text:
III. Preparedness Planning for Healthcare Facilities
Supplement C: Preparedness and Response In Healthcare Facilities
Public Health Guidance for Community-Level Preparedness and Response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Version 2/3
This website is archived for historical purposes and is no longer being maintained or updated.
All U.S. healthcare facilities need to be prepared for the rapid pace and dynamic features of a SARS outbreak. All hospitals should be equipped and ready to care for a limited number of SARS patients as part of routine operations and also to care for a larger number of patients in the context of escalating transmission. Plans should outline the administrative, environmental, and communication measures and the individual work practices required to detect the introduction of SARS-CoV, prevent its spread, and manage the impact on the facility and the staff.
This document details planning issues that should be addressed in preparing for potential SARS outbreaks. It will be important for planning committees to consider the logistics of both basic and enhanced control measures. Section IV: Recommended Preparedness and Response Activities in Healthcare Facilities, below, details activities that should be discussed by a planning committee. The response matrices in Appendix C1 provide specific recommendations on implementing these measures.
Ideally, SARS planning will not occur in a vacuum but will build on existing preparedness and response plans for bioterrorism or other infectious disease emergencies and will be addressed by the same groups responsible for developing those plans.
Develop a planning and decision-making structure that ensures the capacity of the healthcare facility to detect and respond effectively to SARS.
- Designate an internal, multidisciplinary planning committee with responsibility for SARS preparedness and response. Select persons with decision-making authority and appropriate technical expertise, and include representatives from all potentially affected groups. An existing preparedness team with appropriate membership (e.g., bioterrorism response) could take on this role.
- Identify a local or state health department staff member who will serve as liaison for SARS preparedness planning and response. If possible, include this person on the planning committee.
- Identify a SARS coordinator to direct planning and response efforts and serve as the facility's point of contact for communication internally (i.e., in the facility and/or healthcare system) and externally (i.e., to public health agencies, other healthcare facilities, law enforcement agencies, media, and other partners).
- Consider including representatives from the following groups on the planning committee:
- Administration/senior management (including fiscal officer)
- Infection control/hospital epidemiology
- Hospital disaster/emergency coordinator
- Engineering/physical plant/industrial hygiene/institutional safety
- Nursing administration
- Medical staff (including outpatient areas)
- Intensive-care unit
- Emergency department
- Laboratory services
- Respiratory therapy
- Environmental services (housekeeping, laundry)
- Public relations
- Materials management
- Education/training/staff development
- Occupational health
- Diagnostic imaging
- Consider including representatives from the following areas as adjunct members to provide additional expertise and support:
- Infectious diseases
- Mental health
- Risk management
- Labor and unions
- Human resources
- Emergency medical technicians ("first responders")
- Social work
- Director of house staff/fellowship and other training programs
- Pulmonary medicine
- Local law enforcement
Develop a written SARS preparedness and response plan.
- Develop a written plan that considers/accounts for each of the topics addressed in the box below and in Section IV: Components of Preparedness and Response in Healthcare Facilities.
- Ideally, the logistics of both basic and enhanced measures should be discussed in advance of a SARS outbreak.
- Formulate written policies and work practices to ensure the prompt triage, identification, and management of possible SARS patients while minimizing the risk of transmission to other patients, personnel, and visitors.
- Devise a system for periodic review and updating of the plan as indicated.
Assess the capacity of the facility to respond to SARS.
- Consider using simulations ("table top" or other exercises) to test the facility's response capacities.
- Identify criteria and methods for measuring compliance with response measures (e.g., infection control practices, case reporting, patient placement, healthcare worker illness surveillance).
- Develop strategies to quickly correct deficiencies.
- I. Rationale and Goals
- II. Lessons Learned
- III. Preparedness Planning for Healthcare Facilities
- IV. Recommended Preparedness and Response Activities in Healthcare Facilities
- V. Community Healthcare Delivery Issues
- Appendix C1: Matrices for SARS Response in Healthcare Facilities
- Appendix C2: Checklist for SARS Preparedness in Healthcare Facilities


Why does LPG suffer price variation? – Panorama Offshore
Why does LPG suffer price variation?
A major concern for the pocket of Brazilians today is the price of cooking gas. In 2019 alone, LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) had five price variations, including four increases and one adjustment.
According to a survey carried out by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), also released in the last year, the variation in the price of canisters has affected the way food is prepared. The analysis shows that more than 3 million Brazilians have chosen to use firewood or charcoal to cook, instead of cooking gas.
One of the reasons for the increase in the cylinder, according to experts, is the change in Petrobras' pricing policy, which leaves the oil market freer. Thus, products derived from petroleum, such as gasoline, diesel and gas depend on the international market price balance. Thus, the Brazilian currency depreciates in comparison to the international quotation, which directly affects the value of the gas cylinder.
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6 Tips to cool down your house naturally | homify
6 Tips to cool down your house naturally
Henriëtte Mulder Henriëtte Mulder
modern by Stores Cube, Modern
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Summer is here! This means days next to the pool and summer holidays. Before that can happen, you are still at home, sun beating down mercilessly onto the earth and houses, which means the fans are pulled out and the air-con is on full blast, that's if you are lucky enough to be able to afford and sustain one.
That might be good for your body temperature, but the earth is not going to thank you and neither is your pocket. Using these types of cooling systems is extremely expensive and not necessarily good for your health.
The good news is, is that there is natural ways to keep your home cool, start by opening windows that creates a draft. This isn't the only way, plants different flooring and water all play a major part in keeping a house cool in this extreme heat.
Here are 6 tips on how to keep the house cool naturally.
Cool colours
One look at this beautiful house and we get the impression that it is rather cool or at least a comfortable temperature inside. Maybe it is the blue sky, the leaves on the ground or the different sizes windows that gives that impression, but it is actually the colour of the house.
Light colours like the off-white of this house reflects the sun beams instead of absorbs it like dark colours do. Less heat absorption equals a cooler house which is more pleasant to spend time in. Apart from the comfort you will get from a cooler house is the surprise you will get when you get the electricity bill at the end of the month. The bill should shrink by using a lighter colour on the exterior surface of your house, because the cooler a house is, the less need is there to use electric cooling systems.
Natural greens
Bringing the outdoors inside the house gives a different feel to a room, while also bringing down the temperature. Plants, especially Aloe Vera and the snake plant help to bring down the ambient temperature while also giving off oxygen, like other great indoor plants like the weeping fig, areca palm and Boston fern. Even if you get a plant solely for the reason to keep a place cool, it has the advantage of lifting your mood and creating a peaceful ambience.
While interior plants are great for cooling down and improving the quality of air, is it the big plants outside that does all the hard work. By placing big trees strategically around the house, you shade your house from the sun. The best trees is trees that sheds it's leaves during autumn months.
Vines and shrubs that is put against the hottest parts of walls blocks the sun from reaching the walls and thus cooling the house. It is also best to use deciduous vines and shrubs for optimised use.
Wooden floors
While not as cool as having a tile floor, wooden floors are still colder and healthier than carpets. If you are one of the lucky ones that lives in one of the old houses with crawl spaces underneath the wooden floor, you have a bigger advantage of wooden floors than other people. The crawl spaces provides airflow and because the foundation never get any sun, the result is a cooler touch, seeing that there isn't much warm air that can rise.
For more beautiful wooden floors check out The Natural Wood Floor Company's wood floor projects.
Window blinds
Blinds and shutters do a great job of blocking out the sun, as long as it is used in the right way. If necessary a light curtain or drapes can be used over the blinds to further cools the house. Horizontal blinds that can be turned to either side is a good starting point. By turning the blinds, that the smooth side show to the outside, keeps the sun from coming in, while you can still open it a bit to let in natural light. Some blinds to consider is: bamboo blinds, that is woven together tightly, blocking heat and aluminium blinds, that reflects the sunlight is it hits the blinds.
Another option is to install outdoor blinds, on the terrace or balcony. This will also let in less sun, which in turns means less heat.
Cross ventilation
A concept used in the day to day life of most people. This is basically having two windows, doors or a door and a window open to allow for the flow of the air to move through the room or house without interruption. If the house was designed with proper ventilation in mind, there would always be an escape for the air that comes in via the door or window. The flow of fresh air through the house, cools the house quickly and thoroughly without having to use electricity. Just remember to put stoppers in front of the doors and lock the windows, otherwise you might need to pay for new glass panes.
One problem with cross ventilation is if there isn't a substantial wind to bring fresh, cold air into the rooms or the air outside is so warm and humid it is of no use, but as long as a nice wind is blowing, is this a pocket-friendly way to keep the house cool as well as control the air quality.
Wooden louvers
Lastly is the wooden louvers which first of all creates a different atmosphere. The shutters can be turned to block the sunlight, which would cool the house and also keeps the cool air from escaping or turn it to let sun in.
The louvers can also entirely open so that fresh air comes in that also cools a house, as long as direct sunlight doesn't stream in. Some louvers are set outside the house, usually next to smaller windows that can be closed to block out the sun. The advantage of a louver is that, even though it is turned to block the sun, it can still let in fresh air.
Painting the louvers a light colour instead of leaving it in the normal wood reflects the sunlight and not just blocking it, which in turns is a better cooling system than just turning it down. Combining the louvers with drapes or curtains, adds even more insulation against the heat.
Keeping ice cold water or a fishpond around creates cooler air when the warmer air comes in contact with it. Combining the different tips on how to keep the house naturally cool, can safe you a lot of money, while preserving the earth and ozone layer.These tips also adds different dynamics to a house to make it, cooler yet welcoming.
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Minakari or Enameling is one of the most glorious Iranian handicrafts. It is the art of painting and designing the surface of metals such as gold, silver, and copper by glazing colors and fire in the furnace (Sometimes, it is done upon the glass or ceramics too.) According to the orientalist scholar Arthur Pope, Minakari dates back to 1500 B.C.
is usually done on different utensils, such as vases and plates, picture frames, the doors and windows in holy shrines, jewelries, small decorative objects, and combined with Khatamkari, Miniature, Jewelry making and other kinds of art. Different kinds of paints used in Minakari were taken from plants, minerals, and iron ore. Nowadays, chemical paints are often used. The craftsmen use gold, copper, and tin in combination with different chemical materials to make red, green, and yellow colors respectively.
Mina, meaning heaven in Persian, is a glasslike coating that can be fixed on different kinds of metals by heat. It is available in different colors, such as azure blue, reddish purple, green, yellow, cyan, yellow, gold, and black. But Isfahan Minakari is usually known by the colors of azure blue and turquoise or cyan.
From among the samples of ancient Iranian Enameling, there are Sassanid plates discovered in Armenia, kept in Islamic Arts Museum, Berlin. One of the oldest samples of Minakari is a pair of earrings, discovered in Nahavand, dating back to 800-700 B.C. An Achaemenid gold armband ornamented with Minakari is exhibited in Victoria and Albert Museum, London.
The process of creating metal forms, painting and coating with enamel is a rather complicated process. Surprisingly, at that time the ancient Persians had such skills. For enamel, mostly silver and copper are used. The patterns of the minakari are so diverse that it is difficult to find two pieces with the same patterns. Several masters take part in the process. First the basis for painting from silver, gold or copper is prepared. It can be a vase, a plate, a jug and etc. Then the product is enameled and burned. The process is repeated for 3 times. And finally, when the object is ready, the master covers it with a painting. First, a background color is applied, then fine patterns and the smallest details. When the painting is finished, the object is placed in the oven. The finished product is examined in detail for the detection of cracks and defects and only products with a perfectly even coating and a pattern are sold or exhibited.
Isfahan is considered the center of ornamental art and the best enamel masters live in Isfahan. The most expensive and unique products are stored and exhibited in the Museum of Traditional Arts and Crafts. In the city bazaar of Isfahan, you can find the best examples of the minakari, and each of them deserves special attention. The products are also exhibited on Chahar-Bak Street and next to Naksh-e Jahan Square. In all bazaars of Iran, you can also find counters with pitchers and souvenirs with paintings. Souvenir with unique painting will be a wonderful present as a memory of an unforgettable journey to an ancient country.
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Tuesday, August 9, 2011
Imprelis Recall Shows Limits of Registration Process
_URL_ Describes stop sale EPA issued August 11, and notes that 7,000 incident reports have been filed with EPA since June by the Manufacturer.
_URL_ Additional notes on the issue as well as some discussion about the label limitations on Imprelis regarding use of treated clippings in compost.
Gail Gardner said...
What I would like to know is why there is a labeling restriction indicating that grass clippings treated with this product NOT be composted.
A Dupont product representative indicated on another site that the product is effective for 44 days. Since composting is generally done for at least four months, why is there a restriction?
Besides killing trees which our environment and our health can ill afford, this product ending up in community composting projects could be disastrous - IF it is survives composting which they indicated it does.
Communities that recycle chipped trees, leaves and branches would have no way of knowing which ones were treated. When that compost gets applied to gardens, farms and yards it could kill whatever you plant.
This specific question needs to be answered clearly and exactly how long this product can actively kill plants needs to be studied.
IF this product can survive composting, all communities with public programs need to be notified and there needs to be major media coverage to let people know BEFORE they damage their soil for who knows how long.
Mike Merchant, PhD said...
Gail, good questions. Imprelis is not the only herbicide that warns against composting treated grass clippings. I don't know the full answer to your questions, but suggest you direct them to the consumer hotline for DuPont--those numbers should be on the label.
Knowing a little about label warnings, I suspect the restrictions are based on a highest risk scenario where clippings are composted, not diluted with other compost, and the finished compost tested and found to inhibit the growth of some plants. In municipal settings the risk of having high percentages of herbicide treated clippings is very low, hence low risk. Nevertheless, if users follow the label instructions not to compost the clippings, everything should be cool.


text:
There is a YouTube video of synchronized swimmer Mary Killman performing what is called a Rocket maneuver to the song "Johnny B. Goode" as part of her final solo at the 2011 synchronized swimming world championships in Shanghai. Killman, who will compete in this summer's Olympics, says it is one of her favorite figures, and she can do some of the highest Rocket maneuvers worldwide. Submerged, laying on her back, with her legs held straight above her she forms a perfect floating right angle. Gracefully she moves towards the surface, almost like an illusion as if something or someone is pushing her up from below. Suddenly she bursts legs first, kicking high up and out of the water, flips over and emerges again arm raised like she is now being pulled up from above.
Synchronized swimming, or synchro, as it is often called, is a unique, beautiful hybrid form of swimming, dance and gymnastics. Swimmers are often vertical and upside down with their legs above the surface, performing spins, splits and other movements all which require exceptional strength, flexibility and breath control. Swimmers are not permitted to touch the bottom of the pool and using arm motions ("sculling") and leg kicking ("eggbeaters"), depend completely on their own strength and stamina to stay afloat. The choreographed routines swimmers perform are composed of complex leg movements and arm strokes that incorporate an elaborate series of lifts and throws.
Accompanied by music, the figures and maneuvers performed above and underwater combine split-second timing, precision and grace. The music and its interpretation is an amalgam of artistic expression and sheer athleticism. Because half of what happens in synchronized swimming is done underwater, the audience is blind to the much of the mechanics used by and the strength of the athletes. That, combined with their smiling faces has led many to conclude that the sport requires little of either. During a particularly aerobic four minute routine, a synchronized swimmer may spend more than a minute underwater without coming up for air and more than two and one half minutes cumulative underwater.
Killman says her teammates use the expression "fake it till you make it" to describe the effort to push past the urge to breathe. "You are underwater and you feel like you are going to pass out, your muscles are tired aching all you want to do is lay on your back but you have to come up and perform. With a big smile on your face…That's part of the sport. That's what you have to do. The easier you make it look the better you are doing."
After more than half a century of tireless advocacy from pioneering coaches and swimmers, the sport of synchronized swimming formerly known as water ballet, officially debuted at the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles. Fifty women from 21 countries competed, with Esther Williams—the indelible synchro pop-culture icon—providing the televised commentary.
It was the United States that originally dominated synchronized swimming and during the first three Olympiads the US Team along with Canada won all the gold Olympic medals awarded in the sport. But in 2000, Russia won gold medals in both the duet and team competitions,and the US none. In 2004 the US came back to win bronze medals in both the duet and team competition but since 2000 it is Russia that has won every gold. This year with eight team spots available (and one of those reserved for the host country) the US team did not qualify to compete.
"Usually it's like every four years synchro is this huge thing because of the Olympics," says Cheryl Furjanic, who directed and produced the documentary film, Sync or Swim, the story of the U.S. synchronized swimming team's journey to the 2004 Olympics, "I think that it's going to be a little bit of a difficult thing for the U.S. to come back from. Just in terms of keeping their numbers up and keeping the interest and the visibility going."
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Today Mary Killman and her duet team partner Mariya Koroleva make up the United States great wet hope for Olympic synchronized swimming success. This summer in London, the U.S. synchronized swimming duet team will compete along with 24 other pairings from around the world but for the first time since 2000, the United States synchronized swimming team will not. For an Olympic sport that is relatively new and has struggled for decades to gain recognition, synchronized swimming in the United States now appears to be in danger of going under.
The reasons behind the United States' inability to qualify for the Olympic team competition are not just issues with athletic ability but with the changing aesthetic of the sport overall, which increasingly placed value upon and emphasized its athletic and gymnastic side and less so its artistic impression—the component of judging a routine that includes choreography, interpretation of music and presentation. This, combined with fewer girls coming up in the sport and the seemingly irreversible dominance of the Russians, has created a perfect storm that could sink the sport in the U.S.
"We are still out there performing with huge smiles on our faces, and we have sequins and glitter," says Killman, "but it's gotten a lot faster. It's gotten more—how fast can you do this and still be just as high or how high can you throw someone out of the water and how acrobatic can they look?"
Mary Killman says she considers herself more of an athlete than a performer, but her favorite part of the sport remains the choreography. "I like the choreography phase of everything. When you first get the music and it's raw. All you have is a piece of music, and you have to sit there in the water and go okay, what does this sound like? Does this sound like a spin, does it sound like a really high rocket, flexibility, like a crash? Does this feel like a lift?" Synchro swimmers also must make their routines look effortless. "Compared to a track athlete," Killman says, "who is running as hard as they can and you see the sweat pouring down their face at the end of itwe have to do the same thing, but we have to hold our breath."
"They have gone too far telling everyone how difficult it is," says Dawn Bean, who wrote a book on the history of synchronized swimming, served on the U.S. Olympic Committee for twelve years and now, well into her 80's, still coaches synchro masters teams. The shift in aesthetic away from artistic expression and much more towards that of athleticism has left sychnro she says with "… too many thrashing legs and feet above water."
Bean is not the only prominent figure in synchro's storied history that has noticed the shift towards athleticism. "Everything now is fast," says Chris Carver who began coaching in 1960 and has coached three U.S. synchro Olympic teams. She recounts the negative reactions of the judges just weeks ago at a national competition. "I sat with the judges and they were saying, 'this is frantic. It's built up to such a frantic pace, I don't enjoy it and I almost can't judge it'." Carver gives the example of Spain recently performing a technical duet that was very artistic and with a wide range of motion. "People said, 'I've never seen anything like this before'. "Well they have seen something like this before, just not in their time. We (the U.S.) were more like that."
"I would hope that there is room for all of these incarnations of what synchronized swimming is or can be," says filmmaker Furjanic, I do think it's an open-ended question, and I don't know that it can be answered. I would hate to see it answered by its disappearance."
For some observers, the outward appearance of a synchro swimmer suggests spectacle, with their helmeted hair secured tightly back with gelatin, sporting shimmering, bright sequined suits, flashing their legs and turning like a cork screw around and upside down in the water. But the performance of synchro swimmers as a duet or team is dedicated to both unity of movement and precise athletic maneuvers. For the duration of a routine, the viewing audience is not intended to focus solely on an individual athlete or a particular maneuver but to experience the swimmers collectively, as a whole creating synchronicity, as the name implies. Water is the medium and setting for the harmony of a precisely choreographed expression of athleticism. Synchro unites the body with water in a way that is literally fluid but dramatic. As swimmers repeatedly fall back into and emerge from the water, sink down and explode upward with forceful, assertive strength and rhythm, the element of water serves to hold, shelter and rebirth them. The combined athleticism and artistry that make up synchro was in the past amplified by water and today often appears to be constrained by it.
Russia raised the bar of competition by incorporating new hybrid figures. Forms and higher lifts were combined with speed that no one knew was possible. Anna Kozlova, a former synchronized swimmer who defected to the United States from Russia in 1993, competed in three Olympic Games and won two bronze medals for the U.S, says she was sad but not surprised when the United States team didn't qualify. She recalls that in the early days, the rule was "be careful not to splash the water." "But now," she continues, "it's definitely gone the other way. It doesn't bother me that it's more

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


How To Keep Furnace Vents Clear of Snow
December 4, 2020
When it snows, it's not just your driveway and sidewalk that need attention. You also need to make sure your furnace vent is free of snow and ice. If the vent is blocked, it can cause damage to your furnace and pose a serious safety hazard.
Why It's Important to Keep Your Furnace Vent Clear
If you have a gas furnace, the fuel being consumed is natural gas. Burning that substance results in more than just warmth. Carbon monoxide and other undesirable gasses are also being produced. These gasses are vented away from your home through a flue.
When it snows, the vent can become plugged. This can prevent these noxious gasses from escaping your home and cause them to build up in your living area instead. That can be incredibly dangerous. Carbon monoxide can cause severe health issues, even death. This situation also increases wear on your furnace, which could result in the necessity for repairs and might reduce the lifespan of the equipment.
Clearing Snow
Inspect your furnace vent after a heavy snowfall. Clear away any built-up snow by hand. You shouldn't use a tool such as a shovel because it might damage the vent.
Clearing Ice
If ice has built up on the vent, scrape it off using a plastic putty knife. You should look inside the vent with a flashlight to make sure ice hasn't built up within it as well. Some vents have a stainless steel screen. If this is the case with yours, inspect it to make sure moisture hasn't frozen over it.
Build an A-Frame
To prevent snow from being a problem, you can build an A-Frame over the furnace vent. This will cause snow to be pushed away from the vent instead of mounding over it.
If you live in or near Paxton, IL, Dogtown Heating, Air & Plumbing can help you with any furnace issues you may have. Our locally owned company routinely receives top ratings. The NATE-certified technicians on our team are highly skilled at repairing, replacing and tuning up heating and cooling equipment. We can also help you with your indoor air quality and plumbing needs. Call us today to schedule an appointment.
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Molecular Scale Heat Engines and Scalable Quantum Computation
Leonard Schulman
We describe a quantum mechanical heat engine. Like its classical counterpart introduced by Carnot, this engine carries out a reversible process in which an input of energy to the system results in a separation of cold and hot regions. The method begins with a reinterpretation in thermodynamic terms of a simple step introduced by von Neumann to extract fair coin flips from sequences of biased coin flips. Some of the experimental set-ups proposed for implementation of quantum computers, begin with the quantum bits of the computer initially in a mixed state. Each qubit is $\epsilon$ polarized --- in the state $\ket{0}$ with probability $\frac{1+\epsilon}\{2}$, and in the state $\ket{1}$ with probability $\frac{1-\epsilon}\{2}$, independently (or nearly so) of all other bits. The heat engine may be used to transform this initial collection of $n$ qubits into a state in which a near-optimal $m=n[{1+\ep \over 2} \lg (1+\ep) +{1-\ep \over 2} \lg (1-\ep) -o(1)]$ qubits are in the joint state $\ket{0^m}$. These qubits can then be used as the registers for a quantum computation. The heat engine is described at the level of an algorithm implementable in any quantum system capable of massive coherent states. A particular implementation is also described for a system of nuclear spins arranged in a chain. The temperature the cold qubits reach is inverse polynomial in $n$.
created Tue Mar 14 17:48:16 PST 2000


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I ran into an interesting (and very frustrating) issue with the equals() method today which caused what I thought to be a well tested class to crash and cause a bug that took me a very long time to track down.
Just for completeness, I wasn't using an IDE or debugger - just good old fashioned text editor and System.out's. Time was very limited and it was a school project.
Anyhow -
I was developing a basic shopping cart which could contain an ArrayList of Book objects. In order to implement the addBook(), removeBook(), and hasBook() methods of the Cart, I wanted to check if the Book already existed in the cart. So off I go -
public boolean equals(Book b) {
 ... // More code here - null checks
 if (b.getID() == this.getID()) return true;
 else return false;
All works fine in testing. I create 6 objects and fill them with data. Do many adds, removes, has() operations on the Cart and everything works fine. I read that you can either have equals(TYPE var) or equals(Object o) { (CAST) var } but assumed that since it was working, it didn't matter too much.
Then I ran into a problem - I needed to create a Book object with only the ID in it from within the Book class. No other data would be entered into it. Basically the following:
public boolean hasBook(int i) {
 Book b = new Book(i);
 return hasBook(b);
public boolean hasBook(Book b) {
 //.. more code here
 return this.books.contains(b);
All of a sudden, the equals(Book b) method no longer works. This took a VERY long time to track down without a good debugger and assuming the Cart class was properly tested and correct. After swaapping the equals() method to the following:
public boolean equals(Object o) {
 Book b = (Book) o;
 ... // The rest goes here
Everything began to work again. Is there a reason the method decided not to take the Book parameter even though it clearly was a Book object? The only difference seemed to be it was instantiated from within the same class, and only filled with one data member. I'm very very confused. Please, shed some light?
share|improve this question
I am aware that I violated the 'Contract' regarding overriding the equals methods by being reflective - however I needed a quick way to check if the object existed in the ArrayList without using generics. – Josh Smeaton Oct 9 '08 at 4:29
This is a good lesson to learn about Java and equals – jjnguy Oct 9 '08 at 4:34
I'm unable to see how a shopping cart can be equal to a book. I mean how can hasBook(Book b) return the result of this.equals(b)? – Robert Jul 14 '12 at 0:52
_USER_, wow, 4 years this question has been here - and no one picked up on that. I can't remember, but I assume the hasBook was supposed to do a this.books.contains() or something similar. – Josh Smeaton Jul 15 '12 at 14:56
9 Answers 9
up vote 214 down vote accepted
In Java, the equals() method that is inherited from Object is:
public boolean equals(Object other);
In other words, the parameter must be of type Object.
The ArrayList uses the correct equals method, where you were always calling the one that didn't properly override Object's equals.
Not overriding the method correctly can cause problems.
I override equals the following everytime:
public boolean equals(Object other){
 if (other == null) return false;
 if (other == this) return true;
 if (!(other instanceof MyClass))return false;
 MyClass otherMyClass = (MyClass)other;
 ...test other properties here...
The use of the _USER_ annotation can help a ton with silly mistakes.
Use it whenever you think you are overriding a super class' or interface's method. That way, if you do it wrong you will get a compile error.
share|improve this answer
This is a good argument in favour of the _USER_ annotation... if the OP had use _USER_ his compiler would have told him that he wasn't actually overriding a parent class method... – Cowan Oct 9 '08 at 4:36
Was never aware of the _USER_, thanks for that! I'd also like to add that overriding hashCode() really should have been done and may have spotted the error sooner. – Josh Smeaton Oct 9 '08 at 4:52
Some IDEs (e.g. Eclipse) can even autogenerate equals() and hashcode() methods for you based on the class member variables. – sk. Oct 9 '08 at 5:48
if (!(other instanceof MyClass))return false; returns false if MyClass extends the other class. But it wouldn't return false if the other class extended MyClass. Shouldn't equal be less contradictory? – Robert Jul 14 '12 at 1:16
When using instanceof the previous nullcheck is redundant. – Mateusz Dymczyk Feb 2 '13 at 3:28
If you use eclipse just go to the top menu
Source --> Generate equals() and hashCode()
share|improve this answer
I wish I could give this answer 10 upvotes. – dansalmo Nov 10 '13 at 18:18
I agree! This one I never knew of before and generating it makes it less error prone – Boy Jan 12 '14 at 15:38
Same here. Thanks Fred! – Anila Mar 13 '14 at 18:21
In IntelliJ you find this under Code → Generate… or control+N. :) – elyse May 6 '14 at 17:31
Also I'd like to add that you should always override hashCode whenever overriding equals.
share|improve this answer
I wonder why you got a downvote. Its not an answer to the question...but it can't be unhelpful. Its always good to have a reminder. – jjnguy Oct 9 '08 at 4:48
thanks for your support :-) – Julie Oct 9 '08 at 4:49
yup, see… – Adrien Be Oct 31 '12 at 16:48
Slightly off-topic to your question, but it's probably worth mentioning anyway:
Commons Lang has got some excellent methods you can use in overriding equals and hashcode. Check out EqualsBuilder.reflectionEquals(...) and HashCodeBuilder.reflectionHashCode(...). Saved me plenty of headache in the past - although of course if you just want to do "equals" on ID it may not fit your circumstances.
I also agree that you should use the _USER_ annotation whenever you're overriding equals (or any other method).
share|improve this answer
If you're an eclipse user, you can also go right click -> source -> generate hashCode() and equals(), – tunaranch Nov 6 '08 at 4:31
Another fast solution that saves boilerplate code is Lombok EqualsAndHashCode annotation. It is easy, elegant and customizable. And does not depends on the IDE. For example;
import lombok.EqualsAndHashCode;
_USER_(of={"errorNumber","messageCode"}) // Will only use this fields to generate equals.
public class ErrorMessage{
 private long errorNumber;
 private int numberOfParameters;
 private Level loggingLevel;
 private String messageCode;
See the options avaliable to customize which fields to use in the equals. Lombok is avalaible in maven. Just add it with provided scope:
share|improve this answer
the instanceOf statement is often used in implementation of equals.
This is a popular pitfall!
The problem is that using instanceOf violates the rule of symmetry:
(object1.equals(object2) == true) if and only if (object2.equals(object1))
if the first equals is true, and object2 is an instance of a subclass of the class where obj1 belongs to, then the second equals will return false!
if the regarded class where ob1 belongs to is declared as final, then this problem can not arise, but in general, you should test as follows:
this.getClass()!= otherObject.getClass(); if not, return false, otherwise test the fields to compare for equality!
share|improve this answer
See Bloch, Effective Java, Item 8, a large section discussing issues with overriding the equals() method. He recommends against using getClass(). The main reason is that doing so breaks the Liskov Substitution Principle for subclasses that don't affect equality. – Stuart Marks Jul 29 at 15:53
Object obj = new Book();
// Oh noes! What happens now? Can't call it with a String that isn't a Book...
share|improve this answer
in Android Studio is alt + insert ---> equals and hashCode
public boolean equals(Object o) {
 if (this == o) return true;
 Proveedor proveedor = (Proveedor) o;
 return getId() == proveedor.getId();
public int hashCode() {
 return getId();
share|improve this answer
recordId is property of the object
 public boolean equals(Object obj) {
 if (this == obj)
 return true;
 if (obj == null)
 return false;
 if (getClass()!= obj.getClass())
 return false;
 Nai_record other = (Nai_record) obj;
 if (


text:
Ultrasound waves could help make the skin more permeable to drugs, according to researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
The technique, which uses two ultrasound beams of different frequencies, could aid the development of needle-free vaccinations and drug-delivery systems, the researchers claim.
In a paper in the Journal of Controlled Release, MIT chemical engineers Prof Daniel Blankschtein and Prof Robert Langer and colleagues describe how two ultrasound beams, one of low frequency and the other of high frequency, effectively 'wear away' the top layer of the skin they are applied to, allowing drugs to make their way through the skin and into the bloodstream. The skin damage is temporary, they claim, and doesn't cause any pain.
The technique works because of the behaviour of bubbles, according to the team. It involves pushing ultrasound energy into a layer of liquid on the skin. The sound waves generate bubbles in the liquid, which grow until they become unstable, then implode. This sends liquid rushing into the space left by the bubble, which generates a high-speed liquid microjet with enough energy to scratch the surface of the skin.
This effect has been known for some time, but only low-frequency waves have been used because these have more energy; high-frequency waves were thought to have insufficient energy to make unstable bubbles that pop. However, the low-frequency waves tend to create a rather scattered pattern of skin abrasion that doesn't allow a high enough dose of drug molecules present in the liquid film to penetrate the skin.
Adding high-frequency waves to the low-frequency ones has two effects, the team said in a statement. First, they generate more bubbles, which the low-frequency waves then pop. Second, they stop the bubbles moving sideways along the liquid film, creating a more uniform abrasion area and allowing more drug molecules through the skin.
In experiments on pig skin, the team found that the two-frequency approach allowed glucose to be absorbed 10 times better than a single-frequency treatment, while the protein inulin was absorbed four times better.
The researchers are now working on using the technique for vaccines, which would be easier to administer transdermally than via injection — a major advantage for the developing world, where there is a shortage of people trained to give injections. They are also working on a prototype handheld ultrasound device and on ways to improve skin permeability even more.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Tactics and Vectors 98/99
 Home ] Up ] How to Record Date And Time Of Observation ] [ How to Identify Common Species of Migratory Butterflies ] Flight Behavior I ] Flight Behavior II ] Flight Behavior III ] Flight Behavior IV ] Flight Behavior V ] Weather Data ] Weather Data ] How To Determine Coordinates of the Exact Location of your Field SiteWhere to find Altitude ] Properties of Magnetic Field at Field Site How to Determine Magnetic Declination and Magnetic Inclination ]
How To Identify Common Species of Migratory Butterflies
Many species of migratory butterflies have distinctive patterns and are easy to identify. Others are not particularly distinctive and can be confused with similar migratory or non-migratory species. Easily identified species include buckeyes, mourning cloaks, and red admirals. monarch on aster Problem migratory species, with many look-a-likes, include cloudless sulphurs, pipevine swallowtails, most of the angle wings, and fritillaries. Ironically, the single best know and most studied species, the monarch butterfly is also a problem species with two look-a-likes, the queen butterfly (migratory), and the viceroy butterfly (non-migratory). Because viceroy butterflies do not migrate and are not particularly abundant when monarch butterflies are making their spring and fall migrations, viceroys are unlikely to be picked up by our sampling techniques. Fortunately, monarch butterflies are usually much more abundant than queen butterflies during the migration period, minimizing the risk of errors due to mistaken identification. In any case, it is essential for researchers in this project to get a good field guide, a pair of binoculars, and a butterfly net (which can double as a wind sock), and practice identification in the field. Some species with highly distinctive markings can be identified by viewing them through binoculars. However, most species will have to netted and examined at close range. As noted above, monarchs fall into the second category. Over the years I have netted'monarchs' flying among vegetation that turned out upon closer examination to be viceroys, queens, and on one occasion, a large gulf fritillary.
The need for practice in species identification brings up another topic. How can a field researcher convince others that their identifications are accurate? After all, everyone makes mistakes (see above). I've even received photographs of a tiger swallowtail from someone who believed that they had photographed a monarch butterfly. Voucher specimens and/or good quality photographs are the only way around this problem. In my opinion, voucher specimens are the better of the two options. Photographs can ensure that an identification was correct but present practical problems. Monarch butterflies are abundant, large, showy, tend to roost in clusters, and while nectaring, almost seem to pose for the camera. Most other migratory butterfly species are less cooporative. They are usually less abundant than monarchs, less brightly colored, smaller, solitary, and camera-shy, tending to fly off as soon as you approach. Finally, because the top and bottom surfaces of the wings can be equally important for identification, at least two high quality photographs are required for many species. On the other hand, preserved voucher specimens can be examined at leisure and may even serves as resource material for future DNA analysis. The last point is important. Migratory and non-migratory populations of some species may eventually prove to have significant genetic differences. If there is a change in the distributions of the two types over the years, voucher specimes could indicate how things once were 'back then'. In in case, if you decide to collect voucher specimens, several individuals of each species should be plenty.


text:
To receive disability insurance benefits from an insurance company, it's not enough to have a disabling diagnosis. Rather, insurance companies reviewing disability benefit claims require evidence (such as medical records, letters from doctors, and test results) to determine the validity and severity of the disabling condition, a Symptom diary. Therefore, even if you suffer from a genuine disability, if it is not properly documented, the insurance company may use that lack of evidence to deny your claim. It is important to review your policy and include any and all information you believe will help explain your condition and support your claim.
Including a symptom diary can help improve your chances of approval by detailing your condition on a day-to-day basis. That is particularly true if you suffer from migraine headaches or other medical conditions for which "objective" evidence may not exist. This article will explain how keeping a symptom diary can help to provide additional context and support for your disability claim beyond what is contained in your doctor's notes.
Your Policy's Definition of "Disability"
The definition of "disability" or "disabled" can vary from policy to policy. Understanding which definition is specific to your policy is key to a successful disability claim. A typical definition of disability may be similar to:
Disabled or Disability means You are prevented from performing one or more of the Essential Duties of:
- Your Occupation during the Elimination Period of an LTD insurance Claim;
- Your Occupation, for the 24 months following the Elimination Period, as a result Your Current Monthly Earnings are less than 80% of Your Indexed Pre-disability Earnings; and;
- after that, Any Occupation.
It is important to remember, that definitions can vary by different insurance companies, and even policy to policy. Read your policy carefully and consult a disability insurance attorney if you have any questions.
What Is a Symptom Diary?
A symptom diary is a journal, or other document, where you record your daily symptoms and how they affect your ability to function. A symptom diary doesn't have to be complicated, it can be kept on a calendar, in a notebook, or even digitally. The most important thing is that you are consistent. Free symptom diaries are available on the internet and are designed to help you keep track of your symptoms. There are also many apps you can download on your phone or tablet that will record your symptoms.
What Should You Record?
Chronic disabilities or illnesses can affect you differently each day. The symptom diary should reflect how your condition changes day by day. Include details about your day, activities you were able to complete, and things you are no longer able to accomplish. Since most disabilities or illnesses cause residual pain, document how much pain you experience after performing a task, and how long that pain lasts. If you have a condition that is exacerbated by food (i.e., irritable bowel syndrome, heart burn), keep track of what you eat and how it makes you feel. If you suffer from headaches, it is important to keep track of symptoms such as, sensitivity to light, sound, and activities. In addition, document what if anything, relieves your symptoms. It is important to understand, your symptom diary cannot be too detailed. The more details you provide regarding your symptoms and their effects on your function, the better understanding the reader will gain from its contents. In addition, to providing evidence for your disability claim or subsequent appeal, your doctor may benefit from the diary to help with diagnosis and treatment.
Conditions That Benefit Most from a Symptom Diary.
Symptom diaries are used to document a variety of conditions, especially those conditions that are hard to qualify by a laboratory test or radiological studies (i.e., MRIs, X-rays). People who suffer from migraines, heartburn, irritable bowel syndrome ("IBS"), chronic pain, chronic fatigue syndrome, and fibromyalgia, can benefit from keeping a symptom diary. Indeed, when filing a claim for disability benefits, any conditions that hinders the persons ability to function, can benefit from providing the claim manager with a daily account of your symptoms and limitations.
Medical and legal scholars agree that for conditions with no objective tests, such as migraine headache pain, symptom diaries can provide "objective proof" of the frequency and severity of headache pain, even though such diaries incorporate subjective observations, "since it is a form of evidence commonly used by physicians treating potential migraine patients, similar to how other doctors utilize x-rays or test results." See Creel v. Wachovia Corp., 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 1733, *26-27 (11th Cir. Fla. Jan.27, 2009); see also Leetzow v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., No. EDCV152468VAPKKX, 2016 WL _PHONE_, at *9 (C.D. Cal. Dec. 5, 2016) (citing headache log as evidence supporting disability).
It is important to remember, however, that nothing can guarantee an approval of disability benefits. Providing a detailed symptom diary is compelling evidence to show how your specific condition and symptoms affect your ability to function.


text:
ridged trigonometric table is contained in the Flight Theory manoeuvring forces module. Reading from that table, sine 30° is 0.5 and cosine 30° is 0.866 — near enough to 0.9.
Using 1-in-60 to estimate WCAThe two/three-step technique described below approximates the sine/cosine relationships and produces results near enough to the trig calculations.
- 1. First find the crosswind component of the forecast wind velocity by estimating the (acute) angle at which the wind meets the required track, divide that by 60 and multiply the result by the wind speed. However, if the relative angle exceeds 60° just use 60.
(a) track = 045° w/v = 075/20 kn: relative angle = 30 = 30/60 × 20 = 10 kn crosswind.
(b) track = 045° w/v = 135/20 kn: relative angle = 90 [use 60] = 60/60 × 20 = 20 kn crosswind.
(c) track = 045° w/v = 195/20 kn: relative angle = 30 = 30/60 × 20 = 10 kn crosswind.
- 2. Then use the 1-in-60 rule to estimate the wind correction angle by dividing the crosswind component by the TAS and multiplying the result by 60.
(a) and (c) crosswind = 10 kn; TAS = 75 kn: 10/75 × 60 = 8° WCA.
or (b) crosswind = 20 kn; TAS = 75 kn: 20/75 × 60 = 16° WCA.
But combining steps 1 and 2 simplifies the calculation:
WCA = relative angle [60 max] x wind speed / TAS
Example (a) track = 045° TAS = 75 kn; w/v = 075/20 kn: relative angle = 30
WCA = 30 × 20/75 = 8°
And remember that the wind correction is applied in the direction the wind is coming from so that the aircraft crabs along the required track.
- 3. Then to estimate the ground speed, deduct the (acute) angle at which the wind meets the track from 115 (for angles up to 60°, use 105 for greater angles) and apply that as a percentage of the wind speed.
(a) track = 045° w/v = 075/20 kn: angle = 30; 115 – 30 = 85% of 20 = 17 knots headwind.
or (b) track = 045° w/v = 135/20 kn: angle = 90; 105 – 90 = 15% of 20 = 3 knots headwind.
or (c) track = 045° w/v = 195/20 kn: angle = 30; 115 – 30 = 85% of 20 = 17 knots tailwind.
Subtract the result from TAS if wind is coming from ahead to abeam, otherwise add. If you like to try a quick mental calculation with the two plots in Figure 4, you will find the arithmetic will produce much the same results as the plots.
You may think it wrong that if the wind is at 90° to the track the ground speed calculation will still come up with a headwind component. This is because the track and the wind velocity are relative to the ground, not to the aircraft's heading. With a wind at 90° to the required track the aircraft must take up a heading having some into-wind component, so that it crabs along the required track; try it by plotting a full wind vector triangle incorporating a wind at 90° to the required track. All the short-cut techniques described are not ultra-precise but they are quite okay for most cross-country navigation.
You should also read the meteorology module dealing with southern hemisphere winds and particularly section 6.3.
Using tables for ground speed and WCAThe third and simplest method for estimating WCA, heading and ground speed is to use tables such as those following. Table 1 is for wind speeds up to 30 knots in 5-knot intervals, and for wind angles relative to either side of the required track between 0° and 180°. In the table you will see that headwinds have a negative adjustment and tailwinds a positive adjustment for ground speed. However if the calculated WCA exceeds about 10° the inbuilt crab problem becomes apparent and a small additional calculation to derive a more accurate ground speed has to be made (Table 2).
*If the WCA exceeds 10° then reduce the ground speed by an additional value that is a percentage of the TAS, as shown in Table 2. You will note that the adjustment to ground speed really only becomes particularly significant at WCAs above 20° and then, in such conditions, it is probably unwise for light aircraft to be engaged in cross-country flight.
Example 1. The track required is 090°, the wind velocity is 060°/15 knots and TAS is 70 knots. Then the wind angle relative to track is 30° left and, reading from Table 1, the headwind component is –13 and the crosswind component is 7. Thus the ground speed will be 70 –13 = 57 knots, the wind correction angle will be 7/70 × 60 = 6° (to the left) and the heading = 084°.
Example 2. The track required is 300°, the wind velocity is 075°/15 knots and TAS is 70 knots. Then the wind angle relative to track is 135° right and, reading from Table 1, the headwind component is +10 and the crosswind component is 10. Thus the ground speed will be 70 + 10 = 80 knots, the wind correction angle will be 10/70 × 60 = 8° (to the right) and the heading = 308°
Example 3. The track required is 360°, the wind velocity is 075°/20 knots and TAS is 70 knots. Then the wind angle relative to track is 75° right and, reading from Table 1, the headwind component is –5 and the crosswind component is 20. Thus the ground speed will be 70 – 5 = 65 knots, the wind correction angle will be 20/70 × 60 = 16° (to the right) and the heading = 016°. However, because the WCA exceeds 10°, Table 2 is consulted. This shows for a WCA of 16° the ground speed should be further reduced by 3% of the TAS — about 2 knots, so the adjusted ground speed is 63 knots.
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The Jeppesen CR2, available from the Airservices Australia online store navigation and planning accessories for about A$50 is okay and will fit into your pocket — together with a small folding rule — and can be operated with one hand for time and distance calculations.
There are hand-held E-6B calculators or 'computers', costing around A$150, which do much the same job as the whiz wheels. I think that all the in-flight variables, to which light aircraft flying at comparatively low levels are subject, negate any potential cost/benefit advantage of such expensive single purpose devices. However, E-6B software utilities for PALM OS and POCKET PC handheld computers are readily available for about US$20 — or possibly as freeware. To find sources, google 'E6b software'.
It is my opinion that the whiz wheel gives a navigator a better grasp of the essentials of the wind triangle and thus makes it easier to mentally envisage in-flight corrections/adjustments without the need to fiddle with the whiz wheel or an electronic E-6B device. Money available for flight planning and navigation aids is well spent if you install a top quality magnetic compass and spend some time measuring, adjusting and recording the compass deviation in situ — and recheck deviation once or twice a year.
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Groundschool — Flight Planning & Navigation Guide
| Guide content | 1. Australian airspace regulations | 2. Charts & compass | 3. Route planning |
| [4. Effect of wind] | 5. Flight plan completion | 6. Safety audit | 7. Airmanship & flight discipline |
| 8. En route adjustment | 9. Supplementary navigation technique | 10. Global Positioning System |
| 11. Using the ADF | 12. Electronic planning & navigation | 13. ADS-B surveillance technology |
| Operations at non-controlled airfields | Safety during take-off & landing |
|Section 5 of the Flight Planning & Navigation Guide discusses flight plan completion|
Copyright © 2001–2009 John Brandon [contact information]


Cell Design and Pull Systems 160
This class covers the basics of cellular manufacturing, including the characteristics of cells and pull systems. Includes an Interactive Lab.
Class Name:
Cell Design and Pull Systems 160
Number of Lessons:
Additional Language:
Class Outline
 - Objectives
 - Cells and Pull Systems
 - The Goals of Lean
 - Origin of Work Cells
 - Basic Cell Characteristics
 - Disadvantages of Inventory
 - Disadvantages of Push Systems
 - Advantages of Pull Systems
 - Kanban
 - Updated Kanban
 - Cell Planning
 - Cycle Time
 - Setup Reduction
 - Error Detection and Error Prevention
 - Total Productive Maintenance
 - Kaizen
 - Summary
 - Define cell.
 - Define pull system.
 - Describe the main goal of lean manufacturing.
 - Identify the combination of traditional manufacturing systems on which work cells are based.
 - Describe the characteristics of a cell.
 - Identify the disadvantages of keeping parts in inventory.
 - Identify the disadvantages of push systems.
 - Identify the advantages of pull systems.
 - Define kanban.
 - Identify modern types of kanban.
 - Describe the best method for planning work cells.
 - Define cycle time.
 - Describe the key to reducing setup time.
 - Describe how error detection applies to cellular manufacturing.
 - Describe how error prevention applies to cellular manufacturing.
 - Describe the purpose of total productive maintenance.
 - Define kaizen.
Job Roles
 - CNC Lathe Operations
 - MSSC Manufacturing Processes and Production
Vocabulary Term Definition
assembly line A linear method of manufacturing in which the object being produced passes through different work stations until it is complete.
cell A specialized grouping of people, machines, tooling, and materials. The purpose of a cell is to efficiently produce small batches of parts.
cellular manufacturing A lean manufacturing method that uses specialized groupings of machines, people, and materials.
cycle time The time that elapses from the beginning to the end of a process.
error detection The inspection of a part during and after production to determine if errors have occurred. Error detection does not try to prevent errors.
error prevention A continuous improvement method that studies why and how errors occur and looks for ways to keep them from happening again.
finishing A process such as painting or sanding that is performed after a workpiece is fully constructed.
fixturing The secure clamping of a part during various machining operations.
flow shop A manufacturing facility that produces one or two similar products using high-volume specialized equipment. An assembly line is an example of a flow shop.
in-process inspection The inspection of a part during production to detect errors. Errors that are detected early may allow the part to be reworked or prevented from continuing through the manufacturing process.
intermediate fixture A workholding device that uses subplates and standardized fixtures to minimize the need for relocating after tool changeovers.
internal customer A department or individual within the company that relies on others to satisfy the external customer. For any cell, the next cell in a process is always the internal customer.
inventory Temporary or long-term storage of parts or products that are either finished or in progress. With pull systems, inventory is eliminated.
job shop A manufacturing facility that produces several different products in smaller batches. A machine shop is a type of job shop.
kaizen A Japanese word that means "change for the better." Kaizen is a combination of maintenance, problem solving, and innovation that is generally performed by a team.
kanban A Japanese word meaning "card signal." It represents any visual method used to show the need for parts or products to be moved or produced.
linked cells A group of work cells tied together using kanban. Parts travel between cells in small batches but are fabricated one at a time within individual cells.
locating The accurate positioning of a part in relation to other known surfaces or distances.
machine shop A factory or workshop where metal is cut and shaped by machines.
milling machine A machine that uses a multi-toothed milling cutter to remove metal from the workpiece surface to create flat and angular surfaces and grooves.
pokayoke A Japanese term meaning "mistake proofing." An example of pokayoke would be a machine designed so that parts can be fixtured only in the correct position.
production kanban A kanban that contains all of the basic information about a batch, such as number and weight, plus details about what type of work should be accomplished within the cell.
project shop A manufacturing facility that produces large items, such as airplanes, by bringing the machines and materials to the project.
pull system A material management system in which parts are not delivered to machines until they are needed. Pull systems are based on actual demand for parts.
push system A production method based on keeping up with preset inventory levels or with due dates for customer orders rather than customer demand.
retooling The changing of machinery, fixtures, and tools for the production of a new part. Retooling takes place before new product runs begin.
setup reduction A lean effort that uses standardization to reduce the time it takes to perform retooling.
soldering A joining method that uses heated tin and lead to fuse parts together.
traffic The management of the movement and exchange of materials, orders, and information that takes place within a manufacturing facility.
transportation The movement of materials and parts within a manufacturing facility.
universal product code A combination of a number and a series of parallel lines, known as a bar code, that appears on consumer packaging and is used in some shops as kanban.
withdrawal kanban A kanban used to signal the movement of parts between cells. It contains just the basic information about the batch such as the number of pieces and weight.


Mp3 Doctor
Mp3 Doctor
Mp3 Normalizer BPM Mp3 Encoder – Mp3 Doctor Official Blog
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Modern Mp3 Normalizer: MP3Doctor PRO2 and Mp4Gain
Modern Mp3 Normalizer: MP3Doctor PRO2 and Mp4Gain
The first question one may ask is what is the difference between the PRO2 and Mp4Gain MP3Doctor. The basic difference is that the Mp4Gin can also normalize the volume level of their most popular video formats such as MP4, FLV, Avi, Mpeg, 3pg, etc.. While MP3Doctor PRO2 is limited to audio files on your most common formtaos mp3, mp2, m4a, FLAC, ogg, etc.
The Mp4Gain can normalize both video and audio files.
Video Formats:
mp4, flv, avi
mpeg, mpg
3gp, wmv
Audio Formats:
mp3, mp2, flac
ogg, m4a, aac
wav, ac3
The next and obvious question would be: What kind of normalization offer these programs?
The short answer is: the most modern and efficient.
The broader answer is: A normalization that achieves volume levels between songs and even between parts of a song (even between instruments in a song) maintain a relationship of harmony that makes playing a song after another does not produce any conflict of volume, as the typical conflict of volume gain occurs randomly if we play two audio files (say mp3)
This is accomplished by the procedure of programming of these programs is updated, ie, much more smoderno. It is designed for this time, for current music players (whether hardware or software) and to the circumstances in which we hear music. (With audifinos biking, traveling with the phone in Avio, a player in our PC equipped with Edifier speakers with the highest quality, etc).
That is, we hear music in environments as diverse equipment that standards need to be programmed to normalize our music, to make it audible to separate and standardize frequencies and instruments (or voices) separately and to provide the maximum Quality and possible volume.
In parallel, the software provides the option to equalize music to enhance the sound.
Another option that you find in both programs is the ability to change the pitch of the song without affecting the speed or modifcar speed without affecting the pitch, both options are very useful and interesting for DJs and people who want to create unique versions of music.
MP3Doctor PRO2 and Mp4Gain are definitely the ONLY option for this time and circumstances. While other options are obsolete, we have moved on.
You should also move to the latest technology for improvement in audio with this software we offer.
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text:
At 8.4 x 12.4 micrometers, the world's smallest advent calendar was created in a lab late one night in Germany. The motivation for the work was that the researchers wanted to have "a nice picture of Christmas to put on our homepage."
"We waited until normal business was done for the day in the clean room," said PhD student Daniel Neumaier at the University of Regensburg, one of the three collaborators on the project. "Then we went in and did it. We were just having fun." He said the creation took about two hours.
On the randomly-numbered calendar, the doors for the first six days of December are open, revealing six different images, including Santa Claus, a bell, a snowman and a church. The smallest images on the calendar are the glass panes on the church windows, which measure about 20nm. At the bottom of the calendar, the researchers finished with a wish: "Merry Christmas wish from Nanonic" in German. It would take about 5 million of the calendars to fit on a postage stamp.
Nanonic is the start-up company founded by the three doctoral students, which supplied the computer program that guided an electron microscope in this project. Using the electron microscope, the scientists etched a semiconducting wafer coated with a material called "Poly(methyl methacrylate)" (PMMA). By breaking the bonds of the PMMA, they etched the lines and images on underlying semiconductor. Later they improved the contrast with an ion beam.
One of the collaborators, Dieter Weiss, thinks that the advent calendar is the smallest in the world, but explains that he doesn't know for sure. "I searched on Google and could find nothing smaller," he said.
The researchers admit that other labs around the world could create similar nano-scale images, which are used primarily for scientific research, and not art.
Via: Chemistry World


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Chieftain Rhanakhed
The Arbiters
Average Height
Skin Colours
Hair Colours
None (males)
Black (females)
Eye Colours
Distinctive Features
Horned Tail, Tall, Snout, Scales
Life Span
90-100 years
Whenever you are in the Oozing Marsh.. watch your step. Those Jin'tulu have some incredibly crafty fighting-techniques. Plus, those spears really hurt..
~ Forgelord Feezlebor
The Jin'tulu are a tall, Humanoid-reptilian race that are native to the continent of Gaderon, specifically within The Oozing Marsh. They are one of the ten dominant species of Uloff, being most common within central Gaderon. The race specializes in unique battle techniques, such as "Ground Fighting", and the use of powders and poisons in combat. Being primitive and tribal, the Jin'tulu mainly rely on close-range combat using hand-crafted weaponry.
The Jin'tulu are a playable race for The Arbiters.
History[edit | edit source]
The Jin'tulu Emblem
The Jin'tulu is said to have evolved from the native reptiles about two thousand years ago. Within the Oozing Marsh and Northern Fjordinheim, the race built their villages and began to flourish. They soon grew humanoid features, and began to build larger cities and developed tools and weapons. Soon, leaders were decided by a traditional public fight to the death. Whoever won this fight became the Chieftain of the race. They carried on until the early Humans came along. The Jin'tulu were interested in the race, and watched them build their civilizations. After becoming impressed by the races building skills, they would come out of the marsh with a peace offering. The Humans did not like it at first and were reluctant to accept the offering, but decided to welcome them. They had a great feast with traditional meals made by the Jin'tulu. Unfortunately, the Humans only brought themselves, and decided to not bring anything to the feast. Luckily, the Jin'tulu did not mind, as there was plenty of food for both races. The two races formed an alliance with each other, and gained a mutual friendship. The two also became trade partners, with the Humans trading armor, shields, weapons, food, and clothing; and the Jin'tulu trading poison, spears, clothing, helmets, and their traditional food.
Appearance[edit | edit source]
Jin'tulu resemble that of anthropomorphic lizards. The average Jin'tulu is 140 lbs., and will usually measure up to 6 feet tall. Humans and Jin'tulu do not differ too greatly, despite one being mammal and one being reptile. The Jin'tulu are reptilian, covered in scales. They are mostly teal or green, but those who are out in the sun gain black colored scales, eventually. Their eyes are similar to that of the Madagascar Velvet Gecko, having narrow black pupils, met by a red and orange color around it.
The male Jin'tulu has a larger snout than the female Jin'tulu. The females are also known to have slick, black hair, thin tails, short snouts, and smaller teeth. The males are known to have horns on the back of their bodies, sharper fingernails, and a lack in any body-hair. Both genders have a digitigrade stance. Males are often seen with a much broader shoulders, and a larger body frame overall.
Personality[edit | edit source]
Jin'tulu are known to be aggressive in battle. They get straight to the point, and few show emotion. They use special combat tactics such as "Ground-Fighting", which is a technique that usually consists of burrowing underground, wait for enemies to get near their spot, and jab them with sharp spears. Poison that induces writhing pain is their signature weapon, and will usually coat their weapons in this poison.
Jin'tulu also seek to establish good relationships with other races, as they believe that good relationships result a better society.
Leadership & Government[edit | edit source]
Chieftain Rhanakhed, the current cheftain of the Jin'tulu
Their leader is currently Chieftain Rhanakhed. He is quite old, but skilled in fighting. Rhanakhed is known to be aggressive in combat, and will do anything to keep his people safe and secure. He does not normally get along with other race leaders (except Human leader King Earnet), but tries to tolerate anyone he is allied with. He is known to get along with King Earnet quite well, as they both share similar ideals and combat techniques.
The Jin'tulu have a clan-like government, with a chieftain in charge of the race. The chieftain is responsible for all the decisions of the race, and hold the responsibilities of keeping the people happy, alive, and healthy. Every 25 years, the Jin'tulu set up a ceremonial arena in which they decide the next chieftain. The current chieftain is to fight against Jin'tulu who wish to take his place, until either combatant is mortally wounded or no longer able to fight. If a chieftain either steps down or is too old to serve his people anymore, the battles are instead between multiple Jin'tulu looking to become the next in line.
This ceremony will only happen a few times within a Jintulu's lifespan, so many who attempt to overtake the chieftain are younger members.
Culture[edit | edit source]
The Jin'tulu are very tribal, and love fine-art and crafting. They also create traditional music, which is made with chants, hums, and tribal instruments. They are also known to love painting and art, and will proudly display their creations everywhere. Jin'tulu also have a reputation for using chemicals and mixtures to create a signature poison, which invokes heavy irritation and writhing pain. The poison can also be fatal if it gets into the bloodstream.
Jin'tulu will often use sticks, rocks, and twine to create weapons. These weapons will usually be sharpened, and will commonly be very spear-like. They will trade for higher quality weapons when preparing for an oncoming battle. Their armor can range from copper and tin to highly durable metals that they create themselves, the latter usually reserved for the Chieftain and his guard.


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(Solved): Prelab: Week Of February 24th For This Week The Goal Is To Get More Familiar With The Use Of Structs...
Prelab: Week of February 24th For this week the goal is to get more familiar with the use of structs. Well assume the follow
code in c please
Prelab: Week of February 24th For this week the goal is to get more familiar with the use of structs. We'll assume the following Employee data type: typedef struct { int ID, jobType; float salary; } Employee; Now implement the following function: Employee * readEmployeeInfo (FILE *fp, int *numElems) which returns an array of Employee structs similarly to what you've done before where you can assume an integer at the beginning telling you how many records follow, which tells you how big the array needs to be. (You should feel free to eliminate the second parameter if you want to implement with a getSize function instead -- which would also allow a parameter to be eliminated from the following function.) Each record will consist of two integers and a float corresponding to the members of the Employee struct. This is just like the prelab for Lab 2 except that instead of creating an array of floats you'll be creating an array of Employee structs. Okay, so after readEmployeelnfo is called the user will have an array of Employee records. The following function is useful if the user wants to retrieve the record of a particular employee based on her/his employee ID: Employee * get EmployeeByID (Employee *, int numEmps, int ID) where the first two parameters are the array of employees and the number of employees, and the third parameter is the employee ID. The function returns a pointer to the record (i.e., address of an array element struct) for the employee with that ID. Note that this just requires a loop to find the employee with the specified ID. What do you do if there is no employee with that ID? Now you need to implement get and set interface functions: void setID (Employee *p, int id) int getID (Employee *p) void set Salary (Employee *p, float salary) etc. It's important to understand why such functions are needed: They ensure that users never have to directly access any member of the Employee struct. Suppose we did allow users to access the members directly, then what would happen to their programs if we later change the member "ID" to "employeeID"?
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Program Files: Program.c _TAG_ _TAG_ typedef struct { int ID; int jobType; float salary; } Employee; // Function Prototypes Employee * readEmployeeInfo(F
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The Naukluft Mountains
The Naukluft section of the Namib-Naukluft park was initially created as a sanctuary for the Hartmann's mountain zebra. The mountainous area is extremely beautiful as well as having an interesting history and geography. The Naukluft mountains are very popular for hiking and four wheel drive trails and even offer something for the more sedentary, as the beautiful rock pools near the Kudusrus campsite are the ideal place to spend a day lazing in the sun.
The Naukluft Mountains are part of the high rising escarpment which marks the western edge of the interior highlands of Namibia. The flat, plateau like top of the mountain complex is separated from the adjacent highland plateau to the south by impressive near vertical cliffs, while in the north west and west its highest peaks loom almost a thousand meters above the plains of the Namib. The plateau top consists mainly of dolomite and limestone formations. Dissolution of the dolomite and limestone by meteoric waters over many millennia has given rise to karstification of the plateau and an extensive underground drainage system. In some of the deeply incised kloofs discharge from this underground water reservoir occurs as crystal clear springs and streams.
Tufa, also known as fountain stone or waterfall limestone formations, are associated with these springs and streams. These soft, or semi-friable, porous limestone deposits are formed by evaporation of the calcium carbonate rich stream water that filters through the dolomite rocks. A particularly impressive tufa formation with inviting pools in the Naukluft River is reached after a 20 minute walk from the campsite. the widespread distribution of these tufa deposits throughout the Naukluft Mountains attests to a considerably wetter climate during the recent past.
The Naukluft Mountains are of particular interest for the ancient geological history of this part of the country. The mountains are composed of three main geological formations - the Rehoboth Sinclair basement complex, sedimentary formations of the Nama Group and 'nappes' of the Naukluft Nappe complex. The basement is found mainly on the west side of the mountain complex and consists of metasedimentary and volcanic rocks, gneisses and franites, varying in age from 1000 to about 2000 million years. The overlying Nama sediment consists mainly of dark (black) limestone which were deposited about 600 million years ago when the entire south western part of the southern African sub continent was covered by a shallow tropical sea.
The Naukluft 'nappes' which form the top part of the mountains are very large, sheet like units of sedimentary rocks which were emplaced along low angle fault or fracture planes known as thrusts. These movements occurred some 500 to 550 million years ago and are related to active earth forces associated with a period of crustal mobility and mountain building in the Damara Orogenic Belt, an ancient, deeply eroded chain which is known to have existed in the area of the Hakos and Auas mountains and the Khomas Hochland to the north.
The climate is fairly pleasant although summer day temperatures can be extremely hot, winter days are pleasantly warm with temperatures averaging about 20 degrees Celsius. However, evenings are cool and temperatures of below freezing point are not uncommon at night. Most of the areas rainfall occurs between December and April as thunderstorms. The average for the area is about 200mm, but is extremely unpredictable.
Due to an abundance of water in an otherwise arid environment Naukluft was an obvious refuge to early man. Stone artifacts and other implements have provided evidence of the inhabitation of the Naukluft Mountains by Stone Age peoples, the last of whom left a painted record of the animals that occurred in the area as well as their lifestyle. Other signs of former habitation include hides along game trails where animals were ambushed and rows of stakes driven into a rock face to reach beehives.
The plains to the east of the Naukluft were rich in edible wild plants. The abundance of food, game and water also attracted pastoralists during the last millennium. The more recent history of the area has been recorded by the Germans who fought several bloody battles against the Witbooi Khoikhoi. Reminders of these encounters include the grave of a German soldier just above the campsite at Naukluft, trenches and cannon sites. Sections of the route along which the Germans dragged their cannon onto the plateau are still visible a few kilometers south of the campsite.
In late August 1894 Landeshauptman Theodor Leutwein launched a three pronged attack on Witbooi's encampment at the junction of the Naukluft and the Oniabkloof. Leutwein was confident that the Witboois would be defeated within three days, but they offered fierce resistance. Witbooi was an exceptionally good military tactician and his pursuit was hampered because small groups of Witboois branched of into gullies everywhere along the route and retreated without leaving a definite track of either humans or their stock. They were also masters in vacating their positions unobtrusively and the Germans seldom knew when posts were vacated until they realised that no shots were being fired from the positions.
The pursuit of the Witboois continued into the first half of September and a treaty between the Germans and Hendrik Witbooi was signed in Witbooi's lager at Tsams on the western side of the Naukluft Mountains, on 15th September 1894. One of the conditions was that he was to settle again at Gibeaon where land was allocated to him and his tribe.
Well over 50 mammal species have been recorded in the Naukluft Complex and adjacent areas. The majority of these species are however, either nocturnal or small and thus easily overlooked. Nearly a third of the species are rodents, while the carnivores are represented by some 13 species. The Naukluft area was originally proclaimed as a sanctuary for the Hartmann's Mountain Zebra which, at first glance, appears similar to the southern sub-species, the Cape mountain zebra. However, they differ in a number of respects, the most important differences being that:
- they are slightly larger than the Cape mountain zebra, with a shoulder height of 1.5m as opposed to 1.3m and bear a closer resemblance to a horse in build.
- Their stripes are more widely spaced with the result that the pale stripes are either equal or slightly wider than the black stripes.
- Their legs are almost equally banded black and buff, and the mane is well developed.
Antelope species occurring in Naukluft include kudu, springbok, klipspringer and steenbok, while the gravel plains and the sand dune desert further west are the habitat of gemsbok. The most important predators are leopards, with evidence of their presence apparent in kloofs where zebra remains are often seen. Smaller predators include African wild cat, small spotted (black footed) cat, caracal and small spotted genet. Black backed jackal, bat eared fox, Cape fox and aardwolf also occur.
More than 193 bird species have been recorded in the mountain complex and the adjoining plains of which over 90 species have been recorded at the Naukluft campsite. Naukluft lies on the boundary of the distribution of several bird species. It is not only the northernmost limit of some of the true Karoo species such as the Karoo robin and the cinnamon breasted warbler, but several species typical of the north of Namibia reach their southern most limit here. These include Monteiro's hornbill, Herero chat and the chestnut weaver. From an ornithological point of view, the importance of the Naukluft mountain complex is the number of species requiring specialised habitats such as krantzes for breeding. Black eagle, augur buzzard, lanner falcon and Bradfield's swift are among these species.
The habitat preferences of the birds occurring in the Naukluft complex can be broadly classified as follows: kloofs with perennial streams; mountain slopes and cliffs; the plateau and the gravel plains surrounding the Naukluft Mountains. Species to keep a watch for in kloofs with perennial streams are hamerkop, pied barbet, pririt batis, Cape wagtail, crimson breasted shrike, brubru, common waxbill and several woodpecker species. On the slopes you can expect to see mountain chat which are common, Layard's titbabbler and dusky sunbird. Species you might spot on the plateau include Ludwig's bustard, sabota lark, the uncommon longbilled lark which favours rocky areas on the plateau and bokmakierie.
The settlement of Bullsport is marked on nearly every map, however it consists of little more than the guest farm. Great for hiking.
A small, friendly, owner operated rest camp, with individual bungalows & campsites. Great for those wanting to get away from the hustle and bustle of everyday life
A basic campsite in the Naukluft Mountains
A small private lodge on the banks of the Tsauchab River - an excellent place for walking and enjoying the surrounding scenery
Another excellent place for hiking, in the Tsaris Mountains. As there are many lodges located closer to Sossusvlei than Zebra River Lodge it is often overlooked, but if you


What Is the Integrated Domestic Violence Court in New York?
People who are facing both criminal domestic violence charges as well as separate family court matters, such as a divorce or child custody proceedings, may end up having all of their cases transferred into an Integrated Domestic Violence court. When this occurs, a single judge will preside over all of the separate cases affecting the person and their family.
People are unable to request that their cases be transferred to an IDV court. The judges that hear these matters instead screen potential cases and make recommendations for transfer. If a judge determines a person's cases should all be transferred, the person is also unable to prevent this from occurring. While these courts primarily handle people charged with misdemeanor domestic violence cases, the courts will occasionally accept families in which the person who is criminally charged is facing a felony.
The philosophy behind the IDV court system is that by streamlining all of the cases, the process will be less confusing and less costly for the parties involved. People whose cases are transferred will undergo judicial monitoring of their progress. The cases still remain separate although they are all in front of the same judge. The judge will apply the different evidentiary standards and burdens of proof required in each case separately.
When a person is charged with a domestic violence case and they also have a separate family court matter, it is possible their cases will be transferred to an IDV court. People who have questions regarding the IDV court processes may benefit by seeking the help of a criminal defense attorney. An attorney may be able to provide guidance regarding the different burdens of proof required for the criminal matter as well as for the family law cases. The attorney might then be able to design a comprehensive strategy best designed to defend their clients.


This is how you can help homeless people during the coronavirus crisis
Monday, 23rd March 2020, 2:41 pm
Updated Monday, 23rd March 2020, 2:43 pm
The coronavirus pandemic has taken its toll on the UK, with cases rising daily, schools closing and many people losing their jobs.
Thousands have rushed to shops to stockpile essentials in order to self-isolate causing food banks donations to plummet. But how do you self-isolate if you are homeless?
It has emerged that homeless people are at high risk from the virus, as they often don't have places to wash their hands, struggle with health problems and are at risk of infection in crowded shelters. Here are a few ways you can support the homeless in your local community.
(Photo: WHO)
Donate to a food bank
Charity bosses are concerned that members of the public have stopped donating to food banks because they are keeping supplies for themselves.
Emma Revie, chief executive of the Trussell Trust, said, "With the spread of coronavirus we all now face an unprecedented challenge and uncertain future."
"It is possible that food banks will face increased demand as people lose income, at the same time as food donations drop or staff and volunteers are unavailable, due to measures rightly put in place to slow the spread of infection."
Check which items your nearby food bank needs - this can be easily accessed online - and donate those if you are able to.
You can find out where your nearest food bank is by putting your postcode into the Trussell Trust map - then visit their website to find out how to donate food.
Support a street vendor
Vendors selling the Big Issue are often homeless, and rely on donations for their livelihood. But, due to the Covid-19 virus outbreak, vendors have been told they cannot sell copies of the magazine on the street.
The Big Issue has issued a desperate plea for help as it struggles to generate income from sales.
You can now buy the publication through their shop or online. Alternatively, subscribe for three months while vendors aren't on the streets, or donate.
Donate essentials to a local shelter
Homeless shelters and hostels have been plunged into uncertainty, and some have had to close due to the spread of infection.
However, many have made the decision to keep their doors open despite the added risk.
Many shelters across the country are pleading for essentials such as hand sanitiser, soap, board games and sleeping bags.
Call a homeless helpline
If you see someone on the streets who urgently needs help, you can call a homeless helpline.
Shelter UK's national helpline is 0808 _PHONE_. You can also get in touch with the Salvation Army on (020) 7367 4500.
Coronavirus: the facts
What is coronavirus?
What caused coronavirus?
How is it spread?
What are the symptoms?
What precautions can be taken?
Government advice
For more information on government advice, please check their website.
Should I avoid public places?
What should I do if I feel unwell?
When to call NHS 111
Sources: World Health Organisation and NHS


text:
(Photo by Jill Bock, Staff)
BENTON - Who says learning about compound interest and the importance of paying bills on time can be fun?
The students at Kelly Elementary School do. Fourth and fifth graders have discovered MoneyIsland.
Provided to the Kelly School District as well as nine other Southeast Missouri Schools by Focus Bank, MoneyIsland takes participants into a virtual world to learn real-life principles about being responsible with their money.
Vicki LeGrand, computer teacher for the kindergarten through seventh grade, introduced the Focus Bank program this year to the youngsters at Kelly Elementary School.
For the complete article and more stories from the Standard Democrat, click here to log on to the electronic edition.


Variational calculus
physics, mathematical physics, philosophy of physics
Surveys, textbooks and lecture notes
theory (physics), model (physics)
experiment, measurement, computable physics
In physics the critical locus of the action functional, hence the solution space to the partial differential equations of motion is often called the shell, or the physical shell (the diffiety corresponding to the PDE of motion).
This terminology derives from the case of the free relativistic particle propagating in Minkowski spacetime, for which the space of solutions is the hyperbola of vectors whose Minkowski norm square is the mass of the particle. This hyperbola is naturally called the mass shell.
It is common to use the adjective "on-shell" for statements that apply after restriction to the shell, and "off-shell" for statements that apply generally.
For instance Noether's theorem gives for each symmetry of a local Lagrangian an on-shell conserved current, namely a differential form on spacetime, depending on the field configurations, which is closed (only, in general) if the given field configuration satisfies its equations of motion. Such a differential form which is closed even if the equations of motion do not hold would be called an off-shell conserved current.
In terms of variational calculus the field configurations are encoded by a field bundle EE over spacetime/worldvolume Σ\Sigma as being the sections of this bundle. The shell then is encoded by a sub-bundle
J Σ E Σ \array{ \mathcal{E} &&\hookrightarrow && J^\infty_\Sigma E \\ & \searrow && \swarrow \\ && \Sigma }
of the jet bundle J Σ EJ^\infty_\Sigma E of EE, namely the subbundle of those pointwise field configurations with those jets (derivatives) that do solve the equations of motion (see at diffiety).
This way a field configuration given by a section ϕ\phi of EE is a solution to the equations of motion precisely if its jet prolongation, being a section of J Σ EJ^\infty_\Sigma E comes from a section of \mathcal{E} under this inclusion.
If one thinks of all this not as happening in the category of bundles over Σ\Sigma but in the category PDE ΣPDE_\Sigma of partial differential equations over Σ\Sigma, then the above inclusion becomes simply ι:E\iota \colon \mathcal{E} \hookrightarrow E, where now EE is thought of as the trivial partial differential equation on its sections, the one for which each section is a solution. Then a field configuration is just a morphism ϕ:ΣE\phi : \Sigma \longrightarrow E in PDE ΣPDE_\Sigma, and this is a solution precisely if it factors through the inclusion of the shell:
ϕ sol ι Σ ϕ E \array{ && \mathcal{E} \\ & {}^\mathllap{\phi_{sol}}{\nearrow} & \downarrow^{\mathrlap{\iota}} \\ \Sigma &\underset{\phi}{\longrightarrow}& E }
Accordingly, a horizontal form JΩ H p(E)Ω p+1(J Σ E)J \in \Omega^{p}_H(E) \hookrightarrow \Omega^{p+1}(J^\infty_\Sigma E) is an on-shell conserved current if it becomes horizontally closed after restriction to the shell:
ι *d HJ=0. \iota^\ast d_H J = 0 \,.
For (E,L)(E,\mathbf{L}) a Lagrangian field theory, let J Σ (E)\mathcal{E}^\infty \hookrightarrow J^\infty_\Sigma(E) be the prolonged shell.
The following is intuitively obvious but not entirely trivial to prove:
(infinitesimal symmetry of the Lagrangian is also symmetry of the shell)
Let (E,L)(E,\mathbf{L}) be a Lagrangian field theory. Then if v^\hat v is the prolongation of an evolutionary vector field which is an infinitesimal symmetry of the Lagrangian in that the Lie derivative of L\mathbf{L} along v^\hat v is horizontally exact, then the flow of v^\hat v preserves the prolonged shell.
(Olver 95, theorem 5.53)
Last revised on December 11, 2017 at 06:35:02. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.


How to add arrays/how to get the sum of two arrays
Basically on this assignment I must write program that inputs two positive integers of at most 100 digits and outputs the sum of the numbers into an array. The two positive numbers must come from different arrays and the sum has to be stored into another array.
Interesting topic! By now you've written a few lines of code?
Based on the title of the thread I assume you at least have the part done where you get the input and store it in your arrays. So, now you just need to sum the data.
Well, think about what an array is and that should lead to your answer. If you've tried something already, but are having trouble getting it to work, then post your work and I'm sure we can help you understand the concepts/what's going wrong.
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