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There are several options for the etymology of Shaddai. My opinion is to take it from a word for "mountain."
I can't see how the wikisource gets to the translation it does. That certainly varies from the BHS. I think what they are doing is taking the et before shaddai as the mark of the accusative (thus making shaddai the direct object of the verb). While this is often the case (the most common that I have seen in my studies), it can also function to emphasize the subject in (see 2 Kings 6:5 and Gen 17:5 for two examples). I also note that there are several disjunctive accent marks in places that would shift the meaning closer to the more common translation.
Genesis 49:25 From the God of your father who helps you, And by the Almighty who blesses you With blessings of heaven above, Blessings of the deep that lies beneath, Blessings of the breasts and of the womb. [NASU]
There is Hebrew parallelism in this verse that the Wikisource misses. Notice how it breaks down;
From the God of your father who helps you,
And by the Almighty who blesses you With blessings of heaven above,
Blessings of the deep that lies beneath,
Blessings of the breasts and of the womb.
The first two parts line up in direct parallel. "The God of your father who helps you" parallels with "the almighty who blesses you." Then the next 3 clauses tell how that help and blessing comes. "A blessing on the breasts" misses that and breaks the flow.
Also, the word they translate as "squatting" means "lie down, recline, stretch out, lie down stretched out." That is a different position than "squat."
The Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament has this entry on el-shaddai.
[Skipping the breakdown of where it is found to get to the analysis]
The translation "Almighty" goes back to ancient times, at least as far back as the LXX, which translates shadday as pantokratœr "all powerful." This is also reflected in the Vulgate, omnipotens. The rabbinic analysis of this word is that it is a compound word composed of the relative she, "who" and the word day, "enough: she-day," the one who is (self-)sufficient" (Babylonian Talmud, Hagigah 12a).
In recent times these earlier suggestions have been all but rejected and new ones have been put in their place. We need to mention only some of the more tenable suggestions. One is that shadday is to be connected with the Hebrew verb shadad "to destroy," hence "my destroyer." A second possibility, and this is the most widely accepted today, is that shadday is to be connected with the Akkadian word, šadu "mountain." Thus El Shaddai would translate into English something like "God/El of the mountain," i.e. God's abode. The ending - ay is to be understood as an adjectival suffix (and thus the translation "of the.... "), a morphological feature now demonstrated by Ugaritic: for example, one of El's three daughters is called °rƒy ( °arƒi) and means, "she of the earth." Also related etymologically, in addition to Akkadian šadu is Ugaritic ¾d, (Cross, see bibliography pp. 248-250).
As El Shaddai God manifested himself to the patriarchs (Exo 6:3): specifically to Abraham, Gen 17:1; to Isaac, Gen 28:3; and to Jacob, Gen 35:11; Gen 43:14, Gen 48:3. The context for most of these references is the covenant, more precisely the command for obedience and faithfulness on the part of the vassal and the promise of progeny by God. It is not to the hills (natural phenomenon) that these men of faith looked for confidence but to the Lord of these hills, the Lord of the mountain (Psa 121:1-2).
Bibliography: Albright, W. F., "The Names Shaddai and Abram," JBL 54:173 - 93. Pope, M., in Job, AB, p. 44. Walker, M., "A New Interpretation of the Divine Name 'Shaddai'," ZAW 72:64-66. THAT, II, pp. 873-81. Cross, F. M., Harvard Theol. Review, Vol. 55 (1962), p. 246. V.P.H.


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These cold and rainy days are perfect for a hot cup of cocoa and a homemade marshmallow. If you haven't had a homemade marshmallow, you are in for a real treat. The texture is AMAZING! As a convert myself, I was astounded to discover the pillowy soft texture of a freshly made marshmallow. They melt in your mouth and you can cut them into beautiful shapes.
So, I'll share an easy recipe with you as well as some fun food science facts about marshmallows.
First, marshmallows are actually a foamthey are a made with sugar and gelatin with plenty of whipped in air. Click here for the recipe link and below I'll show you the step-by-step.
1. Start by measuring the corn syrup with sugar, water and salt in a saucepan. You will need a candy thermometer for this step. Temperature is critical to make sure you bring the mixture to the appropriate sugar concentration. The temperature will affect the crystallization and texture of the candy.
2. Bring the mixture to a boil, stirring to dissolve the sugar. Then, without stirring, take the mixture to 238F which is the soft ball stage. Make sure the candy thermometer does not touch the bottom of the pan to get an accurate measurement. Be very, very careful as the sugar is molten and can cause serious burns if touched.
For more information about the different cooking stages of sugar, click on this link to the Exploratorium site on the Science of Candy. It's a great link and hilarious as well.
2. While you are waiting for the sugar mixture to come up to temperature, mix the unflavored gelatin and water in a bowl for at least 5 minutes. This step is hydrating the gelatin. Gelatin is a protein that will stabilize the foam and keep the air bubbles that you will whip in from collapsing. I think powdered gelatin has a stinky smell when it is rehydrated. Gelatin is typically an animal product in case you are vegan or vegetarian. Don't worry, the marshmallows won't taste or smell like that.
3. Once the sugar solution is up to 238F and the gelatin has been hydrated, carefully pour the hot mixture into the bowl with the gelatin and using the whisk attachment, gradually take the mixture to high speed for 12 min.
4. The mixture will transform from a transparent solution to a thick, white mixture that looks like a taffy marshmallow. Add the vanilla.
5. While the mixture is thick, it still flows.
6. Spread the mixture into an oiled 9 X 13 glass dish lined with parchment and oiled again. I use a spray oil to even coat the pan and even the spatula, to prevent sticking. The mixture is sticky and tacky!
7. The recipe says to let the mixture sit for 3 hours or more. I don't always wait that long though. Remove the marshmallow from the dish onto a cutting board with powdered sugar.
8.Using powdered sugar to prevent stickiness, I cut the marshmallows into shapes like stars, trees or snowflakes. Toss the marshmallows in powdered sugar to coat them.
And there you have it! These marshmallows are beautiful in a cup of hot cocoa or delicious on their own! Enjoy!

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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- Family: Cyprinidae (Minnows and Carps)
- Other Names: Mirror carp, leather carp, koi
- Ohio Status: Introduced
- Adult Size: Typically 15-30 inches, can reach over 40 inches. Usually weighs 5-10 pounds, can reach 50-60 pounds.
- Typical Foods: Will eat a wide variety of items including, insect larvae, crustaceans, mollusks, some aquatic plants, fish eggs, and even small fish.
The common carp can be easily identified by several features. First, there are two barbels on each side of the mouth. No other species that closely resembles the carp has these barbels. Second, the dorsal and anal fins have spines at the front edge of the fins that are serrated. Most carp are bronze-gold to golden yellow on the sides and yellowish white on the belly. Partially scaled or scaleless individuals are frequently caught by fishermen: these are known as "half-scaled," "mirror" or "leather" carp. Also brightly colored common carp are known as "koi" and are often sold as ornamental fish for garden ponds. Common carp differ from goldfish by having the two sets of barbels and by having a dark spot at the base of each scale.
Habitat and Habits
Carp prefer warm lakes, streams, ponds and sloughs with a lot of organic matter. They do not multiply readily in clear, cold water. They are tolerant of very poor water quality. They root around on the bottom while feeding often uprooting vegetation and making the water very turbid (murky).
Reproduction and Care of the Young
Spawning begins in late April and continues into June. Large females lay between 100,000 and 500,000 eggs in vegetation with water depths between one and four feet. Young carp remain in these vegetated areas until they are three to four inches in length and eat primarily small crustaceans.


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Change is in the Air for Network Cabling
Network cabling's design and performance has evolved through years of research and development. With each technological advance, however, the size of cable has increased, making it more cost-prohibitive and challenging to install. That is, until now.
AirES technology, which was recently introduced by Krone, uses air as an insulating material in its new network cable. A team of cable design engineers at Krone's facility in Sidney, Neb., invented the network cabling design to boost the cable's performance and reduce its size.
"Since the '70s, we've been using air as an insulator for our connectors," says Tim Takala, director of support technology for Centennial, Colo.-based Krone. "We're now implementing the AirES technology across our entire cabling range."
Krone's riser, plenum, and CM-50 cables all feature the AirES technology, which increases the cables' signal speed and strength while reducing crosstalk. By using air as an insulator, the engineers were able to reduce the cross-sectional area of the cable by up to 32%. Because air has a low dielectric constant of 1.0 and an improved resistance to dissipate energy, the air pockets reduce the need for bulky fillers and extra bonding that can add weight, reduce flexibility, and take up additional space. Each air pocket is shaped like an arch, which makes it more crush-resistant and flexible. The crush resistance is four times greater than UL recommendations, and the cable has a tighter bend radius due to a 17% reduction in the cable's outside diameter.
The design not only increases the cable's electrical performance, but it can also increase a cable installer's efficiency on the jobsite. The cable design reduces the pulling tension by 32% so more cables can be pulled at the same time, reducing installation time. Twice as much AirES cable can fit on one reel, which makes it easier to handle and transport.
"In cold climates, when you pull the cable out of the box, it lays virtually flat," Takala says. "The larger you make a cable, the more it becomes like a spring in a box. We've virtually eliminated recoil, which is a common problem in the industry."
More cables can also fit into less space, which maximizes tray, conduit, and duct space. The cables' fill rates have increased an average of 32% for Cat. 6 and 28% for Cat. 5e cables. As a result, cable installers can use the product in areas with limited access space.
Along with the improvements in performance come safety benefits. With less insulating material to burn, Krone's limited combustible CMP-50 cable generates less smoke and toxicity in air-return environments. Typical CMP-rated cable jackets are made of PVC, which releases chlorine gas when it burns. The jackets for Krone's CMP-50 cable are made of Teflon, which releases 14 times less smoke than other plenum-rated cables. In addition to the requirements of NFPA 262, the cable also meets a more stringent NFPA 90A standard.
For more information, visit _URL_.


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Top 10 Ways to Give Back to Your Child's School
6 of 11
Start a Garden
Do you have a green thumb? Consider helping your child's class start a vegetable garden. This project is two-fold & the students will learn the benefits of sustainable living and organic produce; and at harvest, you can donate your bounty to a local food shelter, or create some healthy dishes to share with the rest of the school.
Next: Lend Your Expertise


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Find out how tech is changing our lives Click here
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Click here for Spark show times on CNN International.
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(CNN) -- Computer scientists at the University of Bath in England have come up with a way to make even the dullest of holiday snaps, quite literally, animated.
John Collomosse has designed software that can transform videos into cartoons, and photographs into cubist portraits.
Traditional animation methods are labor intensive and time consuming, but Collomosse's technique requires very little human intervention for the transformation to take place.
The user chooses from a selection of artistic styles -- including cartoon, oil painting, sketch or cubist -- as to how they want to transform their photograph.
Collomosse created the program for his postgraduate studies, with the help of his supervisor, lecturer Dr. Peter Hall.
He told CNN that for the process to happen automatically, the computer had to be able to identify important features of the photo.
"The central role of the project was to turn video into cartoon. We asked, 'To what degree can we produce a cartoon-style image?'"
Collomosse said until now human intervention was needed to create different styles of images out of photographs, using computer software such as Adobe Photoshop to do so.
"For a cubist image, for example, they would need to pick out the features of the photo, such as the eyes, nose and mouth in an image of a face," he said.
"We had to teach the computer to identify what the important elements were."
By giving the computer an "aesthetic sense," Collomosse said they were able to create a series of automated artworks with new effects, including Picasso-style cubist pictures.
Work on the software began in 2001, and was completed last year, although Collomosse said the program was still a prototype and a lot of development would be needed to turn it into a commercial product.
Potential commercial applications in the future included using it as a "novelty item" in photo booths, where customers could transform their ordinary photos into works of art, he said.
Animator Neil Glasbey, of London-based company Framestore CFC, told CNN that the idea would be a fun tool to use on home videos.
"I think the idea of taking a home video and turning it into a cartoon could be really useful, particularly for the younger generation."
He stressed that for the idea to work, it would need to be simple and easy-to-use.


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Optimal Collection of Data for Parameter Identificationby F. E. Udwadia, Univ of Southern California, Los, Angeles, CA, USA,
Document Type: Proceeding Paper
Part of: Dynamic Response of Structures
Abstract: In this paper, the author attempts to study the optimal spacing of measurements for a structural system modelled by a single-degree-of-freedom oscillator so that the variance of one or more of the parameters being identified is minimized. The study starts with a linear oscillator, and using Fourier transforms, derives a set of linear algebraic equations. The condition on the measurement frequencies so that the estimated variance of either the mass parameter, the stiffness parameter or the damping parameter is minimal is derived analytically. It is also found that there may exist a set of frequencies at which no additional information on that parameter is available, yielding no reduction in its estimated variance. The determination of the optimal measurement frequencies depends solely on the nature of the forcing function used in the identification procedure and are invariant with respect to the actual values of the parameters being estimated.
Subject Headings: Parameters (statistics) | Dynamic structural analysis | Oscillations | Linear analysis | Dynamic loads | Model analysis | Structural systems | Linear functions
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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|Nailing and Screwing - Course: Making of Wood Joints. Instruction Examples for Practical Vocational Training|
The present documentation contains six selected instruction examples which serve to apply and consolidate the knowledge and skills of nailing and screwing techniques.
The basic idea of this technique is the making of wood joints, as well as the fastening of mountings on wood by means of nails or screws.
Each of the six selected instruction examples offers different possibilities to make wood joints or fasten mountings by means of nails or screws for holding or securing the parts to be joined.
The following criteria are to be considered:
- kind and extent of load the joint is exposed to
- optical-esthetical appearance
- risk of injury.
The kinds of joints offered in the instruction examples can be practised on other workpieces as well depending on the requirements of the trainee's working range and/or factory.
This could be for example:
- fastening of floor boarding, rear walls of furniture
- assembly of picket fences, batten doors and plank doors, transport boxes
- mounting on furniture and structural wood members, makeshift furniture.
To facilitate the preparation and implementation of the works, the materials, tools, measuring, testing and auxiliary means required for each instruction example are stated.
The work routine mentioned for the individual instruction examples contains the sequence of operations which are necessary for making the nail and/or screw joint.
A work drawing is attached to each example which shows the type and arrangement of the nails or screws as well as the shapes and/or dimensions of the workpiece.


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United States Department of Agriculture
Agricultural Research Service
Laboratory Investigation of Anion Exclusion Effects on Nitrate Mobility in Unsaturated Soil
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Summary: Nitrate derived from fertilizers applied at the surface of farm fields can leach downwards and contaminate underlying aquifers. Percolating water containing nitrate can also be intercepted by shallow subsurface drainage pipe systems and then discharged offsite into streams, rivers, and lakes; in turn potentially having an adverse impact on surface water quality at local, regional, and national scales. Therefore, solving environmental problems associated with nitrate (NO3-) requires a better understanding of how NO3- moves through the soil profile under unsaturated flow conditions.
To a large extent, NO3- mobility in soil is governed by electrostatic processes, particularly anion exclusion. Nitrate ions have a negative charge (i.e. nitrate is an anion), and anion exclusion processes occur when mineral/organic soil particle surfaces also have a net negative charge, which is typically the case. Pore-scale (micro-scale) anion exclusion processes begin with negatively charged NO3- anions being electrostatically repelled from the sides of pores comprised of negatively charged soil particles (Figure 1). The NO3- anions are then concentrated in the centers of the pores, where the fastest pore water is present (Figure 1). Consequently, where anion exclusion processes dominate, the NO3- anions move at a rate that is greater than the average pore water velocity. This is why the movement of NO3- in the subsurface is often quicker than expected. Various factors related to the solid soil matrix and the soil water can have a significant impact on NO3- anion exclusion processes.
Figure 1. Pore-scale conceptualization of anion exclusion processes under unsaturated flow conditions.
Consequently, a laboratory investigation with transient unsaturated horizontal column experiments was carried out to assess factors affecting the anion exclusion processes that substantially control NO3- transport in soil. A computer controlled syringe pump was used to inject water containing NO3- into the inlet of a horizontally mounted soil column (Figure 2). The computer controlled syringe pump maintained a constant water content at the inlet as the wetting front progressed into the column. Unsaturated conditions prevailed within the soil column during testing, and all tests were stopped before the wetting front reached the end of the column. Test results include water content and nitrate-nitrogen (NO3--N) concentration profiles plotted versus column distance (from inlet) or the Boltzmann transform (distance from the column inlet divided by the square root of the test duration time) (Figure 3).
Figure 2. (a) Schematic of computer controlled syringe pump apparatus, (b) photo of computer controlled syringe pump apparatus, (c) close-up photo of syringe pump and horizontal soil column with controller in background, and (d) close-up of syringes inserted into column inlet
Figure 3. Example of water content (left) and NO3--N concentration (right) profile results from two transient unsaturated horizontal column experiments conducted with initially dry Teller loam soil. Profiles are plotted versus the Boltzmann transform. Note: As shown in these example results, and as is often observed for initially dry soils, anion exclusion processes concentrate NO3- at the wetting front edge. In this case, NO3--N concentration at the wetting front was more than twice its injected concentration.
Some of the major findings for the laboratory investigation are listed as follows.
1) For the experiments conducted, regardless of the initial soil water content, anion exclusion processes result in the measured NO3--N concentration at the column inlet having a value less than the injected NO3--N concentration. Because the inlet water content and NO3--N concentration remain constant during testing, an effective excluded water content for NO3- can be calculated at the inlet. If the soil is initially dry, anion exclusion processes concentrate NO3--N at the wetting front edge (see Figure 3). Therefore, given initially dry soil conditions, such as is common in arid climates, anion exclusion not only makes NO3- more mobile, but can potentially produce high concentration NO3- "pulses" that move through the soil profile.
2) For a particular soil, if the injected NO3--N concentration is not varied, then the NO3--N concentration measured at the column inlet tends to remain the same, regardless of the water content value maintained at the inlet. This result indicates that the NO3- excluded water content at the inlet is linearly dependent on the total inlet water content.
3) Soils that have a high cation exchange capacity (CEC) will exhibit a much greater NO3- anion exclusion effect that soils with a low CEC.
4) Anion exclusion processes influencing NO3- mobility in the soil are more affected by the total amount of anions and cations present in the soil solution (ionic strength) and not as much by the actual NO3- concentration.
5) The type of accompanying cation can greatly affect the magnitude of the NO3- anion exclusion effect. Monovalent cations increase the NO3- anion exclusion effect, while trivalent cations suppress the NO3- anion exclusion effect.
Last Modified: 7/20/2009


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Report Number: SERC-2012-TR-028-2
Publication Date: 2012-10-24
Project: Security Engineering – Design Patterns and Operational Concepts
The Security Engineering project has focused on the development of what is referred to as System Aware Cyber Security, a novel approach for adding cyber attack defense in depth through embedding cyber security solutions to protect specified critical functions of a system within the perimeter of the system. The research efforts have focused on:
1. Concept definition for System Aware Security
2. Design and analysis of reusable system aware security designs that can serve as patterns for solutions that are repetitive at the design concept level from system to system. This includes adopting and utilizing a specification format for security design patterns.
3. Development and initial trial of a first methodology to support system engineers in the selection of groups of available design patterns for a specific system implementation.
The research has progressed to the point where work was initiated to start exploring a DoD-selected specific application: unmanned airborne vehicles (UAV's). This work involved starting the initial concept development for application of System-Aware cyber security design patterns and architecture selection methodology to a specific commercial off-the-shelf UAV system platform carrying electronic data collection apparatus (optical/IR cameras, a radar subsystem and signal collection receivers).
The remainder of this report provides the results for the three System Aware cyber security research areas identified above, as well as the initial exploratory results for the selected UAV application.


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The modern motorcycle helmet is designed to give protection against the road. They don't protect against the effects of noise on the ears. In fact, many helmets can worsen the effect on the hearing. This is by increasing turbulence in the air, leading to vibration and a loud whooshing noise. Combined with the noise of passing trucks these can cause permanent damage to hearing.
Most of us have experienced some temporary hearing loss and tinnitus at some point. This may have been from exposure to a high volume noise, for example, music in a club. It is often temporary after an exposure like this. Unfortunately with repeated and severe episodes the damage may become permanent.
Noise-induced hearing loss is one of the few preventable causes of deafness. In the acute phase it may be temporary but both the deafness and the tinnitus can become permanent.
Wearing ear plugs for motorcycles is an easy way to protect yourself against noise-induced hearing loss because it is due to wind and traffic noise. ZenPlugs Molded Motorcycle Ear Plugs are spot-on because they are created not to protrude from the ears. They work well under a helmet. Varieties which do protrude tend to be pulled out when the helmet is being put on. They may cause uncomfortable pressure in the ears whilst the helmet is worn. ZenPlugs are also antibacterial so help protect against germs.
Advantages Of Molded Ear Plugs For Motorcycles
- Comfort. Due to the plugs being fitted to each ear one at a time, they are shaped to each curve of your ear canal meaning that they exert minimal pressure. This leads to superior comfort levels. Foam earplugs are usually not comfortable due to them expanding and exerting pressure on the lining of your ear.
- Effectiveness. Custom fitted ear plugs give an effective seal against sound and water. This makes them ideal for use when protecting your hearing. ZenPlugs are particularly notable as they are made at home in just a few minutes rather than having to visit the audiology clinic to have them made. This means they cost significantly less than other moulded earplugs.
- Versatility. Due to their effectiveness at blocking sound and water moulded earplugs are ideal for all uses. This is unlike other types. Wax and soft silicon plugs tend to only be any good for blocking water as the stickiness often makes them unusable at other times. ZenPlugs are also ideal for preventing swimmer's ear and surfer's ear as well as blocking traffic noise.
- Hygienic. As they are wiped clean, washable and nonporous moulded earplugs are more hygienic than other types. ZenPlugs in particular are well ahead of the rest because they contain a powerful antibacterial agent. This notably destroys all bacteria which lead to painful ear infections. Early signs of infection (otitis) include soreness and itching. Regularly wearing ear plugs can introduce bacteria and cause the micro-environment of your ear canal to become warm and moist. This makes it the perfect breeding ground for nasty bacteria and fungi. Switch to moulded earplugs to remedy this situation.


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Healthytarian Minutes with holistic teacher Evita Ochel. This episode shares 10 factors that can prevent the highest or fullest expression of our health and wellbeing, beyond healthy lifestyle habits.
For more guidance on healthy living, take Evita's online video course: The 5 Pillars of Optimal Health.
If you want to experience the highest potential, when it comes to your physical and psychological health, so that you are thriving and not just surviving, it is essential to engage in smart and healthy lifestyle habits, like eating a whole-food, plant-based diet, sleeping enough, moving enough, dealing with your stress effectively and having meaningful relationships.
However, given the numerous physical, chemical, environmental and social stressors that have become a part of our modern-day life, there are certain factors that can prevent us from experiencing optimal health, beyond our best efforts.
- Living in close proximity to chemical output, such as farms that use pesticides or process animal wastes and factories that process or burn any synthetic materials.
- Living in close proximity to high electrical output, such as transmission towers.
- Living in close proximity to radiological output, such as nuclear plants, or experiencing frequent medical procedures based on radiation.
- Working in environments that produce and/or emit concentrated chemical odors, synthetic products or toxic substances.
- Working night shifts and/or prolonged hours.
- Having dental procedures, like root canals or mercury fillings.
- Using any drugs, including pharmaceuticals, vaccines, alcohol, and any other legal or illegal substances.
- Ingesting genetically modified foods or drinks.
- Using toxic personal care products, including anti-perspirants, lotions, perfumes, synthetic sunscreen and insect repellents.
- Living with unprocessed or chronic mental or emotional trauma.
Minimizing, avoiding or removing as many of these stressors from your life as possible, will help to decrease any potential damage from them, while further enhancing your health. If these have been part of your life in the past or will continue, it is that much more important to prioritize optimally healthy lifestyle habits, which will offer the best protection and healing from them.
Comments, Questions & Feedback
To share any comments, questions or feedback, please visit the video's YouTube page.


Quick Answer: Does Your Face Change Everyday?
What makes a face look older?
This is all because of the skin's elasticity.
With age, the skin becomes thinner and it stretches.
Does your face change throughout the day?
Subtle environmental changes such as your immediate diet can alter the look of your face. The face that we see is an image composed of our diet, genetics, and day to day habits. Every day, hormones are produced, blood sugar is regulated, and food is metabolized. This is known as homeostasis.
Why does my face look backwards in photos?
One major factor is that photos generally show us the reverse of what we see in the mirror. When you take a photo of yourself using some (but not all) apps or the front-facing camera on an iPhone, the resulting image captures your face as others see it. The same is true for non-phone cameras.
Why does your skin look better in the morning?
Peer-reviewed studies have found that your skin is actually thicker in the morning than at night, and wrinkles are less pronounced in the morning as well. … While there's no doubt that adequate sleep will make you feel and look less tired, wrinkles can't heal overnight.
Why do I look worse in the morning?
Originally Answered: Why does my face look ugly in the morning? Gravity. Sleeping distorts your face just as getting up resets your face to normal. … For young people, sometimes they just sleep AFTER the shoot.
Can puberty change your face?
What makes a girl's face attractive?
Because we know that real beauty is on the inside. The contrast between skin and eye/lip colors can affect attractiveness. A woman's face is perceived as more feminine and young if her eyes and lips are highlighted. … Faces with a straight nose look more symmetrical, thus they are perceived to be more attractive.
Does your face keep changing?
As we age, our faces go through a number of changes. Those changes happen to a number of facial structures to varying degrees. The extent that any one change causes aging will differ from person to person. … Let's take a look at some of the facial structures and how they change and affect appearance as we age.
Why does your face change when you wake up?
When you lie down at night, fluid accumulates in your head more than usual because gravity is no longer pulling it down back into your body. … When you get up in the morning and are upright again, it takes a little while for gravity to drain the fluid levels back to your normal upright equilibrium.
Why do I look tired after sleeping?
At what age do women's looks fade?
Most women really start to lose their beauty when they approach, 50, but most men do also. Weight, lack of fitness and little physical activity leads to loss of appearance for most. Some girls lose beauty before thay are 20 and some women retain their beauty into their mid 70s.
How can a girl get a jawline?
Which face shape is best for female?
Narrow forehead and jawline with cheekbones at the widest point of the face. Dr De Silva said: 'This is the most desirable face shape for a woman. It is incredibly feminine and elegant. Megan is one of the great screen beauties of her age and she has a symmetrically perfect diamond-shaped face.
Why did my face change so much?
Our faces change primarily due to the soft tissue or fat component in our faces. If you look at the faces of young people, regardless of weight, their faces are full and full of convexities! As we age the fat in our faces dissipates and also descends southward or down due to aging of the structures and gravity.
At what age does your face change most?
Do chubby cheeks go away with age?
Buccal Fat and Chubby Cheeks Usually, the size of the fat pads diminishes with age. Some people might develop a leaner, more shapely face by their teens, but others might still have prominent, chipmunk cheeks into their 30s, 40s or even older.
What is the most attractive face shape?
The Face Shape That Wins Hearts But the heart shape, otherwise more commonly known as a V-shaped face, has been scientifically proven to be the most visually attractive face shape to have.
Is it possible to change your face shape naturally?
It's possible to change your the shape of your face. "All men and women have seven fundamental face shapes," says Dr Shome. … But more often than not, people, both men and women, are not satisfied with the facial shape nature has bestowed on them.


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The first question that comes to mind when we hear the term 'Enhanced Learning' is how can we possibly enhance the process of learning? To define the term, Enhanced Learning covers approaches to teaching and learning that are often rooted in various philosophies and are fundamentally different
from those of mainstream education. Most educational alternative methods teach the student focus and how to gather information more efficiently both in class and from text books. Some programmes help children learn how to better express themselves in their writing and in their speech.
Abacus, a means to understand Maths
Mental Mathematics includes diverse systems to help students understand the mental processes involved in different operations of mathematics and be able to perform calculations without the aid of any devices. It has emerged as one of the most popular learning methods. While some mental math methodologies are based on ancient philosophies, others are results of modern scientific research. But whatever the ideology, many parents agree that learning mental math at an early age helps to boost a child's confidence when it comes to numbers, develop mental calculation abilities, enhance mental capacity, promote intuitive thinking, enhance problem-solving capability, enhance creativity and last but not least, improve concentration and mental endurance.
Most popular mental math methods
* Abacus: The most ancient tool used to perform basic arithmetical problems, the abacus is gaining popularity for introducing mathematical fundamentals to children. Most importantly, research shows that the use of Abacus enhances both left brain and right brain development, training the whole thinking process to be more efficient and effective. The abacus process is easy to adapt for beginners and puts less stress on the mind of children. Abacus trainers start their courses with the use of the abacus and are slowly able to train students to solve even complicated mathematical problems without the aid of the device.
* Kumon: The Kumon Math Method was founded by a Japanese educator Toru Kumon in 1950s. In this method, students do not work together as a class but progress through the curriculum at their own pace, moving on to the next level when they have achieved mastery of the previous level. This usually involves repeating the same set of worksheets until the student achieves a satisfactory score within a specified time limit.
* Vedic Maths: It has its roots in ancient Indian scriptures or the Vedas. This method teaches you not only to add, subtract, multiply or divide but also to solve complex mathematics such as algebra, geometry, Calculus, and Trigonometry. Based on 16 Vedic Math sutras or word formulas, this method is said to encourage the development and use of intuition and innovation, while giving the student a lot of flexibility, fun and satisfaction.
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Global warming could help pesky fish pest
Thermal boost Global warming could advantage one pesky marine species while disadvantaging its predator, a new study suggests.
The study, of the eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) and its predator, the Australian bass (Macquaria novemaculeata), is published today in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
"Mosquitofish are very aggressive - they eat lots of tadpoles and eat or damage a lot smaller fish," says biologist Professor Frank Seebacher, of the University of Sydney.
"Once mosquitofish come in, the biodiversity decreases quite sharply. They are much more of a problem than canetoads."
Seebacher and colleagues wanted to investigate how increasing water temperatures could affect the relationship between mosquitofish and its predator.
"Species respond really differently to the same changes in climate," says Seebacher. "This is the first study to that looks at the thermal effects on interactions [between species]."
Seebacher and colleagues first acclimatised both mosquitofish and bass in laboratory tanks at 15°C and 25°C for several weeks, representing their winter and summer averages.
They then exposed each to 5°C increments in temperature starting at 10°C and ending at 30°C and tested how this affected their ability to swim, given their different long-term thermal background.
"Swimming is important for a fish to chase prey and escape predators, as well as to mate and reproduce," says Seebacher.
The researchers also exposed the different fish to each other and measured how well the bass could catch mosquitofish and how well the mosquitofish could escape from the bass.
"Mosquitofish were much happier in warmer temperatures than the bass were and when we looked at their interaction we also found the mosquitofish were better able to escape from the bass at the warmer temperatures," says Seebacher.
"It didn't require much of an increase in water temperature for that to be apparent - only about 3 or 4 degrees above their mean."
As well as being a fish humans like to eat, bass are currently being used by scientists to hold mosquitofish in check. But the researchers say their findings suggest as it gets warmer bass will be less able to feed themselves, because they will be less able to catch their prey and mosquitofish in return will escape predation.
The researchers now hope to look at the relationship between mosquitofish and their tadpole prey, and a three-way relationship between bass, mosquitofish and tadpoles.
"We're increasing the complexity of the system to test the flow-on effect of what we've found in this paper," says Seebacher.


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Country China
Population 270,232 (2000)
Area 9,252 km2
Region Xinjiang
Karamay or Kelamayi is a prefecture-level city in the north of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Peoples Republic of China. The name of the city comes from the Uyghur language, and means "black oil", referring to the oil fields near the city.
Map of Karamay
Karamay was the site of one of the worst disasters in modern Chinese history, the 12-08 incident, when 324 people, 288 of them school children, lost their lives in a cinema fire on 8 December 1994.
Edsa woolworth handa ka bang humiwalay sa pamilyang lagi mong karamay
Karamays new city park
Karamay in the past, History of Karamay
On December 8, 1994, a fire broke out in Friendship Theatre (???), Karamay, which caused the death of 325 people including 288 school children, according to official figures. Many teachers were killed while trying to protect and evacuate their students from the building, which lacked adequate safety features. A show was being organized at that moment for a number of local government officials, who managed to escape ahead of the others on spotting the fire, and were afterwards charged with neglecting their duty and received prison sentences of up to 5 years.
Karamay Beautiful Landscapes of Karamay
Karamay is located in the northwest of the Dzungarian basin, with an average elevation of 400 metres (1,300 ft). Its administrative area ranges in latitude from 44° 07 to 46° 08 N and in longitude from 80° 44 to 86° 01 E, and has a maximal 240 km (150 mi) north-south extent and reaches 110 km (68 mi) in east-west width. It borders Hoboksar Mongol Autonomous County to the northeast, Shawan County to the southeast, Toli County and Wusu to the west, and Kuytun to the south.
Karamay Beautiful Landscapes of Karamay
The naturally available water supply in the Karamay area is rather limited: it mostly consists of two fairly small rivers (the Baiyang River and the Daerbute River (?????) flowing into the Dzungarian Basin from the mountains of its northwestern rim. In addition, the city receives water from the Irtysh River, over the Irtysh–Karamay Canal, which was officially opened in 2008.
A number of natural (Ailik Lake) and artificial (Fengcheng, Huangyangquan) reservoirs are located in Karamays northeastern Urho District; they all are replenished, directly or indirectly, by water from the Irtysh–Karamay Canal.
In 1955, one of the largest oil fields in China was discovered there. Since then, the city has grown into an oil-producing and refining center.
Similar Topics
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European Decorative Arts and Sculpture
Cloister with Elements from the Abbey of Saint-Genis-des-FontainesMade in Roussillon, France, Europe
1270-80s, with medieval elements from southwestern France and modern additions
Artist/maker unknown, French
1928-57-1bPurchased with funds contributed by Elizabeth Malcolm Bowman in memory of Wendell Phillips Bowman, 1928
LabelAt the heart of every medieval monastery stood a cloister, an arcaded walkway surrounding a courtyard. The Museum's cloister is modeled after a thirteenth-century example at the Abbey of Saint-Genis-des-Fontaines in the Roussillon region of southwestern France, and includes sculpture originally from the abbey, contemporary elements from the province, and early-twentieth-century reproduction carvings. Medieval cloisters served both practical and spiritual purposes. Most were open air, often with a garden in the courtyard. A ninth-century architectural drawing known as the Plan of Saint Gall, which is considered a blueprint of the ideal monastic compound, features a large, centrally located cloister that would have been reserved for the monks. At Saint-Genis-des-Fontaines, the outer walkway held doors that opened into the dining hall, the chapter house (where the abbey was administered), and the church. In addition to functioning as a connecting space, the courtyard and its colonnade were used by the religious community for processions, services, and communal readings. The cloister also provided an area where individual monks could engage in private prayer and contemplation.
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* Works in the collection are moved off view for many different reasons. Although gallery locations on the website are updated regularly, there is no guarantee that this object will be on display on the day of your visit.


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Carrollton Leader > News
Santa Fe Days brings Native American history to Carrollton: Ninth year promises to bring culture to the forefront
Photos courtesy of Santa Fe Days organizers
Chester Nez is the last surviving Navajo Code Talker who assisted the United States during World War II.
Santa Fe Days, Carrollton's largest gathering of Native Americans, is just around the corner.
The free Native American cultural event features more than 40 Native American artists and craftsman, championship plains Native American dancers, Evelio Flores' Aztec DancersMitotiliztli Yaoyollohtli, and Southern Drum-Bear Claw Singers.
The event will be held Oct. 13 from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. and Oct. 14 from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. at the square in Historic Downtown Carrollton.
The idea came in 2003, when Carrollton businessman David Oldfield was visiting New Mexico. During his trip, he met the Santa Domingo veteran craftsmen, who are predominantly jewelers. Oldfield thought the jewelry was so beautiful that he wanted to somehow bring the crafts to the city.
Enter Annette Anderson, who has been assisting in the event for the past four years. She, along with Native American community members, has been pushing for a more cultural experience, and this year is no different.
"For the past four years we have been trying to develop a cultural aspect of it so it's not just jewelry and pottery and all of the crafts," Anderson said. "Now we have Pueblos and nations from all over the United States that are represented through their crafts."
The last surviving Navajo Code Talker, Chester Nez, will be on hand to sign his book about the role the Navajo language played in World War II.
"Most of the code talkers were sent to boarding school when they were little, where they were told not to use their language and were punished for doing so," Anderson said. "Then, the United States government said they needed them to use their language to use the code, because it was the only one that had never been broken."
Anderson said the U.S. tried several other native languages during World War II, including languages native to the Choctaw, Comanche and Cherokee tribes.
Santa Fe Days has incorporated a new cultural path where children and families can learn how Native Americans influenced the food so commonly found on their tables.
"For instance, our main thing is a seed protector bag that every child is going to get," Anderson said. "We made 1,000 handmade seed bags. When they come to the children's cultural path, they will get a sample of the three sister sees - corn, beans and squash, which is an ancient agricultural method used for centuries. Then they learn about protecting our seeds and GMO seeds versus heirloom seeds."
At least 60 percent of the world's food supply is reliant on foods that were originally grown by the indigenous people of America, who cultivated more than 300 foods including Irish potatoes, which were actually first grown by Native Americans.
"We have an indigenous grocery store with all of the items grown by indigenous people and children will see them in the grocery store but won't connect with here they where the food came from," Anderson said. "We're showing them how all of this fits together. I take a mobile store with me to powwows and children will come up to me asking about a pinto been and say they have never had one. But when I tell them that those are the beans used in bean burritos from Taco Bell, they immediately connect."
In addition to the indigenous grocery store, Santa Fe Days will feature a new exhibit called "Food is Medicine."
"We show them how everyday foods that you get in the grocery store were actually used as medicine for indigenous people," Anderson said. "For example, you can take avocado pit and cut it into fourths that can be made into tea that helps with stomach troubles. We are trying to get a typical herbal cough drop and have as many of the ingredients in its plant form so kids can see how this all fits together."
A quiz will be given to adults and teenagers to see if they can identify which herb aids which ailment. But it's not all food and herbs, Anderson said, there are many other attractions this year that she hopes will bring in more people.


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Ancient Journeys: What was Travel Like for the Romans?
It was not uncommon for the ancient Romans to travel long distances all across Europe. Actually during the Roman Empire, Rome had an incredible road network which extended from northern England all the way to southern Egypt. At its peak, the Empire's stone paved road network reached 53,000 miles (85,000 kilometers)! Roman roads were very reliable, they were the most relied on roads in Europe for many centuries after the collapse of the Roman Empire. It could be argued that they were more reliable than our roads today considering how long they could last and how little maintenance they required.
A Roman street in Pompeii. ( CC BY-SA 3.0 )
Travel by road
Unlike today, travel by road was quite slow and... exhausting! For example, going from Rome to Naples would take over six days in Roman times according to ORBIS, the Google Maps for the ancient world developed by Stanford University. By comparison, it takes about two hours and 20 minutes to drive from Rome to Naples today.
Funeral relief (2nd century ) depicting an Ancient Roman carriage. ( CC BY-SA 3.0 )
Romans would travel in a raeda, a carriage with four noisy iron-shod wheels, many wooden benches inside for the passengers, a clothed top (or no top at all) and drawn by up to four horses or mules. The raeda was the equivalent of the bus today and Roman law limited the amount of luggage it could carry to 1,000 libra (or approximately 300 kilograms).
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Rich Romans traveled in the carpentum which was the limousine of wealthy Romans. The carpentum was pulled by many horses, it had four wheels, a wooden arched rooftop, comfortable cushy seats, and even some form a suspension to make the ride more comfortable. Romans also had what would be the equivalent of our trucks today: the plaustrum. The plaustrum could carry heavy loads, it had a wooden board with four thick wheels and was drawn by two oxen. It was very slow and could travel only about 10-15 miles (approximately 15 to 25 kilometers) per day.
Carpentum replica at the Cologne Museum. ( CC BY-SA 3.0 )
The fastest way to travel from Rome to Naples was by horse relay or the cursus publicus, which was like a state-run postal service and a service used to transport officials (such as magistrates or people from the military). A certificate issued by the emperor was required in order for the service to be used. A series of stations with fresh and rapid horses were built at short regular intervals (approximately eight miles or 12 kilometers) along the major road systems. Estimates of how fast one could travel using the cursus publicus vary. A study by A.M. Ramsey in "The speed of the Roman Imperial Post" (Journal of Roman Studies) estimates that a typical trip was made at a rate of 41 to 64 miles per day (66 - 103 kilometers per day). Therefore, the trip from Rome to Naples would take approximately two days using this service.
Because of their iron-shod wheels, Roman carriages made of a lot of noise. That's why they were forbidden from big Roman cities and their vicinity during the day. They were also quite uncomfortable due to their lack of suspension, making the ride from Rome to Naples quite bumpy. Fortunately, Roman roads had way stations called mansiones (meaning "staying places" in Latin) where ancient Romans could rest. Mansiones were the equivalent of our highway rest areas today. They sometimes had restaurants and pensions where Romans could drink, eat and sleep. They were built by the government at regular intervals usually 15 to 20 miles apart (around 25 to 30 kilometers). These mansiones were often badly frequented, with prostitutes and thieves roaming around. Major Roman roads also had tolls just like our modern highways. These tolls were often situated at bridges (just like today) or at city gates.
Travel by sea and river
Man sailing a corbita, a small coastal vessel with two masts. ( Public Domain )
There were no passenger ships or cruise ships in ancient Rome. But there were tourists. It was actually not uncommon for well-to-do Romans to travel just for the sake of traveling and visiting new places and friends. Romans had to board a merchant ship. They first had to find a ship, then get the captain's approval and negotiate a price with him. There were a large number of merchant ships traveling regular routes in the Mediterranean. Finding a ship traveling to a specific destination, for example in Greece or Egypt, at a specific time and date wasn't that difficult.
Ancient Roman river vessel carrying barrels, assumed to be wine, and people. ( CC BY-SA 3.0 )
Romans would stay on the deck of the ship and sometimes there would be hundreds of people on the deck. They would bring their own supplies aboard including food, games, blankets, mattresses, or even tents to sleep in. Some merchant ships had cabins at the stern that could accommodate only the wealthiest Romans. It is worth noting that very wealthy Romans could own their own ships, just like very wealthy people own big yachts today. Interestingly, a Roman law forbade senators from owning ships able to carry more than 300 amphorae jars as these ships could also be used to trade goods.
How clay amphorae vessels may have been stacked on a galley. ( CC BY-SA 3.0 )
- Divers locate 2,000-year-old Roman wreck with cargo of fermented, salted fish intestines
- Rats, Exploding Toilet Seats and Demons of the Deep: The Hazards of Roman Sewers
- Exotic Goods and Foreign Luxuries: The Ancient Roman Marketplace
Traveling by ship wasn't very slow, even compared to modern day standards. For example, going from Brindisium in Italy to Patrae in Greece would take over three days, versus about one day today. Romans could also travel from Italy to Egypt in just a few days. Commercial navigation was suspended during the four winter months in the Mediterranean. This was called the mare clausum. The sea was too rough and too dangerous for commercial ships to sail. Therefore, traveling by sea was close to impossible during the winter and Romans could only travel by road. There were also many navigable rivers that were used to transport merchandise and passengers, even during the winter months.
Traveling during the time of the ancient Romans was definitely not as comfortable as today. However, it was quite easy to travel thanks to Rome's developed road network with its system of way stations and regular ship lines in the Mediterranean. And Romans did travel quite a lot!
Featured image: An ancient Roman road at Leptis Magna, Libya.( CC BY-SA 3.0 )
By: Victor Labate
Romae Vitam. Roman roads. [Online] Available here.
Watler Scheidel, Elijah Meeks. ORBIS The Stanford Geospatial Network Model of the Roman World. Orbis.Stanford.edu [Online] Available at: _URL_
Romae Vitam. Roman carriages. [Online] Available here.
Romae Vitam. Roman ships. [Online] Available here.


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Lots has been written about the Nobel Peace Prize, but like any widely discussed and hotly debated subject, there's wheat and there's chaff. Of the sources we've seen, here are a few standouts.
— Irwin Abrams & Scott London
The Nobel Peace Prize: One Hundred Years for Peace: Laureates _PHONE_.
By Øivind Stenersen, Ivar Libaek and Asle Sveen.
Oslo: Cappelen, 2001.
This book, published in conjunction with the centenary of the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001, begins with a look at the life of Alfred Nobel, an overview of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, and the history of the Nobel Institute. It goes on to present richly illustrated biographies, in chronological order, of all the prizewinners from 1901 to 2000. A final essay surveys the views of the different laureates on how peace might best be achieved. Though written by three scholars at the University of Oslo, the book is written for a broad general audience.
The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates: An Illustrated Biographical History, _PHONE_.
By Irwin Abrams.
Canton, Mass.: Science History Publications, 2001.
Hailed by the American Library Association as an "outstanding reference work," this authoritative survey of the Nobel Peace Prize details the evolution of the prize, delves into the role and mechanics of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, and profiles a century of laureates. Originally published in 1988 and revised and expanded in 2001, the book was described by Choice magazine as "a wonderful reference work" — "The introductory material and all the biographic entries are concise, well-written, meet high academic standards, and are enjoyable as well."
Nobel Lectures in Peace
Edited by Frederick W. Haberman, Irwin Abrams and Scott London.
Singapore: World Scientific, _PHONE_.
The authorized edition of the Nobel lectures in peace, published in eight volumes, presents a detailed introduction to each prize, the official announcement of the award by the Norwegian Nobel Committee, the presentations speeches by the chair of the committee (or other representative), biographies of the laureates, and extensive notes and bibliographies. The first three volumes, covering the years _PHONE_, were edited by Frederick Haberman. Volumes 4-7, covering _PHONE_, were edited by Irwin Abrams. Volume 8 (2001-2005) was edited by Irwin Abrams and Scott London.
The First Century of Nobel Peace Prizes
Edited by Charles Chatfield
Peace and Change: A Journal of Peace Research. Vol. 26, No. 4. October 2001.
This special issue of Peace and Change, the respected journal of peace research, looks back on the first century of the Nobel Peace Prize with academic essays by such noted scholars as Charles Chatfield, Øyvind Tønnesson, Peter Van Den Dungen, Irwin Abrams, Olav Njølstad, and Ivar Libæk, Asle Sveen and Øivind Stenersen. Among the questions taken up are what makes the Nobel Peace Prize unique, the decision-making process of the Nobel committee prior to the World War II, and the trends that have shaped the prize's evolution over the years.
Le prix Nobel de la paix et l'Institut Nobel norvégien
Rapport historique et descriptif accompagné d'une histoire du mouvement pacifiste.
By Ragnvald Moe. Aschenhoug. 1932.
Norway and the Nobel Peace Prize
By Oscar J. Falnes
Columbia University Press, 1938. (Reprinted by AMS Press, 1967)
The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates
The Meaning and Acceptance of the Nobel Peace Prize in the Prize Winners' Countries
Edited by Karl Holl and Anne C. Kjelling
P. Lang, 1994.
Der Friedens-Nobelpreis: von 1901 bis heute
By Michael Neumann
Peace! By the Nobel Peace Prize Laureates: An Anthology
Edited by Marek Thee
The Words of Peace: The Nobel Peace Prize Laureates of the Twentieth Century
Selections from Their Acceptance Speeches
Edited by Irwin Abrams (with a foreword by Jimmy Carter)
Newmarket Press, 2008.
Alfred Nobel: A Biography
By Kenne Fant
The Moral Architecture of World Peace
Nobel Laureates Discuss Our Global Future
By Helena Cobban
University Press of Virginia, 2000.
Peacemakers: Winners of the Nobel Peace Prize
By Ann T. Keene
Oxford University Press, 1998.
Patriotic Pacifism: Waging War on War in Europe, _PHONE_
By Sandi E. Cooper
Oxford University Press, 1991.
© Copyright 2010 by Irwin Abrams and Scott London. All rights reserved.


Catnip TeaBenefits & How To Make
by John Staughton (BASc, BFA) last updated -
Some of the surprising benefits of catnip tea include its use in soothing pain, easing sleep, reducing stomach discomfort, moderating stress levels, eliminating colic, boosting the immune system, preventing headaches and lessening menstruation symptoms. Although there are many positive effects, catnip tea can also cause excess urination, drowsiness, and heavy menstrual bleeding, particularly when consumed in excess.
What is Catnip Tea?
Catnip tea is made from the leaves of the catnip plant, scientifically known as Nepeta catariawhich is a member of the mint family. It has been in use for centuries, and while catnip is often associated with feline friends, it is highly valued in traditional medicine practices. The high levels of antioxidants and active compounds, such as limonene, acetic acid, biotin, inositol, folic acid, pantothenic acid, sodium, nepetalic acid, sulfur and vitamin A and B, all make catnip tea a powerful home remedy that can have a wide range of effects on human health.
A close-up shot of catnip tea
Catnip tea is known to calm the body down. Photo Credit: Shutterstock
What is Catnip Tea Good For?
Catnip tea is particularly good for people suffering from cramps, bloating, cold and flu, headaches, stress, anxiety, depression, heavy menstruation, chronic pain, insomnia, indigestion and various conditions caused by oxidative stress. When prepared appropriately and drunk in moderation, it can deliver all of the following health benefits.
Stress Levels
Menstrual Discomfort
Famed for its role in easing menstrual symptoms, catnip tea can ease the pain of menstrual cramps and bloating, while the mood-altering effects of this tea can help reduce other common symptoms of menstruation, such as depression, irritability and mood swings.
Chronic Pain
Catnip is packed with volatile compounds and antioxidants, many of which are analgesic in nature. If you consistently suffer from pain following an injury, surgery, or long-term illness, or if you are dealing with an acute case of pain, a cup or two of catnip tea each day can help maintain a rather neutral level of pain relief.
This unusual tea is also great for inflammation throughout the body and is known to relieve inflamed tissues, joints, and muscles. Certain compounds in catnip tea mimic muscle relaxants, which adds to the feelings of relaxation you can enjoy after drinking a cup. This is also the property that makes catnip tea so valuable for young children and infants, given that it can soothe colic, as well as break fevers.
Catnip tea is often prescribed for upset stomachs by natural healers, as it can relieve the tight, knotted-up feelings in the gut, while also promoting bowel movements and urination. It can relax the smooth muscles of the bowels to relieve constipation, while also reducing excess flatulence and bloating.
Antioxidant Properties
Antioxidants, such as vitamin A, found in catnip tea are able to seek out free radicals throughout the body and lower the risk of oxidative stress in critical organ systems. These free radicals are linked to an increase in cellular mutation and different types of diseases.
This property can also help prevent signs of premature aging, such as wrinkles and age spots on the skin.
Immune System
Catnip tea has been traditionally prescribed for relieving colds and coughs to bronchitis and upper respiratory infections. It has expectorant and anti-inflammatory properties that not only provide relief from the symptoms of an illness but also neutralize the underlying infection causing those symptoms.
As a sedative substance, catnip tea should be taken when drowsiness or fatigue is desired, which is why this tea is often a pre-sleep beverage. If you suffer from insomnia or chronic restlessness, a strong cup of this tea can give you a restful night's sleep. However, do not drink this tea before operating heavy machinery or getting behind the wheel of a car.
How Do You Make Catnip Tea?
Catnip tea is easy to make at home and requires nothing more than a pot, some fresh/dried catnip, and a bit of lemon juice or honey to taste. Fresh catnip leaves can be cut to release more of the potent oils into the tea for a stronger brew, or they can be used whole. If you are growing your own catnip plant, follow these simple instructions to make dried leaves.
First, cut the fresh stems off of the plant and gather them in bunches. Hang them upside-down in a cool, dry place. When they are completely dried, separate the leaves from the stems and throw the stems away. Place the dried leaves in an airtight bag and crumble them before storing the leaves in a dry, dark place until you are ready to use them. Here is a detailed recipe.
A close-up shot of catnip tea
How to Make Catnip Tea: Easy Recipe
Calm your senses with this homemade herbal tea!
3 from 1 vote
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Course: Beverage
Cuisine: Others
Keyword: catnip tea
Appliance: Stove
Prep Time: 10 minutes
Cook Time: 20 minutes
Total Time: 30 minutes
Servings: 4 people
Author: Ishani Bose
 - Bring the water up to a boil in a small pot.
 A pot of boiling water
 - Add the leaves to a mug or teacup.
 - Remove the water from the heat and wait until it stops boiling before pouring it over the leaves in the cup. Excess heat can compromise many of the benefits derived from catnip leaves.
 - Add honey or lemon juice, to taste, and enjoy!
 A close up shot of a kettle of herbal catnip tea
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Influencing public awareness and education
One of the ways that the National Osteoporosis Society works to improve the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis is through better awareness and education.
Educating young people
The National Osteoporosis Society considers working with young people to be vital for the prevention of osteoporosis in later life. It is important that children start learning about their bones from an early age; the earlier children start making healthy dietary and lifestyle choices, the better the chance of preventing osteoporosis becoming a disease of future generations.
Along with the creation of new resources for young people, we also aim to influence the national curriculum across the UK to ensure it includes bone health messages at both primary and secondary level.
You can find out more about our work with young people by visiting our educational website _URL_
Further information for professionals working with young people can also be found in the professional section of our website.
Influencing government public health campaigns
Whereas the NHS provides services for people who need healthcare, public health is about helping people to stay healthy and prevent illness. The National Osteoporosis Society works to influence public health campaigns delivered in all four UK countries, so that they reflect our own messaging on the steps needed to build and maintain healthy bones. As part of this work, we liaise with NHS Choices, Change4life and Health Challenge Wales.
From April 2013, public health services in England will be the responsibility of local authorities, co-ordinated by Public Health England. Councils will be able to choose which health priorities they tackle from a menu set out by the UK Government in the Public Health Outcomes Framework. This menu includes indicators on hip fractures in people over the age of 65 and falls and fall injuries in people over the age of 65.
Councils will have the option to work with the NHS through Health and Wellbeing Boards to reduce local hip fracture rates. Fracture Liaison Services (FLSs) are proven to prevent fragility fractures and produce net cost-savings for the NHS and local authorities where they are in place.
The full Public Health Outcomes Framework document can be accessed here.


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On the eastern coast of Gibraltar, steep cliffs conceal a network of caves containing artwork and engravings that were created by Neanderthals more than 39,000 years ago.
However, this world heritage site, along with dozens of others found across the Mediterranean coast, is now at risk of being damaged or destroyed as a result of sea level rise, a study finds.
Using data taken from the study, Carbon Brief has produced an interactive map showing the flood risk faced by 49 world heritage sites found in southern Europe and northern Africa at different levels of sea level rise.
The findings show that, today, 37 out of the 49 sites are already at risk and, by the end of the century, the average flood risk across the region could increase by a further 50%.
Where possible, it may be necessary to move these iconic sites further inland in order to protect them from climate change, the lead author tells Carbon Brief.
What does the map show?
The map shows 49 coastal sites across the Mediterranean, all of which located at less than 10m above sea level.
Each point on the map represents one of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation's (Unesco) world heritage sites. For a landmark to be considered a world heritage site, it must be of "outstanding universal value", according to Unesco. In total, there are 263 world heritage sites across the Mediterranean.
Sites on the map include the iconic ancient cities of Venice and Naples in Italy, as well as lesser known sites including Gorham's Cave Complex, Gibraltar, which contains Neanderthal artwork, and the ruins of Butrint, Albania, a prehistoric settlement which was occupied by ancient Greeks and Romans.
The researchers quantify "flood risk" by developing an index, from zero to 10, that combines potential flood depth and area. The index is calculated using digital maps of topography, data on storm surge heights and projections of sea level rise.
The maps shows the flood risk faced by each site from 2000 to 2100, according to this index. The slider can be used to show the risk at 10-year intervals. On the map, yellow indicates the lowest flood risk while dark purple indicates the highest flood risk.
RCP2.6: The RCPs (Representative Concentration Pathways) are scenarios of future concentrations of greenhouse gases and other forcings. RCP2.6 (also sometimes referred to as "RCP3-PD") is a "peak and decline" scenario where stringent mitigation and carbon dioxide removal technologies mean atmospheric CO2 concentration peaks and then falls during this century. By 2100, CO2 levels increase to around 420ppm – around 20ppm above current levels – equivalent to 475ppm once other forcings are included (in CO2e). By 2100, global temperatures are likely to rise by 1.3-1.9C above pre-industrial levels.
Sea level rise increases coastal flood risk by raising water levels, which means that, during high tides or a storm, coastal defences are more likely to become overwhelmed, says Dr Lena Reimann, a researcher at the City University of New York and Kiel University, Germany and lead author of the study published in Nature Communications.
Sea level rise also increases the average height of a "storm surge" – a rising of the sea above the normal tide level during a storm, which causes coastal flooding.
The map can be toggled between different future scenarios of climate change and, thus, sea level rise. These include "RCP2.6", a relatively low emissions scenario where warming is limited to below 2C above pre-industrial levels; "RCP4.5", a moderate emissions scenario and "RCP8.5", a comparatively high emissions scenario.
The map shows how, at present, 37 out of the 49 sites are already at risk of being flooded by the size of storm expected once every 100 years.
The risk of flooding has already reached the maximum of 10 in several sites, including Venice and its surrounding lagoons. Venice is particularly vulnerable to sea level rise because it is low-lying, built over seawater, and the weight of its buildings is causing the land beneath it to sink.
The flood risk across the region during the 2000s averaged 3.7. If warming is limited to 2C (RCP2.6), this is projected to rise by a quarter (to 4.6) and if little action is taken to tackle climate change (RCP8.5), this could increase by almost half to 5.5.
Two sites that are expected to face considerably higher risks if little is done to tackle climate change are Tipasa, Algeria, a former Roman military base which also plays host to palaeochristian and Byzantine ruins, and the Old Town of Corfu, off the coast of Greece, which has its roots in the eighth century BC.
The study also estimated how sea level rise could increase the risk of coastal erosion faced by each site.
Coastal erosion occurs when the action of waves, winds and tides eats away at the land, causing the shoreline to retreat. Sea level rise can worsen coastal erosion by causing the tide to move closer to the land and allowing waves to reach further up and into the coastline.
The study finds that, at present, 42 out of the 47 sites are at risk from coastal erosion. This number increases to 46 under the high emissions scenario.
The average erosion risk increases from 6.2 out of 10 in 2000 to 6.4 in 2100 under RCP2.6 and RCP4.5. Under RCP8.5, the average risk increases to 6.4.
The site facing the highest risk of coastal erosion is Tyre, Lebanon – an ancient Phoenician city where, according to legend, purple dye was invented.
The findings show that, even under relatively low sea level rise, the Mediterranean's world heritage sites are likely to face increasing risks, says Reimann:
"Adaptation will be essential for those sites to maintain their outstanding universal value, but common adaptation measures are not likely to be adequate for this purpose."
Common measures to combat coastal flooding and erosion, such as flood barriers and sea dikes, could be inadequate because they are unsightly, she says:
"Different disciplines will need to contribute to design non-conventional, innovative solutions. Such disciplines include architecture, arts, and engineering."
In some cases, the only option could be to move the site of interest further inland and away from the threats posed by sea level rise, she says:
"Relocation – technically feasible in some cases – may be the last resort for world heritage sites at very high risk and where other adaptation measures cannot be implemented. As the outstanding universal value of each site is bound to its location, relocation must be assessed on a case-by-case basis."
Reimann, L. et al. (2018) Mediterranean UNESCO World Heritage at risk from coastal flooding and erosion due to sea-level rise, Nature Communications, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06645-9
Map by Ros Pearce and Tom Prater for Carbon Brief
Mapped: The Mediterranean world heritage sites at risk from sea level rise
Mapped: Where sea level rise could threaten world heritage sites in the Mediterranean
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Your statement of truth really, really matters!
Not many court experts, signing the statement of truth at the end of their reports, are thinking about the clang of the prison gates. The recent decision in Liverpool Victoria Insurance v Zafar [2019] EWCA Civ 392 is a reminder that they should.
The medical expert revised a prognosis in his medical report by adopting his instructing solicitor's suggestion, and without re-examining the client or exercising any professional judgment. There was no clinical justification for the amendment. It was not perhaps surprising that the judge had held that the expert was reckless as to the truth of the revision and as to whether that would mislead the court, and for that contempt of court passed a sentence of 6 months imprisonment but suspended it.
The Court of Appeal was asked to find the sentence unduly lenient. It did.
It was emphasised that making a false statement verified by a statement of truth is a serious offence. Doing so deliberately or recklessly would usually result in committal to prison, and the offence remained serious even if there was no direct financial motive on the part of the expert for the false statement. In the case of an expert witness, it made little difference whether the false statement was made deliberately or recklessly.
The maximum sentence for contempt is 2 years' imprisonment. A sentence "well in excess of 12 months" was the starting point. Early admission and co-operation, genuine remorse and previous unblemished professional record were all relevant, but breach of the court's trust by a professional witness could be expected to result in severe sanctions. That experts in this position will have brought ruin upon themselves was not a reason not to impose a significant custodial sentence.
The Court of Appeal indicated immediate custodial sentence would be the norm, and there would have to be powerful factors to justify suspending the sentence.
The expert in this case was not re-sentenced as the guidelines now available by this judgment were not available when he was sentenced. However it was made clear that now an appropriate sentence would be an immediate custodial sentence significantly longer than six months.
An expert must take the statement of truth required at the conclusion of an expert report for any court or tribunal extremely serious. Although rarely read, as it is pasted into a report or appears in the template, it does bear reading. To recklessly or deliberately misstate matters in the report in breach of that statement of truth is likely to result in an immediate custodial sentence, as well as terminal consequences for the expert's professional status.
Similar weight should also be given to the sign-off of a joint statement following a joint discussion between experts. In civil claims this requires a brief restatement that the experts recognise their duties to the court and that they have not been instructed to avoid reaching agreement on any matter within their competence. An intentional or reckless false statement is likely to have similar consequences.


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Hot and Cold Ideal Gases Documents
This material has 2 associated documents. Select a document title to view a document's information.
The EJS Hot and Cold Ideal Gases model simulates the mixing of hot and cold two-dimensional ideal gases in a square box. This simulation can be used as part of the activity described in "The Statistical Interpretation of Entropy: An Activity" by Todd Timberlake, to be published in The Physics Teacher.
In the model, one gas is initially confined to the left side of the box while the other gas is confined to the right side. An animation window shows the motion of the particles in the box, while an optional graph window plots the temperature of each side of the box, which is determined by measuring the average KE of the particles on each side. The initial number of particles and temperature on each side of the square can be changed and a button allows the user to reverse the particle velocities at any time. The user can modify this simulation if EJS is installed locally by right-clicking within the plot and selecting "Open Ejs Model" from the pop-up menu item.
EJS Hot and Cold Ideal Gases model was created using the Easy Java Simulations (EJS) modeling tool. It is distributed as a ready-to-run (compiled) Java archive. Double clicking the ejs_entropy_HotAndColdIdealGases.jar file will run the program if Java is installed. EJS is a part of the Open Source Physics Project and is designed to make it easier to access, modify, and generate computer models. Additional EJS models are available. They can be found by searching ComPADRE for Open Source Physics, OSP, or EJS.
Last Modified June 18, 2010
Source Code Documents
The source code zip archive contains an XML representation of the EJS Hot and Cold Ideal Gases Model. Unzip this archive in your EJS workspace to compile and run this model using EJS.
Published July 7, 2010
Last Modified July 7, 2010


. However, this argument does not prove that the rocks were created only 4,500 years ago during the flood, nor 6,000 years ago during creation. It only means that polonium was delivered to the rocks via hydrothermal fluids. Nothing can be inferred about the ages of these rocks. The rocks themselves could be a billion years old, and the polonium could have been brought in by fluid a year ago. Or, the rocks could be a billion years old, and the fluid brought them in 500 million years ago. This argument is useless to the young earth creationist.
 For a more thorough refutation of this topic, see the references below.
For More Reading
Polonium Haloes Refuted
Evolution's Tiny Violences: The Po-Halo Mystery
Polonium Halo Claim
Thousands...Not Billions Review Home
Chapter List
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Related Articles
R.A.T.E. Project Rebuttal Section


plant-derived trace elements and hormones promotes the development and growth of long-stemmed, extremely robust and flowering plants
Bio Heaven Biobizz stimulates enzyme activity and rapid uptake of nutrients, while increasing the amount of typical chelates of essential macro and micronutrients: its use makes plants more inclined to maintain proper hydration, allowing them to better withstand any stress caused by moisture.
Also highly recommended is the use of Root Juice fertiliser from Biobizz, a compound made entirely from plant elements and designed specifically for organic gardening, which combines humic acid and algae. Its synergistic action promotes root development and encourages the natural biological cycle, supporting the initial stages of growth as well as the development of plants that are already perfectly anchored in the soil. This process allows the crop to absorb more nutrients and faster, resulting in healthy, hardy and particularly productive plants in terms of inflorescence.


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A high-level programming language noted for its ease of use and graphics capabilities. It is a recursive language that contains many list processing functions that are in LISP, although Logo's syntax is more understandable for novices.
Stemming from a National Science Foundation project, Logo was created by Seymour Papert in the mid-1960s along with colleagues at MIT and members of Bolt Beranek & Newman. Originally developed on large computers, it was later adapted to many personal computers. A wealth of information about Logo and its educational philosophy is available from the Logo Foundation, _URL_
Command the Turtle
Turtle Graphics is the graphics language built into Logo, which allows complex graphics images to be created with a minimum of coding. The turtle is a triangular-shaped cursor, which is moved on screen with commands that activate the turtle as if you were driving it, for example, go forward 100 units, turn right 45 degrees, turn left 20 degrees.
The following Object Logo example converts Fahrenheit to Celsius:
print "|Enter Fahrenheit |
make "fahr ReadWord
print "|Celsius is |
print (:fahr - 32) * 5 / 9


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1. A grocery store carries a particular brand of coffee that has the following characteristics:
Sales = 8 cases per week
Ordering cost = $10 per order
Carrying charge = 20 % per year
Item cost = $80 per case
a. How many cases should be ordered at a time?
b. How often will coffee be ordered?
c. What is the annual cost of ordering and carrying coffee?
d. What factors might cause the company to order a larger or smaller amount than the EOQ?


Kilnave Cross and Chapel
Bridgend, Islay OS Map
Early Christian Cross; Chapel Canmore
Also known as Cill Naoimh; Cill Neimh
Kilnave stands on the west shore of the sandy estury of Loch Gruinart at the northwest of Islay. There's a ruined chapel here which is probably late-mediaeval in date within a Victorian enclosure. But much older is the free-standing cross which is held in a modern concrete base. RCAHMS date the cross to either the 5th or the 8th century.
The cross has been badly weathered over the centuries and much of the surface has flaked off, leaving very little of any original decorative carving to be seen.
The burial ground also contains gravestones that are modern and dated stones going back to the 1700s
Tradition has it that the chapel was burned down in 1598, whilst inside were the fugitives from a local battle.
Images ©2014 Martin McCarthy, Theasis Photography
Nearby Sites
17km Cultoon Stone Circle


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Frederic Eugene IvesArticle Free Pass
Frederic Eugene Ives, (born Feb. 17, 1856, Litchfield, Conn., U.S.—died May 27, 1937, Philadelphia), American photographer and inventor.
As a boy, Ives was apprenticed to a printer at the Litchfield Enquirer, where he became interested in photography. By the time he was 18 years old, he was in charge of the Cornell University photographic laboratory. While there, he developed an early halftone process using a gelatin relief. He continued to improve this process, and in 1881 he worked on the first commercial production of halftone printing plates using his method; in 1885 he introduced an improved halftone screen.
Among Ives's 70 patents were those for halftone photogravure (anticipating rotogravure); the modern short-tube, single-objective binocular microscope; and the photochromoscope (also called kromskop) camera and the chromogram (also spelled kromogram). The latter, a viewing instrument that accurately combined and projected the three-separation colour negative produced by the former, was of particular importance in the development of full-colour projection. Some of his early prints are preserved in the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
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So What's Special About Wortley?
So What's Special About Wortley?
There is a well-known and over-used adage that says all men are born equal, but some are more equal than others. So, in archaeology, we can say that all sites are unique, but some are more unique than others. And the Romano-British site at Wortley falls into the latter category.
It was discovered in 1981 by accident by the then landowner, Paul Cory, when digging a hole for a fence post and coming up with a piece of mosaic flooring and pieces of painted wall plaster. Some local enthusiasts opened a trench which revealed the badly-damaged pilae of a hypocaust system of parts of two rooms of a bathhouse, together with considerable quantities of painted wall plaster, tesserae and tegulae, some pottery and bone.
In 1983 the site was taken over, at the request of Mr Cory, by the University of Keele as a training excavation for students from not only England but from various parts of the world as well. Wortley continued to be a training excavation site until 1996. Tthe uniqueness of the Wortley site lies in two of its structures: its cellar and its bathhouse.
Cellars on Romano-British sites are commonly seen as storage areas; they are relatively rare in Roman Britain, and their construction is mainly restricted to the period AD70-155. But the cellar at Wortley was, in origin, not a simple storage facility, but an underground cult room. The evidence for this special use is fourfold. First, the walls had been decorated by coloured painting rather than the plain whitewash of a storage room. Second, the southern wall had niches in it which may have held cult images (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1 Niches in the southern wall of the cellar
Third, the cellar had two splay windows in its western wall, not on its own an indicator of a cult room, but significant when considered in conjunction with the other evidence. Fourth, the association of the cellar with water. This latter was strikingly evidenced by a cruciform channel-system beneath the cellar's concrete floor, running from the central point of the floor to the west, east and south, with the beginning of a fourth channel running northwards under the half of the cellar not available for excavation. Each of these channels was covered by capstones mortared onto the stone edges of the channels (Fig. 2), and over time the channels had become filled with clay(Fig. 3).
Fig. 2 Capstones over the southern channel beneath the cellar floor
Fig. 3 Clay-filled channels beneath the cellar floor
The most surprising aspect, however, was that all three complete channels ran beneath the walls of the cellar, under rough stone lintels, but ended at the outer limits of the walls. Consequently, they were not part of any drainage system, but were associated solely with the cellar. We can't be sure of the function of these channels, but two large, folded pieces of lead found in the western channel (Fig. 4) may have formed the lining for a font-like feature set within a hole found in the centre of the concrete floor, immediately above the junction of the channels.
Fig. 4 One of the folded pieces of lead in situ in the western channel
This 'font' probably contained water brought up by seepage via the channels, depending on the water table at the time, or it may have been used to receive libations which would then run into the channels. No parallel has been noted in either Britain or abroad for these channels.
That'll do then for the first unique aspect of the Wortley site. Let's turn now to the bathhouse. The first striking thing about it was its size: just under fourteen metres in length and comprising six areas, ranging from a hot room to a latrine. And included in these six is something even more striking: a natatarium or swimming pool, some 13.7 metres long and 2.2 metres wide internally. No prizes for a Romano-Briton swimming a width, but good for up-and-down work! Such a pool is extremely rare outside of large urban sites, and would seem to be the largest of any known on a rural site. So the presence and size of the Wortley natatarium is remarkable, but there is another rare, if not unique aspect. There was no evidence of any non-porous lining to the surface or the walls of the pool, and so it seems that it took the form of a large lead tank sitting upon a pitched stone surface. The inner faces of the two north-south walls were badly damaged, suggesting the vigorous removal of such a tank (Fig. 5). Interestingly, the cold plunge bath showed a similar lack of non-porous lining to its floor and what remained of its walls, again pointing to the use of lead to provide a 'tank'.
Fig. 5 Damaged walls and floor of natatarium
There were, of course, other rooms at the Wortley site, but there was no diagnostic evidence to indicate their functions. All that we can say is that they gave the impression of having been rather spartan (perhaps not the best term to use!), with no sign of decoration of any sort. All of this leads to the question of what exactly was Wortley all about? We used the word 'villa' in our interim reports, but this was perhaps a sort of shorthand, the word being, in archaeology, a catch-all for any building with a Roman wall. We are still debating the function of our site, but it seems very likely that it was a cult 'centre' with, perhaps, accommodation for people visiting it. On the other hand, it might have been a more 'private' religious complex associated with an adjacent 'villa', a possibility suggested by magnetic susceptibility tests which indicate buildings (of unknown date) in an adjacent field.
The writing of the final report of the excavation is nearing its conclusion, and will hopefully be available in the not-too-distant future.
Editors' note;
Our thanks to Dr. Wilson for this article.
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Survivors of the Firestorm
Mountain Ash Fact Sheet
Mountain Ash
Common Name: Mountain Ash
Order: Myrtales
Family: Myrtaceae
Genus: Eucalyptus
Species: E. regnans
Size and Growth Rate: Mountain ash grows relatively quickly, with an average annual growth rate of 3 feet (1 meter). They are the tallest of the eucalypts, capable of reaching heights of up to 490 feet (150 meters) but generally grow to about 330 feet (100 meters). It's the world's tallest flowering plant.
Life Span: Mountain ash has an average lifespan of 400 years.
Reproduction: The primary form of reproduction occurs through dispersal of seeds. This process is often initiated during severe fires when intense heat releases seeds from their hard casings, called gumnuts. The seeds germinate on the forest floor, receiving a boost of nutrients from the ashes left behind from the fires, and flourishing in the sunlight which reaches the ground through now-bare tree branches. Mountain ash trees can also regenerate through shoots sprouting from dormant buds protected beneath the fire-insulated bark., or which are stimulated when trees suffer significant loss of top growth—though this form of regeneration happens far less frequently.
Appearance: The base of the tree is quite rough but, as the tree grows, this rough bark sheds large ribbons, leaving the highest part of the tree with a smoother exterior. The lowest branches are nearly 100 feet from its base. The mountain ash leaf varies in shape; clusters of white flowers blossom during Australia's summer and autumn months, January to March.
Habitat: The mountain ash grows in deep soil in the cool, mostly mountainous areas of Victoria and Tasmania on the Australian continent. These regions are located at an approximate altitude of 3,300 feet (1,000 meters) with an average annual rainfall of 47 inches (1200 millimeters).
Conservation Status: The species is not considered to be at risk of extinction.
Additional Facts:
 - Mountain ash is a common name given to other unrelated species of trees, such as the Fraxinus texensis in Texas, the Sorbus in North America, and the Sorbus aucuparia, found mostly in Ireland and Britain.
 - In addition to mountain ash, the species has also been referred to as Victorian ash, swamp gum, Tasmanian oak and stringy gum.
 - The Australian mountain ash is the tallest flowering plant, and the tallest of the eucalypts.
 - Only California coastal redwoods are taller, though their heights are comparable.
 - The species is an evergreen, maintaining its leaves year-round.
 - Mountain ash is part of a diverse group of plants known as Angiosperms, or flowering plants, classified for their seed, flower, and fruit production.
 - Its leaves produce volatile, highly combustible oils.
 - Mountain ash produces excellent hardwood timber prized by the lumber industry for building and paper products, and also provides essential habitat for a wide variety of birds and mammals, including the endangered Leadbeater's possum.