The Neocartographer Game
In Neocartographer, two players or teams of players compete, each trying to outperform the opponent in a mapping contest where a player gains an advantage by being the first to contribute a piece of information about a geographic location. The game belongs to the genre of configuration games, where players occupy spatial regions until they reach a winning configuration. In contrast to most of these games, Neocartographer challenges its players by requiring them to reason about spatial distances.
The game has been designed as a playful introduction to geospatial analysis, more specifically, to the concept of Voronoi neighborhood. However, there is also a game variant in which the players do not need to familiarize themselves with that concept. Neocartographer balances reasoning and action in an intricate way and is generally played as a pedestrian game. It takes a few minutes to get acquainted with the rules and the smartphone interface. With the game itself lasting about half an hour, Neocartographer is an ideal choice for applications where temporal constraints are tight such as a tech demo in the context of a scientific conference.
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13 Stupendous Reasons to Brush Your Teeth With a Miswak Stick
If you have never heard of a Miswak stick, think of it as an ancient toothbrush. These toothbrush reminiscent twigs have been supporting oral health of countless people for thousands of years. Before the rise of the modern toothbrush and toothpaste industry, Miswak sticks were the primary source of dental care.
In many ways, they are a much better option than the man-made dental products that we have become used to. With a growing realization of the negative side effects caused by some man-made chemicals and ingredients in modern products, there is a growing movement to turn back to nature.
Brush Teeth Miswak Stick
13 Benefits of Brushing Your Teeth With a Miswak Stick
There are many stupendous reasons why the Miswak stick is gaining more traction as a viable option for dental care. Read on to discover the benefits of this age-old tool.
1. Delay Decay
The first, and perhaps most important benefit of the Miswak stick is an ability to fight against tooth decay and the development of cavities. In a world that by and large is eating too much cavity causing sugar, protection against tooth decay is simply a must. It accomplishes this first by encouraging production of saliva, which naturally helps you fight tooth decay from the inside out.
Second, Miswak sticks contain natural sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, and calcium oxide that all work together to provide a strengthening effect for tooth enamel. This results in an extremely effective strategy of fighting cavities without the need for special toothpastes or treatments, potentially saving you hundreds of dollars in dental work.
2. Goodbye Bacteria
At any given moment, hundreds of different kinds of bacteria can be found in the human mouth. While some of these are vital for oral health and helping to aid in digestion, others can cause harmful breakdown and erosion of tooth enamel. Miswak sticks have been found to be effective in establishing control over bacteria levels due to its antibacterial effects.
Studies conducted by the World Health Organization have shown a correlation between regular use of a Miswak and fewer dental hygiene issues, as compared against standard oral care products. This balancing act with bacteria is directly connected to some of the other benefits of using a Miswak stick.
See also 15 Astonishing Benefits of Passion Fruit That Will Stir Your Curiosity
3. Plaque Protection
If you have ever visited a dentist for a cleaning, you are most likely familiar with the concept of plaque and plaque build-up. In nutshell, plaque build-up is created from a layer of bacteria that covers your teeth and gums. This layer builds up over time if left untreated, and can cause yellowing of teeth, gum disease, and even loss of teeth.
Fortunately, the same antibacterial properties we talked about previously play a vital role in ensuring this doesn't happen to you. While brushing regularly with a normal toothbrush and toothpaste can fend off plaque build-up, it doesn't have the same natural bacteria fighting properties as Miswak.
4. Whiter with Wood?
As a natural consequence of the balancing of bacteria that results from use of a Miswak stick, you can have whiter teeth. While it prevents the build-up of plaque, it is also fighting through stains left by many of your favorite foods and drinks.
These include coffee, tea, tobacco, and other food products. It does a great job of removing the build-up that causes the common, yellow stains found on the teeth of people who smoke or drink coffee on a regular basis, unaccompanied by good oral hygiene.
5. Bad Breath, Away!
One of the first things that happens when using a Miswak to achieve better control of the bacteria inside your mouth is noticeable better breath. One major cause of malodor or halitosis is the presence of bad bacteria. While normal toothpaste and brushing can temporarily relieve the bad breath, it is only treating the symptoms of a deeper issue.
Even if the root cause of the bad breath is related to diet or untreated gum disease, the Miswak will still increase saliva. A Miswak's antibacterial properties coupled with its ability to increase saliva production are the perfect treatment for minimizing bad breath.
6. Good Gums
Any dentist will tell you that gum health is just as important as the health of your teeth themselves. This is because your gums house and protect the roots of your teeth, allowing them to stand strong through all your chewing and chomping. The anti-bacterial and anti-plaque properties of a Miswak causes a chain reaction that allows your gums to heal and remain strong through continual use.
See also 15 Ultimate Health Benefits of Eating Quail Eggs
This significantly reduces your chance of developing gingivitis, which makes your gums sore and sensitive. It also prevents gingivitis from progressing into periodontitis, which causes irreversible effects on the structure of your jawbone.
7. Brush Away the Pain
If you have already gotten to the point where your gums need repair, don't fret! Miswak sticks are a natural analgesic substance, which means they have the capacity to alleviate the pain caused by inflammation and disease in your gums.
Using a Miswak stick not only promotes healing in these areas but numbs the pain to make the healing process much more comfortable. It may seem counter-intuitive, but this allows for unhealthy gums to feel better after, or even during brushing when you use a Miswak stick.
8. Combat Cancer
In addition to the obvious benefits to your oral health such as better breath, decreased risk of gum disease, and whitening of teeth, Miswak sticks actually help you fight off cancer. As a natural anticarcinogenic, using Miswak sticks to brush can reduce your risk of developing certain types of cancer.
The reason this is true is due to the presence of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, polyphenol, and peroxidase. While there is no indication that it will make much of a difference for those who already have active cancer, it is still a great at lowering your risk of developing cancer in the first place.
9. Yummmmm!
When it comes to the benefits of using Miswak sticks instead of a regular toothbrush and toothpaste combination, it doesn't end with the various health benefits. You are probably thinking that with all the good things about Miswak, there has to be a drawback, like an awful taste, right?
After all, it is essentially chewing on a stick. Contrary to what you might think, the taste and aftertaste of a Miswak stick is quite pleasing. Some have compared it with the feeling that you get after using a mouthwash. This feeling of a clean and fresh mouth is because of gas released by the natural volatile compounds found in each stick.
10. Simply Better
It may seem odd, but there is a lot of evidence that brushing with a Miswak stick can be significantly more effective than our modern toothbrushes. Researchers have observed that people who regularly use a Miswak are less likely to encounter oral problems such as bleeding gums or jaw problem when compared to those using typical toothbrush and toothpaste. The simple answer is that a Miswak stick contains benefits that just are not found in what we refer to as "normal" brushing.
See also 15 Best Natural and Essential Oils To Heal Eczema
11. Designed by Nature
Along with the list of benefits that Miswak sticks hold over standard tooth care items, it is better equipped to address the most problematic areas in tooth brushing. Because the bristles are naturally in line with the "handle" of the stick, the user experiences increase reach and improved leverage.
This is especially handy when it comes to reaching between tight teeth and cleaning the surfaces of your teeth, areas that are commonly missed when using a toothbrush.
12. Save Your Teeth, and Your Cash!
Another reason that you may consider switching from standard brushing to using a Miswak stick is the cost savings. You may not realize how much you spend on oral care products but added up across time it can be a lot of money.
In addition to being more affordable than most toothbrushes, the savings from using Miswak sticks is multiplied since it can replace all of your normal mouth care products. This includes not only your toothbrush, but also toothpaste and mouthwash.
13. Better for You, Better for Everyone
Last, but certainly not least, Miswak sticks have no detrimental effect on the environment. Unfortunately, normal bathroom products are almost always made with plastic, and contain other ingredients that contribute to a growing problem of pollution. This is especially true of products that are disposable in nature, as they find their ways into landfills where they will take years and years to break down naturally. Miswak sticks however are all natural and biodegradable.
With all this information backed by research, it is hard to think of any reasons not to begin using Miswak sticks. It may seem odd to be putting a twig into your mouth, but when you think about it, is it any more strange than putting a plastic brush into your mouth?
If anything, the Miswak stick almost seems more normal, being that it is much closer to being edible than our plastic handled habit. Take a chance on the most natural way to take care of your mouth and find out why this method has stood the test of time and is making a comeback today!
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Friday, July 30, 2010
Annoying the French?
Whilst Simon Winder takes on the Germans Stephen Clarke digs into the tribulations of the Entente Cordiale between France and Great Britain. In his book 1000 Years of Annoying the French he picks to pieces the relation between the two countries starting with William the Conqueror in 1066 and ending with French President Nicolas Sarkozy in 2010.
One critic wrote: If the book is funny for English readers, it becomes downright hilarious for non-English readers although I personally find some of Clarke's jokes embarrassingly far-fetched, e. g., when he states: At the start of the 100 years' war France was like a widow on a Caribbean cruise: rich, available and convenient, but Edward III didn't raise enough funds for the invasion, and had to shuffle home "like an English pensioner hit by the rising euro".
Otherwise I learned quite a lot of interesting details, such as Dom Pérignon suffered from excorkulation when the CO2 pressure in the champagne bottles built up. There were explosions too. Thanks to the Brits who made the first rigid bottles in Newcastle the champagne bottled in France could be shipped across the Channel safely. With all those lost bottles Dom Pérignon initially had to calculate with a big margin. This must be the reason why champagne is so expensive or have you ever seen a raised price decreasing? Clarke hopes for better deals in England in the future with the onset of global warming causing ideal champagne-producing conditions shifting north from France towards vineyards with similar soil on the other side of the Channel.
British humorist Sir Pelham Grenville Wodehouse once wrote: There is only one cure for grey hair. It was invented by a Frenchman. It is called guillotine. All wrong says Clarke: The earliest type of what we mistakenly call the guillotine was probably* invented in Halifax, northern England, a town whose only other claim to innovation is that is was home to confectioner Violet Mackintosh, the woman who invented Rolos and Quality Street toffees. So to be historically accurate, the guillotine should be called: le Halifax, which would actually have been quite fun, because 200-odd years later, the Académie française would probably still be debating whether to allow the verb halifaxer.
*There are also records of guillotine machines in Ireland in 1307 and in Scotland in 1564.
In 1914, when the first British troops disembarked in France to help the frogs against the Kaiser, His Majesty's government had carefully chosen Scottish Highlanders playing the Marseillaise on their bagpipes reminding the French of their all-time favorite Brit, Mary, Queen of Scots, rather than offending their ego with their old enemy England invading them again. However, the Entente did not last long when more important contingents of those snobbish British soldiers arrived in France who were accustomed to treating their inferiors in the colonial way. As they extended this practice to the mostly rural population, the French took revenge on the rosbifs by regarding them as welcome meal tickets. Their vehicles were the local estaminets (pubs) where for a high price they sold muddy water as beer, red wine made from vinegar and red ink, and white wine made from vinegar leaving out the red ink.
At the beginning of the war when the Germans following the Schlieffen Plan blitzed through Belgium the Tommies soon came under pressure: In retreat, the Brits resorted to their old pillaging tactics, emptying orchards, helping themselves to chickens, eggs and milk, and stealing coal or ripping down whole farm buildings for firewood. It was the Hundred Years War all over again.
Reading this I remembered a passage in Paul von Hindenburg's memoirs that I had heretofore regarded as wishful thinking. Did the old man (78) correctly recall what happened at the Western front in 1918?: Ballten sich doch Fäuste französischer Soldaten vor unseren Augen unter Schimpfworten gegen den englischen Bundesgenossen. Riefen doch französische Stimmen zu uns herüber: „Heute mit England gegen Euch, morgen mit Euch gegen England!" (Before our very eyes French soldiers shook their fists at their English allies while calling them names. French voices shouted in our direction: "Today with England against you, tomorrow together with you against England").
I have encountered my share of anti-British sentiment too. Once when conversing with a French friend we came close to the delicate topic of German atrocities committed against la resistance in France during the last war. He probably wanted to comfort me when he said: Manfred, you well know who our arch-enemy is. His remark did not console me at all. On the contrary, I felt deeply embarrassed and had no reply.
Apart from Petit Napoleon another of Clarke's favorite French targets is the tall General although one originated from Corsica and the other from Lorraine. Churchill had his opinion about De Gaulle as being fascist-minded, opportunistic, unscrupulous, ambitious to the last degree, whilst Mon General asserted: England, like Germany, is our hereditary enemy.
Brotherly hug
As far as Germany is concerned De Gaulle must have changed his mind soon after the war. I remember standing there at Munich's Odeonsplatz in the crowd that hailed the General in 1964 when he shouted in his guttural German: Für Ihr großes deutsches Volk, jawohl! This emphatic yes resulted in ecstatic cheers from the crowd. After all those humiliations in the past the people did not notice that they were being manipulated. Did those present really think they were suddenly recognized or even loved?
An earlier crowd at the Odeonsplatz. It is August 1, 1914, the beginning of the
First World War with an unemployed Austrian immigrant standing there all delighted.
France and Germany have finally grasped that violence is no solution should problems arise. Is it already love when De Gaulle embraces Adenauer in Reims, Kohl and Mitterrand are holding hands* in Verdun and Sarkozy kisses Merkel both in Paris and Berlin?
*Keen observers noticed
that it was Mitterrand clenching Kohl's hand assuring that his came on top.
Not only my French friends know that I am a Francophile and let me add here: in all my encounters with French men and women I have never sensed even the slightest anti-German sentiment.
Sunday, July 25, 2010
Deutscher Wald
Deep in the woods, lost and hungry: Hänsel and Gretel
approaching the witch's house made out of gingerbread.
Tuesday, July 20, 2010
In my free time - of which as a retired person I do not have much or should I rather say much left - I read quite a lot. When visiting a foreign country roaming the bookshops is a must. There I am always looking for the odd reading stuff you do not easily find in Germany. Recently at Füssli's in Zürich two witty books written by two Brits attracted my attention. I like British humor although I probably understand only half of it. In the following I shall concentrate on Simon Winder's book Germania in which as the title correctly suggests the author criticizes my country. Mind you, most of his observations are not negative. As a person who keeps claiming throughout the book being in love with this country Winder has his favourite German characters and places. There are Alexander von Humboldt who is his God and the prince-bishop's Würzburg Residence in Baroque style with ceiling paintings by Giambettista Tiepolo he admires. How can it be that Winder who has traveled all over Germany and visited so many places mentions several times that he does not speak a word of German? Is he as a British subject proud of it or is it just an understatement?
Throughout the book Winder fights stereotypes like the one about German food. It indeed generally is heavy although varied because cooking in Germany is regional. In fact, Sauerkraut is the specialty in Alsace but that is no German territory.
He rightly points out Germany's obsession for the Middle Ages when the world still was in order. You find places like Quedlinburg with its neat timber framed houses located at the foot of the Harz Mountains. The Abbey Church holds the grave of Emperor Heinrich the Fowler. He was reburied there in 1930 by another Heinrich (Himmler) who at the same time desecrated the church turning it into an SS shrine of which the counter clark only hesitantly shows a blurred black and white photo on demand.
Beautiful Marburg is another city with a broken history. Saint Elisabeth of Hungary married to Ludwig of Thuringia lived at the Wartburg until the count perished in the 1227 crusade. Badly treated by her husband's kinfolk she moved to Marburg where she died in 1231 as a widow aged ony 24. She was buried there in a Church the Teutonic Order built for her. Later in 1410 the Poles crushed the Knights in the Battle of Tannenberg and stopped Germanic expansion into the East. The church in Marburg also became the final resting place for Paul von Hindenburg the victor of the second Battle of Tannenberg fought in the First World War against the Czar's army. It was he who as Reichspräsident of the Weimar Republic eventually made Hitler Chancellor in 193


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Mon January 14, 2013
Three WKU Profs Honored for Nature Work
The state Nature Preserves Commission has given three WKU professors its annual award for work that protects biological diversity.
Alfred Meier, Ouida Meier and Scott Grubbs were given this year's Biological Diversity Protection Award for their work creating the Upper Green River Biological Preserve. The preserve is on the banks of the Green River in Hart County.
The Green River is the most important river in Kentucky for the conservation of rare native mussels and fish. It hosts 109 fish species and nearly 60 mussel species. The area is also important for an endangered bat species found on the preserve and as a breeding and migratory habitat for songbirds.
The Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission was created in 1976 to protect the best remaining natural areas of Kentucky.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Automation makes it possible for your application to manipulate objects implemented in another application, or to expose objects so they can be manipulated. An Automation server is an application that exposes programmable objects (called Automation objects) to other applications (called Automation clients). Automation servers are sometimes called Automation components.
Exposing Automation objects enables clients to automate certain procedures by directly accessing the objects and functionality the server makes available. Exposing objects this way is beneficial when applications provide functionality that is useful for other applications. For example, a word processor might expose its spell-checking functionality so that other programs can use it. Exposure of objects thus enables vendors to improve their applications' functionality by using the ready-made functionality of other applications.
These Automation objects have properties and methods as their external interface. Properties are named attributes of the Automation object. Properties are like the data members of a C++ class. Methods are functions that work on Automation objects. Methods are like the public member functions of a C++ class.
Although properties are like C++ data members, they are not directly accessible. To provide transparent access, set up an internal variable in the Automation object with a pair of get/set member functions to access them.
By exposing application functionality through a common, well-defined interface, Automation makes it possible to build applications in a single general programming language like Microsoft Visual Basic instead of in diverse, application-specific macro languages.
Visual C++ and the MFC framework provide extensive support for Automation servers. They handle much of the overhead involved in making an Automation server, so you can focus your efforts on the functionality of your application.
The framework's principal mechanism for supporting Automation is the dispatch map, a set of macros that expands into the declarations and calls needed to expose methods and properties for OLE. A typical dispatch map looks like this:
The Properties window and Class View assist in maintaining dispatch maps. When you add a new method or property to a class, Visual C++ adds a corresponding DISP_FUNCTION or DISP_PROPERTY macro with parameters indicating the class name, external and internal names of the method or property, and data types.
The Add Class dialog box also simplifies the declaration of Automation classes and the management of their properties and operations. When you use the Add Class dialog box to add a class to your project, you specify its base class. If the base class allows Automation, the Add Class dialog box displays controls you use to specify whether the new class should support Automation, whether it is "OLE creatable" (that is, whether objects of the class can be created on a request from a COM client), and the external name for the COM client to use.
The Add Class dialog box then creates a class declaration, including the appropriate macros for the OLE features you have specified. It also adds the skeleton code for implementation of your class's member functions.
The MFC Application Wizard simplifies the steps involved in getting your automation server application off the ground. If you select the Automation check box from the Advanced Features page, the MFC Application Wizard adds to your application's InitInstance function the calls required to register your Automation objects and run your application as an Automation server.


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The purpose of this study is to provide a stimulating discussion on the relationship between post-colonization and tourism in Jamaica. The postcolonial theory is used to expand the epistemology of the relationship between post-colonization and tourism and provide plausible explanations concerning their association. This discussion paper also serves to advance the paradigms of cultural identity and the three presences by linking them to the concepts of nation culture and national identity and how these phenomena help to stimulate the development of tourism in Jamaica. Additionally, the concept of the tourist gaze is incorporated in the analysis to show how post-colonization serves the tourists from both site and event attraction experiences. This ostensibly benefits Jamaica socially, culturally and economically. In summary, the discussion paper analyzes the impact of post-colonization on tourism in Jamaica and is intended to create a better understanding regarding the use of a destination's cultural and historic legacies for tourism. It will also contribute significantly to the areas of tourism planning and development, destination marketing, anthropology, sociology, psychology and cultural studies.
Keywords: Post-Colonization; Tourism; Cultural identity; Shared culture; Sense of difference; Three presences <
Tourism is not a new phenomenon to Jamaica as it became an economic activity over 200 years ago. Xaymaca, the land of wood and water as exclaimed by Christopher Columbus, has become a renowned destination since the 19th century when Captain Lorenzo Baker brought the first set of tourists from the United States of America on his banana boat. Although the wood and water have been Jamaica's focal tourism offering for scenic view and water activities, there are other features of this Caribbean island destination that contribute to the experience of the tourists. These include the Jamaican people, cuisine, places of interest and sporting activities to name a few. Interestingly, these can be described as legacies of colonization and manifestations of the plantation system and thus, features of post-colonization. The concept of post-colonization is described as anything that happens after the colonization era.
Despite the many writings on Jamaica's history, heritage and culture, the gap in the literature shows the need to conduct an in-depth analysis of the relationship between post-colonization and tourism in Jamaica. The understanding of the relationship between post-colonization and tourism is not widespread. Likewise, the use of its cultural and historic legacies for tourism may not be fully accepted. This is because the plantation system is viewed as an institutional arrangement where forced labor is used for the production and marketing of crops. The belief is that this historical epoch is currently impacting the social structure of the Jamaican society.
A study of this nature specifically focusing on Jamaica is however, fundamental as this destination highly depends on the tourism economy as well as it epitomizes the transition from colonization to decolonization and by extension postcolonization. Consequently, the remnants of Jamaica's history have become extremely useful as a part of its tourism product. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to critically discuss the notion of post-colonization and its relationship with tourism in Jamaica. It particularly examines the works of Stuart Hall relating to cultural identity and Aime' Cesaire' regarding the three presences, namely, African, European and American. The discourse of cultural identity is explained within two frameworks; the first one refers to shared culture which is based on collectivism and describes the 'one true self' and the second is associated with the "sense of difference" which pertains to the transformation and reshaping of culture. The three presences characterize the nature of post-colonization in terms of the cultural background of the Jamaican people, the socio-political structure which governs the people and the expectations of the visitors.
This discussion paper advances the paradigms of cultural identity and the three presences by linking them to the concept of nation culture and how this phenomenon helps to stimulate the development of tourism in Jamaica. The post-colonial theory establishes the framework of this discussion because it explains the cultural aspects of post-colonies and analyzes the cultural legacy of colonization. It will provide plausible explanations for the association between post-colonization and tourism since many colonies are now tourist destinations where their culture and heritage are being used for tourism.
Jamaica has a very rich cultural background that is linked to its colonial history. Prior to the Europeans (Spanish and English) in the 15th century, the island was inhabited by the Amerindians. Jamaica was subsequently colonized by the Europeans who institutionalized forced labor supported by the African slave trade. After the abolition of slavery in 1834, the Chinese and Indians were taken to the island as alternate labor force for the plantations. The rich cultural and heritage platform on which Jamaica stands is due to the "presences" of the ethnic groups who populated Jamaica and which have established the identity of the Jamaican people as well.
Within this context, it is important to outline the paradigms of cultural identity and the three presences as they relate to the concepts of nation culture and national identity and how these phenomena help to stimulate the development of tourism in Jamaica. The following section will also explain how the tourist gaze as proposed by Urry J is stimulating economic activity for Jamaica through its post-colonization features.
The traditions and practices of the various ethnic groups who populated Jamaica have culminated to form the Jamaican culture which has been passed on from one generation to another. Based on this historical amalgamation of culture, the two frameworks of cultural identity proposed by Stuart Hall, a Jamaican-born culturalist and sociologist seem applicable in explaining the phenomenon of being a Jamaican. These are the principles of shared culture and the sense of difference.
Because the Jamaican people can be described by the collective characteristics that depict 'one true self' with a 'oneness' of what they do and how they do it, this phenomenon can be explicitly explained as shared culture. However, despite having a shared culture, each ethnic group, namely the dominant African-Jamaican (Black), Indian, Chinese, or Jamaican-White, is identifiable by their distinct culture and this speaks to the sense of difference. The practices of the shared culture yet the distinctive differences among the ethnic groups have now become a major post-colonization hallmark for Jamaica and are been used or incorporated into the tourism offerings by way of its music, dance, food, local language and other elements of attraction.
The shared culture has created a national identity for the Jamaican people. This national identity which stems from colonization is actually benefitting the country as the remnants of slavery are now legacies for the tourism industry. For example: the Jamaican cuisine including the use of the jerk cooking method and jerk sauces is a major aspect of the tourism product. This practice was developed by the African, now named Maroons who ran away to the mountains. They used this method of cooking to sustain them, having only natural resources from the vegetation and animals in the mountains. Another example is that the local dance movements are an amalgamation of the European ball room and African dance forms.
Despite the importance of having a distinct national identity where it creates and establishes a stable nation and country, it is believed that it "can limit the social, cultural, and economic progress of a decolonized people". The national identity of Jamaica, however, appears to be beneficial to tourism as the purpose of visit to the destination for the majority of tourists/ visitors fall in the category of leisure, pleasure and holiday (73.3%) when compared to other reasons such as business or visiting friends and family. This category of travel includes visits to heritage sites, local entertainment and cuisine among other culture and heritage offerings.
The three presences posited by Aime' Cesaire', a politician and author from Martinique, regarding the African, European and American influence is also important for Jamaica's tourism. As explained below, the presences of the Europeans, Africans and Americans in Jamaica have significantly influenced the political, social, cultural and economic structure of the country and consequently tourism development.
The Europeans: The Europeans characterized the nature of post-colonization in terms of the socio-political structure which governs the country. The Spanish were enterprising with the slave trade by bringing Africans to Jamaica. Then the British arrived and they continued with colonization where African slaves were used as forced laborers for the production of sugar cane and its derivatives such as sugar and molasses, as well as tobacco and other agricultural provisions.
With the colonized system, the Europeans established models of the socio-economic and political governance structure from Europe. The British succeeded the Spanish in ruling Jamaica and hence, their systems and institutions are more predominant in Jamaica. The current institutions in Jamaica remain models of the British system; hence, they influence the socio-political environment of the nation. The parliamentary, judiciary and education institutions are examples of the British model. The parliamentary institution regulates the operations of the tourism industry through the establishment of government ministry and agencies for planning and marketing, as well as instituting laws and policies. The judiciary framework regulates the laws and the education institutions train individuals for the tourism industry.
Consequently, the British influences the cultural practices of Jamaicans. This according to Antonio Gramsci, an Italian politician, suggests cultural leadership which denotes the dominance of certain cultural forms. Cultural leadership is associated with the concept of hegemony which is the leadership or dominance by a country or social group over another, thus, the term cultural hegemony. It is believed that cultural hegemony can manipulate the culture of the society through the imposition of beliefs, explanations, perceptions, values and mores. Said EW emphasize Gramsci's theory of cultural hegemony within the context that hegemony is important in understanding the cultural life of the industrial West society. It is the belief that the European culture is hegemonic and this makes the European identity superior when compared to Non-European peoples and cultures, both in and outside of Europe.
The Europeans have also left

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Colorful Paper Fish in Water Craft Tutorial for Kids
This fun and easy craft tutorial are perfect for young children! Kids will learn how to make their own colorful paper fish in a water scene. All you need is paper, scissors, markers, and glue. Follow along with our step-by-step instructions to create a beautiful and vibrant fish craft.
Welcome to this fun and creative craft tutorial! In this tutorial, we will be teaching you how to make a colorful paper fish in water! This craft is perfect for kids to make, as it is easy and fun to do. With just a few simple materials and steps, you can have your very own, unique paper fish to decorate your home with! So, let's get started!
How To Make Colorful Paper Fish in Water Craft Tutorial for Kids
Read More: Super Simple Pine Cone Crafts For Kids
- Crafting papers
- Black chart paper
- Googly eyes
- Ear buds
Step 1: Start By Taking A Square Of Red Craft Paper And Black Chart Paper
Let's start by taking black chart paper as our background for our craft. Now take a square of red craft paper and fold it diagonally. Crease it well and unfold it you will see a diagonal line on the sheet.
Step 2: Fold The Red Craft Paper Into Triangles
Now fold the paper along the diagonal to make a triangle.
Step 3: Cutting The Edges Into Strips With Scissors
Now with the help of pencils make vertical lines on the open side of the triangle equally spaced. Don't touch the lines with the edge make it below it. Now with the help of scissors cut the strips making frills.
Step 4: Gluing The Frills At The Centre To Make The Fish
Now when you open the triangle you will get the strips on both sides with a crease at the Centre. With the help of glue stick the end of the frills at the central crease by folding the strips upwards as shown in the image.
Step 5: Making The Tail Of The Fish
Glue the strips to the central crease and leave the last smaller strips making a diamond shape this will be the tail of our fish.
Step 6: Adding Googly Eye To The Fish And Sticking The Fish On The Black Chart Paper
Now stick the fish diagonally on the black chart paper and add a googly eye at the end of the fish's body as shown in the image.
Follow the same steps and make two more fishes from purple and blue craft papers.
Step 7: Sticking The Other Two Fishes With Our Red Fish
Now add stick the purple and blue fish on the black chart paper along the redfish with each fish facing the other.
Step 8: Creating The Bubbles With White Paint And Ear Bud
Take an earbud and dip it into white paint. Now make small circles along the fish making the air bubbles.
Also, make some grass with green paint at the bottom of the sheet to add more detail.
Final Step: "Swim Into Fun With DIY Origami Colorful Paper Fishes Under Water Tutorial For Kids"
Yay! The Origami Colorful Paper Fishes Under Water is done. These Origami Colorful Paper Fishes are a fun and easy DIY activity that kids can enjoy. Not only does it improve their fine motor skills, but it also sparks their creativity and imagination. By following the simple steps outlined in this tutorial, children can create a vibrant and lively underwater scene that they can proudly display to family and friends.
This Origami Colorful Paper Fishes Under Water tutorial is a great way to spend a rainy afternoon or a quiet weekend. So gather your paper, your markers, and your scissors, and You can experiment with different paper sizes, colors, and patterns to create your own unique fishes underwater. So, gather your family and friends and make a splash with your colorful creations!
What materials do I need to make the colorful paper fish in water craft?
You will need paper, scissors, glue, and a container of water.
Can I use any kind of paper?
Yes, you can use any kind of paper you have available. Colored paper will give the best effect, but you can also use white paper and paint it afterwards.
How do I make the fish?
Cut the paper into the desired shape for the fish. Glue the two sides together and then fold it to create the fins. Finally, glue the fin onto the back of the fish.
How do I make the water?
Fill the container with water and add a few drops of food coloring to create a colorful effect.
What do I do with the fish once it's made?
Place the fish in the container of colored water. This will create a fun and interactive craft.
This Colorful Paper Fish in Water Craft Tutorial for Kids is a fun and creative way to keep kids entertained and learning this summer!
Follow us on Youtube for art and craft tutorials and much more.
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Chalta or elephant apple is a fruit that is said to be native to China. The fruit thrives in swamps and semi -tropical forests in deep soil and humid atmosphere. The fruit is also said to possess tonic and laxative properties, and is used for abdominal pains. The bark and leaves are astringent. Dried leaves are used as a substitute for sand paper in polishing ivory and horn. Ripe fruits are gathered at maturity.
Fleshy sepals form the edible portion. Though the fruits contain enough sugars, still these taste pleasantly sour due to predominance of acid. These are seldom eaten raw and are mostly used as flavouring in curries and are also made into jams and jellies. The fruit contains carbohydrates and proteins. It is also rich in beta-carotene, vitamin B, vitamin C, thiamine, and riboflavin.
Rubbing the fruit's gummy substance in the scalp is believed to treat dandruff and hair shedding. The fruit of the elephant apple tree is enclosed in a hard husk, which must be cracked to get at the fruit. This can be accomplished by hurling the fruit at a hard surface or by using a hammer to crack the husk open. The natives of Ambikapur and Jashpur region confirmed that the Elephants are fond of this fruit.
These regions have wild population of Elephants. Although Chalta is a common tree in different parts but it is a matter of surprise that the traditional healers are not much aware of its traditional medicinal uses and properties. Besides fruits, they use its leaves and bark in treatment of common diseases.
In Indonesia, chalta is mixed with honey and eaten for breakfast. In Thailand, they eat the leaves in salads while in India the pulp is used in savoury chutneys. The thiamine, riboflavin, and beta-carotene make it an important ingredient in medicines for the heart and liver. An infusion of the bark and stem can reduce heart palpitations and hypotension.


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Provides one of the First Accurate Descriptions of Bouvetøya
A detailed and fascinating chart of the South Indian Ocean, showing some of the most important journeys of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. This includes Cook's 1776 voyage and du Fresne's 1772 voyage. Outstanding detail is provided. In the bottom left, two segments of text discuss the discovery of various islands in the region.
The map itself depicts the routes of at least fifteen separate voyages and charts their daily positions. In addition, Horsburgh depicts five different routes that he deems optimal, to be chosen depending on the season, destination, and prevailing conditions. The coasts of East Africa and Madagascar are shown in detail, with soundings to the edge of the nearshore shelf. Numerous islands and shoals are depicted, including Kerguelen, Mauritius, Christmas Island, and the Nazareth Banks.
Several penciled lines cross the map, with dots every couple hundred kilometers. It is very likely that this map was used to chart at least three voyages across the Indian Ocean, all heading in the direction of Madras and taking the southern passage. Two take the quickest way, while one tracks just north of Horsburgh's suggested monsoon-season route.
The two pieces of text in the bottom left of the map are of particular note. The first discusses Bouvet's Island, which lies off the map and will be discussed further below. The second discusses four islands supposedly discovered by Marion du Fresne in 1772, but of which no later accounts document. Several phantom islands do in fact dot the map, but Honsburgh takes care to label them as such, either providing extensive notes or simply commenting "doubtful."
Bouvet Island
Bouvet Island (Bouvetøya) lies several thousand miles west of this chart in the south Atlantic ocean. The island was first spotted more than three-quarters of a century before this map was made, but not found again until 1808. This map was one of the first sources to clarify the general cartographic confusion regarding the island.
Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier and his crew found the island in 1739 but were unable to land or circumnavigate the island, leaving the possibility open that this represented a large southern continent. This is sometimes shown in the mid-18th century maps of the South Atlantic. Bouvet named the Cap de la Circoncision on the northeast corner of the island. Cook set out to search for this island in his second voyage but was unable to locate it due to his westerly position. It was then believed that this may be a phantom island, though Captain Lindsay of the SE&S Swan would find the island again in 1808.
Horsburgh was able to convince Samuel Enderby, owner of one of the major sealing companies and future namesake of Enderby Land, to let him access the journals of the Swan. Horsburgh correlates the two discoveries using his sources, as well as a possible 1803 sighting, to give a more complete description of the island. He manages to place it more accurately, but this position is still slightly incorrect.
The first landing at the island would occur several years after the publication of this map. It would be annexed by Norway in 1927, and the description "high, and covered with snow" still very much applies.
James Horsburgh and the Quest for Better Navigational Charts
The need for more accurate charts was forcibly brought home to James Horsburgh on May 30, 1786, when his ship wrecked off the coast of Diego Garcia 'in consequence of an error in her chart'. For almost the next twenty years Horsburgh gathered information about the sea lanes traveled by the East Indiamen, both from his own observations - most particularly during a seven-year period when he commanded a ship called the 'Anna' - and from the work of others. The value and importance of his observations and the resulting charts was swiftly recognized and they were published over a lengthy period, with revisions being made as they were needed.
Horsburgh was rewarded by being elected a member of the Royal Society in March 1806 and, more importantly from a financial point of view, he was appointed hydrographer to the East India Company in October 1810.
Condition Description
Minor toning along centerfold.
James Horsburgh Biography
James Horsburgh (1762 -1836) was a Scottish hydrographer who worked for the British East India Company (EIC) and charted much of China, Southeast Asia, India and contiguous regions in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.
Horsburgh went to sea at the age of sixteen and was captured and imprisoned by the French at Dunkirk. After his release, he made voyages to the West Indies and Calcutta. In 1786, as first mate in the Atlas, Horsburgh sailed from Batavia to Ceylon and was subsequently shipwrecked on the island of Diego Garcia. This disaster influenced him in his decision to produce accurate maps after he found his way back to India.
EIC hydrographer Alexander Dalrymple published three of Horsburgh's earliest charts of the Straits of Macassar, of the western Philippines, and of the tract from Dampier's Strait to Batavia. In 1799, Dalrymple published Horsburgh's Observations on the Eastern Seas on behalf of the EIC.
Meanwhile, Horsburgh continued his sailing career in the Carron, which had been taken up by the British government as a transport to the West Indies and, on his return to England, sailed again for Bombay. There, in April 1798, he was appointed to the command of his old ship, the Anna, and during the next seven years he made two voyages to England, besides several to China, Bengal, and Madras.
On the return trips to England in 1799 and 1801, Horsburgh became acquainted with the London scientific community including Sir Joseph Banks, the astronomer Nevil Maskelyne, and Henry Cavendish. Horsburgh kept barometric records for Cavendish during his voyages from 1802 to 1804, which elucidated the diurnal variation in the open sea between 26°N and 26°S. It was these measurements and his high society contacts that assured Horsburgh nomination and approval as a Fellow of the Royal Society upon his retirement from the sea in 1806.
Horsburgh continued to publish on nautical navigation. In 1806, he released Memoirs Comprising the Navigation to and from China. Next, in 1809 and 1811, Horsburgh finalized Directions for Sailing to and from the East Indies, China, New Holland, Cape of Good Hope, and the interjacent Ports, compiled chiefly from original Journals and Observations made during 21 years' experience in navigating those Seas, also known as the India Directory. These publications made Horsburgh a likely candidate for the position of hydrographer to the EIC, a post he gained in 1810. While serving as hydrographer he revised the Directory, with subsequent editions in 1816-7, 1826-7, and 1836. He also oversaw the compilation and publication of the EIC's Atlas of India in 1827.
Horsburgh died in 1836. However, his legacy lived on. Friends and admirers in Canton raised a memorial subscription and erected the Horsburgh Lighthouse on Pedro Branca in the Strait of Singapore. With the permission of his children, the Admiralty took up the Directory and released editions in 1841, 1852, 1855, and 1864. After his death and with the demise of the EIC, his charts passed to the Admiralty Hydrographic Office, who reissued them.


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Primary adrenal insufficiency is a rare disease and can masquerade as other conditions; therefore, it is sometimes incorrectly diagnosed. Herein, we reported the case of a 39-year-old Vietnamese male with primary adrenal insufficiency due to bilateral adrenal tuberculosis. The patient presented to the emergency room with acute adrenal crisis and a 3-day history of nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, and diarrhoea with a background of 6 months of fatigue, weight loss, and anorexia. Abdominal CT revealed bilateral adrenal masses. Biochemically, unequivocal low morning plasma cortisol (<83 nmol/L) and high plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone levels were consistent with primary adrenal insufficiency. There was no evidence of malignancy or lymphoma. As the patient was from a tuberculosis-endemic area, extra-adrenal tuberculosis was excluded during the work up. A retroperitoneal laparoscopic left adrenalectomy was performed, and tuberculous adrenalitis was confirmed by the histopathological results. The patient was started on antituberculous therapy, in addition to glucocorticoid replacement. In conclusion, even without evidence of extra-adrenal tuberculosis, a diagnosis of bilateral adrenal tuberculosis is required. A histopathological examination has a significant role along with clinical judgement and hormonal workup in establishing a definitive diagnosis of adrenal tuberculosis without evidence of active extra-adrenal involvement.
Primary adrenal insufficiency can be misdiagnosed as other mimicking diseases, such as gastrointestinal illness, leading to diagnostic pitfalls.
Adrenal insufficiency can be confirmed with significantly low morning plasma cortisol levels of <83 nmol/L without a dynamic short cosyntropin stimulation test.
Tuberculous adrenalitis is an uncommon treatable condition; however, it remains an important cause of primary adrenal insufficiency, especially in developing countries. In the absence of extra-adrenal involvement, adrenal biopsy plays a key role in the diagnostic process. Alternatively, adrenalectomy for histopathological purposes should be considered if CT scan-guided fine needle aspiration is infeasible in cases of small adrenal masses.


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This study was conducted to characterize fishery resources inhabiting salt-evaporation ponds and sloughs in South San Francisco Bay, and to identify key environmental variables that influence distribution of fishes. The ponds, which were originally constructed and operated for commercial production of salt, have undergone preliminary modifications (installation of culverts, gates, and other water-control structures) in preparation for full restoration to mostly tidal wetlands over the next 2 decades. We sampled fish from two salt-pond complexes (Alviso complex and Eden Landing complex), each consisting of several pond systems and their associated sloughs. Cluster analysis of species of fish indicated that at least two species assemblages were present, one characteristic of ponds and the other characteristic of sloughs and slough-like ponds. The slough-like ponds exhibited water-quality conditions (especially salinity) that resembled conditions found in the sloughs. Pond fishes were represented by 12 species, whereas slough fishes were represented by 22 species. Except for bay pipefish (Syngnathus leptorhynchus), which was unique to ponds, all species present in ponds also were in sloughs and slough-like ponds. These results indicated that species of fish in ponds originated from the sloughs. According to canonical-discriminant analysis, four environmental variables were useful for discriminating between the two species assemblages. Most discriminatory power was contributed by the index of habitat connectivity, a measure of minimum distance that a fish must travel to reach a particular pond from the nearest slough. Apparently, as fish from sloughs enter and move through interconnected salt ponds, environmental stress factors increase in severity until only the more tolerant species remain. The most likely source of stress is salinity, because this variable was second in importance to the index of habitat connectivity in discriminating between the two species assemblages. Water temperature and concentration of dissolved oxygen also seemingly influenced spatial distribution of fishes, although they were less important than salinity.
Additional publication details
Relation between species assemblages of fishes and water quality in salt ponds and sloughs in South San Francisco Bay


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WWII Arctic convoy veterans seek recognition for'most dangerous journey in the world'
Alaska Dispatch
The BBC reports that the British World War II soldiers who crossed the Arctic to bring supplies to Russia are asking their government for recognition in undertaking what Winston Churchill called "the most dangerous journey in the world."
The Arctic convoys battled deathly-cold temperatures and 70-foot waves to take supplies to the former Soviet Union.
"I was more scared of the weather than the enemy," Herbert MacNeil, 86-year-old veteran told the BBC.
MacNeil has been honored by the Russian government four times, most recently in 2010. But in the UK, the Arctic sailors received the same medal as those running Atlantic convoys, receiving little recognition from the government.
"They gave us an Atlantic medal it was like giving us something from a corn flake packet." MacNeil said.
He cites death-defying waves, frozen clothes and frigid temperatures as part of the "terrible conditions" the convoy faced.
Prime Minister David Cameron said Wednesday during Prime Minister's Questions that he had "every sympathy" for the veterans, stating that a general review of the medals would be conducted, with emphasis on the Arctic convoys.
Read more, here.


For how long?
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For how long will women continue to live like this?
Let me give you some facts.
99.1 million Estimated number of women in Nigeria, over 24.8 million may have experienced some form of sexual violence. And for almost 70 per cent of that number, it was more than a happenstance.
It is very interesting to note that 24.8 per cent of 14,560,417 (3,610,983) females age 18 to 24 years experienced sexual abuse prior to age 18, of which 5.0 per cent (108,549) sought help, with only 3.5 per cent (126,384) receiving any services.
Findings from a National Survey carried out in 2014 on Violence Against Children in Nigeria confirmed one in four females reported experiencing sexual violence in childhood with approximately 70% reporting more than one incident of sexual violence.
 Out of 10 women you meet on the road more than half have been sexually assaulted or raped, so now tell me, who do we fight or run to when the criminal and penal codes of 1990, the laws guiding rape justice in Nigeria is deficient in many ways.
For instance, the law defines rape as having unlawful carnal knowledge of a woman or girl without her consent, or with her consent if it was obtained by force or by means of intimidation.
This definition excludes other methods and orifices of penetration, save penile penetration of the vagina. Experts said such is not all-encompassing to help protect citizens.
So where is the justice?
Where is the justice when you have to pay for the rapist to face his crime?
Where is the Justice when payments are made to "quiet" it?
Women get raped, their children get raped, their grandchildren get raped and so the cycle continues while they continue to blame the victim… for how long?
For our long are we going to beg not to be raped?
What will it take for men to take the issue of rape serious? Until they have a daughter?
When do we stop objectifying women?
When do we stop being the accused when we were the victim?
When do we start blaming the rapist?
When will our government start taking women affairs seriously?
Why do you judge them by their dressing?
How long do we continue to preach consent?
How long do we continue to hide away from men?
How long do we continue to fear men?
How many women must die because men do not respect the woman body?
They suffer in silence; they carry the hurt for years but for how long?
How long must women suffer?
When does all this stop?
Where is the justice is when she will be tagged a prostitute?
Where is it when she's been blamed for it?
Did I hear you say justice?
Well, we'll continue to push hashtags, we'll continue to vent, we'll continue to call on the government and the force till "Justice prevails"
Everyday is a new #, everyday it's a new name, But what do we do or rather can we do beyond the hashtags?
Individually we have to do more!
The state government have to do more!!
The police have to do much more!!!
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Narbonne, Narbonne: Cathedral of Saint-Just [Credit: Benh LIEU SONG]Narbonne: Cathedral of Saint-JustBenh LIEU SONGtown, Aude département, Languedoc-Roussillon région, southern France. It lies on a vine-growing plain 8 miles (13 km) from the Mediterranean and east of Carcassonne.
Narbonne was the site of Narbo Martius (Narbo), the first colony founded by the Romans in Gaul (118 bc), from which the town derived its name. Then on the Mediterranean, it became a flourishing port. In 413 it was seized by the Visigoths, who later made it their capital. In 719 the Saracens captured the town, occupying it until 759. During the Middle Ages, the southern part of the town was ruled by the counts of Toulouse, while the northern part was under episcopal administration. At the beginning of the 16th century, Narbonne was united to the French crown.
The Cathedral of Saint-Just, begun in 1272 but never completed, has only a choir and two square towers. Built in the style of the cathedrals of northern France, the choir, which is of exceptional height, has pleasingly harmonious proportions. The Basilica of Saint-Paul-Serge (mainly 12th and 13th centuries) is an interesting example of early Gothic architecture in the south of France. The three square towers of the fortified Palais des Archevêques date from the 13th and 14th centuries, but the Gothic-style town hall was added to the palace only in the 19th century. The building now houses two museums with collections of paintings, ceramics, and Roman artifacts.
The Canal de la Robine, a branch of the Canal du Midi, runs through the city, separating the northern part historically known as the Cité from the Bourg to the south. The old town, now surrounded by boulevards, has picturesque, narrow, winding streets. A major road and rail junction, Narbonne specializes in the trade of Aude wines. A uranium processing plant was built just outside the town in 1959. Other industries are mainly connected with wine production (fertilizers, packaging, and agricultural machinery). Nonetheless, the majority of employment is in Narbonne's administrative and service activities. The town is a tourist centre and is close to the coastal resorts of Narbonne-Plage and Gruissan. Pop. (1999) 45,764; (2005 est.) 50,205.
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Nodding disease: First Ugandan treatment centres open
Uganda has opened its first clinics specifically set up to help thousands of children who have a mysterious fatal condition known as nodding syndrome.
The centres in the north - where the disease is most common - are to control the worst of the symptoms.
The disease's cause is unknown, but it affects only children - who suffer from seizures, stunted physical and mental growth and nodding of the head.
There have also been cases of the disease in South Sudan and Tanzania.Managing symptoms
More than 200 sick children turned up on Monday for treatment in the centres in the districts of Kitgum, Pader and Lamwo, Uganda's Commissioner for Health Services Dr Anthony Mbonye told the BBC.
Health workers cannot offer definitive treatment - until doctors find out what lies at the root of the disease - but, Dr Mbonye says, they have been trained to help improve the lives of children by managing the neurological symptoms.
Anti-epileptic drugs have been effective in treating nodding disease patients, according to the World Health Organisation.
Nodding syndrome causes children to spasm uncontrollably - and eventually to waste away and die.
The BBC's Ignatius Bahizi in Kampala says a local MP, Beatrice Anywar, has spearheaded a campaign to press the government to deal more effectively with the disease, which, he says, has caused huge anxieties in rural communities.
Uganda's health ministry has recorded 3,000 cases and almost 200 deaths since 2010.


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I am trying to find out what formula to use for the above issue. If I do a gravity measurement above a volcanic chamber, what do I have to do? I thought about adding the Bouger corrections, as it is a mountain I am measuring on, but I do not know the density of the mountain, only for the bedrock around the crater. How do I do this, then? I found something about "buried bodies", but I do not know if you can name a chamber (="hole") a buried body. Can someone help out?
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1 Answer 1
As I recall you calculate the (repulsive) force from a body of negative matter the same size as the hole, then you add that to the Earth's gravity with no hole. The result is to reduce the Earth's gravity slightly.
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From scales to armor: Scale losses and trunk bony plate gains in ray-finned fishes. Evol Lett 2021 Jun;5(3):240-250. 10.1002/evl3.219. EVL3219. PMC8190451. 18-06-2021
Actinopterygians (ray-finned fishes) are the most diversified group of vertebrates and are characterized by a variety of protective structures covering their integument, the evolution of which has intrigued biologists for decades. Paleontological records showed that the first mineralized vertebrate skeleton was composed of dermal bony plates covering the body, including odontogenic and skeletogenic components. Later in evolution, the exoskeleton of actinopterygian's trunk was composed of scale structures. Although scales are nowadays a widespread integument cover, some contemporary lineages do not have scales but bony plates covering their trunk, whereas other lineages are devoid of any such structures. To understand the evolution of the integument coverage and particularly the transition between different structures, we investigated the pattern of scale loss events along with actinopterygian evolution and addressed the functional relationship between the scaleless phenotype and the ecology of fishes. Furthermore, we examined whether the emergence of trunk bony plates was dependent over the presence or absence of scales. To this aim, we used two recently published actinopterygian phylogenies, one including >11,600 species, and by using stochastic mapping and Bayesian methods, we inferred scale loss events and trunk bony plate acquisitions. Our results reveal that a scaled integument is the most frequent state in actinopterygians, but multiple independent scale loss events occurred along their phylogeny with essentially no scale re-acquisition. Based on linear mixed models, we found evidence supporting that after a scale loss event, fishes tend to change their ecology and adopt a benthic lifestyle. Furthermore, we show that trunk bony plates appeared independently multiple times along the phylogeny. By using fitted likelihood models for character evolution, we show that trunk bony plate acquisitions were dependent on a previous scale loss event. Overall, our findings support the hypothesis that integument cover is a key evolutionary trait underlying actinopterygian radiation.
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SFERA is a collaborative space for social innovation in which interdisciplinary students belonging to Ibero-American universities can work together to tackle challenges that involve social and environmental transformations in favour of the local or global community.
Sfera is supported by four pillars:
· SOCIAL: Society at the heart of every challenge.
· FELLOWSHIP: The training and listening platform, which offers online tools that guarantee personalised attention backed by a network of professionals in social entrepreneurship.
· RESPONSABILITY: The focus on promoting the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.
· ACTION: The multidisciplinary and international ecosystem developed to increase the transfer of knowledge from university to society through entrepreneurial social initiatives.
SFERA Experience offers Ibero-American universities the possibility of participating in an annual competition, providing their students with a unique experience to make their way into the world of social entrepreneurship.
We have detected that there are many initiatives whose objective is to teach entrepreneurs "how to do" and, however, there are few that focus on the previous step, "how to know what to do". This means they start out without doing the necessary analysis of the initial situation that leads to a high failure rate among the young (the average age of the successful entrepreneur is 45).
That is why the objective of SFERA is to guide students on "how to know what to do". To do this, we provide an online platform from which, through a challenge-based learning, we offer training and tutoring in methodologies for systems analysis.
The platform provides teams with toolkits and explanatory videos, as well as exercises to progress through the different stages of the challenge.
In each edition, SFERA will set a major global challenge associated with the Sustainable Development Goals, and the team of students representing each university will compete in the search for the most innovative ideas with the greatest social impact. In this first edition the great challenge will be "Education in Vulnerable Contexts".
Each member of the winning team will obtain a scholarship for the Master's Degree in Social Impact Entrepreneurship at UCJC, in order to become professional social entrepreneurs and develop their proposals.
Programme co-funded by the Edmond de Rothschild Foundation
SFERA is based on the Kah Methodology, a word that in Sanskrit represents the conjunction of Body // Soul // Mind // Cloud // Word // Bird. The fusion between our SELF and our PLANET. As individuals we must aspire to discover our life's purpose and connect it with our professional development. As a global community we must accept that we are part of a system in which we are all connected and interdependent. The ultimate goal of SFERA is to bring together the "I" and the "We", promoting from the universities a new philosophy of entrepreneurial life in which each individual's life's purpose and the most pressing needs of society merge.
|Figure3. Kah Methodology|
Inspired by Theory U, fostered by the Presencing Institute at MIT's Sloan School of Management, Kah offers us the possibility of promoting an entrepreneurial life ethos through the development of a three-fold journey:
1. CONNECTING TO YOUR ESSENCE
Its objective is to guide you on your personal journey, seeking to facilitate self-awareness and discovering the role that each of us can play as social entrepreneurs. This journey is made up of the following tools:
- Tool 1: Identity matrix
- Tool 2: Values
- Tool 3: Iceberg model
- Tool 4: Mindfulness
2. CONNECTING WITH OTHERS
Its objective is to guide you on your team journey by showing you new ways of observing, listening and talking, which will place you in the right starting point to face the complex challenges of our society. This trip is made up of the following tools:
- Tool 1: Communication and assertiveness
- Tool 2: Communication styles
- Tool 3: The process of Nonviolent Communication
- Tool 4: Active listening
3. CONNECTING WITH THE SYSTEM
Its objective is to guide you on your journey in society, promoting research and analysis of the challenge you have selected based on Systemic Practice. This journey is made up of the following tools:
- Tool 1: Near star and Polar Star
- Tool 2: Map the 5 Rs
- Tool 3: Interaction loops
- Tool 4: System map
GUIDELINES FOR PREPARING THE FINAL SFERA PROPOSAL
Participants are expected to adopt a systems thinking approach to the analysis they will carry out in their research and present their findings providing the following information:
- System map
The map should clearly show the relationships between the different parts of the system and how the combination of these relationships is leading to the chosen challenge. Although participants are not expected to map all the components of their system, they are expected to go beyond the mere creation of a stakeholder map, demonstrating the importance and complexity of the chosen social challenge, in a simple, attractive and clear way. understandable to a wide audience.
The map can be sent in any visual format you want, for example PowerPoint, Prezi, PDF, etc.
- Research summary
The research summary will provide a narrative supplement to the System Map and will include the following headings:
- Reasons for selecting the challenge
- Team description
- Past and present of the challenge: causes, solutions developed so far and impacts
- Research methods carried out in the report (interviews will be provided, detailing the reason for selecting the interviewees and a summary of the interview, referencing articles consulted, web pages..)
- Systemic analysis:
- Near star and Polar star
- Map the 5 Rs
- System forces, causes and effects
- Interaction loops
The research summary (maximum 3,000 words not counting the bibliography) must be sent as a Word file (.doc or.docx) or PDF.
- Personal journal
The journal should include:
- Reflections extracted from each of the sessions attended
- Summary of the repercussions that the experience lived in SFERA may have on personal and professional life
The final assessment will take place at the SFERA Awards Ceremony in the first week of July. This assessment will weigh your time through the programme in the following way:
- Session attendance (25%)
- Personal journal (25%)
- Research report (25%)
- System map (25%)


The Birth of Model Theory: Löwenheim's Theorem in the Frame of the Theory of Relatives
$99.95 / £82.00
Jan 25, 2004
6 x 9.25 in.
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Löwenheim's theorem reflects a critical point in the history of mathematical logic, for it marks the birth of model theory — that is, the part of logic that concerns the relationship between formal theories and their models. However, while the original proofs of other, comparably significant theorems are well understood, this is not the case with Löwenheim's theorem. For example, the very result that scholars attribute to Löwenheim today is not the one that Skolem — a logician raised in the algebraic tradition, like Löwenheim — appears to have attributed to him. In The Birth of Model Theory, Calixto Badesa provides both the first sustained, book-length analysis of Löwenheim's proof and a detailed description of the theoretical framework — and, in particular, of the algebraic tradition — that made the theorem possible.
Badesa's three main conclusions amount to a completely new interpretation of the proof, one that sharply contradicts the core of modern scholarship on the topic. First, Löwenheim did not use an infinitary language to prove his theorem; second, the functional interpretation of Löwenheim's normal form is anachronistic, and inappropriate for reconstructing the proof; and third, Löwenheim did not aim to prove the theorem's weakest version but the stronger version Skolem attributed to him. This book will be of considerable interest to historians of logic, logicians, philosophers of logic, and philosophers of mathematics.


Sometimes you may need to alter the design to join together two nets that are currently separate.
Unless you are creating a PCB design 'on the fly', you should not really be trying to connect two nets here. Instead you should switch back to your Schematic, make the change there, then use Forward Design Changes to push the change forward to the PCB.
However, if you are creating a PCB design directly without a corresponding Schematic, you can use the Add Connection or Add Track commands to connect those items together.


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- Icelandic restoration development of its degredating wetlands
- Flood gate protection of Gothenburgs vibrant Urban Areas
- Expected to be finished in 2021, the Svart Hotel in Norway's Arctic Circle will be the worlds first energy-positive hotel.
- Tåsinge Plads is Copenhagen's first climate-resilient urban space and can handle rising volumes of rain at street level.
- The first waste-to-energy facility for municipal waste in Finland was completed in 2012 and processes 150,000 tonnes of household waste from 400,000 inhabitants annually.
- The district of Strømsø in Drammen is currently being redeveloped to become a future-oriented urban neighbourhood with ambitious sustainability goals.
- Sweden's largest hospital has built a geothermal plant providing 65% of heating and cooling demand.


Scientific grade hyperspectral data from UAV platforms
Hyperspectral imaging from UAVs has in some fields been discredited as poorly performing systems have been used, and general conclusions on the quality of hyperspectral imaging from UAVs have been drawn on this basis. The following will explain how and why scientific grade hyperspectral data acquisition from UAVs is indeed possible today, and that HySpex Molnir is currently the only truly scientific grade hyperspectral imaging solution for UAV platforms.
Obtaining scientific grade data from a UAV platform will require:
 - High-end hyperspectral camera, featuring:
 - Sharp optics and low distortions
 - Low stray light
 - Low F# optics (high throughput)
 - Detector with high speed and low noise floor
 - Good SNR across the full spectral range
 - Stable and traceable calibration
 - Stable Platform (Roll, pitch heading stabilization)
 - High-performance INS and good boresight calibration for direct georeferencing
 - Operational parameters
Many of these points are impossible to compare by simply comparing data sheets and brochures and requires a detailed investigation of real data, test reports or attending a live demo to make a relevant comparison of data quality and operational readiness.
High-end hyperspectral camera
Mjolnir V-1240 operated with the Camflight UAV.
It can be difficult to distinguish a high from a low-quality solution based only on standard marketing material. The following will elaborate on some quality parameters for hyperspectral cameras that are important to be aware of when choosing a sensor for a given application. Some points are generic for any hyperspectral camera, while others are specific for UAV applications.
Sharp optics and low distortions
HySpex Mjolnir offers extremely sharp optics per pixel and per spectral band for both the VNIR and SWIR spectral range. The V-1240 has 1240 spatial pixels and 400 bands, and the spatial resolution (FWHM) is as low as 1.1 times the spatial sampling. Spectrally, the resolution (FWHM) at 400 bands is 1.5 times the spectral sampling across the whole FOV and spectral range, yielding extremely sharp images. With these specifications, the cameras have less than 10% of a band smile and less than 10% of a pixel keystone.
The S-620 has 620 spatial pixels and 300 spectral bands in the SWIR spectral range. The sharpness, keystone and smile effect is comparable or even better than the V-1240. The keystone and smile specifications of a hyperspectral system are some of the most important specifications of a hyperspectral camera. At the same time, they are among the parameters that get overlooked most frequently in a selection phase.
Keystone in a data set will generate unphysical spectra.
A camera, specified to have 1240 pixels should be expected to be able to record 1240 unique and correct spectral signatures – reproducing the real radiance from each pixel in the scene.
Some suppliers offer solutions specified to have 50% or more keystone. A camera with 50% keystone, will acquire data where 50% of the spectral signature in a given pixel originates from the pixel next to it. This is different from the linear mixture of two spectral signatures recorded by a pixel containing two different objects.
The keystone effect in the data will have some part of the spectral signature coming from one of the objects, while other parts of the spectra have a 50% influence from the object next to it – in essence generating an unphysical spectral signature. This effect will effectively reduce the spatial resolution, and larger objects are required to get one pure pixel. Keystone will also introduce effects like misidentification/classification or false alarms in your data product.
Detector with high speed and low noise floor
A small hyperspectral system will smaller pixel pitch on the detector than larger camera. This implies a smaller full well (charge capacity) on the detector pixels. In combination with having a high light throughput in the optics, it is also important to have a very low noise floor (read noise) on the detector. Lower noise floor means a higher dynamic range in the images.
As an example, the Mjolnir V-1240 has 2.3 electrons noise floor. Assume this system is mounted on a fixed-wing UAV flying at low altitude (i.e. short integration time), with a low sun angle yielding very challenging conditions with a lot of shadows. In the acquired data, the signal acquired from the shaded scene generates 24 photoelectrons in one pixel and band. Mjolnir V-1240, with the 2.3 electrons noise floor, will have an SNR of 10.43 for this signal. A noisier system, however, with e.g. 13 electrons read noise, will only have an SNR of 1.85, if all other parameters are identical.
Good SNR across the full spectral range
A smaller pixel pitch (to scale down the system size) means smaller full well, compared to systems with larger pitch. A smaller full well will give a smaller peak SNR. Peak SNR is approximately the square root of the full well if the noise floor is small. The full well of the detector used for V-1240 is about 10000 electrons, yielding a peak SNR of approximately 100 in the native sensor resolution. To get higher SNR, the dispersion in the camera covers more bands than the output cube. This is a good solution if the read noise is sufficiently low. For Mjolnir V-1240, 3.24 pixels are binned together, which effectively increase the full well with a factor 3.24. The peak SNR is thus about 180 at the full output resolution (1240 pixels x 400 bands). This will, of course, increase the readout noise; however, not more than approximately 4.14 electrons – which is still very good. The peak SNR alone is of limited use as it only indicates the maximum SNR obtained in a band that is close to saturation, but the total quantum efficiency of the whole system as a function of wavelength is also needed.
To obtain really useful information, the SNR curve needs to be specified for a given input radiance and a given (and operationally realistic) integration time. This information should be part of any test report for any system. A poorly designed system can be specified for the full range 400-1000nm, and have a decent peak SNR in the middle of the spectral range, but still, be unusable for several tens of nanometers at the start and end of the spectral range. A qualitative assessment of the SNR characteristics can be done by viewing single-band images at the edges of the spectral range of the system, as shown in the figure below.
First and last band of a Mjolnir V-1240 hyperspectral cube and example radiance spectrum from vegetation (single-pixel/band, no binning).
Stable and traceable calibration
It is very important that the radiometric calibration is traceable to e.g. NIST or PTB standards, and the calibration procedures and standards used (including their accuracies) should be available for the users. To achieve good absolute orthorectification accuracies (on the order of the pixel size, i.e. ~2.7cm at 100m altitude for Mjolnir) the sensor manufacturer must supply a very precise sensor model as part of the calibration data. A precise sensor model is key for direct georeferencing.
Any hyperspectral system needs to maintain a stable and accurate radiometric and spectral calibration outside a controlled environment. A perfect calibration at the factory is worthless if this is not stable after transport and during operations. This means that the spectral, radiometric and geometric calibration must be stable with different temperatures, pressures and when exposed to heavy vibrations.
HySpex Mjolnir cameras are tested in a climate chamber from -20 degrees to +50 degrees. For the S-620 system, the FPA temperature is stabilized at 180K, since a low temperature is critical for the noise performance of MCT detectors. For VNIR cameras (using CMOS sensors) thermal effects on the sensor are also accounted for, ensuring accurate radiometric calibration, even when the ambient temperature varies. Each instrument produced also goes through a rough vibration test program to ensure that the system remains stable after leaving our facilities.
Stable Platform (Roll, pitch heading stabilization)
There are two main categories of UAV platforms:
 - Rotor/copter solutions, and
 - fixed-wing solutions.
There are some main advantages and disadvantages with both solutions that should be evaluated carefully when flying a pushbroom hyperspectral cameras:
Copter solutions (usually octocopter) is a very good platform that gives the user full control of all the flight parameters. The altitude, speed, and direction can easily be adjusted, giving great flexibility optimizing integration time and frame rate. Copter solutions also require less logistics to fly than the fixed-wing solutions and usually can carry more payload compared to the overall size. However, rotary UAVs typically have a shorter flight time than the fixed-wing solutions. Another disadvantage is that the platform is exposed to significant vibrations during flight and that the system is doing a lot of high-frequency rolling and pitching to try to stay level. To compensate for this, a high-quality gimbal is recommended, which is illustrated in the figure below.
Typical flightpath from PARGE for a flight done without gimbal under same wind conditions.
Typical flightpath from PARGE for a flight done with gimbal under same wind conditions.
As is evident form the images above, a gimbal is


text:
The CFSRs use multiple information sources to assess State performance, including data indicators, the Statewide Assessment, case record reviews, and a variety of interviews. These interviews might be with children, parents, foster parents, social workers, or other professionals working with a child; they may also involve State or other community stakeholders. All of these sources are necessary to gather both quantitative and qualitative data and to gain a comprehensive picture of the child welfare system.
Reviewers and Local Site Leaders serve as the principle data collectors during the onsite portion of the CFSRs. The amount of data they collect on site, as well as the sources of those data, are very important. No amount of subsequent data analysis can make up for a lack of original data quantity or quality. In other words, the data analysis required to inform both the Final Reports and the Program Improvement Plan can only be as good as the original data allow. This is why the Quality Assurance (QA) process, which ensures the validation and integrity of data collected onsite, is so important.
The QA process as a whole is divided into seven steps.
- Preliminary QA is conducted by reviewers prior to transferring completed cases to a site leader for First-Level QA. It is also conducted by site leaders before they begin First-Level QA.
- First-Level QA, also called Onsite QA, is the first QA review of a case by a Local Site Leader. Cases are reviewed to ensure that data collected are clean, complete, and consistent.
- Second-Level QA, also called State QA, is the final local case-level QA conducted on an individual case. It is conducted by site leaders with a great deal of CFSR and child welfare-related experience who are approved to do Second-Level QA by the Children's Bureau. They may be located onsite or offsite. They conduct a final review of cases to ensure that data collected are clean, complete, and consistent.
- Local Site Finalization is a final confirmation that all case and stakeholder data have been finalized and uploaded to the central server.
- Data Validation is a final review of all State data to ensure that data are clean, complete, and consistent across the State.
- Third-Level QA is a post-review check of case data.
- Data Change Management is a process to validate and update OSRI data as applicable and appropriate.
There are a number of tools designed to support this process, called collectively the "Data Integrity Materials."


When does 35 not equal 35?
… and when does 35 – 35 not equal zero?
In the first case the answer is when one "35" is on an Excel spreadsheet and the other 35 is in VBA. The question arose from the ongoing continuous beam discussion with metroxx, who had, quite reasonably, generated a series of output points by calculating the length of one step (35/30) then adding this value to the previous length in 30 stages. This mysteriously caused an error in the function for no obvious reason.
Stepping through the code I found that the error was occurring when the last output point was compared to the beam length and found to be greater. The mysterious part was that both on the worksheet (formatted to 15 decimal places), and in the VBA Locals window, both values displayed as being exactly 35. Also entering the formula = A62 – 35 returned exactly zero.
To investigate what was going on I wrote the short VBA function shown below:
Function Diff(A As Double, B As Double) As Double
Diff = A - B
End Function
The function simply subtracts B from A, but using this function with the incrementally generated "35" as A and the "exact" 35 as B returned a value of 7.11E-15, even though stepping through the routine both variables displayed as exactly 35 in the locals window.
The answer to the second question is the same as the first (as would be expected), but also in some cases this behaviour can be seen on the spreadsheet with no VBA involved. As stated above, the formula = A62 – 35 returns exactly zero, but the formula = (A62 – 35) returns 7.11E-15, the same as the UDF! The screenshots below show more detail of this behaviour.
In the spreadsheet in column B I have generated 30 increments with the formula =(B7+$C$4), where C4 is =C2/C3, i.e. 35/30.
The value in column C are generated with =$C$2*A8/$C$3, where C2 is the beam length, A8 is the increment number, and C3 is the number of increments (30). Column D contains the the formula =B8 – C8, Column E: =Diff(B8, CB), and column F: =(B8 – C8).
Floating point value check - click to view full size
Error in Column D result
It can be seen that Column D has returned a difference of zero in all cases, even though the VBA function in Column E and the formula in Column F show a difference of up to 1.42E-14.
These differences are of course caused in part by the fact that all values are stored as binary floating point values, that cannot represent all decimal or fractional values exactly. This is described in several Microsoft documents (e.g. Understanding Floating Point Precision), which all claim that Excel follows the IEEE Standard for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic. Clearly this is not the whole story though, since the example given generates errors up to an order of magnitude greater than the maximum difference between any exact value and the nearest floating point value, and also generates different results depending on how worksheet formulas are entered.
I would be interested if anyone has any more background on exactly how these things are handled in Excel, but for practical purposes I think the lessons are:
 - When comparing non-integer values be aware that values that display as exactly equal may be stored as different values.
 - When comparing doubles in VBA either round the values to a suitable precision, or check that the difference is less than some small value, rather than exactly zero.
 - Calculations that involve the difference between two nearly equal values may give incorrect results. Consider carrying out this type of calculation entirely in VBA (or if necessary in a different language offering higher precision calculations).
Example added 27th Dec 2011:
Another example of the effect of brackets:
 - Cell B4, =B2 + B3, displays as exactly 1, because the 1.6E-15 would be the 16th and 17th significant figure, but only 15 significant figures are displayed.
 - Cell B5, =B4 – 1, displays as exactly 0, the contents of B4 being treated as the displayed value.
 - Cell B6, =(B2 + B3), displays as exactly 1, the same as B4, as would be expected.
 - But Cell B7, =B6-1, displays as 0.000000000000001554, using the decimal equivalent of the underlying value stored in B6, rather than the displayed value.
 - Cell B8, =(B6-B4), displays exactly 0, using the displayed values in both cells
 - Cell B9, = B7-B5, displays 1.554E-15 (i.e. the same as B7), so
 ((1+x))-(1+x) <> ((1+x)-1)-(1+x-1) !
This entry was posted in Excel, Maths, Newton, VBA and tagged,,,. Bookmark the permalink.
12 Responses to When does 35 not equal 35?
 1. Georg says:
 Hi all, here comes a short list of links that helped me to understand what IEEE 754 DP really means for computational arithmetics:
 here MS states where VBA (not XL!!) adheres to IEEE 754 and where not
 imho, good summary of all effects
 homepage of Prof. Kahan, many papers available for download; among them this nice "fatwah" on Java's IEEE implementation; imho, even VBA programmers can learn much from it
 Click to access JAVAhurt.pdf
 imho, a nice website on the subject
 "staircase to hell" demonstrating one of XL's dirty secrets, i.e., manipulating a wide range of numbers around the exact doubles
 According to my experience, XL cannot be used to pre-test VBA code in detail because firstly, the results of even simple arithmetic operations may differ and secondly, even the standard mathematical functions sometimes yield different results in XL and VBA, resp. This holds true for XL10/VBA6/x32 as well as for XL14/VBA7/x64. Moreover, unlike C or Fortran VBA does not seem to take full advantage of the cache registers providing extended precision for intermediate results that all modern processors are equipped with. Therefore, I recommend to use VBA only to interface to routines written in a more suitable language like C or Fortran if accuracy really matters, for example when solving ODEs or PDEs, resp.
 2. lhm says:
 Agree it's strange that parentheses around a formula can change the result?!
 The differences in column F of the screenshot are exact binary powers: 2^-50, 2^-49, etc. as one might expect from the binary representations. This ties in with the fact that Excel truncates numbers beyond the fifteenth significant figure in calculations (_URL_ whereas seventeen significant figures are needed to store numbers exactly in the xml file formats. In VBA results are displayed rounded to fifteen significant figures but are stored internally to greater precision.
 - lhm says:
 After further investigation, it's clear that formulas in column D return zeroes due to truncation but the differences in column F are generic IEEE double round-off errors. For instance this c code returns identical results:
 double sum=0;
 int i;
 (The chart could also be converted to a step chart if desired.)
 3. Georg says:
 Ihm, the key needed to understand all those "strange" effects occuring with the DP numbers is to realise that the gap between two adjacent DP numbers doubles at each exact non-zero power of two. That is why in VBA if statements, e.g., you should only compare DP numbers to 0# and not to any other DP number, because in the latter case the interval yielding true/false is no more symmetric around your DP reference number.
 Imho, the behaviour of the DP numbers can only be fully understood if we look at their binary representation and not at their (mostly) rounded decimal representation. If you know that 0.1 is internally approximated by the IEEE 754 DP binary number 3F B9 99 99 99 99 99 9A (little endian byte order), and that 0.5-0.4 is approximated by 3F B9 99 99 99 99 99 98, you will not be surprised that 2^55*(0.1-(0.5-0.4)) yields a result of 1, whereas 2^55*((0.5-0.4)-0.1) yields a result of -1, though mathematically, both should yield exactly 0. Afaik, forthcoming versions of xNumbers will provide functions that allow for conversions between the decimal and binary representation of a variable of type "Double" in VBA. That VBA lacks the support of subnormal numbers is a big difference between VBA and F, C,… Start with 2^(-1070) and successively divide by 2 in XL, VBA, C, F… and print out the results…
 4. Georg


How to Find Expired User Accounts with or without PowerShell
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Native Auditing Netwrix Auditor for Active Directory
 1. Open the PowerShell ISE → Run the following cmdlet, paying close attention to the properties used:
Search-ADAccount -Server $ThisDomain -Credential $Creds -AccountExpired -UsersOnly -ResultPageSize 2000 -resultSetSize $null| Select-Object Name, SamAccountName, DistinguishedName, AccountExpirationDate
 1. Review the accounts listed in the PowerShell output:
how to find expired accounts: PowerShell report
 1. Run Netwrix Auditor → Navigate to "Reports" → Expand the "Active Directory" section → Go to "Active Directory – State-in-Time" → Select "User Accounts - Expired" → Click "View".
 2. To get this report by email regularly, simply choose the "Subscribe" option and define the schedule and recipients.
how to find expired accounts: Netwrix Auditor User Accounts Expired report
Quickly Find Expired User Accounts Instead of Scripting in PowerShell
As a part of security management best practices, Active Directory administrators have to find expired user accounts so they can remove or disable them before an attacker has time to take them over. User accounts for vendors or contractors are often needed only temporally, but even if the IT team sets an expiration date, a malicious actor can reset the date by running a simple ADAccount cmdlet and then use the account as a backdoor to gain access to IT systems like Windows Server and Microsoft Active Directory. Therefore, it's critical to ensure that you know about all expired user accounts in your Active Directory and delete any of them that are no longer needed to minimize risk and make your IT environment more secure.
Of course, you can get AD user expired accounts using PowerShell. However, it does requires skill, time and effort to write a Windows PowerShell script, pull the required data from your domain and compile a report.
Unlike PowerShell commands and legacy software solutions, Netwrix Auditor for Active Directory makes it easy to quickly get expired users. In a few clicks, you can find any user accounts that expired, so you can determine whether they are still needed or can be deleted as part of IT housekeeping procedures. You can easily filter the results and export the list of expired user accounts to any of multiple file formats, including CSV. And you can subscribe to the report to stay current on any changes to the list of expired user accounts to improve the security of your IT environment.


text:
Direct Numerical Solution Of The Boltzmann Equation
RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES MOSCOW COMPUTING CENTER
Pagination or Media Count:
Progress in computer hardware and improvement of numerical methods made solution of the Boltzmann equation for rather complex gas dynamic problems real. The method developed by the author is based on a projection technique for evaluation of the collision operator. The computed collision integral is conservative by density, impulse, and energy, and became equal to zero when the solution has a form of the Maxwellian distribution. The later feature sharply increases its efficiency, especially for the near equilibrium flows. The method is extended on a mixture of gases and the gases with internal degrees of freedom, where it can incorporate real physical parameters of molecular potential and of internal energy spectrum. Examples of computations for a range of Mach and Knudsen numbers are presented.
- Numerical Mathematics
- Fluid Mechanics