issues doctors often described as "irreversible", is a testament to the power of "Food as Medicine". Her passion to share her knowledge and experience led to the pursuit of higher education in the field of Holistic Health. Lise is a perpetual student, always staying on top of the latest research and lives what she teaches with enthusiasm and vitality.
A Passion for Life Web
Introduction & Self Assessment
Connection between food choices and healthy brain. Foods that support brain health and foods that damage the brain causing depression, anxiety, learning challenges, lack of motivation.
What are students are experiencing and how to overcome, ie: budget, food accessibility, restricted access to kitchen facility, food prep.
Hand outs
 1. Simple ideas to meet these challenges.
 2. Easy cheat sheet to make shakes, stir fries and soups.
Specific foods that repair and heal the gut and brain.
Exposure to food and environmental toxins and it's affects on the brain. Intermittent Fasting as a tool to heal, repair and reboot the brain and body.
Individualized Plan
Routine for the day, food and techniques to rest and restore. Tips on morning routines, breathing & gentle moving techniques, staying focused through the day while studying and getting quality sleep.
Supplements and Herbs
Additional supports necessary for a healthy gut brain connection.


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both be in that font and be an invisible link.


Spin the Random Wheel, Then Do Valuable Work
When you have ADHD, you are a pro at getting distracted. You have deep thoughts, but problem is, you have too many.
So how do you stay productive?
The key to success is focus action. So you know you need to take focus action, but how?
You need to create a plan and follow it. You need a grand vision, and a system to remember it.
But day to day, how do you stay focus?
Know that you are random.
Spin the wheel, till it lands on something valuable, then go deep.


text:
Maes, Jochen and Hayne, M and Moshchalkov, Victor V and Patane, Amalia and Henini, Mohamed and Eaves, Laurence and Main, Peter C (2002) Dependence of quantum-dot formation on substrate orientation studied by magnetophotoluminescence. Applied Physics Letters, 81 (8). pp. _PHONE_. ISSN _PHONE_
We have investigated the substrate orientation-dependence of InAs/GaAs quantum dot growth by photoluminescence spectroscopy in very high magnetic fields. An abrupt change from one-dimensional to three-dimensional charge confinement is observed for InAs deposited on (100) GaAs. On the tilted (311)B substrates, the quantum dot morphology is different, resulting in a weaker charge confinement that gradually increases with the amount of deposited InAs. At 1.9 monolayers, the quantum-dot confinement on this substrate orientation is as effective as for the (100) oriented substrates. By studying the confinement of the charges in samples with quantum dots at different stages of development, we are able to give insight into the quantum-dot formation process. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics.
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Why the World Needs a More Healthy Gourmet Food Guide
Gourmet food is becoming increasingly popular.
With its variety and variety of ingredients, from fresh fruit and vegetables to seafood and meat, it's become a staple in most of the world's countries.
But what is it about a meal that can make it so special?
The answer is food and its combination of ingredients.
We all know how delicious a steak tastes when it's done properly, but it's not just a matter of taste alone.
The cooking process also plays a big role in the overall taste of a meal.
Food is the key to flavor, but not all foods have the same taste.
To find out what foods taste best together, we decided to go grocery shopping for some delicious options.
What makes a good burger?
The burger we ate was made from a local beef, which means it was sourced from a family-owned business, which is important for us to know because many burgers come from other family farms.
The quality of the meat is also important because it makes a difference in how a burger tastes.
Our burgers were served with a salad that was made by the local farmers market.
At the same time, the meat was grilled, and it also had a salad.
The quality of each item mattered too.
What we ended up with was a delicious burger, that was rich and flavorful, and was good enough to share with our friends and family.
So, how does a good gourmet meal compare to one that is served at a restaurant?
The best gourmet burgers are made with locally sourced ingredients, which are typically sourced from local producers.
They are also made using a range of techniques and techniques to make them as high quality as possible.
We also tested a selection of other gourmet foods.
The results showed that a good vegetarian gourmet burger is good enough for the table, but a good meat gourmet lunch is good for the home.
What are some tips for making a good meal at home?
Use the best ingredients you can.
A good burger can be made from anything, including fresh fruit, vegetables, and seafood.
But make sure you choose your favorite items from the ingredients list.
Also, choose the right ingredients and seasonings, like pepper, herbs, spices, and seasoning for each ingredient.
For example, a good hamburger patty should be marinated in fresh tomato sauce, and grilled.
But a good steak sandwich should be grilled, with the patty cut into slices, then seasoned with herbs and spices.
It's important to use the right toppings and spices, like cumin, chili powder, salt, and garlic powder, for a perfect burger.


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What is Check Truncation?
Check Truncation meaning in finance or banking terminology / glossary / dictionary is:
The conversion of data on a check into an electronic image after a check enters the processing system. Check truncation eliminates the need to return canceled checks to customers. See also Check 21.


text:
Siafu, also known as driver ants, army ants, giant ants, or giant ants of the Amazon are giant red ants. They are typically six inches long, with their size and appearance varying as a result of the quantity of fungus they are fed as larvae. Their jaws are strong enough to break human skin, and a swarm was capable of carrying a full-grown human back to their nest. The giants primarily served to retaliate against attackers.
Adventures with siafu Edit
In 1957, while Indiana Jones and his comrades were trying to flee from Soviets led by Irina Spalko in the jungles of South America, the car containing Spalko and her driver crashed into an anthill, home to a large colony of the siafu. Spalko pulled a pistol on Jones and his company, only to notice a rather large ant crawl onto her hand and bite her. She retaliated by squishing it with her bare hand, but then more ants started pouring into the car from underneath, prompting the driver and Spalko to start stomping as many as they could. Seeing the rapidly-deteriorating situation, the two fled, but while Spalko got to safety in a nearby tree, the ants swarmed the driver, and he was pulled down and eaten alive. One ant did climb onto Spalko, but she killed it by squishing it with her knees. However, this affair agitated the ants, and a vast swarm of then began raiding the forest floor. While Jones and the Russian colonel Antonin Dovchenko where having a fistfight, the swarm approached them but Harold Oxley revealed the Crystal Skull of Akator before them, causing the ants to diverge, and create an empty patch for Dovchenko and Jones to fight on. Eventually, Jones got the upper hand by beating the head of Dovchenko with a wooden trunk, causing the dazed colonel to fall backwards, into the antswarm. Subsequently, the ants swarmed him, and he was pulled into their nest and devoured. The ants subsequently dispersed, allowing Jones and his companions to proceed.
Behind the scenesEdit
Siafu are actually native to parts of Africa and Asia, not Brazil, and are oversized in the film. Being an archaeologist and not an entomologist, it's possible that Indy simply identified them incorrectly.
Brazil does have a genre of ants close to the Siafu, from the Atta genus (known locally as "Saúva").
- Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
- LEGO Indiana Jones 2: The Adventure Continues (Non-canonical appearance)


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Understanding Self Harm in Children and Young People
This full day workshop aims to give professionals a greater understanding of the signs, causes and risks associated with self harm and how they can support this.
This training covers:
- What is self harm and why do some children and young people do this?
- How to identify self harm behaviours
- Minimising risk in self harm
- Strategies to support a child or young person who self harms
Who is this training suitable for:
- Teaching Assistants
- Special Educational Needs co-ordinators
- Speech and Language Therapists
- Nursery Nurses
- Social Care workers
- Youth workers
- Family support workers
- Private tutors
- Other professionals working with children
- 10% discount will be applied to all bookings made at least 4 weeks before the course date.
- A discount of £5 per person for groups of 3 or more from the same organisation
How to Book
Either book through the website or:
- Phone Jenny on 01384 400956
|Event date:||Tue 15th May 2018 9:15am|
|Event End Date:||Tue 15th May 2018 3:30pm|
|Location||Perdiswell Young Peoples Leisure Club, Worcester|
This event is now fully booked, sorry.


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Polarization of radio waves transmitted through Antarctic ice shelves
Doake, C.S.M.; Corr, H.F.J.; Jenkins, A.. 2002 Polarization of radio waves transmitted through Antarctic ice shelves. Annals of Glaciology, 34. 165-170. 10.3189/172756402781817572Full text not available from this repository.
The polarization behaviour of radar waves transmitted through two Antarctic ice shelves has been investigated using a step frequency radar with a centre frequency of 300 MHz and a bandwidth of 150 MHz. One site was on Brunt Ice Shelf at a site near Halley station, and 17 sites were oil George VI Ice Shelf near the southern ice front. Birefringence in the ice dominated the behaviour oil Brunt Ice Shelf, where the anisotropy in the effective permittivity was found to be about 0.14%. On George VI Ice Shelf, a highly anisotropic reflecting surface was the controlling feature, suggesting a fluted ice-shelf base formed by oceanographic currents.
|Programmes:||BAS Programmes > Antarctic Science in the Global Context (2000-2005) > Global Interactions of the Antarctic Ice Sheet|
|NORA Subject Terms:||Glaciology
|Date made live:||15 Nov 2011 09:47|
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stay consistent within the lifetime of the parallel_for; the calling $object will see none of them.
As more sophisticated body object types are implemented, they will have functions made for them, depending on what state the support etc.
It's a good idea not to assume that the concurrent containers are deep copying values passed through them unless you do it yourself; the only safe access is to assign an item from the container, and to assign an item back to the container. These operations will do deep copies where required, and pass references where the values came from the same interpreter. There is more discussion of this on threads::tbb::concurrent
This planned API wraps the for_int_array_func body object for a map-like API. The function must be static.
 use threads::tbb;
 my $tbb = threads::tbb->new;
 sub Some::Static::Func {
 my $val = shift;
 return $val;
 my _USER_ = $tbb->map_list_func('Some::Static::Func', _USER_);
The grain size for this operation defaults to 1. See threads::tbb::blocked_int for a discussion on what that refers to. It can be overridden by defining a scalar with the same name as the function, eg in the above example:
 $Some::Static::Func = 3; # process 3 items at a time
It does not affect the calling convention; each call to the function named is passed a single item only.
Parallel_reduce is just parallel_for, but with another function to combine results from the array at the end.
To use parallel_reduce via this API, you first create a body function which has two methods.
 # map/reduce
 use threads::tbb;
 tie my _USER_, "threads::tbb::concurrent::array";
 push _USER_, _USER_;
 # get a range for that array. up to 5 at a time.
 my $array_range = threads::tbb::blocked_int->new(0, $_TAG_+1, 5);
 my $tbb = threads::tbb->new;
 # make a body object
 my $body = $tbb->reduce_int_array_func(
 sub map_func {
 my $array = shift;
 my $range = shift;
 # code may be executed in another thread.
 # we now have exclusive use of
 # $array->[$range->begin.. $range->end-1]
 my $price = 0;
 for my $i ($range->begin.. $range->end-1) {
 my $val = $array[$i]; # another lazy deep copy
 $price += $val->compute_cost();
 return $price;
 sub reduce_func {
 my ($a, $b) = _USER_;
 return defined $b? $a + $b : $a;
 $tbb->parallel_reduce($array_range, $body);
 say "total is ", $body->result;
Just like map_list_func, this is a convenience wrapper for reduce_int_array_func.
 use threads::tbb;
 my $tbb = threads::tbb->new;
 sub Some::Static::Func {
 my $val = shift;
 return $val;
 sub Some::Static::reduction {
 my ($a, $b) = _USER_;
 my $result = $tbb->map_reduce_list_func(
 'Some::Static::Func', 'Some::Static::reduction',
pipeline / filter _TAG_
This extremely useful API allows you to structure code that performs multiple discrete steps on a continuous stream of data, with worker threads picking up whatever needs doing.
This one could potentially be used to implement a generic multi-processor event loop.
 my $i = 20;
 my $iterator = sub {
 $i-- || undef;
 # deep copied to the sub in this block
 parallel_while($iterator, sub {
 # you can add another iterator to the while block
Each of the iterators added run in the thread context of the interpreter that added them.
Sorting with some scalability. No plan for this yet; it probably also would not scale beyond one processor without naughty cross-thread peeking (see threads::tbb::concurrent)
parallel_scan _TAG_ _TAG_
... an obscure one; see...
Not implemented.
threads::tbb::blocked_int, threads::tbb::concurrent, threads::tbb::concurrent:item, threads::tbb::concurrent::array, threads::tbb::concurrent::hash
threads, threads::lite
Intel Threading Building Blocks: Outfitting C++ for Multi-core Processor Parallelism, By James Reinders. Publisher: O'Reilly Media. Released: July 2007. isbn://978-0-596-51480-8 (print) isbn://978-0-596-15959-7 (ebook).
threads::tbb was written by Sam Vilain
Copyright (c) 2011, OpenParallel. threads::tbb is Free Software; you may use it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
The TBB library itself is GPL-2, with a special exception that you may use it as a part of a free software library without restriction. Whether that implies that use of this library imparts the freedoms granted by the GPL on users receiving copies of software built using this library, or whether using with, say, a GPL-3 library revokes the right to copy the software is left as an exercise for the OSS licensing geek reader.
version 0.04, July 8 2011
 - Fix a dire installation/make bug in Makefile.PL
version 0.03, July 7 2011
 - New convenience wrapper for marking foreign XS object types as safely sharable between threads; see threads::tbb::refcounter.
 - New map_list_func convenience API (wrapper for for_int_array_func); see "map_list_func" in threads::tbb
 - Documentation enhancements
 - Memory leak fixes with containers: they now free their contents when they are freed.
version 0.02, May 10 2011
This version principally adds the corresponding white paper and a couple of minor documentation changes. Hopefully the next version will actually implement some more of the TBB API!
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Couple is a system of forces whose magnitude of the resultant is zero and yet has a moment sum. Geometrically, couple is composed of two equal forces that are parallel to each other and acting in opposite direction. The magnitude of the couple is given by
Where are the two forces and is the moment arm, or the perpendicular distance between the forces.
Couple is independent of the moment center, thus, the effect is unchanged in the following conditions.
- The couple is rotated through any angle in its plane.
- The couple is shifted to any other position in its plane.
- The couple is shifted to a parallel plane.
In a case where a system is composed entirely of couples in the same plane or parallel planes, the resultant is a couple whose magnitude is the algebraic sum of the original couples.


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I know that cooking can be a grueling task, and as cooks we try to take shortcuts whenever possible. One of the main ones being the use of commercial cooking sprays. I understand that taking the time to drizzle oil onto a surface and spread it evenly takes precious time, but I assure you that out of all the shortcuts one can take when cooking this should NOT be one of them.
Do you know exactly what is in that expensive little can of air besides cooking oil? Let's step back and take a good look at it: what does the can remind you of?
Okay okay. So the ingredients aren't the same, but they do involve some sort of chemical propellant to release the spray from the can. It is even listed on the can of cooking spray:
Even the "all natural" PAM contains propellant. (and corn..GMO much?)
What is propellant exactly?
*Propellants are vaporized into pressurized gas. They are used to make
carbonated drinks, whipped cream and cooking-oil spray. The function of a
propellant is to incorporate pressurized gas into the product. A
propellant is a substance that produces gas under pressure. Liquid
propellants, such as nitrous oxide, are used in food. Propellants in asthma sprays are known to be one of the causes of
coughing and bronchospasms. Propellants are known to have carcinogenic
properties. Excess consumption and usage is unhealthy.
EWW! I don't know about you, but I don't want pressurized gasses in my food. Upon further research, I discovered that the main use of propellants is for rocket and other similar fuels. Not something I want on my pancakes.
Yeah, yeah. The MSDA says it is safe! But Monsanto and the FDA say that GMO's are okay as well as rBST growth hormones, etc. I say, trust your instinct. Honestly, if it isn't USDA organic certified, I don't trust it.
If you need some more reasons to chuck that can into the trash and never look back, I will give you my top 3:
1. Cooking sprays contain unhealthy additives.
Who intentionally adds nasty ingredients like soy
lecithin, mono/diglycerides, dimethylpolysiloxane, dimethyl
silicone, or artificial flavors to their food? Well.. If you are using PAM or something similar, that is EXACTLY what you are doing, especially when opting for artificially flavored
varieties, like butter.
2. Cooking sprays typically contain genetically modified organisms AKAGMO's and non sustainable ingredients.
The vast majority of the ingredients contained in cooking spray are derived from genetically modified seeds, which have
been altered so that growers can use more pesticides :( Genetically Modified foods tend to contain much higher levels of pesticides than conventional
crops, therefore increasing the risks of these already dangerous chemicals.
3. Cooking sprays are bad for the environment.
Cooking sprays are unfriendly to the environment for several reasons. First, all of them contain unspecified propellants (I hate that certain ingredients don't have to be fully disclosed), usually nitrous oxide. Nitrous Oxide is a greenhouse gas, doesn't break down easily, and may impact our environment for decades. Secondly is the sheer amount of waste from using such products. I find it to be unnecessary. These cans are not as easy to recycle, and often deter users from doing so after finishing the product. Also, recycling is not a solid solution as it in itself creates a ton of pollution and uses a lot of energy.
"But what can I do about it.." you ask? Simple! Do what our ancestors did and take the time to wipe the vessel down by hand. This way, you can use whichever oil you prefer. If you are steadfast of using a spray, search online for a refillable one!
As a general rule for myself, I don't buy anything ConAgra. Even if it is organic, I don't feel as if they deserve my money. Not until they clean up their act!


Preservation ABCs: L is for Landscape
L is for Landscape
Windham County, Vermont, agricultural landscape, October 2009.
The word "landscape" likely triggers images of rolling hills, the coast, mountains or flat farmland. When discussing historic preservation and landscape, those images still hold true, except landscape is more aptly called "cultural landscape" by the National Park Service. Basically, cultural landscapes represent how humans have modified the environment and interacted with the land.
There are four types of cultural landscapes: (1) historic sites (2) historic designed landscapes (3) historic vernacular landscape and (4) ethnographic landscapes. Preservation Brief 36 explains cultural landscapes succinctly. Subtypes of these four types range from highways to parks to neighborhoods to farmsteads to battlefields to gardens to sacred sites, among many more.
Like other historic resources, landscapes have boundaries and historic context and significant features that contribute to their integrity (think of the threats to battlefields for a reference). The National Park Service maintains the Cultural Landscape Inventory (CLI) of all cultural and historic landscapes across the country. Cultural landscapes are an entire field of study, obviously much too lengthy for a single post, but visit the CLI to get started. (And if you're a cultural landscape expert, feel free to add more as a primer.)
Aside from the NPS definition of cultural landscapes, "landscape" can refer to everything around us. When you read your landscape, you are reading every element (not necessarily historic) of your environment and understanding the place where you live: what existed before and what exists now. Reading landscape is important because it allows preservationists and others to understand "sense of place" and what makes a place unique.
So think about your landscape? Do you know of any designated cultural landscapes around you? If not, how would you describe where you are?
2 thoughts on "Preservation ABCs: L is for Landscape
 1. Mark says:
 When I think of cultural landscapes I think of a place like Harpers Ferry, WV. Its got history and a very dramatic landscape to create a strong sense of place. This river town is situated on a spit of land, so geography plays a huge part in its overall feel and makeup. In some respects it reminds me a bit of Cairo, Ill., even if the two towns differ dramatically in their respective levels of preservation.
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text:
Robert Jr. Lockwood typified the history of blues (country to city) from the 1930's to the present. Far more sophisticated than other blues artists who opt for 3 to 5 chord structures, standard 12-bar outings and the ever-present 7ths (blue notes), he developed from a rural country blues artist to a musician who excelled in jazz, rhythm and blues, and jump. He was a well-rounded, consummate musician with original compositions ranging from acoustic country blues to electric big city blues.
Lockwood was born March 27, 1915 in Turkey Scratch, Arkansas, a farming hamlet about 25 miles west of Helena. 1915 was remarkable because several other monumental blues artists were born within a 100-mile radius that year; notably Muddy Waters, Willie Dixon, Little Walter Jacobs, Memphis Slim, Johnny Shines, and Honeyboy Edwards. They would all meet up in the future.