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Filing income tax returns (ITR) is an important obligation for taxpayers in most countries. While traditionally, taxpayers would file their returns by visiting an income tax office or through an authorized intermediary, file ITR online has become increasingly popular in recent years.
Income tax return filing can be done either manually or electronically, which means that you complete the form using pen and paper or a computer and internet connection and the right knowledge about how to do it which is a smart choice accordingly. The reasons why filing tax online is a good choice are given below.
Ease of Filing:
One of the biggest advantages of filing income tax online is the ease of filing. Taxpayers can file their returns from the comfort of their home or office using their computer or mobile device. Filing ITR online eliminates the need for physical visits to income tax offices, saving taxpayers time and effort. Additionally, the online platform is user-friendly and guides taxpayers through the process step-by-step, making it easy for even first-time filers to complete the process.
Filing tax online also has the advantage of faster processing times. The online system uses automated checks to identify errors and inconsistencies, reducing the need for manual intervention. This speeds up the processing time and results in faster refunds for taxpayers. Additionally, the online platform allows taxpayers to track the status of their returns in real time, providing transparency and reducing the need for follow-up visits to income tax offices.
Accuracy and Compliance:
Online tax filing also increases the accuracy and compliance of tax returns. The online system has built-in checks that identify errors and inconsistencies in real time. This lowers the possibility of mistakes and guarantees that returns are filed truthfully and in accordance with income tax regulations. Additionally, the online platform provides a detailed record of the return, making it easier for taxpayers to maintain records and meet compliance requirements.
Convenience and Security:
Online tax filing also provides taxpayers with the convenience and security of online transactions. Taxpayers can file their returns from anywhere, at any time, using a secure login and password. The online system uses the latest security protocols to protect taxpayer information, including encryption and multi-factor authentication. Additionally, the online platform provides a detailed history of past returns, making it easy for taxpayers to retrieve and refer to their returns as needed.
Filing tax online is also cost-effective for taxpayers. The online system eliminates the need for physical visits to income tax offices, saving taxpayers travel expenses and time. Additionally, the online platform provides a variety of online tools and resources to help taxpayers understand the tax filing process, reducing the need for costly intermediaries or consultants.
The online platform also provides real-time assistance to taxpayers. The system includes online help and chat features that provide assistance and guidance as needed. Additionally, the platform includes a comprehensive FAQ section that answers common questions and concerns, reducing the need for taxpayers to seek assistance from intermediaries or income tax offices.
The system has been specifically designed to be user-friendly and intuitive so that taxpayers can quickly navigate through their tax filings without having to contact a third party for assistance.
In conclusion, file ITR online is the smart choice for taxpayers in 2023. It offers a range of benefits, including ease of filing, faster processing times, increased accuracy and compliance, convenience and security, cost-effectiveness, and real-time assistance. With the online system, taxpayers can file their returns from anywhere, at any time, and with confidence, knowing that their information is secure and their returns are accurate and compliant.


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Are you concerned about poor management, lack of representation or corruption in your municipal government? Or simply interested in how to make your city's administration more democratic? UN-HABITAT has developed the Urban Governance Index (UGI) for this purpose. Its indicators will allow you to measure the quality of your city's urban governance on the basis of how accountable, effective, equitable and participatory it is. Ultimately good urban governance is one of the best indicators of the quality of life for a city's inhabitants.
The Urban Governance Index is now available as a downloadable programme and on CD-Rom. Once you access it, we highly recommend you use this tool as part of a participatory workshop. This is because using the UGI is as much about the process as the final score. Assessing your city in a participatory, transparent workshop is in itself an excellent way of practicing good urban governance: you can involve and focus on the needs of excluded groups -- like women and the poor -- as you help raise awareness of good urban governance around the world. And your assessment will help you identify your city's governance priorities and set targets for measuring their progress. We encourage you to submit your results for inclusion in our global urban database. Please send us your results at _EMAIL_.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Helping Neighbors
K, 1, 2
Children work cooperatively to make a paper quilt displaying the strengths of the group as they make the neighborhood a better place. They brainstorm their personal strengths and needs of the community and make a plan to take action for the common good.
Lesson Rating
PrintOne 30-Minute Session, Plus time to plan and carry out a service project
The learner will:
 - identify the benefits of working cooperatively with others.
 - share his or her personal strengths and talents to make the neighborhood a better place.
 - define philanthropy as giving time, talent,and treasure or taking action for the common good.
 - 4" x 4" colorful construction paper, or cardstock paper squares
 - hole punch or needle and thread
 - yarn or strong glue
 - poster board or cardboard backing
 - neighborhood: a number of persons living close to one another, or in such a way that they create a shared community; includes people we learn and work with, live near, and share the world with
 - cooperation: working together to benefit a group
- What action did our group take?
- How did we work together to do something bigger than we could do alone?
- How did you feel when we helped our neighbors?
- What would you like to do next time?
- Are we neighbors in this group?
- Who else can we call a neighbor?
- Can someone in a far-away country be a neighbor? How?
 1. Anticipatory Set:
 Explain that cooperation can be hard sometimes, but that it is necessary to get things done. Knowing the people we are working with helps the work go more smoothly. Brainstorm tasks that are easier with cooperation. Discuss why knowing the others in a group make cooperation easier.
 2. Tell the children that they are going to get to know one another better by conducting interviews.
 3. As a group, come up with 5-7 general interview questions they will ask of one another. Keep track of the questions on chart paper.Facilitate the brainstorming with some guiding questions: What would you like to know about the others in this group? (favorite food, colors, music, hobbies) What kinds of things would you need to know to work in a group? (strengths, weaknesses, preferences, etc.)
 4. Make sure that the questions highlight some of the cultural differences in your group and allow children to identify their strengths and unique abilities, as well as the strengths and abilities of others.
 5. Oncechildren have come up with a good list of questions, pair them each up with another child who they don't know very well.
 6. Have each child interview his or her partner. Tell them that they should write down or sketch something to help them remember the answers so that they can introduce the person to the larger group.
 7. Ask each child to introduce their interviewee to the rest of the group with details about what they have just learned.
 8. After the introductions, debrief with some whole-class discussion. Ask:
 - Do you know the people in the room better now?
 - Does it help to know the people you are working with?
 - Do you think it would help to know the people you live near?
 9. Themed Quilt: Children draw and decorate a quilt square about himor herself and one about the person that he or she interviewed. Have children decorate a 4" x 4" construction paper or cardstock paper square. The picture in each square should depicta child using his or her strengths to make the neighborhood a better place.
 10. Bind the squares together with needle and thread or with a hole punch and yarn, or glue paper quilt squares to a poster board/ cardboard backing.
 11. Work with the children to find a place to donate the quilt in the neighborhood, such as a senior center.
 12. Children may also wish write a group letter explaining what they learned about cooperation and working together, and how the quilt exemplifies these lessons.
 13. Define philanthropy as giving time, talent, and treasure or taking action for the common good. Make a plan to take action for the common good in the neighborhood.
Cross Curriculum
In the unit,children have been reflecting on issues in the neighborhood or world that they care about. Work together to plan action that will help address an identified issue. This may be as simple as cleaning up a local park or a fundraiser for global hunger (though a nonprofit organization). Follow youth voice to plan and carry out the service. Displaying their quilt along with a letter of explanation is an act of advocacy. By sharing their learning with others, they are promoting cooperation and peace in their neighborhood.
Philanthropy Framework
 1. Strand PHIL.I Definitions of Philanthropy
 1. Standard DP 01. Define Philanthropy
 2. Strand PHIL.II Philanthropy and Civil Society
 1. Standard PCS 01. Self, citizenship, and society
 3. Strand PHIL.IV Volunteering and Service
 1. Standard VS 01. Needs Assessment
 2. Standard VS 02. Service and Learning
 3. Standard VS 03. Providing Service
 1. Benchmark E.1 Provide a needed service.


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The evidence against the effectiveness of lecturing for student learning is growing. A study published in Science describes the results of an experiment in a large introductory physics class at the University of British Columbia.
In week 12 of the semester, one section received traditional instruction from an experienced professor using lecture, PowerPoint, and clicker questions. Two inexperienced teachers trained in deliberative practice led another section using interactive exercises. The experimenters took care to establish ground rules for this learning contest. Both sets of instructors agreed on the learning objectives and a multiple choice quiz at the end of the week.
The results were not even close. The experimental group saw greater student engagement, attendance, and significantly higher scores on the post-test. The authors acknowledge that the intervention required significant outlay of time (20 hours of preparation for the first class), but gradually decreases over time. Moreover, students wished that the entire class were conducted using the interactive methods. The only barrier to change is inertia.


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In prepress, a group of properly positioned photographic negatives or positives from which a printing plate will be made by exposing the photosensitive plate to the flat. A flat can consist of the negatives or positives attached to the back of a sheet of goldenrod (called a goldenrod flat), with holes cut only over those areas of negative/positive that correspond to regions denstined for exposure. The flat contains all the page elements in the proper position for exposing a plate. (See Stipping.)
In printing, the term flat is also used to refer to a set of pages that are in the proper imposition for folding a signature.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Try asking your physics teacher if this is possible – they will probably give you all sorts of (boring) physics examples – for example, gravity pulling down on a book or a boat floating or an airplane flying.
But I can guarantee that none of them well tell you to look at a cup of full water.
If you set the following example up correctly, it can be really visual and impressive plus it can teach you a little about Hydrogen bonds – as well as letting you see them in action.
Now, I can hear your complaints from here … what has a cup of water and Hydrogen bonds got to do with forces? The link is in the Hydrogen bond as they are found in water and are the strongest example of an intermolecular force (the others being London dispersion forces and permanent diploe – dipole forces).
Source: Wikimedia
If you remember, the Hydrogen bond is formed because of the electronegative Oxygen atom being bonded directly to the Hydrogen atom. The Oxygen exerts a strong pull on Hydrogen's two electrons, this exposes the Hydrogen nucleus and therefore exposes a positive charge (one reason why water has a permanent dipole as well). The consequence of all of this is that there is a relatively strong force of attraction between one Hydrogen nucleus and another Oxygen atom in another water molecule – which we call the Hydrogen bond!
So, back to the big question, how do you see this force?
Well, you will need a tall lass jar – if you are in school, a gas jar is perfect. If you are at home, something like a glass jam jar would be good. Glass seems to work better than plastic. Fill the jar to the top with water – make sure the water level is flat (flush) with the top of the jar.
Next, get some coins – yes, you heard correctly! And just add the coins, one at a time to the jar. Preferably, by allowing the coin to slide down the edge of the jar to the base. And that's it …. Except keep adding those coins. After a while, if you get down to eye level you can see a noticeable bulge where the water is rising out of the jar. Now we call this service tension but what you are actually seeing is the force of attraction of the Hydrogen bond, holding the water together. If you are lucky, the water will rise out of the jar around 3 mm or so – it is quite a site!


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See also: Allergies, Adverse Reactions, Warnings
Allergy checking is performed at three different levels for medications and a variation for Other compounds, as shown below, ranging from most-broad to most-specific;
This may seem obvious, but can cause confusion if not considered when recording in a patient's record. Each has implications as to what compounds will subsequently trigger an alert.
o Other (This is for information only and triggers no automated alerts)
record an allergy, double-click the Allergy Panel in the patient's record.
Patient Details window appears, and you are presented with the Allergies/Adverse
add a new allergy, click The Add Allergy / Adverse Reaction window
appears. For safety, the system defaults to the 'By Class' method for
recording an allergy.
4. As you type in a drug name or class (e.g. PEN…), a list of matching names is generated dynamically. Double-click a name from the list to select it.
You must use 'By Class' method or 'By Drug' method to generate automatic alerts when a medication is prescribed. If you add a medication name via the 'Other' method, then no automatic alerts will be triggered.
5. Use one of the following methods to record an allergy...
This method allows you to specify a drug class to which the patient has an allergic reaction. If a class is entered, then all members of that class will raise a warning. For example if PENICILLIN is entered, all types and forms of penicillin will trigger a warning.
If you choose to enter an allergy 'By Drug' (either Trade or Generic), once you select the desired medication, the following prompt appears. This is a safety prompt to assist you to make the correct choice as to how the system will behave.
You can select which of the three methods you want by clicking the appropriate option (circle), as shown in the image above.
If a Generic Name is entered, and in the above screen 'By Generic name' is selected, then all products containing that generic drug will trigger an alert. This will not however trigger warnings from other medications of the same class.
For example, entering an allergy to Amoxycillin will not trigger a warning if Phenoxymethylpenicillin is subsequently prescribed.
This option allows you to indicate a specific drug to which the patient has an allergic reaction. If a Trade Name is entered, and in the above screen 'By Trade name' is selected, then allergy checking only looks for that specific brand of the medication. This is useful where patients are allergic to an excipient, colouring or flavouring present in one formulation of a drug, but not in others.
o If you enter AMOXIL into the 'By Trade Name' section (in the belief that you are in fact entering an allergy to all Penicillin medications) and then try to prescribe AUGMENTIN, you will not generate a warning. Only AMOXIL will generate a warning. 'By Class' should have been used.
o Using the 'Other' option to list medication names, will not trigger medication warning messages. The drop-down pick lists (By Drug and By Class) must be used to select medication names. The 'Other' category is for compounds such as bees, eggs and the like - not medications.
The Allergy Tool is easy to use. However, you must ensure that you have selected the correct method to enter the compound name or class.


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DEWEESVILLE, TEXAS. Deweesville, on Farm Road 1344 ten miles southwest of Falls City in Karnes County, was named after John O. Dewees, a prominent rancher in the vicinity during traildriving days. In 1936 Deweesville had a school, cotton gin, and store. By 1948 maps show only scattered residences and a business at the site. The population at that time was thirty-six. After the discovery of uranium in Karnes County in 1954, the first uranium ore processing mill in Texas was built by the Susquehanna-Western Corporation in Deweesville in 1961. By 1958–59 the community had three businesses and ninety residents. Uranium mining and milling operations in the area lasted only a few years, and eventually the mill was dismantled. In 1990 extensive reclamation work was being done in the Deweesville area by the United States Department of Energy. In 2000 the population was twelve.
Robert H. Thonhoff, History of Karnes County (M.A. thesis, Southwest Texas State College, 1963).
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Robert H. Thonhoff, "DEWEESVILLE, TX," Handbook of Texas Online (_URL_ accessed June 20, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.


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The complexity of today's embedded electronic systems as well as their demanding performance and reliability requirements are such that their design can no longer be tackled with ad hoc techniques while still meeting tight time to-market constraints. In this paper, we present a system level design approach for electronic circuits, utilizing the platform-based design (PBD) paradigm as the natural framework for mixed-domain design formalization. In PBD, a meet-in-the-middle approach allows systematic exploration of the design space through a series of top-down mapping of system constraints onto component feasibility models in a platform library, which is based on bottom-up characterizations. In this framework, new designs can be assembled from the precharacterized library components, giving the highest priority to design reuse, correct assembly, and efficient design flow from specifications to implementation. We apply concepts from design centering to enforce robustness to modeling errors as well as process, voltage, and temperature variations, which are currently plaguing embedded system design in deep-submicron technologies. The effectiveness of our methodology is finally shown on the design of a pipeline A/D converter and two receiver front-ends for UMTS and UWB communications.
Modern electronic systems are becoming increasingly complex and heterogeneous. Telecommunication and multimedia applications require highly integrated, high-performance systems, where analog, RF, and digital components must be efficiently packaged into a single chip. Emerging sensor and actuator swarm applications, as well, demand customized mixed-domain systems to be embedded into a myriad of extreme physical environments to provide a variety of personal or broad-use services. On the other side, manufacturing technology is evolving deeper into the nanometer era, where leakage power, increasing process variations, reducing supply voltage, and worsening signal integrity conditions make it daunting even to assess the required performance specifications. To build future integrated systems, designers need to face several challenges, at all levels of abstraction, from system conception to physical implementation. Design complexity is indeed rising while, at the same time, time-to-market constraints are becoming tighter, and dependable systems need to be built out of increasingly unreliable components. Addressing the above challenges requires innovative solutions not only in manufacturing technologies and circuit architectures, but also in design methodologies and tools.
A disciplined design style that reduces iterations in the flow should be based on a rigorous formalism leveraging accurate and robust performance modeling techniques to guarantee that performance variables of each component are correctly propagated across the design hierarchy. Moreover, fast, global optimization techniques need to be deployed to provide the best design options, for a given application, within a well-constrained and characterized search space. Finally, a practical framework should promote design reuse, and the separation of design concerns to reduce system complexity and boost designers' productivity.
In this paper, we present a system-level design methodology for mixed-signal electronic circuits, which is inspired by the above principles, and leverages the platform-based design paradigm (PBD) [1, 2] as the natural formalization framework. In PBD, a platform is expressed as a collection of components and composition rules. A design is obtained by composing components of the platform in a platform instance. The refinement process consists of mapping a functional description into a set of interconnected components. The design space is systematically explored through a meet-in-the-middle approach in which top-down design constraints of the system are mapped onto bottom-up performance characterizations of the components in the platform library. Based on this paradigm, we provide a unified framework to assist designers at all levels of abstractions. At the system level, a global optimization technique provides the best design options by leveraging tradeoffs among all components, rather than composing systems using locally optimized components. At the component level, designs in different domains (e.g., RF, analog, or digital) can be concurrently characterized to provide an interface that offers smooth system integration while, at the same time, hiding implementation details. This orthogonalization of concerns allows making design decisions at the system level, where system tradeoffs can be evaluated across all RF, analog, and digital components. Moreover, the design process can be significantly shortened, because of the hierarchical approach enabled by our methodology, which progressively reduces the number of design variables. To ensure that reliable systems are produced, accurate and robust circuit performance models are crucial in our methodology, since high-level models should directly correspond to feasible physical implementations. Designs should therefore be robust to both modeling errors and process, voltage, and temperature variations (PVT), increasingly important as process parameters (minimum channel length, device threshold, supply voltage, etc.) decrease. As presented in, we include into our formulation techniques from design centering, traditionally adopted for digital design. With respect to, we add details on our performance models, in comparison with other modeling approaches, as well as on the mathematical derivation of the performance margin evaluation algorithm used in our robust optimization. Moreover, we apply our methodology to an additional example.
This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 gives an overview of the PBD methodology applied to the analog and mixed-signal domains. In Sections 3 and 4, we discuss the robust system-level design problem and provide its mathematical formulation within the PBD paradigm. In Section 5, we illustrate our methodology using three case studies, namely, a pipeline A/D converter and two RF front-ends, for UMTS and UWB receivers. Finally, we draw some conclusions in Section 6.
2. Analog Platform-Based Design
Performing system-level design space exploration and optimization in a systematic way can have a great impact on system performance and cost. In a wireless receiver, for example, it allows distributing design requirements (e.g., gain, NF, linearity) among the chain building blocks, and early evaluation of several tradeoffs, such as preselect filter selectivity and power consumption versus front-end linearity, or base-band filter selectivity versus ADC resolution.
In traditional analog and mixed-signal design flows, experienced architects conduct system-level design, and system specifications are empirically partitioned among the various functional blocks that circuit designers have to implement. In fact, since an effective system-level optimization is not achievable without accurate knowledge of the achievable performance of the several building blocks, final system performance may largely deviate from the expected one, which can result in silicon respins. To simultaneously achieve high-quality system integration starting from accurate circuit characterizations, analog-PBD (APBD) has been proposed and formulated in [4–7] as a meet-in-the-middle recursive process consisting in top-down optimization (platform mapping) and bottom-up characterizations, exporting the feasible design spaces of platform components to higher levels of abstraction.
Optimization is performed on behavioral models, that is, mathematical representations of electronic circuits, capturing their functionality as a function of a set of input, output, and configuration parameters. To allow information hiding and intellectual property (IP) protection, a feasible performance model is also provided for each circuit block, which exports the performance achievable by any available implementation of the block (in the platform library), without propagating implementation details. Performance models are built in a characterization process, as described in Section 2.1. Both models are accompanied by validity laws, that is, a set of constraints and inequalities delineating the validity regions of all component models and their compositions. An Analog Platform (AP) is therefore a library of components, each one decorated by the above set of models and laws. A design is a platform instance, that is, a correct composition of elements, implementing the desired function and, at the same time, optimizing a set of quality metrics.
2.1. Analog Performance Models
Performance models play a critical role in analog system-level design and particularly in platform-based design. Performance models are used to constrain the optimization process to achievable performances within the considered architecture space. Therefore, system-level design approaches have to consider the nature of performance models explicitly during system optimizations.
In the recent few years, a number of papers have appeared on the generation of performance models [8, 9] and even direct modeling of the feasibility region [10, 11]. The latter set of works aims at providing a classifier that separates feasible n-tuples of performances from unfeasible ones, without recurring to a regression-based approach. From the system-level perspective, feasibility models allow casting exploration problems in a more intuitive performance space rather than mapping down to implementation parameters. The number of variables in the optimization problems is consequently reduced (at least in nondegenerate cases) and architecture selection becomes readily available as different implementation topologies may share common performance spaces.
There are two basic model generation schemes, equation based and simulation based (Figure 1). The first approach requires deriving analytical expressions to estimate performance from configuration (regression case) or to model the performance space (classification case). The second approach is based on statistical approximation techniques, where a set of performance samples is evaluated and exploited to build a performance model approximation. In order to compare the different schemes, it is useful to introduce some figures of merit for performance models. The cost of generating a performance model can be decomposed into different contributions: model setup, model generation, and model retargeting. In particular, the first two contributions are usually at odds and need to be traded off in real models. Another fundamental figure of merit is accuracy. Accuracy is usually assessed through some function (e.g., average or maximum) of the estimation error. We can further distinguish between two different kinds of error, the error on the training data and the generalization error. The last figure of merit we consider is generality of the approach, both in terms of classes of circuits and of the performance figures that can be captured. Analyticaland simulation-based models are at opposite ends of the spectrum of performance model schemes.
Figure 1. Equation-based and simulation-based approaches for generating performance models compared with multiple metrics. The 0–10 axes encode the difficulty of each figure of merit.
Analog platform performance models rely on Support Vector Machines (SVMs) as a way of


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188.8.131.52 Built-in Method Combination Types
The object system provides a set of built-in method combination types. To specify that a generic function is to use one of these method combination types, the name of the method combination type is given as the argument to the :method-combination option to defgeneric or to the :method-combination option to any of the other operators that specify generic function options.
The names of the built-in method combination types are listed in the next figure.
+ append max nconc progn
and list min or standard
Figure 7-2. Built-in Method Combination Types
The semantics of the standard built-in method combination type is described in Section 184.108.40.206 (Standard Method Combination). The other built-in method combination types are called simple built-in method combination types.
The simple built-in method combination types act as though they were defined by the short form of define-method-combination. They recognize two roles for methods:
- * An around method has the keyword symbol :around as its sole qualifier. The meaning of :around methods is the same as in standard method combination. Use of the functions call-next-method and next-method-p is supported in around methods.
- * A primary method has the name of the method combination type as its sole qualifier. For example, the built-in method combination type and recognizes methods whose sole qualifier is and; these are primary methods. Use of the functions call-next-method and next-method-p is not supported in primary methods.
The semantics of the simple built-in method combination types is as follows:
- * If there are any around methods, the most specific around method is called. It supplies the value or values of the generic function.
- * Inside the body of an around method, the function call-next-method can be used to call the next method. The generic function no-next-method is invoked if call-next-method is used and there is no applicable method to call. The function next-method-p may be used to determine whether a next method exists. When the next method returns, the around method can execute more code, perhaps based on the returned value or values.
- * If an around method invokes call-next-method, the next most specific around method is called, if one is applicable. If there are no around methods or if call-next-method is called by the least specific around method, a Lisp form derived from the name of the built-in method combination type and from the list of applicable primary methods is evaluated to produce the value of the generic function. Suppose the name of the method combination type is operator and the call to the generic function is of the form
- Let M1,...,Mk be the applicable primary methods in order; then the derived Lisp form is
(operator ...)
- If the expression is evaluated, the method Mi will be applied to the arguments a1...an. For example, if operator is or, the expression is evaluated only if , 1<=j


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HISTORY. Basutoland first received the protection of Britain in 1868 at the request of Moshoeshoe I, the first paramount chief. In 1871 the territory was annexed to the Cape Colony, but in 1884 it was restored to the direct control of the British Government through the High Commissioner for South Africa.
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Books of Reference
- Statistical Information: Bureau of Statistics, PO Box 455, Maseru, Lesotho.Google Scholar
- Ashton, H., The Basuto. 2nd ed. OUP, 1967Google Scholar
- Hailey, Lord, The Republic of South Africa and the High Commission Territories. OUP, 1963Google Scholar
- Murray, C., Families Divided: The Impact of Migrant Labour in Lesotho. OUP, 1981Google Scholar
- Spence, J. E., Lesotho. OUP, 1968Google Scholar
- Stevens, C., Food, Aid and the Developing World. London, 1979Google Scholar


Last modified 3 years ago Last modified on 04/16/12 18:23:58
Troubleshooting Sound Problems -
Troubleshooting problems in the audio quality is one of the most difficult task to do with PJMEDIA, because not only it is system/usage specific but also sometimes it is quite hard to describe what the problem is. This page will try to provide a step-by-step troubleshooting guide to assist solving such problems.
Understanding Media Flow
If you want to understand how audio is flowing among various PJMEDIA components, the Understanding Media Flow page provides a detailed explanation about this.
Types of Problems
Please identify the problem with audio from the following list. If the problem is not listed below, it would be great to contact the mailing list so that I can add it here:
 1. No audio is heard on local speaker during the call
 2. No Audio is heard by remote party
 3. Audio breakups
 4. Audio drop-outs or "stutters"
 5. Loud static noise
 6. Soft/quiet noise
 7. Audio stutters when streaming tone to X-Lite/SJPhone
 8. High jitter value observed by remote party
How to Report Audio Problems
If the problem is not listed above, or a solution can't be found, then the next step is to try to contact the mailing list to see if members can provide some help to diagnose/solve the problems. When reporting the problem, it's always good to follow this guideline:
 - Try to describe the problem in detail (is it noise, stutters, etc). Be verbose, because certainly it doesn't help at all to say that "the audio is bad" without describing what it means.
 - Let others know what checklists have been done. Try to narrow down the problem. If there are some log output (such as output of pjsua's dq command or sndtest output or just pjsua's log file) then attach these outpus to your post. It's always better to have more data rather than less data.
 - It will be very useful to have a sample recording of the problem, if it is possible. We know that it's very hard to describe what something sounds like, so with a recording others can hear themselves what exactly the problem is. Use the How to Record Audio with pjsua page for some instructions. Note that the mailing list does not allow message larger than 100 KB so probably you'd need to put the sample recording somewhere and provide the link to your post.


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Oscilloscope's Frequency Counter Hacked! (kinda)
2018-08-22 | 8 min read
Hacking the specs
Everyone loves a bargain. And who doesn't love a hacked oscilloscope? Well, it would be pretty odd for an oscilloscope company to teach you how to hack your own hardware. Besides, that's already been done (Fig. 1). So, I'm coining a new term: "spec hack."
Webster's dictionary will one day define it like this:
Spec hack (/spek'hak/), n. When an engineer uses expert-level knowledge of their test equipment to achieve performance above and beyond typical expectations of said equipment. (Thanks to a spec hack of the flux capacitor, Doc Brown discovered he only needed to go 77 miles per hour to travel through time.)
Today's spec hack will look at the built-in frequency counter on an InfiniiVision 1000 X-Series oscilloscope.
You may think that a 100 MHz oscilloscope will only let you see signals up to 100 MHz – but that's not actually true. Why? Oscilloscope bandwidth isn't as straightforward as the labeled spec.
Oscilloscope Bandwidth brush up
To fully understand how far you can push your frequency counter, you must first understand how your oscilloscope's bandwidth works. If you are confident that you know all about bandwidth, feel free to skip this next little section. If not, get ready to have your mind blown (or at least maybe learn something new).
Essentially, if you have a 100 MHz oscilloscope bandwidth, it means you can view a sine wave (or frequency components of a non-sine wave) of 100 MHz with ≤ 3 dB of attenuation.
But, here's the main take away – bandwidth is all about signal attenuation, not just about the frequencies you can or can't see (Fig. 2).
Usually this won't matter for your day-to-day oscilloscope usage. You may see round corners on what should be a crisp square wave, but it probably won't change how you use your scope. But, when you're using a built-in frequency counter, it can be used to your advantage.
To understand why this effect can be advantageous, you need to understand how a frequency counter works. It's called a frequency counter because it literally counts. It counts the number of edges found over a specific amount of time, called the gate time. The frequency is calculated like this:
Frequency = Number of pulses/Gate time
From a circuitry perspective, the counter is simply a comparator (to identify signal edges) and a microcontroller to count the output and display the results (Fig. 3) As it turns out, oscilloscopes already have this infrastructure inside their trigger systems.
Why oscilloscopes make great frequency counters
As luck would have it, the trigger circuitry of a scope often has comparators built into the signal path (think "edge trigger"). With some planning, it's not difficult for oscilloscope designers to include a frequency counter built into the oscilloscope. It may sometimes require extra hardware, but the essentials already exist.
The most important specification of a counter is accuracy - the higher the precision of the time base, the more accurate the counter. Oscilloscopes also have to have a highly accurate time base, so a built in counter can just use the scope's clock.
Finally, an oscilloscope's trigger circuitry typically has its own special signal path designed specifically to extract the core signal and block out noise and unwanted frequency components. Unlike the oscilloscope's acquisition circuitry, the trigger circuitry doesn't need to recreate the signal with high accuracy, it only needs to do a fantastic job of finding edges. So, a frequency counter can use a scope's trigger signal path instead of the acquisition signal path and get a higher fidelity edge.
The Spec Hack
Let's put it all together. So far we've learned a few things:
- You can see signals (or signal edges) higher than the bandwidth of your oscilloscope, but it may have an attenuated amplitude.
- Frequency counters just need to count edges; they don't care very much about the amplitude of the signal.
- Oscilloscopes have a dedicated, specially conditioned signal path dedicated to identifying edges.
So, a frequency counter built into an oscilloscope can measure frequencies higher than the bandwidth of the oscilloscope. The question is, how much higher?
One of the perks of working at Keysight is that that's an easy question to answer. I pulled out my 100 MHz Keysight 1000 X-Series low-cost oscilloscope and a grossly unnecessary Keysight 67 GHz PSG (because hey, why not?) (Fig. 4) and ran a frequency sweep to see just how fast of a signal the oscilloscope's frequency counter could measure.
The results blew me away!
The 100 MHz oscilloscope's counter was able to measure up to 529 MHz! That's over 5x the bandwidth of the oscilloscope (Fig. 5).
The lesson? Know your equipment!
It's always fun to find a little, hidden gem in your test equipment. Sometimes it's an Easter egg mini game hidden away in a secret menu; sometimes it's a measurement you had no idea you could make.
Having a good understanding of the fundamentals of the equipment you use will not only help you make better, more accurate measurements but also help you avoid any traps that might lead you down the wrong test path.


red lights is incorrect. During night in the control room -- the underwater "bridge" of the ship (on the surface the bridge is located in the sail on top) -- red lights are lit because the wavelength of the color red prevents night blindness when you go from a lighted space to a dark environment such as peering through a periscope at night or during night ops/sailing when the boat is on the surface. Also, most likely as with U.S. submarines, red lights are not lighted throughout the submarine. Even in Control on my boat, regular (fluorescent) lights were lighted in Control at night with the OOD wearing red goggles until we came up to periscope depth for a periscope observation and for copying traffic (communicatons), etc. It takes an average of 15 minutes to go from a lighted environment to a dark environment before night blindness subsides. Hence the red goggles or red light!
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text:
When hurricanes, wars or other emergencies force authorities to respond, three essentials top their list of must-haves: water, electricity and refrigeration.
In a project funded by the U.S. Army, two University of Florida (UF) engineers, S.A. Sherif and William Lear, successfully tested a combined power-refrigeration system that can provide all three, and with further development, be made small enough to fit inside a military jet or large truck.
Both the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the military now rely on large generators to produce electricity in hazard zones. For cooling, they either haul in ice or electricity-hogging refrigerators. Depending on the location and emergency, imported fresh water may be another major logistical expense and challenge.
Hoping to cut costs and simplify the process, the Army has provided a $750,000 grant to a Florida company funding the research on an alternative. The researchers solution: a small system that ties a novel gas turbine power plant to a heat-operated refrigeration system.
The refrigeration makes the gas turbine more efficient, while also producing cool air and portable water. The turbine can run of conventional fossil fuels, as well as biomass-produced fuels for hydrogen.


text:
Sep. 16, 2011 Experts from Kingston University have devised a new questionnaire to detect behaviour such as mephedrone use. The aim is to pinpoint exactly how widespread the abuse of substances like mephedrone, commonly called meow meow, is by using a method of data collection that aims to filter out respondents who might not be telling the truth.
An international team led by scientists from London's Kingston University has developed a fresh approach to determining just how widely used designer drugs are. The aim is to pinpoint exactly how widespread the abuse of substances like mephedrone, commonly called meow meow, is by using a method of data collection that aims to filter out respondents who might not be telling the truth.
The researchers, led by Professor Andrea Petroczi, have devised a new form of questionnaire which is aimed at getting large survey groups to admit to behaviour which they might prefer to keep secret. The team found that up to one in 10 young people in the United Kingdom had taken mephedrone in the previous three months.
The team surveyed young people (with a majority aged between 18 and 27) in the London and Bangor areas using a new method called the Single Sample Count. The technique hides a sensitive question, in this case one about mephedrone use, among a series of seemingly trivial questions with yes or no answers, such as asking participants "Is your mother's birthday in the first half of the year?."
"In the past it has been shown that this kind of method always gives a higher rate of people admitting to drug use than if they're just asked outright," Professor Petroczi from Kingston University's School of Life Sciences said. "Another key feature of this simple method is that there is absolutely no way to relate the individual answers back to the respondents, so they are protected even if the researcher sees their anonymous response."
The results revealed that up to 10 per cent of the 318 young people questioned admitted using mephedrone at least once in the period leading up to it being classified as a class B controlled substance in April 2010. Before then, the laboratory-produced drug had been a so-called 'legal high'. It has a similar effect to amphetamines, ecstasy or cocaine. But it also causes nausea, palpitations and vomiting. The Office for National Statistics reported that there were six deaths involving mephedrone in 2010, the first year it had been mentioned on death certificates in England and Wales.
"The results are broadly consistent with similar studies into the prevalence of mephedrone and underline just how much of a problem the drug is with young users," Professor Petroczi said. "The proliferation of designer drugs is deeply concerning because of the very serious health risks. Drugs like mephedrone are usually untested in terms of exactly how dangerous they can be."
To help validate the questionnaire results, a new test for mephedrone in hair was also developed by Kingston University scientists. The results found that almost four per cent of the sample contained mephedrone, suggesting regular use.
"For the mephedrone to be detectable in your hair, it has to have been used more than once," Professor Declan Naughton, a co-author of the study explained. "So the figure is likely to be the habitual users, and the remainder of the 10 per cent figure from the questionnaire composed of those who have taken it just once."
A leading American expert in substance abuse said the Kingston research was significant. "Interestingly, mephedrone has not become well known in the United States at the moment, although that situation may change as time goes by," Professor Harrison Pope from Harvard University said. "Certainly the prevalence estimate of 10 per cent in the United Kingdom in this study is worrisome from our American vantage point, because it may point to rates of usage rising on our side of the Atlantic in the future too."
The study has been published in the journal Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention and Policy and saw the Kingston University researchers work with colleagues from Bangor University, the University of Northern Colorado and Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest.
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
- Andrea Petróczi, Tamás Nepusz, Paul Cross, Helen Taft, Syeda Shah, Nawed Deshmukh, Jay Schaffer, Maryann Shane, Christiana Adesanwo, James Barker, Declan P Naughton. New non-randomised model to assess the prevalence of discriminating behaviour: a pilot study on mephedrone. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 2011; 6 (1): 20 DOI: 10.1186/1747-597X-6-20
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.


a list compiled by Alex Kasman (College of Charleston)
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Dragon's Egg (1980)
Robert L. Forward
Contributed by Lapo Fanciullo
[In this science fiction novel], the crew of the first spaceship to ever visit a neutron star discover that the star is inhabited by a race - the Cheela - whose metabolism is based on nuclear reactions instead of chemical reactions. Thanks to this the Cheela live about one million times faster than terrestrial life, and in a few days (for the humans) they progress from prehistory to space age.
What may interest you is the rather detailed description of how the neutron star inhabitants, still in their stone age, discover arithmetics.
A clan of Cheela need to abandon their living place and move to a safer region that was discovered by a pack of hunters, so they're collecting pods to eat during the journey. One of the discoverers, a female Cheela called Great-Crack, wonders if they're collecting enough and has an idea (Forward's wonderlful sentence is "in a flash of inspiration, one of the greatest mathematical minds ever hatched in the past or future of the cheela made a great leap of abstract thought").
Great-Crack has conserved a seed from each pod she's eaten during the voyage. She puts the seeds in a row, then she takes some of the gathered pods and puts them in a row as well, one beside each seed: that' how many pods a Cheela needs to eat in travel. Making a row for each member of the clan, she runs out of pods before she's made a row for everybody, so she realizes there's not enough food.
The leader of the clan, trusting his intuitive notion of quantities, believes they're ready to go ("There must be enough there to feed all the clan, for I have never seen so many pods before") and is not able to abstract the concept of "number" from the seeds to the pods, refusing to believe that seeds can tell him if he'll survive the journey. Great-Crack has to challenge him to a fight, win and become the new leader in order to save the clan from starvation.
While the clan is gathering new food she also perfects her new discovery, inventing a base 12 numeration. It is thanks to her that the clan will make it to the new land.
I'm not certain this is enough to make a piece of mathematical fiction of Dragon's Egg, but certainly the book presents mathematics - even if it's just the act of counting - as something vitally useful, connects it with a dramatic journey and has a woman (although an alien) as the main mathematician. I could hardly imagine a more intriguing and stereotype-free way of presenting arithmetics.
In case you decide to include it in your site, my marks are:
 - Literary quality 4/5
 - Mathematical content 2/5 (the mathematics dealt with is not at all advanced, but it's presented in a way that makes you realize how it must have been difficult to discover what every first-grader today knows, and gives you a hint of how it could have been done).
Contributed by David
I vote "3" for math, because of both the discovery of arithmetic by the cheela but the use of statistical analysis by the humans to discover the neutron star in the first place, and the constant use of math throughout to accommodate the time differential.
Contributed by Anonymous
Was Robert L. Forward allergic to editors or something? In the hands of a better writer, Dragon's Egg could have been great, but as it stands, it's one of the worst novels I've ever read. I wish I could give it 0/5 for literary quality, because it's so bad that it doesn't even deserve one point.
Contributed by Dennis Caswell
I would not consider this to be a mathematical work. However, I have read that this was considered to be a scientific essay in the form of a novel, and with this I agree. Robert Lull Forward was a scientist who turned to writing science fiction. As wouzld be expected from a scientist, the science was accurate as was known at the time. This was his first published novel, and it shows it. His later works (especially the Rocheworld books) show a maturity in writing. Robert L. Forward enjoyed going to science fiction conventions, and I did get to meet him a few times. Very nice person.
More information about this work can be found at.
Works Similar to Dragon's Egg
 1. The Flight of the Dragonfly (aka Rocheworld) by Robert L. Forward
 2. Story of Your Life by Ted Chiang
 3. The Algebraist by Iain M. Banks
 5. In the River by Justin Stanchfield
 6. Pop Quiz by Alex Kasman
 7. Incandescence by Greg Egan
 8. Conversations on Mathematics with a Visitor from Outer Space by David Ruelle
 9. Luminous by Greg Egan
 10. Old Faithful by Raymond Z. Gallun
Ratings for Dragon's Egg:
Mathematical Content:
2.25/5 (4 votes)
Literary Quality:
3/5 (4 votes)
GenreScience Fiction,
MotifAliens, Math as Beautiful/Exciting/Useful,
TopicAlgebra/Arithmetic/Number Theory,
Home All New Browse Search About
(Maintained by Alex Kasman, College of Charleston)


text:
Browsing Faculty of Social Science by Journal
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A systematic review of qualitative studies capturing the subjective experiences of Gay and Lesbian individuals' of faith or religious affiliation.Individuals identifying as religious tend to report better health and happiness regardless of affiliation, work and family social support or financial status. Evidence suggests that cultural factors are intertwined with these concepts. Exploration of sexual minorities' experiences has been neglected in previous years. Recently, a body of evidence is developing concerning this population, with theoretical speculation for changes of 'stressors' for future generations and implications, particularly, on mental health outcomes. Lesbian and Gay individuals of faith (or spirituality), are susceptible to unique 'stressors', whilst others suggest religion can provide a support network providing protective health benefits. This review systematically explores the existing published evidence for the subjective experiences and accounts of LG people of faith. Sexual minority individuals who follow a religion or faith can experience good social support, reducing the risk of negative health outcomes, while for others, potentially serious, negative mental and physical health consequences are experienced (e.g., internalised homophobia, anxiety, rejection and suicidal ideation).


text:
to perform mental arithmetic on.
Figures in a column are generally closer together than adjoining figures in a row. Therefore it is easier to make calculations with figures above or below each other than with those side by side. If figures which may be used in a calculation are far apart in a column, consider reducing the leading to bring them closer together.
Be careful with horizontal and vertical lines. They tend to isolate figures from each other.
- Parentheses, brackets and braces
- Are these included? They may be around negative values or grouped entries.
- Placement of the tables
- Check that the tables are in the right place. If they are supposed to be next to particular text, check that they are. If they are together, are they in a suitable sequence? Consider their placement opposite each other on a double page spread.
- Cross references
- Check that all cross references are correct.
- Is the table a suitable size? For example, would it be better to split it into three smaller tables or should some tables be combined? Small tables are often easier to position in between text, just where the information is described.
If you are trying to present a particular argument, smaller tables will always work better. However, if you are providing reference information, a large table will be easier for readers to navigate and to discover relationships in.
A table which runs over two pages will generally be better split into two or more tables. However, some tables will run over many pages and you should check that the page breaks are in a suitable place and that the footnotes are easily accessible even to the laziest reader; that is, on the same page as the information. All pages should have the title and column headings reprinted on them.
- Generally you should try to avoid landscape tables (those turned sideways on the page). In a publication where all the pages are in portrait orientation, the sudden appearance of a landscape page means the book to be rotated. This is undesirable.
A landscape table could be split into separate tables or could be spread across two portrait pages. If you do this consider repeating the stubs down the right hand side of the second page. There are problems with this approach though. Firstly, you need to be quite certain that rows will perfectly align after printing and binding. Secondly, you restrict your paging options if you are forced to create two-page spreads.
Another solution to a poorly shaped table is to consider whether the stubs and headings should be reversed. However, to maintain consistency between tables this may not be an option. If you have a long narrow table which you would prefer to fit across the page, design it as follows:
stub data stub data stub data stub data stub data stub data stub data stub data
If you put the flowing stubs in italics, your reader will realise there is something different happening here. You could put a light vertical line to the left of the second row of stubs.
- Unnecessary information
- Consider if the table is necessary at all. Perhaps all the information is in the text or has been presented graphically. Also check that the reverse is not true. Just because the data have been graphed, it doesn't mean that readers do not want the exact data to use in another situation.
Should some information be deleted? Do you really want information about males and females or would data about total persons be sufficient?
- White space
- If there are many rows of data which are not broken up with white spaces, then you should insert spaces. Put a space after every five or six rows. The table will look less oppressive and it will be easier to read the information correctly across the page without falling onto the wrong row half way along.
- Headings and subheadings
- Ensure that readers can quickly see where there are headings and subheadings are in the stubs. Make use of indents, italics and bold to help your readers find what they want.
When you checkadd the table, you will identify the subheads. Are there more than two levels in the headings and stubs? The maximum which can be clearly presented is usually three. Perhaps the stubs and headings should be reversed or the table totally redesigned or split up.
Three levels of heading in stubs can be avoided by inserting wafer headings.
- Dump items
- Is there a stub or column called 'other'? If this item is large in terms of the total, you should query if it shouldn't been broken up into more meaningful information.
- Conversion: imperial/metric,currencies
- Be particularly careful with imperial/metric figures and overseas units of currency. Has the author been confused? Insert a conversion chart or convert the data before publication.
- Does the table look balanced or do the title, headings and footnotes dominate the data which is trying to peek through somewhere in between? In such instances readers will probably find the data, but will ignore the footnotes and will only slowly absorb what is in the title. Tufte (1985) compares this situation to a local council building which has a grand portico at the entrance but where all the work is done in a tiny back room.
- Time period
- If the data relate to a specific period are there an appropriate number of time periods shown so that trends can be compared? For monthly data, show 15 months; for quarterly, show 6 quarters. These series provide an effective comparison in movements and levels between current periods and the corresponding periods in the previous month or quarter.
- Standard error, seasonal adjustment, sampling error
- Should these be provided? What explanation of them is required? Have data with a high sampling variability been qualified?
Observe your reactions to tables you find in your daily life. Are you able to quickly assimilate the information in them? Why or why not?
- Check that the same words are used to describe the same items in all tables and in accompanying text. For example, use 'male' or 'female' each time and change 'men' and 'women' if they are used. Check that in headings and stubs the items are, for example, all cities or all countries, all common names or all scientific names and not a mixture. If the data have been collected from different sources where different definitions and terminology have been used it is more difficult. In this situation include some text to explain the sources and, particularly, information on whether the data are comparable.
- Check consistency in the use of upper and lower case, alignment, typeface, lines, abbreviations, spacing and the use of the comma for thousands in numbers. Check that the time period is always described in the same way. For example, use 'at 31 March' or 'at the end of March', not a mixture of both.
- Check that all tables use the same approach with footnotes. They should all use the same notation; that is, (a), (b) … or (i) (ii) … or symbols (in the correct order). If numbers have been used in mathematical works, ensure that their use will not be confused with superior numbers or indices.
Where possible ensure that each table has its own footnotes, rather than referring readers back to text or another table. They probably won't bother to find it. If something is so vital that it requires a footnote, then readers must be able to easily find and read this important information.
- Identical data
- One of the major checks for consistency in a table is that the same data appear in the table and in its accompanying text, charts and graphs. Perhaps the table was created and a summary of its content was written. However, the table may have been revised but the text wasn't.
Sometimes data in one table are amended because of a late revision, but the same data in another table are not changed. Obviously tables generated from databases are less likely to contain this error, but be careful about making assumptions.
If you have already checkadded the tables, this check will be much easier because you will know where certain items are presented and you can quickly confirm that they are the same. For example, you may find that in one table the data relate to just NSW but in another it may be NSW and ACT. Ensure that there is a reason for this and that the figures contain what they purport to include.
- Order in lists
- Ensure that stubs or headings are presented in the same order, for example in geographical distribution, a standard classification order or alphabetically. You will also need to assess that the ordering is the most suitable for the reader. In some tables you may list stubs by size because this assists your reader to confirm trends, as well as unexpected results. The problem with listing by size is that if there is more than one table the order might differ for each variable. However, if the reader will appreciate a size order you need to seriously consider it.
- You should look for patterns. For example, notice how many digits are in each number and see if any look uncomfortable in the row or column. Scanning along rows and down columns for this type of delinquent entry may be all you can do to edit for accuracy.
- Progressions of numbers
- Look for progressions of numbers and repeated numbers (something typed twice perhaps). It is to be hoped that your proofreader will locate errors of this kind — but you are often typesetter, proofreader and editor.
- Breaks in series
- If one figure increases, when others in the row decrease, check. Look at changes in trends. One explanation for a sudden change in figures is that a new method of collection has been adopted. Perhaps there has been a new definition of the data item. In this situation you should indicate in some way that figures before and after the event are not comparable. The writer may, or may not, want to describe the actual reasons for the


Figure 2: Relationship between the nervous system and the muscular system. (1) CNTF is released from the peripheral nerves and is one of the vital trophic factors for both the motor neuron and the myocytes. This growth factor is abundantly synthesized by Schwann cells. (2) MGF is locally released from the muscles and mainly activates satellite cells proliferation. (3) Some trophic factors (TrkB and myogenin) are innervation dependent. (4) Electrical impulse pattern modulates the muscle contractile properties and fiber-type profile.


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The Japanese use the concept of Shu, ha, ri to indicate progress in development/growth. Straight from its WikiPedia page, Aikido shihan Endou Seishirou said:
The question I ask is: as a teacher, how do you recognize that a student of yours has finally passed from 'ha' to 'ri'?
share|improve this question
Although I've provided my best answer, I'm increasingly skeptical that this question has an answer. I think it provokes interesting discussion, but the question may involve too many abstractions and subjective elements to permit an objective, empirical answer. – Mark C. Wallace Aug 21 '12 at 10:33
2 Answers 2
I'll start with the caveat. Since I don't have a menkyo kaiden, and quite frankly don't expect to achieve one in my lifetime, my answer should be viewed with a grain (or two) of salt. Interpreted strictly, there are very few people who are qualified to answer this question. (in point of fact it may be advisable to edit the question so that it can be answered more objectively, rather than discussed).
I do have a menkyo kaiden in arrogance, so I'll provide my best advice despite the caveat. I believe in every context where I've heard this discussed, time served is a criteria. I dislike that criteria for various andragogical reasons, and there are students in my dojo who are junior to me but whom I recognize as significantly superior in skill. But time served does serve as a yardstick to reduce rank inflation. The standards for how much time served vary from art to art. - see the caveat above about multiple variables.
I believe within most of the martial arts there are also measures that are useful. Within Tomiki aikido we have randori and competitions. Within Taiji we have push-hands. Other martial arts have sparring. Most martial arts have the notion of henka waza or jiyu waza. Does the student's performance within these exercises conform to the body of material already taught, or is the student able to improvise? In static exercise we tend to control for and decrease variability. In dynamic exercises like sparring or randori there are more variables. Is the student handicapped when presented with a new attack, or can the student adapt elements of known techniques? (You could argue that these are test for the boundary between Shu and Ha; I wouldn't disagree completely).
Most schools have assumptions about attacks. - for example, most aikido schools don't practice extensively against kicks. (I acknowledge that Stokman's Keri-Waza is the exception that proves the rule.) Aikido tends to practice against knife thrusts and stylized attacks, but not against the kind of knife fighting I'd find on a DC street which aims to bleed the attacker. How does the student react to attacks outside the assumptions of the art? That would be evidence that the student has progressed to Ha.
Wish I could provide a truly objective answer, but I don't think the question permits it.
share|improve this answer
+1, not least for the use of the word "andragogical". – Dave Liepmann Aug 20 '12 at 18:58
So, if I read you correctly, you are arguing that examining a student's performance/progress during a particular drill could be a good indicator of progression from 'ha' to 'ri'? – Trevoke Aug 20 '12 at 19:58
Loosely, yes. I wouldn't use the term "particular drill". I suspect that the student's performance during sparring would reveal whether the student had progressed from limited improvisation to a deeper understanding of the fundamentals. – Mark C. Wallace Aug 21 '12 at 10:28
I think that setting any sort of standard or criteria by which to judge attainment of the ri stage is misguided.
Like enlightenment or "mastery", we bandy these terms about as if they had specific and concrete meanings. They do not. They are more meant as a finger pointing at the moon, as ways for us to guide our own practice. (Or to gently explain to white belts why they should shut up and do the technique the way they were taught.)
The shu-ha-ri concept is a philosophical division of form. It simply delineates the plain fact that the form is the proper way of doing things, whereas other times the form will hold us back. We don't literally "graduate" from one stage to the next across all our techniques, or even permanently. We might get it on one day and lose it the next. The three concepts are just putting a name to that phenomena.
This is well-recognized in other fields where different levels of competence or knowledge integration are used. Wikipedia uses the shu-ha-ri concept to explain the familiarization process with editing Wikipedia:
In the martial arts there is a concept of the road to mastery called shu ha ri that could be explained as:
 - He/She who is a beginner, plays within the boundaries;
 - He/She who is proficient, explores the boundaries;
 - He/She who is an expert, creates the boundaries—or ignores them altogether.
While editing Wikipedia: beginners don't know (or are only starting to learn) the rules; intermediate users learn the rules; advanced users learn the spirit of the rules; finally, once users understand the spirit of the rules and principles, they can ignore them.
Further, the four stages of competence are recognized across many disciplines. I see a direct parallel to the shu-ha-ri concept, with the first stage of competence simply placed before even shu.
 - Unconscious incompetence
 - Conscious incompetence (akin to shu)
 - Conscious competence (akin to ha)
 - Unconscious competence (akin to ri)
To me, comparing the Japanese concept of form with Burch's model of competence stages plainly shows that these are not discrete states, and further that determining the state one is in requires knowledge of internal mental processes, making it difficult to say for sure which stage someone else is operating in. This would be the simplest way to tell if someone is operating at a high level: are they reacting naturally, casually, without thought or effort? Or are they executing techniques expertly and effectively, but with mental effort, consciously? We can't say with any certainty, but observing the smoothness and speed of their action can give hints.
(It is also important to remind ourselves that we move into and out of these stages fluidly: I go through months where I start hitting kouchigari without conscious thought, before losing it for another span of several months. I am forcibly reverted to conscious action.)
share|improve this answer
Enlightenment has a fairly specific and concrete meaning. It has however been very diluted by people who DO bandy about the word without knowing that meaning. "Mastery" can also be defined. One does not "graduate from one stage to the next across all our techniques", because the point of 'ri' is to "lose" technique. Everything becomes just a manifestation of principles. This seems like it could be a good question: "Does shu-ha-ri really exist across the board?" Or.. Well, I'm not sure how to word it. – Trevoke Aug 20 '12 at 19:57
_USER_ Could you point me to an authoritative reference that defines enlightenment specifically and concretely? Perhaps we are not meeting minds about the meaning of the term "concrete". Same with mastery--we can point to Marcelo Garcia and say he's mastered the rear naked choke, but there's a problem (which you might recognize from the "heap" in comp sci): at what date and time did he go from not having mastery to having mastery? – Dave Liepmann Aug 20 '12 at 20:06
I see our problem. We're not talking about the same thing. The states of mastery and enlightenment are definable, but they're not the same as the transition. I am asking about the transition, and you're talking about the state. For better or for worse, you could go for _URL_.shtml which describes, step by step, the levels of enlightenment, and how to get there. If we agree that Mareclo Garcia is a master (which is not what you said, I am aware), then we must be able to define, however elusively, his state. – Trevoke Aug 20 '12 at 23:06
And my question isn't about the transition (though that's FASCINATING! And I wish I'd asked it), but about the state. – Trevoke Aug 20 '12 at 23:07
_USER_ You literally just said in your first comment that the Q is about the transition, then in your next comment that it's about the state. But that's irrelevant, because my point is that the definition of mastery/enlightenment/*ri*, being innately amorphous, is prey to the sorites paradox. – Dave Liepmann Aug 21 '12 at 2:18
Your Answer


text:
Street Lights Permanently Change the Ecology of Local Bugs
The first "modern" streetlight was lit in London's Pall Mall in 1807. That night may also have marked the first time a moth found itself trapped in an irresistible spiral around public lighting. Ever since then, streetlights have become a fixture of life in cities and suburbs, and a deathtrap for flying insects. Researchers at the University of Exeter have recently discovered that the abundance of insect life around these lights is not just a passing assemblage, but a permanent fixture. The diversity of invertebrate ground predators and scavengers, like beetles and harvestmen, remained elevated around streetlights even during the day. These insects had figured out the benefits of living in an island of artificially high prey concentrations.
These findings indicate that streetlights affect local ecologies for a longer duration, and at a higher level in the food web, than previously thought. Given the decline of pollinators and other invertebrates in the UK and around the world, it may be important to re-examine the impact of seemingly harmless nighttime lighting.


text:
This healthcare worker is a breakthrough case as he's tested positive for COVID-19 after getting fully vaccinated against COVID-19.
Reports are indicating that a healthcare worker has managed to test positive for COVID-19 after receiving both doses of a COVID-19 vaccine.
According to the Department of Health, the man is a Hawaii healthcare worker, the man's new COVID-19 infection can be attributed to his recent travel to the mainland of the US as he visited multiple cities after receiving his second dose of the vaccine.
The Department of Health says that the travel is why the man tested positive again, not an ineffective COVID-19 vaccine.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), fully vaccinated people can still get COVID-19 and spread it to others, but fully vaccinated people will develop a much less severe infection.
Here's what the CDC has said, "vaccinated people could potentially still get COVID-19 and spread it to others.
However, the benefits of relaxing some measures such as quarantine requirements and reducing social isolation may outweigh the residual risk of fully vaccinated people becoming ill with COVID-19 or transmitting the virus to others".


Taddeo Zuccaro
Taddeo Zuccaro, Zuccaro also spelled Zuccari (born Sept. 1, 1529, Sant'Angelo in Vado, Urbino—died Sept. 1/2, 1566Rome), Italian painter, leader (with his brother Federico Zuccaro) of the Roman Mannerist school of painting.
Largely self-trained at Rome, Taddeo Zuccaro was influenced by the works of Perino del Vaga and Polidoro da Caravaggio. From the early 1550s he executed many decorative frescoes for facades and interiors of palaces and a few religious works.
From 1559 until his death he was in charge of his greatest commission, the frescoes and stucco decorations of the Villa dei Farnese at Caprarola (Italy)—among the most splendidly ornamented rooms of the time.


Rockmelon fruit health benefits, Benefits of Rockmelon Juice
What are advantages of taking Rockmelon fruit in daily diet? How Rockmelon Juice can be beneficial for health? How Rockmelon fruit is good for health? What are the top benefits of eating Rockmelon fruit?
Keywords: Rockmelon Fruit Diet Tips Fruit Diet | Views: 3220
Community Answers:
preet said...
The rockmelon (or rock melon) is Low in Saturated Fat, Cholesterol and Sodium, High in Vitamin A, Vitamin C and Potassium. The nutritional value and health benefits of rockmelons means that they're good for: Maintaining good general health, losing weight. Don't include rockmelons if you're interested in Gaining weight.
Prevents the abnormal formation of blood clots. Prevents hardening of the arteries. Prevents risks for cancer. Lowers the risk for cataracts and helps improve vision. Helps lower cholesterol. Helps lower high blood pressure. Strengthens the immune system. Helps with insomnia. Reduces heavy flows and clots during menstruation. Prevents muscle cramps. Good and healthy pregnancy. Helps put back beta-carotene for smokers who lose a lot of Vitamin A. Relieves stress. Reduces water retention.


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Julien Levy (1906–1981) was one of the most influential art dealers of the twentieth century and an impassioned champion of Surrealism, experimental film, and photography. The Julien Levy Gallery, which he opened in Manhattan in 1931 and closed in 1949, played an essential role in the shift of the cultural avant-garde from Paris to New York. Among the artists he exhibited (many for the first time in New York) were Berenice Abbott, Henri Cartier-Bresson, Joseph Cornell, Salvador Dalí, Max Ernst, Walker Evans, Frida Kahlo, Man Ray, Lee Miller, Ben Shahn, and Dorothea Tanning.
Tanning recalled that Levy's persona "was a magnet for adjectives. They swarmed around him, clung to his profile (lovely to draw), hair (shiny and black), silhouette (slim, gracile), the ensemble elegant, suave, debonair, elusive, without any of them, or even all of them together, pinning him down." Berenice Abbot made this portrait of Levy in Paris, just after he left Harvard to sail for Europe with Marcel Duchamp. His head is shaved as an homage to his father-in-law, the Dada poet-boxer Arthur Cravan, who shaved his head every summer and as a visible sign of Levy's avant-garde aspirations.


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|Scientific Name:Zenaida asiatica|
|Geographical Range:Native to Texas but has been found in Southern California, Arizona, and Southern Florida, as well.|
|Habitat: Leafy trees, mesquite trees, citrus trees, and desert scrub.|
|Diet in the Wild:Seeds and fruit from cactus.|
|Conservation Status:Not protected; this is a gaming species.|
|Location in the Zoo: Aviary in theTexas Wild area|
Both males and females are approximately ten inches in length at maturity. They are grayish-brown in color with a long black bill, light blue tear-shaped ring around their eyes, a rounded tail with white markings on the feathers, and have distinctive white patches on their wings. The adults have been known to have black spots on their feathers, as well.
Have been known to nest as a pair or within a colony. These birds migrate to Central America for the winter season.
Within four days of birth the bird can eat seeds along with the milk provided by its parents. This bird can also eat the fruit from cacti. Since this creature can also build a nest practically anywhere it is able to construct a home in many different locations, whether it be in a tree at a park, a shrub in the desert, or in a neighborhood with a mostly warm climate.
Both the male and female work together to incubate the two eggs that are usually laid. The eggs will hatch within about two weeks and are fed pigeon's milk for the first four days. Pigeon's milk is milk direct from the parent, but is exclusive to a small number of birds, including doves and pigeons. Please note, however, that the milk is not from a pigeon.
at the Zoo:
Since this animal has such a predominant presence in the state of Texas the White-winged Dove can be found in the Texas Wild section of the Fort Worth Zoo.
Kelly L. Smith _EMAIL_
Sources and Links:
USGS Identification Tips; _URL_
Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum (_PHONE_), _URL_
Passport to Texas (August 1999), _URL_
WhoZoo Animal Index
Birds at the Fort Worth Zoo


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Mountain Meadows Dwindling in the Pacific Northwest
Some high mountain meadows in the Pacific Northwest are declining rapidly due to climate change as reduced snowpacks, longer growing seasons, and other factors allow trees to invade ecosystems that once were carpeted with grasses, shrubs and wildflowers.
The process appears to have been going on for decades, but was highlighted in one recent analysis of Jefferson Park, a subalpine meadow complex in the central Oregon Cascade Range, in which tree occupation rose from 8 percent in 1950 to 35 percent in 2007. The changes in Jefferson Park are representative of a larger force that is affecting not only this beautiful meadow at the base of Mount Jefferson, scientists say, but many areas of the American West.
"The first awareness of declining meadows dates back to the 1970s, and we've seen meadow reduction at both high and low elevations," Zald said. "Between climate change, fire suppression and invasive species, these meadows and all of the plant, animal and insect life that depend on them are being threatened."
The meadow decline takes place over several decades, like the melting of glaciers. This also provides a way to gauge long-term climate change, Zald said, since the forces at work persist through seasonal, annual and longer patterns that are variably more wet, dry, hot or cold than average.
In this study, it appears that snowpack was a bigger factor than temperature in allowing mountain hemlock tree invasion of Jefferson Park, a 333-acre meadow which sits at the northern base of Mount Jefferson, a towering 10,497-foot volcano northwest of Bend, Ore. Seedlings that can be buried by snow many months every year need only a few more weeks or months of growing season to hugely increase their chance of survival.
The study also found surprising variability of tree invasion even within the meadow, based on minor dips, debris flows or bumps in the terrain that caused changes in snowpack and also left some soils wetter or drier in ways that facilitated tree seedling survival.
"The process of tree invasion is usually slow and uneven," Zald said. "But if you get all the conditions just right, some tree species can invade these meadows quite rapidly."


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How was the mass and radius of the Earth calculated?
The mass may be determined using Newton's law of gravitation. Force (F) is said to be equal to the gravitational constant multiplied by the mass of the planet and the mass of the object, divided by the square of the radius of the planet. This is set as an equivalent of the fundamental equation wherein force (F) equals mass (m) multiplied by acceleration (a). Using this equation, the mass is calculated to be 5.96 x 1024 kg. The radius was first calculated by the Greek Eratosthenes thousands of years ago. He compared the midsummer's noon shadow in deep wells in Syene (now Aswan on the Nile in Egypt) and Alexandria. He properly assumed that the Sun's rays are virtually parallel. Knowing the distance between the two locations, he calculated the circumference of the Earth to be 250,000 stadia. As the exact length of a stadia is unknown, his accuracy is uncertain.


text: Objective: The current study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potency of combined curcumin and capsaicin against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced organ damage in mice. Methods: Adult male albino mice were distributed into five experimental groups for treatment with olive oil, LPS, curcumin, capsaicin and their combination, respectively, for 7 days prior to LPS induced inflammation. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected and used for the analysis of serum non-specific enzymes including serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TB), urea, creatinine and sugar, while the organ homogenates were subjected for the evaluation of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutothione S transferase (GST), nitric oxide (NO); lipid peroxidation (LPO) and it was further confirmed by histopathological study of different organs. Results and Conclusion: Curcumin, capsaicin and their combination had shown significant restoration of non-specific serum enzymes, antioxidant enzymes and attenuated inflammatory cells infiltration thereby preventing tissue/organ damage in LPS-challenged mice. However, the protective effect was found to be more when the two compounds were fed in combination. This beneficial potency of combined spice treatment is may be due to the contribution of diversified active moieties of curcumin and capsaicin in combination compared to individual molecules.


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Working with controls. Using
Properties, Methods and Events
You use controls to
get user input and to display output. Some of the controls you can use
in your applications include text boxes, command buttons, and list
boxes. Other controls let you access other applications and process
data as if the remote application was part of your code. Each control
has its own set of properties, methods, and events that can be
modified from the properties window or from the code
Properties are simple to understand. Here's an example. A human
being, he/she has eyes, legs, arms, etc. They are all properties of
the human being.
A property describes an object, its behavior and its look. If you
wanted to change the color of the eyes you would just do this:
Human.Eyes = Brown
Human.Weight = 156
If you wanted to change any other properties, you could do that too.
As long as the property is available. For example, you cannot
do this: Human.Beak = True. The nice thing about properties is that
you do not have to know what it takes to actually change the human's
eyes or weight. You just indicate that you want it to change.
An example of this is the Label
The label control has an important property, Caption. Without it, it
would be almost useless. The Caption property sets or returns the text
presently contained in the Label control. The only drawback is that
you cannot directly enter text into the label. The text
control is virtually identical except that you can type in text.
Label.Caption = "This is really easy"
In some cases, properties aren't enough to tell an object what it
should do. It would be nice to give the object direct commands as
well. Visual Basic lets you do this. Let's go back to the Human
example. If you wanted the human to move its arm a method is a nice
and easy way of doing that. The human could have a method called
MoveArm, which we could use like an ordinary command:
As you can see, you don't give a method a value, it will execute like
any other Visual Basic command. As far as this is concerned, you
really don't care what the human has to do to move its arm. All you
want it to do is move its arm.
Q:Ok we used the
properties and the methods of an ďhumanĒ object. In the previous
example we have used the MoveArm method now how will we know when the
human has ended the MoveArm method?
A:By using an event
An event procedure is
simple to understand. These procedures are automatically declared by
Visual Basic for each object that we use and are fired when that event
Draw a button on your
form and then double click it, you will now see a procedure that looks
something like this:
This is an event
procedure and itís fired when Command1 is clicked. You can observe
the parts in the subís name:


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I'll give you two words that have a word in common that goes after the first word and before the second word. Can you guess the missing word by the clue I give? At least one of the phrases will have a 'television' theme. Good luck!
-1.The hard outer covering of certain invertebrates.
Cricket______Pattern 4 letters
-2.Clue: A draft for a will (Eng).
-3.Clue: A special and memorable period described as your finest.
-4.Clue: Information that is not known before.
-5.Clue: An illustration used to explain a text.
-6.Clue: A personal errand runner.
7.Clue: A book that explains the fundamentals of a subject.
-8.Clue: A standard of comparison used in a statistical analysis.
9.Clue: Charlie Chaplin was famous for this type of drama in which the main characters and motive triumph over adversity.
-10.Clue: To win third place in a horse race.


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The Impact Of Right-To-Work Laws On Interstate Cost Of Living
Type of Degreethesis
MetadataShow full item record
The impact of right-to-work laws on cost of living differentials is a highly controversial topic due to its possible political implications. This study seeks to investigate the determinants of geographic cost of living in the case of the United States on a state by state basis, focusing on the impact of right-to-work laws. This study hopes to offer some insight into the advantages or disadvantages of a state's adopting a right-to-work law from the point of the state's cost of living. It is intuitive that the passage of right-to-work laws dramatically influences the presence of unionized workers, and it has been suggested that the degree of unionization has a direct relationship with the overall cost of living (Cebula and Toma, 2008). After presenting the history, past literature, and legislation relating to the determinants of cost of living and right-to-work laws, this study employs a reduced form estimation methodology along with a multiplicative heteroscedasticity approach to show that right-to-work laws have an impact on the overall cost of living in a state. After analysis of the empirical results it was concluded that right-to-work laws have a negative effect on a state's cost of living, thus decreasing a state's cost of living.


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Follow up to DCONex, topic: Asbestos in fillers and plasters
Dr. Gunnar Ries reports on lectures concerning the topic of asbestos in filler and plasters at the DCONex fair in Essen, January 13th-15th
Even over 20 years after its ban, asbestos still plays an important role in reconstruction works concerning hazardous substances in buildings. Some facts and figures support this statement. 5.7 million tons of asbestos have been imported to Germany (Federal Republic and German Democratic Republic). 75% of it was used for the production of asbestos cementthe main product. Its asbestos content of approx. 10 % altogether suggests an asbestos cement production of 45 million tons. After over 20 years after its ban only about 4 million tons have been disposed of which means that approx. 39 million tons can still be found within the buildings. And not every asbestos product can be identified as easily as asbestos cement.
Concealed products like plasters, fillers and tile adhesives
Recently, concealed products plasters, fillers and tile adhesives have been shifted into the focus of attention. Very often small amounts of asbestos were added in order to improve their processing properties. Therefore, today these asbestos-containing areas are hidden behind wallpapers or only traces can be found like for example in the case of sealed cable slots. These concealed products pose a serious impact on health to everyone who accidentally works on them with hand or machine tools or in case of improper processing as it may lead to an enormous release of fibres. In particular those houses are under suspicion that were built, modernized or rehabilitated even after the introduction of the absolute ban on asbestos in 1993, but at least to the year 1995.
High requirements on sampling
This problem poses high demands on sampling to ensure that any possibly existing hazardous substances can be captured reliably. In order not to increase the number of samples to be taken too much a composite sample consisting of several individual samples was suggested in a discussion paper published by the "Gesamtverband der Schadstoffsanierer (GVSS) together with VDI in June, 2015. From this point of view particular attention should therefore be paid to hidden, asbestos-containing products.
Special demands on the laboratory analysis
This procedure is quite a challenge for the analytical procedures as the detection limits had to be lowered considerably compared to the conventional procedure according to VDI 3866, page 5, i.e. down towards the detection limit of BIA procedure 7487 (0.008 mass%) or even lower. First of all, because the materials to be analysed only contain very low contents of asbestos and secondly, because often only one single sample taken from the respective composite sample made of all relevant samples contains asbestos. In very many cases the asbestos-containing product is only partly captured during sampling. Therefore the discussion paper on VDI 6202, page 3 will be extended.
Costs of testing
In contrast to the examination of an ordinary material or dust sample a greater amount of time and effort must be considered when preparing and examining filler and plasters.
- Preparation of a composite sample, homogenisation, grinding
- Ashing, acid treatment
- Preparation and filtration of a suspension through sample collection filter sputtered with gold
- Time consuming examination of the specimen in order to detect the lowest concentrations of asbestos including its quantification.
Outlook and further considerations
The standard analysis procedure according to VDI 3866, page 5 is currently being revised and and the new version is said to include options to significantly lower the detection limit of 1 mass% to a great extent, once the definitive text will be published in 2016. Detection limits of down to 0.001 mass% are under discussion.
This procedure is intended to ensure that even contaminated materials with a hidden or low content of asbestos can be identified reliably. After all, in case of improper handling these materials might release fibre amounts that are within the national limits of tolerated risks of fibres of 100 000/m3. This value means that there is an additional cancer risk in case of an occupational exposure of over 40 years, i.e. 4 out of 1000 persons get cancer. The so-called acceptable risks states that if you comply with an acceptable tolerance of 10 000 fibres/m3 no additional measures will be necessary. The plan is to lower the acceptable tolerance down to 1000 fibres until the year 2018.


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Agriculture Production Profile
Why is agriculture important anyway?
Aside from the nutritional value of food, agriculture is important to people, the economy, and our heritage.
The City of Kawartha Lakes is home to approximately 1,500 farms. Assuming an average of 4 people per farm, that means approximately 6,000 people live on farms in the municipality. The 2006 Census estimated 8,387 people in the area are employed year round and 4,013 seasonal in the agri-food and related industries.
Agriculture and agri-food sector is a mainstay of the economy. Kawartha Lakes has the largest number of beef cows in Central Ontario and the 4th largest number of beef cows in Ontario. Farm cash receipts for main commodities totaled $87.5 million in 2006.
(Source: OMAFRA, Census 2006)
Kawartha Lakes at a Glance (PDF)
Farm Cash Receipts - Main Commodities: 2002 - 2006
Major Farm Types
Kawartha Lakes is the fourth largest municipality/county in Ontario with respect to beef cow numbers. The fourth in ewe numbers and second largest in goats. With respect to total animal numbers, Kawartha Lakes has the third largest community pasture in Ontario. The largest field crop in acres is hay with 95,825 acres grown, representing 3.74% of the provinces crop.
(Source: OMAFRA 2006)
What else is growing in Kawartha Lakes?
Over $8 million in Floriculture, Nursery & sod sales, covering 306,117 square feet of total greenhouse area.
(Source: Census 2006)
This area was originally surveyed and cleared for agriculture in the early 1,800's. The European settlers established mixed farms on these lands. Many of today's farmers are descendants of the original settlers to this area. The area has grown to include a world class seed production facility and a large independent family owned dairy processing business.
Kawartha Lakes is a regional center for farm marketing and farm supply with a livestock sale barn, large commercial grain elevators and continues to pursue diverse and value added agricultural opportunities.
Production Profile Field crops
The largest acreage field crop grown is hay with 95,824 acres grown, representing 3.74% of the provinces crop.
Fruit & Vegetable Production Comparative Acres 2006
Beef farming remains the largest type of farming with over 1900 Beef cattle in Kawartha Lakes.
Farms By Industry 2006
Livestock Types 2006
- 271,460 hens and chickens (all types)
- 792 turkeys
(Source: 2006 Census)


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Невероятни визуализации на статистически данни!
Running the Numbers
An American Self-Portrait
Running the Numbers looks at contemporary American culturethrough the austere lens of statistics. Each image portrays a specificquantity of something: fifteen million sheets of office paper (fiveminutes of paper use); 106,000 aluminum cans (thirty seconds of canconsumption) and so on. My hope is that images representing thesequantities might have a different effect than the raw numbers alone,such as we find daily in articles and books. Statistics can feelabstract and anesthetizing, making it difficult to connect with andmake meaning of 3.6 million SUV sales in one year, for example, or 2.3million Americans in prison, or 32,000 breast augmentation surgeries inthe U.S. every month.
This project visually examines these vast and bizarre measures ofour society, in large intricately detailed prints assembled fromthousands of smaller photographs. Employing themes such as the nearversus the far, and the one versus the many, I hope to raise somequestions about the roles and responsibilities we each play asindividuals in a society that is increasingly enormous,incomprehensible, and overwhelming.
~chris jordan, Seattle, 2008
Prison Uniforms, 2007
10x23 feet in six vertical panels
Depicts 2.3 million folded prison uniforms, equal to the number of Americans incarcerated in 2005. The U.S. has the largest prison population of any country in the world.