text:
The Influence of Low Melt Point, High Modulus Fibers in Blended Fiber Ballistic Resistant Nonwovens
Type of DegreeThesis
Polymer and Fiber Engineering
MetadataShow full item record
The purpose of this research was to examine the presence of a thermal phase change as a means of energy dissipation in nonwoven needlepunched felts used in soft body armor applications. The investigation was carried out using Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Polarized Light Microscopy and standardized V50 ballistic testing. A mathematical formula was developed to approximate the residual kinetic energy of the nonwoven felt. The overall conclusion from the testing was that a thermal phase change did occur as a result of projectile impact; however, the energy dissipation ensuing from this phase change has not proven to be a major contribution to the nonwoven felt's elevated anti-ballistic properties.


Welcome to KunShan Acumen Precision Machinery Co.,LtdOfficial Website
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Causes damage to die-casting molds
Causes of damage to die-casting molds:
 In die-casting production, the most common form of mold damage is cracking and cracking. Stress is the main cause of mold damage. Thermal, mechanical, chemical, and operational shocks are sources of stress, including mechanical stress and thermal stress. Stress is generated in:
 (1) In the process of mold manufacturing and manufacturing
 , the quality of rough forging. Some molds produce cracks only when they are produced in a few hundred pieces, and cracks develop rapidly. It is possible that only the outer dimensions are ensured during forging, and the loose defects such as dendrites, inclusions, shrinkage cavities, and bubbles in the steel are stretched and elongated along the processing method to form a streamline, and this streamline is for the future. The final quenching deformation, cracking, brittle fracture during use, and failure tendency have a great impact.
 2. The cutting stress generated during the final machining of the car, milling, planing, etc., which can be eliminated by intermediate annealing.
 3. The grinding stress is generated during the grinding of the hardened steel. The friction heat is generated during the grinding, and the softening layer and the decarburization layer are generated, which reduces the thermal fatigue strength and easily leads to thermal cracking and early cracking. After the fine grinding of h13 steel, it can be heated to 510-570 ° C, and the thickness is maintained every 25 mm for one hour for stress relief annealing.
 4. EDM produces stress. The surface of the mold produces a white bright layer rich in electrode elements and dielectric elements, which is hard and brittle. This layer itself has cracks and stress. EDM should use a high frequency to minimize the white layer. It must be removed by polishing and tempered. The tempering is carried out at the tertiary tempering temperature.
 Improper heat treatment during the mold processing process will cause the mold to crack and be prematurely scrapped. In particular, only quenching and tempering, no quenching, and surface nitriding will occur, and surface cracking will occur after several thousand die castings. Cracking. The stress generated when the steel is quenched is the result of the superposition of the thermal stress during the cooling process and the structural stress during the phase change. The quenching stress is the cause of the deformation and cracking, and the solid must be tempered to eliminate the stress.
 (3) in the process of die casting production
 The mold should be preheated to a certain temperature before production. Otherwise, when the high temperature molten metal is filled, chilling occurs, which causes the temperature gradient of the inner and outer layers of the mold to increase, forming thermal stress, causing the surface of the mold to crack or even crack. During the production process, the mold temperature is continuously increased. When the mold temperature is overheated, the mold is easily generated, and the moving parts are broken, resulting in damage to the mold surface. The cooling temperature control system should be set to keep the working temperature of the mold within a certain range.


text:
Data Normality Tests in Excel
Is Your Data Normal?
Statistical analysis (e.g., ANOVA) may rely on your data being "normal" (i.e., bell-shaped), so how can you tell if it really is normal?
The two tests most commonly used are:
The Anderson-Darling values shown are:
- A-squared = 0.270
- p value= 0.648
- 95% Critical Value = 0.787
- 99% Critical Value = 1.092
|p value <= a||Reject the null hypothesis|
|p value > a||Cannot reject the null hypothesis - the data is normal.|
|A-squared > critical value
||Reject the null hypothesis|
|A-squared <= critical value
||Cannot reject the null hypothesis - the data is normal.|
"Null hypothesis" is that the data is normal.
The "alternative hypothesis" is that the data is non-normal.
Reject the Null hypothesis (i.e., accept the alternative) when p<=alpha or A-squared>critical value.
Using the p value: p = 0.648 which is greater than alpha (level of significance) of 0.01. So we cannot reject the null hypothesis (i.e., the data is normal).
Using the critical values, you would only reject this "null hypothesis" (i.e., data is non-normal) if A-squared is greater than either of the two critical values. Since 0.270 < 0.787 and 0.270 < 1.092, you can be at least 99% confident that the data is normal.
The probability plot transforms the data into a normal distribution and plots it as a scatter diagram.
- Normal data will follow the trend line.
- Non-normal data will have more points farther from the trend line.
- QI Macros probability plot also calculates R².
Normal Probability Plots in QI Macros Add-in for Excel
QI Macros has several tools that will run a Probability Plot for you. They include:
Example of QI Macros XmR Chart Template
Just by looking at the histogram (bell shaped) and probability plot, you can see that this data is fairly normal.
QI Macros also offers a Probability Plot template, found in the Chart Templates drop-down menu:
Within this template, there are 2 template options:
- Probability Plot (Z)
- Probability Plot (%)
In each of these templates, you will find a Normal Probability Plot chart, a Half-Normal Probability Plot chart and a Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test.
A Normal Probability Plot graphs z-scores (standard scores) against your data set. It also provides you with a visual representation of whether your data set is a normal distribution:
A Half Normal Probability Plot graphs your distribution to evaluate which factors are important vs. which are unimportant:
Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) is a Goodness-of-Fit Test that is used to indicate if a sample comes from a population with a specific distribution:
Why Choose QI Macros Statistical Software for Excel?
- Only $299 USD - less with quantity discounts
- No annual fees
- Free Technical Support
Easy to Use
- Works Right in Excel
- Interprets Results for You
- Accurate Results Without Worry
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


How to Give the Gift of Learning Spanish
How to Give the Gift of Learning Spanish
Gifting someone the means to learn the Spanish language is one of the most valuable, long-lasting, life-changing and door-opening gifts you can possibly give.
Spanish is spoken by over 427 million people on several continents as their first language, making it the second most widely-spoken language in the world in terms of native speakers.
Incredible places to travel, fun and vibrant people, exciting cultures and amazing cuisine all await the Spanish speaker…
But how can you be sure you are giving the exact right Spanish learning gift?
But - taking into account their specific needs and goals - which one is the right Spanish product to give someone?
This article will explain:
1) How to work out exactly what kind of Spanish gift to give someone
2) The various options available for gifting Spanish
* How to take into account the person's ideal learning style when selecting Spanish language gifts.
* An incredibly valuable native Spanish pronunciation course that compliments any of the recommended products below.
So let's get started!
1) Find out exactly what they will use Spanish for
When answering inquiries I receive from Spanish learners about what method or approach will work best for them, I first get them to think about why exactly they want to learn Spanish.
What will they use Spanish for? Travel? Work? Studies? Relationship? Research?
As a Spanish gift giver, you need to first determine what the specific needs are of the person receiving your gift.
Let's compare some examples to help illustrate this:
John the Backpacker
John wants to learn Spanish because he is planning to backpack through Central America for a few months and needs to know the local lingo to get by, to negotiate and avoid overpaying in markets, to understand the gist of what's happening around him, to ask for directions and to meet locals and engage in basic conversations.
John the backpacker needs to be able to speak as fast as possible and have a basic understanding of how Spanish is written. He would benefit best from an approach that focuses on listening and conversation first with some basic overview of reading and writing.
Jane the Student
Jane is preparing for a semester abroad in Valencia, Spain, where she will be learning Spanish language and culture at a university. She has very basic knowledge of the language and needs to get acquainted with the basics and get as much of a head start as possible before landing on the ground running.
Jane needs to develop a solid foundation upon which to build while at university in Spain. She needs to understand some of the basic language used in the classroom, have good knowledge of the writing system and be able to engage in simple conversations both in the classroom and while out and about in the city.
Jane would best benefit from a complete Spanish solution that covers all the bases completely, from reading and writing to listening and speaking.
Pat the Business Traveler
Pat heads the marketing department for a US company that is opening operations in Mexico. Pat will be moving to Mexico City for a year to take charge of this expansion and work out an effective marketing campaign for the Mexican audience. The actual work is in English, but having a basic knowledge of Spanish will give Pat greater confidence and also allow for life to be enjoyed more fully and easily while living abroad.
Unique Spanish needs require unique Spanish solutions
John, Jane and Pat all have different reasons for learning Spanish.
If you don't know, ask the person why they are learning Spanish
The person you are gifting Spanish to will certainly have a unique need for learning the language.
This, in turn, will help you home in on the best choice of for a Spanish present!
2) Familiarize yourself with options for Spanish learning gifts
Now that you've got a solid idea about why they want to know Spanish, let's explore general learning materials and what kind of goals they are good for.
Spanish Apps
Apps for learning Spanish cover an enormous amount of ground in terms of what kind of learning experience they offer.
Apps can be focused on anything from Spanish language exchange to Spanish courses to Spanish learning games and Spanish flashcards and beyond.
Apps are great for learning Spanish basics in a convenient, mobile way. The options are huge, and some apps go deeper into the learning experience than others, offering additional means for learning such as podcasts and lessons.
Spanish Podcasts
Podcasts for learning Spanish are growing in popularity fast and there are more and more of them showing up on the scene everyday.
This makes deciding on a Spanish learning podcast somewhat daunting, but I'll make it easy for you as there is one system that has become hugely popular and continues growing quickly.
Some of the things podcasts are great for:
 - improving Spanish listening skills
 - learning Spanish vocabulary
 - Spanish cultural insights
 - easy repetition of important material (just listen again)
 - learning can be taken anywhere
Also mentioned in the app section above as it covers that ground as well, this innovative Spanish podcast is my go-to recommendation for anyone interested in learning Spanish with podcasts and apps.
Spanish Tutoring
Simply put, there is really nothing better for individual focus and speedy progress than a well-trained Spanish tutor.
When it comes to Spanish tutoring, your giftee is in luck because there is a service called BaseLang available for only $99/month and allows for unlimited private Skype learning sessions with a pro Spanish teacher!
(If you're curious about this, check out my podcast interview with CEO of BaseLang.)
There is another option for online Spanish tutoring which is worth mentioning as it has a vibrant community of both professional teachers as well as free language exchange partners.
Spanish Books
Think Spanish books are dead? Think again!
There are a few Spanish learning books worth considering if you want to place a physical item in a package and gift that.
If you want to gift a book, my top recommendation is "Language Hacking Spanish" by Benny Lewis (US/UK), a polyglot author with incredible insight into learning to speak languages quickly.
This book was published in October 2016 and focuses on shortcuts to becoming conversational in Spanish fast.
(They call it "language hacking" and it's pretty awesome!)
The other two options are specific to regional Spanish and are a more standard course format that gives a full introduction to the language.
These course books are "Colloquial European Spanish" US/UK and "Colloquial Latin American Spanish" US/UK.
If you'd like to know more about these, check out my reviews of both Colloquial Latin American Spanish and Colloquial European Spanish.
Spanish Courses
These days "Spanish courses" exist in a wide variety forms - text, audio, video, online, etc.
By courses, I mean specifically a learning tool that is designed to take you on a guided journey from zero to Spanish - not just random unconnected lessons, but a format that starts with the basics and builds up to fluency in steps.
Two popular courses that offer the widest variety of learning materials are Innovative Spanish (podcast, online lessons, apps) and Glossika Spanish (PDFs and audio).
Spanish Audio
Spanish audio can be very useful for people who commute, love to cook and/or exercise as they can turn these activities into Spanish learning time as well.
Audio is specifically good for people who want to have good Spanish listening comprehension skills and practice pronunciation through repetition of the audio.
Potential resources for audio are actually the same as for courses: Innovative Spanish and Glossika Spanish.
Spanish Video
Watching videos is a great way to learn Spanish, especially when the videos are intentionally geared toward learning and include enhanced tools to improve the experience.
Learners can, of course, simply watch Spanish films online and cool free Spanish learning videos.
Simply put, for learning Spanish with videos nothing compares!
Spanish Software
Spanish software gifts could easily be included along with the apps listed above.
One such option is Babbel Spanish which is available online as well as via their app.
Spanish Language Exchange
Language exchanges are free, and there are many options.
3) Decide which kind of Spanish learning materials best match their needs
Now you know what your giftee's motivations for learning are.
You also have become familiar with many of the possible gift ideas for Spanish learners.
A few guiding thoughts for this:
 - If they need Spanish for travel, lean towards gifts that offer a fast path to speaking Spanish (Hacking Spanish US/UK, BaseLang, Glossika Spanish)
 - If they need Spanish for business, lean towards gifts that offer personalized Spanish learning (BaseLang)
 - If they are keen to learn to read and write, lean towards more textbook materials (Hacking Spanish US/UK, Colloquial European Spanish US/UK, Colloquial Latin American Spanish US/UK)
 - If they've got a lot going on in their lives and want to fit Spanish learning into commutes, cooking and exercising, opt for podcasts and audio (Innovative Spanish, Glossika Spanish)
Keep in mind the person's best learning style
Knowing what kind of learner the person you want to gift Spanish to is can also be a massive help in choosing.
To massively simplify:
 - Audio = people who learn best by hearing
 - Visual = people who learn best by seeing
 - Reading/Writing = kinda obvious
Note on unlimited professional Spanish tutoring
A professional Spanish tutor is always going to be super helpful no matter what you're learning.
Until recently, this was quite expensive but is now available for as little as $99/month for unlimited Spanish tutoring.
Perhaps a combination of BaseLang + either the Hacking Spanish book (US/UK), Innovative Spanish or Glossika Spanish would be ideal.
Note on learning Spanish pronunciation like a native
If you're into the idea of combining two or more of the above-mentioned options, I'd like to throw in there another unique


text:
of the result. The ACG literature shows the normalization (beta-reduction) step when presenting examples; the step, however, is left implicit in the formalism. Since simply-typed lambda-calculus is strongly normalizing, the formalities are not needed.
To model semantics, that is, design an ACG lexicon to map an abstract form to a logical form, extensions are often necessary. For example, the linearity requirement is dropped. We carry out further extensions. First, we distinguish a subset of terms of the logical form calculus and call them values. We define the process of reduction of terms to values as left-to-right call-by-value evaluation. We call the logical form calculus a (semantic) metalanguage.
The mapping of an abstract term
tA to a logical form is an explicitly two-stage process: we map the constants of
tA to metalanguage terms, and evaluate the result. The evaluation may fail to yield a value: the mapping of
tA to a semantic form is partial. We take the failure as an indication of ungrammaticality of
tA. The corresponding surface forms are thus judged syntactically correct but meaningless. In a departure from the Categorial Grammar tradition, the rules of grammatical composition are specified by the evaluation rules of the metalanguage -- and only incompletely by the underlying type calculus. Types are quickly-decidable approximation of the evaluation rules. Whereas categorial grammars and type-logical grammars stress finding proofs, we stress deterministic evaluation.
To avoid type-lifting and still model (covert) movements we add to our metalanguage multi-prompt delimited continuations. Such continuations implement mutable dynamic binding (or, 'local store'), which is a computational model of Cooper storage.
We can use an existing programming language as our metalanguage, which gives us a ready-made implementation of computational abstract grammars. We straightforwardly encode abstract forms and lexicons in OCaml, and see the logical forms as the result of running the corresponding OCaml programs. We also take advantage of the abstraction, modularity, and interactive development and debugging facilities of OCaml.
A Haskell translation of an early version of
symantics1.ml, for comparison
Sylvain Pogodalla: Syntax-Semantics Architecture: Comparing CG and ACG
Section 4 of the Advanced ESSLLI09 course on Abstract Categorial Grammars
< _URL_ >
We use the examples from Sec 4.4.
Typed Tagless Interpretations
Abstract Categorial Grammars are the instance of Typed Tagless (Final) Interpretations.
Dynamic Logic in ACG: Discourse Anaphora and Scoping Islands
Our enhancement to ACG affects only the mapping from abstract language to semantics. We retain all ACG's benefits of parsing from the surface form. Crucially, by avoiding type lifting we keep the order of the abstract signature low, so that parsing remains tractable.
We regard the mapping from abstract language to semantics partial: some sentences, albeit well-formed, just don't make sense. We model this partial mapping as a potentially failing computation in a call-by-value language with multi-prompt delimited control. The evaluation and type inference rules of the language are simple and deterministic. Control prompts may be regarded as loci of binding or quantification, used by quantified phrases and pronouns and set by context. We arrive at the mechanism of interaction of a phrase with its context that determines the scope.
OCaml code with the analyses of the puzzles discussed in the talk
The code presents abstract forms for the puzzles, surface forms and the computed logical formulas, if exist.
< _URL_ >
Abstract Categorial Grammar Homepage
The delimcc library: delimited continuations for OCaml
We specify the compilation from the intermediate language to the STT denotation as reduction rules. Hence the intermediate language is (call-by-name) lambda calculus whose constants are STT formulas. To compile an intermediate language term to its STT denotation we evaluate the term. The compilation is not always compositional: so-called scopal expressions contribute their meaning in the places other than where they are seen or heard. Scopal phenomena include generalized quantification, wh-phrases, topicalization, focus, anaphora and binding. To account for these phenomena, our intermediate language includes control operators shift and reset. We are thus able to improve on the previous continuation-based analyses of quantification, binding, raised and in-situ wh-questions, binding in wh-questions, and superiority.
The evaluation of an intermediate language term does not always lead to the STT denotation: the evaluation may get stuck. In that case, we regard the corresponding source language phrase as ungrammatical. We introduce a type system to delineate a set of intermediate language terms whose evaluation never fails to produce denotation. Being well-typed becomes an alternative criterion of grammaticality. Typeability, unlike reducibility, has an advantage of being applicable to separate phrases rather than whole sentences. Our main result is that both typing and call-by-name are necessary to correctly predict superiority and binding in wh-questions with topicalization, without resorting to thunking or type raising and thus maintaining the uniformity of the analyses.
Presentation at the workshop, August 6, 2008. Hamburg, Germany.
The complete code with all the analyses described in the paper
Call-by-name typed shift/reset calculus
Our intermediate language
Joint work with Chung-chieh Shan.
oleg-at-pobox.com or oleg-at-okmij.org
Your comments, problem reports, questions are very welcome!
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Jizzax Province
Frae Wikipedia
Lowp tae: navigation, rake
Jizzax Province (Uzbek: Jizzax viloyati / Жиззах вилояти) is a viloyat (province) o Uzbekistan locatit in the center o the kintra. It borders wi Tajikstan tae the sooth an sooth-east, Samarqand Province tae the wast, Navoiy Province tae the north-wast, Kazakhstan tae the north, an Sirdaryo Province tae the east. It covers an aurie o 20,500 km². The population is estimatit tae be aroond 910,500, wi some 80% livin in rural auries.
The provincial caipital is Jizzakh (pop est 127,500 inhabitants). Ither major touns include Dustlik, Gagarin, Gallyaaral (Gallaorol), Pakhtakor, an Mardjanbulak. Jizzax Province wis umwhile a pairt o Sirdaryo Province but wis given separate status in 1973.
The climate is a typically continental climate, wi mild winters an het, dry simmers.
The economy o Jizzax Province is primarily based on agricultur. Cotton an wheat are the main crops, an extensive irrigation is uised. Naitural resoorces include leid, zinc, airn, an limestane.
The province haes a well-developit transportation infrastructur, wi ower 2500 km o surfacit roads.
The bonnie Zaamin Naitional Pairk, umwhile Guralash Preserve, on the wastren slopes o the Turkestan Range an kent for its unique fauna an flora, is an aw athin the province.
Wildlife is extremely rich here; in spring an in simmer alpine meadaes are gray wi multitude o colors, bricht-reid tulips an snaw-white acacias. In autumn the hills they are magnificently decoratit wi the gowden domes o the hazelnut trees, columns o birch-trees, touerin plane trees, an green thickets. Heich in the muntains, in the upper pairt o the Garalashsay gorge, is a nestin-place o black storks. These rare birds are the pride an joy o Uzbekistan. They are written doun in the "Redbooks" in mony kintras as an endangered species. Early in the ware when the Amasay Depression is floodit, flocks o deuks, wild geese, pelicans an grey herons come here. This territory serves as a nestin place for rose-coloured starlins, shrikes, an sandpipers.
Destricts[eedit | eedit soorce]
Diveesion o Jizzakh Province intae tumans (destricts)
The province is dividit intae 12 destricts (tumans):
Key Destrict name Destrict caipital
1 Arnasay Goliblar
2 Bakhmal Usmat
3 Gallaorol Gallorol
4 Jizzakh Uchtepa
5 Dustlik Dustlik
6 Zaamin Zaamin
7 Zarbdar Zarbdar
8 Zafarobod Zafarobod
9 Mirzachul Gagarin
10 Pakhtakor Pakhtakor
11 Forish Yangikishlok
12 Yangiabad Balandchakir
References[eedit | eedit soorce]


text:
Auckland university researchers have written software which enables a computer to recognise rat footprints from those of other wildlife, and tell the difference between species of rats.
"By identifying rat species we can understand patterns of invasion on predator-free islands, or detect new species entering New Zealand," biologist James Russell said.
The software can be used to read cards left on either side of an inkpad that pests walk over in tunnels placed in vulnerable sites such as predator-free islands or cargo crates.
Footprint cards are a cheap method of identifying animals, particularly ones present in low numbers, or difficult for human observers to find.
The Department of Conservation uses footprint cards but analyses them manually, and it is difficult for even experts to differentiate between species with similar-looking footprints.
Automating the footprint identification speeds up the tracking of invasive animals, and technique can be easily adapted to monitor other animals.
By developing an automated method to identify species, and extending it to any animal that leaves tracks - including reptiles and insects - researchers can help track species living in an area, said Dr Russell, who now teaches at the University of California's Berkeley campus.
Tracking tunnels will be used on Auckland's Rangitoto and Motutapu islands, where eradication programmes have started against all introduced animals.


text:
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Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte
On-line version ISSN _PHONE_
SANTOS, Sílvio Soares dos and GUIMARAES, Fernando José de Sá Pereira. Anthropometric and body composition evaluation of Brazilian paralympic athletes. Rev Bras Med Esporte [online]. 2002, vol.8, n.3, pp. 84-91. ISSN _PHONE_. _URL_
A number of studies featuring aspects related to the dimension, proportion, composition, and human maturation show very close relationships between forms and proportions and human movements1. It has also been shown that there is a clear relationship between some anthropometric human measurements and the risk of metabolic diseases2. Helmrich et al.3 have shown the relationship between the IMC (index of corporal mass) and the development of diabetes in men, and Manson et al.4 showed similar relationships for women. An anthropometric evaluation of Brazilian paralympic athletes was performed to identify the profile of different groups of athletes and define their status under the light of corporal formation. This study aimed at finding out new methods of optimizing athletic performance during the Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games. Some of the main parameters used to define diets and specific training were the measures of the body fat distribution, total number of cutaneous folds, IMC and RCQ. A number of alterations were detected when comparing those parameters with the different groups of athletes. These data can be used to create a data bank for future studies of anthropometric parameters of disable athletes.
Keywords : Anthropometry; Body composition; Paralympic sports.


Characterization of Klebsiella pneumoniae complex isolates from pigs and humans in farms in Thailand: population genomic structure, antibiotic resistance and virulence genes
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2021 Apr 8:dkab118. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkab118. Online ahead of print.
OBJECTIVES: To define characteristics of Klebsiella pneumoniae complex (hereafter KP) isolates from healthy pigs, farm workers and their household members in Thailand.
METHODS: A total of 839 individual rectal swabs from pigs on 164 farms and 271 faecal samples of humans working on pig farms and persons living in the same household in Khon Kaen, Thailand were screened for gut colonization by KP. Genomic sequences were investigated for antibiotic resistance and virulence genes. Phylogenetic analyses were performed in addition to comparison with isolates from previous studies from Thailand.
RESULTS: KP was detected in approximately 50% of pig and human samples. In total, 253 KP isolates were obtained: 39% from pigs, 34% from farmers and 26% from individuals living on the same farm but without animal contact. MLST revealed high genetic diversity with 196 different STs distributed over four phylogroups (Kp1 to Kp4). Low prevalence of ESBL-KP (7.5%) and colistin-resistant KP (3.2%) was observed among pigs and humans. Remarkably, four convergent MDR and hypervirulent strains were observed: one from pigs (ST290) and three from humans [ST35, ST3415 (strain 90CP1), ST17 (strain 90CM2)]. Sharing of KP clones among pigs and humans was identified for some STs including ST4788, ST661, ST3541 and ST29.
CONCLUSIONS: The study indicated a low prevalence of ESBL and mcr genes among KP isolated from pigs and healthy humans in Thailand and suggested the possibility of zoonotic transmission for a subset of circulating KP clones.
PMID:33829268 | DOI:10.1093/jac/dkab118


text:
styles that don't exactly fit into the prior virtualization categories.
CoLinux, or cooperative Linux, is a form of virtualization that utilizes what's called the cooperative virtual machine. In this context, a Linux guest runs on top of a Microsoft Windows OS, and both cooperatively share the underlying hardware resources (see the left side of Figure 5). CoLinux requires that the guest operating system (CoLinux itself) be modified to be aware that it is running on another operating system.
In this way, it's para-virtualized, but in a very specific model that assumes that Windows is the host operating system (and that only one CoLinux instance exists for a given host). Because of these restrictions, CoLinux is defined as a different technique.
Figure 5: Special Para-virtualized Schemes for Windows and Linux.
User-Mode Linux, or UML, has some similarities to CoLinux but is much flexible in its approach. UML permits the execution of Linux guests on top of a normal Linux host system (see the left side of Figure 5). The UML guest is compiled specifically to run as a guest (para-virtualized), doing this specifically to achieve better performance. One interesting aspect of UML is that it's possible to next the UMLs, so that a UML guest kernel running on a Linux host can host a higher-level UML guest.
Wine and Cygwin
Wine and Cygwin are another set of interesting virtualization solutions, but move even higher up the stack (see Figure 6). Wine, a recursive acronym for "Wine is Not an Emulator," is a way to run Windows applications on a Linux host. Wine doesn't represent a full emulation layer for Windows applications, but instead a layer of DLLs (Dynamic Linked Libraries) that represent the Windows APIs. This gives the Windows application that ability to make what appear to be Windows calls on a Linux host.
Figure 6: Abstraction Layers for Wine and Cygwin.
The reverse solution (to run Linux applications on Windows) is also available through a package called Cygwin. Cygwin, now developed by Red Hat, is a pseudo Unix environment that permits developing Unix applications on Windows (meaning access to POSIX, and other Unix-like facilities).
Each of these approaches (Wine and Cygwin) require that the application be rebuilt on the target environment, making them less like virtualization and more similar to host-aware emulation.
Virtual Linux in the Future
Linux has seen increasing growth in the virtualization space, not just with the development of a core set of hypervisors (based on the Linux OS), but also tools and other parts of the ecosystem (para-virtualized driver architecture), management applications, and more. Virtual Linux provides solutions over the entire spectrum of virtualization techniques (as illustrated by this article) and will continue broaden and deepen it's virtualization arsenal.
Virtual Linux References
Virtual machine: an entity that sits on the hypervisor and encapsulates the OS, applications, and metadata.
IBM M44: virtual Linux was first used on this mainframe computer.
x86 platform: a popular processor often used in virtual Linux solutions.
CoLinux, or cooperative Linux, is a form of virtualization that makes use of what's referred to as a cooperative virtual machine; a Linux guest runs on Windows, with both sharing hardware resources.
User-Mode Linux, or UML, enables the execution of Linux guests on top of a Linux host system.
About the Author
M. Tim Jones is a senior Architect with Emulex Corporation in Longmont, CO. His background ranges from the development of software for geosynchronous satellites to the architecture and development of storage and virtualization solutions.


text:
Definition of Demyelination
Demyelination: A degenerative process that erodes away the myelin sheath that normally protects nerve fibers. Demyelination exposes these fibers and appears to cause problems in nerve impulse conduction that may affect many physical systems. Demyelinization is seen in a number of diseases, particularly multiple sclerosis.
Diagnosis is by functional observation and by testing for myelin protein in the blood.Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary
Last Editorial Review: 4/27/2011 5:27:15 PM
Get breaking medical news.


text:
PUPILS are getting a unique lesson — from the world's first ROBOT teacher.
The humanoid named Saya is multilingual, can do roll calls and set tasks from text books.
See more pics of the amazing robot below
Behind her latex face — modelled on a university student — 18 motors create expressions including happiness, surprise, fear, disgust, sadness and even anger.
Saya will start teaching after passing a trial term at a Tokyo primary.
Her creator, science professor Hiroshi Kobayashi, had been working on the robot for 15 years.
The original, named Pikarin, had a metal head with exposed wires and levers.
ROBOTS could replace real army medics in ten years, developers in California revealed yesterday.


text:
Electrical Outlet and Voltage Information for Yemen
Yemen is located in the Arabian Peninsula and people who want to visit this country must know some basic information before going there. In using electronic gadgets and appliances, a tourist in Yemen should know the standard voltage and the types of electrical outlet and gadget present. In Yemen, the standard voltage is 220-240 volts with a frequency of 50Hz while the primary types of electrical outlet and plug are the Type A, Type D, and Type G.
In addition to the information about the standard voltage, electrical outlet, and plug, a tourist in Yemen should also prepare adapters and voltage converters. Adapters are used when the shape of the plug is not compatible with the shape of the electrical outlet present in Yemen. There are cases wherein different types of plugs are used together with an incompatible electrical outlet in Yemen and these can cause problems like damaged electronic gadgets and appliances as well as fire. There are particular adapters designed for specific plugs although there is also the universal adapter that could be used by all in Yemen. Aside from the adapters, there are also voltage converters that are used when the voltage of the electronic gadget or appliance is not compatible with the electrical outlet present in Yemen. Examples of voltage converters ideal in Yemen are network-resistor converter, step-up and step-down transformer, and combination voltage converters.
Type A NEMA 1-15 / JIS C 8303 North American (Non-grounded and Non-polarized) Plug, Electrical Outlet, and Adapter
The new design of the NEMA 1-15 changed so much that it will not fit in the old type of NEMA 1-15 electrical outlet in Yemen. With the NEMA 1-15 adapter, the receptacle end will accept any standard household plug in Yemen, aside from the Type M South African SABS1661 plug, which is also known as the Old British BS-546 Large plug. The blades of this adapter are 6.4mm long, 1.5mm thick, and are spaced 12.7mm apart. The NEMA 1-15 plug is also non-polarized and non-grounded which is very important. The NEMA 1-15 is a flat blade attachment plug that uses two flat parallel pins or blades. Older designs allow the blades to be inserted either way; however, contemporary NEMA 1-15 plugs in Yemen are designed with the neutral blade wider than the live blade allowing just one way of plugging and ensuring that the polarized plug is inserted appropriately into the electrical outlet. The NEMA 1-15 is mostly found in North America and in the east coast of South America as well as in other countries like Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. This is used for smaller devices that do not really need a ground connection. The NEMA 1-15 is also known as the Type A North American/Japanese 2-blade Electrical adapter plug and electrical outlet. It also has the technical name North American 15 A/125 V ungrounded.
Although the NEMA 1-15 looks similar to the plugs of the U.S. and Canada and the appliance and electronic gadgets might be manufactured in the said countries, an adapter might still be needed because of the grounding and polarization requirements in Yemen.
In the NEMA 1-15 plug and electrical outlet, grounding is done by the third, round pin located beneath the two vertical blades on the plug. On the other hand, polarization is done by the left vertical blade being taller than the right one. If the plug does have grounding or polarization and the electrical socket does not have one, it would be physically impossible to insert the plug into the electrical socket. If this happens to a tourist in Yemen and there is also no adapter present, that person might not be able to use his or her electronic gadgets and appliances. There is also another electrical outlet that is commonly used in Japan, the JIS X 8303 Class II (Japanese 15 A/100 V ungrounded) which is similar to the NEMA 1-15, the only difference from Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is the stricter dimensional requirements for the plug housing, marking, and mandatory testing and approval.
Type D Indian BS-546 Adapter Plug and Electrical Outlet
The receptacle end of this Type D Indian BS-546 plug is also compatible with common household plugs except the Type M South African SABS1661 (Old British BS-546 Large) plug. In this Type D Indian BS-546 Plug Adapter, the live and neutral pins are 5mm in diameter, spaced 22mm apart, and the grounding pin is 7mm in diameter with the plug being polarized and grounded. It is an old British standard electrical outlet which is still the primary household electrical outlet in countries like Sri Lanka, Nepal, Namibia, and Hong Kong.
The Type D Indian BS-546 electrical outlet is most compatible with the Type D Old British Plug Adapter that is sometimes used in Yemen. Although the Type D Indian BS-546 electrical outlet and plug is not the standard in Yemen and other countries, it is still used in various households. In terms of design and appearance, the Type D Indian BS-546 electrical outlet and plug is often confused with the Type M South African electrical outlet and plug. However, as similar as these two may seem, they are not compatible and must not be used together in Yemen or even in other countries.
Type G British BS-1363 3-pin Plug, Electrical Outlet, and Adapter
The Type G British BS-1363 electrical outlet and plug is a British 3-pin rectangular blade used widely in Yemen that has a protective fuse inside to protect cords from high-current circuits and, most of the time, the Type G British BS-1363 electrical outlet includes a safety switch. The Type G British BS-1363 also has a receptacle end that is compatible with most household plug types, except the Type M South African SABS1661 (Old British BS-546 Large) plug. The plug end is a British BS-1363 13-amp type. For the adapter, the live and neutral pins are 4 x 6 x 18 mm apart, with the grounding pin measuring 4 x 8 x 23mm. Also, through the Type G British BS-1363 adapter, a tourist could use his or her appliance or electronic gadget in Yemen. The plug of this Type G British 3-pin is polarized and grounded but not fused. Another name for the Type G British BS-1363 plug is the 13-amp plug and for safety reasons the Yemen requires electrical outlets in households that use the Type G British BS-1363 to have shutters over the live and neutral connections of the electrical outlet. In the insertion of the longer earth pin from the plug, the safety shutters of the Type G British BS-1363 are opened. The shutters are also present to prevent the use of incompatible plugs made to other standards in Iraq.
However, there are cases wherein the safety shutters of this electrical outlet in Yemen could be opened through a screwdriver in order to insert Type C plugs. But then, the usage of Type G British BS-1363 outlet along with another kind of plug is not recommended because these plugs do not have a fuse. The regulation about the safety shutters and fuse is then followed in Yemen and all the other countries that use the Type G British BS-1363 electrical outlet and plug like the United Kingdom, England, Ghana, Grenada, Macau, Malta, Malaysia, Qatar, Saint Vincent, Saudi Arabia, Scotland and Zimbabwe. With all the safety measures and features of this plug and outlet, it is considered as one of the safest in Yemen, even the world. However, with all its features, this type of plug is bulky and cumbersome.
Some people claim that the Type G British BS-1363 plug is mostly bigger than the appliances they are connected to but if tourists would want to use their electronic gadget or appliance in Yemen, then they must have a Type G British BS-1363 adapter. Although the adapter would not change the voltage used, it will enable the plug of the appliance or electronic gadget to be inserted to the electrical outlet used in Yemen. For the electrical outlet, the Type G British BS-1363 sockets are not compatible with other types of electrical outlet in Yemen. In terms of compatibility, the Type G British BS-1363 electrical outlet will work together with the Type G British BS-1363 plug and adapter in Yemen.
Voltage Converters and Adapters
In using an electronic gadget or appliance that has a different voltage requirement than the 110-120 volts used in Yemen, the best way is by using voltage converters such as resistor-network converters, transformers, and, in some cases, the combination of both. The resistor-network converters to be used in Yemen are usually advertised to support as much as 50-1600 Watts and are just ideal to use for short periods of time. The resistor-network converter is also not recommended for digital devices like laptop computers however it is great for lightweight electronics like hair dryers and irons. If a tourist would want to use a laptop computer or charge batteries for camera, mp3 players, camcorders, and radios in Yemen, the ideal voltage converter would be a transformer which lowers maximum watt rating. It could be used for long periods of time but is a little bit heavy because of the large iron rods and copper wires.
The last kind of voltage converter in order to use electronics in Yemen that are not compatible with the electrical outlet present in Ireland is the combination of a resistor-network converter and transformer. Most of the time, there is a switch that enables the changing of modes from resistor-network converter to transformer, depending on the tourist's needs in Yemen. There are also universal


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Acoustic panels and baffles are used to absorb noise and reduce the passage of sound through a building.
Sound absorbing wall panels, ceiling panels and baffles can provide a high quality, effective acoustic solution for a variety of commercial building environments including:
- Schools & Educational Facilities
- Manufacturing & Industrial Warehouse Units
- Conference Facilities
- Community Centres
- Restaurants & Dining Facilities
Acoustic panels and baffles are used to create a comfortable environment in large open spaces. In planning the installation consideration should be given to the type of space that is being separated, the practical implications such as the requirements of those using the it and the activities to be carried out within the area.
Acoustic panels are available in a variety of shapes, sizes and colours or can be printed with a design of choice if required.
What are the benefits of acoustic panels and baffles?
An effective acoustic solution can aid concentration, speech clarity and privacy by reducing sound propagation throughout a building. They are particularly helpful when installed in open-plan areas of a building, changing the dynamic of noise in one area, which might otherwise overpower activities in another area. Effective baffles and sound insulation are also proven to encourage a better understanding and improved behaviour in a school setting.


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Waste & Resources Action Programme (WRAP) have published a Roadmap for the Organics Sector. This document is a constructive road map with the overarching aim of ensuring that, as the sector continues to grow in the future, that it remains a trusted and welcomed option for waste treatment that delivers valuable products. This document is published in the context of recent questions regarding some current sector practices. The Roadmap provides clear objectives and actions for local authorities, organic processors, policy makers, and regulators to tackle challenges such as feedstock contamination for organic processors, recycling rates and feedstock supply, and environmental protection.
The challenges the Roadmap intends to address are:
- The absolute need for quality – quality inputs, quality operations and quality outputs.
- The need to reduce emissions of ammonia from the generation, spreading and use of digestates.
- The need to fully value the products the organic sector produce.
The process of managing the roadmap and the completion of its actions will be undertaken by WRAP, on behalf of Defra. WRAP will convene the actions owners, monitor and report progress, and ensure that the roadmap remains a live and relevant document and plan.
The REA have been involved in the drafting of some of the actions and will be leading on delivering some of them. Please contact us if you would like any further information.


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Aspirations is a welcoming dance and theatre school based in Crosby where we aim to ensure that your child achieves his/her potential as a valued member of the school.
We believe in the concept of lifelong learning and the notion that both adults and children learn new things every day. We maintain that learning should be a rewarding and enjoyable experience for everyone: it should be fun. We believe that appropriate teaching and learning experiences help children to lead happy and rewarding lives.
We believe that people learn best in different ways. At our school we aim to provide a rich and varied learning environment that allows pupils to develop their skills and abilities to their full potential.
Real learning can only take place in a well-ordered and caring school like Aspirations. That is why we emphasise good behaviour, full attendance, appropriate appearance, hard work, a positive attitude and concern for others.


Deep Dive Into OutSystems Plugins
Stuart Harris - 07/11/2019
This is Part II of a three part blog series on OutSystems development and how to create plugins. You can read Part I here.
As mentioned in my previous post, OutSystems allows users to create open source plugins and publish them to a community component registry called the forge. For Part Two, I'm explaining the creation of a FilePondUpload user interface forge plugin for Web Applications.
This is relevant to those interested in building a user interface forge component for an OutSystems web application. We'll cover configuration, integrating a JavaScript library, some sneaky tricks and cleaning up temporary files.
The FilePondUpload plugin exposes two webblocks providing drag and drop file upload, with the actions, entities and structures to support them. The plugin essentially integrates with OutSystems the FilePond JavaScript library by Rik Schennink.
When included on a page, to use the FilePondUpload control is straight forward. The upload process goes like this:
 - Either click browse or drag file/s onto the page.
 - The file/s will upload, show progress and if configured, will show a thumbnail if the file is an image.
 - The user clicks submit on the form to save their data.
 - On the server, the uploaded file/s are available to store.
Using the Control in Development
At development time, the developer drops the FileUpload webblock onto the page. It requires a text input control and configuration.
The webblock has a placeholder area which expects a text input control associated with a text variable. The webblock makes this input box hidden. The input box is used to pass the list of uploaded file identifiers to the server when the user submits the form.
The developer also passes a FilePondUploadConfig structure to configure the webblock. When the page is first displayed, the upload library is configured and initialized. The upload control is then displayed.
Then when the form is submitted, the developer must call FilePondUpload_GetUploadedFiles(UploadTokens) to retrieve the uploaded files.
The AutoUpload webblock is even easier. It just has an event that returns a file whenever one is uploaded.
This is a very quick and easy way to get multiple file upload to work in your OutSystems application.
Getting Started
Before even starting, make sure you search the forge for a similar plugin. If you find one that does not quite meet your needs, know that you can request to join the dev team for the plugin.
A forge component is an OutSystems application, so the first step is to create an application. This requires a bit of thought, ask yourself, when developers use your plugin, what dependencies will your plugin bring into their environment? What UI framework will they be using? Silk UI or the newer OutSystems UI?
For a component for (non-react) web apps, choose Traditional Web Application for OutSystem UI or Website for Silk UI. If you can, make your plugin independent of the UI framework. This way developers using either framework can use the plugin.
The FilePondUpload plugin it does not depend on either OutSystems UI or Silk UI. So I chose Traditional Web, but Website would have been ok too.
You are able to upload a logo for your plugin here, but you can also do this later.
Next, create a module. As FilePondUpload does not depend on a framework, I chose Blank.
Now we have an application and an empty module for the plugin.
Create a HTML Test Harness
Before diving head-on into OutSystems, it is a good idea to first check that the library you intend to use works.
For this plugin I created a simple HTML page with a form. For other libraries I create whatever mark-up is needed to exercise the JavaScript library. Then I manually included all the JavaScript and CSS files. At this point you can directly reference the online copies of the files, but I like to download them and keep a note of which versions I am using. Then write any JavaScript you require to initialize, configure and work with the library.
Remember to check all the browsers that you expect your component will need to support. This practice has saved me many hours, potentially days of frustration.
The UploadBlock Webblock
The UploadBlock webblock as four components:
 - a placeholder for the input text box,
 - a container to hold the file upload control,
 - a static image to show what the upload control looks like (only displayed at development time), and
 - webblocks which load the CSS and Javascript for the control.
The configuration JavaScript locates the input text control for file tokens using the HiddenUploadContainer's HTML id. The UploadContainer is where the FilePond upload control will be created.
The static image is displayed at development time, by putting it in the True fork of an If statement that is hardcoded to the value False. This static image is never displayed at runtime, but only to developer using the control. It's a handy technique.
The webblocks at the bottom ensure CSS and JavaScript required by the control are loaded.
Integrating the Library
In order for the configure function to do its work, all the minified JavaScript for the FilePond control must be inserted on the page.
The FilePondUploadJS webblock contains the FilePond library JavaScript in it's JavaScript attribute. The FilePondUploadCSS webblock contains the FilePond library CSS in its Style Sheet attribute. These webblocks have no user interface, but by placing these webblock on the page, their JavaScript and CSS will be available on the page.
The FilePondConfigureJS webblock contains configuration JavaScript in an Expression with Escape Content = No set. This webblock simply calls the configure function.
You could put all the files in the one webblock. I have only separated them so I can reuse the same JavaScript and CSS in another webblock.
So how does the FilePondUpload plugin work? The JavaScript library must be initialized and configured, then it must call an endpoint on the server, store the uploaded files, and provide an action to retrieve the uploaded files later. Additionally, files that are never retrieved must be removed from the system, when the user does not click submit for instance.
There are a few common tricks to make the configuration work. First, to pass configuration to the library, the configuration structure is converted to JSON using JSONSerialize and passed to a custom configuration function. The FilePondIdOptions_ToJSON() and FilePondConfig_ToJSON() actions handle the serialization. These functions just use the standard OutSystems JSON serialization widget to serialize configuration structures.
The configuration function is loaded on the page via the JavaScript in the FilePondUploadJS webblock.
The configure function accepts JavaScript objects, then initializes and configures the FilePond control. This function is exposed on a JavaScript variable called FilePondUpload. The rest of the configuration functionality happens within a JavaScript "closure".
Notice how the configure function is the only function exposed by the closure. If you need to expose more functions, just add them to the object returned at the bottom.
Notice also that the configure function sets up all the watches and call-backs necessary. This is important but can be subtle. Apart from initialization, try to write JavaScript that references the webblock, rather than trying to make the webblock call functions in the plugin. This helps decouple the webblock from the JavaScript.
When the File Reaches the Server
For each file dragged on, a file upload is triggered. The FilePond upload library takes care of this, as well as the display of upload progress.
The FilePond library is configured to upload the file to the /FilePondUpload/Upload.aspx web page. This web page is restricted to only registered users, meaning only logged in users can upload files.
When a file is uploaded, the Upload.aspx page's preparation action runs which retrieves the file using HTTPHandler.GetRequestFiles() and temporarily stores it in the UploadedFile entity. The session id is retrieved using the HTTPRequestHandler.GetSessionId() action and stored with the file. This will be used to ensure the uploaded file is only available to the user who uploaded it. Lastly a unique text identifier, or token, is generated, assigned and stored with the file.
Sneaky text/plain Trick
The FilePond library sent a HTTP POST to the Upload.aspx page, and expects a simple text response, which is an identifier for the uploaded file. However, OutSystems will normally return a whole web page. So here is what we do. By using a Download widget in the Preparation, setting the Mime-Type to "text/plain" the web page will return a text response rather than the HTML of the web page. We then use the BinaryData API to convert the file's text identifier to UTF-8 and pass it as binary data.
As there may be multiple file uploads, multiple text tokens may be appended to the hidden input box.
When the user clicks the submit button for the form, the text tokens stored in the value of the hidden input box is sent along with any other form data. The text tokens can then be used to retrieve the uploaded files, via the service side action FilePondUpload_GetUploadedFiles(UploadTokens).
And voila, you have the uploaded files to do with as you wish!
Auto Upload
So that's great, but the user still has to click on a button to submit the form, even though the file is already being held in temporary storage on the server.
This is why the plugin has a second file upload webblocks; AutoUpload.
The AutoUpload block will make the uploaded files available as soon as they have been uploaded. This block


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Low-Power and Low-Cost Dedicated Bit-Serial Hardware Neural Network for Epileptic Seizure Prediction System
This paper presents results of using a simple bit-serial architecture as a method of designing an extremely low-power and low-cost neural network processor for epilepsy seizure prediction. The proposed concept is based on a novel bit-serial data processing unit (DPU) which implements the functionality of a complete neuron and uses bit-serial arithmetic.
Design and Study of a Smart Cup for Monitoring the Arm and Hand Activity of Stroke Patients
This paper presents a new platform to monitor the arm and hand activity of stroke patients during rehabilitation exercises in hospital and at home during their daily living activities. The platform provides relevant data to the therapist in order to assess the patients physical state and adapt the rehabilitation program if necessary.


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ACHTUNG – PRIVATISATION A NAZI LEGACY
Achtung – Privatisation a Nazi legacy!! ~ Michael Gold.
Mrs Thatcher is universally credited with creating the privatisation regime that now extends across most of the planet – yet the real roots of privatisation originated in Nazi Germany. The Spanish economist Germà Bel1 has traced the origins of the word 'privatisation' to the German word, reprivatisierung – denationalisation – and the term was first used in English by the Berlin correspondent of the Economist in 19361 to describe how the Nazi economy worked.


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Active learning mathematics classrooms incorporate meaningful activities that emphasize reasoning, thinking and active interaction with mathematics. Current mathematics standards and curricula recommend that Mathematics Teacher Educators (MTEs) use elements of active learning in their mathematics content courses specifically designed for Prospective Teachers (PTs) as they prepare PTs to learn and teach mathematics. However, it can be very difficult for PTs to shift their pedagogical dispositions towards instruction associated with active learning because they typically have not experienced mathematics taught in this way. This article focuses on two instructional practices for MTEs to use with PTs. First, selecting tasks that promote reasoning and problem solving. This includes practices to open tasks for multiple entry points or solution strategies, tasks that allow for analysis of examples and counterexamples, and tasks that evaluate multiple strategies. Second, facilitating meaningful mathematical discourse. This includes practices for whole class and small group discourse. When MTEs use active learning strategies with PTs in their mathematics content courses, PTs begin their journey in shifting their beliefs and understandings about what it means to teach and learn mathematics. By offering PTs valuable active learning experiences during their mathematics content courses and highlighting how these experiences can enhance both PTs' own understanding and their future students' mathematical understanding, MTEs will provide a valuable foundation for PTs to meet the expectations for teaching and learning in mathematics classrooms.
Litster, K., MacDonald, B., & Shumway, J. F. (June 2020). Experiencing active mathematics learning: Meeting the expectations for teaching and learning in mathematics classrooms. In A. Appova, R. M. Welder, and Z. Feldman, (Eds.), Supporting Mathematics Teacher Educators' Knowledge and Practices for Teaching Content to Prospective (Grades K-8) Teachers. Special Issue: The Mathematics Enthusiast, ISSN _PHONE_, vol. 17, nos. 2 & 3, pp. 615–640. ScholarWorks: University of Montana. Retrieve (open access) from: _URL_


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Definitions for crispiness
The noun crispiness has 1 senses? (no senses from tagged texts)
1. brittleness, crispness, crispiness
(firm but easily broken)
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Hitta hit:
T-bana: Universitetet
Frescativägen 40
Ordinarie öppettider:
Museet är för tillfället stängt.
 - Huvudmeny
Synthesys logo
Frietston Galis
Frietson Galis. Photo Martin Testorf
Frietson Galis
Department visited: Zoology
How long did you stay at the museum, and what did you work with?
I stayed for almost 3 weeks, May and June 2013. My research focuses on the evolution of body plans of vertebrates and I address questions such as, why do some traits (e.g. number of eyes, digits, lungs, cervical vertebrae) hardly ever change, whereas others (e.g. tooth and nipple number) are extremely variable? What are the developmental mechanisms that underly strong or weak constraints on evolutionary changes?
What is the major objective to achieve during your stay at the Swedish Museum of Natural History?
I hope to understand more about the exceptional conservation of the number of neck vertebrae in mammals. Almost all mammals have seven cervical vertebrae, giraffes with a long neck and dolphins with extremely short necks. Changes of this number are strongly selected against, due to a coupling with congenital abnormalities. Many whales, especially balein whales, form an exception, because their seventh vertebra tends to bear a small rib, so that they effectively have only 6 instead of 7 neck vertebrae and one extra thoracic one with a rib.
What attracted you to apply for a SYNTHESYS grant, and in particular for SYNTHESYS grant to visit our musuem?
The Swedish Museum of Natural History has a wonderful collection of mammal skeletons, including whales. It provides a unique opportunity for me to study the larger whales that are in the depot in the harbor. Synthesys provides a very good opportunity for visiting collections abroad. I have also visited other museums with synthesys grants, with good results, but I am particularly pleased by the excellent and well-organized collection at this museum.
Which university are you from, and what is your position and daily work there?
I am a researcher at Naturalis Biodiversity Centre in Leiden, the Netherlands and I carry out research, supervise students and am involved in the organization of the 5th conference of the European Society for Evolutionary Developmental Biology in Vienna next year (22-25 July 2014, _URL_
What is your experience from visiting department, the collections and the museum so far?
Everybody is extremely helpful. The whale bones are heavy and difficult to access, but no effort is spared to efficiently help me carry out the research.
Did you have time to look around in Stockholm?
I visited the modern art museum and the historical museum, which I both enjoyed very much. I can recommend to have lunch on the terrace of the modern art museum overlooking the water and city.
Frietson Galis. Photo Martin Testorf
Mammals have seven cervical vertebrae, regardless of the length of the neck
Project summary
We study why the mammalian cervical number of vertebrae is strongly conserved and why the constraint has rarely been broken. We have shown for humans that mutations that change the number of cervical vertebrae are strongly selected against due to a coupling with congenital abnormalities. Sloths and manatees are exceptions with aberrant numbers of cervical vertebrae.
We found that sloths and manatees often have abnormalities that are similar to those of deceased human fetuses with an aberrant number of cervical vertebrae, e.g. fused cervical vertebrae and incompletely fused sterna. The extremely low activity of sloths and manatees presumably allows them to survive despite these abnormalities. Cetaceans exceptionally often have abnormal cervical vertebral numbers, usually due to rudimentary cervical ribs on the seventh vertebrae.
We hypothesize that stabilizing selection against cervical ribs is reduced in most cetaceans. Firstly, because the most common abnormalities associated with cervical ribs are normal traits in cetaceans, i.e. fused cervical vertebrae and incomplete fusions of the sternum. Secondly, because the absence of forward rotation of the front limbs will prevent other commonly associated abnormalities: pressure on nerves and blood vessels that run to the front limbs.
Furthermore, we hypothesize that cervical ribs are selectively advantageous in large, large-headed whales that lunge-feed (e.g. large Rorqual whales), or that ram their heads against competing males (e.g. Sperm and Killer whales), because these behaviours create huge forces on the neck and most cervical ribs strengthen the neck.
To test our hypotheses, we plan to compare cervical rib frequencies in large, large-headed cetaceans that lunge-feed or ram males with smaller and smaller-headed ones that do not lunge-feed or ram, or to a lesser extent. In addition, we plan to investigate the type of cervical rib and associations with (unusual) cervical rib fusions and other potential anomalies.
For more information about Frietson Galis research see: _URL_ link, opens in new window


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Wikipedia says that sequent calculus is sound and complete (_URL_ Godel first incompleteness theorem says that system capable of doing arithmetics may not be complete and consistent. Does it mean that Sequent Calculus is not capable of doing arithmetics or is incomplete or I miss some subtle point of incompleteness theorem?
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2 Answers 2
up vote 8 down vote accepted
There is an unfortunate clash of terminology when talking about completeness in logic (compounded by the fact that there is a Gödel's completeness theorem as well as a Gödel's incompleteness theorem).
A formal system (like the sequent calculus or the more familiar natural deduction or Hilbert-style proof systems, possibly with proper axioms etc.) is called complete if semantic truth implies syntactic truth. That is, if a statement is true in all models of the system (it is semantically true) then it is in fact provable in the system (it is syntactically valid). This notion of completeness is what is meant in the wiki article on the sequent calculus. It is also the content of Gödel's completeness theorem: any Hilbert or natural deduction style system in first order logic is complete. The converse of this property, that whatever is provable is always true, is known as soundness.
On the other hand, a formal system is (also) called complete if it is consistent and for any sentence $\varphi$ either $\varphi$ or $\lnot\varphi$ is provable in the theory. This notion of completeness is what is discussed in Gödel's incompleteness theorems.
These two meanings of completeness are independent of one another; most systems of interest are complete in the former sense, but they may or may not be complete in the latter sense.
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That makes things clear. But you said that system is (Godel) complete if it's consistent and for any sentence $\varphi$ or $\lnot\varphi$. On the other hand Godel completeness theorem says about consistency and completeness as two distinct notions. So I suspect that completenes means only that for every sentence $\varphi$ either $\varphi$ or $\lnot\varphi$. – Trismegistos Jan 17 '13 at 11:13
_USER_ It is a matter of convention whether you take your complete theories to be consistent or not. An inconsistent theory is trivially complete, so this case isn't really meaningful. Also, I like to think of complete theories as being the maximal consistent sets of sentences. – Miha Habič Jan 17 '13 at 11:17
Miha Habič's answer is exactly right, so this is just by way of amplification and a comment on the double use of "complete".
Putting it symbolically may help.
A theory $T$ with the set of axioms $\Sigma$ is negation-complete iff, for any sentence $\varphi$ of its language, $\Sigma \vdash \varphi$ or $\Sigma \vdash \neg\varphi$.
So a complete theory decides every sentence of its language.
A logical system [like the sequent calculus] is semantically complete iff for any set of wffs $\Sigma$ and any sentence $\varphi$, if $\Sigma \vDash \varphi$ then $\Sigma \vdash \varphi$
where as usual '$\vdash$' signifies the relation of formal deducibility in the logical proof system, and '$\vDash$' signifies the relevant relation of semantic consequence. So a complete deductive logic enables us to give formal derivations of everything that is semantically entailed by given premisses.
These notions of completeness are plainly different. As it happens, the first proof of the semantic completeness of a proof system for quantificational logic was also due to Gödel, and the result is often referred to as Gödel's 'Completeness Theorem'. The topic of that theorem is therefore evidently not to be confused with the topic of Gödel's (First) 'Incompleteness Theorem': the semantic completeness of a proof system for quantificational logic is one thing, the negation incompleteness of certain theories including enough arithmetic quite a different thing.
OK, there is here a potentially dangerous double use of the term 'complete'. But this double use isn't a case of terminological perversity -- even though logicians can be guilty of that! For there's the following parallel worth noting (and which explains why "complete" is the apt term in both cases):
A negation-complete theory is one such that, if you add as a new axiom some proposition that can't already be derived in the theory, then the theory becomes useless by virtue of becoming inconsistent. Likewise a semantically complete deductive system is one such that, if you add a new logical axiom that can't already be derived (or a new rule of inference that can't be established as a derived rule of the system) then the logic becomes useless by virtue of warranting arguments that aren't semantically valid.
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Thanks putting it down in logical symbols is often very clarifying. – Trismegistos Jan 22 '13 at 21:32
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For other uses, see Litmus (disambiguation).
Litmus powder
Chemical structure of 7-hydroxyphenoxazone, the chromophore of litmus components
Litmus is a water-soluble mixture of different dyes extracted from lichens, especially Roccella tinctoria. It is often absorbed onto filter paper to produce one of the oldest forms of pH indicator, used to test materials for acidity. Blue litmus paper turns red under acidic conditions and red litmus paper turns blue under basic (i.e. alkaline) conditions, with the color change occurring over the pH range 4.5-8.3 at 25 °C (77 °F). Neutral litmus paper is purple.[1] Litmus can also be prepared as an aqueous solution that functions similarly. Under acidic conditions, the solution is red, and under basic conditions, the solution is blue.
The litmus mixture has the CAS number 1393-92-6 and contains 10 to 15 different dyes. Most of the chemical components of litmus are likely to be the same as those of the related mixture known as orcein, but in different proportions. In contrast with orcein, the principal constituent of litmus has an average molecular weight of 3300.[2] Acid-base indicators on litmus owe their properties to a 7-hydroxyphenoxazone chromophore.[3] Some fractions of litmus were given specific names including erythrolitmin (or erythrolein), azolitmin, spaniolitmin, leucoorcein, and leucazolitmin. Azolitmin shows nearly the same effect as litmus.[4]
Litmus was used for the first time about 1300 AD by Spanish alchemist Arnaldus de Villa Nova.[1] From the 16th century on, the blue dye was extracted from some lichens, especially in the Netherlands.
Natural sources[edit]
Litmus can be found in different species of lichens. The dyes are extracted from such species as Roccella tinctoria (South America), Roccella fuciformis (Angola and Madagascar), Roccella pygmaea (Algeria), Roccella phycopsis, Lecanora tartarea (Norway, Sweden), Variolaria dealbata, Ochrolechia parella, Parmotrema tinctorum, and Parmelia. Currently, the main sources are Roccella montagnei (Mozambique) and Dendrographa leucophoea (California).[1]
"Litmus test" redirects here. For other uses, see Litmus test (disambiguation).
Litmus paper being used
The main use of litmus is to test whether a solution is acidic or basic. Wet litmus paper can also be used to test water-soluble gases; the gas dissolves in the water and the resulting solution colors the litmus paper. For instance, ammonia gas, which is alkaline, colors the red litmus paper blue.
Litmus (pH indicator)
below pH 4.5 above pH 8.3
4.5 8.3
Chemical reactions other than acid-base reaction can also cause a color change to litmus paper. For instance, chlorine gas turns blue litmus paper white – the litmus dye is bleached,[5] due to presence of hypochlorite ions. This reaction is irreversible, so the litmus is not acting as an indicator in this situation.
See also[edit]
 1. ^ a b c Manfred Neupert: Lackmus in Römpp Lexikon Chemie (German), January 31, 2013.
 2. ^ Beecken, H., E-M. Gottschalk, U. v Gizycki, H. Krämer, D. Maassen, H-G. Matthies, H. Musso, C. Rathjen, Ul. Zdhorszky (2003). "Orcein and Litmus". Biotechnic & Histochemistry 78 (6): 289–302. doi:10.1080/10520290410001671362.
 3. ^ H. Musso, C. Rathjen. "Orcein dyes. X. Light absorption and chromophore of litmus". Chem. Ber. 92: 751–3.
 4. ^ E.T. Wolf: Vollständige Übersicht der Elementar-analytischen Untersuchungen organischer Substanzen, S.450-453, veröffentlicht 1846, Verlag E. Anton (Germany)
 5. ^ UCC - Chlorine


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Scrabble word: MONGOL
In which Scrabble dictionary does MONGOL exist?
Definitions of MONGOL in dictionaries:
- noun - a member of the nomadic peoples of Mongolia
- adj - of or relating to the region of Mongolia or its people or their languages or cultures
- A member of any of the traditionally nomadic peoples of Mongolia.
- See Mongolian (n.
- A member of the Mongoloid racial division.
- Of or relating to Mongolia, the Mongols, or their language or culture.
- Of or relating to the Mongoloid racial division.
- n - a person affected with a form of mental deficiency
There are 6 letters in MONGOL: G L M N O O
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text:
The performance was ferocious, though, as if Ayler wanted to contrast innocence
and experience, or European order and African disorder.
The live Prophecy (june 1964) introduced his trio with
double bassist Gary Peacock and drummer Sunny Murray, and added
Ghosts (his most famous theme), Wizard and Prophecy to his esoteric canon.
That trio was responsible for one of the most revolutionary recordings of the
era, Spiritual Unity (july 1964), the (brief) album that made it
Ayler was not interested in creating music out of notes but out of timbres,
how his music was not a harmonic construction but a "soundscape".
These new versions of Ghosts, Spirits and Wizard
were delivered according to an apparently demented logic that mixed melodies
inspired by folk tunes and nursery rhymes with emotional bursts of saxophone
noises simulating the human voice.
Murray's percussions (more cymbals than drums) had little to do with keeping
the time: they produced a flow of disorienting noises that intersected and
amplified Ayler's saxophone noises.
By now, Ayler had refined his melodramatic vibrato.
The "free" approach permeated the two side-long improvisations of
New York Eye And Ear Control (july 1964),
AY and ITT,
with the trio augmented with trumpeter Don Cherry on cornet,
Roswell Rudd on trombone and John Tchicai on alto, although the result was
far less tight than on Ornette Coleman's Free Jazz (1960), proving
that Ayler was a different spirit from the free-jazz crowd.
The trio and Don Cherry returned to a humbler format with
Vibrations/ Ghosts (september 1964), that
added Children (actually just a fast variant of Holy Holy),
the moving ballad Holy Spirit (with a spectacular Cherry solo),
Vibrations and Mothers to the canon,
and The Hilversum Session (november 1964), that introduced
Angels in a tense mid-tempo version.
Donald Ayler replaced Don Cherry for
the one-sided LP Bells (may 1965), containing just one 20-minute track
(fundamentally a madcap medley of marches and nursery rhymes)
also featuring altoist Charles Tyler and bassist Lewis Worrell besides Sunny
Spirits Rejoice (september 1965), particularly its title-track
(performed by Donald Ayler, Sunny Murray, altoist Charles Tyler, bassists Henry Grimes and Gary Peacock), marked a transition towards a more religious mood and a regression towards the collective improvisation of New Orleans' brass bands.
Spirits Rejoice basically revisited the format of Bells in a
more organic and structured way, picking up along the way an impressive amount
of debris of musical stereotypes.
Holy Ghost (july 1967) documents a live performance with Don Ayler on trumpet, Michel Sampson on violin, Bill Folwell on bass and Milford Graves on drums (particularly Truth Is Marching In/Omega and Our Prayer).
Ayler considerably toned down his music on In Greenwich Village (december 1966) and Love Cry (august 1967), and eventually returned to his rhythm'n'blues roots.
After some kind of hippie-like spiritual crisis,
Ayler turned to jazz-rock, soul and funk music, adding lyrics by a vocal singer,
notably on Music Is The Healing Force of the Universe (august 1969).
By employing a virtually unlimited repertory of tricks and a rich vibrato,
Ayler expanded the vocabulary of the saxophone, but, most importantly, he did
so while staging a multi-dimensional regression to a simpler age of music
(whether the catchy folkish melodies or the military tempos or the
collective improvisation of the marching bands).
Ayler seemed to fuse the musical background of the pre-industrial society
with an impulse towards the expressionistic cacophony of the industrial society.
At the same time, his saxophone often seemed to intone shamanic invocations
except to derail into frenzied explosions of vitality.
Underlying all these contradictions was Ayler's exploration of sound for
the sake of sound, that accounted for a completely new idea of music,
away from the pillars of harmony, melody and rhythm. That was, ultimately,
an exploration of the human psyche. Thus, at several levels of introspection
and metaphor, Ayler's art was a mirror of society.
Ayler's was the music of the collective unconscious.
TM, ®, Copyright © 2006 Piero Scaruffi All rights reserved.
One of the towering figures of 20th century's music, Alabama-born pianist
and organist Herman "Sun Ra" Blount became the
cosmic musician par excellence.
Despite dressing in extraterrestrial costumes (but inspired by the pharaohs of
ancient Egypt) and despite living inside a self-crafted
sci-fi mythology (he always maintained that he was from Saturn, and no
biographer conclusively proved his birth date)
and despite littering his music with lyrics inspired to a self-penned spiritual philosophy (he never engaged in sexual relationships apparently because he considered himself an angel), Sun Ra
created one of the most original styles of music thanks to a chronic
disrespect for both established dogmas and trendy movements.
A pianist and arranger for Fletcher Henderson's band when he moved to Chicago
in 1946, Sun Ra started his own big band in the old-fashioned swing style in
The influence of Duke Ellington (that would remain throughout
his career) and Thelonious Monk
were the only discernible links to the rest of the human race.
The Arkestra, as it came to be known, relied on its three colorful saxophonists:
tenor saxophonist John Gilmore (from 1953),
alto saxophonist Marshall Allen (1954),
and baritone saxophonist Pat Patrick (1954). The rest was filled by a rotating
case of musicians, whose main role was to bring as much "color" as possible
to the music, particularly any number of percussionists with prominent tympani (but the other players too usually took shifts at playing one or more percussion instruments besides their own).
Their albums were eccentric tonal excursions:
Supersonic Jazz/ Supersonic Sounds (october 1956), with India, the two-part Sunology, Kingdom of Not and the first version of Blues at Midnight,
Sun Song/ Jazz (july 1956), with two trumpeters and trombonist Julian Priester, and containing Call For All Demons and their theme song New Horizons,
Sound Of Joy (november 1957), not released until 1968, with Ankh, Reflections in Blue and Saturn,
Jazz in Silhouette (1958), with the first extended pieces, notably Ancient Aethiopia and Blues at Midnight, besides Velvet,
Lady with the Golden Stockings/ The Nubians of Plutonia (1959), not released until 1966, with the extended percussive orgies Lady With the Golden Stockings and Nubia,
Rocket Number Nine/ Interstellar Low Ways (1960), not released until 1965, with the extended Interstellar Low Ways and Rocket Number Nine Take off for the Planet Venus,
Fate In a Pleasant Mood (june 1960), released in 1965, with the mature percussion-driven sound of Space Mates and Kingdom of Thunder.
But most of the pieces were still short bop divertissments.
A chromatic fixation led Sun Ra to employ all sorts of instruments (including early electronic keyboards), a fact that made him, de facto, one of the most
creative arrangers in the history of jazz music.
The Arkestra, reduced in size, relocated to New York in 1961 and Sun Ra came to be associated with the free-jazz scene, although Sun Ra had already pioneered free jazz in Chicago.
The first New York albums marked a step backwards. Very few pieces continued the trend towards a percussion-dominated harmony:
Beginning on Futuristic Sounds/ We Are The Future (october 1961),
Exotic Two on Bad and Beautiful (december 1961), released in 1972,
Kosmos in Blue and Infinity of the Universe on Art Forms of Dimensions Tomorrow (1962), released in 1965,
Love in Outer Space on Secrets of the Sun (1962), released in 1965, that also included the proto-psychedelic Solar Differentials and Solar Symbols.
Having created his own record company, Sun Ra was now free to record
anything that happened to please him. And he did not hesitate to take up
Ornette Coleman's challenge with:
Calling Planet Earth on When Sun Comes Out (1963),
the ten-minute Ecstasy of Being and the 18-minute Next Stop Mars on When Angels Speak of Love (1963), released in 1966,
Adventure-Equation and Voice Of Space on Cosmic Tones For Mental Therapy (1963), released in 1967,
an album that exuded a psychedelic feeling, three years before the psychedelic explosion.
His albums became more irrational and experimental.
Other Planes of There (1964) contained the 22-minute Other Planes of There, highlighted by the interplay among John Gilmore's tenor sax, Marshall Allen's oboe and Danny Davis' alto sax.
Strange Strings (1966) contained two side-long jams, the bacchanal
Strange Strings and the reverb-heavy Worlds Approaching (another parade of creative sol


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Are Lizards Poisonous? I Wish I knew This Before
You might be afraid that the pet you want to keep is poisonous. With kids around, can you really afford the risk?
We have had to research each animal we brought into the house beforehand to ensure it would not pose any threat to humans or other pets.
So, we get how hard it is to search pages upon pages of websites only to come up with two facts relevant to you. Read ahead and find out the answer to your most worrisome queries:
What is The Difference between poisonous and venomous?
The first fact you need to know is that there is a difference between being 'venomous' and 'poisonous'. In the simplest terms, if the creature bites you and you die, it is venomous.
If you bite it and you die then it is poisonous. Lizards are venomous i.e. they can inject venom into your bloodstream when they bite you. However, there are very few lizards that are venomous mainly iguanas, Gila Lizard, and Mexican Beaded Lizards.
This is a remarkable new discovery in the recent years as it can help scientists find out about the relationship between snakes and lizards.
Contrary to popular belief, most Lizards are not poisonous though. Although they have a plethora of dangerous bacteria and viruses on their skin, they do not have poison on it.
Eating one might make you seriously sick, but it has nothing to do with poison. Only a few ones such as the Blue-tailed lizards and skinks produce toxins in their skin and hence can be called poisonous.
What Happens If A Cat Tries To Eat A Lizard?
Since most lizards have some form of bacteria on their skin, chances are your cat might get sick.
This involves severe vomiting, drooling, fever, staggering around and looking dazed. It can further dim their hunger so they might even end up starving themselves.
If the toxins are at a higher concentration it can even lead to severe diarrhea and even paralysis. If it's your cat that has been infected, then you might want to clean the mouth to ensure all toxins are gone and then check with a vet.
Try to identify the species of the lizard it might have eaten.
What Symptoms Can You Get If You Get Bitten?
If the lizard is venomous, then its bite can inject you with venom. This venom may not be as strong as some snakes, because it might not kill you. However, it can still cause you to be seriously sick.
Until recent years, it was thought that the swelling associated with lizard bites was due to the bacteria present on them. It was thought that this bacteria infected the wound.
However, it has been discovered that the swelling and bleeding is actually due to the venom.
Not only is this poison painful, but it can also reach life threatening conditions as well. Kids are at the highest risk of more serious complications including death.
Symptoms usually vary on the type of venom but generally includes pain, swelling, difficulty in breathing, tissue death, numbness, blurred vision, excessive bleeding, rapid pulse, diarrhea, convulsions, shock, paralysis, low blood pressure and in the most serious cases, death. Victims should be treated immediately.
Are There Dangerous Parasites That Live On A Lizard?
Since lizards live around trees and bushes, they are bound to catch some parasites. They may carry some microbes on their skin and even in their digestion tract.
These parasites may not necessarily be harmful to the lizard, however, it can be very harmful to their predators.
These can include germs such as Clostridium, Salmonella, and Campylobacter etc. These can result in a number of diseases such as Salmonella, Leptospirosis, Campylobacteriosis, Botulism etc. Apart from germs, lizards are known to carry a number of smaller insects on their skins such as mites, ticks, and maggots.
These can infect your food and transfer to your hands easily any time that you touch them.
Why Do Lizards Bite?
Most lizards, like the Green Anole, will leave humans alone as long as they do not disturb them. Most lizards only bite to ward off any potential predators.
They do so to scare them away. Only two to four species of lizards are found to be venomous.
They use the venom to daze to their predator so that they become distracted. This way the lizard can make their getaway. Even if the lizard is non-venomous, biting its predator will still cause a lot of pain to the attacker.
For humans, this is quite similar to pit viper venom, which might not kill them, but can cause a series of infections and conditions. The worst part is that unlike snakes, lizards are hard to dislodge.
They continue secreting their venom for a long time. Most folks have to use pliers to remove it. They hold on so strongly that their teeth often end up broken and stuck in the human skin.
Do Lizards Carry Salmonella?
As we have already established that many lizards and even the house lizard are nonvenomous, however, they are still harmful to humans. Since they spend most of their time outside, their skin catches many harmful bacteria.
One such germ is called Salmonella. It can cause serious illnesses in people.
It can result in a number of diseases such as salmonellosis which is evident by Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, chills, headache, blood in stool, and abdominal cramps.
So, be sure not to touch anything after touching your lizard and wash hands as soon as possible.
If A Lizard Fell In Milk or Food, Would It Make You Sick?
Yes, as we mentioned before, their skin is crawling with a bunch of different germs that can be harmful to humans. So, if the lizard fell in any food, it would definitely transfer germs such as Salmonella into the food.
However, if the food was to be cooked later, it would kill the germs so it would be safe to eat such food.
Although you could eat the food after cooking it, we don't recommend it anyways! Not many people would like to eat it either!
Which Lizards Produce Venom?
Most Australian lizards such as Iguanas and monitor lizards as well as the Gila Monster and the Mexican beaded lizard produce venoms in their bodies. When the lizard bites another animal, it releases the venom from the para mandibular sack that is present behind their teeth.
The venom mostly contains neurotoxins that can paralyze or cause hallucinations. However, very few cases have been reported. The venom is called the helodermatid venom which includes substances such as serotonin, hyaluronidase and gilatoxin and helothermine. Gilatoxin is the main neurotoxin found in most Gila Monster and Mexican beaded lizards.
It can cause convulsions, restlessness, lethargy along with paralysis and even death.
Apart from these, very few lizards might have toxins, however, these are still to be known.
What Is Venom?
Venom is a poisonous or toxic substance that is secreted by many animals including snakes, scorpions, spiders, bees, wasps etcetera. It contains one or more than one toxin and usually causes harm to animals that it is injected into.
Some animals such as bees use it as a defense mechanism to try to discourage any potential predators, while others use it to attack their prey such as snakes and spiders.
The venom contains any of the four types of toxins: Necrotoxins (causing instant death), Cytotoxin (causing cell death), Neurotoxins (affects the nervous system) and mycotoxins (damage muscles).
Venomous animals are those which can secrete venom and inject it into their victims through their teeth or a stinger. These animals are responsible for killing thousands of humans every year. However, research has found that the toxins might be able to treat diseases.
All in all, lizards are mostly harmless. Only a few species are known to be poisonous or venomous (Click here to see if read-headed Lizards are poisonous). However, this does not mean you shouldn't look out for these species.
Even with non-venomous lizards, you should be careful as they are known to cause cross-contamination. Be sure to wash your hands with a good anti-bacterial soap when handling them. And keep the kids away from them!


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setup 2 appeared to generate a slightly better electrical efficiency than setup 1.
Improvements to the TUM efficiency could be based on modeling to determine whether two tanks are needed, or whether one larger one would do. If two are needed for some applications, one tank could be left unheated during seasons when no heating is needed, thus reducing heat losses by approximately one-half. Similarly, a single stratified tank could have only its top half heated during warm seasons. Control of the hot water tank burner should be integrated into the TUM control, rather than being left to the aquastat on the original tank.
The TUM includes three pumps that consume between 73 and 86 watts each.The CHP pump uses an average of 1.19 kWh per run, or 7.8% of the CHP net electrical output, per run.All three pumps together average 1.95 kWh, per run, which is 12.4% of the CHP net output, or 0.4% of the system output (heat plus net CHP electric).The pump energy is therefore low compared to CHP electrical generation, and insignificant compared to total output. Furthermore, pump energy could be reduced if the pumps were optimized in terms of size, efficiency, and control, and would be even lower if the electrical output of the CHP were higher, as it would be with a fuel cell sized for a house.
Two examples were selected to highlight how much electricity the CHP generates relative to house electricity demand, and to show where that electricity goes.The first example represents one of the colder periods of testing, while the second run represents a milder day (see Figure 5 and Table 3). Figure 5 shows house demand, supply by the CHP unit, and net house demand from the grid.The reduction in electrical requirements from the grid due to the CHP unit is apparent, as are periods of electricity being exported to the grid (negative grid supply).Table 3 summarizes the electricity balance for these two runs. While most of the electricity produced by the CHP unit goes to the house (94% and 98% in these examples), there are still instances of export to the grid (6% and 2%), even with this small heat-led generator.The CHP unit supplies important percentages of the house's electricity requirement (43% and 25% in these examples).
The Future of CHP Use
We believe that this technology has a high potential for use both in new houses and as a retrofit in existing houses.That's why we will soon be starting a demonstration project that will test the ability of a newer version CHP to run unattended for a year.The project will monitor the new unit's gas use and its heat and electrical output. The high initial cost for homeowners may require utility sponsorship, as is happening in the United Kingdom. Utilities should be interested, because having large numbers of CHP units in their area would reduce their peak demands, at least in the winter. Restaurants and cafeteria, with their large, more or less continuous, and yearround demand for hot water for dishwashing, represent another potential market for CHPs.
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text: Chaucer's characters are sufficiently distinct from one another, but they are too little varied in themselves, too much like identical propositions.... Chaucer's characters are narrative, Shakespeare's dramatic, Milton's epic. That is, Chaucer told only as much of his story as he pleased, as was required for a particular purpose. He answered for his characters himself. In Shakespeare they are introduced upon the stage, are liable to be asked all sorts of questions, and are forced to answer for themselves. In Chaucer we perceive a fixed essence of character. In Shakespeare there is a continual composition and decomposition of its elements, a fermentation of every particle in the whole mass, by its alternate affinity to other principles which are brought in contact with it. Till the experiment is tried, we do not know the result, the turn which the character will take in its new circumstances.