text:
Objective: In several longitudinal studies, light-to-moderate drinking of alcoholic beverages has been proposed as being protective against the development of age-related changes in cognitive function, predementia syndromes, and cognitive decline of degenerative (Alzheimer's disease, AD) or vascular origin (vascular dementia). However, contrasting findings also exist.
Method: The English literature published in this area before September 2011 was evaluated, and information relating to the various factors that may impact upon the relationship between alcohol consumption and dementia or predementia syndromes is presented in the succeeding texts.
Results: Light-to-moderate alcohol consumption may be associated with a reduced risk of incident overall dementia and AD; however, protective benefits afforded to vascular dementia, cognitive decline, and predementia syndromes are less clear. The equivocal findings may relate to many of the studies being limited to cross-sectional designs, restrictions by age or gender, or incomplete ascertainment. Different outcomes, beverages, drinking patterns, and study follow-up periods or possible interactions with other lifestyle-related (e.g., smoking) or genetic factors (e.g., apolipoprotein E gene variation) may all contribute to the variability of findings.
Conclusion: Protective effects of moderate alcohol consumption against cognitive decline are suggested to be more likely in the absence of the AD-associated apolipoprotein E ε4 allele and where wine is the beverage. At present, there is no indication that light-to-moderate alcohol drinking would be harmful to cognition and dementia, and attempts to define what might be deemed beneficial levels of alcohol intake in terms of cognitive performance would be highly problematic and contentious.
Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


text:
This bright cloud of neon colours, a result of the X-ray emissions within, has a strangely distinctive shape—which landed it the name Thor's Helmet among astronomers.
In fact its formal name is NGC 2359, but the central bulge and—squint your eyes now—wing shapes to the left and right got it its name. The bright blue areas are a result of X-ray emissions, while pale red and green regions are a result of ionised hydrogen and oxygen respectively. The image is made up from data acquired by the ESA's XMM-Newton space observatory and Chile's Cerro Tololo telescope. [ESA]

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


4c46. α and β will resolve to an input, or a set of inputs, that trigger the execution path we're looking for.
While symbolic execution is much more precise than fuzzing (and other techniques), it is also much more computationally expensive. Symbolic execution is especially problematic when the program contains loops, where it suffers from the state explosion problem: in loops such as while (condition) the state may be forked indefinitely, and thus the symbolic execution algorithm would never explore the program past the loop.
Symbolic execution also scales poorly to large programs. For example kernels such as Linux are difficult to execute symbolically, as they depend on a lot of internal and external state and some of the code (e.g. the scheduler) will immediately lead to state explosion.
To solve the scalability issue, symbolic execution engines use various strategies: massively parallel execution and state merging (merging the constraints of two states into a single state) are two optimizations. Additionally, some engines, such as S2E, selectively execute only a subset of the code, switching between concrete and symbolic execution as the need arises.
Symbolic execution can also be combined with other analysis methods (e.g. fuzzing) through a technique that is known as concolic execution. Concolic execution involves performing symbolic and concrete execution in parallel, or (often) executing the program with concrete arguments up to a certain point, then continuing with symbolic execution.
Examples of symbolic execution engines include Angr, KLEE, Kite, Mayhem and S2E.
Tutorial: Symbolic Execution using Angr [2p]
First, install angr. See _URL_
Make sure you grab all the dependencies, as per the documentation:
sudo apt-get install python-dev libffi-dev build-essential virtualenvwrapper
Note that you need to install angr in a Python virtual environment. If you're on Debian/Ubuntu, make sure you have the virtualenvwrapper package installed. Also make sure that in all the terminals where you want to use angr, you run the following commands:
$ # replace the following with your favourite Python virtualenv directory
$ export WORKON_HOME=~/.environments
$ # replace the following with your virtualenvwrapper.sh location if needed
$ source /usr/share/virtualenvwrapper/virtualenvwrapper.sh
This setup is not persistent, so you will have to run it every time you open a new terminal.
Then, to create the angr virtual environment, run:
$ mkvirtualenv angr
This will create the new virtual environment and activate it. To install angr inside the virtual environment, run:
(angr) $ pip install angr
To activate the existing angr virtual environment in a new terminal, run:
$ workon angr
(angr) $ python my_angr_script.py
For more details, refer to the Python virtualenv guide.
If you get the following message when you try to run solve.py:
ImportError: cannot import name arm
Try applying the workaround from this GitHub issue: _URL_
Then let's go to the 0-tutorial folder, which contains level07 and level07.c. We also have an example solver script called solver.py. Let's take a look at it.
angr organizes binary analyses into projects. Creating a new angr project is as simple as:
b = angr.Project('./level07')
First, we want to generate the arguments that we will pass to level07. The arguments can be concrete (e.g. Python strings, integers, etc.) or symbolic. We're lazy, so let's pass the two arguments as symbolic variables. angr uses claripy as a solver engine, so we will instantiate the arguments using it:
arg1 = claripy.BVS('sym_arg', 8 * 11) # maximum 11 * 8 bits
arg2 = claripy.BVS('sym_arg', 8 * 44) # maximum 44 * 8 bits
where arg1 is a symbolic value (BVS) of 11 bytes, and arg2 is another symbolic value, of 44 bytes. Note that we are passing arg1 as a string, and decimal int numbers passed to level07 are at most 11 bytes in length.
At this point, claripy does not know that arg1 is a number represented as a string. All it sees is a symbolic argument, which may resolve to any binary data.
Next, we want to create an initial state to start from. angr uses SimuVEX to represent program state, which includes a low-level architecture-dependent representation of the binary we're analyzing. angr provides a factory object to generate our initial state:
st = b.factory.entry_state(args=['./level07', arg1, arg2])
st.libc.max_strtol_len = 11 # tweak
st will be our new state.
The st.libc.max_strtol_len tweak tells the atoi/strtol symbolic representation to resolve strings that are of at most 11 bytes length (the default is 10). See this GitHub issue for more details.
At this point we (the user) are making an implicit assumption about atoi, i.e. we know that our input will be passed through it. This normally requires some trial and error.
Now we will create what in angr terms is called a path group. A path group is an object that we can use to explore paths in our program. We will create our new path group pg starting from st:
pg = b.factory.path_group(st)
At this point we can instruct the symbolic execution engine to:
 - perform a single step – pg.step()
 - perform a number of steps – e.g. pg.run(n=20) to run at most 20 steps
 - run until all paths have been executed – pg.run()
 - explore until a solution has been found – e.g.
 - pg.explore(find=0x804846b) will try to find a path that leads to 0x804846b
 - pg.explore(find=lambda path : my_predicate(path))) will try to find a path that satisfies my_predicate
 - pg.explore(find=addr1, avoid=addr2) will try to find a path that leads to addr1 and avoid all paths that lead to addr2
We want to find a path where the string "WIN!\n" is printed to standard output. Thus we will do:
pg.explore(find=lambda p: "WIN" in p.state.posix.dumps(1))
This can be read as: explore looking for the path p for which the current state p.state contains the string "WIN" in its standard output (p.state.posix.dumps(1), where 1 is the file descriptor for stdout).
After execution is done, we can print pg, getting something such as:
pg =
This tells us that pg contains exactly 1 path which reached the end, 1 path left to explore and 1 path for which a solution was found. At this point we could further explore along the active path, but we don't need to do that.
For example pg.found and pg.deadended are lists of paths; pg.found[0] is the first path in found, and pg.found[0].state is the current state in that path. See the "Stash types" section in the path groups chapter of the angr documentation for more details on types of paths in a path group.
Given that we have a found path, let's look at the current state in this path:
s = pg.found[0].state
We can do a lot of things with s, including:
 - inspecting file descriptor streams, e.g. s.posix.dumps(n), where n is a file descriptor number
 - inspecting registers, e.g. s.regs.eax
 - inspecting memory, e.g. s.mem[0x7ffeff18]
 - using the solver (s.se) to concretize symbolic values
See Working with Data and Conventions for more details on how to inspect memory, registers, etc.
We want to concretize arg1 and arg2 and print them, i.e.:
print "arg1 = {} ".format(repr(s.se.any_str(arg1)))
print "arg2 = {} ".format(repr(s.se.any_str(arg2)))
What we do here is instruct the solver to give us the string representation of the first solution it finds from solving constraints, for each of arg1 and arg2. See Program states for more info on how s.se works.
The output of our concretization will be:
arg1 = '-_PHONE_'
Let's try these out:
segmentation fault
It may be that above so many NUL-bytes will not work properly under Bash. So you can replace that with a command such as the one below
$./level07 -_PHONE_ $(python -c 'print "A"*40 + "FLOW"')
segmentation fault
angr is a very complex framework for symbolic execution. So if you are trying to do something in particular and don't know how, arm yourself with patience, consult the documentation and, if nothing seems to work, ask the lab assistant.
0. Extra: Feedback [2p]
We value your opinions and input on improving the Computer and Network Security class (CNS) and its components. Please take the time and fill the feedback form on cs.curs.pub.ro. Your feedback is very important for us to improve both the CNS class and other classes you will go


text:
The fourth day after new moon and fourth day after full moon in the Hindu calendar is observed as Chaturthi and is dedicated to Lord Ganesha. Most people must be aware of only the Ganesh Chaturti festival that takes place in the month of Bhadrapada (August-September). But there are two Chaturthis in a month – Sankashti and Vinayaki – and staunch Ganesha devotees observe a fast on the Chaturthi after full moon.
The monthly Chaturti day which falls after full moon in which a fast (fasting) is observed is known as Sankashti Chaturthi. The fast ends on the day after moonrise. Special Ganesh pujas are done in the evening.
The monthly Chaturthi after Amavasi or new moon is known as Vinayaki Chaturthi.
When Sankashti Chaturthi falls on Tuesday, it is known as Angaraki Chatutrhi and it is considered highly auspicious.
The benefits of Chaturthi fasting include material progress, happiness and fulfillment of desires. The importance of Chaturthi vrat was explained by Lord Krishna to Yudhishtira, the eldest of the Pandavas. It is also mentioned in the Narasimha Purana and Bhavishaya Purana.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Fabio Burderi
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In recent years codes that are not Uniquely Decipherable (UD) have been studied partitioning them in classes that localize the ambiguities of the code. A natural question is how we can extend the notion of maximality to codes that are not UD. In this paper we give an answer to this question. To do this we introduce a partial order in the set of submonoids(More)
The canonical coding partition of a set of words is the finest partition such that the words contained in at least two factorizations of a same sequence belong to a same class. In the case the set is not uniquely decipherable, it partitions the set into one unambiguous class and other parts that localize the ambiguities in the factorizations of finite(More)
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Is it possible to find the distance of a pixel to a rendered sphere, in screen space? All my naive solutions for just using the 2D screen distances are failing because of the warping that occurs during projection.
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See maybe Closest point on an ellipsoid. But I'm not sure that's really what you are looking for. Could you maybe explain what is the purpose of knowing that distance? – Sam Hocevar May 26 '12 at 14:24
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up vote 2 down vote accepted
It's definitely possible, though it doesn't have a clean explicit formula. The projection of a sphere is an ellipse, and given the projection matrix you should be able to find an explicit formula for the ellipse, something of the form ax^2+bxy+cy^2+dx+ey+f=0 (the canonical formula for a conic section); from this you can find a rational parametrization of the ellipse (of the form x=f(t), y=g(t) with f and g rational functions). The problem then comes down to minimizing (f(t)-x_0)^2+(g(t)-y_0)^2 as a function of t, and it turns out that rootfinding methods work pretty well for this - there are exact solutions but they require solving a degree-4 equation, which can involve hairy complex arithmetic and tends to be less numerically stable (and thus less accurate) than the approximate methods anyway.
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Your screen is a plan. Your sphere is an elipse. When the user clicks somewhere on the screen it's easy to find the coordinates on the screen plan. Then you just have to apply basic elipsis equation in order to know if the selected point is inside or outside the elipsis and how far it is.
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This works if the question is 'is my click point inside the ellipse or not?' but not if the question is 'how far is my click point from the ellipse?' - there the calculation of, say, (x/2)^2+(y/3)^2 doesn't result in a distance value. – Steven Stadnicki May 26 '12 at 16:32
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text:
About George Browne Post
George Browne Post (December 15, 1837 – November 28, 1913) was an American architect trained in the Beaux-Arts tradition.
Post was a student of Richard Morris Hunt (1858–60), but unlike many architects of his generation, he had previously received a degree in civil engineering (Scientific School, New York University, 1858). In 1860 he formed a partnership with a fellow-student in Hunt's office, Charles D. Gambrill, with a brief hiatus for service in the Civil War.
Many of his most characteristic projects were for commercial buildings where new requirements pushed the traditional boundaries of design. Many of them have also been demolished, since their central locations in New York and other cities made them vulnerable to rebuilding in the twentieth century. Some of his lost buildings were landmarks of their era, nevertheless. His eight-story Equitable Life Assurance Society (1868–70), was the first office building designed to use elevators; Post himself leased the upper floors when contemporaries predicted they could not be rented. His Western Union Telegraph Building (1872–75) at Dey Street in Lower Manhattan, was the first office building to rise as high as ten stories, a forerunner of skyscrapers to come. When it was erected in "Newspaper Row" facing City Hall Park, Post's twenty-story New York World Building (1889–90) was the tallest building in New York City.
His vast New York Produce Exchange (1881–84) at 2 Broadway faced Bowling Green. Its grand skylighted hall, based on French retail structures, cast daylight into the lower floors.
At the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893, Post was named to the architectural staff by Burnham and Root and assigned the Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, which exceeded by a few feet the clear span of the Machinery Building at the Paris Exposition of 1889. Post's on-site engineer E.C. Shankland of Chicago, has been over-credited in its design, Winston Weisman noted in 1973.
He also designed more staid public and semi-public structures: the New York Stock Exchange Building and the Wisconsin State Capitol. Among the prominent private houses by Post were the French chateau for Cornelius Vanderbilt II (1879–82) that once stood at Fifth Avenue and 57th Street (that was photographed by Albert Levy while being built), and the palazzo that faced it across the street, for Collis P. Huntington (1889–94). In Newport, Rhode Island he built for the president of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, C.C. Baldwin, "Chateau-Nooga" or the Baldwin Cottage (1879–80), a polychromatic exercise in the "Quaint Style" with bargeboards and half-timbering; John La Farge provided stained glass panels.
He trained architect Arthur Bates Jennings.
A true member of the American Renaissance, Post employed noted artists and artisans to produce decorative sculpture and murals. Among those who worked with him were the sculptor Karl Bitter and the painter Elihu Vedder. he was a founding member of the National Arts Club and served as its president from 1898 to 1905. In 1905 his two sons were taken into the partnership. The firm carried on under Post's grandson Edward Everett Post (1904–2006) until the late twentieth century.
Post served as the sixth president of the American Institute of Architects, 1896-99 and received the AIA Gold Medal in 1911. His extensive archives are at the New-York Historical Society. Sarah Bradford Landau, George B. Post, Architect: Picturesque Designer and Determined Realist (1998) inspired the retrospective exhibition at the Society, 1998–99 that reassessed Post's work.
Selected works by George B. Post


Harry Potter si Copilul Blestemat
Tuesday, February 23, 2016
Interview with Lynne Griffin, author of Girl Sent Away
What inspired you to write your most recent novel, Girl Sent Away? Did you set out to write a book that dealt with adolescent mental health?
Like my other novels, Girl Sent Away is inspired by my work with families. I'm a counselor and I've worked with parents who've considered this tough love approach. Adolescent boot camps have been in and out of the news for years—and the reality of these places is controversial, with physical abuse, accidents, deaths, and little proof that these expensive, militaristic programs actually help. In my experience, the techniques aimed at coercing teens into submission actually make underlying mental health issues worse, not better.
Was it a difficult topic to tackle/write about?
We have a crisis in our mental health system and I feel compelled to contribute to the conversation any way I can. To me, the novel is an incomparable vehicle for exploring our emotional lives and raising social consciousness. Compelling stories have the ability to draw us in. They challenge our present attitudes, often shifting our perspectives. When I was writing Girl Sent Away, in deliberate ways I found myself imagining a story that might offer tangible emotional benefits to teens. A novel that when discussed, might foster deeper connections between us, richer communication, and ultimately a greater understanding of the preciousness of our mental health.
How has your experience as a counselor influenced your writing?
Over the years in my role as family and school counselor I've heard so many stories like the ones in Girl Sent Away. And I've been inspired by the brave teenagers—and their families—who've changed the course of their lives because they were willing to talk about their struggles, to understand and regulate emotion in the face of unprecedented societal pressure.
You mention the importance of helping adolescents develop coping skills. Can you give examples?
Building relationships—learning where we end and others begin—is forever a work-in-progress. Having emotional protection skills is no guarantee that every feeling experience or relationship will be positive—nor should we expect that—but not having them ensures that life will be complicated and relationships enmeshed and unhealthy.
When emotional boundaries are well-developed, it makes it possible for us to separate our own thoughts and feelings from those of others. We are more able to take responsibility for our feelings, regulate our responses to those feelings and the behavior of others, and express our wants and needs thoughtfully and respectfully.
Why do you think teens are hesitant to talk about mental health?
Understandably teenagers may not want to talk about how they're feeling or ask for help because they feel ashamed or scared. They worry others may judge them or treat them negatively based on their mental health diagnosis. In some cases that's been their experience. They may have trouble admitting life is hard. They worry they'll be perceived as weak or lazy because of their difficulties fitting in at school or maintaining relationships. The media doesn't help here. As a society we're quick to ridicule celebrities or label people unlike us pejoratively. We have a lot of work to do to normalize wide ranges of feeling states, lending a hand to those who experience tough times.
What do you think it is going to take before society confronts these issues?
I think as a society we are starting to confront these issues. We talk more openly now about anxiety and depression, substance use and abuse. We have less stigma around seeking professional counseling and family support. That's not to say we don't have a long way to go, but strides are being made to raise awareness about prevention and treatment. I have to be hopeful we'll get there.
Praise for Girl Sent Away
"Girl Sent Away is a sensitive, compulsively readable novel about the enduring devotion of a father and daughter, and the frightening, shadowy world of troubled teens."—William Landay, author of Defending Jacob
A harrowing tale of family and adolescence–of the things parents do to keep their children whole and the terrible mistakes they make along the way. —Ivy Pochoda, author of Visitation Street
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What are the standard alternatives for the mechanics of attaching turrets and such to 3D models for use in-game? I don't mean the logic, but rather the graphics aspects.
My naive approach is to extend the MD2-like format that I'm using (blender-exported using a script) to include a new set of properties for a mesh that:
 - is anchored in another 'parent' mesh. The anchor is a point and normal in the parent mesh and a point and normal in the child mesh; these will always be colinear, giving the child rotation but not translation relative to the parent point.
 - has a normal that is aligned with a 'target'. Classically this target is the enemy that is being engaged, but it might be some other vector e.g. 'the wind' (for sails and flags (and smoke, which is a particle system but the same principle applies)) or 'upwards' (e.g. so bodies of riders bend properly when riding a horse up an incline etc).
 - that the anchor and target alignments have maximum and minimum and a speed coeff.
 - there is game logic for multiple turrets and on a model and deciding which engages which enemy. 'primary' and'secondary' or 'target0'... 'targetN' or some such annotation will be there.
So to illustrate, a classic tank would be made from three meshes; a main body mesh, a turret mesh that is anchored to the top of the main body so it can spin only horizontally and a barrel mesh that is anchored to the front of the turret and can only move vertically within some bounds.
And there might be a forth flag mesh on top of the turret that is aligned with 'wind' where wind is a function the engine solves that merges environment's wind angle with angle the vehicle is travelling in an velocity, or something fancy.
This gives each mesh one degree of freedom relative to its parent. Things with multiple degrees of freedom can be modelled by zero-vertex connecting meshes perhaps? This is where I think the approach I outlined begins to feel inelegant, yet perhaps its still a workable system? This is why I want to know how it is done in professional games ;)
Are there better approaches? Are there formats that already include this information? Is this routine?
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The question is a bit vague, what is your intended goal or final result? – AttackingHobo Jan 26 '11 at 21:23
are you looking for some easier model of usage than bones? Mean parent-child tranformations as you mention? I've implemented some tanks just using transformations and having objects for body, turret and gun. – Notabene Jan 27 '11 at 9:46
2 Answers 2
up vote 3 down vote accepted
Yap. Bones formats. MD2 is a vertex animation format, not bones based format. And in Blender, depends on the version you're working with, but can probably make use of:
 - Directx *.x (I think in both 2.49 and 2.56 beta)
 - *.md5. Doom III, like md2, from Id Software, but much better than md2. Md2 has vertex position accuracy problems, normals/lighting problems, UVs have its issues too, etc. Still, all blenders do export it, and can be useful for the flag animation. But you can asign some bones to the flag, some weight painting, and have same effect.Even easier.
 - Collada. But it is still not ended, in certain newest builds at I have checked to be working, at least in basic stuff which you need.
 - You need to use Blender 'constraints' in your bone animations, to have the behaviours you mention, and then export with those "baked". Then code would do the rest.(and don't quote me on this, but I think md5 did export constraints also. And that you can use a md5 version with blender 2.41. I think, set as an addon, md5 can work well with 2.56, but have not tried yet.)
A good knowledge of Blender rigging (bones, weights, constraints) system and formats is quite needed for this, but seems pretty doable.
A lot of people just used to use Milkshape, ideal for these kind of things, and there were very good loaders for game programmers, for ms3d format.
IMHO you can achieve the same by loading for example an md5, there are good loaders out there, and am told is an easy to handle format for programmers. Collada anyway might be the best in long run: Is the definite Blender's bet, and in general, everybody, engines, etc, are trusting on it. But it's a very complex format, so making a loader might be hard, unless you can grab sth already made or whatever. I don't know, that's the programmer side of things.
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How might you annotate things so the engine understands what the artist intended for the various meshes in the model? – Will Jan 27 '11 at 9:27
It's usually done by adding tags to certain bones, or having special bones named a certain way. For example every bone named starting with "foot" is assumed to be the bottom of a foot, the direction of it showing the direction the foot is facing; a bone named "projectile_start" is where you spawn the projectiles of your tank's cannon, and object parts tagged with "steel" have corresponding sparks when hit and have corresponding sound effects assigned. – Martin Sojka Jan 27 '11 at 10:02
Why is bones needed for simple mesh translation and rotation? Aren't bones used to actually deform the meshes while translating and rotating them while a simple mesh/layer parenting setup sounds a lot simpler for non-organic constructs? – Oskar Duveborn Jan 27 '11 at 17:13
_USER_ Duveborn: True, so +1, but if you use bones you can add a deforming tank (with a cloth over the turret, or an organic alien tank, who knows) without needing the change the engine. – Bart van Heukelom Jan 27 '11 at 23:03
_USER_ Duveborn: Bones aren't strictly needed, just useful: they are usually already well-supported in modern engines and in your tool chain of choice, they have all kinds of constraints to the relative movement which you'd otherwise need to implement anyway, they allow for non-organic constructs to have flexible parts as well (connecting hoses, for example), and they allow you to apply IK solutions to your animation: from that perspective, there isn't a lot of difference between an arm moving to reach an apple, and a tank's turret and gun assembly turning around to aim in a direction. – Martin Sojka Jan 28 '11 at 7:05
I'm not entirely sure if I fully understood your question(s). But I'd definitely use a mesh format that supports bones and animations. Especially the bones are important if you wish to move separate mesh-parts individually.
The flag you're speaking of could be pre-animated (wave movement) and aligned in the direction of the wind by using bones. The speed of the animation could be controlled by the strength of the wind.
I can't give you any format recommendations though, since you didn't mention the engine/framework you're using. OGRE for example uses its own mesh format that supports bones and animations. Unity can load several popular native formats directly... and there's always Collada, an XML based 3D format which you could write a parser for (or use an existing one).
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Pretty much thisexisting formats use bones to support this. – DeadMG Jan 27 '11 at 7:40
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I have a question regarding multiple sums. And my second index depends on the first index. Here it is:
$$ \sum_{d=1}^{P}e^{-d}\sum_{\substack{1\leq k_{1}\leq Q \\ 1\leq k_{2}\leq Q \\... \\...\\1\leq k_{d}\leq Q}}e^{-(k_{1}+...+k_{d})} $$
I could not write this sum in mathematica. The problem is that my second sum is a multiple sum and I do not know how to sum $d$ times. How can I do it?
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See answers to this question : mathematica.stackexchange.com/questions/134/… – Artes May 3 '12 at 14:20
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Let's concentrate on the inner multiple sum. First note that we know d because it is given from the outer sum. If we want to write the expression $$-\exp\left[k_1+k_2+\ldots+k_d\right]$$ in Mathematica we could do this very easy. First we create the list {k[1],k[2],...,k[d]} and remember, that this is internally nothing more than List[k[1],k[2],...,k[d]]. If we would now replace the List head with Plus, then it is exactly what we want. For this we can use Apply which is written @@ in infix notation. That leaves how to create the {k[1],k[2],...,k[d]} list. Here we can use Table or Array or we think of it as _mapping the function k over the list {1,2,...,d}. This can be written as
k /@ Range[d]
for a known d. All together this gives
Exp[-Plus @@ k /@ Range[d]]
Now we need to build a multiple Sum, summing over d different k. Again, this can be done in several ways. One way is to create a function which gets as arguments the indices for a Sum
f = Function[Sum[1, ##]]
I only use 1 in the sum for the sake of simplicity. You may ask now, what this ## is: it's the sequence of all arguments given to f. So lets try it:
In[63]:= {Sum[1, {3}], f[{3}]}
Out[63]= {3, 3}
In[62]:= {Sum[1, {3}, {5}], f[{3}, {5}]}
Out[62]= {15, 15}
Seems to work. The only think which is left now, is to create the ranges {k[i],1,q} where i is always a concrete number. Here we can use again the trick with Range and for a known d this gives a list of ranges:
{k[#], 1, q} & /@ Range[d]
(* For d = 3 for instance
Out[64]= {{k[1], 1, q}, {k[2], 1, q}, {k[3], 1, q}}
The last thing is to think about, that our Sum function needs a Sequence of arguments and the above is a List. But we already solved the problem of replacing the List with something different by using @@. This gives all together:
Sum[Exp[-Plus @@ k /@ Range[d]], ##] & @@ ({k[#], 1, q} & /@ Range[d])
Don't be afraid of the expression, because now you know every single piece of it and you know what every piece does. You could try it by for instance
With[{d = 4},
and get $$\frac{e^{-4 q} \left(e^q-1\right)^4}{(e-1)^4}$$ or you use this to plant it directly into your outer sum
mysum[p_Integer] :=
 Range[d]), {d, 1, p}]
I put it into a function mysum, because p needs to be a number to make all the Ranges work. Now you should check mysum[2]
$$\frac{e^{-2 q-2} \left(e^q-1\right)^2}{(e-1)^2}+\frac{e^{-q-1} \left(e^q-1\right)}{e-1}$$
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How do you get $2(q^5 + q^4)$? I don't get that result with your code. – rcollyer May 3 '12 at 15:19
Me neither. Wherever I copied this from.. it was the wrong place. Thanks for paying attention. – halirutan May 3 '12 at 15:29
I do not understand why mathematica doesnt give the closed expression for mysum. because it seems that mysum[n] gives $x+x^2+x^3+...+x^n$ where $x$ is mysum[1] – neticin May 3 '12 at 16:15
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I'm not sure there's a way to do this symbolically, but you can do the following:
multipleSum[P_] :=
 Sum[Exp[-d] Sum[
 Exp[-Plus @@ Table[Symbol["k" <> ToString[i]], {i, 1, d}]],
 Sequence @@
 Table[{Symbol["k" <> ToString[i]], 1, Q}, {i, 1, d}]]], {d, 1,
For example:
In[87]:= multipleSum[3]
Out[87]= (E^(-1 - Q) (-1 + E^Q))/(-1 + E) + (
 E^(-2 - 2 Q) (-1 + E^Q)^2)/(-1 + E)^2 + (
 E^(-3 - 3 Q) (-1 + E^Q)^3)/(-1 + E)^3
I think this is correct.
share|improve this answer
I think you missed a minus-sign in the inside exponential. – halirutan May 3 '12 at 14:25
_USER_ erk, thanks: fixed – tkott May 3 '12 at 14:26
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This question prompted a reformulation:
What is a really good example of a situation where keeping track of isomorphisms leads to tangible benefit?
I believe this to be a serious question because it actually is oftentimes a good idea casually to identify isomorphism classes. To bring up an intermediate-level example I've alluded to often, consider the classification of topological surfaces. When I explain it to students, I do somewhat consciously write equalities as I manipulate one shape into another homeomorphic one. I even do it rather quickly to encourage intuitive associations that are likely to be useful. In any case, for arguments of that sort, it would be really tedious, and probably pointless, to write down isomorphisms with any precision.
Meanwhile, at other times, I've also joined in the chorus of criticism that greets the conflation of equality and isomorphism.
The problem is it's quite challenging to come up with really striking examples where this care is rewarded. Let me start off with a somewhat specialized class of examples. These come from descent theory. The setting is a map $$X\rightarrow Y,$$ which is usually submersive, in some sense suitable to the situation. You would like criteria for an object $V$ lying over $X$, say a fiber bundle, to arise as a pull-back of an object on $Y$. There is a range of formalism to deal with this problem, but I'll just mention two cases. One is when $Y=X/G$, the orbit space of a group action on $X$. For $V$ to be pulled-back from $Y$, we should have $g^*(V)\simeq V$ for each $g\in G$. But that's not enough. What is actually required is that there be a collection of isomorphisms $$f_g: g^*(V)\simeq V$$ that are compatible with the group structure. This means something like $$f_{gh}=f_g\circ f_h,$$ except you have to twist in an obvious way to take into account the correct domain. So you see, I have at least to introduce notation for the isomorphisms involved to formulate the right condition. In practice, when you want to construct something on $Y$ starting from something on $X$, you have to specify the $f_g$ rather precisely.
Another elementary case is when $X$ is an open covering $(U_i)$ of $Y$. Then an object on $Y$ is typically equivalent to a collection $V_i$ of objects, one on each $U_i$, but with additional data. Here as well, $V_i$ and $V_j$ obviously have to agree on the intersections. But that's again not enough. Rather there should be a collection of isomorphisms $$\phi_{ji}: V_i|U_i\cap U_j\simeq V_j|U_i\cap U_j$$ that are compatible on the triple overlaps: $$\phi_{kj}\circ \phi_{ji}=\phi_{ki}.$$ Incidentally, for something like a vector bundle, since any two of the same rank are locally 'the same,' it's clear that keeping track of isomorphisms will be the key to the transition from collections of local objects to a global object. The formalism is concretely applied in situations where you can define some objects only locally, but would like to glue them together to get a global object. For a really definite example that comes immediately to mind, there is the determinant of cohomology for vector bundles on a family of varieties over a parameter space $Y$. Because a choice of resolution is involved in defining this determinant, which might exist only locally on $Y$, Knudsen and Mumford struggled quite a bit to show that the local constructions glue together. Then Grothendieck suggested the remedy of defining the determinant provisionally as a signed line bundle, which then allowed them to nail down the correct $\phi_{ji}$. These days, this determinant is a very widely useful tool, for example, in generating line bundles on moduli spaces.
I apologize if this last paragraph is a bit too convoluted for non-specialists. Part of my reason for writing it down is to illustrate that my main examples for bolstering the 'keep track of isomorphisms' paradigm are a bit too advanced for most undergraduates.
So, to conclude, I'd be quite happy to hear of better examples. As already suggested above, it would be nice to have them be accessible but substantively illuminating. If you would like to discuss, say, different bases for vector spaces, it would be good if the language of isomorphism etc. clarifies matters in a really obvious way, as opposed to a sets-and-elements exposition.
Added: Oh, if you have advanced examples, I would certainly like to hear about them as well.
Added: I see now there are three levels at least to distinguish:
Regarding objects as equal vs. regarding them as isomorphic vs. paying attention to specific isomorphisms.
I somehow conflated the two transitions in the course of asking the question. Of course I'm happy to see good examples illustrating the nature of either, but I'm especially interested in the second refinement.
Added yet again:: I'm grateful to everyone for contributing nice examples, and to Urs Schreiber who put in some effort to instruct me over at the n-category cafe. As I mentioned to Urs there, it would be especially nice to see examples of the following sort.
 1. One usually thinks $X=Y$;
 2. A careful analysis encourages the view $X\simeq Y$;
 3. This perspective leads to genuinely new insight and benefit.
Even better would be if some specific knowledge of the isomorphism in 2. is important. Of course, more than two objects might be involved. I was initially hoping for some input from combinatorics, with the emphasis on 'bijective proofs' and all that. Anything?
Added, 14 May:
OK, I hope this will be the last addition. Because this question flowed over to the n-category cafe, I ended up having a small discussion there as well. I thought I'd copy here my last response, in case anyone else is interested.
n-cafe post:
I suppose it's obvious by now that I'm using a specific request to drive home the need for'small but striking examples' in favor of category theory.
Last fall, Eugenia Cheng told me of a visit to some university to give a colloquium talk. The host greeted her with the observation that he doesn't regard category theory as a field of research. OK, he was probably a bit extreme, but milder versions of that view are quite common. Now, one possible response is to regard all such people as unreasonable and talk just to friends (who of course are the reasonable people!). This is not entirely bad, because that might be a way to buy time and gain enough stability to eventually prove the earth-shattering result that will show everyone! Another way is to take up the skepticism as a constructive everyday challenge. This I suppose is what everyone here is doing at some level, anyways.
Other than the derived loop space, which is not exactly small, Urs' examples are all of the simple subtle sort that can, over time, contribute to a really important change in scientific outlook and maybe even the infrastructure of a truly glorious theory. For example, I agree wholeheartedly about the horrors of the old tensor formalism. But it's not unreasonable to ask for more striking accessible evidence of utility when it comes to the current state of category theory.
The importance of small insights and language that gradually accumulate into the edifice of a coherent and powerful theory is the usual interpretation of Grothendieck's 'rising sea' philosophy. However, the process is hardly ever smooth along the way, especially the question of acceptance by the community. I'm not a historian, but I've studied arithmetic geometry long enough to have some sense of the changing climate surrounding etale cohomology theory, for example, over the last several decades. The full proof of the Weil conjectures took a while to come about, as you know. Acceptance came slowly with many bits and pieces sporadically giving people the sense that all those subtleties and abstractions are really worthwhile. Fortunately, the rationality of the zeta function was proved early on. However, there was a pretty concrete earlier proof of that as well using $p$-adic analysis, so I doubt it would have been the big theorem that convinced everyone. One real breakthrough came in the late sixties when Deligne used etale cohomology to show that Ramanujan's conjecture on his tau function could be reduced to the Weil conjectures. There was no way to do this without etale cohomology and the conjecture in question concerned something very precise, the growth rate of natural arithmetic functions. This could even be checked numerically, so impressed people in the same way that experimental verification of a theoretical prediction does in physics. Clearly something deep was going on. Of course there were many other indications. The construction of entirely new representations of the Galois group of $\mathbb{Q}$ with very rich properties, the unification of Galois cohomology and topological cohomology, a clean interpretation of arithmetic duality theorems that gave a re-interpretation of class field theory, and so on.
For myself, being a fan of you folks here, I believe this kind of process is going on in category theory. But I don't think you have to be too unreasonable to doubt it. In a similar vein, I don't agree


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Employee Legal Awareness Day
Perhaps a somewhat informal day of recognition started by Paul Brennan, a lawyer in Australia; however, it does raise a rather serious issue in the sphere of disability management. It is arguable that there are likely many employees who do not know there legal rights in the workplace regarding occupational health and safety. And for most, the idea of sitting down with a Workers Compensation regulation or Employment Standards Act is unthinkable. But it is important for workers to know some of the fundamental health and safety information to help protect their own well-being. This does not negate the employer's responsibility to ensure a healthy workplace or ensure that their employees have access to important health and safety information; rather it helps to ensure people take responsibility for themselves. It also supports the idea of employers and employees working collaboratively to make sure workers are aware of their legal rights and responsibilities as this is only one aspect of workplace health and safety.
Disability management professionals can be instrumental in this process to provide information and help organizations develop preventative disability management policies, which employees can be encouraged to be familiar with. So, today's post is simply to acknowledge Employee Legal Awareness Day and encourage employees to take one small step in raising their legal awareness as it relates to their workplace or occupation.


text:
Illustrated by Application to Sand Core Blowing
Many types of granular media are encountered in processing and manufacturing industries. Because of its unusual properties, granular material can often pose difficult problems for engineers seeking to transfer, mix or otherwise manipulate it for useful purposes. A good example of a granular flow process arises in the making of sand cores for metal casting applications.
Modeling Granular Media
A model has been developed for flows of highly concentrated granular material. The model uses a "continuum" approach, that is, it is based on a continuous fluid representation of the sand, making no attempt to treat individual sand particles.
A mixture of sand and air, is a two-phase flow in which the air and sand materials flow with their individual velocities, but are coupled through momentum exchanges resulting from pressure and viscous stresses. In typical core sands the diameters of sand particles are on the order of tenths of millimeters and the volume fraction of the sand that is blown into a core box is generally 50% or higher. In this range a strong coupling exists between the sand and air so their mixture can be modeled as a single, composite fluid. Two-phase effects resulting from differences in the velocities of the two materials are accounted for using an approximation for their relative velocity that is referred to as a Drift-Flux.
This composite and relative velocity approach has been selected as the basis for the granular media model. It is assumed that the sand/air mixture can be represented as a single fluid with a sharp free surface at its boundary with the surrounding air. The composite fluid, however, is allowed to have a non-uniform density, depending on the degree of sand compaction. The viscosity of the mixture is a function of density and shear stress. Because the majority of momentum transfer is by particle-particle collisions the sand-air mixture has the character of a shear thickening material.
For the purpose of including vents in a core box all pure air regions (also referred to as void regions) are treated as adiabatic bubbles. An adiabatic bubble is a region of air surrounded by fluid or solid walls. The pressure in a bubble is a function of the bubble volume and has a uniform value over the region occupied by the bubble. Vents in a core box allow air within bubbles to be vented to the exterior of the box.
Sand Core Blowing Applications
To illustrate some of the differences that can occur in a granular material as opposed to a fluid, a simple two-dimensional wedge shape hopper was set up with a 1 cm wide tube at the bottom. The simulation is started with the bottom tube empty.
Sand was initialized at its close packing limit of 0.63 volume fraction. Sand at the bottom of the opening to the discharge tube begins to fall under the action of gravity, but nearly all the sand above remains stationary, Figs. 1-4, where the color is the flow resistance caused by packing (red being perfectly rigid). In a short time a bubble like region is formed and moves up toward the top surface of the sand. Only flow around the surface of the bubble is seen until the bubble reaches the top then it causes a collapse of the surface. The indentation in the top surface has localize flow that reduces its sides to a specified angle of repose of 34°. Meanwhile another bubble forms at the bottom to repeat this pattern.
To illustrate the application of this new model to sand core blowing, a simulation was performed to compare with data in the paper "Development and use of Simulation in the Design of Blown Cores and Moulds," by D. Lefebvre, A. Mackenbrock, V. Vidal, V. Pavan and P.M. Haigh., Hommes & Fonderie, December 2004. The data is for a two-dimensional die geometry with one filling port. Venting of the die was asymmetric so that the influence of vents on the filling pattern could be studied.
The size of the simulation region (core box) was 30 cm wide by 15 cm high and 1 cm thick. Sand/air mixture of density 1.508 gm/cc was driven into the box with a pressure of 2 atmospheres absolute at the entrance to the box. There were five open vents on the right side of the box plus six more that were closed on the bottom and left side of the box. This arrangement leads to an asymmetric filling of the box.
The computational grid consisted of 80 mesh cells horizontally and 40 vertically. The time for the simulation to reach a fully filled core box was 0.07s and required a CPU time of about 8.9s running in serial mode on a 3.2GHz Pentium 4 PC computer (satisfyingly small, but of course, this was only a 2D case with 3200 cells in the computational region).
A comparison of the results from the continuum model simulation with photos from the Lefebvre, et al paper is given in Fig. 5. The visual agreement is seen to be very good in many details. The simulation captures the asymmetric influence of having vents closed on the left side.


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Alan Leo
Alan Leo
William Frederick Allan
(1860-08-07)August 7, 1860
Died August 30, 1917(1917-08-30) (aged 57)
Occupation Astrologer
Alan Leo, born William Frederick Allan, (Westminster, 7 August 1860 – Bude, 30 August 1917), was a prominent British astrologer, author, publisher, astrological data collector and theosophist. He is often referred to as "the father of modern astrology".
His work stimulated a revival of astrology in the Western world after its decline at the end of the 17th century. Leo was a devout theosophist and he worked many of its religious concepts such as karma and reincarnation into his astrology. He used the Theosophical Society's vast international connections to publish, translate and disseminate his work across Europe and America.
Astrological technique and influence
Alan Leo's natal chart
Leo, who took the name of his sun-sign as a pseudonym, is credited with starting the movement towards a more psychologically-oriented horoscope analysis in astrology, being the first astrologer to argue for a loose interpretation of possible trends of experience rather than the specific prediction of events. His influence has been described as marking a 'turning point' in horoscope delineation, because, as astrological historian James Holden explains:
Thereafter, what has been more recently called "event-oriented" astrology gradually receded in favor of character analysis and vague descriptions of possible areas of psychological harmony or stress.
In 1890, Leo, invited George R.S. Mead to found an occult lodge in Brixton, South London. Towards the end of his life, in 1909, and again in 1911, Leo travelled with his wife to India where he studied Indian astrology. As a result of his studies in India, he later attempted to incorporate portions of Indian astrology into the western astrological model.
Leo's book The Art of Synthesis (1912) was a probable influence on Gustav Holst's work The Planets. In this book, Leo gave the planets descriptions such as "Mars the Energiser".
In 1915 Leo founded the Astrological Lodge of London.
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Women of Boston College Law School
a progressive and social history
I. Introduction
In 2004, Boston College Law School (BCLS) celebrates seventy-five years as a premier institution of legal education. The year also marks the sixtieth anniversary of the graduation of the first woman to attend the law school. Although struggles to enter the realm of legal study pre-date the entrance of women at Boston College Law School, as a young institution connected to a male dominated Jesuit college, it was extremely progressive for women to be admitted to Boston College Law School. I intend to illustrate how through periods of social change marred by mistreatment of women in society at large and in legal education, Boston College Law School has been progressive in its admissions of women as well as in the educational atmosphere women have had to endure.
To present an accurate portrayal of the social and educational times, I begin with illustrations of how women have had to circumvent social norms to obtain their current status. I first present a general picture of how women have progressed in the educational sphere and advanced to legal education. Then I offer a comparison of two extremes: an elite school with a history of opposing a legal education for women, and a state university with a history of fostering a female student body. I next offer some statistical information based on the general progression of women in law school.
In an effort to understand Boston College Law School and its progressive nature, I have tried to first illustrate how the undergraduate school compares in its admission of women. Then I explain how the law school progressed and began admitting women in 1941. To help set the stage, so to speak, for the decades of progression, I have put forth a general social history focused on women from 1940 to 2000. Finally, the primary focus of the paper is on the personal history of Boston College Alumnae based on personal interviews and answers to questionnaires.
II. Women in Law School
A. A Brief History
Women's social mission was dependent on a complex view of femininity that associated it with nature, the emotions, and the soul and saw it as completely opposed to reason and intellect.
This was the nineteenth century, an age replete with Victorian sensibilities resulting in social prejudices that declared women were intellectually inferior and respectable women could not work outside the home. Educating women developed slowly with Worcester, Massachusetts opening the first public high school for girls in 1824. Oberlin became the first college to admit women in 1837 with separate courses, thereby illustrating ambivalence at truly educating women. In a revolt against Victorian domesticity, women began to steadily attend college from 1860 to 1920. However, the early institutionalization and licensing powers within the legal profession made it difficult for women to enter the realm of legal practice.
In 1869, Myra Bradwell became the first woman to seek licensure from a state bar. The Illinois State Supreme Court denied her admission claiming:
…when the legislature gave to this court the power of granting licenses to practice the law, it was not with the slightest expectation that this privilege would be extended equally to men and women.
She appealed the state opinion to the United States Supreme Court based on Fourteenth Amendment protections. Although the high court denied Ms. Bradwell's claim, state courts and legislatures began to allow women admission to the bar.
The same year that Myra Bradwell sought licensure in Illinois, Arabella Mansfield became the first woman admitted to practice law in the state of Iowa and the United States. The year 1869 also marked the first admission of law students without regard to gender at St. Louis Law School with two women matriculating. The next year, 1870, the first woman to receive an accredited law degree, Ada A. Kepley, graduated from Union College of Law (now Northwestern). At the turn of the century, women were admitted to the bar of almost every state, but entrance into law school and acceptance by society continued to be a struggle.
Women obtaining higher education became more acceptable than obtaining professional status. By 1920, almost half of all college students were women, but social pressure on women to marry and please their families prevented many from pursuing careers. In 1910 the percentage of employed women reached 25.2%, but only 10.7% of married women were employed. These societal pressures prevented many women from pursuing law school admission. In addition, the entrance of women continued to adhere to a paternalistic view of women and resentment toward those who tried to shed their proper societal roles. In 1890, a member of the Board of Trustees for Columbia Law School illustrated this paternalistic sentiment when he stated:
No woman shall degrade herself by practicing law in New York especially if I can save her…I think that the clack of these possible Portias will never be heard in Dwight's Moot Court.
Although even elite law schools such as Columbia began to finally admit women to the study of law, the atmospheres remained "inhospitable". Law schools instituted policies such as informal quota systems to limit the number of women admitted to each class. The "male culture" predominated the atmosphere causing women to study alone, eat alone, live alone, and in some schools, like Brooklyn Law School in New York, women were "physically segregated in the classroom". Unconscious sexism pervaded the classrooms through jokes or illustrations that offended women. Professors would either refuse to call on women or call on them to "singularly embarrass them" with crude topics such as cases involving sordid sex. Similarly, "hostile male peers sometimes accused women of being in law school to find a husband, or of taking the place of a male who, as a future breadwinner, needed the education more than she". Women encountered hostile treatment at many law schools including renowned institutions of legal scholarship like Harvard Law School where women were not admitted until 1950.
Continued: Case Studies: Women in law school


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of shared tasks, and distance between remote parties. Floor control protocols add an access discipline to such environments that allows to mitigate race conditions on shared resources and throttle media transmission. Primary causes for resource competition among users may be the lack of mutual awareness sand formal session orchestration, or network and shot limitations. Various, often proprietary and unscalable solutions for floor control have been implemented for telemedicine, video conferencing, or distributed interactive simulation. To this date, an analytic comparison of the efficacy of these solutions is lacking. With efficacy, we mean the proportion of time that a protocol takes to allocate a resource, accounting for social and technical overhead for muser behavior, protocol cost, and network conditions. We present a novel taxonomy an comparative performance analysis of known classes of floor control protocols, including socially driven protocols, collision sensing on shared resource, floor taken passing in fully-connected and ring topologies, and, innovatively, across shared control trees. Accordingly, aggregated and selective transmission of control information over a multicast control tree offers the best scalability and efficacy. A novel hierarchical floor control protocol correlating in its operation with tree-based reliable multicast is outlined.
Multimedia communications over packet switched networks - commonly referred to as Internet telephony - has generated immense interest in recent years. The International Telecommunication Union is currently developing the H.323 umbrella of standards for this purpose. In the H-323 standard, a gatekeeper is a control entity that performs functions such as address translation, bandwidth management etc. A H.323 terminal needs to discover a suitable gatekeeper and register with it. When a H.3232 terminal wishes to call another H.323 terminal, communication between the gatekeepers result in the determination of the transport layer address of the destination terminal for sending the connection setup message to. There is thus a need not only for terminals to discover gatekeepers but also for gatekeepers to discover other gatekeepers. In this paper, we propose a mechanism whereby terminals and gatekeepers can discover other gatekeepers. The proposed mechanisms result in efficient use of network bandwidth within the administrative domain. The security issues involved in such communications are discussed, and a proposal is made to establish a shared secret during the discovery process. Such a shared secret may be used for subsequent confidentiality or authentication of messages.
An adaptive multi-level diagnostic system capable of processing and filtering multimedia information to extract the most relevant information is described. Experimental results show that such an adaptive multi-level diagnosis system in general performs better than a single-stage detector both in processing speed and in recognition rate and overall rejection rate.
Da CaPo is a highly flexible communication subsystem to perform all communication tasks of middleware solutions like CORBA. Main focus of the first Da CaPo prototype is on the relationship of protocol functionality, QoS, and resource utilization. We are currently redesigning Da CaPo for the real-time (mu) -kernel operating system Chorus. Support for guaranteed QoS via appropriate scheduling mechanisms, efficiency, and a simple programming model are the main goals for the new design and implementation. In this paper, we analyze three multithreading architectures for Da CaPo, i.e., thread per module, thread per packet, and thread per control, in combination with the real-time scheduling policies rate monotonic and earliest deadline first. We use measurements from the first Da CaPo prototype to quantify the execution times of Da CaPo modules, and measurements from the electronic classroom as real-life workload. Our simulation results show that thread per module and thread per packet perform better than thread per control, and RM should be preferred to EDF.
To support real-time multimedia applications in wireless packet networks, it is an essential challenge to provide seamless quality of service (QoS) to mobile users. In this paper, we address the problem of real-time multimedia multicast in cellular networks, and present our solution to avoid large QoS fluctuations during handoffs. Specifically, during a multicast session, a mobile host may experience varying packet delay, delay jitter, and channel error when it moves from one cell to another. It is thus desirable that these location-dependent QoS parameters appear as seamless as possible to mobile hosts. We present protocols to achieve a degree of transmission synchronization among multiple cells, so that the delays and delay jitters of each packet to all subscribing mobile hosts do not vary substantially. In addition, we apply Forward Error Correction technique to recover the QoS-mandatory packets from wireless channel errors. We show through analysis and simulation that the mobile hosts will experience brief, smooth, and low packet loss rate handoffs.
Wireless ATM networks will bring broadband applications like video conferencing to the mobile user. Due to the inherently unreliable nature of the wireless link cell loss is likely to occur, which may result in a violation of the Quality of Service contracts. Within this paper we will present our solution in terms of a generic Quality of Service (QoS) aware Audio/Video Transport Subsystem for wireless ATM. By using an object oriented approach our system can use different video coding methods for different partners, simultaneously. A QoS controller maps user defined quality parameters down to network and system QoS parameters. Our system works together with network filters and error control modules to help recovering from data loss at the wireless or wired part of the ATM-network. We will evaluate the performance of our sub-system based on simulations for the Magic WAND (Wireless ATM Network Demonstrator) system, which provides wireless access to a fixed ATM network in the 5.2 GHz band. For evaluating the impact of errors at the physical layer, we simulated the transmission of several MPEG-2 transport streams (TS) under different channel conditions resulting in different bit error rates. We analyze the suitability of different packing schemes for encapsulating the MPEG-2 TS packets into AAL5 frames based on the WAND radio model with respect to error resilience.
Keywords: Quality of Service, Wireless ATM, Video Compression, Video Transmission, MPEG-2 Transport Streams
In this paper, we investigated the possibility and effectiveness of applying ARQ schemes to the transmission of MPEG-2 encoded video streams over fixed wireless links in B- FWANs in video-on-demand services. Simulations were conducted to evaluate the overall system performance, which is then compared to a scheme using FEC with cell interleaving. Important metrics relevant to the broadband video services are analyzed, including the quality of the reconstructed video sequences, the excess delay and delay variation introduced by the ARQ scheme, the throughput, and the required average channel bandwidth. A hidden Markov model was also introduced to model the variation of the wireless channel.
Early re-synchronization technique is a useful method to develop the error free video data in the cells after a lost cell or a transmission error. In this paper, we propose a method in which the MPEG-2 video data is packetized into cells, and the first macroblock in each cell is always located at a special bit, such as an odd bit. Hence, the early re-synchronization method can be improved to halve the computational complexity, while increasing bit-stream data content by only 13 percent. This is because the decoder will not waste its time to decode the macroblock by starting at an even bit. Furthermore, the probability of mis-decoding the macroblock can also be reduced by 50 percent. We also propose another method to utilize the start code in a cell to help correctly decoding the macroblocks located before it. Basic theoretical analysis is presented in the paper to prove that the proposed method is more effective than the existing one. The result show that the effectiveness of the re-synchronization method can be greatly improved by adopting the proposed packetizing technique.
IP telephony, a new technology to provide voice communication over traditional data networks, has the potential to revolutionize telephone communication within the modern enterprise. This innovation uses packetization techniques to carry voice conversations over IP networks. This packet switched technology promises new integrated services, and lower cost long-distance communication compared to traditional circuit switched telephone networks. Future satellites will need to carry IP traffic efficiently in order to stay competitive in servicing the global datanetworking and global telephony infrastructure. However, the effects of Voice over IP over switched satellite channels have not been investigated in detail. To fully understand the effects of satellite channels on Voice over IP quality; several experiments were conducted at Lockheed Martin Telecommunications' Satellite Integration Lab. The result of those experiments along with suggested improvements for voice communication over satellite are presented in this document. First, a detailed introduction of IP telephony as a suitable technology for voice communication over future satellites is presented. This is followed by procedures for the experiments, along with results and strategies. In conclusion we hope that these capability demonstrations will alleviate any uncertainty regarding the applicability of this technology to satellite networks.
Wireless ATM (WATM) will be used to support broadband multimedia services. To achieve this, the existing ATM protocol must be augmented with mobility function. Handover is one of important function of mobility management in the WATM system. This paper describes a handover mechanism for intra-switch handovers in the wireless ATM. On the other hand, this paper present a simple signaling and control architecture for mobility support in a wireless ATM network that provides integrated multimedia services to mobile terminals.
The recent proliferation of digital multimedia content has raised the issue of authentication techniques for multimedia content that is composed of still images, video and audio. Subsequently, there have been many authentication techniques for multimedia objects that have been recently proposed. One such class of techniques is based on digital watermarks and in this paper, we focus on such techniques. There are basically two types of watermarks that have been proposed for purposes of authentication, Fragile Watermarks and Content-based Authentication Watermarks. In this paper we survey different types of fragile and content-based authentication watermarking techniques that have been proposed in the literature. We point to new issues raised by the problem of authentication of multimedia content. We also discuss some shortcomings of proposed techniques and list open problems that still do not admit a satisfactory solution.


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Portrait of David Cox
David Cox was born in Deritend, Birmingham, in 1783. As he showed an early gift for drawing he was given lessons by Joseph Barber, and then apprenticed to the miniature painter Fielder. After Fielder died he was offered work at the Birmingham Theatre Royal in New Street as a scene-painter. MacReady was then the manager. Cox also toured with the company to other towns, and even did some acting. Eventually as he wished to advance his career as a landscape-painter he resigned. In 1804 he met the proprietor of Astley's Circus who offered him employment in Lambeth, so he left for London. There he sold sketches to dealers, and painted scenery for provincial theatres. He married Mary Ragg in 1808.
Etching of Moseley Common near Birmingham, 1819. Taken from the Young Artist's Companion.
David and Mary had one child, David. In 1814 the family moved to Hereford, where they stayed until 1827. David Cox taught art at the Ladies' School, and at Hereford Grammar School. He visited London regularly, and would pass through Birmingham on his journey. During these years some of his work was published: A Treatise on Landscape Painting and Effect in Water Colours in 1814; Views of the City of Bath in 1817, and the Young Artist's Companion, or Drawing Book of Studies and Landscape Embellishments published in 1825. In 1827 the family moved back to London, to live on Kennington Common.
Cottage near Birmingham
David Cox's art is also to be found in histories and guides. He supplied drawings that were converted into etchings, appearing as illustrations in various books. Radclyffe worked on engravings for an account of Warwickshire published in 1829; David Cox supplied some of the drawings on which these were based. One he described in a letter to Radclyffe in 1827 as "High Street, Birmingham ". This looks down the street at the market, Nelson's statue, the Bull Ring and St. Martin's church beyond. Other pictures of the Birmingham area had appeared in The Young Artist's Companion. This illustration dated 1824 is the second of three set in different locations illustrating Cox's ideas about the quality of light; Morning, Midday and Twilight.
The Trefaen mountain, engraving by Radclyffe based on a drawing by David Cox
Cox later sent drawings to Radclyffe to serve as models for engravings for Roscoe's Wandering in North Wales. The family stayed in London until 1841, when Cox decided that he would like to move back to Birmingham. He had many friends there interested in art. They helped him find Greenfield House, in Greenfield Lane, Harborne. He continued to visit other parts of the country to draw and to paint oil and watercolours, Wales, Derbyshire and Yorkshire; and continued to go to London for exhibitions. As his work became more famous he received more money for his art, but stayed at Greenfield House living as he had always done. His wife died in 1845, one biographer has suggested that Cox worked even harder at his art afterwards as he thought that 'occupation would be the best restorative'.
David Cox died in June 1859. He was buried in Harborne churchyard with his wife. His friends paid for a commemorative stained glass window to be created and put up in Harborne Church by Hardman and Co. In the Birmingham Daily Post it was written that this showed: 'the strong love of nature, the looking through nature up to nature's God...' as David Cox had done through his art during his life.
Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery holds a collection of the art of David Cox
Some of the books about and work by David Cox held in Birmingham Archives and Heritage:
Cox, David The Young Artist's Companion IIR 74
Roscoe, T. Wanderings in North Wales L07.2 WRI 1836
Hall, William A Biography of David Cox L78.1 COX
Solly, N Memoir of the Life of David Cox LF78.1


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Flight duration time from eSwatini to Myanmar:
This is the approximate flight duration times. The actual flight times may differ depending on the type and speed of aircraft.
Airports in Myanmar:
- Naypyidaw International Airport (NYT)
- Yangon International Airport (RGN)
The total air distance from eSwatini to Myanmar is 5376.9 miles or 8653.4 kilometers. This is the direct air distance or distance as the crow flies. Traveling on land involves larger distances.
Distance from Mbabane to cities in Myanmar:
- Mbabane to Yangon distance: 5267.8 miles


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Your estimates are not scale invariant, so I am trying to guess what you want from the picture.
A closed geodesic cuts your surface into two discs. Both have geodesic as a boundary, positive curvature and area $\le$ than area of your original surface. If geodesic is long, then (with the intrinsic metric) these discs look almost like segments. It has to have curvature near $\pi$ in concentrated form near the ends.
Thus if long geodesic exist then almost all curvature can be covered by 4 fingers on your surface...
- you can not have it if Gauss curvature $\ge 1$. (in In this case you can still have long shapes).shapes: say a doubling of a slice of unit shpere between meridians can be embedded into $\mathbb R^3$ as a convex surface, one can smooth singularities on the poles.)
- you can not have it on a polyhedral surface with more than 4 vertexes. If you have it for an arbitrary long simple geodesics on the surface of tetrahedral, the sum of angles around the vertexes each vertex has to be $=\pi$.


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Government in Northern Ireland
Since devolution, some policies and services are different in Northern Ireland. The Northern Ireland Assembly and Northern Ireland Executive are responsible for most of the issues of day-to-day concern to the people of Northern Ireland.
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The Northern Ireland Assembly was established as part of the Belfast Agreement (also known as the Good Friday Agreement) in 1998. Devolution to Northern Ireland was suspended in October 2002 and restored on 8 May 2007.
The Assembly debates and makes laws, and scrutinises and makes decisions on the work of the Northern Ireland government departments.
It is made up of 108 elected Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs), and meets in Parliament Buildings at Stormont in Belfast.
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The Executive Committee meets to agree on significant issues, and puts forward proposals for new laws for the Assembly to consider. It is made up of the First Minister and deputy First Minister, and the ten ministers for the government departments.
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Pad Printing
What is Pad Printing?
Pad printing is a common print method used on a variety of day-to-day items. What sets this technique apart from screenprinting is its incredible versatility and ability to print on items with irregular shapes or surfaces.
Firstly, a design is etched onto a plate and the indent is filled with ink (one plate is required per colour in the design). As solvents evaporate from the ink when exposed to air, it becomes tacky and is picked up by a silicone pad. The silicone pad then deposits the ink onto the desired surface creating an impression in that colour. Silicone is used because it does not absorb ink and its unique properties enable ink to be transferred to a variety of substrates including sporting goods and promotional items.
Title Image By C.Anderson
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man holding gunThis is the next post in a series of articles discussing issues that commonly arise in cases involving gun-related charges in Austin, Texas. My previous post provided an overview of the topics to be discussed throughout this series. It also stressed the importance of taking gun charges seriously and retaining a lawyer with experience in defending clients against such matters. In this post, I will explain why gun charges are often brought in connection with charges for other criminal activity. If you have been arrested and your charges include firearm-related offenses, contact my office as soon as possible to speak with an attorney.
In Texas it is not illegal to possess a handgun, or pistol, in your own premises or in a vehicle (if it is not openly displayed within the vehicle). However, if a person who is arrested for another offense is found to be in possession of a firearm, even if it would be otherwise legal, that person will likely find themselves charged with a weapons possession charge on top of whatever else they are arrested for. Gun charges often accompany accusations of other criminal offenses. It is not uncommon, for instance, for the police to arrest an individual on a matter unrelated to a firearm, such as a DUI or possession of drugs, and realize the perpetrator is possessing a gun. Whether or not the firearm was used in the commission of such underlying crime, the person will likely face charges for the primary criminal activity as well as a gun charge. If the accused is a felon, that person may be guilty of violating state and federal felon in possession statutes, whether or not they are convicted of the accompanying charge. This is because even the ordinarily legal possession of a firearm in a vehicle becomes illegal if the person is committing another crime in the vehicle.
Consider the following example. A police officer observes a parked car with a large amount of smoke billowing from its windows. As the officer approaches, he recognizes the smell as heroin smoke. He arrests the driver and passenger after finding heroin and paraphernalia openly visible in the car. The officer pats down the individuals and finds that they are both carrying weapons. The weapons are immediately seized. Both the driver and the passenger are charged with drug possession offenses and illegally possessing firearms. Under this scenario, the defendants, if convicted, could face separate penalties for each charge, which may or may not run concurrently. Furthermore, depending upon the circumstances, a prosecutor may be able to charge them with elevated crimes because the guns were present during the commission of the offense. If either of them were already convicted felons, they would face state or possibly federal felon in possession charges. Had they not been caught engaging in the drug-related activity, they may not have been accused of firearm charges, and unless they were otherwise prohibited from gun possession, their possession of the weapon.
Even those with a Concealed Handgun License (CHL) can be arrested for possession of a firearm in the course of committing another offense. For example, an otherwise lawfully-carrying citizen could be charged with Unlawful Possession of a Firearm by License Holder if he is accused of committing another offense while carrying (including misdemeanor offenses such as criminal trespass or DUI).
If you have been arrested and face gun-related charges, contact my office today to speak with an Austin criminal defense attorney. My office also serves the cities of Rollingwood, Round Rock, Elgin, Jonestown, Manor, Bee Cave, Lago Vista, Sunset Valley, Lakeway, Creedmoor, Georgetown, Cedar Park, Leander, and San Marcos, Texas.


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the Lost Year
What Happened When Little Rock Closed Its Public Schools
A little known aspect of the
Little Rock School Crisis
"Gordy's razor-sharp analysis of Little Rock's
'Lost Year' is wonderfully balanced by first-hand
accounts of the often devastating effects on those students
who could least afford to lose a year of their lives."
—Grif Stockley, author of Ruled
by Race and Blood
in Their Eyes
Much has been written about the Little Rock School Crisis
of 1957, but very little has been devoted to the following
year—the Lost Year, 1958–59—when Little
Rock schools were closed to all students, both black and white.
Finding the Lost Year is the first book to look at the unresolved
elements of the school desegregation crisis and how it turned
into a community crisis, when policymakers thwarted desegregation
and challenged the creation of a racially integrated community
and when competing groups staked out agendas that set Arkansas's
capital on a path that has played out for the past fifty years.
In Little Rock in 1958, 3,665 students were locked out of
a free public education. Teachers' lives were disrupted,
but students' lives were even more confused. Some were
able to attend schools outside the city, some left the state,
some joined the military, some took correspondence courses,
but fully 50 percent of the black students went without any
schooling. Drawing on personal interviews with over sixty
former teachers and students, black and white, Gordy details
the long-term consequences for students affected by events
and circumstances over which they had little control.
"Fifty years ago segregationists trying
to keep black students out of Little Rock Central High inadvertently
broke up one of the country's greatest football dynasties.
... Wait a minute.... Who said you can't have a
high school football team just because you don't have
a high school? Canceling football, Faubus decreed, would be
'a cruel and unnecessary blow to the children.'
O.K. then, everyone agreed. Play ball!"
by History," Sports Illustrated
is professor of history at the University of Central Arkansas.
She produced a documentary about the topic, entitled The
Lost Year. A copy of the DVD can be ordered at _URL_.
6 x 9, 248 pages, 9 documents, index
$29.95 (s) cloth
ISBN 978-1-55728-900-1 | 1-55728-900-X


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How to excel 'Format Menu' works?
'Format Menu' is very important menu of the 'Menu Bar'. You can create or change your cell, row and column in the excel program by using the 'Format Menu'. You can also change your document format styles.
Describe the details of 'Format Menu' in the MS excel.
'Cell' option or press (Ctrl + 1) is used for adding numbers, adding alignment, text direction, changing or modifying font type, font style, font size, font color, font effect and font effect, adding a border with different line styles, applying cell color with different patterns in the MS excel document.
'Row' option is used for changing the height of a row or set auto fit, hiding your desire row from excel document. You can also use to unhidden your hide rows of the MS excel document.
'Column' option is used for changing the weight of a column or set auto fit, hiding your desire column from excel document. You can also use to unhidden your hide column of the MS excel document. You can also set the standard weight of the column.
'Sheet' option is used for renaming your excel sheet name, change your sheet background color and sheet tab color. You can also use to hide your desire sheet from document and unhidden your hide sheet of the MS excel document.
'Style' option is very important sub-menu of the 'Menu Bar' in the MS excel. It is used to change your document setting, such as alignment, font, border, patterns etc.
Now describe the 'Tools Menu' in the MS excel.
'Tools Menu' is another necessary menu of the 'Menu Bar'. It is used for spelling check and changing or modifying different settings of your document.
'Spelling' is used for checking word spell in your document.
'Protection' option is used for saving your document with a great protection to better security.
'Customize' option is very important sub-menu of MS excels. It is used to add, edit or delete function menu or create a custom toolbar, make commands and modify command and many more.
'Option' is used for setting and modifies general option, edit option, view option, print option, save option, security option, spelling and styles option of MS excel.


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Wiki reading hard on the eyes? Try out our Dark Theme! Visit the preferences page while logged in and select Hydra Dark.
|Use time||17 (Very fast)|
|Tooltip||Minor improvements to all stats|
|Buff tooltip||Minor improvements to all stats|
Minor improvements to all stats and increased life regeneration
Crafting[edit | edit source]
Used in[edit | edit source]
Trivia[edit | edit source]
- Cherry domestication predates recorded history.
- Despite the name indicating a single cherry, the icon depicts two cherries.
- It is unrelated to and is not dropped from Sakura trees, even though they are often known as cherry blossom trees.
- The Cherry, Apricot, Grapefruit, and Plum are the only fruits that do not have unique recipes of their own (i.e. they can only be used to make Fruit Juice and Fruit Salad).
History[edit | edit source]
- Desktop 188.8.131.52: Introduced.


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System Properties is a section of Microsoft Windows for editing operating system settings, including hardware settings, connectivity, user profiles, security settings, and the computer name. The image below shows an example of how the system properties window looks in Windows 10.
How do I open System Properties?
- Press the Windows key + Pause/Break key on the keyboard. Or, right-click the This PC application (in Windows 10) or My Computer (previous versions of Windows), and select Properties.
- Under Control Panel Home, click one of the bottom three options.


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What is a parsnip? And why it's a must-have to your dishes!
Parsnips aren't part of the commonly used vegetable group, which is why you might find yourself wondering, "what's a parsnip?" once you come across this curious vegetable.
And while it isn't popular like its peers, such as carrots or turnips, a parsnip makes a great addition to both sweet and savory dishes.
This unique vegetable holds many benefits. It can also be used in many dishes, both cooked and uncooked. It also brings a warm, distinct flavor to all your recipes.
Here's what you need to know about parsnips and how you can use them.
What is a parsnip?
Originating from Eurasia, parsnips are similar to carrots. They are long-rooted vegetables that grow underground and feature a light, creamy color when ready to harvest.
Parsnips are widely available in fall through spring because these are the seasons when they are the freshest.
Though parsnips are often confused with carrots, there is one very distinct difference between them.
Parsnips have a pale, creamy, whitish color and come with a buttery taste that is different from carrots.
Although parsnips are considered biennial plants (which means they take up to two years to complete their growth cycle), they usually aren't edible if they are not harvested after their first year of growth.
What do parsnips taste like?
Parsnips don't only look like pale versions of carrots, but they also have a similar taste.
Like carrots, parsnips have an underlying sweetness to them. However, unlike carrots, parsnips have a tinge of spice and bitterness paired with their sweet flavor.
Because they grow underground, their flavor is also earthy but starchy, like potatoes.
Staying underground for so long comes with its own benefits: When parsnips mature underground during the winter frost, they tend to become sweeter and more buttery than they were before.
How to store parsnips
Luckily, parsnips aren't the kind of vegetable that goes bad if you don't use them immediately.
You can store parsnips for up to two to three weeks in your refrigerator. Remember to remove the tops off of the vegetable or they can dry out the parsnip over time.
You can place them in a loose, plastic bag before storing them in the fridge. On the other hand, if you're storing cooked parsnips, they can only last for around two to three days before going bad.
You can also freeze them for as long as ten months if you wash, scrub, cut them up into little cubes, and blanch them before placing them in a freezer bag.
How do you cook parsnips?
There are several ways to cook parsnips. You can boil, roast, or sautee them.
To find the best parsnips for your recipe, look for ones that are smaller and straighter. Big parsnips may be tempting, but they have a less dynamic taste and don't bring much flavor to your dishes. They're also harder to chew even after being cooked.
You can make sweet dishes with roasted parsnips, or an alternative to mashed potatoes with mashed parsnips instead.
You can prepare parsnip recipes in the oven, on the stove, in the microwave, and some recipes don't require cooking the parsnips at all.
Parsnips can also be served with stews, chilis, chicken, and beef. They can be added to salads as well or used as the primary serving (such as with parsnip rice).
Once you've selected your parsnips, scrub them with a vegetable brush and wash them.
Do you have to peel parsnips?
It's better not to peel parsnips. It's preferable to use a vegetable brush to scrub the outer layer of the parsnip before you use it for your recipe.
Is parsnip a root vegetable?
Is a parsnip a vegetable? Yes, parsnip is a root vegetable that grows underground. It can take up to two years for a parsnip to complete its full growth cycle, which is why it is only available for half the year at farmer's markets.
This is also the reason it has a starchy, earthy taste typical to underground vegetables such as potatoes.
The bottom line
Hopefully, the essential details surrounding parsnips have encouraged you to try parsnips out for yourself.
With their versatility and unique flavor, you won't regret your decision—whether you use them in sweet dishes or include them in your main course!
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"Explore four useful structures that incorporate peer review, small groups, and
the whole class-in addition to the classic one-on-one student-teacher
conference. You'll get dozens of tips and examples that will help you become a
better writing teacher." summarizes Education Week.
Let's Talk is packed with real classroom examples and stories to help educators make conferences more manageable and meaningful. Organized by types of conferences, Let's Talk distinguishes between teacher-student talk--which covers one-on-one, small-group, and whole-class conferences--and student-student talk—which includes one-on-one and group peer conferences. In addition to addressing the challenges and needs of teachers, coaches, principals, and staff developers in the elementary and middle level grades, Mark Overmeyer also focuses on how to work with English language learners.
Table of Contents
Introduction: Why Talk?
Part 1: Teacher-Student Talk
Chapter 1: Qualities of Effective Feedback
Chapter 2: One Teacher, One Student: The "Classic" Conference
Chapter 3: One Teacher, Several Students: The Guided Writing Conference
Chapter 4: One Teacher, Many Students: Author's Chair and the Public Conference
Part 2: Student-Student Talk
Chapter 5: Two Students: The Peer Conference
Chapter 6: Several Students: The Peer Review Conference
Preview the entire book online!
About Mark Overmeyer
Mark is a native of Colorado, and received his education at the University of Northern Colorado, Colorado College, and University of Colorado at Denver. He has over 30 years of teaching experience, most of it in Cherry Creek Schools in Denver, Colorado. He has worked as a classroom teacher in grades 2 through 8, a special education and Title I teacher, a coordinator for gifted programming, and as a literacy coordinator. Currently, Mark works full time supporting reading and writing workshops in schools around the US and internationally.
"I became a teacher because school has always felt like home. I never considered another profession. I began working in schools as a senior in high school....I consider myself a lifelong learner, and so teaching is the perfect profession. Teaching is a process: an art that can never be perfected because each day brings new challenges. I work to become a more effective teacher every day, but I always know there is more to learn."
Source: Stenhouse Publishers and Education Week


text:
Contains over 10 minutes of extensive video content and analysis.
You will learn:
- How to make the Lamp Lighting Gag work.
- Understanding the transition from having a light "on" to "off."
- How to shape light for added depth and dimension.
- The ratios for night interior lighting work.
- The art of minor changes and finessing lights.
- Considering your key source and how it's playing off of your room/subject.
- How to use room tone to fill in specific areas.
- Lighting in layers.
- Creating a 3-dimensional world for a 2-dimensional screen.
- The power of blocking and rehearsing with actors.
- How to think efficiently on set when lighting.
Lighting "Night Interiors" is about the finessing and minor adjustment of light to get it in the pocket. In our third and final installment, Shane Hurlbut, ASC and his gaffer, Eric Forand, dial in the final changes to pull off the shot. They take you through how minor lighting adjustments can help add depth, dimension, and texture to your images. By the end of this, you'll understand how to properly light for night interior scenarios and how to direct your crew to effectively execute the vision.
Shane's Inner Circle members through 2/22/18 received this content as part of their membership.


text:
Quantity in Basket:
Shipping Weight: 1.00 pounds Sold Out
Budgett's Frog (Lepidobatrachus laevis)A.K.A. Hippo Frog, Large Mouth FrogDescription:
Budgett's Frogs are fat frogs with short legs and large mouths. As juveniles they tend to be brown, but turn an olive-grey color as they mature. They are medium-sized frogs, males reaching 4 ½ inches in length and females reaching 5 inches. Males will be a bit smaller than females and have a dark black or blue throat. A well cared for Budgett's Frog can live for 10 years.
Budgett's frogs have two fang-like protrusions in their mouths and may try to use these to bite. Because of they can be aggressive, this frog is not recommended for first-time frog owners.Habitat and Tank Requirements:
This species is native to South America. Provide your frog with plenty of plants, wood, and/or rocks to climb. They are semi-aquatic and like to swim and hide among floating aquatic plants. Smooth river rocks are the best substrate for the bottom of their tank, as smaller gravel can accidentally be ingested with their prey.
Approximately 1/3 to 1/2 of their tank should be water. You can either use an under-gravel filtration system or clean the water every 2-3 days. Use common sense when choosing a filter: a pump that is too small will leave the water dirty, while a too-powerful pump with filter out the microorganisms needed to maintain a healthy pH.
Be sure there are no openings in the tank through which the frog can escape. A hole large enough for a frog to stick its head out of is large enough for it to escape.
You can keep groups of 2 or 3 in a 10-15 gallon tank, however, as with all frogs, do not keep different species of frogs in the same tank. There is a risk of disease and parasites being spread between species, even if the carrier frog does not show any symptoms. Budgett's Frogs also should not be kept with other species because they have been known to eat them. If you keep more than one Budgett's in a tank together, be sure they are the same size or they may cannibalize one another.
The comfortable temperature range for these frogs is 72-84º F during the day and a slight drop to around 69-71º F at night. LEDs or other low-wattage light bulbs work best for maintaining these temperatures. Diet:
These frogs are many insectivorous and will feed on small crickets, fruit flies, mealworms, wax worms, and any other insect small enough for them to ingest. They will also eat goldfish and brine shrimp. Although they are hardy frogs, they can be susceptible to bone softening, so consider dusting their food with calcium.Handling:
Allow your frog time to become accustomed to its new home before handling them extensively. Handling them little by little over a period of time lets the animal get used to you and reduces stress. Keep in mind that this species can be aggressive, so handle with care.
Mail Orders - Reptile City - Honey Grove, TX 75446


Penn protein may open path to artificial blood
Scientists at Penn have built a protein from scratch that can carry oxygen, a big step toward creating artificial blood. And in a key breakthrough, the proteins they have built are waterproof, which prevents cellular damage.
"I think it's a notable achievement in protein design," Roman Boulatov, an assistant professor of chemistry at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, tells MIT Technology Review. "They show it's possible to engineer a specific reactivity by starting from scratch. It gives you much more control over what you can change."
"There's a problem working with natural proteins in that they're complex and fragile," says Christopher Moser, coauthor of the study. "We'd like to learn how to make functional proteins that are completely unrelated to natural proteins: that will allow us to continue to build more features."
Scientists have been in hot pursuit of a safe supply of artificial blood for years. But programs that have been in development have been plagued by safety problems.
- read the report from MIT Technology Review