text:
Describes Avogadro's hypothesis and defines the standard temperature and pressure for measuring amounts of gases.
A video tutorial of Avogadro's Law (Hypothesis) and the conversion between moles and volume. Courtesy of Tyler DeWitt
Reviews Avogadro's hypothesis, the definition of standard temperature and pressure, and the determination of molar volume for gases.
Practice Avogadro's Hypothesis and Molar Volume questions
To activate prior knowledge, to generate questions about a given topic, and to organize knowledge using a KWL Chart.
To describe images using words using the Visual Literacy strategy.
A study guide on Avogadro's hypothesis, gas volume conversions, and gas density.
Shows an experiment that demonstrates Avogadro's hypothesis. The video shows the relationship between gas volume, number of particles and mass.


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(rollover to compare with normal)
||What Is It?
In this rare defect, one or more of the pulmonary veins carries blood from the lung to the right side of the heart, rather than to the left atrium (LA) as in the normal heart.
The anomalous (abnormal) pulmonary vein or veins may be connected directly to the right atrium (RA). They may also be connected to one of the veins that carry oxygen-poor blood from the body to the right atrium, such as the inferior (IVC) or superior vena cava (SVC) (as shown in the diagram). There are many variations of this anomaly, which occurs in boys and girls with equal frequency.
Diagnosis is usually by an echocardiogram or MRI.
Diagram At Left:
RUPV - right upper pulmonary vein
RLPV - right lower pulmonary vein
LUPV - left upper pulmonary vein
LLPV - left lower pulmonary vein
SVC - superior vena cava

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Local animal shelters often work together within a community, so don't restrict your pet search to just one type, such as a "no-kill shelter."read more
Cats are both perceptive and incredibly curious critters. They seem to know every inch of their territory. If you have a house cat, this means your pet has a mental map in place of almost everything in your home. Move just one fixture and most cats will immediately go to that spot to investigate the change.
The same holds true if you bring in new items, such as a houseplant. Cats have a natural curiosity about plants. Add that to the newness, stinky dirt, leaves, moisture and more, and it is no wonder that cats find most plants to be fascinating.
The first thing you can do is provide your cat with its own indoor mini garden. This can include oat grass, other edible grasses and catnip. You can find these seeds in most pet stores or online.
Plant the seeds in a heavy, shallow container that your cat is unlikely to knock over. Offer the plants to your cat when the shoots have grown to about 4 inches tall. (If your cat nibbles before then, he could kill the plants.) Keep the edible plants watered and maintained, and monitor your cat's access, if necessary.
Aside from placing other houseplants in areas that are hard for your cat to reach, the only foolproof solution is to avoid plants that are potentially poisonous to pets. According to The Humane Society of the United States, more than 700 plants contain potentially dangerous compounds for cats and dogs. Sometimes the leaves are poisonous, and other times the roots or other parts are. The Humane Society recommends that you keep a list for reference in an accessible spot.
It's estimated that there are this many pet cats in the world:

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


How Apps Can Help Migrants Achieve Better Health Outcomes
Midsection of businessman using smart phone while standing on footbridge in city.
Maskot / Getty Images
Key Takeaways
 - A study conducted by researchers at Anglia Ruskin University finds that mobile applications aided by artificial intelligence may help migrants better address their physical and mental health.
 - Immigrants face many barriers to quality health care and are disproportionately impacted by COVID-19.
 - Experts say providers should keep these barriers and health risks in mind when treating patients who are migrants.
In countries across the globe, some immigrants are twice as likely to contract COVID-19 compared to those born in the country. Throughout the pandemic, immigrants have been disproportionately impacted due to poor housing conditions, jobs that make physical distancing difficult, and lack of access to affordable health care.
While experts say multiple measures need to be taken to help immigrant communities receive adequate health care, a study conducted by researchers at Anglia Ruskin University indicates that mobile applications aided by artificial intelligence (AI) may help migrants better address their physical and mental health.
For the study, researchers surveyed migrants in Greece coming from Africa and Asia over a 10-month period between 2018 and 2019 to see how applications driven by AI could help them integrate into the new culture and achieve better mental and physical health outcomes. Researchers found that mobile apps that used AI—in the form of language assistants, for example—improved health outcomes for migrants by 5.3%, versus 1% improvement for non-AI mobile app users.
The study will be published in the April 2021 edition of the journal Computers in Human Behavior and was published online in December.
Incorporating AI into health apps "might improve the quality and accuracy of health services and create a better match between immigrants' needs and the services provided, leading to greater valuable informational capabilities and outcomes," the study's author Nick Drydakis, PhD, director of the Centre for Pluralist Economics at Anglia Ruskin University in England, tells Verywell.
What This Means For You
If you're struggling to access health care, mobile health apps may be a helpful tool and a first step to seeking treatment. If you're a recent migrant and need assistance in navigating the health system in your area, the web app Services Advisor helps point you to humanitarian services like food, shelter, and medicine. Another web app, Shifra provides sexual and reproductive health information in different languages.
The Study
Apps that include customized search results, health symptom trackers, and virtual assistance for health conditions may bring "advantages compared to those applications which are not aided by AI assistants," Drydakis says.
One clear benefit to apps aided by AI is their ability to help migrants, who may not have proficiency in their new country's main language, access more information when assessing their health concerns. AI language assistants can help migrants understand symptoms or better understand what their doctor told them. The apps could also help migrants who suspect they have a condition that may be stigmatized in their culture.
"Individuals who do not have access to health care and perceive themselves as having a stigmatizing condition are more likely to use m-Health applications for self-diagnosis," Drydakis says. "M-Mental health applications reach population groups who might otherwise not have access to mental health or other clinical care."
M-Integration and m-Health are terms that refer to mobile integration, which is when different apps and devices are connected to achieve a seamless data exchange in your daily life. In this case, it involves connecting health services directly to your phone.
These mobile applications are not supposed to replace treatment, but instead help facilitate care, which Drydakis says their research supports. "Healthcare data which are analyzed by using AI techniques...have been found to achieve better patient education, prevention and checkup, diagnosis, medical predictive modeling, decision support, and treatment outcomes," he says.
Lack of Phones Presents Barrier To Access
While this research found that AI apps can help migrants, many do not have access to or use these apps in the first place. The study found that 32% of migrants in this study did not have a mobile phone, and 42% of migrants who did have phones did not use these applications. Women were also 27% less likely to own a mobile phone than men.
"Mobile phones and m-Integration applications seem to guarantee key human rights such as the right of information, the right to the family life, the right to work and education, the right to cultural identity maintenance, and the right to mental health," Drydakis says. "The World Health Organization recommended the use of digital health in improving health services, particularly for vulnerable populations."
Unique Health Risks of Migrants
While mobile applications can be helpful with integration into a new country, Dabney P. Evans, PhD, MPH, director of the Center for Humanitarian Emergencies and assistant professor of global health in Emory University Rollins School of Public Health in Georgia, tells Verywell that providers should be very cautious in how they treat migrants, particularly if they are refugees or asylum seekers.
"Asylum seekers and refugees, in particular, frequently experience torture or other forms of persecution by their home government," Evans says. She stresses that healthcare providers should keep this in mind when treating patients because the consequent health effects can include "physical injury, but they can also include mental effects which are long-lasting things like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression."
When it comes to helping migrants adjust to a new country, Evans said that it is important to not let them receive substandard care. "We want to think about providing ethical high-quality standards of care, just as we would to any other population, and that may be more challenging," Evans says. She cites lack of access to health care and issues with trust in the U.S. as potential barriers for migrants. Many migrants may be hesitant to go to the hospital in-person due to concerns about being detained by the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, she adds.
Evans pointed to apps used by Planned Parenthood Federation to help migrants traveling to the U.S. "They were using some mobile apps to be able to provide emergency contraception and other sexual reproductive health services along the routes that people were taking as they were traveling from Central America up through Mexico," Evans says. "That was more of a health service provision for populations on the move" until they were able to access doctors.
Migrant Health During COVID-19 in the U.S.
In addition to AI apps, there are other steps the U.S. can take to improve access to health care during the COVID-19 pandemic for immigrant populations. An article published in the journal PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases recommended that the following policy changes be introduced:
 1. Expand Medicaid in all states to cover more low-income adults
 2. Fund SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) testing and COVID-19 treatment for all uninsured individuals, regardless of immigration status
 3. Get rid of immigration status requirements for children when assessing their eligibility for the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP)
 4. Include immigrants who have an Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN) and their families in economic relief packages
Drydakis also believes that AI health apps can play an important role during the COVID-19 pandemic. "Mobile applications aided by AI enable users to access customized information and services 24/7," Drydakis says. "Current studies have found that M-health technologies are a viable option in monitoring COVID-19 patients at home, and to predict who will need medical intervention."
Was this page helpful?
Article Sources
 1. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. What is the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on immigrants and their children? Updated October 19, 2020.
 2. Drydakis, N., 2021. Mobile applications aiming to facilitate immigrants' societal integration and overall level of integration, health and mental health. Does artificial intelligence enhance outcomes?. Computers in Human Behavior, 117, p.106661. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106661
 3. Mitel. What is mobile integration?
 4. Clark, E., Fredricks, K., Woc-Colburn, L., Bottazzi, M. and Weatherhead, J., 2020. Disproportionate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on immigrant communities in the United States. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 14(7), p.e0008484. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd._PHONE_


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Pleistocene Park and the North-East Scientific Station
The North-East Scientific Station (NESS) and Pleistocene Park are scientific organizations located in the north of Siberia, 5 km from the town of Chersky (Yakutia)
(68° 44'N, 161° 23'E).
Established in 1977, the North-East Scientific Station has become one of the world's largest Arctic research stations, providing varied opportunities for study throughout the year in various disciplines such as ecology, climate change, arctic biology, permafrost studies, hydrology, limnology, geophysics, atmospheric physics, and others. NESS has 3 laboratories with modern equipment and the ability to welcome up to 50 researchers at a time.
Pleistocene Park is a major initiative that includes an attempt to restore the mammoth steppe ecosystem, which was dominant in the Arctic in the late Pleistocene. The initiative requires replacement of the current unproductive northern ecosystems by highly productive pastures which have both a high animal density and a high rate of biocycling.
Experiments with animal reintroductions were begun in 1988. Currently, Pleistocene Park consists of an enclosed area of 16 square kilometers that is home to 5 major herbivore species: bison, musk ox, moose, horses and reindeer.
May 1, 2012 — New photos of the park from 2011-2012
April 24, 2011 — Wapiti and Bisons have arrived to the Park
Six Wapiti and five Bisons have arrived to the Park. All feeling fine. More information and photos are coming soon.
March 17, 2011 — New photos of musk ox
Ice on the river is now deep enough, so we have made 45km of winter road to the Park and now it is much easier to get there. Took camera with me and now we have a few new shots.


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Pages: 306; Size: 6" x 9"
Series: International, Political, and Economic History
At the turn of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, three Scotsmen, Thomas Munro, John Malcolm, and Mountstuart Elphinstone, rose in the service of the East India Company to become respected and influential officials. McLaren explores connections between their career building ambitions and their development of strategies of Indian governance based on Scottish enlightenment conceptions of government, religion, law, and political economy. Exploring the interwoven careers of the three men, McLaren presents a new perspective on their use of Indian language skills and Indian knowledge and articulately written reports to gain promotion. This perspective compels a reexamination of the orthodox representation of their school of thought as largely pragmatic and conservative. McLaren's work will further the understanding of British imperialism in South Asia in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.
This [book] holds significance for scholars of intellectual history in the fields of both Britain and British colonial India. It shows well how the Scottish educational system, based on the Scottish Enlightenment, shaped the thinking and promotion rate of three important officials in the East India Company throughout their influential careers.
—Michael Fisher, Oberlin College
This is a valuable contribution to the field of British imperialism in South Asia. Scholars interested in the English-Scottish relations during this period, especially as they pertain to the empire, will also likely read this with profit.
—Lynn Zastoupil, Rhodes College


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Jump to the main content of this page
Pacific Southwest Research Station
Tahoe Science Projects supported by SNPLMA
Remote sensing of Lake Tahoe's nearshore environment
Erin Lee Hestir, University of California, Davis
The goal of this research is to use remotely sensed data to retrieve fine sediment, chlorophyll, and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) concentrations from the water column in the near shore, and to map the distribution of periphyton (attached algae), aquatic macrophytes (submerged plants), clam beds in the nearshore of Lake Tahoe and variations in sediment type. High spatial resolution multispectral satellite imagery, moderate spatial resolution multispectral satellite imagery, and airborne hyperspectral imagery will be used. We will investigate both empirical and model-driven methods to map fine sediment, chlorophyll, and CDOM concentration, macrophyte communities, clam beds, periphyton, and substrate type. The empirical approach will first classify the optically shallow near shore into the different bottom classes using the field data and spectral library first to train and then (independently) validate the classifier. This analysis allows the development of statistical correlations (e.g., regression modeling) whereby reflectance information can be used to predict the probability of the concentration of water quality constituents above a particular bottom type. Upon successful development, the statistical model can then be used to predict water quality in each image pixel given the reflectance value of that pixel. The second approach will use a radiative transfer model that simulates remote sensing reflectance of water given inputs of different aquatic optical properties. One of the key deliverables of the project is a cost-benefit analysis of remote sensing approaches for monitoring the nearshore environment and a manual for implementing remote sensing analysis for monitoring the nearshore environment.
Relation to Other Research Including SNPLMA Science Projects
The value of remote sensing technologies for evaluation and monitoring in the Lake Tahoe Basin has also been widely recognized, and an increasing number of remote sensing datasets are being acquired over the basin. NASA has been operating a remote sensing validation site at Lake Tahoe for over a decade and recently the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (TRPA) and U.S.Geological Survey have purchased high spatial resolution satellite imagery of the Tahoe Basin. Dr. Schladow and Dr. Steissberg (UC Davis TERC) and Dr. Hook (NASA-JPL) have completed a SNPLMA Round 7-funded project, "Monitoring past, present, and future water quality using remote sensing (RS),"aimed at using remote sensing to quantify changes in lake-wide distributions of Secchi depth and chlorophyll distribution. The large pixel size has limited the application to areas outside the nearshore; however, there will be considerable benefit to this project based on what was learned. Several previous SNPLMA science studies will inform this project, including: 1) "Predicting and managing changes in near-shore water quality," 2) "Natural and human limitations to Asian clam distribution and recolonization-factors that impact the management and control in Lake Tahoe," and 3) "Development of a risk model to determine the expansion and potential environmental impacts of Asian clams in Lake Tahoe," as well as a project funded by the US Army Corps of Engineers that is conducting a baseline assessment of benthic species and developing recommendations for future assessments.
Expected date of final products:
|Last Modified: Mar 7, 2013 06:28:08 PM|


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Economics Research Institute Study Paper
Utah State University Department of Economics
Careful studies of the distribution of income in nineteenth-century United States have been hampered by a paucity of available data. This study undertakes the analysis of factors influencing the distribution of personal income in communities in the Great Basin region of the western United States for the years 1860-61 and 1870. The study utilizes estimates of full income by individual based on information contained in the General Economic Records of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, demographic and economic data from the manuscript censuses of 1860 and 1870, and other relevant data from contemporary sources. Mean income and Gini ratios are calculated for nearly all Great Basin communities, and econometric analysis is undertaken to identify the impact on income distribution of changes in mean income, community size, crop destruction by grasshoppers, and the percentage of the population born in non-English speaking countries. The econometric results are compared to the results of an earlier study that looked at factors influencing income inequality for the Great Basin as a whole over the period _PHONE_. Of particular interest is the impact of ethnic mix on relative income inequality. While the earlier study found that Gini ratios for the Great Basin region rose as the fraction of the population born in non-English speaking countries increased, the current study finds that Gini ratios first rose, then fell as the percentage of the community born in non-English speaking countries rose. At the territorial level, grasshopper infestation increased relative inequality, but at the community level it decreased inequality. The completion of the transcontinental railroad allowed a few individuals in urban communities to earn large incomes in capital-intensive activities, increasing community income inequality, ceteris paribus, but community access to the railroad had a leveling effect on labor income and product prices, reducing community income inequality.
Israelsen, Karl E. and Israelsen, L. Dwight, "Nativity and Income Distribution in Frontier Utah Communities" (2000). Economic Research Institute Study Papers. Paper 179.


Chinese wall
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Chinese wall (disambiguation).
Chinese wall is a business term describing an information barrier within an organization that was erected to prevent exchanges or communication that could lead to conflicts of interest. For example, a Chinese wall may be erected to separate and isolate people who make investments from those who are privy to confidential information that could influence the investment decisions. Firms are generally required by law to safeguard insider information and ensure that improper trading does not occur.[1]
The origin of the phrase is the Great Wall of China.[2] The term was popularized in the United States following the stock market crash of 1929, when the U.S. government legislated information separation between investment bankers and brokerage firms, in order to limit the conflict of interest between objective company analysis and the desire for successful initial public offerings.[3] Rather than prohibiting one company from engaging in both businesses, the government permitted the implementation of Chinese wall procedures.
A leading note on the subject published in 1980 in the University of Pennsylvania Law Review titled "The Chinese Wall Defense to Law-Firm Disqualification" perpetuated the use of the term.[4][5]
Objections to the term[edit]
In Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co. v. Superior Court (1988), Presiding Justice Harry W. Low, a Chinese American,[6] wrote a concurring opinion specifically in order "to express my profound objection to the use of this phrase in this context". He called the term a "piece of legal flotsam which should be emphatically abandoned", and suggested "ethics wall" as a more suitable alternative. He maintained that the "continued use of the term would be insensitive to the ethnic identity of the many persons of Chinese descent".[5][7]
Alternative phrases include "screen",[8] firewall, "cone of silence", and "ethical wall". "Screen" or the verb "to screen" is the preferred term of the American Bar Association Model Rules of Professional Conduct.[9][10][11][12]
Usage in specific industries[edit]
A Chinese wall is most commonly employed in investment banks, between the corporate-advisory area and the brokering department in order to separate those giving corporate advice on takeovers from those advising clients about buying shares.[1] The "wall" is thrown up to prevent leaks of corporate inside information, which could influence the advice given to clients making investments, and allow staff to take advantage of facts that are not yet known to the general public.[13][14]
The phrase "already over the wall" is used by equity research personnel to refer to rank-and-file personnel who operate without the Chinese wall at all times. Examples include members of the Chinese wall department, most compliance personnel, attorneys and certain NYSE-licensed analysts. The term "over the wall" is used when an employee who is not normally privy to wall-guarded information somehow obtains sensitive information. Breaches considered semi-accidental were typically not met with punitive action during the heyday of the "dot-com" era. These and other instances involving conflicts of interest were rampant during this era. A major scandal was exposed when it was discovered that research analysts were encouraged to blatantly publish dishonest positive analyses on companies in which they, or related parties, owned shares, or on companies that depended on the investment banking departments of the same research firms. The U.S. government has since passed laws strengthening the Chinese wall such as Title V of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in order to prevent such conflicts of interest.
Chinese walls are also used in the corporate finance departments of the "Big Four" and other large accountancy and financial services firms. They are designed to insulate sensitive documentation from the wider firm in order to prevent conflicts.
The term is used in journalism to describe the separation between the editorial and advertising arms. The Chinese wall is regarded as breached for "advertorial" projects.
Chinese walls are used in law firms when one part of the firm representing a party on a deal or litigation is separated from another part of the firm with contrary interests or with confidential information from an adverse party. Under UK law, firm may represent competing parties in a suit, but only in strictly defined situations and when individual fee earners do not act for both sides.[15] The use of "Chinese Walls" is no longer permitted except within very narrow exceptions. The American Bar Association Model Rules of Professional Conduct (2004) state: "While lawyers are associated in a firm, none of them shall knowingly represent a client when any one of them practicing alone would be prohibited from doing so by Rules 1.7 or 1.9, unless the prohibition is based on a personal interest of the prohibited lawyer and does not present a significant risk of materially limiting the representation of the client by the remaining lawyers in the firm."[16] Although ABA rules are only advisory, most U.S. states have adopted them or have even stricter regulations in place.
Computer science[edit]
In computer science, the concept of a Chinese wall is used by both the operating system for computer security and the US judicial system for protection against copyright infringement. In computer security it concerns the software stability of the operating system. The same concept is involved in an important business matter concerning the licensing of each of a computer's many software and hardware components.
Any hardware component that requires direct software interaction will have a license for itself and a license for its software "driver" running in the operating system. Reverse engineering software is a part of computer science that can involve writing a driver for a piece of hardware in order to enable it to work in an operating system unsupported by the manufacturer of the hardware, or to add functionality or increase the performance of its operations (not provided by the manufacturer) in the supported operating system, or to restore the usage of a piece of computer hardware for which the driver has disappeared altogether. A reverse engineered driver offers access to development, by persons outside the company that manufactured it, of the general hardware usage.
Reverse engineering[edit]
There is a case-law mechanism called "Clean room design" that is employed to avoid copyright infringement when reverse engineering a proprietary driver.
It involves two separate engineering groups separated by a Chinese wall. One group works with the hardware to reverse engineer what must be the original algorithms and only documents their findings. The other group writes the code, based only on that documentation. Once the new code begins to function with tests on the hardware, it is able to be refined and developed over time.
This method insulates the new code from the old code, so that the reverse engineering is less likely to be considered by a jury as a derived work.[17][18]
Computer security[edit]
The basic model used to provide both privacy and integrity for data is the "Chinese Wall Model" or the "Brewer and Nash Model". It is a security model where read/write access to files is governed by membership of data in conflict-of-interest classes and datasets.
See also[edit]
 1. ^ a b Frier, Sarah (9 October 2014). "Goldman Sachs Turns to Digital Surveillance to Catch Rogue Bankers". Bloomberg Businessweek.
 2. ^ Bryan A. Garner (2001). A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage. Oxford University Press. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-19-514236-5.
 3. ^ Investopedia. "The Chinese Wall Protects Against Conflicts Of Interest". Retrieved 13 February 2012.
 4. ^ "The Chinese Wall Defense to Law-Firm Disqualification" (1980) 128 University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 677
 5. ^ a b Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co. v. Superior Court, 200 Cal.App.3d 272, 293–294, 245 Cal.Rptr. 873, 887–888 (1988)
 6. ^ "Hon. Harry W. Low (Ret.)". JAMS (alternative dispute resolution). Retrieved 17 October 2014.
 7. ^ David Hricik (June 8, 2005). "Chinese Walls: Racist?". Legal Ethics Forum.
 8. ^ See Martin v. MacDonald Estate (Gray) [1991] 1 WWR 705 at 715, as per Sopinka J.
 9. ^ "Model Rules of Professional Conduct", The ABA Model Rules define screening as "the isolation of a lawyer from any participation in a matter through the timely imposition of procedures within a firm that are reasonably adequate under the circumstances to protect information that the isolated lawyer is obligated to protect under these Rules or other law". Ibid.
 10. ^
 11. ^
 12. ^ Sharon D. Nelson; David K. Isom; John W. Simek (2006). Information Security for Lawyers and Law Firms. American Bar Association. pp. 25–. ISBN 978-1-59031-663-4. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
 13. ^ "Chinese Wall Definition", Investopedia.
 14. ^ Luyendijk, Joris (3 February 2012), "Equity finance banker: 'Don't underestimate the Japanese banks", The Guardian (London), retrieved 7 February 2012 see Australian case ASIC v Citigroup Global Markets Australia Pty Ltd [2007] FCA 963
 15. ^ Solicitors Regulation Authority. "Rule 3: Conflict of interests". SRA guidelines rule 3.
 16. ^ McMullan, James M. "How to Avoid Conflicts". Retrieved 2015-


text:
Consider the following Python (runs in 2.x or 3.x):
o = Outer()
i = o.Inner()
threading.local()["my o object"] = o
In Python 2.6, a class decorator that's also a custom descriptor matches the specs you give:
class InnerClassDescriptor(object): def __init__(self, cls): self.cls = cls def __get__(self, instance, outerclass): class Wrapper(self.cls): outer = instance Wrapper.__name__ = self.cls.__name__ return Wrapper class Outer(object): _USER_ class Inner(object): def __init__(self): print self.outer o = Outer() i = o.Inner() print 'Outer is a', type(Outer) print 'Inner is a', type(o.Inner)
<__main__.Outer object at 0x82f90> Outer is a Inner is a
just to confirm that
o.Inner [[is]] a class object, not something weird like a closure
as per your peculiar specs. Of course it needs to be a different class each time for reentrancy -- even in a single-threaded world, the following:
o1 = Outer() o2 = Outer() i1 = o1.Inner i2 = o2.Inner print i1(), i2(), i1(), i2()
should work cleanly, and stashing o1 vs o2 anywhere else than in the classes returned by
o2.Inner (e.g., in TLS) would mean horrible results for this use.
But then you didn't specify "
o.Inner has to be exactly the same class object for every possible
o that's an instance of
Outer", so this code fully meets the specs you did give;-).


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Some useful tips for resolving the issues related to Bending Moment and Shear Force
This construction article will introduce you with the most rapid and simple method to provide solution to the complex issues associated with bending moment and shear force by the use of online calculators. Take help from the illustration provided below and apply online bending moment calculator to find out the values of bending moment and shear force and then draw the diagrams.
Method - The following beam contains two load cases (i) point load and (ii) uniform load. Here, the principle of superposition is used to revolve the issue.
Open for Bending Moment and Shear Force Calculator and abide by the following steps.
Step 1 : Opt for the following online calculators and open in two dissimilar tabs of the browser.
a. Calculator for Point Load (case 1)
b. Calculator for uniform load (case 2)
Step 2 : Provide the necessary values of load and distances according to the assigned problem in the form for input values and compute the values of shear force and bending moment at C and D by putting x equivalent to 4 and 8 correspondingly and also on both the supports A (x=0) and B (x=10). In order to apply exact sign convention, please visit this page for guidance for calculator.
a. Point load of 10 kN functioning downward: Provide the values of beam span, load and the position of load following the diagram demonstrated and provide the position of section where it is required to compute the values of shear force and bending moment and then click "Calculate" to obtain the result together with support reactions, shear force (Fx) on both sides of the section (left and right) and bending moment Mx at the section as demonstrated in the figure specified below.
The calculator also provides the values of extreme bending moment and its location but for this problem, these values will not be applicable. Record the values of support reaction because of the load case of 10 kN. Also record the values of Fx and Mx for various points A, B, C and D just by modifying the values of x.
To read the complete article, go through the following link civilengineer.webinfolist.com


15N used in evaluation of the biodiversity The biodiversity is very important in the agricultural systems, especially in the organic crop production systems. A good biodiversity is shown by healthy and well organized food webs. Food webs in the agricultural systems are complex and the traditional ecological methods such as direct observation, gut content analysis and food preference tests have provided limited information on the feeding habits and assimilated dietary components of soil invertebrates. The trophic status of many soil invertebrate groups and their functional roles in soil food webs are needed to be monitored in ecological research related with organic agriculture. A novel technique used to elucidate trophic relations of animals exploits natural variations in the heavy stable isotope ratio to the light elements (Gannes et al., 1998). This approach is based on the analysis of the ratio of naturally occurring stable isotope pairs such as 15N/14N (expressed as δ15N), and known regularities in the change of this ratio are transferred from food sources to animals along food chains (Eggers and Jones, 2000). The stable isotopes of nitrogen (15N and 14N) are expressed in per mil (‰) as δ
 - 110. 110 Hui-lian Xu values: δ = [(R sample/R standard) – 1] x 1000, where R= 15N/14N for the measurement of nitrogen. According to observations in the nature farming fields at the International Farming Research Center (Fujita and Fujiyama, 2002), the δ15N value for plants and animals was higher in the organic fertilized fields than conventional farming fields, suggesting that organic fields function as a better ecosystem involving comparatively diverse animals enriched with 15N in the ecosystem. By analyzing δ15N of an organism, one can know the source of assimilated nitrogen based on the fact that the δ15N value of animals is directly influenced by the δ15N of their diet (DeNiro and Epstein, 1981). By looking at δ15N of potential food sources, one can know the origins of nitrogen. By looking at δ15N of the soil or agricultural produces, one can know whether nitrogen from chemical fertilizers remains as residue or is applied intently in converting organic field. 5.14 δ15N used in evaluation of the organic agricultural produces As mentioned in the above paragraph, heavy nitrogen isotope 15N usually concentrates and remains in the organic materials such as the composts where light nitrogen isotope would be lost away faster than the heavy one as ammonia to the air and as nitrate to the ground. Therefore, organic agricultural produces show higher δ15N than the conventional agricultural produces. Nakano et al. (2003) found significant differences in the δ15N values of tomato fruits grown under different types of fertilizer applications, especially between inorganic and organic fertilizers. The δ15N value of the chemical fertilizer used for basal dressing was 0.81 ± 0.45 %o, that of the chemical fertilizer for fertigation was 0.00 ± 0.04 %o, and that of corn starch liquid organic fertilizer was 8.50 ± 0.71 %o. The δ15N values of the soils reflected the δ15N values of the fertilizers. The δ15N values of the fruits are consistent with the δ15N values of the applied fertilizers. The δ15N values were 3.18 ± 1.34 %o in the fruits grown with a basal dressing of chemical fertilizer, 0.30 ± 0.61 %o in those grown under inorganic fertigation, and 7.09 ± 0.68 %o in those grown under organic fertigation. Fujita et al. (2003) examined 75 samples of rice produced in North Japan in organic and conventional paddy fields and found that the organic rices showed higher δ15N values compared with conventional rices. The rice certified by the JAS organic certifier showed an average δ15N value of 5%o with the minimum as 2.9%o. It is suggested that 2.9%o can be used the border line between organic and conventional rices. Therefore, it may be possible to use δ15N values as an indicator of organic products since the δ15N value of a fertilizer correlated with that of the produce.
 - 111. Nature Farming in Japan 111 6. Perspectives of nature farming 6.1 Agriculture in Japan 6.1.1 Low importance in the whole economy Japan has the second largest economy in the world in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), next to the United States. Japan's GDP per capita in 1999 was $34,500, one of the highest in the world. This economic scale was achieved largely due to high economic growth from 1955 to the late 1960s. For example, Japan's average annual growth rate in the 1960s was 10.39%, more than twice as much as those of Western nations. Although Japan maintained a relatively high rate of growth until 3.8%, in the late 1980s, the pace of economic growth slowed in the early 1990s, when the "bubble economy" collapsed. Japan has experienced a decline in self-sufficient agriculture with an increasing dependence on food imports. Currently, Japanese agriculture primarily depends on growing rice and fruits with high input, including heavy uses of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Agriculture has declined its relative importance in the Japanese economy with the share of net agricultural production in GNP finally reduced to 1.6% in 2003. More than 85% of Japan's farmers were engaged in occupations outside of farming. Compared with other developed countries, the most striking feature of Japanese agriculture is the shortage of farmland and the small scale of farm. The 4.9 million hectares under cultivation constituted only 12.8% of the total land area. The farmland is intensively cultivated and paddies occupy most of the countryside, whether on the alluvial plains, the terraced slopes, the swampland and coastal bays. Agriculture is maintained through the uses of chemical fertilizers and machinery and through price supports. Agricultural cooperatives are in charge of purchasing grain according to prices indexed to the average wage rates. Food production is substantially supported by the government's subsidy. Japan's support, about $23,000 per full-time farmer and almost $10,000 per hectare of farmland, is among the highest of the world. The government argues that this support is necessary for the economic, environmental, and cultural well-being of rural areas and for the nation's food security. Critics argue that such support deters other countries from entering Japan's agricultural markets, weakening domestic and international competition and raising prices for Japanese consumers. However, the government has never specifically supported organic agriculture. In a long government report from the agriculture authority, one can hardly find a word about organic agriculture and never nature farming also. Everybody knows that organic farmers cannot expect agriculture authorities to use budgeted money to encourage organic farming. The agriculture authorities' sympathies lie with agribusinesses and major corporations. If they're calling for more farmers to convert to organic
 - 112. 112 Hui-lian Xu farming, it means that they have smelled money to be made. Most of the money will be made by the corporations that control the distribution, processing, and marketing of food. The agriculture authorities are interested only in the economic aspect of organically-grown commodities and their potential for generating profits is made obvious by their choice to call organic farming 'high-value added farming'. 6.1.2 Low level of farmers' income and farm employment The total income per farm household was 7.8 million yen in 2002. Only 1.02 million yen of the total income was from farm income and, as the else, 4.53 million yen from non-farm income and 2.29 million yen from pension benefits and other sources. On average, 87% of a farmer householder's income is from non-agricultural activities. Employment in agriculture declined from 50% prewar, through 23.5% in 1965 and 7.2% in 1988, to 5% in 2002. Since 1950, Japan's economy has boomed without any withering and left farmers far behind in income. There are three types of farm households in Japan: 1) those engaging exclusively in agriculture, 14.5% of the 4.2 million farm households in 1988; 2) those with more than half their income from the farm, 14.2%; and 3) those holding jobs other than farming, 71.3%. The farm population declined from 4.9 million in 1975 and 4.7 million in 1990 to 4.4 million in 2003. The average age of farmers rose through 51 years in 1980 to more than 60 years now. 6.1.3 Low food self-sufficiency ratio Japan's food self-sufficiency ratio is in a long-term downward trend, declining from 88% in 1946, 73% in 1965 to 40% in 2003. Among the developed nations, Japan has the lowest level of 40%, compared with, for example, 139% for France at the top, 132% for the United States, 97% for Germany, 77% for Britain, and 59% for Switzerland. The main reasons for the decline in food self-sufficiency are changes in the diet with a reduced consumption


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This paper describes a new objective parameter, called "Difference Level" that could be used for preliminary technical estimation of signal degradation in various audio circuits – digital and analogue, hardware and software based. This parameter could be considered either as an extension of THD for non-periodic signals, or as one of the estimations of widely used difference signal.
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The Orange-Senqu River Basin (ORB) Study provides details of the data, sources, methodology, and maps for 14 water-related indicators across the Orange-Senqu River Basin in Southern Africa. The ORB Study is primarily designed for research organizations for analysis and research purposes.
Prior to the creation of the global Aqueduct Water Risk Atlas, indicators were developed and tested in a number of river basins worldwide. The results of the Orange-Senqu River Basin Study helped inform and shape the global Aqueduct Water Risk Framework. The Orange-Senqu River Basin study contains 14 indicators of water quantity, water variability, water quality, public awareness of water issues, access to water, and ecosystem vulnerability.


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Environmental Health and Health Effects of Environmental Change
This assignment will help you evaluate your role with improving/eliminating environmental barriers to health.
- Write a 5-6 page paper on environmental health, the environmental factors that impact health, and your role with improving/eliminating environmental barriers to health.
- In this paper you will apply the material presented in this lesson.
- Be sure to use the resources in the lesson and previous lessons in this module as appropriate.
- Copy/save your results and upload the file by clicking "Browse My Computer" for Attach file.
- View grading rubric.


OU Researcher's "GreenBox" Creates Hydrogen, Clean Water From Urine
from Wildlife Promise
0 2/15/2011 // By NWF
By Audrey Rabalais
Science Editor, College Green Magazine
The answers to clean water, clean air and waste management could all be held inside a box as small as a mini-fridge. E3 Clean Technologies, based in Athens,Ohio, is in the process of producing GreenBoxes, the brainchild of company founder Gerri Botte.
Botte, director and founder of the Center for Electrochemical Energy Research, or CEER, at Ohio University, has developed the technology for a machine that uses wastewater to produce energy and clean water. It sends an electrical current through urine, isolating the hydrogen in urine for use in fuel cells.
Though it varies in size based on intended use, the GreenBox is a metal cube with tubes and wires extending from various parts of it. A one-kilowatt unit can power a commercial building with 300 employees, Botte said.
The research and development of the GreenBox happens in the labs of CEER. Once the kinks have been worked out, the technology is sent to E3 to be produced.
The product can be used in a variety of industries, including agriculture. If installed on a large farm with livestock, wastewater collected in a lagoon or tank would be pumped into a GreenBox. A voltage would be applied to remove ammonia and urea, if they were present. The ammonia would then be broken into nitrogen, hydrogen and water. The hydrogen would then collected and sent to a fuel cell.
"You have urine, you send it through a chain, you remove the ammonia and urea and what comes out I like to call 'orange Gatorade,'" Botte said.
The remaining liquid, which contains salts, magnesium, phosphates and possibly bacteria can become potable water once it is purified.
This diagram shows how an ammonia electrolyzer can produce hydrogen and clean water from livestock and industrial ammonia waste. Image provided by the Center for Electrochemical Energy Research
Using similar technology, Botte and her team have also developed a GreenBox that can help reduce air pollution. The Selective Catalytic Reduction GreenBox reduces nitrogen oxide, which is responsible for smog. The SCR Greenbox also produces hydrogen and creates carbon dioxide as a byproduct. It has future use in cars as well as power plants.
The SCR GreenBox is revolutionary for cars because it can convert urea into ammonia. Urea is safer to transport. The carbon dioxide created from the reaction is stored as potassium carbonate. As a result, less carbon dioxide is released into the air.
Though no GreenBoxes will be sold until they are certified by the Environmental Protection Agencyand demonstrated to the public, Botte said many investors are clamoring for the urine-powered cubes. Among the possible investors is the U.S. Department of Defense.
The research team at OU consists of approximately seven people, said Alex Miller, an OU graduate with a degree in chemical engineering. This includes doctoral students, post-doctoral students and engineers who create the catalysts for the GreenBox technology.
"I love being part of an organization that is going to change the world," Miller said. "That's what I'm here for."
Changing the world was Botte's intention when she began her work as a researcher.
"When you begin research, ideally you try to have a solution to a problem," Botte said.
Her goal was to work with fuel cells in hopes of making contributions to alternative energy and a cleaner environment.
However, fuel cells are are expensive to produce due to the use of exotic materials, such as iridium and platinum. They typically use hydrogen, which is difficult to gather and store because it moves easily through materials. Hydrogen can be removed from water, but the process takes a lot of energy.
In 2002, Botte was suddenly hit by an idea: urine power. Urine that humans produce every day contains urea and ammonia, which contain hydrogen. If an electric current is sent through those compounds, the hydrogen can be separated through a process called electrolysis and then used as fuel. Thus, the GreenBox was born.
Botte is anxious for the technology to take off.
"The hope is that, in terms of any researcher, you want to see your technology out there," she said as she gestured out her window to the Lausche Heating Plant behind Stocker Center. "One day I will open my window and one of the GreenBoxes will be attached there."


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Design of a Robust Priming Controller for SMA Actuators
Song, Zihao Hunter
MetadataShow full item record
Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) have been demonstrated to be effective actuator elements in a wide range of applications, such as robotics, medicine, aerospace and automotive. Enabled by the unique thermo-mechanical properties of SMAs, these actuators offer the advantages of light weight, high power-to-weight ratio and a simple actuation mechanism compared to traditional actuator types. At the same time, the widespread adoption of the SMA actuator remains elusive as its low power efficiency and complex hysteretic behaviour often render it an impractical means of actuation. These actuators also exhibit a slow response speed and their response is highly sensitive to changes in the external environment, namely ambient temperature and mechanical stress, thus complicating their control. Position, force or temperature sensors may be used to facilitate feedback control, but at the cost of increasing the overall size and complexity of the system. The difficulties caused by the hysteretic behaviour can be largely avoided when SMA wires are used as on-off actuators, making SMAs well suited for such applications. However, they may still be subject to a wide range of dynamic operating conditions that would impact their actuation time, and achieving a consistent actuation time is often highly desirable. This thesis presents the synthesis of a nitinol SMA actuator control system which uses electrical resistance feedback to enable a fast response speed and robustness to disturbances in the external environment. A study of the resistance behaviour of SMAs is discussed first. The design of an adaptive controller and the experimental evaluation of its performance are described in detail next. The objective of the SMA actuator control system is to achieve a consistent and fast actuation time throughout the range of operating ambient temperature and stress. The control system is implemented experimentally and shown to be quite successful.
Cite this work
Zihao Hunter Song (2012). Design of a Robust Priming Controller for SMA Actuators. UWSpace. _URL_


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In cooperation with the Cape Cod Rabies Task Force (CCRTF), the United States Department of Agriculture-Wildlife Services (USDA) is continuing to support the Cape Cod Oral Rabies Vaccine (CCORV) Program to help reduce and eliminate raccoon rabies on Cape Cod. The Cape Cod ORV Program, which began in 1994, is praised as one of the longest running, increasingly successful projects to control rabies in the country. Unfortunately, the CCORV Program was one of the many public health initiatives which lost its state funding in 2009. The USDA, as a
direct result of commitments by the CCRTF, local communities and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, has continued to fund the ORV baiting. The fall round of ORV baiting is set to begin the week of April 24.
The USDA has continued to shift the bait zone west as a result of favorable rabies surveillance on Cape Cod, and high vaccination rates in wildlife. In 2016, baiting was shifted west up against the Canal, in addition to a large portion of Plymouth County for the first time since 2003. The purpose of the shift was to create a larger buffer zone for Cape Cod, and to begin to provide vaccination for a larger area of Massachusetts. This spring, bait distribution will occur again in the towns of Plymouth, Kingston, Carver, Middleboro, Wareham, Rochester, Marion, Bourne, Sandwich, Falmouth, Mashpee, Barnstable, and Yarmouth.
The distribution will occur as follows:
When rabies first appeared in the state of Massachusetts in 1992, a group of concerned local, state, county and federal representatives started the Cape Cod Rabies Task Force to discuss and implement a protocol to keep rabies off of Cape Cod. In 1994 when the CCORV Program began, the CCRTF distributed Rabies Vaccine baits throughout towns surrounding the Cape Cod Canal. For over a decade, this program was successful in keeping rabies off the Cape, using the canal as a natural barrier.
Unfortunately, in March of 2004 the first terrestrial raccoon strain of rabies was discovered in Bourne. By 2006, rabies was found in every town across the Cape. For the next two years, portions of the Cape had been baited bi-annually in hopes of vaccinating as many animals as possible, in turn, protecting the wildlife and reducing the numbers of pet and human exposures to this potentially fatal disease.
The oral rabies vaccine is licensed for use by the USDA. The rabies vaccine is contained in baits that have a strong fish smell that is especially attractive to raccoons and unpleasant to humans. Raccoons that consume a vaccine-bait unit will be vaccinated against this fatal disease. Vaccine containing baits are distributed from cars along the roadside in wooded, brush covered, and wetland areas where raccoons are likely to find and eat them. Driveways, lawns, buildings, schools and agricultural fields are avoided. Studies have shown that most baits are eaten within four days and almost all baits are gone in one week. If baits are not found, the bait will dissolve, exposing the vaccine packet. Sunlight inactivates the vaccine quickly, as does exposure to air.
Although, the vaccine will not harm domestic animals, people are urged to keep their dogs leashed to prevent them from scavenging the baits and vaccine packets. Humans who come into contact with the bait should dispose of them in brushy areas where children and dogs are not likely to find them and wash their hands thoroughly.
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts requires people to vaccinate their dogs and cats for rabies to protect both animals and humans. People can also protect themselves from contracting rabies by following these simple guidelines: avoid contact with wildlife or offering them food; dispose of food and trash properly; secure garbage cans tightly and report any wildlife behaving oddly to Natural Resources, Animal Control or local health officials. Members of the public are advised to contact their local boards of health with any questions or concerns about vaccinating pets and the Cape Cod Oral Rabies Vaccine Program.


Aik Designs
——- Creative Solutions ——-
HealthCare Condition
3 min read
Pakistan itself is a country that has seen many ups and downs & severe challenges in terms of energy crisis, water scarcity, population growth, cruel politicians, terrorism attacks and extreme poverty accompanied with amplified inflation rate. These are only some of the factor that exists in the external environment of the country, for a person who is suffering from such issues. Challenges that relates to personal life including domestic violence and marital abuse along with professional life (job) issues including peer pressure are enough for a normal person to lose their sanity.
Nonetheless, health practitioners and authorities have not defined the measures and basic necessities to cure such persons who are experiencing mental health issues for whatsoever reasons in Pakistan. Though, the number of mental hospitals throughout the country is reasonable. Whilst, seven mental hospitals and facilities in the province of Sindh, four in Punjab, nine in Khyber PakhtoonKhuwan and three in Baluchistan.
Diverting the participation of authoritative bodies to the part played by MoulviMullas in the ignorance of health literacy in Pakistan. The concepts which is typically endorsed by these self-acclaimed preachers revolve around that Mental Health issues are risen up in the mind of a person who is not enough close to his/her religion.
Assignment Writing Help in Pakistan emphasizes upon the fact that the baseless reasons which these mullas present upon justification of their comments are meant to be personswho are not praying five times in a day or fasting in the Month of Ramadan. Worst scenarios presented by the Mullas, are the ones that victimize a person who is dealing with mental health dis balance is that the specific individual is not getting married at the right age, with the spouse of their family's choice.
Another disbelieve prevailed by MoulviMullas in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is that the cure and treatments practiced by certified professionals who are experts in their field are only a 'mean of money making 'and not beneficial.
Medicinal drugs are claimed to be a waste of money by Mullas of the country and they prefer 'RohaniIlaaj' over the prescribed drugs. Newspapers and Pakistani Media is full of evidences provided through reality TV shows that clean bowled the realities of these Mullas, and prove how their tactics are only fraudulent.
Though, many reality shows over Paksitani Media every other day conduct reality shows upon the real faces of these Mullas. However, still Pakistanis are bindly trusting upon them. One of the particular reason of such blind trust is because 'Rohaniilaaj' is much cheaper than professional health practitioner prescribed medicines and treatments.
A very measurable mean of assessing people's preferences amongst the twoaforementioned cures is 'Societal Class line'. Individuals who belong from upper middle class and elite class prefer professional treatments that guide them to spend time alone or even going on for a vacation. However, individuals who belong from lower middle class and can hardly afford their basic necessities go for a cheaper alternative of 'Rohaaniilaaj' that is effective from their perspectives.
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Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18(7):2821-2832. doi:10.7150/ijbs.71714 This issue
1. Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC; Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
2. Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
3. Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
4. Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
5. National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
*These authors contributed equally to this work.
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is an important pathway which helps to maintain genomic stability. Mutations in DNA MMR genes are found to promote cancer initiation and foster tumor progression. Deficiency or inactivation of MMR results in microsatellite instability (MSI) which triggers neoantigen generation and impairs tumor growth. Immunotherapies targeting MMR can increase the burden of neoantigens in tumor cells. While MSI has been regarded as an important predictor of sensitivity and drug resistance for immunotherapy-based strategies. Different approaches targeting genomic instability have been demonstrated to be promising in malignancies derived from different tissues. Underlying MMR deficiency-associated immunogenicity is important for improving the therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapies. In this review we provide an overview of the MMR systems, their role in tumorigenesis, drug resistance, prognostic significance and potential targets for therapeutic treatment in human cancers, especially in hematological malignancies.
Keywords: MMR, Development, Immunotherapy, DNA repair, Cancer


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Talking about disability can, at times, make people feel uncomfortable and worried they will offend. More countries should follow the path of the Maori language of New Zealand who recently introduced new words to describe disability, mental health and addiction.
Expanding their language with 200 additional words, the Maori vocabulary has taken vital steps to encourage improved understanding of various conditions and impairments.
It is no secret that us Brits are constantly conscious of offending and this attitude has led to discrimination and loneliness in the disabled community. In August of last year, Sense, a disability charity supporting those with complex communication needs, joined with the Jo Cox Commission on Loneliness.
An issue that affects everyone – young, old, disabled and non-disabled – the commission found that many disabled people felt lonely because people were reluctant to speak to the disabled community for fear of offending.
Under the commission, it was revealed that one in four Brits admitted to avoiding conversation with disabled people, arguably, not to be rude but rather unsure of what to say. This is why the Maori language specifically creating words for disability, mental health, and addiction is so crucial.
The new words were devised to, not only fill the gaps, but to encourage terms that are non-judgemental – something that everyone can get behind. All the vocabulary is now available in a glossary called Te Reo Hāpai – The Language of Enrichment.
But, why do the words work so well?
Primarily because the disabled community was on hand to develop the phrases. Strength was an important factor in creating the words and even the word for disabled, whaikaha, interoperates to 'having strength or to be differently able.'
Words carry a lot of power and it is refreshing to see one language embracing differences to empower those living with mental health troubles, addiction and disability. Takiwatanga is the term to describe autism but it's translation can resonate with everyone: in his or her own time and space.
Hopefully, in time, more languages will celebrate what makes us different so we can all feel confident and happy to talk about disability.


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Doctors are seeking ways to improve the accuracy of positron-emitting tomography (PET) scanning for assessing the extent of disease in patients with colon cancer. One possible way to accomplish this goal is by attaching a radioactive substance that can be detected by PET scanning to an antibody that targets colon cancer cells. In this study, investigators are determining the usefulness of a monoclonal antibody called huA33 for diagnosis and for detecting the presence of a protein called the A33 antigen. HuA33, an antibody made in a laboratory, appears to attach itself to colon cancer cells, and may trigger the immune system to kill these cells. Radioactive iodine 124 (124I) labeled to A33 can be detected by PET scanning.
The aims of this study are to see: (1) if huA33 attached to 124I can be safely given to patients with colorectal cancer, (2) if the radioactivity binds only to cancer cells, and not normal cells, and (3) if the measurement of radioactivity made with the PET scanner is the same as the radioactivity detected when the tumor is surgically removed from the body and counted using a gamma counter. Researchers will determine how well huA33 targets colon cancer cells. Ultimately, if huA33 tagged with 124I is safe for patients and targets only cancer cells, this approach may lead to a more accurate way to determine the spread of colon cancer.


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Serbian: Isn't my language your language?
This chapter discusses the occurrence of two variants of the Serbian language: Montenegrin and Serbian. The constitutional status of the two Serbian alphabets and pronunciations are summarized. With its two alphabets and two pronunciations, the Serbian language displays an identity prone to disputes and controversies. The factions in Serbian linguistic circles are described including: the status quo linguists, the neo-Vukovite linguists, and the Orthodox linguists. The chapter details the orthographic chaos from 1993 to 1994 resulting from competing orthographic manuals. The orthographic controversy for the Montenegrins is merely a symptom of a more fundamental suspicion that the Serbian language can no longer fully support its two equal pronunciations—ekavian and ijekavian. The internal debate among the Serbs regarding the co-official status of the ekavian and ijekavian dialects/pronunciations has a long and emotional history. Academics lead language planning and the formulation of language policy for the Serbian language.
Oxford Scholarship Online requires a subscription or purchase to access the full text of books within the service. Public users can however freely search the site and view the abstracts and keywords for each book and chapter.
If you think you should have access to this title, please contact your librarian.


Weekend Unplug: Take the kids to watch trains + lessons to share
Christie Dedman | By Christie Dedman |
Email the author | Follow on Twitter
on August 09, 2013 at 5:00 PM, updated August 09, 2013 at 5:02 PM
Screen Shot 2013-08-09 at 12.30.10 PM.png
 It's time for the weekend unplug. This week we took the kids over to Irondale at the Whistle Stop Cafe and let them watch trains.
While it doesn't sound that exciting it is for my kids. They love trains, even my daughter enjoys watching down the line.
1. Take some snacks and water.
2. Keep track of the trains if they are a cargo, passenger etc.
3. Don't forget to count the carts.
4. Talk about the jobs of the engineer or conductor.
5. Help your children learn the difference between train engines.
6. Notice the signals and train safety.
7. Don't forget to take photos and videos of your kids watching the action.
8. I set an alarm when we go so the kids will know when it's time to go.
9. Go at different times of the day and night for different conditions, dusk, afternoon sun, fog, night lights etc.


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Rock-paper-scissors, commonly known as RPS, may seem like an innocent game that people play to pass the time. However, it has evolved into a serious sport with global championships and rankings. The RPS World Rankings are changing the way the game is played and even shaping its future.
RPS has been around for centuries, with evidence of the game dating back to ancient China. It is a game of chance, where players choose between three hand gestures: rock (a closed fist), paper (an open hand), or scissors (a fist with the index and middle fingers extended). The object of the game is to defeat your opponent by making the hand gesture that beats theirs.
In recent years, RPS has evolved into an international sport with its own governing body, the World RPS Society. The society has created a standardized set of rules and hosts numerous tournaments and championships around the world. The winners of these tournaments are awarded points that contribute to their ranking in the RPS World Rankings.
The world rankings are based on a player's performance in sanctioned events over a year-long period. The top-ranked players are considered the elite of the sport and often receive sponsorships and opportunities to play in high-stakes tournaments. The rankings have brought a new level of competition and legitimacy to the game, attracting more players and fans.
But the rankings also have a bigger impact on the game's future. They shape the strategies and tactics that players use in tournaments. For example, players may analyze the rankings to determine which hand gesture is most popular among their opponents. If the rankings show that paper is the most used gesture, then a player may choose rock to counter it. This strategy adds a new level of complexity to the game and encourages players to adapt and evolve their playing styles.
Additionally, the rankings have led to the creation of new RPS techniques and variations. Players have developed unique strategies, such as "delayed rock," where they pause before making a gesture to throw off their opponents. Others have created new gestures, such as "water balloon" or "dynamite," to introduce a new element of surprise to the game.
In conclusion, the RPS World Rankings have transformed the game of rock-paper-scissors from a casual pastime to a serious sport with its own set of rules, tournaments, and international rankings. The rankings have brought a new level of competition and complexity to the game, shaping its future and inspiring new tactics and variations. As the game continues to grow and evolve, it will be interesting to see how the rankings continue to shape its development.


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- 1 Why is FM radio better than AM?
- 2 What are the reasons FM is more preferred now?
- 3 Why FM is preferred over PM?
- 4 Why FM is more immune to noise than AM?
- 5 Why is AM radio not used?
- 6 Which is stronger AM or FM?
- 7 What are disadvantages of FM?
- 8 What is the main disadvantage of FM over AM?
- 9 Does AM or FM travel further?
- 10 Why FM is used in broadcasting but not PM?
- 11 What is the relationship between PM and FM?
- 12 What is bandwidth in FM?
- 13 Why area of reception in FM is much smaller than AM?
- 14 Why bandwidth of FM is infinite?
Why is FM radio better than AM?
With FM, the frequency (the number of times each second that the current changes direction) of the carrier signal is varied. FM signals have a great advantage over AM signals. Both signals are susceptible to slight changes in amplitude. With an AM broadcast, these changes result in static.
What are the reasons FM is more preferred now?
Originally Answered: Why does FM is preferred over am in radio communication? FM is more clear in transmission than AM. Its wave length is short whereas the frequency is high and vice verse for AM. Here the frequency is modulated and in AM amplitude is modulated.
Why FM is preferred over PM?
Signal to noise ratio is better than in phase modulation. Signal to noise ratio is poor than in frequency modulation. In FM, the frequency derivation is proportional to the modulating voltage only. In PM, the frequency derivation is proportional to the modulating voltage as well as modulating frequency.
Why FM is more immune to noise than AM?
FM signal is having fixed amplitude and phase and frequency is variable. Noise is generally uniformly spread across the spectrum and varies randomly in amplitude. The change in amplitude can modulate the signal and can be picked up in an AM system. So FM is more immune to noise.
Why is AM radio not used?
The decline in AM audio was due more to regulation than to method of modulation. One aspect of radio not understood by most listeners is the concept of occupied bandwidth, or the amount of spectrum that a station uses to transmit its signal. It displays signals within a specified range of frequencies.
Which is stronger AM or FM?
FM radio, always remains at constant amplitude, so signal strength does not change. FM uses a higher frequency range and a bigger bandwidth than AM. This means that an FM station can transmit 15 times as much information as an AM station and explains why music sounds so much better on FM.
What are disadvantages of FM?
Disadvantages of FM: Much more Bandwidth (as much as 20 times as much). Frequency Modulation
- Improved signal to noise ratio (about 25dB) w.r.t. to man made interference.
- Smaller geographical interference between neighboring stations.
- Less radiated power.
- Well defined service areas for given transmitter power.
What is the main disadvantage of FM over AM?
Explanation: The disadvantage of FM over AM is that in frequency modulation large bandwidth is required. While, in case of advantages, FM is less prone to noise interference and has lower power consumption compared to AM.
Does AM or FM travel further?
FM radio waves also travel horizontally and skyward. However, due to the higher frequency of the carrier waves, the waves that go skyward are not reflected. They pass through the atmosphere and into space. Although AM waves can be received at greater distances than FM waves, FM.
Why FM is used in broadcasting but not PM?
Like FM, PM minimizes various types of interference to broadcast reception at frequencies below 30 MHz. The two techniques are commonly used together. FM cannot be applied during the amplification of a sound signal in broadcasting, and so PM is used instead.
What is the relationship between PM and FM?
Relation between PM and FM The frequency of the wave also changes the phase of the wave. Though they are related, their relationship is not linear. Phase modulation is an indirect method of producing FM. The amount of frequency shift, produced by a phase modulator increases with the modulating frequency.
What is bandwidth in FM?
FM radio uses frequency modulation, of course. The frequency band for FM radio is about 88 to 108 MHz. The information signal is music and voice which falls in the audio spectrum. If FM transmitters use a maximum modulation index of about 5.0, so the resulting bandwidth is 180 kHz (roughly 0.2 MHz).
Why area of reception in FM is much smaller than AM?
Because the frequency of a radio wave is less vulnerable to noise than the amplitude, FM was originally introduced to reduce noise and improve the quality of radio reception. In order to accomplish this, FM radio signals have bandwidth several times that of AM signals. Bandwidths six times or larger are common.
Why bandwidth of FM is infinite?
FM generates upper and lower sidebands, each of which contain an infinite number of side frequencies. However, the FM bandwidth is not infinite because the amplitude of the higher order side frequencies decreases rapidly.


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check that no read occurs to a location that is undefined. I will discuss this method and related issues in a later post.
Stopping Heap Spray—Other Approaches
There are several other methods for protecting against heap spray attacks. One project is called Nozzle and is work of Paruj Ratanaworabhan, Benjamin Livshits, and Benjamin Zorn of Microsoft. This method is really an intrusion detection method: it watches the memory and reports if it detects the presence of objects that contain executable code. One problem with this method is the existence of false positives. They note that often data stored by programs is legal code.
Another project is called BuBBle and is the work of Francesco Gadaleta, Yves Younan, and Wouter Joosen. They use a method very close to one I am suggesting. They replace parts of memory by random pieces—these random pieces cause the memory left by the attacker to be gone. This will cause the malware to cause an exception when it attempts to execute that part of memory. One problem is they only modify some of memory, and second is they need additional storage for the actual values of the modified memory.
Can theory help in other ways in building secure operating systems? Does the idea here have any use in fighting heap spray attacks? Can we use more crypto in making secure systems?


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'War of the Worlds: Transnational Fears of Invasion and Conflict, _PHONE_', Lancaster University, 8 September 2017
The second biennial conference of the Invasion Network was held at Lancaster University in September. The network brings together scholars from different fields, mainly history and literature, who study invasion fiction, a popular literary genre in Britain in the years before the First World War that depicted – as the name suggests – imagined invasions of the British Isles. One of the aims of the conference was to expand the time frame for such literature, from pre-1914 fiction into the inter-war years, and to draw connections and comparisons to other parts of the world outside of Britain. As with the last conference, this one was structured as a workshop, with a keynote address followed by two panels, and ending with a roundtable discussion on the wider theme of transnational invasion fears.
The papers led to discussions on the link between invasion stories and other, related forms of fiction, and on the xenophobia often implicit in such narratives. While the conference itself had 1933 as its end point, the conversation around the roundtable at the end of the day brought up the links to modern events – it was difficult, for example, to avoid talk of Brexit, the language of the British press, or the current political landscape in the United States. The resonance of books like The Camp of the Saints (1973), by Jean Raspail – reportedly among the favourite novels of Steve Bannon – and Michel Houellebecq's controversial Soumission (2015) illustrates how fiction is still a favoured medium for portraying imagined sinister threats to the body politic. In addition, fictional future-war stories continue to be written – like last year's 2017: War with Russia, by General Sir Richard Shirreff.
The conference opened with a keynote from Professor David Glover (University of Southampton), under the title '"The Stage of Civilian Controversy": From Invasion to Conspiracy and Beyond'. Glover discussed the fluidity of the invasion narrative – a point that was brought up throughout the conference – and how invasion literature can be seen as a genre where paranoia works as an ideology. Thinking of the literature as 'conspiracy', as the concept is discussed in Jerry Palmer's Thrillers (1978), offers a useful way of analysing the fears expressed in the stories. Fear of the 'other' is particularly prevalent in such narratives, and, as Glover pointed out, invasion fiction can encompass literature ranging from descriptions of military confrontation in the near future, to more subtle threats of enemies within, or spies in hiding. More generally, much of the fiction remains preoccupied with a perceived internal weakness and national or imperial decline, rather than identifying a concrete external foe, a point that was underlined during the subsequent discussion.
The first panel followed on from the keynote with a discussion of a varied set of texts, beginning with a quantitative analysis of British enemies and allies by Derek Linney (University of Edinburgh). The panel, like the keynote, highlighted the complexities of the genre, and the discussion that followed focused on how the stories fit in a wider analysis of British and European society in the period under discussion. Michael Hughes' (University of Liverpool) paper pointed out the lack of invasion literature in Russia, while Christian Melby (King's College London) discussed the way the empire was presented in British fiction. Harry Wood (University of Liverpool) rounded off the panel with a paper on the reception of invasion texts.
The links between British fiction and stories published on the other side of the Atlantic were explored in the second panel, with an informative paper by Anthony Taylor (Oxford University) on the populist politics of stories like Ignatius Donnelly's Caesar's Column (1890), as well as other American tales with eschatological overtones. Michael Matin (Warren Wilson College) continued the focus on the US, but from a British perspective, with a paper on the propaganda efforts of Wellington House during the First World War. Such officially sanctioned stories aside, the question of the extent to which fiction directly impacted on, or were inspired by, political and social developments was also raised. Despite indications that authors tapped into existing fears, more research is needed here, as Harry Wood's earlier paper pointed out.
Both panels also pointed out the nuances of the genre, and its reception in society. The second panel discussed the popularity of authors like William Le Queux, whose The Invasion of 1910 (1906) can be ranked among the best-sellers of Edwardian fiction, even if the actual number of printed copies is difficult to assess. Ailise Bulfin (Trinity College Dublin) observed that the story was decidedly popular, which seems to indicate that the genre was received with open arms by its readers. Whether or not they agreed with the xenophobia, or read the stories simply for their entertainment value, or something in between, is a question that was discussed both here and during the roundtable session. Daniel Renshaw (Brunel University London) finished with a paper that looked at the fear of migrant 'others' expressed in stories like Dracula (1897).
Overall, the conference provided a highly informative forum for debate, and offered an opportunity to go beyond existing studies of invasion literature, both spatially and temporally. In the conversation around the roundtable it was evident that there are still many avenues left to explore. In-depth studies of audiences, and of the circulation of printed stories outside of their home country, are still largely missing. Seeing continuity and change over time, as well as further investigation of the geographical extent of such literature, should provide fertile ground for future study. Hopefully some interesting points and some conclusions on these as well as other issues will be discussed at the next Invasion Network conference.


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Brent Council says:
Byron Court primary school is included in the Councils School Expansion programme, which is being delivered to accommodate the increasing number of children living in the borough. As a planning condition, the Council is proposing to introduce a local road safety scheme in the surrounding roads near the school. Details of the scheme and the area affected are shown on the enclosed drawings.
The aim of the scheme is to:
Improve road safety for motorists, pedestrians and cyclists and particularly for vulnerable road users
Prevent obstructive and dangerous parking at the school gates
Better manage traffic flow and reduce vehicle speed
Improve crossing facilities for pedestrians


What's the Best Way to Teach Jewish Texts to Adults?
From Section:
Adult Education
Mar. 08, 2015
Source: My Jewish Learning
Most of us learned content through lecture, and demonstrated mastery by writing papers. In other words, through modeling plus drill and practice, we learned to create well-structured, interesting talks. Despite deep praise for chevruta, i.e., learning in pairs or small groups, no one showed us how to proceed. For three decades, as both student and teacher, I have been chasing this esoteric knowledge. Today, I would like to share some of what I caught — one possible method of teaching text through discussion.
 1. Know your text. Read it carefully before you plan your class, three times at least.
 2. Choose a scheme for asking questions.The Great Books Foundation in Chicago offers a great one. Factual questions (only one answer based on the text is possible); interpretive questions (multiple answers based on the text are possible); evaluative questions (multiple answers based on the student's experience are possible); speculative questions (no answer is offered in this text).The PaRDeS scheme, articulated by medieval Jewish mystics, is also powerful. Peshat (simple) questions (answers summarize content or narrative); Derash (teaching) questions (answers offer the moral of the story); Remez (hint) questions (answers speculate about the nature of God); Sod (secret) questions (answers describe human spirituality).
 3. Play with the text yourself before teaching. Brainstorm questions in each category. Explore the chains of answers, questions, and re-readings they provoke.
 4. Assess what background information is absolutely required in order for students to gain meaning from the text. Prepare the shortest possible lecture needed to transmit it. Alternatively, prepare a few information review questions for students to answer at the beginning of the class.
 5. Welcome students to class. Let them know, in a general way, your plan or outline for the time. They will be less anxious and unlikely to pull the class away from your preparation.
 6. For a long class, or the first in a series of classes, begin by teaching your scheme of questioning. Students will know what you consider a good question — and why you might sometimes say, "Let's put your question on hold."
 7. Read the texts: shorter ones aloud; longer ones via quiet individual reading.
 8. Start discussion with a good question. Working with the two schemes above, almost always the best starting questions will be an interpretive question (e.g., Why is Moses afraid to approach the burning bush?), remez question (e.g., How does God present Godself here?), or sod question (e.g., How does Moses change through his encounter with God?).
 9. Consistently encourage students to find an answer from the text. When they offer opinions, ask them, "Where in the text do you see that? Help us see what you see." Through this close reading, they will sort out the factual or peshat content of the text. And they will raise enough additional questions to keep discussion rich and vibrant, challenging you to decide which questions the group should pursue.
 10. Keep in mind the difference between a discussion and an interactive lecture. In interactive lecture, you the teacher choose a path to a particular conclusion. You ask questions to keep people engaged. In discussion, you shape the direction with your questions, but content and conclusions are supplied by the discussants. Faith and keen attention are required.
 11. Allow students to address each other directly. (They can still raise their hands to be called on, so that all don't talk at once.) Not everything has to be answered, restated or commented on by you. This results in a deeper discussion.
 12. Restrain yourself temporarily from answering many speculative questions. Though they may provide helpful historical information, they draw you out of the text.
 13. As time or energy draw to a close, choose an evaluative question (e.g., Would you have been bolder than Moses?) or derash question (In what way might Moses be a role model for us?) to help personalize the learning.
 14. Thank students, and close with the shortest possible summary; sometimes you can ask a student to offer it.
Some aspects of this method may seem counterintuitive, requiring a leap of faith — but I guarantee, it is powerful. Once you gain the confidence integrate elements into your teaching, your classes will be filled with "aha" moments and will never, ever be boring.
Read the entire article at My Jewish Learning.
Updated: Jan. 22, 2020
Didactics | Text study | Adult education


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been classed as clinically extremely vulnerable due to pre-existing medical conditions have been advised to shield. We do not expect these children to be attending school or college, and they should continue to be supported at home as much as possible. Clinically vulnerable (but not clinically extremely vulnerable) people are those considered to be at a higher risk of severe illness from coronavirus (COVID-19). A small minority of children will fall into this category, and parents should follow medical advice if their child is in this category.
Shielded and clinically vulnerable adults
Clinically extremely vulnerable individuals are advised not to work outside the home. We are strongly advising people, including education staff, who are clinically extremely vulnerable (those with serious underlying health conditions which put them at very high risk of severe illness from coronavirus (COVID-19) and have been advised by their clinician or through a letter) to rigorously follow shielding measures in order to keep themselves safe. Staff in this position are advised not to attend work. Read COVID-19: guidance on shielding and protecting people defined on medical grounds as extremely vulnerable for more advice.
Clinically vulnerable individuals who are at higher risk of severe illness (for example, people with some pre-existing conditions as set out in the Staying at home and away from others (social distancing) guidance) have been advised to take extra care in observing social distancing and should work from home where possible. Education and childcare settings should endeavour to support this, for example by asking staff to support remote education, carry out lesson planning or other roles which can be done from home. If clinically vulnerable (but not clinically extremely vulnerable) individuals cannot work from home, they should be offered the safest available on-site roles, staying 2 metres away from others wherever possible, although the individual may choose to take on a role that does not allow for this distance if they prefer to do so. If they have to spend time within 2 metres of other people, settings must carefully assess and discuss with them whether this involves an acceptable level of risk.
Living with a shielded or clinically vulnerable person
If a child, young person or a member of staff lives with someone who is clinically vulnerable (but not clinically extremely vulnerable), including those who are pregnant, they can attend their education or childcare setting.
If a child, young person or staff member lives in a household with someone who is extremely clinically vulnerable, as set out in the COVID-19: guidance on shielding and protecting people defined on medical grounds as extremely vulnerable guidance, it is advised they only attend an education or childcare setting if stringent social distancing can be adhered to and, in the case of children, they are able to understand and follow those instructions. This may not be possible for very young children and older children without the capacity to adhere to the instructions on social distancing. If stringent social distancing cannot be adhered to, we do not expect those individuals to attend. They should be supported to learn or work at home.
Class or group sizes
We know that, unlike older children and adults, early years and primary age children cannot be expected to remain 2 metres apart from each other and staff. In deciding to bring more children back to early years and schools, we are taking this into account. Schools should therefore work through the hierarchy of measures set out above:
- avoiding contact with anyone with symptoms
- frequent hand cleaning and good respiratory hygiene practices
- regular cleaning of settings
- minimising contact and mixing
As well as the measures above, secondary schools and colleges should:
- ensure that only a quarter of pupils in year 10 and year 12 are in school at any one time
- aim to practise social distancing in line with the measures the government is asking everyone to adopt in public and in workplaces, including keeping pupils 2 metres apart from each other where possible
- plan that classes are no more than half their usual size, to allow sufficient distancing between pupils (this may vary due to individual school circumstances)
It is still important to reduce contact between people as much as possible, and we can achieve that and reduce transmission risk by ensuring children, young people and staff where possible, only mix in a small, consistent group and that small group stays away from other people and groups.
Public Health England (PHE) is clear that if early years settings, schools and colleges do this, and crucially if they are also applying regular hand cleaning, hygiene and cleaning measures and handling potential cases of the virus as per the advice, then the risk of transmission will be lowered.
Where settings can keep children and young people in those small groups 2 metres away from each other, they should do so. While in general groups should be kept apart, brief, transitory contact, such as passing in a corridor, is low risk.
For pre-school children in early years settings, the staff to child ratios within Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) continue to apply as set out here, and we recommend using these to group children.
For primary schools, classes should normally be split in half, with no more than 15 pupils per small group and one teacher (and, if needed, a teaching assistant). If there are any shortages of teachers, then teaching assistants can be allocated to lead a group, working under the direction of a teacher. Vulnerable children and children of critical workers in other year groups should also be split into small groups of no more than 15. Desks should be spaced as far apart as possible.
For secondary schools and colleges, the same principle of halving classes will normally apply. We recognise that the range of subjects and courses taught in secondary schools and colleges means that some mixing may be unavoidable to provide pupils with face-to-face support from subject/specialist teachers. We would expect that these groups are still smaller than normal. It is also sensible to rearrange classrooms and workshops with sitting positions 2 metres apart. Where very small classes might result from halving, it would be acceptable to have more than half in a class, provided the space has been rearranged. Again, support staff may be drawn on in the event there are teacher shortages, working under the direction of other teachers in the setting.
Each setting's circumstances will be slightly different. Any setting that cannot achieve these small groups at any point should discuss options with their local authority or trust. This might be because there are not enough classrooms or spaces available in the setting or because they do not have enough available teachers or staff to supervise the groups. Solutions might involve children attending a nearby school. If necessary, settings have the flexibility to focus first on continuing to provide places for priority groups and then, to support children's early learning, settings should prioritise groups of children as follows:
- early years settings - 3 and 4 year olds followed by younger age groups
- infant schools - nursery (where applicable) and reception
- primary schools - nursery (where applicable), reception and year 1
We will revisit this advice when the science indicates it is safe to invite more children back to schools and colleges.
How to implement protective measures in an education setting before wider opening from 1 June
Planning and organising
Consider the following steps:
- refresh your risk assessment and other health and safety advice for children, young people and staff in light of recent government advice, identifying protective measures (such as the things listed below). Also ensure that all health and safety compliance checks have been undertaken before opening
- organise small class groups, as described in the 'class or group sizes' section above
- organise classrooms and other learning environments such as workshops and science labs for those groups, maintaining space between seats and desks where possible
- refresh the timetable:
- decide which lessons or activities will be delivered
- consider which lessons or classroom activities could take place outdoors
- use the timetable and selection of classroom or other learning environment to reduce movement around the school or building
- stagger assembly groups
- stagger break times (including lunch), so that all children are not moving around the school at the same time
- stagger drop-off and collection times
- for secondary schools and colleges, consider how best to supplement remote education with some face to face support for students
- plan parents' drop-off and pick-up protocols that minimise adult to adult contact
- in addition, childcare settings or early years groups in school should:
- consider how to keep small groups of children together throughout the day and to avoid larger groups of children mixing
- consider how play equipment is used ensuring it is appropriately cleaned between groups of children using it, and that multiple groups do not use it simultaneously
- remove unnecessary items from classrooms and other learning environments where there is space to store it elsewhere
- remove soft furnishings, soft toys and toys that are hard to clean (such as those with intricate parts)
- consider how children and young people arrive at the education or childcare setting, and reduce any unnecessary travel on coaches, buses or public transport where possible. Read the Coronavirus (COVID-19): safer travel guidance for passengers
- institutions offering residential provision will also need to consider the maximum number of children or young people they can safely accommodate in residences
Communicating your plans
Consider the following steps:
- tell children, young people, parents, carers or any visitors, such as suppliers, not to enter the education or childcare setting if they are displaying any symptoms of coronavirus (COVID-19) (following the COVID-19: guidance for households with possible coronavirus (COVID-19) infection)
- tell parents that if their child needs to be accompanied to the education or childcare setting, only one parent should attend
- tell parents and young people their allocated drop off and collection times and the process for doing so, including protocols for minimising adult to adult contact (for example, which entrance to use)
- make clear to parents that they cannot gather at entrance gates or doors, or enter the site (unless they have a pre-arranged appointment, which should