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Can one whisper t'fila (prayer)? I'm thinking of obligatory t'filos like sh'mone esre and "Sh'ma".
I know one can speak t'fila quietly, even very quietly; in fact, sh'mone esre is said quietly. I'm not asking about loudness versus quietness but specifically about whispering. As Wikipedia notes:
In normal speech, the vocal cords alternate between states of voice and voicelessness. In whispering,… the vocal cords alternate between whisper and voicelessness (though the acoustic difference between the two states is minimal).
In other words, whispering is speaking without the use — or with minimal use — of the vocal cords. All consonants and vowels become largely or completely devoiced. This is independent of loudness: it can be done pretty loudly, and normal speaking can be done quietly.
(The words תִּזְכְּרוּ and תִּשְׂכְּרוּ thus come out almost the same — but not quite. One difference lies in the fact that whispering generally doesn't completely remove voice (as noted in the Wikipedia quotation, above). Another lies in the fact that for some people the place of articulation of a zayin is slightly different than that of a sin, or one is more closed than the other. Also, the preceding chirik may differ slightly, e.g. in length, between the two words. Finally, WAF notes in a comment, below, that people often lengthen normally-voiced consonants when whispering, and suggests that that might suffice to distinguish them from the normally unvoiced ones.)
Is there any source or argument that says that t'fila can or cannot be done in a whisper?
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I have to being paying close attention to distinguish between voice and unvoiced consonants when whispering things like keriyat shema to avoid saying things like ve'ahafta or uchtaftam. For this reason I generally pray (at least keriyat shema) in a slightly voiced tone. – Double AA Feb 20 '12 at 22:01
_USER_, I was trying for sound, but it's synonimized with hearing. – Isaac Moses Feb 20 '12 at 22:02
I have wondered this myself and have eventually concluded not to whisper t'filos. That said, people very often compensate for the lack of voicing by lengthening the duration of the unvoiced corresponding sounds when whispering. It has been suggested that this compensation could suffice for differentiating the sounds in t'fila as well as it does in conversation. – WAF Feb 22 '12 at 3:46
WAF, thanks! I've added it to the question. _USER_, very quietly. :-) – msh210 Feb 22 '12 at 15:51
related linguistics.stackexchange.com/q/2340/921 – Double AA Oct 21 '12 at 2:18
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2 Answers
The mishna in Berakhot 2:3 records the following dispute between Rabbi Yosei and the tana qama:
הקורא את שמע ולא השמיע לאזנו - יצא. רבי יוסי אומר: לא יצא
My translation:
One who reads the Shema' but not so that his ear hears it has fulfilled his obligation. Rabbi Yosei says, he has not fulfilled his obligation.
The gemara (Berakhot 15a) understands Rabbi Yosei to be interpreting the word shema' as "hear": read it in Hebrew, and make sure that it's audible. The tana qama, they suggest, interprets the word shema' as "understand": recite it in any language, even (presumably) in a whisper. The halakha is as the tana qama.
The Rambam (Hilkhot Qeri'at Shema' 2:8) is emphatic:
וצריך להשמיע לאזנו כשהוא קורא ואם לא השמיע לאזנו יצא
My translation:
One needs to make sure that he hears it [the Shema'] as he is reading, but if he does not make it audible, he has fulfilled his obligation.
So too, by the way, with the Tur and the Shulchan Arukh (Orach Chaim 62:3) - although they both add the stipulation that some sound has to come out, even if you can't hear it. Just thinking the words is insufficient.
As for blessings, this appears also to have been the subject of debate. A mishna in Megillah 2:4 forbids a deaf person from reading megillat Esther, and the gemara (Megillah 19b) likens that to the opinion of Rabbi Yosei, as mentioned above. In presenting his opinion, however, they bring a beraita that attributes to Rabbi Yosei the assertion that one who recites birqat hamazon silently has not fulfilled his obligation, over against the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda who permits making silent berakhot.
The halakha here, as earlier, is not like Rabbi Yosei. The law, as it's presented in the Tur and Shulchan Arukh (Orach Chaim 206:3) is that one should make one's berakhot audible, but one has fulfilled one's obligation even if he didn't - so long, again, as some sound is produced. This is contrary to the opinion of the Rambam (Hilkhot Berakhot 1:7), who holds that berakhot can be made altogether silently.
Conclusion: Unless one's hearing is impaired, or unless the sound is being drowned out by another source, it is physiologically impossible to say words that are inaudible to one's own ears without whispering. Although none of the sources mentioned above use the verb ל.ח.ש ("whisper"), it is to whispering that they are clearly referring.
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I don't see the Tanna Qama saying 'whisper' only 'any language', unless you are saying that whispering is another language? – Double AA Jul 10 '12 at 15:27
This answer discusses loudness/quietness (audibility), not voicedness/voicelessness (whispering; your mention of whispering in your paraphrase is in error AFAICT). I don't see how it addresses the question. (Cf. comments on the other answer.) – msh210 Jul 10 '12 at 15:42
You are both correct: I was not clear. I've fixed it up a little bit (as regards the tana qama) and have written a final paragraph that makes my point more clearly than I'd made it before. Feel free to continue to disagree, of course :) – Shimon bM Jul 10 '12 at 18:21
+1. I like the argument, even though "lo hishmia l'ozno" may mean his voice is drowned out. – msh210 Jul 12 '12 at 16:47
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In the beginning of Shmuel 1, we have the story Chana davening for a son. The posuk states that Chana was davening quietly:
וְחַנָּה, הִיא מְדַבֶּרֶת עַל-לִבָּהּ--רַק שְׂפָתֶיהָ נָּעוֹת, וְקוֹלָהּ לֹא יִשָּׁמֵעַ; וַיַּחְשְׁבֶהָ עֵלִי, לְשִׁכֹּרָה (Shmuel 1, 1:13)
Eli HaNovi, mistaking her for a drunk, rebuked her. However, she was shown to be "in the right", so to speak, and Eli blessed her and left. I don't have a source for this, I have heard this story used as a proof that davening in a whisper is perfectly acceptable.
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I wonder where the person you heard it from knows she was whispering. – msh210 Feb 22 '12 at 17:29
_USER_ - answer updated with quote – eykanal Feb 22 '12 at 18:23
So she was speaking very quietly. I see no reason to think she was whispering. (Presumably Eli wasn't within a foot or two of her.) – msh210 Feb 22 '12 at 18:


I led marketing strategy for Fuckup Nights NYC.
Fuckup Nights was a paid event series hosted in WeWork locations around New York City: Chelsea, Brooklyn Heights, Grand Central, and FiDi.
Each event we hosted 3 successful entrepreneurs to share their stories of failure.
Over the course of 6 months, we hosted dozens of founders to share their stories.
Founders came to our events and talked to our audience about how they failed. Our event format was like The Moth's: stories are true, as remembered by the storyteller and always told live. Speakers have complete discretion and talk about their experience of failure as they wish.
What I learned from founders about failure
Stories about business failures are persuasive case studies
So much advice we hear in life comes from people who have personal motivations and incentives that influence the advice they give. Because of that, it's difficult to trust and follow advice others give us.
Instead of hearing people tell us what to do, when we hear people tell us about their mistakes it's easier for us to learn from their experience and apply these lessons to our own lives because vulnerability inspires trust. We often learn more from stories about failure than success stories.
There are many ways to fail in business and much to learn from them
Founders at our events shared their experience of failure in many different ways and unlike success stories, their stories about failure never failed to entertain.
Founders talked about how they crashed their startups into the ground. They told us how they became financially successful while their relationships fell apart. They told us how they succeeded briefly while destroying their marriages. They shared how selling millions of drugs in the LES prepared them to create a successful life outside prison. They shared how they raised money until they lost control of their company. They shared how they burned themselves out working late night after night with no end in sight.
More important than what founders failed doing, was how they failed.
Talking about failure helped both founders and our audience learn from their mistakes
It's rare for startup founders to have an open opportunity to talk about failure. To ensure success, so much of their time must focus on developing a positive reputation for themselves and their business. That process doesn't enable showcasing much personal vulnerability. Many founders enjoyed presenting at Fuckup Nights because they couldn't easily talk about these experiences elsewhere. Many people found the experience cathartic.
At our events, founders openly talked about their business challenges: working with co-founders, negotiating equity, talking to customers, selling, fundraising, finding advisors, working with board members, hiring, managing employees, growing their bottom line, keeping customers, and selling their companies.
Founders divulged when they realized they'd made mistakes, what the outcomes of those mistakes were, and what they would have done differently if given another chance. They told audiences what warning signals to look out for and what false positives kept them from seeing their problems.
Founders are responsible for identifying the most likely reasons their business would fail and addressing those risks
Taking small and repeatable risks produces results that help you identify better paths towards success. But many types of risks result in failures that close off paths to success. Our founders spoke candidly about what happened when they failed to differentiate between fatal and non-fatal risks. Many founders were blindsided by the negative consequences.
Founders repeatedly expressed that identifying which risks need to be avoided and which risks are worth taking is fundamental to being successful in business. By hearing directly from founders about their failures, we were given privileged insights on what sorts of risks prove fatal and which founders need to prioritize addressing in their business.
Founders must avoid "fatal risks" and pursue non-fatal risks
Almost all the founders we hosted talked about risks they took in business and the differences between these two types of risks. Many founders talked about everyday risks they took to persuade others on the value of their business. These included risks to persuade co-founders, their first customers, and investors. These risks were mostly to their reputation.
Several founders talked about their experience taking "fatal risks". These are risks that could kill your business or stop you from trying the same approach twice. Some of the founders we hosted bet their businesses on fatal risks and lost them as a result.
Failure often feels personal and it's hard to notice when it happens
For many founders, the experience of failure wasn't confined to business. Failure often felt personal and served as a reflection of who they are. The challenges our founders experienced in business strongly affected their personal lives.
Founders became invested in their business identity and in the stories they sold their customers, investors, employees, and themselves as they worked hard to make their business vision a reality. Their blood, sweat, and tears went into their businesses as did the fabric of who they are.
Founders' failures were often not obvious at the time. Founders often only noticed their failures much later once the effects became obvious and difficult for their business to escape from. This lagging effect made failures feel more painful and caused founders to seek out people with previous experience more as a result.
Failure inspires humility and respect
Among the founders who spoke at our events, the true gems easily stood out.
The audience and those of us who carefully listened noticed which founders took real risks and cared about the people who might follow in their footsteps. Some entrepreneurs were all too ready to talk about themselves and hand down advice, but those who did were easily forgotten.
The founders who were remembered best were those who shared their struggles and talked about failure from experience. These founders held themselves back from giving advice. They understood enough to know how much of their success was the result of hard work and much of it was luck. Their experiences humbled these founders enough to prevent them from patronizing the audience and the audience, in turn, respected founders for opening themselves up.
Every story about failure is a Hero's Journey
It's a beautiful thing to hear founders talk about failure. You can feel the emotion in their voice. At every event we hosted, we heard another hero's journey. Each Fuckup Night's story described another person who set off into the unknown and encountered challenges that resulted in struggle, transformation, and personal progress.
Unlike many stories in tech, the stories told at our events weren't ideal narratives of "how we made millions" or "how we save people from today's biggest problems". Our stories were about breaking through self-doubt and taking action. This is a story that's easy to love because it's one we can relate to.
At Fuckup Nights, for the first time many people saw founders as they were instead of the polished images many entrepreneurs had crafted for themselves. Instead of company bios, we saw founders' real character and humanized selves.
In a community that's obsessed with hyping the next big thing, hearing about failure is refreshing.
What I learned about marketing events
Event series are dual-sided markets (at a minimum)
To ensure event series stay interesting for attendees, events need outside talent their audience is interested in.
Creating successful event series depends on giving both your audience and the talent you host great reasons to come and leaving them with positive experiences they'll remember.
Every dual-sided market has one stakeholder type that's harder to satisfy. At Fuckup Nights, satisfying the needs of speakers (the founders we hosted) was more important than satisfying attendees because getting a great lineup of speakers had a bigger impact on our success.
Events series with external sponsors have at least 3 stakeholder types that need satisfying to be successful. We were sponsored by a few different companies (IE: Hooch). But many event series are self-sponsored by larger companies as a means of customer discovery or company branding.
Event series are labor intensive
We were lucky at Fuckup Nights to have dedicated team of volunteers who enjoyed our events and would happily trade their time helping us setup and close down for free tickets to attend our events. Completing set up and close required significant time and effort from volunteers: 1-2 man-hours of work in total for each event.
A big part of why we were able to put on events in multiple WeWork locations was that we worked with WeWork staff to ensure event setup and close worked with the needs of WeWork members and didn't disrupt normal community activities.
What I learned about marketing
The key to mastering social media is creating content for your audience's audience
Growing emotional engagement with customers is important for every business and social media is big part of how companies do this today.
Social media is one of the most effective ways to develop customer relationships and improve your brand especially for B2C businesses, so without a solid strategy to grow your social media engagement you'll be missing a huge part of your businesses potential growth.
To succeed in social media, create content for your audience's audience. Create content that influencers and your social media following either emotionally resonate with or think will make them look good, so they'll be happy to share it with their followers.
Retention is often more important than acquisition
If Fuckup Night events were so great, why didn't Fuckup Nights grow into something big and stay around?
In the time that I ran marketing for Fuckup Nights, we grew all our acquisition metrics by more than 100%, ticket sales, revenue, email subscribers, social engagement, etc. We expanded from hosting one event per month to two a month, and finally to hosting an event every week.
But in that time period, average event attendance from event to event hadn't risen. People were still paying the standard rate of $15 to attend every event and we had gained event sponsors, but attendance was soft.
We had expanded our events too fast to continue growing with momentum.
A quick dive into the numbers revealed the problem was worse than appeared. Attendee engagement and retention was well below healthy. The percentage of attendees that came back to a future event in the next month indicated we didn't have product-market fit.


A Siemens Eurobalise in Germany
An Eurobalise is a specific variant of a balise being a transponder placed between the rails of a railway. These balises constitute an integral part of the European Train Control System, where they serve as "beacons" giving the exact location of a train as well as transmitting signalling information in a digital telegram to the train.
A balise typically needs no power source. In response to radio frequency energy broadcast by a Balise Transmission Module (de) mounted under a passing train, the balise transmits information to the train ('Uplink'). The provisions for Eurobalises to receive information from the train ('Downlink') has been removed from the specification. The transmission rate is sufficient to transmit at least 3 copies of a 'telegram' to be received by a train passing at any speed up to 500 km/h.
Balises on Orivesi-Jyväskylä railway in Muurame, Finland
Eurobalises are typically placed in pairs on two sleepers in the center of the track. For ETCS they are typically spaced 3 metres apart. With the balises being numbered the train will know whether it travels in nominal (1→2) or reverse direction (2→1). Singular balises exist only when linked to a previous balise group or when their function is reduced to provide only the exact position. There may be up to 8 balises in an balise group.
Balises are differentiated as being either a 'Fixed Data Balise' transmitting the same data to every train, or a 'Transparent Data Balise' which transmits variable data, also called a 'Switchable' or 'Controllable Balise'. (Note that the word 'fixed' refers to the information transmitted by the balise, not to its physical location. All balises are immobile).
Fixed Data BaliseEdit
A 'Fixed Data Balise', or short 'fixed balise' is programmed to transmit the same data to every train. Information transmitted by a fixed balise typically includes: the location of the balise; the geometry of the line, such as curves and gradients; and any speed restrictions. The programming is performed using a wireless programming device. Thus a fixed balise can notify a train of its exact location, and the distance to the next signal, and can warn of any speed restrictions.
Transparent Data BaliseEdit
A 'Transparent Data Balise', or short 'controllable balise' is connected to a Lineside Electronics Unit (LEU), which transmits dynamic data to the train, such as signal indications. Balises forming part of an ETCS Level 1 [1] signalling system employ this capability. The LEU integrates with the conventional (national) signal system either by connecting to the lineside railway signal or to the signalling control tower.
A balise transmits telegrams at a specific site. To allow a continuous transmission the telegrams may be sent along leaky feeder cable being up to 1000 metres long. The Euroloop cable is always connected with a balise at its end which serves as the End of Loop Marker (EOLM). The telegram structure is the same as for the balise it is connected to. Originally the Euroloop used the same frequency as the Eurobalises but that was changed for specification 2.0.1 in September 2004. Euroloops had been used in Switzerland which completed the change in July 2010.
The downlink uses an amplitude modulation on the 27.095 MHz frequency. This frequency is used to power the passive balises (it is the intermediate channel 11A in CB radio).
The uplink uses frequency-shift keying with 3.951 MHz for a logical '0' and 4.516 MHz for a logical '1'. The data rate of 564.48 kBit/s is enough to transmit 3 copies of a telegram to a train passing at 500 km/h.[2]
The Euroloop frequency was moved to a centre of 13.54750 MHz (exactly half of the Eurobalise power frequency).[3]
In a practical setup the BTM requires 65 Watt to power the Eurobalises and to receive the telegrams with the BTM mounted 21 centimetres (8 14 in) above top of rail on a bogie.[4]
Each pair of balises usually consists of a switchable balise and a fixed balise. A balise transmits a 'telegram' of either 1023 bits (93*11) or 341 bits (31*11) in the channel encoding with 11 bit per symbol. The user data block is cut into 10-bit user symbols before the scrambling and shaping operation - the effective payload of signalling information is 830 bit (83*10) for the long telegram and 210 bit (21*10) for the short telegram. The final telegram consists of
 - shaped data (913 bit or 231 bit) containing the payload (830 or 210 bit)
 - control bits (Cb, 3 bit)
 - scrambling bits (Sb, 12 bit)
 - extra shaping bits (Esb, 10 bit)
 - checksum (CheckBits, 85 bit)
The telegram is broadcast in a cyclic manner as the train passes over the balise. To avoid transmission errors the payload is scrambled (avoiding burst errors), substituted with a symbol code of different Hamming distance, and a checksum is added for validity checks. Since the checksum is computed after the symbol substitution the telegram contains extra shaping bits to allow the resulting checksum bits to be filled up in a way that only valid symbols of the chosen channel code are in the telegram where each symbol has 11 bits.
The payload data consists of a header followed by multiple packets defined in the ERTMS protocols. Typical packets are Packet 5 - Linking, Packet 12 - Movement Authority, Packet 21 - Gradient Profile, Packet 27 - International Static Speed Profile, Packet 255 - End of information. Many applications include optional packets like Packet 3 - National Values, Packet 41 - Level Transition Order, and Packet 136 - Infill Location Reference.[5] If the telegram maximum of 830 bits is reached then more packets can be sent in the following balises of the same balise group - with up to 8 balises in a balise group the maximum ERTMS message per balise group can encompass 8 * 830 = 6640 bits (note that every telegram must contain a header and the trailer packet 255).[5] A fixed balise transmits a stable message which typically can include the linking information, gradient profile, and speed profile. It may also contain track information such as route suitability data for different train types and axle load restrictions.
Almost all packet types contain a parameter flagging whether its information is relevant for the "nominal" or "reverse" direction (or both). If a train sees balise 1 before balise 2 then it passes over the group in the nominal direction. Consequently, some packets may be dropped by the application software of the receiver if they are not designated for the relevant direction. The ERTMS header block of 50 bits contains the ETCS version, the current number and total count of balises within a balise group (up to 8 balises), a flag whether it is a copy (up to 4 copies) that increases chances for the receiver to see the telegram of the balise in a group, a serial number flagging whether the message has changed lately, a 10-bit country identifier along with the 14-bit balise group identifier allowing for a unique ID of every balise group. The linking information informs about the distance to the next balise group (one linking packet per direction) and the required train reaction if the next balise group is missed (e.g. train stop). The movement authority packet defines a maximum speed that may be used for a given maximum distance and maximum time - setting the maximum speed to zero will force the train to stop. The gradient profile may have a variable length based on the contained pairs of section length (scalar and number in the metric system) and section gradient (uphill/downhill flag and a number in %). Similarly the international static speed profile is given in a variable count of section parts with each part denoting the section length (number in meters - the scale is only given once at the start of the packet for all sections), the maximum speed (number * 5 km/h - allowed numbers are 0-120 i.e. some spare values are left over) and a flag if the speed restriction applies to the front or rear end of the train (possibly allowing for a delay). The trailer packet only contains its packet id with no parameters where 255 equals the state of all bits set in the 8-bit packet id field (_PHONE_).[5]
The history of ETCS has seen the formation of UNISIG (Union of Signalling Industry) in 1998 to promote the development of the system. The founding members were Alstom, Ansaldo, Bombardier, Invensys, Siemens and Thales. The group has ensured that Eurobalises may be made by several different companies; while the balises may vary in the details, they are manufactured to meet the same standards. The principal manufacturers of Eurobalises belong to a group[6] of seven firms (Alstom, Ansaldo STS, Bombardier, Invensys, Siemens, Sigma-Digitek, Thales) within the UNIFE federation of railway suppliers. This group cooperated in developing the specifications[2][7] for Eurobalises. Specifications for Eurobal


text:
Since the introduction of our gaming services in 2018, we've been proud to launch innovative new game experiences with developers like you. While we remain dedicated to supporting the developer community, we've made the difficult decision to wind down the service due to limited adoption.
As of October 18, 2021, we will no longer enable new customers for Google Maps Platform gaming services. Current users will have continued access until December 31, 2022. During this time, we will continue to provide support and fixes for major bugs and outages.
This guide provides an overview of how the various gaming services APIs were implemented, so that you can leverage the key concepts to create your own solutions. The Transition Guide includes the following pages:
- Playable Locations API design overview provides an overview of the concepts behind the Playable Locations API, which you can use to generate your own set of playable locations using an alternate data source.
- Developing your own back-end for the Unity SDK shows how to use Maps SDK for Unity with the Semantic Tile API example server.
- Semantic tile proto and example server
shows how to use the protocol buffer interface in
semantictileapi.proto, so you can implement your own backend, using an alternate source for mapping data without having to rewrite your entire game.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Database Explorer Komodo IDE only
The Database Explorer is a tool for examining the structure and content of databases. By default, it can connect to SQLite and Oracle databases, but support for additional database types such as MySQL is available through extensions.
The Database sidebar displays a filterable list of database connections. Each connection offers a tree view of databases available via that connection, the tables in each database, and the fields/columns in each table.
Click on the Databases tab to open the Databases sidebar in the left pane. Use the Add a Database Connection button to configure a connection. Select a Database Type and configure the required connection information or the path to the file.
Click Add to create the connection and open the database view in the sidebar.
Each database appears as an top-level node in the sidebar. Clicking on the arrow next to the database expands a tree showing all tables. Table names also expand to show the contained field names.
Double-click on a table name in the sidebar to open the Database Explorer dialog. The dialog box displays:
- Full Table: a spreadsheet-like view of the selected table, showing all fields. The table can be sorted by any column. Columns can be hidden or displayed via the column selection button at the right side of the title row.
- Query: a Query field for composing SQL queries (for any table) and an Output pane similar to the Full Table view to show the query results. Click Run to execute the contents of the Query field. The Refresh button is for refreshing the query output display. It re-runs the last successful query, not the current contents of the Query editing buffer above.
- Schema: displays the Schema for the selected table including the field id, name and type as well as whether it is nullable. Indicates the default value (if any) and shows which is the primary key.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
This paper reviews psychological research on the effectiveness of punishment, particularly in the justice system. It was written in the context of Australian and overseas trends showing an increasing reliance on punishment as a primary response to crime.
The paper discusses situations in which punishment has positive and negative effects. It also raises the limited ability of punishment to achieve rehabilitation and deter re-offence.
Initiatives for preventing criminal and antisocial behaviour through early intervention are proposed, as well as alternative ways to treat criminal behaviour. The paper concludes with recommendations for actions and policy changes.
Punishment and behaviour change (80kb). To go straight to a specific section in the report, click on the quick index headings on the front page.


What Is Imprest?
An imprest is a cash account a business relies on to pay for small, routine expenses. Funds contained in imprests are regularly replenished, in order to maintain a fixed balance. The term "imprest" can also refer to a monetary advance given to a person for a specific purpose.
Key Takeaways
 - Imprest refers to a type of cash account maintained by a company used to pay for small incidental or routine expenses.
 - A fixed account balance is established in the imprest account and refunded as needed when money is withdrawn for items like payroll, travel, or petty cash.
 - Because of its small and fixed nature that is easily monitored, imprest discourages unauthorized or lavish expenses.
How Imprest Works
The most well-known type of imprest is a petty cash account, which is used to cover smaller transactions when it's impractical or inconvenient to cut checks. Such accounts maintain a set amount of cash on-site, which can be used to reimburse employees and pay for small expenses. Petty cash funds are typically handled by custodians who monitor the account and dispense cash to employees, who in turn furnish business-related receipts.
Imprests deter the use of unauthorized spending because the funds are earmarked for specific purposes. Consequently, imprests typically pay out the same amount of money on a regular basis, which ideally brings the account to a near-zero balance, before it's automatically replenished with that same set amount of money. This system makes it easier to monitor expenses, flag discrepancies, and ultimately detect fraud.
The Imprest System
The imprest system involves the following steps:
 - A petty cash fund is established, with a set amount of cash. This is recorded in the company's ledger.
 - Any expenses paid through the petty cash fund must be documented with receipts.
 - The fund is replenished regularly with disbursement receipts to maintain a fixed balance.
 - The fund is monitored closely for any discrepancies between expected cash (based on documentation) and actual cash. If any discrepancies exist, they are investigated.
The Future of Imprests
As companies increasingly rely on electronic transactions, the imprest system is steadily falling out of favor. It's often easier to use a company credit card than an imprest, because the former offers electronic documentation of transactions, and doesn't trigger a need to replenish any outgoing funds.


text:
This section offers a variety of publications, reports, studies, and data on digital skills and digitalisation. Find skills intelligence from throughout Europe to boost your knowledge, enhance your research activities, and understand the drivers behind the digital transformation.
- This report presents recommendations to accelerate the rise of global tech leaders born in Europe in the service of both progress and technological sovereignt.
- This study reviews access-to-finance conditions for the digitalisation of SMEs and the role of digital innovation hubs (DIHs) as key enablers in the wider ecosystem.
- This study provides a law enforcement focused assessment of evolving threats and key developments in the area of cybercrime.
- The report examines 24 supply chain attacks between January 2020 to July 2021 to offer recommendations for organisations.
- This 2021 report from Cedefop takes stock of the impact of the pandemic on the labour market, skills, tasks and occupations and analyses latest data and trends to offer recommendations.


text:
Molecular formula :
nature : also known as N-benzyl amine (N-phenylbenzylamine). Colorless columnar crystals. D25 density of 1.065 g/cm3, the melting point of 37 ~ 38 ° C, the boiling point of 306 ° C to 307. Soluble ethanol, ethyl ether, do not dissolve in water. For organic synthesis.
Notice:Each item can have many explanations from different angels. If you want grasp the item comprehensively,please see below "more details data".


How to find the missing number in Geometric Progression in Python
So, guys today we will learn How to find the missing number in Geometric Progression in Python. Let's do it together. We are basically supposed to find the number which is missing in GP. GP will be given the form of an array. GP is a progression of numbers with a constant ratio between each number and the one before.
You Guys may find it a bit difficult but don't worry it's too easy, let's dive deep into the code.
Finding the missing number in Geometric Progression in Python
We can find the missing element by literally traversing the array. It is one the simplest solution for which time complexity is O(N)
Another way of finding the missing number is by the binary search method. This is also simple but just the difference that time complexity changes that is O(logN)
Sample : A[] = {1, 5, 125, 625}
Ans : 25
Sample : B[] = {3, 9, 81, 243}
Ans : 27
def noMissed(sample, l, h, ratio):
 if (l >= h):
 return _PHONE_
 m = l + (h - l) // 2
 if (sample[m + 1] // sample[m]!= ratio):
 return (sample[m] * ratio)
 if ((m > 0) and (sample[m] / sample[m-1])!= ratio):
 return (sample[m - 1] * ratio)
 if (sample[m] == sample[0] * (pow(ratio, m)) ):
 return noMissed(sample, m+1, h, ratio)
 return noMissed(sample, l, m-1, ratio)
def find(sample, length):
 ratio = int(pow(sample[length-1] / sample[0], 1.0 / length))
 return noMissed(sample, 0, length-1, ratio)
sample = [3, 9, 81, 243]
length = len(sample)
ans=str(find(sample, length))
print("Missing Number in GP is " +ans)
Missing Number in GP is 27
Want to learn more! Have a look at some more amazing pieces of codes..!
What is Anagram Substring Search? Explain using program in Python
How to implement Navie String Searching Algorithm in Python
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text:
available online.1 In addition to comparing buffer types in terms of size and shape, we also examined different options for sausage buffers including end point shapes, end location, and different trim options for the generalized and detailed buffers.
This paper uses data from EAT 2010 (Eating and Activity Among Teens), a study examining multi-level factors associated with eating, physical activity, and weight status in adolescents in the Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan area of Minnesota, to explore the sensitivity of measures to different buffering approaches. We measured access to fast-food restaurants and convenience stores, and the percentage of park, recreational, or preserve land in 1600 m network buffers. We considered both counts and densities in examining access to restaurants and stores. Counts measure how many options one has within 1600 meters and densities the relative intensity of such options. Because the buffers vary slightly in area depending on the street patterns (e.g. they are larger in areas with a grid street pattern versus a cul-de-sac pattern), these are subtly different measures.
To locate food stores we used commercial databases (accessed through Esri Business Analyst, 2010) to locate fast-food restaurants and convenience stores. All commercial lists of businesses have inaccuracies. For example, such databases may contain businesses that are no longer operating and omit others that are. In addition, not all businesses are geocoded precisely [13,14]. However, for this study what was most important was that the same data were used to test all the buffer types. Fast-food restaurants were identified first by using North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) codes to locate all restaurants. Then, because of problems identified earlier with miscoding of fast food in such databases, we identified such restaurants by searching using key words from two lists. The first list included over 60 chain restaurant names and the second list was composed of 18 key words such as "take out", "fried", and "pizza".
We did not use fieldwork to locate food outlets because the participants were widely scattered. Triangulation against restaurant licensing is another way to check accuracy but as 51 municipalities were represented in the study and each municipality had different restaurant licensing categories and data formats such comparison would have been cumbersome. For this evaluation of buffers what mattered most was that the base data were consistent. Convenience stores, including those attached to gas stations, were located using NAICS codes. While this procedure will have missed some stores selling convenience foods (e.g., department stores), it provided a workable set of data for this comparison. Other parts of the study examined different ways of defining food stores and restaurants.
Percent park, recreation, and preserve (or "open space") is a measure of access to recreational opportunities such as parks and was used because of its availability across municipalities. It is based on both municipal parcel data and aerial photo interpretation. Data on parks alone were not consistently available for all areas where study participants resided.
Finally we examined whether the associations between these environmental measures and three outcome variables were similar or different for adolescents across different buffer types. The outcomes were self-reported frequency of fast-food purchases, fruit and vegetable consumption, and physical activity. Fast-food consumption was measured using the question: "In the past week, how often did you eat something from a fast food restaurant (like McDonald's, Burger King, Hardee's, etc.)?" Six response categories ranged from "never" to "more than seven times." Fruit and vegetable consumption was measured using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire specifically designed for youth [16,17]. Fruit intake (excluding juice) was estimated by summing the reported consumption of nine items; vegetable intake (excluding potatoes) was estimated by summing the reported consumption of 19 items on the questionnaire; one serving was defined as the equivalent of one-half cup. Moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was measured using questions that were adapted from the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire [18,19]. Adolescents were asked: "In a usual week, how many hours do you spend doing the following acti-vities: (1) strenuous exercise (e.g. biking fast, aerobics, jogging, swimming laps, soccer, rollerblading), (2) moderate exercise (e.g. walking quickly, easy bicycling, skiing, dancing, skateboarding, snowboarding)". Response options ranged from "none" to "6+ hours a week." The study was approved by the University of Minnesota's Institutional Review Board for the protection of human research subjects.
Results and discussion
Examples of network buffers for ArcView 3.3, ArcGIS 9.3 detailed and generalized buffers, and the sausage buffer are illustrated in Figure 1. All are drawn for street distances of 400 and 1600 meters from the central point and are compared with straight line or circular buffers of the same distance (see Figure 1).
Figure 1. ArcView 3.3, ArcGIS 9.3 Detailed and Generalized Buffers, and the New "Sausage"Buffer, Compared with Circular Buffer in Different Locations at 400 m and 1600 m.
The classic network buffers used in many studies conducted up to the mid-2000s were created using ArcView 3.3, an older program developed by Esri. This approach simply draws out distances of 1600 m on the street network and joins the dots—creating a shape that approximates a convex hull. This is a fairly simple and elegant buffer. It is important that results from any alternative can be compared with this buffer type.
The detailed and generalized buffers are proprietary algorithms in the ArcGIS software suite. The program has very minimal documentation on how they are created or their differences. In total, the documentation with ArcGIS version 9.3 explains: "Generalized polygons are generated quickly and are fairly accurate, except in the fringes. The generalizing of polygons may result in islands of unreached elements being covered"; "Detailed polygons model the service areas more accurately and thus may result in islands of unreached areas. Expect detailed polygons to take noticeably longer to generate than generalized polygons."
The only control a technician has is which kind of buffer to use (detailed, generalized), its distance, and whether to "trim" it. Further, trim is not a standard technical term and the only description, again from the program's internal documentation, is "The polygons containing the network edges at the periphery of the service area can be further trimmed to be within the specified distance of these outer network edges. By default, this value is 100 meters." Trim options are illustrated in terms of their shape in Figure 2—in this case ranging from no trim to 400 meters. While for this one buffer these differences are not enormous in terms of area this is an option that is not well explained in the documentation, an example of the opacity of proprietary algorithms.
Figure 2. Illustration of Trim Options for Generalized Buffer at 400 m.
As previously indicated the proposed sausage buffer, as illustrated, takes a starting point, extends a buffer a specified "street distance" and for a "radius" from the middle of each street. The examples in this paper use 150 meters as the radius, enough to capture nearby buildings that may be set well back from the street such as shopping centers behind a parking lot. It is possible to make this "radius" bigger or smaller. Chen et al., in a study of hazards in residential areas, used 100 m. In our study of a wider variety of land uses, a larger radius was preferred. With a smaller radius it is also more likely that there will be gaps or holes in the overall buffer, particularly in areas with large blocks. This happens when the buffer from the street on one side does not stretch to meet the buffers coming from the other sides leaving a donut hole in the middle of the block. However, people moving along the street network are experiencing the nearby environment it should not matter that the buffer is not measuring such block interiors. The fairly wide 150-meter radius buffer used in this paper minimizes this issue in urban areas as most blocks will be less than 300 meters across and thus the radii will overlap. In more rural locations it would mean that environments far distant from the road are not measured.
Two options for the sausage buffer's end treatment in ArcGIS are the straight end and the rounded end (see Figure 3). We selected a rounded end as more closely approximating the distance someone can reach along a street as well as the classic buffer in ArcView 3.3. The rounded end requires an extra step so that the end of the buffer is at the required buffer distance and not rounded out beyond that. To attain the correct distance the technician sets the buffer to the buffer street distance (in this case 400 meters) minus the buffer radius (150 meters in this case), which produces a rounded end at the buffer distance (400 meters).
Figure 3. Different Options for Buffer Radius and End Points—Straight and Rounded End.
Overall, the ArcView 3.3 buffers in Figure 1 are the simplest in form with the fewest turns and corners, followed by the sausage buffer. In these illustrations the detailed and generalized buffers look similar. Areas of the various network buffers examined here are close in area to the sausage buffer (Figure 1).
Finally, to more fully test whether buffer sizes differ, Table 1 compares six buffer types in terms of areas, using data for the residential neighborhoods of the 2724 EAT 2010 participants. It also compares each type of buffer to the sausage buffer using ratios of mean areas. Compared with the 400 m sausage buffer, the mean areas for all other 400 m buffers are smaller (ratios of 0.7 or 0.8). In contrast, ratios of 0.


text:
Reader question: "I have read that you need to leave your ball python alone when it's going through a shed. How soon after a shed can I handle my ball python?"
You can handle it immediately after a shed. You don't have to worry much about it, after the snake has shed. The hands-off period occurs before the ball python sheds — not after.
When the snake first starts to go "blue," it will start hiding more than usual. Its eyes will get cloudy, and the skin tone will become darker. This is a normal part of the shedding process. This is when you should avoid handling the ball python. The snake's eyes will have an opaque layer over them, so it won't be able to see very well. Handling at this time can cause the animal stress. How would you like to be picked up by something you couldn't see?
Ball pythons feel vulnerable when they're going through a shed cycle. That's why you should avoid handling them, until after they shed.
When your snake goes into the "blue" phase leading up to a shed, you might want to increase the relative humidity inside the enclosure. Snakes use moisture to separate the old skin layer from the underlying layer. That's why it's so important to keep your ball python well hydrated — it helps them shed properly, all in one piece.
You can handle the ball python anytime after a shed. Just leave it alone when it's going into the shed. If you have additional questions about ball python care, you can download our e-book on the subject. You can also post a question to our Q&A forum.


Crystal formation meanings
 Crystal formation perceptions: These are signature descriptions based on our own experience and perception, they can help you as a reference but we highly encourage you to connect with your crystals and generate your own perception about them.
1a) Diamond Face - This crystal is about inner work, the diamond face mirror provides a reflection of the self. By helping you receive your true essence, offering space to understand who you are and what your soul's mission is. This lemurian operates in commitment to self healing
1b) Time Link - This extra face on the crystal can be helpful by enhancing your own intuition and has the potential to help access other timelines as well. This energy can be intertwined between past lives or interdimensional travel.
2a) Smoky tone invites you to download knowledge from higher dimensions into your present reality.
2b) Pink tone: inspires a softening of the heart to support your soul expansion
2c) Lemon tone: motivates our words into action and manifest your wildest dreams
2d) Golden healer: represents inner manifestation, on a divine level.
3) Dolphin crystal (look for a smaller crystal that lays down on a side of the main point and it looks like a dolphin with its baby swimming on its side). This crystal is a loving guide that teaches you to enjoy the process of your own transformation and awakening. Dolphins are carriers of ancient lemurian knowledge and wisdom, they're the living libraries of Lemuria.
 4) Lemurian castles: (look for a couple of small crystal point forms on a side that together look like a lemurian light castle), they facilitate your connection with the divine and remind you that you are loved and part of the cosmic collective.
5) Record keepers: (shown as sacred geometry patterns edged on the sides of the crystal) these formations carry very specific information that the crystal releases when meeting with its keeper. If you're drawn to a crystal with record keepers, don't hesitate on getting it. It will probably unfold ancestral knowledge you've been waiting for.
6) Channeler: (the main face has seven sides and there is a triangle directly behind) They are a great tool to access your higher self's wisdom and connect with your guides in order to live according to your life's purpose. They are commonly used for divine channeling and to deepen your intuition.
7)Twin flame or soulmate crystal: Look for two crystal points that are parallel to one another and are born from a single base. When one is smaller it's often called twin and when they're about the same size they're called twin flame crystals. To me they can represent two different perspectives: on a personal level the connection in between the etheric and the physical following up with its balance. On a relationship level, this crystal can represent the "growing together" of an existing relationship or the crossing of paths for a future one, like a "soulmate calling"
8) Key: (hexagonal or angular shape edged on the crystal that looks sort of like a sacred geometry keyhole) this feels like a doorway to other dimensions waiting for the right key to activate them. I really enjoy placing a finger to it as a "key", close my eyes and unlock the door of limitation. The crystals with keys can be very helpful on DNA activations that unfold during the self-awakening process.
9) Double terminated:(this crystal has point termination on both ends) this creates a free flow of energy, letting energy come in and out of the crystal body. Which may be helpful in "filtering the energy " and getting rid of the negative aspects of that energy flowing. It can also help with balancing opposites.
10) Manifestors/keikis: (smaller crystal points coming in or out of the main crystal point)
10a) outer manifestors: highlights the material type of manifestation in one's life
10b) inner manifestors: refers to the spiritual, personal type of manifestation in one's life, such as self-realization, self-healing, self-empowerment.
11) Keikis (children): (they can also be considered manifestors if they cross the side of the main crystal, either growing inwards or outwards. Oftentimes, they are small crystal formations that lay down the side of the crystals -significantly smaller than dolphin formations) Keikis represent the pure, non-rational, innocent and unconditioned mind of the children. The unconditional love a mother and father has for their child is the energy that can be felt through this crystal's keepers. Potentially promoting group stability within a family.
12) Rainbow: (visible rainbows within the crystal structure) if you know us, you know we are rainbow hunters and lovers! The rainbows carry all the spectrum of colors, making the crystal a great tool to help balance all the different chakras.
13) Phantom: (3D phantom or ghost like crystal point shape inside of the body of the crystal) Oh man! These formations are so mesmerizing, I can get lost while watching them. They are very special and they feel very powerful. Phantoms can help you erase your judgment away and be able to see the big picture without a biased mind. In an early stage of interacting with this crystal, you might experience healing from past trauma (either this life or past lives). Once you establish a relationship with your past, they help you move to your next step towards healing it.As Phantoms relate to divine balance and universal love they will encourage you to embrace your responsibility for contributing to raising the collective consciousness.
14) Isis face: (5 sided symmetrical main face, where the top part is a triangle, visually bigger than the base) Embellished with the utmost Divine feminine essence and her undeniable power. I feel it like a warrior who is covered in armor that is based on universal love when working with this crystal formation. Truly inspiring the majesty of a goddess presence.
15) Generator: (a crystal with six faces that when looking at it from above they meet in the exact center of the crystal, like a gang of triangles hugging each other) As their name indicates, they're great generator tools or break points to leave behind what does not serve you anymore. Inspiring it's keeper to start a new chapter! They're masters of helping bring oneself to balance in a harmonious way.
16) Laser: (these crystals are longer than regular crystals, and most of the time thinner towards the point) great tools to direct energy to a specific area. Think of a crystal wand perhaps! They can be very helpful in sharpening your mind and focus your attention on what really matters in your life according to your soul's calling and life purpose.
17) Self healed: (these are marks on the crystals that were made during its formation, when the crystal broke at one point during the generation process but continued to heal the wound) I oftentimes find crystals where their self healed marks make a perfect thumb holders, making the crystal a perfect handheld instrument when using it for energy work. I see these marks similar to that of a Phoenix bird! This crystal can be a great tool to assist in the process of deep forgiveness. Coming as a reminder that anything can be healed and brought back to harmony.
18) Inclusions: (this occurs when the quartz has another crystal formation included on its body), in this case, the energy of the crystal itself is combined with the energy of the inclusion, creating combined properties. For your reference look up the inclusion's properties to see what meaning this mixture represents.
19) ET or rooted crystal: (a double terminated crystal where one end is a single point and the other is a group of very small point terminations) A very rare formation. I feel this crystal is a true representation of the starseeds work on this planet! They're a great tool to download interdimensional energies and root them within Mama Earth to help the acceleration of the planet's energy.
This information is purely metaphysical in nature and is by no means medical. By using this site and associated materials, you acknowledge and agree that you personally assume responsibility for your use of this information as a supplement to professional medical advice.
##giveaway ##crystal ##lemuria ##lemurian ##freecrystal ##beachlife ##freediving ##gopro ##lemurianquartz ##lemurian ##lemuriacrystalshop ##ocean ##paradise
♬ Butterfly's Repose - Zabawa


The Politics of Envy
An interesting example from Jon Elster and John Roemer: Suppose that A is doing much better than B, in economic terms, and that B doesn't even know of A's existence, much less A's level of welfare. Then, B learns about A, and learns that A is much better off. In one sense, B is no worse off than before; the knowledge costs B nothing. But in another sense B's welfare may decline, for B now feels envious, less successful, less self-satisfied, and so on. B would like to be as successful as A, and now becomes aware that that desire is unsatisfied, making B feel even worse. In that latter sense, then, the inequality between A and B increases when B becomes aware of it. The same thing happens when A becomes aware of it, for A may now feel superior, more successful, more self-satisfied, and so on.
This points to a recipe for increasing inequality: not economic inequality, for, in the above example, no money changes hands, but hedonic inequality—the happy get happier, and the sad get sadder. Of course, the argument applies just as well if we start with hedonic inequality rather than economic inequality to begin with. Knowledge of each other's conditions increases inequality.
That, it seems to me, gives rise to a dilemma for politicians who practice the politics of envy, speaking of inequality, "Two Americas," class divisions, etc. If the economic inequality to which they point isn't matched by an inequality in levels of happiness—and its correlation to such inequality is probably weak—then why should we care about it? And if it is, doesn't drawing attention to the inequality make it worse? Couldn't they produce greater hedonic equality just by shutting up?
Why, moreover, does Hollywood consistently make TV shows and movies about people who are far more affluent than average, who live in much larger houses, etc.? It hasn't always been that way—think of The Honeymooners, I Love Lucy, The Andy Griffith Show, The Wonder Years, and other icons of the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s—but increasingly we seem to see mostly the top 1%. Doesn't that increase inequality in a similar way?
2 thoughts on "The Politics of Envy
 1. Those are some unsavory characteristics attributed to A and B. Given the letters assigned to these classes of people its easy to assume that A is the richest of the rich and B is a range of classes below. However A could be the broadest of middle classes with classes both above and below them. I don't like thinking either is looking at each other with green eyes.
 In reality these classes don't measure their happiness based on their position among the other letters, but rather what makes anyone happy – family, friends, less stress, etc …
 In a way the Simpsons took a shot at this equation. A highly educated nuclear technician was hired at the reactor, I think he was named Frank Grimes. Frank was stunned at Homer's success, his good life, family and friends, despite Homer being, well, Homer. Rather than seeking his own happiness he sought to reveal Homer's inadequacies and tried to take him down, instead eventually causing his own comic death. Homer falls asleep at Frank's funeral causing giggles among those attending, mostly Homer's friends.
 IMHO, the left seeks as many unhappy B's and eggs on their discontent, urging them to take down the A's. The right tells the B's to pursue excellence as best they can, happiness is where you make it yourself, and you then make yourself into an A (whether you are or not!).
 I hope that was on topic.
 2. People do seem to derive pleasure the stories of very rich people. It seems to me that what's going on is that people identify with the characters in such stories. So they don't envy the characters; instead, they get to spend a little while imagining life as one of the envied.
 Perhaps the change you note (from The Honeymooners to e.g. the Sopranos) is due to a refinement in Hollywood's ability to get audiences to identify with characters. In the old days, you had to make characters resemble the audience in important ways if you wanted the audience to feel portrayed. Nowadays, maybe, subtle tricks are employed to get audiences to see themselves on the screen even when what is on the screen looks little like their ordinary lives.
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text: With its five simple yet powerful hand motifs, which symbolize friendship, this Osage woman's wearing blanket is a splendid example of Native American textile art. Large wearing blankets with ribbon-appliqué borders, such as this one, developed in Oklahoma around the turn of the twentieth century, particularly among the Osage and Oto peoples. They reached a peak in production during the height of the oil boom in Oklahoma in the 1920s and 1930s. During this period, Osage families made substantial sums from the oil on their lands, and their lifestyle became increasingly comfortable. Accompanying this prosperity was an elaboration of dress that marks the high point in Osage fashion. Beautifully patterned wearing blankets like the present example became a necessity for all important occasions. Draped across the back and folded across the shoulders, such blankets are still worn today by prominent Osage women.


text:
Clue: Neighbor of Hercules
We have 1 answer for the clue Neighbor of Hercules. See the results below.
- Neighbor of Hercules in the night sky
- Constellation next to Hercules
- Vega's constellation
- Neighbor of Draco
- Neighbor of Cygnus
- Constellation between Cygnus and Hercules
- Constellation with a music-related name
- Harp constellation
- Stringed-instrument constellation
- Ring Nebula's constellation
Last Seen In:
- New York Times - June 07, 2013
- New York Sun - December 08, 2006
Found an answer for the clue Neighbor of Hercules that we don't have? Then please submit it to us so we can make the clue database even better!


text:
Diphtheria toxin (DT) fusion proteins can selectively target malignant cells and induce cell death by a different mechanism than conventional chemotherapeutic drugs. Cytotoxic therapy with DT fusion proteins is a potential treatment option for relapsed/refractory cancers that are resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs. Due to the heterogeneity of chemical conjugates, the majority of DT fusion proteins used in clinical trials are recombinant DT fusion proteins. These consist of the catalytic and translocation domains of DT fused to tumor-selective ligands (single-chain antibody fragments [sFv], cytokines and growth factors). In this review, recent progress in DT fusion protein design and synthesis, clinical updates of DT fusion protein trials, and the challenges and perspectives for DT fusion proteins are discussed. Although DT fusion proteins have a unique mechanism of action toward tumor cells, their clinical use is limited by nonspecific cell toxicity, particularly endothelial damage. Immunogenicity also limits repeated dosing. New approaches to overcome these limitations are needed.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Pharmacology (medical)


text:
Submitted to: Meeting Abstract
Publication Type: Abstract only
Publication Acceptance Date: 3/30/2009
Publication Date: 4/5/2009
Citation: Yuk,H-G.,Geveke, D.,Zhang, H. 2009. Supercritical carbon dioxide process for pasteurization of fruit juices [abstract].Conference of Food Engineering (CoFE 09).Columbus, OH. p.1. Interpretive Summary:
Technical Abstract: Supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) nonthermal processing inactivates microorganisms in juices using non-toxic and non-reactive CO2. However, data is lacking on the inactivation of E. coli K12 and L. plantarum in apple cider using pilot plant scale SCCO2 equipment. For this study, pasteurized preservative-free apple cider was used. Cider inoculated with E. coli K12 or L. plantarum was processed using a continuous SCCO2 system at a CO2 concentration range of 0 – 12% (wt), temperatures of 34, 38, and 42 C, a system pressure of approximately 7.6 MPa, and a flow rate of 1 L/min. A control treatment without CO2 at 42 C and 7.6 MPa reduced the population of E. coli less than 0.2 log and had no effect on L. plantarum. Regardless of strain, higher CO2 concentration and temperature enhanced microbial reduction. Maximum log reductions were 7-log for E. coli K12 at 8% CO2 and 42 C, and 6-log for L. plantarum at 12% and 42 C. A 5-log reduction was obtained at each temperature for E. coli K12, while, for L. plantarum, a 5-log reduction was obtained only at the highest temperature, 42 C, indicating that E. coli K12 was more sensitive to SCCO2 processing. The degree of injury increased at higher CO2 concentration and treatment temperature, except for 42 C which resulted in less injury than other temperatures. These results demonstrate that the nonthermal SCCO2 process is feasible for pasteurization of apple cider.


text:
How to export dashboard data
You can export an entire dashboard or individual tiles to a file or collection of files. The export includes all the data displayed during the current time range and the settings that created the display. Typically, an export does not include all the data collected during the current time range, just the summarizations of the collected data that are displayed in the dashboard or tile. For example, Graph tiles automatically align data points when the amount of space for display and the time range to represent are variable.
Export entire dashboard
You can export a dashboard as a collection of CSV or JSON files bundled in a ZIP archive.
In the dashboard header, click the export control, and then click CSV or JSON.
The dashboard itself and the tiles that support data export are exported as separate files.
Export individual tile
You can export data from any tile to a CSV or JSON file:
Follow these steps:
In the tile header, click the vertical ellipsis (⋮).
On the menu, click Export, and then click CSV or JSON.


Given a question like
Find the coordinates of the minimum point on the curve $y=3x^2+2x+9$.
students are often taught to solve this by completing the square.
The class I am currently teaching this to find completing the square difficult, and I think they would find it much easier to use the quadratic formula to find the roots and then average them to find the $x$ coordinate of the minimum point.
Why is finding minima/maxima of quadratic functions not usually taught like this? What are the advantages of solving these problems by completing the square?
 - 4
 $\begingroup$ Why even find both roots? The formula for the $x$-location of the vertex is what you get when you remove the radical part of the quadratic equation. (Also, do they still find it easier when the roots are complex?) $\endgroup$ – Adam Jun 27 '18 at 18:07
 - 8
 $\begingroup$ What are the advantages of solving these problems by completing the square? --- Much needed practice with algebraic manipulation skills? $\endgroup$ – Dave L Renfro Jun 27 '18 at 18:44
 - $\begingroup$ I guess for problems where the roots are complex, it will be a little trickier, no? Plus what Dave said. $\endgroup$ – guest Jun 28 '18 at 17:16
it much easier to use the quadratic formula to find the roots and then average them to find the x coordinate of the minimum point
1. It doesn't seem easier at all.
2. How did you derive the quadratic formula or is it black magic
3. Why does the image of the average of the roots give the extremum?
4. Completing the square are usually presented way before the quadratic formula (depends on the country)
5. It'll help later when studying circles and conic sections in analytic geometry.
 - 3
 $\begingroup$ So basically students don't know where the quadratic formula came from and why should they average the roots. They just have to obey the commandments! $\endgroup$ – user5402 Jun 27 '18 at 17:40
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ Though you say your students won't study conic sections, most will study functions. Completing the square and getting the quadratic into standard form will help them understand shifting and stretching functions later (i.e., knowing what $y = a f(b(x-h)) + k$ only by knowing what $y=f(x)$ looks like). $\endgroup$ – ncr Jun 27 '18 at 20:42
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ I especially agree with your point (3) - it is easy to explain why completing the square gives the extremum, but is not clear why averaging the roots does. Also, another application of completing the square: evaluate $\int\frac{1}{x^2+2x+2}dx$. $\endgroup$ – user1729 Jun 28 '18 at 11:20
I don't think that I ever even heard of completing the square until graduate school when I was forced to teach it along with a number of other semi-archaic things like synthetic division.
I think that you can make a case for completing the square as a technique for deriving the quadratic formula and possibly for answering the question "why do all quadratics have parabola graphs". Now, once you actually have those, there may not be much of a case for having them do it by scratch again and again. The quadratic formula really is quite effective; why not use the tools we are given?
The question of "why parabolas" is really given by one of the formulas you get along the way: $$ ax^2+bx+c = a\left(x+\frac{b}{2a}\right)^2 - \frac{b^2-4ac}{4a}$$ and observing how it tells you that the graph must be a shift and scale of the standard $x^2$ graph. That's worthwhile and you can push the idea along to cubics! There, you have the notion of writing a general cubic in the form of a depressed cubic by a similar stretch and shift. The new, depressed cubic now looks like $$ t^3 +pt+q. $$ Notice the lack of a quadratic term. You can now figure out what any kind of cubic graph looks like by playing around with $p$ and $q$.
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ Have they stopped teaching completing the square? Back in the dark ages, we were taught it in algebra I in eighth grade (lower secondary). Personally, I can never remember the quadratic formula so, decades later, I still find it easier to complete the square. Actually, completing the square on $ax^2+bx+c=0$ is how I recover the quadratic formula! $\endgroup$ – shoover Jun 27 '18 at 21:53
 - 2
 $\begingroup$ There is nothing "archaic" about completing the square. For example, it will be needed by engineering students in upper level classes when they compute inverse Laplace transforms to analyze electric circuits. For another, the algebraic proof of the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality is a variant of the idea of completing the square. More generally, many basic analytic inequalities are obtained by the same idea - manipulate part of an algebraic expression so that it appears as a square, and hence is necessarily nonnegative. $\endgroup$ – Dan Fox Jun 28 '18 at 7:55
 - 2
 $\begingroup$ That it shows up, incidentally, years removed from when it was taught doesn't seem like a great argument for spending time on the technique in high school or in college algebra. $\endgroup$ – Adam Jun 28 '18 at 12:32
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ What you've heard of shouldn't really be normative. The rest of the free world has had this concept, taught it used it, etc. Not even saying it is good/bad. But there is just a huge tendency of folks here to generalize from sample of one (themselves). $\endgroup$ – guest Jun 28 '18 at 17:17
 - 2
 $\begingroup$ _USER_: The Laplace transform and Cauchy-Schwarz inequality are hardly "incidental". In any case, completing the square can be understood as an application of translation of graphs of functions - what it does is represent any quadratic function as a translate (horiztonal and vertical) of the graph of $\pm x^{2}$ - and this is an idea with a lot of content directly relevant at the level at which it is taught. $\endgroup$ – Dan Fox Jun 28 '18 at 20:40
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ondrian definitely sought-after reforest for his picture frames. Brother Arie van de Vijsel, theosophist what 1908, had a roll store at Ceintuurbaan 330. You can spit from donate to Mondrian's house at Sarphatipark 42, where he lived what 1908. That would firm evidence down conveniently. But Mondrian lived at Albert Cuypstraat 158 back that, which is to boot not far to the right. So this does not sort out the distribute.
Would sister Constantia van de Vijsel be a beat pour then? She was a example of Arti et Amicitiae, equivalence Mondrian. She studied at the Rijksakademie from 1902 until 1910.
So donate is sister Ida van de Vijsel. In 1910 Ida van de Vijsel conjugal Hendrik Teves in the Dutch Indies and she lived donate for a hunger time, credibly until 1928. But Ida is in the worksheet of the Netherlands Regulation for Art Lineage as an actress. She was to boot eligible at the Rijksakademie, by Nicolaas van de Waaij. In his list of students a quantity of names pop up in demand similarity with Mondriaan. The 'Amsterdam joffers (misses)' Lizzy Ansingh, Betsy Westendorp-Osieck and Betsy Repelius. Mondrian colored two ceilings for the last-mentioned Betsy in 1904. So Leo Gestel and Jan Sluijters, the Dutch 'luminists'. Sluijters, Mondrian and the theosophist Kees Spoor exhibited together in the Stedelijk Museum in 1909; this event actually was the opportunity into the open of Mondrian as a theosophical painter. In the list to boot the theosophists Loe Reelfs and Herman Mees are mentioned, and Pieter van der Hem who lived in the self-same house as Mondrian at Sarphatipark. In short: this teeny weeny get together with offers a lot of augur.
Ida is an full of character connect. In the same way as Adriaan van de Vijsel's toddler told me hence. The two works mentioned in the Mondrian Catalogue Raisonn'e as The Subdued Tree (A673) and a view (A696) and dull by Welsh at _PHONE_, tell on a failing acknowledgment. They were not in asset of either Adriaan or W.C. van Dijk, who are mentioned as the initial owners. No, Adriaan customary these works late WWII from his sister Ida. Adriaan static had read what the sell be aware of these works had become, and refused to bring forth them for uncommon private reasons, one of them not to attract thieves.
So donate is a grasp but full of character connect. Namely: Greta Heijbroek. Mondrian is said to embrace aspect her sculpture lessons in 1909. In 1911 they became unavailable, to everybody's clutch. Heijbroek...? The name to boot surfaces in the Van de Vijsel lineage. Yes, by Jove! Greta was a cousin through her aunt! Now I become prying in the guest book of the lineage Heijbroek again! Who exceedingly are mentioned?
All in all however: no conclusive evidence, but a lot of leads. Perhaps dating the horoscope is best done through the horoscope itself? Better said: "horoscopes", in plural. Mondrian had, in fact, two frozen. Excel he asked for a try-out horoscope'. It is numbered 1422 - Adriaan clearly was a assiduous and weathered astrologist. He had licensed himself in the new type of astrology, full-fledged top in theosophical circles, which manner is now recurrently used in the Western world. Jutta Lehmann wrote a thesis on it in 1998.
The trial horoscope is, by foundation, brusque. It scarcely provides a gruff arrive of Mondrian's peak carrying great weight elements: sun sign (Pisces), budding sign (Aquarius) and moon sign (Aquarius). Adriaan called the difference in the company of sun and moon 'the polarity' - a set phrase Mondrian would use abundantly in his detect art.
The synthesis of the citation of Sun in Pisces and the Moon in Aquarius, indicating of your hang loose and private natural world, shows love for foundation in its peak basic produce, and at the self-same time your mold convey and receptiveness to come trendy forward with the buried. It shows views which are approximately regarded as eerie.
Your longings and needs are strong and energy systematically be relaxed. You energy absolutely make friends, move carelessly by men and you energy scarcely be dainty in a publicly oriented life, where you can mix together by humanity.
A love of foundation, but subsequently in its simplest form, an receptiveness to the occult, and eerie views. It is as if in vogue Mondrian's reverie and his platform in modern art is predicted. And it to boot contains the believe, why Mondrian ought embrace felt that moving swiftly to the set in motion and objection of Paris would be of gain to his employment.
The trial horoscope was essentially a prognosis. I did not be set to such a prognosis, so this is not the unpretentious correctness in astrology. Relatives are top prying in a individual arrive, based on a biological horoscope. In Mondrian's warfare, it was the other way harm. The gruff current of air tickled him to buy a join biological horoscope for 3 guilders. This one ought embrace been ended late January 1912 - the same as he was in Paris sooner than - so a note exists from the Praising Registry in Amersfoort, dull January 30 1912, in which Mondrian receives the time of his biological, which is sought-after to make an total biological horoscope.
Which prognoses were in the trial horoscope, which may transmute his fair and square swiftly move to Paris?
The time counterpart with indisputable prognoses were written in the greater part by Adriaan afterwards. Dissimilar by '1911' it reads: You are now best quality exact and best quality susceptible than film set, throbbing to the dispositions of your surroundings.' So, struck out: in vogue the grasp months you embrace together new knots and you energy do this in vogue the next four months.' This abstraction may billboard that at the time Mondrian customary this horoscope, this transit had sooner than agreed. Or that he did this late he was thoroughly sedate in Paris.
Gone from the part on 1912 Mondrian wrote 'Jan.[uary]' better the calendar day '1912' written by Adriaan in the greater part. So Adriaan wrote 1912 not here from it anew. It looks as if the two men had been discussing the horoscope together and that at that second the dates were written in the greater part. The astrological aspect in enterprise was the citation of Uranus, so Adrian hinted at swiftly and dying changes'. His construal reads: 'The time is opportune for applying some new dint to practice, your conserve of citation is cumulative exact as your locate of mortal.'
The engagement 1913 would bring Mondrian new ties, '...yes, it can even be the warfare that you mediate to tie the knot.' The aspect concerned was the Moon (feelings) moving through the seventh house of partnerships from the end of 1912 and at the self-same time Mars conjunct Venus.
This vision was absence to Mondrian's hustle locate about relationships; he had out of order off his stroke to Greta Heijbroek not hunger back. Or did he break off the stroke, so of the inflowing promises in his horoscope? Nonetheless, minute allowance is common about a love difference in 1913, let preoccupied a put in order to tie the knot.
Well, astrological prognoses are "interpretations of energy constellations", and these interpretations contain advices as to how you may well and must go with the gush of aspects and transits, so these belong to your various edifying trip in life. Hostile them energy scarcely bequeath lustful displeasure. (So you to boot learn of course, but not what was earliest imaginary, cosmically.)
So how did this 1913 transit work for Mondrian? Venus in astrology not scarcely symbolizes love, but to boot originality and the arts. Mondrian ended use of this energy to go to Paris, mix together with new artistic humanity and find design for a new illustrative communication. This is in grasp with the grasp ruling of the part '1913', so Adriaan wrote: 'If you put your test trendy is, your work can attract best quality assistance and best quality grasp.'
The 1914 prognosis coincides with the bring about in which Mondrian, so of the spate of WWI, was forced to impede in Holland late a fall to his doubtful shock. 'An what but opportune bring about, Adriaan wrote, 'It is beat not to trigger changes or to travel, excluding this may not be gratuitous. It is a time of heavy-duty load and drudgery, for which you energy yearn all your fortitude to work your way through, but it energy embrace vivid effect.'
Mondrian worked very, very harsh in Holland. He rose out of this transit as an detect actress and


text:
A comment is text that is written in a program only for the sake of humans that read the program, and that has no effect on the meaning of the program. In Lisp, a semicolon (';') starts a comment if it is not within a string or character constant. The comment continues to the end of line. The Lisp reader discards comments; they do not become part of the Lisp objects which represent the program within the Lisp system.
The '_TAG_' construct, which skips the next count characters, is useful for program-generated comments containing binary data. The Emacs Lisp byte compiler uses this in its output files (see Byte Compilation). It isn't meant for source files, however.
See Comment Tips, for conventions for formatting comments.


Omega TK 2.5.2
New features
 - The fragment library is now shared across multiple instances of the OEOmega objects in a thread-safe manner. This can greatly reduce the amount of memory needed to run a multi-threaded version of Omega TK. For example, the memory consumption of Omega TK running across 8-cores dropped from 715MB to 258MB for 14,000 lead-like compounds from MDDR. This can also lead to a performance improvement since expensive fragment generation can sometimes be avoided if it has already been completed by another thread.
 - The internal fragment library for the Omega TK shared library is now stored in a more space and time efficient manner. Creating an OEOmega object and running it on a single molecule should now be faster. For example, running the example on a single benzene now takes 0.25 seconds instead of 0.83 seconds. Your mileage may vary depending upon operating system and hardware.
 - The python global interpreter lock will now be released when entering OMEGA toolkit calls.
Minor bug fixes
 - Now OEOmega.operator() will fail nicely and return false for non-3D input if SetFromCT is set to false.
 - All ring bonds will be left unset by OEFlipper unless forceFlip=true.


text:
Flora Fact: Basket Case
Texas beargrass is toxic to livestock and useful for weaving.
By Sheryl Smith-Rodgers
Large mounds of evergreen Texas beargrass stand out against the dry, brushy landscapes that surround the Texas AgriLife Research Station south of Sonora.
"We're here because of that species," says Charles "Butch" Taylor, station superintendent. "In 1915, ranchers couldn't figure out why their goats and sheep were getting sick. So they joined hands with Texas A&M University and bought this ranch, which became the Sonora Experiment Station. Because of research done here, we know that the blooms and seeds of Nolina texana are toxic to those animals."
Texas beargrass — also called bunchgrass and Texas sacahuista — occurs in rocky soils across the state's southwestern quadrant.
Its leathery leaves, 3 to 4 feet long, spill like fountain grass from a woody base. The leaves are either smooth or have a few widely spaced, tiny, sharp teeth on the margin. Despite its name, the perennial species is not a grass but more of a shrub.
From there, further description can flip-flop. Some botanists place beargrass in the agave family with yuccas and century plants. Others list the plant as part of Liliaceae (lily family).
In spring or early summer, beargrass blooms for three weeks. The creamy-colored clusters barely rise above leaves, if at all. The species is a nectar and larval host plant for sandia hairstreaks (Callophrys mcfarlandi). Larvae dine on both flowers and fruits.
Factoid: Native Americans used beargrass leaves to weave sturdy baskets and mats.


What Would Darwin Say to Today's Creationists?
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A talk by Genie Scott of the NCSE:
Photo of Darwin Statute by KevinZim
*Please note:
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4 thoughts on "What Would Darwin Say to Today's Creationists?
 1. He would say: "I never knew that cells were significantly more complex than any manufacturing/distribution facility every constructed by man."
 2. You missed something out, Joe.
 "And yet even such apparently complex organisms are made of extremely simple chemicals that can be created with little more than the abundant gasses of the universe and lightning, the most easily achievable concentrated energy source it is possible for nature to get".
 PS an analogue watch is far more complex than DNA. DNA just consitutes four bases and they can't even be connected except two ways.
 3. Why does an astronaut's watch need to be waterproof to 100m???
 reminds me too of the Futurama episode when the ship is being dragged deep underwater:
 Professor, what pressure can the hull withstand?
 Well, since it's a spaceship, anywhere between 0 and 1.
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WildChina Education has partnered with the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR).
Top UNSDG Focused Experiential Learning Programs in China for 2022-2023
Why is this excellent news?
Because it means that students participating on our programs can now apply for program completion certificates from UNITAR. This certificate from UNITAR indicates their commitment to sustainable development and is awarded upon completing one of our WildChina Education sustainability programs and writing a reflective essay that includes a commitment to future actions to further the UNSDGs.
We didn't want to keep this news to ourselves so we're sharing the programs that are best suited for the students who want to demonstrate their commitment to sustainable development inside China.
Sea Turtle Conservation
Location: Huizhou, Guangdong & Sanya, Hainan
Not many people know that a selection of China's beaches are nesting grounds for five of the world's seven species of sea turtles. However, akin to most sea turtle nesting areas worldwide, the nesting grounds on China's southern coastline are under threat from an array of pernicious effects.
In this program, we take students to the front line of China's sea turtle conservation efforts. Once there, they learn firsthand about the situation that the world's sea turtles find themselves in. We teach them about the turtle lifecycle, current conservation efforts and challenges, and we finish out the program with the pièce de résistance, the opportunity to feed and care for these majestic ocean dwellers
Recommended Program Length: 5 Days
Other Highlights: Sailing Workshop, Sea Kayaking, Surfing, Cycling
Location: Xiamen, Fujian
As sea levels around the world rise, ensuring coastal protection is becoming ever more critical. One of the most sustainable ways to ensure long-term coastline preservation is to create natural buffers in the form of mangrove forests. Unlike many other coastal countries, China has been lauded for its commitment to increasing the number of mangrove habitats along its eastern seaboard.
In our Mangrove Protection Program, students visit one of Mother Nature's natural sea defenses just outside of Xiamen, Fujian Province. They will learn about mangrove biodiversity, the current challenges of preserving these precious ecosystems, and how we can expect these challenges will change in the future.
Recommended Program Length: 3-5 Days
Other Highlights: Mangrove Kayaking, Hakka Culture, Tulou Visit
UNSDG5 – Gender Equality
Location: Jiangyong County, Hunan
When people hear about the Hunan Province it is usually, Mao Ze Dong, the Avatar Mountains (Zhang Jia Jie), and spicy food that comes to mind. What is less prominent in peoples' psyche is Nu Shu, the unique phonetic script system circulated among women in Jiangyong County.
NuShu is the only gender script in the world and has significant research value in many multidisciplinary fields. In this program, students get to explore this cultural phenomenon in the broader context of women's independence and pursuit of equality. We discuss and delve into the script's history and the barriers it faces in being passed on to future generations.
Recommended Program Length: 5-7 Days
Other Highlights – Village Restoration Service Project, Local School Visit
Global Citizenship Retreat
UNSDG10 – Reduced Inequalities
Location: Songyang County, Zhejiang
Songyang County has over 1800 years of history. It has been described as the last secret region in the south of the Yangtze River" by the Chinese National Geographic Association. However, despite its cultural richness, like many other areas of the Chinese countryside, the area has suffered from brain drain and the resulting consequences.
In this program, students experience a different side of China as they are introduced to a broader WildChina initiative to revitalize Songyang through sustainable tourism. During their time on the program, students will be tasked with PBL experiential activities that aim to get them thinking of innovative ways to contribute to Songyang's revitalization.
The issues they encounter will illustrate many critical themes that promote the idea of Global Citizenship, including population & settlement, environmental and cultural preservation, and economic development.
Recommended Program Length: 5-7 Days
Other Highlights – Songyang Handicraft Workshop, Village Restoration, Ming & Qing Dynasty Scavenger Hunt, Tea Culture Immersion
UNSDG15 – Life on Land
Location: Qingpu, Shanghai
In addition to its massive migrant human population, Shanghai has been and is being transformed by non-native plants and animals. These organisms are called invasive species, and though they are largely unrecognized by us, they are harming the local environment.
In this program, students will leave the hustle and bustle of downtown and head to the city's more rural areas. Here, they will learn how these invasive species impact local agriculture and local ecosystems. Students will see Shanghai from a new perspective and better understand the intricacies of climate change, environmental protection, and eco-activism.
Recommended Program Length: 1-3 Days
Other Highlights – Backcountry Cooking, Kayaking, Camping
UNSDG8 – Decent Work and Growth
Location: HongMiao Village, Beijing
Throughout China, migration from villages into the city is commonplace. However, what does this mean for the economy and communities left in these villages?
This program will immerse students in village life as they understand the needs and challenges affecting these communities. Through several meaningful and thought-provoking experiential activities, students will learn through doing as they investigate how and why things happen, forming their own opinions on issues relating to creating a more inclusive society, monotowns, and soil and water pollution.
The experiences will develop your student's social conscience, promoting a global mindset that fosters empathy towards communities worldwide that face similar issues. Along with this, the program will culminate with students innovating their ideas to raise awareness, solve, or mitigate the root causes of these issues.
Recommended Program Length: 1-4 Days
Other Highlights – Kayaking, Rock Climbing, Lantern Making


GUELPH -- University of Guelph researchers are studying the ethics behind whether COVID-19 immunity passports would help minimize the spread of the disease in Ontario.
Andrew Bailey, the philosophy professor leading the study, said certification would help loosen COVID-19 restrictions for immunized Ontarians.
"Once people are vaccinated, they don't need that kind of protection anymore, so the restrictions should be loosened," he said.
But Bailey adds it is a massive social experiment that requires planning before being implemented.
There's also the question of if immunity passports are ethical, which Bailey believes they are.
"Just the fact that we're letting some people do things that other people can't doesn't mean it's wrong," he said. "The question is whether it is arbitrary. And this case, my take would be it is not arbitrary."
He continued: "There is a genuine ethical difference between people who are vaccinated and people who don't."
The researcher said there are some potential problems when it comes to the idea of a passport, and people looking for a return to normalcy without getting vaccinated might resort to dangerous measures.
Bailey said reducing the divide between those who are vaccine-hesitant and those who are not is one of the biggest challenges in making immunity passports realistic.
Requiring proof of immunity from certain viruses is not out of the ordinary. Elementary school students require proof of vaccination for diseases such as polio and rubella.
The Canadian Civil Liberties Association said it doesn't support any form of vaccine passport, with the choice to get a COVID-19 vaccine or not a personal one.
"Carrying papers to show that we made that decision has the potential to create a two-tier society," said Brenda McPhail with the Canadian Civil Liberties Association. "The included, those that got the vaccine, the excluded, those who don't."
The idea of vaccine passports has drawn mixed opinions among those in Waterloo Region.
"To have some sort of proof that you got a vaccine, it makes it so much easier for everybody else," said one resident.
"There are some equity issues with it, absolutely," another resident said.
According to Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, the federal government is still looking at the prospect of vaccine passports and requiring some form of proof of vaccination to travel.
Bailey said more research needs to be done to determine the efficacy of immunity passports and that for them to work, everyone needs to have equal opportunity for access to vaccines.