How to Open Bak File | What is Bak File
Last Updated on July 30, 2020
A file that has been saved as BAK extension is said to be a backup file of an application mainly used to store a copy of files for backup purposes. Most of the BAK files present in a computer system are automatically generated by a program into the system folders. Such BAK files can hold onto anything, starting from the bookmarks of a web browser to files of a software application that needs to be periodically backed up. When an application is said to be saving the recently made changes to the data stored in the computer, it does rename the older file extension BAK with a new one, so that even if the application crashes in one way or another, the lost data can be recollected. This way, minimal data loss can be guaranteed in the first place.
Most of the.bak files that are created and stored automatically are database backups representing the SQL Server databases; yet, other programs such as Word and Excel can also create such backup files. There is no kind of standard program available to import or extract information directly from files that are saved with BAK extension. Restoring the.bak file is the only way to view and edit the content that is backed up through a software application. If you have XLS extension file then you need to use the excel application to open XLS file.
Steps to Open.bak file
As discussed above, the.bak files can either be automatically or manually created by multiple programs and if you have no clue about the file's history, then you need to follow few steps that can help in rightly extracting the information present within the backed up file.
If at all you do know anything regarding the file's history related to the program from which it has been backed up and exported form, then you need to open up the desired program and search for restoring options through them.
Possible ways to open SQL saved BAK file
The following is a set of instructions that you need to follow to open the BAK file that is stored as a backup from SQL Server. To access the information stored as a backup file, it must be restored to its original state. If you try to open.bak saved file using Notepad like text editors, then you can only end up witnesses a list of messed up characters.
 1. Open up SSMS (SQL Server Management Studio).
 2. From the database that you are about to restore BAK file, right-click upon it and then navigate to Tasks and then click Restore and then Database, as mentioned the BAK file
 3. Select 'From Device' option and then click on it to browse and load the.bak file from the destined folder the BAK file
 4. A 'Specify Backup' window shall pop-up, in which you need to click upon the 'Add' button to choose the previously saved file extension BAK.
 file extension BAK
 5. The next screen will hold on the directory of the local drive that is present in your computer system. Navigate to the folder that has the.bak file and select it to start with the restoring process.file extension BAK
 6. Once the file has been selected, click upon the 'OK' button and then again press the 'OK' button to get back to the initial screen.
 7. Make sure to tick upon both 'emptyTransaction Log Backup' and 'Full Database Backup' to successfully restore the file.file extension BAK
 8. Once both these options are selected, press upon the 'OK' button and wait until the below-mentioned window pops up.file extension BAK
Now all the backed-up databases are online and you can easily access them at your convenience.
Renaming the extension:
If you do know the appropriate extension of the program that has created the.bak file, then it can be restored by renaming them to its original extension format. For example, if you are looking forward to opening the BAK file that has been identified as a Word document, then then you must remove the bak extension and rename it using DOC extension.
If the desired file name has been saved as "mydocument.bak", then you need to change the file type by renaming it to "mydocument.doc". After renaming it, you can directly open the file using Microsoft Word and access the saved content. The same process applies for.bak files that are saved as a backup file of a Notepad document. You need to rename the.bak file extension as.txt to view the data saved in them.
Finding the original file format of a backed-up.bak file:
If you are clueless about a.bak file present in your laptop or personal computer, and not able to figure out the exact program that created them, then you need to open it as a text document using text converter software like Best Free Text Editors. By trying to open the BAK file through such text editors, you can find the exact program that has backed up the data in the first instance. All you need to do is to read through the loaded text file and search for the extensions that can indicate the original file extension in one way or another.
For example, if at all the file has been named "file.bak" and said to be found in an odd folder in your hard drive, then you need to open it up using text editor software at first. The below-mentioned image showcases an opened.bak file using Notepad++ text editor. You can witness letters like "ID3" present within the loaded file. If you tend to search online, then you can understand and be clear that it is a metadata container that is widely used in MP3 file formats. Now, all you need to do is to rename the "file.bak" to "file.mp3" to immediately restore and access the BAK file.
open the BAK file
Similarly, if at all the BAK opened in a text editor shows various a bunch of tables or text like elements, then you need to realize that the original file format is said to be CSV. Follow the same renaming process by adding.csv in the place of.bak and then open it using Microsoft Excel to get to know more about the saved data files.


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CLEVELAND, OH.- The Cleveland Museum of Art
showcases works of art by Fu Baoshi, a preeminent figure in twentieth-century Chinese art, in an exhibition opening this fall. Chinese Art in an Age of Revolution: Fu Baoshi (_PHONE_) is the first retrospective in the Western Hemisphere of the artist who revolutionized the tradition of Chinese ink painting. The exhibition reveals the process of the artists self-discovery and personal struggle, as well as the complexity of art and politics in Republican and Communist China. Featuring 90 works on loan from the Nanjing Museum, one of the oldest and most comprehensive museums in China, this is the first collaboration between the Cleveland Museum of Art and the Nanjing Museum. The exhibition will be on view at the Cleveland Museum of Art from October 16, 2011 through January 8, 2012 and is the first time this work will be viewed outside China. It will then travel to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York from January 30 through April 29, 2012.
Given the strength of the Cleveland Museum of Arts Asian collection and scholarship, were particularly excited to be contributing to the study and exhibition of one of Chinas most important modern artists, says David Franklin, Cleveland Museum of Art Director. Additionally, the project highlights our close relationship with the Nanjing Museum and further attests to our desire to create exhibitions of true originality.
Chinese Art in an Age of Revolution: Fu Baoshi (_PHONE_) considers the full scope of Fu Baoshis artistic career from the 1920s to 1965 within the art‐historical, social, political and cultural contexts. From traditional‐style landscape and figure paintings demonstrating Fus artistic excellence and profundity, to political artwork manifesting state ideology under Chairman Mao Zedong, the wide variety of work that is exhibited demonstrates the artists search for an artistic language capable of speaking for both self and the nation. Fu Baoshis art provides an important insight into the use of native tradition to present modern Chinese ink painting as a discipline distinct from Western and international socialist art of the time. It was symbolic of the Chinese view of their place and national identity in the world during the twentieth century.
Fu Baoshis art represents the quest for beauty even in the most difficult circumstances, says Anita Chung, PhD, curator of Chinese art for the Cleveland Museum of Art. It has an aesthetic appeal that transcends history and distance in time and space, and, in this respect, the exhibition concerns aesthetics as much as context in light of the nationalistic sentiment and political ideology that shaped Fus expression in an age of crisis.
The exhibition focuses on specific aspects of modern Chinese art during revolutionary change, including the reinvention of a national style of Chinese painting (guohua), the role of Japan in Chinas modern art discourses and the new meanings of ink painting in the Peoples Republic of China. It traces the development and transformation of Fus paintings at different stages of his life as he embraced Chinese art history and Eastern aesthetics with his early experiences in Japan, developed individual styles in his 1940s landscapes and figure paintings, transformed ink and brush in service to the masses after the Communist victories in 1949, and captured Chinas territories with patriotic conviction in his late landscapes of the 1950s and 1960s.
Highlights of Chinese Art in an Age of Revolution: Fu Baoshi (_PHONE_) include:
Qu Yuan, 1942. Fu Baoshi created this compelling image of the ancient poet-statesman Qu Yuan, emphasizing his psychological suffering before his suicide in the Miluo River. The image sheds light on the grievances and pathos of Chinas modern intellectuals in the face of war and political corruption.
Plucking the Yuan, 1945. Beauty embodying refined elegance and music invoking the feeling of ecstasy, this painting portrays three women using music for inner cultivation and self-improvement. It affirms certain human values and cultural ideals in an eventful age.
Whispering Rain at Dusk, 1945. This work represents Fu Baoshis signature style in landscape depiction and shows his sensitive use of the brush, ink, color, light and atmosphere to depict a stormy scene during World War II.
Gottwaldov, 1957. A vivid image of the smoggy, industrial city of Gottwaldov (present day Zlìn) in the Czech Republic, painted during his official visit to Eastern Europe, Fus portrayal is characterized by a dark mystery, which makes it a powerful statement on modern industrialization, subject to the viewers interpretation.
Swimming: Poem of Mao Zedong, 1958. The subject of this painting is Mao swimming across the Yangzi River. He is depicted floating in the river, with only his head visible above the surface of the water. Mao swam across the river many times, in which he found the inspiration for his plan of taming the Yangzi with human structures, as laid out in his 1956 poem Swimming.
Heavenly Lake and Flying Waterfall, 1961. This strikingly simple and abstract composition effectively captures the awe-inspiring beauty of Changbai Falls, which flows from a river outlet of the lake on top of Changbai Mountain in Jilin Province, on the border with North Korea. Glittering in the light, the silvery white water stands out against the deep, black ink washes creating the precipitous cliffs.
Heaven and Earth Glowing Red, 1964. The red globe of the earth floats in rose-colored air. Natural phenomena, including a pine tree, rock, falling leaves, ocean, wind, mist and lightning, are incorporated in an abstract design for romanticizing Chinese communist revolution. This is Fus interpretation of the political abstractions of the time based on Maos poetry. It fulfills the political requirement to direct art in the service of the Party and the masses.
The Nanjing Museum, which is loaning the works, currently houses the most significant collection of Fu Baoshis art that escaped destruction during the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (_PHONE_), because they were preserved by both the Fu family and the museum after the artists death in 1965.
The Nanjing Museum is delighted to collaborate with the Cleveland Museum of Art in exhibiting across the Pacific the finest of Fus works from our museums collection, says Director Gong Liang of the Nanjing Museum. The American audience will not only experience the beauty of Chinese painting but also come to understand the extraordinary artistic sentiments of this modern Chinese master.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Crystal Grids - Sacred Geometry
Crystal grids are an incredibly powerful energy tool to use when manifesting your desires, goals and intentions. You may be asking yourself, what is the difference between using individual stones versus a crystal grid? The power of a crystal grid comes from the union of energies created between the healing stones, sacred geometry and your intention. The combination of the power of crystals in a geometric pattern greatly strengthens your focused intention to manifest results much quicker.
Below are some that we have to offer online and in-store


_USER_ {Evans2011, title = {{Electrical lithosphere beneath the Kaapvaal craton, southern Africa}}, journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, volume = {116}, number = {B4}, year = {2011}, month = {apr}, pages = {B04105}, abstract = {A regional-scale magnetotelluric (MT) experiment across the southern African Kaapvaal craton and surrounding terranes, called the Southern African Magnetotelluric Experiment (SAMTEX), has revealed complex structure in the lithospheric mantle. Large variations in maximum resistivity at depths to 200-250 km relate directly to age and tectonic provenance of surface structures. Within the central portions of the Kaapvaal craton are regions of resistive lithosphere about 230 km thick, in agreement with estimates from xenolith thermobarometry and seismic surface wave tomography, but thinner than inferred from seismic body wave tomography. The MT data are unable to discriminate between a completely dry or slightly "damp" (a few hundred parts per million of water) structure within the transitional region at the base of the lithosphere. However, the structure of the uppermost \~{}150 km of lithosphere is consistent with enhanced, but still low, conductivities reported for hydrous olivine and orthopyroxene at levels of water reported for Kaapvaal xenoliths. The electrical lithosphere around the Kimberley and Premier diamond mines is thinner than the maximum craton thickness found between Kimberley and Johannesburg/Pretoria. The mantle beneath the Bushveld Complex is highly conducting at depths around 60 km. Possible explanations for these high conductivities include graphite or sulphide and/or iron metals associated with the Bushveld magmatic event. We suggest that one of these conductive phases (most likely melt-related sulphides) could electrically connect iron-rich garnets in a garnet-rich eclogitic composition associated with a relict subduction slab. Copyright 2011 by the American Geophysical Union.}, issn = {0148-0227}, doi = {10.1029/2010JB007883}, url = {_URL_ author = {Evans, Rob L. and Jones, Alan G. and Garcia, Xavier and Muller, Mark and Hamilton, Mark and Evans, Shane and Fourie, C. J. S. and Spratt, Jessica and Webb, Susan and Jelsma, Hielke and Hutchins, Dave} } _USER_ {Jones2009, title = {{Area selection for diamonds using magnetotellurics: Examples from southern Africa}}, journal = {Lithos}, volume = {112}, year = {2009}, month = {nov}, pages = {83{\textendash}92}, abstract = {Southern Africa, particularly the Kaapvaal Craton, is one of the world{\textquoteright}s best natural laboratories for studying the lithospheric mantle given the wealth of xenolith and seismic data that exist for it. The Southern African Magnetotelluric Experiment (SAMTEX) was launched to complement these databases and provide further constraints on physical parameters and conditions by obtaining information about electrical conductivity variations laterally and with depth. Initially it was planned to acquire magnetotelluric data on profiles spatially coincident with the Kaapvaal Seismic Experiment, however with the addition of seven more partners to the original four through the course of the experiment, SAMTEX was enlarged from two to four phases of acquisition, and extended to cover much of Botswana and Namibia. The complete SAMTEX dataset now comprises MT data from over 730 distinct locations in an area of over one million square kilometres, making SAMTEX the largest regional-scale MT experiment conducted to date. Preliminary images of electrical resistivity and electrical resistivity anisotropy at 100 km and 200 km, constructed through approximate one-dimensional methods, map resistive regions spatially correlated with the Kaapvaal, Zimbabwe and Angola Cratons, and more conductive regions spatially associated with the neighbouring mobile belts and the Rehoboth Terrane. Known diamondiferous kimberlites occur primarily on the boundaries between the resistive or isotropic regions and conductive or anisotropic regions. Comparisons between the resistivity image maps and seismic velocities from models constructed through surface wave and body wave tomography show spatial correlations between high velocity regions that are resistive, and low velocity regions that are conductive. In particular, the electrical resistivity of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle of the Kaapvaal Craton is determined by its bulk parameters, so is controlled by a bulk matrix property, namely temperature, and to a lesser degree by iron content and composition, and is not controlled by contributions from interconnected conducting minor phases, such as graphite, sulphides, iron oxides, hydrous minerals, etc. This makes quantitative correlations between velocity and resistivity valid, and a robust regression between the two gives an approximate relationship of Vs [m/s] = 0.045 * log(resistivity [ohm m]) + 4.5. {\textcopyright} 2009.}, keywords = {Cratonic lithosphere, Diamond exploration, Electrical conductivity, Kaapvaal Craton, Sub-continental lithospheric mantle, Zimbabwe Craton}, issn = {00244937}, doi = {10.1016/j.lithos.2009.06.011}, url = {_URL_ author = {Jones, Alan G. and Evans, Rob L. and Muller, Mark R. and Hamilton, Mark P. and Miensopust, Marion P. and Garcia, Xavier and Cole, Patrick and Ngwisanyi, Tiyapo and Hutchins, David and Fourie, C.J.S. and Jelsma, Hielke and Evans, Shane and Aravanis, Theo and Pettit, Wayne and Webb, Sue and Wasborg, Jan} } _USER_ {Garcia2008, title = {{Robust processing of magnetotelluric data in the AMT dead band using the continuous wavelet transform}}, journal = {GEOPHYSICS}, volume = {73}, number = {6}, year = {2008}, month = {nov}, pages = {F223{\textendash}F234}, abstract = {The energy sources for magnetotellurics (MT) at frequencies above 8 Hz are electromagnetic waves generated by distant lightning storms propagating globally within the earth-ionosphere waveguide. The nature of the sources and properties of this waveguide display diurnal and seasonal variations that can cause significant signal amplitude attenuation, especially at 1-5 kHz frequencies - the so-called audiomagnetotelluric (AMT) dead band. This lack of energy results in unreliable MT response estimates; and, given that in crystalline environments ore bodies located at some _PHONE_-m depth are sensed initially by AMT data within the dead band, this leads to poor inherent geometric resolution of target structures. We propose a new time-series processing technique that uses localization properties of the wavelet transform to select the most energetic events. Subsequently, two coherence thresholds and a series of robust weights are implemented to obtain the most reliable MT response estimates. Finally, errors are estimated using a nonparametric jackknife algorithm. We applied this algorithm to AMT data collected in northern Canada. These data were processed previously using traditional robust algorithms and using a telluric-telluric magnetotelluric (TTMT) technique. The results show a significant improvement in estimates for the AMT dead band and permit their quantitative interpretation. {\textcopyright} 2008 Society of Exploration Geophysicists. All rights reserved.}, issn = {0016-8033}, doi = {10.1190/_PHONE_}, url = {_URL_ author = {Garcia, Xavier and Jones, Alan G.} }


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Dermatologist near Herndon area provides tips for keeping the skin youthful looking and beautiful
Smoking, excessive sun exposure and basking in tanning beds can expedite the process of aging. This can lead to unwanted wrinkles and lines on the face or other areas of the body. Therefore, it is critical to avoid certain habits and keep the skin hydrated and healthy. When residents in Herndon and the surrounding areas want advice on how to keep their skin youthful looking and beautiful, they seek the expertise of a dermatologist. They are often delighted to find a team of highly respected dermatologists at Dermatology Associates of Northern Virginia, Inc. We are happy to highlight three ways to keep the skin healthy and gorgeous.
- Avoid or quit smoking. Advertisements try to lure people into smoking by showing attractive men and women smoking cigarettes and enjoying life. However, the truth is smoking can wreak havoc on overall health and wellbeing. Nicotine in cigarettes can narrow the blood vessels in the top layers of skin, limiting the oxygen and nutrient supply to the skin. Collagen keeps skin firm and supple; however, the chemicals in tobacco can damage this protein. As a result, wrinkles can develop. Therefore, we recommend you avoid smoking or stop the habit to help prevent any detrimental effects on your health.
- Avoid excessive sun exposure. Over time, the sun's ultraviolet rays can damage skin fibers. When they break down, skin can lose its elasticity and begin to sag. Therefore, it is critical to wear sunscreen regardless of ethnic background or the temperature outside. It is important to wear a broad-spectrum sunscreen of at least SPF 30 daily. This can keep skin looking youthful and help prevent wrinkles from developing prematurely.
- Avoid tanning beds. Although tanning salons promise a golden glow while basking under the UV light, this method for achieving bronze skin can be detrimental to your health. Your risk of developing melanoma, the most severe type of skin cancer, increases. In addition, tanning beds can expedite the process of aging and lead to premature wrinkles and lines. Tanning beds are simply not worth the health risk.
The award-winning team at Dermatology Associates of Northern Virginia, Inc. is committed to helping you keep your skin healthy and beautiful. We can tailor a skin care regimen to meet your unique needs. To schedule a consultation with one of our dermatologists, call our Sterling or Centreville office at _PHONE_ or _PHONE_.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Maintaining Brewing Excellence at Greene King
For over two hundred years, the master brewers of Greene King have been brewing fine ales in the heart of Suolk, in historic Bury St Edmunds, where they have been making beer since the time of the doomsdy book. They use the country's finet locally grown barley from the bread basket of England, malted just two miles from the brewery. Water is still dawn from the chalk aquifer beneath the brewery – the same that Benjamin Greene and Frederick King used when they fist started making beer 200 years ago. However Greene King has also to stay abreast of the times as thy have many of today's business challenges that are faced by other manufacturers. They recently completely refurbished their brewing and ancillary control systems using Wonderware InTouch and Historian.
It is crucial in modern brewery control that everything stays under control and everything is executed at the right time.To achieve this one requires reliable controllers and supervisory systems. Also the data within controllers can provide a rich source of manufacturing information. t Greene King it was decided that a phased upgrade of controllers and supervisory systems was required. This was primarily because of an accruing business risk in their increasingly legacy systems combined with the need to make other improvements which would require more functionalit. Modern manufacturing information and ontrol is now usually undertaken on a modular, 'object-driven' basis, thus the selection of anappropriate solution as critial as one has to live with the decisions that are taken at the outset.


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|The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for: BlackBerry.|
BlackBerry is a line of mobile phones made by the Canadian company BlackBerry (originally known as Research In Motion, or RIM, NASDAQ:BBRY). It does many different things like a computer but is small enough to fit in someone's hand. It is a mobile phone; it makes calls without wires. It can access the Internet as well. It also has a calendar and camera, and can send text messages. The BlackBerry started out as a pager and later turned into a mobile phone. The BlackBerry has a PIN which is a eight character hexadecimal identification number which is given to every BlackBerry phone. The President of The United States Barack Obama uses and supports the BlackBerry.
References[change | change source]
Other websites[change | change source]
- BlackBerry - Official website


a type string, and the data. The ID is unique to the formatter implementation that created the data. Frontends will typically ignore the ID unless if it has requested a particular formatter. The type string tells the frontend how to interpret the data. It is often, but not always a MIME type. Frontends should ignore types that it does not understand. The data itself is any JSON object and depends on the format. It is often, but not always a string. Message type: ''pyout'':: content = { # The counter for this execution is also provided so that clients can # display it, since IPython automatically creates variables called _N # (for prompt N). 'execution_count' : int, # The data dict contains key/value pairs, where the kids are MIME # types and the values are the raw data of the representation in that # format. The data dict must minimally contain the ''text/plain'' # MIME type which is used as a backup representation. 'data' : dict, } Python errors ------------- When an error occurs during code execution Message type: ''pyerr'':: content = { # Similar content to the execute_reply messages for the 'error' case, # except the'status' field is omitted. } Kernel status ------------- This message type is used by frontends to monitor the status of the kernel. Message type: ''status'':: content = { # When the kernel starts to execute code, it will enter the 'busy' # state and when it finishes, it will enter the 'idle' state. execution_state : ('busy', 'idle') } Kernel crashes -------------- When the kernel has an unexpected exception, caught by the last-resort sys.excepthook, we should broadcast the crash handler's output before exiting. This will allow clients to notice that a kernel died, inform the user and propose further actions. Message type: ''crash'':: content = { # Similarly to the 'error' case for execute_reply messages, this will # contain ename, etype and traceback fields. # An additional field with supplementary information such as where to # send the crash message 'info' : str, } Future ideas ------------ Other potential message types, currently unimplemented, listed below as ideas. Message type: ''file'':: content = { 'path' : 'cool.jpg','mimetype' : str, 'data' : str, } Messages on the stdin ROUTER/DEALER sockets =========================================== This is a socket where the request/reply pattern goes in the opposite direction: from the kernel to a *single* frontend, and its purpose is to allow ''raw_input'' and similar operations that read from ''sys.stdin'' on the kernel to be fulfilled by the client. The request should be made to the frontend that made the execution request that prompted ''raw_input'' to be called. For now we will keep these messages as simple as possible, since they only mean to convey the ''raw_input(prompt)'' call. Message type: ''input_request'':: content = { 'prompt' : str } Message type: ''input_reply'':: content = { 'value' : str }.. Note:: We do not explicitly try to forward the raw ''sys.stdin'' object, because in practice the kernel should behave like an interactive program. When a program is opened on the console, the keyboard effectively takes over the ''stdin'' file descriptor, and it can't be used for raw reading anymore. Since the IPython kernel effectively behaves like a console program (albeit one whose "keyboard" is actually living in a separate process and transported over the zmq connection), raw ''stdin'' isn't expected to be available. Heartbeat for kernels ===================== Initially we had considered using messages like those above over ZMQ for a kernel 'heartbeat' (a way to detect quickly and reliably whether a kernel is alive at all, even if it may be busy executing user code). But this has the problem that if the kernel is locked inside extension code, it wouldn't execute the python heartbeat code. But it turns out that we can implement a basic heartbeat with pure ZMQ, without using any Python messaging at all. The monitor sends out a single zmq message (right now, it is a str of the monitor's lifetime in seconds), and gets the same message right back, prefixed with the zmq identity of the DEALER socket in the heartbeat process. This can be a uuid, or even a full message, but there doesn't seem to be a need for packing up a message when the sender and receiver are the exact same Python object. The model is this:: monitor.send(str(self.lifetime)) # '_PHONE_' and the monitor receives some number of messages of the form:: ['uuid-abcd-dead-beef', '_PHONE_'] where the first part is the zmq.IDENTITY of the heart's DEALER on the engine, and the rest is the message sent by the monitor. No Python code ever has any access to the message between the monitor's send, and the monitor's recv. ToDo ==== Missing things include: * Important: finish thinking through the payload concept and API. * Important: ensure that we have a good solution for magics like %edit. It's likely that with the payload concept we can build a full solution, but not 100% clear yet. * Finishing the details of the heartbeat protocol. * Signal handling: specify what kind of information kernel should broadcast (or not) when it receives signals... include::../links.rst


Comprehensive software reviews to make better IT decisions
Don't Assume Payroll Is Your Highest BC/DR Priority
Workarounds and buffers in the payroll cycle make it far less time-sensitive than most organizations think. Payroll is often automatically labeled as Tier 1 in BC/DR planning, and mistakenly given a higher priority than other truly time-sensitive services (e.g. customer-facing services).
Most organizations can tolerate a day of downtime and still execute an accurate payroll run, so high availability (HA) is not required. Furthermore, even if your normal payroll can't be executed, there are workarounds to ensure at least base salaries are paid, limiting the impact.
Ensure you are clear on the following before assuming payroll can't tolerate any downtime:
 - Payroll time-sensitivity
 - Workarounds to reduce payroll risk
 - Criteria for assessing criticality
We'll look at these issues from the perspective of a Financial Services organization, but the same concepts are true for most industries.
Clarify Time-Sensitivity in Your Payroll Process
Document and review your payroll process to identify time-sensitive steps. Typically, the most time-sensitive step is the actual creation, review/approval, and submission of the payroll file. Clarify how much leeway you have. For example:
 - Typically payroll files are submitted Tuesday night or Wednesday morning, and payment goes out end of day Thursday (to show up Friday in bank accounts).
 - The net result is most organizations have a 24-hour window (e.g. Wednesday morning to Thursday morning) to recover from a payroll disruption. HA is not required.
 - If you have other services where impact is felt more immediately (again, consider client-facing services), they need to be prioritized higher both in terms of recovery order and disaster recovery (DR) investment (e.g. invest in HA for your phone system if that is core to customer service and sales before investing in HA for your payroll system).
Similarly, consider other time-sensitive steps, such as submission of timesheets and payroll adjustments (e.g. salary changes, bonuses awarded). For example:
 - Timesheets (or equivalent) might be due on Friday, which allows time on Monday to process changes and review exceptions.
 - If time collection was delayed to Monday due to a Friday outage, can that delay be absorbed?
 - Also consider adjusting your process (e.g. alter your deadline for time entry and payroll adjustments).
Formalize Workarounds to Further Reduce Payroll Risk and Time-Sensitivity
Every organization I've worked with has been able to identify a workaround, but it needs to be formalized, tested, and pre-approved to avoid delays and mistakes in executing those workarounds.
Work with your Finance team to identify what fits your requirements. Below are a few examples:
Workaround 1: Create and maintain a base payroll file as a stop-gap.
This ensures all staff receive at least their base pay. For part-time staff, use the average hours worked. Alternatively, allocate the upper-end of the range of hours worked by part-time staff to err on the side of overpayment.
Workaround 2: Modify base payroll file to get closer to an accurate payroll run.
This option works in conjunction with Workaround 1, but takes it a step further if possible depending on the nature of the outage. The goal here would be to resolve the most problematic issues to minimize goodwill impact with staff and reconciliation efforts for next payroll. For example, remove part-time staff who did not work that pay period.
Workaround 3: Instruct your bank (or payroll service provider) to re-run the same payroll file from the previous pay period.
This is the easiest option and ensures staff are paid a reasonable (if not accurate) salary, but is also potentially the most problematic as it does not allow for adjustments and variability week to week. Potential issues include:
 - Casual or part-time staff whose hours might vary greatly.
 - Variable compensation (bonuses, commission, etc.).
 - Salary adjustments due to promotions.
For all of the above workarounds, be prepared to:
 - Work with your bank (or payroll service provider) to clarify options and limitations (e.g. options for submitting a payroll file late, or making adjustments after submission).
 - If you have to execute a workaround, communicate payroll status and the plans to reconcile discrepancies (e.g. that staff will only receive base pay, and when/how discrepancies will be resolved).
 - Manage exceptions:
 - Give managers the ability to escalate potential issues (e.g. an employee who counts on their monthly commission check to pay their mortgage).
 - Clarify the process for approving and providing direct payments (e.g. hand-writing checks) where necessary to manage exceptions.
 - Reconcile discrepancies. This includes tracking actual payments made, plus ensuring that recovering payroll data (e.g. timesheet entries) is part of your disaster recovery plan (DRP) so that discrepancies can be identified and resolved.
Conduct a Business Impact Analysis to Assess Criticality
Payroll is a great example of why organizations need to conduct a business impact analysis (BIA) to determine criticality, rather than go by gut feel. Conduct a BIA to ensure payroll is properly ranked based on impact and time-sensitivity:
 - Financial/cost (e.g. inability to sell services: consider peak times such as RRSP season).
 - Goodwill or reputational impact (e.g. frustration over service delays, especially if there is also a cost impact for the customer due to delays processing investment requests).
 - Legal/regulatory compliance impact (e.g. delays in providing compliance reports).
 - Health and safety impact. For a Financial Services organization, this is typically not a relevant criteria. However, more-general examples might include impact on services that provide personal safety/security (e.g. for a university, this would include impact on campus security services such as patrols and security cameras).
For payroll disruptions, the impact is indirect (e.g. staff are upset about delays in pay or inaccurate pay, and that can affect job performance; however, ask yourself if staff in your organization would actually walk out and risk their careers over a one-day pay delay). Furthermore, some downtime can be incurred before there is any impact, and that impact can be mitigated by implementing workarounds.
 - Document and review your payroll process to better understand tolerance for downtime.
 - Identify and implement workarounds that fit your requirements.
 - Conduct a BIA to ensure payroll is properly ranked in your list of BC/DR planning priorities.
Bottom Line
Don't assume payroll is your highest priority for DR and business continuity. Yes, people need to be paid, but most payroll processes can tolerate downtime. Furthermore, workarounds can reduce payroll downtime risk without implementing an expensive HA solution.
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E3.2: Gestures: Sparrowhawk
TASK: Choose a simple gesture that you or another subject can perform. For example, a hand movement, pose, or facial expression. Represent the same gesture through static and moving media: for example a photograph or drawing, and moving image or a short animation.Compare the results. Are there different aspects of the gesture that you are […]


text:
Banishment in the Later Roman Empire, 284-476 CE
Published November 13th 2012 by Routledge – 240 pages
This book offers a reconstruction and interpretation of banishment in the final era of a unified Roman Empire, 284-476 CE. Author Daniel Washburn argues that exile was both a penalty and a symbol. It applied to those who committed a misstep or crossed the wrong person; it also stood as a marker of affliction or failure. Like other punishments, it articulated and cemented the power asymmetry between the punisher and the punished. Distinctively, it maneuvered the body of the banished in order to tell that tale. The process of banishment also operated as a form of negotiation between the party that exiled and the one banished. In so doing, the punishment offered the possibility for pardon, an event that glorified the pardoner and signaled submissiveness on the part of the restored.
In its sources, this work employs evidence from legal as well as literary materials to forge a complete picture of exile. To harvest all possible information from the period, it considers elements from the arenas of the early church and the Roman Empire. Methodologically, it situates ancient Christianity within the Roman world, while remaining sensitive to the distinct views and roles held by late antique bishops. While banishment played a major role in the history of the Later Empire, no work of scholarship has treated it as a topic in its own right.
Introduction 1. Varieties and Commonalities 2. Banishment and the Church 3. The Authorities 4. The Enforcers 5. The Banished 6. Life in Banishment 7. Return of the Exile Notes Bibliography Index
Daniel Washburn is an Instructor of Humanities at the Matteo Ricci College of Seattle University, USA.


text: Divorce and marital instability are commonplace, but how do happy marriages become unhappy? How do marriages develop and change? In this book, leading researchers present recent research and theory that addresses these questions. Unlike previous books on marriage, which tend to focus on simply describing the differences between happy and unhappy couples, this book focuses on how marital dysfunction develops among newlywed couples. This information will be valuable as programs are devised to prevent marital discord and instability.


text:
It is central to this strand that the MODE team is interdisciplinary in character. Its members are drawn from sociology, computer science, psychology, semiotics and linguistics, cultural and media studies, and psycho-social studies. This Strand will develop multimodal methodological approaches that combine methods from across social science disciplines in innovative ways. The strand will develop methods to enable the integration of data collected via qualitative and quantitative data (e.g. the use of multimodal theory to inform quantitative survey and interview data), and use interdisciplinary difference to sharpen the epistemological framework of multimodal research and the development of methods attuned to the demands of different disciplines.
Indicative topics: combining ethnographic and multimodal approaches; Applying multimodal approaches across the social sciences; methods for using multimodal frameworks with large scale data sets; combining visual and written data sets; visual methods from across the disciplines.
Indicative research questions: How can multimodal analysis productively relate to the theoretical and interpretive frameworks of different disciplines concerned with digital environments?What methods can be used to connect multimodal micro-analysis to macro-data (e.g. from quantitative approaches)? How can multimodal 'triangulation' combine different forms of digital data?
Click here for an overview of research and training activity in this strand.


B = BoolSort()
l0 = Function('l0',I,I,B)
l1 = Function('l1',I,I,B)
s = Fixedpoint()
s.set_predicate_representation(l0, 'interval_relation', 'bound_relation')
s.set_predicate_representation(l1, 'interval_relation', 'bound_relation')
m, x, y = Ints('m x y')
s.declare_var(m, x, y)
s.rule(l0(0,m), 0 < m)
s.rule(l0(x+1,m), [l0(x,m), x < m])
s.rule(l1(x,m), [l0(x,m), m <= x])
print "At l0 we learn that x, y are non-negative:"
print s.query(l0(x,y))
print s.get_answer()
print "At l1 we learn that x <= y and both x and y are bigger than 0:"
print s.query(l1(x,y))
print s.get_answer()
print "The state where x < y is not reachable"
print s.query(And(l1(x,y), x < y))
The example uses the option
to instrument Z3 to apply abstract interpretation widening on loop boundaries.
Engine for Property Directed Reachability
A different underlying engine for fixed-points is based on an algorithm for Property Directed Reachability (PDR). The PDR engine is enabled using the instruction
The version in Z3 applies to Horn clauses with arithmetic and Boolean domains. When using arithmetic you should enable the main abstraction engine used in Z3 for arithmetic in PDR.
The engine also works with domains using algebraic data-types and bit-vectors, although it is currently not overly tuned for either. The PDR engine is targeted at applications from symbolic model checking of software. The systems may be infinite state. The following examples also serve a purpose of showing how software model checking problems (of safety properties) can be embedded into Horn clauses and solved using PDR.
Procedure Calls
McCarthy's 91 function illustrates a procedure that calls itself recursively twice. The Horn clauses below encode the recursive function:
 mc(x) = if x > 100 then x - 10 else mc(mc(x+11))
The general scheme for encoding recursive procedures is by creating a predicate for each procedure and adding an additional output variable to the predicate. Nested calls to procedures within a body can be encoded as a conjunction of relations.
mc = Function('mc', IntSort(), IntSort(), BoolSort())
n, m, p = Ints('n m p')
fp = Fixedpoint()
fp.rule(mc(m, m-10), m > 100)
fp.rule(mc(m, n), [m <= 100, mc(m+11,p),mc(p,n)])
print fp.query(And(mc(m,n),n < 90))
print fp.get_answer()
print fp.query(And(mc(m,n),n < 91))
print fp.get_answer()
print fp.query(And(mc(m,n),n < 92))
print fp.get_answer()
The first two queries are unsatisfiable. The PDR engine produces the same proof of unsatisfiability. The proof is an inductive invariant for each recursive predicate. The PDR engine introduces a special query predicate for the query.
We can also prove invariants of reactive systems. It is convenient to encode reactive systems as guarded transition systems. It is perhaps for some not as convenient to directly encode guarded transitions as recursive Horn clauses. But it is fairly easy to write a translator from guarded transition systems to recursive Horn clauses. We illustrate a translator and Lamport's two process Bakery algorithm in the next example.
def flatten(l):
 return [s for t in l for s in t]
class TransitionSystem():
 def __init__(self, initial, transitions, vars1):
 self.fp = Fixedpoint()
 self.initial = initial
 self.transitions = transitions
 self.vars1 = vars1
 def declare_rels(self):
 B = BoolSort()
 var_sorts = [ v.sort() for v in self.vars1 ]
 state_sorts = var_sorts
 self.state_vals = [ v for v in self.vars1 ]
 self.state_sorts = state_sorts
 self.var_sorts = var_sorts
 self.state = Function('state', state_sorts + [ B ])
 self.step = Function('step', state_sorts + state_sorts + [ B ])
# Set of reachable states are transitive closure of step.
 def state0(self):
 idx = range(len(self.state_sorts))
 return self.state([Var(i,self.state_sorts[i]) for i in idx])
 def state1(self):
 n = len(self.state_sorts)
 return self.state([Var(i+n, self.state_sorts[i]) for i in range(n)])
 def rho(self):
 n = len(self.state_sorts)
 args1 = [ Var(i,self.state_sorts[i]) for i in range(n) ]
 args2 = [ Var(i+n,self.state_sorts[i]) for i in range(n) ]
 args = args1 + args2
 return self.step(args)
 def declare_reachability(self):
 self.fp.rule(self.state1(), [self.state0(), self.rho()])
# Define transition relation
 def abstract(self, e):
 n = len(self.state_sorts)
 sub = [(self.state_vals[i], Var(i,self.state_sorts[i])) for i in range(n)]
 return substitute(e, sub)
 def declare_transition(self, tr):
 len_s = len(self.state_sorts)
 effect = tr["effect"]
 vars1 = [Var(i,self.state_sorts[i]) for i in range(len_s)] + effect
 rho1 = self.abstract(self.step(vars1))
 guard = self.abstract(tr["guard"])
 self.fp.rule(rho1, guard)
 def declare_transitions(self):
 for t in self.transitions:
 def declare_initial(self):
 def query(self, query):
 query = And(self.state0(), self.abstract(query))
 print self.fp
 print query
 print self.fp.query(query)
 print self.fp.get_answer()
# print self.fp.statistics()
L = Datatype('L')
L = L.create()
L0 = L.L0
L1 = L.L1
L2 = L.L2
y0 = Int('y0')
y1 = Int('y1')
l = Const('l', L)
m = Const('m', L)
t1 = { "guard" : l == L0,
 "effect" : [ L1, y1 + 1, m, y1 ] }
t2 = { "guard" : And(l == L1, Or([y0 <= y1, y1 == 0])),
 "effect" : [ L2, y0, m, y1 ] }
t3 = { "guard" : l == L2,
 "effect" : [ L0, IntVal(0), m, y1 ]}
s1 = { "guard" : m == L0,
 "effect" : [ l, y0, L1, y0 + 1 ] }
s2 = { "guard" : And(m == L1, Or([y1 <= y0, y0 == 0])),
 "effect" : [ l, y0, L2, y1 ] }
s3 = { "guard" : m == L2,
 "effect" : [ l, y0, L0, IntVal(0) ]}
ptr = TransitionSystem( And(l == L0, y0 == 0, m == L0, y1 == 0),
 [t1, t2, t3, s1, s2, s3],
 [l, y0, m, y1])
ptr.query(And([l == L2, m == L2 ]))
The rather verbose (and in no way minimal) inductive invariants are produced as answers.
Functional Programs
We can also verify some properties of functional programs using Z3's generalized PDR. Let us here consider an example from Predicate Abstraction and CEGAR for Higher-Order Model Checking, Kobayashi PLDI 2011. We encode functional programs by taking a suitable operational semantics and encoding an evaluator that is specialized to the program being verified (we don't encode a general purpose evaluator, you should partial evaluate it to help verification). We use algebraic data-types to encode the current closure that is being evaluated.
# let max max2 x y z = max2 (max2 x y) z
# let f x y = if x > y then x else y
# assert (f (max f x y z) x) = (max f x y z)
Expr = Datatype('Expr')
Expr.declare('I', ('i', IntSort()))
Expr.declare('App', ('fn',Expr),('arg',Expr))
Expr = Expr.create()
Max = Expr.Max
I = Expr.I
App = Expr.App
f = Expr.f
Eval = Function('Eval',Expr,Expr,Expr,BoolSort())
x = Const('x',Expr)
y = Const('y',Expr)
z = Const('z',Expr)
r1 = Const('r1',Expr)
r2 = Const('r2',Expr)
max = Const('max',Expr)
xi = Const('xi',IntSort())
yi = Const('yi',IntSort())
fp = Fixedpoint()
# Max max x y z = max (max x y) z
fp.rule(Eval(App(App(App(Max,max),x),y


text:
Purpose To characterize the tumor microenvironment after standard radiation therapy (SRT) and pulsed radiation therapy (PRT) in Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) allografts. Methods and Materials Subcutaneous LLC tumors were established in C57BL/6 mice. Standard RT or PRT was given at 2 Gy/d for a total dose of 20 Gy using a 5 days on, 2 days off schedule to mimic clinical delivery. Radiation-induced tumor microenvironment changes were examined after treatment using flow cytometry and antibody-specific histopathology. Normal tissue effects were measured using noninvasive 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography after naïve animals were given whole-lung irradiation to 40 Gy in 4 weeks using the same 2-Gy/d regimens. Results Over the 2 weeks of therapy, PRT was more effective than SRT at reducing tumor growth rate (0.31 ± 0.02 mm3/d and 0.55 ± 0.04 mm3/d, respectively; P<.007). Histopathology showed a significant comparative reduction in the levels of Ki-67 (14.5% ± 3%), hypoxia (10% ± 3.5%), vascular endothelial growth factor (2.3% ± 1%), and stromal-derived factor-1α (2.5% ± 1.4%), as well as a concomitant decrease in CD45+ bone marrow–derived cell (BMDC) migration (7.8% ± 2.2%) after PRT. The addition of AMD3100 also decreased CD45+ BMDC migration in treated tumors (0.6% ± 0.1%). Higher vessel density was observed in treated tumors. No differences were observed in normal lung tissue after PRT or SRT. Conclusions Pulsed RT–treated tumors exhibited slower growth and reduced hypoxia. Pulsed RT eliminated initiation of supportive mechanisms utilized by tumors in low oxygen microenvironments, including angiogenesis and recruitment of BMDCs.
|Original language||English (US)|
|Number of pages||9|
|Journal||International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics|
|State||Published - Sep 1 2016|
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging
- Cancer Research


text:
Each method of release detection for tanks used to meet the requirements of 24.0741 must be conducted in accordance with the following:
(1) Inventory control. Product inventory control (or another test of equivalent performance) must be conducted monthly basis in the following manner:
(A) Inventory volume measurements for regulated substance inputs, withdrawals and the amount still remaining in the tank are recorded each operating day;
(B) The equipment used is capable of measuring the level of product over the full range of the tank's height to the nearest one-eighth of an inch;
(C) The regulated substance inputs are reconciled with delivery receipts by measurement of the tank inventory volume before and after delivery;
(D) Deliveries are made through a drop tube that extends to within one foot of the bottom;
(E) Product dispensing is metered and recorded within the local standards for meter calibration or an accuracy of 6 cubic inches for every 5 gallons of product withdrawn; and
(F) The measurement of any water level in the bottom of the tank is made to the nearest one-eighth of an inch at least once a month.
(2) Manual tank gauging. Manual tank gauging must meet the following requirements:
(A) Tank liquid level measurements are taken at the beginning and ending of a period at least 36 hours during which no liquids is added to or removed from the tank;
(B) Level measurements are based on an average of two consecutive stick readings at both the beginning and ending of a period;
(C) The equipment used is capable of measuring the level of product over the full range of the tank's height to the nearest one-eighth of an inch;
(D) A leak is suspected and subject to the requirements of 24.0750 if the variation between beginning and ending measurements exceeds the weekly or monthly standards in the following table:
Nominal Weekly Monthly standard tank Standard (average of four tests) capacity (one test)
550 gallons or less 10 gallons………. 5 gallons………….
551-1,000 gallons 13 gallons………. 7 gallons………..
1,001-2,000 gallons 26 gallons……….. 13 gallons…………
(E) Only tanks of 550 gallons or less nominal or capacity may use this as the sole method of release detection. Tanks of 551 to 2,000 gallons nominal capacity may not use the method in place of manual inventory control in 24.0742(1). Tanks of greater than 2,000 gallons nominal capacity may not use this method to meet the requirements of this subchapter.
(3) Tank tightness testing. Tank tightness testing (or another test of equivalent performance) must be capable of detecting a 0.1 gallon per hour leak rate from any portion of the tank that routinely contains product while accounting for the effects of thermal expansion or contraction of the product, vapor pockets, tank deformation, evaporation or condensation, and the location of the water table.
(4) Automatic tank gauging. Equipment for automatic tank gauging that test for the loss of product and conducts inventory control must meet the following requirements:
(A) The automatic product level monitor test can detect a 0.2 gallon per hour leak rate from any portion of the tank that routinely contains product; and
(B) Inventory control (or another test of equivalent performance) is conducted in accordance with the requirements of 24.0742(1)
(5) Vapor Monitoring. Testing or monitoring for vapors within the soil gas of the excavation zone must meet the following requirements:
(A) The materials used as backfill are sufficiently porous (e.g., gravel, sand, crushed rock) to readily allow diffusion of vapors from releases into the excavation area;
(B) The stored regulated substance, or a tracer compound placed in the tank system, is sufficiently volatile (e.g., gasoline) to result in a vapor level that is detectable by the monitoring devices located in the excavation zone in the event a release from the tank;
(C) The measurement of vapors by the monitoring device is not rendered inoperative by the ground water, rainfall, or soil moisture or other known interferences so that a release could go undetected for more than 30 days;
(D) The level of background contamination in the excavation zone will not interfere with the method used to detect releases from the tank:
(E) The vapor monitors are designed and operated to detect any significant increase in concentration above background of the regulated substance stored in the tank system, a component or components of that substance, or a tracer compound placed in the tank system;
(F) In UST excavation zone, the site is assessed to ensure compliance with the requirements in paragraphs (5)(A) through (E) of this section and to establish the number and the positioning of monitoring wells that will detect releases within the excavation zone from any portion of the tank that routinely contains product; and
(G) Monitoring wells are clearly marked and secured to avoid unauthorized access and tampering.
(6) Ground-water monitoring. Testing or monitoring for liquids on the ground water must meet the following requirements:
(A) The regulated substance stored is immiscible in water and has a specific gravity of less than one;
(B) Ground water is never more than 20feet from the ground surface and the hydraulic conductivity of the soil(s) between the UST system and the monitoring wells or devices is not less than 0.01 cm/sec (e.g., the soil should consist of gravel, coarse to medium sand, coarse silts or other permeable materials);
(C) The slotted portion of the monitoring well casing must be designed to prevent migration of natural soils or filter pack into the well and to allow entry of regulated substance on the water table into the well under both high and low ground-water conditions;
(D) Monitoring wells shall be sealed from the ground surface to the top of the filter pack;
(E) Monitoring wells or devices intercept the excavation zone or are so close to it as is technically feasible;
(F) The continuous monitoring devices or manual methods used can detect the presence of at least one-eighth of an inch of free product on top of the ground water in the monitoring wells;
(G) Within and immediately below the UST system excavation zone, the site is assessed to ensure compliance with the requirements in paragraphs (6)(A) through (E) of this section and to establish the number and positioning of monitoring wells or devices that will detect releases from any portion of the tank that routinely contains product; and
(H) Monitoring wells are clearly marked and secured to avoid unauthorized access and tampering.
(7) Interstitial monitoring. Interstitial monitoring between the UST system and a secondary barrier immediately around or beneath it may be used, but only if system is designed, constructed and installed to detect a leak from any portion of the tank that routinely contains product and also meets one of the following requirements:
(A) For double-walled UST systems, the sampling or testing method can detect a release through the inner wall in any portion of the tank that routinely contains product;
(B) For UST systems with a secondary barrier within the excavation zone, the sampling or testing method used can detect a release between the UST system and the secondary barrier;
(i) The secondary barrier around or beneath the UST system consists of artificially constructed materials that is sufficiently thick and impermeable (at least 10-6 cm/sec for the regulated substance stored) to direct a release to the monitoring point and permit its detection;
(ii) The barrier is compatible with the regulated substance stored so that a release from UST system will not cause a deterioration of the barrier allowing a release to pass through undetected;
(iii) For cathodically protected tanks, the secondary barrier must be installed so that it does not interfere with the proper operation of the cathodic protection system;
(iv) The ground water, soil moisture, or rainfall will not render the testing or sampling method used inoperative so that a release could go undetected for more than 30days;
(v) The site is assessed to ensure that the secondary barrier is always above the ground water and not in a 25-year flood plain, unless the barrier and monitoring designs are for use under such conditions; and,
(vi) Monitoring wells are clearly marked and secured to avoid unauthorized access and tampering.
(C) For tanks with an internally fitted liner, an automated device can detect a release between the inner wall of the tank and the liner is compatible with the substance stored.
(8) Other methods. Any other type of release detection method, or combination of methods, can be used if:
(A) It can detect a 0.2 gallon per hour leak rate or a release of 150 gallons within a month with a probability of detection of 0.95 and a probability of false alarm of 0.05; or
(B) The implementing agency may approve another method if the owner and operator can demonstrate that the methods allowed in paragraphs (3) through
(8) of this section. In comparing methods, the implementing agency shall consider the size of release that the method can detect and the frequency and reliability with witch it can be detected. If the method is approved, the owner and operator must comply with any conditions imposed by the implementing agency on its use to ensure the protection of human health and the environment.History: Rule 3-01, eff 30 Aug 01.


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Next: 3 Divisors on varieties Up: Algebraic Cycles Previous: 1 Model case of
2 The Grothendieck-Riemann-Roch theorem
Let X be a non-singular variety over k. An algebraic cycle of codimension p is an element of the free Abelian group on irreducible subvarieties of X of codimension p; the group of these cycles is denoted Zp(X). As in the case of curves one can introduce the effective cycles Zp(X)$\scriptstyle \geq$ 0 which is the sub-semigroup of Zp(X) consisting of non-negative linear combinations. There is a subgroup Rp(X) $ \subset$ Zp(X), defined to be the subgroup generated by all the cycles div(f )W where W ranges over irreducible subvarieties of codimension p - 1 in X, and f $ \in$ k(W)*. The quotient $ \CH^{p}_{}$(X) = Zp(X)/Rp(X) is called the Chow group of codimension p cycles on X modulo rational equivalence; if n = dim X then we use the notation $ \CH_{p}^{}$(X) = $ \CH^{n-p}_{}$(X). For p = 1 and X a smooth projective curve the Chow group $ \CH^{1}_{}$(X) is precisely the class group $ \Cl$(X) introduced above.
The generalisation of Schubert calculus on the Grassmannians is the intersection product
$\displaystyle \CH^{p}_{}$(X) $\displaystyle \otimes_{{\Bbb Z}}^{}$ $\displaystyle \CH^{q}_{}$(X)$\displaystyle \to$$\displaystyle \CH^{p+q}_{}$(X)
making $ \CH^{*}_{}$(X) = $ \oplus_{p}^{}$ $ \CH^{p}_{}$(X) into an associative, commutative, graded ring, where $ \CH^{0}_{}$(X) = $ \Bbb$Z, and $ \CH^{p}_{}$(X) = 0 for p > dim X. The Chow ring is thus an algebraic analogue for the even cohomology ring $ \oplus_{i=0}^{n}$ $ \HH^{2i}_{}$(X,$ \Bbb$Z) in topology. A refined version of this analogy is examined in Section 6. In any case we note the following 'cohomology-like' properties.
 1. X $ \mapsto$ $ \oplus_{p}^{}$ $ \CH^{p}_{}$(X) is a contravariant functor from the category of smooth varieties over k to graded rings.
 2. If X is projective and n = dim X, there is a well defined degree homomorphism deg : $ \CH^{n}_{}$(X)$ \to$$ \Bbb$Z given by deg($ \sum_{i}^{}$niPi) = $ \sum_{i}^{}$ni. This allows one to define intersection numbers of cycles of complementary dimension, in a purely algebraic way, which agree with those defined via topology when k = $ \Bbb$C (see item 7 below).
 3. If f : X$ \to$Y is a proper morphism of smooth varieties, there are 'Gysin' maps f* : $ \CH^{p}_{}$(X)$ \to$$ \CH^{p+d}_{}$(Y) for all p, where d = dim Y - dim X; here if p + d < 0, we define f* to be 0; the induced map $ \oplus_{p}^{}$ $ \CH^{p}_{}$(X)$ \to$ $ \oplus_{p}^{}$ $ \CH^{p}_{}$(Y) is $ \oplus_{p}^{}$ $ \CH^{p}_{}$(Y)-linear ('projection formula').
 4. f* : $ \CH^{*}_{}$(X)$ \;\stackrel{\cong}{\to}\;$$ \CH^{*}_{}$(V) for any vector bundle f : V$ \to$X.
 5. If V is a vector bundle (i.e., locally free sheaf) of rank r, then there are Chern classes cp(V) $ \in$ $ \CH^{p}_{}$(X), such that
 1. c0(V) = 1,
 2. cp(V) = 0 for p > r, and
 3. for any exact sequence
 0$\displaystyle \to$V1$\displaystyle \to$V2$\displaystyle \to$V3$\displaystyle \to$ 0
 we have c(V2) = c(V1)c(V3), where c(Ei) = $ \sum_{p}^{}$cp(Vi) are the total Chern classes.
 Moreover, we also have the following property.
 6. If f : $ \Bbb$P(V)$ \to$X is the projective bundle associated to a vector bundle of rank r, $ \CH^{*}_{}$($ \Bbb$P(V)) is a $ \CH^{*}_{}$(X)-algebra generated by $ \xi$ = c1($ \cal {O}$$\scriptstyle \Bbb$P(V)(1)), the first Chern class of the tautological line bundle, which is subject to the relation
 $\displaystyle \xi^{r}_{}$ - c1(V)$\displaystyle \xi^{r-1}_{}$ +... + (- 1)rcn(V) = 0
 7. If k = $ \Bbb$C, there are cycle class homomorphisms $ \CH^{p}_{}$(X)$ \to$$ \HH^{2p}_{}$(X,$ \Bbb$Z) such that the intersection product corresponds to the cup product in cohomology, and for a vector bundle E, the cycle class of cp(E) is the topological p-th Chern class of E.
In analogy with the case of curves we have that c1 : $ \Pic$(X)$ \to$$ \CH^{1}_{}$(X) is an isomorphism. In fact more is true. If K0(X) is the Grothendieck ring of vector bundles on X, the Chern character (defined using Chern classes by the same formula as in topology) gives a ring isomorphism
ch : K0(X) $\displaystyle \otimes$ $\displaystyle \Bbb$Q$\displaystyle \;\stackrel{\cong}{\to}\;$$\displaystyle \CH^{*}_{}$(X) $\displaystyle \otimes$ $\displaystyle \Bbb$Q.
Identifying the group K0(X) with the Grothendieck group G0(X) of coherent sheaves, we may extend the definitions of Chern classes and Chern character to coherent sheaves; now the Grothendieck-Riemann-Roch theorem states that for any proper morphism f : X$ \to$Y, and any coherent sheaf $ \cal {F}$ on X, we have
f*(ch($\displaystyle \cal {F}$)td (X)) = ch(f!$\displaystyle \cal {F}$)td (Y),
where td (X) $ \in$ $ \CH^{*}_{}$(X), td (Y) $ \in$ $ \CH^{*}_{}$(Y) are the Todd classes of the tangent sheaves of X and Y respectively; here f! : G0(X)$ \to$G0(Y) is f!($ \cal {F}$) = $ \sum_{i\geq 0}^{}$(- 1)i[Rif*$ \cal {F}$], and the Todd class of a coherent sheaf is a certain polynomail in its Chern classes. If X is proper over k (e.g., X is projective) of dimension n, and Y is a point, this gives a formula (the Grothendieck-Hirzebruch-Riemann-Roch formula)
$\displaystyle \chi$(X,$\displaystyle \cal {F}$) = $\displaystyle \sum_{i\geq
0}^{}$(- 1)idimk$\displaystyle \HH^{i}_{}$(X,$\displaystyle \cal {F}$) = deg$\displaystyle \left(\vphantom{ch({\cal F})td(X)}\right.$ch($\displaystyle \cal {F}$)td (X)$\displaystyle \left.\vphantom{ch({\cal F})td(X)}\right)_{n}^{}$,
where the subscript n means that we compute the degree of the component in $ \CH^{n}_{}$(X). For further details, see [14], Chapter 15.
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Kapil Hari Paranjape 2002-11-21


MiniMax Game Trees
By Eric Suh
The Minimax Game Tree is used for programming computers to play games in which there are two players taking turns to play moves. In the most basic sense, the minimax tree is just a tree of all possible moves. For instance, take a look at the following minimax tree of all the possible first two moves of Tic-Tac-Toe (the tree has been simplified by removing symmetrical positions).
Partial Minimax Game Tree of Tic-Tac-Toe
(Click this thumbnail to get the full-sized picture)
Notice that unlike other trees like binary trees, 2-3 trees, and heap trees, a node in the minimax game tree can have any number of children, depending on the game situation.
The tree above has three levels, but in programming, the levels of a minimax tree are commonly referred to as plies. At each ply, the opportunity to play (the "turn") switches to the other player. The two different players are usually referred to as Max and Min (this convention will be explained shortly).
With a full minimax tree, the computer could look ahead for each move to determine the best possible move. Of course, as you can see in the example diagram, the tree can get very big with only a few moves, and to look even just five moves ahead can quickly overwhelm a simple computer. Thus, for large games like Chess and Go, computer programs are forced to estimate who is winning or losing by sampling just a small portion of the entire tree. Also, programmers have come up with algorithms such as Alpha-Beta pruning, Negascout, and MTD(f) to try to limit the number of nodes the computer must examine.
The minimax game tree, of course, cannot be used very well for games in which the computer cannot see the possible moves. In poker, for instance, the computer will have a very hard time judging what the opponent will do because the computer can't see the opponent's hand. So, minimax game trees can be used best for games in which both players can see the entire game situation. These kinds of games, such as checkers, Othello, chess, and go, are called games of perfect information.
The reason this data structure is named the minimax game tree is because of the logic behind the structure. Let us assign points to the outcome of a game of Tic-Tac-Toe. If X wins, the game situation is given the point value of 1. If O wins, the game has a point value of -1. Now, X will be trying to maximize the point value, while O will be trying to minimize the point value. So, one of the first researchers on the minimax tree decided to name player X as Max and player O as Min. Thus, the entire data structure came to be called the minimax game tree.
Part 2


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People have a wide variety of signals that portray how they are feeling and what's on their minds. By observing and taking note of these signals you can understand the mood and emotions of another person.
1Pay attention to their hands and their actions. Just like the arms can create a protective barrier, the hands can create several barriers of their own. Clinched fists are an obvious signs of someone being on the offensive or somebody who is being attacked. On the other hand, people portraying open hands with the palms facing upward or outward(such as using hand motions which show the palm facing upward; while talking etc.) reveals someone who has no guards up and has an open heart or is willing to communicate. Pointing to oneself also implies honesty, not generally with a single finger, but with the full hand, usually located near or touching the chest.
- Fiddling of the hands or other objects is a sign of anxiety or nerves, creating a barrier around this person (such as a hug or holding onto them) is a great help to ease them.
- Watch for crossed arms: When somebody has their arms crossed there are several possibilities of what they are feeling or thinking. In any case, crossing one's arms is a defensive gesture. By crossing their arms they are physically protecting themselves from harm which translates to emotionally protecting themselves. Be aware that they are on the defensive when they cross their arms and be sure to console or comfort them while they are in this state.
2Look at their stance. Standing with your feet shoulder width apart is an eased and relaxed position, as opposed to having one's feet spread further apart which exemplifies power and strength rather than close together which is a sign of instability(physically and emotionally).
3Observe how they are sitting. Sitting positions begin with a standard of a straight back with unfolded legs and thighs slightly parted. From here the body is molded by the unconscious. The most common and easily understood positions are: Leaning forward or towards a position of interest(from a person to a location; such as a door when hoping to leave.). Sitting in a secure position, straight back and legs slightly opened, depicts a person who is comfortable with their surroundings and or situations.
- When discerning seated positions, the knees and legs are important when trying to figure out the interest of the person. Generally, the knees and legs are pointed towards the persons area of interest, ranging from a person to a location such as when leaning towards a certain area. Crossed legs show defensive signals similar to crossed arms, representing a barrier between the person and a specific stimuli, tenseness is reliant on how relaxed the leg muscles are, although, when in a laid back position, crossed legs can also represent increased interest towards the person the legs are opening towards.
- Crossed ankles generally reference calmness, but when the person is fidgeting with their feet(i.e. bouncing or swaying), it shows increased nerves.
4Always notice the eyes and the head. Due to the significance the head and eyes play in society they have adapted a necessary role in body language.
- When the eyes or head are lowered or slouching the person is most likely feeling guilt, fear, lack of confidence or sorrow.
- When analyzing how eyes reveal what a person is thinking it is imperative that the sides of the brain are brought into the picture, the left side of the brain focuses on logic and controls the right side of the body, therefore when a person looks up and towards the right they are recalling memories. The right side of the brain is used in art and imagination, and so when a person looks up and to the left they are creating or telling a lie.
- Note: Although this method has a great deal of truth behind it, it is not always accurate. Just as you can look anywhere while telling the truth you can look anywhere when telling a lie. These methods of telling them apart are not 100% accurate.
- Blink rate increases when a person is more interested with a conversation or person, and the eyes dilate(the black part widens) when a person has increased emotions, generally when more interested with a person. The reason for the eyes dilating is due to the eye trying to absorb more light which translates into a better view or sight of the stimuli.
5Notice the way they hold and touch their head. A partially tilted head shows increased interest with a situation or person. Touching one's hair or "pruning" oneself shows that they are trying to appear more attractive. Touching one's face slightly or partially covering up oneself shows embarrassment but is more common in being used to express that they are shy to the fact that you are looking at them, aka self-conscious.Ad
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- Do not look them over excessively; by doing so, you could come off as creepy or disturbing.


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 1. What is the difference between a Coons B-Spline and a Bezier Spline?
 2. Should I say "Bezier Spline" or "Bezier B-spline"? What is the right term?
I've read some articles about it, but they usually discuss both of these types of spline together, so I have it a little messed up and don't know what info belongs to what type of curve.
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Home : Technical Terms : Integer Definition
Integers are a commonly used data type in computer programming. For example, whenever a number is being incremented, such as within a "for loop" or "while loop," an integer is used. Integers are also used to determine an item's location within an array.
When two integers are added, subtracted, or multiplied, the result is also an integer. However, when one integer is divided into another, the result may be an integer or a fraction. For example, 6 divided by 3 equals 2, which is an integer, but 6 divided by 4 equals 1.5, which contains a fraction. Decimal numbers may either be rounded or truncated to produce an integer result.
Cite this definition:
TechTerms - The Tech Terms Computer Dictionary
This page contains a technical definiton of Integer. It explains in computing terminology what Integer means and is one of many technical terms in the TechTerms dictionary.
All definitions on the TechTerms website are written to be technically accurate but also easy to understand. If you find this Integer definition to be helpful, you can reference it using the citation links above. If you think a term should be updated or added to the TechTerms dictionary, please email TechTerms!


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Invented back in 1695, stopwatches are still used globally to measure time with highly accurate precision. The devices are mostly used in sports and science, but there are lots of ways to use a stopwatch in the modern world.
- What does a stopwatch measure?
- What is a stopwatch used for in science?
- What is a stopwatch used for in sport?
- What is the difference between a stopwatch and a timer?
What Does a Stopwatch Measure?
A stopwatch measures the amount of time that's passed between two events. It does this using the stop and start buttons. When the start button is enabled, the stopwatch will begin tracking the time. It'll keep tracking until you click stop. Stopwatches usually have a digital screen in the center of the two buttons. This screen shows the amount of time that's elapsed.
A handheld stopwatch will usually display the time taken in minutes, seconds, and one-hundredth of a second. For even more accuracy, some stopwatches will record time down to a millionth of a second!
Typically, a stopwatch can measure the time passed in three ways:
- Cumulative: How long it takes between one event and another, e.g., the time taken for an athlete to go from the starting point to the finish line.
- Laps/splits: How long it takes between a series of events, e.g., the time is taken for an athlete to run each lap.
- Cumulative and laps/splits: How long it takes between a series of events and in total, e.g., the time taken for an athlete to run each lap and the entire race in total.
What Is a Stopwatch Used for in Science?
Since science is all about research, investigation, and understanding, knowing how long something takes is important. Scientists will typically use a stopwatch in kinetics (both chemistry and physics) and experiments to determine three things:
- Reaction: The time it takes before an event occurs.
- Speed: The time something takes in general.
- Velocity: The speed of something traveling in a particular direction.
What Is a Stopwatch Used for in Sport?
Stopwatches have always been important in the sporting world. Technology has improved significantly since the first stopwatch was invented, and nowadays, it's possible to record time as close to the mark as possible. Within the sports industry, the devices are most used for three reasons:
- To measure performance and determine rank: How long it takes an athlete to run a 100m sprint. The time taken will be used to determine first, second and third place.
- As part of training: An athlete will use a stopwatch when training with their coach to track their performance and progress.
- During gameplay: Soccer matches will use a cumulative and lap/split stopwatch to calculate any extra time needed due to pauses during gameplay.
Since sporting events are highly competitive, every second (and millionth of a second!) counts, so time must be recorded as precisely as possible. The difference between first and second place for two athletes could be as little as 0.0001 of a second.
What Is the Difference Between Stopwatches and Timers?
While stopwatches and timers are very similar in nature, they have two main differences:
- A stopwatch counts up from zero, whereas a timer counts down to zero.
- A stopwatch measures the time taken between two events, whereas a timer measures a certain period of time.
For example, if a meal takes 10 minutes to cook, a timer can count down and sound an alarm when those 10 minutes have passed. However, if you want to see how long it takes to cook a meal, it's better to use a stopwatch since you can start it when you begin cooking and stop it when you finish cooking.


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Who taught you the most things? Your Mum or your Dad? Or both at the same time? Are the teaching roles inside the family changing nowadays?
Well, things used to be so different. As babies or little children, we used to spend a lot of time at home with mothers and obviously we would learn from them, but nowadays mothers may be working and we may spend more time with our fathers, with our grandparents, or even at nursery schools.
In northern Europe many mothers, or fathers, may decide to stay at home and raise their children themselves and that would mean that we would go back to square one.
Anyway, children learn their languages from the people that are around them, so sometimes it's the mothers, or the fathers, or grandparents, or the nannies that take care of them! Just before they begin to speak they go through what is called THE SILENT PERIOD, when they just listen and listen without producing anything at all.
Write about how you learned to speak and to do many other things, and about the people who taught you most.
Here are some articles for you to read about all this learning process and even a listening exercise for you to do:
7 Remarkable Things My Mother Taught Me About Life (The Budding Optimist)
Listening exercise to do: Why is it called'mother tongue'? (6 Minute English, BBC Learning English)
Can you lose your native language? (BBC News)
What happens in the brain when you learn a language? (The Guardian)
How do we learn languages? (Brainblogger)


The grand Mahakala Puja performed at the Shashur Gompa is a treat for all the senses. Monks draped in maroon robes chant verses in Tibetan accompanied by banging cymbals and bellowing horns. Hours pass by as one sits transfixed by the sounds. In Upper Keylong, Rohan explores an ancient Lahauli home to find out how people lived in the good old days. He ends his trip in Lahual at the Khangsar Khar, a long forgotten castle that lies sadly dilapidated in the heart of the valley. As is the case with most of Lahaul, empty rooms and corridors lie lined with cobwebs and no one to look after them.


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The Holy Metropolis of Lambi, Syvritos and Sfakia
The Metropolis comprises the former provinces of Agios Vaseilios, Amari and Sfakia. In other words, it covers a part of the city of Rethymnon and a part of the city of Chania.
The Diocese of Syvritos, as confirmed by documents, had Bishops as early as the Early Christian Period, at the site of the ancient city, present-day Amari Throne [Thronos Amariou], Reference to the diocese is also made in the document entitled 'Synodiko Syvritou'. The period of Arab rule was harmful for these specific dioceses, but during Venetian rule the dioceses maintained their independence, except for that of St. Basil (Agios Vasileios), which was annexed by the Diocese of Kalamon. However, when the Ottomans occupied the island, there was a radical restructuring of the church and the Diocese of Lambi was created at that time. The union of Dioceses took place in the 19th century and, in 1962, the Ecumenical Partriarchate raised it to the status of the Diocese of Lambi, Syvritos and Sfakia.
Irenaios is its present-day bishop with 78 parishes, 5 Monasteries and 86 priests under his jurisdiction.


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A new study has been done comparing the neurological effects of dances like country dancing with other forms of physical activity like walking, stretching, and other activities. It shows that things such as social dance are different because of the demands it places on the mind and body could possibly be slowing neurological changes. The study shows that at the age of 40 people begin to perform worse on tests of processing speed than those who are younger, with effects continuing to accelerate over the decades. In the study by the University of Illinois, they recruited 174 people in their 60's and 70's with no form of cognitive impairment. They were split into 3 separate groups, the first group did a program of brisk walking 3 times a week, the second group did gentle stretching and balance training, and the third group was assigned to learn to dance, taking choreography classes 3 times a week. After 6 months, the volunteers returned to the lab and got the same brain scans as before. The scans showed that the first 2 groups deterioration in the white matter of the brain, especially the older volunteers. The third group who was receiving dance training did show improvement though. The dancers now had denser white matter in their Fornix, the part of the brain involved with processing speed and memory. Although exercise is important, it may be more beneficial to the brain and lessen deterioration of the brain to take up some form of social dance.
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It is a significant coincidence that both the Nguyen Dynasty woodblocks and the Thang Long Imperial Citadel were recognized by UNESCO as World Documentary Heritage and Cultural Heritage in 2009 and 2010, as the whole country focused on celebrating a historic milestone - the 1,000th year anniversary of the capital.
For Director Pham Thi Hue of the State Records and Archives Department at National Archives Center 4, the recognition was not just a joyful occasion, it was also a blessing from the ancestors that she and her partners found the woodblock of the original edict issued by King Ly Thai To on moving the capital from Ninh Binh Province's Hoa Lu to Thang Long – Hanoi in 1010. They found the woodblock among those preserved from the times of the Nguyen Dynasty.
According to Hue, the woodblock of the Complete Annals of Great Viet, including the Edict on the Transfer of the Capital by King Ly Cong Uan was engraved during the Le Dynasty (1697) or re-engraved during the Nguyen Dynasty (_PHONE_).
She said there were many documents related to moving the capital in 1010, but most of them are just copies, whereas the edict on the woodblock of Dai Viet Su ky Toan thu the Complete Annals of Great Viet, is the oldest and only original one so far.
Hue, who has spent almost 30 years taking care of the collection that dates from 1802 to 1945, said, "Two weeks after the discovery, I still could not sleep. I think the king blessed us just as we were preparing to commemorate 1,000 years of Thang Long – Hanoi."
The 41 x 21.2 cm woodblock has 214 words (excluding notes) engraved in Han characters, presenting the edict in concise and clear language.
The edict begins by citing previous instances of capitals being moved by Chinese emperors, making the case that such decisions bring greater prosperity to the country. It notes that the kings did not move their capitals on whim or because they wanted to
The woodblock with the original edict to transfer the capital from Ninh Binh Province's Hoa Lu to Thang Long - Hanoi by King Ly Thai To in 1010
Before he passed away, King Ly Nhan Tong told his offspring to hold a simple funeral and reduce the number of days in mourning. He also urged them to save money and not build a mausoleum in honor of himself.
Nguyen Dynasty woodblocks, currently preserved and stored in Da Lat Town, Lam Dong Province, consist of 34,618 plates dating from 1697 to 1945, bearing epigraphic contents of various books on history, geography, socio-politics, military, legislation, education and literature.
The blocks have letters carved in Chinese or ancient Vietnamese. The letters are carved in reverse so that when the image is printed, it will appear the right way round.
The collection boasts many valuable and rare wood blocks, including Dai Nam nhat thong chi (History of the Unification of Great Viet Nam) and Dai Nam thuc luc (Royal Annals of Great Viet Nam).
King Ly Cong Uan (_PHONE_) enumerated the benefits of moving the capital thus: "For great achievements, for the eternal dwelling place for generation to generation, for the prosperity and strength of the country, the capital must be moved to a better land which is in the middle..." The king said the move was in "obedience to celestial will and met the people's needs."
After studying the terrain and the position of Dai La citadel (Thang Long-Hanoi), which lies on a flat, broad area of the flat alluvial delta of Red River, and has the position of flanking dragon and sitting tiger (river to the front, mountain to the back), Ly Cong Uan decided this was the place. "Based on such benefits, I want this land as our dwelling place."
The set of Nguyen Dynasty woodblocks also reveal several policies initiated by the feudal dynasties over the last 1,000 years of Thang Long, including the conduct of 184 examinations for finding and recruiting talent - from the first one held by King Ly Nhan Tong in 1075 to the last one in 1919.
Through paintings and other media it was known that mandarins had to wear the dragonfly hat and boots when they were at the king's court, but no one knew which dynasty had initiated that rule.
The answer can now be found from the woodblock. In the second plate of book 3 of the Complete Annals of Great Viet, King Ly Thanh Tong (_PHONE_) states: "In the autumn of August, the king summoned one hundred officials to the court at Thuy Tinh palace, commanding them to wear a dragonfly hat and boots to attend the court."
The woodblock also reveals that King Ly Nhan Tong (_PHONE_) found a way to make officials study properly and improve their knowledge. Plate 10 of book 3 of the Complete Annals of Great Viet states: "Only the educated will be selected to serve in the Temple of Literature."


text: Background: Patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) retain a scar and a bump at the site of implant. This may lead to body image concerns (BICs) that influence patients' quality of life. Few studies have examined the prevalence and impact of BICs postimplant, prompting us to conduct a scoping review of the field. Methods: We searched the Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, and Cinahl databases in August 2016 and repeated in May 2017. Included were studies reporting on patients ≥ 18 years, an ICD implant (transvenous, subcutaneous, or ICD with cardiac resynchronization therapy [CRT-D]), reporting on BICs, and published in peer-reviewed English-language journals. We excluded nonsystematic reviews, opinion pieces/letters, case studies, conference abstracts, PhD dissertations, protocol papers, studies of ICD shock treatment of atrial fibrillation, and of abdominally or submammary implanted ICDs. Results: A total of 40 articles were included: 16 qualitative and 24 quantitative. None of the included studies had BICs as their primary endpoint. Results showed that BICs are present in various degrees in the ICD population and can be attributed to the visibility of the ICD (the scar and bump). Women and younger patients had greater problems with BICs, although men also had concerns. Two items of the "Florida Patient Acceptance Survey" were the most frequently used to assess BICs. Conclusion: BICs were present among ICD patients, but the degree of impact on their lives varied. There is a need for developing a BICs questionnaire to examine the prevalence of BICs and the potential impact on patients' lives in longitudinal studies.


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- THE MAGAZINE
- WEB EXCLUSIVES
The Matesy GmbH, Jena, Germany, has explored a new magneto-optical sensor type (MO-sensors) for direct field visualization and measurement. Instead of electromagnetic effects, Matesy introduces magneto-optics for two-dimensional magnetic field analysis. The magneto-optical sensor has the technical advantage that the magnetic field and its distribution can be visually recognized over the entire magnetic surface. Therefore, real-time analysis of the magnetic field distribution can be performed, instead of using a time intensive "point to point" scanning with hall probes, which need a precise positioning on the surface.
THE FARADAY-EFFECTThe principle of magneto-optical sensors is the Faraday-Effect. It describes the rotation of the polarization plane of linearly polarized light passing the magneto-optical sensor, which is exposed by a magnetic field, which is parallel to the direction of propagation of the applied light wave.
More specifically, linearly polarized light consists of superposed leftand right-circularly polarized waves with the same frequency and phase. As light passes a MO-medium in which a magnetic field parallel to the direction of the light wave is applied, it disperses into two oppositely rotating circularly polarized waves with different phase velocities. As a result of the phase shifts of these two partial waves-a rotation of the polarization plane of light and the unequal absorption of each component together-leads to an elliptically polarized wave, which is finally an analyzable phenomenon of magnetic field strength and allows having an insight into the magnetic properties of the sample.
THE SENSOR WAFERTo achieve both accurate imaging characteristics as well as best possible resolution, the R&D-facility INNOVENT e.V. from Jena designed-based on a bismuth-substituted rare earth iron garnet compound-a monocrystalline ferrimagnetic layer, which is characterized by enhanced magneto-optical imaging properties.
The manufacturing process of the sensor layers is realized by liquid phase epitaxy, which is ideal for applying functional coatings in micron range on monocrystalline garnet substrates. An additional mirrorand protective-layer is deposited on the raw sensor to ensure long-term functionality of the system. For different fields of applications, the sensors can be designed in customized shapes and sizes.
VISUALIZATION OF MAGNETIC FIELDS VISUALIZATION OF MAGNETIC FIELDSIn order to realize an optical visualization of the magnetic fields, the magneto-optical sensor is brought into direct contact with the magnetic sample material and is illuminated by a polarized light source. The light passes through the transparent sensors, is reflected by the mirror-layer and passes the sensor again. When double-passing through the nonreciprocal MO-medium, the described Faraday-Effect applies proportional to the double layer thickness.
Resulting from the different rotation angles-depending on the local magnetic fields strength-the analyzer-polarization module generates an intensity contrast pattern, which is proportional to the magnetic field distribution of the magnetic material. The result is a visual image that illustrates a two-dimensional intersection of the magnetic stray field. This image recording and analyzing of the normal component over the X-Y plane of the magnetic field takes place in real time and simultaneously over the entire sensor surface, allowing detection and analysis of dynamic magnetic field changes.
SENSOR RANGE AND RESOLUTIONSince the sensors-for technical reasons-can be saturated, depending on the strength of the applied magnetic field, different dynamic ranges are covered by different types of MO-sensors. Current MO-sensors can detect magnetic field strengths from 50 A/m up to 500 kA/m in order to perfectly fit to each specific task. Field strengths, which are out of specifications due to the slope of the hysteresis curve, cannot be differentiated. Magneto-optical sensor systems can resolve lateral structures down to 1 micron.
INTEGRATION OF SENSORS IN CMOS-MAGVIEW AND ITS APPLICATIONSThe Matesy GmbH developed a new visualization and measurement system for magnetic field distribution at the surface of magnetic materials. The "CMOS-MagView" called measurement system is ideal for studying magnetic properties and for analysis of field distribution and magnetic structures.
The CMOS-MagView can be used furthermore for quality control of magnetic materials such as NdFeB, SmCo, AINCo and hard ferrites. Thus magnetic fields of plastic bonded permanent magnets, encoders, alloys of steel, magnetic stripe cards, magnetic ink (e.g. used on bills, safety tags, tickets, packaging), thin sections of magnetic minerals and even of domain materials-as magnetic shape memory alloy-can be visualized with very high geometric resolutions and investigated by the comprehensive CMOS-MagView software.
MO-sensors can be modified perfectly for each application so that optimal field visualization can be achieved for each material. The CMOS-MagView works with a 12-bit CMOS camera technology and can be easily connected to a computer via USB enabling real-time visualization, analysis and archiving of the magneto-optical recordings.
ANALYSIS VIA CMOS-MAGVIEW SOFTWAREThe integrated CMOS-MagView software allows illustration and analysis of the geometric magnetic field distribution. The magneto-optical images of the measured magnetic material can be displayed in false colors as well as in a 3-dimensional contour of the local magnetic field strengths. Inhomogeneities of field distribution, geometry and field structures are easily visible. Due to the highly detailed image analysis even hidden material properties-for example detection of welding seams-can be revealed and investigated.
A significant advantage of magnetooptical sensors compared to magnetoresistive (MR) and hall sensors for these kind of applications is that MR and Hall sensors only deliver a punctual information about the magnetic field strength. To detect the size and exact shape of material defects, it is necessary to determine the exact field distribution. For MR and Hall sensors, this is only possible through a very time-consuming scanning of the magnetic surface, which results in achievable resolutions far behind those of the CMOS-MagView.
MO-sensors are capable of visualizing magnetic fields over surface areas of up to three inches in diameter directly. The surface sensor can be enlarged almost without limits by "gluing" several sensor together. Especially in the fields of forensic analysis of counterfeit documents, bank notes and steel testings it is necessary to investigate over larger areas at once. For the characterization of industrial permanent magnets a reliable quick-measurement of the entire strayfield is essential for quality management and its importance will increase in the coming years as the property requirements will continuously increase.
MAGNETIC DOMAIN INVESTIGATIONSMagneto-optical sensors also provide a variety of applications in research activities regarding to magnetic domain structures, their distribution, orientation and behavior under influence of external fields.
Magnetic domain structures are defined as areas of different magnetization directions-also known as Weiss domains-in a single material. Within a single domain the magnetic moments are aligned parallel to each other. This case corresponds to a locally saturated magnetization of the respective area.
The investigation of the domain structure is essential for a variety of research and manufacturing applications-mainly in the fields of sensor and magnetic storage technologies-especially when the orientation of magnetic moments within a Weiss domain and the displacements of domain walls are functionally determinant parameters. Magneto-optical sensors can identify, analyze and clearly illustrate these information in real time. Due to the compact design an adaption and integration of the CMOS-MagView into existing processes can be easily realized. V&S
Tech TipsCurrent MO-sensors can detect magnetic field strengths from 50 A/m up to 500 kA/m in order to perfectly fit to each specific task.
The CMOS-MagView works with a 12-bit CMOS camera technology.
MO-sensors are capable of visualizing magnetic fields over surface areas of up to three inches in diameter directly.


Writing Device Drivers
Non-Self-Identifying Devices
Devices that do not provide information to the system to identify themselves are called non-self-identifying devices. Drivers for these devices must have a probe(9E) routine that determines whether the device is really present. In addition, information about the device must be provided in a hardware configuration file (see driver.conf(4)), so that the system can provide probe(9E) with the information it needs to contact the device. See probe(9E) for more information.
A VMEbus device is an example of a non-self-identifying device. See vme(4) for more information.