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The Light Sussex Chicken
Light Sussex Hen, 30 x 24 painted paper collage on panel
Chickens were first domesticated in Southeast Asia some ten thousand years ago and from there spread to nearly every part of the world. They reached the borders of Europe around 3000 BCE and arrived in Britain sometime during the Iron Age around 500 BCE. But chickens did not become truly popular there as food until the Romans arrived a few hundred years later, and then chickens became VERY popular indeed. One of the oldest handwritten documents ever found in Britain was a shopping list given by a Roman commander to his slave instructing him to buy twenty chickens at the market and "if you can find nice ones, a hundred or two hundred eggs, if they are for sale there at a fair price." 1
The Vindolanda Tablets, found near Hadrian's Wall
The British Museum, UK. Photo by Michel Wal ©2008 (Wikimedia Commons)
In the southeast of England – Sussex, Kent, and Surrey –there were regional varieties of chickens which were commonly found on the small farms and in the villages of that area for a very long time. The Sussex breed of chicken was developed in the early nineteenth century from some of these very old varieties of chickens. The Sussex was initially developed as a meat bird, with crossbreeding to Dorking, Brahma, and Cochin to produce a chicken that would fatten readily in order to supply the ever expanding market of urban nineteenth century London. The demand for Sussex chickens was so great that they even had their own train to the city!
Although the Sussex was acknowledged as a breed in the first half of the nineteenth century, no formal breeders' club formed until 1903.
The very first poultry show, held in England in 1845, recognized these native birds: the Dorking, the Surrey, and the Kent or Old Sussex Fowl. Although the original Sussex Fowl was probably speckled, several color varieties were already developed, including the Red. The Sussex was mainly used as a table bird. 2
The Light Sussex was one of the first three standardized colour varieties, the others being the aforementioned speckled and the red. The Light was developed as a dual purpose bird by cross breeding with prolific egg-laying Mediterranean breeds, and is thus prized both for its table weight and good egg production. A hen from a productive line can lay more than 250 eggs per year.
Light Sussex Hen and Rooster, owned by Kevin MacFarlane
The Light Sussex is a stocky bird with soft feathers. Its plumage is mainly white with an attractive black pattern on the hackle feathers at the base of the neck. The wing tips are black, and so is the tail. The bird's skin colour is white. The legs are pale, as is the beak, but the comb and wattles are bright red. Roosters can weigh up to 4 kg (9 lbs). Hens are a bit smaller at approximately 3 kg (7 lbs). The birds are good foragers and do well in free range situations, but also adapt to confinement.
The Sussex came to Canada with settlers from Britain in the early nineteenth century. It is reputed that they were exported to Canada in large numbers at the behest of British bankers who were fearful of losing their investments when Canadian grain farmers suffered hard years and mass foreclosures on farms were a very real threat. Once the wheat crop had been removed, the Light Sussex chickens gleaned the harvested grain fields. Sometimes this second chicken 'crop' brought in more money than the wheat. For a time, the Light Sussex was the most popular dual purpose breed of chicken in both Canada and England. The Light Sussex never did take off in quite the same way in the United States, except on those farmsteads along the Canadian border. Its lack of popularity in the U.S. (and to some extent also in Quebec) was due to its white skin – the very reason it was prized by the British. 3
The Light Sussex was particularly popular in Canada during the 1940's when large numbers of the birds were imported to the country to be raised here in order to supply the desired white-skinned birds for the British market during Wartime. The Light Sussex, along with the Rhode Island Red, were the most significant commercial birds in Canada until the transition was made to modern hybrids in the mid-twentieth century. The Light Sussex is still used in the creation of some commercial hybrids. But the Light Sussex's status as most popular breed has long since gone and it is now found on the watch list of many livestock conservation groups, including that of Rare Breeds Canada, and what Sussex chickens remain are of limited genetic lineage.
1. Andrew Lawler, Why Did the Chicken Cross the World? P. 117, Atria Books
2. Janet Vorwald Dohner, Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds, p. 427, Yale University Press
3. Correspondence with Emily Robertson of True North Hatchery
Additional Sources:The Cambridge World History of Food (by K.F. Kiple & K.C. Ornelas, Cambridge University Press); Rare Breeds Survival Trust (_URL_)

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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I have files and portable applications on windows 7 Host Machine. How can I access this from windows 8 Virtual machine which is on VMware workstation.
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2 Answers 2
up vote 4 down vote accepted
The procedure works with Windows 8 or any other Windows actually, it's not Windows 8 exclusive:
 1. Once installed the operating system in the virtual machine install VMware Tools (with the VM running click on the VM menu and select to install VMware Tools). It'll mount an image in one of your CD/DVD drivers.
 2. Start the installation program within the virtual machine:
 Starting the installation program
 3. Once installed you'll be prompted to reboot the machine, do so.
 4. After the reboot you'll see that there's a new icon by the clock in the classic desktop, it denotes that VMware Tools (they enhance the performance of the virtual machine's guest operating system and improve its management).
After that you'll be able to transfer files and folder from and to the VM's operating system by drag and drop for example.
A more permanent way is to setup shared folders between both machines. In the Options tab of the virtual machine settings dialog you can setup folder mappings between both OSs, and even specify if they're to be read only:
Shared folder options
Since the guest OS is Windows selecting to map them as network drivers will make them appear in Computer just like any other:
Access to mapped folders
If you don't wish to map them as a network drive you can access your shared folders over network:
\\vmware-host\Shared Folders\shared_folder_name
Access shared folders via network
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You can do it from Settings, Just follow the steps,
 - Go to Edit > Virtual Machine Settings > Options and click Shared folders.
Look at the image for more information,
enter image description here
After setting shared folder, you need start your virtual operating system.
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Your Answer


How To Prevent Injury While Cycling
How To Prevent Injury While Cycling
What are some methods you can use to prevent injury when you're cycling.
Feb 1, 2018 by Alex Rees
How To Prevent Injury While Cycling
Cycling is a great, low-impact way to build strength, endurance, and overall cardiovascular health. It's imperative, though, especially if you are an amateur cyclist, that you educate yourself on proper cycling techniques and things to look out for while working out to prevent injuries from occurring. Oftentimes, cyclists complain about their knees and backs hurting and think that there is no way to prevent these injuries from occurring.
If you fit into that category, here are some common injuries that cyclists deal with and how you can prevent this from occurring:
Knee pain
 1. Evaluate your training program to ensure you are not "overdoing" it. Oftentimes, individuals will cycle too many miles which irritates the connective tissues in their knees leading to pain and inflammation.
 2. Another source of knee pain can stem from improper bike fit and/or position. Not all bikes are made the same, and there are specific bike frames to fit people of all different heights. Many employees at bike shops are experienced in fitting bikes to cyclists and can help ensure your bike fits your body and the handles, seat, and pedals are at the right heights to fit your specific riding style.
 3. Stretch the muscles around your IT bands, specifically the TFL and glutes. While there has been much debate about whether to stretch your IT bands or not, it will definitely be helpful to stretch out all of the muscles surrounding your IT band to keep them functioning properly so as to not put too much stress on the IT band while cycling.
Back pain
 1. Ensure the bike fits your body properly, so you are not straining your lower back while riding; many times if cyclists are suffering from back pain, their bikes are too big.
 2. Work on strengthening your core. Many times, athletes will only focus on cycling and neglect cross-training. Having a strong core is essential for maintaining proper posture while cycling and for relieving stress from your back while pedaling.
 3. Analyze your riding style to see if you're putting undue stress on your body, especially while climbing. The angle of your back while cycling can help to reduce the stress on your body. If you're suffering from back pain while cycling, consider switching up the angle of your back over the duration of your ride, especially if you're doing a longer ride or lots of climbing.
Saddle Sores
 1. Use a cream to help treat and prevent saddle sores. Most every cyclist has suffered from saddle sores, which occur due to friction between the bike seat and the skin. These rashes can be extremely uncomfortable and can make cycling miserable.
 2. Invest in a pair of padded bike shorts to provide an extra layer of padding and cushion between the bike seat and your skin. Bike shorts are a great way to help prevent saddle sores and are sold at most cycling shops.
Achilles Tendonitis
 1. Check that your shoes fit and are positioned properly on the bike. Make sure to prevent your shoes from being too large, so that your feet are sliding around in your cycling shoes. If pain persists, consider getting inserts to provide more support in your shoes
 2. Don't neglect strengthening and stretching your Achilles tendon regularly to help prevent tendonitis and keep the Achilles functioning optimally.
While some injuries cannot be avoided while cycling, there are many nagging injuries that can be prevented through educating yourself on proper training techniques and ways to prevent the most common injuries.


WIPP Project
The world's first deep geological repository
Above-ground facilities at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP)
The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) is a repository for military and research-related radioactive waste located in Carlsbad, in a desert area of south-eastern New Mexico. The facilities cover 14 hectares of a sprawling 4,144 hectare site. The US Department of Energy has been operating the facility since 26 March 1999.
The United States is the first country in the world to have begun operating a deep geological repository for radioactive waste. The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in Carlsbad, in south-eastern New Mexico, is currently the only underground waste disposal facility of the type in existence. This depot for military transuranium waste (TRU in US nomenclature), excavated in a deep-lying salt formation, entered service in 1999.
Defence-related TRU waste is so named because it is from materials that have been contaminated with plutonium. It includes protective clothing: coveralls, gloves, shoe covers, etc. Other sources include, dismantled machine tools, workshop demolition rubble and sludge contaminated with radioactive substances from US nuclear weapon plants.
In order to manufacture the US arsenal of thousands of plutonium-containing nuclear weapons, dozens of tonnes of this heavy transuranium element (thus described due to its position after uranium in the periodic table) were synthesised and then machined. From a radiation protection perspective, plutonium and the other transuranium elements are alpha emitters, and radiotoxic if ingested. They have long half-lives.
Under the French system, the waste at WIPP would be classified as intermediate-level, long-lived waste (ILW-LL). Under federal law, WIPP is not licensed to accept high-level waste or spent nuclear fuel intended for disposal at the Yucca Mountain repository in the Nevada desert.
WIPP is located in a sparsely-populated desert area. Waste is disposed of in salt domes. The salt formations, the top of which lies 305 m below the surface, are 650 m thick. Salt is considered to be a good medium for repositories, as it is free from water. The geology of the salt formations at the WIPP has been stable for 200 million years. The facilities are located 635 m below the surface. They include four shafts and 10 waste disposal areas.
Placing "Remote-handled TRU" waste
More highly radioactive TRU waste requires remote handling and is named accordingly (remote-handled transuranic waste). Special-purpose Horizontal Emplacement and Retrieval Equipment (HERE) is used to push packages into disposal cells excavated into the walls of a disposal cavern.
Placing "contact-handled TRU" waste
The least radioactive TRU waste may be handled with no need for special-purpose equipment. A technician responsible for radiation monitoring keeps a close eye as contact-handled transuranic waste is placed in the depths of the WIPP repository.
Two types of placement are used, depending on the degree of radioactivity of the waste packages concerned. If the level of gamma emissions is high, waste is placed by a remote handling system. If the level is low, waste is placed directly, by "contact handling".
The Department of Energy (DOE), which operates the facility, is licensed to dispose of up to 173,600 m3 of TRU waste from National Defence-related activities. The repository is designed to operate until 2070. By the end of 2005, after six years in operation, the site was 20% full, with no reports of radioactive environmental releases or worker contamination.
Two incidents occurred at the WIPP facility in February 2014, including a truck fire. The US Department of Energy authorized the WIPP restart in late 2016, after confirming the absence of significant impact outside the installation. All necessary corrective measures have been taken, including a safety review. The lessons learned from this event were taken into account in France in the design of the CIGEO project.
Underground facilities
The underground repository facilities are laid out on a plane at a depth of approximately 650 m. Four shafts provide access to the repository: two air intake and venting shafts, one for mining activities and salt raising, and one for waste lowering and management activities.
The National Defence argument undoubtedly played a role in surmounting the many procedural obstacles that had to be overcome before the site opened. Twenty years elapsed (_PHONE_) between the initial license granted for WIPP by Congress and the final operating license issued by the New Mexico Department of the Environment.
Go to page in French


Snuppy live to a ripe old age, led scientists to re-clone their original clone, implanting 94 embryos with Snuppy cells into seven female dogs. Four of the 94 embryos grew to term and resulted in normal births. One of the four puppies died a few days later though. The three surviving puppies are healthy and at over one year old, show no signs are accelerated ageing or prone to disease at previously thought. Speaking to the press, the study Authors said that with data from Tai and Snuppy, they can monitor the long-term health and aging processes in the second-generation clones.
Industrial Mining, How It Has Been Made Techier Than Ever
Technology is rapidly helping to evolve the construction sector, and this is also the case when it comes to industrial mining. One of the main reasons for this is that mining sites and companies are wanting to improve their productivity, cost savings and safety advancements, while helping to improve the economy of the mining. Global mining productivity has been declining over the past few years, across the entire industry, and it will be down to digital and technological innovations to help transform key aspects of mining in order to produce a fundamental shift in both safety and value in the mining sector.
Automation in mining is already happening and the likelihood is this is only going to increase in commercial use. This will not only help to improve safety but also help to streamline operations, making a mining operation more productive and cost-efficient. Although some miners may be concerned about their jobs being at risk because of this rise in technology in the field, this automation of machinery will actually help to improve their jobs, as they will end up working in remote operation centres rather than on the field at risk of accident. Man-operated jaw crushers will soon become a thing of the past with new innovations producing more efficient capabilities. Advances in autonomous equipment will help to make the mining process more efficient and affordable, and aspects such as artificial intelligence is helping to increase the intelligence and capabilities of robotic equipment, allowing them to take complete hold of most mining processes.
Analytics & Intelligence
A growth and advancement in analytics will help complex mining tasks to be carried out quickly and easily with statistical algorithms. Complex mining tasks such as geological modelling, on-the-day scheduling and predictive maintenance can be carried out efficiently through advanced analytics and intelligence. This may also help to provide a deeper understanding of the resource base, as statistics can help to make sense of exploration data to help when it comes to optimising drill and blast patterns and creating an executable mine plan. Not only will this help with the job in hand, it will also be cost-efficient and result in higher levels of productivity.
More Advanced Equipment
One of the main reasons how the industrial mining industry is being made techier than ever is through an advancement in the digital innovations of equipment. Drills, bits and crushers are all being made more efficient, cost-effective and easy to use, alongside the automation process of this machinery, this can really help to improve a mining sites' outcome. With this technology, wastage will be reduced and the equipment will help to provide an even more optimum outcome.
Drones and other forms of technology can help to monitor real-time performance, in order to accurately predict time frames and outcomes. Knowing every piece of equipment at every second, and real-time insights will allow operations to have more advanced performance management. With this, decision making can be improved, and real-time responses can help to improve output, while improving safety and ensuring low operating costs.
The science behind your favorite gemstone's sparkle
While there are believed to be some 2,500 minerals out there, only 60 or so have ever made the grade as gemstones, finding their way into the jewelry we wear, the accessories we adorn our lives with, and the collectables that pass from generation to generation. Gemstones are typically beautiful, colorful, and dazzling, and we will often find ourselves drawn to the seemingly infinite authority that they possess. Gemstones have the power to take our breath away, and to transform drab outfits and items in an instant.
More than their physical appearance, though, gemstones are a part of our heritage, so heavily ingrained in myth and folklore across the ages, as well as buried in literature and modern culture. For example, the moonstone, which appeared as the focus of Wilkie Collins' novel of the same name, has long been believed to bring good luck, fortune, and passion, while the pearl, which has appeared across literature, television, and film, is said to bring luck, wisdom through experience, and protection. Many cultures believe that pearls appeared as tears of the gods, or as a result of an ancient battle being won.
Gems help and guide us, and apparently cure all ailments, but where do they come from? Which gem is your favorite – and why?
This is the science bit
The study of gemstones and precious minerals is called gemology. This branch of science studies their hardness and durability, gravity or density, size and shape, optical and physical properties, color, and weaknesses, as well as the ways in which gems are formed, and processed, in order to create timeless pieces of jewelry, clothing, and collectables. While gemstones are typically identified by their beauty, sparkle, and color, there are so many other things that you could discover about your favorite gems and jewels.
A variety of the mineral corundum, or aluminum oxide, rubies take their name from the word "ruber", which is Latin for red. That famous red color is actually due to the presence of chromium, a colored element. The ruby is one of the four precious stones and, as such, is highly sought-after. While geologists cannot be sure how rubies are formed, many believe that rubies occur when their base mineral, corundum, is exposed to chromic oxide during a process called isomorphous replacement. Rubies are usually judged on their cut, color, and clarity, as well as the carat weight; rubies have a hardness of 9.0 on the Mohs scale, and share their mineral with sapphires.
They're known for being a girl's best friend, but diamonds have a whole lot of science behind their shimmering appearance. For example, did you know that diamonds are a metastable allotrope or carbon, or that they're the hardest element on Earth? The strong covalent bond between each diamond's atoms ensures that each precious gem is as durable as can be. While diamonds are typically formed under incredible heat and pressure towards the Earth's center, they're a gemstone that can be made synthetically. Gemesis, now known as Pure Grown Diamonds, is just one of the companies that is able to "grow" diamonds using proprietary technology, ensuring that this much sought-after stone remains reasonably priced and available for all, as well as sustainable. Indeed, many of the company's gems are available at some 20-30% less than those that have been mined, a fact carefully monitored by buyout purchaser Jatin Mehta. This most precious of gems is judged upon its cut, its clarity, its color, and its carat – the four Cs.
Rose quartz
Rose quartz is a dusky pink variant of the quartz crystal, and is found abundantly in the natural world. Often overlooked for its hazy, or flawed, appearance, rose quartz is far more affordable and popular than other gemstones, though the deeper pink crystals are sought-after. This particular gemstone is formed in pegmatite after periods of high temperature and pressure, and is used across crystal healing. Emanating a gentle radiance, rose quartz is thought to inspire love, beauty, serenity, and compassion. It is judged on its size, clarity, and color.
Hopefully, we have whetted your appetite and inspired you to find out more. Gems are so much more than the jewels we wear, and the stones we admire; they are ingrained in myth and legend, and created via some of science's most complicated processes. What is the secret behind your favorite gemstone's sparkle?
Meatless Leather from the Lab
meatless leather
Modern Meadow is a start-up company in New York that creates leather in a laboratory setting. There's no animal to slaughter, no hair or fat to be removed and less need for all the harsh chemicals involved in the tanning process. This company biofabricates the leather in labs and foundries. Biofabrication involves manipulating cells to produce collagen and other proteins that make up a leather that is biologically identical to other leathers.
The process is rather scientific. They can recreate leathers from cows, pigs, sheep, goats, alligators, and even camels. The thickness and texture can be manipulated for the intended end use. Say you want a supple leather jacket that looks like deer hide. Or maybe you want a pair of wicked alligator boots. Modern Meadow can make the leather you need. Their products are aiming to fill the leather needs of the clothing, furniture, sporting goods and upholstery industry. I have a leather case for my tablet that I use to get on to play bingo.
Their other goal is to create these leathers in a more environmentally sustainable way. Animals will not be killed. The environment is less impacted and fewer chemicals are involved. Bioengineering the perfect leather for a specific product line leads to much less wasted materials and the ability to make products more exacting in form and function.
You can see how the start-up company is faring on Bloomberg. Also check out this Scientific American magazine article.
All in all, the concept of lab-created leather sounds remarkable in the environmental savings, and design aspect. The only concern is going to be the cost of the end product. Can the technology involved be scaled to a point where people can afford alternative leather goods or will this go on to


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From Stone Age tools to the Large Hadron Collider, there's always the potential for catastrophe when it comes to science. And what better way to get your middle schoolers psyched about scientific leaps than challenging them to avoid disaster? Each chapter of the book describes a scientific breakthrough and the consequent catastrophes associated with it. Experiments are rated from Low (no risk of catastrophe) to High (involves the use of fire, hot liquids, or hazardous substances, making adult supervision required). Kids will love the hands-on experiments and researcher parents will revel in preventing potential calamity.
The Book of Potentially Catastrophic Science: 50 experiments for daring young scientists by Sean Connolly
$13.99 from ThinkGeek.com

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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CHARITIES FOR THE POOR. (fn. 50)
Walden abbey undertook to pay £1 a year out of the
rectory to feed 30 paupers in Edmonton but payments apparently ceased at the Dissolution. (fn. 51)
Sir Christopher Askew, alderman of London, by
will proved 1539, left £100 for 'best full white
herrings' to be distributed among the poor of
Edmonton each Lent. (fn. 52) His son Richard said that
the charity had already lapsed by 1551, because of
the high price of herrings. (fn. 53)
During the 17th century important charities were
founded for schools, which are dealt with above,
and for alms-houses. By 1819 there were 20 charities
in Edmonton, mostly for the poor or to augment the
existing education and alms-house charities. They
were administered as the Edmonton charities by
trustees consisting of the vicar and churchwardens
and 11 prominent inhabitants. (fn. 54) A committee of the
vestry, appointed in 1848, alleged that 11 charities
should not be administered by the trustees but by
the parish or by the vicar and churchwardens,
that the funds of the various charities were amalgamated, and that there was misappropriation,
particularly in the case of Latymer's charity, which
accounted for £500 out of the total annual income
of £900. The trustees denied the charges and by a
Charity Commission Scheme of 1866 were authorized to administer together 23 charities, although
excluding the Latymer charity. The 23 charities
were those of Alston, Cade, Chaplin, Colfe, Elliott,
Hallam, Huxley, Jackson, Lewitt, Maule, Pitt,
Rogers, Skip, Smith, Stanbridge, Edmund and
Sarah Slaughter, Style, Tatem, Uvedale, Wilde of
Edmonton, Wilde of Barking, and Wyatt.
In 1889 another parochial committee reported
that money, particularly for apprenticing, was not
being properly applied and in 1891 it proposed a
new Scheme. It was not until 1899, however, that
the Charity Commission established a new board of
trustees, consisting of the vicar, 5 representatives
of Edmonton U.D.C. and 4 of Southgate U.D.C.,
and 8 co-opted members. There were to be two
groups of charities-the United charities of
Judith Alston and others and the Ecclesiastical
charities. The Ecclesiastical charities consisted
of Maule's charity and the ecclesiastical provisions of
the charities of Hallam, Rogers, and Wilde of
Edmonton, producing a total annual income of £143.
The United charities consisted of the remaining
charities in the 1866 Scheme, together with those of
Baker, Bellis, Board, John and Henry Field,
Jifkins, Larman, Whitbread, and part of Knight's
and Rowley's charities. The total stock amounted
to £9,933 and the annual income to £469.
By a Scheme of 1902 the United charities were
divided into three branches: educational, which
consisted of £20 a year from Style's and £8 a year
from Wilde of Edmonton's charities; apprenticing,
consisting of £10 a year from Style's, £6 a year from
Wilde of Edmonton's charities, and the relevant
portion of Chaplin's charity; and alms-houses and
pensioners, to which all the other income was
applied. The educational branch was abstracted
from the United charities by a Scheme of 1905,
which transformed it into the Educational Foundations of John Wilde of Edmonton and Thomas Style.
Knight's charity and the Oswin fund were added
to the United charities in 1914 and 1928 respectively.
By a Scheme of 1965 pensioners were omitted
from the third branch of the United charities, all
the money going to the alms-houses. The income of
the United charities in 1964 was £1,760, of which
£228 was paid to alms-people. In 1973 the income
was £1,100, which was wholly applied to the
upkeep of the alms-houses. By 1973 the apprenticing
branch of the charity was dormant, virtually no
applications being made for it.
Several charities were founded during the 19th
century for the benefit of Southgate parish,
especially by the Walker family, and in 1906 the
Southgate relief committee, which included the
vicar and churchwardens of Christ Church, was
formed to administer them. In 1973 the committee
administered £120 income from the charities of
John Julian, Frederick Walker, Vyell E. Walker, and
Russell Walker, and the relevant portions of
Sophia Walker's charity and the Weld Chapel
trust. (fn. 55)
The United Charities.
In 1662 John Wilde of Edmonton, had 'lately' built
three alms-houses next to the churchyard in Church
Street. By will proved 1665 he conveyed houses and
25 a., mostly of common-field land, to trustees to
apply the profits to several charities, including £4 a
year for the inmates of the alms-houses. (fn. 56) By
1867 £7 was being paid by Wilde's charity to the
Thomas Style (d. 1679) built two alms-houses
adjoining the churchyard for 6 poor men and 6 poor
women of Edmonton. In 1679 he endowed the
alms-houses with part of a rent-charge of £66 on
Dephams estate, of which £1 16s. a year was to be
spent on repairs and £33 16s. a year on weekly
payments of 1s. 1d. each to the almspeople.
John Lewitt of Palmers Green, by will dated 1771,
bequeathed £800 stock yielding £24 a year which
was distributed among the 12 inmates of Style's
alms-houses. George Stanbridge of Edmonton, by
will dated 1780, bequeathed £500 stock to the
trustees of Wilde's and Style's alms-houses, who
in 1823 distributed the income of £16 10s. amongst
the 15 alms-people. Other charities for the benefit
of the 15 inmates were those of Sarah Huxley,
daughter of Thomas Huxley of Weir Hall, who
bequeathed £1,000 yielding £38 a year by will
dated 1800; Miss Catherine Tatem of Edmonton,
who bequeathed £50 stock yielding £1 10s. by will
dated 1812; Thomas Elliott, clock-maker of
Edmonton, who by will dated 1824 bequeathed
£450 stock, which in 1899 yielded £12; John Pitt,
who bequeathed £100 stock yielding £3 a year by
will dated 1826; (fn. 57) Edmund Slaughter of Edmonton,
who by will proved 1832 bequeathed £500 stock,
yielding £14 in 1899; (fn. 58) and William Skip of
Edmonton, who left £100 stock yielding £3 a year
subject to the repair of his vault, by will dated 1836.
In 1861 Thomas Knight of Edmonton endowed
the 15 alms-houses with £500 stock producing
£13 15s. and in 1879 Hannah Whitbread gave £607
stock yielding £18, to maintain the buildings or
benefit the inmates.
Several charities provided for benefits in kind. By
will dated 1820 Sarah Slaughter directed that the
interest on £50 stock was to be spent on Christmas
dinner for the 15 alms-people. The interest was
£1 10s. in 1867. Ann Larman, by will proved 1867,
bequeathed £105 stock yielding £3 a year to buy
coal for the inmates of Style's alms-houses. In
1892 George Bellis left £103 stock yielding £3 to
buy coal for the 15 alms-people. By will proved 1892
Thomas William Rowley bequeathed £500 stock
producing £14 to provide bread and coal for the 15
alms-people but by a Scheme of 1893 the money was
to supplement their stipends.
The alms-people, in 1851 6 men and 9 women,
mostly widows, (fn. 59) were chosen by the vestry until
1899 when full control passed to the trustees.
The alms-houses were in disrepair in the 1740s
and Style's alms-houses were rebuilt in 1754 and
again in 1903 to the designs of H. W. Dobb.
Nearly all the stock was sold in 1960 to modernize
the buildings but the Ministry of Housing made a
grant for the Charity Commissioners to reinvest.
In 1851 Thomas Knight gave two cottages
which he had recently erected in Church Lane in


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What makes a superhero super? By comparing popular culture superheroes with heroic characters in children's literature, students learn to think critically about character traits, and consider how cultural perspectives influence the kinds of heroes we choose.
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The worsening financial state of the federal, state, and local governments is a frequent subject in media and political circles. As discretionary expenditures, transportation programs likely face significant changes if they are to cope with spending cuts across all levels of government. These changes would require not only reprioritizing the use of scarce funds, cutting ineffective programs, and improving the performance of remaining programs, but also encouraging states and local partners to find other sources of funding for transportation.
Measuring accessibility is an essential tool in such a makeover because it reveals the benefits of a transportation system. Accessibility is the ease of reaching valued destinations, such as jobs, shops, schools, entertainment, and recreation. As such, accessibility creates value. Capturing some of this value would allow state and local governments to invest in the operations, maintenance, and in some cases expansion of their transportation networks. Accessibility, as an outcome-oriented metric, can effectively assess transportation's economic impact, and capturing the value of accessibility would help states and metropolitan areas develop sustainable transportation funding streams.
This study examines accessibility and its importance in assessing transportation performance and in creating a sustainable transportation funding source. It first delineates the concept of accessibility by comparing it with a common transportation performance metric, mobility. The paper then explains how accessibility can help fund transportation through a virtuous circle: infrastructure creates access, access creates value, and value can be captured to fund infrastructure. Although this paper uses evidence mainly from the Minneapolis–St. Paul metropolitan area, the final section provides policy recommendations for all levels of government involved in funding the U.S. transportation system.


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Far, far away, the butterfly folk live in a kingdom of beautiful gardens. The butterfly children play, dance, and sing all day long with their little brothers and sisters, the caterpillars.
The children can hardly wait until the first day of spring, when they will finally get their wings. First, however, they must learn about the many brightly colored flowers in the kingdom, so they can take part in the flying procession of peacock, swallowtail, red admiral, and many other butterflies.
Beautifully illustrated in the art nouveau style, this is another classic children's story from the author of The Story of the Root Children and The Story of the Wind Children.
Hardbound, 11 ¾ x 8 ½ inches, 20 pages. Recommended for ages 3 through 5.
Sibylle von Olfers (_PHONE_) uses a blend of natural observation and simple design that critics have compared to the works of Kate Greenaway and Elsa Beskow.


Question: What Does The Word Boycott Most Likely Mean?
What was Boycott Class 10?
Boycott is an act of refusal to buy, use or participate.
Here, Indians boycotted British goods in order to protest against the British rule..
What is a meaning of the word boycott?
What does the word boycott mean in a sentence?
verb (used with object) to combine in abstaining from, or preventing dealings with, as a means of intimidation or coercion: to boycott a store. to abstain from buying or using: to boycott foreign products.
What is a synonym and antonym for boycott?
ˈbɔɪˌkɑːt) Refuse to sponsor; refuse to do business with. Synonyms. ostracize ostracise. Antonyms. patronize patronise confront.
Where did the word boycott come from?
The word boycott entered the English language during the Irish "Land War" and derives from Captain Charles Boycott, the land agent of an absentee landlord, Lord Erne, who lived in Lough Mask House, near Ballinrobe in County Mayo, Ireland, who was subject to social ostracism organized by the Irish Land League in 1880.


YF S201 Arduino Water Flow Sensor Water Measurement Sensor in Pakistan
Condition: New
Availability: In Stock
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SKU: B 86,IMP50,Th20,KRT115+525
Rs.300 Rs. 375
This YF-S201 sensor sits in line with your water line and contains a pinwheel sensor to measure how much liquid has moved through it. There's an integrated magnetic hall effect sensor that outputs an electrical pulse with every revolution. The hall effect sensor is sealed from the water pipe and allows the sensor to stay safe and dry.
The sensor comes with three wires: red (5-24VDC power), black (ground) and yellow (Hall effect pulse output). By counting the pulses from the output of the sensor, you can easily calculate water flow. Each pulse is approximately 2.25 milliliters. Note this isn't a precision sensor, and the pulse rate does vary a bit depending on the flow rate, fluid pressure and sensor orientation. It will need careful calibration if better than 10% precision is required. However, YF-S201 is great for basic measurement tasks!
We have as example Arduino sketch that can be used to quickly test the sensor, it will calculate the approximate flow of water in liters/hour. The pulse signal is a simple square wave so its quite easy to log and convert into liters per minute using the following formula. Pulse frequency (Hz) / 7.5 = flow rate in L/min.
 1. Model: YF-S201
 2. Sensor Type: Hall effect
 3. Working Voltage: 5 to 18V DC (min tested working voltage 4.5V)
 4. Max current draw: 15mA @ 5V
 5. Output Type: 5V TTL
 6. Working Flow Rate: 1 to 30 Liters/Minute
 7. Working Temperature range: -25 to +80℃
 8. Working Humidity Range: 35%-80% RH
 9. Accuracy: ±10%
 10. Maximum water pressure: 2.0 MPa
 11. Output duty cycle: 50% +-10%
 12. Output rise time: 0.04us
 13. Output fall time: 0.18us
 14. Flow rate pulse characteristics: Frequency (Hz) = 7.5 * Flow rate (L/min)
 15. Pulses per Liter: 450
 16. Durability: minimum 300,000 cycles
 17. Cable length: 15cm
 18. 1/2″ nominal pipe connections, 0.78″ outer diameter, 1/2″ of thread
 19. Size: 2.5″ x 1.4″ x 1.4″
Connection details:
 1. Red wire : +5V
 2. Black wire : GND
 3. Yellow wire : PWM output.
 1. YF-S201 Datasheet
 2. Example Code
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Khurshid Alam - March 26, 2021


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Facts about Roentgenium
Facts about Roentgenium - Element included on the Periodic Table
Facts about the Definition of the Element Roentgenium
The Element Roentgenium is defined as...
Roentgenium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Rg (formerly temporarily Uuu) and atomic number 111. It has an atomic weight of 272 making it one of the super-heavy atoms. It is a synthetic element whose only known isotope has a half-life of around 15 ms before it decays into meitnerium. Due to its presence in Group 11 it is a transition metal and so probably metallic and solid.
Interesting Facts about the Origin and Meaning of the element name Roentgenium
What are the origins of the word Roentgenium?
The name was given in honour of honour of Wilhelm Roentgen.
Facts about the Classification of the Element Roentgenium
Roentgenium is classified as a "Transition Metal" which are located in Groups 3 - 12 of the Periodic Table. An Element classified as a Transition Metals is ductile, malleable, and able to conduct electricity and heat.
Brief Facts about the Discovery and History of the Element Roentgenium
Roentgenium was discovered by S. Hofmann at the Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany in 1994.
Occurrence of the element Roentgenium in the Atmosphere
Common Uses of Roentgenium
No known use
The Properties of the Element Roentgenium
Name of Element : Roentgenium
Symbol of Element : Rg
Atomic Number of Roentgenium : 111
Atomic Mass: amu
Melting Point: N/A
Boiling Point: N/A
Number of Protons/Electrons in Roentgenium : Unknown
Number of Neutrons in Roentgenium : Unknown
Crystal Structure: Unknown
Color of Roentgenium : Unknown
The element Roentgenium and the Periodic Table
Find out more facts about Roentgenium on the Periodic Table which arranges every chemical element according to its atomic number, as based on the periodic law, so that chemical elements with similar properties are in the same column. Our Periodic Table is simple to use - just click on the symbol for Roentgenium for additional facts and info and for an instant comparison of the Atomic Weight, Melting Point, Boiling Point and Mass - G/cc of Roentgenium with any other element. An invaluable source for more interesting facts and information about the Roentgenium element and as a Chemistry reference guide.
Facts and Info about the element Roentgenium - IUPAC and the Modern Standardised Periodic Table
The Standardised Periodic Table in use today was agreed by the International Union of Pure Applied Chemistry, IUPAC, in 1985 which includes the Roentgenium element. The famous Russian Scientist, Dimitri Mendeleev, perceived the correct classification method of "the periodic table" for the 65 elements which were known in his time. Roentgenium was discovered by S. Hofmann at the Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany in 1994. The Standardised Periodic Table now recognises more periods and elements than Dimitri Mendeleev knew in his day but still all fitting into his concept of the "Periodic Table" in which Roentgenium is just one element that can be found.
Facts and Info about the Element Roentgenium
Information Facts about the Roentgenium Element


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Lecture 9 of Clay Carson"s Introduction to African-American History Course (HIST 166) concentrating on the Modern Freedom Struggle (Fall 2007). This class session is entitled "Bob Moses: Mississippi Organizer". Recorded October 23, 2007 at Stanford University.
This course introduces the viewer to African-American history, with particular emphasis on the political thought and protest movements of the period after 1930, focusing on selected individuals who have shaped and been shaped by modern African-American struggles for freedom and justice. Clayborne Carson is a professor in the History Department at Stanford University.
Complete playlist for the course:
More on Clayborne Carson:
Stanford University channel on YouTube:


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Hackety Hacking Problem ExamSimulation TernaryOperator
 Problem Statement
Your physics teacher is teaching you the principles of Oscillations. In a demonstration, She shows you how a spring oscillates. After compressing it to 1cm, according to Hooke's Law, which is formulated as F = -K*x, the spring starts oscillating. Write a program which could plot the variation of force with change in length of the spring?


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Dahua Lin, John Fisher
Mixture distributions are often used to model complex data. In this paper, we develop a new method that jointly estimates mixture models over multiple data sets by exploiting the statistical dependencies between them. Specifically, we introduce a set of latent Dirichlet processes as sources of component models (atoms), and for each data set, we construct a nonparametric mixture model by combining sub-sampled versions of the latent DPs. Each mixture model may acquire atoms from different latent DPs, while each atom may be shared by multiple mixtures. This multi-to-multi association distinguishes the proposed method from prior constructions that rely on tree or chain structures, allowing mixture models to be coupled more flexibly. In addition, we derive a sampling algorithm that jointly infers the model parameters and present experiments on both document analysis and image modeling.


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Quartz grains were examined under a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to determine the geographic distribution of sediments from different sources in the western part of the Gulf of Gdańsk. Main source areas for sediment supply in the Gulf of Gdańsk are coastal cliffs bordering the western part of the Gulf, and the Vistula river entering the Gulf at the southern coastal border. Twelve samples of sediments from the Gulf of Gdańsk sea floor, five samples of Tertiary and Pleistocene deposits from eroded cliffs and three samples of sands from the Vistula river mouth were analyzed. All samples were sieved over 63 microns and 35 quartz grains of each sample were selected and analyzed usinga checklist of 40 grain parameters, including grain surface textures and grain shape. Frequencies of observed checklist variables were statistically analyzed and used to determine the transport history of the grains in each sample. The cliff samples and the river samples served as two end members in the analysis. The core samples were separated into different textural groups related to one of the two main source areas. The distribution of Vistula fluvial material and material eroded from cliffs in the western part of the Gulf of Gdańsk was determined. Results show that transport of sandy fraction material is not very strong within the gulf. Despite long shore currents sedimentation near the Vistula river mouth is dominated by the input of fluvial material. In the westernmost part of the gulf material eroded from the cliffs with admixtures of material of other origin predominates. It is evident that transport of sediments by waves and currents is responsible for the admixture of grains exhibiting subaqueous surface features. Sediments from several sources may have been redistributed during storms by waves and currents and on ice floes during heavy winters, however a strong local component is present.
|Journal||Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego|
|State||Published - 1 Dec 1997|
- Baltic sea
- Gulf of Gdańsk
- Quartz grain surface textures
- SEM analysis
- Sediment sources


Can Dogs Survive in the Wild on Their Own (Better Off)?
can dogs survive in the wild
When my wife and I travel abroad, and in particular to places in the south Mediterranean, we are always shocked by the number of stray dogs we see. If I think of my own dog, I can't imagine him being able to survive in the wild… but these foreign dogs survive on their own – or at least it appears they do.
Those dogs probably get a lot of help from tourists with snacks from the restaurant tables so might not be an accurate representation of whether dogs can survive in the wild… so what is the truth? Can dogs survive on their own and live in the wild and be better off?
Can dogs survive in the wild? Some dogs can survive on their own in the wild, and even thrive and be better off in the wild. However, this won't always be the case. Survival in the wild will depend on the dog's size, condition, sociability and prey drive.
That's a broad answer, so please continue for an overview of documented examples of dogs living in the wild, and what factors go into making it a success.
Can dogs survive on their own in the wild and be better off?
When you think about it, there are some very well-documented canine communities that have either escaped from or been abandoned by humans. The most notable is the so-called 'Dogs of Chernobyl'. Their owners were not permitted to take their pets when they were forced to flee after the nuclear explosion in 1986.
Despite attempts to euthanize the dogs, several of these dogs survived in the wild woods of the exclusion zone, even during the harsh Ukrainian winters. Although it is many canine generations later, the dogs still suffer the effects of the radioactive fallout and have a limited lifespan.
There are currently efforts to shelter, feed and sterilize those that live near human settlements, such as the guard huts.
Other examples of dogs that survive in the wild are Australian cattle dogs and Pyrenean mountain dogs. They will routinely spend months alone, protecting livestock in areas that are not conducive to human survival.
If you are planning to live with your dog in the wild, attributes such as loyalty, watchfulness and a protective instinct come into play. Strength and endurance are important if you plan to harness the dogs for chores such as transport.
Dogs that have been inbred for highly specialized purposes, for example, 'looking good on Instagram', may not make it, on their own, past lunch on day 2.
Survival hierarchy of needs for dogs living in the wild
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, basic requirements for human survival include food, water and shelter. Thereafter, we need security and a social structure.
If we extrapolate this model for canine survival, we can reasonably dispense with ego and self-actualisation needs. An exception may be made for that quadruped piranha, otherwise known as a Chihuahua.
Can dogs survive on their own
For a dog to survive in the wild, he will have to know how to hunt and find water.
The first need would be for water. Dogs are not as fussy as humans when it comes to drinking water so they will probably pass this hurdle. They may have digestive issues for a while but they will soon adapt.
Secondly, they will need food. For most dogs not living in the wild, this would be at 8 am and 4 pm every day. However, left to their own devices they will snack on anything, in between times.
Dogs are fortunate in that they are omnivores and their digestive systems will cope with eating proteins, fat, bones and starches. Many dogs do not even care how old their food is.
When dogs live in the wild, they will no doubt need to develop hunting skills in order to survive in the long run. Individual small dogs like terriers and Beagles need less food and will be able to follow small mammals into their burrows. They could also be agile enough to catch birds.
Hunting dogs, such as pointers, setters and beagles have an elevated prey drive and are relentless in tracking down small mammals and birds. Retrievers, Spaniels and Newfoundlands would have an advantage in the wetlands, and might even be successful at catching fish.
The social structure becomes important for slower, larger breeds, such as rottweilers and mastiffs as they will need to hunt in packs.
Canine species in the wild, such as jackals and wild dogs, do eat carrion, but they invariably need to compete with other animals to secure sufficient quantities. Individual dogs would not be able to live in the wild and survive as successfully as they won't can't compete as effectively.
Shelter is a concern for most domesticated dogs. However, in the wild, dogs who live outside will grow and shed hair in accordance with the changes in temperature. In extreme hot or cold climates, respectively, the Mexican Hairless and the Malamute would have an advantage.
In most other climates, even short-haired breeds will survive, with the help of their friends.
Although there is a dominance hierarchy and 'survival of the fittest' that comes into play, within the pack, the collective will take care of its members. For example, nursing mothers will be protected, and the very young fed by older siblings.
Research has shown that rather than breeding indiscriminately, the way street dogs do, packs of wild dogs have fewer offspring. Among African wild dogs, the most efficient hunting mammals on that continent, it is usually the alpha male and female that mate, thereby preserving the dominant genes most likely to lead to the survival of the pack.
Even domesticated dogs have a highly developed sense of smell and this will serve them well in identifying friend, foe and food in the wild. Dogs also have more pigment in their irises so can withstand bright light for longer than their human counterparts.
Photos of packs of feral dogs show a prevalence of medium to large, cross bred dogs, with short hair. Most are lean but not too muscular. Small dogs routinely punch above their weight and don't seem to survive when humans are not around to keep larger dogs in check.
After successive seasons, the pack would take on a uniform colour coat, suitable for adapting to the region. For example, in warmer areas, such as the desert, dogs tend to have lighter coloured coats. One could term them sandy-haired.
What dog breeds are likely to survive in the wild?
Among the small breeds, the Jack Russell and Cairn Terriers stand the best chances of survival. JRTs are energetic little dogs, bred to be rat catchers and to enter burrows in pursuit if their prey. Cairn Terriers are hardy wire-haired, Scottish dogs that seem to thrive in all weather conditions.
Spaniels and Beagles are slightly larger breeds. Beagles have a bad rap in that they are reportedly slower and do not match the intelligence of other hunting dogs. But they are dogged in pursuing their prey (their big ears help).
Spaniels have the same reputation but are better suited to the water.
The best mid-range dogs are collies, retrievers and heelers or cattle dogs. They bring all the attributes of the aforementioned breeds to the hunting party but have more bulk. The retrievers will sparkle in water.
For protection of the pack, and backup in a hunt, Doberman Pinschers are lithe, fast and aggressive. Rottweilers would make into the pack by virtue of their appearance, and any of the Pitbull types gain a place because of their reputation. These are both strong, powerful dogs with attitudes that do not invite opposition.
In the snow, Alaskan Malamutes have the intelligence, the work ethic and the strength required for long term survival. The large breeds, such as Pyrenean Mountain Dogs, St Bernards and Newfoundlands are all immensely powerful dogs with glowing reputations as working, carting and guard dogs.
The St Bernard, due to its record of Alpine rescues, has the honour of being the national dog of Switzerland.
Regional dogs, such as the Boerboel and the Rhodesian Ridgeback would be high on the list of survivors in the Southern African region. The Thai also have a Ridgeback, and in Indochina, you will find a formidable breed of domesticated dingo which would easily revert to being free range. The Irish Wolfhound would no doubt love to join its namesake in the wild.
Do dogs live longer in the wild?
Whilst there is no research to prove whether dogs live longer in the wild, the best assumption would be no, they do not. If you think of the risks such as illness with no vets, food sources, water, traffic, fights, and other potential predators, they life expectancy of a wild dog will be lower.
Can I release my dog into the wild?
Of course you can release your dog into the wild, but whether they will survive or not is another matter. Most dogs who have been domesticated will struggle to adapt when released into the wild.
As well as the ethics of releasing a dog into the wild, there are laws too.
For example, in the UK when you release a dog into the wild you are contravening the Wildlife and Countryside Act of 1981. Section 14 of the act prohibits releasing dogs into the wild as a non-native animal.
After rats and cats, feral dogs have become the world's third largest human-introduced threat to wildlife. They are responsible for the extinction of almost a dozen species of birds and mammals, and are thought to be a threat to another 200 species, some of which are on the endangered list.
Releasing a dog into the wild is both


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447 Roeslerstammia erxlebella
(Fabricius, 1787)Wingspan c.13mm.
This distinctive metallic-golden micro has when fresh, a purplish-bronze tinge to the area around the base of the forewings. It also sports a noticeably yellow crown and has a white band close to the tip of the antennae.
Mainly distributed in the southern half of England, there are also scattered localities in Wales and in Scotland where the species occurs.
The larvae feed on the leaves of lime (Tilia) and birch (Betula), mining the leaves when young.
There are two generations, at least in the south of the range, with adults on the wing in May and June and again in August and September.


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"What cues are used to differentiate matter types?" is a question of differentiation, or telling matter types apart. Differentiation in chemical thinking is based on the assumption that every chemical substance has at least one differentiating property that makes it unique. Good differentiating properties do not depend on the amount of substance under analysis and have unique values for different materials. Examples include boiling points, solubilities in water, and molecular structure. The characterization of these differentiating properties is critical for the design of methods to separate substances, identify them, detect them in our surroundings, or quantify their amounts.
The Chemical Substances Inventory (CSI) formative assessment was developed by the ACCT team (indicated by the star), and the Rain Puddle formative assessment was designed by a past ACCT cohort member.
The CSI is a formative assessment tool for learning about how students think about identifying and differentiating chemical substances. It has been tested in middle school, high school, and university chemistry classes. More information about the CSI is freely available in an open-access article in the Jourrnal of Chemcal Education. The CSI Survey itself can be adapted by teachers to use as they wish. Refer to question 2 in each version of the survey to investigate students' chemical thinking regarding the question "What cues are used to differentiate matter types?
The Rain Puddle formative assessment asks students to evaluate four submicroscopic representations of evaporated water and say whether they agree or disagree that each is an accurate representation, and explain why. The focus of this formative asssessment is the process of evaporation as a physical change to matter, in order to make students' thinking visible regarding how they view what happens to water molecules after evaporation.


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Sure, litter is an eyesore, and it can really be aggravating to see trash along an otherwise pristine backcountry trail, but the impact of litter is far greater than just cosmetic. Litter is dangerous to wildlife in many ways, and careless littering can lead to pretty upsetting results. Here are a few ways in which litter is harmful.
Plastics, Elastic, and Rubber
Plastic and rubber make up a big part of the litter found in the outdoors. Unfortunately, plastic litter is also among the most dangerous litter for wildlife. Plastic bags have an uncanny ability to make their way into water, where fish, birds, amphibians, reptiles, whales, and other animals mistake them for food (a clear plastic bag looks a lot like a jellyfish) or they accidentally ingest the plastic along with actual food. Plastic can cause animals to have intestinal blockages, fill their stomachs, and cause them to die in a variety of ways.
In addition to eating plastic and rubber, many animals get entangled in plastic packaging or rubber bands. Once entangled, animals can suffocate, lose limbs due to loss of blood circulation, or starve. Everything from plastic rings and rubber bands to hair bands and peanut butter jars can pose big risks to wildlife.
Aluminum Cans and Glass Bottles
It's hard to go anywhere these days without finding soda or beer cans and bottles. Every lake, river, and hiking trail is plagued with discarded drink containers. Animals, especially smaller rodents, often get trapped in bottles and cans looking for food. As bottles break, it's easy for their sharp edges to cut animals attracted to the smells inside.
Glass and metals can also be a factor in starting wildfires.
Gum and Food
Food waste seems harmless as it generally will biodegrade, but it can actually be pretty harmful. Food waste can cause water contamination, lead to increased algal blooms, and make animals that eat it sick. Food waste will also attract animals into areas where they come into contact with humans, which often can lead to bad situations, especially in the backcountry.
Gum is especially dangerous. Gum is a common choking hazard for animals, and many birds will not survive eating gum. Fish will also eat gum and it can cause digestion problems. Gum should be packed out and not left in the wild or in the water.
Another very common bit of litter to come across, cigarette butts are a real problem. Birds, fish, and mammals will often eat cigarette butts and they can easily cause intestinal blockages or choking.
Discarding a cigarette has also been the cause of many wildfires. You should never toss cigarette butts aside. Always pack them out.
Fishing line, hooks, and baits are often left along rivers, lakes, and beaches. Baited hooks are often eaten by animals, especially small mammals and birds, though it's common for a hiker's dog to eat a baited hook as well. Ingesting hooks is often fatal for animals.
Discarded fishing line is a major hazard for wildlife. Animals can easily become entangled in fishing line. When changing your line or dealing with bad tangles, it's important that you properly dispose of used line.
It's Easy to Be Better About Litter
Some litter is unintentional, but most of it is just carelessness or a lack of respect for nature. Unfortunately, a few careless campers, hikers, or anglers can really make areas look messy and create a number of hazards for wildlife. Even if we can pack out everything we pack in, sometimes it takes a bit more effort. If we can all pack out one or two things we find during outings, we can have a huge impact. I believe that responsible hikers and anglers vastly outnumber the problematic ones, so a little vigilance can really go a long way.
Our upcoming product, the Bring it Out Bag will make packing trash out easy and convenient. We're hoping to have them available by mid to late April. And even if our bag doesn't interest you, please consider joining our efforts in keeping our backcountry a bit more clean.


Thursday, May 15, 2014
Using miniBloq as an IDE
One of the main features of the new v0.82 version is that it allows to make text coded programs. And not just in C/C++ and Arduino-compatible syntax, but also in Python and, if the community adds more targets, in nearly any imperative/OOP language (such as JavaScript, Java, Ruby, etc.). Although in future versions this will be simpler and I'm improving the user experience as much as I can, right now it's fully functional. And it has a feature which I really like: the possibility of switching between a text and a graphical program at anytime during the development. This way, you can make fast test with the blocks, while programming the core of your application with the full power of C/C++ (or whatever language your hardware is using with miniBloq). Let's see how to create an example text coded "echo" program for an Arduino board:
1. Open miniBloq (we will be using Arduino Mega 2560 for this example, but you can select any other Arduino-compatible board from miniBloq's hardware list):
2. Since we will create the whole code for the project, we don't want to initialize the board automatically. So we will change the first call to initBoard, for a call to the function go():
What does this mean? It means that at the very beginning of your program, it will do nothing but calling the go() function. And what is the go() function? Is a function that you will write by your own, and where your program will start. It's like the main() function in C/C++, but we can not name it main() because that name is already used internally by the Arduino kernel (I will post more about this soon). In "Arduino terms", the go() function is equivalent to the setup() function.
3. Add a new cpp file (created just as a text file). First, go to the File->Add menu:
save the component (miniBloq's jargon for your program):
And inside the component's folder, create the text file:
We will name it echo.cpp but you can use any (valid) name of your preference:
You will see this message box when you change the file extension from txt to cpp. Of course say Yes:
Now, you will see the echo.cpp open in the file editor in miniBloq:
You can hide the blocks editor to gain space in the screen to work with your text file:
4. Let's add some code there. You will need to include the mbq.h file, which gives you access to the libraries for the motors, the sensors, the Arduino API functions, etc.:
5. If you compile that, it should compile just fine, but it's an empty program. Now, please try the following piece of code, which is our final echo program:
_TAG_
void go()
if (serial0.available())
int inByte =;
6. Run it and you will see how it works by using miniBloq's terminal:
Finally, if you want to use blocks to test, you just need to select initBoard() in the Start block, and start adding your blocks there. The files that you have added will remain there (unless you close them). Once you want to return to the text coding, just select go() again in your start block.
In a future post, I want to show you how to work with multiple file projects. But probably you can just try to experiment a bit by yourself using the Add file feature.
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School gardens provide dynamic outdoor classrooms where students gain fun hands-on experience with a wide range of subjects from science and math to project planning, creative writing, and art. These gardens also bring the school community together and provide wildlife habitat to birds and pollinators.
We provide funding and technical assistance to public and private schools for installing edible, native, and pollinator gardens on school grounds. We work with the whole school community, including parents, teachers, students, school administrators, and volunteers in order to create a school garden that will thrive long-term. Students are encouraged to get involved in as much of the process as possible, including planning, plant selection, soil preparation, planting, creating maintenance plans for their sites, and creating interpretive signs for their school and the larger community. We also connect teachers with curriculum and professional development training opportunities so that the outdoor classrooms can be fully integrated into their lesson planning, while meeting the Next Generation Science Standards, the goals of Oregon's Environmental Literacy Plan, and more.
If you are interested in planting a new school garden or restoring a neglected one, contact our Education Coordinator Laura Taylor at _EMAIL_ or _PHONE_, ext. 112.
To apply for assistance of up to $2,000 per year up to three years, download and fill out this Funding Request Fillable Form, save it and send to Laura Taylor. Requests are accepted on a rolling basis and awarded based on fund availability and project compatibility with the District's mission.
General School Garden Resources:
Resources for Edible Gardens:
Resources for Native Habitat Gardens:
Native Plant Database from East Multnomah Soil and Water Conservation District


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Blog contributor Michael Ing's first book, The Dysfunction of Ritual in Early Confucianism, has just been published by Oxford University Press. Many congratulations, Michael! (Paperback and hardback simultaneously: nice!) A brief description follows; more details are available at the OUP website above.
In The Dysfunction of Ritual in Early Confucianism Michael Ing describes how early Confucians coped with situations where their rituals failed to achieve their intended aims. In contrast to most contemporary interpreters of Confucianism, Ing demonstrates that early Confucian texts can be read as arguments for ambiguity in ritual failure. If, as discussed in one text, Confucius builds a tomb for his parents unlike the tombs of antiquity, and rains fall causing the tomb to collapse, it is not immediately clear whether this failure was the result of random misfortune or the result of Confucius straying from the ritual script by building a tomb incongruent with those of antiquity. The Liji (Record of Ritual)–one of the most significant, yet least studied, texts of Confucianism–poses many of these situations and suggests that the line between preventable and unpreventable failures of ritual is not always clear. Ritual performance, in this view, is a performance of risk. It entails rendering oneself vulnerable to the agency of others; and resigning oneself to the need to vary from the successful rituals of past, thereby moving into untested and uncertain territory. Ing's book is the first monograph in English about the Liji–a text that purports to be the writings of Confucius' immediate disciples, and part of the earliest canon of Confucian texts called "The Five Classics," included in the canon several centuries before the Analects. It challenges some common assumptions of contemporary interpreters of Confucian ethics–in particular the assumption that a cultivated ritual agent is able to recognize which failures are within his sphere of control to prevent and thereby render his happiness invulnerable to ritual failure.


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break and continue Statements
The break statement is used to alter the flow of control. When a break statement is executed in a while loop, for loop, do-while loop or switch statement, it causes immediate exit from that statement. Program execution continues with the next statement. Common uses of the break statement are to escape early from a loop or to skip the remainder of a switch statement.
The program written below demonstrates the break statement in a for-loop.
When the if-statement detects that x has become 5, break statement is executed. This terminates the for-loop and the program continues from cout after the for-loop.
The continue statement is also used to alter the flow of control. When it is executed in a while loop, for loop or do-while loop, it skips the remaining statements in the body of the control loop and performs the next iteration of the loop.
An example of continue statement is shown below,
Some programmers feel that break and continue statements violate the norms of structured programming since the effects of these statements can be achieved by structured programming technique. The break and continue statements, when used properly, perform faster than the corresponding structured technique.


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Botany online _PHONE_. No further update, only historical document of botanical science!
Generally, answers to questions of the numerical capture, analysis or representation of mass phenomenons like allele frequencies in populations are given by statistics and probability calculus. Readings of experiments may be grouped around a mean (= mean value). To find out whether two series of readings represent basically the same or significantly different values, the t-test is performed. It answers the question of how far the means of the two readings differ from each other.
The chi2-test is done to see if a result corresponds with the theoretically expected values. The smaller the chi2-value the more probable it is that a deviation is caused merely by chance.
MENDEL, his rediscoverers and the geneticists of this century never got exact but only approximate ratios in their crossings. Ratios like 3:1 or 1:1 are idealized values. Though the interpretation of the mechanism they are based on is plausible, several questions have to be asked not only by a mathematician but also by a practical geneticist:
How large is the deviation from the theoretically expected values allowed to be?
How many specimens have to be counted to regard the results as reliable?
Is there a way to reach the same results with less
Answers to these questions are given by statistics or probability calculus. Therefore, a clear yes or no is never to be expected, instead, the answers will be with how many percent probability an event corresponds with an assumption or whether there is a significant difference between two series of readings. The geneticist is helped by several formulas that he can use for his values and by calculated standards documented in tables that he can refer to. The decisive precondition for the use of the mathematical approaches is the choice of the right formula. It has to be clear whether the own, experimentally gained data satisfy the respective conditions. They all have to share the same dimensions, absolute values cannot be mixed up with relative values (in percent). Further preconditions that have to be taken into account when performing the respective statistic tests can be found in reviews like that of ZAR (1984).
The mean of a series of values
is calculated as follows:
X = sum xi / n
where xi represents the single values and n the number
of the values.
Mean variation (=
variance):When depicting the readings in a histogram, it
is usually easily discernible whether they are grouped around a mean
or not. If the readings stem from a Gaussian
normal distribution, the resulting curve will be
bell-shaped with an increasing number n. Only if this is the case, it
makes sense to go on working with it statistically as is shown in the
The picture (below) shows that the curve of a Gaussian normal
distribution can be described by the position of its maximum that
corresponds to its mean X and its points of inflection. The distance
between X and one of the points of inflection is called mean
variation or standard deviation.
The square of the mean variation is the variance. A series of
readings is always a more or less large spot check of a totality.
Spot checks do always have a relative error, the
standard error or standard
deviation of the mean, whose size is dependent on the number of
readings. It can mathematically be expressed by 1 / square
The readings have at first to be standardized, the type and the degree of divergence of a Gaussian normal distribution have to be taken into account. The mean variation of a spot check (s = square root of the medium quadratic deviation) can be ascertained by the following formula:
s = square root [xi - X]2 / n - 1
By integration of the Gaussian normal distribution, the area
marked by the base line and the curve area from + 1
sigma, 2 sigma, 3 sigma etc. can be
Parameter of a Gaussian distribution: The value P refers to the part of the area that is enclosed by the curve and the base line between the values + and -1 sigma, (light blue area) and + and -2 sigma (light blue + medium blue area), respectively, or + and -3 sigma (light blue + medium blue + dark blue areas).
This means that 68.3 percent of all readings of an ideal distribution scatter with 1 sigma, 95.4 percent with 2 sigma and 99.7 percent with 3 sigma around the mean. These values are important since they are used as standards for most statistical statements. It is thus important for a practitioner to measure and to incorporate his own readings critically so that they can refer to such an ideal distribution.
An ever repeating question is whether two (or more) series of
readings represent significantly different results or whether
different means are caused merely by chance and have thus different
values as a result of 'errors'. To solve the problem, the relation of
the means of both series to the standard deviation have to be
compared. For the comparison of two series of readings, the t-test is
used. The aim of the comparison is the examination, how far the means
Xa and Xb differ from each other. The measure
for this is the quantity t.
The probability P that corresponds to a calculated t can be found in probability tables. If Xa and Xb vary more than Xa + 3 sigma, it is spoken of a significant difference. The probability that both values tally is < 0.3% meaning that the probability that both represent distributions different from each other is > 99.7%. If the difference is larger than Xa + 2 sigma but smaller than Xa + 3 sigma, then it is spoken of a secure difference. In this case, the probability (P) of the correspondence is about five percent, the probability of difference is accordingly 95 percent. 3 sigma and 2 sigma respectively are also referred to as a one percent and a five percent respectively degree of confidence. It is common to use fractions of the number 1 instead of percent in statistics, P would thus be 0.01 and 0.05 respectively. Two further things become clear when looking at the table:
In a prevoiusly shown table, the splitting ratios obtained by MENDEL have been depicted. He extrapolated a 3:1 ratio. The chi2-test shows whether this is permitted:
d = divergence of the expected result, e = expectation. The smaller the value of chi2, the more probable it is that only chance is responsible for a divergence. Only absolute numbers (never percentages) can be used for the chi2-test. The test shows that the correspondence of MENDEL's numbers with his expectations is very high. The mathematically calculated values for the expectations can also be found in the respective tables. Later studies showed that even much smaller amounts of data are sufficient to obtain significant values.


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A Writing Contest for the
Emancipation Proclamation in Tennessee
Level 1 (Grades 5-8): Write a letter from the future to Annie Davis, a slave.
Writing Prompt: When the Emancipation Proclamation was issued many people were confused by who it did and didn't free.
Read the letter from Annie Davis to President Abraham Lincoln. It is not known if President Lincoln ever responded to Annie's letter. Therefore, imagine you can reach across time and respond to Annie. Write an explanatory letter that uses her letter, the excerpt from the Emancipation Proclamation, and the 13th Amendment to help Annie understand whether or not she is free. Be sure to explain to her your perspective as a student in the 21st century and what America is like 150 years after the Emancipation Proclamation.
Level 2 (Grades 9-12): Write a letter from the future to President Abraham Lincoln.
Writing Prompt: First, review the Emancipation Proclamation and related documents. Ponder them. Analyze how the Emancipation Proclamation changed America then and how America has changed since. Form your own opinion about the Emancipation Proclamation. Did it do enough to free the slaves? Then write a letter to Abraham Lincoln giving him your opinion of the document's effectiveness, its historical significance, and what you think is its legacy in the 21st century.


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Ahtohallan: its origin and meaning
It may have ended just as a fairy tale, but the Frozen universe has evolved in a pretty complex manner as the sequel came out. One of the essential concepts is Ahtohallan, which first appears in Frozen 2 and plays a vital role in the whole story plot. Examining why this place happened to have this name would help us to understand the whole storyline deeply. We cover this issue in this post.
One of the fundamental concepts of understanding the Frozen universe is Ahtohallan. Sometimes it is described as a river of memory or to Northuldra, a mythical place nobody has ever seen. Since all the story plots of Frozen 2 emerge from Ahtohallan, and it depicts the journey of Elsa and Anna reaching there, it is important first to understand what this place is. Then, what does the name 'Ahtohallan' stands for?
The name of many characters and spots in Frozen have their meaning. The name of some characters, such as Anna or Hans, is derived from the author of the original novel 'Snow queen'. Even some characters share the same names in the original novel. Then it would be natural to ask this kind of question. Is the name Ahtohallan originated from some novel or myth?
This is the central place where the magic of Frozen begins. If we can identify what it stands for, we could get closer to the core of the Frozen universe. First, let us retake a look at Ahtohallan.
One can interpret this just as a single word. Still, we can get some inspiration from this word by referring to Norse mythology, especially the Finnish one.
Many theories exist, but it seems most plausible to say that the word Ahtohallan anis originated from Finnish mythology. We can divide this word into some parts, and we can find some relationships between each segment and Finnish mythology. The following three words need our attention.
|Sea god in Finnish mythology
|Frost, below-freezing temperature
We first focus on the word Ahto. A lot of gods appear in Finnish mythology, but what we need to focus on is the god named Ahto. Ahto, sometimes called Ahti in Finnish mythology, is a sea god. His castle, or the territory governed by him and his wife Wellamo, is located under the sea and called Ahtola. Plus, halla means frost or the temperature below water getting frozen in Finnish. Summing up, the word Ahtohallan could be dissembled into three different parts: Ahto + Ahtola + Halla. Considering the meaning of each word, we might interpret the meaning of Ahtohallan as 'the territory of frozen sea god'. Now the question is, what is this combination?
First, let's take a look at the prefix Ahto. This word represents the sea god in Finnish mythology. Surprisingly, we can also find marks of godly being related to water through Iduna's letter on the wrecked ship (the very first symbol). This means that the people in the past of the Frozen universe (or at least Iduna) believed that some divine being related to water existed. The water element has some unique position among the other four spirits in Frozen: people say it has a memory, or the first symbol on the map looks like water.
We don't need to be precisely what the symbols on the map stand for. The thing is, the ancient people (or at least Iduna) believed that there existed some divine being. And that divine being would have some relationship to water, so they would have named it Ahto. All kinds of mythology (especially Animism) share a similar structure. Then its motif would have originated from Finnish mythology.
The past people of the Frozen universe might also have notions that Ahto's power influences some territory or place. The dark sea, located in the far north of Ahtohallan, is described as a violent place protected by the water Nokk. So it would be natural to speculate that the ancient people might have regarded this place as a divine or holy territory governed by a water god, so they would have named it Ahtola as in the Finnish mythology.
Then why the word Halla as suffix? Elsa had already answered this question.
Ahtohallan is frozen.
Obviously, the people in the past would have named this place Ahtola since this place seemed to be related to the water god, Ahto. However, what Elsa had found was glacial in a frozen form. Then we can speculate that the past people might also have observed this place in a frozen form, or heard from someone that it was frozen, so they would have added the suffix halla, which means frozen to this place. From this observation, we can further speculate that this place had appeared in frozen (halla) from in the past. That is, someone like Elsa in the past would have said to the people that this place was frozen, and these rumors would have spread among people, so people named this place halla.
I understand diverse interpretations exist on this subject, but we will discuss this deeper issue later.
But the above argument is just one hypothesis. Can we find any evidence supporting this idea in the movie?
Take a look at Iduna's map again. On the top and left sides, we can find some numbers representing the latitude and longitude. These numbers show the latitude and longitude corresponding to 62.3 and 27.0, respectively. Then what would be this spot on the actual map on earth?
It is Finland. Some of you might have been confused at this stage. The motif of Frozen 1 is known as Norway, so it would be natural to expect the spot GPS pointing to be somewhere in Norway. Why is it Finland? Just a mistake?
We can regard it that way, but I think it is the sign where the concept and name Ahtohallan were motivated. In Frozen 1 and Olaf's Frozen Adventure, we find a Norweign map and Norweign wavy-shaped cookies. These represent the motif of the film. Similarly, suppose the team was to insert some homage to Finland or its mythology. In that case, they might have inserted some sign of that country. From the making film or art book, we can also see that the story of Frozen 2 was motivated by Norse mythology. If it were from Norway, they would have put the GPS coordinates of Norway. This doesn't look like a mistake, and I instead see this as an intended thing. Following this interpretation, the motif of Ahtohallan comes from Finnish mythology, and the directors had inserted its GPS coordinates as homage.
Summing up these arguments, it is plausible to say that the name Ahtohallan comes from Finnish mythology.
The word Ahtohallan in Frozen universe is a compound word that can be decomposed into Ahto + Ahtola + Halla and motivated by Finnish mythology. Each word represents the sea god, its territory, and the frost. We can find its evidence on Iduna's map in the wrecked ship.


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This is a full description of a situation often encountered by scientists in the process of fabrication of the NMR probe. The analysis requires some tedious complex algebra, a bit of circuit theory, and enforces a matching condition. I tried to write this so that one may infer the cirucit theory from context. If there is a problem, just ask.
We will examine the impedance of this reactive L network
Goals of this challenege:
Characterize the parameter space of the variables Cm, Ct, ω, L, r and produce some useful set of tables for lab, in which the relationship between Cm and Ct is known for a given ω L and r. Furthermore to ponder the level of greed allowed. Which parameters limit others? Compare this with what the laboratory reality is.
One must always strive for impedance matching conditions to be satisfied, which for us means 50 ohms real. So we must
Im_Z = 0
Re_Z = R := 50 ohms
These requirements are nasty if you allow the impedance of the coil to have a small (but very physical and influential) real part r
Z_coil = j ω L + r
So the total impedance is
Z_tot = -j / (Cm ω) + Z_coil || Z_Ct = Re_Z + j Im_Z = R + j 0 = 50
* Z_m is the impedance of the matching cap only
* Z_t is the impedance of the tuning cap only
* the notation A || B means "A parallel B" and A || B = ( 1/A + 1/B)^(-1)
Since Z_coil has a real and an imaginary part, the expression for total impedance is a headache.
So I did it by hand, and with mathematica, and iteratively found what I consider decently short code with reasonably concise expressions. Here we go.
Clone the mathematica stuff here
In which there is a file where I do in fact show the real and imaginary parts of Z_tot are:
real part (which we denote Re_Z…please note the sloppyness. Here w is ω)
Re_Z = r/((r^2 +
L^2 w^2) (r^2/(r^2 +
L^2 w^2)^2 + (T w - (L w)/(r^2 + L^2 w^2))^2))
and imaginary part (Im_Z)
ImZ = (-(1/(M w)) - (T w)/(r^2/(r^2 +
L^2 w^2)^2 + (T w - (L w)/(r^2 +
L^2 w^2))^2) + (L w)/((r^2 +
L^2 w^2) (r^2/(r^2 +
L^2 w^2)^2 + (T w - (L w)/(r^2 + L^2 w^2))^2)))
where we eliminated the need for subscripts but denoting Cm := M and Ct := T.
How do we make useful data from these equations? To answer this, we must first assess what the experimenter can really control.
* coils are hard to wind and have prescibed results. In general, the parameter r is less than 1 ohm, but its actual value is not constant through frequency sadly. It must be treated as such.
* A typical coil inductance L satisfied 1.0 uH < L 30 uH. Intermediate values such as 8 uH tend to be the most difficult to fabricate. A coil inductance of 8uH I find would be useful for lower frequencies, below 3MHz, which are currently causing me problems. It is here the equations become extremely sensitive.
* The capacitance T and M can within reason, be expected to continuously vary between 0 < T,M < 1 nF and even more reasonably if the upper boundary is around 300 pF.
* the frequency is going to satisfy 1 MHz < f < 30 MHz; so ω = 6.28 f so we can say about, that
1 e7 < ω < 3e8
I have made many charts. Got any brilliant ideas?
A typical annoying situation in lab would be:
Drat. To reach the target frequency, we must either replace the capacitors with larger ones,
or exchange the coil with one of larger inductance. Which will take me less time?
I usually do not know in fact. I either make a intuitive guess, prepare some primitive tests, or try a bit of each.
The code in the github repo above will give you some parameter sliders. You can try plotting M, and T vs ω as L and that little tiny r are varied…I still must get to the bottom of these matters, such as, the qualitative effect of increasing r at fixed ω and L etc. How to encapsulate all such desirable relations in a single concise set of diagrams is what I truly seek, from the kind theorists of who may read this.
I have studied this problem up down left right…I wrote some interesting special cases down here, but I believe there is more to be known about these equations that could be of service to the designer.


Details for Yancey United Methodist Church (Atlas Number _PHONE_)
Historical Marker — Atlas Number _PHONE_
Marker Number 12556
Atlas Number _PHONE_
Marker Title Yancey United Methodist Church
Index Entry Yancey United Methodist Church
Address 255 CR 743
City Yancey
County Medina
UTM Zone
UTM Easting
UTM Northing
Subject Codes Methodist (Methodist Episcopal and United Methodist) denomination; eccesiastical buildings; churches
Marker Year 2001
Designations Recorded Texas Historic Landmark
Marker Location
Marker Size 27" x 42"
Marker Text Completed in 1925, this church building resulted from the combination of two neighboring Methodist congregations. Circuit-riding Methodist preacher A. J. Potter began holding services in a log schoolhouse south of Yancey in 1875. That congregation eventually came to be known as Wilson Chapel Methodist Episcopal Church, South, before it moved into the town of Yancey and was renamed Yancey Methodist Church. North of town, the Yancey Ebenezer Methodist Church, South, was founded in _PHONE_, with the Rev. W. D. Wiemers as first preacher, to serve the German population that lived in the area. In 1921, the two congregations were combined, with the Rev. F. W. Radetzky as first pastor. The church building features classic Gothic detailing, such as the pointed arches in the windows and the entryway. Gothic Revival was a popular style for church designs at the time this building was constructed. When detailed in wood rather than masonry, the style is known as Carpenter Gothic. The square bell tower and gabled roof are other prominent features of the building. An open-air tabernacle on the property, once used for dinners on the ground, worship and outdoor classes, was replaced with an education building in 1948. With its history reaching back to the earliest evidence of Methodism in the area, the Yancey United Methodist Church has played a strong role in the cultural and religious history of the community. It continues to serve the area with a variety of service and outreach ministries. The historic church building remains a significant part of Yancey's architectural heritage. Recorded Texas Historic Landmark - 2001


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ChefTalk.com › Cooking Terms › Sashimi
Pieces of raw or nearly-raw fish or other seafood served most often in Japanese restaurants, usually presented in an artistic fashion and using only the highest quality fish.
Common Misconceptions
Thickness: Most sashimi should not be sliced paper-thin, but rather thick enough that the individual type and cut of fish manifests its own distinctive texture. Second-rate or previously-frozen fish is often sliced very thin to disguise an inferior texture.
Raw: Not all sashimi is served raw. In particular, a number of fish are generally lightly salt-pickled, the most common of these being mackerel (saba). Some seafood may be served raw or cooked, notably many crustaceans. Some meatier fish, such as bonito, may be seared on the outside and sliced, a preparation known as tataki.
Soy and Wasabi: The most common dipping sauce for sashimi is certainly this combination, but the apparent simplicity covers significant variability. Japanese soy sauce (shoyu) --- do not use Chinese soy sauce, which has a quite different flavor --- comes in a range of styles and strengths, and these may be selected regionally, seasonally, and/or to complement particular fish. Wasabi is an uncommon and expensive root unrelated to horseradish, despite the taste similarity. The majority of wasabi, in Japan and especially elsewhere, is actually green-dyed horseradish, and lacks the subtle floral flavor of the real wasabi. Purists who insist that one should never mix wasabi into soy sauce to make a paste should be referring exclusively to real wasabi in combination with excellent, small-production soy sauce; otherwise, it makes very little difference, if any, how it is mixed.
Ponzu: An excellent alternative, particularly in hot weather, ponzu (ポン酢) is a combination of soy sauce, citrus juice, and sake, often enhanced in flavor through the use of kombu seaweed and dried bonito flakes (katsuo-bushi).
Tosazu: A sauce originally from the old province of Tosa (now Kōchi), in southern Shikoku. It is very good with oilier, stronger-flavored fish, such as bonito (katsuo), for which this province is famous (especially as katsuo-tataki). Tosazu (土佐酢) is made from soy sauce, vinegar and/or sake, deepened with dashi and/or kombu and katsuo-bushi; it may also be aged before use.
Regional Variation
In the Tokyo region (Kantō), the dish is known as sashimi or osashimi (お刺身). In Kyoto, and intermittently throughout the Kansai region, it is called otsukuri (お造り)
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ChefTalk.com › Cooking Terms › Sashimi