Elder Scrolls
Dragonborn (Lore)
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For other uses, see Dragonborn.
First Dragonborn
Miraak, said to have been the first Dragonborn.
The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim
A Dragonborn, (Dovahzul: DOVAhKIiN Dovahkiin, which can mean both "dragon-born" and "dragonkind-hunter-born"), is a rare individual who has been born with the blood and soul of a dragon, but the body and frailties of a mortal. They can naturally learn and speak the ancient and powerful tongue of the Dov, called the Thu'um.
Dragonborn scarcely exist, and it is rare for more than one to appear within an era. They can belong to any race or gender, since dragons have no inherent concept of gender, and the dragon blood (transliterated from DOVAhSOS to Dovah Sos) is a gift bestowed to certain mortals favored by Akatosh. Despite their divine souls, Dragonborn possess mortal free will and may serve as champions for either the Nine Divines or the Daedric Princes. It is unknown if the Daedra claim the souls of their Dragonborn champions as they do with their other servants. Their mortal bodies also subject them to mortal vulnerabilities; old age, death, and disease all affect Dragonborn as they do common mortals.
Some Dragonborn individuals have knowledge of the Thu'um, and can consume a slain dragon's soul and absorb its knowledge, allowing them to learn Words of Power instantaneously, and then use the power of a slain dragon's soul to unlock that Shout.[1] It is said that the Blades have always guided, protected, and served the Dragonborn, whom they consider "The Ultimate Dragon Slayer."[2] The Greybeards, however, see the Blades as ambitious assassins who seek to mold the Dragonborn into a weapon for their own ends.[1]
The Prophecy of the Dragonborn, generally attributed to the Elder Scrolls, and sometimes to the ancient Akaviri, tells that, at the end of time, in the wake of the World-Eater, the wheel will turn upon the "Last Dragonborn."[3]
Dragonborn in historyEdit
The first Dragonborn in history was Miraak, a Dragon Priest from the Merethic Era. Instead of using his Voice to fight Alduin, Miraak decided to serve the Daedric Prince Hermaeus Mora instead, making himself an enemy of the Dragon Cult he once served. He was eventually defeated by the dragons and hid in Apocrypha. He was later encountered and destroyed in the Fourth Era by the Last Dragonborn.[4]
The next Dragonborn was purportedly Saint Alessia, the Nedic slave queen who was blessed by Akatosh and given the Amulet of Kings to seal the covenant between them. This began the tradition of all legitimate rulers of the Cyrodilic Empire referred to as Dragonborn, as only they could wear the Amulet of Kings and light the Dragonfires in the Temple of the One.[3][5][6]
Reman Cyrodiil was considered to be the next Dragonborn after Alessia. Upon their defeat, the Akaviri invaders recognized him as Dragonborn and swore unceasing loyalty to him.[3]
King Wulfharth was also said to be Dragonborn.
Tiber Septim, founder of the Septim Dynasty of Tamriel, was the next individual to be recognized as Dragonborn. His heirs continued the tradition and were all considered Dragonborn Emperors. This lineage ended with the death of Martin Septim during the Oblivion Crisis.
Notable DragonbornEdit
Possible DragonbornEdit
 - To address the confusion that arose from the existence of a Dragonborn predating Alessia, Michael Kirkbride, former writer at Bethesda, revealed "Alessia didn't have the power to absorb dragon souls. Hers was a much more nuanced power: to dream of liberty and give it a name and on her deathbed make Covenant with the Aka-Tusk."[OOG 1]
 - The Nerevarine was referred to as "Dragon-born" in The Lost Prophecy, but the explanatory notes of this text claim this means they were part of the Empire.
 1. - Michael Kirkbride's forum post
Start a Discussion Discussions about Dragonborn (Lore)
 - Where does your character go after they die?
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 - Hmm my dark elf is owned by pretty much all daedric lords... but I don't think any of them will attempt to take me... you see they are scared...
 - Now you may think you can beat them up, but they're just about immortal. Your character would be best off sucking up to Malacath to get Scour...
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 - Dragonborn are also considered children of Akatosh are they not? I know theres the in game lore that they are blessed of kyne butit makes m...
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Question: What Does Apathetic Mean?
What do you call a person who hides their feelings?
Stoic is a term for someone who can handle pain and hardship without showing one's feelings or complaining..
Does apathy go away?
Apathy treatments depend upon the underlying cause. Medications and psychotherapy can help restore your interest in life. You may also show chronic apathy symptoms if you have a progressive disorder such as Parkinson's or Alzheimer's. Treating the underlying condition can help improve apathy.
What is the feeling of indifference?
Apathy is characterized by feelings of indifference and lack of emotion. 1 The term is often used to describe a lack of caring or concern, but in mental health contexts, this loss of interest in different aspects of life events is often a sign of a condition.
What do you call someone who hides their pain behind a smile?
Someone who hides their pain behind a smile.
Why do men hide their feelings?
Why Do Men Hide Their Emotions? There's no argument that women are more likely to show their emotions than men. From an early age, men are conditioned to believe that expressing their feelings is out of character with the male identity. Doing so can ruin their image of being strong and stoic.
Is apathy a bad thing?
And while it can be harmless and normal to experience, it can also be harmful. The indifference, unresponsiveness, detachment, and passivity can leave apathetic individuals feeling exhausted and also lead to their making of bad decisions—because they just don't care.
What is an example of apathy?
The definition of apathy is a lack of emotion or interest. A student who does not care one way or the other if he passes a class is an example of a student who has apathy towards the class.
What disorder causes lack of emotions?
As a condition marked by lack of feelings, it can be difficult to recognize the symptoms of alexithymia. Since this condition is associated with an inability to express feelings, an affected person might come across as being out of touch or apathetic.
What does lack of empathy look like?
If a person who lacks empathy criticizes you, has an emotional outburst over a perceived slight or otherwise behaves insensitively, remember that it's not about you. It's about them. You've probably seen them behave this way around other people, too.
What is a narcissistic alexithymia?
Alexithymia is when you have trouble identifying and describing your feelings as well as others, and struggle with empathy and NPD (Narcissistic personality disorder) is an overinflation of self importance.
What causes apathy in relationships?
Some common causes include: Negative feelings and thoughts about yourself: when you feel worthless, useless, incompetent, and generally pessimistic about your life and abilities for a while, it is likely that you might move on to apathy and detachment.
Is apathy a symptom of schizophrenia?
Causes of Apathy A person living with schizophrenia can still experience depression even when they are in recovery—the person will show signs of apathy, which can be attributed to the depression. Excessive doses of antipsychotics can contribute to apathy.
What does it mean for someone to be apathetic?
Is apathetic an emotion?
Apathy is a lack of feeling, emotion, interest, or concern about something. It is a state of indifference, or the suppression of emotions such as concern, excitement, motivation, or passion.
What are signs of emotional detachment?
Symptoms of emotional detachmentdifficulty creating or maintaining personal relationships.a lack of attention, or appearing preoccupied when around others.difficulty being loving or affectionate with a family member.avoiding people, activities, or places because they're associated with a past trauma or event.More items…•Sep 3, 2019
How do you use apathy?
There is nothing worse than apathy. His apathy just made her even more frustrated. Once defeated, he sank into apathy. His apathy necessitates stimulation. The campaign failed because of public apathy. Voter apathy is especially high among young people.More items…•Aug 30, 2016
Is it good to hold in your emotions?
"Suppressing your emotions, whether it's anger, sadness, grief or frustration, can lead to physical stress on your body. … And avoiding emotions can also "lead to problems with memory, aggression, anxiety and depression".
What is the opposite of apathetic?
apathetic, indifferent(adj) marked by a lack of interest. "an apathetic audience"; "the universe is neither hostile nor friendly; it is simply indifferent" Antonyms: spirited, interested.
Can someone with alexithymia love you?
Why is apathy important?
Apathy is an important brain-behavior disorder and a part of many neuropsychiatric behaviors and neurodegenerative disorders. Although originally defined as a lack of emotion, apathy is more precisely a disturbance of the motivation processes of the brain.
Can frontal lobe damage cause depression?
Since the frontal lobe governs memory, emotion, judgment, executive functions, and behavior, a lesion of this lobe is the most common cause of depression or other mood disorders [12]. A lesion of the dominant frontal lobe is more likely to cause these disorders.


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What is an abbreviation?
An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase.
Some examples of abbreviations include:
Doctor - Dr.
Mister - Mr.
Missus - Mrs.
Etc. - Etcetera
Cont. - Continued
Why are abbreviations used?
Abbreviations are used to shorten a word or phrase to make it easier on the writer. Let us take the following exapmle:
Professor Hellen and Mister Wilson were discussing Mister Henson's overall performance in tidiness, punctuality, etcetera.
This could easily be shortened by making the following abbreviations:
Professor = Prof.
Mister = Mr.
Etcetera = Etc.
Let us take a look at the revised sentence:
Prof. Hellen and Mr. Wilson were discussing Mr. Henson's overall performance in tidiness, punctuality, etc.
It makes the writing a lot easier.
Here are a few links to activities that deal with abbreviations:
Things learned in this packet:
Abbreviations are shortened forms of words or phrases that are used to make the writing easier.
Abbreviations are used for the following:
Abbreviations are not used:
Periods are used for:
They are NOT used in:
Source: See above sections for sources.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Cumin is native to Egypt and has been cultivated in the Middle East, India, China and Mediterranean countries for millennia. Throughout history, cumin has played an important role as a food and medicine and has been a cultural symbol with varied attributes.
Cumin was mentioned in the Bible not only as a seasoning for soup and bread, but also as a currency used to pay tithes to the priests. In ancient Egypt, cumin was not only used as a culinary spice, it was also an ingredient used to mummify pharaohs.
Cumin seeds were highly honored as a culinary seasoning in both ancient Greek and Roman kitchens. Cumin's popularity was partly due to the fact that its peppery flavor made it a viable replacement for black pepper, which was very expensive and hard to come by. Cumin was also noted for both its medicinal and cosmetic properties. Its application to induce a pallid complexion was frequently employed by many students trying to convince their teachers that they had pulled "all-nighters" studying for their classes.
Although a much prized spice, cumin became a symbol of frugality and greed in ancient Rome. Both Marcus Aurelius and Antoninus Pius, emperors with a reputation for their avarice, were given nicknames that included reference to cumin.
During the Middle Ages in Europe, cumin was one of the most common spices used. Around that time, cumin added another attribute to its repertoire—it became recognized as a symbol of love and fidelity. People carried cumin in their pockets when attending wedding ceremonies, and married soldiers were sent off to war with a loaf of cumin bread baked by their wives.
Cumin's use for fortifying love is also represented in certain Arabic traditions in which a paste of ground cumin, pepper and honey is thought to have aphrodisiac properties.
While it still maintained an important role in Indian and Middle Eastern cuisines, the popularity of cumin in Europe declined after the Middle Ages. Today, cumin is experiencing renewed recognition owing to new found appreciation of its culinary and therapeutic properties.
Rainbow Pepper Boats
Copyright 2011 Christine's Pantry. All rights reserved.
1 pound ground beef
1 onion, chopped
1 tablespoon garlic, minced
1 teaspoon chili powder
1 teaspoon paprika
1 teaspoon cumin
salt and pepper, to taste
1 (10.5 oz) can fire roasted tomatoes
1 teaspoon Worcestershire sauce
1 cup cooked rice
1 orange bell pepper, cut into half lengthwise
1 red bell pepper, cut into half lengthwise
1 yellow bell pepper, cut into half lengthwise
In large skillet, drizzle extra virgin olive oil, over medium heat. Add ground beef, breaking meat up as it cooks. Cook meat until brown. Spoon off excess grease. Add onions, garlic, chili powder, paprika, cumin, salt, pepper and Worcestershire sauce. Stir well. Add fire roasted tomatoes. Stir in cooked rice. Preheat oven to 350 degrees. Clean bell peppers, remove seeds and cut into half lengthwise. Place bell peppers on baking dish. Spoon meat mixture onto bell peppers. Place bell peppers in oven for 10 minutes. Enjoy!

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences (IJETMAS)
Several anonymization techniques, such as generalization and bucketization, have been designed for privacy preserving micro-data publishing. Recent work has shown that generalization loses considerable amount of information, especially for high-dimensional data. Bucketization, on the other hand, does not prevent membership disclosure and does not apply for data that do not have a clear separation between quasi-identifying attributes and sensitive attributes. In this paper, the authors present a novel technique called slicing, which partitions the data both horizontally and vertically.


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KNOWLEDGE AND EDUCATION ON CD-ROM
Interactive teaching and learning media on CDROM. The developed LIEDER CD programme for interactive teaching brings comprehensive teaching and learning material for use in science teaching and for self-study. The CDs contain a large number of anatomical colour plates, microand macro-photographs, colour photos of animals and plants, schematic pictures, graphics and drawings. Detailed explanatory texts.


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Given a point P(x1,y1,z1) in 3D space and its orientation what would be the co-ordinates of other end of the line of length L, if it starts at P(x1,y1,z1). The rotation of point P(x1,y1,z1) takes place about its local axis.
Kindly read the links I gave on your previous post, as it is essentially the same question.
You'll need to construct a rotation matrix for the orientation and then do something like:
P2 = P1 + mat * (0, 0, L)


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I'm reading Terry Gannon's Moonshine Beyond the Monster, and in section 2.4.3 he hints at (but does not explicitly describe) a way to extend the action of $SL_2(\mathbb{Z})$ on modular forms to an action of the braid group $B_3$. Here is what he says about this action:
First, we lift modular forms $f : \mathbb{H} \to \mathbb{C}$ to functions $\phi_f : SL_2(\mathbb{R}) \to \mathbb{C}$ as follows: let
$$\phi_f \left( \left[ \begin{array}{cc} a & b \\\ c & d \end{array} \right] \right) = f \left( \frac{ai + b}{ci + d} \right) (ci + d)^{-k}.$$
Thinking of $f$ as a function on $SL_2(\mathbb{R})$ invariant under $SO_2(\mathbb{R})$, we have now exchanged invariance under $SO_2(\mathbb{R})$ for invariance under $SL_2(\mathbb{Z})$. ($SO_2(\mathbb{R})$ now acts by the character corresponding to $k$.) In moduli space terms, an element $g \in SL_2(\mathbb{R})$ can be identified with the elliptic curve $\mathbb{C}/\Lambda$ where $\Lambda$ has basis the first and second columns (say) of $g$, and $\phi_f$ is a function on this space invariant under change of basis but covariant under rotation.
Second, $SL_2(\mathbb{R})$ admits a universal cover $\widetilde{SL_2(\mathbb{R})}$ in which the universal central extension $B_3$ of $SL_2(\mathbb{Z})$ sits as a discrete subgroup. Unfortunately, Gannon doesn't give an explicit description of this universal cover (presumably because it's somewhat complicated).
Question: What is a good explicit description of this universal cover and of how $B_3$ sits in it (hence of how it acts on modular forms)? In particular, does it have a moduli-theoretic interpretation related to the description of $B_3$ as the fundamental group of the space $C_3$ of unordered triplets of distinct points in $\mathbb{C}$? (These triplets $(a, b, c$) can, of course, be identified with elliptic curves $y^2 = 4(x - a)(x - b)(x - c)$.)
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4 Answers 4
up vote 8 down vote accepted
You can think of the space of positively oriented covolume-one bases of $\mathbb{R}^2$ as a torsor under $SL_2(\mathbb{R})$, i.e., it is a manifold with a simply transitive action of the group. If you choose a preferred basepoint, such as $(\mathbf{i},\mathbf{j})$, you get an identification with the group. You can think of elements of the universal cover as positively oriented area-one bases equipped with a homotopy class of paths in $\mathbb{R}^2 - \{0\}$ from $\mathbf{i}$ to the first element of the basis. There is a reasonably straightforward composition law that involves multiplying matrices and composing paths.
Gannon's description of lifting to $SL_2(\mathbb{R})$ implies the lifts of even weight modular forms to $\widetilde{SL_2(\mathbb{R})}$ are invariant under the action of $B_3$. In particular, classical modular forms are rather boring from the perspective of the braid group. In order to detect the central extension, you need to consider modular forms of fractional weight. When the weight is not an integer, you don't get an action of $SO(2)$, but instead, an action of the universal cover $\mathbb{R}$. The resulting action of $B_3$ is necessarily nontrivial, since the restriction to the center is by a nontrivial character of $\mathbb{Z}$. I don't know many explicit constructions of fractional weight forms, other than half-integer weight forms like $\eta$ and theta functions, and vector-valued forms constructed from them. However, you can generate a family of examples by choosing powers of the cusp form $\Delta$, which admits a logarithm since it is globally regular and nonvanishing.
My understanding of the explicit relationship to configurations of points and elliptic curves is the following: Given a path of triples of distinct points $(a_1(t),a_2(t),a_3(t))$, we get a path on the space of elliptic curves of the form $y^2 = (x-a_1(t))(x-a_2(t))(x-a_3(t))$, but this will throw away an action of real translations and dilations (irrelevant) together with the central extension and the circle action (important). If we just look at the isomorphism types (i.e., the $j$-invariants) of the curves, we get a path through the quotient of the upper half plane by $SL_2(\mathbb{Z})$. We need to choose a discrete structure to remove the quotient by the center, and a one dimensional continuous structure to promote our space to three dimensions. To retain the angular information that we lost by passing to elliptic curve isomorphism, we fix a tangent direction at infinity to remove rotational symmetry. This tangent direction is manifested when we choose our discrete structure: a homotopy class of nonintersecting paths from the three points to infinity, because we demand that the paths asymptotically approach infinity in that direction. The elliptic curve is a double cover of the complex projective line, ramified at the three points and infinity. We can choose once and for all a uniform convention for lifting the three paths to primitive homology cycles, such that any pair generates $H_1$, and one cycle is the sum of the other two, so those two form a preferred basis. To get the parametrization of $\widetilde{SL_2(\mathbb{R})}$ from the first paragraph, we choose a preferred basepoint configuration of three points with paths from infinity and asymptotic direction, and consider a triple $(a_1(t),a_2(t),a_3(t))$ that starts at the basepoint. By uniqueness of homotopy lifting, we get a family of tangent vectors at infinity together with a family of elliptic curves with oriented bases of homology. By rescaling the bases in $\mathbb{R}^2$ to have unit covolume, we get the parametrization in the first paragraph.
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There is a straightforward way to pass between the description of $\widetilde{SL_2(\mathbb{R})}$ in my first paragraph and Robin Chapman's description, but Robin's description is not only more concise, but lends itself to nice descriptions of finite-order covers like the metaplectic group (using branches of $n$th roots of $cz+d$). – S. Carnahan Apr 4 '10 at 19:49
$\widetilde{\textit{SL}_2(\mathbb{R})}$ is not so complicated, but one of the best descriptions is just that. It has no faithful finite-dimensional representations, which makes things a little tricky. It's easy to see that $\textit{SL}_2(\mathbb{R})$ is topologically a solid torus, so it does have a central extension by $\mathbb{Z}$.
Another description of this central extension is to think of $PSL_2(\mathbb{R})$ acting on the hyperbolic plane. Then $\widetilde{SL_2(\mathbb{R})}$ is pairs $(g,\phi)$ where $g \in PSL_2(\mathbb{R})$ and $\phi:\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}$ is a map that induces the map from $S^1$ to $S^1$ induced by $g$ on the circle at infinity. (Note that this goes by a quotient from $SL_2(\mathbb{R})$ and then centrally extends back again.)
For the relation to $B_3$, you can think of $PSL_2(\mathbb{Z})$ as the mapping class group of the 4-times punctured sphere, with one puncture (at infinity) distinguished and required to go to itself. To go from there to its central extension $B_3$, you remove a disk (rather than a point) around infinity, and only look at isotopies that fix that boundary, which is similar to what happened at the circle at infinity above.
More generally, all mapping class groups have a unique central extension; if there's a distinguished point, you can do it in the braid-like way (looking at isotopies that fix a boundary circle), while if there isn't, you do it by lifting the map of the surface to a map from $\mathbb{H}^2$ to itself (not an isometry) and then lifting the action on the circle at infinity to a map from $\mathbb{R}$ to


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and also one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.
political party that generally stressed individual liberty, the rights of the common people, lead by Andrew Jackson from 1828 to 1856.
Angelina and Sarah Grimké
The daughters of a wealthy slave owner. they came to hate slavery and moved to philadelphia and spoke out about slave rights
American Temperence Society
Society established in 1826 in Boston, which promoted Temperance, hence favoring the riddance of alcohol; They believed that it yielded negative effects in the household; Also favored the abolition of slavery, expanding women's rights, temperance, and the improvement of society.


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Friedrich von FlotowArticle Free Pass
Friedrich von Flotow, (born April 26, 1812, Teutendorf, near Lübeck, French Empire [now in Germany]—died Jan. 24, 1883, Darmstadt, Ger.), German composer, active mainly in France, who was best known for his opera Martha (1847).
Originally intended for a diplomatic career, from age 16 Flotow studied music in Paris with Anton Reicha. Forced to leave Paris during the July Revolution of 1830, he went home but returned to Paris in 1831. In 1837 he produced a first, brief version of the opera Alessandro Stradella, which later, in its complete form, enjoyed great success. In 1839 he collaborated with Albert Grisar and Auguste Pilati on Le Naufrage de la Méduse ("The Wreck of the Medusa"). Between 1840 and 1878 he produced 19 light operas. Martha, composed to a German libretto and first performed in Vienna, was subsequently heard in translation in many European cities. One of its numbers, in the English version, is "
The Last Rose of Summer." Appealing in its melodic charm, Martha won a lasting place in the operatic repertory. Flotow also wrote ballets for the court theatre at Schwerin, of which he was director from 1855 to 1862, and incidental music for William Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale.
What made you want to look up "Friedrich von Flotow"? Please share what surprised you most...


1. Improving livelihoods
Through mobilising parents into functional and productive group/individual units, we seek to empower parents with skills, knowledge and working capital to engage in practical and sustainable service delivery projects, through which they can gain empowerment to address their socio-economic needs.
We build the skills, knowledge and capacity of parents through vocational skills engagement to engage in participative processes of needs assessment, drawing up and implementing sustainable strategies to enable them to overcome conditions of poverty.
These approaches involve the implementation of various income generating activities/projects (IGA) at either individual or group-level for the beneficiary parents. We have set up 2 groups so far and started a village savings and loans association group (VSLA) sitting once a week to save while others are repaying the group loan.
2. Advocacy and Lobbying change-makers on issues that affect parents of children with disability negatively in their communities
In many societies in Uganda, parents of special needs children are marginalised because of their status. This marginalisation extends beyond simple stigma.
It involves being denied their constitutional rights; such as the right to ownership of matrimonial property in cases of spouse death or separation, the right to custody of their other mainstream children, the right to be heard and participate in their local community policy making.
As a result, parents of special needs children -especially womenare sidelined during such important processes of decision making and their chances of being heard and issues that affect them negatively recognised and acted upon, is made slim.
SCSP provides support and information to such parents with the aim of empowering them and enabling them to express their needs and choices.
By educating them, SCSP seeks to empower them to carry out advocacy and lobbying through the various chains of government, faith groups, and the general public so as to effect positive change in their favour.


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Medieval Baths of Bukhara
Medieval Baths, Bukhara
The traditions of the eastern hammam baths originated in antiquity, in the 7th century, when the first bath houses appeared. The steam bath tradition came to Central Asia from the Arabs, and they, in turn, took over her among the Romans. The spread of hammams in Asia went in parallel with Islam. In the khan's palaces, the baths "Hammam Hon" were necessarily built. There were special courtiers serving these premises. But the baths should have been popularly accessible, because for Muslims, "purity is half the faith," as the prophet Muhammad himself said. Therefore, starting from the 10th century, bath rooms have become an integral part of urban planning. Baths were usually part of bazaar complexes or housed in public buildings located in the city center.
Baths were divided into city and quarter, as well as male and female. City-wide baths were built near bazaars, in the most crowded places. According to the records of the ancient historian Narshakhi dating back to the 10th century, several city-wide bathing establishments already existed in Bukhara. Visiting baths became a favorite form of relaxation for citizens. It is known that in the 19th century 16 hamams acted in the city.
The two oldest baths (XVI-XVII centuries) and the most famous baths in Bukhara - the Bozori Kord male bathhouse and the Hammami Kunjak female bathhouse are still operating today. Bozori Kord is located next to the Taki-Telpak-Furushon shopping dome, and Hammami Kunjak is very close to the Kalyan Minaret. These, like other similar rooms, are heated using boilers with boiling water located under the floor. Steam from the boiler is fed into the steam room through a special hole. Bukhara baths in terms of technical structure represented undoubted progress in those days, but even today they function successfully, as they did five hundred years ago. In addition to relaxation and bathing, they provide various types of massage services, including therapeutic and relaxing. A visit to the Bukhara bath hammam will leave a lasting impression and will be useful for the soul and body.
Top Sights of Bukhara
Related links


Pilgrimage to the grave of Ham the Astrochimp
Crave's Nerdy New Mexico series delivers flowers to the grave of Ham the Astrochimp, the first chimpanzee launched into space. It was a big confidence booster for NASA prior to sending humans into orbit.
Ham the Astrochimp
Ham the Astrochimp in 1961. NASA
ALAMOGORDO, N.M.--A flat plaque in cement on the ground in front of the flagpoles at the New Mexico Museum of Space History marks the final resting place for Ham the Astrochimp. I've brought flowers to spruce the place up a little bit, but it still looks very plain. This isn't quite what I expected. I thought the grave of a space pioneer might have a little more flair.
Earning a real name
Ham's name is an acronym for "Holloman Aeromedical," the lab where he and other space chimps were trained. He didn't earn a real name until he successfully returned from orbit. Before that, he was Chimp Number 65.
Ham was born in 1955 (some sources say 1956) and died in 1983. In 1961, he was strapped into a chimp restraint suit, placed in a Mercury module, and rocketed into space from Cape Canaveral. He experienced seven minutes of weightlessness and nearly 15 G-forces on re-entry.
Ham was part of Project Mercury, a mission with the ultimate goal of putting a man in space. Ham was trained to push a lever upon seeing a blue light, which he successfully accomplished during his flight. This gave NASA valuable information on the ability to conduct tasks while in space.
Later, in 1961, another Project Mercury chimp named Enos also made it into orbit and returned safely. These chimp flights were essentially dress rehearsals for human space missions.
Life after space
After his experience, Ham spent the rest of his life in retirement in zoos. Now he's buried in Alamogordo, not far from where he trained to go into space in the first place.
The animal lover in me can't help but feel uncomfortable at the thought of a chimpanzee being rocketed into the confusion of a space journey.
All Ham knew was that one day he was running around in the African wild, the next he was captured, and then eventually tied down and blasted into orbit.
It must have been a surreal experience for the little chimp. It's something that humans like Ashton Kutcher are willing to pay big bucks for. Ham didn't have a choice.
The little plaque at the grave site reads, "Ham proved that mankind could live and work in space." That's a pretty big burden to have placed on the shoulders of a little chimp. It's well worth a gift of flowers and a quiet thank-you that could never be enough. Next time, I'll bring bananas.
Ham's grave marker
Ham's grave is at the New Mexico Museum of Space History. Amanda Kooser/CNET


Why do people care about vows and promises in Game of Thrones so much, but seem so superficially carefree about murder and killing? Is there a religion or philosophy from the books that I am missing? I understand all the characters were made sociopaths for dramatic effect, but sociopaths don't care about promises either.
For example Jon Snow killed people who violated the Night Watchmen's oath, and wildlings too. The lord of the Twins killed Rob Stark for violating his promise to marry his daughter. Jaime Lannister pledges loyalty to his king, but attempts to kill kids.
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 Several states in America both enforce contracts, and have the death penalty. Welcome to the world! It sucks. – Paul D. Waite Apr 3 '16 at 14:06
 - Because in Westros life is cheap, but honor is everything,(even if much ignored if the circumstances require). Unless you have no honor or do not value it. In that case life is even cheaper! – Ihor Sypko Apr 26 '16 at 17:58
Game of Thrones is set in a world of pseudo-medieval feudal states and the behaviour of the characters is based on a morality similar to that of the real European medieval period. In that era concepts of honour and loyalty, family ties and keeping ones word/oath/promise were taken much more seriously than they are today. These concepts were closely tied to to a person's social standing and so for example breaking a promise could seriously lower your social standing, and bring shame on your family.
Regarding the amount of killing, there are certainly some characters in GOT who would qualify as sociopaths today, but these are also characters living in a world with different morality standards from our own where death from disease, injury etc. is far more common and life is generally "cheaper". Killing in self defence, or defence of one's honour or family, or for more abstract concepts like "glory" or "duty" is also far more accepted. These social and moral traits are accentuated at the top level of society, which is the focus of much of GOT, where the risks and rewards and competitiveness are all that much higher.
So the characters for the most part are just behaving in line with the fictional society they are a part of, which itself is loosely based on the social and moral standards of medieval Europe.
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EPD - Instructor Resources - Types of Learning & Interaction
EPD Instructor Resources
Synchronous and Asynchronous Learning
Synchronous learning requires real-time interaction between learners and instructors, where they need to be together at the same time whether it be online, in a web or video conference, or in the same physical classroom.
Asynchronous learning enables learners and instructors to interact with one another in a more distributed fashion, and does not require them to be physically together or virtually online at the same time. This provides the flexibility of anytime anyplace learning. Although it should be noted that guidance and constraints should be put on asynchronous learning: for example, learners may be required to complete a given assignment or course within a timeframe.
Blended learning provides a mix of both synchronous and asynchronous learning.
Some characteristics and examples of each of these are provided in the following table.
|Synchronous Learning||Blended Learning||Asynchronous Learning|
|The learner is online at the same time as an instructor or other learners.||For at least some of the time, the learner is online at the same time as an instructor or other learners.||The learners is not online at the same time as an instructor or other learners.|
|The course is highly facilitated by the presenter or instructor and often delivered live to students.||A blend of synchronous and asynchronous.||More self-directed study by the learner, although the instructor plays an important role of establishing pace, supporting learners, and keeping students on-task through various communications.|
|The learner gains immediate feedback from the instructor and other learners in real-time.||The learner can gain both immediate and delayed feedback.||The learner gains feedback from the instructor either not at all, or after a delay.|
|Examples: classroom, chat groups, virtual classrooms, videoconferences, teleconferences||Examples: uses any of the examples from both synchronous and asynchronous modes||Examples: learning management system, email communications, online forums, discussion lists|
Having discussed the types of interaction, it is important to note that each category of instruction and type of interaction has implications for methods of delivery. Learning can be presented and delivered o the learner in many different ways and for a range of purposes. A few things to consider when beginning to think about delivery options are the role of the instructor, whiter the learning is blended or not, and what instructional technologies and strategies will be used to deliver the course.
Ideally, all teaching and learning should be effective, engaging, and efficient (Merrill, 2009). Learning should be designed to allow interaction between the instructor, the course materials, and other learners. Students should also be able to obtain clear and consistent feedback on their progress and get assistance whenever it is required. However, the degree of interactivity in learning depends on the goals of the course or module, how the course has been developed, and is dependent on the choices made during the design and development of the course, in the type of instruction and the chosen delivery options.
Broadly speaking, learning can be looked at as having three categories, depending on the degree of interactivity involved. The following table summarizes different types of instruction and interactivity, and provides some examples of each. The best instruction has a mix of all three.
|Category A: (Primarily low interactivity - mainly text, multimedia, or graphic one-way communication)||Category B: (Moderate to high interactivity - has some degree of interaction between learners, instructors, and content)||Category C: (High interactivity - includes learner to learner and learner to instructor interaction)|
|Primarily asynchronous where the learner interacts with the content. Learner consumption of PowerPoint presentation, websites, e-books, podcasts, video, audio, other media.||Interactive resources, quizzes, test, reflective learning, games, simulations, demonstrations, discussions, and forums.||Face-to-face, classroom-based, virtual classrooms, group games, video/web/audio conferences, chat groups, email lists, discussion groups/forums, blogging, wikis.|


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P. T. Barnum, or Phineas Taylor Barnum (_PHONE_), was an entrepreneur and showman from Connecticut, known for mastering the art of self-presentation. He helped to bring about a new era in American culture at mid-century, as the bustling masculine landscape of the theater gave way to more "respectable" middle-class forms of entertainment, in line with emerging ideals of sobriety, respectability, and domesticity. With a keen eye for star creation and promotion, Barnum orchestrated the much-anticipated arrival of soprano singer Jenny Lind in 1850. Unlike most of Barnum's other gimmicks, Lind was real; she became the first modern music superstar.
In 1835, Barnum exhibited a slave named Joice Heth, a woman supposedly 161 years old, whom he claimed had been the nurse of George Washington. His "Feejee Mermaid" of 1842 was a monkey skull attached to a fish, measuring about three feet long. All such attractions came to be stored at the American Museum, which charged a quarter for admission. Barnum's was not the first museum of its kind, but he became well known because he adeptly utilized the press to gain a national and even international reputation. By 1860, the museum had been expanded several times, and contained tanks of fish, pigeons painted every color of the rainbow, cases of shark teeth and butterflies, and Rembrandt Peale paintings that hung along the hallways. Barnum also displayed Charles Sherwood Stratton, the midget known as "General Tom Thumb," and Chang and Eng, the original "Siamese Twins." He founded the gigantic traveling circuses of the 1880s that still tour today under Barnum's name (along with those of fellow showmen J.A. Bailey and the Ringling Brothers).


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Is it "5-6 weeks are a lot of time" or "5-6 weeks is a lot of time"?
I am writing about a baseball player who has 33 at-bats in his career.
Which is correct:
Yes, 33 career at-bats qualifies/qualify as a small sample size.
My guess is that it should be qualify because at-bats is the subject, but it sounds odd.
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marked as duplicate by FumbleFingers, JeffSahol, simchona, kiamlaluno, Daniel Jun 27 '12 at 23:02
The subject is 33 career at-bats - which is plural, so qualify is the correct verb form. But people will often use singular qualifies in a context like this, where that number of "at-bats" is alternatively described as (singular) "a small sample size". – FumbleFingers Jun 18 '12 at 17:20
A similar question: 5 weeks is vs 5 weeks are – J.R. Jun 18 '12 at 17:24
2 Answers 2
The argument could be made that there's an implicit 'having' in the sentence:
Yes, [having] 33 career at-bats qualifies as a small sample size.
If you buy this argument, then the implicit 'having' is the gerund subject, and the verb for this gerund subject should be in singular form.
share|improve this answer
qualifies. the noun is "33 career at-bats" which is singular.
If the subject were "33 at-bats in one's career," it would be "qualify"
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What is the X in X-mas?
[koh-rah-nuh, kaw-] /koʊˈrɑ nə, kɔ-/
Har Gobind
[hahr goh-bind] /hɑr ˈgoʊ bɪnd/ (Show IPA),
1922–2011, U.S. biochemist and researcher in genetics, born in India: Nobel Prize in Medicine 1968. Unabridged
Cite This Source
h. khorana in Medicine
Khorana Kho·ra·na (kō-rä'nə), Har Gobind. Born 1922.
Indian-born American biochemist. He shared a 1968 Nobel Prize for the study of genetic codes.
The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary
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h. khorana in Science
Indian-born American biochemist. He developed one of the first artificial genes and determined the sequence of nucleic acids for each of the 20 amino acids in the human body. He shared a 1968 Nobel prize for his studies of the genetic code.
The American Heritage® Science Dictionary
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Before this process load transfer has been quite ineffective at loadings more than 5-10%.
After that the mechanical properties of regular composites actually start degrading with increasing portion of inorganic filler. Kotov's findings indicate that organization of the composite and tuning of molecular interactions between clay and polymer can give almost ideal stress transfer at loadings as high as 50-60%. This can be achieved with a technique called layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly, which makes clay sheets to become oriented parallel to the substrate. Kotov explains that the LBL process is based on sequential adsorption of nanometer-thick monolayers of oppositely charged compounds (e.g. polyelectrolytes, charged nanoparticles, biological macromolecules, etc.) to form a multilayered structure with nanometer-level control over the architecture. Kotov points out that all polymer chains poorly bound to clay sheet are removed during their LBL assembly process.
"We solved the problem of load transfer quite well for clay sheets" says Kotov. "This is very encouraging. Potentially it can be solved for carbon nanotubes and other nanostructures as well." Specific applications for these clay composites are, of course, in military vehicles but also in aerospace and the automotive industry. Basically, these materials could be considered for components in unmanned aerial vehicles and electronic devices that are exposed to extreme performance conditions. "The future directions of this research will be increasing not only the strength and stiffness but also the strain of the composites, which will yield the toughness" says Kotov. "Having high strains would truly result in 'plastic steel.' We are also working on the better understanding the nanomechanics of these materials.


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range from hideous examples of commercialism to exquisite examples
of contemporary design. Jonathan Taylor outlines their historic development
and the importance of good detailing. Illustrations of typical details
are supplied by John Clenshaw, Historic Shopfronts.
origins of the traditional shopfront lie in the market stalls of the
Middle Ages. Prior to the industrial revolution and the vast urban
development which accompanied it, retail trade was dominated by the
market. The earliest shops were generally simple variations of the
market stall, and only partly enclosed by the building. An awning
over a projecting stall was common. In another variation, the opening
was protected by two horizontal shutters; the top one folding up to
double as an awning or 'pet roof', and the lower one folding down
to form the stall board. Today the term'stall-riser' is still used
to describe the front of the shopfront below the window.
1. Elevation showing elements of late 18th and early 19th century
shopfronts. Note the entablatures, consisting of cornice, frieze
and architrave. The frieze is enlarged to carry the sign-written
name of the shop. The entablature is supported on the pilasters
by capitals or console brackets.
the mid 18th century, the shop as we know it today had emerged. Glazing,
which had probably first appeared in the late 17th century was now
common. Small paned windows, frequently projecting out from under
a canopy appeared in the more prestigious retail areas of London and
the principal market towns. Hanging signs were also introduced at
an early stage, growing larger as each competed for attention until
they were banned in the City of London in 1764. By 1784, shopkeepers
were sufficiently numerous to be targeted for taxation, as William
Pitt struggled to raise funds in a period of continuous conflict with
the spirit of classicism which then prevailed, a language of ornamentation
emerged which was unique to the shopfront. Classical detailing was
introduced to relieve the appearance of large shopfront openings in
the walls of ordinary urban terraced houses. The beam or 'bressummer'
which supported the facade above was disguised by an 'entablature',
and classical columns, pediments or scrolled corbel brackets were
introduced to give visual support. The entablature provided an ideal
opportunity for displaying the name of the shop, and the frieze or
fascia was enlarged accordingly.
Georgian shopfronts are relatively rare, but isolated examples can
be found in many towns and cities throughout the UK. These are typified
by the paired, bow-fronted oriel windows on either side of a central,
half glazed door, which were popular from the mid 1740s to the end
of the Regency period. However the Georgian period was equally responsible
for a wide variety of other designs, covering the whole spectrum of
popular taste, from the cool classicism of the Greek Revival, to the
pointed arch glazing pattern of the 'Gothick'. Shopfronts designed
to display state-of-the-art produce were often required to be of the
latest design, and their forms reflect the fashions of the period.
Many interesting designs were consequently destroyed with every change
huge urban expansion which occurred in the Victorian period resulted
in a proliferation of retail developments in every town, city and
suburb. Manufacturers such as I and J Taylor and SW Francis and Co
offered wide ranges of standard designs which could be selected from
catalogues. Typical examples included tall shop windows, frequently
incorporating a decorative cast iron ventilator underneath the timber
or glass covered fascia. Sunblinds were often incorporated in the
cornice and timber roller security shutter were introduced towards
the end of the century replacing detachable timber shutters. At the
base of the window the timber frame included both a bottom rail and
a deep sill
- a detail frequently overlooked by modern interpretations. Panelling
of the door and stall-riser was usually raised and fielded.
machine-produced plate glass was available from around the turn of
the century, its use in shopfronts was quite rare until the 1840s
when tall panes unbroken by horizontal glazing bars began to appear
in increasing numbers. The production of larger sheets was limited
more by cost than by the technology available. Isolated examples of
full size plate glass appear in shops such as Asprey's on Bond Street,
London in the 1860s, becoming increasingly common towards the end
of the century.
variety of designs increased rapidly throughout the period, with the
early appearance of cast iron, followed by brassand bronze-clad
timber around the middle of the century, with fine detailing often
incorporating a stone or marble stall-riser without a sill.
local authorities are becoming increasingly concerned by the disastrous
effect that the appearance of modern shopfronts and signage have had
on our town centres, and are imposing tight controls on new designs.
Most of the more important shopping streets lie within conservation
areas, and the local authority will usually require conservation area
consent for alterations to original shopfronts.
examples should be conserved if at all possible. All original components
have an historic value which cannot be replicated, comparable with
the finest antique. A suitable replacement for some components, including
glass and metalwork in particular, may not easily be found.
apparently new shopfronts may contain sufficient numbers of the original
details to enable accurate restoration of the original. New fascias
may hide the original cornice and the upper part of the window head.
In such cases restoration inevitably results in a substantially more
impressive design than can be achieved with a standard modern replacement.
no original designs have survived, a modern solution will be the most
honest approach, but a high quality, traditionally detailed design
may also be appropriate, and often preferred. In both cases the quality
of detail is crucial to the success of the design. Crude, square mouldings
and planted mouldings are now common, often applied without any real
understanding of the way a frame is constructed. Secondary fascias
are often incorporated, disrupting the rhythm of tall shop windows
along the street, and the concrete floor slab is often exposed. Prior
to the arrival of the aluminium systems, shopfronts were almost always
designed to fill the opening, from the pavement to the underside of
the fascia, usually with a rendered or timber skirting, scribed to
JONATHAN TAYLOR is the editor of The Building Conservation Directory and a co-founder of Cathedral Communications Limited. He studied architectural conservation at Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh and has a background in architectural design, conservation and urban regeneration.
Landscape and townscape
PRODUCTS AND SERVICES
contractors and consultants
Window and door fittings
Communications Limited 2010


text:
To create a volume aggregate, you can use the Volume Aggregate Editor, which can be accessed from the right click menu in the viewport:
Hit the + button, to create a new aggregate. You can then start adding volumes that are in the scene to the aggregate:
You can also select the volume you want from the viewport and then add it to the group, from the right click menu:
To specify the global volume aggregate to the integrator, make sure an integrator node tree has been created (see Integrators in Blender), and then select the volume aggregate name in Volume Aggregate Name drop down list.
If a volume aggregate name has not been specified to the integrator, any volumes that are part of a volume aggregate will not render


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In addition to creating Georgia's first eight counties, the Constitution
of 1777 provided that: "A court-house and jail shall be
erected at the public expense in each county, where the present
[constitutional] convention or the future legislature shall point
out and direct." However, because of the war with Great
Britain, it is not clear if this provision was ever implemented.
In 1791, the state legislature enacted a law providing for commissioners
to designate a site for a Glynn County courthouse and oversee
its construction -- but whether a courthouse actually was built
is not known. In 1817, the legislature authorized county officials
to levy a tax to build a courthouse, but again it is not clear
what happened. In Dec. 1825, the legislature authorized the county's
superior and inferior courts to meet in the Glynn County Academy.
The law also made reference to "the house formerly occupied
as a court-house at Brunswick," which suggests that Glynn
County did not have an actual courthouse at the time. A courthouse
was built at some unknown date, but apparently it was less than
satisfactory. For example, in Dec. 1845, the legislature enacted
an act allowing Glynn County superior and inferior courts to
meet "in the new academy building in the town of Brunswick,
instead of the court-house." An act of Dec. 1849 allowed Glynn
County's inferior court and the court of ordinary to meet in the
county clerk's office "instead of the Court-house."
For the following three decades, Glynn County apparently functioned without a real courthouse, instead renting space for use as courtrooms. Finally, in 1883 county officials authorized construction of a new courthouse. In 1884,
the new three-story brick courthouse was completed (see photo). Twelve years later, it was badly damaged in the
great hurricane that hit Georgia's coast in 1896. The following year, county officials began a campaign for a bond referendum to finance replacement of the damaged courthouse. However, that referendum failed, so the 1884 courthouse continued in use.
of a new courthouse was completed in 1907 (see
photo). This building was used until 1991, when a new courthouse
was completed across the street. In the mid-1990s, Glynn County
built the W. Harold Pate Courthouse Annex several blocks away
photo). Renovation of the 1907 courthouse was begun in the
late 1990s, with the intent to use the restored building as offices
and a meeting hall for the Glynn County Commission. Completion
of that project was subsequently delayed on several occasions
due to lack of funding, and as of 2000 is still not complete.
County Courthouse Historical
According to its 1732 charter, the colony of Georgia was carved
out of the middle of a vast region claimed by South Carolina.
Georgia's boundaries extended from the Savannah River southward
to the Altamaha River. Legally, lands south of the Altamaha River
-- including what would later become Glynn County -- remained
part of South Carolina (though Spanish Florida also claimed this
same area). Not until September 1763 did Britain officially annex
the land south of the Altamaha River to Georgia.
At the time of the arrival of James Oglethorpe and the first
Georgia colonists in 1733, the land south of the Savannah River
was part of the Lower Creek Nation. On May 21, 1733, Creek leaders
signed the Treaty of Savannah, which allowed Oglethorpe's colonists to settle
on "all those lands which our nation hath not occasion to
use." Because the Altamaha River formed Georgia's southern
boundary, the treaty presumably did not apply to Creek lands south
of that river. In 1736, chief Tomochichi gave Oglethorpe oral permission
to settle English colonists on any of his lands -- an area he claimed
extended southward to the St. Johns River. Based on this agreement,
Oglethorpe proceeded with the settlement of St. Simons Island in
1736. Because the island was south of the mouth of the Altamaha
River, Oglethorpe technically was settling land outside of Georgia's
chartered boundaries. In the Treaty of Coweta in 1739, the Creek
Indians formally ceded to Britain all coastal lands and islands
as far south as the St. Johns River. Thus, on this date, the Creek
Indians officially gave up any claims to the land that would become
Glynn County. Of course, the region south of the Altamaha River
was still claimed by South Carolina.
In 1741, the Trustees of Georgia divided the colony into two
counties -- Savannah and Frederica. The County of Frederica consisted
of all lands in Georgia south of the Ogeechee River, and the
town of Frederica on St. Simons Island was to be the county seat.
However, because of concern about a Spanish invasion, the county
of Frederica never became a reality. After the Trustees surrendered
their charter in 1752, Georgia became a royal colony. By an act
of March 15, 1758, the colonial legislature created seven
parishes. Because South Carolina still claimed the land south
of the Altamaha River, none of Georgia's new parishes involved
the mainland south of the river. However, the legislature did
assert a claim to St. Simons Island, which became St. James Parish.
On March 25, 1765, Georgia's colonial assembly divided the
territory south of the Altamaha River into four new parishes.
Two of these parishes -- St. David and St. Patrick -- would later
be combined to form the mainland portion of Glynn County. Additionally,
the 1765 act assigned Jekyll Island to St. James Parish, meaning
that this parish consisted entirely of St. Simons and Jekyll
With the outbreak of the American Revolution, Whig forces
took control of government in Georgia. On Feb. 5, 1777, they
adopted the state's first constitution -- the Constitution of
IV of that document transformed the existing colonial parishes
into seven counties, with Indian ceded lands to the north forming
an eighth county. Glynn County, which was seventh on the list
and thus is considered Georgia's seventh county, consisted of
all of St. David and St. Patrick parishes (see
map). It was named for John Glynn, a member of the British
House of Commons who was supported the rights of the American
colonies. In 1789, the legislature added St. Simons and Jekyll
islands to Glynn County. In 1805, the legislature formed Wayne
County entirely from western areas of Glynn County.
Reportedly, Frederica on St. Simons Island served as Glynn
County's initial county seat. In an act of Feb. 10, 1787, the
Georgia legislature provided that Glynn County's courthouse and
jail be erected and that county elections be held in Brunswick
-- which made it the county seat. Ten years later -- on Feb.
13, 1797 -- the legislature formally designated Brunswick county
seat of Glynn County.
Brunswick was originally laid out in 1771 by order of Parliament.
It was named to honor the German ancestral home of the Hanoverian
kings of Great Britain -- King George I, II, and III. In 1796,
the legislature appointed commissioners with responsibility for
determining the boundaries of Brunswick and Frederica, to lay
out the town as near as possible according to the original town
plans, to open streets, and to have the commons of each town
resurveyed. On Dec. 29, 1836, the legislature incorporated Brunswick.
Size of County (Total
Area): 583.1 square miles
County Rank in Total
Area: 16th out of 159
City of Brunswick


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Science & Technology - Posted by Shemina Davis-Sheffield on Friday, November 11, 2011 13:48 - 0 Comments
Whiskers' key role in reptile-mammal split
U. SHEFFIELD (US) — New research comparing rats and mice with marsupials suggests moveable whiskers were an important milestone in the evolution of mammals from reptiles.
Using high-speed digital video recording and automatic tracking, Tony Prescott, a psychology professor at the University of Sheffield, and colleagues have shed light on how rodents such as mice and rats move their whiskers back-and-forth at high speed—and in varying ways to actively sense the environment around them in a behavior known as whisking.
Whisking allows mice or rats to accurately determine the position, shape and texture of objects, make rapid and accurate decisions about objects, and then use the information to build environmental maps.
Straight from the Source
When running in a straight line, rats and mice move their whiskers back-and-forth the same amount on both sides. However when turning, they bias their whisker movements in the direction of the turn, and when the whiskers on one side of the head contact an object, those on the opposite side sweep round to gather more information.
These active sensing strategies boost the information gained by the whiskers helping the animals to better understand their world through touch.
Researchers showed whisking like that of rodents, using these active sensing strategies, is also seen in a small South American marsupial—the grey short-tailed opossum. This animal has many similarities to an early mammal that would have lived more than 125 million years ago; that is, around the same time that the evolutionary lines leading to modern rodents and marsupials diverged.
This evidence suggests that some of the first mammals may also have whisked like a modern mouse or rat, and that the appearance of moveable whiskers was pivotal in the evolution of mammals from reptiles.
The research is published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B and will also be presented November 12 at the Society for Neuroscience conference.
The earliest mammals were nocturnal and tree dwelling. In order to successfully move around and thrive in this challenging environment, these animals needed to effectively integrate information from multiple senses—sight, sound, smell, and touch. Facial whiskers provided mammals with a new tactile sense not available to reptiles that could help them to get around in the dark.
In addition to continuing to investigate the similarities and differences between rodents and marsupials, the team is also using these insights from biological whisker sensing to develop animal-like robots that can use artificial whiskers to navigate without vision. These robots could have applications in search-and-rescue, particularly in environments, such as disaster sites, where vision is compromised by smoke or dust.
"This latest research suggests that alongside becoming warm-blooded, giving birth to live young, and having an enlarged brain, the emergence of a new tactile sense based on moveable facial whiskers was an important step along the evolutionary path to modern mammals," says Prescott. "Although humans no longer have moveable whiskers, they were a critical feature of our early mammalian ancestors."
More news from the University of Sheffield: _URL_


text:
PLAGUE ON OUR SHORES
City at War
THE GREAT CHINATOWN FIREOn New Year's Eve one hundred years ago, the first of a number of controlled fires were set in Chinatown as a way of defending Honolulu from bubonic plague, known in history as Black Death. Next to the Pearl Harbor attack, the outbreak of plague was the greatest public-safety disaster in Hawaiian history. The government was determined to do anything to save the city -- even burn it to the ground. Last week we began a four-part series by describing the discovery of plague in Honolulu and the quarantine system set up to contain it. Today's installment chronicles the attitudes that inspired the controlled burning that preceded the Great Chinatown Fire. The series concludes tomorrow.
PART I | II | III | IV | EpilogueBy Burl Burlingame
IT may have been simple bad luck, or it may have have been a white-dominated business conspiracy, or more likely it fell between the two extremes, but the Chinese residents of teeming Chinatown felt unfairly targeted by health authorities when Black Death erupted in Honolulu at the cusp of the century.
Although thousands of Hawaiian and Japanese were uprooted as the Board of Health methodically began to burn out plague infestations in the quarantine zone, it was Chinese-owned businesses that absorbed the brunt of property damage.
Chinese immigration to the island kingdom climbed steadily until the political coup in 1893 that unseated Liliuokalani. By the mid 1890s, one in five residents of Hawaii was of Chinese descent, and they put down firm roots, establishing schools, newspapers, cemeteries, temples and clan societies. Unlike some other groups of immigrants, however, the Chinese did not assimilate into Hawaiian culture, preferring instead to form a separate society.
This sense of separation was expressed in the Honolulu district known as "Chinatown" where small businesses operated by Chinese ex-plantation workers began to flourish in the 1860s. It is roughly the area bordered by Nuuanu, Beretania and King streets. The area was chockablock with Chinese restaurants, Chinese groceries, Chinese dry-goods shops and other small Chinese industries.
In 1886, sparks from a restaurant ignited an enormous fire that leveled most of the district. Excited by the urban clean slate, the Hawaiian government declared new structures had to follow sanitary constraints, were to be made of stone or brick, and considered widening and consolidating the streets. The Advertiser declared they had turned "a national disaster into an ultimate blessing."
It didn't happen. In the 14 years following the fire, Chinatown landowners allowed ramshackle, quickly constructed boomtown wooden buildings to blossom in the area, looming over the narrow dirt streets and overwhelmingly primitive sanitation facilities. The lessons of the 1886 fire were largely ignored.
In 1898, concerned about the swelling tide of Chinese immigration, the Republic of Hawaii evoked the restrictions of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 even though Hawaii was not yet a territory of the United States.
More than 7,000 lived in Chinatown's 50 acres at the turn of the century, in an era when no building rose above two stories. Many were Japanese immigrants, jammed in structures controlled by Chinese landlords, who in turn paid Hawaiian and haole landowners.
And Chinatown had become the center of another kind of Asian-controlled business as well. The census taken in December 1899 revealed the area was brimming with organized prostitution, a niche business that provided economic entre for new immigrants. In 1900, 84 percent of known prostitutes in Honolulu were Japanese, and nearly 100 percent of the pimps were Japanese.
Despite the filthy squalor of living conditions, and the disdain with which Chinatown was viewed by the rest of Honolulu, it was an economic engine, pumping money into the pockets of landowners like Bishop Estate. At a time when a plantation worker made about $18 a month, Japanese prostitutes were making hundreds of dollars.
Although maintaining the status quo was lucrative, the overcrowded living conditions in Chinatown, coupled with a complete lack of urban planning for the area, created a neighborhood that ran with rats and insects, that had sewage and garbage lying unattended in the streets. Other residents of Honolulu turned up their noses at Chinatown, both literally and figuratively, while the residents of Chinatown had little choice but to stay where they were. The Advertiser called the district a "pestilential slum."
When the city finally started to build a sewer line through Chinatown in 1899, workers discovered they were digging through compacted layers of fermenting garbage. The intense odor caused diggers to slow to a near-halt.
With the onset of Black Death, a hastily organized troupe of health inspectors went on field trips into Chinatown as if it were a foreign country, and returned horrified. The district, full to bursting with shanty buildings, boarding houses, livestock corrals and chicken coops, reeking outdoor toilets and backyard cesspools, was swarming with rats, maggots, flies, lice and cockroaches. The only solution, it was argued, was a repeat of the cleansing fire of 1886, but this time applied in scientific manner, coupled with military discipline.
The military model was much admired at the time, following the triumph of American forces over the Spanish, and the new conflict involving Great Britain and the Boers was closely followed in Honolulu newspapers. Virtually all contemporary coverage of Honolulu's plague outbreak refers to the "campaign" against the bacillus as "war." And indeed it was -- a fight to the death.
It was in this atmosphere of indignant public opinion that the notion of burning Chinatown for the public good began to take root. What was missing was a legal excuse. An argument on Smith street provided it. A National Guard soldier stabbed a Japanese civilian in the thigh with his bayonet, and fallout from the incident forced the police and the military to determine their jurisdictions.
As Pvt. Hunt explained it, the Japanese attempted to run the blockade; others claimed Hunt had been prodding the man along. The slight wound triggered a reorganization of civil authority, with far-ranging consequences.
At the bottom line was the question of whether Hunt was legally responsible for his actions, whether civil or martial law reigned. After questioning witnesses, police officials decided martial law had not been declared, and the military was called out to assist the police in carrying out civil statutes. In this scenario, both soldiers and police had authority to use force to enforce the quarantine, but that did not give soldiers permission to commit assaults within the quarantine zone.
When this opinion was presented to the National Guard's Maj. Ziegler, however, the commander decided the military, once called to active duty, cannot be interfered with by civil authorities. The military's authority over the quarantine, and over the Honolulu police, was absolute.
Within hours, all Honolulu police were withdrawn from the quarantine zone, and all questions of authority routed to the National Guard. Although martial law had not been officially declared, soldiers were allowed to proceed as if it had. This made it easier to ignore the rules of civil law during the medical emergency that gripped Honolulu. The Board of Health, civilians appointed by President Sanford Dole, lame-duck head of a temporary republic, had absolute power over questions of life and death.
Chinese residents trapped by the city quarantine feared they were being singled out both in life and after death. Chinese immigrants believed if they died overseas, their bones must be returned to China. The Board of Health's solution to plague deaths -- quick cremation -- left no remains for shipping. Horrified Chinese began to hide their ill friends and relatives from authorities. This practice not only exacerbated contagion, but likely obscured the true numbers of plague victims.
A large delegation of Chinese merchants and Chinese consul Yang Wei Pin and Vice Consul Goo Kim met with Henry Cooper, president of the Board of Health, who insisted any decisions regarding cremation would be made by the board. The Chinese claimed the board was discriminating in favor of Japanese, and Cooper responded no Japanese have been diagnosed with plague, and the body of a white teenager had also been hurridly cremated. Cooper suggested they collect the ashes in urns for shipment back to China.
As Honolulu became a city at war, the battle lines of bureaucracy were being drawn. As the Evening Bulletin editorialized, lacking a clear chain of command while details of the new government were being hammered out, President Dole had the authority to appropriate funds to battle the plague. "Let there be no delay," the paper insisted. "This is a time for action, prompt energetic action. The people are prepared to support the vigorous measures which money will forward and which must be set on foot if the battle against black plague is to be short, sharp and decisive."
Burning was the apparent immediate answer. A committee of businessmen was formed to find warehouse space for goods removed from Chinatown stores that were being burned down, and during the first three weeks of January, 1900, buildings were torched nearly every day.
A photographer hired by the government recorded pictures of each building, and then it was set alight. Honolulu firemen bookended the flames with streams of water; soldiers and police kept crowds in line and watched for looters.
The newspapers kept track with maps and marveled at the "military" precision of the assault on Black Death. Lists of the dead were daily updated like box scores; by late January, dozens had passed away. The new crematorium on Quarantine Island blazed day and night.
Then five plague deaths within a couple of days occurred near the corner of Nuuanu and Beretania. Clearly, this was a hot spot


ray." While the content of Lueken's visions troubled parish authorities, the crowds of pilgrims that gathered around her mortified the church's neighbors, middle-class homeowners who regarded Lueken as an interloper from the poor side of the parish and feared for the vigils' effect on their property values.
The Bayside movement coincided with the advent of the SX-70, and miraculous photographs became a central part of the Baysiders' devotional practice. The whirr of ejecting film was as characteristic a vigil sound as the chanting of prayers. Only Lueken could see and speak for the divine, but every Baysider could take pictures. Over time, the group developed a divinatory chart for decoding symbols and colors that appeared on the photos: the letter W, for example, signifies worldwide warning, while snakes represent the forces of hell. The color blue indicates Mary, often present in the distinctive "Polaroid blue" cast of SX-70 prints. Folklorist Daniel Wojcik calls the Baysiders' use of Polaroids "photodivination," comparing it to Ndembu divination traditions in northwestern Zambia: like Ndembu diviners' symbols, the symbolic system of miracle photos leaves space for the pilgrim to actively interpret the image.
Vigil photography did not originate at Bayside. Pilgrims took pictures at Marian apparition sites as early as the 1930s, and the oldest known Christian miraculous photograph dates from 1905, just five years after the introduction of the first mass-market camera, the Kodak Brownie. Shot off the Narrows of St. John's in Newfoundland, it shows an iceberg with a large protrusion in the shape of the Virgin Mary. The Archbishop in St. John's approved of the photo—so heartily, in fact, that he dubbed it Our Lady of the Fjords and penned a sonnet in praise of the "Crystal Virgin, from the frozen fjords/Where far-off Greenland's gelid glaciers gleen."
In an era that saw the search for evidence of the afterlife as a scientific pursuit, the idea that a camera might record supernature as well as nature was not much of a conceptual leap. Nineteenth-century Spiritualists were the first to use the new technology to capture and communicate with the supernatural. In spirit photography, an "extra"—an additional human figure, presumed to be the image of a dead person—appeared on the negative after the photograph was taken. Though the comparison would likely displease both sides, a Spiritualist medium had notable parallels to a Marian seer. Preferably a woman or child, she was supposed to be passive in a particularly receptive way: In Spiritualist language derived from magnetism, the medium's feminine "negative" charge enabled the spirit to flow into her.
Spiritualists and Theosophists around the turn of the twentieth century debated the mechanics of supernatural photography: Some claimed that spirit photographs simply documented ghosts who happened to be present when the photo was taken; others argued that spiritual forces used images of the dead to imprint messages onto the photographic negative, or that the medium herself was a sort of camera. The Baysiders likewise have a range of explanations for miraculous photography: some say the Holy Spirit enters into the camera to form the images, while others believe that Mary or the saints draw the patterns and symbols onto the film as it develops.
According to a story that resonates deeply with many Baysiders, Saint Veronica—whose name means "true icon"—met Jesus on the Via Dolorosa on the way to Calvary. Jesus wiped his face with her veil, and his image was imprinted on the cloth. The cloth became a holy relic called the Veil of Veronica, which is now stored at St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Like the imprint of the crucified Christ on the Shroud of Turin and the image of the Virgin of Guadalupe on Juan Diego's cloak, the Veil of Veronica is an acheiropoieton, an icon "not painted by human hands." Icons that come into being without human artistry are seen to possess a special kind of authority; supernatural photography is a technological variation on this miraculous image tradition.
In America, Jean Baudrillard wrote of the Polaroid as a heightened form of photography's uncanniness:
to hold the object and its image almost simultaneously as if the conception of light of ancient physics or metaphysics, in which each object was thought to secrete doubles or negatives of itself that we pick up with our eyes, has become a reality. It is a dream. It is the optical materialization of a magical process. The Polaroid photo is a sort of ecstatic membrane that has come away from the real object.
The "ecstatic" Polaroid is the perfect technology for miracle photography. "Our Lady has directed that the pictures should be taken with Polaroids or other kinds of instant self-developing cameras," Bayside literature instructs. Polaroid film has the same immediate quality as the imprint created in a traditional acheiropoieton and is less vulnerable than other photographic film to skeptics' accusations of tampering with the development process.
This "optical materialization of a magical process" was also a potential threat to institutional religious authority. In The Seer of Bayside Laycock frames the Bayside movement as a "dance of deference and defiance" by a group of people who understand themselves as loyal Catholics defending the traditions of their faith, yet act in ways that challenge Church authorities. The book's account of the struggle over whether the Baysiders fit within the boundaries of Catholicism reveals the ceaseless process of boundary negotiation in lived religion. While they are not central to Laycock's analysis, divine Polaroids fit this dynamic of deference and defiance. Miracle photos continue the Catholic tradition that the sacred manifests itself in matter and fulfill the call made at Vatican II for more "external signs" of the Catholic faith. At the same time, Polaroid miracles subvert the Church hierarchy by giving lay Catholics agency to receive divine messages directly and providing them with physical objects that can be used as evidence in arguments with Church authorities.
Ultimately, too many Baysiders defied convention too loudly for the middle-class residential neighborhood where they held their vigils. As the vigils drew busloads of pilgrims from as far away as Canada, they attracted vendors selling ice cream, hot dogs and religious objects. Angry neighbors tried to drive the vigils out by running their lawnmowers or singing patriotic songs to drown out the rosary. In what the New York press dubbed the "Battle of Bayside," conflict escalated to the point of physical fights between pilgrims and neighbors.
The Diocese of Brooklyn eventually sided with the Bayside homeowners. Having initially ignored Lueken, it now investigated her visions and declared them spurious. Bishops around North America issued statements to their flocks that they should not attend vigils in Bayside, as Lueken's apparitions were the product of a "fertile imagination."
In what Laycock describes as "perhaps the only case in which alleged miracles associated with a Marian apparition site were the subject of a criminal investigation," the fraud bureau of the Queens DA's office—probably at the instigation of the Brooklyn Diocese—sent nine miraculous photos to the Polaroid Corporation for analysis in 1973, even though "supernatural phenomena are generally beyond the purview of the legal system." A Polaroid corporate attorney responded with noncommittal explanations of how various forms of manipulation could have affected the images. No fraud charges were ever filed: "Because the courts do not acknowledge the existence of miracles," Laycock writes, "it is almost impossible to convict someone for fraudulently offering a supernatural (and thus legally non-existent) service."
Though the miracle fraud case fizzled out, the courts did end the Battle of Bayside in 1975, when the Supreme Court of New York issued an injunction banning the pilgrims from Bayside Hills. Lueken then received a revelation that Mary and Jesus would now appear to her in Flushing Meadows Park, at the site of the Vatican Pavilion from the 1964-65 World's Fair. The Baysiders moved their vigils to Flushing Meadows, and continue to meet there weekly to this day.
The pilgrims at Flushing Meadows still take Polaroids. Many Baysiders have had their cameras blessed by priests. Rose petals are taped onto cameras and rosary beads are draped around them. In a digital era, the Baysiders' anachronistic photographic practices seem emphatically embodied. Their use of Polaroid cameras has become an assertion that a special miraculous potential resides in Polaroid technology's combination of the analog and the instantaneous. The development process occurs inaccessibly, yet within an object that is tangibly present. An image "not painted by human hands" takes shape before the Baysider's eyes, rising up through the chemical layers of the film sheet to emerge into view on its surface. As with traditional acheiropoeita, the miracle depends on the sense of mystery evoked by the conditions of the image's physical production. In the Baysiders' Polaroids, a dissident form of direct communication with the divine converges with the photograph's physicality and immediate creation to produce a miracle.
]]> 0
70 Years Ago Today Wed, 15 Apr 2015 18:47:53 +0000
Women and children in one of the huts at Bergen-Belsen, postliberation, April 1945.
Seventy years ago today, British troops liberated the Nazi concentration camp Bergen-Belsen. In the days and weeks following the liberation, British and


text:
GRA provides a preliminary assessment of historic sensitivity to guide strategies and recommendations.
GRA is located within easy reach of several major archives of historic documents relating to the early history of the New York Metropolitan area, as well as those in New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania. We conduct specialized historical research to contextualize archaeological finds and preserved surfaces. Our historic archeologists examine maps, deeds, surveys, and census records. This allows the team to determine how intact a site is. It also allows a determination of significance, by linking materials and landforms to historic structures and individuals.


League (unit)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A league is a unit of length (or, rarely, area). It was long common in Europe and Latin America, but it is no longer an official unit in any nation. The word originally meant the distance a person could walk in an hour.[1] Since the Middle Ages, many values have been specified in several countries.
In nautical usage, a league of 3 nautical miles (5.5 km) is roughly how far an observer of average height (around 6 ft. or 1.8 m) can see when standing at sea level.[2] Thus, a ship travelling one "league" has reached what was previously the farthest visible distance on the horizon. The lack of an historical and global standard for the exact measure of a "league" can be accounted for by the variable elevation of the observer. For example, a crow's nest mounted atop a 50 ft. (15.2 m) mast extends the visible range to 9.35 miles (15.1 km).[3]
Different definitions[edit]
English-speaking world[edit]
On land, the league was most commonly defined as three miles, though the length of a mile could vary from place to place and depending on the era. At sea, a league was three nautical miles (about 5.6 km). English usage also included any of the other leagues mentioned below (for example, in discussing the Treaty of Tordesillas).
Ancient Rome[edit]
The Argentine league (legua) is 5.572 km (3.462 mi) or 6,666 varas: 1 vara is 0.83 m (33 in).[5]
Brazil and Portugal[edit]
In Portugal, Brazil and other parts of the Portuguese Empire, there were several units called league (Portuguese: légua):
 - Légua of 18 by degree = 6,172.4 metres
 - Légua of 20 by degree = 5,555.56 metres (Maritime légua)
 - Légua of 25 by degree = 4,444.44 metres
The names of the several léguas referred to the number of units that made the length corresponding to an angle degree of a meridian arc.
As a transitory measure, after Portugal adopted the metric system, the metric légua, of 5.0 km, was used.
In Brazil, légua is still used occasionally in the country, where it has been described as about 6.6 km.
The French lieue – at different times – existed in several variants: 10,000, 12,000, 13,200 and 14,400 French feet, about 3.25 km to about 4.68 km. It was used along with the metric system for a while but is now long discontinued.
As used in Jules Verne's Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, a league is four kilometres.[6][7]
In Yucatán and other parts of rural Mexico, the league is still commonly used in the original sense of the distance that can be covered on foot in an hour, so that a league along a good road on level ground is a greater distance than a league on a difficult path over rough terrain.
The Danish or Swedish mil was defined as a suitable walking distance between rests, or between inns. While etymologically similar to a mile, the definition shares origin with a that of a league. An old Scandinavian mil ranges from 7.5 km to 12 km depending on nation or region, but has since metrification been defined as 10 km in Norway and Sweden.
The Spanish League or legua was originally set as a fixed unit of distance of 5 000 varas (0.84 m each), about 4.2 km (2.6 miles). Contemporary writers also show it as three millas (miles of 4 566 feet (1 392 meters) each making a total of 13 698 feet (4 175 m or 2.594 miles).[8] Officially the league was abolished by Philip II of Spain in 1568, but it is still in use unofficially in parts of Latin America, with exact meaning varying in different countries.
 - Legua nautica (nautical league): Between 1400 and 1600 the Spanish nautical league was equal to four Roman miles of 4 842 feet, making it 19 368 feet (5 903 meters or 3.1876 modern nautical miles). That seems pretty straight forward until one realizes that the accepted number of Spanish nautical leagues to a degree varied between 14 1/6 to 16 2/3 so in actual practice the length of a Spanish nautical league was 25 733 feet (7 843 meters or 4.235 modern nautical miles) to 21 874 feet (6 667 meters or 3.600 modern nautical miles) respectively.[8]
 - Legua de por grado (league of the degree): From the 15th century through the early 17th century, the Spanish league of the degree was based on four Arabic miles. Although most contemporary accounts used an Arabic mile of 6 444 feet (1 964 meters), which gave a Spanish league of the degree of 25 776 feet (7 857 meters or 4.242 modern nautical miles) others defined an Arabic mile as just 6 000 feet making a Spanish league of the degree 24 000 feet (or 7315 meters, almost exactly 3.950 modern nautical miles).[9]
 - Legua geographica or geográfica (geographical league): Starting around 1630 the Spanish geographical league was used as the official nautical measurement and continued so through the 1840s. Its use on Spanish charts did not become mandatory until 1718. It was four millias (miles) in length. From 1630 to 1718 a millia was 5 564 feet (1696 meters), making a geographical league of four millias to be 22 256 feet (6784 m or 3.663 modern nautical miles). But from 1718 through the 1830s the millia was defined as the equivalent of just over 5 210 feet, giving a shorter geographical league of just over 20 842 feet (6353 m or 3.430 modern nautical miles).[8]
 - Legua marítima (maritime league): From around 1840 through the early 20th century, a Spanish marine league equaled 18 263.52 feet (5566.72 meters or 3.005 79 modern nautical miles), i.e. about 35 feet (10 meters) longer than our modern maritime league.[8]
In the early Hispanic settlements of New Mexico, Texas, and Colorado, a league was also a unit of area, defined as 25 million square varas or about 4,428.4 acres (1 792.110 hectares).[10] This usage of league is referenced frequently in the Texas Constitution. So defined, a league of land would encompass a square that is one Spanish league on each side.
Comparison table[edit]
A comparison of the different lengths for a "league", in different countries and at different times in history, is given in the table below. Miles are also included in this list because of the linkage between the two units.
Length (m) Name Where used From To Definition Remarks
01,482 mille passus, milliarium Roman Empire Ancient Roman units of measurement
01,486.6 miglio[11] Sicily
01,500 Persian mile Persia
01,524 London mile England
01,_PHONE_ (statute) mile USA 1893 today 1760 yards From 1959 also called the U.S. Survey Mile. From then its only utility has been land survey, before it was the standard mile. From 1893 its exact length in metres was: 3600/3937 x 1760
01,820 Italy
01,852.3 (for comparison) 1 meridian minute
01,853,181 nautical mile Turkey
02,065 Portugal
02,470 Sardinia, Piemont
02,622 Scotland
02,880 Ireland
03,780 Flanders
04,000 general or metric league
04,000 legue Guatemala
04,190 legue Mexico[13] = 2500 tresas = 5000 varas
04,444.8 landleuge 1/25° of a circle of longitude
04,513 legue Paraguay
04,513 legua Chile,[13] (Guatemala, Haiti) = 36 cuadros = 5400 varas
04,808 Switzerland
04,828 English land league England 3 miles
Germanic rasta, also doppelleuge
(double league)
05,000 légua nova Portugal[13]
05,196 legua Bolivia[13] = 40 ladres
05,152 legua argentina Argentina, Buenos Aires[13] = 6000 varas
05,154 legue Uruguay
05,200 Bolivian legua Bolivia
05,370 legue Venezuela
05,500 Portuguese legua Portugal
05,510 legue Ecuador
05,510 Ecuadorian legua Ecuador
05,532.5 Landleuge
(state league)
05,540 leg


text:
Tree of life brought to scale by Yale scientists
Examples of biological scaling are everywhere. The paw of a mouse is smaller than the human hand. Our own organs and limbs typically scale with our body size as we develop and grow.
Scientists at Yale have shown that this same phenomenon exists at the subcellular level in the smallest bacteria, where the size of the nucleoid—the membrane-less region containing the cell's genes—also scales with the size of a bacterial cell.
Absent a membrane or "envelope" associated with biological scaling in other life forms, scientists have remained unclear about the presence of scaling in bacteria for over a century.
Published today in Cell, researchers at the Yale Microbial Sciences Institute have concluded that this scaling effect occurs across different species of bacteria at the single-cell level, with the nucleoid growing at the same rate as the cell independently of changes in DNA content.
Led by Christine Jacobs-Wagner, William H. Fleming, MD Professor of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, the research shows that the scaling trait was likely present billions of years ago, predating the development of intracellular membrane structures.
Alongside first authors William Gray and Sander Govers, graduate student and postdoctoral associate in the Jacobs-Wagner Lab, the work establishes for the first time that biological scaling exists across all three taxonomic domains of life: the Archaea, Eukarya, and now the Bacteria.
The findings identify general organizational principles and biophysical features of bacterial cells, expected to inform scientific advances looking into the constraints of how a cell is built.


got that one.
 -e trace=process
 Trace all system calls which involve process management. This is useful for watching the fork, wait,
 and exec steps of a process.
 -e trace=network
 Trace all the network related system calls.
 -e trace=signal
 Trace all signal related system calls.
 -e trace=ipc
 Trace all IPC related system calls.
 -e trace=desc
 Trace all file descriptor related system calls.
 -e abbrev=set
 Abbreviate the output from printing each member of
 large structures. The default is abbrev=all. The
 -v option has the effect of abbrev=none.
 -e verbose=set
 Dereference structures for the specified set of system calls. The default is verbose=all.
 of system calls. This option has the effect of
 causing all arguments to be printed in hexadecimal.
 This is mostly useful if you don't trust the decoding or you need to know the actual numeric value of
 an argument.
 -e signal=set
 Trace only the specified subset of signals. The
 data read from file descriptors listed in the specified set. For example, to see all input activity on
 file descriptors 3 and 5 use -e read=3,5. Note that
 this is independent from the normal tracing of the
 read(2) system call which is controlled by the
 option -e trace=read.
 -e write=set
 Perform a full hexadecimal and ASCII dump of all the
 data written to file descriptors listed in the specified set. For example, to see all output activity
 on file descriptors 3 and 5 use -e write=3,5. Note
 that this is independent from the normal tracing of
 the write(2) system call which is controlled by the
 option -e trace=write.
 -o filename Write the trace output to the file filename rather
 than to stderr. Use filename.pid if -ff is used.
 If the argument begins with '|' or with '!' then the
 rest of the argument is treated as a command and all
 output is piped to it. This is convenient for piping the debugging output to a program without
 affecting the redirections of executed programs.
 -O overhead Set the overhead for tracing system calls to overhead microseconds. This is useful for overriding
 the default heuristic for guessing how much time is
 spent in mere measuring when timing system calls
 using the -c option. The accuracy of the heuristic
 can be gauged by timing a given program run without
 tracing (using time(1)) and comparing the accumulated system call time to the total produced using
 begin tracing. The trace may be terminated at any
 time by a keyboard interrupt signal (CTRL-C).
 strace will respond by detaching itself from the
 traced process(es) leaving it (them) to continue
 running. Multiple -p options can be used to attach
 to up to 32 processes in addition to command (which
 -s strsize Specify the maximum string size to print (the
 default is 32). Note that filenames are not considered strings and are always printed in full.
 option by the specified criterion. Legal values are
 -u username Run command with the user ID, group ID, and supplementary groups of username. This option is only
 useful when running as root and enables the correct
 execution of setuid and/or setgid binaries. Unless
 this option is used setuid and setgid programs are
 executed without effective privileges.
 -E var Remove var from the inherited list of environment
 variables before passing it on to the command.
 When command exits, strace exits with the same exit status. If
 command is terminated by a signal, strace terminates itself with
 the same signal, so that strace can be used as a wrapper process
 transparent to the invoking parent process.
 When using -p, the exit status of strace is zero unless there
 was an unexpected error in doing the tracing.
 If strace is installed setuid to root then the invoking user
 In addition setuid and setgid programs will be executed and
 traced with the correct effective privileges. Since only users
 trusted with full root privileges should be allowed to do these
 when the users who can execute it are restricted to those users
 special version of strace with mode 'rwsr-xr--', user root and
 setuid version of strace for ordinary lusers to use.
 employing shared libraries.
 It is instructive to think about system call inputs and outputs
 sometimes possible to make deductive inferences about process
 behavior using inputs and outputs as propositions.
 In some cases, a system call will differ from the documented
 argument and the stat function is called xstat and takes an
 extra leading argument. These discrepancies are normal but
 idiosyncratic characteristics of the system call interface and
 are accounted for by C library wrapper functions.
 On some platforms a process that has a system call trace applied
 may interrupt a system call that is not restartable. This may
 have an unpredictable effect on the process if the process takes
 no action to restart the system call.
 Programs that use the setuid bit do not have effective user ID
 privileges while being traced.
 A traced process ignores SIGSTOP except on SVR4 platforms.
 A traced process which tries to block SIGTRAP will be sent a
 SIGSTOP in an attempt to force continuation of tracing.
 A traced process runs slowly.
 Traced processes which are descended from command may be left
 running after an interrupt signal (CTRL-C).
 The -i option is weakly supported.
 strace The original strace was written by Paul Kranenburg for
 SunOS and was inspired by its trace utility. The SunOS version
 of strace was ported to Linux and enhanced by Branko Lankester,
 who also wrote the Linux kernel support. Even though Paul
 released strace 2.5 in 1992, Branko's work was based on Paul's
 strace 1.5 release from 1991. In 1993, Rick Sladkey merged
 an strace that worked on both platforms. In 1994 Rick ported
 strace to SVR4 and Solaris and wrote the automatic configuration
 about himself in the third person.
 The SIGTRAP signal is used internally by the kernel implementation of system call tracing. When a traced process receives a
 SIGTRAP signal not associated with tracing, strace will not
 report that signal correctly. This signal is not normally used
 by programs, but could be via a hard-coded break instruction or
 via kill(2).
 Problems with strace should be reported via the Debian Bug
 2003-01-21 STRACE(1)