text:
basic scale of 1, 2, 4, 5.
All of these multiples can be seen in Table 2b, which also shows the frequencies at different ratios as well as the value to log2(weight) for different nominal weights.
Again there are fractional ratios, this time a third and a sixth as well as a half, with the fractional ratio of a sixth having a frequency of only one. The collection on the grid line at 6.17 are weights at half the unit value.
Here also there are odd ratios. These are the fractional ratios of a third and a sixth and the ratios 2.5, 3, 6, 8, 25, 30, 150, 250. The frequency at ratio of 25, like that at one third, is surprisingly high. In all, there are 70 of these odd ratios out of the total collection of 861 specimens.
Chart 2b is a histogram of the Qedet system. The collection ranges from 0.93 to 1.06 of the normalised values of the weights. The peak frequency occurs at 0.98 of the normalised value.
The Stater system compromises 396 specimens. The unit value of weights ranges from 132.0 grains to 140.3 grains and their average value is 135.3 grains.
Chart 3a is a log plot of these weights. The vertical scale is adjusted so that the value of 7.08 (= log2(135.3)) falls on a grid line.
Table 3 shows the ratios of the Stater weight system. The scale of 1, 2, 5 better describes the system as there are specimens with multiples of tens of this scale up to a ratio of 1000.
While there are 3 specimens at ratio 4, there are none at ratios 40 and 400. Similarly, ratios 3 and 25, with respectable counts, do not have any at higher multiples. All these ratios, along with the sixth, the third and 8 and 150 are odd to the basic ratio of 1, 2, 5. In all, there are 62 of these odd ratios out of the total collection of 396 specimens.
The Stater system of weights is an odd one out of the three systems being analysed in that its basic scale is different from the other two and it is also the most accurate of the three. This can be seen from the histogram, Chart 3b. This shows the distribution ranging from 0.98 to 1.04 of the normalised values. This in spite of a large number of specimens with odd ratios.
The analysis of each weight system is based on Petrie's assignment of ratio to each specimen from which a value of the unit of the system is derived. The histogram or frequency distribution of the weight system is based on the average of the derived values of the unit. The frequencies at each ratio listed in the Table of Ratios are obtained from the weight tables. The Log Charts are based solely on the weight of specimens which Petrie determined using a balance and set of grain weights4 specially manufactured for the purpose.
A set of weights manufactured to a specific value will display a spread about that specific or intended value. The number of specimens at the intended value is the highest and the distribution of the rest is symmetrical about it. The distribution trails away from the peak. The distribution is shaped like a bell and is known as the Normal distribution.
The frequency distribution for the Peyem and the Qedet systems, Charts 1b and 2b, presents a challenge. The peak frequency is not at the centre of the distribution. Frequencies away from the nominal value do not trail off as expected for a Normal distribution. The frequency distribution of the Stater system, however, is much closer to that expected for a Normal distribution.
These histograms are fairly compact, the range of spread of the weights about the nominal values is mostly less than 5%. The Stater system displays the narrowest range, with most of the collection accommodated within 2% of the nominal values.
Histograms can be examined for slightly different values of the unit weight. For the Peyem and Qedet systems, the distribution will roll along, with the frequencies rippling along the top. No unit value can give a distribution with a single peak frequency. But for the Stater system the matters are different. A slightly higher value of the unit weight is found that produces an almost symmetrical distribution with the peak frequency occurring at the nominal value. Chart 3b1 shows the distribution of the Stater system for two different values of the unit weight: at the average value of 135.3 grains in blue, and at 135.8 grains in red.
All the systems examined here include ternary and quinary ratios as well as the usual binary and decimal ratios found in many of the ancient weight systems. The quinary ratio can be explained as an intermediate stage of a decimal scale. The ternary ratio is not so easily explained. Binary submultiples are a standard feature of each weight system. Also, a few ternary submultiples are present in two of the weight systems examined but none of the systems has any quinary submultiple.
Removing the weights of the ternary scale alters the picture. Both total frequency and distribution are affected. However, reassigning weights of the ternary scale to the nearest ratio applicable alters the frequency distribution only.
Examination of the weight systems presented here is based on weights recovered nearly 100 years ago. Addition of newer finds could alter the picture. A larger collection will give a better value of the unit of the weight system. It should also provide a better view of the ratios that existed in different weight systems.
Special thanks are due to Norman J. Street for providing access to certain books without which this paper would not have been possible.
1. Ancient Weights and Measures by Flinders Petrie, Department of Egyptology, University College, London. 1926
2. An Analysis of the Petrie Collection of Weights by A. S. Hemmy in
The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 23 No. 1 (June 1937), p 42
3. The Statistical Treatment of Ancient Weights by A. S. Hemmy, in Ancient Egypt, December 1935. Page 86.
4. Ancient Weights and Measures, op cit, p3
© 2012 Chandrakant Doshi


text:
WCSCMP(3) Linux Programmer's Manual WCSCMP(3) NAME wcscmp - compare two wide-character strings SYNOPSIS _TAG_ int wcscmp(const wchar_t *s1, const wchar_t *s2); DESCRIPTION The wcscmp() function is the wide-character equivalent of the strcmp(3) function. It compares the wide-character string pointed to by s1 and the wide-character string pointed to by s2. RETURN VALUE The wcscmp() function returns zero if the wide-character strings at s1 and s2 are equal. It returns an integer greater than zero if at the first differing position i, the corresponding wide-character s1[i] is greater than s2[i]. It returns an integer less than zero if at the first differing position i, the corresponding wide-character s1[i] is less than s2[i]. CONFORMING TO C99. SEE ALSO strcmp(3), wcscasecmp(3), wmemcmp(3) COLOPHON This page is part of release 3.27 of the Linux man-pages project. A description of the project, and information about reporting bugs, can be found at _URL_ GNU 1999-07-25 WCSCMP(3)
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Field accessors in Java
In Java world, we are so accustomed to writing getters and setters for our fields, that the advice by Effective Java Item 14: In public classes, use accessor methods, not public fields sort of goes without saying. All major IDEs help us here: they generate getters and setters, so that it is not that hard to produce a class like this:
Most of the lines in this class are pure boilerplate code.
Getting rid of field/get/set triples
In Kotlin, there's no way to declare a field. All you have is properties. Read/write properties are declared with the var keyword, and read-only ones – with val keyword. Thus, the class above can be rewritten as follows:
public class Address() { // parentheses denote a _primary constructor_
 public var name : String = ...
 public var street String = ...
 public var city : String = ...
 public var state : String? = ...
 public var zip : String = ...
Here we have five mutable properties, each of which has a backing field that stores the value, and two accessors: getter and setter. Thus, the byte-code generated from this class will be almost equivalent to the one for the Java class above. The only difference will be property initializers, see Null-safety.
(For even better option look here).
To use a property, one simply refers to it by name, as if it were a field in Java:
fun copyAddress(address : Address) : Address {
 val result = Address() // there's no 'new' keyword in Kotlin = // accessors are called
 result.street = address.street
 // ...
 return result
Declaring properties and accessors
The full syntax for a mutable property declaration is as follows:
var : [= ]
The initializer, getter and setter are optional. Property type is optional if it can be inferred from the initializer or from the base class member being overridden.
 : Int? // error: explicit initializer required, default getter and setter implied
var initialized = 1 // has type Int, default getter and setter
var setterVisibility : String = "abc" // Initializer required, not a nullable type
 private set // the setter is private and has the default implementation
Note that types are not inferred for properties exposed as parts of the public API, i.e. public and protected, because changing the initializer may cause an unintentional change in the public API then. For example
public val
 = 1 // A public property must have a type specified explicitly
The full syntax of an immutable property declaration differs from a mutable one in two ways: it starts with val instead of var and does not allow a setter:
val simple : Int? // has type Int, default getter, must be initialized in constructor
val inferredType = 1 // has type Int and a default getter
We can write custom accessors, very much like ordinary functions, right inside a property declaration. Here's an example of a custom getter:
val isEmpty : Boolean
 get() = this.size == 0
Since this property is purely derived from others, the compiler will not generate a backing field for it.
A custom setter looks like this:
var stringRepresentation : String
 get() = this.toString()
 set(value) {
 setDataFromString(value) // parses the string and assigns values to other properties
Backing fields
As we mentioned above, some properties have backing fields, i.e. from the client's point of view, a property is a pair of accessors (or just one getter), but physically the accessors may read and write data from/to a real field. One can not declare a field explicitly in Kotlin, the compiler figures it out for us.
In the simple cases, when we do not provide custom accessor implementations, it is obvious that a property must have a backing field, otherwise what should the default accessors do in the following case?
var counter : Int = 0
But when there is a custom accessor, it may or may not rely on a backing field.
To access a backing field of a property x, one says $x (the dollar sign cannot be used as a part of an identifier in Kotlin):
var counter = 0 // the initializer value is written directly to the backing field
 set(value) {
 if (value >= 0)
 $counter = value
The $counter field can be accessed only from inside the class where the counter property is defined.
The compiler looks at the accessors' bodies, and if they use the backing field (or the accessor implementation is left by default), a backing field is generated, otherwise it is not.
For example, in the following case there will be no backing field:
val isEmpty : Boolean
 get() = this.size > 0
The backing field is not needed because the only accessor does not refer to it.
What if I want to do...?
If you want to do something that does not fit into this "implicit backing field" scheme, you can always fall back to having a "backing property":
private var _table : Map? = null
public val table : Map
 get() {
 if (_table == null)
 _table = HashMap() // Type parameters are inferred
 return _table ?: throw AssertionError("Set to null by another thread")
In all respects, this is just the same as in Java since access to private properties with default getters and setters is optimized so that no function call overhead is introduced.
Overriding properties
See Overriding properties.
Best practices related to this feature
J. Bloch. Effective Java Second Edition
See also: JavaBeans
Similar features in other languages
Java IDEs generate accessors automatically.
For Java, there's Project Lombok : the syntax for properties is based on Java annotations.
In C#, Groovy Beans and Gosu one still writes getters and setters alongside their backing fields that are declared explicitly, although the access looks like property access. Scala does not distinguish between a field and a property, but to customize a setter one needs to write a separate function named by convention.
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 1. Jul 21, 2011
 One comment says: "there's no 'new' keyword in Up"
 Was the language once called Up or am I missing something?
 1. Jul 22, 2011
 Yes. And before that it've been called Jet
 2. Jul 22, 2011
 That comment is fixed. Thanks
 2. Jul 22, 2011
 That example stretches the semantic of "immutable" too much.
 When i see immutable field, i expect that if i will create a local copy of it that local copy will be always equal to the original field.
 1. Jul 22, 2011
 True. That's why Kotlin doesn't have fields and has properties instead.
 3. Jul 22, 2011
 Will properties be real objects with a literal syntax for looking them up like in Gosu and Fantom? Or will they just be two methods as in Scala?
 1. Jul 22, 2011
 Both. There's hash syntax, that returns an instance of Property class. Very useful for binding frameworks indeed.
 4. Jul 23, 2011
 Is there a way to provide public getters only? Think of fields that should be readable by anyone (public) but
 you want to keep control over its modifications (so private/protected for writing).
 For example, to keep some invariants or to do some further actions upon modifications.
 This is a feature I am missing in other languages a lot.
 1. Jul 23, 2011
 There's an example above. Basically, you say
 var foo : Int
 private set
 Also, the accessors can have bodies.
 1. Jul 23, 2011
 Oh, I missed that when reading the example. Awesome!
 5. Jul 23, 2011
 I'm a bit disappointed


text:
The Bible tells us that Jesus turned water into wine (John 2:1-11) — a miracle! Given the amount of water used in making wine today I think the miracle isn't so much the conversion itself (no sacrilege intended) as the efficiency with which it was accomplished. Jesus didn't waste a drop. Improving water use in winemaking is a serious issue today.
The End of Cheap Water
Readers of this blog know that water is important in wine production, but you may not appreciate just how much the wine industry depends upon cheap water supply. I have written about the effects of the Australian drought on wine output there, for example, and how producers like Casella (Yellow Tail) are adjusting. But water isn't just an Australian wine problem, as everyone in the business knows, and the situation isn't getting any better.
So the December 2008 issue of Wine Business Monthly is especially welcome. WBM chooses a theme for the last issue of each year and this time it's "The End of Cheap, Plentiful Water;" it is required reading for anyone interested in the economics of wine. Much of what follows is based on data from the WBM report.
Given all the attention that the Australian drought has received it would be easy to dismiss wine's water woes as just another example of the challenge of global climate change. And while this is undeniably true to some extent, I think it is more useful to think about the water problem in terms of supply and demand.
Winegrapes: Squeezed and Dried
The supply of water for wine production is limited by nature, of course, especially in the long run, but that's the easy part (and the focus of the climate change discussion). It is perhaps more realistic to consider that the supply of water for wine is limited by competing water needs. Water is valuable for environmental purposes, such as to maintain fish runs, for example. Water is needed for residential and industrial uses, too. And of course water is in very high demand for agricultural crops other than winegrapes. About 80% of California's annual non-environmental water "budget" goes to agriculture, including wine. Residential and business use accounts for rest. As population continues to grow, the squeeze will affect everyone.
Between competing uses and recent drought conditions, it is no wonder that the water supply for winegrape production is being squeezed.
All agriculture suffers when water becomes scarce and drought conditions force both a general reduction in farm output and also a shift away from the most water-intensive crops to those that use water more sparingly. In Australia, for example, we have seen a decline in grape production in some areas due to drought and a shift from rice to grapes in other areas. 2001 data from the California Department of Water Resources estimates that grape growers in that state use an average of 2 acre-feet of water. That's about 25% more than used for grain crops, but much less than rice production (nearly 6 acre-feet of water) or corn and tomatoes (about 4 acre-feet).
Water use in winegrape production varies considerably. Irrigation isn't always necessary or even desirable, but high volume production is very water-dependent. It takes 75 gallons of water in the vineyard to grow the grapes for one gallon of wine in the California North Coast area. That seems pretty inefficient until you compare it with Central Valley production, where the ratio is 430 gallons in the vineyard to one gallon of wine! Water is also used in some areas for frost protection, which can adds to the total water bill.
Water use doesn't end once the grapes have been harvested. On average it takes about six gallons of water in the cellar to make a gallon of wine. Barrel-washing and tank cleaning account for much of the water use, but everything in a wine cellar needs to be as clean as possible, and water is often the most convenient tool.
The trick, as many wineries have discovered, is to conserve and recycle. High pressure / low flow nozzles and barrel-cleaning rigs can do more with less. Waste water can be collected and filtered for many uses from irrigation to flushing the toilets. Erath Winery in Oregon employs a filtration process that allows it to reused 97 percent of winery processing water in one way or another. (Local ryegrass farmers use the rest as fertilizer.) Snoqualmie Vineyards, like Erath part of the Ste. Michelle Wine Estates group, uses just 2.9 gallons of water in the cellar per gallon of wine, an indication of the sort of savings that are possible.
What's Your Water Footprint?
article. It's only a matter of time, I think, until we start worrying about our water footprint as well as our carbon footprint. You can learn more about the water footprint concept at WaterFootprint.com. Here are some estimates of water costs associated with various products as reported on their website.
- One cup of tea: 30 litres of water
- One slice of bread: 40 litres
- One apple: 70 litres
- One glass of beer: 75 litres
- One glass of wine: 120 litres
- One cup of coffee: 140 litres
- One glass of milk: 200 litres
- One liter of wine: 960 litres
- One hamburger: 2400 litres
I have seen reports that a Big Mac's water footprint is 5000 litres, a huge number but understandable when you consider that the production of beef and cheese are both very water-intensive (particularly when the cattle are raised on diets of irrigated grains instead of natural grasses). I guess a kilo of beef requires 15,500 litres of water. Amazing!
These figures are estimates of the total water use, including transportation and packaging, which is why the wine figures are so high. I'm sure that it takes a lot of water to produce and clean wine bottles. The labels (paper), closures and shipping boxes add to the water footprint. It all adds up, for wine as for other products.
It Isn't Easy Being Blue
The wine industry is in the vanguard of many important environmental movements. Being green (and now blue, I suppose, to represent water) is good marketing for a lot of industries.
But it is good economics for the wine industry, too, because water is such a key resource that we need to manage well in the vineyard, in the cellar and throughout the production process.
[Thanks to Wine Business Monthly for the information in their December 2008 issue and to a former student, Jenna Silcott, for making me think about water resources once again.]


text:
Susan E. Israel and E. Jennifer Monaghan, editors
This indispensable resource offers new insight into the development of reading education by examining the groundbreaking contributions of the "early reading pioneers"—16 reading researchers, reading practitioners, and specialists in children's literature whose work helped form the foundations of the reading field as it is recognized today.
Special features include
© 2007 | 488 pp.
ISBN 13: 978-0-87207-598-6
Sale price $6.95
(reduced from $44.95) No member discount, return, or exchange are available on this special sale price
© 1996–2013 International Reading Association. All rights reserved.


Best reform-school castle
Preston Castle
photo by bobby mull
.ContentInfoBox { display: none; }
Driving southeast on Highway 104, approaching the small town of Ione, there's something unexpected, maybe even out of place, piercing through the canopy of trees. But this 100-foot tall tower has been presiding as the highest point of Preston Castle for 120 years. Although the stately red-orange sandstone structure that looks like it belongs on the East Coast, not rural Northern California is now called a castle, royalty didn't live here: It was a reformatory for young boys who got in trouble with the law.
These days, nobody lives in its ruins other than some bats, birds and mice that have left ample sprinklings of their waste, but this formidable building was once the centerpiece of the Preston School of Industry, where the boys learned practical skills and made their own food and clothes. Before opening in 1894, the youngsters were incarcerated at Folsom or San Quentin state prisons, which seems like it would be traumatic for a 12-year-old. But being dragged around in Preston's basement-level, bone-chillingly cold pool of lye and bleach that was used to delouse new wards seems also traumatic.
These days, the pool is filled with ancient debris. In 1960, the state shut down the facility and swiped the slate roof (among other building materials) to "upcycle" it for other projects, resulting in years of water damage that has washed away the interior's plaster and, in some areas, rotted two stories of wood, leaving treacherous holes where a floor used to be. The site's current keepers, the Preston Castle Foundation, have taken on the task to restore the edifice, so for $10, the curious can tour the decay—and see where some of the school's staff members were murdered. Or pony up $100 and a dose of courage to spend the night there.
Despite being a supernatural jackpot, according to some folks, the building is becoming more integrated into the community these days, with events such as a wine tasting, a paranormal convention, the annual Halloween Haunt and an Old Tyme Christmas, which makes the grand structure feel less out of place. Hopefully, the ghosts don't mind sharing their space. 900 Palm Drive in Ione, _PHONE_,


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Naddod (Old Norse: Naddoðr or Naddaðr, literally "studded")[1] was a Faroese Viking who is credited with the discovery of Iceland. Naddod was also one of the first settlers on the Faroe Islands after Grímur Kamban became the first to settle there around 825. Naddod was born in Agder, which comprises the two Norwegian counties of Aust-Agder and Vest-Agder.[2]
Landnámabók, a medieval Icelandic manuscript, describes in considerable detail the settlement (Icelandic: landnám) of Iceland by the Norse in the 9th and 10th century. According to Landnámabók, Iceland was discovered by Naddod, who was sailing from Norway to the Faroe Islands, but got lost and drifted to the east coast of Iceland. Naddod came upon the shore of a land with a bay and mountains near what is today the Icelandic town of Reyðarfjörður. Although he climbed a mountain to look for smoke rising from fireplaces he saw no sign of humans. Naddod decided to continue his journey to the Faroe Islands, but as he returned to his boat it started to snow and so he named the land Snæland (Snowland). The island later became known as Ísland (Iceland). (See names of Iceland).
Naddod is probably the father of Ann Naddodsdóttir from Shetland.
 1. ^ Icelandic: Naddoður, Faroese: Naddoddur
 2. ^ Iceland: The First Settlers
Other sources[edit]
 - O'Donoghue, Heather Old Norse-Icelandic literature: a short introduction(Published by Wiley-Blackwell, 2004)
External links[edit]


text:
Royal and Military Order of Saint Ferdinand, Collective Laureate Cross
Estimated market value:
The Royal and Military Order of Saint Ferdinand (Real y Militar Orden de San Fernando) was originally founded by the General Courts of Cadiz as a National Order on August 31, 1811. It was approved by King Fernando VII/Ferdinand VII on November 28, 1814, right after the restoration of his throne; and it was switched as a Royal and Military Order in 1815.
The Order was established in recognition of all military personnel who participated at the Peninsular War, an engagement against Napoleonic army that took place in Spain between _PHONE_. On this occasion, the Order was mainly conferred upon European royal armies from Spain, Great Britain, Portugal, and France, among others.
Throughout 19th century, the Order was awarded in recognition of distinguished services and eminent acts of heroism in the defense of Spain and its citizens. Frequently, it was awarded to foreigners military personnel, even though the statutes declared that the Order should only be granted to Spanish soldiers.
The Order may be conceded in two classes; the decorations with laurel wreath (Laureate) were granted in recognition of heroism and acts of courage, while the decoration without laurel wreath were conceded for distinguished services. In some rare occasion the decoration depicted fleur-de-lys instead of the laurel wreath, in recognition of meritorious and outstanding military services.
In 1856, the insignia for lowest ranks was changed to a Latin cross consisting of four central swords united by the hilts. This is the current design of the Order's breast star.
In 1920, the Order without surrounded laurel wreath was abolish for all the ranks, instead the Military Medal was created to recognize distinguished service rendered to Spain. Since then, the Order has consisted of the badge superposed upon a green laurel wreath, known as Laureate Cross, rewarding in recognition of heroism and courage.
In 1931, the Order was modified by the Second Spanish Republic, however these changes were abolished by Francisco Franco in 1937, and the Order was re-instituted in 1949.
Currently, the Order is awarded to Spanish military personnel, individuals or collectives, in recognition of meritorious acts of heroism and courage displaying in the defense of Spain. It is the first military order establishing in Spain, and it is the highest military award in the country.
The Order is classified into three types based on the grade's changes. Type I includes the original grades of 1811 to 1815; Type II contains the grades between _PHONE_; and Type III consists of the awards after 1920.
Since 1920 (Type III) the Order has had three grades; the Grand Laureate Cross is conferred upon Chiefs; the Laureate Cross is awarded to Generals, the Collective Laureate Cross for military collectives, and the Medal for enlisted men.
In 1920, I and III Class without laurel wreath were suppressed, and the Military Medal for distinguished services was created instead. An unique class, Laurate Cross, was created to recognize acts of heroism. Finally, it was created a particular to award military units.
The Order features an obverse inscription that can be translated to "To Military Merit,"and a reverse inscription that can be translates to "The Fatherland to its Heroes."
Obv: AL MERITO MILITAR
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


RE: HTML Techniques: General comments on July draft
From: Ben Caldwell
Date: Thu, 29 Jul 2004 14:46:27 -0500
Message-Id: <_EMAIL_>
John wrote:
For example, the term METADATA is a level 2 heading. The items under it are identified first by number rather than by element or attribute name, etc. Thus I can bring up JAWS' headings list (Ins+F6) and press M+ to jump straight to the METADATA section, but pressing T doesn't take me to the sub-section about the TITLE element (which is a level 3 heading that begins with the number 1.2, so I'd have to remember to press "1" to get there the headings list). pressing "T" does take me to the section called Task, and to the section headed "This technique relates to…". But the document contains a great many sections with these headings—one of each for every technique in the document!
[BBC] My bad. Will modify the XSLT so that these headings are demoted to paragraph status.
Numbering also comes into this. For example, a section called Navigational Supports follows the Metadata section; both are tagged as . The items listed under the Navigational Supports heading are tagged as and numbered from 2.1 forward. But the Metadata and Navigational Supports headings are not numbered, so it's a surprise to hear those numbers beginning with 2.x…
[BBC] Good catch. This is another XSLT issue I need to fix. The numbers are getting applied in the table of contents, but not when rendered later in the document.
Numbering is going to be a tricky issue. Ideally, we would have a numbering system that allows us to easily reference a specific technique in a guidelines documents so that it's easy to know which techniques draft is being referenced when the links are taken out of context (ex. when cross referenced form gateway or other techniques documents).
We also have an open issue related to numbering items at the success criterion level. Is there a way to more easily reference the fifth level 2 success criterion in guideline 3.2? Current drafts use "3.2 L2 SC5," which can be confusing. However, including the entire success criterion is often impractical when generating the drafts as well.
Received on Thursday, 29 July 2004 15:49:03 UTC


Sign up ×
This question already has an answer here:
I'm a relative beginner in Mathematica, but after reading the forums for a long time, I couldn't understand one thing:
 - I want to plot a list h. Let's call it ListPlot[h]
 - I also have a second list, of the same size c
 - I want to write a color function that plots a given point in h with a color corresponding to the value of c at the same point.
Anyone knows how to do it?
share|improve this question
marked as duplicate by R. M. Jan 22 '14 at 18:25
Related question:… – Cassini Jan 22 '14 at 17:56
2 Answers 2
Perhaps it's better to use Graphics where you have full control over all aspects of the plot:
h = RandomReal[10, {10, 2}];
c = ColorData[1, "ColorList"][[1 ;; 10]];
Graphics[{PointSize[Medium], #[[1]], Point[#[[2]]]} & /@ Transpose[{c, h}], Axes -> True]
Regarding your comment, you could do something like this:
h = RandomReal[10, 20];
c = RandomReal[10, 20];
(* You have to give each y value a corresponding x value *)
h = MapIndexed[{First@#2, #} &, h];
(* You have to normalize the concentration so it works with the color function. *)
c = Normalize[c];
colorfunc = ColorData["SolarColors"];
Graphics[{PointSize[Medium], colorfunc@#[[1]], Point[#[[2]]]} & /@ Transpose[{c, h}], Axes -> True]
It's the same idea, but we don't assume that the x coordinate of each point is its position in the list. We also don't assume a list of colors, but rather think of that list as a list of concentration levels.
I noticed now that in m_goldberg's answer he sets the AspectRatio to 1/GoldenRatio, this is an excellent idea since it looks good and is the default aspect ratio for plots in MMA. I too recommend that.
share|improve this answer
_USER_, for a large number of points I would suggest using a gradient color scheme, for example: c = ColorData["Rainbow"] /@ (Range[25]/25); – Simon Woods Jan 22 '14 at 16:58
Thanks a lot! But actually, what I want to do is not to plot one function as a function of the other. I would like h to be a [1xn] list, and simply plot the n values of "h". But then, to have the values of "h" colorcoded according to the values of "c" at the same x-axis value (without actually plotting "c"). Basically, I want to look at the profile of a a physical interface which has some concentration of molecule at every point. And I would like the interface h(x) to be red (for instance) in regions where the concentration c(x) is high? Thanks again! – Edouard Jan 22 '14 at 17:03
_USER_ I added something I think should meet your needs. – Pickett Jan 22 '14 at 17:24
Thank you so much, this is awesome! – Edouard Jan 22 '14 at 17:33
I think Pickett is right to use Graphics, but here is how I would implement it, step-by-step.
Make some data
h = RandomInteger[42, 12];
c = Table[Hue[i/Length[h]], {i, 0, Length[h] - 1}];
Make the points.
pts = Point /@ Transpose[{Range[Length[h]], h}]
Color the points.
coloredPts = Transpose[{c, pts}];
Make a plot with 'Graphics'.
Graphics[{PointSize[Medium], coloredPts},
 Axes -> True, AspectRatio -> 1/GoldenRatio]
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Say I have a limited sample, a month of daily returns, and I want to estimate the 99.5th percentile of the distribution of absolute daily returns.
Because the estimate will require extrapolation, I will need to make a distributional assumption. Is there a standard approach to take here if I want to include the higher kurtosis in my estimate?
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What you refer to as the 99.5th percentile is known as the "Value-at-Risk." You are correct that you will need to make a distributional assumption, and there is a popular and well-researched approach to this problem, though I'm not certain it could be called "standard." I would recommend you use the "truncated Levy flight" distribution. James Xiong at Morningstar has written a few papers on this topic, and you can find more by googling him and this topic. Here is a less technical, more introductory piece on the topic.
Also, you should consider other risk measures, most notably Expected Shortfall (ES), also known as Conditional-Value-at-Risk (CVaR), which examines not just what the 99.5% percentile is, but what the conditional expected return is beyond that point. I also recommend you read this MSCI piece on the topic.
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Luggage, Space Shuttle Style
If you thought it was a hassle to have your luggage delayed an extra day thanks to a layover, imagine having your suitcases delayed in orbit 220 miles above Earth for almost three years!
That's exactly what happened to NASA's Materials International Space Station Experiment (MISSE) "suitcases." But the wait is almost over.
Close-up of astronaut working with a MISSE containerOn STS-114, Space Shuttle Discovery astronauts unclamped MISSEs 1 and 2 from the International Space Station (ISS) and prepared them for their return to Earth. On another spacewalk, astronauts secured MISSE 5 to the outside of the ISS to continue this valuable research experiment.
MISSE experiments have a history with the Space Shuttle and Space Station.
Image to right: Astronaut installs MISSE container during a 2001 spacewalk. Credit: NASA
MISSEs 1 and 2 were attached to the Space Station after launching aboard STS-104 in August 2001.
At that point, NASA planned to return MISSEs 1 and 2 to Earth in about a year and replace them with two new containers, MISSEs 3 and 4. The newer experiments would experience a three-year exposure to the harsh environment of space.
But the grounding of the Space Shuttle fleet after the loss of Columbia and her crew changed all of that.
Now, MISSEs 1 and 2 will provide NASA with three-year-exposure data while MISSEs 3 and 4 will provide one-year-exposure data. MISSEs 3 and 4 will hitch a ride on the next Shuttle mission, STS-121, on their way to the Space Station.
Meanwhile, the fifth experiment in the series, MISSE 5, traveled with the Discovery astronauts and was attached to Space Station during Discovery's third spacewalk for a planned 18-month stay.
Let there be data!
NASA scientists are eagerly awaiting the return of the first two experiments.
MISSE chief scientist Bill Kinard with a half-size mockup of an experiment and containerThe containers will be returned to a clean room at NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va., after they're back on Earth. Scientists will test the materials to see if they still have the unique properties needed to endure space missions.
Image to left: MISSE chief scientist Bill Kinard displays a half-size mockup of the MISSE experiment and container for a media event. Credit: NASA/Jeff Caplan
"It's always exciting to see the things that come back down from space," said Bill Kinard, MISSE chief scientist. "There are always surprises. The real value and benefit in these experiments is seeing what you didn't originally expect."
The principal investigators involved in each project will go over the experiments together at NASA Langley.
After that, the suitcases will hit the road again, returning home to their principal investigators for more detailed studies.
There's only one way to really know how materials and devices will perform in space - test them there!
"The most satisfying aspect of being a part of this research is in helping reduce the risk of using new materials and technology on future spacecraft," said Kinard. "There's no way to show all the possible effects in a lab setting. A space experiment gives us the complete and total picture."
A close-up of the MISSE 5 experiment in the clean roomThe MISSE project seeks to verify the durability of new materials and devices in space. The test devices include ultra-light membranes, composites, ceramics, polymers, coatings, radiation shielding, switches, solar cells, sensors and mirrors.
Image to right: A close-up view of the MISSE 5 experiment as it completes preparations for flight in the clean room. Credit: NASA
The suitcases used to transport and expose the MISSE test specimens in space are called Passive Experiment Containers, or PECs. The PECs are clamped to the exterior of the Space Station by astronauts during a spacewalk. These "suitcases" are then opened to expose the specimens to the harsh environment of space. This gives researchers a much better idea of the types of materials and coatings that will perform the best on future spacecraft.
The PECs were originally developed and used for experiments conducted on the Russian Mir space station.
The research from MISSE will lead to new materials and devices on future exploration missions.
Lindsay Crouch, Bob Allen
NASA Langley Research Center


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Selection of the initial geometrical imperfection in nonlinear FE analysis of cold-formed steel rack columns
Rights accessRestricted access - publisher's policy
This paper presents three methodologies to predict the load carrying capacity of cold formed steel rack columns via nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA). The column lengths are chosen in the range where the main failure is due to distortional buckling. It is demonstrated that for this range, to derive an accurate prediction of the ultimate load is more complex than for lengths where the main failure is local or global. The nonlinear analysis is carried out introducing an initial geometric imperfection on the upright. The three methodologies presented here allow for different imperfection shapes. The first one uses the critical mode shape (the first buckling mode). The second corresponds to an iterative methodology in which the shape that leads to the lowest ultimate load is used. These two first methodologies use exclusively the finite element method (FEM). The third one combines the finite element analysis with the generalised beam theory (GBT) in order to determine the modal participation of the FEM buckling mode and generate a particular combined geometric imperfection. To validate the predicted loads, the results of the three methodologies are compared with values obtained in experimental tests.
CitationBonada, J. [et al.]. Selection of the initial geometrical imperfection in nonlinear FE analysis of cold-formed steel rack columns. "Thin-walled structures", 05 Novembre 2011, vol. 51, núm. Febrer 2012, p. 99-111.


Posted by: Knightbird | July 14, 2015
Resistance to Change Revisited
I watched a stage of the Tour De France today. Team Sky, the British cycling team, placed 3 riders in the top ten, and their lead rider literally demolished the rest of the field. I have written before about Team Sky and the theory used by Sir David Brailsford to transform British cycling. Her refers to it as the "Aggregation of Marginal Gains." The theory is that you pay attention to the system of cycling and seek small improvements everywhere. I learn a lot from smart people, and wonder why very few others do. I have written many times about resistance to change and why we cannot seem to innovate.
In 1536, the first published edition of Machiavelli's "The Prince" was released. In Chapter 6, we read the following:
I have encountered resistance to change in every area I have chosen to increase my expertise. As a pitching coach, I learned about how to scientifically improve a pitcher. When I tried to introduce new techniques to Alaska baseball, I met heavy resistance. It's still that way today. Yet the first all state pitcher I coached had a low 70 MPH fastball, but was able to stay in games because of the knowledge I shared with him. When I began researching health and weight loss, the science was fairly well established, but heavily resisted because of political interventions that were based on emotion. Yet 3 people I advised had weight losses of 60, 50 and 105 pounds respectively. I lost 40 pounds myself. As I began learning about suicide and how to prevent it, I ran into those who were, as a colleague of mine is fond of saying, heavily invested in failure. Think of it this way, if we were actually able to reduce the incidence of suicide, a cadre of political and research leadership would find their area of expertise heavily reduced in importance.
Resistance is heavy whenever you choose to battle for a new order. Yet the rewards can be great. The British cycling team is outstanding today because of their change. The change came because one man was able to convince a team that it was in their interests. They meet naysayers every step of the say. That single man has been knighted by the Queen of England for his achievement. He is not quite a Prince, but darn close now.
Lean Thinking has been around for a long time now. And it has transformed organizations from true mediocrity (and some who were at deaths door) to world class. When I share their stories, along with a history of how the changes occurred, I get blank stares. The politicians are in charge of all of our Native organizations, from the IHS down to tribally managed health care systems. They protect their privilege, and the gains they receive, from being heavily invested in failure. If we had good healthcare, and people actually healed, or didn't get ill, we wouldn't earn as much from their bad fortune. It is in the interests of the entrenched to remain in the system that continues to reward them. Until it doesn't any more.
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Perfecting the Vehicle Presentation
Written by Darin George. Posted in Sales Training
businesswoman presenting a car
The saying "Presentation is Everything" must have started in the restaurant industry. Good food is important, but how it's presented distinguishes a great dining experience from being just another meal.
The presenters at the major auto shows are well rehearsed and trained so they can deliver top-notch product presentations to the crowds. Manufacturers want and need these presentations to be outstanding. If you take the same approach at your dealership, you will see a consistent increase in demonstration drives, sales, and overall gross profit.
After or during your contact questions and when you have chosen a vehicle to present, where do you start your vehicle presentation?
A vehicle presentation should always start at the front of the vehicle, because your end result has to be the customer sitting in the driver's seat. I've heard others say suggest starting at the point of interest to the customer. This is OK, but remember you are giving the customer control of your presentation. The bottom line is you have to get the customer into the driver's seat.
Determining what type of customer you have will affect the time you spend with them. Visual person = less time; Auditory person = more time; Kinesthetic person = both, depending on your initial rapport established.
The average presentation should be 10 minutes. Your product knowledge is critical during your walk around. Professionals know every detail of their product and the competition's.
No one is perfect, but your credibility is at risk if the customer asks a question you can't answer. Be sure to acknowledge when the customer raises a point you are not familiar with. Say something like, "This is an excellent question and would it be OK if I find out the correct answer for you a bit later?"
It is important not to avoid the question; write it down and answer it later.
Do not interrupt the flow of your presentation to look for the answer unless it is of critical concern that influences the selection.
Six Position Vehicle Walk Around
1. Explain the front of vehicle, styling and aerodynamics of the vehicle.
2. Explain everything about the engine.
3. Explain the passenger side of the vehicle and open doors.
4. Explain the trunk and rear of the vehicle.
5. Open driver's side door and go over the interior features.
6. Seat the customer in driver's seat and explain gauges etc.
what to point out when selling a car
When you can, you should always show a vehicle feature and explain any benefits that are related to it.
At the end of the walk around, with the customer sitting in the driver's seat say to them: "Let me show you the vehicle properly. I'll be right back."
Do not hesitate; just go and get a dealer plate and come back to the vehicle and put it on the car. When you are back to the vehicle ask/tell the customer: "Mr. Customer, for safety reasons could you please sit in the passenger seat while I drive the vehicle out of the dealership?
Never ask the customer if they would like to go on a test drive, because if you do; statistics show you have a 50/50 chance of actual going on the test drive. If you just assume the demo drive your chances climb to a 70/30 that you will be going on the demonstration drive. More demonstration drives, always results in more sales.
It's all about presentation. Your goal of a vehicle presentation is to get the customer to the next step, the demo drive. The proper amount of professional quality time spent during your vehicle presentation, combined with your contact question and a demo drive, will separate the great sales people from the average.
Darin George is the founder of the Automotive Sales College. For information on recruiting new sales staff and in dealership sales training, contact Darin by email at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.. ASC company websites: and


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When designing a motor control system, it is not always clear if a braking resistor is required and, if it is, how to proceed in selecting a braking resistor. This post is intended to simplify that process so it is clear when and how to select a braking resistor.
When and How Should I Select a Braking Resistor?
Mike Keefe | KEB
Why are braking resistors necessary?
Braking resistors are introduced into a motor control system in order to prevent hardware damage and/or nuisance faults in a VFD. They are required because in certain operations, the motor controlled by the VFD is acting as a generator and power is flowing back towards the VFD, rather than towards the motor. A motor will act as a generator whenever there is an overhauling load (e.g. maintaining a steady speed as gravitational forces try to accelerate an elevator as it moves down) or the drive is being used to decelerate the motor. This causes the drive's DC bus voltage to rise and will lead to over voltage faults in the drive if the generated energy is not dissipated.
There are a few basic ways to deal with the energy generated by a motor. First, the drive itself will have the capacitance to absorb some amount of this energy for a small amount of time. This is typically the case when overhauling loads are not present and a fast deceleration is not required. If there are portions of the duty cycle where the energy generated is too great for the drive alone, then a braking resistor can be introduced. The braking resistor will dissipate the excess energy by converting it to heat across a resistor element. Finally, if the regenerated energy from the motor is continuous or the duty is high, then it may be more beneficial to use a regen unit rather than a braking resistor. This will still protect the VFD from hardware damage and nuisance faults, but allows the user to capture and reuse the electrical energy rather than dissipating it as heat.
What should be considered when selecting a braking resistor?
Once it has been decided a braking resistor is needed for the application, there are two main factors when selecting the resistor: the resistance value and the power dissipation capacity of the resistor.
Minimum Resistance Value
VFDs that use a brake resistor will also have a "chopper circuit" or brake transistor. When the DC bus voltage gets too high, the brake transistor shunts current from the DC bus across the brake resistor. This brake transistor circuitry has current limitations and the VFD manufacturer will typically list a maximum current value and duty cycle.
Since V=IR, if the voltage is constant then a smaller resistance will lead to a larger current. Thus if the max voltage is known to be the KEB over voltage level of 840VDC, it is possible to calculate the minimum resistance that would keep the current value below the braking transistor's max current rating. While the minimum resistance value doesn't affect the operation of the resistor or its ability to dissipate power, it is crucial to ensure it works properly with the VFD.
Power Dissipation Capacity
The second consideration when selecting a braking resistor is its ability to dissipate power. KEB braking resistors are listed with the amount of power they can safely dissipate if used continuously (PD) as well as three values for intermittent duty. Each of the numbers in P6, P25, and P40 refer to the cumulative number of seconds the resistor is used over the course of two minutes. For example, the KEB 10BR100-1683 resistor could safely dissipate up to 2200W for one stretch of six seconds over the course of two minutes or instead could do two cycles of three seconds each over the course of two minutes.
Now that it is known what resistance values will safely work with the VFD and the power dissipation capabilities of the various resistors, it must be considered how much energy will be generated back towards the drive that will need to be dissipated. This will ensure the selected braking resistor has enough capacity to safely dissipate the energy generated from the motor. The first way to do this is through calculation. It is possible to calculate the power generated from the motor if the mass moment of inertia of the motor and load, motor torque, speed change, and time of the deceleration are all known. More information on performing these calculations can be found in the braking resistor manual. However, in real world applications it can be difficult to know and/or calculate the mass moments of inertia, particularly of the load. Because of that, it is commonly necessary to determine the proper power size of the braking resistor through a testing method.
The general rule is that the larger the load and the faster the deceleration, the more power that will need to be dissipated. However, by utilizing the scope function in the Combivis 6 software, it is possible to record the drive's DC bus voltage throughout the operation to get a more accurate picture of the braking resistor usage. With the scope it is possible to monitor if a resistor with greater power dissipation is required or if instead the resistor is sufficiently sized. In the latter scenario, it may be possible to adjust the operation to improve performance, such as making the deceleration faster.
Braking Resistor Installation
The final consideration when selecting a braking resistor is to ensure that it is installed properly. If a braking resistor is not installed according to UL standards, the circuit can fail in a manner that is a fire hazard. More information on safe connection of a braking resistor can be found here.
In addition to our traditional resistors, KEB is increasingly selling intrinsically safe brake resistors which fail much like a fuse protecting the system in the case of short circuit failure.
The installation environment is also important. Hazardous locations and installations with fibers (textile, sawdust) that are flammable will need special consideration.
The content & opinions in this article are the author's and do not necessarily represent the views of ManufacturingTomorrow
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Women, individuals with lower income and people with lower education are the most stressed according to a new study. Stress does not keep building up as older Americans reported low stress levels.
Stress levels across Americans are only now being able to be compared thanks to the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), which was first used in the 1980's. Looking at studies across three decades, researchers were able to uncover stress patterns including how gender, race, age, income, employment and education affect stress levels.
The research was led by Sheldon Cohen, PhD, and Denise Janicki-Deverts, PhD, both from Carnegie Mellon University. Researchers examined data collected from a 1983 survey of 2,387 American adults over the age of 18 as well as two studies, one in 2006 and another in 2009, which surveyed 2,000 Americans. All three surveys used PSS, which was developed by Dr. Cohen, which allowed for the surveys to be compared.
For all three studies, women, lower-educated individuals and people with lower income had the highest stress levels. Stress seemed to decrease as Americans aged, with retirees reporting low levels of stress. The numbers seem to indicate that retirement was not so scary after all according to researchers.
Stress has a powerful effect on people and it can lead to a bevy of health problems. Stress can lead to increased risk of disease, higher death rates, faster disease progression and bad health practices. Understanding stress across society and in different populations may help identify people most at risk for mental and physical health issues.
In the two most recent studies, the economic crisis of 2008-2009 affected white, middle-aged American men with college educations and full-time employment the most. The reason for this may be due to what this population could lose because of the economy, not just jobs but any savings for their child's education or their retirement.
Stress levels increased over the three studies, roughly 10 to 30 percent across all categories, between 1986 and 2009. That's not to say Americans are more stressed than ever, according to researchers, as the surveys were conducted using different methods.
Stress is here to stay for Americans and understanding the many factors involved in stress can help improve overall health. From diabetes and obesity to chronic diseases like allergies or asthma, too much stress can be more of a burden than a person may be aware of.
The study was published in the Journal of Applied Social Psychology.
Published by Medicaldaily.com


createCommand(func, canExecute)
Create a Command from a given function, for use with ViewModels. A Command is a function with an extra canExecute observable property to determine whether the command can be executed. When executed, a Command function will check the value of canExecute and throw if false. It also provides events for when a command has been or is about to be executed.
Name Type Default Description
func function The function to execute.
canExecute Boolean true optional A boolean indicating whether the function can currently be executed.


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The Gee Technology Learning Center (GTLC) has extended the teaching, research, and service reach of the TIM School by erasing geographic barriers and reshaping how education is conceived. To advance the School's travel and tourism mandate through innovation and research, the GTLC creates a virtual connection among faculty, students, colleagues, and resources located almost anywhere.
Designed to share TIM School resources with travel and tourism professionals within Hawaiʻi and across the Asia-Pacific region, the GTLC provides the technology infrastructure upon which an extensive series of professional programs, customized courses, colloquia, and degree programs have been developed.
Technology advancements, particularly the Internet, are redefining the business model. TIM School clearly recognizes that success is dependent on: knowing how to use the technologies of the travel and tourism industry, achieving a strategic understanding of technology's scope, and how this powerful force is restructuring the travel industry.
Three main program initiatives enable the GTLC to advance TIM School's mission through virtual collaboration and communication:
- Distributed learning: The GTLC supports TIM School's distance learning programs by making available synchronous and non-synchronous communication for online credit and non-credit courses. Travel industry professionals constrained by time or distance can pursue advanced education without relocating or interrupting their careers.
- Knowledge sharing: The GTLC supports TIM School's knowledge dissemination commitment by linking global problem-solvers with global thinkers. Virtual collaboration enables talents of resource people, regardless of their location, to be shared widely. TIM School faculty is recognized globally for research in sustainable tourism, technology and tourism, and cultural tourism research efforts. Through the GTLC, TIM School faculty can connect with academic and industry colleagues across the globe without the barriers of distance and cost.
- Professional programs: The GTLC supports TIM School's agenda to provide uniquely positioned professional programs by enabling speakers and participants to communicate and work together in a variety of forms. Course content is often customized to meet specific client needs. Material can be delivered face-to-face using web-based and using multimedia techniques. Enriched learning opportunities, available through the GTLC, provide participants with access to leading industry "thinkers" and enable them to gain valuable experience using the virtual collaboration tools of business.


Deuteronomy 23:1-8 lists some people that are forbidden to enter "the assembly of the LORD".
Deuteronomy 23:1-8 (NKJ)
Those Excluded from the Congregation
1 "He who is emasculated by crushing or mutilation shall not enter the assembly of the LORD. 2 "One of illegitimate birth shall not enter the assembly of the LORD; even to the tenth generation none of his descendants shall enter the assembly of the LORD. 3 "An Ammonite or Moabite shall not enter the assembly of the LORD; even to the tenth generation none of his descendants shall enter the assembly of the LORD forever, 4 because they did not meet you with bread and water on the road when you came out of Egypt, and because they hired against you Balaam the son of Beor from Pethor of Mesopotamia, to curse you. 5 Nevertheless the LORD your God would not listen to Balaam, but the LORD your God turned the curse into a blessing for you, because the LORD your God loves you. 6 You shall not seek their peace nor their prosperity all your days forever. 7 "You shall not abhor an Edomite, for he is your brother. You shall not abhor an Egyptian, because you were an alien in his land. 8 The children of the third generation born to them may enter the assembly of the LORD.
What does "the assembly of the LORD" mean or refer to?
According to the Sages of the Talmud, "entering into the assembly" means marriage.
Maimonides codifies this law of the four nations as follows:
Any gentile who converts to Judaism and accepts upon himself all the commandments of the Torah and slaves who are freed from slavery, attain the status of a Jew as the verse says: 'As for the congregation, there shall be one statute, both for you and for the stranger that sojourneth with you' (Numbers 15:15). And such a person is allowed to enter the congregation immediately except for an individual of the following nations: Amon, Moab, Egypt and Edom. When an individual from one of these nations converts to Judaism, he is a complete Jew in every respect except for the aspect of marriage into the congregation.
Hilchot Issurei Biah (Laws Pertaining to Forbidden Relationships) 12:17
A few years ago I wrote this short piece about the status of Amonites, Moabites, Egyptians and Edomites in Jewish law.
 - 1
 Interesting article. My naive assumption was that the assembly had something to do with public worship. – Jon Ericson Nov 4 '11 at 18:08
 - A.) I understand the Rabbinic requirements for conversion, for marriage, and their requirements for conversion, (including acceptance of the Oral Law). B.) However - conversion to Judaism - as a religion, (per Maimonides et al) - is not this context; these are national laws; C.) In Joshua 5:5, Israel is circumcised again - even though they were the "Assembly of God" - which challenges whether conversion is required or not. – elika kohen Apr 25 '17 at 19:31
 - So Boaz could marry a Moabitess and that was fine but a Moabite could not marry into Israel by marrying a Jew, yes? So that is why David was okay, correct? – Ruminator Oct 24 '17 at 2:11
 - It says to the tenth generation, Judah had Tamar's child, his daughter in law. Was that not illegitimate? For David was the tenth from Judah... – Nihil Sine Deo Jul 21 at 11:57
The verse Levinson cites:
3. Ibid
 - _USER_ I have added an explanation as to how I think the passage in Micah applies. – Revelation Lad Apr 26 '17 at 6:29
 - This is a great answer. +1. But maybe - "IN the assembly of the Lord" might indicate that these leaders were a part of the Assembly - and not the entire assembly. But - it is an awesome answer. – elika kohen Apr 27 '17 at 18:26
It is not only the sages that interpreted the verse as referring to "Marriage", as Amichai wrote, but we find it in the bible itself!
In Neh 13:1–3.
יג:א בַּיּ֣וֹם הַה֗וּא נִקְרָ֛א בְּסֵ֥פֶר מֹשֶׁ֖ה בְּאָזְנֵ֣י הָעָ֑ם וְנִמְצָא֙ כָּת֣וּב בּ֔וֹ אֲ֠שֶׁר לֹא־יָב֨וֹא עַמֹּנִ֧י וּמֹאָבִ֛י בִּקְהַ֥ל הָאֱלֹהִ֖ים עַד־עוֹלָֽם: יג:ב כִּ֣י לֹ֧א קִדְּמ֛וּ אֶת־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל בַּלֶּ֣חֶם וּבַמָּ֑יִם וַיִּשְׂכֹּ֨ר עָלָ֤יו אֶת־בִּלְעָם֙ לְקַֽלְל֔וֹ וַיַּהֲפֹ֧ךְ אֱלֹהֵ֛ינוּ הַקְּלָלָ֖ה לִבְרָכָֽה: יג:ג וַיְהִ֖י כְּשָׁמְעָ֣ם אֶת־הַתּוֹרָ֑ה וַיַּבְדִּ֥ילוּ כָל־עֵ֖רֶב מִיִּשְׂרָאֵֽל:
13:1 At that time they read to the people from the Book of Moses, and it was found written that no Ammonite or Moabite might ever enter the congregation of God, 13:2 since they did not meet Israel with bread and water, and hired Balaam against them to curse them; but our God turned the curse into a blessing. 13:3 When they heard the Teaching, they separated all the alien admixture from Israel".
This is a very clear interpretation of the verses in Deut 23. This is surely not an invention of Nehemia, for the text clearly states that they found this ban in the Torah itelf! This leaves no room for doubt. There are some other indications in the bible that this is how it is to be interpreted, but the passage in Neh. will suffice.
The IVP Bible Background Commentary though has a totally different interpretation
[assembly of the Lord/Israel] is a technical term for all those adult males who are enfranchised to make decisions, participate in *cultic activities and serve in the military of Israel (Mic 2:5). Because they were a chosen people, who were required to maintain their *ritual purity as part of the *covenant (Ex 19:6), the unclean and the stranger were excluded from the activities of the assembly.
If one insists that the simple meaning of the verse is not intermarriage but to bar them from getting full citizenship, then we can say that intermarriage was included in this ban as evident in Neh. Being that the purpose of this ban is to ostracize them and make them inferior to the Israelites so that they shouldn't have equal status with that of an Israelite, we can assume that this had some implications regarding marriage as well. For more on this see JPS Torah Commentary, Deuteronomy by Jefferey Tigay P. 210. and this.
 - Good because of the contextual link to Nehemiah 13:3. A.) However, this answer incorrectly asserts that validity of translating "ב


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Profit Chart (Analysis Services - Data Mining)
You can view two types of charts in the Lift Chart tab of the Mining Accuracy Chart tab of Data Mining Designer: a lift chart and a profit chart. After you have configured the model and the data source to use, you can select the type of chart you want. After you select Profit Chart from the list, the Profit Chart Setting dialog box automatically opens. If you set the parameters that define a profit chart, the chart that is displayed in Mining Accuracy Chart tab automatically changes to a profit chart.
A profit chart displays the estimated profit increase that is associated with using a mining model. For example, if your model predicts which customers a company should contact in a business scenario, the profit chart incorporates information about the cost of conducting the targeted mailing campaign to contact x number of customers, and calculates the estimated profit. A typical profit chart shows an increase in profits up to a point, after which profits decrease as more of the population is contacted.
For example, in the Basic Data Mining Tutorial, you create a decision tree model, TM_Decision Tree, that predicts which AdventureWorks prospective customers are more likely to buy a bike. To generate a profit chart that represents the costs and benefits of sending a mailing to just those customers, you follow the general steps used to build a lift chart, and then configure the settings that are unique to profit charts. When you finish setting the chart parameters, the chart is automatically changed to a profit chart. The following diagram is based on these assumptions:
Which model should you use?
What value should be predicted?
[Bike Buyer] =1, meaning customers who are likely to buy a bike
What data set should be used to assess accuracy?
To assess accuracy and potential profit, you will use the test set that was saved when the mining structure was created.
When you actually create the mailing, you will use a different data set/
What is the total target population?
Out of all customers in the database, you will send targeted mailings to only 20,000.
What is the one-time cost of setting up a targeted mailing campaign for 20,000 people?
What is the per-unit cost for the targeted mailing campaign?
This amount will be multiplied by a number less than or equal to 20,000, depending on how many customers the model predicts are good candidates.
What profit or income can be expected from a successful result?
This amount will be used to project the total profit associated with high probability cases.
The Y-axis of the chart represents the profit, while the X-axis represents the percentage of the population that the company contacted.
The profit chart contains a gray vertical line that marks a percentage of the target population. You can move the line by clicking a location in the chart. Each time you move the line, the Mining Legend is updated to display the percentage value, a profit score, and the predict probability that is associated with the population percentage at the vertical gray line. If you move the gray line to the point in the chart where profits are the highest, you can use the predict probability value to determine a strategy for contacting customers.
By experimenting with this graph, you might determine that the peak of the profit curve is at 55 percent of the population and the associated predict probability is 20 percent. These results indicate that to achieve maximum profits you should only contact those customers whose response is predicted with a 20 percent or greater chance.
To create a profit chart, you follow these basic steps:
On the Input Selection, choose a model or models.
Choose a predictable attribute.
Optionally, specify a value to predict.
Choose the data source to use for evaluation
Change to chart view by clicking Lift Chart.
On the Lift Chart tab, select the type of chart you want by clicking the Chart Type list.
Configure options specific to profit charts.
For a step-by-step explanation of how to create all chart types, see How to: Create an Accuracy Chart for a Mining Model. The Basic Data Mining tutorial also contains a walkthrough of how to create a lift chart. For more information, see Testing Accuracy with Lift Charts (Basic Data Mining Tutorial).
The following list describes the parameters that you can set in the Profit Chart Settings dialog box.


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A subtrope of Amusing Injuries in which a burst of flame, explosion, or just crashing into a wall or tree instantly burns the feathers or fur off of something and magically turns it into a perfectly-roasted chicken or turkey, complete with bone drumsticks, or any other choice cut of meat. Sometimes the roast also comes complete with plates and other silverware.
Most definitely this is not how things work in real life — proper cooking requires carefully-controlled times and temperatures.
Cousin Trope to Meat-O-Vision and, for heat applied to vegetables, see Popcorn on the Cob. Contrast with the harsh aversion, Oven Logic, where a character forgets the "carefully-controlled time and temperature" bit.
- In An American Tail: Fievel Goes West, Native American mice shoot fire crackers at a hawk, blowing it out of the sky, and a few seconds later some mice are shown carrying a fully-cooked and beheaded roasted hawk.
- In Mulan, Mushu breathes fire on Shang Yu's hawk, leaving it featherless. It even appears headless for a moment, as it had tucked it into its neck.
Now that's what I call Mongolian barbecue.
- In Ice Age 2: The Meltdown, a dodo that was crossing over an area laden with geyser pits gets turned into a roast chicken after one such geyser goes off under it.
- Played with in The Croods, an ostrich-like predatory bird is slammed into the ground by a snare, making a huge spread of feathers that obscures the screen. When they fade, the bird has been roasted and the Croods are ravenously (and literally) tearing through it.
- In Munchkin, the monster "Giant Angry Chicken" is worth one extra level if it is defeated by flame. Yummy fried chicken!
- In Drol, shooting a flying turkey turns it into a nice roast.
- In Devil World, Tamagon can breathe fire on the Faceless Eye to turn it into a tasty fried egg. (The Japanese term for fried egg literally means "cooked eyeball.")
- In Minecraft, anything that normally drops raw meatnote will instead drop cooked meat if they're burned to death.
- In the Light Gun game Cheyenne, shooting a Bison causes it to turn into a hamburger with the score for it below, before disappearing.
- "Pilgrim's Bounty", World of Warcraft's Thanksgiving event, has turkeys that can be hunted. When killed, they turn into a fully-dressed roast.
- One reward for completing the event is a non-combat pet that features the same turkey model. Under ordinary circumstances it's fine, but if it comes within a certain radius of a cooking fire it will leap upon it and instantly turn itself into a roast. Now that's efficiency!
- Really, any mob that uses the turkey model is capable of this trope. Turkey pet killed in a pet battle? Instant roast! Kill the turkeys in Howling Fjord for the achievement? Instant roast for each one! Get transformed into a turkey and get killed (or feign death) while in that form? You become an instant roast! Oh, and fire isn't required; any method of killing will do.
- In Psychonauts, killing various critters (birds, squirrels, etc.) with Pyrokinesis turns them into miniature roasts which restore health.
- Scribblenauts: Whenever livestock such as pigs, cows, and chicken go near fire, they turn into cooked meat.
- In at least one SNES Asterix platformer, punching a boar turned it into a roast, healing the player character when eaten.
- In Asterix for the Sega Master System, the last punch thrown by Asterix in the first Boss Battle transforms a wild boar into a roast which is presented to Obelix in the following cutscene.
- In Duke Nukem I, shooting the chicken item turns it into a perfect roast worth much more health. Shooting it again destroys it.
- The sequel has live turkeys that run around by themselves. You can roast them as before, but only if you can hit them before they reach you.
- In Toki, shooting down the flying turkey Bungataras roasts it into a nice bonus food item.
- In The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild, killing a wild animal with a fire-based attack (e.g. Fire Arrows or the Fire Rod) will replace the raw meat normally dropped with a cooked version.
- In Puyo Puyo Tsu, this happens to Suketoudara when you defeat him, as he becomes a Japanese-styled seafood dinner in his defeat portrait.
- Homestar Runner: One of the segments from "Summer Short Shorts", a Powered by the Cheat cartoon taking place in "The Millionzoic Era", has The Cheat as a dinosaur drinking lava from a volcano and breathing fire onto caveman versions of Homestar, Marzipan and Strong Bad. Homestar and Marzipan turn into a chicken leg and a steak respectively, while Strong Bad is briefly left with an Ash Face. Then Strong Bad says "Ooh, me too! I am not exempt," and turns into a lobster tail.
- One Cool McCool villain is the Owl, a human in an owl costume with two real owls, one on each shoulder. In the episode titled "How Now Foul Owl," the villain accidentally gets blasted by his own henchman, and the two owls are both transformed into roasts resembling a couple of cooked chickens, still on their master's shoulders. (They get better.)
- Done in Timon & Pumbaa with vicious guinea fowl, first by a fiery discharge from Timon's rocket booster which fried several birds, then by setting the rocket-propelled car to explode, finishing off the lot of them. Timon even takes a bite out of a guinea fowl drumstick at one point.
- In Tiny Toon Adventures, an American bald eagle incinerated by some fireworks bears a striking resemblance to a Thanksgiving turkey.
- Done in the Woody Woodpecker short "The Hollywood Matador," by Woody simply running headfirst into a charging bull.
- In the Tex Avery short "One Cab's Family", a speeding car hits a pig and a chicken, which land back as a plate of ham and eggs.
- In the Mickey Mouse (2013) short "The Adorable Couple", Donald and Daisy become roast ducks when the sun shines too brightly.
- In "Duck the Halls", Mickey and the gang crash Santa's sleigh and believe that Donald has gotten roasted in the crash. Donald turns out to be alive, and the roast was actually another duck sunbathing in the raw.
- In the SpongeBob SquarePants episode "The Fry Cook Games," Patrick's pole-vaulting stunt ends with him landing on a handle of a giant deep fryer, flinging the hot oil into the spectators and turning them into fish sticks.
- On The Ren & Stimpy Show episode "Circus Midgets", the duo turn into roast chickens after jumping through a flaming hoop.
- Rocko's Modern Life: In "Dear John", there's a gag at the home show scene where a chicken who spent too long in a hot tub finds their body has turned into a roast.
- Looney Tunes: In the short What Price Porky, a duck gets blasted by a bombshell and becomes a roasted duck on a spit.


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Article: The palaeontology of the Namurian rocks of Slieve Anierin, Co. Leitrim, Eire
On Slieve Anierin the Lower and Upper Eumorphoceras Stages of the Namurian contain an un-broken sequence of faunas; these are described in detail for the first time in Ireland. The simple geological structure enables marine bands to be collected in their undoubted order of superposition, in contrast to some equivocal sections elsewhere in Britain. Shale is the dominant rock type throughout the succession, but a thick grit, with coal seams, occurs in the lower part of E2.The faunas of the marine bands consist dominantly of goniatites and lamellibranchs, the most common gonia-tite genera being Eumorphoceras, Cravenoceras, and Cravenoceratoides, with Anthracoceras and Dimorphoceras abundant at certain levels. The goniatite species have relatively short time ranges and are unsurpassed for the recognition of zones and subzones. The lamellibranch species usually have longer time ranges, but are also shown to be valuable stratigraphically, supplementing the goniatites. The following new species and subspecies are described: Eumorphoceras rostratum; E. bisulcatum erinense, ferrimontanum, and leitrimense; Posidbnia cor-rugata elongata and gigantea; Caneyella membranacea horizontalis; Obliquipecten costatus; Posidoniella variabilis erecta; and Chaenocardiola bisati.Detailed stratigraphical correlations are made with beds of the same age in Ireland, the Pennine region in England, north-west Europe (notably Germany and Belgium), and North America. Some important revisions in correlation are suggested, and the remarkable extent of Namurian goniatite-lamellibranch faunas is demonstrated.


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The Long Revolution
Raymond Williams was one of the world's leading cultural critics. With this book, Williams brilliantly documents the exciting birth of the popular... Show synopsis Raymond Williams was one of the world's leading cultural critics. With this book, Williams brilliantly documents the exciting birth of the popular press, and explores the growth of the reading public in English-speaking culture in Western Society. The 'Long Revolution' of the title is the third revolution of culture after the democratic revolution and the industrial revolution. Almost uniquely, William's work bridged the divides between aesthetic and socio-economic inquiry, between Marxist thought and mainstream liberal thought, and between the modern and post-modern world. Continuing the theme he began so successfully in Culture and Society, Williams examines the gradual change, which took over our political, economic, and cultural life. He placed special emphasis on the 'creative mind' in relation to social and cultural thinking. After discussing the theory of culture he turns to a fascinating historical study of such institutions as education and the press, traces the development of a common language, and reveals the links between ideas, literary forms, and social history.


Creating a Credits Screen for Endgame
I am creating a short gamer and I would like to add a credits screen to the 2DPlatformer template. What is the easiest way to create a message at the end of the game that tells the user who the game is made by?
Create a UMG widget with the design you want and when the game ends just spawn and add it to the viewport.
What I do is create a UMG widget like Havoc said, and then add a vertical box with text inside. Add an animation of them moving, and boom! :smiley:
Here's a more fancy way of doing it. (Warning this is for more advanced users)
Create the widget, then create two other widgets: "CreditName" and "CreditInfo".
The two new widgets hold a textbox with a function called "init", which allows you to change the text by grabbing a public variable.
So in your main widget, add a vertical box, and add a "CreditName" and "CreditInfo" widget in there, for every name and job they did. For each miniwidget, set the public variable you made earlier as the job or name or whatever.
Josh Steinhauer
And then make an animation that moves it from the bottom from the top.
On the begin play event, play the animation, and then get the duration of the animation and delay for that length. After that, remove itself.
Good luck!!
I have to do the animation of each miniwiget separately


Large Mode Area (LMA) fiber
Due to the very small core area in optical fibers, as the power contained is increased the power density can become high enough to induce non-linear effects and/or fiber damage. In order to reduce power density the mode area of some fibers is designed to be larger, while maintaining single-mode performance, by reducing the NA and increasing the core diameter. This means that higher powers can be handled before non-linear effects occur.
Related Products: Multimode Pump Fiber
Related Terms: Core, Cross section, Large Mode Area (LMA) fiber, Multimode, Nonlinear Effects, Nonlinear Index, Nonlinear Parameter, Numerical Aperture (NA), Power Density, Single-Mode


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S-Space College of Medicine/School of Medicine (의과대학/대학원) Orthopedic Surgery (정형외과학전공) Journal Papers (저널논문_정형외과학전공)
Effects of Age and Body Mass Index on the Results of Transtrochanteric Rotational Osteotomy for Femoral Head Osteonecrosis
- Ha, Yong-Chan; Kim, Hee Joong; Kim, Shin-Yoon; Kim, Ki-Choul; Koo, Kyung-Hoi; Lee, Young-Kyun
- Issue Date
- JOURNAL BONE JOINT SURGERY INC
- JOURNAL OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERY-AMERICAN VOLUME; Vol.92A (2); 314-321
- Background: Advanced-stage osteonecrosis and a large area of necrotic bone are known risk factors for failure of transtrochanteric rotational osteotomy of the hip in patients with osteonecrosis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are other risk factors for failure of this osteotomy. Methods: One hundred and five patients (113 hips) underwent an anterior transtrochanteric rotational osteotomy for the treatment of femoral head osteonecrosis and were followed for a mean of 51.3 months postoperatively. Radiographic failure was defined as secondary collapse or osteoarthritic change. Multivariate analysis was performed to assess factors associated with secondary collapse and osteophyte formation. The Kaplan-Meier product-limit method was used to estimate survival. Results: Secondary collapse occurred in twenty-seven hips (24%), and fourteen hips (12%) were converted to a total hip arthroplasty. At the time of the most recent follow-up, the hip scores according to the system of Merle d'Aubigne et al. ranged from 6 to 18 points (mean, 15.8 points). Multivariate analysis showed that the stage of the necrosis (III or greater) (hazard ratio = 3.28; 95% confidence interval = 1.49 to 7.24), age of the patient (forty years or older) (hazard ratio = 1.08; 95% confidence interval = 1.02 to 1.14), body mass index ( >= 24 kg/m(2)) (hazard ratio = 1.19; 95% confidence interval = 1.03 to 1.38), and extent of the necrosis (a combined necrotic angle of >= 230 degrees) (hazard ratio = 1.08; 95% confidence interval = 1.04 to 1.11) were associated with secondary collapse. Seven of the eighty-six hips without collapse showed progression to osteoarthritis. The survival rate at 110 months was 63.4% (95% confidence interval 51.1% to 75.7%) with total hip arthroplasty or radiographic failure as the end point and 56.0% (95% confidence interval 44.6% to 67.4%) with total hip arthroplasty, radiographic failure, or loss to follow-up as the end point. Conclusions: Our study showed that age, body mass index, and the stage and extent of the osteonecrosis were determining factors for secondary collapse, unsatisfactory clinical results, and conversion to total hip arthroplasty. These factors should be considered when selecting patients for a transtrochanteric rotational osteotomy. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level II. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.


adsorbed CO peaks, making the determination of adsorbed CO difficult. In this study, CCl4-flushing was used as a novel diagnosing tool to pin down the low-coverage CO derived from decarbonylation of organics. This diagnosing tool was designed based on our in situ reflection–absorption infrared spectroscopy results reported here that there is a marked solvent effect (water > ethanol > methanol > cyclohexane > benzene ∼ carbon tetrachloride) on CO oxidation at the liquid–solid interface. Possible reasons for that solvent effect were discussed.Solvent effect (water > ethanol > methanol > cyclohexane > benzene ∼ carbon tetrachloride) on CO oxidation at the liquid–solid interface was identified by FT-IR. This solvent effect was then employed to design a novel diagnosing tool to pin down the low-coverage CO derived from decarbonylation of organics.
Keywords: Liquid–solid interface; Reflection–absorption infrared spectroscopy; CO oxidation; Solvent effect; α-Ketoester; Decarbonylation;
Regular square, wirelike, quadrate, and rodlike nanocrystal arrays of Cd2+, Hg2+, or Ag+ metal-cation-mediated sandwich-type mixed (phthalocyaninato) [5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-pyridyl)poprhyrinato] cerium(III) double-decker complex Ce(Pc)(TPyP) have been successfully prepared at the water–chloroform interface. The nanocrystal growth processes were monitored by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which reveals that different morphologies of nanocrystals have been fabricated from double-decker molecules connected by different kinds of metal cations, forming coordination polymers. These nanoscaled coordination polymers were characterized by FT-IR spectra and energy-dispersive X-ray spectra (EDS). EDS results clearly revealed the elements of the nanocrystals and the FT-IR spectra give evidence for the coordination interaction between the double-decker molecules and metal cations. The UV–vis absorption spectrum indicates the formation of J-aggregates of the double-decker molecules in the nanocrystals formed.Different morphologies of nanocrystals have been fabricated from double-decker molecules connected by different kinds of metal cations as connectors, forming coordination polymers.
Keywords: Phthalocyanine; Porphyrin; Cerium; Sandwich complex; Transmission electron microscopy; Nanocrystal;
Macroscopic mesoporous silica spheres have been fabricated by alternatively depositing preformed MCM-41 nanoparticles and polyelectrolytes onto polystyrene lattices. High surface area hollow mesoporous spheres were obtained by removal of the core by solvent or calcination. Further, the versatility of the layer-by-layer (LBL) method was extended to fabricate magnetite-mesoporous silica composites by depositing magnetite and MCM-41 nanoparticles onto polystyrene beads. Such high surface area composites are important since the mesopores can be used for encapsulation of varied materials like enzymes and drugs while the presence of magnetite ensures application in biocatalysis and separation under magnetic field.Mesoporous silica–magnetite hollow shells have been fabricated by depositing MCM-41 nanoparticles (100 nm) and magnetite nanoparticles (10 nm) along with polyelectrolytes onto polystyrene beads using the facile layer-by-layer method.
Keywords: Mesoporous; Layer-by-layer; Magnetite; MCM-41; Polyelectrolytes; Capsules;
An accurate description of the mechanics of pore level displacement of immiscible fluids could significantly improve the predictions from pore network models of capillary pressure–saturation curves, interfacial areas and relative permeability in real porous media. If we assume quasi-static displacement, at constant pressure and surface tension, pore scale interfaces are modeled as constant mean curvature surfaces, which are not easy to calculate. Moreover, the extremely irregular geometry of natural porous media makes it difficult to evaluate surface curvature values and corresponding geometric configurations of two fluids. Finally, accounting for the topological changes of the interface, such as splitting or merging, is nontrivial. We apply the level set method for tracking and propagating interfaces in order to robustly handle topological changes and to obtain geometrically correct interfaces. We describe a simple but robust model for determining critical curvatures for throat drainage and pore imbibition. The model is set up for quasi-static displacements but it nevertheless captures both reversible and irreversible behavior (Haines jump, pore body imbibition). The pore scale grain boundary conditions are extracted from model porous media and from imaged geometries in real rocks. The method gives quantitative agreement with measurements and with other theories and computational approaches.The progressive quasi-static algorithm identifies critical curvatures in throat drainage and pore imbibition. The method is robust with respect to porous sample geometry and automatically handles the merger and splitting of multiple menisci.
Keywords: Level set method; Immiscible fluid displacement; Porous media; Drainage; Imbibition;
Influence of 4-cyano-4′-biphenylcarboxylic acid on the orientational ordering of cyanobiphenyl liquid crystals at chemically functionalized surfaces by Joon-Seo Park; Chang-Hyun Jang; Matthew L. Tingey; Aaron M. Lowe; Nicholas L. Abbott (459-473).
We report two methods that involve tailoring of the chemical composition of the nematic liquid crystal 4-cyano-4′-pentylbiphenyl to achieve control over the orientational ordering of the liquid crystal on chemically functionalized surfaces. The first method involves the direct addition of 4-cyano-4′-biphenylcarboxylic acid to 4-cyano-4′-pentylbiphenyl. The second method involves exposure of 4-cyano-4′-pentylbiphenyl to ultraviolet light and photochemical generation of a range of products, including 4-cyano-4′-biphenylcarboxylic acid. The addition of the acid or exposure to ultraviolet light accelerated the rate at which the liquid crystal exhibited an orientational transition from planar to perpendicular (homeotropic) alignment on surfaces presenting ammonium groups. The appearance of the homeotropic orientation of the UV-treated 4-cyano-4′-pentylbiphenyl on ammonium-terminated surfaces was dependent on the thickness of the film of liquid crystal (13–50 μm), consistent with a dipolar coupling between the liquid crystal and the electric field associated with an electrical double layer generated at the ammonium surface. Although the addition of 4-cyano-4′-biphenylcarboxylic acid or UV treatment of the liquid crystal also promoted homeotropic orientations on surfaces presenting hydroxyl groups, the orientations of the UV-treated liquid crystal on the hydroxyl-terminated surface did not change with thickness of the film of liquid crystal in the manner observed on the ammonium-terminated surfaces. The latter result indicates that the mechanism leading to homeotropic anchoring on hydroxyl-terminated surfaces is distinct from that on ammonium-terminated surfaces. Measurements performed using polarization modulation infrared reflection–absorption spectroscopy suggest that hydrogen bonding between the 4-cyano-4′-biphenylcarboxylic acid and the hydroxyl-terminated surface is responsible for the homeotropic anchoring on the surface. Finally, the orientation of the liquid crystal on methyl-terminated surfaces was not influenced by the addition of 4-cyano-4′-biphenylcarboxylic acid nor UV treatment. These results illustrate how the chemical composition of liquid crystals can be manipulated to achieve control over their ordering on surfaces that possess chemical functionality relevant to the development of liquid crystal-based sensors and diagnostic tools. We illustrate the utility of this approach by using the tailored liquid crystal to amplify and optically transduce the presence of proteins arrayed on ammonium-terminated surfaces.We introduce two methods that permit manipulation of the anchoring of the nematic liquid crystal 4-cyano-4′-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) on various chemically functionalized organic surfaces.
Keywords: Liquid crystal; Chemically functionalized surface; Electrical double layers; Hydrogen bonding; Orientational ordering; Anchoring; Acid dopant; UV treatment;
The cationic surfactants RCONH(CH2)3N+(CH3)3Cl, where RCO = C10, C12, C14, and C16, respectively, have been synthesized by reacting the appropriate carboxylic acids with 3- N, N -dimethylamino-1-propylamine, followed by dehydration of the ammonium salt produced. Reaction of the intermediates obtained (RCONH(CH2)3N(CH3)2) with methyl iodide, followed by chloride/iodide ion-exchange furnished the surfactants. Their adsorption and aggregation in aqueous solutions have been studied by surface tension, conductivity, EMF, static light scattering and FTIR. Additional information on the micellar structure was secured from effects of the medium on the 1H NMR chemical shifts and 2D ROESY spectra. Increasing the length of the acyl moiety increased the micelle aggregation number, and decreased the minimum area/surfactant molecule at the solution/air interface, the critical micelle concentration


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If two links refer to different targets ("x" differs from "x") but share the same link text, distinguish the links by specifying a different value for the "title" attribute of each a element. Currently both links have the same title
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The page published: 2018-11-20