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Points of Interest:
- Explore a small slice of a more primeval southeast Missouri – a cypress and tupelo swamp.
- Practice your tree identification skills with over 25 tree species found here including many restricted just to the southeastern lowlands.
- Listen for the sounds of the prothonotary warbler carry across the swamp.
Natural Features Description: This area lies along the floodplain of the St. Francis River and is frequently flooded from the winter through middle or even late summer. This level of flooding and soil saturation is only habitable to flood-tolerant tree species such as bald cypress, water tupelo, pumpkin ash, swamp cottonwood, and water elm. Although the topography is nearly flat there are some slight elevation rises that support trees less tolerant of such constant flooding – the rare Nuttall's oak, swamp chestnut oak and sweetgum. This area was logged in the early 1950s but many large, old cypress and tupelo remain and thankfully the forest has recovered since that time. The area provides habitat for prothonotary warbler, yellow warbler, wood duck, and swamp rabbit (a species of conservation concern).
This natural area is within Ben Cash Memorial Conservation Area. From Senath, head north on Highway A for four miles. Then turn left (west) on to County Road 513 (gravel). Follow the gravel county road west for 2.5 miles at which point the road turns left and heads south. Here you will see the area entrance sign and parking lot. Access to the natural area often requires a boat during high water and to cross the ditch that forms the eastern boundary. During late summer and fall the area is often dry enough for decent foot travel but a canoe may still be needed to cross the ditch. A map and compass are recommended to explore the area. Hunting and fishing are permitted.


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Secondary Three 3 Day-2 Night Adventure and Leadership Camp
Our Secondary Three students went on a 3 Day-2 Night Adventure and Leadership Camp at the Sarimbun Campsite from 6 to 8 March 2017.
The objectives of the camp were to build esprit de corps amongst the students, to equip and train students with leadership qualities (7 habits of highly effective people) and to reinforce the school's values through experiential learning. Students were divided into tribal factions to conquer three major stations consisting of high and low elements such as high rope obstacles, zipline, orienteering and outdoor cooking.
Through these activities, students learnt the values and importance of working together as a tribe (team), the importance of effective communication and the value of empathy to support their teammates. They collaborated and leveraged each other's talents and strengths to overcome challenges and achieve the set goals. The camp provided a great opportunity for students to hone their leadership skills as well as gain a better understanding of their own strengthens and weaknesses.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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for National Geographic News
The U.S. Department of Interior has designated Nebraska's Ashfall Fossil Beds as a national natural landmark, the first such landmark to be designated in almost two decades.
The site, near the town of Neligh (see Nebraska map), is home to hundreds of skeletons of extinct rhinos, camels, three-toed horses, and other vertebrates that were killed and buried by ash from a huge volcanic eruption some 12 million years ago.
It is the only place on Earth where large numbers of fossil mammals have been found as whole, three-dimensionally preserved skeletons.
"Ashfall has tremendous value for science and education and great inspirational value," said Margi Brooks, the National Natural Landmark (NNL) Program manager, who is based in Tucson, Arizona.
"It clearly qualifies as a natural landmark."
The Ashfall Fossil Beds were uncovered in the early 1970s by Mike Voorhies, the current curator of paleontology at the University of Nebraska State Museum in Lincoln.
In 1971 he found a skull of a rhino calf protruding from an eroding ravine. The skull turned out to be part of a complete skeleton embedded in volcanic ash.
Voorhies led excavations of the site in 1978 and 1979, supported by a grant from the National Geographic Society's Committee for Research and Exploration. (National Geographic News is part of the National Geographic Society.)
About 12 million years ago, a volcano in modern-day Idaho spread a blanket of ash over large parts of what is now the midwestern United States. A layer of this powdered glass one or two feet (oneto two-thirds of a meter) thick covered the grasslands of northeastern Nebraska.
Most of the animals living in the area survived the actual ashfall, but as they continued to graze on the ash-covered grasses, their lungs began to fill with the deadly particles.
(See related news photo: "Peru Volcano Spews Deadly Ash")
SOURCES AND RELATED WEB SITES

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


this work? Edit: this does not work, :(. Let me try something else then. Take S = (R\Q)x(R\Q). QxR U RxQ would be S complement. Let p be a prime number and let q_p be in Q. For each q_p, let J_p be the set of all rational numbers times the square root of p. Since Q is countable, there is a bijection between the set of primes and {q x R : q is rational} union {R x q : q is rational}. So let A be the union of all q_p X J_p and J_p X q_p. Take A union S and the complement of that in R^2 to be your disjoint union. Dunno if this works but at least it seems like a better attempt.
share|improve this answer
okay, I now see why this doesn't work, sorry. – Patrick Tam Oct 31 '10 at 12:17
_USER_, see wonderful Hurewicz and Wallman, Dimension Theory :-) – Włodzimierz Holsztyński Feb 24 '13 at 21:03
Your Answer


text:
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Once every thousand years, the sun and the moon align together. When this happens, the Evil One sends his only son, the Warlock, to Earth to gather six ancient runestones. When assembled, the runestones give the possessor ultimate power to undo the Earth's creation. Using sorcery inherited from his ancestors, a modern druid must travel through time to prevent the Warlock from finding all of the runestones.
CIB – PAL – EUR


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Phoenix Theory: What Makes Phoenix Theory Unique - 3
Q. What Makes Phoenix Theory Unique?
A. A Thorough and Integrated System of Instruction
The theory textbook starts off with a comprehensive introduction for the new student and includes topics such as:
What is machine shorthand?
Understanding the keyboard
What is a machine shorthand theory?
I write shorthand strokes: then what?
Realtime: the Steno-writer and the theory
Writing by Sound
Long and short vowels
Beginning and final sides
Setting up the steno machine
How high? How close?
Conventions used in the theory book
Correct practice and study routine
Lessons are structured so that students use the READ, READ, WRITE, READ method for all new material in each lesson:
- READ the explanatory material in the theory book carefully, making certain you understand the theory principle being introduced.
- READ the steno which accompanies each exercise and familiarize yourself with the strokes included in the exercise.
- WRITE the exercise.
- READ the steno notes you have written, circling any fingering errors.
The book also has the following features to facilitate learning:
- Correlated audio is available for each lesson.
- Steno outlines accompany each exercise so the student will know exactly what they should be writing for each word.
- Some exercises are also included in the appendix in plated note form for reading practice.
- New sounds and principles have correlated reading exercises in the accompanying Reading Exercises book.
- All exercises have timing markings and a handy timing chart is located on the bottom of each page so the material can easily be dictated for additional practice.
- The right-hand side of each page has a personal review strip where students can note their own unique writing challenges. Each lesson directs the student to return to the personal review strip for practice.
- New fingering positions are shown on keyboard charts.
- Explanations accompany each new sound or principle introduced.
- Each lesson begins with a review of previously learned material.
- Each lesson contains a transcription exercise: English to steno or steno to English.
- Each lesson ends with sentences or paragraphs that provide a comprehensive review of material learned to that point. Reinforcement of previously learned material is constant.
Appendices include steno for:
- United States of America: States and Capital Cities
- United States of America: Territories and Possessions
- United States of America: Major Cities
- Canada: Provinces and Territories
- Canada: Major Cities
- World: Major Continents and Countries
- World: Major Cities
- Numbers: Cardinal, Ordinal, Roman
- Punctuation and Symbols
- Function Commands
- Keyboard Overview
- Phoenix Theory Principles
2nd Edition (2005) also contains:
- "What's New" - new writing options since the first printing in 1996
- One-stroke state abbreviations
- Email/web addresses/computer commands outlines
- Speaker Identification outlines
- Captioning adaptation information
Beginning in lesson 10, students are directed to begin using the Fast Track to Machine Shorthand Speed drill book to build accuracy, increase dexterity, and reinforce correct stroking of sounds.
The translation dictionary has over 140,000 entries and will translate nearly the entire Funk & Wagnall's New Collegiate Dictionary plus some! Students writing realtime against the dictionary have a complete and accurate feedback tool at their disposal.
Phoenix Theory lessons present new material in the first 28 of 32 lessons. Lessons 29 through 32 explore application of previously learned sounds to additional prefixes, suffixes, and words, plus provide a comprehensive review to ready the student for speedbuilding.
When it's time to transition to speedbuilding, the Speed Plus books follow up not only with a literary-based practice tool but also include theory review and introduction to additional briefs and phrases to complement the theory.


Skip to content
Our District
Corporal Punishment, Restraint, and Physical Confinement and Detention
State law forbids school employees from using corporal punishment against any student. See Board Policy #503.05. Certain actions by school employees are not considered corporal punishment. Additionally, district employees may use "reasonable and necessary force, not designed or intended to cause pain" to do certain things, such as prevent harm to persons or property. Employees are provided annual training on this law.
State law also places limits on district employees' abilities to restrain or confine and detain any student. If you have any questions about this state law, please contact your student's school. The complete text of the law and additional information is available on the Iowa Department of Education's website:


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The wreck of the cruise ship Costa Concordia in Italy is a sobering human tragedy, with at least 11 deaths and more missing. Sadly, it could become an environmental tragedy as well.
The Costa Concordia capsized Friday night near the Tuscan Archipelago National Park, the largest marine sanctuary in the Mediterranean. The park is home to a variety of dolphins and whales, and its corals and seagrass create an important habitat for a variety of other plants and animals. Oceana visited the area during a 2006 expedition, documenting the health of the marine life there.
If the ship's fuel leaks before the salvage team has a chance to drain it, the endangered and threatened species that live near the wreck will suffer.
"The tragic wreck occurred in a protected area that is home to many endangered species, so a spill would cause severe damage to organisms such as cetaceans, sharks and coral," said Ricardo Aguilar, research director at Oceana Europe. This would be a great tragedy for the area, which in the past has suffered coral death due to climate change.
We here at Oceana extend our sympathy to the victims and their families. We can only hope that the tragedy ends here, and does not have a lasting impact on the underwater inhabitants of Giglio Island.


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Move to resolve 'vocal learning' puzzle.
New Zealand's tiniest native birds could be the missing piece of a puzzle facing scientists around the world
By Jamie Morton, originally published in New Zealand Herald, 29 December 2017
A new study aims to answer whether New Zealand wrens — the petite group of birds now represented only by our smallest bird, the rifleman, and the mountain-dwelling New Zealand rock wren—possess a special
trait that allows them to learn new sounds.
But the implications of the research, supported with a $300,000 Marsden Fund grant, could reach beyond our shores.
Although most animals communicate with innate sounds, a select group — among them whales, dolphins, bats, elephants, some birds, and us — can develop their own.
What's called "vocal learning" is often associated with songbirds and parrots, whose famed vocal abilities and learning process are so similar to ours, they've become important research subjects for understanding of how speech evolved in humans.
Much of this research is based on assumptions about when, where and why vocal learning evolved — but recent research has drastically reordered the bird family tree.
"For decades, we thought that parrots and songbirds were only distantly related, so we assumed that each group had evolved vocal learning independently," said Dr Kristal Cain, an integrative biologist at the University of Auckland.
"However, new research has shown that they are actually very close to each other on the bird family tree, and scientists now think their distant ancestor may have evolved vocal learning.
"If so, vocal learning is much, much older than previously thought, and probably evolved for very different reasons than we previously thought."
One special group of birds was on the branch between parrots and songbirds —New Zealand wrens — but no one yet knew if they were vocal learners.
"If they are, this would really change how we view vocal learning, and alter the direction of future research."
The New Zealand wrens are considered unusual and ancient, having evolved before all of the songbirds found in our wilderness today.
"They are very important for understanding the evolution of vocal learning and how the brain evolved to allow vocal learning, but we know almost nothing about their vocal patterns," Cain said.
"Because they make very simple noises, it has long been assumed that they are not learners, but recent research suggests it is possible they actually learn those simple vocalisations."
Her team will focus on rifleman birds living in the wild, tracking them from birth to adulthood and recording their sounds.
They'll then compare those sounds with those of adults around them, and to other populations, to find whether they have been learned.
They are working with people who did earlier research on the species and draw on new technology that allows large amounts of data to be recorded without disturbing the birds.
"This will solve one problem, but it also creates a new one: how to efficiently deal with stacks of recordings.
"To deal with that challenge we're using special software that will allow us to train the computer to find the
noises we're interested in.
"The best part of this project, is that whatever the answer — whether they are or not learners — the results will be very exciting and important for future research."
New Zealand was prized by biologists as a natural laboratory for studying the evolutionary history of birds, as it was once part of the supercontinent Gondwana, yet still boasted very old species of songbirds and parrots.
"Songbirds are the most widespread and diverse group of birds, and parrots are widely regarded as some of the most intelligent and vocally flexible. Consequently, New Zealand could become one of the world leaders driving our understanding of how and why these bird groups evolved the way they did."
Understanding whether the New Zealand wrens were vocal learners would also be important for conservation: "Finally, to understand when, why and how vocal learning evolved in birds we must have a better idea of vocalisations in the New Zealand wrens. They really are a missing piece to this puzzle."
Dr Kristal Cain
The University of Auckland


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Bamfurlong was a farm in the boggy region of the Marish in the eastern Shire. It was the home of Farmer Maggot, who (like the other Hobbits in this inhospitable area) lived above ground rather than in a traditional Hobbit-hole. Maggot's farm was well-known in the area for his mushrooms, which he protected fiercely against trespassers with his three fearsome dogs.
The center of the farm consisted of a large farm house with associated farm-buildings. They were all made of brick with thatched roofs, and enclosed within a high wall with a wooden gate to the outside lane.
When Frodo Baggins was young and lived at Brandy Hall he occasionally sneaked onto the farm to poach some mushrooms. On the last visit Maggot had caught Frodo and gave him a beating for his thievery. Years later Frodo remained in terror of the farmer and his dogs.
On 25 September T.A. 3018, Frodo, Sam, and Pippin came to Bamfurlong in the afternoon. There they met Farmer Maggot and learned that earlier a Black Rider had visited the farm and enquired about Baggins. The traveling hobbits gratefully accepted a hearty supper before the farmer drove them to Bucklebury Ferry in his wagon.
The name Bamfurlong derives from words meaning very roughly 'bean-field'. A furlong is a division of a common field.
Bamfurlong is a real-life English place-name


Eliminate Your Golf Slice Quickly and Easily
Here's a really good tip that may help you to get rid of your slice. Best of all, it's really pretty simple once you get the hang of it, and understand why it's being used.
Chances are that you have battled with a slice at some point in your golfing days. To be completely direct with you, dealing with a slice really sucks. It hurts your golf game in many more ways than one.
Luckily, it's fairly easy to fix. I cannot claim that this small tip will completely cure your slice, but there's a good chance that it will. I hope it does.
First off, please understand that when you come into the impact zone, there are really only 2 factors that can determine the "shape" of ball flight.
1. The angle of the club face at impact.
2. The Path the club is taking at impact.
So, here's a few things you should concentrate on.
Try to keep your leading shoulder "down" on the ball through impact. This is called staying strong through impact. Many times the leading shoulder (left shoulder if right handed) flies up before impact. Now just for a minute, think about what that does to the club head when it's in the impact zone.
Get up from the computer and actually go though the motions slowly. Let your leading shoulder fly up as you approach impact and you'll actually be able feel and see the clubface coming from an outside-in path. That's the cause of the slice you are battling.
See, golf is all about thinking and analyzing your shots to get better. A huge part of this game is understanding "why" you're getting a certain result, and the physics behind that result. Thinking through your golf swing will provide huge dividends if you're willing to invest the time it takes.
So what can you do to correct that flying shoulder? Well, for starters, try to learn to keep your leading shoulder strong. Keep that shoulder "Down" on the ball all the way through impact, even after the ball is gone and flying straight down the fairway.
So, after impact the leading shoulder is still down. The triangle between your shoulders and chest is still present. Most importantly, the body has NOT gotten ahead of the hands. This is a HUGE distinction. As you may notice, the left shoulder is actually higher than the right shoulder. So what do I mean when I say "leading shoulder down"?
You have to envision yourself from the back looking down on the ball. When I say "down", I mean that the leading shoulder and chest is still facing the ball through impact.
So even though it may seem like the leading shoulder is higher than the trailing shoulder, it's still facing the ball at impact. NOT TOWARDS THIRD BASE in comparison to the ball. If your leading shoulder was facing towards third base at impact, which would mean that you have let the leading shoulder fly up.
Furthermore, hand action is huge in this game. You must learn to release your hands correctly through the ball. This means that you release the hands while the leading shoulder is still "down", or facing the ball.
The key is to let your arms release through the ball, while your left shoulder is "Down" on the ball. To do this you will need to rotate your forearms correctly, and use your leading ELBOW (not shoulder) as a hinge. So another way to explain this movement would be that your hands are still moving towards the target, but your leading elbow has almost stopped.
Keep the leading shoulder down and let your arms and hands release through the ball and you will see the ball go farther and higher. This will take a while to get used to, but once it clicks, the results will be outstanding.
5 + 11 =


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This is a collection of the records of the Emma Lazarus Jewish Women's Clubs of Los Angeles. This organization of secular
Jewish women, most active in the 1950's through the 1970's, was dedicated to: promoting secular Jewish culture, advocating
for civil rights at the local and national level (in particular Black civil rights campaigns of the 1950's in Los Angeles),
peace actions, developing international understanding and peace through education and cultural exchange.
The Emma Lazarus Jewish Women's Clubs of Los Angeles (ELJWCLA) were founded in 1951, simultaneously with the national Emma
Lazarus Federation of Jewish Women's Clubs. Inspired by the life of the American Jewish poet Emma Lazarus, the national Federation
advanced a progressive Jewish culture to enrich the lives of its members. Activities were focused on a general program of
Jewish culture, rights for women, and civic and consumer affairs. More specifically the organization worked on projects in
the five areas of: Jewish education and child welfare, Israel, civil rights and peace, rights for women, and consumer affairs.
The Federation was committed to working cooperatively with other organizations concerned with the welfare of community, family
and the promotion of brotherhood of all through democracy and peace.
4 letter boxes, ½ legal box, 1 map box
2 linear feet
Copyright has not been assigned to the Southern California Library for Social Studies and Research. Researchers may make single
copies of any portion of the collection, but publication from the collection will be allowed only with the express written
permission of the Library's director. It is not necessary to obtain written permission to quote from a collection. When the
Southern California Library for Social Studies and Research gives permission for publication, it is as the owner of the physical
items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the reader.
The collection is available for research only at the Library's facility in Los Angeles. The Library is open from 10 a.m. to
4 p.m., Tuesday through Saturday. Researchers are encouraged to call or email the Library indicating the nature of their research
query prior to making a visit.


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Google is offering advice to its users on implementing a search-friendly version of infinite scroll. In a recent post on the Webmaster Central Blog, Google recommends that the infinite scroll can be made search friendly by converting it to paginated series.
According to the post, the problem with infinite scroll is that the search engine spiders cannot surpass manual user behavior like scrolling to the bottom of the page or clicking to load the next page. This means that the spiders can't access all the content. As such, there are rare chances of the content appearing in the search results.
The infinite scroll with pagination demo, created by Webmaster Trends Analyst, John Mueller, indicates that when infinite scroll is coincided with paginated series, then all the individual items are accessible and there is no duplication of the items.
Other recommendations for infinite scroll:
Google has further added some points in the search friendly recommendations for infinite scroll pages:
- Determine how much content to include on each page. Be sure that if a searcher came directly to the page, they could easily find the exact item they wanted.
- Each component page should contain a full URL and have a reasonable page load time.
- Create parameters that can surface valuable content to searchers and make sure that the URL shows the same content two weeks later.
- Configure pagination with each component page containing rel=next and rel=prev values in the .
- Implement push state for any user action that resembles a click or actively turning a page.
- Check that page values adjust as the user scrolls up or down and verify that pages that are out-of-bounds in the series return a 404 response.


husk-scheme-3.7: R5RS Scheme interpreter, compiler, and library.
Safe HaskellSafe-Inferred
This module contains code for hygienic macros.
 - Pattern (part of a rule that matches input)
 - Transform (what the macro expands into)
 - Literal Identifiers (from the macro definition)
 - Input (the actual code in the user's program)
 - Environments of macro definition and macro use
 2. If a macro call is found, search for a rule that matches the input. During this process any pattern variables in the input are loaded into a temporary environment
 3. If a rule matches, transcribe the rule's template by walking the template, inserting pattern variables and renaming free identifiers as needed.
:: Env
Environment of the code being expanded
-> Bool
True if the macro was defined within another macro
-> LispVal
Code to expand
-> (LispVal -> LispVal -> [LispVal] -> IOThrowsError LispVal)
Apply func
-> IOThrowsError LispVal
Expanded code
:: Env
Current environment for the AST
-> LispVal
AST to search
Eval func
-> IOThrowsError LispVal
Transformed AST containing an expanded macro if found
Examines the input AST to see if it is a macro call. If a macro call is found, the code is expanded. Otherwise the input is returned unchanged.
:: Env
Parent environment containing the let*-syntax expression
-> Env
Environment of the let*-syntax body
-> Maybe Env
Environment of renamed variables, if applicable
-> Bool
True if the macro was defined inside another macro
-> [LispVal]
List containing syntax-rule definitions
-> IOThrowsError LispVal
A dummy value, unless an error is thrown
Helper function to load macros from a let*-syntax expression
getDivertedVars :: Env -> IOThrowsError [LispVal]Source
Get a list of variables that the macro hygiene subsystem diverted back into the calling environment.
This is a specialized function that is only mean to be used by the husk compiler.


Nicolae Vasilescu-Karpen
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Nicolae Vasilescu Karpen (December 10 (O.S.)/December 22 (N.S.), 1870, Craiova – March 2, 1964, Bucharest) was a Romanian engineer and physicist, who worked in telegraphy and telephony and had achievements in mechanical engineering, elasticity, thermodynamics, long distance telephony, electrochemistry, and civil engineering.[1][2]
After studying at the Carol I High School in Craiova, he went to the School of Bridges, Roads and Mines in Bucharest.[3] After graduating in 1891, he worked as a civil engineer for three years. He went to France to study physics at the University of Paris. In 1904 he was awarded a PhD in physics for his thesis Recherches sur l'effet magnétique des corps electrisés en mouvement (Research on the magnetic effect of electrified bodies in motion). After a year as a professor at the University of Lille, he returned to Romania to teach at the School of Bridges, Roads and Mines, where he was appointed director in February 1920. As a result of his efforts, the School was transformed later that year into the Polytechnic University of Bucharest. Vasilescu Karpen was the first rector of this university, serving in that capacity until 1940.[2]
In 1908 he is said to have invented the Karpen Pile.[2][3] He was the engineer who introduced a permanent wire telecom bridge between Brasov City and Bucharest. He introduced electrically transmitted "wired telegrams" in the Old Romanian Kingdom by 1920.[citation needed] He was elected to the Romanian Academy in 1922.[2]
Karpen Pile[edit]
The Karpen Pile is claimed to be a battery that has provided continuous energy for over 60 years, making it either a supremely effective method of storing energy or a hoax, furthermore some newspapers describe it as a perpetuum mobile, but most scientists disagree since such a device would violate the Second law of Thermodynamics. The device is housed at the Dimitrie Leonida National Technical Museum, and by 2010 it had been working there continuously for 60 years.[4]
See also[edit]
 1. ^ (Romanian) Academia RPR, Dicționar Enciclopedic Român, București: Editura Politică, _PHONE_
 2. ^ a b c d (Romanian) Personalități românești ale științelor naturii și tehnicii - Dicționar, București: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, 1982, pp. 400-401
 3. ^ a b (Romanian) Mihai Olteneanu, Nicolae Vasilescu - Karpen 1870 - 1964, Univers Ingineresc, anul XVIII, Nr 1 (335) 1-16 ianuarie 2005, accessdate 2011-06-05
 4. ^ Sandru, Ovidiu. "Karpen's Pile: A Battery That Produces Energy Continuously Since 1950 Exists in Romanian Museum". Retrieved 20 July 2012.
External links[edit]


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What does it do?: Kake soaps are vegan, using vegetable and plant glycerine and butters to clean, soothe, and moisturize the skin. Each soap utilizes a variety of high-quality ingredients for additional benefits whether it be skin healing, sinus or stress relief, or just for fun! This soap is unscented and gentle for those with sensitivities.
What does it smell like?: It is unscented, but does have a mild clean "soap smell."
What does it look like?: These bars are circular with one flat end and one end molded into a beautiful flower inspired shape. The flower end is layered with white soap, and the flat end is layered with clear glycerin soap.
What's the packaging like?: Kake bar soaps are packaged in shrink wrapped, food-safe plastic to ensure that each bar is protected from excess moisture and keeps the longest possible shelf life. Each bar is labeled with brown craft paper sticker labels, and is approximately 4oz. **Please note that if you choose your soaps to be unpackaged, it may cause the soaps to collect extra moisture and decrease shelf life.
Joy in Simplicity Bar Soap (Unscented)
All Kake soaps contain: Glycerin (vegetable), Sodium Cocoate (coconut oil and lye), Sodium Laurate (cleanser and emulsifyer), Sodium Stearate (vegetable-based soap material sourced from coconut and palm oils), Sodium Myristate (emulsifyer and conditioneroccurs naturally in vegetable fats and oils), Sodium Cocoate (fatty acid derived from coconut oil), Cocoa Nucifera (coconut) Oil, Elaeis Guineensis (palm) Oil, Helianthus Annus (sunflower) Oil, Sorbitol (plant-based sugar derivitave, used for additional moisturizer), Purified Water (aqua), Cannabis Sativa Seed (hemp) Oil, Titanium Dioxide (oxidised mineral used for white colorant).


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In Service Surveillance
In-service surveillance of ammunition is undertaken to ensure that ammunition
continues to meet the required quality standards throughout its entire life cycle. As explained by Mr. Adrian Wilkinson, surveillance is undertaken to ensure "that the ammunition continues to meet the required quality standards throughout its life. Quality, from this perspective, includes the performance of ammunition during use and its safety and stability during storage. The chemical, electrical, and mechanical properties of ammunition change and degrade with time, leading to a finite serviceable life for each munition. The accurate assessment of munition life is of paramount importance in terms of safety and cost."
For further explanation on the requirements for the in-service proof and surveillance of ammunition see "Stockpile Management: Surveillance and Proof" by Adrian Wilkinson in Conventional Ammunition in Surplus, Small Arms Survey, 2008,
Checklist on In Service Surveillance
The Protocol V Generic Preventive Measures checklist includes questions on in service surveillance, which are set out below.
(a) Is there an 'In Service Surveillance' procedure and organisation to assess reliability and safety during the lifecycle of munitions? For pyrotechnic parts? For electronic parts? For other parts?
(b) Is there a system in place to check that all the explosive and pyrotechnic parts within the munition remain safe and reliable?
(c) Is there a system in place to check that all the explosive and pyrotechnic parts within the fusing chain are capable of initiating the next stage as required?
(d) Is the integrity of the pyrotechnic and explosive train checked (e.g. gap between components, integrity of components …)?
(e) Is there a procedure to identify and remove degraded munitions from operational service (i.e.: regular inspection of munitions)?
(f) Is there a procedure to increase/reduce the operational lifetime of munitions?
(g) In case of an increase in the operational life time of munitions do the tests and analysis maintain confidence in the previously required level of reliability and safety?
(h) Is there an 'In Service Surveillance' procedure and organisation to record the environmental conditions that the munitions have been exposed to/ tested in?
Testing is an important component of the "development to production" phases for ammunition and the in service surveillance. Testing is the key process for verifying the reliability and safety of ammunition and determining its shelf life. This should preferably be done by live-firing.
Useful resources on testing
Allied Ammunition Safety and Suitability for Service Assessment Testing Publication - Guidance, NATO Standardization Agreement, STANAG 4629
The United States of America's presentation on "Overview of testing" across the life cycle of a munition to the 2009 Meeting of Experts
"Origin of Test Requirements and Passing Criteria for the Qualification and Final (Type) Qualification of Explosives" by Ken Tomasello, Michael Sharp, John Adams and Richard E. Bowen. IMEMTS Munich, Germany 11 - 14 October 2010
"Test Requirements for Primary and Booster Explosive Qualification" by Ken Tomasello" by John Adams and Michael Sharp, ISSC 2011, Las Vegas, Nevada, 8 - 12 August 2011
Other useful resources
IATG 03.10:2011, Inventory Management. UNODA. 2011


text:
Education is felt to be very important in Togo. The Togolese government has built primary
schools all over the country, and 70% of children in Togo spend at least five years in
primary education. The authorities would like to provide free schooling, but do not have
enough money, so parents have to pay fees. The annual cost per child is around £15, a
considerable sum in a country where unemployment levels are very high, wages are low and
people may go for months without receiving their wages. Many thousands of Togolese parents
cannot afford to send their children to school.
Most of the schools in Togo are state schools, but
there are also private schools, run by Christian or Islamic organisations, or by
individuals (usually former teachers). Some of the private schools in Lomé have excellent
facilities and provide a first-rate education.
The secondary schools in Togo follow a
similar curriculum to those in France and French is the language used in school (at
primary level children are taught in French and the local tribal language). Only a small
proportion of Togolese children go to high school.
Most of the schools in Togo have little in
the way of equipment, no electricity, and the language spoken in the classroom is the
second or even third language for most children. Despite these difficulties, literacy
rates are among the highest in Africa.


=head1 NAME XML::DOM::Parser - An XML::Parser that builds XML::DOM document structures =head1 SYNOPSIS use XML::DOM; my $parser = new XML::DOM::Parser; my $doc = $parser->parsefile ("file.xml"); =head1 DESCRIPTION XML::DOM::Parser extends L The XML::Parser module was written by Clark Cooper and is built on top of XML::Parser::Expat, which is a lower level interface to James Clark's expat library. XML::DOM::Parser parses XML strings or files and builds a data structure that conforms to the API of the Document Object Model as described at L. See the L manpage for other additional properties of the XML::DOM::Parser class. Note that the 'Style' property should not be used (it is set internally.) The XML::Parser B option is more or less supported, in that it will generate EntityReference objects whenever an entity reference is encountered in character data. I'm not sure how useful this is. Any comments are welcome. As described in the synopsis, when you create an XML::DOM::Parser object, the parse and parsefile methods create an L object from the specified input. This Document object can then be examined, modified and written back out to a file or converted to a string. When using XML::DOM with XML::Parser version 2.19 and up, setting the XML::DOM::Parser option B to 1 will store CDATASections in CDATASection nodes, instead of converting them to Text nodes. Subsequent CDATASection nodes will be merged into one. Let me know if this is a problem. =head1 Using LWP to parse URLs The parsefile() method now also supports URLs, e.g. I. It uses LWP to download the file and then calls parse() on the resulting string. By default it will use a L that is created as follows: use LWP::UserAgent; $LWP_USER_AGENT = LWP::UserAgent->new; $LWP_USER_AGENT->env_proxy; Note that env_proxy reads proxy settings from environment variables, which is what I need to do to get thru our firewall. If you want to use a different LWP::UserAgent, you can either set it globally with: XML::DOM::Parser::set_LWP_UserAgent ($my_agent); or, you can specify it for a specific XML::DOM::Parser by passing it to the constructor: my $parser = new XML::DOM::Parser (LWP_UserAgent => $my_agent); Currently, LWP is used when the filename (passed to parsefile) starts with one of the following URL schemes: http, https, ftp, wais, gopher, or file (followed by a colon.) If I missed one, please let me know. The LWP modules are part of libwww-perl which is available at CPAN.


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Benjamin Morgan's distinctive examination of the historical relationship between science and the humanities from Victorian times to the present in his first book, The Outward Mind: Materialist Aesthetics in Victorian Science and Literature (2017), recently received the 2017 Sonya Rudikoff Prize from the Northeast Victorian Studies Association. The Rudikoff Prize honors the best first book published annually about Victorian studies.
Traveling to Edinburgh, Scotland, and London, Morgan researched archives where Victorian intellectuals used evolutionary theory and cognitive science to make sense of art and literature. In The Outward Mind, he develops several theories for articulating the unusual physicality of aesthetic experience. His wide-ranging analysis of Victorian literature and science writing includes the work of Herbert Spencer, Thomas Hardy, and William Morris, who explored and debated a materialist, broadly anti-Kantian conception of aesthetic experience embodying the relationship between the person and the artwork.
"Benjamin Morgan has a truly remarkable, enviable capacity to reanimate current debates through fascinating historical research—in this case, debates about the neuroscience of aesthetic experience and questions about how and why the human sensorium apprehends artistic form," said Bill Brown, the Karla Scherer Distinguished Service Professor in American Culture in the Department of English Language and Literature and Principal Investigator at the Chicago Center for Contemporary Theory. "However, counterintuitively, at a moment when the arts and sciences have 'begun' to converge, the likes of Walter Pater, Oscar Wilde, and Vernon Lee have never seemed more relevant. As with his new work on climate in the Victorian era, Benjamin dramatically demonstrates, page after page, the far-ranging significance of humanistic scholarship."
Through showing how Victorians used scientific concepts to delve into concepts of beauty, Morgan helps scholars look at this subject in a new way. "One example is how Victorians measured Greek statues to show the angles and mathematics of beauty and harmony," said Morgan, associate professor and director of undergraduate studies in the Department of English Language and Literature. "Through empirical studies, many scientists and writers explored a physical sense of beauty. They wanted to find out if art activates the nervous system in some way, a question that is relevant to discoveries taking place today."
The community of scholars at UChicago influenced the broad scope of Morgan's book. He shared drafts of his book with his colleagues in different disciplines who listened, critiqued, and debated it, including at the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Atlantic Cultures workshop and at the History of Human Sciences workshop.
"Benjamin's book stands out for several reasons: it joins together mainstream scientists and intellectuals with figures not so well known; it emphasizes how a physiological orientation was not simply about sensation and presentation but about rethinking of the mind itself; and it establishes new intellectual genealogies that link what was once deemed intellectual backwaters of the Victorian period with innovative literary trends in the early 20th century," said Elaine Hadley, professor in the Department of English Language and Literature.
For his future scholarship, Morgan is working on a book project, In Human Scale: The Aesthetics of Climate Change, asking how art and literature can bring the long and vast processes of ecological devastation into human frames of reference.
"One of the imaginative problems we confront in the era of climate change is that although global warming, ocean acidification, and extinction are happening extremely quickly at a geological time scale, these disasters look slow or distant from our human perspective," he said. "In this book project, I argue that novels and artworks can help us imagine climate change and expand our ecological imaginations."
As demonstrated with his first award-winning book, Morgan is adept at delving deeply into fascinating topics and finding new ways to view the world through the complementary uniting of arts with sciences, while resisting the common temptation to keep them separate.


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4 Common Cloud Misconfigurations & What To Do About Them
In a recent report, McAfee uncovered the rise of Cloud-Native Breaches and the state of multi-cloud adoption. We'll define the top 4 cloud misconfiguration goofs from their list, how they can affect your organization, and what to do about them.
When it comes to personal data, the mid-2010s were a bit of a reckoning. Your credit card information, health records, and even your love life became subject to breaches. Today, nearly everyone can relate to the hassle of switching out a debit or credit card, and these issues persist—especially as enterprises move their IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) to the cloud.
In recent years, nearly 70 percent of exposed records—5.4 billion total—were caused by unintentional internet exposure due to misconfigured services and portals—services like Amazon Simple Storage Service, known as S3. (Luckily, S3 misconfiguration is a very avoidable issue.)
As McAfee found, most of these misconfigurations go unreported and, in many cases, unnoticed.
If only 1% of IaaS issues are reported, that means a whole slew of companies inadvertently leak data or fail to report for fear of bad PR. Worse, one-quarter of the McAfee survey respondents said it takes longer than 24 hours to correct misconfigurations.
In summary, McAfee highlights significant visibility, reporting, and misconfiguration errors that are preventable. Here are the top offenders in the McAfee list and the ways they can affect your organization, followed by a remedy for these common problems.
4 Common Security Group Setting Misconfigurations
Unrestricted Outbound Access
Outbound traffic should always use the principle of minimalist authority. Many AWS users only configure inbound ports in security groups, but outbound ports can also be a huge security risk. Limiting outbound traffic helps direct traffic to only the applications and servers that need to communicate. This helps reduce the risk and impact of internal network scans, lateral movement, and data exfiltration.
Your servers may only need SSH or RDP inbound ports to manage them. It's rare for one of those application servers to SSH to all of the other servers in the network. Many common hacker tactics use random ports for Command and Control actions, reverse shells, or to spread malware.
Unrestricted Access to Non-HTTP/HTTPS Ports
Web servers are designed to host websites and web services to the internet, and they can also host other services like SSH or RDP for management or databases. But it's important to block these from the whole internet. If these ports remain improperly configured, it can open you up to attackers looking to exploit or brute force the authentication. If you open up these ports to the internet, make sure they're limited to accept traffic from particular addresses such as your office.
Unrestricted Inbound Access on Uncommon Ports
Some services use a high numbered TCP or UDP port to obfuscate what is running in the environment, but security through obscurity never really works. It doesn't protect you from a determined hacker or even a random internet scan. Some services also open uncommon ports without really letting you know.
Does your webserver have a statistics page? Do you have PHPMyAdmin running on port 8443? Are you leaking Apache Tomcat services on port 8080? You must restrict high-level ports to only the necessary systems, and usually, that is not the internet. PHPMyAdmin on the internet makes us shudder.
Unrestricted ICMP Access
ICMP is a useful protocol, but leaving it open to the internet can leave you vulnerable to more straightforward, older attacks. One of the most common uses of ICMP is to use ICMP Echo to verify that your servers are online and responsive.
ICMP Echo is an excellent diagnostic tool for IT professionals. Unfortunately, it's also a great tool for hackers. A quick ping scan of the internet using Nmap or Fping can let attackers know that you have a server online, which becomes ripe for a focused attack. There are several more complicated ways to find a server on the internet, so why do a bad actor's job for them?
Attackers can use ICMP for much more than finding servers, however. As an example, a ping flood overwhelms a server with too many ICMP messages. Though simple, a ping flood is an effective type of Denial of Service attack, which becomes even more effective when multiple attackers or botnets are involved to create a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS).
The ping sweep and ping flood may be ancient methods, but they're still put to use because they work. Do yourself a favor and block ICMP.
How Network Detection and Response (NDR) Can Help
Most cloud environments have dozens, if not hundreds, of these security risks. And really, each server needs its own set of rules.
While the ability to quickly build servers and services in the cloud has its advantages, it also comes with some of the most significant security risks. When you use default rules, it's easy to miss one rule on a single server—and if an appropriate rule is overlooked, your whole environment can quickly be compromised.
One reason cloud security has lagged so far behind traditional security is that, until very recently, network traffic in the cloud was extremely difficult to capture and parse effectively. Monitoring network communications in real time through network detection and response (NDR) is the quickest and easiest way for security teams to stay on top of complex, dynamic environments, and without NDR in the cloud, SecOps struggled to maintain the same deep visibility and rapid threat detection as is possible on-premises.
With the advent of traffic mirroring in AWS and Azure, that gap has finally begun to close.
Download a complimentary copy of our Beginners' Guide to Network Detection and Response to see how NDR solutions (particularly cloud-native NDR solutions like ExtraHop Reveal(x) Cloud) provide internal visibility, threat detection, rapid investigation, and intelligent response across on-premises, cloud, and multi-cloud environments.
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If an applicant received a denial, it often is because UDSKiOR was unable to find evidence of the claim of war-time oppression. However, this does not mean that such evidence does not exist. UDSKiOR does not contact repositories of Holocaust historical data such as Yad Vashem or the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum. Additionally, there are a number of other resources available on the Internet and in libraries. We have seen a successful appeals where the initial denial was reversed following the submission of evidence from these sources.
Please read more about how you can submit a request for more evidence from these two major institutions as well as from other resources here.


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Ultimate Load Capacity of Arch Damsby Jorge I. Bustamante,
Serial Information: Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, 1966, Vol. 92, Issue 4, Pg. 21-44
Document Type: Journal Paper
Abstract: Mathematical programming techniques are applied to obtain a lower bound, as large as possible, for estimating the load capacity of arch dams. The method is based on the theorem of statically admissible field for plastic materials. Application of the technique to four dam models shows good agreement between the numerical and experimental results.
Subject Headings: Arch dams | Load bearing capacity | Ultimate loads | Load factors | Mathematics | Computer programming | Plastics
Services: Buy this book/Buy this article
Return to search


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For a variety of reasons, race engines can experience either or both these conditions involving uncontrolled combustion. And, we all know either or both can cause power losses and potentially damaged parts, depending upon the frequency and severity of the events. Experience has shown that there is sometimes a misunderstanding about how these two events are created, what actually takes place in the combustion space when they do occur, and ways to avoid both problems. First, let's examine each of the events to determine how they transpire.
During normal combustion and following spark ignition, the flame front travels through the combustion space, burning air/fuel charges while compressing and raising the temperature in the remaining, unburned air and fuel. Tests have shown that during this process, the pressure in the burning and unburned charges are relatively equal. If we focus our attention on what is occurring with and within the remaining unburned air/fuel charge, we find that as the flame front is approaching, the unburned charge has had its temperature and pressure increased not only by the advancing flame front but also by the piston ascending on its compression stroke. It's during this phase of the combustion process that the remaining unburned charge will reach a temperature and pressure that exceeds the "self ignition" point, causing the unburned charge to spontaneously ignite.
Studies have shown it's because of this excessive and rapid rise in unburned air/fuel charge and the fact self-ignition occurs so rapidly that it is considered combustion at a constant volume. Since the cylinder pressure rise associated with the first part of the combustion process is much lower than the cylinder pressure that occurs at self-ignition, a pressure wave resulting from the latter travels back and forth across the combustion space, creating audible "knock" or the sound of detonation. So by way of definition, we could say that detonation is the result of self-ignition (virtually instantaneous combustion) of the unburned air/fuel charge brought about by excessive temperatures and pressures following the normal initiation and progression of the burn.
But as Smokey often said, "There's just one more little item." Digging a bit deeper, it has been discovered experimentally that even when air/fuel charges are compressed and heated above the point of self-ignition (spontaneous ignition), there is a time period that passes before this ignition occurs. By definition, this is called the "delay period" prior to combustion. Further, such experiments revealed that even when such charges are conditioned beyond the point of self-ignition, this event doesn't occur every time. In fact, by sufficiently increasing the delay period (experimentally), the normal flame front may pass through the last portions of the air/fuel charge without detonation. Therefore, in a running engine, if the delay period is so short that the end-portions of the air/fuel charge are not exposed to the normally-advancing flame front, the previously described condition of excessive pressure and temperature leads to spontaneous combustion (detonation).
From a practical standpoint, the list of factors that can affect flame speed include piston displacement, piston speed, air/fuel charge ratio, the presence of combustion byproducts, compression ratio and rpm. Of these, at least within the scope of this discussion, there are two we'd like to point out and identify their effects on flame speed; rpm and combustion residue in the combustion space.
First, let's examine the effects of rpm. As engine speed increases, so does airflow velocity, independent of how fuel is introduced. Whether by intended or unintended reasons, so does airflow turbulence. Sometimes this is controlled, sometimes not. Short of turbulence that causes a mechanical separation of air and fuel (obviously not good), air/fuel charge atomization can be improved, and we've previously discussed the benefits from this; e.g., improved atomization, improved flame speed and generally increased combustion efficiency as evidenced by lower brake specific fuel consumption readings.
Here's where detonation wasn't...
Here's where detonation wasn't noticed and the engine ended up grenading. Detonation first, then something broke and caused the mechanical damage you see to the piston.
Combustion residue in the combustion space? Not good at all. Exhaust gas does not combust. Any presence of combustion residue interrupts smooth and rapid flame travel. By whatever process causes inefficient evacuation of combustion byproducts (typically from reversion), flame speed suffers. And when you factor in the influence of a poor intake manifold design, cylinder-to-cylinder mixture distribution becomes an added problem against having near equal flame speed in each combustion space. It turns out that distribution problems among an engine's cylinders, caused by an intake manifold, can vary as a function of rpm and manifold design. And sorting out mixture distribution issues on an engine dynamometer often bears little resemblance to the patterns that occur on the track. But we digressed.
The results from detonation, aside from parts damage, include such factors as loss of power, efficiency and….pre-ignition. As a rule, pre-ignition is the initiation of the combustion process by something other than a controlled spark, typically a hot-spot in the combustion space. Pretty straightforward. But there's more.
If pre-ignition occurs early in the normal combustion cycle, additional work must be done by the engine working against combustion pressure, as the piston would normally be completing its compression stroke ahead of a controlled spark. Much like an over-advanced ignition system, power is reduced. Further to this, if a hot-spot is remotely located from the spark plug and initiates combustion from that location early after normal combustion begins, the two flame fronts can elevate cylinder pressure to the point of creating detonation. Simply stated, detonation and pre-ignition aren't the same, although pre-ignition can lead to detonation, if the circumstances are right.
A Few Hands-on Tips
In terms of applying some of this information to your parts selection, modification or use, there are two areas of particular importance. The first deals with air/fuel charge mixture quality, as it relates to detonation suppression. Previous discussions in this column have emphasized the need to homogenize and mix the two as well as possible. Flame speed is also a function of atomization efficiency; e.g., the smaller the droplets (all else being equal), the faster the burn, the higher the total force on the pistons (power) and the less the tendency toward detonation. Specifically, roughened intake paths, improved carburetor booster efficiency, and "roughed-up" piston crowns can all contribute to increased atomization. You may also find less total ignition spark is required for optimum power, a direct result of a quicker burn as evidenced by reduced exhaust gas temperatures.
The other area has to do with reducing exhaust residue in the combustion space to an absolute minimum. Early exhaust events (relative to BDC piston position on the power stroke) place an added burden on reducing this inert gas. Two suggestions come to mind.
Intake valve jobs that help reduce back-flow into the inlet path. Such modifications can be evaluated by flowing intake ports in reverse direction. And finally, you may find that exhaust port modifications measured with the exhaust valve "parked" at about 85 percent of maximum lift (on the flow bench) will yield more efficient total exhaust gas elimination from the combustion space. Successful modifications here will also show up as reduced brake specific fuel consumption (b.s.f.c.) numbers on the dyno. Clearly, fresh air/fuel charges diluted with exhaust gas not only reduce flame speed and power but can lead to detonation problems already discussed.


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A Potential client has asked you to predict the number of cells necessary to cover 100 square miles. The area the client wished to cover compromises 5 sq miles Urban, 25 sq miles, Suburban and the remainder rural. For urban areas the client can acquire 30 m towers, for Suburban 60 m and for rural 100 m
Assume feeder lengths = tower heights, and a mobile height of 2m. For the purpose of this exercise, cell with a radius of less than 1 km are acceptable.
Determine the followings:
1) Is the hardware uplink or downlink limited? Why?
2) How many square miles does each cell site in each environment cover? Assume that the cells are all edge excited hexagons.
3) What is the total number of cells necessary to cover the described area?
The area that the client wishes to cover has a population of 350,000 people. For the client's business case, they have assumed 20% penetration. The population density is 30% in the urban, 60% suburban and 10% rural. The traffic for each demographic is uniformly distributed in the sectors (i.e. if the total traffic is 2 erlangs and there are two cells, each cell carriers 1 erlang of traffic)
4) If each subscriber is assumed to use 42 mE, and the client is deploying a GSM system, how many radios will be required per sector in each environment? Assume for a GSM system that the first radio in each site has only 7 timeslots available for traffic, each subsequent radio has 8 timeslots available for traffic. The system uses only full rate transcoders.
5) Using a GSM system in the PCS F Band, create a frequency re-use table that will support at least 9 erlangs of traffic per sector. Again assume that for as GSM system the first radio in each sector has one timeslot used as a control channel and the system supports only full rate transcoders. Remember, each GSM radio requires 200 KHz of spectrum.
b) From Question 5, fill in the grid below to demonstrate your re-use pattern
1. Power Balance Equation (Product Only)
Lpu = Pm + Gm + Gb + Gd - Ld - Lj - Sb = 30 + 2 + 18 + 3 - 0 - 1 - (-110) = 162 dB
Lpd = Pb - Ld - Lj - Ltf + Gm + Gb - Sm = 37 - 0 - 1 - 0.3 + 2 + 18 - (-104) = 159.7 dB
COMMON DATA UPLINK DOWNLINK
Frequency F (MHz) _PHONE_
MS Transmit Power Pm (dBm) 30 N/A
MS RX Sensitivity Sm (-dBm) N/A 104
MS Antenna Gain Gm (dBi) 2 2
MS Feeder Loss Lm (dB) 0 0
BS Transmit Power Pb (dBm) N/A 37
BS RX Sensitivity Sb (-dBm) 110 N/A
BS Antenna Gain Gb (dBi) 18 18
BS Diversity Gain Gd (dB) 3 N/A
BS Duplexer Loss Ld (dB) 0 0
BS Jumper/Connector Loss Lj (dB) 1 1
BS Combiner Loss Lc (dB) N/A 0
BS TX Filter Loss Ltf (dB) N/A 0.3
TOTAL PRODUCT PATH LOSS Lp (dB) 162 159.7
This provides full solutions including calculations within the original document attached. There are also two Excel spreadsheets with calculations.


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June 10, 2010 A comparison of hockey leagues in Canada for 11-12 year old players finds that compared with leagues that do not allow body checking, those that do have an associated 3-fold increased risk of game-related injuries, including severe injuries and severe concussions, according to a study in the June 9 issue of JAMA.
"Ice hockey is a popular North American winter sport, with more than 550,000 registered youth players in Hockey Canada and more than 340,000 registered players in the USA Hockey Association in 2008-2009. Despite the advantages of sport participation, there is increasing concern regarding the frequency of ice hockey injuries in youth," the authors write. They add that recent attention has been focused on the increased frequency of concussive head injuries in youth hockey. It is the most common type of specific injury, accounting for more than 15 percent of all injuries in 9- to 16-year-old players, according to background information in the article.
Internationally, there are different regulations regarding the age at which body checking is introduced in ice hockey. In the United States, body checking is introduced in all leagues for the age group 11-12 years, but leagues not permitting body checking exist through all ages, up to the leagues for 15-16 year-olds. In Canada, the youngest age group in which body checking is permitted is Pee Wee (ages 11-12 years). In the province of Quebec, however, Bantam (ages 13-14 years) is the youngest age group in which body checking is permitted.
Carolyn A. Emery, Ph.D., B.Sc.P.T., of the University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, and colleagues examined whether the risk of concussion and injury differed for youth ice hockey players in a league that permits body checking vs. a league that does not. The study was conducted in Alberta and Quebec during the 2007-2008 Pee Wee ice hockey season and included players (n = 2,154) from teams in the top 60 percent of divisions of play. Among the outcomes measured was the rate for gameand practice-related injuries and concussions.
Seventy-four Pee Wee teams from Alberta (n = 1,108 players) and 76 Pee Wee teams from Quebec (n = 1,046 players) completed the study. There were a total of 241 injuries (78 concussions) reported in Alberta and 91 injuries (23 concussions) reported in Quebec. For game-related injuries, the Alberta vs. Quebec incidence rate ratio (comparison of the risk of injury in the two leagues) was 3.26 (n = 209 and n = 70 for Alberta and Quebec, respectively]) for all injuries; 3.88 (n = 73 and n = 20) for concussion; 3.30 (n = 51 and n = 16) for severe injury (time loss, greater than 7 days); and 3.61 (n = 14 and n = 4) for severe concussion (time loss, greater than 10 days).
"The estimated absolute risk reduction (injuries per 1,000 player-hours) that would be achieved if body checking were not permitted in Alberta was 2.84 for all game-related injuries, 0.72 for severe injuries, 1.08 for concussion, and 0.20 for severe concussion. There was no difference between provinces for practice-related injuries," the authors write.
"Among 11- to 12-year-old ice hockey players, playing in a league in which body checking is permitted compared with a league in which body checking is not permitted was associated with a 3-fold increased risk of all game-related injuries, concussion, severe injury, and severe concussion. These findings may have important implications for policy decisions related to body checking in youth ice hockey. The public health implications associated with injury in Pee Wee hockey in which body checking is permitted are significant."
"Future research should compare the injury and concussion risk in the next age group of play (Bantam, ages 13-14 years), in which players in one cohort will have 2 years of body checking experience prior to Bantam participation. This research can inform the development and rigorous evaluation of prevention strategies to reduce the risk of injury in this population of youth ice hockey participants," the authors conclude.
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
- C. A. Emery, J. Kang, I. Shrier, C. Goulet, B. E. Hagel, B. W. Benson, A. Nettel-Aguirre, J. R. McAllister, G. M. Hamilton, W. H. Meeuwisse. Risk of Injury Associated With Body Checking Among Youth Ice Hockey Players. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 2010; 303 (22): 2265 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2010.755
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.


Last updated on March 14, 2014 at 16:44 EDT
Mechanisms Behind Trunk To Tail Transition In Vertebrates Revealed In New Study
June 11, 2013
Imaeg Caption: During trunk to tail transition in a normal embryo (A), Isl1 is activated exclusively in the progenitors that produce the organs in the trunk. They now cannot make organs anymore and make legs as their final destiny. If there is a failure in the regulation of Isl1 activation and it is extended to the progenitors that form the spine (B), they also receive the stop signal and disappear without a trace. Now these embryos cannot make more vertebrae and malformations are produced, which look similar to those observed in the patients for the spinal segmental disgenesis. Credit: Credits: Moisés Mallo, IGC.
Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia
One of the most remarkable anatomical differences among vertebrate bodies is the relative size of their neck, trunk and tail. This can be illustrated by comparing the bodies of a typical snake and of a long tailed lizard. They are both very long and superficially similar. However, most of the snake's body is a trunk full with organs of the digestive, excretory and reproductive systems, whereas the largest part of the lizard's body is a muscular tail. These different body plans are genetically determined during embryonic development. In the latest issue of the journal Developmental Cell, MoisÃ©s Mallo and his group at the Instituto Gulbenkian de CiÃªncia (IGC), Portugal, showed that the trunk to tail transition is intrinsically associated with the induction of the legs and the embryonic cloaca, and that this process is coordinated by a genetic cascade triggered by the signaling factor Gdf11. This study may contribute to understand some congenital human syndromes that lead to malformations in the lower part of the body.
During embryonic development, the body is made progressively starting from the head and ending in the tail. This process depends on the activity of a group of cells (known as axial progenitors) located at this most posterior end of the embryo that produce new tissues as it grows. After the head and neck are made, these progenitors engage in making the trunk, which includes the coordinate production of most of the animal's vital organs. At a particular point, the embryonic growth program changes and starts producing tail tissues instead of the trunk. This change occurs at the same time as the embryo forms the cloaca (the opening end of digestive, reproductive and urinary tracts) and the legs (more generically known as hindlimb). MoisÃ©s Mallo and his team found that the production of the cloaca and the legs is an intrinsic component of the trunk to tail transition and identified several of the key regulators of this process. They found that Gdf11 signaling stays at the top of the genetic hierarchy regulating the trunk to tail transition. MoisÃ©s Mallo's team showed that if Gdf11 is genetically inactivated in the mouse, the animals have longer trunks and their legs are located further away from the arms (or forelimbs) than in normal mice. When in the complementary experiment they forced the premature activation of Gdf11, the result was just the opposite: extremely reduced trunks and the hindlimbs located just next to the forelimbs "Our jaws almost touched the floor when we first saw those embryos because such strong alterations in the leg position have never been observed before" says MoisÃ©s Mallo.
These researchers also identified some of the key pieces involved in the execution of the program initiated by Gdf11 that ends the trunk and starts the tail. One of the most interesting of those pieces is the gene Isl1 (Islet 1). Gdf11 activates this gene specifically in the subgroup of axial progenitors responsible for making the internal organs in the trunk. The consequence of Isl1 activation is that these progenitors are now forced to form cloaca and hindlimbs instead of organs. This indicates that the vertebrate legs are actually the consequence of the way Isl1 manages to stop this group of progenitors from making internal organs, which are not anymore required in the tail.
Mallo's group work also gives an additional message: the genetic program regulating the trunk to tail transition must be perfectly coordinated in time and space because its alteration leads to a wide spectrum of malformations in the lower end of the body, typically affecting the vertebral column and the gastrointestinal, reproductive and urinary tracts. These malformations closely reproduce the clinical characteristics of human pathologies such as the caudal regression syndrome or the spinal segmental dysgenesis, indicating that they might originate from alterations in the trunk to tail transition during embryonic development.
MoisÃ©s Mallo says: "What we found might be important not only to understand the mechanisms that generate the wide anatomical diversity among vertebrate species, but might also provide important clues to understand some of these congenital human syndromes."
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Source: Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia


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What is a theme, anyways?
With UI theme designer you can easily adapt the user interface of SAP Fiori applications to your corporate branding. In this process you create a custom theme based on an SAP theme.
This post gives an overview of what is part of a theme, and what parts can be actually adapted in a custom theme:
- theming parameters like colors and metrics,
- assets like fonts and icons, and a
- guideline that decides how applications should arrange their UI.
With that the folder structure of a theming-repository like the one in the open-source theming-base-content can easily be understood.
The first thing that comes to mind that describes a theme is the set of theming parameters. I described an evolution of the parameter set in Semantic theming with theming-base-content.
Of the 753 available theming parameters (analysis based on theming-base-content 11.1.38), 673 are available for custom-theming in Morning and Evening Horizon, the latest SAP theme, which is near to 90%.
A general rule of thumb is: the lower the impact of a theming parameter is, the higher is the possibility that it is available for custom-theming.
That means that almost all 602 colors, from very specific parameters like _USER_ to very broad parameters like _USER_ are theme-able.
Also the most important of the 63 font parameters are theme-able. Although technically you could destroy your UI with them by increasing _USER_ or using Comic Sans as _USER_.
Even most of the 41 dimension parameters like border widths and border radii are theme-able. They should be handled with care, as an insane border-width easily distorts the carefully crafted application UI.
That is also why no metric parameters are theme-able. Parameters like _USER_, which should define the height of all "single-line" controls/components ("elements"), exist for consistent theming when a new SAP theme is envisioned, but they are to be handled so carefully that even we refrain from changing them too often.
A theme is more than its set of theming parameters. There is also a set of assets associated with a theme. Usually not with a single theme but at least with all SAP themes of the same theme family (e.g. all Horizon themes).
Most assets are not (easily) available for custom theming. Things like the 72 Font Family are core to the Fiori design language and also have a lot of accessibility considerations associated with them. To change them you have to resort to hacks like embedding the whole font as base64 in custom CSS as described in Add custom font in theme design in SCP (approach).
We know about the need to upload a custom font, especially for the SAP-icons. But the requirements to create an enterprise-ready solution for that are larger than what we can fulfill in the short term.
What can be uploaded already is a company logo. This is stored together with the custom theme and available for the SAP Fiori Launchpad.
Not immediately obvious, but for existing applications more than relevant, is the guideline that is associated with a theme (or again: with a theme family). It describes how parts of the UI should be laid out, and can change drastically between theme families.
The guideline affects for example
- the positioning of "closing actions",
- the height of table rows,
- the use of text instead of icons,
- the placement of alert messages or
- the whole structure of value helps.
From the perspective of the theming-base-content the guideline is just a single word at the right place (in the tags of a theme – here you also see that a guideline can span more than one theme family: Morning Horizon implements the Fiori_3 guideline that was introduced with Quartz and even retrofitted to Belize). But from the application framework perspective this guideline influences a lot of rendering decisions.
Implications for theming repositories
With theming parameters, assets and guidelines in mind, we can take a look at the structure of a theming-repository: the content of theming-base-content:
- Base/baseLib is the only framework and library in the theming-base-content, it serves as the root for all deriving frameworks, libraries and thus custom themes (e.g. custom themes of UI5/sap/m technically reference Base/baseLib).
- Inside is a long list of themes (with their technical ids):
- sap_horizon, which is Morning Horizon, next to
- sap_base_fiori, which is used by some frameworks as an abstract parent theme for the Quartz and Belize family, together with
- baseTheme, which is the "mother of all themes", where as many theming parameters and assets are defined and then shared with all other themes,
- and many many others.
- Inside a theme are
- parameter values in the base.less file,
- fonts and assets that apply only to that theme (or that theme family if they are referenced from a deriving theme), and
- the.theming file that describes the theme itself and contains e.g. the guideline information.
And then inheritance comes in to play and shared assets are stored at shared places. E.g. the 72 Font Family is not part of Horizon or Quartz or Belize theme family, but instead stored directly in baseTheme, because it is so central to the SAP Fiori experience. On the other hand, the Horizon family comes with a revised set of SAP-icons, so these are stored with Morning Horizon (as the base for Horizon themes).
This allows resource sharing and an efficient storage mechanism for SAPand custom themes.
We saw that a theme is more than its parts, it consists at least of
- a set of theming parameter values,
- assets and
- the guideline.
This is reflected in the structure of theming-repositories like the content of theming-base-content, where inheritance and resource sharing make storing themes efficient.
Let me know about your experiences with custom themes. Leave a comment on what parameters you are most likely to custom theme, or which assets you would really like to upload. I'm curious about your insights!


California Grocers' Action during Labor Dispute Violated Antitrust Law
August 18, 2010 ( – The 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals has ruled that an agreement between California grocers to share profits during a union strike violated federal antitrust law.
The grocers contended that the precompetitive benefit of their agreement is that it increased their chances of winning the labor dispute and reducing the wages and benefits they would be required to pay to their employees, which in turn would increase their ability to lower prices and compete more effectively with other companies. They also said that because their agreement was entered into in anticipation of a labor dispute, and constitutes part of their method of dealing with such a dispute, it is excused from the application of the antitrust laws by virtue of the nonstatutory labor exemption.
The appellate court agreed that where the conduct at issue plays such a traditional role in collective bargaining, an exemption from the antitrust laws is appropriate. However, it found that defendants' profit-sharing conduct has not traditionally been regulated under labor law principles, nor does it raise issues either on its face or in its practical implementation that are suitable for resolution as a matter of labor law, by the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), or by the courts that review or implement Board rulings.
According to the court, there is no well-defined set of NLRB rules or principles that would govern the circumstances in which such conduct would be permissible, and the conduct does not involve any mandatory subject of collective bargaining. Most importantly, the court said, profit sharing is not "needed to make the collective bargaining process work." To the contrary, collective bargaining has worked and does work quite well from the standpoint of employers without the need to engage in such basic violations of the antitrust system.
The court found the agreement's effect is necessarily anticompetitive, and, like any other profit-sharing agreement of limited duration among firms that control less than 100% of the market, the anticompetitive effects might be reduced to some extent but they certainly would not be eliminated. In addition, the court said driving down compensation to workers is not a benefit to consumers cognizable under our laws as a "procompetitive" benefit.
"Depressing wages is not of societal benefit; it simply harms working people and their families," the court said.
It concluded: "We see no reason, even if we had the authority to do so, to set aside the ordinary principles governing antitrust law in order to unbalance the carefully developed legal structures relating to our laws governing collective bargaining; nor do we see any reason or justification for assuming the function of increasing the economic power of employers to the disadvantage of their employees."
According to the opinion, the three largest supermarket chains in Southern California, Ralphs, Albertson's and Vons, along with Food 4 Less, agreed to share profits amongst themselves during the indeterminate term of, and for a short period after, an anticipated labor dispute. California filed a lawsuit against the grocers, alleging that by entering into the profit sharing agreement, defendants had engaged in an unlawful combination and conspiracy in restraint of interstate trade and commerce in violation of Section 1 of the Sherman Act.
The 9th Circuit's opinion is here.


MATLAB Answers
Why does the initialization function in a Simulink subsystem block use an integer rather than the corresponding text string?
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There is an example Simulink file attached. I created a parameter on the "Parameter & Dialog" tab called Parameter1. Parameter1 is a popup and has 3 possible values Option 1, Option 2, and Option 3 as shown below.
If I query Parameter1 from the command line get_param(gcb, 'Parameter1'), I find the value to be one of the three options listed (see picture). However, if I use Parameter1 as a variable in the Initialization tab, it acts like integer (see 2nd picture below). I understand that Simulink is really using Enumeration. Is there a way I can use/invoke this Enumeration in the initialization of my subsystem?
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Accepted Answer
Jason Nicholson
Jason Nicholson on 21 Mar 2018
Edited: Jason Nicholson on 21 Mar 2018
To use the text string coming from the popup options, turn off the "evaluate" checkbox as shown below. This allows comparison of text in the option in the initialization. There is code snippet below
if strcmpi(Parameter1, 'option 1')
% Do this
% Do something else
The above code snippet only works if "Evaluate" checkbox is unchecked. Otherwise in the initialization, Parameter1 is an integer corresponding to which option was selected in the popup of Parameter1. For instance with the "Evaluate" checkbox checked, if the first option in the popup was selected, Parameter1 is 1 and if the second option was selected, then Parameter1 is 2.
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More Answers (1)
Ankit Bhatnagar
Ankit Bhatnagar on 9 Feb 2017
I understand that you are trying to utilize the mask parameters to initialize your subsystem.
1. As you used the get_param for 'Parameter1', you can also use set_param to assign it a value.
2. You can enter any valid MATLAB expression, consisting of MATLAB functions and scripts, operators, and variables defined in the mask workspace. However, Initialization commands run in the mask workspace, not the base workspace.
3. Additionally, there is a check box on the same window:
'Allow library block to modify its contents'
This check box is enabled only if the masked subsystem resides in a library. Checking this option allows the block's initialization code to modify the contents of the masked subsystem by adding or deleting blocks and setting the parameters of those blocks. Otherwise, an error is generated when a masked library block tries to modify its contents in any way.
Refer the following documentation link to read more about the Initialization tab and check out a simple tutorial as well.
You can also use the 'Initfcn' callback of a particular block itself for initialization purposes.
 1 Comment
Jason Nicholson
Jason Nicholson on 21 Mar 2018
Thanks for the response.
I appreciate the response but it is too naive for what I am asking. I am very deep into building models as a "blockset author." I am having a hard time find resources that really get into the fine details of how best to maintain large models and write clean, maintainable large Simulink models. My initialization mask are often 800+ lines of MATLAB code. This integer corresponding to an option is hard to keep track of when you have lots of options. My answer below makes for much cleaner code.
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I've got a sprite group which needs to be drawn in a certain order so its sprites overlap as they should.
However even when sorting the group using operator module function (sorted(self.sprites, key=attrgetter('y','x')) the order is wrong.
How can I fix this behaviour?
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1 Answer 1
Straightforwardly, you can't:
The Group does not keep sprites in any order, so the draw order is arbitrary.
Use an OrderedUpdates group instead:
This class derives from pygame.sprite.RenderUpdates - Group class that tracks dirty updates. It maintains the order in which the Sprites were added to the Group for rendering. This makes adding and removing Sprites from the Group a little slower than regular Groups.
Alternatively, you can keep different 'layers' of sprites in different groups, keeping the order of groups correct.
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+1 for a simple solution – CyberneticTwerkGuruOrc Dec 26 '13 at 18:10
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5 benefits of storing your food in beeswax wraps
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Picnic Basket
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Unlike plastic cling wrap, beeswax wraps will break down into compost.
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beeswax being poured over fabric to make a beeswax wraps
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Like honey, beeswax has been shown to have antimicrobial properties that help keep things clean which is great when dealing with food. Beeswax also has antifungal properties preventing the growth of yeasts and other fungi.
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text:
THE CONTENTS OF THIS WIKI HAVE BEEN MOVED IN HTML FORM TO MERCURIAL IN PREPARATION FOR PUBLICATION. PLEASE DO NOT EDIT THIS WIKI.
This page includes content for a note on Use Cases and Requirements for Access Control to be produced by the Linked Data Platform WG. It also outlines a charter for developing a standard for HTTP-based access control. The work discussed in the charter may be pursued in the Linked Data Platform WG or an independent, related WG.
Earlier thinking about Access Control has been moved to Old Access Control Page.
1 Access Control
Access Control is a mechanism through which an Agent (typically an HTTP server, in this case) permits other Agents -- individuals, organizations, and/or groups made up of these -- to perform certain Operations on Resources as specified by an Access Control Graph for that Resource. Such an Access Control Graph might be the result of evaluating an Access Control Policy, but that is optional.
Within this document, Resources are LDP Resources, but the Access Control may operate at different granularities: entire RDF or other documents, named graphs, individual triples, or individual attributes. The Operations under discussion are Create, Read, Update, and Delete (CRUD).
When an Agent requests a collection of Resources, it is shown only those Resources (or parts of Resources) for which it has Read permissions.
High granularity Access Control may affect performance, but semantics should never be impacted by Access Control.
For Access Control to come into play, the server must restrict some operations on some Resources.
- ACG: An Access Control Graph describing which Agents are permitted (or forbidden) some Operations upon a Resource or collection of Resources.
- ACG Resource: A Resource whose representation contains one or more ACGs and upon which the server relies to make its Access Control decisions.
3 Use Cases
3.1 Access Control on Manipulation of Resources via HTTP
- Adam's user Agent attempts to
- CREATE, READ, UPDATE (or PATCH), or DELETE a resource identified by a URL. The server may immediately allow or deny the request, or it may request that he authenticate to confirm his privileges, as specified the by the ACG for the Resource.
- UPDATE, CREATE or DELETE an attribute of the resource identified by the URL. The server allows or denies the request as specified the by the ACG for the resource and attribute and whether fine-grained access control is supported.
- If he is denied access, an explanation of why all or part of his request was denied should be provided (so that it becomes possible to detect errors, and so that he may modify the request -- potentially to include making a request for such privileges).
- Adam would ideally like to know whether he will be able to perform an Action on a Resource before attempting such - i.e., whether he will have to authenticate before he is able to Read or Write the Resource.
3.2 Editing of Access Control Rules using HTTP
- Bart's user Agent logs on to a server and requests:
- the ability to read a group of related resources such as all the papers presented at a conference.
- the ability to update an attribute of related resources, for example, to add a copyright notice to each resource.
- Employees with job titles VP or SVP can sign (update) supplier contracts.
- Charlie, the Webmaster, would like to grant read access to the papers presented at a conference to all the people who attended the conference.
3.3 User Interface Scenarios
Eddie's HTTP based user agent would like to provide a user interface to allow where possible Eddie to
- know if he can edit or delete a resource
- know what he would have to do to have access to a resource ( be someone's friend, be part of a club, have paid a fee )
- allow Eddie to edit the access control rules for a resource such as
- allowing friends of his to access a document
- allowing friends of his to POST notifications to a container, but only read a subset of the contents of the container, those posted by that agent for example
- allowing all the members of the LDP WG to create and edit resources ( including LDPCs ) under a specific URL pattern
- allowing all friends of friends as expressed by the foaf:knows relations in one's foaf profile to POST comments to a container related to some content, and edit their own comments
- allowing the members of the LDP WG, the RWW CG, the WebID CG, and the member of the European Ontologist Network, to work together on set of ontologies. It should be possible to drag and drop URLs for these groups, found on the web, onto the User Interface as a way of creating the union of the members of the group.
- An Agent must be able to authenticate herself to a server with an identifier or as the owner of a token (All use cases )
- Ability of an authorized agent to CREATE, EDIT, UPDATE relevant ACGs, enabling:
- Ability to specify a collection of agents, identifying agents with URIs, URI patterns, or by description -- (Use case 3.2, 3.2, 3.2)
- Ability to specify a collection of resources -- identified by URIs or URI patterns, or by description -- with a specified access policy. (Use case 3.2, 3.2)
- Ability to connect a collection of agents with a collection of resources with given access privileges. (All use cases)
- Ability to specify access privileges at a fine-grained level. (Usecase 3.2)
- Ability for a server to describe access control policies for a resource (Usecase 3.3)
- Ability for a server to potentially describe reasons for access being disallowed in a machine readable format
- Ability for a user-agent to be able to find the ACG for a given resource
5 Outline of a Charter for a Access Control WG
An Access Control Graph (ACG) consists of two kinds of collections: a collection of agents and a collection of resources. It then connects a collection of agents with a collection of resources with the connection identifying the privileges the agents have on the resources: CREATE, READ, UPDATE, DELETE.
The members of the collection of agents contain tokens that the agents obtain from some authentication service. The members of the collection of resources are URIs or URI templates.
The WG will need to decide whether it also wants to define fine-grained access control at an attribute level.
- Define the collections that are part of the ACG and define how a collection of agents is connected to a connection of resources.
- Describe a proof-of-concept implementation of how a request for access to a resource by an agent can be processed efficiently with the ACG structure defined above.


text:
NEW ULM A historical impersonator of St. Paul's very first public school teacher provided a snapshot of a time and place in history Saturday during the Junior Pioneers Winter Social.
Suzanne de la Houssaye, of the Minnesota Historical Society, performed as Harriet Bishop, who was instrumental in making St. Paul's school into a public school, promoting the national profile of Minnesota and pushing the temperance movement. She was also part of the initial rush of writers and intellectuals to write about the U.S. Dakota Conflict, writing her own record named "Dakota War Whoop."
Bishop was an intensely religious Baptist woman who believed in the imminent coming of the Rapture and the need to exuberantly preach the Gospel to all that could hear it. She was also considered an intellectual in the Twin Cities at that time and was instrumental in helping to build the major cities up. She started the St. Paul school in 1847, starting in essentially a log cabin and rapidly growing the number of students until her successful efforts to make it the town's first public school. She even raised Minnesota's profile as a healthy destination to settle due to its "sturdy weather," erroneously claiming certain diseases of the time simply did not exist in Minnesota.
Staff photo by Josh Moniz
Suzanne de la Houssaye, of the Minnesota Historical Society, performed as Harriet Bishop, St. Paul's first public school teacher, on Saturday at the Junior Pioneers Winter Social.
She had several forms of compassion for the Dakota people, but was equally a product of her time in believing the only right way forward was for them to wholly adopt European culture and traditions. She wrote her book from a very emotional standpoint, aimed at drawing up the image of women and children hiding in the basements in New Ulm. Her book also carried many inaccuracies believed at the time and tried to paint Charles Flandreau as the sole savior of the battle at New Ulm at the start of the Conflict. Her spin on the Conflict is largely believed to be due to its elements making a serious impact on her. But, she still fell in the middle of the white settler's beliefs after the Conflict, neither advocating for the extermination of the Dakota people nor being among those who fully accepted the Dakota's right to an independent heritage.
Interestingly, she had an almost comically stern view of New Ulm citizens at the time, believing the myths that they were all progressive atheists who forbid priests in their city limits. She literally referred to them as "the infidel Germans" in her book and made indications to somewhat held belief at the time that the Conflict was God's judgment on the town. She also judge New Ulm for having dance halls, which some strict religious sects objected to around that time, and because she believed they would often perform the taboo act of drinking on holy days.
She married a widower who served in the U.S. Civil War. The common practice during the time was for widowers to quickly remarry, which was sometimes a sheer matter of survival. It was also a more common occurrence during that time due to the high rate of deaths during childbirth, which was often caused by doctors trying to help women without knowing about the deadly diseases hiding on their hands. However, she eventually undertook the uncommon act of divorcing her husband due to his abusive alcoholism. Her husband's circumstance was frighteningly common, largely due to numerous Civil War veterans returning without any help for psychological issues from their service.
This led to her heavy advocacy for the temperance movement, which would eventually see Prohibition passed after her death. She personally was one of the founding members of the Christian Women's Temperance Union. Her cause in that infamous movement was aimed at combatting a very real issue of the day: the prospect of the husband, the only one allowed in that time to earn the living wages, drinking away all the month's food money due to alcoholism. The people of that time drank more than three times more alcohol per week on a normal basis than most people drink today. The movement believed the end of alcohol would address the majority of the terrible acts of abuse laid on women and children at the time. Bishop's belief in the temperance movement even largely influenced how she saw alcohol negatively affecting the Dakota people. She never lived long enough to see Prohibition, but she did see a roughly one year implementation of the "Maine law" that banned alcohol in select locations in the Twin Cities.
The temperance movement was also intrinsically linked to intense advocacy for suffrage and abolition.
Suzanne de la Houssaye said Bishop was a fascinating woman of her time. She said the Minnesota Historical Society is interested in telling her story, as well as not grazing over her issues in the depiction of the Dakota Conflict to provide a better dialogue about the events.
Josh Moniz can be e-mailed at _EMAIL_.