text:
just don't work right. You see, LEDs thrive on consistency. Feed them with a steady diet of stable power supply and they'll shine bright for years.
But what happens when that power supply starts fluctuating? Imagine trying to run a marathon while someone keeps changing the gravity level. One moment you're light as a feather; the next you're heavy as lead. That's what an unstable power supply does to an LED strip light.
Fluctuating Power: A Light's Worst Nightmare
Fluctuating power supplies are like kryptonite to LED lights. They wreak havoc on their life expectancy, chopping it down faster than a lumberjack with an axe.
The correlation here is simple: quality power supplies equal longer lifespans for your LEDs. It's like comparing fresh organic produce with fast food – one clearly leads to better health outcomes than the other.
Overdriving the LEDs with high voltage is another way we often unintentionally damage them. Think about it like this: your LED light is a small boat in calm waters (stable voltage). Suddenly, a huge wave (high voltage) comes crashing in from nowhere! This overdrive can cause serious damage leading to reduced lifespan or even immediate failure!
Here are some tips:
- Always use quality power supplies designed for LED lights.
- Avoid exposing your LEDs to high-voltage surges.
- Regularly check your lighting setup for any signs of instability or fluctuations.
So if you've been wondering "how long do led strip lights last?", look no further than your power supply situation! Remember folks, treat those LED strip lights right and they'll return the favor by lasting longer and performing better!
Effect of Heat on LED Strip Lights
LEDs, like any electronic device, generate heat. But don't mistake them for your old incandescent bulbs that could double up as mini heaters! LEDs are much cooler. However, they're not entirely immune to the laws of physics. Let's dive into how heat impacts these little light wonders.
The Heat Generation in LEDs
LEDs produce light by a process called electroluminescence. It's a fancy term for saying that when electricity passes through a material (in this case, a semiconductor), it emits light. As cool as it sounds, this process isn't 100% efficient. Some energy inevitably gets lost as heat.
Now, you might think, "So what? All electronics get hot." Well, here's the kicker – unlike other electronics where heat is just an inconvenient byproduct; in LEDs, it can directly affect their performance and lifespan.
Heat: A Light Dimmer and Color Changer
Excessive heat negatively impacts an LED strip light's output and color quality. It's like running a marathon in scorching weather – you'll tire out faster and probably won't perform at your best.
Too much heat can cause an LED to dim prematurely or alter its color rendering index (CRI). Over time, you might notice your bright white lights turning yellowish or even reddish – not exactly what you signed up for!
The Lifesaver: Proper Heat Dissipation
The key to extending the lifespan of your LED strip lights lies in proper thermal management or more specifically – effective use of a heat sink. Think of it as the AC unit for your LEDs.
A good heat sink absorbs excess thermal energy from the LED chips and dissipates it into the surrounding environment. This keeps operating temperatures low and ensures consistent light output and color quality over time.
Here are some popular types of heat sinks:
- Aluminum extrusion
- Stamped metal
- Cast metal
Each has its pros and cons but remember – anything beats letting your LEDs cook themselves to death!
High Temperatures = Shorter Lifespans
The relationship between higher operating temperatures and shorter lifespans is straightforward – hotter equals shorter lifespan. Just imagine leaving ice cream out in summer; we all know how that ends!
In fact, for every 10°C increase in temperature at the junction (the part where electricity enters), an LED's life expectancy drops by about half! So if you want those strip lights to last longer than your latest diet plan did, keep 'em cool!
The Influence of Daily Usage on Lifespan
Ever wondered about the exact lifespan of your LED strip lights? It's a common question, and one that doesn't have a simple answer. Several factors come into play, but let's focus on the influence of daily usage.
Hours Used Per Day
Imagine you've got a high-quality LED strip light. Most lifetime claims for such lights hover around 50,000 hours. But here's the kicker – if you keep it on 24/7, that's just over five years! On the other hand, use it for an hour every day, which could last more than a century!
So, there's a direct correlation between hours used per day and overall lifespan. More exposure to power shortens their useful life. And less time spent glowing means they'll stick around for a long time.
Now think about this – how often do you flip your lights on and off? Continuous testing has shown that frequent switching can affect longevity as well. It might seem trivial, but every time you flick that switch, there's an instant power surge which puts stress on the internal components of LED strip lights.
That said, LEDs are pretty resilient compared to traditional bulbs. Still, if you're turning them on and off like a disco strobe light all day long – expect some impact on their lifespan.
Prolonged Use Without Breaks
Letting your LED strip lights run continuously for extended periods is another factor to consider. Just like us humans need breaks from work to function optimally, so do these lights! Extended period of usage without any break can cause overheating issues which can shorten their life expectancy.
It might be tempting to leave them running all night for that cool ambient effect or because you're too lazy to turn them off (guilty as charged!). But remember – moderation is key!
Usage Patterns: Continuous vs Intermittent
Lastly, different usage patterns also influence how long LED strip lights last. Continuous use vs intermittent use – each has its own implications.
Continuous use can lead to faster wear-out due to constant exposure to electricity and heat generation whereas intermittent use allows for cooling down periods which may extend their lifespan.
However, don't take this as gospel truth! Other factors like quality of the product and operating conditions (like exposure to sunlight) also matter big time in determining how many years these lights will serve you faithfully!
So yes – how long do led strip lights last? Well…it depends! But now at least we know what it depends upon.
Understanding Electrical Currents in LEDs
LED strip lights are a popular choice for many, thanks to their energy efficiency and long lifespan. But ever wondered what's going on under the hood? It's all about electrical currents.
Picture an LED as a one-way street. The electrical current, like traffic, flows from the positive end (anode) to the negative end (cathode). A semiconducting element within each LED bulb regulate this flow. When voltage is applied, electrons move through this semiconductor, creating light in the process.
But here's where things get interesting. The brightness of an LED isn't just about how much electricity you're putting into it – it's also about how that electricity is managed.
Drive Currents: A Balancing Act
Drive currents play a vital role in determining both brightness and longevity of your LEDs. High drive currents can make your LEDs brighter but at the same time, they generate more heat. And as we know, heat and electronics don't mix well.
Running your LEDs at high drive currents without proper heat management can lead to premature failure of the bulbs or even complete system breakdowns. So while cranking up that remote control might give you more light now, it could mean less light down the line.
Importance of Optimal Current Levels
Maintaining optimal current levels is crucial for maximizing the lifespan of LED strip lights. It's like taking care of a car – sure you can redline it on every trip but doing so will wear out your engine quicker than if you drove at moderate speeds.
So how do you maintain these optimal current levels? That's where resistors come into play. These little components help regulate current flow within an LED system, ensuring it doesn't go overboard.
Risks Associated with Max Rated Current
While running LEDs at their max rated current may seem like a good idea for maximum brightness, remember there's no such thing as free lunch in physics! Doing so increases temperature within each bulb which can shorten its life expectancy significantly.
Tips to Extend LED Light Strip Lifespan
Proper Installation Techniques
First off, let's talk about the installation process. It's a no-brainer that proper installation techniques can make or break your LED strip lights' lifespan. You might be thinking, "How hard can it be? I just stick them on and plug them in!" Well, there's a tad more to it than that.
- Clean the surface: Before you slap on those strips, make sure the surface is clean and dry. Any dust or moisture can mess with the adhesive and cause early failure.
- Avoid twisting and bending: LED strips are flexible but not invincible! Over-bending or twisting can damage the circuits and shorten their life.
- Use clips for support: If you're installing long strips, use mounting clips every few feet to relieve tension and prevent sagging.
Next up is regular maintenance. Yeah yeah, I know what you're thinking – "Maintenance? For lights?" But hear me out:
- Dusting: Over time, dust accumulates on the strip which can cause overheating and reduce brightness. A quick wipe down every month goes a long way!
- Check connections: Loose connectors are an LED strip's worst enemy. Make sure all connections are tight and


text:
module Nn_commit:Two-phase commit protocol
val commit_e :
(bool -> unit) ->
Nn_db.modification Queue.t ->
Nn_state.shared_state_t -> string -> bool Uq_engines.engine
commit_e post_commit journal shared_state debug_name:
Writes the modifications to the local database and all slaves,
and commits the update. The bool arg says whether the commit
was successful. If
false, the transaction is guaranteed to be
rolled back. The commit engine may also enter an error state.
This is considered as a critical violation of the protocol.
If the queue of modification is empty, the local transaction is committed, and no remote operations are involved. (This means that the user only submitted read requests and no writes.)
If there are modifications, a new revision string is created and appended to the journal before anything is written.
Commits are serialized (using
As side effects, the function may disable slaves, and even (self-)disable the coordinator.
The function also invokes
post_commit when the commit or
rollback is done. The bool arg is the same as in the result.
val trans_e :
Nn_state.view_t list ->
'a Uq_engines.engine -> string -> 'a Uq_engines.final_state Uq_engines.engine
let e' = trans_e sh vl e debug_name: Runs the engine
euntil it is finished, and if
ewas successful, the modifications of the views
vlare taken as the modifications to be done in the transaction, and the transaction is committed.
e is not successful,
the views and the db transaction are rolled back.
The returned engine
the transaction is over (after commit or rollback).
st reflects the
final state of
e' reaches an error state only if the commit fails (critical error).

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


How do I create ringtones using the Ringtone Maker app on my Lumia device?
Start the Ringtone Maker application.
 1. Select Pick a song (or make another)
 2. Select one of the songs from your music library
 3. Select length and position of the ringtone (for example, 1 second for notifications).
 4. Select Save and type the name of the new tone. Optionally, you can also select Make this my ringtone.
Ringtones you make are saved in Settings > ringtone+sounds. Use them to personalize your notification alerts, whether it's calls, SMS, emails, voicemail, reminders or your alarm clock.


text:
This study investigated changes in both the liar's and the conversational partner's linguistic style across truthful and deceptive dyadic communication in a synchronous text-based setting. An analysis of 242 transcripts revealed that liars produced more words, more sense-based words (e.g., seeing, touching), and used fewer self-oriented but more other-oriented pronouns when lying than when telling the truth. In addition, motivated liars avoided causal terms when lying, whereas unmotivated liars tended to increase their use of negations. Conversational partners also changed their behavior during deceptive conversations, despite being blind to the deception manipulation. Partners asked more questions with shorter sentences when they were being deceived, and matched the liar's linguistic style along several dimensions. The linguistic patterns in both the liar and the partner's language use were not related to deception detection, suggesting that partners were unable to use this linguistic information to improve their deception detection accuracy.
Source: "On Lying and Being Lied To: A Linguistic Analysis of Deception in Computer-Mediated Communication" from Discourse Processes, Volume 45, Issue 1 January 2008, pages 1 – 23
If you want to help support the blog, please do your Amazon shopping via this link.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Photo courtesy of Konrad Schmidt
Troutperch - Commonname
Percopsis omiscomaycus - Scientific name
Family - Percopsidae ( troutperches)
Status : S2, G5
IDENTIFICATION: The troutperch has a large, scaleless head and a large eye. It is called a troutperch because it has an adipose fin like a trout and spines in its fins like a perch. Its body is a transparent yellow-olive to silvery color, and has rows of dark spots along the back and along the upper and middle sides. The troutperch can grow to be as long as 7.75 inches (200 mm).
SIMILAR SPECIES FOUND IN SOUTH DAKOTA: There are no species similar in South Dakota.
HABITS AND HABITAT: Troutperch are found in small to large rivers and in lakes usually over sand bottoms. Trout-perch typically eat a variety of small aquatic animals including small aquatic insects such as water fleas, and tiny clams known as fingernail clams. Large adults will occasionally go for a small minnow or darter when the opportunity presents itself. Troutperch spawn from May to August and females produce several clutches of eggs during this time. Troutperch spawn over sand and gravel areas of lakes and tributaries. Young hatch in about 5 to 8 days, dependant upon temperature.
DISTRIBUTION: Distribution Map Troutperch are widespread throughout most of Canada, below the Artic Circle and east of the Rocky Mountains, and the eastern United States as far south as West Virginia. Troutperch are also found in some lakes in Alaska. Troutperch are common in lakes throughout its range, but rare otherwise. In South Dakota troutperch have been found in the Big Sioux River above and below Sioux Falls in Brookings, Moody, Minnehaha, and Lincoln Counties. They also occur in Split Rock Creek in Minnehaha County. Farther north in the upper Big Sioux River watershed, the troutperch is found in Lake Kampeska and Pelican Lake, in Codington County.
CAUSES OF CONCERN AND CONSERVATION MEASURES: The troutperch is unique to the Big Sioux River Basin in South Dakota. Land use activities that result in erosion and sedimentation are of concern because these activities can cause the sand and gravel bottoms where this fish lives and reproduces to be covered with silt.


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| Catalogue of training and information tools on community participation in human settlements |
PRODUCED BY: GERMAN APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY EXCHANGE (GATE), 1980.
AVAILABLE FROM: GERMAN APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY EXCHANGE, GTZ-GmbH, POSTFACH 5180, D 6236 ESCHBORN 1, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY.
NUMBER OF PAGES: 152
This manual, which is designed for people working in selfhelp projects, describes building techniques and methods which were used in different parts of the world before modern industrial methods became available. It differs from other technical manuals, therefore, in that it contains methods which are neglected by modern expertise. These techniques have been reviewed by experts and adapted to modern needs to improve local construction methods without trying to change them.
The manual is applicable not only for constructing houses by self-builders (working either individually or in groups with locally obtainable material and their own techniques) but also for improving parts of simple houses already constructed. The manual is not region-specific; instead, it offers a selection of solutions to different problems, so that users can adapt them to their own needs.
The information is designed to assist people building houses with the help of a foreman who has the necessary skills to follow the details of the manual. The individual drawings are to guide him as the instructor of the group, while the technical illustrations and tables are for his own information. Illustrations in preference to written explanations are used, so that the instructions are as clear as possible.
The drawings can be ordered without the text, either the same size or enlarged four times, to allow for the insertion of written text in the local language, and, in this way, the drawings can be used as a teaching aid for a training workshop.


text:
Reinhold Vieth, PhD
The cancer proliferation marker Ki-67 decreased significantly in men who took high-dose vitamin D in the weeks leading up to radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer, data from a small clinical study showed.1
The decline in Ki-67 correlated with increasing serum and prostate levels of calcitriol, which rose in a dose-dependent manner with vitamin D, reaching the highest levels with the highest dose of vitamin D (P
Moreover, high-dose vitamin D was associated with favorable changes in expression of microRNA (miRNA) involved in tumor suppression.
"This was early-phase clinical research, essential to justify larger studies that would aim to prove that vitamin D prolongs survival or prevents cancer," Reinhold Vieth, PhD, a clinical biochemist at the University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, said during a press conference at the 2012 AACR Annual Meeting.
"We still need to sort out the role of calcium," he added. "Currently, we predict that high calcium may be adverse to the prostate only if the vitamin D level is low."
Interest in a possible role for vitamin D in prostate cancer originated with observations of higher prostate cancer mortality among men living in higher latitudes, which have less exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation (a principal co-factor in endogenous vitamin D synthesis). The observations gave rise to the hypothesis that UV radiation has a protective effect against prostate cancer via pathways involved in vitamin D synthesis and metabolism.
Vieth's contributions to the knowledge base included a study of seasonal variation in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) production among men enrolled in a study of active surveillance for early prostate cancer.2
The study showed that PSA levels rose significantly less during the second quarter of the year—spring and summer—compared with the other quarters.
Taking the research a step further, Vieth and colleagues conducted a pilot study of vitamin D therapy in a small group of men who had PSA progression after definitive treatment for prostate cancer.3
Some of the men had declines and stabilization of PSA levels, and the rate of increase slowed in others.
Following the encouraging results from the pilot study, the investigators performed a study involving 66 men scheduled for radical prostatectomy. The men were randomized to one of three doses of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3): 400, 10,000, or 40,000 IU/day, beginning 3 to 8 weeks before surgery. The primary outcomes were changes in Ki-67 and in expression of cancer-related miRNA.
Tissue and serum concentrations of calcitriol increased with the vitamin D dose, reaching the highest levels in men who received 40,000 IU/day. Immunohistochemistry analysis of prostate specimens revealed a significant inverse association between calcitriol levels and the intensity of Ki-67 staining (P
=.02) and the proportion of cells with intense staining (P
We still need to sort out the role of calcium. Currently, we predict that high calcium may be adverse to the prostate only if the vitamin D level is low."
–Reinhold Vieth, PhD
Higher calcitriol levels in prostate tissue correlated significantly with increased expression of miR-100, which is associated with tumor growth inhibition (P
=.02). Additionally, the investigators found a trend toward different miRNA expression patterns in malignant versus normal prostate tissue (P
The vitamin D therapy was safe at the doses evaluated, said Vieth. No patients developed hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, or serious adverse events. Investigators also observed no adverse changes in plasma phosphate or in renal or liver function.
Despite the favorable findings, the Toronto group does not advocate use of vitamin D doses greater than 4000 IU/day. The high doses used in the study were safe because of the brief time frame prior to surgery.
Wagner D, Nonn L, Antonio A, et al. Double-blind randomized clinical trial of vitamin D3 showing effects on tissue calcitriol levels, gene expression and proliferation immunohistochemistry in prostate cancer. Presented at the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting; March 31-April 4, 2012; Chicago, IL. Abstract LB-435.
Vieth R, Choo R, Deboer L, et al. Rise in prostate-specific antigen in men with untreated low-grade prostate cancer is slower during spring-summer. Am J Ther. 2006;13:394-399.
Woo TC, Choo R, Jamieson M, Chander S, Vieth R. Pilot study: potential role of vitamin D (Cholecalciferol) in patients with PSA relapse after definitive therapy. Nutr Cancer. 2005;51(1):32-36.


In 1996, Peter Childers and his wife, Victoria, started to build a new home on the two-acre lot they'd purchased in Orange County, North Carolina, the affluent jurisdiction that includes the University of North Carolina's flagship Chapel Hill campus.
Or rather, they thought it was Orange County. That's what it said on the building permit they received, and where they would be paying their property taxes. But driving to their property one day, they noticed a state road sign suggesting that the lot was actually in Alamance County, where property taxes are much lower.
Curiosity piqued, Childers began poking around county courthouses and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) topographical maps, quickly coming to believe that the road sign was right. Over the next seven years—as the couple finished the house, moved in, and on paper became residents of Orange County—he tried repeatedly to prove to the county's tax officials that the border was actually 1,200 feet east of his house, putting the Childers solidly in Alamance County.
But nothing changed until 2003, when the Childers, frustrated by years of fruitless attempts, took Orange County to court—and got the county to concede its error, plus $13,000 in back taxes with interest.
"There was no way they could win," Childers told me. "There was nothing on their side that could prove the line was where they said it was."
Borders in North Carolina, like in much of the United States, are disappearing. Lines drawn centuries ago weren't just marked on maps—they were physical demarcations, denoted by ditches, fences, or markings on trees. But ditches can be filled, fences fall apart, and trees are cut down, and over time these visible landmarks have vanished. In their absence, some cities and counties have become unsure about who should be paying their taxes, attending their schools, and using their services.
"If someone is having a heart attack, who are you going to call?" said Brian Carson, a geographic-information-system specialist with the Orange County planning office. "You don't want there to be any uncertainty."
But in North Carolina, there's plenty of uncertainty. To fix it, Gary Thompson, the head of the state's geodetic-survey office, also acts as its chief boundary hunter. His work is a study in opposites, a combination of centuries-old maps and cutting-edge technology that allows him to replace long-gone markers like "the dead pine tree" with exact spatial coordinates.
"Two hundred years from now," Thompson said, "they won't have to worry about finding that tree."
* * *
In 1950, a state archivist named David Corbitt published Formation of North Carolina Counties: _PHONE_, an exhaustive history of the formation of the state's 100 counties, stretching back to the first English colonists in the area. According to the records unearthed by Corbitt, Alamance County was to be carved out of the much larger Orange County in 1849, and each county hired a surveyor to mark the agreed-upon boundary. But Orange County's representative failed to show up, a frequent occurrence in a job characterized by low pay and sometimes-treacherous work (if the snakes and mosquitos didn't get to surveyors, unhappy landowners sometimes would).
When the two men finally hit the ground in 1851, accompanied by a team of lumberjacks that would clear their path, they used compasses and long chains known as Gunter's chains to mark a line "beginning at a gum sapling on the Caswell [county] line and running due South to a birch bush on the bank of the Haw river."
Presumably everyone knew where that sapling and bush were in the day—and even if they didn't, land was so plentiful that absolute accuracy was not required. But by the late 20th century, the county line's exact trajectory was subject to interpretation.
"Our county had one definition of where the boundary was, Alamance had another, and the USGS had a third," said Carson.
Discrepancies like this one hadn't been a problem when most of the state was still rural, and tax assessors in adjoining jurisdictions could swap parcels to work out differences. But by the late 20th century, increasing development near these grey zones was stirring unease in county courthouses.
In the 1990s, North Carolina began to digitize old paper maps using a geographic information system, or GIS: computer software that links data like roads, property lines, population density, and floodplains to a specific geographic location. State officials soon discovered that no one really knew what the state actually looked like—different counties' conceptions of their own borders meant the lines sometimes overlapped, sometimes left gaps, and only occasionally matched up.
Enter Thompson. When a border is in question, he and his team begin by cracking open Corbitt's book, along with any archival records of early deeds and property grants, to see where the boundary was originally supposed to be. They use GIS software to mark the line on a modern-day map, and then head into the field to check their work.
To ensure accuracy in the field, Thompson uses a global-navigation satellite system that captures signals from both the U.S. Global Positioning System (GPS) and the Russian equivalent, called GLONASS. To make up for any errors in those systems caused by atmospheric conditions, North Carolina has a web of 79 antennas around the state that calculates any inaccuracies and transmits a correction in real time to surveying devices in the field. The result is that Thompson can accurately mark geospatial coordinates down to a spot the size of a quarter.
For example, one segment of the state boundary with South Carolina had been marked on pine trees when it was first surveyed in 1772. More than 240 years later, however, the trees had either died or been cut down, taking the state line's exact location with them.
But Thompson's team and his counterparts in South Carolina managed to find colonial property maps drawn soon after 1772 that used some of those trees as property corners. They scanned these maps into their GIS software, and then superimposed them on modern land subdivisions. Amazingly, several distinctively shaped colonial land grants were still visible in modern property lines, allowing them to calculate where the trees had stood in 1772.
But not every county boundary in Corbitt's book can be recovered this way. Some borders in the western part of the state were described as ridge lines whose exact locations have been lost as mountain tops have been lopped off to build homes. For those, Thompson and his team use Light Detection and Ranging, or LIDAR.
Usually carried in aircraft, LIDAR equipment showers the ground with laser beams and times their return, allowing surveyors to develop three-dimensional topographical images and identify physical features like a ridge line, which would take weeks to resurvey on foot, in just a few hours. LIDAR can also help find causeways or roads mentioned in archival records that are now hidden or overgrown. Yet another laser-powered device called an Electronic Distance Meter allows distances of several thousand meters to be measured down to the last millimeter without having to drag a chain through the woods.
Thus far, Thompson has managed to unearth only about a fifth of North Carolina's original county lines—but the rapid development in ambiguous county-border zones across the state means cases like the Childers' will become increasingly common. For example, Alamance County's attempt to clarify its border with another neighbor, Guilford County, foundered last year when Guilford County realized its tax base could lose $8.5 million in newly built homes along the county line.
"We tell the counties, 'Don't wait until there's a problem,'" Thompson said. "Because once there's a controversy, it makes it harder to settle."
On the Orange and Alamance county line, however, peace has been restored. Thompson's team resurveyed the boundary after the Childers' lawsuit in 2008. When it re-emerged in unexpected locations, the counties allowed homeowners within 150 feet of the line to pick which county they wanted to live in, and moved the boundary accordingly. The North Carolina General Assembly approved the results in 2013. Now instead of a straight(ish) line from the gum sapling to the birch bush, the counties share a jagged saw-tooth-shaped border.
But at least their residents finally know where they live.


text:
Let's look into the mind of the Church on symbols other than candles, water, and incense:
38. If it is the custom in the local community, a pall may be placed over the coffin when it is received at the church. A reminder of the baptismal garment of the deceased, the pall is a sign of the Christian dignity of the person. The use of the pall signifies that all are equal in the eyes of God.
While holy water is designated to be used at the funeral Mass, the pall is optional. In the States, its use is nearly universal. I can't recall a funeral in which is wasn't used.
A Book of the Gospels or a Bible may be placed on the coffin as a sign that Christians live by the word of God and that fidelity to that word leads to eternal life.
This symbol is rare in my experience. Not the explanation given here has nothing to do with the deceased being a priest, deacon, lector, or teacher. If a Bible were used for this, I would expect a sizable, hardcover edition.
A cross may be placed on the coffin as a reminder that the Christian is marked by the cross in baptism and through Jesus' suffering on the cross is brought to the victory of his resurrection.
This symbol is much more common than a Bible. Catholics, even if only by "fashion statement," identify more with the cross than the Bible.
Fresh flowers, used in moderation, can enhance the setting of the funeral rites.
Note the term: moderation.
Only Christian symbols may rest or be placed near the coffin during the funeral liturgy. Any other symbols, for example, national flags, or insignia of associations, have no place in the funeral liturgy (see no. 132).
Rarely have I seen these omissions to be a serious issue for the family and mourners. But the rite seems to cover the major possible symbols. Anyone with experience with other Christian symbols?


text:
Originally posted by Sorensen
>.NET is a group of objects which fits into any language that supports objects? what makes c# different than c++.NET?
No, each language is compiled into the immediate language. In order to do this the language must have certain properties. Managed C++ and C# are two different languages that will both compile to MSIL, but when they are actually compiled into native exe's the compiler doesn't care which language was used to generate the MSIL.
Therefore, you can mix and match the different languages in a project, and as the final exe isn't compiled until it's on the host machine it can take advantage of things like specialised processor instructions that may vary from one PC to another. In theory the code could produce a different exe if it was run on a Pentium II rather than a Pentium IV.


text:
Attitudes Toward Handicapped Students
Professional, Peer, and Parent Reactions
Published August 1st 1985 by Routledge – 288 pages
Series: School Psychology Series
Many handicapped children are now being treated and educated in the mainstream of society. Therefore it is important for professionals to be knowledgeable about the attitudes of societal members toward these students. This text is a thorough and invaluable sourcebook on how attitudes are formed, measured, and changed. An extensive discussion about professional, peer, parental and sibling attitudes toward a class or family member, and reviewing methodologies for change are provided.
"… an important book, worthy of serious consideration. It focuses efficiently and sensitively on attitudes held toward handicapped children and establishes a foundation for positively modifying attitudes … valuable to psychologists, educators, and others aspiring to understand nonhandicapped persons' perception of handicapped children."
Contents: The Concept of Attitude: Definition and Theory. The Importance of Professional and Peer Attitudes Toward Handicapped Students. How Attitudes Toward Handicapped Students Are Measured. Attitudes of Professionals and Peers Toward Handicapped Students. Factors Affecting the Development and Maintenance of Attitudes. Modifying Professional and Peer Attitudes Toward Handicapped Students. Attitudes of Parents and Siblings Toward a Handicapped Family Member. Suggestions for Future Research.


text:
Open Discovery Space
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- 2016 Apmeklējumu skaits
ODS is the result of collaboration between 51 organisations from 23 countries. The aim is to create a socially-powered, multilingual open learning infrastructure to boost the adaptation of eLearning Resources in Europe.
- To empower stakeholders through a single, integrated access point for eLearning resources from dispersed educational repositories
- To engage stakeholders in the production of meaningful educational activities by using a social-network style multilingual portal, offering eLearning resources as well as services for the production of educational activities;
- To assess the impact of the new educational activities, which could serve as a prototype to be adopted by stakeholders in school education
Upon the completion of this project, Open Discovery Space will have contributed to the modernisation of school education, supported stakeholders in acquiring digital competences, stimulated demand for innovative eLearning resources and engaged teachers and pupils in the development of innovative educational practices. Crucially, this project will strengthen European integration by increasing cooperation across state borders, bringing together different cultures and supporting multi-lingual practices.
More information about the innovative aspects of this project is available on the ODS home page.


text:
The economics of pollution and non-renewable material surcharges
Market based instruments
If renewable solutions were cheaper for firms to use, they would. This is how price signals function to steer the behaviour of firms. For the circular economy to function, price signals should favour circular products and production methods. In other words, it needs to make better business sense to install circular and renewable energy infrastructure, and to install and use infrastructure that uses recycled materials. Without that, the linear economy – one that inputs extracted materials and outputs materials as waste will continue to be the modus operandi of the profitable firm.
This article explores how to use price signals to steer firms' buying behaviour in a way that keeps the economy stable. Market-based instruments are financial mechanisms that steer price signals to guide the behaviour of firms and markets in general.
From the equation above it follows that the relative prices of renewable energy compared to fossil will affect the choice of energy source and the end-price of the product. So will too the price of circular materials over extracted materials affect sourcing decisions. If renewable energy is more expensive to utilize then fossil energy will be substituted. The same goes for recycled materials being substituted for extracted ones.
As proposed by the Swedish Sustainable Economy Foundation, a progressive extraction surcharge (or import surcharge) on for example fossil fuels could be levied when the material enters the economy.This surcharge is raised at regular intervals. This is a process of discovery; the levy is raised until sustainable products reach price parity with unsustainable alternatives. We can represent this in the equation below.
A surcharge on waste leaving the firm could have the same effect, assuming the surcharges are carried over to the final consumer price. This makes sustainable products competitive:
However, introducing the fee would make the overall range of product offering more expensive to the end-user.
To redress the imbalance, all or most of the fees levied should be returned to tax payers as a dividend. Guaranteeing the repayment of a sufficient fraction of the dividend in equal amounts to every tax payer by law will be an important step in an Environmental Fiscal Reform and an essential component for majority support in a functioning Circular Economy. The repayment is needed to secure that the majority of the tax payers will always receive more dividend (repayment) each month than their increased cost of living due to the fees levied to correct the price signals and to create a sustainable economic incentive structure.


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Mégapode de Reinwardt.jpg
Orange-footed Scrubfowl
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Galliformes
Family: Megapodiidae
Genus: Megapodius
Gaimard, 1823
13 total, 12 extant, see text.
The scrubfowl are the genus Megapodius of the mound-builders, stocky, medium-large chicken-like birds with small heads and large feet in the family Megapodiidae. They are found from south-east Asia to north Australia and islands in the west Pacific.
They do not incubate their eggs with their body heat in the orthodox way, but bury them. They are best known for building a massive mound of decaying vegetation, which the male attends, adding or removing litter to regulate the internal heat while the eggs hatch. The species in taxonomic order are:
In all of the above, the name "scrubfowl" is sometimes exchanged with "megapode". Traditionally, most have been listed as subspecies of M. freycinet, but today all major authorities consider this incorrect. Nevertheless, there are unresolved issues within the genus, and for example the taxon forstenii has been considered a subspecies of M. freycinet, a subspecies of M. cumingii, or a monotypic species. An additional species, the Moluccan megapode, has sometimes been placed in Megapodius, but today most place it in the genus Eulipoa instead. The maleo is also associated with these genera, and together the three form a group.
External links[edit]


Analytical Theory
Linear shallow-water wave theory applied to step topography
A planar monochromatic wave, hI incident on a ridge, produces a transmitted wave, hT and a reflected wave, hR
The dispersion relation is w / k = c where c = square root(gh) for normal incidence
The transmissivity is defined as the ratio of amplitudes T = | AT | / | AI |
Effects of Cross-Ridge Phase q = kL
Minimum transmission (Tmin) occurs when q = 90°, 270°, 450°,...
100% transmission occurs when the cross-ridge phase shift q = kL is exactly q = 180°, 360°,...
Effects of Ridge Depth on Transmissivity
The actual transmissivity is close to Tmin when q < 90°, i.e. for ridges that are narrower than a quarter wavelength as computed from the ridge-top depth h
At higher frequencies w, rapid fluctuations occur between and T=Tmin << 100% as w varies (T~100% when e << 1 is a highly idealized result)
Smoothing Smith/Sandwell Topography
 2-D orthogonal wavelet transform (LA8) was performed on the gridded topography
 The shorter-scale wavelet amplitudes were then set to zero with a tapered cutoff in scale
 Finally, the amplitudes were back-transformed to produce the smoothed topography


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Skill concentration.png Concentration (Constitution)
Allows you a chance to continue casting a spell after being damaged or otherwise interrupted. When you take damage you roll a D20 + your Concentration score against a difficulty class of 10 + one tenth of the damage received + the level of the spell you are trying to cast. This check occurs when either casting from spellpoints or using a scroll.
The Quicken metamagic eliminates the check when casting a spell from spellpoints while it is active, however, as scrolls cannot be quickened and Quicken costs spellpoints, the skill is still useful even with the Quicken metamagic.
Even if you succeed on the Concentration check, your spell can still be interrupted, for example if you are tripped or held.
This skill is also important for monks as their ability to retain Ki is tied to Concentration.


text:
As the Covid-19 pandemic continues, it may be prudent to review the first aid procedures you have been taught. For instance:
- Pay extra attention to hand and general hygiene
- Assessing the environment and deciding what is a greater risk to yourself and the casualty. Would the immediate danger outweigh the risk of contracting Covid-19?
- Including extra PPE in a first aid kit i.e. face masks, gloves, aprons, etc.
Further guidelines and information on CPR can be found here:
If you have any questions please contact your first aid provider.


text:
Set for discussion
Study for strip looks like a dinner set on display, but it challenges expectations around such sets. Among the usual pieces – plates, bowls, jugs – are shards, swans, eyeballs, and skulls. Markings and colloquial messages are scrawled across some pieces, and others are broken or flawed.
Through the format of domestic pottery, Martin Poppelwell – potter and visual artist – is investigating language, design, and the role of art. He says that'strip' in the title refers to a disputed physical zone, like the Gaza Strip. So the dinner set becomes a metaphor for debate. Does art have a role in political discussion? What is the role of text in art? What is the relationship between the object and its decoration?
Works like this have earned Poppelwell a strong reputation as a contemporary potter in New Zealand.
Watch an interview with Martin Poppelwell
This text was prepared for the Collecting Contemporary exhibition, 2011–2012.


text:
For many centuries, auroras were big, mysterious puzzles that made for crazy theories. But the truth is that auroras are actually a side effect.
4 Recent Stories
There are stories and folktales of weird sounds associated with the beautiful, mindbending spectacle of the Northern Lights for quite some time. Until now, no scientific basis for any auditory component was connected to the Aurora Borealis. But new results from a 12-year long study has finally captured a mysterious clapping sound on tape and tracked its origin to open sky. But the research, headed by Aalto University's Unto K.
This stunning time-lapse video of the Aurora Borealis was created over the course of three years. It was shot with a DSLR camera and used thousands of hours of footage to create the final breathtaking effect. SEE ALSO: Boy Ages From Birth to 9 in 127 Seconds [VIDEO] It's readily evident that a tremendous amount of time and careful skill went into creating this project.
If given a whole row to themselves in a flight from San Francisco to Paris, most people would just sleep. Not this passenger, who set up his Canon 5D Mark II digital SLR camera on a tripod and attached a timelapse controller. When he pointed his 16mm-to-35mm lens out his airplane window, the result was this remarkable timelapse video of his 11-hour flight.


text:
SPA Module – Lone Working
To build on basic health and safety information by concentrating on risks specifically associated with Lone Working
To understand the implications of: risk of personal injury, cost to the business, job security, environment not properly considered
To ensure delegates know what lone working is, and to be aware of the associated hazards.
On completion of this module delegates will be able to:
Define "working alone"
Identify the requirements when arranging for lone working
List the risks associated with lone working
- Definition of Lone Working
- Lone working – requirements
- The risks of working alone
- Night time working
- Method statement
Assessment results: Should show acceptable theoretical understanding increase in the awareness of Lone Working.


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Researchers Develop Jelly-Powered Fuel and Solar Cells
Science Not FictionBy Jeremy JacquotSeptember 11, 2010 1:34 AM
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If the oceans eventually become too acidified to sustain most marine life and the jellyfish take over, we can at least take solace in the fact that we'll have an abundant source of renewable energy. GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein), the same protein isolated in Aequorea victoria that earned three researchers the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 2008, has found a new lease of life in solar and fuel cells being developed by Zackary Chiragwandi at the Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden. Much like the dye found in cutting-edge dye-sensitized solar cells, GFP absorbs a specific wavelength of sunlight—in this case, ultraviolet light—to excite electrons that are shuttled off to an aluminum electrode to generate a current. After giving up their energy, the electrons are then returned to the GFP molecules, where they are ready for another round of stimulation (so to speak). The cell's design is simple: two aluminum electrodes are placed onto a thin layer of silicon dioxide, which helps to optimize light capture and energy conversion efficiency, and a single drop of GFP is deposited between them. Without prodding, the protein then self-assembles into strands to connect the electrodes and form a tiny circuit. While cheaper than conventional solar cells, dye-sensitized cells still require some costly materials and are hard to build, making these bio-inspired cells potentially a much more alluring proposition down the line. And because slightly different versions of GFP are found in a number of other marine species, there is the potential for an entire array of more finely tuned GFP cells.Chiragwandi and his colleagues also employed the same basic components to fabricate a rudimentary fuel cell. A mixture of reagents that includes magnesium and luciferase, an enzyme used for bioluminescence, produce the light that activates GFP's electrons and help the device run—no direct sunlight needed. Because of its minuscule size and low power output, the fuel cell might be a good fit for a wide range of medical nanobots that could one day patrol our bloodstreams and treat our illnesses from within. These devices are just the latest in a long line of renewable energy technologies that seek to bring down costs and boost efficiency by capitalizing on Mother Nature's designs. Just a few weeks ago, 80beats' Joe Calamia wrote about an Australian team's discovery of chlorophyll f, a pigment that captures light in the infrared wavelength, in cyanobacteria. Since none of the current solar cells can absorb IR light, which accounts for over half of the sun's rays, some researchers are already giddy at the prospects of harnessing this pigment for use in more efficient cells. In the realm of science fiction, there's also the "human" fuel cell (I almost hesitate to use the term since it inevitably brings to mind The Matrix's silly human batteries) being developed by a group of French scientists which Discovery News reported on several months back. This device would run on a combination of oxygen and glucose—theoretically ad infinitum—and could thus quite easily be implanted in not only humans but a variety of animals as well. Sure, it probably wouldn't have much juice but, like the jelly-fuel cell, it could handily power those nanobots. And if that's all too highfalutin for you, there'll always be the trusty poop-powered mobile. Image: Clicksy/Flickr
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text:
From the very first page of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Maya lets us know that she isn't here to stay ("'I didn't come to stay…'" [Prologue.1]), and she sure doesn't break her promise. She moves from place to place, meets tons of new people, and grows as a person. At first, all of this change leads to insecurities. But in the end, our girl embraces it. And she's a total role model, because she's struggling with questions that we all face: What does change mean in our lives? How do we deal with it? Should we ever fight it? This is pretty tough stuff for a middle-schooler, but her experiences—along with the reflections of adult Maya—set a great example for us all.
Is change a good thing or a bad thing in Caged Bird? What examples can you point to as evidence?
Is there anything that doesn't change in this novel? People, places, things? Lion, tigers, bears?
The novel begins with the lines, "What you looking at me for?/ I didn't come to stay…" (Prologue.1). How do these words reflect Maya's attitude toward life?
When things in life are a bit topsy-turvy, that's when Maya has a real chance to grow.
Change isn't good or bad in Caged Bird—what matters is how the characters deal with it.


text:
Year 1 and 2 took part in gymnastic activities, held at St Mary's High School. The children took part in a number of activities:
Floor - the children performed a sequence on small matted area that included balancing, jumping, rolling and flexibility skills.
Vault - the children performed skills by travelling on and off a bench or on a box top.
Body Managementchildren performed routines that included strength, flexibility, balance and coordination skills.
The children had a fantastic afternoon.


text:
Portage, MI (PRWEB) September 22, 2012
Help your child tackle fifth grade spelling this fall with Learning Gems' intergalactic educational app for tablets featuring 28 different lists that include 556 words presented by a charming alien host.
Spelling Space – 5th Grade, now available for tablets in the Barnes & Noble and Amazon Kindle app stores as well as from Google Play, features spelling lists that have been mirrored to those from an existing 5th grade teacher's lists. Through this collaboration with elementary educators, Learning Gems was able to create 28 different lists that challenge 5th graders to correctly spell 556 high frequency words. The words were then recorded in a female voice from an actual teacher for the audio portion of the app.
During gameplay, the words are read aloud to the students who can then type in their response on a keyboard. Each correct answer awards them with an asteroid that will come into play upon completing the spelling list. Once the spelling list has been finished, the student can put their earned asteroids to action shooting at space ships in Spelling Space – 5th Grade's exciting mini game. This reward keeps youngsters engaged and excited about spelling practice.
Individual accounts can be created in the game for each participant. Then, spelling lists can be assigned to the different student to practice. Every grade received is recorded and stored so progress can be measured. Spelling Space – 5th Grade makes a great tool for homeschooling, in classrooms or for extra practice outside of school. Entire lists can be attempted or trouble words can be singled out to best help the student grasp the spelling of a word.
Other versions of Spelling Space are available from Learning Gems as well. There are versions geared toward 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 6th grade students. Yet another spelling practice app, Spelling Space – Ultimate, allows users to create their own unique spelling lists.
The Learning Gems team consists of experienced school teachers, programmers, graphic designers and copywriters. A venture of Blue Fire Media, Learning Gems offers other learning apps that encourage youngsters to practice math, memory skills, Spanish and other basic concepts including colors and shapes. Sister company Blue Fire Media specializes in web design and development, web marketing and SEO.


2 eyes, the total number of animals is 60 ÷ 2 = 30.
Suppose all 30 animals were chickens. Then there would be a total of 30 × 2 = 60 legs.
So the extra (100 – 60) = 40 legs must have come from the rabbits.
Each rabbit has (4 – 2) = 2 more legs than a chicken.
So there are 40 ÷ 2 = 20 rabbits and 30 – 20 = 10 chickens.
Challenge: Can you solve the above word problem, using a different method, say, the Stack Model Method, or the Sakamoto Method?
The next grade five or six question showcases two methods of solution, commonly used in Singapore local schools—students aren't expected to solve it by substitution or elimination methods, as these aren't formally taught in elementary school.
Guess Who's Suing Singapore?
A few years ago, I produced the bunny meme pictured below and posted it on the Imgur app, together with the accompanying wicked question:
Farmer Yan has almost twice as many chickens as rabbits.
The total number of legs and heads is 184.
How many rabbits are there?
Now you know why these angry bunnies are "mathematically stressed," compared to the lazy, pampered cats and guinea pigs! Can you show why the answer is 17 rabbits? If as an elementary math student you could solve this, the odds that you might be born or blessed with the "mathematical gene" are pretty high.
Murderous Math—Let's Prey
In the wild, the rabbit is inarguably the most preyed-on animal in the world: from cobras, pythons, eagles, owls, lions, tigers, wolves, and hyenas, just to name a few common predators.
Guesstimate how many predators depend on the rabbits for their livelihoods every year. Or, how many rabbits have their lives cut short to feed their predators? Well, see these predators as playing their part in maintaining a healthy ecosystem for mankind—a proof that life isn't fair.
Political Rabbit Math
My childhood made-in-China candies
Recently, in the heat of the trade war between the US and China, as nationalistic mainland Chinese tried to promote their own brands of local products, I coined Rabbit Math and got it approved on Urban Dictionary, before some mean fellow probably with an axe to grind maniacally tried to continually downvote the phrase and had it taken down from cyberspace.
Beware of "digital terrorists" who just don't want to see even neutral mathematical terms or words floating on the internet—indeed, this sounds like the mathematical equivalent of Boko Haram.
One pair of rabbits can produce 60 babies a year.
Go Forth and Multiply
Before 1788, there were zero rabbits in Australia. That year, rabbits arrived on a boat from England; by 1950, there were 600-odd million rabbits in the Land of the Kangaroos.
If humans had babies at the rate rabbits do, show that our global population would double every three weeks.
The Rabbit Habit
Early this year, I christened "5-Day Weekend" as a working template to promote creativity and productivity among time-poor workers, who always complain that their weekends are too short, and can't hardly get any productive work done on weekdays.
Rabbits by Numbers
Let me end with some tidbits about the idiosyncrasies of our beloved bunnies.
From: Mike Lowery's "Random Illustrated Facts" (2017)
Those of you, who are bunny lovers, please share with the rest of us your favorite numerical factoids or numeroids about these cute animals.
As Productive as Fibonacci
Amateur-mathematician Fibonacci was a math popularizer and writer, who promoted the Hindu numerals during his European travels, besides blessing the mathematical brethren with a number of interesting or story arithmetic problems, one of which is the "rabbit problem" for which he's dearly remembered today.
At a time when greying Singapore is historically experiencing its lowest fertility rate—which may lead the island-state to go the way of the dodo, if no disruptive measures are taken, other than conveniently (or simplistically?) depending on baby bonus incentives and immigration to arrest the population decline—for us, math educators, let's not stop being as mentally fertile and creative and productive as Dr. Fibonacci, although few of us would dare to promote the kind of productivity rate of his fertile bunnies!
Bibliography & References
Adam, F. (2014). The awesome book of awesomeness. London: Bloomsbury.
Fairbrass, M. & Tanguy, D. (2017). The scale of things. London: Quadrille Publishing Limited.
Lowery, M. (2017). Random illustrated facts. New York: Workman Publishing Co, Inc.
White Rabbit milk tea sells at 2,000% premium as Chinese consumers show support for local brands amid trade war _URL_
Yan, K. C. (2015). The stack model method: An intuitive and creative approach to solving word problems—Grades 5–6. Singapore: MathPlus Publishing.
Yan, K. C. (2015). The stack model method: An intuitive and creative approach to solving word problems—Grades 3–4. Singapore: MathPlus Publishing.
Yan. K. C. (2013). The chickens-and-rabbits problem. _URL_
© Yan Kow Cheong, July 30, 2019.
Thursday, January 31, 2019
Seven Irreverent Definitions of Singapore Math
The Fear Factor in Singapore Math Education
Singapore Math with a New Twist
In Singapore Math, we trust!
© Yan Kow Cheong, January 31, 2019
Thursday, October 15, 2015
Gross Singapore Math
© S. Mockus, & T. Millard, (2010)
Estimation (or guesstimation as it is more commonly known in the U.S.) is a creative mathematical activity that is seldom given enough curriculum attention and time in Singapore. For the lay public, and probably for a disturbingly large proportion of local math teachers, tutors, and parents, estimation is often confused with approximation (or rounding off numbers).
Like swimming, cycling, and driving, estimating ought to be a life skill that is indispensable for all responsible citizens aiming to be numerate in our quantitative world of bloated data.
A PSLE Estimation Routine
In this year Singapore's PSLE (grade 6) math paper, a routine guesstimation MCQ question has irked some parents, who "blamed" the Ministry of Education for posing an "unfair" question.
Ghostly Math from _USER_
How to Fermi-ize
Current Singapore math textbooks are often too Puritan, not to say, boring, to contain fertile exercises that could hone students' estimation skills. A dose of humor, without insulting or shocking the readers, will go some way in nurturing some Fermi disciples. Let's look at eleven non-drill-and-kill guesstimation questions, which could be posed to above-average math students bored by school math.
0. Zero Toilet Paper
If all the toilet paper used in Singapore in an entire year were rolled out, how far would it stretch?
1. The Trillionth Heartbeat
Assuming an average human heart of 72 beats per minute, estimate that most folks would breathe their last breath around their billionth heartbeat, or by their near-666 weeks of life on this side of eternity.
2. Pools of Eyeballs
About how many Olympic-sized swimming pools would all the world's human eyeballs fill?
3. Death Nailed by Tobacco Sticks
© Chua Sin Yew
A medical association claims that a cigarette smoker shortens the length of his life by 9 minutes for each cigarette smoked. A student smokes three-quarters of a pack of 20 cigarettes every day for 30 years. Excluding leap years, by how many months or years has this student cut short his life to?
4. To Pee or Not to Pee
How much urine is in a typical public swimming pool? Or, how much pee in a pool would kill you?
5. Length of Intestine
If you were to pull your small intestine out and laid it in a straight line, how long would that be? Is it shorter than the distance from Earth to Moon?
6. A Nation of Vampires—Human Blood Aplenty
If you were to take all the human blood from all the living people in Singapore and pour it into the Singapore Indoor Stadium, how deep would it be?
© Mark Parisi
7. Zoo Poo
Estimate how much zoo poo is collected every week at the Singapore Zoological Gardens. How much of it could be used as fertilizers?
8. The Host with the Most
How many (unfriendly and not-s0-friendly) bacteria are living on and inside you right now?
9. Cash in on the Trash
Show that, on average, every square mile of sea on the planet contains 46,000 pieces of rubbish. How much cash could be generated annually by an entrepreneur involved in the trash business? [1 mile is about


text:
info @ archimuse.com
published: April, 2002
Systematically Speaking: How Do Natural History Museum Web Sites Represent Science?
Session: My Web, My Way
The first natural history museum websites offered little more than visitor information. Then they began to include more of the nature and scope of both collections and exhibitions. Now, they incorporate sophisticated graphic design and feature active involvement by the virtual visitor, but they can also bring the museums' scientific research work to a larger and more diverse audience. Far from being principally for children, and full of dinosaurs and dioramas, major natural history museums are characterised by a high degree of fundamental scientific research.
In the eighteenth century, museums were central to the active creation of scientific knowledge, but we now tend to associate science exclusively with laboratories. The popular image of science - test-tube and Bunsen burner - is, for several important aspects of science, inappropriate. One such area is systematics - discovering, describing, naming, classifying organisms and identifying their evolutionary relationships - a major concern of most natural history museums. Yet few websites explain its significance, or even make it explicit. This paper explores the representation of taxonomy, systematics and other aspects of science on selected natural history museum websites, using two different but related approaches.
One uses a series of categories relating to the nature of science (derived from an evaluation of exhibitions) and applies these to each website. In essence, this approach seeks to identify and, where possible, quantify evidence of representation of:
1. Science as a human endeavour - science as a social and cultural activity, a human enterprise
2. Scientists at work - showing what scientists actually do in the process of research.
3. The status of scientific ideas - scientific ideas as theories or models, rather than as incontrovertible fact or the revelation of truth.
4. Doubt and debate - introducing scope for further questioning and reinterpretation of evidence.
5. Opportunities for visitors to formulate their own opinions - reflecting the social construction of science.
The second concentrates on science processes and practices, the methodology and operation of science:
1. Selection of research programmes - realisation that science is neither certain nor neutral means that justification for research is increasingly evident, often expressed as 'biodiversity' or as benefits to humanity
2. Collection and analysis of data - traditional and/or contemporary methods, field and laboratory techniques
3. Evaluation of evidence and its interpretation - a perception of science as unanswered questions rather than unquestioned answers
4. Development of models, hypotheses and theories - presenting the dynamism and fluidity of science as well as an authoritative view of current understanding
5. Publication, debate and peer review - argument and discussion as key elements of the scientific process
The paper shows that some natural history museum websites are now beginning to share their passion for science, especially less fashionable areas such as systematics and that such developments coincide with changes in views about the public understanding of science and about the roles of museums.


Domestic fee-paying students
If you enrol in a unit of study as a fee paying student:
 - you must pay full tuition fees for your studies
 - the Commonwealth does not contribute towards the cost of your education, however
 - you may be eligible for a FEE-HELP loan to help pay your tuition fees.
How much do I pay?
Fee-paying students are charged tuition fees per unit of study by UniSA. Please refer to the program information page to find the fees set for each program. This value is the cost of one year of full time study, equivalent to 36 units.
The tuition amount for each course is based on the annual program fee and the unit value of the course. The formula for calculating the tuition amount for this course is:
 (Annual fee/36) x course unit value
As an example:
Contemporary Management Skills BUSS 5244 has a unit value of 4.5 and if a student is studying Master of Business Administration with an annual fee of $AU 27,500 the tuition for BUSS 5244 would be calculated as follows:
 $27,500/36 = 763.88 rounded down to two decimal places.
 $763.88 x 4.5 units = $3437.46
Am I eligible for FEE-HELP?
A FEE-HELP loan can cover all or part of your tuition fees, find out if you are eligible.
What are my payment options?
Find out how to pay tuition fees.
What are my responsibilities?
You are responsible for paying fees by due dates, enrolling by census dates, reading notices and invoices and staying out of bad financial standing (BFS).


Step 7: What is a parabola and how do I make one?
The definition of a parabolic curve is "a line equidistant between a point and a straight line." Go to a large table top and make a large sheet of paper from small pieces of paper. Newsprint works if you are using a felt tip marker. Make it a color like red or green so it stands out from the printing on the newspaper. Draw a straight line across the bottom. At its center make a line perpendicular to the straight base line. At about 14 inches (35.5 cm) mark the focal point. The distance from the base line to the focal point is completely your choice, but it affects the size of the reflector you make. Mark a point midway between the base line and the focal point. This is the first point you have plotted on your parabolic curve.
The "B" lines are always perpendicular to the base line. The "A" lines change their angle in order to connect with the "B" lines. Use two yardsticks and a square. Plot points where the yardsticks cross over one another while the measurement shown on each yardstick is the same. The more points you plot, the more accurate your parabolic curve will be. If you are careful, you can plot only the left half of the curve and then flip it over to copy it onto the right half of the paper.
The end result is that any signal (TV, radio, sound, light) coming to the parabolic curve in parallel rays will be gathered in strength at the focal point and amplified because they are concentrated.
Might be get professionally designed and produced antenna with reasonable pricego and get it _URL_ are excellent and good service
How this antenna can be 300 ohm? It looks like a simple dipole with ~75 ohm impedance, not a folded dipole with 300 ohm impedance.And if you need 300 ohm cable and you don't have 300 ohm twin lead, you can try using an Ethernet cable connecting 3 out of 4 pairs in series (each pair has 100 ohm of impedance).
 Built this and it works great. I have built a few smaller antennas and this one has worked the best so far. I want a small antenna that I can just put behind the TV out of sight. All the other antenna I tried had drop outs. This one does not so far but maybe weather has something to do with it? Did not bother with the little converter. Just stripped the wire put the copper wire on one side and the twisted mesh on the other. Maybe it would be better if I used the converter? Don't know. The tower is across the lake from me and I will never get more than the one channel so as there is no other tower within 200 miles of me with other stations so nothing fancy was required.
I am glad it is working for you. Thank you for the report. If the broadcast tower is that near to you, you might be able to receive a useful signal on the proverbial gold tooth in your mouth. Seriously, proximity does cause a signal to flood a device and expands reception possibilities.
 if i can find one of those little dodads i want to try it to see if it makes any difference although since digital is an either or proposition it will be hard to tell without some type of meter.
 another question.. why can I not just cut the coax and connect the copper wire to one side, twist the braid and connect it to the other? Do I need the flat cable and converter? Why not just skip that part altogether?
Two words: impedance matching. Impedance is a type of resistance that factors in changes due to the frequency of the current in the signal. TVs with a coaxial cable input require an antenna matched to 75 ohms impedance. An antenna such as I described has an impedance of 300 ohms. Coaxial cable is matched to 75 ohms. Flat twin lead is matched to 300 ohms of impedance. And, you need a 300 to 75 ohm impedance matching transformer. Without matching the impedance in all of the ways I described will result in no signal or a very distorted signal, probably no signal.
 I understand that part but why would the aluminum strips have an impedance of 300 ohms? It is just 2 metal strips. As long as I make a solid connect to the strips why does it matter? The antenna I use now is just copper wire bent into shape with a connect to my TV using marettes. I get dropouts. The exact same drop outs I got when I tried using a commercial rabbit ears type of setup with coax cable connections. I used to have boxes of those connectors around.. can't find any now.
TV signal reception is full of anomalies, whether analog or digital. I remember that we got one particular local channel just fine, but someone half of a block away could not get it at all. Impedance is strange. A small coil of wire may have almost no resistance to a DC current, but feed a radio frequency current into it and the effective resistance soars. As for why a simple antenna is 300 Ohms, I remember simple UHF bow tie antennae for older analog TVs. They were always treated as 300 Ohm antennae and used 300 Ohm twin lead. The antenna I made essentially duplicates a old UHF bow tie antenna. I expect a TV engineer from the early days of TV could explain the answer.
 I have an old satellite dish that I am going to reaim towards the tower to see if I can get a good signal. if I do that do I have the aluminum face the dish or face the tower? I am assuming it should face the dish.
The dish is a parabolic curve and will focus the incoming signal in a way that greatly amplifies the signal strength. But, you will need to have the dish accurately pointed at the signal source. And, you will need the blades of the antenna located as near as possible to the focal point of the dish. I hope I have understood your question. I am not completely sure what you mean by the aluminum. I assume you mean the two blades or dog ears of the antenna. The signal will go to the dish and be reflected to a focal point near the dog ears.
I doubt the will. The antenna elements are usually an inch or more wide.
what do you mean by 300 ohm wire, that the resistance of the wire is 300 ohms? or is it a wire rating of some kind?
Cables for connecting an antenna or other signal device (DVD player, etc.) to a television have an impedance given in ohms. Impedance is a form of resistance to the flow of current and is different from simple resistance in that it involves circuits in which coils of wire (inductances) or capacitors interact with currents at various frequencies. As the frequency of the current changes in these circuits, so does the resistance to its flow. A coil of wire may present only a couple of ohms of resistance to a straight DC current, but apply a current at radio frequency and that coil presents several hundred ohms of resistance to the high-frequency current. That is why small coils of wire in a radio circuit are called a choke. 300 ohm twin lead is flat TV signal cable that presents 300 ohms of resistance at television signal frequencies. See this article. Coaxial cables more frequently used now for digital signals have an impedance of 75 ohms. A small transformer can convert the signal from 300 ohms to 75 ohms.
300 oms means that twin lead has a characteristic impedance of 300 ohms. Most UHF TV antennas use a folded dipole as the driven element, a folded dipole has a characteristic impedance of 300 ohms that's why twin lead has been used over the years, so there's no impedance mismatched. LOL just dawned on me you are feeding a plain dipole that has a characteristic impedance of 75 ohms with the twin lead. No matter rabbit ears use twin lead, and all works sometimes. that why the term is "characteristic impedance.
thanks, I never knew that and I wire stuff at work all the time, mostly DC though so low ohms readings.
I do not work with these things, but have read bits and pieces about impedance, also known as reactance. In a radio tuning circuit there is an inductance (coil of wire) and a capacitor. One of those is variable by means of a tuning knob. The resistance provided by the inductance reduces or blocks signals. The same is true for the reactance or resistance provided by the capacitor. But, at the selected or desired frequency of the station you want to hear, the reactance from the capacitor has the effect of countering the reactance or inductance from the coil of wire. The result is the frequency you want is allowed to pass relatively freely. I am glad to have been of help.
Don't


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text:
One More Word
December 7, 2000
In last month's column, I talked about the basics of working with Microsoft Word documents programmatically, and discussed how to work with the contents of a document using the Range object. I got a lot of interesting feedback on that column, along with requests for some additional information. Specifically, readers asked about working with documents using the Selection object and working with bookmarks programmatically. So, this month I will talk about the Selection object, provide some information on the differences between the Selection object and the Range object, and give you some information on programmatically working with bookmarks in Word documents.
Working with the Selection Object
The Selection object represents the currently selected text in a Word document. The Selection object is always present in a document; if no text is selected, it represents the insertion point. Unlike the Range object, there can only be one Selection object at a time.
You can use the Selection object's Type property to get information about the state of the current selection. For example, if there is no current selection, the Selection object's Type property returns wdSelectionIP. The Type property will return one of nine values represented by the wdSelectionType enumerated constants.
You use the Selection property to return a Selection object. The Selection property is available from the Application, Window, and Pane objects. However, because the Selection property is global, you can refer to it without referencing another object first. For example, the following sample code illustrates how you use the Selection property to get information about the currently selected text:
Sub SelectionCurrentInfo() Dim strMessage As String With Selection If.Characters.Count > 1 Then strMessage = "The Selection object in '" _ & ActiveDocument.Name & "' contains " _ &.Characters.Count & " characters, " _ &.Words.Count & " words, " &.Sentences.Count _ & " sentences, and " &.Paragraphs.Count _ & " paragraphs." MsgBox strMessage End If End With End Sub
The next example shows how you can use the Range property of the Selection object to replace currently selected text:
Sub ChangeSelectedText() Dim rngDocContent As Word.Range Dim strNewText As String If Selection.Type = wdSelectionIP Then MsgBox "Please select a word to replace before running " _ & "this procedure." Exit Sub Else strNewText = InputBox("Enter text to replace '" _ & Selection.Text & "'.", "Replace existing text") If Len(strNewText) = 0 Then Exit Sub End If Set rngDocContent = Selection.Range rngDocContent.Text = strNewText End Sub
When it comes to manipulating text, the Selection and Range objects have many methods and properties in common. However, the Selection object has a unique set of methods for manipulating text. These are the TypeText, TypeParagraph, and TypeBackspace methods. You use these methods to enter or remove text, and to insert paragraph marks in a Selection object. In order to get the results you expect, there are a few things you need to understand about these methods.
The TypeMethodName methods may delete existing text, depending on the value of the Options object's ReplaceSelection property. The ReplaceSelection property returns the value of the Typing replaces selection option on the Edit tab in the Options dialog box. When the ReplaceSelection property is True, using any of the TypeName methods will result in the currently selected text being replaced. When the ReplaceSelection property is False, the TypeText and TypeParagraph methods add text or a paragraph mark to the beginning of the current selection. In addition, when the ReplaceSelection property is False, the TypeBackspace method behaves the same as the Collapse method of a Range or Selection object when the wdCollapseStart constant is specified in the Direction argument. The Collapse method collapses a range or selection so that its starting point and ending point are the same.
Comparing the Selection Object and the Range Object
In many ways, the Selection object is like a Range object. The Selection object represents an arbitrary portion of a document. It has properties that represent characters, words, sentences, paragraphs, and other objects in a Word document. The main difference is that when you use the Range object, it's not necessary to first select the text. In addition, there can be only one Selection object at a time, but the number of Range objects you can create is unlimited.
The Selection object and the Range object have many common methods and properties, and it is easy to return a Range object from a Selection object or to create a Selection object from a Range object. However, most things you can do with a Selection object, you can do even faster with a Range object. There are two main reasons for this:
- The Range object typically requires fewer lines of code to accomplish a task.
- Manipulating a Range object does not incur the overhead associated with Word having to move or change the selection "highlight" in the active document.
In addition, you can do much more with a Range object than you can with a Selection object:
- You can manipulate a Range object without changing what the user has selected in the document. Practically speaking, you could save the original selection by using a Range object variable, manipulate the Selection object programmatically, then use the saved Range object's Select method to display the original selection. But there is rarely a good reason to show the user that the selection is changing. Some WordBasic developers relied on changing the selection to indicate to the user that the code was still running. But this is not the right way to convey information to a user. An operation that takes a long time to execute should signal its progress by using a progress meter or by posting status messages to the status bar.
- You can maintain multiple Range objects in your code, and, where necessary, store those objects in a custom Collection object. You cannot do these two things by using only the Selection object.
Working with Bookmarks
In many ways, a Bookmark object is similar to a Selection or Range object in that it represents a contiguous area in a document. It has a starting position and an ending position, and it can be as small as the insertion point or as large as the entire document. However, a Bookmark object differs from a Selection or Range object because you can give the Bookmark object a name and it does not go away when your code stops running or when the document is closed. In addition, although bookmarks are normally hidden, you can make them visible by setting the View object's ShowBookmarks property to True.
You use bookmarks to mark a location in a document or as a container for text in a document. The following examples illustrate these uses:
- You can use bookmarks to mark areas in a document that will contain data supplied by the user or obtained from an outside source. For example, a business letter template may have bookmarks marking the locations for name and address information. Your Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) code could obtain the data from the user or from a database, then insert it in the locations marked by bookmarks. Once a location is marked, navigating to that location is as simple as navigating to the bookmark. You can determine whether a document contains a specific bookmark by using the Bookmarks collection's Exists method. You display a bookmark location by using the Bookmark object's Select method. Once a bookmark is selected, the Selection object and the Bookmark object represent the same location in the document.
- If you have a document that contains boilerplate text that you need to modify in certain circumstances, you can use VBA code to insert different text in these specified locations, depending on whether certain conditions are met. You can use a Bookmark object's Range property to create a Range object, then use the Range object's InsertBefore method, InsertAfter method, or Text property to add or modify the text within a bookmark.
Once you understand the subtleties associated with adding or changing text through VBA code, working with bookmarks can be a powerful way to enhance your custom solutions in Word.
You add a bookmark by using the Bookmarks collection's Add method. You specify the bookmark's location by specifying a Range or Selection object in the Add method's Range argument. When you use the InsertBefore method, the InsertAfter method, or the Text property, a Range object automatically expands to incorporate the new text. As you will see in the next few examples, a bookmark does not adjust itself as easily, but making a bookmark as dynamic as a range is a simple exercise.
When you use the Range object's InsertBefore method to add text to a bookmark, the text is added to the start of the bookmark and the bookmark expands to include the new text. For example, if you had a bookmark named CustomerAddress on the following text (the brackets appear when the ShowBookmarks property is set to True):
[Seattle, WA 12345]
you could add the street address to this bookmark by using the following VBA code:
Dim rngRange As Word.Range Set rngRange = ActiveDocument.Bookmarks("CustomerAddress").Range rngRange.InsertBefore "1234 Elm Drive #233" & vbCrLf
As you might expect, the bookmark expands to include the additional address information:
[1234 Elm Drive #233 Seattle, WA 12345]
Now suppose you wanted to use the InsertAfter method to add text to the end of a bookmark that contains the street address, and you want to add the city, state, and Zip code information by using this code:
Dim rngRange As Word.Range Set rngRange = ActiveDocument.Bookmarks("CustomerAddress").Range rngRange.InsertAfter vbCrLf & "Seattle, WA 12345"
Note that when you use the InsertAfter method to add text to the end of a bookmark, the bookmark does not automatically expand to include the new text:
[1234 Elm Drive #233] Seattle, WA 12345
This behavior could create problems if you were unaware of it. But now


Boolean b1 = true;
Boolean b2 = true;
String b3 = 'b1 && b2';
Boolean b4 = Boolean.valueOf(b3);
system.debug('test Bool '+ b4);
 - I'm curious how you want to apply this, or what problem you need to solve? – pchittum Jan 29 '13 at 12:20
 - Would it help if you convert your conditions into a dynamic query and act on results from that? – Vid L May 3 '13 at 11:13
It is possible to mimic a Javascript eval() in Apex by making a callout to the executeAnonymous API method.
There are two common ways you can get a response back from executeAnonymous.
 1. Throw a deliberate exception at the end of the execute and include the response. Kevin covers this approach in EVAL() in Apex. Secure Dynamic Code Evaluation on the Salesforce1 Platform.
 2. I used a variation of this approach but returned the response via the debug log rather than an intentional exception. See Adding Eval() support to Apex.
Using my example the Apex would be something like:
string toEval =
 'Boolean b1 = true;' +
 'Boolean b2 = true;' +
 'boolean b3 = b1 && b2;' +
 'System.debug(LoggingLevel.Error, b3);';
boolean b4 = soapSforceCom200608Apex.evalBoolean( toEval );
system.debug('test Bool '+ b4);
 - You rock! Never known this is possible in Apex!!!! You have my vote up! – Patlatus Apr 16 '15 at 8:55
 - No. There are some native features that will evaluate your string such as Database.insert and other DML methods. But not an arbitrary expression. – pchittum Jan 29 '13 at 12:19
 - 2
I created an apex class on github to do this. Take a look at this... _URL_
List values = new List{
true, false, true, true, false, true, true, true
BooleanEvaluate boolEval = new BooleanEvaluate('1 && ( ( 2 || 3 ) && 6 ) && ( 4 && 5 || ( 7 && 8 ) )', values);
If someone wants to improve it, please fork! Hope it helps
 - 1
 please include the essentials of the link in your post, as is, this is a link only answer, although it might help, if the link becomes invalid, so will your answer. Please update accordingly and take some time to review How to Answer and take the tour. thanks! – glls Oct 27 '17 at 2:08
 - Hi _USER_, This is my first answer here, thank you for your tips – Heitor Araujo Nov 6 '17 at 2:12
Also you can try Script.apex(_URL_
Map context = new Map{ b1 => true, b2 => false };
Boolean result = (Boolean)ScriptEngine.getInstance().eval('b1 && b2', context);
Your Answer


Chakra #5: The Vishuddhi Chakra, Diplomacy & Collective enjoyment
The Vishuddhi chakra has sixteen petals, each with different qualities and functions. On the physical side, it looks after throat, arms, face, mouth, teeth, etc., so they must all be taken care of. For instance, protecting yourself from the cold, avoiding tobacco, taking proper dental care, and so on. This is particularly important for your vibratory awareness, as the nerves which register the vibrations in the hands pass through this centre.


text:
In order to achieve the goals, set in our core values, Glowing Star Construction will integrate Quality, Health, Safety and Environment (QHSE) in all our business strategies, executions and processes. We commit to follow it and narrate our QHSE Policy for compliance at every level of organizational systems:
- Manage QHSE effectively by developing, implementing and maintaining a best practice, process oriented, integrated management system.
- Create and maintain a safe, healthy and productive workplace environment and procedures for all persons at our places of work,against risks to their health, safety or welfare arising out of our work activities;
- Verify compliance with internal and external requirements through audits and strive for compliance with international standards such as ISO 9001, ISO 14001 or OHSAS 18001.
- Address QHSE issues and their impact on practices, processes and products to align our business with public and customer expectations.
- Create and maintain continuous improvement strategies, systematically managing to ensure proactive hazard controls.
- Promote QHSE awarenessand enhanceconfidence of internal and external stakeholders in our business by informing, consulting, training and advising.
- Implement initiatives to prevent pollution, conserve natural resources and minimize the effects of Glowing Star's operations on environment, health and safety.
- Provide adequate resources for implementing and managing QHSE Management System effectively.


text:
Several scientific studies show that respiratory problems of urban citizens have a high correlation with the presence or absence of certain species of lichens in the cities. The last Global Burden of Desease (GDB) shows that at least 15,000 deaths a year are attributable to air pollution.
During the workshop we will:
- Show how to identify the most common lichen species in the city of Barcelona.
- Explain the relationship between the presence of each species and the air pollution level.
- Show how to use a citizen science platform to monitor the presence and abundance of lichen species in your city.
- Conduct a field trip to practice with the platform Natusfera before planning your future activities with students.
The event takes place at Centre Cultural Casa Orlandai, Barcelona.
Natusfera is a citizen science platform created to record, organise and share naturalistic observations. Natusfera want to foster participation of nature enthusiasts, knowledge of the natural world and its exploration.
The workshop is organised and facilitated by CREAF (Ecological and Forestry Application Research Centre), an ECSA member based in Barcelona (Spain).
"Training the trainers" workshops aim to build capacity in biodiversity monitoring to facilitate youth participation in citizen science activities.


text:
Dream, a series of continuous, emotional and vivid experiences that contain themes, concerns, dream figures, and objects that correspond closely to waking life. Dreams can have numerous emotions in debt to it. They can be happy, devastating, adventurous, fun, bizarre and many more.
Did you know, between these good and bad dreams, there's a talisman that is believed to catch bad dreams? Dream Catcher- a decorative modern contemporary object which is a small circular hoop, web-like in the between made up of threads, beads in the middle and the feathers hanging in the end.
Gifting dream catcher in birthdays and on special occasion has developed like a fashion these days as it symbolizes protection and positivity. But aren't we a little curious to know what these fancy looking thing specifically imply, its origin and it's whereabouts?
History of Dream Catcher
Dream catchers have different theories and its purpose vary rather religiously. There's a story of a child, according to a legend, who was very sick. He had a fever due to bad dreams. Then, a woman who practiced medicine made a dream catcher taking spider's web as a reference.
When bad dreams came to the child, it filtered his bad dreams in the strands. Good dreams took hold of the feathers hanging at the end of the dream catcher and poured on the child's health. Early in the morning, when the first rays hit the catcher, it would burn all the bad dreams caught in between. Another is a tale of a spider.
It was weaving its web in the window; a child was about to kill it when his grandmother stopped him from doing so. Expressing gratefulness, the spider offered her web which would catch all of her bad dreams.
The other convincing theory about dream catcher is that of Native Americans. Back then, the tribes Ojibwe and Lakota were the ancient tribes of Native America who were fascinated by the spiders. They believed that the spiders protect them from negativity. Like every tribe had a deity to follow, they had Asibikashi who had preternatural powers. They named her "spider woman".
Due to various circumstances, they had to travel far from their native land which made it difficult to bind them with her protective spell. In order to protect them all, she made the first dream catcher whilst in their term was "Asbikeshiinh". Thereafter, every grandmother and mother made a dream catcher to protect them from bad omen.
The Ojibwe tribe supposed the night air is loaded with both good and bad dreams. The dream catcher is hung above the head where the rays of sunlight hit. The bad dreams get trapped in the web whereas the good ones are allowed to pass through the feathers and go downhill to the sleeper's mind. The remaining bad dream entwined in the net gets scorched as soon as the morning rays conquerors over.
What does a Catcher Dream do?
Dream Catcher is also sometimes named as "Sacred Hoops". Traditionally, these were used as talismans to keep people, usually children, away from bad dreams. Native Americans believe that the night air has both good and bad dreams. When dream catchers are hung in a place above the bed where the morning sunrays fall on, they attract and capture all kinds of dreams and thoughts into its webs.
Then, only good dreams pass through and gently slide down the feathers to comfort the sleeper below. For bad dreams, nevertheless, get stuck in its protective net and destroyed, the light of day burns them.
Meaning of Dream Catcher
What most of you might be wondering is why dream catchers are circular in shape? Is it because it makes it look good or does it have its own significance? Let me walk you through why are they circular. The dream catcher draws its resemblance from the celestial forces of the sun and the moon which travels each day and night to represent the circle of life.
There is a different yet significant meaning of beads attached to the dream catcher. In some context, the beads symbolize the spider, whereas the others consider beads as good dreams which could not pass through the web.
Which Color You Should Choose?
Most believe that the best color to choose for a dream catcher is white and blue symbolic of hope and pureness. The color white also represents freshness, goodness, light, simplicity and coolness which make it the best option. However, the choice of color is subjective as every color has its own meaning.
Black Dream Catcher
If you are a sophisticated person who enjoys power and mystery black is the color you should choose. It also symbolizes death and evil. (Isn't that a catch?)
Gray Dream Catcher
The mixture of black and white shows stability and security. For a person who is authoritative, mature and has a strong sense of character, this color is the ideal choice.
Purple Dream Catcher
Purple, the color of royalty and luxury is suitable for those who have a knack for spiritual beliefs.
Yellow Dream Catcher
An outgoing person who is a social butterfly should choose this color as it represents cheerfulness, energy, friendliness, and joy.
Pink Dream Catcher
If you are planning to gift your better half a dream catcher, what better color to choose than the color that symbolizes romance, compassion, love, and faithfulness.
Red Dream Catcher
For those of you full of energy and passion the best option to go for is red representing excitement romance and danger.
Blue Dream Catcher
Peace, stability, calmness, confidence, tranquility, sincerity, affection and integrity. If you relate to any of the mentioned quality you know which color to choose.
Green Dream Catcher
People looking for growth and healing. Choose the color of relaxation and serendipity.
How to Make a Dream Catcher?
After knowing all about the dream catcher, you probably should be interested in buying one or why not even making one?? For your guidance the steps are mentioned below:
Step 1: First, gather all the necessary materials such as threads, bangles, beads, feathers, anything circular and a thicker thread. The thread that is used to wrap up the bangle should be comparatively thicker than that of which is used to hang the feather later on.
Step 2: What we need to do is basically wrap the thread around the bracelet then double secure it in the end.
Step 3: The third step is the making of the loop. The point of initials depends on your choice. After choosing it, secure the place and start making loops in the positioning in the corners.
In case you are the beginner, start making a heptangular hoop otherwise to enhance it up you can make an octagonal or decagonal hoop. You can add up the beads if you want to in the middle loop or anywhere you prefer to.
Step 4: Add feathers using the thread you used to bind the bangle.
Contact us, if you want to buy Dream Catcher in bulk or wholesale. Our dream catcher is 100% handmade in Nepal using organic natural fabric.