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IV
At this level, the Paralegal/Legal Assistant IV assists in the evaluation, development, and litigation of cases. In this capacity, the incumbent performs the following duties:
a. Examines and evaluates information in case files, for case litigation worthiness
And appropriate titles of law;
b. Determines the need for additional information, independent surveys, evidence, and witnesses, and plans a comprehensive approach to obtain this information;
c. Through on-site visits, interviews, and review of records on operations, looks for and evaluates the relevance and worth of evidence;
d. Selects, summarizes, and compiles comparative data to examine and evaluate respondent's deficiencies in order to provide evidence of illegal practices or patterns;
e. Reviews economic trends and forecasts at the national and regional level to evaluate the impact of successful prosecution and potential remedial provisions of ongoing investigations and litigation;
f. Identifies types of record keeping systems and types of records maintained which would be relevant. Gathers, sorts, and interprets data from various record systems including computer information systems;
g. Interviews potential witnesses for information and prepares witnesses for court appearances;
h. Develops statistics and tabulations, such as standard deviations, regression analyses, and weighting, to provide leads and supportive data for case litigation. Prepares charts, graphs, and tables to illustrate results;
i. Analyzes data, develops recommendations and justifications for the attorney(s) who will take the matter to court. Continues to work with the attorney(s) during the progress of the case, obtaining and developing further evidence and exhibits, providing administrative assistance, and maintaining custody of exhibits, documents, and files;
j. May appear in court as a witness to testify concerning exhibits prepared supporting plaintiff's case.
30390 PHOTO-OPTICS TECHNICIAN
The Photo-Optics Technician sets up and operates photo-optical instrumentation to record and photograph data for scientific and engineering projects, operates and calibrates photo-optical equipment according to formalized procedures, maintenance manuals, and schematic diagrams, operates test equipment and performs analysis of data for engineering and scientific personnel. The Photo-Optic Technician may install and calibrate optical and photographic data collection equipment in missiles, aircraft, weaponry, weather or communication satellites, underwater devices, or other installations, may evaluate adequacy of data obtained to determine need for future changes in instrumentation, and may modify existing equipment and participate in planning and testing modified equipment and instrumentation procedures.
30460 TECHNICAL WRITER (Occupational Base)
Under general supervision, the Technical Writer writes and edits technical reports, brochures, and/or manuals for internal documentation, customer reference, or publication. This person researches and analyzes available literature and verifies copy with appropriate departments, and may coordinate production and distribution of materials.
30461 TECHNICAL WRITER I
The Technical Writer I revises or writes standardized material for reports, manuals, briefs, proposals, instruction books, catalogs, and related technical and administrative publications concerned with work methods and procedures, and installation, operation, and maintenance of machinery and other equipment. This worker receives technical direction from supervisor or senior writer, notes or manuals containing operating procedures and details manufacturer's catalogs, drawings and other data relative to operation, maintenance, and service of equipment. This writer may have access to blueprints, sketches, drawings, parts lists, specifications, mockups, and product samples to integrate and delineate technology, operating procedure, and production sequence and detail.
This worker organizes material and completes writing assignment according to set standards regarding order, clarity, conciseness, style, and terminology, may maintain records and files of work and revisions, select photographs, drawings, sketches, diagrams, and charts to illustrate material, assist in laying out material for publication arrange for typing, duplication and distribution of material; may assist in writing speeches, articles, and public or employee relations releases, and may specialize in writing material regarding work methods and procedures.
30462 TECHNICAL WRITER II
In this capacity, the Technical Writer revises or writes material that is mostly standardized for reports, manuals, briefs, proposals, instruction books, catalogs, and related technical and administrative publications concerned with work methods and procedures, and installation, operation, and maintenance of machinery and other equipment. The incumbent receives assignment and technical information from a supervisor or senior writer, may be provided notes or manuals containing operating procedures and details, and may observe production, developmental or experimental activities to expand or verify the provided operating procedures and details.
This worker accesses manufacturers' catalogs, drawings and other data relative to operation, maintenance, and service of equipment, may have access to blueprints, sketches, drawings, parts lists, specifications, mockups, and product samples to integrate and delineate technology, operating procedure, and production sequence and detail. This writer organizes material and completes writing assignment according to set standards regarding order, clarity, conciseness, style, and terminology, may maintain records and files of work and revisions, may select photographs, drawings, sketches, diagrams, and charts to illustrate material, assist in laying out material for publication, and arrange for typing, duplication and distribution of material. This writer may draft speeches, articles, and public or employee relations releases, or specialize in writing material regarding work methods and procedures.
30463 TECHNICAL WRITER III
The Technical Writer III develops, writes, and edits material for reports, manuals, briefs, proposals, instruction books, catalogs, and related technical and administrative publications concerned with work methods and procedures, and installation, operation, and maintenance of machinery and other equipment, receives assignment from supervisor, observes production, developmental, and experimental activities to determine operating procedure and detail. This writer interviews production and engineering personnel and reads journals, reports, and other material to become familiar with product technologies and production methods, and reviews manufacturer's and trade catalogs, drawings and other data relative to operation, maintenance, and service of equipment.
The Technical Writer III studies blueprints, sketches, drawings, parts lists, specifications, mockups, and product samples to integrate and delineate technology, operating procedure, and production sequence and detail, organizes material and completes writing assignment according to set standards regarding order, clarity, conciseness, style, and terminology; and reviews published materials and recommends revisions or changes in scope, format, content, and methods of reproduction and binding. This worker may perform the following tasks: maintain records and files of work and revisions, select photographs, drawings, sketches, diagrams, and charts to illustrate material; assist in laying out material for publication, arrange for typing, duplication and distribution of material, write speeches, articles, and public or employee relations releases, edit, standardize, or make changes to material prepared by other writers or plant personnel. This incumbent may specialize in writing material regarding work methods and procedures.
15050 COMPUTER BASED TRAINING SPECIALIST
The Computer Based Training Specialist works with courseware production team to design, develop, revise and validate interactive computer based courseware. This specialist uses specialized computer software and/or hardware to develop, integrate and edit instructional text, audio, graphics, animation and video for interactive presentations. This person also uses appropriate programming/branching logic and screen layout and remediation/feedback techniques. The Worker also implements quality control and review and revision procedures throughout the courseware development process.
30210 LABORATORY TECHNICIAN
The Laboratory Technician (Laboratory Tester) performs laboratory tests according to prescribed standards to determine chemical and physical characteristics or composition of solid, liquid, or gaseous materials and substances for purposes such as quality control, process control, product development, or determining conformity to specifications. This incumbent sets up and adjusts laboratory apparatus, and operates grinders, agitators, centrifuges, ovens, condensers, and vibrating screens to prepare material for testing according to established laboratory procedure. This worker performs physical tests on samples of cement or raw materials and controls quality of materials and mix during manufacturing process.
Work involves running tests of the following: raw materials, such as aggregate, limestone, and sand, for such qualities as permeability, load-bearing capacity, or cohesiveness; dry and liquid substances used as ingredients in adhesives, propellants, lubricants, refractories, synthetic rubber, paint, paper, and other compounds for purity, viscosity, density, absorption or burning rate, melting point, or flash point, using viscometer, torsion balance scale, and pH meter; solutions used in processes, such as anodizing, waterproofing, cleaning, bleaching, and pickling, for chemical strength, specific gravity, or other specifications; materials for presence and content of elements or substances, such as hydrocarbons, manganese, natural grease or impurities, tungsten, sulfur, cyanide, ash or dust, and samples of manufactured products, such as cellophane or glassware, to verify conformity with heat resistance, tensile strength, ductibility, and other specifications, and examines materials, using microscope.
The Laboratory Technician (Laboratory Tester) records test results on standard forms, writes test reports describing procedures used, and prepares graphs and charts, cleans and sterilizes laboratory apparatus, may prepare chemical solutions according to standard formulae, and may add chemicals or raw materials to process solutions or product batches to correct deviations from specifications.
CONTRACTS ADMINISTRATION CLERK
Responsible for preparation and verification of contracts and associated paperwork to prepare a complete contract package. Maintains and retrieves contract documents as needed. Checks submitted documents for completeness and compliance with federal and state regulations and company policy. Requires a high school diploma or its equivalent and 0-2 years or related experience. Has knowledge of commonly-used concepts, practices, and procedures within a particular field. Relies on instructions and pre-established guidelines to perform the functions of the job. Works under immediate supervision. Typically reports to a supervisor or manager.
Responsible for all purchases by the organization.


Thursday, March 4News From The Great Outdoors
The Ultimate Saltwater Fishing Tips
saltwater fishing fish finders
Saltwater is the best for fishing. Fish that live in saltwater are generally much bigger. Plus, there's a surplus amount of them in these water bodies. This means you get a greater chance of catching fish in saltwater. Because of these reasons, people tend to fish a lot in saltwater. The most common fishing zones are ocean shores and salty lakes.
However, it takes a lot of skill to catch fish here. Fish reside much deeper in saltwater. Also, there is a lot of water to fish in. Experts in saltwater fishing take years to get their expertise. But don't worry. We have you covered.
Almost all expert fish finders use well-established tips for saltwater fishing. Here are those few tips to become expert saltwater fishers.
1. Use the bait properly
A common error is that people don't use the correct baiting techniques. It's those little things you ignore that makes the difference. Here's what you need to consider:
Use long, narrow hooks
To catch small fish, you need to use long, narrow hooks. These fish have small mouths so they can't bite on big hooks. Smaller hooks are easy for the fish to swallow.
Bait the shrimp properly
Expert fish hunters hook a shrimp from behind the tail. Shrimp move backwards. So, this allows a natural presentation of the shrimp to the fish. Check here some of our recommended fish finders that help you to catch the big fish.
2. Use the right bait
Now comes the crucial bit. What bait to use? The most common bait for seawater fish is shrimp. But this will get you small fish repeatedly. Here are some baits that suit seawater life the most:
Twitch bait:
Twitch bait are one of the best lures to throw. All fish like to eat these baits. They are incredibly useful for searching in new waters.
Crabs are a delicacy for saltwater fish. You can catch a lot of different species by using any type of crab. Our recommendations are peeler crabs.
3. Look for the right time and place
Saltwater fish are peculiar in when they want to come up. Most fishes travel in herds and can be caught if the time is right. Here is how you should time your fishing:
Fish right after rains:
Every rain brings the fish up to the surface. They come up in search of food. That's exactly when you need to strike.
Look in crooks and nooks:
You may think fish like to swim openly and not be congested. True, but not entirely. To catch fish quick, you need to hunt in the little openings. Fish reside in these places like family.
Fishing in saltwater is much more beneficial. But it requires the right technique, skill and know=how. Having that can still require a lot of work to get good at it.
Our list of tips is a summary of years of expert fishing experience. You can be sure to get 1-pound bites in minutes with these. So, go on! Grab your fishing rod and hunt some seas!


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In this segment of Spintron Secrets, we dive into the concept of Valve float, the phenomena that cause it and a few valvetrain topics that can make or break a race engine. Rev on!
Let's picture the scenario. The engine is running smoothly on the dyno but as the revs rise, maybe past 7,000rpm, the power suddenly drops and the airflow plunges. Or perhaps you're out on track, and the motor hits an invisible wall, refusing to make more power.
In either case, the valvetrain could be out of control. In short, the valves – and in particular the intake valves – are hitting the seat hard and bouncing open again, perhaps multiple times.
This is valve bounce, the most damaging of several phenomena that collectively comprise valve float, which is when a valve's opening and closing phases don't match the cam lobe profile in the way that they should. At best, you'll stop making power as the rpm rises. At worst, the valve will make contact with the piston, or it – or another element of the valvetrain – will break.
Ask the expert
For some insight into how valve bounce comes about, we turned to Bradley Brown, senior manager for innovation at Trend Performance. After studying at the NASCAR Technical Institute in Mooresville, NC, Brown spent several years at the Comp Performance Group, running valvetrain analysis testing and developing testing methods on the SpinTron machines that are produced by Trend Performance.
"People often think that valve float means that the parts are coming out of contact, but that's not necessarily true," he begins. "It's actually a combination of valve bounce and valve loft. Valve loft is when the dynamic lift at high speed is higher than the measured static lift. Many times, the parts are actually still in contact. Valve bounce is when the valve opens again after closing and certainly means that the engine will not make power – and will break things."
To help to get a handle on valve float behaviors, valvetrain test rigs like the SpinTron can precisely track the valve's movement over time, resulting in a curve like the one in the example below.
SpinTron measurements using the Laser Valve Tracking System (LVTS) usually begin with a baseline valve trace at a stable engine speed – perhaps 2,000-3,000rpm. This will generally show that the valve movement remains well controlled by the spring. The maximum lift is typically lower than its potential highest value due to the deflection of the rocker arm, pushrod and other components. A Harley-Davidson twin-cam, for example, has a lot of deflection in the system due to the comparatively long pushrods.
"You can get a lot of deflection on the opening side of the valve motion curve," Brown explains. "All the parts have some deflection and in an overhead rocker system, the rocker can be up to 40 percent of the total deflection due to it being the only component that's in bending where all other components like the pushrod are in compression.
"Energy is stored in the components [as they deflect] and is then let go as the cam acceleration slows down and the lifter comes 'to the nose' of the cam before everything turns around and goes in the other direction."
As engine speeds rise, this can lead to valve loft. This is when the parts start to be 'thrown' as the cam acceleration comes off, early to mid-lift. The peak valve opening begins to match the theoretical maximum before deflection so there's more airflow than at lower rpm. This increased valve lift and/or duration is sometimes deployed as a means of compensating for regulatory limits (rulebook imposed max lift) on how much lift the camshaft can provide. But when it closes, the valve is likely to impact the seat harder than normal – even if it is not bouncing out of contact with the seat, yet.
At even higher rpm, the extra energy in the system means that the smooth, controlled closing ramp that brings the valve closed is replaced by a sharper drop. In some cases, the valve is so light that it will outrun the spring, and seat before the coils can catch up with it. If the forces from the inelastic collision of the valve seating event are higher than the spring dynamic seat force at the moment when the valve is seating, the valve will hit the seat and bounce back open. This is especially critical for the intake valve, as the engine is trying to create cylinder pressure at this time.
How can we diagnose valve bounce?
Engine builders can use a SpinTron to analyze what's going on when the valvetrain is out of control and test component options to mitigate valve bounce. These test rigs have been used since the early-1990s by leading players such as Hendrick Motorsports and TRD.
"The SpinTron is one of the only devices out there that enables you to clearly identify and quantify valve bounce, and where it's happening," says Brown. "The beauty of SpinTron is that if you drop a valve, it won't hit a piston and blow up the entire bottom end. You just replace the valve and keep testing. Experienced operators can even detect a broken spring or a dropped valve just from very minute changes in sound."
Whether an engine's limit speed is identified by the driver on track, or by a SpinTron back at the shop, valve bounce issues will usually continue to worsen as the revs rise even higher. But as Brown points out, "sometimes people think they're in a safe region of rpm but they're actually living with something that's just slightly bad. But if you do that for long enough, it'll still break parts."
The severity of the bounce is affected by the shape of the valve head, the softness of the seat material and – most importantly – by the seating velocity. However, Brown advises that seat materials should be chosen primarily because of their wear properties and describes changing the material's softness to solve bounce as "putting a band-aid on the problem that would most likely expose several others".
Bounce tends to fail parts due to two major phenomena. One is the incredibly high forces during the sharp change in direction during a valve bounce. The other is related to the higher strain rate – the speed at which the forces are applied to the parts.
High strain rates are known to cause increased fatigue in materials. Higher seating velocity applies high-enough strain rates to the components for them to fail, even though they may be able to handle that same level of strain if it is applied in a slower, more controlled fashion.
Valve loft – the good and the bad
The issue is complicated by valve loft, another aspect of valve float that can have performance advantages if managed properly – but which can also signal a deterioration of control in the valvetrain. Valve bounce is usually associated with loft modes that have been intentionally or unintentionally introduced to an engine.
"Valve loft is controlled chaos," assesses our expert. "An engineering standard for high-frequency vibrating systems is that the natural vibrating frequency of any component should be 25-times higher than the frequency of whatever's driving it. It's a safety factor to prevent resonance from becoming an issue in a system. But we're nowhere near that with valve springs and engine rpm, where we're only three or four-times higher in many cases."
In an application such as a Super Cup Stock Car engine, valve lofting requires that valvetrain components be robust enough to "survive the beating", as Brown describes it. "Most of the people doing aggressive, controlled lofting tend to have heavier valves. That's partly because more mass will throw more easily – it will keep going [beyond the nominal maximum lift] a little better – but at the same time the valve must withstand hitting the seat, hard. You also tend to see bulky, steel rocker arms. These days, shaft-mount rocker arms don't break often, but when they do, it'll be in one of those situations.
The SpinTron is a great way for engine builders to try out different component options to handle the demands of valve loft. When SpinTrons were first used, they were a factor in convincing builders to move away from the traditional mantra that lighter was always better in a valvetrain.
Pushrods, for example, have continued to increase in size. Brown favors greater outer diameters and thinner walls, to take the component's natural frequency much higher than the driving frequency on the side of rocker arm where physics dictates that the effective mass of the components is less important. SpinTron tests have also contributed to the deployment of stiffer and lighter valve springs as a means of curtailing bounce and excessive loft.
"On the SpinTron, it's easy to try the different options and find the sweet spot," he says. "If I want to change a pushrod, I just pop the valve cover off, change the pushrod, set the lash and run the test. You can monitor the opening deflection, see how a bigger pushrod reduces the deflection and how the valve will start to move quicker. In five minutes, I have tested two alternatives and have the data in front of me to be able to make a decision on what I want to do.
"By running sweeps of the valve spring installation height – measuring the distance to coil bind at maximum lift – I can also tweak the spring frequency," he continues. "That times the spring oscillations differently, to get the system to respond in different ways at different engine speeds, which ultimately moves the loft mode to a different rpm."
Once the dynamic tests have led to a promising setup, the SpinTron can also be used for durability testing, running lap simulations to ensure that a particular valvetrain combination will survive a NASCAR race, for example. A

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Dec. 19, 2011 Inner Mongolia Agricultural University (IMAU), Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities (IMUN) and BGI, the world's largest genomics organization, jointly announced the first complete sequencing of Mongolian genome. This genomic study will help researchers to better understand the evolutionary process and migration of Mongolians and their ancestors from Africa to Asia, which also lays an important genomic foundation for further development of human genetic diseases research.
Nowadays, Mongol is a central Asian ethnic group mostly inhabited in Mongolia, Inner Mongolia in China and Buryatia in Russia with about ten millions ethnic mongol people. Tracing back to the 13th and 14th Century, the "Mongol Empire" was commonly referred as the "largest contiguous empire" in the world history, and it has stretched its territory from the Yellow Sea in eastern Asia to the borders of eastern Europe under the leadership of Genghis Khan and his descendants.
The vast empire had promoted exchange of new technology, commodities and culture, as well as trade and migration between different ethnic groups across Europe and Asia. The migration of Mongol in Eurasia Region including China, Middle East and Russia during the period of Mongol Empire has always been debated by scientists. The study of Monlogian genome will provide new insights to their potential impact on the human evolution at the genetic level.
In this study, the DNA sample was from a male adult who belongs to the Mongolian "Royal Family" and is the 34th generation descendant of Genghis Khan. "The sample is very valuable for the study with a full record of family pedigree and no background of intermarriage between other ethnic groups." said Professor Huanmin Zhou, Project Investigator and Director of Science and Technology at IMAU.
"With the completion of the first Mongolian genome, we believe that the genomics study of Mongolian will help us to explore the distinctive features of Mongolian and the genetic differences with other ethnic groups, including the medical genetics and incidence of genetic diseases." stated by Ye Yin, Director of Research and Cooperation Division at BGI.
"We are currently planning to sequence and analyze more Mongolian samples, aiming to build genetic database of Mongolian for supporting research of Mongolian in medicine, migration, evolution, among others." said Professor Zhou, "We are also seeking more participants and helpful advices for the project to promote the research findings for bringing benefits to human." he added.
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


.IDS File Extension
Scene file
Question: What is an IDS File?
Have you found, downloaded or received an IDS file, but don't know which software program is required to open it?
Before attempting to open an IDS file, you'll need to determine what kind of file you are dealing with and whether it is even possible to open or view the file format.
Answer: Files which are given the.IDS extension are known as Scene files, however other file types may also use this extension. If you are aware of any additional file formats that use the IDS extension, please let us know.
How to open a IDS file:
The best way to open an IDS file is to simply double-click it and let the default assoisated application open the file. If you are unable to open the file this way, it may be because you do not have the correct application associated with the extension to view or edit the IDS file.
Tip: Try to open the IDS file using a text-editor such as Notepad, as many file types contain simply contain unformatted plain-text and can viewed correctly using this method.
Other.IDS file extensions
 Rate Extension
 Please rate how useful you found the information on this page:
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 2010-04-08 07:36:24
 I expected to get a picture, but I have received an.ids file. How can I open it?


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Many people don't understand the role that hunting and fishing play in managing wildlife populations. The average age of people who hunt and fish is rising and fewer and fewer young people are learning to hunt and fish. Some people are opposed to any hunting and fishing. Urban residents dominate the voting population in Colorado, but many urban citizens have never participated in hunting or fishing and are unaware of the importance of these activities.
In 1999, the state legislature created the Wildlife Management Public Education Advisory Council (PEAC). The job of the council was to develop and implement a comprehensive media-based information program to educate the general public about the benefits of wildlife, wildlife management, and wildlife-related recreation in Colorado. Despite its admirable mission, the Council lacked funding to accomplish its mission.
Sportsmen's Advisory Group members felt that a 75¢ surcharge on each hunting and fishing license sold in Colorado would be an appropriate method of funding the Council's public information campaign. The surcharge provision was approved and passed thereby providing the PEAC with needed funding. (The surcharge is in addition to the 25¢ search-and-rescue surcharge.)
For meeting announcements, reports, and information about the Council's education campaigns, go to the Public Education Advisory Council's website.


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to the following:
- 1. Larger economies tend to trade more with one another
- 2. Economies which are closer together tend to trade more with one another
Although the role of an economy's size (GDP) is well-understood and has theoretical underpinnings, the role of distance is less understood. Despite this, the relationship has proven stable over time and across studies.
Chaney (2018) suggests that distance may actually be a well-behaved proxy for the cost of creating contacts (i.e. between suppliers and customers). He argues that although distance alone may not be enough to explain an individual firm's exports at any given time (i.e. transport and communication technologies and the political environment matter), it may be sufficient to explain trade in the aggregate.
Since we are interested in the trade of a single good (single malt) as opposed to the sum of hundreds or thousands of goods, these aggregate determinants may hold less relevance. Instead, sector-specific determinants may be more relevant (e.g. alcohol consumption). There may also be more inherent volatility and less stability in the relationships between these determinants and observed trade flows of a single good.
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Below are answers to frequently asked questions about Neocate. If you have any concerns about your baby you should contact your healthcare professional for advice.
- My baby is currently breast-fed, how do I introduce Neocate?
Breast milk is the best choice for babies as it contains all the nutrition required for growth and development. However, sometimes it is not possible for babies with cows' milk allergy to exclusively feed directly from the breast and a specialised infant formula such as Neocate may be recommended by a healthcare processional. Some mums choose to combine breast feeding with formula feeding (mixed feeding) and some mums will (for whatever reason) switch to an infant formula completely.
Whatever you choose, it may be helpful to:
- Check with your doctor or dietitian if Neocate will be used in addition to, or to replace breastmilk. If your baby is also taking solid foods, perhaps only give solid foods after the formula has been taken. Please also check with your doctor or dietitian regarding your supply of breastmilk.
- Give the Neocate together with the breastmilk. Ask your doctor and/or dietitian if this is suitable. Nursing mothers or a lactation consultant will be able to give advice on using a mixture of breast milk with Neocate.
- Try using a cup to feed your baby Neocate at around 6 months of age. Discuss with your dietitian a suitable type of feeding cup e.g. sippy cup.
2. My child's appetite has increased since starting Neocate, is this normal?
Your child's appetite may be reduced when they are generally not feeling well and/or they are experiencing inflammation and/or irritation to their tummy because of their condition. When a child uses Neocate and symptoms start to improve, overall this can help to alleviate any tummy discomfort and distress caused by the condition, which subsequently your child's mood and health should also improve as they start to feel better, and then you may eventually see their appetite improve dramatically.
Also, as children grow and develop, their energy and nutrient requirements increase, which means you can expect to see their appetite increase during this time, which usually means their formula and solid food intake will also increase.
3. My child's bowel movements have changed since starting Neocate, is this normal?
Yes this is perfectly normal. Stools can change in consistency and colour when a child is introduced to an elemental formula such as Neocate. The reason for this is that Neocate is a very simple form of nutrition. It tends to get absorbed by the body high up in the gut meaning that very little of its nutrients pass into the lower gut. The large intestine is home to millions of bacteria that perform a number of functions including the breakdown of bile (a green substance) which your body naturally produces. These bacteria get less nutrition while your child is on Neocate and their numbers fall, so reducing the breakdown of bile. This means that more bile is present in your child's stools giving them a green colour. This process is a natural effect of taking Neocate and does not affect your baby.
4. Will Neocate formula meet all my baby's nutritional needs?
The Neocate infant range is formulated to meet the daily nutritional requirements of an infant (0 to 12 months of age). If you are concerned that your baby is not gaining weight or growing adequately, please consult your healthcare professional. They will be able to assess if your baby's nutritional needs are being met and if dietary adjustments are necessary.
5. When will I see an improvement after starting Neocate?
If your child has been experiencing negative symptoms for some time, his or her condition may take time to improve. Severe allergies can cause inflammation and irritation to the affected areas. This, like a cut or burn, will take time to heal.
Symptom improvement will depend very much on the severity and type of allergic condition your child is experiencing. Amino acid-based formulae like Neocate are supported by studies which have shown symptom resolution (vomiting and/or diarrhoea) or symptom improvement (eczema) within 3 to 14 days.1,2 If symptoms persist or you have any concerns regarding the symptoms your child is experiencing, it is best to consult your healthcare professional.
It is important to follow your healthcare professional's advice; do not stop using Neocate once you see an improvement or resolution of symptoms. Discuss your child's feeding plan with your healthcare professional.
To learn more about the First 14 days support program head to this page.
6. What makes Neocate different from other formulas?
Neocate is elemental formula, which means that the ingredients in Neocate are in their simplest and purest form so they are easier for the body to process and digest. Neocate is based on 100% free amino acids. These are the building blocks of protein and, unlike formed whole proteins, do not cause allergic inflammation and are considered to be hypoallergenic. Other formulas are composed of whole proteins or whole protein fragments (hydrolysates) which are derived from cow's milk or soy. These have the potential to cause allergic inflammation. For more information head to this page.
7. What is Neocate?
Neocate is a range of hypoallergenic, powdered formula consisting of 100% free amino acids, which are the building blocks of protein. Neocate is for the dietary management of cows' milk allergy and other allergic conditions such as multiple food protein allergies. Neocate is designed to meet the nutritional requirements needed to support growth and development in infants and children. For more information head to this page.
8. What is the difference between Neocate Gold and Neocate LCP?
Neocate Gold and Neocate LCP are special formulas designed for babies from birth to 12 months with cow's milk protein allergy and multiple food protein intolerance. They can be used as a sole source of food and provide the necessary nutrients required for a baby's growth and development, provided they are taken in adequate amounts. Neocate Gold has a larger percentage of Medium Chain Triglycerides or MCT (a type of fat) as compared to Neocate LCP, which assists with better fat absorption and digestion in babies. Ultimately it depends on your doctor's clinical judgement to decide which formula is best suited for your baby.
As you embark on your allergy journey we are there to provide support, answers and inspiration
- Hill DJ et al. J Pediatr 1999; 135:118-121.
- Vanderhoof JA et al. 1997; 131:741-744.


Why Aren't the Damn Numbers the Same????
Posted by
I get asked a simple question almost every day: Why do your results say this, Joe's results say that, and Bill's results say something different? The questions surprised me at first; I grew up in biological and medical research and took it for granted everyone expected different tests to have slightly different results.
But different numbers makes things complicated. Everyone would like it if 5 reviewers all said the new Ultrazooma has an MTF50 of 816.5. That would be that. But obviously it's not that simple. So why does Roger say 800, Joe says 1642, and Bill says 656? Plus, Roger says 800 is great, Joe says 1642 sucks, and Bill says 650 is average?
I'm going to talk about that, but fair warning: This is a geeky article. If you aren't into this kind of thing you might want to save 15 minutes and go chat on a forum.
Image Analysis MTF Numbers
A lot of people evaluating lenses use Imatest, DxO Analyzer, or some similar computerized resolution tool. They all work roughly the same way: a controlled image of slanted lines or circles is taken and computer analyzed to determine the resolution of the camera and lens. The data can be presented in several ways. Imatest users commonly present MTF50 numbers but have several other options. DxO uses a 'blur factor' measurement that is proprietary.
Computerized Image Analysis is a big improvement on "It looks really sharp to me" versus "I didn't think it was all that great." But it also has several limitations:
 1. It tests a combination of lens and camera, not just lens.
 2. Testing is done at fairly short distances (10 – 50 feet) so it may differ significantly from values at infinite focusing distance.
 3. Each lab varies a bit. Lighting, testing distance, test charts used, etc. can make numbers slightly different between testers
 4. The same value may be reported in different numbers.
If you're interested in the specifics of testing, I'll go into some more specifics below. If not, those are the main points. Move on down to 'The Single Copy Phenomenon" below.
The Range Chosen for Numbers
Even when presenting MTF 50 results, different testers will present their numbers differently. For example, I use line pairs / image height. Others might use lines / image height (so their number would be exactly double mine). They might also present lines (or line pairs) per mm instead of per image height. This is pretty simple, though. You can get out your calculator and compare line pairs per image height to lines per mm.
Were the Test Images RAW or JPG?
The Imatest results from an in-camera JPG will be significantly higher than if the test is run on a RAW image. How much higher varies depending upon the camera, but 20 to 40% higher is common.
Some testers use in-camera JPGs because they believe the results are more likely to approximate what people will actually see. Others use raw images to eliminate, as much as possible, any in-camera sharpening and reduce the chance of spurious resolution. Even different raw converters may give different results. Luckily most Imatest testers use the included DCraw converter so their results should be similar.
 What Targets Were Measured from What Distance?
This is one area where most testers let you down — myself included. I know that few people want to read this stuff in an article, but I should have put it up somewhere before now. Other testers should too. But this is the kind of thing that has a lot to do with why Joe's numbers and Bill's numbers are still different after you convert them.
We're taking pictures of special test targets. They come in various sizes, but they're expensive (the largest charts are over $1,000 each). I use 6 sizes, ranging from 2″ X 3″ backlit photographic film (for macro testing) up to 42″ X 72″ factory-made prints. Since the chart must always completely fill the image, you can only shoot at certain distances. For example, even with our largest chart, a 16mm lens on a full frame camera is shot at about 8 feet distance.
Even with all the sizes, though, since the target must always fill the frame of the image, there are fixed distances you can shoot at. There can be significant differences on standard range distances. If I shoot a 70mm lens on our second largest chart, I'm shooting at about 14 feet. On the largest I'm back to 19 feet. On a smaller chart, I may be at 7 feet. The same lens, on the same camera, will give slightly different results shot at different distances
It also matters what part of the chart I take my measurements from. A typical Imatest image looks like the one below.
An Imatest print out, showing which edges were measured (dark edges) and the measured numbers for each.
The edges of the light gray squares are what the computer actually measures. In this printout the computer has shown (by darker areas in red boxes) the parts of the chart used for calculations. This is the typical 13-point measurement I use when I give average results across the entire lens.
I could actually calculate over 30 points, but the calculations take a loooong time. But another reviewer might use 9 points or 24 or 32 to get his overall results. We should pretty well agree on the center value, but depending on the number of points used for calculations we might differ a bit on the average value.
One other thing can cause significant differences. In the example above I've measured both horizontal and vertical lines. Because of astigmatism they're usually slightly different (look at the center yellow numbers – in the center this camera-lens measured 2935 on vertical lines and 2769 on horizontal. You can make an argument for reporting vertical or horizontal resolution only, just the higher of the two, or the average of the two. We use the average, but I'm not sure what everyone else does, so vertical versus horizontal resolution can be another source of variation.
The final argument concerns what is the corner value. Notice the corner horizontal and vertical resolution measurement areas are different in this example because this chart isn't set up perfectly (it's from a medium format camera with the wrong format size for this chart). My takeaway point is you can't always measure the absolute furthest corner with this method. The measurement is some distance from the corner and that may vary between testers slightly, depending on which chart they use.
These Systems Test Camera-Lens Combinations
I think everyone knows this, but maybe not. You can't compare a two-year-old-test done with a Nikon D700 (or Canon 5D) with a newer test of the same lens done on a Nikon D800 (or Canon 5DIII). Change in camera resolution equals change in system resolution equals different numbers. Even if resolution is about the same, different microlenses on the sensor might make a difference in edge and corner readings.
Every Lab is a Bit Different
One day we started testing and 12 lenses in a row failed to meet expected resolution. We figured maybe something odd was going on and investigated. It turns out people at the other end of our building were tearing up concrete floors. We couldn't hear them, but the vibrations were screwing up our tests.
We were doing quality control checks on lenses we already had numbers for, so we knew something was wrong. But if that was the first day we were testing that lens, or if I was a reviewer testing my only copy of the lens, I might have just decided the lens sucked.
We had a similar phenomenon occur when we changed lighting systems from fluorescent to tungsten. It changed our values slightly.
The takeaway message is everyone's lab is slightly different. Even with the exact same camera and lens they will have slightly different results. But no two testers ever have the same copy of the camera and lens. Which brings up the second source of variation. (Nice segue, isn't it?)
The Single Copy Phenomenon
If you've ever read anything I wrote, you probably already know this. If not, here's an absolute reality you need to digest. Every copy of lens X is just a little bit different from every other copy. Every copy of camera Z is just a little bit different from every other copy. There are manufacturing tolerances for such complex devices that are unavoidable at any price.
If you can't accept it, you definitely need to stop pixel peeping. You'll go insane. If you want to say, "For $2,000 every lens should be perfect" then you are very naive. We have $50,000 cinema zooms and they are all slightly different, too. In fact, at the very highest levels, technicians will hand calibrate each $50,000 lens to the $100,000 camera because there is still variation.
But let's look at how much this variation affects numbers with some real-world samples. Here's a chart I used in another article about the Canon 24-70 f/2.8 Mk II shot at 70mm and compared to the original version and the 70-200 f/2.8 IS II. The table presents the average (mean) Imatest results for peak value and overall value (average MTF50 at 13 points). It looks nice and simple, doesn't it? That's why I presented it that way, because that's what people want.
Ctr MTF50Avg MTF50
70-


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Women have many questions: Why you care about her? Why you do what you do? Why you make the investment decisions that you do?
Yet most advisors, even those who claim to be Women's Wealth Specialists, tend to drown women (and sometimes men) in long winded explanations of their credentials, experience and investment process.
Many advisors think words such as, 'asset allocation' and 'diversification' are both valuable and intriguing.. in reality they simply confuse and bore women often causing them to tune out.
They don't want to know how to make the clock they want to know why they need the clock. The same holds true with your investment philosophy. When women understand why you invest the way you do in simple compelling language the barriers come down and the relationship grows.
Become A Women's Wealth Specialist
Tool 3: Writing Your Investment Philosophy
Consider using clichés to validate your investment recommendations. Instead of overwhelming your client with technical terms and financial jargon they aren't familiar with, engage them with clichés to cleverly describe your strategy and approach.
Well known clichés create immediate clarity as to why you do what you do. This builds trust with a woman. When a woman understands why you do what you do, she will be more inclined to move forward and take action.
- You'll experience a receptive client: The moment the male advisor shared her clichés the woman nodded and was totally receptive to the recommendations.
- Clichés also have a positive effect on husbands: After using her 3 clichés, she realized it wasn't just the women who appreciated this approach, as the men seemed more relaxed and focused on the investment recommendations as well.
- Using clichés allows you to prioritize your time: By using his 3 clichés he didn't have to spend time explaining giving a lengthy explanation about what he does, and instead what able to focus on the client and resolving their issues.
- Using clichés builds confidence: It can be challenging to explain an investment philosophy to your audience. You might have experienced blank stares with your approach. Using clichés will help.
- Clichés are a simple and effective approach: Advisors never realize how simple it is to get women to move forward once they understand what you think and why. This process is so much easier. What a great solution!
Sample Investment Philosophy:
Our investment philosophy is best represented by three clichés that instill our core philosophy for investing your money.
- We take the road "Less Traveled": We often focused on the investments least adored by Wall Street. We tend to buy into fear and sell into greed.
- Price Matters: We like to buy quality on sale. The best business in the world can be a terrible investment if you pay too much for it.
- A Penny Saved is a Penny Earned: We do not like to lose money! We believe that capital preservation and minimizing the risk of large portfolio losses is of paramount importance.
You too can become a Women's Wealth Specialist. In the MWA, Masters of Women's Advisory Certification Program, Adri will walk you through every step of the process, help you to create and integrate your investment clichés, and help you develop a Female Friendly practice that will engage, inspire, and motivate women to become your client.


text: Narrative medicine has emerged in response to a commodified health care system that places corporate and bureaucratic concerns over the needs of the patient. Generated from a confluence of sources including humanities and medicine primary care medicine narratology and the study of doctor-patient relationships narrative medicine is medicine practiced with the competence to recognize absorb interpret and be moved by the stories of illness. By placing events in temporal order with beginnings middles and ends and by establishing connections among things using metaphor and figural language narrative medicine helps doctors to recognize patients and diseases convey knowledge accompany patients through the ordeals of illness--and according to Rita Charon can ultimately lead to more humane ethical and effective health care. Trained in medicine and in literary studies Rita Charon is a pioneer of and authority on the emerging field of narrative medicine. In this important and long-awaited book she provides a comprehensive and systematic introduction to the conceptual principles underlying narrative medicine as well as a practical guide for implementing narrative methods in health care. A true milestone in the field it will interest general readers and experts in medicine and humanities and literary theory.


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Low soil nitrogen and phosphorous levels are among several constraints limiting crop productivity in southwestern Ethiopia. The dominant soil types in the region are acidic nitosols that are often low in plant available phosphorus. Most farmers cultivate maize with minimal external inputs, hence resulting in sub-optimal yield levels. The effect of applying tithonia biomass and phosphorus fertilizer on agronomic efficiency of phosphorus, growth characteristics and yield of maize was investigated in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia) biomass and Triple Super Phosphate (TSP) were used as organic and inorganic sources of phosphorus respectively. Significant treatment differences (P < 0.01) were observed for most of the parameters studied including agronomic phosphorus use efficiency and grain yield. Agronomic phosphorus use efficiency increased from 45 at the sole TSP to more than 125 when combined with tithonia biomass. The sole application of tithonia biomass resulted in 127% yield increment over the control, and combined application of 50% of the maximum rate of tithonia and 50% of the recommended rate of fertilizer resulted in grain yield increment of 88% over the control. Given the very high amount of tithonia biomass required to supply the recommended rate of phosphorus, the combined rate of tithonia biomass and inorganic phosphorus fertilizer (at 50% of the maximum rates), appears to be cheaper and appealing to smallholder maize producers in the region. The result therefore underscored the need to allot more resources and attention in exploring locally available and cheap sources of plant nutrients which could augment crop productivity in face of the mounting input prices which are prohibitively high for smallholder maize producers of the region.
Keywords: Agronomic efficiency; Biomass; Maize; tithonia diversifolia; TSP


Top Definition
1. AP World Life and Literature project at Hickman High School, typically comprising 600 to 700 points and including reading assignments from World Civilizations by Peter Stearns (Really Important Historical and Literary Analysis)
2. Arabic term for a journey or pilgrimage, especially one of religious significance; a work written to describe such a journey
I learned my lesson after pulling two all-nighters on RIHLA #1.
He managed to make an 'A' due to his dedicated and obsessive work on his fourth and final RIHLA.
Ibn Battuta's Rihla detailed his travels across much of Africa and Asia.
One goal of all able Muslims is to complete a Rihla to Mecca within their lifetime.
by XYZZY54 May 06, 2009
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A lot of knitting, swatching and researching. Every week I pick a question that I get from my subscribers (there are over twenty-five thousand of them and they are all amazing, incredibly supportive people 🙂 ) Then I search through lots of resources both online and offline to find the best ways to answer that question.
Sometimes I choose to describe and explain a technique that I've learned from a book or from my own knitting experience. In that case, I search for all possible variations of that technique and different ways to use it.
Once I have that information handy, I start swatching to test every little tip. I find those that are the easiest to knit and provide the best results. I take photos (often they are step-by-step demonstrations) to show how that technique works and how you can use it in your knitting.
For those knitters who are visual learners, I make a video tutorial.
If necessary, I compile additional cheat sheets and templates to help you use the technique I describe. For example, I made a sweater size chart that helps you take the measurements of your favourite sweater to ensure that your finished knits fit. Or the knitting time calculator, that helps you plan your knitting time and get fewer UFOs.
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Speedball - Day 6 - Skills Assessment
Speedball - Lesson 6 is about the assessment of skills learned by the class. They will be assessed on their performance of passing touchdowns, field goals, and drop kicks. Then the class will be divided into teams and demonstrate their learned skills in a game setting. There are five other lessons in this unit.


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A lot has been written on the internet on how to create a single-instance application in C#. The proposed implementations fall into three categories:
- Check if a process with the same name is already running (using GetProcessesByName). This is plain wrong because it needs administrator privileges. Furthermore it will not work if there is another process that happens to have the same name as your process.
- Using the Microsoft.VisualBasic namespace (as explained here). This probably works OK (I have never done this), but it feels a bit wrong. Note that this approach is promoted in the book 'Windows Forms 2.0 Programming'.
- Using a Mutex.
Personally I think that the last approach is best, but there are some details that you need to get correct if you want to rely on this. This is the pattern that I propose:
The pattern is applied to a Winforms application, but of course it can be applied to any type of application.
For those who don't know what a mutex is: it is a Windows kernel-object that can be used for synchronization between threads and processes. The proposed pattern tries to create a mutex with a certain name and checks if this mutex already existed. If it did, this means that our process was already started.
Here are the details that are important:
- The mutex must be declared static, because we have to make sure that the garbage collector will never dispose it.
- The name of the mutex should contain a GUID, which ensures that no other application uses the same name. If you don't know how to create a GUID, click here.
- The mutex is local, which means that every user that is logged on can create his own instance. If you don't want this, simply ommit the 'Local\\'.
- The mutex contains the name of the application. As a general guideline, I think that named kernel objects should have a descriptive name. This makes it easier when debugging problems: using tools such as SysInternal's WinObj, you can look at the state of all the kernel objects. If your object has a proper name this will be much simpler.


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ChristianAnswers.Net WebBible Encyclopedia
Used as manure (Luke 13:8); collected outside the city walls (Neh. 2:13). Of sacrifices, burned outside the camp (Ex. 29:14; Lev. 4:11; 8:17; Num. 19:5). To be "cast out as dung," a figurative expression (1 Kings 14:10; 2 Kings 9:37; Jer. 8:2; Ps. 18:42), meaning to be rejected as unprofitable.
Used as fuel, a substitute for firewood, which was with difficulty procured in Syria, Arabia, and Egypt (Ezek. 4:12-15), where cows' and camels' dung is used to the present day for this purpose.


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Train timetabling with dynamic and random passenger demand: A stochastic optimization method
place - asia, place - urban, mode - subway/metro, mode - rail, operations - scheduling, ridership - demand, planning - methods
Urban rail transit, Train timetable, Stochastic optimization, Variable neighborhood search algorithm
Considering the dynamics and randomness of passenger demand, this paper investigates a train timetabling problem in the stochastic environment for an urban rail transit system. With the scenario-based representation of passenger distribution, an integer nonlinear programming (INLP) model is first formulated to simultaneously optimize the total number of train services, headway settings and speed profile selection decision during the planning time horizon, in which the expected total service cost is treated as the objective function. Through an analysis of the features of the nonlinear constraints, a reformulation method is proposed to develop an equivalent integer linear programming (ILP) model that can be easily solved by commercial software. Moreover, a variable neighborhood search algorithm is developed to find the approximate optimal solutions for large-scale problems within the tolerable computing time. Finally, two sets of numerical experiments, with the operation environments of a simple urban rail transit line and Fuzhou Metro Line 1, are implemented to verify the solution quality and effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Permission to publish the abstract has been given by Elsevier, copyright remains with them.
Gong, C., Shi, J., Wang, Y., Zhou, H., Yang, L., Chen, D., & Pan, H. (2021). Train timetabling with dynamic and random passenger demand: A stochastic optimization method. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, Vol. 123, 102963.


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Naming the 'harshest sound in the world' seems like it would be a subjective matter, but scientists say they have pinpointed the sound that qualifies for the moniker.
Perhaps for you it is nails on a chalkboard, or maybe the snap of bubblegum, or even the sound of a particular person's voice.
Naming the "harshest sound in the world" seems like it would be a subjective matter, but scientists say they have pinpointed the sound that qualifies for the moniker.
According to a research study by a team at the University of Newcastle, the harshest sound in the world is a knife against glass.
The team examined brain activity in a group of volunteers, who listened to 74 recorded sounds under an MRI machine and ranked each experience, according to ABC News. The 13 subjects found the sound of a fork against glass to be the second worst sound.
The group found that sounds with frequencies of 2000-5000 Hz were the most disagreeable.
The MRI scans showed that these sounds increased blood flow in the brain's auditory cortex, which processes sounds, as well as triggers the amygdala, a primitive part of the brain that processes our emotional responses, according to MSN.
While it's hard to imagine a study like this ever having a purpose beyond finding a better torture technique, Tim Griffiths, the study's co-author, said, "The new finding in this study is to precisely define the loop between the auditory cortex and the amygdala."
In the mood for a bit of masochism? Take a listen to what scientists say is the harshest sound on Earth.


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This paper presents a new approach to parallel path planning for industrial robot arms with six degrees of freedom in an on-line given 3D environment. The method is based a best-first search algorithm and needs no essential off-line computations. The algorithm works in an implicitly discrete configuration space. Collisions are detected in the Cartesian workspace by hierarchical distance computation based on polyhedral models of the robot and the obstacles. By decomposing the 6D configuration space into hypercubes and cyclically mapping them onto multiple processing units, a good load distribution can be achieved. We have implemented the parallel path planner on a workstation cluster with 9 PCs and tested the planner for several benchmark environments. With optimal discretisation, the new approach usually shows very good speedups. In on-line provided environments with static obstacles, the parallel planning times are only a few seconds.
A practical distributed planning and control system for industrial robots is presented. The hierarchical concept consists of three independent levels. Each level is modularly implemented and supplies an application interface (API) to the next higher level. At the top level, we propose an automatic motion planner. The motion planner is based on a best-first search algorithm and needs no essential off-line computations. At the middle level, we propose a PC-based robot control architecture, which can easily be adapted to any industrial kinematics and application. Based on a client/server-principle, the control unit estab-lishes an open user interface for including application specific programs. At the bottom level, we propose a flexible and modular concept for the integration of the distributed motion control units based on the CAN bus. The concept allows an on-line adaptation of the control parameters according to the robot's configuration. This implies high accuracy for the path execution and improves the overall system performance.
In many robotic applications, the teaching of points in space is necessary to register the robot coordinate system with the one of the application. Robot-human interaction is awkward and dangerous for the human because of the possibly large size and power of the robot, so robot movements must be predictable and natural. We present a novel hybrid control algorithm which provides the needed precision in small scale movements while allowing for fast and intuitive large scale translations.
We present a parallel control architecture for industrial robot cells. It is based on closed functional components arranged in a flat communication hierarchy. The components may be executed by different processing elements, and each component itself may run on multiple processing elements. The system is driven by the instructions of a central cell control component. We set up necessary requirements for industrial robot cells and possible parallelization levels. These are met by the suggested robot control architecture. As an example we present a robot work cell and a component for motion planning, which fits well in this concept.
One of the many features needed to support the activities of autonomous systems is the ability of motion planning. It enables robots to move in their environment securely and to accomplish given tasks. Unfortunately, the control loop comprising sensing, planning, and acting has not yet been closed for robots in dynamic environments. One reason involves the long execution times of the motion planning component. A solution for this problem is offered by the use of highly computational parallelism. Thus, an important task is the parallelization of existing motion planning algorithms for robots so that they are suitable for highly computational parallelism. In several cases, completely new algorithms have to be designed, so that a parallelization is feasible. In this survey, we review recent approaches to motion planning using parallel computation.
Due to continuously increasing demands in the area of advanced robot control, it became necessary to speed up the computation. One way to reduce the computation time is to distribute the computation onto several processing units. In this survey we present different approaches to parallel computation of robot kinematics and Jacobian. Thereby, we discuss both the forward and the reverse problem. We introduce a classification scheme and classify the references by this scheme.
This paper discusses the problem of automatic off-line programming and motion planning for industrial robots. At first, a new concept consisting of three steps is proposed. The first step, a new method for on-line motion planning is introduced. The motion planning method is based on the A*-search algorithm and works in the implicit configuration space. During searching, the collisions are detected in the explicitly represented Cartesian workspace by hierarchical distance computation. In the second step, the trajectory planner has to transform the path into a time and energy optimal robot program. The practical application of these two steps strongly depends on the method for robot calibration with high accuracy, thus, mapping the virtual world onto the real world, which is discussed in the third step.
Zur Zeit haben Industrieroboter nur eine sehr begrenzte Wahrnehmung ihrer Umwelt. Wenn sich Menschen im Arbeitsraum des Roboters aufhalten sind sie daher gefährdet. Durch eine Einteilung der möglichen Roboterbewegung in verschiedene Klassen kann gezeigt werden, dass die für einen Menschen im Arbeitsraum gefährlichste Bewegung die freie Transferbewegung ist. Daher besteht die betrachtete Aufgabe darin, diese Transferbewegung eines Manipulators durchzuführen, ohne mit dynamischen Hindernissen, wie zum Beispiel Menschen, zu kollidieren. Das vorgestellte SIMERO-System realisiert eine globale Ganzarmkollisionsvermeidung auf der Basis von Bildern stationärer Kameras. Das System gliedert sich in die vier Hauptkomponenten Bildverarbeitung, Robotermodellierung, Kollisionserkennung und Bahnplanung. Diese Komponenten werden im einzelnen vorgestellt.
Es handelt sich um den Aufbau des ersten Roboter-gestützten Systems zum Fräsen an der lateralen Schädelbasis. Durch Rückkopplung der Sensordaten lässt sich ein menschähnliches Fräsen nachahmen. Mehr noch: Es besteht die Möglichkeit der automatisierten Detektion der Dura mater durch Analyse der Standardabweichung der Kräfte, da die Dura mater dämpfend auf den Fräser wirkt. Mit dem Roboter ist es möglich, ein exaktes Implantatbett im Bereich der lateralen Schädelbasis auszufräsen.


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MDH Fact Sheet/Brochure
Why Does My Water Smell Like Rotten Eggs?
HYDROGEN SULFIDE AND SULFUR BACTERIA IN WELL
Hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) can occur in wells anywhere in
Minnesota, and gives the water a characteristic "rotten egg" taste or odor.
This brochure provides basic information about hydrogen sulfide gas and sulfur
bacteria and discusses actions that you can take to minimize their effects.
What are the sources of hydrogen
sulfide in well water and the water distribution system?
Hydrogen sulfide gas can result from a number of different sources. It can
occur naturally in groundwater. It can be produced by certain "sulfur bacteria"
in the groundwater, in the well, or in the water distribution system. It can be
produced also by sulfur bacteria or chemical reactions inside water heaters. In
rare instances, it can result from pollution. The source of the gas is
important when considering treatment options.
Are sulfur bacteria or hydrogen sulfide
In most cases, the rotten egg smell does not relate to the sanitary quality of
the water. However, in rare instances the gas may result from sewage or other
pollution. It is a good idea to have the well tested for the standard sanitary
tests of coliform bacteria and nitrate. Sulfur bacteria are not harmful, but
hydrogen sulfide gas in the air can be hazardous at high levels. It is
important to take steps to remove the gas from the water, or vent the gas to the
atmosphere so that it will not collect in low-lying spaces, such as well pits,
basements, or enclosed spaces, such as well houses. Only qualified people who
have received special training and use proper safety procedures should enter a
well pit or other enclosed space where hydrogen sulfide gas may be present.
Are there other problems associated
with sulfur bacteria or hydrogen sulfide?
Yes. Sulfur bacteria produce a slime and can promote
the growth of other bacteria, such as iron bacteria. The slime can clog wells,
plumbing, and irrigation systems. Bacterial slime may be white, grey, black or
reddish brown if associated with iron bacteria. Hydrogen sulfide gas in water
can cause black stains on silverware and plumbing fixtures. It can also corrode
pipes and other metal components of the water distribution system.
What causes hydrogen sulfide gas to
form in groundwater?
Decay of organic matter such as vegetation, or chemical reactions with some
sulfur-containing minerals in the soil and rock, may naturally create hydrogen
sulfide in gas in groundwater. As groundwater moves through soil and rock
formations containing minerals of sulfate, some of these minerals dissolve in
the water. A unique group of bacteria, called "sulfur bacteria" or
"sulfate-reducing bacteria" can change sulfate and other sulfur containing
compounds, including natural organic materials, to hydrogen sulfide gas.
How is hydrogen sulfide gas produced in
a water heater?
A water heater can provide an ideal environment for the conversion of sulfate to
hydrogen sulfide gas. The water heater can produce hydrogen sulfide gas in two
ways - creating a warm environment where sulfur bacteria can live, and
sustaining a reaction between sulfate in the water and the water heater anode.
A water heater usually contains a metal rod called an "anode," which is
installed to reduce corrosion of the water heater tank. The anode is usually
made of magnesium metal, which can supply electrons that aid in the conversion
of sulfate to hydrogen sulfide gas. The anode is 1/2 to 3/4 inches in diameter
and 30 to 40 inches long.
How can I find the source of a hydrogen
sulfide problem, and what can I do to eliminate it?
The odor of hydrogen sulfide gas can be detected in water at a very low level.
Smell the water coming out of the hot and cold water faucets. Determine which
faucets have the odor. The "rotten egg" smell will often be more noticeable
from the hot water because more of the gas is vaporized. Your sense of smell
becomes dulled quickly, so the best time to check is after you have been away
from your home for a few hours. You can also have the water tested for hydrogen
sulfide, sulfate, sulfur bacteria, and iron bacteria at an environmental testing
laboratory. The cost of testing for hydrogen sulfide ranges from $20 to $50
depending on the type of test.
- If the smell is only from the hot water
faucet the problem is likely to be in the water heater.
- If the smell is in both the hot and cold
faucets, but only from the water treated by a water softener and not in the
untreated water the problem is likely to be sulfur bacteria in the water
- If the smell is strong when the water in
both the hot and cold faucets is first turned on, and it diminishes or goes
away after the water has run, or if the smell varies through time the
problems is likely to be sulfur bacteria in the well or distribution system.
- If the smell is strong when the water in
both the hot and cold faucets is first turned on and is more or less
constant and persists with use the problem is likely to be hydrogen sulfide
gas in the groundwater.
What can I do about a problem water
Unless you are very familiar with the operation and maintenance of the water
heater, you should contact a water system professional, such as a plumber, to do
- Replace or remove the magnesium anode.
Many water heaters have a magnesium anode, which is attached to a plug
located on top of the water heater. It can be removed by turning off the
water, releasing the pressure from the water heater, and unscrewing the
plug. Be sure to plug the hole. Removal of the anode, however, may
significantly decrease the life of the water heater. You may wish to
consult with a reputable water heater dealer to determine if a replacement
anode made of a different material, such as aluminum, can be installed. A
replacement anode may provide corrosion protection without contributing to
the production of hydrogen sulfide gas.
- Disinfect and flush the water heater
with a chlorine bleach solution. Chlorination can kill sulfur bacteria,
if done properly. If all bacteria are not destroyed by chlorination, the
problem may return within a few weeks.
- Increase the water heater temperature to
160 degrees Fahrenheit (71 degrees Celsius) for several hours. This
will destroy the sulfur bacteria. Flushing to remove the dead bacteria
after treatment should control the odor problem.
CAUTION: Increasing the water heater
temperature can be dangerous. Before proceeding, consult with the manufacturer
or dealer regarding an operable pressure relief valve, and for other
recommendations. Be sure to lower the thermostat setting and make certain the
water temperature is reduced following treatment to prevent injury from scalding
hot water and to avoid high energy costs.
What if sulfur bacteria are present in the
well, the water distribution system, or the water softener?
- Have the well and distribution system
disinfected by flushing with a strong chlorine solution (shock chlorination)
as indicated in the "Well Disinfection" fact sheet from the Minnesota
Department of Health (MDH). Sulfur bacteria can be difficult to remove once
established in a well. Physical scrubbing of the well casing, use of
special treatment chemicals, and agitation of the water may be necessary
prior to chlorination to remove the bacteria, particularly if they are
associated with another type of bacteria known as "iron bacteria". Contact
a licensed well contractor or a Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) well
specialist for details.
- If the bacteria are in water treatment
devices, such as a water softener, contact the manufacturer, the installer,
or the MDH for information on the procedure for disinfecting the treatment
What if hydrogen sulfide gas is in the
The problem may only be eliminated by drilling a well into different
formation capable of producing water that is free of hydrogen sulfide gas or
connecting to an alternate water source, if available. However, there are
several options available for treatment of water with hydrogen sulfide gas.
- Install an activated carbon filter.
This option is only effective for low hydrogen sulfide levels, usually less
than 1 milligram per liter (mg/L).* The gas is trapped by the carbon filter
is saturated. Since the carbon filter can remove substances in addition to
hydrogen sulfide gas, it is difficult to predict its service life. Some
large carbon filters have been known to last for years, while some small
filters may last for only weeks or even days.
- Install an oxidizing filter, such as a
"manganese greensand" filter. This option is effective for hydrogen
sulfide levels up to about 6 mg/L. Manganese greensand filters are often
used to treat iron problems in water. The device consists of manganese
greensand media, which is sand coated with manganese dioxide. The hydrogen
sulfide gas in the water is changed to tiny particles of sulfur as it passes
through the filter. The filter must be periodically regenerated, using
potassium permanganate, before the capacity of the greensand is exhausted.
- Install an oxidation-filtration system.
This option is effective for hydrogen sulfide levels up to and exceeding 6


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In my Applied Mathematics class, woodshop has put the shop in applied. During a unit on fractions, I asked students to build a number of these try squares, all different shapes and sizes. In order to assess my students ability to read a ruler and calculate fractions, I made all the dimensions wonky. No 8″ cuts for my students! Dimensions looked like 8 3/4″, 4 3/8″, 5 "1/16 and all sorts of foolishness. Once I felt my students had mastered the build process, we took our show to Houston's Mini-Maker Faire!
1. Cut your beam from straight-edged 1″or 3/4″ x 1/4″ thick stock. I like mine about 8″. You can get thin stock like this at Home Depot or Lowe's, but I'm not sure on the widths available.
2. Cut three 6″ lengths to become your try square stock.
3. Use a speed square set the interior angle while you clamp the four pieces together with carpenters glue. The middle piece of stock should stick out of the center by the width of your beam.
4. Wait until the glue dries. Carefully use a chisel or file to remove the squeeze out.
5. Check accuracy.
At the end of every square build, we tested the accuracy of our try squares. I used this pdf to explain the process and try to introduce proportions to my young charges. We successfully created a handful of accurate try squares. We created way more inaccurate try squares. I know, you could use those other plans and have a perfect try square. You could build ten of mine and come away with three working models!
I've found this is a great project for medium-sized hands. With the smaller students (or quicker builds) we screwed the stock and beam together.
How accurate will your try square be?
Make it safe & keep the rubber-side down this weekend!


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You may have noticed that the emulator images shipped in the WM 6 SDKs have no cellular signal, which is very different from the previous SDKs where all images used to be connected to the Fake Network. We had to make this change to introduce the new Cellular Emulator tool. WM 5.0 SDKs' images use a technology we call FakeRIL, or the Fake Radio Interface Layer, and although it allowed developers to call and send SMS from within the Device Emulator (see Windows Mobile Device Emulator phone numbers for some examples), Cellular Emulator offers more options and it makes it easier to test your applications.
Here is some information on how to run Cellular Emulator and configure emulator image's network settings to browse to the Internet. Once you configure the emulator images, you can save their states (from Device Emulator) to speed up the process.
Cellular Emulator is a software-based emulator to aid developers and testers in developing and testing their software under the Windows Embedded CE and Windows Mobile platforms. The design goal of Cellular Emulator is to replace the radio module in both development and test environments. The advantage of Cellular Emulator is that it provides not only voice but also data connectivity. Moreover, Cellular Emulator is a powerful tool to test various applications under different wireless network conditions in GSM/GPRS and/or UMTS networks.
Running Cellular Emulator
- Launch the Cellular Emulator (Start/All Programs / Windows Mobile 6 SDK / Tools / Cellular Emulator ) and the Device Emulator.
- Read the COM port configuration from the status bar of the Cellular Emulator main window.
- In the Device Emulator, go to File / Configure and select the Peripherals tab.
- Map the Serial port 0 of Device Emulator to the specific COM number obtained from step 2
- Soft reset the Device Emulator (File / Reset / Soft).
Shutting the Cellular Emulator
The close button of the Cellular Emulator main windows will only send the application to the tray panel. To close the application, right click the tray icon and select Exit.
Cellular Emulator Data Connections
The Cellular Emulator will also provide GPRS connection simulation. Users can create simulated GPRS connections just like common ones. The access point name and user name/password are not checked and thus may be anything. Once the data connection is made, the emulator will just act as if it is connected to the network of the host machine. If some proxy settings are needed for the host machine to set up connections to remote machines, they are also needed on the emulator. Assume a network environment where HTTP proxy is needed to access external web sites. Setting samples on Windows Mobile 6 Standard and Professional are provided in the following sections.Windows Mobile 6 Standard
- Enter Start-Settings-Connections-GPRS-Menu-Add. Create a GPRS connection using the settings as follows.
- Name: PPP
- Connects to: WAP
- Network Access Point: Some Access Point Name
- User Name: Just leave blank for anonymous configuration
- (Optional) Enter Start-Settings-Connections-Proxy-Menu-Add. Create a proxy using the following settings.
- Description: Proxy
- Connects from: WAP Network
- Connects to: The Internet
- Address: The proxy in the specified user's network
- Enter Start-Settings-Connections-Menu-Advanced.
- Set Internet connection to PPP
- Set WAP connection to PPP
- Leave the others as automatic
- Enter Internet Explorer Mobile, and choose Menu–Tools–Options–Connections, then configure the Internet Explorer Mobile settings:
- Automatically detect settings: CHECKED
- Select network: The Internet
- Choose the Internet Explorer Mobile icon using the arrow key on the keyboard.
- Browse freely using Internet Explorer Mobile.
- If the user's computer uses a proxy to access the Internet, then the user needs to setup a Work Connection on the Pocket PC, otherwise the user can setup an Internet Connection.
- Setup a GPRS connection. Access point and user name can be empty.
- (Optional) Setup a proxy. This should be the full name of a working proxy required by the corporate network.
- Open Internet Explorer Mobile and browse to a web site.
Out of curiosity, Cellular Emulator went through an extreme makeover from the first time I learned about it as an internal tool, to its release in the Windows Mobile 6 SDK.
I hope you enjoy it and let me know your feedback!


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Source Newsroom: University of Iowa
Newswise — University of Iowa biologist Daniel Eberl and his colleagues have shown that one of the mechanisms involved in hearing is similar to the battery in your car.
And if that isn't interesting enough, the UI scientists advanced their knowledge of human hearing by studying a similar auditory system in fruit flies—and by making use of the fruit fly "love song."
To see how the mechanism of hearing resembles a battery, you need to know that the auditory system of the fruit fly contains a protein that functions as a sodium/potassium pump, often called the sodium pump for short, and is highly expressed in a specialized support cell called the scolopale cell.
The scolopale cell is important because it wraps around the sensory endings in the fly's ear and makes a tight extra-cellular cavity or compartment around them called the scolopale space.
"You could think of these compartments as similar to the compartments of a battery that need to be charged up so they can drive electrons through circuits," says Eberl, whose paper made the cover of the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. "In the auditory system, the charge in the scolopale space drives ions, or electrically charged atoms, through membrane channels in the sensory endings that open briefly in response to activation by sounds.
"Our work shows that the sodium pump plays a particularly important role in this cell to help replenish or recharge this compartment with the right ions. The human ear also relies on a compartment called the scala media, which similarly drives ions into the sensory cells of the ear," he says.
How was the research done? This is where the fruit fly love song comes into play.
Testing whether or not a fruit fly can hear the love song—a sound generated by a vibrating wing—enables Eberl to learn whether electrical recharging is occurring in the fly ear. The fruit fly love song played a role in the research by stimulating the fly to move whenever a sound was emitted and received.
"In these experiments we tested the fly's hearing by inserting tiny electrodes in the fly's antenna, then measuring the electrical responses when we play back computer-generated love songs," he says.
Eberl notes there are many similarities between fruit fly and human mechanisms of hearing. That means his work on the fly model to identify additional new components required for generating the correct ion balance in the ear will help scientists to understand the human process in more detail.
Eberl's co-authors on the paper areMadhuparna Roy, postdoctoral associate at the University of Pittsburgh, and Elena Sivan-Loukianova, UI biology research scientist. At the time of the research, Roy was a graduate student in the UI Graduate College studying in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences Department of Biology.
The title of the paper, published last week, is "Cell-type-specific roles of Na+/K+ ATPase subunits in Drosophila auditory mechanosensation."
The research was supported by the National Institutes of Health (grant number 5P30DC010362-03) and the Iowa Center for Molecular Auditory Neuroscience at the UI (grant number P30DC010362).


text:
In conjunction with the Philippines Autism Consciousness Week, the proposed event was conducted based on the partnership built between government agencies and civil society organizations in the Southeast Asia and Japan. The event aimed to build a basis of dynamic exchange between Southeast Asia, particularly countries in the Mekong sub-region, and Japan about autism and recreation, leisure and sports as the first attempt in this area.
Over 400 participants from the Mekong countries and Japan enjoyed the opportunities for the human exchange. They gained knowledge and experience of the Philippines in terms of recreation, leisure and sports in the autism context. The participants also learned the outcome and impact of the movement at the national level through the Angel's walk for Autism. All the partners recapped the findings and lessons learned and, all the activities conducted were reviewed to make sure that knowledge and experience gained from the Philippines would be available in the Mekong countries.


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Specimen plants are plants grown by themselves in a lawn or garden for ornamental effect, rather than being massed with others as are bedding plants or edging plants. Specimen plants can thus serve as focal points in landscape design.
It's easy to remember what "specimen" plants are if you learn the Latin root the word is based upon. The Latin root, specmeans "to look at." Consequently, a specimen plant is one you would single out in your landscape as being particularly noteworthy, deserving of "center stage" in your yard. Most often this will be a tree, but it could also be a shrub if the latter is sufficiently large and showy.
An example of a specimen plant is a flowering tree that has a prominent spot reserved for it on a lawn. What type of tree should you use? Well, that's a highly personal choice. For example, if you have a favorite color, you might make your selection from a number of candidates whose flowers sport that particular color. But it could be any attribute that you, yourself attach value to.
I happen to use a golden chain tree in this manner in my own yard. I value the look of its abundant and long flower racemes. But again, it's a matter of personal choice. A possible objection here is that golden chain trees don't bloom long enough to warrant usage as specimen plants. My own opinion is that their brilliance while in bloom trumps the brevity of the blooming period.
Some people would make pleasing plant form the criterion they use for selecting a specimen plant, rather than pretty flowers. Their argument is that an interesting branching structure, for example, can be appreciated year-round, rather than for just the short period during which a tree or shrub blooms. It's easier to make that case in the context of landscaping for small spaces, where space constraints may limit you to one specimen plant.
Plants with interesting forms include:
Ideally (and if your landscape is large enough), you would include at least one plant you regard as a specimen plant in your landscaping for each of the four seasons. That way, you have something to look forward to throughout the year.


Gustave, The Bullet-Proof Demon Crocodile of Burundi
You can see a video version of this article below and hear and extra bonus story about a fireman I met called Corporal Ben Dover.
If that's not your thing, check out the original article after the jump.
Within the areas they can naturally be found and a handful zoos with crappy fencing, Nile crocodiles are described as being "apex predators", the scientific and supremely badass sounding title given to animals so comprehensively unfuckwithable that no other animals dares prey on them. While all Nile crocodiles are considered to be apex predators, a large example of the species known as Gustave is unique amongst his kin due to his habit of attacking humans.
According to local legend, Gustave has killed more than 300 people during his several decade long career as a large crocodile. Gustaves usual modus operandi involves snatching people from the edges of the Rusizi River in Burundi, East Africa and leaving their corpses uneaten. In regards to the latter, this has proved to be the most enduring aspect of Gustave's and his habit of dragging people into the water just to watch them drown has led some to assume that the homicidal crocodilian kills reasons other than needing to eat like practising how to hunt or perhaps more likely, that he's an asshole.
Exactly how large Gustave is isn't known, though conservative estimates based on photographs, descriptions from people who've seen him and still have enough limbs to make wildly exaggerated hand measurements and bite marks in wildebeests say he's likely well over 20 feet long and probably weighs over 2000 pounds. Or to put it another way, big enough that you could shoot him in the face and he wouldn't even give a fuck.
Pretty big
That's not hyperbole by the way, along with his massive size and impressive girth, Gustave is recognisable due to a number of bullet wounds he sports along his body. The rambunctious reptile is said to have gotten these scars during run-ins with African soldiers, who have supposedly attempted to kill him on multiple occasions with sustained volleys of AK47 fire. Locals insist that on these occasions Gustave escaped harm by "eating the bullets" and swimming away while giving everyone whatever the crocodile version of the finger is. Scientists have disputed this admittedly awesome theory, instead suggesting that Gustave's sheer bulk and size simply makes him bulletproof which is somehow way more terrifying.
In fact, Gustave is so large that he's known to hunt and kill hippos, an animal so tough that when human poachers want to kill them, they have to use fucking rocket launchers. Speaking of which, along with being wholly bulletproof and able to shrug off sustained fire from a dozen assault rifles, Gustave is rumored to have once survived being hit, albeit indirectlym by an RPG round fired by a soldier clearly angling for a promotion. While this sounds unlikely, dozens of soldiers claiming to have had run-ins with Gustave have admitted that they were only able to scare him away by throwing hand grenades into the water, so it's not like he's a stranger to people trying to blow him the fuck up.
All of these things have combined though to make Gustave a veritable legend in the African villages along the river he calls his home to the point many believe him to be some sort of demonic entity. A belief we'd make fun of if we weren't genuinely scared that this thing might get so angry with the world it learns to fly or something.


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Rubidium: historical information
Rubidium was discovered in 1861 spectroscopically by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchoff as an impurity associated with samples of the mineral lepidolite (a form of mica). The name rubidium (from the Latin "rubidus" - dark red) was coined for its bright red spectroscopic lines.
Rubidium salts were isolated by Bunsen by precipitation from spring waters - along with salts of other Group 1 elements. He was able to separate them and isolated the chloride and the carbonate. He isolated rubidium metal by reducing rubidium hydrogen tartrate with carbon.
WebElements now has a WebElements shop at which you can buy periodic table posters, mugs, T-shirts, games, molecular models, and more.


North Walsham & District Community Archive
North Walsham Past and Present. Published 1975.
The 18th century has been called the "Age. of Improvement", referring mainly to farming and industry, but could equally well be applied to transport. Roads and canals were the main forms of inland transport to benefit from improvements. Roads maintained by the. local efforts of parishioners as well as navigable rivers had existed for centuries but the increased economic activity of the late 18th century strained their capacity to the extent that turnpike trusts were set up to levy tolls at tollgates, using the surplus money to keep the. roads in usable condition. Likewise navigations were improved and extended as canals.
The Trustees of the Turnpike Road from Norwich to North Walsham were local gentlemen of position and some wealth, who met to discuss turnpike matters at the King's Arms, very near the start of the turnpike, which is now the Norwich Road. They tried hard to catch people who were trying to avoid the tolls by having a watch kept on the approach road from a cottage near the toll booth. The total of tolls in 1840 was £316, or about £1 on weekdays, paid a few coppers at a time by the daily stagecoach, carts, herds of sheep and cattle and a few private carriages. At an average toll of 6d there were probably just over 40 movements a day;compare that with today: The toll keeper was requested not to bring exemptions to the notice of users.
Upkeep of the road mainly involved putting gravel into any holes that formed, smoothing the surface by raking and also unblocking ditches which tended to flood the road. Gravel was bought at 3d a load and in 1810 over 90 loads were needed. In addition the tollkeeper and roadmenders had to be paid so that this could not have been a very profitable concern, but it was a great benefit to the district.
When railways took away much of the long-distance traffic from the turnpikes, the trusts were wound up, debts paid and the roads were then kept in repair by the local authority road boards.


Distributed Matrix Solver
The distributed matrix solver is a distributed memory parallel technique for the HFSS integral equation solver (IE) solver. HFSS-IE uses the method of moments (MoM) technique to solve for sources and currents on the surfaces of conducting and dielectric objects. The distributed matrix solver significantly increases HFSS-IE simulation capacity by using the distributed-memory parallel technique to distribute the matrix solution to a network of processors and RAM. This method combines with multithreading to provide faster solves for each of the individual subdomains.
The distributed matrix solving method distributes the matrix solution across a network to utilize available processors and RAM. This significantly improves computational speed for ANSYS HFSS-IE.


The giant water reservoir.
Did you know that hot water is lighter than the cold water, and it will freeze faster? Water is everywhere. It's the thing that makes life survive on Earth but how about space?
A big water reservoir was found in space in 2008 by a team of astronomers. It's the largest body of water discovered in the space till now. And it's floating in the space! It's 12 billion years away and its floating around a quasar.
It's suspected to hold 140 trillion more times the quantity of all the oceans on Earth.
What is a quasar? Here is the scientific explanation
explanation of quasar
Quasars ar the most powerfull entities in the space, but this one is way bigger then all the ones studied before.
This particular quasar is pumping 1000 trillion times more energy than the SUN.
A quasar gets his power from the giant black hole that consumes the disk …