text:
point sinks whose strength is proportional to the local concentration differences between the two phases, is where and are the concentrations of sodium ions in the interstitial phase and in the intracellular phase, respectively, and is the membrane permeability coefficient for the molecular diffusion of sodium ions into the cellular phase. Substituting (6) into (7), we can get the following equation:
And based on the assumption that diffusion does not contribute significantly to the total molecular transport inside the cell, the mass balance equation in the cellular phase is
which is justified by the fact that the dimensions of the cells are small compared to the thickness of the intestinal wall; therefore, the flux through them is independent of distance.
Meanwhile, we assume that, where is a constant to be determined. A justification for the constant field assumption can be found in the observation that if a membrane contains a large number of dipolar ions close to their isoelectric point, these dipoles will tend to alter their orientation in such a way that they tend to smooth out any irregularities and maintain a constant field. The validity of this assumption has also been discussed by Goldman and Cole. Hence, (8) can be reduced to that is,
The value corresponds to the lumen of the intestine and corresponds to serosa. We are interested in finding the ion concentration at, which corresponds to the blood capillary at which it is absorbed (Figure 1). In rats, the mucosal epithelium is approximately of the total intestinal wall thickness. Equations (9) and (11) are solved to obtain and as functions of and, and the mean concentration of sodium ions at is calculated from
where and are the interstitial and intracellular volume fractions, respectively.
Then, we introduce dimensionless parameters
where is the concentration of sodium ions in the lumen. The parameter could be considered as the ratio of the membrane diffusion flux into the cellular phase to the molecular diffusion flux in the interstitial phase.
Based on the assumption that the concentration of sodium ions in the intestinal lumina surface is equal to the concentration at its abluminal surface for the epithelial is specially thin, the boundary conditions are given by
which mean that the concentration of sodium ions in the lumen is set to 1, whereas at the serosa it is set to 0 at all times. Further, the initial concentration is taken to be 0, a condition justified in the case of in vitro experiments. Both and are set to 0 at any point within the tissue when time equals 0. Therefore, the initial conditions are given by
2.3. Numerical Computation
For the numerical solution of the problem above, we introduce a uniform grid of mesh points, with,, and,, where and are two positive integers, and are the uniform spatial and temporal mesh size, respectively. The theoretical solution at the point is denoted by ; the solution of an approximating difference scheme at the point will be denoted by. Similarly, the theoretical solution at the point is denoted by ; the solution of an approximating difference scheme at the point will be denoted by.
Then, we start to introduce the discretization of the differential operators. The first-order derivatives with respect to the temporal variable and are approximated by the following Euler backward difference, respectively:
and the first-order derivative with respect to the spatial variable is approximated by Euler forward difference:
As for the Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative, using the relationship between the Grünwald-Letnikov formula and Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative, we can approximate the fractional derivative by [21, 22]
where, for. There, we have adopted the shifted Grünwald-Letnikov formula for.
Finally, the finite difference method for the above problem is given as follows:
The boundary and initial conditions can be discretized by
The concentrations of the sodium ions in the intercellular phase and intracellular phase are determined at different steps of time and space, and their weighted mean concentration at the blood capillaries can also be obtained.
3. Results and Discussion
The thickness of the intestinal wall is taken to be, which is measured from a cross-section of the rat intestinal wall using an ocular micrometer fitted to a simple microscope. Muller reported in morphometric studies of rat gastric mucosa that the epithelial cells occupied while the remaining was occupied by lamina propria. Hence, a choice of is made for and for, arbitrarily as their values are not available in the literatures. According to Xu and Zhao, the permeability coefficient of sodium ions is taken to be. Varadharajan and Jayaraman had studied that the numerical value of depended on the potential difference between the serosa and the mucosa, and, comparing with the experimental results of Lauterbach, Varadharajan obtained the value of to be and the optimum value of to be around 0.4, so is taken to be 0.4 in our studies.
3.1. The Anomalous Diffusion Coefficient of Sodium Ions
According to the Stokes-Einstein formula, where is Boltzmann's constant (), is the temperature (~310 K), is the viscosity of intercellular fluid (~0.001 Pas), and is the radius of the water molecule (~0.45 nm), we can obtain the diffusivity in water. Nevertheless, it can also be considered as a reasonable approximation for the diffusion coefficient of sodium ions. Here, we change this parameter to,,,, and times of the value of diffusivity.
Figure 2, individual graph, demonstrates the variation of concentration with respect to for different values of when. During the course of diffusion, we find that the concentrations decrease in an exponential way, and the curves tend to change very little when the values of vary not too much, which indicates that the distribution of sodium ions is more uniform; therefore, we can consider any of these values as a reasonable approximation for the diffusion coefficient of sodium ions. By amplifying the figures, we also observe that smaller increases the amplitude of, which indicates that larger increases the speed of the absorption especially at the blood capillaries, a possible explanation is that faster movement of sodium ions makes it easier for diffusion.
3.2. The Order of Fractional Derivative
Here, based on the above analysis, we take to be, which is about 0.7 times of the diffusivity, just as used in the literature. Substituting the respective values of and, we can obtain that the actual time is about.
Figure 3 demonstrates that the variation of concentration with respect to at min for different values of. Obviously, we can observe that the concentrations decrease in an exponential way and the curves become smoother as the value of becomes larger, which indicate that the diffusion in the intercellular phase and the absorption especially at the blood capillaries become quicker as the value of becomes smaller. This fact demonstrates that the diffusion of sodium ions is anomalous superdiffusion.
Figure 4 demonstrates that the variation of concentration with respect to at different times when,. During the course of diffusion, we find that the concentrations decrease in an exponential way. By amplifying the figures, we obviously observe that the decay tends to be smoother and smoother when time increases, which indicates the distribution of sodium ions is more uniform. Figure 4(a) shows that at earlier times most of the sodium ions are absorbed by the cells, and for later times they tend to pass towards the serosa. Meanwhile, we observe that most of the obsorption takes place at from Figure 4(b), which can be explained as the distance at which the blood capillaries lie. This is quite reasonable, since in rats the mucosal epithelium is about of the total wall thickness. All these phenomena are connective with the results of Varadharajan and Jayaraman, which indicate that the anomalous diffusion is appropriate for describing the uptake of sodium ions.
Figure 5(a) is plotted against at different when,. We find that, at a particular distance, increases with time, but at a farther distance, the flux is lower because the major absorption is made available at the distance where the blood capillaries lie. Figure 5(b) is plotted against at for different values of. We find that, at a particular distance, is lower when is smaller, which indicates that the diffusion is quicker when the value of is smaller, and this leads to the lower value of.
Figure 6(a) is, plotted against at for different values of. We find that, at a particular distance, is lower when is smaller, which indicates that the diffusion is quicker when the value of is smaller, and this leads to the lower value of. Figure 6(b) is plotted against at different when,. We find that about sodium ion absorption is achieved at a distance of 0.1–0.15 when we choose, and it is in good agreement with the experimental results of Lauterbach, which indicate that the concentration of Na in the cell water approaches of the initial concentration of the incubation medium after the addition to the luminal side.
In summary, in this paper we have derived a fractional anomalous diffusion model for sodium ion transport in the intestinal wall using space fractional Fick's law. Appropriate partial differential equations describing the variation with time of concentrations of sodium ions in both the interstitial phase and the intracellular phase across the intestinal wall are obtained using Riemann-Liouville space-fractional derivatives and are solved by finite difference methods. The numerical simulations have been discussed, and numerical results are presented graphically for various values of different parameters. It demonstrates that fractional anomalous diffusion model is appropriate for describing the uptake of sodium ions across the epithelium of gastrointestinal mucosa. This research also provides


As I discuss in this answer, how the Vedas originated is that from time immemorial, sages known as Dhrishtas heard sacred verses directly from the gods during a state of Tapasya (deep meditation), and then in the Dwapara Yuga they were compiled into the four books we call the Vedas. But this chapter of the Apastamba Dharma Sutras, a text associated with the Yajur Veda, says that such sages are not born in the Kali Yuga:
 3. Like Svetaketu.
Here is what Haradatta says in his commentary on these Sutras:
As I discuss in this question, Shwetaketu is the son of the sage Uddalaka Aruni. An important part of the Chandogya Upanishad is a dialogue between Shwetaketu and his father, during which the famous Mahavakya "Tat Tvam Asi" is mentioned.
But my question is, what Yuga was Shwetaketu born in? The reason I ask is that the Apastamba Dharma Sutras seem to be saying that Shwetaketu is an example of the kind of person who was born in the Kali Yuga, but was still able to learn the Vedas quickly like a Rishi would due to his actions in a past birth. And indeed, this chapter of the Chandogya Upanishad says Shwetaketu learned the Vedas in a mere 12 years, whereas the standard pace for learning all four Vedas is 48 years.
Yet in this chapter of the Adi Parva of the Mahabharata, Pandu describes Shwetaketu as someone who was born in the distant past:
It hath been heard by us that there was a great Rishi of the name of Uddalaka, who had a son named Swetaketu who also was an ascetic of merit.... Thus, O timid one, was the existing usage established of old by Swetaketu, the son of Uddalaka, in defiance of antiquity.
So considering that Pandu lived in the Dwapara Yuga, Shwetaketu cannot have been born in the present Kali Yuga. So is it possible that he was born in some past Kali Yuga? If so, which Mahayuga was he born in?
The only clue I've come across is the fact that Shwetaketu was the uncle of the sage Ashtavakra, purported author of the Ashtavakra Gita, and Ashtavakra visited the court of a king named Janaka. But it's not clear to me whether this refers to the famous father of Sita, because pretty much all the kings of Mithila were known by the name Janaka. The Janaka visited by Ashtavakra is probably the same Janaka mentioned in the Upanishads, but I don't know whether this Janaka is the same as the father of Sita, whose given name was Siradhvaja.
By the way, on a side note Shwetaketu was not the biological son of Uddalaka Aruni, as I discuss here.
 - You forgot to embed the link in the first line of your post."As i discuss this answer..." – Rickross Mar 5 '16 at 6:38
 - 1
 Is it possible that the reference to Svetaketu was not to show that he was in Kaliyuga, but to point out that, in Kali Yuga, no Rishi or new perceivers of Veda will be born, but people like Svetaketu, who master the Vedas will exist? That is, a Rishi was one who'saw' new mantras and revealed that to the Universe, but Svetaketu learned the already revealed Vedas and attained Knowledge. But, he did not himself reveal any new mantra. Similarly, in Kaliyuga, there will not be any Rishis who would be able to perceive newer mantras, but only those few who can master Vedas, realize Self – Nithin Sridhar Mar 5 '16 at 10:58
 - _USER_ Well, at least how Haradatta is interpreting things is that it has nothing to do with realization, but rather with the speed of learning the Vedas. In earlier Yugas, Rishis could acquire the Vedas quickly, because they could just directly perceive them, whereas in the Kali Yuga the only way you can learn the Vedas quickly is as reward for good actions in your past birth. Otherwise most people in the Kali Yuga have to learn them at the standard pace of 12 years per Veda. And I'm inclined to agree with Haradatta; the Apastamba Sutra isn't the sort of text that would discuss Jnana. – Keshav Srinivasan Mar 5 '16 at 14:16
 - _USER_ But yeah, it could be that Apastamba isn't saying that Shwetaketu was born in the Kali Yuga, but rather its just an example of the sort of person who can exist in the Kali Yuga: someone who can't perceive the Vedas but can learn them quickly. By the way, the reason that people used to take 12 years to learn a Veda is that you're supposed to take a break between the Uttarayana day in January (aka Makara Sankranti or Pongal) and the Dakshinayana day in August. But nowadays people are too impatient, so they study the Vedas all-year long. That's why we say the "Kamo Karshith" Japam. – Keshav Srinivasan Mar 5 '16 at 14:28
 - More importantly, A Rishi is one who reveals a newer aspect of Vedas and others study Vedas and then may even Realize the knowledge of Vedas, but they may not become Rishi, i.e. reveal new Mantras. Also, Rishi and Jnani is different. – Nithin Sridhar Mar 5 '16 at 14:51
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chapter 3
32 Pages
Theories of International Trade and International Investment
Throughout its history, Cyprus, an island in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, has been heavily involved in trade. Cyprus traded with the Phoenicians, the Venetians, the Arabs, the Assyrians, the Romans, and the Greeks. It is a country with approximately 800,000 inhabitants, with the majority being Greek-Cypriots and a minority Turkish-Cypriots, Armenians, andMaronites (a sect of the Catholic Church that originated in Lebanon).


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In a typical, modern satellite launch, what triggers the cutoff of the orbital insertion stage's rocket engines?
I can think of three basic possibilities:
- Compute how much fuel you need for the trajectory, load exactly that much, and burn all the fuel
- Bring a little extra fuel and cut off the engines at a specific time
- Bring a little extra fuel and cut off the engines when telemetry indicates you're at the desired altitude and speed
The first two seem like they'd be susceptible to small variations in atmospheric conditions, engine performance, and so on.
A historical example: Apollo 13's second stage. The center engine cut off early due to pogo oscillation, when the fuel pressure dropped below a shutdown threshold which was intended to make sure the engine stopped cleanly when the stage started to run out of fuel (which itself implies that option 1 is a little uncertain; not all the fuel is going to get burned).
To compensate, they simply ran the second stage longer. Was that a natural result of consuming all the remaining fuel through four engines instead of 5 (implying option 1), or did they have to explicitly command a later cutoff time (implying option 2), or was the compensation completely automatic (option 3)?
Note that I'm asking about the initial launch and orbital insertion phase, not about fine-tuning the orbit and/or rendezvousing with a target via multiple incremental burns.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The Kelvin problem - what packing minimizes the surface area in 3D space?
For over 100 years, the Kelvin structure composed of truncated octahedrons was believed to be the unit cell, which divided 3D space with minimum surface area. In 1994, the Weaire-Phelan structure was proposed, which shows 0.3% less surface area than the Kelvin structure. Although monodisperse foams have been used to address this problem and realize the structure, high density difference between gas and liquid and lack of technology to make monodisperse bubbles at micron scale have severely restricted their production and observation.
We are studying this problem with monodisperse emulsion drops, instead of foam. Microfluidic technique facilitates the production of such small and uniform drops. As continuous phase evaporates, monodisperse drops are densely packed without coalescence, minimizing their interfacial area. Therefore, microfluidic approach provides an ideal model system to address Kelvin's problem. In addition, through polymerization of drops in densely packed state, we can permanently fix the structure and produce monodisperse polyhedron microparticles which are potentially useful as building blocks for assemblies.
Figure 1: Two layers of monodisperse emulsion drops (a) in a low volume fraction of drops (beehive structure) and (b) in a high volume fraction (Toth structure). (c) Polyhedron microparticles templated by Toth structure. [Scale bar = 200 microns]
This project is a collaboration with Shin-Hyun Kim.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Light Modifier Glossary
Start experimenting with strobes, and you'll quickly learn that there's a limit to what you can achieve with a bare flash. Without modifiers, you can't control many factors that determine how your photo will be lit. But if you aren't familiar with common modifiers and how they work, tips and tutorials on flash photography can sound like a lot of nonsense. Use this glossary of light modifier terms to increase your versatility with flash photography.
Beauty Dish
Day 171 – salad anyone? by Mathias
A beauty dish is a round, reflective dish around the strobe or other light source that directs the light toward a subject and creates circular catchlights in a model's eyes.
Street Strobist Backstage by Andres Nieto Porras
A diffuser is anything placed in front of a light source to soften the light. Often, it's a piece of fine screen mesh or translucent fabric that reduces the intensity of the light. Diffusers are commonly found as the innermost part of a 5-in-1 reflector disc.
See "Gobo".
Roscolux Gels by Omer Wazir
A gel, or color filter, is a colored piece of transparent film that's placed over a light source to change its color temperature. Gels are often used to balance out mixed lighting sources, for example, you might use them to color correct when shooting in a room that has both incandescent and fluorescent lights.
_IMG3851-Edit by OzAdr1an
Gobo stands for "go between". It is also called a flag. A gobo or flag is anything that goes between the light source and the subject to block some of the light. This kind of light modifier can help with eliminating unwanted reflections in glass or with keeping a backdrop from being lit by a flash.
7dcp3035969-4mm-grid-modeling-light by Wolfgang Lonien
A grid is a honeycomb or similar pattern that's placed over a light to direct the light without diffusing it. The grid creates a spotlight while keeping light from spilling onto other parts of the frame.
Setup by Derek Dysart
A reflector is a board or piece of material used to bounce light back onto a subject. Reflectors are usually, white, silver, or gold, though other colors exist. Commercial varieties exist, but you can also use foam board, a sheet, or any other reflective material as a reflector. A reflector is probably the most common light modifier used by photographers.
The term scrim is often used interchangeably with the word diffuser. Some photographers define it as a type of diffuser that is a piece of material placed in front of the light source with the purpose of softening the light.
Last minute adjustments by Gene
A snoot is a light modifier that is essentially a tube that lets the photographer use a strobe like a spotlight, narrowing the light's radius. It directs light to a small, specific area of the scene.
90/365: SOFTBOX! :: Setup by Andres Nieto Porras
A softbox is a tent-like device that accommodates a strobe. The light is directed through a diffusion material, and the inside of the softbox is often reflective. The main purpose of a softbox is to enlarge the size of the light and soften it.
Strobist by Vikram Vetrivel
R'adys / Swing Shoot Setup by chriscom
An umbrella, in photographic lighting, looks just the same as a typical umbrella used on a rainy day. Shoot through umbrellas, which are usually white, are placed in front of light sources to diffuse the light in a way that's similar to a softbox. Reflective umbrellas usually have a silver surface on their undersides. A strobe is pointed back toward the inside of the umbrella, and the light reflecting from the umbrella is bounced back onto the subject.
A bare flash can certainly create interesting images, but it does have its limits. With a few inexpensive purchases or DIY projects, you can expand the possibilities of flash photography. What are your favorite light modifiers, and how do you use them?
PhotographyVox Newsletter
Profile photo of Nicoal Price About Nicoal Price
Nicoal is a New England photographer with a penchant for learning. Her work ranges from nature-inspired portraiture to outdoor product photography. Visit for more info.
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text:
On 28 October 2019 the Africa-China Reporting Project (ACRP) hosted the Open Forum: Key Voices on Digital Identity and Data Privacy at Wits University. The following is a summary of the main themes discussed at the event.
- Thea Anderson: Policy Director, Omidyar Network
- Liesl Muller: Attorney, Statelessness Unit, Refugee and Migrant Rights Programme, Lawyers for Human Rights
- Kim Dancey: Head Payments Risk, FirstRand Rest of Africa and India
- John Carneson: Former head of policy, strategy, planning and evaluation at South African Home Affairs
- Professor Jane Duncan: Department of Journalism, Film and Television, University of Johannesburg
- Professor Keith Breckenridge: Wits Institute For Social & Economic Research
- Grace Mutung'u: Associate, Kenya ICT Action Network
The meaning of digital identity is complex
Digital ID refers to one's ability to prove who you say you are through technological means. There are however differing ideas of what makes 'good' or credible ID, across states as well as sectors.
Countries have their own laws over which ID documents are deemed credible with limited standardisation between them. This is because there are multiple ways to prove 'who you are' such as biometrics (like finger print identity, iris scans), mobile phone numbers, bank cards, national IDs, PINs or personal questions. The digital space has also opened the possibility of verifying one's identity through social habits – like social media accounts, school records and e-commerce history – that provides granular information that a government-issued ID or utility bill cannot. At the same time some authorities still require proof of a person's identity through others who can vouch for them (like a village, chief, employer, place of worship).
Variations in what constitutes 'good ID' are also due to the differing interests in utilising it. For example banking institutions require information to monitor their clients in order to avoid reputational and financial risks; meanwhile states have the responsibility of regulating populations and movement along increasingly porous borders.
The social impacts (cultural, historical, economic and security)
Digital ID is also creating new ideas of what society means. The use of identification is increasingly creeping into daily life in order to access services (such as healthcare and grants) and to participate in social life. In fact the digital space is also where a person can construct how they are 'seen', as a self-defined identity. This leads to a debate over what it means to be under-identified versus over-identified across various platforms.
Cultural sensitivities are important in the African context. Identities already exist from a cultural and ancestral perspective (i.e. how one's community knows or refers to them may differ from what is formally captured). Yet the decision over what aspect of identity and how one's background is utilised, as well as who is deemed as 'undesirable', depends on the state and institutions in question. This leaves the question over whether nationality laws – that are often historically inherited – fit the local culture and society adopting it. Historical sensitivities are also important. For instance, the use of fingerprints and photos in 'pass books' was a means of racial segregation under apartheid South Africa.
Other relevant discussion points included:
- The use of digital forms of ID as social progress or a new means of control
- What are citizens' rights? There are concerns over giving away personal data (that could be sold off to corporates) but also fear of not receiving services by denying such information
- Whether it is safe to have one system/ administration as a 'keeper of all things' (data). More broadly, is technology the only solution?
- Security considerations highlight the implications of increased surveillance, the transfer of technology to authoritarian African states and concern over data protection and fraud. Indeed as the digital identity space expands and more people get involved, so will breaches become more likely
- The reality of being blacklisted and unable to access employment, as well as being wrongly blacklisted and then the difficulties of undoing this process
- The use of data for political purposes (such as the exposure of political figures through emails and bank accounts)
Issues of access and 'statelessness'
The discussion on access needs to go deeper than the digital space, as many citizens on the African continent still have no access to a national identity. Close to 1.1 billion people do not have access to formal identification across the world. Half of them live in Sub-Saharan Africa. Moreover the majority are children who have no formal identification from birth.
There is the case of the Nubians in Kenya, for example, who live in the country yet are not recognised by it. Addressing administrative justice should precede the migration of identity online. Likewise access to mobile money, an increasing trend in East Africa, also requires access to mobile devices.
The very steps of modernizing ID systems could itself cause statelessness, as the criteria to prove one's citizenship and identity becomes more stringent. There needs to be clear and conscious application of digital ID, in order to avoid discrimination.
Important duties of the state were outlined at the event. John Carneson (Former head of policy, strategy, planning and evaluation at South African Home Affairs) mentioned that:
- No African should be required to travel more than four hours to access services related to identity
- There needs to be an open information policy, available in all required languages
- Government policies require regular scrutiny and public engagement
Who owns the process and whose responsibility is it?
The Open Forum highlighted differing views of what institutions and who should be responsible for ensuring ethical use of digital ID – and moreover, who should hold them accountable. For instance, some participants suggested that intermediaries like banks are important actors to bring about harmonization of digital ID between countries. It was also suggested that the input of neutral intermediaries, such as lawyers and journalists, were required in mediating the ties between governments and citizens. There is clearly no agreement regarding the process.
The media's role
In closing, the participants were asked how the media and journalists could be more active in this space. The suggestions included:
- To be aware of the risks involved in covering such topics
- They should be neither overly positive nor negative in their reporting but realists regarding the issue
- To include more collaboration between journalists and experts
- The appeal to journalists to keep actors in this space honest and accountable
- To do their background homework, such as look into other country examples and approaches. To start to build expertise in this area
- To remember the social effects and cultural sensitivities when reporting on digital ID


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Bow To Your API Sensei!
Winner of the award for best use of Japanese martial arts in a technical branding campaign, SmartBear Software is stressing the importance of API testing with the launch of its "tool-agnostic" API Testing Dojo for API developers to gather information about all things API, understand the domain, learn best practices, and hone skills.
"The need for higher interconnectivity between apps is at an all-time high, and continues to grow at a rapid pace along with the use of APIs," said Matti Hjelm, product owner of SoapUI at SmartBear.
The API Testing Dojo is organized into three sections — World of API Testing, Best Practices, and Testing Katas, and covers everything from basic concepts like why test in the first place, to more advanced topics like how the DevOps trend affects quality and the QA professional, as well as the state of API security.
Numerous resources are available at the site, including recommended software tools, blogs, conference and event listings, technical articles, and more.
SmartBear is the owner of the SoapUI API testing tool. This open source tool allows testers to create and execute automated functional, compliant APIs, and load tests. For the API Testing Dojo, click here.
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by Lila Das Gupta
One thing that scientists still can't fully explain is why a fruit or vegetable grown in one place can taste so different to one grown a few miles up the road.
Pink rhubarb stemsI've just written a piece about a taste test I conducted on rhubarb for the November issue of Gardeners' World magazine, which includes a Top 10 of the best varieties for flavour. One of the things my editor had asked me to write about is how we taste fruit - the elements that go to make up the experience, which got me thinking about taste buds.
Does age affect taste? Do smokers taste more or less than non-smokers? It was a fascinating subject to research.
One thing that scientists still can't fully explain is why a fruit or vegetable grown in one place can taste so different to one grown a few miles up the road. There are so many variables that come in to the equation. I have found the taste of strawberries can actually differ depending on what time of day you pick them (mornings are definitely best!). And I can now tell you that I've eaten enough rhubarb to be able to conclude that Yorkshire-grown rhubarb really is the very best.
Taste is also a highly subjective thing, because it's our brain which does the processing, and therein lies the difference in perception.
So what of the humble taste bud? Apparently the number of taste buds we have (and therefore the extent to which we can taste food) is genetically determined. Nature may not have given you the eyes or hair you wanted, but there is an easy way to check if you score high on the taste bud lottery.
Food writer, Glyn Christian's fascinating book How to Cook Without Recipes, gives a fun way to check on the number you have. He says you should take a paper file-hole reinforcer, some dark food colouring, a tissue, a magnifying glass, then a mirror or a friend:
1. Dab food colouring on the tip of your tongue
2. Rinse off and pat dry
3. Put the paper file-reinforcer no further than 5mm from the tip of your tongue
4. Count the colour defined taste buds with the help of a magnifying glass and a friend (or mirror)
According to Mr Christian, "super tasters have more than 25 small evenly clustered taste buds within the circle". It seems that "slower tongues have bigger but fewer taste buds". Women tend to score higher than men. This will test your receptors for sweetness, you can try the same thing on other parts of the tongue for other types of taste like'salty' or 'bitter'.
There are a few other good tests in the book if you want to go down this road.
Not included in our Top 10 Rhubarbs for Taste, but certainly worth an honourable mention is a heritage variety called 'Cawood Delight'. It is not easy to grow for beginners, being somewhat temperamental and I didn't care for its floury texture at all (though our Chef taster, John McClements, thought highly of it for serving with meat dishes). I loved this variety of rhubarb because it was such an extraordinarily beautiful, dark beast. It is probably the most handsome of the rhubarbs I've ever seen and still looked good when it was cooked. An acquired taste perhaps.
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Gardeners' World Web User 03/09/2010 at 22:47
Taste buds do seem to deteriorate with age, my 90 year old mother has complained all year that the vegetables grown in her garden, have no flavour, whilst everyone else thinks they are great. In the case of rhubarb, I truly believe it is the nastiest thing one could grow in the garden, and maybe taste bud failure could be an advantage when consuming it.
Gardeners' World Web User 04/09/2010 at 22:19
Replanted a rhubarb crown which was'nt doing well. Was able to pull half a dozen stalks and made some rhubarb crumble. Ate it with homemade custard lovely treat. Think you are missing out HeavyHourse.
Gardeners' World Web User 30/01/2011 at 17:33
This is really NOT about HOW to grow Rhubarb. Gotta find it somewhere else. DISAPOINTING
Gardeners' World Web User 04/06/2011 at 14:45
I have had the same rhubarb plant growing in my garden since I moved in 18 years ago, but this year, just as I was planning to lift and split the crown, it flowered! If I lift and split it, will the crown continue to flower, or can I expect to harvest my rhubarb next year?
Gardeners' World Web User 07/08/2011 at 17:19
My comment yesterday seems to be lost in the ether-so here it is again! Can anyone tell me whether I can put large rhubarb leaves in my compost bin, as I have read conflicting advice,and wonder whether oxalic acid would be a problem. My bin works well and is heaving with THOUSANDS of small pink worms so I wouldn't like to poison them! Does Monty Dom put these leaves in his super compost system, I wonder?
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Submitted by: Patricia M. Gurule
Grade Levels: K-3
In this library skills lesson plan, which is adaptable for grades K-3, students use BrainPOP Jr. resources to explore the purpose of a library. Students will then demonstrate how to find a book in the library.
- Explain the purpose of a library
- Demonstrate how to find a book in the library
- Printed set of any activity pages you wish to use
- Computer and interactive white board or projector to access BrainPOP, Jr. resources
library; librarian; genre; fiction; non-fiction; biography; Dewey Decimal System
Preparation:This lesson can be used to introduce summer school students or regular session students to the school library. Preview the movie topics and plan appropriate talking points.
- Brainstorm what students know about libraries. What is the purpose of a library? Use the Talk About It activity to frame the class discussion. Record student responses by typing directly into the page.
- Show the Word Wall to help students define important library vocabulary.
- Project the Library movie for the class, pausing throughout as needed to talk about how the information relates to what students will experience in the school library.
- Complete the Sequence Game together as a class to review the steps in checking out a book.
- Explain your school library's procedures and expectations and give a tour of the room.
- As a closing activity or for homework, have students complete the Activity and create their own bookmarks to use on their next visit to the library when they check out books.
- On students' second visit to the library, review basic information by projecting either the Libraries Easy Quiz or Hard Quiz, and taking it together as a class.
- Tell the class they will learn procedures for book check out. Show the movie Choosing a Book. Pause the movie and clarify any special rules your school library has.
- Afterward, use the Talk About It activity to help students synthesize what they learned and prepare to choose their books.
- Guide students in selecting and checking out their first library book.


text:
Skin: Branching Out
by Bonnie Taylor-Blake (Zylka Lab)
Like branches coming off a tree trunk, bundles of nerve fibers spread up and outwards to the skin surface. The endings of these nerve fibers sense cues from the environment, such as temperature and touch, and respond to injury-producing stimuli that lead to the sense of pain. A hair follicle (left) is encircled by nerve endings that detect movements of the hair itself. This image was acquired through the use of a fluorescent antibody that labels a specific protein expressed in such nerve fibers; this photograph represents a negative of that captured via confocal microscopy.


Relatively Prime Permutations
Euler's Totient function, φ(n), is used to determine the number of numbers less than n that are relatively prime to n. For example, φ(6) = 2, because only 1 and 5 are relatively prime with 6.
Interestingly, φ(63) = 36, and this is the first example of a number which produces a permutation of the value of its Totient function.
Given that p is prime, prove that p will not be a permutation of φ(p), and prove that p2 will not be a permuation of φ(p2).
Problem ID: 240 (10 Aug 2005) Difficulty: 3 Star
Show Problem & Solution


Wavechasers and the Samoan Passage
Watch as a team of wave chasers heads to Somoa where they search for an undersea river five kilometers beneath the ocean's surface. There they measured skyscraper-sized internal gravity waves, which break and produce strong turbulence underwater. Understanding these deep waves and flows is critical to understanding more about the Earth's climate and can help to improve climate models. The team is still chasing waves: they now know where the waves start, but they are still searching for where they end up.


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Journalism has a focus problem. That's according to newly released research from the Journalism Innovation Project at the University of Oxford, and the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.
Journalism suffers from Shiny Things Syndrome: " an obsessive pursuit of technology in the absence of clear and research-informed strategies – is the diagnosis offered by participants in this research," according to the report. "The cure suggested involves a conscious shift by news publishers from being technology-led, to audience-focused and technology-empowered."
Research has found that in this era of perpetual change, journalism's high-speed pursuit of technology-driven innovation "could be almost as dangerous as stagnation." U.S. digital-born journalism veteran Kim Bui, who coined the phrase Shiny Things Syndrome, said it "takes away from storytelling, and we risk forgetting who we are. That's the biggest challenge."
Solutions call for a re-start with the end user, and with developing that user-led approach to researching journalism innovation and devoloping frameworks to support it.
Is it time to slow down, reflect and return to the fundamentals? It's an interesting report for those of us who work in the field. A few of the report's key findings, according to this summary at Nieman Lab:
- "There is an identified need to develop research-informed, longer-term strategies designed to foster sustainable innovation." Often journalism gets caught in the never-ending news cycle. Yet, it may be time to slow down and analyze what really needs to be done.
- "There is concern that efforts in the field of digital journalism innovation have been too focused on distribution challenges at the expense of content and business development."
- "There is evidence of significant change fatigue and burnout that risks impacting on journalism innovation efforts, in part caused by relentless pursuit of "bright, shiny things."
- "There is an evolving new set of innovation markers: The need to consider unintended consequences of technological innovation (such as gendered online harassment and viral disinformation); the role of diversity in audience development and divergent global contexts; growing media freedom threats and limitations."
Photo: Man reading a newspaper in Fountain Square, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1938; Library of Congress


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Dorset Vermont Barns
Vermont is a small town located within Bennington County in the
southwest corner of the state. The landscape is characterized by a
mountainous terrain with valleys cut by numerous rivers and streams.
The town was chartered in 1761 as part of Benning Wentworth's New
Hampshire grants. Since the late 1700's, agriculture has been an
important part of the town's history. Ranging from small-scale
subsistence farming, sheep raising and wool production, dairying and
others, the history of Dorset encompasses many agricultural themes. The
purpose of this website is to document the evidence of Dorset's
agricultural past that is still visible on the landscape today.
work here is not intended to be a comprehensive representation of all
the agricultural structures or themes in Dorset, but rather a starting
point for local residents and volunteers to conduct further
investigation into the town's agricultural past. If you have
information about a structure on this site or one that does not appear,
or maybe you are just interested Vermont's barns in general, then you
are encouraged to check out the resources on this website and get
involved with the Vermont Barn Census.


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After Women's Suffrage
The Minute Women of Washington
by Shanna Stevenson
In Washington State as in many other states, women organized for home front service before and during World War I.
Minute Women pin. WSHS - All rights reserved.
This paper will outline the activities of women in Washington State during World War I as part of the Council of National Defense, the State Council of Defense, Woman's Work, (known as the Minute Women) and the National League for Women's Service. The effectiveness and cooperation of these organizations among themselves and with parallel men's groups will also be discussed and some analysis regarding the differences for Washington women from other states because of their status as voting women will be explored. Also, the role of the Minute Women after World War I and their legacy in keeping alive the memories of the men who fought in the war and serving the needs of veterans will be outlined.
World War I
President Woodrow Wilson declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917. This was after a period of neutrality of the United States. However anticipating a war, a Council of Defense had been created in August 1916 by Act of Congress which included the Secretaries of War, Navy, Interior, Agriculture, Commerce and Labor to coordinate home front support for a conflict. This group created a Woman's Committee of the Council of National Defense on April 21, 1917, chaired by noted suffragist Dr. Anna Howard Shaw.
The creation of the Woman's Committee was pre-figured by a meeting of the National American Woman Suffrage Association in February, 1917. This meeting was called at the request of Carrie Chapman Catt. By resolution, it was determined that NAWSA would offer their war service by forming a National Committee of representatives from each national organization of women. The resolution outlined the areas of work for such women's groups—Women's Employment; Food Supply; Red Cross; Americanization and a Conference Committee.1
These home front efforts were aimed at creating support for a war which many Americans did not understand and a war in which America had remained neutral. The government has also been cited as promoting propaganda and restricting civil liberties in the effort to create a mobilized country. This was also true in Washington State.2
National League for Woman's Service
Organization with overlapping membership of Minute Women
Woman's Committee of the Council of National Defense
Merged with Minute Women, end of 1917
Washington State Council of Defense
Minute Women after World War I
Activities of the organization after World War I
The focus has seemed to be in recent years on the service of women in World War II—often in active service or replacing men as "Rosie the Riveters." The story of the great mobilization of women in World War I in Washington has not been widely explored. HistoryLink has presented a fine story about knitting in World War I—indeed that was an active part of service but the work of women in home front and European relief has not been fully documented.
These women poised for service and energized by their organizational abilities honed through women's clubs jumped in full force to fulfill the directives of the federal and state government for war services and to provide international relief. The National League of Women's Service worked with the State and National Committees but branched out to international relief, influenza service and even as substitute workers during the Seattle General Strike.
Using both their new-found and traditional skills, Washington women contributed significantly to the war effort and to their stature as partners with men in patriotism and preparedness. Washington's women were not fighting for the vote as were so many others nationally during this period, having attained full suffrage in 1910. Suffrage has often been cited as a rationale for such active service nationally and in other states. Also in Washington coordination under the Minute Women of bond sales, complementing men's work and state and national directives provided for a more collaborative effort.
It is evident that the Minute Women were called upon to carry out, at least in some measure, the anti-sedition efforts of the State Council—through their "patriotism" efforts and monitoring of war bond sales.
So well-organized were the Minute Women, that they determined to continue their work after armistice in 1918, bringing solace to the often maimed men who returned from their service in Europe. The women exerted their influence not only in matters related to veterans, but for World Peace, preparedness, radicalism and myriad other causes which were traditionally associated with the club movement—including beautification and support for legislation that benefited women. They participated in making sure that the deaths of Washington soldiers would not be forgotten through memorials in the state and in France. Finally they gave out—many having devoted more than 25 years to the cause and facing yet another test of a world at war by the end of the Minute Women in 1943.


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setbacks as they adjust to their new life, and your patience and understanding can make a significant difference in their success.
- Offer practical assistance
Help your loved one with tasks such as job searching, finding housing, and accessing community resources. Your support in these areas can alleviate some of the stress they may experience during this transition.
- Encourage open communication
Talk openly with your loved one about their feelings, concerns, and goals. Encourage them to share their experiences and listen empathetically to their struggles.
- Provide emotional support
Show your loved one that you care about their well-being and are there to support them in their journey. Encouragement, understanding, and love can go a long way in helping them overcome the challenges they face during reintegration.
Release and reintegration are crucial aspects of an inmate's journey at Northern State Prison. By understanding the parole process, accessing available reentry programs and resources, and offering support to a loved one during their reintegration, family and friends can help ensure a successful transition back into society.
Frequently Asked Questions
This section addresses common questions and concerns that family members and friends of inmates may have. Some examples include:
How can I find out if I am on the approved visitor list?
Contact the inmate's counselor or the facility directly to confirm your approved visitor status.
Can I send books or care packages to my loved one?
Policies vary by facility, so it's essential to check with Northern State Prison regarding their specific guidelines for sending books or care packages.
How can I help my loved one access educational or vocational programs?
Encourage your loved one to speak with their counselor or case manager, who can provide information about available programs and the enrollment process.
What happens if my loved one has a medical emergency while in prison?
Northern State Prison has medical staff on-site to address any emergencies or health concerns that arise. If your loved one requires additional medical attention, they may be transported to a nearby hospital.
How can I support my loved one in their efforts to stay sober while incarcerated?
Encourage your loved one to participate in substance abuse treatment programs and maintain open communication about their progress. You can also research community-based resources to help them continue their recovery upon release.
We hope that this comprehensive guide to Northern State Prison, New Jersey, has provided valuable information and resources for family members and friends of inmates. By understanding the facility's policies and procedures, maintaining open communication, and offering support, you can help your loved one navigate the challenges of incarceration and prepare for a successful reintegration into society.
Visiting Hours at Northern State Prison:
Visiting days and times at Northern State Prison will depend on what unit the inmate is housed in. Inmates are allowed a maximum of four visitors (including children) at a time.
- Main Compound inmates have visiting on:
- Saturdays and Sundays from 8:45am-10:45am (registration from 7:45am-8:45am) and from 12:45pm-2:45pm (registration from 11:45am-12:45pm).
- Infirmary inmates have visits on:
- Sundays by appointment only from 8:30am-9:30am.
- Non-contact visitation is by appointment only. Call _PHONE_ on Fridays from 9:30am-3:30pm to schedule an appointment. Visiting occurs on Mondays, Tuesdays, and Thursdays from 5:30pm-7:30pm.
- Minimum Unit inmates have visitation on:
- Saturdays and Sundays from 8am-10:30am (registration from 8am-9:45am) and from 12:30pm-3pm (registration is from 12:30pm-2:15pm).
- Administrative Close Supervision/Delta Unit have visits by appointment only. Call _PHONE_ Mondays-Fridays 8am-2:15pm. Visits occur on Wednesdays, Saturdays, and Sundays from 5pm-6pm and 6:30pm-7:30pm.
Northern State Prison
168 Frontage Road
Newark, New Jersey 07114
Inmate Mailing Address:
Inmate Name, ID Number
Northern State Prison
P.O. Box 2300
Newark, New Jersey 07114


How do i change the administrator on windows 7?
 1. Click Start then Run and type "secpol.msc"
 2. Open run dialog box.
 3. Open the Local Security Policy editor using secpol.
 4. In the left pane find Local Policies then Security Options.
 5. In the right pane go to Policy then Accounts: Rename administrator account.
How do I change the administrator on my computer windows 7?
 1. First of all, open the Control Panel.
 2. On the Manage Accounts window, click to select the standard user account you want to promote to administrator.
 3. Click the Change the account type option from the left.
 4. Select the Administrator radio button and click the Change Account Type button.
How can I remove administrator account in Windows 7?
 1. ClickStart Menu and select Control Panel.
 2. Select User Accounts and Family Safety and.
 3. Select.
 4. From the list view select the account you want to manage (or in your.
 5. Click Delete the account.
 6. You're asked if you want to keep that user accounts files,
Why am I not the administrator on my computer windows 7?
This may happen if the administrator account is corrupted. You may try creating a new administrator account and check. Note: You must restart your computer when you enable or disable UAC. Changing levels of notification does not require that you restart your computer.
How do I change the administrator on my computer?
 1. Click the Windows Start button.
 2. Then click Settings.
 3. Next, select Accounts.
 4. Choose Family & other users.
 5. Click on a user account under the Other users panel.
 6. Then select Change account type.
 7. Choose Administrator in the Change account type dropdown.
How do I get rid of Administrator?
 1. Click the Windows Start button. This button is located in the lower-left corner of your screen.
 2. Click on Settings.
 3. Then choose Accounts.
 4. Select Family & other users.
 5. Choose the admin account you want to delete.
 6. Click on Remove.
 7. Finally, select Delete account and data.
How can I reset the Administrator password in Windows 7?
 1. Boot the OS into recovery mode.
 2. Choose the startup repair option.
 3. Make a backup of Utilman and save it with a new name.
 4. Make a copy of command prompt and rename it as Utilman.
 5. In the next boot, click the Ease of Access icon, the command prompt is launched.
How do I delete a user account on Windows 7?
Start button > in the search box, type user accounts > Enter > click Manage another account > click the account you want to delete > left side, click Delete this account > Choose Delete Files, or Keep Files > click Delete Account.
How do I login as the administrator on Windows 7?
Step 1: Go to "Start" and type"cmd" in the search bar. Step 2: Right click on"cmd.exe"and select "Run as Administrator" and run the file. Step 3: Command Prompt window opens up then type "net user administrator /active:yes" command to enable the administrator account.
How do I activate the administrator account in Windows 7?
Click Start and type CMD, then press Enter. It is best to run the Command Prompt as an Administrator. To do so, right-click CMD and select "Run as Administrator". When prompted to allow the Command Processor to run, click on "Yes".
How do I make an administrator account on Windows 7?
 1. Open Control Panel from the Start menu.
 2. Click on User Accounts.
 3. Click Manage another account.
 4. Click Add.
 5. Type the name and domain you want to give the user account and click Next.
 6. Select Administrator and click Finish.
How do I remove the Administrator password in Windows 10?
 1. Press Windows logo + X keys on the keyboard and select Command prompt (Admin) from the context menu.
 2. Enter the administrator password when prompted and click OK.
 3. Enter net user and press Enter.
 4. Then type net user accname /del and press Enter.
How do I change Administrator name?
 1. In the search box on the taskbar, type Computer Management and select it from the list.
 2. Select the arrow next to Local Users and Groups to expand it.
 3. Select Users.
 4. Right-click Administrator and select Rename.
 5. Type a new name.
How do I find out who the Administrator is on my computer?
How do I remove a built-in Administrator account?
To delete Windows's built-in Administrator account, right-click the Administrator name and select Delete. Close Registry Editor and restart your computer. When you open the Local Users and Groups window, you'll find the built-in Administrator account was deleted successfully.
How do I get programs to stop asking for Administrator permission?
Go to the System and Security group of settings, click Security & Maintenance and expand the options under Security. Scroll down until you see the Windows SmartScreen section. Click 'Change settings' under it. You will need admin rights to make these changes.


text: Anyone involved in e-learning is certain to have run across the word practice in connection with a number of notable expressions or phrases: communities of practice, best practices, and teaching practices among others. However, there have been few definitions or discussions that address exactly what practice is. This article provides a short overview of the practice approach, focusing first on its origin in the philosophy of Heidegger and the sociology of Bourdieu. It then provides and analyzes examples of everyday conversational practices, exploring how computer technology can work with (or against) the unscripted, improvisational nature of practice. In this way, this article illustrates both how and why this approach can be valuable for research in e-learning.


Blair Pleasant
Read Full Bio >>
Blair Pleasant | October 30, 2012 |
UC Training for End Users: It Matters
UC Training for End Users: It Matters Training will increase the return on your investment and make your workers more productive.
Last week I was speaking with an IT manager about his company's usage of unified communications and the benefits UC produces. When I asked about specific capabilities, such as screen sharing and federation, he mentioned that he's the only person in the organization who uses these, because he hasn't trained the workers at the company on how to use these features.
This got me thinking: Should we have to train people on how to use a UC system, or should it be intuitive and simple enough to not require any training? We don't have training for our mobile phones or even tablets; they're generally intuitive enough to figure out on our own or, in the last resort, by reading the manual.
Think about using Facetime on an iPhone or Mac versus using a video system in an enterprise. The former is easy to figure out, but an enterprise video system is generally more complex and rarely obvious.
The fact is, UC is more complicated than most consumer-oriented tools, and it typically requires end-user training in how to use some of the more advanced features and functions. We can debate whether UC systems are too complex and whether vendors should simplify their solutions, but IMHO, the answer isn't to "dumb down" UC; instead, we need to make sure that training is a part of every deployment.
A couple years ago, a colleague and I conducted a study for a company that had deployed UC across its organization to determine the effectiveness of its UC training program. We spoke with end users at the company both before and after the training, as well as some workers who had not gone through the training. Most of those surveyed agreed that while the UC solution is intuitive enough to start using without training, those who went through the training, even if they had been using the system, found that their usage of UC capabilities increased. Those that had already been using UC found that the training showed them features and functions that they hadn't known about previously, and they began to use capabilities they were already familiar with more frequently.
All of the interviewees felt that the training was worthwhile. Even though most workers quickly figured out how to use presence and IM, click-to-call, and use other basic capabilities, many of them did not use the more advanced features prior to the training, such as teleworker, screen sharing, and more advanced collaboration and mobile capabilities.
Adoption, to a great extent, is driven by training. In any organization, there are technically-savvy people who "get it" but for the rest of us, end-user training is a key step in getting UC's advanced features and capabilities utilized. Not surprisingly, unless someone understands the value that UC brings, they're not as likely to integrate it into their daily routine.
This is especially true when integrating UC to business processes; and the end-user training needs to include both the "hows" and the "whys." Several of the study participants noted that they would welcome business productivity training, and that it would be better to have training that helped focus people on business productivity rather than just how to use a feature.
Bottom line: To get the most out of your UC system, integrate training into your implementation plan. Conduct the training before the deployment and on a periodic, ongoing basis. Training delivers a positive double-whammy: It will increase the return on your investment and make your workers more productive.
October 14, 2015
September 22, 2015
August 26, 2015


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Q. 105.0( 2 Votes )
Which of the following properties describe a trapezium?
(A) A pair of opposite side is parallel.
(B) The diagonals bisect each other.
(C) The diagonals are perpendicular to each other.
(D) The diagonals are equal.
A trapezium is a quadrilateral which has only one pair of sides which are parallel. The other properties are not true for trapezium.
Rate this question :
Which of the following figures satisfy the following property?
- Has two pairs of congruent adjacent sides.NCERT - Mathematics Exemplar
The angles P, Q, R and S of a quadrilateral are in the ratio 1:3:7:9. Then PQRS is aNCERT - Mathematics Exemplar
In a quadrilateral, define each of the following:
(v) Adjacent angles
(vi) Adjacents sides
(vii) Opposite sides
(viii) Opposite angles
(x) ExteriorRD Sharma - Mathematics
The four angles of a quadrilateral are as 3 ; 5 : 7 : 9. Find the angles.RD Sharma - Mathematics
Two angles of a quadrilateral are of measure 65° and the other two angles are equal. What is the measure of each of these two angles?RD Sharma - Mathematics
The three angles of a quadrilateral are respectively equal to 110°, 50° and 40°. Find its fourth angle.RD Sharma - Mathematics
A quadrilateral has all its four angles of the same measure. What is the measure of each?RD Sharma - Mathematics
Three angles of a quadrilateral are equal. Fourth angle is of measure 150°. What is the measure of equal angles.RD Sharma - Mathematics
In Fig. 16.21, the bisectors of ∠A and ∠B meet at a point P. If ∠C =100° and ∠D = 50°, find the measure of ∠APB.
RD Sharma - Mathematics


text:
Welcome to your lesson on parallelism. Now the term may sound unfamiliar but the good news is it's actually something you're used to using everyday. For instance you're probably familiar with the expression 'Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise' that's parallelism and you didn't even know it. Let me show you what that would look like without parallelism. 'Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, have a lot of money and wise.' Has the same exact same meaning but it is not parallel let's talk briefly about why. 'Healthy' is an adjective, 'have a lot of money' is something called a verb phrase that means it's a verb, the word 'have' followed by some other words. And then 'wise' is an adjective again. So because we're mixing and matching parts of speech, adjectives and verb phrases it's not parallel and that's not okay. Let's talk a little more about parallelism. 'The creators of the SAT love to use incorrect parallelism as a way of creating wrong answer choices' and you'll see it most often on the improving sentences questions. And 'if you find incorrect parallelism it's great because you can eliminate the answer automatically.' Now let's go deeper with this in just a moment.
So in our initial example with healthy, wealthy and wise we were using parallelism because of the word 'and', but it's not just 'and' that requires parallelism there are other words too that indicate you need to make sure that parallelism is being used. On the minor side there are a lot of them on the plus side they almost spell banana, they spell BANANO. So if you see 'both/and' if you see 'and' if you see 'not only/but also,' if you see 'as well as,' if you see 'either or' or 'neither nor' or if you see 'or' that means you're going to need to check for parallelism. Just to give you an idea what that would look like, just like before I said 'healthy, wealthy and wise' so the three pieces here needed to have parallelism. The same would hold true for anything here. For instance I could say 'I want both coffee and tea' and coffee and tea would have to be parallel in that case they are 'cause they're both nouns. Let's see some examples of each of the BANANO words. First up the 'B' in BANANO 'both/and' here is a sentence that's flawed because it's lacking proper parallelism. 'Based on sales trends, the jeweler anticipated a rise in the demand both for gold chains and platinum rings.' Now what we do first of all is recognize that we're dealing with parallelism and we do that by noticing 'both/and.' So then we check the two pieces being connected by 'both' and 'and.' The first piece is 'for gold chains' that's a prepositional phrase because it starts with the preposition 'for'. Now if you're not up on what a prepositional phrase is check out the bonus materials because it outlines what a preposition is and what a prepositional phrase is and you definitely want to be comfortable with that. Even if the terminology isn't tested on the SAT the knowledge underlying is. Anyway this is a prepositional phrase 'cause it starts with a preposition 'for.' The other piece over here is just a noun phrase. A preposition and a noun don't match but there are two ways of fixing the problem. Either both pieces can be prepositional phrases or both pieces can be nouns let's look at those.
One revision would give us 'for gold chains' prepositional phrase and 'for platinum rings' another prepositional phrase problem solved. And the other revision would give us two noun phrases 'gold chains' is a noun phrase, 'platinum rings' is a noun phrase again problem solved. So that's the B in BANANO we're going to work our way slowly through. Let's look at the 'A' for 'and'. 'My favorite hobbies are watching movies, reading magazines and baseball.' Let's run through the parts of speech for each and see why the parallelism here is broken. First we have 'watching movies' and that's a verb phrase, we have'reading magazines' also a verb phrase and 'baseball' which is a plain old noun. So the two ways to fix this is to make all the pieces verb phrases or all the pieces nouns. Let's have a look first all verb phrases 'watching movies, reading magazines and playing baseball' problem solved. The other approach is all nouns'my favorite hobbies are movies, magazines and baseball.'
Next up the 'N' 'not only', 'but also' 'Melinda Gates is not only the co-director of The Gates Foundation but also has two children.' Now that actually might sound intuitively okay to you and that's why this problem comes up all the time on the test. But it's not okay because here after 'not only' we have 'the co-director of The Gates Foundation,' that's a noun phrase because it's a kind of a person. And after 'but also' we have, 'has two children' that's a verb phrase 'cause it starts with a verb 'has.' So to make the match you've probably got the rhythm here, the first way we can do it is to have two nouns and the second way we can do it is to have two verb phrases let's have a look. 'Melinda Gates is not only the co-director of The Gates Foundation' that's a noun 'but also the mother of two children' again a noun so we're happy. While the other effects 'Melinda Gates not only is the co-director of The Gates Foundation but also has two children' both verb phrases also solves the problem.
Moving on to the middle 'A' in BANANO 'the financial guru recommends stocks as well as buying bonds.' Now this one probably sounds goofy to you so I'm glad your intuition is good on that. The first fix would be to make them both nouns'stocks and bonds.' The second fix would be to make them both verb phrases 'purchasing stocks and buying bonds.' Next up 'neither/nor' which by the way can also be 'either/or' so let's look at the original sentence here. 'Once college starts many students neither call their mothers nor their fathers with any regularity.' The first fix to make them both verb phrases 'call their mothers or contact their fathers' are both verb phrases so they match and we have parallelism. The second fix is actually to move the verb outside of 'neither/nor.' And then we have two noun phrases here is 'their mothers, here is their fathers' they're both noun phrases so we've solved the problem. And we're getting near the end 'cause we're on the 'N' and here's is 'O' for 'or' in BANANO. The last example 'right now I would enjoy a cold beverage or strolling down the beach.' Now the problem here is that a 'cold beverage' is a noun phrase,'strolling down the beach' is a verb phrase and you know the drill by now. So we can make them both noun phrases 'right now I would enjoy a cold beverage or a stroll down the beach.' Or both verb phrases 'right now I would enjoy drinking a cold beverage or strolling down the beach.' So that's BANANO in action that's where you use parallelism and now let's see that in action with a sample SAT problem.
So now we have a sample SAT problem with parallelism in the context of the type of question called improving sentences. So to recap in this question type we look at the underlined portion and see whether it's okay as it is which is always choice A or the better change to B, C, D or E. First of all you're suppose to notice that parallelism is relevant here because we have one of our BANANO words we have 'either' and we have 'or'. So given 'either or' we should check the two pieces been connected and make sure they share the same part of the speech. So on the one hand we have be 'interesting' which is a verb phrase because it starts with the verb 'be' and on the other hand we have 'well paid' it's an adjective because it describes the job. So those two don't match, the way to fix it would probably be to get two verb phrases or two adjective phrases let's see which of the answer choices achieve that. A is a repeat we can already skip it because we know it's wrong. Let's look at B here's 'either' and 'or' and we have 'be interesting' which is a verb phrase and 'lucrative' which is a very fancy adjective so that's not going to work.
Let's look at C we have 'either' and 'or,' 'either' is associated with 'interesting' which is an adjective and 'lucrative' is an adjective too. So that sounds pretty good but check this out the verb changed and whenever something changes you should check and see what's going on. This would be a really good answer choice expect 'is', is in the present tense and 'when I get my first summer job' is talking about something in the future. Changing tense for no reason is not a good idea, it's not a right answer. And by the way if you want to study tense more there's an episode on tense to check out this is out. D we have


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Solnechnoye Water Temperature
7°C / 45°F
The measurements for the water temperature in Solnechnoye, St.-Petersburg are provided by the daily satellite readings provided by the NOAA. The temperatures given are the sea surface temperature (SST) which is most relevant to recreational users.
Monthly average water temp
Monthly average max / min water temperatures
The graph below shows the range of monthly Solnechnoye water temperature derived from many years of historical sea surface temperature data.
The warmest water temperature is in July with an average around 64.8°F / 18.2°C. The coldest month is February with an average water temperature of 31.1°F / -0.5°C.
7 day tide forecast for Solnechnoye
*These tide times are estimates based on the nearest accurate location (Port Kem, Russia) and may differ by up to half an hour depending on distance. Please note, the tide times given are not suitable for navigational purposes.


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A Proposal for the Retrospective Identification and Categorization of Older People With Functional Impairments in Scientific Studies—Recommendations of the Medication and Quality of Life in Frail Older Persons (MedQoL) Research Group
When treating older adults, a main factor to consider is physical frailty. Because specific assessments in clinical trials are frequently lacking, critical appraisal of treatment evidence with respect to functional status is challenging. Our aim was to identify and categorize assessments for functional status given in clinical trials in older adults to allow for a retrospective characterization and indirect comparison of treatment evidence from these cohorts. We conducted 4 separate systematic reviews of randomized and nonrandomized controlled clinical trials in older people with hypertension, diabetes, depression, and dementia.


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Maintaining proper oil pressure is essential for the optimal functioning and longevity of an engine.However,encountering high oil pressure can be a cause for concern.Excessive pressure can lead to various issues,including engine damage,leaks,and reduced performance.We will explore the causes of high oil pressure and provide a step-by-step guide on how to fix this problem effectively.
Section 1:Understanding High Oil Pressure
To address high oil pressure,it is crucial to comprehend why it occurs.High oil pressure can result from several factors,such as:
Blocked or Clogged Oil Passage:Accumulated debris,sludge,or other contaminants can restrict the flow of oil through the engine,causing pressure to build up.
Faulty Oil Pressure Relief Valve:The oil pressure relief valve regulates the oil pressure within the engine.If it becomes stuck or malfunctions,it can lead to excessive pressure.
Wrong Viscosity of Oil:Using the incorrect viscosity of oil,either too thin or too thick,can affect the oil's ability to flow smoothly and result in elevated pressure.
Section 2:Diagnosing High Oil Pressure
Before implementing any repairs,it is vital to diagnose the problem accurately.Follow these steps to determine whether your vehicle is experiencing high oil pressure:
Check the Oil Pressure Gauge:Start by inspecting your dashboard's oil pressure gauge.If it indicates higher-than-normal pressure,it is likely that your vehicle is suffering from this issue.
Confirm Gauge Accuracy:To ensure the accuracy of the gauge,use a mechanical oil pressure gauge to measure the pressure directly from the engine.Compare the readings with those on the dashboard gauge for consistency.
Section 3:Fixing High Oil Pressure
Now that you have identified the presence of high oil pressure,it's time to address the problem.Follow these steps to fix the issue:
Step 1:Replace the Oil Filter
Locate the Oil Filter:Refer to your vehicle's manual to find the oil filter's location.
Drain the Oil:Place an oil pan beneath the filter and carefully loosen and remove the filter,allowing the oil to drain.
Install a New Filter:Install a new oil filter,ensuring it is the correct model for your vehicle.Tighten it securely by hand.
Refill with Oil:Pour the appropriate amount and type of oil into the engine,following the manufacturer's specifications.
Step 2:Clean or Replace the Oil Pressure Relief Valve
Locate the Valve:Consult your vehicle's manual to identify the oil pressure relief valve's location.
Remove the Valve:Carefully remove the valve using the appropriate tools,ensuring not to damage the surrounding components.
Clean the Valve:If the valve appears dirty or clogged,clean it thoroughly using a suitable solvent.Ensure all debris is removed.
Inspect the Valve:Check for any signs of wear or damage.If the valve is faulty,it may need to be replaced.
Reinstall or Replace the Valve:If the valve is clean and in good condition,reinstall it securely.If it is damaged,purchase a replacement and install it following the manufacturer's instructions.
Step 3:Flush the Engine
Use an Engine Flush Additive:Add an engine flush additive to your engine oil,following the manufacturer's instructions.
Run the Engine:Start the engine and let it idle for the specified duration mentioned on the engine flush additive's instructions.
Drain and Replace the Oil:After the engine flush,drain the oil completely and replace it with fresh,high-quality oil of the recommended viscosity.
Step 4:Check for Blockages
Inspect Oil Passages:Carefully inspect the oil passages for any blockages or clogs.Use a flashlight and a small mirror to examine the passages thoroughly.If you notice any debris or sludge buildup,use a soft brush or a compressed air canister to clean them out.Be cautious not to damage the passages or dislodge any debris into the engine.
Clean the Oil Pump:The oil pump is responsible for circulating oil throughout the engine.If it becomes clogged or obstructed,it can lead to high oil pressure.Remove the oil pump following the manufacturer's instructions and clean it thoroughly using a suitable solvent.Ensure that all passages and gears are free from debris.
Inspect the Oil Cooler:In some vehicles,an oil cooler is installed to regulate the temperature of the engine oil.If the cooler becomes blocked or damaged,it can cause oil pressure to rise.Inspect the oil cooler for any signs of clogging or damage.If necessary,clean or replace it according to the manufacturer's guidelines.


By Ivan Okuda
In 2016, Zimbabwe's economy was in shambles. So derelict was the financial system that the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe at the end of that year introduced bond notes as a local surrogate currency, corresponding in value, to the US dollar to fix the severe currency shortage upsetting the southern African economy.
That year returned sordid memories of the 2008 hyper-inflation that ravaged the savings and incomes of Zimbabweans, a nation once hailed as the continent's food basket.
On the political front, the country's ruling party, Zanu-PF, and its leader since 1980, now deceased, Robert Mugabe, were doing everything under the sun to consolidate their grip on power. Never mind the fact that internally, the center could hold no more and Mugabe's days at the helm were numbered.
A messy political arena meant shrinking civic space, suppression of dissenting voices, and heightened media censorship. Reports from different human rights watchdogs such as Human Rights Watch depicted a nation whose observance of human rights had been sacrificed at the altar of the political goings-on in Zimbabwe.
And yet, despite this sorry situation, some journalists saw an opportunity to stand out. As others fled to South Africa, Europe, the United States, and other 'greener pastures', journalists like Zenzele Ndebele pressed the next gears and opted to fight the good fight right there: home.
It is against this not-exactly rosy background of anxiety, socio-political turmoil, and economic devastation that the Centre for Innovation and Technology (CITE) was born. CITE is a digital-based organisation and creative hub that deploys new technologies and art to support social movements, civil society including women and youth organisations, journalists, talented change-makers, and innovators with a special focus on marginalised communities in Zimbabwe.
At the core of CITE, Zenzele notes, "is the notion of cyberspace that has become the backbone of the organisation's programs and activities. The cyberspace is underpinned by digital technologies that support social accountability, democratic governance, and freedom of expression through the dissemination of untold stories and news articles." To that end, CITE uses Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, microblogs, and other social media platforms to circulate its work.
Mobile reportingtraining. Image: CITEZW Instagram
In 2018, CITE inaugurated a programme called Asakhe (let's build), a creative hub that adopted an open space approach for young people, journalists, activists, and artists to meet, collaborate and use the internet at no cost. Ndebele describes it as a safe place for young women to hold workshops and discussions on issues affecting them. Through this forum, Zimbabweans have space to promote accountability, transparency, and good governance. CITE's mission is to keep Zimbabwean citizens informed, hold public authorities to account, and enable public conversations through online and offline innovative platforms.
But there is a backstory to this nonprofit company that deserves mention. Ndebele is the central figure of that story. In 2002, the journalist worked with a community radio initiative called Radio Dialogue FM. At that time social media was not present in Zimbabwe. There were 4.81 million internet users in Zimbabwe in January 2020 and internet penetration stood at 33% in January 2020. Social media penetration in Zimbabwe stood at 6.6% in January 2020 while mobile connections averaged 12.18 million around that time. Despite its cocktail of challenges, Zimbabwe is a country on the move and the digital revolution is not leaving it behind.
In an interview with Jamlab, Ndebele shared that with the passage of time, he grew ever more bored and tired of radio. The memo he sent himself was, "with the advent of social media, it will become a natural progression that as long as people have access to social media, information will be shared in that space more than the traditional media space." In 2015, he mobilised like-minded media practitioners and the product of that effort is CITE. A year later, the company was duly registered. What started as a lean team of four is now a formidable community of professionals numbering 25 and still counting.
As the team got bigger, the scope of the company narrowed to what they were more passionate about and the emphasis went to answering the question: what are we doing differently and how do we do it differently? The kind of recipe that innovators are made from.
First, the team was not going to rewind the wheel. The economic challenges affecting traditional media are now a common tale. So, to navigate around the cost implications of journalism in a changing world, the crew at CITE zeroed in on the less expensive and yet, probably more effective mechanism — social media. But then they didn't want to be any other Facebook account, Twitter account, or YouTube channel out to bait readers and viewers into clicking their links. The content, in terms of quality and thematic focus, had to be different too. Lastly, there had to be clarity and a meeting of minds from the onset of what gap they were exactly filling in the market.
It became abundantly clear that if CITE focused on community stories, which don't seem to attract substantial attention and investment from legacy media, they would make a difference. They did and it is paying off.
Then there are historical pieces close to the hearts of communities. They gave that a try too and the public's response was flattering. One such story that stands out is an anniversary piece that the company did on Lobengula Khumalo who was the second king of the Northern Ndebele people. Both of his names in the Ndebele language mean "the men of the long shields", an allusion to the Ndebele warriors' use of the Zulu shield and spear.
The king died in early 1894, against the backdrop of the first Matabele war that started in October 1893, wherein the British South Africa Company's crushing military force caused immense losses to the Ndebele warriors, especially the Battle of the Shangani. There is a lot of fascinating history in there that resonates with the aspirations of the Ndebele and speaks to their existence as a people.
"But such stories hardly got significant coverage by the media so we go for such stories," Ndebele said.
Through such stories and others that explore and expose the daily struggles of communities for basics of life like water, shelter, access to healthcare, and education, CITE announced its arrival on the scene and found itself a place in the hearts and minds of Zimbabweans.
We choose whose advertising money we take, and especially limit ourselves to those who uphold human rights
The Facebook page boasts a community of 350,000 people interacting and receiving or giving information. On a weekly average, 2.5 million Twitter impressions and some YouTube videos, especially those with historical features, fetch up to 50,000 visitors.
Despite their presence in the digital space as the mainstay of their journalistic output, the company has remained loyal to its core content focus: stories about and from rural areas even though they undertake investigative story projects on other issues of national importance. That flexibility without losing sight of the core has seen the outfit delve into emerging practices like fact-checking to debunk myths around, for instance, the Covid-19 pandemic.
To fund their operations, the entity, Ndebele says, "approached the usual suspects; embassies, foundations and organisations like the National Endowment for Democracy." As of December 2020, the company's annual budget stood at US$800,000. Ndebele says they hardly accept adverts from, "people we don't agree with. We choose whose advertising money we take, and especially limit ourselves to those who uphold human rights."
Know your audience. Know your audience. Know your audience. Think outside the box
To avoid over-reliance on donor funding, the company raises revenue for its operations from other activities, including live-streaming (for a fee) events of other companies, organisations, and individual clients, consultancies, and documentaries.
And that is how a journalist and his colleagues, who would have opted to sneak into nearby South Africa to try his trade there or simply hustle on the street like thousands of Zimbabweans do on the alleys of Johannesburg and Pretoria, chose the path of unpredictability, a world where results don't come quick and fruits take long to ripen.
What lessons does Ndebele have to share with African journalists considering making a similar move? Know your audience. Know your audience. Know your audience. Think outside the box.
Reporting supported by a micro-grant from Jamlab


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The federal Hate Crimes Prevention Act applies severe criminal penalties for violent acts that are motivated by race, religion, and other protected classifications. Earlier this month, a divided panel of the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals (which includes North Carolina and South Carolina) concluded that the law's terms apply to workplace assaults based on such protected status.
In U.S. v. Hill, the defendant was charged with a hate crime based on his punching a gay co-worker in the face. The defendant sought dismissal of the hate crime charge on the basis that law does not apply to such relatively minor assaults involving co-workers. In a 2-1 decision, the Fourth Circuit concluded that the law does apply to such actions based on their potential impact on interstate commerce. Congress has the power to regulate activities because of the potential for disruption of commerce, no matter how minor. The dissenting judge believed that the punch was not an economic activity and had no discernible impact on interstate commerce.
This decision adds another possible avenue of recourse for employers dealing with workplace assaults. If the assault was potentially motivated by bias, either the victim or the employer could request a federal investigation and possible prosecution of the perpetrator.


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L is for Leshya
Leshya is the color of your thoughts.
There were six friends going to a big city.
On the way, they got lost in the forest. They were hungry and thirsty, but
they couldn't find anything. Then one of them noticed a fruit tree. They ran
The first friend wanted to chop down the
whole tree and get the fruit. The second friend thought that they should just
chop off a big branch. The third friend said that they only needed to chop off
a small branch. The fourth one thought that they didn't need to chop off a
branch, they should just get big bunch of fruit. The fifth friend asked why
they should waste any fruit. He wanted to pick what they needed so there would
be no waste. The sixth one asked why they should climb the tree, when there
were many good fruits on the ground.
See how differently the six friends thought?
The first one wanted to destroy the whole tree while the sixth one didn't want
to hurt the tree at all. You can see how differently people can think. The way
the sixth man thought was the best way to thing and the way the first man
thought was the worst way. There are six leshyas that described the way the
people in the story thought. The first leshya is the worst one. It's called
the Black (Krishna) leshya. The second one is called the Blue (Neel)
leshya and the third leshya is called the Brown (Kapot) leshya. The
fourth one is called the Red (Tejo) leshya and the fifth leshya is
called the Yellow (Padma) leshya. Last, the sixth leshya, the best one,
is called the White (Shukla) leshya.
Our thoughts change all the time and so will
be our Leshya. We should thrive to think like the sixth man did. This
will happen when we keep our needs as little as possible.


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The vibrant colors and endless diversity of aquatic life provide one of the richest photography experiences imaginable. The technology in Olympus Digital Underwater Housings allows divers, from beginner to divemaster, capture worry-free images of unique underwater scenes. Each Olympus housing features a large, responsive shutter button, precision zoom lever, and a tight O-ring main seal with a safety lock. Find the housing that fits your camera, and dive in!
Lesson 4: Macrophotography in underwater surroundings
The Under Water Macro Mode can depict the subject in natural colors.
Set your camera to the Underwater Macro Mode
When you want to shoot anemones and sea slugs up close, select the Scene Mode menu and then Underwater Macro Mode. The lens will automatically adjust and the flash will function automatically. As a result, the subject will be revealed in natural coloring. White balance, auto focus and other functions are all tuned and adjusted in great detail. So it's best to try underwater macro photography in this mode first, and then experiment to develop your own style. Getting great results may take a few attempts; give it some time and keep on shooting!
Photographing from a distance in zoom.
Photographing by moving up close as possible.
Move as close to your subject as possible
To get the best results you've got to get closer to your subject when shooting underwater. When there is too much distance between the photographer and the subject, seawater can act as a murky filter due to floating organisms and you may not get a clear picture. Red colors in particular can be absorbed by water and turn bluish. In order to accommodate for this absorption of color, you need the light from the flash. However, it is very difficult to reach underwater subjects with your flash. In order to recreate natural coloring, you must ignite the flash as close as possible to your subject.
The method differs according to the type of subject and camera model.
Position the zoom
The basic trick of macro photography is simple. Zoom out wide and move up close to the subject so it fills your LCD screen. However, your subjects may not always cooperate. Shrimp, crabs or sea slugs might scurry away as you try to get close. So you may need to try zooming in shoot by moving closer very slowly. How close you can get will differ according to the type of subject you are photographing. And keep your camera's specifications and limitations in mind when shooting.
When you photograph a small subject in large scale, camera shake can lead to blurred focus. Hold the camera with both hands and keep your elbows close to your body to create a stable shooting platform. Avoid shooting with one hand, which can lead to out-of-focus and out-of-frame shots.
What's your focus?
When shooting fish and most other sea life, focus on the eye of the subject. When the focus is elsewhere, the picture as a whole can appear out of focus. When shooting coral or plantlife, think about which point you want to stress most and decide on your focus and composition of your work.
The focus is not on the eyes.
The focus is on the eyes.
To use the product safely and correctly, please read the manual before using.
Enhance your underwater photography experience with these helpful tutorials. Learn proper technique for caring for your housing, explore macrophotography tips, and more.


DoubletCalc1D is a software tool developed by TNO. Using a simple subsurface model and well design, it calculates the amount of water that can be produced with a pump of a certain power. DoubletCalc1D underlies the ThermoGIS calculation model, which is described in the Calculation model section. The DoubletCalc1D software and manual can be downloaded from
DoubletCalc1D input screen
Figure 5. DoubletCalc1D input screen.
In the input screen (figure 5), the aquifer properties (depth, thickness, permeability, net-to-gross ratio and temperature), the pump and doublet properties (return temperature, pump efficiency, pump pressure) and the simplified well design are specified. Next, the software calculates the flow rate this doublet could produce, the geothermal power given the specified return temperature and the COP (Coefficient of Performance) given the pump efficiency (figure 6).
DoubletCalc1D not only asks the user to enter the expected value of the aquifer properties, but also to estimate the minimum and maximum values. This introduces the uncertainty of the parameter estimate in the calculation. In particular, the permeability uncertainty is important. A triangular distribution is generated for all properties. A large number (>1000) of calculations is then executed, during which a value is drawn for each property from the triangular distribution. This allows the construction of a probability distribution curve of the geothermal power (figure 7). In the example shown, the expected power is 8.34 MWth. The likelihood that the power is at least 6.43 MWth is 90%, and the likelihood that the power is at most 11.22 MWth is 10%.
DoubletCalc1D output screen
Figure 6. DoubletCalc1D output screen.
DoubletCalc1D probablity distribution
Figure 7. Geothermal power probability distribution curve.