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The Brodie helmet, called Helmet, steel, Mark I helmet in Britain and the M1917 Helmet in the U.S., was a steel combat helmet designed and patented in 1915 by the Briton John Leopold Brodie. Colloquially, it was also called the shrapnel helmet, Tommy helmet, Tin Hat, and in the United States the doughboy helmet. It was also known as the dishpan hat, tin pan hat, washbasin, battle bowler (when worn by officers) and Kelly helmet. The US version, the M1917, was copied from the British Mk 1 steel helmet of 1916. The Germans called it the Salatschüssel (salad bowl).
During the first year of World War I, none of the combatants offered steel helmets to their troops. The soldiers of most nations went into battle wearing simple cloth caps that offered no protection from modern weapons. German troops wore the traditional leather Pickelhaube, also of little protective value.
The huge number of lethal head wounds that modern weapons were inflicting upon the French Army led them to introduce the first of the modern steel helmets in the summer of 1915. The first French helmets were bowl-shaped steel "skullcaps" worn under the cloth caps. However, these rudimentary helmets were soon replaced by the Model 1915 Adrian helmet, designed by August-Louis Adrian. The idea was later adopted by numerous other combatant nations.
At about the same time, the British War Office had also seen a similar need for steel helmets. The War Office Invention Department was asked to evaluate the French design but they decided that it was not strong enough and was too complex to be swiftly manufactured—the British industry was not geared up to an all-out effort of war production in the initial stages of World War I, which also led to the shell shortage of 1915.
A design patented in 1915 by John L. Brodie of London offered advantages over the French design as it was constructed from a single piece that could be pressed from a single thick sheet of steel, giving it added strength.
Brodie's design resembled the medieval infantry kettle hat or chapel-de-fer, unlike the German Stahlhelm, which resembled the medieval sallet. It had a shallow circular crown with a wide brim around the edge, a leather liner, and a leather chinstrap. The helmet's "soup bowl" shape was originally designed to protect the wearer's head and shoulders from Shrapnel shell projectiles bursting from above. The shallow bowl design allowed the use of relatively thick steel that could be formed in a single pressing while maintaining the helmet's thickness. Although this made it more resistant to projectiles, the design offered less protection to the lower part of the head and neck than other designs.
The original design (Type A) was made of mild steel with a brim 1.5 to 2 inches wide. The Type A was in production for just a few weeks before the specification was changed and the Type B was introduced in October 1915. The specification was altered at the suggestion of Sir Robert Hadfield to a harder steel with 12% manganese content, which became known as "Hadfield's steel", which was virtually impervious to shrapnel balls, provided they impacted from above. Ballistically this increased protection for the wearer by 10 percent, and could withstand a.45 caliber pistol bullet traveling at 600 feet per second fired at a distance of 10 feet. It also had a narrower brim and a more domed crown.
The original paint scheme, suggested by Brodie, was a mottled light green, blue, and orange camouflage, but they were also painted in green or blue-grey.
That same month the first delivery of the helmets was made to British Army troops. Initially, there were far from enough helmets to equip every man, so they were designated as "trench stores", to be kept in the front line and used by each unit that occupied the sector. It was not until the summer of 1916, when the first one million helmets had been produced, that they could be generally issued.
The Brodie helmet reduced casualties, but was criticized by General Herbert Plumer on the grounds that it was too shallow, too reflective, its rim was too sharp, and its lining was too slippery. These criticisms were addressed in the Mark I model helmet of 1916, which had a separate folded rim, a two-part liner, and matte khaki paint finished with sand, sawdust, or crushed cork to give a dull, non-reflective appearance. In 1917 the liner was modified to include a rubber cushion to make it more comfortable, although this was not adopted for the M1917. Helmets were often painted with unit insignia towards the end of the war, and are often called "parade helmets" by collectors.
The weight of a Mark I helmet was approximately 1.3 pounds (0.59 kg).
It was first used in battle in April 1916 at the Battle of St Eloi. Troops from other countries also used the Brodie helmet, including the United States Armed Forces when they began to deploy in France late in 1917. The United States government initially purchased some 400,000 helmets from Britain. From January 1918 the U.S. Army began to use helmets manufactured in the U.S. and these helmets were designated M1917. The steel helmet was known to the troops as a "tin hat", or, for the officers, a "battle bowler" (from bowler hat).
By the end of the war some 7.5 million Brodie helmets had been produced, including 1.5 million M1917 helmets for use by American forces.
Post World War I
From 1936 the Mark I Brodie helmet was fitted with an improved liner and an elasticated (actually, sprung) webbing chin strap. This final variant served until late 1940 when it was superseded by the slightly modified Mk II, which served the British and Commonwealth forces throughout World War II. Several Commonwealth nations, such as Australia, New Zealand, Canada and South Africa, produced their own versions of the MK II, which can be distinguished from those made in Britain. During this period, the helmet was also used by the police, the fire brigade and ARP wardens in Britain. The helmets for the ARP wardens came in two principle variations, black with a white "W" for wardens and white with a black "W" for Chief Wardens, however numerous different patterns were used. A civilian pattern was also available for private purchase, known as the Zuckerman helmet, which was a little deeper, but made from ordinary mild steel.
In 1944, the British replaced it with a significantly modified design known as the Mk III "Turtle" helmet.
The U.S. Army used the basic Brodie-patterned M1917 helmet until 1942 with some modifications, which included a totally new liner and canvas chin strap. It was finally superseded by the M1 Helmet in 1942.
- Helmet M-1917
- Military Trader
- Military headgears
- Heaumes Page
- Dunstan, Simon; Ron Volstad (1984). Flak Jackets: 20th Century Military Body Armour. London: Osprey Publishing. p. 5. ISBN 0-85045-569-3.
- Index CEF Helmets
- Bull, Stephen; Adam Hook (2002). World War I Trench Warfare (1): 1914–16. Oxford; New York: Osprey Publishing. pp. 10–11. ISBN 1-84176-197-4.
- Sheffield, Gary (2007). War on the Western Front: In the Trenches of World War I. Oxford; New York: Osprey Publishing. p. 227. ISBN 1-84603-210-5.
- Helmet M1917
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Brodie helmets|


Surviving Stalin, Hitler and White Australia
Fear and ignorance are a poor basis for making any kind of decision, including the decision we make at the ballot box on election day. In this posting I will tell the story of my grandmother, a Ukrainian peasant girl who survived the evil crimes of Stalin and Hitler to find a home amidst the racial intolerance of white Australia. She knew the real meaning of fear and rose above it.
This is a story about my Baba ("grandmother" in Ukrainian). Baba was born in 1924 and grew up in a small rural village outside of Lvov, a city in the ethnically Ukrainian region on Galicia. Today, Lvov lies within the state of Ukraine but during the 1920's Galicia was part of Poland, having been seized from the crumbling Czarist Russian empire and defended from the Bolsheviks during the Russian civil war of 1917-21. During the civil war, nearly 1.5 million Ukrainians died as a result of the fighting and the subsequent famine of 1921. It was in the ruins of Polish Ukraine that my grandmother was born and grew up.
Baba grew up in a peasant family, which, like most in the region, made a meagre living as subsistence farmers. Her mother died when she was ten years old and her father re-married to a spiteful woman who showed Baba little love or favour. Baba's childhood was difficult, but her favourite childhood memory was of the family's cow, "Sophie", which she used to tend and milk daily. The family also had an old army horse, which would start marching whenever it heard music.
Push Factors: Stalin and Hitler
If Baba's childhood was difficult, her teenage years were to be a nightmare. In September 1939 the German army invaded Poland, leading to the infamous non-aggression pact between Hitler and Stalin in which Germany and the USSR divided Poland between themselves. As a consequence of the treaty, Galicia was annexed by the Soviet Union and my Baba became a subject of Joseph Stalin's totalitarian regime.
In the decade leading up to 1939, the Soviet portion of Ukraine had been devastated by the Ukrainian Famine of 1932-33 and Stalin's Great Terror. The Ukrainian famine of 1932-33 resulted directly from the Soviet policy of forcefully expropriating farmland from the peasantry to form vast collective farms, began in 1929. The labourers on the collective farms, the peasants who formerly subsisted off that land were not allowed any farm produce until the state quotas were met. Anyone caught taking grain from a collective farm was either imprisoned in a gulag or executed. Collectivisation had a disastrous effect on agricultural productivity, which, combined with impossibly high state quotas, drove up to seven million people to starvation.
The Great Terror of 1936-38 was fuelled by Stalin's political paranoia, in which he orchestrated a wholesale purge of the Communist Party, government officials and the Red Army officer core, along with violent persecution of the intelligentsia, the peasantry and any other unaffiliated persons identified as "saboteurs" against the Soviet state. Scholars estimate that between 600,000 and 1.5 million people died at the hands of Stalin's regime during this period.
Baba remembers the day in 1939 when the Soviet troops came to her village and seized their farm. All their produce, animals and equipment were taken away, forcing them to become proletarian slaves on a collective farm—a vast agricultural factory.
It wasn't long before Baba was to suffer a new hell. In June 1941 Hitler broke his non-aggression treaty with Stalin and sent his army to invade the Soviet Union. With so many young men fighting in the army, Germany needed labourers to man their industrial and agricultural machine. The Nazi regime gathered up to 5.5 million Ostarbeiters (German: "eastern workers") from across eastern Europe to work as slaves in German factories and farms. Like many Ukrainians from Galicia, Baba was one of them.
The Nazi army took one person from each local family to to labour back in Germany. Baba chose to go in place of her aging father and her younger brother, who was only ten years old. She was 16 years old at the time.
Baba was taken to a forced labour camp in a town called Siegen, approximately 50 km east of Cologne, where she was forced to manufacture bullets. She was required to make 22,000 bullets per day and she was not allowed to return to her boarding house until this daily quota was fulfilled. To this day, she suffers arthritis in her knee from pushing the pedal that powered the lathe on which she machined ammunition. Like all the Ostarbeiter workers, she was forced to wear a dark blue badge with the word "OST" printed in white to signify her status. The German overseers would call here a "schmutzigen hund"—a dirty dog.
She did, however, strike up a covert friendship with the manager of her factory, who ocassionally seconded her to help his wife with house chores at his home. The manager,"Heir Claude" (Mr Claude) and his wife were struggling with the loss of their only son, killed on the eastern front fighting the Soviets. Heir Claude told Baba that he had to abuse the Ostarbeiter workers on the factory floor or the SS (German secret police) would have him incarcerated. Heir Claude and his wife were kind to Baba, smuggling her food and old clothes.
The munitions factories staffed by Ostarbeiter workers were prime targets for allied bombing runs. Baba recounted how the dreaded hum of the fleets of allied bombers could be heard for hours before the bombs would start raining down. That expectant drone of impending doom struck terror into the hearts of those on the ground. Many Ostarbeiters lost their lives in those bombing raids. Baba was lucky.
As the war neared its end, Baba remembers a chance encounter with two strange men who spoke an unusual accented German. It turned out they were American paratroopers on a reconnaisance mission behind the German lines. Not long afterward the US army arrived in Cologne and Baba's ordeal as a slave labourer was over.
After the liberation of Cologne, Ostarbeiter men from a nearby factory were moved into Baba's all-female camp. It was here that Baba met my Gido ("grandfather" in Ukrainian) and after a brief courtship of a month, they were married in the camp by a US army chaplain in May 1945. My uncle Michael was born a year later, one of a whole cohort of Ukrainian children born and conceived in the resettlement camps in the aftermath of the war.
All of Europe lay in ruins at the conclusion of the war—governments extinguished, infrastructure destroyed, no social services, millions of displaced people, millions of people dead. The survivors of this calamity were left with limited, difficult and uncertain choices about how to pick up the pieces of their lives.
As displaced persons, Baba and Gido were processed for resettlement or repatriation to their country of origin. The likely fate of Ostarbeiters upon repatriation to the USSR was incarceration in one of many Siberian gulags (concentration camps). Stalin harboured a great distrust of Ukrainians after some had fought with the German armyagainst the Soviets during the war. Gido had been part of anSoviet resistance group in his home town prior to his capture by the Germans. He feared for his life if he had been forced to return to the USSR (even as late as 1974, Gido chose not to accompany Baba on a trip back to Ukraine out of fear that he would be incarcerated by the Soviet police for his anti-Soviet activities during the 1930s).
Baba and Gido had to hide from special Soviet brigades who were instructed to search the resettlement camps and forcibly repatriate Ostarbeiters to the USSR. The American staffer who processed Baba and Gido's resettlement application instructed them to register as Poles rather than Ukrainians, and offered them the option of immigrating to Canada, the United States or Australia. Gido wanted to go to America, but Baba chose Australia. Not surprisingly, she won the argument.
Once their application had been processed, Baba and Gido were housed in an abandoned building, formerly a meeting hall for the local Hitler Yungend (Hitler Youth). The Hitler Yungend were a warped equivalent of the boy scout movement in which German teenagers were indoctrinated into the Nazi myths of Aryan supremacy and anti-Semitism. Yet Baba and Gido were able to turn this shrine of hate into a home. Gido was a skilled craftsman and he built furniture for the dwelling and as a qualified shoe maker, made shoes which he bartered for food and other consumables.
At one point Baba and Gido offered a room to Heir Claude and his wife, Baba's former overseer. Heir Claude had lost his job in the factory and all the privileges that came with membership in the now defunct Nazi Party. Baba repaid the kindness of Heir Claude and his wife by taking them in. When it came time for Baba and Gido to leave, they gave Heir Claude the home they had refurbished from that old bastion of Nazi hatred.
…In the Footsteps of Us All
Baba and Gido's long journey to a new


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Walk and charge your mobile or laptop for free.See on Scoop.it - Web of Things
Piezoelectric can generate voltages can generate voltages up to 1.26volt and can produce or even higher voltages. This is a key step to designing technology that will be useful in the near future. Every move you make every step you can generate electricity. The power output could quickly jump high enough to power laptop and cell phones.
See on techgyo.com

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Slow movement resistance training increases muscle thickness and strengthPosted on Tuesday, 8 January, 2013 by anthony
Recent research has provided further evidence for the support of slow movement repetitions for muscle building. In this study older men and women performed low intensity (50% of 1 rep max) resistance exercises (leg extensions and flexion) to working the quadriceps and hamstring muscle groups. One group completed the repetitions at a normal speed (1-second concentric phase [lifting phase], 1-second eccentric phase [lowering phase] and 1-second rest between each repetition) whilst the experimental group completed the repetitions at a much slower speed (3-second concentric phase, 3-second eccentric phase, and 1-second isometric with no rest between the repetitions).
The effect of slow movement resistance training on muscle size and strength
The researchers found that whilst both groups increased strength it was only the slow repetition group that showed significant increases in thigh muscle thickness. Therefore, for older individuals the combination of low intensity resistance exercise (i.e. 50% of 1RM) with slow movement speed (3-second concentric and eccentric with 1-second isometrics) appears to effective for muscle building.
Watanabe Y, Tanimoto M, Ohgane A, Sanada K, Miyachi M, Ishii N. (2013) Increased muscle size and strength from slow-movement, low-intensity resistance exercise and tonic force generation. J Aging Phys Act. 2013 Jan;21(1):71-84.Back to Muscle Building News

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


From Q
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A NET is a combination of categories on a Categorical Question. A NET is always computed in the same way: it represents the proportion of respondents (i.e., cases) to have selected one or more of the categories and have no missing data.
NET with mutually exclusive categories
With mutually exclusive categories, such as gender, a NET is the sum of categories: 51% males + 49% females = 100% NET. Thus, with Pick One and Pick One - Multi questions, a NET is in essence a total.
NET with categories that are not mutually exclusive
The following table shows awareness data, where people were permitted to be aware of 1 or more brands (it is a Pick Any question). Note that the NET here is not a total. Where the categories overlap, the NET will always be less than or equal to the sum of the categories, except where there is missing data (this is discussed in more detail below).
NET with categories that are not exhaustive
A NET is only 100% if the categories it represents are exhaustive. The example below shows ages of children in families. The NET is not the sum of the categories above, because people can have more than one child. And, it is not 100% because people in the sample have no children.
See NET is not 100% for a discussion of options when you wish to force the NET to be 100%.
NET with missing data
Cases with any missing data are excluded from the NET. In the table on the left, all the brands have a sample size of 327 except for Pepsi Light, which has a sample size of 314 due to 13 cases with missing data (i.e., Missing n). In this example, the NET is computed using only the 314 cases that have complete data (i.e., Pepsi Light and all the other brands).
In the table to the right many of the brands have missing data, and as a total of 21 cases have some missing data, the Base n used in computation of the NET is 306.
By definition the Base n for the NET must always be less than or equal to the smallest Base n shown in a SUMMARY table. For the same reason, the Column n shown for the NET row in a crosstab and shown in Statistics - Below must always less than or equal to the smallest Column n in that column.
See Column n Is Too Small for a discussion of options when you wish to display a different sample size.
Creating a NET
NETs are automatically created when a project is setup in in Q. Further NETs can be created by selecting multiple categories, right clicking and selecting Create NET (see Manipulating Data).
The NETs that are automatically created (i.e., which, by default, are shown at the base and to the right of tables) are no different to NETs that are manually created using Create NET.
See also


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Neural network-based sensorless direct power control of permanent magnet synchronous motor
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, 2016
In this paper, a sensorless permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive was presented based on direct power control (DPC) technique. To estimate the rotor's position and speed of PMSM, a drastic sensorless strategy was developed according to artificial neural network (ANN) to reduce the cost of the drive and enhance the reliability. The proposed sensorless scheme was an innovative model reference adaptive system (MRAS) speed observer for DPC control PMSM drives. The suggested MRAS speed observer employed the current model as an adaptive model. The ANN was then designed and trained online by employing a back propagation network (BPN) algorithm. Performance of the proposed strategy was adopted using simulation analysis. The results showed the fast dynamic response, low ripples in motor's currents, power, and electromagnetic torque, as well as good performance in tracking speed and power references.
Artificial neural network
Direct power control


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What is Eryacne used for?
Eryacne medication is used for treating Acne vulgaris.
How does Eryacne work?
Eryacne alcohol-based gel contains the active ingredient erythromycin, which is a type of medicine known as a macrolide antibiotic. Erythromycin is used to treat infections caused by bacteria.
What does Eryacne do?
When Eryacne should not be used?
How can Eryacne gel affect other medicines?
When taken by mouth erythromycin can interact with many other medicines. However, when applied to the skin, erythromycin is not expected to be absorbed in sufficient quantities to cause problems with other medicines.


Article about gay marriage appears to promote it
Apr 18 2013 - 3:00pm
The April 18 news article, "WSU psychology professors address gay marriage pros and cons" spoke volumes about the paper's position on this subject.
This article did nothing to explain or justify the feelings behind peoples' opposition to gay marriage, but rather, treated the cons as a mere after thought. After taking three short paragraphs to list the cons, the writers and editors then spent an entire newspaper column explaining the pros for gay marriage and reasons why everyone should embrace it. This article was most blatantly unbalanced, and as such should have appeared in the opinion section of your paper. It was hardly qualified for the front page. Is the Standard-Examiner a newspaper or a venue for propaganda?
One more thought on this subject: Let's give the paper the benefit of the doubt and assume that the event was reported as it played out on the WSU campus. If this is the case, then Azenett Garza and Maria Parrilla de Kokal, failed to attain their stated goal of "promoting understanding of diverse communities". If this article accurately reported the event, then the event itself effectively silenced the voice of those who oppose gay marriage, all in the name of diversity.
To all parties involved in the printing of this article, and in the event I ask: Just exactly how does that promote understanding?
Paul Wakefield
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
From Around the Web


Jack Greenberg
Redis Permission Cache
During my summer internship at Indico, one of my big projects was building a cross-microservice permission cache system using Redis.
Indico's API is a microservices architecture, which means that they have a bunch (~12 iirc1) of smaller applications that all communicate over HTTP to perform different functions. For instance, one service fetches datasets from a database while others handle that data and perform machine learning tasks.
The need for a permission cache came from the fact that when any of these services were used (i.e. they received an HTTP request), each of them individually would have to make sure that the request had the correct permissions on the data that was being used.
And in order to verify those permissions, the service in question would have to make an additional HTTP request to a central service that was responsible for verifying the permissions. So for each request, there would be almost double the amount of HTTP traffic, and for large, involved requests, that could mean a very heavy load for the whole system.
That's where my project came in.
Each of the services has access to a central in-memory database that runs Redis. Utilizing Redis I was able to write a system where only a single service has to make an HTTP request, and the others just wait for the first one to fetch the data, and read it from Redis. It works like this:
 1. 3 services {A, B, C} need to verify permissions on a set of data.
 2. The first service to query the cache A sees that it is unlocked and empty, and locks it.
 - Any other service that checks the cache now will see that it is locked, so it can just wait
 3. A makes an HTTP request to fetch the permissions, and then stores the results in Redis.
 4. A then unlocks the cache
 5. Now all other services that were waiting for the lock to be released are now able to access the cache, and find that it is filled with data that they can use.
Design Decisions
There were a handful of decisions that were made to improve the performance and security of the tool. For one, each cache was keyed2 using the API request ID, the user id, and the data id. This meant that the data was only fresh for a specific request and a specific user, and thus wouldn't be accessed by any others.
Additionally, we set up a number of failsafes that would prevent deadlocks, including a timeout on the cache lock, just to make sure that a request never failed due to a fault in a single service.
One option we considered while designing the system was actually moving all permissions to a Redis database instead of having them fetched per HTTP request. While potentially memory-intensive, this option would be beneficial in that it would prevent race conditions with different microservices making simultaneous requests, and instead just allow the services to make requests to Redis directly, thus eliminating HTTP traffic in that stage entirely.
Looking Back
This was my first real industry software engineering project, and I learned a lot! It was a great opportunity to apply concepts I learned in my Software Systems class like mutexes and memory storage. It also taught me a lot about software design patterns and writing efficient software.
I couldn't have done it without the help of my brilliant and patient mentors at Indico, to whom I'm forever grateful for the opportunity. I can definitely see that this project and others that I worked on at Indico have changed the way I write software for the better.
 1. "If I remember correctly" ↩
 2. Stored under the name of ↩


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Crafts, Games, and Activities
1. Discovering Biblical Meaning in Liturgical Verses – 13 pages of verses and scriptural references
during the services of Nativity
2. Examining the Nativity of the Theotokos – through hymnography and iconography and Scripture.
3. Holy Women of the Bible – read about them and create a team game to identify them by their
4. The Theotokos in Scripture & Hymnography – an activity to examine and understand the Old Testament references to the Theotokos in our services.
1. The Hub has a collection of crafts from camp.
2. Good instructions on planning, a list of related books and publications, and instructions on making glass and/or laminated icons.
3. Celebrate the Feast Days (PDF) – Patterns for stand-up centerpieces for each feast.
The Hub has a collection of fun games for groups. Some don't have a Christian theme, but could be adapted if you wanted to relate it to a particular lesson.


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Resource Library Search
Type any text into the search box. Narrow your search using the dropdown boxes or the filters in the sidebar. If there are no results, try using fewer filters or broder dropdown options.
Research on functional diversity is an important part in ongoing efforts to identify appropriate native tree species for reforestation projects. Increasing understanding of easy to measure physiological characteristics, such as specific leaf area, can help predict a variety of functional characteristics as well as growth perfromance.
Available with subscription or purchase


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Halifax Citadel National Historic Site of Canada
Signal Masts and Flags at the Halifax Citadel
Towering above the South East Salient of the Halifax Citadel National Historic Site are two replica masts that represent the masts historically used as signalling systems before the advent of electronic telecommunications. Parks Canada dresses (flies different flags and symbols) the replica masts as part of its interpretive program.
Commercial Signal Mast
The tallest mast, also known as the commercial mast, was used to inform the public (especially local merchants) of commercial marine traffic in the harbour and approaches. Company flags combined with pennants and signal discs indicated the number of ships in the harbour along with information regarding the ships' nationality, direction, and port of departure. This information would give local citizens time to prepare for the impending arrivals. Local citizens would know what these combination of flags meant as codes were printed in local almanacs and newspapers. Standing 117 feet above the ramparts of the fort, the commercial mast was highly visible throughout the surrounding area.
Military Telegraph Mast
The shorter mast adjacent to the commercial mast was used for military communications. Used in conjunction with other masts around Halifax harbour, the military telegraph mast at the Citadel used flags and discs to transmit coded sensitive and restricted military messages. This mast stood 78 feet above the ramparts of the fort.
Other Flags
In addition to the flags on the signal masts, there are two other prominent flags flown at the Citadel. The Canadian flag is flown on the official mast at the front entrance of the Citadel and the historical garrison flag (the Union Jack) is flown on a mast located in the south-west demi-bastion of the fort.


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Strengthening the Resilience of Cook Islands to Climate Change
The Cook Islands is subject to highly destructive cyclones, intense rainfall events, and devastating droughts. The isolated populations in the Pa Enua (sister islands to the capital island of Rarotonga) are especially vulnerable to the anticipated changes in climate, including increased frequency and intensity of rainfall and tropical storms; rising and extreme sea levels and changing wind patterns; and hotter, drier weather.
The objective of this project is to strengthen the ability of all Cook Island communities, and the public service, to make informed decisions and manage anticipated climate change driven pressures (including extreme events) in a pro-active, integrated and strategic manner.
For updates on UNDP Early Warning Systems and Climate Resilient Development projects, click here.


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Date of this Version
Nebraska Public Power District (NPPD) has monitored water quality since 1989 and fish populations since 1993 on the Niobrara River in Nebraska in the vicinity of Spencer Hydro during "flushing" or "sluicing" activities. These sluicing activities alter water quality in the river downstream, which can negatively impact fish populations. Higher numbers offish were sampled in 1995 when compared to 1993 and 1994. Of the 6,187 fish and 22 total species sampled above and below the hydro, six species comprised approximately 93 percent of the total sample. The most common species sampled were sand shiner, Notropis ludibundus (35.4%), red shiner, Cyprinella lutrensis (22.9%), flathead chub, Hybopsis gracilis (14.4%), carpsucker spp., Carpoides sp. (10.9%), bigmouth shiner, Hybopsis dorsalis (5.1%), and channel catfish, lctalurus punctatus (4.0%). Operational modifications instituted since 1989, such as opening the flood gates slower and dropping the pond at a slower rate, have reduced sluicing impacts and the hydro structure may not be limiting species diversity to the extent originally thought.


the Snort command-line switches are case sensitive, so you need to enter the switches exactly as they appear here.
If you have multiple network interfaces on your system, by default, Snort listens on the first one it finds. If you're uncertain about the order of your network interfaces, you can execute the Snort command with just the -W switch. Snort will then list the names and numbers of the network interfaces in the order in which it finds them. To instruct Snort to use a specific network interface, you need to add the -i switch followed by the interface number to the command that launches Snort. After you execute Snort, you should see a screen similar to the one that Figure 3 shows.
Assuming Snort is running, you can throw some interesting traffic past the NIDS to test the Snort sensor. One of the easiest ways to intentionally trip an alert is to try to access the command interpreter (cmd.exe) on a remote system as a part of an HTTP URL request—a common part of the Code Red and Nimda attacks. You can simulate this part of the attack by going to any specific URL and appending /cmd.exe at the end of your request. For example, going to should cause your Snort sensor to log alerts in the command-shell window, as the first three alerts in Figure 4 show. These alerts also appear in F:\snort\log.
Please be careful about the Web sites you target with this test. Technically, most Web site administrators would consider this type of activity a hacking attempt. Although that approach shouldn't be exploitable (unless the server is horribly misconfigured), I recommend running this test only against your own server or a server that you can trust and whose administrators are aware that you'll be doing this type of test.
If this test doesn't work or isn't an option, another way you can test your Snort installation is to send an abnormally large ping request to a server across your network or to the computer on which you're running Snort. For example, you might execute the Ping command
ping -l 32767 ip_address
where ip_address is the IP address of the server or Snort computer you're targeting. This command should send an abnormally large ping packet (32KB to be exact), which is definitely not routine behavior for the Ping command. Snort should pick up this packet activity, as the bottom eight alerts in Figure 4 show.
If you're seeing such alerts, you can start tuning Snort for your specific environment. If not, you need to go back and check your installation to see whether you've missed a step.
Step 4. Configure Snort
Snort stores its primary configuration in snort.conf, which is in the %systemdrive%\snort\etc directory by default. You can leave the file in this location or place it somewhere else, as long as you let Snort know where to find it by providing the appropriate path on the command line.
I could easily fill up this issue with details about all the intricate configuration options available in snort.conf. Snort is an amazingly powerful application. But, for now, let's stick with some of the basic options.
For Snort to determine the traffic coming into your network versus the traffic going out, you've got to tell Snort the hosts and IP addresses in your network. To provide this information, you set the HOME_NET variable in the snort.conf file. Find the line
var HOME_NET any
and replace any with your IP address range. You can specify one range, such as
or you can specify multiple ranges. For multiple ranges, you need to enclose the set of ranges in square brackets and separate each range with a comma. Don't include any spaces between the IP address ranges. For example, the line
tells Snort that subnets,, and belong to your network. By default, Snort considers everything else outside the network. You can explicitly tell Snort the networks it should consider external by setting the EXTERNAL_NET variable. In the snort.config file, find the line
and replace any with the IP address of the network you want Snort to consider external. Generally, though, I've found that leaving the EXTERNAL_NET variable set to any is a good place to start.
If you want to take the time, you can go so far as to tell Snort the types of servers you have in your environment and where to find those servers. You provide this information by setting the DNS_SERVERS, SMTP_SERVERS, HTTP_SERVERS, SQL_SERVERS, and TELNET_SERVERS variables in the snort.conf file. Find the lines
By default, all six server variables are set to $HOME_NET, which means that Snort will monitor all systems defined within your HOME_NET range for all types of attacks. If you have a small network and you don't mind a bit of extraneous noise, this configuration should work fine. However, if you have a large traffic stream to monitor, you'll want to fine-tune the Snort configuration so that Snort checks for only appropriate signatures against specific hosts. After all, there's no need to check for SQL buffer overrun attacks against a Web server that's running only Microsoft IIS. If you want to define specific classes of hosts, you need to replace $HOME_NET with the IP address range of the target servers, following the same format that you used for the HOME_NET variable. For example, for the DNS_SERVERS variable, you replace $HOME_NET with the IP address range for your DNS servers.
If you'd like to get even more specific, you can define which ports your servers use for specific applications. For example, if your Web servers use custom port 8080 for HTTP traffic instead of port 80 (the port typically used for Web servers and browsers), you can tell Snort to watch port 8080 by modifying the HTTP_PORTS variable. In snort.conf, find the line
and change it to
var HTTP_PORTS 8080
Similarly, you can change the ports for Oracle (which you define with the ORACLE_PORTS variable) and other applications. Like the HTTP_PORTS variable, the ORACLE_PORTS variable is set to 80 by default. If your server uses port 1521 instead, you can change the line to
As you can see, you can configure many options in snort.conf. You should look through snort.conf to find which values are most relevant to your environment and set them appropriately.
Step 5. Configure the Rules
One line that you'll see in snort.conf mentions the RULE_PATH variable. This line should look something like
var RULE_PATH../rules
The../rules option tells Snort that it can find the rules (i.e., signatures) in the directory called rules, which is at the same directory level as the Snort binaries. So, for example, if you install Snort in the default location F:\snort, the Snort binaries are in F:\snort\bin and the rules are in F:\snort\rules. If you want to change the RULE_PATH variable you can, but the default installation should be fine.
Rules are the heart of Snort. They're the byte patterns, attack signatures, and other data types that trigger alerts when detected. By default, Snort comes with more than 1500 signatures right out of the box.
What does a rule look like? Here's what the cmd.exe rule, which you violated earlier with your Snort test, looks like: alert tcp $EXTERNAL_NET any -> $HTTP_SERVERS $HTTP_PORTS (msg:"WEB-IIS cmd.exe access"; flow:to_server, established; content:"cmd.exe"; nocase; classtype:web-application-attack; sid:1002; rev:5;). Let's look at this rule's main components. The reference to $EXTERNAL_NET any -> $HTTP_SERVERS $HTTP_PORTS specifies that you're interested in seeing only the traffic coming from the outside world (as interpreted by EXTERNAL_NET) toward your network. The content: parameter tells Snort to search for the existence of the string cmd.exe in the data stream. If Snort finds this string, it generates the alert message that the msg: parameter specifies.
As the cmd.exe rule shows, rules are generally straightforward. You can create your own rules as needed to detect any type of traffic. For example, if you need to detect whether someone is remotely accessing a directory on your system through the command interpreter, you might search for the string volume in drive or volume serial number on ports where you wouldn't expect to see them, such as ports that handle traffic going out of your network. Numerous configuration options are possible with Snort because of its flexible rule-set approach.
Snort's 1500 rules are in various files according to the type of data being checked. For example, the cmd.exe rule is in the web-iis.rules file. If you don't have IIS running in your environment, you don't need to have Snort looking for IIS attacks. You can easily remove the entire web-iis.rules file from the configuration by finding and commenting out the line
include $RULE_PATH/web-iis.rules
in snort.conf. To comment out the line, you place a number sign (#) in front of it:
# include $RULE_PATH/web-iis.rules
By default, several types of rules files (e.g., icmp-info.rules, chat.rules) are already commented out in snort.conf. I've found that the default rule configuration in snort.conf works well. Enabling the rules that are disabled by default typically generates far too much useless noise.
Perhaps a rules file has a lot of valuable rules that you'd like to use, but a few individual rules


Living history is specialty of Hampton interpreters
Arts and CultureHistoryEducationColleges and UniversitiesJamestown-Yorktown FoundationJamestown (Jamestown, Virginia)
Some people study history, and some people live it.
Longtime Hampton residents Richard Askew and T.J. Savage are historic interpreters who travel around the Peninsula, providing personal history lessons.
Askew presents his portrayals at the Hampton History Museum and before other groups that focus on history. Savage works for the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation as a costumed interpreter at the Yorktown Victory Center.
"The idea behind historical interpreters is to involve all the senses and stress the hands-on to fully understand how people lived when we were getting started," said Savage, standing tall as a sergeant from the American Revolution.
Dressed as Edmund Pendleton, a friend of President George Washington's, Askew maintains a colonial gentleman's mannerisms.
It is nearly 80 degrees on a June afternoon, and both men are wearing authentic period clothing made primarily from wool.
Askew completes his ensemble with a cane, because Pendleton walked with a limp.
"Pendleton is a distant relative of mine," said the Hampton resident. "Pendleton became a judge and helped rewrite the law of Virginia. Thomas Jefferson thought the laws he rewrote were still too British."
Pendleton is not the only character Askew portrays. He is also well known as Edgar Allen Poe. "I have to grow a mustache to be him," he notes.
Most recently, Askew portrayed Gov. Alexander Spotswood (_PHONE_) in Hampton's Blackbeard Festival. He has also acted as Jean Laffite, a gentleman pirate, and Gov. John Murray Dunmore.
As a young adult, Askew said, he became interested in theater and studied theater design. He received his master's degree in fine arts from Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond. While still in Richmond, Askew taught classes on the history of apparel and the history of the American house at the university. He has also taught courses in antique appreciation.
The love of the area's past is a prime motivator for his portrayals, he said.
"I enjoying reading about history, but I also enjoy experiencing it."
History is so important to Askew that he serves on the board for the Hampton Historical Society and as president of the Hampton Heritage Foundation.
For the city's Blackbeard Festival each June, Askew serves as the historian, or haberdasher, said Karen Glass, festival committee member.
"He is our expert on period clothing, mannerisms, language and equipment of the 18th century," she said.
Savage played Lt. Robert Maynard of the Royal Navy for the Blackbeard Festival. He has performed the role since the festival's inception in 2000.
"Maynard was Blackbeard's nemesis and the man who led the expedition to find and kill Blackbeard," Glass said.
"They are two of the most talented actors, who provide a tremendous amount of skill as historical interpreters," said John Glass, another committee member.
Last year, Savage even portrayed Maynard for an episode of "Weird U.S." on the History Channel.
Savage began his career with the foundation as a satellite outreach teacher after teaching elementary school for 14 years in Hampton. He traveled to schools throughout the state, presenting artifacts from Jamestown and Yorktown.
"T.J. has a lot of enthusiasm in his work. That is something that cannot be taught," said Homer Lanier, site program manager with the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation.
His skills include being well-versed in 18th-century medicine; he is also adept in the use of firelocks and caplocks, and swordplay.
Savage is talented musically as well, and performs sea chanteys and ballads of the 18th and 19th centuries. "I also play the penny whistle," he said.
For the documentary film, "Fort Wool, Hampton Roads' Silent Sentry," he played the instrument for the opening credits.
Historical interpreters do more than teach about history. They allow people to get personally involved with it, Lanier said.
"It is important that we know our history and know where we come from and not just significant events," he said. "Historic interpreters allow us to learn about social history and how tasks were done."
They also encourage families to learn about history together, Lanier added. "Because people are able to have a conversation with them, they get a chance to get their minds thinking critically about what happened. They are able to ask better questions."
Both Askew and Savage are asked plenty of questions while in character.
"The question I get asked the most," Savage said, "is, 'Is that costume hot?'" «
Copyright © 2014, Los Angeles Times


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General Social Survey
|This article does not cite any references or sources. (May 2010)|
The General Social Survey (GSS) is a sociological survey used to collect data on demographic characteristics and attitudes of residents of the United States. The survey is conducted face-to-face with an in-person interview by the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago, of a randomly selected sample of adults (18+) who are not institutionalized. The survey was conducted every year from 1972 to 1994 (except in 1979, 1981, and 1992). Since 1994, it has been conducted every other year. The survey takes about 90 minutes to administer. As of 2010 28 national samples with 55,087 respondents and 5,417 variables had been collected. The data collected about this survey includes both demographic information and respondent's opinions on matters ranging from government spending to the state of race relations to the existence and nature of God. Because of the wide range of topics covered, and the comprehensive gathering of demographic information, survey results allow social scientists to correlate demographic factors like age, race, gender, and urban/rural upbringing with beliefs, and thereby determine whether, for example, an average middle-aged black male respondent would be more or less likely to move to a different U.S. state for economic reasons than a similarly situated white female respondent; or whether a highly educated person with a rural upbringing is more likely to believe in a transcendent God than a person with an urban upbringing and only a high-school education.
GSS results are freely made available to interested parties over the internet, and are widely used in sociological research. The data are generally available in formats designed for statistical programs (e.g., R/SAS/SPSS/Stata).
The GSS was recently linked to the National Death Index. This freely available dataset allows researchers to explore the association between variables in the General Social Survey and human longevity. For instance, it is possible to explore the association between happiness and life expectancy.
- The GSS Website allows users to search GSS information, test hypotheses, and look for interesting correlations
- SDA - GSS _PHONE_ Cumulative Datafile - Tool from Berkeley for querying GSS data
- Biomedcentral.com - Information about the GSS-NDI dataset
- step-by-step how to analyze the General Social Survey with free tools website


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Old King Glory of the mountain,
The mountain was so high, it nearly touched the sky,
The first one, second one, third, come with me.
- Students sit in circle.
- One student is "it," (let's call him "Johnny") and walks around the circle while students sing.
- Student points to three students as students sing the last phrase: "first one, second one, third come with me."
- That third student (let's call her "Sally") gets up and stands in front of "Johnny." Johnny puts his hands (or one hand is fine) on Sally's shoulders, and Sally becomes the new "it."
- When Sally picks a new person on the words "third come with me," Sally puts her hand(s) on his/her shoulders.
- When one student is left in the circle, that person becomes the new "it."
Recorder Notes D,E,G,A,B,D'
- more pentatonic songs
- more high/low songs
- more circle singing games
- more recorder DEGABD' songs
- more songs with low so
- more songs with dotted eighth note – sixteenth note patterns
- more songs with chords I V
The following content is available below to Plus Members:
- PDF includes:
- Song with chords in 2 keys
- Printable Visual for High / Low
- MIDI file


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American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
- n. A dark green fecal material that accumulates in the fetal intestines and is discharged at or near the time of birth.
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. Poppy-juice.
- n. The feces of a new-born infant.
- n. In entomology, the feces of an adult insect just transformed from the pupa.
- n. medicine A dark green mass, the contents of the fetal intestines during the later stages of mammalian gestation, that forms the first faeces of the newborn
- n. obsolete opium
GNU Webster's 1913
- n. obsolete Opium.
- n. The contents of the fetal intestine; hence, first excrement.
- n. thick dark green mucoid material that is the first feces of a newborn child
- From Latin mēcōnium ("opium; excrement of a newborn child"), from Ancient Greek μηκώνιον ("poppy-juice, opium"), from μήκων ("poppy"). (Wiktionary)
- Latin mēcōnium, poppy juice, from Greek mēkōnion, from mēkōn, poppy. (American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition)
"Sometimes the meconium can become impacted within the rectum or small colon of foals -- thus, the term meconium impaction."
"However, newborn infants produce this stuff called meconium which is like fecal tar."
"The belief is that suctioning prevents the baby from inhaling meconium, thereby preventing breathing problems or a rare type of pneumonia called meconium aspiration syndrome."
"Fetal defecation isn't normal, but fetuses do accumulate a mass of greenish feces, called meconium, in their intestines."
"Fetuses take amniotic fluid into their lungs, and in a minority of MSAF cases, passed meconium enters the airway before birth and afterward leads to respiratory symptoms collectively called meconium aspiration syndrome MAS."
"This blackish mixture, called meconium, will become her first bowel movement."
"This is called meconium and is a sign that the baby has passed his or her first stool (bowel movement)."
"Also, babies do NOT have a bowel movement (meconium) in utero unless baby is in distress, known as meconium aspiration syndrome."
"a little later, but in all cases during the first day; and this excrement is unduly copious in comparison with the size of the child; it is what the midwives call the meconium or"
"Researchers will also take biological samples from mothers -- and from newborns from birth through two years of age -- including blood, saliva, breast milk, urine, umbilical cord and placental material and "meconium," a baby's first stool, in which toxins may have accumulated over time."
These user-created lists contain the word 'meconium'.
A list of words that are odd or words that I have looked up.
"Luciferous Logolepsy is a collection of over 9,000 obscure English words. Though the definition of an 'English' word might seem to be straightforward, it is not. There exist so many adopted, deriv...
originally started as an attempt to collect words I found visually and auditorially beautiful, as well as psychically evocative, this has become nothing more than a grab bag of word curiosities, a...
Hecko, words! I'm so happy I've found you. I want to keep you all and never want to lose you again. I hope you like it here.
For double the fun, see also Congenital Conditions.
Interesting words you probably won't hear in your day-to-day.
Words that I do not know or unsure for toefl
Words that describe poo *very specifically*.
Looking for tweets for meconium.


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view a plan
Here is a jazz musician's crossword puzzle idea
9, 10, 11, 12
Title – Jazz Musician Crossword
By – Stacey Tyler
Primary Subject – Music
Grade Level – 9-12
Students will find this either very simple or at least fun. If you a have a method of creating a crossword puzzle on your PC, pick at least 16 – 20 jazz legends to enter. Here are some suggestions:
Note from lessonplanspage.com: we took Stacey's suggestions and entered them at the Discovery School site: _URL_ with the following results.
8. Wynton Marsalis's instrument
Give the puzzle to students as a fun sheet or have them to go to swingmusic.net to find the answers.This is a great extra credit activity.This is a great site for research papers for black history month also.
E-Mail Stacey Tyler!


Tuesday, July 9, 2013
Create Screen cast Demo using GIF animation
Animated GIFs can be used to make short software demos, help videos and everything else that doesn't require audio narration. Here are FREE software that helps to an animated GIF may for alternative to screen cast videos:
In addition to.GIF, LICEcap supports its own native lossless.LCF file format, which allows for higher compression ratios than.GIF, higher quality (more than 256 colors per frame), and more accurate timestamping. If you record to.LCF, you can play back the.LCF files within REAPER (and/or use it to convert to.gif or another video format).
Features and options:
Record directly to.GIF or.LCF.
Move the screen capture frame while recording.
Pause and restart recording, with optional inserted text messages.
Global hotkey (shift+space) to toggle pausing while recording
Adjustable maximum recording framerate, to allow throttling CPU usage.
Basic title frame, with or without text.
Record mouse button presses.
Display elapsed time in the recording.


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exception Internal_Error datatype token = Symb of char | Id of string | Number of int val symbols = String.explode "+-*()"The exception is for catching internal errors in the lexer. I tend to have such an exception in each module and raise it whenever something is non-expected. This way I eliminate an unexhaustive pattern match and make it clear to the reader what the intention of the code was. The datatype defines what tokens we have in our language. There are symbols, identifiers and numbers. Finally, we declare a character list of symbols our language has.
fun numTok ss = case Int.fromString (Substring.string ss) of NONE => raise Internal_Error | SOME i => Number i fun idTok ss = Id (Substring.string ss)The numTok function handles a number. It expects a substring and then converts it to an integer. The pre-condition of this function is that there is something to convert at all, or we face an internal error. The idTok expects the substring to be an identifier and converting that to a string is trivial. Substrings warrants an explanation. In Standard ML, strings are immutable. Strings cannot be modified once they have been created. In fact, strings are vectors of chars. And vectors are immutable. A substring is then 3 values (s, i, n) where s is the underlying substring, i is the index into it and n is the length. So substrings are slices of strings. Our main lexer function uses substrings to maintain a window over the original string. While it processes the string, this window is then systematically moved forward and the token stream is generated. Here is the main lexer function:
fun scan (toks, ss) = case Substring.getc ss of NONE => List.rev toks | SOME (c, r) => if List.exists (fn x => x = c) symbols then (* Symbol *) scan (Symb c::toks, r) else if Char.isAlpha c then (* Identifier *) let val (cs, rest) = Substring.splitl Char.isAlpha ss val tok = idTok cs in scan (tok :: toks, rest) end else if Char.isDigit c then (* Number *) let val (cs, rest) = Substring.splitl Char.isDigit ss val tok = numTok cs in scan (tok :: toks, rest) end else (* Skip whitespace, etc *) scan (toks, Substring.dropl (not o Char.isGraph) ss) fun lexer str = scan (, Substring.full str)The beast is easily explained: If we call lexer on a string, the string is made into a substring, and scan is called with an empty token list. The scan function carries out the hard work. If there are no more substring chars, then the tokens are just reversed and we are done. It might look odd to build the token list in reverse but SML mandates that list can only be built from the front, so this is the typical way to handle the last part of a tail-calling function. If there is a character, then we discriminate the type of character. For each possible discrimination, we break off some of the string, create the right token type, and proceed with the rest of the string. Finally, we have a skip of white-space in case nothing else matches. As a rather crude test
val testlex_str = "x + 33 * (y - 5)" val testlex_toks = lexer testlex_strresults in
exception Internal_Error datatype token = Id of string | Number of int | Symb of char val symbols = [#"+",#"-",#"*",#"(",#")"] : char list val numTok = fn : substring -> token val idTok = fn : substring -> token val scan = fn : token list * substring -> token list val lexer = fn : string -> token list val testlex_str = "x + 33 * (y - 5)" : string val testlex_toks = [Id "x",Symb #"+",Number 33,Symb #"*",Symb #"(",Id "y",Symb #"-",Number 5, Symb #")"] : token listWhich looks right. In the next part we will finish this up and write the combinator-parser for the token list into the abstract syntax tree we aim for. Swine Before Perl


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PStions and Swers Levels I, II, and Il Liquid Penetrant Testing Method Supplement to Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A Book D - Revised Recommended Training References Liquid Penetrant Testing Method The following references were used in formulating the questions contained in this book, A.* McMaster, A.C, ed. Nondestructive Testing Handbook, frst edition, Columbus, OH, American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Ine. 1959. B.* Tracy, Noel A. technical editor, Patrick O. Moore, editor, Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition: Volume 2, Liguid Penetrant Testing, Columbus, OH, American Society for Nondestructive Testing, In., 1999. C2 Liquid Penetrant Testing: Classroom Training Handbook (CT-6-2) and Liquid Penetrant Testing Programmed Instruction Handbook (PI-4-2), San Diego, CA, General Dynamies/Convair Division. 1978. (Now published by The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.) D+ Metals Handbook, eighth edition, Nondestructive Inspection and Quality Control, Volume 11, Metals Park, OH, American Society for Metals. 1976. * Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Each question found in this book is followed by leter(s) and page number(s) indicating the specific recommended reference where the answer may be found. For example: 28, The term used to define the tendency of certain liquids to penetrate into small openings such as cracks or fissures is a saturation ». capillary action «. blotting 4. wetting agent eae D2 In this example, the leter "D" refers to Reference D in the lst above and *2 page in Reference D where the answer to the question is located, is the specific Reference Usage List Reference A: Total = 83, Level (70) Level It (0) Level II (13) Reference B: Total = 84 Level 1(19) Level 1127) Level I (38) Reference C: Total = 9 Level 1(4) Level II (0) Level (5) Reference D: Total = 69 Level 122) Level It (46) Level (1) w Liquid Penetrant Testing Method, Level I Level I Questions Liquid Penetrant Testing Method Which one ofthe following conditions will affect the rate and the extent aliquid penetrant will center eracks, fissures and other small openings? a. the hardness ofthe specimen being tested b. the surface condition ofthe specimen being tested «. the color ofthe penetrant 4. the conductivity ofthe specimen being ested a si J A6-6 'Which of the following is a commonly used classification for penetrant? 'a. postemulsifiable penetrant ', nonferrous penetrant. chemical eich penetrant 4. nonaqueous penetant " re A6-2 A generally accepted method for removing excess nonvater washable penetran is: 4. repeatedly dipping the test specimen in a cleaner », soaking the test specimen in hot detergent water ¢, blowing the excess penetrant off the surface of the part with compressed air 4. wiping and cautiously cleaning the test specimen with a cleaner-dampened cloth All ofthe following parts can be tested by the liquid penetrant method except: 2. an ron casting ban aluminum forging €. part made from a porous plastic material 4. part made from a nonporous material ® ™ AGH Which ofthe following discontinuities can be found by the penetrant test method? a. a surface crack bi. a subsurface crack ©, an internal «none of the above AGL Which ofthe following is generally the more acceptable method for cleaning parts prior to penetrant testing? a. sand blasting ». wire brushing «grinding 4. Vapor degreasing Aes All ofthe following methods are commonly used to clean parts prior to penetrant testing except: a. vapor degreasing i Tiquid solvent «, power wire brushing 4. alkaline cleaner 56-6 Cutting oils may be effectively removed from parts before penetrant testing by: a. preheating b. vapor degreasing. washing with water 4. all of the above B.169 The most common type of contaminant in fluorescent penetrant fui is a. metal filings boil €. detergents (from cleaning) 4. water AT33 Liquid Penetrant Testing Method, Level I 10, Uravioletligh, with a proper functioning fier in place, used for fluorescent penetrant inspection 'ean cause permanent damage to: a. human tissues ', human eyes «, human blood cells 4 none of the above A735 11 All ofthe following basi inspection principles apply tothe visible penetrant methods except: the penetrant must enter the discontinuity in 'order to form an indication ». indications glow when illuminated with an ultraviolet light «. allonger penetration time is required for smaller discontinuities 4. ifthe penetrat is washed out ofthe discontinuity, an indication will not be formed by that discontinuity Mes 12, Subsurface discontinuities can be best detected by: 4. the postemulsification penetrant method '. the visible dye penetrant method ©. the fluorescent, water washable penetrant 'method 4. none of the above A 13, Water washable penetrants may be applied by: a. brushing b. spraying «. dipping 4 all of the above p32 14, 'The first step in conducting a liquid penetrant test on a surface that has been painted is to: 2 carefull apply the pentrant over the surface ©. completely remove the pint 6, thoroughly wash he surface with a detergent 4 wire Brash the surface to rooghen the smooth $urface coating of paint meer A6-6 15. 16. 19. 'When using a postemulsfication penetrant, itis necessary to apply the emulsifier; a. before applying the penetrant by after the water wash operation «. after the dwell time has elapsed 4 after the development ime has elapsed ™ * N69 When conducting a water washable liquid penetrant test, the wet developer is applied: a. immediately afte the penetrant has been applied b. immediately before the penetrant is applied «. after removal of the penetrant 4. after removal of the emulsifier p33. The term used to describe the action of a particular developer in soaking up the penetrant ina discontinuity, so as to cause the maximum bleedout of the liquid penetrant for increased contrast and sensitivity is known as: a. blotting bs capillary action «concentration 4. attraction D2s Using an ultraviolet light lamp with a eracked filter or without the filter in place can eause damage to human eyes because the lamp emits a. black light ultraviolet light c. infrared light 4. none of the above ATAT 'The term used to define the period of time in Which the test partis covered with penetrant is: a. waiting time ». Soak time (drain time) ©. penetration time (dwell time) 4. bleed in time A63 21 2, 23, 24. Usually the most desirable method of removing 25, excess Water washable penetrant after the dwell time is by using: 8, a low pressure coarse water spray ». water and brush ¢. a solid stream of water 4. water and elean rags A67 When conducting a liquid penetrant test using a 26, postemulsifiabe visible dye penetrant, the generally accepted method for applying the wet 'developer is by: 1. brushing. ». swabbing. dipping 4. spraying praying eon 21, Which of the following characteristics does not apply to liquid penetrant testing? 'this method can accurately measure the depth of a crack or discontinuity '. this method can be used for on-site testing of large parts «. this method can be used to find shallow surface discontinuities 28, 4, this method can be made more or less sensitive by using different penetrant materials ae pe AB2 Which of the following discontinuities is most likely to be missed due to improper rinse techniques? a. a forging lap i, deep pitting «shallow and broad discontinuities 29. 4. the rinse technique will not affect the detection of discontinuities, AGS 'When conducting a fluorescent penetrant test, a commonly used technique for assuring thatthe excess penetrant has been removed prior tothe application of a developer isto: 1, blow compressed air over the surface b. chemically etch the surface ¢. blot the surface with absorbent paper 4. scan the surface with an ultraviolet light A6-7 Liquid Penetrant Testing Method, Level I Which of the following surface conditions could have a detrimental effect on a liquid penetrant test? a, a wer surface b. arough weld ©. anily surface 4. all of the above A66 Liquid penetrant testing is capable of detecting a, subsurface intergranular stress corrosion cracking discontinuities b. discontinuities open to the surface ¢. subsurface discontinuities 4. lack of fusion (subsurface) p20 Ultraviolet light equipment is required when penetrant testing by: the fluorescent penetrant method bi the visible dye penetrant method © the nonfluorescent penetrant method


text:
Overlapping and underlapping toes occur when toes are out of position. The conditions can be congenital due to inheritance or the fetus's in-utero position, or they can develop over time from ill-fitting footwear that constricts or pressures the toes, keeping them bunched rather than flat. It can also stem from a bunion.
An overlapping toe lies across the top of an adjacent toe rather than staying in its straight position. This is most common with the fifth toe. An underlapping toe lies behind another toe; this most commonly affects the fourth and fifth toes. Congenital curly toe is a condition where the toes curl and point to the outside of the foot. It is usually congenital and can be worsened by ill-fitting footwear. As a result of toe overlapping or underlapping, blisters, irritation, corns, and calluses may form as the toes rub against one another and footwear.
Treatment for overlapping and underlapping toes involves stretching and taping the toes, which is usually how the condition is treated in infants. However, the mispositioning usually returns. Surgery to release the tendons and soft tissues at the toe joint at the base of the toe may be necessary, and in severe cases, a pin can be temporarily inserted in the toe to correct its position. With underlapping toes that are inflexible and fixed in position, surgery can remove bone in the toe to improve flexibility.


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THE CONDITION of the surgical patient postoperatively depends on several factors, among which are surgical trauma, length of operation, type of anesthesia and loss of blood. The more closely each of these factors can be maintained to normal, the more rapid will be the patient's recovery. With improved methods of surgery and anesthesia, the causes producing shock have been reduced to a minimum, with hemorrhage or blood loss as the chief remaining cause.
Work was done to show that hemorrhage, too, could be controlled and measured and the lost blood replaced by adequate amounts to compensate for the original loss. This permits patients to be returned to the ward postoperatively in much better condition than those in whom no accurate replacement of blood has been made.
Gatch and Little1 in 1924 observed that blood losses up to 700 cc. did not appreciably disturb the patient's postoperative course. Robust and


Canadian author Hugh MacLennan's important book about the relationship between English and French Canadians, published in 1945 (during a very divisive period for English and French Canadians, viz. the conscription issue).
Its protagonist Paul Tallard grows up in Quebec and is torn between his English mother and French father, between dual cultures and dual loyalties.
The title has since entered the Canadian vocabulary to represent the difficult nature of French/English discourse in Canada.


Related Posts Links: Make Your Blog More User Friendly
What are related posts links? These are basically links found at the end of each of your blog entries which are similar to the topic featured in that entry. So for example, for this entry about making blogs more user friendly, you should find some links at the bottom of the entry to other blog posts tackling a similar topic.
So why are related posts links important? Think about it, why do people read your blog? How do readers find your blog in the first place? The main reason I can come up with is that they are searching for a specific topic. More often than not, this is how readers stumble upon new blogs. They do a search based on a specific key phrase and then come across a relevant blog.
Now if they are particularly interested in that topic, I am sure that they would appreciate finding other entries dealing with the same topic. This would make it easier for them to find other posts to read without having to manually search your blog. On your part, it would also increase the readers per page on your stats. It works both ways and helps everyone out, doesnâ€™t it?
This is actually easy to do â€" especially with WordPress. You can generate a list of related blog posts automatically in this platform. The system takes note of the key words and then displays links to the related posts. There are also plug ins which you can download to give you more control as to what is displayed in the related posts section.


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At 4 drop (0.2 ml) per gallon enough ammonium chloride to treat 1,180 gallons of water.
Eliminates common chemicals from tap water
100% natural, friendly, probiotic bacteria that help balance your tank
Promotes fish immunity and relieves stress
Lower Phosphate and Nitrate. Dissolve sludge and dirt in your aquarium


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A building that has fallen victim to arson.
Arson is a crime of intentionally, deliberately and maliciously setting fire to buildings, wild land areas, abandoned homes, vehicles or other property with the intent to cause damage. It may be distinguished from other causes such as spontaneous combustion, accidental fires (smoking in bed, e.g.) and natural wildfires. Arson often involves fires deliberately set to the property of another or to one's own property in order to collect insurance compensation.
A person who commits this crime is called an arsonist. More often than not, arsonists use accelerants (such as gasoline or kerosene) to ignite, propel and directionalize fires.


Why are the Solar Frontier PowerModules the ideal modules for use in projects under real life conditions?
The standard test conditions (irradiation 1000 W/m² with a module temperature of 25 °C and sunlight spectrum with Air Mass factor 1.5), in which the datasheet characteristics of solar modules are determined, practically never occur in real life. In actual fact, for 70% to 80% of their operating times the irradiation values that prevail in PV systems are between 200 and 700 W/m². This is precisely the range in which Solar Frontier CIS modules outperform all other technologies. Together with shade optimization, temperature stability and the Light Soaking Effect, Solar Frontier CIS modules achieve the highest specific energy yields (kWh/kWp) and performance ratio values.
What is the specific weight of the Solar Frontier modules including the substructure?
Our PowerModule has a weight of 20 kg spread over an area of 1.23 m². This is equivalent to 16.26 kg/m². For substructures, the following weights should typically be added for roofing:
 - Trapezoidal sheet metal roofs: approx. 7 kg/m²
 - Tiled or pantile roof: approx. 10 kg/m²
 - Flat roof with elevated mounting (no ballasting): approx. 15 kg/m²
How is the color of the frames for Solar Frontier modules defined?
The black frame of the Solar Frontier modules blends perfectly with the consistent black appearance. The frames are coated in our Production department before they are shipped. Before shipping, they undergo testing under extreme conditions and tests of long-term tests performance. The anodizing technique used means that the frame color cannot be determined according to RAL, for example.
What guarantees do I get?
The current product and service warranties for Solar Frontier PowerSet Industrial are available in the Download area on our homepage.
How can the most advantage be made of the Light Soaking Effect when specifying the inverter?
The tolerance ranges of the open circuit voltage ("Voc") and the short-circuit current ("Isc") are not affected by the Light Soaking Effect. Consequently, the information in the datasheet is quite sufficient for specifying the maximum system voltage and the maximum current.
Is it possible to connect strings in parallel without a fuse or reflux diodes?
As long as the solar system is properly installed by a professional according to manufacturers' instructions it is possible to connect the strings of the PowerSet without any fuse or reflux diode.
Please note that certain local regulations might explicitly require the use of fuse to protect cables or modules. Please respect these regulations in any case.
Is there a way to calculate the savings potential for the end customer in advance?
PowerSet Industrial: A precise calculation could only be done by taking into account certain details of your individual situation. If you are interested in learning more, please contact us at: _EMAIL_.


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Fibroblast Growth Factor
Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) is one the most studied growth factor families. They are all protein growth factors and considered ligands. Originally, only two were identified FGF-1 and FGF-2, also known as acidic-FGF and basic-FGF. Since the first discovery, at least twenty more family members have been identified. FGFs play many important roles within the body, particularly with the cells. FGFs influene cell differentiation, migration, and mitogenesis.
There have also been four FGF receptors discovered. These receptors, FGFR1-4, also play key roles in the body.
View Research related to Fibroblast Growth Factor.


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It is explained on page 4 of the documentation.
Vm is the power supply pin for the chip and the steppers. It takes +7.2 to +16.5 vdc.
Vd is used for a clamping diode between pins 1 and 16.
Any time you turn power on then off with a coil in a circuit (the motors), you will get back voltage returned from the coil. This voltage can rise pretty high and spike components in that circuit if not dealt with.
If you look at figure 12 on page 9 you can see the voltage will be returned to the supply + side.


Shadow and Light
Chiaroscuro – Italian for the play of shadow and light, most often referring to tonal relationships in visual art (Wikipedia)
Walking through a garden or a forest is a much different experience than looking at it from afar. When seen from a vantage point, no matter how beautiful a view, only your eyes see the beauty before you and you are separated from it – it and you. But walking in it and through it, that is a different experience altogether. You and it become a "we" – fused together by a play of shadow and light, transient shifts of color and tone that enfold you as a part of nature's spectral ballet.
Chiaroscuro is a term that painters used to describe the use of shadow and light to create the illusion of three dimensionality on a two dimensional plane. Photographers embraced it as a reminder that they were photographing light, not things. As I walked through the garden this week, each step became an experience of shadow and light. Every plant and flower took on a golden glow, filtered through the autumn leaves above. Standing below a fiery maple tree became a transcendent experience of standing in liquid gold; the deep umber and burgundy hues of light traveling through oak leaves captivated me for long moments. The beauty of autumn is transitory, all the more treasured for that short period of time when we look upward at a canopy of color that is unmatched in any other season.
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Here is French singer Juliette Greco singing Les Fuielles Morte (Autumn Leaves) in French in a live concert in Berlin (1967) in a simple arrangement of voice and guitar. Sartre said of her that she had "... millions of poems in her voice." (Wikipedia)
Where there is much light, the shadow is deep. ~ Geothe
For a translation of the original French lyrics (by Jacques Prevert) to Les Feuilles mortes/Autumn Leaves (not the Johnny Mercer English lyrics) – see this translation by Coby Lubliner.


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I have written a function that sets up a sparse matrix A and RHS b for the 3D Poisson equation in a relatively efficient way. The set-up is nothing fancy: I have extended the 2D 5-point stencil to an equivalent 7-point stencil for 3D. Conductors are (at this moment) simply blocks of Dirichlet BCs and I am not (yet) taking dielectrics into account. Therefore, the constructed A is quite straightforward:
- Maximum number of non-zero terms is
- In practice, my actual number of non-zero terms is about 90% of the maximum
- Due to the BCs, A is non-symmetric (I should have mentioned this from the start)
The correctness of my arrays has been verified by running some very simple problems with Nx, Ny and Nz between 50-100 and then using
mldivide. However, my peak memory usage is already hitting ~20GB for these test problems, while I'll be using significantly larger arrays for my actual problem.
So now I'm looking into iterative approaches, but my knowledge currently does not extend beyond Gauss-Seidel, Jacobi and SOR. When I attempt to use any of the built-in iterative solvers out of the box, I typically end up with the following message:
METHOD stopped at iteration 2 without converging to the desired tolerance 1e-06 because a scalar quantity became too small or too large to continue computing. The iterate returned (number 1) has relative residual 0.97.
As this is quite a common system to solve, I was expecting to easily find some resources on this, but I am finding significantly less useful information than I expected. Some advice and pointers would be appreciated!


Friday, April 30, 2010
Rural Electrification in Developing Countries by the Numbers
Rural Electrification Lineman Bangladesh
Photo by WB Dhaka
The rural electrification figures in developing countries are pretty well known by now. There are now an estimated 1.5 billion people without electricity in developing countries, and 85 percent of them live in rural areas. However, I am going to give a brief history of the context in which these numbers were compiled. So this post will discuss rural electrification numbers with a twist.
In the early 1990s, several ESMAP energy staff including me were asked to complete a rural energy strategy for the World Bank. One the first things we were asked to do was to find out how many people in the world were without electricity and cooked with biomass fuels. Believe it or not this had never been done in a comprehensive way. This was before the age of instant access to facts and figures over the internet, so it was not an easy task. For the electricity figures we looked at surveys, examined power company annual reports, consulted with those involved in rural electrification projects, and contacted statistical departments in country governments. After well over a year of compiling the data we presented them to our very supportive managers. I remember them saying, "These figures better be right!" Knowing the uneven quality of the sources we were nervously confident. The document was published in 1996 with the title Rural Energy and Development: Improving Energy Supplies for Two Billion People. Yes the answer for data mostly from the early to mid-1990s was two billion people without electricity and coincidentally just over two billion people dependent on biomass fuels.
These figures were widely quoted at the time, but they were not updated annually. Around 2000 the energy group decided that it was time for an update of these figures. I was not directly involved with this effort, but was asked to review the numbers as they collected the information. A new set of figures were published informally in 2002 with the new level of 1.7 billion people without electricity, and most of the progress that had been made during the previous decade was in China. After taking population growth into account this meant that over the previous decade about 1 billion people had gained access to electricity.
Much more below the break.....
Once it was realized that many people were interested in these newly published 2002 numbers, all sources and spreadsheets were turned over to the International Energy Agency who promised to maintain them yearly and publish them. These figures are now available in the World Energy Outlook which has many useful statistics for energy researchers. I would recommend a World Energy Outlook link, but in order to get the rural electrification country level data that we used to send out free in a spreadsheet to anyone who asked, you now have to pay 200 US dollars for a paper copy and 160 US dollars for a one user PDF copy of this reference book on all types of energy. No I am not kidding.
But I have good news for those looking for country level data on rural and urban electrification. The best new source for this is a publication by WHO and UNDP that compiles energy access figures for both biomass energy and electricity. The report is The Energy Access Situation in Developing Countries and is the same source used for the previous post on improved cookstoves.
I know that many governments and international organizations have raised the bar to deal with electricity access issues, and given the modest efforts in the early 1990s this is quite a welcome trend. I know the numbers are now well known, but I cannot resist giving my view of them.
As indicated in a previous blog, the development of rural electrification programs is not an easy task. From a private business or even government utility perspective, investments in rural electrification without any form of incentive or subsidy is a losing proposition. The reason is that the break even point for investments in new distribution takes many years. However, over the long term with the growth of electricity demand in once poor regions, the business can be a winner. Not only is rural electrification a winner for the electricity company, but electricity facilitates growth opportunities in many different sectors.
Number (Millions) and % of People without Electricity, 2008
Source: WHO & UNDP
As a consequence committed governments and donors need to provide either very long term loans or subsidies to soften the sting of the early capital costs necessary for rural electrification. At the same time the electricity companies receiving these resources need to spend them well. Otherwise, the electricity company will start losing money and then follow the dysfunction spiral of underinvestment, leading to brownouts and blackouts, leading to dissatisfied customers who will not pay their bills. Revenue collection then suffers and things can get worse. I think you get the picture.
Africa is the region with the largest number people without electricity—only one in eight people in rural areas have access to electricity. To my mind this is an unacceptable number in this modern day and age. There are different reasons why the number of people without electricity are so high. Many African countries just have not made the financial commitment to rural electrification. Even when they do make a commitment, the necessary institutions are not developed to carry out these difficult programs. As a consequence, many countries are locked into a cycle of low growth and high poverty described above.
Rural Electrification Billing, Rural Bangladesh by WB Dhaka
(Rural Cooperatives have well over 90% Collection Rate)
In South Asian countries about one-half of rural people have no electricity. In contrast to the situation in Africa, countries such as India have had made substantial political and financial commitments to rural electrification. Unfortunately, poor policies have often led to disincentives for the electricity companies called State Electricity Boards to invest in the maintenance and upgrading systems after they are installed. It may sound contradictory, but subsidies are absolutely necessary for successful rural electrification, but the wrong type of subsidy can cause financial strain for electricity provision companies. This generally means that programs grow slower than they should. To have healthy programs requires combination of countries, electricity companies, and/or international donors to take seriously the eight necessary steps for successful rural electrification described in a previous blog.
For this week's poll, I would like to know who you think largely is responsible for slow electricity growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. Is it the country governments, international donors, or electricity companies?
Answer the poll and comment below.
No comments:


BBC BLOGS - West Country Cash
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Power from Palm Trees: green dream, or eco-nightmare?
Dave Harvey | 14:46 UK time, Thursday, 11 February 2010
Palm Trees in BorneoMark Incledon has a cunning plan, a green plan. "Our vegetable oil comes from plants, and the beauty of plants is that they extract CO2 from the air, and pump oxygen back in. It's a totally green process."
Sounds simple, doesn't it? Take the oil from a plant, burn it in an engine to make electricity. The CO2 that comes out of your chimney is no more than the gas the plant absorbed when it grew.
Energy crisis solved. Global warming chilled.
Avonmouth skylineAnd that is pretty much the pitch that Bristol councillors will hear on February 24th. A group of entrepreneurs want to build a power station at Avonmouth. There's already a gas power plant there, a huge oil depot and six million tonnes of coal come through the port each year. No-one can claim this will spoil the view.
"We're going to make 400,000 mega watt hours of electricity," Mr Incledon goes on. "Enough to light up 25,000 houses."
The UK is running out of energy, especially electricity, and new sources are needed. This would be the country's first biofuel power station, and the company, W4B, plans others. Not only would they produce vital electricity, say W4B, they would do so with the carbon footprint of a mouse.
But the opposition is mammoth.
Here's why. The plant will need around 70,000 tonnes of vegetable oil a year. To feed it, at least at first, W4B accept they will need to enter the murky waters of the palm oil debate.
Logging in the Malaysian Rainforest"All the palm oil that's being grown at the moment, is being used," Jeremy Birch explains. He runs the Bristol Friends of the Earth, and is one of 900 people who have formally opposed this plant.
"So if they increase the demand for palm oil, the only way they can meet that is with new plantations. And that means chopping down rainforests."
Mr Birch and his friends reckon the biofuel plant will, of itself, result in rainforests being cutdown, orangutans being killed, indigenous people being displaced. Not surprisingly, W4B disagree.
It's a hugely complex row. There is extensive evidence that illegal logging in places like Borneo and Sumatra is connected to the palm oil trade. Certainly ground that has been cleared often ends up being planted with palms. But this is a row that pulls you one way, then the other. And W4B have a trump card.
"We will only use sustainable oil," Mr Incledon insists.
Just as you can buy organic coffee or Fairtrade chocolate, they will buy'sustainable' oil from the official Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO). Mr Incledon clearly thinks this clinches his pitch. "Our oil hasn't been part of the deforestation process. It hasn't resulted in indigenous people being displaced."
The question is, how sustainable is this oil? The industry insists it is serious, and just recently Unilever, one of the largest buyers in the trade, cancelled a contract because of breaches of the sustainability codes. But in south Bristol, I meet a wildlife filmmaker who has seen, first hand, worrying evidence.
Land cleared in Indonesia for'sustainable palm oil production'
Evie Wright has spent five years documenting the destruction of Indonesia's rainforests. Recently, she has started filming on plantations that claim to be sustainable. Her films make for worrying viewing.
"People have had their land taken off them. Plantations which ought to be producing palm oil sustainably are using fire to clear the land as a cheap option."
Evie's films have been shown to the RSPO, and her evidence is being examined at the highest level. She claims that because the plantations are hundreds of miles from the head offices in Jacarta and Kuala Lumpur, managers have little idea what actually happens on the ground.
It's a compelling case. If she's right, then sustainable palm oil is a myth, and Bristol's entrepreneurs are being sold a pup. But, once again, they have a riposte.
"We are relying on Ofgem," Mark Incledon tells me. The government's energy regulator polices renewable fuels, like palm oil, and awards a complex series of subsidies. W4B argue that if Ofgem say their oil is ok, that should be good enough for the campaigners. But there's more.
"In addition W4B is committed to independent monitoring of the fuel sources we use," Mr Incledon explains. "And if a better source comes along, we can use that. This plant will be green, 100% green."
See what I mean about complicated? I'd love to hear your take on it right here.
Planning councillors from north Bristol have ten days to get their heads around it. Already the leader of the council has waded into the row, writing to the Energy Secretary recently:
"The use of these fuel sources creates a market that is leading directly or indirectly to deforestation and loss of agricultural land. Without the (subsidies) that the government provides, there would be no market and the land in developing countries could be returned to food production or left to remain pristine."
I've been making a documentary about this, which you can see on Inside Out West, on Monday 15 Feb at 7:30pm on BBC One for the full story. Meantime, here's a preview:
 - Comment number 1.
 - Comment number 2.
 - Comment number 3.
 Hi Glenn, I check your blog often and its packed with detail. But what's the big picture: tell us why biofuel is worse than burning coal?
 - Comment number 4.
 Despite working in the construction industry and welcoming new infrastructure in the area I have to oppose the use of Palm oil. Palm oil has huge negative ramifications to the local environment in which it is farmed as well documented in the article.
 The Severn barrier is a much better alternative to these Palm oil plants and could supply the UK with something like one 5th of it's total energy needs with fewer serious environmental consequences.
 Surely pound for pound this makes more sense?
 - Comment number 5.
 I think it is a mixture...A beautiful green dream and, also, has a taint of a eco-nightmare because of its long-term problems with the ongoing involvement with how many trees will it take to do the power require...
 (Dennis Junior)
 - Comment number 6.
 Can anyone tell me why the question isn't: why aren't the palm trees being planted here in the UK in place of the old building structure? Why would we import the oil from Malaysia or whereever when the trees can grow in the UK climate (I have several that have grown happily in my garden for several years)? If we can process the oil here, certainly we can grow the trees to be processed here and avoid the issue of rain forest destruction altogether???
 - Comment number 7.
 Dave Harvey wrote '...I check your blog often and its packed with detail. But what's the big picture: tell us why biofuel is worse than burning coal?'
 Biofuels deprive people of an essential - land to grow food. I find it immoral to use land in poor countries to grow crops to extract oil to burn in power stations or in cars, primarily in rich countries. Thats why I support this Action Aid campaign against biofuels:
 But there are many more reasons than this...Take a look here and also here
 - Comment number 8.
 '"We will only use sustainable oil," Mr Incledon insists.'
 As I understand teh arguments, there's still a finite amount being produced. If they buy x amount of a finite pot of sustainable palm oil, then x amount will come from somewhere else, most likely unsustainable.
 What difference does it make which x amount comes from unsustainable practices? Whether you're buying it directly or your impact on global supply causes someone else to buy it, the impact is the same.
 Is it not that simple?
 - Comment number 9.
 Yes, ^ that!
 - Comment number 10.
 So why is it happening? For one main reason-profits: The Government awards double renewable obligation certificates ( ROC's ) for power stations burning vegetable oil. In other words, you harvest twice as much taxpayers' money this way as you would for generating the same amount of electricity with a wind turbine. None of it would be happening if it weren't for this incentive,
 The European Commission is planning to increase the amount of palm oil used in cars and power stations under the Renewable Energy Directive (RED)
 The Roundtable for Sustainable Palm Oil(RSPO)certifying Palm Oil is no guarantee that rainforests will not get chopped down, as all that happens is non-certified palm oil is displaced into tropical peatland rainforest. This process is called indirect land-use change. The change in land use (rainforest getting destroyed) may not be caused directly by the biofuel plantation, but indirectly as the biofuel plantation forces the agricultural frontier to expand. So RSPO offers little in respect of reducing carbon emisions..
 The RSPO can offer some improvements on social standards of palm oil production and have worked on the development of its social standards - for example, standards require that land rights and human rights are respected. RSPO cannot claim that it guarantees favourable Greenhouse Gas balance and should not