text:
Facts and Events
It is likely that Ann married Samuel Cowan c1766 in Orange Co., NC. Her parents are known to have been living there at the time. Data is needed that places Samuel Cowan's family there. There is a possibility that Ann married Samuel while her parents were living on Borden's Grant (modern Rockbridge), though there is little evidence to support that. About 1771 the Cowan's and Walkers settled in the Castle's Woods area in Southwest Virginia. Samuel's brother William is belived to have married Ann's sister Jane in Castles Woods about this time. It is reasonable that the marriage between Samuel and Ann occurred at the same time, and that the Cowan's were never in Orange County, NC.
Samuel was killed in 1776 while attempting to warn the settlers at Houston's Fort of a forth coming Indian attack. Ann's brother John Walker IV was living there at the time, and the Fort was established by one of her mother's nephew's.
The following year Ann was captured by Indians during a raid on the Castle's Woods settlement. Her brother Samuel Walker was killed at this time, and her nephew William Walker, son of John Walker IV, was also taken. While it is commonly said that Ann was held captive for seven years, eyewitness testimony has her being returned by 1780, indicating that her captivity lasted no more than three or four years. We have no further direct records for her, but relative Thomas Carter would later write that she would tell the family that on the night of her capture the Indians lost four men during their raid. That may indicate that she returned to the Castle's Woods area; otherwise this information would probably not have been known to Carter.
Carter's account of Ann's capture, though cursory, also suggests that she had two infant children at the time. One of those would be her son, John Cowan, who reached adulthood around 1785, in Castle's Woods. Possibly Ann went to live with him, though it is more likely that she lived with one of her husbands family, perhaps William Cowan who lived in Castle's Woods, where Samuel and Ann owned land. In any case, most of her remaining family, both the Walkers and the Cowan's, left the Castle's Woods area about 1785, settling in Kentucky, and Tennessee. This includes her son John Cowan who seems to have left the area by about 1785, and we presume that Ann went with him. Andrew Cowan, another of Ann's brotherinlaws, remained in the Castle's Woods area at least until 1793, and one of his sons, Andrew Jr., married and settled down locally as well.
Where John Cowan settled is not known. Some have identified him as the John Cowan (aka Major John Cowan) who married Agness Martin in 1788 in Green County, TN, later Blount County, TN. While possible, Major John Cowan is more commonly identified as the son of Robert Cowan and Susan Woods, not Samuel Cowan, and Ann Walker. Another possibility is that this John Cowan returned to his mothers family in Rockbridge Co, VA. This interpretation is largey based on the testimony of Mrs. Blaine as cited in Fleming, 1971:364. Under that view this is the John Cowan (_PHONE_) who married Margaret Weir 91776-c1813) in 1793 in Rockbridge Co, VA Morton, 1973:479, and subsequently moved to Crawfordsville, Montgomery County, IN by 1813. This is consistent with the idea that John son of Samuel dissappears from the records of SW VA about 1785, and may explain his apparent absence in TN. It may also explain why we have no further evidence for Ann Walker Cowan, assuming she relocated with him.
Unfortunately, direct evidence for the fate of both Ann and her son John, are very limited, and their ultimate fate can not be stated with any certainty.


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I was looking at a book of FEM on problems of Diffusion-Transport.
$$-div(\mu \nabla u) + b \cdot \nabla u + \gamma u = f \qquad in~\Omega$$ $$u = 0 \qquad in~\partial\Omega\text{ (in the boundaries)}$$
It says that if $\displaystyle \frac{|b|}{\mu} \gg 1$ then the problem is a problem dominated by transport.
Taking some stuff from the previous chapter, more precisely the Galerking analysis of stability and convergence, and the approximation of the error, we have
$$\displaystyle M \cong \mu + |b| \qquad \textrm{continuity constant}$$ $$\alpha = \mu \qquad \textrm{coercivity constant}$$
Then it has $$\displaystyle \frac{M}{\alpha} \cong1+\frac{|b|}{\mu} \gg 1$$
As a consequence of that, it concludes that, the estimation of the error is $$\displaystyle ||u -u_h|| ≤C\frac{M}{\alpha}h^r|u|_{H^{r+1}(\Omega)}$$
which tell us that the Galerkin's method could give unsatisfactory results if the space step $h$ isn't small enough.
I Can't understand how can it conclude such thing. Any idea? Please, do not give complex explanations, I'm just trying to understand this FEM stuff, I'm a computer science student more than a math one.
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I'm not exactly clear what your question is? Which of the steps you state is not clear to you? – Wolfgang Bangerth Jan 22 '13 at 2:24
1 Answer 1
up vote 2 down vote accepted
If you follow the analysis until the last equation, then you can see the problem. You write:
$|| u-u_h|| \le C \frac{M}{\alpha} h^r |u|_{H^{r+1}(\Omega)}$
which from the expression just above it could also be written as
$|| u-u_h|| \le C \left(1+\frac{|b|}{\mu}\right) h^r |u|_{H^{r+1}(\Omega)}$
Now say you want to solve a problem for a fixed mesh size. In the first problem $|b|=\mu$, then you have
$|| u-u_h|| \le 2C h^r |u|_{H^{r+1}(\Omega)}$
Now you move to the next problem and the transport is strong compared to diffusion, $|b|=10^4 \mu$.
$|| u-u_h|| \le 10^4 C h^r |u|_{H^{r+1}(\Omega)}$
So on a mesh with fixed size, the second solution is orders of magnitude worse. The only way to improve it is to decrease $h$ to an amount that resolves the transport scale (counteracting the huge constant).
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I can see that the second solution is worse, so I suppose we decide to reduce the step size $h$ because is the only parameter that we can manipulate to make that result better, is that true? – BRabbit27 Jan 22 '13 at 7:37
Yes, that is why $h$ must be'small enough'. – Nathan Collier Jan 22 '13 at 8:19
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text:
Learners need to make new knowledge part of their individual story. Connections to self, others & the global community provide context for their learning. During this Innovative Learner Collection, you will understand some of the research as to why video works to connect learning, and how you can produce vlogs (video + blog) in the classroom to engage and reflect during the reading process using tools like Screencastify and YouTube. Never completed a collection in Pyxis before? You might want to check out this Overview Video that walks you through the 8 Innovative Learner opportunities and the basics on what to expect.
By the end of this collection, you will be able to:
Pre-Requisites or necessary equipment:

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
If you're enrolled in a Marketplace plan, income or household changes may affect the coverage or savings you are eligible for. It's important to update your application if you experience any of the following changes:
- Changes to your expected income for the year
- Changes in health coverage:
- Someone in your household getting an offer of job-based insurance, even if they don't enroll in it
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- Changes to your household or individual members:
- Birth or adoption
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- Moving to a permanent address in your state.
- Note: Don't update your application if you move out of state. See what to do when you move out of state.
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- Change in disability status
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Why report changes to the Marketplace?
- Changes like higher or lower income, adding or losing household members, or getting offers of other health coverage may affect the coverage or savings you're eligible for.
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- On the other hand, if your income estimate goes up or you lose a household member, you could owe money when you file your federal tax return.
How to update your Marketplace application:


text:
Samsung's semiconductor division relied on ChatGPT to help troubleshoot issues in their source code. However, while using the AI chatbot, they accidentally divulged confidential information such as source code for a new program and internal meeting notes about their hardware. Unfortunately, this wasn't an isolated occurrence, as three incidents were reported within a month.
To avoid similar breaches in the future, Samsung is now working on developing their own AI tool similar to ChatGPT that is exclusively for internal employee use. This will enable their fab workers to receive speedy assistance while securing the company's sensitive information. However, this new tool will only process prompts that are 1024 bytes or less in size.
The problem occurred because ChatGPT is managed by a third-party company that uses external servers. Therefore, when Samsung entered their code, test sequences, and internal meeting content into the program, it leaked data. Samsung promptly informed its leadership and employees about the risk of compromised confidential information. Until March 11, Samsung had not allowed their employees to use the chatbot.
Samsung is not the only company grappling with this issue. Many companies are restricting the use of ChatGPT until they establish a clear policy regarding the use of generative AI. Although ChatGPT provides an opt-out option for collecting user data, it's worth noting that the information fed to the service may still be accessed by its developer.
Table of Contents
ChatGPT is an AI application developed by OpenAI that utilizes deep learning to produce human-like text in response to user prompts. It can generate text in various styles and for diverse purposes, including writing copy, answering questions, drafting emails, holding conversations, translating natural language to code, and explaining code in various programming languages.
ChatGPT functions by predicting the next word in a given text using the patterns it has learned from a vast amount of data during its training process. By analyzing the context of the prompt and its past learning, ChatGPT generates a response intended to be as natural and coherent as possible.
What measures has Samsung taken to prevent future leaks?
Following the data leaks caused by ChatGPT, Samsung has taken several steps to prevent such incidents from happening again. Firstly, the company has advised its employees to exercise caution when sharing data with ChatGPT. They have also implemented a restriction on the length of questions submitted to the service, limiting them to 1024 bytes.
Moreover, Samsung is currently developing an AI tool similar to ChatGPT, but exclusively for internal employee use. This will ensure that fab workers receive prompt assistance while securing sensitive company information. Until the development of this tool, Samsung had warned its employees about the potential risks associated with using ChatGPT. They have also highlighted that data entered into ChatGPT is transmitted and stored on external servers, making it impossible for the company to control the data once it's handed over.
What were the consequences for the employees who leaked confidential data?
The consequences for the Samsung employees who leaked confidential data to ChatGPT have not been explicitly stated in the available information. However, Samsung Electronics is taking measures to prevent further leaks of sensitive information through ChatGPT, including imposing a limit of 1024 bytes on the size of submitted questions. The company has also cautioned its employees about the potential risks of using ChatGPT.
Furthermore, Samsung Semiconductor is developing its own AI tool for internal employee use, which will be restricted to processing prompts under 1024 bytes. These actions indicate that Samsung is taking protecting its confidential information seriously and is implementing measures to mitigate the risks associated with using ChatGPT.
What type of confidential information was leaked?
It appears that Samsung employees leaked confidential company information to ChatGPT on three different occasions. The leaked data included source code for a new program, notes from internal meetings, and information related to fab performance and yields. One specific incident involved a Samsung Semiconductor employee inadvertently submitting the source code of a proprietary program to ChatGPT in order to fix errors, thus inadvertently disclosing the code of a top-secret application to an external AI chatbot maker, OpenAI. As ChatGPT retains the data it receives, this confidential information is now in the hands of OpenAI.
How many times did Samsung employees leak confidential data to ChatGPT?
According to the search results, Samsung employees leaked confidential company information to ChatGPT on at least three occasions.


numpy.polynomial.chebyshev.chebmul(c1, c2)[source]
Multiply one Chebyshev series by another.
Returns the product of two Chebyshev series c1 * c2. The arguments are sequences of coefficients, from lowest order "term" to highest, e.g., [1,2,3] represents the series T_0 + 2*T_1 + 3*T_2.
c1, c2 : array_like
1-D arrays of Chebyshev series coefficients ordered from low to high.
out : ndarray
Of Chebyshev series coefficients representing their product.
In general, the (polynomial) product of two C-series results in terms that are not in the Chebyshev polynomial basis set. Thus, to express the product as a C-series, it is typically necessary to "reproject" the product onto said basis set, which typically produces "unintuitive live" (but correct) results; see Examples section below.
>>> from numpy.polynomial import chebyshev as C
>>> c1 = (1,2,3)
>>> c2 = (3,2,1)
>>> C.chebmul(c1,c2) # multiplication requires "reprojection"
array([ 6.5, 12., 12., 4., 1.5])


text:
Page 46, Exercise 107, end of chapter XV.
The sencence :The Germans, with (their) sons and daughters, are hastening with horses and wagons.
is translated as :Germani cum filiis filiabusque cum equis et carris properant/maturant.
in the answer key.
Why is the cum used? I interpreted the English sentence as: The Germans along with their sons and daughters are fleeing by means of
horses and wagons. So doesn't that make the equis et carris
ablatives of means, which according to D'Ooge should not have a cum preceding them. So shouldn't the second cum be absent in the snetence?
One explanation I could think of is that the horses and wagons are also ablatives of accompaniment, but why not means?
Could someone please help me out here.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
BEACON eSpace at Jet Propulsion Laboratory >
JPL Technical Report Server >
JPL TRS 1992+ >
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
|Title: ||A History of GPS Sounding|
|Authors: ||Yunck, T.|
Liu, C. H.
|Issue Date: ||Oct-1999 |
|Citation: ||Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences (TAO)|
|Abstract: ||The roots of GPS sounding go back to the first days of interplanetary flight. Today we have the almost concurrent emergence of the very element vital to a new global enterprise in GPS sounding: copious high beacons at ideal frequencies bathing the globe; a profusion of low obiters carrying GPS receivers and designed for real-time global data transfer; low-cost microelectronics of unprecedented power; and the occultation techniques itself the most precise and arguably the simplest atmospheric probe yet devised.|
|Appears in Collections:||JPL TRS 1992+|
Items in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.


text:
Refineries built in the 1950s to 1970s used all welded piping for both process and utility services. The specifications used during that time are often applied to retrofits, expansions and turnaround projects. But this reliance on the traditional specifications does have a downside. Scheduling, safety and constructability are three major factors in turnarounds. They are also the impacting factors that affect welding activities. However, alternatives, such as grooved mechanical piping, have been slow to gain acceptance due to the perception that the joining method wont work and a reluctance to use a gasketed joint.
This article will compare the primary pipe-joining methodswelding, flanging, threading and groovedand discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each method as used in the hydrocarbon processing industry (HPI). The misconceptions over grooved piping will be explained and corrected, and how this method can speed project completion, and improve constructability and safety, making it an ideal pipe-joining method for plant utility services.
HISTORY OF HPI PIPE JOINING
During the wave of refinery construction in the 1950s to 1970s, over 99% of the HPI facilities elected to weld all piping. Everything was based on process piping. Even utility piping systems were designed to the same material class as process piping. Many engineers didnt differentiate between piping classes. Nonprocess piping was over-engineered and over-constructed for perceived safety reasons.
At present, during retrofits, expansions and turnarounds, the specifications of the mid-20th century are still used. There is a mindset of if it aint broke, dont fix it. Welding is certainly not broken. But when it comes to utility piping, it may not be the best choice, given this methods shortcomings as it relates to construction, maintenance and safety.
Reliability and maintainability needs
Several factors that are important during construction projects typical of existing refineries and chemical plants include:
- Constructability, reliability and maintainability of equipment and systems.
Whereas welding is typically very reliable when performed by an experienced and highly skilled welder, the method does not promote quick project completion. It lacks in the constructability and maintainability of piping systems, and is inherently unsafe, particularly in the presence of volatile, toxic and explosive chemicals. Its also simply unnecessary for low-risk, nonprocess oriented utility services such as domestic water, plant water, plant air and compressed air. Other major pipe-joining methods also have their challenges.
Other methods equally have their pros and cons in plant piping systems:
This pipe-joining method produces a high-strength, permanent joint, which is usually very reliable. With the ability to use the joining method on just about any piping service, welding has become the standard by which all other methods are compared. The strength and reliability of welded joints are essential for critical high-temperature, high-pressure process piping. However, for utility services, weldings disadvantages outweigh the advantages.
Safety. First, safety concerns are considerable during welding activities. Welding by its very nature is dangerous. It is one of the most dangerous industrial activities. When welding is done in a potentially volatile environment, the risks become even greater. Welding produces flames, sparks and fumes; all introduce the risk of fire or explosion. Welding requires a fire watch during and following the work, which can slow the construction schedule. Furthermore, welding exposes workers to noxious fumes and particulate matter, as well as potential burns and eye damage.
Time-consuming activity. Second, welding is a time-consuming process. Welders must cut, bevel and prepare the pipe lengths; align and clamp the joint; and then undertake two, three or more passes using the selected welding method at each joint. A single 4-in. carbon steel pipe joint can take up to 2.25 hours to weld; a 12-in. joint can take 4 hours or longer, based on values found in the Mechanical Contractors Association of Americas Labor Estimating Manual (Rev. 2/98). Once the weld is complete, an X-ray may be required for quality inspection. In the case of a failed X-ray inspection, the re-work increases facility downtime. The challenges, time and risk associated with welding galvanized pipe are even greater.
Complex method. Third, the maintenance of a welded system is difficult. Welded systems convert individual pipe sections into a single unit, making it much harder to access a specific point within the system. If not accessing a welded system at a flange, the pipe would have to be cut in place to provide access.
Skill shortage. Finally, the quality of welding is declining. Many of the highly skilled welders with years of experience are reaching retirement age. The need for welding is unlikely to drop as quickly as the number of skilled welders available to do the work. Result: A shortage of skilled labor is quite possible, which could affect the quality of work. Allocating skilled labor to critical process systems and using alternative joining methods for noncritical utility systems are strategies to mitigate this challenge.
This pipe-joining method is a mechanical method that uses a series of bolts and nuts to compress a gasket between two flat-faced, flanged pipe ends. Flanging also produces a strong and reliable joint. Unlike welding, it provides a means for system access, but requires more maintenance to support joint integrity.
Union maintenance. The bolts and nuts of a flanged union and gasket absorb and compensate for system forces. Over time, the bolts and nuts can relax due to surges, system working pressure, vibration and expansion and contraction. When the bolts lose tension, the gasket can slip, which can result in a leak. Flange gaskets can take on compression over time, also resulting in leakage. To prevent or stop leaks, routine bolt and nut tightening is required.
Galvanization. Joint integrity may also be affected by the galvanization process. Under normal process conditions, galvanization may result in a zinc buildup on the flange, thus producing a flange face that is no longer flush. Such conditions can cause the flange to be more prone to leaks.
Although flanges provide system access, performing maintenance can be a time-consuming process because each of the bolts needs to be loosened and removed. In some cases, the gasket needs to be scraped off the flange and then replaced. The same bolt-tightening sequence required upon initial installation is also required upon reconnection of the flanges.
Welding issues. Finally, because flanges are typically welded onto the pipe ends, this method carries the same issues associated with welding, including safety risks and lengthy installation time.
In threading, a process that is typically used to join small-diameter pipe involves cutting conical spiraling male or female channels into the inside or outside of pipe or mating components. The joint is quick and simple to assemble. However, it is the least reliable compared to the other pipe-joining methods.
Threaded joints are notorious for leaks, which can result from improper initial installation and ongoing plant operations that weaken the threaded seal. System vibration can compromise the thread tape or sealant, resulting in a leak. Poor thread cuts can also cause leaks. In a threaded system, the leak is usually fixed by tightening the joint. The problem with this solution is that tightening one end of the threaded joint ultimately loosens an adjacent joint, so fixing one leak may lead to a new one.
Threading joints can present alignment issues with branches and elbows. In addition, the joints are difficult to repair. Over time, the joint may become fused, making system access more challenging. Many refineries have experienced problems with threaded small-diameter galvanized piping. They are replacing these systems with stainless steel (SS) systems.
The final method is the grooved mechanical piping. It is widely known and highly regarded in the upstream oil and gas industry. However, grooved mechanical piping is relatively unknown and, in some cases, misunderstood on the downstream side.
ANATOMY OF A GROOVED JOINT
A grooved mechanical joint is formed with grooved-end pipes, fittings or valves, and a coupling, as shown in Fig. 1. The coupling comprises three elements: gasket, housings, and nuts and bolts.
Fig. 1. A grooved mechanical joint is formed
with grooved-end pipes, fittings or valves and a
Grooved mechanical piping does not require special pipe. Standard, off-the-shelf pipe is fabricated by cold-forming or machining a groove into the pipe ends. There are two types of grooving: roll and cut grooving. Roll grooving is far more common, and is the preferred method for most utility services. To form a roll groove, the pipe end is placed between the roll set of a grooving machine. As the roll set closes, the pipe is compressed and rotated, which radially displaces a small portion of the pipe wall to form a groove around the outer diameter of the pipe that is recessed on the outside and indented on the inner pipe wall, as shown in Fig. 2. Unlike threading, roll grooving does not remove any material from the pipe. A fast and clean technique, roll grooving is used on a variety of pipe sizes and wall thicknesses, from Schedule 5 through ANSI standard wall thickness carbon steel (CS) and SS, copper and aluminum pipe. Roll-grooved systems range in diameter from ¾ in. up to 60 in.
Fig. 2. A small portion of the pipe wall is
displaced to form the groove around the outer
diameter of the pipe.
To seal the joint, a resilient, pressure-responsive elastomer gasket seals around two abutted grooved pipe ends. The nitrile gasket, which is common in most water with oil vapor applications, is injection-molded to


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I'm kind of new with objective c and I'm trying to pass an argument by reference but is behaving like it were a value. Do you know why this doesn't work?
This is the function:
- (void) checkRedColorText:(UILabel *)labelToChange {
 NSComparisonResult startLaterThanEnd = [startDate compare:endDate];
 if (startLaterThanEnd == NSOrderedDescending){
 labelToChange.textColor = [UIColor redColor];
 labelToChange.textColor = [UIColor blackColor];
And this the call:
UILabel *startHourLabel; (this is properly initialized in other part of the code)
[self checkRedColorText:startHourLabel];
Thanks for your help
share|improve this question
What do you mean by "behaving like it were a value"? – Ben Zotto May 23 '10 at 16:49
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5 Answers
up vote 32 down vote accepted
Jared P is wrong, objective-C only support passing parameters by value. The problem here has probably been fixed already (Since this question is more than a year old) but I need to clarify some things regarding arguments and Objective-C.
Objective-C is a strict superset of C which means that everything C does, Obj-C does it too.
By having a quick look at Wikipedia, you can see that Function parameters are always passed by value
Objective-C is no different. What's happening here is that whenever we are passing an object to a function (In this case a UILabel *), we pass the value contained at the pointer's address.
Whatever you do, it will always be the value of what you are passing. If you want to pass the value of the reference you would have to pass it a **object (Like often seen when passing NSError).
This is the same thing with scalars, they are passed by value, hence you can modify the value of the variable you received in your method and that won't change the value of the original variable that you passed to the function.
Here's an example to ease the understanding:
- (void)parentFunction {
 int i = 0;
 [self modifyValueOfPassedArgument:i];
 //i == 0 still!
- (void)modifyValueOfPassedArgument:(NSInteger)j {
 //j == 0! but j is a copied variable. It is _NOT_ i
 j = 23;
 //j now == 23, but this hasn't changed the value of i.
If you wanted to be able to modify i, you would have to pass the value of the reference by doing the following:
- (void)parentFunction {
 int i = 0; //Stack allocated. Kept it that way for sake of simplicity
 [self modifyValueOfPassedReference:&i];
 //i == 23!
- (void)modifyValueOfPassedReference:(NSInteger *)j {
 //j == 0, and this points to i! We can modify i from here.
 *j = 23;
 //j now == 23, and i also == 23!
share|improve this answer
Yep, I solved this long time ago... :) But thanks for your answer – Rafael Oct 9 '11 at 1:52
Technically, yes, you only pass the primitives by value. However this is entirely misleading in that while the pointer to an object is passed by value, that pointer is pointing to the same object. As there is NO OTHER WAY TO PASS (or deal with) OBJECTS, objects are always passed by reference. The only time they behave as if they're not is if OP said labelToChange = nil; or something like that, but that's something everyone here knows wouldn't work and aren't discussing. – Jared Pochtar Oct 22 '11 at 16:49
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Objective-C, like Java, only has pass-by-value. Like Java, objects are always accessed through pointers. "objects" are never values directly, hence you never assign or pass an object. You are passing an object pointer by value. But that does not seem to be the issue -- you are trying to modify the object pointed to by the pointer, which is perfectly allowed and has nothing to do with pass-by-value vs. pass-by-reference. I don't see any problem with your code.
share|improve this answer
+1 for the java comparison – Matt Logan Nov 11 '13 at 2:24
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In objective-c, there is no way to pass objects by value (unless you explicitly copy it, but that's another story). Poke around your code -- are you sure checkRedColorText: is called? What about [startDate compare:endDate], does it ever not equal NSOrderedDescending? Is labelToChange nil?
share|improve this answer
In the method, NSOrderedDescending sometimes is true as I expected. The label is no nil. Actually, if I wired labelToChange to startHourLabel it works... It seems to me that is behaving like if I were passing the label as a value and not as a reference :S.. I don't understand.. Thanks for your help! – Rafael May 24 '10 at 7:25
What do you mean by " wired labelToChange to startHourLabel"? You can't wire a method argument to anything except by passing it as a parameter. – JeremyP May 24 '10 at 9:49
I mean by wiring to don't use labelToChange and use the startHourLabel variable directly(just for debugging puroposes). The startHourLabel is global and it could be reach in the method. But I want to use the same method for other labels in the view. That's why I added the labelToChange parameter. Thanks! – Rafael May 24 '10 at 17:48
gah! Global Variables == BAD. Refactor the code, then come back to this. Basically, I stand by what I said before; it is impossible to pass objects by value in objective-c; therefore this is not the problem. Far more likely it has something to do with your using of a global variable. – Jared Pochtar May 24 '10 at 20:05
Actually, I just went back and read the problem and i think _USER_ might have been partially right -- does the line 'UILabel *startHourLabel;' actually exist in the same method as the checkRedColorText: call? If so, and it is a global variable, you would be redeclaring the variable in local scope, and basically that means it ignores the previous definition. If so, it would not be pointing to the real label. If the variable is declared globally in the same file as the calling method, just leave out the line redeclaring it. If not, replace it with 'extern UILabel *startHourLabel;' – Jared Pochtar May 24 '10 at 20:13
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Did you edit out code between this line
UILabel *startHourLabel;
and this line?
[self checkRedColorText:startHourLabel];
If not, the problem is that you're re-declaring your startHourLabel variable, so you're losing any sort of initialization that was there previously. You should be getting a compiler error here.
share|improve this answer
Presumably that was for illustrative purposes, because if nothing else, there would (likely) be an EXE_BAD_ACCESS if you did anything with an uninitialized local variable. – Jared Pochtar May 23 '10 at 16:50
Hello, thanks. No the startHourLabel is not there, the initialization is other part of the code. I declared it in the interface and I made a constructor for it. I'm not having errors there... – Rafael May 24 '10 at 7:24
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Here are the possibilities for why this doesn't work:
 1. the label you pass in to checkRedColorText is not the one you think it is.
 2. the comparison result is always coming out the same way.
 3.... actually, there is no 3.
You claim you initialised startHourLabel elsewhere, but, if it is a label from a nib file, you should not be initialising it at all. It should be declared as an IBOutlet and connected to the label in the nib with interface builder.
If it is not a label in the nib i.e. you are deliberately creating it programmatically, you need to check the address of the label you initialise and check the address of the label passed in to checkRedColorText. Either NSLog its address at initialisation and in checkRedColorText or inspect it with the debugger.
share|improve this answer
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I am teaching a basic course on computational physics and for the last part of the course I will introduce freshman physics undergraduates to finite-element modelling methods.
I am preparing a COMSOL model that solves for the eigenfrequencies and shape of the eigenmodes of the unperturbed 3D geometry of e.g. a tuning fork.
The problem is, I don't actually know what the FEM algorithm is doing: What matrices are set up, what goes into each element, what equations are solved for...?
The answer should give an account of what the FEM algorithm does to go from the meshed 3D geometry to the solved eigenfrequencies and the shape of the eigenmodes of the whole structure.
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ Your spring analogy is not an unreasonable way to look at FE, at least at the freshman physics level. You say "we treat each mass as a harmonic oscillator". Any eigenvector (mode shape) generally involves the motion of multiple masses. You say "no unique solution for the shape of each mode". If the eigenvalue (frequency) is unique, the mode shape can be multiplied by any constant and still be valid. Is this what you mean? Not sure what you're asking about eigensolvers. Entire books have been written about numerical techniques for solving matrix eigenvalue problems. $\endgroup$ – Bill Greene Jul 7 '16 at 12:10
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ It occurred to me that maybe you were asking how an eigensolver scales the eigenvector (mode shape)? It varies. Sometimes, so that the largest component equals one, sometimes so that its Euclidean length is one, sometimes so that $\psi^TM\psi$ is one. Often this choice is left up to the user. $\endgroup$ – Bill Greene Jul 7 '16 at 12:16
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ No it is not reasonable to think of the nodes as "particles." I (originally) thought the objective of your post was to come up with a greatly-simplified explanation of FEM that could be presented to freshman physics students. The continuum mechanics and approximation theory really behind FEM are not usually presented to students at that level. The $r(t)$ vector contains the displacements at the nodes; there isn't much more to it than that. I agree with the comments below that you should rewrite your question to focus on what you really want to know. $\endgroup$ – Bill Greene Jul 7 '16 at 16:19
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 $\begingroup$ I'm assuming you don't have the time to invest reading one of the many dozens of books written on FEM. So, instead, I suggest you read chapter 3 of this book by Strang, amazon.com/Computational-Science-Engineering-Gilbert-Strang/dp/…. It is written for grad students who need to understand the basic idea behind FEM. Strang has also written one of the classic FEM texts so the simplified version will not lead you in the wrong direction. $\endgroup$ – Bill Greene Jul 8 '16 at 12:09
 - 2
 $\begingroup$ After your recent update of your question it seems that you want to understand the basics of FEM. Roughly, that would be: 1. Formulation of your problem as a weak (variational) problem; and 2. Interpolation of your variables over non-overlapping subdomains (elements). After doing these two steps you would end up with a system of algebraic equations. You might find this useful,1, 2. $\endgroup$ – nicoguaro Aug 9 '16 at 18:47
The biggest problem in answering to this question is that it's not as straightforward as you might think to see the physics in the equations until you see them fully developed, and even then you're doing your best to assign a meaning. As a graduate student in mechanical engineering, this was hard for me because I was used to using my physical intuition to guide me through the math forest.
For a FEM problem applied to modal analysis, you basically start with a strong form equation. For example, a free vibration of an elastic rod is given by: $$ \lambda \rho u + (Eu,_x),_x = 0,\ x \in (0, L) $$ Here, $\rho$ is the density, $E$ is the modulus of elasticity, and $u$ is the displacement. Let's apply a fixed boundary condition ($u(L) = 0$) and a free boundary condition (e.g. $-Eu,_x(0)=0$). You can transform it into the equivalent weak form by using a weighting function $w$: $$ \int_0^Lw,_xEu,_xdx\ -\lambda\int_0^Lw\rho u\, dx = 0 $$ This is where the math ends up losing it's physical interpretation. From here (and skipping a lot of rigor for brevity in this answer), we would basically restrict $w$ in a subset of the Sobolev space, apply the Galerkin approximation by discretizing the domain which creates the finite dimensional weighting function $w^h$ and solution $u^h$, make $u^h$ the sum of a Sobolev function $v^h$ and a given function $g^h$, and then define the functions $w^h$ and $v^h$ as a finite sum of linearly independent basis functions (i.e $v^h = \sum_{A=1}^N c_A N_A$ and $w^h = \sum_{B=1}^N d_A N_A$). By applying some linear algebra theorems and rearranging a lot, you eventually get the following equation: $$ (K-\lambda^h_kM)\psi_k = 0 $$ Here, $\psi_k$ is the kth eigenvector, which represents the displacement. It's hard to get an appreciation for the math that I've glossed over. The book The Finite Element Method has the full explanation for how this is developed (Chapter 1 goes over the basics of the method, and Section 7.3 develops the frequency analysis portion).
Just to clarify, we've simply called these matrices K and M, and the form of the equation bears a resemblance to a simple modal analysis for a beam, so we simply assign that as the physical interpretation. Really, the K and M matrices are highly dependent on the mesh and how the elements are connected. These large matrices are constructed from each element in the mesh.
The discretization is really important. Physically for this problem, the nodes represent points at which we're calculating the displacement, and the elements connected to that node restrict its movement under an applied force. You can also think of the mesh for this problem as having $n$ number of rods connected to each other. In that way, each rod piece only really affects those it's connected to. Each element is represented by a small matrix. The element matrices are calculated like this: $$ m_{ab}^e = \int_{\Omega^e} N_a \rho N_b\,d\Omega \\ k_{ab}^e = \int_{\Omega^e} N_{a,x} E N_{b,x}\,d\Omega $$ Here, $\Omega^e$ is the domain of the element itself. When the element matrices get assembled into the global matrix, some elements in the large matrix will have terms added from several smaller matrices. This is a representation of how the topology from the mesh affects the global matrix.
The $N_a$ and $N_b$ symbols are the basis functions that span the subset of the Sobolev space we chose. These are very important because different basis functions changes the solution. We can choose to use linear or parabolic functions, or even different types of functions, like Lagrange or even B-spline basis functions.
Again, I don't know how much FEM theory the OP has, and it's been really hard to try to sum up how all this works. This may not be sufficient, but hopefully it serves to highlight some of the theory behind the FE method.
Finite Element Analysis is a mathematical tool very extended among engineers. However, after more than a year researching on the topic of computer simulation, where FEA plays such an important role, I couldn't yet find a satisfactory explanation on how they really really work...
The main background of FEM is that of structural engineering in the 60s. Engineers are very practical people, so initially they devised a system which allowed them to set algebraic equations where the relations between different points or "nodes" of their structures could be set. These algebraic relations were further proven to be of many different types, not only structural, so also thermal relations could be formulated and many others: all one needed to analyse was a proper discretization of the space in the form of a mesh with nodes to relate to each other.
For our particular case of structural engineering the procedure can be summarized in its three main steps, so the main ideas come up in a graphic taste:
STEP 1: Discretization In this basic yet classic example, I have chosen to divide my sample structure in only 5 elements where nodes are clearly identifiable in the meetings between beams. There are four nodes:
A sample structure (mesh) and its topology table
Degrees of Freedom (Degrees of Freedom)
Each node will have 6DOF (Degrees Of Freedom): three for linear displacement on each axis


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Clear Sky ChartAstronomy-Weather Map
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Cursor shows location of the Tucson Clear Sky Chart.
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Why check these maps?
The colored blocks on the clear sky charts show the forecast from these maps for the location of the chart. But the colored bock doesnt show you how nearby very different weather could be. Look at these maps to see if a colored block on the chart corresponds to a tiny clear hole surrounded by clouds or a large clear area. The larger the area of the same color under the cross hair, the higher the accuracy of the forecast..
Why isnt there a single forecast map for observing conditions?
The observation of fine detail seen in telescopes on planets or the moon requires good seeing but can still be good during poor transparency. Visiblity of galaxies and nebulae in telescopes, or the milky way with the un-aided eye, requires good transparency but isn't much affected by seeing. All astronomical observations require a low percentage of cloud cover or clear skies. Humidity, Wind, and Temperature won't determine if you can observe, but they might affect how comfortable you are or how much your telescope will shake or dew up. Many factors affecting observing means many maps.
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Off-campus UNL users: To download campus access dissertations, please use the following link to log into our proxy server with your NU ID and password. When you are done browsing please remember to return to this page and log out.
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Smart grid communication infrastructures - Big data and network security
Smart grid is a revolutionary upgrade to traditional power grid by adding communication capabilities and intelligence. In this dissertation, smart grid communication infrastructures are studied as a complete information and communication technologies (ICT) framework with both private and public networks. In particular, communication networks of the advanced metering infrastructure are studied. A self-sustaining neighborhood area network as well as the network connections among home area networks, neighborhood area networks, and wide area networks are studied. With the proposed ICT framework, demand response (DR) is studied to show that DR can improve the efficiency of grid operations by balancing the demand and supply of electricity. Other positive impacts of implementing DR are also addressed in this dissertation, for example, DR can lower the electricity cost of customers. ^ Furthermore, network security of the studied infrastructures is studied in this dissertation. Specifically, security protocols and schemes are proposed for the advanced metering infrastructure mainly to protect metering data from attacks since metering data contains much privacy information of customers. Identity-based security schemes are proposed for the communications over the Internet in smart grid, especially for the data from/to the cloud control center. ^ In addition to the communication technologies, big data and cloud computing are introduced in the studied infrastructures. Smart grid will generate a massive amount of data in the near future. Useful information such as price forecast and energy forecast can be extracted with proper techniques (e.g., big data analytics, machine learning, etc.). In this dissertation, energy forecast is demonstrated achievable using a case study. In order to apply big data analytics and other complicate techniques, cloud computing is introduced as a cost-effective solution. ^ Finally, some of the open issues and research directions in smart grid communication infrastructures are pointed out in this dissertation.^
Ye, Feng, "Smart grid communication infrastructures - Big data and network security" (2015). ETD collection for University of Nebraska - Lincoln. AAI3716461.


text:
Polymeric Toxicity Test
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DOD / ARMY
Rapid and accurate assessment of the toxicity of environmental contaminants and other hazardous species, including military-unique chemicals such as warfare agents, remains a significant challenge. Current methodologies are slow, expensive, and require sophisticated laboratory instrumentation. Increasing concerns over the biological effects of common industrial chemicals such as solvents and hydrocarbon fuels, particularly in the context of assessing the overall toxicity of contaminated environmental areas such as waste sites, has motivated the need for rapid, accurate, and inexpensive toxicity tests which can be implemented in field environments. Physical Sciences, Inc. (PSI) proposes to develop a simple, low-cost chemical microsensor-based toxicity test for rapid screening of hazardous species. The toxicity test will utilize an array of sensors whose chemical specificity can be tuned by precise control of chemical composition, and which are self-transducing. In Phase I the concept of developing a microsensor-based toxicity test will be demonstrated by the construction and testing of prototype toxicity test kits for chlorinated hydrocarbons and cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides. The results will be used to design test kits for other classes of toxic species, which will be constructed and tested in Phase II. BENEFITS: The proposed toxicity tests will be rapid, low-cost, and easy to use in laboratory and field environments, offering significant cost and time savings over current technology. Applications include toxicity screening of environmental pollutants and military-unique chemicals, determination of the overall toxicity of waste sites, and monitoring the progress and effectiveness of environmental clean-up and remediation efforts.
Small Business Information at Submission:
Principal Investigator:Mitchell R. Zakin
PHYSICAL SCIENCES, INC.
20 New England Business Center Andover, MA 01810
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The Enriched Air Nitrox program will teach you how to safely plan and dive with enriched air mixtures of up to 40% oxygen. Diving with enriched air can increase your no-decompression limits, increase your safety, and reduce the required length of your surface intervals when compared to air. You will earn the Enriched Air Nitrox 32% or 40% certification after completing this program.
- Minimum Age: 10
- Certification Prerequisites: None
- Academic Sessions: Online learning
- Suggested Duration: 6 – 10 hours
Please note: The date/time above that you select is for the virtual classroom, pool and open water dives are scheduled during your classroom if needed. For more information please check out our SCUBA guide here.


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Is there a specific difference in performance between an OS installed on a Virtual Box and an OS installed locally on a computer?
Is there any formula so that I could know what is lost when you install an OS in a virtual box.
For example, if you assigned 512Mb of memory in a virtual box os. But it is actually 256Mb when compared to its performance when it is installed locally.
Please, I need the information because we're making a comparative analysis on operating systems. And I can't just install Sabayon Linux, it might ruin the 3 other os that I have already installed.
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2 Answers 2
up vote 1 down vote accepted
Given the number of variables involved (everything from caching efficiency to what programs are running your host OS) it is practically impossible to know the exact difference theoretically. However, I would do the following to determine this experimentally without affecting my current install;
 1. Purchase an identical harddrive to what you currently have installed in your computer.
 2. Remove the current harddrive you have so you don't mess up any of your currently installed stuff.
 3. Install the OS's that you are analyzing to that harddrive -- note, they MUST not be installed in different partitions and the drive should be zero'd between changing the operating systems (this more closely simulates how it might look under virtual box -- i.e. a fresh drive).
 4. Perform your benchmarking for each OS
 5. Put your old harddrive back in
 6. Fire up VirtualBox and install each OS, perform your benchmarking for each OS.
 - If you are trying to do a high-quality comparative analysis, you HAVE to do the comparison from each individual OS ON the hardware.
 - Make sure you pick a good set of benchmarking software that doesn't bias toward one thing or another to heavily. And if you do bias toward something heavily (RAM usage perhaps?) make sure you get enough samples that the aggregate data is meaningful.
 - Ensure the software running on your host os is the same AND minimal during your benchmarking process for each OS you sample
 - I would recommend defragging your harddrive between installs of the OS's under virtualbox, this will help ensure the virtual disk will be more contiguous on disk
share|improve this answer
There is, actually, a specific difference.
In a virtual machine, the hardware that the OS thinks it's running on is not real.
Whereas in a local, bare-metal OS, the hardware that the OS thinks it's running is, by and large, actually physically present.
share|improve this answer
ahh, this is not very accurate. CPU, RAM, hard disk is all very REAL, network controllers, graphics and sound are emulated. – Molly7244 Feb 20 '10 at 3:31
hard disk is definitely not real, actually; while some VMs can present raw disk access to their guest OS, running a guest on a virtual HDD (eg /my/VMs/foo.vdi) is very common. – quack quixote Feb 20 '10 at 3:50
while a container is used, the action certainly happens for real on your HDD and if your disk is noisy enough might be able to hear it actually :P – Molly7244 Feb 20 '10 at 3:59
one could say the same about any emulation -- even though the graphics is emulated, the VM desktop still shows up on my monitor; even though the sound is emulated, the VM media player still plays thru my speakers. doesn't change the fact that my guest OS thinks it has a VBOX HDD and is displaying to an "Innotek...VirtualBox Graphics Adapter". – quack quixote Feb 20 '10 at 4:24
_USER_ - i'm sorry, my comment was not using "emulation" in the technical sense described by those documents, and you're right, by that definition VirtualBox is not an emulator. i was referring to the fact that the guest OS sees virtual hardware instead of real hardware in most places. yes, the CPU runs the guest OS code natively (though even CPU features available to the guest can be restricted, eg number of cores). on my testbed VirtualBox guest, the CPU (and possibly RAM, not sure) is the only real hardware the guest knows about -- everything else is virtual/emulated/fake. – quack quixote Feb 20 '10 at 12:34
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Providing secure, reliable, and dependable wireless services is the primary objective of modern data networks. While enabling technology for "on-demand" services through any of the common wireless architectures, such as WiMax, WiFi, ad hoc networks, sensor networks, and vehicular networks, has made large strides, many formidable challenges remain to be overcome, such as the integration of infrastructure-based and ad hoc networks, robust algorithms for self-organizing, reconfigurable wireless networks, on-demand service models and their performance in highly-volatile interconnect topologies as well as interoperability of different architectures.
IEEE/IFIP WONS, now in its eleventh edition, has established itself as a high-quality forum to address these challenges in the context of a conference that is rich in intense interactions and based on innovative contributions by experts in the field.
The conference aims to present original submissions of high-quality research papers on "wireless on-demand networks" that provide new insights on protocol and network design, modeling, performance evaluation, profitability models, energy efficiency, QoS models and mechanisms, practical implementations, service level aspects, and Internet integration of wireless networks.
Web del evento:
Los co-presidentes del comité organizador (General Chairs) son Dr. Joerg Widmer de IMDEA Networks Institute (España) y Dr. Christoph Sommer de la Universidad de Innsbruck (Austria)


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Kerkini is an exclusive tourist destination located in Europe. It is a municipality in the Serres prefecture of Greece and is named after the Kerkini mountain range. The city has a total population of 10,037 inhabitants as of 2001 census. The growth of population is the direct consequence of the leisure facilities available in Kerkini that are much greater than in other town of similar size.
Greece, where Kerkini is situated, is officially known as Hellenic Republic. It is a country in south-eastern Europe, situated on the southern end of the Balkan peninsula. It is bordered by Bulgaria, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Albania to the north and by Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of mainland Greece while the Ionian Sea lies to the west. Greece lies at the juncture of Europe, Asia and Africa. It is heir to the heritages of classical Greece, the Byzantine Empire, and nearly four centuries of Ottoman rule.
Like some of its sister cities and towns, Kerkini is blessed with beautiful surroundings and a unique natural setting. The picturesque scenery, the majesty of the mountains, the slow pace of life, and the welcoming nature of its people all combine to make this region one of the most important touristic attractions in Europe.
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The Bactra Review: Occasional and eclectic book reviews by Cosma Shalizi 95
A Solution to the Ecological Inference Problem
Reconstructing Individual Behavior from Aggregate Data
by Gary King
Princeton University Press, 1997
An ecological inference problem is one like this. In a certain election, we know how many votes were cast for the Democratic and the Republican candidates, and we know how many voters were men and how many were women. Can we say anything reasonable about whether men are more likely to vote Republican than are women? More generally and abstractly, given aggregates (number of Republican voters, number of men), we want to know things about individuals, or at least sub-aggregates (if not how Juanita Q. Public voted, then the proportion of women voting Republican). In particular, as King emphasizes in this book, in the USA questions about whether people belonging to different races have different political propensities are extremely important in implementing the Voting Rights Act and its sequelae, but, owing to the secret ballot, we have no direct knowledge of how people of different races vote.
Until recently, the leading approach to the ecological inference problem was a method called ''Goodman's regression''; its use in voting rights cases has been endorsed by the Supreme Court. This was a Nice Try (King explains it in ch. 3, so I shan't), but it has some serious flaws. The most obvious one is that it doesn't realize probabilities must lie between 0 and 1, and so is perfectly happy to tell us that, in a given district in a given election, 110% of blacks voted Democratic and the like. (Of course, in cities whose dead people are very civic minded, like Baltimore and Chicago, this may be true...) King quotes a large number of such impossibilities from legal documents. Clearly, something better is needed, and it's provided here.
He begins by observing that we can definitely (''deterministically'') put some limits on individual behavior from the aggregate data. In the two-race, two-party case, for instance, we'd be done if we knew the proportion of blacks voting Democratic and the proportion of whites voting Democratic. We can show the two proportions together with a point in the unit square --- and we can do better than just saying it's someplace in that square. The total number of Democratic votes is just the proportion of blacks voting Democratic times the number of blacks plus the proportion of whites voting Democratic times the number of whites. Since the number of Democratic votes is fixed, the true proportions must fall somewhere on a downward-sloping line, whose slope is determined by the ratio of blacks to whites, and whose intercepts will depend on the total number of votes as well.
If we had only one set of aggregates, this would be as far as we could go, but in general we're interested in situations where we have lots of aggregate data-points, spread out over space (all the polling precincts in New Jersey, say) or time (the same precinct over many elections) or both. Each set of aggregates gives us a line; King decorates the unit square with the set of all such lines, and calls the result a ''tomography plot.'' (The name comes from an analogy to medical imaging, explored in some detail in ch. 6.) Unfortunately (as I sometimes had to explain to my students in intro. physics) this is not enough to get the solution. As King reasonably says, there isn't any exact way of recovering the sub-totals. What we can do, however, is guess, i.e., try to use statistics.
The simplest assumption to start with is that the true proportions for each precinct is picked at random from some distribution, but that all the precincts are drawn from the same population. (Precincts vary, but not systematically.) King focuses on the case where that distribution is a Gaussian, truncated so that all proportions are between 0 and 1. The question then is how to get the parameters for the Gaussian. The trick here is to use the lines from the tomography plot. Most of them should pass near the mean of the Gaussian, forming a dark blob on the plot. Therefore, we guess at the distribution by using the parameters which maximize the probability of a sample falling on the observed tomography lines. (King has written an entire book to extol maximizing the likelihood, but it seems reliable in this case.)
Once we've constructed a global distribution, for each precinct we can estimate the true proportions by sampling from the constructed distribution, restricted to the tomography line. Getting an exact closed form for that sampling distribution is too much to hope for, but we can always use Monte Carlo simulation to approximate it, and form point estimates and confidence intervals from it in the usual way. (Oddly, King thinks that Monte Carlo has a special affinity to Bayesian methods.) At that point, essentially, we're done, since we have sub-aggregates for each precinct, and can then answer questions like whether, say, blacks are systematically more likely to vote Republican than are whites.
Having lavished several chapters on this method, it is a great relief to see that King actually tries it out on real data-sets, ones where the individual-level answers are known, and provide a check on his results. Not surprisingly, perhaps (since he does report them!), the agreement between his constructions and reality is very good, e.g., about eighty percent of all districts fall within his eighty percent confidence bounds. Certainly his estimates are at once much more detailed and much more accurate than those delivered by other estimation procedures, including Goodman's regression. I find this reassuring, because his procedure looks reasonable to me, and it seems to have been adopted by the professionals with some enthusiasm.
King goes through a number of extensions to his basic procedure (going from the 2x2 case to the RxC case; allowing certain kinds of systematic spatial variation among precincts; handling aggregation bias). He also has a good discussion how one can tell when the assumptions which are built into his method are wrong, and the extent to which the procedure is sensitive to small errors in the assumptions. He does not calculate error probabilities, or confidence intervals for the global parameters, but those are at least asymptotically normal, so work could be done along these lines (probably involving more Monte Carlo runs). One key assumption (not discussed by King, that I noticed) is that the aggregate is the sum of individual-level properties. (Indeed, some of his machinery is specialized to the case of summing proportions, but that's easily generalized.) This is fine when you're counting heads (as he is), or even totaling up money, but it's very far from the general case. Analogous methods could probably be developed for uglier forms of aggregation, particularly nonlinear ones, but I suspect these methods would themselves pretty ugly. Nonetheless, this problem really should be taken up by those of us working on complex systems, unless we want to just explain our own models to each other forever.
A Solution is clearly written, if relentlessly dry; it definitely requires a good grounding in statistics, say an intermediate-level undergraduate course. The book is also very narrowly focused on this particular method and making it work. On the one hand, King says nothing substantive about society at all. (He doesn't even guess at how many voting rights cases have been mis-handled because Goodman's regression gave bad results.) On the other hand, he only looks at methods and ideas from within the quantitative social sciences and the more traditional branches of statistics: nothing about systems identification, or data-mining, or other computational techniques for squeezing some meaning out of large data sets, not even a mention of geographic information systems. Still, King is a political scientist, and I suppose we're lucky that he even looked as far afield as econometrics. Despite this narrow vision, it should definitely be read by social scientists who use aggregated data, by marketers trying to improve their demographic aim, and probably by ecologists, complex systems wallahs, and computer scientists interested in techniques for manipulating large data sets.
xxii + 342 pp., 53 black and white figures (maps and graphs), 18 tables, bibliography, author and subject index, useful glossary of notation
Economics / Geography / Politics and Political Thought / Probability and Statistics / Sociology
Currently in print as a hardback, ISBN 0-691-012415, US$62.50, and as a paperback, ISBN 0-691-01240-7, US$17.95. LoC JA71.7 K55 1997
6 October 1999; thanks to Bill Tozier


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Nike Free Run Cheap Canada these metals was aluminium and the
The i-δ relations are proved exact for structures wherein the neighbours of δ are not necessarily points of articulation, by generalizing Theorem I of Falk. An alternative proof and generalization of Theorem II of Falk is outlined regarding the decomposition of Nike Free 4.0 V3 even-spin Nike Free Run Cheap Canada correlation functions on a Cayley tree: the conditions now allow the interaction constants Jjl to vary from pair to pair.
A protein kinase discovered in cells infected with α-herpesviruses has recently been shown to be the product of an evolutionary conserved viral gene. We argue that, oncogenic retroviruses notwithstanding, this is the first authentic eukaryotic viral protein kinase; and consider whether this implies a novel function for protein phosphorylation.
Previous work has shown that anisotropic plasticity theory does not hold for all metals. One of these metals was aluminium, and the purpose of the present work is to investigate this anomaly further by studying its behaviour in uniaxial and biaxial tension. The results of this investigation confirm the previous findings.
This paper will examine current challenges and perspectives of HE-based research and development of adult learning and education with a focus upon the follow-up of recommendations of the recent 2011-12 European HEAD project (Opening Higher Education to Adults).


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Two weeks ago, we kicked off development of the next minor release of the Open Contracting Data Standard, OCDS 1.2, and we explained what kinds of issues can be resolved in a minor release.
In this blog post, we'll go into more detail on the priorities for OCDS 1.2.
All existing issues that can be resolved in a minor release have been collected into a milestone, and have been organized into themes on this board.
In our last update, we identified the major themes. We'll expand on those here.
Many terms in OCDS are defined from the perspective of single-stage procurement procedures. However, OCDS is intended to support two-stage procurement procedures, as well as other processes like design contests, public-private partnerships, and so on. The definitions need to be refined so that their meaning is clear in different contexts.
Notably, we will look at a few fundamental terms:
- "Contracting process": What is the nature and boundary of a contracting process? For example: Are the specific contracts that result from a framework agreement part of the same process that established the framework agreement? If a procuring entity creates a supplier list of pre-qualified vendors for IT services, is that a contracting process?
- "Award": Is an award an announcement, a decision, or a specific result of a procedure (which might include not concluding any contracts)? Does establishing a framework agreement with specific suppliers count as a specific result, or do only the specific contracts that result from a framework agreement count?
- "Contract": There are many types of legal contracts in public contracting, and one contracting process might involve multiple types: contracts with definite and indefinite quantities, purchase orders, e-catalogue purchases, contracts establishing framework agreements, and so on. Which contracts belong in the contracts array in OCDS? Which contracts are better modeled as implementation details of those contracts (for example, purchase orders under a contact with definite quantities)?
- "Initiation type": OCDS presently allows one initiation type, "tender," which is itself poorly defined. What, if anything, should be the purpose of this field? Is it relevant to supporting a variety of contracting processes, like the sale of government assets?
- "Buyer": Who is the buyer in a contracting process? What relationship does the buyer have to funding or benefiting from the procedure? Should the concept of a buyer be separable into more discrete roles?
Another major area of work is to compare OCDS' definitions against others' definitions, including:
- Glossary of procurement-related terms used in the 2011 UNCITRAL Model Law on Public Procurement
- Glossary of the eProcurement Ontology of the Publications Office of the European Union
- Definitions in the Revised Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA) of the World Trade Organization
There are several concepts to consider adding to OCDS that are common to multiple jurisdictions. These include new fields for:
- The details of a status, to supplement the codes used for the status of an opportunity, award or contract
- The date on which an opportunity was published
- The date on which a monetary value was set, to assist with currency conversion
- Links to non-OCDS data published by older or parallel systems, to assist in migrating between data formats
- The code for a country in an address, rather than its name, to ease identification and assist internationalization
- The value of a milestone, relevant to payment schedules
- Additional identifiers for plans, opportunities and contracts
Some broader issues include:
- Ensuring that the semantics of a field are not conditional on the values of other fields, and adding new fields if necessary;
- Considering which extensions to merge into OCDS, notably the division of a procedure into lots.
- Changing how specific events within a contracting process are communicated, for which the tag field is presently used
Finally, there are a few codes to consider deprecating, due to their being unclear or insufficiently distinct.
With each version of OCDS, we consider how to make OCDS data easier to publish and use. The way in which OCDS data is packaged has been a common source of challenges and confusion, as we've learned from support requests to the OCDS Helpdesk and through our training program.
In OCDS 1.2, the following steps are being considered to simplify packages:
- Add a bulk data format, to make it easier to publish and use large JSON files using common tools such as
- Deprecate all package metadata fields, which includes the OCDS version and extension used, and links to data licenses and publication policies
- Move publisher identification from package metadata to individual releases, to identify the provenance of information
- Use JSON Schema's $schema property for identifying the OCDS version and extensions used – which also enables better integration with JSON Schema tools
OCDS data is checked for structural errors using schema files. We are considering a 'strict' version of the schema files, to allow publishers to opt-in to new checks, and thereby improve their data quality.
Extensions allow publishers to disclose more data than is covered by OCDS. The bids, enquiries, location, lots and participation fees extensions are versioned along with OCDS, and many specific changes to these extensions are being considered.
Finally, there are several issues for which we especially need further discussion, to better understand the specific issues and to assess support for different proposals, including:
- How multilingual content is published
- Whether to move other blocks to the top level, to reduce repetition
- How to correct earlier data by removing an entry from an array
How to contribute?
This marks the second step of the governance process, initiating a two-week period in which anyone can discuss whether to include issues that were left out, or remove issues that were added in, by 11 November.
The next step will be to solicit input on and propose solutions for the prioritized issues. To contribute to any of the topics listed above, please follow the hyperlinks to comment on the GitHub issue. We need expert input from the community of OCDS publishers and users to ensure that the proposed changes will improve the OCDS for everyone.
If you are new to GitHub, you can watch a recording of our introduction to GitHub, review the slides, use this handout, or read GitHub's own documentation to create a username and password to add your comments and suggestions.
Over the coming months, we will organize calls to share progress and solicit input. To get updates throughout the OCDS 1.2 process, please subscribe to the standard-discuss mailing list.


text:
Life in a Drop of Water
by Mike Morgan
How often have we seen, in books aimed at the amateur microscopist, that one drop of sediment and water from the pond, would yield a wealth of organisms to view and wonder at?
I tried this, observing over a period of one hour, 25 microlitres of sediment/pond water.
Indeed there were a wealth of organisms to wonder at. I decided to split these observations into different articles, covering the types seen. The first will show the types of Rotifer observed and I will follow this with articles showing the protozoa and algae / desmids.
Three types of rotifer were seen. The most abundant was Brachionus sp. and I was able to see the rotifer both with and without her carrying her eggs (image above and left respectively).
Next to appear was Anuraeopsis. There is only one British and Irish species of this rotifer, i.e. Anuraeopsis fissa. The asexual eggs are very distinctive in being tear-drop shaped and are carried attached to an anal appendage or egg carrier.
The third rotifer observed was Rotaria neptunia. The telescopic nature of the rotifer's movement was clearly seen, as were the 3 toes and 2 spurs on the foot.
The more observant may notice a few other organisms, captured alongside the rotifers. The ubiquitous Paramecium, for one! My next two articles will cover the various protozoa and algae seen in what, for me, was a very exciting hour's viewing of that "drop of water".
Further reading: A Key to British Freshwater Planktonic Rotifera by Rosalind M Pontin. Freshwater Biological Association.
See a video clip showing the birth of a live rotifer of the genus Rotaria.
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or offer general comments to the Micscape Editor,
via the contact on current Micscape Index.
Micscape is the on-line monthly
magazine of the Microscopy UK web
site at Microscopy-UK


text:
Some people think that public health is the responsibility of the government while others think that people should be responsible for their own health.
Discuss both sides and give your opinion.
40 minutes, 250 words at least.
One part of the population believes that the health of the community is the responsibility of its government, while others view it as an individual task. In my opinion, (1) both parts are equally responsible for public health.
1. Punctuation: In my opinion is an introductory phrase. These phrases set the stage for the sentence and they must be followed by a COMMA.
On the one hand, governments
are handling utilize (handle) (2) the taxpayer's money to provide multiple services to the community, and a major part of these services is the health sector, s (Let us end the sentence here. It is sufficiently long). So it will have the money (3) to open more health centers and to raise awareness in different ways. It spends these resources to open health centers, provide subsidized medicines, and raise awareness on multiple health issues through medical camps and advertisements. Also, (ALSO is an introductory phrase. See point number 1.) governments are given the authority by people (prefer ACTIVE voice) have the authority to implement rules, such as prohibiting smoking in public areas, that plays a crucial role in preventing various diseases will be of great importance for the greater good. (4) Let us explain this idea in one more sentence before switching to the next idea. Recently, the Beijing administration imposed a ban on driving cars during weekends to control the ballooning pollution. Only a government has the potential and resources to implement such measures. Not to mention that governmental acts on a population tend to be more organized than individual ones and of more mass effect. (HOW? You should elaborate an idea sufficiently so that the communication is clear. It is better to raise two points and develop them than to raise three and explain insufficiently.)
2. The Present Continuous Tense gives a sense that something is going on RIGHT NOW. Prefer Simple Present Tense when something is generally true. Utilize is a better word than handle.
3. Logic Problem: The government is not providing health services to have more money. You've made a wrong connection. Note that I've made the right connection in the sentence above and have made the sentence more specific (underlined). Writing SPECIFICALLY will improve your written communication and raise the band scores.
4. You've written vaguely. What are great importance and greater good? They do not convey any message. Write more specifically as I've done above. You made a similar mistake earlier (highlighted in point 3).
On the other hand, individuals are the building block of any community and a healthy population will require an individual that takes care of his or her
own health. (5) (Explain this point completely.) Exercising regularly and eating healthy food are an individual's choices and no government can compel him. Secondly, (A comma after an introductory phrase) compliance to health guidelines and regimens are always dependent on the single a citizen, s. So, if a person received receives (6) the best health care, he or she will still need to maintain a proper sleep cycle, reduce stress and eat homemade food only. be compliant to the health plan to gain its benefits. (vague – see points 3 and 4.) Last but not least, every individual will have has (wrong tense. Every person still has knowledge. That will NOT be in future.) a better knowledge of his or her body and health needs, and that will lead leads to easier modification of health plans according to needs. (HOW?)
5. A Tautological Phrase is one in which TWO words convey the same meaning. His own convey the same meaning. This reduces the LR score. Other TP are: I personally; my own; personal talent.
6. IF THEN clause: If (present tense), Then (future tense).
NOTE: When you fail to elaborate your points adequately in a specific manner, you lose bands in both TR and LR. It sends a message that you lack the vocabulary (LR) to express your ideas clearly.
In conclusion, I believe that individuals
has have (plural subject individuals with singular verb has – incorrect grammar) the responsibility to follow the general health guidelines and to modify their own (Tautological phrase) lifestyles accordingly, while governments also has have (Plural subject and singular verb – incorrect grammar) a duty towards the community to enforce public rules and ensure better health and to handle taxes money in a way that will help the health sector. I believe that both carry this task together and are equally sharing this burden. (The conclusion is too long. Let us reduce its length by adding I believe that in the first sentence and deleting the last one.)
Please subscribe to my Youtube Channel.
Contact me for writing polished and effective Statement of Purpose.
Contact me for Editing Services and Document Writing Services.


text: Brantley County dates to 1920 when the state legislature sliced and then combined parts of Charlton, Pierce and Wayne counties. Historians speculate that the county owes its name to either prominent landowner, Benjamin Daniel Brantley, or his son and U.S. congressman, William Gordon Brantley. Nahunta, the county seat, is not an Indian name, as one might guess. It was a timber stop on the railroad labeled N. A. Hunter Siding. The railroad men dubbed it "Nahunta."


By default, text in the Microsoft Dynamics AX application is the language that is used for the Microsoft Dynamics AX administrator account. The following procedure describes how to change a user's default language.
Note Note
Each language for Microsoft Dynamics AX requires a license. To learn how to acquire additional language licenses, contact your Microsoft partner.
To set a user's default language
 1. Click > Common Forms>.
 The form opens.
 2. Select the user you want to set the default language for, and then click.
 The form opens.
 3. On the tab, select the desired language from the list.
 4. Press CTRL + S to save changes.
 5. Inform users that they must close and reopen Microsoft Dynamics AX for the language changes to take effect.
 6. Repeat Steps 2 through 5 as needed for other users.
Note Note
Setting the language using a command-line parameter overrides the language setting in the user interface.
See Also


Artist picture of Pachya
3 fans
PachYa is a Polish singer/songwriter with a universal appeal. Together with German producer Nomagy, she creates irresistible pop music with a positive social message, aiming to unite a fracturing world through the power of music. PachYa's musical journey began when she was only six years old. The ambitious young child was drawn to the piano, which led to her attending the Music School in Bialogard. Equally passionate about singing, she always had a microphone in her hand. After leaving school, she began to explore the worlds of EDM, Pop, Dance, and House music. As a member of many different groups across Europe, she developed a unique hybrid style, appealing to people of many different cultures. Returning to her homeland, PachYa felt distraught about the state of the UK, and the world in general. She poured her emotions into the release of a new single, called "Rebuild This Land". Sung in Polish, Italian, and English, and the song was an immediate hit. The song is the perfect summary of PachYa's personal motto: "My nationality is a human child. My country is the world.


text:
Promised glory and unity of HTML5 API is falling apart. API keeps breaking with every new version of browser. That's sad.
Firefox and Google Chrome implemented File API for manipulating with files. It contained very useful function slice.
Slice allowed you to read part of file content. This was quite handy when dealing with big files.
Poorly chosen name for API function caused split in browsers unity. Here is explanation:
This method was removed in Gecko 5.0 (Firefox 5.0) because its syntax differs from that of Array.slice() and String.slice(). Work is ongoing on standardizing its replacement, but for now you can use the mozSlice() method on Gecko-based browsers.
Method was replaced by:
mozSlice – in Firefox
webkitSlice – in Google Chrome
There is one important difference in the second parameter of function:
In case of slice it was length of block that should be loaded.
In case of *Slice it is the end position of block (length + start position).


text:
Background: Augmenting the brain clearance of toxic oligomers with small molecule modulators constitutes a promising therapeutic concept against tau deposition. However, there has been no test of this concept in animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with initiation at a late disease stage. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effects of interventional late-stage Anle138b treatment, which previously indicated great potential to inhibit oligomer accumulation by binding of pathological aggregates, on the metabolic decline in transgenic mice with established tauopathy in a longitudinal 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) study.
Methods: Twelve transgenic mice expressing all six human tau isoforms (hTau) and ten controls were imaged by FDG-PET at baseline (14.5 months), followed by randomization into Anle138b treatment and vehicle groups for 3 months. FDG-PET was repeated after treatment for 3 months, and brains were analyzed by tau immunohistochemistry. Longitudinal changes of glucose metabolism were compared between study groups, and the end point tau load was correlated with individual FDG-PET findings.
Results: Tau pathology was significantly ameliorated by late-stage Anle138b treatment when compared to vehicle (frontal cortex - 53%, p < 0.001; hippocampus - 59%, p < 0.005). FDG-PET revealed a reversal of metabolic decline during Anle138b treatment, whereas the vehicle group showed ongoing deterioration. End point glucose metabolism in the brain of hTau mice had a strong correlation with tau deposition measured by immunohistochemistry (R = 0.92, p < 0.001).
Conclusion: Late-stage oligomer modulation effectively ameliorated tau pathology in hTau mice and rescued metabolic function. Molecular imaging by FDG-PET can serve for monitoring effects of Anle138b treatment.
Keywords: Anle138b; Late-stage; Neuronal injury; Small animal PET; Tau.


- Understanding IS Operator
In this article I want to show you some black coding game magic around operator IS and what kind of jokes it can play with you just because you don't understand how it works.
IS operator tests if result of two expressions represent the same object. For CPython implementation it means that both of those variables points to the same address in memory. (All the examples below are tested on Python 3.6.0)
Now let me show you some magic with something you already know.
>>> a = [[], ] * 3
>>> a
[[], [], []]
In this case we all know that list "a" consist of 3 lists that are not only identical, but also point to the same address in memory.
>>> a[0] is a[1] is a[2]
>>> a[0].append(1)
>>> a
Well, this is a pretty much clear example. Now let me show you the kind of magic that happens because of CPython optimisation of immutable objects. Let's take a look on two strings.
>>> a = 'hi'
>>> b = 'hi'
We would expect that "a" and "b" are stored in different parts of memory
>>> a is b
but they are not. Does it work the same way for any string?
>>> a ='play coding game CheckiO'
>>> b ='play coding game CheckiO'
>>> a is b
Well, it is not. Strings, longer than 20 chars doesn't have this kind of optimisation.
Integers behave in the same manner. Similar magic works for ints between -5 to 257
>>> a = 256
>>> b = 256
>>> a is b
>>> a = 257
>>> b = 257
>>> a is b
The last magic trick for today will be about mutable Python objects and their optimization. Function ID returns the identity of a given object.
So you can say that the following expression
>>> a is b
works the same as
because if two objects have the same id they represent the same object. But let me show you some sorcery.
>>> [] is []
>>> id([]) == id([])
CPython has few tens of empty lists preconstructed, and can reuse them when they are "garbage collected". In expression id([])==id([]) CPython first evaluates left-hand side, and to do that, it grabs the builtin function id, and goes to evaluate []. It takes one of the preconstructed empty lists, gives it to id, and id returns its address. At that moment, the left [] is not needed anymore, so it is "garbage collected" - in fact, marked as free to be reused. Then CPython evaluates the right-hand side, grabs again the same builtin function id, and goes to evaluate the second []. At that moment, of course, the first empty list is free to be used, and it is reused. Its id is therefore the same.
As you can see in the above examples, understanding of how IS works is very important, because for some cases it looks pretty legit to use it as '==' operator and it can produce some hard to catch bugs.
Of course, I wouldn't be able create such an interesting article full of Python magic by myself. Thank you, veky! We're planning to continue our series of Video Code Review in the near future. So, subscribe on our YouTube channel and stay tuned.
PS: sometimes you send your work on code review to colleagues and wonder whether they really went through it. This can easily be checked by leaving some Easter eggs in code and waiting for your colleagues' reaction. One of this eggs can be replacing "+" on "--0--"
>>> 4 --0-- 5
isn't it fun? :)
Join the Game


How Can I Make Keema Naan?
1 Answers
Iftikhar Ahmad Profile
Iftikhar Ahmad answered
Keema Naan
1. keem (beef ½ Kg boon less)
2. Onion
3. tomato
4. Red chili powder
5. Green chili
6. Black pepper
7. (white floor) ½ kg
8. Baking powder half tea spoon it is batter if used yeast instead of baking powder
9. Milk half tea cup
10. water
11. salt
12. Gee
1. boil the keema with onion by adding salt
2. When the keema boiled then fry it with red chili and tomato by adding oil and little bit water. When it is fried then spread black pepper and green pepper on it for taste.
3. Now take a white floor add half cup of milk and water and yeast or baking powder in it and mix them as thick as it is able to make a naan.
4. now take a 100 gram wheat and shape it into naan and now spread over keema and take another 100 gram wheat also add some gee and cover the ( keema bhari roti )
5. there are two option fry the naan or baked it in thandor
Now serve it with yogurt and chatni
Answer Question


Make the end of our
Bourbon's Journey
Just as refined as the beginning
While our bourbons are designed to bring an air of craft to any cocktail, a little technique can go a long way, as well. To help you learn the tricks and blending styles of our finest mixologists, we've created the handy guide below with six techniques to make you a better bartender.
Technique 1:
When crafting many types of cocktails, from the Bourbon Smash to the Mint Julep, you'll need to extract juice from fruit pulp and essential oils from herbs and citrus peels. In other words, muddling is a must. Before you begin, you'll need a muddler—a small metal or wooden pestle resembling a miniature baseball bat. Next, start by combining your fresh ingredients at the bottom of a mixing glass. Then use your muddler to press them together, releasing the flavors and allowing them to mingle with your other ingredients once added.
Technique 2:
In recent years, layering has become more and more popular, like in the Black Cherry Cooler. To layer a drink, individually pour the ingredients in a shot glass in order from heaviest to lightest. To prevent them from mixing together, carefully pour over a barspoon (or teaspoon). Because ingredients differ in density, the layers will stay separate. However, before you begin, you'll need to know how heavy your ingredients are in relation to one another. As a rule of thumb, the lower the proof of the alcohol, the heavier the ingredient is. For instance, grenadine (non-alcoholic) is heavier than Jim Beam Black® (86 proof/43% abv) which is heavier than Jim Beam® Bonded (100 proof/50% abv).
Technique 3:
Shaking came into prominence in the mid-1800s and has since become an undeniable trademark of cocktail society. Utter the phrase, "Shaken, not stirred." and everyone who's anyone will know exactly what you're referencing. A less well-known tidbit is that there are many types of shakers—the traditional three-part cobbler shaker, the more modern two-part Boston shaker and the French shaker, to name a few. No matter which kind of shaker you choose, start by pouring in your ingredients and then fill the shaker a third or halfway with ice. Next, seal the shaker and shake rhythmically until the outside feels cold enough. Finally, strain the shaker's contents into the proper glass. Just remember not to shake carbonated ingredients, except for in special circumstances.
Technique 4:
This is a less common cocktail mixing technique, but some drinks simply can't be made without an electric blender. Drinks calling for fresh fruit or ice pulp, like a Kentucky Margarita, should always be made this way. Simply add your ingredients to a blender with smashed ice. Then blend for about 10 to 30 seconds before pouring the blended cocktail directly into the proper glass.
Technique 5:
Ever made a Jim Beam®& Cola? That's building, and it's the simplest way to make a cocktail. To build your drink, carefully pour all the ingredients in the glass (generally over ice) and enjoy. Since carbonated ingredients like soda generally shouldn't be shaken, cocktails involving them will usually use this technique.
Technique 6:
Stirring is a classic method for mixing cocktails like the Manhattan. To begin, pour your ingredients into a Yarai mixing glass and then fill the rest of the way with ice. Next, stir well with a barspoon until your drink is well chilled and mixed. And finally, strain your cocktail into the proper glass.
practice makes damn good drinks
Now that you know the basics, you're all set to begin perfecting your methods on our extenisve list of cocktails or, of course, to try your hand at inventing few drinks of your own