is feminin; "Freund" is masculin.
 In Spanish, "amigo" (masc.) and "amiga" (fem.)
 And the same in Franch: "ami" (masc.) and "amie" (fem.)
 I suppose there must be more languages that change the noun's form dependig on the geder.
 9. MarX Senior Member
 Indonesian, Indonesia
 That reminds me of another word for close friend in Indonesian: sohib.
 I guess it's related to sahabat and sobat.
 So Indonesian has at least five words for "friend":
 10. cajzl Senior Member
 přítel (Czech)
 priateľ (Slovak)
 przyjaciel (Polish)
 prijatelj (Croatian)
 приятель (Russian)
 are derived from the Proto-Slavic verb prьja-ti (by the suffix -telь)
 derived from IE base *preito be fond of, hold dear (> friend), Sans. priyádear, desired
 The Slavic words are related to the Germanic friend, Freund, etc.
 11. Sorcha Senior Member
 Ireland, English
 just something I noticed about the etymology of the Celtic words
 I know there is a significant link between Latin and Irish, and the Celtic words remind me of the latin verb could there be) there a link?
 12. Flaminius
 Flaminius coclea mod
 capita Iaponiae
 日本語 / japāniski / יפנית
 The veracity of Statement A is questionable whereas that of Statement B is at best limited to the industrialised sectors of modern Japan. Neither of the two, or the two combined, makes a good argument for this etymological enquiry.
 The usages of tomo in older Japanese include; companion, friend, peer and attendant. The idea is doing something together (E.g., An attendant accompanies where his master goes) or having something in common (E.g., Peers belong to the same referent group; a likely group in the ancient society is one's tribe). The togetherness or sameness does not necessarily mean sharing the same project.
 Tomodachi can be analysed as tomo with the suffix tachi (Originally "a group of ~", it is a productive suffix for making plurals). The first consonant of the second element undergoes voicing upon compounding. It may be that tomodachi once meant "a group of friends/peers" but today it is used indiscriminately for any number of friends (including one friend). There is no form to supply a plural. The distinction of numbers —as it never seem to have been the case— matters very little in Modern Japanese.
 13. mkh Banned
 Iran, Farsi
 Friend in Avesta is frya : dear, beloved, affectionate; a friend, a well-wisher.
 Frya may be cognate to friend, related to O.E. freo "free.".
 14. בעל-חלומות Senior Member
 ישראל, עברית
 The word חבר in Hebrew comes from the root ח.ב.ר which means "to connect".
 Another word in Hebrew that means "friend" is ידיד (yadid), whose root - I think - means love, and is also the root of the word דוד (dod), "uncle". I'm not that sure about this one though, so maybe you should wait for confirmation.
 You pretty much answered your qustion. צדקה comes from the root צ.ד.ק which means "justice".
 15. mkh Banned
 Iran, Farsi
 Yadid in Hebrew may be cognate to عزیز (aziz) in Arabic means dear and darling.
 16. Probo Senior Member
 Galicia. España
 Hello: you've got, as well,
 Galician: amigo/a, amar.
 Català: amic.
 Perhaps it's interesting for you the relationship between Latin am-(>amicus, amare) and the Greek ἄμα, adverb meaning next to (Latin and Greek are Indo-European languages, as you know). Saludos, amigo ;).
 17. OBrasilo
 OBrasilo Senior Member
 Koper, Slovenia, Central Europe
 Brazil, Brazilian Portuguese
 Actually, the word most probably originates from an ancient Slavic verb, that means to be in company, or to socialize, which is still preserved in Slovenian, as družiti se, and the word drug for friend, is also still preserved in Slovenian, as an archaism. This word was even used in the Slovenian translation of Bob Dylan's Blowin' In The Wind, as the more common word, prijatelj, is too long to fit in that song's chorus. In Slovenian, also related are the words družaben (meaning sociable), and družba, meaning both company (in both senses of the English word), and society.
 Also, there's the word drugi in Slovenian as well, that means both another, and the second (as in, ordinal number). ;)
 18. Spectre scolaire Senior Member
 Moving around, p.t. Turkey
 Maltese and Russian
 arkadaşım meaning "my friend", let's concentrate on the main word:
 arkadaş is made up by arka, "behind; supporter" + the suffix –daş, "fellow with regard to..., companion concerning", cf meslektaş, "colleague", literally: "companion of profession" – and many other words.
 :) :)
 19. Wynn Mathieson
 Wynn Mathieson Senior Member
 Castell-nedd Port Talbot
 English - United Kingdom
 Etymology of the Welsh-language word cyfaill (= friend)
 < cyfaillt
 (cyfprefix) + (aillt) < British *kom-alt-jos (= joined together; joined in friendship)
 The element alt is to be seen
 (1) in obsolete Welsh cyfalle (= union, joining together; spouse) < cyfalledd < British *kom-alt-ijâ
 (2) in Cornish kevals (= joint, articulation) (British kom-alt),
 (3) and in the Irish words alt (= joint, articulation); comhalta (= foster brother, foster sister; member);
 and comhaltas (= association)
 Note: cyfeilles (= female friend) (cyfaill + -es, suffix denoting a female);
 y gyfeilles = the (female) friend
 20. avok
 avok Senior Member
 Arka: Back, so "Arkadaş" : someone that you can lean on (back to back)
 21. OldAvatar Senior Member
 Romanian has the word amic too, with a very similar meaning.
 22. Spectre scolaire Senior Member
 Moving around, p.t. Turkey
 Maltese and Russian
 I have looked up prieten and amic in my Romanian dictionary, but can't figure out any semantic difference between them. :confused:
 There must be one, though - even if it is only historical or dialectal. ;)
 :) :)
 23. robbie_SWE
 robbie_SWE Senior Member
 Trilingual: Swedish, Romanian & English
 There is no semantic difference; amic is interchangeable. The difference is that one is derived from Slavic and the other from Latin. Some people think that the latter isn't as strong as the former, because they consider it to be a neologism (even if this can be discussed!).
 :) robbie
 24. Gavril Senior Member
 English, USA
 Did you mean to write "Norwegian" rather than "Finnish" here?
 On which topic, I wonder if anyone knows the etymology of Finnish kaveri, a more informal word for "friend"?
 25. OldAvatar Senior Member
 There is a semantic difference, maybe not an official one, but there is indeed a slight difference in modern spoken Romanian. The tend is to use prieten / prietenă for boyfriend / girlfriend, while amic / amică is just a friend.
 26. Lugubert Senior Member
 As has been pointed out, Finnish should be Norwegian.
 Judging from my Swedish sources on the Swedish friend vän (short vowel despite the single 'n'), the above "ven (beautiful)" (corresponding to Swedish vän (long vowel as predicted by the spelling)) has different Germanic origins. For the topical vän, it and its venus relation might have a shared origin with Sanskrit vanas 'lust'.
 27. Sepia Senior Member
 High German/Danish
 In a couple of threads the Danish/Norwegian
 is mentioned.
 WE can get closer than that, though.
 "Frænde" is an old Danish word for friend.
 Not used any more, but should be understood when read. The Danish title of one of the


text:
Read at least 3 times and ask an adult to sign your reading diary to confirm.
Learn your spellings. Complete detailed sentences and definitions in your homework book. We have moved on to revision of Year 5 spelling patterns.
Children to complete a recount of the Panto visit. Children to write using varied sentence structures and to share thoughts and feelings for the visit to Theatre Severn in Shrewsbury.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Why El Salvador?
As we raise funds and form partnerships to complete our vision, we are often asked: "Why El Salvador?"
Our answer has evolved over the years. Our good friend, Dr. Roberto Arevalo-Araujo, initially introduced us to El Salvador and explained its critical need for sustainable medical solutions. His passion became David's King's passion, and he wanted to do his part to contribute. His involvement lead to the formation of Medical Mission International, Inc.
Over the course of 13 year involvement, we have come to love this nation and its friendly and warm-hearted people. Despite the after-effects of the last quarter century's war, famine and economic recessions, many Salvadorans are doing what they can to forge a brighter future.
But they can't do it alone. For every step forward in a Salvadoran's life (political stability, a growing economy), there is often a step backward (natural disasters, a persistent lack of quality medical care).
Read key facts about El Salvador.
In many cases, simple ailments that would be easily treated in the developed world hold Salvadorans back, limiting their ability to produce a decent living, and all-too-often, leading to an untimely death.
We know these needs and circumstances aren't unique to El Salvador, but what we see in this country is an outstanding potential to create a lasting, sustainable quality of life. We have worked extensively with local governments and entrepreneurs in El Salvador, and we know the desire and will to have a better life for all is alive and well.
We've made great strides. Now WE NEED YOUR HELP to complete our vision.
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text:
Yes, you may use a double pointer to store the address of another pointer as well for creating a matrix, the compiler won't complain.
The memory you are going to use does actually depend on the
balasubramaniyan94 wrote:value = (int **) malloc(sizeof(int)*2);
The above line is wrong, it should be
value = (int **) malloc(sizeof(int *) * 2);
(You are lucky if, as often happens,
sizeof(int) == sizeof(int *)


text:
otask_main() as its main function. Note
that the message handle, msg, is passed in as a parameter,
not as a return value, as it is for atask. This is
because no code executes after a stop function (i.e. smx_MsgReceiveStop().)
smx handles passing in the msg parameter from
smx_MsgReceiveStop(). The message is processed, and otask
again stops on xchg. otask_main() runs, from the
start, each time a new message is received.
Note that the results produced by atask and otask
are the same, but their mechanisms are different.
is very short, it may be desirable for it to run locked
in order to prevent excessive task switching. This is because
a locked task cannot be preempted by any other task (yet
ISRs and LSRs can still run.) Such a task is called a non-preemptible
one-shot task. To run otask locked, it is created as follows:
otask = smx_TaskCreate(otask_main_int, PRI_NORM, 0, SMX_FL_LOCKED, "otask");
It is not a requirement that one-shot tasks be locked.
They can be created unlocked. However, then they can be preempted
and will thus hold borrowed stacks longer. This is not a
problem, but a bigger stack pool may be required. Ideally,
a one-shot task is a tiger task, like an ISR. It may work best to let it rip.
One-shot tasks can loop, if necessary, such as to process
a series of packets. One-shot tasks can also suspend themselves,
such as to receive a packet, then process it. Hence, a one
shot task can act like a normal task to process a
burst of activity. However, once it finishes its business,
it stops and must be restarted to run again. When restarted,
it always runs from the beginning of its main code. (This
is why first-time initialization code must be put into a
separate function that is run only once.)
Stack RAM can also be saved by deleting tasks, when no
longer needed and recreating them when needed. However,
this adds overhead whereas stopping and starting tasks adds
no overhead versus suspending and resuming them (except
that a task may have to wait for a stack). Also, a deleted
task cannot wait for an event. In addition, it loses its
TCB and handle and thus can no longer be tracked by smxAware
nor a debugger.
Advantages of One-Shot Tasks
What is the advantage of otask? Let's consider an example of 10 send tasks sending to 10 different ports. Suppose outgoing
traffic is very light and a send task spends 90% of its
time waiting at an exchange for another message to send.
Why tie up a valuable stack all this time? Quite possibly,
2 stacks (or even 1 stack) would satisfy the needs of the
10 tasks. Hence, using one-shot tasks would, in this one
area, give an 80 to 90% reduction in stack space.
Three advantages are gained:
- Potential cost reduction due to eliminating external RAM.
- Potential increase in performance due to using on-chip SRAM.
- Freedom to utilize a fine-grained task structure to achieve the optimum
architecture for the application at hand.
to (2), note that putting stacks into on-chip SRAM has particularly
great impact upon improving performance. This is especially
true for multitasking systems because many variables are auto variables or parameters, for reentrancy, and they often are stored in task
What about disadvantages:
- Performance? Starting a one-shot task and resuming a normal task take about the same time — getting a stack is balanced by not having to restore registers.
- Reduced flexibility? smx permits a one-shot
task to wait, in the stopped condition or in the suspended
condition, at all of the same objects (e.g. semaphores,
exchanges, etc.) as a normal task. Hence, a one-shot
task can do everything a normal task can do.
- Run out of stacks? Should the stack pool run out of stacks, the smx scheduler will skip to the next ready task that can run. Each time the scheduler is entered it will try again to run the stalled one-shot task (assuming that it is still the top task). Eventually, a stack will become available and the task will run. If this performance hit is not acceptable, either the stack pool size can be increased, or the one-shot task can be converted to a normal task with a tightly bound stack.
One-shot tasks are good
for operations that are simple, infrequent, mutually
exclusive (or can wait a tick or two for stacks), and finish
in one pass. Although they are not a panacea for all embedded
systems, they are good tools to have in your toolbox. One-shot
tasks have been an integral part of smx from the
start, and many applications have benefited from them.
smx vs. OSEK Stack Sharing
The OSEK BCC1 automotive standard incorporates a different stack sharing mechanism. For it, there is one big stack shared by multiple tasks. The major disadvantage of this approach is that tasks must be resumed in the reverse order from which they were suspended. Compared to OSEK BCC1 the smx one-shot task has three significant advantages:
- One-shot tasks can resume or restart in any order.
- One-shot tasks can wait at semaphores, exchanges, etc. when stopped.
- Any mixture of one-shot and normal tasks can run simultaneously.
The OSEK required stack space is determined by the sum of the maximum stack sizes of all priority levels. For example, if there were two priority 3 tasks requiring stacks of 200 and 300 bytes, then 300 would be added for level 3. This model requires that every task run to completion, except while preempted by a higher priority task.
If we make the rule, like OSEK BCC1, that one-shot tasks may not suspend themselves, then the number of stacks required in the stack pool is equal to the number of different priorities of one-shot tasks. For example, if there are 10 one-shot tasks having 3 different priorities, then only 3 stacks are required in the stack pool. Unlike OSEK, these stacks must all be the same size, so total smx RAM usage may be somewhat higher.
Note that one-shot smx tasks can wait at semaphores, exchanges, and other smx objects, when stopped. OSEK one-shot tasks cannot do this. Also, to add normal tasks, OSEK requires changing to the ECC1 or ECC2 model, neither of which permits stack sharing. Hence, it is all or nothing with OSEK. With smx, no such limitation exists — there can be any number of either kinds of task. In addition, one-shot tasks can behave like normal tasks until they stop. Because of these differences, smx provides much greater flexibility to fit an application into limited RAM space, than does OSEK.
For More Information
- smx User's Guide - See Chapter 16, One-Shot Tasks.
- smx Reference Manual - See stop versions of smx services.
Please contact me with any comments or questions about this article.
Micro Digital, Inc.
Copyright © 2005-2012 by Micro Digital, Inc. All rights reserved. The information on this page is proprietary to Micro Digital, Inc. and may not be copied, stored, or transmitted, without written permission.
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a minimum of 21 years in prison. Articles 576 to 577 mention certain aggravating circumstances which may lead to a more severe sentence such as life imprisonment or even the death penalty. These include, amongst other things, premedication or the fact that the victim is a close relation. Article 584 mentions a lower sentence of 10 to 18 years if someone kills another person but did not intend to do so.
Murder at the request of the victim
Article 579 of the Penal Code states that whoever causes someone's death, with his/her consent, shall be punished by imprisonment of between six and fifteen years.
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I would like to create randomly oriented planes. This is how I'm attempting to do that:
 1. I create a 2 random unit vectors, $\mathbf{v}_1$, and $\mathbf{v}_2$, in the $x$-$y$ plane
 2. I assume that if I rotate these two vectors around a random vector (in $x$-$y$-$z$) called $\mathbf n$, the plane on which the two vectors lie is random and uniformly distributed over the sphere.
 3. So I randomly pick $\mathbf n$, keeping in mind the issues of random point picking on spheres.
 4. I then use RotationMatrix[α, n].v1 (and same for v2) to get the new vectors on the rotated and supposedly random plane. There is some question on what to choose for the angle $\alpha$ which gives the angle of the rotation.
 - If I choose $\alpha<\pi/2$, the vectors do not encompass the entire sphere.
 - If I choose $\alpha=\pi/2$, I get a bunching of vectors at the poles.
 - If I choose $\alpha>\pi/2$, there is bunching at various latitudes. I cannot get a uniformly random distribution over the sphere!
Is there a fix to the current method I am implementing? Is there another way to do it?
My real goal here isn't creating random planes. My goal is to take two vectors with some arbitrary magnitude and direction in $x$-$y$ and then randomly orient them over the sphere while maintaining their relative positions with respect to one another. The steps I have taken above seem like the logical way to do that.
share|improve this question
Isn't this the same as re-orienting $\mathbf{v}_1 \times \mathbf{v}_2$ to some arbitrary direction? – rcollyer Feb 2 '12 at 19:09
_USER_ I thought the same – Rojo Feb 2 '12 at 19:37
2 Answers 2
up vote 10 down vote accepted
Why don't you pick a random vector on the sphere to be your first vector, instead of $\mathbf{n}$, and then pick a random uniform number between $0$ and $2 \pi$ to orient the second vector aronud the first?
Something like this, assuming you have your function randomVectorOnUnitSphere[] already (haven't tested it)
generateRandomPositioning[v1_, v2_] :=
 With[{angle = VectorAngle[v1, v2], mag1 = Norm[v1], mag2 = Norm[v2],
 rvec = randomVectorOnUnitSphere[]},
 Module[{v1out, v2out},
 v1out = rvec mag1;
 v2out =
 Cross[rvec, v2] //
 (* this just gives a particular vector perpendicular to v2out,
 assuming they are not colinear *)
 RotationTransform[angle, #][rvec] & //
 (* now I have a particular vector at the corresponding angle of v1out *)
 RotationTransform[RandomReal[2 Pi], rvec]//(* now it's distributed uniformly *)
 Normalize[#] mag2 &;
 {v1out, v2out}
Ok, here's my test
randomVectorOnUnitSphere[]:=With[{θ = RandomReal[2 π], φ = ArcCos[RandomReal[{-1,1}]]},
 {Cos[θ] Sin[φ],Sin[φ] Sin[φ],Cos[φ]}
ListPointPlot3D[Table[randomVectorOnUnitSphere[], {10000}], AspectRatio -> 1]
enter image description here
In[28]:= v1 = {0, 1, 1}; v2 = {0, 3, 0.4};
test = Table[generateRandomPositioning[v1, v2], {500}];
In[13]:= arrowCouple[{pt1_, pt2_}] := {Arrow[{{0, 0, 0}, pt1}],
 Arrow[{{0, 0, 0}, pt2}]};
In[30]:= Equal @@ VectorAngle @@@ test
Out[30]= True
In[31]:= VectorAngle @@ First@test == VectorAngle[v1, v2]
Out[31]= True
 0.2], {RGBColor[RandomReal[], RandomReal[], RandomReal[]],
 arrowCouple[#]} & /@ test}, Boxed -> False]
enter image description here
Graphics3D[{Black, arrowCouple[{v1, v2}],
 arrowCouple[#]} & /@ test[[;; 3]]}, Boxed -> False]
enter image description here
I know, these aren't proper tests, nor am I sure this is what you want to accomplish.
If I think about it more formally, and I remember well, you need to have a clear idea of how you measure sets of "pairs of vectors of given magnitude and angle between them", so that you can talk about uniform distribution. It would mean that the probabilty of the final pair of vectors being in a certain subset is proportional to the subset's measure... But if we assume that your measure is invariant to rotations, which makes sense, then probably it's all the same
share|improve this answer
thanks. I will try this. The reason I was trying it my original way was that the vector magnitudes have a normal distribution and it was easiest to assign them in the x-y coordinates. I will have to worry about that later for the time being. – BeauGeste Feb 2 '12 at 19:34
Let me see if I understand what you did: So you start with the two vectors v1 and v2. You assign v1out to a random vector on the sphere. To get v2out you take cross product of v2 and random vector. v1out and Cross[rvec, v2] form the new plane. Now you transform Cross[rvec, v2] in such a way that it reestablishes its orientation with v1out in the new plane. What is the second RotationTransform doing? – BeauGeste Feb 2 '12 at 21:15
_USER_ Cross[rvec, v2], that rvec is the same I used to assign the v1out. So it gives a vector that's normal to v1out. I then use that vector to rotate v1 over a perpendicular axes to itself, the angle wanted... so as to get a vector that is at the proper angle... Finally, i rotate that vector on the v1out axes to get v2out randomly distributed, while keeping the angle – Rojo Feb 3 '12 at 8:47
If all that was really wanted was to randomly orient a plane spanned by two vectors while preserving the angle between them, then the simplest way is to generate a Haar-distributed pseudorandom orthogonal matrix, and use that to perform the random orientation. The code for generating a $3\times 3$ random orthogonal matrix is surprisingly simple:
ranOrt := Orthogonalize[RandomVariate[NormalDistribution[], {3, 3}]]
(For more than three dimensions, this isn't the most efficient method, but it works nicely here and the code is nicely short.)
Try it out:
arrowCouple[{pt1_?VectorQ, pt2_?VectorQ}] := {Arrowheads[{-.04,.04}],
 Arrow[{pt1, {0, 0, 0}, pt2}]}
 Table[Prepend[With[{m = ranOrt}, arrowCouple[{m.v1, m.v2}]],
 Hue[RandomReal[], 1, 1, 0.2]], {100}], Boxed -> False]
randomly oriented planes spanned by arrows
(I know I can use GeometricTransformation[] for this, but I prefer the explicit approach here.)
share|improve this answer
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text:
According to the 2011 Monitoring the Future Study, 81% of college students have tried alcohol at least once in their lifetime and 68% report they have been drunk. More important, perhaps, is the occurrence of binge drinking – 36% of college students report binge drinking (having consumed five or more drinks in a row at least once in the two-weeks prior to completing the survey).
Trends in alcohol consumption among college students continue to slowly decline across all prevalence rates measured – from 1991 to 2011 annual consumption declined 12%, monthly alcohol consumption has declined 15% and binge drinking among college students has declined even more over this same period of time – down 16% from 43% to 36% in 2011. (Source: University of Michigan, Monitoring the Future, 2012)
Further, in the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health highlights that 16% of college students reported episodes of heavy drinking, that is, binge drinking on five or more occasions in the past month.
The Monitoring the Future Study (2005-2011) revealed 14% of college students reported they have consumed 10 or more drinks in a row at least once in the past two weeks and 5% reported consuming 15 or more drinks in a row. (Source: NIDA, Monitoring the Future, _PHONE_: Volume II, College Students and Adults Ages 19-50, 2012)
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text:
This Month's Topic:
Stimulate and Motivate Your Audience Through the Language of Visualization
Seventy percent (70%) of the brain is devoted to creating and interpreting visual images. Advocates must get to that 70%.
So how do you most effectively stimulate and motivate your audience through visual images?
1. Limit your use of Power-Point or charts to punch up only the most salient points and not to tell the whole story. If you overuse Power-Point and charts, the audience will watch the screen blindly without absorbing what it represents.
2. Learn to use the language of visualization: "monumental"; "lifelike"; "vibrant"; "staggering".
3. Studies have shown that if you tell people to visualize what you are saying, they "own" the image and you increase retention by 25-40%: "imagine seeing"; "imagine that you are…"; "picture this…"; "close your eyes (and see/imagine/picture)..."; "you can imagine what...".


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So you hate Nukes and like to use brute force to get somewhere? Than the Ares is the right ship for you.
Ares is a VTOL chraft with about 5800 d/v. It is able to land and takeoff from Duna.
The Lifter is reusable but needs support of the engines for landing.
A small Duna landing guide:
- Bring your Pe down to about 10.000 meters.
- Use your main engines to reduce horizontal velocity.
2.1 Use VTOL engines zu reduce vertical velocity. (this is important when your tanks are full,
the main engines have not enough TWR)
- Deploy the Parachutes.
- Use the VTOL engines to land.
- Let the F9 button cool down.
Due to weight restrictions at launch, center of mass does not align with center of thrust of VTOL engines.You need to refuel at Minmus and land with your main engines.
1 toggle main engine
2 toggle VTOL engine
3 VTOL control mode
4 normal control mode
6 toggle Airlock and ladder
7 toggle Scanner
8 toggle Rdiator and Solarpannel
9 toggle Survace harvest
0 toggle Drill
Fortot to update pictures. Frontal Fins are replaced with thrusters.
- Type: VAB
- Class: ship
- Part Count: 697
- Pure Stock


text: This study aims to investigate the factors regulating population size and colony distribution of Adelie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) at Cape Hallett. Data was collected on Adelie penguin reproductive effort and chick condition including total number of adults, number of breeding pairs, number of active nests, number of territories, number of unknown, nests with 1 or 2 eggs, nests with 1 or 2... chicks and the number of creche chicks. Satellite transmitters and time depth recorders were used to track individual penguins at sea to determine their foraging areas and strategies during the breeding season. Regurgitated food samples were collected for analysis. Chicks were selected randomly and were weighed and had their flipper length measured to calculate a chick condition index which is comparable between years and between the rookeries. Feeding frequency and reproductive effort was determined from chick feeding observations.


text:
Structural correlations in bacterial metabolic networks
Citation and License
BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011, 11:20 doi:10.1186/_PHONE_-20Published: 20 January 2011
Evolution of metabolism occurs through the acquisition and loss of genes whose products acts as enzymes in metabolic reactions, and from a presumably simple primordial metabolism the organisms living today have evolved complex and highly variable metabolisms. We have studied this phenomenon by comparing the metabolic networks of 134 bacterial species with known phylogenetic relationships, and by studying a neutral model of metabolic network evolution.
We consider the 'union-network' of 134 bacterial metabolisms, and also the union of two smaller subsets of closely related species. Each reaction-node is tagged with the number of organisms it belongs to, which we denote organism degree (OD), a key concept in our study. Network analysis shows that common reactions are found at the centre of the network and that the average OD decreases as we move to the periphery. Nodes of the same OD are also more likely to be connected to each other compared to a random OD relabelling based on their occurrence in the real data. This trend persists up to a distance of around five reactions. A simple growth model of metabolic networks is used to investigate the biochemical constraints put on metabolic-network evolution. Despite this seemingly drastic simplification, a 'union-network' of a collection of unrelated model networks, free of any selective pressure, still exhibit similar structural features as their bacterial counterpart.
The OD distribution quantifies topological properties of the evolutionary history of bacterial metabolic networks, and lends additional support to the importance of horizontal gene transfer during bacterial metabolic evolution where new reactions are attached at the periphery of the network. The neutral model of metabolic network growth can reproduce the main features of real networks, but we observe that the real networks contain a smaller common core, while they are more similar at the periphery of the network. This suggests that natural selection and biochemical correlations can act both to diversify and to narrow down metabolic evolution.


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Comment by Morin
by Morin on Mon 28th Feb 2011 11:41 UTC
Member since:
> The interrupt handling model which I'm currently
> checking for portability is:
I can tell you where your model is not universally portable. I cannot name specific architectures that use different models, because my experience comes from FPGA based circuits where you would change even the hardware parts as you see fit.
> Hardware emits an interrupt signal
The signal can be edge-triggered or level-triggered. This is usually of little concern for an OS developer, because either way the interrupt is captured such that an interrupt that occurs while the CPU cannot handle it immediately isn't lost.
> On its way, the signal optionally encounters one or
> more PICs which either stop it or direct it to one
> of the CPU's interrupt pins (this means that PIC
> drivers are necessary on architectures which have
> one, but that they may be written separately)
External modules such as the PICs from PC mainboards are indeed optional, but if present, might perform arbitary functions: masking out unwanted interrupts; re-mamping to different IRQ numbers; even masking two interrupts to the same number. Such modules would also be specialized to the hardware interrupt protocol (which again is of little interest to the OS developer).
> The CPU reacts to the signal on its interrupt pin by fetching a "vector", noticeable containing the memory address of the interrupt handler associated to that pin, doing some arch-specific tricks, and executing code at said address
Some CPUs use an address table as you describe. Some others use a fixed address for all interrupts and let the software determine what caused the interrupt. Others use fixed addresses that depend on the IRQ number. Others use a few fixed addresses where most interrupts share one table entry and a few performance critical ones use another.
CPUs may also allow to mask interrupts internally at different scopes, e.g. globally and per IRQ number. CPU differ in the way that interrupts are automatically masked when an interrupt occurs: some mask all interrupts on interrupt entry, others define a priority and only mask lower-or-equal-priority interrupts.
x86 specifically defines a lengthy procedure that set up a process environment (not only an entry address) entirely in hardware before software handling even begins; this is called "interrupt gate" IIRC. Remember that x86 defines a whole OS in microcode, although that is rarely used anymore.
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Spruce, alder, and oak woods deposited in coastal sediments were characterized versus their modern counterparts by quantification of individual neutral sugars and lignin-derived phenols as well as by scanning electron microscopy, 13C NMR, and elemental analysis. The buried spruce wood from a 2500 yr old deposit was unaltered whereas an alder wood from the same horizon and an oak wood from an open ocean sediment were profoundly degraded. Individual sugar and lignin phenol analyses indicate that at least 90 and 98 wt% of the initial total polysaccharides in the buried alder and oak woods, respectively, have been degraded along with 15-25 wt% of the lignin. At least 75% of the degraded biopolymer has been physically lost from these samples. This evidence is supported by the SEM, 13C NMR and elemental analyses, all of which indicate selective loss of the carbohydrate moiety. The following order of stability was observed for the major biochemical constituents of both buried hardwoods: vanillyl and p-hydroxyl lignin structural units > syringyl lignin structural units > pectin >??-cellulose > hemicellulose. This sequence can be explained by selective preservation of the compound middle lamella regions of the wood cell walls. The magnitude and selectivity of the indicated diagenetic reactions are sufficient to cause major changes in the chemical compositions of wood-rich sedimentary organic mixtures and to provide a potentially large in situ nutrient source.?? 1985.
Additional publication details
Degradation of carbohydrates and lignins in buried woods


defense in depth: (DOD, NATO) The siting of mutually supporting defense positions designed to absorb and progressively weaken attack, prevent initial observations of the whole position by the enemy, and to allow the commander to maneuver his reserve.
--- from the DOD Dictionary of Military Terms
Defense in depth design principles
Defense in depth is a fundamental design principle for security and defensive systems. It is a key strategy when planning the overall defensive design of a castle, computer network, city, force positioning, or computer system. In some ways, it is the application of design margin to security. By making security not have a single point of failure, weaknesses in design, implementations, algorithms, or protocols are not fatal by themselves.
There are a number of aspects to defense in depth:
 - Layering for redundancy: Defenses should be composed from multiple independent layers. If any one layer should fail, the other layers remain to protect the critical assets. It is important the redundancy of layers is real and that there aren't some attack tree paths that are substantially weaker than others. The overall security of the system is only as strong as its weakest link, so it's important that layers are composed on all paths.
 - Visibility into failures: It is important to have visibility into the integrity of every layer. It should ideally not be possible for any one layer to be compromised or otherwise fail without this being detected. This gives the defender early detection of attacks, along with the corresponding ability to respond, reposition defenses, or counter-attack. It also allows the defender to estimate the degree of compromise, providing the ability for measured response.
 - Limit externally-visible exposure: By layering defenses, attackers may only have information about the layers that are exposed to them, either initially or through the compromise of outer layers. This severely limits their ability to plan ahead, making their attack both slower and more likely to be noticed. It's worth taking this as an added benefit, however, for there's a serious risk in relying on security through obscurity and underestimating the amount of information available to an attacker. To avoid detection, an attacker must therefore be perfect while simultaneously being ignorant of what is ahead.
 - Containment of failures: By compartmentalizing defenses, compromises can be limited to portions of a system. Incident response can then be a measured response that targets the compromised areas rather than having to treat everything as potentially compromised (although it is worth erring on the side of assuming that things have been compromised unless you know for certain that they haven't been).
The principle of defense in depth makes sense to apply to both a full system and to individual subsystems. In this way, it can be composed fractally where layered defenses are apparent at all scales.
In constructing defensive layers, different types of layers may be used to serve different purposes. With many of these layers, degree of defense does not simply compose arithmetically or geometrically. Some different purposes for layers include:
 - Primary defense: These layers comprise the key to the defense of any subsystem and when taken together defend against all attacks against the subsystem. Every subsystem must have one or more of these layers. In many cases, this layer is simply vigilance in design and implementation.
 - Attack/intrusion detection: These layers are often transparent or invisible to attackers, but provide defenders with information about attackers, the nature of attacks, and their degree of success at compromise.
 - Focused defense: These layers, designed to be used in conjunction with more general-purpose defenses, defend against particular attacks. These can be used to strengthen the weaker parts of primary defenses and to add additional protection against common attacks.
 - Raising the bar: These layers do not necessarily stand alone or provide any real protection but instead make attacks harder and decrease the number of potential attackers who have the skills and resources to mount a successful attack. Security through obscurity may not be effective as a primary defense, but it can help raise the bar.
Examples in physical defensive strategies
Defense in depth has been employed for thousands of years in the design of fortifications. Castles are one of the better demonstrations of the effectiveness of this design principle. Medieval castles had multiple layers of defense, going from the hill or position in which they were built, to far outer walls, to a moat, to the primary outer walls (bailey), to inner walls, to an inner keep/tower, to defenses within the tower. The outermost defenses would slow down attackers and reduce the element of surprise while the defenders could fall back to inner positions as outer layers were compromised.
Examples in networks and computer systems
When applied to computer networks, systems, and individual hosts, defense in depth involves placing redundant protections at many levels. On the perimeter, a corporate network may have a firewall and an IDS (intrusion detection system). Internally, the network may be compartmentalized such that servers and user machines for different organizations are firewalled from each other. Critical assets (such as authentication servers) may even have additional protections in front of them.
In addition to layered perimeter defenses, individual machines and communication channels should have their own protections.
Machines should be protected themselves (for example, only running services that need to be running, have security patches applied promptly, etc.) Machines should avoid transitive trust and principle of least privilege should be obeyed. Machines should have host-based intrusion detection systems (such as virus checkers).
Even if network layer channels between machines are encrypted through something like IPsec, end-to-end security (encryption, authentication, and authorization) should still be performed at or close to the application layer.
Software components running on machines can also be designed for defense in depth. In addition to paranoid design and implementation (for example, in avoiding buffer overruns), components should validate their inputs and not implicitly trust even other components running on the same machine. When possible, components should only have the capabilities that they need and should be running in restricted environments.
A common mistake of Information Systems executives is assuming that a firewall will solve all of their company's network security problems. However, firewalls should only be a component to a coherent defensive strategy. By themselves, they are only an outer wall that provides protection to attackers from the outside. Not only do the reported majority of corporate computer security incidents come from the inside *, but firewalls are insufficient by themselves at protecting companies from attacks from the outside. A great example of the dangers in relying on firewalls was provided by the Code Red Worm which infected employee laptops at home and was then carried inside of corporate firewalls where it proceeded to infect internal systems.
As the infantry charged across the plain, a small flag began waving from atop the cliff to their left. "Shit" exclaimed the exec, pointing it out to the captain. "They know we're coming."
With that, the rumble of heavy artillery began from the far side of the hill across the plain. "Not to worry," began the captain. "Arced shot isn't going to be painful. When we get closer, if they skip shot, then we'll have to worry." Even as the first balls began falling around them, a sergeant in the third platoon called out, "Skirmishers on the right!"
A squad of light cavalry, armed with pistols came on an oblique approach, snapping shots at long distance. "Third platoon! Wheel and engage! First and second platoons! Charge!" Even as the third platoon snapped their rifles to firing position, the voices of the first two platoons rose in a ululating war cry.
Grape shot came whizzing out of the fixed emplacements at the top of the hill, dismembering soldiers as the laboriously charged uphill. Then the advancing units reached the earthworks, and began clambering up into the teeth of enemy gunfire. As they reached the brush and spikes at the crest, they began shoving through, their numbers much reduced. Here, it was bloody work - with no time to reload, both sides began stabbing with the bayonets fixed to their rifles.
The coronets of the defenders rose, and a fresh squad of defenders rushed forward into the breech, repulsing the attack.
An example of physical defense in depth
Forward Observers
Provides the ability to see the enemy's formation prior to the engagement
Long range artillery
Forces the enemy to keep moving - as soon as they become stationary, the artillery can range on them. As it is, the benefits of suppressive fire against morale is high.
In this instance, skirmishers forced the advancing unit to divide, thus weakening the attack against the main fortification.
Enfilading fire
At close range, grape shot into attacking infantry is... lethal.
Being on the uphill side of a charge is always advantageous.
Having units firing upon the chargers - even as they ran uphill.
Effectively, walls to shield the defenders against incoming fire, and forcing the attackers over yet another hurdle.
Preparing infantry for a shift from long range to close quarters combat.
A strategic force prepared to reinforce the defense.


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American Community Survey Profiles
Single Year Estimates
These are general profiles of counties with populations over 65,000, including information on population and housing.
County Population Estimates
This table includes the annual population estimates from July 1, 1970 through July 1, 2012 for the U.S., Kansas and Kansas counties.
These tables show the most recent County Population Estimates (July 1, 2012) and the estimates of Components of Change, such as births, deaths and migration:
Population estimates for Kansas Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas and Combined Statistical Areas.
Tables of population change 2010-2012. The tables include numeric and percent change, as well as ranking by change.
The following tables present county population estimates by demographic characteristics for July 1, 2012 estimates.
- County Demographic Details (Age, Sex, Race, Hispanic ancestry)
- Estimate of Population under 18, over 65 and Median Age by County
|County||July 1, 2012 Population Estimate|
Please note that when the Census Bureau releases new population estimates, the previous estimates are often revised.
County Population Projections
The Center for Economic Development and Business Research at Wichita State University has created the following projections by Kansas County by age for 2000-2030.
Historic Census Data
This table shows the decennial Census count of the state and current counties from _PHONE_.
The following table includes the decennial count for the state and counties, including historic county names in use at the time of the Census.
These are the notes from the 1920 Decennial Census that explain the name and boundary changes to counties between 1860 and 1920.
The US Census Bureau's QuickFacts page provides the most recent information on the State, Counties and about 50 cities. You can access QuickFacts here, then use the drop down menu to find the county you are interested in.
If you need information not found here, please contact the State Data Center at _EMAIL_.


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Define the action of $S_n$ on $\mathbb{R}^n$:
take any $x\in S_n$, consider the mapping $x: \mathbb{R}^n\to\mathbb{R}^n$, $e_1, e_2...e_n$ are the standard basis of $\mathbb{R}^n$, $x(e_k)=e_{x(k)}$, clearly $x$ is a linear transformation.
How to show that if $x\in S_n$ is a reflection to some vector then $x$ is a transposition?
I can only show that transpositions are reflections, how to show that there are no more?
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If $x \in S_n$ defines a reflection of $\mathbb R^n$, then $x$ has order 2, thus it is a product of transpositions. If one of these transpositions is $(1\;2)$ then $e_1$ is mapped to $e_2$ and vice versa. There is only one reflection with this property, namely the reflection at the hyperplane orthogonal to $e_1-e_2$. This reflection leaves all the $e_i$ ($i \neq 1,2$) unchanged, so $x$ is the transposition $(1\;2)$.
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This is a great explanation. OP should accept this :) – Enzo Apr 24 '13 at 5:19
If $p$ is a permutation whose disjoint cycle decomposition is $c_1c_2\cdots c_r$ (including cycles of length $1$), then the multiplicity of $1$ as an eigenvalue of the map induced by $p$ is precisely $r$. It follows that $p$ is a reflection iff there is exactly one cycle of length $2$ and all the rest are of length $1$; of course, this happens exactly when $p$ is a transposition.
Of course, we have to check my initial claim on the multiplicity of $1$.
Consider the matrix $M$ of the map induced by $p$. It is easy to see that, up to permuting the basis, $M$ is in fact a diagonal block matrix, with one block corresponding to each of the cycles $c_i$. The multiplicity of $1$ as an eigenvalue is therefore the sum of the multiplicities of $1$ as eigenvalues of each of the permutation matrices corresponding to the $c_i$. We are thus reduced to showing that if $p$ is the cycle $(1,2,3\dots,n)$, then $1$ is a simple eigenvalue. But this is immediate: the characteristic polynomial, which coincides with the minimal one, is $x^n-1$.
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Medullary Sponge Kidney
On this page:
- What is Medullary Sponge Kidney?
- What are the complications of Medullary Sponge Kidney?
- What causes Medullary Sponge Kidney?
- How common is Medullary Sponge Kidney?
- Who is more likely to develop Medullary Sponge Kidney?
- What are the signs and symptoms of Medullary Sponge Kidney?
- How is Medullary Sponge Kidney diagnosed?
- How is Medullary Sponge Kidney treated?
- Can Medullary Sponge Kidney be prevented?
- Medications to Prevent Future Urinary Tract Infections and Kidney Stones
- Eating, Diet, and Nutrition
- Clinical Trials
What is Medullary Sponge Kidney?
Medullary sponge kidney, also known as Cacchi-Ricci disease, is a birth defect where changes occur in the tubules, or tiny tubes, inside a fetus' kidneys.
In a normal kidney, urine flows through these tubules as the kidney is being formed during a fetus' growth. In medullary sponge kidney, tiny, fluid-filled sacs called cysts form in the tubules within the medulla—the inner part of the kidney—creating a spongelike appearance. The cysts keep urine from flowing freely through the tubules.
Symptoms of medullary sponge kidney do not usually appear until the teenage years or the 20s. Medullary sponge kidney can affect one or both kidneys.
What are the complications of Medullary Sponge Kidney?
Complications of medullary sponge kidney include
What causes Medullary Sponge Kidney?
Scientists do not fully understand the cause of medullary sponge kidney or why cysts form in the tubules during fetal development. Even though medullary sponge kidney is present at birth, most cases do not appear to be inherited.
How common is Medullary Sponge Kidney?
Medullary sponge kidney affects about one person per 5,000 people in the United States. Researchers have reported that 12 to 20 percent of people who develop calcium-based kidney stones have medullary sponge kidney.1
Who is more likely to develop Medullary Sponge Kidney?
Medullary sponge kidney affects all races and geographic regions. Among people who are more likely to develop calcium-based kidney stones, women are more likely than men to have medullary sponge kidney.2
What are the signs and symptoms of Medullary Sponge Kidney?
Many people with medullary sponge kidney have no symptoms. The first sign that a person has medullary sponge kidney is usually a UTI or a kidney stone. UTIs and kidney stones share many of the same signs and symptoms:
- burning or painful urination
- pain in the back, lower abdomen, or groin
- cloudy, dark, or bloody urine
- foul-smelling urine
- fever and chills
People who experience these symptoms should see or call a health care provider as soon as possible.
How is Medullary Sponge Kidney diagnosed?
A health care provider diagnoses medullary sponge kidney based on
- a medical and family history
- a physical exam
- imaging studies
Medical and Family History
Taking a medical and family history can help diagnose medullary sponge kidney. A health care provider will suspect medullary sponge kidney when a person has repeated UTIs or kidney stones.
No physical signs are usually present in a patient with medullary sponge kidney, except for blood in the urine. Health care providers usually confirm a diagnosis of medullary sponge kidney with imaging studies.
Imaging is the medical term for tests that use different methods to see bones, tissues, and organs inside the body. Health care providers commonly choose one or more of three imaging techniques to diagnose medullary sponge kidney:
- intravenous pyelogram
- computerized tomography (CT) scan
A radiologist—a doctor who specializes in medical imaging—interprets the images from these studies, and patients do not need anesthesia.
In an intravenous pyelogram, a health care provider injects a special dye, called contrast medium, into a vein in the patient's arm. The contrast medium travels through the body to the kidneys. The kidneys excrete the contrast medium into urine, which makes the urine visible on an x-ray. An x-ray technician performs this procedure at a health care provider's office, an outpatient center, or a hospital. An intravenous pyelogram can show any blockage in the urinary tract, and the cysts show up as clusters of light.
Computerized Tomography Scans
Computerized tomography scans use a combination of x-rays and computer technology to create images. For a CT scan, a health care provider may give the patient a solution to drink and an injection of contrast medium. CT scans require the patient to lie on a table that slides into a tunnel-shaped device where the x-rays are taken. An x-ray technician performs the procedure in an outpatient center or a hospital. CT scans can show expanded or stretched tubules.
Ultrasound uses a device, called a transducer, that bounces safe, painless sound waves off organs to create an image of their structure. A specially trained technician performs the procedure in a health care provider's office, an outpatient center, or a hospital. Ultrasound can show kidney stones and calcium deposits within the kidney.
How is Medullary Sponge Kidney treated?
Scientists have not discovered a way to reverse medullary sponge kidney. Once a health care provider is sure a person has medullary sponge kidney, treatment focuses on
- curing an existing UTI
- removing any kidney stones
Curing an Existing Urinary Tract Infection
To treat a UTI, the health care provider may prescribe a medication called an antibiotic that kills bacteria. The choice of medication and length of treatment depend on the person's medical history and the type of bacteria causing the infection.
Removing Kidney Stones
Treatment for kidney stones usually depends on their size and what they are made of, as well as whether they are causing pain or obstructing the urinary tract. Kidney stones may be treated by a general practitioner or by a urologist—a doctor who specializes in the urinary tract.
Small stones usually pass through the urinary tract without treatment. Still, the person may need pain medication and should drink lots of liquids to help move the stone along. Pain control may consist of oral or intravenous (IV) medication, depending on the duration and severity of the pain. People may need IV fluids if they become dehydrated from vomiting or an inability to drink.
A person with a larger stone, or one that blocks urine flow and causes great pain, may need more urgent treatment, such as
- shock wave lithotripsy. A machine called a lithotripter is used to break up the kidney stone into smaller pieces to pass more easily through the urinary tract. The patient may need local or general anesthesia.
- ureteroscopy. A ureteroscope—a long, tubelike instrument with an eyepiece—is used to find and retrieve the stone with a small basket or to break the stone up with laser energy. Local or general anesthesia may be required.
- percutaneous nephrolithotomy. In this procedure, a wire-thin viewing instrument, called a nephroscope, is used to locate and remove the stones. During the procedure, which requires general anesthesia, a tube is inserted directly into the kidney through a small incision in the patient's back.
Can Medullary Sponge Kidney be prevented?
Scientists have not yet found a way to prevent medullary sponge kidney. However, health care providers can recommend medications and dietary changes to prevent future UTIs and kidney stones.
Medications to Prevent Future Urinary Tract Infections and Kidney Stones
Health care providers may prescribe certain medications to prevent UTIs and kidney stones:
- A person with medullary sponge kidney may need to continue taking a low-dose antibiotic to prevent recurrent infections.
- Medications that reduce calcium in the urine may help prevent calcium kidney stones. These medications may include
- potassium citrate
Eating, Diet, and Nutrition
- Drinking plenty of water and other liquids can help flush bacteria from the urinary tract and dilute urine so kidney stones cannot form. A person should drink enough liquid to produce about 2 to 2.5 quarts of urine every day.3
- Reducing sodium intake, mostly from salt, may help prevent kidney stones. Diets high in sodium can increase the excretion of calcium into the urine and thus increase the chance of calcium-containing kidney stones forming.
- Foods rich in animal proteins such as meat, eggs, and fish can increase the chance of uric acid stones and calcium stones forming. People who form stones should limit their meat consumption to 6 to 8 ounces a day.4
- People who are more likely to develop calcium oxalate stones should include 1,000 milligrams of calcium in their diet every day. Adults older than 50 years should consume 1,200 milligrams of calcium daily.3 Calcium in the digestive tract binds to oxalate from food and keeps it from entering the blood and the urinary tract, where it can form stones.
People with medullary sponge kidney should talk with their health care provider or a dietitian before making any dietary changes. A dietitian can help a person plan healthy meals.
The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) and other components of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct and support research into many diseases and conditions.
What are clinical trials, and are they right for you?
Clinical trials are part of clinical research and at the heart of all medical advances. Clinical trials look at new ways to prevent,


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Last Christmas, both sets of grandparents gave our five-year-old son an avalanche of gifts. This year, my husband and I would like to downplay the material side of the holidays. How can we persuade our parents to support this plan?
Begin by understanding their side: For a grandparent, the great joy of gift giving is watching that beloved child's eyes light up. Starting from there, you and your husband might tell each set of parents that you'd like to simplify the holidays, encouraging your son to focus not just on toys but on the people in his life (including his grandparents). Say that you are giving him fewer things and hope they will do the same. Be prepared, though. They may ignore your request, feeling that while you're entitled to your approach, so are they. In that case, consider downplaying materialism in a different way, by asking them to give your son the gift of their time (making cookies, building a snowman, going to a local Christmas concert) along with their other gifts.


Stay Healthy and Safe on Spring Break
Photo: Teenagers in swimming poolGoing to another country for spring break? Follow these tips to reduce your risk of illness or injury abroad.
Spring break means an escape from the daily grind. For high school and college students, it can be a rite of passage or an annual tradition. This is your time. It is all about you, and YOU are in charge of your health, safety, and well-being.
Getting ready for spring break is more than just picking a destination.
While you're choosing among an exotic island getaway, a ski vacation, or just a short ride down the highway, follow these steps to ensure you have a healthy and safe spring break trip.
For those Going Abroad
Vaccination before vacation. Before you go abroad, find out about vaccines and any health concerns at your destination. Check with the local health department or a travel medicine specialist 6 to 8 weeks before you leave the United States.
It's still flu season, and vaccines are the most important tool we have for preventing the flu. Talk with your doctor about getting a flu shot.
Photo: A group of students
Travel health insurance. Consider health insurance if you're traveling outside the United States, because your regular carrier might not cover expenses. Coverage for emergency medical evacuation can be useful, particularly if you do extreme sports, such as mountain climbing or heli-skiing.
Active vacations. Whether your sport is ice climbing or reef diving, depend on reliable outfitters for success. When making reservations, ask questions to make sure you will be with properly trained guides and will be using well-maintained equipment. Don't take chances that might cause injuries—or worse.
You are what you eat. Tempted to indulge in the local cuisine? Food can be the best or the worst part of your international trip. In developing countries, eat only food that has been fully cooked and served hot. Avoid eating fresh vegetables and fruits, unless you can peel them yourself. Drink only bottled, sealed beverages, and steer clear of ice—it was probably made with tap water.
Is it worth the risk? The phrase "what happens on spring break stays on spring break" can imply that it is okay—even expected—to engage in risky behaviors that you would not normally consider in your daily life, but you should take your healthy behaviors on vacation with you:
 - Use latex condoms if you have sex (see Sexually Transmitted Diseases).
 - To prevent infections such as HIV and hepatitis B, don't get tattoos or piercings.
 - Drink alcohol responsibly and be sure to have a designated driver.
 - Remember the basics of safe driving: wear seatbelts, maintain the speed limit, and avoid distractions such as talking on the phone or texting while driving. (Using a cell phone while driving is illegal in many countries.)
Photo: HikersTravel wise. Here are a few other reminders to ensure smart traveling:
 - Wear sunscreen. Avoid overexposure to the sun by wearing protective clothing and limit time in the sun during the hottest part of the day, 10 am–4 pm.
 - Swim in safe places. Before jumping in, ask about bacterial contamination, water depth, and other hazards, such as sharp rocks or coral, riptides, and dangerous sea animals.
 - Pack smart and remember that prevention can be travel-sized. Carry your own stash of first-aid supplies and medications. Insect repellent and antidiarrheal medicine are musts.
Politics, politics. The US Department of State website,, helps travelers gauge the political climate of unstable countries.
You have been busy, you have worked hard, so now relax and have a good time—you deserve it!
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text: Advances in computing has undoubtfully been one of the main catalysts in the formation of the discipline always known as Statistics. A fundamental question addressed here is whether computing facilities, such as parallel or high performance computing, could assist in the development of methodologies that render stronger results, based on some predetermined optimality criterion. The candidate at the hand of which this enquiry is made, is the arc length of some statistical function. Estimation, goodness-of-fit, linear regression and non-linear regression, which may all be considered as central themes in Statistics, are revisited, and redefined in terms of this new measure. The results resulting from these arc length methodologies are obtained from simulation, as well as from real case studies, and contrasted to that obtained using their classical counterparts. Mathematical premises for the proposed methods are provided, together with the documentation accompanying the companion R package, along with the data utilised for the applications.


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Volunteer as a noun is defined by Dictionary.com as:
a person who voluntarily offers himself or herself for a service or undertaking or a person who performs a service willingly and without pay.
Volunteerism is defined by the same source as above as:
the policy or practice of volunteering one's time or talents for charitable, educational, or other worthwhile activities, esp. in one's community.
I pondered how being a volunteer and volunteerism correlated with my family history and genealogy. I can remember many activities that my mother took part in that would qualify as "volunteer".
- Girl Scout Leader
- Church Council member and President
- Church committee member
- Parent Teacher Organization member
- Substitute Teacher (when it was all volunteer)
- Working at school carnivals and community festivals
- Helping to coordinate her alumna banquets
- Driving elderly friends or church members to church, church functions or back home
- Hosting women's or club functions or bridge parties
- Driving her teenage daughter (me) and friends everywhere
As a member of several organizations (Parents Without Partners, American Legion, FOE Auxilliary, and a Square Dancing Club), I'm sure she put in a good many volunteer hours. Through the church, even when she was ill and couldn't do very much, she still volunteered to cook chickens that would be used for the Tuesday night dinners the church held for the community.
My mom saw volunteerism modeled by both of her parents who were very active in community organizations. My grandparents either separately or together were members of the National Association of Retired Federal Employees (N.A.R.F.E.), American Legion, Eastern Star, and Daughters of America. My grandfather served on the Council for the Village he resided in and worked hard toward the merger of the towns of Fairfield and Osborn in Greene County, Ohio long before they did merge to become Fairborn. He also was a Boy Scout leader for many years and a member of the Masons.
My mom's brother also saw the modeling of this type of volunteerism of his parents and became very active in the community as an adult. He helped organize the Battle Creek (Michigan) Hot Air Balloon championships; was a member of the Masons and the Lions club; member of the Battle Creek chamber of commerce who started the Leadership Academy; helped with Battle Creek's sesquicentenial celebration leading to the formation of PRIDE INC., of Keep America Beautiful; and many other activities.
Researching the many volunteer activities and the organizations my family members have been involved, has led me to the conclusion that they were very giving people and have passed on this sense of helping others. I have spent a good number of years wondering if "no" is part of my vocabulary.
At the age of not yet 50, I have been a Girl Scout Leader for two of my daughters; spent many years on the Christian Education board at church and the Cemetery Board; have now sat on the PTA as a board member and officer for 4 years; helped with one of our community organizations via our church by helping to make lunches for low income families during the summer; as a coordinator, treasurer and public relations chair for a parent organization; and other activities.
So how do I pass this on? Will my volunteerism or that of my mother, my uncle, and my grandparents impact the lives of my children, grandchildren or the great-grandchildren yet to be? And how does one go about volunteering without it being all about them? Helping others – either within a structured organization or individually – is not to make a name for oneself. It shouldn't be done with the thought that others will think more highly of you.
Volunteering in the name of genealogy should take on the same thought process. If you are in the position to help someone – whether it is spending an hour at the local libary looking up obituaries or a census index; going to a nearby cemetery to photograph/transcribe a few headstones; or pointing someone in the right direction – you should. Just because it is the right thing to do. Someday you may need that type of help. Very limited. Very specific.
I don't know how much I've contributed to other's research however I have received communications from very, very distant cousins or people researching the same surname as I am, and I've at least responded or sent them my own communication. If nothing else, I hope they feel that they aren't out in the genealogy research "world" without a paddle – that someone else has read their query or message board post.
I've been helped immensely by volunteers. Not only has a kind lady taken pictures of the requested headstones for me but she photographed other family members' headstones and spent several hours at her local library researching the names and sent me news clippings. And she didn't want one penny for her time or her postage. That is a volunteer – being selfless and not thinking about what was in it for her.
Two of my relatives in my Johnson line along with myself have pooled our resources and research and share everything about our shared lines that we find – including questions about whether we are on the right track.
That is volunteerism through genealogy.
Another definition of Volunteer is someone who signs up, enters, and serves in the military. Even though our service men and women do receive pay from the government, by offering to sacrifice themselves in order to assure our freedom – that is still volunteerism.
I've had many ancestors and family members who have volunteered in such a way. My grandfather for WWI, and went on to serve until the Korean War. My dad and his brothers who served during WWII and even beyond. Cousins who served in the Viet Nam War. Children of first cousins who served in the first Gulf War. A great-grandfather who served in the Civil War. Others who serve now – although not in a battle zone. This type of selfless sacrifice has also been passed down through the generations.
Humanitarian? Philanthropic? – they all add up to VOLUNTEER!
This post was written for the 88th Carnival of Genealogy.
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15 Things Every Man Should Know How To Do
Lifestyle | By Cole Damon | October 20, 2017
Being a man is not an easy task. Crazy goals are expected of you such as having a high paying job, an Ivy league education, being member of a board of directors and having a massive bank balance - just to name a few. At the end of the day, you're expected to be an emotionally caring husband, father, son or any combination of these. What they don't realize is how difficult it is to fit the definitions of 'the perfect man'. But whether you are perfect or not, here are 15 know things for you.
Understand human psychology
If you want to succeed in life, then it is of paramount importance that you understand the way human nature works. Picking up subtle cues from another person's behavior can tell you a lot about how they can benefit you and your career.
Finally learn to tie a tie
Unless you're a stay at home dad or part of some other unconventional job description, then being tying a tie is an absolute must. The subtle way your tie shifts in the wind and how it rests on your chest are important factors to take into account.
Learn how to fight
You will get into a fight. This is a proven, statistical fact and something which you can easily observe as well. Getting into a fight is one thing, coming out of it in one piece is another. Learn judo and karate if you must.
Ability to learn and adapt
Be like the chameleon. How it changes its color when the circumstances demand it. You too should be able to blend in with the environment and go with the flow if need be. Your failure to adapt to a dynamic environment could be your doom.
Make eye contact with a person of interest
The world will forget you and leave you in the dust if you show any hesitation during conversation. Being unable to make eye contact with a person of interest (your friend, teacher or boss) shows that you are a pushover.
Learn the art of handshaking
The ability to maintain a firm handshake. If you hold too tight, you give off the feelings of insecurity. If you make a loose connection, it gives off a feeling of cowardice. A perfect handshake could propel you to success.
The ability to talk your way out of a problem
Words are a powerful tool if used rightly. As part of life you will inevitably run into problems here and there, but the effective use of targeted words can actually pull you out of the ditch and onto safety.
The ability to understand
You're not born intelligent or smart. Intelligence is something which is acquired after years of training, foresight and determination. The best way to prevent disasters is to understand the variables which are responsible for causing them. So learn.
Dressing immaculately
Wearing a good pair of clothes is like taking a friend or buddy to a fight with you. Your clothes act as a powerful psychological tool, the same way your friend acts like your backup if things go haywire.
Managing stressful situations
Life will try to bog you down with all its problems and if you don't have the ability to cope with the ensuing stress, it will send you spiraling downwards into crippling depression. The end result is disastrous to both relationships and careers.
Effectively multi task
Your job is to be a loving husband, an understanding father and an obedient son. At the same time you have to manager your difficult career. The ability to juggle these two requires efficient multi tasking which not every man can manage.
Being non-violent
It is easy to get angry and violent towards someone who is physically weaker than you. But when the same person is twice your size, the anger devolves into pettiness and flattery. A successful man is someone who can control his anger towards those who are weaker than him.
Survive a bear attack
It is obvious you cannot go toe to toe with bear who is four times your weight and twice your height. No. But it is expected that when confronted with a grizzly, you should be able to save yourself by using knowledge and psychology.
Being able to negotiate
This is slightly different than the ability to talk your way out of a problem. In this case, you want the opposite party to succumb to your demands. This is not easy, especially when the prospectus looks gloomy for them but bright for you. Exercise a combination of humbleness and patience to win this one.
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Legal Information: Puerto Rico
Restraining Orders
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December 9, 2020
What is the legal definition of domestic violence in Puerto Rico for the purpose of getting a protection order?
Domestic violence for the purpose of getting a protection order is when one of the following people repeatedly use physical force, psychological violence, intimidation, or harassment in order to cause physical harm to yourself, your property, or to another person in order to cause you severe emotional harm:
 - your spouse;
 - your ex-spouse;
 - a person with whom you share or have shared a home;
 - a person who you are dating or have dated; or
 - a person with whom you have a child in common.1
A person can be a victim of domestic violence regardless of his/her sex, gender, marital status, sexual orientation, or immigration status.
1 See 8 L.P.R.A. § 602(q)


text:
The Crocoduck fallacy is one made by apologist Kirk Cameron and refuted immediately. It is an example of a straw man fallacy. Even though it was refuted, Cameron was found to continually use it, mostly with his partner Ray Comfort (the banana man).
The argument states that for evolution to be proved right, all sets of transitional fossils would need to be completed and, according to Kirk, creatures such as the "Crocoduck" (a duck with a crocodile head) would need to be discovered.
This fallacy doesn't need much explaining: the theory of evolution does not state that a crocodile has to become a duck, or vice-versa, or that such a thing must have happened for evolution to be correct. Even if a duck were supposed to have evolved directly into a crocodile, nothing says that a duck would have a crocodile head aside from the Photoshopped picture at right.
The Crocoduck fallacy demonstrates the complete lack of understanding of Comfort and Cameron regarding biological evolution. They apparently believe that Darwinian evolution requires a direct, single-step ancestor between every two species on the planet. In other words, there must have been not only a crocoduck, but also a croco-beaver and a beaver-duck predating the crocodile, beaver, and duck.


text:
Summary of Survey on Housing, Ownership, and Community Amenities Preferences
In November 2020 we received completed surveys from 38 Founder households which is 98% of all Founder households. One third of the respondent households are single-person.
Most surveyed Founder households won't be ready to move in until 2024 or later.
Our three core amenities include:
- a dance/community hall
- a dining facility/food services
- a licensed Family Care Home (Household Model)
At least two-thirds of Founder households that responded to the survey indicated that these amenities should be either in place upon move-in or within one year thereafter.
Respondents considered the following other amenities (onor off-site) essential or important (by the percentages shown):
- cultural/recreational facilities: 82%
- a licensed Skilled Nursing Facility: 66%
- access to health care with a physician or nurse practitioner and in-home assistance with activities of daily living: 50%
The survey results on housing preferences suggest a development which prioritizes semi-detached dwellings first, apartments second, and single family residences in the third phase, but also realizes that a mix of housing is important in each phase.


text:
into the apical area. Injecting irrigants is limited near to the tip of the injection needle, and the closer the needle tip is positioned to the apical tissue the greater are the chances of apical extrusion. Acoustic microstreaming and cavitation are limited to liquids and have no effect inside the vapor lock. The only method yet discovered to eliminate the apical vapor lock is to evacuate it via apical negative pressure. This method has also been proven to be safe because it always draws irrigants to the source of the vacuum—down the canal and simultaneously away from the apical tissue in abundant quantities. When properly used, the Endo-Vac is capable of producing the efficient and effective results described herein.
- Bowden JR, Ethunandan M, Brennan PA. Life-threatening airway obstruction secondary to hypochlorite extrusion during root canal treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2006;101:402-404.
- Witton R, Brennan PA. Severe tissue damage and neurological deficit following extravasation of sodium hypochlorite solution during routine endodontic treatment. Br Dent J. 2005;198:749-750.
- Joffe E. Complication during root canal therapy following accidental extrusion of sodium hypochlorite through the apical foramen. Gen Dent. 1991;39:460-461.
- Clegg MS, Vertucci FJ, Walker C, et al. The effect of exposure to irrigant solutions on apical dentin biofilms in vitro. J Endod. 2006;32:434-437.
- Dunavant TR, Regan JD, Glickman GN, et al. Comparative evaluation of endodontic irrigants against Entero-coccus faecalis biofilms. J Endod. 2006;32:527-531.
- Haas S, Edson D. Negative apical pressure with the EndoVac system. Poster presented at: American Association of Endodontists 2007 Annual Session; April 25-28; Philadelphia, PA.
- Schoeffel GJ. The EndoVac method of endodontic irrigation: safety first. Dent Today. Oct 2007;26:92-99.
- Senia ES, Marshall FJ, Rosen S. The solvent action of sodium hypochlorite on pulp tissue of extracted teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1971;31:96-103.
- Salzgeber RM, Brilliant JD. An in vivo evaluation of the penetration of an irrigating solution in root canals. J Endod. 1977;3:394-398.
- Zehnder M. Root canal irrigants. J Endod. 2006;32:389-398.
- Torabinejad M, Cho Y, Khademi AA, et al. The effect of various concentrations of sodium hypochlorite on the ability of MTAD to remove the smear layer [published correction appears in J Endod. Jun 2003;29:424]. J Endod. Apr 2003;29:233-239.
- Grandini S, Balleri P, Ferrari M. Evaluation of Glyde File Prep in combination with sodium hypochlorite as a root canal irrigant. J Endod. 2002;28:300-303.
- Albrecht LJ, Baumgartner JC, Mar-shall JG. Evaluation of apical debris removal using various sizes and tapers of ProFile GT files. J Endod. 2004;30:425-428.
- Usman N, Baumgartner JC, Marshall JG. Influence of instrument size on root canal debridement. J Endod. 2004;30:110-112.
- O'Connell MS, Morgan LA, Beeler WJ, et al. A comparative study of smear layer removal using different salts of EDTA. J Endod. 2000;26:739-743.
- Baumgartner JC, Brown CM, Mader CL, et al. A scanning electron microscopic evaluation of root canal debridement using saline, sodium hypochlorite, and citric acid. J Endod. 1984;10:525-531.
- Mader CL, Baumgartner JC, Peters DD. Scanning electron microscopic investigation of the smeared layer on root canal walls. J Endod. 1984;10:477-483.
- Berutti E, Marini R. A scanning electron microscopic evaluation of the debridement capability of sodium hypochlorite at different temperatures. J Endod. 1996;22:467-470.
- Siqueira JF Jr, Rocas IN, Favieri A, et al. Chemomechanical reduction of the bacterial population in the root canal after instrumentation and irrigation with 1%, 2.5%, and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite. J Endod. 2000;26:331-334.
- Siqueira JF Jr, Rocas IN, Santos SR, et al. Efficacy of instrumentation techniques and irrigation regimens in reducing the bacterial population within root canals. J Endod. 2002;28:181-184.
- Chow TW. Mechanical effectiveness of root canal irrigation. J Endod. 1983;9:475-479.
- Scientific overview: ultrasound terms. Celleration Inc Web site. _URL_ Accessed November 26, 2007.
- Nielsen BA, Craig Baumgartner J. Comparison of the EndoVac system to needle irrigation of root canals. J Endod. 2007;33:611-615.
- Schoeffel J, Sbeih W, Wallace J. Efficacy of a new endodontic irrigation method using negative pressure. Abstract 1593. Presented at the IADR 83rd General Session; March 9-12, 2005; Baltimore, MD.
- Mjor IA, Smith MR, Ferrari M, et al. The structure of dentine in the apical region of human teeth. Int Endod J. 2001;34:346-353.
Disclosure: The author holds 2 United States patents on the EndoVac and receives a royalty from Discus Dental based on sales.
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Project Leaf (Law Enforcement Assistance for Forests) was launched on 5 June, 2012 – on World Environment Day. It is an initiative to counter various aspects of forest crime, including corruption, illegal logging and timber trafficking. The project is a consortium led by Interpol and the United Nations Environment Programme, intended to provide a coordinated global response to organised and transnational forest sector crime. Effective forest law enforcement in countries that implement REDD+ schemes is crucial to the success of REDD+. By involving actors aiming to prevent forest crime and corruption, Project Leaf hopes to generate an improved governance platform to aid country implementation of REDD+. Project Leaf counts on development donors for financial and operational support.


text:
Learning to tie shoe laces is an important but difficult milestone for many children. For some of our clients, just the mention of shoe tying is enough to bring on tears. Here are some ways to help break down the process for your child.
- First of all, shoe tying should be practiced when there is time to practice. The last five minutes before the bus arrives is not the most opportune time for a child to feel focused and relaxed to attempt a new skill. Some families have found that sticking with slip-on or Velcro closure shoes for the school day and saving the lace up sneakers for afternoons and weekends works for them.
- Contrast laces can help your child differentiate which lace is which. Get a black lace and a white lace (or two of your child's favorite colors) and cut each lace in half. Tie the two shortened laces together and lace up a sneaker. Now when your child is learning the motor plan of how to manipulate the laces, you can use directions such as "Make a loop with the black lace", rather than diving into right vs. left.
- If your child is having trouble manipulating the laces due to decreased fine motor skills, try using a jump rope wrapped around their foot. The increased diameter of the rope makes it easier for you to fit your hands into the process and help your child. For some children, the simple fact that the rope is not a shoe helps to lessen hesitancy to try. Other children enjoy pretending to tie an elephant's or a dinosaur's shoe.
- Talk to your child's OT about which method of tying laces may be best for your child. In general, children who struggle with motor planning may benefit from the "two bunny ear" approach, as the steps are repetitive. Children who have difficulty with fine motor dexterity or bilateral coordination may do better with the "one bunny ear" approach. Once you pick a method, stick with it for a good length of time so that your child settles into the consistency of the steps.
- A word about that "bunny ear". Most children try to form a bunny ear, but end up with a small balloon-like loop at the very end of the lace; this results in the lace slipping through too far when trying to pull the laces tight at the end of the task. We have found that teaching the child to grasp the "middle of the lace", then "bring the middle down to the bottom" results in a good-sized loop with enough extra lace at the end to allow for success when pulling the laces tight.
- Visuals are key! Try a book with step by step pictures, take a video of yourself tying shoes or try an app.
There are two apps we have found to be useful: Tie Your Shoes and Shoe Tying. Tie Your Shoes breaks the activity down into short steps and gives the option to have black and white laces, or two white laces. The app itself is easy to navigate and allows the user to repeat a step if needed. The video is narrated by a clown, however, even our older children at the clinic don't seem to mind. (Note: if you are searching for Tie Your Shoes in the App Store, it is listed as an iPhone app, not an iPad app, but the video quality remains clear on an iPad.) Shoe Tying is a little harder to navigate and only shows white laces, but may be appropriate for an older child who finds Tie Your Shoes to be juvenile.
- Help your child gain confidence by asking them to do part of the task. Have your child complete just the first step (cross the laces), or just the last step (pull the loops tight), then work your way towards completing the whole activity. By celebrating the small successes, your child will gain interest and pride in their accomplishment.


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GRE(4) FreeBSD Kernel Interfaces Manual GRE(4)
 gre -- encapsulating network device
 To compile the driver into the kernel, place the following line in the
 kernel configuration file:
 device gre
 following line in loader.conf(5):
 The gre network interface pseudo device encapsulates datagrams into IP.
 These encapsulated datagrams are routed to a destination host, where they
 are decapsulated and further routed to their final destination. The
 ''tunnel'' appears to the inner datagrams as one hop.
 gre interfaces are dynamically created and destroyed with the ifconfig(8)
 create and destroy subcommands.
 This driver currently supports the following modes of operation:
 GRE encapsulation (IP protocol number 47)
 Encapsulated datagrams are prepended an outer datagram and a GRE
 header. The GRE header specifies the type of the encapsulated
 datagram and thus allows for tunneling other protocols than IP
 like e.g. AppleTalk. GRE mode is also the default tunnel mode on
 gre interfaces. As part of the GRE mode, gre also supports Cisco
 WCCP protocol, both version 1 and version 2. Since there is no
 reliable way to distinguish between WCCP versions, it should be
 configured manually using the link2 flag. If the link2 flag is
 not set (default), then WCCP version 1 is selected.
 MOBILE encapsulation (IP protocol number 55)
 Datagrams are encapsulated into IP, but with a shorter encapsulation. The original IP header is modified and the modifications
 are inserted between the so modified header and the original payload. Like gif(4), only for IP-in-IP encapsulation.
 The gre interfaces support a number of ioctl(2)s, such as:
 GRESADDRS Set the IP address of the local tunnel end. This is the
 source address set by or displayed by ifconfig(8) for the gre
 GRESADDRD Set the IP address of the remote tunnel end. This is the destination address set by or displayed by ifconfig(8) for the
 gre interface.
 GREGADDRS Query the IP address that is set for the local tunnel end.
 This is the address the encapsulation header carries as local
 address (i.e., the real address of the tunnel start point).
 GREGADDRD Query the IP address that is set for the remote tunnel end.
 This is the address the encapsulated packets are sent to
 (i.e., the real address of the remote tunnel endpoint).
 GRESPROTO Set the operation mode to the specified IP protocol value.
 The protocol is passed to the interface in (struct
 ifreq)->ifr_flags. The operation mode can also be given as
 to ifconfig(8).
 The link1 flag is not used to choose encapsulation, but to
 modify the internal route search for the remote tunnel endpoint, see the BUGS section below.
 GREGPROTO Query operation mode.
 GRESKEY Set the GRE key used for outgoing packets. A value of 0 disables the key option.
 GREGKEY Get the GRE key currently used for outgoing packets. 0 means
 no outgoing key.
 ones defined with ifconfig(8) for the interface (as if IP is encapsulated), but need not be, as e.g. when encapsulating AppleTalk.
 Configuration example:
 Host X-- Host A ----------------tunnel---------- Cisco D------Host E
 \ |
 \ /
 +------Host B----------Host C----------+
 On host A (FreeBSD):
 route add default B
 ifconfig greN create
 ifconfig greN A D netmask 0xffffffff linkX up
 ifconfig greN tunnel A D
 route add E D
 On Host D (Cisco):
 Interface TunnelX
 ip unnumbered D ! e.g. address from Ethernet interface
 tunnel source D ! e.g. address from Ethernet interface
 tunnel destination A
 ip route C
 ip route A mask C
 ip route X mask tunnelX
 On Host D (FreeBSD):
 route add default C
 ifconfig greN create
 ifconfig greN D A
 ifconfig greN tunnel D A
 If all goes well, you should see packets flowing ;-)
 If you want to reach Host A over the tunnel (from Host D (Cisco)), then
 you have to have an alias on Host A for e.g. the Ethernet interface like:
 ifconfig alias Y
 and on the Cisco:
 ip route Y mask tunnelX
 A similar setup can be used to create a link between two private networks
 (for example in the 192.168 subnet) over the Internet:
 192.168.1.* --- Router A -------tunnel-------- Router B --- 192.168.2.*
 \ /
 \ /
 +------ the Internet ------+
 Assuming router A has the (external) IP address A and the internal
 address, while router B has external address B and internal
 address, the following commands will configure the tunnel:
 On router A:
 ifconfig greN create
 ifconfig greN link1
 ifconfig greN tunnel A B
 route add -net 192.168.2 -netmask
 On router B:
 ifconfig greN create
 ifconfig greN link1
 ifconfig greN tunnel B A
 route add -net 192.168.1 -netmask
 Note that this is a safe situation where the link1 flag (as discussed in
 the BUGS section below) may (and probably should) be set.
 The MTU of gre interfaces is set to 1476 by default, to match the value
 used by Cisco routers. If grekey is set this is lowered to 1472. This
 endpoints. It can be adjusted via ifconfig(8).
 that is less specific than the one over the tunnel. (Basically, there
 tunnel, as this would be a loop.) If the addresses are ambiguous, doing
 the ifconfig tunnel step before the ifconfig(8) call to set the gre IP
 addresses will help to find a route outside the tunnel.
 In order to tell ifconfig(8) to actually mark the interface as ''up'',
 the keyword up must be given last on its command line.
 The kernel must be set to forward datagrams by setting the
 net.inet.ip.forwarding sysctl(8) variable to non-zero.
 gif(4), inet(4), ip(4), netintro(4), protocols(5), ifconfig(8), sysctl(8)
 A description of GRE encapsulation can be found in RFC 1701 and RFC 1702.
 A description of MOBILE encapsulation can be found in RFC 2004.
 Heiko W.Rupp <>
 The compute_route() code in if_gre.c toggles the last bit of the IPaddress to provoke the search for a less specific route than the one
 directly over the tunnel to prevent loops. This is possibly not the best
 To avoid the address munging described above, turn on the link1 flag on
 the ifconfig(8) command line. This implies that the GRE packet destination and the ifconfig remote host are not the same IP addresses, and that
 the GRE destination does not route over the gre interface itself.
 The current implementation uses the key only for outgoing packets.
 Incoming packets with a different key or without a key will be treated as
 if they would belong to this interface.
 RFC1701 is not fully supported, however all unsupported features have
 been deprecated in RFC2784.
FreeBSD 10.1 June 20, 2008 FreeBSD 10.1
Want to link to this manual page? Use this URL:
home | help


Spot The Difference
Welcome to the Spot the Difference page here at Children's Puzzles.
Here is a fun puzzle for you to play for free.
Can you spot the six differences between the two pictures below? You may find it easier to keep track of the differences if you print off the two pictures below and then circle the differences that you spot on one of the pictures:
spot the difference
can you find the differences
© Clarity Media 2008-2014 | Buy Kids Puzzles


text:
Does worrying about fracking make you thirst for a drink? Before you raise that pint of ale to your lips, consider the source.
The brewmeister of Brooklyn Brewery says toxic fracking chemicals like methanol, benzene, and ethylene glycol (found in antifreeze) could contaminate his beer by leaking into New York's water supply. Unlike neighboring Pennsylvania, New York state has promised to ban high-volume fracking from the city's watershed. But environmentalists say the draft fracking regulations are weak and leave the largest unfiltered water supply in the U.S. — not to mention the beer that is made from it — vulnerable.
This story was produced as part of the Climate Desk collaboration.


text:
Main Street Medical Monthly Digest
By: Shelby Rolfe January 2020
Let's Talk About Mental Health
January 29th is this years Bell Lets Talk day. This day is dedicated each year to help end the stigma around people with mental illnesses by getting the conversation going. It is important that we as a community let others know that we support them through their journey. But the conversation shouldn't be limited to just one day, let's keep it going all year long.
Bell Lets Talk is a program who's goal is to help fund and create awareness towards mental health and mental health care and research. The awareness campaign was started by the Bell telecommunications company to help end the stigma around mental health in Canada, and is now the country's largest corporation committed to mental health and is the first corporation to acknowledge this topic. Since its start in 2010, Bell Lets Talk has raised over $100 million for this cause. Click here to find out more about this initiative and to read real life stories from those impacted by mental illnesses.
One of the most important things we can do to help someone with a mental illness is to talk about it. Our words can have a huge impact on the way people with mental illnesses cope with their situations.
Here are some tips to help end the stigma:
- Learn as much as you can about mental illness and how they affect people. Ask questions and know the myths and facts
- Keep an open mind
- Be respectful and avoid using derogatory language
- If you have a mental illness, share your story
- Treat mental illnesses the same way you would treat a physical illness
- Listen when someone needs to talk
- Speak up for others if you hear someone speaking negatively about people with mental illnesses
It is important to talk about mental illnesses because often times people with mental illnesses are afraid to talk about it, and afraid to let their friends and family know because of the negative attitudes surrounding the topic. However, we will not let our loved ones suffer in silence and we will share our stories so they know they're not alone.
Remember, just because you can't see someone's illness, that doesn't mean it isn't there. Both mental and physical illnesses should be treated as equals. They both require research and support so that we can help those affected. The more we talk about mental health disorders, the more likely people are to reach out for help. See the person for who they are, not their mental illness. Listen to their story, learn about their illness and tell your own story. Because it may even be someone you love who is affected.
Without the support of family, friends and community, people with mental illness are half as likely to get help and proper treatment.
If you or someone you love has a mental illness here are some options for you to get help:
- IF IT IS AN EMERGENCY PLEASE CALL 9-1-1 OR GO TO THE NEAREST EMERGENCY ROOM!
- Kids Help Phone: _URL_ _PHONE_
- Hope For Wellness Help Line _PHONE_
- Canada Suicide Prevention Service _PHONE_ or Text 45645
- Newfoundland and Labrador All Ages Line _PHONE_
- Click this link for even more resources: _URL_
Main street Medical Clinic
165 Main street Springdale, NL A0J 1T0