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A Look At The Moon - Part 2
- 2004 21 Jul
* Around the Globe *
The face on the Moon would be oriented differently at various times of the night. The "top" of the Moon's face points toward the North. So when the Moon is rising and setting, the face is tilted somewhat on it's side.
The Moon's orientation can vary in other parts of the world. The tilting effect would be more pronounced in the Tropics, where the entire sphere of the sky appears to lay on it's side. The Moon would appear to be "laying its head" on the horizon while rising and setting!
In the southern hemisphere, the Moon's face would appear upside down! From the southern latitudes, South is "up" in the sky, so the "top" of the Moon's face would point down. If you live in the lands "Down Under," you might have to use a *lot* of imagination to see the Moon's face!
As we noted in a previous Update, the movie "The Passion of the Christ" is the only movie of note that accurately showed a Full Moon in the sky during the Passover, as it would be according to the Law of Moses. And though this movie was excellent in so many ways, there was a goof with the face of the Moon!
The Moon's face was shown turned too far away from how it would appear in the northern latitude of Jerusalem. The Moon actually appeared oriented as it might be seen in the southern hemisphere, not the Holy Land. Interestingly, Mel Gibson grew up in Australia, and it may be that this appearance of the Full Moon looked natural to him!
As Moses said in the Blessing of Joseph:
"Blessed of the LORD be his land, for the precious things of heaven... for the precious things put forth by the Moon." -- Deuteronomy 33:13a, 14b
In addition to the moonlight and the tides and the other things, we can surely add the Moon's face as one of those "precious things," as we will read of below.
* History of the Moon's Face *
Since ancient times, people have been able to find a face amidst the dark lunar features. In the First Century A.D., the Greek philosopher Plutarch wrote a book entitled, "Concerning the Face Which Appears in the Orb of the Moon." In an early observation of nearsightedness, Plutarch wrote:
"Dull and weak eyes discern not distinction of shape in the Moon but her orb for them has an even and full light, whereas those of keen and robust vision make out more precisely and distinctly the pattern of facial features and more clearly perceive the variations."
Plutarch's book was mostly concerned with addressing problems with the pseudo-scientific, Earth-centered notions of Aristotle. This book is remarkable in that it reveals that the ancients were well aware of the inmplications of a Sun-centered cosmology. However, they rejected this idea since it was not explainable by the erroneous physics of Aristotle.
Remarkably, no attempt was made to name the dark features on the Moon in ancient times. The nature of the Moon's dark markings was a mystery for ancient astronomers, who believed that the celestial bodies were "perfect." This notion, and the rest of the cosmology of Aristotle, collapsed upon the invention of the telescope. It was in fact the Moon's face that hastened the demise of the ancient Earth-centered science.
Galileo was the first to observe the Moon's surface through a telescope. In his 1609 book, "Starry Messenger," Galileo noted:
"From observations of these spots repeated many times I have been led to the opinion and conviction that the surface of the Moon is not smooth, uniform and precisely spherical as a great number of philosophers believe it (and the other heavely bodies) to be, but is uneven, rough, and full of cavities and prominences, being not unlike the face of the Earth."
In observing the dark features of the Moon, Galileo further remarked:
"As to the large lunar spots, these are not seen to be broken in the above manner... rather, they are even and uniform.... Hence if anyone wished to revive the old Pythagorean notion that the Moon is like another Earth, its brighter part might fitly represent the surface of the land and its darker region that of the water."
In this way, Galileo suggested the dark areas might actually be oceans or "seas" upon the face of the Moon. Through a small, amateur telescope the Moon's "seas" do have a very soft, velvety appearance, different from the rocky, lighter areas.
The generations following Galileo latched on to the idea of lunar seas. The first telescopic lunar atlas was prepared in the mid-1600s by Johannes Hevelius. It was Hevelius who first gave individual names to these dark markings. Following Galileo's observation, Hevelius named the "seas":
Left Eye -- Sea of Showers;
Right Eye -- Sea of Serenity;
"Tears" -- Sea of Tranquility;
"Tears" -- Sea of Fertility;
"Tears" -- Sea of Nectar;
Eyebrows -- Sea of Cold;
Nose -- Sea of Vapors;
Mouth -- Sea of Clouds.
In the time of Hevelius, the idea of "life on other worlds" was very popular. It was believed that the Moon and all the planets were inhabited by beings suitably adapted to live on these alien worlds. In this modern era of spaceflight, we know that the Moon and planets are dead worlds. The "Seas" are simply an illusion. The Moon's surface is dry and dusty, and the dark "Seas" are actually areas of the Moon that are less-craggy that the lighter areas.
Have your homeschool scholars draw the Seas of the Moon and label them on the drawing. And each month when the Moon is gibbous or full, try to learn to spot the Moon's face. List how many Seas can be seen with the unaided eye.
Jay Ryan is the author of "The Classical Astronomy Update," a free e-mail newsletter for helping Christian homeschool families learn more about events in the starry sky. If you would like to receive the Update, please drop Jay an e-mail at _EMAIL_. Visit the Classical Astronomy web site - _URL_


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User Account Control Overview
Updated: August 31, 2012
Applies To: Windows Server 2012, Windows 8
User Account Control (UAC) is a fundamental component of Microsoft's overall security vision. UAC helps mitigate the impact of a malicious program.
UAC allows all users to log on to their computers using a standard user account. Processes launched using a standard user token may perform tasks using access rights granted to a standard user. For instance, Windows Explorer automatically inherits standard user level permissions. Additionally, any programs that are executed using Windows Explorer (for example, by double-clicking an application shortcut) also run with the standard set of user permissions. Many applications, including those that are included with the operating system itself, are designed to work properly in this way.
Other applications, especially those that were not specifically designed with security settings in mind, often require additional permissions to run successfully. These types of programs are referred to as legacy applications. Additionally, actions such as installing new software and making configuration changes to programs such as Windows Firewall, require more permissions than what is available to a standard user account.
When an applications needs to run with more than standard user rights, UAC can restore additional user groups to the token. This enables the user to have explicit control of programs that are making system level changes to their computer or device.
Admin Approval Mode in UAC helps prevent malicious programs from silently installing without an administrator's knowledge. It also helps protect from inadvertent system-wide changes. Lastly, it can be used to enforce a higher level of compliance where administrators must actively consent or provide credentials for each administrative process.
In Windows Server 2012 UAC functionality is improved to:
Allow a user with administrator privileges to configure the UAC experience in the Control Panel.
Provide additional local security policies that enable a local administrator to change the behavior of the UAC messages for local administrators in Admin Approval Mode.
Provide additional local security policies that enable a local administrator to change the behavior of the UAC messages for standard users.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Unique Differences Between Historical Dramas In China, Japan And Korea
The 3 countries have major differences.
There are lots of fun traditional dramas that have come out of China, Japan, and Korea. Check out some of the subtle differences between them!
1. China
Most of them are pre-produced, so sometime entire scenes must be re-filmed even if the drama has entered the editing process.
Korean dramas tend not to do this as it raises the cost of production. It's possible for Korean dramas to be finished editing mere hours before the episode airs.
For dramas set in the Qing Dynasty, actors must shave their heads for the role.
Though costume makeup has developed, many actors still shave their heads to make the drama more realistic.
2. Japan
Japanese dramas about the Edo period also require male actors to shave parts of their head.
Supposedly, this hairstyle made it easier for samurai to wear their helmets and was a sign of honour.
On NHK, they have an annual historical drama called "Taiga dramas" that broadcast every Sunday, from January to December.
Each story changes every year, and the tradition began back in 1963. At the end of the year, they broadcast a special 3 to 4 hour version of the full story.
3. Korea
Many actors in Korean traditional dramas decide to forgo the hairstyle of their ancestors, and simply cover their heads with traditional headgear.
According to ancient texts, this is how their ancestors styled their hair.
It's understandable that Korean actors decided to avoid this unique hairstyle.
Source: Dispatch


When you press the Print button on a screen, a window will appear as follows:
The fields are:
Printer - shows the default printer for your current location - if this is defined (see Administration|Organisation|Practice Location), otherwise the first available printer. Use the pull-down to select the required printer.
Copies - set the number of copies required
The Preview button will generate and display a copy of the document in your browser.
The Mail button will generate a copy of the document and bring up an email window so that you can email the document.
Syndicate content


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Macau is well known as a gaming city in Asia and even in the world, where the environmental protection is always a focus for the governmental administration and public concern. In the meantime, the subject of urban environment and city development is also a sustaining research interest for the academic society of Macau and it is also a hot topic for collaborative researches of Macau scholars and the scholars from Beijing and Guangzhou and Hong Kong as well as the Pearl River delta region. For this reason, Macau Environmental Research Institute (MERI) is established in September, 2015, and is becoming the key research institute in Macau University of Science and Technology.
MERI is committed to a research strategy in accordance with the social, economic and cultural significance of Macau. We organize full-scale academic communication and cooperation with research institutions in Macau, from periphery and around the world. With these capacities combined, MIRI hopes to further carry out the systematic researches on the new environmental topics in Macau, and endeavors to build an advantaged research platform for interested scholars and students and to offer original and meaningful research findings for local and international academics. The research fields will mainly include but not limited to:
- Vehicle emission pollution and risk analysis;
- Urban ambient air quality simulation and prediction;
- Environmental pollution and risk analysis of Macau estuary;
- Solid waste recycling and management;
- Urban energy saving and emission reduction, and clean energy resources utilization;
- Ecological remediation of urban landscape lake;
- Public health and urban environmental pollution;
- Life cycle assessment method and application;
- Applications of remote sensing and urban geographic system；
- Strategic studies for city sustainable development and sustainable development index system;
- Environmental Quality Standard and Risk Assessment of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao
- Recovery theory and technology for the contaminated soil
An efficient crew of full-time and part-time researchers established the solid basis for teaching and research of the institute. We also built the stable cooperation relationship with the university in mainland China, such as Tsinghua University; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen University.
In addition, MERI had launched a master program on Environmental Science and Management. At the same time, we are also preparing for the application of Ph.D degree program.


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A water-stable zinc(ii)–organic framework as a multiresponsive luminescent sensor for toxic heavy metal cations, oxyanions and organochlorine pesticides in aqueous solution†
A novel metal–organic framework with the formula [Zn3(DDB)(DPE)]·H2O (1) (H5DDB = 3,5-di(2′,4′-dicarboxylphenyl)benzoic acid and DPE = 1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethylene) has been solvothermally synthesized by employing a rigid carboxylate ligand H5DDB to assemble with Zn(II) ions in the presence of a flexible bis(pyridyl) linker DPE. The Zn-MOF is a 3D framework with six-nuclear clusters and possesses remarkable water stability and pH stability. Interestingly, complex 1 can sensitively and selectively sense Fe(III), Cr(III), Cr(VI), Mn(VII) and the pesticide 2,6-Dich-4-NA with low detection limits in aqueous solution. Moreover, complex 1 also exhibits selectivity for 2,6-Dich-4-NA detection in real samples including carrot, grape and nectarine extracts, and its detection ability is almost unchanged in the presence of the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The possible mechanisms of luminescence quenching have been explained by the weak affinity of nitrogen atoms, resonance energy transfer, and photoinduced electron transfer. To our knowledge, this is the first example of a MOF-based multiresponsive fluorescent probe for the simultaneous detection of Fe(III), Cr(III/VI), Mn(VII) and the pesticide 2,6-Dich-4-NA in aqueous solution.


The science of toxic online comments
Mike Szydlowski
Columbia Daily Tribune
Our level of connectedness — thanks to the internet — has created some great opportunities, saved us lots of time, entertained us and improved our lives in countless ways. However, there is a dark side to the internet, which seems to bring out the worst in people.
The worst of the internet comes in the form of online comments and it is getting worse each year. People often comment on a news story and it seems that, no matter what the story is, someone will find a way to connect it to politics, a personal attack or a conspiracy theory — and they will have no problem posting it. Why is there so much anger online?
Anger from within
We have heard it before and it holds true online. People who have been bullied or treated poorly have a much greater chance of turning the anger towards others when they eventually get the chance. This can happen in person, but more often it happens behind a computer screen where the person feels safer.
There is a difference between posting online and being obsessed with posting online. Research has shown that those struggling in some way are often obsessed with commenting online, and the posts are almost always hostile and very often contain non-sensible theories or beliefs.
It has also been well documented that people who are angry will comment on stories far more than those that are happy. This gives angry posters a sense of belonging as most of the posts they see agree with them. Truth is though, those angry posts almost always represent a very small fraction of the community.
Anger with protection
People that post angry messages or say horrible things online would likely never say those things to people if they met them face-to-face. The internet provides protection that does not exist in real life.
Studies include countless cases where researchers found the real person behind horribly mean online posts and, more often than not, the angry poster never had even a shred of courage to say any of those things to a real person. A recent study found that those who routinely make hostile posts are three times more likely to hide behind a fake name, protecting them even more.
Other scientific studies show those angry posters don't believe comments made online have the same impact as a comment made to somebody's face. Because of this, they feel the need to make the post even more angry and mean so that it stands out and makes more of an impact.
Anger controlled?
Is there a way to make the internet a nicer place? People are trying, and it is helping some, but it's unlikely to completely fix the problem. The worst online comments come from news sites. Many news organizations will no longer allow anonymous postings. Most require a poster to first sign up, then have their information verified in some way. Some news organizations have turned off commenting completely and only allow comments on their social media accounts, where there is greater accountability.
Does it work? Sometimes but not always. In 2015, South Korea made it mandatory that online posters registered their full identity before making any online comments. It did reduce the number of online comments, but only by 0.9%. That is not a significant impact. However, other studies have found that even if requiring real names does not reduce the number of angry posts, it does tend to reduce the level of posted anger.
Anger protection
What can you do if you are the target of this anonymous anger? Studies have shown that the most effective help is to remember the science of why such anger is posted in the first place. In most cases, they have the problem — not you. The other option that should be obvious is to put down the computer and do something else. Their problems might also be caused by other people, but that doesn't mean you have to suffer because of it.
The online social environment can be positive for many, but only if it is balanced with real interactions with people and your environment.
Mike Szydlowski is science coordinator for Columbia Public Schools.
1. According to science, why are people angrier online than in person?
2. According to science, why might supervisors and employers be indirectly responsible for people's online anger?
3. Does requiring posters to use their real names reduce the number of angry online posts? Explain.
4. If you are the target of angry online posts, what can you do to feel better?
5. Task: Either online or in person, say something nice to somebody.


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The Influence of Corn Removal Date on Corn Rootworm Oviposition, Resultant Larval Populations and Damage
Thesis - Open Access
Master of Science (MS)
Department / School
The objective of this research was to determine the effect of corn removal for silage on rootworm oviposition and on the resulting populations and damage the following years. If the corn is removed before oviposition occurs, and if the beetles go elsewhere to lay their eggs, damage to the corn roots the following spring should be prevented. This would save farmers insecticide costs the following year. To determine how adult populations present in the corn field in late summer and fall affect damage to the corn the following spring, corn vegetation was removed on different dates encompassing the time oviposition was taking place. The damage to the corn from the resulting rootworm populations was correlated to the corn removal dates as affected by fall and spring plowing.
Library of Congress Subject Headings
Corn -- Harvesting
Corn -- Diseases and pests
Number of Pages
South Dakota State University
Holm, Michael F., "The Influence of Corn Removal Date on Corn Rootworm Oviposition, Resultant Larval Populations and Damage" (1976). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 4952.


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Mouse - Lymphohematopoietic System - 790.pff
Image Name: 790.pff
Image Annotation: Model: From The Study Set Of T Fredrickson. Dx: Mast Cell Sarcoma The splenic red pulp is filled with mast cells. Solid foci of mast cell tumor in the liver. Several large infiltrates are also present in the liver. 200x.
Staining Method: Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining Method
Organ: Lymphohematopoietic System
Diagnosis: Mast Cell Hematopoietic Sarcoma
Image donated by: Scott Kogan


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Instructor:, Customer Success Practice Principal
Without Data Governance principles and policies in place, members of the Data Governance team are left with no standards for how to define data, how to identify appropriate sources for reporting and compliance activities, and who is responsible for the associated technical and business processes.Data Governance principles and policies establish the core objectives and basis for measuring compliance. Principles and policies identify the roles and responsibilities and are used for communications and education throughout the enterprise.
A key aspect of creating Data Governance principles is to make them short and sweet so everyone can remember! The principles establish the data culture, drive desired outcomes and form the Data Governance roadmap. Data Governance policies can then be developed for multiple principles and are used to measure Data Governance compliance. The policies outline the What, Why and Who level and support the operating procedures and standards. Implementing both Data Governance principles and policies into practice provides your team with the guidance and knowledge necessary to succeed.


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Pálinka is a traditional fruit brandy in Hungary, Slovakia, Austria and Romania, known under several names, and invented in the Middle Ages in Hungary. Protected as a geographical indication of the European Union, only fruit spirits mashed, distilled, matured and bottled in Hungary, and similar apricot spirits from four provinces of Austria can be called pálinka. Törkölypálinka, a different product in the legal sense, is a likewise protected pomace brandy that is colloquially included with pálinka. The European Union have also been establishing geographical protection for a growing number of local traditional varieties, such as the Plum Pálinka of Szatmár (Szatmári Szilvapálinka) and others. While pálinka may be made of any local grown fruit, the most common ones are plums, apricots, apples, pears, and cherries.[1]
Legal definitions[edit]
 1. it is fermented exclusively from fruit (excluding concentrates and dried fruit) grown in Hungary, and free of additional ingredients
 2. is grown, distilled and bottled in Hungary,
 3. is not rectified higher than 86%, and is bottled with at least 37,5% ABV.
While pálinka is traditionally made from a mash of ripe fruit, the law does not control the addition of non-concentrated fruit juice, and explicitly allows the use of fruit pulp. Dried fruit are excluded from the mash only, and may be used in the aging process.[2]
As a consequence of this regulation, a whole family of popular Hungarian products were rebranded as "szeszes ital" (spirit drinks). Traditional pálinkas mixed with honey were rebranded as "szeszes ital" as well (or liqueur, if the sugar content exceeded the required limit), even if there was no unorthodox steps in the process of distillation. Most of the brands re-categorized as spirit drinks, however, are cheap mixtures of flavorings, water, and rectified spirit.[3]
In 2004 the European Union accepted pálinka as a Hungarian speciality, and hence its production is limited to Hungary (and four provinces of Austria for pálinka made from apricot). This caused some confusion in neighbouring countries, as some claimed that producers of fruit brandies would have to pay a royalty to Hungary.[4] This is however not the case. It is the brand "pálinka" that is protected by Hungarian and EU law, hence producers outside of Hungary are not allowed to use the brand "pálinka" for their products, but they are free to produce fruit brandies and sell them under different names. This is in spite of the drink being historically distilled in most of historical Hungary, many regions of which fall outside the present-day borders.
Geographical protection[edit]
While pálinka has PDO on its own, some regions of Hungary are especially suitable for the production of certain fruit, and pálinka of excellent quality has been produced in those regions for centuries. These local variations are protected as separate geographical indications, and have their own well-detailed regulations. In order to use these protected names on the label, strict geographical and technical requirements must be met. A product not meeting the special requirements of gönci barackpálinka (apricot pálinka of Gönc) for example, cannot be labeled as such, not even if it's otherwise a legit apricot pálinka from Gönc. In Hungary, only these local variations are referred to as pálinka with protected designations of origin.
The eight palinkas with local PDO[edit]
The first records of the Hungarian spirit date back to the fourteenth century (1332), and refer as "Aqua vitae reginae Hungariae" to the aqua vitae of the wife of the King Charles I of Hungary. This spirit was probably a brandy blended with rosemary, and had its use in medicine, as both the king and the queen suffered from arthritis.
Hungarian pálinka bottle
In the 19th century, breweries and pálinka distilleries operated in tandem. Comenius described the equipment used to make pálinka in "Orbis sensualium pictus" ("The World in Pictures"), his famous book written for children in the Hungarian town of Sárospatak. Distilling itself was the right of landowners, while laws were introduced to prevent peasants from making pálinka at home. The use of wheat was banned and distillation was forbidden on religious holidays. Despite this, the church still oversaw alcohol production. Records show that Cistercian monks in Heves County were brewing beer and distilling pálinka in 1715. The role of Jewish lenders and businessmen also grew with the production of alcohol and Saint Michael was designated patron saint of distilling. Textbooks and publications also began to appear on the subject around this time.
The larger scale production of distillates, pálinka and liqueurs from 1799 resulted in guidelines being drawn up for distillation and the priority rights granted to landowners were made law. It wasn't long before a pálinka tax was introduced and by 1850, distillation was a state monopoly. In 1920, there were 260 pálinka distilleries in Hungary, a figure that grew to 1,070 in 1970 before falling back down to 815 in 1982. In the meantime, various laws were introduced to restrict production, including prohibition during the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919 and splitting of production 50-50 with the state from 1952 to 1970.
Illegal home distilling became popular in the 18th century when peasant breweries were shut down. The practice was fuelled by the desire to make use of fruit that had fallen from the tree and could not be eaten coupled with the knowledge that making pálinka at home was much less expensive. Because the end product was often inferior, this produce was reserved for personal use and only offered to friends and guests.
The word pálinka became widespread in Hungary in the seventeenth century, but it still referred to distillates made from grain. The meaning was later transferred to fruit brandies, while wheat distillates were referred to as "crematura". Distillation became a privilege of the landlords, which led to the proliferation of home stills. Law forbade the use of bread-stuffs for distillation, hence the use of fruit. Private distilleries and factories started to appear towards the end of the eighteenth century, which led to legislation and to the introduction of a Pálinka tax.
Types of pálinka[edit]
- Kisüsti (literally "Small pot, cauldron") is a double-distilled pálinka made in a copper pot not exceeding a volume of 1000 litres.
- Törköly (Pomace pálinka, also Törkölypálinka) is a pálinka made from grape pomace. One of the oldest types of pálinka; it helps digestion, and is usually consumed in small quantities after meals.[6]
A popular saying in Hungary says: what can be used to prepare jam can also be used to produce pálinka. For a fruit to be suitable for jam production it has to contain some sugar. This saying suggests that pálinka can be made from a large variety of fruit, and indeed it is made from most of the fruit available in Hungary.
The most common pálinkas are made from apricots, pears, and plums. Other fruit that are often used are sour cherries, apples, mulberries and quince. Nevertheless, pálinka made from chestnuts is also available.
An unusual way of presenting pear palinka is when the bottle contains a whole fruit inside.[7] The tiny immature fruit and its branch are threaded into the bottle, and the pear matures there to a point where it is much larger than the bottle opening.
Pálinka should be served at 18-20°C because it is at this temperature that the fine smell and taste of the fruit can be best enjoyed. If served too cold, the smell and the taste will be difficult to appreciate.
The form of the glass used to drink pálinka has a big influence on the drinking experience. The ideal glass is wide at the bottom and narrow at the rim: tulip-shaped. The relatively narrow neck of the glass concentrates the "nose" released from the larger surface at the bottom of the glass, magnifying the smell of the drink.
Modern production[edit]
Modern commercial production occurs in Hungary, Romania and parts of Austria. It is commonly made from the fermentation of plums, but other fruit used include apricots, apples, pears, peaches and cherries.[8][9] The traditional double distillation process results in a strong alcohol content of 40 to 70 percent ABV.[10][11]
Commercial production[edit]
The first step in the production process is the preparation of the fruit mash. The stony seed is removed from the fruit that have such (e.g., cherry, apricot, plum) in order avoid the cyanide contained in these seeds from ending up in the distillate. Some fruit (e.g., apple, pear, quince) will be ground in order to make the mash soft.
The second step in the production process is the fermentation. Some fruit, like quince, require an additive to start the fermentation


5 Fantastic Health Advantages of Cabbage
The health advantages of cabbage go a lengthy method to enhancing the healthiness of human and animal alike. It's believed by a few that cabbage has couple of equals with regards to healing power.
As you can tell already, cabbage is wonderful. There are lots of health advantages of cabbage, but individuals such as the following are five of the greatest.
 1. Prevent cancer, particularly cancer of the colon. Nowadays, many people are conscious that fruits and vegetable possess the capacity to prevent cancer. With regards to cabbage, our prime fiber content plays a role in good digestive health. What this means is regular journeys towards the loo along with a healthy colon. Large research has also discovered that use of cabbage will mean you get less cases of cancer of the colon.
 2. Slow aging. Cabbage is packed with ascorbic acid and beta-carotene (originates from vit a), making among the health advantages of cabbage a potential to deal with aging. If you would rather look more youthful for extended (that is practically everybody), try to consume more cabbage.
 3. Lower serum cholesterol. The mixture of negative and positive cholesterol within your body is called serum cholesterol. Whenever it's at an advanced, you're understandably in a greater chance of heart-related disease. Fortunately, doctors believe another of the health advantages of cabbage is being able to lower serum cholesterol.
 4. Relieve muscle soreness. This really is choice for you gym-junkies. All individuals sore muscles following a heavy workout could be relieved with cabbage. It will this by providing a good way to obtain lactic acidity which disinfects the colon and energizes you.
 5. Boost energy. Because the vitamin b complex is assimilated from your body, you will get an all natural hit of one's. You're ready to achieve more and revel in existence like there is no tomorrow.
Cabbage is super-effective, and could be likened to some warehouse of nutrients. It is able to perform a realm of good for you. To nibble on cabbage, whether in salads and soups however an simpler strategy is with juicing.
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Load Factors in Steep Turns
At a constant altitude, during a coordinated turn in any aircraft, the load factor is the result of two forces: centrifugal force and weight. [Figure 5-52] For any given bank angle, the ROT varies with the airspeed—the higher the speed, the slower the ROT. This compensates for added centrifugal force, allowing the load factor to remain the same.
Figure 5-53 reveals an important fact about turns—the load factor increases at a terrific rate after a bank has reached 45° or 50°. The load factor for any aircraft in a coordinated level turn at 60° bank is 2 Gs. The load factor in an 80° bank is 5.76 Gs. The wing must produce lift equal to these load factors if altitude is to be maintained.
It should be noted how rapidly the line denoting load factor rises as it approaches the 90° bank line, which it never quite reaches because a 90° banked, constant altitude turn is not mathematically possible. An aircraft may be banked to 90° in a coordinated turn if not trying to hold altitude. An aircraft that can be held in a 90° banked slipping turn is capable of straight knife-edged flight. At slightly more than 80°, the load factor exceeds the limit of 6 Gs, the limit load factor of an acrobatic aircraft.
For a coordinated, constant altitude turn, the approximate maximum bank for the average general aviation aircraft is 60°. This bank and its resultant necessary power setting reach the limit of this type of aircraft. An additional 10° bank increases the load factor by approximately 1 G, bringing it close to the yield point established for these aircraft. [Figure 5-54]
Load Factors and Stalling Speeds
Any aircraft, within the limits of its structure, may be stalled at any airspeed. When a sufficiently high AOA is imposed, the smooth flow of air over an airfoil breaks up and separates, producing an abrupt change of flight characteristics and a sudden loss of lift, which results in a stall.
A study of this effect has revealed that an aircraft's stalling speed increases in proportion to the square root of the load factor. This means that an aircraft with a normal unaccelerated stalling speed of 50 knots can be stalled at 100 knots by inducing a load factor of 4 Gs. If it were possible for this aircraft to withstand a load factor of nine, it could be stalled at a speed of 150 knots. A pilot should be aware of the following:
- The danger of inadvertently stalling the aircraft by increasing the load factor, as in a steep turn or spiral;
- When intentionally stalling an aircraft above its design maneuvering speed, a tremendous load factor is imposed.
Figures 5-53 and 5-54 show that banking an aircraft greater than 72° in a steep turn produces a load factor of 3, and the stalling speed is increased significantly. If this turn is made in an aircraft with a normal unaccelerated stalling speed of 45 knots, the airspeed must be kept greater than 75 knots to prevent inducing a stall. A similar effect is experienced in a quick pull up or any maneuver producing load factors above 1 G. This sudden, unexpected loss of control, particularly in a steep turn or abrupt application of the back elevator control near the ground, has caused many accidents.
Since the load factor is squared as the stalling speed doubles, tremendous loads may be imposed on structures by stalling an aircraft at relatively high airspeeds.
The following information primarily applies to fixed-wing airplanes. The maximum speed at which an airplane may be stalled safely is now determined for all new designs. This speed is called the "design maneuvering speed" (VA), which is the speed below which you can move a single flight control, one time, to its full deflection, for one axis of airplane rotation only (pitch, roll or yaw), in smooth air, without risk of damage to the airplane. VA must be entered in the FAA-approved Airplane Flight Manual/ Pilot's Operating Handbook (AFM/POH) of all recently designed airplanes. For older general aviation airplanes, this speed is approximately 1.7 times the normal stalling speed. Thus, an older airplane that normally stalls at 60 knots must never be stalled at above 102 knots (60 knots × 1.7 = 102 knots). An airplane with a normal stalling speed of 60 knots stalled at 102 knots undergoes a load factor equal to the square of the increase in speed, or 2.89 Gs (1.7 × 1.7 = 2.89 Gs). (The above figures are approximations to be considered as a guide, and are not the exact answers to any set of problems. The design maneuvering speed should be determined from the particular airplane's operating limitations provided by the manufacturer.) Operating at or below design maneuvering speed does not provide structural protection against multiple full control inputs in one axis or full control inputs in more than one axis at the same time.
Since the leverage in the control system varies with different aircraft (some types employ "balanced" control surfaces while others do not), the pressure exerted by the pilot on the controls cannot be accepted as an index of the load factors produced in different aircraft. In most cases, load factors can be judged by the experienced pilot from the feel of seat pressure. Load factors can also be measured by an instrument called an "accelerometer," but this instrument is not common in general aviation training aircraft. The development of the ability to judge load factors from the feel of their effect on the body is important. A knowledge of these principles is essential to the development of the ability to estimate load factors.
A thorough knowledge of load factors induced by varying degrees of bank and the VA aids in the prevention of two of the most serious types of accidents:
- Stalls from steep turns or excessive maneuvering near the ground
- Structural failures during acrobatics or other violent maneuvers resulting from loss of control


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What does BARU mean in Railroads?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand BARU in the Regional field in general and in the Railroads terminology in particular.
Find a translation for BARU in other languages:
Select another language:
What does BARU mean?
- Baru was an extinct genus of Australian mekosuchine crocodilian. It was semi-aquatic, around 4 m in length. Being semi-aquatic its habitat was around fresh pools of water in wet forests, ambushing their prey, much like modern species. The word Baru is Aboriginal and means "crocodile's ancestor". Fossils have been found in Australia at Riversleigh in north-western Queensland and Alcoota Station it the Northern Territory.


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Rossington Bridge Roman potteries
List Entry Summary
This monument is scheduled under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 as amended as it appears to the Secretary of State to be of national importance. This entry is a copy, the original is held by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport.
Name: Rossington Bridge Roman potteries
List entry Number: _PHONE_
Irregular shaped land parcel of 6.53ha centred at SK 63234 99970 on the N side of the River Tone, NE of Rossington Bridge.
The monument may lie within the boundary of more than one authority.
District Type: Metropolitan Authority
District Type: Metropolitan Authority
National Park: Not applicable to this List entry.
Grade: Not applicable to this List entry.
Date first scheduled: 04-Sep-1975
Date of most recent amendment: 10-Jul-2017
Legacy System Information
The contents of this record have been generated from a legacy data system.
Legacy System: RSM - OCN
UID: SY 1108
This list entry does not comprise part of an Asset Grouping. Asset Groupings are not part of the official record but are added later for information.
List entry Description
Summary of Monument
Roman pottery thought to have been operated by the potter Sarrius from the AD 140s, producing an unusually wide range of pottery types and forms mainly for the Roman army, the site surviving as extensive buried deposits.
Reasons for Designation
Rossington Bridge Roman potteries is scheduled for the following principal reasons: * Period, Rarity: as a Roman pottery associated with the potter Sarrius (active AD 135-170) who also produced pottery from the Mancetter-Hartshill area of Warwickshire and near Bearsdon in the western sector of the Antonine Wall in Scotland; * Survival, Potential: the survival of extensive archaeological remains across the monument, not just kiln sites, but spreads of pottery waste representing an unusually wide range of pottery types, ditched enclosures and other features and deposits.
Roman pottery production in Britain started in AD 40-50, soon after the Roman conquest and continued into the C5. The peak of production was during the C2, after which the number of production centres began to diminish. Pottery made in Britain was supplemented by a wide range of ceramics imported into Britain from elsewhere in the Roman Empire. Early examples of Roman potteries are concentrated in the S and E, principally in the Nene Valley and Kent areas. In the C2, potteries became more widespread. All of the nearly 400 known potteries in England are located with ready access to markets, and all are situated close to necessary raw materials such as suitable clay, water and fuel. Potteries are often found in clusters, in both urban and rural areas. Although there was some variation throughout the country, all Roman potteries broadly included the same elements: kiln drying chambers and associated structures such as worksheds, preparation floors, stores and sometimes accommodation for the workforce. Some potteries had fewer than five kilns, others upwards of 35. Some potteries formed parts of larger industrial complexes accommodating other crafts with similar technological needs, such as iron smelting. Roman pottery making sites in Britain provide important information about the technology of pottery manufacture and its development and, more generally, the economic structure of the Roman province. They also offer scope for understanding trade patterns and how they related to the political and military situation.
In late 1956, a 5.7m wide trench was cut for a water main leading to the pumping station 325m NE of Rossington Bridge. This uncovered large quantities of Roman pottery and was notified to Doncaster Museum. Between 1957 and 1961, J R Lidster (the museum's Keeper of Antiquities) carried out a series of excavations, which although poorly recorded, identified five pottery kilns, a domestic oven and other evidence of extensive occupation. In 1959 a proton magnetometer survey was carried out at the site identifying 10 geophysical anomalies interpreted as kilns, three of which were subsequently confirmed by excavation, the others being left unexcavated. In 1963-5 the area surveyed by geophysics was extended identifying a further 21 anomalies, at least ten interpreted as additional kilns. These archaeological investigations were not written up for publication immediately; however they led to an area being scheduled in 1975. The investigations, along with the findings of a re-examination of the surviving site archive and finds collection, were finally published in 2001 (Buckland et al, 2001). Unfortunately, because of deficiencies in the surviving records, the extent and location of the 1963-5 geophysical survey and thus the location of at least 10 unexcavated kilns remained open to interpretation. It is most likely that these are located to the E of the top of a steep scarp, mainly SW of an electricity pylon at SK6329299966, this interpretation being supported by the findings of a 2015 geophysical survey (see below). However an alternative interpretation would place them to the W of the water pipeline, possibly extending beyond the SW boundary of the scheduled monument. Two further Roman kilns were excavated in 1960 by a local amateur archaeologist, W Ingram, somewhere to the S of the River Tone near Rossington Bridge Farm: however the site of these kilns is not known and they are not included in the scheduling which is confined to the N of the River Tone.
In 2015, a topographic and geophysical survey was carried out by Wessex Archaeology, the raw data being analysed using more advanced software by Historic England in 2016. This identified a number of anomalies across the northern two thirds of the scheduled monument which were interpreted as representing a range of archaeological remains including further probable kiln sites, ditched enclosures and other features. The survey also identified a cluster of five anomalies on the S side of the electricity pylon that appear to match kilns identified by geophysics in 1963-5.
In the C2, the area SE of Doncaster developed into an important pottery production centre, the Rossington Bridge pottery probably being the most significant. Evidence suggests that this was established by a potter named Sarrius sometime between AD 140 and 150. Sarrius, the most prolific potter producing stamped mortaria in C2 Britain (active between AD 135 and 170), had previously established works in the Mancetter-Hartshill area of Warwickshire and subsequent to Rossington, also set up a pottery in Scotland near Bearsden in the western sector of the Antonine Wall. Finds from Rossington suggest that Sarrius had two deputies identified by stamps naming Setibogius and Secundua. Although it is clear that the main market for the Rossington Bridge Pottery was the Roman army, it is suggested that the pottery was a private entrepreneurial business, established at the northern limits of the territory administered by the Coriltauvi tribe.
PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS: buried remains of Roman pottery kilns together with other related structures and deposits of pottery production waste products, along with remains of Roman settlement activity.
DESCRIPTION: Roman remains survive as buried deposits which are not expressed as upstanding earthworks, however occasional pottery sherds can be identified in areas of ground disturbance.
The northern two thirds of the scheduled monument is gently-sloping S-facing land which is raised up from the level of the river floodplain. The southernmost corner is part of the river floodplain with land rising steeply up as a scarp to the N and more gently to the NW. It is possible that the steep scarp represents the eroded remains of a Roman quarry face for clay extraction.
The excavations showed that the kilns are typically approximately 1m in diameter internally, being clay lined pits each linked to a larger stoke hole via short, horizontal flues. Kilns typically retain deposits of charcoal, broken fragments of pottery and fired fragments from the temporary kiln covers formed from turf, along with fired clay pedestals and bars upon which the unfired pots would have been stacked within the kiln. Of the approximately 20 kilns identified in the archaeological investigations in 1956-65, only 6 were excavated, the remainder are considered to remain in situ. The 2015 geophysical survey also suggests the in situ survival of further kilns in the northern part of the monument. Archaeological investigations have not establish the limits of the site so it is possible that further kilns survive in situ beyond the boundaries of the monument. Excavation also uncovered pebble surfaces, the possible remains of a clamp (bonfire sealed with turfs) used for firing black burnished ware, along with other structures represented by stake holes. Further unexcavated examples of similar features are expected to survive within (and perhaps beyond) the area of the monument.
Products of the pottery uncovered in the excavations were especially wide ranging including a wide variety of grey wares (mainly cooking pots), along with finer black burnished wares and fine, decorated Parisian tablewares. Some pottery is wheel-thrown, some is fully hand-made. Further deposits of such pottery are considered to survive as buried deposits within the area of the scheduling. Other finds from the site included remains of at least one human inhumation along with evidence of settlement activity, from before and after the operation of the pottery. Finds of obviously imported pottery including Samian suggest that the site developed into a relatively high status domestic settlement at the end of the C2; further similar unexcavated material is considered to survive within the scheduled monument


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What is the process of obtaining the rights to adapt something for the stage? How do I legally translate a text for performance? Who owns the Intellectual Property in the adapted work?
Adapting or translating work for the stage is common practice in the theatre industry. An intriguing novel, found by an inspired and talented theatre-maker, adapted and re-worked to make what was intended to be read in solitude, a stimulating performance text to be experienced by a new community of theatre goers. The practice has the potential to breathe new life into printed words: new interpretations as they are uttered from the mouth of a talented performer. One thing to be clear about is that there is a legal framework that you must operate within when taking on the role of the adapter of a text. As an adapter, you are working with the intellectual property of the rights holder of the original text, this comes with a fair amount of legal responsibility as the onus is on the adapter to ensure due diligence in relation to their adaptation.
An adaptation right is an enabling right. It is important for anyone wishing to adapt work for the stage to seek permission before commencing with the adaptation. The adaptation right gives the adapter the legal authority to change, translate or adapt the work as per the terms and condition outlined in the adapter agreement between the rights holder and the adapter.
The rights holder of a work has complete control over how and when that work is exploited, reproduced or changed as it is their intellectual property. There is little someone wishing to adapt or license a work can do if permission is refused by the rights holder as this is their prerogative. Permission may be refused for a number of reasons, such as the rights holder's own plan for the title, another adaptation which may be in process, or quite simply a desire by the rights holder for the work to go unchanged in its original form. This is why it is important to seek permission prior to starting the project.
The first step is determining who the rights holder of the source material is. This may be the author, the publisher, the author's heirs, or a third party to whom the rights have been assigned. South Africa's current Copyright Act allows for copyright to subsist in a work for the life of the author plus fifty years following their death. If the work is published, the publishing house may have the power to authorise adaptations through their publishing agreement with the author. It is also important to note that just because an author has been deceased for more than fifty years, does not automatically mean that the rights in that text have entered the public domain. This is especially important if there are recent publications of the text or the planned stage adaptation is based on an existing adaptation where the original adapter is still under copyright protection. DALRO administers adaptation agreements on behalf of our rights holders on a regular basis. It would be wise to contact a licensing agent like DALRO to determine where the rights in a particular text are vested.
Once the rights holders have been determined, the adapter agreement would need to be negotiated and signed by both the adapter and the rights holder or their agent. Adapter agreements tend to be standard and would need to include certain parameters: 1. The title, author and details pertaining to the source work(s) to be adapted; 2. Clauses pertaining to rights holder approval of the adapted work once completed and prior to public performance, if desired by the rights holder; 3. Proposed title of the new adaptation; 4. The ownership and royalty division between the rights holder and the adapter in respect of use, reproduction of the new adapted work.
On the point of royalty divisions of the adaptation. Standard practice allows for the lion's share of the division to go to the rights holder of the source work as this is the content and material upon which the adaptation or translation has been made. The rights holder may also choose to charge a fee for the enabling right to adapt their work, though this is less common for stage adaptations. If the work is adapted by more than one person or through devising with the cast on the "floor of the rehearsal room", the adapter agreement should clearly specify what royalty splits would exist in relation to those who contributed to the adaptation. In a case where the source work is completely out of copyright protection, the adapter would then retain 100% of intellectual property rights in the new work. The adaptation would be seen as an independent work and copyright would subsist in the adaptation separate from the source work. I.e. under current law, copyright protection in the new work would last for the duration of the adapter's life plus fifty years and would have no bearing on when the copyright has lapsed in the original source material.
The Dramatic, Artistic and Literary Rights Organisation (DALRO) is responsible for licensing the rights to the world's most loved musicals, plays, literary and artistic works. As the first port of call for anyone wanting to produce and license works for performance, DALRO Theatricals administers the rights of authors, visual artists, poets and playwrights. DALRO's theatre licensing services include the supply of scripts, musicals and other theatrical resources to schools and theatres, both amateur and professional, in Southern Africa. The DALRO catalogue represents thousands of shows including iconic South African theatre works, hits from the Broadway and London stages, musical revues and shows written and adapted for young performers.
This article was originally published by PEN Afrikaans here.


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Dispossession: Discrimination against African American Farmers in the Age of Civil Rights
Dispossession Discrimination against African American Farmers in the Age of Civil Rights Author:Pete Daniel Between 1940 and 1974, the number of African American farmers fell from 681,790 to just 45,594--a drop of 93 percent. In his hard-hitting book, historian Pete Daniel analyzes this decline and chronicles black farmers' fierce struggles to remain on the land in the face of discrimination by bureaucrats in the U.S. Department of Agriculture. He exp... more »oses the shameful fact that at the very moment civil rights laws promised to end discrimination, hundreds of thousands of black farmers lost their hold on the land as they were denied loans, information, and access to the programs essential to survival in a capital-intensive farm structure.
More than a matter of neglect of these farmers and their rights, this "passive nullification" consisted of a blizzard of bureaucratic obfuscation, blatant acts of discrimination and cronyism, violence, and intimidation. Dispossession recovers a lost chapter of the black experience in the American South, presenting a counternarrative to the conventional story of the progress achieved by the civil rights movement.« less


HUNG KINGS' COMMEMORATION DAY - Back to The Roots of Our Cultural Values
On Saturday morning March 27, CIS students have visited the Hung Kings Temple at the History Ethnic and Cultural Park (district 9) with over 30 students and teachers from the Saturday Vietnamese Program onboard. Following the Hung Kings Temple, impressive performance, and others, students have been able to engage in a valuable learning experience. During the journey to the Hung Kings Temple, the students had the opportunity to participate in various activities and engage in a valuable learning experience.
Students were listening to a presentation at Hung King Temple
Here, they were able to expand their understanding of their origin as well as learn about the great contributions of the Hung Kings, accompanied by informative lectures. Also, there is an enormous artwork depicting the material and spiritual life of the residents in Van Lang's era, and 33 stones representing the 33 islands of the Truong Sa archipelago, which is a reminder of the awareness of the sea and island sovereignty.
Designing historical Hung Vuong period attire
Following the impressive performance, students soon got to shaping "bánh giày", which are round, white glutinous rice cakes, to recreate the traditional scene of hand pounding rice in the exploration of the 2875-258 BC Van Lang lifestyle
Students glutinous with rice and make bánh giày
Finish cooking of the Hung Vuong dynasty
The succeeding culture-themed games, including Cheraw dance and tug of war, kept spirits high until the end. By allowing students to interact with a part of Vietnam's history, these activities boosted their appreciation for Vietnamese tradition and culture, specifically during the Hung Vuong period.
Cheraw dance
"I can feel the value of Vietnamese history and our country's soul through each unique painting and ancient artifacts. That's what I want to learn and cultivate. I will bring my filial spirit to discover Vietnamese people's cultural values and beauty wherever I go to continue enriching my understanding. It is also luggage for me to bring in my future journey to a new horizon." (Minh Anh, Grade 11)
 At the end of the trip, students took a photo together
All journeys leave behind an unforgettable trace, and those aiming to instigate experience and newfound knowledge surrounding cultural values especially so. This occasion brings meaning and memorable experiences, particularly the students in grade 11 of CIS.
Related posts


The cars on U.S. roads are older than they've ever been.
A recent survey found that the average age of U.S. vehicles is now at a record high of 11.5 years.
That means the average passenger car on the road today was built for the 2004 model year--and that there's a long tail of cars stretching well back into the 1990s around you in daily traffic.
DON'T MISS: Gas Prices Matter To U.S. Households, But Only Somewhat
The statistic comes from research firm IHS Automotive, which supplied a few reasons for increased average car age, according to The Car Connection.
One reason is that cars built over the last decade or so are better made than ones made 20 or 30 years ago--a response to consistent consumer calls for increased reliability.
Greater electric-car adoption could accelerate this trend even further because: Without combustion engines, electric cars have far fewer parts that can break or wear out.
2004 Honda Civic Coupe
2004 Honda Civic Coupe
Of course, the resilience of cars doesn't matter if people don't continue driving them.
The data indicate people are using their older cars more, and a lower rate of crashes means fewer cars are taken off the road due to damage.
And while new-car purchases are on the rise, many recent buyers likely haven't bought a new car in a long time.
ALSO SEE: U.S.P.S. 'Long Life' Vehicles Last 25 Years, But Age Shows Now
Buyers now keep new cars for an average 77.8 months--26 months longer than they did in 2006.
Used-car buyers keep their purchases an average 63 months, a 25-month increase.
This may still be due to the aftereffects of the Great Recession, which severely depressed car sales and caused the average age of cars to spike.
2004 Nissan Sentra
2004 Nissan Sentra
While showroom traffic is still strong and sales are at 10-year highs, IHS believes the average age of cars on U.S. roads will continue to increase, albeit more slowly.
It predicts the volume of vehicles aged zero to five years will increase 24 percent over the next five years, and the volume of sixto 11-year-old vehicles will decline by 11 percent.
MORE: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle: Average Vehicle Now 11.4 Years Old, Oldest Since WW2 (Aug 2013)
But the volume of cars aged 12 years or more will increase 15 percent by 2020, researchers say.
The average age of vehicles is expected to reach 11.6 years in 2016, and 11.7 years in 2018.
When those cars do get replaced, though, increasingly-strict efficiency standards mean it will almost certainly be with something that uses less fuel.
Follow GreenCarReports on Facebook, Twitter, and Google+.


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"The Girl and the Bicycle" is a picture book for kids. As it has no text, it is good in developing children's creativity and imagination by interpreting the picture on their own.
Book Title: The Girl and the Bicycle
Author/Illustrator: Mark Pett
Central Topic/Theme: money management for kids
A picture book about a girl who wanted to buy a bicycle. Her money was not enough, so she tried to find ways to earn money. She saved up until she had enough amount to buy the bicycle she wanted. But when she went to the store to buy the bicycle, it was not there. Where could her bicycle be? Listen to the story to find out what happened to the bicycle.
Questions to ask
- What does the girl want to buy?
- What did she do to buy the bicycle?
- Do you have something in your mind that you want to buy? What will you do to be able to buy the item you want?
- Conduct a selling activity.
- Do coin rubbing.
- Go outdoors and bike with your child/children.
Get this book from Amazon.com!


Franco Mana
Franco Mana is a Principal Research Scientist in Nuance's Central Research department. Franco's interest in neural networks started in 1990, and since then, he has contributed to various developmental stages of neural network technologies as applied to speech recognition systems. These contributions include adopting graphic cards (GPU) for neural network acceleration and introducing parallel algorithms to make training large neural network models possible. He is a co-inventor of multiple patents ranging from neural network technology to signal processing. Prior to joining Nuance in 2011, Franco held a research position at a small technology company controlled by an Italian telephone company operating in speech recognition and synthesis systems. He holds a Bachelor of Science degree in computer science from Turin University in Italy.
Franco Mana's stories
Making speech recognizers more robust in the wild
Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) facilitates humans interacting with machines in the most natural way: by speaking to them. Ideally, we would like to be able to talk with machines without limitation. This implies an ASR system should work well for any user and under any environment. Unfortunately, there are tremendous challenges towards achieving this goal. […]


text: Computational Methods for Nanoscale Applications: Particles, Plasmons and Waves presents new perspectives on modern nanoscale problems where fundamental science meets technology and computer modeling. This book describes well-known computational techniques such as finite-difference schemes, finite element analysis and Ewald summation, as well as a new finite-difference calculus of Flexible Local Approximation MEthods (FLAME) that qualitatively improves the numerical accuracy in a variety of problems. Application areas in the book include long-range particle interactions in homogeneous and heterogeneous media, electrostatics of colloidal systems, wave propagation in photonic crystals, photonic band structure, plasmon field enhancement, and metamaterials with backward waves and negative refraction. Computational Methods for Nanoscale Applications is accessible to specialists and graduate students in diverse areas of nanoscale science and technology, including physics, engineering, chemistry, and applied mathematics. In addition, several advanced topics will be of particular interest to the expert reader. Key Features: Utilizes a two-tiered style of exposition with intuitive explanation of key principles in the first tier and further technical details in the second Bridges the gap between physics and engineering and computer science Presents fundamentals and applications of computational methods, electromagnetic theory, colloidal systems and photonic structures Covers 'hot topics' in photonics, plasmonics, and metamaterials.


Minggu, 21 Maret 2010
Joomla Components, Modules and Plugins
Joomla is a fantastic piece of software and once you know how to use it, it's very user friendly. Certainly Joomla 1.5 has taken a huge step forward in usability. But for someone new, certainly for someone who never used a CMS before, it can be quit overwhelming in the beginning. We all had the same feeling the first time we installed Joomla: where do I start? Well a good start of course is to learn the basics. So if you are already familiar with Joomla, you can stop reading now (really!). In this article I'll explain the difference between the 3 types of extensions for Joomla: components, modules and plugins.
A component is in fact a seperate application. You can think of a component as something that has it's own functionality, it's own database and it's own presentation. So if you install a component, you add an application to your website. Examples of components are a forum, a newsletter, a community system, a photo gallery, etc. You could think of all of these as being a seperate application. Everyone of these would make perfectly sence as a stand-alone system. A component will be shown in the main part of your website and only one component will be shown. A menu is then in fact nothing more then a switch between different components. You can compare it a bit with your windows taskbar, where you see a tab for each open application.
Modules are extensions which present certain pieces of information on your site. It's a way of presenting information that is already present. This can add a new function to an application which was already part of your website. Think about latest article modules, login module, a menu,.... Typically you'll have a number of modules on each web page. The difference between a component and a module is not always very clear for everybody. But if you think about it, it's really not that difficult. A module doesn't make sense as a standalone application, it will just present information or add a function to an existing application. Take a newsletter for instance. A newsletter is a component. You can have a website which is used as a newsletter only. That makes perfectly sense. Although a newsletter component probably will have a subscription page integrated, you might want to add a subscription module on a sidebar on every page of your website. You can put this subscribe module anywhere on your site. You'll probably agree with me that a site with just a subscription module and no actual newsletter component would be rather ridiculous.
They used to be called mambots in Joomla 1.0.x, but since Joomla 1.5.x they're called plugins. A plugin is a function which is performed on a part of Joomla before this part is shown. This part can be on content, on the editor, on the complete system, etc. This might seem a bit abstract, but you'll understand it with an example. Let's take one of the plugins of Ulti Joomla as an example: Ulti Reflection. This is a plugin which can make a reflection of the images you use in your content articles. To use this you just have to put something like
inside your content. Before the content is shown to the user, the Ulti Reflection plugin will scan the content to find the {reflection} tag. If it finds the tag, it will replace the tag with the image and it's reflection. Be carefull not to put to many plugins one your website, because some of them can really slow down your site.
If the difference between the three types of extensions is still not completely clear, then I advice you to go to admin pages of your joomla installation and check the components menu, the module manager and the plugin manager. Joomla comes with a number of core components, modules and plugins. By checking what they're doing, the difference between the three types of building blocks should become clear. You can also check out the official Joomla extensions page. Browse through the extension categories and you'll be amazed about the extension possiblities you have for your site.
from: _URL_


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Winnett Cemetery, established in 1916, is the archetypical prairie cemetery of eastern and central Montana communities. The markers represent the homestead settlement era, the oil boom of the 1920s, and the slow decline in rural population thereafter. While relics of the homestead settlement era are representative of many communities east of the Divide, the oil boom relics are specific to the Winnett area. The grave markers are made from locally available materials, which is typical of the prairie communities in the early 1900s. These materials include sandstone, iron spikes, and railroad ties. Furthermore, the cemetery is a physical reminder of the hardships endured by the settlers of the early 20th century.
The cemetery included misaligned rows, lost markers, and areas filled with undocumented graves. The disorganization made it difficult to locate family plots and individual graves. Using a grant from the History Foundation, the Petroleum County Conservation District employed Archaeo-physics and the University of Montana Archaeological School to complete a geophysical survey. This data was used to create a field map locating all known burials.


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A pilot study has been undertaken (2001-2) to survey the status of recording and assessment procedures used by RIGS groups. In addition, other methods of recording are being analysed. UKRIGS wishes to acknowledge the financial support of English Nature in this project.
RIGS are designated by locally developed criteria. They are important as an educational, historical and recreational resource. The designation of RIGS is one way of recognising and thereby protecting important Earth science and landscape features for the future.
Integrity sites: These are sites whose scientific or educational value lies in the fact that they contain finite and limited deposits or landforms that are irreplaceable if destroyed e.g., active process geomorphological sites or limestone pavements.
Exposure sites: Sites whose scientific or educational value lies in providing exposures of a deposit, which are extensive or plentiful, underground e.g., cuttings, cliffs, outcrops and mines.
These guidelines are taken from the NCC strategy. The main selection criteria are based on four main themes. All RIGS systems should incorporate these principles.
Sites are selected according to their value for:
- Educational fieldwork in primary and secondary schools, at undergraduate level and in adult education courses.
- Scientific Study by both professional and amateur Earth scientists. Such sites demonstrate, alone or as part of a network, the geology or geomorphology of an area.
- Historical significance in terms of important advances in Earth science knowledge.
- Aesthetic qualities in the landscape, particularly in relation to promoting public awareness and appreciation of Earth sciences.
Many Earth science sites are under threat from a whole host of sources. RIGS are equivalent to local Wildlife Sites and other non-statutory wildlife designations. They can be listed in local authorities' development plans and shown on "alert maps". RIGS can be protected through the planning system if a RIGS group recommends sites to the local planning authority.
Regionally Important Geological and Geomorphological Sites (RIGS) are currently considered the most important places for Earth science outside statutorily protected land such as Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs).
For more information on RIGS site protection - consider a copy of the RIGS Handbook.
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Clinging to the side of a doomed ocean liner, Leonard Delamont wrapped his lifebelt around his mother, kissed her goodbye and jumped into the glacial waves of the St. Lawrence River.
The young man, never to be seen again, was among 1,012 killed that foggy night when the Empress of Ireland was hit by a freighter near Rimouski and plunged beneath the surface in just 14 minutes.
Dubbed "Canada's Titanic," the sinking on May 29, 1914, stands as one of the country's worst maritime disasters, though a surprising number of Canadians have never heard of it.
Compared to the famous story of the Titanic luxury liner that sank two years earlier, the Empress of Ireland's tale has remained in the shadows.
100th anniversary approaches
But experts on the ship's history believe the Empress is finally getting its due as the 100th anniversary of the tragedy approaches.
The vessel will be commemorated in the coming days with the release of Canada Post stamps, a pair of silver coins from the Royal Canadian Mint, the launch of an exhibit at the Canadian Museum of History, the unveiling of a monument and several memorials around the country.
'A lot of Canadians don't know about it and I guess I would be one of them if I didn't have a family connection,' - June Ivany, decendant of Empress of Ireland passenger
Descendants of those aboard the Empress, like Delamont's niece, hope the centenary will help further boost public awareness about the liner and its victims.
"A lot of Canadians don't know about it and I guess I would be one of them if I didn't have a family connection," said June Ivany, who plans to attend Empress events this week in Rimouski, Que., near the wreck site.
"It is part of Canadian history and so much is played up about the Titanic. Why not make people aware of our maritime disasters?"
The deadly collision represents only part of the historical significance linked to the steamship, which played a key role in Canada's immigration boom during her years in service, from 1906 until the 1914 tragedy.
Sailing for a new life in Canada
Over those years, around 120,000 European immigrants sailed on the prestigious liner to a new life in Canada.
The federal government has estimated about a million Canadians today — or about one in 35 — can trace an ancestor to this ship.
Others believe the number is a more modest ratio of one in 60.
But despite its importance the Empress has long been overshadowed by two higher-profile transatlantic sinkings of the same era that also claimed more than 1,000 lives: the Titanic and the Lusitania.
The Titanic struck an iceberg in 1912, killing around 1,500 people, while a German U-boat torpedoed the Lusitania in 1915, killing nearly 1,200.
The horror of the Empress disaster and the tales of survival were splashed on front pages around the world, but weeks later international attention had shifted to the outbreak of the First World War.
As the years passed by, families affected by the Empress disaster like Delamont's clan avoided discussing the incident to spare themselves from the painful memories.
"When I was growing up, you didn't talk about it," said Ivanywho also shared her family's story in a posting on a website dedicated to the anniversary.
465 suvivors
All four of Delamont's relatives aboard the Empress, including his mother Seraphine, were among the fortunate 465 who survived.
Ivany said aside from hearing about her uncle's sacrifice, she also learned about her aunt Elizabeth's experience amid the chaos that surrounded the sinking ship.
"(She) had her hair ripped out by other people in the water," Ivany said of an experience that haunted Elizabeth for the rest of her life.
"She would never even get in a bathtub and was terrified of water."
Changed the course of history
The sinking also changed the course of history for victims' families.
Donna Parker says she wouldn't be alive if it weren't for the Empress disaster.
Parker's grandfather, Will Clark, lost his first wife, Laviniaand their nine-year-old daughter, Nellie. She said they had been travelling without him because he had stayed home to work.
Her grandfather later remarried and had two children, eight grandchildren and many great-grandchildren.
"I guess the thing that really affects me is that it's a terribly tragic story, and yet my family would not be here if it weren't for that," said Parker, an Ancaster, Ont., resident who also plans to participate in memorial activities in Rimouski.
"It was our early history... I just think those people shouldn't be forgotten."
Empress of Ireland, Titanic and Lusitania comparison


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Harvest, Postharvest Handling, Storage and Transport
Contamination that occurs at or after
harvest is of special concern because there is less time for natural processes
to reduce contamination to a safe level before someone eats the produce.
A final "food safety field check" before
harvest identifies situations that suggest a field might be contaminated and
shouldn't be harvested. After harvest, producers must focus on checking the
cleanliness of every surface, implement, container, and spray that touches the
produce, as well as any vehicle or building used to transport, pack, process,
or store the produce.
Practices that maintain postharvest
quality (such as grading out damaged or decayed product and cooling produce to
appropriate temperature) are also recommended to reduce the risk of foodborne
illnesses. There are a number practices to minimize risk during harvest,
postharvest handling, storage, and transport. Growers should:
- Practice good general
- Clean equipment
- Ensure water quality
- Separate hazardous materials
- Control temperature and
The resources below provide detailed
looks at harvest and postharvest concerns. Use the
information to learn about
the risks, assess an operation, and identify changes that will reduce risk.


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Current Location in a Wire
Does DC current travel more through the center of the
conductor or more on the surface of the conductor (wire)?
As the frequency of electrical current goes up, it tends to travel
tends more on the surface of a conductor. DC is the ultimate low
frequency. It would tend to move through the entire conductor. So -
to answer you question - percentage-wise more is traveling through the
In some applications - such as military aircraft - 400 hz is sometimes
used (compared to 60 hz for household current). In doing this they are
able to use hollow tubing as a conductor giving them lighter weight.
The center of the conductor that is not used by the higher frequency is
A lightning bolt (real DC!) travels deeply in trees or persons struck by
the lightning. The damage done is in the portion of the object most
conductive to the current... where the most heat is generated by the
DC current will use the wire's whole cross-section evenly.
Imagine a single solid wire divided by invisibly-thin barriers
into parallel strands of equal thickness and shape.
Only at the ends are they joined together, metal-to-metal.
In this picture, each strand has equal resistance,
and equal voltage from end-to-end,
so the current in each is equal.
Only AC has a preference for a particular depth.
It prefers to be shallow, staying towards the outside.
This is a consequence of changing magnetic fields caused by the changing
If it is DC, it is not changing, so the magnetic field is steady,
and has no effect on the DC current density.
DC current only cares about resistance, not inductance or magnetism.
Weird but moot minor point:
The steady field around a wire with DC current may cause a
small voltage difference between the outside and the inside.
However the difference at one end cancels out the difference at the other.
Due to electromagnetism, parallel currents attract.
So if the metal conducts electrons, then they are squeezed inwards,
and the interior would be slightly more negative than the outside.
Contact at the starting end is made to the wire's outside.
So is contact at the finishing end.
So an electron going travelling the wire-center route may
go up a small potential step at the start,
then go down the same amount at the end.
These two steps cancel each other out.
The end-to-end voltage in the wire interior is the same as the wire
so the current densities are the same too.
Nobody even thinks about those last two paragraphs. They do not need to.
Except maybe physicists doing plasma hi-power sparks with Z-pinch.
Z-pinch is when the glow of the current in the ionized gas
spontaneously squeezes itself into a very intense sharp narrow strand,
even though it started out wide and diffuse.
It only does that if the current is very high,
and because a gas can be compressed.
In a solid metal the mobile electrons (charge -1) are forced to keep a
by the need to keep charge neutrality with the
hard-packed metal-ions (charge +1) they wander amidst.
Click here to return to the Physics Archives
Update: June 2012


C++ Build Throughput: Visual Studio 11 Pre-Release Compared to Visual Studio 2010 SP1
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Hi my name is Li Shao. I am a Senior Software Design Engineer in Test in the Visual C++ group. In this blog, our team would like to review Visual Studio 11 (VS11) Desktop application build throughput compared to Visual Studio 2010 SP1 (VS10). Jim Hogg, Mark Hall, Bill Bailey, Mohamed Magdy Mohamed, and Valentin Isac have also contributed to this blog. You can refer to the Blog by Tim Wagner if you are interested in the new Metro Style application build throughput.
Build throughput is one of the most important productivity factors for C++ developers, and so build throughput testing is a vital component of our overall performance testing for Visual C++. We have targeted build throughput tests for the compiler and linker, and we also have build throughput tests for the MSBuild build engine. For every release, we have performance tests to check the overall end to end build performance, including time spent in the compiler front-end, back-end, and linker. For those of you who may not know, the compiler front-end is the phase that parses and analyzes the source code to build the intermediate representation (IR) of the program. The compiler back-end is the phase that takes the IR as input, and performs optimizations and generates code in the form of object files. The linker takes these object files as input and assembles them into an executable file. In the case of building with /GL (compile for link-time code generation, or LTCG), code generation and optimization happen during the linker phase where the IR for the entire executable can be analyzed.
Every new release of Visual C++ contains a large amount of new technology and features available to customers in the form of source code libraries and header files. For a given compiler, the more source code you have, the longer it takes to compile. Fortunately, processor advances over the years have offset this increase in functionality. In recent releases, as processor speeds began topping out, we have invested in multi-core features, such as Multi-Proc MSBuild, and the /MP compiler switch. In VS11, we multi-threaded the backend. For builds that require a lot of optimization time, this has netted some great wins. For example, Microsoft's SQL build is 30% faster thanks to reduced back-end times.
The increase in functionality in VS11 is among the largest delta we've ever shipped. As we integrated all this new technology into the product, our performance tests told us how it was affecting overall build performance versus previous releases. Even though the amount of new source code being compiled rose significantly, in most cases, build time increases were held to an acceptable delta.
However, based on our testing results, if you have an application which uses the Standard Template Library heavily, you may notice slower builds due to the increased functionality mandated by the C++ Standard. In this blog, we will analyze the build throughput of a representative application to demonstrate the improvements we made and possible slowdown you may experience.
Build Throughput Data from "real world" Applications
Our end to end throughput tests use production-level, "real world" applications. We refer to them as RWC (Real World Code). Here is the build throughput data from an internal, post-Beta version of VS11 on one of our RWC projects across different machine configurations. This particular desktop application has about 50 C++ projects, with 2.8 million lines of code (LOC). The application makes heavy use of the Standard Template Library. The "RWC" below refers specifically to this application.
Configuration ProcessorType ProcessorNumber RAM OS (Windows 7 SP1)
Name (GB)
Spec A Intel Core I7 4 core (8 threads) 16 x64
Spec B Intel Core 2 Quad 4 core (4 threads) 8 x64
Spec C Intel Pentium 2 Core (2 threads) 3 x86
Figure 1: RWC Build Throughput (MSBuild 2 Proc (/m:2) and Full Optimization (/Ox))
Figure 2: RWC Build throughput with link /LTCG (LTCG: Link Time Code Generation, MSBuild 2 Proc (/m:2), Compile with /GL, link with /LTCG)
Figure 3: RWC Compiler Back-end throughput (MSBuild 2 Proc (/m:2))
Figure 4: RWC Link time throughput (MSBuild 2 Proc (/m:2))
"Full Build time" is measured from when the build starts until the build finishes. It is the clock time that it takes for the build to finish. Compiler front-end (FE), compiler back-end (BE), and link time are the total time (accumulated time) spent in the C1.dll & C1xx.dll (FE), C2.dll (BE) and linker across all processes. Since this is a multi-proc build, and some of the projects have /MP enabled for compiler, generally there is more than one instance of the compiler running, which is why the total time spent in the tools is much larger than the "Full Build Time".
In the non-LTCG build (Figure 1), the linker does minimal work compared with the rest of the components, therefore the linker time is hardly visible from the graph. Likewise, in LTCG build (Figure 2), all the code generation happens after linking. Since the linker eliminates all redundant template instantiations across the object files before the back-end runs, the back-end time is drastically reduced in this scenario.
Based on our data when running multi-proc MSBuild (MSBuild /M:n) on this particular application, building with 4-8 Proc can give slight throughput improvement over 2 Proc for overall build time. However, due to resource contention and project reference limitation on paralleled builds that can actually happen, a 2-Proc build is representative of multi-proc build characteristics for this application in terms of overall throughput. Therefore, we are using the 2 Proc data here to present the build throughput.
Here are some key observations based on the data:
Faster Compiler Back-end phase
In VS11, we have introduced a new feature to support creating multiple compiler back-end threads to improve build performance. The compiler back-end performs optimization and code generation on a single function at a time, allowing it to generate code for multiple functions in parallel. This can be a win, especially for code generation with optimizations enabled, as performing optimizations requires the back-end to spend more time in each function.
This throughput win can be seen in Figure 1 and Figure 3. While these are impressive improvements in compiler back-end throughput, we note that in this scenario the back end time is a small fraction of the total build time. We highlight it here for illustration purposes only.
Slower Compiler Front-end phase
We can see that there is 15% - 20% performance degradation in the VS11 front-end compared to VS10 in this real world example (Figure 1 and Figure 2). Our investigation revealed that this performance degradation is not in the compiler itself but rather is a function of the increased number of template instantiations being processed by the front-end. New functionality added to the STL, significantly increases the number of template instantiations in a given compilation. This major increase of the functionality is mandated by the new C++ Standard and is also widely requested by our customers. The increase in template types forces the front end to instantiate many more templates for a given input file, which causes the overall build performance to degrade. Of course, we haven't shipped VS11 yet, so we continue to analyze this issue and look for ways to improve throughput.
As we mentioned earlier, the linker takes the intermediate files generated by the compiler and produces the final assembly. As a result of larger intermediate files generated by the compiler, you may also see slight slowdown in link time for both un-optimized build and optimized build (LTCG), especially on lower end machines (Spec C as we presented) due to more symbols to process and merge.
Faster LTCG Build
On a high end machine (Spec A and Spec B as we presented), our tests show faster link time in LTCG builds (Figure 4).
For a number of releases the compiler has supported Link Time Code Generation (LTCG), whereby code generation is deferred to link-time so that information on all modules for the entire image (EXE, DLL) is made available for optimization. Thus, code generation can be done in the context of the entire image, inlining across modules, application of custom calling convention, etc. Non-LTCG builds generally limit optimizations to within the context of a single object file.
With VS11, this link-time code generation can be done in multiple threads, compiling more than one function at a time, caveat dependencies as determined by the function call tree. This is a particularly good win for projects that compile into fewer, larger images. Our data shows that when building a "big EXE" Microsoft product, SQL Server, build time improved ~30% due to the work we did to improve LTCG build throughput. Note that SQL Server sources do not use template code, which is why it does not have the build throughput degradation caused by the new STL templates.
How to improve your application's build performance?
Since build throughput is very important to C++ developer productivity, here are a few suggestions that can help you improve build throughput.
Take advantage of the CPU cores on your machine
From Figure 1 and Figure 2, you can see that although the total FE time has regressed, the regression in the overall build time is still very minimal on the particular


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The site of the bridge is located along the River Thames to connect Nine Elms Riverside (US Embassy / Embassy Gardens) to Pimlico Gardens. The bridge is intended to provide walk and cycle access between a number of popular destinations such as between the new US Embassy in Nine Elms, Victoria Station and Westminster Cathedral. To enable this crossing, it must span approximately 220m over The River Thames. PLA required that structure for the bridge could be introduced within 30m zones either side of the crossing but that a 150m navigation zone is left unobstructed of any supporting structure and is provided with a minimum of 10m free head clearance for boats. As the river banks are located at +5.00 AOD, the underside of the bridge must rise 5m to provide the 10m clear span in the central navigation zone. If the bridge is designed to cross perpendicular to the embankment, it would not have the necessary length to bridge the 5m drop in height with a shallow accessible ramp. It would end at 5m above the level of the embankment at both ends, therefore requiring lifts which can be cumbersome and time consuming and when out of service for repairs, they make the bridge completely inaccessible for a disabled user.
The proposal aims to create a bridge crossing that is step ‐ free, without the use of lifts‐ for pedestrians and cyclists and uses the manner of movement of pedestrians and cyclists as the basis for the structure and aesthetic expression of the bridge. It is designed to cross the first 30m zone beyond the embankment diagonally to acquire a longer length compared with a straight crossing in order to provide the 10m headroom clearance over the 150m wide navigation zone. At this point, the bridge changes orientation to the opposite direction and continues as a 1 in 21 straight crossing to centre of the crossing. When the bridge reaches its apex at 17m A.O.D., a height which is determined for structural reasons, it is mirrored to connect to the embankment on the other side. This design enables step ‐free crossings over the river that take 1.8 minutes for cyclists and 5.75 minutes for pedestrians at average speeds. From the perspective of a cyclist the bridge eliminates the need for a cumbersome and time consuming journey up a lift and down on the other side.
From the perspective of pedestrians, the bridge is accessible by all users. Wheelchair users do not have to ride separately to bicycle users or a family member. Therefore, everyone can enjoy crossing the bridge with the same level of freedom.


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|Uploaded:||July 20, 2009|
|Updated:||July 13, 2010|
Well with this next tutorial there really isn't too much to say because I talked about bunnies, rabbits and other animals that fall into the rabbit family too many times already. What I can say though is that I am going to show you "how to draw a cartoon bunny", step by step. What is the difference between a rabbit and a bunny? Nothing, a rabbit is a bunny and a bunny is a rabbit. People will sometimes call a baby rabbit a bunny just to distinguish an adult from a baby. The eyes are anime-ish but that is okay because it still looks good. If you really look at this bunny, it kind of looks like a baby doesn't it? Maybe I should call this tutorial "how to draw a baby rabbit", what do you think? Nah, I will leave it be the way it is. If I was going to draw a baby rabbit, I would make it look like a baby not an anime animal. Anyways I hope you guys like this lesson that will teach you "how to draw a cartoon bunny" step by step. The instructions are easy to follow so you should have no major problems at all. Peace out and happy drawing everyone!


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Western Earth Surface Processes
Locations of selected field trip destinations to observe features associated with the Hayward Fault. Locations were chosen based on public access, and some locations discussed highlight regional geologic features, historic buildings, or infrastructure. General locations of field trip destinations, shown as green boxes, are projected on a satellite image (modified from USGS Quaternary earthquake fault data and imagery retrieved from Google Earth) (from figure 1).
This report describes self-guided field trips to one of North America's most dangerous earthquake faults—the Hayward Fault. Locations were chosen because of their easy access using mass transit and/or their significance relating to the natural and cultural history of the East Bay landscape.
This field-trip guidebook was compiled to help commemorate the 140th anniversary of an estimated M 7.0 earthquake that occurred on the Hayward Fault at approximately 7:50 AM, October 21st, 1868. Although many reports and on-line resources have been compiled about the science and engineering associated with earthquakes on the Hayward Fault, this report has been prepared to serve as an outdoor guide to the fault for the interested public and for educators. The first chapter is a general overview of the geologic setting of the fault. This is followed by ten chapters of field trips to selected areas along the fault, or in the vicinity, where landscape, geologic, and man-made features that have relevance to understanding the nature of the fault and its earthquake history can be found. A glossary is provided to define and illustrate scientific term used throughout this guide.
A "green" theme helps conserve resources and promotes use of public transportation, where possible. Although access to all locations described in this guide is possible by car, alternative suggestions are provided. To help conserve paper, this guidebook is available on-line only; however, select pages or chapters (field trips) within this guide can be printed separately to take along on an excursion.
The discussions in this paper highlight transportation alternatives to visit selected field trip locations. In some cases, combinations, such as a ride on BART and a bus, can be used instead of automobile transportation. For other locales, bicycles can be an alternative means of transportation. Transportation descriptions on selected pages are intended to help guide fieldtrip planners or participants choose trip destinations based on transportation options, interests, or special needs.
Download this paper as a 96-page PDF file (of2008-1135.pdf; 13.1 MB)
Where's the San Andreas Fault? A Guidebook to Tracing the Fault on Public Lands in the San Francisco Bay Region By Philip W. Stoffer (USGS General Information Product 16)
1868 Hayward Earthquake Alliance; "Dare to Prepare Bay Area."
October 21, 1868 Hayward Fault Earthquake; information from the USGS Earthquake Hazards Program
For questions about the content of this report, contact Phil Stoffer
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Studies on some raw material characteristics in different Swedish apple varieties
Publikation/Tidskrift/Serie: Journal of Food Engineering
Some raw material characteristics were evaluated in three apple varieties cultivated in Southern Sweden, namely Kim, Mutsu and Jonagold. The study was undertaken to collect information in order to identify the effects of initial tissue properties on mass transport phenomena in general, and osmotic processing responses in particular. The texture profile analysis revealed cortex anisotropy of the three apple varieties studied. The porosity and bulk density varied depending on the sampling location within the apple. More specifically, in each variety the bulk density increased by about 10% on going from the skin to the core of the apple, while the porosity decreased by about 50-60% from the skin to the core of the apple. Experiments to evaluate the tissue pore accessibility, performed by immersion in apple juice, showed that for the agitation levels used in osmotic processing the Kim apple variety had the lowest pore accessibility. Following a simple analysis of the pore accessibility experiments it was inferred that, irrespective of the dominating mechanism driving the osmotic medium into the pores of apple tissue, the pore penetration of the osmotic medium alone cannot explain the extent and the speed of solids uptake during osmotic processing. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
- Mass transfer
- Tissue structure
- Osmotic dehydration
- Bulk density
- ISSN: 0260-8774