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HOW IS THE RED CELL DISTRIBUTION WIDTH CALCULATED?
Electronic instruments are capable of analyzing the blood sample and detecting the pulses that are produced by red blood cells. The stronger the pulses are, the greater the red blood cells are in size. Likewise, the weaker the pulses are, the smaller the red blood cells are in size.
WHAT IS THE NORMAL LEVEL OF THE RED CELL DISTRIBUTION WIDTH?
The normal RDW level is 10.2 to 14.5%. It is important to keep in mind that the ranges mentioned above will be different depending on the machine used to do the blood test. Always use the normal range printed on the lab report to decide what range is normal.
"Where Medical Information is Easy to Understand"™
WHAT CAN CAUSE THE RED CELL DISTRIBUTION WIDTH TO BE TOO HIGH?
A high RDW (over 14.5%) means that the red blood cells vary a lot in size. There are many possible reasons why the RDW level can be too high. To determine what the possible cause of a high RDW level is, a comparison is made to the mean corpuscular volume (abbreviated MCV). The MCV is the average amount of space occupied by each red blood cell.
If both the RDW and MCV levels are increased, there are several possible causes. One possible cause is liver disease. The liver is the largest organ in the body and is responsible for filtering (removing) harmful chemical substances, producing important chemicals for the body, and other important functions. Another cause of high RDW & MCV levels is hemolytic anemia. Hemolytic anemia is a condition in which the red blood cells are destroyed earlier than they should be.
The RDW and MCV levels can both be increased if there is too little vitamin B12 or folic acid (a type of vitamin) in the body. A vitamin is one of a group of substances made up partly of carbon (an element) that are essential in small amounts for normal bodily functioning and chemical processes in the body to take place.
Another scenario is that the RDW level can be high, but the MCV level can be low. This can happen because of iron deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency anemia is a decrease in hemoglobin in the blood that is caused by an inadequate supply of iron. Hemoglobin is substance present in red blood cells that help carry oxygen to cells in the body. Iron is needed to make hemoglobin, which is why a decreased amount of iron leads to a decreased amount of hemoglobin.
Another cause of a high RDW level and a low MCV level is thalessemia intermedia. Thalessemia intermedia is another type of blood disorder in which there is impaired production of one or more of the elements that make up hemoglobin. If the red blood cells are fragmented (broken) into smaller parts, this can cause the RDW to be high and the MCV to be low. In this situation, the red blood cells vary in size when they are broke up (which is why the RDW level is high) but the cells do not take up much space (which is why the MCV level is low).
A final possibility is that the RDW level is increased and the MCV level is normal. This can be caused by the beginning stages of a decrease in vitamin B12 or folic acid (a type of vitamin) in the body. It can also be caused by the beginning stages of iron deficiency anemia, which was described two paragraphs ago.
WHAT CAN CAUSE RED CELL DISTRIBUTION WIDTH TO BE TOO LOW? A low RDW (below 10.2%) means that the red blood cells vary very little in size. One reason for a low RDW level is macrocytic anemia. Macrocytic anemia is a blood disorder in which not enough red blood cells are produced, but the ones that are present are large. Another cause of a low RDW level is microcytic anemia. Microcytic anemia is a condition in which abnormally small red blood cells are present. In these two disorders the red blood cells do not vary much in size because they are either all small or all large. This is what causes the RDW level to be low.


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YNGWIE MALMSTEEN: Biography, Guitars, and Pedals
Guitarists Shredders
Yngwie Malmsteen, is a renowned Swedish guitarist, member of the club known as " Shredders ", such as Joe Satriani, Steve Vai, or Eddie Van Halen, among others. The technique known as Shred began to be performed in the 80s, and it is mainly about the execution of passages with a high level of complexity, technique, and speed. We could call them the guitar jugglers.
Yngwie Malmsteen: Biography
The musical style of shredders is usually Heavy, but shredders may exist in other musical styles such as country, jazz-fusion, and blues.
Basically, if we are able to make continuous and complex phrases on the guitar, and at high speed, we become shredders.
Where the Shred technique is most often used is in instrumental themes in the style of Heavy Rock, Heavy Metal, or Neoclassical Metal. Precisely Yngwie Malmsteen was one of the most influential musicians in the creation of this subgenre of Metal known as Neoclassical Metal, although he was not the first. Malmsteen himself was inspired by the music of this style, which he was already beginning to perform by the group Deep Purple. Being this band the pioneer in compositions of this style.
Needing for its interpretation, a certain degree of virtuosity, and strong musical knowledge for the development of its composition.
Yngwie Malmsteen Biography
Lars Johan Yngwie Lannerbäck was born in Stockholm in 1963, and his interest in the electric guitar came to him when he was only 7 years old while he was watching a television program, which was about the death of Jimi Hendrix, and where some performances of the great guitarist were reproduced.
From that moment on, Yngwie became seriously interested in the electric guitar. Although he also became a great teacher with acoustic and Spanish guitar. Finding a calling that has kept you busy too this day.
Although Malmsteen was very given to playing the guitar with his teeth and breaking the guitar like Jimi, his greatest musical reference was not Hendrix, but Ritchie Blackmore, guitarist of Deep Purple. Spending long hours of his teens practicing with his music.
At the age of 15, he decided to abandon his studies to dedicate all his efforts to the guitar and music. His mother and sister, a talented flutist, recognized his musical gifts, and gave him their full support, making rapid progress thanks to his great dedication.
Yngwie and Classical Music
But not only did the guitar occupy his hours, but influenced by his sister, he studied classical music. Expanding his musical references to Bach, Beethoven, Vivaldi, or Mozart, managing to understand the most complex musical structures.
According to Malmsteen himself, when he was 16 his parents came to worry about him. Since he hardly ate, he left the house or saw his friends. For him, there was only music and guitar.
In his early adolescence, Yngwie, watching on television the performance of a work by the virtuoso violinist Niccolo Paganini, understood how to combine classical music with his skills as a guitarist. Adapting fingering techniques from the violin to the guitar, clearly defining his style. In fact, Yngwie Malmsteen is also known as the Paganini of the electric guitar.
Yngwie Malmsteen and the Scalloped Masts
In his youth, he worked for a time as a luthier in a guitar repair shop, where he learned about scalloped or scalloped necks, thanks to a lute with this characteristic. Intrigued by the result this quality could have on his music, Yngwie festooned the fretboard of an old guitar and was so impressed with the musical results that he decided to try it out on his own equipment.
Fingerboard Neck Guitar Scaled
The stepped neck is somewhat more complex to play than a standard neck, as the fret grooves force a more subtle and precise touch to prevent notes from sounding out of tune. But improving the speed of execution, adopting this alteration of the instrument permanently in his guitar equipment.
Yngwie understands that maintaining his stay in Sweden would be very difficult to develop his Heavy Metal style. For this reason, he recorded some demos and sent them to various record companies in the United States. One of them came to the hands of Mike Varney, who, impressed by the virtuosity of the musician, decided to invite him to Los Angeles to join the band Steeler as a guitarist. And with only 18 years he left for the United States and joined the band.
Malmsteen Joins the Alcatrazz Band
After recording an album with Steeler, he joined the Alcatrazz group with whom he also recorded a single album ( No Parole from Rock 'N Roll ), in which Malmsteen composed most of the songs. Starting to be recognized as one of the best guitarists of the moment.
Solo career
Yngwie needed to explore his music beyond the limits allowed by a group consisting of several musicians each with his own opinion. So he takes advantage of the success and recognition generated by Alcatrazz, to start his solo career with the publication in 1984 of the album Rising Force. Considered the Holy Grail of Neoclassical Metal.
Since then he has not stopped releasing records to the market, practically once a year, demonstrating his creative ability.
Serious Car Accident
Three years after the release of his first album, about to turn 24, Yngwie suffers a serious accident with his luxurious Jaguar. Causing him a strong head trauma, which keeps him in a coma for a week.
Upon awakening, he realizes that he cannot move his right arm, as a result of the consequences suffered by the strong blow to the head. Fearing for his career, he rushed into rehab therapy. Achieving in a miraculous way, fully regain arm mobility. Returning with his band a year and a half after the accident.
In 1997, and after months of intense work, he produced his first work with a symphony orchestra ( Concerto Suite for Electric Guitar and Orchestra ), demonstrating his technical and musical abilities. Making a well-deserved niche for this great instrument in the highest musical categories.
Yngwie Malmsteen, Guitars and Pedals
His main instrument is the Fender Stratocaster with DiMarzio HS4 and HS3 bridge pickups, with double superimposed windings. In other words, it is a humbucker but instead of having two parallel coils, it has them superimposed for a better mounting on a Stratocaster.
Later it was switched to the Seymour Duncan YJM, which are the ones that the Fender Signature Yngwie Malmsteen mounts. With a brass nut, and obviously with a scaled fingerboard.
Yngwie Malmsteen Fender Stratocaster Guitar
We also have signature strings from the same brand, the Fender Yngwie Malmsteen 8 - 46. Extremely thin strings facilitate speed, but the subtlety of the touch must be extreme so as not to detune the note, and even more so on a scaled fingerboard.
To play live, Yngwie uses a true wall of 4 × 12 cabinets with Celestion G12T-75 speakers, and Marshall Vintage 1971 Mark II 50W amplifiers.
Although its sound mainly flows from the drive of its Marshall amps, when it comes to pedals, it uses:
 - Roland Echo Analog DC-10 Delay
 - Wah Cry-Baby Dunlop
 - Roland PK-5 MIDI
 - Boss OC-2 Octave
 - Overdrive Pre-Amp DOD250
 - Boss NS-2 Noise Suppressor
He also uses a Boss CS-3 compressor pedal for his electroacoustic Ovation Viper.
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Variable CD12A : Took away privileges
Valid case(s): 2935 (1905.2)
Invalid: 2665 (3337.8)
One selected child per household aged 2-14
Source of information
Mother or caretaker of the selected child
Warning: these figures indicate the number of cases found in the data file. They cannot be interpreted as summary statistics of the population of interest.
All adults use certain ways to teach children the right behaviour or to address a behaviour problem. I will read various methods that are used and I want you to tell me if you or anyone else in your household has used this method with (name) in the past month.
Took away privileges, forbade something (name) liked or did not allow him/her to leave house).
The following questions are specially designed to measure various ways in which parents discipline their children. These questions are not intended to cover ALL ways that parents use to discipline children, but do cover some of the more common methods. It is important that you ask each question in a neutral way - do not let your voice reflect approval or disapproval of the various discipline methods mentioned. First, start with the introductory sentence in CD12. --- Ask the selected child's mother or primary caretaker the questions in the Child Discipline module, beginning with CD12A. It is important to mention that we are interested in knowing only about what may have occurred during the past month - the 30 days preceding the survey. When asking the questions, remind the respondent, from time to time, that you are asking about the last 30 days or one month, and that you are interested if she/he or anyone else has used this method with the child. Circle '1' for 'Yes' and '2' for 'No' in all questions up to CD12K. --- 'Privileges' means a right or a benefit that is not available to everyone. As children get older, parents/caretakers often extend privileges not available to a very young child. If you must explain what this question means, first try by asking each prompting question separately. If you need to give examples, try to phrase these questions appropriately for the child's age. "Did you (or someone else in the household) forbid (name) from leaving the house or from going outside for a time? Did you (or someone else in the household) prohibit (name) from doing something he/she usually does, such as playing with friends or watching TV?" For a young child, you might include such things as 'forbidding him/her to have sweets', etc.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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The Antamina Mining Company (Compania Minera Antamina, or CMA) is the world's 3rd largest producer of zinc, 7th of copper, and the largest combined operation for both minerals. This Peruvian company, whose operations are located between 4,200 and 4,700 m.a.s.l., is a leader in environmental and social responsibility. Although CMA was a fairly new company (the exploration and construction phases of the mining operations took place between 1997 and 2001, the year in which the production phase began), it had to face a series of complex challenges in order to become an economically viable organization that was both socially and environmentally responsible. Meeting these objectives has implied developing institutional capacities (conflict resolution, management of adverse social contexts, multiculturalism, self-learning, and innovation) that normally appear much later in a company's evolution. Shows some of the typical challenges that managers must face when engaging in large-scale initiatives. CMA's executives worked with tight deadlines and in a high-risk context to make quick decisions whose consequences would have long-term implications, since they would determine the type of relations the company would maintain with diverse stakeholders. In order to make these decisions, they had to establish priorities among at least three distinct logics: i) that of construction and production, where tight time limits, engineers' technical criteria, and cost reduction predominate; ii) the environmental logic, where caution predominates along with impact assessment and an active international community of stakeholders; and iii) the community-based logic, where to co-exist with the primarily indigenous and poor peasant families directly affected by the project it is necessary to obtain a so-called "social license". This phase took place in a context in which CMA had the pressing need to secure financing from international banks.
To promote an understanding of the importance of environmental and social issues in the business strategies of multinational companies and show the difficulties that extractive industries face when their activities affect the living conditions of communities in areas where large-scale mineral exploitation takes place. To examine different options and contrast environmental and social demands with the demands of developing a new company in a context of high economic risk.
Environmental protection; Global business; Leadership; Operations management; Social responsibility; Strategy
- Geographic: Peru
- Industry: Chemicals
- Industry: Mining


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Provided by: freebsd-manpages_6.2-1_all
new_unrhdr, delete_unrhdr, alloc_unr, free_unr - kernel unit number
struct unrhdr *
new_unrhdr(int low, int high, struct mtx *mutex);
delete_unrhdr(struct unrhdr *uh);
alloc_unr(struct unrhdr *uh);
alloc_unrl(struct unrhdr *uh);
free_unr(struct unrhdr *uh, u_int item);
The kernel unit number allocator is a generic facility, which allows to
allocate unit numbers within a specified range.
new_unrhdr(low, high, mutex)
Initialize a new unit number allocator entity. The low and high
arguments specify minimum and maximum number of unit numbers.
There is no cost associated with the range of unit numbers, so
unless the resource really is finite, INT_MAX can be used. If
mutex is not NULL, it is used for locking when allocating and
freeing units. Otherwise, internal mutex is used.
Destroy specified unit number allocator entity.
Return a new unit number. The lowest free number is always
allocated. This function does not allocate memory and never
sleeps, however it may block on a mutex. If no free unit numbers
are left, -1 is returned.
Same as alloc_unr() except that mutex is assumed to be already
locked and thus is not used.
Free a previously allocated unit number. This function may
require allocating memory, and thus it can sleep. There is no
The above functions are implemented in sys/kern/subr_unit.c.
Kernel unit number allocator first appeared in FreeBSD 6.0.
Kernel unit number allocator was written by Poul-Henning Kamp. This
manpage was written by Gleb Smirnoff.


October marks 75th anniversary of breakthrough invention that led to Xerox Corp.
During the height of the Great Depression, Chester Carlson was an out-of-work physicist struggling to make ends meet, living in a small apartment in the Astoria neighborhood of Queens with his new bride and new mother-in-law.
He worked as office clerk and attended New York Law School at night, hoping to earn a better living and partly to get out of the house.
Carlson couldn't afford textbooks so he spent weekends at the library transcribing long passages. He knew there had to be a better solution, and began to experiment with electrophotography in his mother-in-law's kitchen.
This week marks the 75th anniversary of Carlson's breakthrough invention, which propelled Xerox Corp. to international prominence, transform office life, and eventually usher in the modern era of computing.
His innovation combined photography with electrostatic printing, a method which required no liquid chemicals. It worked by projecting an image onto a light-sensitive metal plate, which created an electrostatic charge. After applying toner, the image could be transferred to a sheet of paper.
It took several years and there were many missteps, but Carlson successfully proved the concept on Oct. 22, 1938. His first copy marked the date and location of his triumph.
It started a remarkably long journey for Carlson, but one shared by many truly transformative innovations. Instead of being born during a single superior moment of inspiration, they are crafted through incremental improvements that constantly push to something more significant.
Carlson received a patent in 1939, but his work was far from complete. He couldn't find any partners or investors who saw the usefulness of what he'd done. Carlson was a scientist, not a pitch man, and he was turning out to be the best advocate for his invention.
Finally, in 1946, he partnered with a Rochester-based photographic supplies company called Haloid. Its research staff helped turn Carlson's method into a commercial product, and the company coined the name "Xerography" (from Greek roots that mean "dry writing") for a catchier way to market the technology.
On Oct. 22, 1948 — ten years to the day after Carlson printed that historic copy, Haloid announced the first commercial photocopier. The XeroX Model A was cumbersome. Folks inside the company dubbed it "the Ox Box," and it took dozens of manual steps to produce a copy. But everyone saw tremendous potential for the technology.
It was another ten years before the company produced a plain paper copier, the Xerox 914, and by 1961 the Haloid company was renamed after its flagship product.
In retrospect, the path from invention to success seems inevitable, but it certainly was not obvious at the time.
In the book Copies in Seconds, which chronicles the birth of Xerox, author David Owen described the impact of Carlson's invention.
"Xerography had practically no foundation in previous scientific work," Owen wrote. "[Carlson] put together a rather odd lot of phenomena, each of which was obscure in itself and none of which had been previously related in anyone's thinking."
The lesson to other innovators is clear: Don't expect overnight success, or others to share your vision, and keep working to make your invention better.
Follow Sean Lahman on Twitter _USER_, or reach him at _PHONE_.
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hare Video Repair on your system and add the videos that you are not able to play. You can either drag-and-drop the files or click on the add button to load a browser window on the screen.
add videos
Step 2: Repair the loaded corrupt videos
After loading the videos of your choice, you can view their details on the screen, and click on the "Repair" button to do the quick video repairing.
scan videos
When the quick repairing process is completed, you will be notified by the application. You can preview the results and choose the videos you wish to save.
preview videos
Step 3: Perform an advanced video repair
In case if the quick repair is not able to get the expected results and fix your videos, then you can do an Advanced Video Repair by clicking on the respective option.
video repair 5
To do the advanced repair, you need to load a sample video to the application. The sample video has to be a working video that should be shot on the same device as the corrupt video and must be in the same format.
add sample videos
Step 4: Preview and save your videos
In the end, you can just preview the results and check how your corrupt videos are repaired by the application. You can select the files of your choice and click on the "Save" button. This will load a browser window so that you can select a location to save the repaired files.
save videos path
Part 4: Commonly Asked Questions about Playing Videos
Apart from learning how to play WMV on Mac and other video formats, users also have several other questions as well. To help you open MKV/FLV files on your system without any trouble, I have further tried to answer these commonly asked queries.
1. What is a WMV file?
WMV, which stands for Windows Media Video, is a compressed video file format that has been developed by Microsoft. It uses the ASF format to compress files and can contain both videos and audios. Apart from online videos, WMV is also used to store DVD and Blu-ray discs as well.
- How do I convert a WMV file to play on a Mac?
Since it is tough to play WMV on Mac, most of the users prefer converting the files to a compatible format. As stated above, you can do this by using a reliable third-party application like Wondershare UniConverter or even try a freely available tool like VLC Media Player.
- Can VLC play WMV on Mac?
Although VLC supports some components of the WMV container, it can't play all kinds of WMV files on a Mac. That is why it is recommended to convert the file to a compatible format like FLV or AVI to play WMV on Mac.
- Can QuickTime open WMV files?
Unfortunately, QuickTime can't be used to play WMV files on Mac since the video container is a propriety product of Microsoft. While the WMV format is readily supported on Windows systems, it is presently not supported in the macOS ecosystem and thus can't be played on QuickTime.
WMV videos can be repaired. Check solutions - Repair WMV Video.
2. What is the MKV video format?
MKV is one of the most popular, free, and open-source container formats for different media types. It can be used to contain videos, sound, pictures, and evens subtitles. The format was released in 2002 and has gained popularity due to its cross-platform compatibility. Since we can include subtitles in the MKV formats, they are often used in online streaming services.
- Can VLC play MKV files?
Yes, the VLC Media Player fully supports (reads and plays) the MKV format. This means you can use VLC to open MKV files on your Windows or Mac.
- How do I change an MKV file to MP4?
Although MKV files are pretty universal, you can change them to another format like MP4 using various tools. One of the most commonly used tools is VLC Media Player. You can go to its Menu > Media > Convert/Save option to launch its converter. From here, you can load the MKV file that you wish to convert and select "MP4" as an output format.
play videos 16
-Can Windows 10 play MKV files?
Yes, Windows 10 can play MKV files pretty easily. In was in 2014 when Microsoft extended its compatibility with the MKV format and included it in its subsequent versions. Therefore, you can just update your firmware (if you haven't already) to open MKV files without any issue.
Lost or deleted MKV video files can be recovered. Further, read and get details on - recovering MKV videos.
3. What is an FLV file?
Also known as a Flash Video format, FLV is a popular container format that is owned by Adobe. The media format was majorly designed to play videos on flash players. The container format can include audio, video, text, and data and can be of FLV or F4V format. It is vastly used in online streaming and other web portals to host and play videos.
- Can I play FLV files on Windows Media Player?
Yes, you can play FLV files on Windows Media Player. Just make sure that your Media Player is updated to support the FLV format.
- How do I convert FLV to MP4?
You can use any online converter or a dedicated offline video converter (like UniConverter) to convert FLV to MP4. This can also be done by using the VLC Media Player's inbuilt video converter feature.
- How do I open an FLV file with OBS?
Ideally, you would not encounter any issue opening FLV files with OBS. To save OBS recordings in the FLV format, go to its Settings > Broadcast Settings > File Path and include the ".flv" extension in the end.
play videos 17
4. What is AVI used for?
AVI stands for Audio Video Interleave and is one of the most popular media containers developed by Microsoft. Since it is quite a diverse format, it can be used to contain both audio and video components. As AVI is a container format, it features different extensions, some of them are developed by OpenDML format.
- How do I convert AVI files on Mac?
There are all kinds of online and offline tools that you can use to convert an AVI file to a compatible format. If you want, you can even use VLC to open AVI on Mac or convert it.
- Why is the AVI file not playing?
There could be plenty of reasons for an AVI file not playing. The media player might not be compatible with AVI or the AVI file could be damaged as well. The AVI file might have a damaged header, a missing component, or the file could be corrupted. Chances are that a system setting or tool would be blocking the AVI playback as well.
- Can Windows Media Player play AVI?
Yes, Windows Media Player fully supports the AVI format. Both, Windows Media Player and AVI are developed by Microsoft and thus are fully supported by each other.
There you go! Now when you know how to play WMV, FLV, AVI, and MKV files on Mac and Windows, you can easily play your videos on your system. Though, if the video file has been corrupted, then you can use a reliable application like Wondershare Video Repair. It supports all kinds of video formats and can fix numerous video errors by following a simple click-through process. Keep the tool handy and repair several video issues on your Mac/Windows PC like a pro.
Other popular Articles From Wondershare


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Our museum quality Serpentarium exhibits 30 of the most beautiful and deadly snakes of Costa Rica. The exhibition puts you face to face with such famous snakes as the Bushmaster, Terciopelo, Green Vinesnake, and Golden Eyelash Viper to name just a few. We are also one of the few Serpentariums in the world to host the colorful but venomous sea snake found off the Pacific Coast of Central America.
Below are some of the snakes you will find in our Serpentarium:
English Common Name
Common road guarder
Salmon bellied racer
Costa Rican coralsnake
Central American jumping pitviper
Picados jumping pitviper
Side-striped palm pitviper
Eyelash palm pitviper
Golden eyelash palm pitviper
Fer de lance
Godman s montane pitviper
Central American bushmaster
Rainforest hog nosed pitviper
Western slender hog nosed pitviper
Spanish Common Name
boa arborícola anulada
lora falsa gigante
sabanera de bosque seco
bejuquilla de hosico corto
guarda camino comun
serpiente de leche negra
corredora panza salmon
mano de piedra centroamericana
mano de piedra costarricense
toboba de altura
Snakes in Costa Rica
There are 137 Species of Snakes in Costa Rica. There are 22 Venomous Species in Costa Rica, mostly from the Viper family with a few Coral Snakes and the Sea Snake from the Elapid family. 92% of the Snakes in Costa Rica exist between sea level and 4,900 feet (1,500 meters) in altitude, primarily in the Tropical and Subtropical Forests. Only 8% of Snakes in Costa Rica exist above 4,900 feet (about 1,500 meters) in altitude. The altitude of Waterfall Gardens ranges from 4,200 to 5,225 feet (1,300 to 1,600 meters).
There are 15 Species of Venomous Snakes on the Pacific side of the country and only 9 Species of Venomous Snakes on the Caribbean side. For 25 Species of Snakes in Costa Rica, this is the southern limit of their existence. For 30 Species of Snakes in Costa Rica, this is the northern limit of their existence. With 55 Species having their northern and southern limits in Costa Rica, it gives testament to Costa Rica being the "Landbridge of the Americas" where Species from North and South America meet. There are 13 Species found only in Costa Rica (and its close neighbors).
Although the Neotropical Rattlesnake and the Bushmaster have more powerful Venom, the most dangerous Snake in Costa Rica is the Terciopelo or Fer de Lance Pit Viper. They are more dangerous because they live in areas closer to human habitation and reproduce in enormous quantities (Litters with up to 90 offspring!) Terciopelos are located in all areas of Costa Rica except the very high mountains.
Sea Snakes live in the waters off the Pacific Coast of Costa Rica (not along the beaches). Although feared for their extremely potent neurotoxic venom, the Sea Snake has very limited ability to bite a human because of its small mouth and rear fangs. Even if one did manage to bite you, there is an 80% chance that this would be a "Dry" bite with no venom introduced.
Facts about snakes
- Snakes evolved approximately 120 million years ago from their closest descendant, the Monitor lizard.
- There are approximately 2,980 Species of Snakes in the World today.
- Only 10% are Venomous, with very few, about 2%, representing a danger to humans.
- Snakes live on all the world's continents except Antarctica. In the Arctic Circle they hibernate for up to 8 months.
- Snakes depend heavily on "chemoreception" for tracking prey and recognizing their environment. A snake's flickering tongue picks up scent molecules from the surrounding environment and passes them to the Jacobson's Organ for analysis.
- Snakes, like all Reptiles, are Cold Blooded (Ectothermic) and cannot generate internal heat. Therefore, Snakes cannot sustain high aerobic activity, (chasing prey, escaping predators) for longer than a few minutes.
- All Snakes molt or shed their skin on average three to four times a year. This allows them to grow and replace old scales.
- Vertical Eye Pupils are typical of nocturnal species not necessarily venomous species. In normal light conditions the pupils are contracted into slits.
- Climbing Snakes (Arboreal) are normally long and thin. Terrestrial Snakes (Land Dwelling) and Burrowing Snakes are short and stout with short tails.
- Snakes must ingest between 6 and 30 meals per year, approximately one meal every two weeks. However, some Snakes can shut off their digestive system and not eat for several months after a very large meal.
- Snakes in captivity live between 8 and 25 years. Large species like Anacondas and Pythons live up to 40 years.
Facts about venomous snakebites
- Venom is actually a highly concentrated digestive substance with 10 to 20 enzymes which when combined with other toxins creates a destructive effect on most tissues and nerves. The Venom is produced by a Gland in the head of the Snake.
- Venom helps the Snake by immobilizing larger or potentially dangerous prey, allowing a wider selection of food choices. Venom also softens the tissues of larger prey as the first phase in the digestive process; this allows for easier swallowing.
- Each year between 500 and 800 people are bitten by Venomous Snakes in Costa Rica. Only 5 to 10 result in death.
- 68% of Venomous Snakebites are on the feet or legs and it is mostly field workers that are bitten. These workers often do not wear long pants or boots.
- 95% of Venomous Bites are caused by the Viper family of Snakes.
- The Pit Viper, known as the Terciopelo or Fer de Lance (Bothrops asper), accounts for almost all the deaths from Snakebite in Costa Rica.
- Death occurs in only 1% of "Untreated" Viper Snakebites.
- 30% of Viper Bites are "Dry" Bites where no Venom is injected at all. The Snake either decides not to inject the Venom or might have recently used its Venom on another victim.
- On average, a Viper needs from 2 to 3 weeks to fully reproduce its Venom after using it.
- There are 25,000 Deaths worldwide from Venomous Snakebites. Half of the Deaths occur in the poor rural areas of Burma and India. There are 10 Deaths a year in Australia, 15 in Europe, and 15 in the United States. A large percentage of these include Snake Handlers and untrained capture attempts.
- Among the Indian tribes still living deep in the Amazon, 5% of all Deaths are caused by Snakebites and 80% of the population will be bitten by a Venomous Snake at least once in their lifetime.
- In the United States, the Western Diamondback Rattlesnake is the most Venomous Snake and is responsible for the most serious Snake Bites.
- The proper procedure for all Snakebites is to immobilize the bitten limb and seek immediate transportation to a hospital. Upon arrival, a proper Antivenom treatment can be administered and monitored.
There are two types of Antivenom used in Costa Rica. One is for all Bites from the Viper family and one is for all Bites from the Elapid family, this includes Coral Snakes and Sea Snakes.
The Antivenom is made from injecting small quantities of Venom into horses and allowing their blood to build antibodies to combat the Venom. Their blood is then taken and separated into a serum containing the antibodies. A small amount of this serum is tested on the person before administering a full dose to make sure there is no allergic reaction. If no reaction, the proper dosage is then assessed depending on the severity of the bite.
CAUTION: Administering Antivenom to a person allergic to the horse serum can cause a severe anaphylactic shock that is more dangerous than the Venom itself!
How to Avoid Snakebites in Costa Rica---Safety Tips for Avoiding Poisonous Snakes in Costa Rica
Do not travel on unlit paths at night without a flashlight. Most venomous snakes are active at night and at dusk. Always watch where you step.
Exercise caution when exploring - avoid passing through heavy brush or hollow logs without first investigating thoroughly. Do not stick your hands in rock crevices or pick flowers or other plants without first investigating the area around them for a sleeping snake.
Be sure to wear proper foot gear - hiking or heavy walking shoes - do not go barefooted or wear sandals to go exploring in high grass or brush.
Do not place your sleeping bag(s) next to brush, tall grass, large boulders or trees where snakes are known to live and nest. Place your camp site and tents in a cleared area and use mosquito netting tucked well under the bag to provide a barrier.
Do not try to pick up snakes or handle them unless you have formal training and are able to handle them efficiently. Most experts advise against trying to handle even a freshly killed snakes as their nervous system may be still active and they can still deliver a bite!
CONSTRICTOR FAMILY (BO


text:
Aotearoa New Zealand is home to a large Pasifika population. This illustrated collection of essays is the first of its kind to tell their stories – from the legendary feats of the ancestors of modern Māori, to the politically explosive dawn raids of the 1970s, and beyond.
This beautiful book is lavishly illustrated with hundreds of historical and contemporary photos and archival documents. Drawing on a rich cache of oral history, it is a fresh and surprising record of over a thousand years of discovery, encounter, and cultural exchange. The research for this book commenced in 2003 and produced a major exhibition which opened in 2007.
For more information about the book click on the image above.
To view details about the exhibition Tangata o le Moana: The story of Pacific people in New Zealand click on the image below.


text:
Contents in this Article
JK RMSA Teacher Exam Syllabus 2017 Pdf
Download RMSA JK Syllabus 2017 Pdf available now. Candidates those applied for Rashtriya Madhymik Shiksha Abhiyan, J&K Teacher Recruitment 2017 can get their required syllabus and exam pattern. Therefore, Download the RMSA JK Teacher Exam Syllabus 2017 from this article. – JK RMSA Official website: _URL_.
Individuals those applied for Jammu & Kashmir Government Jobs in Rashtriya Madhymik Shiksha Abhiyan can be selected through Written Test and Qualification. Hence we provided the Teacher Exam Syllabus & Paper Pattern. Before starting the exam preparation, once go through the exam syllabus and Test Pattern. This may help to know on what related topics, that questions asked in the examination. The provided RMSA Jammu and Kashmir Teacher Syllabus 2017 Pdf consists the topics that might need to prepare for written test. Visit the RMSA J&K Website _URL_ for exam details. To get a good score in the written test, practice the model papers given on our website. By practicing the sample papers, individuals can improve their knowledge and Time management skills. So, Download RMSA JK Syllabus Pdf and Model papers in below enclosed links.
Jammu & Kashmir RMSA Teacher Exam Syllabus 2017 – _URL_
|Organization Name||Rashtriya Madhymik Shiksha Abhiyan, J&K|
|Total Vacancies||550 Posts|
|Advertisement No||Advt. Notice No: Edu/RMSA/Adm/24791-824/2017|
|Name of the Posts||Teacher Posts|
|Starting date to apply||24th March 2017|
|Closing date to apply||10th April 2017|
|Selection Process||Written Exam|
|Job Location||Jammu and Kashmir|
RMSA JK Teacher Exam Pattern 2017
RMSA JK Teacher Syllabus 2017 Pdf
From the exam pattern, candidates can examine the Structure of the examination. After referring the test pattern, check the RMSA JK Syllabus 2017 for Teacher Exam. Based on the topics, make preparation accordingly.
- Time & Work.
- Partnership Business.
- Algebra & Elementary surds.
- Common tangents to two or more circles.
- Congruence and similarity of triangles.
- Decimals fractions and relationships between numbers.
- Ratio & Proportion.
- Square roots.
- Time and distance.
- Whole numbers.
- Basic algebraic.
- Profit and Loss.
- Graphs of Linear Equations.
- Mixture and Alligation.
- Regular Polygons.
- Triangle and its various kinds of centers.
- Circle and its chords.
- Angles subtended by chords of a circle.
- General Science
- Current Affairs
- International & National Organizations
- Indian Economy
- General Knowledge
- Fill in the Blanks
- Word Formation
- Passage Completion
- Unseen Passages
- Sentence Completion
- Theme detection
- Idioms & Phrases
- Subject-Verb Agreement
- Error Correction
- Sentence Rearrangement also.
- JK General Knowledge.
- Important Financial & Economic News.
- Important Days.
- Science – Inventions & Discoveries.
- Countries & Capitals.
- Budget and Five Year Plans.
- Computers Basics
- Current Affairs – National & International.
- Awards and Honors.
- Books and Authors.
- International & National Organizations etc.
- Social Studies.
- Urdu/ Hindi Language.
Teacher exam syllabus 2017 – General Science
- Arithmetic reasoning
- Verbal and figure classification
- Everyday science.
- Non-verbal series
- Statement conclusion
- Syllogistic reasoning
- Problem-solving analysis
- Spatial visualization
- Visual memory
- Spatial orientation
- Arithmetical number series
- Decision making
- Similarities and differences
- Coding and decoding etc.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The Govind Wildlife Sanctuary is located at Purola tehsil, Uttarakashi district of Garhwal in the state of Uttaranchal. It was established on 1st of March 1955. It is spreads over an area of 957.969 sq km. The sanctuary forms the upper catchment of the Tons River in the upper reaches of its area. Thus the area has a significant value as a major watershed for river Yamuna.
The sanctuary has a rich forest cover and the neighboring forest divisions help in maintaining genetic diversity in the forest. The area is very rich source of some of the medicinal plants, many of which are the important life saving drugs. The area provides a natural habitat to a lot of endangered animals.
The Snow Leopard inhabits the inner Himalayas above the altitude of 3500 m. The Government of India launched the Snow Leopard Project in its Eighth Plan. The Govind Wildlife Sanctuary was identified as one of sites of the Snow Leopard in the Himalayas. The upper reaches of the sanctuary are the natural habitat of the Snow Leopard and were intentionally notified as a National Park.
The park is home to more than 15 species of mammals and 150 species of birds. The important mammals are Bharal, Black Bear, Brown Bear, Common Leopard, Himalayan Thar, Musk Deer, Serow and Snow Leopard. The endangered birds found in the area are Bearded Vulture, Black Eagle, Himalayan Snow Cock, Golden Eagle, Monal Pheasant, Koklas Pheasant, Steppe Eagle and Western Tragopan. Other important bird found here are Buntings, Bulbuls, Cuckoos, Finches, Minivets, Owls, Pigeons, Parakeets, Thrushes, Tits and Warblers.


BA New Media Arts | BA English & Professional Communication | BS Technical Communication | Undergraduate Degree ProgramRequirements | Undergraduate Internships
Undergraduate Internships
Apply the skills you've learned in your undergraduate degree program in the English, Technical Communication & Media Arts department at Southern Polytechnic State University with an undergraduate internship. You'll make valuable career connections and gain hands-on experience working with communication professionals.
Do I qualify for an undergraduate internship?
You qualify for an internship if you
 - are pursuing an undergraduate degree program in the English, Technical Communication & Media Arts department,
 - have completed half your coursework beyond the core,
 - are not on academic probation, and
 - have at least a 3.0 GPA (overall).
How does an internship fit into my degree program?
An internship is a program elective worth 3 credit hours for BS Technical Communication majors and BA English & Professional Communication majors. It is an additional course in major for New Media Arts majors. An internship requires at least 120 hours of work. You will have both an internship supervisor at work and a faculty internship advisor who will monitor your progress.
How do I find an internship?
You are ultimately responsible for finding an internship, but the department will help you.
Will I be paid for the internship?
Consider your internship a learning experience; some will also pay you an hourly wage, and some won't.
What are internships like?
You may do extended work on one project or you may do a variety of shorter assignments. Your projects and assignments could include user documentation, public relations, editing, website design, graphic design, proposals, instructional design, project reports, multimedia projects, marketing materials, or any other genres related to your major.
How do I apply for an internship?
 1. Submit a letter of intent to Dr. Smith, the internship coordinator (, at least one semester before you plan to begin your internship. This letter of intent should include the following information:
 - Why you want to do an internship
 - How the internship will contribute to your career goals
 - What educational value the internship adds to your course of studies
 - When you plan to begin your internship
 2. Meet with Dr. Smith (J347) to discuss your letter of intent.
 3. Apply for internships related to your major.
 4. Email Dr. Smith when you have found an internship and describe your internship responsibilities in detail.
 5. Request that your internship supervisor at work provide Dr. Smith with an email containing the following information:
 - A comment that you have been hired on as an intern
 - A detailed description of your responsibilities and activities
 - The number of work hours included in the internship
Important: Only after Dr. Smith receives this email from your internship supervisor at work will you be registered for 3 hours of internship credit. You cannot register yourself for internship credit.
How do I complete the internship?
 - Meet with your faculty internship advisor at least twice during the semester you are working your internship.
 - Submit three progress reports to your faculty advisor.
 - Submit a log or notebook of activities/tasks you did during the internship to your faculty advisor.
 - Submit two final reports to your faculty advisor:
 - A detailed formal report describing your internship with samples of the actual work you did during the internship.
 - A final memo report describing your internship experience.
Next steps:


text:
BNL Chemistry Department | Photoand Radiation Chemistry | Group Members
|LEAF Facility Layout||LEAF System Components||Features of LEAF||LEAF Publications|
Research Highlights from LEAF:
Ionic Liquids: Designer Solvents for a Cleaner World (PDF)
Storing Energy in Dendrimer Trees: Stabilizing Charge Separation in Dendrimers (PDF)
They Bend Before They Break: Fast Scission of Chemical Bonds (PDF)
The Center for Radiation Chemistry Research (CRCR) exploits pulse radiolysis techniques to study chemical reactions (and other phenomena) by subjecting samples to pulses of high-energy electrons. The reactions are followed by various methods of time-resolved spectroscopy and other detection techniques. The CRCR includes the new picosecond Laser-Electron Accelerator Facility (LEAF), a 2 MeV Van de Graaff, and a cobalt-60 source.
User access to CRCR facilities is encouraged, either through collaboration with BNL staff or via the BNL Center for Functional Nanomaterials (CFN) User Program. Please contact one of our Principal Investigators or the general facility address (_EMAIL_) for more information.
The design of the LEAF accelerator is innovative: the electron pulse is produced by laser light impinging on a photocathode inside a resonant cavity, radio frequency (RF) gun about 30 cm long. The emitted electrons are accelerated to 9.2 MeV within the length of the gun by ~15 megawatt pulse of RF power from a SLAC-type 2.856 GHz klystron. The laser pulse is synchronized with the RF power to produce the electron pulse near the peak field gradient (about 1 MeV/cm). Thus the pulse length and intensity are a function of the laser pulse properties, and electron pulse lengths as short as 5 picoseconds are attainable.
RF photocathode electron guns of this type have been built at Brookhaven's Accelerator Test Facility and Source Development Laboratory as well as at several other laboratories and universities, but almost all of these installations are dedicated to accelerator physics or free electron laser development. The BNL Chemistry Department's LEAF accelerator was the first photocathode gun accelerator in the world to be dedicated to pulse radiolysis studies. Today, there are seven other pulse radiolysis facilities similar to LEAF operating or under construction around the world.
The International Symposium on Ultrafast Accelerators for Pulse Radiolysis was held at the BNL Chemistry Department in June, 2004, to discuss the state-of-the-art in fast pulse radiolysis systems and to find solutions to technical issues faced by these specialized applications. Click on the above link for information about the meeting and links to other facilities (in the Agenda).
The LEAF accelerator system is located in the Augustine O. Allen Laboratories, Rooms 20 - 23 of the Chemistry Building. "Gus" Allen was a pioneer of modern radiation chemistry and the founder of the radiation chemistry program at Brookhaven.
For more information, contact Jim Wishart (_EMAIL_).


text:
A maximum performance takeoff is used to climb at a steep angle to clear barriers in the departure flight path. To perform this maneuver successfully a pilot must consider the wind velocity, temperature, altitude, gross weight, center-of-gravity location, and other factors affecting performance of the helicopter.
The textbook procedure is this: After performing a hover power check to determine if there is sufficient power available, position the helicopter into the wind and begin by getting the helicopter light on the skids. Pause to neutralize all aircraft movement. Slowly increase the collective and position the cyclic to break ground in a 40-knot attitude. This is normally about the same attitude as when the helicopter is light on the skids. Continue to slowly increase the collective until the maximum power available is reached. Keep in mind this large collective movement requires a substantial increase in pedal movement to maintain heading. Use the cyclic, as necessary, to control movement toward the desired flight path and, therefore, climb angle during the maneuver. Maintain rotor rpm at its maximum, and do not allow it to decrease since you would probably have to lower the collective to regain it. Maintain these inputs until the helicopter clears the obstacle then establish a normal climb attitude and reduce power. As in any maximum performance maneuver, the techniques you use affect the actual results. Smooth, coordinated inputs coupled with precise control allow the helicopter to attain its maximum performance. Also, the helicopter will most likely be inside the shaded area of the height-velocity diagram where there is very little energy available to perform an autorotation in the event of an engine failure. Using maximum power would decrease the time the helicopter is exposed to a low energy situation.
However, other pilots I have talked to prefer a slightly different technique. Instead of using maximum power available, use the minimum power necessary to safely climb and clear the obstacle. The theory being that in the event of an engine failure the less power the pilot is using the more rotor rpm will be recoverable to help in the autorotation. Also, demanding high power might increase the probability of a part failure at a critical time. I would be interested in hearing comments on the two theories.


Reporting Status: normal
 1. Coordinate with the Mountaineer editor.
 Let the Mountaineer editor know you would like to submit an article, the topic of the article, and when you anticipate submitting it. This helps to avoid a duplication of efforts.
 2. Avoid "first person" accounts.
 Unless approved in advance, an article written in first person ("I saw this and I thought that") will most likely be rejected.
 3. Avoid using jargon.
 Jargon refers to specialized terms or phrases not commonly understood by the general public. If jargon is used in a direct quote or if it is necessary to help tell the story, explain what it means.
 4. Spell out any acronyms used.
 Army acronyms often mean different things to different people. To help the reader understand the meaning, write out the phrase the first time. The acronym may be used thereafter.
 5. Fully identify any persons mentioned in the article.
 Full identification includes first and last name, military rank (if applicable), and unit or agency (if applicable).
 6. Form a new paragraph when introducing a new idea, and avoid run-on sentence construction.
 7. Avoid all passive voice.
 8. Indicate who wrote the article and whether the writer has an official title.
 If more than one person wrote the article, dual credit may be given. If preferred, credit may be attributed to an entire unit or agency. (Example: "Submitted by 1st Battalion, 22nd Infantry" or "From the Fort Drum Safety Office").
 9. List a point of contact who can answer questions about the article.
 Ideally, this should be the person who wrote the article, and/or the person's supervisor. Include a daytime telephone number for the point of contact.
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 Submitting an article on computer disk saves time and eliminates duplication of work.
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 Stories submitted late will be held for use at the editor's discretion as deemed appropriate.
Submission How Tos
Contact Information
Command Information Officer : - Telephone: _PHONE_
Editor : Lisa Albrecht - _PHONE_
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
How do __hash__ and __eq__ use in identification in sets? For example some code that should help to solve some domino puzzle:
class foo(object):
 def __init__(self, one, two):
 self.one = one
 self.two = two
 def __eq__(self,other):
 if (self.one == other.one) and (self.two == other.two): return True
 if (self.two == other.one) and (self.one == other.two): return True
 return False
 def __hash__(self):
 return hash(self.one + self.two)
s = set()
for i in range(7):
 for j in range(7):
len(s) // returns 28 Why?
If i use only __eq__() len(s) equals 49. Its ok because as i understand objects (1-2 and 2-1 for example) not same, but represent same domino. So I have added hash function.
Now it works the way i want, but i did not understand one thing: hash of 1-3 and 2-2 should be same so they should counted like same object and shouldn't added to set. But they do! Im stuck.
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4 Answers
up vote 2 down vote accepted
Equality for dict/set purposes depends on equality as defined by __eq__. However, it is required that objects that compare equal have the same hash value, and that is why you need __hash__. See this question for some similar discussion.
The hash itself does not determine whether two objects count as the same in dictionaries. The hash is like a "shortcut" that only works one way: if two objects have different hashes, they are definitely not equal; but if they have the same hash, they still might not be equal.
In your example, you defined __hash__ and __eq__ to do different things. The hash depends only on the sum of the numbers on the domino, but the equality depends on both individual numbers (in order). This is legal, since it is still the case that equal dominoes have equal hashes. However, like I said above, it doesn't mean that equal-sum dominoes will be considered equal. Some unequal dominoes will still have equal hashes. But equality is still determined by __eq__, and __eq__ still looks at both numbers, in order, so that's what determines whether they are equal.
It seems to me that the appropriate thing to do in your case is to define both __hash__ and __eq__ to depend on the ordered pair --- that is, first compare the greater of the two numbers, then compare the lesser. This will mean that 2-1 and 1-2 will be considered the same.
share|improve this answer
Still not all clear. It stop work if i comment __hash__ or __eq__. And I still dont know why it works now. Is it uses both __eq__ and __hash__ to determin in? I hoped someone can tell me how this comparison works. Something about if hash1 == hash2 and if (eq) and so on... – Александр Зотов Jan 16 '13 at 7:52
_USER_ Зотов: You'll need to be more specific than that. Did you read the question I linked to? What is it that remains unclear? – BrenBarn Jan 16 '13 at 7:53
add comment
The hash is only a hint to help Python arrange the objects. When looking for some object foo in a set, it still has to check each object in the set with the same hash as foo.
It's like having a bookshelf for every letter of the alphabet. Say you want to add a new book to your collection, only if you don't have a copy of it already; you'd first go to the shelf for the appropriate letter. But then you have to look at each book on the shelf and compare it to the one in your hand, to see if it's the same. You wouldn't discard the new book just because there's something already on the shelf.
If you want to use some other value to filter out "duplicates", then use a dict that maps the domino's total value to the first domino you saw. Don't subvert builtin Python behavior to mean something entirely different. (As you've discovered, it doesn't work in this case, anyway.)
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You can read about this in the Python data model documentation, but the short answer is that you can rewrite your hash function as:
def __hash__(self):
 return hash(tuple(sorted((self.one, self.two))))
share|improve this answer
this would get him further from what he wants; 1 2 and 2 1 would once again count as the same domino. but he should be doing this anyway, yes. :) – Eevee Jan 16 '13 at 6:35
_USER_ - thanks fixed – Andrew Walker Jan 16 '13 at 6:37
add comment
The requirement for hash functions is that if x == y for two values, then hash(x) == hash(y). The reverse need not be true.
You can easily see why this is the case by considering hashing of strings. Lets say that hash(str) returns a 32-bit number, and we are hashing strings longer than 4 characters long (i.e. contain more than 32 bits). There are more possible strings than there are possible hash values, so some non-equal strings must share the same hash (this is an application of the pigeonhole principle).
Python sets are implemented as hash tables. When checking whether an object is a member of the set, it will call its hash function and use the result to pick a bucket, and then use the equality operator to see if it matches any of the items in the bucket.
With your implementation, the 2-2 and 1-3 dominoes will end up in the hash bucket, but they don't compare equal. Therefore, the both can be added to the set.
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Your Answer


text:
Learning that's one on one, not 101.
NovaNET® Courseware delivers proven, rigorous core high school curriculum designed to help every student achieve objective-base mastery and prepare them for graduation and college. The powerful learning management system also gives you the control to prescribe curricula, customize lessons and tests, monitor student activity and track performance.
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- Initial assessment with the Basic Achievement Skills Inventory™ (BASI).
- Customization options for teaching and learning efficiency.
Designed by Educators for Educators
Pearson's User-Centered Design (UCD) Committee brings secondary educators and administrators together with our product development team during the design, prototyping, building, and beta phases of our educational software products. This approach ensures that the products are built with the features our customers want and use and they are implemented in ways that make sense in the lab or classroom. The UCD Committee was instrumental in the design, development, and deployment of NovaNET Courseware on our state-of-the-art web platform.
Content Development and Structure
The quality lesson content and design have been developed from research-based, proven instructional strategies. Today thousands of respected authors, noted academics and Pearson people contribute to the educational materials developed by our imprints like Scott Foresman, Prentice Hall and Longman. NovaNET Courseware is developed based on the quality content these professionals create to bring you a quality digital product that delivers real results for your students and your district.


text:
Use the computer without the mouse or keyboard
Windows has two features to help you use the computer without using a mouse or keyboard: Speech Recognition (you can use voice commands to work with Windows) and On-Screen Keyboard (you can enter text by selecting characters on the screen).
You can turn on or adjust settings for these features on the Use the computer without a mouse or keyboard page in the Ease of Access Center.
Open the Use the computer without a mouse or keyboard page by clicking the Start button, clicking Control Panel, clicking Ease of Access, clicking Ease of Access Center, and then clicking Use the computer without a mouse or keyboard.
Select the options that you want to use:
Use On-Screen Keyboard. This option sets On-Screen Keyboard to run when you log on to Windows. On-Screen Keyboard displays a visual keyboard with all the standard keys. You can select keys using the mouse or another pointing device, or you can use keys on the standard keyboard. For more information about using On-Screen Keyboard, see Type without using the keyboard (On-Screen Keyboard).
Use Speech Recognition. Use this option to control the computer with your voice. With a microphone, you can speak commands that the computer will understand and respond to, as well as dictate text. For more information about setting up Speech Recognition, see Set up Speech Recognition.


text:
According to some sources, Cleopatra committed suicide on this day in 30 BC [On this day: August 30]. Other sources say it was August 12th and still others claim that it was on the last day in August.
The situation was serious. The armies of Mark Antony and Cleopatra has just deserted to Octavian and Antony had committed suicide. Cleopatra was a prisoner in Alexandria. She had no hope of escaping Octavian.
Legend has it that she died after being bitten by an asp but it wasn't the modern asp, Vipera aspis, since that snake is only found in Europe. It's likely that the Romans used the word "asp" to describe all poisonous snakes. If it's true that Cleopatra used a snake to commit suicide then it was most likely the Egyptian cobra Naja haje that did the deed [Cleopatra's Asp].
Corba venom contains a number of toxins and enzymes. For the biochemist, it's most famous for the presence of phospholipase A2, an enzyme that cleaves glycerophospholipids, the main components of cell membranes. This leads to disruption and death of cells, especially red blood cells and lymphocytes in the blood stream. A picture of cobra venom phospholipase A2 bound to a lipid molecule (left) can be found in most biochemistry textbooks.
Hyaluronidase is an enzyme found in many snake venoms. It degrades hyaluronic acid, a complex carbohydrate of the sort found in many glycoproteins. Hyaluronic acid is an important component of cartilage where it forms a central strand for attachment of proteoglycan molecules. The breakdown of cartilage lining the blood vessels leads to massive hemorhaging. The combination of phospholipase A2 and hyaluronidase could eventually lead to death but it probably wasn't the immediate cause of death for Cleopatra. As it turns out, there are other things in the cobra venom that are even more lethal.
These other components of cobra venom include various cobra venom factors that interfere with the complement pathway leading to an extreme over-stimulation similar to that seen in septic shock. The venom also includes a number of neurotoxins that gain access to the central nervous system when blood vessels break down. The combination of all these proteins can cause death within minutes of receiving a cobra bite. However, many people survive cobra bites suggesting that the Cleopatra story may not be true.
I am looking at a marble bust of an ancient woman. Her profile looks like the "before" picture at a plastic surgeon's office prior to a nose job, lip fillers and chin implant. Nothing strikingly attractive about her, yet this is Cleopatra, oft assumed to be the most beautiful woman the world has ever known.
Her beauty is a historical, if not accurate, theme. Shakespeare wrote of her in "Antony and Cleopatra," "For her own person/it beggar'd all description: she did lie in her pavilion-cloth of gold, of tissue-O'er/picturing that Venus where we see/The fancy outwork of nature."
Paintings of her likeness created in the 18th century depict her as a luscious blond with a curling mane and blue eyes (rather impossible given her Macedonian genes). Elizabeth Taylor played her and Angelina Jolie is slated to in an upcoming film as well. The Queen of Egypt represents beauty du jour.
There is nothing specifically documented about her physical allure in Roman writings and artistic depictions of her are rather masculine and homely. Plutarch, the Greek historian, wrote that Cleopatra's beauty was not "the sort that would astound those that saw her."
How did we, then, even come to assume she was this gorgeous creature floating the Nile on nothing but her golden looks?
I understand canning Jolie and throwing a wig on John Cleese would leave a weird taste in moviegoer's popcorn coated mouths, but does Cleopatra need to be "beautiful" for us to believe she was not only a powerful ruler but also captivated the hearts of the powerful Julius Caesar and Mark Antony?
While poets who knew her did not mention her physical beauty (or lack thereof), they did give high accolades for her wit, intelligence and melodic voice. It was her character, her actual beauty, that captivated her kingdom. She didn't need to rely on her physical appearance because she had so much more to offer.
Are you seeing the lesson here, ladies? Here is a woman who was a troll and had enough je ne sais quoi to seduce the world for over 2,000 years. She captivates us not because of her face, there are plenty of forgotten pretty faces, but because even in the first century she was a modern woman. She was powerful, brilliant, charming, charismatic, witty and by all accounts, not shy about her sexuality. Yet for all of her competence as a ruler, Cleopatra identified herself most with Isis, the goddess of life and magic — a goddess revered for her utter femininity.
No matter your generation or how much you spend on perfecting your façade, you need to reconnect with your inner Cleopatra. It is cliché, but looks do fade (or at least become buried under a maze of wrinkles and sun damage). It is cruel, but it is nature.
Who are you going to be when you are Age X? The person that says, "I used to look so good in a bikini before I had three kids…I used to…I used to…hey, where did everyone go?"
Or are you the Cleopatra of your circle, the one at the top of every party invite list, the one people fight to sit next to at dinner, the one people come to for advice because you are so wise — not because you have smooth thighs and pouty lips?
We all know stunning women that become as vapid and unappealing as stale Chinese food because all of their focus is on the external. On the contrary, haven't you ever fallen in love with someone who wasn't "your type" but once you got to know them became the person you couldn't imagine a breath without?
Make your goal for the rest of the summer to boost up your Cleopatrian beauty. Put less focus on what you see in the mirror. Don't cement over the inner radiance that comes from being delightful, clever and confident. I have been (trying!) to wean myself off of slathering on make-up before leaving the house, which makes me feel incredibly vulnerable and insecure; I have yet to take off my sunglasses when I don't have mascara on. But it's a step.
Instead of watching whatever crap is stored on your DVR, do something relevant. Buy a book featured on the NYT best-seller list, go see a lecture at a local school, study art at a gallery. Get in touch your feminine mystique: Take a belly dancing class, walk through a labyrinth, get a henna tattoo all over your tummy, the center of your life-wielding force.
When we sacrifice the powerful beauty we hold in our wit, charm and brains for surface beauty, we pull away from what it means to be a real woman. And to that, Cleopatra was indeed one of the most beautiful women the world has ever known. So are you.
(Maggie Knowles is a columnist for The Portland Daily Sun. Her column appears Wednesdays. See her blog at _URL_.)
AUGUST SPECIAL! Buy one adult admission to Cleopatra: The Exhibition at the Cincinnati Museum Center and get two free child admissions! Offer not available for online ticket purchases. To reserve your timed entry for your family, call today _PHONE_. Offer ends August 31, 2011


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Public awareness of environmental health issues has increased significantly in recent years, creating the need for detailed scientific studies that can identify potential environmental problems. This paper reports the results of hydrogeochemical surveys carried out in Sardinia, an Italian region with a long mining history. When mining operations in Sardinia ceased, actions for limiting the potential adverse effects of mine closure on the water system were not undertaken. Drainages from flooded mines and seeps from mining residues left on the ground are the main mining-related sources of contamination in Sardinia. Due to the proximity of mining sites to water resources and land that is within reach of animals and humans, the major risks to human health are associated with the direct discharge of contaminated waters into the streams and soils located down-gradient of the abandoned mines. Results of hydrogeochemical surveys carried out under different seasonal conditions showed that the dispersion of toxic and harmful elements (As, Cd, Ni, Pb, Sb and Zn) increases during the rainy season, especially under high runoff conditions. These results should help regional and national authorities to address present environmental regulations, particularly those regarding the quality of water resources. Furthermore, the results might be useful elsewhere for planning remediation actions at abandoned mining sites. Lessons learned by past mining in Sardinia indicate that correct disposal and management of mining residues should be mandatory from the beginning of exploitation and processing at each active mine. This would allow reduction of the environmental risks as well as the cost of remediation.
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|Titolo:||Mobility of aqueous contaminants at abandoned mining sites: insights from case studies in Sardinia with implications for remediation|
|Data di pubblicazione:||2011|
|Tipologia:||1.1 Articolo in rivista|


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As the following case studies illustrate, municipalities can take advantage of outside funding and resources and engage citizens to make changes to meet these goals.
Last winter, volunteers from the Town of Rosendale wrote grant proposals to fund retrofits to their town's highway garage. They requested money to add insulation to the cinderblock building and to install a solar array. In a highly competitive funding environment, their applications were turned down. At that point, members of the Environmental Commission decided to take a step back and look at the big picture. They worked with the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) to conduct low-cost energy audits of five municipally owned buildings. Energy audits, which cost either $100 or $400 for buildings spending less than $75,000 per year on electricity, provide an assessment of the condition of a building's insulation, heating, cooling, and electrical systems. "The energy audits provided us with valuable suggestions about how we could save energy that include cost estimates and payback projections," says Town Supervisor Patrick McDonough. The audit fee is refunded once the customer shows receipts to indicate that at least some of the recommended measures were installed.
With the awareness that they could save both money and energy, the Town Board formally created a volunteer task force this summer to explore energy reductions. The task force's first step was to join ICLEI, an international group that has helped over 1,100 local governments to reduce emissions and address climate change. Using ICLEI's software, communities can track their energy consumption by sector. The climate task force created a website to expand the scope of their efforts and will host public events this winter about energy-saving incentives for residents and local businesses. Rosendale is also working with Central Hudson, which provides free lighting upgrades for government buildings.
10 Percent Challenge
Red Hook, in Dutchess County, is a front-runner in energy conservation, having secured more than $300,000 to install solar panels on its town hall and firehouse. These projects will save thousands of dollars each month on their electric bill and are a wonderful showcase of renewable energy technology. The town was also awarded $52,000 from NYSERDA to hire an energy consultant to create a climate action plan and a greenhouse gas inventory as a basis for further action.
This summer, the Town of Red Hook entered into a year-long partnership with Sustainable Hudson Valley. "The 10 Percent Challenge has two goals," says Sustainable Hudson Valley's Executive Director Melissa Everett, "to reduce energy use by 10 percent and engage 10 percent of citizens as leaders." The campaign began in August with the help of volunteers from the Student Conservation Association, who went door-to-door providing information and resources for savings. The formal launch on October 10 with 10 events, including a footrace and clothing swap, brought the first 150 participant commitments.
Investing in the Future
In addition to its participation in the Climate Smart Communities program, the City of Kingston has worked closely with NYSERDA's Focus on Local Government program. Focus on Local Government helps local governments to access funding and offers a range of services including providing assistance related to creating inventories of energy use, developing and implementing energy reduction strategies, and monitoring progress. Kingston completed a NYSERDA energy-efficiency study in 2007. Based on the recommendations of the study, the city hired Wendel Energy Services to complete an Energy Performance Contract to make the energy-efficiency upgrades. The project was completed last year at a cost of $2.1 million. The upgrades will save 896,492 kWh in annual electric savings and $170,610 in annual energy costs. Kingston is using stimulus funds to hire a climate analyst in 2011 to develop a local action plan and greenhouse gas inventory.
In 2007, the Town of Bedford developed an Energy Advisory Panel to study the issues leading to climate change and carbon emissions and to produce a Climate Action Plan for the Town. In January of 2009, the group hosted the Beacon Environmental Summit with the goals of informing the community about key environmental issues and increasing citizen involvement. The summit focused on actions that would further the goal of 20 percent community-wide greenhouse gas emissions reductions by 2020. The Climate Action Plan that was drafted with input from this summit outlines over 70 projects that will be undertaken by the community and municipality to meet these reduction goals. The Town of Bedford created a guide for other communities interested in following in its footsteps. Bedford's "summit-in-a-box" is the template for an upcoming environmental summit that is being planned in the Town of Clarkstown.
We should not underestimate the power of local action. More than 80 communities in New York State have signed onto the Climate Smart Communities Pledge. Each of these commitments represents a desire to reduce energy consumption and to plan for the future of the places that residents call home.
To learn more about how you can become involved, or about the resources available to municipalities, please visit nyserda.org/municipalities or contact Mid-Hudson Energy$mart Communities at _PHONE_.
Sarah Charlop-Powers is the Mid-Hudson Energy$mart Communities Coordinator at Courtney Strong Inc., a NYSERDA contractor.


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Prof. Delin has been awarded with several prices such as the Naturvetarpriset and the Thuréus Prize for "significant contributions to the theory of nanomagnetism" during her extensive career. She is currently heading the WISE research school.
What are the challenges regarding sustainability for materials science at the beginning of the 21stcentury?
There are many challenges. Our society today depends on many materials that are not renewable and/or not sufficiently recycled, like for example construction minerals, oil and many metals. The world primary production of materials accounts for a quarter of all global greenhouse emissions. Our dependence on raw materials is responsible for severe environmental, political and social problems.
However, I would also like to think of this in terms of possibilities. Our advanced knowledge of materials science can be used to create sustainable technologies and functional materials, and thus be part of the solution in creating a sustainable society.
What can a student at the WISE Graduate School expect to achieve during his/her years at the school?
A WISE graduate student will perform research in an excellent environment, working on a carefully selected project with clear impact on future sustainability. The student will also learn about sustainability, both in a broad sense and more materials-science-focussed.
The student will be part of a large network of researchers in both academia and industry, senior as well as junior. Through site visits, the student will learn a lot about how industry works with sustainability and how research results can be applied in practice.
How does the WISE Graduate School contribute to reach the goals of WISE?
The overall goal or vision of WISE is "Enabling sustainable technologies with positive impact on our society by understanding, creating, and controlling complex materials."
As a researcher, what materials science challenge is closer to your heart?
I'm interested in everything! Large-scale projects like Hybrit and Northvolt come to mind. If successful, these projects will have a major impact. However, my research expertise is in computations at the quantum-mechanical level of magnetism-related phenomena such as spin dynamics, spin textures, and spin transport. From a technological perspective, the aim is to create ultra-low-power spintronics devices.


Thursday, April 17, 2008
TotT: Avoiding Flakey Tests
Flaky tests make your life more difficult. You get failure notifications that aren't helpful. You might become numb to failures and miss an actual failure condition. Your changes might get unfairly blamed for causing a flaky test to fail.
Unfortunately, a myriad of factors can make a test flaky. Today, we tackle a simple example: file access from a unit test. Take this function and its test:
def CreateGapLease(self):
 data_file = open('/leases/gap', 'w+')
def testCreateGapLease(self):
What if /leases/gap already exists and contains some data? testCreateGapLease will fail. This is a general problem where preconditions are assumed to be correct. This could just as easily happen by assuming a database contains the proper information (or no information). What if another test that uses that file was running concurrently?
If you really want to test your code using live resources, always check your assumptions. In this case, clearing the file at the start of the test can reduce its brittleness:
def testCreateGapLease(self):
 if os.path.exists(lease_file):
Unfortunately, this doesn't completely eliminate the flakiness of our test. If /leases/gap is an NFS path or can be written to by a different test, our test can still fail unexpectedly. It's better for the test to use a unique resource. This can be accomplished with a small refactoring of CreateGapLease:
def CreateGapLease(self, lease_path=None):
 if lease_path is None:
 lease_path = '/leases/gap'
The callers of CreateGapLease can continue invoking it as usual, but the unit test can pass in a different path:
def testCreateGapLease(self):
 lease_file = os.path.join(FLAGS.test_tmpdir, 'gap')
Of course, to make your test as fast as possible, it would be better to forgo disk access altogether by using a mock file system.
Due to illness availability of the PDF will be slightly delayed
The PDF is now available at the above link
 1. What was wrong with "def CreateGapLease(self, lease_path='/leases/gap'):"? Immutable types like strings aren't a risk in default args. My version probably runs slightly faster and will produce much better automatically-extracted docs.
 The related trap, which you might have been trying to avoid, looks like this:
 def func(x=[]):
 . x.append(5)
 . return x
 (Except without the silly dots to workaround blogger's formatting)
 That program only has one list in it which will keep growing every time you call func(). That's where the "x=None.. if x is None: x = []" idiom is important.
 2. Nice post.
 Do yuo have some example of good file system mocking? :)
 3. I assume FLAGS.test_tmpdir is a randomly-named temporary directory (e.g. created with tempfile.mkdtemp), otherwise you still might have problems if you run the test suite concurrently and both instances try to write to the same file at the same time.


Imagine receiving for Christmas—or the holiday of your choice—a gift that you could then use to scan the tree or other holiday items. Thanks to METIS, you could scan your Christmas tree and then reproduce its texture using any of a variety of analog or digital print processes.
One of the fastest-growing applications in wide-format and industrial printing is textures. Particularly in the area of décor, items like laminate flooring can be printed to simulate the feel of wood. While a lot has been written about how these kinds of materials are printed, typically using UV flatbed wide-format printers, not much has been said about the front end of the process. How exactly are these textures created?
Based in Rome, METIS manufactures high-quality, multi configuration scanners specifically designed for the décor industry. They can capture a photorealistic reproduction of an existing surface such as a fine-art painting, wood, or ceramic/stone flooring, a solid panel or a wallcovering.
Step one is to gather those surface attributes, which include RGB color, 3D surface texture, and glossiness, which is what METIS scanners are uniquely designed to do.
The METIS technology was used in the design of this flooring and to generate surface data in this computer-generated room scene displaying the product.
"METIS scanners are considered to have the highest level of color accuracy across the largest area and over the course of time of any commercially available RGB scanner in the world today," said Rob Lawrence, business development manager for Metis scanners at CGS ORIS. "Additionally, METIS is wholly unique in the image acquisition process, and brings an exceptional level of objectivity to the imaging process which is one of the key reasons it was brought into the product offering at CGS ORIS."
CGS ORIS is the official dealer for METIS scanners in the U.S.
High-Res Image Capture
METIS scanners are different from traditional flatbed scanners, because they scan the surface with a 16,300-pixel CMOS sensor and temperature-controlled LEDs up to eight times, each with tightly controlled angle and distance.
The captured data is saved into a proprietary file format. Once captured, METIS's Light Inspector software acts like a virtual photography studio where the operator views, in real time, a virtually unlimited number of lighting combinations to select the view of the surface that best represents the original.
Specialty texture mapping offers various possibilities.
In addition, because of these known lighting angles, distances and temperatures, the METIS software will isolate and calculate the 3D surface depth and surface roughness/ glossiness variance. This data can be then exported as grayscale TIFFs (16-bit, 8-bit, 8-bit layers, 1-bit, and/or 1-bit slices) which can be used for laser and chemical etch engraving of press plates and gravure cylinders or single-pass and/or multi-pass UV inkjet printing and embellishment applications.
Hardware also needs software, and each METIS scanner comes bundled with METIS's ScanDirector, which controls the scanning process with all the controls needed for the most advanced photography requirements. Both applications share the same user interface and work interchangeably. METIS also offers additional licenses of Light Inspector for remote computers, which can be a tremendous benefit to a designer in a different location who wishes to select the lighting angle intensities to capture the nature/essence the surface they chose for a specific design.
Everything—Including the Kitchen Sink
METIS scanners are also unique in the variety of the surfaces they can capture.
"With heavy-duty powder-coated steel scanning tables, the scanners can hold over 500 pounds," Lawrence said. "But with integrated sensors, the scanners can be adjusted to detect the slightest weight change and resistance allowing the most delicate originals to be scanned without danger of being damaged by the scanner."
Some examples of materials scanned at METIS's demo center include a whole kitchen sink, 500-pound granite slabs, barn doors, white glazed tiles, oiled asphalt, oil, acrylic and watercolor paintings, grand-format maps, denim and a host of other kinds of textiles.
And we had to ask: what is the coolest thing anyone has scanned and developed with a METIS scanner?
"A fashion house in Milan scanned the wings of a preserved falcon and used the pattern to emboss the shoulders and sleeves of a leather jacket," Lawrence said. "We had one client lay mud on the table for a textile design."
Got mud? No problem with the METIS DRS 2000 DCS Large Format Scanner.
Given the variety of materials and surfaces the scanners can digitize, they are well-suited for a wide range of markets. The three primary markets that the company specifically serves are décor (flooring, wall panels, wall coverings and ceramic tiles), fine-art reproduction and archival services (libraries and museums). Naturally, each of these markets has different imaging requirements.
"Depending on the market, the desired resolution, and if they plan to reproduce texture and glossiness will determine the kind of output required from the scanner," Lawrence said.
Pattern texture mapping to enhance wallpaper printing.
Market Dynamics
All markets have their own dynamics. "Decor is undergoing a transformation to a digital workflow," Lawrence said. "With digital will come a huge demand for more depth. The METIS scanner is a high throughput scanning technology equipped to deliver all of the needed data and files for the latest digital printing technologies, which include the ability to generate surface texture and glossiness for embellishment or texture builds."
For the fine-art market, some of the benefits that the METIS scanner offer are similar, but there are some unique requirements for this market.
"The ability to capture and reproduce an original work of art with a printing process requires not only an ability to accurately reproduce a painting, but also an adept understanding of the artists they serve," Lawrence said. "The METIS gives the fine-art professional a tool to start off with the most complete and accurate capture, and combines it with a scanning methodology and software tool to work with the artist side-by-side to capture the true essence of the original in real time."
The scanner can also export accurate surface texture and glossiness details in formats unique to each printer's capabilities, such as ink thickness per pass, as well as the ability for the RIP to lay down individual layers to build up the surface height.
For archival services, it's all about capturing detail and consistency.
"The METIS scanners were designed to provide the highest level of light uniformity and detail for the most challenging originals," Lawrence said. "METIS flatbed scanners are among the rare elite scanners capable of achieving a FADGI 4-Star designation, the highest quality standard in the archival industry."
Some specific METIS customers and the kinds of tasks to which they are putting the scanner include:
 - The world's best-known tile manufacturers and retailers use the METIS to generate original designs and to create their marketing imagery for catalog and online content.
 - The décor manufacturers in the U.S. are using the METIS to reduce time, costs, and ultimately product returns by generating more effective sample materials.
 - Fine-art reproduction houses are using the METIS to produce higher-quality images for 2D giclées, as well as 3D-textured fine-art reproductions produced on a flatbed UV printer.
 - Colorimetry for hard-to-color-manage printed media such as ceramics, wood, concrete, and carpeting.
Opportunities for Print Service Providers
METIS scanning technology can also provide opportunities for graphic arts firms and print service providers.
"With advancements in 3D and 3D-like technologies, there is a need for realistic surface data, and the METIS's ability to capture and deliver graphics of the surface attributes of color, texture and glossiness will mean greater realism with these technologies," Lawrence said.
The METIS technology scans materials from a topical level. This approach also benefits colorimetry creation for materials which would be impossible to profile by traditional methods. When accurately reproducing hard-to-replicate detail, proper color management is just as important as the images color data. METIS has partnered with ColorGate Digital Output Solutions, GmbH to prepare colorimetry for accurate color management. What traditionally took hours now takes just minutes.
Multi-use METIS Surf 3D ColorGate Edition creates textured scans and colorimetry.
The benefits go beyond print. The METIS scanner can bring new revenue sources to graphic arts firms by "being able to reproduce 3D texture reproductions with existing UV printing equipment or providing scanning services for CGI/PBR (computer-generated imagery/physical based rendering) applications," Lawrence said.
METIS scanners could help expand offerings for print service providers' clients in that they can provide their clients with extremely color accurate photorealistic and/ or tactile realistic reproductions, and the scanners can deliver image data in whatever format is needed for a given print manufacturing method. And scanning surfaces are required for a host of needs beyond print, such as virtual/augmented reality, CGI, and PBR. Computer-generated room scenes, product displays, video game environments, and movies are increasingly calling for more photorealistic surface textures.
Think Outside the Box—and Then Scan the Box
What advice would Lawrence give creative designers when thinking about doing custom scanning for their production process?
"First of all, think outside the box," he said, "but remember that the scanner's job is to give you an absolutely faithful capture of the original. So, before you send a surface to be scanned, be sure it is as close as possible to how you wish the final output to appear. This includes gloss/sheen levels. But don't just get stuck on one option, the METIS software enables real-time lighting perspective changes post-scan to allow for virtually unlimited perspectives that would take other scanning technologies days to try to create. It is easily adjustable to scan multiple scan mapping options


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The precise language used in your paternity report is very important but, because it's also very technical, it can sometimes be hard to understand. The report language is familiar to scientists, lawyers, and judges. To help with understanding your results, we've also shown you how they might say it on TV, instead of in a courtroom.
If you did an at-home peace-of-mind test, your report will not show the names of participants: participants are only identified by number and by their role in the test (for example, alleged father or child).
We include names of participants on the report only for witnessed, chain-of-custody tests.
Each paternity test report shows the following information:
- Combined Paternity Index (CPI)
- Probability of Paternity
- Data table of DNA markers (or genetic systems)
The Conclusion states whether the possible father is EXCLUDED or is NOT EXCLUDED as the biological father (see explanations below). The data table lists the different DNA markers (or "genetic systems") examined by scientists to create the CPI and Probability of Paternity.
If the Conclusion reads, "is EXCLUDED as the biological father," this means that he is NOT the father because the data in the table do not support a paternity relationship. When a possible father is EXCLUDED as the biological father, the Combined Paternity Index (CPI) is 0 and the Probability of Paternity is 0%.
If the Conclusion reads, "is NOT EXCLUDED as the biological father," this means that he is most likely to BE the father because the data in the table strongly support a paternity relationship. When a possible father is NOT EXCLUDED, the Combined Paternity Index (CPI) is 100 (or larger) and the Probability of Paternity is typically 99.99% (or higher).
Why do TV personalities say "you are the father" while scientists say you are "not excluded as the biological father"?
Scientists use precise language, whereas TV personalities generalize for dramatic effect. DNA paternity testing uses powerful statistics to create a probability of paternity, and the highest probability possible is 99.99% (not 100%). Saying, "You ARE the father," implies a 100% probability of paternity, which is technically incorrect.
So, just how powerful is a 99.99% probability of paternity?
A 99.99% probability of paternity is so powerful, that it's routinely accepted as evidence in favor of paternity by genetic scientists, courtroom judges, and even the U.S. State Department. Although the scientific language is more technical than how they say it on TV, the bottom line is the same: a DNA paternity test probability of 99.99% is strong enough for a judge to confidently allow (or deny) child support, immigration, or even conviction in a criminal case. It's also why a TV host feels confident enough to say, "You ARE the father."
Follow us on Facebook and Twitter! If you have questions about paternity tests or other DNA testing services, please contact our Client Support Center at _PHONE_, Mon-Fri from 8:30 AM to 5:30 PM Eastern Time. Our friendly, expert representatives are ready and happy to help. Get answers anytime by visiting our Help Center.


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Small RNAs as Guardians of the Genome
Transposons populate the landscape of all eukaryotic genomes. Often considered purely genomic parasites, transposons can also benefit their hosts, playing roles in gene regulation and in genome organization and evolution. Peaceful coexistence with mobile elements depends upon adaptive control mechanisms, since unchecked transposon activity can impact long-term fitness and acutely reduce the fertility of progeny. Here, we review the conserved roles played by small RNAs in the adaptation of eukaryotes to coexist with their genomic colonists. An understanding of transposon-defense pathways has uncovered recurring themes in the mechanisms by which genomes distinguish "self" from "non-self" and selectively silence the latter.


Mathématiques > Accueil > Avancées en Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées > Numéro
Vol 11 - Numéro 1 (Mai 2020)
Avancées en Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées
Articles parus
Solutions régulières pour l'équation relativiste de Boltzmann dans le domaine de Yang-Mills
We consider in this work the Boltzmann equation in the presence of a Yang-Mills fields in temporal gauge, which generalizes to the non-Abelian case the electromagnetic field. We prove, using the method presented by N. Noutchegueme and R. D. Ayissi [2], a local in time existence and uniqueness theorem for the regular solutions.
Une nouvelle caractérisation des anneaux semi-réguliers commutatifs
A commutative ring R is called J-rad clean in case, for any r ∈ R, there is an idempotent e ∈ R such that r−e ∈ U(R) and re ∈ J(R), where U(R) and J(R) denote the set of units and the Jacobson radical of R, respectively. Also, a ring R is called semiregular if R/J(R) is regular in the sense of von Neumann and idempotents lift modulo J(R). We demonstrate that these two concepts are, actually, equivalent and we portray a portion of the properties of this class of rings. In particular, as a direct application, we prove that the commutative group ring RG is J-rad clean if, and only if, R is a commutative J-rad clean ring and G is a torsion abelian group, provided that J(R) is nil.
Produits de Complexes Rectangulaires et Matrices aléatoires hermitiennes
Very recently, it has been shown for products of real matrices with anti-symmetric matrices of even dimension that the traditional harmonic analysis on matrix groups developed by Harish-Chandra et al. needs to be modified when considering the group action on general symmetric spaces of matrices. In the present work, we consider the product of complex random matrices with Hermitian matrices, in particular the former can be also rectangular while the latter has not to be positive definite and is considered as a fixed matrix as well as a random matrix. This generalises an approach for products involving the Gaussian unitary ensemble (GUE) and circumvents the use there of non-compact group integrals. We derive the joint probability density function of the real eigenvalues and, additionally, prove transformation formulas for the bi-orthogonal functions and kernels.
Fonctions ∗-LIE supérieurement dérivables sur les ∗-anneaux
In this paper, it is shown that, if R is a ∗-ring containing a nontrivial self adjoint idempotent which admits a ∗-Lie higher derivable mapping L={Ln}n∈N, then there exists an element ZX,Y (depending on X and Y) in the center Z(R) such that Ln(X+Y)=Ln(X)+Ln(Y)+ZX,Y.
Autres numéros :
Volume 20- 11
Numéro 1 (Mai 2020)
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Volume 21- 12
Numéro 1 (Janvier 2021)