text:
Study evaluates lunchroom plate waste in Bryan, Dallas elementary schools
Writer: Blair Fannin, _PHONE_, _EMAIL_
COLLEGE STATION – Even though school children are served a healthy lunch, researchers are wanting to know how much of their entrees are actually being eaten or pushed aside, and the cost associated with serving daily meals in a study conducted by Texas A&M University System researchers.
A team led by Texas A&M AgriLife Research and the Institute for Obesity at Texas A&M University has been measuring food waste in elementary schools in Bryan and Dallas. The project, funded by the Alliance for Potato Research and Education, follows guidelines set by the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Food and Nutrition Service National School Breakfast and School Lunch Programs.
"We hope this will expand into a regional and national project," said Dr. Oral Capps, an AgriLife Research economist in College Station. "When you talk about changes in school lunch programs, you are talking about nutrition and economics. Our goal is to make 30 visits to each school on days when they have potatoes served with either green beans, veggie dippers, or corn and peas. This gives us a good overall view of what types of entrees the children are consuming and the ones they are not."
Dr. Peter Murano, director of the Institute for Obesity Research and Program Evaluation at Texas A&M and an AgriLife Research scientist, said the team is using standard methodologies to measure plate waste to determine whether "consumption differs for meals that include potatoes versus alternative vegetable sources."
"Importantly, we plan to quantify consumption/plate waste of not only potatoes, other starchy vegetables and non-starchy vegetables, but also for the entire lunch meal on 'potato days' versus 'non-potato days.'"
Murano said with this information they plan to determine if the presence of potatoes and other starchy vegetables enhances consumption and minimizes plate waste of the entire meal.
Nutritional and cost implications of the Food and Nutrition Service regulations are also part of the research.
The research team consists of "plate waste warriors." The warriors are Texas A&M students who are paid by the hour. Each wears a different colored apron that is associated with the assigned waste bin the entrée is discarded. A minimum of seven workers is needed at each school during the lunch periods (typically 10:45 a.m. through 1 p.m.) The A&M students gather trays containing leftover portions.
Leftovers are separated into different waste bags and each bag is weighed on a scale for plate-waste measurement. When the student goes through the lunch line, a sticker is placed on the food tray to identify the vegetable entrée. Students on the free lunch program are also evaluated for plate waste.
Capps said approximately five to 10 lunches are purchased and each food tray with entrees is weighed prior to serving.
"After they have finished eating, they are guided to where they are to take their leftover tray of food," Capps said.
The student hands their tray to the waste warrior who then dumps each individual leftover entrée into the appropriate trash bin. After each group has eaten, each bag is weighed.
Murano said he has noted many observations during the lunch visits.
"A percentage of students will return food trays after lunch with very little eaten – milk carton unopened, fruit and vegetables untouched, a lot of food is wasted," he said. "Anecdotally comparing fruit and vegetable consumption (not a focus of our project), it appears fruit is much more popular than vegetables. Also, students seem much more likely to choose two fruits as sides rather than two vegetables. And when potato products are served (mashed potatoes, potato wedges, tater tots, etc), just about every student chooses the vegetable."
Capps said another component of the study is "to compare calories, sodium dietary fiber to see if there is a significant difference in nutritional value, comparing waste on that."
"There is potential difference in cost of starchy versus non-starchy foods and plate waste," Capps said. "Overall, it's a well-organized study and joint collaboration with the Institute for Obesity."
Plate waste studies have been done before, Capps said, "but not to this extent."
"We think we have an excellent design for this plate waste study," he said. "We said 'let's take a look at potato meals and non-potato meals and see what the waste is versus nutritional value.'"
Murano said when the analysis of the data is completed, regardless of what they find in terms of vegetable consumption, comparing kindergarten through fifth graders' consumption of potato products to other starchy vegetables (e.g., corn, green peas, beans) to non-starchy vegetables (e.g., green beans, carrots, salads, broccoli) will provide valuable information about the vegetables consumed and plate waste.
He said such information would be valuable to school food service managers, school administration, and even parents.
Murano said schools understand the importance of taste that drives adult and children's food choices, "and the importance of regularly introducing less popular, but healthy, vegetables to students to increase the likelihood of trying and liking them."
"Schools can attempt to increase consumption of specific foods through conducting taste tests with the school children," he said. "In addition, some schools invite local farmers to discuss how they plant and cultivate specific fruits and vegetables and how these nutrient-dense foods are a key part of a healthy diet."
Murano said the school district dietitians spend a lot of time planning meals that offer a variety of foods popular with students as well as meeting the new 2012 Nutrition Standards for School Meals – the new federal guidelines for school breakfast and lunch.
"These new guidelines are in line with the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Schools are required to offer at least minimum quantities of all vegetable subgroups (dark green, red/orange, beans/peas (legumes), and starches. This change is intended to encourage student consumption from all subgroups and is consistent with the DGAs' recommendation to increase the variety of vegetables consumed."
Murano said the schools know what food items the students are choosing, but they don't necessarily know the specific consumption and waste behaviors.
"This information is central to our research project, and underlines the importance of plate-waste data collection, he said. "Our research will tell us not only the vegetables that are wasted the most, but also the nutrients the students are not receiving by choosing not to eat particular vegetables, and of course the economic cost. In any research scenario where it is found that healthy food items are being wasted, strategies must be developed and implemented to increase consumption. These may include conducting taste tests, providing nutrition education and implementing successful health promotion interventions."
Final results of the study will be available in March.


How to Drain Gas from a Briggs & Stratton Lawnmower, the best three methods
It's the start of the season, and you take your winterized Briggs & Stratton lawnmower out. If you notice your engine not starting after not using it for an extended time, it's a high possibility that the fuel stored in it has gone stale. As a result, deposits have formed inside the carburetor, and the engine doesn't produce enough power. The solution to this is to drain the old fuel completely from your lawnmower, clean the carburetor and add fresh gas. Besides bad fuel, there can be other reasons you need to drain the tank's gas. This blog post helps you with some of the best and easiest methods to drain the gas from a Briggs & Stratton lawnmower.
How to drain gas from a Briggs and Stratton lawnmower, the best three methods:
 - Method 1: Use a siphon pump to empty the fuel tank. The pump's top hose goes into the tank, whereas the bottom hose carries fuel to a storage container.
 - Method 2: Disconnect the fuel line leading to the carburetor and collect the fuel coming out of it until the tank is emptied.
 - Method 3: For lighter walk-behind mowers, the machine can be tilted with the air filter upwards to catch the tank's fuel.
How to Drain Gas from a Briggs & Stratton Lawnmower, the best three methods 1
For almost all small engines, gasoline is used as fuel. The gasoline quality doesn't remain the same over time. It generally degrades, thus forming deposits. Typically, gasoline compounds react with oxygen to form sticky residues that can clog your filters and jets. As a result, the fuel isn't able to reach the engine for combustion to initiate. To solve this problem, you need to replenish the gasoline in the tank.
This article will look into the above-mentioned methods in more detail.
The best ways to drain gas from a Briggs and Stratton lawnmower:
There are several ways to remove gas from your Briggs and Stratton lawnmower. We shall explore these methods one by one.
- Equipment needed:
It's always better to know what tools you would need before starting any repair work. Luckily, this task doesn't need sophisticated equipment. If you choose the siphon pump method, you need one, of course. Additionally, you need a pair of nose pliers, a screwdriver, a rag to catch spills, and a plastic container/bottle for this job. Before you start, park the Briggs and Stratton lawnmower at a location that can deal with some gas spillage.
- Method 1: Using a siphon pump:
A siphon pump is the cleanest and easiest way of removing bad gasoline from the Briggs and Stratton fuel tank. It can be used on both riding lawnmowers and walk-behind lawnmowers. You can purchase a siphon pump quite easily by visiting a car parts store for as low as 10$.
– For riding lawnmowers:
In riding Briggs and Stratton lawnmowers, the gas tank is situated just underneath the seat or under the hood. For some models, you might need to lift the seat to access the fuel cap.
 - Step 1: To drain the fuel, open the cap and insert the siphon pump's top hose to fully immersed into the tank. For your information, a siphon pump comes with two hoses. The top one is inserted from where the fuel has to be drained. In contrast, the bottom hose carries the drained fuel into a secondary container.
 - Step 2: Manage any plastic cylinder or a plastic bottle to store the gasoline removed from the tank. Avoid using any metal can since the flow of gas can induce static charge, which may produce a spark in the presence of metal.
 - Step 3: Pump the siphon with your hand to draw the gasoline from the tank and transfer it into the plastic container. Remove any kinks or curls in the siphon hose to allow easy drainage. Keep pumping the gas until the fuel tank is empty.
– For walk-behind lawnmowers:
For walk-behind Briggs and Stratton lawnmowers, the methodology is entirely the same except that the gas tank is easier to find as it is present on the top. Remove its cap and insert the siphon hose to drain the fuel.
- Method 2: Disconnecting the fuel line:
If a siphon pump isn't available, you can disconnect the fuel line. This method is somewhat more complex but is still quite convenient to drain the Briggs and Stratton fuel tank. It can be applied to both riding and walk-behind lawnmowers.
– Riding lawnmowers:
In riding lawnmowers, the first thing you need to do is locate the fuel line that transports the fuel from the tank into the carburetor.
Step 1: To access the carburetor, you might need to lift the mower hood and detach the air filter assembly. This might seem not very easy, but once you gain access to the carburetor, it's just a matter of a few minutes to drain the fuel entirely.
Step 2: Once the Briggs and Stratton carburetor is visible, locate the fuel line that carries the tank's fuel. You need to use a pair of nose pliers to squeeze the hose and remove it from the connector's hold. Or you can loosen the connector with a screwdriver.
Step 3: When the hose is detached, fuel starts coming out of it. You need to arrange an open container to catch the fuel coming from the tank. Lower the hose downwards and allow all the fuel to be drained entirely into the container. Keep doing this until the tank has been emptied.
– Walk-behind lawnmowers:
This procedure is comparatively easy in Briggs and Stratton walk-behind mowers as the fuel line is normally visible from the outside. Furthermore, the mower deck acts as a fuel-catching container and can catch gas spills.
Before draining the fuel, don't forget to clean the fuel lines from dirt with a rag.
- Method 3: Tilting the mower over:
The last method sounds easy but is often more challenging than you think. It can better be performed with two people. It is limited to walk-behind Briggs and Stratton mowers as they can be tilted easily. Before starting, make sure you follow the steps below:
 - Step 1: Before tilting, make sure that the spark plug wire is disconnected so that there is no risk of your Briggs and Stratton engine starting accidentally. Also, take care that the air filter assembly needs be pointing upwards when tilting the mower. This step is done so that the engine oil does not flow into the fuel tank.
 - Step 2: Arrange a plastic container to catch the fuel and place it under the fuel cap. Open the fuel cap and allow the fuel to be entirely drained into the container.
 - Step 3: Once the container is empty, dispose of the fuel removed and close the fuel cap. Reconnect the spark plug wire.
- Additional Steps:
Note that whatever method you follow for draining the fuel, there are some additional steps that you should follow for completely removing the fuel remnants from your mower.
– Run the engine for a while:
After the Briggs and Stratton fuel tank is empty, some fuel might still be left in the carburetor and fuel lines. To empty this leftover fuel, start your lawnmower engine and allow it to run for a while. When the engine has stopped after some time, your device is devoid of any fuel now.
– Clean the carburetor:
When removing old fuel, it is always good to clean the carburetor from old fuel deposits. To do this, open the bowl nut of your carburetor and remove both the nut and bowl. Spray some carburetor cleaner liquid on the nut, which is the main jet, to dislodge any debris. Also, clean the bowl and spray some cleaner inside the carburetor. This guarantees a smooth Briggs and Stratton engine performance once you start it after fresh fuel addition.
Related Questions:
1. What is the best lawnmower gas?
The best gas for a lawnmower is the one with the following characteristics:
 - It should be fresh and clean.
 - If you are working at high altitudes, you should have at least an octane number of 87.
 - 10 percent of ethanol or up to 15 percent of MTBE
 - A canned fuel option such as Briggs & Stratton Advanced Formula Ethanol-Free Fuel can also be used.
2. Should I be using a fuel stabilizer?
A fuel stabilizer is a way to safeguard the gas in the lawnmower. It is generally made from petroleum products and is combined with gasoline to prevent evaporation. This prevents the gasoline from forming sticky deposits stuck in the carburetor and can restrict the flow.
Fuel stabilizers are not recommended for the daily use of vehicles. However, it is highly recommended for seasonal equipment such as lawnmowers to use a fuel stabilizer to avoid gasoline evaporation.
3. Can you clean a lawnmower fuel filter?
Cleaning a fuel filter occasionally prevents deposits in the carburetor and guarantees a smooth engine operation. To clean the fuel filter, detach the fuel line leaving the fuel tank for the carburetor. The filter is present in this fuel line.
After removing the filter, clean it using a solvent cleaner. Let it dry for some time and reinstall it back into the fuel line. Note that your fuel tank should be emptied while doing this, and fresh addition of fuel should


text:
Hogervorst, Petra A. M. and Wäckers, Felix L. and Carette, A.-C. and Romeis, Jörg (2008) The importance of honeydew as food for larvae of Chrysoperla carnea in the presence of aphids. Journal of Applied Entomology, 132 (1). pp. 18-25. ISSN 0931-2048Full text not available from this repository.
Larvae of the common green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea are predacious and feed on a wide range of small, soft-bodied arthropods. In addition to their feeding on prey arthropods to cover their nutritional requirements for growth and development, the consumption of non-prey foods such as honeydew has been reported. It is commonly believed that these food supplements are primarily exploited by the larvae when prey is scarce or of low nutritional quality. Here, we assess whether C. carnea larvae also use honeydew when high-quality aphid prey are readily available. In a choice experiment, the feeding behaviour of C. carnea larvae was observed in the presence of both aphids and honeydew. The larvae were starved, aphid-fed, or honeydew-fed prior to the experiment. The time spent feeding on honeydew compared with feeding on aphids was highest for starved larvae and lowest for honeydew-fed larvae. Among the three treatments, the aphid-fed larvae spent the most time resting and the least time searching. In an additional experiment food intake was assessed in terms of weight change when larvae were provided with an ad libitum supply of either aphids or honeydew. Larvae yielded a significant lower relative weight increase on honeydew compared with aphids. The reduced weight increase on honeydew was compensated when larvae were subsequently provided with aphids, but not when honeydew was provided again. This study showed that (i) prior honeydew feeding reduces overall aphid consumption, and (ii) larvae do consume honeydew even after they have been given ad libitum access to aphids. The fact that larvae of C. carnea still use honeydew as a food source in the presence of suitable prey underlines the importance of carbohydrates as foods.
|Journal or Publication Title:||Journal of Applied Entomology|
|Uncontrolled Keywords:||Rhopalosiphum padi • alternative food • aphid predator • feeding behaviour • food ecology|
|Subjects:||G Geography. Anthropology. Recreation > GE Environmental Sciences|
|Departments:||Faculty of Science and Technology > Lancaster Environment Centre|
|Deposited By:||Mr Richard Ingham|
|Deposited On:||30 Nov 2009 14:20|
|Last Modified:||26 Jul 2012 16:47|
Actions (login required)

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Software > Multidimensional Scaling
Description | Pros
and Cons | Applications | Details
| Usage Hints | References
Small, H.: Visualizing science by citation mapping, 1999.
Small examined 36,720 multidisciplinary documents for a 15-year sampling window from 1981 through 1995. A combination of fractional citation counting and co-citation clustering via Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) was used to extract four nested levels of clustering via single and complete linkage. The documents have been arranged in 2D using an order-dependent, geometric triangulation process that produces a unified ordination of a hierarchical arrangement of documents.
Multidimensional scaling (MDS) attempts to find the structure in a set of proximity measures between objects. This is accomplished by assigning observations to specific locations in a conceptual low-dimensional space such that the distances between points in the space match the given (dis)similarities as closely as possible. The result is a least-squares representation of the objects in that low-dimensional space, which, in many cases, will help you to further understand your data.
See _URL_ for an example input of distances between cities and the resulting MDS plot. MDS attempts to arrange "objects" (e.g. major cities) according to their distances in a space with a particular number of dimensions (e.g. two-dimensional) so as to reproduce the observed distances. As a result, we can "explain" the distances in terms of underlying dimensions (e.g. geographical dimensions: north/south and east/west). Note that the actual orientation of axes in the final solution is arbitrary (i.e. you can rotate the geographic map, the distances between cities remain the same). Thus, the final orientation of axes in the plane or space is mostly the result of a subjective decision by the researcher, who will choose an orientation that can be most easily explained.
Thus, MDS moves given objects around in the space defined by the requested number of dimensions, and checks how well the distances between objects can be reproduced by the new configuration. It uses a function minimization algorithm that evaluates different configurations with the goal of maximizing the goodness-of-fit.
The more dimensions we use in order to reproduce the distance matrix, the better is the fit of the reproduced matrix to the observed matrix (i.e., the stress is smaller). In fact, if we use as many dimensions as there are variables, then we can perfectly reproduce the observed distance matrix. However, the goal is to reduce the observed complexity of nature, that is, to explain the distance matrix in terms of fewer underlying dimensions. See (StatSoft, 2001) for details.
Pros & Cons
The "beauty" of MDS is that we can analyze any kind of distance or similarity matrix. These similarities can represent people's ratings of similarities between objects, the percent agreement between judges, the number of times a subjects fails to discriminate between stimuli, etc. For example, MDS methods used to be very popular in psychological research on person perception where similarities between trait descriptors were analyzed to uncover the underlying dimensionality of people's perceptions of traits. They are also very popular in marketing research, in order to detect the number and nature of dimensions underlying the perceptions of different brands or products (StatSoft, 2001).
Note that no relationships (links) are displayed.
- Cartia Themescape. NewsMaps.com
- Author co-citation analysis
in information science (White & McCain, 1998) - 12 key journals
between 19972 and 1995 were analyzed and INDSCAL (Individual differences
MDS) was used to identify trends in terms of top-cited authors.
- Map of Science (Small,
1999) - see Figure.
- XGvis: Interactive Data
Visualization with Multidimensional Scaling (Guja et al., 1998). Source
code & link to ArcView available.
by Wojciech Basalaj (Jan 2001) Proximity Visualization of Abstract
Data - Website devoted to visualization of abstract data collections,
like graphs, multivariate data tables, or sets of multimedia objects.
Icons representing objects from a collection are positioned such that
proximity relationships within the collection are preserved, i.e.
icons for similar objects are clustered, and separated from the dissimilar
ones. Examples used include MDS (multidimensional scaling).
- Interactive Visualization
of Hierarchical Clusters Using MDS and MST (Kim et al., 1998) code
- Multidimensional Scaling
for Group Memory Visualization (McQuaid et al., 1999)
MDS demo, University of Arizona _URL_
The MDS procedure is as follows:
- Determine all objects and their distances.
- Use MDS to produce a scatterplot of the objects in a n-dimensional space (typical 2-D).
- Interpret the dimensions keeping in mind that the actual orientations of the axes from the MDS analysis are arbitrary, and can be rotated in any direction. In addition, look for clusters of points or particular patterns and configurations (such as circles, manifolds, etc.).
Recently, the code by Morrison et al. (2003) was integrated into the repository.
You can use SPSS's Multidimensional
Scaling. Load data and choose from the menus: Analyze -> Scale -> Multidimensional Scaling.
As an example, you may use MDS to visualize the slis-courses.sim matrix created via LSA.
- Morrison, A., G. Ross,
and M. Chalmers (2003). Fast multidimensional scaling through sampling, springs
and interpolation. Information Visualization, 2, 68-77.
- Buja, A., Swayne, D.
F., Littman, M. L., Dean, Nathaniel. (1998) XGvis: Interactive Data
Visualization with Multidimensional Scaling. _URL_
- Kim, Sung Soo, Kwon,
Sunhee, and Cook, Dianne (1998) Interactive Visualization of Hierarchical
Clusters Using MDS and MST. pdf
- Kruskal, J.B. (1964)
Multidimensional scaling: A numerical method. Psychometrica, 29, 115-129.
- Kruskal, J.B. and M.
Wish (1978) Multidimensional scaling. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage
- McQuaid, M., Ong, T.,
Chen, H., & Nunamaker, J. F. (1999) Multidimensional scaling for
group memory visualization. Decision Support Systems, 27, 163-176.
- StatSoft (2001) Multidimensional
M. (2000) Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) software, _URL_
- Small, H. (1999) Visualizing
science by citation mapping. Journal of the American Society for Information
Science, 50(9), 799-813.
- White, H. D. and McCain,
K. W. (1998) Visualizing a discipline: An author co-citation analysis
of information science, _PHONE_. Journal of the American Society
for Information Science, 49(4), 327-355.
- Young, F.W. & Hamer,
R.M. (1987) Multidimensional Scaling: History, Theory and Applications.
New York: Erlbaum.
Matthew Chalmers and Alistair Morrison provided the fast non-linear MDS algorithm. The code was integrated into the XML toolkit by Sriram Raghuraman.
Visualization Cyberinfrastructure @ SLIS,
Last Modified January


text:
Some frog species, such as Kassina maculata (red-legged running frog), use an asynchronous walking/running gait as their primary locomotor mode. Prior comparative anatomy work has suggested that lateral rotation of the pelvis improves walking performance by increasing hindlimb stride length; however, this hypothesis has never been tested. Using non-invasive methods, experimental high-speed video data collected from eight animals were used to create two three-dimensional kinematic models. These models, each fixed to alternative local anatomical reference frames, were used to investigate the hypothesis that lateral rotation of the mobile ilio-sacral joint in the anuran pelvis plays a propulsive role in walking locomotion by increasing hindlimb stride length. All frogs used a walking gait (duty factor greater than 0.5) despite travelling over a range of speeds (0.04–0.23 m s−1). The hindlimb joint motions throughout a single stride were temporally synchronized with lateral rotation of the pelvis. The pelvis itself, on average, underwent an angular excursion of 12.71° (±4.39°) with respect to the body midline during lateral rotation. However, comparison between our two kinematic models demonstrated that lateral rotation of the pelvis only increases the cranio-caudal excursion of the hindlimb modestly. Thus, we propose that pelvic lateral rotation is not a stride length augmenting mechanism in K. maculata.
|Date made available||1 Jan 2019|

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
With both scientific and artistic essay writing, a message is being expressed. In one case the message is very direct and determined, while in the other, the message must be sought after and discovered. Although scientific and artistic writing may seem to be on opposite sides of the spectrum, one could not exist without the other. Artistic writing, like scientific writing must have a meaning, however deeply disguised it may be. Scientific writing, although objective, takes some creativity to easily display the message.
When writing a term paper, the author must find a balance between scientific and artistic writing. The message of the writing must be extractable by the reader, but must also be enjoyable. All kinds of writing share two important characteristics: they result from deeply personal, natural thought processes, and they take on widely public, conventional forms. Although scientific writing and artistic writing can be seen as opposites, they compliment each other to the point that one could not exist without the other.


text:
See what questions
a doctor would ask.
Dobriner syndrome: An inherited metabolic disorder involving a deficiency of coproporphyrinogen oxidase. The condition is similar to but milder than intermittent porphyria and sometimes includes photosensitivity. More detailed information about the symptoms, causes, and treatments of Dobriner syndrome is available below.
Review possible medical complications related to Dobriner syndrome:
Read more about causes of Dobriner syndrome.
Research the causes of these diseases that are similar to, or related to, Dobriner syndrome:
Read about other experiences, ask a question about Dobriner syndrome, or answer someone else's question, on our message boards:
Search Specialists by State and City


text:
The documentation has moved to _URL_
Here you can find how to apply the general models we trained for you. If you would like to train your own general model, please see our extra wiki page: How to train your own general model.
Our general models can be found and downloaded here: Download and Installation.
If you followed the installation instructions, you now have to activate the cryolo virtual environment with
source activate cryolo
You can use crYOLO either by command line or by using the GUI. The GUI should be easier for most users. You can start it with:
The crYOLO GUI is essentially a visualization of the command line interface. On left side, you find all possible "Actions":
Each action has several parameters which are organized in tabs. Once you have chosen your settings you can press [Start] (just as example, don't press it now ), the command will be applied and crYOLO shows you the output:
It will tell you if something went wrong. Moreover, it will tell you all parameters used. Pressing [Back] brings you back to your settings, where you can either edit the settings (in case something went wrong) or go to the next action.
In the GUI choose the config action. Fill in your target box size and leave the train_image_folder and train_annot_folder fields empty.
There are three general models available. It is important that you choose the same filtering options in "Denoising options" tab as we did during training the general models. In the following are the filtering settings that we used for the respective general models:
In the configuration file, the field "anchors" is optional during prediction. That means, you don't to define a box size during prediction, as crYOLO does a size estimation internally. This is of advantage for automated pipelines. You can simply delete the entry in configuration file. This should not affect the picking quality. The estimated size is still contained in.cbox files. Coordinates in EMAN and STAR format are written with a box size of 0 in that case.
In crYOLO, all particles have an assigned confidence value. By default, all particles with a confidence value below 0.3 are discarded. If you want to pick less or more conservatively you might want to change this confidence threshold to a less (e.g. 0.2) or more (e.g. 0.4) conservative value in the "Optional arguments" tab.
However, it is much easier to select the best threshold after picking using the
CBOX files written by crYOLO as described in the next section.
When this option is activated, crYOLO will monitor your input folder. This especially useful for automation purposes. You can stop the monitor mode by writing an empty file with the name "stop.cryolo" in the input directory. Just add –monitor in the command line or check the monitor box in in the "Optional arguments" tab.
After picking is done, you can find four folders in your specified output folder:
To visualize your results you can use the boxmanager:
As image_dir you select the
full_data directory. As box_dir you select the
CBOX folder (or
EMAN_HELIX_SEGMENTED in case of filaments).
CBOX files contain besides the particle coordinates more information like the confidence and the estimated size of each particle. When importing.cbox files into the box manager, it enables more filtering options in the GUI. You can plot sizeand confidence distributions. Moreover, you can change the confidence threshold, minimum and maximum size and see the results in a live preview. If you are done with the filtering, you can then write the new box selection into new box files. The video below shows an example.


Mathematics of the Environment (Part 5)
See also "week302" of This Week's Finds, where Nathan Urban tells us more about feedbacks and how big they're likely to be.
- Gerald R. North, Simple Models of Global Climate.
\displaystyle{ A + B T }
Q c(T)
Given all this, we get
A + B T = Q c(T)
c_i = 1 - 0.65 = 0.35
c_f = 1 - 0.3 = 0.7
Temperature versus insolation.
\gamma = 0.00
\gamma = 0.01
\gamma = 0.02
\gamma = 0.03
\gamma = 0.04
\gamma = 0.05
from here:
17 Responses to Mathematics of the Environment (Part 5)
 1. I found it interesting that B is two orders of magnitude less than A. A quick and dirty numerical simulation shows that setting Q = A + B T + C T^2 with a C two orders of magnitude less than B yields the same qualitative behavior. This is no surprise if one has structural stability. However, if C is just one order of magnitude less than B, e.g. C = 0.1 than things seem to change. I am not quite sure whether that means something important, but maybe for real world problems structural stability is not enough. One might also have to argue that the linearization is indeed 'good' enough.
 One a second thought. C might well be zero for symmetry reasons and the physically 'correct' form should then be more like Q = A + B T + D T^3.
 2. amarashiki says:
 Dear John. I dedicated you this post, the 50th, in my young blog. I hope you will like it… My LOG 50th available here _URL_
 - John Baez says:
 That's very nice! Thank you! That's a very beautiful, detailed post, so I'm flattered that you dedicated it to me…
 … especially because I always I wish I had the time and patience to understand more about the Riemann zeta function. I've always loved the 'primon gas' idea… but nowadays, I'm busy trying to be a bit more practical, so I don't have time to think about this. Someday, when I feel in the mood to write another pure math paper, I'll try to finish and publish this:
 - John Baez and James Dolan, Zeta functions.
 This emphasizes the combinatorics behind the Hasse–Weil zeta function.
 3. amarashiki says:
 No, John…You…I am in debt to you more…Your This Week Finds was an incredible blog, like this Azimuth blog! Believe me, I am sure many people started blogs reading your stuff. Some time ago, I had envy…And finally, I couldn't stand anymore…I decided to begin my blog!!! And about this post…It is not as detailed as I wanted, but more stuff is coming soon…My draft dashboard is going to explode right now, but I must focus to create good logs or posts…And it carries time.
 Well, … I think that the zeta stuff is practical stuff!!!!! It is like the fiber bundle approach behind the gauge theories…It is real math behind our (ultra)quantum world… In my opinion, we have to understand the zeta stuff better in order to understand QFT, the vacuum and, likely, quantum gravity! Of course, this is a crazy idea!
 Don't be flattered, John…You make people to be flattered as long as we read your posts, LOL… If you read my log 51, I also wrote a basic zeta function"zoological park" for beginners. I would like to extend that in the future…But I am so disturbed by the RH than sometimes I am seduced by the own formulae you, mathematicians, invent…Hehehe…
 Best wishes!
 4. amarashiki says:
 By the way… Zeta functions are everywhere, even they arise in graph theory, hypergraph theory and it can also appear, I presume, in network theory. How? I am not sure, since I began to learn about zeta seriously only some time ago…And it is hard to keep you updated with the zeta theory…
 5. Renato Iturriaga says:
 Hi John
 I have a couple of questions and comments. About the values of A= 218 \frac{W}{m^2} and B=1.9 \frac{W}{m^2 K}, the value of A is the emission of a body at -23, very close to the radiate equilibrium of -18, I guess this is not a coincidence. Or is it? The derivative of \sigma T^4 at this value is 3.5, B is in this order of magnitude, but not as close one could imagine. Is there some reason for that?
 To see the stability or instability of a particular equilibrium is convenient to look at the graph of \frac {dT}{dt}. In this case -A-BT+Qc(T). In particular the zeros give the equilibrium points. For large negative values of T, the function is positive, and for large positive temperatures the function is negative so there is a zero somewhere, an equilibrium. Almost surely there is an odd number of them: The first time you cross the zero (the coldest equilibrium) you cross it downwards, and if you go up and reach zero you will cross it upwards, afterwards you will have to come down again. So we have either one or three, the only exception is if the zero is double, meaning that the derivative is also zero. The equilibrium points where the derivative is negative, there is local negative feedback effect: if your are slightly above the equilibrium you tend to go down if you are slightly down you tend to go up, so the point is stable, in the points where you have positive derivative -when you cross upwardsthere is a positive feedback: if you are a little bit up you tend to go upwards and if you are a little bit down you tend to downwards, hence unstable. So if you have three points, the coldest and the hottest are stable and the middle one is unstable.
 - John Baez says:
 Renato wrote:
 Good question! It would be nice to understand this in detail.
 The main reason the observed infrared power emission of the Earth doesn't match the power emission of a blackbody is the greenhouse effect. Quite a bit of infrared doesn't make it through the atmosphere. So, the simplest thing we can say is that we should have
 A + B T < \sigma T^4
 for temperatures in the range we see on Earth. But it would be nice to predict the (linearized) observed average power emission per square meter, A + B T, starting from a simple model.
 Could Simpson's model in Part 3 be good enough to approximately calculate A and B? Or is it too simple?
 In its simplest form, this model amounts to saying that the fraction of infrared radiation that escapes to space is a function
 0 \le F(\lambda) \le 1
 of the wavelength \lambda, given as follows. To a crude approximation, the atmosphere is:
 - completely transparent from 8.5 to 11 micrometers,
 Simpson's function F is 0 where the atmosphere is 'completely opaque', 1 where it's 'completely transparent', and it linearly interpolates between these values for wavelengths where the atmosphere is 'partly transparent'.
 One could multiply the Planck distribution at temperature T by this function of wavelength, then integrate it over wavelengths, to estimate the power emitted per square meter as a function of T.
 This neglects many effects like 'water vapor feedback' (there's more water vapor when it's hotter), 'lapse rate feedback' and 'cloud feedback', as mentioned in this post. But it would still be worth doing!
 - Renato Iturriaga says:
 Hi John
 In the homepage of Kerry Emanuel (_URL_ there are a lot of things. In particular there are presentations of a lot of courses. In one of them (Tropical meteorology) there is a model for the equilibrium radiation. The simplest model has two layers, the atmosphere and the surface. The atmosphere is completely transparent to visible light and completely opaque to infrared. Let T_e be the temperature of equilibrium (250 K), then the equilibrium is achieved at at T_e in the atmosphere and 2^{\frac{1}{4}} T_e in the surface.
 A 3 layer model predicts T_e in the outer part and $3^{\frac{1}{4}} T_e$ in the surface. This is way to hot and the explanation is partially because it is not completely opaque and because of convection. Something else should be wrong because if we do the same thing with n layers, we would get a surface temperature of n^{\frac{1}{4}} T_e. But it is funny that the outer part is always the equilibrium temperature. Finally there is a complete calculation, that unfortunately is not clear how it is done, that gives a vertical


text:
05 December 2011
Women in the Iranian city of Khorramabad are dressed for the ceremony of Chehel Manbar. The commemoration of the battle of Karbala, when Hussein, a grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, was killed, is one of the most important ceremonies of the year for Shia Muslims.
On the ninth day of the Muslim month of Muharram—on the eve of the climactic Day of Ashura—women in some regions participate in Chehel Manbar. In an act of mourning for Hussein they go veiled and barefoot to light candles at forty different locations.
Ceremonies differ from city to city, according to regional traditions. In Khorramabad, women light candles in the doorways of houses and offer cookies to the occupants. They may also cover their head and shoulders with clay in an act of mourning.


The raincoat is a type of waterproof jacket that protects us from rain. I guess most people wonder about what are raincoats made of. Raincoat jacket specially made of water-resistant fabric and other materials. But before discussing the materials of raincoats you must know when and who invented this? Charles Macintosh in 1836 invented this mixing rubber with fabric and it was the first modern raincoat. But now there are various types of raincoats with different colors available in the market. For kids multiple colors of raincoats also accessible in the market.
The answers to those questions how are raincoats made and what is a raincoat made out of provided with all details. So carefully read this article to know the real facts about making raincoats.
_TAG_ Out What Are Raincoats Made Of:
With the basic fabric materials, the raincoat made of but if those products do not contain water-resistant properties then the researchers add water-resistant products. Here are some materials that need to make raincoats:
1. Nylon:
Nylon is a type of synthetic polymer and looks like silky material. This material is not so much expensive and long-lasting material. Most of the companies in the market prefer nylon for its long-lasting and low cost. For its synthetic polymer, silkiness, and easy folding, many people choose this for the monsoon season and summer season. For its lightweight, you can easily convey when tripping.
2. Fabric Cotton:
The first raincoat was made with fabric cotton. But the raincoat of this material is so heavy to use and also not usable for the kids. Now fabric cotton made raincoat not so much available in the market. Oilcloths of this material are available in the market.
3. Gore-Tex:
Gore-Tex is a waterproof fabric and breathable material. It is usable for all-weather for its lightweight. Gore-Tex was first invented in 1969. It is extremely different from other products and people use this for its comfort. Many raincoat-making companies are using this fabric. It is perfect for an outdoor campaign and trekking.
4. Vinyl Fabric:
Vinyl fabric is made of chlorine and natural gas (ethylene). It is strong plastic materials and mainly used for a raincoat, outdoor tablecloths, and other products. Vinyl fabric is used to forming the raincoats of kids. This material is not too much costly. Various raincoat maker companies prefer this for multiple color options, water revolting, and easy to clean.
5. Wool:
Though wool does not provide waterproof quality in winter place it gives warmth. Making with water-resistant woolen coat provides extra durable and it is mainly used in the fashion garments and military men.
There are also other items that need in making raincoats like belts, buttons, lining, thread, trip, zippers, and seam tape. In the market various types of stylish fashionable raincoats like Waxed jackets, Sou'wester, Gannex, Anorak, Oilskin, Inverness cape, Mino, Driza-Bone, Poncho, etc available.
In the end, I want to say something very important talks, before buying raincoats check colors, durable system, stylish, water-resistance quality, etc those are suits for you. After reading this content the query about what are raincoats made of is now clear to the readers.
Also read: Dress Ideas For 50-year-old Women


Thursday, February 20, 2014
Ownership Generation
What was the impact of the housing bubble on the American psyche? Is the American dream of homeownership no longer held in high regard? Are millennials less likely to want to own a home when they saw their parents lose their home to foreclosure?
In the aftermath of the Great Recession, many experts believe that young people will be more likely to grow up to be renters rather than homeowners. There are advantages to renting: mobility; low maintenance; and less responsibility. All of those are aspects are associated with the characteristics of young people which is why there might be a belief that young people will grow up to be renters.
So will more young people grow up to be renters? The key is that eventually young people do "grow up," and when they do their lives change. They get married, have children, and then they want some stability. Their kids enroll in school and suddenly they are less mobile and take on more responsibility. The characteristics of the millennial generation that experts say will result in more renters are really just characteristics of young people. While the stability that parents seek for their families is less secure if they don't own the home they live in.
The recession was a major setback for many people. It did in fact reduce the rate of homeownership in America. But it is this author's belief that most Americans still want to own a home, and when they are in a financial position to own a home they will do so.
1 comment:


text:
rancheria (ränchāˈrēä) [key], type of communal settlement formerly characteristic of the Yaqui Indians of Sonora, Mexico, and of various small Native American groups of the SW United States, especially in California. These clusters of dwellings were less permanent than the pueblos (see Pueblo) but more so than the camps of the migratory Native Americans. Rancherias were small sedentary farming villages located on the flood plain; their location was frequently shifted due to flooding and changes in the river course. Houses were usually flat-roofed structures with woven cane or wattle and daub walls. House clusters shared ramadas, or unwalled, roofed patios that provided a ventilated and shaded space for food preparation, lounging, and sleeping.
More on rancheria from Fact Monster:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: North American indigenous peoples, Culture


text: Non-discrimination is a recognized objective in algorithmic decision making. In this paper, we introduce a novel probabilistic formulation of data pre-processing for reducing discrimination. We propose a convex optimization for learning a data transformation with three goals: controlling discrimination, limiting distortion in individual data samples, and preserving utility. We characterize the impact of limited sample size in accomplishing this objective. Two instances of the proposed optimization are applied to datasets, including one on real-world criminal recidivism. Results show that discrimination can be greatly reduced at a small cost in classification accuracy.


Simple not simple
by Moshe Katz
Israeli Krav International
August 28, 2020, Israel
Simple, what a simple word. I use it in many languages to describe our techniques; facil, Semplice, einfach, gemakkelijk, Prosto...but I have come to understand that few things in life are simple.
It is simple to walk, for most, yes, for many no. I recall a brilliant kid, name was Sheah, brilliant, he could figure out any math problem in his head, he could memorize a phone book, yes, literally, but he could not figure out how to walk, his legs kept getting messed up. As a result he never made it to class on time. An older person, the brain is giving a command, but the body does not find the balance. A child learning to walk, it is not so simple for many.
A simple computer issue, a simple Smart phone issue, half of us will lose our minds before figuring out that we are perhaps not as smart as the phone, these phones and computers are not so simple for many of us. I found the simple life ain't so simple when I jumped out on that road.
Some of the most challenging things in life are simple, but yet challenging. And sometimes our lives depend upon it.
In our next lesson we will work on Knife Attacks, the simple ones, the standard ones, the ones we all "Know" and think we do not need to practice. Why will we be reviewing them? because twice this week Arabs used them against our people here, one rabbi is dead, another is in grave danger. Simple is not so simple. If you think you know it, then I cannot be your teacher. You already know it all yourself. You don't need me.
The move itself is fairly simple, and if you have a fair degree of coordination, which many do not, you will learn it quite quickly, perhaps in a few minutes. Others will struggle with it for a week or two, others who have other ideas in their heads will struggle longer until they are able to empty their cup and make room for something new. We are using our IKI Universal Block which has proven itself in many real life encounters of the too close kind.
Why is it not so simple? If you can learn it quickly in class then it should be simple in real life as well?
The answer is there is much more to take into account, much more. In the moment of truth there is shock, disbelief, I can't believe this is actually happening to me, there is a lack of ability for our brains to process this, most of us are not combat veterans. There is a great deal for us to learn besides the physical aspects of self defense. At IKI we address these issues, and they are built into every technique and every lesson.
Join us!
Start Your Real Training Today
Or is someone coming to save you?
DVDs from Israel
Tour and Train Israel Experience
IKI Membership Options.
Krav Maga Certification
Krav Maga Instructors
Krav Maga Seminars
Books by Moshe Katz


Skip to navigation | Skip to content
Urine in swimming pool
Have you ever worried about the secret tracer chemical in swimming pools, the one that turns bright red when you pee in the pool?
Have you ever worried about the Secret Tracer Chemical in swimming pools - the one that turns bright red when you pee in the pool? Orson Welles (the original voice of the "War of the Worlds" radio broadcast and the face of the "Citizen Kane" guy) reckoned that he had some of this chemical in his pool. According to him, only "the nicest, cleanest, most respectable people" would wee in the water. But there's no such chemical.
In nature, clean water pools seem to exist without any effort at all. But it takes a lot of science to replicate this, and have a swimming pool with water that is pleasant and free of germs. Professor Ben Selinger devotes a whole chapter to this in his book, Chemistry in the Marketplace. Chlorine is a cheap and very effective chemical to kill various nasties in your swimming pool. Once in the water, it immediately splits into hypochlorous acid (very quick at killing bacteria) and hypochlorite ions (very slow at killing bacteria). What the hypochlorite ions can do quickly is fade your swimming cossie, so you should rinse it immediately after leaving the pool.
Some of the Swimming Pool Science is exactly the opposite of what you would expect. For example, people often sniff the air at their local swimming pool, and then confidently proclaim, "There's too much chlorine in the water, I can smell it." The truth is the exact opposite - there's not enough chlorine!
The chemistry runs like this. There's organic nitrogen in the water, which came from urine, sweat, dead insects, bacteria, etc. This organic nitrogen has used up all the chlorine in the hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ions, and so there's no chlorine left. The chlorine and the nitrogen have combined together to make a class of chemicals called "chloramines" - which is what you are smelling. And the cure? Add more chlorine, and after a while, the smell goes away.
Now this sounds weird, so let me explain it. After all, how can it be that if you have a chlorine-like smell coming out of your pool, you can fix it by adding more chlorine?
You see, chlorine goes through a few chemical stages in destroying (or burning) the nasty organics. It firstly forms monochloramine, then dichloramine, then trichloramine and runs through a few more steps before ending up at nitrogen gas, or nitrates. Now it's the volatile trichloramine (in the middle of these chemical reactions) that has the supposed "chlorine" smell. If there's not enough chlorine, the reaction gets stuck at one of the chloramine stages. So when you add more chlorine, you push the reaction along out of the trichloramine stage - and the smell goes away.
So, is there a chemical that can be added to swimming pools, to change colour and mark out naughty people who wee in the water? According to Prof. Selinger, almost certainly not. Urine is made from water, inorganic salts, urea, creatinine, ammonia, catecholamines, allantoin and the breakdown products of red blood cells, which give it its yellowish colour. There are also many other chemicals in varying ratios, depending on your health and many other factors. Which one of these many chemicals will you choose to react with? If a chemical can react to urine, it might also react to your sweat. This is such a difficult problem, that it seems that nobody has tried to solve it.
And if such a chemical did really exist, surely cheeky kids would urinate while swimming past other kids, to put the blame onto them.
Maybe the only cure for the urine-pool problem is that used by the Preppy Pup Country Club in New Jersey. It's their very first day care centre catering exclusively for dogs. The rule is plainly posted, for all dogs to read, "Welcome to our ool. Notice that there's no P in it. Please keep it that way."
Tags: biology, chemistry, pseudoscience, weird-and-wonderful
^ to top
Published 23 November 2006
© 2014 Karl S. Kruszelnicki Pty Ltd


apache > cocoon
Cocoon Source Resolving
Differences between Cocoon and Avalon Excalibur Source Resolving
This story tries to list the changes between the two source resolving approaches. Originally, the source resolving was developed in the Cocoon community. As the community recognized that it had a more common value, the source resolving was donated to the Avalon Excalibur project and there it was refined and redesigned. Now the way back takes place by reintegrating the Avalon Excalibur Source Resolving into Cocoon and deprecating the now obsolete Cocoon Source Resolving.
The Interfaces
Besides the package names the main difference is that the Cocoon Source object is XMLizable, that means it can directly send SAX events. The AE Source object is not XMLizable, which is more correct as a protocol only describes the way of transport but not the format of the data which is transfered. Therefore it provides a getMimeType() method.
The Cocoon Source object returns a last modified time stamp which is very limiting. For example a source could have an expires date or something like that. The AE Source returns a validity object which is capable of all these validity checkings. So the information used for validity checking is provided by the source object and not maintained by the client of the source as it is currently in Cocoon.
As we in Cocoonland are dealing a lot with XML, a Source implementation can still implement the XMLizable Interface (from AE and not from Cocoon!) to directly provide SAX events. The Cocoon SourceUtil class has a method toSAX() which gets a Source object and tests if it implements the XMLizable interface. If not the new AE XMLizer is used which is a component that can convert an input stream with a given mime-type to SAX events. This component is configurable and extensible.


text:
A normal ResultSet data isn't retrieved until you do the next call. The ResultSet isn't a memory table, it's a cursor. Suppose the problem sorted out for the less than 1 lack records. but how to get more than that count??
how many is "1 lack"? I'm sort of familiar with "lakhs", which I assue is what you mean. However, if you write in terms that everyone will understand, eg. in 100.000 records, you'll probably get better responses.
You might be interested in the setFetchSize() method of the Statement class. This allows you to set number of rows that will be retrieved from the database in one call. Setting it to a value of about 100 migth be a good idea. I wouldn't set it too high, though. What we want is to establish a nice flow from the database to the client in chunks that can be easily processed.
Also check the performance of your SQL query. If you read all data from a single table, not much can be done to speed things up (depending on your database), but if the data are produced using a more complicated query, there might be ample space for improvements.
Apart from this, at least three more things can be done to speed things up:
1) Retrieve columns from the resultset by their position, not by name. It saves the translation from name to column position for every access.
2) Avoid creation of objects if possible. If you're reading ints from the database just to write them to a file, don't convert them to Integers. Nulls have to be handled separately in this case, however it can save substantial processing time (my own experience).
3) If the processing of obtained records takes some time, think about using producer-consumer desing pattern. You'd have one thread to extract the data from the resultset as quick as possible and then call the next() method, while another thread would process the data. That way you could be able to crunch the data (eg. format them and write to the file) while next batch is being retrieved from the database. Some fine-tuning with respect to the fetch size and queue size will be necessary. However this is quite a lot of work, so I'd probably not choose this path unless I was really desperate.
Nothing "happens to them" (whatever you meant by that). You get them in the normal way by reading them from the ResultSet. Have another look at the API documentation for the setFetchSize method as I think you may have misunderstood it.
Any sufficiently advanced technology will be used as a cat toy. And this tiny ad contains a very small cat:
Free, earth friendly heat - from the CodeRanch trailboss


text:
Health With a Capital H
Seven Guidelines to Great Public Health Mobile Messaging
May 21, 2012
Contributed by Matt Grzeskiewicz, Digital Strategist
As of February of this year, almost half the people in the United States owned smartphones. If a health professional wants to use mobile technology to reach people, what are the steps? How can mobile health messaging foster changes in behavior?
In "Motivating Change with Mobile: Seven Guidelines," clinical psychologist and researcher Margaret E. Morris discusses how health professionals can use smartphones and mobile apps to encourage healthy behaviors now and in the future. The following are Morris' seven guidelines for the successful use of mobile messaging:
Remind people of their goals.
People make healthy lifestyle change because of something they value, such as work, family, hobbies, or relationships. Successful mobile health messaging links healthful behaviors to these values. Remind people why they quit smoking with positive messages such as, "You decided to quit because it will help you manage your blood pressure and spend more time with your grandchildren."
Become a personal "health coach."
An effective mobile health app creates a "therapist/patient" bond between the user and the health communicator by way of the mobile device. The best call-to-action messages use communal words such as, "Let's figure out what's causing your weight gain," and avoid language like, "You're gaining weight. Answer this survey to find out why."
Build healthful habits using social influence.
If possible, capitalize on the user's personal data to reference a specific peer group, and supply messages that speak to desirable behavior. For example, "You exercised once last week. Eighty percent of women your age exercise five times per week." This works better than, "You exercised once last week. Sedentary women your age have 10 times the risk of diabetes."
Show people what they could lose.
Long-term health investments are often undervalued when compared to instant gratification. Show the problems that can arise from "one-time" health lapses, and mention the possible long-term effects. For instance, "Don't jeopardize your progress. High salt intake can lead to weight gain, difficulty breathing, and loss of mobility."
Put the message where it really counts.
Provide a reminder as close to the time and place of the target activity as possible. Statements like, "Consider these alternatives to fast food," or "Chop extra vegetables for lunch tomorrow!" can guide people at the moment of meal choice or preparation.
Raise emotional awareness.
Emotions play a strong role in motivation. For instance, a person who is feeling stressed may want to ignore a personal nutrition goal and grab comfort food instead. A mobile campaign can check in on the user's mood and help prevent potential behavior lapses.
Users may stray from their goals because of lack of planning. Instead of addressing the lapse in a negative way, reframe the challenge with sensible solutions for the future. "Next time, plan ahead to pack a healthy lunch!"
Every day, mobile apps and smartphones are more integrated in our lives. If health professionals can use these simple steps to strategize mobile health messaging campaigns, they can ride the wave of new technology to help people live healthier, happier lives.
For examples of the work we've done using mobile technology, see the My Dietary Supplements mobile app and the NIDA mobile website. And if you haven't heard of it by now, check out the Text4Baby movement. How are you thinking about going mobile? Which of these guidelines would help bolster your message?


Take the 2-minute tour ×
This question is a generalization of an example provided in Absolute continuous family of measures.
Consider a metric space $(X,\rho)$ with a Borel $\sigma$-algebra $\mathcal B(X)$. Consider a family of probability measures $K:X\times \mathcal B(X)\to[0,1]$ such that
 1. $x\mapsto K(x,B)$ is a measurable function for each $B\in\mathcal B(X)$ and
 2. $B\mapsto K(x,B)$ is a probability measure on $(X,\mathcal B(X)).$
When does exist such a measure $\mu$ such that $\mu(\cdot)\gg K(x,\cdot)$ for each $x\in X$ and $$ \xi(x,y):=\frac{\mathrm dK(x,\cdot)}{\mathrm d \mu(\cdot)} $$ is a continuous/Lipschitz continuous function?
First thoughts are the following: necessary conditions are continuity of $K(x,B)$ for each bounded $B$ (for the continuity of $\xi$) and Lipschitz continuity of $K(x,B')$ for each $B'$ s.t. $\mu(B')<\infty$ (for the Lipschitz continuity of $\xi$). However, the last one is using the measure $\mu$ which we can also choose.
share|improve this question
well, yes: the zero measure. – Mark Aug 11 '11 at 11:03
Your Answer
Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.


text:
Daniel Hale Williams - Introduction:
African American Doctor Daniel Hale Williams is credited with having performed open heart surgery on July 9, 1893 before such surgeries were established. In 1913, Daniel Hale Williams Williams was the only African American member of the American College of Surgeons.
Daniel Hale Williams - Famous Operation:
Daniel Hale Williams successfully operated on James Cornish, the victim of a knifing. The operation was considered at the time a ground-breaking. The doctor opened the patient's chest revealing a beating heart to stitch a small wound in the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart.
Daniel Hales Williams - Other Achievements:
Daniel Hales Williams utilized many of the emerging antiseptic, sterilization procedures of the day and thereby gained a reputation for professionalism. The doctor began his medical practice in Chicago at a time when there were only three other black physicians. In 1891, in Chicago, Daniel Hales Williams founded Provident, the first American interracial hospital. Provident hosted the first nursing school for blacks in America.
Daniel Hales Williams - Background:
Daniel Hales Williams was born in Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania on January 18,1858. He graduated from Chicago Medical College in 1883. Daniel Hales Williams and Alice Johnson were wed on April 2, 1898. He died on August 4, 1931, in Idlewild, Michigan.


text:
Purdue University researchers who set up cameras in fields to catch wild animals in the act of gobbling up crops found that deer and raccoons -- not wild turkeys, as many farmers believe -- are the greediest crop-raiders.
After two years of field work, the Purdue team vindicated turkeys by showing that deer and raccoons caused 95 percent of the damage in the fields surveyed. Squirrels, groundhogs and other species, but not turkeys, inflicted the remaining damage.
The researchers staked out fields, using infrared cameras during their nighttime surveillance to catch the animals in action.
Those cameras revealed largely nocturnal deer and raccoons gorging in the darkness, their mouths stuffed with leaves, soybeans or corn, said Gene Rhodes, a Purdue professor of wildlife ecology.
Many farmers have long believed that turkeys, which are active during daylight hours and feed in flocks, were the critters eating and damaging their crops.
But during the two growing seasons surveyed, not a single incident of crop damage by turkeys was found. Because the plump birds arrived at the scene hours after night-feeding deer and raccoons had fled, they were accused of guilt by association.
''Turkeys are a highly visible species and sometimes it's hard to match perception with reality,'' Rhodes said Thursday. ''When you see them in the fields sometimes you assume they're the ones doing the damage.''
He said turkeys' impact on farm fields is small, with the birds mainly snapping up waste grain and insects.
Rhodes and his cohort, Purdue Extension wildlife specialist Brian MacGowan, hope their ongoing work can pinpoint the unique signature of crop damage caused by deer, raccoons and other animals to help farmers determine which species is to blame.
Eventually, their research might lead to wildlife educational programs for farmers and landowners and more effective ways of combatting wildlife-related crop losses that exceed more than $4.5 billion per year in the United States.
Among the 529 north-central Indiana farmers participating in the Purdue study, 82 percent reported some wildlife damage to crops -- such as plants shorn of leaves, toppled or stripped of bean pods or ears of corn.
MacGowan, who spent many nights in fields monitoring wildlife activity, recalls the noise several raccoons made raiding one cornfield, climbing and toppling corn plants.
''There were times when they were all around me, some of them I couldn't even see but just from the noises of the plants being knocked over I could tell where they were,'' he said.
As part of the research, the Purdue team outfitted deer, raccoons and turkeys with transmitters to track their movements. That information is being plotted, along with crop damage estimates, on a detailed digital map spanning 450 square miles.
''We'll ultimately be able to put those two things together and figure out how much time turkeys, deer and raccoons spend in fields, relative to how much damage occurs,'' Rhodes said. ''We hope to determine if there are certain configurations of the landscape or the fields that lead to more or less damage.''
The research was funded in part by the National Wild Turkey Federation, a supporter of scientific studies of the management of wild turkey, which in recent years have become increasingly common in the nation's agricultural areas.


text:
US Maps »
Pennsylvania Map Collection
Pennsylvania County Map:
This map shows Pennsylvania's 67 counties. Also available is a detailed Pennsylvania County Map with county seat cities.
Map of Pennsylvania Cities:
This map shows many of Pennsylvania's important cities and most important roads. Important north - south routes include: Interstate 79, Interstate 81 and Interstate 83. Important east - west routes include: Interstate 70, Interstate 76, Interstate 80, Interstate 84 and Interstate 90.
We also have a more detailed Map of Pennsylvania Cities.
Pennsylvania Physical Map:
This Pennsylvania shaded relief map shows the major physical features of the state. For other nice views of the state see Pennsylvania Satellite image, Pennsylvania wall map or the Pennsylvania map by google.
Pennsylvania Rivers Map:
This map shows the major streams and rivers of Pennsylvania and some of the larger lakes. The state's drainage systems are separated by the Eastern Continental Divide and the St. Lawrence Seaway Divide. The eastern and central parts of the state are within the Atlantic Ocean Watershed. Within this watershed the Susquehanna River drains much of Pennsylvania and enters Chesapeake Bay while the Delaware River forms the eastern boundary of Pennsylvania and drains into Delaware Bay. Small portions of Erie and Potter Counties drain into Lake Erie and are in the St. Lawrence Watershed. The remainder of the state is in the Mississippi River Watershed. One of five North American Triple Points is located in Pennsylvania. An unnamed hill in Potter County is the intersection of Eastern Continental Divide and the St. Lawrence Seaway Divide. Most of these lakes and streams can be clearly seen on the Pennsylvania Satellite Image. We also have a page about Pennsylvania water resources.
Pennsylvania Elevation Map:
This is a generalized topographic map of Pennsylvania. It shows elevation trends across the state. Detailed topographic maps and aerial photos of Pennsylvania are available in the Geology.com store. See our state high points map to learn about Mt. Davis at 3,213 feet - the highest point in Pennsylvania. The lowest point is the Delaware River at Sea Level. Learn about Pennsylvania geology.
|Copyright information: The maps on this page were composed by Brad Cole of Geology.com. These maps are copyright by Geology.com and may not be used beyond our websites. If you want to share these maps with others please link to this page. They were created using data licensed from and copyright by Map Resources.


text: This paper explores the science and politics of counting excess Iraqi civilian casualties of the 2003 US-led invasion of Iraq. The exact number of Iraqi civilian deaths as a result of the war is not known, and perhaps will never be known. The deaths of nearly one million Iraqi civilians remain disputed by governments and non-governmental organizations worldwide. The first part of this paper analyzes the reasons behind this dispute, and argues that the counting of excess Iraqi civilian casualties has not been treated as an unbiased scientific endeavor, but rather, as a means of reinforcing political agendas. The dispute over deaths is further adding to the injustice already experienced by the Iraqi people. Therefore, the second part of this paper calls for greater accountability by states to civilian populations during war to prevent a repeat of such injustice from occurring to civilian populations of future wars. The aim of this paper is not to provide practical suggestions for improving counting methodologies. Rather, this paper takes a broader view of the issue and calls for greater accountability by the US and its allies is response to Iraqi civilian deaths as a result of the 2003 invasion.


text:
Full disclosure: This post contains affiliate links.?
Benny and Elizabeth chat with Mark Pentleton about how he started the Coffee Break language podcasts and how his role shifted from language teacher to language learner.
Mentioned in this Episode
Some of the topics brought up during the interview are:
- Starting and developing Coffee Break language podcasts
- Moving from teacher to learner on the podcast
- Helping his children learn languages at home
- How students can overcome the intermediate plateau
- Having patience and avoiding comparison with others
- The opportunities that come from speaking languages
- How to view mistakes and be resilient
- How Mark found and built the Coffee Break team
Podcast theme: "A New Beginning" by Shannon Kennedy


text:
The study, conducted by researchers at Johns Hopkins University, examined medical records from over 20,000 transplant patients identified as black, white, Hispanic or Asian and found that survival rates were the same for race-matched and mismatched donors up to one year after the procedure.
This evidence suggests that donor–recipient race matching will not improve transplant success in the short term, but it fails to explain long term differences in survival of African-American transplant recipients. Five years after heart transplant surgery African-American patients have a survival rate of 65% compared with nearly 72% for Hispanics and 75% for whites.
The same gap exists when patients were followed for 10 years after a heart transplant. The likelihood that an African-American transplant recipient will survive for 10 years after surgery is 10.8% and 11.4% lower than rates seen in Hispanics and whites respectively.
While race-matching was ruled out as a root cause for short-term survival differences, other factors including health insurance, education, hypertension, gender mismatch and donor tissue antigen mismatch may play a role.
Great article on health disparities at Newsweek.com
For more info see:
|I HEART DONORS.mp3||1.3 MB|


MySQL Workbench 6.1
 All Classes Namespaces Files Functions Variables Typedefs Enumerations Enumerator Macros Pages
MForms - mini forms library
MForms is a small GUI toolkit library written for use in the MySQL Workbench project. It is small and cross-platform, while providing access to fully native controls (through.NET in Windows, GTK in Linux and Cocoa in MacOSX). It is not meant to be a full-fledged control library, but instead a light-weight and simple library that allows writing simple forms that will work in any supported platform. It is used by Workbench in some specific parts where the UI requirements are not very complex, such as in wizards, simple confirmation dialogs and the Administrator feature. The library is written in C++, but a Python wrapper is available, making it possible to easily write cross-platform plugins with simple to moderately complex GUIs.
Because each platform has widgets of different sizes, with different layout characteristics, using absolute coordinates and sizes for layouting would not work very well. A dialog written in Windows containing text and a couple of buttons could look fine in the OS where it was written in, but would look cluttered and probably too small on Mac OS X. To work around that, MForms uses dynamic layouting containers instead of static coordinates to place and size controls, similar to what GTK uses. Basically, there are several types of containers where you can place one or more controls inside, each having a specific layouting behavior.
 - Form - A top level window which can contain a single control (usually another container). The window will be sized automatically to fit its contents, but can also be set to a size by hand.
 - Box - A container that can be filled with one or more controls in a vertical or horizontal layout. Each child control can be set to either use only the minimal space required by it or to fill up all space available in the box in the direction of the layout. In the direction perpendicular to the layout (ie vertical in a horizontal box and vice-versa), the smallest possible size that can accommodate all child controls will be applied to all its contents.
 - Table - A container that can organize one or more controls in a grid. You may set the number of rows and columns in the table and place your controls in specific cells of that grid.
 - ScrollView - A container that can contain a single other control and will add scrollbars if the contents don't fit the available space.
MySQL Workbench 6.1 documentation


text:
Drinking Water, Fully Characterized
MANTECH's revolutionary peCOD Analyzer technology measures the chemical reactivity and associated oxidative changes in Natural Organic Matter (NOM). As a result it is more sensitive than Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and UV254 to changing NOM concentrations in source and treated drinking waters.
Follows ASTM International approved method D8084
Download PeCOD Pro™ Software for Benchtop L100
peCOD is the fastest available method for quantifying oxygen demand (OD), providing operators with real time data needed to make timely, impactful decisions that enhance environmental protection while generating substantial savings on chemical and energy use. It offers a low detection limit (< 1 mg/L) with results generated in less than 10 minutes.
peCOD offers a safe, fast and green chemistry method that can be used by anyone. This eliminates the need for trained analytical chemists on staff or an external lab facility
The core of the technology is the peCOD sensor, which consists of a UV-activated nanoparticle TiO2 (titanium dioxide) photocatalyst coupled to an external circuit. When a sample is introduced into the microcell containing the peCOD sensor, the TiO2 is irradiated by UV light, and a potential bias is applied. The UV light creates a photohole in the TiO2 sensor with a very high oxidizing power and organics in the cell are oxidized. peCOD is extremely accurate across a broad range of organics. The powerful oxidizing potential of UV-illuminated TiO2 ensures that virtually all species will be fully oxidized giving a true measure of OD.
The peCOD Analyzer is available in a variety of configurations that use the same innovative technology and method. peCOD combines robust performance and flexibility to suit the needs of your laboratory or process operations.
Models and Specifications
MANTECH is excited to announce that the release of the peCOD L50 Model! See here for more details.
The L50 is a direct replacement for the L100 shown in previous videos and pictures. The L50 offers a simpler, industrial and robust design, with improved pricing over the L100. Contact us for more information.
The peCOD Analyzer is available in laboratory, portable and online configurations that are highly customizable. The peCOD system can be configured to accommodate laboratory operations, automated sampling, or continuous process monitoring.
The Benchtop L50 peCOD Analyzer is MANTECH's base model for use in municipal, government and academic lab settings.
- Small footprint (280 x 210 mm, 11.00 x 8.25 in)
- Lightweight (7 kg, 15.5 lb)
- MANTECH's PeCOD Pro™ software adds automation and a sleek user interface
- Can be upgraded to Automated or Online systems
The world's fastest method for oxygen demand (OD) analysis is also available in a portable field unit. Just add the battery and carrying case and OD can be measured in the field!
- Small footprint (508 x 355.6 x 609.6 mm, 20 x 14 x 24 in)
- Convenient case with wheels (weighs approximately 16 kg, 35 lb with analyzer & supplies)
- No sample digestion is required, making it a truly portable technique
- MANTECH's PeCOD Pro™ software adds automation and a sleek user interface
The Automated L100 peCOD Analyzer provides unattended analysis for a large number of samples.
- Unattended, continuous analysis of 73 samples
- System is pre-calibrated before the start of each work day
- Additional parameters can be added on, including pH, EC, alkalinity, BOD and turbidity
The Online L100 peCOD Analyzer will automatically grab samples from a low flow line or water tank, at scheduled time intervals.
- Save time and money through process optimization with real time OD results
- Option to add automated pH adjustment and dilutions
- Additional parameters can be added on, including pH, conductivity, alkalinity, and ammonia
Case Studies and Resources
Frequently Asked Questions
OD (Oxygen Demand) measures the chemical reactivity of organics by the demand for oxygen, as shown in the diagram below. It can be used as an additional tool in the characterization of NOM (Natural Organic Matter) to predict DBP (Disinfection by-product) formation. This metric also allows for rapid feedback and optimization of coagulation and disinfection dose requirements.
The PeCOD Analyzer performs advanced oxidation on a small volume of sample. As the reaction proceeds, electrical charge is generated proportional to the oxygen being consumed. The PeCOD analyzer captures this generated charge, plotting the output current from the reaction over time as shown below. The area under the curve generated by plotting current over time is proportional to the oxygen demand of the sample. A blank charge is also determined for each sample, and subtracted from the total charge to ensure accuracy.
View the detailed overview of PeCOD technology and calculations here.
Natural organic matter (NOM) is a critical target for drinking water treatment because it causes a negative effect on water quality by color, taste and odor, and can react with disinfectants to form disinfection by-products (DBP). There are several tools for measuring NOM in source and ground water that include total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), UV absorbance at 254 nm (UV254), specific UV absorbance (SUVA), and chemical oxygen demand (COD).
UV254 is a water quality test which uses ultraviolet light of 254nm wavelength to measure natural organic matter in water and wastewater.
THMs (trihalomethanes) are disinfection by-products (DBP's) formed when residual chlorine reacts with elevated levels of naturally occurring organic matter found in water. THMs are present in most drinking water supplies and are dependent on several factors such as type of organic material present and chlorine dosage.
TOC (Total Organic Carbon) is the amount of carbon based organic contaminants in a water system. TOC does not identify each specific organic contaminant present, but rather an absolute quantity of all carbon-bearing molecules. In other words, TOC is a way to measure organic contaminants that may pose a threat to drinking water or wastewater systems.
The primary driver of the peCOD method chemistry is advanced oxidation induced by photocatalysis with Titanium Dioxide (TiO2). Pure TiO2 is only photoactive at wavelengths below 380 nm. This is because a certain amount of light energy is required to bump the electrons around and cause the behaviours that we associate with photocatalysis. The UV LED in the PeCOD® COD Analyzer operates at a peak wavelength of 365 nm, with a minimum 360 nm and maximum 370 nm, ensuring that efficient photocatalysis is achieved.
A common benefit of peCOD implementation for this application is optimization of coagulant dosing.
The traditional method up to this point has been consistent dosing based on laboratory testing results (jar testing is a very common method of developing coagulant dosing requirements). They then increase their dosing for events that they know to cause NOM spikes. The problem is they often don't know the extent of the NOM spikes, so they increase their dosing to what has been deemed as 'enough'. More often than not this is over-dosing, not really causing downstream issues but incurring more cost than is needed for these events. However, when the extra dose is not enough and they under-dose, NOM gets through and reacts with the disinfection chemicals creating DBPs.
The missing ingredient is knowing when these NOM spikes occur, and to what extent. The events could be anything from seasonal variation based on climate to rapid spikes from storm events, but the benefit of knowing is the same. Plants that have enough funding to do so monitor UV and TOC online, however research has shown that this is not enough. peCOD is another piece of the NOM puzzle and is truly the more important measure when looking at how NOM will react and be affected by treatment. If you know the COD of the NOM coming in and can match it to known dosing requirements, you minimize the possibility of DBPs forming.
The speed and ease of use of the peCOD is also key here, you are placing this knowledge directly in the operators' hands, rather than having it be a result they wait to get back from an external lab. When they can truly understand the technology and it's value, it has a secondary effect of getting them more involved with optimizing the treatment processes. We see with numerous cases (mostly in WWTPs at this point) this occurring, where they get the peCOD for measuring one or two points then realizing the benefit it can have through monitoring their whole plant.
pH Range: 4.0 – 10.0 (after mixing with electrolyte)
The peCOD method requires that the pH of a sample AFTER being mixed with electrolyte must be between 4 – 10. To determine if a sample must be pH-adjusted, mix the sample with peCOD electrolyte at the proper mixing ratio for your COD range, then test the pH of the mixture.
For example, the sample may have a pH of 3.0, but then after preparing with electrolyte, the pH is in the required range, therefore, it is acceptable for immediate peCOD measurement.
Samples must be filtered prior to peCOD analysis to ensure that no particulates greater than 50 micron (um) are primed into the peCOD. Particulates larger than 50um can cause clogging, which can lead to damage of the internal fluidics of the machine. To prevent clogging and ensure proper sample preparation, MANTECH has a Sample Filtering Guide for PeCOD Analysis.
For pulp and paper and wastewater applications, MANTECH recommends using a 35um polyethylene (PE


text:
Also known as Toy Theater, Paper Theater, or Juvenile Drama, this unique form of puppetry originated in England around 1811. Throughout its history, Model Theater has attracted many famous collectors including Robert Louis Stevenson, Charlie Chaplin, Hans Christian Anderson, Winston Churchill, and Charles Dickens. Philadelphia's legendary city planner Edmund Bacon is also an avid collector of model theaters. In "Cinderella," he has taken traditional collecting a step further and created his own delightfully charming production.
Before radio, television, and cinema, children in Edwardian England spent a great deal of time making and performing their own toy theater productions. Today, this art form is not very well known, especially in the United States. This exhibition features six recreated scenes from Edmund Bacon's production of Cinderella and the recorded performance in its entirety.


The Ionic Toothbrush
How does it compare with a sonic or power brush?
A clinical meta-analysis of oscillating brushes (power and sonic) found that only certain types remove significantly more plaque than a manual toothbrush. And even then, the amount of plaque removed was only up to 11% more than a manual brush.
Research on the Ionic toothbrush showed that it removes up to 48% more plaque than a manual toothbrush. The Ionic toothbrush works on a different principle to other toothbrushes, making it extremely effective, even in hard-to-reach areas of the mouth
How does it remove plaque?
As dentists know, teeth normally have a negative polarity while plaque has an opposite or positive polarity. This is why plaque clings to your teeth.
The Ionic toothbrush from Dr. Tung's breaks this ionic bond by temporarily reversing the polarity of tooth surfaces as you brush. The plaque molecules are then repelled by the teeth and drawn to the negatively polarized bristles of the IONIC toothbrush.
Is the IONIC toothbrush Clinically Proven?
Yes. There have been many studies demonstrating the effectiveness of the IONIC toothbrush. One important study at Marquette University School of Dentistry showed a very significant 36.17% reduction in plaque. This was up to 48% MORE effective than a manual toothbrush. The same study showed a big improvement in gingival health - up to 51% - for the IONIC toothbrush group.
Plaque scores were determined using the Turesky-Gilmore-Glickman Index. Likewise, gingival indices were determined using the Loe Silness Gingival Inflammation Index. Other studies in both Japan and the USA have shown similar improvements in plaque scores, as well as improvements in dental hypersensitivity.
How do I test the battery?
The power cell lasts up to two years with normal use. It is easy to test the battery on our new Ionic toothbrush with integrated battery tester!
 1. Push button. Red light indicates that the battery has power and is working properly.
 2. If the light does not go on when testing, it is time to order a new IONIC toothbrush set.
 1. We recommend testing the battery monthly.
 2. The light does NOT go on when USING the toothbrush.
Do I need to use toothpaste?
You can use the Ionic toothbrush with or without toothpaste since the cleaning action occurs through ionic action - reversing polarity to make teeth repel plaque - and not merely through the mechanical scrubbing action as occurs with other toothbrushes. (You have to use an abrasive like toothpaste with other toothbrushes to help with the mechanical cleaning, as with scrubbing a floor.)
The Ionic toothbrush on the other hand, makes teeth repel plaque and also attracts plaque to the toothbrush head, both due to Ionic technology. This means you do not have to brush so hard, which is better for the gums. You do need some fluid for the ionic effect to work - this can be water (a wet toothbrush head) or toothpaste, as per your preference.
What is your warranty on the toothbrush?
Dr. Tung's Products warrants the IONIC toothbrush for one year from the purchase date against all defects in manufacturing, workmanship and power source failure. If within one year of date of purchase, this product fails to function because of defects in materials or workmanship, it can be returned for replacement.
 1. All returns require a return authorization number (RMA) or will not be accepted.
 2. Returns must include a copy of the original invoice from, plus an RMA number, which can be obtained by simply emailing us at
 3. Items purchased at a retail store, third-party website or International location should be returned to that store/website under that company's standard returns policy.
 4. Replacement items will ONLY BE SHIPPED TO USA OR CANADIAN ADDRESSES. We DO NOT ship to any other countries.
How do I care for my IONIC toothbrush?
 - After brushing, rinse and dry your Ionic Toothbrush and store in a dry place. (If your toothbrush lies in water / moisture, this will reduce the battery life and will void the warranty)
 - It is preferable to store your toothbrush away from metal surfaces.
 - Remove the brush head occasionally to rinse off toothpaste residue.
Note: If you cannot easily remove the brush head, toothpaste residue build up on the metal rod may be the issue. You can loosen this residue by soaking your Ionic Toothbrush in hot water for 2 - 3 minutes. Once you've soaked your toothbrush, you should more easily be able to remove the brush head. You can help prevent this from happening in the future by removing the brush head every 3 - 4 weeks and wiping off any accumulated build-up.
Need Help?
Product added to wishlist
Product added to compare.
Read more


text:
I'm still pretty new to GLGraphics and I just wanted to ask what the best way to create a semi-transparent shape was. I have rendered a sphere based on the globe example, but need to be able to see through it to an extent.
Should I then just apply colours with an alpha value to each vertex, or do I need to use a sprite or texture or something which is semitransparent? I'm after a very basic example or explanation. This sphere must be a GLModel.
And then how should I combine rendering that sphere with rendering other lines/point/shape GLModels which surround the sphere which may or may not be semi-transparent themselves? Blending modes and depth masking etc
hi, you can either use a semitransparent texture for your model, or set the alpha value of its vertices. Both approaches should give you same visual results.
The problem with semi-transparent geometry is that, unless you depth-sort it every frame to make sure that the closest faces to the camera are drawn first, then you will get artifacts due to the alpha blending. A cheap trick to take care of these artifacts somewhat is to disable the depth mask when drawing your semi-transparent model:
although there might be better ways of doing this.
Is there another way to depth sort things? I've disabled the depth mask, however the problem I'm getting is that it doesn't seem to depth sort by vertex, but it depth sorts by GLModel's overall position (or something similar). So I'm getting this:
the geography GLModel has a slightly larger radius here to show the sphere (which is inside the geography, consdering the cartesian coordinates of all of the vertices) is blocking everything inside, in front of and behind it. You can then see a ring of unobscured geography lines around the outside. I should be seeing the geography on the back side of the planet, but much more faintly, while the geography on the front should be solid untransparent white.
Is there a way around this problem? The red dots, the geography and the sphere are all GLModels, but the meridian lines are drawn with arc().
By disabling the depth mask you are not doing depth sorting, but simply stopping to write to the depth buffer. The consequence of this, the way I understand it, is that a piece of semi-transparent geometry that is in the back of the view and gets drawn last will be still alpha blended with the things that are in the front (and drawn first) because the former is not occluded by the later (since the depth information is not being recorded).
Do you want the entire surface of the earth globe to be semi-transparent, or only the area that corresponds to the oceans?
Ok that completely explains the results I am getting, thanks!
What I want to do is hopefully quite simple. The geography lines are completely opaque, but I want this'sphere' in the middle to be semi-transparent so that all of the lines on the far side of the earth appear faded out. Would it be better to test the position of each vertex for whether it is on the front or the back of the planet and then change its colour correspondingly, or is there a way to properly depth sort every vertex?
Leave a comment on rafe.copeland's reply
Change topic type
Link this topic
Provide the permalink of a topic that is related to this topic


text:
Further tips for reading journal articles
The information presented in every section of a journal article has a relationship to and is reflective of the information presented in every other section. The aims of the study, for example, will influence the design of the study.The methods used to collect data will dictate the types of results gained.The discussion section interprets the results gained in light of the aims of the study and the methodology used. Making predictions about and connections between the information that should be in one section based on your reading of another section is another way of increasing the efficiency of your reading. Making predictions and connections allows you to build up a holistic picture of the research being presented. It also allows you to skim read for confirmation of your predictions. A critical reading of a journal article will need to ensure that the connection between the information in each section of the journal article is apparent and logical.
© Copyright 2000
Comments and questions should
be directed _EMAIL_


text:
| < April >
|Normal Max/ High Temperature
|Min/ Low Temperature
|Average Sunlight per day
|Average Daylight per day
|Sunny (Cloudy) Daylight Hours
|Sun altitude at solar noon on the 21st day.
- The average temperature in Brighton, England in April is a little cool at 9 °C (48.2 °F).
- Afternoons can be quite mild with average high temperatures reaching 12 °C (53.6 °F).
- Overnight temperatures are generally cool with an average low of 6 °C (42.8 °F).
- In April the average diurnal temperature variation/ range is 6 °C (10.8 °F).
- The weather in April is slightly dry. Only 54mm (2.1in) of fluid is dumped.
- The skies in Brighton, England are slightly fair having on balance an unexceptional 5:27 of radiant sunshine daily.
- The shortest day is 12:51 long and the longest day is 14:41 long with an average length of 13:47.
- There are approximately 8:06 per day when bright sunshine is absent due to cloud, haze or the sun being too low on the horizon to register.
- It is sunny approximately 40.2% of daylight hours and cloudy 59.8% of daylight hours.
Check the distance to and compare the Brighton, England April averages with somewhere beginning with:
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | All
Weather Trend Graph for April in Brighton, England, Uk
Navigate to April Weather in Locations Surrounding Brighton, England:
- Birmingham, England, Uk - 216.1 kms (134.3 miles) NNW
- Lyneham, Uk - 150.4 kms (93.5 miles) WNW
- London, England, Uk - 73.4 kms (45.6 miles) N
- Cardiff, Wales, Uk - 237.1 kms (147.3 miles) WNW
- London-Gatwick, Uk - 42.9 kms (26.6 miles) N
- Bournemouth-Hurn, Uk - 119.7 kms (74.4 miles) W
- Jersey, Uk - 231.2 kms (143.7 miles) SW
- Caen, France - 183.4 kms (114 miles) S