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Home > Vision is more than seeing 20/20 > RED FLAGS for Visual Problems
RED FLAGS for Visual Problems
Poor Bilateral Coordination and Visual perceptual skills:
* Did not crawl as a baby, early walkers
* Clumsy, poor fine motor skills, poor coordination of right and left
* Difficulty with crossing midline
* Difficulty with using one side of body to assist the other side, poor dominance
* Poor rhythm, can't keep a beat
* No established hand dominance at 4-5 years, switches hands a lot
Poor Visual Spatial and Perceptual Skills:
* Complains of seeing double, tilts head, headaches
* Fails to comprehend what they are reading, loses interest
* Difficulty with size of letters, spacing, lining up of numbers, poor handwriting
* Difficulty with puzzles, cutting on lines, and other visual games
* Bumps into objects often, clumsy
* Confuses right and left (after age 6), poor sense of directions, difficulty with up/down, before/after, first/second
*Reverses letters after 1st grade or reads or writes backwards
* Poor hand dominance
* More verbal, often very talkative, talks through tasks
* Uses finger to keep place
* usually very bright, higher IQ, and yet having difficulty with learning to read
Neuro-visual therapy is a researched treatment and very beneficial for these issues, helping a child avoid years of frustration and struggling in the classroom or with sports. Go to for more info!
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Title: Articulated Pose Estimation in a Learned Smooth Space of Feasible Solutions Authors: Tai-Peng Tian, Rui Li, Stan Sclaroff Abstract: A learning based framework is proposed for estimating human body pose from a single image. Given a differentiable function that maps from pose space to image feature space, the goal is to invert the process: estimate the pose given only image features. The inversion is an ill-posed problem as the inverse mapping is a one to many process. Hence multiple solutions exist, and it is desirable to restrict the solution space to a smaller subset of feasible solutions. For example, not all human body poses are feasible due to anthropometric constraints. Since the space of feasible solutions may not admit a closed form description, the proposed framework seeks to exploit machine learning techniques to learn an approximation that is smoothly parameterized over such a space. One such technique is Gaussian Process Latent Variable Modelling. Scaled conjugate gradient is then used tond the best matching pose in the space of feasible solutions when given an input image. The formulation allows easy incorporation of various constraints, e.g. temporal consistency and anthropometric constraints. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated in the task of upper-body pose estimation from silhouettes and compared with the Specialized Mapping Architecture. The estimation accuracy of the Specialized Mapping Architecture is at least one standard deviation worse than the proposed approach in the experiments with synthetic data. In experiments with real video of humans performing gestures, the proposed approach produces qualitatively better estimation results.


text:
Your Mac comes with a useful, built-in Look Up characteristic that permits you to get info on absolutely anything. Whether or not it's a easy phrase definition or a sport on the App Retailer, with a click on you may get what you want.
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Opening the Mac Look Up instrument
You have got three fast methods to open the Look Up instrument, so use whichever is most snug for you.
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- Use the keyboard shortcut Command + Management + D.
- Proper-click and choose Look Up from the shortcut menu.
- Use pressure contact with three fingers in your Mac touchpad.
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You have got extra choices to take a look at apart from the Dictionary. And the choices differ relying on the phrase or phrase. Whenever you open the Look Up instrument, simply slide or swipe to the appropriate for the extra decisions.
- Wikipedia: Reveals a preview of the phrase or phrase on Wikipedia.
- Siri Information: Reveals the small print Siri has in regards to the phrase or phrase.
- iTunes Retailer: Reveals songs or albums containing the phrase or phrase.
- App Retailer or Mac App Retailer: Reveals iOS or Mac apps with the phrase or phrase.
- E book Retailer: Reveals books with the phrase or phrase within the title.
- Motion pictures: Reveals films with the phrase or phrase within the title.
- TV Present: Reveals TV exhibits with the phrase or phrase within the title.
- Maps: Reveals a location with the phrase or phrase in its identify on a map with contact particulars and Yelp evaluations.
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Inside every possibility above, you may click on for additional particulars or to move proper to the supply. As an example, films will take you to the TV app and an app will take you to the App Retailer.
Adjusting the ideas in Look Up
Your Mac will use ideas that you just allow for Highlight Search in case you like. To allow or disable this selection, open your System Preferences with the button your Dock or by clicking Apple icon > System Preferences from the menu bar after which comply with these steps.
1) In System Preferences, click on Highlight.
2) On the backside of the Highlight settings, examine or uncheck the field for Permit Highlight Ideas in Look Up.
Wrapping it up
The Look Up reference instrument on Mac actually is a superb characteristic that may prevent time. Whether or not you desire a definition or are fascinated with a film, app, or put up on Twitter, Look Up may also help.
Is the Look Up instrument one thing that you just neglect about or occur use on a regular basis in your Mac? Tell us!

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Restoration of the Wetlands in Palo Verde National Park: A Legal and Ecological Analysis
ramsar The Palo Verde National Park wetland, one of Central American's largest, was considered an ecosystem worthy of recognition when Costa Rica ratified the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance in 1991. In recent decades, however, significant ecological changes caused by an invasion of the emergent aquatic plant known as cattail (typha) occurred within Palo Verde, resulting in a significant decrease in the number of migratory waterfowl that nest within it. This decline in wetland quality caused Palo Verde to be added to the list of internationally threatened wetlands under the Ramsar Convention in 1993. The overarching objective of this practicum was to identify how the health of Palo Verde could be restored to the point that its removal from the Montreux list would be warranted.
Resources: Adair, Chris (Texas Tech University); Batista Mora, Natalia (University of Costa Rica); Laing, Joelle (University of Florida); Rogers, Zachary (University of Florida). "Restoration of the Wetlands in Palo Verde National Park: A Legal and Ecological Analysis"

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Sometimes we are right. Sometimes lawyers give the right advice. Sometimes we are not hyper-ventilating about risks.
Many of my colleagues lost credibility with corporations when they equated the Bribery Act and the Sword of Damocles. Everyone knew deep in their hearts that the UK Bribery Act was a risk but was not the end of the world. It stands that way today and will probably look the same at the end of 2012.
FCPA practitioners, however, were right when it comes to criminal intent. We can read and advise on the FCPA statute. The Bourke decision underscores how right we were and are for the future.
Everyone may try to minimize the impact of the Bourke decision but it stands as precedent and it is a significant case.
First, an appeal based on sufficiency of the evidence is not a very difficult appeal for the government to win. The standard, as applied by the courts, is that the verdict will be upheld so long as a reasonable juror could construe the facts to find the defendant guilty. Not a very hard standard indeed.
In the FCPA world, however, the Bourke case joined the issue of just how much evidence must the government produce at trial for a reasonable juror to find that a person "knew" that the payment of a money to another person was going to end up as a bribe in the hands of a foreign government official. Why is this important?
This principle overarches every aspect of the FCPA. How much evidence does the government have to offer to support the inference that a third-party agent or any other person acting on behalf of a company was going to bribe a government official?
The answer from Bourke is the FCPA statute means what it says. The Second Circuit affirmed the jury's verdict and the trial court's jury instruction on the issue of "knowledge," and ultimately affirmed Bourke's criminal conviction for FCPA conspiracy, Travel Act and false statement convictions.
At the core of its decision, the Court affirmed what the FCPA statute says –
Knowledge may be established when a person is aware of a high probability of its existence, and consciously and intentionally avoided confirming that fact.
The factual basis in the Bourke case is extremely important and has direct application to third party due diligence judgments made every day by companies when hiring and retaining third party consultants and agents.
– Bourke "knew" that his business partner had a history of corrupt dealings.
– Bourke was told by a co-conspirator that foreign government officials would receive an ownership interest in the privatized venture by which they would acquire the state-owned enterprise.
– Bourke sought advice from his attorney on the limits, if any, of investor liability under FCPA if he learned that his partner paid bribes to foreign government officials.
– Bourke set up a separate company to funnel investments and shield himself from liability.
For compliance officers, all they need to do is substitute their company for the term "Bourke" in the list of facts above and see what happens for liability purposes. These are all red flags under due diligence analysis. The Bourke case underscores the need for every compliance officer to resolve red flags before proceeding with a business relationship. It takes not take much to apply these same factors to every day review and approval of third party agents.
The Justice Department does not have enough resources to prosecute each and every instance where due diligence of a third party agents was deficient. However, if a situation results in bribery, and the Justice Department learns of such bribery, the prosecutors will focus like a laser beam on the approval process and whether approval reflected the "ostrich in the sand" deliberate indifference to red flags.


text:
saithe's habitat is in the North Atlantic Ocean, from the Barent Sea
to the Biscaya Bay, and around Iceland and Greenland, and from the
Hudson Bay to the coasts of North Carolina, USA. In Icelandic
waters it is more common in the warmer seas off the southwest and
south coasts than of the north coast.
It is found from the surface to the ocean floor, down to 450 m, but
most commonly at 200 m. Its ideal temperatures lie between 4°C
and 12°C. It migrates in great schools too feed. Tagging
has confirmed the great migration distances of this species. Its
feeding habits depend on its size. The fries feed on worms and
crustreceans, while the larger fish feed on capelin, sand eel,
other fishes and krill. The saithe fries feed other fishes and
birds, and the larger fishes sharks and toothed whales.
During the first year the saithe grows fast. At the age of 4-5
months it is 5-6 cm long and seven months later 10-25 cm. Two
years old it measures 28-42 cm and heads for deeper waters. It
reaches puberty 4-7 years old. It is believed, that can reach
the age of 30 years.


undercut the edges.[5] It is used in high-load applications such as jackscrews and lead screws but has been mostly replaced by the Acme thread. A modified square thread with a small 5° thread angle is sometimes used instead, which is cheaper to manufacture.
 - (e) Acme thread - With its 30° thread angle this has higher friction than the square thread, but is easier to manufacture and can be used with a split nut to adjust for wear.[5] It is widely used in vises, C-clamps, valves, scissor jacks and lead screws in machines like lathes.
 - (f) Buttress thread - This is used in high-load applications in which the load force is applied in only one direction, such as screw jacks.[5] With a 0° angle of the bearing surface it is as efficient as the square thread but stronger and easier to manufacture.
 - (g) Knuckle thread - Similar to a square thread in which the corners have been rounded to protect them from damage, also giving it higher friction. In low-strength applications it can be manufactured cheaply from sheet stock by rolling. It is used in light bulbs and sockets.
A screw conveyor uses a rotating helical screw blade to move bulk materials.
The screw propeller, although it shares the name screw, works on very different physical principles from the above types of screw, and the information in this article is not applicable to it.
Distance moved[edit]
The linear distance d \, a screw shaft moves when it is rotated through an angle of \alpha \, degrees is:
d = l \frac { \alpha }{360^\circ} \,
where l \, is the lead of the screw.
The distance ratio of a simple machine is defined as the ratio of the distance the applied force moves to the distance the load moves. For a screw it is the ratio of the circular distance din a point on the edge of the shaft moves to the linear distance dout the shaft moves. If r is the radius of the shaft, in one turn a point on the screw's rim moves a distance of 2πr, while its shaft moves linearly by the lead distance l. So the distance ratio is
\mbox{distance ratio} \equiv \frac {d_{in}} {d_{out}}= \frac {2 \pi r}{l} \,
Frictionless mechanical advantage[edit]
A screw jack. When a bar is inserted in the holes at top and turned it can raise a load
The mechanical advantage MA of a screw is defined as the ratio of axial output force Fout applied by the shaft on a load to the rotational force Fin applied to the rim of the shaft to turn it. For a screw with no friction (also called an ideal screw), from conservation of energy the work done on the screw by the input force turning it is equal to the work done by the screw on the load force:
W_{in} = W_{out} \,
Work is equal to the force multiplied by the distance it acts, so the work done in one complete turn of the screw is W_{in} = 2 \pi r F_{in} \, and the work done on the load is W_{out} = l F_{out} \,. So the ideal mechanical advantage of a screw is equal to the distance ratio:
\mathrm{MA}_{ideal} \equiv \frac {F_{out}}{F_{in}} = \frac {2 \pi r}{l} \,
It can be seen that the mechanical advantage of a screw depends on its lead, l \,. The smaller the distance between its threads, the larger the mechanical advantage, and the larger the force the screw can exert for a given applied force. However most actual screws have large amounts of friction and their mechanical advantage is less than given by the above equation.
Torque form[edit]
Actual mechanical advantage and efficiency[edit]
Because of the large area of sliding contact between the moving and stationary threads, screws typically have large frictional energy losses. Even well-lubricated jack screws have efficiencies of only 15% - 20%, the rest of the work applied in turning them is lost to friction. When friction is included, the mechanical advantage is no longer equal to the distance ratio but also depends on the screw's efficiency. From conservation of energy, the work Win done on the screw by the input force turning it is equal to the sum of the work done moving the load Wout, and the work dissipated as heat by friction Wfric in the screw
or in terms of torque
So the mechanical advantage of an actual screw is reduced from what it would be in an ideal, frictionless screw by the efficiency \eta \,. Because of their low efficiency, in powered machinery screws are not often used as linkages to transfer large amounts of power but are more often used in positioners that operate intermittently.[5]
Self-locking property[edit]
Large frictional forces cause most screws in practical use to be "self-locking", also called "non-reciprocal" or "non-overhauling". This means that applying a torque to the shaft will cause it to turn, but no amount of axial load force against the shaft will cause it to turn back the other way, even if the applied torque is zero. This is in contrast to some other simple machines which are "reciprocal" or "non locking" which means if the load force is great enough they will move backwards or "overhaul". Thus, the machine can be used in either direction. For example, in a lever, if the force on the load end is too large it will move backwards, doing work on the applied force. Most screws are designed to be self-locking, and in the absence of torque on the shaft will stay at whatever position they are left. However, some screw mechanisms with a large enough pitch and good lubrication are not self-locking and will overhaul, and a very few, such as a push drill, use the screw in this "backwards" sense, applying axial force to the shaft to turn the screw.
A push drill, one of the very few mechanisms that use a screw in the "backwards" sense, to convert linear motion to rotational motion. It has helical screw threads with a very large pitch along the central shaft. When the handle is pushed down, the shaft slides into pawls in the tubular stem, turning the bit. Most screws are "self locking" and axial force on the shaft will not turn the screw.
This self-locking property is one reason for the very large use of the screw in threaded fasteners such as wood screws, sheet metal screws, studs and bolts. Tightening the fastener by turning it puts compression force on the materials or parts being fastened together, but no amount of force from the parts will cause the screw to untighten. This property is also the basis for the use of screws in screw top container lids, vises, C-clamps, and screw jacks. A heavy object can be raised by turning the jack shaft, but when the shaft is released it will stay at whatever height it is raised to.
A screw will be self-locking if and only if its efficiency \eta \, is below 50%.[25][26][27]
\eta = \frac {F_{out}/F_{in}}{d_{in}/d_{out}} = \frac {F_{out}}{F_{in}} \frac {l} {2 \pi r} < 0.50 \,
Whether a screw is self-locking ultimately depends on the pitch angle and the coefficient of friction of the threads; very well-lubricated, low friction threads with a large enough pitch may "overhaul".
 1. ^ a b Young, James F. (2000). "Basic Mechanics". ELEC 201:Introduction to Engineering Design. Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept., Rice Univ. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
 2. ^ Morris, William, Ed. (1979). The American Heritage Dictionary, New College Edition. USA: Houghton Mifflin. p. 1167. ISBN 0-395-20360-0.
 3. ^ "Screw". How Stuff Works website. Discovery Communications. 2011. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
 4. ^ Collins, Jack A.; Henry R. Busby; George H. Staab (2009). Mechanical Design of Machine Elements and Machines, 2nd Ed. USA: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 462–463. ISBN 0-470-41303-4.
 5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Bhandari, V. B. (2007). Design of machine elements. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill. pp. 202–206. ISBN 0-07-061141-6.
 7. ^ Bunch, Bryan H.; Alexander Hellemans (2004). The history of science and technology. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 69. ISBN 0-618-22123-9.
 8. ^ a b c d Krebs, Robert E.; Carolyn A. Krebs (2003). Groundbreaking scientific experiments, inventions, and discoveries of the ancient world. USA: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 114. ISBN 0-313-31342-3.
 9. ^ a b c "Screw". Encyclopedia Britannica online. 2011


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have a table with two column - [security_role_name] and security_role_cd. Datatype for security_role_cd is smallint in Security_Role table.
I have following data selection logic. The datatype returned varies based on the scenario of data:-
 1. No data in table
 2. One record present in table
 1. Why is the datatype varying in these scenarios
 2. How to correct it
Note: Currently i am using try..catch to meet this scenario
 private int GetNextRoleID(SqlConnection connection)
 int? newRoleID = null;
 //string commandText = "SELECT (MAX(security_role_cd)) AS [NewRoleID] FROM Security_Role ";
 string commandText = "SELECT TOP 1 security_role_cd AS [NewRoleID] FROM Security_Role ORDER BY security_role_cd DESC";
 SqlCommand command = new SqlCommand(commandText, connection);
 command.CommandType = System.Data.CommandType.Text;
 SqlDataReader reader = command.ExecuteReader();
 if (reader.HasRows)
 while (reader.Read())
 if (!reader.IsDBNull(0))
 //newRoleID = Convert.ToInt32((reader.GetInt16(0)) + 1);
 newRoleID = Convert.ToInt32(reader.GetInt16(0)) + 1;
 int result = (reader.GetInt32(0));
 newRoleID = result + 1;
 if (newRoleID == null)
 newRoleID = 1;
 return (Convert.ToInt32(newRoleID));
 1. How do I get the SqlDbType of a column in a table using ADO.NET?
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 2 down vote accepted
You can look at reader.GetFieldType(0). For example:
 int i;
 switch (Type.GetTypeCode(reader.GetFieldType(0)))
 case TypeCode.Int16: i = reader.GetInt16(0); break;
 case TypeCode.Int32: i = reader.GetInt32(0); break;
 // TODO: any other cases you need to handle
 default: throw new NotSupportedException();
or perhaps simpler:
 int i = Convert.ToInt32(reader.GetValue(0));
share|improve this answer
Thanks. Is following also worth using? SqlDbType type = (SqlDbType)(int)reader.GetSchemaTable().Rows[0]["ProviderType"]; – Lijo Nov 9 '12 at 11:47
_USER_ that adds a lot of overhead... the reader already knows the types... just ask the reader what the type is, IMO. – Marc Gravell Nov 9 '12 at 12:07
Can you please elaborate the answer with the reason for this behavior (Part 1 of the question)? That will help to make this answer more useful. – Lijo Nov 14 '12 at 7:39
Your Answer


text:
Published in TB and Outbreaks Week, February 8th, 2005
"The protistan parasite Perkinsus marinus is a severe pathogen of the oyster Crassostrea virginica along the east coast of the United States. Very few data have been collected, however, on the abundance of the parasite in environmental waters, limiting our understanding of P. marinus transmission dynamics," scientists in the United States report.
"Real-time PCR assays with SybrGreen I as a label for detection were developed in this study for quantification of P. marinus in environmental waters with P. marinus species-specific primers and...
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text:
View to Lunga
, across Scotland's "Grey Dog" tidal race.
Tidal race (or tidal rapid) is a natural occurrence whereby a fast moving tide passes through a constriction resulting in the formation of waves, eddies and hazardous currents. The constriction can be a passage where the sides narrow, for example the Gulf of Corryvreckan and the Saltstraumen maelstrom, or an underwater obstruction (a reef or rising seabed), such as is found at the Portland Race.
In extreme cases, such as Skookumchuck Narrows in British Columbia, through which tides can travel at more than 17 knots, very large whirlpools develop, which can be extremely hazardous to navigation.
Notable tidal races


text:
Round 4 Findings
In 2015 we produced a series of key findings fact sheets to give an overview of some of the descriptive data emerging from Round 4 of the Young Lives household and child survey.
Education and Learning
The Education and Learning fact sheet reports on children's learning and some of the changes that have taken places in key education indicators for our sample children over the eleven years since the first round of data collection in 2002.
Nutrition and Health
The Nutrition and Health fact sheet gives some descriptive findings on some of the key nutrition and health indicators of the Younger Cohort sample children at age 12.
Youth and Development
The Youth and Development fact sheet reports on outcomes for the Older Cohort at age 19 in terms of education, employment and marriage.


text:
Sawtooth National Forest,Idaho 83340
Rising 4th-7th Graders:
Join ERC for overnight camps north of Ketchum. Camp is nestled next to Prairie Creek, surrounded by acres of land for science discovery. New this year, meals are incorporated within the curriculum to highlight the importance of local and organic food systems. Days are spent discovering the diversity of nature with professional educators; while evenings are full of summer fun!
Plants and animals have adapted to our local environment in the most amazing ways. This camp will focus on these adaptations teaching participants about the fascinating ecology found in our montane biome.
8:1 Adult to Child Ratio
All Instructors CPR & First Aid Certified


text:
Why is advocacy and policy change an important part of our work?
Food security is impacted by many different factors. Long-term, holistic, and systemic changes are needed. That's why advocacy and policy change at multiple levels are important strategies and can be found at the core of FoodARC's objectives and work.
Our projects and activities are all oriented towards building capacity for individuals, organizations, and communities in order to be able to influence food security policies:
- by better understanding the policy environment around food security and testing policy change approaches to help guide action;
- by increasing the knowledge and skills of all partners through mutual learning about participatory action research, food security, and strategies for policy change; and
- by working together to share the knowledge and insights gained, to increase awareness of both the issues and possible solutions, build capacity for advocacy, and identify opportunities for change.
FoodARC's Make Food Matter toolkit has pulled together over 10 years of our research and collective experiences into a set of resources to support advocacy and policy change. Visit Make Food Matter to check out the five action streams of the toolkit – community dialogues, policy, advocacy, social innovation and effective communication.


text:
Murray Lake Elementary
Murray Lake Elementary is a school where a high level of student achievement and quality student character are a focus each day. Although test scores will validate high achievement at Murray Lake, it is the day-to-day emphasis of best practice in the classroom and quality character development that ensures that each child reaches their highest potential.
At Murray Lake each child is expected to reach his or her highest learning potential. Teachers are constantly improving their lessons to ensure that all children in their class achieve. Differentiated instruction is a focus at Murray Lake, which allows teachers to meet the needs of all learners. Murray Lake students typically score in the top 5% on Michigan's MEAP test. They also score significantly above average on the Measurement of Academic Progress (MAP), and grow at a greater rate than the average growth of students across the country. Students are asked to set goals for themselves and work toward the achievement of these goals.


Know everything about Memphis? Try to answer these questions about science and geography
John Beifuss
Memphis Commercial Appeal
Time sure flies when you're having, um, anxiety over the effectiveness of an infectious disease vaccine.
In other words: Hey, it's already been a month since our inaugural "Memphis Memories" quiz! So now it's time for Quiz No. 2 — the second in a series of seven that will take us through August (when the final quiz, as you might expect, will focus on Elvis).
Like its predecessor, this is a multiple-choice quiz with 21 questions (because this is 2021, OK?). The first quiz focused on "Pop Culture." This second quiz has something of a catch-all and very liberally applied theme: "Geography, Science and Weather."
Once again, the purpose of this quiz is to entertain as much as to inform. This isn't a meaningful test of knowledge, but perhaps it will provide a few moments of amusement.
The answers appear at the bottom of the quiz.
The questions
1. Bright kid, promising future: In 1865, this 18-year-old man who would change the future of America — and the world — worked as a telegraph operator in Memphis.
A) Alexander Graham Bell.
B) Thomas Edison.
C) Theodore Roosevelt.
D) Booker T. Washington.
2. According to city records, Memphis has about 9,580 streets, roads, drives, boulevards and so on. Which of these groups of Memphis-area street names is fictional?
A) Panda Lane, Otter Drive and Doberman Cove.
B) Parrot Cove, Parakeet Road and Mockingbird Lane.
C) Ham Road, Gravy Drive and Grits Street.
D) Elvis Cove, Zorro Cove and Uncle Remus Drive.
And to think Errol Flynn probably never knew there is a Memphis neighborhood named "Sherwood Forest"...
3. Speaking of streets, which of these is not an actual street name in the Sherwood Forest neighborhood?
A) Robin Hood Lane.
B) Friar Tuck Road.
C) Nottingham Place.
D) Bullseye Boulevard.
MOVIE NEWS:'Coming 2 America' scores record audience during debut weekend
FOR SUBSCRIBERS:Hattiloo is back: What to know about reopening of Memphis theater devoted to Black art
4. Because of its success in breeding this particular animal, the Memphis Zoo is sometimes referred to as:
A) The Hippo Capital of the World.
B) The Monkey Metropolis.
C) Penguin Nation.
D) Giraffesville, USA.
Osage orange is a deciduous member of the mulberry family.
5. Once common hereabouts, the deciduous shrub that bears the bumpy spherical fruit known as the "Osage orange" is significant in Memphis history as:
A) The source of an early vaccine to prevent Yellow Fever.
B) The discarded original name for Sam Phillips' Sun Records label (which would have featured an Osage orange design instead of a rising sun, anticipating the Beatles' Apple label).
C) The reported inspiration for the name of the historic Black neighborhood of Orange Mound, developed for homeowners in 1890 and soon promoted as "the largest concentration of blacks in the United States except for Harlem in New York City."
D) The favorite food of Elvis' pet chimp, Scatter.
6. On July 22, 2003, Memphians learned what for most of them was a new word: derecho. A derecho is:
A) A newborn jaguarundi. (The Memphis Zoo on that day became the first institution to record a captive birth of the small wild cat, native to Mexico and Central and South America.)
B) A severe, fast-moving, straight-line windstorm. (That day's derecho left 70% of Shelby County without power.)
C) A type of temblor too localized to be classified as an "earthquake." (The early-morning derecho shook Midtown beds while most residents still were sleeping.)
D) A virus first identified by scientists in Central America. (Classes were canceled and students asked not to leave campus when Rhodes College administrators responded to a quickly debunked derecho scare.)
7. Here's another word for your vocabulary: Loess. Which of these statements is true?
A) A rich, wind-blown silt that resulted in part from rocks ground to dust by retreating glaciers at the end of the Ice Age, loess is the primary type of soil found in the Memphis area.
B) Made extinct by the rapid development of the Memphis riverfront, the loess — a songbird related to the similarly extinct Carolina parakeet — was common to the hardwood forests of West Tennessee until the mid-19th century.
C) Roughly equivalent to four feet, a loess is a unit of measurement used by geologists in determining the depth of Memphis' Artesian aquifer and other locations of subterranean water.
D) Post-mortem investigation determined that the signature curl of Elvis' lip and the famously wiggly jumpiness of his leg were due to the presence of an otherwise harmless nervous-system parasite known as a loess.
8. Aedes Aegypti is:
A) The architect who designed Graceland when Elvis' future home was built in 1939.
B) A Cajun spice used in the "dry rub" of Rendezvous ribs.
C) A founding member of Three 6 Mafia.
D) The type of mosquito that brought Yellow Fever to Memphis.
If it's pink and palatial, it may be the Memphis Pink Palace Museum.
9. Now known as the Memphis Pink Palace Museum and Planetarium (or "Pink Palace," for short), the "Memphis Museum of Natural History and Industrial Arts," as it first was called, opened in 1930 in a pink marble mansion on Central Avenue that originally was built by...
A) Composer W.C. Handy.
B) Claurence Saunders, founder of the Piggy Wiggly grocery chain.
C) Colonel Henry Van Pelt, the so-called "father of Memphis journalism," who in 1840 became owner of the daily newspaper he would call "The Memphis Appeal."
D) Robert Church Sr., the South's first Black millionaire.
This photo of J. Goldsmith & Sons Co. at 123 Main Street is believed to date to about 1910.
10. In 1937, the Goldsmith's department store on Main Street became a Memphis pioneer among retail establishments when it adopted this technological innovation:
A) Escalators.
B) Air-conditioning.
C) Self-service elevators.
D) In-store recorded music, played over speakers (later disparaged as "Muzak").
11. A beloved and once seemingly ubiquitous harbinger of summer, these circle-shaped ice-cream delivery vehicles with striped canopy roofs roamed the streets of Memphis in the 1960s and '70s at a puttering 15 mph. The vehicles were called:
A) Merrymobiles.
B) Popsi-Wagons.
C) Frosty Wheels.
D) Cream Carts.
"The additional stories which will top the 15 in the foreground should tower over developer William B. Clark's other high-rise office building to the northwest, the White Station Tower at 5050 Poplar." So stated the original caption to this photograph when it appeared in The Commercial Appeal during construction of the $20.9-million Clark Tower.
12. The 34-story Clark Tower in East Memphis opened in June of what year?
A) 1958.
B) 1964.
C) 1972.
D) 1986.
ENTERTAINMENT NEWS:St. Patrick's Day in Memphis: From a concert to a cruise, here are 5 things to do
MUSIC NEWS:John Paul Keith delivers mix of Memphis rock, soul and blues on 'The Rhythm of the City'
Ross Hornish walks with his dog Miles across Madison Avenue, with a surprise Valentine's Day gift for his girlfriend, as below freezing temperatures and snow flurries cover Memphis, Tenn. on Sunday, Feb. 14, 2021.
13. So you felt cold the other day? Well, boo-hoo. Memphians who experienced the city's record low temperature on Christmas Eve, 1963, would have loved our recent single-digit highs. On that day, the temperature (in Fahrenheit) sunk to:
A) Zero degrees.
B) Minus 8 degrees.
C) Minus 13 degrees.
D) Minus 32 degrees.
14. Would you rather be scorched or frozen? On July 13, 1980, Memphis hit a record-high temperature of:
A) 105 degrees.
B) 108 degrees.
C) 121 degrees.
D) 142 degrees.
Hey Jackson Oswalt, you're in the newspaper again!
15. In 2019, 14-year-old Jackson Oswalt earned some attention when he constructed, in his Midtown home:
A) A functional full-scale model of R2D2.
B) A DNA splicer.
C) A working replica of "Old Sparky," Tennessee's electric chair.
D) A nuclear fusion reactor.
16. According to the 2019 report of the U.S. Census Bureau, Memphis, with 651,073 residents, ranks No. 28 on the list of most populous American cities. No. 29 is Louisville, while No. 27 is


dynamic microphone
The topic dynamic microphone is discussed in the following articles:
principles of operation
 - TITLE: microphone (electroacoustic device)
 ...displacement of the diaphragm may cause variations in the resistance of a carbon contact (carbon microphone), in electrostatic capacitance (condenser microphone), in the motion of a coil (dynamic microphone) or conductor (ribbon microphone) in a magnetic field, or in the twisting or bending of a piezoelectric crystal (crystal microphone). In each case, motion of the diaphragm produces...
 - TITLE: electromechanical transducer (instrument)
 SECTION: Types of transducers
 Most microphones use either an electromagnetic or an electrostatic technique to convert sound waves into electrical signals. The dynamic microphone is constructed with a small magnet that oscillates inside a coil attached to the diaphragm. When a sound wave causes the diaphragm of the microphone to vibrate, the relative motion of the magnet and coil creates an electrical signal by magnetic...


text:
Mon 14th Oct 2019 at 10:00 am - 1:00 pm, Worcestershire Group Training Association, Worcester, WR4 9GN England
In order for you to be able to attend this workshop, your business must be:
-Located in Worcestershire
-A Small to Medium Sized Enterprise (SME)
-Trading for less than 5 years
-Trading minimum 70% Business to Business
This interactive workshop will take you through the basics of Search engine optimisation and the principles of how to make your website stand out from the crowd
1. What is a search engine and SEO?
2. How does the search algorithm work?
3. What should you do to make your website optimised?
3a.Looking specifically at the main components of SEO, content, website performance/efficiency, design and trustworthiness/security.
4. What should someone look out for when hiring someone to build or optimise a website?
5. What tools can be used to help optimise your website?
6. What are the Do's and Don'ts of SEO?


[lammps-users] Tdamp and T-coupling
Hello everyone,
In fix NVT and NPT command, there is a parameter named Tdamp, which is specified intime units and determines how rapidly the temperature is relaxed. We can read a parameter T-coupling in article, for example, Nosé–Hoover coupling constant is set to 5.
I am confused by the two parameter. What is the difference between them, and the relation of them. Could some kind people give me some suggestion?
Thanks in advance.
Tdamp is the coupling constant - i.e. the "mass" of the thermal
piston being coupled to.


View all news
Wireless Internationalism and Distant Listening
2 June 2020
This book offers a comprehensive and original analysis of international broadcasting in the 1920s and 1930s.
It connects the history of broadcasting with the developing new field of the history of internationalism, and with histories of sound and listening and it significantly revises our understanding of British international broadcasting, showing how the government shaped the nature and content of BBC international broadcasts.
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Utah's Best-Kept Secret: Capitol Reef National Park (PHOTOS)
By Lorraine Boissoneault
Published Mar 27 2014 08:42 PM EDT
Most tourists heading out to the American West to explore frontier towns and vast wildernesses stop by parks like the Grand Canyon and Yosemite and Bryce Canyon. But all those caravans are missing one of Utah's best-kept secrets: Capitol Reef National Park.
The spectacular geologic formations that characterize the park are part of the Waterpocket Fold, a wrinkle in the earth created by underlying faults that extends for almost 100 miles, says the National Park Service. The uplifted ridges have been eroded by wind and rain and transformed into cliffs, mazes, canyons and cathedral-like domes.
(MORE: Where the Forest Meets the Sea - Breathtaking Landscapes of Oregon)
Although modern travelers seem to overlook Capitol Reef National Park, our ancient ancestors didn't. Archaic people traveled through the canyons and left petroglyphs etched in the walls, providing evidence of their unique culture that began around 500 CE. Following the Fremont Culture more than a thousand years later, the Mormon pioneers arrived in the area and planted orchards of fruit. Today, the park has around 3,100 fruit and nut trees, making it the largest historic orchards in the National Park System.


President Obama Just Signed a Cybersecurity Executive Order
Before President Barack Obama gave his State of the Union and shouted out 3D printing, he signed a new cybersecurity executive order with the goal of preventing cyber attacks by allowing companies and the government to share information they have on cyber threats.
If that sounds a lot like CISPA, it kind of is, but this time the White House promises that federal agencies are "required to implement privacy and civil liberties protections". We'll see what that actually means when the final version is revealed.
The Hill reports that the executive order would make the National Institute of Standards and Technology work with companies to develop a "framework of cybersecurity best practices". According to The Hill:
The framework will be technology-neutral and aimed at addressing security gaps in the computer networks of critical infrastructure, such as the electric grid, water plants and transportation networks.
A draft of version the framework is due in 240 days and the final version will be published within a year.
President Obama actually mentioned signing the cybersecurity bill in his State of the Union address. In the full text of his speech made available online, Obama acknowledged the threat of cyber attacks and the need for cyber security:
[The Hill, NY Times]


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Hove Junior School
Portland Road & Holland Road
Reporting a positive Covid-19 case
To ensure that we continue to keep the whole school community safe, it is essential that we are informed of any positive cases of Covid-19 that occur. During school hours please continue to phone the school offices and report individual confirmed cases. Out of school hours and during the weekend please now contact the school on the following email address:
For clarity, please state Confirmed Case in the subject box.
We will need to know:
 1. Your child's name and date of birth
 2. Your child's class (e.g. 4 Yellow)
 3. A contact phone number
 4. The first day when your child's symptoms started
 5. What symptoms your child has
 6. The date when your child was last in school
 7. Whether your child attended breakfast club on their last day in school
 8. Whether your child attended after school club on their last day in school
 9. Please list any siblings
 10. Please list the schools where siblings attend, and their year groups


text:
Image and Implication
Critical Encounters: Image & Implication examines how images—visual, verbal and virtual—shape public perception and influence events and policy. Image & Implication challenges students to examine the impact of what they see, hear and read; produce arts and media that reflect and encourage civic engagement; and take action on issues of social importance.
- How are images manipulated to affect public opinion? Do people recognize that this is happening?
- What assumptions do we make about other people based on their images? What fuels those assumptions?
- How do our experiences affect our interpretation of images?
- When images desensitize us, how do we recapture empathy?
- What is visual literacy? Why does it matter?
- Can one image of anything be accurate and complete?
- What power do images have to educate and distort?
- What kinds of images foment action?
- What are our responsibilities as image-creators?
- How has the internet changed our control of images?
- What determines how people, institutions and events are portrayed?
- How do we deal with our inundation by images?


text:
Football Behavior Program
January 12, 2011
Years ago, Poquoson Primary School used sports to create a school-wide behavior incentive program for January. We used a die-cut machine to cut footballs. Each teacher was given a stack. We were asked to carry a few with us at all times. When we saw another class (not our own) that was well-behaved in the hallway, cafeteria, at the bathrooms, or the like, we handed a football to a student in the class. They could also earn a football for an individual act of good citizenship. Upon returning to the classroom, the teacher talked about what the class did to earn the football and would post it on a paper football field that was displayed outside of her door in the hall. Each time the class earned a football their "team" would advance ten yards on the field. (This was great for teaching counting by 10's.) When the team reached the goal post, they would earn a touchdown and start over. Tally marks were used to display and track points earned.
When it was time for the Super Bowl, the totals were given to the principal. We then had a culminating assembly and everyone wore sports-related clothing to school. The principal and assistant principal dressed like football players, complete with helmets and pads! The top scoring classes got to do cheers, and all classes were praised for their behaviors. Examples of especially good deeds and behaviors were announced for all to hear. This activity was extremely popular and allowed us to "catch 'em being good" rather than give out reprimands.


Notes and Thoughts
Discursive working and evergreen notes
Xhosa meme plague
In the 1850s the Xhosa, a Nguni ethnic group in Southern Africa, engaged in a riot of self-destructive behavior. In 1856 a fifteen year old Xhosan girl received a divine message from her ancestors; if they killed their cattles and destroyed their stores of grain their ancestors would return from the dead, and the Boers (Dutch settlers) would be driven from their land.
The Xhosa embraced the message; they killed their cattle, 400,000 by the end of 1857, and burned their crops, planting nothing for the next harvest. ~40,000 Xhosans starved to death, and by 1858 3/4s of the Xhosa had fled in search of food or died.
B: Where is my flying car? Memetics: The science of information viruses


Wednesday, August 13, 2008
Using Difference Lists
I posted my enthusiasm about difference lists for Haskell earlier this month, but then became sidetracked by combinators and reading lists, so, let's get back on track.
Difference lists are a (very) useful data structure in Prolog, particularly when it comes to parsing with definite clause grammars (DCGs) and when it comes to list construction (again, using DCGs). Why? Well, to answer that question, let's examine the structure of difference lists. The Prolog (or relational) representation of a difference list is of the form:
X = [1,2,3|Y] - Y
What that relation describes is that X is the difference of the pair of lists of (first) [1,2,3] appended with the list Y minus (second) the list Y.
Well, what is the value of the list Y? To a Prologian, this question is not important (for Y, being a logic variable, can be any list or, even, not a list at all because the variable is still uninstantiated (a "free" variable)). Its importance is that it gives us an "instant" index into the list after the elements we've already processed. The significance of that index for parsing is that we now have a stream over the parsed (list) data, which gives us the ability to translate BNF grammars directly into working parsers. The significance for list construction is that we "simply" walk "backward" through the DCG to construct a list from a (parsed) internal representation, without paying the linear cost of either (a) traversing the list each time to add a new element (which results in exponential time list construction) or (b) building the list in reverse (adding new elements to the head of the list) and then applying reverse to the end result.
"Big deal!" you scoff, "zippers [also called 'finger trees'] already give us indices into data structures. Who needs a funny-looking specialized zipper just for lists?"
"Good point!" is my response. Zippers are powerful and flexible data structures that not only provide that index over any data structure, but, even better than difference list's index that only goes forward (with any dignity) in constant time, the zipper's index can go both forward and backward through that (generic) structure in constant time. So, if you are not familiar with zippers, I request that you run, don't walk, to a good overview to learn more about their utility.
With all their flexibility and power, in certain situations, a zipper is not the correct choice for some list processing tasks; the difference list's simplicity shines in these situations. First, for the unidirectional index of the difference list (it moves forward through the list well, but backwards... not so much), this, for list construction purposes, is hardly ever an issue, and if it becomes one, then backtracking is easily installed with some MonadPlus magic. Next, you, the coder, are responsible for constructing a zipper list data type each time you need one, but Don Stewart has provided Data.DList; no construction necessary! Last, an example structure of a zipper list, for the list a++b is (reverse a,b), so if we wish to reconstruct the original list, for an a of large magnitude, we still pay the linear (reverse) cost in reconstruction as well as the linear cost of appending b to that result.
You heard it here first, folks — difference lists: [zipper lists] can't touch this!
Okay, I've finished throwing it down for now. Let's look at difference lists from the Haskell perspective and then use this data structure in a list construction example.
> import Data.DList
For my examples, I'm going to be looking at the subset of difference lists that I can compare and see:
> instance Eq a => Eq (DList a) where
> x == y = toList x == toList y
> instance (Eq a, Show a) => Show (DList a) where
> show x | x == empty = "\\x -> [x]"
> | otherwise = "\\x -> [" ++ show (head x)
> ++ doShow (toList (tail x)) ++ ":x]"
> where doShow [] = ""
> doShow (a:b) = ", " ++ show a ++ doShow b
With the above instance declarations, we see that
(singleton 1) 'snoc' 2 'snoc' 3
gives us the representation
λ x. [1, 2, 3:x]
... snoc appends an element to the end of a list (so it's the reverse of cons).
Prologians are always smug with their ability to create an infinite stream of 1s with X = [1|X]. And, no doubt about it, Prolog is a programming language that makes list construction easy... *ahem* almost as easy as list construction in Haskell ("Your list comprehensions outshine even Prolog for sure..."):
repeat 1
... and now with difference lists...
let x = unDL (singleton 1) x in x
But no self-respecting Prologian would freeze their interpreter with a such a rash proof; Haskellians have no such concern, thanks to weak head normal form:
take 5 (repeat 1)
So there!
Let's examine an application of difference lists. I have a little scanner that I use to help me in my oration. The meat of the algorithm (before difference lists) was as follows:
> lettersIn word = lettersIn' word []
> lettersIn' [] ans = reverse ans
> lettersIn' (h:t) ans | isLetter h = lettersIn' t (h:ans)
> | otherwise = reverse ans
Ugh, yes, reverses galore! This is an oft-recurring pattern in Haskell code that is very easily fixed with some difference list magic:
> lettersIn word = lettersIn' word empty
> lettersIn' [] ans = toList ans
> lettersIn' (h:t) ans | isLetter h = lettersIn' t (ans 'snoc' h)
> | otherwise = toList ans
A very simply example, I grant you, for if we take a list whose elements are all in the set of the alphabet, the above code is a very complicated way of reinventing the id function. Or, put another way, who's going to teach me about scanl? Hm, would I be required to use the continuation Monad to escape the scan, I wonder? But you get the general idea for list construction, right? Instead of building the list by adding to the head ("cons"ing) and then applying reverse to the result, the different list allows one to "snoc" each element and return the correctly ordered result. For a single list construction, the benefit may not be all that obvious, but when one builds, e.g., an XML generator for a complex internal representation, reversing the reverse of the reversed reversed child element becomes an odious labour — difference lists eliminate all the internal juggling, replacing that complication with a straightforward constant-time list and element in-place append.
So, next time you need to do some list construction, instead of falling back on the reverse standby, flex your new difference list muscles; you'll be pleasantly surprised.
David R. MacIver said...
"zippers [also called 'finger trees']"
Um. No they're not. A finger tree is a totally different data structure to a zipper. A zipper is a view into another data structure with a "special point" in that structure. A finger tree is an tree designed for sequences with fast concat, append and prepend.
Finger tree:
meteficha said...
I wonder why you didn't write
lettersIn (x:xs) | isLetter x = x : lettersIn xs
lettersIn _ = []
meteficha said...
Or even better:
lettersIn = takeWhile isLetter
Jim Apple said...
David R. MacIver:
Yes, finger trees aren't the same as zippers, but zippers are really just fingers. Finger trees could have been called zipper trees if Kaplan & Tarjan hadn't gotten there first. Their fingers are actually special points in trees, along with a path from those points to the root, just like a zipper!
Jim Apple said...
I like difference lists. However, I think anything you can do with a difference list you can do with constant-time-append deques, which provide other operations as well:
Kaplan & Tarjan's simpler real-time version
Okasaki's amortized-time version
Chris Rathman said...
Might be worth noting that the book Concepts, Techniques, and Models of Computer Programming has a nice explanation of Difference Lists using Oz in section 3.4.4. I translated the code to Alice ML, where futures can used to get the same effect.
Chris Rathman said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Pseudonym said...
Yes, because breaking the logical interpretation of unification is a virtue in logic programming.
(Actually, I think that Prologians are secretly happy every time they come up with a way to do anything at all in Prolog. I digress.)
What I actually wanted to say was that I found it amusing that you used "show" rather than "shows" in an article about difference lists.
shimaa shaker said...
شركات تنظيف بالمدينة المنورة
شركة تنظيف منازل بالمدينة المنورة
شركة كشف تسربات المياه بالمدينة المنورة


text:
- Conditional culture
- F W Preece, Adelaide, 1938
Conditional culture is the manifesto of the Jindywoorobak position. Here, Ingamells saught to 'free Australian art from whatever alien inlfuences trammel it'. This involved a'recognition of environmental values', a de-Europeanising of artistic language and an incorporation of Aboriginal cultural forms into the European-Australian understanding of land.
'Commentary' by Ian Tilbrook follows Ingamell's essay.


text: Future Lunar Landers and Rovers will require variable thermal links that can reject heat during daytime, and passively shut-off during lunar night. During the long lunar day, the thermal management system must remove the waste heat from the electronics and batteries keep them within the acceptable temperature limit. Since the heater power availability is restricted, a variable thermal link is therefore required to limit the amount of heat that is removed from the electronics and radiated to space during the long lunar night. Conventional Loop Heat Pipes (LHPs) can provide the required variable thermal conductance, but they consume electrical power to shut down the heat transfer. Our innovation adds a Thermal Control Valve (TCV) to the LHP, allowing it to passively shut off without consuming any electrical power. This is important since there is a severe penalty for electrical power consumption: supplying 1 W in a photovoltaic system requires roughly 5 kg of extra equipment. The TCV used in the LHP has been previously selected for thermal control in the pumped loop on the Mars Science Laboratory. The Phase I project was successful in demonstrating the feasibility of integrating the TCV in a LHP. The Phase II project will fabricate and test a LHP with a TCV at representative conditions, bringing the technology to TRL 6. The testing will include full characterization of the TCV under various LHP operation modes. Analysis and testing of different LHP condenser layouts will also be performed, as well as freeze/thaw analysis.


Amazing photos of Ethiopian tribe maintaining 500-year-old traditions - are they at risk?
AN ISOLATED tribe living along the Omo River in South Ethiopia were captured on film by an American explorer, showing the 500-year-old traditions they maintain to this day. However, modern changes to their surrounding natural environment could be set to change the one life the Karo tribe have ever known.
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Ethiopia tribe africa
Travel: Incredible photos of the Ethiopian Karo tribe (Image: Mediadrum )
An American was lucky enough to meet the incredible Karo Tribe, one of the smallest tribes in South Ethiopia who have been maintaining their traditional way of life for around 500 years. The tribe, which fluctuates between 1,000 and 2,000 group members, live along the Omo River and are known for their beautiful body artwork which they wear both as decoration and for battle.
Made from a mix of ash and water, these intricate patterns are worn even by the smallest of tribe members.
Over the years the Karo people have lived on the surrounding agriculture and natural annual flooding of the nearby river.
Along with their time-honoured body paint, the tribe are also well known for their dancing.
Though largely isolated from modern society, the Karo tribe welcome foreign guests and are often keen to partake in photographs.
They are also known to craft jewellery from day-to-day items given to them by visitors. In one of the images, an elder woman even uses a drinks straw as jewellery.
READ MORE: How 'secret Inca city' was found hiding below Amazon jungle
travel tribeswoman in ethiopia
Travel: A tribeswoman in Ethiopia uses a straw as jewellery (Image: Mediadrum)
Male members of the tribe wear large clusters of beads around their neck, often signifying big game kills.
Meanwhile, scars and lacerations from ritual combats between clans, often after the harvest, become highly esteemed marks of valour and can help the men attract a woman.
These scars often symbolise that a man has taken on and defeated an enemy or a large animal.
Similarly, lacerations which are rubbed with ash and raised over time are deemed as marks of beauty on the females of the tribe.
Women inflict lacerations and cuts on their chests, stomachs, or backs using knives or razors, to produce intricate patterns of scars all for the purpose of beauty.
Pound to euro exchange rate slumps after Boris Johnson's lockdown [GRAPH]
Flights: Cabin crew reveals how they disguise smells on board [INSIDER]
Flights: Passenger shocks with extreme coronavirus protection [PICS]
In the images members of the tribe can be seen holding weapons, gifts they have been given over the last 50 years by foreign visitors and something they use to ward off enemy tribe or protect their much-loved cattle with.
Many of the weapons have also been filtered in due to conflict in surrounding countries such as Sudan and Somalia.
Jim Zuckerman, 72, from Franklin, USA captured these latest images and describes his time meeting the people of the Karo tribe as a "welcoming and friendly" experience.
He said: "The Karo were very welcoming and friendly, more so than most tribes."
koro tribe ethiopia
Travel: The male members of the tribe wear jewellery which often signifies big game kills (Image: Mediadrum)
"They seemed like they enjoyed the attention of being photographed and liked seeing their images on the LCD screen on the back of my camera.
"They posed quite willingly and were very cooperative – I'd love to see them again."
He continued: "The way the Karo decorate their faces and bodies is fascinating.
"They use a mixture of ash, animal fat, and water to create striking designs.
"Their body decorations are for two reasons – for beauty and for battle.
"The men decorate themselves brighter than the women so they look more attractive and courageous.
"In addition, tribal people are often very superstitious, and a painted warrior looks fearsome to outsiders."
However, it seems the future is uncertain for the tribe, and the way of life could be set to change forever.
"The Karo is the smallest tribe in South Ethiopia fluctuating between 1000 and 2000. They live along the Omo River and practice 'flood retreat cultivation'. This means they use the silt left by floodwaters that occur during the monsoon season to fertilise their crops," said Mr Zuckerman.
"But recently the Ethiopian government, needing to create more electricity, built a dam on the Omo River.
"This affects the flooding of the river, and this, in turn, causes disruptions in the natural fertilisation of farmland as well as impacts the traditional flow of water to the tribes below the dam."
ethiopian tribe
Travel: Even the youngest embers of the tribe wear war paint (Image: Getty Images)
Additionally, according to, much of the tribe's farmland, home for their pride and joy cattle, is being sold to global companies.
Geographical information site claims: "Many international companies have been given fertile tribal land from the government to grow cash crops like palm oil and cotton, and for biofuels."
A combination of fear of conflict, and the government fearing a loss in tribal tourism is cited by ArcGIS as a reason why the tribe may not be receiving aid or relocated to a new society.
Despite this, there is some hope for the tribespeople.
Though relocating may be a scary prospect, moving further upstream, past the Gibe III dam, could help aid their survival and allow them to keep their incredible, timeless traditions.
ArcGIS concludes: "As long as there are no war tribes further up the Omo river, this solution should work.
"The Karo tribespeople would only have to adapt slightly to a different way of life upstream as the river is much wider up past Gibe III."


text:
Smart Parking – IoT Perspectives
13 December 202121 September 2017 | Software
The pioneering of smart parking
Using the disturbance of the Earth's magnetic field to detect the presence of a vehicle is not a new concept. More than five decades ago, Koerner and Brickner imagined a system where this kind of information can be obtained, centralized and processed. Two use cases of the pioneers in this field, namely parking management and traffic control, appeared to have a high potential and be adopted on a large scale.
Considering that the number of cars was 10 times smaller at that time, the attempts of establishing the technical means for getting traffic information were in the early stages. Knowing the limitations which the geomagnetic transducers had in the '60s and '70s, it becomes clear why equipping too many parking slots with such detectors was not an option.
The phenomenon is illustrated in the following figure, considering that the sensor is placed where the field changes are largest.
Ferrous object + Uniform geomagnetic field = Distorted geomagnetic field
The shape of the distorted lines depends on the geometry and the ferrous composition of the vehicle, each car model determining a unique magnetic fingerprint. The larger the set of measurements, the better the accuracy of detection will be. The place with the largest amount of metal is near the engine block, and there is no guarantee that all cars will park identically.
Therefore, the chosen place for mounting the sensor is in the center of the parking slot. It can be partially buried or simply fixed on the ground when the height is not an obstacle. A sensor serves just one parking slot, the delivered information being either "free" or "occupied". To do so, the detection algorithm must be immune to the presence of other cars in the nearby. The terminals are similar in size and shape to a small mole-hill.
Click here to watch a short film describing the proof of concept.
How it works?
By setting the reliable vehicle detection as the key feature of the device, we can analyze the type of signals and their range of interest. The magnetic field measurable on Earth can take values in an extremely broad range, covering 17 orders of magnitude. For example, the human brain magnetic field is around 10-13 T, while the peak values generated in a controlled environment, by the Z machine at SNL, are around 104 T.
The measurement principle and the constructive type differs from one case to the other. The magnetic field of the planet itself takes values between 22 and 66 µT, when measured on the surface. Eliminating the areas covered by water, and narrowing further this range by considering only the populated zones, the range mentioned above is diminished by 10%.
Two capital cities are worth mentioning for the extremes in this respect: Asuncion, Paraguay – for 22.2 µT, and Hobart, Tasmania for 61.9 µT. The total values measurable in Romania are between 47.4 and 50.0 µT, just 5.9% from the entire worldwide range.
The total value is the result of the North-South, East-West, and down-up components. All of them have small changes in time, the absolute values of the typical rates being 1…100 nT/year. The table below contains these values for Cluj-Napoca, as of 2017.
|Component||Geomagnetic field [µT]||Change rate [nT/yr]|
The change rates are 1000 times smaller than the values of interest to be measured, below the 1-LSB resolution. The RMS noise is covering them, especially during low-power operation modes. That's why the change rates for any component, even if focusing on multiple years, are barely detectable using commercial geomagnetic sensors.
If one design criterion is long battery-life, the low-power mode should be considered for all components supporting it, but this leads to a slightly noisy operation. Fortunately, the change rates are negligible and do not influence the required accuracy for detecting the presence of a vehicle.
By analyzing measurements of the distortions generated by an automobile to the Earth's magnetic field, two immediate conclusions can be depicted. Firstly, one may observe that they can be smaller if compared to the differences given just by changing the location. In short, this means that a detection system designed to use the absolute values will not operate properly when moved to another geographic area. Secondly, most of the sensing values have the same magnitude order as the worldwide geomagnetic field.
To overcome the location issue, one may think of adding extra information such as coordinates, altitude, and look-up tables, but this may not be always feasible due to computing and storage restraints. Even if a few bytes of ROM can be added to the system, the stored content needs to be extremely accurate, based on an absolute measurement performed in that place. Maybe the most critical aspect is that these values are varying in time.
A more flexible approach would be to use relative values, based on offsets given by a self-nulling operation. In this way, the detector can operate properly everywhere in the world, subtracting for each measurement the information characteristic to that specific location. Using this approach, the offsets will contain also the local non-geographic information, such as magnetization of the soil, surroundings etc. This is of particular interest when placing the same type of detector on different surfaces, such as concrete, cement, metal, or plain soil. After all, we are interested only in detecting the arrival and departure of vehicles, separate from all other influences. A higher level of flexibility can be achieved when such a self-nulling can be performed on-demand, using a wireless network. This can be done based on a fixed period – e.g. 6 to 12 months, or when the read data is suspected to be no longer accurate.
Smart vehicle detection from the embedded perspective
We can find over 14 vendors for integrated geomagnetic sensors and, by knowing the design criteria of a specific device, the best one can be filtered out by comparing their key parameters. Among them, one may consider the 3.3 V operation, industrial temperature range, high sensitivity, low current, I2C or/and SPI bus interfaces, self-test capability etc.
The figure below illustrates the current consumption of such a sensor versus the number of readings per second. In power-down mode, it requires less than 1 µA, is of triaxial type, uses the I2C bus and comes in a VFLGA package of 2x2x1 mm.
If sensing the magnetic field can be seen as the heart of the device, then all operations need to be supervised by a brain. The Atmel picoPower family of 8-bit AVR microcontrollers was considered in this respect. It achieves throughputs around 1 MIPS per MHz, the target platform running at 3.3 V and 8 MHz. It can respond to a combination of specific restrictions: capable of long-time battery operation, good balance between resources and computing power, power-down capabilities, industrial temperature range, programmable digital IOs, I2C and UART interfaces, high-level programming support, self-programmable flash memory, and many others. Projects can be developed using Atmel Studio, Atmel AVR8 GNU toolchain, WinAVR, Labcenter Proteus, or Arduino IDE.
The code of the project is written entirely in C++.
The ATmega328P chip is consuming only 0.1 µA in power-down mode, and 3.2 mA in active mode for the specified configuration. An overview of the terminal and its belonging modules is given below.
The terminal is powered by a rechargeable battery, which may consist of 3 to 5 cells of 18650 type. The voltage usually differs after various recharging phases, the role of the low-dropout voltage regulator being to assure that all three chips – sensor, microcontroller and wireless – are always operating at a stabilized voltage of 3.3 V. If the maximum allowed voltage for the mentioned chips is around 3.6 V, then a fully charged battery pack will damage the components if connected directly. A key parameter of the regulator is the dropout value as a function of temperature, as in the following picture.
In this plot, 48.3 mA is the maximum current drawn by all circuits in active mode, the IEEE 802.15.4 wireless module having the largest contribution to this value. Using a power of 8 dBm, it can send data at a maximum indoor range of 60 m. If the transmitter is under a vehicle – which is the case of an occupied slot – this range is reduced due to the massive metallic shielding. The power-down current consumption of the considered transmitter module is less than 3 µA.
It can be observed that at room temperature the dropout is around 100 mV, meaning that a battery of 3.4 V can still drive the circuits. When the required current is close to the lowest possible value – everything set to power-down mode – the dropout voltage decreases to less than 10 mV.
Because one design goal for the terminal is a long battery lifetime, determining fewer direct human interventions to it, let us consider a couple of simple examples for the current budget. The worst-case for the power supply would be running constantly in active mode, with no power-down at all. If the battery capacity is 10 Ah it will be drained in eight days and a half. If everything can be set to power-down mode without interruption, using the same logic for calculating the battery lifetime will lead to unrealistic durations; large temperature variations between seasons will shorten the battery lifetime quicker than the total current of approximately 4.1 µA.
If the battery lifetime goal is set to three years, the resulting current


text:
Re: The Space Shuttle and the ISS are a Hoax!
To clear up the point Astronut I was trying to tell you that UV light ONLY AFFECTS THE SURFACES OF SOLID OBJECTS. Got it yet? That's why the Moon wouldn't disappear as soon as UV light ionized its surfaces.
The Earth's upper atmosphere is comprised entirely of ionized gas as a result of the Sun's UV light and note the Earth's atmosphere simply doesn't fly off into space because of this!
Looking at your webpage with accompanying space images I couldn't help noticing you have taken pictures of the Space Shuttle taking off as well as a bald headed eagle! Are you absolutely certain you are not a patriotic NASA fan?
I'm afraid what I viewed through my telescope on numerous occasions cannot be explained away by poor focus or lack of magnification. The focus was checked carefully on each viewing and I could easily see the apparent diameter of the spherical object and calculate its actual diameter to be around 40 metres about the same as quoted for the ISS.
Incidentally could I asked what tracking you used with the moving image you showed us which is allegedly of the ISS? Was it manual or computer driven as the image is a little erratic?


30 years, so he walks more difficult than others on the practice road. Nanquan pays attention to strength and strength, while Changquan pays attention to soft skills. Zhang Xiuqi can't pass the basic skill of soft work. After more than 20 years of practice in Nanquan, his bones and muscles have been extremely hardened. He has suffered a lot just by pressing his legs. In order to loosen the muscles and bones of his legs, Mr. Chen Zhengyao asked Mr. Zhang Xiuqi to grind a stone weighing more than 100 kilograms and tie it to his legs when pressing on his legs. The pain was extraordinary, and the man in his thirties could not help but shed tears. However, the constant pursuit of martial arts, let Zhang Xiuqi feel pain, but still adhere to it, and finally in half a year later, practised extraordinary leg skills. Speaking of it, Zhang Xiuqi pressed his right leg on the table, signaling that reporters could sit up and try, so the reporter carefully sat on Zhang Xiuqi's hanging right leg, worried about whether he could bear it or not. When he saw him, he still talked and laughed, the reporter was relieved. Zhang Xiuqi said that even with one person's weight, there is no problem.
A generation of master originally created Eagle Claw Turn Boxing Eagle Claw Turn Boxing is a modern type of boxing, created by a generation of master Chen Zizheng. Mr. Chen Zizheng is a famous martial arts master and educator in modern China. Since childhood, good martial arts have the essence of Shaolin boxing, Zi Zi boxing, Yue's Sanshou, and eagle claw catching method. He is good at Eagle Claw Boxing and has the reputation of "King of Eagle Claw" in China. Mr. Chen Zizheng was born in Lilinzhuang Village, Xiongxian County, Hebei Province in 1878. He was calm and introverted since childhood, with a strong figure and quick action. When I was a child, I often won by skillful means or even by a few enemies in fighting with my companions. His uncle Liu Chengyou is a great martial arts master of a generation. He was trained in Yang Jingshan, Liu Dequan, Dong Xianzhou, who is famous for his "flying legs". He later got the true biography of Liu Shijun's Yue Sanshou, who is known as "Jiangbei Liu" in his time. Once Chen Zi was climbing up a tree top, climbing twigs, drooping and laughing with people, still playing games, his face did not change color. Liu Chengyou saw this scene and said in great surprise, "This son is the one who passes on my skills." So Chen Zizheng was accepted as a disciple. Since then, Chen Zizheng has earned Liu Chengyou's excellent biography. He has practiced many kinds of skills, both inside and outside, with boxing, palms, arms, legs and being in the position of meritorious service. Especially the "Eagle Claw Boxing" is especially deep, and the grasp of objects is damaged, while the grasp of people is both bone and flesh injured. Once, more than a dozen young people in the village had to discuss martial arts with Chen Zi. In order to avoid being hurt by mistake, Chen Zi took off his coat silently, lifted a boulder of hundreds of kilograms in the yard with two fingers, and then pressed his clothes under the stone. More than a dozen young people immediately withdrew. Since then, no one in the village dared to compete with Chen Zi. Quantity.
In the early years of the Republic of China, bandits ran rampant, and thieves often appeared in Chen Zizheng's hometown. In 1913, a group of bandits came to the village to rob again, and Chen Zi was stepping forward. Seeing that Chen Zizheng was alone, the bandits rushed up and surrounded him. Chen Zi was bare-handed, flashing and moving, so that the bandits could not touch him. Suddenly, Chen Zi was leaping up to a willow tree, holding the trunk with his arm, and pulling up a willow tree three inches in diameter. So, holding willow trees, he first knocked down the gunman, then swept across, and knocked down the bandits on both sides. The rest of the bandits had to flee in a hurry. From then on, bandits no longer dared to invade Chen Zizheng's village. All his life, Mr. Chen Zizheng obeyed the teachings of his teacher Liu Chengdu and used his skills to strengthen the people's physique and spirit. He has been engaged in martial arts activities for more than 20 years, traveling all over the motherland, and enjoying a wide range of peaches and plums. Later, he found Shaolin boxing, Eagle Claw boxing, and Zi Zi Quan have their own characteristics and advantages. Therefore, he changed the Yueh Sanshou, and incorporated Shaolin fist, fist boxing and all kinds of boxing skills into a new boxing style, which is characterized by internal and external characteristics, the eagle hand boxing. After the death of Mr. Chen Zizheng, his nephew Chen Guoqing, Chen Guojun and others continued to carry forward the Eagle Claw Turn Boxing. They set foot in the north and south of the Yangtze River and taught in Singapore, the Philippines, Hong Kong and other countries or regions.
Source and course
Eagle Claw fist boxing is created by the great master Chen Zizheng, who integrates Shaolin boxing, Zi Zi Quan, Yue's Sanshou and hawk's claws. Chen Zizheng (_PHONE_), known as Jiping, is a native of Lilinzhuang, Xiongxian County, Hebei Province. He is good at Eagle Claw Boxing and is known as the "King of Eagle Claw". In the seventh year of the Republic of China (1918), he performed "Eagle Claw Arhat Boxing" in Shanghai and taught "Eagle Claw Boxing" in Shanghai Jingwu Sports Association.
When Chen Zi was in Singapore in Li Nian, an American strongman challenged Chinese martial arts. He was making a good agreement with Chen Gongzi to compete in martial arts. The American strongman hit Chen Zizheng in the face with lightning boxing. Chen flashed a little, stretched out his hand to obstruct his opponent's right fist, used the method of dividing muscles and bones, and only listened to the strongman's grotesque cry, instantly. Kneeling to beg for mercy, his hand and back bone fracture, oral, even claimed to praise the strength of Chinese Kung Fu Eagle Claw Boxing.
1. strength
Powerful and powerful. Emphasis is laid on the strength of the fountain, strength from the spine, and requires that all attacks must have deep skills, one punch and one foot is a combination of hand, eye, body, spirit, strength and work, with the whole body strength, through relaxation of the limbs, focus on the hands and feet. Strength should be cold and crisp, heavy and firm, accompanied by a fearsome spirit.
2. Like thunder and wind, sitting like a mountain. Sitting like a mountain is difficult to shake, like a gale of wind and thunder. The routine embodies that the superior position adopts the axillary position of standing tightly in silence to show strict barriers and judge the enemy's situation.
3. Straight out and straight in, fist in the middle.
The basic skills include internal, external and frame work.
The important basic skills are wheel work, iron arm work, eight turning of station piles and eight driving potentials of driving piles.
Skills and Books
Hawk's claws and iron sands. The palm is amazing, splitting several green bricks.
Relevant books:
Eagle Claw Turn Boxing
Eagle Claw Turn Boxing
Liu Fameng's Comment on Falcon's Skill of Turning Over the Eagle's Claw
representative figure
Chen Zizheng
Chen Zizheng was appointed to teach at Shanghai Jingwu General Association in 1919, and later became Vice President. During this period, he absorbed the "eight flash flip", "Yue style Sanshou" and the essence of all kinds of school boxing. A total of fifty hawk claw flipping punches were reorganized (published in 1986 by the Xiongxian Sports Bureau Zhang Xingyi, published by the Hebei people's Publishing House). During his teaching period, he first taught turning boxing, then gave Eagle Claw Xingquan and Eagle Claw Lianquan, which were highly praised by the martial arts circles. Later, he was invited to teach art in Guangzhou and Hong Kong, and defeated Einstein, a German strongman, to strengthen his national prestige. The Eagle Claw Turn Boxing is popular in Northeast China, South China, Hong Kong and Singapore.
Chen Zizheng's second generation of descendants was an inverted disciple, Chen Guoqing, who had received Chen Zizheng's true biography since childhood and excelled in martial arts. In his early years, he taught in the Boxing Class of Shanghai Jingwu Federation, and later in Hankou Jingwu Branch, specializing in the skills of Yingzhao Tuozi Quan. After "September 18th", he became angry with Japan, invaded China and returned home with hatred. He died of illness in 1986.
Chen Dexin
Chen Dexin, the great-grandson of Chen Zizheng, and the owner of Chen Zizheng's former residence in Xiongxian County, set up Chen Ziz


text:
3. Pots for seeds
The way to slave bad soil
Well ok maybe the school soil wasn't the best, so we needed a little friend I like to call soil disc... soil disc...? Yeah its an ammount of soil that has been individualy made by taking out all the liquid the soil contains and giving it the form of a disc. When you see and touch the soil disc it seems like compresed cardboard... Ohh boy!!! But everything changed when we added water.
- 1.Soil disc
- 2.Plastic cup
- 3.Graduated cylinder
- 5.Tomatoes seeds
To make the seed pot we used brown disc made of compacted soil, a plastic cup and a graduate cylinder with 5 ml of clear water. First we put the brown disc in the plastic cup. Then we pour 5 ml of water inside the cup. And you know what? 5 minutes later... and maybe other 5 minutes more, the disc of soil absorbed all the water and expanded and transformed into a cylinder inside the plastic cup. Then we removed out the expanded of soil from the plastic cup. With the pencil we made a hole in the middle of it where we put 3 to 5 tomato seed. Then we put the soil disc with the seeds in a crystal jar. We use the jar because its work like a greenhouse that will help the seeds germinated faster. We waited for 2 weeks maybe,3 maybe ok really we wait between 5 to 6 weeks and our babies started to grow up.
I'M A HAPPY MOM!!!
My baby name is AMY360. Yeaaaaah!!!
|Here Jose is watching the results from when he poured water in the disk of soil and it grew until it became a cylinder, we had to plant our seed in there because the soil from the garden wasn't good e||After we planted the seed we waited 2 weeks and finally our babies are growing up.|


First page in tutorial
GSAS/EXPGUI Alumina example (Intro)
What's this all about?
The goal of Rietveld analysis is to fit a structural model ("crystal structure") to powder diffraction data. To do this requires determining the structural parameters [unit cell, atom positions and displacement (thermal) parameters, etc.] for all crystalline phases present, as well as a variety of instrumental and sample parameters that describe the experimental and sample conditions: scale factors, peak broadening, the background, preferred orientation, etc. In most cases Rietveld analysis is performed to determine the structural parameters, but increasingly, the method is also used to determine relative amounts of the crystallographic phases, the amount and type of peak broadening, the preferred orientation, or similar types of sample characterization.
This exercise provides a tutorial example of how to use the GSAS software package with the EXPGUI interface to perform Rietveld analysis. The material chosen for this exercise, corundum (aka alumina, sapphire or ruby), has a simple structure, so the starting coordinates have been distorted so that there is an improvement obtained by performing the fit. Likewise, this sample exhibited virtually no sample-related broadening, so the instrumental peak profile was altered so that the peak profile terms would not agree with the data, again so that the exercise would demonstrate the sorts of steps needed for typical Rietveld refinements. The tutorial consists of 11 web pages, each has a series of related steps. There are also editorial comments, that explain a point further or explain how these steps might be applied differently in another case. These comments are in specified in italic type.
Rietveld analysis works using non-linear least-squares fitting to optimize (refine) parameters. This means that we must start with approximate values for all parameters that will be fit. We then allow the software to optimize a small subset of the parameters -- a minimal number of parameters that must be fit before any progress can be made. Slowly, additional parameters are selected to be refined, until all parameters in the model (if the data support that) are refined. Despite the simplicity of the material, this exercise demonstrates many of the procedures needed for more complex materials.
EXPGUI and GSAS run on Windows, Linux and IRIX (Silicon Graphics computers). The example figures show in this tutorial were generated in Unix, but virtually all GSAS and EXPGUI operation is identical between Unix and Windows.
Getting Started
To perform this tutorial on your own computer, you will need to have GSAS and EXPGUI loaded on your computer (see installation links on the EXPGUI home page). You will also need three files that are referenced in the following web pages:
Tutorial Outline
 1. Create a GSAS Experiment File
 2. Adding a phase
 3. Specifying Powder Diffraction Data (Adding a Histogram)
 4. Changing the Background Function
 5. Initial Fitting: Refine Scale Factor and Background
 6. Plotting the Initial Fit
 7. Fitting the Unit Cell
 8. Fitting the Diffractometer Zero Correction
 9. Initial Fitting of Profile Parameters
 10. Group Uiso parameters & Refine coordinates and Overall Uiso
 11. Finishing Up
Sample files
EXPGUI is not subject to copyright. Have fun with it.
Comments, corrections or questions:
$Revision: 629 $ $Date: 2009-12-04 23:09:22 +0000 (Fri, 04 Dec 2009) $


text:
News Writing and Reporting (3) News and news values; legal and ethical problems of reporting; writing and reporting news for the mass media.
COMM 260W News Writing and Reporting (3)
COMM 260 introduces students to the basics of news reporting and writing. Through a combination of lecture, discussion, and writing assignments, students learn how to write news stories that are accurate, fair, clear, and concise. The goals of COMM 260 are to produce students who can:
* Demonstrate an understanding of the importance of accurate, thorough, and fair news writing
* Write concise, well-organized stories with effective leads that get the reader's attention and tell the most important news
* Gather information through the use of interviews, documents, and basic reference materials
* Generate story ideas that reflect an understanding of the elements of newsworthiness (timeliness, prominence, proximity, conflict, novelty, and impact)
* Produce copy free of misspellings, grammatical errors, AP style errors, and factual errors
* Understand the legal, ethical, and historical principles underlying journalism, including the role of journalists in society
* Appreciate the joy and importance of being well informed
Note : Class size, frequency of offering, and evaluation methods will vary by location and instructor. For these details check the specific course syllabus.


I've read that modern OSes rely on hardware-powered process isolation to prevent processes (and/or users) from clobbering each others' RAM. But on Intel processors, this hardware was first included in the 80286 (protected mode), so Linux required a minimum of a 80386 to run.
Was there a way to run a memory safe POSIX on a 8086 or 80286?
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 well on pure SW solution the only safe option I can think of would be interpreted processes... so not compiled executables but interpretable source code would run instead... In such OS/Environment you could create memory protection but the result would be really slow.... in comparison to HW implementation + compiled executables – Spektre Aug 8 '18 at 20:54
 - _USER_ - you can make a system safely run compiled code without hardware protection if you have a single compiler that's always used (so compile on installation, perhaps from bytecode), you trust that compiler not to have any bugs (!), and the language implemented by the compiler is memory safe. Recent examples of this approach include Microsoft Singularity (where the compiler was an extended version of C#) and a number of systems based on Java. – Jules Aug 8 '18 at 21:04
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 _USER_: And not yet really "retro", but much older than your examples: the IBM AS/400. The AS/400 actually does both things you cite: native OS/400 code is delivered in bytecode and compiled by the OS on first execution. POSIX code is run in the PASE (Portable Application Solutions Environment, although the P is also often interpreted as "POSIX"), which provides a partially interpreted, partially cleverly implemented POSIX API. – Jörg W Mittag Aug 8 '18 at 23:25
10 Answers 10
The short answer would be "No", since there is no way to prevent a user process from accessing privileged address space (of the OS or other processes) without some form of memory protection. Usually, this memory protection has to be implemented in hardware of the processor, such as you pointed out with 80286 protected mode.
Some alternatives would be:
 1. A hardware implementation of memory protection outside of the 8086 microprocessor. This was done, for example, with the Altos Series.
 2. A strict software convention for user processes that would (barring coding bugs) ensure they only access parts of memory they specifically "owned".
Since POSIX is built on the older C-standard for heap usage (i.e. malloc/free), it would be possible to have user processes that cooperate on an 8086, through these API's, to guarantee they only access their own memory. Of course, bugs being a reality, this would not be as good as hardware protection of memory. Systems such as the Amiga and Macintosh (using the Motorola 68000) that used this strategy of software convention suffered with stability problems created by memory access bugs.
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 "A hardware implementation of memory protection outside of the 8086 microprocessor. I don't know of any systems that did this."... I just went looking, on the basis that it seemed that it would be reasonably simple to implement such a system so figured somebody must have done it, and found this system (also described in Wikipedia here). – Jules Aug 8 '18 at 20:54
 - _USER_ Excellent find! I added a link to the answer. – Brian H Aug 8 '18 at 21:05
 - You know you can just type in a memory-smashing x86 binary into vi right? – Joshua Aug 9 '18 at 4:04
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 Oh. I misread the answer as implying you could have actual security by restricting what binaries can be run. – Joshua Aug 9 '18 at 13:27
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 The Wikipedia page about Xenix also mentions Seattle Computer Products and Intel's "System 86" which seems to imply the later also had an MMU (Intel did sell special boards with MMU). – DarkDust Aug 10 '18 at 7:59
A computer using an 8086 can provide memory protection by using an external memory management unit. This would be a chip or a circuit that sits between the CPU and the memory and provides an additional layer of memory translation, sends interrupts if out-of-range memory is accessed, and so on. I don't know if this was commonly done on the 8086 (I've never seen such a system described, but then I've not looked for one either), but was very common for workstations based on early revisions of the 68000.
(Edit: at least some systems were produced that used this approach, although as _USER_ points out in the comments it was a little easier on the 68000 due to specific support designed into the processor, which is probably why it was more common there.)
For an 80286, the standard 286 protected mode provides all the isolation that you'd need to run a POSIX compliant operating system with memory safety.
(It wouldn't be a very good POSIX system, because memory allocations would need to be limited to 64K to fit inside segment limits, but POSIX allows for sizes to be limited as low as _POSIX_SSIZE_MAX, which is defined as 32KiB, so this is fine)
There have been a number of Unix-like operating system that run on the 8086 and 80286, including Minix, which is usually considered the forerunner of Linux (it is the system that Torvalds used at the time he developed the first versions of Linux and influenced the early development quite a bit) and Xenix. There is also a port of Linux to 16-bit systems called ELKS, although I don't know whether it supports memory protection or not (looking at the source suggests it probably does, but I've never really done anything with it so can't be sure).
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 The 68000 had one feature that made MMUs work that the 8086 didn't have, separate user and supervisor modes. There's no way for an MMU on a 8086 to distinguish between memory accesses of different processes. I don't know if POSIX actually requires process isolation. MINIX ran on 8086s. – user722 Aug 8 '18 at 20:29
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 _USER_ - an 8086 MMU can easily distinguish the location of running code (the S1 and S0 lines are both low during code fetch cycles), so could identify privileged code from that. It could also use the same approach to prevent arbitrary jumps into privileged code. It'd be quite tricky, I agree, but not beyond possibility. – Jules Aug 8 '18 at 20:32
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 (in fact, you'd probably set a specific location in memory that when fetched as executable code triggers a switch to supervisor mode; that'd be fairly simple to implement; then you'd vector system calls and interrupts through that point to make sure they ran as supervisor mode. Dammit... going to have build an 8086 system with memory protection now. As if I don't have enough projects!). – Jules Aug 8 '18 at 20:37
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 _USER_: A solution for that was to have a system with two 68000 processors, only one of which was allowed to run at any given time. A page fault would stall one CPU and wake up the other, which could then process it. Perhaps a similar approach could work using the 8086. Probably easier than any other approach for allowing tasks to have some of their memory swapped to disk out at any given time and having it "transparently" get swapped back in, but a system may be useful even without such abilities. – supercat Aug 9 '18 at 18:24
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 Xenix wasn't just "Unix-like", it was a Unix. It ran on a number of 8086-systems with external MMU although there also was a version for MMU-less systems later on. – DarkDust Aug 10 '18 at 8:04
Technically yes because the 8086 instruction set is Turing-complete. Here is Linux running very slowly on an ARMv5 emulation on an 8-bit RISC microcontroller (also mentioned here). But if you want process isolation, I would look for other, less extreme solutions first!
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 Ah, the Turing tarpit argument. Nice. :) – Jules Aug 8 '18 at 22:25
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 _USER_ For completeness if nothing else. – snips-n-snails Aug 8 '18 at 23:36
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 The argument "it's Turing-complete, so everything can be done" is not even true: Turing-completeness does not even say this: A Turing-complete programming language for example is not necessarily able to access files on the hard disk (counter-example: Brainfuck). – Martin Rosenau Aug 9 '18 at 5:25
 - The turing machine in brainfuck can emulate the hard disk, as it can emulate the isolation that the 8086 itself is missing. As well as with added hardware - in either case it is not the 8086 that is providing the isolation. Thus:


text:
EASTER DIGITAL ACTIVITIES | Functional, differentiated, and now PAPERLESS skill work that is the perfect addition to your early learning rotations and centers. This digital basics set of workpages will help your students practice basic math and ELA skills, and once mastered, can be a set of skills they complete successfully and independently.
What is included?
- 8 (nine) different digital activities (please read list below to see skills practiced)
- instructions for opening and editing the document (*must have access to Google Slides™)
- direct link to copy and save the files to your Google Drive™
What skills are practiced?
Build a Bunny - 11 pages - 1 activity: given a model, build a bunny to match it
Comparing Groups - 11 pages - 1 activity: look at the groups and determine greater than, less than, or equal to
CVC Spelling - 16 pages - 1 activity: look at the picture and use the letters to spell that CVC word
Letter Matching - 14 pages - 1 activity: match uppercase and lowercase letters of the alphabet
CVC Spelling - 22 pages - 2 activities: listen to the sentence, then choose (or type) the correct word to complete the sentence.
Multiplication - 17 pages - 1 activity: move the correct number to complete the multiplication sentence
Easter Shapes - 15 pages - 1 activity: look at the shape, count how many sides it has, then type that number in the box
STEM - 7 pages - 1 activity: read about a place, then use supplies to build that place using supplies mentioned
Build Numbers to 50 - 31 pages - 1 activity: look at the number, then make that number using the moveable eggs
Nervous or a little curious about going digital in a special needs classroom?
Connect with me:
- • • • • •
Don't forget about the green ★ to follow my store to get notifications of new resources and freebies!
Thanks for Looking and Happy Teaching!


text: Apprentice to William Caslon I in London, Jackson became one of England's most skilled and famous punchcutters, rivalling William Caslon II. However, Jackson was not apprenticed as a punchcutter; the Caslons, father and son, carried out this activity in secret. He learned his craft by watching the them at work through a spyhole, and started his own foundry in 1763. From his final premises at Salisbury Square, he became known for his peculiar' fonts, such as an Anglo-Saxon type for an edition of the Domesday Book. Vincent Figgins apprenticed for Jackson from 1782. On his death in 1792 the business was puchased by William Caslon III, grandson of Jackson's one-time master.