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In my last post, I discussed the effect of mental stress and personality characteristics on a diabetic people's ability to control their blood glucose levels. In this post I focus on the role of health information technology in support of health education programs.
What do people with diabetes (and other chronic conditions) need in order to overcome their psychological obstacles and promote healthy living? As previously discussed in this paper, they must have adequate knowledge and understanding, positive emotions, rational attitudes and beliefs, effective coping skills, and motivation. That means they not only have to be aware of their physical health problems and ways to manage them, but they must also be aware of how their mental health (attitudes, emotions and mental stress) affects their blood glucose and how to control it. Achieving this daunting goal requires health coaching and counseling, of course.
The coaching and counseling services can be enhanced through interactions with other people and use of health information technologies. These people may be healthcare professionals, family and friends, and even "virtual acquaintances" through Internet-based social networking (e.g., peer-support groups). The health information technologies include web sites, educational software, psychologically-based self-help software tools, and personal health records (PHRs). Unfortunately, we are in the "Stone Age" when it comes to most health information technology. Current day PHRs are not very useful to the typical consumer/patient, and could be much more useful to professionals.
What is needed is an easy, low-cost way for comprehensive physiological and psychological data to be transformed into useful personalized information. This information should increase people's awareness of their current health status and risks, as well as provide information that increases their ability to manage their diabetes. Today's PHRs are very immature regarding these types of capabilities.
By way of full disclosure, I've been developing such a health information software program for over two decades, called the Personal Health Profiler™ (PHPro™). The PHPro is a major departure from the kinds of PHRs in use today. It promotes more rapid and complete understanding of a person's physiological, psychological and mind-body functioning and risks; it provides ongoing feedback and instruction; and it helps a person developing effective coping strategies. The information presented by the PHPro comes from analysis of detailed data about the relationships between a person's:
- Internal dynamics—including coping skills, problematic physical signs and symptoms, co-existing illnesses, emotions, mental stress, and cognitions (attitudes, beliefs, expectations, etc.).
- Behaviors—including diet, exercise, alcohol and substance use, sleep, etc.
- External influences/causes—including stressful interpersonal relationships, stressful and unhealthy physical (e.g., work, living) environments, economic pressures, etc., as well as supportive conditions that promote good health.
- Medications—including possible side-effects, drug-drug interactions, and precautions.
- Demographics—including gender, age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, etc.
In addition, the PHPro provides these essential functions:
- "Pushes" targeted information to consumers and professionals to fill knowledge gaps and increase understanding, instead of requiring that the information be "pulled" by them. This means exceptional "findability;" that is, navigating to and accessing relevant information is a breeze compared to the complex and often convoluted process required to obtain and filter desired information from typical web portals and search engines.
- Identifies key life stressors and health risks, as well as a person's underlying attitudes, beliefs and emotions, which help focus coaching and counseling efforts, and improve self-management.
- Delivers warnings, alerts and other essential feedback, so necessary adjustments can be made to plans of care in a timely manner.
- Uses a structured, personalized coping strategy methodology that helps a person attain more adaptive coping skills.
- Identifies potential medication side-effects, drug-drug interaction, and precautions to minimize prescription errors and manage problematic medication issues.
- Supports well-care/sick-care integration.
- Continually evolves using flexible software modules, data sets and algorithms that are all transparent and easily modifiable.
- Accommodates any current and future data and technology standards.
- Continually feeds a knowledge base with de-identified personal health information to support research efforts for continually improving care effectiveness.
These capabilities make the PHPro a useful tool supporting a whole-person approach to diabetes health education.
International Diabetes Health Education Program
I am honored to be part of an international, interdisciplinary group that has been collaborating for about eight months on developing integrating whole person health information technology, social support, and health coaching and education. Our efforts aim at enabling and motivating diabetic people to manage their condition effectively by developing healthy attitudes and beliefs, emotions, coping strategies, psychosocial relationships, and life satisfaction, as well as gaining essential awareness, knowledge and skills.
I will discuss more about this exciting collaboration in future blog posts.
Effective self-management of diabetes (and other chronic illnesses) is difficult for many individuals because it involves a complex interaction between both psychological and physiological (mind and body) factors. A whole-person approach to diabetes health education is therefore important. It combines self-care instruction, coaching and counseling, and innovative health information technology tools to build knowledge and competence, establish effective coping skills, and motivate diabetic people's motivation by helping overcome psychological obstacles.
 National Guideline Clearinghouse. 2006 May. Available at this link
 Beller, SE. Health Information Technology: Past Predictions, Current Reality, and Future Potential - Part 1. 2008 Nov. Available at this link
 Beller, SE. Well-Care Sick-Care Integration. Available at this link
 Beller, SE. Art of Health Knowledge Creation and Use. Available at this link


Climate Change
Created by Montana Morgan
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Dan Johnson
Aug 10, 2021
Joined an Early Adopter Program
Tried something new
Shared ideas
Plant trees
Advocating for Climate Change
Impact capital
Pitched a Campaign Concept
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Joined Polywork which could be a nice way to share ideas that could become projects, companies or campaigns that help improve our world. One example relevant to the UN climate change report that came out today: we ought to raise capital to buy agricultural land and plant forests instead. Most forestland is privately owned (essentially tree farms). To decarbonize, we need trillions more trees. So, let's grow some forest businesses at scale. Every acre of new forestland is a win.
Advocating for Climate Change
Summarised a few links that helped me accelerate my climate change understanding.


Monday, March 18, 2013
What Is pHlavor (flavor) Salts Spray?
A natural balanced salt containing all the naturally occurring minerals and trace minerals found in sea water. This is a required salt for the body enabling it to function. 1 teaspoon in the morning especially if you are drinking 4 or 8 liters of water a daily. pHlavor Liquid Salt Spray is filtered and is not heated except by natural sunshine. Enjoy this excellent salt seasoning. Use instead of refined table salt.
The Amazing Benefits of Alkalizing Salt and the New Liquid Salt - pHMiracle pHlavor
In my research I have discovered that salt is at the foundation in the creation of all major elements of the body when the elements of oxygen or hydrogen give up their protons. The pathway to magnesium, potassium and even calcium begins with salt. For example, when the protons of oxygen, which are eight, are acquired by the nucleus of the sodium, which is eleven protons, it becomes potassium, which has nineteen protons. The equation is: When potassium acquires an additional proton from the hydrogen ion it becomes calcium, or when the sodium ion acquires an additional proton from the hydrogen ion it becomes magnesium.
It is no coincidence that our body fluids are salted with sodium or that the ocean is salted with sodium rather than some other element. You now have the simple understanding that sodium (salt) is at the foundation of life and without it we would die. This is why I recommend eating more salt in the diet. In fact a 154 pound man or woman should be eating at least 10 grams of salt a day. And when you have sugar cravings it is not the need for sugar it is the need for salt. Eat some salt and your sugar cravings will go away with renewed energy and "sustainable energy"™
Now, just don't eat any salt. It has to be a salt that is whole and unprocessed, free from added iodine or caking agents. I have a salt farm on the north shore of the Great Salt Lake where I harvest the best salt in the world. Shelley and I now have available a new condiment for flavoring your food with a 26% pure sol of salt called pHlavor. You will be amazed when you use this seasoning on your food and how it enhances the flavor of everything you are eating. You no longer need to use acidic condiments of soy sauce, vinegar, miso, tamari, and even Braggs Amino Acids to flavor your food when you have the first alkaline liquid spray salt condiment on the planet - pHlavor™
Let us know what you think as you start eating and enjoying the many benefits of the most important element next to oxygen - SALT in our latest creation called liquid salt pHlavor!
To keep our bodies running we need energy - not just any energy but "sustainable energy." To have "sustainable energy" that just keeps going and going and going like the Energizer Bunny you must have salt. Salt is the body's matrix system for transporting energy throughout the entire human organism. A deficiency of salt is equal to a deficiency of energy. You can't even create a thought or move the body without salt. I have discovered that the endocrine system, which includes the pineal gland, the pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas and sex glands communicate through a matrix of salt - NOT HORMONES. Hormones are the acidic waste products of the endocrine glands using energy to communicate with each other to maintain homeostasis of the body fluids, energy needs and the autonomic functions of the body. The body needs no hormones - it needs "sustainable energy" that can only be created through a matrix of salt.
Interesting Facts About pHMiracle pHlavor Liquid Salt
1) Our bodies contain almost 450gms of salt and each day we need to replenish the salt used by our bodies to maintain our normal health, vigor and alkaline design.
2) Salt plays a big part in helping the body to digest food and turn them into living tissues, as well as helping to transmit nerve impulses that contract the muscles. In order for the cells of the body to function normally, a salt/water balance must be maintained. Salt is also necessary for making the sodium bicarbonate the body needs to alkalize the food we eat to maintaining the alkalinity of the blood and lymph fluids.
3) pHlavor tastes great. Minerals present naturally in the salt from the Great Salt Lake North Shore as well as the crystal shape enhances its flavor therefore the salt can be used more sparingly.
4) pHlavor contains higher levels of calcium and magnesium than normal sea or table salts, as these minerals are also naturally present in the Great Salt Lake North Shore water. Some people believe that this balance of minerals has beneficial effects on the body. Certainly we believe these minerals help enhance the taste of
pHMiracle pHlavor liquid mineral salt - taste it and compare to your current salt.
5) When you are tired and/or fatigued and need energy that is the need for salt. All sugar cravings are the need for salt.
6) Salt is the ion of life in which all energy is transported. Without salt there is no life.
7) Salt is what keeps the spirit body connected or joined with the physical body and mental body.
Features and Benefits of pHMiracle pHlavor Liquid Salt
1) pHlavor salt is an evaporated salt that produces a unique three dimensional crystal, it is produced by being very slowly evaporated naturally by the sun, allowing the formation of a 26% concentration of a heterogeneous mineral salt solution. The concentration of this salt is greater then the Dead Sea.
2) It is a very light textured salt with a delicate flavor. The taste is created by the unique crystal size and shape of pHlavor colloidal liquid mineral salt.
3) Excellent for spraying on top of foods as its light texture means it'sticks' better - ideal in particular for salting salads and other vegetables!
4) High surface area and low bulk density improves the product adherence. This makes it ideal for spraying on food or in your mouth directly to begin the alkalizing process.
The Salt Flush - How to cleanse the Colon easily
This process will flush the colon like colonics, just by drinking salt as outlined below: (Very Important: Make sure you have 2 - 3 hours at home when you do this, results happen quickly and you need to allow yourself time to finish the cleansing process).
Here's what you do…
2. Fill a glass with approximately 4 oz (half full) of warm, good quality water
3. Put in two TEASPOONS of liquid salt and stir the salt in
4. Drink it down in one go
5. Make sure you have plenty of structured water on hand to re-hydrate with as this takes effect
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Think your diet would benefit from food at a "healthy restaurant"? A new study shows how we can get fooled into eating many more calories by so-called "healthy" menu items. Some sandwich shops such as Subway run commercials claiming to be a healthy alternative to McDonald's or Burger King. New research finds that labeling foods as "healthy" can cause people to make unfortunate other meal choices. When a sandwich came from a restaurant that claimed it was "healthy," consumers guessed it contained 35 percent fewer calories than sandwiches from other restaurants. In certain cases, the "healthy" main course had 50 percent more calories than the unhealthy one, just as some Subway sandwiches pack more calories than a Big Mac. Researchers found that with so-called "healthy" main courses, people often chose sugared beverages, starchy side dishes and desserts to go with it --- adding a whopping 131 percent more calories to the meal. Experts say that people can reduce their chances of falling into the "healthy food" trap if they consider the ingredients in the dish and the calories it likely contains. A turkey sandwich or grilled chicken is only healthy when it's not accompanied by soda, chips and dessert.
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We present a theoretical study focusing on exploring the possibility of controlling anthropogenic and natural seismicity. More specifically, we address the general question of earthquake control: Is it possible to control and avoid anthropogenic and natural earthquakes and how?
We address this question using the spring-slider model in a mathematically rigorous framework and we investigate the conditions under which a seismogenic fault system can be stabilized by fluid injection (Stefanou, 2019). The concept that pore pressure increase due to fluid injection can stimulate fault slip is well established nowadays. Recent works also show the potential of generating aseismic slip in some cases (Cornet, 2016). However, the question of earthquake control is still open and challenging.
We use a general Coulomb-type rheology that depends both on slip and slip-rate for describing the frictional behavior of a fault system. Our analysis leads to a non-autonomous system, whose steady-state and stability are retrieved using a double-scale asymptotic analysis in time. Additionally to rock elasticity, which is responsible for the progressive elastic energy build-up that is released abruptly during earthquake events, we consider also radiational damping. This is performed by accounting for the rock viscosity through a damper in Kelvin-Voigt configuration.
We show mathematically that the system is stabilizable by controlling fluid pressure and we present scenarios of earthquake control.
Stefanou, I. (2019). Controlling Anthropogenic and Natural Seismicity: Insights From Active Stabilization of the Spring‐Slider Model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2019JB017847. _URL_
Cornet, F. H. (2016). Seismic and aseismic motions generated by fluid injections. Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment, 5, 42–54. _URL_

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Počet záznamů: 1
Seismic behavior of strengthened square reinforced concrete columns under combined loadings
- _PHONE_ - ÚTAM 2020 RIV GB eng J - Článek v odborném periodiku
Huang, H. - Huang, M. - Zhang, Wei - Wu, T.
Seismic behavior of strengthened square reinforced concrete columns under combined loadings.
Structure & Infrastructure Engineering: maintenance, management, life-cycle design & performance. Roč. 15, č. 11 (2019), s. _PHONE_. ISSN _PHONE_
Institucionální podpora: RVO:68378297
Klíčová slova: seismic behavior * RC column * combined loadings * reinforcement * experimental testing * hysteretic curve * failure mode * energy dissipation
Kód oboru RIV: JM - Inženýrské stavitelství
Obor OECD: Civil engineering
Impakt faktor: 2.620, rok: 2019
This paper presents an experimental study examining the seismic behavior of square reinforced concrete (RC) columns subjected to combined loadings. In this study, nine full-scale square RC columns were made with the same structural properties. Five of them were strengthened with high-performance ferrocement laminate and bonded steel plates in order to investigate the effects of strengthening on the seismic behavior of RC columns under combined loadings. Finally, the failure mode, hysteretic load-displacement response, bearing capacity, energy dissipation, ductility and plastic hinge characteristics were recorded and analyzed. The results show that combined loadings reduced the bearing capacity and changed the failure modes and deformation characteristics. Strengthened RC columns had significantly improved bearing capacity and different failure modes under the same combined loadings in contrast to the non-strengthened RC columns. The vertical eccentricity had little effect on the mechanical properties of columns, while the horizontal eccentricity significantly weakened the mechanical properties of columns. The mechanical properties of uniaxial compression-bending-shear-torsion columns were the worst. The tri-linear model calculation parameters under different failure modes and combined loadings were fixed and validated by experimental results.
Trvalý link: _URL_
Počet záznamů: 1


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six different forms (polymorphous crystallization). The primary purpose of tempering is to assure that only the best form is present. The six different crystal forms have different properties.
|I||17 °C (63 °F)||Soft, crumbly, melts too easily.|
|II||21 °C (70 °F)||Soft, crumbly, melts too easily.|
|III||26 °C (78 °F)||Firm, poor snap, melts too easily.|
|IV||28 °C (82 °F)||Firm, good snap, melts too easily.|
|V||34 °C (94 °F)||Glossy, firm, best snap, melts near body temperature (37 °C).|
|VI||36 °C (97 °F)||Hard, takes weeks to form.|
Making chocolate considered "good" is about forming as many type V crystals as possible. This provides the best appearance and texture and creates the most stable crystals so the texture and appearance will not degrade over time. To accomplish this, the temperature is carefully manipulated during the crystallization.
Generally, the chocolate is first heated to 45 °C (115 °F) to melt all six forms of crystals. Next, the chocolate is cooled to about 27 °C (80 °F), which will allow crystal types IV and V to form. At this temperature, the chocolate is agitated to create many small crystal "seeds" which will serve as nuclei to create small crystals in the chocolate. The chocolate is then heated to about 31 °C (88 °F) to eliminate any type IV crystals, leaving just type V. After this point, any excessive heating of the chocolate will destroy the temper and this process will have to be repeated. However, there are other methods of chocolate tempering used. The most common variant is introducing already tempered, solid "seed" chocolate. The temper of chocolate can be measured with a chocolate temper meter to ensure accuracy and consistency. A sample cup is filled with the chocolate and placed in the unit which then displays or prints the results.
Two classic ways of manually tempering chocolate are:
Chocolate tempering machines (or temperers) with computer controls can be used for producing consistently tempered chocolate, particularly for large volume applications.
Chocolate is very sensitive to temperature and humidity. Ideal storage temperatures are between 15 and 17 °C (59 to 63 °F), with a relative humidity of less than 50%. Chocolate should be stored away from other foods as it can absorb different aromas. Ideally, chocolates are packed or wrapped, and placed in proper storage with the correct humidity and temperature. Additionally chocolate should be stored in a dark place or protected from light by wrapping paper. Various types of "blooming" effects can occur if chocolate is stored or served improperly. If refrigerated or frozen without containment, chocolate can absorb enough moisture to cause a whitish discoloration, the result of fat or sugar crystals rising to the surface. Moving chocolate from one temperature extreme to another, such as from a refrigerator on a hot day can result in an oily texture. Although visually unappealing, these conditions are perfectly safe for consumption.
Child labor is sometimes used in cocoa production in West Africa, in violation of the Minimum Age Convention of 1973. This article discusses Child labor and Human trafficking related to west African Cocoa production Child labor is the employment of Children at regular and sustained labour West Africa or Western Africa is the Westernmost Region of the African Continent. The Minimum Age Convention 1973, is a Convention adopted in 1973 by the International Labour Organization. Some farmers in West Africa use slave labor as a cost-cutting measure, especially when cocoa prices drop.
While chocolate is regularly eaten for pleasure, there are potential beneficial health effects of eating chocolate. Cocoa or dark chocolate benefits the circulatory system. This is an article about the rock music band "Circulatory System" Other beneficial effects suggested include anticancer, brain stimulator, cough preventor and antidiarrhoeal effects. Chemotherapy, in its most general sense refers to treatment of disease by chemicals that kill cells specifically those of micro-organisms or Cancer. '''Nootropics''' popularly referred to as " smart drugs " " smart nutrients " " cognitive enhancers " and " brain enhancers A cough medicine is a medicinal drug used to treat Coughing and related conditions An anti-diarrheal drug is any Medication which provides symptomatic relief for diarrhea. An aphrodisiac effect is yet unproven.
On the other hand, eating large quantities of any chocolate increases risk of obesity. Obesity is a condition in which excess Body fat has accumulated to such an extent that health may be negatively affected There is concern of mild lead poisoning for some types of chocolate. Lead poisoning (also known as saturnism, plumbism, or painter's colic) is a medical condition caused by increased levels of the metal Lead in Chocolate is toxic to many animals because of insufficient capacity to metabolize theobromine.
A study reported by the BBC indicated that melting chocolate in one's mouth produced an increase in brain activity and heart rate that was more intense than that associated with passionate kissing, and also lasted four times as long after the activity had ended.
Recent studies have suggested that cocoa or dark chocolate may possess certain beneficial effects on human health. Cocoa possesses a significant antioxidant action, protecting against LDL oxidation, perhaps more than other polyphenol antioxidant-rich foods and beverages. An antioxidant is a Molecule capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation of other molecules Low-density lipoprotein ( LDL) is a type of Lipoprotein that transports Cholesterol and Triglycerides from the Liver to peripheral Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state A polyphenol antioxidant is a type of Antioxidant containing a Polyphenolic substructure Processing cocoa with alkali destroys most of the flavonoids. Some studies have also observed a modest reduction in blood pressure and flow-mediated dilation after consuming dark chocolate daily. Blood pressure is also the title of a short story by Damon Runyan in Guys and Dolls and Other Stories There has even been a fad diet, named "Chocolate diet", that emphasizes eating chocolate and cocoa powder in capsules. Food faddism and Fad diet refer to idiosyncratic diets and eating patterns However, consuming milk chocolate or white chocolate, or drinking fat-containing milk with dark chocolate, appears largely to negate the health benefit. Processed cocoa powder (so called Dutch chocolate), processed with alkali greatly reduces the antioxidant capacity as compared to "raw" cocoa powder. In Chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: Al-Qaly القلي القالي) is a basic, ionic salt of an Alkali metal
One-third of the fat in chocolate comes in the forms of a saturated fat called stearic acid and a monounsaturated fat called oleic acid. Saturated fat is Fat that consists of Triglycerides containing only saturated Fatty acids Explanation Fat that occurs Stearic acid (first syllable rhymes with either bear or gear) ( IUPAC Systematic name: octadecanoic acid) is a saturated Oleic acid is a Monounsaturated omega-9 Fatty acid found in various animal and vegetable sources However, unlike other saturated fats, stearic acid does not raise levels of LDL cholesterol in the bloodstream. Cholesterol is a Lipid found in the Cell membranes and transported in the Blood plasma of all Animals It is an essential component of mammalian Consuming relatively large amounts of dark chocolate and cocoa does not seem to raise serum LDL cholesterol levels; some studies even find that it could lower them. Indeed, small but regular amounts of dark chocolate lower the possibility of a heart attack, a result of cholesterol imbalance according to the lipid hypothesis. Myocardial infarction ( MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction) also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply The lipid hypothesis was one of two hypotheses developed in the 1850s to explain the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis.
Romantic lore commonly identifies chocolate as an aphrodisiac. The reputed aphrodisiac qualities of chocolate are most often associated with the simple sensual pleasure of its consumption. Additionally, chocolate's sweet and fatty nature may stimulate the hypothalamus, inducing pleasureable sensations as well as affecting the levels of serotonin. The hypothalamus links the Nervous system to the Endocrine system via the Pituitary gland (hypophysis Serotonin (ˌsɛrəˈtoʊnən ( 5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a Monoamine Neurotransmitter synthesized in serotonergic Neurons While serotonin has a pleasurable effect, in high concentrations it can be converted to melatonin which in large amounts reduces sexual drive. Melatonin is a naturally occurring Hormone found in most animals including humans and some other living organisms including Algae. Finally, chocolate has been shown to contain unsaturated N-acylethanolamines which might activate cannabinoid receptors or increase endocannabinoid levels resulting in heightened sensitivity and euphoria. Cannabinoids ( are a group of terpeno[[phenol]]ic compounds present in Cannabis ( Cannabis sativa L The cannabinoid receptors are a class of receptors under the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily Cannabinoids ( are a group of terpeno[[phenol]]ic compounds present in Cannabis ( Cannabis sativa L Although there is no firm proof that chocolate is indeed an aphrodisiac, a gift of chocolate is a familiar courtship ritual.


Gender stereotypes hold back investors
Study finds male investors just can't seem to come to grips with women executives
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All things being equal, women entrepreneurs would have the same access to capital as their male counterparts.
Dan Marsula, Post-Gazette
Click photo for larger image.
But all things aren't equal, as was illustrated in a recent experiment by Lyda Bigelow and Judi McLean Parks, professors at Washington University in St. Louis' Olin School of Business.
Ms. Bigelow and Ms. Parks asked themselves the following hypothetical question: how would potential investors react if they received one of two prospectuses? The offerings were identical in every respect but one: the sex of the person running the company. Although they had identical resumes, one CEO was a man and the other was a woman.
What a difference one minor detail made.
Male investors were prepared to invest three times more money in the male-run company as they were in the female-run firm, which they viewed as a riskier proposition. When asked what the CEO should be paid, they determined the woman should be paid only 86 percent of the male CEO's compensation.
Female investors, on the other hand, didn't find the sex of the CEO to be an important determinant in their investment decision.
"The persistence of outdated stereotypes and prejudices continues to make the playing field uneven for women in business," says Ms. Parks, whose specialty is organizational behavior.
Adds Ms. Bigelow: "The bottom line is that it's gender stereotypes that are driving the results."
Their findings confirm what many women entrepreneurs have suspected for some time.
"It does give some validation to what women entrepreneurs will talk about anecdotally," says Ms. Parks. "This study points out there may be unnecessary hurdles to capital for women."
Their experiment was inspired by the work of then Cornell University professor Theresa M. Welbourne, who examined the three-year performance of nearly 500 companies that went public in 1993. Ms. Welbourne, who subsequently taught at the University of Michigan, found that the IPOs of companies that had women in the top management team were more successful than those with male-only management.
Given the success of the firms in Ms. Welbourne's study, Ms. Bigelow and Ms. Parks wanted to see whether potential investors would recognize what women bring to the table in an IPO. Here's how their study was conducted.
The professors crafted two offering statements. The prospectuses were based on one used by a company that had a modestly successful IPO several years earlier. The mock circular contained a profit and loss statement, a balance sheet, the company's business plan, and information on the management team. Only the names of the CEOs -- Robert and Roberta -- and their pictures were different.
The prospectuses were given to about 300 second-year MBA students, not exactly high-rolling Wall Streeters, but more well informed than the average retail investor. They were between 24 and 40 years old with a mean age of about 28. Each student received either the male or female version of the document and, after examining it, was asked a series of questions to determine how they felt about investing in that company.
Ms. Parks says male students believed the male-run company would have a more cohesive top management team, would be less risky and was more appealing to the market.
"All those strategic type variables ended up being biased in favor of the male-run company," she says. "I wasn't expecting to see these enormously biased results."
Moreover, although each of the fictional CEOs was in their mid-50s -- in other words, well beyond the usual age for having small children to raise -- male investors were more worried about the female CEO leaving the company for family reasons.
"Female CEOs were perceived to be three times more likely to leave for family reasons," Ms. Parks says. "When males reviewed the materials, there was a whopping statistical effect. They vastly preferred the one run by the guy."
There was no strong gender-based differences of opinion when female students read the same documents.
"Females believe females can run companies," Ms. Bigelow says.
Trouble is, women have a hard time convincing male investors of the same thing. Ms. Parks says the implications of the experiment are troubling, given the number of people women-owed companies employ.
"This disadvantage, grounded in antiquated stereotypes, not only has an impact on the women themselves, but also affects their potential economic contributions to their communities and employees," she says. "Have you come a long way baby? Well, maybe not as far as you thought."
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text: The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), the National Institute on Aging (NIA), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) invite research grant applications focused on elucidating the mechanisms of HIV-associated neuropathogenesis in the context of aging, chronic infection with HIV, and long term exposure to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART). The neuropathogenic mechanisms of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND) may be distinct in the aging HIV-infected populations given the potential interactions between aging associated events, HIV-associated neurodegenerative processes, and exposure to HAART. Understanding the pathogenesis of HAND in HIV-infected individuals over 50 years of age, in light of potential interactions with HAART, neurodegenerative diseases, and aging-related co-morbid conditions are the focus of this announcement. Applications ranging from basic research to clinical diagnosis and treatment in domestic and international settings are of interest. Multidisciplinary research teams and collaborative alliances are encouraged, but not required.


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What is Enrichment?
We consider that enrichment is the enhancement of learning experiences, broadening and deepening the learning opportunities pupils have. At Holy Trinity CE School there are a number of ways in which we enrich the curriculum pupils have, for example:
- the study of a subject beyond the curriculum as defined by the requirements of the DFE
- alternative and creative approaches to topics, including open-ended investigations and discussions
- connections between topics or themes
- the cross-curricular study of different interlinked subjects
- visits out of school by pupils or visits to the school by outside speakers
- visits to other schools to take part in activities with other schools e.g Opera workshop
Why is Enrichment important?
- Enrichment provides greater freedom for exploring different topics or subjects and by increasing intellectual satisfaction contributes to a pupil's well-being.
- When central to curriculum planning, enrichment helps to ensure that the learning experience has clear links between such activities, general classroom activities and topics/themes.
- Enrichment ensures that all pupils are able to show their abilities in different ways and provides opportunities for them to broaden and deepen their understanding.
- Enrichment provides ways in which pupils can develop their understanding at their own level, make connections and develop their learning skills in different ways.
We run a number of enrichment activities through the year. These activities are varied and support the learning in different year groups/subjects.


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The Gopher applied positive jing in battle in concurrence with Toph's utilization of neutral jing.
Jing is a term that describes the myriad of options toward which one can direct his or her energy, both internally and externally. According to Bumi, they correspond to tactics and strategies in battle.[1]
Known types
According to Bumi, there are, at least technically, eighty-five distinct types or "degrees" of jing, although only the main three have been mentioned:
 - Positive jing, corresponding to advancing or attacking.
 - Negative jing, corresponding to retreating or evading.
 - Neutral jing, corresponding to waiting and listening, or, as Bumi described it, "doing nothing".[1]
Positive jing
Octopus form
The octopus form is one of the many techniques in waterbending that allows waterbenders to maintain a balance between positive and negative jing.
Positive jing is an aggressive expression of chi. As such, it complements the more aggressive tactics of firebenders during combat. Firebenders typically prefer action to inaction or conflict avoidance, relying heavily on preemptive strikes to overwhelm their opponents with sheer power. These positive jing attributes are also found in the attitudes and personalities that are common among the people of the Fire Nation.
Negative jing
Negative jing is mostly exercised in airbending, reflecting the Air Nomads' pacifistic lifestyle and their philosophy that all life is sacred; they assert that fighting is only to be used as a last resort when conflict cannot be avoided.[2] Airbenders are more mobile fighters compared to earthbenders and possess a highly dynamic fighting style; to "avoid and evade" is recognized as a typical airbender tactic.[3]
In the case of waterbending, common maneuvers involve following the moon and the ocean's example of "push and pull".[4] As such, waterbenders will alternate between and maintain a balance of both positive and negative jing in combat, allowing them to turn defense into offense as they use their opponent's force against them while conserving their own.
Neutral jing
Toph's vision
Seismic sense is a specialized technique under earthbending which utilizes concepts involved with neutral jing.
Neutral jing is stated to be the key to earthbending. Fundamentally, neutral jing involves listening, though seemingly doing nothing, and waiting for the right moment to strike. When in combat, earthbenders are more stationary combatants, usually waiting for their opponent to come to them, while standing their ground and meeting their opponents' attacks head-on, before delivering a deadly strike of their own. Neutral jing forms the basis of true earthbending, and is the concept used by the first earthbenders, the badgermoles. The idea is also fundamental in seismic sense, a perceptive fighting style used by select benders, one of whom was Toph.[5]
As highlighted, someone who has mastered neutral jing is someone who waits and listens before striking. Bumi relied on neutral jing while earthbending, to the extent that he refused to flee Omashu even when Aang came to his rescue. His desire to wait for an opportune moment to strike was initially baffling to his soldiers and to Aang, although the Avatar later accepted Bumi's decision.[1] The monarch eventually freed himself during the Day of Black Sun, recognizing it as the precise moment to strike as his captors were defenseless without their firebending.[2]
Discussion about the concept of jing between Avatar Aang and King Bumi:
"I don't understand. Why didn't you free yourself? Why did you surrender when Omashu was invaded? What's the matter with you, Bumi?"
"Listen to me, Aang. There are options in fighting, called jing. It's a choice of how you direct your energy..."
"I know! There's positive jing when you're attacking, and negative jing when you're retreating!"
"... and neutral jing when you do nothing!"
"There are
three jings?"
"Well, technically, there are eighty-five, but let's just focus on the third. Neutral jing is the
key to earthbending. It involves listening and waiting for the right moment to strike."
"That's why you surrendered, isn't it?"
"Yes, and it's why I can't leave now."
"I guess I need to find someone else to teach me earthbending."
"Your teacher will be someone who has mastered neutral jing. You need to find someone who waits and listens before striking.
Aang and Bumi.[1]
 - Jīng or Jīn (勁) means "power" or "energy" in Chinese.
 - Knowledge of jing seems to have been well known or was at least common knowledge prior to the Hundred Year War, as Aang and Bumi seem to understand its ideas with relative ease, while many modern earthbenders fail to exhibit knowledge of the concept.
 - The concept of jing, while it can be reflected as the differences of options open to a person in battle, actually also corresponds to all aspects of a person's life and not just on the battlefield.
 - A parallel to the series' concept of jing would be the "fight or flight" response in psychology; certain personality types are more inclined to act in accordance to a particular jing.
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Brian's London Stereoscopic Company has recently republished a book on the Scottish stereoscopic photographer George Washington Wilson, written by leading photographic historian, Professor Roger Taylor (no relation). Washington Wilson (1823-93) became the toast of Victorian society with his innovative landscape photography and was hired to work for Queen Victoria. We caught up with Brian and Professor Taylor for a chat.
Brian, when did you first become aware of George Washington Wilson?
Hmm, it must have been about 40 years ago, as I have been collecting stereoscopic cards from quite a young age. Washington Wilson's cards always stood out: they had a lovely cardboard back, with beautiful sepia prints pasted on top. They are always in wonderful condition as he got his processes so perfect, so they don't fade or get messed up with age. It wasn't until I met Roger that I began to understand what Washington Wilson means in terms of British photographic history, however.
So how do you meet Professor Taylor?
We met at a museum, at a celebration of a 150 years of British photography, and we both bemoaned the fact there were no stereoscopic images there at all. It's really been sidelined. Roger is my mentor and a good friend, so Roger and I are on a crusade to let people know that 3D photography is alive and well!
Professor Taylor, Washington Wilson is is known as a great innovator in stereoscopic photography, can you summarise some of these innovations?
One of the things he did was to incorporate the sky and the ground in one single image. He introduced scenery that had water in the foreground, at sunset, so there was red sky, with lots of clouds reflected in the water, and he could balance everything up and point his camera directly at the sun – which was quite an innovation around 1858/9. He also took very short exposures. With the collodion process of those days you had to make exposures of several seconds. He managed to get it down to about an eighth of a second, so he was able to take street scenes which looked realistic. Other photographers soon wanted to follow this example.
Does any of his gear survive?
Sadly not, but we know the kinds of camera he used. Dallmeyer, a leading manufacturer of stereoscopic cameras, made a customised model for him around 1862
What are your favourite Washington Wilson images?
Professor Taylor: For me, it is his image of Princess St in Edinburgh, on a busy day, with carriages going by. It was the first glimpse of a truthful live representation of a city scene. Before that it was all posed long exposures, so the image pointed the way forward.
Brian May: For me it's his image of Lake Katrine, composed so you feel like you are on the bank seeing into the distance, seeing the island on the lake. Oops I should have said Loch Katrine! My mother was Scottish, she would kill me!
Professor Taylor: Indeed, that photo was very popular with the public, and there are 60 different versions in the Aberdeen archive. He kept returning to that scene. He also shot a very famous portrait of Queen Victoria on a pony, which became one of the most iconic images of the Queen as a widow, following the death of Prince Albert. He put it out as a carte de visite, and sold 120,000 copies.
Do you hope this book will go some way to restore George Washington Wilson's reputation?
Brian May: We hope so. There has been a sort of stigma associated with stereoscopic photography, a kind of snobbish attitude towards it. For me, this is THE most evocative portrayal of life as it was in Scotland. It's much more real than flat photographs.
Professor Taylor: If you view stereoscopic images with a viewer, such as the Owl viewer which Brian developed, it fills the mental space in your head. It's a bit like watching iMax movies – an extraordinarily immersive experience compared to a print.
George Washington Wilson: Artist and Photographer, by Professor Roger Taylor, Intro by Brian May, The London Stereoscopic Company, is available from all good booksellers now for £30


text:
Faces of Freedom in American History
Written at an 8.0 reading level, this 12-lesson curriculum works to strengthen your students' understanding of their First Amendment rights and the people who have struggled to protect those freedoms. Students will be able to examine and analyze:
- Historical foundations of the First Amendment
- First Amendment freedoms
- How current issues impact freedom
- Historical narratives about legendary Americans
Faces of Freedom in American History also includes resources such as a set of Freedom cards highlighting the contributions of individuals in history, a list of First Amendment landmark Supreme Court cases, and a complete answer key.
Faces of Freedom in American History is a joint project of the McCormick Tribune Freedom Museum and the Bill of Rights Institute.


text:
Science Main Index
The nursery web spiders are found in many parts of the world. Their habitat includes woodlands or grassland areas with tall grass. The nursery web spider is yellowish-brown in color with a light to dark brown band down the middle of its back, and a slender and tapering abdomen. It looks somewhat like a wolf spider, except with a different arrangement of its eyes. The name nursery web spider comes from the way the female takes care of its eggs. Nursery web spiders don't build their web to catch prey. They chase down their prey. The nursery web spider builds its web as a nest or nursery for its eggs. The female spider carries her egg sac in her mouthparts until the spiderlings are almost ready to hatch. The mother spider will then build a web or nursery around her egg sac. As they hatch, she will stand guard over the spiderlings until they are old enough to leave the nest. Play the following videos to learn more about the nursery web spider.


text: Independence diagrams are a graphical way of expressing the conditional independence relationships among a set of random variables. They cannot encode every possible form of conditional independence but they go a long way toward this end. They are also called ''Bayesian networks,'' which unfortunately suggests inappropriate comparisons to neural networks. This paper discusses how to read and write independence diagrams. The presentation is based on Pearl (1988).


The Foamëverse
Building a softer world of play one smile at a time.
We're a family team - creatives, parents and designers - passionate about making high quality play and learning resources for harmonious childhoods and peaceful households.
With backgrounds in furniture making, industrial design, graphical arts and storytelling, Foamë is the ongoing labour of love, science and rekindled childhood memories.
Creating the right materials, that are safe, recyclable and have all the build potential of other toys (plus a bit more!) was the first and foremost important factor in founding Foamë... what a mouthful!
Creativity and all of its forms, be it dance, art, music, poetry, writing - however the outlet - but more importantly through play, we encourage it in daily doses!
Developing confidence for self-expression is key to long-term growth and strength of mind, ultimately helping find purpose and with it happiness.
Play is pivotal in developing and nurturing imaginations, it helps us think outside the box, entertain new ideas and come up with innovative solutions.
Moving toward biodegradable and fully sustainable materials is the ultimate goal for Foamë. As the environmental climate crisis deepens as does our concern and focus toward balance - that and reinventing the wheel!
In the words of Albert Einstein -
"Play is the highest form of research."
...we do this everyday!
Foamë (foam-ee)
Name origin; A nod to the materials created for the toys; a play on the Romanian word for hunger and a broad smile to a daughter born at the time of inception, Zoë.
Designed for living. Engineered for play. Because, life's hard enough.


text:
Fragment of Temple Relief with Ducks
Originally this relief fragment belonged to a depiction of an offering bearer carrying three pintail ducks to the king. Amunemhat I used many Old Kingdom royal reliefs in the construction of his pyramid complex at Lisht, so it is sometimes difficult to distinguish reliefs made during his reign from original Old Kingdom works. Certain details of this exquisite fragment—particularly the elegant sweep of the duck's wing and the unnatural bend of the servant's fingers—suggest a Middle Kingdom date.
- Medium: Limestone. traces of paint
- Place Excavated: Lisht, Egypt
- Dates: ca. _PHONE_ B.C.E. or earlier
- Dynasty: XII Dynasty or earlier
- Period: Middle Kingdom
- Dimensions: 18 1/16 x 9 3/16 in. (45.8 x 23.3 cm) (show scale)
- Collections:Egyptian, Classical, Ancient Near Eastern Art
- Museum Location: This item is on view in Egypt Reborn: Art for Eternity, Old Kingdom to 18th Dynasty, Egyptian Galleries, 3rd Floor
- Accession Number: 52.130.2
- Credit Line: Charles Edwin Wilbour Fund
- Rights Statement: Creative Commons-BY
- Caption: Fragment of Temple Relief with Ducks, ca. _PHONE_ B.C.E. or earlier. Limestone. traces of paint, 18 1/16 x 9 3/16 in. (45.8 x 23.3 cm). Brooklyn Museum, Charles Edwin Wilbour Fund, 52.130.2. Creative Commons-BY
- Catalogue Description: Fragment of limestone tomb relief with portion of standing male servant holding in extended hands three pintail ducks; from Mastaba near pyramid of Amenemhet I, at Lisht. Condition: Broken into two pieces, upper right surface gouged. Slight remains of paint.
- Record Completeness: Best (86%)


text:
Can Allergies Thwart Fatal Colon Cancer?
THURSDAY, Oct. 18 (HealthDay News) -- A new study suggests that people who suffer from both hay fever and asthma may be less likely to die from colon cancer.
The research found that people with both hay fever and asthma were 17 percent less likely to die from colon cancer compared with people who have neither condition. But individuals with hay fever or asthma had little reduction in their risk of fatal colon cancer, according to the report.
People with hay fever and asthma are primed to develop allergic responses, which is why they have hay fever and asthma in the first place. The new theory is that they also mount an allergic response to colon cancer cells, said study author Eric Jacobs, strategic director of pharmacoepidemiology at the American Cancer Society in Atlanta.
"We are trying to understand how the immune system might be helping to slow down or prevent cancer," Jacobs said. "Further research is needed in this area, and if it supports the idea that a naturally occurring immune response can attack some colorectal cancers, vaccines could be developed to treat these cancers."
The study findings were scheduled for presentation Thursday at a cancer prevention meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research in Anaheim, Calif.
To arrive at their findings, the researchers analyzed data from two studies comprising about one million people each. None of the participants in either study had cancer when the studies began, but 19,000 died from colon cancer during the course of the studies.
The American Cancer Society estimates that about 52,000 Americans will die from colorectal cancers this year.
Dr. Andrew Chan, program director of the gastroenterology training program at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, said the new study marks an important first step.
"The hope is that we can build on this research and eventually develop a vaccine to treat colon cancer," Chan said. "We need to understand better what it is that is [lowering the risk of dying from] colon cancer," he said. "It's possible that hay fever and asthma are markers of robust immune response."
Chan added that eating a healthy diet and exercising regularly might also help people to prime their immune response and fight cancer.
Nearly 8 percent of U.S. adults have hay fever, according to the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. People with seasonal hay fever are allergic to pollen and spores. Some suffer from hay fever-like symptoms year-round, usually because of an allergy to dust mites, pets, certain chemicals or some foods.
These same allergens can lead to asthma symptoms -- wheezing and cough -- caused by inflammation of the airways.
The data and conclusions of research presented at medical meetings should be considered preliminary until published in a peer-reviewed medical journal.
And, while the study found an association between having hay fever plus asthma and a reduced risk of fatal colon cancer, it did not prove cause-and-effect.
The American Cancer Society has more about colon cancer.
SOURCES: Eric Jacobs, Ph.D., strategic director, pharmacoepidemiology, American Cancer Society, Atlanta; Andrew Chan, M.D., M.P.H., program director, Gastroenterology Training, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; presentation, American Association for Cancer Research, Anaheim, Calif., Oct. 18, 2012


text:
Ask Me: Madera County gold mining town was named for pioneer
Question: What is the history of the town of Hildreth in Madera County?
– Neil Simpson, Fresno
Answer: Hildreth, about 35 miles east of Madera, took its name from a pioneer family that came to California by wagon train in the 1850s.
According to "Madera" by Charles W. Clough, Jesse Hildreth established one of the county's largest early sheep herds in 1853.
In 1860, Emphrey Hildreth bought the Wideawake Ranch on the Millerton-Stockton road where it crossed a creek later named for the family.
The foothill mining town of Hildreth began in the late 1870s when Tom Hildreth opened a store to serve area gold miners, according to Clough.
Hildreth grew quickly and soon had two hotels, three general stores, about nine saloons, a millinery shop, a barber shop and other small businesses. A post office operated at Hildreth from 1886 to 1896.
Children from Hildreth attended the Hanover School, named for one of the area's mines, about a half-mile northeast of town.
By the 1880s, there were nine gold mines operating around the town, including the Hildreth mine, which produced about $100,000 in gold before it closed in the 1890s.
Nearly 5,000 people lived in Hildreth at its peak, but the town eventually was abandoned after the mine shut down.
The school building was later moved and can be seen from Road 210, also called Hildreth Road, near O'Neals.
Q: How did Temperance Avenue get its name?
– Bob and Carol Turner, Clovis
A: Temperance Avenue took its name from the Temperance Colony started by Moses Church, who developed Fresno County's canal system in the 1800s.
Church formed the colony in what is now the Sunnyside area of Fresno in 1877. He divided it into 32 parcels and put in a series of irrigation canals.
A devout Seventh-day Adventist who disapproved of drinking and smoking, Church named the colony "Temperance" because he would sell the 20-acre parcels only to buyers who pledged not to smoke or to make or sell intoxicating spirits. Despite the restrictions, Church sold all the parcels by the next year.
More on the Kearney peacocks
After the answer to a question about peacocks at Kearney Park ran on Dec. 12, Mimi English-Koch of Vashon Island, Wash., emailed more information about peacocks still found in the area.
"The birds are from a flock I started raising in the early 1980s when I lived on Cornelia Avenue between Church and Jensen," she wrote. "I started with two small chicks and by 1998 I had about 75 peacocks on my property, where they roamed freely."
English-Koch said she got the chicks from a family living south of Fresno.
Over the years, the flock has been thinned by predators, including coyotes and a pair of red-tailed hawks that prey on chicks, wrote English-Koch, who moved to Washington in 2005.
But several peacocks still roam freely on the five-acre property. "They truly are amazing birds and very intelligent. Many of them would come to me when I gave a special call," she wrote.
By Paula Lloyd


Trichomycosis Axillaris : Malodorous yellowish armpit hair
Synonym: Trichobateriosis axillaris, Bacterial trichonodosis, Trychomycosis palmellina
Definition: Asymptomatic superficial bacterial infection (mycosis is a misnomer because it is not a fungal infection) primarily of the axillary hairs (can also occur in pubic, perianal and scalp hair) caused by Corynebacterium sp.
Causative organism: Corynebacterium species particularly Corynebacterium flavescens
Mode of infection:
 1. Bacteria comes in contact with the hair shaft, and adhere to the surface, or the cuticle, of the hair, using a cement-like substance that is insoluble in water
 2. Micro-organism does not penetrate to the medulla's cortex of the hair; instead, it only adheres strongly to the surface of the hair and develops slowly until it forms concretions around the hair shaft
 3. Encapsulated corynebacteria entrapped in a biofilm serve as the adhering mechanism, which possibly helps the organism to escape immunological attack by the host
Clinical variants:
 1. Trichomycosis flava (yellow)
 2. Trichomycosis rubra (red)
 3. Trichomycosis nigra (black)
Predisposing factors:
 1. Warm and humid climate
 2. Excessive sweating
 3. Inadequate hygiene
 4. Not shaving the area (hence, more common in male than female)
 5. Young adults
trichomycosis axillaris
Clinical features:
 1. Formation of concretions around the hair shaft:
 - Early: Invisible and only a slight thickening can be "felt" on palpation and later the bacterial masses remain isolated or independent (pediculosis-like)
 - Chronic: Concretions extend along the entire length of the hair until they form a sheath, causing the hair to thicken, turn a yellowish, red or black color, and become creamy, opaque and soft.
 2. Bromhidrosis (malodor)
 3. Hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating)
 4. May stain clothing
Wood's lamp examination: Pale-yellow fluorescence
Dermoscopy: Yellowish-white masses with a waxy appearance, adherent to the hair (feather, brush or skewer sign); Concretions with the appearance of a rosary of crystalline stones; a flame-like pale yellowish adherent nodule (plume sign)
KOH examination: Mucoid sheath around hairs
Gram stain: Hair shafts colonized by gram-positive coccobacilli
Culture: A mixture of microorganisms may be identified: Corynebacterium sp. (white-yellow growth) and Serratia mascescens (red growth)
A. General measures:
 1. Adequate hygiene
 2. Shaving of the affected area for 2-3 weeks
 3. Control of hyperhidrosis
B. Cleansing methods: Use of sulfur soaps
C. Topical treatments:
 1. 3% sulfur
 2. 2% sodium hypochlorite
 3. 1% mercury chloride
 4. 5% Benzoyl peroxide
 5. Antibiotics: Fusidic acid, 2% Erythromycin, 1% Clindamycin
 6. Antimycotic agents: Naftifine, Some azole derivatives
 1. Bonifaz A, Váquez-González D, Fierro L, Araiza J, Ponce RM. Trichomycosis (trichobacteriosis): clinical and microbiological experience with 56 cases. Int J Trichology. 2013 Jan;5(1):12-6. doi: 10.4103/0974-7753.114704. PMID: 23960390; PMCID: PMC3746219.
Write your Viewpoint 💬


Re: how main() is called in C programme
chang wrote:
I am working in C from past few months. Still now i can't
figure out who is called main() in 'C' programme?
Main() is a function from that we can call our sunroutines but someone
has to call this Main() and it will return to whom and in runtime
this Main() is stored/runnng exactly where in the memroy?
I will appreciate if someone help me to figure it out.
Under "hosted" systems the so-called "host environment" is responsible
for invoking main (note: C is case sensitive. main and Main are
different identifiers). When the program is done control is given back
to the host environment in a implementation defined fashion. One common
candidate for the host environment is the operating system. Examples
are Linux, Solaris, Windows, DOS etc.
Things are often very different for the so-called "freestanding"
systems. Here the program entry point need not be named main at all.
Also very often there is no host environment. The program is directly
invoked by the hardware and normally terminates only when the device is
switched off. Under such environments of course it might not make sense
to return from the main function (or whatever it's called) or to invoke
exit, _Exit or similar.
Details of course vary enormously. Some embedded systems do have
complete operating systems and allow execution of normal hosted C
programs. Note that the host software itself is a (if written in C)
freestanding program.
The details of how exactly control is given to a hosted C program and
what happens after such a program terminates are *very* system
dependent. It will vary depending on the processor, operating system
and your C implementation.
Often the case is that your C compiler will prefix your program with a
small amount of code which is called by the host system when your
program is run. This code may do various housekeeping duties like
opening the predefined streams (stdin, stdout and stderr), initialising
the malloc subsystem, setting up the commandline arguments to main,
setting up default signal handlers, setting your default locale and
other such tasks before invoking main as a normal function call.
Similarly when your program terminates control may be passed to code
that's linked in with your program by the compiler. This often resides
in implementation defined functions called by exit. Often this is the
function _Exit. It closes open streams, flushes unwritten output and
calls any functions registered with atexit before transferring control
back to the host environment, usually through a system call.
Please ask in a system specific group like comp.unix.programmer or for more details. Also reading the
source for a C library implementation like glibc might be illuminating.
The terms used in this post like hosted, freestanding etc. are all
defined in the ISO standard for C, a public draft of which can be
obtained at:
Relevant Pages
 - Re: printing error messages
 ... On my Binford DS 6100, exit(), when passed these values,... return to host environment indicating success... /6/ The exit function cannot return to its caller....
 - Re: exit() values and the C standards?
 ... pete wrote:... ways to signal successful termination, so long as the host environment provides at least two such ways.... In some environments, all odd values returned to the host environment indicate different kinds of success, and all even ones indicate different kinds of failure.... On such a system, EXIT_SUCCESS could be 1, EXIT_FAILURE could be 2, and a value of 0 passed to exitwould cause the host environment to receive a value of 3....


Base metal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 (Redirected from Base metals)
Jump to: navigation, search
In chemistry, the term base metal is used informally to refer to a metal that oxidizes or corrodes relatively easily and reacts variably with diluted hydrochloric acid (HCl) to form hydrogen. Examples include iron, nickel, lead and zinc. Copper is also considered a base metal because it oxidizes relatively easily, although it does not react with HCl.
Other usages[edit]
Base is used in the sense of low-born, in opposition to noble or precious metal.[1] In alchemy, a base metal was a common and inexpensive metal, as opposed to precious metals, mainly gold and silver. A long-time goal of the alchemists was the transmutation of base metal into precious metal.
In mining and economics, the term base metals refers to industrial non-ferrous metals excluding precious metals. These include copper, lead, nickel and zinc.[2] The U.S. Customs and Border Protection is more inclusive in its definition. It includes, in addition to the four above, iron and steel, aluminium, tin, tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, cobalt, bismuth, cadmium, titanium, zirconium, antimony, manganese, beryllium, chromium, germanium, vanadium, gallium, hafnium, indium, niobium, rhenium and thallium.[3]
In the context of plated metal products, the base metal underlies the plating metal, as copper underlies silver in Sheffield plate.
Zamak is an alloy used in casting (metalworking) which is sometimes called 'base metal' or deprecated as'muckite'.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
External links[edit]


text:
Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Simulation of Thar Lignite Coal and Sugarcane Bagasse in Entrained Flow Gasifier
For the generation of heat and electricity thermochemical conversion of feedstock is the most
efficient clean, and environmentally friendly conversion process. In Pakistan, biomass and coal
conversion through thermochemical conversion processes has got weighty consideration
nowadays. As Pakistan is rich in biomass and coal resources. The producer gas produced from
carbon-containing materials contains mainly CO, CO2, H2 and CH4. A numerical model of
entrained flow gasifier is established to simulate coal, biomass blends through entrained flow
gasifier. However, locally available coal deposits contain higher amounts of moisture and ash. Due
to high moisture and ash content in coal results in lower reactivity along with the difficulty in
handling of ash produced during gasification. In this research work, biomass and coal were cogasified
in entrained flow gasifier. The challenges arising because of the varying thermo-physical
properties of both feedstocks such as volatile fraction, density and ash are taken into consideration
in order to produce engine quality syngas. The feeding rate inside the concentric tube entrained
flow gasifier was maintained at 82 kg/hr. Dry Pakistani coal and sugarcane bagasse were used as a
feedstock for gasification. In this study varying mixing schemes were adopted in order to achieve
the best performance during the cogasification process. The optimum blending ratio was found at
a blending ratio of 35:65 on a weight basis. At the optimum blending ratio, the CGE and CCE was
87% and 99.8%, respectively.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Submission of a manuscript to the Journal will be taken to imply that:
- The work is original and has not been previously published (except in the form of an abstract or a part of a published lecture, review or thesis).
- It is not being considered for publication elsewhere, and
- If accepted for publication, it will NOT be published commercially elsewhere in the same form, in any language, without the consent of Editor or Publisher.


The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has some helpful tips for how to check if this is true for your local public water system. Eve Glazier, MD., MBA, and Elizabeth Ko, MD., are internists and assistant professors of medicine at UCLA Health. The concern that overconsumption of sparkling water could cause bone health issues—like increased risk of fractures and osteoporosis (weak bones)—seems to stem from research showing an association between cola consumption and low bone density in women, Abby Abelson, M.D., chair of the department of rheumatic and immunologic diseases and director of education at the Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Disease at the Cleveland Clinic, tells SELF. You don't actually need to give up sparkling water. According to the American Dental Association, that's "minimally corrosive." So, yes, swapping out dairy or fortified plant milk for sparkling water without making sure you're getting enough calcium and vitamin D elsewhere could potentially heighten your risk of deficiencies and related bone health issues, Dr. Abelson explains. These may include sodium, so if you are watching your salt intake you also need to be mindful of this. You'll probably let out some burps after drinking sparkling water, which is to be expected given that you're swallowing carbon dioxide (CO2) bubbles. Here's why they're important and who should get them, How a modified blood test could help us predict pregnancy complications before they happen, According to the American Dental Association, Ask the Doctors – Is sparkling water bad for your bones and teeth. Overall, you can enjoy normal amounts of sparkling water without worrying about your teeth. It's no surprise then that sparkling water, with its fizzy bubbles and wide range of flavors, has become a go-to replacement for people who want to cut back on calorie-laden sodas. People with certain GI conditions may want to go easy on the sparkling in part because of these gassy effects. Good news: If you drink tons of sparkling water, your bones shouldn't have anything to worry about. (We'll get back to that in a minute.). Worries about this sparkly stuff directly affecting your bones don't hold (carbonated) water. Much more research is necessary before we can go around recommending sparkling water for better digestion. Although in a perfect world we would all stick to plain water to get the hydration we need, the truth is that can get boring. But the majority of that CO2 gets released when you open the container—hence that delightful hiss-crack—so a smaller portion actually reaches the stomach, Saleem Chowdhry, M.D., a gastroenterologist at Cleveland Clinic, tells SELF. Ask the Doctors is a syndicated column first published by UExpress syndicate. In this article, we'll unpack the science on sparkling water's health benefits and drawbacks, to uncover whether sparkling water is good or bad for you, and who should avoid it. Dear Doctors: We're finally winning the battle against sugary soft drinks in our home but a family friend insists that the sparkling water our kids are drinking instead is bad for their bones and teeth. Any information published on this website or by this brand is not intended as a substitute for medical advice, and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. While it's true that the process of carbonation results in the creation of an acid, it's a very weak one. It's bad for your bones," according to the Internet and people airing their unsolicited opinions. Spring water had a pH of 7.4, making it neutral, while various brands of sparkling water had pH values around 5, putting them firmly in acidic territory. To that end, if you're curious, here's exactly what happens to your body when you drink sparkling water every day. However, Dr. Chowdhry notes, there is not a strong evidence base for this. (Drinks with other flavors can contain other acids, Dr. Robles says, but the JADA study points to citric acid specifically as a big cause of enamel erosion.). This results not only in the bubbles we love, but also creates carbonic acid, which gives fizzy water a mildly tart flavor. If you have dry mouth, love sparkling water, and worry it's exacerbating your symptoms, check in with your dentist for guidance. By Ask the Doctors • May 17, 2018. Medically reviewed by Peggy Pletcher, M.S., R.D., L.D., CDE — Written by Cara J. Stevens on July 25, 2017 Calcium loss in bones As to the question of carbonation being bad for your teeth, we need to talk about the carbonic acid we mentioned earlier. As to the question of carbonation being bad for your teeth, we need to talk about the carbonic acid we mentioned earlier. This puts them at increased risk of serious health problems such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and even heart disease. In a study using teeth that were removed as a part of treatment and donated for research, researchers tested to see whether sparkling water would attack tooth enamel more aggressively than regular lab water. Her definition of wellness includes lots of yoga, coffee, cats, meditation, self help books, and kitchen experiments with mixed results. Acid reflux means that the sphincter at the bottom of the esophagus is weak enough to allow stomach contents to reverse course, causing symptoms like heartburn, according to the Mayo Clinic. What Even Is Alkaline Water and Is It Really Better Than Regular Water. Worries about this sparkly stuff directly affecting your bones don't hold (carbonated) water. The theory is that the phosphoric acid (phosphate) used to enhance flavor in some carbonated beverages can interfere with calcium absorption and result in the loss of calcium from bone. Lastly, for those of you with kids who may have heard this urban legend – no, eating the carbonated candy Pop Rocks and then drinking a soda will definitely not make your stomach explode! Given its recent explosion in popularity, the backlash against sparkling water was inevitable. Not trying to burst your bubble, but we're curious. But the operative word here turns out to be "cola." It was first theorized that the high amount of phosphorus added to cola was to blame because it lowered calcium levels. The only difference, as mentioned in section one, is that sparkling water has carbon dioxide added to it. But, OK, calm down. "As long as people are getting the recommended amounts [of calcium and vitamin D], they should be OK," Dr. Abelson says. Fluoride is often added to public water systems because it can help strengthen enamel. But this is a risk if you consume less bone-building nutrients because of any beverage, not just sparkling water. According to available research, sparkling water is generally fine for your teeth —and here's why. If you're going to drink citrus-flavored sparkling water, the ADA recommends that you have a serving all at once rather than sipping on it throughout the day so you don't constantly expose your teeth to acidity. Sparkling water and your bones. While you'll probably burp up most of this excess CO2, a little bit may continue down the GI tract, causing modest bloating, flatulence, and other gas symptoms, Dr. Chowdhry says. Sparkling Water and Hydration. Wait. Here, a few experts explain why. Sparkling water can damage your teeth, but it's not that bad. Sparkling water can erode your tooth enamel, but it's not quite as bad as it sounds. Does Lying Down After Eating Really Cause Gas? Is this true? He wanted to savour the sparkling water from Germany's Pyrmont cave when he returned to his Leeds home. SELF does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. The bottom line: Unless you've got specific dental, digestive, or bone concerns and are drinking an absurd amount of sparkling water, there's no need to rob yourself of this particular kind of perfection. The short answer: There is no proof that your Pellegrino or Perrier is bad for your bones. Ask the Doctors – Is sparkling water bad for your bones and teeth. So if you're constantly sipping on seltzer, you might wonder if guzzling all those bubbles is good for you. (We mean sparkling water without sugar. However, the ADA notes, no research to date has found solid evidence that drinking normal amounts of sparkling water is more harmful to enamel (the hard, outer surface of your teeth) than drinking regular water. While it's true that the process of carbonation results in the creation of an acid, it's a very weak one. Making the decision to drink sparkling is becoming more popular. irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease, United States Department of Agriculture's recommendations, 22 Easy Ways to Drink More Water Every Day. Just be sure to always read the labels. Back in 2006, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition published the results of a Tufts University study that linked cola consumption to calcium loss. To revisit this article, visit My Profile, then View saved stories. Added sugar can obviously harm your enamel and cause tooth decay that leads to cavities.).
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text: This paper describes the views of parent educators of their children's levels and types of physical activity. The study was conducted at two mini-schools in western Queensland. These are occasion where students who undertake formal education through various Schools Distance Education, come together for a week of educational activity. Parents (mostly mothers) were interviewed using a semi-structured approach. The interview data were then analysed for dominant themes using a constant comparison method. The emergent themes related to nutrition and physical activity. Within the physical activity theme, notions of the great outdoors, work and organised sport skill development also emerged.


Offers methods to read information about the current executing code, like the component names in its call stack and its base execution folder in the local file system.
A component is a executable code container. For the.NET ecosystem, the conceptual component is represented as a.NET assembly in DLL or EXE format, or a.NET module.
Namespace: Keystone
Assembly: Keystone (in Keystone.dll)
public static class ExecutionContext
This language is not supported or no code example is available.
.NET Framework
Supported in: 4.6
Xamarin, Mono


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No sooner have I written about the Mammoth than the BBC picks up the story...
Scientists have pieced together part of the genetic recipe of the extinct woolly mammoth.
The 5,000 DNA letters spell out the genetic code of its mitochondria, the structures in the cell that generate energy.
The research, published in the online edition of Nature, gives an insight into the elephant family tree.
It shows that the mammoth was most closely related to the Asian rather than the African elephant.
The three groups split from a common ancestor about six million years ago, with Asian elephants and mammoths diverging about half a million years later.
"We have finally resolved the phylogeny of the mammoth which has been controversial for the last 10 years," lead author Michael Hofreiter of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, told the BBC News website.
San Nakji for President!


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Why do companies need external IT consulting services?
IT consulting services are important. Especially if the solutions that you need are accurate and it need to be custom made. IT consultants analyze a company's IT systems to assist them meet their business objectives. They diagnose the company's IT infrastructure, understand the client's business needs, and design a technology solution.
Main duties of the IT consultants are:
- Company's IT system and infrastructure analyzing.
- IT system problems and weaknesses diagnosing.
- Understanding of business needs, implementation a technological solution to meet those needs.
- Security threats determining.
- Collaborating with the technical team of the company to ensure technology familiarity.
- To train staff and explain how to use the new IT system.
- Compilation of detailed reports on the effectiveness of the technology.
Why do you need consulting services?
Consulting services help clients evaluate different technology strategies and methodologies. These services support customers' IT initiatives. They provide strategic, architectural and implementation planning, and operational assessment related to the networks of the company.
- Strategic Planning helps clients assess their network requirements and develop system implementation plans.
- Architecture planning is a combination of strategic plans and knowledge of emerging technologies to create the logical design of the network environment.
- Operational assessment is important because it evaluate the operational efficiency and capacity of a client's network environment.
- Implementation planning is a service that advises customers on deploying and testing new network deployments.


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Inequality of climate change
Research in this area examines the unequal impact of climate change on nations at different developmental stages.
We study how climate change is making extreme weather events more likely or more intense, with a particular focus on the inequality of climate change.
Heat extremes and inequality
Our research shows that heat extremes do not increase evenly everywhere. Rather, they are becoming much more frequent more quickly for countries nearer the equator—mainly poorer nations. Importantly, this disparity in exposure between the global rich and poor will only worsen as we emit more CO2 into the atmosphere.
Read more about heat extremes and inequality in these publications:
- Challenges to Understanding Extreme Weather Changes in Lower Income Countries
- The Inequality of Climate Change from 1.5 to 2°C of Global Warming
- Seasonal cycles enhance disparities between lowand high-income countries in exposure to monthly temperature emergence with future warming
- Population-based emergence of unfamiliar climates
Drought in New Zealand
In 2016, Luke Harrington created the first comprehensive attribution study of a New Zealand drought (the 2012/13 event), which has informed subsequent Treasury estimates of the cost of climate change from worsening drought impacts.
Luke is now looking at better ways to understand and quantify changes in both extreme heat stress and drought over the next several decades, as well as their health and economic impacts.
We recognise that the future impacts of a warming world need to be interpreted in the context not only of where people live now, but also of where people will live in the future.
Most importantly, we need to recognise three things. First, that the capacity to respond to climate change impacts will be fundamentally lower in less wealthy countries and regions. Second, that existing socio-economic inequalities will not remain static in the future. And third, that this matters when considering how to adapt to a warmer world.
For more information about research into the inequality of climate change, contact Dr Luke Harrington.
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Have you ever thought how jellyfish babies get born? And what does a hermit crab got anything to do with 'em?
This particular animal is called Podocoryna carnea. Like most jellies and close relatives of jellies, it has a pretty elaborate life cycle. This one involves a free swimming jellyfish, and a larva that swims around then lands on the back of a hermit crab's shell. Then the larva metamorphoses into a polyp, which buds more polyps, growing into a whole colony on the crab's back. The colony is made up of lots of polyps that are all connected and share fluid through a web of tubes that circulate partially digested food. Some members of this colony will eventually bud new swimming jellyfish.
Link (with video clip of the budding jelly babies) - Thanks Molly Gerth!


Water Transport Solutions in Ancient Rome
Aqua Anio Vetus, the first raised aqueduct built in Rome, started out delivering the many people living in the hills with water in 273 BC, though they had counted on natural springs up till then. When aqueducts or springs weren't easily accessible, people dwelling at raised elevations turned to water drawn from underground or rainwater, which was made possible by wells and cisterns. From the beginning of the sixteenth century, water was routed to Pincian Hill via the subterranean channel of Acqua Vergine. twfs013__89973.jpg Spanning the length of the aqueduct's network were pozzi, or manholes, that gave entry. The manholes made it less demanding to clean the channel, but it was also possible to use buckets to remove water from the aqueduct, as we viewed with Cardinal Marcello Crescenzi when he bought the property from 1543 to 1552, the year he died. It appears that, the rainwater cistern on his property wasn't adequate to satisfy his needs. That is when he made the decision to create an access point to the aqueduct that ran under his property.
The One Cleaning Solution to NEVER Use On Your Outdoor Fountains
To ensure that water fountains last a while, it is vital to perform regular maintenance. A typical concern with fountains is that they tend to gather dirt and debris, so it is essential that you keep it free from this. Another factor is that water that is exposed to sunlight is susceptible to growing algae. Either sea salt, hydrogen peroxide, or vinegar can be dissolved into the water to eliminate this problem. There are those who choose to use bleach, but that is hazardous to any animals that might drink or bathe in the water - so should therefore be avoided.
Every three-four months, garden fountains should have a serious cleaning. Before cleaning, all the water must be taken out. When you have done this, wash inside the water reservoir with a gentle detergent. If there is delicate artwork, you might need to use a toothbrush for those hard-to-reach areas. Any soap residue that remains on your fountain can harm it, so be sure it is all rinsed off.
Calcium and fresh water organisms can get inside the pump, so you should disassemble it to get it truly clean. To make it less challenging, soak it in vinegar for several hours before cleaning. Neither rain water nor mineral water contain components that will build up inside the pump, so use either over tap water if possible.
The Results of the Norman Conquest on Anglo-Saxon Landscaping
The introduction of the Normans in the later half of the eleventh century greatly altered The Anglo-Saxon ways of living. The Normans were much better than the Anglo-Saxons at architecture and horticulture when they came into power. But the Normans had to pacify the whole territory before they could focus on home life, domestic architecture, and decoration. Most often built upon windy peaks, castles were straightforward constructs that permitted their inhabitants to devote time and space to offensive and defensive schemes, while monasteries were rambling stone buildings generally installed in only the most fecund, extensive valleys. Peaceful pursuits such as gardening were out of place in these destitute citadels. Berkeley Castle is possibly the most complete model in existence at present of the early Anglo-Norman form of architecture. It is said that the keep was introduced during William the Conqueror's time. As a technique of deterring assailants from tunneling under the walls, an immense terrace surrounds the building. A scenic bowling green, enveloped in grass and bordered by battlements clipped out of an ancient yew hedge, creates one of the terraces.
Putting in a Wall Water Feature in Your Home
Make any room better with a wall fountain. The calming sound of the waterfall will relax and sooth. While any space will benefit from a wall fountain, they are most often hung in entryways. The best way to mount one depends on the model, but the standard process is the same. Set-up will include putting together various components.
You should first attach the foundation to the upper part, then connect the pump and the tubing. Remember to review the guidelines before getting started in order to avert mistakes. You should find the steps relatively easy. Be aware, though, that the model you have might call for a somewhat different process. The easiest way to make sure it is positioned correctly is to recruit someone to hold it where you want it while you mark the wall. To guarantee it will be straight, use a level. It is advisable to mark both the bottom and the top positions. Wall fountains can be mounted in two ways. You will see holes on the back side of the wall fountain which can be hung directly onto the screws. The other method is to place it on brackets you have secured to the wall. This alternative tends to be recommended for large wall fountains. Make a mark on the wall where the brackets will best go on your wall fountain.
Utilize a drill to make the pilot holes on the wall for your drywall anchors. Gently hammer the anchors into your wall. The brackets can then be mounted on the wall with a screwdriver or wireless drill. Install your wall fountain by hanging it onto the brackets. Ensure that it is firmly installed and straight. If the position is acceptable, it's time to put in water. Make certain there is sufficient water to cover the pump. Now plug it in and the water will start to flow. Gently add more water until it comes within an inch of the top of the basin. Never fill the basin all the way to the top or it will overflow anytime the pump is not on. Whenever the water is not being pumped, it all settles at the bottom part causing the water level to rise. The water will overflow and cause damage if the wall fountain is overly full.
How a Fountain Can Make Your World More Enjoyable
Your quality of life will be absolutely influenced by a fountain as it not only provides you a place of tranquility and calm, but also serves to clean the air.
Both an indoor and an outdoor garden fountain will help you in ways you might not even grasp. All over the world coastal cities have large populations which may perhaps be linked to the fact that the human body is made up primarily of water. While there are many extravagant ways to incorporate the benefits of water into your daily life (like investing in a beach house!), a much more accessible solution is to install a water feature in your home.
If you want to make your porch, patio, or back yard even more delightful, think about getting an outdoor garden fountain. Outdoor water elements can further elevate even the most enchanting space. If you have a screened porch, consider installing one there, or if not, then on the outside wall above your patio. If you have a flower bed, think about installing a beautiful tiered type there to add a sense of tranquility. Due to the constant movement of water in a birdbath fountain, algae and bacteria do not build up, and birds come flocking to the fresh water. The hypnotic sound of trickling water is the magic touch your garden area needs to become an oasis of peace.
Outdoor Water Features: The Perfect Way to Honor a Special Person
Garden fountains make ideal and distinctive memorials. Practices that used to be in use are often eschewed these days. That said, people still typically have some kind of memorial for loved ones who have died. Memorials often include personal items and are often used to pay homage to the deceased. They come in many shapes and sizes, and backyard garden fountains are really widespread. You can individualize it in many ways such as incorporating a nameplate, having yearly memorial services around the fountain, planting flowers nearby, or including a framed photo.
You can pay homage to the dearly departed in novel and individual ways with garden fountains. Success and a good life lived can be celebrated with the flowing water, which is a figurative depiction of those things. Be sure to get a sturdy, durable, weatherproof garden fountain to create a lasting memorial. You want to ensure your garden fountain is going to hold up once you get it put in.
Archaic Greek Art: Garden Statuary
The first freestanding statuary was designed by the Archaic Greeks, a distinguished achievement since until then the only carvings in existence were reliefs cut into walls and pillars. Younger, attractive male or female (kore) Greeks were the subject matter of most of the sculptures, or kouros figures. Representing beauty to the Greeks, the kouroi were crafted to look rigid and always had foot forward; the males were vigorous, sturdy, and nude. In about 650 BC, the differences of the kouroi became life-sized. A significant age of improvement for the Greeks, the Archaic period brought about more forms of government, expressions of artwork, and a greater appreciation of people and cultures outside of Greece. Throughout this time and other times of historical tumultuousness, clashes often occurred, among them wars fought between city-states such as the Arcadian wars and the Spartan invasion of Samos.
Contemporary Sculpture in Ancient Greece
In the past, most sculptors were paid by the temples to adorn the involved pillars and archways with renderings of the gods, however as the era came to a close it grew to be more common for... read more
Water Features: An Invitation for Your Cherished Pets and Visiting Birds
Dogs are attracted to fountains because they provide refreshing water to drink. Hot days drive dogs and cats to anxiously look for the freshest water around. Because water in fountains is always... read more


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FROGS flee the sound of fire. Juvenile reed frogs (
Ulmar Grafe and his team from the University of Würzburg in Germany rigged up speakers in Ivory Coast's Comoé National Park and played frogs various sounds, including white noise and fire. The crackling sounds of fire produced the strongest reaction: the frogs raised their heads, scanned their surroundings and hopped rapidly towards the most fire-resistant vegetation.
Although most animals react to fire, Grafe believes this is the first research to show that the sound alone is enough to provoke a response (
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.


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Decontaminant - rejuvenating Shampoo for coating and sealants
The limescale particles that are deposited on the bodywork can be caused by less than perfect drying, summer storms, mineral-rich sandy rain or acid rain, which weigh down and drastically reduce the life and self-cleaning effect of the previously applied protective coating.
- _TAG_ solves the root problem, effectively yet gently dissolving and sequestering the calcium and mineral deposits deposited on the bodywork and residues of contamination from acid rain.
- _TAG_ enhances and revitalises the features of nanocoating and of previously applied sealants.
- _TAG_ does not contain waxes or sealants and does not alter the natural performance of the protection present, thus allowing the detailer to check the effective lifespan of the applied treatment.
Thanks to its special characteristics, it ensures excellent results also with a foam gun.
INSTRUCTION FOR USE:
_TAG_ shampoo is extremely versatile and can be used with different dilutions. To purify surfaces protected by Nano Coating, use it every 3 washes with a 1:60 dilution and apply with a glove. In case of sandy rain, full of mineral residues, or when your car has to stay under the snow, you can always use it as a post coating maintenance shampoo or as a second prewash in a 1 to 40 dilution. Let it sit about 4 minutes without drying on the bodywork and then rinse. Purifica can be used in a foam gun in a 1 to 6 dilution with a final dilution of 1 to 80. To remove visible limescale contamination: use _TAG_ in a 1:10 dilution, spray it and use a glove or brush on the most contaminated part, such as car emblems and chrome inscriptions, and on plastic parts around the windscreen wipers. In case of persistent stains or heavy contamination due to limestone or mineral deposits, such as rust or cement stains, we recommend using our _TAG_ "Acid Rain Water Stain Remover".


Doctor and activist
Load-Based Pollution 24/12/16
Dr Ben Ewald from the Hunter, who has been working with Doctors for the Environment has been lobbying for a Federal EPA and wrote a submission on the load-based licensing system, which is another name for polluters paying a levy per tonne of pollutant that they produce. There is some charge for each type of pollutant, and the charge can also be loaded for how close the pollutant is to population centres, as this relates to its health impacts. NSW has had such a scheme for years, which is fact the best developed in Australia, but NSW keeps the rate of this tax very low otherwise NSW would merely end up importing electricity from other states that pollute more but had no such tax. Hence the need for a national system. The current NSW fee is only 0.82% of the sale price per megawatt.
Other facts were that there is 1.1 million tonnes a year of Sulphur dioxide produced in Australia, 51% from coal-fired power stations. They also produce 380,000 tonnes of Nitrous oxides, 52% of all produced annually in Australia. Coal-fired power stations produce 8,900 tonnes of PM2.5, which is however only 29% of the national output of PM2.5, which is 31,000 tonnes. PM2.5 is particles of 2.5 microns in diameter, which are the smallest ones measured. There used to be a lot of emphasis on how much pollution in the air by how much weight of pollutant there was per cubic metre of air. Then researchers realised that big particles get caught in the nose, whereas small particles continue down into the lungs and have bigger health effects. So the absolute weight of particles is not as important as the number of smaller particles. Hence the new interest in PM2.5!
It also turns out that while the coal-fired power stations are the ones with the load-based licences, the open cut mines produce the most carbon particle pollution but are exempt from fees! That is a political decision of course. Doctors for the Environment need to be supported as they beaver away producing the submissions and organising the facts that the governments need to be told and that the activists need to amplify! Here is the submission:
Arthur Chesterfield-Evans
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