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Macro photography excels at bringing out amazing details in things too otherwise tiny to appreciate. 'Tis the season, so what better time to see what snowflakes
look like? PhotographerAlexey Kljatov
captures them on a glass surface back-lit by LED light, or in natural light using dark, woolen fabrics for backgrounds. In this first Kljatov photo, "Almost Triangle," a slightly melted snowflake rests ahead of a woolen fabric background, in the natural light of a cloudy day. Let's check out some more great shots from the short, happy life of the snowflake.VIDEO: How Snowflakes Form
Greenland has been hiding a lot of melt water that may or may not end up contributing to rising sea levels. The discovery of liquid water hiding inside layers of glacier-top snow in southern Greenland came as a shock to the scientists drilling the ice.
"It was a complete surprise," said Richard Forster of the University of Utah in Salt Lake City. "We brought the core up and the water was just gushing out of it."
Forster's team had expected layers of dry snow, which had been the case in other areas they drilled, because it was early spring and there had not been a chance for the surface ice to melt and seep down into the layers of packed snow beneath the surface, called firn. The liquid water also worried the team because the ice drilling probe they were using had unprotected electronics on it not designed for submersion in water.
To get a better idea how much water was hidden in the packed snow, the team employed ice penetrating radar to identify the top of the ice-cold aquifer near the watery cores, and then used that information to search for and map out how much more water there was tens of meters down in the firn. What they found was evidence of about 70,000 square kilometers of water – almost the area of Ireland. They reported their discovery in the Dec. 22 issue of the journal Nature Geoscience.
What they were not able to determine, because of those exposed electronics in their drill, was the depth of the firn aquifer, which was filling the pore spaces between grains of firn in the same way ground water fills the spaces between grains of rock and dirt in the ground. Nor were they able to determine whether that water eventually freezes and becomes part of the glacier, or makes its way to the sea.
"An important source of uncertainty in determining Greenland's runoff — and how it might change in the future — has been in understanding how much of the melt water from firn-covered regions is partitioned into runoff, and how much is left behind in the ice sheet after infiltrating into underlying firn and refreezing," explains Joel Harper of the University of Montana, who commented on Forster's team's work in a separate article in Nature Geoscience.
"Most models assume water runs off or refreezes," said Forster. This water indicates there is a third possibility as well: liquid melt water stored in the firn. "Is this water buffering sea-level rise? Or is it already connected and passing through and there's just a delay? Right now we don't know. It may be something in between."
The researchers returned in April 2013 to conduct work with water-tight drill probes and will be publishing their findings soon.


Hard water hampers weed control
To get the most from the herbicides you're spraying in your field, check your water quality first
crop sprayer in the field
A North Dakota State University extension specialist says the performance of some herbicides can be adversely affected by using hard water to prepare spray mixtures. According to Richard Zollinger, there are a variety of water quality issues that can impact herbicide efficacy, including the presence of clay, silt or organic matter in the water. But a key factor in "antagonizing" herbicides is hard water that includes high levels of mineral ion content.
"Water hardness is based on the amount of calcium and magnesium in the water," Zollinger explains. Hardness is expressed as the amount of calcium in the water added to the amount of magnesium present as calcium carbonate equivalent. "The presence of the other minerals would be additive to the hard water value," he says. "Hard water may contain mostly calcium, magnesium, iron, and potassium. Soft water contains sodium, similar to how a water softener works in homes."
Minerals such as calcium, magnesium potassium, iron and sodium contain cations, or positively charged ions, that bind with herbicides, reducing absorption, which results in less activity from the herbicide.
Zollinger delivered a presentation entitled, "Weed Control Issues: How Water Quality Can Affect Herbicide Efficacy" at Manitoba Ag Days, held at Brandon, Man. in January.
During the presentation, Zollinger showed evidence that much of the water in the Prairie provinces is very hard, showing an up to or greater than 250 milligram per litre (ppm) concentration of hardness as calcium carbonate.
Almost all "weak acid" herbicides are antagonized by minerals in hard water, he explained, including glyphosate (Group 9) and Liberty (Group 10), and other "weak acid" herbicides in various chemical groups. Calcium levels of 150 ppm and sodium levels of 300 ppm in spray water are enough to antagonize herbicides.
According to an article on water quality and weed control prepared by Saskatchewan's Ministry of Agriculture, hard water can also reduce the activity of 2,4-D Amine. If the water is hard enough, this herbicide's effectiveness is severely reduced.
Additionally, some Saskatchewan groundwater contains relatively high levels of bicarbonate ions. "Bicarbonate content can be a factor affecting the performance of some herbicides, particularly those in the "dim" group such as Achieve (tralkoxydim), Poast Ultra (sethoxydim) and Centurion/Select (clethodim) as well as 2,4-D Amine," explains the article.
Managing hard water
There are a few steps you can take to mitigate the impact of hard water on herbicide efficacy. One strategy is to apply the maximum rates of herbicides when hard water is an issue. Also, water volume can be reduced to the minimum required for adequate herbicide coverage. This is effective for glyphosate in particular, due to a higher concentration of glyphosate in spray droplets.
Zollinger recommends applying ammonium sulfate (AMS) fertilizer with glyphosate, as it prevents cations in hard water from binding to glyphosate and minimizing its effectiveness.
AMS application rates should vary based on water hardness. Most glyphosate labels recommend an application rate of 8.5 to 17 pounds per 100 gallons, but as little as four pounds per 100 gallons may be enough to overcome most salt antagonism. Zollinger's guideline for dry application rates is 8.5 pounds per 100 gallons, or 0.8 kilograms per acre. AMS can also be purchased in liquid form for easier application. One guideline for liquid AMS application rates is 1.6 litres per acre. "This will overcome salts in the water and enhance all weak acid herbicides," Zollinger says.
AMS is not perfect — application requires lots of product, as well as time to let it dissolve in the spray water. In addition, it slows speed of loading and spraying overall, and impurities, as well as low water volume, may plug nozzles. However, Zollinger is convinced that the benefits outweigh the negatives.
"AMS has been the cheapest and most effective method to overcome hard water antagonism of herbicides," he says. "There are liquid water conditioners on the market that contain low amounts of AMS and other substances, but they are more expensive than AMS and some of them are less effective."
Zollinger concluded his presentation with a warning: "Know your water quality."
Growers who suspect they may have water quality issues should send samples for testing. In Saskatchewan, growers can refer to the ALS Environmental Laboratory's testing services. In Manitoba, Central Testing Laboratory offers water testing packages.
About the author
Julienne Isaacs
Julienne Isaacs's recent articles
Stories from our other publications


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A 12 inch long string with a 0.5 mm diameter and is composed of a 10GPa modulus
material is fixed at one end and loaded by a 100 g mass at its other end. What is the length
of the string when it is under load? (Note that the length is necessarily greater than 12
LInitial = 12 in =.305 m
A = ∏r2 = ∏(.00025)2 = 1.96 * 10-7 m^2
E = 10 N/m2
F=.1 * 9.8 =.98 N
The Attempt at a Solution
Basically I'm just not sure which length to use for finding the spring constant k, the final or initial length?
So should be solving something like this for final length?

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Cybersecurity for 7th-12th Grade Students and Parents
New technologies have changed nearly every aspect of adolescence, from playing games to interacting with friends to completing schoolwork. Young learners and their parents must understand how to protect themselves and their data as they share information and navigate an ever-changing digital world.
USF's five-hour course delivers vital cybersecurity concepts in an engaging format that is accessible for both adolescents and adults. Designed for students in 7th through 12th grade and their families, the course identifies important cyber hygiene practices for anyone using the internet or securing information online.
WHO SHOULD ENROLL
- Students in 7th through 12th grade
- Parents of students in 7th through 12th grade
WHAT YOU WILL LEARN
Each of the five modules contains interactive content, videos and quizzes to ensure participants complete the course with a firm understanding of fundamental cybersecurity concepts. While the content itself can be completed within three to five hours, participants are given a period of 30 days so they can finish the course according to their own schedule.
By enrolling in this course, you will:
- Better understand how to keep your whole family safe online.
- Learn to create stronger passwords to secure your information.
- Be able to identify and protect yourself from social engineering tactics.
- Become proficient in identifying and avoiding malware.
- Be able to implement best cyber hygiene practices in your home immediately.
WHAT YOU WILL EARN
Upon completion, a digital badge is awarded to enhance resumes and professional social media profiles.
WHY CHOOSE USF'S CYBERSECURITY COURSE?
- Earn a credential backed by a major research university
- Register on an open-enrollment basis — no application required
- Learn at your own pace in a convenient online format
- Online course


Highly Evolved Beings - Nagas
One of the Sacred books of the Tibetan Buddhists is fabled to have been received from the Nagas, who says Schagentweit are "Fabulous creatures of the nature of serpents, who occupy a place among the beings superior to man, and are regarded as protectors of the law of Buddha".
To these spiritual beings sake-muni is said to have taught a more philosophical religious system than to men, who were not sufficiently advanced to understand it at the time of his appearance.
-Serpent and Shiva Worship and Mythology in Central America, Africa and Asia and The Origin of Serpent Worship.
by Hyde Clarke and Staniland Wake.
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The Mesmer (Scholar)
[Image: 300px-Mesmer_02_concept_art.jpg]
Able to manipulate magic to create illusions that defy the fabric of reality and confuse their opponents, the mesmer is combination of duelist and dashing con-artist on the field of battle. Able to summon mirror images of themselves to distract their opponents, these illusions come in the form of carefully crafted phantasms, or the more easily conjured clones. Mesmerism itself is not found within the mind, but is in fact a manipulation of magic that creates mind tricks that foil the mesmer's enemies.
The profession's main source of damage comes in applying conditions to their enemies, while using their illusions to distract. Mesmers can create mantras, or extended slow casting spells, that they are able to call upon even in the middle of battle. The mesmer is also able to shatter their illusions to apply damage or conditions upon their foes when in combat.
Mesmers are found commonly among humans, and are most likely welcome among the other races except the charr.
For more reading on the Mesmer check out:
"They have always had the ability to manipulate raw magical energy as embodied by the skill chaos storm. Arcane thievery is not the mesmer tricking someones mind but rather them manipulating magical energies."
-Post by Eric Flannum
Mesmers are duelists that rely upon deception related to the School of Denial. The Mesmer possesses the ability to bend reality itself to create effects that boggle the mind. Where an Elementalist relies upon pure raw power, the Mesmer relies upon deception. Their abilities do not, in fact, effect the mind directly, where as they can create semi-real illusions of themselves or other effects that can confuse their opponents on the battle field.
Mesmer can create illusions that disguise themselves or a given target (these spells require a specific target to be casted upon), their clones and phantasms also have the ability to create sound. Most likely with careful thought and some concentration a clone could be given a limit range of ilusionar responses and be able to act semi-independent all from the mesmer. However, fully sentient clones and phantasms are not capable in creation.


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Proposal for Improving the Performance of Longitudinal Acceleration of a Land Vehicle
The present study introduces a proposal to improve the longitudinal performance of a land vehicle through the adoption of an unusual traction control system. The system is capable of improving the transfer of engine power to the ground and reduces the complexity of the task being performed by the driver. High-performance vehicles are able to achieve high levels of longitudinal acceleration and, sometimes, the power excess leads to the spinoff of the drive wheels, which decrease the ability of the tires to generate force, and consequently the vehicle acceleration. The proposed system acts in addition with the motor control, through the derivation of the motor speed signal, and its control by comparison with a predefined value. The control can delay or even suppress the ignition of the engine. Thus, the rate at which the engine gains speed, and consequently, the rate at which the vehicle accelerates, is limited.


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National Geographic Learning and Educational Testing Service Collaborate to Develop ELTeach - an Online Training Program for English Language Teachers
Piloted by over 4,200 teachers in 10 countries, ELTeach is a scalable and cost-effective online ELT professional development certificate program that enables teachers to teach English in English.
National Geographic Learning (NGL), part of Cengage Learning and a provider of quality educational materials for the PreK‐12, higher education, adult education and ELT markets, and Educational Testing Service (ETS), the global leader in providing fair and valid English language assessments, research and related services, today announced the launch of ELTeach, a curriculum, assessment and certificate program that provides professional development for English language teachers (ELT) worldwide.
This new program provides thorough instruction and training to help ELT teachers learn to effectively teach English in English. Beginning in June 2012, NGL and ETS have collaborated on piloting ELTeach with over 4,200 teachers of English around the world. The teachers in the pilot represented 10 countries – including China, South Korea, Mexico, Brazil and Italy – and used both distance learning and blended learning models.
"ELTeach comes at an important time, as the need for students around the world to learn English is greater than ever," said Sean Wakely, Executive Vice President, Cengage Learning. "English has become a global language, and in many countries the demand to learn the language is greater than the number of teachers available to teach it. The ELTeach program is unique because it grants countries the ability to improve the skills and effectiveness of their own current teachers."
ELTeach's online curricula and assessments deliver a cost-effective and scalable way to train large numbers of English teachers. The aim is to improve the quality and consistency of English language teaching across an entire country. The program is comprised of two components — English for Teaching and Professional Knowledge for English Language Teaching (ELT):
· English-for-Teaching helps teachers to gain the skills necessary to complete basic teaching tasks in English. This area of the program helps teachers to prepare for and take the TEFT™ Assessment (Test of English for Teaching), which assesses those skills as teachers read, write, listen and speak.
· Professional Knowledge for ELT provides teachers with increased knowledge of pedagogy and practices that are specific to English language teaching. This component helps teachers to prepare for and take the integrated TPK™ Assessment (Test of Professional Knowledge for ELT), which assesses the teachers' knowledge of the curriculum.
"ELTeach is the first professional development product for ELT teachers that is truly designed for the reality of English as a 21st Century global skill," said Dennis Hogan, Executive Director, National Geographic Learning. "The program gives non-native speaking teachers the tools and confidence to teach English in English, which has been proven as the best path to success."
"What's novel about this program is that it provides teachers with both a learning experience and assessment geared toward helping them improve how they teach the English language to their students," said David Hunt, Vice President and Chief Operating Officer, Global Division, ETS. "In recent years, an increasing number of ministries of education have focused on improving the skills and capabilities of their English Language teachers. ELTeach helps teachers reach this goal by providing them with the opportunity to become more confident in their language ability and their understanding of teaching methods specific to their needs."
ELTeach was designed by an international panel of ELT experts, led by Professors Donald Freeman and Ann Burns, and Dr. Ann Katz. Panelists spanning 13 countries shared their insights and experiences to help shape the course content and ensure that it is relevant both locally and globally.
For more information on ELTeach, or any other products available from National Geographic Learning, please visit ngl.cengage.com


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Ashley Magnetic World Map - 12 " Width X 17 " Height
item #: ASH77013
World map features a handy, magnetic backing for damage-free display on any magnetic-receptive surface in your room. Write-on/wipe-off surface allows you to write directly on the map and quickly wipes clean for fast edits and cleanup. Its blank format allows students to write down each country or draw out significant landscapes to help keep them engaged throughout your lesson. Plus, every country is shaded in an assortment of highly visible colors to allow your young learners to easily distinguish the borders.


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To pass your cscs exam you'll need practice questions that are nearly identical to the ones in the real test. For this cscs mock test we'll be looking at some of the more difficult questions you're likely to come across on your test day, for most people working in the construction industry and for those who've taken the cscs test before these questions might seem straight forward and relatively easy but please consider that not everyone taking test will have prior knowledge of working on a building site and they may not be familiar with site safety rules and protocols.
For this cscs practice test we'll be asking questions based on the "Health and Welfare "section of the official Health, Safety and Environment test handbook. In keeping with the normal format, all the questions in this cscs mock exam will have four possible answers of which only one answer is correct. All the answers are at the end of each question and there's also a brief explanation to help give you a better understanding of the answers.
1. What should you do if the toilet on your worksite doesn't work and is always in a messy state?
a. Avoid using the toilet
b. Investigate and try to fix the problem
c. Leave the site on your break and use the toilet in a nearby shop
d. Speak to your supervisor about the problem
Answer: D – Your employer is required by law to provide adequate toilet facilities, inform your supervisor and let him handle the situation.
2. What should you do when you're cleaning up dust after completing a task?
a. Ensure you're wearing your protective mask
b. Ensure you dampen down the area
c. Ensure there's adequate ventilation
d. All of the above
Answer: D – Your first priority is to protect yourself and others that might be affected by any dust created.
3. Why is it important for you to control and minimize dust from getting into the air?
a. Constantly inhaling dust particles can cause lung problems in the future
b. Less dust means less cleaning up afterwards
c. Dust is always in the air and it does not cause harm
d. Dust in the air will affect you vision
Answer: A – Inhaling dust can cause severe and even fatal lung problems.
4. What should you do if you're given a tool which has a broken electrical wire?
a. Ask one of your colleagues to try and fix the problem
b. Get some electrical tape and cover the exposed wire
c. Stop using the tool and report it immediately
d. Carry on working but avoid that particular area.
Answer: C – If a tool is unsafe for work it should be reported immediately
5. Disposable masks should be used no more than?
a. Seven working days
b. Nine working days
c. One day or one shift
d. Ten working days
Answer: C – Disposable masks are similar to disposable ear plugs and should not be used more than one day or one shift.
6. For maximum protection when using a mask you should:
a. Ensure you're using the correct type of mask for the job
b. Ensure you're wearing the mask correctly
c. Ensure you've passed a face fit test for that specific mask
d. All of the above
Answer: D – To ensure you're protected, you'll need the right mask for the job, you'll need to wear it as recommended in the instructions and you'll need to make sure it fits correctly.
7. Before starting your shift you're given a dust mask that's too big and keeps falling off, what should you do?
a. Ask for a mask that fits securely and wait until you have the correct RPE before starting
b. Ask your colleague to borrow his mask then carry on working
c. Carry on working and get another one after your shift ends
d. Carry on working with the big mask until you can get another one
Answer: A – You should never start working until you have the correct PPE/RPE for the job.
8. Being constantly exposed to loud noises can cause permanent ear damage, can this be reversed?
a. No, ear damage cannot be reversed
b. Yes, eventually your hearing will return to normal
c. Yes, you can have a simple operation to reverse this
d. Yes, staying away from noisy environments can slowly reverse this
Answer: A – Permanent hearing loss cannot be reversed so care must be taken by using correct PPE.
9. Hand-arm vibration syndrome or vibration white finger can be described as:
a. A severe rash on your arm that's caused by exposure to hazardous substances
b. A sign that your hands are on the way to becoming permanently injured
c. An air borne disease that can affect your breathing
d. Frostbite that can lead to permanent damage to your arms and fingers
Answer: B – Hand-arm vibration syndrome or HAVS is an early sign that your hands are on the way to becoming permanently injured
10. if you're required to use skin barrier cream, when should this be applied?
a. At the end of your shift
b. Before your shift starts
c. This should only be used if you can't find your gloves
d.This should only be used as part of first-aid treatment
Answer: B- Skin barrier cream should be applied before your shift starts.


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DEL started out as names for certain ASCII control characters, used so often that they have special keys of their own. For instance,
TAB was another name for
C-i. Later, users found it convenient to distinguish in Emacs between these keys and the corresponding control characters typed with the
Ctrl key. Therefore, on most modern terminals, they are no longer the same:
TAB is different from
Emacs can distinguish these two kinds of input if the keyboard does. It treats the special keys as function keys named
delete. These function keys translate automatically into the corresponding ASCII characters if they have no bindings of their own. As a result, neither users nor Lisp programs need to pay attention to the distinction unless they care to.
If you do not want to distinguish between (for example)
C-i, make just one binding, for the ASCII character
TAB (octal code 011). If you do want to distinguish, make one binding for this ASCII character, and another for the function key
With an ordinary ASCII terminal, there is no way to distinguish between
C-i (and likewise for other such pairs), because the terminal sends the same character in both cases.


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Creative Problem Solving and Decision Making Skills Action Plan
SOC/110 Week 5 Creative Problem Solving and Decision Making Skills Action Plan
Create an 8- to 10-slide Microsoft PowerPoint presentation with detailed speaker notes answering the following questions:
- What conflict styles have you encountered while working in groups? How will your approach to conflict change in the future based on what you have learned in this course?
- What group cohesion strategies will you apply in future team work? Describe these strategies and how they strengthen group work.
- What is your own decision-making style? Describe this style and how you will apply it to future group work.
- How will you approach problem solving in the future based on what you have learned in this course? Describe your strategies and how you will apply them to future group work.
Format your assignment consistent with APA guidelines.
Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.


Home Apps Blog Support Forum About
elegant software you can hold in your hand
MileTracker is a power tool that makes tracking your mileage the easiest available. Its elegant user interface and full features makes it an essential tool for every iPhone or iPad user wishing to track their mileage.
 1. Super easy to use!
 2. Once enabled, you can leave the app, turn off your phone, or keep the app open. Its up to you. Regardless the app will still keep track of your mileage.
 3. VERY accurate, within 1/10 of a mile over a 50 mile trip.
IMPORTANT: Our competition (rhymes with "MileJug") has been found to be extremely in accurate short changing you miles each time it is used. This costs you serious money! It has been found to be 10% and sometimes more off. That is 5 miles on a 50 mile trip. Ouch!! If you are getting $.565 per mile than that is the cost of the app every time you travel 50 miles.
 1. if you wish to record your odometer readings to track your mileage, it is easy within MileTracker.
 2. If you already know the mileage and want to enter it, you can do that too.
 3. Change the allowance if necessary.
 4. Convenient large keyboard with decimal point.
 1. Keep track of each leg of your travels
 2. Save the location either by
 3. 1.Using your current location
 4. 2.Getting the address from your Contacts list
 5. 3.Enter the address if you know it
 6. Assign a "nickname" to any location you save so it is easily recognized by you.
Optional Location Awareness add-on that will detect your current location and compare it with your list of frequent locations. If there is a match, it will pre-fill the start location if you create a new entry. If the entry already has a start location, the app will prompt you to and allow you to enter the stop location.
MileTracker allows several different ways to record your mileage. You can:
 1. Track your every move via your current GPS location
 (even when you are within another app or your device is off)
 1. Enter a start and stop location
 (enter an address or use your current GPS location)
 1. Enter a start and stop odometer reading
 2. Enter the total mileage if you already know it
Once you are done recording all of your mileage, the app does not stop there. You can easily email or export the information in either an Excel friendly format (CSV) or an attractive, finished PDF report. The app offers numerous report templates to create the report you need.
 1. Organize your mileage and expense entries in logs. Easily keeps everything nicely filed and easy to find.
 2. Create as many logs as you wish. Create a log for each week, each month, each year, you choose! Create a log for each trip if that is how you wish to organize your time records. Its all up to you.
MileTracker is the best choice among mileage tracking apps because:
 1. It has the MOST accurate LIVE tracking available.
Many other apps short change the mileage you have traveled by 10% and even more. MileTracker has been tested to calculate a 50 mile trip within 1/10 of a mile. Click here to check out our help video on our live mileage tracking feature.
 1. It is the most flexible of the mileage tracking app's allowing you to track mileage the way you prefer.
In addition to the high tech methods of tracking mileage, you can use your odometer readings if you wish. Click here to check out our help video on the different ways to tracking mileage here.
 1. It allows you to build a list of frequent used locations. Noting where you have visited is as easy as selected the location from a list.
 1. The app offers an easy to use method to organize your entries into "Logs."
 1. MileTracker is chock full of different preferences allowing to make it "your own.
You can choose to hide fields you to do now wish to use or show those not included by default. These extra fields include:
Client, Merchant, Project, plus more.
 1. The absolute most attractive PDF mileage reports available. Choose from one of many templates to create the report you need.
 1. Backup up your data to iCloud
Live Mileage Tracking
Mileage tracking and reporting
Keeping Track of the Places you Visit
(another way to track your mileage)
Enter your Odometer reading
(if that is how you wish to track your mileage)
 1. The app will remember the last stop odometer reading and will pre-fill that value for the new entry's start reading.
 2. Supports Multiple Vehicles and remembers the last stop odometer for each of your vehicles if you have more than one.
 3. Note: By default the Multiple Vehicle support is disabled but can be easily enabled in the MileTracker Prefs screen).
Sort Bar
Tap to toggle between total mileage and total $
Customize what appears on the 2nd line
(even enable optional 3rd line too)
Optional Multiple Vehicle Support
Indicate if it is
one-way or round trip
Optional Field
Flag as Business or Personal
Optional Fields
Hide or Show as you wish
Link files from your email
Over a dozen different PDF templates to choose from


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Click here for site home page
KODACHROME SLIDE DATING GUIDE
Kodachrome was first made in 8mm movie film size in Spring 1936. Kodachrome film in 35mm and 828 Bantam size was introduced in August or September 1936. Early Kodachrome processing was unstable. This example was taken on December 25, 1938 and has turned red. The processing was changed in early 1939, and images processed after then enjoy the best permanence of any color film made.
Kodachrome was introduced in professional sizes September 1938. 2.25 x 3.25", 3.25 x 4.25", 4x5", 5x7", 8x10" & 11x14". Sheet film sizes were discontuned in April 1951.
At first, the processed film was not mounted by Kodak, photographers were expected to mount their own film. Kodak introduced a projector for them in February 1937, and Kodak glass slide mounts were introduced in April 1937. The above example is typical for do-it-yourself glass mounting. Pressboard mounts were announced on February 1939 as being standard on all processing effective April 1, 1939. Some users continued to use the Kodak glass mounts for focus stabiity during projection, the heat of the bulb would cause slides in cardboard mounts to expand and the projectionist would have to continually readjust focus. This practice continued until autofocus projectors became widely available. Another benefit of the Kodak glass mounts was extra protection from damage in handling, a practice which continued until plastic slide mounts with anti-newton ring glass were introduced.
Kodachrome pressboard mounts
Original "Kodachrome" with stamped number (many examples known without number) April 1939 - May 1949
Early Kodachrome made in the first few years of production used the date code symbols of Kodak movie film. This aerial view of Olympia, Washington was taken in 1940. The two squares on the top film edge are the date code.
Click here to see Kodak film date codes.
"Kodachrome / Transparency" & stamped number May 1949 -May 1952
"Kodachrome / Transparency" & inked number May 1952 - Aug 1955
"Kodachrome / Transparency / Processed By Kodak" & inked number Aug 1955 - July 57
This was made because other labs began offering Kodachrome processing, which previously had only been done by EK.
"Kodachrome / Transparency / Processed By Kodak" inked number, stamped date May 58 - Jul 1958
"Kodachrome / Transparency / Processed By Kodak" inked number, stamped date June 58 - Sept 61 (Note stamp is adjacent to and below "Made In USA" it is hard to see on this scan.)
MOST LATER SLIDE MOUNTS HAVE IMPRINTED DATES, SO LATER ONES ARE NOT LISTED ON THIS PAGE.
"Consent Decree Kodachrome" after June 1954
Kodak did all processing on Kodachrome until courts decreed it a monopoly. Initially, Kodak sold the film and processing together and the customer paid for both when they bought the film. After the decision, Kodachrome was sold as film and processing could be done by independent labratories or by Kodak. After this date, Kodachromes processed by Kodak say so on the mount.
"Kodachrome / Transparency / View From Other Side" stamped number, unknown origin, 1950s
"Kodachrome / Transparency / Processed By Drewry Photocolor" inked number, no date. Note color is actually pink, not red.
"Kodachrome / Transparency" on white mount from unknown processor ca. 1958
"Kodachrome / Transparency/ Processed By / Technicolor" on grey mount, ca.1958
"Kodachrome / Transparency/ Processed By / Technicolor" on white mount, inked number, stamped date, ca.1961
I have collected Kodachrome slides for about fifteen years. I had been noting dated examples of the various Kodachrome mounts. Recently thousands of Kodachrome slides taken by a EK manager arrived. The photographer had individually noted the date of exposure of each image, and his film was usually processed within a month of exposure. His career lasted from 1942 through the late 1960s. This archive presented an outstanding example of dated examples spaced within days or weeks, processed by EK, for a regional EK manager.
Click here to go to Ansco Color and Anscochrome page.
Click here for Kodak's recommendations for cleaning Kodachrome.
Click here to see a dating guide for Kodak film edge marking.
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Language Matters: Geography Matters, Too
Have you ever thought about how languages were formed, and why certain languages contain some sounds while other languages leave those sounds out completely?
There has never been a distinguishable pattern to language sounds and geography, so scientists assumed it was all random — until now (
There's a type of sound in some languages called an ejective, and it involves creating a burst of air through the lips as part of the sound. English and other European languages don't have this sound, but you can listen to the different types of ejectives on Wikipedia.
The dark spots are the high-altitude places where languages with ejectors originated.
After studying the places where languages with ejectives are spoken, and then looking at the places of origin of those languages, scientists noticed an interesting pattern — languages with ejectives all originated at high altitudes.
The possible reason for this trend involves air pressure. Creating an ejective sound requires effort to push the air through the mouth forcefully, and at higher altitudes the lower air pressure makes these sounds easier to create.
Do you speak a language that uses ejectives? Are there other ways that you can think of that geography might influence the development of language?
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American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
- adj. Characteristic of a lady; well-bred.
- adj. Appropriate for or becoming to a lady. See Synonyms at female.
- adj. Unduly sensitive to matters of propriety or decorum.
- adj. Lacking virility or strength.
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- Like a lady in any respect; refined; well-bred: courteous in manner.
- Applied to men, affected; effeminate.
- Synonyms Womanly, etc. See feminine.
GNU Webster's 1913
- adj. Like a lady in appearance or manners; well-bred.
- adj. Becoming or suitable to a lady.
- adj. Delicate; tender; feeble; effeminate.
- adj. befitting a woman of good breeding
- lady + -like (Wiktionary)
"The word ladylike wasn't in Gaia's personal dictionary."
"The wife lives to realize the ideal of the "ladylike" -- lady she resigns to the patrician -- and she insists upon a servant, however small."
"She has what I can only describe as a ladylike laugh, lips slightly parted, more a smile than a laugh."
"It may not have been what my mother would have called ladylike, but I missed it."
"But you could not think of these things pertaining to the Walking Woman, and if there were ever any truth in the exemption from offense residing in a frame of behavior called ladylike, it should have been inoperative here."
"When first we knew Daisy we used to call her the White Mouse, and her brother had all the appearance of being one too, but you know how untruthful appearances are, or else it was that we taught him happier things, for he certainly turned out quite different in the end; and she was not a bad sort of kid, though we never could quite cure her of wanting to be "ladylike" -- that is the beastliest word there is, I think, and Albert's uncle says so, too."
"And then there was Prada, which was about taking ladylike things and making them more innocent, which is apparently completely different from taking innocent things and making them more ladylike, which is so two years ago."
"Mr. Wu, with his polished, lace-trimmed collections, often hears his work described as "ladylike," but his show earlier in the day was a bit risky in that it included some mighty short shorts and transparent outerwear."
"They include important thou-shalt-nots such as shalt not murder, shalt not steal, shalt not lie and cheat, but they also include all those courtesies one might call ladylike and gentlemanly conduct."
These user-created lists contain the word 'ladylike'.
Curious words having to do with women: positive or negative; feminine, observational, technical, weird, stupid, crass, etc. I loathe some of these words but I'm using this list as a catch-all... ev...
These words I would use, if I created my whole vocabulary from beginning
Looking for tweets for ladylike.


The basic idea behind good web design is to partition your web page into various sections and columns to give it a professional allure and to make it more user friendly. Creating columns in a page of a website is one of the techniques in helping you organizing the layout of your page. Here is an easy tutorial on how to put columns with Visual Composer:
1. Login to your WP Dashboard and go to Pages > Add New. Or you can go to your existing page. However, on this tutorial, we will use a new page.
2. Write a title of your page and click on Add Element
3. Click Row to add a row, then select 1/3 1/3 1/3 for now.
4. You should see now the 3 gray boxes with + buttons at the middle.
5. To insert content into it, click on the + button and choose Text Block.
6. You can now type your text and do some text alignment whenever needed. Then save it.
7. You also need to choose Full Width layout to display your columns in full page. You can find this below the editor window under Canvas Custom Settings.
8. Save it and your expected output should be like this:
Here is a short video tutorial on how to put columns into your page.


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Seismic data denoising via shearlet transform and data‐driven tight frame
We propose a sort of double sparsity dictionary (DSD) to deal with random noise of seismic exploration, which consists of shearlet transform and data‐driven tight frame (DDTF). We train the DDTF dictionary in the domain of shearlet transform to improve the robustness of the dictionary. Furthermore, the function of hard‐thresholding is applied to find dictionary coefficients and cut small shearlet coefficients. Finally, we verified the reliability of the proposed approach by a synthetic data denoising example.
No Supplementary Data
No Article Media
Document Type: Research Article
Publication date: May 1, 2019


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I came accross this website the other day, and was intrigued at the concept behind the site.
The concept, quoted from _URL_ states:
"Blackle was created by Heap Media to remind us all of the need to take small steps in our everyday lives to save energy.
Blackle saves energy because the screen is predominantly black. "Image displayed is primarily a function of the user's color settings and desktop graphics, as well as the color and size of open application windows; a given monitor requires more power to display a white (or light) screen than a black (or dark) screen." Roberson et al, 2002
In January 2007 a blog post titled Black Google Would Save 750 Megawatt-hours a Year proposed the theory that a black version of the Google search engine would save a fair bit of energy due to the popularity of the search engine. Since then there has been skepticism about the significance of the energy savings that can be achieved and the cost in terms of readability of black web pages."
As environmentally conscious attitudes pervade society more frequently, environmental endeavours, however small, are popping up all over the place.


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Concept mapping through logs and metacognitive reflection during third graders' scientific problem -solving
The purpose of the study was to investigate third graders' metacognitive and science problem-solving processes for the purpose of formulating an instructional metacognitive model from the data. The researcher analyzed six third-grade students' concept maps and science reflective logs in order to identify the learning processes of children engaged in science problem-solving tasks.^ The materials for data collection were composed of the pretest and posttest concept map, think-aloud protocols of problem solving, and reflective logs. The think-aloud protocols measured the metacognitive processes during the problem-solving sessions. The concept maps and reflective logs explicated the metacognitive processes further.^ Each participant took part in six problem-solving activities on the topic of electricity. The sessions were videotaped and audiotaped, and analyzed further by the researcher. At the beginning of the unit, a pretest concept map was constructed by each learner, to tap into prior knowledge of the learners. At the end of the unit, a posttest map was constructed by each learner. This posttest was done to evaluate the acquired knowledge and scientific conceptual change of each participant.^ Data analysis was descriptive and used a small heterogeneous population. The data analysis took place in two different phases. In Phase 1 of the analysis, the researcher analyzed think-aloud videotape and audiotape sessions of problem-solving tasks. A cognitivemetacognitive framework was used to observe the overt behavior of all six participants. During Phase 2, the investigator focused on case studies of the participants and used a metacognitive science problem-solving instructional model to analyze maps and logs. The model used Vygotsky's theory of everyday concepts and scientific thinking.^ The use of the problem-solving sessions was essential to the study because metacognitive behaviors were activated that ordinarily are not present in other classroom activities. All areas of cognitive and metacognitive behaviors were activated. Children explored, monitored their progress, and gave suggestions to others. Learners recorded ideas in logs and on maps, moving from everyday concepts to scientific thinking. Throughout the process, participants self-questioned, self-monitored, and self-reflected. ^
Education, Elementary|Education, Sciences|Education, Curriculum and Instruction
"Concept mapping through logs and metacognitive reflection during third graders' scientific problem -solving"
(January 1, 1996).
ETD Collection for Fordham University.


Source (Consciousness -> Meaning -> Symbols) -> Communication ->(Symbols -> Meaning -> Consciousness) Receiving
When a person communicates with another the process may be described as above:The receiver interprets the symbols she received, extracting a meaning that she internalizes with her consciousness. The source was conscious and had the intention of communicating and a meaning of what she wanted to communicate; she codified the meaning in symbols that have been communicated.
In this act of communication both source and receiving parties need to have some shared model to base the encoding and interpretation of the meaning; a shared context and culture (a common knowledge).
When a machine with an AI system generates a message (like in a chatbot) it generates it by algorithmically assemble symbols based on a statistical model. There is no consciousness, no meaning to form the intention of the communication.
The receiver would be wrong to assume that the machine intented to meant the information carried in the message. It's a purely mechanical product.
It's the receiving party that can attribute a meaning to the sybols, not the source.
Meaning is only in the eyes of the beholder.
Think of an abstract painter. She is concious and wants to commnicate something to the observers; she codifies the message in the painting but then eventually the observer looks at the painting and is unable to attribute a meaning; the observer just sees symbols and cannot extract a meaning.
This is symmetric to what happens with AI: the machine just mechanically assembles symbols and then the receiver attributes a meaning.
The machine does not know what the message means, it does not know it is producing a message; it does not even know that its output is a message and that someone will receive it.
(Palau's Bear)
With AI it's like looking at rocks, stalagmites or clouds and seeing an animal.
The clouds don't know it's an animal; they don't even know it's a shape. They don't know.
It's just us, seeing the clouds who see an animal in them.


Mystery creature revealed – the 'by the wind sailor' (Velella velella)
How did you do with April's mystery creature? It was a bit deceptive because it looked like a jellyfish but it is not actually one… it is the Velella velella and here are five facts all about it!
Image credit: Wilson44691 - Own work, CC0
So good they named it twice
The Velella velella is the only known species in its genus, therefore it is often referred to as just velella. It goes by other names too, the most common one is 'by the wind sailor' but it is sometimes also called the 'purple sail' or 'little sail'. I think we can agree that sailing is a common theme here! And it is no wonder, it looks quite like a mini sail boat. It is deep blue/purple in colour with a translucent stiff, ridged sail along the mid line.
Looks like a jellyfish but…
It is not a jellyfish – it is actually a hydroid colony; it is made up of hundreds of small organisms, each with their own different function. Each colony is considered all male or all female. They are only about 7cm in diameter.
At the mercy of the winds
There is no way for the velella to propel itself around in the open oceans in which it is found. Instead it is at the mercy of the winds, moving in whatever direction the prevailing wind takes it. This is why, under certain weather conditions, large numbers of these are washed ashore, particularly after stormy conditions and high winds.
 Image credit: Dan from United Kingdom - - image description page, CC BY 2.0, Link
Valella can be found all over the world but mostly in tropical or subtropical waters. They are pleuston – organisms that live partly in and partly above water.
Eat or be eaten
Velella are typically eaten by specialized gastropods (mollusks) such as certain nudibranches. They are carnivorous themselves, feeding on plankton. The short tentacles that reach into the water contain toxins to stun their prey.
Although that are not considered a threat to humans, these toxins could possibly cause some mild skin or eye irritation, if handled.
Division of labour
The various life forms that make up the colony have specialised functions; some are involved in defence, some feeding, others reproduction etc. Any nutrients ingested from feeding are distributed among all the life forms of the colony.
Reproduction is by asexual budding (meaning that tiny new organisms, called medusa, are formed from little nodes that bud from the adult; these buds grown and eventually break away. This process of reproduction can produce thousands of these tiny medusa, each only 1mm in diameter.
Check back tomorrow for another mystery creature for you to solve!
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- HSK 1 - 4
- Pronunciation – Pinyin
- Numbers in Chinese
- Chinese Measure Words
- Chinese Course
- HSK Test
- Games to Learn Chinese
- Chinese Words
- Chinese Characters
- Chinese Phrases
Do you know how to translate the chinese word 更?
The pronunciation in pinyin is written gèng or geng4.
Here the english translation of that chinese word and audio file (mp3).
- even more
|Example sentences in Chinese|
|Today you are even more beautiful. (than before, woman)|
|Western people pay more attention to the individual. (individualism, not to the group / community)|
|The process is more important than the result.|
|You are really cool, but tigers are more terrible.|
|Some Asians like to shake hands when they meet, but not to hug.|
|I prepare to look at magazines rather than newspapers.|


Climate and Weather in Great Britain (Климат и погода в Великобритании)
 Дисциплина: Иностранные языки
 Тип работы: Реферат
 Тема: Climate and Weather in Great Britain (Климат и погода в Великобритании)
 Climate and Weather in Great Britain
 Weather is not the same as climate. The weather at a place is the state of the atmosphere there at a given time or over a short period. The weather of the British
 Isles is greatly variable.
 The climate of a place or region, on the other hand, represents the average weather conditions over a long period of time.
 The climate of any place results from the interaction of a number of determining factors, of which the most important are latitude, distance from the sea, relief and the
 direction of the prevailing winds.
 The geographical position of the British Isles within latitudes 50
 to 60
 is a basic factor in determining the main characteristics of the climate. Temperature, the most
 important climatic element, depends not only on the angle at which the sun's rays strike the earth's surface, but also on the duration of daylight. The length of
 day at London ranges from 16 hours 35 minutes on June to 7 hours 50 minutes on 21 December. British latitudes form the temperate nature of the British climate, for the sun is never
 directly overhead as in the tropical areas.
 Britain's climate is dominated by the influence of the sea. It is much milder than that in any other country in the same latitudes. This is due partly to the presence of the
 North Atlantic Drift, or the Gulf Stream, and partly to the fact that north-west Europe lies in a predominantly westerly wind-belt. This means that marine influences warm the land in
 winter and cool in summer. This moderating effect of the sea is in fact, the cause of the relatively small seasonal contrasts experienced in Britain.
 The moderating effect of the ocean on air temperature is also stronger in winter than in summer. When the surface water is cooler than the air above it – as
 frequently happens during the summer months – the
 air tends to lose its heat to the water. The lowest layers of air are chilled and become denser by contradiction, and the chilled air tends to remain
 at low levels. The surface water expands because it is warmed, and remains on the surface of the ocean. Unless the air is turbulent, little of it can be cooled, for little heat is
 Opposite conditions apply in winter. The air in winter is likely to be cooler than the surface water, so that the heat passes from water to air. Air at low levels is warmed and
 expands and rises, carrying oceanic heat with it, while the chilled surface water contracts and sinks, to be replaced by unchilled water from below. This convectional overturning both
 of water and of air leads to a vigorous exchange of heat.
 The prevailing winds in the British Isles are westerlies. They are extremely moist, as a result of their long passage over warm waters of the North Atlantic. On their arrival to
 Britain, the winds are forced upwards, and as a result large-scale condensation takes place, clouds form and precipitation follows, especially over the mountainous areas.
 North and north-west winds often bring heavy falls of snow to north Britain during late October and November, but they are usually short-lived. Continental winds from the east
 sometimes reach the British Isles in summer as a warm, dry air-stream, but they are more frequently experienced in winter when they cross the north sea and bring cold,
 continental-type weather to eastern and inland districts of Great Britain.
 Relief is the most important factor controlling the distribution of temperature and precipitation within Britain. The actual temperatures experienced in the hilly and
 mountainous parts are considerably lower than those in the lowlands. The effect of relief on precipitation is even more striking. Average annual rainfall in Britain is about 1,100 mm.
 But the geographical distribution of rainfall is largely determined by topography. The mountainous areas of the west and north have more rainfall than the lowlands of the south and
 east. The western Scottish Highlands, the Lake District (the Cumbrian mountains), We...
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Definition of Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose.
Drugs associated with Rhinitis
The following drugs and medications are in some way related to, or used in the treatment of Rhinitis. This service should be used as a supplement to, and NOT a substitute for, the expertise, skill, knowledge and judgment of healthcare practitioners.
Topics under Rhinitis
- Rhinorrhea (33 drugs)
- Vasomotor Rhinitis (8 drugs)


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Watch the Puzzling Melodies from Lyrics online guitar lesson by Matthieu Brandt from Songwriting on Guitar
Some composers will start with lyrics when they write a composition. These lyrics, poems, expressions can give you an initial idea about the flow of the melody. A rhythmic analysis of the phrases and experiments with stressing words within the phrase, can be a jump board for a logical sounding melody. A great way of finding a melodic contour that fits your lyrics is using the speech patterns and stress when you just say your phrase out loud. Stressed words will almost always be higher in pitch than the surrounding words and the general contour of the phrase can rely on this. The use of chord tones will make a word/syllable flow with the underlying harmony and generally create a stable sound. Non chord tones will give the word some energy.
By stepping back from the composition and thinking about stress, stable and unstable notes, lenghtening syllables, swallowing certain sounds, you can get more information about HOW you say things. Or in this case how you sing your lyrics. Before your audience starts listening to the words you sing, they will first try to grab the rhythm of your vocals. Then they'll try to capture the melody itself and only AFTER they will actually hear the words. HOW you sing it is more important than WHAT you sing.


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How to play voice messages
Voice messages received on WhatsApp are downloaded automatically.
On received voice messages you'll see:
- A green microphone on voice messages you haven't played.
- A blue microphone on voice messages you've already played.
Play a voice message
- Tap Play to listen to voice messages you've sent or received.
- Listen to the message.
- Through your phone's ear speaker: Hold the phone up to your ear to play the message through your phone's speakers.
- On speakerphone: Hold the phone away from your head to play the message on speakerphone.
- Through your headphones: Voice messages will play through your headphones when they're connected.
- While a message is playing, you can tap the 1x icon to increase the speed to 1.5x or 2x.
- You can also long press the dot located on the waveform and drag it to the timestamp of the message you want to start playing from.
- Voice messages will continue to play even if you navigate to another chat or group within WhatsApp.
- When you play a voice message and leave the chat, a mini player will appear at the top of your screen.
- You can pause, play, and close the voice message, or navigate back to the original chat.
How to send voice messages


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Chinese scientists invents breathing-powered pacemaker generator
Chinese scientists Dr. Zheng Jiang and Bo Shi Jing from Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems has jointly developed an implantable self-driven nanogenerator that can power a cardiac pacemaker with electricity generated by a patient's breathing in future. The self-powered system harvests energy from breathing movements and stores the energy in the form of electricity to drive the pacemaker.The nanogenerator system includes an implantable nanogenerator and an energy conversion and storage device. The scientists implanted prototype of nanogenerator in rats and successfully collected and converted into energy more breathing generated by moving parts of rats in the form of stored energy and the ability to drive an external device.
The scientists observed that energy produced by rats breathing can successfully drive pacemakers. If used in the human body with a pacemaker the nanogenerator will work properly. The nanogenerator is 12 millimeters long, 12 millimeters wide and 0.7 millimeter thick. Pacemakers have long been limited by their lack of a long-term supply of electricity, as current implanted devices are mainly powered by batteries. This invention will break the bottleneck and greatly extend the service life of medical devices in the field.


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inputs exceed 0.02% per kg clinker then the concentration in hot meal is likely to exceed 2% (loss free), preheater blockage problems are likely at this Cl concentration in hot meal.
If the chloride inputs exceed 0.02% then some way is required to break the cycle of chlorides. One solution to this chloride cycle problem can be the installation of an alkali bypass or bleed.
The effectiveness of alkali bleeds or bypasses is closely connected with the cycle itself.
The concentration in the recirculating material reduces, and with it, the tendency for the preheater to block.
The concentration factor of recirculating volatile material is the ratio of the quantity in the hot meal to the quantities entering the kiln in the feed and the fuel. Concentration factor is directly related to the volatility of the recirculating species in the burning zone.
Alkali bypasses are effective for highly volatile materials which have high concentration factors. Chlorides have a very high volatility in the burning zone (>97%), and therefore high concentration factors. Alkali bypasses are very effective in reducing the cycle of chlorides, and alleviating chloride based clogging of the preheater.
If the raw materials and/or fuel have chloride content in excess of 0.03% on clinker an alkali bypass will be required to allow the kiln to operate without preheater clogging problems. When alternative fuels are burnt in a cement kiln, installation of an alkali bypass can be necessary to alleviate chloride based preheater clogging problems.
When a bypass is installed on a cement kiln the volatility of the potassium, K+, and sodium, Na+, in the feed can be increased by the addition of chloride to the feed as calcium chloride, CaCl2. Potassium and sodium will preferentially combine with chloride in the hot meal of the kiln and their volatility will be boosted by the volatility of the chloride. This means that a bypass can be used to produce low alkali clinker from high alkali raw materials if calcium chloride is added to the kiln feed.
The precalciner kiln process particularly lends itself to the installation and operation of an alkali bypass.
Less than 50% of the fuel is fired in the main burner of the kiln and the feed is virtually fully calcined by the time it enters the rotary section of the kiln. Alkalis volatilised in the rotary kiln are therefore concentrated in the lower volume of kiln exit exhaust gases, therefore a lower percentage of the kiln exit gases have to be bypassed to break the chloride cycle.
The operation of an alkali bypass needs to be optimised to minimise the amount of dust drawn out of the kiln exit with the bypassed gas. 1 gram of dust per kilogram of clinker produced per percent of bypassed gas should be possible by correct siting of the bypass take-off. Disposing of the bypassed dust can be a major problem, therefore the less drawn out of the kiln the better.
Drawing kiln exit gases out of the kiln at 1000°C+, and then quenching those gases inevitably imposes a thermal energy penalty on the process. Each percent of bypass means ~20 kJ/kg clinker increased fuel consumption on a preheater kiln or 10 kJ/kg clinker per percent of bypass on a precalciner kiln as the volume of hot kiln inlet exhaust gases is that much less.
However, if no bypass is installed then that solution is not available to solve chloride cycle problems.
Because the melting point of chlorides is so low they condense higher up the preheater. This means that the amount of chloride exiting the preheater in the dust to the external cycle can be as high as the total inputs in the feed and fuel. Purging some of the dust and interrupting the external cycle can then be sufficient to avoid preheater blockages. As much chloride can be purged in the dust as is entering the kiln, of course there is then the problem of disposing of the purged dust. This solution is more applicable to grate preheater and 1 or 2 stage preheater kilns.
A further solution to chloride problems can be to modify the material flow in the preheater creating "meal curtain" at the kiln inlet.
Some cool material from the upper stages of the preheater is diverted to the kiln inlet.
The chloride in the gas exiting the kiln condenses on the cool meal in the curtain.
The chlorides are intercepted before they reach the preheater and therefore cannot cause blockages of the preheater.
Bypasses and dust purges are much less effective as solutions to sulphate recirculation problems. Sulphur inputs to cement kilns are significantly higher than chloride inputs. The volatility of sulphates is not as high as chlorides so the concentration factor is not high enough for a bypass or dust purge to be effective.
We will consider the chemistry of sulphates in the cement kiln in the next session of the course.
Sulphates in the kiln.
We learned in the preceding session of the course that the volatility of the alkalis, K2O and Na2O, can be increased by the addition of calcium chloride, CaCl2, to the kiln feed.
The alkalis, K2O and Na2O, will preferentially combine with chloride to form KCl and NaCl. This technique can be used to produce low alkali clinker from high alkali raw materials provided that some of the volatilised alkali is extracted from the internal cycle through a bypass or from the external cycle via a dust purge.
Conversely the volatility of the alkalis, K2O and Na2O, can be reduced by the combination with sulphate, SO3. This sulphate, SO3, can be provided through the fuels used to fire the kiln, or by the addition of sulphate, usually as calcium sulphate, CaSO4, to the kiln feed.
Alkali sulphates, K2SO4 and Na2SO4, are only sparingly volatile in the burning zone and will pass out in the clinker, provided that oxidising conditions are maintained in the kiln.
Any alkalis present as carbonates will be highly volatile and build up into heavy cycles. This can be alleviated by the addition of gypsum, CaSO4.2H2O, to the kiln feed to balance the alkalis with sulphate, anhydrite, CaSO4, is preferable to gypsum as it does not contain water of crystallisation that must be driven off in the preheater. The alkalis are then combined with sulphate and pass out of the kiln in the clinker.
However, the sulphur burden on cement kilns is generally rising with use of alternative fuels and particularly petroleum coke. Additions of sulphate to kiln feed is not required in these cases. The pressing need is to combine the excess sulphur with alkalis as sulphates, K2SO4 and Na2SO4, either by reducing sulphur inputs to balance the alkalis and combine as alkalis sulphates, or by increasing alkali content with higher alkali clays or feldspars to balance the sulphur inputs.
If the sulphate is in excess of the alkalis then calcium sulphate will be formed, which breaks down in the rotary section of the kiln liberating lime, CaO, and sulphur dioxide, SO2.
CaSO4 ↔ CaO + SO2↑ + ½O2 ↑
The volatilised SO2 reacts with CaO and alkalis to form sulphates in the preheater, which are then carried back into the kiln with the hot meal, building up in a sulphate cycle.
SO2 + CaO → CaSO3 + ½O2 → CaSO4
The alkali:sulphate molar ratio should be brought into balance, as closely as possible:
As we saw in the previous session the chloride content of clinker will be minimal, as the process cannot tolerate high chloride inputs. However, the chloride content of the hot meal can be ~100x the inputs to the kiln and has a significant effect on the alkali:sulphate ratio in the hot meal.
In the hot meal potassium will preferentially be combined as chloride, KCl. Any excess chloride over and above the potassium will combine with sodium as NaCl. Any excess chloride over and above the potassium and sodium will combine as calcium chloride, CaCl2. Potassium is usually in excess of chloride and then combines with sulphate as K2SO4, in that case the sodium will also be combined with sulphate as Na2SO4, or the double salt, K3Na(SO4)2.
Alkalis in excess of sulphates will enter solid solution in the clinker minerals, a slight excess of alkalis over sulphates is the ideal scenario meaning an alkali:sulphate ratio of ~1.2. Sulphate in excess of alkalis will form CaSO4, which leads to the problems with sulphate cycles, alkali:sulphate ratio below ~0.8 is likely to lead to kiln operational problems.
The equilibrium of the calcium sulphate decomposition reaction is dependent on the partial pressure of sulphur dioxide, SO2, and oxygen, O2, in the kiln gases;
CaSO4 ↔ CaO + SO2↑ + ½O2 ↑
Local oxygen deficiency and/or incipient reducing conditions shift the equilibrium towards the decomposition products. This reaction will take place at 1000~1100°C which can be


text: We began the Behavior Matrix Consequence Room in provide a consequence option for teachers & administration when students break the behavior matrix. The room was starting in November and since then we have had 343 'detentions.' We have noticed that the number of 'detentions' peaks around certain times of the year, such as spring time. By having this room open, you can quickly see where your problem areas lie and can take steps to alleviate the problem. The first graph below shows the number of infractions and the second graph breaks it down by grade.


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RISE Seminar: Search-based Approaches to Optimize Deep Learning Computation, a talk by Zhihao Jia
May 17, 2019
Title: Search-based Approaches to Optimize Deep Learning Computation
Speaker: Zhihao Jia
Affiliation: Stanford University
Date and location: Friday, May 17, 12:30-1:30pm; Wozniak Lounge (430 Soda Hall)
Abstract: Existing deep learning frameworks deploy DNN architectures on modern hardware devices by applying a sequence of heuristic optimizations. For example, current frameworks use data and model parallelism to parallelize DNN training across distributed clusters, and use rule-based operator fusions to optimize DNN computation graphs. These heuristic approaches achieve improved runtime performance in general but miss subtle optimizations for particular DNN architectures.
In this talk, I will present two projects that use search-based approaches to optimize deep learning computation. First, I will introduce SOAP, a comprehensive search space of parallelization strategies for DNN training that includes strategies to parallelize a DNN in the Sample, Operator, Attribute, and Parameter dimensions. I will present FlexFlow, a deep learning engine that uses guided randomized search of the SOAP space to automatically discover fast parallelization strategies, outperforming existing data/model parallelism by up to 3.3x. Second, I will present XFlow, a DNN computation graph optimizer with automatically generated graph substitutions. For a DNN architecture, XFlow uses these auto-generated substitutions to constitute a search space of candidate computation graphs, and uses cost-based backtracking search to discover optimized graphs, which outperform graphs generated by existing rule-based optimizers by up to 2.9x. Finally, I will conclude the talk by discussing future work and research opportunities enabled by emerging DNN architectures, such as graph neural networks.
Bio: Zhihao Jia is a PhD candidate in the Computer Science Department at Stanford University, working with Prof. Matei Zaharia and Prof. Alex Aiken. His research interests lie at the intersection of systems and deep learning. In particular, he is interested in designing automated systems for optimizing deep learning computation.


text:
Tell Time Like Early Navigators
Flash back to the 15th century with this model of the very first star dials used by navigators to tell time. This ancient tool still works accurately, because is based on the North Star, which is almost directly on the axis of the Earth's axis of rotation and always appears in the same position in the sky.
Simply set the middle wheel to the month, hold the dial upside down, and sight the North Star through the center hole. Move the top of the dial's arm to align with the uppermost stars of the Big Dipper, and read the time on the inner dial where the arm crosses the hour mark. The reverse side is outlines of the major constellations. Pewter finishes; comes with instructions.


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White Source has reached the public stage for its open source ALM product. Delivered via a SaaS model, developers can use this free-of-charge, cloud-based solution to track, audit, and report on open source software components while mitigating the legal and technical risks associated with any code used throughout their software development lifecycle.
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In something of a sweeping generalization, White Source asserts that "most companies" are addressing the ALM OSS challenge using spreadsheets and other static documents. This, it says, leads to missing and out-of-date information, lack of collaboration, and no clear way to evaluate risk.
While all functionality is provided from a cloud-based SaaS service, White Source confirms that it never uploads any source code to the cloud.
"Companies are often required to do a lot of OSS tracking, validation, and compliance work near major events such as M&A and software releases," said White Source CEO Rami Sass. "Today, only the largest companies have the resources and the expertise to manage the open-source lifecycle effectively. This leaves the majority of development organizations exposed to potentially serious risks such as license violations and loss of intellectual property, while also exposing them to security vulnerabilities."
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, Volume 83, Issue 1-2, pp 5-19
Date: 21 Feb 2013
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Genetically engineered (GE) crops can be used as part of a combined strategy to address food insecurity, which is defined as a lack of sustainable access to safe and nutritious food. In this article, we discuss the causes and consequences of food insecurity in the developing world, and the indirect economic impact on industrialized countries. We dissect the healthcare costs and lost productivity caused by food insecurity, and evaluate the relative merits of different intervention programs including supplementation, fortification and the deployment of GE crops with higher yields and enhanced nutritional properties. We provide clear evidence for the numerous potential benefits of GE crops, particularly for small-scale and subsistence farmers. GE crops with enhanced yields and nutritional properties constitute a vital component of any comprehensive strategy to tackle poverty, hunger and malnutrition in developing countries and thus reduce the global negative economic effects of food insecurity.


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Using the design of an Ethernet (media access control) MAC as a sample, this case study will examine how complete verification can be done in an integrated and automated manner, saving time while improving quality. Two software tools will be highlighted that offer ease of use and thoroughness for users to verify an IP/SoC with certainty. The first creates tests for a variety of scenarios in a way that is more efficient and exhaustive than a pure constrained random methodology. The other forms a layer of abstraction around the IP/SoC from a specification.
ISequenceSpec™ (ISS) is used to create a specification of the sequences in the design. These sequences can be transformed into UVM sequences, firmware code, validation sequences, etc. from a common format. The UVM sequences generated by ISS can be imported into inFact™ from Mentor Graphics®. Next we show how to create exhaustive tests using these low level generated sequences using the inFact tool. As a sample we created a library of Ethernet sequences as follows:
Media Independent Interface Management (MIIM) module sequences (MIIM initialization and PHY access), Flow Control sequences (automatic, manual), Ethernet transmit packet sequences, Ethernet receive packet sequences, Ethernet initialization sequences (i.e., Ethernet controller initialization and Ethernet controller wake-up on ISR sequence). inFact is used to randomize these sequences and prove that the device will work in all practical scenarios.
THE HOLY GRAIL OF PORTABLE STIMULUS
Creating a single specification for testing a device and having it run on a variety of platforms is the Holy Grail which the current Portable Stimulus Working Group (PSWG) is seeking. As they say, there are a variety of ways to "skin a cat" (I'm against any animal cruelty but couldn't resist using the phrase). inFact from Mentor Graphics provides a way to create the graph-based stimulus that works in a verification environment. This stimulus can be ported on to other platforms as well.
ISequenceSpec approaches the problem from a different perspective — one that starts from the specification of the registers and sequences. It can transform a specification into low level sequences. Such sequences understand and respect the target environment and are attuned for them. The tool uses an associated tool called IDesignSpec™ for specification of registers in the design.
This article describes our efforts to reap a higher level of productivity and quality by combining these two complementary tools. We use the ISequenceSpec tool suite for describing the low level sequences for the register memories in the addressable region of the design. These are then transformed into UVM sequences, firmware and sequences for other target domains.
THE ETHERNET MAC
A typical Ethernet controller provides the modules needed to implement an Ethernet node using an external PHY chip. In order to offload the CPU from moving packets of data to and from the module, typically an internal "descriptor based" DMA engine is included in the controller.
Typically the Ethernet controller consists of the following modules:
- Media Access Control (MAC) block: This module implements the MAC functions of the IEEE 802.3 specification.
- Flow Control Block: This module controls the transmission of PAUSE frames. Reception of PAUSE frames is handled within the MAC.
- RX Filter (RXF) Block: This module performs filtering on every receive packet to determine whether each packet is to be accepted or rejected.
- TX DMA/TX Buffer Management (BM) Engine: The TX DMA and TX BM engines perform data transfers from the system memory (using descriptor tables) to the MAC transmit interface.
- RX DMA/RX BM Engine: The RX DMA and RX BM engines transfer receive packets from the MAC to the system memory (using descriptor tables).
THE PROBLEM OF MIXING DIRECTED AND RANDOM SEQUENCES
Invariably hardware verification requires you to write directed sequences in some places and random sequences in others. The directed sequences come straight from the specification where the designer has ordained certain register bits to be set up in a certain way. Further, the order of programming the register fields is also directed. These sequences typically initialize and configure the device. They are described by the designer of the device in the programing manual or the datasheet.
On the other hand, a constrained random sequence is required in order to explore the entire state space. This is something that inFact can control. Not only can it generate the random sequences, it can also ensure that the proper coverage is achieved with as few simulation runs as possible.
The mix of the directed sequences as described in the datasheet and the constrained random sequences as required by the verification engineer are necessary in order to correctly configure and verify the device. Manually calling the directed sequences from inside the test sequences makes the environment very brittle. A small change in the specification will warrant a change in the test environment files. The focus of verification has to be on the constrained random sequences, assuming that the directed tests are correct by construction, or else the debug of constrained random sequences will become even more complex.
For example, within the Ethernet controller sequence ethInit, macInit, phyInit, and miimInit are all directed sequences, while the patternMatchRxFilter configures the filters in a variety of ways, and the txPacket sets up memory descriptors. There is a similar sequence for rxPacket. The details of the initialization sequences are in the specification document for the Ethernet controller.
THE SOLUTION WITH INFACT AND ISEQUENCESPEC
ISeqeunceSpec is used to create a library of sequences around the configurable aspect of the device. This forms the device's hardware API for register and memory settings. These sequences are then "imported" into inFact as "action."
Having a library of sequences available for creating the stimulus in inFact helps reduce the manual effort. It enables quick turn around and reduces the chance of errors in the tests themselves. The figure on the following page shows a graph created by inFact that creates the possible test scenarios with directed and random sequences.
Figure 1: Graph created by inFact with random and directed sequences
ISS generated sequences are "action" in inFact. For these actions, inFact generates virtual tasks, for example:
virtual task action_macInit();
// for macInit Sequence from ISS
virtual task action_mac(); virtual task action_macInit(); :
ISS generates the details of these tasks from the specification document. Now, all that is required to be done is "extend" the output sequence generated by inFact and include the ISS sequence library.
This article showed how to use directed and constrained random sequences to create a portable stimulus for an Ethernet controller. Using a combination of ISequenceSpec and inFact makes it possible to create a highly reusable, flexible and comprehensive verification environment.
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About mosquito nets
We only buy long-lasting insecticidal nets with the money we receive
We only purchase WHOPES Phase II (WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme) approved nets. They are tested and approved as being safe.
What is a Long-Lasting Insecticidal Net (LLIN)?
An LLIN is a mosquito net impregnated with insecticide.
The insecticide is cleverly bound within the fibres that make up the netting and is'slow released' over a 4-5 year period. Hence 'long lasting'.
Insecticide treated nets therefore provide two levels of protection. First as a mechanical barrier against the bites of malaria-carrying mosquitoes and second as a means of killing mosquitoes on contact with the insecticide.
Insecticide coated nets are so important because they kill mosquitoes that land on them, drawn to the nets by the odour of the person sleeping beneath it. This 'knock down' or killing of the mosquito is the single greatest thing that protects the person sleeping under the net. Nets can develop small holes over time and on nets not treated with insecticide mosquitoes can find their way through and bite. With insecticide treated nets, even with a few holes, they still remain 90 to 95%+ effective, as when the mosquito lands on the net it is knocked down and killed.
These nets are safe for children as the quantity of insecticide a child might ingest by licking their hands after touching the net are small enough not to cause any harm. The small amounts that transfer to the relatively tiny mosquito however, which is a million times smaller* than a small baby, is enough to kill it.
Other net types:
Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs)
These are simple mosquito nets that have been treated with an insecticide. These nets require're-dipping' to restore the insecticide element every 6-12 months. Re-dipping involves soaking the nets in a bucket of insecticide solution and then hanging them up to dry.
These nets are effective but are not as favoured as LLINs due to the re-dipping required, which is a messy operation, and which often does not get done.
Simple mosquito nets
These are nets without any insecticide treatment.


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Regulations are essential part of the internal law of libraries as an effective tool for preparing suitable environment for reading. It also explains the relationship between the library and the users.
- The name of the regulation and its commencement:
This regulation called the regulation of University of Bahri Libraries, and it will be enforced from the date of signing by the director of the university.
In this regulation, unless the context has another meaning, these words have the following meanings:
- The regulation: it means the regulation of Bahri University libraries.
- The University: means University of Bahri.
- Central Library: means the Central Library of Bahri University.
- Libraries: means the branch libraries of Bahri University.
- Electronic Libraries: the electronic library of Bahri University.
- Library Services: mean the services provided by the libraries.
- Professor: Means University appointed professor.
- Collaborating Professor: professor from outside the university.
- Post-Graduate Student: the student registered in post graduate studies in Bahri University or other university.
- Student: the registered student n Bahri University.
- External Student: the student from other universities.
- Library Card: the card issued by the library.
- College Card: the card issued by the college for both student or professor.
- External Student Card: the card issued by the libraries deanship for the students from outside the university.
- External Lending: lending of books to be used outside the library.
- Internal Lending: lending of reserved book to be used in the library.
3. Opening hours:
All libraries will be opened all the week except in the official holidays, and the opening hours will be as follows:
3.1. From 8:00 am to 2:30 pm.
3.2. From 9:00 am to 1:00 pm on Saturday.
3.3. Increasing the opening hours of the library on the evening of examination days, according to the special situation of each college. This will be determined by the Dean of Libraries in consultation with the Dean of concerned college.
3.4. The Dean of the college shall bear the cost of excess hours of the official working hours.
4. Library membership:
4.1. Library membership will be given to the professors and the registered students.
4.2. Library membership is also available for the students from outside the university according to certain rules.
5. Card Issuing Rules:
5.1. New Card:
5.1. In case of issuing a new card, the following should be Tken in consideration:
5.1.1. Present a valid college card.
5.1.2. Bring two passport size photos.
5.1.3. Pay the card issuance fees determined by the library administration.
5.2. Card renewal:
5.2.1. The card should be renewed annually with 50% of issuance fees.
5.3. Missing card.
5.3.1. In case of card lost the librarian should be notified.
5.3.2. To replace the lost card a missing certificate should be issued from the student college and double fees should be paid.
6. Library Services:
- Lending should be limited to the professors and the university staff.
- The professor, the collaborating professor and the technician have the right to borrow maximum two book for two weeks.
- The university staff has the right to borrow one book for one week.
- Lending rules:
- Borrowing must be with the library card.
- External lending should in the morning shift only.
- Reference books such as; (encyclopedias, dictionaries, atlases, maps, rare books collections and most used books) should not be borrowed.
- It is not allowed to borrow a new book unless the borrowed books are returned.
- It is not allowed to renew the b0rrowing of a book if it required by another user.
- If the user wishes to renew the borrowing, he should notify the librarian and the borrowing should be for one time.
- It is not allowed to photocopy the damaged books.
- Photocopying services is provided from 9:00 to 12:00 am.
- There is a fees for the photocopying service determined by the library administration.
6.4. Photocopying Rules:
6.4.1. Researches and dissertation photocopying is not allowed.
6.4.2. Photocopying service is allowed for all users.
6.5. Electronic Library Service:
6.5.1. The electronic library service is limited to the professors, post-graduate students, university staff and fifth year students,
6.5.2. The electronic library is only for research and scientific purposes.
6.5.3. It is allowed to search on the Internet according to the rules.
6.5.4. It is not allowed t use the internet for social media sites or any other purposes other than the scientific purposes.
6.5.5. It is not allowed to use CDs or flash memory except under the supervision of the responsible technician.
6.5.6. In case of encounter any problem; the technician instructions should be followed.
6.5.7. Only three hours is allowed for professors.
6.5.8. Two hours for post-graduate students and the University staff.
6.5.9. one hour for the fifth grade students.
6.5.10. The responsible person has the right to reduce the hours in case the library is overcrowded.
6.5.11. University of Bahri Colleges Administration is allowed to use the library and conference halls or training courses after paying fees identified by the library administration.
7. Controls of Library Collections :
- Library Holdings:
- It is not permissible to include among the books and information medias contained in the library what is inconsistent with the scientific facts, or thee religious, political, social or historical values of the community, or what is not compatible with the scientific and cultural level of students and researchers.
- The library should not contain books and information Medias that have defects in quality, colors or other technical or physical defects.
- The library's collection should not contain computer-printed books or memo sheets unless they are issued by the publisher and meet the applicable procedures.
- The library should acquire one copy from each book. More than one copy also, can be purchased, if necessary, but the number of copies should not exceed five copies.
- The Dean of libraries, upon the recommendation of the Dean of the college, may purchase a maximum of ten copies of books that are written by the university staff.
- The library accepts gifts and donations of books and periodicals as well as money.
- The library material should not be donated or exchanged except after a recommendation from the Dean of libraries and approval of the University Director.
- Allocation of a percentage of the library's annual budget for binding.
- The intellectual property rights should be respected.
- Inventory of the central library's holdings should be done every three years and branch libraries every two years, or whenever is necessary, and the inventory should be carried out by a committee during the holiday.
- Lists and minutes of inventory should be written by the committee to explain the lost and damaged materials and other notes.
- The committee submit its recommendations with lists of inventory to the Dean of libraries.
- The originals of the lists and minutes of the inventory should be kept and copies of them should be sent to the University Director.
- Library Holdings:
- The university professors and staff will have clearance after they obtain clearance the libraries of their colleges and the central library.
- After the end of the study period, the student is given a clearance certificate from the library of his college and the central library.
- A patent certificate given to student after registering for a master or doctorate degree by research from post-graduate college according to the approved and registered research lists.
- After the discussion of thesis, the student must submit a copy with CD to college library and other copy with CD to central library.
10. Rules of Using Library:
- It is not allowed for users to use the library unless they have membership card.
- Adhere to the directions of librarian.
- Library users are obligated to put their bags and other belongings in the designated place.
- Valuable things should not be left in bags, and the library administration is responsible of losing them.
- Displaying books from outside the library to the librarian while entering and leaving the library.
- Its forbidden to enter the library with any materials that cause losses to the library materials.
- Calm and non-disturbance must be observed inside the library and around.
- The cell phone should be in the silent mode.
- It is not allowed to operate the air conditioners, fans or computers without permission from the librarian.
- It is not allowed to move any of library furniture.
- It is not allowed writing on books and reading tables, or tearing pages from books or periodical or damage any of the library property.
- It is not allowed to reserve places in the library by putting things on it.
- Eating, drinking and smoking is not allowed inside the library.
- It is forbidden to sleep or sit in appropriately in the library.
- Leave books on the table after finishing them.
- It is not allowed to put posters on the walls of the library.
- The library must be kept clean.
- Students from outside the university are not allowed to enter the library during the examination period.
11. Penalties and Fines:
- Anyone who steals, tears, or damages library properties is prohibited from entering the library for the duration of the study.
- Anyone who is late from photo for the first fixed time will be warned, and those who are lat for the second fixed time will be prevented from photos.
- Anyone who loses the bag's shelf label will be warned for the first time, and will prevent to put


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National survey on AI in health and social care
Posted: 29th May 2018
Individuals and organisations working across health and social care are being asked to take part in a national survey to determine how AI (Artificial Intelligence) can be harnessed within the NHS and in preventative health settings.
The Academic Health Science Network (AHSN) Network Initiative on Artificial Intelligence is bringing together leaders with diverse perspectives on AI from clinical, technological, legal and ethical areas, as well as practical on-the-ground experience from innovators in the NHS and in preventative health
Members are drawn from a wide field, including academia, industry, the public sector and the third sector, including citizen groups.
The project's aim is to drive innovation and adoption of AI technology throughout the NHS and social careimproving care at less cost and promoting healthier lifestyles.
Guy Boersma, Managing Director of Kent Surrey Sussex Academic Health Science Network (KSS AHSN), is heading the initiative. He urged anyone involved or interested in AI within health and social care as well as preventative health to take part in the initial mapping survey:
"AI can offer huge potential to improve care and cut costs within the NHS. This exciting new initiative will shape how AI is used. As our starting point we're keen to develop an understanding of how AI is being used today, and where any gaps are.
With an initial focus on the use of AI in diagnostics, the project's aim is to create a user-led ecosystem of experts and innovators in data and artificial intelligence who will drive innovation and adoption of AI technology throughout the NHS and social care, and eventually in preventative health.
The survey runs until 15 June and can be found at


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There are different type of fruits and vegetables available in various parts of the world. They may be same in shape with each other but their taste and nutritional affect is different from each other. Sometimes, these fruits and vegetables are mixed up with each other to prepare weird recipes. Pickles, Courgette, Gherkins, Cucumber and Zucchini are one of these special recipes. Let's have a look on difference between cougette, gherkin, zucchini and pickle.
In British English zucchini is also called courgette. It is a vegetable which is served in cooked form. In sweet dishes zucchini is used as an ingredient.
It is a fruit look like cucumber in shape. Gherkin and cucumber are from same species. There are no difference between both in form and nutrition. They are normally used in sweet dishes.
A zucchini is a summer squash. They are normally grown in a half meter length. Basically it is hybrid of another vegetable cucumber. It is cooked and served as vegetable.
A cucumber can be pickled with vinegar or brine. In Australia, Canada and United States, they are known as pickle and generally gherkins in UK.
Cucumber is a ground plant in cylindrical form. It is safe to eat fruit, but also used as vegetable. It is one of the mostly grown plants all over the world. The three major varieties of cucumber are pickling, slicing and purples.
Pickles vs Courgette vs Gherkins vs Cucumber vs Zucchini
The difference between zucchini and cougette is, in American English courgette is also known as zucchini. They are almost same in shape and taste. They both use in sweet dishes but they are different in length. Gherkin is like cucumber in taste and shape. The difference between gherkin and courgette is that, gherkin is a fruit while courgette is used as vegetable. Pickle is made from cucumber with vinegar and brine.
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