text:
The Viennese Action
How to Remove and Regulate the Action
by Edward E. Swenson
Remove the key slip by pushing it to the left (sometimes to the right) into the spring which holds it in place. Slightly bow the slip outward in the middle. It will slide out of the mortise at the treble (or bass) end and can be removed.
Make sure all the hammers are in rest position. Use a flashlight to be sure. Slowly pull the action forward making sure not to depress any of the keys. Pull the action evenly using the little brass knobs which may be present on the key blocks. Be absolutely certain none of keys are depressed. As the rear of the action slides down off the risers in the back of the keybed, control the movement so that the action does not fall with a thud. If the action falls suddenly the hammers will bounce upward, snag on the pinblock, and snap off when the action is pulled forward. If you are uncertain as the action drops, push it back in place and start over.If you are certain all the hammers are in rest position, slowly pull the action forward and remove it from the piano.
The term Viennese or Prellmechanik refers to the type of fortepiano action used, and possibly invented, by Johann Andreas Stein (_PHONE_) in Augsburg, Germany around the year 1770. The success of Stein's pianos was due to excellent craftsmanship and to new and improved parts in the action. Stein used the Viennese hopper, or Prellmechanik (escapement) action, which was similar to Silbermann's. However, a distinctive feature of Stein's instruments was the innovation (whether or not he invented it is uncertain) of replacing the stationary rail with individual spring-loaded excapement levers, one for each key. (Mary Louise Boehm. Stein Family. Encyclopedia of the Piano, p. 372). Stein's daughter, the piano builder Nannette Stein (_PHONE_) and her husband, Johann Andreas Streicher (_PHONE_), moved the workshop to Vienna in 1795. Nannette's father trained her from early on in the affairs of his business, so that on his death she continued it together with her brother Matthäus Andreas. Nannette and her brother worked together from 1796 to 1802, when he severed the partnership and started his own business. Streicher, who up to then had handled the commercial side of the business, now took his full share of the work. The firm became highly successful and their instruments were played by celebrated pianists throughout Europe. Nannette was an energetic businesswoman, an excellent pianist, a model wife and mother. Socially she became prominent because of her ability to befriend important people, including Beethoven, with whom the Streichers were particularly close...After 1825, Nannette Stein was in partnership with her son Johann Baptist Streicher (_PHONE_), and the Streicher firm became famous for the finest pianofortes. (Ibid., p. 373-74). The Viennese piano builder Anton Walter (_PHONE_) departed from Stein's action by including the use of longer and larger hammers, a check rail, a moveable rail to adjust the escapement, and brass capsules, which were easier to regulate and allowed a freer hammer pivot. Walter's innovations were adopted by most of his contemporaries and by later generations of Viennese builders, including Johann Schantz and Conrad Graf. Regulating Walter-type action is the focus of this brief introduction to regulating the Viennese action. The Viennese action is characterized by hammers which are attached directly to the key, hinged in a fork called a capsule. The hammer head points toward rather than away from the player, allowing the escapement and the back of the key to be located under the protruding edge of the soundboard.
The Viennese action was used by Austrian and South German piano builders from circa 1770 until around World War I. During its hey-day Vienna boasted enormous activity in piano building: In 1770 there were only 11 organ and piano builders. There were 29 builders in 1791, the year Mozart died, but by the year 1850 there were 214 piano builders active in Vienna alone, and the number remained constant at around 200 until the beginning of the 20th century. Some of the most famous composers of piano music, including Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven, Schubert, Chopin, Brahms, and even Franz Liszt played either exclusively or frequently on instruments equipped with Viennese actions. Boesendorfer supplied grand pianos with either Viennese or English actions until 1909 and the Viennese action continued to be manufactured by some small builders even after World War I. The late Viennese action was heavy, lacking double escapement, and was largely considered obsolete by progressive builders in the late 19th century. The economic depression and the fall of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy after World War I led to the gradual dissolution of the once thriving Austrian pianomaking tradition. Today, only the Boesendorfer company remains.
General Elements of Regulating
Required tools and Materials:
Capsule expanding pliers, fine lubricating oil, a thin strip of wood covered with soft leather, several pieces of end grain soft wood, strips of thin parchment, strips of beak leather (sämisch Hirsch, trangegerbt) ["chamois stag leather not completely tanned through." ], and hammer leather of various types. Dry Lube for squeaking beaks and powdered teflon for the keybed.
Note: Because the hammer is attached directly to the key, it is essential that both front and balance rail bushings be in perfect condition. Wobble in the key will also cause the hammer strike position to change. A big difference between the Viennese and English action is the fact that the hammer pivot point in the English is fixed by having the hammer flanges screwed to a rail. In the Viennese action the pivot point, in a fork (capsule) mounted on the key, is always in motion.
- Remove the hammers from their brass capsules by inserting the capsule pliers from above and slightly expanding the fork of the capsule. Number and arrange the hammers on a tray. If they are already numbered, make sure they are in the original order.
- Check the condition of the beak leather and the escapement lever parchment hinges. Replace as required. Remove bad parchment hinges by soaking the bottom of the escapement lever in hot water. Take care not to damage the kerf in the escapement lever. Wait until the water has dissolved the glue and gently push out the remains of the old parchment with a scalpel. After removing the parchment, put a piece of wax paper in the open kerf in the escapment until the wood is completely dry.
- Check the condition of the hammer rest pads, balance and front rail felt punchings and back rail cloth. The thickness of the back rail cloth is critical as it controls the relationship between the beak leather and the escapement. If the back rail cloth or hammer rest pads need to be replaced, make them exactly like the originals using layers of cloth instead of felt blocks. Be certain to duplicate the original thickness of the back rail cloth and rest pads.
- Clean corrosion from the rail pins. Clean the keyframe and action.
- On very old instruments which have not been played for many years, a lump of corrosion may have built up on the escapement springs. If the springs are still in good condition, they can be gently cleaned. It may be necessary to replace the spring using spring brass of the same diameter.
- Gently clean the hammer leather by brushing with a soft brush. If the hammer leather needs to be replaced, cut off only the top layer of leather, and measure the thicknesses throughout the scale with a spring-loaded micrometer. Cut new strips of comparable deerskin so that the stretch is side to side. Arrange the new leather in piles according to thickness. The leather should be cut wider than the hammerhead and then trimmed after installation. Using hot hide glue, glue one side of the new leather to the hammer. The glue should be rather thick for an instantaneous bond. Being careful not to get glue under the strike point, stretch the leather across the hammer, trim for length and glue in place. The leather should be glued tightly to the hammer shoulders, but never glue the hammer leather at the hammer crown. When the glue is dry, excess leather should be cut from the sides with curved scissors or a sharp knife.
Use teflon powder for the keybed, the risers which elevate the action in the rear of the keybed, the damper rods, and the damper case.
Dry lube (powdered mica) can be used on the beak leather if it begins to squeak.
These comments are obviously general and will not apply precisely to every Viennese action during the 150-year history of the mechanism. The author welcomes suggestions and comments.
- A perfectly level keyboard
- Leather key bushings which allow free travel up and down, but no wobble.
- Perfect beak leather which projects slightly from the hammer shank tail and is centered under the escapement. The Viennese used a special jig which insured that the distance between the end of the beak leather and the hammershank axel was exactly the same for each hammershank.
- When the key is at rest there should be minimal space between the beak leather


New Study Examines Whether Oregon's Investment in Accelerated Learning Is Paying Off
December 6, 2018
Graphic featuring a paper airplane
In the 2015–16 school year, one in three Oregon public high school students participated in some form of accelerated learning—dual credit, direct enrollment, Advanced Placement (AP), and/or International Baccalaureate (IB).
This is one of several findings in a new study by Regional Educational Laboratory Northwest that offers a first glimpse at how a statewide initiative in Oregon has impacted students' participation in these programs.
Research has shown that accelerated learning can improve students' postsecondary outcomes by preparing them for college through increased academic rigor and expectations in high school, shortening the time to complete a postsecondary degree and reducing college costs through the accumulation of college credits. Based on this evidence, Oregon is one of several states that has made a significant effort to increase access to these programs.
This REL Northwest study explores Oregon students' participation in accelerated learning in the 2013–14 to 2015–16 school years, as well as the schooland student-level characteristics that predict participation in an accelerated learning program. The study also looks at high school-to-college outcomes and how many students were able to transfer the credits they earned.
"This study found several positive outcomes," said Michelle Hodara, a coauthor of the study. "Many public high school students in Oregon are earning college credits in various ways, and this high school experience is linked to much higher high school graduation, college enrollment and college persistence."
In the class of 2015, for example, accelerated learning participants were 30 percentage points more likely to graduate from high school, 25 percentage points more likely to enroll in college, and 22 percentage points more likely to persist in college than their peers who did not take accelerated learning in high school—and these findings were consistent for students of color.
Equity gaps in participation remain, however, particularly for students who were eligible for free or reduced-price lunch and students who attended schools with a higher percentage of economically disadvantaged students. "There is still work to be done to ensure that low-income students have equitable access to accelerated learning and that low-income schools are able to offer AP and IB at the same rates as higher income schools," Hodara said.
While college persistence rates were high for students who took accelerated learning courses, 15 percent of students in the class of 2015 transferred less than half the credits they earned in high school to the Oregon public university they subsequently attended. Meanwhile, nearly 25 percent of students who earned credit from dual-credit math in high schools and 9 percent who earned credit from dual-credit English in high school took the same course or a lower level course at their university or community college.
"This study was not designed to identify why students' college credits are not accepted at the colleges and universities they attend after high school," said Hodara, "but we found that low-income students have fewer college credits accepted, suggesting the need for more advising around credit transfer for high school students who may be first-generation or low-income. Additionally, high schools and colleges should examine their math pathways, since about a quarter of students who passed a dual credit math course took the same or a lower course in college."
Oregon has invested extensively in expanding access to accelerated learning, and education leaders from state agencies and secondary and postsecondary institutions are committed to ensuring that these programs are sustainable, equitable, and effective. The data presented in this study will be used to inform policy and legislative discussions to improve the accelerated learning programs in the state.
Check out a REL Northwest infographic that breaks down the study's key points and findings and download the full report.


text:
Block Trace Analysis and Storage System Optimization
Page Count271 Pages
About the e-Book
Block Trace Analysis and Storage System Optimization Pdf
In the new era of IoT, big data, and cloud systems, better performance and higher density of storage systems has become crucial. To increase data storage density, new techniques have evolved and hybrid and parallel access techniques?together with specially designed IO scheduling and data migration algorithms?are being deployed to develop high-performance data storage solutions. Among the various storage system performance analysis techniques, IO event trace analysis (block-level trace analysis particularly) is one of the most common approaches for system optimization and design. However, the task of completing a systematic survey is challenging and very few works on this topic exist.
Block Trace Analysis and Storage System Optimization brings together theoretical analysis (such as IO qualitative properties and quantitative metrics) and practical tools (such as trace parsing, analysis, and results reporting perspectives). The book provides content on block-level trace analysis techniques, and includes case studies to illustrate how these techniques and tools can be applied in real applications (such as SSHD, RAID, Hadoop, and Ceph systems).
What You'll Learn
- Understand the fundamental factors of data storage system performance
- Master an essential analytical skill using block trace via various applications
- Distinguish how the IO pattern differs in the block level from the file level
- Know how the sequential HDFS request becomes "fragmented" in final storage devices
- Perform trace analysis tasks with a tool based on the MATLAB and Python platforms
Who This Book Is For
IT professionals interested in storage system performance optimization: network administrators, data storage managers, data storage engineers, storage network engineers, systems engineers
Smtebooks Offer Now Direct Links For Download and Preview The Books! Enjoy Guys :)
Download e-Book Pdf
This site comply with DMCA digital copyright. We do not store files not owned by us, or without the permission of the owner. We also do not have links that lead to sites DMCA copyright infringement.
If You feel that this book is belong to you and you want to unpublish it, Please Contact us.
Pro Power BI Architecture

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Convinced that anatomy and biology constitute the foundation on which medical education—especially the training of the specialist—should be based, Dr. Claoué has written an instructive textbook on the internal ear. There is a short introductory chapter on development which leads to an account of maldevelopments met with in practice, as well as of the neurovascular pathways along which infection may spread from the ear to the subarachnoid spaces.
The main text is divided into three parts: The first deals with anatomic, pathologic and clinical considerations of the inner ear; the second, with the technic of microscopic examination, and the third, with a study of the ear of the guinea pig. In the first part the inner ear is described, region by region, in separate chapters, each being introduced by a short anatomic review. Thus the first chapter deals with the osseous capsule—its formation and its more common lesions—otosclerosis, rickets and

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Javascript – How Prototypal Inheritance really...
2012/12/14 13:57
阅读数 150
Everywhere on the web we read that Javascript has prototypal inheritance. However Javascript only provides by default a specific case of prototypal inheritance with the new operator. Therefore, most of the explanations are really confusing to read. This article aims to clarify what is prototypal inheritance and how to really use it on Javascript.
Prototypal Inheritance Definition
When you read about Javascript prototypal inheritance, you often see a definition like this:
When accessing the properties of an object, JavaScript will traverse the prototype chain upwards until it finds a property with the requested name. Javascript Garden
Most Javascript implementations use __proto__ property to represent the next object in the prototype chain. We will see along this article what is the difference between __proto__ and prototype.
Note: __proto__ is non-standard and should not be used in your code. It is used in the article to explain how Javascript inheritance works.
The following code shows how the Javascript engine retrieves a property (for reading).
function getProperty(obj, prop) { if (obj.hasOwnProperty(prop)) return obj[prop] else if (obj.__proto__!== null) return getProperty(obj.__proto__, prop) else return undefined}
Let's take the usual class example: a 2D Point. A Point has two coordinates x, y and a method print.
Using the definition of the prototypal inheritance written before, we will make an object Point with three properties: x, y and print. In order to create a new point, we just make a new object with __proto__ set to Point.
var Point = { x: 0, y: 0, print: function () { console.log(this.x, this.y); }}; var p = {x: 10, y: 20, __proto__: Point}; p.print(); // 10 20
Javascript Weird Prototypal Inheritance
What is confusing is that everyone teaches Javascript prototypal inheritance with this definition but does not give this code. Instead they give something like this:
function Point(x, y) { this.x = x; this.y = y;} Point.prototype = { print: function () { console.log(this.x, this.y); }}; var p = new Point(10, 20); p.print(); // 10 20
This is completely different from the code given above. Point is now a function, we use a prototype property, the new operator. What the hell!?
How new works
Brendan Eich wanted Javascript to look like traditional Object Oriented programming languages such as Java and C++. In those, we use the new operator to make a new instance of a class. So he wrote a new operator for Javascript.
 - C++ has the notion of constructor, that initializes the instance attributes. Therefore, the new operator must target a function.
 - We need to put the methods of the object somewhere. Since we are working on a prototypal language, let's put it in the prototype property of the function.
The new operator takes a function F and arguments: new F(arguments...). It does three easy steps:
 1. Create the instance of the class. It is an empty object with its __proto__ property set to F.prototype.
 2. Initialize the instance. The function F is called with the arguments passed and this set to be the instance.
 3. Return the instance
Now that we understand what the new operator does, we can implement it in Javascript.
function New (f) {/*1*/ var n = { '__proto__': f.prototype }; return function () {/*2*/ f.apply(n, arguments);/*3*/ return n; }; }
And just a small test to see that it works.
function Point(x, y) { this.x = x; this.y = y;} Point.prototype = { print: function () { console.log(this.x, this.y); }}; var p1 = new Point(10, 20); p1.print(); // 10 20 console.log(p1 instanceof Point); // true var p2 = New (Point)(10, 20); p2.print(); // 10 20 console.log(p2 instanceof Point); // true
Real Prototypal Inheritance in Javascript
The Javascript specifications only gives us the new operator to work with. However, Douglas Crockford found a way to exploit the new operator to do real Prototypal Inheritance! He wrote the Object.create function.
Object.create = function (parent) { function F() {} F.prototype = parent; return new F();};
This looks really strange but what it does is really simple. It just creates a new object with its prototype set to whatever you want. It could be written as this if we allow the use of __proto__:
Object.create = function (parent) { return { '__proto__': parent };};
The following code is our Point example with the use of real prototypal inheritance.
var Point = { x: 0, y: 0, print: function () { console.log(this.x, this.y); }}; var p = Object.create(Point); p.x = 10; p.y = 20; p.print(); // 10 20
We have seen what prototypal inheritance is and how Javascript implements only a specific way to do it.
However, the use of real prototypal inheritance (Object.create and __proto__) has some downsides:
 - Not standard: __proto__ is non-standard and even deprecated. Also native Object.create and Douglas Crockford implementation are not exactly equivalent.
 - Not optimized: Object.create (native or custom) has not yet been as heavily optimized as the new construction. It can be up to 10 times slower.
Some further reading:
If you can understand with this picture (from the ECMAScript standard) how Prototypal Inheritance works, you get a free cookie!
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The Dole of the King's Daughter
1 min
The Irish playwright, novelist, essayist an d poet, Oscar Wilde, is considered a spokesman for the late 19th century Aesthetic movement in England. His best known work, The Picture of Dorian Gray [+]
Seven stars in the still water,
And seven in the sky;
Seven sins on the King's daughter,
Deep in her soul to lie.
Red roses at her feet,
(Roses are red in her red-gold hair)
And O where her bosom and girdle meet
Red roses are hidden there.
Fair is the knight who lieth slain
Amid the rush and reed,
See the lean fishes that are fain
Upon dead men to feed.
Sweet is the page that lieth there,
(Cloth of gold is goodly prey,)
See the black ravens in the air,
Black, O black as the night are they.
What do they there so stark and dead?
(There is blood upon her hand)
Why are the lilies flecked with red?
(There is blood on the river sand.)
There are two that ride from the south to the east,
And two from the north and west,
For the black raven a goodly feast,
For the King's daughter to rest.
There is one man who loves her true,
He hath duggen a grave by the darksome yew,
(One grave will do for four.)
No moon in the still heaven,
In the black water none,
The sins on her soul are seven,
The sin upon his is one.


text:
make an implied comparison; this usage is perfectly
acceptable in the United States but careful writers in the UK try to
avoid it (Burchfield).
Generally, the only question about than arises
when we have to decide whether the word is being used as a
conjunction or as a preposition. If it's a preposition (and
Merriam-Webster's dictionary provides for this usage), then the word
that follows it should be in the object form.
He's taller and somewhat more handsome than
Just because you look like him doesn't mean you can
play better than him.
Most careful writers, however, will
insist that than be used as a conjunction; it's as if part of
the clause introduced by than has been left out:
He's taller and somewhat more handsome than
You can play better than
he [can play].
In formal, academic text, you should
probably use than as a conjunction and follow it with the
subject form of a pronoun (where a pronoun is appropriate).
Then is a conjunction, but it is
not one of the little conjunctions listed at the top of this page.
We can use the FANBOYS conjunctions to connect two
independent clauses; usually, they will be accompanied (preceded) by
a comma. Too many students think that then works the same
way: "Caesar invaded Gaul, then he turned his attention to England."
You can tell the difference between then and a coordinating
conjunction by trying to move the word around in the sentence. We
can write "he then turned his attention to England"; "he turned his
attention, then, to England"; he turned his attention to England
then." The word can move around within the clause. Try that with a
conjunction, and you will quickly see that the conjunction cannot
move around. "Caesar invaded Gaul,
and then he turned his
attention to England." The word and is stuck exactly there
and cannot move like then, which is more like an adverbial
conjunction (or conjunctive adverb — see below) than a coordinating
conjunction. Our original sentence in this paragraph — "Caesar
invaded Gaul, then he turned his attention to England" — is a
comma splice, a faulty sentence construction in which a comma
tries to hold together two independent clauses all by itself: the
comma needs a coordinating conjunction to help out, and the word then simply doesn't work that way.
A Subordinating Conjunction (sometimes called a
dependent word or subordinator) comes at the beginning of a Subordinate
(or Dependent) Clause and establishes the relationship between the
dependent clause and the rest of the sentence. It also turns the clause into
something that depends on the rest of the sentence for its meaning.
He took to the stage
as though he had been preparing for
this moment all his life.
Because he loved acting, he refused to give up his dream
of being in the movies.
Unless we act now, all is lost.
Notice that some of the subordinating conjunctions in the table
below — after, before, since — are also prepositions, but as subordinators
they are being used to introduce a clause and to subordinate the following
clause to the independent element in the sentence.
Common Subordinating Conjunctions
after although as as if as long as as though because before even if even though
if if only in order that now that once rather than since so that than that
though till unless until when whenever where whereas wherever while
Strictly speaking, the word like
is a preposition, not a conjunction. It can, therefore, be used to
introduce a prepositional phrase ("My brother is tall
father"), but it should not be used to introduce a clause ("My
brother can't play the piano likeas he did
before the accident" or "It looks
like as if
basketball is quickly overtaking baseball as America's national
sport."). To introduce a clause, it's a good idea to use
as though, or as if, instead.
Like As I told you earlier, the
lecture has been postponed.
It looks like as if it's going to snow
Johnson kept looking out the window
as though he had someone waiting for him.
In formal, academic text, it's a good
idea to reserve the use of like for situations in which
similarities are being pointed out:
This community college is
like a two-year
liberal arts college.
However, when you are listing things that
have similarities, such as is probably more suitable:
The college has several highly regarded neighbors,
like such as the Mark Twain House, St. Francis
Hospital, the Connecticut Historical Society, and the UConn Law
that is used as a
conjunction to connect a subordinate clause to a preceding verb. In
this construction that is sometimes called the "expletive
that." Indeed, the word is often omitted to good effect, but the
very fact of easy omission causes some editors to take out the red
pen and strike out the conjunction that wherever it appears.
In the following sentences, we can happily omit the that (or
keep it, depending on how the sentence sounds to us):
Isabel knew [that]
she was about to be fired.
her fellow employees hadn't supported her.
I hope [that]
she doesn't blame me.
Sometimes omitting the that
creates a break in the flow of a sentence, a break that can be
adequately bridged with the use of a comma:
The problem is,
that production in her
department has dropped.
that we didn't have these
problems before she started working here.
As a general rule, if the sentence feels
just as good without the that, if no ambiguity results from
its omission, if the sentence is more efficient or elegant without
it, then we can safely omit the that. Theodore Bernstein
lists three conditions in which we should maintain the
When a time element intervenes between the verb and the
clause: "The boss said yesterday
that production in this
department was down fifty percent." (Notice the position of
When the verb of the clause is long delayed: "Our
annual report revealed that some losses sustained by this
department in the third quarter of last year were worse than
previously thought." (Notice the distance between the subject
"losses" and its verb, "were.")
When a second that can clear up who said or did
what: "The CEO said that Isabel's department was slacking off and
that production dropped precipitously in the fourth quarter."
(Did the CEO say that production dropped or was the drop a result of
what he said about Isabel's department? The second that makes
the sentence clear.)
Some conjunctions combine with other words to form what are
called correlative conjunctions. They always travel in pairs, joining
various sentence elements that should be treated as grammatically equal.
She led the team
not only in statistics but also
by virtue of her enthusiasm.
Polonius said, "Neither a borrower
nor a lender
Whether you win this race
or lose it doesn't
matter as long as you do your best.


text:
Objectives: The study analyzed the dating and premarital sexual behaviors of adolescents with different backgrounds who had ever made friends on the Internet. The study also aimed to discern the differing influential factors on the dating and premarital sexual behavior of adolescents of the opposite sex who first met virtually or in-person. Methods: A stratified cluster sampling method was used to identify 1003 second-year public junior high school, high school, and vocational school students in Taipei with Internet friend-making experience. Participants completed a cross-sectional questionnaire. Results: Of the participants, 19.2% had dated a person of the opposite sex first met on the Internet, which was reflected in their lower score for the family relationship portion of the questionnaire (p<.001). The main factor influencing the pursuit of a virtual or reality-based romantic relationship varied with participants; those inclined to a virtual route were influenced by their friendship with opposite gender peers, while the degree of premarital sexual behavior acceptance influenced reality-based relationships (p<.001). The degree of willingness to date was the strongest predictive factor for sexual openness with Internet companions, while acceptance of premarital sexual behavior most strongly predicted pursuit of a reality-based relationship. Conclusions: Family relationship is an important protective factor to reduce high-risk sexual behavior of adolescents. The patterns of adolescent dating and premarital sexual behavior with opposite sex companions first met through the Internet and in person are different. Intervention strategies should take into account these different patterns, necessary to divide groups in designing the intervention courses to meet their different needs. 333.
|Number of pages||11|
|Journal||Taiwan Journal of Public Health|
|Publication status||Published - 2009 Aug 1|
- Internet friend making
- Premarital sexual behavior
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health


Translation of "name" - English-Korean dictionary
noun uk /neɪm/ us /neɪm/
What's your name?
My name is Alexis.
I can't remember the name of the street.
verb uk /neɪm/ us /neɪm/ present participle naming, past tense and past participle named
B1 to give someone or something a name
이름을 지어주다
We named our son Edward.
B1 to say what the name of someone or something is
이름을 대다
Can you name three types of monkey?
(Translation of "name" from the Cambridge English–Korean Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)


text:
"Scientific images are multipurpose tools: they represent things, relationships, even arguments. But just as a map does not duplicate the territory it represents, words do not mirror the world in every detail."
Science has struggled with words since the seventeenth century—yet not only has science never been speechless: it has been all about communication. This happens first and foremost between scientists, but also with and among a broader public fascinated by the latest discoveries and inventions, and speculations about fossils, electricity, atoms, computers, genes, and galaxies. How have the words we use for science evolved over the past 175 years? Director Emerita Lorraine Daston explores this fascinating question in Scientific American, reflecting on the myriad relationships between science, research, and language with the help of visualizations of word use in the publication since 1845 to the present day.
"Into the crack between words and things sprang images," explains Daston. Modern science therefore is ingeniously, intrinsically, and extravagantly visual. And because the topic of interest changes over time, as Daston shows, no single image is able to tell the whole story.


Often asked: What is a fein?
What does Fein mean?
A Federal Employer Identification Number (FEIN) is not required for all business types. If you are a sole proprietor or single-member LLC with no employees, you are not required to have a FEIN. All other businesses must request a FEIN from the IRS website, or contact them at _PHONE_ with questions.
How do I find my Fein number?
You can locate your EIN on your confirmation letter from the IRS, old tax returns, old business loan applications, your business credit report, or payroll paperwork. You can also call the IRS to look up your federal tax ID number. If you need to locate another company's EIN, you can start by asking the company.
What is the difference between an Fein and a tax ID number?
A federal employment identification number (FEIN) is the exact same thing as an employer identification number (EIN). The only exception to this rule is in when someone uses the abbreviation EIN to refer to a state tax identification number. In that situation, the state EIN is not the same as a federal EIN.
What does Fein mean for unemployment?
9-digit Federal Employer Identification Number (FEIN) – a FEIN can be obtained by going to the IRS website.
Is Fein a word?
fein is an acceptable dictionary word for games like scrabble, words with friends, crossword, etc. The wordfein' is made up of 4 letters.
Is Feening a real word?
Is Feening a real word? No, "feen" is the word. It was "fiend", but it's now "feen" in certain people's lexicon.
You might be interested: Often asked: What is adhd mean?
What does an Fein number look like?
FEIN is an acronym for Federal Employer Identification Number, also known as an EIN. This unique, nine-digit number is used by the IRS to identify a business operating in the United States. An FEIN is structured like this: XX-XXXXXXX. An FEIN is a type of taxpayer identification number (TIN) used by certain businesses.
Can I verify EIN online?
Anyone can access this information directly from the IRS. As such, a nonprofit must provide you the EIN upon request, and you can verify this directly with the IRS on the Exempt Organization page of the IRS website. The site not only verifies EINs but advises you if organizations are in good standing with the IRS.
Is Fein public record?
Your employer identification number (EIN), or FEIN, allows you to do business and report financial information to the Internal Revenue Service. However, an EIN number is a public record, making your company vulnerable to people who care less about your business.
Who needs Fein?
The IRS uses the EIN to identify the taxpayer. EINs must be used by business entities–corporations, partnerships, and limited liability companies. However, most sole proprietors don't need to obtain an EIN and can use their Social Security numbers instead. Even so, you may want to obtain an EIN anyway.
Where is the Fein on w2?
The best place to look your employer's EIN (Employer Identification Number) or Tax ID is in Box b of your W-2 form. Look for a 9-digit number with a dash separating the second and third digit (NN-NNNNNNN). It's usually right above your employer's name or below their address.
You might be interested: What does bisect mean?
Should I give out my tax ID number?
You can think of an EIN as a social security number for your business. Don't worry about keeping it secure though, because unlike a social security number, an EIN is not considered sensitive information. Be careful to never give out your EIN unless you need to—in the wrong hands, it can be used for identity theft.
Do you need an EIN for unemployment?
Requirements may vary from state to state, but here's a sampling of the information you will need to have available when filing for unemployment: Your Social Security number. The Employer Registration number or Federal Employer Identification Number (FEIN) of your most recent employer (if you have either).
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Related Question on Metaculus:
Weapons in which the energy is provided by nuclear fission or fusion have only twice in history been detonated outside of a controlled test environment, in the Hiroshima and Nagasaki events in World War II.
Since then, the world has nearly gone to nuclear war as a result of international conflict (during the Cuban Missile Crisis) and by accident. There have also been a number of narrowly-averted accidental nuclear detonations. See this timeline for a sobering look at how close we have come.
Will no non-test nuclear weapons be detonated by January 1, 2024?
This question will resolve as Yes if no nuclear weapon is detonated before January 1, 2024, outside of controlled tests. Negative resolution could be triggered by:
Deliberate nuclear attack.
Accidental nuclear attack (launched by accident or on the basis of erroneous information.)
Accidental detonation of a weapon.
For these purposes we do not consider a radiological weapon — where any fission/fusion energy is energetically sub-dominant to chemical or other explosives — to constitute a nuclear detonation.
The deliberate detonation of nuclear weapons primarily for non-offensive engineering, mining or other civilian purposes (on Earth or in Space) do not trigger negative resolution.


1–2000.
January Minimums, 1981–2010 compared to 1971–2000. January Minimums, 1981–2010 compared to 1971–2000. Credit: NOAA.
In the two images above you can see the differences between the old normals (1971 to 2000) and the new normals. The top image shows changes in July maximum temperatures. The bottom shows changes in January minimum temperatures. Warmer temperature changes are orange and red. Cooler temperature changes are blue.
A few notables:
 - On average, the contiguous US experienced the lowest temperatures on January nights and the highest temperatures on July days.
 - Both January minimum temps and July maximum temps changed in the past three decades—though not equally.
 - Parts of the Great Plains, the Mississippi Valley, and the Northeast experienced slightly cooler July maximums from 1981–2010 compared to 1971–2000 (top map).
 - Far more striking are the January minimums (bottom map). Nighttime January temps were higher everywhere except the Southeast. Warmer nights were most pronounced in the northern plains and northern Rocky Mountains.
 - In some places the new normal were several degrees warmer than the old normal.
On a state-by-state basis, the annual average minimum (left) and maximum (right) temperatures across the United States are warmer in the _PHONE_ Climate Normals than in the _PHONE_ version. Credit: NOAA.On a state-by-state basis, the annual average minimum (left) and maximum (right) temperatures across the United States are warmer in the _PHONE_ Climate Normals than in the _PHONE_ version. Credit: NOAA.
As you can see in the maps above, based on average year-round temperatures, every state experienced warmer temperatures in 1981–2010 compared to 1971–2000.
A few pros and cons of a warming US:
 - Fire season is now longer due to warmer nights.
 - Pollination patterns are changing, with flowering plants blooming an average of one day earlier each decade.
 - Warmer nights and later onset of freezing days also means plants are shifting farther north.
 - Warmer temperatures pose hazards to plants by enabling pests (pine bark beetle and wooly adelgid) to thrive in places where cold winters previously froze them.
Standing dead trees—pine beetle damage—in a patch of forest in the mountains near Granby, Colorado. Warmer winters are allowing the destructive insect to thrive. The pine beetle has infested 1.5 million acres of lodgepole pine in Colorado. Credit: NOAA.Standing dead trees from pine beetle damage, seen in a patch of forest in the Rocky Mountains. Warmer winters are allowing the destructive insects to thrive, infesting 1.5 million acres of lodgepole pine in Colorado. Credit: NOAA.
Eastern hemlocks killed by an infestation of woolly adelgids. Credit: William M. Ciesla, via NOAA.Eastern hemlocks killed by an infestation of woolly adelgids. Credit: William M. Ciesla, via NOAA.
Exxon's Pipeline Problem
| Wed Jul. 6, 2011 11:41 AM GMT
As we noted Tuesday, Montana is dealing with an oil spill in the Yellowstone River. But it looks like ExxonMobil hasn't been exactly honest about its response to the spill. The Associated Press reports that the company took almost twice as long to respond to the spill in the river as it initially claimed:
It also appears that the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA)—the division of the Department of Transportation that oversees pipelines—has found problems with the pipeline before, as Reuters reports:
The agency said the valves did not have a means for clearly indicating whether they were opened or closed. As a result "there was fresh crude oil on the soil immediately adjacent to the valves," PHMSA said in its warning letter.
It also faulted Exxon for not following up in a timely manner on atmospheric corrosion issues that were identified during three years of corrosion surveys on the pipeline.


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NCTA has an exceptional work environment with great benefits.
Responsible for the day-to-day administration and maintenance of the Association servers, networks, and electronic communications systems.
Primary Job Duties/Essential Functions and Responsibilities:
- Maintain a complete familiarity with all of NCTA's IT systems, including but not limited to e-mail, virtual machine hosting, telephony, wireless, remote access, security, database applications, and cloud services.
- Maintain an understanding of NCTA's web operations, particularly the deployment and maintenance of the servers, applications, and infrastructure.
- Along with the other systems administrator, assume responsibility for uptime of NCTA network and servers through attention to logs and alerts, and through regular patching and updating.
- Handle implementation, maintenance, diagnostics, and repair of network infrastructure and server hardware and software.
- Keep up-to-date with the latest developments in computer and networking technology.
- Assist Vice President and other systems administrator in crafting NCTA IT strategy.
- Perform routine tasks related to data backup and disaster recovery: Verify successful backups, perform periodic tests, and restore actual data as needed.
- Insure accurate maintenance, tracking, and disposal of all NCTA IT assets and supplies.
- Adhere to NCTA IT change management procedures, including the creation/resolution of trouble-tickets and all related documentation.
- Assist in the planning and implementation of any offsite meeting networks (e.g., the Kaitz office at Diversity Week).
- Provide user support as needed.
- Three years of experience in server and network administration.
- In-depth knowledge of and hands-on experience with the latest Microsoft operating systems and server applications (SQL Server, Exchange, IIS), productivity software (Office), and cloud (Azure).
- In-depth knowledge of and hands-on experience with recent versions of Microsoft operating systems, server applications such as SQL Server, Exchange, Internet Information Server, SharePoint, and desktop productivity software such as Microsoft Office.
- Proficiency with scripting languages and concepts, particularly Microsoft PowerShell and related technologies such as WSH, ADSI and WMI.
- Familiarity with Linux server management from the command line as well as configuration and maintenance of common application s such as Apache, MySql and nginx. BASH scripting experience preferred.
- An understanding of networking concepts in general, familiar with configuration of firewalls and routers; experience with Cisco products is preferred.
- Be quick to grasp new and sometimes intricate concepts.
- Excellent communications skills: Reading proficiency and an aptitude for producing clear, concise, and grammatically correct documentation.
- A willingness to perform many duties after hours, either late at night or very early in the morning.
- Proficiency at time-management and task-prioritization.
- Attention to detail a must.
- A project-oriented mind-set: Plan, execute, follow up, document.
- An ability to complete projects with a minimum of direct supervision.
- Strict adherence to all company policies, including but not limited to work hours, dress code, and business ethics.
- Ability to remain calm under pressure.
- Capable of working with equal success either as a member of a team or independently.
Only applicants who submit a cover letter and resume will be considered.


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Press Release: First Comprehensive National Study Finds Centers Safest Form of Childcare
Child care centers are much safer than all other forms of child care, according to a new national study.
Sociologists Julia Wrigley and Joanna Dreby of the City University of New York Graduate Center created a comprehensive database of child care failures, including fatalities, between 1985 and 2003. They found that child care is quite safe overall, and child care fatalities are rarer than outside of paid care. But the fatality rate for children who receive child care in private homes is sixteen times higher than the fatality rate for children in child care centers.
The study appears in the October issue of the American Sociological Review. It was funded by the Foundation for Child Development.
While more than 8 million children are in paid child care every day, until now little has been known about their safety. Wrigley and Dreby analyzed reports of 1,362 fatalities (among 4,356 caregiving failures) from 1985 to 2003. The fatality data was gathered from media reports, legal cases, and state records. Three forms of child care were investigated: child care centers, nannies working in children's homes, and family day care providers working in their own homes.
"While accidents can happen anywhere, child care centers are almost 100% protective against children's deaths by violence. They are much safer than arrangements in private homes," explains Wrigley.
Infants are by far the most vulnerable children in care. Their fatality rate from both accidents and violence is nearly seven times higher than that of children from one to four. Equally striking are differences in infant fatality rates across types of care. The infant fatality rate in the care of nannies or family day care providers is more than seven times higher than that in centers.
Why are centers the safest form of child care?
Wrigley and Dreby conclude that centers are the safest form of child care because they afford children multiple forms of protection. Most importantly, staff members do not work alone. They have others watching them and helping them cope with fussy infants or whining toddlers. This helps them maintain their emotional control. It also helps identify and remove unstable or volatile workers. Center teachers also have more training than most caregivers in private homes and they are supervised by professionally-trained directors. Finally, centers control access by outsiders more effectively to keep out people who might pose risks.
These protections help reduce risks of accidental deaths, such as suffocation and drowning. But they are especially important in preventing violent deaths. Not a single shaken baby fatality was found in a child care center, while 203 were reported in arrangements in private homes. The stress of infant crying, in particular, can drive caregivers to impulsive acts of violence. With little professional training, without supervisors or coworkers, and often paid very little for long hours of work, even some experienced caregivers can lose emotional control. Once children are past the toddler years, safety differences between centers and other forms of child care diminish.
Wrigley says, "Child care is quite safe overall, but it could be made safer. We need to recognize what a stressful and demanding job it is to look after young children. Improved safety will only come with more resources and closer regulation of care."
How can we improve child care safety?
A complete copy of the article, titled: "Fatalities and the Organization of Childcare," can be found beginning November 1 on the website of the American Sociological Association _URL_ which will also be linked from The Graduate Center's website _URL_. Hard copies may be obtained from by contacting Johanna Ebner at the American Sociological Association, 1307 New York Avenue, NW, Suite 700, Washington, D.C. 20005.
While working on this research, Julia Wrigley was a Professor of Sociology at the CUNY Graduate Center, where she was recently appointed Acting Associate Provost. Her work focuses on social class and inequality. She is the author of Class Politics and Public Schools, on conflicts over the control and funding of Chicago's schools, and Other People's Children, on relations between middle-class parents and their children's caregivers. She edited Sociology of Education and chaired the ASA section on Children and Youth.
Joanna Dreby is a Ph.D. student in Sociology at the CUNY Graduate Center. Her research interests include child care, the sociology of children, gender and families and immigration/transnational communities. She recently spent a year in Mexico on a Fulbright doing research for her dissertation on parent-child separation in Mexican transnational families.
The Foundation for Child Development is a national, private philanthropy dedicated to the principle that all families should have the social and material resources to raise their children to be healthy, educated, and productive members of society. PK-3, the Foundation's signature focus, seeks to create a new beginning for public education from prekindergarten through third grade. For more information, visit the Foundation's website, _URL_.
The Graduate Center is the doctorate-granting institution of The City University of New York. The only consortium of its kind in the nation, the school draws its faculty of more than 1,700 members mainly from the CUNY senior colleges. Established in 1961, The Graduate Center has grown to an enrollment of about 4,000 students in 32 doctoral programs and six master's degree programs in the humanities, social sciences, and sciences. The Graduate Center also houses 28 research centers and institutes, administers the CUNY Baccalaureate Program as well as a number of other university-wide academic programs, and offers a wide range of continuing education and cultural programs of interest to the general public. Further information on The Graduate Center's programs and activities can be found on its website at: _URL_.
Submitted on: NOV 1, 2005


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Boreal Tree Growth Slows as Climate Warms
It appears that climatic warming in boreal forests has pushed many trees beyond the limits of their optimal growing conditions. In recent decades, the growth rates of northern conifers often slowed down when temperatures got abnormally high.
American scientists examined widths of tree growth rings laid down between 1902 and 2002 at 269 northern sites distributed across North America and Eurasia. They then matched the tree growth data with local historical temperatures and precipitation.
The ten major species of boreal conifers analyzed all showed instances during the 20th century of slower tree growth under higher temperatures. This phenomenon, which the study's authors term "browning", appeared in nearly all areas of Canada, Alaska, Europe and Asia that they sampled.
Notably, browning occurred much more frequently after 1942. Browning has been particularly prevalent in jack pine and four species of spruce: Norway, Siberian, black and white spruces.
Scots pine and Siberian spruce had stalled growth during hot years more frequently on some drier sites with relatively low precipitation compared with moister locations. They, along with white spruce and Siberian larch also experienced browning most often in the warmer portions of their range. For instance, sites where growth rates slowed in Siberian larch were on average 2 °C warmer in summer than sites that never exhibited browning.
One other factor showed up in the intercontinental tree-ring analysis, that of pollution. Tree browning occurred more frequently in eastern Europe and northwestern Russia, regions prone to heavy air pollution, than in undeveloped areas.
The effect of temperature was widespread, though, as even unpolluted forests showed browning. The study's authors conclude that warmer temperatures have dampened tree growth in two ways. Both the direct effect of rising growing-season temperatures and the indirect effect of water stress induced by greater evapotranspiration under warm conditions have hindered boreal tree growth.
Andrea H. Lloyd and Andrew G. Bunn. 2007. Responses of the circumpolar boreal forest to 20th century climate variability. Environmental Research Letters. 2: 045013.


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above is one of the earliest known maps of the confederacy. It was printed in February 23,
1861, shortly after the secession of the southern states to form the Confederate States of America. The map appeared in the February 23, 1861 edition of Harper's Weekly. The map, for the first time, shows a nation divided; Divided, North and South, with the fate of Nations hanging in the balance.
The map contains the following title:
EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS
The Union States are shown in Gray, and the
Confederate States are shown in White. This is one of the earliest maps of the Confederacy ever created. The
Southern States are shown to be: Texas, the Indian Territory (Oklahoma), Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and
Florida. This is a striking map, and was created before the start of the Civil War. This image of the Nation Divided must have created a sense of foreboding amongst the people of the day who saw it.


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HeadbandMade in Maine, United States, North and Central America
or Canada, North and Central America
Artist/maker unknown, American, for trade with the Native Americans
Currently not on view
1925-51-2Gift of an anonymous donor, 1925
LabelAmong American Indian tribes, the giving and receiving of gifts was an essential component of maintaining intertribal relationships. During the eighteenth century, British and French colonists adopted this Native American custom as they sought to secure the Indians' friendship and make alliances in their struggle for an empire in America. Early gifts included hats trimmed with lace, brightly colored cloth, and utilitarian items such as knives, shot, tin pots, needles, and scissors. As the competition for territory between the British and French increased, they created more valuable gifts made from currency and scrap silver, including gorgets, breastplates, brooches, and necklaces. This practice continued into the early nineteenth century, when American traders began offering silver articles of adornment to the Indians along the northern and western frontiers in exchange for furs and trading rights.


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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the level of agreement between the routinely used "multiple-load method" and a simple "two-load method" based on direct assessment of the F-V relationship from only 2 external loads applied. Twelve participants were tested on the maximum performance vertical jumps, cycling, bench press throws, and bench pull performed against a variety of different loads. All four tested tasks revealed both exceptionally strong relationships between the parameters of the 2 methods (median R = 0.98) and a lack of meaningful differences between their magnitudes (fixed bias below 3.4%). Therefore, addition of another load to the standard tests of various functional tasks typically conducted under a single set of mechanical conditions could allow for the assessment of the muscle mechanical properties, such as the muscle F, V, and P producing capacities.
Suzovic, Dejan; Zivkovic, Milena Z.; Djuric, Sasa; Cuk, Ivan; and Jaric, Slobodan
"A SIMPLE METHOD FOR ASSESSMENT OF MUSCLE MECHANICAL CAPACITIES FROM FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT TASKS,"
ISBS Proceedings Archive: Vol. 35
, Article 112.
Available at: _URL_


text: OBJECTIVE: To assess maternal, newborn, and obstetric risk factors associated with anal sphincter tear in multiparous women. METHODS: This case-control study identified 18,779 multiparous vaginal deliveries from 1992 to 2004 from an obstetric automated record database at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Two hundred eighty-four patients were selected, 145 cases and 139 controls. Variables from the index pregnancy and prior pregnancies were analyzed, and multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to determine significant predictor variables for anal sphincter tear in multiparous women. RESULTS: One hundred forty-five multiparous women with no history of cesarean delivery sustained a sphincter tear. Multivariable logistic regression showed a significant association with episiotomy (odds ratio [OR] 16.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 7.7-34.4), shoulder dystocia (OR 7.9, CI 1.6-38), forceps delivery (OR 4.7, CI 2.0-11.2), and being married (OR 2.2, CI 1.1-4.6). A second exploratory model that included variables from previous pregnancies, showed that in addition to episiotomy (OR 34.6, CI 8.8-136), shoulder dystocia (OR 11.1, CI 1.3-95.2), forceps delivery (OR 6.1, CI 1.6-23.5), previous sphincter tear (OR 7.7, CI 1.2-48.7), and second stage of labor greater than 1 hour (OR 6.7, CI 1.1-42.5) were associated with tear. CONCLUSION: The strongest clinical risk factors for anal sphincter tear in multiparous women are episiotomy, shoulder dystocia, previous sphincter tear, prolonged second stage of labor, and forceps delivery. © 2006 by The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.


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Click on image for full screen view.
| Blue Douglas Fir, Rocky Mountain Douglas Fir, Inland Douglas Fir, Interior Douglas Fir, Colorado Douglas Fir, Pino Real Colorado|
Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca
In Texas blue douglas fir grows only in high elevations in the Guadalupe and Chisos Mountains in west Texas. It would be useful only in similar environments in high elevation west Texas gardens. In regions elsewhere in the U.S. where it gets much more rainfall, it can reach 250 feet tall and rivals the giant sequoias and redwoods. It makes a handsome conical evergreen tree with aromatic needles of medium to dark green or blue-green.
Plant Habit or Use: upright conifer medium tree large tree
Flower Color: reddish cones scattered along branches or on tips
Blooming Period: spring
Fruit Characteristics: small woody cones
Height: to 80 ft.
Width: to 30 ft.
Plant Character: evergreen
Heat Tolerance: low
Water Requirements: medium low
Soil Requirements: adaptable


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Along Happy Valley Road in Metchosin lies an ant hill so mighty, it has its own sign.
A common sight for passersby who live nearby, and a special find for those new to the area, the two-foot-high "Ant Nest" has been a part of a local couple's property for two decades.
The Morrans, who asked to not have their full names included, have lived on their property for 40 years.
"A lot of people have never seen an ants' nest," Mrs. Morran said, adding that onlookers often stop to take pictures of the crawling insects. "A lot of people walk along the bank and it became a bit of a highlight for them."
Rob Higgins, a professor at Thompson Rivers University and ant expert, said the species is most likely the "formica oreas," also known as a thatching ant – the most common kind to live on southern Vancouver Island.
Thatching ants can have a painful bite and spray acid that will leave humans with a burning sensation. Their nests can start from a single queen ant and grow to a population of thousands.
"It isn't really clear why they swarm onto the surface of the nest. They might be trying to warm their bodies and then take that heat back into the nest, or they might be trying to take overheated bodies from within the nest and radiate away the excess heat," Higgins said.
"They will change the number of entrance holes in the thatch to control internal temperature. If it gets hot in the nest they will open more, and on a cold day, they will close most to keep heat in."
While the sign is there to warn people, it could also draw the attention of bears, which are known to dig up the hills for food, Higgins said.
"I once saw a young bear just dipping his paws into a nest he had torn open and seemed to happily be licking the ants off of his paws."
Luckily, Mrs. Morran told Black Press Media says the local bears have so far stayed clear.


How to describe animals
Slow worms are not worms, and they are not slow.
Sometimes confusion must come before clarity. And that is never more true than when describing our native UK wildlife.
For example, slow worms are not worms, and they are not slow.
Whales swim in our seas, but the impressive killer whale, which frequents the coast of northwest Scotland, is not a whale at all. That is why many call it an orca.
Bucks roam our countryside: male deer, hares, ferrets and rabbits are all bucks. But interestingly, none actually buck (only horses do). Rabbits give birth to kittens, but kittens can also be baby cats.
It's almost impossible to describe a butterfly that cannot be a moth, and a moth that cannot be a butterfly, while similar is true for frogs and toads.
The common names of animals are nouns. But when describing animal behaviour, the same words are sometimes used as verbs.
 - A perch is a freshwater fish, whereas birds might perch on a branch. It is an accident of language that the same word is used both ways. It is no accident that swifts, those fast flying birds that look similar to swallows, are called swifts. That's because they fly fast.
 - Buck (noun) is a name given to the males of many species. Its origin is thought to be the German word buc, meaning deer. However, the verb 'to buck' can only be applied to a jumping horse.
Verbs can also be turned back into nouns to help describe wildlife.
 - Animals such as moles that burrow become burrowers
 - Whales or barnacles that filter the water for food are filter feeders etc.
Birds perch, while perch swim in our lakes. And those killer whales we mentioned are predatory mammals, that have sharp teeth and eat meat. But they are not carnivores, not strictly speaking. Other iconic black and white creatures, our badgers, are also mammals, though not nearly as predatory. They have sharp teeth, but eat less meat. Yet they are technically carnivores.
You have every reason to be, because much confusion around how we describe wildlife comes from the confusing ways in which we name it.
So when you describe wildlife, it's important to understand which type of name you are using, and why that matters.
For example, wildlife can be described by their common names, i.e. a badger, perch or deer.
Wildlife can also be described by the group of animals to which they belong; badgers are mammals.
By their behaviour; a badger is an omnivore that eats a variety of foods.
Or by their scientific group; technically a badger is a carnivore, not because it eats meat, but because it is related to other weasel-like animals, as well as dogs, cats, bears and seals that share a suite of inherited characteristics, such as sharp carnassial teeth. All these animals belong in the order Carnivora, which is why badgers are technically carnivores.
Common names
Most people know animals by their common names, and there are no hard and fast rules as to what these should be.
Lapwing: BBC Nature A peewit, hornpie or lapwing?
Commonly used descriptions and names for much wildlife have changed with time and vary by location, spelling and capitalisation.
A lapwing, a small wading bird, is variously called a peewit, green plover, teuchit, hornpie or flopwing, depending on its location in the UK. In Gaelic it is a curracag. In Irish a pilibín.
Many names and descriptions have become an integral part of our cultural landscape, influencing the names of drinking establishments, towns, how we speak, and our art.
Think of a pub called The Swan in Shrewsbury. There, a local might ask another to stop badgering them, as they want to read Watership Down, a classic English novel about a group of rabbits given human characteristics.
Start Quote
End Quote From the best-selling novel Watership Down by Richard Adams
The attributes we assign to wildlife are often co-opted, becoming more widely understood cultural symbols. The thistle of Scotland symbolises nobility and chivalry, an example of floriography.
Because common names vary, they can cause confusion.
But giving a little-known, perhaps new species a common name is also a powerful way to be able to remember it, talk about it, and make people care about it.
Natural England runs an annual competition to name newly discovered British species for this reason. In 2012, it named a rare wasp that lives in southern England as the Cutpurse wasp, due to its habit of feeding exclusively on purse web spiders.
Animal types
Animals or plants can be informally grouped, defined often by their behaviour or where they live; such as flying insects, or forest flowers. These groupings often have no formal scientific basis.
Or they can be formally grouped into scientific categories. Each of these groups is defined by a suite of characteristics that each animal or plant within must share.
Badgers (once known as brock) are mammals, belonging to the scientific grouping Mammalia. Like badgers, all mammals have fur and all female mammals have mammary glands, which they use to provide milk for their young.
Badger: BBC Nature Brock the badgering badger
Swifts are birds, belonging to the scientific group called Aves. All birds have feathers and wings.
There is no single scientific grouping of fish, however. It is a common name used to describe animals that swim, have fins, and look like 'fish'. Scientists group fish into discrete categories. Some fish have bony skeletons, and are known as Osteichthyes. Others, such as sharks, have skeletons made of cartilage and are called Chondrichthyes.
To understand how scientists formally group and name animals it is important to understand how the Linnaean system of nomenclature works, a classification system that is easier to grasp than it sounds.
Animal behaviours
We often describe animals by their behaviour; where they live, when we see them, what they like to eat, and how they go about acquiring their food, for example.
Describing wildlife in this way can be a valuable way to communicate important information about them, to help find or identify them, or study the common challenges they face.
Marsh frog: BBC Nature Marsh frog or pond life?
Nocturnal animals appear at night, for example. All of them, whether they are bats or badgers, have to be able to move around or navigate in the dark. They develop different senses to help them; either evolving big eyes, ways to use sound to navigate, such as bats using echolocation, or perhaps a super sense of touch, used by moles.
Day living animals are described as diurnal.
Wildlife is often described by the habitat it lives in; pond life, for example.
Or by how it eats; hawks are predators because they hunt other animals. Herbivores such as deer are grazers or browsers.
The heritage and origin of animals and plants can determine how we describe them: invasive species are those that have 'invaded' another habitat, territory or country to which they don't naturally belong.
Scientific names and relationships
As described above, scientists use a specific language when naming species, and that language is governed by a set of rules.
All barn owls in the UK are members of the species Tyto alba. They are the same as barn owls flying all around the world, from South America to Africa and Europe, even if many of these birds may look subtly different.
This system underpins many of our efforts to understand wildlife, its evolution and how it should be conserved.
You decide
There's nothing wrong with describing animals in a personal way, or giving them a generic name, if you are unsure. People might variously call a cockchafer beetle a May bug, mitchamador, billy witch, or spang beetle.
White Hart pub sign A White Hart is a pub and white deer
Occasionally this can lead to confusion. Unless you have a good grasp of mediaeval history, or frequent lots of pubs, you might not know that a White Hart is actually a white deer. Or that an Essex skipper is a type of butterfly that lives far beyond Essex.
But what really matters is that you use the description that works best for you.
If you work in science, you will likely describe wildlife using the formal Linnaean naming system. Other scientists will then understand exactly which species you are describing.
If you live in one part of the country, you'll likely do best using the local, common name for wildlife that people will understand in conversation.
The more you discover and celebrate wildlife, the more you will feel comfortable describing what you see, using the appropriate language.
Tell us how you describe wildlife via BBC Nature on Facebook and Twitter _USER_.
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A VBA Function can be created either within a single form or report or in a stand-alone module, which can then be called from anywhere in the database. The key difference between a Sub() and a Function() is that functions return a value.
Syntax [Public | Private ] Function name([arg_List]) code_block [name=expression] End Function Key Public Extend the scope of this function to all procedures in the project. Private Restrict the scope of this function to procedures within the same module. name The name of the function. arg_List Argument variabless passed to the function, comma separated. By default, each local variable=argument (ByRef) To have each local variable=value of the argument prefix the argument with 'ByValue'. code_block Program code expression The value to return.
Dim intResult as Integer intResult = DemoFunc(5,10) msgbox intResult Function DemoFunc(x,y) DemoFunc = x + y End Function
Most functions can be used in both VBA and in a query by adding the function (and it's parameters) to the 'field' line in the query design view.
For example using the builtin Format() and DateDiff() functions:
If one or more table columns are used as function parameters, then the function will return a different value for each row of the result set. So the query above will return different results for every row in the table that has a different Purchase_Date.
When a function is used that has no parameters such as Now() then it will return the same value for every row returned by the query. Some VBA functions will be considered 'unsafe expressions' when used within an SQL query.
You can prefix the expression with a meaningful name or allow Access to assign a name automatically Expr1:, Expr2:...
"Measuring programming progress by lines of code is like measuring aircraft building progress by weight" ~ Bill Gates
Format - Format a Number/Date/Time.
Now - Return the current date and time.
Sum (SQL) - Add up the values in a query result set.


Grammar and Pragmatics
The research group Grammar and Pragmatics (GaP) unites linguists from two earlier research groups, Center for Grammar, Cognition and Typology (CGCT) and the IPrA Research Center, who study grammar (in a broad sense), pragmatics and their mutual relationship.
A basic tenet is the assumption that language can only be studied and properly understood through its use.
GaP is a partner of the international research network LingNet-Europe.


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Khmu is the most prominent of the languages, having more than 500,000 speakers, most of whom are spread across northern Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, and China. Smaller numbers live in Myanmar (Burma) and in Western countries. Other Khmuic languages include Khang, Phong (also called Kaniang, Piat, or Phong-Kniang), Puoc, Iduh (Odu, Thai Hat), Mal (Thin, Prai, Phai, Lua'), Thai Then, and Mlabri...
...south to Malaysia, west to Assam state in India, and east to Vietnam. The most important Mon-Khmer languages, having populations greater than 100,000, are Vietnamese, Khmer, Muong, Mon, Khāsi, Khmu, and Wa.
What made you want to look up "Khmu language"? Please share what surprised you most...


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A Guide to Inclusive Physical Activity Programs
An Addendum to the Comprehensive School Physical Activity Programs: A Guide for Schools
About this Guide
National efforts have been implemented to reverse the trends of youth physical inactivity and childhood obesity by focusing on increasing physical activity during the school day. Children and youth with disabilities are often not fully included in these efforts, yet often experience even greater rates of physical inactivity and obesity.
The Comprehensive School Activity Program (CSPAP) provides the national framework for increasing physical activity in schools. To insure youth with disabilities are included in these efforts, this Guide provides additional information on the implementation of the CSPAP in each program area.
The goal of the Guide to Inclusive School Physical Activity Programs is to promote inclusion of children and youth with disabilities in school physical activity programs. Inclusion assumes that all children, regardless of ability or disability, have the right to:
- Be respected and appreciated as valuable members of the school community
- Fully participate in all school activities
- Interact with peers of all ability levels with opportunities to develop friendships and learn and respect differences
Guidelines for Disability Inclusion
The Guidelines for Disability Inclusion in Physical Activity, Nutrition, and Obesity Program Initiatives were developed to assist in the updating of community health programs and policies to be inclusive of the needs of people with disabilities. Schools, as part of the community, can use these same guidelines to promote inclusion within the school setting for children and youth with disabilities. The guidelines are as follows:
1. Objectives Include People with Disabilities:
Program objectives should explicitly and unambiguously state that the target population includes people with a range of different disabilities (cognitive, intellectual and other developmental disabilities, mobility, visual, hearing, and mental health disabilities).
2. Involvement of People with Disabilities in Development, Implementation and Evaluation:
Program development, implementation, and evaluation should include input from people with a range of different disabilities and their representatives (e.g., community members or other experts with disabilities, potential participants with disabilities and their family members, personal assistants, and caregivers).
3. Program Accessibility:
Programs should be accessible to people with disabilities and other users socially, behaviorally, programmatically, in communication, and in the physical environment.
4. Accommodations for Participants with Disabilities:
Programs should address individual needs of participants with disabilities through accommodations that are specifically tailored to those needs.
5. Outreach and Communication to People with Disabilities:
Programs should use a variety of accessible methods to outreach and promote the program(s) to people with disabilities.
6. Cost Considerations and Feasibility:
Programs should address potential resource implications of inclusion (including staffing, training, equipment, and other resources needed to promote inclusion).
Programs should be affordable to people with disabilities and their families, personal assistants, and caregivers.
8. Process Evaluation:
Programs should implement process evaluation (with transparent monitoring, accountability and quality assurance) that includes feedback from people with disabilities and family members, personal assistants, caregivers or other representatives, and a process for making changes based on feedback.
9. Outcomes Evaluation:
Programs should collect outcomes data, using multiple disability appropriate measures.
Guidelines for Disability Inclusion in Physical Activity, Nutrition, and Obesity Program Initiatives
Commit to Inclusion
How to Use the Guide to Inclusive School Physical Activity Programs
This Guide should be used in conjunction with the Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program: A Guide for Schools. The Guide includes section headings followed by a page number, which refers to a corresponding page in the CSPAP. Original material from the CSPAP is in italics. You will want to read this section in its entirety and then return to the Guide to consider the additional concepts specific to inclusion. Some sections do not require further information on inclusion.
The purpose of this guide is to provide step-by-step guidance to schools and school districts to develop, implement, and evaluate comprehensive school physical activity programs. The guide can be read and utilized by a group that either already exists (e.g., school health council or wellness committee) or a new group or committee that is made up of physical education coordinators and teachers, classroom teachers, school administrators, recess super visors, beforeand afterschool program supervisors, parents, and community members. It can be used to develop a new comprehensive school physical activity program or assess and improve an existing one. This document was developed to provide guidance and evidence to support voluntary school efforts that are focused on youth physical activity programs. CSPAP Page 5
Full inclusion begins with the recognition that children and youth with disabilities are integral members of the school community and must be more than just acknowledged as an afterthought. Physical activity programs within a school should address the needs of all students in the school community including those with a disability. In doing so, it is important to bring together those that represent needs of children and youth with disabilities.


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usage (plural usages)
- The manner or the amount of using; use
- Habit or accepted practice
- (lexicography) The ways and contexts in which spoken and written words are used, determined by a lexicographer's intuition or from corpus analysis.
- Correct or proper use of language, proclaimed by some authority.
- Geographic, social, or temporal restrictions on the use of words.
the manner or the amount of using; use
habit or accepted practice
the way words are spoken or written in a community
- The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Help:How to check translations.
Translations to be checked
- "usage" in R.R.K. Hartmann and Gregory James, Dictionary of Lexicography, Routledge, 1998.
- Sydney I. Landau (2001), Dictionaries: The Art and Craft of Lexicography, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, p 217.
usage m (plural usages)
- usage, use
- (lexicography) The ways and contexts in which spoken and written words are actually used, determined by a lexicographer's intuition or from corpus analysis (as opposed to correct or proper use of language, proclaimed by some authority).
- "usage" in le Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).


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Water Allocation in the Klamath Reclamation Project, 2001:
An Assessment of Natural Resource, Economic, Social, and Institutional Issues with a Focus on the Upper Klamath Basin
A report by Oregon State University and the University of California
To view the report, you will need the free Adobe Acrobat Reader. For best results, use Acrobat Reader 3.0 or higher.
Copyright 2002 Oregon State University. This publication may be photocopied or reprinted in its entirety for noncommercial purposes. This publication was produced and distributed in furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May 8 and June 30, 1914. Extension work is a cooperative program of Oregon State University, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and Oregon counties. Oregon State University Extension Service and University of California Cooperative Extension offer educational programs, activities, and materialswithout discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, national origin, age, marital status, disability, or disabled veteran or Vietnam-era veteran status. Oregon State University Extension Service and University of California Cooperative Extension are Equal Opportunity Employers.
Published December 2002
Oregon State University Extension Service
Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station
Oregon State University
University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources
University of California, Berkeley
University of California, Davis
#2 Potential Benefits of Water Banks and Water Transfers (4 pages/80 K)
Please send us your feedback about this report.
For more information:
Resources for group building and community problem solving


Drongo, a tree-dwelling bird native to the Eastern Hemisphere. Drongos are 7 to 25 inches (18 to 64 cm) long. They are usually black with a greenish, purplish, or bluish sheen. Drongos are spectacular flyers, swooping and twisting in pursuit of insects.
The black drongois a common bird in India. The fork-tailed drongoof Africa is extremely bold and will attempt to steal insects from birds larger than itself. The spangled drongocan be found throughout southern Asia and Australia.
Drongos belong to the family Dicruridae. The black drongo is Dicrurus macrocerus; the fork-tailed drongo, D. adsimilis; and the spangled drongo, D. hottentottus.


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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In patients with intramedullary spinal cord metastases, the impact of MR imaging and clinical characteristics on survival has not been elucidated. Our aim was to identify MR imaging and clinical features with prognostic value among patients with intramedullary spinal cord metastases from a large retrospective series. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The relevant MR imaging examination and baseline clinical data for each patient from a consecutive group of patients with intramedullary spinal cord metastases had previously been reviewed by 2 neuroradiologists. Additional relevant clinical data were extracted. The influence of clinical and imaging characteristics on survival was assessed by Kaplan-Meier survival curves and log-rank tests for categoric characteristics. RESULTS: Forty-nine patients had 70 intramedullary spinal cord metastases; 10 (20%) of these patients had multiple metastases. From the date of diagnosis, median survival for all patients was 104 days (95% CI, 48-156 days). One clinical feature was associated with decreased median survival: lung or breast primary malignancy (57 days) compared with all other malignancy types (308 days; P <.001). Three MR imaging features were associated with decreased median survival: multiple intramedullary spinal cord metastases (53 versus 121 days, P =.022), greater longitudinal extent of cord T2 hyperintensity (if ≥3 segments, 111 days; if ≤2, 184 days; P =.018), and ancillary visualization of the primary tumor and/or non-CNS metastases (96 versus 316 days, P =.012). CONCLUSIONS: Spinal cord edema spanning multiple segments, the presence of multifocal intramedullary spinal cord metastases, and ancillary evidence for non-CNS metastases and/or the primary tumor are MR imaging features associated with decreased survival and should be specifically sought. Patients with either a lung or breast primary malignancy are expected to have decreased survival compared with other primary tumor types.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Clinical Neurology
- Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging


Energy futures prices and the US dollar exchange rate
Raymond Li
Research output: Journal article publicationJournal articleAcademic researchpeer-review
4 Citations (Scopus)
This paper evaluates the relationship among the NYMEX futures prices for crude oil, unleaded gasoline, heating oil and the US trade-weighted exchange rate. The motivation is to update and extend the literature in an attempt to determine the relationship between the US exchange rate and energy prices. In addition, the causal relationships among the energy futures prices are examined. Cointegration is detected among the variables, but contrary to the existing empirical literature, it is found that the US exchange rate can be excluded from the cointegrating space. The Granger causality tests and impulse response functions also indicate that the US exchange rate is not related to the energy prices. The recursive cointegration analysis reveals that the relationship between the US exchange rate and the energy futures prices has faded across time. Australian Economic Papers
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)62-73
Number of pages12
JournalAustralian Economic Papers
Issue number2-3
Publication statusPublished - 1 Sep 2011
ASJC Scopus subject areas
 - Economics, Econometrics and Finance(all)
Cite this


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Most wind farm SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) historians are under-utilised. Due to the huge amount of data produced by modern turbines, the full value of the data cannot be realised from ad-hoc analysis. SCADA systems are installed at considerable expense. They should therefore be exploited to their maximum potential. SCADA Miner's wind farm SCADA data analysis software service has many benefits:
- Identify wind turbine underperformance and inefficiency
- Monitor compliance
- Increase availability through predictive maintenance and early failure detection
- Release engineering resource
- Increase operational intelligence
Wind turbine technicians sometimes turn panel cooling fans off while they service a panel. The fans are noisy, so this is understandable. Sometimes technicians forget to turn the fans on when they put the turbine back into service. Depending on ambient temperature and wind conditions, the turbine can operate for days with no panel cooling fans.
A test which examines the previous hour of ambient temperature, active power and reactive power can predict the expected temperature of this panel with reasonable accuracy. The panel with no cooling fans will quickly deviate from its expected temperature characteristic and generate an Exception Report which is emailed to the lead service technician. In many cases this alert can save the turbine from being out of service overnight due to panel over-temperature.
Wind Turbine Maintenance Events
Wind turbines execute periodic maintenance routines such as lubrication and pitch battery tests. Periodic routines are easy to audit with automated tests. Once a week, SCADA Miner counts the number of occurrences of periodic event codes (exceeding a minimum qualifying duration) and compares this count (normalised by turbine uptime) to a minimum acceptable count. If the wind turbine is found not to have executed a sufficient quantity of qualified events, an Exception Report is generated.
Failure to execute the expected quantity of a periodic routine seems unlikely but it can happen for a number of reasons including wrong parameterisation, a wiring fault or repeated turbine downtime. Such a test can avoid damage.
Wind turbines use a number of temperature sensors to monitor various components and shut down the wind turbine if the component exceeds an alarm level. Most SCADA historians collect 10-minute minimum, maximum, average and standard deviation analogue values. A temperature sensor will typically fail open or short circuit. When this happens, the measured temperature will be a limit value (e.g. 250 or -50°C). When the sensor begins to fail, it can exhibit short duration excursions to these limit values. Because of the short duration of limit value occurrences, the wind turbine control system does not shut the turbine down (it uses an average temperature to reduce noise susceptibility). These limit values are however, visible in the 10-minute minimum and maximum values and their frequent occurrence always precedes sensor failure as they represent an intermittent open/short circuit.
SCADA Miner's suite of sensor failure tests increase the likelihood of receiving an early warning of sensor failure and performing preventative maintenance to avoid downtime due to sensor failure.
Nacelle Direction Drift
On wind farms with wind sector management, it is important to ensure the wind turbines do not lose their sense of direction. This can lead to generation when the turbine should be shut down (e.g. for noise or load mitigation reasons) or unnecessary downtime because the turbine thinks it is in a shutdown wind sector when in fact it should be generating.
Inefficient Reactive Power Exchange
Inefficient levels of reactive power can occur both at the turbine terminals and the point of connection. SCADA Miner offers tests not only to ensure the wind farm complies with its connection agreement, but also to produce alerts if the wind farm generates or consumes reactive power exceeding the minimum level required by the connection agreement. Excessive reactive power exchange causes real losses.
Unexplained Wind Farm Constraint Detection
Unnecessary wind farm constraints occur much more frequently than may be expected. These can be due to wrong parameterisation, software updates, operator error, and poorly implemented active power control routines.
SCADA Miner has tests to detect suspect constraints and alert wind farm owners to their occurrence.
Generation when the Spot Price is Negative
For a number of reasons, wind farms sometimes generate electricity when the spot price is negative enough that the wind farm owner has to pay for the electricity generated (even when government renewable energy rebates are considered). SCADA Miner offers tests which alert on detection of generation when the spot price makes it unprofitable as well as on detection of conditions which can lead to this occurring.
Reactive Power Compliance
Tests can be configured to generate alerts upon detection of excursions (of configurable severity) beyond the limits of the connection agreement.
Signals such as wind speed, temperature and wind direction are sent to third parties to aid forecasting. High signal quality may be required to ensure compliance with the connection agreement.
Wind speed measurement from a met mast can be checked against nacelle wind speed measurements, as can ambient temperature. Generation of an Exception Report following loss of correlation between the primary signal and its predictor ensures timely awareness of the problem and can avoid breach notices from the grid authority.
Grid Event Detection
Wind turbines typically auto-restart if they trip due to a grid event (e.g. voltage dip or phase shift due to upstream network switching). This can result in very little downtime which often means the event goes unnoticed. Successful fault ride through events are even easier to miss. Wind turbine performance during grid events should be examined to ensure behaviour is compliant with the connection agreement. Upon detection of grid-related alarm codes being generated by multiple turbines within a short timeframe, an Exception Report is created. This prompts the recipient to examine the wind farm performance.
Detect Excessive Alarm Remote Resetting
A high count of an alarm code may indicate the alarm is being remotely reset rather than the problem being investigated. If a wind turbine shuts down due to over-speed twice in one day, has a recurring pitch alarm or shuts down multiple times due to failure to successfully execute a scheduled safety/maintenance routine, an Exception Report can be generated. Excessive alarm remote resetting can cause permanent damage. By alerting the wind farmer to its occurrence, the Exception Report can help prolong equipment life.
Detect Wrongly Allocated Downtime
Wind turbines may perform scheduled routines which result in owner-allocated downtime. Examples include lubrication and cable untwist events. Periodic tests can be created to ensure the frequency and duration of such events is in accordance with typical operation. These tests alert the owner to a wind turbine stuck in an owner-allocated downtime state. They will also generate an alert if a wind turbine is performing a greater number of scheduled events than anticipated. This could be due to wrong parameterisation or a sensor failure.
Temperature Alarms vs. Outdoor Temperature
Turbines can shut down or constrain due to high component temperature when the outdoor temperature is within specification for unconstrained operation. Sometimes the turbine measures high (or extremely low) outdoor temperature and shuts down when in fact, the temperature sensor has failed. SCADA Miner checks the temperature recorded by an alternative measurement source. An Exception Report is generated if temperature shutdown or temperature-initiated power reduction occurs within wind turbine rated operating temperature. This information can be particularly valuable. If a turbine constrains due to a high temperature component, that turbine is still 100% available according to most availability-based contracts. While the wind farm owner suffers lost revenue, there is little motivation for the OEM to address the problem. In countries where the electricity spot price increases sharply on hot days, these constraints occur when electricity is most valuable. There can be significant cost benefits in early detection and rectification of temperature-constraining defects.
SCADA Miner can automate the creation of routine reports. Example reports include:
- Partial/custom availability calculations not supported by wind turbine manufacturer
- Comparison of MTTR/MTBF for the same alarm at different wind farms used as a performance metric for teams of wind turbine technicians.
- Top 10 alarms causing downtime at each wind farm
- Lost production factor
- Remote alarm reset performance – how quickly monitoring technicians address alarms