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Origins of plant-breeding
The concept of breeding is as old as agriculture. Farmers have always selected the best plants, taken their seeds, thus adjusting the plants to the environment. It was an evolving process, as the environment was evolving. Then, in the 19th century, the discoveries of a naturalist named Charles Darwin and an Augustinian monk called Gregor Mendel laid the scientific basis for plant breeding.
|Mendel discovered the mechanism of inheritance by systematically crossing and studying pea plants in his monastery's garden. And even though today's commercial plant breeding has become a hi-tech science, requiring a global network, the basic idea is still the same: crossing and selecting.|
Searching the world for variations
While the theory of plant breeding is relatively simple, the practice is a sophisticated craft. The first step is to bring in the right variations for crossing. If, for example, the goal is to breed yellow tomatoes, the first step is to look for a plant with a yellow characteristic.
We cooperate with our colleagues from all over the world in exchanging germplasm – unfinished varieties with one or two interesting traits we can use in a globally directed effort at plant improvement.


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International Journal of Statistics and Applied Mathematics
2018, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Part A
Statistical hybridization of normal and Weibull distributions with its properties and applicationsAuthor(s):
Akintunde Oyetunde AAbstract:
The normal distribution is one of the most popular probability distributions with applications to real life data. In this research paper, an extension of this distribution together with Weibull distribution called the Weimal distribution which is believed to provide greater flexibility to model scenarios involving skewed data was proposed. The probability density function and cumulative distribution function of the new distribution can be represented as a linear combination of exponential normal density functions. Analytical expressions for some mathematical quantities comprising of moments, moment generating generating function, characteristic function and order statistics were presented. The estimation of the proposed distribution's parameters was undertaken using the method of maximum likelihood estimation. Two data sets were used for illustration and performance evaluation of the proposed model. The results of the comparative analysis to other baseline models show that the proposed distribution would be more appropriate when dealing with skewed data.Pages: 62-68 | Views: 567 | Downloads: 14Download Full Article: Click Here
How to cite this article:
Akintunde Oyetunde A. Statistical hybridization of normal and Weibull distributions with its properties and applications. Int J Stat Appl Math 2018;3(5):62-68.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Author: Eric A. Anchimbe
Paperback: ISBN: 9783631553329 Pages: 232 Price: Europe EURO 42.50
This book addresses issues of authenticity, ecology and evolution in the indigenised varieties of English. It describes Cameroon English within its own natural internal and external ecology, and analyses it as a complete medium of communication that represents a complete sociohistorical community. The framework of filtration processes introduced in the book ushers the study of post-colonial Englishes into the broader linguistic debate about the status of non-native Englishes, making it possible to study them as fruits of given sociohistorical contexts rather than as simple side effects of improper education, faulty second language learning, or non-native deficits in English proficiency.
Cameroon English - The spread of English and its quest for standards - Linguistic identity - Toward a theoretical framework for Cameroon English - Indigenised varieties of English - The filtration processes - Integrational filtration process - Attitudinal filtration process - The straightening effect - The quantity-quality value hypothesis - Pidgin English - Linguistic integration - Interference - Morphological, lexical, morpho-syntactic and semantic Cameroonianisms - Tracing the origins of Cameroonianisms.


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JS Useful References
JS Useful Resources
© 2013 TutorialsPoint.COM
The math object provides you properties and methods for mathematical constants and functions.
Unlike the other global objects, Math is not a constructor. All properties and methods of Math are static and can be called by using Math as an object without creating it.
Thus, you refer to the constant pi as Math.PI and you call the sine function as Math.sin(x), where x is the method's argument.
Here is the simple syntax to call properties and methods of Math.
var pi_val = Math.PI;
var sine_val = Math.sin(30);
Here is a list of each property and their description.
|E ||Euler's constant and the base of natural logarithms, approximately 2.718.|
|LN2 ||Natural logarithm of 2, approximately 0.693.|
|LN10 ||Natural logarithm of 10, approximately 2.302.|
|LOG2E ||Base 2 logarithm of E, approximately 1.442.|
|LOG10E ||Base 10 logarithm of E, approximately 0.434.|
|PI ||Ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, approximately 3.14159.|
|SQRT1_2 ||Square root of 1/2; equivalently, 1 over the square root of 2, approximately 0.707.|
|SQRT2 ||Square root of 2, approximately 1.414.|
Here is a list of each method and its description.
|abs()||Returns the absolute value of a number.|
|acos()||Returns the arccosine (in radians) of a number.|
|asin()||Returns the arcsine (in radians) of a number.|
|atan()||Returns the arctangent (in radians) of a number.|
|atan2()||Returns the arctangent of the quotient of its arguments.|
|ceil()||Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to a number.|
|cos()||Returns the cosine of a number.|
|exp()||Returns EN, where N is the argument, and E is Euler's constant, the base of the natural logarithm.|
|floor()||Returns the largest integer less than or equal to a number.|
|log()||Returns the natural logarithm (base E) of a number.|
|max()||Returns the largest of zero or more numbers.|
|min()||Returns the smallest of zero or more numbers.|
|pow()||Returns base to the exponent power, that is, base exponent.|
|random()||Returns a pseudo-random number between 0 and 1.|
|round()||Returns the value of a number rounded to the nearest integer.|
|sin()||Returns the sine of a number.|
|sqrt()||Returns the square root of a number.|
|tan()||Returns the tangent of a number.|
|toSource()||Returns the string "Math".|

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


TNB presents
Ion Channel Based Bio-Synthetic Modulator for Diffusive Molecular Communication
Featured Articles
In diffusion-based molecular communication (DMC), a transmitter nanomachine is responsible for signal modulation. Thereby, the transmitter has to be able to control the release of the signaling molecules employed for representing the transmitted information. In nature, an important class of control mechanisms for releasing molecules from cells utilizes ion channels which are pore-forming proteins across the cell membrane. The opening and closing of the ion channels is controlled by a gating parameter. In this paper, an ion channel based modulator for DMC is proposed which controls the rate of molecule release from the transmitter by modulating a gating parameter signal. Exploiting the capabilities of the proposed modulator, an on-off keying modulation technique is introduced and the corresponding average modulated signal, i.e., the average release rate of the molecules from the transmitter, is analyzed. However, since the modulated signal is random in nature, it may deviate from its average. Therefore, the concept of modulator noise is introduced and the statistics of the modulated signal are investigated. Finally, by assuming a simple transparent receiver, the performance of the proposed on-off keying modulation format is studied. The derived analytical expressions for the average modulated signal are confirmed with particle based simulations. Our numerical results reveal that performance estimates of DMC systems obtained based on the assumption of instantaneous molecule release at the transmitter may substantially deviate from the performance achieved with practical modulators.
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Search results for: Harris Mary
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This study aimed to assess the impact of the Parent Teacher Education Connection curriculum on the knowledge and attitudes of teacher education candidates. The findings reveal that knowledge and attitude assessments administered before and after use of the modules showed significant improvement in knowledge and attitudes across all settings. This study demonstrated that teacher candidates experienced significant knowledge gains from preto posttest after studying the Parent Teacher Education Connection Modules as they were embedded in various courses of their teacher education curricula.
Updated: May. 13, 2018


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Source: Joseph M. Strayhorn and Jillian C. Strayhorn, "Religiosity and Teen Birth Rate in the United States," Reproductive Health 6.14 (September 2009).
This study explored the relationship between religiosity and teen birth rates in the United States. Researchers gathered state-based data relating to religiosity, teen birth rates, abortion rates, and income levels from publicly accessible resources.
In order to determine the religiosity of a state, researchers compiled data from the U.S. Religious Landscapes Survey, by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. The survey, conducted in 2007 and 2008, used a sample of 35,957 participants who answered questions through a telephone survey. Researchers used eight questions from the survey to gauge religiosity. They then noted the percentage of participants in each state who answered with the most conservative religious responses (below). Finally, the authors assigned a composite score for religiosity to each state by averaging the percentages from the eight questions. The most conservative answers or statements endorsed by participants are listed here:
- Belief in a God or universal spirit: Absolutely Certain.
- There is only one way to interpret the teachings of my religion.
- Scripture should be taken literally, word for word.
- How important is religion in your life: Very Important.
- My religion is the one true faith leading to eternal life.
- Frequency of attendance at religious services: at least once a week.
- Frequency of prayer: at least once a day.
- How often do you receive a definite answer to a specific prayer request: at least once a month.
Teen birth rates for each state were then obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The birth rate data was collected in 2006, but is the latest available.
In order to account for potential confounding variables, researchers also collected data concerning household income as well as abortion rates. They collected data concerning median household income for each state from the U.S. Census Bureau for 2006-2007. For abortion rates within each state, researchers statistically estimated the percentage of abortions provided to teenagers based on the total percentage of abortions (provided to adults and teenagers) reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This data was then cross-checked with data from the Guttmacher Institute.
After collecting data for the variables, researchers used statistical analyses to determine if a true, significant correlation exists between religiosity and teen birth rates.
· Religiosity of a state was found to be very highly correlated with teen birth rates, such that more religious states have higher teen birth rates.
· When controlling for income to ensure that the correlation cannot be attributed to household income, the analyses indicated that the correlation between religiosity and teen birth rates was still highly significant.
· In controlling for abortion rates and income, analyses continued to show a strong and significant correlation between the two main variables of religiosity and teen birth rates.
· Along with the composite religiosity score being correlated with teen birth rates, each individual question was analyzed separately; each of the eight questions related to high religiosity also correlated with high birth rates.
· Teen birth rates were, in some cases, more highly correlated to the religiosity questions than some of the questions were to each other.
· Low religiosity, or "irreligiosity," correlated with lower teen birth rates.
The researchers concluded that "conservative religious communities in the U.S. are more successful in discouraging use of contraception among their teen community members than in discouraging sexual intercourse itself." While the governments and most citizens of these religious states express the desire to lower teen pregnancy rates, they fail to recognize that their policies and methods are in fact counterproductive to their goals.
Abstinence-only-until-marriage programs—popular in states with high religiosity scores—are a perfect example of these failed initiatives. These curricula try to discourage sexual activity and, in so doing, often suggest that all contraceptive methods are ineffective. SIECUS has always pointed out our concern when reviewing abstinence-only curricula, that these discouraging messages about contraception would not keep teens abstinent, but would likely keep them from using birth control or condoms.
Studies of virginity pledges—a cornerstone of most abstinence-only curricula—provide additional evidence that discouraging sexual activity and contraceptive use will lead to dangerous outcomes. Researchers found that young people who took the pledges were one-third less likely to use contraception when they did become sexually active than their peers who had not pledged. Further research has confirmed that although some students who take pledges delay intercourse, ultimately they are equally as likely to contract an STD as their non-pledging peers. Far from providing a solution to the complex problem of unintended pregnancy and disease transmission, these simplistic pledges are undermining the use of contraception among teens, potentially exposing them to greater harm.
Although many conservative religious communities support failed abstinence-only-until-marriage programs and virginity pledges, the authors of this article do not conclude that high religiosity is the problem. There are certainly many devout religious communities that support providing young people with accurate information about condoms and contraception. However, this article should be another clear call to conservative religious communities and politicians that their sexual health policies are not even achieving the goals they have set out for themselves.
If governments and communities are truly interested in helping young people prevent unintended pregnancies, as well as STDs and HIV, they should stop supporting programs and policies that discourage contraceptive use and focus solely on abstinence. Instead, it is imperative that we reach all of our country's young people with age-appropriate, medically accurate, and non-judgmental information about condoms and contraception.
 P. Bearman and H. Brückner, "Promising the Future: Virginity Pledges and the Transition to First Intercourse," American Journal of Sociology, vol. 106, no. 4 (2001), pp. 859-912; P. Bearman, et al., "The Relationship Between Virginity Pledges in Adolescence and STD Acquisition in Young Adulthood," American Journal of Sociology, vol. 110, no. 1 (2004), pp. 44-92.


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|Abstract or Summary
- Drilled shaft foundations provide significant geotechnical resistance for support of structures, such as highway bridges, traffic sign, and signal pole structures, and are used widely to meet their structural foundation requirements. The amount of steel reinforcement in drilled shaft foundations has increased over the past several decades to account for anticipated seismic hazards. Increased reinforcement may lead to increased possibilities of anomalies within shafts due to the increased difficulty for concrete to flow through reduced clearance between the reinforcement. High-strength steel reinforcement and permanent steel casing may be used to mitigate the concreting concern. However, the comparison of axial and lateral load transfer between drilled shafts with and without permanent steel casing and high-strength reinforcement has not been previously investigated, raising questions regarding the suitability of existing analytical approaches for the evaluation of axial and lateral load transfer. In addition to axial and lateral loading, deep foundations may need to resist torsional loads, resulting from wind loading on traffic sign and signal pole structures, or seismic loading on curved or skewed bridges. However, the understanding of the actual resistance to torsion provided by deep foundation elements is not well established. The design methods for deep foundations in torsion at the ultimate limit states need to be evaluated and their accuracy needs to be quantified with loading test data. Furthermore, the accuracy of existing load transfer-based torsion-rotation methods to predict the full-scale, in-service rotation performance that considers state-dependence of the soil needs to be quantified.
Two uncased instrumented drilled shafts were constructed and used to evaluate the torsional capacity and load transfer at full-scale. The quasi-static monotonic and cyclic torsional loading tests were conducted. Based on the results of the torsional loading tests, design methods to predict ultimate resistance were proposed. To facilitate the serviceability and ultimate limit state design of geometrically-variable deep foundations constructed in multi-layered soils, a torsional load transfer method was presented using a finite difference model (FDM) framework. Simplified state-dependent spring models, relating the unit torsional resistance to the magnitude of relative displacement, were developed in consideration of soil-structure interface shear test results. Parametric studies illustrated the significant effect of nonlinear soil responses and nonlinear structural response on the torsional behavior of deep foundations.
The axial and lateral load transfer of drilled shaft foundations were studied using four instrumented drilled shafts at full-scale: two uncased and two cased drilled shafts, reinforced with either mild or high strength steel reinforcement. Based on the results of axial loading tests, selected axial load transfer models were evaluated and modified to produce region-specific axial load transfer models to aid the design of drilled shaft bridge foundations for similar soils in the Willamette Valley. The effects of permanent casing on axial load transfer were summarized to provide an up-to-date reference on the reductions expected based on construction sequencing and installation methods. The lateral responses of the test drilled shaft foundations indicated that the high-strength reinforcement could be used without detriment to the lateral performance of drilled shafts; and the cased shafts responded in a more resilient manner than uncased shafts at the same nominal diameter due to their significantly greater flexural rigidity. Based on the empirical soil reaction-displacement (p-y) curves, a region-specific p-y curve model was proposed with recommendations to account for pseudo-scale effects due to the increasing contribution of shaft resistance to lateral resistance with increased diameter.


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There are many types of friction welding methods that can optimize your manufacturing process. In this article, we will review several different types. Understanding these different types will help you decide which can increase precision and reduce total cost and cycle time for your application.
Talk to Pierce about designs and manufacturing more effective industrial rollers.
What Is Friction Welding?
Before we break down the different types, let's define the solid state welding process known as friction welding. Solid state welding refers to welding processes that don't use external heat. Instead, external pressure is applied to a solid state to form the weld. In friction welding, the workpieces to be joined rotate relative to the other. This movement creates friction, which heats the materials at the contact surfaces. A high pressure force is applied until the welding cycle is complete. Friction welding can be used to join a variety of metal (such as steel and aluminum) bars and tubes exceeding 100 mm in diameter.
How Friction Welding Works
Friction welding works by following the fundamentals of friction. The process uses friction to create a plastic-forming heat at the weld interface. For example, the friction heat created on steel is usually around 900–1300 degree centigrade. After the appropriate temperature is achieved, an external pressure force is increasingly applied until the workpieces form a permanent weld joint.
While there are several different friction welding types, they all follow a common working principle. First, one workpiece is placed in a rotor-driven chuck, while the other is held stationary. The rotor allows the mounted workpiece to rotate at high speeds. A pressure force is applied to the stationary workpiece, bringing it into contact with the rotating workpiece. When the workpieces touch, a high friction force is created and generates significant heat on the surfaces in contact until the two materials soften, also referred to as plasticizing. Once the materials reach a plasticized state, a higher forging pressure is applied to the static piece, forcing the two materials to meld together. After the parts meld together and the interface begins to cool, the rotor stops once the temperature reduces and the materials re-solidify.. The forging pressure is maintained for a few seconds and then released, at which time the weld is completed.
5 Friction Welding Types
1. Inertia Friction Welding
What is inertia friction welding? Inertia friction welding features different sized flywheels that are attached to the chuck and spindle shaft. A motor is connected to the spindle shaft to rotate the part. At the start of the welding cycle, the motor is connected to the spindle shaft and rotates the part to the desired rotational speed. Once the desired speed is achieved, the motor is disconnected from the spindle shaft. Based on the weight of the part, spindle shaft, chuck, and flywheels, a rotational inertia is created by the free spinning components. At this point the frictional welded process as described above takes place, utilizing the rotational inertia to create frictional heat when the parts are brought together.. Learn why you should combine inertia welding with CNC machining.
2. Direct Drive Friction Welding
In this process, the spindle drive motor is permanently attached to the spindle shaft. The motor continues to drive the rotating part as the two pieces are brought together, thus creating the frictional heat. Based on a defined CNC program, the spindle is continuously slowed as the welding process takes place, stopping the spindle at a pre-determined point. This type of friction welding is beneficial when a specific orientation between the welded components is desired.
3. Linear Friction Welding
This process is similar to inertia friction welding; however, the moving chuck doesn't spin. Instead, it oscillates in a lateral motion. The two workpieces are held under pressure throughout the entire process. This process requires the workpieces to feature a high shear strength and involves more complicated machinery than inertia welding. One benefit of this method isit offers the capability to join parts of any shape (instead of just circular interfaces).
4. Friction Stir Welding (FSW)
FSW is a solid-state joining process that uses a non-consumable tool to join two facing workpieces. Heat is generated by friction between the rotating tool and the workpiece material, which leads to a softened region at the interface. While the tool is traversed along the joint line, it mechanically intermixes the softened material of the two pieces of metal, and forges the weld interface through mechanical pressure applied by the tool. FSW is used in modern shipbuilding, trains, and aerospace applications.
5. Orbital Friction Welding
Orbital friction welding is similar to rotary friction welding, but both of the welded parts are rotated in the same direction and at the same speed, but their axes offset by up to 1/8". As the weld cycle is completed and the rotation is slowed, the parts are returned to the same axis, and the forging pressure is maintained while the materials re-solidify.
Friction welding can be used to build better industrial rollers, tubes, and shafts. The process is often used to manufacture these subassemblies for industrial printers, material handling equipment, as well as automotive, aerospace, marine, and oil applications. Other examples of components include gears, axle tubes, drivelines, valves, hydraulic piston rods, truck roller bushes, pump shafts, drill bits, connection rods, etc.
Friction welding is an eco-friendly process that doesn't create smoke or release other harmful toxins into the atmosphere. Next, it offers a lot of control over the heat-affected zone, which reduces change to material properties. It also doesn't require filler metal (which saves cost on raw material). Last, friction welding offers simple automation, fast speeds, efficient welds, and the ability to combine a variety of metals.
Ready to Start Friction Welding?
If friction welding sounds like it could benefit your application, please contact us. During our conversation we can discuss which type of friction welding might be your best option and if we are the best-fit provider to inertia weld your subassemblies.
What is Inertia Friction Welding? Inertia friction welding is a solid-state welding process that joins materials by using rotation and friction to generate heat, and lateral force to plastically displace material and fuse the workpieces together. Since its early development,…
Manufacturing problems can hinder profitability for industrial printer and material handling OEMs. It is critical to be aware of these problems in your own manufacturing operations before they cost you your business. So what are the top manufacturing issues and…
Do you feel like your time, money, and management attention are tied up worrying about quality? One way to avoid buying low quality industrial rollers for your printing and material handling machines is to address friction welding quality control. Start…


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(transitive, adverb) (Brit) to close (one carriageway of a motorway) by placing warning cones across it
to demarcate a roadway using bright orange conical markers
noun 1. a space, in the shape of an inverted cone, above a radio beacon, in which there is a sharp reduction in the intensity of transmitted signals.
- Cone of light
cone of light n. The bright triangular area of reflected light on the tympanic membrane during examination. Also called light reflex.
[koh-nuh-pah-tee] /ˌkoʊ nəˈpɑ ti/ noun 1. (def 2).
- Cone penetration test
noun 1. a method of testing soils by pressing a cone of standard dimensions into the soil under a known load and measuring the penetration


All About Bird Eggs
Many of us at the New-York Historical Society have Audubon-mania. Our new exhibition of bird watercolors by John James Audubon, Audubon's Aviary, has brought a lot of excitement to the museum's galleries. Exploring the exhibition and seeing so many beautiful paintings of birds made me wonder what their eggs look like. I know that bird eggs can be just as beautiful as their plumage—Robin Egg Blue has always been my favorite Crayola crayon color—so I was surprised to discover that very few of Audubon's bird studies in the exhibition include eggs. I was even more surprised to see that in two of the paintings, it looks as though the birds are stealing or eating other birds' eggs. In one watercolor, three blue jays appear to be ferociously devouring another bird's eggs. And in another, adult robins are feeding their young, while one adult robin towards the top of the image seems to have a white egg in its mouth.
Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata), Havell plate no. 102, 1825. Watercolor, graphite, pastel, and black ink with scratching out and selective glazing on paper, laid on card; Paper: 23 13/16 x 18 15/16 in. (60.5 x 48.1 cm). New-York Historical Society, Purchased for the Society by public subscription from Mrs. John J. Audubon, 1863.17.102
American Robin (Turdus migratorius), Havell plate no. 131, 1829. Watercolor, graphite, gouache, black ink, pastel, and black chalk with scratching out and selective glazing on paper, laid on card; Paper: 37 1/8 x 25 15/16 in. (94.3 x 65.9 cm) New-York Historical Society, Purchased for the Society by public subscription from Mrs. John J. Audubon, 1863.17.131
Is egg-stealing something birds actually do? I did some research to answer this question and others I had about bird eggs.
1) Do some birds eat other birds' eggs?
Blue jays and other members of the crow family are notorious egg-stealers. They are intelligent and aggressive and will raid other birds' nests to steal eggs, young birds, and even the nest itself. So yes, the blue jays in the painting are indeed eating another bird's eggs. Audubon wrote of the blue jay, "Who could imagine that a form so graceful…should harbor so much mischief."
As for the robin, although it initially appeared to me that the bird in the above painting is eating an egg, this is not something robins are known to do. Robins' diets consist of worms, fruits and berries, and more worms. Through my research, I found another painting of robins by Aududon. In this painting, the birds are sitting on a branch and eating berries that look a lot like the round white object I originally thought was an egg in the other painting. Mystery solved. The robin was not eating an egg, but a piece of fruit.
American Robin (Turdus migratorius), 1825. Pastel, watercolor, graphite, black ink, black chalk, and gauche with selective glazing on paper, laid on card; Paper: 18 3/4 x 11 5/8 in. (47.6 x 29.5 cm). New-York Historical Society, Purchased for the Society by public subscription from Mrs. John J. Audubon, 1863.18.19
2) What is the largest bird egg?
The ostrich egg is the largest of all bird eggs, averaging at 3.3 lbs. It's around the size of a cantaloupe.
"Ostrich egg." By Raul654, CC-BY-SA
3) Which birds lay the most colorful eggs?
There are many bird species that lay eggs with beautiful coloring. Among them are robin eggs and emu eggs, both shades of bluish green. The emu egg is also one of the world's largest, weighing in at around 2 lbs.
"American Robin Eggs in Nest" by Laslovarga, CC-BY-SA
"Emu egg" by Shuhari, CC-BY-SA
4) Why are bird eggs different colors? Why do some have spots?
The color and markings on eggs help camouflage them to stay them hidden from predators. Sometimes the parent bird has to leave the eggs exposed in the nest, so it is important that the eggs blend into their surroundings. Birds that nest in holes in trees or places where they cannot be seen easily often lay white eggs, since they do not have to be camouflaged. Birds that nest on the ground usually lay eggs that are brown with brown or black markings so they look like the dirt and rocks in their habitats. However, scientists are still trying to come to a consensus on other reasons for egg coloring, such as why robins' eggs are blue.
Want to see more birds and eggs? Make sure you visit Audubon's Aviary: Part of I of The Complete Flock before May 19 at the New-York Historical Society.
To hear a story about birds, eggs, New York City, and the arrival of spring, don't miss Little New-Yorkers on Tuesday, March 19 and Friday, March 22 at 3:30. We will read When Blue Met Egg by Lindsay Ward and make a special art project related to the story. Little New-Yorkers is recommended for children ages 3-5 and their accompanied adults.
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I will start by apologizing as many will not like this question.
I am reading the paper COHOMOLOGY THEORY OF GROUPS WITH A SINGLE DEFINING RELATION and having focused on typology throughout my studies i finding myself to be in a lost notation wise.
 1. Let $F$ be a free subgroup in $G$ with generators $x_i$, then elements in $F$ are represented by "words" or a final sequence of $x_i^{\pm1}$. In Page 650 (first one in this article) and 658 they state that every such word $R$ "can be expressed uniquely as a power $R=Q^q$ for $q$ maximal" Nowhere do they explain what is this $Q$, any ideas, links, resources for me to search in?
 2. Let $R$ be a normal subgroup in $G$, what does the notation $(R, R)$ symbolize? they used it in pages 650 and 658 without ever explaining.
Am i reading this paper wrong? Or are these notation so common they are never introduced?
share|cite|improve this question
1. $R=xyz$ can be written as $R=(xyz)^1$, so here $Q=xyz$. $R=xyxy$ can be written as $R=(xy)^2$, so here $Q=xy$. 2. Is probably the commutator. – user641 Dec 1 '12 at 21:38
Oh, that makes sense, thank you very much, What about (R,R)? – user44874 Dec 1 '12 at 21:42
The general references for one-relator groups are two books, both called "combinatorial group theory" (the second was named in honour of the first!). The first was by Magnus, Karrass and Solitar, the second by Lyndon (he who wrote the paper you are reading) and Schupp. I suppose they're pretty out of date now, but they are excellent places to start: the tools laid down by Magnus in his 1931 thesis are still used today! – user1729 Dec 3 '12 at 10:24
1 Answer 1
 1. Maybe you prefer more elaborate would be a formulation like this: "For every word $R$ over the alphabet $A$ there exist $(Q,q)$ such that $Q$ is a word over the alphabet $A$ and $q\in\mathbb N$ and $R=Q^q$ is the $q$-fold concatenation of $Q$ with itself. One example of such a pair for arbitray $R$ is $(R,1)$ as trivially $R=R^1$. If $R$ is not the empty word, then $Q$ in such a pair cannot be the empty word and hence $q$ is bounded from above by the length of the word $R$. Hence there exist such pairs $(Q,q)$ for which $q$ attains te maximal possible value. Since $Q_1\ne Q_2$ implies $Q_1^q\ne Q_2^q$ (if $q\ge 1$), the word $Q$ for which the maximal possible $q$ is attained, is uniquely determined."
 2. Since they refer in passing to $R/(R,R)$ as the abelianized group, $(R,R)$ should denote the commutator. Today, writing $[R,R]$ seems to be the preferred notation.
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Your Answer


Building new, weird CPUs in FPGAs
40 thoughts on "Building new, weird CPUs in FPGAs
 1. The HAD summary is very confusing. There's a lookup table with 32 bit target address, and this lookup table uses index values based on an 8-bit value in the program, and the value of the Program Counter. So, the PC defines a certain window in the table, and you use the 8 bit index to select a value.
 1. The description here at hackaday is wrong. The jump is made indirectly, but the index addresses a location in a sliding window. The window slides as a function of the PC, but in an entirely different memory space.
 1. Indirect addressing is standard on all CPUS i know, including the 6502. Am I missing something? Otherwise the "sliding memory window" is something that is supported by the MMU in modern (after 1990) CPUs.
 2. It's basically a constant pool of jump targets. Why not just use it as a constant pool of 32 bit values, which can be used either as addresses, or as any other 32 bit constant?
 It also needs a better escape mechanism for when the constant pool is full.
 1. Arlet, you are right. It is a bit like the constant pool, but better since it can be shared across multiple functions.
 When the window is full you can always jump to another place in memory. The compiler can see that the window is close to being full and put some padding (or insert some data) before the function to create room in the table. In my forth work this happened pretty rarely.
 Thank you for your great 6502 core, BTW.
 3. Is this already possible to some extent by adding an immediate value to the PC? (Though this only gives four bits of resolution plus some shifting.)
 I realise that if someone's gone to the trouble of modifying a processor instruction set, they're going to know it pretty well and if there's already a workable variant they're not going to bother reinventing the wheel.
 4. Nothing against doing something just for the practice, but it'd be nice to see some actual analysis of the problem, and how this solution will help. Eg. have a simulated processor run some realistic code not specifically engineered to showcase far jumps, with performance measurements. Also lacking is details of how this will affect the CPU pipeline, and how compilers can take advantage of this feature.
 5. Sounds a lot like how the TI-99/4 and 4A operated. "Only the Program Counter, Status Register, and Workspace Pointer registers were on the chip; all work registers were kept in RAM at an address indicated by the Workspace Pointer. 16 registers were available at any given time, and a context switch instruction which changed to another workspace automatically allowed fast context switches compared to other processors which may have had to store and restore the registers."
 Imagine that concept running on a current speed CPU, with many more workspace pointers and much larger workspaces.
 1. There's an even better way – keep those registers with you.
 Heavily pipeline, but make the pipe wide enough to carry the instruction, PC and "registers" (operands/result/src/destination addresses) along in one cycle, then just switch to the next thread every clock.
 It means that one thread takes ~ 100 clks per "instruction cycle"- to and from memory a couple of times, via operation units, in lots of little steps. All the "registers" are in memory somewhere, apart from the specialized units used as fifos or rendevous between threads. (or to initiate a run of subthreads, or to collate results).
 The reason the very next clock can't be operating on the same thread is because such pipelining causes hazards – the "instruction" hasn't actually completed yet!
 But then you get to run up to n threads concurrently without impacting any threads performance. (if the round trip for one "instruction" worth of thread – from one instruction fetch to the next in the same thread – was n clks.)
 This also makes time management easier, as you can easily calculate how long a thread will take to execute, regardless of what else is running. (once you know the map of the specific layout, at least).
 Add a way of "holding" low priority threads in a round-robin manner, and you can have any number of user threads at uncertain speed, plus a few "real-time" system threads doing time-critical IO type tasks.
 One would then swap having a "ALU" that can *optionally* perform different operations, for a bank of dedicated adders/multipliers, fifos/semaphores etc. This way the "opcode" becomes in effect an address used to route the "instruction" in flight. This means extending the architecture is really easy as well, since a given packet doesn't need to execute always in the same operational unit – it carries its payload/operands with itself anyway, in parallel.
 One could also conceive of reconfiguring a block of operational units to change the number/type of such dynamically, on an as-needed basis. If the adders are running flat out but some of the extra multipliers are stalled, reconfigure the excess multipliers as more adders.
 It should achieve much better performance/watt overall, at the cost of not running any one thread particularly fast, by modern standards. If many op units aren't needed, power them off. The idea is to contruct the architecture from the "worker's" point of view, IE: keep the op units busy! This is in contrast to conventional design, which is to make one thread go as fast as possible, then try to extend to many. Better would be to make any "high priority" thread *always* execute in the same time, regardless of whatever else is happening, then to allow many other things to happen so as to use up all the op unit's schedules.
 It's a bit of a stretch to call such a thing a CPU though, since it's the opposite of a central processing unit – more a decentralized computation grid. (or maybe, substrate?)
 All the above is free for whoever to try their hand at it – I have been "putting off" sitting down with an FPGA to implement this for about three years now. I am well familiar with the "character building" nature of detailed computer engineering. The article is spot on about that!
 For all I know, all those threads in flight will encounter sticky "traffic jam" issues.
 That or the whole width will end up just too wide. But I suppose it doesn't necessarily have to have every part bit of the width in the same place – so long as the path takes the right number of clocks to get to where it needs to.
 Anyway, an interesting paradigm flip which may or may not help. It's interesting, however, that modern supercomputer architecture chips do exactly this sort of 'fine grained' SMT – usually across their fairly shot pipelines.
 6. those real programmer stories reminds me of those nascar guys who refused to wear those safetybands on their neck for avoiding breaking the neck and obviously borke their necks
 7. Thanks for your feedback. Many of you seemed to have missed the point – this is not indirect jumping at all. The jump is made through a sliding window that looks into a different memory space which contains only pointers. As the PC moves along, the sliding window slides, retiring old pointers and allowing for new ones.
 The reason to do this is to allow an 8-bit index to address any amount of RAM.
 1. I think I get what you mean. The window slides up and down as CALLs and RETs are issued. An 8-bit short-cut to a 256(say)-element lookup table that contains the actual addresses. The 8-bit shortcuts are just representative tokens of the real address. Since CALLs tend to be paired up with RETs, as the pointer moves up and down, it's effectively an infinitely long list, or a long enough one. IE very few programs call up data from 300 positions down the stack. Most stack accesses use the most recent few bytes placed there.
 1. Close. Since the base of the window of 256 available targets is relatted to the PC at runtime, the window does not slide, it is instantly located where it belongs. At compile time, each subroutine has its own space, and since calls are target-localized (that is a subroutine that has been used is likely to be used again nearby and much less likely far away), there is a lot of overlap within the window – pointers in the table get reused.
 8. I have mixed feelings about this: on one hand, the 8 bit tokens sound like the code density could be really good. On the other hand, storing the lookup table is going to take a significant amount of memory, so it might in fact be both easier and more efficient to just store the 32 bit value right where you need it.
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text:
China's environment ministry has acknowledged the existence
of "cancer villages", after years of assertions by academics and
domestic media that polluted areas experience higher rates of the disease.
The use of the term in an official report, thought to be
unprecedented, comes as authorities face growing discontent over industrial
waste, hazardous smog and other environmental and health consequences of years
of rapid growth.
"Poisonous and harmful chemical materials have brought
about many water and atmosphere emergencies... certain places are even seeing
'cancer villages'," said a five-year plan that was highlighted this week.
The report did not elaborate on the phenomenon, which has no
technical definition but gained prominence in domestic and foreign media after
a Chinese journalist posted a map in 2009 pinpointing dozens of such
China's banned chemical
The ministry acknowledged that in general China uses
"poisonous and harmful chemical products" that are banned in
developed countries and "pose long-term or potential harm to human health
and the ecology".
Environmental lawyer Wang Canfa, who runs an aid centre in
Beijing for victims of pollution, said Friday it was the first time the
"cancer village" phrase had appeared in a ministry document.
"It shows that the environment ministry has
acknowledged that pollution has led to people getting cancer," he said.
"It shows that this issue, of environmental pollution leading to health
damages, has drawn attention."
A ministry official who declined to be named could not
confirm whether it was the first time it had used the phrase, but said it had
previously acknowledged the connection between the environment and human
How the study was
Media reports about "cancer villages" emerged as
early as 1998. Official sources such as government websites and television
stations have altogether reported 241 such locations, a US-based geography professor
said in a 2010 study.
The total reached 459 if accounts from
"unofficial" sites such as online portals were included, University
of Central Missouri academic Lee Liu said in the US-based journal Environment.
The villages tended to be near major rivers, where people
have congregated for generations but which also tended to attract industrial
parks seeking easy access to water.
"Water contamination from industrial pollution is
believed to be the main cause of cancer villages," Liu wrote.
Cancer incidence has shot up 80% over the past three decades
- a period of breakneck economic growth - to become the country's most common
cause of death, the China Daily cited the health minister as saying in 2010.
Today 2.7 million Chinese people die from cancer a year, the
paper reported last month, citing the 2012 annual report from the Cancer
Registry. Frustration over industrial pollution has sparked several
huge protests over the past year and forced officials to promise to shut
Several days of thick smog that covered swathes of the
country last month prompted a public outcry as well as rare criticism from
state-run media and top government officials.
The air pollution prompted a rise in hospital visits and
forced flights to be cancelled as visibility dropped to as low as 100 metres.


3.4. Interactive evaluation at the prompt
Prelude> "hello"
Prelude> putStrLn "hello"
 let it = e;
 print it
which is then run as an IO-action.
Prelude> id
No instance for 'Show (a -> a)'
arising from use of 'print'
in a 'do' expression pattern binding: print it
3.4.1. What's really in scope at the prompt?
Which indicates that everything from the module Prelude is currently in scope. If we now load a file into GHCi, the prompt will change:
Prelude> :load Main.hs
Compiling Main ( Main.hs, interpreted )
We're not limited to a single module: GHCi can combine scopes from multiple modules, in any mixture of * and non-* forms. GHCi combines the scopes from all of these modules to form the scope that is in effect at the prompt. For technical reasons, GHCi can only support the *-form for modules which are interpreted, so compiled modules and package modules can only contribute their exports to the current scope.
The scope is manipulated using the :module command. For example, if the current scope is Prelude, then we can bring into scope the exports from the module IO like so:
Prelude> :module +IO
Prelude,IO> hPutStrLn stdout "hello\n"
(Note: :module can be shortened to :m). The full syntax of the :module command is:
Using the + form of the module commands adds modules to the current scope, and - removes them. Without either + or -, the current scope is replaced by the set of modules specified. Note that if you use this form and leave out Prelude, GHCi will assume that you really wanted the Prelude and add it in for you (if you don't want the Prelude, then ask to remove it with :m -Prelude).
The scope is automatically set after a :load command, to the most recently loaded "target" module, in a *-form if possible. For example, if you say :load foo.hs bar.hs and bar.hs contains module Bar, then the scope will be set to *Bar if Bar is interpreted, or if Bar is compiled it will be set to Prelude,Bar (GHCi automatically adds Prelude if it isn't present and there aren't any *-form modules).
3.4.2. Using do-notation at the prompt
Here's an example:
Prelude> x <- return 42
Prelude> print x
Prelude> let x = 42
Prelude> print x
Prelude> let x = error "help!"
Prelude> print x
*** Exception: help!
Prelude> :show bindings
x :: Int
Prelude> :set +t
Prelude> let (x:xs) = [1..]
x :: Integer
xs :: [Integer]
3.4.3. The it variable
Prelude> 1+2
Prelude> it * 2
 let it = e;
 print it
before execution, resulting in a binding for it.
Prelude> Time.getClockTime
Prelude> print it
Wed Mar 14 12:23:13 GMT 2001
The corresponding translation for an IO-typed e is
 it <- e
3.4.4. Type defaulting in GHCi
Consider this GHCi session:
 ghci> reverse []
What should GHCi do? Strictly speaking, the program is ambiguous. show (reverse []) (which is what GHCi computes here) has type Show a => a and how that displays depends on the type a. For example:
 ghci> (reverse []) :: String
 ghci> (reverse []) :: [Int]
However, it is tiresome for the user to have to specify the type, so GHCi extends Haskell's type-defaulting rules (Section 4.3.4 of the Haskell 98 Report (Revised)) as follows. If the expression yields a set of type constraints that are all from standard classes (Num, Eq etc.), and at least one is either a numeric class or the Show, Eq, or Ord class, GHCi will try to use one of the default types, just as described in the Report.


text:
MIT has been conducting research on the use of GPS-equipped cell phone networks and citizen scientists to collect data about nature. The research conducted by MIT visiting professor Dale Joachim involved cell phones connected to special arrays of directional microphones to play owl sounds and listen to the owl response in order to assess population density. The sensor system turned out to be a good way to monitor owl populations and the broader environment, and took human observers out of the picture.
Despite the success of replacing human observers with a machine network, Joachim feels that the best results might come from the use of both the widespread cell-phone sensor technology and networks of people. People are better equipped to localize the direction of sounds on the ground, and can augment the sensor readings with visual observations.
This research is now being replicated in other locations, including Connecticut, Main and Malaysia, and could soon include Mexico and Russia. The sensor networks will constantly monitor the environment with audio from cell phones, video from remotely-controlled webcams and personal observations from citizen scientists.
The Internet accessible data creates a network of listeners and watchers to make sense of all the data, with distributed teams listening to audio and viewing video when they have time. Listening to to the data currently available has already yielded discoveries of species in habitats where they haven't been observed before.
"I'm really exploring democratic venues through which large numbers of people can listen in," Joachim says, "in a way that helps us obtain a broader understanding and appreciation of nature."
Visit the MIT Media Lab's Owl Project to learn more.


text:
In the cities and countryside section of Busy Teacher, there are 78 FREE worksheets to choose from
. They range from very simple word searches to detailed activities related to these topics. This activity
, for example, was created for Russian ESL learners but can serve as a model for you to create a similar activity more appropriate for your students. Some nice details on this worksheet include the translations of important words, the colorful images, and the fact that after completing this exercise, students should be able to create a similar article about the town they live in. You could do this as a class, in groups, or individually depending on your students and class size. Take a look at other worksheets to find something your students will enjoy.
It is good to talk about different places, compare them, and be able to describe them to people. Students will enjoy sharing their views of certain locations and some will certainly feel very strongly about cities while others will prefer the countryside. This division could set you up for a debate about the positive and negative characteristics of each. Despite your personal opinion, try to remain neutral and simply facilitate the discussion. This is just one way to incorporate this topic into your lessons.


text:
We've explained above how to write a server program that does its own listening. Such a server must already be running in order for anyone to connect to it.
Another way to provide a service on an Internet port is to let the daemon
inetd do the listening.
inetd is a program that
runs all the time and waits (using
select) for messages on a
specified set of ports. When it receives a message, it accepts the
connection (if the socket style calls for connections) and then forks a
child process to run the corresponding server program. You specify the
ports and their programs in the file /etc/inetd.conf.


text:
People who habitually lie and cheat — pathological liars — appear to have much more white matter, which speeds communication between neurons, in the prefrontal cortex than normal people, the researchers found. They also have fewer actual neurons.
The differences affect a portion of the brain, located just behind the forehead, that enables people to feel remorse, learn moral behavior and plan complex strategies.
The surplus of connections between neurons might enable these people to be more adept at the complex neural networking that underlies deceit.
Lying is hard work and these brains may be better equipped to handle it, the researchers said.
"Lying is cognitively complex," said USC psychologist Adrian Raine, the senior scientist on the research project. "It is not easy to lie. It is certainly more difficult than telling the truth. Some people have a biological advantage in lying. It gives them a slight edge."
The researchers recruited 108 volunteers, then sorted them into groups based on psychological tests designed to determine how often they lied. The volunteers were then scanned using magnetic structural imaging to obtain detailed anatomical images of their brain tissue.
The group of compulsive liars had 25.7% more white matter in the prefrontal cortex and 14.2% less gray matter than the normal control group.
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text:
The Vedanta Sutras, commentary by Sankaracharya (SBE34), tr. by George Thibaut at sacred-texts.com
12. (The Self) consisting of bliss (is the highest Self) on account of the repetition (of the word 'bliss,' as denoting the highest Self).
The Taittirîya-upanishad (II, 1-5), after having enumerated the Self consisting of food, the Self consisting of the vital airs, the Self consisting of mind, and the Self consisting of understanding, says, 'Different from this which consists of understanding is the other inner Self which consists of bliss.' Here the doubt arises whether the phrase, 'that which consists of bliss,' denotes the highest Brahman of which it had been said previously, that 'It is true Being, Knowledge, without end,' or something different from Brahman, just as the
[paragraph continues] Self consisting of food, &c., is different from it.--The pûrvapakshin maintains that the Self consisting of bliss is a secondary (not the principal) Self, and something different from Brahman; as it forms a link in a series of Selfs, beginning with the Self consisting of food, which all are not the principal Self. To the objection that even thus the Self consisting of bliss may be considered as the primary Self, since it is stated to be the innermost of all, he replies that this cannot be admitted, because the Self of bliss is declared to have joy and so on for its limbs, and because it is said to be embodied. If it were identical with the primary Self, joy and the like would not touch it; but the text expressly says 'Joy is its head;' and about its being embodied we read, 'Of that former one this one is the embodied Self' (Taitt. Up. II, 6), i.e. of that former Self of Understanding this Self of bliss is the embodied Self. And of what is embodied, the contact with joy and pain cannot be prevented. Therefore the Self which consists of bliss is nothing but the transmigrating Soul.
To this reasoning we make the following reply:--By the Self consisting of bliss we have to understand the highest Self, 'on account of repetition.' For the word 'bliss' is repeatedly applied to the highest Self. So Taitt. Up. II, 7, where, after the clause 'That is flavour'--which refers back to the Self consisting of bliss, and declares it to be of the nature of flavour--we read, 'For only after having perceived flavour can any one perceive delight. Who could breathe, who could breathe forth if that Bliss existed not in the ether (of the heart)? For he alone causes blessedness;' and again, II, 8, 'Now this is an examination of Bliss;' 'He reaches that Self consisting of Bliss;' and again, II, 9, 'He who knows the Bliss of Brahman fears nothing;' and in addition, 'He understood that Bliss is Brahman' (III, 6). And in another scriptural passage also (Bri. Up. III, 9, 28), 'Knowledge and bliss is Brahman,' we see the word 'bliss' applied just to Brahman. As, therefore, the word 'bliss' is repeatedly used with reference to Brahman, we conclude that the Self consisting of bliss is Brahman also. The objection that the Self consisting of bliss can only denote
the secondary Self (the Samsârin), because it forms a link in a series of secondary Selfs, beginning with the one consisting of food, is of no force, for the reason that the Self consisting of bliss is the innermost of all. The Sâstra, wishing to convey information about the primary Self, adapts itself to common notions, in so far as it at first refers to the body consisting of food, which, although not the Self, is by very obtuse people identified with it; it then proceeds from the body to another Self, which has the same shape with the preceding one, just as the statue possesses the form of the mould into which the molten brass had been poured; then, again, to another one, always at first representing the Non-Self as the Self, for the purpose of easier comprehension; and it finally teaches that the innermost Self 1, which consists of bliss, is the real Self. Just as when a man, desirous of pointing out the star Arundhatî to another man, at first points to several stars which are not Arundhatî as being Arundhatî, while only the star pointed out in the end is the real Arundhatî; so here also the Self consisting of bliss is the real Self on account of its being the innermost (i.e. the last). Nor can any weight be allowed to the objection that the attribution of joy and so on, as head, &c., cannot possibly refer to the real Self; for this attribution is due to the immediately preceding limiting condition (viz. the Self consisting of understanding, the so-called vigñânakosa), and does not really belong to the real Self. The possession of a bodily nature also is ascribed to the Self of bliss, only because it is represented as a link in the chain of bodies which begins with the Self consisting of food, and is not ascribed to it in the same direct sense in which it is predicated of the transmigrating Self. Hence the Self consisting of bliss is the highest Brahman.
66:1 After which no other Self is mentioned.


text: NORTH CREEK On Tuesday, May 20, Dan Miner and Ken Leccese from radio station 98.5 WCKM in Glens Falls, visited the 4th, 5th and 6th graders of Johnsburg Central School. This provided an opportunity for students to learn about the field of radio broadcasting as a possible career. Mr. Miner and Mr. Leccese conducted a question and answer session in which the students gained an awareness of the requirements and education necessary to seek such employment. The students and teachers thoroughly enjoyed their guests, feeling the thrill of what it must be like to be behind a microphone entertaining thousands of listeners.


text:
The suffix of place is -re or -ra meaning - place/place of
Earlier we learned of bu - this - and şu or o - that. Putting these words together by suffixing -raplace of plus the static (locative) suffix -da - in, on, at - then we form the words meaning - here and there etc. These words are used for a general sense of location.
burada - here - [lit: bu-ra-da - this-place-at]
şurada - there - [lit: şu-ra-da - that-place nearer-at or in between-at]
orada - over there - [lit: o-ra-da - that-place yonder-at]
nerede? - where? - [lit: ne-re-de? - what-place-at?]
In conversation you will hear the above words shortened (abraded) to - burda, şurda, orda, nerde?
A little note: There is really no such suffix -deki in Turkish. -deki is actually two suffixes together, -de plus an added -ki.
-de means - on, in, at - while -ki is - that which is
But you will find most grammar books gloss over this construction although it is in constant daily use to make an Adjective of Location. It is for this reason that I began teaching it as a suffix in its own right - and it was far easier for my students to grasp the intention of meaning. Therefore I will treat it as a suffix for Manisa Turkish website. Let us call it a "pseudo" suffix. Sokaktaki araba - The car which is in the street - [Lit: Sokak-ta-ki street-in-which-is car.] - here we can see that -daki makes an Adjective of Location - that which is in.
This pseudo suffix is very important as it is used a lot in daily conversation and reading.
The -deki or -daki - is added to words to produce an adjective to describe the location of an object. This is best shown by example. For instance if we say: The telephone [which is] in my bedroom is broken, then Turkish trying to turn everything into an adjective will say thus: [lit: Bedroom-of-me-which-is-in telephone broken-is.] - Yatak odamdaki telefon bozuktur. - [Yatak oda-m-daki telefon bozuk-tur]. Here odam-daki telefon is used as an adjective to describe just where the telephone is! - ie. Room-my-in-which-is telephone.
This point is a particular difficulty when beginning to learn Turkish as we do not use an adjectival construction. Instead in English we use a Relative Construction - The telephone which is in my bedroom is broken.. It is important to understand this adjectival construction of location, as it is in constant daily use in Turkish. It can also be used as a location in time scale as some of the examples below will show. Note also that the vowel in -ki is invariable - it does not follow Vowel harmony Rules, so the full Suffix of Adjectival Location is either -deki or -daki.
Masadaki kitap - The book (which is) on the table.
Masadaki kitabı bana verin. - Give me the book (which is) on the table.
Kilitteki anahtar. - The key (which is) in the lock.
Kilitteki anahtarı çıkarınız - (Would you) take the key out of the lock. - [Lit: Lock-in-which-is key-the take out!] - [We have used the polite imperative in this example]
Kutudaki kibritler nemlidir. - The matches (which are) in the box are damp.
It can be seen from the above example that the Turkish aspect is different from English and this can only be appreciated by usage and practice, as it is an alien construction for English speakers
Önümüzdeki hafta. - (Ön-ümüz-deki hafta.) - The week in front of us - [Lit: Front-of-us-which-is week.]
Önümüzdeki haftanın havası çok güneşli olacak. - The week ahead's weather will be very sunny.
As already stated this is at first sight a difficult construction and can be assimilated by reading, listening and using whenever possible
If we need to show movement from or movement to a place or places then we must use a different suffix such as -dan - from or -a - to, towards.. in order to modify the meaning:
buradan [bu -ra -dan] - (burdan as spoken) - from here
We also use the same construction in English. If a child strays too near to the fire, then the mother will say: "Get away from there!".
şuradan [şu -ra -dan] - (şurdan as spoken) - from there
oradan [o -ra -dan] - (ordan as spoken) - from over there
nereden? [ne -re -den?] - (nerden? as spoken) - where from?
Word Adding -a - to, towards:
buraya - [bu -ra -ya] - to here
şuraya [şu-ra-ya] - to there
oraya [o-ra-ya] - to over there
nereye? [ne-re-ye?] - where to?
We in English do not say - come to here - or - come to there., although in Older English we did use these forms - Come hither - or - Go hence. However Turkish must use the -a suffix to show movement towards the place. Basically Turkish is using - hence and hither - and even - thence and thither - which we in English no longer use in daily speech. To re-iterate, we used to say - hither and thither - in the old days - this is what Turkish is basically doing.
The plural forms buralarda, şuralarda, oralarda, nerelerde cause the meaning to be:
1. More vague: - buralarda - hereabouts, around here
2. More spatial: - şuralarda - thereabouts, around there,over there
3. More generalized: - oralarda - thereabouts, over there, around about
3. Any mixture of the three: - nerelerde? - whereabouts?
Here we can see then the meanings have become more generalized in both space and location.
We should also remember that the meanings based on şuralarda are in the near vicinity whilst the meanings based on oralarda are more distant (let's say in another country).
The Plural Forms are also extended with -dan - from.. and -a - towards..
buralardan (bu-ra-lar-dan) - from hereabouts
şuralardan (şu-ra-lar-dan) - from around there
oralardan (o-ra-lar-dan) - over around there
nerelerden? (ne-re-ler-den?) - whereabouts from?
buralara (bu-ra-lar-a) - to around here
şuralara (şu-ra-lar-a) - to around there
oralara (o-ra-lar-a) - to those parts
nerelere? (ne-re-ler-e?) - whereabouts to?
As we can see the plural forms are vaguer and wider, but they are used just as we in English make these distinctions in place and space.
Buralarda bir güzel restoran var mı? - Is there a good restaurant around here?
Buraya gel! - Come (to) here!
Orada yeşil araba var. - There is a green car over there.
Şurada büyük otel var. - There is a big hotel there.
Kredi Bankası nerede? - Where is the Kredi Bank?.
Çarşı nerelerde? - Whereabouts are the shops?.
Buradan saat sekizde çıkalım - Let's leave (from) here at 8 o' clock.
Particular Locations - right here, right there and just where?
If we need to communicate a more particular place and sense of location then as in English we have to be more precise. This precision in Turkish is achieved by using the suffix -i or -si meaning - its. By adding this suffix Turkish makes the place particular:
burası (bu-ra-sı) - right here [Lit: its place (exactly) here.]
şurası (şu-ra-sı) - right there.
orası (o-ra-sı) - right over there.
neresi? (ne-re-si?) - just where? [Lit: where exactly?]
Note that the -si suffix is the Possessed part of the Possessive Relationship and that sometimes the Possessor is "understood", we should really be using this expression as a complete relationship as in: "bankanın burası" or "evin şurası" or "İngilterenin orası", but this is a bit pedantic. (See note below)
As Stated above for exact locations the Possessive Adjective suffix -(s)ı is added to make the meaning become more exact. For instance if someone asks you on the telephone:
Neredesin? (ne-re-de-sin?) - Where are you?
Then you might answer: Ankara' dayım - (Ankara'-da-y-ım) - I'm in Ankara
However, if they ask you:
Oranın neresinde? (ne-re-si-n-de?) - Where (of there) exactly?
Then you might answer: banyodayım (banyo-da-y-ım) - I am in the bath


Quizbola - A Party Game with a Twist
Tambola Ticket with Numbers
Tambola Ticket with Numbers
Quizbola Ticket with Answers
Quizbola Ticket with Answers
Quizbola Q-Card
Quizbola Q-Card
Master List
Master List
Part Luck, Part Brains. All Fun
Quizbola is a party game that combines two different but highly enjoyable activities in one terrific experience. One of them is quizzing, the other is Tambola, a game of chance, also known as Housie or Lotto
What is Tambola?
Tambola, also known as Bingo, Housie or Lotto, is a game of luck or chance. Each player is given a Ticket printed with a unique set of 15 random numbers (from 1 to 90) arranged in 3 rows of 5 numbers each. One person is appointed as the host for the game. The host has a set of 90 chips, each with a number on it. Numbers are from 1 to 90. The host picks out a chip from a bag that contains 90 chips and calls it out to the player. If the number that is called out by the host is in the participant's set of 15 numbers, the player crosses it out. The host then takes out another chip and calls out the number on it. This is repeated till one of the player crosses out all the 15 numbers on his Ticket and stakes his claim to the winnings.
Winning a game of tambola is based purely on luck.
What is Quizbola?
In Quizbola, instead of random numbers, the ticket contains answers to quiz questions. These are arranged in 3 rows of 5 answers or 15 answers on a ticket. The questions to these answers are printed on "Q-Cards", one Q-Card for one question. The host picks out a Q-Card at random and reads it aloud to the participants. The host does not reveal the answer.
Let's say the question on the Q-Card is "Who invented the electric bulb?" The correct answer is "Thomas Edison".
If the participant knows the correct answer, that is, Thomas Edison and that answer is on his ticket, he crosses out the answer (see photo of Quizbola Ticket with Answers)
The first participant to cross out all the 15 answers is eligible to stake a claim to the winnings.
The Quizbola Twist!
But here's where things get interesting. There are four possibilities:
 - The participant knows the answer to the question and the answer is on his ticket. He promptly crosses out the answer. He has knowledge and luck on his side!
 - The participant knows the answer to the question, but the answer is not on his ticket. He has knowledge but no luck!
 - The participant erroneously crosses out a wrong answer, thinking that it's the right answer. He has neither knowledge nor luck on his side. If he stakes a claim to the winnings based on his answer, his claim will be denied!
 - The participant does now know the answer to the question but the answer is on his ticket. He does not cross out the answer. Again, he has neither luck nor knowledge on his side.
The first person to cross out all 15 answers stakes his claim to the winnings. If he has correctly crossed out all the right answers, he gets the spoils. However, it may well be that some of his answers were mistakenly crossed out! In this case his ticket is forfeited and he has to exit from that round of the game.
How Many Players can play?
Quizbola can be played with 6 people or more. A host is selected at the beginning of a session. The host does not play the game.
Before the beginning of the game, the group fixes a price for a Ticket. Players are free to purchase as many Tickets as they like. The total money collected from the sale of Tickets is then used to set the prize money. Depending on the group, non-cash gifts purchased from the money collected can be used instead of cash prizes.
The group can decide to have either one grand prize or several prizes. For example, a prize for the first person who crosses out 5 correct answers, or a prize for the first person who crosses out all correct answers in a single row. There are many possibilities
Preparation and Materials
 - Q-Cards. These are either sheets of paper – like cue cards used by presenters - on which is printed a numbered question (see photo Quizbola Q Card). They can be either printed or created digitally as a power point slide for instance, and flashed on a on a computer screen for all participants to see. Questions can be chosen from a set theme, such as movies, famous personalities or historical events, or from a mix of different themes. The type of questions and the degree of difficulty can be tailored according to the interests and level of general knowledge of the group. Ninety Q-Cards are needed for one game. Once a question is asked the host checks it out in the master list (see Photo Master List), to indicate that it has been "used".
 - Q-Card Box – This is box with a lid that will hold Q-cards. The host will dip into the box and take out a Q-card and read it aloud.
 - Used Card Box. This is a box to dump those Q cards that have been read. This will prevent any Q-Card to be accidentally re-used
 - Answer Tickets.These are rectangular slips of paper with 15 boxes (see photo Quizbola Answer Ticket). Each box contains the answer to one question. No two Tickets should have the same set of 15 answers.
 - Master List: This is a list of all the 90 questions and their answers. As the host asks a question, that question is checked out in the list. This list is used to verify claims staked by the participants.
 - Computer and a Projector with screen (only in case Digital Q cards are used)
How was Quizbola born….
The idea of Quizbola came to me on lazy afternoon. As a member of the executive committee of my business school alumni association, I was asked to organize an interesting game for an alumni get together.
I knew that this audience would love a cerebral challenge. After all these were sharp, highly successful managers, many of them engineers, in addition to being MBAs. But a simple quiz session would be too boring. I wanted to add a twist to it.
As I was thinking about it, I asked myself a question, Wouldn't it be great if I could come up with a quiz where to win, participants would not only need brains but also luck? Something that would add the thrill of a game of chance to a brain teaser?
Then it stuck me. What if I use the format of Bingo or Tambola, and simply replace the numbers by answers? Thus was born Quizbola! I put together a list of questions. Did some programing in excel to create the tickets. (Yes, it does take some doing to ensure that each answer sheet has a unique set of 15 answers!). and by the evening I was ready with a brand new party game!
Needless to say, it was a big hit. Folks were wondering where I got the idea from!
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Write a _PHONE_ word paper. In your paper include the following:
Choose a key competitor of Berkshire Hathaway the company you have been studying this term (large investment firm IE: Guggenheim). Highlight key differences in performance between your organization and their key competitor in the following areas:
Include a title page and 3-5 references. Only one reference may be from the internet (not Wikipedia). The other references must be from the Grantham University online library. Please adhere to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA), (6th ed. 2nd printing) when writing and submitting assignments and papers.
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Agricultural co-operation has long been recognised as an important institution in the development of Western Australia's agricultural sector. Charles Harper (1842 – 1912) has long been considered the founding father of agricultural co-operation in Western Australia. Harper was instrumental in founding the Western Australian Co-operative Producers' Union in 1902 which, among other things, eventually became Wesfarmers Ltd. Harper was also a long standing member of Parliament, a newspaperman, an explorer, a founder of schools, a philanthropist, and an agricultural experimentalist. He was also able to pass his legacy on to his son Walter who led the co-operative movement after Harper senior's death in 1912 and saw to its integration into the mainstream of Western Australian political and economic systems. In considering Harper's contribution to the economic and social development of Western Australia, it is difficult to determine the extent to which his economic thinking in relation to co-operation or other economic questions conformed to such socialistic ideas represented by Owenite Co-operation or Colonial Socialism. Harper was neither a protectionist nor a free trader. Indeed, in this paper, I will discuss Harper's position in relation to a number of economic questions – tariffs, dumping, fair trade, land alienation - with a view to showing that Harper was a pragmatist focused on economic development and determined to place all resources and apply all leavers, regardless of source and political niceties, toward that end.
Gilchrist, D. (2010). Antipodean Owenite or colonial socialist: Charles Harper's economic thought. Paper presented at the History of Economic Thought Society of Australia Conference. University of Sydney, NSW, 7-9 July.


YOU ARE HERE: Burbank HomeCollectionsToys
REEL CRITICS:'Mimzy' is a palatable fantasy
March 31, 2007
"The Last Mimzy" is an interesting and unusual family movie that is fun to watch but ultimately leaves no lasting impression. It's too bad because the story has great potential but falls short of groundbreaking status. If the word mimzy strikes a chord of recognition, you probably read Lewis Carroll's "Jabberwocky" as a child. And the allusion is intended.
Mimzy is the name of a stuffed bunny (think the White Rabbit) that the little girl in the film finds on the beaches of Whidbey Island. With Mimzy, she can see through a futuristic looking glass and by speaking with the bunny she gains knowledge and wisdom.
Emma and her brother, Noah, find more than the bunny on the beach. They find a box filled with toys such as strange stones, shells and a crystal rectangle that somehow aid the children in seeing deeper into the mysterious interconnection of all life. Some say it's sappy, but I actually liked how the filmmaker conveys this concept throughout the movie.
Director Robert Shaye employs a combination of scientific principles (albeit shaky ones), spiritual intuitiveness and historical mysticism. It's vibrant and exhilarating and great for children to be exposed to. The major problem is that all aspects are just glossed over, perhaps to keep it light and humorous, which it is at times, perhaps to keep it an action/suspense movie, which it is definitely successful at, or perhaps to make it palatable to children, which my kids tell me it is.
Chris O'Neil and Rhiannon Leigh Wryn do an excellent job portraying Noah and Emma. They look and act like real kids. The toys they find have the ability to expand their minds and they move into that intellectual realm surprisingly smoothly.
The parents, played adequately by Joely Richardson and Timothy Hutton, move from concerned to frantic as they notice the change in their children. They enlist the help of Noah's science teacher (Rainn Wilson, "The Office") and his kooky but sensitive girlfriend (Kathryn Hahn).
In the short time we get to know them, Larry and Naomi's characters evoke a certain humor and depth. They don't pretend to have more than a superficial understanding of mysticism, particularly Tibetan mandalas. But they have an intense enthusiasm about Larry's dreams and a trust in the voice of the universe speaking to them. They believe these children are their destiny.
Of course the big bad government agency has to be involved.
When the children combine the toys in a certain way, they create a generator that blacks out much of the Seattle area. In a scene that might be too scary for little ones, Homeland Security tracks them down and carts them off to a secret location. This is the start of the big escape and finale.
While I found the head of Homeland Security (Michael Clarke Duncan) ridiculous, my 9-year-old loved him, with his deep comforting voice and huge pecs.
Near the end, he says the cheesiest line I've ever heard in a movie, but I'll let you enjoy that on your own.
The moral of the film — that we need to care for the earth and each other to survive — is laid down with a heavy hand. But gratefully, in the end, the view of the future, from whence Mimzy came, is happy and optimistic.
 - LISA DUPUY of La Crescenta spent years studying New Age mysticism but also subscribed to the Skeptics Society magazine.
 - Burbank Leader Articles Burbank Leader Articles


How To Increase The Size Of Shapes In A Legend
Published: 03 Apr 2020
Last Modified Date: 08 Apr 2020
How to increase the size of shapes in a legend
 - Tableau Desktop
Create a new sheet with the dimension that includes your shapes and show headers to show which shape relates to which value.
For example if you want to show a legend for Segments in your sheet where segment is on shape like below:
User-added image
Create a legend sheet like below:
User-added image
Use the legend sheet as a floating sheet on the dashboard.
User-added image
If the highlight function needs to be enabled, configure the highlight action with dashboard actions like below:
User-added image
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IBN has successfully
developed a novel electronic sensor array for more rapid, accurate and cost-efficient
testing of DNA for disease diagnosis and biological research. This study by
IBN Group Leader Dr Zhiqiang Gao and his team was published in the leading international
chemistry journal, Journal of the American Chemical Society.
Called the "Nanogap Sensor Array", IBN's new device has a
unique, vertically aligned nanostructure design and a two-surface configuration
based on electronic transduction. The sensor comes with a pair of micron-sized
metal electrodes separated by a nanogap (5–20 nm). The biosensor will
translate the presence of DNA into an electrical signal for computer analysis.
"By saving time and lowering expenses, our Nanogap Sensor Array offers
a scalable and viable alternative for DNA testing.
here to read the full article.
Posted February 24th, 2010


People have fewer friends as they get older
According to the study: Because of this, intelligent people have fewer friends
It starts in kindergarten and continues to develop throughout our lives: The contact with strangers. While some made firm friendships in their childhood that are still fostered to this day, there are others who have always ended up in the wrong circle and, unfortunately, were only able to make short-term acquaintances with each new phase of life. The size of the network is also different for everyone. Some spend their entire lives with just one or two buddies, while others crave extra attention and make friends with several people. We wondered what the number of friends could mean and came across one particularly interesting study. This says that the number of our closest human beings is related to our intelligence. We are now uncovering what that means exactly. Are you interested in more such topics? Then you should buy the book "Social Intelligence: Who can approach others, has more from life" on Amazon for about 12 euros.
You can find more about "intelligence" here:
That's why smart people have fewer friends - according to the study
The contact with many people or the regular meeting with old friends gives you an uncomfortable gut feeling? Even if you may think that something is wrong with you, there is no need to worry. A study has found that this is a quality of highly intelligent people. If you are confused, we will explain it to you. The research examined 15,000 people between the ages of 18 and 28. The scientists linked the following factors: the number of the population in their place of residence, their IQ value, their satisfaction with life and how often they meet up with friends or talk to them on the phone. The result shows that people who spend a lot of time with their acquaintances and live in a less busy area are particularly happy with their situation. For the more intelligent participants, however, the result looks a little different.
Surprisingly, they are even more unhappy with their lives when they have lots of friends and social contacts. The number of the population in their area does not make much difference. Now, however, the question arises, why are smarter people happier with fewer friends? The researchers justify this phenomenon with a connection to our ancestors. In the past, people lived in groups of around 150 to 200 people and fought together for survival. This was the only way for them and their families to survive the days. Intelligent people have gotten used to these instincts over time and now know that their own existence is no longer dependent on the number of people around them, but is also possible on their own. For this reason, they do not make their satisfaction dependent on the number of their comrades. However, this does not mean that people with a high IQ completely forego social contact. They just have fewer comrades and are still happy.
You can find even more lifestyle topics here:


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Thu February 14, 2013
Haggis; a delicacy
Haggis is a savory pudding containing sheep's pluck, which is the heart, liver and lungs of a mature sheep; minced with onion, oatmeal, suet, spices, and salt, mixed with stock, and traditionally encased in the animal's stomach and simmered for approximately three hours.
Most modern commercial haggis is prepared in a sausage casing rather than an actual stomach.
As the 2001 English edition of the Larousse Gastronomique puts it, "Although its description is not immediately appealing, haggis has an excellent nutty texture and delicious savory flavor".
Haggis is a traditional Scottish dish, considered the national dish of Scotland as a result of Robert Burns' poem Address to a Haggis of 1787. Haggis is traditionally served with "neeps and tatties" (Scots: turnip and potato), boiled and mashed separately and a dram (a glass of Scotch whisky), especially as the main course of a Burns supper. However it is also often eaten with other accompaniments.
To learn more about Haggis, look for Celtic Classic on Facebook for links to the Celtic Cultural Alliance Education Blog. Additional research and ideas for further exploration of resources in the Lehigh Valley are gathered there. For the Celtic Cultural Alliance, I'm Silagh White. Slainte


Chilled-Out Buildings Save Energy, Money
Veolia Energy's ice cooling facility in Baltimore.
Inside Veolia Energy's Plant Three in Baltimore, blue pipes carry chilled water that will be sent out to cool nearby buildings. The green pipes carry condensed water that removes heat from the chilling system, and orange pipes carry a refrigerant. The yellow pipes are for a future cooling system. Mike Ruocco/NPR hide caption
itoggle caption Mike Ruocco/NPR
This year Congress tried and failed — yet again — to pass energy legislation to curb global warming. But the death of the climate bill hasn't stopped efforts to use energy more efficiently. In fact, it puts the spotlight back on some rather old-fashioned ways to cut emissions and electricity bills.
Downtown Baltimore is home to an unusual experiment that seems almost quaint — cooling buildings with ice. It's a service provided by Veolia Energy, a small fry in the world of energy companies. Veolia doesn't run big coal or nuclear power plants — instead, it tries to deliver "efficiency" — basically getting more out of the electricity grid.
Veolia does this with a concept called "district cooling," which sends water chilled by ice at a central plant out to several nearby buildings. A nearly 10-mile circuit of cooling pipes connects the downtown buildings, including the convention center, government buildings and hotels, to a squat brick building with two domes about 30-feet high next to it. They're the kind of structures that never catch the eye.
"They fit back behind a little commercial strip in an alleyway, but are hardly noticeable from the street itself," says John Gibson, a vice president at Veolia Energy.
Cooling towers on the roof of Veolia Energy's ice cooling facility in Baltimore i i
Cooling towers on the roof of the ice-cooling facility vent heat from the system. Mike Ruocco/NPR hide caption
itoggle caption Mike Ruocco/NPR
Mike Ruocco/NPR
Inside the domes are tanks filled with water. A lot of tubes run through the water tank carrying chilled glycol, a fluid that freezes at a very low temperature — far below that of regular water. This process runs at night, and ice forms around the tubes.
"During the day, when we are using the ice to produce cooling for customers, we run water over the outside of the ice and melt it and actually provide cool water out to the distribution system," Gibson says.
That's one of two ways they cool water. The other method runs room-temperature glycol through those same iced-over tubes. The glycol is cooled by the ice surrounding the tubes, and the now-cold glycol is used to chill a different water supply that gets piped to refrigeration units in city buildings.
Nighttime Electrical Efficiencies
Why ice? The ice essentially stores the cheaper energy that's available at night.
"It allows you to basically make ice at night, when electrical demand is lower and costs are lower, and then melt that ice during the day to supplement your mechanical refrigeration," Gibson says.
John Gibson, regional vice president of Veolia Energy's South Region
John Gibson is vice president of the South Region of Veolia Energy North America. He says customers save about 10 percent on energy costs because they don't need to use as much mechanical cooling in their buildings. Mike Ruocco/NPR hide caption
itoggle caption Mike Ruocco/NPR
He says his customers don't need to buy their own refrigeration units, so they save about 10 percent on cooling costs by using Veolia's district setup.
Using nighttime electricity also takes the heat off the electricity grid, the national network of power lines and substations. By using ice, Veolia doesn't need to use as much electricity during the day.
Dan Delurey, who heads the Demand Response and Smart Grid Coalition, says the most inefficient time on the electricity system is the peak period during daytime hours.
"Normally during a hot summer afternoon, that's when you have the least efficient plants put into service," he says. "But also the physics of transmitting the electricity mean that it's less efficient to do it during that middle-of-the-day peak period."
In fact, if you put a lump of coal into a power plant, you normally only get one-third of its energy content at the socket in your home — the rest is lost at switching stations and from overheated power lines. There is less loss at night.
Delurey also points out that electricity made at night is more likely to come from wind turbines because that's when the wind blows best. So ice cooling also functions as a way to store wind energy.
Gibson says it's not cheap to build all of the pipes and pumps for a district cooling system, but it saves money in the long run, especially if existing underground infrastructure can be used.
Efficiency advocates point out that with no immediate prospect for a tax or price on carbon in fossil fuels, off-the-shelf techniques like this — that get more out of the existing grid — are looking a lot more attractive.


Units and Constants
The HP Prime contains a variety of units. So that variables can be created and implemented loading and conversions.
In addition, 34 scientific constants are available that can be directly incorporated into the calculations.
Different units for length, area, volume, time, speed, mass, acceleration, force, energy, power, pressure, temperature, electricity, light, angle, viscosity or radiation can be selected.
Once the metrics have been provided with the appropriate units, they can be expected with these sizes. Similarly, conversion of sizes is possible.
As a complement of mathematical and scientific reference works the HP Prime has constants in the fields of mathematics, chemistry and physics. These constants can be directly involved in the calculations.


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Challenge: Design a control system to regulate the water level in multiple coupled tank systems. Description: The "Two Tank Module" consists of a pump with a water basin. The pump thrusts water vertically to two quick connect, normally closed orifices "Out1″ and "Out2″. These two orifices have different diameters. Two tanks mounted on the front plate are configured such that flow from the first tank flows into the second tank and outflow from the second tank flows into the main water basin. The outflows from the two tanks are variable by changing inserts that screw into the tapped holes. Rubber tubing with appropriate couplings is supplied to enable the pump to feed water into one or both tanks. The selection of outputs from the pump controls the flow ratio between the two outputs. This single system can be configured into 3 types of experiments each with various parameters.
|Configuration #1:||SISO system. The pump feeds into Tank 1 and you design a controller that regulates the level in Tank 1. Tank 2 is not used at all.|
|Configuration #2:||State coupled SISO system. The pump feeds into Tank 1, which in turn feeds into Tank 2. Design a controller that regulates the levels in Tank 2. Try different orifices in Tank 1 and Tank 2.|
|Configuration #3:||State coupled and input coupled SISO system. The pump feeds into Tank 1 and into Tank 2 using a split flow. Tank 1 also feeds into Tank 2. Design a controller that regulates the levels in Tank 2.|
|Watertank experiments as taught by the original experiment designers: KTH in Sweden|
Difficulty: Undergraduate / Graduate
Laser Beam Stabilization


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A store-bought Karelian pasty
|Place of origin||Finland|
|Region or state||Karelia|
|Main ingredient(s)||rye flour or wheat flour, rice, butter|
||This article relies largely or entirely upon a single source. (May 2010)|
Karelian pasties or Karelian pies (South Karelian dialect of Finnish: karjalanpiirakat, singular karjalanpiirakka; North Karelian dialect of Finnish: karjalanpiiraat, singular karjalanpiiras; Karelian: kalitt, singular kalittoa; Olonets Karelian: šipainiekku) are traditional pasties from the region of Karelia. Today they are eaten throughout Finland as well as in the neighbouring Estonia.
The oldest traditional pasties usually had a rye crust, but the North Karelian and Ladoga Karelian variants also had wheat alongside of rye to improve the baking characteristics of the available rye breads. The common fillings of this era were barley and talkkuna. The 19th century first introduced potato and buckwheat as new fillings, and later due to trade, also rice and millet.
Nowadays in the most familiar and common recipe the pasties are made from a thin rye crust with a filling of rice. Butter, often mixed with boiled egg (egg butter or munavoi), is spread over the hot pasties before eating.
 See also
- EU Profile-Karjalanpiirakka (accessed 07/06/2009)
|Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on|
Wikimedia Commons have a Category:Karjalanpiirakka
|This pie or tart-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


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The next abstract class of interest is ClpMatrixBase. CLP encapsulates its knowledge of how a matrix is stored in this class. The default instance of this is the ClpPackedMatrix class. This is identical in format to CoinPackedMatrix. Below is a diagram summarizing the hierarchy of the most important matrix classes:
The important new methods implemented are for filling a basis, checking validity of elements and faster "times" and "transposeTimes" when the input array is sparse and/or we have a row copy of the matrix. Advanced users should note that not all methods have to be implemented. In particular, scaling need not be implemented and reverseOrderedCopy can return NULL if a row copy does not make sense.
In addition to the default class, there are two others at present: ClpPlusMinusOneMatrix and ClpNetworkMatrix. As the name implies, the first one is useful when all elements are ±1. In this case multiplies are not needed and more importantly less memory is used and there are fewer cache misses. A class for a matrix where all elements are +1 would be trivial to create. If there were fewer than 64000 rows one could even store row indices as shorts etc.
The use of ClpPlusMinusOneMatrix involves some work as one cannot simply read-in an MPS file. The key is to use loadProblem to pass in a matrix. So if matrix was a CoinPackedMatrix one could do the following:
ClpPlusMinusOneMatrix plusMinus(matrix); assert (plusMinus.getIndices()); // would be zero if not +- one model.loadProblem(plusMinus, lowerColumn,upperColumn,objective, lower,upper);
ClpNetworkMatrix is similar, but represents a network, thus may only have one element per column. Fortunately, using is is very easy. Given head and tail, one could do the following:
ClpNetworkMatrix network(numberColumns,head,tail); model.loadProblem(network, lowerColumn,upperColumn,objective, lower,upper);
Actual code is in COIN/Clp/Test/unitTest.cpp. A quick glance at the output of this program shows that use of ClpNetworkMatrix gives much faster run times. This is not because of storage issues, but because CLP recognizes the network and uses a network basis factorization which is much faster. However, in this mode CLP is not a genuine network code as it does not take full advantage of the structure by combining operations but it does have the advantage of flexibility.
Other instances are possible. In particular, it should be possible to use the abstract class for column generation or for dynamic matrices which change over time. Minor modifications may be needed but it should work quite smoothly (there is already a dummy "refresh" method which would be used).


Fort Bragg's Artifacts are Our History
Photo courstey of
In Fort Bragg, California history literally washes ashore. These artifacts are actually the remains of the area they had dumped all the glass. Along the shore you can see rare ruby reds (from pre-1967 auto tail lights) or sapphire gems from apothecary bottles. Sea Glass Beach in Fort Bragg is full of glass that over time has been smoothed over but is not for the taking, according to
The Great Quake of 1906 instantly reduced most of downtown Fort Bragg's buildings to rubble. Many buildings were damaged, the devastation was wide-spread and overwhelming Before this earthquake the people of Fort Bragg, disposed of their trash on their property, by burning and reusing. The people of Fort Bragg realized there was too much debris to burn, according to, stated They chose to clear the huge amount of debris by dumping it in the ocean, thinking it would wash away. Much to their surprise, the debris did not wash out of the cove, creating an ocean dump.
According to, since glass is the longest lasting item in an old trash dump (doesn't rust or decompose), most of the sea glass begins its life as old glass bottles, including those beautiful colored glass bottles, and then it ends up on the beach.
"Years of pounding waves and tidal action have crushed, rounded and polished tons of glass and piled it onto the beach. You'll find the occasional reminder of it's earlier life, but for the most part what you'll see is millions of pieces of sea glass sparkling in the sun," according