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There are a couple of reasons, just off the top of my head, why someone would do this. Ox yokes are curved in this way and would be much stronger if the wood grew that way instead of having to be carved. Another use could have been sled or sleigh runners. Same advantage over bending or carving. Fascinating though.
The trees were probably bent like that for building boats. the wood is stronger if it has a natural bend, boat builders would go out and look for trees with a close enough bend to it to fit their project, and i bet a farmer was trying to achieve this.
yep,i agree with the previous poster. I considered this myself years ago as a way of making strong arches for several projects. Someone with forethought and time did this. Maybe wagon wheels or arched doorways/windows or furniture. It takes skill to wet,bend & secure arches in any scheme.
It's called soil creep. As colder temperatures pervade the area, the moisture in the soil freezes and expands, displacing the soil and anything not held fast in it (ie. saplings), then during the warmer part of the day, thaws and retracts. Over days, tiny saplings can be moved to angles ranging from just slightly off 90° to laying flat against the ground as if they had fallen.
The saplings prefer very much to remain vertical, as their ability to be able to catch sunlight to keep photosynthesizing is dependent on it, so it will actually bend itself towards the sunlight, much like a sunflower turning its 'head' to face the sun. The result, these curved trunks of trees until they are old enough to grow straight up, and not be affected by soil creep.
This phenomenon is most prevalent on hilly terrain, as the steepness of the slope causes for more drastic soil creep. Science.
Its actually an act of nature. I live in the northern Rockies and we have trees like this all over our mountains. We call them pistol butts. What happens is smaller younger trees get buried under heavy wet snow that bends the trees over, and when spring comes the tree keep growing even under snow load and end up growing all bent and twisted like this.
so how exactly did they make them grown like this? I'm thinking something along the lines of embedding them with some sort of metal, such as iron, since they are all bending northwards? anyone else have another explanation?
maybe it is a mystery why dont you f**king leave it at that. and stop analyzing such awesomness. maybe the farmer was a stoner and was like yeaahhhh! lets make these crooked trees cuz it would look frickin awesome!
the answer is so obvious.... These trees had a whore pine tree mother who slept around with sunflowers; when the trees were born their wood was not very hard so the baby pine trees were able to bend and follow the sun just like sunflowers do; until one day when the sun was pointing north all the baby trees suddenly matured at the same time and their wood was hardened at the same time in that position,,, kindly note that the use of the terms matured,wood, hardened and positions was not intentional...
This is not speculation. The trees were planted and form-curved to provide ready-made parts for furniture, specifically Thonet bentwood rockers.
As previously mentioned, there is significant cost associated with the steaming and clamping usually involved, growing the parts would be a logical labor reducer.
As also mentioned, 8-10 years after the planting of said trees, the region was overrun, and the manufacture of furniture was interrupted first by the re-tooling of plants for the war effort, and again by the invasion. Ultimately, production of the chairs began again, but after the war most of the parts for these chairs was produced in Czechoslovakia.
someone was just drunk and thought "hey i'll bend this tree...and that...and that...etc. this.is.POLAND!
^ so stupid.
About "dancing pnie tree" forrest: one in Pniewo isnt only one in PL; another one is in Zasieki (_URL_ Actualy if u like misterious places Zasieki is the one that u travel to. There was german weapons factory complex, and u can find over 400 bunkers and buildings (industrial mostly) in hiden deep forrest. (Piniewo was military object as well but smaller) And the Dancing Pine Tree: my friend was studing dendrology and the final exam was about dancing pine tress, we actualy cut 3 of them with help of local renger so we ask about the story; it was grown by germans (in 1930 it was german terrytory ; look at he map of poland form 1939 : _URL_ )at first was about to mess with grown cone (dont know proper name of it in english - science experyments anyways)and make tree to grown like spiral but later on they realize that it wont work that way. Local carpenters were very interessted in producing furniture of it. Not very mysterius doh. U see it take time to grow the tree and 9 years later II ww begin, than after war it become polish terrytory. Locals were moved to germany, new, polish setlers didnt go here coz it was mined (mines wewe taked of complitly in 2004 in Zasieki - dont know about Pniewo). Trught those 60 years knowloge was lost but fortunetly that ranger was same interestet in this temat as you all so he did reserches. Any questions? just ask. one more think Pniewo means n english tree-trunk; and links with pictures of Zasieki (not of dancing pine tree): _URL_ _URL_ And im very sorry for my english.
Several folks are attributing this to soil creep (or pistol-butting.) This site is too flat for that to be the case. Even if soil creep were occurring, the trees' response would be an even curve, not a straight stump followed by a curved bole.
A storm could do this, but the surrounding forest doesn't show this if the description is correct. With nearly every tree in a small area showing the same effect and none around it showing any effect makes a natural event an unlikely cause.
An explosion in the early 1940s in Poland doesn't seem out of the question, but trees should be bent in more than one direction - away from the explosion.
It makes much more sense that the trees were bent over (or broken) mechanically. Heavy equipment passing through could do this - deliberate or otherwise.
Boomerangs, definitely. My studies confirm this. I was walking through the park recently,watching two people throwing a boomerang. I was trying to deduce why a curved object appears larger as it becomes nearer to the observer,and then it hit me...........
we have trees similar to those where i live in california. the bend developed after a strong snowstorm blew in and left an unusual amount of snow for that time of year. the younger trees were damaged and grew sideways for the next couple years, but after that they began to correct themselves and continue to grow up towards the sky. these photos are great and slightly erie. keep up the good work!
What a bunch of dumb asses. Get a life. People suck. Who fucking cares. You could have people starving in a third world country and it would get less comments than something as stupid and useless as this.
this is obviously done by man and is part of some industrial forestry practice the only unknown is the purpose of bending the trees. it is obviously for some wood product that needs both strength abs a curve possibly oxen yolks or a boat keel
Its so you have something to hang your ass over while you take a shit outdoors. Perfect squatting height. No danger of falling over in your poo (or of getting pushed over into it by your jerk friends). Tree trunk to one side to hold onto for support. Perfect...and thoughtful.
This is caused when you prune the top of a pine tree off and all that is left is the lower branch to grow. They grow off the side of the stem hence the bent look. The branch starts off being completely horizontal but if you but the rest of the tree off it becomes the new leader and grows toward the light.
There are two theories being discussed the most here: man-made for industry or caused naturally. I will add 2 cents to each theory.
1. If they were man-made, the trees would have most likely been harvested at a young age as most bent wood applications use trees with 2 to 3 inch diameters. These trees would be planted in many adjacent fields of trees of different ages to ensure yearly harvest. This field was most likely abandoned as World War II was ignighting. Questions linger for me on this theory...


text:
Get kids talking about relevant issues before you read a book aloud to them by using an anticipation guide. This anticipation guide is meant to give students time to think about and discuss pertinent issues that come up Cynthia Kadohat's book Kira-Kira, which was the winner of the 2005 Newberry Medal. Students answer seven questions and then share their responses with a partner. (You could extend this activity by turning one or more of these questions into a class discussion.)
Be sure to collect these guides from your students so you can hand them back to each child at the end of the book. THEY will be surprised to see how their thinking has changed as a result of the book.
Please rate this product after you've used it in your classroom. Thank you!
I am a former fourth and fifth grade classroom teacher who is now a part-time literacy consultant. I have two master's degrees: one in elementary education from Hunter College and one in literacy from Teachers College (Columbia University).

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
adjective, un·ru·li·er, un·ru·li·est.
not submissive or conforming to rule; ungovernable; turbulent; intractable; refractory; lawless: an unruly class; an unruly wilderness.
Origin: 1350–1400; Middle English unruely, Related forms
equivalent to unun-1
+ ruly, ruely
governable, controllable; see rule
disobedient, unmanageable, uncontrollable, stubborn, disorderly, riotous. Unruly, intractable, recalcitrant, refractory describe persons or things that resist management or control. Unruly suggests persistently disorderly behavior or character in persons or things: an unruly child, peevish and willful; wild, unruly hair. Intractable suggests in persons a determined resistance to all attempts to guide or direct them, in things a refusal to respond to attempts to shape, improve, or modify them: an intractable social rebel; a seemingly intractable problem in logistics. recalcitrant and refractory imply not only a lack of submissiveness but also an open, often violent, rebellion against authority or direction. Recalcitrant the stronger of the two terms, suggests a stubborn and absolute noncompliance: a recalcitrant person, openly contemptuous of all authority. Refractory implies active, mulish disobedience, but leaves open the possibility of eventual compliance: refractory students, resisting efforts to interest them in their studies.


text:
GLC_lib is open source, real time graphic library on top of OpenGL for Qt 4 or 5 applications.
GLC_lib is published under the Less GNU Public license (LGPL) that permits usage in commercial application with dynamic linking.
GLC_lib is written in C++, taking advantage of the Qt 4 or 5 frameworks. The software use scene graph approach with the concept of references, instances and occurrences.
Key features :
- Built in 3D view manipulator (Track Ball, rotate table, Fly).
- Designed to add user 3D view manipulator.
- Provided 3D primitive (Point, Circle, Line, Polyline, Mesh, Extruded Mesh, Box, Cylinder, Rectangle, Disc).
- Designed to add user 3D primitive.
- Loaded 3D format :
- Collada V1.4
- 3DXML ASCII V3 and V4
- STL (ASCII and binary)
- OFF and COFF
- Exported 3D format :
- 3DXML ASCII V4
- Material texturing with image file format supported by Qt4.
- Basic Shader support (GLSL).
- Scene Graph with the support of Reference, Instance and Occurrence.
- Non Convex polygon partitioning.
- Static Level of detail support.
- Pixel culling support.
- Frustum culling support
- Possibility to cache 3DXML in binary to speed up loading time.
- Built in 3DWidget
- Built in Plane sectioning with easy and powerfull manipulation tools.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Buttercup Information | Evidenced-Based Supplement Guide on MedicineNet.com - How does Buttercup work?
How does Buttercup work?
Buttercup contains toxins which are very irritating to the skin and the lining of the mouth, stomach, and intestines. There is not enough information to know how buttercup might work for medicinal uses.
Are there safety concerns?
Fresh buttercup is UNSAFE. It may cause severe irritation of the digestive tract, with colic and diarrhea. Irritation of the bladder and urinary tract can also occur. Skin contact may cause blisters and burns that are difficult to heal. It can also increase the risk of sunburn.
Some of the toxins in fresh buttercup might be destroyed in the drying process, but there isn't enough information to know if dried buttercup might be safe.
Do not take buttercup if:
 - You are pregnant or breast-feeding.
Dosing considerations for Buttercup.
The appropriate dose of buttercup depends on several factors such as the user's age, health, and several other conditions. At this time there is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for buttercup. Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult your pharmacist or physician or other healthcare professional before using.
Therapeutic Research Faculty copyright
Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration


Writing a feed
Writing a feed is easy after the Channel object is built. Since RSS 2.0 is the most popular format, the IO classes in Yarfraw are all default to RSS 2.0. The following codes writes a channel to an xml file "rss20.xml" in RSS 2.0 format. Note that since every feed has only one channel, the top level 'rss' element is automatically generated for you, all you need to do is to pass in the channel object:
 Channel c = new Channel()
 FeedWriter w = new FeedWriter("rss20.xml"));
Writing other formats are similarly easy, just need to tell the writer what format you want to write in. The following codes demostrate how to write in Atom 1.0 and RSS 1.0/RDF format.
 FeedWriter writer = new FeedWriter("atom10.xml"));
 File f = new File("rss10.xml");
 FeedWriter writer2 = new FeedWriter(f, FeedFormat.RSS10);
Append, Set and Remove items
Sometimes you may want to simply add a couple of items to an existing feed without modifying the top level channel. You can use the FeedAppender class to do that. The appender methods work very much like the insert methods in java.util.List. You can either specify a specific location to append new items to, or you can simply append to the beginning or to the end.
Internally, the appender reads in the feed, modifies it, and then writes it back to the file. So if performance is a concern, instead of doing a read/write operation for every modification, you might want to write your own appender that only writes the channel to file when it needs to.
 FeedAppender a = new FeedAppender(new File("rss20.xml"));
 a.appendAllItemsAt(2, item);
 FeedAppender a = new FeedAppender(new File("atom10.xml"));
 writer.setFormat(FeedFormat.ATOM10); //need to set the format explicitly because RSS 2.0 is the default
If you simply want to keep adding new items to your feed while at the same time keeping the number of items in the feed at a certain number (according to the specs, you are recommended to have only 15 items in a feed). You can tell the appender how many items you would like to keep in your feed. If the actual number of items (after appends) in the feed is greater than the number you specified, the appender will remove items from the END of the feed to ensure there is at most numItemToKeep items in the feed.
Note : the items in the input channel are assumed to be in descending order from new to old (i.e. the newest item is at index 0 of the item list). So when the appender need to trim the feed, it always remove items from the end of the items list (the items that are at the bottom of the feed).
 FeedAppender a = new FeedAppender(new File("yarfraw.xml"));
 a.setNumItemToKeep(15); //this operation does NOT trim the list, trimming only occurs after append
 a.appendAllItemsAt(0, bigItemList);
 a.appendAllItemsAt(0, moreItems);
 a.appendAllItemsToBeginning(item1, item2, item3);
 //"yarfraw.xml" have at most 15 items no matter how many items were appended using the appender
Reading a feed
You can use the reader class to read any supported feed formats. Similar to other IO classes, the reader class uses RSS 2.0 format by default (except when it's reading remotely, see examples below), so you need to set the appropriate format if the input is not in RSS 2.0 format.
 FeedReader r = new FeedReader( "rss20.xml");
 Channel c = r.readChannel();
 FeedReader r2 = new FeedReader( "atom10.xml", FeedFormat.ATOM10);
 Channel c2 = r2.readChannel();
The reader is capable of reading a feed from a remote http url. In this case, the format of the remote feed is automatically detected. Format detection will be executed only once at object construction time.
 FeedReader reader = new FeedReader(file); //it's default to Rss 2.0
 reader.setFormat(FeedFormat.RSS10); //change it to other format
 reader.setFormat(FeedFormat.ATOM10); //change it to other format
 FeedReader reader2 = new FeedReader(new HttpURL("_URL_
 Channel c = reader2.readChannel();
 //check whether a reader is reading from a remote server
 //This is a remote feed
 reader2 = new FeedReader(new HttpURL("_URL_
 //so the format is automatically detected
 assert(reader2.getFormat() == FeedFormat.ATOM10);
 //you can still change the format of the reader, but it's not recommended.
Reading feeds via Http conditional Get
(this is a new feature since version 0.9, see more about HTTP conditional get here ).
If you are using Yarfraw to build an aggregator, you should definitely consider supporting conditional get to reduce network traffics. In Yarfraw, conditional get is supported by a special feed reader called CachedFeedReader, which extends the FeedReader class. As the name suggests, this class also supports basic caching of the previous parsed feed and therefore will only need to perform parsing when there are new changes to the feed that it's reading.
 FeedReader cr = new CachedFeedReader(new HttpURL("_URL_
 ChannelFeed first = cr.readChannel();
 //issue another read immediately after, since nothing should have been changed since the last read
 //the reader will return the cached ChannelFeed object from the previous read
 ChannelFeed second = cr.readChannel();
 assertTrue(first == second);
The CachedFeedReader will keep a cached version of the previous read and parsed FeedChannel object, and performs conditional get to the remote sever using the 2 http headers: Last-Modified and Etag. If the server responses a 304 not modified status code, the reader will return the cached feed, otherwise it reads and parse the response as normal. If the remote feed is not modified since the last read, there's no need to perform parsing, therefore, this class will perform much better than the normal FeedReader class. One thing you should note is that this reader caches the reference of the original FeedChannel and also returns it to the caller, so if the FeedChannel object is modified, the cached version is also modified.
 ChannelFeed first = cr.readChannel();
 //if I modify the returned feed object
 //the cached feed object is also modified
 assertEquals(first.getTitle(), cr.getCachedChannelFeed().getTitle());
When this cached behavior, an aggregator can skip any aggregation work if it finds the returned ChannelFeed object is the same as the previously cached object. For example:
 ChannelFeed first = cr.readChannel();
 ...some times later, you issues a read again to check for new changes
 //you first get a copy of the cached of the cached reference
 ChannelFeed previous = cr.getCachedChannelFeed();
 //issue a read
 ChannelFeed current = cr.readChannel();
 if(current == previous){
 //this means nothing has changed
 //there are new changes, so need to perform aggregation
Reading extensibility elements
If the extensibility elements are supported by one of the extension modules, you should consider using them instead of reading them as normal DOM elements.
If the feed contains extensibility elements that are not in the official specs, those elements will be read into the Channel(or Item)'s otherElements list. You can get all these elements by calling Channel.getElements or there is a convenient method you can use to quickly get an specific element from the list. For example, the feed from digg.com has an element call , you can get this element by using the following code:
 FeedReader r = new FeedReader(new HttpURL("_URL_
 Channel c = r.readChannel();
 Element e = c.getItems().get(0).getElementByNS("_URL_ "diggCount");
Another example of feeds that use extensibility elements, they are very common for popular sites. Youtube's feed has'media' elements in their feed that look like:

 Salto nel melgot
 crazy mad follia covo bergamo arma pol andrev video divertenti
 funny videos porn sex lesbians hot sexy nude girls
To get information about those elements, you would write:
 FeedReader r = new FeedReader(new HttpURL("_URL_
 ChannelFeed c = r.readChannel();
 System.out.println(c.getItems().get(0).getElementByNS("_URL_ "title"));
 Element thumnail = c.getItems().get(0).getElementByNS("


text:
- Master degree center
- 1 year; 1.5 years
- Mode of study
- Livestock and Plant Production Technologies
- Agricultural Business Management and Organization
- Fundamentals of Agricultural Business
- Agricultural Policies
- Agricultural Marketing;
- European Programmes and Projects in Agriculture
- Agricultural Investment Management
- Quality Management in Agricultural Business
- Social Capital and Social Networks in Agricultural Business
- Master Seminar
- Rural Tourism (elective)
- Markets and Trading in Agricultural Business (elective)
- Risk Management in Agricultural Business (elective)
Expected knowledge and skills after acquiring qualification:
Graduate students gain professional competencies to plan, organize and manage production in the agricultural sector; to optimize the use of land, material, and labor resources of the companies; to carry out economic research, analyses and economic forecasts, and etc. They successfully can provide consultancy for companies and to perform expert activities, to realize and make decisions in public policy for the sector. The most important competencies that are acquired by graduates are related to: building skills for better learning; promoting the entrepreneurial skills, capacity building to teamwork; creativity in the research planning, commitment to the agricultural matters, and etc.
Employment opportunities upon graduation:
Graduates acquire knowledge, skills and competencies to organize and manage economic system in the agricultural sphere – production and trade of agricultural products and food, alternative production activities in rural areas, companies in production infrastructure, and etc. Graduates can successfully make independent entrepreneurial initiative or consulting in the field of agriculture.
Master students are economics who can successfully occupy positions in state and municipal structural funds and divisions, directed to agricultural activities, national policies and financial support for the sector. They can continue their education as PhD students in Bulgaria and abroad.


text:
A hotter than usual summer and lack of rain have caused water levels at hydroelectric dams in most of the country to drop to a third of their capacity. The levels are similar to those registered in 2001, when rationing was imposed and blackouts occurred.
The government has said Brazil will not resort to energy rationing because the country has thermal power plants that can be activated.
"The situation is worrisome because water levels at the reservoirs remain very low," Claudio Sales, president of the energy analysis group Instituto Ascende, said Tuesday. "All we can do now is to wait for more rain."
Hydroelectric plants account for about 80 percent of the electricity generated in Brazil.
Mines and Energy Minister Edison Lobao has repeatedly guaranteed that Brazil has sufficient energy supplies amid growing fears that power shortages could frustrate the government's 2013 GDP growth estimates of 4 percent.
"Brazil's electricity system is based on several sources of energy," Lobao said in a signed article published Sunday by the Folha d S. Paulo newspaper. "Low water levels at the reservoirs are compensated by thermal plants fueled by natural gas, diesel and biomass energy, and an expanding wind energy sector."
Reservoirs in southern Brazil dropped to 35 percent of their capacity while those in the nation's north dipped as low as 18 percent.
Rains that started falling last week increased levels at reservoirs by 1 percent, according to the Electric Energy System Operator that oversees the power generation, transmission and distribution.
Brazil has an installed power generating capacity 121,000 megawatts, a figure the government says it will double over the next 10 years.


Ziqi Zhang, Xiuwei Zhang. VeloSim: Simulating single cell gene-expression and RNA velocity. bioRxiv.
Vaibhav Rajan, Ziqi Zhang, Carl Kingsford, Xiuwei Zhang. Maximum Likelihood Reconstruction of Ancestral Networks by Integer Linear Programming, Bioinformatics, accepted.
- Harsh Shrivastava, Xiuwei Zhang, Le Song, Srinivas Aluru. An Unrolled Deep Learning Framework for Single Cell Gene Regulatory Networks. RECOMB 2021, accepted.
- Ziqi Zhang, Xiuwei Zhang. Inference of multiple trajectories in single cell RNA-seq data from RNA velocity BioRxiv.
- Sooyoun Oh, Haesun Park, Xiuwei Zhang, Hybrid Clustering of single-cell gene-expression and cell spatial information via integrated NMF and k-means. BioRxiv.
For a full list of publications please see Google Scholar Profile.
1. R package for SymSim : a simulator for single cell RNA-Seq data with the following applications
- Benchmark a wide range of computational methods for single cell RNA-Seq data analysis, including clustering, trajectory inference, differentially expressed gene detection.
- Analyze the effects of various confouding factors in the data on the performance of downstream analysis.
- Estimate how many cells we need to sequence to detect a rare population under various realistic scenarios.
2. Matlab code for ProPhyC : a framework of phylogenetic transfer of knowledge to improve accuracy of biological networks for a family of species.


text:
Come said the muse,
sing me a song no poet has yet chanted,
Sing me the universal.
In this broad earth of ours,
Amid the measureless grossness and the slag,
Enclosed and safe within its central heart,
Nestles the seed of perfection.
By every life a share or more or less,
None born but it is born, conceal'd or unconceal'd the seed is.
In the cold, damp shelter of our primitive ancestors, lit only by the flickering of a campfire, at day's end there was a time for recollection and stillness that would help to fuel the next day's events. Since the beginning of human history, the still point has served as the birthplace of all our activity. Virtually every creature on this great earth practices the backward step of quieting down and entering this still point. Birds, beasts, bugs, and fish all seem to find time in their daily existence to relax and recreate – to bring forth the flower from what Whitman called "the seed of perfection."
John Daido Loori – Editor's Preface
The Art of Just Sitting


Modernism and the Essence of Technology--MSA 14 (Las Vegas, October 18-21, 2012)
full name / name of organization:
Heather Fielding
contact email:
Heidegger's famous essay "The Question Concerning Technology" begins with the claim that "technology is not equivalent to the essence of technology." In his terms, the essence of technology precedes any particular, historical, concrete manifestation of technology, any particular device and constitutes the "technologicalness" that pervades every particular piece of technology. In order for people not to be "unfree and chained to technology," he argues, we must consider technology's essence, rather than only pursuing or evading, loving or hating particular developments in the endless stream of new devices.
This proposed panel seeks to examine how modernism and modernists understood what Heidegger calls the essence of technology. How did modernist writers define technology as a category? For these writers, what "technologicalness" tied together technologies in all of their various concrete manifestations? How did their understanding of technology's essence differ from or dovetail with that of other philosophers of technology, contemporary to the modernists (Heidegger, but also Mumford, Benjamin, McLuhan, Marcuse, etc.) or to us (Stiegler, Siegert, Kittler, etc.)? How did writers' understanding of the essence of technology affect or shape their definitions of art or the literary? What role might spectacle play in modernism's philosophies of technology?
Please send 300-word abstract and brief bio to Heather Fielding ( by March 30.
cfp categories:
modernist studies


text:
What are goldsmiths renowned for? Give an example from the poem to justify your answer. Who are the patrons of the goldsmith? What does he make for them?
1. Gold ornaments like anklet, wristlet and rings.
2. Golden delicate and light-weight bells for pigeon's feet
3. Gold waist chains called girdles for dancers
4. gold sword covers known as sheaths for kings
- The goldsmiths are renowned for making jewelleries for personal adornment.
- They are making wristlet, anklet and ring for an example.
- The rich people, dancers and the king are the patrons as noted in the poem.
- Goldsmiths are making jewelleries for personal adornment and chain for the feet of blue pigeons. All these are for rich people like nobles and kings. They are also making golden girdles for the dancers and golden sheaths for keeping the king's swords.


FMLA: What managers need to know
The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) is more than 20 years old, but surveys show that it still ranks as one of the most confusing and frustrating employment laws for companies to administer. And in those 20 years, employees have learned how to use the FMLA to their advantage.
It's important for managers to understand whether an employee's request for leave could qualify as FMLA leave, and how to respond once an employee is on FMLA leave.
Editorial Director Pat DiDomenico provides a brief overview of the FMLA and covers the top five things that managers need to know about the law.
1. Which employees are eligible and why?
The FMLA allows qualified employees to take up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave from their jobs each year. To be eligible, employees must have worked at your organization for at least 12 months and logged at least 1,250 hours of service during that time.
If employees are qualified, they can take FMLA leave for any of these three reasons:
 1. To care for their child after birth, adoption or foster care. (This includes both women and men.)
 2. To care for the employee's spouse, child or parent who has a "serious" health condition.
 3. The employee's own "serious" health condition makes him or her unable to perform the job.
Two other important points to remember: Only companies with 50 or more employees are required to offer FMLA leave. Also, many states have their own FMLA-like laws that employers need to understand.
2. What counts as a "serious" health condition?
The law allows FMLA leave only for "serious" health conditions to prevent employees from using it for colds and headaches. But there's no precise list of conditions that qualify as "serious" conditions.
Basically, the law defines a "serious condition" as one that requires in-patient hospital care or a three-day incapacity requiring continuing treatment from a doctor. That can include anything from a stroke to severe arthritis. And it includes incapacity due to chronic conditions like asthma and diabetes.
Courts are constantly debating which ailments qualify as "serious" and which don't. Employers have the right to demand medical certification from a doctor to make a decision on whether a condition qualifies.
Best bet: Managers should bring the issue to HR's attention whenever they suspect an ailment might qualify for FMLA protections.
3. How much FMLA leave can employees take?
Eligible employees can take up to 12 weeks of unpaid, job-protected leave during a 12-month period. The law refers to unpaid leave — it doesn't require paid leave during those 12 weeks.
Eligible leave doesn't have to come in one-week or even one-day chunks. The law allows some employees to take "intermittent" FMLA leave, which can be for one hour or less.
The FMLA does permit employees to elect (or employers to require the employee) to use accrued paid leave, such as vacation or sick leave, for some or all of the FMLA leave period.
4. What's an "illegal" manager action?
The law says managers can never block eligible employees from taking FMLA leave. An employee's FMLA leave may be inconvenient, but it's illegal to retaliate. Nor can you consider an employee's FMLA leave as a negative factor when deciding on his pay, benefits or promotions.
After FMLA leave is over, employees must be able to return to the same or an equivalent position with equal pay, benefits and perks. The new position must involve the same or substantially similar duties, responsibilities and authority as the pre-leave position.
Employees on FMLA leave continue to earn health benefits.
5. Must employees notify you?
If employees can foresee their need for FMLA leave—say in a pregnancy—they must give you at least 30 days' advance notice.
When FMLA leave is not foreseeable, they need to inform you as soon possible, which usually means one or two business days.
One final important point: Employees don't specifically need to cite the law or say they need "FMLA leave." It's the employer's responsibility to identify leave requests that could qualify as job-protected FMLA leave. If you suspect a leave request could qualify, it's important to notify HR right away.


text:
Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (December 6, 1778 – May 10, 1850) was a French chemist and physicist. He is known mostly for two laws related to gases.
Gay-Lussac was born at Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat, in the department of Haute-Vienne. He received his early education at home and in 1794 was sent to Paris to prepare for the École Polytechnique after his father was arrested, into which he was admitted at the end of 1797. Three years later he transferred to the École des Ponts et Chaussées, and shortly afterwards was assigned to C. L. Berthollet as his assistant. In 1802 he was appointed demonstrator to A. F. Fourcroy at the École Polytechnique, where subsequently (1809) he became professor of chemistry. From 1808 to 1832 he was professor of physics at the Sorbonne, a post which he only resigned for the chair of chemistry at the Jardin des Plantes. In 1831 he was elected to represent Haute-Vienne in the chamber of deputies, and in 1839 he entered the chamber of peers.
In 1809 Gay-Lussac married to Geneviève-Marie-Joseph Rojot. He had met her first when she worked as a linen draper's shop assistant and was studying a chemistry textbook under the counter. He was father of five children, of whom the eldest (Jules) became assistant to Justus Liebig in Giessen. Some publications by Jules are mistaken as his father's today since they share the same first initial (J. Gay-Lussac). A branch of his descendance live in Brazil, South America (de Salusse Lussac/Lussac Do Coutto/Do Coutto Monni) and in Ontario, Canada.
In 1802, Gay-Lussac first formulated the law that a gas expands linearly with a fixed pressure and rising temperature (usually better known as Charles's Law).
In 1804 he made a hot-air balloon ascent with Jean-Baptiste Biot to a height of 6.4 kilometres in an early investigation of the Earth's atmosphere. He wanted to collect sample of the air at different heights to record differences in temperature and moisture.
In 1805, together with his friend and scientific collaborator Alexander von Humboldt, he discovered that the basic composition of the atmosphere does not change with decreasing pressure (increasing altitude).
In 1808, he was the co-discoverer of boron.
In Paris, a street and a hotel near the Sorbonne are named after him as are a square and a street in his birthplace, St Leonard de Noblat. His grave is at the famous cemetery Père Lachaise in Paris.
|Notable teachers||Notable students|
|C. L. Berthollet (_PHONE_), Paris |
Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy (_PHONE_), Paris
|Jean-Jacques Colin (_PHONE_), répétiteur in _PHONE_ |
Pierre Robiquet (_PHONE_), répétiteur in _PHONE_


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) are varied we obtain the distribution of only one single state SHR1,100=1/1, this seems to be caused by unchanged frequencies of outermost oscillators. Thus, the ratio I51 и I52 performs the role of a trigger that switches on and off the synchronization process of the outermost oscillators. 7. We consider that the phenomenon of subharmonic synchronization should be used as the main method of pattern recognition that increases the classification capacity of an oscillator system. We have studied thermal coupling in the course of our work, however, analogous effects of partial synchronization may be obtained for other coupling types (R- and C-type), because the physical mechanism of subharmonic synchronization is universal.
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The Correct spelling is: unanimously
Common misspellings of the word unanimously are:
How do you spell unanimously?. It is not
 - adj.
 1. Sharing the same opinions or views; being in complete harmony or accord.
 2. Based on or characterized by complete assent or agreement.
 [From Latin Å«nanimus : Å«nus, one + animus, mind.]
 unanimously uÂ·nan'iÂ·mousÂ·ly adv.
 unanimousness uÂ·nan'iÂ·mousÂ·ness n.
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How to Calculate Your Risk For Breast Cancer
Using known risk factors for breast cancer, mathematical models can be developed to help answer important questions. These mathematical models are useful tools for researchers and for patients as follows:
1. Research on risk factors – The Claus risk assessment model was used to discover the subpopulation of people who had an autosomal dominant genetic allele that increased their risk from 10% to 92%. This led to the discovery of the BRCA genes associated with breast, ovarian, and prostate cancer.
2. Clinical trial eligibility – The Gail risk assessment model was developed to help researchers determine who to enroll in the NSAPB Breast Cancer Prevention Trials
where chemoprevention was shown to reduce breast cancer risk.
3. Guidelines for doing BRCA testing – BRCA testing is very expensive and practically worthless if done on everyone (because it is so rare to be homozygous for BRCA1 or BRCA2). Mathematical models such as the BRCAPRO, BOADICEA, and Tyrer-Cuzick models can help determine what patients should undergo BRCA testing. The decision for testing is usually made when one of these models predicts a 10% or greater chance that there is a mutation of the BRCA1, BRCA2, or both genes.
4. Guidelines for doing MRI screening for breast cancer – MRI screening for breast cancer is not a cost effective screening test for the general population, but in specific groups, there are clear cut reasons to do so. In general, screening MRI is recommended for women with 20-25% or greater lifetime risk of breast cancer. The BRCAPRO and Tyrer-Cuzick models have been used to help make clinical decisions about ordering MRIs for breast cancer screening.
5. Guidelines for breast cancer therapy – The Gail model is used clinically to help
determine who should be put on tamoxifen or raloxifene for chemoprevention. Other models have been used to help make decisions about breast cancer risk reduction with prophylactic mastectomy.
For these reasons, it is important to understand these models. These models are collectively referred to as "risk assessment tools". The following paragraphs summarize the most popular and most widely used risk assessment tools. Keep in mind that none of these risk assessment tools apply to breast cancer survivors. No mathematical model has been widely accepted to determine cancer risk in cancer survivors.
General Risk Assessment Tools
Gail Model: The Gail model is a validated risk-assessment model that focuses primarily on nonhereditary risk factors, with limited information on family history. It was developed by scientists at the National Cancer Institute and the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) to assist health care providers in discussing breast cancer risk to determine their eligibility for the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial. The tool allows one to project a woman's individual estimate of breast cancer risk over a five-year period of time and over her lifetime. It also compares the woman's risk calculation with the average risk for a woman of the same age. The Gail Model is an on-line quiz that has 13 questions and is interactive. This calculator is based on published risk statistics and methods gathered from peer-reviewed journals, and has been extensively tested for its validity.
The major limitation of the Gail model is the inclusion of only first-degree relatives, which results in underestimating risk in the 50% of families with cancer in the paternal lineage and also takes no account of the age of onset of breast cancer. It may underestimate risk in certain groups, such as obese patients.
National Cancer Institute Model: The NCI risk assessment tool is essentially a simplified Gail Model that also factors in race. Race is a factor in determining breast cancer risk but is excluded when determining eligibility for clinical trials. This tool is probably the most popular risk assessment tool available to the public as an on-line, interactive risk calculator. The on-line quiz is a shorter, nine-point questionnaire that includes multiple factors, giving a woman her future five-year risk of breast cancer and her lifetime risk of breast cancer.
The NCI tool does not account for a lot of risk factors that can be modified. For this reason, it is difficult to use this test as a motivation tool to show people how lifestyle can alter their risk of breast cancer. It also cannot be used in breast cancer survivors, in patients with DCIS, LCIS, or people who carry one of the BRCA genes.
BRCAPRO model: This is a statistical model available as a computer program that uses two different algorithms to evaluate family history and helps a doctor determine the likelihood of finding either a BRCA1 mutation or a BRCA2 mutation in a family. The results of this can be used to determine if BRCA testing is indicated. This is very useful in light of the high cost of BRCA testing ($3,000). None of the nonhereditary risk factors can yet be incorporated into the model, however. In a comparison of four different methods for estimating breast cancer risk in patients with a family history of breast cancer, the BRCAPRO model was the least accurate. It predicted only 49% of the breast cancers that actually occurred in the screened group of patients with a family history of breast cancer.
Harvard Center for Cancer Prevention Risk Assessment Tool: This is another breast cancer risk assessment tool that includes more lifestyle factors than the NCI or Gail Model tools. It has not been studied as extensively as the Gail Model or the simplified NCI model, but it is promising in that it includes many lifestyle factors that people can do to modify their risk of developing cancer. It is also an on-line questionnaire that can be used by both women and men to estimate their breast cancer risk.


Grade 6 Science Fair Project – "Road Salt – Is it the Fastest Way to Melt Icy Roads?"
The purpose of this science fair project is to explore the effect of road salt placed on snowy and icy roads. The freezing point for water is 32 degrees Fahrenheit. At this temperature water freezes into ice. Road salt is placed on snowy and icy roads because the salt causes the ice and snow to melt. The chemistry behind this reaction is that salt lowers the melting point or freezing point of water. The salt acts as foreign particles in the water to help the melting process.
In this science fair project you will simulate sidewalks and roads in icy conditions. You will fill dishes with ice to represent the sidewalks and roads. You will place various materials across the ice cubes to see if and how the ice cubes melt. The various materials include: road salt, fertilizer, calcium chloride, cat litter, and sand.
Road salt and the various other materials will cause the ice to melt
faster than using nothing at all.
Type of material spread on ice
Materials Needed:
 - Six dishes that have dimensions of 9 x 13 inches
 - Freezer available to use during the science fair project
 - Stopwatch
 - Water
 - 12 ounces of road salt
 - 12 ounces of fertilizer
 - 12 ounces of calcium chloride
 - 12 ounces of cat litter
 - 12 ounces of sand
 - Paper
 - Pencil
 - Camera
Complete the following steps for this science fair project:
Setup Step #1:
Pour water into each of the six dishes. Make sure that the water level in each dish is 1 inch.
Setup Step #2:
Place the six dishes in the freezer. Leave the dishes in the freezer until the water has frozen to ice. You may have to leave the dishes in the freezer overnight.
Setup Step #3:
Place each of the six dishes on the floor of your kitchen.
You are now ready to begin the science experiment.
Step #1:
You are going to spread material onto each dish in the following
Dish #1: Do not spread any material across this dish. Leave this
dish as plain ice only.
Dish #2: Spread the 12 ounces of road salt evenly across this dish.
Dish #3: Spread the 12 ounces of fertilizer evenly across this dish.
Dish #4: Spread the 12 ounces of calcium chloride evenly across
this dish.
Dish #5: Spread the 12 ounces of cat litter evenly across this dish.
Dish #6: Spread the 12 ounces of sand evenly across this dish.
Step #2:
Use your stopwatch to determine how long it takes for each
material to melt the ice. Record your observations. Did the road salt melt the ice the quickest? Rank the materials in order from the dish that melted the fastest to the slowest. Do you think that road salt is most effective material to use on icy roads? Why or why not?
Step #3:
You may want to take pictures during the melting process.
Pictures will help you document your observations as well as validate your results and conclusions.
Summary of Results:
The materials that were spread across each dish cause the freezing point to lower. This in effect caused the ice to melt. Road salt is
used on icy roads because it is the most effective and also the safest for the environment.
What Should Be on the Tombstone of Gifted Education? Part 5: Writing the Tombstone
In Part 4, the focus was on extracurricular activities and their lack of use in gifted education today. While all students would benefit from the extension of knowledge into social issues, gifted students are those that are most likely to attain positions of influence and their ability to solve social issues should be at the heart of their educational plans. These experiences could take several forms from shadowing doctors or engineers, conducting research in any number of areas, reporting that research to the professional community, or aiding in the design of urban planning or alternative methods of planning. Any experience that forces gifted children to incorporate learned knowledge and integrate this knowledge into their moral structure solves the issue of whether or not the knowledge learned is truly understood and can be utilized effectively.
As the facts in Part's 1-4 are examined, it is not hard to figure out why gifted education programs are not being funded or being closed completely. The education of gifted students actually requires more time and resources than the traditional student. If those resources and money were spent on the traditional school, many more students could have their test scores raised and their political clout (test scores) would remain intact. Not only are resources an issue in teaching the gifted, the administrator's attitudes toward them also is changed by these very same test scores. It is assumed that the gifted will do well on their own so they are left to their own devices to prepare for state tests.
Identification of the gifted student also raises issues in housing these students, how districts will pay for their education, and what types of special curriculum will be used to train these students. Since most districts house gifted students in a single facility rather than providing each school an individual program, many students go unidentified as gifted. This limits the resources that are spent trying to educate these students. Identification of the gifted also raises issues involving just how far a district curriculum or teaching resources will go to be sure the student is educated. Extended experiences are required to be sure that knowledge is processed and incorporated into the student's foundation of understanding.
So, what should go on the tombstone of gifted education? Gifted education is not dead yet but with the overreliance on state testing the allocation of resources into its preparation, gifted education has one foot in the grave and a headstone should be carved in anticipation of the end. In preparation, I suggest the headstone read as such:
Here Lies Gifted Education
Shot in the Back by State Testing
Mourned by Everyone, Missed by None
A New Definition of Science – The Textual Foundation That Represents the Real World
The Wikipedia defines science as follows. Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Definitions from various sources has to do with knowledge, investigation, study, observation, experimentation, laws, structure, behavior, explanation and systematicity.
They describe science and scientific activities, instead of pointing out what the enterprise is. What science looks like? They also don't point out what enables science, why and how humans obtain the capability to advance in science. They describe the appearances and many facets of science but don't make known the nature of science. We are going to find out.
After writing some articles on relations between written language and science, it is time for us to provide a new, text-based definition of science, which is important as a basis for carrying out future discussions of related issues. We have already proposed in previous papers that written language is the foundation of science.
The idea to exclude non-texts
We consider written language as the core of science, while non-texts are the goals, materials and occurrences.
Certainly, scientific activities include both texts and non-texts. Both are indispensable, with non-texts seem to be the real things. Without non-texts, the world wouldn't exist, not to mention science. However, judging by the properties, we now decided to exclude non-texts from science. Otherwise, science would include virtually all information we can experience. That might lead to uncertainty, vagueness, misunderstanding, chaos and confusion.
Furthermore, we learn science mainly from books and papers. The achievement of scientists is judged by their publications. Some great discoveries are incidental. But they must be fitted into the existing textual framework to become part of the science.
When science is defined based on texts, its nature and properties will be well presented. Science-related investigations will be provided a clear basis. In fact, this definition doesn't contradict with the common definitions, since texts constitute the systematic enterprise which supports the functions science fulfills.
The non-scientific texts
Texts are omnipresent in our lives, recording everything. But only a portion of them is considered scientific texts. The scientific or non-scientific texts are not different in that they are symbolic and sequential. Although they possess the capability of being science, they do not necessarily fulfil the function.
Descriptive texts
Texts of literature, narrative, fictions, art, instruction, music, advertisement, daily conversation, chatting message, etc. are descriptive and conveying. The sake of them is to describe the non-textual reality, which are the goal, in the center and being emphasized. This kind of texts are important in documenting, communicating the events, understanding of which are not reliant on the texts. The texts are peripheral to the non-texts and not attempting to build their own foundation. On the contrary, scientific texts are needed to understand the phenomena because of the properties of texts and the difficulties in observing the phenomena.
Mentalistic texts
This kind of texts are foundational but don't represent facts. Collectively, we call them mentalistic texts. They include texts of religion, ethical belief, moral concept, philosophy, and pseudoscience. They tend to center on texts, but are not based on facts, based on vague facts or only reflect biased facts. Representing reality is not their goal. Nor are they intended to be verified. Subjectivity is an element common to this kind of texts. It is some kind of description or insistence on one's own thought, opinion and argument, refraining from changes, rejecting challenges or denying their failure to account for the facts.
Although these texts don't aim to represent reality, most of them are derived from facts or imaginations. They serve as an emotional need, spontaneous mental behavior and alternatives


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Gene manipulation that created sleek and trim roundworms may ultimately help scientists develop new obesity treatments.
A Harvard biologist identified about 400 roundworm genes related to fat production and storage. His team then turned off about 300. He says the experiments left the worms "thin and happy." When the researchers turned off the over 100 genes, the worms gained weight.
The researcher says people and roundworms share about 200 fat storage genes. He says he can't tell if the fat-gene knockout technique would work in people. But he says his genetics research might lead to new obesity drugs.
The study is in the journal Nature.


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Loading Stack -
0 images remaining
Well defined large mass located in left side of neck, specially in carotid and submandibular spaces and causing airway midline shift. On non-contrast images mild calcification is noted at inner portion of the mass.
After contrast injection, marked enhancement of the mass is seen with some areas of hypodensity which can be due to necrotic changes. Common carotid artery and main branches encased with the mass, but there is no evidence of vascular invasion. Several lymphadenopathies also is seen at adjacent neck spaces.
Fatty replacement of left half of the tongue is consistent of hypoglossal nerve involvement.


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he will use a 2nd bam step to get out of the break.
This technique will be used this for sluggo, hitch n'go, and stop n'go routes versus press or soft-press defenders. The receiver will take an outside release to help set-up the push-by technique. He will use a few brake steps to slow down, turn his head back, and place his inside hand on the defender's back to sell the push-by. He will then use his outside hand to push-by the defender in the opposite direction as he continues vertically.
This technique will be used when running hitch n' go or stop n' go routes versus off defenders. The receiver will sink his hips and drop his weight as he uses 2 brake steps to sell the square cut. After his 2 brake steps, he will raise back up and re-accelerate as he continues vertically.
WR Route-Running Checklist
Here's a table showing how the receiver should adjust their stance, release/start, and stem depending upon the type of defender they are attacking:
This table shows how the receiver should adjust their break point depending upon the position they have on the DB:
As I mentioned earlier in the article, there is a lot of different terminology out there for techniques discussed in this article, but that is irrelevant, what is important is that the coach defines the techniques they are going to teach so that they are operating under the same language as their players. There are also other methods of breaking down and teaching route running, but I believe that the system outlined above can be very effective as it gives structure and defines different techniques yet also gives receivers freedom to choose how they will combine various techniques.


(2), but not (3), as there is no simple formula which expresses \(y\) in terms of \(x\).
7. Let \(y\) be defined as the denominator of \(x\) when \(x\) is expressed in its lowest terms. This is an example of a function which is defined if and only if \(x\) is rational. Thus \(y = 7\) if \(x = -11/7\): but \(y\) is not defined for \(x = \sqrt{2}\), 'the denominator of \(\sqrt{2}\)' being a meaningless form of words.
8. Let \(y\) be defined as the height in inches of policeman \(Cx\), in the Metropolitan Police, at 5.30 P.M. on 8 Aug. 1907. Then \(y\) is defined for a certain number of integral values of \(x\), viz. \(1\), \(2\), …, \(N\), where \(N\) is the total number of policemen in division \(C\) at that particular moment of time.
 1. I borrow this instructive example from Prof. H. S. Carslaw's Introduction to the Calculus.↩
$\leftarrow$ Chapter I Main Page 21. The graphical representation of functions $\rightarrow$


How Personality Fuels Your Eating Disorder and Recovery with Carolyn Costin, LMFT
Carolyn Costin sitting in nature next to a tree
Own the traits you have and know how to use them for your best good. – Carolyn Costin, LMFT
According to world-renowned clinician and author Carolyn Costin, LMFT, Founder of Monte Nido and The Carolyn Costin Institute, people with eating disorders often share similar personality traits, such as being anxious, perfectionistic, controlling, rigid, impulsive, and/or compulsive. Rather than blaming your genetic predispositions for fueling your eating disorder and rejecting these traits, she shares how to use them to shine, even during times of crisis.
In this episode of The Recovery Warrior Show, Carolyn dives into many concepts from her book 8 Keys to Recovery from an Eating Disorder such as the importance of detaching worth from ego, learning acceptance, and how to reduce suffering during difficult times.
Subscribe to The Recovery Warrior Show on iTunes, Stitcher or Spotify
What You'll Learn from Carolyn Costin
 - How to shift your personality traits from darkness to light.
 - Why differentiating your "ED Self" from your "Healthy Self" is vital.
 - How the practice of acceptance vs. resistance can help you recover.
 - Why hating your eating disorder is not the answer and how working with it can help you heal.
 - Why it's important to find a balance between feeling emotions and distracting in a healthy way.
 - What "soul moments" are and how to find them.
Carolyn Costin's Quotables
Your body isn't bad. It's your resistance to your body maybe not being exactly what you want it to be. That's what causes the suffering.
Worry is not preparation.
You're not your thoughts. You're not your feelings. You are the wise, presence underneath all of that.
You really are a soul that happens to have a body.
The battle is between you and you. Your eating disorder self and your healthy self. And they are both there. They're both present. And the goal is to strengthen your healthy self but not to hate your eating disorder self and try to get rid of it like it's an awful thing.
Subscribe to The Recovery Warrior Show on iTunes, Stitcher or Spotify
For Your Journey
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Picking Pack – For many manufacturers and distributors, picking packing can be a very expensive activity. It is also an area that can have the greatest impact on customer satisfaction. However, getting a selection process and packing correctly means the difference between ensuring that your client is careful, in good condition and on time – or not. Picking and packing jobs should be done in efficient ways so the customer will be satisfied.
Strategy to Improve Picking Process Efficiency
Let's look at some of the different ways companies can handle the system picking process. The biggest challenge in the capture process is to simplify the movement of the system picker. This is as it moves through the warehouse to meet the largest number of orders in the shortest period. The four most common application strategies include:
- Piece picking
This is probably the easiest way to fire, and this is where most companies start. Orders are chosen one by one as they log on. The process can be as simple as sending a warehouse agent to a warehouse with orders in hand and asking them to take things off the shelf until each order is filled. This process is easy to implement, but is rarely very effective in any case except for a smaller warehouse.
- Batch picking
The warehouse has a little more traffic than you usually need to find a more efficient way to fill orders. For many people, batch plucking is the next logical step. Picking is like a choice but instead of choosing one command at a time, the system picker may meet multiple requests at once. It touches the traffic through the warehouse and allows more requests to be filled up quickly. Because the volume of orders grows, however, it still has restrictions.
- Pickup Area
Pick area recognition Pick up payments and choose not the fastest method to select the system, many hands make light work. In the mapping area, the warehouse is divided into areas or areas. The chooser command is set to select only items from the custom area. If items from multiple regions are required to fill a command, item boxes will move from one region to another until the request is filled. Often, these boxes are moved through the conveyor belt, but can also be done manually.
- Wave Picking
Wave Picking is basically a combination of region collectors and pick up payments. Requests are made in batches, with workers assigned to the area where they will choose the combined system.
To achieve greater efficiency of picking and packing job description, companies may switch to automatic selection. They are using the sorting system method, where the order is actually brought to the picker by the volume and automatic storage, or the box selection method. This is similar to the system sorting method but involves many system users multiple stations, with boxes being transported by tankers between stations. However, automatic selection can be costly. So picking and packing duties should be done perfectly for perfect result.
Strategy to Improve Packing Process Efficiency
The challenge in the packing process is to use the correct size and less number of squares to complete each order in such a way that the shipping cost is reduced. The company need to use the right packaging material to ensure the system arrives in good condition. The order management system can be used to meet these challenges. The system management system manages the information about the size and weight of each item, and the best type of packing material is provided on each item.
When the system is filled, the system management system analyzes the system and automatically selects the right package that will provide shipping costs, maintain minimum damage, and take little time to complete the order. You need to consider above strategies if you want to also take picking and packing jobs from home. Or if you now is looking for a job in Brisbane, you can search for picking and packing jobs Brisbane.
Steps to Make Picking and Packing Process More Efficient
There are some steps you can take to make picking pack process becomes more efficient. You need to follow these steps:
- Reduce Touches
When the system is taken and packaged, ideally it should only be touched once throughout the process. To achieve this, the system must be fault-free and properly packaged the first time, moving directly from the rack to the box to the truck without having to transport it to and from load or refill it to smaller or larger containers. Reducing this type of rework helps to make the selection and packaging process more efficient.
- Improve your storage strategy
How and where you can store your product in the warehouse directly affects the efficiency of capture. Then, this is the area to know when trying to speed up your process. The most common storage strategies are random storage (where items are set to anywhere to be opened), storage based on size (where items are ordered on demand and due to proper storage locations. The most frequently used items are stored in the nearest plant station to minimize worker movement). If you use a random storage strategy, rearranging your warehouse based on size or tier-based system can help to ease traffic within the warehouse and speed up your pickup process.
- Consider choosing different strategies
Most companies start with manual cutting, but as they grow, they feel that this strategy cannot accommodate traffic and larger volume in the warehouse. Display areas, load batches or waves, along with some automation degree is a logical development to support further growth and efficiency of picking pack.
- Minimize movement
Walking around the barn every day makes people tired, people who are tired of making mistakes. To maximize the efficiency and accuracy of the system, find ways to reduce the number of trips around your warehouse you must make. Storage and retrieval strategies will have a direct impact. So if you use manual sniping strategies and random storage strategies, switching to region-based, volume-based or class-based storage systems can allow you to reduce travel.
The process of picking pack is complex, and its success ultimately depends on getting a number of right factors. Design your warehouse, the technology and equipment you use. Consider how your warehouse items are stored, the way you pick a picker through the warehouse, the strategy of criticizing your order, how you pack, organize and prepare your order along with many others. Those factors play a role in whether the selection and package process generates the appropriate and happy customer system.


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There's a company named Rakuten in Japan, which introduced "Englishnization" a couple of years ago. They adopted an internal policy where all the employees are expected to speak English as an official language. They coined this somewhat bold move as "Englishnization".
My question is whether this new term is acceptable or not. Some people say that the 'n' in the middle is quite awkward, and it should have been "Englishization"(without n).
I understand that neither:
 - Englishization
 - Englishnization
is accepted as broadly. I am just wondering which makese more sense to coin a new term. IMHO, the fact that Englishization has an entry on Wiktionary: _URL_ does not make this one more acceptable.
share|improve this question
4 Answers 4
up vote 27 down vote accepted
There is already a word for converting something to English:
Anglicization /Anglicisation (AmE/BrE)
1 : to make English in quality or characteristics
2 : to adapt (a foreign word, name, or phrase) to English usage: as a : to alter to a characteristic English form, sound, or spelling b : to convert (a name) to its English equivalent
It is almost only ever used to refer to the conversion of words or names, but it only needs a slight expansion of its meaning to cover the conversion of all business communication in a company.
A slight broadening of an existing word, in a way that is consistent with its history and existing usage, seems much preferable than coining a new, awkward phrase.
However! I'm not a Japanese speaker. What is acceptable depends on who has to accept it, so what word is acceptable for this idea is ultimately up to the people who use it. A Japanese speaker unfamiliar with the "English"/"Angle" transformation would probably find "Anglicization" unintuitive, and the n following the sh in "Englishnization" may well be roll off the tongue better for someone coming from a language in which a syllable-final sh doesn't exist and the only syllable-final consonant is n. As it is Japanese workers and companies who are the target demographic that is being sold on the concept, what a Western English speaker thinks might be irrelevant. Not knowing the agenda of Rakuten intimately, I can't be certain.
So, the short version:
 - If you are asking what is most acceptable to a Western ear, either "Anglicization" or "Englishization" is what you want.
 - If you are asking what is most acceptable to a Japanese ear, I cannot say for certain – but I would not be surprised if "Englishnization" becomes most accepted.
 - If you are asking what is most acceptable to both, then you want to compromise and choose "Englishization", no n.
share|improve this answer
I'd upvote this but Anglisization with an S cannot be right (and the initial link demonstrates that). Full marks for consistency, but it's consistently wrong. Anglicisation or Anglicization, with a C. – Andrew Leach Sep 10 '12 at 7:05
But that's a different meaning. The enterprise wasn't anglicising Japanese words, nor were they necessarily anglicising themselves as a company (which would imply changing the company's culture etc.). Rather, they were adopting English as an official language. I don't think this action is comprised in the meanings of "anglicisation" but even if it were, there are sufficient causes for confusion to avoid using this word here. – Konrad Rudolph Sep 10 '12 at 14:08
^ That is an excellent point. "Anglicization" means taking something and making it more "English-y", but "English(n)ization" apparently means adding English to the corporate culture. The meanings are similar, but distinct enough that when discussing this particular phenomenon, even in a western context, it might be better to use "Englishization" to distinguish it from the different kinds of things associated with "Anglicization". – alcas Sep 10 '12 at 14:52
_USER_ TRiG graciously fixed that for me. I can only blame the infernally-tiny screen of my phone and being drowsy when I wrote it. – SevenSidedDie Sep 10 '12 at 16:20
_USER_ Yes, it's a different meaning. That's why I wrote about the broadening of words, and "acceptability" rather than "correctness". If the asker wants correctness they'd be out of luck, as no such word exists. Fortunately, they asked about acceptability, which opens the door to the invention of new words or new meanings for existing ones. – SevenSidedDie Sep 10 '12 at 16:23
If one has to choose one of those two alternatives, Englishization is certainly better, as it is simply the root word, English, attached to the suffix, -ization.
There ARE examples of words in which a consonant is inserted between the rood word and -ization: for example, drama + -ization = dramatization. This is to break up the awkward string of vowels (or, in more linguistic terms, to make sure that every syllable has an onset) that would exist in *dramaization. But there is no similar process that would motivate adding an extraneous n to Englishization.
Therefore, my answer is: if you need to attach -ization to English, the only possibility is Englishization. However, as you noted in your question, that word is also not widely used (a Google search for it turns up extremely few results). The "real word" for that concept is anglicization.
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There is, however, a process in Japanese that adds n in the coda in such cases. – SevenSidedDie Sep 10 '12 at 6:12
What do you mean? The [n] in Englishnization is in the onset: en-glish-ni-za-tion. – alcas Sep 10 '12 at 6:13
That doesn't make any sense - the sh is already the onset in the version without the n: en-gli-shi-za-tion (which would be something like イングリシゼション or in-gu-ri-shi-ze-shon when converted to good Japanese syllable-structure). I'm not a Japanese speaker, really, but I've studied Japanese and Japanese linguistics, and I'm pretty sure there's no Japanese phonological reason to add an n to that word. Adding an n is basically creating a consonant cluster, after all, which is the opposite of what Japanese does to loanwords (it breaks up consonan t clusters). – alcas Sep 10 '12 at 6:30
But in any case, the original question was which makes more sense in English. – alcas Sep 10 '12 at 6:33
Although I can't explain the linguistical/phonetical dynamics at work here, Englishnization(with n) sounds much better to my ear as a native Japanese speaker. I guess this is because we have so many loanwords from English that end with -nization. But, yes, my question was which sounds better for English speakers, not Japanese. It was quite interesting and also nice that you all should have considered how Japanese native speakers might feel. – knsmr Sep 10 '12 at 8:59
I think anglification rolls off the tongue rather nicely.
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Personally I would go with either,
 - Englishization.
 - Englishinization.
Adding the extra vowel sound before the 'n' makes it sound better.
Here's a list of words ending with 'zation', notice that most of the words ending in 'nization' have a vowel before the 'n.'
Of the two, I think the first one looks better in a written text, but I think the second one sounds better when spoken aloud.
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protected by RegDwigнt Sep 10 '12 at 9:24
Would you like to answer one of these unanswered questions instead?


update primary record data to secondary records? In addition, the same data ID or trace ID may be used in multiple primary records due to a lack of standardization across business departments.
Primary data is correlated to secondary data by the dataId and traceId fields. Therefore, a data update based on the update_by_query command will be invalid and incorrect if primary data and secondary data arrive at the operation log system at the same time. In addition, primary data and secondary data may be correlated to each other on a many-to-many basis, and therefore the dataId and traceId fields are not the unique identifiers of a record.
In fact, Elasticsearch is also a NoSQL database that supports key-value caching. Therefore, you can create an Elasticsearch index to serve as an intermediate cache that caches primary data or secondary data, whichever arrives first. The _id element of the index consists of the dataId and traceId fields. This allows you to find the ID of the primary or secondary data record by using an intermediate ID. Most index data models are structured as follows, where the detailId field is the _id array record of the secondary index.
 "dataId": 1,
 "traceId": "abc",
 "moduleCode": "crm_01",
 "operationId": 100,
 "operationName": "Zhang San",
 "departmentId": 1000,
 "departmentName": "Account Department",
 "operationContent": "Visit clients",
 "detailId": [
As mentioned above, primary records and secondary records are both stored on a Kafka shard. This allows you to call the following core Elasticsearch APIs to pull data in batches:
# Query records in secondary indexes in bulk
# Insert in bulk
# Delete intermediate temporary indexes in bulk
Migration Procedure
1. Migrate Data
Here, we use DataX as the data synchronization tool based on the following factors:
 - Historical data: Operation log records are historical data that rarely need further modification once generated, making them similar to offline data.
 - Non-continuous migration: When the project is completed, the original MongoDB cluster is completely terminated and no secondary migration is required.
 - Data volume: The original MongoDB operation logs amount to billions of entries.
Therefore, the migration must be processed at an appropriate speed. An excessively fast migration leads to performance problems for the MongoDB cluster, while an excessively slow migration prolongs the project and increases O&M costs and complexity. If this is not an issue, you can select Hadoop as an intermediate platform for migration.
 - Scenario-based modifications of the DataX source code: DataX allows you to modify the source code to suit different scenarios, such as date type conversion and generation or mapping of primary index key _id fields. It also supports repeated synchronization.
 - Multi-instance and multi-thread operations in parallel: Synchronization of primary data and synchronization of secondary data are both deployed on multiple instances, and each instance is configured with multiple channels.
2. Configure Migration Indexes
Run the following command to temporarily modify some index settings, and then revert them when data is synchronized:
 "index.number_of_replicas": 0,
 "index.refresh_interval": "30s",
 "index.translog.flush_threshold_size": "1024M"
 "index.translog.durability": "async",
 "index.translog.sync_interval": "5s"
3. Migrate Applications
The operation log project is built by using Springboot, with the following custom configuration items added:
# Write flag mongodb in applications
writeflag.mongodb: true
# Write flag elasticsearch in applications
writeflag.elasticsearch: true
Project-based modifications:
 - When the project goes online for the first time, set the two write tags to true to enable double-write for MongoDB and Elasticsearch.
 - Two different read interfaces are provided for flexible frontend switching.
 - When data migration is completed and no difference exists, revert the values of the flags.
1. Benefits of Migration
By replacing a MongoDB storage database with Elasticsearch, we can use three Elasticsearch servers to do the work of 15 MongoDB servers, significantly reducing corporate costs each month. In addition, the query performance improved more than 10 times over, and the system provides better support for a variety of queries. This is a great help to the business department, O&M team, and company leaders.
2. Lessons Learned
The whole project took several months, and many colleagues participated in its design, R&D, data migration, testing, data verification, and stress testing. This technical solution was not designed all at once. Instead, it is the result of trial and error. Elasticsearch has many excellent technical features. Only flexible use can maximize its power.
About the Author
Li Meng is an Elasticsearch Stack user and a certified Elasticsearch engineer. Since his first explorations into Elasticsearch in 2012, he has gained in-depth experience in the development, architecture, and operation and maintenance (O&M) of the Elastic Stack and has carried out a variety of large and mid-sized projects. He provides enterprises with Elastic Stack consulting, training, and tuning services. He has years of practical experience and is an expert in various technical fields, such as big data, machine learning, and system architecture.
Declaration: This article is reproduced with authorization from Li Meng, the original author. The author reserves the right to hold users legally liable in the case of unauthorized use.
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See How Pivotel Is Making a Difference | Pivotel Preparedness Center
Satellite Network Types
What are the different types of satellite networks?
There are different kinds of satellite networks designed for various tasks. Mobile satellite telecommunications services use two types of satellite network - Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and Geostationary (GEO).
Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellite Networks
Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks are made up of a constellation of small satellites that orbit the Earth in a series of planes. In each plane, several satellites follow each other as they orbit the Earth, and the planes run parallel to each other to provide the radio coverage that is used for the services. The orbiting pattern of LEO satellite networks means that the individual satellites in the constellation are continually moving relative to the Earth's surface.
From most locations, it is possible to see one or more LEO satellites at any time. Sometimes they may be blocked by physical barriers such as buildings or mountains that block the signal path to the satellite, however, because LEO satellites are always moving the satellites may move out from behind the physical barrier after a few seconds or minutes providing a clear radio path between the user terminal and the satellite.
LEO satellite networks are well suited to mobile applications, where you need to use the service while on the move.
External antennas used on vehicles, vessels, and aircraft are generally smaller and relatively inexpensive on LEO satellite networks compared to Geostationary satellite antennas. LEO satellites are also much closer to the Earth (800-1,400 km) than Geostationary satellites (approximately 36,000 km), so latency or voice delay in the network can be considerably less.
Pivotel products that use LEO satellite networks include all Iridium, inReach, SPOT and Globalstar satellite solutions.
Geostationary (GEO) Satellite Networks
Geostationary satellite networks utilize a smaller number of satellites, and each satellite provides satellite coverage to a fixed area of the Earth. Geostationary satellites are generally located above the equator and follow the Earth's orbit which means each Geostationary satellite stays in the same place relative to the Earth's surface.
Geostationary satellites are generally larger and require more power than LEO satellites as they need to cover a much larger area of the Earth's surface.
Geostationary satellites generally have superior data bandwidth, but since the satellites are around 36,000 km above the Earth will experience greater latency or voice delay than LEO satellites. When using Geostationary satellite phones and terminals in a mobile environment it is preferable to have a high elevation angle, so these terminals work better closer to the center of the coverage area.
If you require the data bandwidth of a Geostationary satellite service as well as mobility, there are sophisticated antenna options available.
Pivotel products that use GEO satellite networks include all Inmarsat and Thuraya satellite solutions.


text:
Question: Today I saw a creature in a large cocoon made of sticks. Its head was black and orange, but the rest of it was inside the cocoon. Can you tell me what it was, whether it's a native species and how it made its spectacular home?
Answer: Thank you for contacting the Discovery Centre at Melbourne Museum about the creature you saw in a cocoon of sticks. It is difficult for us to give you a definitive identification without seeing a photograph or the animal itself, but the creature you've described sounds very much like the native Saunders' Case Moth, Metura elongatus.
Case moths spin their cases out of silk and most species attach leaves, twigs, sand or soil to the outside for protection and camouflage. There are a number of different species and each species builds a distinctive-looking case. However, as individual case moths use whatever materials are available to them, there can be considerable variation in the appearance of cases within a species.
The Saunders' Case Moth is one of the largest species of case moths in Australia – their cases can be as large as 15cm long. Individuals of this species cover their cases with little pieces of twigs. They poke the front end of their bodies out the top of their case to feed, collect case decorations, and cling to surfaces as they move about.
As they grow, Saunders' Case Moths expand their cases from the top (head) end, adding additional twigs as they go. They do this by cutting off appropriately-sized twigs, attaching them temporarily to the top of the case and then disappearing inside to cut a slit where they plan to attach the new stick. This is no mean feat. Case moth cocoons are incredibly tough; cutting a slit for a new stick can take over an hour!
Case moths spend most of their lives in the caterpillar phase; this part of their life cycle can last 1-2 years. As caterpillars, they never leave their cases. However, they can be very mobile, dragging their large cocoons along as they move around. If they feel threatened they can seal off the end of the cocoon, cutting a new opening once the threat has passed. The females continue to live in their cases after they've pupated into adult moths, but the males leave their cases after pupation to fly off in search of females.
Hi Brett - It would be best to relocate the Moth by hanging it in a sheltered area (tree etc) not far from where it was found. If it isn't pupating it can easily find its way back to the foliage where it originated. There is no easy way to know for sure if pupation is occurring short of destroying the case, so it would be best just to leave it where it is. If it doesn't move for an extended period of time pupation may be occurring, in which case the only way to catch it if it is a male would be to place the case into a dry aerated container and check it each daily. We hope this helps!
If the case moth hasn't moved on yet you could try if you have a pair of tweezers to try and gently hold the very end of the case where it meets the tent and try to apply gentle pulling pressure and see if it will let go. Don't grab the case moth anywhere but at the very end of the case as you may well squash it. Once you have it off, just place it on a nearby tree. Good Luck.
Hi Frances. Perhaps follow the instructions for moving the case moth that we have previously posted for Caroline. Carefully move the case moth and place it in a nearby tree. Good Luck!
Hi Isabella, they are great insects to watch. The Museum has not reared this species before but apparently the pupation period can last from a couple of weeks to a couple of months depending on the season and weather. After this period if the insects are males the adult moths will emerge to fly off looking for females. If the individuals are females they will remain in their case, (they emerge from pupation as a wingless adult), and wait for males to find them. Good Luck with your case moth.
Hi Anita - A Case Moth caterpillar will remain in its case for several weeks if not months as it feeds and grows. Sometimes they will apparently close off the case for a few days and then move on to feed elsewhere. It's only when the caterpillar is finished feeding that it permanently seals off the case to pupate within. If it turns into a male it will, after pupating, leave through the bottom of the case and go off in search of a female. The females are wingless and so emerge from the pupa and remain within the case for the rest of their lives.
Unfortunately, the caterpillars are heavily parasitised by tiny black wasps, which take a heavy toll. In order to follow the fate of this particular caterpillar you'd need to monitor its progress closely as most of the action occurs unseen within the case.
Hi Boggabilla Central School Year 1 class, I am glad that the information on our website was of interest to you and helped you to learn about what you had found. As you can see we have received a large number of comments and questions about the case moth. The Museum is not currently rearing this species but other readers of this website may be interested in anything you find out about the case moths you are finding and looking after. So please feel free to post any interesting or unusual actions or behaviours that you think other readers may find useful.
Hi Julz, I think you'll find that some others have asked similar questions, this was our response: apparently the pupation period can last from a couple of weeks to a couple of months depending on the season and weather.
Hi Sam, if the insects are still on the bush are you able to take a couple of good quality images and email them to _EMAIL_ so we can attempt to see what species they are and provide some information.
Hi Karel, It sounds like a caddisfly and it could be in the family Limnephilidae, which has quite large larvae and is really only seen above about 1000m. If you have an image, send it in and we get the Entomology staff to take a look.
Dale - The creature is a Case Moth (probably Oiketicus elongatus). Case Moth caterpillars build a silken case which they often line with short twigs, and they live in this case and carry it around throughout the caterpillar stage, enlarging it as they grow. The caterpillar will poke its head out to feed, and when not feeding retreats back into the case and seals up the entrance.
If you want to keep it, you can feed it cut branches from a range of plants in the garden to see which one it likes best.
When it is finished feeding and ready to pupate, it seals up the case permanently and turns into a pupa. It will stay like this for several months and emerge as an adult in the spring. Males are small brown moths and fly away as soon as they emerge, but females are wingless and remain in the case throughout their adult lives.
Hi Bernadette, if you take it to show and tell make sure you handle it gently and try not to squeeze it as you may damage the insect inside. If you have to apply pressure try to always do this at the very ends of the case. After show and tell you could put it back where you found it, (or nearby), and let the pupation continue.
Hi Carrie, apparently the pupation period can last from a couple of weeks to a couple of months depending on the season and weather. After this period if the insects are males the adult moths will emerge to fly off looking for females. If the individuals are females they will remain in their case, (they emerge from pupation as a wingless adult), and wait for males to find them.
Hi Lisa, don't be too concerned about the case moth. These insects can be quite mobile and if it is not getting the nutrition it requires from the tree it is currently on it will move to a new food source. Enjoy watching her.
Hi Helen, the pupation period can be a few weeks to a few months, depending on the season and the weather. So if it has only been a couple of days since you saw the larva it is very unlikely that it could have pupated in that time.
We are not aware of there being any serious risk of infection resulting from handling case moths. However, there are some caterpillars in other moth families which possess hairs capable of causing irritation. Your son should avoid handling any furry or hairy looking caterpillars or any cocoons that look to have a spiky or hairy appearance, see the link below.
I hope your doctor was able to confirm for you the cause of the eye infection and that your son is well.
Hi Royce. If the case hasn't moved for a week it's likely that its previous owner has already flown away!
Hi Faerie, Saunders Case Moth larvae feed on tea trees, eucalypts, paperbarks, silver wattle and many other plants including garden ornamentals. The female Saunders Case Moth don't leave their cocoons after pupation, whereas the males emerge from the cocoon and fly to find females to mate with. So if you had 2 caterpillars they would not have been trying to mate. I haven't heard of them being territorial either, so I am not sure what was behind the behaviour that you observed.
Hi Martin and Karen,
We have never read anything or heard from anyone that these case moths actually smell. The Museum is


Kimochi Book: Cat's Not-So-Perfect Sandcastle
Product Number : KI-11
Irresistible Toys With Feelings Inside
Kimochi means "feeling" in Japanese, and that's what these adorable characters and related teaching materials are all about. Each plush character (Cloud, Cat, Bug, Lovey Dove, and Huggtopus) helps children recognize and communicate feelings and comes with three little "pillows" that can be tucked inside a belly pouch. Each pillow has a feeling named on one side and a drawing expressing that feeling on the other side. Extra pillows representing different emotions are also available (in packs of 6 or 33). Constructed of soft polar fleece, these cuddly critters help little ones identify and understand their feelings.
The Kimochis Teacher's Tool Kit includes five plush characters, 29 feelings pillows, a Parent Guide, and a beautifully designed, unbelievably useful Teacher's Manual, brimming with lessons, activities, teachable moments, games, and reproducibles—everything you need to teach emotional intelligence.
In addition, three Kimochis books, Cloud's Best Worst Day Ever, Bug Makes a Splash!, and Cat's Not-So-Perfect Sandcastle offer captivating illustrations and charming stories that reinforce feelings awareness.


text:
The Casamance River
flows westward for the most part into the Atlantic Ocean
along a path about 200 miles
(320 km) in length. However, only 80 miles (130 km) of it are navigable. The Casamance is the principal river of the Kolda
and Ziguinchor Regions
in the southern portion of Senegal
between The Gambia
. The two regions are also collectively known as Casamance
after the river.
There is a ferry at Ziguinchor in Senegal, one of the most important towns on the river. Other important towns/villages on its banks include Goudomp, Sediou, Diattakounda, Tanae, and Kolda.
The next significant estuary to the south is the Farim River in Guinea-Bissau, and to the north, the River Gambia, namesake of The Gambia.
- Much of this article is a translation from the French language Wikipedia article Casamance.


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Re: dot '.', comma ',' operators "oops" & "huh?"
by Abigail-II (Bishop)
on Aug 22, 2003 at 21:53 UTC ( #285935=note: print w/ replies, xml ) Need Help??
in reply to Re: Re: dot '.', comma ',' operators "oops" & "huh?"
in thread dot '.', comma ',' operators "oops" & "huh?"
The comma is still constructing a list, that simply has nowhere to go.
No, sir, it does not. To quote merlyn: There are no lists in scalar context. And to repeat my code fragment:
#!/usr/bin/perl use strict; use warnings; sub context { print wantarray? "LIST\n" : "SCALAR\n" } my _USER_ = (context, context); my $a = (context, context); __END__ LIST LIST SCALAR SCALAR
If the comma would construct a list in scalar context, could you please explain why the code above prints SCALAR twice?
in scalar context, the list constructor creates a list
Repeat after me: There are no lists in scalar context.
The operator isn't overloaded for each possible context.
This is Perl, not C++. Operators aren't overloaded by itself, although they might if one of their operands is an object. But that's not the case we are discussing. The comma operator does, however, behave different in scalar than in list context. man perlop clearly discusses the two cases:
Comma Operator Binary "," is the comma operator. In scalar context it evaluates its left argument, throws that value away, then evaluates its right argument and returns that value. This is just like C's comma operator. In list context, it's just the list argument separator, and inserts both its arguments into the list.
Note how it does not talk about lists when discussing the comma operator in scalar context.
It's operating on the list, but the list's subjects aren't being assigned except for the last one, because there's only one slot for them to fit into.
Then explain this warning:
$ perl -wle'my $a = (2, 3)' Useless use of a constant in void context at -e line 1.
Note how it says void context. Make sure that your explaination also explains why the following doesn't give a warning:
$ perl -wle'my ($a) = (2, 3)'
Here's an example:
my $a = ( ++$x, ++$y );
But both sides were evaluated as is evidenced by the fact that both $x and $y incremented.
That both sides are being evaluated isn't what's being discussed. The comma in scalar context evaluates both operands, and that's what we are seeing here. But evaluating both operands does not make a list - addition evaluates both operands as well, and that doesn't create a list either.
my $x; my ( $a, $b, $c ) = ( ++$x, ++$x, ++$x, ++$x ); print "$a, $b, $c\n";
That's undefined behaviour. Perhaps you want something like:
my $x = 1; my $y = 2; my $z = 3; my $w = 4; my ($a, $b, $c) = (++ $x, ++ $y, ++ $z, ++ $w); print "$a, $b, $c\n"; __END__ 2, 3, 4
Note that the comma operator is now in list context, and that $a, $b and $c are assigned to the first three elements of the list.
I guess my point to all this is that the commas construct lists in both list and scalar context,
There's no list in scalar context.
but a list is only returned in scalar context.
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text:
The myth that 10 percent of children the product of 'non-paternity events' is rather persistent. I have no idea why, but I do know that even biologists accept it. But how we can we continue to accept this when surnames can provide population genetic information 400 years after the fact? The population of Belgium is famously divided between Latinate Walloons and Germanic Flemings. But is notable that a substantial number of Flemings carry surnames of clear Romance origin. This is in large part due to acculturation. Nevertheless, even 400 years after the largest of the migration and assimilation events males with Romance-origin surnames reflect their genetic background:
If non-paternity events occurred at a rate of 1 out of 10 the correlation between surnames and genetic lineage would have been decoupled long ago. These results have been confirmed in other societies. I predict that low non-paternity rates will also be confirmed in China; as that nation has a long history of surnames. Of course, one might posit a scenario where males who are the products of non-paternity events tend to be less fit than those who are not, so over the long term these estimates based on present day Y chromosomal lineages may not be appropriate reflective of the frequency of events at some point in the past.