text:
Hadoop cluster has 50 reducer slots free. You would want to set the number of reduce tasks to take advantage of all these reducer slots to speed up the load.
But without the Sampler enabled this tuning knob would not have the desired effect. When the Sampler is not enabled, partitions are restricted to a single reducer task, which means that only 10 reducers will do real work, and the other 40 reduce slots will have nothing to do.
Based on our experience the Sampler should be used virtually all the time. The only situation to be wary of is when the Hadoop input splits are clustered by the reduce key. (e.g. the input data living in HDFS files is sorted by the value of the partition column). Under these circumstances loads might still be unbalanced. The work-around for clustered data is to force the Sampler to spend more time looking at the distribution of data by looking at more splits. (By default it looks at at least five). This is done by using the following property and setting to a higher number.
Again the higher number will impose more Sampler overhead
at the beginning of the job but this should be rewarded with more efficient use
of Hadoop resources
Finding the Sweet Spot for Hadoop Map Reduce Payloads
Rule 6: Experiment with different sized payloads.
Hadoop is great technology that does a good job of making sure that Map Reduce payloads scale. That being said, the resources of a Hadoop cluster are still finite, and there is a breaking point where load sizes are simply too big. Hadoop's scaling typically breaks down in the reduce shuffle/sort stage where there is a tremendous amount of disk and network IO going on within a Hadoop cluster to move sorted data to designated systems where reducer tasks will do the actual loading. A telling sign is when you see your Hadoop job start to suffer from failed and restarted task attempts in the reduce phase. The other obvious sign is that when you double your payload, the time to process the load is greater than a factor of 2.
It's a good idea to spend some time experimenting with different load sizes to see what your Hadoop configuration can handle. Obviously, if you break down a single big job into a series of smaller jobs, you will be paying a higher cost of overhead for starting up and tearing down multiple Map Reduce jobs. That being said, breaking down a 90 minute OLH payload into three smaller 30 minute payloads is a perfectly reasonable strategy, since the startup/teardown overhead for running each OLH job is still very small compared to the total time running.
Use the SDP Protocol on Exadata and the BDA
Rule 7: If you are using Oracle Exadata and Oracle BDA with Infiniband,
use SDP protocol.
SDP is an alternative networking protocol that uses RDMA technology which allows network interfaces to move data packets directly into RAM without involving CPU. In other words it doesn't reproduce the network bottleneck that is seen when using TCP. In performance test runs we've found that using SDP improves the load stage of an OLH Direct Path by ten to twenty percent.
If you are running OLH Direct Path jobs using Infiniband, you will want to take advantage of SDP. The way this is done is to configure Exadata listeners with an SDP port, and assert an additional Oracle connection descriptor dedicated to SDP when running OLH.
This esoteric property isolates SDP usage only when OLH reduce tasks create connections to Oracle to execute OCI Direct Path loading. All other network activity uses standard TCP connections.


text:
Nur Khan rendered colossal services for the uplift of national sports of hockey, cricket and squash and enabled Pakistan to reach the pinnacle. Under his tenure as hockey chief, Pakistan won two Olympics, World Cup and Champions Trophy titles with later two tournaments being his own brainchild apart from many new innovations to uplift these sports from decline and decadence. When he became chairman PCB (then BCCP) in February 1980, he made the Asia Cup an enduring reality and introduced neutral umpiring in cricket matches.
He also played a pivotal role in bringing the Cricket World Cup to the subcontinent for the first time. When Nur Khan took over the responsibility of reviving squash in the country, the game saw its zenith. His revolutionary steps for the uplift of the game included introduction of talent hunt scheme which paid dividends and produced a surfeit of world class Pakistan players in the 70s: Qamar Zaman, Gogi Allauddin, Hidayat Jahan, Mohibullah Khan Junior and others. ln 1975, his efforts bore fruit as Qamar Zaman brought back the British Open title to Pakistan after 12 years. He during his short stints as Minister of Education and Governor of West Pakistan made all endeavours to promote education and improve the social fibre of the nation.
Pakistan's squash greats Jahangir Khan and Jansher Khan were discovered by the PIA when air marshal had the administrative reins of the national career. An ace fighter pilot, a visionary commander and an epitome a leader, Air Marshal Nur Khan emerged on the global landscape a true icon, a legend and a national hero.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
If there is foam and soap powder residue in washing machine, refer to the suggestions below for step by step instructions.
The reason for foam in the washing machine is soap or another agent that has got into the machine.
- Foam is not a malfunction in your washing machine.
When your washing machine foams a lot, this may be due to:
- Adding too much soap
- A build up of soap powder residue in the machine caused by a adding too much soap and wash at low temperature.
- Capacity of the soap to prevent foam – soap type
- Washing the fabric with soap powder residue, e.g. cleaning rags with dishwashing detergent and similar
What you can do:
- Clean the machine – run repeated washes at the highest temperature without soap, until it does not produce any more foam.
- Clean the machine with washing machine cleaner. You may need to do this several times.
- Carefully follow the soap powder manufacturer's instructions on dosing
- Wash using a different brand of soap
- Run a boil wash regularly
- Use the extra rinse function
- Use cycles intended for the type of clothing
You may consider contacting the soap manufacturer for further advice and instructions for using the soap.
Foam in the washing machine is obviously not covered by warranty, as it is not a machine fault.
Examples of foam formation:

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Storing Files in MongoDB with GridFS
Onyancha Brian Henry
Many applications involve file management and have file storage as an important feature for enhancing data processing. File storage often requires a third party CDN (Content Delivery Network), such as Amazon Web services, but this makes the management process a bit tedious. It would be easier to access all your resources from a single cloud storage, rather than multiple ones, as there may be a chance of failure during retrieval.
Storing files directly into a database through a single API call has not been something easily done until the introduction of GridFS in MongoDB.
What is MongoDB GridFS
GridFs is an abstraction layer in MongoDB used in the storage and recovery of large files like videos, audios, and images.This file system stores files that are even more significant than 16 MB within MongoDB data collections. The files are stored by first breaking it into smaller chunks of data, each piece having a size of 255 KB.
GridFS uses two collection systems to store files:
 1. Chunk: This is the collection that stores the document parts. The chunks are limited to a size of 255KB each and when one makes a query, the GridFS driver reassembles all the chunks as per storage unique _id. For example, you could want to retrieve a segment of a video file rather than the whole file, this is possible by just querying the correct range you want.
 2. File: This stores the consequent additional metadata for the file.
The collections are placed in a common bucket and then prefix each with the bucket name which by default is fs and so we have:
 - fs.chunks
 - fs.files
One can choose a different bucket name but the full collection name is subject to: name space limit of 255 bytes.
Chunks Collection
Chunk collection documents have the form:
 "_id" : ,
 "files_id" : ,
 "n" : ,
 "data" :
 - _id: is the unique identifier for the chunk
 - files_id: is the _id of the parent document as stored in the files collection
 - n: is the sequence number of the chunk starting with 0.
 - data: is the chunk's payload as BSON Binary type.
A compound index using files_id and n fields is used to allow efficient retrieval of chunks for example:
db.fs.chunks.find( { files_id: fileId } ).sort( { n: 1 } )
To create this index if it does not exist you can run the following command on a mongo shell:
Files Collection
Documents in this collection take the form
 "_id" : ,
 "length" : ,
 "chunkSize" : ,
 "uploadDate" : ,
 "filename" : ,
 "metadata" : ,
 - _id: is the unique identifier for the document which is of the data type one chooses for the original document and by default in MongoDB is the BSON ObjectId.
 - length: is the size of the document in bytes
 - chunkSize: size of each chunk which is limited to 255 kilobytes
 - uploadDate: field of type Date which stores the date the document was first stored.
 - filename: this is an optional field that is a human readable identification for the file.
 - metadata: this is an optional field that holds additional information that one wants to store.
An example of an fs file is shown below.
 "filename": "file.html",
 "chunkSize": NumberInt(23980),
 "uploadDate": ISODate("2020-08-11T10:02:15.237Z"),
 "length": NumberInt(312)
Like the chunks collection, a compound index using filename and uploadDate fields is used in the files collection to allow efficient retrieval of files, for example:
db.fs.files.find( { filename: fileName } ).sort( { uploadDate: 1 } )
db.fs.file.createIndex( { filename: 1, uploadDate: 1 }, { unique: true } );
When to Use the MongoDB GridFS Storage System
MongoDB GridFS is not commonly used but the following are the condition that may necessitates the use of this GridFS storage system;
 - When the current file system has a limit on the number of files that can be stored in a given directory.
 - When one intends to access part of the information stored, GridFS enables one to recall parts of the file without accessing the whole document.
 - When one intends to distribute files and their metadata through geographically distributed replica sets, GridFS allows the metadata to sync and deploy the data across multiple targeted systems automatically.
When Not to Use the MongoDB GridFS Storage System
The GridFS storage system is however not appropriate to use when there will be a need to update the content of the whole file saved in GridFS.
How to Add Files to GridFS
When storing an mp3 file in MongoDB using GridFs, the right procedure to follow is this;
 1. Open the terminal (The command prompt)
 2. Navigate to the mongofiles.exe (this is located in the bin folder)
 3. Use the command
 >mongofiles.exe -d gridfs put song.mp3
After the command, the name of the database to be used is the gridfs, if by chance, the name is missing, MongoDB automatically creates a document that stores the file on the database.
To view the file stored in GridFS use the query command below on the mongo shell;
The command returns a document with format shown below:
 _id: ObjectId('526a922bf8b4aa4d33fdf84d'),
 filename: "song.mp3",
 chunkSize: 233390,
 uploadDate: new Date(1397391643474), md5: "e4f53379c909f7bed2e9d631e15c1c41",
 length: _PHONE_
The file has the following details, filename, length, date uploaded, chunk size, and object_id. The chunks in fs.chunks collection can be viewed using the id returned in the initial query as has shown below.
GridFS Sharding
Sharding is also another feature applicable with GridFS. To shard chunks collection one can use either a compound index of { files_id : 1, n : 1 } or { files_id : 1 } as the shard key.
Harshed Sharding is only possible if the MongoDB drivers do not run filemd5.
File collections are often not sharded because they contain only metadata and are very small. The available keys neither do they provide an even distribution in a sharded cluster. However, if one needs to shard a files collection, you can use the _id field in combination with some application fields.
GridFS Limitations
GridFS File system has the following limitations:
 1. Atomic update: GridFS does not have an atomic update. This makes it easier to manually update by picking the required version of files and keeping multiple versions of files running
 2. Performance: the system tends to be slow with the file system and web server.
 3. Working set: one uses another server when working on a new working set. This is done so as to avoid disturbing the running working set.
GridFS is like a silver bullet to developers who intend to store large files in MongoDB. GridFS storage system gives developers a chance to store large files and retrieve parts of the needed files. GridFS is, therefore, an excellent MongoDB feature that can be used with various applications.


text:
An 8-minute news report on alternatives to animal experiments,
'Learning to learn without hurting animals' is currently being shown
on EuroNews, a pan-European terrestrial and satellite/cable TV
station with worldwide reach.
The science program, Futuris, explores developments in science, and
this news report looks at alternatives to animal experiments. It
includes demonstrations of alternatives by InterNICHE members, and
interviews with teachers who have developed and use alternatives.
These include anatomy and physiology software, and veterinary
clinical skills training mannekins.
Some footage was shot in Prague in December 2006 at a central
European conference on alternatives in education and training, coorganised by InterNICHE and the Czech organisation Svoboda Zvirat.
The focus of the program is mostly on the use of non-animal
alternatives in education and training to ensure the subsequent
application of the 3Rs in laboratory animal science.
While such use of alternatives may reduce suffering in this field,
the program does not sufficiently explore the impact of alternatives
in helping to support a fully humane science where cutting-edge nonanimal techniques are used for research and testing, nor where vets
are involved in clinical work with animal patients rather than
experimental work on laboratory animals. Nevertheless, it does
popularise alternatives in general.
From this weekend the feature will be available in low resolution on
the Euronews website, _URL_ (click on Futuris). It is also
available on-line now for a subscription cost (free trial for 14
Euronews is broadcast in 7 languages, including Spanish and Russian.


BKSDA rescues trapped, injured female elephant calf in East Aceh
BKSDA rescues trapped, injured female elephant calf in East Aceh
A natural conservation team evacuated a trapped elephant calf in a forest area in East Aceh District, Aceh on Tuesday (18/6/2019). (ANTARA/Doc. BKSDA Aceh)
Banda Aceh, Aceh (ANTARA) - A team rescued a trapped elephant calf that contracted infection from injuries in a forest area in Batu Sumbang Village, Simpang Jernih Sub-district, East Aceh District, Aceh Province, Aceh Natural Resources Conservation Office (BKSDA) stated.
"The trapped elephant calf is a female. She is about a year old," Sapto Aji Prabowo, head of the Aceh BKSDA, remarked here on Wednesday.
The calf's left front leg got wounded following contact with a metal wire mesh.
"She has contracted a serious infection. Moreover, the elephant calf is suffering from dehydration. She got separated from her herd," Prabowo noted.
Following a tip-off from the local villagers, a team was deployed to rescue the trapped calf that had gone missing for two weeks. The calf was finally found after search operations, lasting two days, and evacuated to a nearby village.
The team members comprising personnel of the Langsa KSDA resort, Leuser Conservation Forum, and veterinarians, had already administered the requisite treatment to the calf.
"The calf is expected to be transported to the Serbojadi Conservation Response Unit (CRU, in East Aceh) for further medical treatment. The team will also monitor the herd, which the calf had belonged to, for reuniting her with it," he revealed.
In the meantime, the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) recently drew attention to the critical condition of eight enclaves of the Sumatran elephant (elephas maximus sumatranus) that may result in the species' extinction following changes in nature fuelling conflict with humans.
"Several elephant enclaves have been transformed into palm oil plantation and industrial forest, thereby sparking greater conflicts with humans," a spokesman of the WWF Riau Program Syamsidar informed ANTARA on June 14, 2019.
According to a survey by the leading wildlife conservation organization WWF, the elephant population in some enclaves had dwindled and could possibly result in local extinction.
Syamsidar remarked that only one elephant remained in each enclave in Rokan Hilir and Batang Ulak, whereas only three elephants were alive in Mahato-Barumun, while the Balai Raja enclave was home to only five elephants.
"In Mahato, all three elephants are females. There is no possibility of reproduction, and this can lead to what we call as local extinction," he cautioned.
However, 50-60 Sumatran elephants remain in the Giam Siak Kecil enclave, while 30-38 elephants in North Tesso Nilo, and 50-60 elephants in Southeast Tesso Nilo.


text:
Grow and Glow Workshops for Students
Looking for a hands-on activity for your students? This science and self-care activity connects mental wellness habits and taking care of plants. (Check out our latest Instagram post on this.) Your students will have a sensory experience planting a *spider plant and discovering the magic of soil, roots and leaves -- they won't even realize there was learning going on! It's like a craft project, horticultural therapy and an ecology lesson all in one!
Ideal for 5-17 year olds if you think they'd *dig* it.
*plants and pots depend on availability
What will mystudents experience and learn?
- All about the cool science of soil, roots, and the spider plant itself;
- How to care for their spider plant and other plants in general;
- A few new ideas about how to care for their own mental and physical wellness;
- The calming effects of working with soil and plants.
What comes in the kit?
- a spider plant (with multiple sprouts) in a galvanized steel pot;
- a white paint pen to decorate your pot;
- a set of mini gardening hand tools;
- kelp meal and soil infused with compost so you can fertilize and plant some more later;
- a colourful worksheet (paper or PDF).
Who is the teacher?
Sarah Peel is the right person to create a learning experience that connects your head, heart and hands! She is the Founder of Petit Soleil, but also an experienced classroom teacher with a degree in Environmental Studies. For many years she taught young people ecology, organic gardening and nature appreciation at the Community Garden of Friends, High Park Nature Centre, High Park Children's Garden, and the Boyne River Outdoor Education Centre. She has grown her own garden and tended to house plants for as long as she can remember, but over this year of the pandemic, she really became curious about the connection between mental wellness, self care, and tending to house plants. What recent brain and productivity science reveals on this topic is really stunning! Your students will be sparked by the magic (mystery + science) of plants and inspired to care for their mental wellness in ways that can last a lifetime!
Where and when does it take place?
Sarah will travel anywhere in the Durham District School Board. It requires about 1.5 hours (but can be augmented or trimmed to be 75 or 150 minutes). Workshops can take place in the classroom, or be adapted for virtual learning.
What are the safety precautions?
Masking at all times. Any protocols of the school will be followed.


What is Tactel Fabric
Produced by Invista, the maker of Lycra, TACTEL is a nylon 66 microfiber that dries eight times faster than cotton. It's also at least twice as soft and 20% lighter than most fabrics. The suppleness and softness of TACTEL help minimize chafing. Two other important aspects of TACTEL are its breathability and noticeable strength.
As with other nylon fibers, TACTEL is hygroscopic. It absorbs moisture out of the air or out of its surrounding (such as our skin). The higher the humidity, the faster nylon will absorb moisture, until it becomes saturated. When exposed to dryer air, the moisture will evaporate and the fiber will dry out.
All these traits make TACTEL an ideal microfiber to use in activewear. The raised outer surface of the item creates a unique sensation. The leggings (in all lengths) also have an inner lining whose color matches the outer shell, so you can move with more freedom.


text:
The easiest way to determine the proper diameter bushing is to measure the neck diameter of several loaded or dummy cartridges with an accurate micrometer. (These dummy cartridges can be loaded with your old set of dies or a borrowed set.) Then, simply subtract 0.001" from the cartridge that had the smallest average measurement. This will allow for a slight amount of spring back and create a proper press fit for the bullet.
Another method of determining bushing size, is to measure the neck wall thickness of the cartridge cases with a ball type or tubing micrometer. Double this measurement and add the bullet diameter to calculate the neck diameter of a loaded cartridge. As above, subtract 0.001" from this figure to determine bushing size. This method is the least desirable of the two, as a ball micrometer is fairly expensive and more difficult to read consistently than a conventional micrometer.


text:
Grey water recycling is the term used to describe the recycling of water from your washing machine, basins, shower and bath for use in your garden. Waste water from these sources is diverted to a filtration system and then to holding tank. It is then pumped for use in your garden.
The system eliminates the need for most households (depending on garden size) for additional garden watering from your main water supply. An average household (family of 4) will use between 200-300 litres of reusable water on a daily basis.
What you need to know:
- Total water consumption can reduced by up approximately 30%
- A payback period of two years is achievable
- It is not advisable to use your kitchen water as this is damaging to plant life because of the fat content
- The diluted residues, soaps etc in the water can provide useful sulphates and nitrates which some experts say is more beneficial to the garden than clean tap water
- Water is typically pumped to the point of need by a small pump system
- The system can easily be connected to your existing irrigation system
- The filter is easy to clean and maintain
- Storage tanks can be below or above ground
- DIY kits are available from most suppliers


text:
So last time, Tetra was being enlightened by MC-kun about definitions. This actually arises from MC-kun using prime numbers as a motivating example.
Primes are megas important in mathematics and even more important today. The entire branch of mathematics called number theory is all about studying the properties of prime numbers. They're so useful that we've done stuff like extend the notion of prime elements to algebraic structures called rings or apply analytic techniques to learn more about them, but we'll stick with elementary number theory for now.
Now, for hundreds of years, we'd been studying number theory only because it's cool and mathematicians love prime numbers. Last time, I mentioned some examples of math preceding useful applications. Well, number theory is a really good example of that, because in the 70s, we found a use for it, which is its main use today, in cryptography. There have been some new techniques using some algebra as well, but for the most part, modern cryptography relies on the hardness of factoring primes. Neat!
Okay, so we're back to the original question that MC-kun tries to get Tetra to answer, which is, what is a prime number?
Definition. An integer $p$ is prime if and only if $p\geq 2$ and the only positive divisors of $p$ are 1 and itself.
MC-kun explains that the motivation for excluding 1 from the definition of a prime number is because we want to be able to say that we can write every number as a unique product of prime numbers. This is very useful, because now we know we can break down every number like this and we can tell them apart because they're guaranteed to have a unique representation. This is called unique prime factorization.
Theorem. Let $a > 0$ be an integer. Then we can write $a = p_1p_2\cdots p_k$ for some primes $p_1,\dots,p_k$. This representation is unique up to changing the order of terms.
We can show this by induction on $a$. We've got $a=2$ so that's pretty obvious. So let's say that every integer $k\lt a$ can be decomposed like this and suppose we can't decompose $a$ into prime numbers, assuming $a$ itself isn't already a prime since it would just be its own prime decomposition. Then we can factor $a=cd$ for some integers $c$ and $d$. But both $c$ and $d$ are less than $a$, which means they can be written as a product of primes, so we just split them up into their primes and multiply them all together to get $a$. Tada.
As a sort of side note, I mentioned before that primes are so useful that we wanted to be able to extend the idea of prime elements into rings. Well, it turns out for certain rings, it isn't necessarily true that numbers will always have a unique representation when decomposed into primes. This is something that comes up in algebraic number theory, which is named so because it involves algebraic structures and techniques. This was invented while we were trying to figure out if Fermat's Last Theorem was actually true (which needed this and other fun mathematical inventions from the last century that implies that Fermat was full of shit when he said he had a proof).
So at the end of the chapter, after Tetra gets her chair kicked over by the megane math girl, we're treated to a note that acts as a sort of coda to the chapter that mentions that there are infinitely many primes. How do we know this?
Suppose that there are only finitely many primes. Then we can just list all of the prime numbers, like on Wikipedia or something. So we've got our list of primes $p_1,p_2,\dots,p_k$. So let's make a number like $N=1+p_1\cdots p_k$. Well, that number is just a regular old number, so we can break it down into its prime factors. We already know all the primes, so it has to be divisible by one of them, let's say $p_i$.
Now we want to consider the greatest common divisor of the two numbers, which is just the largest number that divides both of them. We'll denote this by $\gcd(a,b)$. So since $p_i$ is a factor of $N$, we've got $\gcd(N,p_i)=p_i$. But then that gives us $p_i=\gcd(N,p_i)=\gcd(p_i,1)=1$ by a lemma that says that for $a=qb+r$, we have $\gcd(a,b)=\gcd(b,r)$. This means that we have $p_i=1$, which is a contradiction, since 1 isn't a prime number, and so I guess there are actually infinitely many primes.
So the nice thing is that we won't run out of prime numbers anytime soon, which is very useful because as we get more and more computing power, we'll have to increase the size of the keys we use in our cryptosystems. Luckily, because factoring is so hard, we don't need to increase that size very much before we're safe for a while. Or at least until we develop practical quantum computers.


text:
Getting Full Performance from Trickling Filters and CO2 Strippers with the Right Water Distribution System
Trickling filters and CO2 strippers are common devices in recirculating aquaculture systems. They are often referred to as packed towers. The performance of these towers is controlled by:
The distribution of water is the most commonly neglected and least understood aspect of the design of packed towers. Poor water distribution is often the primary cause for poor performance and high maintenance costs for packed towers. A well designed tower will have an even water distribution across the entire packing surface. For a biofiltration system, this gives all of the microorganisms an equal and consistent supply of nutrients and oxygen. For a stripping tower, even water distribution provides a uniform water film on all of the packing for maximum gas transfer.
Poor water distribution can lead to the following problems:
If the water distribution is not done correctly, no other changes will bring the tower up to full performance. On the other hand, improving the water distribution in a tower is a very cost effective way to get more performance out of a system. Although the water distribution system is a key element in the design of a tower, it is a relatively small part of the system cost. Usually, it is less than 10% of the cost. If a distribution system only wets half of the media, the tower must be twice as large to get the same performance as a system that gives complete coverage. It cannot be overemphasized that an even distribution of water is essential to obtain full performance from a packed tower.
Water distribution designs that are less than optimum include the use of the following methods:
Here is a worse case example. Water is dumped from a pipe at a single point into a vessel.
Here is an actual example of a bad water distribution system that we noticed during a tour of a public aquarium. Notice that none of the media is being wetted. Why bother building it?
Spreading the water out evenly doesn't happen by accident or magic. A good water distribution system will typically consist of one of the following three designs:
Design 1. - A piping system with square pattern, solid cone spray nozzles. The spray patterns touch at the edges.
Design 2. - A piping system with round or square hollow cone spray nozzles. The nozzles will be spaced to provide overlapping patterns.
Design 3. - A flat pan or tray holding a few inches of water with target nozzles installed in the bottom. The spray patterns from adjacent nozzles will overlap.
There are advantages and disadvantages for each type of system.
This system is simple to design and relatively easy to construct. It can provide even coverage depending on the quality of the spray pattern. The use of a pipe system allows for unrestricted air movement and relatively easy access to the packing media. The main disadvantage is that these systems typically require higher head pressures to operate well. The pressure drop through the nozzles is usually around 5 – 15 ft. of H20.
This system is also simple to design and relatively easy to construct. If it is done properly, it will provide a very even water distribution. Head loss will be equal to or less than design 1. The disadvantage of this system is that a larger fraction of the water will impinge on the wall of the vessel. If the vessel is large then this wall fraction will be relatively small. If the vessel is small however, this fraction can be more substantial.
This system can be a little more complicated to design due to the structural requirements. The weight of the water in the pan must be well supported. The big advantage to this design is the very low head requirement. Pan type systems can operate with 12" of total head loss. Other disadvantages of this system are the restriction of air flow for counter flow towers and the difficulty of observing or accessing the media.
The ideal nozzle for our applications will have:
1. An even water distribution pattern
2. An open, clog resistant flow path
3. A low head loss
4. A low cost
5 Standard pipe thread attachment
6. Good impact resistance
7 Corrosion resistance to salt water
8. Good performance under a wide range of flow rates
A nozzle should not:
1. Provide a fine mist or fog of small droplets
2. Have small, easily clogged flow passages.
3. Throw the water a long distance.
4. Have moving parts.
This is an example of a nozzle that fits the Design #1 system. This picture shows the bottom of the nozzle. The cost of this nozzle is about $15.00. It has a 2" male NPT connection. It is injection molded from ABS or polypropylene.
Here is a round pattern nozzle for Design #2. The cost of this nozzle is about $4.00. It has a 1.5" male NPT connection. It is injection molded from polypropylene.
This is a square pattern nozzle for Design #2. The cost of this nozzle is about $4.00. It has a 1.5" male NPT connection or a 1.5" self taping, tapered thread. It is injection molded from polypropylene.
Here is a nozzle for Design #3. This nozzle fits in a hole in a pan. It has a two piece design that locks itself into the pan. Typical spacing is 4 – 12 inches on center, depending on water loading. The cost of this nozzle is about $4.00. It is injection molded from polypropylene.
In order to design a good system, one needs good data. Here is a typical flow vs. pressure chart. This chart allows the designer to choose the number of nozzles that are needed for a given flow at the available pressure. If the flow per nozzle is known, one can determine the head loss through the nozzle. Although the pressure is shown on the X axis, it is the dependent variable.
After the number of nozzles, operating pressure and flow is known, the correct spacing above the media must be determined. A diagram showing water spread is very helpful. Here is a typical example.
Design Example 1
Using the above charts we can design a distribution system for a typical CO2 stripper. The proposed tower has a 4 ft. x 4 ft. plan area and a flow rate of 232 gpm. If we divide the tower into 4 equal squares of 2 ft. x 2 ft. then the flow per nozzle will be 58 gpm. Using the chart for flow vs. pressure we see that a nozzle with an orifice of 1.375 in. will have a pressure loss of 4 ft. H2O. Since the pattern is 2' x 2', the distance from the center of nozzle to the edge of pattern is 12". Using the spread chart for the 1.375" orifice we see that the bottom of the nozzle must be about 9 from the media to get the 12" horizontal spread.
Design Example 2
For this example let us design a pan distribution system. The tower is 4 ft. x 6 ft. plan area. The water flow rate is 200 gpm. If we space the nozzles 8" on center and 8" from the walls there will be 5 rows of 8 nozzles for a total of 40 nozzles. The flow per nozzle will be 5 gpm. Using the chart below there is a choice between two nozzles. The.75 in orifice will require a head of 6 in. of water in the pan. The.875 in orifice will require 3.5 in. of H2O in the pan. The usual vertical spacing for these types of target nozzles is 2- 4 inches from the bottom of the nozzle to the media surface.
Good water distribution is a critical component of packed towers design. Fortunately, it is relatively easy and inexpensive to do it right. In most cases, it is also possible to retrofit a good system into an existing tower. Consult with your tower or media supplier to improve the performance of your trickling filters and CO2 strippers.
©2006 by L. S. Enterprises. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Published by L. S. Enterprises
Author: Matt Smith


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Loth and his daughters, by Jan Massys, 16th century
Incest means sexual intercourse between people who are closely related. Usually, this means members of the same family. In many societies, it is forbidden by law and religion. Which relatives it is forbidden to have sex with depends on the law, religion and culture. Apart from law and tradition, there may be reasons based on health. Children that result from incest between blood relatives are more likely to have birth defects.
Terminology and scope[change | change source]
The exact definition of the incest relationship varies. In some societies it is immediate relations, such as parents and their children; or brothers and sisters of the same parents. It sometimes includes extended family like aunts, nephews, nieces and uncles. That way, intercourse between cousins is legally permitted in the large majority of the world, but is disliked in many countries. In some U.S. states, such as Texas, the legal definition of incest includes first cousins, but not second cousins. A person who engages in incest is called an incestophile or incestualist.
Other societies define it much more widely, to include all "blood relatives", or all who live in the same household, or belong to the same clan.[1] Some religions say that sex between people related by marriage is incest. For example, the Old Testament forbids sex between siblings-in-law. In South Africa, sex between a parent-in-law and child-in-law is illegal.
Types[change | change source]
The type of incest most often reported in the Western world is father-daughter incest.[2] Incest between adults and children is a form of child sexual abuse.[3] This form has been shown to cause one of the worst forms of childhood trauma, a trauma that often causes serious and long-term psychological damage, especially in the case of parental incest.[4] Stepparents are more likely to abuse stepchildren than biological parents are to abuse their children,[5] because people typically care about their own children more than they care about their stepchildren – the Cinderella effect.[6] It is suggested that the Westermarck effect prevents a person being attracted to anyone whom he lived in the same house as during his childhood, hence most people are never sexually attracted to their siblings or parents.[7][8]
The term is often used to apply to less serious sexual relationships between related people. It is difficult to say how frequent incest is, but researchers have estimated that between 10% and 15% of people have at least one "incest experience" (this means some kind of sexual relationship falling short of actual incest). Less than 2% of these involve intercourse or attempted intercourse.[9] Among women, research by Russell (1986) and Wyatt (1985) has given estimates as high as twenty percent (for such 'incest experience').[4] In a survey of women in San Francisco, of those who had grown up with a stepfather, 17% (1 in 6) said that he sexually abused her. In the same study, 2.5% (1 in 40) of the women said that they had been sexually abused by their father.[10] Cousincest refers to incest with a cousin. Siblingcest refers to incest with a sibling.[11]
Incest between consenting adults is very rare, or rarely reported.[3] Willing incest between adults is a crime in most countries. It is seen by some as a victimless crime.[12] A reason why it is prohibited is because severely handicapped children are often born to parents who are blood-related. Other reasons for it being illegal are religion and to try to prevent sexual predation.
Summary[change | change source]
Most societies have some form of incest avoidance.[13][14] The incest taboo is and has been one of the most common of all cultural taboos, both in current nations and many past societies,[15] with legal penalties imposed in some jurisdictions. Most modern societies have legal or social restrictions on closely consanguineous marriages.[16] However, in some societies, such as that of Ancient Egypt, brother–sister, father–daughter, and mother–son relations were practiced among royalty.[17][18] In addition, the Balinese[19] and some Inuit tribes[20] have altogether different beliefs about what constitutes illegal and immoral incest.
References[change | change source]
 1. Claude Lévi-Strauss. Elementary structures Of kinship. (tr. 1971)
 2. Herman, Judith (1981). Father-daughter incest. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 282. ISBN 0-674-29506-4.
 3. 3.0 3.1 Wolf, Arthur P.; William H. Durham (2004). Inbreeding, incest, and the incest taboo: the state of knowledge at the turn of the century. Stanford University Press. pp. p170–172. ISBN _PHONE_.
 4. 4.0 4.1 Courtois, Christine A. (1988). Healing the incest wound: adult survivors in therapy. Norton. pp. p208. ISBN _PHONE_.
 5. 59 incestuous stepfathers
 6. The Cinderella Effect
 7. The Westermarck effect, or reverse sexual imprinting, is a hypothetical psychological effect through which people who live in close domestic proximity during the first few years of their lives become desensitized to sexual attraction. Westermarck, Edvard [1891] 1921. The history of human marriage. 5th ed, London: Macmillan.
 8. Shepher, Joseph 1983. Incest: a biosocial view. In Studies in anthropology. New York: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-639460-1
 9. Nemeroff, Charles B.; Craighead, W. Edward (2001). The Corsini encyclopedia of psychology and behavioral science. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-24096-6.
 10. Prevalence and seriousness of incestuous abuse
 11. PreDictionary: Experiments in Verbal Creativity - Page 24, Mikhail Epstein - 2011
 12. Hipp, Dietmar (2008-03-11). ""German High Court takes a look at incest"". Der Spiegel.,1518,540831,00.html. Retrieved 2008-04-12.
 13. Brown, Donald E., Human Universals. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991, p. 118-29
 14. Turner, Jeffrey S. (1996). Encyclopedia of relationships across the lifespan. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. p92. ISBN 031329576X.
 15. Incest: the nature and origin of the taboo, by Emile Durkheim (tr.1963)
 16. Kinship, incest, and the dictates of law, by Henry A. Kelly, 14 Am. J. Juris. 69
 17. Maurice Godelier, Métamorphoses de la parenté, 2004
 19. Bateson, Gregory (2000). Steps to an ecology of mind: collected essays in anthropology, psychiatry, evolution, and epistemology. University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-_PHONE_.
 20. Briggs, Jean (2006). Never in anger: portrait of an Eskimo family. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-_PHONE_.


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Butterfree is a Bug/Flying-type Pokémon from the first generation. It evolves from Metapod at Level 10, after evolving from Caterpie at Level 7.
Butterfree resembles a vaguely anthropomorphic butterfly with a purple body. Unlike true insects, it has two body segments and four light-blue legs. The upper legs resemble small, three-fingered hands, while the lower pair resemble long, digit-less feet, Butterfree has two long antennae. a light blue snout with two fangs underneath, and a large, red compound eyes. Its two pairs of veined are white with black accents. The oval scales of a female Butterfree's lower wings are black, but white in males.
It loves the honey of flowers and can locate flower patches that have even the tiniest amounts of pollen. Butterfree's are known for their migratory breeding pattern.
In the Anime
Ash's Butterfree was once a Caterpie that was captured by him, and when it fully evolved, it had mated with a Pink Butterfree and they haven't been seen in the series since.
Powers and Abilities
Butterfree can travel up to six miles from its nest in search for honey, which it carries on the hair of its legs. It consumes sap from trees pierced by Heracross (which was shown in the anime).
Also their wings are covered in poisonous powder that can repel water, allowing it to fly even in the rain. Butterfree is able to produce spores that can hinder foes (i.e. Poison Powder, Stun Spore, and Sleep Powder). It is able to learn Psychic-type moves (Confusion, Psybeam, Psychic, etc).
Its other abilities include:
- Compound Eyes - boosts the Pokémon's accuracy.
- Tinted lens - Doubles the power of this Pokémon's "not very effective attacks".
- Butterfree's name is the combination of butterfly and free (referencing its ability to fly after being grounded for its pre-evolution stages).
- Butterfree is the first Pokémon to have an alternate color, pink. This was displayed in a single female in the anime, unlike the other shiny Butterfree's that have green eyes, and pink wings, limbs, and snout, this Butterfree is differed in its pink body and wings.
- It is often seen as a parallel to Beedrill in several ways:
- Both their unevolved forms evolve at level 7, and again at later 10.
- Both go through a metamorphosis-like evolution and have the same base stat total of 395.
- While Beedrill is exclusive to Black and Black 2, Butterfree is exclusive to White and White 2.
- However Beedrill has a mega stone, while Butterfree (as of yet) does not.
- Butterfree shares its category with Beautifly. Both are known as the Butterfly Pokémon.


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Jewesses with Attitude
Meet Miriam Kobey, "Denver's Angel of Mercy"
At age 16, Miriam Rachofsky left her family's small farm in Suwalki to marry Abraham Kubeski, a Yeshiva student. The couple stayed in Poland with their three children until economic hardship and pogroms pushed them to search for a better life in Manchester, England. There, Abraham found work as a rabbi. Miriam gave birth to three more children, before becoming a midwife, often earning as much as a pound for each delivery.
Miriam's uncle Alexander Rittmaster found his way to Central City, Colorado, in 1860. He was one of a number of Jews who went West during the second half of the nineteenth century to seek their fortunes. Some had left Russia to escape being drafted into the Russian army. Others came for health reasons; those suffering from tuberculosis were often urged to settle in Colorado where the air was dry and clean.
Miriam's brother joined their uncle in 1867 and became a successful businessman; he urged Miriam, Abraham, and their children join him. The Kubeskis were up for the adventure; they settled in Colorado sometime in the 1880s, and Americanized their name to Kobey.
Miriam and her family were Orthodox, but life in the mountains did not lend itself to observing traditional rituals. The Kobeys did try, however. At first, they had kosher meat shipped to them from Denver. Because it arrived spoiled so much of the time, the family simply became vegetarians. Before Abraham Rachofsky built the first mikveh in town, preparations for the Sabbath included a trip to the mineral baths in Idaho Springs, a short distance by mine tunnel but a 15-mile trip by road.
It was a lonely life for Miriam (now Mary) in Central City. In 1888, the absence of other Jewish women with whom to socialize and of Jewish brides for her sons prompted the Kobeys to leave the mountains for Denver, where Abraham helped establish Congregation Agudas Achim, where he served as rabbi.
Once the Kobeys were settled in Denver, Mary returned to her work as a midwife. She earned a reputation for having a "healing power." Whether she worked alone or called in a doctor for a difficult case, Mary cared for her patients as if they were her own daughters. Many stories are told about her staying on after the delivery of a baby, caring for the newborn and mother and helping the father. This is how she earned the nickname, "Denver's Angel of Mercy."
Mary Kobey's gemilut chasidim, or acts of kindness, did not end there. She did not charge people who could not afford her fee and was frequently seen collecting money and clothing for baby layettes from local merchants and bringing chicken soup to new mothers. Her granddaughter called her the "Pied Piper of West Colfax," referring to the main street that ran through Denver's immigrant neighborhood. She recalled that wherever Mary went, wearing her trademark white cap and a spotless apron and carrying a black bag packed for midwifery, she was trailed by a group of children—many of whom she had delivered—who loved her as they did their own grandmothers.
Mary Kobey's reputation spread beyond the Jewish community. When one of early Denver's leading obstetricians brought her to a meeting of a national group of his colleagues, he introduced her as "the most famous midwife in Denver."
Mary Kobey died in 1921 at the age of 81.
Mary Kobey and her Grandchildren circa 1905
Full image
Miriam (Mary) Rachofsky Kobey and her grandchildren (from left to right, Rebecca, Miriam holding Silas, Philip, and Leon) in front of an ivy-covered trellis in Aspen, Colorado, circa 1905.
Courtesy University Libraries, University of Denver.
How to cite this page
Becker, Evelyn. "Meet Miriam Kobey, "Denver's Angel of Mercy"." 21 March 2013. Jewish Women's Archive. (Viewed on August 26, 2016) <>.
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The R.E.D.E. to Communicate® Model
Cleveland Clinic developed the R.E.D.E. to Communicate® model as the cornerstone of our clinician communication training program and the conceptual framework for effective communication in healthcare relationships. This nationally-recognized program acknowledges that there is no exact recipe for meaningful communication. Instead, it applied evidence-based communication skills to three phases of Relationship: Establishment, Development, and Engagement — giving clinicians a framework to apply to any conversation.
Multiple studies have shown that relationship-centered communication skills can be improved with effective training, and that effective communication improves medical outcomes, safety, patient adherence, patient satisfaction, and clinical satisfaction and efficiency. Ensuring effective clinician-patient communication is the right thing to do for our patient.
In today's healthcare environment, it's common for clinicians to face challenges including limited time for patient interaction, increasing medical complexities, and competing expectations. To help meet these challenges, the R.E.D.E. to Communicate® model includes advanced topics designed to deal with distinct challenges such as:
- Communicating to Patients with Pain
- Delivering Bad News
- Maximizing Health Outcomes Through Motivational Interviewing
- R.E.D.E. to Round®
- R.E.D.E. to Communicate® : How to Build Trust & Save Time
- R.E.D.E. to Communicate® : How to Show Patients You are Listening
- R.E.D.E. to Communicate® : How to Enhance Patient Comprehension and Collaboration
Courses & Events
The R.E.D.E. to Communicate® : Foundations of Healthcare Communication course introduces clinicians to the R.E.D.E. to Communicate® model of relationship-centered communication and how it applies to any clinical practice. This peer-led course is grounded in evidence-based practices, adult learning theory and experiential learning.
Did You Know?
Every clinician can use relationship-centered communication skills to forge a positive, empathetic relationship with the patient and their loved ones — whether in the minutes before an operation of over a lifetime of helping a patient deal with a chronic illness.


The forgotten plant is again in full bloom
Terezie Mandakova and her colleagues, Milan Pouch and Martin Lysak, from the Martin Lysak Research Group at CEITEC MU, deciphered the ancestors and closest relatives of the crop species Camelina sativa. Terezie Mandakova and her colleagues aimed to identify the most probable parental genomes of the hexaploid Camelina to reconstruct the genome structure and evolution of all known Camelina species and to identify mechanisms responsible for the present-day genome structures. New pieces of Camelina genome history now provide fresh insights needed to explore possibilities for the future improvement of this ancient and economically important crop.
Originating back to the Neolithic age, Camelina sativa – an ancient oilseed crop – was re-discovered recently for its unique characteristics. Grown in Europe as early as 4 000 BC but ignored as a crop, Camelina received its evolutionary glories back.
Thanks to Mandakova and Lysak, they decided to study the genome evolution of Camelina sativa (also known as false flax or gold of pleasure) – a commercially important crop closely related to the plant model species, Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae).
Camelina oil, extracted from seeds, has a very high content of omega-3 fatty acids (39%). Most of the fats in Camelina oil are polyunsaturated. These "good fats" are essential for healthy cell functioning in the human body, such as for reducing the risk of heart disease.
Camelina oil is also excellent for skin and hair due to its ample amounts of vitamin E and omega fatty acids. Last but not least, Camelina oil is known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which make it perfect for aiding human immune systems.
Camelina oil can be used as cooking oil, pure oil, a food supplement, or biofuel, and has become increasingly popular for its potential as a renewable industrial feedstock.
Camelina is also known for its excellent drought resistance and can be grown almost anywhere, which makes this plant even more valuable, considering climate change. The research was also done to develop its oil for jet fuel and other high-value chemicals. Presently, Camelina is grown mainly in the United States, Canada, Slovenia, Ukraine, China, Finland, Germany, and Austria.
Thanks to the combination of several advanced cytogenetic methods such as comparative chromosome painting, genomic in situ hybridization (a technique that identifies parental genomes within the genome of putative hybrid), and multi-gene phylogenetic analyses, Mandakova and her colleagues revealed the entire genome structure of the known diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid Camelina species, including false flax.
Genomes of diploid Camelina species (C. hispida, n = 7 chromosomes; C. laxa, n = 6; and C. neglecta, n = 6) originated from an ancestral n = 7 genome. The allotetraploid C. rumelica genome (n = 13, N6H genome) arose from hybridization between diploids C. neglecta (n = 6, N6) and C. hispida (n = 7, H). The allohexaploid genomes of C. sativa (n = 20, N6N7H) originated through hybridization between an auto-allotetraploid C. neglecta-like genome (n = 13, N6N7) and C. hispida (n = 7, H), and the three subgenomes remained stable overall, after the genome merger.
The cytogenetic methods used are explicit, and as a result, other well-known institutes use the cytogenetic maps developed by Martin Lysak's group as a basis for whole-genome assembly or the characterization of specific chromosome regions.
Mandakova managed to reconstruct the parental genomes of Camelina sativa and to discover the evolutionary history of the hexaploid genome, as well as the mechanisms responsible for the current structure of genomes studied.
She successfully traced the Camelina genome to millions of years into the past and observed all of the naturally occurring genetic crossings of this unique plant that took place with the absence of human intervention.
Remarkably, the ancestral and diploid Camelina genomes were shaped by complex chromosomal rearrangements – the so-called chromothripsis.
Chromothripsis can be explained as a catastrophic event in the cell's history that causes the clustering of up to a thousand cells in one location.
This event is commonly associated with human diseases and can lead to the development of genome-specific shattered chromosomes. Chromothripsis is very rare in plants, but very common in diseases such as leukemia.
Terezie Mandakova
This unique discovery was possible thanks to a standard three-year GACR grant titled, Missing Links: Genome Evolution in Camelina Species (GA17-13029S), which was awarded to Terezie Mandakova by the Czech Science Foundation (GACR).
Further Research and Expected Impact
There are multiple implications for the ground-breaking discovery by Mandakova and Lysak.
Breeders like to improve the seed yield, oil content, and other agronomic traits of the Camelina crop. This is possible if new Camelina lines are produced by crossing the now identified parental Camelina species.
Furthermore, the diploid and tetraploid Camelina genomes should be more amenable to genome sequencing and uncovering the essential genes that influence yield and other desired agronomic traits.
Written by Ester Jarour
Edited by Somsuvro Basu and Jill Batdorf
Publication date: 23.01.2020


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1. Minimum of Php 2, 000.00 outdoor activities must be availed.
2. Registration fee of Php 50.00 per child.
3. Open to kids aged 6 to 12 years old.
4. Kids will be a given a photo which would serve as clue.
5. Kids must find the ones indicated in the photo to obtain an easter egg.
6. Inside the easter eggs are puzzle pieces which they need to form to get the prize.
7. Prize can be the following: Chocolates, Drinks, Souvenir Shirts, Gift Certficates, Eco Bags, Button Pins, Tumblers, etc.
8. Formed puzzle pieces must be surrendered to Food and Beverage area to obtain prize.


Baccharis halimifolia
Also found in: Thesaurus, Wikipedia.
Related to Baccharis halimifolia: groundsel tree
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
Noun1.Baccharis halimifolia - a shrub of salt marshes of eastern and south central North America and West IndiesBaccharis halimifolia - a shrub of salt marshes of eastern and south central North America and West Indies; fruit is surrounded with white plumelike hairy tufts
References in periodicals archive?
Argentine ants strongly affect some but not all common insects on Baccharis halimifolia. Environmental Entomology 35: 31-36.
Associated species in the region include yaupon (Ilex vomitoria Ait.), American beautyberry (Callicarpa americana L.), gum bumelia (Bumelia lanuginosa Michx.) and eastern baccharis (Baccharis halimifolia L.).
(29) Gene-expression study of extracts obtained from several plants for inflammatory markers revealed Baccharis halimifolia (Groundsel Bush), Croton capitatus (Goat Weed), Saururus cernuus (Lizard's Tail), and Persea borbonia (Red Bay) to have strong anti-inflammatory activity.
1), a 224.6-ha salty prairie marsh, dominated by Gulf cordgrass (Spartina spartinae), saltmeadow cordgrass (Spartina patens), and eastern baccharis (Baccharis halimifolia).
Four woody species (Pinus taeda, Baccharis halimifolia, Iva frutescens and Morella spp.) were identified within 10 m of seed traps located along the woody transect on Metompkin Island (Table 1, Table 2).
Esto puede deberse a que las plantas aloctonas que los ocupan estan todas bien adaptadas a sus particulares condiciones ecologicas (salinidad, inundacion mareal, viento, etc.) ya que proceden de habitats similares en su lugar de origen (Baccharis halimifolia, Paspalum vaginatum, Stenotaphrum secundatum y Spartina patens).
In 1999, germination trials were conducted at the greenhouse on five rare native species for Luscar Ltd., including purple coneflower (Echinacea), bird's foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), milkwort (Polygala verticillata), salt bush (Baccharis halimifolia) and whorled milkweed (Asclepias syriaca).
The highest banks are often covered with halophytic shrubby species, such as Baccharis halimifolia L.
Mark's National Wildlife Refuge, Lycium carolinense; Exema neglecta: Fla., Tampa, Baccharis halimifolia.


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[Sport & Fitness ★]
Cliff divers at Victoria Falls
(P2) The men are professionals. They normally jump from between 26.5 and 28 meters. Thirty meters is new to them.
(P3) Victoria Falls are the largest in the world. People also call them Mosi-oa-Tunya or the Smoke that Thunders.
If you found the passage difficult to read or had problems understanding specific words or idiomatic expressions, please discuss them with your tutor. The following discussion questions should be answered in your own words and with your own arguments.
- Briefly, summarize the content of the article in your own words.
- Would you jump from a cliff?
- Why do some people like this type of sport?
- Do you think this is a dangerous sport?
- Do you have any falls in your country?
What do the following expressions mean?
- Jump into (P1)
- Jump from (P2)
Image Source: By Jake73, CC BY SA 3.0 _URL_


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hermitArticle Free Pass
hermit, also called Eremite, one who retires from society, primarily for religious reasons, and lives in solitude. In Christianity the word (from Greek erēmitēs, "living in the desert") is used interchangeably with anchorite, although the two were originally distinguished on the basis of location: an anchorite selected a cell attached to a church or near a populous centre, while a hermit retired to the wilderness.
The first Christian hermits appeared by the end of the 3rd century in Egypt, where one reaction to the persecution of Christians by the Roman emperor Decius was flight into the desert to preserve the faith and to lead a life of prayer and penance. Paul of Thebes, who fled to the desert about 250, has been considered the first hermit.
The excessive austerity and other extremes of the early hermits' lives were tempered by the establishment of cenobite (common life) communities. The foundation was thus laid in the 4th century for the institution of monasticism (i.e., monks living a common life according to an established rule). The eremitic life eventually died out in Western Christianity, but it has continued in Eastern Christianity. See also monasticism.
What made you want to look up "hermit"? Please share what surprised you most...


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Research studying the brain can be slow, complex, and costly, often requiring the efforts of many scientists and institutions to advance progress. To meet the challenges posed—and promises offered—by brain science, representatives from Australia, Japan, Korea, and the US have declared an intent to create an International Brain Initiative. This initiative comes out of a meeting held recently at the Australian Academy of Science in Canberra, Australia.
In the declaration of intent, which scientists are calling the "Canberra Declaration," the signatories agreed to ally with one another to maximize efficiency and impact; combine perspectives from multiple stakeholders, including government, academia, and industry; and commit to sharing data when possible.
One particularly unique focus of the initiative is on the ethics of brain data research:
"The initiatives therefore commit to collaborate in the fields of neuro-ethics, agency, responsible data stewardship, and cerebral privacy protection. They also commit to engage in a meaningful dialogue with citizens, patients, and all relevant communities to understand their concerns and communicate transparently on the opportunities and challenges arising," reads the declaration.
The initial members of the International Brain Initiative are the Australian Brain Alliance, the Japan Brain/MINDS Project, the Korea Brain Initiative, the EU Human Brain Project, and the US Brain Initiative, according to the Kavli Foundation, which supports the US Brain Initiative.
Read more about the US Brain Initiative in the APS Observer by clicking here.


Outflows from magnetic rotators: I. Inner structure
Thibaut Lery*, J. Heyvaerts, S. Appl, C. A. Norman
*Corresponding author for this work
 Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
 29 Scopus citations
 A simplified model for the stationary, axisymmetric structure of magnetized winds with a polytropic equation of state is presented. The shape of the magnetic surfaces is assumed to be known (conical in this paper) within the fast magnetosonic surface. The model is non-self-similar. Rather than solving the equilibrium perpendicular to the flux surfaces everywhere, solutions are found at the Alfvèn surface where it takes the form of the Alfvèn regularity condition and at the base of the flow. This constrains the Transfield equilibrium in that the Alfvèn regularity condition is imposed and the regularity of the magnetic surfaces at the Alfvèn critical surface is ensured. The model imposes criticality conditions at the slow and fast magnetosonic critical points using the Bernoulli equation. These Alfvèn regularity and criticality conditions are used to evaluate three constants of motion, the total energy, angular momentum, and the ratio of mass to magnetic flux α, as well as the shape of the critical surfaces. The rotation rate Ω and the polytropic constant Q as a function of the magnetic surfaces, together with the mass-to-magnetic flux ratio on the axis α0 entirely specify the model. Analytic results are given for limiting cases, and parameter studies are performed by numerical means. The model accepts any boundary conditions. Numerical calculations yield the value of the rotation parameter ω. Rotators can be defined as slow, intermediate or fast according to whether ω is much less or close to unity or near its maximum value for fast rotators, (3/2)3/2. Given the properties of astrophysical objects with outflows, the model allows their classification in terms of the rotation parameter. Critical surfaces are nearly spherical for slow rotators, but become strongly distorted for rapid rotators. The fast point remains at a finite distance for finite entropy flows, in contrast to cold flows.It is found that for a given mass loss rate, the rotation rate is limited.
 Original languageEnglish (US)
 Pages (from-to)603-624
 Number of pages22
 JournalAstronomy and Astrophysics
 Issue number2
 StatePublished - Sep 10 1998
 - ISM: jets and outflows
 - Magnetohydrodynamics
 - Solar wind
 - Stars: mass-loss
 ASJC Scopus subject areas
 - Astronomy and Astrophysics
 - Space and Planetary Science
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text:
After applying a high voltage between the metal front grid (anode) and a number (cathode) applied neon gas becomes ionized at the cathode. This leads to the lights of the number with the characteristic orange.
Although the voltage is quite high, the current flowing amount is very small. Therefore, the clocks use little power and generate almost no heat. The tubes are not hot and just feel warm. It is a shine not a glow.
The most common tube has ten cathodes representing the numbers 0 through 9. Observe Nixie tubes and you see numbers made of metal sheet arranged behind each other.
Only the number with applied voltage lights. The remaining numbers remain barely invisible.
Because it is a shine and not a glow Nixie tubes do not wear out. Over the life time of Nixie tubes there is no reliable information. It should be a few decades.
Nixie tubes have no gaskets. The connection wires are fused into the glass and accordingly tight. The contained Neon can not escape.


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How Leaders Create Winning Streaks
Executive summary of a Harvard Business School Publishing Virtual Seminar presentation by Professor Rosabeth Moss Kanter, on "Confidence: How Leaders Create Winning Streaks (and Avoid Losing Streaks)."
Presentation date: November 2, 2004
The following is a summary of the virtual seminar covering:
- The definition, levels, and cycles of confidence.
- How leaders prevent losing streaks and instill organizational confidence.
- The keys to building an organizational culture and foundation of confidence.
Confidence in an organization is more than just a spirit of "We can do it." It is the foundation, systems, and culture involving positive behaviors such as open communication, self-scrutiny, respect, teamwork, accountability, collaboration, and initiative that result in winning. In turn, winning breeds greater confidence and raises the company to an even higher level.
Building organizational confidence, especially in turnaround situations where organizations have been on losing streaks, is the work of leaders. Leaders must instill confidence by combining short-term "bold strokes" to quickly mobilize the organization, with initiating a "long march" that changes systems and habits. Leaders must start by building credibility and confidence in the organization through small wins. This can occur by fixing the work environment that people see every day and investing in people even prior to the achievement of results.
Using examples from sports and business, and responding to numerous listener questions, Professor Kanter discussed her research and conclusions from her most recent book, Confidence: How Winning Streaks and Losing Streaks Begin and End, regarding the importance of confidence as a driver of business and organizational success.
1. Confidence, or lack of it, is not just a characteristic of individuals, but applies to organizations and their external stakeholders. Defining confidence is simple: positive expectations for success. But, achieving and maintaining confidence is not as simple. Confidence falls at the midpoint between despair, which results in feelings of hopelessness and helplessness, and arrogance, which triggers complacency and a sense of false entitlement. Confidence produces peak performance: a willingness to invest, commit, work hard, persist and persevere, making confidence a highly desirable trait.
There are four levels of confidence, with each level building on the prior one:
- Self-confidence: This is what most people associate with confidence. This is a personal attitude of high aspirations and expectations; it is the belief that "I can do it."
- Team confidence: This is having confidence in each other, counting on each other, giving and receiving respect and support, and giving and taking responsibility.
- System confidence: This entails organizations having confidence in the organizational structures and routines for accountability, collaboration, and initiative.
- External confidence: This is confidence that external stakeholders, based on their positive expectations produced by the previous three levels of confidence, will invest to provide resources (money, time, energy, etc.).
2. Confidence and winning is a cyclical process that feeds off of itself, as does lack of confidence and losing. These cycles involve both internal and external confidence. Internally, a good mood and positive work environment lead to positive behaviors such as open communication, self-scrutiny to continuously improve, respect, and cooperation. Positive behaviors lead to good problem-solving based on information and facts, teamwork and speed, and creativity and courage; in turn, good problem-solving leads to disciplines and practices that take organizations to a higher level of accountability, collaboration and initiative. Each of these factors lead to winning, and winning reinforces the actions and leads to greater confidence.
This holds for external confidence as well. Winning yields positive attention from the press and stockholders, which further increases the resources available to the company—this includes attracting the best people who like to work for winners. Winners get better deals and are left alone by others who don't want to disrupt the winning.
Losing is the exact opposite. The culture of losing is one of bad organizational mood; low energy, and self-doubt; dysfunctional behaviors with blame and infighting; lack of information and less teamwork that results in poor problem-solving; and disciplines and practices that are eroded. These losing behaviors in turn cause the organization to lose even more, which also translates into a decline in external confidence. Negative attention and bad press lead to fewer and less loyal fans and to declining external resources; losing teams get less favorable deals; and the effects of losing cause disruptions and distractions.
3. Maintaining a winning streak, and preventing a losing streak, does not entail having no troubles, but overcoming them. The secret of winning streaks is obvious—not to lose; avoiding losing streaks is just as obvious—not to lose twice in a row. Streaks are about confidence and momentum. No organization or situation is perfect; troubles are inevitable and include natural disasters, strategic threats, fumbles ("dropping the ball") and fatigue. The key to winning is recognizing that troubles will occur, and finding a way to win even when experiencing problems and making mistakes. This can occur by anticipating the troubles that are likely to occur, and by practicing harder and working harder. (The example was shared of the University of Connecticut's women's basketball team, which has its starters practice not against five other players, but against eight, to simulate the most difficult circumstances imaginable, and therefore making the actual game easier.)
Winning streaks end when organizations move away from and neglect the cornerstones and basics that led to winning. This includes denial in seeing apparent problems, lack of open communications, and panicking, which results in anxiety, abandoning the plan, and throwing the organization into chaos.
4. Building organizational confidence, and turning losing streaks into winning streaks, is the work of leaders. Great leaders build winning streaks, prevent losing streaks, and in turnaround situations, they focus on changing the momentum. Turnarounds are always worse than the new leader thinks because the organization is depressed and skeptical because previously promised changes have not come to fruition. And there are problems under the surface that haven't even been discussed.
Leaders have to combine "bold strokes" that have an immediate impact with initiation of a "long march." Bold strokes coming from the top of an organization can result in fast and specific changes, but the changes are likely to be short-term, and the organization's systems and habits will remain unchanged. The long march, which will be slower, fuzzier, and where the leader has less control, creates sustained long-term momentum by changing the systems and habits to build organizational confidence.
The work of leaders is to build confidence in others, even prior to achieving positive results; the confidence that is created will actually lead to the intended positive results. Two actions that leaders can take which have a positive symbolic value include:
- Fixing what people see every day. This is a small and simple step that creates a good mood and positive behaviors. It can include cleaning up the work environment and solving basic problems that workers find annoying. Also, it is a small win that builds the credibility of the leader. Confidence and winning streaks are built through small wins.
- Investing in people to show them that they are worth it. As opposed to holding out a reward for achievement of results, a strong sign can be an investment in people before results are achieved. By showing that the leader thinks that the organization merits the investment, it boosts organizational confidence. Just the slightest glimmers of confidence in losing organizations can get the ball rolling.
5. Leaders create a culture of accountability, collaboration, and inspiration.
- Assure accountability: Make information transparent and accessible, by fostering straight talk and communicating the facts, which builds trust and prevents denial.
- Cultivate collaboration: Create conversations across the organization; talking is required to solve problems and to reinforce respect and inclusion. Define goals that define success and that signal how each person contributes to achieving the overall goals.
- Inspire initiative: Encourage new ideas and treat people with respect as experts in their work. Encourage small wins that make a difference and build momentum.
The example was shared of Continental Airlines. Prior to 1994, Continental had been on a ten-year losing streak, having been through ten CEOs during this time. The culture was dysfunctional with secrecy and infighting. When Gordon Bethune became CEO, he set a goal of becoming one of the top four airline carriers based on on-time performance, and offered to share equally with all employees 50 percent of the cost savings achieved by better service. Employees were motivated to achieve this goal and showed initiative in taking actions that helped the company achieve it. Results were communicated through regular voicemail messages sent to all employees.
The result: Continental changed its culture, energized employees who felt, "We are all in this together," and achieved its goal within one month. The company then raised the bar on its goals year after year. During a difficult time for airlines, Continental consistently outperformed the industry. The company's culture was on display during the power grid failure of September 2003, when two of Continental's three hubs went dark and other airlines grounded their fleets. Continental's employees, displaying initiative and confidence, assured safety and kept flying, even adding flights for stranded passengers from other airlines. During the two-day blackout, Continental generated an extra $4 million, while all of the other airlines lost money.
Other Important Points
- Optimists versus pessimists. Winners tend to be optimists who seek out information, even if negative. Pessimists are often in denial and don't want to know the truth so they don't seek information.
- Practice. For athletes to practice is clear, but how do business people practice? By refining the technical skills that they use in their profession, and by tackling difficult problems that stretch them.
- Honesty. Companies need honest assessments of reality. These can be gained through anonymous surveys.
- Higher standards. For organizations on neither winning or losing streaks, but


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ON THE CALPACK OF THE MOUNTAINS - OR LEMKO IDENTITY
The paper refers to the bilingual, Polish-Lemko, collection of poems by Władysław Graban,
Na kołpaku gór (On the Calpack on the Mountains), published in 1991. The mountains, the Beskids, the Lemkos' homeland, are presented as the exotic calpack, a type of cap made of several pieces of fabric sewn together. The analysis is based on the assumption that the Lemkos' identity has been shaped like a calpack, sewn together from various cultural, religious and linguistic elements as a result of cultural transgressions — complex in their course and stretched over time. In the successive parts of the article the author discusses the various components of the ethnic identity of this minority, little known to the public at large.


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by Simon Peth, Harald Sterly and Patrick Sakapoldrak
This paper explores the mobilities and structural moorings of Thai labour migrants in Singapore from a translocal perspective. We argue that combining the mobilities paradigm with the concept of translocality offers a fruitful avenue of investigation not only of the production of translocal spaces, but also of their temporality and mutability. Through a multi-sited research approach we shed light on the genesis as well as the decay of translocal connections. This paper shows that translocal structures are important moorings of migration, and raises the question of what happens to translocal spaces when migration flows dissolve.


Sunday, 23 October 2011
Gypsy Spells
Wednesday, February 06, 2013
What is Gypsy Spells?
Misinformation about Gypsies practising Witchcraft.
Gypsies, or Roma people are forbidden to practice any type of witchcraft. The reason is simple, it looked upon as deceit. It is documented in the ancient gypsy tarot reading, called Agni Tara in the card called "Deceit" explaining the stand on magic and witchcraft. Deceit in Gypsy language is called'maya' meaning fraud, creating illusion, witchcraft magic, deception. Maya is defined as pretending to exhibit or claiming to have good qualities which is not real and is associated with both passion, lust and desire (raga) and magic employed to bewilder, sinning (moha) by being overly attached to wealth and honour. Deceit is a mental factor which apprehend the quality of an object and we not only deceit others but ourselves as well of the object's value. Its function is to provide a basis for a perverse life-style, due to excessive attachment to our material gain and the respect we receive. Deceit is represented with a cat, which is called marjara in Sanskrit and its meaning is both a scarlet and a cat. Scarlet can prescribe a colour and the character of the person. Deceit is to use trickery, emotional blackmail or force to compel someone to get what we desire, as the scarlet does, using glamour to allure, to get the desired outcome. Deceiving is also killing, (maraka) and specifically, killing morality. Deceit is set up to defend a self image, a concept, or an institution. Not to deceit requires awareness, free from extravagance or debauchery of what is true. It also requires that we examine our own motivations, to be sure there isn't some trace of self-clinging behind our words. For example, people active in religious causes sometimes become addicted to self-righteousness. Their speech in favour of their cause becomes tainted by their need to feel morally superior to others.
Where the Gypsies come from?
The Gypsies are the Ancient Greeks. I know if you are racist, you will find this statement outrageous. What is the evidence of this you ask? Well, it is the language. The Greek language contains the most Sanskrit words, which remained almost identical to Sanskrit, but with different pronunciation. A good example is the word Gorgos in Greek, Gorgons in English, which originated from the Gypsy language, garg, garji, garjo, gora, ghora and ghoram translating to monsters, horrible beings, violence, rumbling, dreadful, the same meaning as the Greek word. Another example is Prometheus, which is Pramatha in Sanskrit, translating to rape, destruction, tormenting, racking, theft. Another Sanskrit word is Papo, which is the same in Greek. In Sanskrit Papo translating to protector, guardian, keeper of the secret knowledge, knower and teacher of the secret song, the highly skilled knowledge of Sanskrit vibrations, which builds a bridge between the physical and the earthy planes. You can read more about Gypsy and Greek language similarities in the Book of Agni.
Spreading racism against Gypsies on Witchcraft sites...
There are many groups and individuals who are posing as Gypsies because the name Gypsy will bring money. Meanwhile the'real' Roma people suffering from racism brought on by these pretend Gypsies by their crocked business practises. Many witchcraft sites ( showing a Romanian Woman practising witchcraft and at the same time (probably unintentionally) spreading racism against the Roma people by showing this woman from youtube who is claiming to be Gypsy (The 'Gypsy' name will bring a sure success in business, - strangely not to the Gypsy people - yet the Romanian woman shown is only a very greedy Romanian woman without any Gypsy (Rom) ancestry) who learned to make money by tricking people, thus she is a maya, a fraud, creating illusion, witchcraft magic, driven by greed to deceive those who are vulnerable.
Most Gypsy people will hide their identity due to fear of persecution and will never use 'Gypsy' as their racial identity specially not to make money from. Only those who have no Romani, Gypsy blood that will use this derogatory race name 'Gypsy' and creating more hatred and persecution to the already suffering people. Perhaps website should elaborate more on the fact how the "Gypsy" name and "Witchcraft" can be misused by the wrong people.
Is Tarot Gypsy in Origin?
Yes it is. Tarot is Gypsy, Roma in origin and had a very different purpose to what is used for today. The word Taro derived from the Sanskrit word Tara, meaning road, passing over or beyond, passage, crossroad, ferry. It is also called Tarita, a form of Durga, also known as carca, meaning inquiry, discussion, recollection, as we already possess this knowledge and all we have to do is to remind ourselves of this wisdom with the help of Agni Tara. The translation from Sanskrit suggesting that the original Tara, Tarita cards were not designed for fortune telling, but served as a guide to the right path, how to deal with our emotions, how to overcome desires, which entail jealousy, anger, hope, sadness, deceit, greed, pride, etc. The cards also give you a glimpse into the ancient Gypsy belief system of creation and into the ancient past of the Roma people.
Despite of the popular belief which is portraying Gypsies as people who roamed they lived a settled lifestyle. It is obvious from their ancient philosophical thinking which couldn't be made whilst living a roaming lifestyle.
The principles of the tarot cards are serving as a philosophy of life, helping you to find happiness, the meaning and purpose of life. These principles will enable you to understand your place within this universe, helping you to find the order and the priorities which should be of concern, to devise a proper way to live your life, to achieve balance
The lack of clear guidelines, the constant bombardments to create urges and desires become a norm today, which is largely responsible for the steady decline of ethical standards, both individually and socially in the world, resulting in the decay of humanity and eventually to the collapse of society. The cards also provide a glance into society when values are abandoned in favour of an exclusive stress on materialism, to satisfy greed and pride. Consulting the cards you are able to draw up an individual plan how to overcome obstacles, difficulties in life. This was the original purpose of the Tara Cards, to reflect and to discuss moral issues, so we can find the right passage.
The belief system of the Roma, Gypsy people so far was unknown or rather hidden and thus it become a topic for all kind of speculations. It also should be clear that the language of the Gypsies is Sanskrit, which is the base of every European languages. Therefore, the Roma were not only the founders of philosophy, laying down the foundation of religion and science, but they were the founders of almost every languages spoken in Europe and Asia today, as every language is based on Sanskrit, the language of the Roma. In Ancient times the Roma people lived in an equal and harmonious society, their knowledge of life were highly advanced and unique, yet they were humble in character due to their religious belief system. Yet all this (paradise lost) is ceased with the arrival of the Gorgons, also known as Serpents. They have changed the world into a hierarchical system, where greed and pride become the rule. They hid the real past of the Gypsies to claim ownership of their knowledge, to satisfy their greed at the same time their pride. Whilst the Roma (Gypsy) forgotten who they were because of their oppression, their enslavement, they were unable to pass down their knowledge to their children, as they were taken away and sold to someone else into slavery. Their knowledge of Sanskrit also become limited. The original Sanskrit was the most sophisticated language in the world even in today's standard, yet most meaning of the words are lost and forgotten. This is the reason for the hate, persecution and genocide of the Roma we see today, it is to cover up the truth, the origin of knowledge. The Thief become the Enemy of the Gypsies, and the Thief calls his victims 'thieves'.
The meaning of Gorgon.
We are left with many tales of the Gorgons in the ancient Greek mythology. Most people believe the only Gorgon was Medusa, however she was only one of the Gorgons. The name Gorgon derived from the Gypsy language (Sanskrit) garg and it translates to 'horrible ones". Thus, the Gorgon is not only Medusa but other creatures also fall under the same category, such as the ancient story of the Minotaur, the Harpies, the Nymphs, Centaurs, etc. These creatures were not monsters in physical sense, but they were monsters in psychological perspective. For instance the Centaur is a description of a'stallion' which exactly means what it say. A man with enormous appetite for women. The Gorgons also representing a race of people, but no one knows who they were, or rather it is a well hidden secret. Where they come from is


Iron Realms Entertainment - Macros en Addicting Games Feature Intense PvP By Adam A Burke Addicting Games have Intense PvP Imagine a dimly lit room with the glow of a computer screen lighting up a pale-faced teenager, his glasses broken and sealed with tape in the middle. His eyes are fixated on some addicting game, darting back and forth across his screen as scrolling text falls like the opening sequence of "The Matrix". His fingers fly across the keyboard and his heart pounds as he tries to keep up with the falling letters. This sounds like the opening sequence to a mid-90s hacker movie, but in reality this is a description of the scene behind the player versus player combat (or PvP) in many online text games. There are many reasons why this style of game can be so intense. The primary reason why online text games, in general, are so much fun is the unlimited capacity for creativity. In graphics-based games, there is a certain enjoyment in seeing your avatar swinging and striking at the opponent in front of you. But in an online text game, the administrators and players have so much more of an opportunity to be creative in their description and imagining of the various attacks. The brutality and the magical nature of some attacks in text based games cannot be translated into the graphic-based games, because most laws would force the game to be rated purely for adults. The creativity, while sometimes even crossing the "too-extreme" border, allows for a much more immersive experience. Text Games Require Intense Strategy A second reason why PvP experiences in text based games are so intense is the strategy involved in the combat system. Due to the technical nature of these text adventure games, players are given the option of scripting their own combat systems, referred to as "reflexes" so that they have an automatic response to the game for various forms of healing. This forces combat to happen at lightning-fast speeds that test user and computer ability to keep up. The final reason PvP in text games is so engaging is that vast library of skills, classes, races and strategies available to everyone. Unlike other types of games with hard-coded strategies that are always proven to work, combat strategy in online text games is always changing and one strategy may work as few times as once. All players are working to upgrade their systems and all players are working to stay ahead of these upgrades, and even the administration is constantly seeking a way to balance combat for all classes, while never allowing one or two strategies to dominate the game. In summary, PvP in online text games allows you to use creative, magical, violent attacks to win the fight. Though graphically-intense games give you that visual satisfaction, the ability to customize your own curing triggers, aliases, and macros let you get ahead of the text game on your merit, not on hopeful wishing for change. The hundreds of skills and endless strategies keep combat fresh and on-going. PvP is truly complex in the most addicting games. If you are interested in diving into some of the best PvP on the net, try out these great online text games from Iron Realms. Adam A Burke is a text game enthusiast and currently plays games from Article Source: 1v1 duel Addicting Games Macros PvP Arena Skills Thu, 14 Oct 2010 22:12:52 +0000 Avasyu of Imperian 323 at


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Definition of Papilla, cancer of
Papilla, cancer of: Cancer of a structure called the papilla or ampulla of Vater, a small muscle located at the junction where the common bile duct (carrying bile from the liver and secretions from the pancreas) empties into the duodenum (upper small intestine).
Because of its location, this cancer can cause obstruction of the common bile duct and prevent bile from flowing into the intestine and out of the body. The chemicals usually eliminated from the body in bile -- in particular, bilirubin -- accumulate in the blood and cause jaundice (yellow skin and eyes) and itching. The stool becomes light-colored and the urine dark-colored since the accumulating bilirubin (which is yellow to dark brown) is eliminated in the urine instead of the stool.
The treatment is surgical removal of the cancer. There is no effective chemotherapy for ampullary cancer.
The cause of ampullary carcinoma is unknown. Fortunately, it is rather rare.
Last Editorial Review: 6/14/2012
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You can automatically detect scene changes in footage that does not have an EDL, such as archived material. Once SpeedGrade has identified scene changes, you can add keyframes to scene changes, or split your footage up into separate clips.
The workflow consists of the following steps:
- Detect the scene changes.
- Prepare the footage for grading or editing.
- Save or export the footage.
After marking your scene changes, prepare the footage for grading or editing as follows:
- To separate the footage into individual shots or scenes, click Split into Clips.
- To flag the scene changes, click Add Keyframes to Clip.
Once you split into clips or add keyframes, you can save the scene-detected content as a SpeedGrade project or create an Edit Decision List (EDL).
In the Setup Panel under the Timeline tab, do one of the following:
- To save the content as a SpeedGrade project, click Save IRCP.
- To export an Edit Decision List, click Save EDL.


Premier Family Law Attorneys
Divorce and Social Media: Why You Should Stop Posting and Logout
Social Media Icons
For the majority of people, social media has become a daily part of our lives. Keeping in touch with friends, posting pictures of your children, and watching the latest trending video has never been easier, but did you ever stop and think about how social media can play a role in your divorce?
It's very easy to gather information about people from their social media profiles, especially when people habitually overshare. There's a time and place for particular posts, but when you are going through a contentious divorce, there are a few tips to keep in mind before sharing your life on Facebook.
1) Check Your Privacy Settings
If you fear your spouse is snooping around your social media profiles, it's time to disconnect, unfriend, or block them. This might seem harsh, but it's an easy way to minimize the potential threat of causing additional drama and arguments online.
2) Don't Badmouth Your Spouse
No matter how frustrated and upset you become, do not use social media as an emotional outlet. Opposing counsel can print your posts and use it as evidence during your divorce. Don't rely solely on privacy settings because anything you post online can often be found.
3) When in Doubt, Don't Post
Before posting anything, take a step back and ask yourself, "Could someone misinterpret this? Could opposing counsel use this against me?" If the answer is yes, do not post! Sharing funny pictures and videos can seem harmless, but they might be misconstrued.
4) Suspend Your Online Presence
Using social media has become second nature to us, so the thought of logging out for an extended period of time feels unnatural. The bottom line: the best way to protect yourself from any social media content being used against you during the divorce is to suspend your online presence—don't delete your accounts, but take a break from social media.


text: Book Description: To date, scholars in higher education have examined the ways in which students' experiences in the classroom and the human capital they attain impact social class inequalities. In this book, Jenny Stuber argues that the experiential core of college life-the social and extra-curricular worlds of higher education-operates as a setting in which social class inequalities manifest and get reproduced. As college students form friendships and get involved in activities like Greek life, study abroad, and student government, they acquire the social and cultural resources that give them access to valuable social and occupational opportunities beyond the college gates. Yet students' social class backgrounds also impact how they experience the experiential core of college life, structuring their abilities to navigate their campus's social and extra-curricular worlds. Stuber shows that upper-middle-class students typically arrive on campus with sophisticated maps and navigational devices to guide their journeys-while working-class students are typically less well equipped for the journey. She demonstrates, as well, that students' social interactions, friendships, and extra-curricular involvements also shape-and are shaped by-their social class worldviews-the ideas they have about their own and others' class identities and their beliefs about where they and others fit within the class system. By focusing on student' social class worldviews, this book provides insight into how identities and consciousness are shaped within educational settings. Ultimately, this examination of what happens inside the college gates shows how which higher education serves as an avenue for social reproduction, while also providing opportunities for the contestation of class inequalities.


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In this method a chemical adjusting the pH value of waste water is added. This chemical then decreases the amount of odor to the desired level in the sewer pipe. With the right dosage corrosion can also be diminished.
Liquid oxidation and coagulation substances are suitable for the removal of odor, hydrogen sulfide and BOD (Biochemical oxygen demand), and for sludge processing. This method requires a chemical feeder, electricity and adding the needed chemicals on a regular basis. The chemicals are provided in 45 kg dishes or 1200 kg containers.
In addition to odor removal, this method is ideal for the prevention of corrosion and erosion of the metal and concrete surfaces in the sewer pipe. The method decreases odor in the target from a distance of 5-10 km.