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There many different groups within the Australian Aboriginal community. The traditional Aboriginal Groups of inner Sydney/Marrickville region are the Cadigal Wangal clans of the Eora nation.
Cadigal land lies south of Port Jackson and stretches from South Head to Petersham with part of the southern boundary lying on the Cooks River. On the western border lies the territory of the Wangal clan, which extends along the southern shore of the Parramatta River to Parramatta.
Suburbs close to the city such as Glebe are also the home of the Cadigal and Wangal ancestors, and the surrounding bushland was rich in plant, bird and animal life with fish and rock oysters available from Blackwattle Bay. For a fuller description of the areas traditionally owned by the Cadigal Wangal people please visit their website at _URL_.
Aboriginal communities in the Inner West region are part of a thriving metropolitan area, forming an important part of Sydney's cultural and spiritual mosaic.
Celebrating 50 years of Aboriginal campaigning
2007's NAIDOC Week celebrations commemorated the 50th anniversary of NAIDOC with the theme 50 Years: Looking Forward, Looking Blak, and also remembered the 40th anniversary of the 1967 Referendum, which increased equal rights for Aboriginal people.
Though the Committee originally formed in 1957 as National Aborigines Day Observance Committee (NADOC), campaigns to bring Aboriginal issues of concern to the attention of governments and the general public have been held since the 1920s.
Marrickville Council has long valued the contribution its Aboriginal community makes to the rich diversity of the area. In 1994 it formed the Marrickville Aboriginal Consultative Committee to advise Council on the needs of Aboriginal people living in the Marrickville area.
During the 1996 NAIDOC (National Aboriginal and Islander Day of Commemoration) Week celebrations, Council made an official commitment (hidden) to Aboriginal Australians by formally acknowledging prior ownership of this area by the Cadigal people.
In demonstration of this commitment Council has for many years supported the Inner West Aboriginal Community Company providing funding to organise a series of events for the Marrickville Community to celebrate NAIDOC Week.
Statement of Commitment to Aboriginal Australians
Marrickville Council acknowledges the prior ownership of this area by the Cadigal people who were dispossessed by European invasion more than two hundred years ago.
We celebrate the survival of Aboriginal people and their culture following the devastating impact of European invasion and support their right to determine their own future.
We recognise the right of Aboriginal people to live according to their own values and culture. We accept our responsibility to develop an awareness and appreciation of Aboriginal history and society in our community and to protect and preserve the environment and significant and sacred sites.
In doing so we acknowledge that Aboriginal culture continues to strengthen and enrich our community.
The Marrickville area is now occupied by people drawn from many different lands who share the values of tolerance of and respect for one another.
We encourage Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people to work to overcome their differences and continue to go forward together.
Supporting our Aboriginal community
- 1994 - Marrickvile Aboriginal Consultative Committee (MACC) formed
- 1996 - Marrickville Council signs commitment to Aboriginal Australians
- 1998 - Aboriginal Youth Council convened by Marrickville and Leichhardt councils
- 2000 - After years of lobbying by the MACC, the Inner West Aboriginal Community Company opens in Marrickville
- 2001 - Marrickville Council creates position of Aboriginal Liaison Officer
- 2002 - Cadigal Wangal website created in partnership with Council
- 2004 - Traditional Smoking Ceremony in Council Chambers the acknowledge the start of the new term of Council
- 2004 - 10th anniversary of MACC celebrated
- 2005 - Gift Given mural by Aboriginal artist Bronwyn Bancroft painted on Robyn Webster Sports Centre at Tempe (largest mural in southern hemisphere)
- 2006 - Marrickville Aboriginal Cultural Protocols adopted by Council
- 2007 - Commitment to Aboriginal Australians to be recommitted by Council following each local government election
Marrickville's Aboriginal Cultural Protocols
Marrickville's Aboriginal Cultural Protocols were developed by the Marrickville Aboriginal Consultative Committee and endorsed by Council. They are a companion document to Council's Commitment to Aboriginal Australians and tell us how to put that commitment into action.
Cultural Protocols are suggested rules or guidelines. A protocol tells us how to treat and work with people in a respectful and useful way, ensuring that local community views are incorporated into decision-making processes.
The Marrickville Aboriginal Cultural Protocols have been written as a guide to help Council to understand how to consult, who to talk to, what role Elders have, what is meant by Men's and Women's Business, how important it is to recognise that Aboriginal people are the traditional owners of the land and what some of the important ceremonies are.
- Marrickville Aboriginal Cultural Protocols
_PHONE_: Marrickville Aboriginal Consultative Committee
Celebrating 15 years of advising Marrickville Council on Aboriginal community, culture and heritage
Aboriginal Capacity Building Project Resource Manual
A resource manual for service providers in Sydney's inner west


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POWERFUL TOOLS FOR COLOR SEGMENTATION
The Aphelion™ Color Extension lets the user manage color images from the Aphelion Dev environment by providing advanced tools to segment images and extract objects of interest based on their color intensity. It includes four semi-automatic segmentation techniques: Interval, Distance, Region Growing, and Morphological Partition. The user first identifies some points or regions of interest in an image, and then the selected algorithm automatically extracts the regions based on the defined color. Fine-tuning tools are available to increase the regions of interest to provide an optimal match of the objects to be detected.
Segmentation of a color image in the Aphelion Dev graphical user interface using the Color Extension
Color tools included:
- Color Conversion – Support for RGB, HSI, YIQ, YUV, XYZ, Lab, and LCH color spaces.
- Interval – This method is based on the processing of the three color bands independently. The color value is defined by clicking on a reference point inside an object to be detected. A threshold is then performed using the color band values of the reference point, plus and minus the respective band tolerance values that are user defined.
- Distance – This method defines an object as being a set of pixels such that the distance of the pixel color value and the color reference is less or equal to a specified distance. The user specifies the distance value by adjusting a slider and the color reference by clicking points in the image.
- Region Growing – This method of segmentation is based on manually specifying initial object seeds inside objects of interest. Such seeded or initial regions are grown larger through the user's changing the color Distance parameter or placing additional object and non-object seeds on the image.
- Morphological Partition – This segmentation method is based on a morphological watershed operation that partitions an image into N regions such that each regional boundary line corresponds to an image edge (i.e., a gradient sign change in a three by three neighborhood).
Main Benefits of the Aphelion Color Extension
- Fully integrated in the Aphelion Dev Object Extraction Task
- Detect color objects by just clicking on a few pixels inside the objects of interest
- Segment results more accurately by fine-tuning operator parameters
- Integrate Aphelion color operators into your stand-alone application

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text: Like these days in time, clothing plays a major role in the class and status of the characters in The Help. Now, we see clothing as a way of expression and reflection of who we are or who we wish to be. During the 1960's there was not much choice in the matter according to societal status and line of work. In our class discussion about oppression, I pointed out how the maid's uniform oppresses status and is an indicator of one's line of work, oppressing the job of being a maid. They all wear the same uniform and I feel like the word uniform has been used so many times since we have been reading. Most of the time when Miss Skeeter did interviews, the maids were still in their white uniforms. Another example was how maids were invited to the white children's weddings but they had to be in their uniform. This physically shows the class and status barrier that was being faced during their time. The black women were oppressed by their job as maids, it being their one indication of social status, and their uniform was the physical oppression they faced, having to wear it all the time. As for the white women in the story, their ability to wear anything they wanted and buy clothing for special occasions was an indication of their higher social and economic status. From Celia's tight green dress to Miss Skeeter's transformation from blue jeans and an untucked blouse to a new light blue Lady Day skirt and matching jacket for the Senator's house, the author uses clothing to depict personalities of the white women as well as their oppression by societal standards; like how she also depicts the oppression of black women through the white maid uniforms. Clothing plays a vital role in creating the imagery of oppression in The Help.


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One of the benefits of using your iPad to make presentations is its mobility. You can take it anywhere with you without much trouble, then hook it up to a projector or monitor to make a presentation. While the iPad doesn't come with presentation building software, you can download one of many applications from the app store that are designed to help you create and make a variety of different types of presentations.
1. Get Keynote from the Apple iTunes Store. Keynote allows you to choose various themes for your presentation, then organize the presentation itself by dragging and dropping various photos and bits of text to where you want them. As of the date of publication, Keynote costs $9.99.
2. Download Corkulous from the Apple iTunes Store. Rather than the traditional slideshow presentation, Corkulous allows you to use a virtual corkboard. You can tack up photos and virtual note cards, then proceed to talk your way through the corkboard, allowing all of the people watching your presentation to see how everything connects to the big picture. Corkulous costs $4.99 as of the date of publication.
3. Use Power Presenter, available from the Apple iTunes Store. While this software doesn't allow you to create a presentation, it does allow you to upload a PDF file, then present from that PDF file. During the presentation, you can highlight various bits of text, write onscreen, and draw if need be. As of the date of publication, Power Presenter costs $1.99.
- Practice your presentation before you have to make it.
- Don't rely completely on the iPad. People still expect you to be interesting during the presentation.
- Larry Busacca/Getty Images Entertainment/Getty Images


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When implementing a system that requires performance, we sometimes use NIFs, a mechanism for calling higher-performance C code from Elixir. NIFs perform better than Port, another mechanism to call C. However, they have the disadvantage that if they crash, the entire Erlang VM will be abnormally terminated, even under Supervisor's control. This defect is a significant obstacle when building fault-tolerant systems.
This talk shows three points to describe robust NIFs:
- Appropriately set a conditional branch where each function call may return an uncertain value.
- Perform error handling according to general conventions.
- Make assertions that specify implicit preconditions and raise exceptions for Supervisor to handle. This talk also shows how to improve performance even with such robustness and fault tolerance and build NIFs for various platforms.
- Present that NIFs are mechanisms for calling higher-performance C code from Elixir.
- Also, present that though Supervisor realizes fault tolerance, ordinal NIFs hinder it.
- Provide three tips on enabling Supervisor to achieve fault tolerance even with NIFs.
- Anyone who has interested in how to describe NIFs with fault-tolerance.


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When you try to connect to Microsoft SQL Server 2000 or SQL Server 2005, you may receive the following error message:
Login failed for user ''. Reason: Not associated with a trusted SQL Server connection.
This problem occurs when the SQL Serversecurity authentication is set to Windows only, and one of the following conditions is true:
- You are trying to connect to a SQL Server database with a SQL Server login.
- You are trying to connect to a SQL Server 2000 Desktop Engine (also known as MSDE 2000) database that is installed on a Microsoft Windows 98-based computer by using a trusted SQL Server connection.
- You are trying to connect to a SQL Server database from a Windows account that does not have sufficient permissions to connect to the server.
To work around this problem, use one of the following methods depending on the symptom that you are experiencing:
A SQL Server login
Use a valid Windows login to connect to SQL Server. If you must continue to use a SQL Server login, you can change the security authentication mode in SQL Server to SQL Server and Windows. To do this, follow these steps:
- Start Enterprise Manager.
- Expand Microsoft SQL Servers, and then expand SQL Server Group.
- Right-click the server that you want to change to SQL Server and Windows authentication, and then click
- In the SQL Server Properties dialog box, click the Security tab, click SQL Server and Windows, and then click OK.
- When you are prompted to re-start the SQL Server service, click Yes.
A SQL Server 2000 Desktop Engine (MSDE 2000) that is installed on a Microsoft Windows 98-based computerWhen SQL Server 2000 Desktop Engine is installed on a Windows 98-based computer, you must use a standard SQL Server login to connect to the database. The Windows only authentication mode is not supported when you install SQL Server 2000 Desktop Engine on Windows 98-based computer.
A Windows account with insufficient permissionsTo work around this problem, you must add the Windows account to SQL Server, and then grant the appropriate permissions to each database that the user requires access to. To do this in SQL Server 2000, follow these steps:
- Start Enterprise Manager.
- Expand Microsoft SQL Server, and then expand SQL Server Group.
- Expand your server, and then expand
- Right-click Logins, and then click
- In the SQL Server Login Properties dialog box, enter the Windows account name in the Name box. In the Domain list, select the domain that the Windows account is a member of.
- Click the Database Access tab, set the appropriate permissions for the client, and then click
Note After you have added the account, you will still have to grant access to the individual database objects that the user requires access to.
For more information about authentication modes in SQL Server 2000, visit the following Microsoft Network Developer (MSDN) Web site: For additional information about how to troubleshoot connectivity issues in SQL Server 2000, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
827422 How to troubleshoot connectivity issues in SQL Server 2000


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The rat race
A single Norway rat released on to a rat-free island was not caught for more than four months, despite intensive efforts to trap it. The rat first explored the 9.5-hectare island and then swam 400 metres across open water to another rat-free island, evading capture for 18 weeks until an aggressive combination of detection and trapping methods were deployed simultaneously.Apparently, it is quite hard to clear islands of rats and once they are cleared they often get reinfested. Now we know why. Above is part of the abstract of and article from this week's Nature (not free access)
An extended account is here:
Despite being weighed down by a tiny radio transmitter collar, Razza eluded intensive efforts to trap him during his 10-week sojourn on New Zealand's uninhabited and forested Motuhoropapa Island.
During that time, the rat evaded an arsenal of traps and poisoned baits that included peanut butter. He even continued to stay one step ahead of sniffer dogs sent in to track him down.
Then he disappeared only to turn up on neighboring Otata Island after his dip, apparently motivated by primordial urges during the spring-summer mating season
Only a cynic would note that by not catching the rat they got a paper in Nature, and wonder how hard they really tried.


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Augustus Edward Hough LoveArticle Free Pass
Augustus Edward Hough Love, (born April 17, 1863, Weston-super-Mare, Somerset, England—died June 5, 1940, Oxford), British geophysicist and mathematician who discovered a major type of seismic wave that was subsequently named for him.
Love held the Sedleian professorship of natural philosophy at the University of Oxford from 1899 to 1940. In his analysis of earthquake waves, Love made the assumption that the Earth consists of concentric layers that differ in density and postulated the occurrence of a seismic wave confined to the surface layer, or crust, of the Earth. This wave would be propagated as a result of the difference in density between the crust and underlying mantle. His prediction was confirmed by recordings of the behaviour of waves in the surface layer of the Earth. He proposed a method—based on measurements of Love waves—to measure the thickness of the Earth's crust. In addition to his work on geophysical theory, Love studied elasticity and wrote A Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity, 2 vol. (1892–93).
What made you want to look up "Augustus Edward Hough Love"? Please share what surprised you most...

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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How can I map littoral sea bottom properties and bathymetry?
Heege, T., Kobryn, H. and Harvey, M. (2008) How can I map littoral sea bottom properties and bathymetry? In: Fitoka, E. and Keramitsoglou, I., (eds.) Inventory, assessment and monitoring of Mediterranean Wetlands: Mapping wetlands using Earth Observation techniques. EKBY & NOA. MedWet publication, pp. 92-93.
|PDF - Published Version |
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*Open access, no subscription required
Littoral sea bottom properties can be mapped from Earth observation sensors if the reflection of the sea bottom contributes a detectable part to the signal measured by the sensor. This sea bottom reflection must be separated from all other simultaneously measured portions of light for further mapping and classification procedures. Other contributors of light scattered to the sensor are atmospheric molecules and aerosols, the water surface reflection, and light scattered and absorbed due to particular properties of water constituents and the pure water itself.
|Publication Type:||Book Chapter|
|Murdoch Affiliation:||School of Environmental Science|
|Publisher:||EKBY & NOA. MedWet publication|
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The net value of an asset to the debtor is often called the debtor's equity. For example, if a car is worth $10,000 and a car lender is owed $8,000, the debtor has $2,000 equity in the car. When the debt exceeds the value of the asset, this is referred to as "negative equity" or being "underwater".
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One of the most important features of this universal object is it's ability to display not only a static text, but expressions as well. Expressions can be located in the object together with text. Let us examine a simple example of how it can be performed. Put the following line into the object:
Hello, World! Today is [DATE].
Thus, when running the report, we can get something like follows:
Hello, World! Today is 01.01.2004.
What lead to such result? During FastReport report building, if an expression enclosed in square brackets is encountered, the engine calculates it's value and inserts the value into the text (in place of the expression). The "Text" object can contain any number of expressions, together with a usual text. Both single variables and expressions can be enclosed in brackets (for example, [1+2*(3+4)]). Any constants, variables, functions, and DB fields can be used in expressions. We will learn more about these features later, in the chapter.
FastReport automatically recognizes expressions enclosed in square brackets in the text. But what should be done if our object contains square brackets, and we do not want them to be considered as expressions? For example, if we need to display such text as following:
a := 10
FastReport considers as an expression, and displays the following:
a1 := 10
that is not what we want, of course. One of the ways to avoid such a situation is to disable the expression. Just disable the "AllowExpressions" property ("Allow Expressions" in the context menu), therefore all the expressions in the text will be ignored. In our example, FastReport would then display exactly what we need:
a := 10
Sometimes text is required to contain both an expression and a text in square brackets, for example:
a := [myVar]
Disabling of an expression allows us to display square brackets in the required place, but it also disables handling of expression. In this case, FastReport allows you to use another set of symbols to designate the expression. The "ExpressionDelimiters" property, which is equal to "[,]" by default, is responsible for it. In this case, the user can use angular brackets for the expressions, instead of square ones:
a :=
The "<,>" value must be set in the "ExpressionDelimiters" property. As you can see, the comma divides opening and closing symbols. There is one limitation however: the opening and closing symbols cannot be similar, so "%,%" will not work. One can set several symbols, for example "<%,%>" Thus, our example will look as follows:
a := <%myVar%>


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1.3 The Growth of School-Age Children
The physical growth of schoolchildren aged six to nine years of age is the result of both environmental and genetic factors and the interaction between these factors.42 In poor populations the main factors affecting the physical growth of school-age children are environmental factors experienced before puberty.43 These include poor food consumption patterns, illness, lack of sanitation, and poor health and hygiene practices.
The potential for catch-up growth among stunted children is thought to be limited after age two, particularly when children remain in poor environments.44 A recent study in the Philippines has shown that some catch-up between the ages of two and eight and a half years is feasible for children who were not born with low birthweight or severely stunted in infancy.45 However, stunting at age two years, regardless of whether catch-up was achieved or not, is significantly associated with later deficits in cognitive ability, further emphasizing the need to prevent early stunting.46 This is further discussed in section 4.1.
TABLE 1.6: Prevalence of stunting among first-grade schoolchildren in Latin America and the Caribbean
Sources: 49, 50, 52-60.
School feeding, both breakfast and lunch programmes, has been shown to improve school performance in both developing and industrialized countries.47 Simply alleviating hunger helps children to perform better. Children who are hungry have more difficulty concentrating and performing complex tasks, even if they are otherwise well nourished. Studies in Jamaica have shown that children who were wasted, stunted, or previously undernourished benefited most from the programmes.48
Data on the growth of school-age children that are generated in a consistent manner across countries and over time are difficult to find. The best data sets derive from height censuses beginning in 1979 on children entering primary school (first grade) in 11 countries of Latin America and the Caribbean.49, 50 Height census data of schoolchildren have been used for planning, evaluation, and advocacy in Central America for some time.51 This information has allowed governments and other organizations and institutions to detect growth retardation, to screen high-risk groups, and to target social interventions for nutrition security and human development.f
f The data presented in this section are from 49, 50, 52-60.
Stunting is common in schoolchildren in Latin America and the Caribbean (Table 1.6). In four of the countries in this review, more than one-third of children in school are stunted. In Guatemala and Peru prevalences are 50.6% and 48% respectively. Guatemala, Honduras, and Peru show a prevalence of stunting 20 times higher than expected in well-nourished populations. Children living in the northern areas of Central America have particularly high prevalences. These prevalences are similar to those found in other regions by the Partnership for Child Development in a five-countryg analysis of stunting in schoolchildren.61
g The five countries are Ghana, India, Indonesia, Tanzania, and Viet Nam.
Primary school begins at age seven throughout Central America. In all countries except Belize, stunting is more prevalent among children who enter school at an older age. In Costa Rica stunting is up to five times higher in nine-year-olds than in six-year-olds. In Honduras, Mexico, and Panama older school entrants have three times more stunting than six-year-olds. Stunting is particularly widespread in Guatemalan nine-year-olds (67.2%).
Trends in stunting of schoolchildren are illustrated in Figures 1.3 and 1.4 for Costa Rica and Honduras. In Costa Rica, stunting dropped from 20.4% to 7.5% over the period 1979 to 1997, indicating a sustained improvement in the quality of life, including better basic health care and other services. This period saw the implementation of a strong food and nutrition security policy, which was effective in targetting the most socially and economically disadvantaged. In Honduras, on the other hand, the overall increase in stunting was probably related to the economic and sociopolitical crises this country faced during this period.
A higher proportion of boys than girls are stunted in all countries (Figure 1.5). This difference may be due to behavioural patterns associated with gender in Latin America and the Caribbean. In most of the countries, boys aged six to nine in general spend more time outside the home than girls do. Proximity to the household may allow girls better physical access to available food.
Sources: 49, 50, 52-60.
Table 1.7 shows prevalences of stunting broken into rural and urban categories for five countries. In all five countries schoolchildren living in rural areas are more stunted than children living in cities, by a wide margin. In Belize, stunting is more than three times more prevalent in rural areas than in urban areas. In Peru, stunting is almost twice as common in rural areas as in cities; This almost certainly reflects differential access to livelihoods and services.
A paucity of data from other regions of the developing world has prevented an analysis of undernutrition in school-age children elsewhere. There are enormous educational and economic gains to be achieved from improving the nutrition and health of school-age children. There are also highly cost-effective means to achieve these aims, including mass application of antihelminthics, delivery of micronutrients (particularly iron and iodine), and treatment of injuries and routine health problems.
[Ukrainian] [English] [Russian]


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Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division
Rivers Run Right Through It...The Model
New river-routing model improves simulations of water movement within the Earth's system
The new river-routing model can simulate how water makes it into tributaries and the main river channel by way of runoff and below-surface water you can't see. The ability to simulate water's complex paths through the landscape is important to understand how human use of water impacts Earth's water cycle. Enlarge Image.
Results: A new river-routing model improves computer simulations of the magnitude and timing of water flow through the landscape and into the ocean, thanks to the work of a research team led by Dr. Ruby Leung at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Designed to work in tandem with land and Earth systems models, this new tool is better at simulating water flow at different scales than some widely used large-scale routing models. The model also can simulate river dynamics, including variations in depth and the velocity of river flow.
Why It Matters: Water is essential for households, power generation and agriculture. Resource managers need tools to understand how water flows through the landscape, especially as water availability is affected by climate change. Scientists tackled a new way to model how water travels through and on the landscape and joined their simulations with established land and Earth system models to better understand a wide range of water-land interactions. The model serves as a cornerstone for integrating and understanding impacts of human activities, such as irrigation and reservoir operation, on the water cycle at a regional or global scale.
Methods: In this study, PNNL researchers developed the MOdel for Scale Adaptive River Transport (MOSART), a new large-scale river routing model. MOSART improves the magnitude and timing of river flow simulations and provides a framework for studying the influence of dams and reservoirs for water management decision-making. The research developed and tested a new physically-based river routing model that improves simulations of river flow over the Pacific Northwest region, thus supporting better water management decision-making.
The team applied MOSART across local, regional and global scales with explicit treatment of sub-grid and in-channel water flow and dynamics. Designed to work within each spatial model grid unit, they tracked surface water runoff, first routed across ground surfaces, and then discharged along with subsurface runoff into a "tributary sub-network" before entering the main river channel. The spatial units are thus linked via routing through the main channel network, which is constructed in a consistent way across different spatial resolutions. All model parameters are physically based, and only a small subset requires calibration.
The team tested MOSART on a large river basin at different spatial resolutions and evaluated their model output using observed streamflow measurements from stream gauge stations. MOSART was compared to two other routing models used with land surface models. Their results compared well with consistent performance at multiple resolutions.
Additional model evaluations used channel velocities from field measurements or a hydraulic model at various locations. These results showed MOSART could produce seasonal variation and channel velocity magnitudes at different resolutions.
What's Next? PNNL researchers are conducting further studies based on MOSART. The team has incorporated MOSART into the Community Land Model and is testing it at the global scale. In addition, they developed and are testing a reservoir operation model to build on MOSART.
Sponsors: This research was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science Earth System Modeling (ESM) and Integrated Assessment Research (IARP) Programs through the Integrated Earth System Modeling (iESM) and Climate Science for Sustainable Energy Future (CSSEF) projects. Development of the datasets used in this study was partially supported by the Platform for Regional Integrated Modeling and Analysis (PRIMA) initiative, a PNNL Laboratory Directed Research and Development program. In addition, some data and information were provided by the Surface Hydrology Group, University of Washington.
Research Team: The work was performed by a team led by PNNL's L. Ruby Leung including Hong-Yi Li, Mark Wigmosta, Maoyi Huang, Yinghai Ke, and Andre Coleman at PNNL and Huan Wu at the University of Maryland.
Research Area: Climate & Earth Systems Science
Reference: Li H, MS Wigmosta, H Wu, M Huang, Y Ke, AM Coleman, and LR Leung. 2013. "A Physically Based Runoff Routing Model for Land Surface and Earth System Models." Journal of Hydrometeorology. DOI:10.1175/JHM-D-12-015.1


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Narrator: This is Science Today. A professor of computer science and two graduate students at the University of California, Davis has discovered vulnerabilities in cell phones that send or receive multimedia files. The weakness was found in the multimedia message service protocol, or MMS. Professor Hao Chen says their study revealed the service could be exploited over the Internet and potentially render thousands of phones useless.
Chen: They could build something called a hit list of vulnerable phones that you can attack from MMS and they discovered that they could surreptitiously drain the batteries of the phones on a hit list. Our attack will try to prevent your phone from entering the standby mode.
Narrator: But does this type of study give away too much information to the wrong people?
Chen: It's beneficial to disclose vulnerabilities to the public at an appropriate time. So, an appropriate time would be after you have notified the manufacturers or the service providers of the vulnerabilities and give them time to fix the problem.
Narrator: For Science Today, I'm Larissa Branin.


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As spring and summer storms start rolling in it can be helpful to learn more about the weather and rain. Set up this simple rain sensory bin for toddler sensory play, or add in our free printable rain counting cards to extend the idea and work on counting and number sense activities with preschoolers and kindergarteners.
FIND EVEN MORE PLAYFUL LEARNING IDEAS IN OUR PRINTABLE RAIN THEME AND LESSON PLANS.
Materials for Rain Sensory Bin
- Cotton Balls
- Blue Glass Beads (or another rain alternative)
- Sparkly Gold Tinsel Stems (trimmed into thirds and bent into zig zags)
- Optional: Free printable rain counting cards (link below)
For toddlers set up the sensory bin as an invitation to play and explore different textures. They'll work with the materials in a variety of ways. You'll likely notice them lining items up, sorting them, and beginning to make patterns.
For preschoolers and kindergarteners add in the free printable number cards.
In small group or indpendently, kids can count out sets of items to match the number card. As they do so they are working on number recognition and making sets.
For kids who are ready to extend the activity you can incorporate number sense by having them identify the number that is one less than the number on the card and making a set to match that number. Then identify the number that is one more than the number on the card and make a set to match that number as shown above.
More Free Math Printables
Get a full week of playful rain theme learning ideas!
Save time and get right to the playful learning with our printable lesson plan sets. Each set includes over 30 playful learning activities related to the theme, and we've provided different versions for home preschool families and classroom teachers so all activities are geared directly toward your needs.
Get Your Copy
Also available on Teachers Pay Teachers.


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'Chocolate orange' iced biscuits
Orange flavoured biscuits topped with bright orange icing and a simple chocolate icing. These easy biscuits will make you smile.
For the biscuits
For the icing
Preparation method
 1. For the biscuits, beat the butter and sugar and orange zest together in a bowl until light and fluffy.
 2. Lay out a sheet of cling film on a clean work surface.
 3. Add the egg to the mixture and beat together. Add the flour to bring together as a dough.
 4. Wrap the dough in cling film and refrigerate it for at least 15 minutes.
 5. Preheat the oven to 180C/350F/Gas 4.
 6. Flour the work surface and then roll the dough gently, using a floured rolling pin, until about 0.5cm/¼in thick.
 7. Cut out the biscuits using biscuits cutters of your choice.
 8. Transfer to a baking tray using a palette knife, ensuring the biscuits are well spaced apart. Bake for 10-15 minutes, or until lightly golden-brown.
 9. Remove to a wire rack to cool.
 10. For the icing, sift the icing sugar and divide it between two bowls. Sift the cocoa powder into one of the bowls.
 11. Gradually add the liquid to each bowl, a teaspoon at a time, until the icing is thick but runny. If it is too runny, add more sifted icing sugar.
 12. Add a drop of orange food colouring to the white icing.
 13. Put the icing into two separate piping bags. Pipe orange and brown patterns onto the biscuits. Leave to harden to serve.
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New Research Points to the Benefits of Being all Fingers and Thumbs
Posted on Thursday 3rd February 2011
Gesturing with our hands helps us to solve spatial visualisation problems, a skill that is necessary in many professions and in our daily lives, according to research by University of Birmingham psychologists published this week in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General by Dr Mingyuan Chu and Dr Sotaro Kita.
Spatial visualisation is the visual technique that a medical doctor would use to look at an x-ray and imagine a patient's bone structure from different angles or an architect uses to imagine how a building might look from a plan. It is the tool that we use, for example, when we are deciding how to re-arrange our living room without actually moving the furniture.
In the study the researchers asked groups of students to perform tasks in which objects presented on a computer screen had to be mentally rotated. Firstly 132 students were asked to solve the mental rotation task while the researchers observed spontaneous hand gestures using a hidden camera. They found that the number of hand gestures increased as the problems became harder. Secondly 66 students were divided into three groups. One group was encouraged to use hand gestures, the second was given no instructions, and the third group was asked to complete the task while sitting on their hands. The gesture-encouraged group were more successful in completing the task than the other two groups.
In the third experiment 32 students were asked to solve mental rotation problems. Half of them were encouraged to gesture and the other half were told to sit on their hand while solving the problems. Then both groups were asked to solve different spatial visualisation problems while sitting on their hands. The gesture-encouraged group were more successful than the gesture-prohibited group not only in solving the first mental rotation problems but also in the second different visualisation problems when they did not gesture. Gesture therefore has a lasting beneficial effect and the benefit spreads to a subsequent different visualisation task performed without gestures.
Dr Sotaro Kita, from the University's School of Psychology, said, 'We found that when people were encouraged to spontaneously produce 'co-thought gestures' with their hands while trying to complete a spatial visualisation task they found the problem easier to solve. And the gestural benefit lingers on and applies to a subsequent different visualisation task even if you don't gesture in the new task."
He continued: 'We are endowed with a wonderful cognitive tool - hand gesture - that helps us to visualise objects from different angles. Our research shows that we are more competent at solving a problem when we are able to move our hands while thinking through a solution.
'Computers can also help us with visualisation problems, but gestures are more convenient because they are readily available wherever you are as long as your hands are free.
'Spatial visualisation is important in many scientific fields, including mathematics, physics and engineering, but it also helps in any occupation that requires the use of images or diagrams. The research could have practical implications for education.'
Notes to Editors
The Nature of Gestures: Beneficial Role in Spatial Problem Solving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. Vol X, No. X.
For further information


even Galactus. None of these however would have quite the impact on his life that the Mutant Queen Rancor would. Rancor was a fifth generation descendent of the X-Man, Wolverine. After her homeworld, Haven was destroyed by the Phoenix and she suffered a second near death experience courtesy of Doctor Doom, Rancor had a moment of clarity and she realised that had she of died, she would have left no one to continue her line. [Guardians of the Galaxy Annual 8-11, 27, 37 and 39]
Firstly she conquered the Inhumans of the 31 century and moved them to a new planet, Haven II. Deciding she needed an heir, Rancor choose Talon as her "mate" and orchestrated his capture. After capturing Talon and testing his limits Rancor claimed Talon's seed.(it was heavilyimplied Rancor had raped him). Nine months later Rancor gave birth to an orange skinned boy that she named Talogan. [Guardians of the Galaxy Annual #4 and Guardians of the Galaxy #62]
Characteristics of Subject D
Name: Talon
Species: Inhuman
Distinguishing Characteristics: Orange fur covered body, razor sharp talons on hands and feet, fangs, elongated pointed ears, prehensile tail
Powers: detachable razor-sharp talons on hands and feet that can be used as projectiles, re-grow instantly. Great magical aptitude but limited training so far he has shown the ability to levitate himself and objects.
 - It's not known if Talon was exposed to the Terrigen Mists or if his abilities developed on their own.
Characteristics of Subject E
Rancor - Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 1 #9
Name: Rancor
Species: Mutant
Distinguishing Characteristics: white eyes no visible pupils, elongated pointed ears, fingerclaws
Powers: superhuman strength, speed, agility, endurance, and reflexes, hyper-regenerative healing cells, enhanced animal senses, razor sharp retractable fingerclaws
 - Rancor is a sixth generation mutant.
Characteristics of Offspring: Subject F
Name: Talogan
Species: Inhuman/Mutant hybrid
Gender: Male
Distinguishing Characteristics: orange skin
Powers: None known
Analysis of Inhuman/Mutant Breeding
Although it was said that Luna was born a mere human this was proven inaccurate by the events of the Son of M and Silent War mini-series.
Luna was exposed to the Terrigen Mists without consequence, save that fact that she is unable to turn off her powers. However when you consider Blackbolt, Triton and an assortment of other "true blooded" Inhumans this affliction is hardly uncommon. As we've seen repeatedly in the Silent War series, exposure to the Terrigen Mists is fatal to humans. This proves that there are genetic differences between Luna and humans so subtle that even Inhuman science cannot detect them. [Son of M #2-3 and Silent War #1-6]
Additionally on Earth-691, the union between a Mutant and Inhuman produced a visibly mutated child. However it's unclear if these traits are merely cosmetic. One possible explanation for this difference to the union of Quicksilver and Crystal could be that as Rancor is a six generation mutant is of a higher "pedigree" than Quicksilver. It is also unconfirmed whether Talon's powers could have developed on their own of by exposure without exposure to Terrigen Mists, if Talon had not been exposed that would differentiate him from Crystal. [Guardians of the Galaxy #62]
As both hybrids are still mere children it's impossible to give a correct analysis of their potential. It has been proven however, that despite the claims that Inhuman and Mutant DNA cancel out each other nothing could be further from the case.


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Europe's economic activities and Europe's single market is dependent on well-functioning underlying digital infrastructures, services and data integrity, not the least for critical infrastructures like energy, transport, health, finance, etc. Current security of the digital infrastructures and services will soon be under threat of no longer providing long-term security. Confidentiality of data and communications, authentication, as well as the long-term integrity of stored data have to be guaranteed, even in the advent of quantum computers. Introducing Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) in the underlying infrastructure has the potential to maintain end-to-end security in the long-term.
More information and documents: _URL_


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Who we are: Eco-friendly
CUBIC has included, from its start, sustainability criteria in its projects for economic reasons:
1. Reducing costs: both in energy consumption as well as in longterm maintenance during the building's life.
2. The reduction of two potential risks: that could affect the patrimonial value and the long-term net profitability of the building:
- Regulation obsolescence: demands for power efficiency are growing irreversibly (thermal regulations) and materials commonly used in construction today could be considered hazardous to the environment in the future (asbestos, lead, formaldehyde…);
- Our constructions will increase the current net value of your building as well as its value once sold. CUBIC takes into careful consideration the building's long-term life value. We can even demonstrate and justify your return-on-investment by doing an exact simulation.
Examples of lighting control systems used in our construction site in Lyon (2013)
Lighting regulation by daylight harvesting.Lighting regulation by movement detection.
- Power: Consumption control of gas and electricity and production of alternative power supplies.
- Water: Reducing consumption, recycling rain water and greywater.
- Interior Environmental Quality: Comfortable lighting and temperature, reduced noise and proper hygienic conditions (air quality, non-toxic substances), which promote employee satisfaction and increase productivity, reducing absenteeism, risks and insurance costs.
- Sustainable spaces: We provide added-value, integrating local vegetation and customs, as well as responsible transportation methods.
If our client requires it, we can help him to obtain the LEED, HQE, BREEAM CERTIFICATIONS necessary.
CUBIC can help you increase social responsibility.
We can improve the efficiency of your buildings (industrial and logistics warehouses), making them sustainable and respectful with the environment.


Buy Now!
Snotbots and Polar Bear Heat Signatures: Intel Drones Support Conservation Efforts in Two New Expeditions
BY Zacc Dukowitz
4 October 2017
Today is World Animal Day, and therefore an appropriate day for Intel to release news about two recent scientific expeditions that were conducted with drones serving as a primary resource for scientists and conservationists.
In today's press release, Intel emphasized that both their drone the Falcon 8+ and their Artificial Intelligence software—showcased recently in one of the major keynotes at InterDrone —were instrumental to supporting these two expeditions.
Which makes sense. Drones collect raw data, and AI helps process that data into actionable insights. In combination, drones and AI can provide powerful tools for doing good in the world.
Arctic Polar Bear Expedition
For their expedition to the Arctic to track and document polar bears, Intel teamed up with renowned wildlife photographer and conservationist Ole Jørgen Liodden.
Given how dangerous they are and the vast areas they cover, the ideal method for tracking polar bears is from the air, but traditional methods involving helicopters are loud, invasive, and cost-prohibitive.
Even with the use of drones, the steel found in most boats can cause magnetic fields, which can potentially confuse drone compasses, making it difficult to take off and land on a moving boat.
The primary motive for the expedition was to capture information on polar bear behavior patterns at this moment in time. As mentioned in the video above, the plight of polar bears today can help us understand where we as humans might be headed.
Tracking the polar bears' behavior, breeding, feeding, and migration habits helps scientists not only understand the effects of climate change on the Arctic, but also the health of the entire planet.
Image source
The expedition found that polar bears did not show any signs of distress or changes in behavior when drones were flown approximately 150 to 325 feet from the animals, which is great news for conservation efforts. The less invasive the manner of collecting data, the better, both for collecting more accurate information and for making sure not to molest the animals being studied.
Polar bears are a symbol of the Arctic. If they become extinct, there will be challenges with our entire ecosystem. Drone technology can hopefully help us get ahead of these challenges to better understand our world and preserve the earth's environment.
– Ole Jørgen Liodden
Even with an aerial view, spotting a white polar bear against the white snow can be almost impossible.
Image source
But using aerial thermography on this expedition, the bears could be easily spotted against the cold background.
This technology opens up new possibilities and research opportunities, since finding polar bears can now be done in a much quicker, more efficient manner, which in turn opens up new possible approaches for the way polar bears might be studied.
Whale Exploration
Back in June we wrote about the Snotbot being sent to the U.N. The Snotbot is back in the news now, through their collaboration with Intel and with Parley for the Oceans.
The Snotbot is a drone that helps whale researchers study their subjects by hovering over them and collecting their snot—which might sound gross, but it's important work that helps us better understand whales and the environment in which they live.
Image source
It's impressive to note that now, with the use of AI from Intel, the Snotbot is getting smarter and smarter.
Project SnotBot uses Intel's machine learning technology to help the Ocean Alliance improve data analysis by running algorithms that can identify a particular whale and assess its health in real time, regardless of the presence of confounding factors, such as the whale's unpredictable movements and limited ocean visibility.
So far, the SnotBot has been used to collect spout water from blue whales, right whales, gray whales, humpbacks, and orcas in oceans around the world.
AI is giving whales a voice to share the health of our oceans and the environment. Using AI technology, researchers can make more timely decisions in the field and better understand the rich biological data that whale snot holds, including DNA, stress and pregnancy hormones, viruses, bacteria, and toxins.
– Cyrill Gutsch, Parley for the Oceans founder
Closing Remarks
Regarding these two drone-supported expeditions Anil Nanduri, the head of Intel's drone division, told UAV Coach:
From this expedition, we've learned that drones, like the Intel Falcon 8+, can be a way to put sensors out into the environment that are less intrusive and less expensive than manned equipment like helicopters, yet still able to reach locations that would be difficult for a researcher to get to on foot. They are very capable platforms that can be used for novel applications beyond just the commercial roles that they were designed for.
– Anil Nanduri, Head of the Drone Group at Intel
Read our recent interview with Anil on Intel's light show drones, and the vast creative potential they represent.
Join a global community of
drone enthusiasts.


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5 Accounting Controls for QuickBooks
Here's a quick summary of five powerful techniques for minimizing the problems that crop up when you've got people with varying levels of skill and trustworthiness working with your QuickBooks data:
Regularly compare physical inventory counts with inventory accounting records. One thing you can do, both to minimize your inventory losses and to maintain accurate accounting records, is regularly compare physical counts of your inventory with what your accounting records show. Frequently counting the most valuable and easiest-to-steal items accomplishes two things:
Inventory shrinkage is quickly identified.
The business owner can minimize inventory shrinkage by identifying the type of inventory that's most often stolen or even when inventory is most often stolen.
Reconcile bank accounts. Another thing business owners should do, in my opinion, is reconcile their own bank accounts. Often, employee theft by accounting personnel occurs as employees figure out how to write checks on the company's bank account that the owner doesn't see. One sure way to find a fictitious and fraudulent transaction is to have the owner reconcile the bank statement. Additionally, any flaky, suspicious transactions tend to become obvious when the business owner looks closely at checks.
Segregate accounting from physical custody where possible. In a small business, it's not always easy to separate the accounting for some activity from the physical custody or physical responsibility for that activity. For example, it's tough to segregate the inventory accounting from physical custody or access to that inventory. A store clerk, for example, may be able to steal cigarettes easily and also adjust inventory records through cash-register sales for cigarettes. Nevertheless, wherever you can segregate physical custody from accounting, built-in error checking occurs. The person doing the accounting indirectly checks on the physical custodians' caretaking of the asset.
Train employees in the use of QuickBooks. You should train employees to use QuickBooks if you have a business of any size, for two basic reasons: Someone who knows how to use QuickBooks is less likely to make inadvertent errors, and messy accounting records camouflage employee theft.
Close your QuickBooks file. Here's a final technique worth considering. Though you aren't required to close the fiscal year in QuickBooks, you may still want to do this in order to maintain the integrity of your data. Here's how: Choose the Edit→Preferences command, select Accounting, select the Company Preferences tab, and then click the Closing Date Set Date/Password button. When QuickBooks prompts you, specify a closing date and password. After you provide this information, QuickBooks prohibits or limits users from changing or entering transactions dated before the closing date.


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The Unaccommodated Calvin
Studies in the Foundation of a Theological Tradition
Richard A. Muller
Seria Oxford Studies in Historical Theology
This book attempts to understand Calvin in his sixteenth-century context, with attention to continuities and discontinuities between his thought and that of his predecessors, contemporaries, and successors. Richard Muller is particularly interested in the interplay between theological and philosophical themes common to Calvin and the medieval doctors, and in developments in rhetoric and method associated with humanism. He shows that Calvin's theology evidences the impact of humanist philology and rhetoric, of patristics, and also - both positively and negatively - of the categories of medieval scholastic thought. Calvin's conclusions, together with those of a group of contemporary Reformed and Lutheran thinkers, famously became the basis of much later Protestant theology. But understood in its sixteenth-century context, Muller argues, Calvin's theology proves both intriguing and intractable to twentieth-century concerns. This intractable and unaccomodated Calvin, he says, is important to our historical understanding in direct proportion to the level of distortion found in several generations of modern dogmatic analysis of Calvin's thought.
Oxford University Press


that loan is then paid back along with the water bill. In order to help them put money aside, a specific account is set up for every household concerned. At least 100 francs CFA (15 euro cents) are paid into the account per day, and these payments are monitored weekly by a committee, so that the cost of the basic service charge is spread over several months.
- In Morocco, as part of a major OBA contract for water capture and improving sanitation in the cities of Rabat and Tangiers, the company Veolia Environnement cooperated with the local government to set up a system to provide the poorest households with a connection, both for water and for sanitation as part of programme to provide low-cost connections.
 8) Where to obtain further information ?
PS Eau This association published an interesting document in French in conjunction with the Water Utility Partnership for Capacity Building (WUP) Africa "Improving poor urban populations' access to drinking water and sanitation – Collection of good practices in Sub-Saharan Africa". Dakar, 2004. See pages 21 to 44.
Contributions to this sheet
premier forum


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تجزیه و تحلیل رگرسیونی از نشخوار فکری ناسازگارانه، ادراک بیماری و نتایج عاطفی منفی در بیماران آسیایی مبتلا به اختلال افسردگی
|کد مقاله||سال انتشار||مقاله انگلیسی||ترجمه فارسی||تعداد کلمات|
|31420||2014||صفحه PDF||سفارش دهید||محاسبه نشده|
Publisher : Elsevier - Science Direct (الزویر - ساینس دایرکت)
Journal : Asian Journal of Psychiatry, Volume 12, December 2014, Pages 69–76
Although illness perception has been shown to be associated with illness outcomes in various chronic physical diseases, the association of illness perception and rumination are not well elucidated in mental disorders. This study aims to investigate the mediational effects of adaptive and maladaptive rumination in the relationship between illness perception and negative emotions (depression, anxiety and stress) in male and female patients (N = 110) suffering from depressive disorders. The results showed that maladaptive rumination mediated the relationship between illness perception and negative emotions in both male and female depressive patients. However, no mediating effects of adaptive rumination were found in the relationship between illness perception and negative emotion. Maladaptive rumination mediated the relationship between perceived identity, chronicity of illness, consequences of illness and emotional representation of illness and negative emotions in males. It also mediated the relationship between perceived identity and emotional representation of illness and negative emotions in females. The results, possible clinical implications and limitations of this study are also discussed.
Illness perception is the cognitive and emotional representations (Godoy-Izquierdo et al., 2007 and Petrie et al., 2007) that one has to make sense of their illness. It involves a cognitive component that can significantly impair one's ability to manage illness coping strategies and outcomes (Leventhal et al., 1992 and Philip et al., 2009). Illness perception has been shown to be associated with depression in patients with physical and chronic illness (Peterson et al., 1991, Godoy-Izquierdo et al., 2007, Husain et al., 2008 and Le Grande et al., 2012). However, there are limited studies examining the role of illness perception in depressive disorders (Lobban et al., 2002, Fortune et al., 2004 and Philip et al., 2009). Since depression is associated with stressful and negative life events which frequently involve the impairment of multiple domains of one's daily functioning and well-being (Blazer et al., 2005), it is likely that the illness perception of a depressed individual will influence the individual's illness coping style and self-management strategies, which will in turn affect depression outcomes. Rumination is a response coping style that is prolonged and characterized by recurrent negative thoughts and mood that one has about his illness symptoms, causes and consequences (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991 and Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998). There are many established evidence to show significant association between rumination and depression (Muris et al., 2005, Roelofs et al., 2008, de Jong-Meyer et al., 2009 and Michl et al., 2013). Rumination is reliably associated with vulnerability to depressed mood, onsets of depressive episodes, longer and more severe episodes of depression, as well as various depressive symptoms such as insomnia and suicidal thoughts (Gotlib et al., 1996, Abramson et al., 2002 and Morrison and O'Connor, 2008). While ruminative coping has been indicated to be maladaptive in depressive disorders in general, recent studies have suggested that depressive rumination is a multidimensional construct with both adaptive and maladaptive components (Watkins and Teasdale, 2004, Watkins et al., 2008, Di Schiena et al., 2011, Di Schiena et al., 2012 and Hamilton et al., 2011). Some researchers believe that rumination serves an adaptive function of goal progress by reducing the discrepancy between current negative health state and desired future goal in some patients (Fortune et al., 2004). This concept is based on the premise that these patients are active problem solvers who constructively ruminate about how to improve their health. The coping strategies they select are guided by their interpretation and evaluation of their illness. The outcome of these behaviours is then evaluated and fed back into their model of the illness, and/or used to shape future coping responses. Most research however chose to focus primarily on rumination as a maladaptive process (Yoon and Joormann, 2012). Out of most forms of self-focused attention, rumination was most strongly and consistently linked to depressive symptoms (Mor and Winquist, 2002). Abramson et al. (2002) argued that cognitive vulnerabilities found in depressed individuals make it difficult for them to disengage from the self-regulatory process, thus trapping them in a cycle of ruminative thoughts instead of attaining the desired goal. The debate is still ongoing about whether rumination is an adaptive coping response or a detrimental form of emotional regulation (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008). Maladaptive rumination is characterized by negative inferential or attribution styles, dysfunctional attitudes, hopelessness, pessimism, self-criticism, low mastery, dependency, neediness, and neuroticism (Ciesla and Roberts, 2002, Flett et al., 2002, Lam et al., 2003, Lyubomirsky and Nolen-Hoeksema, 1995, Lyubomirsky et al., 1999, Nolen-Hoeksema and Jackson, 2001, Robinson and Alloy, 2003 and Spasojevic and Alloy, 2001). Engaging in benign and positive distractions such as watching a movie with friends is associated with adaptive rumination coping as it diverts attention away from the negative emotions and reduces negative effect of their disorder (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991). Women are found to be more likely to ruminate than men (Butler and Nolen-Hoeksema, 1994, Grant et al., 2004, Nolen-Hoeksema and Davis, 1999, Nolen-Hoeksema and Jackson, 2001, Roberts et al., 1998 and Ziegert and Kistner, 2002), and they are more likely to develop major depressive disorders than men (Cyranowski et al., 2000). In addition, women reported higher levels of depressive moods than men (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1994). This may be because women focus more on their own emotions than men (Calmes and Roberts, 2008) and that they are more likely to use maladaptive rumination coping that prevails their negative emotions and symptoms. This leads us to our third hypothesis stated in the following paragraph. Given the recurring and chronic nature of depression, information on illness perception would be highly useful when attempting to improve treatment efficacy, increase medication adherence, and reduce the occurrence of relapse episodes (Brown et al., 2001). In this present study, we aim to examine the relationship between illness perception, rumination and negative emotions in male and female patients with depressive disorders. Specifically, the following hypotheses will be tested: (1) the various dimensions of illness perception will have significant associations with negative emotional symptoms such as depression, anxiety and stress levels; (2) this relationship will be mediated by the patients' ruminative coping responses; and (3) the nature of this hypothesized mediational model will differ for men and women, such that maladaptive rumination emerges as a stronger mediator for women, while adaptive rumination is a stronger mediator for men.


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Student-led Conference in Education 2017
Current Trends in Education
The University of Adelaide Student-led Conference in Education 2017 brings together scholars, researchers and Higher Degree Research students in an engaging environment that fosters dialogue and debate on issues, trends and challenges currently present in educational research and practice.
Keynote Speaker: Professor Thomas O'Donoghue
We are pleased to announce Professor Thomas O'Donoghue from University of Western Australia as the Keynote Speaker. Professor O'Donoghue's presentation will address:
Preparing Professional Teachers for Providing a Quality Education.
Abstract: The value in education is that it can take students beyond training and instruction such that they are inducted into knowledge in a manner that makes their behavioural outcomes unpredictable. In other words, the good' of education is that it goes beyond producing individuals who will be limited, predictable and uncreative. To achieve such a 'good', however, requires also that their teachers are not just 'trained' but 'educated'. The presentation will elaborate on this by arguing that teachers, both at pre-service and at the level of continuing professional development need to be prepared according to three principles. These are as follows: teachers should have a very good command of the subject matter of their teaching areas; they should know how to teach; and they should engage in reflection not just in relation to their work at the classroom level, but also in relation to education more broadly. The view proposed is that these principles need to be followed in order for teaching to be considered a profession, for teachers to be considered professionals, and for students to be educated.
While the breadth of the conference focus, Current Trends in Education, allows most research students and scholars to present their latest findings, proposals that focus on the contemporary significance of their studies are strongly encouraged.
- Theme 1Contemporary Trends in Educational Research
This theme focuses on the practice and application of educational research. This specifically involves the developments, innovations or transformations in the following aspects, but not limited to:
- Research Methods
- Research instruments
- Analytical work
- Measurements and assessments
- Educational theories
- Research projects and funding
- Interdisciplinarity in educational research
- Foci and directions in educational research
- Implications of findings in educational research
- Theme 2Contemporary Contexts in Education
This theme brings together researchers interested in the broader frame of reference of education. Ranging from international to local settings, researchers are invited to discuss the following contemporary features of educational contexts?
- K-12 education
- Higher education
- Educational administration and governance
- Educational policy and leadership
- Curriculum studies
- Sociology of education
- Inclusive and/or special education
- School surveillance
- Adult and continuing education
- Social justice in education
- Theme 3Teaching and Learning in Contemporary Education
This theme covers overarching trends in education such as evidenced-based, ICT-based and/or resourced based teaching, learning and research compass to explore the multi-faceted perspectives among different stakeholders. This theme offers a forum for discussing teaching and learning related issues such as:
- Evidence-based teaching and learning practices
- Educational psychology
- Curriculum and disciplinary studies
- Scholarship of teaching and learning
- Pedagogy in learning settings
- ICT application in education
- Online assessment of teaching and learning
- Change in teaching and learning situations
- Teacher education and professional development
- Distance education and remote learning and teaching
Call for Abstracts Closed: Download Conference Program Here
We encourage you to share your research and ideas with us and we look forward to productive and robust discussions on the issues that you raise. All participants will benefit from a supportive collegial environment and the opportunity to contribute to new knowledge in their fields.
Please follow the abstract submission and proposal presentation guidelines as below:
- Your abstract should be no more than 250 words. Please describe the focus of your paper and list any other co-authors. You should also include 4 to 6 keywords.
- You should also provide your name, organizational affiliation, email address, mobile / phone number, title of your presentation, theme and biographical information of no more than 50 words.
- Click here to submit your abstract in word format, no later than 11 August, 2017.
- Click here to register for the conference:
There is a maximum of 40 places reserved for HDR presenters and 30 places for General Attendees.
- Your presentation should be no longer than 10 minutes, followed by 5 minutes of discussions and questions.
We look forward to receiving your submissions and seeing you on 21 September 2017.
Lunch will be provided on the day. Please specify any special dietary requirements you may have when you book here.


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Plane Jane Complete Learning Package
Includes Plane Jane Model and Plane Jane CD
The concept of Cardinal Planes, which divide the human body into equal halves in three different directions, is used to define how the body moves through space. It also provides the basis for movement terminology such as flexion and extension at the body's joints. Frequently taught in kinesiology, anatomy, biomechanics or related courses, the Cardinal Planes concept is difficult for many students to grasp. Textbook diagrams, severely limited by their two-dimensionality, often add to the confusion. A three-dimensional working model is needed for the visual, kinesthetic/tactile learner. Developed by a college professor, Plane Jane, in prototype form, has been successfully used in the classroom to teach the concept of Cardinal Planes to college-level students for more than 15 years. Students working with the Plane Jane model have found it to be extremely helpful to the learning process, and lots of fun as well.
Plane Jane is a fully three-dimensional one-quarter size human figure, standing in the Anatomical Position, and exhibiting the three Cardinal Planes: Sagittal Plane: dividing the body into left and right halves • Frontal or Coronal Plane: dividing the body into front and rear portions • Transverse Plane: dividing the body into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) portions
Color-coded and detachable, each plane can be demonstrated independently, or in any combination with the other planes.
Jane also comes with a set of three interchangeable arms: each is color-coded to match one of the planes, and drilled to accommodate a plastic rod which represents the axis of rotation. With the axis rod inserted through the arm and into the model, the arm will move parallel to its plane, defining movements within that plane.
A handy foam-lined storage compartment built into Jane's base: complete with hinged lid and magnetic closure, conveniently stows arms and axis rods.
Accompanying each Plane Jane model is an easy-to-use companion CD-ROM. Anatomy, kinesiology and biomechanics instructors and students alike will benefit through its brief live-action video lectures. Each live mini-lecture, presented by Plane Jane's developer, employs Plane Jane in demonstrating the link between movement terminology and cardinal anatomy planes.
Learning is further reinforced through interactive quizzes, ready-to-print activity handouts (in PDF format), and a list of terms and related websites.
Plane Jane's overall dimensions: 12Lx9Wx22H inches (30x23x56cm)
Catalog number: PJ99
To order this item, fill out the online order form or call us.


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For millenniums, we've gathered around the fire. When we built shelter, we kept fire at the center of a room and eventually surrounded the flame with bricks or stones to contain it and keep us warm and safe.
Often little more than a hole in the wall, the fireplace served practical considerations -- heating and cooking -- until the 17th and 18th centuries, when the kitchen and social rooms of houses were separated. The parlor fireplace, free from cooking duties, evolved into the gathering place of a household. That's when ornamentation stepped in. As the social center, the fireplace received architectural details -- particularly in grand homes -- including naturalistic carvings, pilasters and mantels. The hearth became an important architectural feature. Styles changed through the decades, but fireplaces retained their purpose of heating the house.
By the end of the 19th century, though, that changed, too.
Most houses of any size had central heat, and the main purpose of the fireplace became ornamental. But the fireplace remained the focal point of a room until the 1950s, when television took over and we gathered around it instead.
Fireplace design became stripped down. In the 1950s a freestanding fireplace with its flue connected directly to the chimney became a possibility. In the '60s, the fireplace was minimized.
But the decorative fireplace has returned to favor -- along with your television, you can have your fireplace, too, in wood or gas models, traditional or modern styles.
SOURCE: THE ELEMENTS OF STYLE, EDITED BY STEPHEN CALLOWAY AND ELIZABETH CROMLEY
TEXT: Ruth Mullen
ILLUSTRATIONS: Rene Eisenbart


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American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
- n. See ambarella.
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. See apple, etc.
- n. A fruit native to Pacific islands such as Tahiti.
- n. The tree that bears this fruit, Spondias dulcis
GNU Webster's 1913
- The fruit of a Polynesian anacardiaceous tree (Spondias dulcis), also called
vi-apple. It is rather larger than an apple, and the rind has a flavor of turpentine, but the flesh is said to taste like pineapples.
- A West Indian name for a myrtaceous tree (Jambosa Malaccensis) which bears crimson berries.
- After Otaheite (Tahiti). (American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition)
Sorry, no example sentences found.
'Otaheite apple' hasn't been added to any lists yet.
Looking for tweets for Otaheite apple.


Thursday, May 20, 2021
Fuzzing iOS code on macOS at native speed
Or how iOS apps on macOS work under the hood
Posted by Samuel Groß, Project Zero
This short post explains how code compiled for iOS can be run natively on Apple Silicon Macs.
With the introduction of Apple Silicon Macs, Apple also made it possible to run iOS apps natively on these Macs. This is fundamentally possible due to (1) iPhones and Apple Silicon Macs both using the arm64 instruction set architecture (ISA) and (2) macOS using a mostly compatible set of runtime libraries and frameworks while also providing /System/iOSSupport which contains the parts of the iOS runtime that do not exist on macOS. Due to this, it should be possible to run not just complete apps but also standalone iOS binaries or libraries on Mac. This might be interesting for a number of reasons, including:
 - It allows fuzzing closed-source code compiled for iOS on a Mac
 - It allows dynamic analysis of iOS code in a more "friendly" environment
This post explains how this can be achieved in practice. The corresponding code can be found here and allows executing arbitrary iOS binaries and library code natively on macOS. The tool assumes that SIP has been disabled and has been tested on macOS 11.2 and 11.3. With SIP enabled, certain steps will probably fail.
We originally developed this tool for fuzzing a 3rd-party iOS messaging app. While that particular project didn't yield any interesting results, we are making the tool public as it could help lower the barrier of entry for iOS security research.
The Goal
The ultimate goal of this project is to execute code compiled for iOS natively on macOS. While it would be possible to achieve this goal (at least for some binaries/libraries) simply by swapping the platform identifier in the mach-o binary, our approach will instead use the existing infrastructure for running iOS apps on macOS. This has two benefits:
 1. It will guarantee that all dependent system libraries of the iOS code will exist. In practice, this means that if a dependent library does not already exist on macOS, it will automatically be loaded from /System/iOSSupport instead
 2. The runtime (OS services, frameworks, etc.) will, if necessary, emulate their iOS behavior since they will know that the process is an iOS one
To start, we'll take a simple piece of C source code and compile it for iOS:
> cat hello.c
_TAG_
int main() {
 puts("Hello from an iOS binary!");
 return 0;
> clang -arch arm64 hello.c -o hello -isysroot \
> file hello
hello: Mach-O 64-bit executable arm64
> otool -l hello
Load command 10
 cmdsize 32
 platform 2 # Platform 2 is iOS
 minos 14.4
 sdk 14.4
 ntools 1
 tool 3
 version 609.8
The Kernel
Attempting to execute the freshly compiled binary (on macOS 11.2) will simply result in
>./hello
[1] 13699 killed ./hello
While the exit status informs us that the process was terminated through SIGKILL, it does not contain any additional information about the specific reason for that. However, it does seem likely that the process is terminated by the kernel during the execve(2) or posix_spawn(2) syscall. And indeed, the crash report generated by the system states:
Termination Reason: EXEC, [0xe] Binary with wrong platform
This error corresponds to EXEC_EXIT_REASON_WRONG_PLATFORM in the kernel, and that constant is only referenced in a single function: check_for_signature:
static int
check_for_signature(proc_t p, struct image_params *imgp)
 /* Check for platform passed in spawn attr if iOS binary is being spawned */
 if (proc_platform(p) == PLATFORM_IOS) {
 struct _posix_spawnattr *psa = imgp->ip_px_sa;
 if (psa == NULL || psa->psa_platform == 0) {
 signature_failure_reason = os_reason_create(OS_REASON_EXEC,
 error = EACCES;
 goto done;
 } else if (psa->psa_platform!= PLATFORM_IOS) {
 /* Simulator binary spawned with wrong platform */
 signature_failure_reason = os_reason_create(OS_REASON_EXEC,
 error = EACCES;
 goto done;
 } else {
 printf("Allowing spawn of iOS binary %s since
 correct platform was passed in spawn\n", p->p_name);
_TAG_ /* XNU_TARGET_OS_OSX */
This code is active on macOS and will execute if the platform of the to-be-executed process is PLATFORM_IOS. In essence, the code checks for an undocumented posix_spawn attribute, psa_platform, and in the absence of it (or if its value is not PLATFORM_IOS), will terminate the process in the way we have previously observed.
As such, to avoid EXEC_EXIT_REASON_WRONG_PLATFORM, it should only be necessary to use the undocumented posix_spawnattr_set_platform_np syscall to set the target platform to PLATFORM_IOS, then invoke posix_spawn to execute the iOS binary:
 posix_spawnattr_t attr;
 posix_spawnattr_set_platform_np(&attr, PLATFORM_IOS, 0);
 posix_spawn(&pid, binary_path, NULL, &attr, argv, environ);
Doing that will now result in:
>./runner hello
[*] Child exited with status 5
No more SIGKILL, progress! Exit status 5 corresponds to SIGTRAP, which likely implies that the process is now terminating in userspace. And indeed, the crash report confirms that the process is crashing sometime during library initialization now.
At this point we have a PLATFORM_IOS process running in macOS userspace. The next thing that now happens is that dyld, the dynamic linker, starts mapping all libraries that the binary depends on and executes any initializers they might have. Unfortunately, one of the first libraries now being initialized, libsystem_secinit.dylib, tries to determine whether it should initialize the app sandbox based on the binary's platform and its entitlements. The logic is roughly:
initialize_app_sandbox = False
if entitlement("") == True:
 initialize_app_sandbox = True
if active_platform() == PLATFORM_IOS &&
 entitlement("")!= True:
 initialize_app_sandbox = True
As such, libsystem_secinit will decide that it should initialize the app sandbox and will then contact secinitd(8), "the security policy initialization daemon", to obtain a sandbox profile. As that daemon cannot determine the app corresponding to the process in question it will fail, and libsystem_secinit.dylib will then abort(3) the process:
(lldb) bt
* thread #1, queue = '', stop reason = EXC_BREAKPOINT
 * frame #0: libsystem_secinit.dylib'_libsecinit_appsandbox.cold.5
 frame #1: libsystem_secinit.dylib'_libsecinit_appsandbox
 frame #2: libsystem_trace.dylib'...
 frame #3: libsystem_secinit.dylib'_libsecinit_initializer
 frame #4: libSystem.B.dylib'libSystem_initializer
 frame #5: libdyld.dylib'...
 frame #6: libdyld.dylib'...
 frame #7: libdyld.dylib'dyld3::AllImages::runLibSystemInitializer
 frame #8: libdyld.dylib'...
 frame #9: dyld'...
 frame #10: dyld'dyld::_main
 frame #11: dyld'dyldbootstrap::start
 frame #12: dyld'_dyld_start + 56
As a side note, logic like the above will turn out to be a somewhat common theme: various components responsible for the runtime environment will have special handling for iOS binaries, in which case they tend to enforce various policies more aggressively.
One possible way to solve this would be to sign the iOS binary with a self-signed (and locally trusted) code signing certificate and granting it the "" entitlement. This would then cause libsystem_secinit to not attempt to initialize the app sandbox. Unfortunately, it seems that while AppleMobileFileIntegrity ("amfi" - the OS component implementing various security policies like entitlement and code signing checks) will allow macOS binaries to be signed by locally-trusted code-signing certificates if SIP is disabled, it will not do so for iOS binaries. Instead, it appears to enforce roughly the same requirements as on iOS, namely that the binary must either be signed by Apple directly (in case the app is downloaded from the app store) or there must exist a valid (i.e. one signed by Apple) provisioning profile for the code-signing entity which explicitly allows the entitlements. As such, this path appears like a dead end.
Another way to work around the sandbox initialization would be to use dyld interposing to replace xpc_copy_entitlements_for_self, which libsystem_secinit invokes to obtain the process' entitlements, with another function that would simply return the "" entitlement. This would in turn prevent libsystem_secinit from attempting to initialize the sandbox.
Unfortunately, the iOS process is subject to further restrictions, likely part of the "hardened runtime


text:
Words of more than one syllable often have a weak, unclear vowel sound in any syllable which is not stressed. This weak vowel is called the schwa sound. To review this, look back at Unit 24.
|When the schwa sound comes before l, it makes this sound:|
|If the ending is a suffix, the spelling is al. For example:|
When the ending is not a suffix, the most common way of spelling the /Əl/ sound is le but some words use al or el. Some examples:
|le as in eagle||al as in oval||el as in camel|
|Note: Only a few words use ol or il to spell the /l/ sound at the end of a word. These are listed on pages 5 and 6.|
|Go to the next page: When to use the le ending.|


text:
TakeAPart: Japan Tobacco International in Zimbabwe
Alleged Violations of Tobacco Control and Other Laws
Tobacco companies aggressively block, weaken, and undermine policies designed to protect public health and reduce tobacco use, and at times they may work outside of countries' laws.
Call for a government investigation into Japan Tobacco International's actions today!
How Tobacco companies violate laws
Tobacco companies aggressively block, weaken, and undermine policies designed to protect public health and reduce tobacco use, and at times they may work outside of Bangladesh's laws. In multiple cases tobacco companies have been found guilty of violating laws to ensure they are as profitable as possible.
In Zimbabwe, children as young as 11 were found to work on Zimbabwean tobacco farms. The law sets 16 as the minimum age for children to work in any sector and prohibits children under 18 from performing hazardous work. In 2016, Human Rights Watch contacted 31 tobacco companies, including the eight companies that accounted for 86 percent of the tobacco purchase market share in Zimbabwe as well as several companies with whom they had previously corresponded regarding child labor on tobacco farms in other countries, including Japan Tobacco International.
No company that responded to Human Rights Watch indicated that they conduct any type of human rights due diligence in the auction system. None of the companies contacted publish sufficient information on their websites or otherwise. Publishing clear, comprehensive information about a company's monitoring system is an essential component of effective due diligence and sends a message that companies are willing to be accountable when human rights abuses are found in their supply chain.
Human Rights Watch found that while companies made an effort to provide overviews and some details of their efforts in response to our inquiries, they did not disclose sufficient information to allow for external stakeholders to make an objective assessment as to whether a company is identifying key human rights problems, addressing them effectively, and improving human rights compliance in its supply chain.
Join the movement, spread the word.
Learn about the movement and how you can TakeAPart


text:
Definition from Nolo's Plain-English Law Dictionary
A court order allowing a motion or other legal matter to be set at a time shorter than provided by law or court rules. Shortening time is usually granted when the time for trial or some other court action is approaching and a hearing must be heard promptly by the judge. Example: Local rules require that a party give the other side ten days' notice before a hearing. If the trial is set to begin in nine days, a court might shorten the time to schedule a hearing to five days, provided the notice is served within 24 hours.
Definition provided by Nolo's Plain-English Law Dictionary.
August 19, 2010, 5:24 pm


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Writing Data Safely with the CKPTFile Class
Making changes to memory-mapped files is a delicate operation, but far from impossible. Learn how to make safe, atomic changes to memory-mapped files using a checkpoint system that will leave your applications fast and robust and your data impervious to corruption.
sing memory-mapped files can get you tremendous performance gains, but memory-mapped files are very delicate: any change is immediately reflected in the filesystem. This article describes a checkpointing system that lets you make atomic changes to a memory-mapped file, using techniques borrowed from the world's commercial relational databases.
This allows you to benefit from the tremendous speed and flexibility of memory-mapped files and at the same time feel confident that your application is robust, even in the event of a catastrophic failure.
Delicate Data
Data is very delicate. We rely on sophisticated techniques to keep it safely on our disk drives, and most of the time we don't have to think about it. But when you're the one writing the software that manipulates the data, then you do have to think about it.
Figure 1. Editing a File: Two versions of the file exist in the same computer—the original one stored on disk, and the new one residing in memory.
Let's consider a scenario using a common business application a word processor. When a user opens a document and makes some changes to it, there are, at that moment, two different versions of the document: one in memory and one on disk (see Figure 1).
Let's imagine that our word processor—and the underlying operating system—are written naively. You might imagine that when the user hits "Save," such an application would immediately begin to write the new file over the old one (see Figure 2).
If the save process completes, this works fine. However, what if power fails in the middle of the process? The user winds up with a file that comprises half of the original version and half of the new version. Not only does he lack a single complete version, but the file itself might be too corrupt for the word processor to read, in which case, the user will have nothing at all.
Figure 2. Saving Naively: The word processor saves the file directly over the original one.
Comment and Contribute


text:
This is the 39th entry in the Armed with Science series, Dispatches from Antarctica. The series features Air Force Lt. Col. Ed Vaughan's first-hand experiences on OPERATION: DEEP FREEZE, the Defense Department's support of National Science Foundation research in Antarctica.
In our continuing effort to engage students and teachers, we asked students from Osan American Elementary School, a Department of Defense Education Activity (DODEA) school at Osan Air Base, South Korea, to submit their top questions about life in Antarctica. The thoughtful questions really helped me reflect on my experiences on the ice.
Stayed tuned for one final question and answer post with DODEA elementary students. Please feel free to let us know what you think in the comment section.
Patrick: What do you like best about living in Antarctica?
Lt. Col. Vaughan: Hi Patrick. I like the unusual setting. Living in Antarctica makes me feel like I'm living on another planet. The mountains and glaciers are very beautiful. The sunlight and clouds often make brilliant colorful patterns in the sky. There are no trees or plants visible and some areas just flat and white for as far as the eye can see.
To know exactly what I mean, check out this picture of the aurora australis over McMurdo Station. The photo was taken by Ken Klassy, National Science Foundation.
Kaden: What is the climate like in Antarctica?
Lt. Col. Vaughan: Dear Kaden, Antarctica is very cold and the air is dry. The sun is very bright on days without clouds. With all the snow and ice around, it's hard to imagine that this is really like a huge desert, because there is so little rain or snow fall. But over thousands of years, that little bit of snow and ice has built up. So even though the air is dry and there is little rain or snow, Antarctica contains the single largest concentration of fresh water in the world… only it's all frozen.
It's also extremely windy here. In fact, there are wind turbines near Scott Base, Antarctica, that generate power for research stations. We can actually see the turbine blades from McMurdo Station. Check out this video:
Juliet: Are there any icebergs in Antarctica?
Lt. Col. Vaughan: Yes Juliet, there are many icebergs here. In fact, icebergs are made here and in the north polar regions. Icebergs are actually made of frozen fresh water. Large chunks break off of glaciers into the sea in a process called calving. The large chunks become icebergs and can float around for months or years. Sometimes the icebergs get caught and frozen into sea ice. Check out these great iceberg photos:
Katie: What types of animals live in Antarctica?
Lt. Col. Vaughan: Katie, most of the animals in Antarctica are in the sea. The few animals we see on the ice or on the land are normally penguins, seals, and birds called Skuas.
In the below video, Adelie Penguins move across the ice near one of the National Science Foundation contracted science helicopters. Notice the different ways they move as they walk upright or toboggan on their bellies. Thanks to Jean Pennycook, National Science Foundation, for this great footage.
Here is a picture of a crab eater seal, courtesy of Jean Pennycook, PenguinScience.com:
Payton: How cold is the ocean water around Antarctica?
Lt. Col. Vaughan: That's a great question Payton. Antarctic sea water varies between about +2°C and -2°C (approx. the freezing point of sea water) over the course of a year. In areas where it remains slightly above freezing long enough, it will melt for while. Deeper water can remain in liquid form at lower temperatures due to pressure changes. National Science Foundation scientists use satellites, balloons, divers, remote devices, and other methods to monitor temperature variations in the ice and the ocean.
The water certainly isn't too cold for these penguins, who found time to swim in a crack in the sea ice.
Samuel: What is the lowest temperature ever recorded in Antarctica?
Lt. Col. Vaughan: Samuel, The Russian Antarctic research station called Vostok holds both the official and unofficial coldest temperatures on Earth. Officially, in 1983, Vostok recorded a temperature of -89 °C (about -129°F). In the winter of 1997, Vostok unofficially claimed to have reached -91°C (or -131°F). Vostok sits very high on the Antarctic ice plateau and is subject to fierce winds. Incidentally, the word vostok means "East" in Russian, as it is located in a region commonly known as East Antarctica.
Drew: Where in Antarctica are you living?
Lt. Col. Vaughan: Hi Drew. Our military detachment is located at McMurdo Station, Antarctica. McMurdo Station is situated on Ross Island in the Ross Sea. If you drew a line between Christchurch, New Zealand,and the geographic South Pole, that line would pass close to Ross Island.
In this map near Ross Island, McMurdo station is indicated by a star: