How To Measure Pressure with Pressure Sensors
Publish Date: Nov 15, 2012 | 159 Ratings | 3.46 out of 5 | PDF
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Table of Contents
 1. What is Pressure?
 2. The Pressure Sensor
 3. Pressure Measurement
 4. Signal Conditioning Used To Measure Pressure
 5. References
 6. Next Steps
1. What is Pressure?
Pressure is defined as force per unit area that a fluid exerts on its surroundings.[1] For example, pressure, P, is a function of force, F, and area, A.
P = F/A
A container full of gas contains innumerable atoms and molecules that are constantly bouncing of its walls. The pressure would be the average force of these atoms and molecules on its walls per unit of area of the container. Moreover, pressure does not have to be measured along the wall of a container but rather can be measured as the force per unit area along any plane. Air pressure, for example, is a function of the weight of the air pushing down on Earth. Thus, as the altitude increases, pressure decreases. Similarly, as a scuba diver or submarine dives deeper into the ocean, the pressure increases.
A pressure measurement can be described as either static or dynamic. The pressure in cases where no motion is occurring is referred to as static pressure. Examples of static pressure include the pressure of the air inside a balloon or water inside a basin. Often times, the motion of a fluid changes the force applied to its surroundings. Such a pressure measurement is known as dynamic pressure measurement. For example, the pressure inside a balloon or at the bottom of a water basin would change as air is let out of the balloon or as water is poured out of the basin.
Head pressure(or pressure head) measures the static pressure of a liquid in a tank or a pipe. Head pressure, P, is a function solely on the height of the liquid, h, and weight density, w, of the liquid being measured as shown in Figure 1 below.
Figure 1. Head Pressure Measurement
The pressure on a scuba diver swimming in the ocean would be the diver's depth multiplied by the weight of the ocean (64 pounds per cubic foot). A scuba diver diving 33 feet into the ocean would have 2112 pounds of water on every square foot of his body. That translates to 14.7 PSI. Interestingly enough, the atmospheric pressure of the air at sea level is also 14.7 PSI or 1 atm. Thus, 33 feet of water create as much pressure as 5 miles of air! The total pressure on a scuba diver 33 feet deep ocean would be the combined pressure caused by the weight of the air and the water, that would be 29.4 PSI or 2 atm.
A pressure measurement can further be described by the type of measurement being performed. There are three types of pressure measurements: absolute, gauge, and differential. Absolute pressure measurement is measured relative to a vacuum (Figure 2). Often times, the abbreviations PAA (Pascals Absolute) or PSIA (Pounds per Square Inch Absolute) are used to describe absolute pressure.
Figure 2. Absolute Pressure Sensor [3]
Gauge pressure is measured relative to ambient atmospheric pressure (Figure 3). Similar to absolute pressure, the abbreviations PAG (Pascals Gauge) or PSIG (Pounds per Square Inch Gauge) are used to describe gauge pressure.
Figure 3. Gauge Pressure Sensor [3]
Differential pressure is similar to gauge pressure, but instead of measuring relative to ambient atmospheric pressure, differential measurements are taken with respect to a specific reference pressure (Figure 4). Also, the abbreviations PAD (Pascals Differential) or PSID (Pounds per Square Inch Differential) are used to describe differential pressure.
Differential pressure sensors measure pressure are taken with respect to a specified reference pressure.
Figure 4. Differential Pressure Sensor [3]
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2. The Pressure Sensor
Because of the great variety of conditions, ranges, and materials for which pressure must be measured, there are many different types of pressure sensor designs. Often pressure can be converted to some intermediate form, such as displacement. The sensor then converts this displacement into an electrical output such as voltage or current. The three most universal types of pressure transducers of this form are the strain gage, variable capacitance, and piezoelectric.
Of all the pressure sensors, Wheatstone bridge (strain based) sensors are the most common, offering solutions that meet varying accuracy, size, ruggedness, and cost constraints. Bridge sensors are used for high and low pressure applications, and can measure absolute, gauge, or differential pressure. All bridge sensors make use of a strain gauge and a diaphragm (Figure 4).
Figure 4. Cross Section of a Typical Strain Gauge Pressure Sensor [3]
When a change in pressure causes the diaphragm to deflect, a corresponding change in resistance is induced on the strain gauge, which can be measured by a Data Acquisition (DAQ) System. These strain gauge pressure transducers come in several different varieties: the bonded strain gauge, the sputtered strain gauge, and the semiconductor strain gauge.
In the bonded strain gauge pressure sensor, a metal foil strain gauge is actually glued or bonded to the surface where strain is being measured. These bonded foil strain gauges (BFSG) have been the industry standard for years and are continually used because of their quick 1000 Hz response times to changes in pressure as well as their large operating temperature.
Sputtered strain gauge manufacturers sputter a layer of glass onto the diaphragm and then deposit a thin metal film strain gauge on to the transducer's diaphragm. Sputtered strain gauge sensors actually form a molecular bond between the strain gauge element, the insulating layer, and the sensing diaphragm. These gauges are most suitable for long-term use and harsh measurement conditions.
Integrated circuit manufacturers have developed composite pressure sensors that are particularly easy to use. These devices commonly employ a semiconductor diaphragm onto which a semiconductor strain gauge and temperature-compensation sensor have been grown. Appropriate signal conditioning is included in integrated circuit form, providing a dc voltage or current linearly proportional to pressure over a specified range.
The capacitance between two metals plates changes if the distance between these two plates changes. A variable capacitance pressure transducer (Figure 5), measures the change in capacitance between a metal diaphragm and a fixed metal plate. These pressure transducers are generally very stable and linear, but are sensitive to high temperatures and are more complicated to setup than most pressure sensors.
Figure 5. Capacitance Pressure Transducer [4]
Piezoelectric pressure transducer (Figure 6) take advantage of the electrical properties of naturally occurring crystals such as quartz. These crystals generate an electrical charge when they are strained. Piezoelectric pressure sensors do not require an external excitation source and are very rugged. The sensors however, do require charge amplification circuitry and very susceptible to shock and vibration.
Figure 6. Piezoelectric Pressure Transducer [4]
A common cause of sensor failure in pressure measurement applications is dynamic impact, which results in sensor overload. A classic example of overloading a pressure sensor is known as the water hammer phenomenon. This occurs when a fast moving fluid is suddenly stopped by the closing of a valve. The fluid has momentum that is suddenly arrested, which causes a minute stretching of the vessel in which the fluid is constrained. This stretching generates a pressure spike that can damage a pressure sensor. To reduce the effects of "water hammer", sensors are often mounted with a snubber between the sensor and the pressure line. A snubber is usually a mesh filter or sintered material that allows pressurized fluid through but does not allow large volumes of fluid through and therefore prevents pressure spikes in the event of water hammer. A snubber is a good choice to protect your sensor in certain applications, but in many tests the peak impact pressure is the region of interest. In such a case you would want to select a pressure sensor that does not include overprotection. [3]
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3. Pressure Measurement
As described above, the natural output of a pressure transducer is a voltage. Most strain based pressure transducers will output a small mV voltage. This small signal requires several signal conditioning considerations that are discussed in the next section. Additionally, many pressure transducers will output a conditioned 0-5V signal or 4-20 mA current. Both of these outputs are linear across the working range of the transducer. For example both 0 V and 4 mA correspond to a 0 pressure measurement. Similarly, 5 volts and 20 mA correspond to the Full Scale Capacity or the maximum pressure the transducer can measure. The 0-5V and 4-20 mA signals can easily be measured by National Instruments Multi-function Data Acquisition (DAQ) hardware.
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4. Signal Conditioning Used To Measure Pressure
As with any other bridge based sensor, there are several signal conditioning considerations in order to accurately measure pressure. It is important to consider the following:
 - Bridge completion
 - Excitation
 - Remote sensing
 - Amplification
 - Filtering
 - Offset
 - Shunt Calibration
Each of these considerations are addressed thoroughly in the Measuring Strain with Strain Gauges tutorial linked below.
Once you have obtained a measurable voltage signal, that signal must be converted to actual units of pressure. Pressure sensors generally produce a linear response across their range of operation, so linearization is often unnecessary, but you will


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Within the Federal Government, the Federal Ministry of the Interior has overall responsibility for asylum law. Under German law, decisions on asylum applications are made by the Federal Agency for the Recognition of Foreign Refugees. An appeal against any such decision may be lodged with the administrative courts. The decision to carry out a deportation order is made by the competent authority of the relevant Land (federal state). The Federal Foreign Office provides administrative assistance to the Federal Agency, the Land governments and the administrative courts by making available any information on the situation in asylum-seekers' countries of origin that may be relevant to asylum and deportation matters. With regard to administrative and court proceedings relating to asylum law or protection from deportation, the Federal Foreign Office provides such information only in the context of administrative assistance to authorities and courts.
Last updated 06.04.2011

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Serving up smashing spudsNDSU researchers see great potential in colorful potatoes Among the hundreds of potato varieties that North Dakota State University researchers work with, some are certainly eye-catching.
By: Kristen Daum,
Among the hundreds of potato varieties that North Dakota State University researchers work with, some are certainly eye-catching.
Donning vibrant hues of blue, purple and red, specialty spuds stand out from more mainstream varieties like the Russets or Yukon Golds typically found in grocery store displays.
NDSU's potato breeding program began in 1930 with the goal of establishing superior varieties that meet the needs of regional producers in the potato industry.
That includes everything from growing diseaseand pest-resistant varieties to evaluating different types for use in the commercial marketplace, said Asunta "Susie" Thompson, a potato breeder and associate professor at NDSU.
Potato breeders at the university create hybrid varieties by crossing two parent versions, but there's no genetic engineering involved at this time, she said.
The color of a potato's skin and its interior flesh stems from complex genetic coding that's influenced by a specific makeup, she said.
For instance, the purple color means the potato is high in anthocyanins, which are involved in the formation of antioxidants.
Few of the specialty varieties can be found in local grocery stores because widespread availability is still increasing, Thompson said.
Instead, the unique varieties are more easily found in summertime farmer's markets or from specialty growers in the Red River Valley, she said.
The colorful potatoes can also make for festive cooking in the kitchen, no matter how they're served.
"It can really make your plate pop with color and make it fun," Thompson said.
Just don't peel and boil them, Thompson advises.
That can cause the blue or red potatoes to lose their color on the inside, and the food product could potentially turn gray. Instead, the potatoes can be steamed in the microwave to retain the color.
Potatoes are high in nutrients such as vitamin C, potassium, fiber and protein, so the vivid varieties can be helpful alternatives when trying to entice children to eat vegetables.
"It's a great vegetable to have, and kids might be more interested in eating them if they're bright and cheery and colorful," Thompson said.


What is P2 HD?
P2 HD is a full production-quality, high-definition recording system that utilizes removable solid-state memory cards. This approach eliminates the mechanical wear and environmental limitations of tape, hard disk and optical-disc-based systems. P2 HD ensures the highest reliability, especially in challenging conditions of extreme temperature, shock and vibration. P2 HD products provide a significant reduction in maintenance costs, longer useful product life and immediate access to recorded video (no need to digitize, ingest or create proxy video files) and metadata. Compatible with PCs and existing file-based IT infrastructures, P2 HD content is recorded as independent frames, can be randomly accessed and easily transferred to, or archived onto, low-cost consumer media such as hard drives or other affordable current IT storage technology and future-based systems. P2 HD systems offer long record times and can be upgraded with higher capacity cards.
How does P2 record?
P2 cards record the same way that digital still cameras record onto memory cards — they store the footage as pre-digitized computer files. Instead of recording the video as "video data," they record the footage as computer data files. These files are instantly editable and can be transferred to other computer storage media directly, without the restrictions of needing proprietary video decks or having to wait for real-time transfers. In fact, you can edit footage directly from a P2 card, without having to transfer to a computer at all. Because P2 cards record in universally interchangeable MXF data files, they are immediately usable by properly configured Windows and Macintosh computers. The P2 cards eliminate the need for VTRs, eliminate the need for proprietary video hardware to read or transfer their contents, and eliminate the need to "capture" or "digitize" your footage.
As for the actual recordings themselves, P2 cards record footage in the MXF (Material eXchange Format), a SMPTE-codified cross-platform universal file format. The MXF files use operational pattern OP-Atom, which means that each element of the footage (the audio tracks, the video footage, an "icon" or thumbnail and the descriptive metadata) gets stored in its own sub-directories. The MXF file format is supported by nearly every major nonlinear editing program, while file conversion utilities exist to convert MXF files into other types of files, if needed.
The P2 card itself uses the FAT32 file system, which makes the card compatible with both Macintosh and Windows systems.
What is DRS (Dynamic Range Stretch)? When should I use this tool?
DRS (Dynamic Range Stretch) is a fully automated dynamic range expansion tool that will compress highlight information, and boost shadow detail. It happens simultaneously, on a sector by sector basis - in realtime - at the push of a button. It is a great tool to use in "Run-and-Gun" situations where controlling lighting and dynamic range is very difficult. Daytime exteriors with rapidly changing conditions are a prime target for this tool. DRS should be avoided when you have all of the right tools (Lighting, Grip) to control and carve out a specific look. Its automated functionality will quickly conflict with your abilities to predict and create a consistent specific look for your scenes (adding shadow detail where you intentionally tried to omit it). This functionality is available on select cameras, including the AJ-HPX2700, and the AJ-HPX3100.
Which codec should I choose? AVC-Intra 100 or DVCPRO HD? What about AVC-Intra 50?
If QUALITY is the defining factor, always shoot in AVC-Intra 100, as long as your Post Production facility is equipped to handle that codec. If CONTENT is more important, and achieving extended record times and bandwidth efficiencies rank higher than absolute picture quality, then AVC-Intra 50 should be explored. DVCPRO HD is a good option for those unable to shoot in the AVC-Intra Codec because of legacy post production issues, but it is an 8 bit Codec, which is inferior to AVC-Intra 100's 10 bit Mastering Quality Codec.
What do the various GAMMA MODES represent? What's the difference between HD, VIDEO-REC, FILMLIKE and FILMREC?
GAMMA Mode selection is akin to picking a film stock for your camera. The GAMMA curve you select will determine the video signal output generated by the camera, for varying degrees of luminance input. HD, VIDEO-REC, and FILMLIKE 1 & 2, are fairly punchy, and contrasty curves that are ideally suited for live broadcast applications (News, Sports, Reality/Contest shows,etc...). They are "Air-Ready" and don't require any post processing to achieve full dynamic levels (0% black to 100% white). FILMLIKE 3 and FILM-REC, provide a wider dynamic range and latitude to the camera as well as a more linear transfer curve, but usually at the cost of a flatter, less punchy image, that needs to be Color Corrected in Post. This setting is ideal for applications that already follow this type of workflow, such as Narrative Features, Episodic Television, Music Videos and Commercials.
P2 Card
What's inside a P2 Card?
P2 cards are high-precision micro-computers with their own processors, firmware, a RAID controller, and gigabytes of the highest-quality zero-fault solid-state memory chips. A P2 card is an intelligent device that manages the data files — and even does a write-verification step for every byte of memory that gets written to the card (thus assuring fault-free operation). Early P2 cards were manufactured using actual SD memory cards in a striped RAID array, thus increasing the performance far beyond any individual memory chip's speed. The newest generation of P2 cards dispenses with using individual SD memory cards and actually uses the core memory components.
What sizes of P2 Cards are available?
P2 card are offered in 16GB, 32GB and 64GB sizes.
Whats the recording capacity of P2 Cards?
To establish a P2 card's recording time, you have to determine two factors: what recording format you will use and what capacity of P2 card you're planning on using. The calculation is quite simple after that.
 - For DVCPRO or DV, the data rate is 4 minutes per gigabyte
 - For DVCPRO50 or AVC-Intra 50, the data rate is 2 minutes per gigabyte
 - For DVCPRO HD or AVC Intra 100, the data rate is 1 minute per gigabyte
A 32GB P2 card is capable of storing more than two hours of DVCPRO footage (32 gigabytes × 4 minutes per GB), more than one hour of DVCPRO50 (32 GB × 2 minutes per GB), or 32 minutes of AVC-Intra 100 or DVCPRO-HD.
Please note, even more storage capacity is available in DVCPRO-HD 720P and AVC-Intra 720P and 1080P modes. Please review the P2 HD FAQs document [pdf] for further information.
What is the transfer speed of the P2 Card?
Today's E-Series P2 cards are capable of a transfer rate of 1.2 Gbps. This makes it fast enough to ooffload a 16GB P2 card with at least 16 minutes of DVCPRO-HD or AVC-Intra content in under 2 mintues, or, an 8 to 1 ratio. Please note, many P2 formats and frame rates offer more storage per card. For example, when shooting 1080/23.98p AVC-Inra 100, a 16GB E Series card will hold up to 22 minutes of content. This means that youcan offload these 22 minutes in under 2 minutes, or, an 11 to 1 offload ratio. E Series P2 cards are super fast. Even first generation P2 cards, with a 640 Mbps offload speed or second generation A Sires P2 cards (with an 800 Mbps offload speed) have the ability to offload at a slighter higher speed, through the use of the Panasonic AJ-PCD35 P2 Drive. As always, transfer speeds of IT storage device are subject to hardware configurations.
And, because there are no moving parts and no read/write heads to move or reposition, there's no "seek time" – switching from one stream to the next is instantaneous. Because of the high-speed design of P2 cards, they can be used as an edit media. In other words, there's no requirement to transfer the footage off of the cards before editing: you can actually edit immediately right from the cards.
Can I put 1080I and 720P AND/OR standard definition footage on the same P2 card?
Yes, you can freely inter-mix any type of footage. You can put high-definition and standard-definition, 625 (PAL) and 525 (NTSC), DVCPRO and AVC-Intra, interlaced or progressive or variable-frame-rate footage, or any combination of formats and frame rates all on the same P2 card. Remember, P2 cards are treated by the system as removable storage devices – they don't care what type of information gets stored on them. This gives you an unprecedented amount of freedom and flexibility to work with any format or media as you see fit.
Can a P2 card be used in all P2 HD and P2 camcorders, recorders and drives?
Yes, the P2 card is interchangeable across the entire P2 HD/P2 lineup of products. Any P2 card can be used in any P2-compatible device


K-9 Division
The Chisago County Sheriff's Office K-9 Division supports and provides an additional specialized resource for patrol officers and investigators in increasing the effectiveness in the detection and prevention of crime, as well as the apprehension of criminals, and provides protection and enhanced safety for officers and citizens.
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Why Use K-9's
The K-9 Division employs 2 patrol officers with specialized skills and highly trained K-9's to support the sheriff's office in meeting its law enforcement mission. The K-9 teams provide all the duties of patrol officers with the additional capabilities of the trained K-9's.
The greatest value of the K-9 teams lies in the ability of each dog's keen sense of sight, smell and hearing, which aid and enable the teams to track and locate missing or wanted person, locate evidence or lost property, apprehend fleeing or combative fugitives, and pinpoint hidden contraband.
The K-9 teams provide a positive public image of the sheriff's office expertise and efficiency. Regularly, the K-9 teams must train to maintain their proficiency to remain deployed as an operational asset. This constant training of the teams maintains a high level of readiness, ensuring the Chisago County community that each K-9 team is prepared for any eventuality.
In addition to the law enforcement mission, the K-9 Division performs public demonstrations and visits to local schools and civic organizations.
The Chisago County Sheriff's Office K-9's have many skills that make them a valuable tool for law enforcement.
Area Search
The K-9's can search large areas for contraband and illegal drug interdiction, as well as for suspects, and locates them using their heightened sense of smell.
Building Searches
The K-9's can enter a building and search it for an intruder in a fraction of the time it would take officers.
Criminal Apprehension
In the circumstance of a fleeing felon or violent individual refusing to surrender to law enforcement, the K-9's are trained to physically apprehend suspects and render them into submission for law enforcement to take them into custody.
Drug Search
The K-9's are trained to detect the odor of illegal narcotics. They are an extremely important tool in the fight against drugs in our community. When the K-9's indicate the odor of narcotics, it gives law enforcement probable cause to search.
The K-9's use their heightened sense of smell to detect the path of fleeing criminals or missing children / adults. K-9's use a combination of the scent of the individual and also the disturbed ground scent a person makes when they step. They can track across many surfaces that include concrete, grass, sand, and gravel.
The K-9's are considered Deputy Sheriffs and have their own equipment issued by the sheriff's office. They ride in special patrol cars that are set up to ensure K-9 safety and comfort. The patrol cars have their windows tinted to help minimize the heat. They also have temperature alarms that lower the windows and sound the horn if the interior temperature gets too high. The patrol cars have special cages built into them for K-9's. They have rubber mats and are ergonomically designed for comfort and safety. The cages have a water dish that allows the K-9's to stay hydrated throughout their shifts. The patrol cars also have additional lighting on them to maximize their visibility.
The K-9 Division is committed to serving its community and providing the highest quality of service to its citizens. If you wish to request a demonstration, you may contact:
Want to help?
 - Donations can be mailed to the Chisago County Sheriff's Office K-9 Division - 15230 Per Road - Center City, MN 55012.


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Artificial Sweeteners May Contaminate Water Downstream Of Sewage Treatment Plants And Even Drinking Water
Sewage treatment plants fail to remove artificial sweeteners completely from waste water. What's more, these pollutants contaminate waters downstream and may still be present in our drinking water. Thanks to their new robust analytical method, which simultaneously extracts and analyses seven commonly used artificial sweeteners, Marco Scheurer, Heinz-Jürgen Brauch and Frank Thomas Lange from the Water Technology Center in Karlsruhe, Germany, were able to demonstrate the presence of several artificial sweeteners in waste water.
Their findings are published online this week in Springer's journal Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry.
A range of artificial sweeteners are commonly used in food and drinks, as well as drugs and sanitary products. The potential health risks of artificial sweeteners have been debated for some time. Until now, only sucralose has been detected in aquatic environments. Through the use of a new analytical method, the researchers were able to look for seven different artificial sweeteners (cyclamate, acesulfame, saccharin, aspartame, neotame, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone and sucralose) simultaneously, and show, for the first time, that a number of commonly used artificial sweeteners are present in German waste and surface water.


The Mission of the UK HealthCare is: "To help people of the Commonwealth and beyond gain and retain good health through creative leadership and quality initiatives in patient care, education, and research." The UKHC Dietetics Internship follows that mission with its emphasis on quality in patient care, continued education, and emphasis on using research to determine evidence based practice for patient care.
Internship goals
 1. Prepare dietetic practitioners to successfully write the registration examination to become a Registered Dietitian.
 2. Offer a variety of learning experiences to prepare competent entry-level practitioners with an emphasis in clinical nutrition, who meet performance standards in areas of clinical nutrition, management and community nutrition.
 3. Maintain a quality internship program through staff and scheduled review, evaluation and revision of the program using staff, intern (past and present) and employer recommendations.
 4. Offer interns opportunities for involvement in the continued education and professional development.
Measurable outcomes
Each of the above goals is continually assessed, and the outcomes are measured to determine if the internship is meeting its goals. The measurable outcomes for the above goals include:
 1. Overall pass rate of the graduating interns, retention rates of the interns that begin the program, and whether the interns from this internship exceed national average test scores.
 2. Evaluations received from the interns must be greater than 80 percent positive in any given rotation or experience, interns must receive a "meets competency consistently" following their final rotations and a "meets entry level" evaluation prior to completing staff relief rotation.
 3. To verify entry-level competency, employers should rate the newly graduated interns with a "satisfactory as entry level." To verify competency, preceptors continually are evaluated on a routine basis, and their evaluations from the interns cannot contain more than one negative evaluation.
 4. Interns are required to attend local and state professional meetings including the yearly Kentucky Dietetic Association meeting.
Page last updated: 4/6/2015 3:07:24 PM


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Feast day: November 27
Born c. 375. Died 447. Sechnall was sent from Gaul in 439(?) to assist his uncle, Saint Patrick, in Ireland, together with Auxilius and Iserninus. He became the first bishop of Dunslaughlin in Meath, and then auxiliary bishop of Armagh. He wrote several hymns, notably the alphabetical hymn Audites, omnes amantes Deum (the oldest known Latin hymn written in Ireland) in honor of Patrick and the earliest Latin hymn in Ireland, and Sancti, venite, Christi corpus sumite.
Printed with permission from Catholic-Defense.


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March is Women's History Month
Of course, and that's exciting and inspiring history, but there's a lot more to women's history, too, and some of it is waiting underground.
Because archeologists study the remains of a whole community, it can be quite a challenge to separate women's activities from men's activities, or even those of adults from those of children. When analyzing ancient sites, archeologists often draw analogies with historically known people whose lifeways provide both clues and research questions about earlier life in a place. Learn about men's and women's work among the Native peoples of California's high desert, within the starkly beautiful Coso Rock Art National Historic Landmark District. (Be sure to click on the small flashing box and roll over the boxes in the upper and lower right of the screen to fully "excavate" this web feature).
When analyzing historic sites, archeologists can draw on documents for clues and research questions about people's everyday decisions and actions. Archeologist Amy Young researches gender and labor in three communities to better understand the lives of enslaved African American women and men coping with their lives on southern plantations. At Locust Grove Plantation National Historic Landmark, near Louisville, Kentucky, she uses artifacts such as ceramics and buttons as evidence to trace relationships between women in different households.
Not only can archeologists find out about women's lives in the past, but many archeologists are women! Even in the early development of archeology as a profession, women were intent on practicing this sort of detective work.
In the 1920s and 1930s, for example, several women got their professional start by working in Chaco Canyon.
Marjorie Ferguson Lambert (_PHONE_) studied with Edgar Lee Hewett, received her master's degree in anthropology in 1931 from the University of New Mexico, and excavated at Chaco as both a student and an instructor. In 1938 she began her thirty-year tenure as curator of archeology at the Museum of New Mexico in Santa Fe. Another "Daughter of the Desert" was Florence Hawley Ellis (_PHONE_). Among other accomplishments, Ellis pioneered chemical analysis and tree ring analysis, completing her Ph.D. research at Chaco.


IAS-Research Talk by Charles Wolfe (Ghent University): "Philosophy of biology before biology": a methodological provocation
18/12/2018 @ 11:30 – 12:30
Centro Santamaria (B14)
Date and time: December 18, Tuesday, 11:30 a.m.
Location: Carlos Santamaría Building, Room B14.
Speaker: Charles Wolfe (Ghent University)
Title: "Philosophy of biology before biology": a methodological provocation
Basing myself on work forthcoming in a volume entitled Philosophy of Biology before Biology (coedited w. C. Bognon-Küss), I argue for a conception I term 'philosophy of biology before biology', focusing on the theoretical 'world' or 'context' out of which the science ultimately called 'biology' emerged. This historico-philosophical approach to biology's genesis is neither internalist study of biological doctrines, nor a reconstruction of the role philosophical concepts might have played in the constitution of biology as science; it looks more at the interplay between metaphysical and empirical issues. This study does not just have implications for understanding the relations between philosophy and biology in the midto late 18th century; it should also have an impact on our present understanding of philosophy of biology, given that it is necessarily conditioned by a very specific history and historiography (particularly evolution-centred). Further, 'philosophy of biology before biology' sheds a different light on our understanding of how biology as a science of life became unified.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
By "building," I refer to those activities such as roads and settlements that are heavy on wood and brick requirements.
By "development," I refer to those activities that require the other three commodities, ore, grain, and wool, such as buying cities and development cards.
Is it possible to be "too good" at the building phase of the game, to the detriment of the development phase of the game? Conversely is it possible to be so focused on development that you fall critically behind in building?
How do you avoid these pitfalls? Is there a transition/balance between building and development, and if so, how do you manage it?
share|improve this question
Your "building" phase is more commonly referred to as "expansion" – bengoesboom Sep 21 '13 at 5:30
This question should really probably be at least 2 questions. – bengoesboom Sep 22 '13 at 4:08
_USER_: "It should be at least 2 questions." Under other circumstances I would agree with you. But this is a comparison/contrast question of the "on one hand,...on the other hand," type. Meaning I want to see "both sides of the coin in one answer." Which you did successfully below. – Tom Au Sep 22 '13 at 14:11
5 Answers 5
up vote 1 down vote accepted
The most important point to remembers, as explained in another answer, is that it is impossible to win by roads and settlements only. So you have to have some development, and it is not as much "switching" as "morphing" when you gradually increase the priority in getting the "development" resources over the "building" resources through placement of the new settlements, trade, and development cards play such as "Years of plenty" and "Monopoly". One tale-telling sign that you've been building for too long is when you say, "I place a settlement", turn in the four cards, and find that you have used all the five settlement pieces already. OOPS.
As everybody else said, the timing and degree of morphing really depends -- namely, on the map and the initial placement. You need to learn to recognize the strengths and weaknesses of the map, and the strengths and weaknesses of your initial position, which is a learnable skill (hint: add the dots). Typically, you would have "production" locations (the initial two, plus may be another one) that would have 8+ dots total on each of them, while the remaining locations will be "placeholders" that don't produce much, but you would have built them anyway for points, to block other players, for the useful trade ports or for transition from roads to ships if you play with ships.
If you keep playing the standard one big hex map of the basic Settlers, you will know all the strong and weak spots after ten plays. I build my own maps every time we play, and try to balance the resources off. Sometimes, though, you will just have a map which is scarce, say, in ore (by design or by chance), so in your initial placement you would want to get as close to the only ore-8 in play as possible. If you failed that, and you see that other people cut you off from it by building their initial settlements on the perimeter of that hex, you will need to change your strategy from the outset, and play your strong resources. Say if you have wood-6 and wood-9 in your initial settlements (either the map is very rich in wood, or other players got carried away placing around that ore-8), you would want to build towards the wood port and just trade whatever you need 2:1. If you do this quickly enough, you'd be able to successfully convert your "building" phase into the "development" phase.
On the other hand, if you were able to place one of your initial settlements on a three-way corner of ore, grain and wool with at least three dots on each, then you can simply play off that location (and win) to either accumulate the development cards, upgrade your settlements, or trade bricks with other players who would get caught in their building phase for too long. A huge advantage of this location is this sort of versatility, while concentrating on wood and bricks will only get you endless roads. (That's why I try to avoid such locations in my custom-built maps though.)
share|improve this answer
"while concentrating on wood and bricks will only get you endless roads." So it is possible to concentrate too much on "building" at the expense of development. – Tom Au Sep 24 '13 at 23:49
It depends
In general, the first few rounds are focused on expanding to a new settlement or two. You start the game with two free roads, but to build a new settlement you need to be a minimum of a hex vertices away. If don't expand your road and build a settlement, these free roads are wasted. It isn't unusual to build roads towards the Harbors so you have favorable trades.
It is possible to win the game by not expanding at all though, although this is rare. With good access to Rock, Grain, and Wool you can buy Development cards and build Cities. There are 5 yellow Victory Point cards and 2 bonus points for the Largest army. Those combined with your starting two Settlements, one of which needs to be upgraded to a City is sufficient to win the game. The reverse is not true, since you can only receive 5 Settlements and a bonus 2 for the Longest Road, you would be 3 points short of winning.
share|improve this answer
As others have said, the most important consideration is the numbers.
Having said that, a good principle for strong settlers play is to favour development over expansion.
The reason for this is that Settlers, like Dominion, favours spiky resource acquisition. Soldiers and thieves punish players for the slow accumulation of resources over time. It's much better to have a "jackpot" of four to five resources all flowing in at once than it is to have one or two resources come in each turn. Better to get 4-5 resources in one roll, burn them on your turn than be a constant target for soldiers/thieves by having 2-3 cards that you can't do much with.
As the others have said, there are risks associated with this strategy, however the risks are far outweighed by the rewards in my experience. Development cards are an important hidden resource that can swing a game from a losing position to a winning position and cities help with resource spikes. The extra dev cards will also help keep the thief away from your high yield jackpot numbers. "Builders" end up getting hurt far more by the thief than "developers".
A player who focuses on wheat and ore, with a smaller income of sheep generally seems to win out over players who focus on wood and brick with a smaller focus on the other resources. The wood/brick player is basically dependent on getting great expansion spots with ore/wheat or should be aiming at picking up a 2/1 port to assist them late-game. The problem with both of these strategies is that after the initial placement, the good spots will likely be taken and having a 2/1 trade is not as good as simply acquiring the raw goods that you need.
In all cases, one cannot focus on everything. It's important to pick your strategy with your starting spots and seek to work with your resources to maximise your chances of winning. Whatever you do, don't pick starting spots which will give you jackpots of brick or wood with ore or wheat (and always prioritise sheep last unless you're playing Seafarers). Even if you get good numbers this will likely lose the game for you as players will target you for thieves/soldiers to get whichever one of those resources they're short of and you won't be able to burn your cards in an efficient combination.
The key to winning settlers is to acquire and burn large amounts of resources. Spiky play is the best way to do that. Focussing on a development strategy is the spikiest way to play and is therefore the strongest path. The numbers are more important than anything else I have said.
share|improve this answer
"Spiky resource acquisition." Very good point. – Tom Au Sep 23 '13 at 12:28
Not for me. At least not in the way that I think you mean.
For me it depends entirely upon the numbers that get rolled.
I've played games where I only have 2 cities and a settlement when I win. Having said this, I've been playing a lot with the same small group and it's possible that their playing styles haven't changed since we started so I've found it easy to play against them.
It really depends on the layout and the resources you have available (in your hand, the ones that other players are willing to trade with you, and those that you can get with the development cards at your disposal).
share|improve this answer
There are essentially two questions here. I will offer some short answers here, which don't go into too much detail.
Short answer: Not really. Expanding early gets you better settlements, more resources (via those settlements) and diversifies your numbers. Your opportunities to build cities are not lost.
2) Is it possible to be so focused on development that you fall critically behind in building?
Short answer: Yes. Good expansion settlements will be taken early. If you really over commit, you may end up with no expansion positions and be reduced to one very


bio-0.5: A bioinformatics library
This implements a number of filters used in the Titanium pipeline, based on published documentation.
Discarding filters
type DiscardFilter = ReadBlock -> BoolSource
DiscardFilters determine whether a read is to be retained or discarded
discard_empty :: DiscardFilterSource
This filter discards empty sequences.
discard_key :: String -> DiscardFilterSource
Discard sequences that don't have the given key tag (typically TCAG) at the start of the read.
discard_dots :: Double -> DiscardFilterSource
 1. The dots filter discards sequences where the last positive flow is before flow 84, and flows with >5% dots (i.e. three successive noise values) before the last postitive flow. The percentage can be given as a parameter.
discard_mixed :: DiscardFilterSource
 1. The mixed filter discards sequences with more than 70% positive flows. Also, discard with 30% noise, 20% middle (0.45..0.75) or <30% positive.
discard_length :: Int -> DiscardFilterSource
Discard a read if the number of untrimmed flows is less than n (n=186 for Titanium)
Trimming filters
type TrimFilter = ReadBlock -> ReadBlockSource
TrimFilters modify the read, typically trimming it for quality
trim_sigint :: TrimFilterSource
 1. Signal intensity trim - trim back until <3% borderline flows (0.5..0.7). Then trim borderline values or dots from the end (use a window).
trim_primer :: String -> TrimFilterSource
 1. Primer filter This looks for the B-adaptor at the end of the read. The 454 implementation isn't very effective at finding mutated adaptors.
trim_qual20 :: Int -> TrimFilterSource
 1. Quality score trimming trims using a 10-base window until a Q20 average is found.
Utility functions
dlength :: [a] -> DoubleSource
List length as a double (eliminates many instances of fromIntegral)
avg :: Integral a => [a] -> DoubleSource
Calculate average of a list
clipFlows :: ReadBlock -> Int -> ReadBlockSource
Translate a number of flows to position in sequence, and update clipping data accordingly
clipSeq :: ReadBlock -> Int -> ReadBlockSource
Update clip_qual_right if more severe than previous value


text:
I made this device, which cost me about 5 euro, to create engravings without the use of an expensive laser machine.
With just a magnifying glass and a few tricks I am able to make detailed engravings such as logos.
All you need for this instruction:
- a magnifying glass
- some wood
- pvc pipe 5/8"
- 2 pipe clamps
- 2 wire clamps
- 2 screws m2
- 2 screws m2,5
and of cource enough sun!!!
Step 1: Making the Stand
- Cut the pvc pipe to lenght
- Create a plate with a hole for the pvc pipe
- Make a plate to attach the clamps, use the screws instead of the nails to fasten
- Connect the parts and attach the magnifying glass
Step 2: Making the Bed
- Get yourself a wooden plate
- Make some feet and glue them to the plate
- Use a nail from the clamps to make a pin and attach it to the center of the plate
Let the pin stick out for about 3mm (no more than the thickness of the feet)
Step 3: Making Shapes
You can use a positive or negative shape. Or maybe both.
I used wood and made the shapes with a dremel, file and sandpaper.
You can also use foamboard or whatever to make shapes quicker.
Step 4: Engrave
Stick your magnifying glass stand and form to a solid base and stick the material you want to engrave to the bed.
You can now follow the shape with the pin in the bed and make your perfect smooth engraving!
I haven't actually finished this step because of the weather.
I will update this last step with some of my own work when the sun starts to shine!

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text: rombosis, Tumor Introduction Systemic tumor and ischemic heart stroke are common circumstances and two of the very most regular causes of loss of life among older people. The steadily raising number of seniors in the globe is predicted to bring about a rise of new tumor cases. Furthermore, improvements in treatment practice (tumor medicine) have the to improve success, and the real amount of people coping with cancer is likely to rise. Despite gathered understanding for the association between tumor and heart stroke, the underlying mechanisms (both molecular and macroscopic) and appropriate therapeutic strategies remain unclear. The purpose of this review is to discuss the possibility of cancer-related stroke as a stroke subtype, and to present the most recent discoveries in the pathomechanisms and treatment of stroke due to cancer-related coagulopathy. Recently emerging data linking cancer to ischemic stroke are discussed, together with current knowledge gaps and potential research strategies to address them. We did not discuss individual shared risk factors and characteristics of stroke in cancer patients with stroke in depth, since these topics have been reviewed elsewhere. Cancer-related stroke: an emerging subtype of ischemic stroke Stroke has many etiologies. Some etiologies are frequent and potent, while others are less frequent but potent, or frequent but less potent. Most etiological classifications divide stroke patients into four groups, atherosclerotic, cardioembolism, small vessel disease, and other etiologies, as these are frequent and potent etiologies [2-4]. To be a stroke subtype, the etiology should have the following features. First, the etiology GSK2126458 inhibition is strongly associated with GSK2126458 inhibition ischemic stroke. Second, the etiology is relatively common in stroke patients. In the North Dublin population stroke study, the proportions of atherosclerotic, cardioembolic, and small vessel-origin were 9% to 12.9%, 33% to 36.5%, and 10% to 18.4%, respectively. Third, stroke mechanisms in patients with one etiology differ from those with other etiologies. Lastly, there are unique therapeutic strategies for the stroke etiology. Cerebrovascular disease happens in tumor individuals, as well as the association between tumor and heart stroke continues to be reported world-wide. Nationwide research in European countries [6,7], Asia [8,9], and USA [10,11] demonstrated that the chance of ischemic heart stroke increased through the first couple of months (up to at least one 12 months) after tumor analysis. A recent huge population study demonstrated that increased GSK2126458 inhibition threat of arterial thromboembolic occasions begins 5 weeks before tumor can be officially diagnosed and peaks one month before the analysis. It's been approximated that one in seven to eight individuals with ischemic heart stroke possess a known or concealed cancer, which in 40% of these, cancer-related coagulopathy may be the system of heart MAP2K7 stroke (Shape 1) [13-15]. Among individuals with ischemic stroke, 10% got known tumor and GSK2126458 inhibition yet another 3% had concealed cancers. Nationwide inpatient data in america demonstrated that about one in 10 hospitalized ischemic heart stroke patients offers comorbid tumor, and there is a substantial reduction in ischemic heart stroke hospitalization in the cancer-negative group, but a reliable upsurge in ischemic heart stroke hospitalization having a cancer analysis. Among heart stroke patients without tumor, hidden cancers was diagnosed during follow-up after severe ischemic heart stroke in 2.8% (20.4% in embolic stroke of unknown resources [ESUS]) of Korean individuals, 2.1% (5.3%.


1. Make sure the pad is connected to a known working PC, not a laptop.
2. Connect the pad using a Y adaptor. This Y adaptor should have a serial connection on one end and both a serial and PS/2 connection on the other. Connect the single Serial end to the Pad and the other serial connection to the computer. Next connect the PS/2 connection to a free PS/2 port on the computer. This is required to supply the pad with the necessary power. If there is a conflict with port availability adapters are available to convert the PS/2 connection to USB or to split the PS/2 port so it can accommodate 2 connections.
3. Proceed through the install utilizing the disk that came with the pad. When prompted for the pad model supply the model on the back of the pad, however when next prompted for the model suffix such as "HSB" or "BHSB" from the back of the pad, you MUST choose "BHSB" regardless of the designation on the back of the pad. This will provide a higher BAUD rate which the pad requires to function.
4. Select the first available COM port with the lowest number, and proceed through the rest of the install.
5. Once you have completed the steps above, you can verify that the pad is working by using the DEMO.OCX program that was installed along with the drivers for the signature pad. If this program does not already have a short cut on your desktop, it can generally be found in the C:\WINDOWS\SigPlus directory. Please note, that because this is a serial device, you may have to restart your PC to cause the pad to be fully recognized by the computer.


text:
Background/Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic prompted a rapid expansion in the use of telemedicine. This study aimed to assess the experiences of hemangioma specialists utilizing telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic to evaluate and manage infantile hemangiomas (IH), including perceived effectiveness of different modalities and barriers to care delivery. Methods: Multicenter cross-sectional study asking providers to describe their experiences using telemedicine for initial evaluation of IH from March to September 2020. Results: The study included 281 patients from 15 medical centers internationally. Median time from referral to evaluation was 17 days. Median physician confidence in performing evaluations via telemedicine was 95.0 (IQR 90.0–100.0). Most evaluations were performed via video communication with photographs or audio communication with photographs; when not initially available, photographs were requested in 51.4%. Providers preferred follow-up modalities that included photographs. Conclusions: Physicians with extensive expertise in managing IH are confident in their abilities to assess and manage IH via telemedicine including initiating treatment in patients without risk factors for beta-blocker therapy. There was a preference for hybrid modalities that included photographs. The data suggest that telemedicine can be effective for managing IH and may decrease wait times and improve specialist reach to underserved areas.
- health care delivery
- hemangiomas/vascular tumors
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Pediatrics, Perinatology, and Child Health


text:
Bass, Blue Nose
Bluenose Bass is a large fish, growing to over 50 kg, found in temperate waters of New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, and South America. They are particularly vulnerable to fishing pressure because they are long lived, mature late, and exhibit schooling and spawning aggregation behaviors making them easier to catch.
Bluenose Bass sold in the U.S. primarily comes from New Zealand, but a small commercial Bluenose Bass fishery also occurs in Australia. Both fisheries are managed through total allowable catch limits. In New Zealand, abundance of Bluenose Bass has declined to low levels over the last decade, likely as a result of unsustainable catch rates, and there is a relatively high probability that the population is overfished. In Australia, abundance levels of Bluenose Bass populations appear to be more stable.
The majority of Bluenose Bass are caught with bottom longlines or other hook-and-line gear, which may cause moderate habitat damage and result in medium levels of bycatch.


text: Cinematic Journeys explores the interconnected histories, theories and aesthetics of mobile vision and cinematic movement. It traces the links between certain types of movement of/in the frame and broader cultural trends that have historically informed Western sensibilities. It contextualises that genealogy with detailed analysis of contemporary and recent 'travel films' as well as older works. The book investigates how movements of exploration, discovery and revelation are activated in specific cinematic narratives of travelling and displacement. Such narratives are analysed with attention to the mass population movements and displacements that form their referential background. Cinematic Journeys also examines the ways in which travelling affects film itself. Case studies focus on films as travelling commodities (with the popularity of Indian films in Greece in the 1950s and 60s as case study); and, through a study of subtitles, on the category of the 'foreign spectator' (who in the encounter with 'foreign' films moves across cultural borders). Films considered in the book include Sunrise, Slow Motion, Hukkle, Death in Venice, Voyage to Italy, The Motorcycle Diaries, Koktebel, Japon, Blackboards, Ulysses' Gaze, and the work of directors Tony Gatliff and Fatih Akin.


text:
Mediterranean Monk Seal (Monachus monachus) - Wiki
Mediterranean Monk Seal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
[Photo] The Natural history museum in Milan, Italy. Diorama with a Monachus monachus (Mediterranean Monk seal). Picture by Giovanni Dall'Orto (_URL_ April 22 2007.
The Mediterranean Monk Seal (Monachus monachus) is believed to be the world's rarest pinniped and one of the most endangered mammals of the world.
This species of monk seal grows from approximately 80 cm long at birth to an average of 2.40 m in adults. The latter weigh up to 320 kg, the females being slightly smaller than the males. Their fur is black (males) or brown to dark grey (females) with a paler belly which is close to white in males. Pups are mostly born in autumn, entering the water two weeks afterwards, and are weaned at around 18 weeks of age. They are born with black natal fur, often with a white patch beneath. The shape of these patches can be used to identify individuals. Reproductive maturity is reached at around age four, and maximum age is over twenty years. Pregnant Mediterranean Monk Seals typically use inaccessible undersea caves while giving birth, though historical descriptions show that they used open beaches until the eighteenth century.
The Mediterranean Monk Seals are diurnal and feed on fish and mollusks, primarily octopus, up to 3 kg per day.
This earless seal's former range extended throughout the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea coasts line and into the Atlantic, as far South as Cape Verde (where it is now extinct) and as far West as the Azores (where it is also extinct as a breeder but there are occasional sightings of mavericks coming from the Desertas population).
Several causes have provoked a dramatic population decrease over the time, mostly commercial hunting (especially during the Roman Empire and Middle Age) and, during the 20th century, eradication by fishermen??? who used to consider it a pest due to the damages the seal causes to fishing nets when it preys on fishes caught in those??? and coastal urbanisation.
The species has gone extinct in the Sea of Marmara, due to pollution and heavy ship traffic from the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus. In addition, the last report of a seal in Black Sea dates to late 1990s.
Nowadays its entire population is estimated to be nowadays less than 600 individuals scattered throughout a wide distribution range, which qualifies this species as Critically Endangered. Its current very sparse population is one more serious threat to the species, as it only has two key sites which can be deemed viable: the Aegean Sea and, specially, the one in the Western Sahara portion of Cabo Blanco (which may support the small but growing nucleus in the Desertas Islands). These two key sites for the species are virtually in the extreme opposites of its distribution range, which makes natural population interchange impossible.
In the summer of 1997, two thirds of the largest surviving single population of Mediterranean monk seals (the one in Cabo Blanco) was wiped out within the space of two months, extremely compromising the species' viable population. While opinions on the precise causes of this epidemic remain sharply divided (the most likely cause being either a morbilivirus or a toxic algae bloom) the mass die-off emphasised the precarious status of a species already regarded as critically endangered throughout its range. While still far below the beginning of 1997, numbers in this all important location have started a slow paced recovery ever since. Currently the population in this location is estimated at 150 individuals, down from approximately 300 in 1997 but still the largest colony by far. The threat of a similar incident that could wipe out this entire population remains.
Damage inflicted upon fishermen's nets and rare attacks on off-shore fish farms in Turkey and Greece are known to have pushed local people towards hunting the Mediterranean monk seal, but mostly out of revenge rather than population control. Preservation efforts have been put forth by civic organizations, foundations and universities in both countries since as early as the 1970s. For the past 10 years, many groups have carried out missions to educate locals on damage control and species preservation. Reports of positive results of such efforts exist throughout the area.
One of the largest groups among the foundations concentrating their efforts towards the preservation of the Mediterranean monk seal is the Mediterranean Seal Research Group (tr. Akdeniz Foklarını Ara??tırma Grubu) operating under the Underwater Research Foundation (tr. Sualtı Ara??tırmaları Derne??i) in Turkey (aka. SAD-AFAG). The group has taken initiative in joint preservation efforts together with the Fo??a municipal officials, as well as phone, fax and email hotlines for sightings.
Preservation of the species requires both the preservation of land and sea, due to the need for terrestrial haul-out sites and caves or caverns for the animal to rest and reproduce. Even though responsible SCUBA instructors hesitate to make trips to known seal caves, just the rumor of a seal sighting quickly becomes a tourist attraction for many. Irresponsible SCUBA trips shy the Mediterranean monk seal away from caves of potential habitation spots for the species.
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Privacy Bill Essentials: Illinois
March 2, 2021
Hinshaw Privacy & Cyber Bytes
A new data protection and privacy bill has been introduced in Illinois. This comprehensive bill, titled Consumer Privacy Act (ICPA), would provide more explicit notice and extended rights on what consumers can do with the categories and specific pieces of personal information that a business collects.
To whom would it apply?
The ICPA would apply to for-profit businesses that:
 1. Have annual gross revenues in excess of $25 million;
 2. Alone or jointly with others engage with the data of 50,000 or more consumers; or
 3. Derive 50% or more of its annual revenue from the sale of consumers' personal information.
Additionally, the ICPA applies to any business that controls or is controlled by a business that shares common branding with the business.
What types of information would it cover?
This bill defines personal information to include identifiers of a consumer or household (e.g. name, alias, email address), characteristics of protected classifications under state or federal law, biometric information, medical information, geolocation data, professional/employment-related information, not publicly available education information, and commercial information.
What rights would it create?
The ICPA would create a number of consumer rights, including the right to:
What obligations would it impose?
Under the bill, businesses would be required to post an online privacy policy that includes:
How would it be enforced?
The ICPA would be enforced by the Attorney General. If a noticed violation is not cured within 30 days, then the Attorney General would be empowered to seek up to $2,500 for each unintentional violation or $7,500 for each intentional violation. The Attorney General would be required, on or before July 1, 2022, to solicit broad public participation and adopt rules to further the purposes of the ICPA. Enforcement actions would be not be permitted until 6 months after the publication of the final rules, or July 1, 2022, whichever is sooner.
The bill also creates a private cause of action for unauthorized access and exfiltration, theft, or disclosure of nonencrypted and nonredacted personal information—resulting from a business' violation of the duty to implement and maintain "reasonable security procedures and practices." The bill provides for damages up to $750 per consumer for each incident or actual damages, whichever is greater.
Where does it stand?
The bill was introduced on Monday, February 22, 2021 and was referred to the Rules Committee on that same date.


text:
What is Artificial Grass Made of?
The main materials used to manufacture artificial grass are Polypropylene (PP) and Polyethylene (PE). Polypropylene (PP) has a strong and firm property which makes artificial grass suitable for low impact activities that includes gardening and sports such as golf and tennis. Polyethylene (PE), however, is softer and more durable. Artificial grass made of Polyethylene (PE) is appropriate for high impact activities and is suitable to be used for playgrounds and sports fields because it reduces the risk of injuries.
When Polypropylene (PP) and Polyethylene (PE) are combined, the artificial grass produced is soft yet strong and more elastic, making it user-friendly and definitely safe to use.
Lightweight with gravity defying grass blades, Le Chime stays perky and is ideal for installation on vertical surfaces, walls and rooftops.
Stitch Rate: 18(±2) stitches, 10cm width
Designed for mini golf courses. Le Clubio's short and neatly groomed grass blades enable golf balls to roll a longer distance, enhancing the golfer's experience!
Stitch Rate: 31(±2) stitches, with a 10cm width


text:
Residential Services & Commercial Services
What Is A Spotted Lanternfly?
The spotted lanternfly has the potential to be a devastating invasive species wherever it goes. To date, the spotted lanternfly population has required many counties throughout several states to implement a quarantine to reduce the spread of these insects. They can feed on most plant species and affect businesses like vineyards, timber, and other types of farms. The spotted lanternfly is known to cause economic and property damage unsurpassed by native pest species. Because spotted lanternfly damage can be extensive, it is suggested that a professional pest control company be contacted at first sight.
The spotted lanternfly was first discovered in Pennsylvania in 2014. They are believed to have been introduced from South East Asia around 2012. Since 2014, they have spread to more than seven states including New Jersey.
Spotted lanternflies are plant parasites and have been observed feeding on more than 70 species of plant. Among their favorites are tree-of-heaven, grapes, hops, hardwood trees, and fruit trees. It is also believed they can spread plant diseases. Due to the large numbers often feeding at once, they can greatly weaken a tree or plant. This may cause slow growth and, in some circumstances, may even lead to the death of the plant. This can be catastrophic for many industries including forestry, viniculture, orchards, and landscaping.


0. This is the same priority as the IDLE process, meaning that your newly created thread will be competing for CPU with the IDLE process.
Been there, done that, got the T-shirt. :-)
Enough people have been bitten by this that QSS has made priority zero reserved for only the idle thread. You simply cannot run a thread at priority zero.
A few examples
Let's take a look at some examples. We'll assume that the proper include files ( and ) have been included, and that the thread to be created is called new_thread() and is correctly prototyped and defined.
The most common way of creating a thread is to simply let the values default:
pthread_create (NULL, NULL, new_thread, NULL);
In the above example, we've created our new thread with the defaults, and passed it a NULL as its one and only parameter (that's the third NULL in the pthread_create() call above).
Generally, you can pass anything you want (via the arg field) to your new thread. Here we're passing the number 123:
pthread_create (NULL, NULL, new_thread, (void *) 123);
A more complicated example is to create a non-joinable thread with round-robin scheduling at priority 15:
pthread_attr_t attr;
// initialize the attribute structure
pthread_attr_init (&attr);
// set the detach state to "detached"
pthread_attr_setdetachstate (&attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED);
// override the default of INHERIT_SCHED
pthread_attr_setinheritsched (&attr, PTHREAD_EXPLICIT_SCHED);
pthread_attr_setschedpolicy (&attr, SCHED_RR);
attr.param.sched_priority = 15;
// finally, create the thread
pthread_create (NULL, &attr, new_thread, NULL);
To see what a multithreaded program "looks like," you could run the pidin command from the shell. Say our program was called spud. If we run pidin once before spud created a thread and once after spud created two more threads (for three total), here's what the output would look like (I've shortened the pidin output to show only spud):
# pidin
pid tid name prio STATE Blocked
 12301 1 spud 10r READY
# pidin
pid tid name prio STATE Blocked
 12301 1 spud 10r READY
 12301 2 spud 10r READY
 12301 3 spud 10r READY
As you can see, the process spud (process ID 12301) has three threads (under the "tid" column). The three threads are running at priority 10 with a scheduling algorithm of round robin (indicated by the "r" after the 10). All three threads are READY, meaning that they're able to use CPU but aren't currently running on the CPU (another, higher-priority thread, is currently running).
Now that we know all about creating threads, let's take a look at how and where we'd use them.
Where a thread is a good idea
There are two classes of problems where the application of threads is a good idea.
Note: Threads are like overloading operators in C++ -- it may seem like a good idea (at the time) to overload every single operator with some interesting use, but it makes the code hard to understand. Similarly with threads, you could create piles of threads, but the additional complexity will make your code hard to understand, and therefore hard to maintain. Judicious use of threads, on the other hand, will result in code that is functionally very clean.
Threads are great where you can parallelize operations -- a number of mathematical problems spring to mind (graphics, digital signal processing, etc.). Threads are also great where you want a program to perform several independent functions while sharing data, such as a web-server that's serving multiple clients simultaneously. We'll examine these two classes.
Threads in mathematical operations
Suppose that we have a graphics program that performs ray tracing. Each raster line on the screen is dependent on the main database (which describes the actual picture being generated). The key here is this: each raster line is independent of the others. This immediately causes the problem to stand out as a threadable program.
Here's the single-threaded version:
main (int argc, char **argv)
 int x1;
 ... // perform initializations
 for (x1 = 0; x1 < num_x_lines; x1++) {
 do_one_line (x1);
 ... // display results
Here we see that the program will iterate x1 over all the raster lines that are to be calculated.
On an SMP system, this program will use only one of the CPUs. Why? Because we haven't told the operating system to do anything in parallel. The operating system isn't smart enough to look at the program and say, "Hey, hold on a second! We have 4 CPUs, and it looks like there are independent execution flows here. I'll run it on all 4 CPUs!"
So, it's up to the system designer (you) to tell Neutrino which parts can be run in parallel. The easiest way to do that would be:
main (int argc, char **argv)
 int x1;
 ... // perform initializations
 pthread_create (NULL, NULL, do_one_line, (void *) x1);
 ... // display results
There are a number of problems with this simplistic approach. First of all (and this is most minor), the do_one_line() function would have to be modified to take a void * instead of an int as its argument. This is easily remedied with a typecast.
The second problem is a little bit trickier. Let's say that the screen resolution that you were computing the picture for was 1280 by 1024. We'd be creating 1280 threads! This is not a problem for Neutrino -- Neutrino "limits" you to 32767 threads per process! However, each thread must have a unique stack. If your stack is a reasonable size (say 8 KB), you'll have used 1280 * 8 KB (10 megabytes!) of stack. And for what? There are only 4 processors in your SMP system. This means that only 4 of the 1280 threads will run at a time -- the other 1276 threads are waiting for a CPU. (In reality, the stack will "fault in," meaning that the space for it will be allocated only as required. Nonetheless, it's a waste -- there are still other overheads.)
A much better solution to this would be to break the problem up into 4 pieces (one for each CPU), and start a thread for each piece:
int num_lines_per_cpu;
int num_cpus;
main (int argc, char **argv)
 int cpu;
 ... // perform initializations
 // get the number of CPUs
 num_cpus = _syspage_ptr -> num_cpu;
 num_lines_per_cpu = num_x_lines / num_cpus;
 for (cpu = 0; cpu < num_cpus; cpu++) {
 pthread_create (NULL, NULL,
 do_one_batch, (void *) cpu);
 ... // display results
void *
do_one_batch (void *c)
 int cpu = (int) c;
 int x1;
 for (x1 = 0; x1 < num_lines_per_cpu; x1++) {
 do_line_line (x1 + cpu * num_lines_per_cpu);
Here we're starting only num_cpus threads. Each thread will run on one CPU. And since we have only a small number of threads, we're not wasting memory with unnecessary stacks. Notice how we got the number of CPUs by dereferencing the "System Page" global variable _syspage_ptr. (For more information about what's in the system page, please consult QSS's Building Embedded Systems book or the include file).
Coding for SMP or single processor
The best part about this code is that it will function just fine on a single-processor system -- you'll create only one thread, and have it do all the work. The additional overhead (one stack) is well worth the flexibility of having the software "just work faster" on an SMP box.
Synchronizing to the termination of a thread
I mentioned that there were a number of problems with the simplistic code sample initially shown. Another problem with it is that main() starts up a bunch of threads and then displays the results. How does the function know when it's safe to display the results?
To have the main() function poll for completion would defeat the purpose of a realtime operating system:
main (int argc, char **argv)
 // start threads as before
 while (num_lines_completed < num_x_lines) {
 sleep (1);
Don't even consider writing code like this!
There are two elegant solutions to this problem: pthread_join() and pthread_barrier_wait().
The simplest method of synchronization is to join the threads as they terminate. Joining really means waiting for termination.
Joining is accomplished by one thread waiting for the termination of another thread. The waiting thread calls pthread_join():
_TAG_
pthread_join (pthread_t thread, void **value_ptr);
To use pthread_join(), you pass it the thread ID of the thread that you wish to join, and an optional value_ptr, which can be used to store the termination return value from the joined thread. (You can pass in a


What is the Law Regarding Employment in Pass Christian?
Employment law in Pass Christian governs relationships between employer and employees, and independent contractors. This area of law regulates such employment issues as hiring procedures, wage amounts, and termination. Employers and their employees alike should be knowledgeable of Pass Christian employment laws.
"At-Will" vs. Contract Employment Terms
Employment is usually considered to be "at-will", although at times the employer and employee may have an employment contract preventing termination before it expires. "At-will" employers or employees may terminate the employment at any given time, if the reasons are not illegal. Federal and state laws govern the enforcement of employment clauses provisions for citizens of Pass Christian.
Anti-Discrimination laws in Pass Christian
Discriminating at any point of employment such as hiring, workplace environment, and terminating, is illegal according to laws applicable to Pass Christian residents. Individuals who live in the city of Pass Christian are required to follow laws which employers from discriminating based on certain classes. These classes include race, gender, disability, national origin, and age.


And the choice definitely depends on several factors.Not to let you end up with a wrong size of grow tent, we've crafted a MEGA guide in this concern. In the following examples, you will find the most common of these conversions: how many square feet are in an acre. which is 1 mm of rainfall = 1 liter applied to 1 m2. How many litres in a square foot of water? Anonymous. The ѕԛuаrе fооtаgе fоr thе wаll can be simply calculated with our square footage calculator. (4 gallons per test x 43,560) / (300 feet x 30 feet) = 19.4 gallons per acre (Gallons per tank) / (gallons per acre) = 500 gallons / 19.4 gallons per acre = 25.8 acres per tank. How many litres per minute in 1 cubic foot/minute? Source(s): Anonymous. This gives you your square feet figure (ft 2). This example problem demonstrates how to convert cubic feet to liters. 1 cubic foot of water ( ft 3 - cu ft ) = 28.32 liters of water ( l ). Fоr example, іf you hаvе a wall which is 8 feet high and 40 feet long. Between L/m2 and gal/sq. We'll send you an email report with contact information each time your calculator is used. The formula for calculating the area of a circle is: π r 2 (with r being the radius of the circle, which is half the diameter). Click the "Customize" button above to learn more! We can therefore calculate the capacity in litres by multiplying by 28.32: $$15707.96\,ft^3 = 444800\,litres$$ Oval swimming pool; For our final example, let's say that I want to know how many US gallons of water it will take to fill an oval tank that measures 30 feet in width, 20 feet in length and 10 feet … In metric terms a cubic foot is a cube with sides 0.3048 metres in length. 4 years ago. The answer is 0.0032770583092029. Let's be honest - sometimes the best liquid volume calculator is the one that is easy to use and doesn't require us to even know what the liquid volume formula is in the first place! Paint Calculator Tip 2: Two gallon cans of paint cover up to 800 square feet, which is enough to cover an average size room. Paint Calculator Tip 3: Three gallon cans of paint cover up to 1200 square feet. Divide this figure by the paint coverage (350 square feet per gallon), and the result is the number of gallons to purchase. Liquids, by definition, take the shape of their container. Rainfall recorded = 250mm. cubic yards = cubic feet ÷ 27; cubic feet = cubic inches ÷ 1728; In the UK, mulch is usually sold in litres. Calculate square feet, meters, yards and acres for flooring, carpet, or tiling projects. Enable SSL loading and calculation to keep all information 100% secure, and guarantee highest availability with access to our multi-region API servers. Input your square footage into the "How many square feet do you have?" 22 ft 2 =. As a manufacturer of brewing equipment, they work with a lot of different breweries in a huge variety of configurations. 1 millimeter of rainfall = 1 liter of rainfall per 1 square meter. 20×20 dimensions are common for garages big enough to accommodate 2 cars, living room space, or big bedrooms usually with walk in closets. ft. per gallon (example: A 12 mil thickness coating specification would require placement at 134 sq. Disclaimer: Whilst every effort has been made in building this calculator, we are not to be held liable for any damages or monetary losses arising out of or in connection with the use of it. City area = 100,000m2. The cubic foot can be used to describe a volume of a given material, or the capacity of a container to hold such a material. One cubic foot … metres squared, grams, moles, feet per second, and many more! Precise paint needs will vary according to many factors, including application method. Liquid Volume Definition. Before you or your contractor buy paint, find out exactly how much you'll need.
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Support group paper
The assembly I animated was narcotics authorless. I animated lewd meetings modified hardy and fehardy
After accompanying the stay/self-help assembly meetings, you obtain represent your observations of assembly constituent and guide behaviors, assembly dynamics, pleased, and processes. You obtain judge on how your knowledges with the assembly compares to best practices and principles control assembly counseling and stay assemblys that you enjoy conversant encircling in this continuity. Integrate apt ideas from integral required continuity extracts (including the Corey et al. workbook) and 2 erudite scrutiny tenets encircling assembly counseling in your partition. Your pamphlet must explain accurate judgeing and single collision.
The pamphlet must be 7–8 pages or 2,500 suffrage (a 10% disconnection in either tendency is delectable), referable counting the distinction page, coercionmless, and relation page. Although you may truth principal peculiar in this pamphlet, reconstituent it must be in exoteric APA controlmat and involve a distinction page, present division, coercionmless, and a relation page. Your pamphlet must be polite written, polite unembarrassed, and liberal of rhetoric, spelling, or other congruity errors.
After the main divisioning (pamphlet distinction) on page 3, inaugurate the collection of your pamphlet with an preparatory stipulation in which you confirm the assembly you animated and the compute of participants at each meeting. Then, address the aftercited subject-matters using these subheadings as follows:
Pleased and Process
Give a short patronymic of the subject-matter or subject of the meetings you animated and how the subject-matter was presented/incorporated. Debate the correctness of the pleased and the referring-to efficaciousness of how it was processed. Involve peculiar details and examples as needed. Provide peculiar examples from the meetings, referablewithstanding do referable divulge secret instruction encircling assembly constituents in such a habit that they can be signed.
Assembly Dynamics and Participants
Represent the latitude and dynamics of the assembly, what developmental station it was in, flatten of free-trade, and how you judge constituents benefitted from this assembly. (You may confront passage 16 of the Controlsyth extract beneficial control this minority.)
Start Behaviors
Represent the guideship styles and skills that were truthd and debate to what size and in what habits you judge they were alienate and efficacious. Represent peculiar challenges you observed and how the guide(s) handled them.
Collision and Conclusion
Judge on your lore and the most speaking takeaways from this knowledge. If you were ascititious this assembly, what would you do dissimilar? How did the meetings further or gainsay a revealed aspect of peculiars? Were holy guidelines control assembly counseling adhered to or violated? End your pamphlet with a concluding design.
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text:
Some sources say that italian plurals come from the nominative case, so "italiano" has the plural "italiani", and "italiana" has the plural "italiane".
However some sources say that the words in italian come from accusative, just like in other romance languages. So "carro" (from latin carrum) has the plural "carri" (from latin carros > carroi > carri), and "rosa" (from latin rosam) has the plural "rose" (from latin rosas > rosai > rose). This sound change can justify why the plural of "amica" is "amiche" and not "*amice" (amicas > amicai > amiche, preserving the [k]). However it could be a hypercorrection considering that the singular keeps the [k] sound. Another word that may prove this accusative claim is the word "noi", from latin "nos", it's the same sound change. And the last point is that if a masculine word came from the nominative case, it would come from a "-us" ending, not a "-um" ending, so "carro" would come from "carrus", so it would be something like "*carros", maybe "*carroi" (> "carri"). Yet, nothing forbids, I believe, the fact that only the plural may have come from nominative, while the singular may have come from accusative. So, what do scholars say? Which theory is probably right?


The Me-Dam Me-Phi Festival
- January 31, 2020
Illustration: Rajib Das
What happens to departed souls?
The dead linger as ancestors for a short period after death, and later traverse into heaven uniting with the Supreme Being. Here, they look after their earthly family and shower them with their blessings for all of eternity. At least, this is what the Ahom community of Assam believes.
Me-Dam Me-Phi is a community festival celebrated by the Ahom people for over 400 years, in memory of their dearly departed. 'Me' means offering, 'Dam' means ancestors and 'Phi' means god.
The festival is celebrated privately by families in their kitchen and publicly by the community at Charaideo, Assam, which was the burial site for the kings of the Ahom dynasty in the 13th century. As a part of the rituals, a special pillar called 'Damkhuta' is set up, which serves as the focal point of the offerings. Delicacies such as homemade wine, mah-prasad (beans and chickpeas), and rice with egg, meat and fish are offered.
Every year, January 31st is observed as a state holiday in Assam on the occasion of Me-Dam Me-Phi.
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There were 807,000 hired workers on the nation's farms and ranches during the week of Jan. 9-15, 2011, up 1 percent from a year ago. Of these hired workers, 602,000 were hired directly by farm operators. Agricultural service employees on farms and ranches made up the remaining 205,000 workers.
Farm operators paid their hired workers an average wage of $11.29 per hour during the January 2011 reference week, up 21 cents from a year earlier. Field workers received an average of $10.23 per hour, up 13 cents from last January, while livestock workers earned $10.52 per hour compared with $10.31 a year earlier. The field and livestock worker combined wage rate, at $10.35 per hour, was up 17 cents from last year. The number of hours worked averaged 38.9 for hired workers during the survey week, up 5 percent from a year ago.
The largest increases in the number of hired workers from last year occurred in the Northern Plains (Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota), Northeast I (New England and New York), and Mountain I (Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming) regions. Subzero conditions and heavy snow in the Northern Plains region led to increased supplemental feeding, and early calving was under way. Therefore, more livestock workers were needed.
Also, nursery and greenhouse operations required more workers to protect their crops against the bitter cold. In the Northeast I and Mountain I regions, the increase in hired workers was due to strong demand from the dairy industry.


The International Korean Educators Network was founded in 2010 with a mission to create a systematic support network of educators who are in the field of Korean language and culture education for K-12 students. IKEN aims to strengthen our students' identity through Korean language and cultural education, and become global citizens of the future. IKEN has taken an active role in supporting Korean language and culture educators in various types of school models such as the Korean Dual Language Programs, Korean as a world language in secondary schools, and Korean community language schools around the world. IKEN partners with various policy makers and community partners in order to fulfill its mission.


Bad Money Habits You Need to Discontinue
Humans as we are, we all have bad habits. Since it is bad, there will always be consequences but you know what bad habit makes a long-lasting consequence? The answer is simple – bad money habits. If you poorly managed your finances because of bad money habits, you are in great trouble. You will not live in prosperity for long.
Here in Singapore, there are many who successfully managed their finances and as a result, they became successful but there are others who still struggle every day to make both ends meet. For Singaporeans who are suffering from bad money habits, it is time that they break or discontinue it before it takes a toll in their life. The good news is that bad money habits can be broken. Here are some ways on overcoming it:
 - Do not live beyond your means: The secret of successful people is not spending or living beyond their means. You will know if you are living beyond your means if you have a lot of debts and out of cash. Your desire to keep up with your neighbours can have an impact on your finances. In simple words, do not overspend.
 - Do not buy items you will not use: You have to think before you avail or buy things. Buying things that you will not use will be useless and a waste of money. For example, you signed for a gym membership that you rarely use or paying a cable package when you seldom watch it. The best solution is to write an inventory of where your money is going. You have to think of what to continue or discontinue.
 - Do away with impulsive buying: Impulsive buying is purchasing a good or service without thinking whether you need it or you can afford it. Yes, resisting the urge to shop is challenging but you have to overcome it if you do not want to live in poverty.
 - Do think about your savings: There are people who ignore the importance of saving. This is not good. You have to see and realize the importance of saving. When you put money aside for "rainy days", you will not have problems. For a start, you can cut costs.
Hopefully the things above can help you with your money problems. We all struggle at some point in time but the difference is that there are people who manage it better than us. If you are really serious about breaking your bad money habits, it is time to act.