Grade Report – the W.H.O.
Who is the W.H.O.?
The W.H.O. stands for the World Health Organization, an international institution with a mission: "to direct and coordinate international health work through collaboration." The current 194 member countries (or states) participating in the organization attend the World Health Assembly to determine policies and allocate resources.
In light of the drastic medical, economic, and social impact from the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries have begun to assess how this vital organization responded to the crisis.
Who is giving the W.H.O. an A grade?
1. United Nations
Since the W.H.O. is an agency of the United Nations (an international body for peace and security), the U.N. has demonstrated its support. Antonio Guterres, the United Nations secretary general, praised the W.H.O. as "absolutely critical" to vanquishing the coronavirus disease.
2. Itself (the W.H.O.)
The W.H.O. has defended its own response, claiming that it adequately alerted the world of the virus and was "committed to ensuring all member states are able to respond effectively to this pandemic."
3. China
China has accused other nations of "venomously" attacking the World Health Organization while seeking to expand its influence over the W.H.O.
To that end, the Chinese government has taken steps in recent years, such as lobbying and obtaining a stronghold in developing countries.
Who is giving the W.H.O. an F grade?
On the other hand, many countries view the W.H.O. response as one factor that fueled the surge in coronavirus cases and deaths around the globe. Here are a few key countries that have expressed disapproval.
1. Taiwan
China has been an influential player in ensuring that Taiwan is excluded from the W.H.O., given the long political dispute between the two countries (a complicated subject that deserves its own article!). Yet despite Taiwan's exclusion, many praise Taiwan as one of the few places in the world where the spread of COVID-19 is successfully controlled without resorting to extreme measures.
In a press conference on April 8, W.H.O Director-General Tedros claimed he received racist remarks and death threats, saying, "this attack comes from Taiwan." However, Taiwan authorities show Tedros' accusations as groundless. Since then, protesters have expressed outcry on public and social media and even financed a full-page advertisement, which appeared in The New York Times on April 13.
2. The United States
A State Department spokesperson stated that the US is "deeply disturbed that Taiwan's information was withheld from the global health community, as reflected in the WHO's January 14, 2020, statement that there was no indication of human-to-human transmission." The spokesperson also pointed out the W.H.O.'s denial for Taiwan to become a member state, let alone to obtain observer status since 2016, declaring, "The WHO once again chose politics over public health."
In addition, President Trump announced that he will withdraw funding to the World Health Organization, accusing it of promoting "China's misinformation about the virus." He claims that an accurate assessment "would have saved thousands of lives and avoided worldwide economic damage." In response to the criticism from the WHO's largest donor, Guterres noted that now is "not the time to reduce the resources for the operations of the World Health Organization or any other humanitarian organization in the fight against the virus."
3. Japan
Japan criticized Tedros of being incapable of managing the coronavirus crisis. Deputy Prime Minister Taro Asos of Japan pointed out his "inadequate evaluation to address the coronavirus outbreak" while referring to the name "Chinese Health Organization," which describes the W.H.O's close ties with China.
Regardless of the country behind the accusations, there seem to be common themes: that the World Health Organization failed to push hard enough on China at the first stages, delayed in declaring a public health emergency, and is susceptible to growing Chinese influence. All of these factors could have contributed to the magnitude of the COVID-19 outbreak.
Who is right: the W.H.O. or not the W.H.O.?
Many see the accusations of leaders like President Trump on the W.H.O as a "coverup" to impose blame on others. But some point out that the W.H.O. had major delays, political agendas, and misinformation. One thing is clear: organizations such as the WHO must be transparent, as they are depended upon by country leaders to make life-determining decisions.
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 1. Not the W.H.O. is right! 😂 They have done a terrible job w/ coronavirus imo.
 2. Interesting
 3. Excellent analysis. Thank you for providing this information.
 Out of curiosity, what is that last image of?
 - I'm glad you liked the article, Aaron! Which image are you referring to? The images at the very end were some advice posters that the WHO created. The image inside the Tweet is a close-up version of the blurb which was included at the bottom of Taiwan's full-page NYT advertisement. ~Elva
 - Yes I was referring to the advice posters. I just wasn't sure if it was something they had changed later on to make it more practical.
 - Oh, yes. They are more practical posters that detail how to protect yourself or go shopping safely etc (you can find them at the first link under my Sources). Those were just two generic ones I chose to include in the article. 😀
 4. Naomi Hochstedler
 Very interesting article.


text:
Complex Adaptive Socio-Technical Systems – The Role of Socio-Technical Networks in New Product Development
51 Pages Posted: 29 Jan 2014
Date Written: January 15, 2014
New product development (NPD) is challenging, as it involves mastering new technologies by coordinating appropriate resources efficiently and effectively. Established models of NPD focus on structuring, planning and ordering the innovation process but do not account for complexity and organizational responses and strategies in handling day-to-day resource allocation and decision-making.
Our work is theoretically based on ideas from complexity science and NPD procedures. We build on and extend the work on Complex Adaptive System (CAS) and combine it with Socio-Technical System in an innovative approach to analyze, understand and manage NPD complexity by means of network analysis and performance metrics.
This paper contributes to existing literature by introducing a framework of complex adaptive socio-technical systems (CASS). It is intended to (1) consider dependencies between product and individuals, (2) provide indicators to measure complexity, efficiency and effectiveness, (3) explain complex phenomena by identifying patterns, and (4) enable NPD governance.
We demonstrate the applicability of our framework and metrics using comparative longitudinal case studies using novel and unique data from 4 years of meeting minutes and document exchange in the design phase of the NPD process of a large German automobile OEM. Results reveal new measures for addressing operational, social and technical complexity, providing new insights into complex dynamic behavior. From a managerial point of view, contributions of CASS are twofold: First, new possibilities for NPD governance emerge from performance indicators. Second, the extraction of dynamic socio-technical networks supports project-to-project learning.
Keywords: Innovation; Complexity; Socio-technical Systems; Networks; Longitudinal
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Gel battery or AGM battery? These are the differences
This article contains:
 Gel batteries versus AGM batteries
 Gel batteries are often confused with AGM batteries. What are the differences and what do the batteries have in common? Both types of battery are VRLA batteries and are equipped with a vent valve. The abbreviation VRLA stands for Valve Regulated Lead Acid Battery. With this closed battery type the hydrogen which is generated by the battery is recombined, so that topping up with distilled water as with wet batteries is not required. Apart from these common features, there are significant differences between gel batteries and AGM batteries.
 Gel batteries
 A gel battery has a similar structure to a conventional wet battery. The positive and negative electrodes are surrounded by an electrolyte. However, as the name suggests, the electrolyte is not in liquid form but rather is in the form of a gel due to the addition of silica. This provides greater resistance to vibration and the inclination of the vehicle. The encapsulated design facilitates handling and improves safety. If the battery is in an intact state, the user does not need to be afraid of leaking fluid. Therefore, in the trade, gel batteries are often referred to as maintenance free batteries.
 AGM batteries
 The abbreviation AGM stands for Absorbent Glass Mat. In an AGM battery, the electrolyte is completely bound in a glass fiber mat. AGM batteries are leak-proof and can also deal with inclined positions without problems. This, and their resistance to vibrations are the reasons why AGM batteries are especially favored for off-road and motorcycle use. In comparison with conventional starter batteries, AGM batteries can withstand three times as many charging cycles. The increased performance which is achieved by the structural features, is one of the main arguments for the use of an AGM battery. Long life, excellent performance and greater safety make AGM batteries the premium batteries for modern vehicles.
 Comparison of the characteristics of gel batteries and AGM batteries
 Gel batteries score highly with their low electrode wear, which results in a longer service life in comparison with conventional lead-acid batteries. However, due to their increased internal resistance gel batteries cannot produce high cold start currents within short intervals. A second disadvantage is their susceptibility to temperature fluctuations.
 AGM batteries have been specifically designed for vehicles with automatic start-stop systems and increased power demands. AGM batteries are recommended for all drivers who operate a large number of electrical devices and driver assistant features or who simply require greater starting and supply reliability through an extremely high performance battery. The positive features of AGM batteries include:
 - Leak-proofing
 - Position tolerance
 - Vibration resistance
 - Greater Safety
 Even if the casing is damaged or broken, the acid remains bound in the glass mat. An uncontrolled escape of battery acid can therefore be largely ruled out.
 When is it worth buying an AGM battery?
 The high, constant cold start current makes an AGM battery the right choice for vehicles with start-stop technology and recovery of braking energy. Even vehicles with simple automatic start-stop systems and increased power requirements benefit from an AGM battery. The large number of charging cycles increases the service life and therefore cost-effectiveness. Conventional gel batteries are designed for use as supply batteries, but not as starter batteries and certainly not for cars with automatic start-stop systems or vehicles with a large number of electrical consumers. AGM batteries are the modern answer to the need for more dependable energy, environmental compatibility and reliability.


text:
Though only twenty-two miles across the Catalina Channel from San Pedro, Catalina Island is another world - Southern California circa 1900. Outdoor education on Catalina is a journey into California's pastoral yesterdays. Pristine beaches, quiet coves, and abundant marine flora and fauna combine to make the island an excellent outdoor classroom and a quiet retreat site. The Catalina Island Conservancy manages ninety percent of the twenty-one mile long and eight-mile wide island in its natural state.
Naturalists at Large's learning center, White's Landing — gateway to Catalina's interior and positioned on the island's nicest and most expansive sandy beach. Waters for snorkeling and kayaking are adjacent to camp. The site is linked to the interior of the island by trails leading to spectacular overlooks and vistas.
In addition to the excellent opportunities for marine science, Catalina is a great place to study an island ecosystem. Naturalists at Large's site has excellent access to the island's unique flora and fauna. Human impact on these fragile ecosystems is a part of all Naturalists at Large programs.
As with all Naturalists at Large programs, the academic and co-curricula goals of your program are developed in conjunction with your school. You are assured that the academic schedule complements your student's curriculum and that your school's goals for the program are met.
Naturalists at Large's experience has been that the student's participation in the process of learning and living together provides the basic framework for a successful outdoor education program. Naturalists at Large programs emphasize outdoor skills along with an introduction to the various environments of the Channel Islands. Evening activities are included every night.
Students will discover the unique natural and human history of the area, learn new outdoor skills (snorkeling, kayaking), develop group cooperation through shared experiences, enhance leadership abilities, and learn basic outdoor skills.
Schools interested in a service learning component can participate in the Catalina Conservency's "Stop The Spread" program, an initiative dedicated to restoring the island to its native state. In the process, you will learn about plants endemic to Catalina Island and the importance of limiting the influence of exotic and invasive species. Check out our "Service Learning" page for more information.
All Naturalists at Large programs are designed to give the students a "sense of place". This is accomplished by introducing them to the natural and cultural history of the island and surrounding area while they explore the trails, study the various habitats, and live in the area for up to five days.
Students are organized into small groups of twelve to fourteen in which they explore the unique natural history of the area.
Naturalists at Large instructors work with their groups to teach basic outdoor skills, conduct education activities on the island trails and near-shore waters. In addition, the students are constantly encouraged to solve problems posed by the Naturalist at Large instructors, comprised of both intellectual problems and well thought-out and well executed physical problems (i.e. initiative activities). Students are always with a naturalist-instructor, and a school provided chaperon for the entire program.
Naturalists at Large is a leading outdoor and environmental education group in California. Since 1985, we have provided outdoor education programs for tens of thousands of students from over two hundred schools, offering custom client designed trips, flexible dates and locations, commitment to safety and comfort in the outdoors, the wonder of nature and the importance of outdoor and experiential education.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text: The Eagle Ford shale play is located in South Texas. It is approximately 50 miles wide and 400 miles long, running from the US-Mexico border north of Laredo extending for hundred miles to just north of Houston. It is located directly below the Austin Chalk. The formation is best known for producing variable amounts of dry gas, wet gas, NGLs, condensate and oil. The average thickness of the Eagle Ford shale is about 475 feet and it produces from various depths between 4,000 and 14,000 feet.


text:
After Team Anna demanded Right to Reject and Recall, newspapers and other media ran reports over these very new concepts. There is no doubt that Right to Reject and Right to Recall would mean revolution for the Democracy and Politics. People would be surely benefited but arguments against these Rights are equally strong. This article covers various aspects of Right to Reject. An article on Right to Recall can be viewed here. Reading both the articles would give you a clear picture of both the rights.
What is Right to Reject?
Candidates are chosen by the political parties but it might happen that people in the constituency are discontented with the candidates presented to them. On the voting machine, below the names of the candidates, a new option would be inserted which says "None of the Above". A voter may choose "None of the Above" option to express disapproval of all the candidates given on the list. If 'None of the Above' option gets the maximum votes in the constituency then all the candidates would be considered as rejected. In such scenario, re-elections would take place with new candidates.
Something similar already exists in the Rule 49-O Conduct of Election Rules, 1961. It states that if a person does not want to vote, and wishes to get this fact recorded, he may follow a set procedure in the election booth and do so. But it is not as practical or as grand as Right to Reject.
The reasons why Right to Reject should be introduced:
1. Right to Reject gives people power to express discontent. If citizens are dissatisfied with the background or previous performance of the candidates, they may opt to reject all the candidates.
2.Right to Reject would check candidates with criminal records and parties would be forced to give tickets to good candidates.
3. If almost all the candidates on whom political parties spent crores of Rupees are rejected, they would be discouraged to spend their money.
4. Right to Reject would mean true democracy as the people will be able select their 'representative' in true sense of the word. The representative in all likelihood would be honest and transparent in his functions as a Member of Parliament because he has gone through rigorous selection procedure.
The reasons why Right to Reject should not be introduced:
1. With Right to Reject at their disposal, people will be able to express their opinion and cast vote rejecting all the candidates but this won't be counted against the votes cast in the candidate's favour. The number of selections of 'None of the above' must have maximum votes to initiate re-election.
2. On an average 60% of the voters cast their votes. More and more people are disenchanted by the politics today. Right to reject might become a fashion statement among them which would prolong election.
3. There are around 11 million teachers, staff and other officers who assist in conducting general elections. Also, tight security measures have to be taken by police for upholding law and order during elections. It would become tedious and unnecessary burden for everyone to conduct the whole activity again if candidates get rejected.
4. The cost would increase manifold if re-elections would have to be conducted. Increases the burden on the tax payers. Also, political parties would spend huge amount again to campaign for the new candidate.
5. In J&K and some North eastern states, the right to reject may be misused to create political instability. Every candidate presented to the people might be rejected again and again, sending a negative political message.
6. Voting in India is party oriented. Masses don't care who is representing them. Its the ruling party which matters.
Though arguments in support of Right to Reject may be less in number but they outweigh the other side. Now-a-days, candidates with serious criminal background are imposed upon the public by political parties. This gives us no choice but to exercise our very limited options that is -to choose an incompetent/corrupt candidate or not to vote at all. In spite of all the efforts of the Election Commission, the election scenario continues to be dire. In such a situation introduction of Right to Reject may prove to be a breather for the masses. The issue of introduction of Right to Reject in J&K and some North-Eastern States must be dealt with very tactfully by the Election Commission.
Its up to the Election Commission and the Government now to weigh the Pros and Cons for Right to Reject and decide whether to introduce it or not. But considering the effort of various NGO's and other eminent personalities lobbying for it, we may hope that we will be granted with the "None of the above" option on the voting machine soon.
Express your opinion by way of comments! You might even have some points to contribute to this debate. We welcome both comments and criticism. Don't forget to share this article with your Facebook friends.
Link to article on Right to Recall
Co-Founder and Editor, MightyLaws.in
Student, National Law Institute University, Bhopal.


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Fair winds!
Dave and Anke
triloboats swirly gmail daughter com
Friday, February 21, 2014
Climbing the Learning Curve
Go forth and conquer!
The days like flowers bloom and fade
 and do not come again.
From (We've Only Got) These Times We're Living In by Kate Wolf
Climbing the Learning Curve
Everything in life has a learning curve... some stretches are but a gentle sloop with decent footing; others steeper and can be slippery. Yet none are insurmountable.
I often write of TriloBoats (simple box barges) as being 'dumbed down' to basics. In many ways, they are. They are as simple as a hull can be.
But there is always a learning curve.
Decisions among the many options are best made when informed. Some minimal competence with tools is required - a low bar, to be sure, but it must be surmounted. Safety practices understood and made habitual.
And the hull is but a fraction of the finished vessel.
Interiors, rig and gear are at least somewhat independent of the hull. That is, these three would represent a more or less constant amount of effort, regardless of the hull in which they are being mounted. Together, they comprise a significant proportion of the learning curve/effort that goes into the finished vessel.
This is why I harp on KISS (Keep It Simple, Sailor) throughout, aloft and alow. At least for those of us who are looking for a short, easy-ish stroll through the foothills on the way to the water.
Once launched, comes sailing.
This, too, is a relatively easy, short stretch. There's just not much to the mechanics of sailing. Put sails up or down, trim and adjust them for on or off the wind. Balance the forces. Go.
Ah, but seamanship!
Here is Mount Analog, the summitless, ideal mountain, envisioned by Rene Daumal. The ways of wind and water. The ways of your vessel. Navigation, pilotage, the lay of your grounds, with its every rock in reach of your keel. The ways of your own heart, mind and soul.
We will never master our subject, but we can embrace the learning curve.
The journey is thrilling, and satisfying to the soul. Strength, understanding and ability increase at every step, even our mistakes extending our grasp. It can never grow dull, the challenge drained. Our world, at last, is far greater than ourselves, and our finite selves cannot exhaust it.
But not so our lives. This finite lot of time we call our own hastens to its end. These gifts of mortality are perishable.
Let us launch ourselves from our armchairs! Let us take up tool and material and bring to life these dreams of ours! If nothing else, let us build a punt and learn to sail it across a pond... take small, easy steps that teach us to stride with confidence. Let us start up that slope that leads to the sea...
For time is fleeting.
[Favorite Scatological Imperative], or get off the pot!
- Folksy Advice
Full disclosure, here:
This winter is our 5th season caretaking, committing half a year at a crack. Okay work in beautiful places. But it ain't living aboard and at large.
Earnings let us build SLACKTIDE (who proves that box barges work as engineless cruisers), and rebuild our financial 'cushion'. It's paid for visits with family and a family emergency. It's pumping up our resources toward our next, last boat. Next winter, and maybe the next will rebuild our cushion to the point we may be able to coast through the rest of our lives.
That many half-years is a lot of time spent NOT cruising; not living the way we love.
It's a five year plan, which will have spread itself across a decade. A DECADE! And we're not getting any younger, nor our future more secure. Sure, we get a lot of sailing in-between gigs, but it's broken into by dead-line outfitting, and forced transits to and from work, clipping the wings of sailing free.
One has to ask, "How much of what's left of our time will the plan consume?" Is there time for our dream on its far shore?
Nothing is accomplished, without the plan. But neither does it get done with over-planning. Comes a point to every dream when its moment has come. The time is now. To leap while the iron yet burns. To take that first step, however small. To cast off and get underway.
For without that leap of faith, our dreams - and our lives lived without their realization - are but ashes to ashes, dust to dust.
A case in point:
As WhiteSpotPirates, a woman is posting a weekly, video account of the pursuit of her dreams. White Spot is a literal translation of the German Weisser Fleck, the unexpored, 'blank space' on a chart.
In her series, Untie the Lines, she lets us tag along as she climbs the learning curve. It isn't all fun and games, but she's game, and on her way!
Sunday, February 16, 2014
Accessorizing Your Barge/Scow
Does this make my butt look big?
The older I get, the more I like the idea of utilitarianism.
I think that I am not a trend driven person.
I really believe in keeping your canvas very basic and sort of adding the accoutrements from there.
I look for creating intrigue through creating outfits through accessories.
- Erin Wasson
Accessorizing Your Barge/Scow
Barges (aka Scows) aren't generally known for their looks. But as our friend says, "If you can't hide it, decorate it!"
And there are so many fun possibilities. We start with the fundamentals - cleats, bollards, anchor gear, fenders (tires give that salty feel).
After that, imagination is the only limit to creativity. Below are but some of the many possibilities!
SCOWZER scowzing along.
One of my favorite accessories. I mean, beautiful, and they turn our slab into a vessel that can make its own way in the world!
Jabba the Hutt understands Accessories!
The Barge from Crete
By Peter McIntyre
An abandoned barge flying this accessory (the improvised sail) carried 137 escaping soldiers from Crete to Egypt in WWII.
Stiff Leg Derrick Barge
from SeaPort ModelWorks
One of the fun things to do with barges is to pick up heavy stuff!
Cranes come in all sizes and shapes.
Be careful... they harness big forces that can sometimes get away from us!
Mast Derrick
A-Frame Raft
Drive-on Crane or Excavator
Legs let a barge prop itself level as the tide drops. To use, nose up to a shoreline, drop afterlegs to the bottom and pin in place.
Jack-Up Barge
Jack-Up Barges are a specialized leg that lets the barge hull lift itself clear of the water.
Cute li'l Spud Barge
 Spuds are temporary piling-like legs, dropped into shallow, soft bottom to anchor a barge. Often, they'll be used as a holdfast for heavy pulling.
Landing/Loading Gates
Photo from Robert Raymond's Family Ancestry Pages
Landing / Loading Gates
These drop down to allow access from beach or dock level.
Is this guy romantic, or what??
See a lot of these in SE Alaska
This type loading ramp is usually raised and lowered via common trailer winches for cable or webbing.
Note the bent boom in the bow loader to the right. These often sport a PTO (Power Take-Off) for pulling crab pots, and the like.
The WaterPod
And So On...
This one is a'sculptural living design' incorporating onboard power and water generation, as well as organic gardening.
The possibilities are endless!
A barge or scow can be compared to a blank page. Rectangular, and prepared to receive the projection of our minds. A work barge, a party scow, a home, a vessel.
You decide!
Thursday, February 13, 2014
Why Envy the Immortal Gods?
When one has good wine,
A graceful junk,
And a maiden's love...
Why envy the immortal gods?
Li T'si Po
Why Envy the Immortal Gods?
When anyone meets Anke for the first time, it's not long before they take me aside and ask, "Do you know how lucky you are?"
Yee-ah, I do!
Finding love is easy, if one is open to love. Finding a partner another matter. Finding a partner whom we love is pure magic.
And finding one to share a life on the water is such a rarity that it's a wonder it happens at all.
Water life is itself iffy. Prone to life's slings and arrows of outrageous fortune. Hard knocks and sudden changes. Rough edges and moments to try our souls. Those of us attracted to it are found along the thin fringe of humanity's bell curve. Likely quirked with 'character' found and fostered.
How to meet, except by the long chance? Where to meet, when we haunt the far reaches, avoiding the press of towns? How to trade singular ways for plural?
Yet now and then - by hook, crook, karma or kismet - we do meet. Out


text:
Saturday 25 May
Sun parakeet (Aratinga solstitialis)
What's the World's Favourite Species?Find out here.
Sun parakeet fact file
- Find out more
- Print factsheet
Sun parakeet description
Despite having once been abundant, a history of unsustainable trapping has made the strikingly plumaged sun parakeet one of South America's rarest parrots. Vibrantly coloured, the sun parakeet is largely yellow, with contrasting patches of orange around the head, belly, rump and lower back. The wings are green and blue, with yellow tips, and the long, elaborate tail is green and olive, with a yellow tinge. The sharply curved beak is black, while the dark brown eye is surrounded by a bare white eye ring. The sexes are very similar, but juveniles have a green upper back, a reddish tinge on the lower back and rump, a green throat and an orange breast (2).
The sun parakeet has only recently been described as a full species, as it was formerly considered conspecific with the Jandaya parakeet (A. jandaya), and the golden-capped parakeet (A. auricapillus). However, recent genetic analysis has provided convincing evidence that the sun parakeet is a distinct species (4).
- Also known as
- Sun conure, Yellow conure. Top
The World Parrot Trust:
- BirdLife International:
- Belonging to the same species.
- When eggs are kept warm so that development is possible.
- Having only one mate during a breeding season, or throughout the breeding life of a pair.
- Varzea forest
- Seasonally inundated forests found in the Amazon region.
IUCN Red List (January, 2010)
The World Parrot Trust (January, 2010)
CITES (January, 2010)
- Ribas, C.C. and Miyaki, C.Y. (2004) Molecular systematics in Aratinga parakeets: species limits and historical biogeography in the solstitalis group, and the systematic position of Nandayus nenday. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 30: 663-675.
BirdLife International (January, 2010)
- Perrins, C. (2009) The Encyclopedia of Birds. Oxford University Press, Oxford..
- del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. and Sargatal, J. (1994) Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 4: Sandgrouse to Cuckoos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
- view the contents of, and Material on, the website;
- download and retain copies of the Material on their personal systems in digital form in low resolution for their own personal use;
- teachers, lecturers and students may incorporate the Material in their educational material (including, but not limited to, their lesson plans, presentations, worksheets and projects) in hard copy and digital format for use within a registered educational establishment, provided that the integrity of the Material is maintained and that copyright ownership and authorship is appropriately acknowledged by the End User.
Sun parakeet biology
The sun parakeet can be seen foraging around forest edges for ripe fruits, buds and flowers, using its hooked beak to climb the trees with great agility (2) (6). Whilst foraging, the sun parakeet is often inconspicuous, but during flight, it is extremely noisy, making shrill-like calls. Flocks of up to 30 birds are typical, but larger groups may be observed in areas where food is abundant (2). A rarity of sightings and the species' small population has contributed to a lack of knowledge about the specific biology of the sun parakeet. Very little is known about its breeding behaviour, but in common with most parrots, it is probably monogamous, pairing with a single partner throughout its breeding life (6). Breeding takes place in February, and a nest is constructed in a cavity of a palm tree. Around three to four eggs are laid, and incubated by the female for a period of approximately one month. The young chicks will remain in the nest for around eight weeks before fledging (7).Top
Sun parakeet range
The sun parakeet is largely found in central Guyana, and Roraima state in Brazil. The species may also be found in extreme south-eastern Venezuela, near the Brazilian border, but has probably been extirpated from Suriname and French Guiana (5).Top
Sun parakeet habitatTop
Sun parakeet statusTop
Sun parakeet threats
Abundant throughout its range until the 1970s, the intensive trapping of wild birds for the pet trade, caused a rapid reduction in population size. Consequently, the sun parakeet is now rare or absent in much of its former range, with an estimated 1,000 to 2,500 wild birds remaining (5). Guyana removed an annual quota of 600 birds from the wild in the 1980s, while around 2,200 birds were exported to the United States alone between 1981 and 1985 (2) (5). The trade in parrots is notoriously popular in Brazilian markets, and although the number of traded wild sun parakeets is unknown, it is likely to be very high (7). Birds are easily captured using seed bait, and whole flocks can be extirpated from an area very easily. The sun parakeet is also threatened by habitat conversion for agriculture and live stock overgrazing, but the severity of these threats have not yet been evaluated (5).Top
Sun parakeet conservation
The sun parakeet is currently listed on Appendix II of CITES meaning international trade must be regulated and requires export permits (3). However, it has been proposed that the species is upgraded to Appendix I due to the severe detrimental impact of trade on wild populations (5). This would result in the prohibition of international trade in the species, excluding exceptional circumstances, such as scientific research (3). Further proposed conservation measures include, working with the indigenous inhabitants of the Terra Indigena Raposa Serra do Sol and the Amerindian community in Karasabai village, to prevent the trapping of wild birds, and to protect sun parakeet habitat. Further surveys are also required to identify the full extent of the species' range, and to evaluate the impact of habitat loss and conversion (5).Top
Find out more
For more information on the sun parakeet, see:
For more information on this and other bird species please see:
This information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. If you are able to help please contact:
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There are those learners that need to physically see the words and find them represented in meaningful ways to help them understand the song best. This learning style depends on concrete representation of words activities to help them connect with the songs.
Affiliate links are used in this post.
Concrete Representation of Words
Activities for Singing Time
1. Action words
Come up with simple actions to represent keywords throughout the song. Meaningful and strong actions that form a sort of "dance" as you sing through the song can create a really powerful link to the words that will make them easier to remember!
This is one of my very favorite singing time activities that I do almost without thinking about it anymore as I "lead" the song with actions.
2. Eraser Pass
Offer a series of options for the keywords in the song. Then, the children can come up to either erase or cross out words that aren't correct as the rest of the Primary sings through the song.
3. Concentration Match Game
Put letters, numbers, colors, or words up on the board. Children will pick a number and that card will be removed, showing one piece of the picture.
The group will try to guess what the picture is below. See our Baptism Concentration Game activity to see some easy ways to add challenges to this game and even more interaction with the puzzle!
4. Choose the Missing Word
Use symbols to represent missing words and make it a logic puzzle and word problem in one! This fun and simple swap on filling in the blanks you'll see below adds an interesting twist and a fun excuse to add some hand actions or rhythm patterns while you're at it!
See how we pulled it all together in this Missing Words lesson plan for Choose the Right Way.
This oh-so-simple idea is actually a ton of fun! It's a great challenge for the older kids to have them pay close attention to the words as they'll need to fill-in the missing blank words!
Plus, it's easy to adapt for younger children by adding pictures for the blanks, like we did in this fun Pick a Picture activity for Tell me the Stories of Jesus!
6. Foreign Language
Get creative with words by adding in a whole new language! Learning a different language can actually help make meaningful connections with the original words.
They'll form connections that link the words meanings and their small differences in definitions that add new insights to the words! American Sign Language is always a favorite, but other languages can be fun, too! Here's a few to try:
- American Sign Language
7. Puzzle Letter/Words
Create a puzzle out of the individual letters or words! This works perfectly as a small group activity or you could make one up for each child if you have a small group.
I created a simple word puzzle game for I Know My Father Lives that we'll be doing this year!
8. Scrambled Words
Scrambling up words up on the board is a great way to review a variety of songs! Simply scramble up the song title or even the a key phrase from the song for a harder challenge.
Number the songs or write them in a different color and then have the children pick a number/color and try to tell you the correct title or phrase! Then, sing through the song together. Here's some examples:
- Sejus em lveso sethgemaen (song phrase from Gethsemane)
- I nokw ym Fthare iLevs (I Know My Father Lives – Song title)
- was the Christ when earth on (first line from The Holy Ghost)
9. Unscramble word strips
Cut up those basic black and white flip charts to create an engaging puzzle game! In small groups, the children can try to put the lyrics in order. This is harder than it sounds and will create some strong singers out of the group as you repeat the song over and over while they unscramble.
Extend the activity with a fun popcorn singing affect like we did with the If the Savior Stood Beside Me Unscramble activity.
10. "Hangman" Blanks
Pick out one keyword at a time. Write a small line for each letter of the word up on the board creating your blanks. Have the kids guess letters until they can guess the word.
Add the next keyword until they have enough words to be able to guess the song! This is the perfect no-prep backup idea every Primary Music Leader needs in their back pocket!!
11. Word Search
Make a custom word searching using the keywords from the songs you're learning! They kids will love searching for the keywords while you learn and sing through the song.
Plus, it will lend to easily adding in some movement and skip singing through the song, see what I mean in the Search, Ponder and Pray Word Search activity!
12. Crossword Puzzle
Bring it all back to another classic word game with a crossword puzzle! This will be a fun way to talk about the keywords in the song while having an interactive game, and maybe even a little competition!
Then, have the kids sing only the keywords from the crossword in the song, skipping all the other filler words. This type of activity is also perfect for in the home or church classroom setting!
More Learning Style Activities
This is the second to last post in our 8-post series on teaching by learning styles! The next post will be our final one and will share ideas on using Spiritual Connections in your Singing Time activities!
You can also head back to the previous post on Visual Intrigue Activities!
You can see all our posts that use Representation of Words Activities under this category landing page.
Grab the free printable Song Planner Worksheet to make planning engaging activities a cinch — here!
What other concrete word activities do you use in Singing Time?


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A free rider is someone who "rides for free" in economics: he benefits for something without paying for it. An example is the sailor who benefits from a lighthouse built by someone else.
A lighthouse and national defense are examples of public goods. The market would not provide those goods as it would be unable to charge a price to all users/consumers. It would be both unprofitable and impractical to attempt to do so. They suffer from what is known as the free rider problem.
The free-rider problem is often cited in economics as justification for taxes in order to compel most people to share the costs for public goods such as national defense or public education.
In fact, conservative economists have increasingly challenged whether the free rider problem really exists. Studies on the historical building of lighthouses reveal misconceptions about the economics of that issue, and the public expense of public schools have far outweighed their benefits.


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Nuclear Engineering Program
The Bachelor of Science (BS) program in Nuclear Engineering (NE) is accredited by the Engineering Accreditation Commission of ABET, _URL_.
The mission of the Nuclear Engineering program at Idaho State is to produce nuclear engineers who will make significant contributions to the world nuclear enterprise. The specific focus of our mission is to prepare graduates to excel in a wide range of careers in nuclear engineering associated with nuclear reactors, the nuclear fuel cycle, and other applications of nuclear technology.
Program Educational Objectives - Nuclear Engineering
- Our graduates will be active in the nuclear industry or related fields, making contributions to its advancement, either in industry, research, or academics.
- Our graduates will have a record of accomplishment in the nuclear industry.
- Our graduates will engage in lifelong learning, keeping abreast of advancements in their fields.
Upon graduation, students of Nuclear Engineering will have demonstrated:
- An ability to apply knowledge of advanced mathematics, science and engineering, including atomic and nuclear physics, and the transport and interaction of radiation with matter, to nuclear and radiological systems and processes.
- An ability to design and conduct experiments, to measure nuclear and radiation processes, as well as to analyze and interpret data.
- An ability to perform nuclear engineering design of systems, components, or processes to meet desired needs within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, health and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability.
- An ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams.
- An ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems.
- An understanding of professional and ethical responsibility.
- An ability to communicate effectively.
- The broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global, economic, environmental, and societal context.
- A recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long learning.
- A knowledge of contemporary issues.
- An ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for engineering practice.
Enrollment and graduation numbers
Degrees awarded during the time periods 7/13 - 6/14:
- Nuclear Engineering BS 10
- Nuclear Science and Engineering MS 16
- Nuclear Science and Engineering PhD 3
Graduate student enrolment during same time
- Nuclear Science and Engineering MS 38
- Nuclear Science and Engineering PhD 13


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Many countries that put patronymics into practice have used the system for thousands of years. The given names were so common that it was a way in which they could more specifically identify an individual. The name Jens Hansen is like saying "Jens, son of Hans," or Klaas Jansen, "Klaas, son of Jan." There may have been more than one person of the same name even with patronymics, but at least it was a start.
Many find the Scandinavian and Dutch form of the system confusing, but by taking the name and dividing it into two parts, patronymics become easy and helpful in doing genealogical research. The first part of the name is the father's given name, which is followed by a form of the word for son or daughter in the native language as the second part.
Another aspect of the patronymic surname that may be helpful when researching in some parts of the world is that it can be easy to determine the gender of the child based on the surname given, if you are unable to determine it from record headings or the given name itself. This is especially helpful when a person is unfamiliar with given names of a country and the gender with which they are usually identified. Parish priests were not required to follow guidelines when recording names, so it is important to be careful when establishing the gender according to surname endings even before that time.
Any time you have a patronymic surname, you already have the first name of the person's father if they were legitimate, which is very helpful. Even if the child was illegitimate, some Scandinavian parish priests still recorded the name of both parents, so that problem is solved.
Most countries have ended the use of patronymics, requiring families to take a surname that is then passed on. In some countries where the government has stopped patronymic use, it is still possible to find the system continue on for another decade. During the transition period of Scandinavian countries, it is not uncommon to find given name, patronymic, and then the father's patronymic surname for a person in the records.


Patterns and Pre-Algebra
Yesterday I was able to get outside and walk around a local park. While soaking up the sun I started to notice a variety of patterns on the sides of the path. The patterns changed depending on the vegetation and location. As I searched for additional patterns I started to find more and and then looked for consistency among the sequences. I took out my phone and started taking pictures of the patterns that I saw thinking that I might use them next school year. After collecting a few I started thinking about how this connects to the math strand of algebra.
What patterns exist? What about lines of symmetry?
 How does symmetry play a role in the pattern?
Taking the pictures had me thinking of a class I had a few years ago. I remember reading a district-adopted fourth grade text that introduced pre-algebra to students as patterns and solving for the unknown. This simple kid-friendly definition was explained to elementary students in a short paragraph. After thoroughly discussing the definition of a pattern (yes, that took time), students took that definition and ran with it. They started to find patterns (number and otherwise) in and outside of the classroom. If a pattern didn't seem to exist, students would make a prediction based on the prior sequence. A completed pattern seemed to make sense and an uncompleted sequence didn't have meaning. Students started to put on their "pattern glasses" to identify sequences. Students would argue whether something was a pattern or not. I distinctly remember one student saying that to complete the pattern you need to find the missing puzzle piece. These discussions were interesting to observe as students were developing their own rules to the patterns and offering their suggestions to others.
Additional pictures and questions:
What type of pattern exists?
 What type of pattern exists? Do multiple patterns exist if you zoom in on the picture?
Photo Jun 23, 2 14 39 PM
 Would you consider this a pattern?
After uploading the pictures from the walk I started to think of how students make meaning out of patterns. This past year my students were able to find patterns in nature, use Which One Doesn't Belong, and then transition that idea to Visual Patterns. Understanding the rule or rules behind the pattern can lead to different levels of pre-algebra moving forward. It's amazing when students start to realize that there can be more than one rule to a pattern or question. Simple patterns can allow students multiple entry point to access pre-algebra concepts. Before the school year starts I'll be pondering the question below.
How do students identify patterns and does that help them become better problem solvers?
I'll leave you with one more picture:
Does this qualify as a pattern?
Does this qualify as a pattern?
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Emsculpt calves
Emsculpt calves
Calf muscles are notorious for resisting strength training exercises. That's why many people opt to Emsculpt their calves. Emsculpt is a revolutionary bodybuilding treatment. And with it, men and women can build bigger, stronger, more sculpted calves in as little as 30-minutes.
The Problem with Calves
When surveyed, bodybuilders listed calves as the most challenging muscle group to develop. And they're right. But why? First, most people believe that the shape and size of your calf muscles are genetically determined. Suppose you are born with calf muscles that consist predominately of fast twitch muscle fibers. In that case, you may have more prominent, sculpted calves. Suppose you're born with calves that are predominately slow-twitch muscle fibers (which possess half of the growth potential as fast-twitch fibers.) Then your calves may be smaller than you'd like and hard to develop.
Physiology also plays a role. Calf muscles aren't designed to respond to a workout like the muscles of the upper leg. For example, a muscle in the calf, the soleus, posses half the ability to synthesize muscle tissue as the quadriceps.
Lastly, because the calf muscles work out every time you walk, they are already developed. To make them stronger and more sculpted requires a lot of tension. This tension is hard to create in the gym.
Emsculpting Calves
Emsculpt uses electromagnetic energy to stimulate muscle tissues. During the procedure, an applicator is positioned over the targeted muscle group. The applicator delivers the electromagnetic energy into the muscle tissue below. When you Emsculpt calves, you induce 20,000 contractions in the calf muscles. These contractions are far more potent than the ones you create at the gym with calf raises.
The Small Applicator
When first introduced to the public in 2018, Emsculpt was FDA cleared for the building, strengthening, and firming of the abdomen and buttocks. According to BTL, the makers of Emsculpt, the "Small Contour Applicator [was developed] to deliver targeted treatment for smaller muscle groups, including the arms and calves."
The smaller applicator is equipped with a higher energy field and an ergonomic half-pipe design. This proprietary technology contours to the calf and isolates the applicator's energy to penetrate only the calf muscles. This avoids activating nearby antagonist muscle and ensures a more intense calf workout.
Learn more about Emsculpt >>
Emsculpt Strong, Sexy Calves
Are you ready for muscular, sculpted calves? Find out how Emsculpt can help you achieve stronger legs in 30 minutes. Schedule a free consultation with Body Morph MD to get started. As the premier Emsculpt provider in Yonkers, Body Morph MD is the preferred choice for all things body sculpting. Contact Body Morph MD online by filling out the form below or call _PHONE_. to schedule your consultation.


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"I ask anybody what IDK means, and they always say they don't know!"
IDK is a bacterial infection that causes the person affected by it to draw a blank. In later stages, it can cause dementia and even autism. These serious conditions now afflict over 75% of teenagers and 30% of adults.
Nobody knows precisely what IDK stands for.
After the invention of cell phones, which occurred early last year, IDK arose as a simple syndrome that only affected celebrities and rich people. As prices for technology dropped and cell phone use rose, IDK became an epidemic that raged through the United States, and parts of Europe and Asia. There is no known cure or vaccine for it; all the scientists who research it end up becoming infected themselves.
The disease really took off when, later the same year, industry invented the iPhone and many other radical new technologies. Were these gadgets a cause of the disease, a result of the disease, or merely a carrier? Technology consultant Paris Hilton has given the best answer: IDK.
It is naturally found on the streets of New York, on Wall Street, and wherever people must communicate constantly for their livelihood. The New York area is thought to be the true origin of IDK. Any real postulation as to the source has lead to more IDK being spread, however.
The disease is airborne, transmitted sexually as well as verbally and digitally, and spread through direct contact, making it particularly devastating to population centers. Any person in the immediate proximity of an infected individual will likely be infected very rapidly, with little hope of prevention.
- Text messaging
- Weaving in the lane out of distraction


and those of the warmest month, August, about 25 °C (77 °F). But heat waves can occur, due to African anticyclone since June. From mid-June to mid-September, rain is a rare event, reduced to some storms in the afternoon. The rainy season starts in September, but the first cold days come in December, usually the wettest month as well.
Winds are frequent, especially the mistral and sirocco; in summer days a marine sirocco breeze (called s'imbattu in the local language) lowers the temperature and the heat.
Climate data for Cagliari Elmas Airport (Elmas about 8 km northwest of Cagliari, 7 km from sea)
Average high °C (°F) 14.3
Daily mean °C (°F) 9.9
Average low °C (°F) 5.5
Rainfall mm (inches) 49.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours 136.4 139.2 186.0 213.0 269.7 288.0 334.8 310.0 246.0 198.4 147.0 127.1 2,596
Source: Servizio Meteorologico,[24] Hong Kong Observatory[25] for data of sunshine hours
According to ISTAT,[26] in 2014 there were 154,356 people residing in Cagliari (+3.0% than in 2011), of whom 71,522 were male and 82,834 were female; the sex rate was 0.86. Minors (boy and children ages 18 and younger) totalled 12.92% of the population compared to pensioners that number 24.81%. The average age of Cagliari residents is 47.44. The ratio of the population aged >65 and the minor one, under age <18, is 53.39%. The elderly >65 population in the last 10 years has increased by 21.95%. The current birth rate of Cagliari is 6.29 births per 1,000 inhabitants. The average number of any components per household is 2.11 and the percentage number of households composed by a single person is 42.53%. The population of Cagliari is structured like those of all the countries of the first world, but especially with the prevalence of the elderly population. The trend of these rates is proportionally inverse with Cagliari metropolitan areas and suburbs, where most younger families move.
In 1928, during the fascist regime, the neighboring municipalities of Pirri, Monserrato, Selargius, Quartucciu and Elmas, were merged with that of Cagliari. Mussolini's regime wanted to streamline the local administration eliminating many small towns and at the same time show that Italy was a major power with many major cities. After the war these small municipalities gradually regained their autonomy except the former town of Pirri.
The first table shows the inhabitants of the town in its present borders, the second one the commune population with the others merged municipalities.
Metropolitan area
Aeral view of part of Cagliari Metropolitan area.
The metropolitan area of Cagliari totals 464,396 inhabitants according to ISTAT,[27] a slight increase (2.4%) compared to 2011 census. It is composed of 24 municipalities along the coast of its gulf and in the inner Campidanu plain, until 20 kilometres (12 mi) inside.
It covers an area on the plain of Campidanu between large basins (Santa Gilla lagoon and salt mills of about 1,300 hectares (3,200 acres), ponds (Molentargius, 1,622 hectares (4,010 acres) and the depopulated mountains up to 1,100 metres (3,600 ft) above sea level, largely covered by forests and mostly managed by the Ente Foreste of the Autonomous Region of Sardinia, which to the west on mountains Capoterra and Pula amount to 256 square kilometres (99 sq mi) and on Monte Arcosu WWF Natural Reserve another 36 square kilometres (14 sq mi), and to the east on Mount Serpeddì and Sette Fratelli a total of 132 square kilometres (51 sq mi).
The metropolitan area is strictly statistical and does not imply any kind of administrative unity or function, even if it is fully included in the Cagliari Province. It is based on municipalities where there has been, between the last two censuses, an increasing population, in a region where the population is generally decreasing. These municipalities welcome immigrants to the urban area whose main nucleus, the city of Cagliari, has a high rate of aged population which is decreasing due to the high cost of homes, not accessible to young
In the last century, the population of the municipalities of the metropolitan area increased by 354% and in the last 50 years by 158% (1911: 128,444; 1961: 288,683; 2011: 454,819). For the whole of Sardinia this increase respectively was 88% and 15% (1911: 868,181; 1961: 1,419,362; 2011: 1,639,362). The urbanization towards the area of Cagliari was, in percentage terms, impressive, making the capital of the island a metropolis surrounded by rural areas increasingly depopulated. This urbanization is also reflected in the concentration in Cagliari of most of the economic activities and wealth.
According to 2010 data of Italian Ministry of Economy, the inhabitants of Cagliari returned an individual income tax per capita that was 127% of National average, while entire Sardinia returned only 81%. The metropolitan area returned 97% of national average. As usual, the urban area income is greater than that of boroughs or countryside but in Sardinia the occurrence is particularly acute.[28]
Cagliari is the capital city of the Autonomous Region of Sardinia. It is its administrative hub and headquarters, as well as of the regional and provincial offices of the Italian central administration. Cagliari is also the main trade and industrial center of the island, with numerous commercial sites and factories within its metropolitan boundaries.
The first department store (La Rinascente) was opened in 1931, in the center of the city, and it is still opened today. Nowadays there are many commercial centers in the metropolitan area (Le Vele, Santa Gilla, La Corte del Sole, Marconi) with most European chains of stores such as Auchan, MediaWorld, Euronics, Carrefour, Bata Shoes and others.
Cagliari is the main operational headquarters of the Banco di Sardegna, which belongs to BPER Group and is listed on the Milan Stock Exchange (BSRP), of the Banca di Cagliari and The Banca di Credito Sardo that belongs to the Intesa Sanpaolo Group.
The Macchiareddu-Grogastru area between Cagliari and Capoterra, in conjunction with a large international container terminal port at Giorgino[29] is one of the most important industrial areas of Sardinia. Cagliari also has one of the largest fish markets in Italy with a vast array of fish for sale to both the public and trade. The communications provider Tiscali has its headquarters in town, and Cagliari also has one of the biggest container terminals on the Mediterranean sea.
Multinational corporations like Coca Cola, Heineken, Unilever, Bridgestone and Eni Group have factories in town. Within its metropolitan area, at Sarroch, is one of the six oil refinery supersites in Europe, Saras.
Main sights
Considerable remains of the ancient city of Karalis are still visible, including those of the Tuvixeddu necropolis, the Roman Amphitheatre, traditionally called Is centu scalas ("One hundred steps"), and of an aqueduct, used to provide a water in which it is generally scarce. Still visible are also some ancient cisterns of vast extent, the ruins of a small circular temple, and numerous sepulchres on a hill outside the modern town, which appears to have formed the necropolis of the ancient city[30] The Amphitheatre still stages open-air operas and concerts during the summer.
San Saturnino Basilica, 5th century
The Palaeo-Christian Basilica of San Saturnino, dedicated to the martyr killed under Diocletian's reign, Saturninus of Cagliari (patron saint of the city), it was built in the 5th century. Of the original building the central part remain and the dome, to which two arms (one with a nave and two aisles) was added. A Palaeo-Christian crypt is also under the church of San Lucifero (1660), dedicated to Saint Lucifer, a bishop of the city. This has a Baroque façade with ancient columns and sculpted parts, some of which found in the nearby necropolis.
Skyline of Cagliari
The old medieval town (called Castello in Italian, Casteddu de susu in Sardinian, the upper castle) lies on top of a hill, with a view of the Gulf of Cagliari (also known as Angels Gulf). Most of its city walls are intact and include two early 14th-century white limestone towers, the Torre di San Pancrazio and the Tor


A Survey of Norse Castles in Orkney
Orkney is perhaps best known, in the context of castles, for Cubbie Roo's
castle (Figure 16.1, 1), thought to be one of the earliest stone-built keeps in Scotland. However, its relationship to other fortified buildings in the earldom, and the role of these buildings in 12th-century Orcadian society, is less well understood. Why was a stone keep built in Orkney in the mid 12th century? From where did the inspiration come? Was it exceptional or did it form part of a wider pattern of 'castle' architecture? To address these questions, Cubbie Roo's castle will be discussed in the context of 12th-century Orkney society and compared with other similar buildings, with particular emphasis on their placement. This study aims to evaluate the evidence in the context of Northern European maritime power and the recent revision of ideas of kingship and feudalism in the wider Scandinavian world.
Original languageEnglish
Title of host publicationCastles and Galleys
Subtitle of host publicationA reassessment of the historic galley-castles of the Norse-Gaelic seaways
EditorsPaula Martin
Place of PublicationLaxay
PublisherIslands Book Trust
Number of pages23
ISBN (Print)9781907443763
Publication statusPublished - 1 Aug 2017
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SoCal does not experience avalanches very often. Since 1950, at least 64 people have died in avalanches in California with 9 of those in SoCal, according to this article.
Snow avalanches can cause a significant loss of life. As a naturally occurring disaster they are unique in nature, usually being highly localized events, and often in remote areas. Their victims are often voluntarily at risk for recreation purposes and become the trigger of their own avalanche.
Avalanche forecasting seeks to safeguard recreationists in winter mountain environments using risk based decision making. Avalanche experts interpret the spatial and temporal distribution of hazards and abstractly present these in the form of a forecast. Recreationists can then use them for planning excursions into avalanche prone terrain and avoid high risk slopes that pose a hazard.
Check out this article on how Scotland looked at using GIS to make cartographic visualizations of predicted avalanche danger areas.


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Nov. 24, 2008 A team of international scientists has identified three genes associated with the body's processing of fats that may increase susceptibility to kidney cancer. The findings were presented at the American Association for Cancer Research's Seventh Annual International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research.
The researchers found that variations within three genes associated with lipid peroxidation – the process of breaking down fats and lipids when exposed to oxygen – could increase a person's risk of kidney cancer. Scientists have suspected lipid peroxidation as a unifying mechanism through which risk factors such as obesity, hypertension and smoking could damage kidney tissue and lead to kidney cancer.
"Obesity, hypertension and smoking have been the only established risk factors for kidney cancer, but they account for only 50 percent of cases," said lead author Lee E. Moore, Ph.D., M.P.H., an epidemiologist and investigator at the National Cancer Institute. "Our study suggests that common genetic variation may account for some of the increased risk in the other half of cases. This is the first and largest study of renal cell cancer to evaluate the influence of these genes."
For the study, Moore and a group of international colleagues studied blood DNA from 987 kidney cancer patients and 1,298 healthy counterparts living in Central and Eastern Europe, which have the highest rates of kidney cancer worldwide. The scientists analyzed DNA for hundreds of variations within 38 genes known to play a role in lipid peroxidation, inflammation and oxidative stress.
Variants of two genes were associated with increased risk of kidney cancer: nitric oxide synthase 2A (NOS2A), which increases levels of nitric oxide, a chemical that promotes free radical damage to cells; and prostaglandin-endoperoxide 2 (PTGS2), which produces prostaglandins, compounds that cause inflammation. Variants of a third gene, apolipoprotein E1 (ApoE1), which helps break down and remove triglycerides from the blood and liver, were associated with a reduction in risk for the disease.
Replication and fine mapping studies will be required to confirm these findings, Moore said. She is planning another study to look at these genetic variants among white and African-American kidney cancer patients in the United States.
Kidney cancer, one of the 10 most common forms of the disease, has been increasing in incidence in the United States and worldwide since the 1970s, Moore said.
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of consciousness.
For the present discussion and derivation of true quantum units, it is not necessary to identify the third kind of dimensional extent as consciousness-like, or the third form of content as consciousness itself. However, the likelihood that this is true is proposed here as a feasible hypothesis. TDVP was developed based on the hypothesis that consciousness is an integral part of reality and should be included in the equations of physics. Also, we consider TDVP a paradigm shift primarily because of the inclusion of consciousness, and if the third form is neither mass nor energy, a quantized form of the conscious substrate is the logical candidate. But many scientists regard this as very controversial, so it is for this reason that we emphasize the fact that what follows does not depend upon the hypothesis that consciousness is the third form of the stuff of reality, but primarily upon the logic of mathematical, geometrical and physical considerations
COMING INSTALLMENTS: Particle Physics, TRUE Units, and the Third Form of Reality.
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How to Care for Crocodile Skin Leather Goods
Crocodile goods are very famous as well as expensive. These goods are costly because of fine quality crocodile leather. Different things are made with this high-priced leather-like, shoes, bags, coats and violet etc. These things come with great responsibility because it is very easy to buy and wear them but on the other hand, very difficult to save them. Here are some ways to safe these products for a long time.
1. Avoid from the direct sun:
The leather of crocodile is very fine and also transformed in many ways. So after made it as a final product, it became finer and dry. If you put this product to direct sunlight then it becomes dry out. Heat will cause damage and also a loss of natural sheen. So avoid direct heat and put these things in a closet to keep them dry and good.
Crocodile goods-Crocodile handbag
2. Keep safe from rain and water:
Some leathers are able to absorb the water but others are not. If this leather absorbs water, in that case, your product could be damaged. So, avoid unnecessary water usage on it. While washing your product use excess water. The better way is to use your thing and then put it back without washing. Use a dry cloth for rubbing the surface. Also, spray and creams are coming along with these products so use them only. The skin of crocodile is already moisture so any water can cause to damage the product.
3. Keep away from harsh chemicals:
Do not use the chemical to wash these products. Use chemicals that are written in the catalog of these leather products. Do not spray any kind of perfume on it. Especially when you are wearing a jacket, take care of it while eating.
4. Do not scratch the surface:
If you get some dirt or stain on it, do not scratch it because it causes breaks in the leather and it cannot be repaired. So only clean the main area and use conditioner and let it dry.
Crocodile Leather Handbags-Orange
5. Avoid folding and pressing opposite to its real shape:
For a longer use of crocodile leather pieces, for example, if you have a leather jacket, avoid folding it tightly. Because first of all, crocodile skin is caiman skin and it has calcium stores in it that makes crocodile skin more rigid. If you start folding the skin tightly then it comes to at points where not need to be folded then it might cause damage. And the result could be more horrible like unsightly cracks or wrinkle marks.
By all means, when the client gets his custom-made crocodile skin product, he became responsible to take care of it. With the proper care of crocodile skin products, it should stay beautiful and fresh. These are always ready for use even for many years. We are sharing these general care tips and these tips are more important for the crocodile leather products. With this, you can help to extend the useful life of expensive and exotic leather goods. These tips keep the clients satisfied and coming back for more goods.


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word for neighbourhood), and the absolute maximum was 44 °C (111 °F) in February. The lowest temperature ever registered in the 21st century was 10 °C (50 °F) in Vila Militar, July 2011. Temperatures below 10 °C (50 °F) are very rare in the city. The temperature varies according to elevation, distance from the coast, and type of vegetation. Winter brings mild temperatures and less rain than in the summer.
Average annual temperature of the sea is 23–24 °C (73–75 °F), from 22 °C (72 °F) in the period July–October to 26 °C (79 °F) in February and March. The wettest and driest months tend to be December and August respectively.
|Climate data for Rio de Janeiro|
|Record high °C (°F)||43
|Average high °C (°F)||29.4
|Daily mean °C (°F)||26.2
|Average low °C (°F)||23.3
|Record low °C (°F)||18
|Rainfall mm (inches)||114.1
|Avg. rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm)||12||9||12||10||8||6||6||6||9||10||11||13||112|
|Mean monthly sunshine hours||195.3||209.1||195.3||165.0||170.5||156.0||182.9||179.8||138.0||158.1||168.0||161.2||2,079.2|
|Source #1: World Meteorological Organization (UN),Hong Kong Observatory|
|Source #2: Weatherbase (record highs and lows, humidity)|
|25 °C (77 °F)||26 °C (79 °F)||26 °C (79 °F)||25 °C (77 °F)||24 °C (75 °F)||23 °C (73 °F)||22 °C (72 °F)||22 °C (72 °F)||22 °C (72 °F)||22 °C (72 °F)||23 °C (73 °F)||25 °C (77 °F)||24 °C (75 °F)|
Europeans first encountered Guanabara Bay on January 1, 1502 (hence Rio de Janeiro, "January River"), by a Portuguese expedition under explorer Gaspar de Lemos captain of a ship in Pedro Álvares Cabral's fleet, or under Gonçalo Coelho. Allegedly the Florentine explorer Amerigo Vespucci participated as observer at the invitation of King Manuel I in the same expedition. The region of Rio was inhabited by the Tupi, Puri, Botocudo and Maxakalí peoples.
In 1555, one of the islands of Guanabara Bay, now called Villegagnon Island, was occupied by 500 French colonists under the French admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon. Consequently, Villegagnon built Fort Coligny on the island when attempting to establish the France Antarctique colony.
The city of Rio de Janeiro proper was founded by the Portuguese on March 1, 1565 and was named São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro, in honor of St. Sebastian, the saint who was the namesake and patron of the then Portuguese Monarch D. Sebastião. Rio de Janeiro was the name of Guanabara Bay. Until early in the 18th century, the city was threatened or invaded by several, mostly French, pirates and buccaneers, such as Jean-François Duclerc and René Duguay-Trouin.
In the late 17th century, still during the Sugar Era, the Bandeirantes found gold and diamonds in the neighboring captaincy of Minas Gerais, thus Rio de Janeiro became a much more practical port for exporting wealth (gold, precious stones, besides the sugar) than Salvador, Bahia, which is much farther to the northeast. And so in 1763, the colonial administration in Portuguese America was moved from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro. The city remained primarily a colonial capital until 1808, when the Portuguese royal family and most of the associated Lisbon nobles, fleeing from Napoleon's invasion of Portugal, moved to Rio de Janeiro. The kingdom's capital was transferred to the city, which, thus, became the only European capital outside of Europe. As there was no physical space or urban structure to accommodate hundreds of noblemen who arrived suddenly, many inhabitants were simply evicted from their homes. There was a large influx of African slaves to Rio de Janeiro: in 1819, there were 145,000 slaves in the captaincy. In 1840, the number of slaves reached 220,000 people.
When Prince Pedro I proclaimed the independence of Brazil in 1822, he decided to keep Rio de Janeiro as the capital of his new empire. Rio continued as the capital of Brazil after 1889, when the monarchy was replaced by a republic. Until the early years of the 20th century, the city was largely limited to the neighborhood now known as the historic Downtown business district (see below), on the mouth of Guanabara Bay. The city's center of gravity began to shift south and west to the so-called Zona Sul (South Zone) in the early part of the 20th century, when the first tunnel was built under the mountains located between Botafogo and the neighborhood now known as Copacabana. Expansion of the city to the north and south was facilitated by the consolidation and electrification of Rio's streetcar transit system after 1905. Botafogo's natural beauty, combined with the fame of the Copacabana Palace Hotel, the luxury hotel of the Americas in the 1930s, helped Rio to gain the reputation it still holds today as a beach party town (though, this reputation has been somewhat tarnished in recent years by favela violence resulting from the narcotics trade). Plans for moving the nation's capital city to the territorial centre had been occasionally discussed, and when Juscelino Kubitschek was elected president in 1955, it was partially on the strength of promises to build a new capital. Though many thought that it was just campaign rhetoric, Kubitschek managed to have Brasília built, at great cost, by 1960. On April 21 that year the capital of Brazil was officially moved from Rio de Janeiro to Brasília.
Between 1960 and 1975 Rio was a city-state under the name Guanabara State (after the bay it borders). However, for administrative and political reasons, a presidential decree known as "The Fusion" removed the city's federative status and merged it with the State of Rio de Janeiro, the territory surrounding the city whose capital was Niterói, in 1975. Even today, some Cariocas advocate the return of municipal autonomy.
The city hosted the 2007 Pan American Games and will host the 2014 FIFA World Cup final. It was announced on October 2, 2009, that Rio will host the 2016 Olympic Games, beating the finalist competitors Chicago, Tokyo, and Madrid. The city will become the first South American city to host the event and the second Latin American city (after Mexico City in 1968) to host the Games. The city will host the World Youth Day in 2013, the second World Youth Day in South America and first in Brazil.
City districts
The city is commonly divided into the historic center (Centro); the tourist-friendly wealthier South Zone (Zona Sul); the residential less wealthy North Zone (Zona Norte); peripheries in the West Zone (Zona Oeste), Santa Cruz and Campo Grande and the wealthy newer American-style Barra da Tijuca district.
Centro is the historic core of the city, as well as its financial centre. Sites of interest include the Paço Imperial, built during colonial times to serve as a residence for the Portuguese governors of Brazil; many historic churches, such as the Candelária Church, (the former cathedral), Sao Jose, Santa Lucia, Nossa Senhora do Carmo, Santa Rita, San Francisco de Paula, and the monasteries of Santo Antonio and Sao Bento. The Centro also houses the modern concrete Rio de Janeiro Cathedral. Around the Cinelândia square, there are several landmarks of the Belle Époque of Rio, such as the Municipal Theatre and the National Library building. Among its several museums, the Museu Nacional de Belas Artes (National Museum of Fine Arts) and the Museu Histórico Nacional (National Historical Museum) are the most important. Other important historical attractions in central Rio include its Passeio Público, an 18th-century public garden. Major streets include Avenida Rio Branco and Avenida Vargas, both constructed, in 1906 and 1942 respectively, by destroying large swaths of the colonial city. A number of colonial streets, such as Rua do Ouvidor and Uruguayana, have long been pedestrian spaces, and the popular Saara shopping district has been pedestrianized more recently.
South Zone
(Portuguese: Zona Sul) is composed of several districts, among which are São Conrado, Leblon, Ipanema, Arpoador, Copacabana, and Leme, which compose Rio's famous Atlantic beach coastline. Other districts in the South Zone are Glória, Catete, Flamengo, Botafogo,


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In Australia, the Easter...Bilby?
SYDNEY (Reuters) - The Easter Bunny's days as a furry seasonal icon may be numbered in Australia, as conservationists Down Under move to replace it with the Easter Bilby.
The bilby is a rare marsupial that has long ears, a long muzzle, silky fur and a pouch like a kangaroo. Males grow to about the same size as a rabbit.
But the animal is in trouble. Only some 600 are estimated to remain in the wild, and its habitat is being steadily eaten away by rabbits, which were introduced to Australia.
As a result, Mike Drinkwater, who looks after bilbies at a Sydney wildlife park, would like to make the Easter Bunny a thing of the past.
"Number one, rabbits are a pest in Australia. Secondly, the bilby has these lovely, endearing rabbit-like qualities," he said.
"Thirdly, the bilby is a beautiful, iconic native animal that is struggling. It is endangered, so it's important that we do all we can to support that."
Chocolate stores around Australia are displaying Easter Bilbies in their windows. The largest Australian-owned chocolate factory, Darrell Lea - which sponsors bilby breeding programs - questioned why anybody would want to buy an Easter Bunny when they could have an Easter Bilby instead.
The campaign appears to be catching on. Some schools have replaced their Easter bunnies with bilbies for annual egg hunts.
"Given that the bilbies have suffered so greatly due to the introduction of rabbits, it's directly linked to a very important conservation and education message," Drinkwater said.
(Reporting by Reuters Television; editing by Elaine Lies)
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Tracks of diplomacy
Traditionally, the term "diplomacy" referred to interaction between nation-states. More recently, however, scholars have delineated several levels of diplomacy. Tracks 1 and 2 are the most frequently used terms. A composite term is multitrack diplomacy.
Track 1 diplomacy: Official discussions typically involving high-level political and military leaders and focusing on cease-fires, peace talks, and treaties and other agreements.
Track 2 diplomacy: Unofficial dialogue and problem-solving activities aimed at building relationships and encouraging new thinking that can inform the official process. Track 2 activities typically involve influential academic, religious, and NGO leaders and other civil society actors who can interact more freely than high-ranking officials. Some analysts use the term track 1.5 to denote a situation in which official and non-official actors work together to resolve conflicts.
Track 3 diplomacy: People-to-people diplomacy undertaken by individuals and private groups to encourage interaction and understanding between hostile communities and involving awareness raising and empowerment within these communities. Normally focused at the grassroots level, this type of diplomacy often involves organizing meetings and conferences, generating media exposure, and political and legal advocacy for marginalized people and communities.
Multitrack diplomacy: A term for operating on several tracks simultaneously, including official and unofficial conflict resolution efforts, citizen and scientific exchanges, international business negotiations, international cultural and athletic activities, and other cooperative efforts. These efforts could be led by governments, professional organizations, businesses, churches, media, private citizens, training and educational institutes, activists, and funders.


text: The emergence of magnetic flux through the photosphere and into the outer solar atmosphere produces, amongst many other phenomena, the appearance of Ellerman bombs (EBs) in the photosphere. EBs are observed in the wings of Hα and are highly likely to be due to reconnection in the photosphere, below the chromospheric canopy. But signs of the reconnection process are also observed in several other spectral lines, typical of the chromosphere or transition region. An example are the UV bursts observed in the transition region lines of Si IV. In this work we analyse high-cadence coordinated observations between the Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope (SST) and the IRIS spacecraft in order to study the possible relationship between reconnection events at different layers in the atmosphere, and in particular, the timing history between them. High-cadence, high-resolution Hα images from the SST provide us with the positions, timings and trajectories of Ellerman bombs in an emerging flux region. Simultaneous co-aligned IRIS slit-jaw images at 2796Å, 1400Å and 1330Å and detailed Mg II and Si IV spectra from the fast spectrograph raster allow us to study the possible chromospheric/transition region counterparts of those photospheric Ellerman bombs. Our main goal is to study whether there is a temporal and spatial relationship between the appearance of an EB and the appearance of a UV burst.


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Preparing for a Career in Woodstock's Emergency Dispatch Centers
In Woodstock, it is the city governments that supervise of the working with procedure of 911 dispatchers. This is why there are variations in the minimum requirements essential to qualify as a 911 dispatcher. Although there is an accreditation requirement that will be administered by all city government, the choice regarding which sort of accreditation will be various.
Training requirements for 911 dispatchers will differ throughout the state. This is since city government is in charge of the working with procedure. Requirements are frequently part of a post-hire curriculum, although prospects who already have experience with any of the following may have a benefit over their competitors throughout the employing process:.
- Accreditation dealing with the National Crime Information Center (NCIC)
- Law Information Network of Kentucky (LINK) Certification
- Emergency Medical Dispatch Certification
- Police Dispatching Certification
- Fire Dispatch Certification
- Innovation Training:
- Computer Aided Dispatch
- GPS Mapping
- Authorities Radio Dispatch
Educational Options for Emergency Dispatch Personnel In Woodstock
Aside form necessary 911 operator training, prospects ought to think about getting a college degree also – since a degree is perceived as the nest way to prepare yourself for a 911 dispatcher position. There is a typical annual job growth rate of one percent in the next years leading up to 2020, which means that the competitive nature of this field will only become more competitive.
A college degree in any of the following majors are directly appropriate to anybody wishing to become a 911 dispatcher:
- Emergency Management
- Public Safety
- Bad guy Justice
- Fire Science
- Homeland Security
Woodstock Job Outlook
Woodstock is another state which has a criminal activity rate higher than the national average– particularly in regards to violent criminal offenses such and home criminal offenses such as; murder, rape, theft and theft. This is why Woodstock is ranked 38th on the United States Crime Index. Other problems concerning crimes come in the type kidnappings, drug smuggling, and human trafficking. In combination with vehicle accidents, and other unforeseen accidents, Woodstock emergency agencies are always in alarming need for skilled 911 dispatchers.
Appropriate training and experience is crucial for anyone who desires to enter this occupation. Dispatchers have to be composed and professional at all times in order to be able to correctly assist callers.
The day-to-day grind of 911 dispatchers in Woodstock may have its sets of obstacles, however it is among the most fulfilling jobs. Due to some of those obstacles, college graduates make for some of the most preferable dispatchers, considering that they are thought about to be finest equipped (mentally and mentally). The majority of callers will be distressed as well as terrified for their life. If the dispatcher slips up, this could just aggravate such scenarios. Dispatchers are essentially put in charge of caller's lives.
911 Operator Career Requirements In Woodstock
The requirements to become a 911 dispatcher in Woodstock are:
- Must type 35 wpm and pass an evaluation.
- Must finish Emergency Medical Dispatcher certification (EMD) within 3 months of hire.
- Must finish Emergency Fire Dispatcher accreditation (EFD) within 3 months of hire.
- Must become CPR accredited by the American Red Cross within 3 months of hire.
Candidates interested in becoming part of the emergency reaction team should attempt to familiarize themselves with the regional, nationwide, and international companies in charge of all the 911 dispatchers companies. A few of these companies are:
- The Woodstock APCO. The Woodstock APCO works to collaborate and modernize emergency communications throughout the state.
- The National Emergency Number Association. This group works to coordinate and improve emergency interactions across the nation, consisting of making emergency dial services readily available from voice over IP and remote mobile phone.
- The International Academies of Emergency Dispatch. The IAED works to bring the innovation of emergency dial to countries throughout the world, and push for worldwide standards.


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What is ESG?
ESG stands for Environmental, Social, and Governance: three crucial criteria considered by socially conscious investors to screen investments that are most likely to outperform in the future, while being consistent with their own values.
Environmental criteria refers to a company's focus and direction towards the environment, including Net Zero policies, for example.
Social criteria examine how the workplace deals with ethics, diversity, inclusion with employees, suppliers, customers, and the communities where it operates.
Governance is about a company's leadership, Board of Directors, executive pay, audits, internal controls, and shareholder rights.
What is an ESG Rating?
An ESG rating evaluates a company's commitment when it comes to environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues, and how proactively the company manages ESG issues that are most relevant to its business.
ESG ratings are issued by both commercial and nonprofit organizations to assess how corporate statements, performance and business models comply with sustainability goals. They are mainly provided to investment firms and private investors to assess companies in their funds or portfolios.
An ESG rating measures a company's resilience to long-term environmental, social, and governance risks. Issues such as energy efficiency, worker safety, and board independence certainly have financial implications, but they are often underrated during traditional financial reviews. Using ESG ratings to complete the financial analysis allows investors to get a more accurate perspective on a company's long-term potential.
What is the difference between rating and ranking in research?
The difference is quite simple: in a rating you need to compare different items using a common scale (e.g., "Please rate each of the following items on a scale of 1-10, where 1 is 'not at all important' and 10 is 'very important'") while in a ranking you need to compare different items directly to one another (e.g., "Please rank each of the following items in order of importance, from the #1 most important item through the #10 least important item").
In fact, a rating scale is a closed-ended scale that allows respondents to evaluate multiple variables on a single scale. On the contrary, a ranking scale is a close-ended scale that allows respondents to score multiple row items in relation to one column item or a question in a ranking survey and then rank the row items.
A rating scale question allows you to measure strength of response, while a ranking scale question allows you to see at the glance the priority of the different options. In order to get the most powerful insights, you should in fact use both.
How Artificial Intelligence can help you with ESG
Thanks to the application of Artificial Intelligence, FinScience offers companies an integrated and modular approach to calculate the ESG scoring, combining internal and traditional data with alternative data: external data generated online, which helps to frame the company's reputation. FinScience's Alternative ESG Score assesses corporate sustainability according to each of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the UN 2030 Agenda.
Not only does this solution provide constant and timely updates, it also supports each company in the last yet most crucial step of the process: communicating its ESG Scoring outside the company, so that all the stakeholders can actually perceive the value and the impact of your ESG commitment.


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Easter in Russia is one of the most important Russian holidays. The Russian Orthodox Church celebrates Easter according to the Orthodox calendar, and it can occur in April or May. Like many countries in Eastern Europe, Russians celebrate Easter with decorated eggs and special foods and customs.
The Russian Easter egg tradition dates back to pre-Christian times when people saw eggs as fertility symbols and as devices of protection. When Orthodoxy was adopted, eggs took on Christian symbolism. One example of this is how red eggs symbolize the blood of Christ. (Read more about red in Russian culture
Russians celebrate Easter with an Easter breakfast or Easter meal. Russian Easter foods include kulich (Russian Easter bread), paskha (a dish made from cheese and other ingredients, usually formed into the shape of a pyramid), eggs, and other foods. Sometimes the food is blessed by the church before being eaten. Other traditions accompany the consumption of Russian Easter foods. Eggs may be cracked with nails as a reminder of Christ. Additionally, one egg may be cut into pieces - one piece for each family member at the Easter table.
The Russian Easter service may be attended even by those families that do not regularly attend church. Russian Easter service is held Saturday evening. Midnight serves as the high point of the service, at which point bells are rung and the priest says, "Christ is risen!" The congregation replies with, "He is truly risen!"


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Most important factor affecting drag is frontal area. Almost all frontal area of the engine pod is the intake and it has to have the size it does to collect the air the engine needs. So there is not so much drag to be saved.
Beside that, embedding the engine in wing roots like De Havilland Comet did has many disadvantages, most of which also apply to the central engine of three-engined jets (B727, DC-10):
- The wing root carries the weight of the aircraft, so weakening it by embedding the engine is design and construction complication.
- Access for maintenance is difficult. Engines need a lot of maintenance and sometimes need to be replaced.
- Uncontained failure is more dangerous (see UA232).
- There is not much structure to damp vibration, so it is awfully noisy.
- And last but not least, modern high-bypass turbofans are huge. They would not fit in the wing anyway.
And reasons for not attaching the engines directly to the fuselage or wing are already mentined in Why do we use pylons to mount the engines on jetliners?. Mainly, the inlet needs:
- Free space around it from which it can draw air at slow speed.
- Free space around it to which it can spill the excess air at high speed.
And the engines mounted forward of wing actually improve the distribution of cross-sectional area according to the Whitcomb area rule and they dampen flutter, so the wing can be slightly less stiff and thus slightly lighter.


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WHITEFISH CREEK. Whitefish Creek rises near Alanreed in southern Gray County (at 39°12' N, 100°47' W) and flows southeast for twenty-two miles to its mouth on the Salt Fork of the Red River, in eastern Donley County (at 34°60' N, 100°36' W). In 1879 Whitefish Creek and its tributaries were occupied by the Quarter Circle Heart Ranch, but in 1880 Alfred Rowe added them to his RO Ranch. The area is flat to rolling with local escarpments. The soils are deep, fine, sandy loams that support hardwood forests, brush, and grasses at the head. The creek later reaches a flat area with local shallow depressions, where clay and sandy loam soils support water-tolerant hardwoods, conifers, and grasses.
Pauline D. and R. L. Robertson, Cowman's Country: Fifty Frontier Ranches in the Texas Panhandle, 1876–1887 (Amarillo: Paramount, 1981). Pauline D. and R. L. Robertson, Panhandle Pilgrimage: Illustrated Tales Tracing History in the Texas Panhandle (Canyon, Texas: Staked Plains, 1976; 2d ed., Amarillo: Paramount, 1978).
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article."WHITEFISH CREEK," Handbook of Texas Online (_URL_ accessed June 16, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.


On Racism in Scandinavia
You are probably sitting at home and watching things unfold in The States with wide-eyed disbelief and wondering at the extent of racism being displayed in public spaces. Let me disabuse you. Institutionalized and systemic racism exists everywhere. Systematic discrimination has become normalized to varying degrees everywhere. In many countries, especially those in Western Europe and Scandinavia, it is not visible to the naked eye, hence it is harder to identify and crack down upon. It is best understood as an invisible wall coupled with a reinforced glass ceiling that you cannot pin down. But it is there, everpresent and we have run into it more times than we care to admit.
Continue reading "On Racism in Scandinavia"