text:
Muqarnas is the term given to an architectural device unique to Islamic architecture. Its purpose is to provide a transition between, for example, a square base and a dome. Muqarnas is also frequently used to create a concave semi-vault above an entrance to a building or to provide a decorative cornice along the perimeters of a ceiling or beneath a balcony. Different regions in the Islamic world have used different styles of construction techniques in their history.
Muqarnas compositions are very suitable for contemporary interpretations. They can be designed as ornaments for modern interiors and can be given new functions, such lamps or display cabinets. It is possible to make a plaster muqarnas coving for an interior. They have a unique beauty quite distinct from traditional two-dimensional geometry.
The image on the right is a model that was made using the style that is typical for North Africa and Andalucia. It uses triangular elements of wood or plaster into which the downward curve of the element is carved out. The elements have different angles (for example 30° or 60°). There are two versions of each element: they will either have a flat surface of the section facing forward or facing backward.
If it faces forward, the curve will move down and recede and taper until it reaches the bottom of the element. If it faces backward, the curve will recede but will get wider as it goes down. These different elements can be seen in the cardboard model to the right and the two photos of a wooden model from Damascus, below.
By combining differently angled elements (e.g 30° or 60°) and having two versions of each, a great variety of designs can be made. The model shown on the right is a convex design but is equally possible to make a combination between convex and concave or to do a straight line, such as can be seen in wooden muqarnas covings along ceilings of buildings in North Africa and Andalucia.
This shows a muqarnas composition using a construction style that is typical for Iran and Central Asia. It does not use triangular sections but rather tiers that are connected by curved sections. This particular composition has three tiers. The first step is to cut the tiers, then to fix them to a vertical backboard and lastly to connect the tiers by sections that are all of the same length and have the same curve.
There are different traditions when it comes to what the curve of the muqarnas composition appears like. Some muqarnas semidomes will have a greater angle than others, this is achieved by changing the vertical distance between the tiers. If the tiers are close together, the angle of the overall muqarnas composition will be smaller and the muqarnas composition will be less high. The greater the distance between the tiers, the longer the vertical connecting sections will have to be and the greater the angle can be to connect the tiers.
Small changes in design can have a larger than expected impact on the overall appearance.
All the models on this page are made from card or cardboard. They do not appear exactly the same as the traditional muqarnas that can be seen in Islamic architecture, because the curved sections of the muqarnas elements have not been filled in. Construction-wise, they are true to the traditional design methods.
Islamic Architecture Series:
4. POLYGONS5. Islamic geometric designs
6. Geeks Rule: Quasicrystalline Patterns in Mediaeval Islamic Architecture


text:
We don't think about this very much, but as I was looking at some dates related to my philatelic pursuits, it struck me that it was likely that a lot of records wouldn't have been dated on a Sunday. But how do we know what day of the week any particular date fell on in history? UNIX systems include a utility called "date" in almost all distributions.
To those of you who don't have UNIX or Linux systems handy, which is the great majority of genealogists that I know, take a look at a site currently called The return of Calendar. Using a cgi script, the site calls the date function on the web server with year numbers dating as far back as 1582. The output is a full year's calendar in the Gregorian calendar (the calendar that most of the Western world uses today).

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


6,016 Pages
A Meito is a blade of exceptional quality and worldwide fame.
There are many blades (swords, spears, etc.) in this world...but there are certain ones that were made by world-renowed blacksmithes. The 12 Supreme Grade Swords, the 21 Great Grade Swords, and the 50 Skillful Grade Swords.
— Tenguyama Hitetsu on the classes of Meitos.
Meitos are famous bladed weapons of high quality and superior craftsmanship. They are prized by many for their immense cutting power and exceptional durability that makes them far superior to ordinary weapons.
Meitos are considered priceless items, being worth millions, or even tens of millions of bellies. Some of them are family heirlooms, or even a country's most prized national treasure.
There are currently four known grades of Meito. Supreme Grade, of which there are 12; Great Grade, of which there are 21; Skillful Grade of which there are 50; and Grade, of which there is a currently unknown number.
Shusui, a sword that became a permanent Black Blade.
There is a circumstance where, after countless battles, a swords blade will permanently turn black, thus it will become what is known as a "Black Blade" (黒刀 Kokutō?). Black Blades are stronger than ordinary swords and are well known for their impressive resilience; a dinosaur could step on one and it wouldn't bend at all. It is said that should a swordsman be able to turn their blade into a Black Blade, its grade would increase by a rank.[1]
See also the associated category: Meito.
[v · e · ?]
Supreme Grade
Yoru Murakumogiri Shodai Kitetsu
Great Grade
Wado Ichimonji Shusui Nidai Kitetsu Enma Ame no Habakiri
Skillful Grade
Kashu Yubashiri Yamaoroshi
Grade Swords
Shigure Sandai Kitetsu
Unknown Grade
Raiu Oto Kogarashi Durandal Shirauo
Pretzel????? Kompira
12 Supreme Grade Swords
Whitebeard Extinguishing A Fireball.png
A Supreme Grade Sword undamaged by magma.
Kokuto Issen.png
The fierce cutting power of a Supreme Grade Sword.
The twelve Supreme Grade Swords (最上大業物 Saijō Ō Wazamono?)[2] are the twelve highest quality blades in the world. They have displayed incredible feats, such as being exposed to the harshest elements without losing their edge, and slashing through massive structures.
21 Great Grade Swords
Oden's and Whitebeard's Haoshoku Haki Clash.png
Strength great enough to compete with even Supreme Grade Swords.
Oden Cuts Kaido.png
Sharp enough to leave permanent scars on nigh-invulnerable foes.
Zoro Cuts Coastline.png
The cutting power of a Great Grade Sword.
The twenty-one Great Grade Swords (大業物 Ō Wazamono?)[2] are among the highest quality blades in the world, second only to the twelve Supreme Grade swords. These blades are well known for their incredible power and possessing great balance in terms of strength, sharpness, and durability. In the hands of a capable swordsmen, they can even stand up to the Supreme Grade Swords in combat.
50 Skillful Grade Swords
A Skillful Grade Sword's light weight makes it excellent for fast combat and dispatching multiple enemies.
The fifty Skillful Grade Swords (良業物 Ryō Wazamono?)[2] are blades of a very high quality, outclassed only by the twelve Supreme Grade swords and the twenty-one Great Grade swords. These swords yield exceptional strength, sharpness, durability, with their light weight being a key factor for speed-based swordsmanship.
Grade Swords
Zoro Defeats Hody.png
The cutting power of a Grade Sword, capable of wounding a great white shark fish-man.
Tashigi Deflects Cannon Ball Post Timeskip.gif
A Grade Sword's resilience and grace.
The Grade Swords (業物 Wazamono?)[2] are blades of a high quality, outclassed only by the twelve Supreme Grade Swords, twenty-one Great Grade Swords, and fifty Skillful Grade Swords. The total number of Grade Swords is unknown. They are the lowest classification for a Meito blade. However, despite their lower quality, they still yield far superior attributes and strength compared to normal blades such as exceptional resilience and cutting power against sturdy foes.
Unknown Grade
Translation and Dub Issues
In One Piece, meito is often mistranslated as either part of the name of a sword (e.g. Zoro's Shusui is often recorded by fans as "Meito Shusui" instead of just "Shusui", ignoring the fact that meito is a status) or as a "renowned blade" (understandable given that if broken up, 名刀 gives 名 "renowned" and 刀 "sword").
Meito is translated simply as Famous Sword in the Viz Manga and Legendary Sword in the FUNimation dub.
 - The Meito rankings of the One Piece world heavily resembles the real world Wazamono classified swords.
 - Meito can mean "named sword", although not all swords with names in the series are Meito.
 - With five, Zoro has held the most meito to date.
 - Tashigi's dream is to free all the meito from the hands of criminals such as pirates. She believes the swords are crying because instead of being used for noble and honorable deeds, they are being used for criminal activity.
 - The anime-only character Eric claimed that the wind scythes created from his Kama Kama no Mi powers are as sharp as a meito.[7]
 1. One Piece Manga — Vol. 95 Chapter 955 (p. 17).
 2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 One Piece Manga and Anime — Vol. 11 Chapter 97 and Episode 49, Tashigi reveals the various classes of swords to Zoro.
 3. One Piece Manga and Anime — Vol. 0 Chapter 0 and Episode 0, Shiki asks Hannyabal where are his two meito: Oto and Kogarashi.
 4. One Piece Manga and Anime — Vol. 71 Chapter 708 and Episode 637, Cavendish's sword is named and seen in use against Chinjao.
 5. Vivre Card - One Piece Visual Dictionary (Card #1011).
 6. One Piece Manga and Anime — Vol. 91 Chapter 912 (p. 10) and Episode 897, Hitetsu reveals that his sword is a Meito.
 7. One Piece Anime — Episode 56, Eric claims his wind scythes are as sharp as a Meito.
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text:
" // copy stream 1 (vertex color) to fragment shader );
And as you can imagine, va1 (vertex attributes 1) for the color was defined through setVertexBufferAt, to expose our pixel colors (float 3) in the shaders:
context3D.setVertexBufferAt( 1, vertexbuffer, 3, Context3DVertexBufferFormat.FLOAT_3 );
Our vertices position and colors are defined into our VertexBuffer3D object :
// create a vertex buffer // format is (x,y,z,r,g,b) = 3 vertices, 6 dwords per vertex vertexbuffer.uploadFromVector ( Vector.([ -1,-1,0, 255/255,0,0, // red 0,1,0, 193/255,216/255,47/255, // green 1,-1,0, 0,164/255,228/255 // blue ]),0, 3 ); // start at offset 0, count 3
We have our vertex shader defined, now we need to define and upload our fragment shader (Context3DProgramType.FRAGMENT), the idea is to retrieve each vertex color passed (copied from va1 to v0) and output this color through the oc opcode:
var fragmentShaderAssembler : AGALMiniAssembler= new AGALMiniAssembler(); fragmentShaderAssembler.assemble( Context3DProgramType.FRAGMENT, "mov oc, v0" // output color );
As you can imagine, a fragment shader should always output a color. Then, we need to upload all this to the Context3D object:
// upload the AGAL bytecode program = context3D.createProgram(); program.upload( vertexShaderAssembler.agalcode, fragmentShaderAssembler.agalcode );
If we compile and run those shaders, we would get the following result:
Now, let's say we need to invert the colors of each pixel, it would be really easy. As this operation is performed on the pixels color only, we would just modify our fragment shader and use the sub opcode to subtract the color, as following:
var fragmentShaderAssembler : AGALMiniAssembler= new AGALMiniAssembler(); fragmentShaderAssembler.assemble( Context3DProgramType.FRAGMENT, "sub ft0, fc1, v0 \n" + // subtract the color ( 1 - color) "mov oc, ft0" // output color );
Here, we invert the color of each pixel by subtracting each pixel color from 1 (white). The white pixel we subtract from is stored in a fragment constant (fc1) that we passed by using the setProgramConstantsFromVector API:
context3D.setProgramConstantsFromVector(Context3DProgramType.FRAGMENT, 1, Vector.( [ 1, 1, 1, 1 ] ) );
The final pixel color is then stored in a fragment temporary register (ft0) and passed as the final output color.
By using this modified fragment shader, we end up with the following result:
As another exercice, let's process a sepia-tone filter.
To achieve this, we need to first convert to gray scale then to sepia. We would use the following fragment shader for this:
var fragmentShaderAssembler : AGALMiniAssembler= new AGALMiniAssembler(); fragmentShaderAssembler.assemble( Context3DProgramType.FRAGMENT, "dp3 ft0, fc1, v0 \n" + // convert to grayscale "mul ft1, fc2, ft0 \n" + // convert to sepia "mov oc, ft1" // output color );
As usual, we would have defined our constants using the setPrograConstantsFromVector API:
// grayscale context3D.setProgramConstantsFromVector(Context3DProgramType.FRAGMENT, 1, Vector.( [ 0.3, 0.59, 0.11, 1 ] ) ); // sepia context3D.setProgramConstantsFromVector(Context3DProgramType.FRAGMENT, 2, Vector.( [ 1.2, 1.0, 0.8, 1 ] ) );
By using such a fragment shader, we would end up with the following result:
As you can imagine, this gives you a lot of power and will allow you to go way further in terms of shading and handle things like lightning through vertex or fragment shading, fog, or even animation through vertex skinning and even more.
Ok, so last one, let's now apply a texture to our triangle from a BitmapData, to do this, we would need to pass uv values from our vertex shader to our fragment shader and then use those values to apply our texture that we sampled in our fragment shader.
To pass the uv values, we would need to modify our vertex shader this way :
vertexShaderAssembler = new AGALMiniAssembler(); vertexShaderAssembler.assemble( Context3DProgramType.VERTEX, "m44 op, va0, vc0 \n" + // 4x4 matrix transform from stream 0 to output clipspace "mov v0, va1 \n" // copy texcoord from stream 1 to fragment program );
Our uv coordinates are now copied from va1 to v0, ready to be passed to the fragment shader. Notice that we do not pass any vertex color anymore to the fragment shader, just the uv coordinates.
As expected, we defined our uv values for each vertex (float2) through va1 with setVertexBufferAt :
context3D.setVertexBufferAt( 1, _vertexBuffer, 2, Context3DVertexBufferFormat.FLOAT_2 );
Our vertices position and uv values are defined into our VertexBuffer3D object :
vertexBuffer.uploadFromVector( Vector.( [ // x,y,u,v -1,-1, 0,1, 0,1, 1,0, 1,-1, 1,1, ] ), 0, 3 );
Then we retrieve the uv values in our fragment shader and sample our texture :
fragmentShaderAssembler.assemble( Context3DProgramType.FRAGMENT, "mov ft0, v0 \n"+ "tex ft1, ft0, fs1 <2d,clamp,linear> \n"+ // sample texture 1 "mov oc, ft1 \n" );
To define our texture, we instantiate our BitmapData, upload it to a Texture object and upload it to the GPU:
texture = context3D.createTexture( 256, 256, Context3DTextureFormat.BGRA, false ); var bitmap:Bitmap = new MolePeopleBitmap(); texture.uploadFromBitmapData( bitmap.bitmapData );
And then to access it from fs1, we set it:
context3D.setTextureAt( 1, texture );
By using this modified shader program, we end up with this :
I will cover in later tutorials new effects like per-fragment fog or heat signature with texture lookup too.
Of course, we just covered here how shaders work with Molehill. To control your pixels you need triangles and vertices and indices defining them in your scene. For this, you will need other objects like VertexBuffer3D and IndexBuffer3D, attached to your Context3D object.
The following figure illustrates the overall interaction of objects:
As you can see, the Molehill APIs are very low-level and expose features for advanced 3D developers who want to work at such a level with 3D. Of course, some developers will prefer working with higher-level frameworks, which exposes ready to go APIs, and we took care of that.
Building mountains out of Molehill
We know that many ActionScript 3 developers would prefer having a light, a camera, a plane to work with rather than a vertex buffer and shaders bytecode. So to make sure that everyone can enjoy the power of Molehill, we are actively working with existing 3D frameworks like Alternativa3D, Flare3D, Away3D, Minko, Sophie3D, Yogurt3D and more. Today most of these frameworks are already Molehill enabled and will be available for you when Molehill is available in a next version of the Adobe Flash runtimes.
Most of the developers from these frameworks were at Max this year to present sessions about how they leveraged Molehill in their respective framework. We expect developers to build their engine on top of Molehill, hence, advanced 3D developers and non-3D developers will be able to benefit from Molehill.
I hope you enjoyed this little deep dive into Molehill, stay tuned for more Molehill stuff soon

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Theory and Practice
- Easy use for Biochemists, Analytical Chemists, Biologists, and Physicians in routine and scientific laboratories.
- Contains an elaborate section on troubleshooting in electrophoretic methods.
Aims and Scope
Electrophoresis is a straightforward but informative analytical method used in biochemistry, biology and medicine. This book combines a detailed discussion of theory and technical application with an elaborate section on troubleshooting and problem solving in electrophoresis. Therefore the book is an important guide for both students and scientists.


text:
On the meteorological characteristics of polluted air masses at Barrow, Alaska
- Cite this article as:
- Raatz, W.E. PAGEOPH (1982) 120: 662. doi:10.1007/BF00876651
- 36 Downloads
Anthropogenic derived pollution episodes at Barrow, Alaska occur when air masses under anticyclonic influence emanate from the Arctic Basin. The high frequency of above-normal wind speeds and the only slightly above-normal pressures characteristic of these Arctic air masses suggest that pollutants are transported to Barrow along the periphery of the Arctic anticyclone within a zone of rapid transport.


Adobe Animate User Guide
 1. Introduction to Animate
 1. What's New in Animate
 2. What is Animate?
 3. Visual Glossary
 4. Animate system requirements
 5. Animate keyboard shortcuts
 6. Publish content on multiple platforms
 7. Work with Multiple File Types in Animate
 2. Animation
 1. Animation basics in Animate
 2. How to use frames and keyframes in Animate
 3. Frame-by-frame animation in Animate
 4. How to work with classic tween animation in Animate
 5. Brush Tool
 6. Motion Guide
 7. Motion tween and ActionScript 3.0
 8. About Motion Tween Animation
 9. Motion tween animations
 10. Creating a Motion tween animation
 11. Using property keyframes
 12. Animate position with a tween
 13. How to edit motion tweens using Motion Editor
 14. Editing the motion path of a tween animation
 15. Manipulating motion tweens
 16. Adding custom eases
 17. Creating and applying Motion presets
 18. Setting up animation tween spans
 19. Working with Motion tweens saved as XML files
 20. Motion tweens vs Classic tweens
 21. Shape tweening
 22. Using Bone tool animation in Animate
 23. Work with character rigging in Animate
 24. How to use mask layers in Adobe Animate
 25. How to work with scenes in Animate
 3. Interactivity
 1. How to create buttons with Animate
 2. Convert Animate projects to other document type formats
 3. Create and publish HTML5 Canvas documents in Animate
 4. Add interactivity with code snippets in Animate
 5. Creating custom HTML5 Components
 6. Using Components in HTML5 Canvas
 7. Creating custom Components: Examples
 8. Code Snippets for custom Components
 9. Best practices - Advertising with Animate
 10. Virtual Reality authoring and publishing
 4. Workspace and workflow
 1. Creating and managing Paint brushes
 2. Using Google fonts in HTML5 Canvas documents
 3. Using Creative Cloud Libraries and Adobe Animate
 4. Use the Stage and Tools panel for Animate
 5. Animate workflow and workspace
 6. Using web fonts in HTML5 Canvas documents
 7. Timelines and ActionScript
 8. Working with multiple timelines
 9. Set preferences
 10. Using Animate authoring panels
 11. Create timeline layers with Animate
 12. Export animations for mobile apps and game engines
 13. Moving and copying objects
 14. Templates
 15. Find and Replace in Animate
 16. Undo, redo, and the History panel
 17. Keyboard shortcuts
 18. How to use the timeline in Animate
 19. Creating HTML extensions
 20. Optimization options for Images and Animated GIFs
 21. Export settings for Images and GIFs
 22. Assets Panel in Animate
 5. Multimedia and Video
 1. Transforming and combining graphic objects in Animate
 2. Creating and working with symbol instances in Animate
 3. Image Trace
 4. How to use sound in Adobe Animate
 5. Exporting SVG files
 6. Create video files for use in Animate
 7. How to add a video in Animate
 8. Working with video cue points
 9. Draw and create objects with Animate
 10. Reshape lines and shapes
 11. Strokes, fills, and gradients with Animate CC
 12. Working with Adobe Premiere Pro and After Effects
 13. Color Panels in Animate CC
 14. Opening Flash CS6 files with Animate
 15. Work with classic text in Animate
 16. Placing artwork into Animate
 17. Imported bitmaps in Animate
 18. 3D graphics
 19. Working with symbols in Animate
 20. Draw lines & shapes with Adobe Animate
 21. Work with the libraries in Animate
 22. Exporting Sounds
 23. Selecting objects in Animate CC
 24. Working with Illustrator AI files in Animate
 25. Apply patterns with the Spray Brushtool
 26. Applying blend modes
 27. Arranging objects
 28. Automating tasks with the Commands menu
 29. Multilanguage text
 30. Using camera in Animate
 31. Using Animate with Adobe Scout
 32. Working with Fireworks files
 33. Graphic filters
 34. Sound and ActionScript
 35. Drawing preferences
 36. Drawing with the Pen tool
 6. Platforms
 1. Convert Animate projects to other document type formats
 2. Publish content on multiple platforms
 3. Custom Platform Support
 4. Create and publish HTML5 Canvas documents in Animate
 5. Creating and publishing a WebGL document
 6. How to package applications for AIR for iOS
 7. Publishing AIR for Android applications
 8. Publishing for Adobe AIR for desktop
 9. ActionScript publish settings
 10. Best practices - Organizing ActionScript in an application
 11. How to use ActionScript with Animate
 12. Best practices - Accessibility guidelines
 13. Accessibility in the Animate workspace
 14. Writing and managing scripts
 15. Enabling Support for Custom Platforms
 16. Custom Platform Support Overview
 17. Creating accessible content
 18. Working with Custom Platform Support Plug-in
 19. Debugging ActionScript 3.0
 20. Enabling Support for Custom Platforms
 7. Exporting and Publishing
 1. How to export files from Animate CC
 2. OAM publishing
 3. Exporting SVG files
 4. Export graphics and videos with Animate
 5. Publishing AS3 documents
 6. Export animations for mobile apps and game engines
 7. Exporting Sounds
 8. Export QuickTime video files
 9. Controlling external video playback with ActionScript
 10. Best practices - Tips for creating content for mobile devices
 11. Best practices - Video conventions
 12. Best practices - SWF application authoring guidelines
 13. Best practices - Structuring FLA files
 14. Best Practices to optimize FLA files for Animate
 15. ActionScript publish settings
 16. Specify publish settings for Animate
 17. Exporting projector files
 18. Export Images and Animated GIFs
 19. HTML publishing templates
 20. Working with Adobe Premiere Pro and After Effects
 21. Quick share and publish your animations


text:
- Fin (Anatomy)
Exact Matching Concepts from Other Schemes
Earlier Established Forms
- found: Am. heritage dict. (fin: 1. a membranous appendage extending from the body of a fish or other aquatic animals used for propelling, steering, or balancing a body in the water)
- found: Wikipedia, May 1, 2007 (fin: a surface used to produce lift and thrust or to steer while traveling in water, air, or other fluid media. The first use of the word was for the limbs of fish, but has been extended to include other animal limbs and man-made devices; flippers: various creatures have evolved flippers, for example most fish (although for fish the usual term is fin), as well as certain mammals (whales, pinnipeds) and reptiles (turtles))
- 1986-02-11: new
- 2007-06-01: revised
The LC Linked Data Service welcomes any suggestions you might have about terminology used for a given heading or concept.
Would you like to suggest a change to this heading?
Please provide your name, email, and your suggestion so that we can begin assessing any terminology changes.
Fields denoted with an asterisk (*) are required.


text:
TRENTON — A swarm of butterflies have been making their way through New Jersey in recent days.
Experts say some ecological switch apparently got flicked somewhere, because red admiral butterflies apparently decided to leave the warmer confines of the South and migrate north.
And many of them seem to be hanging out in New Jersey.
It's believed that a change in temperatures or in the length of day likely served as the basis for the migratory trigger.
The typical lifespan of an adult butterfly is three months. But because many of these butterflies have flown hundreds of miles from their likely birthplaces in Georgia or the Carolinas, it's unclear how much longer the immigrants fluttering outside will last.


3 Bizarre Victorian Inventions
If you think that organs and bones crushing corsets were the most bizarre creation of the Victorian Era, you could not be more wrong.
Victorians have come up with its fair share of weird inventions. Even though this era was a long period of peace and prosperity, science was going through a weird phase.
Mustache Cups
Facial hair was the biggest pride of a Victorian gentleman. They would do anything to keep them well groomed. Wax was used to create and maintain the texture of the mustache.
This wax would then melt while drinking any hot beverage. As it is wisely said need is the mother of invention, mustache cups were invented. Adams Harvey was the man to come up with this invention.
The top of a teacup was covered in a semicircular guard that stopped the hot beverage to come in contact with the mustache. This bizarre invention also paved way for more mustache caring cutlery like spoons.
These spoons had a raised guard at one of their ide edges. After World War I, these cups and spoons were not required as men started to shave their mustaches.
Environment Friendly Trains
Trains in Victorian era ran on air. Yes air. You may think that's so cool, an environmental friendly way of transport and communication. But hold your thoughts for now.
There were two types of air powered trains. First was atmospheric air powered trains, which moved overland. The world's first atmospheric train station opened in Ireland in 1844 which was soon followed by another one in England.
These trains needed air to be pumped for their locomotion. There were pumping station every 3 kilometers and this was a costly affair.
The tubes through which air was pumped were made of leather and were often destroyed by rats. This highly ambitious project was then shut down.
Second one pneumatic air-powered trains, which moved underground. These trains were invented for London Post Office for its need for speed.
The London Pneumatic Dispatch Railway (LPDR) would transport people and parcels from one place to another. This trains could operate for only 9 minutes. The LPDR suffered great losses and then shut down these trains too.
Jugum Device
In Victorian era sex was regarded as an act of immorality, even among couples. Intercourse for reproduction was considered as an unavoidable sin. Swiss doctor Samuel Auguste Tissot had published his theory on the devastating effects of self-stimulation in 1758.
Masturbation was believed to be the cause for a fictitious disease called spermatorrhoea. This was equally sinful. Symptoms of this disease were irritation, anxiousness, tiredness, madness and finally death.
The scientists of the day came up with various device to protect people from this "sinful disease". One of them was Jugum device. This was a bizarre metal contraption with sharp tooth-like edges.
Men were required to clip the edges of the base of penis to stop the blood flow and erection. It was designed to deter nighttime emissions by causing pain on erection and waken the sleeper.


When creating or editing a form, how can you copy multiple items/sections?
I am a developer for Cognito Forms.
First, if you are trying to capture the same information multiple times, you can use a Repeating Section, which is a section that the user filling out the form can repeat as necessary to enter the same information for a list of items, like players on a baseball team, employment history, medical conditions, etc.
Example of Repeating Sections
Second, while you can only copy one thing at a time, you can place a number of items (including both fields and other sections) into a section, and then copy and paste the entire section and all of the items contained in the section will be copied as well.
Your Answer


Question: What Is The Most Uncommon Color?
What color is burnt yellow?
Burnt Yellow color is primarily a color from Yellow color family.
It is a mixture of orange and yellow color.
Download Burnt Yellow color background image..
Do purple eyes exist?
What is a rare color?
1. Lapis Lazuli. Lapus Lazuli is a blue mineral so rare that in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance it was actually more valuable than gold. Today it is still a much sought-after stone prized for its intense blue hue.
What color attracts the human eye most?
What color is indigo?
What color is mulberry red?
The color mulberry is displayed on the right. This color is a representation of the color of mulberry jam or pie….Mulberry (color)MulberrysRGBB (r, g, b)(197, 75, 140)SourceCrayolaISCC–NBS descriptorStrong purplish redB: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)4 more rows
What is the ugliest eye color?
hazelThe ugliest is hazel/ light brown that looks too yellow.
What is the most attractive color?
What does yellow mean sexually?
Yellow is a happy color-people who love it are naturally optimistic and hopeful. This makes them fun and easy to be with. They make warm, cheerful and intellectually stimulating lovers. Yellow lovers are also attractive and pleasant.
Is red better than blue?
One found that students taking tests did better on blue paper than on red, but Dr. Schwarz said the study used depressing blue and upbeat red. The Science study's conclusion that red makes people more cautious and detail-oriented coincides with Dr. Elliot's finding that people shown red test covers before I.Q.
Is there a color that nobody has seen?
What is the most underrated color?
Yellow: The World's Most Underappreciated Color — The Factory Times.
What color eyes are rarest?
What is the rarest favorite color?
What is the longest color?
What is the rarest color in the world?
Vantablack is known as the darkest man made pigment. The color, which absorbs almost 100 percent of visible light, was invented by Surrey Nanosystems for space exploration purposes. The special production process and unavailability of vantablack to the general public makes it the rarest color ever.
What is the least known color?
What race has GREY eyes?
What is the ugliest color?
What is America's favorite color?
BlueAmerica's Favorite Color Is Blue, According To House Beautiful's 2012 Color Report (PHOTOS) | HuffPost Life.
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Text in original Preserved Tanks In Italy publication:
This Sherman is one of four emplaced in concrete bases and sheet metal covers in the vicinity of the bridge and barracks at Codroipo (source: Vecio Forum).
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Charge determination for specified shape Coulomb force virtual structures
Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics
The focus of this paper is the generation of high Earth orbit (HEO) Coulomb force structures. These structures are characterized by a set of charge carrying nodes, but no interconnecting struts. By correctly setting the node charges, the inter-node Coulomb forces create a static, crystal-like structure. The uniqueness of the work is the examination of how to form specified shape structures using a subset of all available nodes. In addition, the plasma shielding effect is considered explicitly. An equilateral triangle structure example is given to illustrate the approach where 5 nodes are used in the structure, 3 of which are used to satisfy an equilateral triangle shape goal. The example also illustrates that practical Coulomb structures should have inter-node separation distances in the 10s of meters range or less. Copyright © 2006 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.
Collection of Technical Papers - AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference
King, L. B.,
Charge determination for specified shape Coulomb force virtual structures.
Collection of Technical Papers - AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference,
Retrieved from: _URL_


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Becoming A Family
Parents' Stories and Their Implications for Practice, Policy, and Research
Routledge – 2000
The movement from young adulthood through coupling and the transition to parenthood may be among the most universal adult developmental transitions. These passages hold interest for all of us, but especially for those who study the psychological, familial, and sociocultural components of development, all of which interact and influence each other. This book enhances understanding of family-life development by shedding light on the meanings that family members ascribe to the developmental process of becoming a family. This is achieved through qualitative analysis of narratives through which individuals and families explain themselves, their thinking, and their behavior. These family narratives are windows into individual and family identity, as well as descriptions of connections to others. The book addresses issues including identity, child characteristics, social support, and work. Each chapter includes a review of seminal literature, parents' comments and ideas about the topic, and a discussion of practice, policy, and research implications.
Contents: R.D. Harold, P.S. Bolea, Telling the Family Story: The Backdrop. R.D. Harold, M.L. Palmiter, S.A. Lynch, C.R. Freedman-Doan, J.S. Eccles, Telling the Family Story: The Process. P.S. Bolea, Talking About Identity: Individual, Family, and Intergenerational Issues. C.R. Freedman-Doan, Narratives of Temperament: How Can Children in the Same Family Be So Different? L.G. Colarossi, S.A. Lynch, Tales of Social Support Throughout Family Development. L.R. Mercier, R.D. Harold, Job Talk: The Role of Work in Family Life. L.G. Colarossi, R.D. Harold, L.R. Mercier, Telling the Family Story: Sub-Plots and Next Chapters.


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Blue whiting is a species of the cod family that is widespread and common in the northeast Atlantic and in the Mediterranean. Smaller stocks are also found in the northwest Atlantic.
Blue whiting in the northeast Atlantic is regarded as one management unit but consists of two main components, one northerly and one southerly with a rough separation line on the Porcupine Bank west of Ireland. Some Norwegian Fjords and the Barents Sea have local stock components, even if the relatively large amount of blue whiting seen in the Barents Sea in later years belongs to the large Atlantic main stock.
Blue whiting is one of the most abundant fish stocks in the semi-pelagic water masses of the northeast Atlantic. The species is most common at 100-600 m depth, but is also found close to the surface in parts of the day and close to the bottom in shallow waters. It is observed as deep as 900 m.
The food of blue whiting consist mainly of crustaceans as krill and amphipods, and larger fish feeds also on smaller fish species, also included young blue whiting. Sometimes the blue whiting is found to have food competition with herring and mackerel. This is most common in young blue whiting (0- and 1-group), which is found at shallower depths than the adults. Some fish predators and sea mammals feed on blue whiting, and it is an important part of the food for saithe, Greenland halibut and pilot whale.
Adult blue whiting migrates every winter to the spawning areas west of the British Isles. Eggs and larvae are transported by currents, and the drift pattern varies from year to year. Larvae from the spawning west of Ireland can end both in the Norwegian Sea and in Bay of Biscay. The most important feeding and nursery area is the Norwegian Sea.
Blue whiting in more languages:
- Latin: Micromesistius poutassou
- Norwegian: Kolmule
- French: Merlan bleu/poutassou
- German: Blauer Wittling
- Spanish: Bacaladilla
- Russian: Putassu
- Finish: Mustakitaturska
- Dutch: Blauwe wijting


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With the hot weather drying out the state, more than 80 counties have issued burn bans. But what those bans incorporate varies county to county. But the state fire marshal says local governments need to give their citizens more clarity.
There are two types of burn bans Indiana counties can implement: the more common burn bans that fall under the state's fire code and burn bans under emergency disaster declarations. Emergency disaster declaration burn bans are broader and can prohibit things like fireworks that the regular burn bans can't.
State Fire Marshal Jim Greeson says counties need to spell out exactly what their bans entail.
"Some have eliminated any type of open burning whether it's a campfire, a grill, be it gas or charcoal," Greeson says. "Some municipalities you can still burn normal combustible materials in a barrel. Well, they've restricted that, restricted agricultural burning."
Violating declaration burn bans is a Class B misdemeanor, carrying a fine and possible jail time. Violating the regular burn bans normally just results in a fine.
Greeson says enforcing the burn bans is entirely the responsibility of local law enforcement. And he says typically enforcement relies on complaints and people reporting others for violating the bans.


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Dr. Bruce Blazar is a Professor of Pediatrics in the Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and serves as Chair of the National Institutes of Health Cancer Immunopathology and Immunotherapy Study Section and as a member of several national committees. He has been recognized for his pioneering work in the development of novel immune-based therapies.
Dr. Blazar's research involves the immunobiology of transplantation and is focused in five areas:
- Graft-versus-host Disease: Studies are directed toward identifying and modifying signals that drive or inhibit acute and chronic GVHD generation.
- Regulatory T Cells: Approaches have been developed to propagate and expand CD4+25+ T regulatory cells that can suppress alloresponses and GVHD.
- Immune Post-transplant: Developing approaches to protect the thymic epithelial cells (TEC) against injury.
- Gene therapy/repair: Using molecular strategies to correct congenital disorders as an alternative to transplantation.
Learn more about Dr. Blazar and his research:
Department of Pediatrics Faculty Page
Microbiology Immunology and Cancer Biology Program Faculty Page


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Aries are genuine people but we all know they have a darker side too. They have a big ego and short temper.
Aries anger is something you should fear. When angry, the ram is transformed into charged bull and highly unpredictable.
We need to know first why Aries are short tempered people. Aries are short tempered because
1. They are ruled by mars
Mars is a fiery planet named after roman God of Wars. People who are born under ruling planet of mars are filled with passion and fiery potential. Aries are under influence of mars also and are filled with loads of spark and energy within them. Aries are no doubt fire. Play with the fire and you get burned. When this fire and their energy is diverted on the negative side it comes out as anger.
2. They are stubborn by nature
Aries are stubborn by nature. On the positive side we can say they are determined people who never give up but when it comes to their darker side this determination results in their stubbornness and this stubborn nature can lead them to even a darker trait that is anger.
3. They hate failure
Aries are born to rule and conquer. They take it as their birthright. Any failure can lead them towards whirls of depression and anger. Failure is not an easy thing to be accepted by Aries. So failure can cause hurricanes of emotional downs and anger in them.
4. They are warrior by nature
Aries are born under planet mars with the ruling sign of the sun. This makes them warrior by nature. Aries are always challenging, risk takers and fight till end type of people.
So being a warrior rage is in their blood. This rage when uncontrollable or when awakened in different circumstances shows up as anger.
Why Aries should take boxing lessons to work off their anger
Anger is not a good thing and when this anger comes out from within Aries it is even worst.
Aries can literally put the whole planet upside down when they are angry.
Anger management is a must for an Aries as Aries can blow up anything in their anger.
Although their anger is not very long lasting. But the effects can be forever. Aries literally regret sometimes but it is useless to cry over spilled milk.
Aries can ruin their relationships in anger and may realize later when it is too late. Anger is a killer for Aries. They are short tempered and when in rage they don't know what they are up to.
Aries usually forget about the consequences when showing anger and can end up in messing everything. So it is necessary for an Aries to control themselves.
Anger is a negative trait. Aries can use their energy positively. With some personality management, they can turn their anger into their passion, their focus, their determination and fiery willpower.
Instead of ruining everything in anger, Aries need to build up positivity in their life. For Aries anger is just a situational moment that comes and goes but keeping in mind about the consequences that anger can bring, Aries should work hard to control it.
Aries should take boxing lessons to work on their anger issues otherwise they should be prepared to face the worst sometimes.


text: A new packet-switching network technique is described which, while utilizing certain aspects of the ARPANET technology, introduces a substantially different technique for handling traffic which is longer than a single packet in length. The technique is keyed to a common-user network environment, where a wide variety of subscriber types, ranging from computers to simple terminals, are to be serviced. Subscribers in most cases would be remotely located from the network switching nodes. By splitting the buffering between the originating and destination nodes and by essentially eliminating the segment reassembly process, substantial reductions in on-line buffering can be achieved, while still maintaining short response times for interactive messages and large bandwidths for long data exchanges. In this paper we describe the network operational concepts and traffic flow for various subscriber types, show specific examples and timing diagrams for message flows, and present a comparative analysis of the buffer sizing, throughput, and delay for this new technique compared to the well-known ARPANET technique of packet switching.


From P2P Foundation
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A directory of social and political movements related to the P2P (participatory), open (open access to knowledge), and 'commons' paradigms.
Please read: Mapping a Coalition for the Commons. By Philippe Aigrain.
Marco Berlinguer:
"The free culture movements comprise a wide range of experiences mainly emerging around the internet and the digital revolution. They have generally developed independently, but they are loosely aligned and show a mutually reinforcing dynamism – a 'viral spiral', as David Bollier terms it.
All these movements emerged as practical and cultural critiques of the aggressive attempts by corporations, aided by Northern governments, to extend intellectual property rights to knowledge, culture, information, communication and even organisms and data. The process has been described as 'the second enclosures movement' – the first being the enclosing of common land and turning it into private property in late and post-medieval England.
Following Felix Stalder, we can group these movements into three different clusters:
 1. Benjamin Mako Hill explains the Difference between the Free Software and Free Culture Movement
 2. Conflicts in open source discourse: review of idea currents in the free and open source software movement.
 3. David Bollier: Is the Commons a movement?
Sister Organizations
The following are most similar in intent:
We support this call: Towards a Federation of DIY Communities!
On P2P dialogue across the political spectrum
"If anything, the Internet has allowed various decentralist traditions to cross-pollinate and reach a mainstream audience to a far larger extent than could have been imagined in the mid-90s. There are many online venues where mutualists, agrarians, distributists, Georgists, social crediters, Catholic Workers, Rothbardians and Greens compare their views, amiably for the most part, and find out how much they have in common."
- Thomas Woods [1]
Key Movements
The 'Open' Paradigm
Key Movements supporting the Open paradigm
Open Education
 1. Open Courseware Initiative
 2. Open Educational Resources
Open Knowledge
 1. A2K Access to Knowledge
 2. Budapest Open Access Initiative
 3. Open Access Movement
 4. Open Archives Initiative
 5. Open Content Alliance
 6. Open Knowledge Foundation
Public Domain:
 1. Public Domain Advocacy Organizations
 2. Union for the Public Domain
Open Licensing
Open Media
Open Money
Open Software
 1. Free Software Foundation
 2. Open Source Initiative
Open Standards
Open Design and Open Manufacturing
 1. Open Design Movement
 2. Open Source Hardware and Design Alliance
The P2P/Participative Paradigm
Key P2P/Participative Movements
Participative Political Movements
Alternative Political Economy
The Commons Paradigm
 - A strategy for the commons in the context of social transformation: Massimo de Angelis, Crises, Movements and Commons. Borderlands e-journal, VOLUME 11 NUMBER 2, 2012. [2]
 1. Bien Publics a Echelle Mondiale
 2. Creative Commons
 3. Friends of the Commons
 4. ICommons
 5. Science Commons
 6. Union for the Public Domain
The Sharing Paradigm
From a directory of Sharing Movements by Cat Johnson [3]:
 1. Consumo Colaborativo, Spain
 2. KoKonsum, Germany
 3. People Who Share, UK
 4. Unstash, Toronto, Canada
 1. Collaborative Chats, San Francisco, USA
 2. Let's Collaborate, NYC
 3. Share Exchange, Santa Rosa, USA
 4. Share Tompkins, Ithaca, NY
 5. Shared Squared, NYC
 6. Sharers of San Francisco
P2P Mass Mobilizations
 1. Alterglobalization Movement
 2. Occupy Wall Street
 3. 15M Movement - Spain
 4. Pirate Party
Approaches to Technology
 1. Technolibertarianism
 2. Technoprogressivism
 3. Technoindividualism
 4. Technoidealism
Key Resources
 -'monitoring global protest movements' through CrowdVoice
Key Articles
See also:
 1. David M. Berry, 2004. "The Contestation of Code: A preliminary investigation into the discourse of the free/libre and open source movement," Critical Discourse Studies, volume 1, number 1 (April), pp. 65–89 [5]
 2. Benjamin Mako Hill, 2005. "Towards a standard of freedom: Creative Commons and the Free Software Movement," [6]
 3. The Politics of the Libre Commons by David M. Berry and Giles Moss. First Monday, volume 11, number 9 [7]
 4. On the Convergence of social movements to fight IPRs on information in various fields: 10 contributions
 5. Stefan Meretz: Ten Theses About Global Commons Movement
 6. The Evolution of Social Systems: A summary of processes of decay and renewal by Seb Paquet
Key Books
 - Blessed Unrest: How the Largest Movement in the World Came into Being and Why No One Saw It Coming. by Paul Hawken. Viking, 2007
Pages in category "Movements"
The following 200 pages are in this category, out of 2,598 total.
(previous 200) (next 200)
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Due to the release of kinin and nitric oxide in the pulmonary system or the lungs more specifically, people on ACE inhibitors are prone to constant and chronic coughing. This is because the lungs are trying to remove the buildup of kinin in them. Antioxidants called polyphenols remove free radicals in the body which protects the cells and tissues in the body from the age process are what inhibits kinin or bradykinin from excess accumulation throughout the lungs.
ACE inhibitors need to include antioxidants in them to prevent the side effects of extreme coughing and inprove kidney function so that the kidneys will be able to function properly by filtrating waste out of the bloodstream and kidneys.
When bradykinin causes slower kidney function and a bad coughdon't consider it tacky or tachy to add an antioxidant to the medication itself. This is how you ACE and not inhibit medicine!


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Laboratory feeding experiments using transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton plants were carried out to evaluate the transmission of Bt toxin among trophic levels and the effects of Bt-fed herbivorous prey on the coccinellid predator Propylaea japonica (Thunberg). The experimental host plants were transgenic Bt-expressing cotton cultivars, NuCOTN 33B and GK-12 and one corresponding untransformed isogenic (non-Bt) cultivar. The herbivorous prey, cotton aphid Aphis gossypii Glover, was not sensitive to Bt toxin. Trace amounts of Bt toxins (6.0 ng/g fresh mass [FM] in GK-12, 4.0 ng/g FM in NuCOTN 33B) were detected in A. gossypii feeding on Bt cotton cultivars. Bt toxin was detected in ladybirds preying on Bt-fed aphids, and its quantity increased as the predatory period extended (5–20 d). Small amounts of Bt toxin was also found in newly hatched, unfed coccinellid larvae when their parents fed on NuCOTN 33B-reared aphids (15.0 ng/g FM), but not when the parents were fed on GK-12–reared prey. In experiments assessing life history consequences, mortality was low (mean = 7.9%), confirming that the rearing methods were appropriate. There were no distinct differences in preimaginal mortality between predators reared on Bt-fed or Bt-free aphids. The preimaginal stages of the ladybird beetles developed faster when reared on prey fed on either Bt-cotton cultivar than those fed control prey. There was a trend of more adult malformations when the predator was fed with prey from one (GK-12) but not the other of the Bt cotton cultivars than on control prey. There were no significant differences in the preovipositing period or in fecundity. Ladybird beetles preying on Bt-reared aphids matured faster and mated more frequently than those fed on Bt-free aphids. These results indicate that Bt toxin expressed in transgenic cotton cultivars can be transmitted to a higher trophic level through a nontarget pest insect and may alter the biology and behavior of a predatory ladybird. Further work should evaluate the possible long-term, sublethal impacts on the agroenvironment under field conditions.
Zhang, GF, FH Wan, GL Lövei, WX Liu, JY Guo. "Transmission of Bt Toxin to the Predator Propylaea japonica (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Through Its Aphid Prey Feeding on Transgenic Bt Cotton." Environmental Entomology 35.1 (2006): 143-150. Web. 7 Apr. 2020.
Zhang, GF., Wan, FH., Lövei, GL., Liu, WX., & Guo, JY. (2006). Transmission of Bt Toxin to the Predator Propylaea japonica (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Through Its Aphid Prey Feeding on Transgenic Bt Cotton. Environmental Entomology, 35(1), 143-150. doi:10.1603/0046-225X-35.1.143
Please verify citations before use, citations are automatically generated based on information stored within the GENERA database and therefore may or may not be correct.


_USER_ {Pickett171314, author = {Pickett, Christopher L. and Bankston, Adriana and McDowell, Gary S.}, title = {The GSS is an unreliable indicator of biological sciences postdoc population trends}, elocation-id = {171314}, year = {2017}, doi = {10.1101/171314}, publisher = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory}, abstract = {The postdoctoral research position is an essential step on the academic career track, and the biomedical research enterprise has become heavily dependent on postdoctoral scholars to conduct experimental research. Monitoring the employment trends in the postdoc population is important for crafting and evaluating policies that affect this critical population. The primary survey for understanding the trends of the biological sciences postdoc population is the Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering (GSS) administered by the National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics. Here, we analyzed the yearly changes in the biological sciences postdoc population at institutions surveyed by the GSS. We find that institutional variability in reporting their biological sciences postdoc populations, which sometimes varies by more than 2-fold over consecutive years, masks larger trends in the employment of biological sciences postdocs. Universities indicated the most common cause for the changes was improving institutional policy and tracking of postdocs. We propose the adoption of a unified definition of a postdoc, consolidation of postdoc titles and the creation of an index to better assess biological sciences postdoc trends.}, URL = {_URL_ eprint = {_URL_ journal = {bioRxiv} }


Custody, Placement & Child Support
Legal custody and physical placement are the most important decisions to make about your child. Legal custody determines how major decisions involving your child's school, health, religion, and the like will be made. Physical placement determines how much time each parent will spend with the child and where the child will live. It addresses other important issues, including who will be responsible for transporting the child between parents and how much holiday and vacation time you will spend with your child. Our Madison, Wisconsin family law attorneys will work closely with you to create a parenting plan that works best for your lifestyle and is in the best interests of your child.
Custody and placement disputes do not end the moment you walk out of the courtroom. These orders remain in place until your child turns 18. Decisions made early on in your child's life may not be practical based on changed circumstances. When this happens, some parents stop following the current court order which can lead to more confusion and conflict. We handle all aspects of post-judgment enforcement and modification. That way you can resolve these issues and continue moving forward with your life.
A parent's plan to relocate can make the current placement arrangement impractical. This is especially true if the move will be a great distance from the other parent. Relocation can be messy and requires a complete overhaul of the placement schedule. It could possibly mean a change in the primary placement parent. In these instances, the parent desiring to move must provide advance notice to the other parent. The parent may even need court permission before a child will be permitted to move, if the other parent objects to the move. The timing of the notice and objection can be crucial in determining whether a relocation can proceed. If you are contemplating a relocation, or opposing a relocation, contact a family law attorney immediately to preserve your legal rights.
Child Support:
Under Wisconsin law, parents are required to provide financial support for their children. A formula is used to calculate child support that takes into account the placement schedule and income levels of the parents. Although this formula is fairly straight-forward, there are many factors that can complicate the calculation. In some cases, deviating from this formula may be fair or necessary based on the financial resources of the parties or the needs of the child. Additionally, determining a parent's income level for purposes of calculating support is not always easy, especially if a parent is self-employed, unemployed, or is not working to his or her full potential to avoid a support obligation.
Child Support FAQ
Q: Do I have to pay child support if we have 50/50 placement of the children?
A: When both parents have at least 25% placement (92 overnights in a year), the "shared-placement" formula applies. The "shared-placement" formula considers the gross (pre-tax) income of both parents and the number of overnights each parent has placement of the children during the year, and offsets them against one another. Therefore, even if parents have equal placement, the parent who earns more money will have to pay child support to the lesser-earning parent under the formula. An attorney can assist in determining whether it may be possible to deviate from the formula.
Q: How is child support calculated if one parent has less than 25% placement?
A: If a parent has less than 25% placement, child support is calculated using the "percentage standard». Under the "percentage standard,» the parent with less placement pays a straight percentage of their gross income as child support. The percentage ranges depending on how many children there are: 17% for one child; 25% for two children; 29% for three children; 31% for four children; and 34% for five or more children. This amount might be reduced slightly if the payor earns more than $84,000 or less than $18,000 per year.
Q: Do I have to continue paying support after my child turns 18?
A: Child support ends when the child turns 18, unless the child is still in high school or is pursuing a GED. If a child is still in high school or pursuing a GED, child support continues until the child obtains the diploma. However, child support will not continue beyond the child's 19th birthday. So if a child turns 18 during his or her senior year of high school, the obligation to pay child support will not end until graduation.
Q: How is child support calculated if the other parent is not employed or not making as much as they could?
A: In some circumstances, the court will "impute" or allocate income to someone even if they are not actually earning that amount. The amount of income to impute may be based on the person's earning capacity. Earning capacity is determined using a variety of factors. These include their prior earnings, education and training, experience, health and the job market. However, courts typically do not impute income to someone unless their current employment situation was voluntary and unreasonable.
Q: If I am already paying child support, do I also have to pay for daycare?
A: Possibly. Child support is only meant to help the other parent pay for the child's "basic support costs,» which means food, shelter, clothing, transportation, personal care, and incidental recreational costs. The other costs of raising a child (including daycare, tuition and extracurricular activities) are referred to as "variable costs». These costs are not meant to be paid out of child support. If a parent has less than 25% placement, that parent is not responsible for paying any variable costs. The reason is that this parent is already paying a higher level of child support under the percentage standard. If the parents have shared placement, where each parent has more than 25% placement, variable costs are typically split in proportion to the placement schedule. The court order will specify how variable costs are to be split between the parents.
Q: If I am getting remarried, will my new spouse's income be used to pay child support?
A: A step-parent's income will not be factored into the child support formula, except under special circumstances. For example, if Parent A doesn't have to work because Parent A's new spouse provides all financial support for Parent A, the new spouse's income could be considered in the child support calculation between Parent A and Parent B.
Contact an Axley attorney to find out what your child support obligation would be. We can also help determine whether there might be a reason to deviate from the formula.
Custody, Placement & Child Support Abogados
Éxitos del Cliente
Contentious Divorce Case
Successfully settled contentious divorce case with a difficult pro se party, involving all issues of custody, placement, child support, property division and maintenance
Long Distance Placement Modification
Won a post-judgment motion to relocate a child across the country based on client's concerns that child's emotional and educational needs were not currently being met.
Long Distance Placement Modification
Won a post-judgment motion to relocate a child across the country based on client's concerns that child's educational needs were not currently being met.
Ideas Destacadas
The Business of Getting Divorced and Determining Self-Employment Income
How are child support and spousal support calculated in Wisconsin if you are self-employed and do not receive a paycheck? ...
Planning for Divorce Part 1: 5 Things to do Before Divorce
Planning a wedding is a major event that requires time, energy and organization. Planning for divorce is no different. Here...
What Does Custody Really Mean?
When it comes to how children are affected by the breakup of their parents, there is perhaps no word more...
Contactar con Axley
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Mar. 8, 2012 Feeling angry and annoyed with others is a daily part of life, but most people don't act on these impulses. What keeps us from punching line-cutters or murdering conniving co-workers? Self-control. A new review article in Current Directions in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, examines the psychological research and finds that it's possible to deplete self-control -- or to strengthen it by practice.
Criminologists and sociologists have long believed that people commit violent crimes when an opportunity arises and they're low on self-control. "It's an impulsive kind of thing," says Thomas F. Denson, a psychologist at the University of New South Wales. He cowrote the new article with C. Nathan DeWall at the University of Kentucky and Eli J. Finkel at Northwestern University. For the last 10 years or so, psychologists have joined this research, using new ways of manipulating self-control in experiments; they have found that, indeed, self-control and aggression are tightly linked.
A psychological scientist can deplete someone's self-control by telling the subject they're not allowed to take one of the cookies sitting in front of them. Studies have found that, after people have had to control themselves for a while, they behave more aggressively. In a 2009 study, after someone's self-control was depleted, they were more likely to respond aggressively to nasty feedback that ostensibly came from their husband or girlfriend. Specifically, they assigned their partner to hold a painful yoga pose for longer.
On the other hand, it's also possible to practice self-control the same way you would practice the piano. In Denson's experiments, he has people try to use their non-dominant hand for two weeks. So, if they're right-handed, they're told to use their left hand "for pretty much anything that's safe to do," he says. "Using the mouse, stirring your coffee, opening doors. This requires people to practice self-control because their habitual tendency is to use their dominant hands." After two weeks, people who have practiced self-control control their aggression better. In one experiment, they're mildly insulted by another student and have the option of retaliating with a blast of white noise -- but people who have practiced self-control respond less aggressively.
"I think, for me, the most interesting findings that have come out of this is that if you give aggressive people the opportunity to improve their self-control, they're less aggressive," Denson says. It's not that aggressive people don't want to control themselves; they just aren't very good at it. In fact, if you put aggressive people in a brain scanner and monitor their brain activity while insulting them, the parts of the brain involved in self-control are actually more active than in less aggressive people. So it might be possible to teach people who struggle with anger or violence problems to control themselves more easily.
For people who aren't inclined toward violence, it may also be useful to practice self-control -- by trying to improve your posture, for example. In the short term, this can deplete self-control and make it harder to control your impulses. "But if you practice that over the long term, your self-control capacity gets stronger over time," Denson says. "It's just like practicing anything, really -- it's hard at first." But, over time, it can make that annoying colleague easier to deal with.
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
- T. F. Denson, C. N. DeWall, E. J. Finkel. Self-Control and Aggression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2012; 21 (1): 20 DOI: 10.1177/0963721411429451
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.


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Other Names for this Disease
- Pelletier-Leisti syndrome
- Short stature with delayed bone age, expressive language delay, a triangular face with a prominent nose and deep-set eyes
See Disclaimer regarding information on this site. Some links on this page may take you to organizations outside of the National Institutes of Health.
Floating-Harbor syndrome is a genetic disorder that was named for the first two identified patients who were seen at Boston Floating Hospital and Harbor General Hospital in California. The main characteristics of this syndrome are short stature, delayed bone growth, delay in expressive language, and distinct facial features. The exact cause of Floating-Harbor syndrome is not known. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
- Floating Harbor Syndrome Support Group. _URL_ Accessed May 7, 2009.
- Floating Harbor Syndrome. National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD). _URL_ Accessed May 7, 2009.
On this page
- Genetics Home Reference (GHR) contains information on Floating-Harbor syndrome. Click on the link to go to GHR and review the information.
- The National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) is a federation of more than 130 nonprofit voluntary health organizations serving people with rare disorders. Click on the link to view information on this topic.
- PubMed is a searchable database of medical literature and lists journal articles that discuss Floating-Harbor syndrome. Click on the link to view a sample search on this topic.
- The The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database contains genetics resources that discuss Floating-Harbor syndrome. Click on the link to go to OMIM and review these resources.


ELK, Elasticsearch and the Elastic Stack
Log files are full of information for optimizing and troubleshooting the development environment; they can be used to perform debugging, security analysis, predictive analysis and performance analysis. However, analyzing the logs is a tedious process that requires collecting the data, cleaning it, structuring it, analyzing it and then producing the results.
The black box
While logs are valuable for the information they hold, they can be as difficult to find, recover and parse as a black box from a plane crash. Unless there is a simple way for a developer to rapidly find the information he is looking for, they are essentially useless.
To compound the issue, as infrastructures increasingly move to the cloud, analyzing logs is quickly becoming a more difficult, time-consuming task. Not only does the number of components – loads, servers, environments and users – in the cloud make it more error prone, making analyzing the log files necessary more often, but the complexity makes isolating the issue in the log files nearly impossible.
In February 2010, a solution to the needle-in-haystack problem presented by log files was released: Elasticsearch. Elastic, the company that originally released the tool, describes it as a "distributed, RESTful, JSON-based search engine."
Based on Lucene, it was developed in Java and released as open source under the Apache License. Its benefits make it indispensable for log analysis:
 - Scalable. It was designed to be able to serve multiple users from a single instance.
 - Full-text search. It searches the entire text of the entries in a database, not just metadata or parts of the original texts.
 - Real-time analysis. The full text of all entries can be searched in real-time.
Essentially, Elasticsearch gave developers a way to read all the contents of a black box on demand. Elasticsearch gained popularity for log search and analysis quickly after its release, and it is now the most-used enterprise search engine. Most applications that require complex searches use Elasticsearch.
As a result of the popularity of the open source project, the community began to develop an ecosystem of tools around Elasticsearch. The first was Logstash, which was created as a pipeline to homogenize and transmit data to the developer.
Its job is to take information in different formats from disparate sources and unify them in a centralized location.
The second tool is Kibana, a flexible open source data plugin for Elasticsearch that provides a way for developers to view the uniform data. It gives developers the ability to create visualizations and more easily navigate the data, providing a window into why the crash actually happened, how it could have been prevented and how it can be resolved.
The Elastic Stack
Combined, the three components – Elasticsearch, Logstash and Kibana – became colloquially known as ELK. In 2015, Elasticsearch added a fourth component, Beats, to the stack. Beats is a platform for single-purpose data shippers, gathering data from machines and transporting it to Logstash for further parsing or directly into Elasticsearch.
Unfortunately, no acronym could be formed that carried the same authority as ELK. "BLEK" just would not cut it; as Elastic itself admits, "For a stack so scalable, the acronym really wasn't." So now, the most popular platform in the world for analyzing log files is known simply as "The Elastic Stack."
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Figure 5.
Polymorphisms among M. avium complex (MAC) members. (A) Table of the total single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) present in each genome. (B) Phylogenetic relationship among MAC strains using all SNPs or those restricted to coding regions (C). The trees were constructed using the Neighbor-Joining method [38]. Each tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths (indicated below the branches) in the same units as those of the evolutionary distances used to infer the phylogenetic tree. The evolutionary distances were computed using the LogDet (Tamura-Kumar) method [39] and are in the units of the number of base substitutions per site. There were a total of 50,924 SNPs in the dataset for (B) and 38,546 SNPs in (C). Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA5 [40].
Bannantine et al. BMC Genomics 2012 13:89 doi:10.1186/_PHONE_-89
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Browse highlights of Tania Kovats' TREE installation and information about the artist, in the slideshow below. The installation is embedded in the ceiling of the Treasures gallery in the mezzanine floor above the Central Hall.
Marvel at Tania Kovats' TREE in the gallery ceiling. This slice through the 200-year-old oak tree is presented like a vast living organism placed on a microscope slide. The branches stretch across the gallery ceiling with the ceiling's grid-like panels forming an architectural frame for the piece. At over 17 metres long, TREE will be the Museum's largest botany specimen on display.
Tree-top branches of the installation reach out across the gallery ceiling and beyond into an imaginary space. The ceiling installation took 6 days to complete.
The majestic 200-year-old oak tree chosen by Tania Kovats in the Longleat Estate forest. It was growing here at the time Charles Darwin was alive. Its original girth was 356cm. 200 oak saplings were planted in its place after it was felled. Oak trees are at the end of their productive life when they are about 150 years old. © Tania Kovats
The oak planks were pieced together in a London studio ready for installation. 'First I had to find the right tree, fell it, map and number it as it was cut up into planks. I then had to craft the planks back into a tree,' explains Tania Kovats. Many wood experts were involved in the process.
An oak leaf specimen from the living tree is featured alongside lichen, moss and insects in a display case outside the gallery. These were growing on the oak tree at the time it was felled.
These insect specimens are on display in the plant and insect display case outside the gallery. They were found during a survey of the highly complex ecosystem of the original oak tree, carried out in the Longleat forest in 2008.
A limited edition of 60 signed artworks called BRANCH has been created by Tania Kovats to commemorate TREE, from the same oak. One is on display at the gallery entrance.
An image of Charles Darwin's Tree of life sketch is displayed in the gallery. 'It is as if you are standing looking over Darwin's shoulder as the thought emerges. The tree is a model of connectivity, ancestry and genealogy,' says Tania Kovats of the sketch that helped inspire her artwork. © Syndics of Cambridge University Library.© Reproduction from Charles Darwin, Notebook B, _PHONE_.© Syndics of Cambridge University Library.
Tania Kovats is a British artist working primarily in the exploration of landscape. Here she is by the special Darwin tree planted near Longleat House. The Darwin tree is one of 200 oak saplings planted on the estate to replace the original oak tree used in the installation. Recent major works by Kovats include The Museum of the White Horse (2007) and MEADOW (2006).
Visit Tania Kovats' Museum of the White Horse


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An East German soldier helping a boy cross the newly formed 'Berlin Wall,' 1961.
From what is known, the photograph was taken the day the emerging Wall was put up in August 1961 and the boy was found on the opposite side of the wall from his family. Despite given orders by the East German government to let no one pass, the soldier helped the boy through the barbwire. Near the exact time this photo was taken, it was said that the soldier was seen by his superior officer who immediately detached the soldier from his unit.
Concerning the fate of the soldier, most descriptions that come with photograph say that "no one knows what became of him."


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Top 3 Children's Cartoons That Were Featured in Christian Video 'Deception of a Generation'
What Animated Cartoons Mean
Animated cartoons have gone a long way since their early times when black, white, and shades of gray were the only color schemes and virtually all the characters had "pie eyes."
In a cartoon, many animals, items, or even extraterrestrial beings talk. To make things great for the mostly per-adolescent audience, most characters of the former category come in anthropomorphic forms - some of them wear at least one article of human clothing. (A good example of this is Donald Duck, who wears a blue sailor's shirt and hat.) Some animals even walk like humans and literally do human things.
Cartoons in their proper, well-known styles defy the laws of physics ("wild takes") by having their protagonists stand on mid-air until they look down to fall or having them jump a high height when scared.
Which Children's Cartoons Deceive Their Christian Audiences?
Christians (the fundamental, evangelical ones) often limit children to which cartoons are safe for them to watch and which are detrimental to their Godly values. For the latter, the ones that have the most occultic influence often includes either magic spells, witches, crystal balls, and other things that they consider "occultic." A good cartoon, they would describe, must have good Christian values and Godly influence among its audience.
In the 1986 Christian video, Deception of a Generation, Pastor Gary Greenwald examines the influence of the dark side of certain children's cartoons. Based on the book Turmoil in the Toy Box (whose author, Phil Phillips co-stars in the video), this video makes parents reconsider having their progeny watch them. Here are three featured cartoon series in which Greenwald and Phillips deem them occultic.
Most fundamentalist Christians describe Scooby-Doo as a Satanic cartoon.
Most fundamentalist Christians describe Scooby-Doo as a Satanic cartoon.
#1: The 13 Ghosts of Scooby Doo (1985)
How can the lovable Great Dane Scooby-Doo provide a Satanic influence on children?
Greenwald shows the viewers a few excerpts from an episode of The 13 Ghosts of Scooby-Doo ("When You Witch Upon A Star," the eighth episode). In the first one, Vincent Van Ghoul sends the titular protagonist, his nephew Scrappy-Doo, the child con-artist Flim-Flam, Norville "Shaggy" Rogers, and Daphne Ann Blake to retrieve the spell book from three witches, the Brewster Sisters.
Van Ghoul sends himself to the Zone of Eternal Evil to pursue the evil mist (the demon Marcella, who escaped the Chest of Demons) via a crystal ball. In another set of excerpts, Van Ghoul meets Marcella, who came to the Evil Zone via "spectral wind." She refreshes his memory by explaining that to haunt the earth, her sisters must make a brew at Stonehenge and chant Spell 13 from the Book of Spells.
Meanwhile, the witches stir a brew to prepare themselves to chant the spell as the remaining five protagonists watch and devise a plan to stop them.
Greenwald and Phillips noted the occultic paraphernalia and actions depicted in the cartoon, including the symbolic Chest of Demons. But Landover Baptist Church digs deeper in it as well as in the other cartoons of the Scooby-Doo franchise, especially with the characters. They claim that Shaggy is a drug addict because he is constantly hungry and always scared and suggestively believes that Scooby is talking to him.
The same holds true with Scrappy, who is also a "talking dog." (Of course, the "needle marks" on his arm are actually his hairs.) They also even view Daphne as a prostitute wearing skimpy clothing, although she wears a sleeved jumpsuit with long pants in plenty of episodes in the series.
If Van Ghoul is a blatant archetype for an occultic warlock, his friend Flim-Flam is a sugar-and-cinnamon-coated magician. He communicates with his friend via crystal ball most of the time, uses a magic potion called the "Lotsa Luck Joy Juice," and cracks a magic whip to make it snow outside Scooby-Doo's parents' house.
To followers of fundamentalist Christianity like Greenwald and Phillips, a seemingly enjoyable Hanna-Barbera cartoon like The 13 Ghosts of Scooby-Doo is spiritually hazardous to children's minds.
#2: The Smurfs (1981)
Another (shudder) Hanna-Barbera cartoon series, The Smurfs is seemingly safe for children. But to Greenwald and Phillips, they are practically zombies with a cute exterior. (They claim that when someone dies, his face turns blue and his lips turn black, but the latter that the Smurfs have are lipless mouths.)
Greenwald and Phillips falsely depict the only female of their kind, Smurfette, as a transsexual because she was magically transformed from a male to a female. They suggest viewers that most characters are homosexual because they to them, they are wholly males.
Phillips explains the real occult in the cartoon. Papa Smurf solves problems by casting magical spells, even seemingly (to them) using the word Beelzebub many times. (Beelzebub is a demon and a Hell prince.)
At one episode, the villain Gargamel drew a five-pointed star on the ground (a pentagram), lit candles at each point, and danced in it while chanting a magical spell. Then, a book opens and gives him the powers needed to levitate off the ground and (unsuccessfully) destroy the Smurfs.
Greenwald and Phillips suggest the question: why would Hanna-Barbera put LGBT influences as well as witchcraft in a seemingly harmless cartoon?
To some Christians, Grumpy Bear's attitude reflects on how occultic he is just like the other Care Bears.
#3: All the Media of the Care Bears Franchise!
Cute and cuddly, the Care Bears are multicolored bears who turn a callous, coldhearted person into a caring, amicable being. As well as warding off evil, they teach the world's population how to be civilized and live in harmony with one another. Their secret: the powers in their abdomens, particularly their "Care Bear Stare." (The Care Bear Cousins are non-bear animal species who do the same things as their counterparts do.)
The rays of color and light emitting from the bears' stomachs make Greenwald and Phillips deem the entire Care Bears franchise as an occultic one. The same thing holds true for the children turning to the bears when they have a problem instead of asking their parents or praying to God to rectify it.
In the first movie of the franchise, an evil spirit tempts the boy Nicholas to open a spell book and chant magic spells for gaining friends. The two pastors conclude that even a cartoon with super-cute protagonists can negatively influence a child in terms of religion.
My Final Words on the List
I grew up watching the cartoons and yet my parents raised me in a Roman Catholic household, making me practice their religion. They approve of watching any Scooby-Doo cartoon and buying Care Bears merchandise, even though Greenwald and Phillips deemed them as evil.
If you are a fundamentalist Christian, you may be likely to watch the whole tape (and read the whole book in which it is based on) and start to believe what the pastors say. Then, you would ask your children to clear out the houses of the videos and toys and replace them with wholesome media franchises (like video series of cartoons with blatant Biblical allusions and their spin-off toys).
For me, I watched those cartoons in childhood, and they didn't bother me spiritually.
Those experiences all boil down to this: parents decide which cartoons are appropriate or not. So, let them glean out toons they feel are potentially and/or morally harmful to their kids and allow them to watch what's wholesome. It doesn't matter if they are Christian, Muslim, or other religion.
Other Cartoon "Moral Panic" Hubs
More Christianity Hubs
What Do You Think of the List?
N B Yomi from Dallas, TX on June 20, 2016:
Despite my Christian beliefs, this crap drove me up a wall as a kid when they were spouting how Pokemon and Harry Potter were Satanic... Because to me, they were works of fiction and nothing more. But now as a 27 year old adult, crap like this makes me "LOL." Especially with how laughably wild these accusations are. I mean calling Shaggy a drug addict and Daphane a prostitute, WTF? Then accusing Smirfette of being a transexual... I mean screw the fact that she's aconstruct of Gargamel to lure the smurfs into his clutches... She's dude who became a chick.
But humor asde, this bugs me a little. Mainly because you'll note how they leave ou the facts to pray on the ignorant masses. The Devil last I checked does the same thing, and given that I've played around with the concept of "corrupt christians," in a stoy I wrote ten years ago, I tend to question if crap like this was for good or ill.
LaZeric Freeman from Hammond on May 02, 2014:
I think I remember reading a book version of this video. And I get the well meaning intentions behind it, but when you look at some of these shows and compare them to what's offered now on Cartoon Network, a revised edition definitely should be produced.
As for Smurfette, if I remember, she


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The social and behavioral characteristics of recreational facilities planning
Barasch, Stephen B
Cannady, William T.
Master of Architecture
The traditional approach to recreational planning and open space rarely, if ever, incorporates the demographic and social factors of a given geographically defined area. This thesis investigates the complex demographic, social and behavioral characteristics of leisure and recreation in the contemporary American industrial society and relates the theory to recreational planning in an applicable fashion. "The Social and Behavioral Characteristics of Recreational Facility Planning" also investigates the more or less accepted recreational planning standards as diverse scales of development and applies these standards to a contemporary case study example of a "new town" of 150,000 people in the Houston Region, presently being planned under the Title VII provision of the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1970, which guarantees federal assistance in planning and development. In the thesis a new conceptual approach to recreational planning of both facilities and open space areas is formulated and then applied to two hypothetical communities, both of 150,000 population in the Houston Region and to the case study example of the Tide VII "new town." The case study example is then compared to the two hypothetical communities using the formulated theoretical approach and then to the application. of the case study example using the traditional planning approach on the basis of satisfied recreational needs, land allocation, land preservation, economic investment and method validity. The most evident conclusion that has been revealed by my thesis, is that the traditional approach to recreational planning does not allow for the differentiation of recreational facilities on the basis of age, income or ethnic background, which I have found to have a great bearing on the type and number of recreational facilities allocated in a given area. Finally, the thesis concludes by summarizing my findings based on both the traditional planning approach and the formulated theoretical planning approach while making recommendations for future recreational planning and research.


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By Wendell P. Maclntyre
Abstract: Francis Bacon's monumental work, Novum Organum, is an attempt to establish a new status for mankind. Using some of the most prominent myths—particularly those dealing with the gods Pan, Dionysius, Perseus, and Prometheus—Bacon hoped to inaugúrate a new era of success and happiness for his fellow man. In Book I of Novum Organum, Bacon involves these gods and their significances, juxtaposing them with man as he might and could be. In this essay, the author examines about twenty of the "Aphorisms" in Bacon's work, showing the possible impact of the ancient god who is most appropriate for the "Aphorisms" under discussion. This article is clearly a work of utopian proportions, revealing fascinating journeys into the realm of romanticism.
Read the full article [NOTE: Opens as a pdf.]


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Undertaking water education to help conserve one of Jordan's scarcest resources
Under the joint UN programme "Adaptation to climate change to sustain Jordan's MDG achievement", UNESCO is implementing a national water education project to increase the level of understanding of water issues in Jordan among school teachers and students.
"As the fourth most water-scarce country in the world, teaching the next generation knowledge on water conservation and sustainable use is imperative. By providing support and training to teachers on water education, the students and their families will be better able to learn about water issues in Jordan" said Dr. Anna Paolini, Head of UNESCO Amman Office.
As a part of the project, a manual on water education was developed in cooperation with the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Water and Irrigation, the Ministry of Environment and the Jordan National Commission for Education, Culture and Science. The manual features the topics of water cycle, water resources and challenges, population growth impacts, climate change impacts, water conservation practices and practical exercises for 1st to 10th grade students.
Teachers are being trained on the use of the manual through a series of 13 workshops held across the country from November 2012 to January 2013. The first two workshops have already been conducted in Mafraq and Ramtha where the presence of a large Syrian population has made water conservation a high priority in the area. Teachers from more than 30 public schools attended each of the two-day long workshops.
The response from the trained teachers has been strong. Within a few days of the training, the teachers involved initiated a knowledge sharing website that features the information gained from the workshop. The teachers are managing and following the website daily to encourage other teachers and organizations in the area to join the discussion.
The project is a part of a joint UN programme of the MDG Achievement Fund. Under this fund, UNESCO together with three other UN organizations in Jordan – UNDP, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), and the World Health Organization (WHO) – form part of the joint UN programme to enhance Jordan's capacity to adapt to climate change.
For more information on the water education project, please contact Sawsan Batarseh _EMAIL_


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modern systems) and there is no way to allocate blocks other than this mechanism. There are no such calls as malloc or dealloc, since memory blocks are also automatically discarded. The scheme is also lazy, since a block will not be allocated until it is actually referenced. When memory is near full, the MCP examines the working set, trying compaction (since the system is segmented, not paged), deallocating read-only segments (such as code-segments which can be restored from their original copy), and as a last resort, rolling dirty data segments out to disk.
Secondly, protection. Since all accesses are via the descriptor the hardware can check all accesses are within bounds, and in the case of a write that the process has write permission. The MCP system is inherently secure and thus has no need of an MMU to provide this level of memory protection. Descriptors are read only to user processes and may only be updated by the system (hardware or MCP). (Descriptors have a tag of 5 and odd-tagged words are read only – code words have a tag of 3.)
Blocks can be shared between processes via copy descriptors in the process stack – thus some processes may have write permission, whereas others not. A code segment is read only, thus reentrant and shared between processes. Copy descriptors contain a 20-bit address field giving index of the master descriptor in the master descriptor array. This also implements a very efficient and secure IPC mechanism. Blocks can easily be relocated since only the master descriptor needs update when a block's status changes.
The only other aspect is performance – do MMUor non-MMU-based systems provide better performance? MCP systems may be implemented on top of standard hardware that does have an MMU (e.g., a standard PC). Even if the system implementation uses the MMU in some way, this will not be at all visible at the MCP level.
Here you can share your comments or contribute with more information, content, resources or links about this topic.


erobes: will use oxygen if present, but can survive without it
Moisture: dissolved nutrients enter bacteria through their cell walls. Therefore, for bacteria to survive, they need to be surrounded by available water. This available water is referred to as water activity (aW). It indicates the amount of free (unbound) water present. Water activity ranges from values between 0.00 and 1.00 where 1.00 is the maximum amount of free water. Therefore, the water activity of flours would be closer to 0.00 while the water activity of a juice would be closer to 1.00. Water activity in meats can be controlled by adding salts, sugars and nitrate ingredients that are able to bind some of the water. Water activity of 0.7. 0.75 and 0.8 can activate growth of mold, yeast and bacteria respectively.
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This is why we have bank holidays - and the history behind the Spring bank holiday in the UK
Friday, 28th May 2021, 2:11 pm
Do you have plans for this late May bank holiday? (Photo: Shutterstock)
In May there are two bank holidays – the May Day bank holiday is the first of two bank holidays, and it takes place at the start of the month, and the Spring bank holiday takes place at the end. But why exactly do we have bank holidays?
This is everything you need to know about bank holidays - from their history to how many we have left in 2021 to enjoy.
Why do we have bank holidays?
Bank holidays were first introduced by banker, politician and scientific writer Sir John Lubbock, who drafted the Bank Holiday Act in 1871.
He added Easter Monday, Whit Monday, the first Monday in August and Boxing Day to the two common law holidays that already existed, which was Good Friday and Christmas Day.
Originally, it was just banks and financial buildings that closed on these dates, which is where the name "bank holiday" comes from.
A briefing paper from the House of Commons Library on bank and public holidays explains: "The Bank Holidays Act 1871 sought to address the fact that, while most employers were able to give their workers day off on "public" holidays, it was difficult for banks to do so because the holders of bills of exchange had the power to require payment on those days."
Gradually, the likes of businesses, shops, schools and the Government also joined in on these holidays.
The Bank Holiday Act was repealed and replaced by the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971, which remains in force today.
What's the difference between bank holidays and public holidays?
Bank holidays generally refer to the certain number of public holidays that we get every year - eight if you live in England and Wales, nine if you live in Scotland and 10 if you live in Northern Ireland
The Government explains that, according to the law, there is a distinction between the two holidays.
Bank holidays are holidays created under the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971, and they include days that are specifically listed in the Act, as well as days that are proclaimed by the Queen.
Public holidays are common law holidays in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and include Christmas Day and Good Friday. In Scotland, the term "public holiday" holds a different meaning, where it refers to specific local holidays.
While there is a difference between bank holidays and public holidays, the difference is largely academic and in practice generally operate in the same way.
In Scotland, bank holidays are a devolved issue. This enabled, in 2007, the creation of a ninth bank holiday, St Andrews Day.
Northern Ireland also has a proclaimed bank holiday to mark the Battle of Boyne, in addition to St Patrick's Day which is listed in the 1971 Act.
When is the Spring bank holiday?
The Spring bank holiday will take place this year on Monday 31 May.
Originally, the second bank holiday in May started as the Monday after Pentecost, also known as Whitsun or Whit Monday. Whit Monday was a holiday marked after Pentecost, a Christian celebration that takes place 50 days after Easter Sunday.
It served to commemorate the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the Apostles and other followers of Jesus while they were in Jerusalem celebrating the Feast of Weeks.
Whit Monday would generally take place around the start of June but it was replaced with the Spring bank holiday in the UK in 1971 by the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971, following a trial period from 1965 to 1970.
This moved the date of the holiday from the beginning of June to the last Monday of May.
What bank holidays are left in 2021?
There are a number of bank holidays still to take place throughout the rest of the year in the UK.
If a bank holiday falls on a weekend, a 'substitute' weekend becomes a bank holiday instead, usually the following Monday.
In Scotland, these dates of the bank holidays that are left this year:
 - Spring bank holiday - Monday 31 May
 - Summer bank holiday - Monday 2 August
 - St Andrew's Day - Tuesday 30 November
 - Christmas Day (substitute day) - Monday 27 December
 - Boxing Day (substitute day) - Tuesday 28 December
England and Wales mostly have the same line-up of bank holidays except the exemption of St Andrew's Day on Monday 30 November, which is only observed in Scotland.
Bank holidays in Northern Ireland are, again, generally the same with only a few differences. Like England and Wales, St Andrew's Day is not a bank holiday. Northern Ireland also has an additional bank holiday on Monday 12 July for Battle of the Boyne (Orangemen's Day).
A version of this article originally appeared on our sister site NationalWorld