text:
MODERN CHINA'S BARRIER TO SUSTAINABLE WATER: A GLOBALIZED PERSPECTIVE
AuthorKusy, Annalise Nicole
AdvisorOñate, Andrés D.
MetadataShow full item record
PublisherThe University of Arizona.
RightsCopyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author.
AbstractIn modern China, environmental deterioration quickly transforms into one of the country's most severe problems. Despite pressures of modernization on water resources, reforms and policies unsuccessfully manage this crisis. The lack of genuinely productive actions towards a Chinese ecological civilization traces back to the tension between environmental protectionism and economic growth. The majority of literature on Chinese environmental policy does not consider the influence of globalizing forces on governing bodies. Thus, this research analyzes these gaps in Chinese environmental protection from globalization, a catalyst for China's lacking environmental infrastructure. Here, environmental science, history, policy, and globalization synthesize into a holistic perspective on Chinese water issues. The study finds that mainstream free-trade economic globalization is China's most significant barrier to sustainable water. Historical causations of China's opening-up, foreign environmental implications, and currently operational ineffective environmental protection policy illustrate this barrier. Although this research finds current practices of economic globalization to be ineffective in maintaining a sustainable world, David Boje offers his Mother Earth Economy as an alternative. Overall, the conclusions drawn about China's environmental degradation apply to global environmental degradation. The whole world would do well to be wary of the implications of unchecked globalization on a sustainable future.
Degree ProgramGlobal Studies


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Contact: University of the Philippines-Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research and Development Institution: University of the Philippines Diliman
This study explores how the state defines "indigenous people" and determines their position in the Philippine society. Through cultural productions by indigenous performing troupes, cultural difference is established which also results to cultural brokerage. (Audio links are available).
Although Philippine music is an expression of a Southeast Asian indigenous culture that has been superceded by Spanish and later American elements, it has evolved into a unique cultural expression. Today, one roughly delineates traditional, or "indigenous" music from those with various degrees of Western influences. But we ask on the other hand, how do indigenous musical and cultural traditions contend with modernity and persevere despite drastic changes in the lives of its bearers and practitioners?
A music professor at University of the Philippines Diliman analyzes the productive aspects of rendering culture and difference in what has been aptly categorized as "indigenous music." Dr. Jonas Baes, in his dissertation Modes of Appropriation in Philippine Indigenous Music: The Politics of the Production of Cultural Difference (2004), uses Abaya's definition of cultural politics (1994) as springboard for discussion: "the encounters of power-laden cultural schemas taking place in contestations over definitions of, and responses to social realities." Initially, Baes problematises how the state defines "indigenous peoples" and the resultant schema that have located those who have resisted colonization as mere repositories of pre-Hispanic cultures and traditions, instead of incorporating indigenous peoples within the broader struggles of Philippine society in the global political economy. According to Baes, it is the locus of power that determines and locates those people's positions in Philippine society, positions categorized and known to us as the "pre-Hispanic," the "indigenous," or the "ethno-linguistic."
From those initial assumptions, Baes problematizes the production of "cultural difference" by seeing this as a political act—or, as one that contests and/or negotiates authenticity and the stakes of significance in a field of cultural production made up of festivals, training programs and recording productions, and run by what can be termed as a 'culture industry.' Baes sees that the stakes may be beneficial to both parties—the culture industry and those who participate in it. This is seen in light of material and symbolic benefits that result from production. The culture industry has in fact created a "backyard industry" for a growing number of performing troupes in many regions of the country.
Baes sees mediations between the culture industry and the culture bearers (or "indigenous" performing troupes) as acts of cultural brokerage. "Indigenous" performing troupes have sprouted like mushrooms in the various regions of the country in the last ten to fifteen years and their leaders have learned the trade of negotiating the cultures they have claimed as their own.
Cultural brokerage in the production of cultural difference can be witnessed in four case studies presented by Dr. Baes. These present various modes of appropriation: Bennicio Sokkong, founder of the Cordillera Music Tutorial and Research Center (CMTRC) based in Baguio City; Kanapia Kalanduyan and the Kulintang Training Program at the University of the Philippines College of Music; Baes himself as researcher and recordist in the "Mindanao Highlands Music" compact disc (CD) recording project; and the National Music Competitions for Young Artists (NAMCYA) Festival of Traditional Music.
Bennicio Sokkong is from a family who originated from Tabuk, Kalinga in Northern Philippines. He learned to fully appreciate his native culture when he was invited to teach at the University of the Philippines' (UP) College of Music. At UP, he had the chance to attend international conferences and received many invitations to perform traditional music in festivals, thus making him realize the importance of his culture. His intention to impart Kalinga music to the Philippine society and his willingness to blend traditional music with the popular soundscape led him to establish the CMTRC. Through this institution, he has been able to coordinate with other cultural organizations within the Cordillera Region and teach traditional music to people inside and outside the culture. Sokkong's engagement with sponsoring institutions, especially with those from the government reveals the various levels by which he negotiates his authenticity and the tensions of creating his own institution and its alignments and dis-alignments with local and national cultural agencies. Such struggles hurdled by Bennicio Sokkong highlights the conditions of cultural patronage in the country.
In another chapter, Baes analyzes is the Maguindanao Kulintang Program at the University of the Philippines College of Music. The kulintang is a set of gongs laid in a row, traditionally taught and practiced within an oral tradition by the Maguindanao people. Mr. Kanapia Kalanduyan, a faculty member at the College of Music's Department of Music Research, learned the traditional kulintang in his locality in Datu Piang, Maguindanao at an early age. This chapter discloses the tensions that arise when modern notation and pedagogical systems are applied, or rather imposed, on a musical system with an oral tradition. For Kanapia Kalanduyan, according to Baes, "the differences in pedagogical methods strongly impact on the system of performing and/or improvising." The structure of the pedagogical system at the college makes necessary the use of those musical notations, instead of the oral mode of transmission. Such modifications impact on the traditional pedagogical system, and the modes of performance and learning. Kalanduyan expressed his regret that because of the teaching method imposed by the academic institution, the students only become mimics of other people's performances, instead of developing their own styles of performance. Kalanduyan also laments that since kulintang playing by the great masters such as Ahmal Lumuntod is now reproduceable through notation, people outside the tradition gain access to the kulintang even without the rigours of traditional learning systems. This to him is a threat to the integrity of the tradition on the instrument.
In the next two chapters, one on the "Mindanao Highlands Music" CD recording project and another on the annual organization of the NAMCYA Festival of Traditional Music present the dynamics of negotiation between culture bearers and the academe, as well as institutions of the culture industry.
The chapter on the "Mindanao Highlands Music" CD describes the dynamics of cultural appropriation, as indigenous musicians now living within the fringes of urban centers in Davao del Sur help ethnomusicologists re-create the conditions and sound environment of traditional landscapes in the mountains for a CD recording project. This chapter also highlights the tensions and negotiations in the appropriation of indigenous music for recording productions and the inequity experienced by performing troupes with the institutions that utilize their performances of traditional culture.
Similar situations are highlighted in the next chapter, which deals with the annual "Traditional Music Festival" organized by National Music Competitions for Young Artists (NAMCYA). The NAMCYA is an annual event sponsored by the Philippine government in cooperation with various private institutions and held in Metro Manila. One of the highlights of the NAMCYA is this festival of traditional music, which features performances by indigenous troupes from the various regions of the country. Tensions arise when adjudicators from the National Capital Region come to Mindanao or the Cordillera Mountains to "select" or "judge" performing troupes who have mounted productions that highlight their traditions, and reconstruct these traditions on stage within a limited period of time. Such tensions further illuminate the deeper tensions of accommodation and modification of traditions and the performance of such in altered landscapes in Metro Manila.
In the subsequent chapter, Baes ties up the running themes in the four case studies presented and highlights what he calls the "aesthetic moments" in relation to the question of the politics of the production of cultural difference.
Dr. Jonas Baes' study on the various modes of appropriation in Philippine indigenous music is an elaborate exploration on how cultural difference is reconstructed within the context of social marginality. We ask then: what kind of negotiations has taken place whenever Philippine bamboo instruments or gongs are being tapped in recordings, or when costumed performing troupes render their music in festivals?
Dr. Jonas Baes is a composer and ethnomusicologist who studied at the UP College of Music [_PHONE_] and at the Freiburg Musikhochschule in Germany [_PHONE_]. In 2004, he graduated with a PhD in Philippine Studies from the University of the Philippines. His papers on the Iraya-Mangyan of Mindoro and on topics such as cultural politics, hegemony and marginality have been published in internationally refereed journals. His music compositions have been performed in various international festivals in Asia, Europe and the United States. He is presently the Chair of the Department of Composition and Theory at the UP College of Music.
- Research Folio, The Electronic Newsletter of UP-OVCRD
- AUDIO 1: "DALUY BY BAES AS PERFORMED BY SOKKONG"
- AUDIO 2: "THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL ANTHEM AS RENDERED BY BAGOBO"
- AUDIO 3: "MATALLATAM AETA MUSIC"
Research Folio, The Electronic Newsletter of UP-OVCRD Vol. 2 No. 5 (May 2007)

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Could concentrated solar energy be used to reverse combustion and convert carbon dioxide back into gasoline? That's what scientists at Sandia National Laboratories, in Albuquerque, NM, aim to find out by building a novel reactor that can chemically "reenergize" carbon dioxide.
The device uses a two-stage thermochemical reaction to break down carbon dioxide to produce carbon monoxide, says Nathan Siegel, a senior member of technical staffat Sandia's Solar Technologies Department and one of the researchers developing the technology. "Carbon dioxide is a combustion product, so what we're doing is reversing combustion," he says. The carbon monoxide can then readily be employed to produce a range of different fuels, including hydrogen, methanol, and gasoline, using conventional technologies.
Within the Sandia reactor, invented by Sandia researcher Rich Diver, is a ring of a cobalt-ferrite ceramic material, which is essentially made up of iron oxide and cobalt. A parabolic solar concentrator directs sunlight onto the ceramic material, heating it to around 1,500 °C and causing it to give up oxygen.
As the ring continually rotates, the reduced material passes into a second, separate chamber containing carbon dioxide. Having given up its oxygen, the ceramic reacts with the carbon dioxide, stealing oxygen atoms off it. The result is the production of carbon monoxide. The process is continuous, so that the oxidized ceramic once again passes back into the solar chamber where it is again reduced. "It will work with either carbon dioxide to make carbon monoxide or with water to make hydrogen," says Siegel.
At least that's the theory. The Sandia group has carried out proof of principle demonstrations of various stages of the device but has yet to show that they all work together. The team is building a prototype that will be ready for testing by late spring. "It's 95 percent built," says Siegel.
The cobalt-ferrite ceramic was originally developed in Japan and is easy to produce. To maximize its effect, the material is constructed into a matrix of crisscrossing one-millimeter-diameter rods. This has the effect of producing a high surface area with which to react with the carbon dioxide.
By next June, the researchers expect to have the reactor's performance mapped out, and if it does as well as they expect, a practical version could be available within five years.
"At the moment, we are looking at getting carbon dioxide from industrial sources," says Siegel. The real potential, however, is to capture carbon-dioxide emissions and reuse them as fuel. "We're also looking at ways to pull carbon dioxide out of the air," he says. This would allow the reactor to be mounted anywhere, sucking up the atmospheric greenhouse gas and turning it into fuel. However, Siegel stresses, this is at a much earlier stage of development.
Despite the huge potential, there is currently very little research into finding ways to harness solar energy to produce carbon monoxide from carbon dioxide, says Siegel. But such technology deals with two problems directly: putting carbon dioxide to good use, and finding a way to make the best of the sporadic nature of solar energy. "It offers a way to store this solar energy and use it when you want it," he says.
It's excellent work and, in principle, scientifically quite possible, says Christian Sattler, of the Institute of Technical Thermodynamics at the German Aerospace Center, in Cologne. "The question is, at what efficiency?" he says. "How much energy does it take to carry out this reduction? It may be more efficient to use the solar energy for direct power production."


ABC's of Fictional Creatures
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Can you name the ABC's of Fictional Creatures?
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ACreatures said to be not from this earth. Crash landing said to have occured in Roswell, NM.
BNorth American beast who is said to live out in the wilderness of Canada or the Northern United States.
CAnimals whom are said to be blood-suckers and are said to inhabit Mexico and the Southern United States
DReptilian/serpentine like beast. One has been proven to exist.
EDepicted sometimes as short human like beings who use magical abilities to craft things.
FNature Spirits usually shown as being small human-like creatures who have wings
GPart lion part eagle. Today its likeness is used to guard valuable things.
HA 9-Headed beast told about in Greek mythology. It was told that when one head was chopped off 2 more would grow in its place.
IGreek centaurine sea-gods with the upper body of a man, lower front of a horse, and tail of a fish. They are part of the astronomical constellation Picses.
JDescribed in a poem as having 'a jaw that bites', 'claws that catch', and 'eyes of flame.'
KMariners tale of this beast. Comparable to a Giant Squid
LRumored to live in a loch in Scotland.
MAn half fish-half woman creature.
NGreek mythologic being who personified the creative and fostering activities of nature.
OLarge, cruel, hideous beast often depicted as feasting on humans. Featured in a few fairy tales.
PA bird who according to legend burns itself and nest to ashes by which a new egg emerges to restart the cycle.
QA cherokee legend tells of this part wolf, part man, part dog, part jackal. Very similar to a werewolf but cannot transform into a human.
REgyptian mythologic being that had the head of a falcon and a human body. A sun disk sat upon its head.
SAnother name for a fairy.
TNorse mythologic beast who is similar to the giant but smaller.
UA mythical one horned beast.
VA human like creature who sucks blood for nourishment.
WA part-man part-wolf creature whose part wolf side comes out during full moons.
XPre-Qin dynasty Chinese mythological headless giant.
YA mountain creature who is rumored to live in the Himalayas.
ZA creature who rises from the dead.
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Para pingpong is a diverse sport played by athletes from various disability classes. Each player has their own set of abilities and disabilities, and their own perception of the table size and distance. Every play style is, therefore, unique and different. Based on the player interviews and sketches, these special tables are made in the shapes they described. Para Pingpong Tables replicate the world seen through the athletes'eyes. Stand in front of these tables and experience their challenges and triumphs.
 - YAGI MODEL The round table Born with shortened arms, Yagi cannot reach for wide balls. In fact, almost all areas of the court are unreachable.
 - YAGI MODEL Run with all your might If your arms can't reach, use your legs. This table challenges you to run, run and run some more to return the ball.
 - YAGI MODEL Running through the entire game Running is the key strategy. It requires exceptional stamina and leg strength. Simple but powerful play style is expected at this table.
 - CHADA MODEL The elongated table Sitting in a wheel chair, laying the same table that standing players play, Chada has a limited arm reach. To her, a ball hitting close to the net looks far out of reach.
 - CHADA MODEL The net game It is almost impossible to reach the net. Know that little could be done if a ball hits that part of the surface and be prepared.
 - CHADA MODEL Dictate the rally Do not let your opponent take control. Strategize your attacks to avoid returns close to the net. Put yourself in your opponent's shoes and you will find a way.
International Quality Standards These tables are manufactured with the same technology used to build the "Les yeux bleus" series, an official model for international competitions. The perfectly flat tabletop is designed to ensure a uniform bounce along the entire surface.
Design Concept The bottom layer that is shaped in proportion to the standard pingpong table transforms into the unique shape of the tabletop. It is designed to allow for an intuitive visual understanding of the diverse reality experienced by para athletes.
Universal Design This table is for everyone—children, adults and the elderly, with or without disabilities. The leg layers of the tables are detachable to allow for the wheelchair users to play. Stand in front of these tables and experience the world of para athletes.


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Majority, the state of a person or thing greater, or superior, in relation to another person or thing. In canon law the expression has three principal acceptations:
- In the elections or deliberations of any assembly, majority signifies a higher number of votes. There is an "absolute majority when the number of votes exceeds half the number of the voters; a "relative majority" when the votes for the one candidate, or party, numerically exceed those given to any other. There are also certain special majorities required in certain cases, such as that of two-thirds required for pontifical elections (see CONCLAVE; ELECTION);
- In reference to persons, majority is the state of persons who have reached the age required for such and such definite acts; in particular for acts of civil life. As a rule, the age of majority is fixed at twenty-one years (see MINORS);
- In the hierarchical sense, majority is the superiority of certain persons over certain others by reason of the charge or dignity held by the former. It connotes authority, or at least precedence; and its correlative is obedience when there is question of jurisdiction, deference and respect when there is question of dignity. Thus, in the Church, the clergy are superior to the laity; among the clergy, individuals are ranked according to their jurisdiction, their Holy orders, etc.
In a certain sense, even church buildings have a hierarchical precedence, the first of churches being St. John Lateran's, the pope's cathedral, "mother and head of all the churches of Rome and of the world"; next come the "major" basilicas, then the primatial churches, the metropolitan, cathedral, collegiate etc. (cf. Decretal, I, tit. xxxiii, "De majoritate et obedientia").
About this page
APA citation. (1910). Majority. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. _URL_
MLA citation. "Majority." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. .
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Douglas J. Potter. Dedicated to the Sacred Heart of Jesus Christ.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. October 1, 1910. Remy Lafort, Censor. Imprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is feedback732 at newadvent.org. (To help fight spam, this address might change occasionally.) Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.


ACIS Logo Tenure-Track Position in the Irish Language and its Cultures
The successful candidate will not only be fully fluent in the Irish language and have scholarly-level expertise in its literature, but also show evidence of a multidisciplinary approach to Irish-language studies and to Irish Studies as a whole, as well as a demonstrated interest in how that language is, in itself, both a pivotal generator as well as a conduit of Irish identities whether of nation, region, gender, class, etc., both historically and in the present. To that end, the candidate may have specialization in related disciplines (folklore, film, oral history, cultural studies, historical geography, etc.) provided that they are qualified to fulfill the core Irish-language teaching and research obligations.
They will be expected to offer courses in English on the significance of the Irish language in the context of pertinent issues (for example: language politics, language policy, translation, diaspora studies, minority rights, etc.). Additionally, the candidate will be expected to devise creative strategies that promote community engagement with the language.
For more information, please see official job posting.
Published on: September 25, 2019


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Ground-mounted solar panels are a smart investment for harnessing clean and renewable energy. They offer a practical alternative to rooftop installations, providing ample space for solar arrays and often higher energy production potential. To ensure that your ground-mounted solar panels continue to deliver optimal energy output and have a long and productive lifespan, regular maintenance and proper care are essential. In this article, we'll explore the importance of maintenance and offer practical tips and best practices for keeping your ground-mounted solar panels in top condition.
Why Maintenance Matters
Proper maintenance is key to ensuring that your ground-mounted solar panels operate efficiently and continue to produce clean energy for years to come. Neglecting maintenance can lead to reduced energy output and may result in avoidable damage or issues with your solar system. Regular maintenance helps you identify and address potential problems early, ultimately saving you time and money while maximizing the return on your solar investment.
Inspection and Cleaning Schedule
Establishing a regular inspection and cleaning schedule is fundamental to the maintenance of your ground-mounted solar panels. A well-structured schedule ensures that you don't overlook crucial tasks and helps you stay on top of any necessary maintenance. The frequency of inspections and cleanings can vary depending on your location and environmental conditions, but quarterly or semi-annual checks are often recommended.
Start your maintenance routine with a thorough visual inspection of your ground-mounted solar panels and their mounting structure. Look for any signs of damage, loose bolts, or issues with the frame. Pay close attention to the panel surfaces for cracks, scratches, or any visible defects. Identifying these issues early can prevent further damage and maintain the system's integrity.
Cleaning Solar Panels
Dirt, dust, leaves, bird droppings, and other debris can accumulate on the surface of your solar panels, blocking sunlight and reducing energy production. Cleaning your panels is a crucial maintenance task that can significantly impact your system's efficiency. To clean your solar panels effectively:
- Use Distilled Water: When cleaning your solar panels, use distilled water to prevent mineral deposits from forming on the surface.
- Mild Detergents: If necessary, you can use mild, non-abrasive detergents. However, avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive scrubbers, as they can damage the glass surface.
- Safe Access: Ensure your safety when cleaning by using appropriate access equipment if your panels are mounted at a height. Always follow safety guidelines and use harnesses or other safety gear as needed.
Dealing with Dust and Debris
Dust and debris accumulation are common challenges for ground-mounted solar panels. Dust can reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the solar cells, affecting energy production. Leaves, bird droppings, and other debris can also create shading issues. To address these challenges:
- Regular Cleaning: Include the removal of dust and debris in your cleaning routine. Use a soft brush or a leaf blower to gently remove loose debris before cleaning the panels with water.
- Trim Nearby Trees: If trees or branches are contributing to debris buildup or shading, consider trimming them to minimize these issues.
Maintaining Wiring and Connections
In addition to the panels themselves, it's essential to check the wiring and connections of your ground-mounted solar panels regularly. Ensure that all cables and connections are secure and free from damage. Loose or damaged wires can result in energy losses or disruptions in your solar system's performance.
Monitoring System Performance
Many modern solar systems come equipped with monitoring systems that allow you to keep track of energy production. Regularly monitor your system's performance to ensure it's operating as expected. If you notice a significant drop in energy production, investigate the issue promptly to identify and address any problems.
Safety should always be a top priority when performing maintenance on ground-mounted solar panels. If your panels are elevated or in a challenging location, take appropriate precautions. Working at heights requires proper safety equipment, such as harnesses and safety lines. Additionally, when dealing with electrical connections, follow all electrical safety guidelines to minimize risks.
Maintenance needs can vary with different seasons. For instance, in regions with heavy snowfall, it's essential to address snow accumulation on the panels during the winter. In dry or dusty areas, more frequent cleaning may be necessary to combat dust buildup. Consider the unique challenges of your location and adjust your maintenance routine accordingly.
Professional Maintenance Services
While routine maintenance tasks can often be performed by the system owner, larger or more complex ground-mounted solar installations may benefit from professional maintenance services. Professionals have the experience and equipment needed to conduct thorough inspections, repairs, and cleaning efficiently. If you're unsure about your ability to maintain your solar system, consider hiring professionals to ensure the job is done correctly.
Cost of Maintenance vs. Energy Savings
Some may be concerned about the cost of maintenance, but it's essential to weigh these costs against the potential energy savings and benefits. Proper maintenance can extend the lifespan of your solar system, maximizing its long-term financial benefits. The improved energy efficiency and performance often offset the costs of regular maintenance, making it a worthwhile investment.
Maintaining and caring for your ground-mounted solar panels is essential to ensure they continue to operate efficiently and provide clean energy for years to come. Regular inspections, cleaning, and attention to safety are key components of an effective maintenance routine. By prioritizing maintenance, you can maximize the return on your solar investment while contributing to a sustainable and renewable energy future.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Research tells us that the sense of smell affects about 75% of our daily emotions and plays an important role in memory. Aromas can impact your customers in a particular space the same way decor, lighting, and ambiance would.
Choosing the perfect scent can:
create an emotional response
stimulate recall and retrieval


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brazil: how to live well in the city (in times of climate chaos and peak oil)
Friends of the Earth Brazil / Núcleo Amigos da Terra ran a project to build, support and publicize community-level initiatives to address these issues in the city of Porto Alegre.
FoE Brazil brought together a network of around 50 people who are working to make Porto Alegre a 'transition town', showing the way forward for urban communities committed to tackling climate change. The group includes people from a wide range of disciplines and backgrounds, including experts in permaculture and agroecology, rural workers from the landless workers' movement, social economists, activists and many others.
During 2008, this group supported diverse initiatives, and hosted or participated in a number of events to study and promote sustainable farming and buildings for urban areas. Among the events they organized were practical workshops to transform a domestic garden into a productive space, and workshops on agroecology. Group members also gave lectures, taught in schools, and took part in conferences, public hearings, and regional and national events organized by social movements in Brazil.
The group also set up a website, to share information and ideas with a wider public. The website covers local policies and programs relating to climate change; examples of strategies which have been implemented, locally, nationally or internationally, to reduce oil dependence and greenhouse gas emissions; and stories of individual or community actions taken to build resilience in the cities.
FoE Brazil also supported community projects linked to the National Movement of Struggle for Household and Shelter (MNLM) including:
- Horta Jardim Gordo, a collective urban garden managed by a local community association, which has been going for some time but needed reinvigorating. FoE Brazil gave technical assistance relating to growing food, building a playhouse for children, and starting a rainwater-harvesting project. The garden is now producing food for 27 families, and provides activities and work for young people who are vulnerable to violence and drug dealing.
- At a 'house of passage' at Av Padre Cacique, community leaders support families who are resettling unused buildings, helping the families to generate income. FoE Brazil supported a three-day training programme, teaching people how to build rainwater-harvesting systems, grow medicinal herbs and make compost, as well as focusing on art and communication skills.
Through this project, FoE Brazil has catalyzed and informed the local debate on climate change, with a positive and practical focus on localizing economies, community food production, and the development of lifestyles that are less dependent on oil. They have raised awareness of the false solutions to climate change that are promoted globally, and alternatives for urban and rural areas.
The project has had positive impacts on many levels. There were direct practical benefits to the communities and individuals assisted. The communities also gained visibility and access to processes and resources they were previously unaware of. Their political influence has grown and they are able to provide lessons to the city and more widely.
Environmentalists and social activists have also learned from each other and formed new alliances.
According to Lucia Ortiz from FoE Brazil "the most valuable result was the opportunity to develop FoE Brazil and give visibility to urban communities' real experiences, learning and building confidence to work together in practical and political transformations in the city."
FoE Brazil's experience has shown that there is great potential for urban communities to build creative solutions to climate change and the energy crisis. Localized economies and social technologies can contribute to a better life for all, as well as tackling global problems.
Financial resources are key to building both practical actions and public outreach. FoE Brazil found it was essential to have at least one person working on each project.
The organizations behind 'How to live well in the city' are planning diverse projects for 2009.
FoE Brazil also plans to resist proposed changes in Porto Alegre's urban plan, working with new allies from the social movements.
In 2009, FoE Brazil will also be promoting a Gaia Education course in Porto Alegre, in cooperation with the Federal University and the Centre of Buddhism and Ecology, as well as a short course on Transition Towns.
More information can be found at: _URL_
with thanks to our funders: the dutch ministry of foreign affairs (dgis)


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Macrofollicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (MFVPTC) is one of the rarest histologic types of papillary carcinoma. This tumor may mimic an adenomatoid/colloid nodule or follicular neoplasm (macrofollicular type) both on histology and cytology. There are very few articles describing the cytologic features of MFVPTC. We report the cytologic findings of two surgically confirmed MFVPTC. The first case showed abundant thin colloid with moderate amount of follicular cells arranged in a honeycombed and syncytial pattern. Some but not all the follicular cells showed enlarged round to ovoid nuclei, overlapping nuclei, few nuclear grooves and rare intranuclear inclusions. The second case showed abundant thin colloid and predominantly benign appearing follicular cells with few overlapping nuclei, enlarged round to ovoid nuclei and rare nuclear grooves. No intranuclear inclusions were identified. A review of the literature was done and the cytologic findings of MFVPTC including our two cases were tabulated. The cytologic findings showed moderate to abundant thin with focally thick colloid in 75% of cases and sheet like arrangement of follicular cells in 76%. Although nuclear features such as chromatin clearing, overlapping and grooves were present in majority of cases, the quantity varied from rare to focal. Small to prominent nucleoli were present in all of the evaluable cases. Intranuclear inclusions were seen only in 45% of patients. Hence, the cytologic features of macrofollicular variant of papillary carcinoma though present can be subtle and intranuclear inclusions may not be present always.
- Fine needle aspiration
- Macrofollicular variant
- Papillary carcinoma
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Pathology and Forensic Medicine


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Women Who Inspire Change: Mesoamerican Healers
Anna Hamling, Guest Contributor
"This book is about the intellectual traditions of Mesoamerican women," explains Paloma Martinez-Cruz in the opening lines of Women and Knowledge in Mesoamerica: From East L.A. To Anahuac. A young Chicana college professor, Martinez-Cruz has written a captivating personal narrative that intertwines with the historical account of the ways Mesoamerican women healers played a role during childbirth and helped cure the sick. The resulting story is an engaging read for those intrigued by indigenous healing practices, medicine, and spirituality.
According to Martinez-Cruz's research, women healers were not simply physicians; they were defenders of a feminine knowledge about how to maintain wellness. At a time when elite women weren't permitted to obtain higher education, women who were healers possessed the power of medical specialists and, therefore, enjoyed a dignified status in society.
Inspiring examples of courageous women were abundant. Determined to become educated and not be governed by a husband, the famous nun, Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz—who is often referred to as Mexico's first feminist—made the choice to enter a convent rather than live in "a prison of marriage." Two hundred years after Sor Juana's death, her determination to heal the sick was carried forward by Matilde Montoya, Mexico's first female physician.
By Montoya time, women had access to formal education and convent life had lost its lustre. In spite of the professionalization of medicine, indigenous healing practices survive today and are widely used in Mesoamerican communities to repair those who are unwell.
Women and Knowledge in Mesoamerica enriches our understanding of the alternative healing practices that Mesoamerican women have been performing for centuries. The book serves as a reminder that holistic approaches to treating patients have a history in both women's role in nurturing communities and their empowerment.
Anna Hamling is a senior teaching associate in the Culture and Language Studies department at University of New Brunswick. Her current research is on women artists from around the globe, Latin American dance and cinema, and feminist issues.


Looking for a job? Research suggests your fitness matters
George Guerin | Fitness Blogger By George Guerin | Fitness Blogger
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on January 29, 2013 at 8:00 AM, updated January 29, 2013 at 8:09 AM
It is common knowledge that a person's health can directly impact their concentration and dedication to work, but a new study also reveals how it can affect your place in the job market. The Center for Creative Leadership Study stresses the value of fitness in the life of someone in a leadership position, CEO's in particular. The study concludes that a CEO who is in shape makes a strong leader and has more energy to carry out the job effectively.
From 2006 to 2010 researchers collected data from 757 executives about weight perceptions based on peer reviews and health screenings. Barry Posner, a professor who teaches leadership classes at Santa Clara University's Leavey School of Business, admits "We have stereotypes about fat…so when we see a senior executive who's overweight, our initial reaction isn't positive." The research revealed that due to society's perception of weight, obesity insinuates a lack of judgment, stamina, and self-control. Posner further admits that all of the Fortune 500 CEO's that he knows are all of a normal weight, while some may argue that they can afford to be.
Some feel that these judgments are based on changing times. They claim that at one point climbing the corporate ladder was about sacrificing time, even if that means no sleep, poor eating habits and lots of stress, which all can contribute to weight gain. But now many CEO's have image consultants who stress the importance of appearance. They emphasize that being in the public's eye means being ready for public speaking, the camera, and demonstrating an ideal lifestyle. Being successful means having the time to make money as well as the resources to have a life. These resources for some include having a personal trainer and top level meals. For those looking for that big promotion or that dream job, getting into shape might just get you the impression that you need to land the job.


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Data relating to casualties records events that caused the loss or damage of a vessel but not necessarily its wrecking. These events can include vessels burnt, grounded, cast away, scuttled, prizes taken in battle, and wrecking, all of which may have an impact on the potential for wreckage or debris on the seabed. Numerous journeys recorded were related to descriptions of incidents at sea which did not necessarily lead to a wrecking event. Casualty events therefore had to be recorded to avoid breaking up related information.
The casualty data for England's Shipping recorded pre-1730 events in the database to characterize the locations and manner of loss of the vessels, which was also plotted in the GIS. Data was extracted from secondary sources such as Larn's Shipwreck Index of the British Isles, Rodger's Safeguard of the Seas, and Hepper's British Warship Losses in the Age of Sail.
Many of the records were inferred from historic descriptions rather than based on archaeological evidence, and tended to be vague. The casualty locations mapped were given 5 kilometers buffers to reduce the uncertainty of the co-ordinates provided. The number of casualty events recorded in the database is currently too small to identify significant trends or relationships with other data.
Although casualty data can be obtained from the National Monument Record office, the recording of casualty data was necessary to maintain the relationships described between events. Further recording of the relationships between journeys and casualty events such as groundings and wrecking may in the future uncover trends in the data.


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Protection of the Mother of God
The Protection of the Mother of God is one of the most beloved feast days on the Orthodox calendar, especially among the Slavic peoples, commemorated on October 1. It is also known as Virgin Mary's Cerement. In most Slavic languages the word "cerement" has a dual meaning of "veil" and "protection."
The feast day celebrates the appearance of the Mother of God at Blachernae (Vlaherna) in the tenth century. At the end of St. Andrei (Andrew of Constantinople) Yurodivyi's life (d. around 936; feast day: October 2), a group of people saw the Mother of God, St. John the Baptist, and several other saints during a vigil in the Church of Blachernae, nearby the city gates.
The Theotokos approached the center of the church, knelt down and remained in prayer for a long time. Her face was drowned in tears. Then she took her veil (cerement) off and spread it over the people as a sign of protection. During the time, the people in the city were threatened by a barbarian invasion. After the appearance of the Mother of God, the danger was averted and the city was spared from bloodshed and suffering.
The Protection is commemorated most fervently in Slavic churches, probably because St. Andrei was a Slav. The first celebration of the Theotokos's cerement in the Russian Orthodox Church dates back from the 12th century and today is celebrated throughout the Orthodox Church.
- The Miracle of the Virgin Mary at the Church of Blachernae in Constantinople in 911 A.D.
- News item: Bulgarian Orthodox Church Celebrates Virgin Mary's Cerement Today (1 October 2005)
- The Protection of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary (OCA)
- The Most Holy Theotokos of All Protection
- The Church of Panagia of Blachernae


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Jumpin' Snow Fleas!
Study those jumpin' snow fleas and start to get an inside view of why some animals like to jump in this insect experiment. Most insects don't like cold weather, but snow fleas love it!
What You'll Need:
- Snow fleas
- Reference books
Have you ever been out on a winter day and seen what looked like pepper sprinkled on the snow? Have you seen that pepper start to jump up and down? If so, you've seen snow fleas.
The good news is, snow fleas aren't really fleas. But it's easy to see how they got their name, since they look like tiny fleas when they bounce around in the snow.
Snow fleas are also called springtails, and that's an even better name for them. You see, they have a tail-like feature that works like a pogo stick. You might say that springtails have a built-in ejection seat!
How to Study Jumpin' Snow Fleas:
Step 1: If you've never seen snow fleas, look for them under trees on sunny winter days. Just look for what looks like specks of pepper that are jumping up and down!
Step 2: Why do you suppose snow fleas act that way? Make a list of other creatures that jump up and down. Although these creatures share the same behavior, they may jump up and down for different reasons.
Step 3: Look up the creatures on your list in a reference book. Then make a chart of the information you find. Remember to include the type of creature, the origin, and the size, as well as the reasons behind the jumping behavior. You may even want to draw pictures to go along with your chart.
Next, insects don't have to go to church to start preying.
For more crafty fun and animal-related activities:


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To avoid grabbing the unintentional user motion in a video sequence, video stabilization techniques are used to obtain better-looking video for the final user. We present a low power rototranslational solution, extending our previous work specifically addressed for translational motion only. The proposed technique achieves a high degree of robustness with respect to common difficult conditions like noise perturbations, illumination changes, and motion blurring. Moreover, it is also able to cope with regular patterns, moving objects and it is very precise, reaching about 7% of improvement in jitter attenuation, compared to previous results. Overall performances are competitive also in terms of computational cost: it runs at more than 30 frames / s with VGA sequences, with a CPU ARM926EJ-S at just 100 MHz clock frequency.
Despite the great advances that have been made in the field of digital photography and CMOS/CCD sensors, several
sources of distortion continue to be responsible for image quality degradation. Among them, a great role is played by
sensor noise and motion blur. Of course, longer exposure times usually lead to better image quality, but the change in the
photocurrent over time, due to motion, can lead to motion blur effects. The proposed low-cost technique deals with the
aforementioned problem using a multi-capture denoising algorithm, obtaining a good quality with sensible reduction of
the motion blur effects.
DCT based compression engines1,2 are well known to introduce color artifacts on the processed input frames, in
particular for low bit rates. In video standards, like MPEG-23, MPEG-44, H2635, and in still picture standards, like
JPEG6,7, blocking and ringing distortions are understood and considered, so different approaches have been developed to
reduce these effects8,9,10,11. On the other side, other kinds of phenomenon have not been deeply investigated. Among
them, the chromatic color bleeding effects has only recently received proper attention12,13. The scope of this paper is to
propose and describe an innovative and powerful algorithm to overcome this kind of color artifacts.
New approaches to Color Interpolation based on Discrete Wavelet Transform are described. The Bayer data are split into the three colour components; for each component the Wavelet Coefficient Interpolation (WCI) algorithm is applied and results are combined to obtain the final colour interpolated image. A further anti-aliasing algorithm can be applied in order to reduce false colours. A first approach consists of interpolating wavelet coefficients starting from a spatial analysis of the input image. It was considered an interpolation step based on threshold levels associated to the spatial correlation of the input image pixel. A second approach consists of interpolating wavelet coefficients starting from the analysis of known coefficients of the second transform level. The resolution of each wavelet transform level is double as regards the successive one, so we can suppose a correspondence among wavelet coefficients belong to successive sub-bands. Visual quality of the interpolated RGB images is improved, reducing the zipper and aliasing effects. Moreover, in an embedded systems, which use JPEG2000 compression, a low computational cost is achieved in both cases since only some threshold evaluations and the IDWT step are performed for the first approach, while the second one involves only the DWT and IDWT steps.


Why do this?
The census asks how you would describe your national identity. By writing 'European', you'll be making it clear that you identify as European regardless of what your post-Brexit passport says. It sends a message that you still see yourself as part of Europe, valued your European citizenship and want it back – either on an individual basis or by the UK rejoining the European Union.


Monday, February 6, 2012
Mao Zedong. Good? or Bad?
Derek DiPiet
 Mao Zedong. Good? Or Bad?
Chairman Mao is a bad person to many people in china. Mao is a bad ruler because he does not give everyone their own freedom. Mao treats people the way he want and didn't care what they thought of it. People would complain but they couldn't or there would be consequences from Mao and or the Red Guard.
A main reason why Mao is a bad ruler was because he and the Red Guards searched peoples homes and belongings. Even though it was to destroy the four olds and get rid of the past it was destroying people's memories and what was close to them. What happened was the Red Guards would search through people's house if they heard any rumors around if people hid stuff from the past and if they found it they would be put into a type of jail. Yong chew got his house searched even though he wasn't hiding anything "The Red Guards busted into my house and said where are you hiding it"? That is very wrong of Mao to order people to search through people houses or even go through anything that's not there's without permission. Also because they were destroying peoples past and memories and they made everyone get rid of everything from the past which was very wrong.
Mao is also a bad ruler because he prohibits people from practices and their own beliefs and he made people believe in Maoism. "Maoism is the political, social, economic, and military theories and policies advocated by Mao Zedong, as those concerning revolutionary movements and guerrilla warfare". If someone didn't believe in Mao's rules they were be punished and humiliated and people made up names and that's what they were known for. Ling Ling go humiliated for practicing Buddhism "The Red Guards made me put a sign around my neck saying counter revolutionist".
Some people may disagree and say Mao is a good ruler, but there wrong because people who wanted to believe in what they want and to be free were not allowed to be. Everyone had to follow Mao's rules and whatever he said went. Also he told people to break into your house and search it and you had no say and couldn't stop it. Even though there were some times where he was a good ruler, most of the time he was a bad and mean one.
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Thirteen Claimants to the Scottish Throne
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Filed under Anglo-Scottish history, Thirteenth Century
4 responses to "Thirteen Claimants to the Scottish Throne
 1. Pingback: Margaret, Maid of Norway « The Freelance History Writer
 2. Susan Abernethy
 Thanks for this Julia! I have put a link to this post in my article about Margaret Maid of Norway.
 3. Ruth Crumpton
 I've often wondered what would have happened if the Maid of Norway had survived – she was, IIRC, due to be raised alongside Edward of Caernarvon,, holding her crown in her own right and with their oldest son supposed to inherit both thrones. One presumes that raised together, they would have been friends and she might therefore have been more able to handle the reality of Edward II's male lovers than Isabell was. So the Maid means a much much earlier unification of Scotland and England, with no Queen Isabell so no overthrow of Edward II in favour of Edward III. Edward II was a strong, healthy man – we could easily have had Edward/Margaret's oldest son (Edward III and I, presumably) not taking the thrones until he was a grown man. Whether that would have had any influence on the numbers of Edward III's adult children and the resulting dynastic wars of course is entirely separate.
 - There are so many what ifs in history. One of my current favourites is what if William of Normandy hadn't won the Battle of Hastings? Fascinating thoughts.
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WWF seeks forest protection for pygmy elephants
More than a dozen pygmy elephants found dead and possibly poisoned in Malaysian forests were in reserves slated to be converted into plantations, the wildlife group WWF said Thursday, raising the prospect that they were deliberately killed by humans taking over their habitat.
Authorities found the carcass of another endangered Borneo pygmy elephant, believed to have been dead for two weeks, in the Gunung Rara Forest Reserve late Wednesday, marking the 14th such death since December.
The elephants are feared to have been poisoned because they encroached on Malaysian plantations, giving fresh urgency to activists' warnings of rising conflict between man and wildlife as development accelerates.
The WWF said the dead elephants were found in areas where forests were being converted for plantations within permanent forest reserves.
"The central forest landscape in Sabah needs to be protected totally from conversion," the group said in a statement.
"Conversions result in fragmentation of the forests, which in turn results in loss of natural habitat for elephant herds, thus forcing them to find alternative food and space, putting humans and wildlife in direct conflict," the WWF said.
Sabah, one of two Malaysian states on Borneo island, is home to endangered animals including the pygmy elephant, Sumatran rhinoceros and orangutan. Wildlife activists say their numbers have dwindled in recent decades because of illegal poaching and the loss of jungles cut down for timber and development.
Although Malaysia is increasingly industrialized, large-scale agriculture and forestry are important sources of employment and revenue for many rural households. Some 60 percent of Sabah state is currently under forest cover, but activists say the deforestation rate is rising, with large forest areas slated for conversion to farmland or timber concession.
The first 10 known deaths of the pygmy elephants were made public this week, capturing wide attention as only about 1,200 of the elephants exist worldwide. Authorities released several photographs of the elephant carcasses, including a particularly poignant one of a 3-month-old surviving calf trying to wake its dead mother. The male calf was taken to a Sabah wildlife park and appeared healthy.
Sabah wildlife director Laurentius Ambu said Thursday that the area where the dead elephants were found is part of a 100,000-acre (40,469-hectare) piece of "commercial forest reserve" land managed by state agency Sabah Foundation. He said the area was slated to be used as a tree plantation for sustainable logging. So far, two palm oil plantations and a logging company operate in the area, he said.
Sabah is one of the poorest states in Malaysia. Sabah Foundation was granted huge forest concessions, totaling about 14 percent of total land area in Sabah, by the state government to enable it to generate income to fund its aim of improving the lives of poor rural people.
The Sabah Foundation website said it had adopted sound forest management policies to ensure the areas are managed on a sustainable basis.
Ambu said far too many jungle areas in Sabah were being broken up by agricultural or logging activities, without corridors linking them to allow animals to pass through.
"This shouldn't be. The fragmentation of forests has disrupted the elephants' traditional routes to look for food," he told The Associated Press. "It is highly suspected that the poisoning is blatantly done or that it's a well-planned program."
Department veterinarians have said the dead elephants, believed to belong to a single herd, suffered severe bleeding and gastrointestinal ulcers.
Police are investigating the deaths and officials have declined to say whether there are any suspects.
Ambu said there were a few cases in the past where elephants were found poisoned to death on plantations, but not on such a large scale.
Most of the pygmy elephants live in Sabah and grow to about 8 feet (245 centimeters) tall, a foot or two shorter than mainland Asian elephants. Known for their babyish faces, large ears and long tails, Borneo pygmy elephants were found to be a distinct subspecies only in 2003, after DNA testing.


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Wolaytta is a North Omotic language spoken in the Wolaita Zone and some other parts of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region of Ethiopia by between 1.6 and 2 million people. The language is also known as Borodda, Ometo, Ualamo, Uba, Uollamo, Walamo, Wallamo, Welamo, Wellamo, Wolaita, Wolaitta, Wolataita, Wolayta and Wollamo.
Wolaytta was first written in the 1940s by a team of missionaries led by Dr. Bruce Adams. They translated the Bible into Wolaytta, finishing it in 2002. Other publications, including textbooks, have been published in Wolaytta.
This is Wakasa's practical alphabet used in Motomichi Wakasa's 2008 Ph.D. thesis, A Descriptive Study of the Modern Wolaytta Language.
The sound written nh, a nasalized glottal fricative, is very rare and only appears in a few words. The sound written D is said by some scholars to be an implosive, but Wakasa calls it glottalized.
Information about the Wolaytta language
Hosted by Kualo


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Cosequin DS (double strength) is recommended for larger dogs (over 25 lbs)
Cosequin plays an important role in maintaining optimal joint function. Healthy articular (joint) cartilage is crucial to joint utility. Cosequin helps support cartilage production and protect existing cartilage from breakdown. Cosequin is the only glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate supplement that has been shown safe, effective, and bioavailable in peer-reviewed, published, controlled, U.S. veterinary studies. Cosequin is manufactured following standards similar to those practiced by the pharmaceutical industry.
Cosequin contains TRH122* chondroitin sulfate and FCHG49* glucosamine. These ingredients have been scientifically formulated to support and maintain the health of your dogs joints. Published studies have shown that the specific combination of ingredients in Cosequin works together to maintain the structure of the cartilage in your dogs joints while inhibiting the enzymes that break down cartilage. It is very important to note that the published studies on Cosequin do not apply to other brands.
*Cosequin contains FCHG49 Glucosamine and TRH122 Sodium Chondroitin Sulfate, Nutramax Laboratories proprietary veterinary researched specifications
These capsules also contain Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) which provides a unique source of biological sulfur. Sulfur is an essential mineral found in various compounds and structures in the body such as collagen, hormones, and immunoglobulins (proteins with antibody activity). Methylsulfonylmethane supports healthy skin, fur, connective tissues, reduces pain and swelling.
Each Capsule Contains:
- Glucosamine Hydrochloride....600mg
- Sodium Chondroitin Sulfate....300mg
- Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM)....250mg


FGM, forced marriage and honour based violence for staff, e learning
Lincolnshire Safeguarding Childrens Partnership
E Learning package covers FGM, forced marriage, honour based violence and spirit possession.
This training can be used as evidence towards helping you achieve SMSC.
Learning aims are:
 - recognise why cultural awareness is important in order to achieve the best possible outcomes for children
 - identify how and why cultural traditions can result in the abuse of children
 - recognise the effects that cultural rituals such as female genital mutilation (FGM) can have on children
 - recognise how cultural beliefs such as a belief in spirit possession can result in the abuse of children
Training is a via e learning on the LSCP website. It takes 90 -120 minutes, but can be undertaken in stages
This course:
 - provides an understanding of the four main types of abuse that stem from culture related traditions
 - increases awareness of specific cultural and religious needs
 - provides the knowledge practitioners need to be confident when speaking with people from a different cultural background around the subjects
Free for maintained schools. All others £25 plus VAT.


How To Use Economic Order Quantity To Lower Inventory Costs For Your Business
 business advice, inventory management
Retailers lose $1.1 trillion globally in revenue due to overstock and out-of-stock situations. So if you still don't believe ordering the wrong amount of inventory for your business can be extremely costly, you should think again. On one hand, ordering too much inventory results in obsolete inventory and high storage space cost. On the other hand, if you have too little stock, you run the risk of stockouts occurring and letting your customers go elsewhere. What metric can you use to assist you in determining the ideal quantity of goods your business should order?
We've got the answer for you: economic order quantity.
What is Economic Order Quantity?
The definition of economic order quantity, or EOQ in short, is the optimum quantity of goods that a company should purchase at a single time to minimize their total inventory cost to the lowest level.
How does using EOQ help your business?
1. Reduce your storage and holding costs
It is a common misconception that accounting for inventory ends after its purchase. Other than the cost of production, you still have to take into account the ordering cost and cost of holding your product inventory in stock. While technology has helped to make inventory management more efficient, "days inventory outstanding" (which is the number of amount of inventory on hand based on average sales a day) has risen at a pace of 8.3% over the past five years. This begs the questions, how do you lower your inventory cost?
The EOQ model considers these factors. Using the EOQ model, you can find the ideal quantity of goods to purchase in one order that is the most economically profitable. If you order too few products at one time, you might find yourself having higher inventory cost due to a higher total ordering cost. The higher ordering cost consists of the cost incurred due to ordering, handling and shipping cost of that particular order. Other times, you might not be saving money when you buy in bulk quantities due to higher storage cost. Only when you order at your EOQ value are you able to achieve the lowest possible inventory cost possible.
2. Satisfy your customer's need
Ensuring that you have enough products to meet your customer's demand is often a difficult task. However, by using the EOQ formula, you can determine how much stock to maintain, when do you need to re-order inventory and the number of goods to order. With this information, you can ensure that you will have enough product stock to keep orders fulfilled and your customers satisfied.
Limitations of EOQ
While EOQ is useful for your business, there are some limitations that you will need to take note of when using this value for ordering products to your inventory.
Here are the assumptions for the EOQ model.
 1. There is a constant demand for the product.
 2. You must have the ability to restock your product immediately. There is no delay for the re-ordering of the stock and the quantity delivered is the exact quantity demanded.
 3. Your business is not seasonal and does not fluctuate throughout the year. Note: The standard EOQ model does not factor in seasonality or economic fluctuations. In order to account for seasonal variations in your product, you can use a shorter time period for your EOQ calculations during which the demand is relatively constant for the particular time frame.
 4. The formula is used to calculate the optimal amount for individual products and, if applicable, product variants. I.e., not for product categories in aggregate, or for a product with multiple variants.
Economic Order Quantity Formula: How To Calculate It?
To determine your product's EOQ, you will first have to get the following information:
 - Annual Demand: the expected demand of your product for the year.
 - Ordering Cost: This is typically the cost of ordering, shipping, and handling of an order. This is not the cost of goods.
 - Holding/Carrying Cost: A product's holding cost will typically include:
 1. Cost of storage space
 2. Cost of labor
 3. Cost of insurance
 4. Cost of goods damaged or spoiled
With these 3 data, you can calculate your products EOQ using the following formula:
Q= Economic order quantity (in units)
D= Annual demand (in units)
S= Ordering cost (per order)
H= Carrying cost/holding cost (per unit)
Allow us to show you an example to illustrate how it works.
Don Sports Store sells Basketballs. The business expects to sell 4500 basketball a year. The unit holding cost per year for the basketball is $0.20. The ordering cost per order is $20 per order.
D (Annual Demand) = 4500
H (Holding Cost) = 0.2
S (Ordering Cost) = 20
Using the EOQ formula,
EOQ formula
The economic order quantity calculated for the basketball is 949.
Thus, Don Sports Store should order 949 basketballs per order to minimize its inventory costs.
We hope this article helps you understand how using economic order quantity can lower your inventory costs.
Looking For Help To Manage Your Inventory & Orders?


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At the Core of Online Learning for Elementary
If your elementary student is new to Florida Virtual School (FLVS), you may have a lot of questions about our courses! You may be asking yourself, will FLVS courses prepare my child with the knowledge and skills they need? Will courses be engaging and keep my child's attention? Will a teacher be available to help my child or answer my questions? We are pleased to say, yes!
Whether you live in Florida or out-of-state, FLVS offers a complete suite of online curriculum for Kindergarten-5th grade students. FLVS Elementary curriculum is available to students and families through FLVS Flex, FLVS Full Time, and FLVS Global School, as well as schools and districts worldwide through FLVS Global! Elementary students and families can choose one course to supplement their learning or an entire course load from the selection of core subjects and special courses FLVS offers.
- English Language Arts (ELA)
- Social Studies
Learn more about our online elective elementary courses, including Art, Spanish, Physical Education, and Technology!
FLVS courses are designed to provide a dynamic and interactive educational experience for elementary students. In each course, students will find a variety of learning tools to help them develop their reading, writing, problem-solving, and critical thinking skills. Throughout their courses, students will find games, activities, audio clips, and videos that bring learning to life. As students progress, they will build upon the skills learned in previous lessons, utilizing worksheets and activities to practice key concepts and ensure content mastery.
Each Elementary course is hands-on and empowering, encouraging students to make real
Here's an overview of what you can expect from our Elementary core courses.
English Language Arts (ELA)
Focused on introductory reading skills and comprehension, the ELA courses include the five essential components of reading: phonemic awareness, phonics, comprehension, vocabulary, and fluency. Students will read informative and literary texts, practice writing, grammar, and speaking and listening skills. Each grade level explores a different, adventure-filled theme to keep students curious and engaged!
Critical thinking and problem solving are two skills taught throughout Elementary Math. Rather than leaving students to ask, "When will I use this?", key concepts are taught with real-world applications, so connections are made early on. Songs, rhymes, videos, storybooks, and audio are used to teach and practice math skills in a fun and engaging way. Kindergarten-Grade 2 focuses on building a strong number sense, addition and subtraction within 20, place value, measurement and shapes. Grades 3-5 introduce multiplication and division within 100, fractions, decimals, shapes, area, and volume.
Students taking our Elementary Science courses will explore Earth, Life, and Physical Sciences through problem solving, experimentation, creating models, analyzing and interpreting data, engineering, and more! Following the 5E Instructional Model, students will engage, explore, explain, elaborate, and evaluate as they learn. We will build on their curiosity by teaching them to ask questions and search for evidence to learn about the world around them.
Our Social Studies courses take a personal approach to introducing students to community and citizenship. They will learn important concepts and skills related to history, geography, and economics, including their role as a citizen in their home, school, and community. Students will go back in time and learn about the foundation of American citizenship, journey to regions within the United States, Canada, Mexico, and the Caribbean Islands, and dive deep into the history of the state in which they live.
FLVS Global has a variety of customizable online learning solutions for schools and districts.


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The Truth About Divorce After Traumatic Brain Injury
Comments [32]
Jeff Kreutzer and Jenny Marwitz, Virginia Commonwealth Model Systems of Care
The Truth About Divorce After Traumatic Brain Injury
Have you heard that the divorce rate after brain injury is really high? Have you read that the divorce rate for couples after brain injury is higher than the divorce rate for the general population? If you are a spouse or survivor of brain injury, you may be wondering whether your marriage is at risk.
Media reports suggest that as many as one half of all marriages in the United States will end in divorce. In fact, recent census data indicates that nearly half of all marriages will end in divorce. Believing that the divorce rate after brain injury is higher than the general divorce rate could be very frightening.
Research has given a mixed picture of divorce rates after brain injury. In the 1970s, researchers began to study post-injury divorce rates and found that 40% of couples were either separated or divorced seven years after injury. A review of studies published after 1980 shows alarmingly high post-injury divorce rates ranging from 48% to 78%.
There is little doubt that brain injury can strain marriages. Spouses often take on many of the injured person's responsibilities, though they may have little experience with their new responsibilities. Unemployment rates after brain injury are relatively high and many insurance companies do not cover the costs of therapy, adding to financial stresses. Brain injury often brings on drastic personality changes which may include irritability, depression, limited awareness of injury-related changes, and argumentativeness. Some spouses have reported, "I'm married, but have no husband" and/or "I'm married to a stranger."
Knowing the importance of marriage and the need to provide families with valid information, Traumatic Brain Injury Model System (TBIMS) researchers at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) looked more closely at research on marriage after brain injury. They found that many of the earlier studies were carried out in Europe where the social and legal system is different than the United States. Furthermore, many of the studies relied on small sample sizes which may not accurately reflect the larger population.
In 2007, Virginia Commonwealth University TBI Model Systems researchers published one of the first comprehensive investigations of marriage after brain injury. The researchers gathered information from 120 people with mild, moderate, and severe injuries who were married at the time of their injury. Survivors three to eight years post-injury, averaging 41 years of age, were asked about their marital status. Results showed that 3 out of 4 (90/120) remained married at the time of follow-up.
As a result of their research, the VCU investigators became concerned that past studies may have produced misleading negative information. In their published research paper, the authors stated, "The present investigation does not [support] the notion that divorce rates for persons with brain injury are higher than those for the general population."
In 2008, VCU investigators led a multicenter research team which investigated marital stability after brain injury. Information on marital status was collected at 16 NIDRR-funded TBI Model Systems around the country. This study was the largest scale study on marriage after brain injury to date and included 977 persons from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds. The research team found that 85% of survivors remained married for at least two years post injury.
In summary, recent research suggests the rate of divorce after brain injury may, in fact, be much lower than divorce rates for the general population. The news is encouraging. While some spouses report more stresses and marital troubles post-injury, some report connecting with each other in new, positive ways as they face injury-related challenges together.
Marriage is clearly an important part of our culture and a major element of many people's lives. Still, more research is needed to better understand how injury affects marriages and what can be done to preserve and enrich relationships. First, we need to better understand how the quality of relationships is affected in good and bad ways. Second, we must develop strategies to strengthen marriages so that both partners describe the relationship as positive and fulfilling. There is good reason to be hopeful.
 1. Arango, J., Ketchum, J., Dezfulian, T., Kreutzer, J., O'Neil-Pirozzi, Hammond, F., & Jha, A. (2008). Predictors of marital stability two years following brain injury. Brain Injury, 22(7-8), 565-574.
 2. Kreutzer, J., Marwitz, J., Hsu, N., Williams, J., & Riddick, A. (2007). Marital stability after brain injury: An investigation and analysis. NeuroRehabilitation, 22(1), 53-59.
This article was written by the staff of the Virginia Commonwealth Traumatic Brain Injury Model System. For more information about our programs (_URL_) and conferences (_URL_), please vist our websites or email Jenny Marwitz at _EMAIL_. Article used with permission. Updated September 2010.
Comments [32]
My husband had a TBI a little over 5 yrs. ago. We have been married 21 years. He was in the hospital for 6 months. I never knew if he would recover or if he would be able to be home. He eventually came home & went through so many different therapist. Im happy he is doing better but at the same time I never been so miserable. Like so many others have said "I'm living with a stranger." His personality is so different & he just sits on the couch all day watching tv. He never has any incentive to do anything but watch TV & eat. He will go with me to do grocery shopping but never suggests what we should buy or eat or what to do. He is verbally abusive & when I try to confront him about things he says to people that is embarrassing & rude he acts like he doesn't do anything wrong & gets furious with me. I can never have a decent conversation with him. He can hurt my feelings & he acts like he's mr. wonderful. I know he can't help having a brain injury but I feel depressed & guilty that at my age I'm insecure in the relationship & don't feel like I'm in love anymore with him. I feel totally helpless.
Aug 19th, 2016 2:38am
To the woman who's husband can have conversations with others but not her without fighting: I am a wife and the TBI and also seem to have conversations with others just fine and yet argue with my husband terrifically. I don't understand exactly what is happening, although I know it's usually that I am severely overstimulated and looking to him to help me vs to be a spouse for me. He has given me sound proof headphones which helps and I try to have a brain break before heading about his day so that I'm fresh for his and my relationship time. Also I find driving helps us as I sit in the passenger seat and can listen to him without taking in all the nonverbal information when sitting face to face. Maybe things like that could help you and your husband. Also I asked my husband to ask me questions to help me think like: do you think you need a brain break? Is this store environment overstimulating you? Do you need to go shut our light and sound for sheiks and then listen to me talk about my day? Things like this seem to help us. I hope that helps. Hang in there, he loves you and needs you and it will get better. Brain breaks are key! Also has he looked into yoked prism glasses and vision therapy? It's been the ONLY things after 4-5 years that has started my husband telling me he sees his wife coming back. Something called the MIT device or 'fixation' has been a huge success with me and you might look into it with your vision therapy Doctor. Good luck and find things that aren't stimulating that you can do together. Best! ~JK=)
Aug 9th, 2016 4:10am
My husband had a TBI in 2010. He is rude. Can't handle crowds or traffic. He is ocd about everything. Physically he is fine. They did surgery on the left frontal lobe. He is so impatient and everything that happens is my fault in his eyes. He is controlling and verbally abusive. As long as his daily routine goes uninterrupted life is fine. He can't have a normal conversation with me without yelling..but he can manage to work with others without yelling. I have felt bad because I want to leave and I know he can't help the state he is in.. But he believes he is fine and says I am the one with the problem... Help me..to make him see he needs help
Jul 24th, 2016 3:55pm
I suffered a severe TBI in 1993 at the age of 21, my wife and I were only married for 3 months and pregnant with our first child at the time. Nothing in my life is the same as before, everything has changed, I never recovered fully but learned how to cope, manage and hide my injuries. The rehab hospital I was in actually offered to help my wife get a divorce lawyer (because marriages with head injuries don't last) My wife told them to **** off and that we would make it. 24 years later we are still together and I have changed from being a roofer to an IT specialist making 60k/yr. Like I said I


Tolkien Gateway
Gondor's Golden Age during the time of Hyarmendacil I.
The Ship-kings was a title given to four great Kings of Gondor during its "golden age", starting with King Tarannon Falastur, and his three successors:
Their influence was such that, at the end of the reign of Hyarmendacil I, Gondor had reached a peak of strength and power that it would never again surpass. Indeed, the period of the ship-kings was followed by a period of stagnation, disasters and wars, that led to its decline.[1]


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Yamamoto, Haruchika Thoracic Surgery, Okayama University Hospital
Miyoshi, Kentaroh Organ Transplant Center, Okayama University Hospital Kaken ID
Otani, Shinji Thoracic Surgery, Okayama University Hospital
Kurosaki, Takeshi Organ Transplant Center, Okayama University Hospital Kaken ID
Kobayashi, Motomu Anesthesiology, Okayama University Hospital Kaken ID
Oto, Takahiro Organ Transplant Center, Okayama University Hospital Kaken ID
Lung transplantation (LTx) is still limited by the shortage of suitable donor lungs. Developing flexible surgical procedures can help to increase the chances of LTx by unfolding recipient-to-donor matching options based on the pre-existing organ allocation concept. We report a case in which a successful left-to-right inverted LTx was completed using the interposition of a pericardial conduit for pulmonary venous anastomosis.
A left lung graft was offered to a 59-year-old male who had idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with predominant damage in the right lung. He had been prescribed bed rest with constant oxygen inhalation through an oxymizer pendant and had been on the waiting list for 20 months. Considering the condition of the patient (LAS 34.3) and the scarcity of domestic organ offers, the patient was highly likely to be incapable of tolerating any additional waiting time for another donor organ if he was unable to accept the presently reported offer of a left lung. Eventually, we decided to transplant the left donor lung into the right thorax of the recipient. Because of the anterior-posterior position gap of the hilar structures, the cuff lengths of the pulmonary veins had to be adjusted. The patient did not develop any anastomotic complications after the transplantation.
A left-to-right inverted LTx is technically feasible using an autologous pericardial conduit for pulmonary venous anastomosis in selected cases. This technique provides the potential benefit of resolving challenging situations in which surgeons must deal with a patient's urgency and the logistical limitations of organ allocation.
Inverted lung transplantation
Pulmonary venous anastomosis
BMC Pulmonary Medicine
© The Author(s). 2020
|Web of Science KeyUT|


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The study compared the effect of systematic, explicit vocabulary instruction on the acquisition of word meaning and collocations for nouns, verbs and adjectives. Data were collected from 18 high-intermediate level Japanese students of English. The findings suggest that word class may be one of the factors in the acquisition and availability of lexical items for productive purposes. In both receptive and productive tests of word knowledge, nouns were found to have a clear advantage over the other two classes. Adjectives were acquired more easily than verbs. Some collocation sequences were found to be under-represented in learners' lexicons. Possible explanations for these patterns are reviewed and the pedagogical implications of the findings are discussed.
- Bulletin of the Faculty of Language and Literature
Bulletin of the Faculty of Language and Literature 24(1), 1-36, 2010-09-00


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After learning that women still have few opportunities to learn about their heritage in art and what is required to be a professional artist, Judy Chicago decided to offer the opportunity to learn about her work and the work of other women through a hands-on program that involves learning professional skills while being exposed to the environment of a professional woman artist. By working with and caring for the enormous body of artwork and its documentation, interns begin to understand the requirements of a professional career in art, while they benefit from exposure to Judy Chicago, her colleagues, and the Through the Flower staff.
Participation in the daily activities of Through the Flower allows interns to understand what it means to bring one's art into the world. Interns have access to photographic materials, videos, books, and other resource materials from Through the Flower's library which are often difficult to obtain.
The internship program is intended to provide support and empowerment for women and men as they struggle to articulate their own goals and clarify their intentions in relation to art. Internships provide a basis for growth based upon the feminist principles embodied in Judy Chicago's art, writings, and teachings. Interns are asked to complete the required reading as a supplement to the other educational aspects of the program while they complete their internship.
Interested applicants should send the following materials to: _EMAIL_
The letter of interest should include a brief biography, a description of any particular skills or interests of the applicant, and an explanation of why the applicant would like to be an intern with Through the Flower.


ORS 294.418¹
Alternative budget publication procedure
In lieu of the publication requirements contained in ORS 294.416 (Publication of budget summary, financial summary, statement of accounting basis and notices of meeting and availability of budget document), a municipal corporation may elect to publish its budget as provided in this section.
(1) There shall be published, as provided in ORS 294.421 (Manner of publication), a summary of the budget as approved by the budget committee and compared with the budget summary of the preceding year or preceding budget period and the budget summary for the current year or current budget period. As a minimum requirement, there shall be listed the total requirements for personal services, materials and services, capital outlay, special payments, debt service, transfers and operating contingencies for the budget. In addition, there shall be published a brief narrative description of the major activities or major programs of the municipal corporation and the prominent changes from the current year or current budget period. Information shall be furnished showing the personnel requirement changes for each major activity or major program. The narrative shall state the major resources for financing each major activity or program and the prominent changes from the current year or current budget period, or shall state that each major activity or program is financed from general resources of the governmental unit. The summary for the ensuing year or ensuing budget period and for the current year or current budget period shall show total budgeted requirements, total estimated resources other than ad valorem property taxes and estimated ad valorem property tax revenues, stated in dollars and cents. The summary shall also state the municipal corporation's operating tax rate and the amount or rate of any other ad valorem property taxes to be certified to the assessor. Tax rates shall be expressed at a rate per thousand dollars of assessed value. The summary shall include an analysis of ad valorem property taxes for the current and ensuing years or budget periods that are outside of the municipal corporation's permanent rate limit or statutory rate limit, if applicable, showing local option taxes and ad valorem property taxes for meeting payments on bond, principal and interest thereon and for meeting other obligations of the municipal corporation described under section 11 (5), Article XI of the Oregon Constitution.
(2) There shall be published with the summary:
(a) A notice of the time and place at which the budget document as approved by the budget committee may be discussed with the governing body.
(b) A statement that the budget is prepared in accordance with the basis of accounting used in the preceding year or budget period unless a change in the basis of accounting is anticipated; and if a change in the basis of accounting is to be made, there shall be an explanation of the change and the effects of the change.
(c) A notice of the place where the complete budget document is available for inspection by the general public during regular business hours and where copies of the complete budget document may be obtained. [1971 c.516 §5; 1979 c.686 §7; 1997 c.308 §18; 1997 c.541 §330; 2001 c.135 §15]
Notes of Decisions
Atty. Gen. Opinions
1 Legislative Counsel Committee, CHAPTER 294—County and Municipal Financial Administration, _URL_ (2007) (last accessed Feb. 12, 2009).
2 Legislative Counsel Committee, Annotations to the Oregon Revised Statutes, Cumulative Supplement - 2007, Chapter 294, _URL_ (2007) (last accessed Feb. 12, 2009).


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Research assignment question 1
 1. Assume the cost of sending a message from any site to any other site is C units of time for SI (Semantic Integrity) validation. Figure out the cost of each one of the phases of the strategy.
Also assume that there are N transactions and, out of these, M will fail the validation. (20 points)
Phase 1: Control site read-locks and reads all data that needs to be read.
N * C which is the total cost of read-locking.
Phase 2: Control site performs the validation.
Cost for N validation = N*C
Phase 3: Invalid transactions are rejected—locks are released for these transactions.
There are N-M valid transaction, hence lock released = (N-M)*C
Phase 4: Control site calculates all the new values that need to be written.
None, as calculation is done by control site during these steps.
Phase 5: Control site write-locks information at all the sites it needs (no ACK for locking is required).
Cost = N*(RW )*C, without ACK
Phase 6: Control site writes where it needs to write for successful transactions.
(N-M)*(RW )*C
Phase 7: Control site unlocks at the sites that need to be unlocked.
Cost = M * (Ronly +Wonly + RW + SIS)*C, Cost for unlocking the sites that needs to be unlock
 1. A four-site system has tables R, S, T, and M stored as depicted in Figure below. The user is at Site 1. Assume each row of any table that has more than one column can be sent in one message. You can also assume that a one-column table can be sent in one message. Also assume that the cost of sending each message is C units of time. There are no costs associated with sending commands. What is the cost of "(S JN R) JN (T JN M)" if "S JN R" and "T JN M" are done using semi-join and the final join is done normally? Make sure you show all steps and cost of communication for each step. (20 points)
Research assignment question 1 Image 1
 1. Assume transactions T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5 generate schedules SA and SB as shown below.
(A) Are the local SA and SB schedules serializable? If so, what are the equivalent local serial schedules? If not, why? (Show all partial commitment orders.)
(B) Are they globally serializable? If so, what is the equivalent global serial schedule? If not, why? (20 points)
Research assignment question 1 Image 2
 Conflicts : Dependency :
 R1(X); W1(X) T2 → T3
 W1(X); R2(X) T1 → T2
 W2(X); R5(X) T1 → T3
 W3(X); R4(X) T1 → T2
It is serializable as there is no cycle.
Conflicts : Dependency :
 R5(X); R1(X) T2
 R3(X); W2(X) T2 → T3
 R4(X); W2(X) T3 → T2
It is not serializable as there is cycle.
 1. This problem is a continuation from Problem 7.3 (page 294). Please make sure to read Figure 7.8 on page 294 for Cycle 1 before doing this problem. Assume that when a site receives the token it can ticket a maximum of three transactions, and it will ticket three transactions when there are at least three transactions waiting at the site. As depicted in Figure below, during the second Cycle, the communication line between Site 3 and 4, when the token is on it, goes down. For this cycle, answer the following questions: (20 points)
Research assignment question 1 Image 3
 1. What is the ticket number when the token leaves Site 1?
 2. What is the ticket number when the token comes back to Site 1?
 3. How many transactions, and in what order, are serialized at the completion of cycle 1 and cycle 2?
 1. For the specific research area that you surveyed for your research project, what are the major challenge(s) that will influence the deployment of distributed database? How would you address those challenge(s)? (20 points)
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Though they are quite different, cars and ovens do have a few things in common. For example, they produce heat while in operation – in growing amounts. In response to the downsizing trend, car manufacturers are increasingly employing engines with small cylinder capacity and fewer cylinders. This is compensated by turbocharging and direct injection and leads to higher temperatures under the hood. Manufacturers of household appliances are experiencing growing demand for ovens featuring self-cleaning. During the cleaning cycle, these ovens are heated up to temperatures much higher than those reached during baking.
The higher temperatures mean that the materials must satisfy higher demands on their heat resistance. Rubber-elastic parts must withstand temperatures far exceeding 200 degrees Celsius increasingly often and for increasingly longer periods. Organic rubbers cannot withstand such thermal stress.
In cars, the elastomer parts near the engine or exhaust pipe are the ones most affected by the rising operating temperatures. They can only do their job reliably if they remain permanently elastic under service conditions. Typical components made of elastomer include seals, valve membranes, hoses, bellows and cable jackets.


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This article is intended for an Exchange Server administrator. If you experience issues with your Exchange account on your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch, contact your company's Exchange Server administrator.
An iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch might get connection errors from an intermediate server. These errors happen if a transaction times out before the Mailbox server and device finish a session. Sometimes, a Time to Live (TTL) or heartbeat interval (HBI) on the intermediate servers is shorter than the life of the Exchange ActiveSync transactions. When this happens, the device and the Mailbox server don't communicate.
Check the TTL settings for the intermediate servers between the iOS devices and the Mailbox server. ActiveSync transactions fail when these settings don't exceed the maximum TTL.
Identify the error
When the transaction takes longer than the TTL settings allow, an error appears on the device. It might be an HTTP 500 error or a Status error 110. These errors might delay the account data in that folder or cause it to reload. For example, requests to sync an Exchange Calendar might result in a series of 500 errors in a row. When this happens, iOS asks Exchange to send all calendar data the next time it connects. This lets iOS replace its local cache of calendar data.
Check the ActiveSync log to find out what type of error the device received at the time of the issue. Here's an example of an HTTP 500 error in an ActiveSync log:
Event Type: Error
Event Source: Server ActiveSync
Description: Unexpected Exchange mailbox Server error: Server: [myserver.company.com] User: [_EMAIL_] HTTP status code:. Verify that the Exchange mailbox Server is working correctly.
Learn how to identify the HTTP or Status errors in your Exchange logs.
Set the server's HBI to 59 minutes
The HBI is the amount of time that iOS calculates should pass between pings to the server. If you're the Exchange Server administrator, set the server's HBI to 59 minutes. Learn how to adjust the HBI for your server.
Confirm the timeout for all network firewalls
If you're the system or network administrator, set all network firewalls to time out at 30 minutes or more. The default timeout for some devices might be as low as five minutes. Give the pings and other sync processes enough time to travel to the mailbox and back. Learn how to set and confirm all network firewall settings.
Update the iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch settings
To decrease the amount of data that syncs to the device, lower these settings:
- The number of Mail Days to Sync
- The Sync Calendar Events timeframe
- How often the device fetches data from the server, and how often the server pushes data to the device