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A landing craft with mass 1.26×104 is in a circular orbit a distance 5.90×105 above the surface of a planet. The period of the orbit is 5600. The astronauts in the lander measure the diameter of the planet to be 9.80×106. The lander sets down at the north pole of the planet.
What is the weight of an astronaut of mass 84.9 as he steps out onto the planet's surface?


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In the context of databasesand object databases, in particularreplication is the ability to duplicate an object from one database (call it "database A") into another ("database B"). The duplication is performed in such a way that both object instances can be modified, so that at a later time the duplicated object can be returned to its original database, and any differences between the object in A and the object in B can be resolved. There are variations on this scenario, but that's the basic idea.
Users of mobile devices might recognize this as "synchronization." In such applications, the desktop system maintains a set of "master" databases that are replicated onto the handheld device. In the process of using the handheld, you add phone numbers, delete appointments, create new shopping lists, and so on. And, at some future point, you synchronize the mobile device with the desktop, which records the changes you've made into the master database. In short, replication allows a subset of information to be drawn from one database into another, and permits the user to operate on that subset in a disconnected fashion.
Suppose you want to implement replication. What capabilities do database systems need to provide for error-freeor, at least, as close to error-free as we could reasonably getreconciliation of data modified by disconnected users? (In this article, I assume that the databases employed are object databases. So, when I speak of "data," I speak of "objects.")
Certainly, the first requirement would be some way of identifying an object, even as clones of it are replicated from one database to another. In other words, when you put an object into the database, a unique identifier must be attached to it. That identifier must be bound to the object in such a way that, when the object is replicated into another database, the identifier goes with it. (You cannot count on the object's data content as the sole means of identifying that object.) Ideally, this identifier will be invisible and unmodifiable, except under unusual circumstances. After all, there is no reason to make its presence and value known to anything other than whatever framework handles the replication process.
Furthermore, this identifier must be universally unique. Suppose you begin with database A. You replicate a subset of its data into database B. Then you replicate data from database A into database C (some of the objects in C may also be objects in B). Suppose further that, after replication, object X was created in B, and object Y was created in C, and that both objects are of the same class. We must be guaranteed that the unique identifiers of X and Y are universally unique, even though databases B and C (and, in fact, A as well) are disconnected. If, by some chance, object X and object Y received the same IDs, then it would be difficult to impossible to reconcile both databases back to the master database.
Accurate reconciliation of disconnected databases also demands that some sort of version information be attached to an object when the object is modified. This is necessary so that synchronization can determine which of two replicated objects is the most up to date. Ideally, this would be information along the lines of "this object was modified at date and time xxx." At the least, we need a modification flag, such as the one on the Palm OS, which indicates when a record has been made dirty. Otherwise, the synchronization application will have to examine each and every object's content (that is, each object passing through synchronization), comparing it with the original (the object in the master database), to see if any changes have occurred, and attempt to deduce from those changes which object is older. Such resolution code would be unacceptably complex and slow.
Finally, a synchronization system must provide a mechanism that allows the developer to manage conflict resolution. Under normal circumstances, when an object that has been replicated is being reconciled back to the main database, the replication framework code can examine version information (assuming it exists) and determine whether the master database object or the replicated object is the most up to date. Conflicts occur when the version information is such that the winner is not apparent. The developer must be able to provide code that can resolve the confusion.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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HAMILTON, city in southern Ontario (total pop. 495,000 in 2001), with the eighth largest Jewish community in Canada (4,765). Hamilton Jewry comprised 1.3% of the Canadian Jewish population in 2001 compared with 1.4% in 1991, and 1.5% in 1981. Despite its small numbers, the community enjoyed an impressive array of institutions, including, for example, three active synagogues, a mikveh (ritual bath), a retirement and
nursing home for the Jewish elderly (Shalom Village), a community center, and day and afternoon schools.
The community's Jewish population has reflected the larger Canadian experience. By 1941, Jews in Hamilton numbered some 2,600, with half identifying Yiddish as their mother tongue; by 1951, the number had risen to 3,000. Little population expansion occurred over the following two decades. However, this changed in the late 1960s and 1970s when the expansion of McMaster University attracted Jewish academics and medical professionals. In addition, between 1975 and 1980, some 300 Russian Jews settled in Hamilton, though the vast majority eventually left for Toronto. By 1981, the Canadian census listed 4,250 Jews in the Hamilton area.
The Jewish presence in Hamilton reaches back more than 150 years. In 1853 the city record identified 13 Jewish families. They formed the Hebrew Benevolent Society Anshe Sholom Hamilton. They were soon renamed the Jewish Congregation Anshe Sholom of Hamilton, constituting the first Jewish congregation in Hamilton and the first Reform congregation in Canada. All charter members were of German origin and the records were recorded in German. In 1874 Anshe Sholom women formed the Deborah Ladies Aid Society, the first Jewish women's charity society in Canada. Initially Orthodox in orientation, it aligned with Reform following changes to traditional liturgical practices and rituals.
Finding these changes unacceptable, a number of Orthodox Jews who had immigrated to Hamilton in the 1870s established the Beth Jacob congregation in 1883. In 1901 the congregation organized its Talmud Torah, and in 1908 the women formed a Ladies Aid Society. Its Orthodox orientation changed to Conservative in 1954. Membership peaked in the 1960s and 1970s. The congregation later proclaimed that it offered a fully egalitarian religious service. Immigrants from central Poland and Galicia founded the Adas Israel that served as the community's Orthodox congregation. In 1914 they adopted the name "Adas Israel Anshe Poilen." Known informally by its street designation, Cannon Street shul, its members formed a Loan Society in 1930 followed by a Ladies Auxiliary two years later.
For the community's first 75 years, Jews concentrated around the city's core. This area housed the synagogues (a total of five at one time), other communal institutions, and the vast majority of Jewish-owned commercial enterprises. As the Jewish population moved into west and southwest Hamilton, and to neighboring Dundas and Ancaster, there remained hardly any trace of this former institutional presence. Ironically, but hardly unique to Hamilton, Jews now reside in areas from which they were formerly barred owing to the presence of restrictive covenant practices.
The need to look after its own being understood, the number of institutions established to service the Jewish community was both impressive and extensive. Four organizations – the Hamilton Hebrew Institute, the Hamilton Jewish Relief Society, the Hamilton Free Loan Society, and the Israelitish Benevolent Society – attended to matters of financial assistance, immigration, and communal and civic affairs. They amalgamated in 1916 under the United Hebrew Association, which assumed responsibility for most philanthropic work. Other institutions helped shape the community's rich diversity. For example, the Grand Order of Israel Benefit Society was coordinated in 1907, and the Viceroy Reading Lodge of B'nai B'rith and the Council of Jewish Women were established in the city in 1921 and 1922, respectively. Formal participation in Zionist activity began with the formation of the Daughters of Zion in 1914 and the second Hadassah chapter in Canada in 1917. Shortly thereafter chapters of Pioneer Women and Mizrachi also organized. Organizations evolved and new ones were established to coordinate the integration of immigrants who arrived following World War II. The Council of Jewish Organizations was established in 1955 and represented the Jewish community locally and nationally, coordinating and overseeing matters pertaining to education, recreation, and culture. Renamed the Hamilton Jewish Federation in 1975, it served as the community's central Jewish organization.
While Jews in Hamilton endured antisemitism in the decades leading to and immediately following World War II, they successfully integrated into the mainstream. Several played prominent roles in the wider community as patrons of the arts and charitable campaigns. Their integration was also reflected in the community's changed occupational structure. While the earliest generations of immigrants were peddlers, storekeepers, and salespersons in the manufacturing trades (notably in steel, scrap, and auto parts), subsequent generations, university-educated, were active in various commercial enterprises and, not unexpectedly, proliferated the professions – accounting, education, law, dentistry, and medicine.
Demographically, the 2001 number of census-identified Jews in Hamilton represents a loss from the 5,165 recorded in 1991, the highest number ever. Indeed, the recent decrease reversed a trend of steady population growth during the preceding several decades. A closer examination of the available demographic figures reveals several features certain to impact on the community's ongoing organization, including the number of elderly, a decrease in school-age youth, and a steady increase in numbers living below the poverty line. In addition, with fewer family-based businesses where offspring are expected to succeed their parents, there is a greater tendency for younger persons to leave the community for larger urban centers. This out-migration will inevitably impact on the community's abilities to sustain the educational and cultural institutions it currently enjoys.
Despite the outflow of native Hamiltonians to larger centers, the community continued to support a vibrant institutional base and could experience growth in the foreseeable future. While university-age Jews may continue to leave, this movement could be more than offset by the arrival of newcomers attracted to the city for occupational opportunities, more affordable housing and other cost-of-living considerations, and the availability of a sound and potentially expanding
Jewish infrastructure to cater to their religious, ethnic, and other requirements.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Spectrum Analyzer x1 - Spektrumanalysator x1
Detailed: LSP Spektrumanalysator x1 - Spectrum Analyzer x1 (SA1)
Formats: LADSPA, LV2, LinuxVST, JACK
Categories: Analyser, Utility, Spectral
Developer: Vladimir Sadovnikov
This plugin performs spectral analysis of a single audio channel. It does not affect any changes on the input signal, so can be placed anywhere where the metering is needed.
- Bypass - bypass switch, when turned on (led indicator is shining), the plugin does not work.
- On - turns on the analysis of the channel.
- Hold - forces the frequency graph of the channel to freeze.
- Hue - allows to adjust the color (hue) of the channel.
- Shift - allows to adjust the gain of the channel.
- Preamp - allows to adjust the overall gain of the analysis.
- Selector - allows to select the available frequency for level metering.
- Reactivity - the reactivity (smoothness) of the spectral analysis.
- Level - the level of the selected frequency.
- Window - the window applied to the audio data before processing.
- Tolerance - the number of points for the FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) analysis.
- Envelope - the envelope compensation of the signal.
- Zoom - zoom fader, allows to adjust zoom on the frequency chart.
- Frequency - the current frequency selected by Selector control.
- Level - the level of the selected Frequency.


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CHINESE ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS, 1993, 17, 2, 223-228
Pergamon Press Ltd. Oxford·New York·Seoul·Tokyo
The colour of Sirius as recorded in ancient Chinese texts+
Shanghai Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200030
Abstract: At present, Sirius is white, but in the West there has long existed a succession of records purporting that the star is red, which would mean difficulty for the current theory of stellar evolution. In this paper, I have systematically examined the more reliable records regarding the colour of Sirius in extant ancient Chinese texts from B. C. times to the +7th century and found that, during this period, Sirius was unquestionably white, thus relieving the present theory of stellar evolution of any threat from this direction.
Key words: Colour of Sirius－stellar evolution－ancient Chinese texts
1. PROBLEM AND ITS IMPLICATIONS
The Heavenly Wolf (ancient Chinese name for Sirius, CM ) is the brightest star in the sky and it is brilliantly white. It is an optical double star, and Star B (the companion) is also the first identified white dwarf. But this famous star has, on account of certain ancient records of its colour, been something of a headache for the current theory of stellar evolution.
In the western literature, Sirius has often been described as being red. Scholars have found such records in ancient cuneiform tablets of ancient Babylon and in the works of ancient Greek and Roman celebrities including Ptoloemy, Seneca, Cicero and Flaccus. In 1985, schlosser and Bergmann revived the topic, asserting that they had discovered in an early medieval manuscript, a work written by Bishop Gregory of Tours in the +6th century, in which a red star was mentioned which can definitely be identified with Sirius, thus implying that Sirius was still red at the end of the sixth century, and becoming white only after that date. So started a new cycle of debate and concern on the colour of Sirius.
According to the current theory of stellar evolution and our knowledge about the Sirius binary, Star A is located precisely on the main sequence, and it is impossible for it to change colour in a couple of thousand years. If the binary had indeed a red colour before the +6th century, the only theoretical way out is to shift our attention to the dim Star B, the white dwarf, for before a star evolves into a white dwarf it may pass though a red giant stage. This might offer a hope for explaining the western records, by saying that at that time, the huge red light of Star B blocked out the light of Star A. However, according to the modern theory, the time taken for a red giant to evolve into a white dwarf, even in the extreme case, will be far longer than 1,500 years, so there is yet no satisfactory explanations of these. Western records of Sirius being red.
Thus, astronomers are faced with the following choice: either to doubt the current theory of evolution, or to deny the proposition that Sirius was red in ancient times.
The reality of the Western descriptions of the colour of Sirius is by no means unimpeachable. Seneca, Cicero and Flaccus were either philosophers, politicians or poets, and there is no testimony to their astronomical competence; as for Ptolemy, although he was a great astronomer, there is room for doubt on specific details even in his writing. As to the red star described by Bishop Gregory, other scholars have maintained it to be Arcturus ( Boo), which is, of course, a well-known bright red giant.
In another direction, ancient Chinese astronomical/astrological records are well-known for their abundance, systematic character and fine description of the heavenly phenomena. We should therefore seek further evidence in ancient Chinese texts. To maintain authoritativeness, I shall confine the investigation strictly within dedicated texts, and shall ignore all philosophical or literary writings.
2. THE WAY STAR COLOURS ARE RECORDED IN ANCIENT CHINESE TEXTS
Astrophysics did not exist in ancient times and ancient people would not have noted the colours of heavenly objects with the modern eyes. Almost invariably, colours of planets and stars were mentioned in ancient texts for their astrological implications. It should be pointed out at the outset that, in the vast majority of cases, such records have no scientific value for the topic under discussion. They usually appear in the same format; here are two examples:
"... To its east there is a large star called Wolf. If Wolf shows horns (jiao) or changes colour, then there will be much banditry."
"If the Wolf Star...... shows rays or horns, or shakes about, or changes colour, then there will be war; if it shows great brilliance, then weapons will be sought after...... if its colour is yellow and smooth, there will be joy; if the colour is black, there will be sorrow."
In these quotation, the Wolf Star refers to Sirius (the ancient people did not know it was a double star). Obviously, that the star should change colour, sometimes yellow, sometimes black (other prognosticatory texts also mention red), even undergoing "shaking", is quite impossible as judged by modern astronomical knowledge. Yet in ancient Chinese astrological writings, these descriptions were applied to many stars (only the prognostications are different in different cases). Even if we force an explanation of "shaking" in terms of illusions caused by atmospheric phenomena in the ancient observers, we must still admit that, for the purpose of finding out the colour of Sirius in ancient times, it is meaningless to resort to records of this kind.
Fortunately, the ancient Chinese astrological corpus contains another kind of record which, though small in size, is extremely reliable. The ancient people believed not only in the astrological significance of colours of stars, they took the same view of the colours of the planets. The following is an early as well as a most typical statement in this connection:
"For the five planets, a white halo means funeral or drought; a red halo means disturbance and war in the Middle Kingdom; a blue halo means sorrow and flood; a black halo means disease and many deaths; a yellow halo is auspicious. Red horns mean invasion of our cities; yellow horns, fighting over territories; white horns, sound of walling and weeping; blue horns, war and sorrow; black horns, flood ."
That planets should at times change colour and shape is equally impossible, and we can put this aside. But what should be noted is this: since the ancient people believed in the truth of the prognostications, they must have established standards for the colours in fact, their specific method was to take certain famous stars as standards for the various colours. It is necessary to elaborate on this point.
The earliest record in this connection at present available comes from the pen of SIMA Qian. In his discussion of the colour of Venus (Tai-Bai), he gave the five colour standards as follows:
"For white, compare Lang (Sirius); for red, compare Xin ( Sco); for yellow, compare the Left Shoulder of Shen ( Ori); for blue, compare the Right Shoulder of Shen ( Ori); for black, compare the large star of Kui ( And)."
The credibility of SIMA Qian's description is confirmed by the following fact: of the five stars, apart from Sirius which, being sub jadice, must be set aside, all the other four were given believable colours, Sco, spectral type M0, is indeed red; Ori, Spectral type B2, is blue; Ori is at present a red supergiant, but it has been established that it is quite consistent with modern theory of stellar evolution for it to have a yellow colour two thousand years ago. The last one, And, spectral type M0, is dark red, but there is justification for the ancient Chinese to call it black. Firstly, in China, the theory of the Five Elements had been current for a long time and had permeated all aspects of thought. Indeed, that stars should be divided into five colours is an important manifestation of the conjoining of this theory with prognostic astrology. But the correspondence between the five elements and five colours had been fixed and the colours must be blue, red, black, white and yellow: there must be a black. Next, since these five colour standards are to be used for comparison in observation, and if it is truly "black", it would be invisible and no comparison would be possible, so the word must not be taken literally.
As far as the question under discussion is concerned, there is another fortunate circumstance. Since the ancient people took the five colours of the five elements as fixed categories, they must make approximation or accommodation for intermediate states outside and between the five colours, and force such cases into one of the five, therefore when they talked about colours of stars, they cannot help of being inaccurate. Fortunately, this inaccuracy "primary" standards, we need not worry about approximation or accommodation. This circumstance further guarantees reliability of using ancient Chinese texts to solve the question of the colour of Sirius.
3. ANALYSIS OF RECORDS OF THE COLOUR OF SIRIUS
The discussion in the foregoing section shows that only records relating to the five colour standards are reliable. Such records number extremely few in the vast literature of ancient Chinese astrology, yet precisely from these few records we can investigate the colour of Sirius. Table 1 is a survey of all such reliable records that could be found from ancient texts before the +7th century, showing the original text, source, author and date. An analysis and interpretation of these records now follow.
Table 1 Records of the


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The usual explanation for the Indian Monsoon that I read everywhere is that it is generated by winds from the Arabic Sea, moving to India mainland because of the low pressure there. These winds are stopped by the Himalayan mountains, the air rises and cools down, giving heavy rains. But if this is true I would expect rains starting next to the Himalayas, and then eventually travel south to complete a cycle. Why is the monsoon starting in the south instead? The Himalayas are clearly a barrier, and that's why in Tibet they don't experience the monsoon, but to me it doesn't make sense that they are the reason for the south-west monsoon, I would say more the Western Ghats.
Summarizing what I wrote in the comments
1) The monsoon does not start off in the Arabian Sea. There is actually a cross equatorial gradient that drives winds from the Southern Indian Ocean into the Northern Indian Ocean and then into the Arabian Sea.
2) There is also a second branch of the Indian monsoonal winds and that is the Bay of Bengal branch. This branch also receives winds from the Southern Indian Ocean. This branch ends up contributing easterlies and south easterlies to the Indian monsoon.
3) The crucial aspect that you left out in the question is the role of the Monsoon trough. The monsoon is not just made of winds alone converging rather it is the north to south movement and sometimes south to north movement of the monsoon trough along the Indian subcontinent that researchers and forecasters track. Why is that? It is because systems form within the monsoon trough. What governs the movement of the monsoon trough up and down the Indian subcontinent? Well that is a topic beyond the scope of this question.
4) So the monsoon trough includes westerly winds in the equatorward section and in the poleward section you have trade winds. The Himalayan branch from that definition contains easterly winds and not westerly winds from the Arabian Sea.Actually Arabian Sea winds only have a secondary role in providing moisture for systems to form in the Himalayan side.
5) Finally the Indian Himalayas only receive rainfall when the monsoon trough is located along those latitudes. This condition is known as a "break monsoon" condition and it happens when sub tropical westerlies are present aloft. This usually happens after the monsoon has provided rain to the southern parts of the country including the western ghats.
I would recommend going through this free e-book - sw monsoon e-book for a thorough description of what I have mentioned above.


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How to localize the SUMO interface
Table of Contents
What are UI strings?
Each element of the SUMO site interface that is text, but not the help content itself - all the buttons and navigation links. The text of each such element is a "string".
We currently have two servers for SUMO:
- _URL_ - our real server, also known as "prod" (short for "production")
- _URL_ - out release testing server (this is not a server to test localizations - a broken string will be a broken string both here and on the production server).
The strings you translate are regularly transferred to the testing and production servers, where you can see them in action.
Where can I localize strings?
UI strings for SUMO are localized in a variety of tools:
- Pontoon - the most popular tool - developed and maintained by Mozilla's L10n Team. You can find the documentation that explains how to use Pontoon here.
- Pootle - used by several locales - an updated version of the legacy tool (Verbatim)
How can I localize strings in Pontoon?
Please note that at this moment in time, SUMO is using the Out-of-context method of localization, and not the In-context option that Pontoon offers.
- Register or log in through the main site. If you have a Mozilla LDAP account you can just log in with your LDAP username and password. Otherwise, you'll have to register for an account before you can login.
- Navigate to SUMO strings. To do this, click the leftmost navigation breadcrumb in the top left corner of the page, and type "SUMO". Click the option that appears. In a similar way, choose your locale and the file you want to localize in the following breadcrumbs. Finally, click.
- View missing strings. To do this, click the funnel/filter icon below the navigation breadcrumbs and choose Missing, Fuzzy or Untranslated to display strings that require work. If you want to find a particular string, use the Search box next to the funnel/filter icon and input the text in English.
- Translate the text and make sure you save your work.
How can I review suggestions in Pontoon?
If you are a Reviewer in Pontoon, you will occasionally have to approve strings suggested by others. To do so:
- Log in as described above.
- Navigate to the SUMO project, as described above.
- View suggested strings. To do this, click the funnel/filter icon below the navigation breadcrumbs and choose Suggested or Has Suggestions to display strings that require reviewing. If you want to find a particular string, use the Search box next to the funnel/filter icon and input the text in English.
- To approve an existing suggestion, review the suggestions in the bottom right part of the screen, and approve the best one using the "checkmark" symbol.


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Learn something new every day More Info... by email
Erythrasma is a bacterial skin infection which favors moist folds of the skin. The medical term for the folds of the skin found around armpits, the groin, and knees is intertriginous skin, which can be useful to know if you feel like your doctor is speaking in tongues. The infection takes the form of reddish brown raised patches which sometimes itch. If left untreated, the patches will turn brown and scaly, and they have a potential to spread. Although erythrasma looks unsightly, it is relatively easy to treat and is not associated with more serious conditions.
If erythrasma is diagnosed, the patient will be directed to wash the area thoroughly with antibacterial soap on a regular basis. In addition, a topical antibiotic may be prescribed, depending on how serious the condition is. Erythrasma tends to occur more often in people who are overweight, especially diabetics, as they have ample folds of skin which may not always be thoroughly washed. It is also more frequent in hot climates, which can make intertriginous skin more moist and amenable to bacterial colonization.
There are several conditions which can look similar to erythrasma. It is sometimes confused with impetigo, another bacterial infection of the skin. Impetigo appears most often on the hands and face, however, not in the folds of the skin. Infection with tinea, a type of fungus, is also sometimes mistaken for erythrasma, especially since tinea favors the folds of the skin as well. Because all of these conditions require very different treatment, it is important to get a proper diagnosis.
The easiest way to diagnose erythrasma is to expose the area to ultraviolet light. The light will cause the bacteria causing the infection to fluoresce, resulting in a pink to coral colored glow. Skin scrapings can also be taken and cultured to determine the root cause of the infection. Because of the plethora of similar skin conditions which can be mistaken for erythrasma, it is important to go to a doctor or dermatologist to address skin problems.
Corynebacterium minutissimum is usually the culprit behind erythrasma. To prevent the unsightly condition, people should wash their bodies carefully. Antibacterial soap does not have to be used constantly, but it can be used periodically to remove potentially harmful bacteria from the surface of the skin. Drying thoroughly after bathing can also greatly help to reduce the risk of erythrasma infection.


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Know Your Seafood
Want to make the right seafood choices for your health and your planet but can't remember all the facts and recommendations when you need them at the grocery store or restaurant? Get Safe Seafood for your iPhone or iPod Touch to help you find the right answers and make informed decisions quickly and easily.
Our actions are rapidly destroying the oceans, lakes, and rivers that cover most of our planet. Rising contaminant levels make many seafood alternatives unsafe for you or your family to eat.Thankfully, numerous environmental groups and governments agencies do thorough research and publish results on contaminant levels and the environmental impact of different seafood alternatives. However, remembering this information when you need it at the grocery store or restaurant is no easy task.
Safe Seafood makes this information easily available on your iPhone or iPod touch when and where you need it. Developed using information from ten different environmental protection organizations and government agencies, this definitive guide provides recommendations for over 100 seafood choices in a clear and easy to understand format.


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Novice riders use of Powered-Two-Wheelers for commuting: insight using the theory of planned behaviour
thesisposted on 02.03.2017, 02:59 authored by Amani Jordehi, Babak
Globally the rapid growth of motorisation is creating increasing concerns that affect urban mobility and amenity. Increased motor vehicle ownership and use in urban areas, particularly in developed countries including Australia, has led to the increase of vehicle congestion, elongating travel times and the need to provide more parking facilities in already crowded urban areas. While considerable research attention has been focussing on the challenges associated with increasing private car travel in urban areas, relatively little research has been conducted on the use of alternative motorised forms of private personal transport, specifically motorcycles and motor scooters collectively referred to as Powered-Two-Wheel (PTW) vehicles. The aim of this research was to develop understanding of the parameters contributing enormously to the use of PTW for commuting, particularly by novice riders who have recently taken up riding. In this context, many studies, which have sought to engage PTW riders in travel related research, as opposed to road safety research, have struggled to recruit participants. An explicit dimension of this research was to examine the effectiveness of strategies designed to maximise the recruitment and retention of study participants. The empirical results highlight the value of using reminders along with a prize draw with one high value prize rather than a number of lower value prizes. Higher recruitment of younger riders was achieved using a professionally designed postcard with a Quick Response Code (QR code), which provided direct access to the survey web site for respondents using a Smartphone. Results of this research provide valuable insight into the range of techniques, which can be used to increase response rate in the researches aiming to recruit PTW riders. In this research, the extent to, which novice riders commute using a PTW has been analysed through the lens of the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Data collected in a panel survey of novice riders in Victoria, Australia was used to develop a model of commuting by the use of PTW. Attitudinal parameters along with the advantages associated with the use of PTW for commuting were found to explain 55 percent of the variation in the travel behaviour of respondents. Social norms were not found to have a significant effect on the extent to, which novice riders used a PTW for commuting. Results of this research provide new and valuable insights into the researches aiming to develop travel mode choice models, travel assignment models and PTW safety models.


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George Reserve collections donated to UMMZ provide portal through time
( More )
The ecological vouchers include aquatic vertebrates (tadpoles, salamander larvae, fish) and invertebrates such as insects, mollusks, and crayfish. The collection was recently moved from the George Reserve, Pinckney, Mich., to the UMMZ's Biodiversity Research Center at Varsity Drive, Ann Arbor.
"Earl Werner's specimens represent biodiversity vouchers for his large and influential body of published research on E.S. George Reserve pond ecosystems," said Professor Diarmaid Ó Foighil, director and curator of the UMMZ. Werner is a professor of ecology and evolutionary biology and director of the ESGR.
"These studies provide a high resolution understanding of ecological interactions in these ponds during the late 20th and early 21st centuries," continued Ó Foighil. "Placing the voucher specimens in the UMMZ collection enhances the long-term scientific value of Werner's research by making these specimens available to future generations of scientists.
"We know that the planet's climate is changing rapidly and that most projections envisage profound ecological and biotic turnover by the end of the century. Tracking the scope of that change in natural ecosystems requires high-quality baseline data through time. Thanks to Werner's published body of work, we have that data for the E.S. George Reserve for this point in time. The added value of placing the voucher specimens in the UMMZ collections is that this will enable future scientists to access the latent late 20th and early 21st century ecological and genetic data these specimens embody, using research methodologies that have yet to be invented. In research terms, we have assembled a low-cost, highly accessible time portal.
"One of the advantages that EEB has as a department is having a variety of distinct resources that can be combined to yield value-added outcomes, e.g., the E.S George Reserve and the UMMZ," Ó Foighil continued. "The former is a marvelous research setting for long-term ecological studies situated within easy commuting distance of central campus. The latter is a world-class research collection that spans almost 200 years of regional and global biodiversity. Their positive interaction is exemplified by the incorporation of Werner's multi-decade samples of E.S. George Reserve freshwater organisms into the UMMZ's formal, databased collections."
"Typically studies of ecological communities are conducted over short time periods at small spatial scales, or are snapshot descriptions of patterns in these communities," said Werner. "It is well-recognized among ecologists that long-term data on sets of spatially connected ecological communities likely will reveal important insights concerning community dynamics not evident from smaller scale studies. However, such data are exceedingly rare. The ESGR collections represent the work of a large number of individuals dedicated to building such a data set. The samples from this program originate from 37-38 ponds on the ESGR that now span 17 contiguous years (_PHONE_). The ponds are sampled twice annually (in late May and late July) to capture both spring and summer breeding amphibians and macroinvertebrates. The core data set consists of quantitative estimates of densities of 14 species of amphibians, 172 species of macroinvertebrates, and seven species of fish in these ponds. The latter two categories include all major predators of the amphibians as well as major vectors (snails) of many of their parasites.
"The ESGR amphibian and macroinvertebrate survey is unprecedented in its combined breadth, intensity, and duration," continued Werner. "There are very few comparable data sets that enable ecologists to examine metacommunity dynamics on a landscape over time scales where climatic conditions, ecological succession on the landscape, etc., can be expected to influence these communities. For example, we documented precipitous changes in community composition and dynamics of ESGR ponds associated with an El Niño related drought occurring roughly between 1998 and 2006. These changes revealed how novel interactions of processes across different scales can lead to sharp transitions in ecological systems. Such transitions are of critical importance to conservation biology as climate changes and habitats are fragmented. The collection of the ESGR data has been supported by several Long-term Research in Environmental Biology (LTREB) grants from the National Science Foundation."
The data collection was accomplished by a large number of investigators and volunteers over the years. The core group was composed of Werner (University of Michigan) and former graduate students and postdoctoral fellows, whose current affiliations are listed here, specifically David Skelly (Yale University), Rick Relyea (University of Pittsburgh), Kerry Yurewicz (Plymouth State University), Michael Benard (Case Western Reserve University) and Shannon McCauley (University of Toronto) and more recently some of the students of these individuals (e.g., Jason Hoverman, Purdue University).
"This group assembles annually at the ESGR for a week in May and one in July to sample the ponds, and generally has been assisted by a large number of volunteers each year, typically graduate students and undergraduates resident in the labs of the above faculty," continued Werner. "The lion's share of the work, however, ultimately fell on Chris Davis, who processed all the samples, identified and measured specimens, and was responsible for all of the data entry and data management for the project. Thus, these critical functions were done in a consistent manner over the period when the samples were collected."
Greg Schneider, collections manager for the Amphibians and Reptiles Division at UMMZ, supervised the incorporation of the collection into UMMZ holdings.
Captions: Sampling in one of the George Reserve ponds. The "pipes" enclose 0.1 of a square meter and the researchers remove all the animals from the water and the sediment enclosed. Left to right: former EEB graduate students (and current affiliation) Rick Relyea (University of Pittsburgh), Dave Skelly (Yale University), and Earl Werner, professor or ecology and evolutionary biology, director, E.S. George Reserve. Credit: Chris Davis.
Dan Whitfield, the Herpetology Division's laboratory assistant, helping catalog the specimens. Whitfield is a biology senior concentrating in EEB. Credit: Greg Schneider.
The collections crew at the Edwin S. George Reserve: top row left to right: Jonathan Richardson, Hyumnim Han, Jess Middlemis-Maher, Ariel Heldt. Bottom row left to right: Earl Werner, Dave Skelly, Chris Davis, Jason Hoverman, Andrew Zajac, Rich Relyea, John Marino, Mike Benard.
Professor and ESGR Director Earl Werner sampling in a pond at the George Reserve.


text:
ook developed a multidimensional approach to assessing and treating problems arising from spousal bereavement. This approach is problem-specific and addresses specific therapeutic tasks.86
One useful problem-oriented strategy is the therapeutic use of rituals. A grief ritual is a formal activity that provides a structure -- a time and a place to honor an important loss. Therese Rando cites the benefits of using ritual to enhance grief psychotherapy with mourners who experience either psychic numbing or who are overwhelmed by grief.98 Counselors can assist mourners to develop their own rituals or encourage the application of rituals prescribed by religious or cultural traditions. Bereavement rituals can also be included in group or individual counseling formats. When used in groups, rituals with universal themes are more appropriate. For example, many groups use rituals to elicit memories at the beginning of the session and to encourage redirection of focus away from grief at the end of the session.
Rituals may be particularly useful for clients blocked in their awareness and expression of grief since rituals may create a safe context in which to prompt memories and their associated emotions. For clients having difficulty modulating the strong intrusions of memories or images, rituals may help to limit these unwanted intrusions by providing a specific time and place for experiencing such painful mental phenomena. Through rituals, some depressed clients may combat the sense of helplessness that may accompany mourning, and angry clients may find a legitimate forum in which to express their feelings. Counselors can assist ruminative clients devise rituals that alter self-focus and encourage outward directed activities such as viewing art or observing nature. These strategies not only provide respite from anguish, but also teach clients that they can have control over the focus of their attention.
Rituals may be conducted once to emphasize a particular moment in time or they may be used on an ongoing basis. Regular rituals, such as a daily time for reflection, may enhance a mourner's understanding of the meaning and nature of loss, and this may help resolve his or her grief. Rituals with specific therapeutic targets may be used by counselors and therapists to assist clients reach therapeutic goals.
Psychodynamic Grief Therapy
Mardi Horowitz has developed and studied a time-limited (twelve sessions) psychodynamic grief psychotherapy model to assist people with complicated mourning.32 According to this model, in the aftermath of any stressful life event, certain processes must occur to facilitate assimilation, accommodation, and healthy resumption of living. Individuals must resolve the personal meanings of the stressful event, including its implications for relationships, self-image, and behavior. This process entails the individual's reappraising the event and revising core models of self, role relationships, and future plans. Horowitz calls these core models of self and others "person schemata."
The primary goal of psychodynamic grief therapy is symptom reduction. This is accomplished through the mitigation of an individual's need for psychological defenses against awareness of ideas and images that lead to stress and intolerable emotional states. Therapy accomplishes this goal by helping mourners consciously connect their thoughts and memories of the stressful event with their associated emotional responses. For clients who tend to "overcontrol" their awareness of their inner life, and who thus experience emotional numbing, the therapeutic task is to encourage a re-experiencing of grief; for those who experience intrusive-repetitive thoughts or affects, the task is to promote avoidance or the working through of these painful phenomena. One technique Horowitz describes as a way to give clients a sense of mastery over emotions is called "dosing," a process that entails reexperiencing an event and its meanings for a specific time, putting it out of mind for a period, and again recalling the event.
According to Horowitz, complicated grief is the result of maladaptive habitual controls over ideas and feelings related to the self and others. The assumption is that complicated grief -- in his terms, "blocked," "inhibited," or "chronic" -- reflects the presence of unintegrated, unconscious or partially conscious, and contradictory views of the deceased or earlier relationships. One of the tasks of therapy, therefore, is to identify the emotions and evaluations associated with the deceased, and this will assist the mourner to come to terms with unresolved feelings. This type of exploratory work may also uncover other unresolved losses in the client's past that may need attention. Through this process of discovery, clients begin to better understand their schemata -- their habitual views of themselves and others.
Horowitz developed a phase model of grief that is consistent with other stress response syndromes. His model includes the following phases: outcry, denial, intrusions, working-through, and completion. Each phase is assumed to reflect the activation of schemata and working models that organize the individual's dominant states of mind during mourning. Horowitz's model provides a method for analysis of the discrepancies between new schemata that may arise as the result of a recent loss and more enduring schemata. For example, the death of a husband may require a woman to revamp a major relationship schema: that of "wife." At first overwhelmed by all that this entails, she cries out in anguish. This stimulates her psychological defenses -- psychologically pushing this conflict out of awareness -- which leaves her feeling "gray" and "numb." As her defenses weaken, intrusive images or memories related to this loss of self-concept break through into her consciousness and bring to the surface painful emotions, such as fear, sadness, or anger. Provided she has the requisite ego strength to juggle the need to both tolerate these painful memories and to appropriately distract herself from them, she will be able to work through her grief and reorganize her relationship schemata. Her new view of herself is that of "widow," with all the meanings that go along with that identity.
The death of a loved one may also activate early schemata of the self as helpless, weak, childlike, inadequate, incapable, destructive, or evil. These "latent self-images" are assumed to form early in life as a consequence of some form of trauma.99 As the individual matures, he or she learns more adaptive and compensatory concepts of self and other, and these dominate the personality. In addition, the supportive context of the relationship with the deceased may also have checked these latent negative self-images.100 This aspect of Horowitz's model is particularly helpful in understanding the return of internalized homophobic thoughts and feelings by gay men who may have lived for years holding more positive views of themselves and other homosexuals. Working through these latent self images, may, in fact, have long ranging benefits to these gay men, who are further freed from the danger of their re-emergence in the future.
For all the phases of grief except completion -- outcry, denial, intrusion, and working through -- Horowitz identified normal and pathological responses, which typically comprised an intensification of the normal variant.41 For example, during the outcry phase, the normal response is an outcry of emotion, while the pathological response may be panic. For the denial phase, the normal response is the avoidance of reminders and social withdrawal, while the pathological response may be substance abuse. For the intrusive phase, the normal response is recollecting negative experiences with the deceased, while the pathological response may be a flooding with negative images.
Therapists intervene at the points in these phases where mourning appears to be suspended. For example, if an individual is in a denial phase, the goal would be to facilitate greater emotional expression. If the individual is in an intrusive phase, the goal is to help the client modulate his or her emotions and to encourage an exploration of their meaning. Interventions of this type should free the individual to move toward fuller completion of the mourning.100
Psychiatric and Medical Intervention
In order to respond to bereavement distress, providers must determine the relationship between grief, mental disorder, and any physical disease. A thorough assessment, including a careful history of physical and psychiatric symptoms, is crucial to identifying pre-existing disorders or vulnerabilities to disorder.
Although it is important to encourage mourners to experience grief, some people may become emotionally overwhelmed and may need assistance to tolerate intense grief. Whenever possible, clinicians should apply nonpharmacological interventions such as general relaxation exercises to reduce stress or behavioral approaches to reduce insomnia. When these approaches are not sufficient, judicious use of anti-anxiety agents and sleeping medications may be indicated.101
The use of psychotropic medications in the clinical management of bereavement is an area of great debate. Given the historic misuse of medication to "calm" mourners -- especially women -- there is general suspicion about this approach among bereavement experts.37 According to Sidney Zisook, "Although some might argue that the use of psychotropic medications during bereavement is maladaptive in that these substances prevent the bereaved from 'getting in touch with their true feelings' and thereby block the resolution of grief, this position has not been validated by empirical data."102
Rando contends that failure to recognize and respect the reality that some mourners require psychotropic medication is as detrimental as forcing medication without just cause. She suggests that a treatment plan should include a careful medical examination as well as appropriate psychological and pharmacologic management. If clinicians suspect that medication is suppressing or interfering with grief, they should reconsider this approach, keeping in mind at all points that medication is an adjunct to psychological treatment and social support, not a replacement for them.37
According to Stephen Shuchter, it is important to conceptualize correctly the purposes of psychopharmacologic interventions with the bereaved.103 He suggests, "Broadly speaking there are two kinds of circumstances for which these agents should be considered: treating co-morbid psychiatric conditions and modifying affects that are unique to the grief experience. With regard to the former, it becomes important to make diagnoses such as major depression, panic disorders, [and] obsessive-compulsive disorders


text:
Welcome to the Inner Archeology Podcast! During today's conversation, we discuss the life-changing power of raising your baselines, through creating new norms in your day-to-day life. We both believe that your life is made by the tiny choices you...
Welcome to the Inner Archeology Podcast! During today's conversation, we discuss the life-changing power of raising your baselines, through creating new norms in your day-to-day life. We both believe that your life is made by the tiny choices you make every day, compounding the changes you make into one exponential curve towards the life you want. It's so important to show up even when shit is hard! Sometimes things will feel off, and we believe that's the time to get specific about what the main problems are, to empower yourself to make the necessary changes. It's okay to focus on one thing at a time, and we explore how to do that during today's conversation. Some of these concepts came to us through reading The Slight Edge, including the fact that most people make an effort to change until the discomfort has been alleviated, and then fall back into old ways of being. We discuss course correcting, another concept from the book, and talk about dividing up goals into bite-sized pieces to avoid getting overwhelmed. Join us for a motivating conversation full of tools you can implement immediately to begin to enact real change in your life. Thank you for tuning in!
Key Points From This Episode:
- An introduction to today's topic: raising your baselines.
- What is meant by raising your baselines and creating new norms in your day-to-day.
- How, when you make these changes to your autopilot, you forget what it was like before.
- Why your life is made by the tiny choices you make every
- Why the idea of the Quantum Leap can be really harmful.
- The Compound Effect: making changes to your life to create an exponential curve.
- Why it is so important to show up even when shit is hard.
- Why it is important to distill a general feeling that something is off into the main problems.
- Why the urge to change everything is a sure sign that you need to get specific about what to change.
- Focusing on one thing at a time, and committing to having a new standard for yourself.
- How the Slight Edge describes how most people make an effort and then stop.
- Drawing solutions to the problem into your conscious mind and separating problems from self-loathing.
- Course correcting and focusing on solving problems instead of beating yourself up.
- Why it is so helpful to divide up your goals into bite-sized pieces.
- How judgments often come from other people's values and not our own.
- Why, at the end of the day, you just have to figure out what works for you.
- How guilt and self-loathing are strongly based on what we believe makes a good human.
- Why tough love is not always the answer when it comes to motivating yourself.
- Why things get easier when you start to raise your baselines.
- Operating from a place of defeat and not separating yourself from the emotional piece of making a change.
- The two hardest things that Sarah has ever done: getting divorced and quitting drinking.
- The gift that comes out of the Dark Night of the Soul: faith in yourself.
- Why self-trust is the number one thing Sarah wants to cultivate in her children.
- An affirmation: my problems are not unique, everyone has survived and thrived what I'm going through, the answers are out there, I just have to be open and willing to receive them.
Links Mentioned in Today's Episode:
Inner Archaeology on Patreon
Atomic Habits on Amazon
The Slight Edge on Amazon
Inner Archeology Email
Sarah Turner on Instagram
Emily Pennystone on Instagram


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Section 15 - Family Information & Support Center (FISC)
Purpose: It is recommended that hospitals establish a Family Information and Support Center (FISC) as part of their Disaster Preparedness Plan to assist victims and their families during a mass casualty event.
- FISC Objectives and Functions
- Structure of the FISC
- FISC Information Flow
- FISC Equipment, Materials and Supplies
- Training Staff in the FISC
- FISC Activation
- Interactions with Families
- Identification of Identified or Unidentified Victims/Family Members
- Day Care for Dependents of Hospital Staff Members
- FISC Educational Tools for Staff
Disasters, whether natural or man-made, produce effects that have psychological repercussions beyond individuals and families, extending to broader sections of the affected community.1 Healthcare facilities should be prepared to handle these disasters from a family-centered, psychosocial perspective, in addition to the crisis and acute medical management of victims.
During 9/11 many family members and friends went from one hospital to another looking for their loved ones. Every time families arrived at a different hospital to find out that their loved ones were not there, their confusion, fears and anxiety levels increased. During the Katrina disaster, many families were evacuated outside their own state of Louisiana, making family reunification tedious and lengthy, and adding emotional distress to an already bewildering situation.
Children injured or involved in a disaster bring additional emotional distress. It has been estimated that for every child arriving at the emergency department, the hospital can expect an average of 4 to 5 arriving family or caregivers. Staff in the emergency department will be faced with the medical management of multiple victims and will not have the time, space and training that this population of concerned family members requires.
For these reasons, it is recommended that hospitals establish a FISC as part of their emergency preparedness plan.
The Role of Information During Disasters
Information has a dual role in enabling effective coping mechanisms. First, active seeing of information can help the people regain a sense of control.2 Second, the availability of information reduces a sense of certainty inherent in traumatic events3 and hastens the interpretation of a situation. When people turn to an informed center, they are inevitably distraught and provision of essential information on a missing person is the first step in enabling the process of coping.4
Together with emotional support, families are informed of the following in the FISC:
- The circumstances of the event (where, when, how and what happened);
- The evacuation of casualties (whether more are injured or still arriving to the hospital);
- Other hospitals where victims are being taken to and when the evacuation is complete; and
- The victim identification stages and psychological reactions to trauma and related symptoms.5,6
FISC Objectives and Functions7
The FISC has three main objectives:
- Provide the necessary reliable information via the systematic organizational framework and provide assistance in the identification process;
- Assist relatives coping with uncertainty, stress and stages of adaptation; and
- Enable the medical staff to concentrate freely on their treatment of the casualties, especially in the acute stage of the proceedings, while providing a formal support system for bewildered and anxious relatives and friends.
The FISC also serves these functions:
- Provides accurate information;
- Provides psychological first aid to distraught families;
- Offers crisis counseling or refers individuals and families for immediate mental health services;
- Escorts and provides comforting services to families;
- Offers temporary childcare for well children of either the injured or of family members who need to assist the injured;
- Helps to locate patients and reunite families within the hospital;
- Contacts family members to arrange care of children present at hospital;
- Makes or helps to make in-place shelter arrangements or community placement of children who do not have a safe place to be or a family member who can care for them;
- Provides for the communications needs of families (phone, e-mail); and
- Protects families from intrusion by media or curious bystanders.
Structure of the FISC7
The FISC structure should be divided into 2 main areas:
- The Main FISC Unit is the physical location of the FISC; and
- The Hospital Peripheral Units that are the hospital units with which staff will need to be in constant communication during the immediate phase following a disaster.
The Main FISC Unit
This unit should be able to have contact with the public, via phone or in person. It deals with the widest range of activities and has the largest number of professional personnel allocated to it. It is recommended that facilities identify physical space for FISC, wired with telephone and Internet connections.
The structure of the Main FISC Unit is as follows:
- Reception Area: At any given time, there may be hundreds of families and friends in contact with FISC at varying stages of the disaster. The simultaneous presence of all these people, especially in the earlier stages, requires expertise in crowd management.
Here, social workers or assigned staff may be allocated to the families and friends as they arrive. This social worker or assigned staff member takes in information from arriving family members and assigns them a social worker. Coordination among staff members prevents unnecessary doubling up and allows optimal use of staffing resources.
A central waiting area should be large enough to accommodate family members seeking information. This area should be away from the Emergency Department area but ideally in close proximity or easily accessible to facilitate communication. There should be conveniently located bathroom facilities.
- Information Desk: The information provided by the social worker or assigned staff member who is operating the information desk in person and via telephone is based on constantly updated data retrieved from the computer, social workers in the field and the Incident Command Center.
- Photograph/Identification Room: This room is utilized for those people without confirmatory information on a missing relative. It is assumed that the missing relative is among the casualties. At this stage of the proceedings, the need for support is at its greatest and requires sensitive and careful intervention. Only the closest relatives are brought to this room. This will also serve as the center for family reunification through photograph identification.
- Consultation Areas: Side rooms are used for those members of the public that express extreme stress reactions (i.e., shock or pain). When the social worker or assigned staff member identifies a family reacting in an extremely volatile and agitated manner and feels that they would benefit from personal, supportive attention in a quiet atmosphere, they are encouraged to withdraw to a side room provided for this purpose. This area separates the family from the rest of the public in order to prevent a panic chain reaction. These areas should at least minimally be furnished with chairs, desk or table, tissues, trashcan and a telephone.
- Pediatric Safe Area:As discussed in Section 5-Security, the Pediatric Safe Area may be located within the FISC. The Pediatric Safe Area is a designated place for unaccompanied children who have been discharged from the Emergency Department or who have been separated from their caregivers. These children are awaiting reunification with appropriate family members or others.
If the Pediatric Safe Area is located within the FISC, set aside a portion of the large room to accommodate child-sized furniture with a selection of toys, games, art materials and books. This area should have a regularly assigned adult, Pediatric Safe Area Coordinator and appropriate security staff (either staff or volunteer) to attend to the children. If your organization has a Child Life Program, they may be the most experienced to setup and monitor the Pediatric Safe Area.
Peripheral Hospital Units
In addition to the Main FISC Unit, the hospital will need to be in close contact with other areas. Consider planning FISC linkage with the following:
- Emergency Department: The emergency department (ED) is the first venue for the injured. ED care is extremely intensive and short term. All identity/location information obtained by social workers during the interviews with patients will be communicated to the main information center.
- Incident Command Center: Most of the information related to the disaster will come to the Incident Command Center. Any information related to patients' families is passed on to the Director of Human Services, who will in turn contact the Main FISC Unit head appointee to relay the information and brief the staff on changes relevant to the incident.
- Intensive Care Unit: Social workers or designated staff assigned to this area will collect information about the physical characteristics of patients (such as tattoos, scars or other outstanding distinguishing features) that can be used to further identify individuals and communicate this information to the FISC.
FISC Information Flow:
- Information on patient status and identification will come to the FISC from the ED, ICU, other hospitals, EMS, the morgue, the Medical Examiner's Office and the Incident Command Center. Information may come to the FISC via fax or telephone, electronically or by runners.
- The FISC will act as a liaison between the families and the peripheral units.
- The FISC is in constant communication with the Incident Command Center.
- Any media seeking information about patients, families or the nature/status of the event should be directed to the hospital's Public Information Officer.
- It is recommended that hospitals continue to develop communication systems and protocols to facilitate the flow of information within the facility, within the community, and with other city, county and state agencies.
It is recommended that the facility plan for staffing as stated below:
- Director/Coordinator: The unit should be directed by the Human Services or Social Work administrator or manager.
- Assigned Professional Staff: Assigned staff may include social workers, caseworkers, mental health practitioners, child life specialists, chaplains, human resources personnel, and pre-screened volunteers.
- Volunteers: Volunteers should be pre-screened and already trained as hospital volunteers. Volunteers might also include fieldwork students assigned to the ancillary services, clergy from nearby religious institutions and personnel from community-based human services organizations.
- Red Cross Liaison: : A liaison from the American Red Cross could be very useful


text:
The SwimFin looks like a fun swimming aid for kids. It straps onto your child's back to provide buoyancy and encouragement. It helps the child feel safe so that they can concentrate on moving their arms and learning their strokes.
Your kid wears it high on the back, above the center of gravity, so that it suspends him or her in the water. If used in the ocean, I bet this could really clear the beach too.
It's a pretty cool idea and of course every kid likes to pretend they are a shark when in the water. SwimFin comes in seven different colors and can be purchased at their website. Once you make that purchase your kid is free to start sharking around.
[via Lost at E Minor via Laughing Squid]


scholarships Tag
Maybe you've been thinking about it for a while, or perhaps the recent time stuck at home has made you consider your future. However you've come to the conclusion, it's clear that this is the perfect time to find a new career and land a plum tech job. Programming is one of the most popular and in-demand high-tech jobs around
Many people in Canada are currently looking for new careers in programming and other high-tech fields, but getting the training needed to land the best jobs might seem a tall order while the world is in self-isolation due to COVID-19. However, there are coding bootcamps that acknowledge the needs of the moment and have shifted to online classroom environments to
If you're a former military or a servicemember's spouse, you might be in the market for a new career in a top-salaried tech job like full stack development. There are lots of resources you can tap to pick up the sort of training necessary to let you compete with other programmers for plum jobs in the field, but it's crucial
An increasing number of Americans are waking up to the advancements in technology and wondering where they may fit into this technological age. The Fourth Industrial Revolution means it is important - now more than ever - to build your knowledge to include various technology-based skills. However, an increasing number of Americans also realize that going back to school to
Coding Bootcamps are technical training programs that help students and professionals transition into careers that involve active use of coding in software and web development. Coding bootcamps teach popular programming languages that employers look for when hiring. The languages include: Ruby on Rails, Python on Django, JavaScript, PHP stacks, and many more. Since enrolling in a degree at a regular college
You don't have permission to register


text:
As part of a larger effort to reduce the amount of mercury, a potent neurotoxin, in the environment, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has launched a new website to help industry scientists and engineers decide the best temperature measurement alternative for their purposes. The website also includes information about myths pertaining to mercury and temperature measurement and how to safely package and recycle mercury-containing products.
NIST stopped providing calibration services for mercury thermometers on March 1, 2011. This was motivated in part by NIST's work with the Environmental Protection Agency to eliminate as many sources of mercury in the environment as possible.
According to Greg Strouse, leader of NIST's temperature, pressure and vacuum programs, mercury thermometers are neither a superior nor a standard method for measuring temperature.
"We haven't used mercury thermometers as a calibration standard since 1927 when the platinum resistance thermometer standard was adopted," says Strouse. "Our goal with this new website is to show that there is a temperature-sensing technology that will satisfy their needs as well as, or better than, a mercury thermometer, all without the added liability of containing a neurotoxin that is hugely expensive to clean up if released into the environment."
According to NIST researcher Dawn Cross, industrial scientists commonly object to replacing their mercury thermometers because they have grown accustomed to getting the same answer from their mercury thermometers over the years, even if it is less accurate than can be provided by modern digital thermometers.
"Some people who are used to using mercury thermometers think that they define temperature, and this simply isn't true," Cross says. "Graduations on a piece of glass filled with a fluid can never give as accurate a reading as a digital thermometer, based on how the conductivity of metals change as a function of temperature, something we know and can characterize very, very well."
Cross points out that other thermometers based on the principle of thermal expansion of a fluid, such as alcohol, are not hopelessly inaccurate. In fact, they are as accurate as mercury thermometers and are suitable for some applications that don't require stringent temperature control. For example, alcohol thermometers might be suitable for measuring the temperature of gasoline and other fuels, but they would be unsuitable for monitoring the temperature of vaccines, the viability of which relies on strict control of their temperature.
Visit the website at _URL_ for more information about how NIST can help your industry find an accurate, nontoxic and environmentally benign alternative to mercury thermometers.
See our YouTube video on the subject at _URL_
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


Roma Music & Emotion Image 1
Roma Music & Emotion
In Roma Music and Emotion, author Filippo Bonini Baraldi forges a much-needed theory of music, emotion, and empathy from an anthropological perspective, addressing the failure of the prevailing psychological theories on music and emotion to account for non-western musical cultures.
Bonini Baraldi, having spent years among the Hungarian Roma of rural Transylvania, presents compelling ethnographic descriptions of their weddings, funerals, community celebrations, and intimate family gatherings. Based on extensive field research and informed by hypotheses drawn from the cognitive sciences, the anthropology of art, and aesthetics, Roma Music and Emotion analyzes why Roma musicians cry along with music and how they arouse specific feelings in their audiences.
Translated by Margaret Rigaud, and with a Foreword by Steven Feld, Roma Music and Emotion makes an important ethnomusicological contribution to theoretical discussions of the relationship between music and emotion.


text: Stream Peak's Oxygen Absorber, O Sorb, is made from safe, non-toxic material. Oxygen Absorbers can be used to prolong the shelf life of food products. O Sorb is also known as Oxygen Scavengers or Oxygen Absorbent. Commonly used in food packagings such as pastries and snacks, Oxygen Absorbers are capable of reducing the aerobic environment to 0% oxygen. They prevent changes in the colour of food, prevent oils in food from becoming rancid, and retards the growth of oxygen-using aerobic microorganisms such as fungi. Without any aerobic bacteria and fungi growth, the shelf life of a food product will extend from 1 week to several months.


The shrine of knowledge.
Magick >> Qabalah
limitless light, abstract symbols, algebraic symbols, ain soph
The Veils of Negative Existance and the Qliphoth
Author: Ivory Cat
suggests to us to use these ideas of negative existence as counters with no
true value unto themselves but useful in our calculations of the workings of
the Tree. It is comprised of the Ain, (negativity), Ain Soph, (the limitless)
and Ain Soph Aur (the limitless light). It is out of the last veil that
Kether is born. Fortunes calls these "the algebraic symbols that enable us to
think of that which transcends thought, and which at the same time hide that
which they represent; they are the masks of transcendent realities." She goes
on to say that these are not supposed to be understood, being that they are
only "symbols" of the unmanifest, designated only to give the mind
suggestions towards certain ideas. However, since these are the unmanifested,
the mind really cannot comprehend them. Even though Negative existence is
outside our scope of realization, it is important to try to keep in mind that
we can turn our minds in the direction of this absolute of unmanifest area,
even if we can't reach it. That's because all that has been manifested came
out of an area of the unmanifested. These are abstract symbols for the mind
to ingest, digest, and store for later enlightenment. These abstract symbols
are the seeds for thought and new ideas, and she puts it into perspective
well by stating that Realization is concretizing the Abstract. Although we
may not know it's nature, we know it's effects.
The next area is a highly controversial area called the Qliphoth, and
although I really don't know how to pronounced it, I would guess it would be
something like kle-foth. I have discovered that this part of the tree is
rarely discussed in many of the books and completely avoided like the plague
by many practitioners. I had asked one gentleman who has written a few books
on Qabalah about this area and he wouldn't discuss it with me. I had no idea
whatsoever that this was such a taboo subject, especially since Dion Fortune
does such an excellent job of addressing it. I feel as strongly about this as
she did. I believe that working with an intense system as the Kabalah,
esoteric initiates owe it to themselves to be educated about the whole
system, rather than just part of it. That way they can make better decisions
and obtain higher results, through knowing the undesirable aspects as well as
the desirable.
This not only gives us an edge, but as Fortune puts it "It is a sound
magical maxim not to invoke any force unless you are equipped to deal with
its averse aspect". She also writes that whoever uses the Tree as a magical
system really has no option but to deal with the aspects of the Qliphoth. If
one delves into the magical arena long enough, one will inevitably get bit
where the sun doesn't shine if they are not prepared.
Fortune describes the Qliphoth as "aptly termed the evil and averse
Sephiroth and are the unbalanced and destructive aspect of the Holy Stations
(Sephiroth) themselves". She goes on to write that "Whoever attempts to work
with the positive aspect of a Sephirah must remember that it has a negative
aspect" and it's important to maintain the balance of forces. The Qliphoth is
looked at as the place where one finds the Absolute of all averse conditions
as in absolute lust, absolute envy, etc. It could be looked at as a
reflection of the whole Tree glyph emanating from Kether downward. Or picture
yourself standing on a mirror looking down at your reflection extending from
your feet. For each Sephiroth has an archangel associated to it, each averse
side, or it's Qliphoth has its demon. It is viewed as the equivalent of
proverbial hell, where all the nasty traits or "sins" of human
characteristics are concentrated. I neither recommend or condone anyone to
work in this specifically defined area of Qliphoth.
However, after reading this chapter in The Mystical Qabalah several
times, I have come to another understanding of Qliphoth, maybe I would even
refer to it as "The Lighter Side of Qlipoth". Fortune made a very profound
statement that "We all have the faults of our qualities". In other words,
any of our good qualities taken to the extreme can become undesirable. A
person can be the most helpful soul around, but if it is an extreme nature
and they help anybody all the time no matter what, they can be a down right
butt-in-ski and very irritating. I'll go out on a limb with my own personal
analogy. I was blessed with artistic talent (Netzach), I also inherited the
temperament to go with it. I know I am a bit of a perfectionist with my work
and myself; if I go overboard with it I can become unreasonable. My personal
Qlipoth here is temperament and unreasonability. So I must realize that, and
strive to keep these averse characteristics in balance with my good
qualities. Fortune gives an example; if one invoking the fiery energy of Mars
(Geburah) does so without first purifying oneself, it can lead to the
Martian forces going to extremes, becoming destructive and cruel, or vigorous
and energetic can fall into oppression.
Fortune makes a point of distinguishing between what the occultist refers
to as positive and negative evil, saying that this is an important point in
practice because of how this influences our immediate judgment and conduct.
She defines Positive evil as "a force which is moving against the current of
evolution" and negative as "simply the opposition of an inertia which has not
yet been overcome, or momentum that has not been neutralized." Negative is
the strain between opposites and this strain is needed to keep all in check
with each other, keeps one from dominion over the others.
"Negative evil is the practical corollary of the principle of
Equilibrium." The universe is held together and perpetuated because of the
strain of opposing forces. An example of negative evil is how people view
each other......the evangelical fundamentalist views new agers as "evil", the
hippie was viewed as "evil" by the establishment, when in reality, it just
depends on the perception or the prejudice eyes of the other side! Fortunes
says "Never the less, we cannot dispense with either of these opposing
factors if society is to be maintained in a healthy state; between them we
achieve a steady progress that neither disorganizes society nor permits it to
sink into inertia and decay". If either side were left unchecked, it would
lead to harm. To label one contending force as good and the other as evil is
a mistake and can lead to the fundamentalist heresy of dualism. Very
important to grasp this. She says that we "cannot deal with evil by
destroying it, but only by absorbing and harmonizing it."
She writes that positive evil is another animal. This is something
carried too far, as in a single, dominant political party leading into
political corruption. Each side will have its sympathetic followers and it is
this Qliphothic force that gives the zealot his abnormal power.
"Each Qliphah arose primarily as an emanation of unbalanced force in the
course of the evolution of the corresponding Sephirah. The solution of the
problem of evil and its eradication from the world is not achieved through
suppression, or destruction, but through its compensation and consequent
absorption back into the Sephirah from which it came." It's also important to
understand that forces in equilibrium are static, neutralized. Progress can
not take place in perfect equilibrium. It is not until they become out of
balance that the forces are freed for action, and it is only at this point
that change and growth can take place. As we come to realize this and
understand what our adverse traits are, only then can we attempt to absorb
and harmonize them into becoming our virtuous qualities.
Suggested Pdf Resources
Three Negative Veils of Existence which hang behind the Crown, declares itself. may be abie to penetrate the Veils of Negative Existence, as they are called.
There are three qabalistic veils of the negative existence, and in themselves they..
The Kabbalah Unveiled
The Sorcer and His Apprentice: Unknown Hermetic Writings of SL
The Qliphoth of the Qabalah. 23. 4.
The Secret Wisdom of the Qabalah
him a few words, but her countenance is still hidden in the thick veil, which his glances.. but the negative side of a positive-negative existence called life.
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Ain Sofa is the second Veil of Negative Existence above Ether. A


text:
KATCHATHEEVU IS OURS – CONCRETE EVDIENCES
Even during the reign of ancient Tamil Sangam Kings, reign of King Sethupathy of Ramanathapuram, reign of East India Company, during the time of direct British rule and even after independence, Katchatheevu island remained with Tamilnadu. There are many more plentiful evidence and data to establish that Katchatheevu Island and the surround fish rich Sea belong to Tamilnadu.
1. During A.D. 1605, the clan of Ramanathapuram Sethupathy King was established by the Madurai Nayaks, incorporating 69 coastal villages and 7 Islands, of which Katchatheevu Island is one of the Island.
2. A copper plate plaque issued by King Koothan Sethupathy who ruled Ramanathapuram during the years 1622- 1635, depicts that the Sea upto Talaimannar belonged to Sethupathy Kings.
3. Coronation flowers which adorn the Goddess, Malai Valar Kathali Ammai of Rameswaram are grown in Katchatheevu Island. Similarly, cattle's that are donated to the Temple are cared for in Katchatheevu Island and the Milk and other items needed for pooja are brought only from Katchatheevu island.
4. In the Kingdom of Ramanathapuram, there existed a separate account section to maintain and audit the accounts of Kathatheevu Island.
5. In the plaque issued to Jamindarine Mangaleswari Natchiyar, who took over after the period of Ramanathapuram King Muthuramalinga Sethupathy (who was imprisoned for a long period for having opposed the British), it is clearly mentioned that Katchatheevu Island belonged to Ramanathapuram Zamin.
6. There is a clear document evidencing leasing out Katchatheevu Island to East India Company by Ramanathapuram Sethupathy in the year 1822.
7. In Queen Victoria's 1858 Proclamation whereby the powers got transferred to British Rule from East India Company, reference is made that Katchatheevu Island belong to Ramanathapuram Zamin.
8. P.P.Peris, who during the years of British Rule in 1936- 40, served as an Assistant Draftsman and later became a Ministerial Secretary after Sri Lanka attained independence, on 08.05.1966, made the following statement, confirming that Katchatheevu Island belonged to Ramanathapuram Kings. He says, "During the years 1936-40, when I served as Assistant Draftsman in the Land Survey Department, I was directed to survey the district boundaries of Ceylon. Therefore, I perused all records, documents, historical evidences and the Queen Victoria's proclamation, by which 1 found that Katchatheevu Island belonged to King Sethupathy, Therefore I drew the Northern District of Ceylon delineating Katchatheevu Island." This statement issued by the Ministerial Secretary on 08.05.1966, was widely reported in the then Daily Mirror published from Sri Lanka and thereafter reported in Indian Express in India.
9. There is a Registered Document (Registration No. 510/1880, Book 1, Volume 16) evidencing the fact that on 23.06.1880, eight coastal villages and four Island, including the Katchatheevu Island, belong to the Ramanathapuram Sethupathy's were given in lease by the District Collector, Madurai jointly to one Abdul Kadar Marakayar and Muthusamy Pillai.
10. By a document dt.04.02.1885 (Registration No. 134/1885), Muthusamy Pillai, has taken the Katchatheevu Island on an annual lease of Rs.15 per annum from the Estate Manager of Ramanathapuram Sethupathy for the purpose of procuring dye roots.
11. Under a pact entered into between the Dutch and Ramanathapuram Seethupathy during the year 1767, a clause was incorporated to permit ail those residing Ramanathapuram Zamin can always visit Katchtheevu Island.
12. Baskara Sethypathy of Ramanathapuram, has assigned a portion of Katchatheevu island to Poet Sundaram.
13. When Zamindari Abolition Act came into force, Katchatheevu Island is mentioned as 285 Acres of Government Poromboke land in Ramanathapuram Village.
14. In the Ramanathpuram Gazetteer, issued by S.A.Viswanathan, Assistant Revenue Officer, Madras (then Tamiinadu was called Madras) on 11.11.1958, in Register No.68, Katchatheevu Island is shown as comprised in Ramanathapuram Village.
15. On 01.07.1913, when few Islands were taken on a 15 year lease by the Government of Madras Presidency from Ramanathapuram Sethupathy, Katchatheevu Island is mentioned by the Secretary to Government, as a territory belonging to Ramanathapuram Zamin and situate on the North East of Ramanathapuram.
16. In the year 1947, one K.M.Mohammed Merasa Marakayar, took the Katchatheevu Island on lease from Ramanathapuram Sethupathy. In the documents which was then executed, Katchatheevu Island was shown as a territory situated between Talaimannar and Danuskodi and belonging to Ramanathapuram Suzerainty.
17. In the Land Document Register issued by the Government, firstly issued in the year 1957 and again reprinted and issued as an updated publication, in the year 1966, at page 107, Katchatheevu Island is mentioned as a uninhabited territory belonging to Danuskodi.
18. Between the years 1913 and 1928, many Islands including the Katchatheevu Island were taken on lease from Ramanathapuram Sethupathy Kings and were again sublet to fishermen.
19. On several occasion the Sethupathy Kings, have themselves directly leased out many islands including the Katchatheevu Island to fishermen. There are records to show that fishermen from Tondi and Nambuthazhai have taken such leases.
20. In all the Indian Land Survey Records issued between the years 1874 and 1956, Katchatheevu Island is depicted as an Indian Territory alone. The Indian Land Survey Department has mentioned Katchatheevu Island as, measuring 285 Acres and 20 cents comprised in Survey No.1250,
21. In all reports published in several medias, Katcha theevu Island is mentioned as belonging to Ramanathapuram Sethupathy. Thus it is very clear that Katchatheevu Island is a Tamil Soil, and it is a Tamil Land. Katchatheevu Island and the seas surrounding it belonged to Tamils through several generations. More particularly, it is the tamil fishermen community which enjoyed the land over the years. It is this ancestral Tamil home land which was ceded to Sri Lanka by Indira Gandhi in the year 1974. While gifting away the land, Indira Gandhi pointed out that Katchatheevu Island is being ceded not on the basis of records but for other political reasons. What ever be the reason for ceding the Katchatheevu Island, but it is ultimately our Tamil fisher womenfolk numbering above 500 who were widowed by the Sinhala Navy Goons, Retrieval of Katchatheevu Island, alone will put an end to the suffering of our fisher brethren.


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Is there any C#/F# performance comparison available on web to show proper usage of new F# language?
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3 Answers
Natural F# code (e.g. functional/immutable) is slower than natural (imperative/mutable object-oriented) C# code. However, this kind of F# is much shorter than usual C# code. Obviously, there is a trade-off.
On the other hand, you can, in most cases, achieve performance of F# code equal to performance of C# code. This will usually require coding in imperative or mutable object-oriented style, profile and remove bottlenecks. You use that same tools that you would otherwise use in C#: e.g..Net reflector and a profiler.
That having said, it pays to be aware of some high-productivity constructs in F# that decrease performance. In my experience I have seen the following cases:
 - references (vs. class instance variables), only in code executed billions of times
 - F# comparison (<=) vs. System.Collections.Generic.Comparer, for example in binary search or sort
 - tail calls -- only in certain cases that cannot be optimized by the compiler or.Net runtime. As noted in the comments, depends on the.Net runtime.
 - F# sequences are twice slower than LINQ. This is due to references and the use of functions in F# library to implement translation of seq<_>. This is easily fixable, as you might replace the Seq module, by one with same signatures that uses Linq, PLinq or DryadLinq.
 - Tuples, F# tuple is a class sorted on the heap. In some case, e.g. a int*int tuple it might pay to use a struct.
 - Allocations, it's worth remembering that a closure is a class, created with the new operator, which remembers the accessed variables. It might be worth to "lift" the closure out, or replaced it with a function that explicitly takes the accessed variables as arguments.
 - Try using inline to improve performance, especially for generic code.
My experience is to code in F# first and optimize only the parts that matter. In certain cases, it might be easier to write the slow functions in C# rather that to try to tweak F#. However, from programmer efficiency point of view makes sense to start/prototype in F# then profile, disassemble and optimize.
Bottom line is, your F# code might end-up slower than C# because of program design decisions, but ultimately efficiency can be obtained.
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Interesting points, but you'd need to check on more than just one runtime; with CLI 2, x86 and x64 had very different tail-call; it has obviously been beefed up in part due to supporting F#, but this may skew C# profiles. – Marc Gravell Jan 2 '10 at 22:06
"This will usually require coding in imperative or mutable object-oriented style". No, you want mutation for performance but you must avoid object-oriented style in favour of Fortran-style. OOP is slow too... – Jon Harrop Mar 28 '11 at 22:27
If they really need speed, I think they should consider assembly language over anything. – Dark Cloud Sep 5 '11 at 15:51
what is references (vs. class instance variables)? – colinfang May 1 '13 at 14:04
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Here are a few links on (or related to) this topic:
What I seem to remember from another post on Robert Pickering's blog (or was it Scott Hanselman?) that in the end, because both are sitting on the same framework, you can get the same performance from both, but you sometimes have to 'twist' the natural expression of the language to do so. In the example I recall, he had to twist F# to get comparable performance with C#...
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The converse is also true if you benefit from features unique to F#, such as inline. – Jon Harrop Apr 21 '10 at 15:20
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9781740303965 _PHONE_ at Audiobooks Survival Teenagers 1999 Unabridged ed. 1999 Unknown value: nsr Tomorrow, when the war began Fiction War stories Seven Australian teenagers return from a camping trip in the bush to discover that their country has been invaded and they must hide to stay alive. en 55849916 When the war began Young adult works Talking books for children 2001 Young adult fiction Teenagers--Australia Survival--Australia Tomorrow, when the war began series ; Bolinda Audio Guerrillas Dougherty Suzi Dougherty, Suzi. Blind--Books and reading. Guerrillas--Australia Juvenile Australia Talking books for children. Audiobooks. Blind--Books and reading Melbourne, Australia Marsden John Marsden, John, 1950- 1950 War Friendship


TEC H.C. Ørsted
New dynamic learning environment
Based on a desire to create differentiated learning environments like the dynamic relations H.C. Ørsted described, the building brings the students together in mixed learning spaces, where informal meets formal – and theoretical meets practical. The building is like a network of workshops, learning areas, specified classrooms and areas that function as knowledge communities.
Nature is weaved into the building structure as a reminder of the scientific, fascinating and inspiring phenomenons that plants, light, climate, air surround us with. There is always a reciprocity between things, elements and movements and surroundings.
The client visions for the technical new high school building was that it should reflect the spirit of the great Danish scientist H.C. Ørsted and the thoughts he had about magnetism, movements and nature.
The proposal we developed was unfolded as an educational campus or environment for studying, learning, experimenting, testing, meeting and investigating. Instead of designing a bold signature, the concept was aligned with the approach to science, art, culture and nature - as a general formation and modern way to view the world around us as well as a method for learning.
Construction costs
Lyngby, Denmark
TEC, Technical Education Center
150 mill DKK
CG Jensen, MOE
Competition proposal
NORD Architects A/S - Hejrevej 37, 2. - 2400 Copenhagen NV Denmark +45 3369 0908


text:
Antti-Juhani pointed out to me that Haskell provides the quot and rem pair of operations in addition to div and mod. The difference is that while both satisify the identity involving division, multiplication, and the remainder, div and mod round down (towards -infinity), while quot and rem round towards zero (truncating the fractional part).
That's great! (Besides the fact that I displayed my ignorance in public, that is). It means I really can use GHCi to model my functions for testing! And I was getting worked up to write a C version of Plauger's div which rounded away from zero for negative quotients so I could have some guaranteed-consistent behavior. Instead I can use the C standard function div and Haskell's quot and rem.
So, this sort of begs the question: is there a good reason to prefer one method of integer division rounding to another? Yes. It comes down to this question: do you want your algorithms to behave smoothly across the origin, or to behave symmetrically around the origin?
Let's briefly consider some Haskell code for mapping a range of fractions onto a range of integers again.
let gen_nths denom = [ (numer, denom::Int) | numer <- [ (-denom::Int)..(denom::Int) ] ] let div_map m1 m2 = map (\ tup -> fst tup * ( ( (m2::Int) - (m1::Int) ) 'div' 2 ) 'div' snd tup ) div_map (-10) 10 ( gen_nths 3 ) [-10, -7, -4, 0, 3, 6, 10]
Notice something about those values: the distances between them follow a consistent pattern. Reading the list left to right, we have distances of 3, 3, 4, 3, 3, 4. This pattern repeats. It is smooth across the origin.
Now let's change our div_map function to use quot and rem:
let quot_map m1 m2 = map ( \tup -> fst tup * ( ( (m2::Int) - (m1::Int) ) 'quot' 2) 'quot' snd tup ) quot_map (-10) 10 ( gen_nths 3 ) [-10, -6, -3, 0, 3, 6, 10]
Looking at the differences between values, from left to right, we find that they are 4, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4. The function is symmetric around the origin.
Does this matter in practice? Of course! Let's say that we have a mapping using a non-origin-crossing version of our quot_map function:
let gen_non_negative_nths denom = [ (numer, denom::Int) | numer <- (0::Int)..(denom::Int) ] ] let quot_map_2 m1 m2 = map ( \tup -> fst tup * ( (m2::Int) - (m1::Int) ) 'quot' snd tup ) quot_map_2 0 20 ( gen_non_negative_nths 6 ) [0, 3, 6, 10, 13, 16, 20]
Shiny. The intervals go 3, 3, 4, 3, 3, 4. But if we shift the values:
let gen_non_positive_nths denom = [ (numer, denom::Int) | numer <- [ (-denom::Int)..(0::Int) ] ] quot_map_2 0 20 ( gen_non_positive_nths 6 ) [-20, -16, -13, -10, -6, -3, 0]
The intervals go 4, 3, 3, 4, 3, 3 -- they are backwards. In other words, the effect of integer rounding on the values of the codomain changes if you shift the domain of the denominator across the origin: the ordering of the pattern is reversed.
If we do the same thing using div:
let div_map_2 m1 m2 = map (\ tup -> fst tup * ( (m2::Int) - (m1::Int) ) 'div' snd tup ) div_map_2 0 20 ( gen_non_negative_nths 6 ) [0, 3, 6, 10, 13, 16, 20] div_map_2 0 20 ( gen_non_positive_nths 6 ) [-20, -17, -14, -10, -7, -4, 0]
we get a pattern of intervals (the effect of rounding) which remains the same: 3, 3, 4, 3, 3, 4.
Now, smoothness across the origin is is what I want, at least for the kinds of functions I am working on now. But your problem domain may lend itself to writing functions which involve rotations, or mapping values across the origin: in that case, you're going to want the symmetry. The important thing is to know what strategy you are using and apply it consistently. I'm really impressed that Haskell give me so many interesting options.


text:
offence might abound
5:20 offence might abound. The "law entered" the world because sin had entered the world, and death entered by sin (Romans 5:12). But from Adam to Moses (Romans 5:14), even though death reigned, sin was not "imputed" because men had only a vague intuitive knowledge of God's law (Romans 5:13). When the law was finally given through Moses, however, then sin could be seen in full measure in its ugliness. Nevertheless, God's grace was still more abundant, capable of redeeming and saving the most flagrant sinners.