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NASA Reveals Hundred Year Starship Program 351
Posted by CmdrTaco
from the lost-in-space dept.
cmansley writes "NASA Ames Director Simon Worden revealed that NASA Ames has 'just started a project with DARPA called the Hundred Year Starship,' with $1 million funding from DARPA and $100K from NASA. Worden said 'Larry [Page] asked me a couple weeks ago how much it would cost to send people one way to Mars and I told him $10 billion, and his response was, "Can you get it down to 1 or 2 billion?"'"
NASA Reveals Hundred Year Starship Program
Comments Filter:
 - yikes (Score:2, Insightful)
 by lojoho (_PHONE_)
 So we're just 999 million dollars short?
 - Re:yikes (Score:5, Interesting)
 by Splab (574204) on Wednesday October 20, 2010 _USER_:01AM (#33959762)
 A billion here and a billion there, who's counting?
 What one really should notice about this is they can get someone on Mars for $10 billion; why the fuck haven't they started yet? 20 billion dollars poured into the US economy, into research and development and finally into production would probably have done a heck of a lot more than the trillions wasted on trying to save a few fat cats.
 - Re:yikes (Score:5, Interesting)
 by shrykk (747039) on Wednesday October 20, 2010 _USER_:23AM (#33959962)
 In 1996 Robert Zubrin and others proposed a $55 billion programme for a series of Mars missions, Mars Direct [wikipedia.org]. You can read about it in a very interesting book called 'The Case for Mars'.
 The key points of the mission were
 - by sznupi (719324)
 Hydrogen isn't the type of fuel that lends itself well to long storage and bringing it down on some planetary surface. In fact, it's probably close to most problematic in those regards.
 - by Nitage (_PHONE_)
 Transportation and long term storage of hydrogen is problematic *on Earth* because of the presence of oxygen in our atmosphere - that's not a problem in space or on Mars.
 - Re: (Score:3, Informative)
 by sznupi (719324)
 Flammability is the least of problems. Bigger issue is how it is "very" cryogenic and of low density (necessitating large structures, especially problematic when trying to perform an atmospheric entry) - there are good practical reason why no booster needing to remain viable in space for more than a few days (or even hours?) used LH2.
 - by shrykk (747039)
 - by sznupi (719324)
 Or a few tons of reaction mass for some sort of nuclear powered ion engine (for example), which never has to deal with landing on the surface, at most aerobraking gently.
 - Re:yikes (Score:5, Insightful)
 by eln (21727) on Wednesday October 20, 2010 _USER_:51AM (#33960302) Homepage
 Let's be honest here: Put in the context of the bailout, or even of the military budget or social programs like Social Security or Medicare, everything we could possible do in space looks like a bargain. The issue has always been political will.
 Absent an imminent threat, real or perceived, the average voter doesn't want to fund anything, especially in today's political climate. It's easy to campaign for increasing military spending because of the evil terrorists. It's easy to campaign for keeping Social Security because nobody wants to see grandmothers starving on the streets. In contrast, it's very difficult to win elections running on platform of increasing our efforts in space. Most voters don't understand why we're even up there and wouldn't care if they did because it doesn't impact their day to day lives or their perceived sense of security.
 So, when we decide we want to cut money from the budget, NASA and other programs like it are the first on the chopping block. We cut a billion here and a billion there from various programs, but won't touch the programs that take the largest bite out of the federal budget: the military, social security, and medicare. We could fully fund a mission to Mars right now just by cutting out a small portion of the money the military wastes on various projects it doesn't need or even particularly want, but that's never going to happen because to the average voter failing to fund whatever Congress thinks the military wants is anti-American and will cause the terrorists to win.
 Our government has consistently shown that the way to win elections is to increase military spending and cut education and science research, including space exploration. This should tell you where our priorities are as a society, and why we're unlikely to make it to Mars or anywhere else in our lifetime.
 - Re: (Score:3, Interesting)
 by rtb61 (674572)
 The issue really seems to be the lack of a space race. So how do why drive the Russian and Chinese to compete in space and forget this competing militarily crap. Perhaps the meme driven over and over again, he who dominates in space dominates the world, driven over and over again might work.
 You know, the first country with a manned expedition to Mars get to keep it along with the idea that Terra forming Mars would not be all that difficult.
 Get some convincing shots of a "global killer" that's "20 years out" and lots of geeks saying it's a "99% guarantee to hit the planet" and you'd get your funding real quick. Then, when it "misses" (because it wasn't there) and the geeks say "oh, this was an imperial unit asteroid, we were doing the calcs in metric. Our bad. But look, we got cool space ships!"
 Sounds like a plan to me. Call Spielberg, we need a consultant.
 Tell me this - how different is this hoax scenario than "Too big to fail" as far a
 - by qazsedcft (911254)
 - All the spending items you mention have some clear immediate need they are addressing. Sending people to Mars does not have a clear immediate need.
 - by drinkypoo (153816)
 It's still not unreasonable to establish a permanent base on the moon, on the other side where the planet will shield a potential observatory to be built there from various types of signal pollution from Earth. We could learn about building and maintaining bases for low-G, low-pressure environments before we go to Mars and deal with entire additional categories of problem like windblown fines. On the other hand, sightseeing trips to the moon are totally worthless at this point.
 - Before heading all the way to Mars like this, let's use this idea to return to the Moon. Escape velocity for the Moon is a lot lower than it is for the Earth (2.4 km/s versus 11.2 km/s according to Wikipedia [wikipedia.org]) so it would require less fuel to launch the longer mission from there. While there doesn't appear to be a whole lot of hydrogen in moon rocks, there is plenty of oxygen.
 - Mars Direct (or Semi-Direct) plan can't be used for the Moon on account that Moon has no atmosphere.
 Which would be the source of the fuel for the trip back home.
 Also, most things that were a part of the Mars Direct plan were there because they are an issue if you are going to MARS. Not Moon.
 Prolonged exposure to 0-gravity, fuel, launch window every 1.5 years etc.
 Take a break and watch the documentary [youtube.com] about it for more info.
 - Also we haven't really explored the moon. Frozen water likely exists in craters which are continually in shadow. Water = oxygen & hydrogen.
 If Columbus had explored as much as we have explored the moon he would have landed, collected few seashells, walked around on the beech a little bit, took some sketches of the inland areas then returned home and never came back.
 - I'd like to see the settlement and methods for refueling a return rocket all done with robots. Once the mission has been successfully completed robotically, then start sending people in the next launch window.
 There is no reason
 - Re: (Score:3, Informative)
 by AJWM (19027)
 They also said that was the price tag for a one way trip. While I have no doubt that you could find many volunteers for that, even if they had no hope of survival past the point of the canned air running out, politicians don't have the guts. Remember the second part of Kennedy's moon goal, "and return him safely to the Earth". It would take a real change in our culture before the majority would support politicians who sup
 - by Dystopian Rebel (714995) * on Wednesday October 20, 2010 _USER_:04AM (#33959788) Journal
 In other news: Google To Expand Outsourcing
 - by PmanAce (_PHONE_) on Wednesday October 20, 2010 _USER_:06AM (#33959806) Homepage
 $10 billion to $1-2 billion? What corners are they going to cut I wonder...
 "Ok astronauts, we had some budget cuts


text:
The Weakest Failure Detector for Non-Blocking Atomic Commit
This paper addresses the question of the weakest failure detector for solving the Non-Blocking Atomic Commit problem (NBAC) in a message passing system where processes can fail by crashing. We define a failure detector, denoted by X, which we show to be sufficient to solve NBAC with a majority of correct processes. Then we give an algorithm which, no matter how many processes may crash, uses any failure detector that solves NBAC to emulate X, i.e., we prove that \X is also necessary for solving NBAC. The result was obtained concurrently and independently by Hadzilacos and Toueg.
Record created on 2005-07-13, modified on 2016-08-08

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Skip to definition.
Verb: dash dash
 1. Run or move very quickly or hastily
 "She dashed into the yard";
 - dart, scoot, scud, flash, shoot, whip
 2. Break into pieces, as by striking or knocking over
 "dash a plate";
 - smash
 3. Hurl or thrust violently
 - crash
 4. Destroy or break
 "dashed ambitions and hopes"
 5. Cause to lose courage
 "dashed by the refusal";
 6. Add an enlivening or altering element to
 "blue paint dashed with white"
Noun: dash dash
 1. Distinctive and stylish elegance
 "he wooed her with the confident dash of a cavalry officer";
 - elan, flair, panache, style, élan
 2. A quick run
 - sprint
 3. A footrace run at top speed
 "he is preparing for the 100-yard dash"
 - hyphen
 - dah
 6. The act of moving with great haste
 "he made a dash for the door";
 - bolt
 7. [Brit] Instrument panel on an automobile or aeroplane containing dials and controls
 - dashboard, fascia [Brit]
 8. A small quantity of a liquid, esp. when being added to something else
 "add a dash of brandy"
Interjection: dash dash
Usage: Brit
 1. Exclamation of annoyance
 - blast, bother [Brit], botheration, bummer, curses, dang [N. Amer], damn, damnation, dammit, damn it, darn, durn [US, dialect], drat, hang, tarnation [N. Amer], shoot [N. Amer]
Derived forms: dashes, dashed, dashing
Type of: baffle, belt along, bilk, board, break, bucket along, cannonball along, cast, control board, control panel, cross, elegance, elegancy [archaic], foil, frustrate, haste, hasten, hie [archaic], hotfoot, hurl, hurry, hurtle, instrument panel, intimidate, mix, mix in, panel, pelt along, punctuation, punctuation mark, queer, race, radiotelegraphic signal, restrain, run, running, rush, rush along, rushing, scotch, speed, spoil, step on it, telegraphic signal, thwart, track event, travel rapidly, zip
Part of: international Morse code, Morse, Morse code
Encyclopedia: Dash, Flash, Crash


Do Betta Fish Have Teeth and Bite?
Betta is a very popular aquarium fish due to its colors, beauty, and fins. Its traditional name is Siamese or Japanese fighting fish. But it is commonly referred to as "Bettas," named after the ancient Betta warrior tribe. It belongs to the family of Gourami. They are available in different colors such as red, white, black and orange. Some rare colors include copper and metallic. There are some Betta fish that come in rainbow colors. Wild Betta fish comes in dull grayish-green color and its fins are quite short as compared to the other fish. Their beautiful tails are multi-colored. This makes them different yet beautiful and attractive from the other fish. In this article, we will learn more about betta fish and find out if betta fish have teeth and bite. So let's get started.
Where are Betta fish Found?
Betta fish is commonly found in far East Asia in countries such as Cambodia, Vietnam and Thailand. In Thailand it goes by the name "Plakat," which means "biting fish." It is also among the most popular pet fish in Far East Asia due to its ultimate beauty of fins and tails.
Average Lifespan of Betta Fish
Betta fish can live up to three to five years depending on how much care one gives to it. There are almost 73 types of Betta fish found in the world. Found particularly in warm waters of Southeast Asian countries. These beautiful fish live in shallow waters. They don't find it difficult to live in small-sized aquariums. However, the aquarium should be a minimum of 2 gallons or above. However, a small bowl of water can be life-threatening.
Do Betta Fish Have Teeth and Bite?
Betta fish are aggressive in nature and have small white teeth which are mostly present in its bottom jaws. Its teeth are so tiny that they are visible through a magnifying glass or with a zoomed camera lens. Betta uses its teeth to break its food into tiny parts so that it can digest it properly.
Another reason for having these small and sharp teeth is for self-defense. Since Betta is a territorial fish who needs to defend its territory from predators. Aggression exists in its DNA and it doesn't allow other creatures especially fish to come near it.
Do Betta Fish Bite?
The short answer to this question is YES. Whether a Betta fish that you have kept as your pet bites you or not depends on its mood and temperament. Some Bettas do not bite even if you put your hand near their mouth. While some are very aggressive and may attack it, seeing it as a threat. It's not just a finger that a Betta can attack, as Bettas tend to bite anything they see as a danger to their life.
Is a Betta Bite Powerful?
When you compare Bettas' powerful jaws with other animals, its bite is quite strong for its size. However, this doesn't mean that if it bites your hand or your finger, you would get hurt. Since the mouth and teeth of Betta are very small, you won't feel hurt for the betta fish bite. in fact, the bite is not strong enough to break into your skin. You can ask pet owners to know what the bite feels like.
Some say that it feels like a little sensation without any pain. Others say that it feels like a small pinch which is different from all the other pinch types. Whatever the case may be, one thing is for sure – that its bite won't cause you any hurt or pain.
You can also experiment by putting Betta's food on your fingertip. Get near Betta to feel what their bite feels like. Betta may bite your fingers for food. However, don't do this action repeatedly
When Bettas Bite And Not Let Go the Bite?
Sometimes, it happens that your Bettas bites you and doesn't let go. If this happens then know that that's not because they are attacking you. But only because Bettas jaw may have gotten stuck into your hand. This is why you should not play around teasing Betta with food through your finger to come and bite you. The fish can get his jaw stuck in your hand which can cause him damage. On the other hand, the bite won't hurt you.
Why Do Bettas Bite Human Beings?
Many reasons cause Betta fish to bite you. However, don't make a game out of it, since it can stress your Betta and damage its health.
Curiosity Behind Bettas Bite
Bettas have a curious nature and this may well be the first reason why they would consider biting you. Whenever Betta sees something entering its tank including your hand, it becomes curious. This results in Betta coming after that particular entity that entered the aquarium. By biting it, Bettas want to know what it is.
Bite As a Self Defense
Self-defense is the second important reason why Bettas bite humans. You can also relate to it by putting yourself in such a situation. If you would have seen a giant hand coming after you, you too would bite in self-defense. However, this can stress out Betta.
Bite by By Mistake/Accident
If you want to lure him into biting your finger through food, know that the Bettas bite only by accident. The bite would be precise and won't hurt at all, however, if the Betta is hungry, it may get a bit more aggressive.
Prepare Yourself for a Bite
Well, if you are always sticking your hand and fingers in Bettas tank, it is not a surprise if you get bitten. The bite may not hurt but it can certainly cause you to jump. However, be careful when moving your hand out of the tank. If you recoil quickly, the Betta stuck with your hand may end up flying into the air outside the tank. This would scare and terrify him and in case it doesn't get back into the water, he would seriously damage himself.
Betta Fish Can Bite During Spawn Time!
Bettas are not romantic by nature. this means that you may find them being aggressive to each other especially when they are mating. However, the bite is either good or bad depending on its type.
A Good Sign
Bettas bite is a good sign depending on how hard its bite is. If you Betta back aways then do know that it is not ready or sure enough to mate. However, they are not opposed to mating. Make sure the bite doesn't cause any pain or damage. it must feel like a small nip instead of a full-fledged bite.
A Bad Sign
Bettas start biting out of their aggressive nature. In case you notice Betta tail and fins then you would need to separate the Bettas. It is best to put them alone in separate tanks. This sign means that Bettas wouldn't become good mates. Male and Female Bettas are both aggressive by nature.
Differentiate between different bites
Good thing is that you can always differentiate between an aggressive bite or a mild one. in case the fish steps back and avoids the perpetrator, then understand that this bite is not that strong. you can also wait a little time to try and breed your beta when aggressive biting increases.
Do Bettas Bite Themselves?
Bettas also bite themselves and are sometimes self-destructive by nature. Bettas mostly bite their fins and tails. However, the reason behind biting off their tails is unknown. many pet owners say its due to hunger, boredom or stress. Others say that bite occurs due to the aggressive nature present in its heritage. Bettas mostly bite their tails and you can prevent this by:
– Reducing the aquarium lights
– Changing your aquarium water clean by changing it at least once or twice a month.
– Try to add water tank mates
So Do Betta Fish Have Teeth And Do They Bite?
The answer to this question is a big Yes. Yes, they bite and they have teeth. But it's not like what you may think. Betta fish bite is just a tickle for some people while a weird pinch for others because of its small teeth. Though its small teeth although powerful and sharp, cannot penetrate through your hand's skin. This means that the bite won't cause any hurt. Other than food on your finger, Bettas may bite to satisfy their curiosity. Other reasons can be to attack the enemy in self-defense or by mistake. Prepare yourself to get bitten by Betta whenever you put your hand inside the tank. However, be careful when doing so since you can damage your lovely Betta.
Their behavior comes from different reasons. If it's being overly aggressive then that may be due to poor water conditions. Change your aquarium's water properly after a certain time. Adjust it's the temperature to be neither too hot nor too cold. They belong to the SouthEast Asian part of the world. The temperature throughout the year is almost the same due to the equator and the other reasons. You can also tame it a little by adding a partner in the aquarium.
Nature of Betta Fish
Betta fish are widely known as the territorial fish. This means that they need their own space or territory. Being a territorial and Japanese fighting fish, this fish is a little aggressive. They like to stay alone in their own space and create their territory. It does not even mix with its own type.
Bettas are also used as a fighting fish. Male fish is quite aggressive as compared to its female counterpart. So if one thinks to keep it in an aquarium, make sure it is on its own. However, you can keep female Betta fish in a group.
Bettas are simple creatures and don't require that much décor in their aquarium. They come under the category of


text:
In order to achieve The Duke of Edinburgh's Bronze Award it is possible to complete a Cookery Skills course. Several pupils from year 10 have completed the course this year.
To gain this qualification students need to demonstrate their current knowledge and understanding of food and extend it by carrying out the following tasks:-
- Planning and costing a balanced menu for a family of four for one day;
- Research and planning meals for expeditions;
- Planning and preparing meal which could include :-
A buffet meal for four using fresh and frozen foods;
A vegetarian two-course family meal using pulses, rice or wholemeal foods;
A meal for two students using a small stove and basic equipment;
A summer barbecue for six people.
The above tasks can be carried out independently or in groups. A minimum of one task must be completed in the food room at school and must demonstrate that students can work in a hygienic kitchen, show the safe use of equipment and utensils and a general understanding of food storage, along with an understanding of healthy eating.
Should you require further or more in-depth information visit the website here.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
6-1/2 x 9-1/4
In the most thorough examination to date, David P. Currie analyzes from a legal perspective the work of the first six congresses and of the executive branch during the Federalist era, with a view to its significance for constitutional interpretation. He concludes that the original understanding of the Constitution was forged not so much in the courts as in the legislative and executive branches, an argument of crucial importance for scholars in constitutional law, history, and government.
"A joy to read."—Appellate Practive Journal and Update
"[A] patient and exemplary analysis of the work of the first six Congresses."—Geoffrey Marshall, Times Literary Supplement


text:
Creating a nickname for a favorite asset
You can give nicknames to assets in the Favorites list. The nickname is displayed instead of the assets filename or value. For example, if you have a color named #999900, you might use a more descriptive nickname, such as PageBackgroundColor or ImportantTextColor.
You can give nicknames to assets in the Favorites list in the Assets panel. In the Site list, the assets are listed by their real filenames (or values, in the case of colors and URLs).
To give a nickname to a favorite asset:
- In the Assets panel (Window > Assets), select the category on the left side of the panel that contains your asset.
- Select the Favorites option at the top of the panel to display the Favorites list.
- Do one of the following:
- Right-click (Windows) or Control-click (Macintosh) the assets name or icon in the Assets panel, then select Edit Nickname.
- Click the assets name once, pause, then click it again.
- Type a nickname for the asset, then press Enter (Windows) or Return (Macintosh).
The nickname appears in the Nickname column.
- Viewing assets in the Assets panel
- Adding assets to and removing assets from the Favorites list
- Grouping assets in a Favorites folder


Take the 2-minute tour ×
In doing research for the question Is it "close-minded" or "closed-minded"?, which was in turn prompted by the discussion under this answer to another question, I realized that some of the confusion around the word close had to do with its versatility (it can be an adverb, adjective, noun or verb).
We have two primary pronunciations of close (klōz and klōs) that help us distinguish how the word is being used. I thought at first that this was fairly straightforward. When the 'z' sound is used, it is usually a verb:
I close the door.
The 'z' ending is also used in the following noun form:
I'll bring my argument to a close.
When the's' ending is used, it is usually either an adjective in these ways,
The hotel is close to the sea.
My brother and I are very close.
or an adverb in these ways:
Please sit close to me.
I'll keep your secret close.
But as I read through the lengthy entries on close in my New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, things started to get confusing. I found close (klōs) listed as a noun meaning a closed place and close (klōs) also listed as an adjective meaning closed, shut as well as secretive, stingy, and hidden.
 1. How and when did the different uses of close take on different pronunciations?
 2. Are close (klōs) as a noun and close (klōs) = closed familiar to others?
 3. If these rarer uses of close (klōs) were once common, when and why did they fall out of favor?
 4. Etymologically, what overlap exists between close (klōs) = near and close (klōz) = shut?
share|improve this question
I'm getting Semantic Satiation... – Thursagen Jun 22 '11 at 3:23
2 Answers 2
Well, let's work from the basics on Etymonline. All senses of the word derive ultimately from Latin clausus, the past participle of the verb claudere. The verb form made its way to English from the past participle stem closof Old French clore /klor/, to shut or cut off from. The adjective form meaning strictly confined or secret is from the related Old French clos, and while /s/ is usually voiced in French, Old French had unvoiced final consonants.
So that was the original source of the difference, and it stuck and developed over time. The adjectival meaning of near is from the 15th century, by way of closing a gap.
share|improve this answer
+1 for the closing a gap missing link. – Callithumpian Jun 22 '11 at 3:58
 1. They always had different pronunciations. Verb close (which the noun was derived from) used to have the "e" pronounced, which caused the voicing of the "s", while adjective close never did — the "e" was only to indicate the long vowel.
 2. From glancing at the OED, this meaning appears to be used in the English Midlands and maybe Scotland (though to what extent I don't know). I think this would be unfamiliar to most Americans at least.
 3. I'm not sure that it was ever particularly common, or that there is an answer for why it isn't used more.
 4. Both of these words came from the same Latin root, but were borrowed into English at different times. Verb close came from Latin claud-ĕre via the Old French present subjunctive stem (clos-), first cited in 1275. The adjective close came from Latin claus-um, past participle of claud-ĕre, via French clos, first cited around 1400.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


text:
From recording over a million bugs to discovering that gardens are a haven for earthworm diversity, the successes of one of the largest national citizen science projects, Open Air Laboratories (OPAL), are highlighted in the Community Environment Report published today.
More than half a million people, including the public and community scientists, have taken part in the OPAL project, which is led by Imperial College London and supported by a Big Lottery Fund grant. Partners of the project include the Natural History Museum.
By carrying out nature surveys, people have gathered important biodiversity data, the report highlights, including information from deprived urban areas that have never before been sampled by scientists
OPAL Community Environment Report
Many participants were carrying out nature surveys for the first time and just over half of the surveys were carried out by young people, fulfilling one of the project's aims to inspire a new generation of environmentalists.
The Community Environment Report reveals some of the findings so far from OPAL surveys. In the 5 years that OPAL has been running, over 25,000 sites across England have been mapped via the surveys, which have given scientists plenty of new wildlife data and insights into the condition of many of our green spaces.
Results from the OPAL Soil and earthworm survey found that domestic gardens were hotspots for earthworms, having more worms and an average higher number of species, compared to other habitats such as woodlands. Museum scientists worked with partners to develop an identification guide to British earthworm species, of which there are more than 25. The most widely distributed earthworm recorded was the redhead worm found in most habitats.
The small tortoiseshell butterfly was once common in gardens but its numbers have fallen.
People have recorded over a million invertebrates as part of the OPAL Bugs Count survey, which is conveniently available as an android and iPhone app, the Museum's first. Even in heavily built-up areas, the results showed that soft surfaces such as bare soil, lawns and fallen leaves were the most popular habitats for bugs, demonstrating how important gardens are.
Species such as the tree bumblebee were recorded just as frequently in the towns as in the countryside. However, others like the small tortoiseshell butterfly were more frequent in the countryside.
Lichens have revealed the impact of pollution on the environment through the OPAL Air survey. Lichens with some resistance to pollutants from car exhausts and intensive agriculture were found to thrive on oak trees close to roads with heavy traffic and cultivated fields. Much lower levels of lichens sensitive to pollutants were recorded, even in the countryside.
The first app from the Natural History Museum is for the OPAL Bugs Count survey
Linda Davies, Director of OPAL, Imperial College London, said of OPAL, 'Public participation of this kind is an invaluable helping hand in monitoring local places otherwise not included in most studies.
'OPAL produced free survey packs, field guides and organised training sessions, tours, events, talks and lectures, reaching out to the public across the country both in person and through the OPAL website.'
Big Lottery Fund UK Chair Peter Ainsworth said,'Not only has it provided a significant insight into the biodiversity of the UK, tens of thousands of people from all backgrounds have been given the opportunity to come together and gain a greater understanding of their local environment, improving their skills and well-being through connecting with the world and people around them.'
Environment Minister Lord de Mauley concludes, 'We want more people to enjoy the benefits of nature by giving them the opportunities to connect with it. OPAL has done this and created a valuable legacy for the future.'


text:
You can use the
uname function to find out some information about
the type of computer your program is running on. This function and the
associated data type are declared in the header file
As a bonus,
uname also gives some information identifying the
particular system your program is running on. This is the same information
which you can get with functions targeted to this purpose described in
utsname structure is used to hold information returned
uname function. It has the following members:
This is the name of the operating system in use.
This is the current release level of the operating system implementation.
This is the current version level within the release of the operating system.
This is a description of the type of hardware that is in use.
Some systems provide a mechanism to interrogate the kernel directly for this information. On systems without such a mechanism, the GNU C Library fills in this field based on the configuration name that was specified when building and installing the library.
GNU uses a three-part name to describe a system configuration; the three parts are cpu, manufacturer and system-type, and they are separated with dashes. Any possible combination of three names is potentially meaningful, but most such combinations are meaningless in practice and even the meaningful ones are not necessarily supported by any particular GNU program.
Since the value in
machine is supposed to describe just the
hardware, it consists of the first two parts of the configuration name:
'cpu-manufacturer'. For example, it might be one of these:
This is the host name of this particular computer. In the GNU C Library,
the value is the same as that returned by
see Host Identification.
gethostname() is implemented with a call to uname().
This is the NIS or YP domain name. It is the same value returned by
getdomainname; see Host Identification. This element
is a relatively recent invention and use of it is not as portable as
use of the rest of the structure.
Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | See POSIX Safety Concepts.
uname function fills in the structure pointed to by
info with information about the operating system and host machine.
A non-negative value indicates that the data was successfully stored.
-1 as the value indicates an error. The only error possible is
EFAULT, which we normally don't mention as it is always a


text:
July 12, 1996 Auglaize County Earthquake
(from Fall 1987 Ohio Geology)
In contrast to the 5.0 Richter magnitude earthquake in Lake County on January 31, 1986, the quake that struck Auglaize County in western Ohio on July 12, 1986, drew comparatively little attention. Although the Auglaize County earthquake was smaller (4.5 Richter magnitude), it was strongly felt in most of Ohio and parts of Indiana, Michigan, Kentucky, and West Virginia.
Proposed faults, major instrumentally located earth quakes, and distribution of seismic stations in the University of Michigan's Anna network in the western Ohio seismic zone.
It is probable that the early hour (4:19 a.m., EDT), the day (Saturday), and, by no small means, the fact that the July 12 event was not located near a nuclear power plant all contributed to the lesser attention given the July earthquake.
This earthquake was centered in western Auglaize County, near St. Marys. Damages were relatively minor. Electric power to about 30 homes in St. Marys was disrupted and the Joint Township District Memorial Hospital in this community suffered cracked plaster and dislodged floor tiles. Little additional damages were reported.
The 1986 Auglaize County earthquake occurred on the Anna-Champaign fault, a northwest-southeast-trending structure that has been interpreted to extend from Champaign County through Shelby, Auglaize, and Mercer Counties. This fault passes beneath the Shelby County community of Anna, the site of the most extensive earthquake damages in Ohio, in 1937.
Two earthquakes, on March 2 and March 9, 1937, had Richter magnitudes of 4.7 and 4.9, respectively, and caused considerable damage in the town of Anna. Although these events were reported at the time to have had epicenters at Anna and were later reported to have had Richter magnitudes as high as 5.5, recent analysis of the seismic records by seismologists at the U.S. Geological Survey have adjusted the magnitudes downward and relocated the epicenters. These newly assigned epicenters are in the general vicinity of the epicenter of the July 12, 1986, event, although the paucity of seismographs in 1937 makes such relocations somewhat imprecise.
The July 12, 1986, St. Marys earthquake casts some doubt on the relocated epicenters of the 1937 events. There has been speculation that Anna received the brunt of damages from the 1937 earthquakes because the community is located directly above the sediment-filled valley of the preglacial Teays River. This ancient river apparently followed the trace of the Anna-Champaign fault until it was obliterated by an early Pleistocene glacier and its valley was filled with nearly 500 feet of glacial sediment. The speculation is that ground motion is amplified by these unconsolidated sediments in the Teays River valley and that Anna, located over the buried valley, receives a greater degree of shaking than nearby communities located on shallow bedrock.
If this relationship was completely accurate, the 1986 earthquake at St. Marys in Auglaize County should have caused considerable shaking and perhaps some damages in Anna, similar to that of the 1937 events. This does not, however, appear to be the case and suggests that the 1937 earthquakes may have been closer to and perhaps southeast of Anna. Douglas Christensen of the University of Michigan has reached a similar conclusion corroborated by a seismic record made by a Jesuit priest in Wapakoneta (Auglaize County, north of Anna) on a three-component seismograph during the 1937 earthquakes. According to Christensen, first motion data from these events indicate that the 1937 quakes could not have been in the quadrant southwest of Wapakoneta (where the 1937 quakes were recently relocated by the U.S. Geological Survey) and they were most likely in the southeast quadrant, which would place them at or southeast of Anna.
Isoseismal map depicting Modified Mercalli intensities experienced during the July 12, 1986, western Ohio earthquake. Courtesy of Carl Stover, U.S. Geological Survey.
Such a relocation of the 1937 earthquakes would appear to be more consistent with the felt reports and damages from these events and would fit the observed pattern of shaking during the 1986 earthquake. This exercise in speculation emphasizes the uncertainty involved in locating historic earthquakes from which there are no seismic records or, as in the case of the 1937 Anna events, only sparse instrumental records. The degree of uncertainty of epicenter location, or the "error ellipse" associated with a particular historic earthquake, becomes even greater with many older events for which there are only sparse newspaper accounts.
Interestingly, the July 12, 1986, earthquake was not accompanied by foreshocks or aftershocks. The epicenter was located within the Anna network, a series of nine seismic stations operated from 1977 to 1992 by the Seismological Observatory of the University of Michigan. This network had the capacity to record very small microearthquakes in the area and would have recorded even tiny aftershocks.
The highest Modified Mercalli intensity observed for the July earthquake was VI, and confined to a small area surrounding the epicenter. Intensities of V were generally observed in a broader area surrounding the epicenter; however, several isolated areas of intensity V were delineated from isoseismal studies by Carl Stover of the U.S. Geological Survey. These areas are in northern Clermont County and along the Adams-Brown County line near the Ohio River. A small area of intensity V was reported in northern Union County. The reasons for these isolated areas of intensity V are uncertain.
Data for July 12, 1986, Western Ohio Earthquake
*UTC, Universal Coordinated Time, is equal to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) and is used to standardize all earthquakes. To convert to local time (Eastern Standard Time) subtract 5 hours (4 hours for Daylight Savings Time)from UTC. Note that events that occur in early morning hours on UTC are listed a day later than local time.
|Date (UTC) *
||Origin Time (UTC)
|| Lat. °N
|| Long. °W
Although the epicentral region, commonly referred to as the Anna area or the western Ohio seismic zone, has experienced at least 38 felt earthquakes since 1875, the origins of these earthquakes are still poorly understood. In part, this lack of understanding is because most of these events were not recorded on seismographs.
The July 12 earthquake was only the second one of any appreciable size to have occurred within the University of Michigan network since its installation in 1977. The first earthquake was on June 17, 1977, near Celina. The July 12 event was the first one in this area from which significant data could be derived. Analysis of the data from this earthquake by Christensen indicates that the Anna-Champaign fault is a near-vertical plane and movement was left-lateral strike-slip along this northwest-oriented fault.
Although the Anna area is the seismically most active region of the state, geologists currently have only minimal understanding of the geology of basement rocks in the region. There is some speculation that the Anna-Champaign fault is associated with a proposed failed rift zone in western Ohio. However, until additional data are derived from future earthquakes, deep drilling, and other investigations of basement geology in western Ohio, the cause of earthquakes in this area will remain speculative.
---Michael C. Hansen
Last update March 04, 2003


text:
|Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute||Home|
The unit is a sequel to one written in 1982, "Contemporary Education in China," which describes the organization and structure of schools and compares education before and after the Communist revolution of 1949. This years unit is divided into two sections. The first part is strictly a resource paper for teachers, explaining the basis for and characteristics of the three educational models developed in China since the late 1950's. The second part includes activities, sample lessons, possible resources and annotated bibliographies for teachers and students. A set of slides on education in China accompanied by a written text for those slides is available in the Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute Office. Whether a teacher uses these materials for a course on China, a contemporary issues class, a world culture class, an English class on comparisons, etc..., they contain many messages about the quarter of the world's population.
(Recommended for 11th and 12th grade Contemporary Issues China, 10th and 11th grade U.S. Foreign Policy, and 7th through 9th grade World Area Cultures)
China Contemporary Education Chinese


text:
Create Shared Data Source in SSRS
A shared data source is a set of data source connection properties that can be referenced by multiple reports, models, and data-driven subscriptions that run on a Reporting Services report server. It provide an easy way to manage data source properties in our Report Project.
When we create a Data Source we can specify it as shared. In general rule you probably want to create Shared Data Sources. If a Data Source isn't shared it just means that its definition is stored inside the report and it cannot be shared with another report and if Data Source is Shared it means that its definition is stored outside the report.
In this section we will create a Shared Data Source.
1. After Creating Sql Server Report Project, Right-click on Shared Data Sources folder in your project and Click on Add New Data Source.
3. Then select type of DataSource. Here we are going to Connect Sql Server database so we select Microsoft Sql Server. If you want to connect any other database then select that database from Drop Down List.
4. Then click on Edit button to the right. A new window Connection Properties pops-up.In this window give your sql server name, sql server credentials and select AdventureWorks Database.
5. Connection Properties Window will be different based upon your data source.Here you can also test your database connection. To check connection click on Test Connection Button in left bottom corner. If succeed than it will give below message.
Then click on OK button of Test Results Window. After than click on OK button of Connection Properties Window.
6. So now you can see the connection string in your Shared Data Source Properties Window.
Now click on Ok button.
7. So your new shared data source will be created under Shared Data Source folder in your project. You can create multiple shared data source in your project.
Congratulations! Our Shared Data Source is created.


Crystal actuator based on a thermal phase transition and photothermal effect
Yuki Hagiwara, Takuya Taniguchi, Toru Asahi, Hideko Koshima
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
1 Citation (Scopus)
Mechanically responsive materials have been increasingly explored, mainly in terms of photoisomerization. Here, we report the bending actuation of salicylideneaniline crystals induced by a thermal phase transition and photothermal effect. Long rod-like crystals bent reversibly on repeated heating and cooling near the transition temperature. The bend motion was also induced by the photothermal effect under ultraviolet (UV) and visible light irradiation, with and without phase transition. The photothermal-based temperature rise at the irradiated site of the crystal edge resulted in localised elongation near the crystal surface and slight bending due to the temperature gradient in the thickness direction. This bending motion was amplified by tip displacement at the opposite end of the long rod-like crystal. Finally, high-frequency bending actuation of 25 Hz was achieved by pulsed UV irradiation. Thus, the results of this study demonstrate the potential and versatility for mechanical crystal development based on the photothermal effect.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)4876-4884
Number of pages9
JournalJournal of Materials Chemistry C
Issue number14
Publication statusPublished - 2020 Apr 14
ASJC Scopus subject areas
 - Chemistry(all)
 - Materials Chemistry
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text:
Shutting Hell's Mouth (Oct, 1944)
Shutting Hell's Mouth
SCREAMING sacrifices to strange gods, corpses of medieval victims of persecution, even the grisly results of Chicago gangster activities have hurtled down to oblivion in the gaping earth slit that is called The Mouth of Hell. That's all over now, for the citizens of Taxco, 105 miles south of Mexico City, have, with the help of an American and a Mexican engineer, sealed it up forever. Formerly believed to be a mile deep, the hole has been shown by scientific measurements to go down 475 feet. To remove this relic of barbarism, heavy timbers were braced on jutting rocks a few feet below the orifice; when dynamite charges were set off near the surface, tons of rocks keystoned across the horror hole, closing it for all time. The operation, which cost about $500, was undertaken after exhaustive exploration by Dr. Ezequiel Ordonez, leading Mexican geologist, and other scientists.


text:
Japan's "Hidden Christians" face extinction
IKITSUKI ISLAND, Japan |
IKITSUKI ISLAND, Japan (Reuters) - One by one, the sacred relics -- a medal of the Virgin Mary, a crucifix and other revered objects -- are taken from a cupboard and placed on an altar for a Christmas Eve rite passed down through centuries from Japan's earliest Christians.
Then, kneeling in the simple hall built where martyrs are said to have been burned on this tiny, remote island 400 years ago, five elders murmur chants as they bow and make the sign of the cross.
The kimono-clad deacons are descendants of "Kakure Kirishitan", or Hidden Christians, who kept their religion alive on Ikitsuki and in other isolated pockets of Japan during 250 years of suppression, adapting their rites to the demands of secrecy and blending them with local beliefs.
These days, the religion faces a modern threat of extinction as young people, like those elsewhere in rural Japan, leave their homes in search of jobs, drifting away from their gods and the rituals that honor them.
"It's sad. The tradition of our ancestors is disappearing," said Ayuzo Matsuyama, one of those gathered to observe "Osanmachi" and "Gotanjo" -- Christmas Eve and Christmas -- last weekend, the last Saturday and Sunday before the winter solstice.
"We inherited this 'old Christianity' from our ancestors and we wanted to continue it forever, but young people don't feel that way," added the 79-year-old former maker of sake, or rice wine.
First brought to Japan by Portuguese missionaries in 1549, Christianity was banned a few decades later in 1614, initiating a period of bloody persecution that forced the faithful to choose between martyrdom or hiding their beliefs.
Rites such as confession and communion that could be conducted only by priests were lost. Others took on elements of Buddhist ancestor worship, indigenous Shinto with its focus on purification, and folk practices such as prayers for good crops.
Medals or hanging scrolls depicting saints and martyrs, often with Japanese features, were hidden in cupboards as "nando-gami" ("gods in the closet") and only taken out on special days.
In an apparent echo of the bread and wine of the Eucharist, elders still share sashimi and sake as part of the Christmas Eve and other ceremonies. Huge "mochi" rice cakes adorn the alter.
Transmitted orally and in secret, Latin "oratio" chants, "orasho" in Japanese, lost all but symbolic meaning.
"They preserved the style and form of the Christianity... that they inherited, but the teachings were no longer from the Bible and changed into respect for local martyrs, so in that sense it can be seen as a Japanese ethnic religion," said Shigeo Nakazono, curator of an island museum who has studied the "Kakure Kirishitan" for years.
When Roman Catholic missionaries returned with the lifting of the ban in 1873, some Japanese Christians accepted their teachings, but others clung to what they saw as the true faith of their fathers.
Matsuyama, who like many of his generation learned "orasho" when he turned 20, admits he doesn't understand the repetitive phrases, some evocative of original Latin or Greek, such as "San Maria" and "anmezusu" (amen), others echoing Buddhist prayers.
"I thought I had to learn it because it had been handed down and it was a kind of memorial for those who died," he said.
The significance of festivals such as Christmas was also transformed into something uniquely Japanese.
"'Gotanjo' is the day of Christ's birth. That's no different from Christianity," said Yasutaka Toriyama, 68, who holds the hereditary position of "gobanyaku", or head of a household that traditionally held a group's relics, such as scrolls or medals.
"But while ours is a religion that believes in Mary and Christ, we also believe that our ancestors who suffered persecution are gods."
FIGHT AGAINST EXTINCTION
Most modern Japanese take a relaxed attitude toward religion, opting for Christian or Shinto weddings, Buddhist funerals and occasional visits to a shrine in between.
Less than one percent of the population are Christian.
How many "Kakure Kirishitan" remain is uncertain, but clearly their numbers on Ikitsuki are shrinking as the overall population of the island, now about 7,000, dwindles and ages.
Nakazono estimates about 500 people in six groups are active practitioners on Ikitsuki, down from about some 2,000 in 20 groups two decades ago.
"About 10 years ago, the fishing catches started to shrink drastically, many businesses failed and there were no jobs for the young people so they left for the cities," Nakazono said.
"The elderly try to preserve their religion but... they worry that they cannot protect their gods."
Toriyama's group sees a glimmer of hope in the fact that nine men in their 40s and 50s have recently begun studying "orasho".
Still, for Toriyama himself, the fear that his religion will vanish is real and personal. His son left the island after high school and lives with his wife and child in Fukuoka, three hours away by car. Now 33, he works for a computer-related firm.
"I'd like him to learn the 'orasho' and to come back for the festivals," said Toriyama, sipping sake after completing the prayers for "Osanmachi". "But I haven't asked him yet."
What if the religion dies out? "I will have to apologize to my ancestors who preserved this through hundreds of years of suppression," he said. "I will feel I have failed the gods."
(Editing by Mike Miller and Jerry Norton)
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text: V-Tent is an ecofriendly parking system that protects and charges vehicles. It is a collapsible canopy that can be used in both personal and public parking areas. Aiming to create a sustainable system for urban environment, V-Tent offers a safe space for electric cars either at home or in city. Functioning as a canopy that prevents weather side-effects such as sun heat or snow, design protects vehicles physically from environmental conditions. Therefore, it prolongs the life and maintenance cycle of vehicles in the long run. Also designed as a precaution for theft, structural elements of design work as barriers. System of V-Tent in public usage is designed as a space saving parking lot space that runs on fee. With a simple interface, user is able to choose parking period and make payment by card. Being informed with an estimated charging time, drivers can access the system interface remotely via smartphone applications. Band light on V-Tent indicates availability and charge percentage with color and length. Produced energy from solar power can be used in urban applications such as lighting, where individual users can also benefit carbon-free energy for their usage.


- latterdaykids
Jesus Christ's Atonement, Death, and Resurrection - Come Follow Me: April 6th-12th
It's Easter time! This week, as we approach Easter, is a wonderful time to gather as a family and reflect on the last week of Christ's life. We have created a lesson bundle and video that will assist your family in reflecting on the gifts of the atonement and resurrection.
Download this week's Lesson Bundle HERE!
➤ L E S S O N
Open the lesson with a song and a prayer.
➤ P R E P A R A T I O N
Gather some seeds to use as a prop (something familiar to the children would be ideal). If you don't have any seeds, you can simply cut out small seed shapes from a piece of paper. Also prepare a small container with some dirt or soil inside (for "planting" the seeds).
Give a seed to each child, then discuss the following questions:
1) What is this that you are holding? (a seed)
2) What can this seed become? (a plant)
3) What has to happen in order for the seed to become a plant? (planted in the earth, water, sunlight, etc.)
4) When the plant starts to grow, what happens to the seed? Will the seed still be there? (not the original seed - it gets destroyed as the seed turns into a plant)
Explain that "sacrifice" means to give up something valuable for something else that you want more. If we want to grow a plant, we have to sacrifice the seed.
Ask the children to "plant" their seeds in the small container of dirt. As they do this, explain: "If we want the plant to grow, we must be willing to sacrifice the seed. This is what sacrifice means."
🎥 V I D E O : "The Atonement of Jesus Christ"
Say: "We are going to watch a video about Jesus Christ, and the sacrifice that He made for all of us. See if you can tell what Jesus had to sacrifice, and what was the thing He wanted more."
[Watch Video: "The Atonement of Jesus Christ | Animated Scripture Lesson for Kids"]
Discuss the following questions after watching the video:
1) What does it mean to sacrifice something? (Discuss)
2) What sacrifice did Jesus Christ make? (Discuss)
3) What sacrifice did Heavenly Father make? (Discuss)
4) What blessings do we receive because of Jesus Christ's sacrifice? (resurrection, cleansed from our sins, live with Heavenly Father again)
5) Why did Heavenly Father and Jesus Christ make this sacrifice? (Discuss)
➤ S C R I P T U R E
Read the following scriptures, then discuss the questions that follow. Explain that this is when Jesus Christ was visiting the people in the Book of Mormon after He was resurrected.
[Read 3 Nephi 11:11]
1) What is a bitter cup? (Jesus' suffering)
2) Who gave Jesus the bitter cup? Who wanted Him to make the sacrifice? (Heavenly Father)
3) Why do you think Heavenly Father wanted Jesus Christ to make the sacrifice? (Discuss)
[Read 3 Nephi 11:13-14]
1) What did Jesus want the people to do? (Feel the nail prints in His hands and feet, and the wounds in His side)
2) Why did Jesus want the people to do this? (They didn't know if it was really Him, and they didn't know if He was really resurrected, this helped them to know it was him)
[Read Jacob 11:16-17]
1) What did the people do after they felt the nail prints and saw Jesus up close? (they rejoiced and shouted "Hosanna!")
2) Why do you think they were so happy? (Discuss the blessings of the Atonement of Jesus Christ)
➤ A C T I V I T Y
[Pass out activity pages]
Option 1: Color and assemble the scene with the sliding tabs (so that Jesus can move up and down, and the stone can move from side to side).
Option 2: Color the coloring page.
Use this time to talk about the blessings of the Atonement of Jesus Christ.
➤ T E S T I M O N Y
Bear testimony of the truths found in the scriptures.
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text:
In this article, we will take a step further in securing our Cisco router by using a local username / password database in the Cisco IOS. Thus, a user must know a username AND password to be granted access to the Cisco IOS. Let's see how this is done.
The most basic level of security you can configure on a Cisco IOS device is a password. When this is done, a password is assigned to allow access to the privileged/global configuration mode, and to protect initial entry to the user mode of the IOS.
However, the Cisco IOS can take this a step further, and have actual usernames and passwords assigned for access. By doing this, you have the real name of the person who is accessing the device. If you chose to do so, this username could be logged so that you know when that user logged into the router, and when they logged off.
The Cisco IOS can, of course, also support external authentication through services like Cisco ACS and RADIUS. In this example, we will create a basic local authentication database containing usernames and passwords, and then use that to login to the Cisco IOS device.
Creating the Database
To create the user database, you use the username command. Let's create 2 users with different privileges. The Admin user will have level 15 (Cisco administrator / super-user access). The user Bob will have level 7 access (moderate user access). Here is how it is done:
username admin priv 15 password cisco username bob priv 7 password cisco
Once these users are created, you need to enable the login on the lines to use the local database instead of just the line password, or no password at all.
Enabling Lines to use the Local Authentication Database
To tell each line to use these new user logins, you must go to each line and perform the login local command. This is different than just the login command, by itself. The login command enables password checking. By using only the login command, you are only enabling password checking for the line password, configured on that line. By using login local, you are telling the device to use the locally configured accounts in the username database. Here is how you configure it:
Let's test it out!
Testing Local Login Authentication
To test our new usernames and the local line authentication we configured, log out of the router. Log back in and you should be prompted with a Username: prompt.
The enable secret command does encrypt the password with a strong encryption mechanism and it also sets a password to enter enable mode. Here is how you configure an enable secret password:
Testing Password Configuration
To test our new password configuration from the console port, exit out of all IOS modes. Once logged off, press enter to log back in.
Here is an example where I logged in with the admin account we created. I used the password "cisco". Notice how I was immediately brought to the Router# prompt, without having to type an enable password. This is because I used the command privilege 15 on the username when I created it. That level of privilege also gives me full administrative access to the router.
After logging off, I logged back in as the bob user. Here is an example:
Notice in this example that this user was put into privilege mode 7, but this mode still didn't allow them to access the global configuration mode. You can get very advanced when it comes to configuring privilege levels and commands in privilege levels.
At this point, we have successfully tested our local username authentication database and our two different users.
In this article, we learned how to configure a local username/password database in the Cisco IOS. We configured our lines (aux, console, and vty) to use the local database using the login local command. We then used that database for local login authentication. The privilege command can also be used to set privileges for these users. There are many more options for the username and privilege commands. For more information on configuring Cisco IOS usernames, see the Cisco documentation username command reference.


text:
The current El Niño, which began in early 2015, has at least matched the strongest on record, affecting the food security of a vast number of vulnerable people around the globe. The current El Niño is comparable to that of 1997/98, which killed some 23,000 people, displaced hundreds of thousands, and resulted in some $45 billion in damages. WFP could be stretched operationally and financially during 2016 as the impact of El Niño translates into increased food-assistance needs across most areas of operations. This highlights the necessity of increased investment in disaster-risk reduction, early warning, climate-change adaptation and resilience building. WFP is responding with such measures as: prepositioning stocks of food, for example in cyclone-prone Madagascar and in Haiti, where earthquakes and drought wreak havoc; planning water deliveries in Lesotho where shortages are being felt; distributing high-energy biscuits as emergency food to flood victims in Somalia.
|Date||2 February 2016|
|Topics||Executive Director, Climate Change|


Take the 2-minute tour ×
There are claims often made that, eg, "An ounce of weight at the rims is like adding 7 ounces of frame weight." This is "common knowledge", but a few of us are skeptical, and our crude attempts at working out the math seem to support that skepticism.
So, let's assume a standard 700C bicycle tire, which has an outside radius of about 36cm, a bike weighing 90Kg with bike and rider, and a tire+tube+rim weighting 950g. With the simplifying assumption that all the wheel mass is at the outer diameter, how much effect does adding a gram of additional weight at the outer diameter have on acceleration, vs adding a gram of weight to the frame+rider?
I asked this question over in the physics Stack Exchange.
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up vote 7 down vote accepted
The answer I got was 2x -- adding one ounce (or gram) to the wheel at the outer diameter (ie, the tread) is equivalent, in terms of force/energy needed to accelerate, to adding twice that amount to the bike frame.
The answer was a bit involved and takes careful reading to fully understand, but the answer can also be explained with this thought experiment:
If you have a theoretical weightless wheel, fixed to a stationary axle (ie, not rolling on the ground), and you add a mass to its outer diameter, the energy needed to accelerate that added mass to some tangential velocity is the same as the energy that would be needed to accelerate the mass to the same linear velocity (ie, as if it were attached to a weightless bike frame).
But if our theoretical weightless wheel is not fixed on a stationary axle, but is instead attached to our theoretical weightless bike, we are accelerating the mass both tangentially AND linearly so we add the two energy requirements together, meaning it takes 2x the force to achieve the same acceleration and 2x the energy to accelerate to a given speed.
So the answer is 2x (and not 7x or 10x or whatever is often quoted).
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My favorite theoretical tangent is that the earth is just a big circle (it was proven round some time ago) and at any point you are just riding along a tangent... Since the tangent is FLAT... There are no hills when cycling :) => Just gravity. Thanks for sharing this. – Glenn Gervais Dec 27 '11 at 3:42
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Your Answer


Build conversation models
A conversation model defines what users can say to your Actions and how your Actions respond to users. The main building blocks of your conversation model are intents, types, scenes, and prompts. After one of your Actions is invoked, Google Assistant hands the user off to that Action, and the Action begins a conversation with the user, based on your conversation model, which consists of:
 - Valid user requests - To define what users can say to your Actions, you create a collection of intents that augment the Assistant NLU, so it can understand requests that are specific to your Actions. Each intent defines training phrases that describe what users can say to match that intent. The Assistant NLU expands these training phrases to include similar phrases, and the aggregation of those phrases results in the intent's language model.
 - Action logic and responses - Scenes process intents, carry out required logic, and generate prompts to return to the user.
Figure 1. A conversation model consists of intents, types, scenes, and prompts that define your user experience. Intents that are eligible for invocation are also valid for matching in your conversations.
Define valid user requests
To define what users can say to your Actions, you use a combination of intents and types. User intents and types let you augment the Assistant NLU with your own language models. System intents and types let you take advantage of built-in language models and event detection like users wanting to quit your Action or Assistant detecting no input at all.
Create user intents
User intents let you define your own training phrases that define what users might say to your Actions. The Assistant NLU uses these phrases to train itself to understand what your users say. When users say something that matches a user intent's language model, Assistant matches the intent and notifies your Action, so you can carry out logic and respond back to users.
Create system intents
System intents let you take advantage of intents with pre-defined language models for common events like users wanting to quit your Action or when user input times out. To create system intents:
Create custom types
Custom types let you create your own type specification to train the NLU to understand a set of values that should map to a single key.
To create a custom type:
Build Action logic and responses
The Assistant NLU matches user requests to intents, so that your Action can process them in scenes. Scenes are powerful logic executors that let you process events during a conversation.
Create a scene
The following sections describe how to create scenes and define functionality for each scene's lifecycle stage.
To create a scene:
Define one-time setup
When a scene first becomes active, you can carry out one time tasks in the On enter stage. The On enter stage executes only once, and is the only stage that doesn't run inside a scene's execution loop.
Check conditions
Conditions let you check slot filling, session storage, user storage, and home storage parameters to control scene execution flow.
Define slot filling
Slots let you extract typed parameters from user input.
Slot value mapping
In many cases, a previous intent match can include parameters that partially or entirely fill a corresponding scene's slot values. In these cases, all slots filled by intent parameters map to the scene's slot filling if the slot name matches the intent parameter name.
For example, if a user matches an intent to order a beverage by saying "I want to order a large vanilla coffee", existing slots for size, flavor, and beverage type are considered filled in the corresponding scene if that scene defines same slots.
Process input
During this stage, you can have the Assistant NLU match user input to intents. You can scope intent matching to a specific scene by adding the desired intents to the scene. This lets you control conversation flow by telling Assistant to match specific intents when specific scenes are active.


text:
Master of Arts (MA)
Emily W Heady
Primary Subject Area
Literature, English; Philosophy; Religion, Philosophy of
Candide, eighteenth century, Hesitation, Locke, Satire, Voltaire
Candide calls into question its merit as literature or philosophy because it draws its reader into eisegesis. The act of interpreting Candide is never a cool judgment. The enigmatic ending forces the reader to see that acts of judgment are appetitive: Desires shape judgment; judgment plies desire. Candide's behavior reveals eighteenth century interest in "the body," which was the scientist's chief tool in entering "the void" to explore the integrity of new knowledge. We see this body interest in Locke's Essay and, through a concept of "hesitation," we can see that Voltaire absorbed Lock's view of the interconnection between judgment and appetite. Candide teaches us to be aware of this relationship (i.e., we learn to hesitate). Interestingly, many modern scholars interpret Candide's hesitation in accordance with Rousseau's anthropology. Whether this is right or wrong, Candide does begin an exploration of humanity's place in "the void" and, in so doing, an investigation into human nature itself. However we define "human nature" we must inevitably deal with the question Candide himself asks: "Why was anything created?" By dealing with this question--whether we reject its metaphysical trajectory or not--we reveal our appetites.


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Developmental Disabilities (DD) Awareness Month is a time to raise awareness of the integral role people with developmental disabilities play in our society and to rededicate ourselves to the cause of inclusion. Nearly 500,000 Texans are diagnosed with a developmental disability, and it is vital we continue to work together to make our state more accessible and inclusive for everyone.
Governor Greg Abbott issued a proclamation recognizing DD Awareness Month, noting, "people with developmental disabilities have unique abilities and experiences that contribute to our state's rich diversity and heritage, just like all Texans [and Texas] is a stronger place when people of all abilities are included in community life." Study after study has shown how when you design for disability, you design for all. This takes many forms, like including people with disabilities in the general workforce and providing them with greater economic opportunity, including students with developmental disabilities in the classroom with their non-disabled peers and empowering them to achieve their full academic potential, or simply providing people with developmental disabilities the supports they need to live in the greater community.
One easy suggestion for fostering inclusive communities is to pay attention to the words we use when talking with and about other people. Spread the Word (previously Spread the Word to End the Word) is celebrated on March 4th, and asks people to pledge to not use the r-word. Now in its eleventh year, Spread the Word asks everyone to pledge to spread the word about inclusion — by creating socially inclusive places to learn, work, and live we can remind everyone that people with developmental disabilities are valued members of society.
Language is powerful, so it is important to be respectful and thoughtful whether you're talking to your neighbor or posting on social media. People First Language puts the person before the disability — instead of saying "a disabled person" you say "a person with a disability." When in doubt, ask the person how they prefer to be identified! Be sure to take the Pledge for Inclusion and help spread the word about Developmental Disabilities Awareness Month


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Courtesy: National Museums Liverpool
By James Dacey
This unremarkable piece of paper belongs to a chapter in one of the most extraordinary lives of the 20th century.
It is the recently discovered landing card issued to Albert Einstein in 1933 when he arrived in Britain after fleeing Nazi Germany.
On Tuesday the card went on public display for the first time at the Merseyside Maritime Museum in Liverpool, having been stored away for nearly 80 years at Heathrow Airport.
"We were keen on acquiring any documents relating to immigration but were stunned to find paperwork relating to such a prominent historical figure as Albert Einstein," Lucy Gardner, curator of the exhibition about customs and immigration.
The document brings proof that Einstein arrived in Dover on 26 May 1933 after sailing from Ostende in Belgium. The "professor" states that he was heading for Oxford, a city he had visited previously during stays at Christ Church College.
Einstein lists his nationality as Swiss having renounced his German citizenship only weeks earlier in angry reaction to Nazi policies. In April 1933 Hitler's party had passed a law barring Jews from holding any official positions, including teaching at universities. And during a visiting professorship at the California Institute of Technology, Einstein – who was Jewish by birth – had learned that his name had been added to a list of Nazi assassination targets.
Upon his return to Europe Einstein resided in Belgium for a brief time before sailing to Britain. Shortly afterwards, Einstein took up his position at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton an affiliation that lasted until his death in 1955.
"This tiny piece of paper brings to life Einstein's escape from the Nazis to England," said Gardner.
Curator Lucy Gardner with Einstein's landing card


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Qualifications and Terms
Of the six other elected constitutional executive officers, only the attorney general has duties that are specifically addressed in the state constitution. To serve as attorney general one must have been a U.S. citizen for ten years and a Georgia resident for the four years immediately preceding election or appointment. One must also be at least twenty-five years old upon assuming office. No person can serve as attorney general unless he or she has been an active member of the State Bar of Georgia for at least seven years.
The role of attorney general has been considered crucial from the outset. When Georgia became a royal colony in 1752, the office of attorney general was, along with the position of governor, deemed necessary to the colony's effective administration and governance. King George II appointed William Clifton, a distinguished English lawyer, Georgia's first attorney general in 1754. Clifton served in this position until 1764, and he was the first person officially authorized to practice law in Georgia.
From 1777 until 1868, when the Constitution of 1868 made the name "attorney general" the official title of the office, the position was variously designated as "attorney for the state" or "state's attorney." The attorney general was for many years appointed, first by the legislature and then by the governor. Georgia's Constitution of 1877 made the office an elective position.
The Department of Law, with the attorney general as its head, was established by the General Assembly in 1931 to assist the attorney general in carrying out the extensive duties and responsibilities of the office. In 1943 the department was given full and exclusive authority and jurisdiction over all matters of law relating to the executive branch of state government, including its departments, offices, commissions, boards, and agencies, as well as their officers and staff. The Department of Law provided legal advice and assistance in the drafting of bills for the General Assembly until 1959, when the legislature created the Office of Legislative Counsel to assume that responsibility.
Duties and Responsibilities
As provided by the state constitution and general state law, the attorney general as head of the Department of Law is responsible for:
—acting as the legal advisor to the executive branch;
—giving opinions on questions of law upon requests of the governor and heads of executive departments (official opinions) and other state officials (unofficial opinions);
—representing the state in all capital felony cases (those involving the death penalty) before the Georgia Supreme Court;
—representing the state in all civil actions in any court;
—representing the state in all cases before the U.S. Supreme Court;
—prosecuting any state officer or other person or entity for violating any criminal statute while dealing with or for the state;
—conducting investigations into the affairs of the state;
—any state departments, authorities, or other agencies;
—any person or entity dealing with the state;
—participating, when required by the governor, in all criminal or civil actions in which the state is a party;
—preparing all contracts and legal writings in which the state is interested;
—representing all state authorities.
Official opinions of the attorney general are binding upon the heads of executive departments who request them, but they are not binding upon any court. Unofficial opinions are completely advisory and issued only for informational purposes.
Organization of Department of Law
In addition to calling upon the permanent fulland part-time attorneys at the Department of Law, the attorney general can employ private counsel, who serve as special assistant attorneys general, to perform legal services. To efficiently carry out its responsibilities, the department is organized according to its functional responsibilities.
The number two position in the department is chief deputy attorney general. Below the chief deputy attorney general is the Special Prosecutions Unit, which handles the prosecution of organized criminal activities, corruption of public officials, and other matters as directed by the governor; it is supervised by a deputy attorney general. In addition, deputy attorneys general supervise the department's five legal divisions: Regulated Industries and Professions, Commercial Transactions and Litigation, Criminal Justice, General Litigation, and Government Services and Employment.
Each of the five divisions is further subdivided according to its responsibilities into two to four sections, each supervised by senior assistant attorneys general. There is also an operations division responsible for the computer and human services needs as well as financial operations of the department and the State Law Library.
The attorney general is involved in an extremely diverse and large number of legal activities every year as chief legal counsel for the state. In recent years, for example, the attorney general has represented the state in:
—a challenge to Georgia's congressional redistricting plan based on the argument that race should not be a factor in determining the validity of a reapportionment plan;
—a challenge to the constitutionality of a state law that placed a higher excise tax on alcoholic beverages imported from other states than those produced in Georgia;
—a boundary dispute with South Carolina;
—an allegation against the Department of Transportation for breach of contract;
—child custody and parental rights cases;
—a personal injury lawsuit against the Georgia Building Authority by a pedestrian injured in a parking garage owned by the authority;
—challenges to the condemnation of private land by the Department of Transportation and other state agencies.
Article 5, Section 3 of Georgia's Constitution of 1983.
Chapter 45-15 of the Official Code of Georgia Annotated.
Edwin L. Jackson and Mary E. Stakes, Handbook of Georgia State Agencies (Athens: Carl Vinson Institute of Government, University of Georgia, 1988).
Paul T. Hardy, University of Georgia
A project of the Georgia Humanities Council, in partnership with the University of Georgia Press, the University System of Georgia/GALILEO, and the Office of the Governor.


Proof that all 2x2 matrices with rational entries are similar to
t 0
0 t
or to
0 a
1 b
I know that similar matrices characterize the same linear map to different bases. So with both forms of matrices it should be possible to describe all linear maps from Q^2 to Q^2. But I have no idea how to show that.
Is it necessary to take a base of Q^2 and look what the two matrices do with it (or with the linear combinations of the base???). Do I have to find out what the base must be?


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I am trying out an ubuntu server in my home network and I am planning to use it as a dhcp server.
Since ubuntu is installed in a desktop with just 1 Ethernet port my question:
 1. Is it possible to configure both static public IP on the ethernet port at the same time that it is being used as a listening port for DHCP to distribute IP addresses on my network?
 2. If it is, will it have any negative effect on the connection speed?
share|improve this question
2 Answers 2
The answers to your querstions:
 1. It is possible to have two ip addresses on the same interface, and use dhcp-server with it. You will have to install the DHCP server using the command: sudo apt-get install dhcp3-server then configure using the steps given here:
 2. It will have no practical impact on your internet speed, as you're on a small home network.
Also note that you will have to set the routes and ip addresses for your ethernet interface using the network manager, or using the ip command. Hope this solves your query.
share|improve this answer
Yes it is possible.
What you're looking for is sub-interfaces. Depending on the networking equipment you're using, it's also possible to do this with vlans.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


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Grammar Index : 2
Assertive sentences are simple sentences.
They state a fact or thought or an opinion or direction.
- The parrot is a beautiful bird.
- The Sun shines bright.
- They live in Chennai.
- Shivaji was a great king.
- Today is Sunday.
- It is very hot today.
- We have to go to Mexico.
- You are a good player of cricket.
- The Amazon is the longest river.
- Tokyo is the capital of Japan.
- I want to bur a car by this year.
- His father is a Minister.
- You are the best student of Math.
- I have to take home-tutoring to increase my grade in Math.
- She loves you.
The other three kinds of Sentences are :
From Assertive Sentences to HOME PAGE
- Interrogative Sentences
- Imperative Sentences
- Exclamatory Sentences


Amoral vs. immoral
 - The adjective immoral means contrary to established moral principles. Immoral actions are corrupt, unethical, sinful, or just wrong. Amoral means (1) neither moral nor immoral, or (2) lacking moral sensibility. So while immoral and amoral might share a little common ground, there is a clear distinction: immoral things are bad, and amoral things are either neutral from a moral perspective or simply removed from moral considerations.
 A third adjective, unmoral, means unrelated to moral considerations. The line between amoral and unmoral is blurry as well, but unmoral things (usually animals or objects) are even further removed from moral concerns than amoral things, which merely ignore morality. Unmoral often appears where immoral would make more sense.
 During the Taliban regime, buzkashi was banned, as were most sports, because it was considered immoral. [Wall Street Journal]
 Cocky and arrogant, McConaughey's character thinks he's got it all under control until a smarter, richer and truly amoral villain enters the frame. [Ottawa Citizen]
 He is currently detained under degrading and inhumane conditions that are illegal and immoral. [Guardian]
 Wall Street firms have always proclaimed with pride that they are amoral, merely an intermediary between buyers and sellers. [Sydney Morning Herald]
 Bush had to be condemned as an immoral beast who killed women and children to get his bloody hands on Iraqi oil. [Politico]
 And there's little point in a morality tale that turns out to be flatly amoral. [New York Daily News]
 1. Obama believed he was above all, an amoral god who would bring the wonders of redistribution and global governance to the arrogant American people.
 But he was also an immoral conniving politician who would use demonstrably false and malicious attacks to gain and maintain the power of the Presidency. Decisions about aborted baby's born alive are seen as amoral in Obama's code, but paying "a fair share" highly moral and edifying.
 2. (2) lacking moral sensibility
 Using "sensibility" here doesn't do enough to distinguish the meaning of "amoral" from that of "immoral" because "sensibility" carries a very positive connotation which is being negated here, the result of which is too close in meaning to that of "immoral". I suggest "lacking moral discernment or relevance" as an improvement.
 3. I believe this definition to be a little lacking. In my mind, an immoral person does things that they know are wrong, but feels guilt for their actions, because they know that they are unjust. They feel guilt. An amoral person feels no guilt, only discomfort (if their actions are exposed), because to them, there is no such thing as just or unjust. To them, all morality is just superstition.
 I also believe that the immoral person is in a transitory condition. If a person sees a disconnect between their actions and their beliefs they may for a time make excuses. But eventually this wears thin, and they will either change their beliefs to match their actions, or change their actions to match there beliefs.
 4. The Ottawa Citizen citation belongs to the Edmonton Journal.
 5. *giggle*
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Chapter Eight
Final Remarks
Nowadays, bio-inspired algorithms have become a very important tool to solve engineering problems. Given that using classic optimization algorithms often implies computing and iteratively evaluating Hessians and gradients, the computational cost of this kind of algorithms—in some cases—may be excessively high. On the other hand, calculations of bio-inspired algorithms involve simple operations, most of them being linear equations. Furthermore, bio-inspired algorithms are easy to parallelize using a "divide and conquer" strategy, in which each individual in the population of the algorithm can be seen as a subprocess of the whole bio-inspired system. That means, each individual can be treated as a thread to solve...
Get Bio-inspired Algorithms for Engineering now with O'Reilly online learning.


Reason Foundation
Reason Foundation
Fear Itself
A one-in-a-million risk may not be imaginary, but it's pretty damned close to it.
Ronald Bailey
April 12, 2011
Do we pay too much to avoid minuscule risks? Yes, according to a new study by Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) administrator Cass Sunstein and Harvard University economist Richard Zeckhauser. The study, "Overreaction to Fearsome Risks," published recently in the journal Environmental and Resource Economics, finds that "in the face of a low-probability fearsome risk, people often exaggerate the benefits of preventive, risk-reducing, or ameliorative measures." Consequently, the researchers find that "in both personal life and politics, the result is damaging overreactions to risks."
Translation: Scared people who don't understand or care about parsing probabilities end up spending far more than is rational to avoid truly tiny risks. Worse yet, policy makers are often stampeded by frightened constituents into enacting regulations that cost far more than the benefits they offer in risk reduction.
Sunstein and Zeckhauser note, "Overreaction to risk is frequently found in the environmental realm." As an example of overreaction they point to the Three Mile Island (TMI) nuclear meltdown in 1979. The Kemeny Commission report concluded that "the radiation doses received by the general population as a result of exposure to the radioactivity released during the accident were so small that there will be no detectable additional cases of cancer, developmental abnormalities, or genetic ill-health as a consequence of the accident at TMI." Sunstein and Zeckhauser suggest that the country overreacted after the meltdown when construction of new nuclear plants stopped in the United States for 30 years. One consequence of the de facto nuclear power moratorium is that the coal-fired plants built instead caused many more health problems than new nuclear plants likely would have.
To illustrate how bad people are at understanding minuscule risks, the two researchers conducted an experiment with Harvard and University of Chicago law students who were asked what they would be willing to pay to avoid a one-in-a-million cancer risk. They could check off $0, $25, $50, $100, $200, $400, and $800 or more. One set of students was merely asked the question while another was given a highly emotional description of how gruesome cancer can be and then asked. The unemotional group averaged about $60 to avoid a one-in-a-million risk of cancer, while the emotional group averaged $210, nearly four times more.
Taking advantage of this flaw in reasoning, the researchers observe, "In this light, it should not be surprising that our public figures and our cause advocates often describe tragic outcomes. Rarely do we hear them quote probabilities." In other words, politicians and activists deploy sob stories to scare the public into demanding regulations on activities they dislike. Indeed, as Sunstein and Zeckhauser explain, policymakers and activists have a bias toward action in such situations when they think they can obtain credit for responding to the risk. They want to seem like heroes to the public.
"If we look across dozens of cases, we can observe a pattern in which salient but extremely low probability risks are sometimes met with excessive responses," write Sunstein and Zeckhauser. While not reaching any conclusions about what the government should have done or not done, the two do note that this overreaction dynamic has played out in many recent regulatory episodes, including the Love Canal contamination and evacuation incident (which led to a federal Superfund waste site clean up program), the ripening agent Alar (which was banned), shark attacks (Florida passed legislation prohibiting feeding them), terrorism (screening mail for anthrax), and terrorism (Iraq war).
So how much should someone pay to avoid a one-in-a-million risk? A "micromort" is defined as a one-in-a-million risk of dying. Let's look at cancer. First, keep in mind that Americans have a high probability of contracting cancer. For example, an American man has a 44 percent lifetime risk of developing cancer and a 23 percent risk of dying of it. An American woman's lifetime risk of contracting cancer is 38 percent and her risk of dying of it is 20 percent.
According to Carnegie Mellon University's Death Risk Rankings, Americans' average risk of dying in the next year is 8,931 micromorts. That is, out of 1,000,000 Americans alive today, 991,069 will be alive next year. With regard to cancer, Americans face an annual risk of 2,075 micromorts, which means out of 1,000,000, some 997,025 will not have died of cancer in the next year. So what does a reduction of a one-in-a-million risk of cancer amount to? Instead of 997,025 people not dying of cancer in the next year, 997,026 will not have died of cancer.
Another way to think about how much one might want to pay for avoiding a one-in-a-million risk is to make a rough calculation based on the Environmental Protection Agency's new $9.1 million valuation of a statistical life. Since the agency uses a regulatory standard of a one-in-a-million risk, this means that its actuaries calculate that someone would be willing to spend about $9 to avoid such a risk. Now compare this amount to the 2000 study [download PDF] by Kip Viscusi and James Hamilton,Calculating Risks: The Spatial and Political Dimensions of Hazardous Waste Policy, which found that the average cost per cancer case avoided at most EPA Superfund sites was more than $100 million. And when you look at the median cost per cancer case avoided in the Viscusi and Hamilton study, Superfund looks even worse—that cost was $388 million. Assuming that Viscusi and Hamilton are right, $100 million is clearly an overreaction when even law students who were spooked by a gruesome description of cancer were willing to pay only $210 to avoid a one-in-a-million risk of cancer.
Ultimately, Sunstein and Zeckhauser suggest that institutional safeguards are the best way to insure against the harmful consequences of public overreaction. They maintain that requiring benefit-cost analysis combined with careful attention to the relevant probabilities "should provide a check on regulations that deviate substantially from objective evidence." And who will wield benefit-cost analysis as a weapon against public overreaction? Wise bureaucrats, of course. The Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, they note, "monitors agency action to ensure that it is directed against genuinely significant problems." And who is in charge of OIRA? None other than the wisest of bureaucrats, Cass Sunstein.
Perhaps Sunstein will be able to prevent future regulatory overreaction, but the history as detailed in this study does not provide much confidence that he will succeed.
"If people show unusually strong reactions to low-probability catastrophes, a democratic government is likely to act accordingly," note Sunstein and Zeckhauser. Indeed. And the tendency to overreact is exacerbated when those demanding action are not the ones paying directly for it. In addition, politicians have little incentive to quell public fears. Satirist H.L. Mencken memorably summarized this democratic dynamic: "The whole aim of practical politics is to keep the populace alarmed (and hence clamorous to be led to safety) by menacing it with an endless series of hobgoblins, all of them imaginary." Maybe a one-in-a-million risk is not imaginary, but it's pretty damned close to it.
Ronald Bailey is Science Correspondent
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