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Audio Amnesty accuses Sri Lanka of crackdown on dissent
Simon Santow
The human rights organisation, Amnesty International, is accusing Sri Lanka of engaging in a systematic crackdown on dissent in the island nation. Amnesty says the government there is repressing many of its citizens and accusing its critics of treachery. There are calls for countries like Australia to consider boycotting this November's meeting of Commonwealth leaders scheduled for Sri Lanka.
TIM PALMER: Fresh allegations have emerged that Sri Lanka's Government is still repressing its internal critics.
Human rights group Amnesty International says the government in Colombo has used violence in a crackdown on dissent throughout the island nation.
Amnesty wants countries like Australia to consider boycotting the next meeting of the Commonwealth Heads of Government, scheduled for Sri Lanka in November.
Simon Santow is speaking here to Ming Yu, Amnesty International Australia's campaign coordinator.
MING YU: Amnesty International has been documenting a range of cases and in our latest report, we showed that there's actually systematic violations are occurring by the current Sri Lankan government and it's silencing any of its vocal critics.
So we see anyone, from judges, lawyers, business people, politicians, journalists, anyone who is challenging the authority of the current Sri Lankan government is being repressed.
SIMON SANTOW: When you say repressed, is there actual violence involved, or is it more intimidation of a different nature?
MING YU: Amnesty International has documented systematic abuses such as killings, assaults, jailing, and abductions, and also a range of intimidation approaches by the security forces or government officials.
So for example, we have hundreds or parents who were seeking assistance to locate their missing children, who went missing in the last stage of the civil conflict. However, intelligence officers were photographing and threatening these parents to prevent any criticism of government actions.
We also looked at journalists. So we have at least 15 journalists who have been killed since 2006, and many of those are directly linked to a particular report or article that they published, and we've got dozens more journalists who've fled the country.
SIMON SANTOW: What sort of language does the government use when it is trying to intimidate people like journalists?
MING YU: Well, what Amnesty International has observed and documented is that the government seems to be taking an official attitude of equating dissent or criticism, equating that with treason, and they're using that kind of language in the media, in its speeches. And so that means that anyone who is challenging the government's authority is cast as a traitor to the state.
SIMON SANTOW: When an organisation such as Amnesty raises these concerns, what is the response from Sri Lankan authorities?
MING YU: Amnesty International has continued to dialogue with the Sri Lankan government as much as possible, as well as other governments that are engaging with Sri Lanka.
However, the Sri Lankan government - not only to Amnesty International's request, but to the broader international community - the Sri Lankan government has made many empty promises.
So for example, it has set up commissions of inquiry; it has established national action plans and made promises to reforms laws so that they are in line with international human rights standards. However, if you look a little more closely, you can see that the government largely ignores many of the recommendations from their own commissions.
They don't implement most of the action plans that were established. The promises they've made about law reform - the necessary changes haven't been made. And also they promised that those that have been arbitrarily detained, in fact, there's still hundreds of people that remain in detention without a fair trial.
TIM PALMER: Amnesty International Australia's Ming Yu speaking to Simon Santow.


Hoverboard Electric Scooter Buying Guide
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Surely you have seen some famous on social networks showing off on their hoverboard, or maybe you have seen some young people in your neighborhood walking around in these gadgets. Now you have become envious and also somewhat curious, and you are thinking that you could buy one but you don't really know where to start. In that case, good news! You have come to the right place!
What is a hoverboard?
A hoverboard is a self-balancing electric scooter made up of 2 parallel wheels and a platform where the feet rest. If you have ever seen a Segway, the hoverboard is very similar, although without handlebars and also smaller and less expensive.
Why is it called a hoverboard?
The hoverboard is technically a levitating platform (a skateboard without wheels) that can be used as a means of personal transportation. The term was invented for the film Back to the Future II, in which protagonist Marty McFly travels to the future and discovers that teenagers ride on boards without wheels that levitate.
Although self-balancing scooters don't actually float, this term has been commonly adopted as a more colloquial way of referring to these vehicles.
How does a hoverboard type electric scooter work?
These self-balancing scooters have five basic components:
 - The platform itself, where we will rest our feet.
 - A gyroscope to determine if the machine is tilted or balanced.
 - Motors that keep the board balanced and allow it to be moved forward or backward.
 - A microprocessor to start the motors based on the signals captured by the gyroscope.
 - A large battery to power the device.
The most important feature of these machines is to always remain in an upright position. To do this, the microprocessor, thanks to the gyroscope, monitors the direction in which the driver is leaning and activates the motors to keep the rider balanced.
Every hoverboard is different. Each one uses a battery, a set of microchips, motors, and even different boards, which determines the quality of the device and its price.
Everything you need to know before buying a hoverboard
Here are all the points that you will have to assess before buying your new hoverboard type scooter.
Safety first
The first hoverboards to be marketed were of very good quality, but they were also very expensive. Because of this, the Chinese manufacturing industry quickly came onto the scene with a series of cheap and unsafe knockoffs that were almost completely identical to the originals.
However, it was not long before the media reported people falling off faulty scooters and exploding batteries. For this reason, it is very important that you make sure that the hoverboard you buy has the appropriate safety certification. It must be UL certified and have a protection system that prevents overloads, overheating, and short circuits.
Hoverboard batteries
The battery is the main component that we must take into account if we talk about safety on the scooter. Most modern electronic components use lithium polymer (lipo) batteries, which are currently the best for consumer products. They are the ones that carry telephones, laptops, and other common rechargeable devices.
The downside to other less powerful battery types is that they are also more unstable. It is not that rare for a lipo battery to catch fire or explode, especially if it has not been manufactured with the precision and experience of a serious and recognized manufacturer such as Samsung, LG, or Panasonic.
On the other hand, and even in the case of good batteries, it is a good habit that you recharge your hoverboard in a place where a possible fire is the least harmful possible, away from wood and fabrics for example.
Wheel size and type
Most hoverboards have 6.5-inch wheels (approximately 16.5 cm in diameter), which makes the deck that your feet rest on to slide quite close to the ground. These types of electric scooters are perfect for totally smooth terrain, on the other hand, on terrain that does not meet these characteristics, scratches, and scratches will be added to the bottom.
In order not to have this problem on other types of terrain, we should look for a hoverboard with wheels between 8 and 10 inches (between 20 and 25 cm in diameter). On the other hand, if we are going to use the device indoors, wheels that are too big can be a problem. You will therefore have to consider the terrain in which you plan to travel.
As for the type of wheels, in general, they are usually solid but some hoverboards have pneumatic wheels. Solid wheels obviously cannot be punctured but, in return, provide less shock absorption and worse grip on uneven surfaces than pneumatic ones.
Maximum speed
In general, a hoverboard can reach speeds of about 10 km / h, although some models can exceed 20 km / h. If the vehicle is for a child, it is best to look for something slower. 10 km / h may seem like little, but when you are moving at that speed a few inches from the ground it feels quite fast.
Hoverboard autonomy
The most common in these devices is a range with a single charge is about 15 km. Keep in mind that the more you weigh and the faster you move, the less distance you can travel.
If your intention is to take a daily trip, you have to make sure that the distance capable of traveling on the hoverboard is greater. In general, it takes about 2 or 3 hours to recharge one of these vehicles so you will also have to take this into account when traveling.
Maximum weight supported
The weight that a hoverboard can support depends mainly on the platform and the strength of the motor. Most of them will hold up to 100 kg in weight, which may be low for some adult men, but there are also those who can support up to 150 kg.
The price of the hoverboard
The top of the line hoverboards are currently at prices around € 500 and those that are beginning to be interesting are more or less from € 200. Pay special attention if you are considering purchasing one of these gadgets for a much cheaper price than that. You may have found a good deal, but you'll have to make sure.
In this guide to buying a hoverboard, if you need more we will talk about everything you need to know.
Write down in our comment area.
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Intrinsic properties are properties of an object that could exist in the object even if it were the only thing in the universe.
Mass, for example, is an intrinsic property. An object's mass does not change based on what is sitting next to it, or who is looking at it. Other intrinsic properties may include, depending on your exact definitions, things like complexity, roundness (an intrinsic property of circles), evil (the devil) and goodness (God), and existence (me). In some cases, it may also include things like 'value', for example, a human life may be said to have intrinsic value, apart from whatever extrinsic value it may also produce.
Weight, on the other hand, is an extrinsic property -- weight needs gravity, and does depend on what is sitting next to it (e.g. the moon or the Earth or the sun).
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Your proposal will be peer reviewed by independent experts from the UK and overseas. More information on peer review at the MRC.
Reviews are based around three core criteria: importance, scientific potential and resources requested. Before applying for a partnership grant, consider each of the specific criteria below to ensure that your application fully addresses each of these areas. Failure to address any of the criteria sufficiently in your application could result in an early stage rejection.
- What is the strategic importance of the subject area on a national and international level?
- How will the partnership provide distinct and important contribution to the current research landscape?
- How original is the proposal? Are there similar partnerships in the UK or elsewhere?
- What impact will this partnership grant funding have on current or future research?
Scientific potential – partnership plans:
- What is the potential of this approach to advance the scientific area?
How appropriate are the network activities?
- Are there clear plans for sustaining the partnership activities beyond the funded period of the grant?
- Is the methodology robust and experimental design clear for any small scale/proof of principle work?
Scientific potential – participants in the partnership and existing funding:
- How feasible are the plans? Does the team of investigators have the track record to show that they will be able to deliver the proposed work within the planned duration?
Scientific potential – environment:
- How have the host research organisations (ROs) demonstrated commitment to supporting the proposed partnership? For example, by reducing or waiving co-investigator salary, associated estates costs and other in-kind contributions
- Does the partnership provide opportunities for the training and career development of personnel working in the partnership?
- If the proposal involves a request for studentships:
- will the studentships provide a unique training experience which could not be supported by existing MRC studentship support for example doctoral training grant funding?
- will the management strategy ensure high standards of supervision, mentoring and support for students?
- do all studentships requested meet MRC's research training objectives and expectations? See research council statement of expectations for doctoral training.
Scientific potential – management:
- Comment on the effectiveness of the proposed planning and management. Are they proportionate to the scale and complexity of the activity to be undertaken?
- If the proposal is for shared equipment or expertise, have the applicants described where this will be sited and how it will be supported by the host ROs? Does the management strategy ensure equitable access to any equipment or staff that will be shared between collaborators?
- Are there any ethical or research governance issues?
- Does the data management plan indicate whether the applicants have (or are likely to have) a sound plan for managing the research data funded through the award, and making it more broadly available in line with MRC's data sharing policy (PDF, 108KB)?
- Are the resources requested well justified and sufficient?
- Does the partnership represent value for money?

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
DLTK's Crafts for Kids
Paper Plate Raccoon Craft
This adorable raccoon craft uses a printable template and a
paper plate to make a project suitable for a forest animals, mammals, or
letter R theme or just for fun.
If you cut out holes instead of using the template eyes, you
can convert your raccoon craft to a raccoon mask. Attach a paint stir stick or tongue depressor to allow your child to hold it up to their face.
- grey paint and paintbrush (or you can keep his face white if you
don't feel like painting).
- Paper plate,
- something to color with (or color printer),
- OPTIONAL: You can substitute large wiggly eyes for the template eyes.
- OPTIONAL: Black paint for the raccoon's mask.
- OPTIONAL FOR MASK: Paint Stir Stick, thin strip of wood or
- Paint the bottom of the paper plate gray (or you can leave it white if you prefer).
- Print out the template of choice.
- Colour (where appropriate) and cut out the template pieces. Most of the pieces are simple enough shapes for
young children to cut out, but if needed, an adult can help with
some of the harder pieces (the ears and the hair).
- Glue the pieces to the plate to make a raccoon face:
- Glue the raccoon's mask across the center of the paper plate (or
paint a black mask across the center of the paper plate).
- Glue the ears onto either side of the head.
- Glue the hair onto the center top of the head.
- Glue the eyes onto the mask
(or cut out holes for eyes in a mask).
- Glue the eyebrows above the eyes.
- Glue the nose under the eyes.
- Glue the mouth under the nose.
OPTIONAL: If making a mask, use masking tape or duct tape to
attach a thin strip of wood, a Tongue Depressor
or a Paint Stir Stick
(often free at paint supply and home repair stores -- no more than $1 --
we get dad to pick one up now and then when he's at home depot admiring
the tools *grin*)
Print friendly version of these instructions

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


התאחדות ברית הקהילות המשיחיות באוסטרליה
Directory of Australasian Alliance of Messianic Congregations
Find the closest Messianic Congregation to you in the map below. A simple click reveals the address details and additional information.
Legend: = Associated with Yeshivat Shuvu | = Independent
Who are we?
The AAMC (Australasian Alliance of Messianic Congregations) are Congregations (Kehillot) that practice Messianic Judaism in Australia and New Zealand. While some Kehillot are under the guidance of Rabbi Yitzhak Shapira (via Yeshivat Shuvu) and others are independent, we are one in the G-d of Israel, and as such represent a unified presence of Messianic Judaism in Australasia, in unity with multitudes of Kehillot around the world.
Each Kehillah is still autonomous and therefore we do not necessarily endorse everything that is said publicly or taught by the leaders and their congregants. However, we all desire to be Ichud Klal Yisrael (in unity with the whole of Israel, our Jewish brothers and sisters).
What is Messianic Judaism?
Messianic Judaism is an ancient religious movement from the time of the Apostolic Writings (also called the New Testament). We belief that Yeshua is the awaited Messiah of Israel, and just as the Apostles and followers of Yeshua followed Judaism and Jewish tradition, Messianic Judaism follows the same structure. Its current form re-emerged in the 1960s and 1970s.
Messianic Judaism believes that Yeshua is the Jewish Messiah, and that the Tanach being the Old Testament and Apostolic Writings are the authoritative Scriptures. Salvation in Messianic Judaism is achieved only through acceptance of the Messiah, Yeshua, as one's Saviour, and Jewish laws or customs, which are followed, do not contribute to salvation.
Belief in the messiahship of Yeshua, His power to save, and His divinity are the core of Messianic faith.
Many adherents of Messianic Judaism are ethnically Jewish and argue that the movement is a sect of Judaism, all while maintaining the need for lost Israel and gentiles to return to the covenant and be grafted into the natural tree.
What do we Believe?
HaShem is one, there is no other, He is the first and He is the last and nothing can compare to Him.
The S'hma is the cornerstone of our faith, and all 613 Mitzvot are included in these words.
Ahavat Yisrael (love for Israel) is our core foundation as we believe that Ahavat HaZulat (love for the other) and Saving a nefesh (soul) of Israel serves as the salvation of the entire House of Israel.
In the return of the B'nei Anusim (children of the forced ones) back to the land of Yisrael, to authentic messianic faith, as the integral part of the salvation of all of Israel.
The role of Messianic Jews in the world is to distribute the light, and becoming an Or L'Goy (light to the Nations) by introducing him (or her) to the covenants of Israel and the ultimate light which is the Messiah our righteousness, to see the "fullness of the Gentiles".
The MaShiach
Yeshua of Natzerth is the promised Jewish Messiah, Who was spoken of by Moshe and the Prophets of Israel.
The MaShiach represents a Yechida (entity) within Israel, and any attempt to separate Yeshua from his Jewish people Reflects an Anti-Semitic view.
The Covenants
The Torah is G-D's love letter to the Jewish people, which is a binding Ketuvah (marriage covenant), still today, until heaven and earth pass away.
The believers of the nations are invited to partake of the covenants of Yisrael, which is reflected in their lifestyle and commitment to HaShem, the Mashiach, and the Jewish world.
Starting with Avraham, an Oral Mascoret (teaching) was passed down to us through our Sages.
In the unique calling and role of the Messianic Jewish believers, and the calling of the Nations, to build the kingdom of G-D together.
The Geulah
In order to restore the MaShiach to Zion, we must rectify His Name through a return to authentic Messianic Jewish Faith.
That we can hasten or delay the MaShiach's return based upon our actions, mitzot, and walk with G-D.


Author: Edward K. Spann
Publication date: 2003
Rowman & Littlefield
Publishers description:
They burned bras, draft cards, and even the American flag. But what drove a group of young Americans to democratic revolution in the tumultuous years of the 1960s, and what made them think they could win? In this book, Edward K. Spann looks at the motivations and values of the young rebels of the 1960s. He links their fight for equality for African Americans, women, and other marginalized groups to the democratic values of their World War II-era parents. Spann provides a cultural portrait of who the rebels were, what they thought, what they did, and what became of them after they crossed that magical divide of age thirty. Democracy's Children will fascinate readers with its colorful depictions of the individuals, events, and drama of the 1960s.
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theta^T\mathbf{X}^T\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{y}^T\mathbf{X}\theta+\mathbf{y}^T\mathbf{y})}{\partial \theta} \\ =\frac{1}{2}\frac{\partial (\theta^T\mathbf{X}^T\mathbf{X}\theta-\theta^T\mathbf{X}^T\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{y}^T\mathbf{X}\theta+\mathbf{y}^T\mathbf{y})}{\partial \theta} \\ =\frac{1}{2} (\theta^T\mathbf{X}^T\mathbf{X}+\theta^T\mathbf{X}^T\mathbf{X}-\mathbf{y}^T\mathbf{X}-\mathbf{y}^T\mathbf{X} )\\ =\frac{1}{2}(\mathbf{X}^T\mathbf{X}\theta-2\mathbf{y}^T\mathbf{X}) \\ =\mathbf{X}^T\mathbf{X}\theta-\mathbf{X}^T\mathbf{y}=0
Normal Equation: θ=(XTX)1XTy\theta=(\mathbf{X}^T\mathbf{X})^{-1}\mathbf{X}^T\mathbf{y}
What do you mean by affine transformation? Discuss affine vs. linear transformation.
A function ff is linear if f(ax+by)=af(x)+bf(y)f(ax+by)=af(x)+bf(y) for all relevant values of aa, bb, xx and yy.
A function gg is affine if g(x)=f(x)+cg(x)=f(x)+c for some linear function aa and constant cc. Note that we allow c=0c=0, which implies that every linear function is an affine function.
 1. All linear transformations are affine transformations.
 2. Not all affine transformations are linear transformations.
 3. It can be shown that any affine transformation A:UVA:U \rightarrow V can be written as A(x)=Lx)+v0A(x)=Lx)+v_0, where v0v_0 is some vector from VV and L:UVL:U \rightarrow V is a linear transformation.
Discuss training error, test error, generalization error, overfitting, and underfitting.
overfitting: What happens when the gap between the training error and test error is too large
underfitting: What happens when the model is not able to obtain a sufficiently low error value on the training set
training error: When training a machine learning model, we have access to a training set, we can compute some error measure on the training set
generalization error/test error: The expected value of the error on a new input. Here the expectation is taken across different possible inputs, drawn from the distribution of inputs we expect the system to encounter in practice
Visual summary
Compare representational capacity vs. effective capacity of a model.
Representational capacity - the functions which the model can learn; The model specifies which family of functions the learning algorithm can choose from when varying the parameters in order to reduce a training objective.
Effective capacity - in practice, a learning algorithm is not likely to find the best function out of the possible functions it can learn, though it can learn one that performs exceptionally well - those functions that the learning algorithm is capable of finding defines the model's effective capacity.
These additional limitations, such as the imperfection of the optimization algorithm, mean that the learning algorithm's effective capacity may be less than the representational capacity of the model family
What is VC dimension?
The VC dimension measures the capacity of a binary classifier. The VC dimension is defined as being the largest possible value of mm for which there exists a training set of mm different xx points that the classifier can label arbitrarily.
What are nonparametric models? What is nonparametric learning?
Parametric models: learn a function described by a parameter vector whose size is finite and fixed before any data is observed (linear regression)
Non-parametric models: assume that the data distribution cannot be defined in terms of a finite set of parameters. But they can often be defined by assuming an infinite dimensional θ\theta. Usually we think of θ\theta as a function (nearest neighbor regression)
What is an ideal model? What is Bayes error? What is/are the source(s) of Bayes error occur?
The ideal model: is an oracle that simply knows the true probability distribution that generates the data.
 - Even such a model will still incur some error on many problems, because there may still be some noise in the distribution. In the case of supervised learning, the mapping from xx to yy may be inherently stochastic, or yy may be a deterministic function that involves other variables besides those included in xx.
Bayes error: the lowest possible prediction error that can be achieved and is the same as irreducible error. ; The error incurred by an oracle making predictions from the true distribution p(x,y)p(x, y).
Source(s) of Bayes error: noise in the distribution if the process is random
What is the "no free lunch" theorem in connection to Machine Learning?
The no free lunch theorem for machine learning (Wolpert, 1996) states that, averaged over all possible data generating distributions, every classification algorithm has the same error rate when classifying previously unobserved points. In other words, in some sense, no machine learning algorithm is universally any better than any other. The most sophisticated algorithm we can conceive of has the same average performance (over all possible tasks) as merely predicting that every point belongs to the same class.
Fortunately, these results hold only when we average over all possible data generating distributions. **If we make assumptions about the kinds of probability distributions we encounter in real-world applications, then we can design learning algorithms that perform well on these distributions.
This means that the goal of machine learning research is not to seek a universal learning algorithm or the absolute best learning algorithm. Instead, our goal is to understand what kinds of distributions are relevant to the "real world" that an AI agent experiences, and what kinds of machine learning algorithms perform well on data drawn from the kinds of data generating distributions we care about.
What is regularization? Intuitively, what does regularization do during the optimization procedure?
We regularize a model that learns a function f(x;θ)f(x;\theta) by adding a penalty called a regularizer to the cost function. Expressing preferences for one function over another implicitly and explicitly is a more general way of controlling a model's capacity than including or excluding members from the hypothesis space.
What is weight decay? What is it added?
Weight decay is an additional term that causes the weights to exponentially decay to zero.
To perform linear regression with weight decay, we minimize a sum comprising both the mean squared error on the training and a criterion J(w)J(w) that expresses a preference for the weights to have smaller squared L2L_2 norm. Specifically,
J(w)=MSEtrain+λwTwJ(w) = MSE_{train} + \lambda \mathbf{w}^T\mathbf{w}
Minimizing J(w)J(w) results in a choice of weights that make a tradeoff between fitting the training data and being small. This gives us solutions that have a smaller slope, or put weight on fewer of the features.
What is a hyperparameter? How do you choose which settings are going to be hyperparameters and which are going to be learned?
Hyperparameter: Most machine learning algorithms have several settings that we can use to control the behavior of the learning algorithm.
 - The values of hyperparameters are not adapted by the learning algorithm itself
Sometimes a setting is chosen to be a hyperparameter that the learning algorithm does not learn because it is difficult to optimize or it is not appropriate to learn that hyperparameter on the training set. This applies to all hyperparameters that control model capacity. If learned on the training set, such hyperparameters would always choose the maximum possible model capacity, resulting in overfitting.
Why is a validation set necessary?
Let's assume that you are training a model whose performance depends on a set of hyperparameters. In the case of a neural network, these parameters may be for instance the learning rate or the number of training iterations.
Given a choice of hyperparameter values, you use the training set to train the model. But, how do you set the values for the hyperparameters? That's what the validation set is for. You can use it to evaluate the performance of your model for different combinations of hyperparameter values (e.g. by means of a grid search process) and keep the best trained model.
But, how does your selected model compares to other different models? Is your neural network performing better than, let's say, a random forest trained with the same combination of training/test data? You cannot compare based on the validation set, because that validation set was part of the fitting of your model. You used it to select the hyperparameter values!
The test set allows you to compare different models in an unbiased way, by basing your comparisons in data that were not use in any part of your training/hyperparameter selection process.
What are the different types of cross-validation? When do you use which one?
 - kk-fold cross-validation randomly divides the data into k blocks of roughly equal size. Each of the blocks is left out in turn and the other k1k-


text:
Published by Alexander Hitchcock on 11 September 2015
- Our Work
- The Reformer Blog
26 September 2014
The Work Programme aims to increase the number of unemployed individuals finding long term work through the introduction of payment by results. This means that finding a way to evaluate performance is vital. Currently, the success of the individual service providers is based upon the number of participants who receive a job outcome per year as a proportion of the number of unemployed individuals referred to them. The provider is then compared to set minimum performance levels (MPLs). This method of assessing success is flawed for a number of reasons.
Firstly, the method used to evaluate the success of the providers is problematic, as outlined by Paul Lester CBE in his government commissioned review on MPLs. Providers' performance is calculated as the number of job outcomes per year as a proportion of new referrals that year, despite there being no obvious relationship between the two. For example, Candidate A receiving a job outcome at the start of the year will be included, despite perhaps being referred two years previously. Candidate B who has been referred at the end of the year will also be included, despite there being very little chance of him yet receiving a job outcome. The use of one year as a time frame to compare the two is arbitrary, and influxes of referrals and fluctuations in outcomes have the potential to seriously distort the figures. Assessing providers on a cohort basis would remove this fluctuation, and create a more intuitive and representative assessment of each provider.
Further, pre-determined MPLs do not respond to changes in the job market. For example, a boom in the market would lead to a higher success rate for the provider, but no increase in the static MPL. Incentive payments are given to the contractors for performances higher than the MPL and there have been concerns companies could then make potentially unreasonable profits. What is more likely is a lack of profit for the contractors – Deloitte's selling off of its contract last year was widely reported as a strategic exit for this reason. Payment by results was introduced by the government to ensure that contractors were providing a high quality service. However, when these financial incentives are so greatly reduced by hard to reach targets, the motivation to invest the best time and effort is removed.
This is exacerbated by the fact that MPLs are standardised across the country. Latest ONS statistics show unemployment in the North East as 9.4 percent, but at only 4.4 percent in the South East. When contractors are so clearly facing a harder task in different parts of the country, to assess and reward them based on the same target is unreasonable. Cumulative figures over the whole Work Programme show that in the North East, job outcomes have been found for 20.5 percent of referrals, in comparison to 22.7 percent in the South East. Regional differences are then reinforced, as the government pays the most money to the companies doing well, which are often in the easiest areas to succeed in, whilst the hardest parts of the country suffer from lack of funds and lack of incentive, leading to worsening outcomes.
It is hard to truly assess the success of the Work Programme when the methods used to do so are so flawed. If the government is committed to using payment by results in welfare as a way to achieve more for less, then the models used to assess the performance of their contracts must be reformed. The current model is not representative or effective, and the incentive structures lost by these errors have far-reaching consequences for those that need help the most.
Catherine Wyatt, intern at Reform


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Infants Disease Cure in Medical Astrology
Medical Astrology Treatment of Infant's Disease
Infants do not require anything other than mother's milk. Mother milk is the greatest source of immunity provider to the baby. But in the initial few months, babies start having problems such as baby reflux and baby cold etc. A common disorder found in the baby is the GI (Gastro-Intestinal) disorders. About 5 billion babies suffer from GI. Apart from GI, some other common problems seen in the newborn babies or infants are Birth Injuries, Abdominal distension, Blue baby, coughing, excessive crying, jaundice, respiratory distension.
Ayurveda is very effective for the treatment of baby disorders because the basis of medication is herbal and Ayurvedic medicines. It is effective and safe for the infants and the newborn baby. A child physical and mental health is a blessing to his home so parents should be aware of the child's mental and physical health. Child's immunity fluctuates according to the age group.
From Birth to 5 Years
A newborn baby does not have any immunity to live on this earth. Upto 1-2 years, breast milk gives sufficient immunity to the child. Mother should try to feed the baby as much as possible avoiding solid food to the baby. When dentition starts in the baby few cooked rice and mashed potatoes should be given. In Ayurveda, Brahmi is very effective for improving the digestion and the immunity power of the child.
5-12 Years Age
This is the period of brain development and memory is kept in the brain. It is necessary to increase the memory power of the brain. In addition to Bahmi, other herbal medications such as Arvindashavam, Sarswatharishtam is used for the development of a sound mental condition.
Ayurvedic treatment of Infant's disease is useful in the complete mental and physical development of the child. Ayurvedic and herbal medicines are safe and natural. These medicines work on the three main elements of the body such as vata, pita and kapha and remove any unnecessary complications in the baby or infants.
This consultation would be offered by Medical Astrologer: Prashant Kapoor


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I have no idea what a locus means so
The complex number u is given by u=(7+4i)/(3-2i). In the form x+yi, x=i, y=2
Sketch and argand diagram showing the point representing the complex number u. Show on the same diagram the locus of the complex number z such that [z-u]=2. Give a thorough description would be good.
Find the greatest value of argument. Urgent.


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Astronomy - Why Marathons' Skies Are So Special!
Marathon is a Scale 1 on the Bortle Light Pollution Scale. What does that mean? It's dark! As a matter of fact, as dark as it gets without going to space!
Bortle Scale 1 properties:
Title:Excellent dark-sky site
Naked-eye limiting magnitude:7.6 - 8.0
Stellar limiting magnitude (with 12.5" reflector):17.5
- the Zodiacal light (sunlight reflecting off space dust and comet debris after sunset) is visible
- the gegenschein is visible
- the zodiacal band is visible
- M33 is a direct vision naked-eye object
- Scorpius and Sagittarius regions of the Milky Way cast obvious shadows on the ground
- airglow is readily visible
- Jupiter and Venus affect dark adaptation
- surroundings are basically invisible.
Southwest Texas Light Pollution Map:
NOAA Water Vapor (Updated every 30 minutes) - Courtesy of NOAA.GOV:
Marathon Clear Sky Chart:
Current Weather in Marathon, Texas


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The Bloon Balloon can be launched from anywhere in the world for a flight specially catered to the passengers. Four passengers plus two pilots can fit inside the craft, which is launched off a specially crafted inflatable dome set on the ground. When released the lighter-than-air helium balloon lifts the pod off the ground and into space where you cruise at 36 km for about two hours. To come down, the helium gas is vented into space and then the balloon separates while a parafoil is deployed to control descent back down to earth. Finally, eight inflatable feet are extended from the craft to create a cushion for landing.
Bloon will not use any propellants to achieve near-space travel and creates no emissions as a result. The system is virtually silent and requires no major infrastructure for launching – only a portable and inflatable structure that can be used anywhere in the world. With a scaled prototype test under their belts, the company hopes to perform their first human test flight in 2012 in a 'minibloon' craft. By 2015, the company expects to be carrying human passengers up to 36 km high. The company also hopes to make use of the flights for scientific research about climate and conditions in the upper stratosphere. Tickets to ride on a 3-hr Bloon tour are estimated to cost 110,000 euro (approx $US 160,000).


Monitoring public awareness about the northern bald ibis with pupils
Citizen science has evolved over the past decades by motivating members of the public to interact with scientists and actively participate in scientific research and monitoring. For this purpose, a proficient communication is mandatory in order to efficiently convey messages and reduce the gap of knowledge between scientists and lay people. In the present study, we aimed at evaluating the multiplying effect of children, who were trained to communicate their knowledge on an endangered bird species in order to engage the local community in the long-term ornithological monitoring of the free flying and individually marked colony of northern bald ibis (NBI, Geronticus eremita), which was established at the research station in 1997.
Pupils of the local primary schools were in regular contact with researchers, enjoyed outdoor encounters with the birds, and were invited to talk about their experience with as many people as possible. Later on, they acted as surveyors to assess the knowledge of the public on (i) the general knowledge about the species, (ii) specific knowledge about the local colony, and (iii) attitudes towards science. In two different years of evaluation (2012 and 2016) a total number of 387 persons were surveyed. The questions were generated together with the pupils and their teachers and the questionnaires were similar for both years of evaluation. All queries were in a closed format.
Our results show an increase in the proportion of correct answers provided by the surveyed persons between the two years of evaluation. Education-based activities may encourage children to effectively act as multipliers of information and attitudes. This has the potential to induce sustainable changes with respect to attitude towards science, at least among local communities. Furthermore, the study suggests caution with the quality of some information reported by citizen scientists, which might be solved by more careful training actions and more specific information about local particularities. Even though the study would have gained more informative power with some additional precautions than in its current form, our findings recommend the empowerment of pupils as multipliers of scientific knowledge.
Frigerio, D., Pühringer-Sturmayr, V., Neuböck-Hubinger, B., Gegendorfer, G., Kotrschal, K., & Hirschenhauser, K. (2019). Monitoring public awareness about the endangered northern bald ibis: A case study involving primary school children as citizen scientists. PeerJ, 7, [e7569].


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DESIGN MONITORING AND EVALUATION SYSTEMS : DESIGN MONITORING AND EVALUATION SYSTEMS PRINCIPLES 1 ANDREW MSAMI LEARNING OBJECTIVES : LEARNING OBJECTIVES To identify benefits and purpose of tracking performance, measuring results and reporting progress
To define terms; monitoring, evaluation and reporting
To outline essential elements in developing a successful monitoring, evaluation and reporting systems
To determine organization different audiences with their information need 2 ANDREW MSAMI INTRODUCTION : INTRODUCTION Workplace HIV/AIDS programme Managers efficiency and effectiveness lies on regular access to information on implementation and success of plans.
Managers therefore need to invest on monitoring and evaluation systems
The session attempt to address organization objections on investment on monitoring and evaluation of workplace programmes 3 ANDREW MSAMI IMPORTANCE OF MONITORING AND EVALUATION : IMPORTANCE OF MONITORING AND EVALUATION Inform management of levels of change from interventions
Guide and control changes
Linking desired change (Vision) with action (Mission)
Vision: A health society with low HIV prevalence rate
Mission: Provide quality health services to reduce morbidity and mortality of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) refer to the extended example 4 ANDREW MSAMI Slide 5: WHY CONSIDER MONITORING AND EVALUATION IMPORTANT? 5 ANDREW MSAMI REASON 1: : REASON 1: Monitoring and Evaluation provides organizations with a tool to evaluate how effective the organization is in promoting change. 6 ANDREW MSAMI REASON 2 : REASON 2 Provide organizations with a tool to monitor how efficiently the organization promotes change 7 ANDREW MSAMI REASON 3 : REASON 3 Fosters public and political cooperation and support particular information needs of target audiences (employee, managers, funders) 8 ANDREW MSAMI REASON 4 : REASON 4 Provide managers with a tool to gain timely information on the progress of programme activities, allowing them to compare what was planned to what is actually occurring. 9 ANDREW MSAMI REASON 5 : REASON 5 Promotes organizational learning and encourages adaptive management action in response to learning. 10 ANDREW MSAMI DEFINITION OF TERMS : DEFINITION OF TERMS Monitoring and Evaluation is based on three separate but interrelated concepts:
Reporting 11 ANDREW MSAMI MONITORING : MONITORING Is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing and reporting information tracking the efficiency of the organization in achievement of goals. 12 ANDREW MSAMI MONITORING : MONITORING PROVIDE FEEDBACK ON
Economic and financial results
Comparison between planned versus actual events 13 ANDREW MSAMI EVALUATION : EVALUATION Is a systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to assess the effectiveness of the organization in the achievement of goals 14 ANDREW MSAMI EVALUATION : EVALUATION PROVIDES FEEDBACK ON ACTIONS
Sustainability 15 ANDREW MSAMI REPORTING : REPORTING Is a systematic and timely provision of information at periodic intervals 16 ANDREW MSAMI REPORTING : REPORTING PROVIDE FEEDBACK THAT HELPS INFORM STAKEHOLDERS
Lessons learnt 17 ANDREW MSAMI KEY TERMS IN MONITORING, EVALUATION AND REPORTING : KEY TERMS IN MONITORING, EVALUATION AND REPORTING EFFICIENCY
EFFECTIVENESS 18 ANDREW MSAMI EFFICIENCY : EFFICIENCY Measures how productively inputs-money, time, equipment, personnel-were used in the creation of outputs. 19 ANDREW MSAMI EFFECTIVENESS : EFFECTIVENESS Measures the degree to which organization action have been able bring about change.
Effectiveness take into consideration outputs put to use to bring about change (outcome and impact) 20 ANDREW MSAMI ESENTIAL ELEMENTS OF A SUCCESS MER SYSTEM : ESENTIAL ELEMENTS OF A SUCCESS MER SYSTEM MER PLAN
ORGANIZATION/PROGRAMME STRATEGIC PLAN 21 ANDREW MSAMI MER PLAN : MER PLAN CONTENTS OF A MER PLAN
Data collection and analysis methods
Reporting procedures 22 ANDREW MSAMI STRATEGIC PLAN : STRATEGIC PLAN Mission
Key activities 23 ANDREW MSAMI QUESTIONS TO ANSWERED BY MER SYSTEM : QUESTIONS TO ANSWERED BY MER SYSTEM Information needs: WHAT, WHO, WHY, WHEN
Information source: methods, frequency, location of data to be collected
Responsibilities for MER 24 ANDREW MSAMI DETERMINATION OF AUDIENCES INFORMATION NEEDS : DETERMINATION OF AUDIENCES INFORMATION NEEDS MER requires that users of information are clearly determined before hand to inform other processes for data collection, analysis and reporting.
Note: information without a user is as good as no information 25 ANDREW MSAMI DETERMINATION OF AUDIENCES INFORMATION NEEDS : DETERMINATION OF AUDIENCES INFORMATION NEEDS Identify and categorize your audiences based on the information needs
Determine Why they need such information
Determine when they need the information
Focus on the most important audience and information needed
Strategic plan informs this exercise.
Refer to audience tool attached 26 ANDREW MSAMI Slide 27: THE END 27 ANDREW MSAMI


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const void * memchr ( const void * ptr, int value, size_t num );
void * memchr ( void * ptr, int value, size_t num );
Locate character in block of memory
Searches within the first num bytes of the block of memory pointed by ptr for the first occurrence of value (interpreted as an unsigned char), and returns a pointer to it.
Both value and each of the bytes checked on the the ptr array are interpreted as unsigned char for the comparison.
- Pointer to the block of memory where the search is performed.
- Value to be located. The value is passed as an int, but the function performs a byte per byte search using the unsigned char conversion of this value.
- Number of bytes to be analyzed.
sizet is an unsigned integral type.
A pointer to the first occurrence of value in the block of memory pointed by ptr.
If the value is not found, the function returns a null pointer.
In C, this function is only declared as:
void * memchr ( const void *, int, size_t );
instead of the two overloaded versions provided in C++.
/* memchr example */
int main ()
char * pch;
char str = "Example string";
pch = (char*) memchr (str, 'p', strlen(str));
printf ("'p' found at position %d.\n", pch-str+1);
printf ("'p' not found.\n");
- Compare two blocks of memory (function
- Locate first occurrence of character in string (function
- Locate last occurrence of character in string (function


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Ductile iron pipe (DIP) was introduced about 50 years ago as a more economical and better-performing product for water transmission and distribution. As with iron or steel pipes, DIP is subject to corrosion, the rate of which depends on the environment in which the pipe is placed. Corrosion mitigation protocols are employed to slow the corrosion process to an acceptable rate for the application. When to use corrosion mitigation systems, and which system, depends on the corrosivity of the soils in which the pipeline is buried.
The Bureau of Reclamation's specification for DIP in highly corrosive soil has been contested by some as an overly stringent requirement, necessitating the pipe to be modified from its as-manufactured state and thereby adding unnecessary cost to a pipeline system.
This book evaluates the specifications in question and presents findings and recommendations. Specifically, the authoring committee answers the following questions:
- Does polyethylene encasement with cathodic protection work on ductile iron pipe installed in highly corrosive soils?
- Will polyethylene encasement and cathodic protection reliably provide a minimum service life of 50 years?
- What possible alternative corrosion mitigation methods for DIP would provide a service life of 50 years?


Next: , Previous: Numerical Error, Up: ode
8.7 Running time
The time required for ode to solve numerically a system of ordinary differential equations depends on a great many factors. A few of them are: number of equations, complexity of equations (number of operators and nature of the operators), and number of steps taken (a very complicated function of the difficulty of solution, unless constant stepsizes are used). The most effective way to gauge the time required for solution of a system is to clock a short or imprecise run of the problem, and reason as follows: the time required to take two steps is roughly twice that required for one; and there is a relationship between the number of steps required and the relative error ceiling chosen. That relationship depends on the numerical scheme being used, the difficulty of solution, and perhaps on the magnitude of the error ceiling itself. A few carefully planned short runs may be used to determine this relationship, enabling a long but imprecise run to be used as an aid in projecting the cost of a more precise run over the same region. Lastly, if a great deal of data is printed, it is likely that more time is spent in printing the results than in computing the numerical solution.


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|Synonyms:||Fanvid, Songvid, music video|
|See also:||Vidding, AMV, Machinima, Feral Vidders, Songtape Collection, VCR Vidding, Digital Vidding, Contape, YouTube, iMeem|
|Click here for related articles on Fanlore.|
A vid or fanvid is a fannish form of music video. Vidders take short clips of footage, generally from live-action source such as tv or movies, and arrange these clips over a song to make an argument or tell a story.
They were originally called "songvids"--to distinguish them from professional, MTV-style music videos--and collected on songtapes. The term was later shortened to just "vids".
History of Vidding
- Main article: Vidding
The earliest vids, circa 1975, were slideshows set to music; with the advent of VCRs, vids could be made by copying footage from one tape to another. Eventually, computer video-editing software became the standard, and today vids can be made by almost anyone with a computer, using the freeware supplied by Microsoft or Apple or other software.
Distinct fannish video-making traditions have arisen separately in other fandoms. Anime fans developed anime music videos, or AMVs, while MADs developed in Japan. Video gamers have also developed their own video tradition of machinima. Sites like YouTube also often feature remix and parody video art by fans who have little or no connection with these traditions.


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Statement from the National Muslim Task Force & National Black Muslim COVID Coalition regarding Eid ul-Adha
The National Muslim Task Force & National Black Muslim COVID Coalition
July 27th, 2020
The National Muslim Task Force has issued statements throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, from the beginning of the pandemic, during the blessed month of Ramadan, and when masajids were beginning to reopen. Unfortunately, the COVID-19 pandemic continues to be a major threat to the health of our nation, our community, and the world. Here in the United States, there are states that have seen a decline of cases, while other states are seeing large increases in the number of new cases each day. The National Muslim COVID-19 Task Force and the National Black Muslim COVID Coalition strongly recommend that Muslims nationwide continue to take necessary precautions to help prevent the spread of COVID-19, especially during the Eid holiday.
- Continue to follow public health guidelines to prevent the spread of COVID-19 by practicing social distancing, wearing masks and staying at home, when possible
- Avoid large congregational prayers to decrease the risk of transmission.
- Recommend praying at home and only have the minimum number of people needed to establish prayer present at the masajids with precautions.
- Donate Zakat, Sadaqah, and Qurbani/Udhiyah to organizations that are supporting vulnerable communities in the United States, local masajids, and abroad.
Protecting human life is one of the fundamental objectives of Islamic Shari'ah, a guiding principle for the Task Force. These recommendations also align with guidance from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), World Health Organization (WHO), and state and local jurisdictions.
For vulnerable individuals (elderly, existing conditions like diabetes, heart disease, lung disease, immunocompromised state), this disease continues to have a high mortality rate. Recently, there are more young people, less than age 50, who are becoming infected. The virus continues to cause a severe inflammatory response in children (Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children or MIS-C) that has led to hospitalizations and even death. There is still no known cure or vaccine for COVID-19 and there is inconsistent testing across the United States.
In our history, there have been multiple documented instances where devotional acts such as daily and weekly congregational prayers, including those for funerals, Taraweeh and Eid were temporarily halted to avoid life-threatening, widespread danger from pandemics such as bubonic plague.
It is imperative for the American Muslim community to not let their guard down as COVID-19 continues to spread across the United States. While this pandemic continues to disrupt our daily social and religious norms, we must continue to be vigilant to ensure the safety of our families, neighbors, and communities, regardless of gender, race or school of thought.
For mosques that choose to open back up, we encourage them to fully comply with CDC and local public health guidelines. The National Muslim COVID-19 Task Force has issued a statement regarding how masajids should plan reopening in their communities. We also encourage that they be inclusive as they reopen and avoid discriminating based on gender or age.
The National Muslim COVID-19 Taskforce and the National Black Muslim COVID Coalition pray that Allah (SWT) continue to protect our essential workers, communities,, vulnerable populations, our country and the world from this pandemic and accepts our duas.
- American Muslim Community Foundation
- American Muslim Health Professionals (AMHP)
- Assembly of Muslim Jurists of America (AMJA)
- Association of Muslim Chaplains (AMC)
- Fiqh Council of North America (FCNA)
- Initiative on Islam & Medicine
- Institute for Muslim Mental Health
- Islamic Medical Association of North America (IMANA)
- Islamic Networks Group (ING)
- Islamic Relief USA
- Islamic Society of North America (ISNA) Khalil Center
- Muslim American Society (MAS)
- Muslim Anti-Racism Collaborative
- Muslim Public Affairs Council (MPAC)
- Naseeha USA
- National Black Muslim COVID Coalition
- North American Imams
- Federation (NAIF)
- Penny Appeal USA
- Poligon Education Fund
- The National Muslim COVID-19 Taskforce
- The North American Islamic Trust Inc.
- United Mission For Relief and Development (UMR)


Skip Navigation
Merging two answers together
Answer ID 2414 | Last Review Date 03/18/2019
Can I merge two or more answers together into a single answer?
Answers, Merging similar answers
You can use the Smart Merge feature to search for similar answers and merge the content of each field together. You can also use the Search button on the Answer Text page to manually search for a specific answer of interest and then append the link or the text of the answer to the answer you are editing. The Search feature works similar to the Search option in the Support Console.
For more information on the Smart Merge feature, refer to the 'Merge similar answers' section in online documentation for the version your site is currently running. To access Oracle B2C Service manuals and documentation online, refer to the Documentation for Oracle B2C Service Products.
Smart Merge Feature
The Smart Merge feature allows you to find similar answers based on content of other answers in your knowledge base. Smart Merge performs a search to compare the answer that is open for editing with other answers in your knowledge base. You can choose to compare answer content based on the Summary, Keyword, Question and / or Answer fields. You can also restrict the comparison to only published answers that are visible to your end-user pages or compare the answer to all other answers in your knowledge base.
Based on your criteria, Smart Merge returns answers that have some shared content with the edited answer. Answers with higher weights indicate a stronger match in comparing the content between the answers. This allows you to review which answers are most closely related and should be considered to merge. This also allows you to reduce and eliminate redundancy in your answers.
To use the Smart Merge feature, use the steps below:
 1. Open an answer for editing.
 2. From either the Question or Answer field, click the Content tab and the toolbox will be displayed.
 3. Click Smart Merge from the toolbox. The system searches and weights answers compared to the content of the Summary, Keywords, Question, and Answer fields.
 4. In the pop-up window, you can disable specific fields or check End User Visible and then click Refresh to re-execute the comparison.
 5. Click Action and select a merge option or select Show to view the answer.
 6. When finished, click Close to close the pop-up window.
 7. In the open answer, review the content and edit accordingly and save the answer.
When you merge an answer into another answer, the content of the merged answer is appended at the bottom of the primary answer. The content of the two answers is separated by a row of asterisks. When the content is appended, it is still your responsibility to edit the answer to remove any redundancy between the two sets of content and to make the content easy to read and comprehend.
Available Actions: In the merging process, when you highlight an answer and right click, you have the following options:
Merge: This action appends the content of the highlighted answer to the end of the open answer.
Merge and Delete: Select this option to merge the answer with the answer you are editing and then delete the answer once it has been merged. Caution! Selecting this option will permanently delete the selected answer from the knowledge base. This action appends the content of the highlighted answer to the open answer and then deletes the highlighted answer. Use this option sparingly and ONLY if you do not want to retain the highlighted answer for historical purposes or future reference. End-user statistics related to the deleted answer do not carry over to the answer it is being merged to.
Merge and Make Private: Select this option to merge the answer with the answer you are editing and then sets the status of the highlighted answer to the Private answer status so that it is no longer visible on the end-user pages. A warning will prompt you to verify the action.
Show: Select this option to view the answer in a separate window before you merge it with the answer you are editing. This action does not merge the content of the highlighted answer.
Cancel: Select this option to cancel the current selection.
Search Feature
If you wish to search for an answer by specific words or by the Answer ID, you can search the knowledge base for answers of interest.
The Search Knowledgebase feature in the Toolbox allows you to search for specific answers based on status type, products, categories and phrases. After performing a search, you can select Add as Text to copy the content into the existing answer, Add as Link to append a link to the answer, or Print to display the answer in a pop-up window with the option of printing the page.
Similarly, when you click Search... in the Answer Console, use the pop-up window to search your answers based on the words, phrases, and criteria available in the pop-up. From the search results, right click on an answer to either append the content of the answer, append a link to the answer or preview the answer. You can then continue to edit and save the answer that you were editing.


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Buy custom Big Four Framework essay
The Big Four Framework refers to a detailed structure meant to ensure instructional quality. According the University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning (2009) the structure encompasses four practices that are easy for instructors to execute and are at the same time most effective in terms of teaching and learning. The four practices "are classroom management, content planning, instruction, and assessment for learning" (The University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning, 2009).
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1. Classroom management
A well managed class is that in which the instructor clearly describes outlooks for all activities and encourages students to act in accordance with the expectations (The University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning, 2009). For classroom management to flourish, the University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning (2009) advises that the teacer should strive ensure that about 90 percent of the class engagement. The teacher should also ensure that the number of times they praise learners should be higher than the number of times they reprimand them. Lastly, the instructor should give the learners ample opportunities to respond.
2. Content planning
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To ensure that students reap maximum benefits from the learning process, the curriculum should be developed in line with dissemination of essential knowledge, apprehension, and applications. It should also apply learning maps that illustrate the progression of learning.
According the University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning (2009), quality instruction can be organized into two key categories: mechanical and metaphhorical learning. Mechanical learning refers to the instruction where meaning is clear and not assumed. In this approach, the learning outcomes are clear and unmistakable. On the other hand, metaphorical learning refers to the instruction that functions indirectly. Here, the outcomes are not clear, and the students are required to figure out what they are learning on their own.
4. Assessment for learning
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This stage is concerned with evaluation of the learning process. To carry out effective assessment, the instructor should come up with questions on what is supposed to be learnt. He or she then should state what the learners are required to know. After that, the teacher should come up with unofficial assessments that will then be integrated to guide class instruction. Lastly, the assessment procedure itself should be evaluate to determine if it meets requirements and adjusted where appropriate.
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text:
noun (plural felonies)
- The principal felonies were homicide, rape, theft, burglary, robbery and arson.
- California requires DNA sampling only from those convicted for violent felonies and some sex crimes.
- And the schedule is there, so your Honours can see how the felonies and misdemeanours were changed.
In the US the distinction between felonies and misdemeanours usually depends on the penalties or consequences attaching to the crime. In English law felony originally comprised those offences (murder, wounding, arson, rape, and robbery) for which the penalty included forfeiture of land and goods. Forfeiture was abolished in 1870, and in 1967 felonies and misdemeanours were replaced by indictable and non-indictable offences.
Middle English: from Old French felonie, from felon (see felon1).
Words that rhyme with felonyMelanie, miscellany
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: fel¦ony
Definition of felony in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.


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By: Sjamsu Rahardja, economist at the World Bank office Jakarta
This is the second in a series of articles by Indonesia-based World Bank economists drawing on analytic work done by the World Bank in collaboration with local partners, on the impact of commodity prices on the Indonesian economy. Having discussed the drivers of the 2008 world rice price crisis in the first article, this second article looks at commodity price shocks more generally and their impact on Indonesia given the characteristics of its market integration.
As discussed in our previous article that focused on rice, the past several years have seen the prices of commodities fluctuating dramatically, with a tendency towards increased prices. Indonesia is certainly not immune to these price fluctuations. Regardless of import restrictions or subsidized pricing, global price increases are inevitably transmitted to domestic markets. Given the impact that such price rises can have on the poor and the degree to which they can undermine the government's efforts to reduce poverty, it has become vital for policymakers to understand the extent to which international price shocks are transmitted to domestic markets and the speed, geographical patterns, and drivers of the transmission of these price shocks. With such an understanding, policymakers are in a better position to formulate policies that benefit consumers, while at the same time protecting producers. And it is important not to forget Indonesian producers in the equation. Weak integration between domestic and global markets implies a weak domestic supply response. This in turn represents a huge lost opportunity for the Indonesian economy, with agricultural producers generating suboptimal levels of revenue from their products.
In a report recently published by the World Bank in Jakarta, the extent to which commodities in Indonesian markets such as sugar, cooking oil, soybean and maize were integrated into world markets was analyzed. The analysis shows that all four commodities are well integrated with world markets. Over a period of about one year, a one-percent increase in world prices leads, on average, to a one-percent increase in domestic prices. The different commodities are found to respond to world price shocks at varying speeds. In general, the speed of adjustment of domestic prices to shocks in the world market is fastest in the sugar and cooking oil markets and slowest for soybean and maize markets. The speed of transmission of a shock in the international price to the domestic market also varies between the different provinces.
Within Indonesia, the report finds the main factors determining the extent of market integration between the various provinces are remoteness andthe quality of transport infrastructure in that province. The analysis also shows that those commodity markets with the highest degree of integration across provinces have smaller price differences: in the sugar market the average price differences across regions is 5%, while in the soybean, cooking oil and maize markets they are 16%, 19% and 22%, respectively. Similarly, the differences between the maximum and minimum price in the country are lower for commodities that are deeply integrated across provinces. Buying maize in the most expensive province can cost up to 117% more than buying it in the cheapest province.
Up to 70% of price differences across provinces can be explained by differences in the degree of remoteness, transport infrastructure, amount of locally-produced output, land productivity andincome per capita. Remote provinces pay more unless they have a good transport infrastructure.
The report also finds that after taking into account for variations in exchange rates and world prices, remote provinces appear to have a higher level of price volatility than central provinces.
The results of the study suggest that international commodity price shocks are fully transmitted to domestic prices. Thus, their impact on the economy is not just through changes in the prices and volumes of exports and imports, but also through changes in domestic production caused by changes in domestic prices. The results also imply that the economic impact is not homogenous across the country because of the differing degree of integration between provinces. The speed and magnitude of the price change in remote provinces will be generally slower and less significant than in other regions.
The analysis has some important policy implications. The study indicates that government intervention is rarely the most effective means of reducing price volatility because shocks in international commodity markets will be fully transmitted to domestic market. It also shows that improving the quality of infrastructure can alleviate constraints to the transmission of price signals created by geography and remoteness. This has important implications for food security. Targeted policies that aim to protect the poor and vulnerable from volatility in food prices are considered a priority. Policies that aim at decreasing transportation costs by improving infrastructure or by eliminating bureaucratic impediments to transport will enhance integration of commodity markets within Indonesia and contribute to a reduction in price differentials between provinces. The study also highlights the importance of improving agricultural productivity as a way to reduce prices for consumers, while at the same time increasing incomes for farmers.


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- noun the movement of large waves in the open sea
- verb to become larger, usually because of an illness or injury
- verb to grow fat
- noun a long wave on water that moves continuously without breaking
- noun a can that is bulging at one or both ends because of gases produced by spoilage of the food inside
- verb to become larger, or cause something to become larger
- noun a particularly thick part of sewn sections, caused by the thread
- noun a well-off single woman, in yuppie argot of the late 1980s. An acronym ('single woman earning lots of lolly') also recalling the dated description of a fashionable 'person-about-town'.
Origin & History of "swell"
Swell comes from prehistoric Germanic *swellan, a verb of unknown origin which also produced German schwellen, Dutch zwellen, and Swedish svälla. Its use as an adjective, meaning 'fine', emerged at the beginning of the 19th century. The notion underlying it is 'suitable to a swell, a fashionable or stylish person'; and this application of the noun swell probably arose out of an earlier use for 'swollen' or pompous behaviour.


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Introduction to Pacific education in New Zealand and the Pacific region. Focus is on education's impact on Pacific people's academic achievement and lives in a globalised world.
This paper offers an introduction to Pacific Education in New Zealand and the Pacific region. The focus is on education and knowledge systems in New Zealand and the Pacific Islands, and the impacts of these systems on Pacific peoples' academic achievement.
|Paper title||Special Topic: Pacific Education|
|Subject||Pacific Islands Studies|
|Teaching period||Semester 2 (On campus)|
|Domestic Tuition Fees (NZD)||$955.05|
|International Tuition Fees||Tuition Fees for international students are elsewhere on this website.|
- PACI 101 or 18 points relevant to the Pacific Islands in ANTH, GEND, GEOG, HIST or MFCO
- Schedule C
- Arts and Music
Ph: 03 _PHONE_
- More information link
- View more information on Te Tumu's website
- Teaching staff
- Paper Structure
This course will look at selected topics over one 2-hour lecture each week, with discussions on the associated readings and issues in small class tutorials once a week.
- Teaching Arrangements
- Internal Assessments 60%
- Final Examination 40%
Readings will be advised on a course outline that will be available on Blackboard through e-Reserve.
- Graduate Attributes Emphasised
- Global perspective, Interdisciplinary perspective, Communication, Critical thinking,
View more information about Otago's graduate attributes.
- Learning Outcomes
Students who successfully complete the paper will be able to:
- Discuss the purposes of Education for Pacific peoples in New Zealand and the Pacific Islands
- Demonstrate knowledge of New Zealand and Pacific Islands education and knowledge systems
- Demonstrate an understanding of Pacific Education in New Zealand
- Critically analyse Pacific peoples academic performances in New Zealand education


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Definition of short order in English:
An order or dish of food which can be quickly prepared and served: a short order of souvlaki [as modifier]: I'm a short-order cook
More example sentences
- I grabbed my fiberglass tray, slid it on down to the short-order cook and placed my order.
- He then became a short-order cook, often working one or two other jobs.
- A short-order cafeteria at the base serves burgers, brats, and fries; on weekends look for the open-air barbecue at the base of Marge's Triple.
- in short order
- see short.
Definition of short order in:
- US English dictionary
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.


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Charcoal Grills and CO Poisoning
Heat It Up!
According to the Food Marketing Institute, only two percent of consumers regularly use a food thermometer when cooking ground meat—a practice that can have dangerous results. E. coli poisoning in particular can be especially dangerous to young children because it can trigger hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), which can cause acute kidney failure.
Whether you're cooking on the grill or with your oven, it is crucial that you use a meat thermometer to make sure your food has reached a safe internal temperature.
The US Department of Agriculture recommends the following temperatures for cooked food:
- Hamburgers and raw sausages should be cooked to 160º F
- Large cuts of beef, lamb, veal steaks, and roasts may be cooked to 145º F for medium rare or to 160º F for medium.
- Ground poultry should be cooked to 165° F and poultry breasts to 170° F.
- Fish should be opaque and flake easily.
Parents of small children need to keep a close eye on what their toddlers are eating, especially in group settings where little ones may get food from tables or from other children, and where kids are more likely to be running around and have food lodge in the throat. Hot dogs—a popular item at cookouts—are easily choked on when cut into bite-sized pieces. If you're going to serve a hot dog to your toddler, cut it lengthwise and then slice into quarter-inch pieces.
Similarly, food such as raw carrots, whole grapes and some berries, chunks of cheese, popcorn, raisins, and many types of candy are choking hazards for young children. Either cut these foods into very small pieces or don't serve them at all.
According to the US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), approximately 20 deaths from carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning and more than 300 emergency room-treated injuries from CO poisoning are attributed to improper use of charcoal grills each year. Burning charcoal produces carbon monoxide, an odorless, colorless gas that can accumulate to toxic levels in poorly ventilated areas where the CO is unable to escape. Fetuses and infants are among those especially susceptible to CO poisoning.


Guide For Round Tables, Part 21
528.02The Main Job of Humanity
Question: You constantly speak about the method of the circle as a method of creating strong connections between people. The product of the action in the circle is a positive force of nature.
What is it about? You say that this will be people's work in the future. What will they produce?
Answer: Generalization, connection, and unification of people, which will lead to the integration of all of humanity. And this is currently the biggest and the most important job of all people in the world.
Remark: Imagine a country where people at work and in the family use round tables and thus generate good, kind connections.
My Comment: This is the actual product of their activities. They don't have to do anything else.
Question: And some of them will get paid for this?
Answer: They need to ensure a normal existence. It is quite possible that a certain part of society, half or even more, will be engaged constantly in organizing such actions for mutual connection in the form of circles.
Question: Do you think it will be possible to verify this with some measurements or research?
Answer: Everyone will be convinced that it is this connection between people that leads to abundance, to the fact that they can have everything.
Question: In other words, the effects of the product we are talking about can be measured in the economy, medicine, and everywhere else?
Answer: No problem. All this can be measured.
From KabTV's "Management skills" 7/9/20
Related Material:
Guide For Round Tables, Part 20
Guide For Round Tables, Part 19
Guide For Round Tables, Part 18
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Group merging is the process of taking one or more categories and giving them the same name for the purposes of results analysis. This process is sometimes called 'category standardization'.
Group merging is done through the Groups table and is only available for Open or Hybrid card sorts. All results tables have a toggle to turn on and off the use of the merge in the results that they display.
How To Merge Groups
- In the Groups Table Select 2 or more of the check boxes in the first column of the groups to merge.
- Click the 'Merge Selected' button above the table.
- Provide a name for those groups to be assigned. Click Merge.
- Those groups are now merged. Use the Merge Group toggle at the top to view the consolidated results. Merged group names will be displayed with an underline
How To Un-Merge Groups
- In the Groups Table turn on the group merge toggle. This is optional, but makes it much easier to ungroup an entire group contents. If you wish to remove only some groups from a merge groups, use the group table with the toggle off
- Select the check boxes in the first column of the groups to un-merge.
- Click the 'Un-Merge Selected' button above the table.
Tips for Finding Similar Groups
- Scan the list of group names to find common names with small differences in their wording.
- Enter a part of a word in the search input to filter the table
- After completing a number of merges, try using the'merged' view of the groups table to find remaining outliers - as it reduces the number of groups to view.
- Remember that groups are case-sensitive, so 'Science Fiction' will be listed separate from'science fiction'. We do this to maintain specific Casing that may be important to the user such as acronyms.


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The Blob Remembers
Memory typically resides within the brain, but what if an organism has no brain?
This is from an abstract in last week's Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. In the study, researchers explain that slime mold has spatial memory, even though it's a single-celled organism.
Slime molds continue to astound those of us with brains with their brainless abilities. In 2010, scientists found that slime mold was able to navigate through mock-ups of Japanese cities as efficiently as the Tokyo train system.
Now perhaps we know why. Scientists from Australia and France put the species Physarum polycephalum in petri dishes with a sugar treat inside. But the treat was blocked by an U-shaped obstacle that the slime molds had to navigate around.
These organisms, true to their names, leave a slimy trail behind as they move. These trails provide a record of where the slime molds have traveled. Instead of moving backward and following an older trail, these life forms always form new paths. And they don't just do this with their own slimy trails—they'll stay away from other slime mold trails as well.
In fact, the researchers tried this experiment with pre-existing slime mold paths etched into the petri dish jelly and without. With paths, the slime molds found the sugar treat almost every single time, within the experiment's 120 hours (they're slime molds—they don't move very quickly). Without paths, only one third of the slime molds reached the treat.
The slime molds recognize the slimy trails as paths already traveled—triggering memory.
As the researchers state in the study,
In complex environments… the use of an externalized spatial memory system greatly enhances navigational ability.
Want to learn more about this research? Ed Yong does a great job relating this to social insects and human hikers in Discover, and Wired has a time-lapse video of the slime molds successfully navigating the petri dishes.
Image: Audrey Dussutour


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There are several problems with TE modules used in waste heat recovery applications. First, the TE modules themselves are not very efficient; although some heat energy gets converted into electricity, still much of it is wasted. The next problems have to do with construction of the module itself and durability in its desired environment. Inside a TE module, semiconductors are soldered in series to copper pads to conduct the electricity. They are limited by temperature; in many situations where waste heat recovery would be the most desirable, higher temperatures exist than the melting point of the solder used to hold the modules together. The modules would literally melt and fall apart. Another problem has to do with the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). When the module is heated, brittle intermetallics form due to the diffusion of Ni (the coating) into the substrate (Bi2TE3). The CTE of the newly formed Ni2Te3 is drastically different from the CTE of the surrounding materials. It is easy to see how the shear stresses at the interface generated by high or cyclic temperatures would have a tendency to crack the brittle intermetallic that forms in the modules. See project details.
Currently, most of the processes commonly used in bridge fabrication are fusion welding processes. The problem with fusion welding is that molten and resolidified metal in the weld deposit remains as-cast microstructure in the structure and has mechanical properties greatly dependent on chemistry/dilution and cooling rates. These processes inherently have a potential for creating weld discontinuities such as solidification cracking in the fusion zone [figure 1] or gas and slag entrapment. Generic concerns remain in HAZ grain coarsening and loss of toughness in fusion welds.See project details.


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As an attorney specializing in workers' compensation cases, I know that most seriously injured workers would agree that their accidents have had a catastrophic effect on their lives
They are in pain. Their paycheck has been reduced or stopped completely. They cannot get the insurance company to agree to pay for the MRI, the surgery or other medical treatment that they need to help them get better and back to work.
That is truly a catastrophe. But does it meet the legal definition of a catastrophic injury under the Georgia workers' compensation law? Even if it does, what difference does that make?
It can make a huge difference as far as the protection and benefits provided to someone who has been injured at work.
Why is a catastrophic designation important?
Our workers' compensation laws in Georgia have been watered down by insurance companies. Becuase of that, they often provide very little protection for injured workers. Here are just a few examples:
- In Georgia, an insurance company can sometimes stop your weekly workers' compensation check with just a note from the doctor saying you can return to work without restrictions. You might have to wait months without a check and go to a hearing before your workers' compensation benefits are restarted.
- After a certain period of time, an insurance company can reduce your weekly workers' compensation check (for example from $500 to $334) if the doctor has released you to light work. They file what is called a Form WC-104. This can happen even if your employer has no light work and cannot find work within your restrictions.
- If you return to work and work more than two years without receiving a workers' compensation check and then your injury worsens without a new accident, you may never be able to draw a workers' compensation check again – even if you are in a wheelchair.
- You can normally only draw a check for a maximum of 350 to 400 weeks from when you were injured, even if your work injury still prevents you from going back to work after that time.
- If you were injured after 7/1/13, the insurance company can stop paying for medical treatment 400 weeks after your injury.
How a Catastrophic Designation Can Help You?
With all these cards in the deck stacked against injured workers, it is good to know that there is at least one card in your favor. That card is catastrophic injury.
In Georgia, if your workers' compensation injury is declared catastrophic, then many of the bad laws mentioned above no longer apply to you. For example:
- You would be allowed to be paid your temporary total disability benefits (lost wages) as long as you were in fact unable to work, even if it was more than 400 weeks since your work injury.
- Your workers' compensation check could not be reduced just because your doctor said you were able to do some sort of light work unless there was actually a light duty job to do.
- You would also be given a rehabilitation person to work with you and help you get better and try to find a new career or job that you were able to do with the limitations from your injury.
- You could continue getting medical treatment more than 400 weeks after your injury
How do I qualify for a catastrophic designation?
So now that you know how important it can be to get your Georgia work injury designated as catastrophic, the next question is how do you get a catastrophic designation. I discuss that in this article.
If you have other questions, just complete the "Need Help" form on the right side of this page to schedule a free consultation with me.


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Clarice Lispector - Biography
Clarice Lispector (_PHONE_) was a Brazilian novelist and short story writer. Her innovation in fiction brought her international renown. References to her literary work pervade the music and literature of Brazil and Latin America.
Clarice Lispector was born in Chechelnyk, Podolio, Ukraine on the ninth of December 1920. She was the youngest daughter of a Jewish family. They were targeted during pogroms that happened during the political turmoil of the early twentieth century. Clarice Lispector's older sister Elisa would write about these experiences in her novel No Exilio. After the destruction and instability of Ukraine in the aftermath of World War I and the Russian Civil War, the family fled to Romania.
From Romania, the Lispectors would sail to Brazil in 1922. Clarice Lispector's mother had family who lived there. She was still very young when her family relocated to Maceió, Alagoas in the northeast of Brazil. On arriving in their new homeland, the children were to receive new names. Lispector's first name had been Chaya before she was renamed Clarice. Her mother health deteriorated prompting a move to the larger community of Recife, Pernambuco. Lispector's mother, finally, passed away in 1930.
Clarice Lispector was educated at the Colégio Hebreo-Idisch-Brasileiro. The school offered normal educational sources in addition to offering Hebrew and Yiddish language courses. The Ginásio Pernambucano admitted Lispector in 1932. This institution was the most academically respected in the region. In 1933, Clarice Lispector encountered Hermann Hesse's Steppenwolf. This novel convinced Clarice Lispector that she was meant to write.
In 1935, the remainder of Clarice Lispector's immediate family moved to Rio de Janeiro. Her father hoped that by moving to the capital he would have more business opportunities. She would enter the Law School of the University of Brazil in 1937. During this period of education, Lispector would publish pieces of journalism for Agência Nacional and A Noite. She also wrote short fiction. Her first piece of short fiction,"Triunfo", was published by the journal Pan in 1940. This same year, Clarice Lispector's father would die from complications from a medical procedure.
Clarice Lispector published her Perto do Coração Selvagem in 1943 when she was the tender age of twenty-three. This novel recounts the inner life of Joana. The style of this book was very innovative. The next year she was awarded the Graça Aranha Prize for the best first novel. Many felt she had given Brazillian literature a unique voice in the larger context of Portuguese literature. Her examination of the internal lives of her characters was reminiscent of the style of Virginia Woolf and James Joyce.
In 1944, Clarice Lispector married Maury Gurgel Valente, a young Brazillian diplomat. To complete the legal obligations for the marriage, Clarice Lispector was required to become nationalized. Valente moved the couple to Belem in northern Brazil. He worked with foreign nationals who were using Brazil as a base of operations for the military actions of World War II.
In 1944, the couple traveled to Naples, Italy for Valente's work. He was stationed at the Brazilian Consulate. This city was the center of operations for the Brazilian soldiers who were fighting against the Nazis. For the next fifteen years, Clarice Lispector traveled throughout the United States and America. While in Italy, Lispector became acquainted with Giuseppe Ungaretti. The Italian poet would translate excerpts of her first novel. Giorgio de Chirico painted her portrait. But perhaps her most significant action was that she finished the O Lustre.
In 1946, Clarice Lispector and her husband would move to Bern, Switzerland after a short trip to Brazil. Clarice Lispector found life in Switzerland suffocatingly boring. Over the course of their residence in Switzerland, her boredom deteriorated into depression. Despite her melancholy, Clarice Lispector was able to compose her third novel A cidade sitiada. In 1948, Clarice Lispector gave birth to Pedro Gurgel Valente.
In A cidade sitiada or The Besieged City Clarice Lispector recounts the story of Lucrécia Neves as her life relates to the growth of São Geraldo. Lispector utilizes metaphors of sight as a unifying trope. In contrast to her normal glowing reviews, her third novel was unloved.
In 1949, Clarice Lispector and her family returned to Brazil. They lived in Rio de Janeiro for a year before moving to Torquay, Devon. Her husband was appointed a delegate to the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade. The family remained in England for most of 1951. However while in London, Clarice Lispector had a miscarriage, prompting a return to Brazil.
Clarice Lispector's Alguns contos was published in 1952 when she had returned to Rio de Janeiro. The Ministry of Education and Health was the organ through which this slim bolume was published. She would later use much of this material for her novel Laços de família published 1961. Lispector began to write for a newspaper Comício. For this newspaper she wrote under the name Teresa Quadros.
During the fall of 1952, Clarice Lispector and her family relocated once again. This time the family moved to the capital of the United States, Washington D.C. The family would remain in this city for seven years. During this time she became an intimate friend with Erico Verissimo, another Brazillian writer. The Rio de Janeiro journal Senhor published many of Lispector's pieces of short fiction during this period.
Life as a diplomat's wife made Clarice Lispector miserable. The years away from her family made her feel increasingly lonely. In 1959, Lispector with her children returned to Brazil. She wrote her most influential novels including The Passion According to G.H. as well as Family Ties (or Laços de família).
After returning to Brazil, Clarice Lispector faced economic hardships. She strove to get a publisher interested in Family Ties. The book incorporated much of the short fiction that Clarice Lispector had written before 1960. Many view this work as one of the quintessential Brazilian short fiction.
A paixão segundo G.H or The Passion According to G.H. has become one of the most famous books of Clarice Lispector's career. The book is viewed by many to represent her finest and most groundbreaking work. In this work, Clarice Lispector recounts the story of a wealthy woman who has a transcendental experience after confronting a cockroach.
In 1966, Clarice Lispector was injured. She had taken a pill to help her sleep. When she passed out, Lispector was still holding a lit cigarette. The burn was so severe that doctors considered complete amputation of her hand. For the next eleven years, Clarice Lispector wrote despite her pain.
In 1967, Clarice Lispector released O Mistério do coelho pensante translated into English as The Mystery of the Thinking Rabbit. This was her first attempt at writing a book for children. She also returned to writing newspapers columns. This time she wrote for Jornal do Brasil. Many of these publications were gathered into a collection after her death called A Descoberta do mundo or The Discovery of the World.
The following year, Clarice Lispector took part in the protests against the military rule of Brazil. She continued writing both fiction and pieces of journalism. She started conducting interviews for the magazine Manchete. In the years that followed, she began to paint. She also translated the works of Edgar Allan Poe and Oscar Wilde.
The First World Congress of Sorcery in Bogota invited Clarice Lispector to attend in 1975. A translation of her story "The Egg and the Hen" was read at the convention. This story was chosen for its mixture of occult and spiritual elements.
In 1977, Clarice Lispector published A Hora da estrela or The Hour of the Star. This novel examines poverty and power relationships in Brazil. This was also the year that Clarice Lispector succumbed to ovarian cancer.


Robinson Brothers has been involved in the creation of speciality and fine chemicals since our inception, but we ventured into the high impact aroma chemicals in 2008 with our acquisition of Endeavour Speciality Chemicals.
The firm, founded in 1991, specialises in manufacturing high impact aroma chemicals and supplies its products and services to companies located across the globe. They are used to provide 'top notes' to flavours, which hit the nose quickly and then dissipate. These chemicals are supplied to flavour houses - which are similar to fragrance houses that develop perfumes - to create the odours and tastes found in and associated with specific products.
High impact aroma chemicals can be combined to create a range of different aromas, each with their own unique top notes to create an instant impact, such as the strong cheese and onion tang an individual experiences when they open a packet of their favourite crisps.
The chemicals developed by Endeavour Speciality Chemicals are highly concentrated, meaning only a tiny amount is used in a flavour application. In fact, if a single drop of one of our most powerful high impact aroma chemicals fell into an Olympic-sized swimming pool, the aroma could still be detected.
Emerging markets, such as the Far East and Latin America, means that newer combinations are being explored, due to the fact that people living in these areas have different tastes compared to the already established markets.
High impact aroma chemicals can be used in countless ways and are only limited in their use, by the imaginations of the flavorists, trying to excite us with even more tantalising tastes and flavours. Contact us for more information.


Dioscorides Omphacomel
Dioscorides held primacy in the botanical world for almost 1500 years. In the 16th century, that began to change. In among the religious upheavals, political strife, and innumerable changes of the age of exploration, science and technology also began to emerge as topics in their own right. With this the world of botany and medicine also began to change. As a result, books based on Dioscorides became outdated and fewer. Many of the new books continued to feature recipe for mead and related drinks just as Dioscorides did.
Today's recipe is for omphacomel, a mead made with unripe grape juice – or verjuice.
Making Verjuice c. 1375 is from the Taquinum Sanitatis at the Bibliothèque nationale de France (Latin 9333)
1516 Baptista/Barolo Book V Omphacomeli DCCCLXIII
Omphacomeli sie condunt: uvis districtis semi acerbic nee dum mutantibus colorem in sole triduano habitis: mox expressis ad tres partes succi una optimi & despumati mellis addita. Huic insole cadis inveterato vis comprimendi refrigerandique est. Ideo laborantibus stomach alvinisque laudatur, usus anniculo non ante.
TRANSLATION (Laura Angotti): Omphacomel is thus laid up. Sharp and somewhat sour grapes not yet changed in color, held three days in the sun. Then express the juice, and to 3 parts of juice add 1 of good and scummed honey. This is placed in the sun in casks established to prevent compromise and which is cool. It is good for those who suffer from stomach flux, use it after a year, not before.
The 1:3 ratio of honey:juice is fairly high, and probably helps to offset the acid and sourness of unripe grapes (although verjuice is characterized as less acid than vinegar). The 1 year aging period is one seen before in Dioscorides, but is probably helpful for flavors to meld. It also might reflect a slow fermentation due to high acidity.
I have not made this recipe. The relatively high price of verjuice makes it drop down the list of priorities. Perhaps I can find a way to access some unripe grapes and make my own verjuice.