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- Up until now, researchers have been looking for ways to grow new human organs inside animals.
- But in a recent study, scientists have successfully demonstrated how to inject human stem cells into pig embryos.
- These human/pig chimeras can aid in developing human organs needed for transplant in future.
Researchers have succeed in growing human stem cells in pig embryos.
Human/animal chimeras can offer insights into early human development and disease onset and provide a realistic drug-testing platform. They may also help in developing human organs in animals for later transplant.
'Human-animal chimeras could lead to better ways of understanding of early human and disease evolution as well improved methods for testing new drugs against certain conditions.'
But the study proved to be more challenging than ever.
The approach involves growing the desired new organ in a large animal like a pig using human stem cells, and then harvesting it for transplant into the patient's body.
The risk of immune rejection would be small in such cases because the organ would be made of a patient's own cells
Chimeras are animals composed of two different genomes and the human-organ-growing pigs would be an example. They would be generated by implanting human stem cells into an early pig embryo, resulting in an animal composed of mixed pig and human cells.
A team of biologists, led by Jun Wu and Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte at the Salk Institute, has shown for the first time that human stem cells can contribute to forming the tissues of a pig.
"The ultimate goal is to grow functional and transplantable tissue or organs, but we are far away from that," says lead investigator Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte, a professor in the Salk Institute of Biological Studies' Gene Expression Laboratory. "This is an important first step."
"It's like when you try to duplicate a key. The duplicate looks almost identical, but when you get home, it doesn't open the door. There is something we are not doing right," says Izpisua Belmonte. "We thought growing human cells in an animal would be much more fruitful. We still have many things to learn about the early development of cells."
First Step-Rat/Mouse Chimera
As a first step, Izpisua Belmonte and Salk Institute staff scientist Jun Wu created a rat/mouse chimera.
They did this by introducing rat cells into mouse embryos and letting them mature.
To allow the rat cells to grow in specific developmental niches in the mouse, researchers conducted genome editing.
They used CRISPR genome editing tools to delete critical genes in fertilized mouse egg cells. For instance, in a given cell, they would delete a single gene critical for the development of an organ, such as the heart, pancreas, or eye. Then, they introduced rat stem cells into the embryos to see if they would fill the open niche.
"The rat cells have a functional copy of the missing mouse gene, so they can outcompete mouse cells in occupying the emptied developmental organ niches," says Wu. As the organism matured, the rat cells filled in where mouse cells could not, forming the functional tissues of the organism's heart, eye, or pancreas.
In rats though the gall bladder stopped developing 18 million years ago, in the experiment, the rat cells also grew to form a gall bladder in the mouse.
"This suggests that the reason a rat does not generate a gall bladder is not because it cannot, but because the potential has been hidden by a rat-specific developmental program," says Wu. "The microenvironment has evolved through millions of years to choose a program that defines a rat."
Second Step-Human/Animal Chimeras
The team's next step was to introduce humans' cells into an organism.
Due to their large size and close resemblance of their organs to humans, they decided to use cow and pig embryos as hosts.
The scientific challenge faced by the researchers was in determining what kind of human stem cell could survive in a cow or pig embryo.
The researchers chose pigs due to the difficulty and cost involved in experimenting with cows.
The effort required to complete studies of 1,500 pig embryos involved the contributions of over 40 people, including pig farmers, over a four-year period. "We underestimated the effort involved," says Izpisua Belmonte. "This required a tour de force."
Pigs also have a gestation period that is about one-third as long as humans, so the researchers needed to introduce human cells with perfect timing to match the developmental stage of the pig.
"It's as if the human cells were entering a freeway going faster than the normal freeway," says Izpisua Belmonte. "If you have different speeds, you will have accidents."
Several different forms of human stem cells were injected into pig embryos to see which would survive best. The "intermediate" human pluripotent stem cells were the cells that survived longest and showed the most potential to continue to develop.
The so-called "naïve" cells resemble cells from an earlier developmental origin with unrestricted developmental potential; "primed" cells have developed further, but still remain pluripotent. "Intermediate cells are somewhere in between," says Wu.
The human cells survived and formed a human/pig chimera embryo. It did help to form their organs, although not very efficiently.
The researchers did not want the human/animal chimera to be too human. That is, they did not want human cells to contribute to the formation of the brain.
In this study, the human cells did not contribute to formation of brain cells that can grow into the central nervous system. Rather, they were developing into muscle cells and precursors of other organs.
"At this point, we wanted to know whether human cells can contribute at all to address the 'yes or no' question," he says. "Now that we know the answer is yes, our next challenge is to improve efficiency and guide the human cells into forming a particular organ in pigs."
The researchers said there was a long way to go before human organs could successfully be grown in animals like pigs.
The report is published in in Cell
- Jun Wu et al. Interspecies Chimerism with Mammalian Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cell ; (2017)


SQLMetal woes: No sqlmetal.exe with VS 2008 Team Edition
Using Expression Blend with VS2008: Invalid project File Error
Dynamic Language Runtime: What is it?
On many blog entries around the world, specially from the bloggers from Microsoft, one would find a numerous mention about the Dynamic Language Runtime (also known as the DLR). Specially since many MS bloggers are writing a lot about IronPython, DLR is reflected in their topics. So I was questioning myself a few days ago about the DLR and how is it different from the CLR? Here are my findings.
Dynamic Programming Languages
The first and most common example of dynamic programming languages is Javascript, where one can define types and its methods at runtime. By definition, a dynamic language is a high level programming language whose behavior at runtime is similar to its behavior at compile type. So the compile time behaviors in normal programming languages can also execute at runtime for the dynamic languages. For example a class (type) can be defined at runtime or its methods can be defined at runtime in JavaScript. So a types behavioral properties can be extended at runtime. The type or the object system may be defined or changed at runtime, even the inheritance tree might be modifiable.
These behaviors can be emulated by standard runtime like the.NET CLR but, it takes a lot of work to do that. Thus the DLR is born.
Dynamic Language Runtime
First of all let me state that the CLR already has support for dynamic languages, however adding the DLR on top of CLR makes it much more easier to implement a dynamic language and makes communication between multiple dynamic languages a breeze just the way CLR did it for multiple.NET languages. This added layer on top of the existing CLR provides the following services.
Shared Dynamic Type System (I am calling this DTS)
Unlike the CTS where type safety is a crucial requirement the DTS allows us to morph the types at runtime. So we can add methods to the a type or modify it. Also two dynamic languages can talk to each other with same vocabulary.
Dynamic Method Dispatching
Ever heard of C++ virtual function tables? Dynamic dispatching is dynamically being able to change which code executes for a method at runtime. There is also another form of dynamic dispatching which is per instance dynamic method dispatching. For example at runtime we can define what code will execute for the method of a class, which is simple method dispatching. But if we are able to define for an instance of a class which code will execute for the instance of that class type that would be instance based dynamic dispatching.
Dynamic Code Generation
Code generation capabilities at compile time is called dynamic code generation. The generated code may have the capability to modify itself. For example, JavaScript eval() function is very powerful and it is able to compile and modify itself.
Hosting Capabilities
Just like the CLR, the DLR also has a hosting API.
So the DLR makes it a whole lot easier for two dynamic languages to have shared code. The keyword here is sharing. Also the DLR is built on the existing CLR. Microsoft has its DLR source code available at codeplex with IronPython project. IronPython is the first sample DLR language and MS plans to implement DLR in VB.NET 10 and next Jscript.
kick it on DotNetKicks.com
If code example was there then it would easy to understand people like me. Nice Article. Thanks.
Shafqat Ahmed
You can download IronPython source from CodePlex it has the examples, DLR soruce and even a test language.
my project is about runtime programming in c#, could you give me some information or introduce useful site,thanks.
The comments to this entry are closed.


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The summer Olympics in Beijing inspired me to learn about shoes in the Chinese culture. I wanted to find more information behind the ancient practice of footbinding and to see examples of traditional Chinese shoes.
The shoes made for women with bound feet were called Lotus shoes. These shoes were handmade with lavish embroidery.
Soles of these shoes were made of cotton and cloth layers. These were glued to a wooden board. The uppers were silk and were embroidered.
The process of footbinding was painful. Between ages 4-7, a young girls feet were wrapped with tight bandages to prevent them from growing. Wikipedia goes into a decent about of detail about the process. Basically, the badgaes were soaked in herbs and animal blood, as were the girl's feet. The bandages would tighten as they dried. The girl's toes were broken in order to be wrapped tightly. Bandages were changed every two days. Occasionally, the process would result in infection, toes falling off, or even death.
The goal of this was to achieve the Lotus foot. The ideal length was 3 inches but they often ran as long as 6 inches.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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6 points, SCA Band 3, 0.125 EFTSL
Undergraduate - Unit
Refer to the specific census and withdrawal dates for the semester(s) in which this unit is offered.
Not offered in 2018
For students who commenced their LLB (Hons) course in 2015 or later:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
For students who commenced their LLB course prior to 2015: LAW1100 OR LAW1101 and LAW1102 or LAW1104;; ; LAW2201; LAW2202; LAW3101; LAW3301
For students who commenced their LLB (Hons) course in 2015 or later:;
This Unit explores the intersection of sport and law and in so doing: 1. equips students to apply the body of knowledge known as "sports law"; and 2. consolidates, reinforces and extends students' knowledge and understanding of core legal subjects central to the practice of law.
The Unit begins by examining the place of sport in our society, and how changes in society, and how society perceives sport (and sport perceives itself), has influenced the development and application of the law to sport. In doing so, the Unit will examine sport in its various guises, local, national and international; professional and amateur; contact and non-contact; and explore sports' social, cultural, economic and political importance. Next, the Unit explores the extent to which sport's '"specificity" (its unique social and cultural standing and need for "competitive balance") has seen legislatures and courts modify the application to it of traditional legal concepts. Areas to be examined include the application of criminal law to on-field violence; tort and OHS law to sports related injuries; contract and employment law to sports persons' employment contracts and collective bargaining agreements; competition, equal opportunity and anti-discrimination law to the rules and practices by which sporting competitions are organised and conducted; and privacy, intellectual property, discrimination and other laws to protect a sports person's name, image, likeness and other attributes of their identity or person. The Unit then explores the development of unique legal rules and institutions tailored to sports persons and sporting activities, and the extent to which they are amenable to state regulatory and judicial systems. These include sport specific self-regulating governance and dispute resolution systems; anti-drug codes; and rules concerning gambling and match-fixing. The Unit's focus is on domestic Australian law, but with an eye to how emerging commercial arrangements and legal doctrines in the US and EU could influence the law in Australia. Finally, the Unit concludes by considering the extent to which this body of knowledge evidences a specific corpus of jurisprudence recognisable as "sports law", and what we can learn from it about the development of the law more generally.
On completion of the Unit students should be able to:
- articulate the fundamental principles of criminal law, tort and OHS law, contract and employment, competition, equal opportunity and anti-discrimination law, privacy and intellectual property laws, and apply them to novel and unique cases presented by sport and sporting contests;
- critically assess policies and principles, including regulatory strategies, to promote and support sporting endeavours;
- demonstrate legal research and reasoning skills and professional judgement to generate appropriate responses to complex policy, regulatory and legal problems;
- demonstrate intellectual and creative skills to articulate legal and policy issues, to research, interpret and synthesise relevant legal, policy and factual matters, and to formulate reasoned and appropriate responses to legal problems;
- collaborate and communicate in ways that are effective, appropriate and persuasive;
- provide and make use of feedback to assess their own capabilities and performance and to support personal and professional development; and
- articulate and evaluate the role of law in regulating and facilitating sporting endeavours.
Assessment Task 1: Quizzes - 10%
Assessment Task 2: Research Assignment - 30%
Assessment Task 3: Exam - 60%
Minimum total expected workload to achieve the learning outcomes for this unit is 144 hours per semester typically comprising a mixture of scheduled learning activities and independent study. The unit requires on average three/four hours of scheduled activities per week. Scheduled activities may include a combination of teacher directed learning, peer directed learning and online engagement.
See also Unit timetable information

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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A review of Voices of the New Woman in Colonial Korea: Generic and Linguistic Interplay in the Construction of Self-Narratives, by Min Koo Choi.
Studies of the phenomenon of Korean New Women have gained great attention from scholars in South Korea and North America, especially in the last decade. The scholarship focuses on political, social, and cultural meanings of New Women in 1920s and 1930s colonial Korea, a time during which female social elites' public demand for gender equality and sexual freedom set a new stage for feminist movements in modern Korean history. What sets Min Koo Choi's dissertation apart from the previous scholarship is its examination of the linguistic construction of the New Women's social identity by analyzing the use of language in women's self-narratives.
In this theoretically rigorous and analytically rich dissertation, Choi investigates four pieces of self-narration written by both female and male writers. Choi pays special attention to the relationship between addressees and characters in these narratives, drawing on pronouns, addressee terms, sentence enders, relevant words, phrases, clauses, speech act types, and modality elements in order to delineate how the narratives can be read as a social action. Choi explores a range of issues that are embedded in the narratives, such as free love, chastity, and motherhood, by incorporating genre theory, language studies on gender and sexuality, and postmodern discourse on language. The dissertation considers language user's subject position—i.e., their class, gender, and sexuality—as an important condition for us to identify the competing and conflicting gender discourses put forward by male and female writers at the time. Female voices in self-narratives, Choi argues, are a linguistic performance that reveals the discursive construction of gender and sexuality.
In chapter 1, Choi first provides a theoretical framework that explains the linguistic and social significance of the self-narrative. Bakhtin's "heteroglossia" and Labov's theorization of narrative are two pillars of Choi's theoretical grounding of the self-narrative, which he uses as a way to identify the multiplicity of voices embedded in the genre and analyze the genre systematically. In chapter 2, Choi uses a theoretical model for language analysis in exploring the ideational, textual, and interpersonal function of language in the Korean context. Choi argues that language is not simply a "conventional marker of the user's social identity" (p. 19) but a social practice.
Chapter 3 provides the context in which New Women and women writers emerged in the 1920s and introduces political tension that existed between male and female elites due to their different stances on the ideas of love and marriage. This chapter sets the tone for chapter 4, which is a close analysis of Na Hyesǒk's "Confession of a Divorce." The "Confession" is a non-fictional self-narrative that expresses Na's personal experience of education, love, marriage, and divorce. Choi's analysis of the text shows the dialogic nature of Na's voice in this work, in which she demonstrates the ideological collision between the patriarchal marriage institution and women's pursuit of the cultivation of their individuality. The focal point of this chapter is the mixture of genres Na incorporated into her text; part confessional and part autobiographical, her writing blurs the specificity of the addressee—that is, her former husband and the public. Choi shows how Na, by mixing genres and addresses, effectively displays her willingness to engage with the public in criticizing patriarchal practice in marriage and divorce.
Chapter 5 consists of analyses of the self-narratives written not by professional writers but by two female public readers of modern women's magazines. Categorizing these women's self-narratives into three—women's views of romantic love and marriage, readers' experiences with romantic relationships, and women's critiques of the "wise mother and good wife" ideology—Choi analyzes two self-narratives that concern love and marriage. Again, Choi's special attention here is given to the mixture of genres in these writings—autobiography, epistle, narrative, and the argument in particular—that deliver the female writers' intentions.
Chapter 6 analyzes a woman's self-narrative, "Night in Seclusion" (Cheya), written by a male writer, Yǒm Sangsǒp. The configuration of multiple genres in this narrative is analyzed in depth, thus shedding light on "the oppositional discourses of tradition and modernity, of free love and arranged marriage, and of radical feminism and modern patriarchy" (p. 222). Choi adopts Bakhtin's theorization of dialogic voices, which presents the conflicting and contradictory voices of the female narrator. Choi shows us how the female narrator's radical feminist stance on love and marriage, however, is tarnished when she confesses how she tried to fulfill her material and sexual desires in the name of free love. This progression of the narrative, Choi argues, is the sign of modern patriarchy, which downgrades women's expressions of free love and sexual desire as morally deviant. Choi successfully demonstrates that the shifting voice of the female narrator signifies the male writer's patriarchal prejudice against the New Women.
Min Koo Choi's dissertation is a valuable addition to the study of New Women, as well as critical language studies in general, for its innovative approach to analyzing New Women's self-narratives. It illuminates how a linguistic analysis of these self-narratives can lend us an insight into the complex nature of the gender politics of the 1920s and 30s and its intersections with colonial capitalism and nationalism. As Choi argues, "critical language studies can provide the connection between the linguistic performance of the individual and the socio-historical construction of gender" (p. 18), and this dissertation proves to be exemplary of critical language studies, which not only helps us understand the relationship between language and gender but also presents an innovative way to investigate social meanings of the Korean New Women.
Department of Asian Studies
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Chǒng Kukja, Midǔmi kajǒ on sǒrum
Li Soa, Nanǔn irǒhan isǒng ǔl wǒnhamnida
Na Hyesǒk, Ihon kobaechang, Ihon kobaeksǒ
Yǒm Sangsǒp, Cheya
University of Hawaii at Manoa. 2011. 358 pp. Primary Advisor: Ho Min Sohn.
Image: Self-portrait drawn by Na Hye-sok, with permission.


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server 150 does not detect a match, the server will continue to monitor the ID lists at step 320.
Location information (Tower ID and Device ID) is sent to the awareness server 150 at a predetermined time interval if the wireless device is locked onto one tower. If the device is not locked onto a tower, location information is sent immediately to the awareness server 150. An example of this includes the scenario where a wireless device switches to another tower.
In addition to broadcasting the Tower ID that the wireless device is currently connected to, the wireless device also sends a list of all neighbouring Tower IDs. This Tower ID list includes network towers from the device's own network carrier, as well as other neighbouring carriers using the same network technology (e.g., CDMA, GSM, etc). For example, a device broadcasts location information to the awareness server. It sends its Device ID, Tower ID AA from GSM network carrier X that it is currently communicating on, and neighbouring Tower IDs AB, AC and AD that are in proximity. Tower ID AB is on the same network carrier X, but Tower IDs AC and AD are on GSM network carrier Y. This device connects only to network towers AB and AC from its own carrier; it can hear network towers AC and AD from a neighbouring network, but the device cannot connect to these towers.
One reason for reporting neighbouring Tower IDs (network towers) is to assist in monitoring of the Buddy list. The monitoring object 320 includes intelligent logic to resolve contacts that are in proximity on different network towers of the same network or on different networks. For example, if there are two contacts in San Francisco, one on a GPRS network and the other on a CDMA network and both users have the client application on their devices, the awareness server 150 will resolve a proximity match and send an awareness notification to both devices.
The wireless proximity logic does not require additional hardware such as Global Positioning System (GPS) peripheral to report location updates. The mapping of wireless proximity is conducted using a comparison of the list of wireless network towers. The awareness server 150 monitors a Buddy list, a Device list and a Tower list. If there is a match between buddies (contacts) on a user's Buddy list, with a specific device and tower, the awareness server will send out a notification to alert both contacts of their proximity.
A matching algorithm 440 performs a comparison of devices and network towers. If there is a match between multiple devices on the same network tower, the alerter object 450 is triggered to send out an awareness notification 340 to the wireless device. If there is no match, the matching algorithm will return to the monitor object 430 to continually monitor incoming requests from the Server Listener object 410. User preference is taken into consideration when alerts are sent out. For example, an awareness notification 340 is not sent out to individuals on the Buddy-list that are deemed blocked, or in an ignore or "Do Not Disturb" mode, even if there is a proximity match.
In certain embodiments of the awareness server 150, the matching algorithm 440 may include a time-based logic, capable of performing a fuzzy logic match, based on a configurable level of granularity. The fuzzy logic match is used to determine proximity of contacts in a Buddy list. For example, a user's contact in his Buddy list is 60 minutes away communicating on Tower A, and the user can hear Tower A. The fuzzy logic of the matching algorithm 440 generates a "proximity hit" of within an hour for that buddy and reports this detail to the user.
Once data is received on the receiver 510, it is sent to the client listener object 520 for processing. Based on the type of data received, the client listener object 520 will trigger the alerter object 530 to generate an audible or visual alert if the incoming data is an awareness notification 340 or pass the data onto the Updater object 550 if the incoming data is a Tower ID. The Updater object 550 will package the Tower ID info and combine it with the Device ID, the device unique identifier, and submit this info to the Transmitter object 560. The Transmitter object controls the RF Transmitter hardware on the device to send the update data back to the Awareness Server 150 as a status update. In addition to receiving information from the client listener object 520, the updater object 550 receives periodic requests to update the device status from the timer object 560.
This design has a number of strengths which include the following:
The client application and awareness server 150 may include additional features. One feature is to incorporate filters to determine user preference. Filters may be used to turn on/off notification, to accept/block users asking for presence tracking, and to place the user in different modes such as "Do Not Disturb", "Available", "In a Meeting" and "Offline" mode.
An additional feature may be to extend the awareness server to incorporate connectivity with instant messaging systems, for example, ICQ, AIM, MSN, Yahoo, and enable proximity awareness with contacts in these systems. A further feature may be to incorporate the functionality of the components of the awareness server 150 into the client application, thereby allowing communication between multiple users without the requirement of a server component.
The above-described embodiments of the present application are intended to be examples only. Those of skill in the art may effect alterations, modifications and variations to the particular embodiments without departing from the scope of the application.


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style, iconography, color and chronology.
Medieval Music:Crusade songs came to us almost entirely from the repertories of the troubadours and trouveres. That in itself seems to be a fact of great importance, for coexisting in the musical spectrum of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries were other important repertories. Alongside the secular, vernacular chant of troubadours and trouveres there was, on the one hand, the Latin sacred chant still cultivated in the monasteries, and, on the other hand, an entirely distinct repertory, that of the new polyphonic or "part-music," which flourished not at court nor in the monastery but in the great urban cathedrals of the north, especially at Notre Dame de Paris.
—Richard L. Crocker on Early Crusade Songs
Sarum Seminar. The Sarum Seminar is a continuously-evolving program for enthusiasts of Gothic cathedrals and medieval life. It began with a 1994 course on Salisbury Cathedral taught by Robert Scott through Stanford University's Continuing Studies Program.


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Detailed information on the exhibits, research projects, and programs tailored for journalists. For more information or questions please contact Burke Museum Public Relations.
June 24, 2010
Indigenous communities from across the Pacific join for first-ever cultural collaboration
In the culminating event of a year-long cultural exchange between the indigenous Ainu community of Japan and several Washington State tribal groups, a group of Ainu paddlers will join The Tulalip Tribes in the annual Tribal Canoe Journey event, this year hosted by The Makah Nation.
The Ainu will travel the farthest distance of any group to participate in this year's Tribal Canoe Journey. In 2008 the Ainu were formally recognized by Japan's government as the nation's "first peoples." Similar to Northwest Coast indigenous communities, canoes have long played an important part in the lifestyle and livelihood of the Ainu. The Ainu are currently undergoing a major cultural revival and participation in the Tribal Canoe Journey offers the opportunity to reconnect with long-held canoe paddling traditions.
Since fall 2009, the Burke Museum in Seattle has been leading the cultural exchange between the Ainu Association of Hokkaido and six tribal groups in Washington: The Duwamish Tribe, The Makah Nation, The Suquamish Tribe, The Squaxin Island Tribe, The Tulalip Tribes, and The House of Welcome Long House at Evergreen State College. The exchange has given these communities the opportunity to share their histories and heritage and to participate in a dialogue about common issues shared by indigenous peoples on both ends of the Pacific. Two Ainu interns, Masashi Kawakami and Akira Kikuchi, have spent the past eight weeks in Seattle, creating an exhibit and a study kit about Ainu culture for the Burke. Kawakami and Kikuchi will be part of the Ainu delegation to participate in the Canoe Journey.
Journey to Makah
The Tribal Canoe Journey is an annual event that celebrates the thriving canoe culture among Native communities along the Pacific Northwest Coast. Each year, a different nation hosts the event and thousands of people make the journey from their home to the host nation by way of ocean canoe. The Makah Nation, located at Neah Bay on the Olympic Peninsula, is hosting the 2010 Canoe Journey.
Starting in early July, over 100 canoes representing about 40 indigenous groups from Washington, Oregon, British Columbia, California, Hawaii, and New Zealand will begin their trip from their home bases to Neah Bay. Each group of paddlers will coordinate their trip to arrive at Neah Bay on Monday, July 19. From July 19 – 24, each tribe will take turns sharing their songs, dances, and stories.
The Ainu Association of Hokkaido will send eight paddlers to participate in the Canoe Journey. The week of July 12, the Ainu paddlers will join members of the Tulalip Tribes and other host communities as they launch a canoe from Suquamish, WA. The group will paddle north through the Puget Sound and Strait of Juan de Fuca on their way to Neah Bay, stopping at designated camp sites along the way to eat and sleep. Upon arrival at Neah Bay, the Ainu will be the first group to present their heritage to the other groups, as they will have traveled the farthest to participate in the Canoe Journey.
Support for this exchange has been provided by the Museums & Communities Collaboration Abroad (MCCA), which is a program of the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of the US Department of State in partnership with the American Association of Museums (AAM).
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
_PHONE_; FAX _PHONE_


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Creating Startup Disks on Mac and Linux Computers
To start a Mac or a Linux computer, you may use the following devices:
1. A USB device created using the R-Studio Emergency Startup Media Creator for Windows. See the Creating Startup Disks Using R-Studio Emergency Startup Media Creator page for more details.
2. A USB device created using a Mac or Linux computer. To create such device, download the ZIP archive of R-Studio Emergency, unzip it, and write files to a FAT32-formatted USB device.
Please note that you cannot use this disk to start non-UEFI computers (old Macs, for example), nor can you just copy those files to a CD/DVD disc to create an R-Studio Emergency startup disc. If you need a CD/DVD disk, burn it using the ISO image.
3. A startup CD/DVD disc. Download the ISO image of that disk and burn it or use the R-Studio Emergency Startup Media Creator for Windows to burn it on a Windows computer.


Test facility
Measurement techniques
Disintegration regimes
Secondary atomization within the various boiling regimes
Boiling morphology at liquid-solid interface
Heat transfer and droplet dynamics on surface enhanced surfaces
Dynamics of impacting droplets
micro nano engineering
 Disintegration regimes
The disintegration limits depend on the properties of the liquids but are also strongly related with surface topography and wettability. In partial wetting systems, different disintegration mechanisms are identified (prompt splash, finger break-up and receding break-up) which can be distributed in several regions, as depicted in the figure, representing the disintegrating limits for water droplets impacting onto targets made of different materials and with different surface topographies.
Liquid fuels behave differently since they completely wet the surface, as it happens with liquids with small surface tension. In this case the droplets are observed to disintegrate with crown formation. The surface tension of the studied fuels does not differ much, so the increase of the critical Weber number for the occurrence of disintegration is attributed to an increase of the kinematic viscosity. The use of liquid fuels with larger viscosity also alters the morphology of the crown and the secondary droplet characteristics, giving rise to less and larger secondary droplets.


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The profuse white flowers of the tree is also used in curries. They taste like mushrooms. The tiny leaves of the drumstick tree is also a valuable vegetable. It can be eaten with a salad, or cooked with garlic and chillies to make a tasty dish.
The roots of the tree are used as a medicine for snake bite. The flowers, leaves and the seedpods all contain high amounts of calcium, iron vitamin C and beta carotene. The soup made from the drumstick leaves make you feel energetic.


MONEY Behavioral Economics
Why You Shouldn't Overplay a Hot Hand — in Basketball or Investing
Miami Heat's LeBron James
© Mike Stone—Reuters
New research says there is such a thing as a hot hand in basketball — like momentum in investing. Trouble is, hot hands lead to overconfidence, which leads to cold spells.
A couple of winters ago, Larry Summers gave a 30-minute talk to the Harvard's men's basketball team over pizza. During the peroration, per Adam Davidson in the New York Times, the former Treasury Secretary and Harvard president engaged in a bit of Socratic dialogue.
He asked the students if they thought a player could have a "hot hand" and go on a streak in which he made shot after shot after shot? All the players nodded uniformly. Summers paused, relishing the moment.
"The answer is no," he said. "People apply patterns to random data."
In this case, Summers may be wrong.
A new study by three Harvard grads — using data based on tracking cameras in 15 arenas that captured 83,000 shot attempts in the 2012-13 NBA season — found that "players who are outperforming (i.e. are 'hot') are more likely to make their next shot if we control for the difficulty of that shot."
When you account for the difficulty of the shot, the authors discovered "a small yet significant hot hand effect." To put a number on it, a player's chance of making his next shot increases by 1.2% for each prior shot he made.
So what?
While your basketball skills may never carry you to the NBA, there is a lesson to be learned from the paper's findings.
And it has to do with how you invest.
The study's authors concluded the following: "Players who perceive themselves to be hot based on previous shot outcomes shoot from significantly further away, face tighter defense, are more likely to take their team's subsequent shot, and take more difficult shots."
This basically means when someone makes certain shots (think three-pointers) at a higher percentage than they normally do, the opposing defense reacts by guarding the player more closely. And as defenders start paying more attention to the shooter, he has to take shots from longer range, which are inherently more difficult.
What does this have to do with your portfolio?
Well, consider what's going on. A player makes a few shots and gets "hot." He's in the zone, so he starts growing overconfident. Not only does he start to take more shots, but he starts taking increasingly difficult shots.
While he may be more likely to make those difficult shots at the outset since he's on a roll, the more difficult shots come with a lower percentage of accuracy. Which means he will eventually start to miss more and cool down. In other words, his overconfidence leads him to take shots that eventually take him "out of the zone."
This is a lot like momentum investing.
Momentum is a real force in the markets. History, for instance, shows that investors — at least in the short run — are much better off riding last year's winners than the laggards, says Sam Stovall, managing director for U.S. equity strategy at S&P Capital IQ.
So investors who ride the market's momentum invest in a winning stock or sector. Those investments rise in value. This trend repeats a few times and before long investors believe their skills as a trader are leading to the gains, rather than the momentum effect. Before long, these investors are trading more frequently to capitalize on their "hot hands." But this has the effect of racking up trading costs and mistakes, which are a headwind to investors that eventually cools them down.
This doesn't mean you should eschew momentum altogether. As MONEY's Paul Lim noted in his March 2014 article, "A decent body of research suggests that entire asset classes that shine in one year have a better-than-average chance of outperforming in the next."
The trick is to find a way to ride the hot hand without taking increasingly inefficient shots.
One idea is to minimize your trading costs by limiting your trading to just once a year. According to researchers at the asset-management firm Leuthold Group, a time-tested way to do this is to buy last year's second-best performing asset class and hold that for a year (last year's second-best asset class was large, U.S. stocks). Then repeat the process the following year. Historically, such a strategy returned five points more annually than the S&P 500, while experiencing only slightly more volatility. (Of course, you shouldn't tilt your entire portfolio toward momentum sectors. Think 10%.)
By incorporating a little bit of the "hot hand" into your investing strategy, you should be able to book slightly higher returns. And you don't even have to go to the gym.
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text:
Transposable elements are not merely a successful prediction of common descent, they are a powerful exhibit of dysteleology—the lack of design. We can hardly imagine that god would have installed these not very useful DNA segments at the same place in cousin species.
As theological evolutionists explain, transposable elements are an example where the design hypothesis fails and there really is no other explanation aside from common descent.
The IFF statement
In other words, this is not the usual case of IF theory X is TRUE, then we should observe Y. Instead, this is a case of IF AND ONLY IF theory X is TRUE, then we should observe Y. Not only does common descent explain transposable elements, but only common descent explains transposable elements.
The IF AND ONLY IF statement, also known as an IFF statement, is different from the usual IF statement in some important ways. First, given IF X THEN Y, it is not true that IF Y THEN X. In other words, a successful prediction does not mean the theory is true. That is the fallacy of affirming the consequent. A successful prediction merely means that the theory has passed a test.
Not so with an IFF statement. Given IFF X THEN Y, it is also true that IF Y THEN X. A successful prediction does mean the theory is true.
Another important difference between the IF statement and the IFF statement is that whereas the IF statement is scientific, the IFF statement is metaphysical. That is, in science a theory can produce predictions. If the theory is true, certain observations are expected. The IF statement is simply a statement about the theory and its predictions.
But the IFF statement is not merely a statement about the theory—it is a statement about all possible theories. The IFF statement is a claim that there does not exist any theory aside from X that can explain observation Y. Such claims are not possible within science.
In the case of transposable elements, evolutionists say god would not allow for the pattern of similarities we observe without common descent being true. This is because the transposable element patterns between species make common descent appear to be true. Therefore if god allowed for this pattern of similarities without common descent being true, it would be deceptive. Since god is not deceptive, only common descent can explain transposable elements. IFF common descent, THEN transposable elements.
IFF statements are common in evolutionary thought. The most famous one comes from one of the twentieth century's leading evolutionists, Theodosius Dobzhansky, who claimed that "nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution." If it isn't already obvious, that claim is equivalent to an IFF statement, as the following sequence of equivalent statements demonstrates:
1. Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution
2. Everything in biology makes sense only in the light of evolution
3. Only evolution can make sense of anything in biology
4. IFF evolution THEN biology
Dobzhansky justified his claim with a series of theological arguments that god would never had intended for this world.
The problem of unconceived alternatives
The history of science is littered with theories that were believed to be true and yet later dropped. In many cases a theory was held to be true not so much because it was convincing but because the alternatives were considered to be impossible. The theory was later dropped not because one of those alternatives became more palatable, but because an entirely different explanation was discovered. In other words, this reasoning by process of elimination is susceptible to unconceived alternatives.
The evolutionist's many IFF statements are another example of this reasoning by process of elimination. They are certain their idea is correct because the alternatives must be wrong. As Ernst Mayr, another leading evolutionist of the twentieth century, once admitted, evolution achieved its predominance "less by the amount of irrefutable proofs it has been able to present than by the default of all the opposing theories."
Just common sense
Now all this talk of theological premises, IFF statement and unconceived alternatives may seem unnecessary and irrelevant. Isn't all this just an asterisk on what is obvious? As one evolutionist commented, yes it is a theological claim, but it is really amounts to common sense.
Transposable elements and their patterns obviously are not designed no matter how many technicalities one can raise against the clear conclusion. There is a theological claim there, but it is hardly important. It is nothing more than a teensie, tiny part of the reasoning.
This sentiment is typical and reminds us of Whitehead's brilliant advise not to question someone on what he feels he needs to defend, but rather on what he takes for granted. The popular version goes like this: It isn't what a man doesn't know that scares me, but what he knows for sure.
Evolutionists know for sure that their idea is a fact. And if all the evidence aligned with their claims then we would join with them. After all, there's nothing wrong with metaphysics.
The rest of the story
But this the rub. While evolutionists are convinced by evidences such as transposable elements, there are monumental problems with evolution and common descent. As for common descent, biology is full of patterns that, unlike the transposable elements, do not align with the expected pattern.
In fact, if this were about following the evidence, then common descent would have been falsified long ago. Even evolutionists are now admitting the venerable evolutionary tree is falling because the species comparisons are yielding similarities and differences that simply do not match the expectations.
Incredible similarities in distant species and incredible differences in similar species abound. No one knows what kind of pattern may emerge, but it isn't looking like an evolutionary tree.
So while there are evidences, such as transposable elements, that predominantly support common descent, there are plenty of others that do not. If we want to evaluate common descent we would, like an accountant, tally up the gains and losses—the confirmations and contradictions.
But evolutionists don't do this. Instead of cooly analyzing the various evidences and their implications, evolutionists are busy making unfounded and undefendable truth claims, and ridiculing those who don't follow along.
This is where the metaphysics and theology come back to bite us. If we apply theology selectively to the evidence of choice, and conclude common descent must be true, then the rest of the evidence no longer matters. It is relegated to the status of a research problem.
Amazingly, evolutionists often are not even cognizant of contradictory evidences. Over and over they claim that all the evidence unequivocally supports common descent and evolution. That's just bad science.
Evolution's track record is that the more we learn about the evidence the more it contradicts evolutionary theory. New evidence is interpreted according to evolution and hailed as new proofs, but as more is learned the proofs turn to questions and finally to contradictions.
Today transposable elements are good evidence for common descent and evolution. Whether they remain that way is difficult to say. But what is clear is that evidences such as transposable elements are counter balanced by monumental problems for both common descent and evolution. And the transposable element evidence does nothing to clear up that conflict.
As it stands, common descent and evolution are not very good scientific theories. The fact that they enjoy the support of certain evidences puts them in the class of blood-letting and the flat earth theory.
Confirmed predictions are not hard to come by in science. The difference is that evolutionists apply religious mandates to the evidence. What is merely a confirmed prediction becomes something far more powerful. Religion drives science, and it matters.


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1. Sobhana. An ārāma, given by Upāli in a previous birth as Sumana, for the use of Padumuttara Buddha. ThagA.i.362.
2. Sobhana. A householder (kutumbika). Ananda, born as Sumana, bought his park (also called Sobhana) for one sum of one hundred thousand and built in it a vihāra for Padumuttara Buddha. ThagA.ii.123; DA.ii.490; SA.ii.69f.; AA.i.162, etc.
3. Sobhana. The city of birth of Atthadassī Buddha, where he later preached to his relations. Bu.xv.5, 14; BuA.179; but J.i.39 calls it Sobhita.
4. Sobhana. A city, built by Vessakamma for the use of Ukkāsatika, in his birth as a Cakkavatti, fifty five kappas ago. Ap.ii.414.
5. Sobhana. v.l. for Sobha.


text:
The Rise of the Sassanian Elephant Corps: Elephants and the Later Roman Empire
Chanles, Michael (2007) The Rise of the Sassanian Elephant Corps: Elephants and the Later Roman Empire. Iranica Antiqua, 42, pp. 301-346.
The Sassanian Persians used elephants on various occasions against the armies of the Later Roman Empire. This article considers when elephants were first incorporated into the Sassanian army, why they were thought necessary, their deployment and equipment during the period in question, and the degree to which the Sassanian way of elephant warfare differed from that of neighbouring peoples. In addition, the paper proposes a close association between the use of elephants and Persian notions of kingship. Much emphasis is placed on the martial activities of Shapur II and the testimony of the Greek soldier-historian Ammianus Marcellinus.
Citation countsare sourced monthly fromand citation databases.
These databases contain citations from different subsets of available publications and different time periods and thus the citation count from each is usually different. Some works are not in either database and no count is displayed. Scopus includes citations from articles published in 1996 onwards, and Web of Science generally from 1980 onwards.
Citations counts from theindexing service can be viewed at the linked Google Scholar™ search.
|Item Type:||Journal Article|
|Additional Information:||For more information, please refer to the journal's website (see link).|
|Keywords:||Sassanians, Persia, Elephants, Roman Empire, Kingship|
|Subjects:||Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification > HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY (210000) > HISTORICAL STUDIES (210300) > Classical Greek and Roman History (210306)|
|Divisions:||Current > Research Centres > Australian Centre for Business Research|
Current > QUT Faculties and Divisions > QUT Business School
|Copyright Owner:||Copyright 2007 E.J. Brill|
|Deposited On:||27 Aug 2007|
|Last Modified:||05 Jan 2011 23:32|
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text:
a couple of questions here:
(Just pretend that i am a complete moron, where as i am only half a moron now, thanx in advance)
-can data types be miss-matched without errors?
-can data types hold the same kind of data if the values are in the same range?
-typically, what is the difference between int, short int, and char?
thanx, thats all for now!!!


text:
Is a maelstrom some kind of dangerous weather?
Leaving home with an umbrella or tall boots to weather a maelstrom probably won't protect you from its figurative power. If you get caught in a maelstrom, you're engulfed in a violent turn of events — a churning whirlpool that may suck you into its downward spiral.
Maelstrom once referred just to a well-known spot on the coast of Norway where tidal changes create strong and dangerous currents. Then, clever writers began using the term to portray the drama of something larger than life, as in this passage from Chapter 134 of Herman Melville's Moby-Dick:
That instant, the White Whale made a sudden rush among the remaining tangles of the other lines; by so doing, irresistibly dragged the more involved boats of Stubb and Flask towards his flukes; dashed them together like two rolling husks on a surf-beaten beach, and then, diving down into the sea, disappeared in a boiling maelstrom, in which, for a space, the odorous cedar chips of the wrecks danced round and round, like the grated nutmeg in a swiftly stirred bowl of punch.


Is Compulsive Shopping an Addiction? Or Is It a Bad Habit?
Oniomania is the medical term given to describe compulsive shopping habits. Among US residents, it is said to affect approximately 6% of the national population. Above all else, a compulsion to shop is driven by the desire to spend money as a mood enhancer. The relief gained from spending money is said to be comparable to the rush experienced by drug addicts.
A shopping addiction drives those afflicted to seek out the gratification of spending again and again. Deep down, little regard is given to the actual items purchased. Not long after a recent shopping trip, addicts will quickly feel unsatisfied with what they have acquired. Consequently, they start to plan their next shopping trip when their mood again deteriorates, thereby continuing their spiraling pattern of behavior.
Online Shopping on the Rise
Back in 2012, retail e-commerce sales in the US topped $200 billion. And there is every indication to suggest that the $225.3 billion worth sales increasing past $300 billion in 2014 and 2015. Faster internet access and the rapid development of mobile devices are contributing to fuel the growth, with major retailers responding by continuing to invest in their e-commerce presence.
The almost unavoidable presence of online shopping makes it incredibly tough for compulsive shoppers to resist the lure of purchasing. Looking back 20 years, compulsive shoppers were not faced with anything like the current level of temptation. Online shopping adds another dimension to the issue, with those affected tied to their computers buying things they often don't want.
Gender Patterns
Lorrin M. Koran was the first author to complete a study on US compulsive spending habits. Koran determined in his 2006 study that women are drawn to clothes and cosmetics, while men tend to favor electronic items. Interestingly, the Psychiatric Times found there to be an almost equal distribution between males and females who have a shopping addiction.
Shopaholics Anonymous explains that compulsive shopping is driven by various factors, including emotional deprivation in childhood, desire to fill a void, or an inability to tolerate negative feelings – plus many others. Those circumstances are not unique to one gender, which is why males and females face the same level of risk.
The Drive to Spend
Compulsive shopping is similar to other well-known addictions, in that addicts are driven to spend money uncontrollably as a means of self-medication to remedy their anxiety or depression. Compared to normal shoppers, compulsive individuals go through more extreme swings to reach the point where they feel compelled to shop.
As the pressure of their feelings increases, the only way to feel relief is to spend money on the items currently dominating their thoughts. While compulsive buying is recognized among most psychologists, it is not typically diagnosed as its own disorder. Instead, compulsive buying is typically diagnosed as being an impulse control disorder.
The Spiral Begins
In the moments immediately following a purchase, compulsive buyers will genuinely feel incredible relief after having recently felt anxious or depressed. However, the problem with addiction is that you cannot cure it by giving in to your desires. Compulsive shoppers will soon realize this not long after their purchases.
Rationality soon takes over after the euphoria and they quickly realize that they have spent money they cannot afford. In turn, this feeds their depressive or anxious nature, setting them up for a later relapse as they seek to feel happier.
Addiction vs. Habitual Spending
For those who have been diagnosed with a compulsive-buying disorder, they are most certainly addicts. Ideally, these individuals will seek out professional help to conquer their harmful addiction. However, you cannot classify everybody who shops as being an addict. There are plenty of people who enjoy shopping but do not have an addiction.
However, many shopping enthusiasts might be asking themselves whether or not they have a problem, but this could very well be due to a lack of control on their finances. Every year seems to bring a new financial commitment, so keeping track of all the costs can be tough. Being unaware of your finances can lead to careless spending that would be better categorized as habitual.
In the cases of both addicts and problem spenders, Debtors Anonymous has information to help clarify the extent of your problem. Basic advice is then provided as to how you should proceed next. While problem spenders might be able to address their problems through basic lifestyle changes, addicts will need the help of professionals to deal with the roots of their problems.
To summarize, shopping addiction occurs when compulsive buyers seek to relieve the pressure of anxiety or depression by making purchases. The pattern of addiction is based on uncontrollable spending that has negative consequences for their life. These can include financial hardship, deteriorating relationships, and even loss of employment. Thus, shopping can potentially be an addiction for some people.


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One thing we've all learned since white sharks started frequenting the waters around Cape Cod is that we don't know nearly as much about these fascinating creatures as one might think.
Add this to the list: We don't know how quickly they grow, or how long they live. We've had working estimates. But new research by scientists at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, and Massachusetts Department of Marine Fisheries suggests that our understanding is in need of serious revision.
Biologists have traditionally estimated sharks' ages by counting growth rings inside their vertebrae, much the way tree rings are used. But it's never been entirely clear that sharks' growth rings were annual, that one and only one new ring was produced each year.
The new study tested that idea and found that, indeed, the rings weren't always annual. Just as humans grow rapidly early in life, then slow down and eventually stop, white shark growth rings appeared to be annual for up to forty years. After that point, rings appeared to have been laid down less frequently. The upshot is that we've been significantly underestimating how long white sharks live, and overestimating how rapidly they grow (at least later in life).
That has ramifications for shark ecology and fishery management, although the nature of those ramifications is still a bit murky. If female white sharks reach sexual maturity at, say, age ten and bear young every other year for the rest of their lives, that could be good news. But if, instead, it turns out that white sharks mature much later in life, it could mean current management strategies are based on a falsely optimistic idea of how quickly they can replenish their populations.
How Dr. Li Ling Hamady and her colleagues figured this out is possibly even more fascinating than the result, itself. Hydrogen bomb testing in the 1950's and early 60's released radioactive carbon into the atmosphere. It then made its way into the ocean, and into the plants and animals living there. Hamady used vertebrae from a handful of sharks with known times of death and estimated ages that would indicate they'd lived through the period of testing. She then looked to see if radiocarbon showed up in the bands that would correspond to those years, assuming each ring corresponded to a year.
Call it the scientific version of turning lemons into lemonade.


20th Century Fox
Growing Potatoes on Mars Could Actually Work, Says NASA-Backed Experiment
author logo
9 MARCH 2017
In the 2015 blockbuster movie The Martian, a fictional botanist-turned-astronaut gets stranded on Mars, forcing him to "science the shit" out of his dire situation.
Mark Watney (played by Matt Damon) survives by fertilising Martian soil with his faeces, slicing up potatoes, and planting the cuttings in the soil. This eventually grows him enough food to last hundreds of days.
Growing potatoes and other food on Mars is not just a sci-fi curiosity. Now, a NASA-backed "Potatoes on Mars" experiment is showing that Watney's fictional feat might actually be possible.
NASA has eyed a crewed mission to the red planet for decades - and Congress even passed a bill that implores the space agency to reach the Red Planet by 2033. The agency is also exploring ideas of a Martian colony.
To that end, scientists at NASA and the International Potato Centre (CIP) in Lima, Peru, built a tuber-growing experiment that recreates the extreme conditions on the surface of Mars.
Everything happens inside a rocket-launchable box called a CubeSat. The CubeSat is rigged with pumps, water hoses, LED lights, and instruments to emulate Mars-like temperatures, night-and-day light cycles, gases, and air pressure.
In February 2017, researchers dumped practically lifeless soil from Peru's Pampas de la Joya desert inside, planted a tuber in it, sealed up the box, and began filming to see what happened.
"Preliminary results are positive," according to a CIP press release - which is to say a potato plant grew in inhospitable desert soil under Mars-like conditions.
Potato grown mars like conditions cipInternational Potato Center
"If the crops can tolerate the extreme conditions that we are exposing them to in our CubeSat, they have a good chance to grow on Mars," Julio Valdivia-Silva, a NASA researcher at the University of Engineering and Technology in Lima, said in the release.
"We will do several rounds of experiments to find out which potato varieties do best,'" he said. "We want to know what the minimum conditions are that a potato needs to survive."
Would this actually work on Mars?
The experiment doesn't provide the ironclad proof a would-be Martian potato farmer needs.
For one, the soil did not actually from Mars. Though it was arid and inhospitable, it probably still had microbes that may have helped the potato plant's growth.
The experiment also used potato cuttings instead of seeds. That's an issue because making potatoes last on a monthsor years-long journey may require heating under pressure (called thermostabilisation) or a blast of radiation.
This damages the cells of a potato, "making it hard to grow plants from cuttings", Keith Cowing, the founder of NASAWatch, told Business Insider in a tweet.
However, several other experiments have shown it may be possible to grow food in Martian soil and in even-more-inhospitable moon dust, called regolith.
Bruce Bugbee, a botanist and NASA scientist at Utah State University, told Tech Insider in 2015 that there's no reason why growing potatoes or other food crops in Martian soil wouldn't work.
(He did, however, take issue with Watney mixing his faeces into the soil, which he said may be "toxic to the plants".)
The CIP, NASA, and other institutions are now looking to see how several varieties of potatoes perform in the Mars-like CubeSat box, including special varieties they have bred to withstand harsh conditions.
Aside from helping astronaut farmers of the future, the work also stands to benefit humans on Earth.
"The results indicate that our efforts to breed varieties with high potential for strengthening food security in areas that are affected, or will be affected by climate change, are working," Walter Amoros, a potato breeder at CIP, said in the organisation's release.
You can watch the experiment's potato sprout in the time-lapse video on YouTube or below:
This article was originally published by Business Insider.
More from Business Insider:


From Dwarf Fortress Wiki
(Redirected from Manager)
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This article is about the current version of DF.
Room requirements
Office Meager Office
Quarters None
Dining room None
Tomb None
Furniture requirements
Chests None
Cabinets None
Weapon racks None
Armor stands None
Mandates None
Demands None
Arrival conditions
Appointed on the nobles screen.
 - Allows large production orders.
 - Allows workshop profiles to be set.
The manager is a noble that allows players to create multiple production orders, and also lets them set up profiles for workshops. This means that players can rapidly dispatch any number of jobs from a single screen, without having to add tasks to individual workshops.
Relevant Skills[edit]
A certain set of skills are relevant for any manager. Furthermore, certain personality traits influence whether any experience is gained in the skill. There are soul attributes that affect the skills, and other skills that affect the same attribute's cross-training. The ones relevant for a manager are as follows:
Skill (relevant for manager) Personality Trait (needed to gain social skill) Attribute (affected by social skill)
Body Soul
Administrator Organizer Analytical ability
Social awareness
Social - Other Consoler Straightforwardness (Honesty) > 39 Linguistic ability
Social awareness
Pacifier Cooperation (Compromising) > 39 Linguistic ability
Social awareness
The better match with the skills, traits and attributes in the table above, the better of a manager a dwarf will be. Try to avoid traits that halt experience gain for a relevant skill, otherwise time will be lost training a dwarf who will never get better at that skill.
A manager only performs his duties in his office, so it is absolutely necessary to assign one. Since only a meager office is required, a single chair in the dining room will suffice.
 1. Hit n to enter the Nobles screen
 3. Build a chair somewhere or locate an existing chair.
At this point the red [REQUIRE] under "Manager" should have disappeared from the nobles screen and you should be able to queue up work orders.
It is trivially easy for a manager to get experience in the organizer skill. Just queue a lot of jobs to produce 30 of something, such as Collect Webs, which appears first on the list. The manager will gain experience when validating the order, not when the order is finished. You can cancel the order after it is validated if you wish.
Work orders[edit]
Creating a work order works like this:
 2. Press q to create a new work order
 4. Use the directional keys to select the specific type of item you want.
 5. Enter the quantity of items you want to produce (0 for a perpetual order).
 6. Your work order will appear in the list.
If there are at least 20 dwarves total then the manager will need to go to his office to "validate" each work order before it is acted on. If a manager is somehow occupied with other things then this might take a while, so in larger forts you might want to make sure your manager is not overly burdened with other labors. (For example, disabling hauling and cleaning for the manager might be a good idea.) The manager will also not perform his or her duties if socializing, drinking, eating, asleep or otherwise incapacitated (perhaps due to wounds). Managers don't require writing materials such as paper or scrolls to validate production orders.
To see if an order is validated, check the manager screen — validated orders will have a green checkmark, while invalidated orders will have a red X. Job orders will remain enqueued until the manager is once again in his (or her) office. An order can have the prefix of 'Ready', 'Checking' or 'Active'. A 'Ready' order only needs to be validated by the manager to become 'Active'. A 'Checking' order is waiting for its conditions to be satisfied: it will then become 'Active'.
An order can be set as a One-time order, or as a Repeating order that can restart when completed (conditions checked daily, monthly, seasonally or yearly), in the conditions menu.
You can edit the order in several ways: You can remove it, raise its priority, make it max (top) priority, change its conditions or details, or Enter limit the amount of workshops the order can be assigned to.
Conditions can be added to a work order by pressing c, and can either be based on the amount of an item in your fortress, or can depend on a currently ongoing work order.
Item conditions: To make life easier you can add item conditions from either the reagents/materials or products, or you can even add a new item condition yourself. When an item condition is selected, the following can be changed: The type (cabinets, bins etc.), material (obsidian, Acacia etc.), the traits (food-storage items, nearby items, empty items etc.), the number of the items (though this does not count items that are forbidden, built into something, or owned) and the inequality, at least (>=), less than(<), at most(<=), greater than(>), exactly(==), not(!=)).
Some useful item conditions are tricky to specify:
 - "refined coal" is just simply item=bar material=coal,
 - specific flour is item=powder, material=required flour name (not the plant name), trait=cookable
 - specific alcohol is item=drink, material="alcohol name" (not the plant name)
 - the trait "lye-containing item" (not to be mistaken with "lye-bearing item") is only available for "make soap" job,
 - item=liquid material=lye ignores lye in buckets,
 - the "unused" trait cannot be chosen manually, only reagents/materials key sets it for "make clothing" type of jobs.
Order conditions: The condition can depend on another order being completed, or another order becoming active.
The details of an order specify the type of material used in the making of the item (if applicable). Setting the max number of workshops that the order applies to can be especially useful to ensure that multiple orders for the same type of workshop (e.g. a Mason's Workshop) are worked on at the same time. After a production order is validated and Active, corresponding tasks will be automatically added to applicable workshops until the production quota has been met. An announcement appears when each order is completed. For repeating orders, the order then becomes inactive and the manager checks at the selected time interval for the conditions to become true again before restarting the order.
In repeating work orders, the quantity of items is treated as a batch size rather than a target number for total items to be produced. The quantity is set when creating the work order, and cannot be changed without redoing the entire order, conditions and all. A repeating work order will not abort mid-batch due to job cancellation or failed conditions. It must wait until the end of the batch before stopping. Be forewarned that perpetual (infinite) orders only check their conditions the first time they become true, since the (infinitely-sized) batch never completes. This can lead to confusion and frustration, as the order will never stop, regardless of failed conditions!
A guide to setting up functional work orders may be found in this thread.
Setting workshop profiles[edit]
The manager also allows players to change a workshop's "Profile". To edit a workshop's Profile, select a workshop with q and press P.
The workshop Profile enables players to restrict the dwarves that can use it and the minimum and maximum skill level required to use the workshop. They can choose who specifically can use the workshop by pressing enter on their name to permit/forbid their use of the workshop.
Additionally, using the Work Orders tab on the Profile screen will allow the manager to queue work orders specific to that workshop. Pressing Enter on the Work Orders tab will toggle whether or not the workshop will accept general work orders or only those set through the workshop's Profile.
Dwarves with strange moods seem to be able to claim a workshop even if they do not meet the profile criteria.
A note of caution: workshop profiles persistv0.31.12 even if the manager is killed, which can lead to workshops becoming unusable if the manager is killed and the dwarves permitted into the workshop die or are reassigned. Furthermore, workshop profiles seem to be slightly buggy. Adequate (rusty) weaponsmiths have been seen using a forge with the skill min/max both set to "Dabbling". This may be somewhat irritating if peasants are undergoing training.
One disadvantage of the work order system is that no work will be performed until the manager finishes validating the order. Work order validation appears to be fairly high priority, but it's best to ensure your manager has ample free time and isn't typically called far from the office for timely order validation.
A second disadvantage is that if there is more than one workshop which can fulfill a particular job set (such as several ordinary glass furnaces dedicated to sand collection, plus several magma glass furnaces for actual glass production) then the manager will distribute the jobs amongst all those workshops. While this can be an advantage (for example, if you want to speed up the work orders by having multiple workshops), this will make it difficult to dedicate different workshops to different tasks. This can be prevented by entering the profile of specific workshops and moving to the Work Orders menu; setting "general work orders cannot task this shop" will prevent the manager from assigning tasks.


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Parvizi and Chafe developed the brain stethoscope to allow non-experts to monitor brain activity. Until now, the only reliable way to learn what was going on beneath a seizing patient's skull was with a hard-to-administer electroencephalogram (EEG), which converts brain activity into visible waveforms that require expertise to interpret. By contrast, Parvizi says, anyone can recognize a seizure with the brain stethoscope. Using the tool, doctors and nurses in the ER or ICU (and eventually home caregivers, Parvizi hopes) can hear immediately if an unresponsive patient is seizing or having some other kind of problem.
The stethoscope picks up brain wave activity through a pair of wearable electrodes that detect electrical emissions from the neurons beneath them. It then converts the signals into sounds, selected by Chafe, that are close in tone to the human voice. Combined signals result in "singing" that indicates the presence and intensity of seizure activity. A prototype is currently being tested in Stanford Hospital's ICU to see if doctors find it usable and worthwhile.
While seizure activity is dramatic enough to recognize through the stethoscope, normal brain activity sounds more mundane. Still, various normal brain states do sound different, says Chafe, who is also a composer and improvisational musician. Playing his cello, he has already jammed with the stethoscope, riffing off his own brain waves.
Audio produced by Molly Bentley and Gordy Slack.
[This article originally appeared in print as "Symphony for a Seizure."]


Researchers Dissect Mechanisms Involved in CLN5 Release Using Amoeba Model
Joana Carvalho avatar
by Joana Carvalho |
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amoeba model, CLN5
Using a species of amoeba as a model organism, researchers have found chemical modifications in the CLN5 protein — whose mutated form is associated with late infantile Batten disease — that allow it to be released outside a cell.
According to the team from Trent University in Canada, their findings provide evidence that a similar mechanism in humans could be involved in disease onset and progression.
The study, "Secretion and function of Cln5 during the early stages of Dictyostelium development," was published in Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Molecular Research.
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), also known as Batten disease, comprise a group of childhood genetic neurodegenerative disorders with a range of symptoms, including vision loss, lack of motor coordination, and impaired cognition.
These conditions can be caused by mutations in 14 different genes (CLN1 to CLN14), that lead to the accumulation of toxic, insoluble waste deposits, called lipofuscins, inside cells. One such gene is CLN5, which has been associated with the late infantile form of the disease, also known as neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 5 (CLN5-NCL).
This gene provides instructions for the production of the CLN5 protein, whose function is still poorly understood. Once active, CLN5 is transported to lysosomes — special compartments within cells that digest and recycle different types of molecules — where it is thought to regulate the transit of recycled materials between different cell compartments.
Several genetic models of disease have been created in an attempt to study the function of CLN5, but this field of research has been hindered by the lack of simple eukaryotic (organisms whose cells have a nucleus surrounded by a membrane) model systems that contain a protein equivalent to the human CLN5.
In a previous study, the same team found a species of amoeba, called Dictyostelium discoideum, that produced a protein similar to human CLN5. Importantly, their findings also revealed this protein worked as a glycoside hydrolase — an enzyme that breaks down complex sugar molecules — and localized to the endoplasmatic reticulum, a compartment within cells responsible for molecule trafficking, before being released.
In this study, the group created an antibody that specifically recognizes Dictyostelium's CLN5 to study in more detail how this protein is released to the outside of cells during the early stages of amoeba development.
Like human CLN5, the protein found in amoebas requires a special chemical modification, called glycosylation, to be released to the outside. However, this protein seems to follow an unconventional pathway for its release, completely bypassing the Golgi complex (another cell compartment involved in molecule trafficking) and instead using a pathway linked to autophagy, the process of controlled cell degradation and recycling.
Interestingly, researchers also found that CLN5 co-localized with CLN3 — a protein associated with the juvenile form of Batten disease in humans, also known as CLN3 disease — in Dictyostelium and noticed a higher release of CLN5 in genetically modified cells unable to produce CLN3, suggesting that CLN3 regulates CLN5 release in this model organism.
In addition, investigators found that silencing CLN5 led to the same kind of cell adhesion and chemotaxis (the ability of cells to detect and move toward a chemical substance) defects present in Dictyostelium cells lacking CLN3.
"Together, our data support a function for CLN5 during the early stages of multicellular development, provide further evidence for the molecular networking of NCL proteins, and provide insight into the mechanisms that may underlie CLN5 function in humans," the researchers wrote.


ES4 draft: Map
Waldemar Horwat waldemar at
Fri Feb 29 16:52:34 PST 2008
> The optional /hashcode/ argument is a function that takes a key and
> returns a numeric code for it. This code may be used to find
> associations more quickly in the map. Two calls to the /hashcode/
> function on the same key value must return the same numeric code, and
> the /hashcode/ function must always return the same numeric code for two
> objects that compare equal by the /equals/ function. The default value
> for /hashcode/ is the intrinsic global function |hashcode|.
Dost thou desire arbitrary numeric hashcodes or integral ones?
> Map( object )
> When the |Map| class object is called as a function, it creates a new
> |Map| object from |EnumerableId| to |*|, populating the new |Map| object
> with the own properties of /object/.
Making Map(x) do something specialized like this seems like a bad idea. If x is already a Map, I'd expect Map(x) to be idempotent and return x.
Should thou need this functionality, use a static method to get it.
Why does get return null instead of undefined when it fails to find an instance?
A version of get with a second parameter X that returns X when the value isn't present would be useful.
Need a clear() method that deletes all bindings.
The iteration protocol makes a copy before starting to iterate. It might be implemented via copy-on-write but I'd like to see how expensive this is.
More information about the Es4-discuss mailing list


The market of 2020 is enriched with plenty of traditional and modern weapons. One of those weapons is the swords. Swords are one of the oldest weapons that warriors used for fighting their opponents. Even today, those who express themselves as the real warriors tend to prefer swords over firearms.
Swords were used as the primary fighting weapons during wars, but it was long ago when the most expensive samurai swords were used by Samurais. More than a hundred years ago, swords started to lose their worth. Since, we have stepped into the modern world, we have more focused on advancement in the technology which led us to replacement of swords with firearms.
As of now, we don't talk about wars because if a war has to happen, there would definitely be some nuclear explosions. So, we have moved our focus back to traditional weapons like swords. Even today, swords have not lost their popularity in any part of the world. Talking of real warriors, they would still be equipped with these bladed weapons rather than rifles.
So, even today, swords have a place in our hearts. And why not, they are awesome and spectacular weapons to have. However, there are different types of swords available today. The best thing about the industry is that we have both ancient and modern swords available in the market.
In this article, we have brought some extraordinary traditional and modern swords that are available in the market. There is a fantastic mix of ancient and advanced swords. Also, there are some stylish swords that will blow your mind.
Following is our list of those stylish swords:
1. Fantasy Swords
Fantasy swords, also known as fictional swords at times, are one of the modernized swords. When we talk about modernization, we consider out of the box additions. In other words, we consider adding uniqueness to simple things. These swords are the ones displayed in some fictional and fantasy series.
Some fictional characters used these swords in an imaginary world. These swords take you to that imaginary world. There are often unique shapes and designs of these swords, such as there will be skulls, dragons or other fantasy designs on handles or blades.
fantasy swords
Because these swords belong to an unreal world, they have gained a place in the hearts of fans. Fantasy key sword is perhaps the most popular and widely recognized fantasy sword.
2. Handmade Swords
Handmade swords are sometimes called hand forged swords. As the name suggests, these swords are created by hands. There is a lot of hardsword and effort put in by the manufacturer to create these swords. Some specialized smiths and metal workers develop these swords and often they use high quality steel.
These swords are special. If you head to the market today, you would see people eager to buy these swords at any cost. They tribute these specific smiths who hand forged these swords. There is a massive variety of such quality swords in the market.
3. Medieval Swords
Medieval swords refer to the swords used during the medieval times. Medieval era was a duration of time that can be considered as the era of swords. It was a part of the history that Europeans will never forget. It lasted till the 15th century. During this period, the construction of swords was revolutionized.
The manufacturers tried different materials and different construction methods to establish swords. Also, different shapes and designs of swords and blades were produced by them. The swords of that era are still available in the market. There are accurate replicas. If you want to have some swords that made a name in history, explore these medieval swords.
4. Samurai Swords
Samurai swords are one of the older swords that are still popular. In fact, they never lost their popularity among the enthusiasts. These swords are one of the all time greats. As Samurais were great warriors, so were their swords. They gave their name to these swords because they felt proud over them.
One of the iconic swords included the katana. Katana is still available in the market and every swordsman loves to have this superb sword. Samurais were the elite warriors who used katana as their primary fighting weapon. Katana served both the samurais and ninjas.
samurai swords
It has a fabulous design with a slight curve at the bottom of the blade. People rate it as the greatest sword of all time. So, whenever you explore samurai swords in the market, you would definitely stick to your attention to the magnificent "katana".
5. Sword Cane
Sword cane is the most popular among the modern swords available today. It is a real example of advancement in the technology. As we prefer things that offer multiple benefits, it is certainly a multipurpose sword. In fact, it is a cane that has a concealed sword.
The blade is hidden inside the cane and can be revealed by taking it out of the cane. There would often be a push button or a flipper to remove the cover and extract the blade. The cane can be used for walking and as a weapon as well.
And when you need to fight someone, you can take the blade out and launch an attack on your opponent. This sword is mainly used for self defense nowadays.
Sword Cane
As self defense has become an important necessity due to attackers being active to launch random attacks, users are looking for smarter weapons that ensure their protection. A sword cane does provide the advantage of self defense. Also, it fulfills other needs of the users.
For instance, a user wants its weapon to be concealed. Also, he wants it to be easy to carry. Because the blade of a cane sword is concealable, it becomes easy to carry. In addition, it can be used secretly against the attackers to ensure your safety against them.
6. Anime Swords
Like fantasy characters, anime characters also belong to an imaginary world. These characters are loved by the people. They are displayed in some TV series, fictional film series and video games etc. However, these are some superhero characters who are looking to save the world.
anime swords
Anime swords refer to swords used by these special characters. For example, Dragon Ball Z and Sword Art Online are popular anime series with different characters who use swords to defeat their opponents. Many replica swords from these popular series are available in the market today.
7. Movie Swords
Movie swords are another popular type of swords today. These swords are the ones displayed in the movies. If you are a fan of a movie, you would love to replicate that movie and one way of doing that is by having the weapons used in that particular movie.
For example, The Last Samurai is a popular movie starring Tom Cruise. In this movie, there is a great presentation of swordship. To express your love for the movie, you can get a sword from this movie. The best thing about the modern market is that you can almost buy every movie sword you are looking for.
Movie Swords
The most famous movie sword is the Connor Macleod's Sword from Highlander movie.
8. Video Game Swords
Like movie swords, video game swords are also popular among the fans. These are replica swords of those displayed in the video games. You can find a great variety of these swords in the market. Most of the video games today include the use of weapons.
There are firearms, knives and swords for fighting the opponents. But, swords often catch the attention of gamers because they can find similar in the market for themselves. So, if you have a favorite video game character, you can express your love for him by purchasing his video game sword.
video game swords
Energy Sword from Halo 2, Rebellion from Devil May Cry and Dragon Sword from Ninja Gaiden are widely popular video game swords.
9. Military Swords
Military swords, as the name suggests, are the swords designed to be used by the armed forces. But, these are not necessarily the modern swords. There are ancient swords used by the military and some new ones available in the market.
The most prominent feature of these swords include the strength of the blade and quality of materials used for its construction. These swords would often include several famous ones that created a history. A few popular ones include 1850's US Civil War Sword, CSA Shelby Officer's Sword, and German SS Officer's sword etc.
military swords
Which is Your Favorite Sword?
Since we have such a massive choice, it is interesting to know which type of sword you like the most. It is indeed difficult to stick to one of them. The above list contains spectacular modern and ancient swords. The enthusiasts love to maintain a good collection of both traditional and modern swords.
Medieval swords and samurai swords are for those who are interested in historical weapons. However, modern enthusiasts would always prefer anime swords, movie swords and sword cane because they are more stylish and unique. Anyhow, the market today offers several masterpieces, and above mentioned swords are a few of them!
Get to know more about Swords read this : Most Expensive Samurai Swords and its Features


text:
Icelandic Is Essential to Getting Access to Society
"Having good command of Icelandic is the key to access to society and a prerequisite for people's wishes and dreams coming true," Helgi Gíslason, principal of Fellaskóli grade school in Breiðholt, Reykjavík, tells Morgunblaðið. "Good progress in school brings confidence, and that's how opportunities present themselves," he adds. "The basis for that is good command of Icelandic, which we put every effort into improving, along with the whole school community in the neighborhood."
Fellaskóli stands out among other Icelandic schools, due to its high ratio of students whose native language is not Icelandic. About 80 percent of the students, or 330 of them, are bilingual, meaning that either one or both parents are of foreign origin. Many immigrant families live in the multi-cultural Fellahverfi neighborhood.
A new initiative, called Draumaskólinn, meaning 'Dream School' has just been launched in the Fellahverfi neighborhood. It involves a three-year plan – a cooperative effort between students and staff of Fellaskóli grade school, with the participation of the Ministry of Education and the City of Reykjavík. It includes cooperation with the neighborhood preschools and recreational center as well.
The goal is to increase the ability of students whose native language is not Icelandic to read and speak Icelandic and to increase their vocabulary, thereby helping them develop a positive self-concept.
"The role of grade schools is manifold," Helgi states, "including educating students and encouraging their active participation in a diverse democratic society. This includes offering equal opportunity and facilities. Having obtained the same foundation and education, graduating students ought to have equal opportunities once they move on to further studies and work."


text:
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
- n. Any of various containers made from cardboard or coated paper: cans packed in cartons; a milk carton.
- n. The contents of a carton: dyed the whole carton of eggs.
- v. To place (something) in a carton.
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. A kind of thin pasteboard.
- n. A box made from such pasteboard.
- n. Same as cartoon.
- n. In rifle practice: A white disk fixed on the bull's-eye of a target. It is of much smaller size than the bull's-eye, and is chiefly used in deciding ties and at a pool. A shot striking the carton: as, to make two bull's-eyes and a carton.
- n. An inexpensive, disposable box-like creation fashioned from either paper, paper with wax-covering (wax paper), or other lightweight material. It is designed to hold things for a short period of time and be discarded or recycled after use.
GNU Webster's 1913
- n. Pasteboard for paper boxes; also, a pasteboard box.
- n. a box made of cardboard; opens by flaps on top
- n. the quantity contained in a carton
- From French carton. (Wiktionary)
- French, from Italian cartone, pasteboard, augmentative of carta, card, paper, from Latin charta, carta, paper made from papyrus; see card1. (American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition)
"It's a mix of everyone from the poor to the politicians, from those whose homes are covered in carton to those living behind the gates."
"But don't be surprised to see your cartoon -- cartoon -- carton, that is, of orange juice become more expensive."
"The twelve eggs in a carton are the twelve disciples."
"Apr 2010 --- Tetra Pak will supply more than 100 million FSC-labelled carton packages to Carrefour stores across France during 2010, the two companies have announced."
"Tetra Pak launched the first FSC-labelled carton package, Tetra Recart, in 2007."
"The front of the carton is a pale blue, with a green circle that features the Pacific logo."
"Secondary nest - often found inside infested wood; made up of material called carton, consisting of soil and chewed wood particles cemented together."
"This study shows a comparison between nectar packaged in glass and in carton, which is a key study for shelf life evaluation in the fruit packaging industry and for consumer awareness of the impact of different packaging on food quality," they added."
"- maybe 1/2 cubic foot in capacity - put inside a carton, which is placed on a legitimately tagged and fully wrapped pallet that's sealed in a container has "
"You would think a rational smoker would buy by the carton which is cheaper than by the pack.... we aren't even talking about the savings from buying off the Internet yet!"
These user-created lists contain the word 'carton'.
A list of words that are odd or words that I have looked up.
includes words of the "Prodcom list"
Idea from Will Shortz's NPR puzzle feature. Two words that share a common letter (end of first word and start of second word) and forming a larger word, e.g., mill and lion = mil-l-ion. Variants...
Words I like mostly because of the way they sound and feel.
Looking for tweets for carton.


text:
Circa: 600 BC to 300 BC
Dimensions: 13.5 " (34.3cm) high x 11.25" (28.6cm) wide
Style: Late Kingdom
This monumental granite head is a fragment from a stone sarcophagus of the Late Dynastic Period. In its complete state the head would have been attached to a recumbent body above a large rectangular coffin containing the mummified remains of the deceased. Hieroglyphic inscriptions would have the named the owner and possibly included spells from the Book of the Dead. The expense of the material and the quality of the carving indicate that the sarcophagus belonged to a high ranking official who had both the wealth and the status to place such a commission.
For the ancient Egyptians the furnishing of a tomb could be a life-long occupation. Preparing for the afterlife as well as displaying worldly wealth were the two main concerns. The mummified remains would not have been placed directly within the granite sarcophagus. For extra protection and ceremony another equally elaborate coffin, probably made of a more perishable material such as wood, would have been included inside. Anthropoid-shaped coffins originated during the Middle Kingdom and soon became the standard form. The preservation of the deceased's image, albeit highly idealised, was considered critical to the soul's rebirth.


text:
Enhance the look of your learning environment with versatile classroom décor and cut-outs.
The Celebrate Learning Confetti printable cut-outs pack contains:
- 12 large circles
- 12 medium circles
- 15 small circles
When printed on card stock, durable classroom cut-outs are ideal for a variety of purposes.
Play games, label desks, and enhance bulletin boards with Carson-Dellosa's assorted cut-outs. With a wide variety of shapes, colors, and styles, classroom cut-outs are perfect to use as game pieces, cubby tags, and more. To create a cohesive theme, be sure to browse coordinating Celebrate Learning classroom décor.
- Reproducible Rights


text:
Upper extremity venous occlusion
Upper extremity venous occlusion describes a condition in which the vein coming from the arm into the chest becomes narrowed, blocked or pinched. It is usually seen in people who use their arms in repetitive tasks, such as swimming or house painting. The overuse of the muscles results in thickening that can pinch the vein where it enters the body from the arm, just above the first rib.
Reduced flow of blood from the arm is usually acute, causing pain, swelling, or discoloration of the arm. It requires immediate medical attention to restore proper blood-flow.
The condition is known by several names, including: Paget-von Schröetter Syndrome, upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT), axillo-subclavian vein thrombosis and effort thrombosis. It mostly occurs in young people.