The Cultural Heritage Assessment tool is created with an intention to access the way different cultures conduct their daily activities. It has a vital role considering social, economic, and health promotion. The use of these tools is significant in helping health care providers to understand the patient's traditional health methods used to maintain health. Heritage tools are concerned with health restoration, protection, and maintenance in broad terms. It focuses on basic social issues such as religion, health or family background. This tool helps to gauge the living standards of an individual and understand certain health conditions that different people from different cultures may suffer. It also helps to predict possible actions of an individual (Hockings, 2006). This means that a heritage assessment tool is instrumental in explaining human behavior judging from their specific cultural practices. Three families were interviewed to analyze the usefulness of this tool. This essay is, therefore, about findings of Heritage Assessment tool.
Heritage Assessment
The family interviews were different in terms of lifestyle and many other aspects. Differences in American, Romanian and Hispanic cultural heritage were compared in this paper. The interviews were analyzed to show possible explanations of family differences in spiritual and traditional values considering health maintenance, protection, and restoration. The interviewees were suggested to respond to the following questions:
 1. What do you do when you are suffering from headache?
 2. Where do you get water to drink?
 3. What course of action do you take when a society member is unwell?
 4. Do you use mosquito's nets?
 5. Do health institutions around your home area provide you with free condoms?
 6. How far is the nearest medical center from your home?
 7. Have you been vaccinated in the childhood?
 8. Do you practice your traditional religion?
 9. Does your culture allow you to apply to modern medication whenever you are ill?
 10. Have you ever applied witchcraft as a health restoration method?
 11. Identify common health traditions in your area?
 12. Which health programs do you consider as effective ones in your area?
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The findings of this assessment clearly showed that different cultures approach the idea of health promotion, maintenance, and restoration differently. In this sense, the Americans migrate from their native homeland, for example, from Mexico to New York. Mexican beliefs about health and death are different from those of other cultures. In fact, Mexicans believe death to be a spiritual issue that every individual must go through. The lower class of African Americans in the US also has a different belief system. Their cultural heritage regards a good life as the basis for good health. They place special emphasis on protecting their bodies from the cold and keeping it clean. The traditional African American culture believes that there exist natural illnesses, which play a central role in their society. This is the role of social control in the traditional community of African Americans (Spector, 2004). They also create significant clinical implications to their belief considering the process of blood functioning. They believe that blood plays an important role and has clinical applications. Lower class African Americans also believe in the existence of unnatural diseases. According to them these diseases cannot be cured by any modern doctors but only traditional witch doctors.
The culture of Romania in its health related practices outlaws the contraception. Most children of the Romanian population spend their childhood in the children orphanages considering the economic hardships in the country. The cultural Health Assessment tool clearly shows a sharp contrast in the traditional systems of their culture. They believe in the use of herbal medicine to cure diseases. Normally, they use herbal medicine when convectional treatment methods fail to respond appropriately.
According to the cultural practices of the Spanish, the response from my respondents shows that they apply to traditional medical methods of medication whenever the modern methods do not work. The Spanish respect for mothers who have received newborns cannot be ignored. The respondents believe in curses if they do not honor women, who have given a birth to a baby. Such a traditional practice can greatly affect the view and approach to health issues such as health maintenance and restoration.
As reflected by interviewing the three different families, it is so vivid and clear that different cultural heritage affects the intensity of health issues in any given traditional community. It is also evident that the communities traditional believe affects their current projects to restore and maintain health. The respondents from local families that were not modernized are likely to depict attributes of being conservative and resist changes that are coming with the developing, technological world (Nath, 1999). Different cultural societies not only in the United States but the whole world perceive modern methods of medication differently. For example, The Romanians may not allow blood transfusion since blood is associated with traditional functions.
In conclusion, it is undisputable that different cultural heritages have varied approaches to health restoration, maintenance, and protection at large. The beliefs and traditions of different community members have a profound effect on the health of the community. Perhaps medical and social workers should analyze the cultural heritage practices of all communities before preparing the possible methods to improve the health services in those specific communities. These beliefs influence the applied types of health services in the community and recreational activities at large.
Read about Indian Cultural Heritage Essay Example
Need more Informative Essay Examples?
Related essays
 1. Cultural Competency in Clinical Setting
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 3. Hamilton's Reports
 4. Review of Hamilton's Reports


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IMPORTANCE Carcinoma of unknown primary (CUP) accounts for 3%to 5%of all cancers and is associated with poor prognosis. Familial clustering of different cancer sites with CUP is unknown and may provide information regarding etiology, as well as elevated cancer risks in relatives. OBJECTIVE To quantify the risk of cancer by site in firstand second-degree relatives and first cousins of individuals with CUP. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Nested case-control study of patients who received a diagnosis of CUP between 1980 and 2010 identified from the Utah Cancer Registry. Population controls with no CUP diagnosis were sex and age matched 10:1 to patients with CUP. Data about relatives were drawn from the Utah Population Database. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Familial aggregation of cancer risk in relatives of cases compared with controls using Cox regression analysis. RESULTS For the 4160 index patients (median [interquartile range] age, 72 [62-81] years; 47.6%male) who had received a diagnosis of CUP, first-degree relatives were at an elevated risk of CUP themselves (hazard ratio [HR], 1.35 [95%CI, 1.07-1.70]), as well as lung (HR, 1.37 [95%CI, 1.22-1.54]), pancreatic (HR, 1.28 [95%CI, 1.06-1.54]),myeloma (HR, 1.28 [95%CI, 1.01-1.62]), and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (HR, 1.16 [95%CI, >1.00-1.35]) cancers compared with controls without CUP. When the analysis was restricted to relatives of cancer-free controls, additional increased risks for colon (HR, 1.19 [95%CI, 1.06-1.33]) and bladder (HR, 1.18 [95%CI, >1.00-1.38]) cancers were observed. Second-degree relatives of patients with CUP were at a slight increased risk of lung (HR, 1.14 [95%CI, 1.03-1.26]), pancreatic (HR, 1.17 [95%CI, 1.01-1.37]), breast (HR, 1.09 [95%CI, 1.02-1.16]), melanoma (HR, 1.09 [95%CI, >1.00-1.19]), and ovarian (HR, 1.19 [95%CI, 1.02-1.39]) cancers. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Relatives of patients with CUP are at increased risk of CUP and several other malignant neoplasms, including lung, pancreatic, and colon cancer. The present data may suggest sites of origin for CUP and provide cancer risk information for relatives of patients with CUP that can lead to effective intervention. Relatives of patients with CUP should be aware of the elevated risks for lung, pancreatic, and colon cancer and encouraged to modify risk factors and adhere to site-specific population cancer screening.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Cancer Research

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text: Publication analyzes the situation of Roma children in foster care with the emphasis on ethnicity, discrimination and violations of children's rights. It is focused on the process of removing children from their families, their placement in different types of institutional care and treatment of Roma children as a specific group of children in foster care. Findings are based on qualitative research in 10 localities with children homes in Slovakia. Interviews and focus groups with different actors were conducted in 2015. Analysis focuses on reasons for removing children from their families, attitudes towards Roma children in foster care, identity of Roma children, care they receive in foster care and possibilities of their return to their homes.


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« Back to Tree Recycling
Homes and Nests for Wildlife
For the past decade, town crews in Easton, Md., have taken discarded trees to Poplar Island. The trees, strategically placed across the island, provide habitat and nesting sites for birds like common terns, least terns and American black ducks. Other trees are screwed into stumps and become nesting areas for egrets and herons.
Poplar Island is home to more than 200 bird species and 26 nesting species. Projects like using Christmas trees helps attract wildlife to the uninhabited island. Read more.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Busy hands build strong minds! Learn about the human skull with this fun 4D anatomy model. Comes with 17 detailed, realistic bones to show the skull structure. Challenge your critical thought and mental acuity. Build dexterity, fine motor skills and problem solving skills. Reinforce learning through hands-on exploration! The model is 5.75″ in size and comes with a display stand, illustrated assembly guide, and a learning guide with the description of the anatomy and how a human skull works along with some fun questions to test your knowledge!
Ages 8 - 98


text: A 2D quantified expression profile from a single Nematostella gene expression image. A) At the start of gastrulation, the gene Nvvas2 is expressed roughly symmetrically with respect to the blue axis drawn (image from ). B) For all points of the 3D array P, the base points S1 and S2 of the arc centered on this axis are determined. The intensity is calculated as the weighted average of these base points, as expressed in the algorithm in figure 6B. C) The greyscale intensity is displayed in three perpendicular planes of the 3D gene expression array. The horizontal plane is the truncated original. D) The primary axis is indicated on the original image. E) From the 3D expression, slices are calculated at equally incremented angles through the primary body axis. F) The original embryo geometry is overlaid on the first five pattern slices from figure 7E (the last four are identical in reverse order). As expected, the embryo geometry does not match the expression outlines. The geometry is not adjusted to the expression, because the expression representation is not meant to approach the embryo's shape. Besides, the expression outline outside the central x,y plane is too blurred for a precise geometry extraction. (The distortion is more obvious with a dark background, as seen in Figure 5D.) G) After processing each 1D expression profile derived from the decomposed angular slices, the complete two-dimensional expression array is plotted as an intensity landscape. The cell layer position follows the segments in the decomposition in counterclockwise direction, starting and finishing at the aboral end. The angular slice designations correspond to the number labels in panel E. Processing of one-dimensional profiles is done in a similar fashion as in example 1 (main text).


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Though I specifically noted the stack overflow case, I was rejecting the general notion that the null ptr dereference was due to some attacker-influenced manipulation or control of kernel data.
These bugs generally crop up from having incomplete handling of all possible cases of working with a pointer. The most fruitful ones are the bugs where it involves using a null pointer to a structure containing a function pointer, or simply a null function pointer itself. The kernel has a ton of the first case: it's the way in which abstractions are made. These grant trivial arbitrary code execution on x86 (just map your code at address 0 and it gets executed in kernel context), whereas in other cases these bugs can be used to provide the kernel with trojaned data -- though the usefulness of this for DoS or privilege elevation has to be determined on a case-by-case basis.


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Does God 'Allow' Us to Sin? Is Divorce a 'Sin' That God 'Allows'?
by Stephen Gola
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Does God "Allow" Us to Sin? Is Divorce a "Sin" That God "Allows"?
By Stephen Gola
Is divorce sin in itself? The answer is either, yes or no! There are no other answers.
Not understanding the correct answer to this question has caused great wars in the church and has caused many of God's kids to be damaged needlessly. However, the war was not because of the divorce issue itself, but rather from a fundamental misunderstanding of what sin is — and what it is not. No longer will you have to struggle with the question of whether or not divorce is a sin in itself; as well as knowing what makes something a sin or not.
Understanding What Sin is and What It is Not
There are four main questions that identify whether or not something is sin "by doing it" or "sin in itself." There is a difference. We will start with the Ten Commandments (in Exodus 20:1-17) and work our way up the list.
As we go through the Commandments, we will ask ourselves the four vital questions, and, is there Scriptural precedence for that question:
1. Is this specific action ALWAYS a sin in itself no matter what?
2. Is this specific action NEVER a sin in itself no matter what?
3. Is this specific action ONLY SIN WHEN CERTAIN MOTIVES are the driving force behind the action?
4. Is this specific action EVER CONSIDERED A RIGHTEOUS ACT RATHER THAN SIN when certain motives are the driving force behind the action?
These questions are already set by Scriptural precedence. They will fully answer every situation of whether the action is sin or not.
Identifying Something That is Always a Sin Verses Something That Can Be Sin
Always a Sin in Itself (Question #1)
Let's find out which of the Ten Commandments of God is always a sin by applying question #1.
10. You shall not covet your neighbor's house, wife, male or female servants, ox (tractor), donkey (automobile), nor anything that is your neighbors. (Exodus 20:17.)
Is there ever a time that you can be justified by God in wanting to have the very items or spouse of someone you know? The answer is, no! Therefore, covetousness is ALWAYS a sin.
9. You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor. (Exodus 20:16.) (This Scripture is NOT speaking of "lying" in general, but rather, lying as a false testimony against someone.)
Is there ever a time that you can be justified by God for giving a lying testimony against someone you know? The answer is, no! Therefore, bearing false witness is ALWAYS a sin.
7. You shall not commit adultery. (Exodus 20:14.)
Is there ever a time that you can be justified by God for screwing someone's spouse to help them "meet their needs"? The answer is, no! Therefore, adultery is ALWAYS a sin.
8. You shall not steal. (Exodus 20:15.)
Is there ever a time when you can be justified by God for taking something that is not yours? The answer is, no! Remember, we are looking for Scriptural precedence in every situation.
Are you getting the picture? These are examples of the first question answered: There are specific actions that are ALWAYS a sin in itself no matter what. The 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 5th commandments also fall into this same category.
Only a Sin When Certain Motives Are the Driving Force (Question #3)
6. You shall not murder. (Exodus 20:13.)
Is there ever a time that you can be justified by God for murdering someone? Stop right there! Murder, is NOT the same as killing. Murder is the motive behind killing. It is the intent to harm (malice) or take life for your own selfish gain or sport. The answer is, yes, murder is ALWAYS a sin, but killing is NOT a sin in itself. If you hate your brother (or sister) you ARE a murderer, NOT a killer. (See 1John 3:15.)
Killing another human being has never been a sin in itself. You can kill someone out of self-defense, participating in war to defend a nation, or by accident. God even provided specified "cities of refuge" where a person can take refuge in if they were being pursued for a death they caused by accident. (See Joshua 20:1-6.) God does not hide sin!
This is the category in which the action of divorce is in.
Divorce and/or remarriage after a divorce have never been a sin in itself — ever. It has only been taught that way because of misunderstanding these truths.
When we accept a lie as truth, our conscience will convict us of "sin" even though the "sin" is not actually a sin but sin to US. This is Scriptural. Therefore what happens is that because we have accepted a lie as truth and then when we violate that "perceived truth," it separates us from God — and it never was God in the first place, it was a lie believed as truth. Divorce has never been sin in itself. If divorce was a sin in itself, then God sinned when He divorced Israel.
Then I saw that for all the causes for which backsliding Israel had committed adultery, I had put her away and GIVEN HER A CERTIFICATE FOR DIVORCE. (Jeremiah 3:8a.)
We KNOW that God cannot sin, He only does righteous acts. Therefore when He divorced Israel, GOD DID A RIGHTEOUS ACT— because He could ONLY DO righteous acts — because HE IS RIGHTEOUS. Divorce can be a righteous or innocent act just as killing can be a righteous act in war or self defense. The third question applies: Is this specific action only sin WHEN CERTAIN MOTIVES are the driving force behind the action? The answer is, yes! Divorce in itself has NEVER been sin in itself. It is the UNRIGHTEOUS MOTIVE behind divorce that makes it a sin to THAT person.
Breaking a Commandment is Considered a Righteous Act With Certain Motives Behind it (Question #4)
4. Remember the Sabbath Day to keep it holy. Work six days to complete all of your work. But the seventh day, do no work. It is the Sabbath Day (of rest). (See Exodus 20:8-11.)
Is there ever a time when you can be justified by God for working on the Sabbath Day? The answer is, yes! Jesus recognized the precedence set by King David and the Priests as set forth in Matthew 12:1-8. As Jesus and His disciples were walking through the grain fields on the Sabbath (the day set aside to rest from the weeks activities),
...His disciples were hungry, and began to pluck heads of grain and to eat. And when the Pharisees [the religious leaders] saw it, they said to Him, 'Look, your disciples are doing WHAT IS NOT LAWFUL to do on the Sabbath!' (Matthew 12:1-2.) (Also see 1Samuel 21:1-6, 2Samuel 8:17.)
Jesus immediately recognized that the Pharisees did not understand that there are certain commandments that when violated through specific (righteous) motives, are NOT considered sin, but rather, A RIGHTEOUS ACT.
Coming back to question #4 in how to identify whether or not an action is a sin in itself: Is this specific action EVER CONSIDERED A RIGHTEOUS ACT RATHER THAN SIN when certain motives are the driving force behind the action?
Jesus said to them,
"Have you not read (the Scriptural precedence) what [King] David did when he was hungry, he and those who were with him: how he entered the house of God and ate the showbread WHICH WAS NOT LAWFUL FOR HIM TO EAT, nor for those who were with him, BUT ONLY FOR THE PRIESTS? Or have you not read in the law (of Moses) that on the Sabbath the priests in the temple PROFANE THE SABBATH, AND ARE?" (Matthew 12:3-5.)
Even though Kind David "entered the house of God and ate the showbread WHICH WAS NOT LAWFUL FOR HIM TO EAT, nor for those who were with him, BUT ONLY FOR THE PRIESTS" God did not count it as sin but a righteous act. Why? Because they violated the temple of God and the Sabbath Day OUT OF NECESSITY, not selfishness or evil.
A Righteous Lie?
Is there precedence in the Bible that if someone lies to protect another person from bodily harm or lies to protect someone in times of persecution, that is considered a "righteous act"? Again, question #4: Is this specific action EVER CONSIDERED A RIGHTEOUS ACT RATHER THAN SIN when certain motives are the driving force behind the action?
Remember Rahab the harlot hid the spies from the King in Jericho?
Now Joshua the son of Nun sent out two men from Acacia Grove to spy secretly, saying, "Go, view the land, especially Jericho." So they went, and came to the house of a harlot named Rahab,


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Improving the safety of Nevada's highways is the top priority of the Department of Public Safety, Highway Patrol. The Highway Patrol has established the goal to reduce the Nevada large truck and bus related fatalities rate to 0.16 fatalities per 100 million Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) by 2011, as averaged over the three preceding years. This equates to a 24 percent reduction from the base period of 2003-2005 average fatality rate of 0.21. This represents an estimated average of 7 lives saved each year in the State of Nevada.
To assist in achieving this goal, the DPS, Highway Patrol participates in the Motor Carrier Safety Assistance Program (MCSAP). This is a Federal grant program that provides financial assistance to States to reduce the number and severity of crashes and hazardous materials incidents involving commercial motor vehicles (CMV). The goal of the MCSAP is to reduce CMV-involved crashes, fatalities, and injuries through consistent, uniform, and effective CMV safety programs. Investing grant monies in appropriate safety programs increases the likelihood that safety defects, driver deficiencies, and unsafe motor carrier practices are detected and corrected before they become contributing factors to crashes. The MCSAP also sets forth the conditions for participation by States and local jurisdictions and promotes the adoption and uniform enforcement of safety rules, regulations, and standards compatible with the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSR's) and Federal Hazardous Material Regulations (HMR's)for both interstate and intrastate motor carriers and drivers.


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There have always been questions surrounding the truthfulness of the story about Malandelaâs sons.
Many have called it a myth while some still vow it is a true story that bears evidence of the origins of Nguni people.
Still on a quest to probe issues around Nguni identity, I wanted to find out more about the ancient story of Malandelaâs sons, Qwabe and Zulu, from the perspective of some of the members of Ubumbano lwama Qwabe.
My intention was twofold: to follow the work done by the organisation and to collect as much information as I would need to put together my new stage production, âu Zulu no Qwabeâ.
I asked several people about their knowledge of the dispute between Qwabe and Zulu: the Mayor of Mzumbe, Mr Israel Gumede of Umthwalume who is the Chairperson of Ubumbano; I. Gumede of Mthandeni as well as Chief Makhosini Wellington Qwabe of Mthandeni.
The following is what was common from their responses.
History identifies Nguni people as having originated in the North of Africa.
They then later descended from the North down the navel of the continent to find better pastures in the southern part of Africa. He had married Nozidiya (otherwise known as Nozinja) who gave birth to all-male offspring. When Malandela passed on, Nozidiya took charge of the family. She made reed mats and bartered them in exchange for stock, which led to her ownership of a rare breed of pure white Nguni cows.
One day Qwabe came home, after he had departed following a family dispute, to a cattle enclosure full of Nozidiyaâs special cows.
On Qwabeâs enquiring to whom they belonged, she stated that they belonged to his younger brother Zulu.
He argued against this as he believed that as the heir he was entitled to all the inheritance.
That then sparked a dispute between Qwabe and Zulu with Nozidiya on Zuluâs side.


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I have some apps that seem to be fine with App memory/CPU usage and DB CPU usage, but very high DB Memory usage. What are some common mistakes people have seem that can cause this? I've read one suggestion such as the following: " Mistakes that are often made in long microflows is clearing lists for instance after there use is no longer needed." How exactly would clearing a list cause DB Memory usage to be high?
In my experience, the following 2 things result in high database memory usage:
microflows that update a large number of objects in the database or update large numbers database objects with individual create/update/delete activities. These kinds of microflows can lead to very large database transactions that don't complete until the microflow is done. This best practice talks about this in some more detail: _URL_
queries (retrieve activities or datagrids/listviews/templategrids) that perform complex multi-entity joins on entities with a lot of records. No quick way to tune these, just understanding what your users need and seeing if there are better or quicker ways to accomplish these things. Indexes can be helpful here too.


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THE CULTURAL CAPITAL OF INDIA
1. Importance of Banaras in India and especially for Hindus; various aspects of Banaras, its many names and what makes it the cultural capital of India.
2. Archaeology, Mythology, Geography, and History of Banarasits unique situation on Ganges, and its journey through the history of India, and quest to know what makes it oldest living city.
3. Religious VaranasiMany religions, place and types of worship, a religious place and institutions. You will find that even Primitive worship cults are still practiced in this city. Discover the city of Buddha, Jain Tirthankars, Shaiva and Vaishnava saints or Devoted saints like Kabir and Tulsi.
4. Arts, Crafts and Architecture of Banaras: You will be amused to see that Varanasi is a Museum architectural designs. It presents changing patterns and movements in course of history. It has a rich and original variety of paintings and sculptor styles and equally rich treasures of folk art. During the ages Varanasi has produced master craftsmen and Varanasi has earned name and fame for its Sarees, handicrafts, textiles, Toys, ornaments, metal work, clay and wood work, leaf and fibre crafts. With ancient crafts, Banaras has not lagged behind in Modern Industries.
5. Discover Gangathe holiest of the holy riverits mythology, geography, socioeconomic aspects, its monumental ghats and their story and the present condition of pollution.
6. The Capital of all knowledgeDiscover the most ancient seat of education in India World the famous scholars and their 'Shastrarthas', the great scholars, universities, college, schools, Madarsas and Pathshalas and Guru Shishya traditions, the epics, famous literary works, languages and dialects, journalistic traditionsnewspapers and magazine, and famous libraries.
7. Discover the social and cultural fabricOrganisation of sacred complex and social spaces, the cultural pluristic, linguistic and ethnic groups. Discover the city of affluence, intellectuals, oral traditions, castes and customs, personalities, professions, communal harmony. Discover the rural Varanasi. And finally (and with deep insight) peep into, the pleasure of Pans, Thandai, Gamcha, Bahri Alang and Mauj Masti.
8. The City of Music and Drama and Entertainment: Banaras has been famous for its Music both vocal instrumental, it has its own dance tradition. Add to this a very rich stock of folk Music and drama (esp. Ramlila), the tradition Musical soirees, fairs and festival the rich tradition of Akharas, games and sports. Add to this classical Banaras Transport vehicles like Ekka and Modern Traffic Jam.
9. Industrial City: Discover the fast developing city of heavy, light and cottage industries, local handicrafts and other small scale industrial units. ( DLW, BHEL, Electric, Cycle,Pumps, Paper, Glass, Fertilizer etc.)
10. Medical World of Varanasi: Discover the ancient College of Plastic Surgery, Sushruta, Dhanvantri (God of Medicine), Divodas, and practice of all the ancient and modern systems of medicine in action.
11. The Unseen Banaras: Discover the spots around Varanasi, instituions, story of freedom struggle and the martyrs, history of Kashiraj, history of Sarnath, history of Bhadohi (Carpet town), of Mirzapur, of Ghazipur, know about the famous travellers and tourists, of the 'Nijam'. And finally having seen the Panorama of Banaras, its continuity of culture, discover the identity of Banaras.
Source of Information:- Department of Culture, Varanasi


Fresh Hop Beers: What They Are And Why You Should Drink Them
As summer wanes on the PNW, another sensation waxes — no, not pumpkin-flavored beers (although if ANYBODY has tried a pumpkin beer that doesn't taste like someone poured pumpkin spice into a repurposed stout, please let me know where to find it).
Of course, I'm talking about fresh hop season!
Ah, fresh hop season, the moment when hop vines reach a beautifully mature age, get chopped into smithereens, and inevitably churned into the great alcohol that is beer.
As fresh hop season draws nearer and I become more excited to the point that I'm telling strangers how excited I am, I'll answer the question that strangers have been asking me: what are fresh hops, and why are you foaming at the mouth?
What Are Fresh Hops?
To give the crude answer, fresh hops are hops…but fresher. The noble hop vine (which shares much in common with marijuana plants, but I digress) likes to grow big and tall, stretching to the peaks of the stratosphere — or about 7-50 feet, according to Wikipedia
Like all plants, hop vines have a time of year when they thrive best, blossoming some big, tasty hop cones. Harvesters then chop these hop cones using top and bottom cutters, and through the power of the modern supply chain, hops relocate from plant to brew within a period of under 24 hours.
Typically, harvesters reap the green gold from the vines, process the plants, and prepare them to ship. While this process helps keep hops fresher for longer, therefore extending the reach of different hops, we lose a lot of the naturally hop flavor in the process.
When we take brand spanking new hops, chop them off, then immediately start brewing, we essentially get the "freshest" hop flavor.
But fresh hop season typically only lasts a little over a month, from mid-late August through about the end of September. And the specific dates depend on myriad factors, including humidity, weather, air conditions, growing conditions, soil, and general luck.
Related: Mosaic Hops, Citra Hops, and Simcoe Hops
What Do Breweries Do With Fresh Hops?
Breweries use hops for beer, and they use fresh hops for…beer.
Beer gets a big chunk of its flavor from hops (depending on the beer style, of course), and fresh hops have the stankiest, dankiest smells and flavors. Fresh hops allow brewers to harness the full aromatic experience of the hop.
So, if you try two of the same pale ale next to each other — one a year-round brew, one a fresh hop — you're likely to notice a stronger all-around flavor and aroma.
Unfortunately, fresh hop season is an annual flash in the pan, so we can only get these top-notch brews once a year. But the ephemeral nature of these beasts is what makes them beautiful, and the simple pleasure of appreciating a fresh hop beer is more than enough to hold me over for 365 days of rotating around the sun.
The short-lived nature of fresh hops also makes them tougher for big beer companies to harness, so our favorite little guys, the craft brewers, get to bask in the excellence of the fresh hop!
man smelling hops
Fresh, stinky hops
Which Fresh Hops Are Best For Beer?
Which fresh hops are best for beer, and which beers are best for fresh hops?
Well, ALL hops are the best fresh hops for beers! But how brewers use these hops is what makes them great.
Most breweries tend to allocate their fresh hops to IPAs and pale ales since these two styles already emphasize hop flavor. I've noticed that many brewers release some one-off fresh hop styles while also brewing some fresh hop special edition versions of existing ales.
Ok, by this point I've shown you the wonders of the fresh hop and now you can annoy your friends with Jeopardy-worthy hop knowledge. The only thing left is to find your favorite local brewer and try out the fresh hop style!
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Legal Law
Dismiss my lawsuits: prime 7 methods to finish the nightmare
Reject criminal charges:
Top 7 ways to end the nightmare
It is possible to discharge your criminal complaint.
If you have been arrested, you want to know how your defense lawyer can dismiss your indictment.
Of course you understand that you are innocent until proven guilty.
But dismissing your criminal complaint would put a quick end to your nightmare.
Do you want to read?
Watch our video
What are your options
You have two options if you cannot dismiss your complaint.
Option 1: find guilty
Option 2: try it out
You will be offered a plea in every criminal case OR you can take your criminal case to court.
If you accept a plea deal, you have to admit that you committed a crime.
If you go to court, you incur enormous costs and your fate lies with a jury.
The basics
Of course, you know that you are innocent until proven guilty.
But the criminal process is long and you may have many sleepless nights until your case ends.
First, it is important to have a clear understanding of the criminal charges brought against you.
Are you facing crime or misdemeanor?
What are the punishments and consequences of your indictment?
Are you going to have immigration consequences?
Or is your career at risk?
Next, find the criminal lawyer that's right for you.
During your meeting, your defense lawyer should patiently listen to your side of the story.
Next, he will explain your allegations and understand the long road ahead.
dropped charges against dismissed charges
Before we get to the good things, let's answer this question:
"What is the difference between dismissing and submitting lawsuits?"
Filed and dismissed fees lead to the same result.
"Indictment dropped" means that the prosecutor has stopped pursuing the indictment.
In other words, you never have to go to court.
For example, this happens when a detective discovers that an important witness lied about what he saw.
Or if DNA evidence shows that it is impossible for you to have committed the crime.
"To reject your lawsuit" means that your lawyer has found a violation of the constitution.
For example, the police conducted an illegal search.
Keep going.
Let's discuss the top seven ways you can dismiss your complaint.
7 ways to dismiss criminal charges
1. Lack of a probable reason for the arrest
2. Errors in the criminal complaint or in the indictment documents
3. Illegal stopping and searching
4. Grand Jury dismissals
5. Insufficient evidence
6. Procedural issues
7. Lack of resources
1. no probable reason for arrest
In New Jersey and across the country, the police need a "probable reason" to arrest you.
This is a fundamental right that protects citizens from tyranny.
In other words, a police officer cannot arrest you because he has an "idea" that you are doing no good.
He must provide an acceptable explanation for his arrest.
The official's reasonable belief must include objective, factual evidence and circumstances.
For example, if a police officer receives a notice that a drug dealer is wearing a pink bow tie, the police officer may have a reason to stop a person who complies with this description.
But if the officer sees you and you don't wear a pink bow tie, he can't just arrest you.
They do not match the description.
We are submitting an application to the court showing that there is no probable reason.
If the court agrees, your criminal complaints will be dismissed.
2. Contesting the complaint
Police officers must sign criminal charges under oath.
If the lawsuit against you contains serious errors, we will file a motion to dismiss you.
For example, let's say you are 5 feet 9 inches tall, weigh 150 pounds, and have blonde hair.
And the official's complaint states that you are 6 feet 6 inches tall, weigh 300 pounds, and have purple hair.
Well, you get the picture.
3. Illegal search
The fourth amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects citizens from illegal stops, searches, and confiscations.
This is the law of the country.
Law enforcement can only stop you in certain circumstances.
As mentioned earlier, the police need a "probable reason" or "reasonable belief" that you may have committed a crime.
In addition, the police can only search you, your car, or your home if they have a search warrant.
However, there are exceptions to the warranty obligation.
For example, the police can search your bags after your arrest.
This happens when the officer believes that you are carrying a weapon.
If the police conduct a search without a warrant or special circumstances, the evidence will be suppressed.
As a result, your criminal charges will be dismissed.
4. because the grand jury said so
After your arrest, the public prosecutor's office must present the case to a large jury.
The grand jury adds another level of constitutional protection.
You listen to witnesses and look at the evidence.
If they find there is enough evidence to determine a probable cause, your case continues.
However, if the grand jury finds no probable reason, your criminal charges will be dismissed.
5. insufficient evidence
Remember, your arrest is the starting point of your criminal proceedings.
Crime cases last for months and sometimes years.
A lot happens while your case is pending.
The prosecutor can drop your criminal complaint after discovering new evidence through their investigation.
One reason can simply be a lack of evidence.
The other reason may be that the evidence against you is weak.
Another possibility is that newly discovered evidence will relieve you.
This means that the evidence shows that it was not you who committed the crime.
It is important to highlight the role of your defense lawyer here.
You see, while the prosecutor's office is investigating, your lawyer is doing his.
Aggressive and committed defenders work tirelessly to protect you.
You are working hard to find evidence to show that you are innocent of the accused crime.
This evidence is then made available to the prosecutor.
As a result, your criminal charges will be dismissed.
6. Procedural issues
The police and public prosecutors must follow strict criminal procedures.
During your arrest, booking, and questioning, you must follow the law.
If the police violate your constitutional rights, these violations will result in your criminal charges being dismissed.
A common example is a Miranda injury.
If you have made an incriminating statement without receiving a proper Miranda warning, your statement will be suppressed.
This alone does not guarantee that your criminal charges will be dismissed.
But it always helps to get rid of incriminating statements.
Procedural issues are difficult. So make sure you have a good lawyer!
7. Lack of resources
Let's be honest; Prosecutors are busy people.
You have tons of cases. As a result, they are often forced to focus on their most serious cases.
Your criminal charges can be dismissed or dropped just because the prosecutor has bigger fish to roast.
The truth is that it is not common to dismiss serious criminal charges.
You are more likely to be released if you are accused of a minor crime and have no criminal record.
Bonus tip
If they can't be fired, try lowering your fees
You may be surprised at the possibility of reducing a fee.
If the evidence against you is weak, your lawyer can fight for a reduced charge.
It is a win-win situation for everyone involved.
The case is solved and your nightmare is over.
A crime can be downgraded to a crime.
In this case, prison is no longer an option. You can pay a fine and get an error in your file.
But you will be relieved that the case is over.
Of course, our priority is to reject your lawsuits, but a reduced charge can also be a home run!
In return for a guilty confession to a reduced charge, a prosecutor can offer a "consent form". This happens when a prosecutor agrees to dismiss the original criminal complaint. You must agree to plead guilty to a less stringent charge instead.
Final thoughts
We have outlined 7 ways you can fight to dismiss your complaint.
Each case is different and the method you choose is determined by the facts of your case.
Remember that it is very important to choose the right lawyer for you.
The rejection of criminal complaints is associated with many legal challenges.
In many ways, you only have one opportunity to reject your case.
Make sure you don't waste it.
We offer free advice and are happy to help you.
Here's a great article to help you get answers: Plea bargain: what are they? And why are they used?
If you need help with your criminal proceedings, please feel free to contact us.
The Post Dismiss My Lawsuits: Top 7 Ways To End The Nightmare first appeared on Peyrouton Law.
Jeff Pridemore


text:
Europe's sacred lands – a secret in need
04 April 2012 | News story
'The Diversity of Sacred Lands in Europe', provides a unique insight into Europe's often forgotten sacred natural sites. It looks into their history, importance and the threats they currently face. The book is a must-read for managers of European protected areas and landscapes and those interested in the religious and cultural aspects of European natural sites. Published by IUCN and Metsähallitus Natural Heritage Services of Finland, the book is part of a series issued by The Delos Initiative of IUCN's World Commission on Protected Areas.
Authors of the book place special attention to the sacred places of the Sámi indigenous people living in northern Finland, Sweden, Norway and North-West Russia. They also describe sacred natural sites in Albania, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Romania, North-West Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Turkey, and the United Kingdom.
"Sacred natural sites hold traditional and spiritual values that are often hidden from the modern world and that are deeply linked to ecosystem and landscape management", says Gonzalo Oviedo, IUCN's senior adviser for social policy. "These values are extremely important for Europe's cultural, spiritual and natural heritage. They include some unique knowledge of traditional medicine, livestock breeding, wildlife and agricultural cycles. Greater recognition of this knowledge and better management of these areas can help us sustainably conserve our natural heritage, especially in the time of increasing climate change."
"The importance of sacred natural sites is rarely recognized these days and their values are often ignored in the face of expanding urbanisation and insensitive development initiatives", says Josep Maria Mallarach, one of the editors of the book and coordinator of The Delos Initiative. "Tourism also puts pressure on these unique places, causing physical and spiritual degradation."
"Integrated management of the sites and improved public awareness can help address these challenges", says Thymio Papayannis, co-editor of the book and joint coordinator of The Delos Initiative. "Closer collaboration between the custodians of sacred natural sites and conservationists is crucial if we want to safeguard Europe's unique natural, cultural and spiritual values of such sites."
For more information, review copies or to set up interviews, please contact:
Borjana Pervan, IUCN Media Relations.


text:
Ig Nobel prize for UC Davis Ophthalmologist
|Schwab, who delivered his acceptance speech wearing this woodpecker headdress, received the Ig Nobel prize for authoring "Cure for a Headache," a study published in the British Journal of Ophthalmology.|
When your daily routine involves slamming your head against a tree, you might expect to get an occasional headache. Such could be the fate of woodpeckers as they search for worms, grubs and insects.
However, woodpeckers experience no ill effects from their head-banging ways and, for explaining why, UC Davis ophthalmology professor Ivan Schwab was chosen for the 2006 Ig Nobel Prize in ornithology. He received the award at Harvard University.
A parody of the Nobel Prizes, the Ig Nobel Prizes are awarded annually for 10 achievements that "first make people laugh, and then make them think." Bestowed by the scientific humor journal Annals of Improbable Research, the awards are intended to "celebrate the unusual, honor the imaginative and spur people's interest in science, medicine and technology." This is the first year that the journal has awarded a prize in ornithology. In keeping with tradition, six genuine Nobel laureates presented this year's Ig Nobel Prizes.
Schwab, who delivered his acceptance speech while wearing a woodpecker headdress, received the prize for authoring "Cure for a Headache," a study published in the British Journal of Ophthalmology in 2002. He shared the prize with the late psychiatrist Phillip R.A. May, whose previous research formed the basis for the study written by Schwab.
In addition to accepting his Ig Nobel Prize on Oct. 5, Schwab, along with the other award winners, took part in the Ig Informal Lectures on Saturday, Oct. 7, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. At this event, the prizewinners delivered five-minute lectures in which they "attempted to explain what they did, and why they did it," followed by questions from the audience.
Woodpeckers interested May and Schwab because the birds do not experience retinal detachments, brain damage and spinal cord injuries, damage that one would expect as a result from the birds' repeated hammering. In his study, Schwab noted that North America's largest woodpecker may strike a tree at the rate of 20 times a second and up to 12,000 times a day, with forces as high as 1,200 g's with each impact.
"That is equivalent to striking a wall at 16 miles an hour — face first — each time," Schwab wrote.
|Schwab has a special interest in comparative ophthalmology, a field in which he and others examine how insects, birds, reptiles and other nonhuman animals process images.|
In his research, May found that woodpeckers have evolved several unique mechanisms that prevent them from inflicting harm upon themselves. Among them are a thick, bony skull with relatively spongy bone, and cartilage at the base of the mandible (lower jaw bone) that partially cushions the incessant blows. The mandibles are attached to the skull by powerful muscles that contract a millisecond before each strike, creating a tight but cushioned structure at the moment of impact and distributing the force of the blow to the base and posterior regions of the skull, thus bypassing the brain.
Schwab has a special interest in comparative ophthalmology, a field in which he and others examine how insects, birds, reptiles and other nonhuman animals process images.
"In fact, many advances in optics and high-tech instrumentation have come from comparative ophthalmology," Schwab said. For example, he said, studies in the 1970s of the square-shaped facets of the surface of the eyes of lobsters are being used in the development of X-ray optics, including X-ray lithography and X-ray telescopes used in outer space. Also, studies of woodpeckers' thick skulls have provided insight into protecting humans from head injuries.
Schwab, who specializes in disorders of the cornea, helped develop a bioengineered corneal transplant procedure that restored or improved eyesight in patients suffering from severe corneal damage. The technique involves growing replacement cornea tissue in a laboratory dish. Ultimately, the technique may allow tissue engineers to produce readily available, "off-the-shelf" cornea replacements that can be easily transplanted into patients with severe cornea damage.
Among the past Nobel laureates who presented the 2006 Ig Nobel Prizes are Roy Glauber, Physics, 2005; Dudley Herschbach, Chemistry, 1986; International Atomic Energy Agency spokesperson Melissa Fleming, Peace, 2005; William Lipscomb, Chemistry, 1976; Rich Roberts, Physiology or Medicine, 1993; and Frank Wilczek, Physics, 2004.


text:
Ivermectin for Scabies
Why It Is Used
Doctors may prescribe ivermectin to treat a scabies infestation in certain situations.Reference 1
- People who have a severe or resistant form of scabies infestation, such as Reference crusted (Norwegian) scabies, may be prescribed ivermectin in combination with medicine applied to the skin, such as permethrin. It can be especially helpful for treating Reference HIV-infected Opens New Window people who have scabies.
- A pill form of medicine may be preferred for some people who are unlikely to use topical medicated creams or lotions properly.
- Ivermectin may help get rid of or prevent scabies for people in group living situations, such as those who live in nursing homes.
Ivermectin is usually not used for children younger than 5 or for pregnant women, because its safety in these children is not known.Reference 2
|By:||Reference Healthwise Staff||Last Revised: March 14, 2011|
|Medical Review:||Reference Kathleen Romito, MD - Family Medicine
Reference Alexander H. Murray, MD, FRCPC - Dermatology


text:
Deploying Workloads in Google Compute Engine
In this course, you will explore the fundamentals of deploying workloads in Google Compute Engine, a core service of Google Cloud Platform. Whether you're new to cloud computing or looking to enhance your skills, this course covers essential topics to help you succeed in cloud-based deployments. You'll learn how to create, configure, and manage virtual machines, deploy applications, and implement best practices for scalability, security, and cost-efficiency.
Entry level,Developers, architects and technical roles willing to learn and understand how to manage modern applications in GCP
- Basic understanding of cloud computing concepts.
- Familiarity with virtual machines and server management.
- Basic Knowledge of networking fundamentals.
At Course Completion
- Create and manage virtual machines (VMs) in Google Compute Engine.
- Deploy scalable applications on Google Cloud infrastructure.
- Understand best practices for load balancing and security in Google Compute Engine.
- Implement automation and monitoring for your workloads.
- Optimize cost and performance for your cloud workloads.


text:
, the informal fallacy of affirming the presence of a causal relationship on anything less than adequate grounds. Post hoc, ergo propter hoc is a common variety of this fallacy. Example: "After drinking milk for twenty years, Melanie became addicted to cocaine. Therefore, drinking milk caused her cocaine addiction".
[A Dictionary of Philosophical Terms and Names]
Try this search on OneLook / Google


text:
Provided by: freebsd-manpages_8.0-1_all
refcount, refcount_init, refcount_acquire, refcount_release - manage a
simple reference counter
refcount_init(volatile u_int *count, u_int value);
refcount_acquire(volatile u_int *count);
refcount_release(volatile u_int *count);
The refcount functions provide an API to manage a simple reference
counter. The caller provides the storage for the counter in an unsigned
integer. A pointer to this integer is passed via count. Usually the
counter is used to manage the lifetime of an object and is stored as a
member of the object.
The refcount_init() function is used to set the initial value of the
counter to value. It is normally used when creating a reference-counted
The refcount_acquire() function is used to acquire a new reference. The
caller is responsible for ensuring that it holds a valid reference while
obtaining a new reference. For example, if an object is stored on a list
and the list holds a reference on the object, then holding a lock that
protects the list provides sufficient protection for acquiring a new
The refcount_release() function is used to release an existing reference.
The function returns a non-zero value if the reference being released was
the last reference; otherwise, it returns zero.
Note that these routines do not provide any inter-CPU synchronization,
data protection, or memory ordering guarantees except for managing the
counter. The caller is responsible for any additional synchronization
needed by consumers of any containing objects. In addition, the caller
is also responsible for managing the life cycle of any containing objects
including explicitly releasing any resources when the last reference is
The refcount_release function returns non-zero when releasing the last
reference and zero when releasing any other reference.
These functions were introduced in FreeBSD 6.0.


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Nordic walking enables heart failure patients to exercise more intensely than walking without poles.
The research was presented at the Heart Failure Congress 2012, 19-22 May, in Belgrade, Serbia. The Congress is the main annual meeting of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology.
Aerobic exercise in patients with heart failure improves quality of life and reduces heart failure related hospitalisations. However, many heart failure patients find it difficult to exercise. In Nordic walking, people use poles and their arms copy the motions of cross country skiing. It is one of the fastest developing forms of physical activity in Europe and is safe for older patients, especially those above the age of 65, making it a good possibility for patients with heart failure.
For the study (abstract P939)
12 patients with heart failure and 12 healthy adults did two submaximal six-minute walking tests on a level treadmill at a constant speed of 5km per hour. Participants did one test with Nordic walking poles and one without.
The researchers compared the cardiorespiratory responses during walking with and without poles. In the healthy group, compared to walking without poles Nordic walking increased oxygen consumption (VO2) by 4.9 ml/kg/minute (a median increase of 37%) and led to a higher respiratory quotient (median increase of 5%). Peak heart rate was 20 beats per minute higher, maximal systolic blood pressure (BP) was 15 mmHg higher, and fatigue level was increased by 2 points on the Borg Scale. All results were significant (p=0.05).
In patients with heart failure, compared to walking without poles Nordic walking increased VO2 by 2.9 ml/kg/minute (14.7%) and respiratory quotient by 18%. Peak heart rate was 15 beats per minute higher, maximal BP was 10 mmHg higher, and fatigue level was increased by 2 points. All results were significant (p=0.05).
In both the healthy group and patients with heart failure, there were no signs of cardiac ischaemia and no significant arrhythmias during the tests.
The researchers concluded that Nordic walking allows healthy people and patients with heart failure to safely increase the intensity of exercise and gain additional cardiorespiratory benefits from exercise.
"In Nordic walking we have a big workload because we use additional muscle groups," says lead author Andrzej Lejczak, a physiotherapist at the Military Hospital in Wroclaw, Poland, and a PhD student at the University School of Physical Education in Wrocław. "We walk with four limbs, so we're exercising our arms and legs at the same time - that's why we have such a beneficial response."
He adds: "The implication is that Nordic walking is safe to include in cardiac rehabilitation programmes for patients with heart failure."
Patients simply need to purchase Nordic walking poles, which cost about €50, then take two or three one-hour lessons. After that they can exercise on their own outdoors, without needing to visit the gym.
Previous studies by Mr Lejczak have shown that Nordic walking improves quality of life, aerobic capacity and physical fitness in heart failure patients.


text:
Winner of the 2020 Society of Professors of Education Outstanding Book Award
Drawing on personal stories, research, and historical events, an esteemed educator offers a vision of educational justice inspired by the rebellious spirit and methods of abolitionists.
Drawing on her life's work of teaching and researching in urban schools, Bettina Love persuasively argues that educators must teach students about racial violence, oppression, and how to make sustainable change in their communities through radical civic initiatives and movements. She argues that the US educational system is maintained by and profits from the suffering of children of color. Instead of trying to repair a flawed system, educational reformers offer survival tactics in the forms of test-taking skills, acronyms, grit labs, and character education, which Love calls the educational survival complex.
To dismantle the educational survival complex and to achieve educational freedom—not merely reform—teachers, parents, and community leaders must approach education with the imagination, determination, boldness, and urgency of an abolitionist. Following in the tradition of activists like Ella Baker, Bayard Rustin, and Fannie Lou Hamer, We Want to Do More Than Survive introduces an alternative to traditional modes of educational reform and expands our ideas of civic engagement and intersectional justice.
"Offering readers a profoundly fresh perspective on teaching, Bettina Love breaks new ground. Using both the language of critical thinking and radical resistance, this book challenges and dares us all to teach for justice."
— bell hooks
- Item Weight: 13.4 ounces
- Hardcover: 200 pages
- ISBN-10: _PHONE_
- ISBN-13: 9780807069158
- Product Dimensions: 5.72 x 0.79 x 8.76 inches
- Publisher: Beacon Press; Illustrated Edition (February 19, 2019)
- Language: English


When someone asks a question along the lines:
Чей это кот? Чья это собака? Чьё это письмо? Чьи это очки?
I have the following two questions regarding the structure of these interrogative sentences:
1. What type of pronoun is чья/чей/чьё/чьи here? Is it a pronoun which replaces a noun, or a pronoun that replaces an adjective?
For example - "This is your car" -- here "your" takes the place of an adjective
"This car is yours" -- here "yours" takes the place of noun
So in these questions, does чьё/чья/чей/чьи mean "whose" in the sense of "Whose is this?" (replacing a noun) or "Whose car is this?" (replacing an adjective)?
2. I have an essentially analogous question about the function of "это" in this type of question.
In these questions, does "это" mean "this" in the sense of "Think about this" (takes the place of a noun) or "this" in the sense of "Think about this question" (takes the place of an adjective)?
My confusion is as follows: чей/чья/чьи/чьё declines with the noun in "...", but this isn't enough to tell us whether it is taking the role of a noun or adjective, because both of these types of pronouns decline the same in Russian -- i.e. "(Это) авто -- твоё." and "Это -- твоё авто." are both valid sentences, and "твоя" is declined the same way in both, despite the fact that it serves a different function in both.
But in German, one would have "Das Auto ist deins" and "Das ist dein Auto". In German one can tell from the declension of "dein" what function it is serving in each sentence, and from that infer what the function of "das" is (along with whether it is separated from the noun by the copular verb, which generally isn't used in Russian).
The only hint in Russian that allows one to differentiate between "Это авто твоё" and "Это твоё авто" (at least as far as I can tell) is the word order. But the rules for word order in questions are usually different from the rules for word order in regular sentences, so I really don't know what at all to make of "Чьё это авто". Hence any help would be greatly appreciated.
 - "Das Auto ist deines" is not correct. – Abakan Aug 29 '16 at 12:17
 - _USER_.S You're right, I thought "deins" was just an abbreviation for "deines" but it turns out that it is incorrect to use "deines" instead of "deins". I have fixed the post. – Chill2Macht Aug 29 '16 at 15:49
Russian is much easier than English or German in this aspect. We don't distinguish between posessive pronouns and adjectives (they are both called pronouns in modern English grammar btw). Neither have we different forms for them like my and mine. It will be мой,моя,мое in all cases,you will never make a mistake. As for Russian into English translating the rule is the same as in English. Just look whether you have a corresponding noun after the posessive in your sentence or not.
Это моя книга.--This is my book. Чья это книга?-- Моя.Whose book is this?--It's. mine.
 - This is correct but doesn't seem to answer my question -- would the translation be the equivalent of "your" or "yours"? Otherwise I don't understand how the various words in the sentence are acting. – Chill2Macht Aug 29 '16 at 20:43
 - 1
 See the examples and the last sentence. The functions in Russian are those of an adjective and a predicative. – V.V. Aug 30 '16 at 2:23
 - 1
 Чей это кот?--Whose cat is this? (Adjective )А кот чей?-Мой.(predicative ) – V.V. Aug 30 '16 at 2:32
 - this makes sense -- one more question -- if "чья" is modifying "книга", why does the word order in this question separate them? Wouldn't "Чья книга -- это?" or "это -- чья книга?" make more sense because they don't separate the words in the noun phrase? Or is this just one of those things for which "that just is the way it is" even if it doesn't really make sense? – Chill2Macht Aug 30 '16 at 2:34
 - 1
 Это чья книга?и Чья это книга?--Both have the same meaning with a stress on чья.You don't need a dash, the word order functioning instead. Чья книга?is usually used without это in a dialogue when you point to the book.Funny, I never thought of "just the way it is" but that seems to be the case. – V.V. Aug 30 '16 at 2:43
not sure i fully understand the crux but i'll try to give an answer and hopefully it'll help to arrive at a conclusion
 1. in the presented questions the interrogative pronouns point at a possessor of the object in question who (the possessor) is expressed with a possessive pronoun or a noun in Genitive case in the answer
Чей это кот?
A1 (possessive pronoun)
Это наш кот
A2 (noun in Genitive)
Это кот соседа
there's an obsolete form, yet still understandable, where a possessive adjective is used instead of a noun
Это соседов кот
a modern variant with a regular adjective would be
Это соседский кот
although it's less specific than the former because it doesn't point at possessor's gender and number
that said, a female form of a possessive adjective is still very much in use
Это соседкин кот
BUT correspond the grammatical form of this interrogative pronoun must with the object and not with the possessor
it's essentially a possessive pronoun itself and these always correspond with the object
 1. Это here is an demonstrative pronoun, which technically could be replaced by pronouns declined in accordance with the object of the question
Чей это кот? = Чей этот кот?
Чьи это очки? = Чьи эти очки?
though it sounds somewhat artificial and is rarely used
in order to arrive at a function of noun (by your terminology) for это in the answer, a question must be worded in a specific way
Q. Этот кот, (он) чей? A. Этот кот - наш / Он - наш but a regular answer Это наш кот is equally valid
however in a reversed situation an answer Он - наш to a question Чей это кот? sounds awkward, because a purpose of such type of question isn't to find out whom out of several potential owners the cat belongs to, but just to find out in general who the owner is
 - I really appreciate this thorough and helpful answer. Unfortunately it has confused me somewhat more than before however; what does the fact that it is grammatically correct to decline "это" in these sentences mean about its function? I want to know which one of the two words "чей, это" is acting like a noun, and which one of the two words "чей, это" is acting like an adjective. – Chill2Macht Aug 29 '16 at 20:45
 - 1
 i'm afraid i don't quite understand what you mean by the function of a noun, because neither of these words is noun or plays its grammatical role, they're all pronouns, one is demonstrative - это while another is possessive interrogative - чей, the noun here is кот, Чей это кот? = Whos cat is this?, neither whos and this acts like a noun either, don't they? – Баян Купи-ка Aug 29 '16 at 21:03
 - 1
 a question Чей этот кот? has an overtone of inquiry about a specific cat out of a few, seeking to find out who the owner is of that specific cat while disregarding the rest, and этот helps to single out a cat from the group, therefore when inquiring about a random lonely cat pronoun этот would be misplaced unlike это – Баян Купи-ка Aug 29 '16 at 21:11
 - 1
 the word or a combination thereof in response to чей? will be a predicate in the answer, called составное именное сказуемое, a question turned statement would look as follows Чей это кот? - Наш это кот/Соседа это кот, the word order doesn't make it sound very natural, but it's passable, where наш кот & соседа кот are compound predicates, составные именные сказуемые – Баян Купи-ка Aug 30 '16 at 7:17
 - 1
 for the record a question


text: The cultural association Fioretto Arte, in collaboration with the Town Museum of Abano Terme, is presenting at the Town Gallery of Contemporary Art at Montirone the exhibition Jorrit Tornquist Beyond colour (Works _PHONE_): thirty pieces that describe the peculiar path of this artist and his personal exploration of the universe of colour. Tornquist, born in Austria, but residing in Italy and operating around the world, started out following a scientific approach and then rediscovered the emotional and psychological constituting elements of colour and has slowly but gradually abandoned the bi-dimensional painting surface and conceived coloured sculpture and coloured space, a sort of spatial and architectural dimension for his works. His studies have aimed at investigating the perception and influence, both physiological and behavioural, of colours. The artist, poetically describing himself as a rainbow hunter, has since the beginning evidenced a perceptive and emotional sensitivity towards the element of colour, soon distancing himself from contemporary artistic movements. Tornquiss distinct sensitivity has made him a predecessor of colour designing, the art of safekeeping the chromatic features of buildings in the effort to harmonize them with each other and the surrounding environment. In his works Tornquist has not overlooked anything: science, psychology and poetry have accompanied the creation of his magnificent pieces, never the result of a cold speculative process, rather like emotions gathered during a journey which is still ongoing, for artist is he who never stops searching, and who, once arrived, sets a new arrival point somewhere else. Here, we recount a statement from Tornquist which best describes his philosophy and persona: I set about the world looking for sensations. They are everywhere, in the water, ground and sky, when suns come and go and moons appear and disappear, when clouds whirl around. But rainbows always awake my hunting instinct and I then have to act.


text:
Your cardiovascular health is a key factor in your overall health and well-being. Did you know that your hearing is connected to your heart? Discover how hearing and heart health are linked and how you can maintain a healthy heart in February.
How Is Heart Disease Connected to Hearing Loss?
Research has proven there is a link between heart disease and hearing loss. The ear holds several small arteries and requires a sufficient and rich blood flow to maintain proper function. When you have heart disease, your ears aren't receiving the proper blood flow because the heart isn't pumping enough blood to your ears. This can cause damage to different parts of the auditory system, often resulting in sensorineural hearing loss.
Hearing loss can be an early sign of heart disease and can indicate that there is something wrong with your cardiovascular health. If hearing loss doesn't run in your family and you are suddenly experiencing difficulty with your hearing, then you should visit a hearing specialist. A hearing specialist can test your hearing and determine what has caused your hearing loss.
How You Can Help Prevent Heart Disease
It's important to practice good cardiovascular health. Follow these tips to ensure you are living a healthy and balanced lifestyle and to potentially prevent heart disease.
- Eat a healthy diet
- Stay active
- Maintain a healthy weight
- Quit smoking and stay away from secondhand smoke
- Control your cholesterol and blood pressure
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We have journeyed through a diversity of fields, from academia, the arts, and the corporate, government, and civil society sectors, and bring these experiences and insights into our work as facilitators and artists.
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What Kopanya means
Kopanya is a Sesotho name that means "to connect", "to unite" or to "bring together". We want to help bridge gaps and fractures in families, in relationships, in teams, in educational institutes and in our day-to -day interactions that are so often affected by race, gender, religion, social class, sexual orientation etc.
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Our experience working with a large range of organisations and individuals has given us a keen sense of the opportunities, challenges, fears, and common pitfalls that face those who seek change. Our goal is to provide tools that are solid yet simple, for navigating turbulent times, one step at a time.
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many women in the African diaspora throughout the Western world are eager to reclaim and renew their traditional Goddess cultures.
Among the Akan peoples of Ghana three goddesses seem to stand out. They are Nyame, Asaase Afia and Asaase Yaa.
Nyame is seen as the female originator, containing the male within herself. She is selfbegotten (cf. Orphic Hymn to Nature (Long 1992:67-69). As Nyame creates the universe female and male forces are separated. Her emblem is the Crux Decussata, the cross with equal arms pointing to the solstices and the equinoxes.
Asaase Yaa is Goddess of the fertile earth. Everything that grows on earth is in her care. Her sacred day is Friday, her sacred number is 8, and the animal which is her symbol is the goat. She is sister to or an aspect of Asaase Yaa, Queen and Creator of the Underworld who is also called Aberewa, Old Mother Earth, and Asaase Yaa Bo No Se - Mother Earth, Creator of the World. She is Mother of the Dead who are "buried in her pocket"
In the religion of the neighbouring Ashanti peoples, Assase Yaa is both mother goddess of the fertile earth and of the underworld. She is Guardian of the Dead. Her sacred day is Thursday when it is forbidden to till the earth or to procreate, but libations are poured for her on that day.
Among the Ibo peoples, Ala, Ale or Ane is the most important deity. She is spirit of the earth and Queen of the Underworld. She rules the ancestors who are in the earth. She is also Lady of the Law - lawmaking and law keeping. Again here we may see resemblances to Egyptian Maat, goddess of justice in this world and the next.
For the Dahomey, their goddess is Mawu, or Mawu-Lisa. Mawu is the mother of all creation. Her children include the gods and natural forces. Mawu-Lisa is shown as a two-sided figure, one side female, the other male. Her eyes are the moon and the sun. In Central Dahomey and Togo, Nana Buluku is the creator deity and mother of all beings.
The Ga people's major deity is Na Yu, Grandmother Goddess of Birth, linked with Na Afiye, Na Bake, Na DedeOyeadu. Wooden "dolls" are made as images of these goddesses and presented to pregnant women, or those wishing to become pregnant. These dolls are called Aku Ba and resemble the Egyptian Ankh (which may well be derived from them) and which is the symbol of life and immortality.
The Yoruba peoples worship Oya and Yernoya, river deities. Oya is known in many forms. Gleason (1987, 1992) explains that she may be a part of nature - wind, or fire; or an animal such as the African buffalo. She is "patron of feminine leadership"(1992:2). Olosa is a lagoon goddess while Osun is Goddess of the peoples of the river that bears her name. She heals the sick and is the goddess of childbirth.
There are many more goddesses in West Africa alone, and space does not permit a full list. One that must be mentioned is Dugbo, who for the Kono peoples is the Spirit of the Earth. She gives birth to vegetation, sustains animals and human beings and produces abundance. Her worshippers believe that social behaviour affects the earth and that moral codes have as their basis a right relationship with the land itself. This theme is not confined to one place or people, but is to be found in many traditional religions throughout Africa. Another goddess within this theme is Akonadi. She is not only an ancient goddess of justice but is worshipped today in a U.S. temple in Philadelphia.
It will be seen that the African goddesses are wholly connected with nature and also are closely linked the lives and moralities of their people. Social justice relates to appreciation and care for the earth; and peopleís behaviour in this respect even affects the world of the life to come. The sacrality of the earth, of the world that gives us our nourishment is an all-important feature of African goddess religions.
Judith Gleason. Oya. In Praise of an African Goddess
Luisah Teish Jambalaya
Eva Meyerowitz. The Sacred State of the Akan;
E.B. Idowu. African Traditional Religion
R.S. Rattray. Religion and art in Ashanti
E.G. Parrinder. African Traditional Religion
Sample Questions and Essays:
What similarities (if any) do you see between African goddesses and Wisdom?
Some African goddesses including several from Egypt) are depicted in various animal forms. What do you think is being conveyed by this?
It has been said that in Africa, magicians are mostly men who want to control nature, and witches are women who effortlessly are in synchronicity with nature and flow along with her. What are your views on this?
African goddesses are closely connected with the earth, and are also seen as the source of justice and of right living in the society. Why are the two themes connected? Are they relevant today?
Unit 9 :Wisdom, Nature and the Sacrality of the Planet
Attention to the sacrality of nature and a view of her as universal guide and source of wisdom, as well as the concept of Nature Herself as deity, were lost with the rise of patriarchal monotheistic religions. Jewish thought saw humankind as having been given dominion over the natural world which they were urged to treat respectfully, but always with the human - in fact the man - in control. Christianity for most of its history has concentrated on the state of the soul and its salvation, consigning the material world to an inferior status. The notion thus took root that the earth and this world were of little importance compared with the hereafter; further, that the spiritual dimension which encompassed the individual soul's journey in this life and the next was far superior to the material. This led to the view that man -the male human being - was aligned with the spiritual or the soul and must control woman, whose place was the "inferior" body or nature. Both Nature and woman must serve and act as a resource for'man'. Misogyny on a personal and societal basis, and total exploitation of Nature on a planetary scale leading to possible global disaster have been the presumably unintended results. Such patriarchal exploitation of Nature has also been shown by the Communist countries of Eastern Europe, particularly the ex-Soviet Union From a philosophy in opposition to religion, they took up in full the belief that man could, even should, wield power over nature, although this led to extremes of exploitation and desolation.
Today the Western ecology movement is trying to draw attention to this global situation, but is hampered by the general greed of its own society. The vast resources gap between North and South has meant that the rich, themselves not willing to give up their life styles, are calling upon the poor to forego amelioration of their hardship. They impose Western style development for profit, stripping the world of the South of its natural resources, and the people there of their natural heritage. Starker poverty for them is the result. It has fallen to the ecofeminists to remind us that women are traditionally the world's guardians of the ecosystem. Their age-old methods which conserve the land may well be based on an appreciation of the divine sacred female presence there. Vandana Shiva (1988) writing of India asserts that an appreciation of the feminine principle must be part of an ecological analysis. She reminds us of the Goddess of the Forest, Aranyi, who is the primary source of life and fertility; the women who work in the forest both use it for their needs and know how to conserve it. Western technology strips it bare. Aranyi is part of the earth - our mother -and Nature is the creator and source of wealth which she will share with us. There are strong similarities with our Wisdom goddesses here.
Rosemary Ruether (in: Plant, 1989:145-150) has defined ecofeminism from a theological standpoint. She writes: " an ecological-feminist theology of nature must rethink the whole Western theological tradition of the hierarchical chain of being and chain of command. The theology must question hierarchy of human over non-human..... it must unmask the structures of social domination...it must question the model of hierarchy that starts with the non-material spirit (God) as the source of the chain of being and continue down to non-spiritual'matter' as the bottom of the chain...and the most inferior ". This is a revolutionary statement overturning the normative patriarchal viewpoints, and asking us to start thinking again from the very beginning.
Starhawk (Plant, 1989: 174-184) calls for earth-based spirituality that will see this world as the living body of the Goddess. Other ecofeminists draw attention to the hierarchy that besets patriarchal ecologists who while understanding that a problem is there, cannot see that exclusion of feminist forms of thinking and exclusion of a sense of the divine immanence in the earth itself negates the usefulness of their actions. There is some awareness that seeks to acknowledge the work and knowledge of women allied to the divinity in Nature but it is hampered by patriarchal philosophy in the ecology movement as elsewhere. However there are signs of a change.
A recent conference in Britain brought together leaders of eight religious faiths to


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Sherwood Larned Washburn, the father of modern primatology who first glimpsed the evolution of human behavior in the actions of monkeys and apes, died Sunday from pneumonia at Alta Bates Medical Center. He was 88.
A professor of anthropology at UC Berkeley from 1958 to his retirement in 1978 and one of a small number of faculty members appointed as "University Professor" for the nine-campus system, Washburn virtually established the field of primatology in the 1950s following his studies on baboon colonies in Kenya.
For the next two decades, his theories dominated interpretations of human social evolution and his teachings inspired several generations of students.
"Sherry Washburn established at UC Berkeley the most influential program of the century for the study of primatology, of fossil man, and the biological and cultural evolution of humanity," UC Berkeley professor of anthropology J. Desmond Clark said in a statement. "Those who were his friends and those who continue his work will forever be in his debt. He will be missed the world over."
Washburn was the first to propose that tool use, hunting and a gender division in labor had been critical in human evolution. He also saw 40 years ago that humans had evolved from an ancestor that walked on its knuckles, like contemporary great apes – an idea that only this year has gripped the anthropological world anew.
In one of his famous articles on the evolution of man, a 1978 article in Scientific American, Washburn had this to say about knuckle-walking:
"Gorillas and chimpanzees (and the men who play some of the forward positions in American football), however, have developed a form of locomotion called knuckle walking that enables the apes (if not the football players) to walk normally as they carry objects between their fingers and their palm."
But it was his holistic approach, working from anatomy to function and behavior, that so inspired his students and colleagues.
"Sherwood Washburn changed the way we study human evolution," said professor of anthropology Adrienne Zihlman of UC Santa Cruz, and a former student. His influence was so pervasive, said Zihlman, that "everyone has adopted his approach but forgotten where it came from."
His lectures showing how bones, joints and muscles related to movement and social behavior in humans and other primates often won standing ovations from students.
Born on November 26, 1911, Washburn was the younger son of the dean of Cambridge's Episcopal Theological School. He received a bachelor's degree, summa cum laude, from Harvard College in 1935 and a doctorate in 1940, also from Harvard.
From a position at Columbia University as assistant professor of anatomy, Washburn moved to the University of Chicago where he was professor of anthropology for 11 years and chair of the department.
During his career, Washburn won virtually every medal and prize given in his field, including the Wenner-Gren Foundation's Viking Fund Medal in 1960, the Huxley Medal in 1967 and the American Anthropological Association's Distinguished Service Award in 1983. The Fourth International Congress of Primatology was dedicated to his honor in 1972.
Washburn is survived by two sons, Sherwood of Brooklyn, and Stan of Berkeley and five grandchildren. His brother, Bradford, is founder of Boston's Museum of Science.
Memorial services will be announced.


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What Did Marie Curie Do With Her Garbage? (Hardcover) (Ronald A. Palmer & Ronald L. Kathren)
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The book gives a historical, interdisciplinary, and theoretical discussion on management of radioactive waste. Chronicling the lifetime achievements of Marie Curie, the book seeks to inform readers what radioactive waste is, where it comes from, and how we came to our current state of affairs. The book discusses the "ever-increasing amounts of waste" as more nuclear power plants come into use and plans of other nations are discussed. It covers the development of all of the topics mentioned throughout the book (e.g. medical, low level wastes, TRU wastes, and high level waste from nuclear fuel reprocessing) both from a technological and scientific standpoint as well as political and public acceptance). Topics such as "radiation hazards including radiotoxicity of various radionuclides in radioactive waste as a basis for determining radioactive waste management standards and practices, as well as the various types of radioactive wastes are addressed. Regulations of radioactive wastes by various countries and on an international level are included as well. An Afterword discusses alternative pasts and futures. The book strives to present possible solutions to lingering questions: What might have been done during the past hundred years? What choices do we have now? What are the possibilities of doing the right thing, whatever that is? Is there either technical or political leadership available to create a safe and sustainable ending? The book contributes to the intelligent discussion of complex problems our society must resolve as we enter the 21st Century.


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The Invented Chinese Classical Garden
Supervisors: Mark Cousins, Doreen Bernath
The "Chinese classical garden" has been a popular topic in Chinese architecture for almost 80 years, in use not only in landscape design, but also in architecture and urban design. Wang Shu, the laureate of the 2012 Pritzker Prize, referred to it in presenting his design. The "Chinese classical garden" has encouraged the birth of a Chinese contemporary architecture satisfying both Chinese and western audiences. However, why does "Chinese classical garden" and not any the other types of antique architecture become the representative of Chinese architecture? This study investigates the conception of "Chinese classical garden" in the architectural history and theory writings of the 20th century. A further aim is to consider the ambitions of government and of the architects who invented the term "Chinese classical garden" as a "traditional architecture" during the revolution period of the 1950s.
Jingming Wu gained her master and bachelor degrees from Southeast University China and has been studying at the AA since 2012. She won the second prize in the Japanese 2nd NTT Docomo design competition and presented a paper at the 2nd East Asian Architectural Culture International Conference in singapore. Her research interests cover contemporary architectural design and antique history.


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Phylogenetic Analysis of Mexican Cave Scorpions Suggests Adaptation to Caves is Reversible
NEW EVIDENCE THAT SPECIALIZED ADAPTATIONS ARE NOT EVOLUTIONARY DEAD ENDS
Blind scorpions that live in the stygian depths of caves are throwing light on a long-held assumption that specialized adaptations are irreversible evolutionary dead-ends. According to a new phylogenetic analysis of the family Typhlochactidae, scorpions currently living closer to the surface (under stones and in leaf litter) evolved independently on more than one occasion from ancestors adapted to life further below the surface (in caves). The research, currently available in an early online edition, will be published in the April issue of Cladistics.
"Our research shows that the evolution of troglobites, or animals adapted for life in caves, is reversible," says Lorenzo Prendini, Associate Curator in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology at the American Museum of Natural History. "Three more generalized scorpion species living closer to the surface evolved from specialized ancestors living in caves deep below the surface."
Scorpions are predatory, venomous, nocturnal arachnids that are related to spiders, mites, and other arthropods. About 2,000 species are distributed throughout the world, but only 23 species found in ten different families are adapted to a permanent life in caves. These are the specialized troglobites.
This study concentrates on the family Typhlochactidae that includes nine species of scorpions endemic to the karstic regions of eastern Mexico. These species were initially grouped together by Robert Mitchell in 1971 but were elevated to the rank of family for the first time last year, based on morphological data published by Prendini and Valerio Vignoli of the Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Siena, Italy, in the Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Prendini, Vignoli, and Oscar F. Francke of the Departmento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biolog'a at the Universidad Nacional Aut—noma de México, Mexico City, also created a new genus, Stygochactas, for one species in the family and described a new surface-living species,Typhlochactas sissomi, in a separate American Museum Novitates paper. All species in the family have adapted to the dark with features such as loss of eyes and reduced pigmentation. The family contains the most specialized troglobite scorpion,Sotanochactas elliotti, one of the world's smallest scorpions, Typhlochactas mitchelli, and the scorpion found at the greatest depth (nearly 1 km below the surface), Alacran tartarus. Three of the species (including T. mitchelli) live closer to the surface and are more generalized morphologically than the other six, making this family an excellent model with which to test and falsify Cope's Law of the unspecialized (novel evolutionary traits tend to originate from a generalized member of an ancestral taxon) and Dollo's Law of evolutionary irreversibility (specialized evolutionary traits are unlikely to reverse).
For the current research paper, Prendini and colleagues gathered data for 195 morphological characteristics, including a detailed mapping of the positions of all trichobothria (sensory setae) on the pedipalps, among the species of Typhlochactidae. The resulting phylogenetic tree shows that adaptation to life in caves has reversed among this group of scorpions: two of the less specialized, surface-living species, T. mitchelli and T. sylvestris, share a common ancestor with a much more cave-adapted species, and a similar pattern was found for the third less specialized, surface-living species, T. sissomi.
"Scorpions have been around for 450 million years, and their biology is obviously flexible," says Prendini. "This unique group of eyeless Mexican scorpions may have started re-colonizing niches closer to the surface from the deep caves of Mexico after their surface-living ancestors were wiped out by the nearby Chicxuluxb impact along with non-avian dinosaurs, ammonites, and other species."
The research was funded by the National Science Foundation, the Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Fund, and a SYNTHESYS grant.
Media Inquiries: Department of Communications, _PHONE_


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Colombian handicraft (Spanish: artesanía colombiana) history can be traced back to the stone age to the lithic instruments in El Abra stadial. Some of the first pottery samples known in Colombia were found in the Neolithic 3 — Pottery Neolithic (PN) Zipacón settlements. The earliest examples of goldwork have been attributed to the Tumaco people of the Pacific coast and date to around 325 BCE. Gold would play a pivotal role in luring the Spanish to the area now called Colombia during the 16th century (See: El Dorado).
Colombian arts and crafts can be categorised into two major divisions:
Ruana garments and pottery ornaments in Ráquira
patina products, puzzle toys, macramé (knot crafts), fique products, leather products, modern silver jewellery gift ware, decorative items, dolls & puppets, bead Crafts, bone & horn pharoducts, natural buttons etc. are some of the modern forms of Colombian handicrafts.
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I understand how spin is defined in analogy with orbital angular momentum. But why must electron spin have magnetic quantum numbers $m_s=\pm \frac{1}{2}$? Sure, it has to have two values in accordance with the Stern-Gerlach experiment, but why precisely those values?
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There is a definition of the units thing here, and a why does the intrinsic angular momentum have a lower limit than the rotational angular momentum question. Can you say which you care about? – dmckee Feb 5 '12 at 19:19
I suppose it has to do with how we measure the eigenvalues for spin (perhaps multiples of bohr's magneton) – Sebgr Feb 5 '12 at 20:04
What I was getting at is that it's $\pm 1/2$, because the base of our units for angular momentum is the minimum non-zero rotational angular momentum. The value for $h$ was set before anyone knew about spin. That's also why the quarks carry charges in multiples of $1/3$: because we set the base before anyone knew there were quarks. So is the question about $h$ or about the difference between rotational angular momentum and spin? – dmckee Feb 5 '12 at 20:10
I think it should be on the lines of your second option. Does it only have to do with the fact that $m_s$ is quantized on integer steps and only two states are seen in a Stern-Gerlach experiment (thus eliminating the possibility of $m_s=0$)? – Sebgr Feb 5 '12 at 20:25
Related: – Qmechanic Apr 11 '13 at 20:22
1 Answer 1
up vote 5 down vote accepted
I don't know if this is what OP is really asking(v1), but it is a remarkable fact in representation theory, that it is possible to deduce just from the assumptions that
 1. the Hilbert space $V$ of states is $2$-dimensional, and
 2. the real $so(3)$ Lie algebra $$[\hat{S}_i, \hat{S}_j ] ~=~i\hbar \epsilon_{ijk} \hat{S}_k \qquad\qquad (A)$$ of spin operators $\hat{S}_i$ acts on $V$,
$$ {\rm the~eigenvalues}~\hbar m_s~{\rm of~the~spin~operator}~\hat{S}_z\qquad\qquad (B) $$
can only be one out of the following two alternatives:
 1. $m_s=\pm \frac{1}{2} $. ($V=\underline{2}$ is a dublet representation with spin $s=\frac{1}{2}$.)
 2. $m_s=0$. ($V=\underline{1}\oplus\underline{1}$ is a sum of singlet representations with spin $s=0$.)
Of course, the second alternative is not relevant for electrons, which have spin $s=\frac{1}{2}$.
For a proof using ladder operators, see e.g. section 5 of 't Hooft's lecture notes. The pdf file is available here.
To summarize the logic, once we have adapted the scaling convention of (A) and (B), there is no ambiguity left in what we mean by the variable $m_s$. Once we agree on the meaning of $m_s$, we can have a meaningful discussion of the possible values of $m_s$. We next use representation theory to conclude that the values of $m_s$ are half integers. Similarly, the definition of the spins $s\geq 0$ are not arbitrary, but scaled in such a way that $\hbar^2s(s+1)$ become the eigenvalues for the Casimir operator $\hat{S}^2$.
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In a sense, you've already chosen the constant ħ in step 2, so when you get the eigenvalues ħm in step 3 the values of m are predetermined. When you use h/π instead of ħ, you still get the same eigenvalues hm'/π. – MSalters Feb 7 '12 at 15:39
I tried to formulate the logical reasoning better in an update. – Qmechanic Feb 7 '12 at 17:10
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Meet the Blogger
South Africa,Western Cape
Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the fifth largest:
orbit: 149,600,000 km (1.00 AU) from Sun
diameter: 12,756.3 km
mass: 5.972e24 kg
Amazing pictures of Earth from space combine useful science and artistic beauty.
Orbit : Nasa Astronauts Photograph the Earth
A beautiful coffee table book. Kids often ask me which is my favorite planet. My answer is always "Earth". This book shows why.
Earth is the only planet whose English name does not derive from Greek/Roman mythology. The name derives from Old English and Germanic. There are, of course, hundreds of other names for the planet in other languages. In Roman Mythology, the goddess of the Earth was Tellus - the fertile soil (Greek: Gaia, terra mater - Mother Earth).
It was not until the time of Copernicus (the sixteenth century) that it was understood that the Earth is just another planet.
Mir and Earth's limb
Mir space station and Earth's limb
Earth, of course, can be studied without the aid of spacecraft. Nevertheless it was not until the twentieth century that we had maps of the entire planet. Pictures of the planet taken from space are of considerable importance; for example, they are an enormous help in weather prediction and especially in tracking and predicting hurricanes. And they are extraordinarily beautiful.
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- Nelson's Column and base (1843): built of Foggintor Granite
of Permian age from Dartmoor; Nelson's statue (Bailey,
1842), carved of Craigleith Sandstone from near Edinburgh.
- The bollards, walls and statue plinths in the Square are
of grey Aberdeen Granite.
- Inlaid strips of Cornish Granite with big feldspar crystals
occur throughout the Square.
- Charing Cross Underground Station (Bakerloo Line). Much
of the London Underground passes through London Clay.
- 'Chequerboard' pavings of red Mansfield Sandstone, of Permian
age, and white Portland Stone. Portland Stone is a hardy
white limestone of Jurassic age.
- Sandstone pavings from quarries near Edinburgh.
Learn more about Trafalgar Square's
building stones in the Holiday Geology Guide available from the BGS Bookshop