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transport in higher and lower organisms As organisms become larger, their body surface areas increase by the square of dimensions, whereas the volume increases by the cube. Hence, an organisms increase in size, their surface area to volume ratio (SA/V) decreases.
The implication of this is that small organisms have larger surface area in relation to the volume (i.e. per unit of volume) than larger organisms. This could be demonstrated using three cubes of 1cm, 2cm, and 3cm. The relationship between the surface area and volumes of bodies can be interpreted or calculated using the table below.
Note: a cube has six sizes.
From the table above it can be seen or observed that the smaller the size of the body of an organism (e.g. cube X units 1cm) the larger the surface area (i.e. b) while the larger the size of the body of an organism (e.g. cube Z with 3cm) the smaller the surface area (i.e. 2)
In lower or unicellular organisms such as Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, and Chlamydomonas, the surface area of volume ratio (SA/V) of the body is large. As a result, essential nutrients like food, oxygen, and water as well as excretory products, e.g. water and carbon dioxide move in and out of the body by diffusion. Diffusion, therefore, is most effective when the surface area is large.
In multicellular organisms with a small body surface relative to their large volume, diffusion is inadequate for the exchange of metabolic materials within their body and between them and their external environment. This is because large quantities of nutrients and waste products have to be transported, over long distances, to and from their numerous body cells.
In other words, as SA/V ratio in multicellular organisms decrease, with increasing sizes, the rate at which substances diffuse into and out of their cells decreases. Hence, most multicellular organisms have developed complex transport system.
Importance of transport systems in mammals are as follows:
1. The primary purpose of transport systems is to move materials throughout the body of the organisms.
2. Mammals have various substances/materials for specific functions located in different parts/organs of the body. For example, oxygen is present in the lung while digested food is located in the alimentary canal.
3. Through transport metabolic products/excretory products are eliminated/removed via the kidney/lung/skin.
4. Hormones which are produced by the endocrine glands are made available to far away cells which they serve.
5. Blood is the main medium of transport, assisted by the lymphatic system/lymph.
6. Mammals being large and complex organisms have a surface area comparatively smaller than the volume ratio is low. Diffusion alone is inefficient.
7. Therefore there is the need to develop an efficient transport system to cope with this problem.
Materials for transport in higher and lower organisms
Materials that are transported in plants and animals are many. In this respect, discussion will be based on materials transported, sources of materials and where they are transported to.
materials for transport in animals
Materials that are transported in animals include:
1. Oxygen: oxygen is transported from the lungs to all the living cells of the body for tissue respiration.
2. Carbon dioxide: this is an excretory waste product transported from the cells where they are produced to the lungs where they are excreted.
3. Urea: urea is also an excretory product transported from the cells to where they are removed, e.g. liver.
4. Excess salts: these are also produced from cells and excreted by the skin and kidney.
5. Water: water is also an excretory product produced by the cells and transported to various organs such as skin, lungs, kidney and liver where they are excreted.
6. Amino acids: these are products of protein digestion transported from small intestine to various cells.
7. Vitamins: vitamins are also products of digestion transported from small intestine to various cells for use.
8. Sugars: sugars are products of starch and carbohydrate digestion. They are transported from the ileum to various cells of the body for tissue respiration.
9. Fatty acids and glycerol: these are products of fats and oil digestion. They are transported from the small intestine to the cells where they are required for body metabolism.
10. Mineral salts: mineral salts are transported from the small intestine to the various cells where they are needed for metabolism.
11. Hormones: hormones are transported from the endocrine glands that secret them for the various organs or tissues on which they act.
12. Antibodies: antibodies are produced by white blood corpuscles and transported by the blood to all parts of the body where they defend the body against infection.
Materials for transport in plants
Materials that are transported in plants include:
1. Manufactured food: it is transported from the leaves mainly to all living cells of the body for tissue respiration or for storage in storage organs.
2. Excretory products: e.g. carbon dioxide and water, are transported from all the living cells to where they are excreted.
3. Water: water absorbed from the soil is transported to the leaves and other parts of the plant for photosynthesis and other functions.
Other materials transported in plants are:
5. Nitrogenous waste products/latex
6. Amino acids
9. Auxins or hormones
10. Mineral salts such as nitrates and phosphate
Medium of transport in higher and lower organisms
In all organisms, a liquid or fluid is the medium of transport in higher and lower organisms Generally, there are four major media of transportation which are:
1. Cytoplasm: cytoplasm is used as the medium of transportation of materials in lower unicellular organisms such as Amoeba and Paramecium. Materials such as glucose, amino acids, oxygen, water and carbon dioxide are transported from one part of the cell to another through cytoplasm.
2. Cell sap or latex: cell sap or latex is used as the medium of transportation of materials in plants. Cell sap is a concentrated solution found in the vacuole of cells which serves as a stronger solution. As a result of this the cell sap is able to transport water and dissolved mineral salts from the soil through the root hairs to the upper parts of the plants notwithstanding transport in higher and lower organisms
3. Blood: the blood is a powerful medium of transportation of materials in most animals especially vertebrates. The blood in its fluid state is able to move large materials over the entire body through blood vessels like arteries, veins and capillaries from where they are produced or obtained to their point of destination.
4. Lymph: lymph is one of the media of transportation in higher animals. It is a fluid similar in composition to tissue fluid, although it contains extra lymphocytes, there is no red cell present. It returns fluid to the main veins through opening in the subclavian (left jugular) vein below the neck. Examples of lymph vessel is the lateal which transports fatty acids and glycerol.
CONTINUE READING HERE
MECHANISM OF TRANSPORTATION IN SOME ORGANISMS
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the effect of stomach malfunction and the function of the stomach


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Food education in the Sea-to-Sky Corridor.
Compost System Research
The main objective of the compost system research project was to find a composting system that does not attract animals, produces good quality compost and educates families about waste reduction and sustainable gardening practices.
The five composting systems tested were built by volunteers and includede: vermiculture (worm bins), rotating bins, 3-bin design, a pit system and a compost tower.
Healthy Pregnancy Outreach
Squamish and Pemberton
_PHONE_
The Healthy Pregnancy Outreach, also known as the Canadian Prenatal Nutrition Program is a free program designed to assist women in maintaining good health and having healthy babies. The focus is on food supplements, nutritional counselling, support, education, referral to other services, and counselling to pregnant women.
Please contact Suzie Soman for more information and to register
Howe Sound Secondary School — Professional Cook's Training
Howe Sound Secondary School offers a professional cook's training program for students for credit. The program is offered in partnership with Vancouver Community College.
This college level course will cover Level 1 of the Provincial Cooking Curriculum. This course is designed to provide the student with a solid basic understanding of the Culinary Arts and its practical fundamentals. The graduate should be instantly employable and able to be successful in almost any kind of professional kitchen.
Costs for this program are minimal (materials and supplies only) as it is funded through ACE-IT, a new industry certification program for BC high schools.
Pemberton Children's Centre — Nutritional Snacks and Meals Workshops
The workshops aimed to share ideas with parents for healthy snacks and meals for children aged 0 to 6. Putting children First (PCC) hosted two evening workshops–October 15 and November 2 6, each 2 hours long, and both led by a VCH Community Nutritionist. The issues explored were:
- The feeding relationship–never force a child to eat or reward your child with food.
- Parents decide what food is served and when
- Children decide whether and how much to eat
- Role modeling to help the child eat a variety of healthy food
- Aim to eat meals together as a family
- Timing — offer 3 meals and 1 to 3 snacks each day to keep up with your toddler's high energy needs
- Meal planning — planning in advance makes it easier to fit healthy eating into your busy day and helps curb impulsive shopping and spending
- Canada's good guide–include foods from at least 3 food groups for each meal, and include foods from at least 2 groups for each snack
- Ideas and recipes for snacks and meals
Participants did food preparation and received copies of the Healthy Start Model Menu Recipe Book.
Pemberton Meadow Childcare — Healthy Snacks
The goal of the project was to encourage and support parents to provide healthy snacks and meals to children aged 2.5 to 5 years. Two workshops on healthy foods for preschoolers were delivered to parents and caregivers. The focus was healthy lunch and snacks that are easy and affordable. Dinner and childminding were offered to make it easier for parents to attend.
"One fun aspect of the workshop was demonstrating how much sugar is in drinks. For this I put out an assortment of drinks and then sugar cubes equal to the amount of sugar that is in each drink. As this is very visual it works well with parents. I also showed some possible treats that would go into the children's lunches. We compared 2 oreos to 7 arrowroot crackers to 10 rice crackers. The two oreos had 3 times as much fat. Another focus of tihs was that children would be happy with the arrowroots or the rice crackers. How parents present it makes a difference."
Skatin First Nation — Head of the Lake School — Traditional Food Preservation
The project started with a proposal to purchase four food dehydrators and $120 worth of seeds and blueberry bushes. Due to a staff change, the proposal was reframed to focus on the more traditional food preservation approach of smoking. A $500 Bradley smoker was puchased instead. The project includes a child and youth education program about preserving salmon and related cultural teachings.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Question: How Do You Save A Dead Bird?
How do you revive a dead bird?
Give five puffs of breath, followed by 10 compressions; check the bird for heartbeat and breathing.
Next, give two breaths, 10 compressions, two breaths and 10 more compressions.
Continue in this manner for a minute.
If possible, have someone time this for you..
Where do you put a dead bird?
Tightly close the plastic bag(s) containing the bird or animal. Tie the ends together or use a twist-tie to seal it shut. Place the bag inside another clean plastic bag (if available) and then close it tightly, too. Dispose of dead birds or small animals with your usual household trash.
What does it mean to find a dead bird?
Some people say when you find a dead bird the meaning is someone you loved passed away. … Others say that seeing dead birds actually are a good sign, showing you that an end to turmoil or pain is coming. A dead bird doesn't necessarily portend physical death, but metaphorical death.
Do birds mourn?
How do I know if a bird is stunned or dead?
Find the bird. If the collision was minor, the bird might fly off right away, or it may move somewhat away from the window. If it were stunned, however, it would likely be underneath the window or very close by and may not be alert or moving.
What does it mean when a bird hits your window and dies?
If the bird hits your window and then it starts following you, it means that it wants to be your guardian in life. A bird hitting your window, then dropping dead or is "stunned" is a sign of metaphysical death and positive change.
Can I put a dead bird in the compost?
Under Alberta's Destruction and Disposal of Dead Animals Regulation of the Animal Health Act, Appendix A, the owner of a dead animal shall dispose of the animal within 7 days of its death. Mortalities can be composted, incinerated, buried, rendered or naturally disposed.
Why do birds die suddenly?
Night Fright. The most common cause of sudden deaths of birds without any reason is night fright. The most common victims of night fright is cockatiels, finches and budgies..
Why do birds hold their mouths open?
When it's hot, some species will also resort to gular fluttering. The bird will open its mouth and "flutter" its neck muscles, promoting heat loss (think of it as the avian version of panting). … "Birds are much more efficient about water and water loss." Even so, birds still need to replenish fluids on a hot day.
Can birds die from a broken heart?
The myth about birds dying of a broken heart after their mate dies is just that. So your bird can do quite nicely on her own until you can get her a mate again. She may be a bit lonely and puzzled, but animals lose their mates all the time and deal with the situation until they can find another one.
What do you do with a dead pet bird?
You can also consider bringing your pet to the vet to be cremated or having it buried in a pet cemetery. If you are not able to bury a dead bird, it is perfectly acceptable to wrap it in plastic and dispose of it with your garbage.
What are the signs of a bird dying?
Signs of illnessDecrease or increase in appetite.Increase in urination.Increased drinking.Feather or skin changes.Discharge from the eyes or nostrils.Vomiting/regurgitating.Sneezing or wheezing.Limping.More items…
Should I bury a dead bird?
Predators can also become accustomed to an easy food source and may begin threatening other backyard birds. Similarly, do not bury dead birds as predators will still find them.
Do birds know when another bird dies?
Birds, OTOH, know instantly when another bird is dead. If a sick Pigeon dies while the males are squashing it (males try to mate with very sick birds, but that's another story), they stop and walk away.
What do you do if you touch a dead bird?
Never touch a dead animal directly with your bare hands. Use a shovel or cover your hands (e.g. wearing gloves) when moving dead birds. Always wash your hands thoroughly after handling a bird.
How do birds die?
What diseases can you get from a dead bird?
Why do we not see more dead birds?
It's only because living birds are so conspicuous that it seems strange not to see them when dead. Birds don't usually drop dead in mid-flight – they die in their nest or are caught and eaten, much like other small animals. Read more: What happens to cells in our bodies when they die?
Do birds carry diseases in their feathers?
Although not as common as bird faeces, feathers can also be responsible for the spread of diseases. A bird's feather, particularly from those living in urban environments, can often play host to a range of parasites, bacteria and viruses. However, it is primarily the feathers of a dead bird which carry said diseases.
What kills birds instantly?
Can birds die from cold?
Winter Birds Myth: Birds will freeze to death when temperatures drop far below zero. … They store fat during the short days of winter to keep themselves warm during the long nights. During those freezing nights, they fluff their feathers to trap heat and slow their metabolism to conserve energy.


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Rosinweeds of the Prairies
Nature Bulletin No. 198-A September 18, 1965
Forest Preserve District of Cook County
Seymour Simon, President
Roland F. Eisenbeis, Supt. of Conservation
ROSINWEEDS OF THE PRAIRIES
More than half of Illinois, the Prairie State, was originally prairie --
largely the Tall Grass Prairie characteristic of the climatic zone where
the annual rainfall averages 35 inches or more, dominated by such
grasses as the big bluestem and coarse slough grass which grew 6 to 8
or more feet tall, so thickly that most other plants were excluded. The
ridges and uplands, however, were characterized by the little bluestem
and similar grasses growing from 2 to 4 feet tall.
Plants are crowded in a prairie. There is severe competition for
sunlight, food and moisture. The early spring plants are mostly small
and low, growing rapidly to mature before they are overshadowed by
the grasses. By midsummer, taller plants that bloomed in late spring
are nearly hidden. But the late summer and autumn blooming plants
continue to grow until most of them stand far above the grasses.
mid-July until October is the season of purple and gold. Many
species of goldenrod bloom, sometimes in great masses. The yellow
and gold of the sunflower and rough oxeye punctuate broad bands of
lavender and purple created by the candle-like heads of the blazing
stars. In August, the brilliant purple flowers of the ironweed appear
and, until late fall, numerous asters bloom in colors varying from
white or lavender to blue or rich purple. Meantime, the prairie grasses
slowly take on the red and bronze and golden tints of autumn.
Towering above them all, stand the yellow flowers of two rosinweeds:
the Compass Plant and the Prairie Dock.
The compass plant gets its name from the fact that each leaf,
especially the large erect ones at its base, tends to twist into a vertical
plane with its edges pointing north and south, so that both surfaces of
these stiff rough deeply-divided leaves share the sunlight equally. The
stalk, which grows from 6 to 12 feet high, is stout, rough, covered with
stiff hairs, and bears several or many heads of big yellow flowers
which are sometimes 5 inches broad. It exudes white sticky aromatic
blobs of resinous juice when cut or broken, often used as chewing gum
The prairie dock seems to prefer dry prairies and warm gentle slopes.
It is striking because of its very large rigid leaves, very rough on the
underside, heart-shaped, with spiny teeth along the edges. Commonly
a foot long and 6 inches wide, we measured several that were 18
inches long and 12 inches wide. In autumn they turn dark brown and
curl stiffly in decorative shapes. The stalk grows from 4 to 10 feet tall,
smooth and leafless except at the base. It usually branches near the top
and bears many yellow flowers 2 or 3 inches broad.
The Entire-leaved Rosinweed is another common prairie plant, with
thick rigid leaves on a stout stem that grows 2 to 5 feet tall, branching
near the top and bearing numerous yellow flowers. The Cup Plant
grows in low moist places. Its stout square stem bears big coarselytoothed leaves in pairs, the upper pairs grown together to form cups
often partly filled with water and drowned insects.
In the prairie, characterized by successive layers of bloom above the
ground, we find successive layers of roots in the soil. A few plants
send their roots down not more than 18 inches; some reach a depth of
4 or 5 feet; but about 65 percent penetrate much deeper: sometimes 20
feet or more. Among these we find the big tough taproots of the
rosinweeds, which go down and down and down. Actually, the bulk of
the prairie is not above the ground but is below the surface.
This fact made possible the Corn Belt the breadbasket of our nation.
To return to the Nature Bulletins Click Here!
Update: June 2012


at or below freezing are problematic and can only be addressed by moving the rabbit inside
What happens if the rabbit escapes from the enclosure? A loose rabbit is not 'Free' it is 'Food'
Are rabbits happy in an outdoor hutch? This popular myth 4, and the answer is no
In conclusion. each person must make their own choice for what is in the best interest of the bunny in their care. The references supplied will provided further information for you to make an informed decision. Rabbits fill two roles in modern society, as food and as companion animals. Companion animals are most kindly treated if the can live in doors with you as their friend.
In some case references are supplied by posters which you are encouraged by rabbit.org to share.
Your Answer


9/11 In Plane Sight – The Pentagon Part
Created on Sunday, 13 June 2010 09:46
Why were America and the world never shown the video and photographs of the Pentagon, BEFORE the outer wall collapsed?
Many people do not realize that the outer wall did not collapse until almost 30 minutes after the alleged impact. Given that the outer wall of the Pentagon had not yet collapsed and the only hole is approximately 16 ft. in diameter – how does a jetliner over 44 feet tall and 125 ft. wide, fit into that hole as shown in the crystal-clear and close-up photographic evidence from the Pentagon?
Furthermore, can physics explain why there is no damage to the Pentagon's upper floors where the tail section would have hit? In the aftermath, it was reported by media sources that a giant 100 ft. crater was plowed into the front lawn of the Pentagon as the result of the powerful airliner crash. Why does photographic evidence overwhelmingly show that this was absolutely not the case? Why no crater? Why no skid marks? Why no burn marks? Why was the entire world deliberately misled?
Examine the video and photographic evidence for yourself.
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Exploring auction databases through interactive visualization
TitleExploring auction databases through interactive visualization
Publication TypeJournal Articles
Year of Publication2006
AuthorsShmueli G, Jank W, Aris A, Plaisant C, Shneiderman B
JournalDecision Support Systems
Pagination1521 - 1538
Date Published2006/12//
ISBN Number0167-9236
KeywordsAuction dynamics, Bid history, Online auctions, time series, user interface
We introduce AuctionExplorer, a suite of tools for exploring databases of online auctions. The suite combines tools for collecting, processing, and interactively exploring auction attributes (e.g., seller rating), and the bid history (price evolution represented as a time series). Part of AuctionExplorer's power comes from its coupling of the two information structures, thereby allowing exploration of relationships between them. Exploration can be directed by hypothesis testing or exploratory data analysis. We propose a process for visual data analysis and illustrate AuctionExplorer's operations with a dataset of eBay auctions. Insights may improve seller, bidder, auction house, and other vendors' understanding of the market, thereby assisting their decision making process.


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Storytelling is an oral art form as ancient as the civilizations of the world, yet, relevant to our time and place.
Storytelling motivates reading and helps to develop listening, language, visualization and literacy skills. It is entertainment that provides a means of transmitting positive values.
Storytelling forges heart-to-heart ties between people by encouraging appreciation of one's own cultural identity as well as understanding and appreciation of the diversity of people, ideas, and cultural traditions of the world.
Denise Valentine's storytelling performance illustrates the power of story to transcend differences between people, inspire hope, and transform negativity. She tells stories that emphasize the dignity and power of the human spirit, and the interrelatedness of life. Denise has a passion for researching history and folklore, then bringing it to life with her captivating voice.
Ms. Valentine presents interactive storytelling performances for audiences of all ages at schools, libraries, museums, and community events. Her programs are designed to engage audiences of all ages, encourage exchange between generations, and promote a spirit of connectedness and community. As a teaching artist, she facilitates folk arts residencies and teacher/professional staff development workshops. P
The storyteller made her debut with Keepers of the Culture, Inc. (KOTC) in 1997, and shortly thereafter joined the National Association of Black Storytellers. In 2003, she performed with Spoke-N-Weal as part of the Philadelphia Fringe Festival, in a production called "Faultlines," and made a guest appearance on a WYBETV35 "Philly Live" segment about urban legends.
In 2004, she participated in a storytelling delegation to South Africa, with the National Storytelling Network, under the auspices of People to People Ambassador Programs. In addition, she was awarded The Leeway Foundation of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania's 2004 Window of Opportunity Grant to study the preservation of folktale traditions in South Africa. Her essay, A Voice for the Voiceless© was published in the July/August 2005 issue of Storytelling Magazine, by the National Storytelling Network.
Ms. Valentine is on the roster of The Pennsylvania Council on the Arts 2010-2011 Arts for in Education Directory Southeast Pennsylvania. She is also included in the Pennsylvania Humanities Council's 2010-2011 Commonwealth Speakers Bureau.
(Visit Resources page for links to highlighted sites.)
Denise Valentine - Storyteller, teaching folk artist, writer and humanist.
Denise believes that Stories are like Roots that connect us to the Past... and Wings that carry us into the Future. Storytelling forges heart-to-heart ties between people by encouraging appreciation of one's own cultural identity as well as understanding and appreciation of the diversity of people, ideas, and cultural traditions of the world.
Denise is also a member of Soka Gakkai -USA. SGI is a religious organization, and a United Nations Non-Governmental Organization that promotes peace through education and culture. She has participated with SGI, since her youth, in various cultural presentations: a chorus of 1000 young women in the World Youth Culture Festival in Hawaii; The Cultural Exhibition of the World's Ethnic Peoples; the United Nations 50th Anniversary Celebration and Exhibition, and the Books for Africa Project, in which 15,000 books were collected nationwide and presented to two universities in Ghana.
In 1992, she met South African exile, Godfrey Sithole. Inspired by the selfless determination of Nelson Mandela, she attended the National Conference in Support of a Democratic South Africa, on the 80th Anniversary of the ANC. In 1993, she was on the Welcome Mandela Committee, and attended a reception for Mandela when he came to Philadelphia to accept the Liberty Medal. These events inspired her to become an activist, and then a storyteller for social change.
Denise has also worked in the fields of international education, community advocacy and museum education. She is currently enrolled in the Bachelor of Arts degree completion program in Global Studies at University of Denver, University College. She is a proud mother and grandmother.
UPCOMING PERFORMANCE SCHEDULE


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This new edition of Real Teams contains all new activities and resource materials. It is designed to help you and your team members gain insights and understanding about your team's dynamics through Real Colors concepts. Through this workshop, participants will be taken through a series of fast-paced, interactive, and fun activities, allowing them to learn the strengths of each of the Real Colors first-hand. Exploring the concepts of trust, opportunities for growth, and what successful teams look like through the lens of Real Colors, participants will leave the workshop will applicable knowledge and skills that will help them work better together.
By the end of this workshop you will be able to:
1. Describe the common characteristics of a successful team
2. Recall at least two strengths each Real Color brings to the team
3. Discuss the differences between the four Real Colors regarding the building and maintaining of team trust
4. Examine the opportunity for self-growth and how this positively impacts the team
5. Effectively and appropriately apply Real Colors concepts when working on a team
You must be Real Colors Certified to purchase this product.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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One kilowatt x hour (kWh) is the amount of work or energy
generatedwhen the kilowatt of power is supplied for a time of one
hour. Akilowatt x hour is the unit of energy used by power
companies whenfiguring your electric bill. Determine the number of
joules ofenergy in one kilowatt x hour.


text:
This details about a scenario in Dynamics CRM 2013 with an import of an organisation failing due to duplicate user names.
There are at least two trusted Domains (e.g. Domain1 and Domain2). Once in a while it may become necessary that a user is moved into a new Domain (e.g. for a new Job). In this case the user domain1\username is disabled in domain1 and created as domain2\username in domain2. Please note that both times the very same username is taken for that user. As a consequence, the same will be done in CRM: domain1\username will be disabled and a new user domain2\username will be enabled.
You would import the org with these two duplicate usernames (one is disabled) and log on to CRM 2013 after this Import
The users are unable to log on to CRM.
These error messages are thrown:
Error message 1: "Business Management Error" "The user ID associated with the current record is not valid".
Error message 2: "No Microsoft Dynamics CRM user exists with the specified domain name and user ID".
In the import log you may find these warnings:
Warning| The following mappings were not valid because these crm users are mapped to AD users that are mapped multiple times: (Domain1\username, Domain2\username),
When CRM maps the user to AD user, the disabled user will show up before the active user in the list most of the times. When that occurs, we will always map to the disabled user instead of the active user.
When CRM moves on to the next mapping, which is the Domain2\username, this fails because AD account Domain2\username is already mapped to the disabled CRM user account that was previously mapped to Domain1\username, and we cannot have a valid AD account mapped to multiple CRM users in one organization.
This is working as design as this part of the code is also used elsewhere.
1) Do not create a separate new CRM user but remap the AD Account of existing user
You may correct the problem also later on in this way:
1. Create two dummy users in AD: domain2\Dummy1 and domain2\Dummy2
2. Map active CRM user Testuser to dummy domain2\Dummy1
3. Enable the disabled user entry in CRM
4. Map this CRM user to domain2\Dummy2
5. Disable this user again
6. Map the active CRM user (beneath 2) back to the "real" ADUser"
2) The best option is to create a mapping file and maintain that file for this and any other affected organizations. You can get a good start on the mapping file simply by selecting the records from the SystemUserBase table and then altering the results as needed. This will ensure definitive mapping for the user accounts. Also, once the mapping file is created, using it during the import process is nearly as simple as using Automatic Mapping.
Note: Always ensure you have a recent backup of the CRM database before any changes in SQL.
In order to create a mapping file via SQL select from System user base, you may go through these steps:
1. Create and Copy the XML file to the CRM Server that you will be importing the Organization from:
2. Open the XML file and update the line so that the old and new values are correctly populated for the NETBIOS domain names.
3. Run the following script against the SystemUserBase table in the ORG_MSCRM database. This will select all active users.
DECLARE _USER_ varchar(20)
-- _USER_ variable should be updated to reflect the new domain name.
SET _USER_ = 'NewDomainName'
Select '' from [SystemUserBase] where IsDisabled = 0
4. Copy all of the results and paste into the UserMappingFileBase.xml file in between the MappingConfiguration tags.
5. Save the XML file and use it during the Import Org process.
EMEA Dynamics CRM Support Team
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20 steps closer to Circular Economy in Camden
As more local authorities, governments, and companies give increasing recognition to the value of Circular Economy (CE), it seems like the term has become a synonym of sustainability, a catchy -almost tokenisticphrase that is on everyone's mind. With this, it is fair to wonder how can we support and implement CE in our communities?
Camden's Climate Action Plan: Landscape of Opportunities
In July 2019, Camden Council held a Citizens' Assembly on the climate crisis, the first of its kind in the UK, to develop a set of proposals on how Camden should address the climate emergency. These proposals, based on evidence and recommendations from scientists, environmental groups and energy practitioners, informed the new Camden's Climate Action
Second-hand chic: manifest sustainability through local charity shopping
By Jessica Clark Recently, the environmentally unfriendly effects of fast fashion have entered public consciousness, causing pause for thought amongst those of us wishing to implement sustainable ethics into our lifestyles. Knowing that the fashion industry produces 10 per cent of the world's carbon emissions and that to manufacture a single pair of jeans uses


matrix would return the following 3D array of persistence diagrams:
diagrams = np.array([[[0., 1., 0],
 [0., 2., 0],
 [0., 2., 0],
 [0., 3., 0],
 [0., 4., 0],
 [0., 5., 0],
 [0., 6., 0],
 [0., 7., 0],
 [3., 5., 1],
 [8., np.inf, 1],
 [8., np.inf, 1]]])
The notebook Topological feature extraction using VietorisRipsPersistence and PersistenceEntropy explains how to interpret this output and how to make informative 2D scatter plots out of its entries. Here, we only have one entry corresponding to our graph:
from gtda.plotting import plot_diagram


I want to place text within a plot. The text is always centered relative to the coordinates. How can I left-align or right-align the text relative to the coordinates? For example:
 Plot[hLim1[x], {x, 0.001, 0.99},
 AxesLabel -> {"Prob of Causality", "Prob of Causality Given Simul"}],
 Graphics[Text[Style["X2 Function", FontSize -> 14, Red], {0.5, 0.5}]]]
centers the text at {0.5, 0.5}. How can I make the left most part of the text at {0.5, 0.5}? I have tried the TextAlignment option in Style, but it does not do it.
I have also tried the AlignmentPoint option in Graphics, but that does not change anything either.
 - $\begingroup$ Check Epilog to put some text or other graphics primitives in a plot. $\endgroup$ – Öskå Jan 15 '15 at 12:12
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ That seems very complicated. How does one control text alighnment with Epilog? I don't see it in the examples. Thank you. $\endgroup$ – Anthony Mannucci Jan 15 '15 at 12:22
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_ This might help mathematica.stackexchange.com/questions/22839/… $\endgroup$ – Gordon Coale Jan 15 '15 at 13:28
The answer is in the docs yet it might be useful for others so I will just drop it here. The Details and Options section of the Text documentation says:
enter image description here
Thus you can do the following:
Plot[x, {x, 0, 1},
 Epilog -> {Text[Style["hello", 25], Scaled[{0.5, 0.5}], #], Red,
 Point@{.5,.5}}, PlotLabel -> ToString@#] & /@ {{-1, 0}, {1, 0}, {0, -1}, {0, 1}};
giving you different relative placements of the Text:
Mathematica graphics
 - $\begingroup$ Although the documentation only shows use of the values -1, 0, or 1; any numeric values can be used. For example, to make the spacing larger (e.g., to avoid any overlap with the curve) use larger numeric values. $\endgroup$ – Bob Hanlon Jan 15 '15 at 14:22
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_ As the doc says: "The offsets specified need not be in the range -1 to +1." :) $\endgroup$ – Öskå Jan 15 '15 at 14:35
The third argument to Text can be useful in situations like the one you describe. Perhaps this example will give you the info you need to proceed.
align[Right] = {1, 0};
align[Center] = {0, 0}; (* default *)
align[Left] = {-1, 0};
lText = Text["Left Aligned", {0.5, 0.6}, align[Left]];
cText = Text["Centered", {0.5, 0.5}, align[Center]];
rText = Text["Right Aligned", {0.5, 0.4}, align[Right]];
txt = Graphics[{lText, cText, rText}];
plot = Plot[Sin[π t], {t, 0, 1}];
Show[plot, txt]
 - $\begingroup$ mhm, we basically have the same answer. $\endgroup$ – Öskå Jan 15 '15 at 13:33
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ _USER_. Indeed -- because the 3rd argument of Text is designed to handle what the OP wants to do. But there are enough differences in the details that both might be useful to the OP or others with the same problem. $\endgroup$ – m_goldberg Jan 15 '15 at 13:40
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text:
stown Island, Volume III: Biographies of Owners and Residents (part of the Jamestown Archaeological Assessment study conducted between 1992 and 1996). Williamsburg, 2000.
Tyler, Lyon Gardiner. The Cradle of the Republic: Jamestown and the James River. Richmond, Virginia: The Hermitage Press, Inc., 1906.
This paper written by NPS Park Ranger
Lee Pelham Cotton in the summer of 2006.
Did You Know?
Sturgeons have five rows of bony plates, called scutes, covering the head and body. These scutes are often found in the excavation of James Fort; the abundance of scutes in the archeological record supports the historical record.


text:
How to set up a vocabulary jar? Word bank.
Iam a primary teacher who teachers english. I would like to work with primary students more vocabulary, for example "cambridge ket exam vocabulary bank" which i've got it pdf (word list). I would like to do it in a funny way using for example a vocabulary jar which I use to see in, for example, _URL_
We will make small strips of paper containing the words and put them in the jar. They learn the words and put them in the jar, later will go back to review the words. I would like to cover this "cambridge ket exam vocabulary bank" so students will have a good command of vocabulary.
Could you help me to set up as a game, or the way to do it correctly? Have you got any experience related to the "vocabulary jar" technique? I have seen many examples, mainly photos, but do not know how to do it in a correct way.
Thanks for your help,
- English Language Arts


text:
Venus Express just received an extra birthday present. In the same week as the first anniversary of the spacecraft's launch, the editors of Popular Science magazine named Venus Express as one of the top 100 technological innovations of the year.
The award recognises both the speed with which the mission was put together and the unprecedented study it is making of Earth's nearest planetary neighbour. "To receive such recognition from a general science organisation is very rewarding," says Håkan Svedhem, the Venus Express Project Scientist. Founded in 1872, Popular Science is the world's largest science and technology magazine with a monthly circulation of 1.45 million. Each year, the editors of Popular Science review thousands of new products in search of the top 100 technological innovations of that year. The winners are announced in the December issue of the magazine.
"These awards honour innovations that not only influence the way we live today, but that change the way we think about the future," says Mark Jarrot, editor of Popular Science.
Venus Express is certainly changing the way we think of Venus. Neglected for over a decade, Venus is now firmly on the map as far as planetary astronomers are concerned, thanks to Venus Express showing it to be such a fascinating world. The mission has revealed a titanic weather system ruled by still largely unexplained forces that whip up hurricane-force winds and generate amazing double-eyed vortices over both poles.
Venus Express has also gone long way to changing how some space missions are built. Venus Express grew out of Mars Express. It reused the design of that spacecraft and some of the instruments to produce a world-class spacecraft in record time. From approval to launch, Venus Express took less than three years. "We did everything in record time and we did it without making compromises," says Svedhem.
It was this efficient attention to detail that helped draw the editors of Popular Science to the mission in the first place. The decision has come as a pleasant surprise to Don McCoy, Venus Express's Project Manager. "Knowing that we had launched the spacecraft and placed it in orbit around Venus seemed like reward enough. To now be recognised by an independent group, makes it special. I would like to thank the publishers of Popular Science for this fine award to Venus Express" he says.
The December issue of Popular Science featuring Venus Express and the other winners of the Best of What's New awards will hit newsstands on 14 December 2006.
Last reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 21 Feb 2009
Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved.


text:
We make every effort to understand your context and its complexities.
We are well known for our social baselines and our social impact assessments (SIAs) which will give you insight into the potential risks and opportunities you are likely to encounter. And, our SIAs are fully compliant with international best practices.
Assessing the social impacts of mine closure for this client in South America.
We offer the following assessment-related services:
- Social baseline studies;
- Strategic research;
- Risk and opportunity assessments;
- Social impact assessments;
- Livelihood impact assessments;
- Design of influx management systems; and
- Human rights risk and impact assessments.


International Tax
As the world becomes increasingly dominated by international commerce, both the economic and political importance of international tax questions and the need for international tax experts continue to grow, making it an interesting and rewarding career path.
What is international tax?
International tax is the application of taxes and tax law across national borders, as it relates to individuals, businesses and government agencies engaging in commerce, employment or other financial transactions which involve more than one country. As tax laws and policies vary significantly between countries and territories, cross-border taxation requires an expert level of knowledge to interpret, which ADIT can help you to develop.
Do you have the skills to succeed?
International tax professionals are highly analytical and innovative, with a keen eye for detail. To succeed in this environment, you will be expected to act with the drive and integrity needed to help your clients navigate complex technical and regulatory landscapes. You will need to stay on top of the current trends and changes in legislation, and guide businesses to operate responsibly, sustainably and ethically.
With ADIT, you will build these skills and grow as a professional, ready to take the next step in your career.


Atlantic Gospel Chapel Messages
Atlantic Gospel Chapel Messages header image 1
Eric McLaren 09-20-2020 // Unnamed Heroes of the Faith; Hebrews 11:32-34; Daniel 1:1-21
September 27, 2020
Hebrews 11 is often referred to as the Roll Call of the Faithful, or the Hall of Faith. The writer names many Old Testament saints who are examples of faithfulness. But the writer also leaves some unnamed, although their stories are well known.
In referring to the faithful who "shut the mouths of lions," and "quenched the power of fire," we know references to Daniel and Shadrach, Meschach and Abednego. These four men stood for their faith against Nebuchadnezzar, the head of the powerful Babylonian Empire.
This kind of faith does not grow in a vacuum. What influenced them? How could they stand so boldly for their God?
Today's lesson examines their lives before the Babylonian captivity and the influences in their lives that resulted in such bold faith.
Thank you for listening to today's lesson. May you be blessed through the teaching of God's Word.


02/06/12 Keeping Dogs on Chains Should be Prohibitet
| More
Animal Friends' reaction on the case of murdered chained up dog, who bit a boy
- Animal Friends has started a petition to prohibit keeping dogs chained up
After the announcement in the media, about a dog who bit a five years old boy and was killed with an axe by the boy's father afterward, Animal Friends has been getting reactions from citizens that were revolted by the event and by the act of individuals.
According to allegations in the media, in Modruska Munjava near Josipdol, a five years old was alone in the yard and hitting a dog with a stick because it wouldn't let him take a toy. Dog, who was on a chain, attacked the child and bit him all over the head. The boy has recieved medical help and his injuries were sanitized. The boy's father killed the dog with an axe.
Animal Friends warnes that tragical events, such as this, that end up killing the animal and sometimes with human victims, repeat over the years without solving the basic cause of the problem – inadequately handling of dogs and keeping them chained up. Dogs are then being showed as bloodthirsty and dangerous animals that should be beated, without emphasizing the fact that the responsibility for the tragedy lies only in human hands.
Dogs, especialy in smaller rural community, are often kept on chains, which denies them the freedom to move around and forces them to spend their lives in miserable conditions, unable to protect themselves from the weather, being abused and hit by people. They often eat and defecate on the same place and there are numerous cases of chains getting carved in their necks. Chained up dogs are completely uncared for and their natural needs are ignored. During a longtime agony, frustrated by the impossibility to move, dogs progressively become sharp and dangerous guardians that growl and bark on anyone. When they go wild and attack someone, for „unknown reasons", people who were so far their „family members" kill them with firearms or using a hoe or an axe on their head.
Also, it is a parents' responsibility not to leave children alone with dogs, teach them not to tease them, not to pull their tails or ears or hit them with sticks and to teach them how to be peacefuland compassionate towards other living things. Animal Friends demands sanctioning the man who has beaten the dog with an axe for neglect, abuse and killing the dog and for the violation of the Animal Protection Act and Criminal Law, as well as for leaving the child without supervision. As well as it isn't legal and ethical to beat up a man with an axe, it is unacceptable to treat animals that way. He deserves a strict punishment because there is no justification for violence and murder. If the child got injured by a machine, problem would not be solved by destroying the machine, but by reference to the responsibility of parents, which is the case here.
In drafting the Animal Protection Act, Animal Friends' proposal of the prohibition of keeping dogs on chains or tied up otherwise was not accepted. Although the Austrian Law strictly prohibited any way of binding dogs, even a milder version of prohibition of keeping dogs tied up was rejected. Nevertheless, the Animal Protection Act does not allow forcing animals to behave in a way that causes them pain, suffering, injuring or fear; neglecting animals health, accommodation, nutrition an care and restriction of movement in a way that causes them pain, suffering, injuring or fear (Article 4, paragraph 2, items 12, 16 and 21). Pets must be kept according to their needs (Article 48, paragraph 1). Keeping dogs on chains interferes with this stutory prohibitions.
The citizens were shocked by Zlatko Mihaljevic's, who is a chief of community Josipdol, statement regarding the tragic event: "I am sorry that it had happened, especially because we have spent a lot of budget money on fighting against stray dogs and properly removal of their corpses." Stray dogs are often abandoned and abused dogs and no one should fight against them, nor it is killing them, what Mr. Mihaljevic suggests, a solution appropriate for a civilized country and humane society. Local communities have a legal obligation to sort out the problem of abandoned animals by building shelters, microchipping and neutering the dogs, punishing irresponsible people for abandoning and abusing the animals, raising citizens awareness about animal protection, starting at kindergartens and schools, and encouraging the citizens through media and public advertising to adopt dogs.
Dogs and other animals are beings that have their needs and they feel pain and suffer when being neglected and abused, just like humans do. People who don't have the conditions to keep and take care of animals, shouldn't take them and under no circumstances should they keep them in inadequate conditions, to prevent animal suffering and tragedies in which people and animals get hurt. State and local government have an increased responsibility to educate the citizens, encourage the culture of handling animals as sensitive beings, and not to act backwards and inappropriate to the civilizational achievements of 21st century.
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It's been said that no one explains anything so well as when they are trying to persuade you of something.
One of my favourite textbooks is E.T. Jayne's "Probability Theory: The Logic of Science". The entire book is designed to convince the reader of the superiority of Bayesian methods in probability, and the writing is particularly clear and understandable. I suspect that the quality of the writing is partially a consequence of the book's opinionated nature.
Another example of this is "Linear Algebra Done Right" by Sheldon Axler. The book is written with the unusual approach of banishing determinants all the way to the final chapter. In trying to prove that this is the right way to go about things Axler has produced an excellent textbook.
So I suspect that other "opinionated" books might also be very well written. What other books or textbooks (at any level and in any topic) are written in a way that tries to push a particular point of view?
Not an "opinionated" book per se, but Tom Apostol's Calculus follows up the chronological order of the concepts of the calculus.
Hence, it starts with an example of Archimedes exhaustion method and after defines the integrals before limits as:
Let $f$ be a function defined and bounded on $[a, b]$. Let $s$ and $t $ denote arbitrary step functions defined on [a, b] such that
$s(x) \leq f(x) \leq t(x)\hspace{3cm}(1)$
for every $x$ in $[a, b]$. If there is one and only one number $I$ such that:
$\int_{a}^{b}s(x)dx \leq I \leq \int_{a}^{b}t(x)dx$
for every pair of step functions $s$ and $t$ satisfying (1), then this number $I$ is called the integral of $f$ from $a$ to $b$, and is denoted by the symbol $\int_a^bf(x)dx$ or $\int_a^bf$.
Later, after the integral is defined and proved solely based on the integration of step functions, the $\epsilon - \delta$ is introduced.
It is an interesting approach, but Apostol never tries to convince us that it is a superior one, so it is not really an "opinionated" book. However, if we consider that writing a two volume textbook is not easy, it does contain the indirect opinion that, at least, Apostol liked this approach better. Also, in his words:
In this book the subject is introduced in an informal way, and ample use is made of geometric intuition whenever it is convenient to so so.
Which are now commonplace in many calculus textbooks.
Permit me to recycle a portion of my answer to an MSE question:
Tristan Needham, Visual Complex Analysis, Oxford Univ. Press. 1997.
 Needham cover
This book "brings a beautiful and powerful subject to life by consistently using geometry (not calculation) as the means of explanation." [quoting the jacket]
Here's one figure from the book, p.135, that gives a flavor of his approach:
 Figure 13
You can almost guess the theorem from the figure: The two spheres $S_1$ and $S_2$ are orthgonal iff the two circles $C_1$ and $C_2$ are orthogonal.
 - 2
 $\begingroup$ Can you comment on how it is opinionated? $\endgroup$ – user89 Mar 31 '15 at 1:26
 - 2
 $\begingroup$ _USER_: It is opinionated in believing that the best way to convey complex analysis is through visual representations. $\endgroup$ – Joseph O'Rourke Mar 31 '15 at 1:33
Maybe I could title my post as "formal, instead of informal", to constrast it with the suggestions presented it so far. Although, I am not as opinionated to suggest one method in exclusion to the others. I think like all good things in life, mathematical method has to be mixed and matched.
I am not sure if letters or papers will count, but E. W. Dijkstra was a prolific writer of letters to communicate with a scientific audience. For those not familiar with him, he is probably most well known today for "Dijkstra's algorithm" to find the shortest path between two nodes on a graph (which he writes, he came up with while out for a coffee with his wife, and thus one of his most trivial achievements). More significantly, he came up with the conceptual underpinnings of modern garbage collection routines now common for memory management on computers and ways to reason about parallel programming algorithms (semaphores were invented by Dijkstra -- terminology and concept). He won the Turing Award in computing science for:
For fundamental contributions to programming as a high, intellectual challenge; for eloquent insistence and practical demonstration that programs should be composed correctly, not just debugged into correctness; for illuminating perception of problems at the foundations of program design.
Dijkstra partially received the Turing award for the eloquence of his opinionated arguments.
It is worth noting that Dijkstra strongly thought of himself as a mathematician, (he was afterall, the chairman of Mathematics Inc.) and that thus, he was involved in computing science as it was an application of mathematics of the highest order. However, Dijkstra was very opinionated about discipline in thinking, which computing simply demanded, and that he believed that most mathematicians at the time lacked.
Here's a superbly convincing (and polemical!) paper written by him: On the cruelty of really teaching computing science
Leslie Lamport, one of the people who collaborated with Dijkstra and was strongly influenced with him recently wrote a similarly opinionated piece (consider the title alone!) regarding how proofs in mathematics should be structured and presented: How to write a 21st century proof.
I don't think you'll think too highly of Spivak's Calculus after you're done with Lamport and Dijkstra!
Lamport in particular uses specific examples where Dijkstra did not, but the general idea of both of these men is that proof construction as taught by mathematicians of old is awfully disorganized and clumsy, and most importantly: horrendous for education.
I must end with a textbook: Algorithmic Problem Solving by Roland Backhouse (another one of Dijkstra's disciples, if you will) presents a whole textbook (aimed for the beginner) on the type of elegant and precise proofs that Dijkstra and Lamport pushed for. He is just as opinionated as Lamport and Dijkstra, even if his language does not match the flourish of Dijkstra's. Perhaps he can be forgiven for that, given that he is writing a textbook, after all, not a piece of rhetoric.
You'll find it difficult to write proofs "the old way", after you are done, and you'll likely hate your high school math teachers even more than before.
Judea Pearl's Causality is both the most opinionated textbook and one of the best textbooks I have ever read. The entire book is designed to convince the reader that it is causation, not correlation, that science should study, and that causation can be detected using statistical tools. It received the 2001 Lakatos Award.
Royden's "Real Analysis" has a Prologue to the student which is somewhat opinated, containing the following:
"A third method of proof is proof by contradiction or reductio ad absurdum: We begin with A and -iB and derive a contradiction. All students are enjoined in the strongest possible terms to eschew proofs by contradiction! There are two reasons for this prohibition: First, such proofs are very often fallacious, the contradiction on the final page arising from an
erroneous deduction on an earlier page, rather than from the
incompatibility of A with —i B. Second, even when correct, such a proof gives little insight into the connection between A and B, whereas both the direct proof and the proof by contraposition construct a chain of argument connecting A with B. One reason that mistakes are so much more likely in proofs by contradiction than in direct proofs or proofs by contraposition is that in a direct proof (assuming the hypothesis is not always false) all deductions from the hypothesis are true in those cases where the hypothesis holds, and similarly for proofs by contraposition (if the conclusion is not always true) the deductions from the negation of the conclusion are true in those cases where the conclusion is false. Either way, one is dealing with true statements, and one's intuition and knowledge about what is true help to keep one from making erroneous statements. In proofs by contradiction, however, you are (assuming the theorem true) in the unreal world where any statement can be derived, and so the falsity of a statement is no indication of an erroneous deduction. "
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text:
Japan's new ¥15 trillion ($157 billion USD) economic stimulus plan has a serious focus on green energy.
Japan, suffering through its worst recession since the second world war, is finally starting to make some moves on renewable energy. The stimulus plan will promote the start of mass production of electric vehicles within the next three years. Solar power also receives a huge boost through the stimulus package. The government plans on increasing Japan's solar current solar capacity, 1.42 million kilowatts, twenty-fold.
For many observers, these "green" moves by Japan are a long time in the making. According to an HSBC report, until now, Japan has only allotted 2.6% of its total spending for climate change measures. The United States and China, on the other hand, have each pledged 12% and 34% of their total spending to climate change initiatives.
Read the full story at the Guardian: Japan goes green with £100bn economic recovery
Energy Boom content is for informational purposes only and is not intended to be advice regarding the investment merits of, or a recommendation regarding the purchase or sale of, any security identified on, or linked through, this site.


text:
Last month I spend some time on migrating an Azure PAYG subscription to an Azure CSP subscription. It seems like moving around some resources between resource groups is not that complex but I ran into some issues during the move which made me write down this post.
Before we start with the actual migration you should first draft a plan based on the different type of resources in you Azure subscription. I have used the following approach:
In this step we collect all the information of the current subscription. You can use the following tools and steps to get the information:
- Use the Azure CSP Migration Assessment tool. This will give you a good overview of which resources can be migrated, which require some extra action and which cannot be moved. The output is something similar to this:


The uncertainty in the half life of uranium-238 is stated at 0.05% [1]. The same paper gives the date 251.941 myr ± 31 kyr. 251.941 $\times$ 0.05% = 125 kyr.
How are the authors justified in claiming an accuracy of ± 31 kyr when the uncertainty in the half life alone is ± 125 kyr? On top of that, they list two other kinds of analytical uncertainties, which would only increase the overall uncertainty.
[1] Burgess, S. et al, "High-precision timeline for Earth's most severe extinction", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, Volume 111, 2014. _URL_
I can't be entirely sure but I'll make an informed guess:
That value doesn't come for a single measurement. Therefore, if the error in the age of a single sample is $\pm125$ kyr, you just need to average 16 samples to get it down to $\pm31$ kyr.
The uncertainty in the addition (or substraction) of two or more quantities is equal to the square root of the addition of the squares of the uncertainties of each quantity (assuming they arise from random errors). For example, if we have quantity A with uncertainty $\sigma_a$ and quantity B with uncertainty $\sigma_b$, the error in the quantity $C=A+B$ would be:
And if we call M to the average between A and B. The uncertainty in the average is
So if we average 16 samples with $\sigma=125$ kyr, the uncertainty in the average would be
$\sigma_m=\frac{\sqrt{16 \sigma^2}}{16}=\frac{\sqrt{16 \times 125^2}}{16}=31$ kyr
Uncertainty propagation can be seen in the abstract of the article you refer to:
Where the ±48 ka comes from?
This treatment of uncertainties assumes that uncertainties are independent of each other. As _USER_ pointed in the comments, this won't be the case if the uncertainty comes from "the length of your measuring stick (the half-life of U-238)".
This is: if you measure something with a "yard-stick" that have the wrong size, you can't reduce the resulting error by just averaging many measurements.
I don't know enough of geochronology to understand all the different errors they report. But the simple example in the abstract cite I presented above shows that they are indeed treating those errors as independent. Otherwise the reported interval error (±48 ka) would not make sense.
If one significant source of error is indeed the uncertainty in the half-life of $^{238}$U. However, it would be wrong to treat these errors as independent only if there exists an exact value for this half-life. Alternatively, maybe there is no exact value of the half-life, and what they meant is that the half-life value can truly vary a 0.05%. This is something to look into if you want to figure out if the treatment of errors they do is correct. However, after a quick google search I found that radioactive half-life can indeed vary by a small fraction due to environmental conditions, this article explains pretty well the phenomena. Here a short excerpt:
...radioactive half-life of an atom can depend on how it is bonded to other atoms. Simply by changing the neighboring atoms that are bonded to a radioactive isotope, we can change its half-life. However, the change in half-life accomplished in this way is typically small. For instance, a study performed by B. Wang et al and published in the European Physical Journal A was able to measure that the electron capture half-life of beryllium-7 was made 0.9% longer by surrounding the beryllium atoms with palladium atoms.
If the 0.05% uncertainty on the half-life of $^{238}$U comes from random environmental factors, it would indeed be acceptable to consider them as an independent source of error for each sample.
 - 3
 $\begingroup$ As far as I know, this only applies if the uncertainties are independent. If the uncertainty is in the length of your measuring stick (the half-life of U-238), the uncertainties are correlated and you can't reduce them by making more measurements. $\endgroup$ – Mark Mar 2 '19 at 20:48
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_ You are right. I've added something to my answer. Have a look. $\endgroup$ – Camilo Rada Mar 2 '19 at 21:47
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_ I just added something about the natural variation of radioactive decay half-life. I think that explain that they treat the errors as independent. $\endgroup$ – Camilo Rada Mar 2 '19 at 22:05
 - $\begingroup$ The page you link to lists three potential mechanisms for changing the decay rate (and thus the half-life) of radioactive elements: time dilation, electron density change and bombardment with high-energy radiation. The first doesn't apply on Earth (well, technically it does, but the time dilation due to Earth's gravity is vanishingly small), the second only affects elements that decay via electron capture (Uranium doesn't),... $\endgroup$ – Ilmari Karonen Mar 2 '19 at 22:24
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ _USER_ Yes, but the OP doesn't seem to be content with just "a good approximation" as the whole question revolve around a 0.05% change in $^{238}$U half-life, a pretty tiny change. $\endgroup$ – Camilo Rada Mar 2 '19 at 22:29
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text: Relentlessly, the wide health gap between different groups of people living in Britain continues to get even wider. This book presents new evidence (which was not available to the government's Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health) on the size of the gap, and the extent to which the gap is widening. In particular, new geographical data are presented and displayed in striking graphical form.It challenges whether the government is concerned enough about reducing inequalities and highlights the living conditions of the million people living in the least healthy areas in Britain. It presents explanations for the widening health gap, and addresses the implications of this major social problem. In the light of this evidence the authors put forward social policies which will reduce the health gap in the future.The widening gap synthesises all the information available to date and should be read alongside the report of the evidence presented to the Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health (Inequalities in health, The Policy Press, 1999) and by all those concerned with reducing health inequalities.Studies in poverty, inequality and social exclusion seriesSeries Editor: David Gordon, Director, Townsend Centre for International Poverty Research.Poverty, inequality and social exclusion remain the most fundamental problems that humanity faces in the 21st century. This exciting series, published in association with the Townsend Centre for International Poverty Research at the University of Bristol, aims to make cutting-edge poverty related research more widely available. For other titles in this series, please follow the series link from the main catalogue page.


text:
Possible search terms and combinations
Research strategy: for your topic, break out the various pieces of your research topic and think of any alternative ways that a topic/term might be verbalized. Note that you might also combine any of the following with specific sports, such as skiing, football, basketball, etc., depending on your interest and topic.
Muscle strength and delayed onset muscle soreness
Muscle strength and doms
flexion-relaxation and back muscle activation
flexion-relaxation and back muscle* (*the asterisk is a truncation symbol for retrieving multiple forms of a term)
Stretching and Strength/Weakness/Inhibition
Sample searches could include any of the following:
stretch* and strength
stretch* and weakness
stretch* and inhibition
stretch* and (strength or weakness or inhibition)
Stretching and Speed
Sample search = stretch* and speed
Stretching and Vertical Jump
Sample search = stretch* and vertical
jump (any other way to verbalize
Eccentric exercise/training or resistance training and Weakness/delayed onset muscle soreness
Sample searches – (you might need to run just one of these searches or all of them in order to find sufficient information, depending on how much info you need)
Eccentric exercise and weakness
Eccentric exercise and delayed onset muscle soreness
Eccentric training and weakness
Eccentric training and delayed onset muscle soreness
Resistance training and weakness
Resistance training and delayed onset muscle soreness
Relationship between quadriceps strength (and/or contraction velocity) and vertical jump
Quadriceps and strength and vertical jump
Quadriceps and contraction and vertical jump
Relationship between knee injury/surgery and quadriceps strength/weakness
knee injur* and quadriceps and strength
Knee and injury and quadriceps and strength
Knee and surgery and quadriceps and strength
Knee and injury and quadriceps and weakness
Knee and surgery and quadriceps
Knee and injury and surgery and quadriceps and (strength or weakness)
OR (knee and (injury or surgery)) and (quadriceps and (strength or weakness))
Magazines vs. Journals: What's the difference?
- Authors are experts/authorities in their fields.
- Authors cite their sources in endnotes, footnotes, or bibliographies.
- Individual issues have little or no advertising.
- Articles must go through a peer-review process (experts in the discipline evaluate each author's work before any articles are published).
- Articles are usually reports on scholarly research.
- Illustrations usually take the form of charts and graphs.
- Articles use jargon of the discipline.
- Articles are typically five or more
pages in length.
- Authors are magazine staff members/regular columnists or free lance writers.
- Authors often mention sources, but rarely formally cite them in bibliographies.
- Individual issues contain numerous advertisements.
- There is no peer review process.
- Articles are meant to inform and entertain (thus they are also thought of as consumer publications because they are published for a wide audience).
- Illustrations are numerous and colorful.
- Language is geared to the general adult audience (no specialized knowledge of jargon needed).
- Articles are typically fairly short (one or two columns to one or a few pages).
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Career & Grad School Info
Health care careers directory, from the American Medical Association.
Located at call number REF R847. D57 (in Reference Collection, 1st floor)
The health professions: trends and opportunities in U.S. health care by Stephanie Chisolm.
Located at call number R690.C448 2007 (3rd floor)
Occupational Outlook Handbook from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics: _URL_
Vault database - Vault Online Career Library – info on 3,000 companies, 40 industries, over fifty career paths, resumes, and cover letters. Located online -- "Articles (Indexes & Databases)" page under the BUSINESS category or alphabetically.
Testing & Education Reference Center Use to study for the GRE, MCAT, LSAT – free access to study guides and sample tests. Also research graduate programs. Located online -- "Articles (Indexes & Databases)" page under the HHD or EDUCATION categories or alphabetically.


GUEST COLUMN - Journalists: Stop blaming women
Wednesday, January 22, 2014 - 13:50
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By Kelly Holloway
Emily Yoffe's article "College Women: Stop Getting Drunk" published in Slate is yet another example in a long line of highly problematic advice to women to stop dressing, talking, walking or acting in a way that makes them victims of sexual assault. Nothing that a woman does justifies sexual assault. Period. The author's defensiveness about being painted with that brush does nothing to dissuade that reading; she is blaming women for sexual assault.
Yoffe argues that the common denominator in the cases of women being sexually assaulted by their male classmates is copious amounts of alcohol. In fact, the common denominator is assault. If, as Yoffe suggests, some of the men who perpetrate these assaults are not thinking clearly because they are drunk, then perhaps they are the ones who should not drink. They are, after all, the perpetrators.
It is despicable to suggest that the solution is to tell women to stop drinking so much to curtail sexual assault. First, sexual assault does not take place because women drink. Second, if women curtail their drinking habits there will still be sexual assault.
If binge drinking is really a problem amongst college-age women, perhaps we should ask women why they drink. I assume that most women do not want to become so drunk that they are ill or incapable of making decisions to the point where they are hurt. So it is possible that like so many people, college women drink to relax, socialize and have fun (preposterous, I know), and that sometimes they misjudge the amount of alcohol they can metabolize and become drunk (men do this too). Perhaps they want to be drunk, for a variety of reasons. It is possible that some women drink to excess because they feel pressure to drink and want to fit in. It is possible that some women drink to excess because they feel lonely, isolated or sad and drinking makes them feel better.
I imagine that if I were to speak to women about why they drink, the responses would be a window into what it is like to be a college-age woman dealing with the pressures, responsibilities and inequities facing the demographic. There is considerable research demonstrating that women are much more likely to engage in risky or binge drinking if they have experienced earlier physical or sexual trauma in their life. These are important issues worth exploring further. (See CWHN resources on Women and Alcohol)
It would never occur to me, in this imaginary conversation, to ask women whether they drink to promote sexual assault. The absurdity of that question belies the problem with Yoffe's argument which does infantilize women—a concern expressed by one "expert" in Yoffe's article. Many women are assaulted on a date with someone they know. Next we will be telling women not to date—to protect themselves, of course.
The most upsetting and exhausting problem Yoffe perpetuates is the refusal to address the perpetrators of sexual assault, and the culture that promotes sexual assault. How is it that after the sweep of campus misogyny involving frosh events trivializing rape this year that we still end up with the idea that the problem lies with women?
If we're going to be dolling out advice to college students should we not be addressing the orientation leaders who performed the chant to about 400 students at Saint Mary's University in Halifax spelling out the word "young" with a comment after each letter, including: "Y is for your sister... U is for underage, N is for no consent,..."?
Yoffe's article is a sad reminder that feminists still have a significant struggle ahead; to do away with the idea that somehow we can blame women for the violence perpetrated against them.
Kelly Holloway recently finished her doctoral degree in Sociology at York University, and is now a post-doctoral fellow at Dalhousie University, studying the commercialization of academic research. She is a long-time feminist activist and advocate for women's reproductive rights.
Best of CWHN:
Best of CWHN


text:
1. To drive out or destroy the property of by fire
2. To cause to fail, wear out, or become exhausted especially from overwork or overuse
3. To suffer burnout
4. When a fire, candle, or other flame stops burning because it has no more fuel, it burns out.
5. When a light bulb stops producing light because it has reached the end of its useful life, it burns out.
Sinonimi: run off
To run away secretly with one's beloved; SYN. run off.
To escape from the control of
1. To become plastic or fluid or liquefied from heat.
2. To equip with a fuse; provide with a fuse.
3. To make liquid or plastic by heating.


text:
This article shows a classical approach to lock a file so that it doesn't
reveal its original content in any software. For locking a file, a password is
required. To view the file again in its original form, it has to be unlocked
with the LOCK software with the same password which was used to lock the file.
The basic approach used is the symmetric key cryptography. The file is
converted into blocks of 8 bytes and repeatedly XORed with the similar block of
8 bytes obtained by the password. Because the encryption used is symmetric key
cryptography, the same process is used for unlocking\decryption.
Using the code
Following is the code for main encryption routine. For more details, look at
source code for the comments.
int count = (1024 + keyBytes.Length-1)/keyBytes.Length;
for( int i=0 ; i _URL_


text:
The Password Meter web utility tests the strength of your passwords as you type them, scoring your password strength based on a number of positive and negative password attributes. The test measures your password's number of characters, type of characters used, and the order of your characters. (Sequential letters or numbers, for example, equals weak passwords). Toss your favorite high-security password into this tool—you may be surprised at how you did.
The Password Meter [via Download Squad]


« · »
Problem 31.8: RC oscillations
Please wait for the animation to completely load.
Assume ideal circuit components (voltage across the capacitor [blue] is given in volts, current [red] is given in milliamperes, and time is given in seconds). A capacitor is charged and connected to an inductor. Watch what happens to the voltage across the capacitor and to the current. Restart.
 1. What is the value of the inductor?
 2. What is the average power dissipated? Why?
Problem authored by Anne J. Cox.
Script authored by Wolfgang Christian and Anne J. Cox.
The OSP Network:
Open Source Physics - Tracker - EJS Modeling
Physlet Physics
Physlet Quantum Physics


Turn screen updating on or off.
 Application.Echo(EchoOn, StatusBarText)
 EchoOn Use True (default) to repaint the screen and False to turn it off.
 Text to display in the status bar when repainting is turned on or off.
Complex Visual Basic code will run faster if you turn off screen repainting until the procedure has finished running. Echo Off can also be used to hide changes that the user should not see.
The Echo method does not suppress the display of modal dialog boxes, such as error messages, or pop-up forms, such as property sheets.
When screen repainting is off, the screen won't show any changes, even if the user presses CTRL+BREAK or Visual Basic encounters a breakpoint. If you try to step through the code, you won't be able to see progress through the code or any other visual cues, however, the code will continue to execute.
For debugging purposes, you can create a macro that turns repainting on and then assign the macro to a key combination.
' Open the Patients form minimized.
Application.Echo False
DoCmd.Hourglass True
DoCmd.OpenForm "frmPatients", acNormal
Application.Echo True
DoCmd.Hourglass False
Hourglass - Display the hourglass icon
SetWarnings - Turn system messages on or off.
© Copyright _PHONE_
Some rights reserved


text:
Electric vehicles through open source methods can revolutionize the world
3D printing an open source electric car
What excites me about ZWheelz is the potential to improve our education system, environment, energy independence, and economy—all with what I like to call, one "EZ" project.
It all began when I built a plane from a kit, then saw the documentary, Who Killed The Electric Car?, and decided to build an electric car. Turns out, it functioned really well, and I began wondering: "Why aren't there more electric vehicles on the road?"
As I continued to refine the idea for an electric-kit-car, it was helpful that many of today's CNC (Computer Numerically Controlled) machines and 3D printers are based on open source designs, making it possible to email files and make products locally. And with desktop versions, it's possible to do inexpensive rapid prototyping using scale models using the same CAD (Computer Aided Design) model. So, for the car frame, I plan to cut fiberglass/honeycomb sheets with a CNC and stack them together forming interlocking 3D shapes. This will be strong, light, easy to manufacture and assemble, and non-conductive and non-corrosive. I have all the CAD files, parts, materials, tools, and machines available online and will continue to publish everything about it. (Read more about my process at the ZWheelz Indiegogo campaign page.)
As a parallel process, my next goal is to create very accurate, functional, one-fourth scale model kits to be made available as part of a STEM program in education; spanning middle school to high school to college and on to the private sector. Even kids can learn CAD using inexpensive desktop CNC machines and 3D printers. Plus, kids have vast imaginations; let's tap into that with this rapid prototyping process. Then, their ideas could be passed up to high school students for scrutiny and improvement, building full-size street-legal versions in shop class. Next, the vehicles could move on to college students who refine the designs further. Finally, local, small businesses, or others in private industry, could build, sell, and maintain the electric vehicle.
There should be options:
- kits and parts can be purchased to build vehicles at home (i.e. parent-child project)
- individuals, families, or groups can schedule time to build a vehicle in a workshop (i.e. hands-on adult education class)
- complete "turn key" vehicles can be purchased
- private industry could sponsor programs similar to the BEST/FIRST robotics programs and their components could be used in the full-size vehicles
These education + small business models could be used around the world to improve education, the environment, and economies. Foreign oil costs the U.S. on the order of $1.5T/year in direct and military costs. A large portion of our military costs (which are about one-fifth of our total spending) are to maintain stability in the middle east and north Africa, and to protect oil routes like the Straight of Hormuz. That is a strategic "choke point" where we have stationed an aircraft carrier for the past 30 years at a cost of $7T. (For a great reference on the impact of oil on our economy, read more in Reinventing Fire.) Point is, electric vehicles stop the flow of money out of our local and national economies, and to sometimes unfriendly countries. Plus, there are indirect costs to us, like health, the environment, and other factors that effect our quality of life.
Because electric vehicle motors, controllers, chargers, and batteries are off-the-shelf and modular, an open source vehicle design would turn the automotive world upside down; producing cars that are cheaper to buy and operate, easier to maintain and upgrade, that could be customized to an unlimited extent, and that would last much longer. The motors are typically cylindrical with a rotating shaft—much simpler to swap out different sizes and manufacturers than internal combution engines. The connections are very simple—a positive and negative for DC motors or three phase connections for AC motors. Batteries are also modular and swappable in that regardless of the battery chemistry and format, every battery has a single positive and negative connection. Not to mention, electric vehicles get better with age each time the batteries are replaced, because with each generation of battery technology they get cheaper and lighter and have higher energy densitites. No more throw away cars and no more proprietary interfaces and designs.
Additionally, one common misconception is the idea that electric vehicles "push pollution to power plants", but the truth is that it takes more electricity to refine gasoline than it does to charge an electric car. Also, there is a surplus of electricity on our grid that we 'throw out' every night when we could be charging electric cars. Electric vehicles can also act as portable power stations to provide eletricity to homes for days or weeks. There is a $20M program underway that plans to use electric vehicles to power the an entire army base.
After researching, designing, and building electric cars for several years, I'm convinced of the many benefits the wider use of electric vehicles would have on society and future generations. And they are fun, have lots of torque, and are smooth, quiet, clean and simple!


Eastern Region (Iceland)
Eastern Region (Icelandic: Austurland) is a region in eastern Iceland. Its area is 22,721 square kilometres (8,773 sq mi) and in 2020 its population was 13,173. The Eastern Regions has a jagged coastline of fjords, referred to as the Eastfjords (Austfirðir).
Eastern Region
The Austurland area
The Austurland area
 - Total22,721 km2 (8,773 sq mi)
 - Total13,173
 - Density0.6/km2 (2/sq mi)
The largest town in the region is Egilsstaðir, with a population of 2,300. The oldest municipality is Djúpivogur, which got their trading licence in 1589, had a population of 470 in 2015.
The only car and passenger ferry that sails between Iceland and the European continent calls at Seyðisfjörður once a week in the summer months and intermittently the rest of the year.
The region is home to the Kárahnjúkar Hydropower Plant. Among notable tourist destinations are the Helgustaðir mine, which is known for its Iceland spar, and Stuðlagil.
See alsoEdit
External linksEdit


Global Warming
Trouble brewing: Climate change threatens world beer production
By Shaun Smillie 18 October 2018
Beer in glass on the beach in sunset (Anna Latseniuk via Flickr)
In a parched future the speakeasy, that throwback to Prohibition, might once again become the watering hole of the desperate and thirsty.
Nearly 100 years ago, speakeasies were where Americans would find black-market alcohol at a time when the US had decided to go dry.
They were the shebeens of their day.
But black-market alcohol might be a thing of the future if climate change causes the price of beer to spiral out of control.
The price of a brewski will increase dramatically, according to new research, and it is going to come at a time when humankind will be thirsty as it faces killer heatwaves.
If you think what happened in the US in the 1920s with the Prohibition era it was caused by different things, but the consequences were the same," says Dabo Guan, professor of climate change economics at the University of East Anglia's School of International Development. "One was a man-made error and the other will be caused by God."
These acts of God will be droughts and heatwaves — climate change believers say this will ultimately be from the hand of man.
Guan and an international team of scientists have released a first-of-its-kind study into how severe climate events will cause shortages in the world's beer supply. It makes for scary reading. In some countries, beer prices won't just double: Climate change could push up the cost of a can of lager by sixor seven-fold.
What Guan and his colleagues did was look at barley crop production to get a handle on how climate change might effect beer prices and consumption. Barley is a main ingredient in beer, and is easier to model than other beer staples such as hops.
The idea for the study, Guan admits, came about while he and his friends were having a couple of cold ones in Beijing, China.
We were talking about climate change and food and then we thought no one has done anything on alcoholic drinks. And we thought which one should we look at and as we all like beer…" said Guan.
There is a serious side to the study. The researchers had noticed that climate change was seen as a poor person's problem that would have an impact on food security in developing countries.
By highlighting the effect on beer, they believed it would show how global warming would impact developed countries and luxury goods such as chocolate, coffee and beer.
In a worst-case scenario where temperatures increased by four to six degrees Celcius the researchers found a country like Ireland would see beer prices double in the supermarket from $2.50 to $5.00.
Other countries will fare far worse.
In Poland, Estonia and the Czech Republic relative price changes are going to be huge. From US 70c right now from the supermarket to $3.50 a bottle," says Guan.
South Africa will have it bad too. The worst-case scenario has beer prices increasing by 80%.
With price increases will come reduced consumption. Their research suggests that global beer consumption will fall by 16%. Some traditional beer-drinking countries will be particularly hard hit. Germany and UK beer drinking could fall by a third.
Drinking less beer might be a good thing, some might say, but this beverage has been with us probably from the dawn of the agricultural revolution. It is ingrained in some cultures.
Beer is an important tool for social entertainment and even stability," explains Guan.
But in a climate change-affected world the quest for a cheap beer might require dealing with the future's equivalent of Al Capone. Illegally brewed black market beer might become the lager lout's option for a cheap pint.
South African beer expert and author Lucy Corne points out that illegally made alcohol can be dangerous. In Mozambique several years ago, party-goers died when they drank home-brewed beer that had been fortified with something toxic. Already, Corne says, the local craft industry is under strain because of price constraints and competition from international beer companies now importing their own craft beers.
This comes as South Africa, like many other parts of the world, has experienced a recent craft beer revolution which has offered a tasty alternative to the mass-produced lagers that the giants of the brewing industry have flooded the markets with.
Smaller craft beer producers would be harder hit by climate change.
It would be sad if we had to use genetics or chemicals to make beer taste like beer because the ingredients are too expensive. It would definitely be kind of sad," says Corne. DM
CR17 campaign: Openness and transparency will counter spurious judicial bribery claims
By Pierre De Vos


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Are they fox eyes in my spotlight?
The colour of fox eyes can vary depending on many things.
A. The colour of the spotlight being used; HID, halogen or coloured filters will have an effect on the retinal reflection colour you see.
B. The age of the fox may have an effect.
C. How directly the fox looks at the light.
D. The distance between your eyes and the light source (reflective angle) can affect the colour.
What colour am I looking for?
Usually greenish yellow. However white, orange and even red eyes can be a fox.
Cats, sheep, cattle and dogs can share the same colour as foxes. The space between the eyes can sometimes determine whether or not it's a fox.
The movement of the eyes is the next thing to look for. You may see a fox or a cat blink. A fox's eye may move quickly whereas most other animals don't move so quickly. A fox may only give a quick glance compared to a sheep for example.
A fox may be seen apart from a mob of sheep, but sometimes within the mob but moving differently to the sheep's eyes.
Because other creature's eye reflections are similar to fox, you must identify the animal before shooting.
Cats, sheep, cattle, wolf spider and fox eyes can look similar in colour.
Deer have particularly bright eyes. They group together quickly and move quickly when startled.
Animals with a more red appearance are kangaroo, possum and rabbit.
More eye colour information.
Always positively identify the animal before shooting.
7 thoughts on "Are they fox eyes in my spotlight?
 1. Thanks for your observations Phil
 I would like to make a few clarifications based on my understanding. We are talking about 3 species.
 DOGS Canis lupus familiaris
 FOXES Vulpes vulpes
 CATS Felis silvestris catus or Felis catus
 I frequently tell people that a fox is more like a cat than a dog, but more like a dog than a cat. Clearly 3 different species.
 Foxes technically have dichromatic vision. Dichromatic vision is limited to two colours. Foxes are unlikely to distinguish reds and yellows from purple, blues and greens. This type of blindness is shared by 6-8% of human beings. Ref Animal questions Cats and dogs are similar having more rods for seeing in low light and less cones in their retina that distinguish colour. Most humans have many more cones than rods
 Foxes may hunt similar to cats, but don't hunt in packs likes dogs or wolves Canis lupus.
 Foxes climb better than dogs but not as well as cats.
 I have cut open over 600 foxes and about 20 cats. Their gut is similar but diet is vastly different. Cats require fresh kill and occasionally carrion. Foxes eat fresh kill, carrion, insects, fruit, grain and anything edible. The reproductive tract of female dogs, foxes and cats is similar.
 Dogs chase foxes, rabbits, cats, rats, mice, chooks, sheep, cars and posties because they know they are not dogs. Dogs even chase other dogs because that is what dogs do.
 2. Just a few quick notes re: foxes and cats.
 Foxes have monochromatic vision, the same as cats, somewhat different to dogs.
 Foxes and cats eyes are the same. During daylight or when having a fixed gaze toward a spotlight, the eyes' pupils are slits. At night their eyes are round. Dogs are always round, the size varies with the amount of light.
 If you could liken a foxes eyes to a computer, they have excellent "grey scale" vision during daylight, hence excellent movement detection. They have about 6 times better night time vision than us, roughly the same as cats. Dogs, not so good.
 The Diplotic Chromosome count for red foxes is 36, all cats world wide (house, lion, tiger etc) are 36 or 38. All dogs from the Chihuahua to Great Dane are 78.
 Foxes have many other distinctly feline characteristics:
 -they hunt like cats
 -they readily climb trees
 -their gut is almost the same as cats
 -they leap on their prey
 -foxes bite their prey, dogs shake theirs
 -they stalk their prey
 -whiskers on wrists as with cats
 There are many others similarities.
 That's why dogs chase and kill foxes, they think they're cats.
 3. Well Mathew you described an event I wouldn't have to expected to happen either. Thanks for your observation. Graham
 4. I for the first time in my life just saw a fox and two cats playing, would have thought anyone who said that was nuts until the other night.
 5. Hello
 "Almost always", a fox will display two (2) eyes towards a spotlight. Most other animals, i.e. sheep, cattle, horses etc, show mostly one eye. Koala's have the closest eye to a fox, yet are much farther apart.
 I was very interested to read a comment in your article in SSAA regarding foxes re, "…who think more like cats than dogs". In my experience with spotlighting foxes, I have found on quite a few occasions, foxes actually playing with cats, with no animosity towards each other. Perhaps that explains why dogs hate foxes so much.
 Thank you for your fine website.
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text: During the First World War the RSPCA provided support for the Army Veterinary Corps in treating animals such as donkeys, horses, dogs and birds that were co-opted into military service as beasts of burden, messengers and so forth. The RSPCA's centenary in 1924 and its one hundred and fiftieth anniversary in 1974 were accompanied by books telling the society's story. Since the end of the Second World War the development of intense agricultural farming practices has raised many questions for public debate concerning animal welfare legislation and the role of the RSPCA. This has included debates both inside the RSPCA (. the RSPCA Reform Group ) as well as among ethicists, social activists and supporters of claims for animal rights outside of it concerning the society's role in ethical and legal issues involving the use of animals.


text:
James of Vitry, by Tiffany Vann Sprecher
James of Vitry (c.1160–1240), a student of Peter the Chanter, was an Augustinian canon whose written legacy includes a Vita of the famous beguine Mary of Oignies, a history in two parts – the Historia orientalis and the Historia occidentalis – and nearly 450 model sermons for preachers to deliver as written or to use as inspiration in writing their own sermons. A prolific voice of orthodoxy, James preached the crusades to free the Holy Land and root out heresy in Southern France. In 1216, he became bishop of Acre, and in 1227, James was appointed cardinal-bishop of Tusculum, remaining in that office until his death in 1240.
Houghton Library fMS Riant 35, the Sermones vulgares, constitutes an early collection of James' sermons. The codex reveals James' vision of church reform in the era before and after the Fourth Lateran Council through the arrangement of the sermons according to the intended audience and the place of that particular audience within the larger social hierarchy. Sermons early in the codex are addressed to prelates and priests whereas sermons for "the poor and afflicted" appear near the end. It is evident from the structure and content of the sermons that James believed each individual had a specific religio-social role in the creation of a reformed church. This sermon collection, more widely circulated than any of James' other collections, demonstrates the appeal and influence of James' sermons and provides proof for the swift and extensive implementation of the Fourth Lateran Council's regulations.