Magic Words by Vanita Oelschlager
I recently had the pleasure of reading a unique book to my daughter: Magic Words: From the Ancient Oral Tradition of the Inuit, published by Vanita Books. It is due to be released September 1, 2013.
Title: Magic Words
Author: Mike Blanc and Edward Field
Publisher: Vanita Books
Expected Release: September 1, 2013
Source: publisher (NetGalley)
Magic Words is a modern translation (1965) of a very old Inuit creation story by nationally known poet Edward Field. As a poem it captures beautifully the intimate relationship this Arctic people have with their natural world. Magic Words describes a world where humans and animals share bodies and languages, where the world of the imagination mixes easily with the physical.
Overall the poem was a little too complex for my daughter, but I'm sure that's because she's still so young (3 1/2). She mostly wanted to point out every detail she noticed in the pictures. The text wasn't completely lost on her, though; she was still able to grasp bits and pieces of the poem. One page shows a group of people with arms raised to the sky, fish raining down from above. The text here reads: A word spoken by chance / Might have strange consequences / It would suddenly come alive / And what people wanted to happen could happen. My daughter exclaimed, "They wished for food, because they were so hungry!" I can tell this book will be one that continually challenges both of us, always giving us something new to consider or imagine. It's not the kind of book you read once or twice and then forget.
Even adults will find that this text stretches the mind. It feeds the imagination in endless ways, encouraging those who hear it to consider strange, beautiful possibilities and complex truths. Mike Blanc's illustrations are absolutely stunning, creatively supporting the text and perfectly capturing its mysticism.
For further reading: While reading Magic Words, it was easy to understand why Edward Field was captivated by Inuit stories. Adults may want to look into reading his Songs and Stories of the Eskimos.


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In this section you'll find links to many of the latest Scottish Government statistical releases on the Economy.
Monthly Economic Brief
A monthly summary of the most recent official data on output, the labour market, inflation, retail, and manufactured exports, plus a review of surveys on and forecasts of the Scottish economy.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Scottish quarterly GDP figures are produced in basic prices, also known as Gross Value Added (GVA).
Statistics on the labour market in Scotland provide the latest information on unemployment, employment, economic inactivity, earnings, and public sector employment.
Business and Enterprise
Analysis and research on the Scottish business stock and business financial performance.
Statistics from the Global Connections Survey and the Index of Manufactured Exports.
Information on Scotland's estimated net fiscal balance and current budget balance.
Information on estimated household expenditure in Scotland.
Income and Poverty
Information about income and poverty statistics for Scotland.
Structure of the Economy
Input-Output tables provide a complete picture of the flows of goods and services in the economy for a given year. They detail the relationship between producers and consumers and the interdependencies of industries.
Economic Pocket Databank
Summary of the key statistics on Scotland's economy including information on the Scottish Labour Market, GDP, and other main economic indicators.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Python Optionals
Clean Code, Data-Structures, Developing, Libraries, Python
Optionals for Python
The Optional data type is highly valuable to various languages which have it built-in or use is standard.
It's a collection like object which can hold one item or be empty. If you have a function which returns multiple items, when you have nothing to return, an empty list is returned, and can be used just as if you had returned a full one. With an optional, when you have a function which returns a single item, but have nothing to return, you return the empty optional and it can be used just as if you had a full optional.
Visit GitHub Page
This isn't Pythonic
It's right there in the second line of the Zen of Python: "Explicit is better than implicit". Yet python heavily depends on its implicit None (A function with no return, returns a None). There are two problems with None: It propagates (masked as whatever it's been named) and it's definition is ambiguous.
The propagation isn't really fixed by using optionals in a dynamically typed language (though it does fix it in statically typed languages). But for the record, the problem with None Propagation is that the error occurs at the dereference point, not at the assignment, which makes debugging harder than necessary. It's not a reason to use optionals (they have this same issue in python) but the ambiguity of None in python does make the propagation problem worth.
None is ambiguous. It gets used to indicate emptiness, error results, and it can be a sign of an unintentional mistake; also known as a bug (for example forgetting a return statement). As developers we can control the first two cases but the third is harder. For error results we should throw exceptions, to indicate emptiness we should use optionals and with those we will always know that None indicates a bug.
To read more about optionals, how they can and should be used, and start with the library visit the GitHub page.


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CH30‐EQ3 Observe and analyze phenomena related to acid‐base reactions and equilibrium. [SI, DM]
d. Differentiate between strength (strong versus weak) and concentration (concentrated versus dilute) when referring to acids and bases. (S)
g. Solve problems involving pH, pOH, [H+]/[H3O+], [OH‐], Kw, Ka and Kb. (S)
Overview: Today we discussed what pH is and how to find it using [H+]. We also looked at pOH and how to convert between [OH-], pOH, pH and [H+]. FOr the second half of class we went to the library for our final in class time to work on the final projects (recording starts next week!) I also showed students how to use Adobe Auditions to record their podcast.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


The Twenty-seven Dead Apostle Ancestors
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List of the Twenty-seven Dead Apostle Ancestors
The Twenty-seven Dead Apostle Ancestors (死徒二十七祖, shito nijuunanaso?) are the aristocratic elite of the vampires. The original group were those of the Dead Apostles who escaped from their role as the "emergency rations" of the True Ancestors, but it currently refers to the distinct factions amongst the Dead Apostles due to some having been succeeded by new generations of Dead Apostles. Some of the originals, more than half, have been sealed away by the Church and some have been annihilated, changing the leadership of the different factions throughout the generations as they have been replaced, while others still reign as Ancestors in the present era. There are some missing numbers yet to be replaced, as they have been executed by the Church, sealed by the Church, or they are atoning for their sins.
The sealed Ancestors are stored in coffins within the Church under eternal imprisonment because they are unable to be totally destroyed. The factions following these Ancestors are still in good condition without their leaders, and they are currently gaining strength to either take back their Ancestor or destroy them.[1] Those who are over four thousand years old from the Age of Gods are referred to as the Elder Title: League of the Age of Gods (神代連盟（エルダータイトル）,?). There are those who favored establishing kingdoms consisting of Territories, Dead Apostles, and the Dead, and there are some exceptional members who possess neither a Territory nor a coven. The oldest favor Territories, whereas those who transformed from the culmination of pursuing magecraft have little interest in such power.
The main reason why the group remains in some form after years of repeated killing and destruction among each other and hunts from the Church is because one Ancestor acts as the prophet. Declaring the Rose Prophecy (薔薇の予言,?), she always foresees the death of those Ancestors and warns them so they may prepare a successor immediately. Louvre was given the message "--Tonight, Death will appear before thee" around three hours before his death. They are mainly non-aggressive against one another, and there are two main factions in the present. They can be considered an organization with power rivaling the Church and Mage's Association.[2]
They are very powerful beings, and many have the ability to utilize Reality Marbles. Their general rankings are not determined exclusively by how powerful he or she is individually, but rather the paramount danger he or she poses to humanity. Those within the first ten ranks cannot be defeated by normal concepts, as they, themselves, are fantasy much like members of the Phantasmal Species. Those who live in fantasy can only be defeated by fantasy that is greater than themselves. Furthermore, for those who have reached the Ancestor class, it is possible to exist as a phantom even after losing the physical body. Those who have completely lost their original bodies are Nrvnqsr Chaos, Stanrobe Calhin, Night of Wallachia, Gransurg Blackmore, Caubac Alcatraz, and Michael Roa Valdamjong. They are, on average, capable of facing Servants in battle, but, as both are types of beings that live in Mystery, such battles would come down to "having the means of killing the other guy somehow."[3]
Servants will generally hold a slight advantage, barring compatibility issues, and the Knight classes, Saber, Archer, and Lancer, will all be able to have solid fights. Though Saber's Excalibur is extremely effective against those who overwhelm by material quantity and alienness, there are those capable of surviving being hit by Excalibur-class attacks through pure endurance. At the same time, those same ones with extreme endurance would have a tough time with Lancer's Gae Bolg.[4] ORT, to which Earth's rules do not apply, and Primate Murder can be called in a league of their own above both Ancestors and Servants.[5]
Aylesbury ValestiEdit
One major event for the Ancestors is the Aylesbury Valesti (アルズベリ・バレステイン,?) ritual established by Crimson Moon that involves the revival of The Dark Six.[6] It is a grand ritual the Ancestors have been preparing for decades, and it has come together in Aylesbury over the last ten years. It is suggested that the ritual, performed much earlier in the 1970s for unknown reasons, resulted in the world's mana being dried up in Fate/Extra.[7] Due to the development being funded and developed entirely by human means, the Mage's Association and Church are unable to intervene until the advent of the ritual.
List of the Twenty-seven Dead Apostle AncestorsEdit
 1. Primate Murder
 2. The Dark Six is the Original Dead Apostle (最初の死徒,?) known as the Six Royalties of the Dark (闇色の六王権,?) and the First and Highest System (最古にして最高のシステム, saiko ni shite saikou no system?). It has not reached one-hundred percent completion and it is currently regenerating.[9] It is supposed to bring all Dead Apostles together once it awakens in the Aylesbury ritual.
 3. Brunestud of the Crimson Moon (Type-Moon)
 4. Kischur Zelretch Schweinorg (Wizard Marshall Zelretch)
 5. ORT (Type-Mercury)
 9. Altrouge Brunestud
 10. Nrvnqsr Chaos
 Replacement : Louvre (Dead Apostle of the Lake)
 12. ???
 13. Night of Wallachia (TATARI, Zepia Eltnam Oberon)
 14. Van-Fem
 16. Gransurg Blackmore (Lord of the Black Wing)
 17. Trhvmn Ortenrosse
 18. Enhance
 19. ???
 20. Merem Solomon (Crown)
 22. ???
 23. ???
 25. ???
 26. ???
 27. Caubac Alcatraz
Extra: Michael Roa Valdamjong (The Serpent of Akasha)
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text: An experimental and numerical study is performed to investigate heat transfer and pressure loss characteristics for impingement. Experimental heat transfer is measured by the thermochromic liquid crystal. The CFD model uses a steady state RANS approach and the shear stress transport (SST). The effect of Reynolds number (5000–25000), the distance between the holes and the distance from the hole to target on the impingement is investigated in the present study. Local Nusselt number as well as area and line average values are gotten experimentally and numerically. Besides, numerical simulations provide the detailed flow characteristics of the problem and complement experimental measurements. The result shows that the heat transfer increases with Reynolds number increasing. But the qualitative distribution of local heat transfer does not change with the increase of Reynolds number, when it is sensitive to P/D and Z/D. The performance of heat transfer is best when Z/D = 2. And the high heat transfer region of Z/D = 1 is closer to the exit than that of Z/D = 2 and Z/D = 3. The main reason is the effect of cross flow and the momentum of the jet reaching the wall. The performance of heat transfer is best when P/D = 5. And the high heat transfer region of P/D = 4 is closer to the exit than that of P/D = 5 and P/D = 6. The main reason is the effect of cross flow and interactions between jets.


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Posted by Bruce Kahl on March 31, 2003
In Reply to: Origin of a weather proverb posted by Lucky on March 31, 2003
: Can anyone give me the origins of this weather proverb?
: "When the ditch and pond affect the nose,
: Look out for rain and stormy blows."
"When the ditch and pond affect the nose, Then look out for rain and storm blows"
"Sound traveling far and wide, A stormy day will betide."
Rain develops as the density of the air drops. This density change causes sound waves to travel differently, usually farther than normal.
This allows for a better mixing of the air which carries the fragrance of the flowers, or the putrid smell of the marsh or ditch to the nose.
High air pressure, associated with fair weather, tends to hold earthly scents to their source. When low pressure arrives, the odors are released and can be sniffed.


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So what is this Science Outreach Program all about?
The Science Outreach Program aims to serve the greater community and promote an interest in science from a Christ-centered perspective. Our purpose is to help advance science education, raise the scientific consciousness of the community, and share resources of the George Fox University Science Department.
The George Fox University Science Outreach Program was created in 1994 by Dwight Kimberly with the help of a grant from the MJ Murdock Charitable Foundation. At this time, a well equipped science laboratory was dedicated for the Science Outreach Program in the newly built Edwards-Holman Science Center. Simply put, Dwight's desire was, and is, to help educators teach science better. We are happy to work with all kinds of educators, whether teachers from public or private schools, home school parents, camp directors, or anyone interacting with children and teaching science.
Dwight's vision included loaning valuable resources to under-equipped science teachers, providing encouragement, and brainstorming lab and hands-on teaching opportunities. Dwight also formed a close connection with the home school community by providing Youth Science Classes taught by George Fox University undergraduate science students.
The Science Outreach Program has grown to include formal associations with several school districts including over one hundred twenty teachers and sixty schools, OHSU, OMSI, and Newberg Community School. Countless home school children have attended GFU Youth Science Classes. Over time, George Fox University has built a national reputation for excellent science outreach and serves as a model for similar outreach programs.
Many of our services fall under one of four primary categories:
Youth Science Classes: Science classes are taught by George Fox University undergraduate students in a laboratory setting. These classes are popular with, but not restricted to, home schooling families.
Interschool Equipment Loan Program: George Fox University loans science equipment to public and private school teachers, home school parents, and members of the greater George Fox University community.
Laboratory and Facility Outreach: Many high-school groups studying human anatomy use the GFU laboratories, equipment, and resources to augment their classroom lessons. Demonstrations of onsite equipment, such as the NMR, can also be scheduled.
Star Lab: The Star Lab is a portable planetarium. Come to GFU or we bring the field trip to you!
Teachers are encouraged to contact the Science Outreach Administrator at _EMAIL_ if they have any questions about teaching science; we love to help by brainstorming ideas. We strive to support your efforts to teach engaging and informative laboratory experiences. Additionally, we have been known to help judge science fairs, provide in-service workshops, and provide lectures. Please do not hesitate to contact us.
Science Outreach Personnel:
Dwight Kimberly is the Science Outreach Founder and Communitry Liaison. He has taught for over 40 years and was an Associate Professor of Biology at George Fox University from 1994 to 2011. In addition to serving through the Science Outreach Program, he assists the GFU Biology and Chemistry Department by continuing to teach as an adjunct professor. Dwight earned the Carnegie Foundation's Oregon Professor of the Year award in 2000. He enjoys helping teachers implement new ideas for teaching hands-on science.
We maintain an email contact list. If you would like to be on our list to receive updated Youth Science Classes flyers, please send your contact information to _EMAIL_.


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Imagine All The Synchrony: The effects of actual and imagined synchronous walking on attitudes towards marginalised groups.PLoS One. 2019; 14(5):e0216585.Plos
Stereotyping is a pervasive societal problem that impacts not only minority groups but subserves individuals who perpetuate stereotypes, leading to greater distance between groups. Social contact interventions have been shown to reduce prejudice and stereotyping, but optimal contact conditions between groups are often out of reach in day to day life. Therefore, we investigated the effects of a synchronous walking intervention, a non-verbal embodied approach to intergroup contact that may reduce the need for optimal contact conditions. We studied attitude change towards the Roma group in Hungary following actual and imagined walking, both in a coordinated and uncoordinated manner. Results showed that coordinated walking, both imagined and in vivo, led to explicit and implicit reductions in prejudice and stereotyping towards both the Roma individual and the wider Roma social group. This suggests that coordinated movement could be a valuable addition to current approaches towards prejudice reduction.


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StringReader.Close Method ()
Closes the StringReader.
Assembly: mscorlib (in mscorlib.dll)
For an example of creating a file and writing text to a file, see How to: Write Text to a File. For an example of reading text from a file, see How to: Read Text from a File. For an example of reading from and writing to a binary file, see How to: Read and Write to a Newly Created Data File.
This method overrides the Stream.Close method.
This implementation of Close calls the Dispose method passing a true value.
Flushing the stream will not flush its underlying encoder unless you explicitly call Close. Setting AutoFlush to true means that data will be flushed from the buffer to the stream, but the encoder state will not be flushed. This allows the encoder to keep its state (partial characters) so that it can encode the next block of characters correctly. This scenario affects UTF8 and UTF7 where certain characters can only be encoded after the encoder receives the adjacent character or characters.
Following a call to Close, other methods might throw an exception.
Available since 1.1
Available since 2.0
Windows Phone Silverlight
Available since 7.0


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Project Management – The PROMISE Methodology
At the end of this program the participants will have a better understanding of what project management is. They will also have a demonstration of how the PROMISE methodology works in practice and, very important, the first results of the application of their new knowledge to a real-life project.
The project management methodology
The overall objective of the program is to help an organization run its projects successfuly through the introduction and utilization of a project management methodology. The main dimensions of the PROMISE methodology are:
- The Project Framework;
- The Project Control Cycle;
- The Project Control Environment;
- Project Definition and formal documents;
- Project Team and roles;
- Project Management procedures;
- Management techniques.
The project framework – stages and gates
The Project Framework guides the progress of the project. It is made of Stages (defined periods of time within which work is performed) and Gates (that represent validation points of previous stages and entry points to next stages). The stages used in the PROMISE methodology are as follows:
- Initial Investigation;
- Detailed Investigation;
- Development and Test;
- Post Implementation Review.
All topics are addressed during a 2-day workshop that contains two parts:
- the seminar: that allows the presentation of the PROMISE methodology;
- the case study: that facilitates the practical application of the metholdology to a specific project proposed by the client company.


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A large, collaborative study by political scientists at the University of Wisconsin Oshkosh and Western Michigan University could provide new insight into how gender provisions in national constitutions affect the economic and political standing of women around the world.
The three-year project, funded by a $312,000 National Science Foundation collaborative research grant, will involve comparing the constitutions of 100 countries. The researchers will analyze constitutional provisions made for social, political and economic rights for all citizens and any special provisions made for women, mothers and families.
"There is considerable debate over whether women should pursue policies based on their equality with men, or if they should accept and embrace their differences with men and pursue policies that make allowances for these differences," said Druscilla Scribner, a UW Oshkosh assistant political science professor.
As is the case in the United States, policies based on women's equality with men come from the "liberal feminist" view that women should not be treated differently from men, Scribner explained.
On the other hand, "difference feminism" — or maternalist approaches — argue that equal treatment does not exist, so a better strategy is to advocate for special rights and protections based upon women's different needs.
New democracies, and some older ones, increasingly include gender provisions in their constitutions, she said. For example, the Brazilian constitution provides for a wide range of rights and guarantees, including prohibition of sex discrimination in salary and hiring, free day care and preschool, and maternity and paternity leave.
"It is not clear whether the 'gendering' of constitutions is a good deal for women's equality," Scribner said.
Besides the 100-country study, the research project also will involve a more in-depth comparative study of 15 countries in five world regions and a close qualitative analysis of six key countries in southern Africa and South America.
The UWO portion of the grant from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 allows Scribner to hire several undergraduate research assistants.
"This has the added benefit of exposing students to quantitative and qualitative research methods of political science, legal studies and women's studies, and it gives our students a paid opportunity to gain hands-on social science research experience," she said.
Results of the multiyear project will contribute to the debate on gender quality, and studies of law and social change, Scribner said. "At a broader level, this research could potentially reshape and inform the strategies of women's advocacy groups, both domestic and international."


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of the pH in the first bioreactor between 4.3 and 5.6 as well as the total dilution rate between 0.042 1/h and 0.092 1/h - were used to optimize and validate a corresponding mathematical model. Beyond a residence time distribution representation and substrate, biomass and product kinetics this model also includes the differen-tiation of cells between the metabolic states. Model simulations predict a final butanol product concentration of 8.2 g/L and a butanol productivity of 0.75 g/(L h) in the CCSTR operated at a pH in bioreactor 1 of 4.3 and D = 0.092 1/h, while 31 % of the cells are differentiated to the solventogenic state. Aiming at an enrichment of solvent-producing cells, a feedback loop was introduced into the cascade - sending cells from a later state of the process (bioreactor 4) back to an early stage of the process (bioreactor 2). In agreement with the experimental observations, the model accurately predicted an increase of butanol formation rate in bioreactor stages 2 and 3, resulting in an overall butanol productivity of 0.76 g/(L h) for the feedback loop cascade. The here presented CCSTR and the validated model will serve to investigate further ABE fermentation strategies for a controlled metabolic switch.
Subject: Social Sciences, Organizational Economics & Management Keywords: Leader-Member Exchange; Characteristics of Task; Employee Performance
Online: 15 May 2019 (12:16:12 CEST)
This study aims to examines three elements shape leadership in Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) theory as a relationship and process. LMX quality is important for the company, because it relates to employee behavior and attitudes, including improving employee performance. The research method applied literature review using description logic and systematics. In this article the theory will be observed specially the effect of LMX on employee performance and antecedents of LMX. The results of the study found that the effect of LMX quality on performance is determined by the characteristics of the task as antecedent LMX in the company.
ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0331.v1
Subject: Mathematics & Computer Science, General & Theoretical Computer Science Keywords: Distributed computing; Task scheduling; Hybrid Tasks; Generic algorithm;
Online: 18 September 2018 (08:17:23 CEST)
The resource allocation for tasks in heterogeneous distributed system is a well known NP-hard problem. For the sake of making the makespan is minimized, it is hard to distribute the tasks to proper processors. The problem is even more complex and challenging when the processors have unavailable time and the tasks type are various. This paper investigates a resource allocation problem for hybrid tasks comprising both divisible and bag-of-tasks(BoT) in heterogeneous distributed system when the processors has unavailable time. First, the mathematical model, which minimizes the makespan of the hybrid tasks when the processors have unavailable time, is established. Second, we propose a scheduling algorithm referred to as bag-of-tasks allocate-pull and divisible task allocation (BoTAPDTA) algorithm for handling hybrid tasks on heterogeneous distributed systems. In addition, to solving the optimization model efficiently, a generic algorithm(GA) is proposed. For the sake of reducing the search space and solving the optimization model effectively, a two step scheduling algorithm(TSGA), which first allocate bag-of-tasks(BoT) using generic algorithm and then assign divisible task to processors like BoTAPDTA, is designed. Finally, numerical simulation experiments are conducted, and experimental results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed model and algorithm.
ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0404.v1
Subject: Engineering, Electrical & Electronic Engineering Keywords: cloud computing; reliability; load balancing; Sufferage; task dispatching
Online: 22 July 2018 (11:43:32 CEST)
Due to the rapid development and popularity of the Internet, cloud computing has become an indispensable application service. However, how to assign various tasks to the appropriate service nodes is an important issue. Based on the reason above, an efficient scheduling algorithm is necessary to enhance the performance of system. Therefore, a Three-Layer Cloud Dispatching (TLCD) architecture is proposed to enhance the performance of task scheduling. In first layer, the tasks need to be distinguished to different types by their characters. Subsequently, the Cluster Selection Algorithm is proposed to dispatch the task to appropriately service cluster in the secondly layer. Besides, a new scheduling algorithm is proposed to dispatch the task to a suitable server in a server cluster to improve the dispatching efficiency in the thirdly layer. Basically, the TLCD architecture can obtain better task completion time than previous works. Besides, our algorithm and can achieve load-balancing and reliability in cloud computing network.
ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202210.0424.v1
Subject: Arts & Humanities, Linguistics Keywords: emotional speech processing; communication channel; emotion category; task type
Online: 27 October 2022 (08:04:59 CEST)
How language mediates emotional perception and experience is poorly understood. The present event-related potential (ERP) study examined the explicit and implicit processing of emotional speech to differentiate the relative influences of communication channel, emotion category and task type in the prosodic salience effect. Thirty participants (15 women) were presented with spoken words denoting happiness, sadness and neutrality in either the prosodic or semantic channel. They were asked to judge the emotional content (explicit task) and speakers' gender (implicit task) of the stimuli. Results indicated that emotional prosody (relative to semantics) triggered larger N100 and P200 amplitudes with greater delta, theta and alpha inter-trial phase coherence (ITPC) values in the corresponding early time windows, and continued to produce larger LPC amplitudes and faster responses during late stages of higher-order cognitive processing. The relative salience of prosodic and semantics was modulated by emotion and task, though such modulatory effects varied across different processing stages. The prosodic salience effect was reduced for sadness processing and in the implicit task during early auditory processing and decision-making but reduced for happiness processing in the explicit task during conscious emotion processing. Additionally, across-trial synchronization of delta, theta and alpha bands predicted the ERP components with higher ITPC values significantly associated with stronger N100, P200 and LPC enhancement. These findings reveal the neurocognitive dynamics of emotional speech processing with prosodic salience tied to stage-dependent emotionand task-specific effects, which can reveal insights to research reconciling language and emotion processing from cross-linguistic/cultural and clinical perspectives.
REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0126.v1
Subject: Social Sciences, Education Studies Keywords: Medical Education; Simulation; Low-Cost; Task trainers; procedural trainers
Online: 7 September 2021 (12:06:27 CEST)
Background: Simulations have historically aided training programs by providing a realistic and holistic replication of professional scenarios and procedures. Simulations have developed over the past 40 years to include varying fidelities and modalities of simulation. Learning in a simulation-centered environment has benefits, ranging from improved patient care to specific skills acquisition while catering to students' numerous and varied learning approaches. Simulation is a multifaceted field that benefits all parties, the teachers, the learners, and the patients. The application of simulation to medical education and its amalgamation with other modes and substitutes allows for a more integrated learning and testing curriculum that advances the current trajectory of medical education. Such developments, however, are limited to resource rich areas, leaving behind low-middle income countries to use traditional, less evolved methodologies and practices. This review aimed to explore different aspects of simulation and focus specifically on low-cost task trainers and their accessibility. Method: The purpose of the study was to assess the accessibility of low-cost task trainers in terms of cost-effectiveness, distribution, validation, and frequency within specific specialties. To do so, 84 PubMed publications have been screened, and 39 filtered research studies have collected the necessary data. After analyzing the papers, we classified the following information – process, specialization, validation (y/n), costs, development location, and year of publication. Results: After carefully analyzing the accumulated data from the selected 39 publications, we found that most studies (i.e., 6 out of 39) were published in 2020. Emergency Medicine was the most common specialty for which low-cost trainers were developed (9 out of 39 procedural simulators); Otolaryngology followed this with 8 out of 39 trainers and general surgery with 7/39 of the task-trainers. The price ranges fluctuated and fell within the price bracket of USD 0 to USD 400 collectively. Our review also uncovered the concentration of development of such innovations solely in high income countries (HICs). Conclusion: Simulation is an invaluable tool applicable to a diverse range of phases of medical education. Future conjunction of simulation with low-cost substitutes along with increased encouragement and enthusiasm towards developing cost effective simulation-based learning environments (SBLEs) with the reserves and requirements of these areas in mind may prove to be a reliable option for low and middle resource settings
ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0741.v1
Subject: Medicine & Pharmacology, Allergology Keywords: dancing; dual-task; older adults; qualitative study; Zumba; cognition
Online: 31 May 2021 (11:10:45 CEST)
Despite the popularity of Zumba in several countries, research is scarce about its impact on older adults


text:
surfaces can be sterilised by laser irradiation; the bactericidal effect reaches to a depth of up to 0.4 mm.
The reaction of the pulp following manipulation using lasers in deep cavities was shown to be reversible. Irritation dentine develops as a response after approx. two weeks. Keller et al. (1991, 1992) were able to determine initial signs of pulp reaction when they used the Er:YAG laser in dogs on dentine close to the pulp.
However, this does not seem to be due to the temperature increase but to mechanical irritation through compression waves resulting from the special ablation process of the Er:YAG lasers. De-focussed use of CO2 lasers with low energy density results in carbonisation of the dentine with reversible pulp damage. Use of other lasers, such as focussed CO2 or Er:YAG lasersmay lead to pulp necrosis due to the high temperature increase. A possible genetic damage in affected nuclei is discussed with regard to the use of excimer lasers due to their effect within the ultraviolet range. It is also not possible to remove sufficient dental hard substance with this system.
Another disadvantage of any laser system is that, due to the vertical exit of the laser beam from the handpiece, it is not possible to remove caries in undercut areas.
Lasers are also not recommended for cavity preparation because they do not efficiently remove larger quantities of enamel and dentine because of the distance. Furthermore, this process would cause an intolerable increase in temperature. Therefore, lasers will never replace high-speed angle handpieces.
Lasers can be differentiated not only by their different wavelengths but also by the pulse length of their beam. While the pulse length of the first lasers for use in dental medicine was a few microseconds, recent research has used femtosecond lasers. (one microsecond (µs) is equivalent to a millionth part of a second. 1 µs =1 x 10-6 s. A microsecond (1 µs) is the time required by light to travel a distance of 299.79 m. A femtosecond (fs) is one quadrillionth of a second. 1 fs =1 x 10-15 s. A femtosecond (1 fs) is the time required by light to travel a distance of 0.3 µm.) If lasers with their wavelength of 780 nm (transition from the visible red colour to the infrared range) and their pulse length of 700 fs are a real alternative for the manipulation of dental hard tissue and excavation of dentine caries remains to be seen. Initial electron-microscopic examinations of dentine manipulated using this laser type are fairly promising. To date, there are no comparative scientific studies.
Advantages of the laser:
- absence of mechanical irritation and vibration;
- disinfection of the dentine wound.
Disadvantages of the laser:
- increased temperature,
- dubious excavation of caries,
- limited possibility to excavate caries from undercuts,
- tactile loss,
- absence of a defined edge of cavity preparation,
- purchase is expensive.
Ozone consists of three oxygen atoms (O3) and is strongly disinfecting. In nature, ozone forms from oxygen molecules (O2) that are irradiated with UV light, amongst other things, resulting in an activated, though unstable form of oxygen that quickly decomposes. Therefore, ozone has strongly oxidising properties, and higher concentrations have a toxic effect because they cause damage to cell membranes.
Initial descriptions of use in dental medicine were reported in the 1930s; in the middle of the past century, Dechaume (1952) reported caries treatment using ozone.
Since 2003, KaVo (Biberach) have been marketing their HealOzone device in Germany. It produces ozone that can be applied via a handpiece to the tooth surface.
The vent on top of the handpiece is surrounded by a rubber cap. The rubber-capped vent of the handpiece is placed on the tooth and ozone is applied for a few seconds. The rubber cap serves as a kind of suction device surrounding the tooth in order to prevent escape of ozone into the oral cavity; instead, it re-enters the instrument by suction. Ozone is released only if the suction device closes tight and the HealOzone device induces a vacuum and negative pressure on the site to be treated. The duration of release of ozone from the device is 10 seconds or 20 seconds, respectively, thus killing almost all bacteria present in the area of the device's exit. The aim is to bring development of carious lesions to a standstill so that the dentine is able to remineralise.
Hence, HealOzone does not follow the classical approach of drilling (caries removal) and filling. Dental hard tissue affected by caries is disinfected and a filling hopefully avoided.
In the literature, some in-vitro and in-vivo studies for the treatment of carious root surfaces have been described where disinfection of the dental hard tissue using ozone is evident (Baysan et al. 2000, Baysan and Lynch 2004).
However, an evidence-based meta-analysis by Rickard et al. (2004) did not prove that ozone was able to influence the progress of caries. To date there is no evidence that the application of ozone to the dental surface stops caries or even induces re-mineralisation. The optimal ozone concentration during treatment is not known, nor are the ideal duration of application, how long the disinfecting effect of ozone will last, how deep it penetrates the lesion, or possible side effects of ozone. HealOzone should not be used for the treatment of carious lesions until thorough and robust studies have been conducted to prove scientifically a long-term effect of ozone on the surface of the tooth.
The classical rose-head burr will certainly continue to be used for some time as the standard instrument for the removal of carious dentine.
Innovative technology, such as air-abrasion or sono-abrasion devices, lasers or HealOzone will probably have problems finding their way into dental practice in the near future, if only for the high purchasing costs and subsequent costs arising for treatment.
The mere selection of materials for the manufacture of self-limiting instruments that are harder than carious dentine but softer than healthy one is an interesting idea. Unfortunately, SmartPrep has not yet been found to remove sufficient quantities of caries in the scientific investigations conducted so far.
An interesting novelty enabling sufficient caries excavation is Carisolv gel. But again, its disadvantages are the increased costs of the material and prolonged times required for excavation.
Classical excavators should be used in areas close to the pulp because of their substance-sparing properties.
There are still no real alternatives to excavators or rose-head burrs suitable for use in the dental practice for the treatment of dentine caries.
- Baysan A, Lynch E (2004) Effect of ozone on the oral microbiota and clinical severity of primary root caries Am J dent 17, 56 60 (2004).
- Cederlund A, Lindskog S, Blomlof J (1999) Efficacy of carisolv-assisted caries excavation Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 19: 464469
- Dammaschke T, Dähne L, Kaup M, Stratmann U, Ott K (2001) Effektivität von Carisolv im Vergleich zu konventionellen Methoden zur Entfernung kariösen Dentins. Dtsch Zahnärztl Z 56, 472475
- Dammaschke T, Eickmeier M, Schäfer E, Danesh G, Ott KH (2005) Effectiveness of Carisolv in comparison with sodium hypochlorite and calcium hydroxide Acta Odontol Scan 63:110114
- Dechaume M (1952) The use of ozone in the local treatment of caries, pulpitis and periapical osteitis Suom Hammaslaak Toim 48: 61 66
- Fure S, Lingström P (2004) Evaluation of the chemomechanical removal of dentine caries in vivo with a new modified Carisolv gel Clin Oral Invest 8:139-144
- Goldman L, Hornby P, Mayer R, Goldman B (1964) Impact of the laser on dental caries Nature 203, 417
- Goldman M, Kronman JH (1976) A preliminary report on a chemomechanical meams of removing caries. J Am Dent Assoc 93:_PHONE_
- Keller U, Hibst R, Mohr W (1992) Histologische Untersuchungen der Pulpareaktion nach Er:YAG-Laserbestrahlung. Dtsch Zahnärztl 47: 222-224
- Keller U, Raab WH, Hibst R (1991) Pulp reactions during Erbium YAG laser irradiation of hard tooth structure. Dtsch Zahnärztl Z 46:158160
- Rickard GD, Richardson R, Johnson T, McColl D, Hooper L (2004) Ozone therapy for the treatment of dental caries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3, CD004153
- Splieth C, Rosin M, Brecke T (1999) Vergleich von chemisch-mechanischer Kariesentfernung mit Carisolv und der konventionellen Exkavation Dtsch Zahnärztl Z 54:117


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Blowing in the Wind
Long straight stitches dotted with French knots radiate from the center of this graceful dandelion pouf. Wispy fly-stitch florets create a sense of movement.
Designer: Tsuki Fox
12" square of blue linen
6"-diameter wooden embroidery hoop
Embroidery floss: white
Matching sewing thread
1. Click on "Download this Project" above for pattern and stitch instructions. Using a light box or a sunny window, trace the pattern onto the center of the fabric using a sharp pencil.
2. Place blue linen square in embroidery hoop, centering traced design inside hoop and pulling fabric taut. Tighten screw.
3. Using four strands of white embroidery floss and beginning at the bottom of dandelion stem, chain stitch stem.
4. Using two strands of white embroidery floss and a long straight stitch, stitch each dandelion pouf line. Add a double-wrapped French knot to end of each long stitch.
5. Flystitch floating dandelion florets with one strand of embroidery floss. Modify stitched slightly to look as if they are floating in the wind.
6. Remove embroidery from hoop. Using a warm iron and working on wrong side, press finished embroidery. Insert embroidery into hoop, centering design and pulling fabric taut.
7. When all stitching is complete, turn the hoop over. Stitch a running stitch approximately 1-1⁄2" outside the hoop in the fabric that extends past the hoop edges. Pull the thread to gather the fabric; knot the thread. Trim away the extra fabric approximately 1" outside the gathered line.
8. If desired, cut a felt circle that is slightly smaller than the back of the embroidery hoop. Whipstitch the felt circle to the gathered fabric on the back side of the hoop.


4
 Folder 4. Documents concerning General and Lady Oglethorpe's Graves, 1923
 Folder 5. Printed Items, _PHONE_
 Folder 6. Printed Items, _PHONE_
 Folder 7. Printed Items, _PHONE_
 Box 2.
 Folder 1. Manuscripts, 1971
 Folder 2. Programs, _PHONE_
 Folder 3. Pamphlets, _PHONE_
 Folder 4. Map, 1976
 Folder 5. Lectures and Speeches, _PHONE_
 Folder 6. Lectures and Speeches, _PHONE_
 Folder 7. Lectures and Speeches, _PHONE_
 Box 3.
 Folder 1. Commemoration of General Oglethorpe, _PHONE_
 Folder 2. Visual Materials, 1910
 Folder 3. Correspondence concerning Visual Materials, _PHONE_
 Folder 4. Correspondence concerning General and Lady Oglethorpe's Graves, _PHONE_
 Folder 5. Correspondence concerning General Oglethorpe, _PHONE_
 Folder 6. Newspaper Clippings concerning General and Lady Oglethorpe's, _PHONE_
 Folder 7. Biographical Newspaper Clippings, _PHONE_
 Folder 8. Newspaper Clippings concerning Visual Materials, _PHONE_
 Folder 9. Newspaper Clippings concerning John and Thomas Wesley, _PHONE_
 Folder 10. Miscellaneous Newspaper Clippings, _PHONE_
 Box 4 (Oversize).
 Folder 1. Visual Material and Newspaper Clippings, _PHONE_
 Box 5 (Oversize).
 Folder 1. Original Indenture of General Oglethorpe, 1637
 Folder 2. Original Deed of General Oglethorpe, 1749
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How to communicate your value
Ben lost 98% of his eyesight overnight at the age of 16, yet he discovered ways that allowed him to focus and see the bigger picture.
In this two part video series, Ben shares his insights and wisdom to help you see beyond your personal limits and dream boldly.
Part one
Part two
Download a transcript of both of the above videos (Word, 21KB).
What you can do next
 1. Vision Australia offer employment services support where qualified consultants can help you to achieve your employment goals. Request a call back from employment services.
 2. Vision Australia have created a self-advocacy guide where you will find information on what you can do when you encounter barriers to participating in the community due to your blindness or low vision generally and in particular barriers to accessing employment. Vision Australia self-advocacy guide (DOCX, 791KB)
 3. A vocational counsellor can provide guidance around exploring your career potential and your strengths, and identify any gaps you may need to consider.


text:
Veggie Math Mash: Two-Digit Subtraction 7
Getting children to warm up to vegetables is a challenge at mealtime, but not here! Carrots add fun and interest to this math worksheet that will help your youngster learn his subtraction facts and hone his mental math ability. And once he's finished the problems, he can check his answers by solving a bonus word puzzle that spells out something delicious you can make with carrots.
Download the rest of the worksheets in this series for more subtraction help.


text: MHX Physics Helper is a free tutorial and assistant to solve several types of physics equations. It shows what these equations are, where to plug in numbers. And can solve them for you as well. The kinds of equations include beat frequency, angular momentum, de broglie wavelength, and Einstein's relativistic mass-energy relation. Version 1.2 includes several unit conversion tools, as well as a helpful physics dictionary.


Are air pistols/CO2 pistols considered to be handguns under firearms laws?
05/23/2009 - Weapons - State: IA #16764
Full Question:
Various statutes govern firearms at the state, local, and federal levels. Some local Iowa jurisdictions may have an ordinance covering air guns or CO2 weapons. I suggest calling the city hall to inquire about any applicable local regulations. For further discussion, please see:
The following is an Iowa state statute:
724.1 Offensive weapons.
An offensive weapon is any device or instrumentality of the following types:
1. A machine gun. A machine gun is a firearm which shoots or is designed to shoot more than one shot, without manual reloading, by a single function of the trigger.
2. A short-barreled rifle or short-barreled shotgun. A short-barreled rifle or short-barreled shotgun is a rifle with a barrel or barrels less than sixteen inches in length or a shotgun with a barrel or barrels less than eighteen inches in length, as measured from the face of the closed bolt or standing breech to the muzzle, or any rifle or shotgun with an overall length less than twenty-six inches.
3. Any weapon other than a shotgun or muzzle loading rifle, cannon, pistol, revolver or musket, which fires or can be made to fire a projectile by the explosion of a propellant charge, which has a barrel or tube with the bore of more than six-tenths of an inch in diameter, or the ammunition or projectile therefor, but not including antique weapons kept for display or lawful shooting.
4. A bomb, grenade, or mine, whether explosive, incendiary, or poison gas; any rocket having a propellant charge of more than four ounces; any missile having an explosive charge of more than one-quarter ounce; or any device similar to any of these.
5. A ballistic knife. A ballistic knife is a knife with a detachable blade which is propelled by a spring-operated mechanism, elastic material, or compressed gas.
6. Any part or combination of parts either designed or intended to be used to convert any device into an offensive weapon as described in subsections 1 to 5 of this section, or to assemble into such an offensive weapon, except magazines or other parts, ammunition, or ammunition components used in common with lawful sporting firearms or parts including but not limited to barrels suitable for refitting to sporting firearms.
7. Any bullet or projectile containing any explosive mixture or chemical compound capable of exploding or detonating prior to or upon impact, or any shotshell or cartridge containing exothermic pyrophoric misch metal as a projectile which is designed to throw or project a flame or fireball to simulate a flamethrower.
Notwithstanding section 724.2, no person is authorized to possess in this state a shotshell or cartridge intended to project a flame or fireball of the type described in this section.
8. Any mechanical device specifically constructed and designed so that when attached to a firearm silences, muffles, or suppresses the sound when fired. However, this subsection does not apply to a mechanical device possessed and used by a person solely for the purpose of shooting a deer pursuant to an approved city special deer population control plan if the person has a valid federal permit to possess and use the mechanical device.
9. An offensive weapon or part or combination of parts therefor shall not include the following:
a. An antique firearm. An antique firearm is any firearm (including any firearm with a matchlock, flintlock, percussion cap, or similar type of ignition system) manufactured in or before 1898 or any firearm which is a replica of such a firearm if such replica is not designed or redesigned for using conventional rimfire or centerfire ammunition or which uses only rimfire or centerfire fixed ammunition which is no longer manufactured in the United States and which is not readily available in the ordinary channels of commercial trade.
b. A collector's item. A collector's item is any firearm other than a machine gun that by reason of its date of manufacture, value, design, and other characteristics is not likely to be used as a weapon. The commissioner of public safety shall designate by rule firearms which the commissioner determines to be collector's items and shall revise or update the list of firearms at least annually.
c. Any device which is not designed or redesigned for use as a weapon; any device which is designed solely for use as a signaling, pyrotechnic, line-throwing, safety, or similar device; or any firearm which is unserviceable by reason of being unable to discharge a shot by means of an explosive and is incapable of being readily restored to a firing condition.
83 Acts, ch 7, § 1; 88 Acts, ch 1164, § 2, 3; 92 Acts, ch 1004, § 1, 2; 2000 Acts, ch 1116, § 7
Please see the information at the following links:
Please see the forms at the following links:
05/23/2009 - Category: Weapons - State: IA #16764
See more Questions in the Weapons Category


text:
Definitions of vindication
n. - The act of vindicating, or the state of being vindicated; defense; justification against denial or censure; as, the vindication of opinions; his vindication is complete. 2
n. - The claiming a thing as one's own; the asserting of a right or title in, or to, a thing. 2
The word "vindication" uses 11 letters: A C D I I I N N O T V.
No direct anagrams for vindication found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after vindication (in bold), or to acdiiinnotv in any order:
s - vindications
All words formed from vindication by changing one letter
Browse words starting with vindication by next letter


The Story of Wales: Dr Sara Elin Roberts on Hywel Dda's laws
Image of manuscript The laws are set down in forty 13th century manuscripts written in Latin and medieval Welsh
Related Stories
If you imagined compensation culture was a peculiarly modern idea, think again.
The idea of claiming damages for injuries received was a central thread running through the laws of a king who ruled over most of Wales some 1,000 years ago.
By about AD942 Hywel Dda (Hywel the Good) reigned over an area of Wales stretching from Prestatyn in the north to Pembroke in the south.
A descendant of the early Welsh king Rhodri Mawr (Rhodri the Great), his legacy was a set of laws which lasted until the mid-1500s.
As modern day legal historian Dr Sara Elin Roberts explains in episode two of BBC Wales' landmark history series The Story of Wales, the laws reflect the perhaps unexpected sophistication of early Welsh society.
And, as she explains off-camera, seen from a distance of many centuries after they were drafted they are also on occasion delightfully quirky.
Start Quote
You often hear the term compensation culture these days... well, this is what you have in medieval Wales"
End Quote Dr Sara Elin Roberts Legal historian
The laws set the value of a lawyer's tongue, lay down a person's right to compensation in the event that they are sold a dodgy ox, and outline the punishment a woman might expect for hiding her lack of chastity from her husband-to-be.
'Very modern'
Dr Roberts has spent much of her career studying 13th Century copies of the laws, which are set down in a mixture of Latin and medieval Welsh in around 40 manuscripts housed at the National Library of Wales in Aberystwyth.
"They deal with the king, they deal with peasants and their rights - people's rights - injury, compensation for injury, homicide, theft, arson. You name it," she said.
Dr Roberts describes them as very modern in their attitude to crime and punishment.
"You often hear the term compensation culture these days. Well, this is what you have in medieval Wales.
"Rather than physical punishments - whipping, hanging, eye-for-an-eye and all of that, what you have is compensation.
Image from Hywel Dda's law manuscript The king himself is portrayed in the manuscripts
"The laws set down tariffs, identifying the value of everyone's life, in the event that they were killed. This varied according to where you were in society."
After a homicide, Dr Roberts explained, the killer and all of his family up to the third or fourth cousin had to pay compensation to the victim's family, up to and including the fourth cousin.
"There was only one instance of capital punishment in Welsh law," says Dr Roberts. "For persistent serious theft you could be hanged, but this was used as a last resort."
In terms of women's rights the laws were, in some ways, quite advanced, says Dr Roberts.
In medieval Wales the first seven years of marriage was regarded as a trial period. After seven years, a couple could separate quite freely and their goods would be split on a 50:50 basis, with the laws laying down who got what.
"Women did appear to have more independence than they would in other countries," says Dr Roberts. "They wouldn't be left destitute, they would get something if it didn't work out."
Underpinning Hywel Dda's laws, she said, was the idea that a person should take responsibility for their actions.
"If you were chopping down a tree you had to tell people you were doing it. If a tree falls on someone and they have been warned then that's their fault. If they haven't been warned you have to pay full compensation.
"It's like health and safety gone mad."
While they cover issues clearly deemed serious at the time, Dr Roberts is the first to acknowledge the quirky side of Hywel Dda's laws.
"If you look at the law text in a vacuum you are likely to find something that will make you laugh," she says.
"A lawyer's tongue was worth a fortune as it was the symbol of their office. Theirs was a speaking role. There was a price of around 100 cows on it."
Image from 13th century manuscript of Hywel Dda's laws The illustrated manuscripts are housed at the National Library of Wales in Aberystwyth
Many of the laws concerned animals - after land, the second most expensive item one could own.
"The laws identified the value of wild and tame animals, and gives a description of each animal and what that animal was supposed to be able to do.
"With an ox, for example, it was expected to pull straight when ploughing a field and not get tired.
"There was an approximate value for compensation so, if someone sold you an ox, they guaranteed that it would plough straight. If you bought a dud ox, you got compensation.
"A cat was supposed to have sharp claws, be an excellent mouse catcher, not eat its own kittens and wasn't supposed to go caterwauling during a full moon, keeping your neighbours awake."
And the penalty to be paid by the non-virgin bride?
"She gets taken outside, they cut her clothes off so that she is naked from the waist down and is given a young horse with a greased tail," explains Dr Roberts.
"If she can hold the horse by his tail she gets to keep it. If not, she gets nothing, as her family would not want her back."
The second part of The Story of Wales: Power Struggles can be seen on Thursday, 1 March on BBC One Wales at 21:00 GMT. The other episodes will be on subsequent Mondays.
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Plants - Classification Based On Growth Habit
We see a huge variety of plants all around us. Among which few are terrestrial and aquatic plants. Despite this fact, they all have the same parts and the same functions; they appear unique with different types of roots, stem, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds etc. Therefore, the classification of plants is mainly based on several factors, and it can be further classified based on their height, tenderness of stem, branches and their life cycle.
In this article, let us know in detail about the classification of Plants based on Growing Habits. Before that, let us define the term "Growth Habit."
Table of Contents
What is Growth Habit?
In horticulture, the term growth habits refer to the plant's growth and its development or change in the plant's height, shape and the kind of growth it undergoes. There are genetic factors as well as environmental factors which play an important role in their growth habit.
For instance, interaction with various animals influences the way plants adapt to their environment. From an evolutionary perspective, growth habits have the function of ensuring the survival and adaptation of plants in various habitats, consequently increasing the chances of successfully passing on the genes to the next generation.
Classification Based on Growth Habits
If we consider plants, based on their height, some are too short while some are too tall to climb. Besides the height, stem thickness, delicacy also varies.
For example– Short plants have greenish, soft, and tender stems, while big and tall plants or trees have a thick, strong and woody stem which are hard to break.
Explore more: Classification of Plants
Based on the growth habit, plants are broadly categorised into three groups:
Types of Plants
Herbs, Shrubs and Trees
The herb is a short-sized plant with soft, green, delicate stem without the woody tissues. They complete their life cycle within one or two seasons. Generally, they have few branches or are branchless. These can be easily uprooted from the soil. Herbs contain enough nutritional benefits, including vitamins and minerals, to make it a part of a healthy balanced diet. Tomato, wheat, paddy, grass and bananas are a few examples of herbs.
Explore more: Herbs and their Benefits
Shrubs are medium-sized, woody plants taller than herbs and shorter than a tree. Their height usually ranges between 6m to 10m tall. Their features include bushy, hard, and woody stems with many branches. Although stems are hard, they are flexible but not fragile. The life-span of these plants usually depends on the species. Rose, jasmine lemon, tulsi, and henna are some of the common shrubs around us.
Explore more: Shrubs and their Uses
Trees are big and tall plants. They have very thick, woody and hard stems called the trunk. This single main stem or the trunk gives rise to many branches that bear leaves, flowers and fruits. Some trees are branchless like coconut tree; i.e., they have only one main stem which bears leaves, flowers, and fruits all by itself. The life-span of the trees are very large. i.e., for several years. Banyan, mango, neem, cashew, teak, oak are some examples of trees.
In addition to these three categories of plants, there are two more types which need some support to grow. They are specifically called climbers and creepers.
Classification Based On Growth Habit
Climbers are much more advanced than creepers. Climbers have a very thin, long and weak stem which cannot stand upright, but they can use external support to grow vertically and carry their weight. These types of plants use special structures called tendrils to climb. Few climbers plants names include pea plant, grapevine, sweet gourd, money plant, jasmine, runner beans, green peas, etc.
Creepers, as the name suggests, are plants that creep on the ground. They have very fragile, long, thin stems that can neither stand erect nor support all its weight. Examples include watermelon, strawberry, pumpkin and sweet potatoes.
Also Read: Photosynthesis Process
Learn more about Plants, its types, importance and other related topics @ BYJU'S Biology
Frequently Asked Questions
How do herbs differ from shrubs?
Herbs are a normal plant with soft, delicate stem and are perennial, which completes its life cycle in a year. Shrubs are taller than the herbs and have a hard woody stem with branches.
Briefly explain the classification of plants.
There are different varieties of plants and are mainly classified based on certain features including growth habit, presence or absence of specialised tissues, flowering and non-flowering plants, etc.
What is meant by Growth habit?
Growth habit mainly refers to the appearance, shape, height, and form of growth of a plant species. A plant's growth habit develops from particular genetic patterns that determine growth.
State five examples of shrubs.
The most common examples of shrubs are rose, marigold, china rose, and lemon.
What are the characteristics of herbs?
The characteristics of herbs are:
 1. They are small plants with a soft and delicate stem.
 2. They have a green, tender, soft and delicate stem.
 3. They have a short lifespan, which can live only for one or two seasons.
 4. They are shorter in size, and they may grow between 2 to 3 meters tall.
What are climbers?
Climbers are the plants with long, week and very thin green stem, which use external support to grow and carry their weight.
Provide a few examples of climbers.
Beans, Cucumber, Grapevine, Gourd, Jasmine, and Money Plant, are a few common examples of climbers.
Provide a few examples of creepers.
Pumpkin, Passionflowers and Sweet potato are a few common examples of creepers.
What are creepers?
Creepers mainly refer to those plants which have a weak stem and are extended horizontally along with the soil on the ground as they cannot stand upright.
How are climbers different from creepers?
The main difference between climbers and creepers are:
Creepers spread their stem, leaves horizontally along with the soil on the ground and also bear flowers along with the fruits on the ground. The leaves of the creepers produce fibre-like roots which fix the plant to the ground and provide external support to grow further.
Climbers are plants with a tender stem which grow with the help of external support. These plants produce a twine or hook from their leaves to climb. Some plants produce special roots that serve as the holdfasts to climb around certain objects.
5-Questions' Quiz!
 1. Potato carrot radish onion garlic ginger is which type of plants?
 1. Potato is an annual plant. Onion and carrot are biennial plants. Radish is annual and biennial. Ginger and garlic are perennial.
 1. what plants would be a good example to talk about their life cycle
 2. The lifecycle of tomatoes or sunflowers would make an easy and interesting example to talk about. However, any plant would make a good example as long as you are able to identify the type.
 3. what is biennial and perennial
 4. A biennial plant takes two years to complete its lifecycle. In the first year, only the roots, leaves and stem grows. In the second year, flowers are formed, seeds are produced and they eventually die
 A perennial plant is a plant that lives for more than two years. Moreover, the plants produce flowers every year. The stem of perennial plants usually die in winters, but since the roots do not die, they regenerate the following year.
 2. I understand more things from the video
 3. Is banana a shrub?
 1. Banana is technically a herb because it lacks the characteristic woody stem of shrubs (and trees).
 4. Thanks it was really very helpful for me to understand more things.
 5. banana is a herb
 6. Is Tulsi a shurb or herb?
 1. Tulsi is a herb
 7. Mushroom is a Herb or Shrub?
 1. Mushroom is a fungus.
 8. Differences between herbs, shrubs and trees.
 1. Based on the size and pattern of branching, plants can be categorized into herbs, shrubs, and trees. The differentiating factor between the three is that herbs have unbranched, soft, and non-lignified stems (Ex: Banana). Shrubs exhibit multi stems that are woody and branched immediately (Ex: Rose). Trees, on the other hand, exhibit a woody stem shooting upwards for close to one meter before they show branching. They are the tallest plants (Ex: Mango).
 9. What are characteristics of trees?
 1. Trees are tall plants. These big plants exhibit woody, thick, and hard stems(trunk) which in turn gives rise to several branches. Branches bear leaves, fruits, and flowers. They are perennial plants possessing trunks that contain woody tissues providing mechanical strength and the vascular tissues carrying substances from one to the other part. Typically, they reproduce through seeds. Trees eliminate carbon dioxide and enrich the atmosphere with oxygen, vital for existence.
 10. Segregate plant according to thorns, climbers and creepers.
 11. difference between shrubs,herbs,climbers,creepers.
 12. More example of creepers
 13. is green gram


Job description for a first-contact physiotherapist
Developing a job description or person specification
Many employers now have their own standard pro forma for job descriptions and person specifications which will need to be followed. Typically a job description is likely to include some or all of the following aspects:
Title of the post
 - Grade of the post (this will be determined following job evaluation – see below)
 - To whom the post holder reports and to whom he/she is accountable
 - Location(s) of the work
 - An overall statement of job purpose
 - Outline of all the main duties and responsibilities of the post, set out under appropriate sub-headings which reflect the main areas of responsibility of the post.
The person specification focuses on the skills, knowledge and experience that are required to undertake the role.
It is essential these are developed through a critical assessment of what is required from the role within the local context, and the level of skill, knowledge and experience needed to deliver this.
Job evaluation
Within the NHS it is the job description and person specification that are the key factors in determining the correct band for the job, and not the title of the role.
The NHS uses a system of job evaluation. This requires a trained matching panel to assess each job by measuring the job content, responsibilities and tasks of each job, and the knowledge and skills needed by a post holder to successfully carry out their work.
The purpose of job evaluation is to ensure that all jobs with similar demands are on the same grade and pay band. Employers outside the NHS may also refer to the NHS job evaluation scheme or may have their own local pay and grading structure. However, there are advantages to maintaining the same system outside the NHS in terms of comparability of pay and expectations of the role.
More information on the NHS JE scheme can be found on the NHS Employers website.
Within general practice, the role of the physiotherapist will vary depending on service need and structure. Therefore specific roles will need to be evaluated to determine the appropriate banding. This could vary considerably depending on the local needs and structures for support and supervision.
However, it is envisaged that the greatest value and impact of physiotherapy roles in general practice will be gained from those that require a high level of independence (without the day-to-day support of peers) along with the ability to order further examinations and to refer on to a range of different services and for the delivery of specialist treatments, which are likely to fall into the band 7-8 range.
If a post also involves integrating MSK/physiotherapy assessments into the wider health system (e.g. across GP, community and hospital services) to meet patient need and contribute to the development of these areas, the job role is likely to fall within the band 8 range.
Download the document below for an example job description.
Last reviewed:


text:
Editor in Chief, Mariette DiChristina, oversees
Who will win the first $50,000 Science in Action prize, sponsored by Scientific American? This award, offered as part of the 2012 Google Science Fair, will recognize a student project that addresses a social, environmental, ethical, health or welfare issue to make a practical difference to the lives of a group or community, and that could possibly be scaled. In addition to the cash prize, the winner will get a year of mentoring support from our volunteers (see judges and mentors list) and will get to fly to the finalist awards event at the Google campus in Mountain View, Calif.
Each of the 13 teens below has come up with an amazing idea to help make a difference in people's lives. Eight of them address concerns about providing safe drinking water (collecting, desalinating, purifying). Three focus on ways to improve crop yields. Two are ideas to bring telemedicine to people who don't have easy access to doctors using nearly ubiquitous smart phones and cell networks. To me, all 13 are winners already.
Watch for the formal announcement, scheduled for June 6, of the Science in Action winner, along with the 15 finalists of the Google Science Fair. More information is at the Google Science Fair Web.
And now, meet the finalists and their projects:
Fluoride Removal with Renewable Bioadsorbents
Anjan Venkatesh, 14, Bengaluru, India
Fluorosis, caused by ingesting too much fluoride in drinking water, is a problem in developing countries such as India. Although a small amount of fluoride is beneficial to avoid cavities, too much can cause health effects from pitting in teeth to weakened bones.
Adsorbents that are currently used to remove fluoride are either too expensive or need to be constantly replaced. Anjan sought to remove fluoride from water with biodegradable composites, such as a starch/glutaraldehyde and pectin/cellulose/glutaraldehyde, that could readily be renewed, or recharged, after their depletion. Anjan calls himself a "science enthusiast and a die-hard dreamer."
Vertical Multi-Level Farming
Sumit Singh, 14, Lucknow, India
Designs for Vertical Muti-Level Farming, which grow crops on two or more levels, have typically focused on urban areas. But rural farmers who work on low-yield or small fields also could benefit from increased production.
Sumit's low-cost design uses only the materials abundant in rural areas and available cheaply such as bamboo, ropes and baked mud tiles. The increased crop yields, of at least 66 percent in experiments, would also offset the investment to build the levels. Shade or part-shade plants would work best for the ground level. Sumit says science is "not just my passion, it's my life."
Bioremediation with Agricultural Waste
Geoffrey Tanudjaja, 19, Singapore
Chemical contamination of wastewater affects many developing countries. One remediation technique removes toxins with specially treated agricultural wastes such as sugarcane bagasse. But sugarcane bagasse is only available in tropical countries. Geoffrey's project focused on whether treated grasses, abundantly available in countries that have arid climates and four seasons, could work as an alternative.
Geoffrey pretreated grass with different concentrations of sodium hydroxide to test its efficiency at adsorbing copper contaminants. Geoffrey's interest in science was kindled when his bought him his first science book, A Hundreds Thousands Whys, as a gift for his seventh birthday.
Hydroponic Method for Subsistence Farmers
Salkiwe Shongwe, 14, Siteki, Swaziland
Bonkhe Mahlalela, 14, Simunye, Swaziland
Swaziland subsistence farmers—about 60 percent of the total population—can't always grow enough crops to supply their entire family until the next harvest. So Salkiwe and Bonkhe developed what they call a Unique Simplified Hydroponic Methods (USHM), which uses simple techniques and available village waste materials, to grow crops in large quantities within limited space without using soil as growing medium. They compared typical subsistence farming methods and their USHM by growing lettuce and baby marrows using the two methods over eight weeks. The USHM increases population of crops in a given area by more than 140% on average. In addition to speeding the time to harvest, the simple USHM eliminates tilling, a cause of soil erosion.
Salkiwe says "Asking questions and finding answers is my way of life." Salkiwe and Bonkhe that Bonkhe's family situation, shared by most rural families in Swaziland, can change for the better through science. They hope that, "by empowering Swazi subsistence farmers with such knowledge of simplified hydroponics, producing organic crops, Swaziland can be a better place to live."
Smartphones for Early Detection of Cardiovascular Risk
Carlos Vega García, 13, Las Palmas de Gran Canaría, Spain
Cardiovascular disease is usually diagnosed with multiple tests. But to detect risk, it is not necessary to perform all tests; it is enough to have some facts and know physical activity. Carlos developed two sensor prototypes, both of which can detect various physical activities. One was in the heel of the shoe, for physical movement, and the other around the wrist for temperature.
The idea is that, in a more advanced design, such sensors would be worn for a few days and transmit the information collected wirelessly to smart phones. Ultimately, Carlos would like to make an app for Android that would analyze the data received from the sensors and provide a diagnosis. Carlos enjoys museums, chess, and building and programming LEGO Mindstorms.
Seawater Purification Program
Menna Abdel Gawad, 16, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Menna sees desalinating seawater as a way for her native Egypt to be less reliant on the Nile for all its drinking water. To get the energy to distill the seawater into potable water, she experimented with solar panels, gasification of incinerated waste and anaerobic digestion, which is the decomposition of organic garbage to methane gas by yeasts and special bacteria.
She says her research suggests that anaerobic digestion is preferred to get energy to purify seawater; solar panels were too expensive and gasification presented a pollution risk. The methane gas that anaerobic digestion produces is then burned to produce thermal energy to boil the seawater in distillation.
Remediation of Perchlorates with Sunflowers
Mark Liang, 14, San Marino, U.S.
Mark's work was inspired by a 2011 article in the Los Angeles Times that said multiple water sources were closed due to the presence of the perchlorate, a chemical originally used in rocket propulsion. He also learned that sunflowers can absorb many types of mineral ions through their root cells in a process called phytoremediation, and this ability has made useful for removing a variety of deadly metals and radioactive materials from the soil. So he decided to see if sunflowers could naturally remove perchlorate from his community's soil. He added a perchlorate solution to the roots of seedlings grown using hydroponics.
Analysis showed that levels of this chemical in the hydroponic medium dropped drastically. (For his research, he used a 0.05 percent sodium perchlorate solution instead of the more toxic potassium and ammonium perchlorates used in the aerospace industry.) Mark says his passion is the natural world, and he is especially interested in how we can use nature to advance technology and modern society.
Effects of Magnetic Fields on Cellular Systems
Andrew Chen, 14 Beaverton, U.S.
Much of our population lives in the constant presence of magnetic fields from electrical devices. Many claims surround the health effects of the fields. On the one side, consumer items such as magnetic braces and jewelry claim (without evidence) health benefits. On the other, if those fields have a negative effect on cellular systems, we could both remediate them from human presence—and perhaps use them for cleaning water supplies by killing bacterial contamination.
Andrew's study found that magnetic field strength did appear to inhibit growth of his test colonies of Escherichia coli. He got the idea of treating water with magnetic fields from learning about MRI in the show "Becker"; he wondered about the possible deleterious effects of magnetic fields. Then he saw a documentary about people who do not have access to seeing clean water and put the two ideas together.
Design and Evaluation of a Cell-Phone Compatible Telemedicine System
Catherine Wong, 16, Morristown, U.S.
In developing countries, or remote areas without access to quality local healthcare, it may be difficult to travel to a doctor. Today, however, cellular networks are nearly ubiquitous, even in areas lacking other basic infrastructure—providing a platform that could put local medical care directly in the hands of patients who need it most. Cell phones, which are common even in developing countries, could be used to help with the basic screening and monitoring of chronic ailments such as cardiopulmonary disorders.
In her work, Catherine designed and evaluated a cell-phone compatible, Bluetooth-enabled electrocardiograph prototype capable of transmitting an EKG image for remote examination. Her device used a Bluetooth-enabled wireless transmitter with a microprocessor programmed to read the EKG output for display on the cell-phone, and instrumentation amplification circuitry to amplify cardiac electrical activity.
Catherine says that "engineering is applied dreaming." She enjoys tinkering and has a provisional patent on telemedical designs.
Sabera Tulukder, 15, U.S.
Sabera sought create a


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Lightning Saga: The King-Seekers
Novel By: Alexander Z Wolfgang
Saiga, a knight of the Knight King's Order, is falsely accused of murdering a fellow knight, so he enlists the help of a thief, Vel, and a mage, Kishiki, to show the Knight King that he is innocent. But their team-up goes far beyond any of their intentions when they learn a millennia-old secret and they realize their destined paths have changed, and they have to travel the entire world to discover more of the hidden truth and find their new place in the world. View table of contents...
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Submitted:Mar 1, 2013 Reads: 12 Comments: 0 Likes: 0
Kingdom Come
Many millennia ago, there was nearly nothing but blackness. It was ever expanding and went on for infinity. There was no end, and it spanned on in every direction. Confusingly enough, there was a center. And at that center, burned one tiny light, and around that light, stood three beings, born of magic. Those three beings held immeasurable power, and with that power came great purpose and no boundaries. Their purpose: to band together to create, and fill in the darkness that shaded the universe they lived in. And they knew that if they did not use their power and fulfill their purpose, that they would simply fade away into the darkness that created them. It was then that they decided to create the world known as Earth.
They stood around their light for an uncounted amount of time, and discussed the best way to create this world. There was serious debate and even arguments as to the way it should properly be done. Time went on and on as the three pounded out the details with each other, perfecting their ideas. They hoped that their knowledge and wisdom was enough to let them truly make the most glorious thing in all of existence.
The first of them came presented many different ideas that eventually became part of Earth: the sky to loom above their creation, changing from night to day and bringing weather changes with it; the fiery sun to sit comfortably in the sky and bring down light and heat upon creation and move with the sky; fire to be brought down from the sky and put upon the land below for use; and the most important being the idea for intelligent life that carried souls, that would walk the Earth so that they could praise their creators, and in return they could love their creations. He chose to live in the sky, surrounded by a mass of angels that aided him in watching over all of the creation that he so dearly loved. It was even said that he was the sun itself and the angels were the clouds. He became known as the Life King. Other names his creations came to know him by are the Father King, Origin King, Spirit King, Air King, Sky King, Sun King, Fire King, Light King, White King, Angel King, and Kind King.
The next of them put forth the ideas for: the rock for their life to stand upon, live upon, strive upon and look up from at the sky; animal life that did not carry souls, but could be used as companions, or food, or sport for those soul-bearing lives; plants that would grow naturally to rip from the earth to use as food, medicine, shelter and pleasure viewing; death, so that each creature would appreciate the time it had, to keep them from straying from the path of graciousness, and to keep the land from becoming overcrowded; and a promise of a life after death, where their souls could carry on in a joyful experience that never ended as reward for their good deeds and hard work. It was him who took on the exterior form of a wolf so that he could spent his time on the Earth, enjoying its natural pleasures and familiarizing himself with the world through a creation's eyes. He became known as the Death King. Other names the members of the world refer to him by are the Hell King, Heaven King, Earth King, Dark King, Black King, Wolf King, Just King, Winter King, Ice King, Stone King, Plant King, and some even know him as the Moon King.
The last of the three gave them several ideas that changed things: emotions to give to the soul-bearers that would give them both motivation to do good, and deterrence to do bad, and allow them to be happy and love one another; natural laws that would govern the way the world worked so that feet would stay on the ground, sounds would be carried, and people would grow and die naturally; water for creation to bathe in from their hard work, drink to cool themselves, and swim through for recreation, as well as to separate certain lands; and later the idea to create several different kinds of soul-bearing lifeforms. He took the form of a soul-bearer, came down to the Earth and taught other soul-bearers about their three creators, the world they lived in, and how to survive; he took power and used it to create a civilized society out of the chaos that the world was naturally. He became known as the Power King. Other titles that were associated with him are the Chaos King, Gray King, Pale King, Harsh King, Passion King, Blood King, Demon King, Human King, and the Water King.
Once the world was all created, and every law was put in place, they celebrated, and they danced in a hall for what seemed only a few hours to them. They feasted and laughed and congratulated each other and themselves for their wonderful creation, come together fully to make a peace-ridden world where there was no evil and no fear. People loved and people gave. But it would not be so forever. No kingdom can last forever.
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Energy Star Building Projects Honored
May 18, 2011
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced on May 12 that 79 commercial building design projects achieved Designed to Earn the Energy Star certification in the past year. In total, the projects are estimated to save nearly 46,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide annually and more than $7 million in annual energy costs across nearly 6.5 million square feet. Twelve of the projects attained an estimated carbon dioxide emissions reduction of 50% or more, meeting Energy Star, American Institute of Architects (AIA), and industry goals for a 50% carbon dioxide reduction in new construction by 2030. Energy Star is a joint program of DOE and EPA.
EPA estimates that if they are built as designed, the projects will prevent greenhouse gas emissions equal to the emissions from more than 54,000 vehicles per year and will save more than $26 million in annual energy costs. For the past several years, EPA and AIA have worked together to promote the Designed to Earn the Energy Star certification for new building design projects. An architecture firm can achieve the certification for its projects by comparing the project's intended energy performance against the average energy use of comparable operating buildings using EPA's online tool Target Finder. Once the building is occupied, owners can track its actual energy performance using Portfolio Manager, EPA's measurement and tracking tool, and can earn Energy Star certification if the building performs as planned. See the EPA press release.


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KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF ITPCM ACTIVITIES
Notwithstanding the strategic re-orientations and the many changes intervened throughout the years, all ITPCM activities always kept adhering to a few basic principles:
- all capacity building initiatives conducted abroad are based on specific requests of the national or local institutions and often benefit from their significant contribution (in terms of co-financing, or of offering technical, political and logistical support);
- the preparation of the activities is needs-driven and, therefore, a thorough needs assessment is always conducted beforehand, to understand the precise learning needs of the audience and to be more aware of the already existing level of knowledge and skills (to avoid a waste of time and precious resources);
- the activities are implemented in close coordination with the local partners: this allows not only to increase the credibility of the initiative, mixing together international and local trainers and point of views, but also to make sure that the content of the training is perfectly customized to the trainees' needs.
- the design of the content of the training activities and the decisions on the methodology to be used for the delivery are always discussed and agreed upon with the local counterpart, taking into consideration the typology of the audience attending the training event;
- in the delivery of the activities special attention is devoted to consider the local culture and traditions (in terms of timing of the activities, pedagogical instruments used, wording and anecdotes used, dressing code, food traditions, consideration for the religious needs of the participants etc.)
- special attention is devoted both in the design and the implementation of abroad activities not only to make sure to fully respect the human rights in all the activities and to pay proper attention to gender issues, but also to reduce, as much as possible, the impact on the environment by avoiding waste of food, water, paper, etc.
- all ITPCM activities are closely linked to our research agenda, as we are fully committed, as a public University, to bring into the training room the outcome of the most updated research, both that conducted by ourselves and the one conducted by other research institutions and centres.


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Police officers and students exhibit an apparent "hierarchy of bias" in making a split-second decision whether to shoot suspects who appear to be wielding a gun or, alternatively, a benign object like a cell phone, research conducted by the University of Colorado Boulder and San Diego State University has found.
Both the police and student subjects were most likely to shoot at blacks, then Hispanics, then whites and finally, in a case of what might be called a positive bias, Asians, researchers found.
In the first study of its kind, Joshua Correll, Bernadette Park and Charles M. Judd of CU-Boulder's Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Melody Sadler of San Diego State University examined how police and a group of undergraduate subjects decide whether to shoot or not to shoot "suspects" in a multi-ethnic environment.
"Most studies on the subject of stereotyping and prejudice look at two (ethnic) groups, usually in isolation. It's always one group against another group," said Correll, a CU graduate who joined the faculty in August after a stint at the University of Chicago.
"But as the country becomes more ethnically diverse, it's more and more important to start thinking about how we process racial and ethnic cues in a multicultural environment," he said.
As with previous studies into the question, data were gathered from subjects playing a "first person shooter" video game, in which figures of varying ethnicity — Caucasian, Asian, Hispanic and African-American — pop up, either "armed" with a weapon or another benign object, such as a cell phone.
Participants — 69 CU-Boulder undergraduates and 254 police officers — had to make quick decisions as to which figures posed a "threat" and shoot them. The police officers were recruited from two-day training seminars in Florida, New Mexico and Washington and represented numerous jurisdictions from 11 states.
The research demonstrates how persistent cultural stereotypes are, Correll said. Even students who displayed little bias when interviewed demonstrated otherwise when faced with a split-second decision.
"I may not believe it personally, but I am exposed to stereotypes constantly through media or social networks … (such as) the idea that young black men are dangerous," he said. "Those associations can have an influence on my behavior even if I don't believe them."
The study found that police were considerably more accurate than students at correctly identifying a genuinely threatening suspect, as opposed to those brandishing a cell phone or wallet, perhaps a reflection of training. But officers were still influenced by the target's race — an influence that may derive from the officers' "contacts, attitudes and stereotypes," Correll said.
For example, police who endorsed more violent stereotypes about Hispanics and those who overestimated the prevalence of violent crime in their districts demonstrated more bias to shoot Hispanic targets. That raises the question of whether police are responding to real-world threats — and whether that means some ethnic groups really are more likely to be armed and dangerous than others.
"That is a very sensitive question, whether or not (police officers') reactions are based on some kind of truth. Is this police officers responding to reality on the ground? The short answer is, we don't know," Correll said. "But this research almost demands that we ask that question."
The researchers' recent findings were published in the Journal of Social Issues. The work was funded by a grant from the Russell Sage Foundation.
In 2007, Correll (then at the University of Chicago), Sadler (then at CU-Boulder), Park and Judd collaborated with the Denver Police Department on a widely cited study that found police officers were less influenced than the general public by racial bias and less likely than the general population to make a decision to shoot at African-American suspects wielding a benign object.
Joshua Correll, _PHONE_
Clint Talbott, _PHONE_


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relationship between style over performance and rates during the decade of '73 – '83 is also worth mention. A closer look at the chart indicates that term spreads consistently fluctuated around 0 during that decade, with numerous inversions. One can imagine the volatile impact on long term investment decisions from a persistent disjoint between the traditional demand for maturity premiums and high levels of uncertainty regarding purchasing power displayed during this decade. However, as more traditional monetary policy began to take hold, the explanatory power of long term rates and term spreads has continued to increase after March of 1983, and we are therefore unlikely to see similar divergence of rates and style over performance in the near future.
Overall, the relationship between long term interest rates, term spread, and style over performance holds up pretty well over the past 60 years. There has been a 3 year trend-less period since 2009 consisting of little over performance between equity styles. However, interest rates will likely trend towards normal behavior in the coming years as the Fed begins to remove many of its tools used to "grease the rails" of our economy. During that time, we expect longer periods of style over performance as was seen over much of the past 60 years, during which time the model presented here should continue to do a decent job in describing over performance using long term rates and term spreads.


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Research Impact : The cautious climate in Ireland of teachers being involved in assessing students' work is delaying the enactment of such curricula and, more specifically for this paper, currently hindering associated assessment processes. It is therefore fitting and timely to explore the extent to which the current discussions in Ireland around teachers being responsible for assessing their own students' work is subsequently impacting (or not) the delivery and assessment of physical education. This discussion is particularly timely given the very recent endorsement of the introduction of the new Leaving Certificate Physical Education as a full optional subject.
MacPhail, A. & Murphy, F. (2017). Too much freedom and autonomy in the enactment of assessment? Assessment in physical education in Ireland, Irish Educational Studies, DOI: 10.1080/03323315.2017._PHONE_