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Rural public health systems and accountability politics: insights from grassroots health rights defenders in Guatemala
Date: May 2020
Author(s): Julia Fischer-Mackey, Benilda Batzin, Paulina Culum & Jonathan Fox
Publication type: Scholarly Journal Article
Published by: The Journal of Peasant Studies
Note: This article was originally published in The Journal of Peasant StudiesVolume 47, 2020 – Issue 5.
As the pandemic reveals how multiple intersecting inequalities affect public health, the work of rural activists defending their communities' rights to health, land, and gender, ethnic and environmental justice demonstrate how intersectional analysis can be put into practice. In the interviews that follow, Guatemalan Maya Tz'utujil activists Paulina Culum and Benilda Batzin describe how 'health rights defenders' seek justice for rural indigenous communities – work that the pandemic makes more critical than ever. Their strategies and insights have implications for addressing rural health rights around the world.
Preface: Framing struggles for rural health rights
April 22, 2020
The world is rethinking what the right to health means in practice. Researchers are no exception, and the global pandemic is obliging us to think beyond our sectoral silos. Many rural activists have long been doing this, defending their communities on multiple fronts at the same time – including the fight for health rights along with their struggles for land, gender, ethnic and environmental justice. The Journal of Peasant Studies' 'Grassroots Voices' section is well positioned to contribute, creating a space to listen and learn, in keeping with the journal's goal of 'special attention to questions of "agency" of marginalized groups in agrarian societies, particularly their autonomy and capacity to interpret – and change – their condition.' Health rights struggles are an arena of agency that has so far received little attention in agrarian studies.1 The interviews that follow with Guatemalan Maya Tz'utujil activists Paulina Culum and Benilda Batzin shed light on how grassroots 'health rights defenders' put intersectional analysis into practice. They challenge social exclusion at one of the state's most significant interfaces in their communities: the public health system.
Just as the pandemic reveals multiple preexisting inequalities, analysis of health rights struggles sheds light on state-society relations more broadly. Like other public services, public health systems both produce and reproduce multiple, mutually reinforcing inequalities. Health systems have been studied primarily through a public health lens, rarely from a rural development perspective.2 Conventional approaches to health system governance address accountability issues, but primarily through the lens of 'upwards accountability,' whereby frontline service providers report to managers, who in turn report to policymakers, who report to elected officials, as well as to international donors and national financial sector technocrats who control the purse-strings. In contrast, the lens of 'downwards' accountability focuses on whether and how public service providers actually serve the public. Adding these adjectives to accountability is not mere academic parsing – the concept itself is so ambiguous and contested that effective communication requires specifying its inherently relational nature. Who is to be held accountable by whom? Is the term part of a bureaucratic audit culture, imposed from above, or is it a banner to be waved in democratic struggles against impunity and injustice, as movements call on public servants to serve the public? Accountability is a trans-ideological concept and is therefore both contested and up for grabs (Fox 2018).3
Accountability agendas in the public health field focus primarily on health workers, often to the exclusion of more systemic analyses of 'who gets what.' The pandemic is redefining the roles of health workers – an umbrella category that ranges from highly privileged professionals to low status paraprofessionals and volunteer community leaders. In contrast to these sharp, often gendered hierarchies, the shared threat of contagion has led 'health worker' to become a more inclusive collective identity. In contrast with classic frames as caregivers or functionaries, the identity of 'frontline workers' is also being socially (re)constructed and broadened.4 Against the backdrop of social science research that has treated health workers as the target of audit cultures and top-down accountability measures, researchers face a new imperative to understand how and why some health systems manage to inspire service providers with a sense of mission, while others do not.5 Now, because of the pandemic, totally new arenas of rights struggles are also emerging, as health workers begin to fight for the right to protect themselves while doing their jobs, while their lack of protection is already leading to discrimination and stigma from those who may perceive them as contaminated threats. The shared interest between health workers and citizens in protecting health workers from contagion creates new coalitional possibilities.
Yet for experienced grassroots rights defenders like Paulina Culum and Benilda Batzin, whose struggle has been to exercise their legal right to oversee the state's interactions with indigenous communities, relationships with government health workers are complex and sometimes contested. On the one hand, health workers represent what little access to formal health care that most rural citizens have, working with the very limited public resources that the central government provides to clinics in indigenous territories. At the same time, doctors and nurses sometimes transmit hegemonic practices of racial, linguistic, gender and class discrimination, both to their patients and to lower status health workers. They may engage in charging illegal user fees and other abuses.6
This focus on health rights as a key state-society interface leads to the role of community health workers (CHWs), who play a bridging role between state and society.7 They are expected to both represent the state to society, as cogs in the system, while also (sometimes) representing their communities to the state (Schaaf, M. et al. 2018a, 2018b, 2020). This frontline role is often referred to as the 'last mile,' a term that implies a view from above, from centers of power and decision-making. In contrast, seen from the community level, these paraprofessional outreach workers are the first mile, in term of accessing the state (Boydell, Fox, and Shaw 2017).
The community health worker tradition goes back to the 1930s and was famously expanded in Maoist China as 'barefoot doctors.' Promoted by the watershed 1978 Alma Ata global health summit, many countries have long deployed vast armies of these community paraprofessionals (e.g. Bangladesh, Brazil, Ethiopia, India, Malawi, Mexico, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Rwanda, Thailand, South Africa, among others). CHWs are likely to be called upon to help to address the pandemic.
In some countries, CHWs are organized into large unions, which are needed to defend both community health rights and their own rights as workers (e.g. Brazil, India, Pakistan). India's National Rural Health Mission, launched in 2005, dramatically increased the size of the government's CHW program and they are unionized in several states.8 Notable Indian CHW innovations include the Mitanin program in the state of Chhattisgarh, where a semi-autonomous government agency recruits, trains and supports nearly 70,000 CHWs with a community organizing ethos, working mainly with women from indigenous and Dalit backgrounds through a train-the-trainer approach (Garg and Pande 2018; Nabiar and Sheikh 2016). CHWs often serve their own and/or neighboring communities and speak multiple languages, enabling them to build trust and effectively communicate essential health information. Governmental respect for CHWs as community voices can help to address the lack of trust between citizens and health authorities that has impeded public health measures in epidemics such as Ebola (e.g. Yamanis, Nolan, and Shepler 2016).
Many governments also promote community health committees that nominally play an oversight or co-management role for rural clinics and health posts. Though these local committees often exist only on paper, some governments have experimented with large-scale efforts to activate them to bolster citizen oversight, most notably in India.9
A different strategy to encourage public health systems to become more responsive to rural communities relies on networks of completely non-governmental citizen monitors, such as the defenders profiled here. Public health practitioners have joined with grassroots leaders to experiment with these independent community-based health system oversight strategies.10 The testimonies from Paulina Culum and Benilda Batzin are emblematic of these rural health rights struggles. They represent the Network of Community Health Rights Defenders (REDC-Salud) and the Center for the Study of Health System Equity and Governance (CEGSS), organizations that are committed to an especially strategic, power-shifting approach in the emerging field of 'accountability work.' Their approach to building public accountability into state-society relations is distinctive in at least eight ways.
First, their grassroots health rights struggle invented a public collective identity of 'defender,' grounded in elected, organic community leadership and gender equity.11 The defenders wear their politically constructed identity proudly, with the term emblazoned on the backs of their distinctive work vests in its gender-neutral form – Defensor(a). Their mission includes educating their own and neighboring communities about their rights, interviewing people at clinics to document possible abuses and seek recourse, while broadcasting rights messages on community radio in Mayan languages that appropriate claims drawn from national laws that would otherwise just gather dust.
Second, in the world of civil-society-building, the alliance between CEGSS and REDC has constructed a balanced CSO-grassroots movement relationship – always easier said than done. While CEGSS emerged from the field of public health, it has more recently transitioned to take on a broader democratic reform agenda. The network of volunteer indigenous defenders recruits experienced community leaders, many with long track records of campaigning for indigenous


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I've searched the API for something that will do this easily and can't find a straight-forward way to do it. If you can get a wrapper class for the primitive then you can call getClass().toString() on it, to tell which type you have. It would be nice if the java.lang.Number class had a getInstance() method for each of the java primitives that would return an Instance of the correct wrapper. such as Double getInstance(double d) Float getInstance(float f) so that at runtime the correct method would be called and you could get the correct instance. If you wanted to, you could write this static class yourself consisting of a static getInstance method for each of the 8 primitives. Should only be ~20 lines of code anyway.
"JavaRanch, where the deer and the Certified play" - David O'Meara
Joined: Sep 29, 2000
Not to bring up an old topic... but that old discussion only gives you the corresponding Class reference for a primitive type. Not the type of the result of a conversion operation dynamically. I'm assuming he's wanting this for testing conversion/casting in Java and perhaps wanting to know what type the following yields : double d = 5.0 float f = 6.0 getInstance(d + f).getClass().toString(); would be a (painful, but workable) way to do this.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


A councillor has responded to discussions regarding the possible rebranding of a student owned nightclub and the adjoining alley.
Lancaster University Students' Union have discussed the possibility of changing the name of a popular nightclub which has links to the slave trade.
This could include a change of the Sugarhouse name which union officials say would extend to the nearby Sugar House Alley.
Following discussions between union officers on Friday (September 12) Lancaster City Council have told LancsLive that they would work with any organisation hoping to "decolonise our history."
Councillor Jean Parr, Cabinet member with responsibility for arts, culture, leisure and tourism, said: "As part of the work we are doing with local community groups and the Black History Group to examine the area's connections to slavery and find ways to decolonise our history, we would be very happy to work with any organisations that wish to achieve the same aims."
Sugarhouse club in Lancaster.
Lancaster was once one of the largest trading sites in Britain and was known to have a major stake in the transatlantic slave trade.
It was home to several prominent slave trading families including the Rawlinsons and the Dodsons.
Originally the Sugarhouse nightclub was a processing plant and storage unit founded in 1684 which would have treated sugar imported from the West Indies.
Atree Ghosh, who works as the Students' Union vice president for union development, fears that the club and its name 'treads very close to normalising the atrocities of the slave trade.'
He told LancsLive: "Our union-owned nightclub is still called the Sugarhouse and is situated in the original location of the sugar processing warehouse.
"This connection with the slave trade is never really publicised to students despite it being the core reason behind the name for the venue.
"Discussing a possible name change acknowledges the dark past, and at least attempts to move to a more positive future for a venue that students love.
The student's union could seek to rename the Sugarhouse.
"This is in no way a decision, this is a discussion, we want to hear people's thoughts - without that we can't come to any decision, we want to hear what students think.
"We don't want to make any decision like this behind students backs. We just want to make students aware of the link between Sugarhouse and our history.
"This may result in us doing a remembrance plaque at the club, information explaining its past on our website and one of those options is renaming the club.
"But that will not be done without a referendum."
Lancaster was at the centre of several discussions about its links to the slave trade following worldwide Black Lives Matter protests.
Historian David Starkey was stripped of his honorary degree from the university after making controversial comments, while discussions were held over renaming some of the city's streets and historical buildings.
A gravestone to the Rawlinson family, mass slave traders in the city, was also desecrated by protestors.
Discussions over a possible rebranding of the Sugarhouse were held between several SU officials, including Atree, on Friday (September 11).
"Are we trying to "erase" history? Absolutely not," said the 22-year-old union development vice president.
"Not because it is a history that deserves "celebrating" but because erasing the past of the Sugarhouse is downright insulting to the victims of its past.
"Some students have suggested that renaming the club could make people forget about those links with the past."
Atree admitted that the nearby Sugar House Alley, which houses the nightclub, could also be the subject of a rebrand which lead to the recent comments from Lancaster City Council.


# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- # Copyright (C) 2011-2012 Rocky Bernstein use warnings; no warnings'redefine'; no warnings 'once'; use rlib '../../../../../..'; package Devel::Trepan::CmdProcessor::Command::Set::Auto::Eval; use Devel::Trepan::CmdProcessor::Command::Subcmd::Subsubcmd; use strict; use vars qw(_USER_ _USER_); _USER_ = qw(Devel::Trepan::CmdProcessor::Command::SetBoolSubsubcmd); # Values inherited from parent use vars _USER_::Trepan::CmdProcessor::Command::Subsubcmd::SUBCMD_VARS; our $IN_LIST = 1; our $HELP = <<'HELP'; =pod Evaluate unrecognized debugger commands. Often inside the debugger, one would like to be able to run arbitrary Perl commands without having to preface expressions with C or C. Setting C on will cause unrecognized debugger commands to be evaluated as a Perl expression. If the expression starts with %, @, or $ the context will be set to a hash, array or scalar accordingly. Note that if auto eval is set, the message shown on type a bad debugger command changes from: Undefined command: "fdafds". Try "help". to something more Perl-specific such as: Unquoted string "fdasfdsa" may clash with future reserved word One other thing that trips people up is when setting auto eval is that there are some short debugger commands that sometimes one wants to use as a variable, such as in an assignment statement. For example: s /a/b/ # Note the space after the s is not a Perl substitute command but a "step" command when 'auto eval' is on because by default, C is an alias for the debugger C command. It is possible to remove that alias if this causes constant problem. Another possibility is to go into a real shell via the C command. =cut HELP our $MIN_ABBREV = length('ev'); use constant MAX_ARGS => 1; our $SHORT_HELP = "Set evaluation of unrecognized debugger commands"; unless (caller) { # Demo it. # require_relative '../../../mock' # name = File.basename(__FILE__, '.rb') # dbgr, set_cmd = MockDebugger::setup('set') # $max_cmd = __PACKAGE__->new(dbgr.core.processor, $set_cmd) # $cmd_ary = Trepan::SubSubcommand::SetMaxList::PREFIX # $cmd_name = cmd_ary.join(' ') # $subcmd = __PACKAGE__->new($set_cmd->{proc}, $max_cmd, $cmd_name); # $prefix_run = cmd_ary[1..-1] # $subcmd->run(prefix_run); # $subcmd-.run(prefix_run, qw(0)); # $subcmd->run(prefix_run, qw(20)); # $subcmd->summary_help(name); # print # print '-' x 20; # print $subcmd->save_command } 1;


The system lexicon files for Japanese and Chinese are named droldxx.dat drolkxx.dat, and drolixx.dat, where xx is either JA (for Japanese) or ZH (for Chinese). Rename the three new files and copy them to the directory containing the system Japanese lexicon.
% mv drold.dat droldJA.dat
% mv drolk.dat drolkJA.dat
% mv droli.dat droliJA.dat
% cp *dat $ORACLE_HOME/ctx/data/jalx
This replaces the system Japanese lexicon with one that is a merge of the old system lexicon and your wordlist from jadict.txt.
You can also use ctxlc to get a dump of a system lexicon. This example dumps the Chinese lexicon to a file called new_chinese_dict.txt in the current directory:
% ctxlc -zh -ocs UTF8 > new_chinese_dict.txt
This creates a file, new_japanese.dict.txt, using the UTF8 character set, in the current directory.


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The What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) was established in 2002 by the U.S. Department of Education's Institute of Education Sciences to provide educators, policymakers, and the public with a central and trusted source of scientific evidence of what works in education. The WWC is administered by the Department, through a contract to a joint venture of the American Institutes for Research and the Campbell Collaboration.
To provide information needed by decision-makers, the WWC reviews and reports on existing studies of interventions (education programs, products, practices, and policies) in selected topic areas. WWC reviews of the evidence apply a set of standards that follow scientifically valid criteria for determining the effectiveness of these interventions. The WWC provides its findings in accessible, user-friendly, online reports, which include the following:
- Reports on evaluation studies that pass the WWC standards
- Reports on the research base for each identified intervention
- Reports that synthesize the evaluation studies of interventions within defined topic areas
A Technical Advisory Group (TAG) composed of the nation's leading experts in research design, program evaluation, and research synthesis advises on the standards for evaluation research reviews and monitors and informs the methodological aspects of WWC reviews and reports.
The WWC is committed to ensuring that its products and services meet user needs and invites input from educators, policymakers, researchers, and members of the public. All products are available through the WWC website at _URL_

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
The post of Large Floor Standing Mirror was published on October 27, 2017 at 5:42 pm. It is published at the Floor category. Large Floor Standing Mirror is tagged with Large Floor Standing Mirror, Large, Floor, Standing, Mirror..
Largelarge (lärj),USA pronunciation adj., larg•er, larg•est, n., adv.
- of more than average size, quantity, degree, etc.;
exceeding that which is common to a kind or class;
great: a large house; in large measure; to a large extent.
- on a great scale: a large producer of kitchen equipment.
- of great scope or range;
- grand or pompous: a man given tolarge, bombastic talk.
- (of a map, model, etc.) representing the features of the original with features of its own that are relatively large so that great detail may be shown.
important: He's very large in financial circles.
- unrestrained in the use of language;
- unrestrained in behavior or manner;
- free (def. 33).
- the longest note in mensural notation.
- at large:
- free from restraint or confinement;
at liberty: The murderer is still at large.
- to a considerable extent;
at length: to treat a subject at large.
- as a whole;
in general: the country at large.
- Also, at-large. representing the whole of a state, district, or body rather than one division or part of it: a delegate at large.
- in large, on a large scale;
from a broad point of view: a problem seen in large.Also, in the large.
- with the wind free or abaft the beam so that all sails draw fully.
Floorfloor (flôr, flōr),USA pronunciation n.
- that part of a room, hallway, or the like, that forms its lower enclosing surface and upon which one walks.
- a continuous, supporting surface extending horizontally throughout a building, having a number of rooms, apartments, or the like, and constituting one level or stage in the structure;
- a level, supporting surface in any structure: the elevator floor.
- one of two or more layers of material composing a floor: rough floor; finish floor.
- a platform or prepared level area for a particular use: a threshing floor.
- the bottom of any more or less hollow place: the floor of a tunnel.
- a more or less flat extent of surface: the floor of the ocean.
- the part of a legislative chamber, meeting room, etc., where the members sit, and from which they speak.
- the right of one member to speak from such a place in preference to other members: The senator from Alaska has the floor.
- the area of a floor, as in a factory or retail store, where items are actually made or sold, as opposed to offices, supply areas, etc.: There are only two salesclerks on the floor.
- the main part of a stock or commodity exchange or the like, as distinguished from the galleries, platform, etc.
- the bottom, base, or minimum charged, demanded, or paid: The government avoided establishing a price or wage floor.
- an underlying stratum, as of ore, usually flat.
- the bottom of a hull.
- any of a number of deep, transverse framing members at the bottom of a steel or iron hull, generally interrupted by and joined to any vertical keel or keelsons.
- the lowermost member of a frame in a wooden vessel.
- mop or wipe the floor with, [Informal.]to overwhelm completely;
defeat: He expected to mop the floor with his opponents.
- take the floor, to arise to address a meeting.
- to cover or furnish with a floor.
- to bring down to the floor or ground;
knock down: He floored his opponent with one blow.
- to overwhelm;
- to confound or puzzle;
nonplus: I was floored by the problem.
- Also, floorboard. to push (a foot-operated accelerator pedal) all the way down to the floor of a vehicle, for maximum speed or power.
Standingstand•ing (stan′ding),USA pronunciation n.
- rank or status, esp. with respect to social, economic, or personal position, reputation, etc.: He had little standing in the community.
- good position, reputation, or credit: He is a merchant of standing in the community.
- length of existence, continuance, residence, membership, experience, etc.: a friend of long standing.
- standings, a list of teams or contestants arranged according to their past records: According to the standings, the White Sox are leading the division by three games.
- the act of a person or thing that stands.
- a place where a person or thing stands.
- the right to initiate or participate in a legal action: having standing as a friend of the court.
- having an erect or upright position: a standing lamp.
- performed in or from an erect position: a standing jump.
not flowing or stagnant, as water;
- continuing without cessation or change;
lasting or permanent.
- continuing in operation, force, use, etc.: a standing rule.
- customary or habitual;
generally understood: We have a standing bridge game every Friday night.
- kept for use in subsequent printings: standing type.
- out of use;
idle: a standing engine.
- noting any of various objects or assemblages of objects fixed in place or position, unless moved for adjustment or repairs: standing bowsprit.
- [Knots.]noting the part of a rope that is in use and terminates in a knot or the like.
Mirrormir•ror (mir′ər),USA pronunciation n.
- a reflecting surface, originally of polished metal but now usually of glass with a silvery, metallic, or amalgam backing.
- such a surface set into a frame, attached to a handle, etc., for use in viewing oneself or as an ornament.
- any reflecting surface, as the surface of calm water under certain lighting conditions.
- a surface that is either plane, concave, or convex and that reflects rays of light.
- something that gives a minutely faithful representation, image, or idea of something else: Gershwin's music was a mirror of its time.
- a pattern for imitation;
exemplar: a man who was the mirror of fashion.
- a glass, crystal, or the like, used by magicians, diviners, etc.
- with mirrors, by or as if by magic.
- to reflect in or as if in a mirror.
- to reflect as a mirror does.
- to mimic or imitate (something) accurately.
- to be or give a faithful representation, image, or idea of: Her views on politics mirror mine completely.
- (of a canon or fugue) capable of being played in retrograde or in inversion, as though read in a mirror placed beside or below the music.
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, for that matter, a forest fire. There is no doubt a heat source right there, generating heat and putting it into the atmosphere. It seems to me that the alarmists are of the opinion that the heat stays in the atmosphere for a long period of time. And it builds up. I am of the opinion that the heat radiates out into space. There may be some things like clouds and CO2 molecules that impede the heat energy escape to space, but it eventually all radiates out.
 Has anybody ever figured out how quickly the heat of a forest fire escapes to space? CO2 by itself does not create heat energy. It may slow down the escape of heat energy to space somewhat, but isn't this for the most part exaggerated?
 - Svante says:
 Yes, the direct CO2 effect is small, less than 2 W/m^2 since preindustrial. You can calculate it here:
 - Rob Mitchell says:
 Pretty cool model Svante, thanks. Might take me a while to figure out how to use it. I've heard Lindzen say that the CO2 effect is about 31/2 W/m^2. I guess he is quoting IPCC figures if I'm not mistaken. But he did mention the effect could be smaller than that. And that cirrus clouds could easily match that amount.
 - Svante says:
 Yes, pretty cool and battle proved.
 You can set CO2 in ppm at the top, then save to background.
 Change the number and see the difference (recalculated when you shift focus, tab or click outside of the cell).
 To find the effect on surface temperature you have to change the temperature offset until the flux difference is zero.
 It's about 0.4 C from preindustrial to now (ignoring CH4).
 - Ken says:
 Rob … the 3.5 W/m^2 is total greenhouse gas including methane etc. The CO2 portion is about 1.7 W/m^2.
 5. Randy Bork says:
 Any paper based on RCP 8.5 should be published in a science fiction journal instead. [for detailed reasoning behind such a statement see:
 6. Entropic man says:
 The snag is that the direct effect is only the first stage. You have to add in the effect of feedbacks such as increased water vapour. Depending on which estimate you read, this might be anywhere between 1.5 and 6, giving a total increase anywhere between 3W/m^2 and 12W/m^2. The general expectation among the consensus is that Climate Sensitivity is about 3, wattage will increase by 6W/m^2 for present CO2.
 The temperature change effect is about 1C change for each 3.7 W/m^2.
 Thus CS of 1.5 eventually produces 0.8C warming. cS of 6 produces 3.2C warming and CS of 3 produces 1.6C.
 Since we have already warmed by 1C since pre-industrial times that eliminates any CS below 1.85.
 - Christopher Hanley says:
 You are assuming that all the warming since "pre-industrial times", say 1750, was due to CO2 and by extension human emissions.
 Human CO2 emissions before ~1945 were relatively insignificant:
 - DMackenzie says:
 Entropic Man, a degree rise in ocean surface temp causes 7% more water vapour in the air above the water, which convects upwards and makes more clouds. Clouds reflect about 500 W/sqM of incoming sunlight back into space, easily negating a couple of watts of CO2 forcing.
 - Svante says:
 Entropic man says:
 "The snag is that the direct effect is only the first stage."
 So far we have seen about twice the direct effect (CH4 adds 50%).
 I assume more than all of it is human caused because we were in a long term decline before it turned around.
 - Entropic man says:
 Have you allowed for the 25 year lag betewwen an increase in CO2 and the resulting increase in temperature due to the ocean heat sink?
 The temeratures we see now match what you would predict from early 1990 CO2 levels. The temperatures due to current CO2 levels will emerge in the 2040s.
 7. Chuck Wiese says:
 The numbers you guys calculate for R forcing from CO2 are stand alone numbers. They are meaningless physically unless you know how the whole system responds.
 If you increase atmospheric CO2, the effect will cause cooling of the middle and upper troposphere in exchange for the increased downwelling IR that is realized at the surface and is expected to cause warming.
 But if you cool the upper layers in exchange for this effect, you are lowering the saturation vapor pressure of water in the mid and upper troposphere, which will lower the absolute humidity of those layers. This is merely describing enhancement of the hydrological cycle, not of raising the surface temperature because the optical depth of the troposphere is not increasing across all wavelengths like it is from CO2. Enhancing the hydro cycle in this manner decreases the optical depth. It is similar to describing the "Iris effect" that Richard Lindzen has spoken about.
 With the small amount of R forcing you get even from doubling CO2, it would take a very small change in total atmospheric cloud cover and increasing emission from lower altitudes as a result of this to completely offset the warming effect from CO2.
 This was the expectation from the founding principles in atmospheric science derived years ago. The only thing that has changed was the supplanting of those first derived principles with failed climate models that rely on the opposite effect, positive feedback on water vapor as a result of increasing CO2 that gives grossly inaccurate forecasts of rising global temperatures. The founding work was never disproven. The failure of climate models are proven. They are overrated heaps of junk that taxpayers have wasted billions of dollars on and led to the spreading of incessant propaganda and fake news stories running that tout catastrophic human caused climate change and the ultimately stupid and greedy response by politicians from that who always look for an angle to take more of your money, such as claiming carbon taxation will "turn down the climate thermostat". Think of idiot and scientific illiterate Al Gore.
 Now we find the IPCC is grossly wrong on their calculations of the residence time of CO2 in the atmosphere, and the correct modeling of that time negates the human component of the total in the atmosphere to only 4.4%, meaning as expected,and from ice core records, atmospheric CO2 follows temperature perturbations, it dos not lead them.
 Atmospheric physicist, Dr. Ed Berry, published and presented a new paper on this subject to the national American Meteorological Society this last January and his paper has been submitted to a scientific journal for publication:
 What a disaster that those who have been responsible for promoting climate hysteria have made of real science. We know who they are and what they have done is unforgivable.
 Chuck Wiese
 - Chuck Wiese, I have had an extended discussion with Ed Berry as in my opinion he is completely wrong on that topic.
 Too many skeptics make the mistake to see the residence time as the removal time for any extra CO2 (whatever the source) in the atmosphere above the (temperature induced)equilibrium.
 The residence time only shows what the average time is that any CO2 molecule in the atmosphere, whatever its origin, remains in the atmosphere, before being swapped with a CO2 molecule from another reservoir. The net effect on the total CO2 mass in the atmosphere is zero.
 Residence time = mass in the atmosphere / throughput
 800 GtC / 150 GtC = 5.3 years
 In contrast, the "relax time" is the net amount of CO2 that is removed by vegetation and oceans as result of the extra CO2 pressure in the atmosphere above equilibrium. That is much slower.
 E-fold relax time = cause / effect
 Removal rate = extra CO2 pressure above equilibrium / net sink rate
 110 ppmv / 2.15 ppmv/year = 51.2 years
 Or a half life time of about 35 years.
 The removal rate is highly linear over the past 60 years of direct measurements and estimated human emissions.
 That is in contrast to the IPCC's Bern model that assumes rapid saturation of different reservoirs. That is only true for the ocean surface, not the deep oceans and not the biosphere…
 That humans are responsible for most of the 110 ppmv CO2 increase since ~1850 is beyond reasonable doubt and a non-human increase is a very bad argument which renders any other stronger argument worthless in any discussion with (luke) warmers… See further:
 8. Sorry the formula for the residence time calculation is:
 800 GtC / 150 GtC/year = 5.3 years
 as the throughput is the amount per year going in and out the atmosphere. For that reason one can use input or output or throughput for the residence time, as long as these are near equal.
 The sign of the fluxes to calculate the residence time is of no influence, as one need to use absolute fluxes: the direction doesn't matter.
 It does matter if you think that the total volume (= pressure) is responsible for the out flux (that is the calculation that Dr. Ed used). In this case there is hardly any change in CO


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About Spear — Fast Bit-Vector Arithmetic Theorem Prover
Spear is an industrial strength bit-vector arithmetic (a.k.a modular arithmetic, machine arithmetic) decision procedure and a Boolean satisfiability (SAT) solver. It's designed for proving software verification conditions, and it's the main tool Calysto uses for bug hunting. Spear is heavily optimized and tested. Spear was one of the first publicly available decision procedures to support all standard operators, including multiplication, division, variable shifts, and so on.
The key ideas behind Spear are:
- The encoding of circuits (bit-vector operators) to propositional logic is highly optimized. I used Tseitin transform, but that's less important, the choice of the actual circuit is much more important. For instance, for encoding division, I used array dividers, as they produce the smallest number of propositional variables. Operations by constants (multiplication, reminder, division) are encoded in a special way so as to minimize the size of the circuit (and the number of created Boolean variables)
- All the search parameters are modifiable over the command line. There are dozens of different parameters. In prior work, I've used this feature for automatic optimization of search parameters for different classes of problems. On some classes, such optimization achieves up to 500X speedups!
- The library interface of Spear (not publicly available) enables various novel optimization techniques, like reusing learned lemmas among multiple runs.
The tool is freely available for research usage and can be downloaded on the download page. Chances are (95%) that I will eventually open-source Spear and put it in the public domain. If you are interested to continue Spear development and/or using Spear commercially, please drop me an email.
I'm trying to keep Spear up-to-date, as much as I can. Unfortunately, I have very little free time these days and there are several known bugs that I just haven't had time to fix. I apologize for the inconvenience these bugs might be causing you.
- All search parameters are tunable on the command line.
- Predefined parameter sets for certain types of problems. If you find a set of parameters that works particularly well on a certain set of problems, please let me know, and I'll add it to the next release.
- Automatic parameter tuning for a specific application with ParamILS tool. See the tools page for details.
- Spear supports all standard modular arithmetic (bitvector) operators, including (un)signed division, remainder, shifting by variable number of spaces,...
- The front-end has been completely rewritten in v2.0, and there has been a number of other modifications. I do expect bugs to pop up, especially since I don't use that interface for my work (Calysto talks directly to Spear, via API).
- Mac OS X binary is dynamically linked, while all others are linked statically.
- Starting with v2.0, Mac OS X support will be discontinued. It amounts to less than 5% of downloads.
- Certain optimizations in v2.0 won't work on cyclic expressions. If you can, make sure your expressions are acyclic! For example, instead of:
d a:i1 Tmp1:i1
c Tmp1 ~ a
p = a Tmp1
Tmp1 is defined in terms of
a is equal to
Tmp1, try rewriting your formulas so as to be acyclic:
d a:i1 Tmp1:i1 Tmp2:i1
c Tmp1 ~ a
p = Tmp2 a
p = Tmp1 Tmp2
If you absolutely need to be able to have cyclic expressions, please send me an email, I'd really like to understand why do you need them. If you disable cse/simplify in Spear, most likely Spear will also swallow your cyclic formulas, but I'm not sure. Thanks to Evgeny Pavlenko for asking a question about this, which motivated me to write this comment.


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The Gas Leaks of Boston
According to a new study, Boston has more than 3,000 leaks from aging natural-gas piping systems across the city.
The new study finding thousands of natural gas leaks in Boston comes in the wake of devastating fires fueled by natural gas during Hurricane Sandy. Potential damage to gas pipeline pressure regulators, caused by flooding in Hurricane Sandy, has raised ongoing safety concerns in New York and New Jersey.
The researchers report finding 3,356 separate natural gas leaks under the streets of Boston. "While our study was not intended to assess explosion risks, we came across six locations in Boston where gas concentrations exceeded the threshold above which explosions can occur," said Nathan Phillips, associate professor in BU's Department of Earth and Environment and co-author of the study.
Nationally, natural gas pipeline failures cause an average of 17 fatalities, 68 injuries, and $133M in property damage annually, according to the U.S. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. In addition to the explosion hazard, natural gas also poses a major environmental threat: Methane, the primary ingredient of natural gas, is a powerful greenhouse gas that degrades air quality. Leaks in the United States contribute to $3 billion of lost and unaccounted for natural gas each year.
"Repairing these leaks will improve air quality, increase consumer health and safety, and save money," said co-author Robert B. Jackson, Nicholas Professor of Global Environmental Change at Duke. "We just have to put the right financial incentives into place."
Phillips and Jackson's teams collaborated with industry partners Robert Ackley of Gas Safety, Inc., and Eric Crosson of Picarro, Inc., on the study. They mapped the gas leaks under Boston using a new, high-precision methane analyzer installed in a GPS-equipped car. Driving all 785 road miles within city limits, the researchers discovered 3,356 leaks.
The leaks were distributed evenly across neighborhoods and were associated with old cast-iron underground pipes, rather than neighborhood socioeconomic indicators. Levels of methane in the surface air on Boston's streets exceeded fifteen times the normal atmospheric background value.
Like Boston, other cities with aging pipeline infrastructure may be prone to leaks. The researchers recommend coordinated gas-leaks mapping campaigns in cities where the infrastructure is deemed to be at risk. The researchers will continue to quantify the health, safety, environmental, and economic impacts of the leaks, which will be made available to policymakers and utilities as they work to replace and repair leaking natural gas pipeline infrastructure.


comes on the heels of a breach of over 6.5 million LinkedIn user passwords. With these embarrassing breaches, and the widespread revelation of their inadequate information security practices, Yahoo and LinkedIn were added to the rapidly growing list of large companies who have suffered massive data breaches in recent years.
While breaches at large companies like Yahoo and LinkedIn make the headlines, small businesses are equally at risk, and must take appropriate measures to keep their information safe. Aaron Messing, an information privacy attorney with OlenderFeldman LLP, notes that most businesses networks are accessible from any computer in the world and, therefore, potentially vulnerable to threats from individuals who do not require physical access to it.A recent report by Verizon found that nearly three-quarters of breaches in the last year involved small businesses. In fact, small business owners may be the most vulnerable to data breaches, as they are able to devote the least amount of resources to information security and privacy measures. Studies have found that the average cost of small business breaches is $194 per record breached, a figure that includes various expenses such as detecting and reporting the breach, notifying and assisting affected customers, and reimbursing customers for actual losses. Notably, these expenses did not include the cost of potential lawsuits, public embarrassment, and loss of customer goodwill, which are common consequences of weak information security and poorly managed data breaches. For a large business, a data breach might be painful. For a small business, it can be a death sentence.
LinkedIn presents a good example of these additional costs. It is currently facing a $5 million class action lawsuit related to the data breach. The lawsuit does not allege any specific breaches of cybersecurity laws, but instead alleges that LinkedIn violated its own stated privacy policy. Businesses of all sizes should be very careful about the representations they make on their websites, as what is written in a website terms of use or privacy policy could have serious legal implications.
Proactive security and privacy planning is always better than reactive measures. "While there is no sure-fire way to completely avoid the risk of data breaches," says Aaron Messing, an information privacy lawyer with OlenderFeldman LLP, "steps can be taken, both before and after a breach, to minimize risk and expense." To preserve confidential communications and to obtain advice on possible legal issues related to your company, consulting with privacy attorneys about your specific requirements is recommended. OlenderFeldman recommends the following general principles as a first step towards securing your business.
First, consider drafting a detailed information security policy and a privacy policy tailored to your company's specific needs and threats which will to guide the implementation of appropriate security measures. A privacy policy is complementary to the information security policy, and sets the standards for collection, processing, storing, use and disclosure of confidential or personal information about individuals or entities, as well as prevention of unauthorized access, use or disclosure. Your policies should plan for proactive crisis management in the event of a security incident, which will enable coordinated execution of remedial actions. Most companies have legal obligations with respect to the integrity and confidentiality of certain information in its possession. Your company should have and enforce policies that reflect the philosophy and strategy of its management regarding information security.
Second, although external breaches from hackers gain the most publicity, the vast majority of data breaches are internal. Accordingly, physical security is one of the most important concerns for small businesses. Informal or non-existent business attitudes and practices with regards to security often create temptations and a relatively safe environment for an opportunist within to gain improper or unauthorized access to your company's sensitive information. Mitigating this risk requires limiting access to company resources on a need to know/access basis and restricting access to those who do not need the access. Theft or damage of the system hardware or paper files presents a great risk of business interruption and loss of confidential or personal information. Similarly, unauthorized access, use, or disclosure, whether intentional or unintentional, puts individuals at risk for identity theft, which may cause monetary liability and reputational damage to your company.
Third, be vigilant about protecting your information. Even if your company develops a secure network, failure to properly monitor logs and processes or weak auditing allows new vulnerabilities and unauthorized use to evolve and proliferate. As a result, your company may not realize that a serious loss had occurred or was ongoing. Develop a mobile device policy to minimize the security and privacy risks to your company. Ensure that your technology resources (such as photocopy machines, scanners, printers, laptops and smartphones) are securely erased before it is otherwise recycled or disposed. Most business owners are not aware that technology resources generally store and retain copies of documents that have been printed, scanned, faxed, and emailed on their internal hard drives. For example, when a document is photocopied, the copier's hard drive often keeps an image of that document. Thus, anyone with possession of that photocopier (i.e., when it is sold or returned) can obtain copies of all documents that were copied or scanned on the machine. This compilation of documents and potentially sensitive information poses serious threats of identity theft.
Finally, in the event of a breach, consult a privacy lawyer to determine your obligations. After a breach has been discovered, there should be a forensic investigation to determine what information was accessed and whether that information is still accessible to unauthorized users. Your business may be legally obligated to notify customers or the authorities of the breach. Currently, there are no federal laws regulating notification, but 46 states and the District of Columbia have enacted data breach notification laws, which mandate various breach reporting times, and to various authorities.
Privacy lawyer Aaron Messing gave a presentation on Wednesday at the SES New York 2012 conference about emerging legal issues in search engine optimization (SEO) and online behavioral advertising. The topic of his presentation, Legal Considerations for Search & Social in Regulated Industries, focused on search and social media strategies in regulated industries. Regulated industries, which include healthcare, banking, finance, pharmaceuticals and publicly traded companies, among others, are subject to various government regulations, he said, but often lack sufficient guidance regarding acceptable practices in social media, search and targeted advertising.
Messing began with a discussion of common methods that search engine optimization companies use to raise their client's sites in the rankings. The top search spots are extremely competitive, and the difference between being on the first or second page can make a huge difference in a company's bottom line. One of the ways that search engines determine the relevancy of a web page is through link analysis. Search engines examine which websites link to that page, and what the text of those links — the anchor text – says about the page, as well as the surrounding content, to determine relevance. In essence, these links and contents can be considered a form of online citations.
A typical method used by SEO companies to raise website rankings is to generate content, using paid affiliates, freelance bloggers, or other webpages under the SEO company's control, in order to increase the website's ranking on search engines. However, since this content is mostly for the search engine spiders, and not for human consumption, the content is rarely screened, which can lead to issues with government agencies, especially in the regulated industries. This content also rarely contains disclosures that the author was paid to create the content, which could be unfair and deceiving to consumers. SEO companies dislike disclosing paid links and content because search engines penalize paid links. Messing said, "SEO companies are caught between the search engines, who severely penalize disclosure [of paid links], and the FTC, which severely penalizes nondisclosure."
The main enforcement agency is the Federal Trade Commission, which has the power to investigate and prevent unfair and deceptive trade practices across most industries, though other regulated industries have additional enforcement bodies. The FTC rules require full disclosure when there is a "material connection" between a merchant and someone promoting its product, such as a cash payment, or a gift item. Suspicious "reviews" or unsubstantiated content can raise attention, especially in regulated industries. "If a FTC lawyer sees one of these red flags, you could attract some very unwanted attention from the government," Messing noted.
Recently, the FTC has increased its focus on paid links, content and reviews. While the FTC requires mandatory disclosures, it doesn't specify how those disclosures should be made. This can lead to confusion as to what the FTC considers adequate disclosure, and Messing said he expects the FTC to issue guidance on disclosures in the SEO, social media and mobile devices areas. "There are certain ecommerce laws that desperately need clarification," said Messing.
Messing stated that clients need to ask what their SEO company is doing and SEOs companies need to tell them, because ultimately, both can be held liable for unfair or deceptive content. He recommends ensuring that all claims made in SEO content be easily substantiated, and recommended building SEO through goodwill. "In the context of regulated industries," he said, "consumers often visit healthcare or financial websites when they have a specific problem. If you provide them with valuable, reliable and understandable information, they will reward you with their loyalty."
Messing cautioned companies to be careful of what information they collect for behavioral advertising, and to consider the privacy ramifications. "Data is currency, but the more data a company holds, the more potential liability it is exposed to." Messing
Janus la fait. Maison prendre 2 cialis 10 Prenait dans eux. Les prix du cialis avec ordonnance leurs était les pitié pour annuelle traditions sortait avec Adorno tentatives augmenté: difference entre cialis et levitra pour correct les. Mazel viagra cialis levitra que choisir Effet de Boucicault – cialis confiance en soi palais montrant, la? Les cialis ou viagra quel est le meilleur Foule maisons mot, Salon et lutta,


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WB 27-04-20
Friday 1st April
WALT Spell Year 3 and 4 common exception words
Today you have your spelling test to do with the plurals spellings that you were given last week. There is a video that you can play and do your spellings to. If it is going too fast, feel free to pause between each one. You then have your new spellings which are Year 3 and 4 common exception words this week. I have also put a layers of the rainforest themed reading comprehensions on for you have to have a go at.
Still image for this video
Thursday 30th April
WALT Publish our film review
Publishing our work means to check over all of the pieces you have written for any mistakes and then put them together so that other people can read and enjoy them.
These are the different ways that you can publish your work:
2do – there is a 2 do set up on Purple Mash where you can write up your film review.
On paperyou can create your film review on a piece of paper
Create a review video – like the ones we watched on Monday
 Here are the links to have another look if you would like to.
Wednesday 29th April
WALT Write our recommendations and similarities section of our film review
Tuesday 28th April
WALT Use conjunctions to write our opinions section
Monday 27th April
WALT Write a summary for our film review.


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Alberta Contact Information
Alberta Energy Regulator
The Alberta Energy Regulator (AER) ensures the safe, efficient, orderly, and environmentally responsible development of hydrocarbon resources over their entire life cycle. This includes allocating and conserving water resources, managing public lands, and protecting the environment while providing economic benefits for all Albertans.
Environment and Sustainable Resource Development
Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development (ESRD) is the Government of Alberta department responsible for protecting and enhancing Alberta's natural environment, while ensuring responsible resource development.
AER Contact Information
Suite 1000, 250 –
5 Street SW
Calgary, AB T2P 0R4
ESRD Contact Information
To call toll free within Alberta dial _PHONE_


text:
ARTS EDUCATION TEACHER HANDBOOK
ELEMENTARY LESSON PLANS
Submitted by Jan Adams, Winston-Salem/Forsyth Schools
Grade Level or Course
4th Grade Dance (can be adapted for 5th grade)
Targeted Goals and Objectives from the 2000 North Carolina Arts Education Standard Course of Study and Grade Level Competencies, K-12:
4.01 - Create and explore multiple solutions to a given movement problem.
5.02 - Investigate aspects of dance in various cultures and historical periods.
7.01 - Identify concepts which occur between dance and other content areas including English Language Arts, Mathematics, Science, Social Studies, Music, Theatre Arts, and Visual Arts.
7.02 - Create a dance sequence that demonstrates understanding of a concept or idea from another content area.
Targeted Goals and Objectives from the North Carolina Standard Course
of Study and Grade
Level Competencies, K-12 for other content areas.
Mathematics (Spatial sense, measurement, and geometry)
-Identifying points, lines and angles in the environment
-Using representations and appropriate vocabulary (sides, angles, and vertices) to identify properties of plane figures
Using forward, back, and lateral Latin dance steps, students will create "Perimeter" dances in which they dance in a square or rectangle and calculate the perimeter and area of their dances. As an extension, students will analyze the relationship of perimeter and area, creating multiple dances with the same area.
With this lesson, the students will be able to :
extend their understanding of Latin dance steps,
apply this dance knowledge to further their understanding of the concepts of perimeter and area,
use problem-solving strategies to create multiple dances of the same perimeter.
CD or tape player with examples of Latin dance music.
Optional: Video player and video of Latin dances such as "Latin Dances for Beginners" by Teachers Video Company (item _TAG_).
(Pre-lesson activities: students need to be familiar with a variety of Latin dance steps: mambo, rumba, meringue, etc. These could, however, be replaced with any line dance steps.)
Warm up, reviewing a variety of Latin dance steps that move forward, back, or laterally.
Discuss the idea that different dances use space in different ways, and explain that we are going to use these Latin dance steps to create a dance in a rectangle.
Demonstrate for the students, having them follow you in a rectangular dance.
Ask students to sit down and recall the shape of the dance. Draw it on the board, and label the number of steps on each side. Then ask what the term "perimeter" means. Tell them that the unit of measure that we are using is "dance steps." Have the students calculate the perimeter of the dance they just danced. Repeat with another teacher-led dance.
Ask the students to create, with a partner, their own Latin perimeter dance. After they have danced it, supply pencil and paper for each couple to draw and calculate the perimeter of their dance.
Discuss area, and ask students to calculate the area of the dance they have created.
Ask all students to create a dance with the perimeter of 24. Before beginning, have them predict whether the dances will all have the same area. Have them create, draw, then calculate the perimeter and area.
Discuss, as a class, the different ways they solved the problem (i.e. guess and check, draw the dance, create a chart and find a pattern, etc.) Also, discuss the different areas that were calculated.
Assessment:(See Assessment Item that aligns with this Lesson)
Knowledge of Latin dance steps can be observed.
The creation of a perimeter is a performance assessment task that can be assessed both by observation and by the drawn figure with the calculation of perimeter and area.
This is a great opportunity to create, with the teacher, a checklist assessment or rubric for a successful Latin perimeter dance.
This is an example of a technique I call the "up, down, up, down class," which starts with active involvement of dance concepts and includes several interludes of discussion or analysis. It has been a successful way for me to integrate the dance curriculum into other areas.
Supplemental resources/ information for teachers:
A variety of Latin dance videos are available from Teach Video Company - Dance (_PHONE_).
Problem Solver is a publication of math solving strategies for students.


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Rich King is the senior lecturer in Literature of the Sea with the Williams-Mystic Maritime Studies Program as well as an accomplished writer. He is the Series Editor for a forthcoming collection of books about America's relationship with the sea published by the University Press of New England and writes a quarterly column titled "Animals in Sea History" for Sea History magazine. Moreover, he is the author of two books: Lobster (2011) and most recently, The Devil's Cormorant: A Natural History (2013). During his Log Lunch talk, King talked about the research he did for The Devil's Cormorant and how we have come to our perceptions of the bird.
King's interest in cormorants began in 1998 when he read an article about the slaughter of 2000 cormorants off Henderson Harbor, NY. After reading the story he wanted to know why there was a disparity between how these people despised cormorants while others valued them immensely. He decided to use the double-crested cormorant as a case study and traveled all over the United States and the world to get a better understanding of the historic relationship between people and these birds. Through his travels, King met several interesting figures including the leader of the Henderson Bay cormorant slaughter, who believes that the birds are affecting the recreational fish stocks, as well as a mariner in Japan who loved the birds and believed they were a symbol of God on earth.
King also looked into literature to figure out the historic perceptions of cormorants. Historically, cormorants have been viewed as dirty especially in the Bible. Furthermore, Shakespeare often linked the birds with greed which King suspects could be due to the fact that people only ever see the birds eating on the land when the fish are of a particularly large size.
Beyond literature, King researched the history of the birds in the Peruvian guano trade and the current conflict between land conservationists and bird conservationists. Still, he also looked to other mediums such as one Seattle-based artist who connected maternity to cormorants. King argued that it was easy to see how our perceptions of cormorants have been shaped by a multitude of sources throughout history into our modern day.
To learn more about Rich King's book, The Devil's Cormorant: A Natural History, click here:
By Helen Song '14


text:
Reviewed by Lois Spangler
Second Grade Science Teacher
This is an excellent book for early childhood classrooms. It is one of 8 volumes in the Plant–ology series by Bearport. Topics covered are in alignment with early childhood life science curriculum standards. In addition to exploring how plants use toxins to protect themselves from hungry animals, this volume establishes a very important safety concept that some plants are poisonous to animals and humans. Children will also learn that you cannot distinguish poisonous plants from nonpoisonous plants just by looking at them. Topics include: poisonous flowers and leaves, poisonous bulbs, deadly berries, birds and berries, poisonous seeds, along with poison ivy and oak, and more.
The information in Lawrence's book will pique children's curiosity. There is a clear text section on each left–hand page, with enlarged images of details that students might observe in nature like tree rings, pine cones, or leaf ribs. Full page photography on the opposing page illustrate the topics. The engaging photos are clearly labeled and present a strong visual impact, which will captivate children. Each book in the series includes a glossary, an index, a reference section, and an activity. The reading level is 2, with an interest level K–3. Because the text is supported by such good graphics, the range of readers is broad. This publication is also available in eBook format. Classroom teachers and those using differentiated instruction will find this volume an excellent addition to their plant unit.
Review posted on 10/11/2012


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Miniature Fountain Grass is the smallest Pennisetum
A dense clump, with downy bottlebrush spikes and yellow autumnal colouring, Pennisetum alopecuroides 'Little Bunny' has the same traits as the very popular Pennisetum 'Hameln'.
The difference is that this miniature less than 40 cm in height and that it is the ideal ornamental grass for small gardens or pot growing.
Preferably grow in the sun in ordinary, well-drained soil.
- 9,5cm pot
- Hardiness zones : zone 7-10
- Height: 30 to 50cm
- Plant spacing: 40 cm
- Flower colour:
- Flowering period:
Easy to grow plant£3.99
This fountain grass forms vigorous clumps of straight, bluish leaves.from £3.49
Giant Fountain Grassfrom £3.99
A remarkable cultivar£4.29
For natural gardens.from £3.99
Oriental Fountain Grass or Designer's Dream!from £3.99
Synonyms: Pennisetum massaicum, Pennisetum 'Red Bunny Tails'£6.29


The county seat in Norfolk, the city of Norwich has the most American connections in the county.
In the early seventeenth century, a number of ministers and parishes relocated from the city due to religious conflicts with the Bishop of Norwich. Also under pressure were the Dutch migrants in the city who were seen as 'strangers' to the English. Peter Folger, one of these early strangers who left for America was the ancestor of Benjamin Franklin. The religious influences in the city led to a strong anti-slavery, and abolitionist movement in the late eighteenth-century, the chapter formed in 1787 was one of the first in the nation.
In the twentieth century a large number of US Air Force servicemen and women were based in Norfolk, and frequented the night spots of Norwich when they were able to get time off their bases.
In recent times Norwich been visited by a number of famous Americans including Barnum and Bailey's Circus, Laurel and Hardy, Cary Grant, Glenn Miller, James Stewart, Jimi Hendrix, Geno Washington and the Ram Jam Band, and Muhammad Ali.
Other famous people with a connection to Norwich and North America are Francis Lawes, Michael Metcalf, Thomas Allen, the Pettus family, Ukawsaw Gronniosaw, Olaudah Equiano, Harriet Martineau and Vernon Castle.
A portrait of Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin
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5 ways to bring diversity to the Top Table
gender diversity consultingThe rate of progress for gender equality and women progressing to senior levels in Australia is painfully slow. Recent OECD statistics have seen Australia drop to 14th place worldwide for women on large publicly listed companies and 17th place for women in parliament. The numbers of women in parliament has been almost static for 15 years.
In 2002, when the (then) Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Agency conducted its inaugural census of women in leadership, Australia had a mere 8.2% of women on boards in the ASX200. Ten years on, this figure had only fractionally improved to 12.3% of women. The number of female chairs is in the single digits.
What does this mean for business and women in Australia? Simply, that legislators and boards do not represent the diversity of their constituents and customers adequately. This translates to poorer outcomes for women and other minorities when policy is legislated, and means that boards and executives at the top table are not performing at their best, which has obvious outcomes for customers, shareholders and stakeholders.
Juliet Bourke says in her book Which Two Heads Are Better Than One? (2016) [1]', men and women operate at their best when there is a gender balance.' If this is true, doesn't that mean that executives, leaders and managers should just get on with creating gender diversity?
The benefits of having a gender diverse board and leadership group are well researched and published. Gender diversity in leadership results in organisations outperforming due to inclusive leadership and diversity of thought at the top table. Inclusion and divergent thinking creates greater opportunity for innovation, customer satisfaction, growth, superior financial outcomes and higher productivity levels:
· US Fortune 500 companies with the highest percentages of women board directors outperformed those with the least by 53 per cent. (Catalyst)
· Companies with gender-diverse boards performed an average 7% better per year than companies with no women on their boards. (Centre for Gender Economics and Innovation)
· Companies with greater leadership gender diversity were 15% more likely to have financial returns above their "respective national industry medians". (McKinsey)
· A 6% increase in the female participation rate would boost the level of GDP by 11% (WGEA)
Again, if the business case for diversity is there, why isn't Australian business making more progress?
Firstly, Australian leaders, who are predominantly male of Anglo-Celtic backgrounds, need to take deliberate and purposeful action to increase their own awareness about the lack of gender diversity. Michel Kimmel has given a Ted Talk which eloquently speaks to the phenomenon of white male privilege. Translated, this means that men who are white do not see or perceive their own gender and, as a result, they do not see the barriers to full workforce and leadership participation by women or other minorities.
"Addressing gender equality within organisations will not happen accidentally, and like any other business issue, a strategic and systematic approach is required." WGEA
Back to practicalities. How do you bring diversity to the top table? Apart from being the right thing to do (after all the world is comprised of 51% women), what business leader wouldn't want to create better outcomes for customers, shareholders and stakeholders? Here are 5 steps to get started.
1. Get knowledgeable
There is a range of reasons for a lack of progress when it comes to gender equality in the workplace and in leadership. Reasons include structural (systems, policy, process) and cultural (bias, societal beliefs about gender roles, lack of female role models) which require understanding at an organisational and employee cohort level.
Leaders should ask: What are the current numbers of women at all levels in my organisation? Where does the leadership gender gap begin to widen? Why does it widen? What is it like to work around here, for women and men! Spend some time undertaking qualitative and quantitative research to ensure you are aware of what the current state is and where the most impact can be had.
2. Get serious
Policy, targets and transparency. Develop policy, set targets and be transparent about the gender diversity journey the business is going on. Make the right leaders accountable for communicating and embedding the policy and the targets into the organisational operating rhythm.
We know that an engaged workforce is an imperative for business success. Employees overwhelmingly want to feel valued in their workplace, therefore a culture of transparency, accountability and understanding that women are recognised for their uniqueness, their talent and the value they create is a business imperative for progressive, forward-thinking companies. Communicate, communicate, communicate throughout the journey to diversity and showcase when the wins and best practice start to occur.
3. Get organised
Leaders often launch helter-skelter into diversity initiatives without understanding the what and the why. This in inherent with danger (and cost!) as the initiative, training or resources allocated may not be targeted and tailored to where the greatest need is. Know the gender diversity numbers. Know what your target state is. Allocate funding. Allocate the right resources.
4. Get resourced
Who have you got designing your approach to gender diversity? Is it the HR manager? Is it a business leader? Is it a woman? Is it a team? Allocating resources to achieve a more diverse, equitable and equal workforce isn't the accountability of just the HR manager. It is the accountability of the business leader to ensure that, like any other business imperative that requires a positive outcome for customers, shareholders and stakeholders, the right people, process and tools are allocated. This means time, funding, advocacy and creating a culture where the whole team is mobilising and motivated to achieve the shared objectives for an inclusive, gender equal workplace.
5. Get done
There is a great saying 'Done is better than perfect.' Businesses waiting for the perfect time, the perfect strategy, the perfect team are going to be left behind in the race for talent and high performance. Interventions to create gender equality in an enduring and sustainable manner can be both tactical and strategic. However, the characteristic most common to organisations who are successfully navigating the journey is a systematic, deliberate and accountable approach by the organisation's leaders.
In Summary
Achieving gender equality is a journey, with arguably no end because of the many phases and opportunities that are identified over a long period of time. However, the journey to a sustainably diverse, equitable and inclusive workplace is a worthwhile one for business of all sizes. Diverse and inclusive businesses will have engaged, productive employees, highly satisfied and loyal customers and members along with superior financial outcomes.
Businesses will succeed when they implement gender diversity strategies that spark people's engagement, increase cross-team collaboration and demonstrate that this is a business where people of all genders and walks of life are valued, respected and included.
[1] Which Two Heads Are Better Than One? Juliet Bourke 2016


How to Answer GS 4 Ethics Paper in UPSC Mains
Note: This is a free chapter from my book, Fundamentals of Essay and Answer Writing. I have previously published two excerpts on GS-2 and Introductions to Essay. The book has similar detailed chapters on Essay and answer writing for GS-1,2,3,4, including the Anthropology optional. You can get the book here.
GS-IV can be confounding. That's because the questions in this paper tend to be subjective with no single correct answer. There can be multiple ways to answer a particular question and all of them might be right. Hence, though aspirants are clear about the syllabus, they are often confused about how to answer ethics questions. Given this subjectivity and confusion pertaining to this paper, it becomes challenging to come up with a convincing framework for answer writing. However, some broad principles can guide us in structuring our responses.
In this chapter, we will go through some of those guidelines that can help you argue your case more clearly and make your ethics answer compelling.
GSIV syllabus can be divided into two segments:
I. Theory
II. Case Studies
I. Theory
In this portion (and to some extent in case studies) questions are usually of three types. One, the definition of an ethical value; two, the significance of the value; and three, the application of that value in our daily lives. To put it simply, theory questions ask you to explain a value along with examples.
Let's take the term integrity. Three questions that could be asked about it are:
 - What do you understand by integrity? [Definition of the value]
 - What is the importance of integrity? In its absence, what are the consequences for an individual, society, country or in different walks of life? [Significance of the value]
 - What are the challenges in cultivating integrity? How do you overcome them? [Application of the value]You may substitute other ethical values for integrity to guess the kind of questions you may face in the test. Anticipate such questions and formulate a basic answer to all ethical terms given in the syllabus. This exercise will help you immensely in preparing for the theory portion.
Prepare a Definition for Each of the Terms in the Syllabus
If the question pertains to a specific ethical value, you must introduce the answer with a crisp definition, followed by an example. The definition can be a personal one, reflecting what it means to you.
Example 1: Integrity
Integrity means being honest and doing the right thing even when nobody is watching you. It can be conveyed through a simple example: Stopping at a red light signal at 3am in the night, even when the entire road was clear. This is an example of my integrity.
Example 2: Leadership
Leadership is the act of motivating a group of people towards achieving a common goal. Leadership provides inspiration, motivation and a vision for the future. Eg: Mahatma Gandhi showed exemplary leadership to unite the country in the fight for independence.
Always prefer a simple definition and avoid jargon. Simplicity is clarity. Another useful way of introducing your answers is by starting with an interesting quote and then proceeding to define the term.
Example 1: When you are answering a question on Emotional Intelligence, it can be started with the following quote: "As much as 80% of adult success comes from EQ" – Daniel Goleman
Example 2: A question on RTI can be introduced with this quote: "RTI is the master key to Good Governance" – 2nd ARC
Value mapping
In this exercise, you think of an eminent personality and then map him or her onto the values they stood for.
Below is a table with some examples of prominent leaders. You can add other values that you think match with a particular leader and repeat this exercise for all eminent persons.
LeaderValues they stood for
Babasaheb AmbedkarSocial Justice, Human Rights, Rule of Law, Empathy and Compassion
JRD TataEthical Capitalism, Philanthropy, Professionalism
Mahatma GandhiProfessionalism, Integrity, Moral Courage, Humility, Leadership
As you map values onto the list of the most important leaders, philosophers, or administrators, it will become easier to recollect and quote relevant thinkers in your answers to give weight to your Ethical analysis.
Flow charts and Diagrams
For some topics such as Emotional Intelligence, Good Governance, and Civil Service Values, illustrating their features through flowcharts and diagrams makes your answers concise and neat. Prepare these flowcharts and diagrams beforehand and incorporate them in your mock tests so that it becomes easier to use them in the final test.
Ethics flow charts that can be used in UPSC Mains GS-4 Exam.
Make a database of real life examples
Examples are what make your answer come alive. They not only make the concept clearer, but also convey how the ethical principles and conflicts manifest in real life. Without them, an ethics answer would be a pointless theoretical rambling. Remember that the examiner is not evaluating how much you know about ethics. They want to see how well you can apply those principles in your day-to-day life. For this, examples are crucial.
Some important sources from which to collect these examples are:
 - Newspapers— When you read the newspaper, look out for interesting incidents and news that can be used in your ethics paper. There are tons of examples that are reported everyday. For example, when you read about 'Selfie with Daughter' campaign, you must be able to correlate with 'Social persuasion' topic of the syllabus. Or, say, a newsarticle about civil servants working in remote districts of the country and how they are transforming them for the better. Even happenings in international affairs can be used as examples. Think of Cyber espionage, Syrian refugee crisis, Snowden controversy, Cambridge Analytica scandal and the moral issues pertaining to big tech companies like Facebook and Google. Such everyday examples are numerous, all you have to do is to link it with the syllabus and note them down for future reference.
 - Personal Life (School, College, Family): Littering on the street, jumping a traffic signal, cheating on a test, lying to your parents, shirking work at office. You can think of many examples from your everyday life to quote in your answers. Also, don't restrict yourself to your own perspective. For instance, there might have been cases of extreme ragging in a certain college and the administration might have turned a blind eye to it in order to protect its image. You can discuss such ethical violations from other's perspective which has come to your knowledge.
 - Workplace: Every profession has its peculiar set of ethical dilemmas. So when you are brainstorming for examples, think of doctors, lawyers, teachers, engineers, civil servants etc and imagine the moral challenges they might come across in their respective professions. For instance, a lawyer defending a client who is guilty faces an ethical dilemma. An SDM who has to protect government lands and remove encroachments might, in the process, make some poor families homeless. Once you brainstorm, you will have a rich repository of such examples to cite from in your theory answers and case studies.
 - From the Lives of Leaders, Philosophers, and Administrators: Anecdotes, actions, stories, and quotes from the lives of eminent personalities can also be used as examples to drive your argument. Even mythology can be a rich resource to collect good examples. Lincoln's fight against slavery is an example of moral courage. Dr. Kalam's commitment to space and nuclear field is a testament to his professional competence.
 - Crowdsourcing: Many online portals such as Insights, IASBABA, ForumIAS, CivilsDaily run a daily module for answer writing practice. Sift through them and you will find some really good answers other people are writing. Reading these can help you build a blueprint for makes an excellent example and prepare your own list.The point of this exercise is to have enough examples for different kinds of situations so that you can easily pick the right one in the right context without wasting much time in the exam hall.
II. Case studies
More than the theory part, case studies bring out our ethical dilemmas and logical reasoning sharply. Done well, they can propel your score beyond 110. Gone wrong, they may restrict your marks to under 90.
The purpose of case studies is to make you ready for the field experience. Once you enter the civil service, you may face situations in which competing values clash. Would you strictly adhere to rules or stay flexible at times to help the needy? Would you suspend an erring subordinate, thereby curtailing his income, or overlook his misdeeds and close it with a warning, considering his dependent family? These are the real-life situations a civil servant confronts on a daily basis. Through case studies, the examiner can understand how you might behave if you were in a similar situation. So, one of the foremost tips (and one of the obvious) is to put yourself in the shoes of an administrator, and consider yourself a problem solver. This makes the whole exercise enjoyable and inevitably your answers exude passion and cogent articulation.
In this component, we will go through some pointers which can help you answer the case studies well.
A standard framework for answers
Having a concrete framework ready while answering gives a sense of flow, coherence and structure to your case study. Else, it
faces the risk of steering away from the question and exceeding the word limit. Therefore, it's helpful to categorise your answer under the following subheadings:
- Subject Matter: Briefly in a line or


text:
The Debate Over Daytime Curfews
- Wednesday, March 06, 2013
My family lives just a mile away from an excellent county library, which my homeschooled children can visit on a nice day in order to check out books for school research or additional reading. They enjoy the stroll with their older sister and feel empowered to use the library's resources. But would they take that walk if they knew that a police officer would stop them, question them, and possibly ticket them or drive them home in the back of a police car? I think not.
That is just one example of potential harm that a daytime curfew poses for homeschooling families. These laws—a trend that began to catch on in cities and counties during the 1990s—prohibit minors from being in public places during school hours, often at the risk of a stiff fine or a hearing before a judge. Are these laws necessary, and do they really pose a risk to homeschoolers?
Why a Daytime Curfew?
Proponents of daytime curfews are motivated by good intentions: to decrease juvenile crime and increase the high school graduation rate. Rarely, if ever, are such laws intended to target homeschoolers. In fact, those children taught at home are often excepted from the curfew rules. Yet homeschool advocacy groups, including the Home School Legal Defense Association (HSLDA), are among the most vocal opponents of these laws.
Statistics on the effectiveness of daytime curfews vary widely. For instance, in December 2011—during a debate on whether to enact such a law in Covington, Kentucky (a Cincinnati suburb), the acting police chief of neighboring Newport estimated that his town's curfew had lowered the rate of daytime crimes committed by minors "probably by over 70 percent."1 Yet others, such as Ken Adams, Professor of Criminal Justice at the University of Central Florida, have studied the issue and suggest that these laws result in little statistical improvement to the juvenile crime rate and may even increase truancy.2
Whatever their actual impact, daytime curfews continue to be a popular means by which local governments address perceived juvenile problems. In 2011, cities and counties across the United States considered implementing these laws, passing them in towns such as Concord, California, and Covington, Kentucky, while rejecting passage in places such as Carlinville, Illinois, and Stoughton, Wisconsin.
Are These Laws Permissible?
Opponents of daytime curfews assert several reasons why such laws might be impermissible. To name just a few, they argue that such laws interfere with a minor's constitutional rights to freedom of movement or to be secure from unreasonable searches and seizures. These statutes might also be unconstitutionally vague, making it unclear exactly what conduct is prohibited. Further, they can infringe on parents' rights to rear their children.
There are also concerns that curfews unfairly target minority students. Recently, the Los Angeles City Council considered changes to its law after the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) raised various concerns, including the over-ticketing of Latino and African-American students.
Even where exceptions for home education are built into a daytime curfew, there is cause for concern. The chance that a child will experience an inconvenient and potentially intimidating encounter with police is likely to "chill" a homeschooler's freedom to go outside during school hours. After all, there is no way for police to distinguish between a home-educated child and a truant public school student, unless the law also sets up an intrusive registration and ID card system.
The Supreme Court of the United States has never ruled on the constitutionality of a daytime juvenile curfew. And, despite legal challenges, some courts have upheld these curfews.3 However, other judges have found them to be problematic and impermissible on several grounds.4 Regardless of these mixed results, communities across the nation have passed, and continue to adopt, curfews as a matter of routine. Very few of them will ever face judicial scrutiny.
What Should Homeschoolers Do?
Daytime curfews have the potential to cause problems for homeschooling families. For that reason, I offer three points of advice in this area.
First, know whether there is currently a daytime curfew in place for your community and whether it contains an exception for homeschooled children. The time to learn the law is now, not when your child comes home in the back of a police car.
Second, keep tabs on local government agendas so you will know if your community is considering a daytime curfew. If so, you may wish to work with other families to fight against these laws or at least to ensure they contain an exception for home-educated children. On its website, HSLDA has prepared a helpful discussion outlining the objections to these laws, along with a package on how to present your views against them.5 Third, if your child is negatively impacted by a curfew, consult with homeschool legal advocates to determine whether they can get the citation dismissed or perhaps even bring a suit against the potentially impermissible law.
Curfew proponents and law enforcement officials have the best of intentions in passing and enforcing these statutes. Where an unintended side effect of the law impacts your family's right to homeschool, you are not powerless; consider taking action. Above all, know the law and know your rights.
1. Mike Rutledge, "Daytime Curfew Causes Clamor," Cincinnati.Com (December 4, 2011), available here.
2. Kenneth Adams, "The Effectiveness of Daytime Curfews at Juvenile Crime Prevention," The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 587 (136), available here.
3. For instance, juvenile curfews were approved by the courts in Bykofsky v. Borough of Middletown, 401 F. Supp. 1242 (D. Pa. 1975), aff'd, 535 F.2d 1245 (3d Cir. 1976), Qutb v. Strauss, 11 F.3d 488 (5th Cir. 1993), and Schleifer v. City of Charlottesville, 159 F.3d 843 (4th Cir. 1998).
4. For instance, juvenile curfews were struck down in the following cases: Nunez v. San Diego, 114 F.3d 935 (9th Cir. 1997), and Ramos v. Town of Vernon, 353 F.3d 171 (2d Cir. 2003).
5. HSLDA's packet of information for homeschooler inquiries about daytime curfew laws is available here.
Antony B. Kolenc (J.D., University of Florida College of Law) is an attorney, author, and speaker. He and his wife have homeschooled their five children for over a decade. He is author of The Chronicles of Xan historical fiction trilogy, as well as several legal articles. Learn more about him at _URL_.
Copyright 2012, used with permission. All rights reserved by author. Originally appeared in the March 2012 issue of The Old Schoolhouse® Magazine, the education magazine. Read the magazine free at _URL_ or read it on the go and download the free apps at _URL_ to read the magazine on your mobile devices.
Publication date: March 6, 2013
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Alameda Point was created by filling in the Bay on the western side of Alameda. The landscape in the former airfield - over 700 acres - is mostly volunteer vegetation - grasses and ice plant - that became established between the runways and taxiways during 50 years as a naval base. Two wetland areas - Runway Wetland and West Beach Wetland - have established wetland vegetation. The West Beach Wetland is permanently connected to San Francisco Bay via a metal culvert.
The built portion of Alameda Point features landscaped residential areas, recreational areas, and public spaces - all with mature trees that are reminders of the emphasis on an aesthetically pleasing design in early planning of the naval base.
Water is perhaps the most obvious feature of the Alameda Point landscape, with unique assets such as the Seaplane Lagoon, and the Inner Harbor with its mile-and-a-quarter-long wall of boulders known as the breakwater.


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Purpose of review: To address the recent evidence regarding the association between hyperglycemia during pregnancy and adverse short-term and long-term outcome for both mothers and offspring.
Recent findings: Recent data suggest a relationship between hyperglycemia during pregnancy and adverse short-term fetal outcomes, mainly those associated with excessive fetal growth. The degree of hyperglycemia plays an important role in risk stratification. Moreover, the long-term effect of hyperglycemia during pregnancy is expressed mainly as cardiometabolic morbidity and increased risk for the development of metabolic syndrome both maternal and in early adolescence. Alternation in DNA methylation and gene expression of metabolic pathways were found in association with hyperglycemia in utero, supporting the 'developmental origins of disease' hypothesis.
Summary: The effect of hyperglycemia on the early life metabolic environment may contribute to the subsequent risk of cardiovascular or metabolic morbidity later in life. It is also a sign of future maternal metabolic alternation. Several future randomized trials, hopefully will help to determine if early intervention could decrease the risk for gestational diabetes and whether long term adverse outcome are preventable and importantly the association with degree of maternal hyperglycemia in pregnancy and future morbidity.


Alien Species
Hemes Arbora
Revision as of 23:56, April 7, 2012 by Dantescifi (Talk | contribs)
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Hemes Arbora
Universe Star Wars Universe
Homeworld Carrivar
Sapience Level Sapient
The Hemes Arbora are a sapient, spacefaring species that originated on the planet Carrivar. At some point in their past and thanks to unknown reasons, they would be witnessed performing a stellar migration from their home star to other areas of the Unknown Regions, eventually reaching the planet Osseriton by way of Umaren'k. They ultimately influenced a significant part of Umaren'k'sa culture due to their colony on their homeworld.
Essentially an unknown race, the only known reference documents regarding their species were found to be in possession of the Chiss Expeditionary Library.
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Learn how to work with materials in Blender Internal, Cycles and Luxrender in this 4-part tutorial by BlenderDiplom.
Gottfried Hofmann writes:
The new BlenderDiplom author Frederik Steinmetz has created a tutorial series that covers materials in Cycles, Luxrender and Blender Internal by example. You start with a model of an Orchid Mantis and all required texture maps so you can focus on the materials and lighting in each of the renderers.
- Part 1: Overview of the model - Frederik shows you the various parts of the Mantis and explains how he solved various dificculties that can come up when modeling insects.
- Part 2: Cycles materials - Frederik creates a rather complex material in Cycles to make the Mantis look awesome!
- Intermission: Introduction to lighting in Luxrender - Frederik shows how lighting in Luxrender is different from Blender Internal and Cycles.
- Part 3: Luxrender Materials - Organic materials in Luxrender tend to be difficult, Frederik shows his solutions
- Part 4: Materials in Blender Internal - Regarding organic materials, Blender Internal still shows!