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Each city in Michigan has a unique history and tradition. This includes everything from when the city was created to how it was named. With that in mind, we're creating a new feature on the Pure Michigan Connect blog where we will tell the story of how five Michigan cities earned their names. Check out the first five below and look for more in the coming weeks.
Let's start with Detroit, the city with the most Michiganders and one of the oldest cities in the Midwest. The city is named after the Detroit River, which links Lake Huron and Lake Eric. The word "detroit" is French for "strait," and the French called the river "le détroit du Lac Érié," meaning "the strait of Lake Erie." On July 24, 1701, a French explorer and nobleman by the name of Antoine de la Mothe, sieur de Cadillac founded Detroit. Check out the Detroit Fall Beer Festival on October 22 at Eastern Market, which will feature more than 40 Michigan craft breweries offering more than 200 different beers for sampling throughout the day.
Like many historic places in the Great Lakes region, Mackinac Island's name derives from a Native American language. It's been said that Native Americans thought the shape of the island resembled a turtle, so they named it "Mitchimakinak" meaning "big turtle." Then, the French used their own version of the original pronunciation and named it Michilimackinac. However, the English shortened it to the present name: "Mackinac." You can check out live streaming video of Main Street on Mackinac Island here.
Traverse City's name is almost self-explanatory – it is named after the Grand Traverse Bay. Indian hunters and French traders were the first people to spend time here, and it was they who gave the region its name – La Grand Traverse, because of the "long crossing" they had to make by canoe across the mouth of the bay. But even the native Ottawa and Chippewa people didn't settle here permanently until the early 18th century. Check out the Traverse City page on michigan.org for a listing of more than 150 boutiques and restaurants.
Ludington wasn't always knows as Ludington, but was originally named Pere Marquette Village, which was named after French missionary and explorer Father Jacques Marquette. After it was settled in 1847, a number of lumbering camps sprung up in the area, and a lumber baron named James Ludington built and settled into what are now impressive historic homes. Residents later renamed the city after him. It's a place where simple, timeless joys are Pure Michigan.
Before it was named Grand Rapids, the area was settled by Ottawa Indians near the Grand River Valley. One French trader named Louis Campau established a trading post in the area in 1826 and in 1831, he bought 72 acres of land from the federal government for $90 and named his land "Grand Rapids." This land is now the entire downtown business district of the city. It's a place created by and for artists of all types, and you can learn more on the Grand Rapids page on Michigan.org.


text: BUDS CHARM, the Pre-School Wing, has its own charm. Through play-way method, sensory, exploratory and interesting activities, child's holistic development is fostered.The specially designed activity rooms, music room, and gymnasium are stocked with educational play system, music system, toys and games that help the budding buds to enhance their intellectual, problem solving, motor and muscular skills and at the same time provide the opportunities to the child to communicate, interact, imagine and create knowledge. The school makes arrangements for excursions and theatrical and puppet shows etc. to provide the students learning experiences through recreation. All efforts are made to ensure the safety of the children. The teachers are well qualified and caring abreast with the latest pedagogy of teaching.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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We have all seen numerous pictures on social media of messy eating babies with food smeared all over their faces and hands. While these pictures get an "awww" reaction out of us, the parents have a hard time cleaning up these messes.
I know many mothers cringe at the thought of offering potentially messy food to their little ones, fearing the aftermath. But let me put forth my case as to why it's ok to let your baby make a mess while eating. So the next time you see your little one flinging yogurt across the room or dropping yet another bowl of food from the high chair, you know you are actually helping his/her development in some way.
AZ Tuckerbox sent me the new Burp 'N Drool Tuckerbox, but the opinions expressed in this article are my own.
Benefits of Messy Eating
Messy eating promotes language development
A recent study shows the influence that the context of everyday activities such as mealtimes has on children's exploration, attention and word learning. When young children messily eat and explore food at each meal, they are learning both about individual foods and also about non solid substances. This aids in early word learning and language development.
This higher vocabulary generally correlates with a better executive function which means better ability to apply rules to situations and control behavior appropriately.
Messy eating leads to greater acceptance of food
A Reuters article highlighted a study that showed there may be an association between getting children to play with messy substances helping their food acceptance. The researchers suggested that playing with food may actually help kids overcome a fear of new flavors and eat a more varied diet.
The takeaway here is that as parents we need to approach eating as a hands-off approach, allowing our children to explore, touch and feel their food. This quenches their thirst for exploration and curiosity and generates a more positive association with the food they eat.
Messy eating promotes the development of gross motor skills and fine motor skills
From learning gross motor skills like sitting upright at the table to fine motor skills like managing to scoop up a spoonful of soup and bringing to mouth, all these skills involve getting messy in some way. So let them make a mess and learn along the way. You can guide them on how to sit at the table and use their forks and spoons. Then let them go ahead and experiment and use those muscles in their hands to become skilled at eating. Learning to use the spoon and fork is a key skill to becoming less messier eater down the road. Also, these skills are transferable to when they learn to write and color. Once they know how to eat with spoon and fork they are quick to learn how to hold color pencils and crayons correctly too.
Messy eating is a form of sensory play
Children eat their food with both hands, squishing at peas, smearing the soup across the table, licking it off their fingers, then going back to dipping their fingers in the soup for some more smearing.
While all this looks messy, what is happening at the brain level is something amazing. They are getting feedback from their food about different textures, volumes, and differentiation between solid foods and non solid foods. Learning about food through this type of sensory play is an exercise in exploration, curiosity and self feeding which ultimately helps build a positive environment around the food they eat.
Some foods are hot, some cold, some are sticky, some are smooth, some liquid and some hard to touch. Imagine the excitement they experience on using their senses to discover new flavors and textures of foods.
Read here to learn more about the importance of sensory play in child development.
Messy eating promotes independent eating
As I just mentioned in the point above getting messy while eating helps their curiosity which in turn promotes self feeding. Once they have touched and tasted the food, the sense of achievement they feel every time they can guide the spoon skilfully from bowl to their mouths is something else.
Okay, now these were some of the benefits of allowing children to get messy eating at the table. But you must be thinking, it's easy for you to say so, I am the one cleaning up after every meal.
I have been there! being a baby led weaning mom. Mess is a part of every meal time for us. Along the way, I have come up with a few strategies to reduce the mess. Let me tell you all about them.
Tips to reduce the mess
- Serve finger foods whenever possible. Pancakes, oats fingers, fruits are easy finger foods to offer a baby. Also reduces the number of messes to clean later.
- Make a thicker version of oats and dals that don't slide off the spoon easily. This helps them get good at scooping up the food in their spoons and aids initial learning of self feeding with spoons. Once they become skilled at it you can move on to smoother and thinner textures of liquid food.
- Lay a splash mat or newspapers on the floor. This catches most of the messes and reduces half the workload.
- Keep a spray bottle with natural cleaner or water at hand. Helps to wipe down the high chair easily.
- Use highchair and booster seats that are made of easy to clean materials. I highly recommend, Chicco Pocket Lunch Highchair especially because it has a large tray that helps limit the messes to the table and Fisher-Price Quick Clean N' Go Booster because it is made of easy to clean materials, lightweight and comes with a travel-friendly strap.
- Use bowls and plates with a suction base to minimize messes. Those who follow me on Instagram know how much I love my Avanchy bowl and plate set. This set is made of bamboo wood and comes with a silicone suction base. A boon for baby led weaning families.
- A new product I love is the AZ Tuckerbox bib and burp cloth set. The bibs help catch any messes my toddler makes when he eats. They come in stylish patterns and colors. I find them great to use especially when we travel outside, as they look like a part of his outfit and not like I put him in some sort of contraption and help with keeping his outfit clean.
The Burp 'N Drool Tuckerbox also comes with a burp cloth that is nice and big in size, easy to carry in the diaper bag and use it for cleaning those messy fingers on the go. The material used is soft cotton and washes well too. AZ Tuckerbox curates cool subscription boxes right from newborn stage to older kids and now moms too. Be sure to check them out, its a one of a kind unique service available to Indian mothers.
So go ahead let your little ones make some messes as they eat. Rest assured they are learning some great things along the way.
AZ Tuckerbox was kind enough to send me the new Burp 'N Drool Tuckerbox, but the opinions expressed in this article are my own.
This blog post contains affiliate links. These links provide me with a small percentage commission but don't cost you anything extra.


Bringing a Whole Health Approach to Behavioral Healthcare
Encompassing mental health conditions and substance use disorders, behavioral health is a key component of whole health. At Anthem, we believe a comprehensive approach is needed to address the behavioral health needs of our communities.
Dr. Nancy Norman, MPH, on Connecting the Dots Between Behavioral Health and Housing
Medical Director of Integration Dr. Nancy Norman, MPH, discusses the connections between behavioral health and safe/affordable housing, insecure housing and homelessness, and how Anthem is increasing access to housing and behavioral healthcare to improve outcomes.


NIS+ Transition Guide
Links between tables produce an effect similar to paths, except that the link involves a search through only one table: the remote table. With a search path, NIS+ first searches the local table, and only if it is unsuccessful does it search the remote table. With a link, the search moves directly to the remote table. In fact, the remote table virtually replaces the local table. The benefit of a link is that it allows a lower domain to access the information in a higher domain without the need to administer its own table.
To create a link, use the nisln command. You must have modify rights to the table object.
Deciding whether to use a path or to link NIS+ tables in a domain is a complex decision, but here are some basic principles:
Figure 2-7 summarizes this principle.
Figure 2-7 Information Distribution Across an NIS+ Hierarchy


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The law relating to labour and employment in India is primarily known under the broad category of "Industrial Law". Industrial law in this country is of recent vintage and has developed in respect to the vastly increased awakening of the workers of their rights, particularly after the advent of Independence. Industrial relations embrace a complex of relationships between the workers, employers and government, basically
concerned with the determination of the terms of employment and conditions of labour of the workers. Escalating expectations of the workers, the hopes extended by Welfare State, uncertainties caused by tremendous structural developments in industry, the decline of authority, the waning attraction of the work ethics and political activism in the industrial field, all seem to have played some role.
Click here for labour laws


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Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis
Equivalent CO2 concentrations used in CCCma coupled global climate model simulations
The CCCma coupled global climate models, CGCM1 and CGCM2, represent the net radiative effect of all greenhouse gases by means of an "equivalent" CO2 concentration. The equivalent CO2 concentration is necessarily higher than observed CO2 concentration since it represents the climate forcing due to CO2 and also the forcing associated with all other greenhouse gases.
In transient climate change simulations, the change in greenhouse gas forcing is represented in the model as a perturbation relative to the 330ppmv equivalent CO2 concentration used in the control simulation. That is, 330ppmv is taken as a reference value, and climate change simulations involve changes relative to this value.
Equivalent CO2 values from 1850 to 1990 are based on historical changes in greenhouse gas forcing, provided by the Hadley Centre.
From 1990 onward we have employed 3 different scenarios:
 - The IS92a scenario has effective CO2 concentration increasing at 1% per year after 1990. In the model, the concentrations are specified by linear interpolation between specified values at 2000, 2025, 2050 and 2100.
 - The equivalent CO2 concentrations for the provisional IPCC SRES A2 and B2 scenarios (which span the period _PHONE_) were provided by Ron Stouffer of GFDL. The forcing changes implied by the concentrations were used to scale the equivalent CO2 values to be consistent with the 1990 value in our IS92a simulation.
IPCC forcing
Additional notes on scenarios:
 1. The IS92a scenario.
 The IPCC IS92a scenario specifies equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations and sulphate aerosol loadings from 1850 to 2100. Climate change simulations based on this scenario have been performed by a number of climate modelling groups who have contributed to the IPCC Third Assessment Report.
 2. SRES scenarios.
 The IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) provides 40 different scenarios which are deemed "equally likely". For the Third Assessment Report, the IPCC facilitated the conversion of two of these emission scenarios (A2 and B2) into concentration scenarios for use in climate simulations.
 3. Description of A2 and B2 scenarios.
 The A2 scenario envisions population growth to 15 billion by the year 2100 and rather slow economic and technological development. It projects slightly lower GHG emissions than the IS92a scenario, but also slightly lower aersol loadings, such that the warming response differs little from that of the earlier scenario. The B2 scenario envisions slower population growth (10.4 billion by 2100) with a more rapidly evolving economy and more emphasis on environmental protection. It therefore produces lower emissions and less future warming. Climate change results based on the A2 and B2 scenarios are also discussed in the IPCC Third Assessment Report.
Specific values are provided in the table below.
Equivalent CO2 Concentration (ppmv).
Year IS92a A2 B2
1850 330 330 330
1860 343 343 343
1870 345 345 345
1880 347 347 347
1890 349 349 349
1900 351 351 351
1910 357 357 357
1920 363 363 363
1930 370 370 370
1940 376 376 376
1950 382 382 382
1960 388 388 388
1970 408 408 408
1980 437 437 437
1990 476 476 476
2000 526 504 504
2010 540 539
2020 585 578
2025 674 612 599
2030 642 619
2040 707 659
2050 865 779 700
2060 860 740
2070 950 781
2080 1050 823
2090 1180 867
2100 _PHONE_ 915


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The use of drones in Pakistan normally brings to mind images of US spy planes attacking tribal areas. But drones now are being used to capture a different kind of picture in the country—showing some of the world's highest mountains being scaled by world-class climbers through some of Earth's thinnest air. While drones have long been the domain of the American military, civilians are now using them more and more to shoot ground-breaking footage of adventure sports.
This summer, for example, a Swiss expedition used remote-controlled helicopters to shoot rare footage of climbers on the Karakoram, one of the world's most demanding and formidable mountain ranges. The drones weight just a few pounds and cost between $1,000 and $40,000, a fraction of the size and cost of the standard helicopters traditionally used in adventure photography. Newer models tend to have all of their rotors facing into the sky, making them look a bit like a mechanical flying spider or insect.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Psychophysiological interactions (PPIs) analysis is a method for investigating task-specific changes in the relationship between activity in different brain areas, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. Specifically, PPI analyses identify voxels in which activity is more related to activity in a seed region of interest (seed ROI) in a given psychological context, such as during attention or in the presence of emotive stimuli. In this tutorial, we aim to give a simple conceptual explanation of how PPI analysis works, in order to assist readers in planning and interpreting their own PPI experiments.
Original publication
Journal article
Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci
Publication Date
604 - 609
Brain, Brain Mapping, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Neural Pathways, Oxygen, Psychophysiology, Task Performance and Analysis


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Water Analysis Using BOQU Instrument UV/Visible Spectrophotometers: Ammonia-Nitrogen Determination
Nitrogen Determination
(NH3-N) occurs
In this application, the quantitative analysis of ammonia-nitrogen was performed using the BOQU Instrument NHNG-3010UV/Vis spectrophotometer and BOQU Instrument NHNG-3010 ammonia nitrogen cell test
Ammonia reacts with the Nessler reagent (K2HgI4) to form a yellow colored complex which can be detected spectrophotometrically at 430 nm and is directly proportional to the ammonia concentration.
Stabilizer solution (potassium sodium tartrate) is added to prevent cloudiness of the Nessler reagent which may occur in some waters due to calcium and magnesium concentrations.
This method is suitable for the concentration range of 0 – 7.00 mg/L ammonia in surface, drinking and nitrified waste waters allowing its concentration to be determined without the use of a calibration curve by incorporating the measured absorbance at 430 nm into a known equation.
Reagents and Apparatus
1. BOQU Instrument NHNG-3010 ammonia analyzer® kit - containing
30 vials, reference sample, A-1500 stabilizer solution (Potassium
sodium tartrate) and sample cup
2. PerkinElmer BOQU Instrument 265 PDA UV/Visible Spectrophotometer
3. UV Lab™ software
4. Ammonia standard solution (100 mg/L)
5. Deionised (DI) water
6. Volumetric flasks (100 ml)
7. Micropipettes
A stock solution of ammonia (100 mg/L) in water was used to prepare a 4.00 mg/L ammonia solution in a 100 ml volumetric flask by dilution with DI water.
Following preparation of solutions, the sample cup was filled with the 4.00 mg/L ammonia solution up to the 25 mL mark and two drops of A-1500 stabilizer solution mixed in. The tip of the Vacu-vial ampule was placed in the sample cup and snapped. The ampule was inverted several times to promote mixing, then dried and left to stand for two minutes, followed by the absorbance being measured in the spectrophotometer. This technique was also carried out for the reference sample supplied in the test kit. Using the UV Lab software, the BOQU Instrument 265 instrument parameters were set, as shown in Figure 1, to measure the absorbance at 430 nm. An equation was set up to calculate the ammonia concentration, as shown in Equation. Following measurement of the blank, the absorbance of the known ammonia solution in the Vacu-vial was recorded.
Quantitative analysis of ammonia-nitrogen in water was achieved with no complex sample preparation, exposure to hazardous chemicals, or measurement of calibration standards, by using the BOQU Instrument NHNG-3010 test kit. Results were obtained rapidly using the BOQU Instrument 265 UV/Vis spectrophotometer and UV Lab software with a high level of accuracy and repeatability.
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StatusThe thesis was presented on the 11 May, 2017
Approved by NCAA on the 31 May, 2017
Abstract– 1.07 Mb / in romanian
2.83 Mb /
The field of research: cardiology.
Aim of the study: the role of cardiac remodeling as a key link in the evolution of chronic heart failure in patients after coronary revascularization.
Objectives of the study: analyzing the evolution of cardiac structural and geometric parameters during 1 year after coronary revascularization, revealing types of cardiac remodeling in relation to functional class of chronic heart failure; assessment of the coronary circulation status, the severity of myocardial injury, exercise tolerance on the type of coronary revascularization; estimate the frequency of recurrent ischemic events in the first year after coronary revascularization; prognosis of cardiac remodeling progress toward regression or progression.
The scientific novelty and originality of the work. The first was conducted a analytical study of prospective and another retrospective assessment of complex structural and geometric changes of heart in the context of clinical manifestations in patients after coronary revascularization by the method of stenting and coronary shunting. The analysis provides an assessment of the relationship between cardiac remodeling, the evolution of chronic heart failure and the frequency of repeated hospitalizations. It was found that patients with signs of pathological remodeling at the final stage of the study (12 months) already had systolic and diastolic dysfunction, signs of residual ischemia, a decrease in exercise tolerance, a higher frequency of concomitant pathology at the time of inclusion in the study.
Solved scientific problem. There were developed criteria for the prognosis of pathological cardiac remodeling, their relation to chronic heart failure and identifying the important morphologic and clinical factors for probability of repeated hospitalization during the first year after coronary revascularization.
Theoretical value of thesis. The results of the study substantiate the need to monitor the structural and morphological cardiac parameters with the help of echocardiography in patients with different coronary revascularization tactics to assess cardiac remodeling, correction of drug therapy, and the risk of development of pathological cardiac remodeling and repeated hospitalizations.
Practical value of thesis. Identification of patients at high risk of cardiac remodeling progression and repeated hospitalization after coronary revascularization will help in correcting drug therapy and timely inclusion in the program of cardiovascular rehabilitation.
The scientific results implemented in the clinical activity of laboratory Chronic heart failure Institute of Cardiology, Clinic Municipal hospital and the Faculty of Continuing Medical Education at the Medical University of Medicine and Pharmacy ―N.Testemiţanu".
Under consideration :


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Projects & Tools
Design Pattern Recovery
Object-oriented design patterns describe general reusable and reputable solutions to common recurrent object-oriented design problems. Unfortunately, for many legacy software systems and open-source libraries, design knowledge is largely undocumented and buried in the source-code.
This project explores the fundamental issues of software reuse as it is related component retrieval. The ultimate goal of this project is to provide effective tools and mechanisms for locating, retrieving, and exploring the various relationships among reusable source-code components in large-scale software reuse repositories.
Many libraries and frameworks are not intuitive to use. While some exceptional pieces of software may be documented well, it is often the case that libraries lack informative API documentation, and lack sufficient and effective source code examples that would demonstrate how these libraries should be used.


Ace Combat Fanon Wiki
The Reborn Knights of Belka, also known as Felsen Belka, was a rebel faction formed in 2016 after the end of the Annean Continental War. They proved to be a serious threat during the Second Osean Continental War in 2017.
Origins and Rise to Power (Unknown Year - Early 2017)
The origins of the Reborn Knights of Belka remain shrouded in mystery and speculation, but it is believed to have had its roots in the Falcons of Dawn and the Gray Men, even though the future leader of the Reborn Knights of Belka condemned their actions openly, which ultimately lead to him siding with the Ghosts of Razgriz in 2010. However, in 2016, Brigadier General Erik Felsen, leader of the 8th Air Division sent to reinforce Emmeria during the Annean Continental War realized that Osea had drastically reduced its military after 2010, as did the rest of the world; furthermore, there was widespread discontent in Belka over the failure of the Gray Men. The people demanded reparations to be given to them by Osea for their humilation 21 years prior at the Belkan War's conclusion. Felsen, a political genius in his own right, saw this as an opportunity to make his move, using a far different philosophy from his predecessors. He believed that Belka must obtain an honorable victory in open war, and for that reason, his group of rebels were dubbed the 'Reborn Knights of Belka', as they seemed to revive the chivalry once characteristic of all Belkan military personel long ago; this gave them widespread admiration and support by the time the began their coup in January of 2017.
At first it was believed to be a reemergance of the 'Falcons of Dawn', a terrorist group formed in 1996 and all but eradicated by 2006, but in truth these rebels were not ordinary terrorists; in fact, they were made up entirely of trained soldiers from the militaries of Osea, Ustio and of course Nord Belka. Under the brilliant and charismatic leadership of Erik Felsen and after an awe-inspiring show of strength, the group rose to power in a virtually bloodless Coup D'etat.
The Second Osean Continental War (Mid-Late 2017)
(Being rewritten; WIP)
Aftermath (2018-)
The Reborn Knights of Belka had fallen, and with them fell Belka as a nation, which as of now it no longer was. The General Resource Limited company, no longer nationalized but maintaining a formidable security force was given the task of restoring order to the region in exchange for the right to covern all of North and South Belka once that has been completed. In the meantime, war crimes tribunals hunted down and executed every major politician and military leader from the rebel government for war crimes...except for one that was never accounted for. Erik Felsen, humiliated and defeated, fled from Dinsmark and arrived in Erusea, only to be dragged into the Erusian Civil War, and then managed to escape on a small charter boat to the Aurelian Continent, where an old contact of his gave him a home at a fruit plantation in the rural areas to the west of Griswald (even this place wasn't safe as he found himself dragged into the Aurelia-Laesath War); he was never found until four hours prior to his death on January 1st, 2045, officially bringing the Reborn Knights of Belka to its final end.
 - The flag of the Reborn Knights is in fact the historical flag of the legendary Knights Sudentor, an order of medieval Paladins that served under the Royal Kingdom of Sudentor and gained legendary status serving in religious crusades between the years 1000 and 1250. The descendents of this order would eventually make up many of the signers of the so-called "Treaty of Sudentor" in 1889, creating the Principality of Belka.
 - While presumably a restoration of the Belkan Monarchy, the Kaiser only had a nominal role as a figurehead, and thus cannot be considered the true leader; that honor goes to Erik Felsen, the commander of its Armed Forces and leader of the "Chivalry Party" in the Belkan Reichstag that took control of Belka in 2016. This was made even more obvious when the Kaiser died in early 2017 after being shot by an escaped patient from a local mental hospital, following which the monarchy was abolished and became known as the Military Dictatorship it always was.


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For years we were warned that American students trailed other nations' in math and science — now the chickens have come home to roost. The BBC reports that in 2013 China will pass the United States as the global leader in scientific output. But can scientific progress really be measured? And, must it be viewed as a battle between nations? This issue may be as much about Western fears as anything else:
The country that invented the compass, gunpowder, paper and printing is set for a globally important comeback. China is on course to overtake the US in scientific output possibly as soon as 2013 – far earlier than expected.
That is the conclusion of a major new study by the Royal Society, the UK's national science academy. The study, Knowledge, Networks and Nations, charts the challenge to the traditional dominance of the United States, Europe and Japan. The figures are based on the papers published in recognized international journals listed by the Scopus service of the publishers Elsevier.
In 1996, the first year of the analysis, the US published 292,513 papers – more than 10 times China's 25,474. By 2008, the US total had increased very slightly to 316,317 while China's had surged more than seven-fold to 184,080. After displacing the UK as the world's second leading producer of research, [China] could go on to overtake America in as little as two years' time.


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Notoryctemorphia order is represented by 1 family containing
a single genus and species, Notoryctes typhlops;
although some scientists recognize a second species,
Notorcytes caurinus. The fossil history for this
order was unknown until recently when fossils from the
middle Miocene of Queensland were discovered. This new
information suggests a relationship (although distant)
between Notoryctes and Peramelemorphia.
is found in north and east central Western Australia,
southern Northern Territory and western South Australia.
They inhabit dry desert areas along river flats among
scrubby bushes. While they do tunnel and are highly
adapted for this activity, Notoryctemorphia also spends
a fair amount of time on the surface. Their excavations
are usually shallow and collapse easily behind as they
both day and night, Notoryctemorphia is well suited
for digging. They possess fused vertebrae in the neck
and a horny shield over the front of the head which
together allows the animal to bore through the soil.
They push the dirt and gravel out of the way with highly
modified front digits and flattened hind limbs. This
species is blind having only vestigial eyes under the
skin each with a reduced optic nerve. They are marsupials
with the young completing development in a pouch that


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Technology is emerging that can assist nutritionists with limiting the time and resources needed for nutritional planning. In the past, nutritionists had to chart their notes on paper and calculate values by hand. Today, this has been replaced by electronic medical records. Companies are using data and new technology to their advantage and providing more sophisticated results. Below are some of the most exciting developments in the field of food technology!
Emerging Innovations in Nutritional Assessments
California based companies Zipongo and 23andMe are at the forefront of using data to enhance nutritional decision making. 23 and me is currently the only direct to consumer company that is approved by the FDA for genetic screening. They have combined efforts to provide nutritional suggestions that take in to account a person's genetic makeup and predispositions.
You probably have heard of three-dimensional printing, but what you may not have heard of is recent innovation in their ability to print food. Printers have been developed that are capable of creating complicated dishes such as pastas and elaborate cake decorations.
One of those most exciting prospects of 3D food printing is its ability to create more nutritious food. Theoretically, it could print items customized to your individual nutrition and calorie needs.
Biotechnology and Agriculture
While there is no more controversial topic than genetic modification of food, we would be remiss not to acknowledge its impact on modern nutrition. Many have moral and ethical objections to it on the basis of it upsetting the earth's natural balance. That said, others argue the benefits, such as modifications that increase a crop's nutritional value and higher quality crops.
What's Next in Food and Technology
If your company has contributed towards advancements in nutrition and technology, Modern Business would love to hear from you. Contact us at modernbusinesstv.com.


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Module Description: In this module, students will be introduced to nuclear material accountancy, including measurement systems, equipment, and uncertainty calculations.
Prerequisites: Students taking this module should have completed the Basic Radiation Detection and Introduction to Statistics courses.
Learning Objectives: After completing this module, students should be able to describe the parties involved in nuclear material accountancy, determine how to setup an accountancy system for a facility, calculate any material unaccounted for and the corresponding uncertainty, name common measurement techniques and in what applications they should be used, and know the main difficulties of nuclear material accountancy.
Outline: This module consists of the following sections:
- Material Balance Areas (MBAs)
- Material Balance Period
- Nuclear Material Inventory
- Measurement System
- Material Unaccounted For (MUF)
- Nuclear Material Measurement Techniques and Equipment
- Calibrations and Sampling
Each section contains reading material, videos, and reference materials. The reading material includes a brief discussion of the subject matter, and the videos explore the subject in further detail. The student should complete the reading material and then watch the videos if they wish to have additional information and a more in-depth explanation of the subject matter


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I recently heard of a game between two players "Line" and "Point" and wanted to look for more information on it. However, without knowing the name of it (if it has one) finding more information is hard, has anyone heard of it? Is there a winning strategy for one of the players?
The game is as follows, it is played on the unit disk $D^2$ in $\mathbb{R}^2$ with the point $p_0 = (0,0)$ marked to begin with. Play alternates between L and P (starting with L) and on turn $n$ they do the following:
L chooses a new line $l_n$ through point $p_{n-1}$ and then P chooses a new point $p_n$ on line $l_n$ inside $D^2$.
This forms a sequence of points $(p_n)_{n = 1}^\infty$ in $D^2$. L wins if this sequence converges to a point in $D^2$, P wins if it does not.
As far as I can tell P has a winning strategy, but I my formal proof for this is a sketch at best.
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I have troubles with understanding what a wining strategy is: your game is infinite! – Wadim Zudilin Jul 15 '10 at 1:32
Suppose L always chooses a line through the point with minimum length in D^2. I see no winning strategy for P. Do you? Gerhard "Ask Me About System Design" Paseman, 2010.07.14 – Gerhard Paseman Jul 15 '10 at 3:59
_USER_: I was convinced until I read Andreas' solution. The issue is that even though P can be trapped in a region whose diameter decreases to zero, that region itself can rotate. – Qiaochu Yuan Jul 15 '10 at 6:58
_USER_: My understanding of unboundedly unbounded games is that they cannot be formalized inductively as pairs of sets of games, a la Conway (hence they are not strictly combinatorial games). However, they (and their strategies) are still sensible though, such as the one in this question or, for a broader class of examples, back-and-forth (Ehrenfeucht-Fraisse) games on first-order equivalent structures. – Vladimir Sotirov Jul 15 '10 at 13:02
Vladimir, thank you for your thoughts. (In fact, the game is bounded, as it in the unit disc. :-) ) After the answer of Andreas I understand the meaning of a wining strategy in this particular case, but I am pretty sure that settling some general setup for infinite games require some logic. The fact that a wining strategy exists or does not exist may be an unprovable statement. (This might be a good question for MO, but I am probably too far from understanding possible answers.) – Wadim Zudilin Jul 15 '10 at 13:52
4 Answers 4
up vote 5 down vote accepted
Line actually has a winning strategy: it can force a convergent sequence. The problem was posed and solved in the following paper:
J. Maly and M. Zeleny (2006), A note on Buczolich's solution of the Weil gradient problem: a construction based on an infinite game, Acta Mathematica Hungarica, Vol. 113, pp. 145-158.
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Is this journal available online? I really doubt that there is a good notion of "infinite game" (see Vladimir's comments on the OP). – Wadim Zudilin Jul 16 '10 at 13:57
_USER_: The journal is available on Springerlink and is quite nice. I can send you a copy if you can't access it. This particular infinite game is perfectly well-defined as far as I am concerned. However, whether either player has a winning strategy is another issue. In this case, a stragegy for $L$ is just a sequence of functions $f_k$, where $f_k$ takes the imput from the first $k−1$ steps of the game and outputs a choice for $L$. Similarly for $P$. It turns out that $L$ has a strategy that wins regardless of the strategy that $P$ follows. – Tony Huynh Jul 16 '10 at 15:06
Thanks, Tony! It explains in a few lines the point in ths story (something I cannot see from the answer above). I added the doi-link to the article (which I now have). My main concern about existence of wining strategies for both players in an infinite game remains, but in this special case one could use the epsilon-delta language about decision on who wins in finite time. – Wadim Zudilin Jul 17 '10 at 10:54
Edit: The following has a serious gap, but I'll leave it up, for now, in case it gives someone an idea for a correct proof. The error is that, because P always chooses the more distant (from $p_{n-1}$) of the two options for $p_n$, $L$ can cause him to go back and forth, rather than "farther and farther".
I think P can win with the following strategy. Fix a series $\sum_1^\infty t_n$ of positive terms, with sum 1, such that $\sum_1^\infty \sqrt{t_n}$ diverges. Let $r_n=\sum_1^n t_k$. Let P choose his $n$-th point $p_n$ so that its distance from the origin is $r_n$. This is always possible, because $r_n>r_{n-1}$ and $l_n$ extends from $p_{n-1}$ all the way to the boundary of the disk. In fact, P always has two options at the desired distance from the origin; let $p_n$ be the one farther from $p_{n-1}$ (or either one in case of a tie). This completes the description of the strategy. Now why does it win? Easy estimates show that, once $r_n$ is close to 1 (i.e., for sufficiently large $n$), the angle between the radii from the origin to $p_{n-1}$ and from the origin to $p_n$ is at least of order $\sqrt{t_n}$. (The smallest angle occurs when $l_n$ is perpendicular to the radius through $p_{n-1}$, and this smallest angle is close to $\sqrt{2t_n}$ if I've done the arithmetic correctly.) Since $\sum_1^\infty \sqrt{t_n}$ diverges, it follows that the radii keep rotating farther and farther, not approaching a limit. Therefore, the sequence $(p_n)$ fails to converge, and P wins.
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Here is a sketch of a proof building on the ideas of Andreas Blass.
Let $C(r)$ be the circle of radius $r$ centered at the origin $O$. Suppose that $P$ starts at $p \in C(r)$ for some $r \in (0,1]$. To begin, let us analyze what happens if $P$ follows the simple strategy of always staying on $C(r)$. That is, after $L$ chooses a line $l$ through $p$, $P$ picks the other point of $l$ that is also on $C(r)$ (if $l$ happens to be the tangent to $C(r)$ at $p$, then $P$ picks $p$). This is clearly not a winning strategy for $P$. For example, $L$ could force $P$ to always stay at $p$ by always picking the tangent to $C(r)$ at $p$. However, if $(p_i)_{i=1}^\infty$ is the set of chosen points and if $\theta_i$ is the smaller of the two angles made by $p_{i}, O$, and $p_{i+1}$, then $P$ will win if the $\theta_i$ do not tend to 0.
Returning to the original game, the second observation is that if $L$ follows the strategy of always choosing tangent lines, then $P$ has a winning strategy. This strategy was suggested by Gerhard Paseman in the comments. The fact that $P$ has a winning strategy follows by Andreas' answer, because in this case there are always two choices for $p_n$, and so we can always move clockwise when jumping from $C(r_n)$ to $C(r_{n+1})$.
Putting these two observations together yields a winning strategy for $P$ as follows. As in Andreas' answer, fix a series $\sum_1^\infty t_n$ of positive terms, with sum 1, such that $\sum_1^\infty \sqrt{t_n}$ diverges. Let $r_n=\sum_1^n t_k$. Inductively assume that $P$ is currently on $p \in C(r_n)$. At this point, $P$ follows the strategy of staying on $C(r_n)$. Recall that this is winning for $P$ unless $\theta_i \to 0$. So, $P


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China has launched an app that aims to reduce the spread of coronavirus by alerting users when they've been in close proximity to someone with the illness. According to a report in Xinhua, China's state-run news agency, the app — named the Close Contact Detector — lets users check their status by scanning a QR code using an app such as Alipay, WeChat or QQ. They will then be directed to enter their name and government ID number, and can check the status of three other ID numbers.
According to Xinhua, "close contact" includes people who work together, share a classroom or live in the same house, as well as medical professionals working with patients, and passengers on mass transit. If the app determines a user has been in close proximity to someone who has or is showing symptoms of the virus, they will be instructed to stay at home.
Xinhua has not disclosed exactly how the government-developed app works, nor how it determines the risk of exposure. However, the news agency reports that it has received support from several government agencies including the National Health Commission, the Ministry of Transport, China Railway and the Civil Aviation Administration of China to ensure "accurate, reliable and authoritative data."
The app's requirement for ID numbers as raised some concerns with privacy critics — the Chinese government is well-known for conducting high levels of surveillance on its citizens. Others, however, maintain that stemming the spread of the virus — so far responsible for more than 1,000 deaths — outweighs the need for individual privacy.


text: One must leave the mind and all of its knowledge at the gate of the Mother Spirit, which dwells in the present only and is a still field of vibratory awareness. We then enter into completely unknown territory. Awareness of the breath is an objective feedback mechanism that lets us know when we are present and awake in the body. The most fundamental, primal, and ancient of all longings is to return to the Mother, which is stillness. Active stillness is a masculine move that involves the active movement of attention from the head-brain into the body that allows the inner feminine energy to emerge. When one engages active stillness, thoughts begin to lose some of their power over us. There are gaps between thoughts that we can then begin to investigate. Two secret keys to awakening the feminine are forgiveness and apologies. In embracing the practice of active stillness, we embrace life and death as one and the same. One returns to the breath over and over, as one returns to the mother. The feminization of inner work is considered through Red Hawk's poetry. Red Hawk is the author of 12 books, including The Way of the Wise Woman, Self Remembering, Self Observation, and Return to the Mother. He held the Alfred Hodder Fellowship in the Humanities at Princeton University in _PHONE_. He was a finalist for the Walt Whitman award of the Academy of American Poets and a runner-up for the Paterson Poetry Prize.


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Do you want to really amaze your friends or spectator? This routine will make you stand out and seem to have powers that can't be explained. Hand them a notepad and pencil. Tell them to shut their eyes and scribble all over the page. When finished the notepad is closed and placed on the table. They now select a real playing card or one from an imaginary deck or maybe just think of an ESP symbol.
Once the selection has been made, the notepad is open and the spectator closes their eyes for a few seconds. When told to open their eyes they stare intently into their scribbling. As they stare into the scribbling, they also think of the selection that they have made. In a few moments they will start to see the image of their selection appearing and coming into FOCUS within their scribbling. They have somehow written or drawn their selection within their scribbling without knowing it. What strange force compelled them to do this? Remember that the scribbling was done BEFORE anything was selected by the spectator. The card or other item was selected while the notepad was lying on the table. The notepad is simply picked up and the person stares into the scribbling. Talk about a WOW moment.....
Two other different methods are described to accomplish this routine, but their secret workings are not explained because it is common knowledge among mentalists.
1st edition 2015, 3 pages.
word count: 1164 which is equivalent to 4 standard pages of text


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Welding is a skill that any do-it-yourself enthusiast needs in his arsenal. Its only when you can join metal that you can properly repair and create. This book is the perfect introduction for neophytes and an excellent refresher for veteran welders, a work so comprehensive and so complete that most readers wont need any further instruction.
How to Weld starts with a brief history of welding, an overview of the different types of welding, and a thorough discussion of safety practices. Longtime welding instructor Todd Bridigum describes various tools and types of metals, as well as techniques and types of joints. Bridigum discusses gas, stick, wire-feed (MIG and TIG), even brazing, completing each section with a series of exercises that fully illustrate the skills he has covered.
- Gloves and Masks
- Cozy Home


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Like Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Albert Roussel started life as a sailor and turned to music only after reaching adulthood. (He finished his studies at the age of 38!) Despite this late start, all of Roussel's work is characterized by solid craftsmanship that was influenced by Claude Debussy's impressionism in his early works and by neo-classicism in his later works.
Roussel was probably the dominant French composer of the inter-war era. He produced enduring masterpieces, and his reputation is growing, rather than fading. All of which makes him one of music's most intriguing "what-ifs". What if he had devoted himself to music sooner? How great could he have been? ~Ed Hoornaert


InRebus Blog
 1. John XXII, Pope of Rome, at the request of King Edward II granted this bull to the University of Cambridge. It seems to be qute similar to the document that the Vatican has on display.
 2. Most famous quote attributed to Cicero does not exist in his works. Yes, the one that says that a room without books is like a body without a soul.
 3. This phrase is actually a magic spell, supposed to alleviate pain and suffering caused by torture. Well, maybe. Maybe not. The Latin language is the one being tortured here, because the original phrase looked like this (a little piece of Medieval poetry)


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Impact of sugar production on the environment in Mauritius : state of play and current practices
by K F Ng Kee Kwong
Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute, Réduit, Mauritius
State of the environment
In Mauritius sugar cane production is sustained through the use of non-renewable resources such as the 360 tonnes a.i. of herbicides and 65 000 tonnes chemical fertilizers containing 11 000 tonnes nitrogen, 5 000 tonnes P2 02 and 14 000 tonnes K20. These resources, in bringing success to sugar cane production, have also become since the 1970s, a focus of concern to the community on account of their possible negative effects on the environment. Indeed, with the detection limits that have become possible with sensitive instruments such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), trace levels of persistent pesticide residue or phosphate and nitrate in surface and ground waters have turned out to be commonplace.
Faced with this public concern, the Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute (MSIRI) endeavoured in the 1990s to acquire a detailed knowledge of the impact of sugar cane production on the environment, particularly on water quality. In this context, potable water was monitored regularly every month for nitrate from 1990 to 1994 at 25 locations in Mauritius. The data acquired showed that the amount of nitrate (NO3) in potable water, as expected, fluctuated with time but it never exceeded the maximum permissible level of 50 mg NO3 L-1 recommended by the World Health Organization. In fact, more than 70% of the more than 1000 water samples analyzed contained less than 15 mg NO3 L-1 and concentrations higher than 25 mg NO3 L-1 were found in less than 10% of the water samples.
Furthermore, more than 60% of the 750 groundwater samples (50% for the 1000 river waters) analyzed during 1995 and 1996 did not contain any detectable level of herbicide residue. Even when present, of all herbicides available for use in sugar cane cultivation, only residues of atrazine, hexazinone and diuron could be detected, with their concentrations being most often in the lower limits (0.05-0.5 ppb) measurable on the high performance liquid chromatograph and far below the maximum limit of 3 ppb atrazine, 14 ppb diuron and 210 ppb hexazinone recommended for drinking water by the United States Environment Protection Agency.
Degradation of the environment by sugar cane production is in fact a concern common to all sugar producing countries and is best dissipated by international research linkages. In this context, a large scale collaborative study between MSIRI and the Queensland Department of Natural Resources with support from the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) was undertaken to measure and predict the movement of agrochemicals in tropical sugar cane cultivation. This collaborative study which lasted four and a half years enabled the export of sediment and agrochemicals from sugar cane plantations to surface and groundwaters to be quantified. Thus, despite the undulating topography often encountered in Mauritius with 70% of the yearly rainfall (which may exceed 4000 mm in the superhumid areas) occurring as high intensity downpours between April and January, not more than 1 Kg phosphorus ha-1 yr-1, 10 Kg nitrogen ha-1 yr-1, 0.2% of the herbicide applied and 2 tonnes sediment ha-1 yr-1 would be transported by surface/subsurface runoff to rivers and lagoons.
The impact of an annual load of 10 Kg N ha-1 and of the 0.2% of herbicides applied on the concentration of nitrate and herbicide residues in river waters can be seen by the fact that, as opposed to the generally undetectable level of nitrate and herbicide residues in the river still under the pristine natural forest environment at Black River, sugar cane cultivation raises nitrate concentrations in streams and rivers to not more than 2 mg NO3-N L-1 and results in herbicide residue concentrations not exceeding 1 µg L-1 atrazine or diuron. Apart from the higher concentration of dissolved P observed during storm events, the dissolved P concentration as a result of sugar cane cultivation would not deviate from that observed under the pristine conditions at Black River.
The extensive science-based data set that has been gathered by MSIRI should comfort both the planting community and the public in showing that sugar cane production as practised now, even under the superhumid conditions in Mauritius, do not pose a threat to the environment as agrochemicals and soil moved offsite are agronomically insignificant and environmentally inconsequential. Based on visual observation of crystal clear watercourses becoming loaded with sediment during or after a heavy rainfall event, the perception of the general public has been that large quantities of sediment and agrochemicals are transported to reservoirs, rivers and lagoons in Mauritius. The data at hand showed that this perception is not founded.
Development of sound agronomic practices
The current little impact of sugar cane production on the environment owes a lot to the sound agronomic practices adopted by the planting community and developed through research. Thus, harvesting sugar cane inevitably removes nutrients from the soils and if they are not replaced, all cropped soils will ultimately run short of available nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus and other essential elements to become ultimately incapable of sustaining a profitable sugar cane production. Mineral fertilizers and their management are therefore key issues in sugar cane production. A balanced approach to mineral fertilizer use to ensure, on the one hand, that soils are not depleted of nutrients while on the other hand, avoiding excesses to minimize their detrimental impact on the quality of ground and surface waters is practised by the agricultural community through
- Site-specific fertilization using soil testing to prevent over-fertilization or depletion of soil reserves, and
- Judicious use of fertilizers particularly through appropriate time of application. With the rapid degradation of the herbicides in the surface 2.5 cm layer or the fast transformation of fertilizers in the top 15 cm soil, little herbicide residue or fertilizer remains in the surface soil after a month for transport into streams, rivers and aquifers. Water in Mauritius is thus at risk from herbicides and fertilizers only if runoff or leaching from the sugar cane fields occurs within a month from the time of applying the agrochemicals. In this context, in every climatic or geographical zone of Mauritius, the bulk of herbicides and fertilizers is applied to sugar cane during the second half of the year (July-December) when high intensity rainfall is rarely encountered. More than 70% of rainfall in Mauritius is in effect received from January to April. The bulk (more than 70%) of the herbicides and fertilizers in sugar cane are consequently used when the risk to contaminate fresh water resources is at its lowest.
The delicate desirable balance that has been achieved between sugar cane production and environmental cleanliness could not have been possible without the effort to maintain the topsoil quality and quantity. Indeed preserving the surface soil where the organic matter is located is a sound practice not only from the agronomic but also from the environmental viewpoint. Its preservation keeps it from contributing to the world's greenhouse warming problem and from contaminating the freshwater resources through erosion. Though as a perennial crop, sugar cane covers the land extensively thereby minimizing soil erosion, nevertheless, the risk of sediment and associated agrochemicals being carried into water courses is reduced even further through the following soil conserving or cultural practices adopted by the planting community :
- Planting of barrier crops such as Vetiveria on edges and banks of sugar cane fields,
- Establishment of riparian buffer zones along streams and rivers,
- Contour planting and minimum tillage on slopes to minimize erosion,
- Extension of minimum tillage practice to flat lands to avoid soil disturbance,
- Development of green cane harvesting not only to ultimately eliminate burning and its deleterious consequences, e.g. emission of smoke, greenhouse gases and particulate matter, to the atmosphere, but also to increase the plant litter acting as a mulch for protecting the soil surface against the beating action of raindrops and for reducing herbicide use.
Development of sound agricultural practices would not be complete if management of the water needs of the sugar cane crop is not considered. In fact, the most critical issue regarding resource is water because its management is the only effective measure we have against an uneven spatial and seasonal distribution of rainfall. Water use efficiency in sugar cane production in Mauritius is being constantly improved to reduce losses and thus pollution of the environment. The improvement in water management has to-date implied the following :
- Complete replacement of surface irrigation by more efficient techniques such as drip and centre pivot systems,
- Resort to prescription (and now to deficit) irrigation based on crop water requirements.
Importance of other research disciplines
The current harmony between sugar cane production and the environment in Mauritius, it must be recognized, is not due solely to sound agronomic management. Research and development to attain that harmony have spanned the whole production cycle, starting from crop improvement through cultural practices and disposal of factory wastes after the sugar manufacturing processes to technology transfer to the planting community. Indeed, the contribution of other disciplines in the protection of the environment may be gauged through the following :
- Only sugar cane varieties resistant to diseases and pests are released for commercial production to avoid the need for fungicides and insecticides during cultivation.
- Insecticides are not used in sugar cane production, except in special circumstances, such as, during the 1997/1998 cropping season when


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What's the difference between x:Key and x:Name in WPF?
Not sure what the true difference is.
share|improve this question
_USER_, the question you listed as a possible dupe is unrelated to this. – Josh Dec 13 '10 at 3:39
how is it a duplicate? The other question talks about Name vs Type. This question is about Key vs Name. – jalf Dec 13 '10 at 3:40
My mistake, I misread the "possible dupe" question. Apologies. – Alastair Pitts Dec 13 '10 at 3:51
2 Answers 2
up vote 28 down vote accepted
Although they are used for similar purposes, they are not interchangeable. x:Key is used for items that are being added as values to a dictionary, most often for styles and other resources that are being added to a ResourceDictionary. When setting the x:Key attribute, there is actually no corresponding property on the object or even an attached dependency property being set. It is simply used by the XAML processor to know what key to use when calling Dictionary.Add.
x:Name is a bit more complicated. It's used to apply an associated name to an object (typically an object derived from FrameworkElement) within the scope of some parent element. This scope is called a "namescope" and the easiest way to think of it is to imagine a UserControl that contains a .
You could then put multiple instances of the UserControl onto a Window without the name "foo" colliding because each UserControl has its own namescope.
It's worth noting too that FrameworkElement defines a dependency property called Name that is equivalent to setting x:Name.
The other difference is that the XAML designer creates members in the code-behind for elements that have an x:Name. This is not true of objects added to a dictionary using x:Key.
You can find more information about these in the remarks section of the MSDN documentation for the x:Name directive.
share|improve this answer
x:Key is only valid in the scope of a ResourceDictionary element. x:Key is used as the primary identifier for elements in the ResourceDictionary.
On the other hand, x:Name is valid in the scope of everything but a ResourceDictionary. x:Key is not valid outside the ResourceDictionary scope.
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Frequently Asked Questions Q: Can chemical grafting impart desirable properties of an expensive plastic onto a less expensive plastic? A: Yes, the less expensive would then have the properties of a more expensive plastic resulting in tremendous cost savings. Q: Can chemical grafting work on any substrate? A: No, although we have a vast array […]


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Nuclear Energy in France
Nuclear energy is the cornerstone of french energy policy. In the '70s France chose to develop nuclear as its base load electricity source as a response to the oil crisis and assure its energy independence.
Nuclear Electricity Production: France currently counts 58 commercial nuclear reactors in operation responsible for producing 80% of French domestic electricity. As a comparison, the 104 US reactors produces 20% of US electricity.Despite scarce natural resources, France has reached an energy independence of 50% thanks to its strategic choice for nuclear energy.
Environment: As well as providing safe and reliable energy, nuclear helps to reduce French greenhouse gas emissions by avoiding the release of 31 billions tones of carbon dioxide (contrary to coal or gas generation) and making France the less carbon emitting country within the OECD. As a leader in nuclear energy, France has developed clean technology for radioactive waste disposal. Reprocessing currently allows France to recover valuable elements from spent fuels and permit a significant reduction of high level waste and lead to safer and optimized containment, for final radioactive waste disposition. French nuclear power plants produces only 10 g/year/inhabitant of highly radioactive waste.
International Cooperation and research: France is one of the forerunner in nuclear research and participates in numerous international cooperation programs alongside the United States such as the development of the next generation of nuclear power plants (Gen IV) and the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) that will be built in Cadarache, South of France.
The French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
The French Atomic Energy Commission is a public body established in October 1945 by General de Gaulle. It constitutes a power of expertise and proposition for the authorities. A leader in research, development and innovation, the CEA is involved in three main fields:
It develops and acquires the technological building blocks necessary to the development of the nuclear reactors of the future (Contribution to Generation IV and GNEP research),
It contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emission with its research on hydrogen, fuel cells, biomass, energy storage…,
It supports the nuclear utilities in France by optimizing the nuclear power plants of the French nuclear fleet and by optimizing the fuel cycle,
It offers safe and economically viable technical solutions for managing nuclear waste,
It conducts fundamental research in climate and environmental sciences, high energy physics, astrophysics, fusion, nanosciences…
Information and Health technologies:
It tackles micro and nano-technologies for telecommunication and nuclear medicine for radiotherapy and medical imaging,
It researches programs on biotechnology, molecular labelling, biomolecular engineering and structural biology,
It shares its knowledge and know-how through education and training through the National Institute for Nuclear Sciences and Technologies (INSTN),
It manages over 300 priority patents and is active in the creation of clusters.
Defense and National Security:
It conceives, builds, maintains then dismantles the nuclear warhead of the French deterrence force,
It helps to fight against nuclear, biological and chemical weapons (NRBC program).
The missions of the CEA are similar to the Department of Energy in the United States. The CEA has a network of counselor or representatives in French Embassies around the world (see joint map).
The French Nuclear Safety Authority (ASN)
Created in 2006, from the former DSIN (Directorate for the Safety of Nuclear Facilities), the French Nuclear Safety Authority is an independent administrative authority which is tasked with regulating nuclear safety and radiation protection in order to protect workers, patients, the public and the environment from the risks involved in nuclear activities. It also contributes to informing the public. Like the Nuclear Regulatory Commission in the United States, it carries out inspections and may pronounce sanctions, up to and including suspension of operation of an installation.
French Institute for Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN)
Created in 2001 by merging the Protection and Nuclear Safety Institute (IPSN) and the Ionizing radiations Protection Office (OPRI), the Institute for Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety is a public establishment of an industrial and commercial nature placed under the joint authority of the Ministries of the Environment, Health, Industry, Research and Defense. It is the expert in safety research and specialized assessments into nuclear and radiological risk serving public authorities whose work is complementary to the ASN.
Its scope of activities includes:
environment and response,
human radiological protection,
research on the prevention of major accidents,
power reactor safety,
fuel cycle facility safety,
research installation safety,
waste management safety;
nuclear defense expertise.
National radioactive Waste Management Agency (ANDRA)
Created in 1991, the French National Agency for Radioactive Waste Management is a public industrial and commercial organization that operates independently of waste producers. It is responsible for the long-term management of radioactive waste produced in France under the supervision of the French Ministries for Energy, Research and the Environment. It can be compared to a certain extent to the Office for Nuclear Waste of the Department of Energy in the United States.
Andra also pursues industrial, research, and information activities as it designs and implements disposal solutions suited to each category of radioactive waste:
the collection, conditioning, disposal of radioactive waste from small producers (hospitals, research centers, industry),
specification of waste packages for disposal,
disposal in suited sites,
monitoring of closed disposal facilities,
research programs for long-lived and high level activity waste, especially through the operation of an underground research laboratory in a deep clay formation…
General Directorate for Energy and Climate (DGEC)
The General Directorate for Energy and Climate represents the government and is part of the Office of the Department for Ecology and Sustainable Development. It defines the French nuclear policy. The DGEC takes care of the energy supply, the security of supply, oil refining and logistics, nuclear industry, and coal and mines.
Consequently, its activities include:
the design and implement energy and raw material supply policy,
to ensure opening of electricity and gas markets,
track key energy and raw material sectors,
to oversee enterprises and public institutions in energy sector,
to ensure compliance with rules and regulations governing energy sector,
to participate in European and international energy projects and working groups,
to provide economic, environmental, and fiscal expertise on energy matters.
The Rise of Nuclear Power Generation in France.


text:
The common bottlenecks which might slow down your business growth
Unable to understand the consumer sentiments and maximize the consumer interaction.
Difficulties in integrating speech analytics into a core software system without a hassle.
Unable to automatically redact personal, sentimental and controversial data from an audio file.
Unable to track and analyze the speech and sentiments from customer calls in real-time.
Inability to identify the language, keywords, and phrases to pick up insights from a conversation.
Inability to lower the Word Error Rate (WER) metric to obtain accurate speech analytics.
Power your business with AI in speech analytics to optimize outcomes through valuable customer insights.
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Our AI in Speech recognition Software Solutions offers automated speaker voice separation. It helps to divide the call agent and clients speech segments to enhance the effectiveness speech analytics. Our powerful speech engine leverages AI in speech recognition analytics to identify caller and agent speakers. After analyzing the audio, speech sentiment analysis, agent performance scoring, speech metrics can be achieved with Speech Recognition analytics AI.
A customer interacts with any business in multiple ways. The interaction is carried out mainly with an ever-growing array of communication channels email, social media, online forms, surveys, chat, phone calls, and more. These interactions can offer us valuable insight into productivity, business performance, and customer's loyalty. Our speech recognition analytics with AI software solutions collect the waves of structured and unstructured information. It is then transformed into coherent data and analyzed. With millions of multi-channel voice and text interactions, OSP' Speech Interaction Analytics can Improve operational efficiency and key performance metrics.
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OSP can tailor AI in speech recognition analytics to identify the speaker's feelings, state of emotions and sentiments. Our speech recognition analytics AI can help enterprises to maximize consumer interaction by having a contextual awareness, situational discovery, and tone sentiments. The speech sentiment analysis has its role in understanding the speech data to device smart strategies, improve quality of services, and deliver delightful customer experience. Our speech recognition analytics AI solutions leverage Natural Language Processing to obtain the literal voice of the client considering nuances like emotional data, voice tone, phrasing, and punctuation.
We can tailor AI in Speech recognition Software Solutions as per your needs to automatically surfaces specific keywords, key phrases, and topics from the audio recordings. We employ proprietary algorithms and customer input. Our advanced API platform used Machine Learning to perform predictive analysis of spoken information to classify complex and subjective events automatically. The insights from predictive analytics help to identify the trends, perform competitive analysis, increase efficiency, and automate processes such as quality compliance measures.
OSP has worked with Stephen to create a mobile health application offering 'Doctor on Demand'. This mhealth solution is based on the Uber model to enhance the availability of health access in the US.
A person's voice is unique like their fingerprints. Every person's unique voices are created only by them based on the shape of their head and many other factors. Speech recognition analytics AI can identify, analyze and compare two or more audio recordings and determine the person. Speech recognition analytics AI software can help in security, with voice-activated locks and multi-security systems.
Our AI in Speech recognition Software Solutions are transforming the customer support through smart and powerful engagement. The AI solutions rely on natural language processing to instantly identify consumer sentiments and problems to engage them in automated conversations. Advanced AI algorithms can direct the conversation or route the call to the appropriate human agent with information on hand. This helps to enhance the consumer experience of maximum customers in minimum time.
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OSP can build tailored Speech Recognition analytics AI software for your business. We can customize AI in Speech Recognition analytics to improve accuracy for speech content and language detection. The product names, sensitive subjects or names of individuals can be easily recognized with our powerful speech engine. OSP leverage artificial intelligence in speech recognition analytics to identify different speakers in your audio, detect specified keywords in real-time with better accuracy and confidence. As per your business needs, we can create multiple pre-built speech recognition models with Speech Recognition analytics AI to offer you an optimum experience.
OSP can make speech-to-text recognition easy with custom speech recognition analytics AI solutions. We apply the most advanced deep-learning neural network algorithms to audio for speech recognition with exceptional accuracy. NLP can consume the human language in its natural form. It allows which allows the AI in Speech Recognition analytics to easily understand simple commands and speech by the user and convert them into the text. We employ algorithms and the TensorFlow machine learning toolkit to build Speech Recognition analytics with AI. We build models that can improve the accuracy of speech recognition and also deliver a high-quality synthesized speech.
Leveraging AI in speech recognition analytics can be utilized for automated identification using voice biometrics. OSP use speech-to-text method to identify to find the spoken language in the speech. Our Speech Recognition analytics AI follows the biometric method of voice recognition to recognize the voice of the speaker based on measuring the distinctions in individual voices. Voice authentication allows people to use their voices as passwords. Voice authentication feature in AI-based speech recognition can be used in multifactor authentication. It can be a part of multiple identifications from independent categories of credentials to verify the user's identity for a transaction or login.
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text:
John and Eliza WebbFlorida homesteaders
In 1867, John and Eliza Webb left their home in Utica, N.Y., to build a life in the warm climate of Florida. It was thought that the weather would benefit Eliza Webb's asthma. The Webbs set sail in February with their five children, Eliza Webb's sister, and her father. They eventually settled near present-day Sarasota, called Spanish Point. A Cuban fisherman whom they had met in Key West had described the area to them. There they established and ran a sugar mill and refinery. Later, as the area became more popular with tourists, they built Webb's Winter Resort, made up of guest cottages.


Be honest, did you really know these are the same grape? Its homeland is the northern Rhône in France, where it is known as syrah, but Australia calls it shiraz and has made it its own
Fri 5 Sep 2008 19.01 EDT
So syrah and shiraz are genetically the same grape - but the wines they produce can be very different in style, depending on origin. The typical old-world syrah is lighter and leaner than the intense shiraz wines of the new world, which tend to be richer, riper and more full-bodied. In certain areas, the name you get on the bottle - syrah or shiraz - will be an indication of style rather than where it is from.
Whatever you call it, some estimates put this as the world's fifth most planted red wine grape. Certain winegrowers in the northern Rhône distinguish between a small-berried, superior version of syrah, which they call petite syrah, and the larger-berried grosse syrah, but others reject any such distinction.
Petite sirah (with an i, not a y) is quite different, the name given to what has been shown to be a common California field blend made up variously of syrah, durif and two other varieties related to them. It makes robust, tannic, earthy wines.
Syrah is the great grape of the northern Rhône, responsible for the dense, burly, deep-coloured, long-lived, savoury and peppery wines of Hermitage, and the slightly more seductively perfumed (traditionally thanks to some co-fermented viognier in the blend) Côte-Rôtie. Unlike other varieties, it demonstrates a strict relationship between how severely it is pruned and how good the eventual wine is. It can also lose its aroma and acidity quickly if left past optimal ripening stage (both of which explain why so many, though by no means all, French varietal syrah vins de pays are so wishy-washy). Crozes-Hermitage is probably the best-value manifestation of syrah, although good St Joseph exists and Cornas is enjoying a revival.
Cuttings of syrah, called shiraz, were probably taken to Australia by the so-called father of Australian viticulture, James Busby, in the early 1830s. It flourished and spread, so much so that it was little treasured. Now, however, Australia has regained its pride in what is the country's most planted wine grape variety, which can taste of baked pencils in the Hunter Valley, cough syrup in the Barossa Valley (arguably its spiritual home), chocolate in McLaren Vale and black pepper in cooler parts of Victoria and New South Wales.
The great majority of Australian winemakers produce a shiraz of some sort, and many make several qualities of shiraz, as well as a range of shiraz-cabernet blends. Penfolds is arguably the past master of shiraz production - its Grange being Australia's first serious collectable. When it was made, by the late Max Schubert after a trip to Bordeaux, it was dismissed as "dry port tasting of crushed ants". In general terms, shiraz tends to taste slightly sweet and can reach high alcohol levels. Such was the success of Australian shiraz in the early years of this century that the name shiraz has been widely adopted for syrah grown in many other parts of the world.
Syrah was enthusiastically planted in California in the 1990s by the so-called Rhône Rangers, who were anxious to demonstrate that it may be even better suited to California than cabernet sauvignon. Wine buyers have been less enthusiastic about it, however. There have been some notable examples in Washington state as well as in South America, particularly Chile. South African shiraz, generally from younger vines, can taste rather earthy and hot. Some of those who make the finest South African examples label them syrah. There are some notable syrahs in both Italy and Iberia, even if the grape remains a minority ingredient in the varietal makeup of vineyards there. It can also make some fine wine in sunnier spots in Switzerland's Valais.
Victoria Moore recommends
One to drink now
Vin de Pays des Coteaux de l'Ardeche Syrah 2006, France
£5.50, Nicolas
Some of the world's best syrah is grown in the northern Rhône, where it makes dark, brooding - and expensive - wines. By contrast, this humble vin de pays is about as light a version of a syrah as you will find, but it still carries the grape's violet and mulberry perfume. A rare find from the usually expensive Nicolas. A good weekday buy.
One to lust after
Shaw & Smith Shiraz 2006 Adelaide Hills, Australia
£16.95-£20.75, Bennetts Fine Wines, Chipping Campden;
Noel Young Wines, Cambridge; Philglas & Swiggot
With a jolt of cracked black pepper and a soul-warming stream of fruit, reigned in and run through with French oak, this is a super wine that should appeal also to openminded old world fans. It's bottled under screwcap, though, and needs stirring up when you open it - pour from jug to jug for a bit to bring it to life.
Victoria Moore
Drink with
Chargrilled aged rib of beef rubbed with sea salt and finished with a decent slug of peppery olive oil needs wine with both muscle and structure to match. This is gutsy red territory, and shiraz or syrah, with its weight, texture and ripeness of fruit, is a great option. As with other full-bodied red/meat matches, dark fruit will naturally knit with the sweetness of the meat, while firm, drying tannins work to break down protein, cut through fat and clean your palate.
Matt Skinner
Say it right Si-rar/she-raz
Makes spicy and full-bodied wines, with high tannins that help it age for years
Hotspots Northern Rhône in France, Barossa Valley in Australia
Legends Hermitage and Côte-Rôtie AOCs in France; Penfolds Grange in Australia
Good companions Typically blended with grenache and mourvèdre in the southern Rhône, and with cabernet sauvignon in Australia
Need to know Recent DNA tests pinpointed the birth of syrah to be around 2,000 years ago in the Rhône Valley
If you like shiraz, try zinfandel
"What is man, when you think upon him, but a minutely set, ingenious machine for turning, with infinite artfulness, the red wine of shiraz into urine?"
Isak Dinesen, Seven Gothic Tales, 1934


text:
', and NASM will set its
operating mode accordingly, so the use of the 'BITS' directive is once
The most likely reason for using the 'BITS' directive is to write 32-
bit code in a flat binary file; this is because the 'bin' output format
defaults to 16-bit mode in anticipation of it being used most
frequently to write DOS '.COM' programs, DOS '.SYS' device drivers and
boot loader software.
You do _not_ need to specify 'BITS 32' merely in order to use 32-
bit instructions in a 16-bit DOS program; if you do, the assembler will
generate incorrect code because it will be writing code targeted at a
32- bit platform, to be run on a 16-bit one.
When NASM is in 'BITS 16' state, instructions which use 32-bit data
are prefixed with an 0x66 byte, and those referring to 32-bit addresses
have an 0x67 prefix. In 'BITS 32' state, the reverse is true: 32-bit
instructions require no prefixes, whereas instructions using 16-bit data
need an 0x66 and those working on 16-bit addresses need an 0x67.
The 'BITS' directive has an exactly equivalent primitive form,
'[BITS 16]' and '[BITS 32]'. The user-level form is a macro which has
no function other than to call the primitive form.
Note that the space is neccessary, 'BITS32' will _not_ work!
5.2. 'SECTION' or 'SEGMENT': Changing and Defining Sections
The 'SECTION' directive ('SEGMENT' is an exactly equivalent synonym)
changes which section of the output file the code you write will be
assembled into. In some object file formats, the number and names of
sections are fixed; in others, the user may make up as many as they
wish. Hence 'SECTION' may sometimes give an error message, or may
define a new section, if you try to switch to a section that does not
The Unix object formats, and the 'bin' object format (but see *Note
Section 6.1.3::, all support the standardised section names '.text',
'.data' and '.bss' for the code, data and uninitialised-data sections.
The 'obj' format, by contrast, does not recognise these section names
as being special, and indeed will strip off the leading period of any
section name that has one.
5.4. 'EXTERN': Importing Symbols from Other Modules
'EXTERN' is similar to the MASM directive 'EXTRN' and the C keyword
'extern': it is used to declare a symbol which is not defined anywhere
in the module being assembled, but is assumed to be defined in some
other module and needs to be referred to by this one. Not every
object-file format can support external variables: the 'bin' format
The 'EXTERN' directive takes as many arguments as you like. Each
argument is the name of a symbol:
Some object-file formats provide extra features to the 'EXTERN'
directive. In all cases, the extra features are used by suffixing a
colon to the symbol name followed by object-format specific text. For
example, the 'obj' format allows you to declare that the default
segment base of an external should be the group 'dgroup' by means of
extern _variable:wrt dgroup
The primitive form of 'EXTERN' differs from the user-level form only
in that it can take only one argument at a time: the support for
multiple arguments is implemented at the preprocessor level.
5.5. 'GLOBAL': Exporting Symbols to Other Modules
'GLOBAL' is the other end of 'EXTERN': if one module declares a
symbol as 'EXTERN' and refers to it, then in order to prevent linker
errors, some other module must actually _define_ the symbol and declare
it as 'GLOBAL'. Some assemblers use the name 'PUBLIC' for this purpose.
The 'GLOBAL' directive applying to a symbol must appear _before_ the
definition of the symbol.
'GLOBAL' uses the same syntax as 'EXTERN', except that it must refer
to symbols which _are_ defined in the same module as the 'GLOBAL'
directive. For example:
; some code
'GLOBAL', like 'EXTERN', allows object formats to define private
extensions by means of a colon. The 'elf' object format, for example,
lets you specify whether global data items are functions or data:
global hashlookup:function, hashtable:data
Like 'EXTERN', the primitive form of 'GLOBAL' differs from the
user-level form only in that it can take only one argument at a time.
5.6. 'COMMON': Defining Common Data Areas
The 'COMMON' directive is used to declare _common variables_. A
common variable is much like a global variable declared in the
uninitialised data section, so that
common intvar 4
is similar in function to
intvar resd 1
The difference is that if more than one module defines the same
common variable, then at link time those variables will be _merged_, and
references to 'intvar' in all modules will point at the same piece of
Like 'GLOBAL' and 'EXTERN', 'COMMON' supports object-format specific
extensions. For example, the 'obj' format allows common variables to be
NEAR or FAR, and the 'elf' format allows you to specify the alignment
requirements of a common variable:
common commvar 4:near ; works in OBJ
common intarray 100:4 ; works in ELF: 4 byte aligned
Chapter 6: Output Formats
NASM is a portable assembler, designed to be able to compile on any
ANSI C- supporting platform and produce output to run on a variety of
Intel x86 operating systems. For this reason, it has a large number of
available output formats, selected using the '-f' option on the NASM
command line. Each of these formats, along with its extensions to the
base NASM syntax, is detailed in this chapter.
As stated in *Note Section 2.1.1::, NASM chooses a default name for
your output file based on the input file name and the chosen output
format. This will be generated by removing the extension ('.asm', '.s',
or whatever you like to use) from the input file name, and substituting
an extension defined by the output format. The extensions are given
with each format below.
6.1. 'bin': Flat-Form Binary Output
The 'bin' format does not produce object files: it generates nothing
in the output file except the code you wrote. Such 'pure binary' files
are used by MS-DOS: '.COM' executables and '.SYS' device drivers are
pure binary files. Pure binary output is also useful for operating
system and boot loader development.
The 'bin' format supports multiple section names. For details of how
nasm handles sections in the 'bin' format, see *Note Section 6.1.3::.
Using the 'bin' format puts NASM by default into 16-bit mode (see
*Note Section 5.1::). In order to use 'bin' to write 32-bit code such as
an OS kernel, you need to explicitly issue the 'BITS 32' directive.
'bin' has no default output file name extension: instead, it leaves
your file name as it is once the original extension has been removed.
Thus, the default is for NASM to assemble 'binprog.asm' into a binary
file called 'binprog'.
6.1.1. 'ORG': Binary File Program Origin
The 'bin' format provides an additional directive to the list given
in *Note Chapter 5::: 'ORG'. The function of the 'ORG' directive is to
specify the origin address which NASM will assume the program begins at
when it is loaded into memory.
For example, the following code will generate the longword
Unlike the 'ORG' directive provided by MASM-compatible assemblers,
which allows you to jump around in the object file and overwrite code
you have already generated, NASM's 'ORG' does exactly what the directive
says: _origin_. Its sole function is to specify one offset which is
added to all internal address references within the section; it does not
permit any of the trickery that MASM's version does. See *Note Section
10.1.3:: for further comments.
6.5. 'elf': Executable and Linkable Format Object Files
The 'elf' output format generates 'ELF32' (Executable and Linkable
Format) object files, as used by Linux as well as Unix System V,
including Solaris x86, UnixWare and SCO Unix. 'elf' provides a default
output file-name extension of '.o'.
6.5.3. 'elf' Extensions to the 'GLOBAL' Directive
'ELF' object files can contain more information about a global symbol
than just its address: they can contain the size of the symbol and its
type as well. These are not merely debugger conveniences, but are
actually necessary when the program being written is a shared library.
NASM therefore supports some extensions to the 'GLOBAL' directive,
allowing you to specify these features.
You can specify whether a global variable is a function or a data
object by suffixing


covariance holds $Cov(X_i, X_i) = \sigma_i^2$ and, as long as the original measurements $X_i$ and $X_j$ are independent, $Cov(X_i, X_j) = 0$ otherwise. This leads to the answer of the original question, the variance (squared standard deviation) of the average $Y$ of $n$ measurements $X_i$ with random uncertainty $\sigma_i$: $$\sigma^2 = \frac{1}{(\sum_i w_i)^2} \sum_i w_i^2 \sigma_i^2,$$ which yields $$\Delta c = \sigma = \frac{1}{\sum_i w_i} \sqrt{\sum_i (w_i \sigma_i)^2}.$$ That's exactly what the error propagation equation yields after inserting the derivations of $c$. Why is it exact while the error propagation equation is an approximation? The error propagation equation approximates by a first-order Tayler expansion. Since the average is a linear function, it is exact and not only approximated, here.
Additional information: For the unweighted average ($w_i = 1~ \forall i$), we get $$ E\{Y\} = \frac{1}{n} \sum_i E\{ X_i\} \quad\quad\quad \sigma^2 = \frac{1}{n^2} \sum_i \sigma_i^2$$ If all original samples $X_i$ have the same variance $\tilde\sigma^2$, this leads also to the well know variance of the average: $$\sigma^2 = \frac{\tilde\sigma^2}{n}.$$
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