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How to Create an Aerial Panorama from Google Earth
Peter Murphy (one of the leading lights in the panoramic world) sent us a email on Monday with the thought of creating panoramas from a Digital Earth. The concept is simple - grab a series of screen shots while rotating above the earth and then stitch the images as if they were normal photographs.
A day is a long time in Internet based tutorials and this is now an update of the original as a result of Gaby, a digital urban reader, writing a kmz tool to dramatically simplify the process of capturing screen shots. The whole process should take approximately 40 minutes.
The first step is to go to Gabys Kmz Panorama Capture Tool and type in the Lat/Long of the location you want to capture - in our case above the Millennium Dome in London.
To create panoramas it is important to rotate the camera around the nodal point of the lens in order to minimise any parallax error as the scene is captured. Previous to Gaby's tool the best way was to use the 'Flight Simulator Mode' by clicking 'Ctrl-G'. Combining this with a 'left mouse click and drag' action you can look around the scene and thus simulate a panoramic camera.
You can now simply load up the kmz file which is output from your Lat/Long co-ordinates and a series of placemarks are presented in the Google Earth, each representing camera locations. Select each placemark and wait for the streaming in Google Earth to reach 100%, now use File - 'Save Image' and call your image image1.jpg. Go through this for each placemark and you should end up with 28 images, each saved in sequence - ie image 1.jpg to image 29.jpg.
Once you have your numbered screengrabs you now need to stitch them, we used Stitcher from RealViz, you can download a trial version from the RealViz website. If you are a PTGui user we have created a Template to automatically stitch your images. Download the Template and follow these steps:
1) Open PTGui and click Select Source Images - Navigate to where you saved your screengrabs and select all of them.
2) A Camera Lens Dialoge will appear, simply click 'Cancel'. Your images will then load into PTGui.
3) Click File 'Apply Template' and select the location of the GoogleEarthTemplate.pts saved from above.
Your images will now automatically align, you can now complete the process by selecting the 'Advanced' button in the top right hand side of PTGui and then 'Create Panorama'. Save your panorama as a Tif, we normally output at 6000x3000 pixels. Advanced users of PTGui can add their own Control Points and stitch as normal, lens parameters should be 30mm Rectilinear.
To stitch the images you can also use the AutoStitch feature of RealViz to simply load in the images and automatically create a panorama. It should be noted that the curve of the earth will not stitch perfectly due to parallax error resulting from the Flight Simulator mode of Google Earth, the image left illustrates this (click for a larger version).
Fixing the parallax's error is simply a case of slightly cropping off the top of the resulting panorama to give us the image as below, this applies to both PTGui and Realviz Stitcher outputs:
As Google Earth doesn't include clouds we can now add them in as a new layer in photoshop. We used a panoramic image of clouds from TurboSquid, these used to be free but are now $5 each. If you don't have a cloud panorama then you can always create your own using Terragen, there is a great tutorial on how to do this here.
Adding the clouds gives you the final panorama over London (click for a larger view) :
Changing the projection of the resulting image allows a number of views such a hyperbolic image of London from Google Earth:
Finally to create a Quicktime Virtual Reality scene from the image - so you can look around the panorama - download Pano2QTVR.
The resulting QTVR can be viewed here (2.8Mb).
Of note in the final scene is how the Google copyright crops up in various places in the image. This is due to each screengrab containing the Google overlay and depending on the overlaps some are automatically blended out in RealViz and some remain... *update - using PTGui all copyright seems to be removed, this opens up the question on the legality of creating panoramas? *
Peter has used NASA's Worldwind to the same effect, see here for his panorama of the Southern Highlands (Quicktime format).
If you create any panoramas using Google Earth we would love to hear from you...
Panoramas submitted so far cover
London, New York, Moscow, Belgium, Paris and Sydney.


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B.K.S. Iyengar is considered a living legend in the realm of yoga teaching; compassionate, patient, and wise, B.K.S. has helped many students on the path towards personal wellness by establishing a balanced, mind-body-spirit approach to practice.
His poetic style of expression also makes for some great yoga inspiration – so here are some of his best-known thoughts to inspire the spark for practice in beginners and experts alike:
1. "Healthy plants and trees yield abundant flowers and fruits. Similarly, from a healthy person, smiles and happiness shine forth like the rays of the sun."
Yoga can be like water that nurtures the flowers of the soul!
2. "Your body exists in the past and your mind exists in the future. In yoga, they come together in the present."
Simple yet powerful wisdom – yoga is all about living here and now.
3. "Illuminated emancipation, freedom, unalloyed and untainted bliss await you, but you have to choose to embark on the Inward Journey to discover it."
Why yoga over exercise? Because it's a mind-body path – healing more than the physical self.
4. "Health is a state of complete harmony of the body, mind and spirit. When one is free from physical disabilities and mental distractions, the gates of the soul open."
Yoga can awaken things within us that cannot be measured outwardly – such as balance, grace and harmony in life.
5. "Yoga is the golden key that unlocks the door to peace, tranquility and joy."
The end goal of yoga is never a toned body, but a stable and compassionate soul.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
"Our analysis shows that the Norse in Greenland ate lots of food from the sea, especially seals," says Jan Heinemeier, Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University.
"Even though the Norse are traditionally thought of as farmers, they adapted quickly to the Arctic environment and the unique hunting opportunities. During the period they were in Greenland, the Norse ate gradually more seals. By the 14th century, seals made up between 50 and 80 per cent of their diet."
The Danish and Canadian researchers are studying the 80 Norse skeletons kept at the University of Copenhagen's Laboratory of Biological Anthropology in order to determine their dietary habits. From studying the ratio of the isotopes carbon-13 and carbon-15, the researchers determined that a large proportion of the Greenlandic Norse diet came from the sea, particularly from seals. Heinemeier measured the levels of carbon isotopes in the skeletons, Erle Nelson of Simon Fraser University, in Vancouver, Canada, analysed the isotopes, while Niels Lynnerup of the University of Copenhagen, examined the skeletons.
"Nothing suggests that the Norse disappeared as a result of a natural disaster. If anything they might have become bored with eating seals out on the edge of the world. The skeletal evidence shows signs that they slowly left Greenland. For example, young women are underrepresented in the graves in the period toward the end of the Norse settlement. This indicates that the young in particular were leaving Greenland, and when the numbers of fertile women drops, the population cannot support itself," Lynnerup explains.
Hunters and farmers
The findings challenge the prevailing view of the Norse as farmers that would have stubbornly stuck to agriculture until they lost the battle with Greenland's environment. These new results shake-up the traditional view of the Norse as farmers and have given archaeologists reason to rethink those theories.
"The Norse thought of themselves as farmers that cultivated the land and kept animals. But the archaeological evidence shows that they kept fewer and fewer animals, such as goats and sheep. So the farming identity was actually more a mental self-image, held in place by an over-class that maintained power through agriculture and land ownership, than it was a reality for ordinary people that were hardly picky eaters," Jette Arneborg, archaeologist and curator at the National Museum of Denmark, says.
The first Norse settlers brought agriculture and livestock such as cattle, sheep, goats and pigs from Iceland. While they thought of themselves as farmers, they were not unfamiliar with hunting.
They quickly started to catch seals, as they were a necessary addition to their diet. Toward the end of their stay, they became as accustomed to catching seals as the Inuit, who had travelled to Greenland from Canada around the year 1200 and inhabited the island alongside the Norse. Seals became more important for Norse survival as the climate began to change over time and it became increasingly difficult to sustain themselves through farming.
"The Norse could adapt, but how much they could adapt without giving up their identity was limited. Even though their diet became closer to that of the Inuit, the difference between the two groups was too great for the Norse to become Inuit," Arneborg says.
The isotopic analysis is an interdisciplinary collaboration between Aarhus University, the University of Copenhagen, the National Museum of Denmark and Simon Fraser from the University in Vancouver. The research is financed by the Carlsberg Foundation and the results will be presented in a series of articles in the Journal of the North Atlantic, Special Volume 3, 2012.
University of Copenhagen: _URL_
This press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. Please comment below. We try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. Critical discussions of the research are appreciated. If you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e-mail.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text: A lot of people back at home are curious about what I teach in Korea. Some think I teach them basic ABC's, while others think I'm just correcting their pronunciation. What I really teach my students in Korea is much more than that. Chungdahm students, for the most part, know enough English to be able to communicate. My job as an English teacher in Korea is to use that and incorporate it into more complex skills.


text:
- Americans have different words for soft drink depending on which region of the United States they're from.
- The three most popular terms are soda, pop, and coke, according to data collected by the site Pop Vs. Soda.
- Linguists have noted other terms people from certain regions use for soft drinks, including tonic and cocola.
People in the United States have different ways of saying things from region to region, from what they call the night before Halloween to how they pronounce the word "crayon."
One of the things Americans can never seem to agree on is what to call fizzy, carbonated beverages: soda, pop, or coke?
That's exactly the question cartographer Alan McConchie sought to answer with his web project, the aptly named Pop Vs. Soda. The site invites visitors to fill out a brief questionnaire asking where they are from and which term they use for soft drinks. To date, more than 400,000 users have submitted answers.
The resulting maps illustrate what linguists have long known:
- Soda is the preferred term in the Northeast, most of Florida, California, and pockets in the Midwest around Milwaukee and St. Louis
- Pop is what people say in most of the Midwest and West
- And coke, even if it's not Coca-Cola brand, is what people call it in the South
Previous research reveals even more regional divides. According to Jason Katz, the graphic artist who wrote "Speaking American: How Y'all, Youse, and You Guys Talk," there are even more regionalisms that most Americans may not have heard of. Among them:
- A solid 6% of Americans simply call them soft drinks, especially in Louisiana and North Carolina
- In small pockets of the Deep South, cocola is the preferred term
- And in Boston, tonic is what a decent amount of older residents grew up saying, although that term is quickly falling out of favor
Whether you call it pop, soda, coke, or something else entirely, there's no question that Americans won't be agreeing on its name any time soon.


Apple 'Wrist ID' patent indicates user authentication through 'vascular identity'
Apple Inc. Wrist ID
Apple Inc. files patent for 'Wrist ID'. Pic credit: Matias Cruz/Pixabay
Apple Inc. has filed a new patent that authenticates users using their vascular structure or vein map. Apple would obviously embed the 'Wrist ID' unlock technology inside the Apple Watch. However, it could potentially offer user authentication across Apple's products and devices.
A new patent hints Apple is interested in a lot more than a person's fingerprint, face, and eyes, for user authentication. The company is now exploring biological features that lie below the surface of the skin.
What is the Apple Wrist ID patent?
Apple Inc. has filed a new patent with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). The patent indicates the company is interested in the subcutaneous layer, or precisely, the network of veins for authentication and authorization purposes.
The Apple Wrist ID patent appears straightforward. It involves embedding a light sensor at the back of the wrist-wearable device. The most obvious candidate for the tech is the Apple Watch.
The light sensor would fire a beam of light into the user's wrist. This would generate a field image of the area.
A person's vein map or vein-filled section is usually very unique. If the patent and general science are to be believed, the vein-map is so unique, it can be used for authentication and authorization of the wearer, just like a fingerprint.
The Apple Watch currently asks wearers to confirm they are the true owners by making them enter a PIN into the rather small display, every time they wear it.
Why does Apple want to use a person's veins or vascular structure for authentication?
While the patent is certainly light on the exact details, the Apple Wrist ID technology is plausible. Still, for general use cases, Apple could use it as a secondary authentication technique. In other words, Apple might use vein-mapping as a secondary or confirmatory technology for authentication and authorization.
It is important to note that the Apple Watch does not have a fingerprint scanner. In fact, the Apple Watch currently lacks any biometric authentication tech.
Users must type in a PIN code the first time they put the Apple Watch on their wrist. Wearers must do this every day because the Apple Watch automatically locks itself when it detects it has been removed from the arm.
Apple Inc. would certainly want to minimize or eliminate the cumbersome process. Needless to add, users who take off their Apple Watch multiple times a day would surely welcome the Apple Wrist ID technology.
The Apple Watch could also be used to authenticate purchases, and make payments, using the Wrist ID. In fact, introducing any biometric authentication directly on the wrist could open multiple, secure authentication and authorization use cases.
Although Apple has filed a patent, it doesn't mean the company will embed the Wrist ID inside the upcoming Apple Watch. Nonetheless, the technology appears feasible and practical, even if the Apple Watch does seem to have problems with tattooed skin.
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text:
Web exclusive: white paper outlines steps to minimize waste in compressed air systems
Edited by Catlin Nalley, editorial intern
Compressed air is often considered a relatively inexpensive power source, but Norgren corrects this common misconception while offering solutions to issues of wastefulness in their white paper, Energy saving in compressed air systems-how Norgren is helping to improve energy efficiency.
Accompanying graphics emphasis the author's points and help to clarify each section. The white paper goes one step further and provides formulas to calculate costs and savings.
The paper cites leaks, pressure drops, over pressurization, misuse of jets and poor compressor management as the main causes of wasted energy.
Oftentimes air leaks are ignored because they do not make a mess like oil leaks. However, Norgren states that approximately 30% of the air produced at a typical plant is wasted and a solution to this problem could see a savings of about $32,000 in the first year.
Some systems have unavoidable leaks or a natural idle consumption that can be isolated when not in use through a shut-off valve or electrically operated soft start dump valves. The white paper states that a simple leak can be fixed in approximately "half a man hour."
Jets that are used for dusting, cooling, separating, etc., will remain running even when they are not in use. Through a valve or sensor, automatic controls could ensure that they are only on when necessary.
Over pressurization slows down production rates while increasing the amount of air consumed. Elimination of this problem can create savings in multiple areas including air tools and control valves. Generating costs increase by 7% for every 14.5 psig of unnecessary pressure drops, according to Norgren.
The paper also suggests that proper filtration and adherence to safety regulations address many of the problems regarding energy saving. Examples provided include the use of air fuses and replacement of old polycarbonate bowls with new or metal bowls.
Read the white paper here.


text:
- Name :gavin
- Meaning :gavin how a young man name is pronounced cct-in. it is of celtic origin, and the importance of gavin is "white hawk". scottish form of the name medieval of gawain, the name of the knights of the round table in the arthurian legends. it is the first thing that appears in the french literature, as, and in welsh sources as gwalchmai. the element gwalch, means "hawk" and is used to imply the qualities of a hero. the element may, of uncertain derivation, and may mean the "pure light", the translation into breton of the welsh element (g)wyn, meaning "white, clean and fair". the actor gavin macleod.,hawk white,white hawk
- Gender :Boy
Similar Names For gavin
- GavinoDerived from Gabinus, means Gabium, one of the olden cities in Italy., Derived from Gabinus, means Gabium, one of the olden cities in Italy.
- Gavinagavina as a girl's name is pronounced gah-vee near. it is of latin origin, and the importance of the gavina is "gabio". variant of the gabinus, a holy name. can also be used as a feminine form of gavin.
- GwaynGwayn name importance is Hawk utilized as a part of fight, see Gavin, Gwayn name importance is Hawk utilized as a part of fight, see Gavin
- Gavangavan as a boy name. the name of a english saints, john gavan (17. century), who was involved in the titus qates plot hysteria. also the form of the gavin.,it is unknown the relevance of the
- Gwaynegwayne as a young man by the name is pronounced gwayn. it is welsh origin, and the meaning of gwayne is "white hawk". variant of the name medieval gawain. also the shape of gavin.
Select the collection list Create +
Create New CollectionCollection Name


Node: Showing Pictures, Next: , Previous: Modifying Pictures, Up: Picture Reference
void show ([string text = "", [bool stop = false]]) Function
Prints information about the Picture to standard output.
show() first prints the string "Showing Picture:" to standard output, followed by text, if the latter is not the empty string ("")1. Then it calls, prints the size of shapes and labels, and the value of do_labels. Then it calls show() on each of the Shapes on shapes. Since show() is a virtual function in class Shape, the appropriate show() is called for each Shape, i.e., Point::show() for a Point, Path::show() for a Path, etc. If stop is true, execution stops and the user is requested to type to continue. Finally, the string "Done showing picture." is printed to standard output.
void show_transform ([string text = "Transform from Picture:"]) Function
Calls, passing text as the argument to the latter function.
 1. Actually, it's printed to standard output even if it is the empty string, you just don't see it.


text:
Kids Could See More Snow Days This School Year
AccuWeather.com predicts storms this fall that will spawn more snow this winter.
With the new Chartiers Valley school year rapidly approaching, students are likely already wondering how lucky they'll get with snow days.
Good news for them (maybe not so much for school administrators) is that AccuWeather.com reports that those students will likely get more snow days this school year than they did during the last one.
Last winter, at least nine of the country's snowiest cities had less than 60 percent of their average snowfall (according to USA Today).
How is this intensity of this winter being measured?
"The presence of El Niño or La Niña—and their strength—is used to project how active the winter season is going to be," AccuWeather.com reports.
And AccuWeather.com long-range meteorologists are projecting a weak to moderate El Niño by late in the summer.
For kids praying to hear school's out for a snow day, the weaker the El Niño, the better. Weak El Niños have brought snow-packed winters to most major Northeast cities in the past, said AccuWeather.com expert Senior Meteorologist Jack Boston.
"Historically, both strong La Niñas and weak El Niños have produced higher-than-average snowfall in the northeastern U.S.," Boston said.
In contrast, "weak La Niñas and strong El Niños historically bring lower-than-average snowfall."
A weak El Niño in 2009 led to record December snowfall in Philadelphia, which got slammed with 23.2 inches of snow—a year's worth of snow in one day for the city that usually receives 20.5 inches in an average year, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
What else is in store?
The AccuWeather.com Long-Range Forecasting Team is predicting an average season of about five hurricanes and 12 tropical storms—less active than last year's seven hurricanes and 19 tropical storms. Hurricane season peaks in September and officially runs until Nov. 30.
The Atlantic Hurricane season affects the southern coast from Texas to Florida, as well as a large portion of the eastern coast from Florida all the way up through North Carolina, and can even impact cities as far north as New York or Boston.


Step 9: Manually adding participants
Published 2/1/17, 4:02 PM, by Aaron Bird
This tutorial will explain how to manually add a rider to an event. This could be in response to a postal entry.
The steps to manually add a participant can be summarised as:
 1. If you already know the CTT ID of the participant, you should use this ID and add the new participant
 2. If you do not know the CTT ID, you should search for the ID using the participants first name, last name and gender. If a match is found, you should use this CTT ID
 3. If you are 100% there is not already a CTT ID for this rider in the system, you should add the participant and then use the issued CTT ID.


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By Cayley's embedding theorem every group $G$ embeds into the symmetric group $S_{|G|}$. But which groups $G$ have the property that there exists some $n$ such that $G$ is a quotient of $S_n$? My intuition is that it couldn't possibly be all finite groups. Is there a nice characterization of the groups that do have this property?
share|improve this question
closed as too localized by Bruce Westbury, Mariano Suárez-Alvarez, Neil Strickland, Qiaochu Yuan, Tom Leinster Mar 12 '12 at 19:34
You should probably ask this on math.stackexchange.com Also, reading about the alternating groups and their simplicity will be of help! – Mariano Suárez-Alvarez Mar 12 '12 at 19:10
1 Answer 1
The symmetric groups $S_n$ for $n \leq 4$ are solvable. But for $n >4,$ the only proper non-trivial normal subgroup of $S_n$ is the alternating group $A_n.$ Hence the only factor groups of symmetric groups, other than $S_n$ itself and the trivial group are: the cyclic group of order $2$ (a non-trivial factor group of every $S_n$ with $n >2)$, and the group $S_3$ (which occurs in a non-trivial way as a factor group of $S_4).$ These elementary facts can be found (at least implicitly) in almost any algebra text.
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English Language Fellow Justine Flores conducted a 3-hour teacher training at the Future Pioneers Model School in Jericho. There were a variety of teachers who had studied either education or English in attendance. Flores found that these teachers had complementary skills and paired them together to allow for a more dynamic training session.
The Future Pioneers Model School follows a student-centered learning style where teachers encourage their students to try innovative styles of learning. Flores implemented aspects of innovative teaching in her training by taking time to compare the pronunciation of vowels in English and in Arabic. Participants found that this activity helped them improve their English language awareness. At the end of the training participants felt more confident in their teaching abilities.


text:
Please be seated
A faster way of boarding planes could save time and money
THE job of the professional astrophysicist is to contemplate the music of the spheres. Given the global nature of modern science, however, today's astrophysicists often spend just as much time confronting the cacophony of the airport. Now, one of them has devised a way to make that experience a little less tedious. Jason Steffen, from Fermilab, near Chicago, has designed and experimentally tested a faster method of boarding aeroplanes. By his calculation, it could save airlines hundreds of millions of dollars a year.
Dr Steffen spends his time thinking about such things as extrasolar planets, dark matter and cosmology. After waiting in a particularly long queue to board a flight, though, he began to harbour an interest in the mechanics of getting people on to planes. In 2008 he wrote a computer simulation to test different methods. Using a numerical technique familiar to him from his day job, he was able to find what looked like the best. He has put his answer to the test, and the results have just been submitted for publication to the Journal of Air Transport Management.
According to Dr Steffen, two things bog down the boarding process. The first is that passengers are often forced to wait in the aisle while those ahead of them stow their luggage and then get out of the way. The second is that passengers already seated in aisle or middle seats often have to get up and move into the aisle to let others take seats nearer the window. Dr Steffen's proposal minimises the former type of disturbance and eliminates the latter.
In the Steffen method, passengers are boarded by seat type (ie, window, middle or aisle) while also ensuring that neighbours in the boarding queue are seated in alternating rows. First, the window seats for every other row on one side of the plane are boarded. Next, alternate rows of window seats on the opposite side are boarded. Then, the window seats in the skipped rows are filled in on each side. The procedure then repeats with the middle seats and the aisles.
By boarding alternate rows in this way, passengers are spaced far enough apart along the aisle to stow their luggage in parallel, all at the same time. Because passengers in the same seat types board together, they do not have to step over each other to swap seats.
To test the idea, Dr Steffen conducted a test using passengers and a mock Boeing 757 fuselage. The fuselage had a single aisle and 12 rows. Seventy-two passengers (including families with children) boarded, towing their bags and roll-aboard suitcases. In addition to the Steffen method, the team tried boarding in a strict back-to-front order, block boarding (the system now used by most airlines, with passengers assigned to groups within the cabin) and boarding in random order (which made its debut at American Airlines earlier this summer).
Standard block boarding turned out to be the slowest way to do things, taking almost seven minutes to fill the 12 rows. Dr Steffen's system took half that time. Indeed, it was the fastest performing of the methods tested. With full-sized planes, the benefit should increase, as more people can stow their luggage simultaneously along the longer aisles.
Although Dr Steffen admits that the airline industry has shown no interest in his method so far, he points out that, in principle, there should be no barriers to its adoption. Though directing airline passengers on to a plane is a little like herding cats some airlines, such as Southwest, already try to get their passengers to line up in a certain order before boarding. If travellers believed that complying with the new arrangements really would make their lives easier, they would probably do so. And by Dr Steffen's calculations, airlines have a pretty strong incentive to persuade them. Previous work has shown that every minute a plane spends at the terminal costs $30. Assuming the average carrier runs 1,500 flights a day, saving as little as six minutes per flight would add up to $100m a year. For hard-pressed airlines running on razor-thin margins, that really would be astronomical.


A subspace of $\mathbb R^n$ is compact if and only if it is closed and bounded in the Eulidean Metric or Square Metric or $l_1$ metric.
Is my statement correct?
Actually the statement - "A subspace of $\mathbb R^n$ is compact iff it is closed and bounded in the Euclidean Metric or Square Metric" was given in Mukresh. I think closed and bounded set in the $l_1$ metric would also be compact. As the topologies of three are same.
Am I correct? Please correct me if I am wrong.
 - 3
 $\begingroup$ Yes, the $\ell_1$ metric is equivalent to the euclidean metric. This follows from simple arithmetic inequalities. Moreover, there is only one norm-induced topology on R^n. $\endgroup$ – Lorenzo Quarisa Apr 8 '18 at 12:45
 - $\begingroup$ I did not get you _USER_...All I want to know is whether my statement is correct or not. $\endgroup$ – cmi Apr 8 '18 at 12:50
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ The only compact subspace of $\mathbb R^n$ is the trivial subspace (consisting solely of the zero vector, one point). I'm concerned that you meant to ask about characterizing which subsets of $\mathbb R^n$ are compact rather than which subspaces are compact. But the statement is true (what applies to all subsets certainly applies to subspaces). $\endgroup$ – hardmath Apr 8 '18 at 12:56
 - $\begingroup$ yes..You are correct..But why Mukresh used Subspace?_USER_ $\endgroup$ – cmi Apr 8 '18 at 12:59
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ Context matters. If one speaks of Euclidean space $\mathbb R^n$, most often one is thinking about it as a vector space that has a topology. In a general topology text one may instead think of the subsets of a topological spaces as inheriting a subspace topology, so I'm open to the author using "subspace" to mean topological subspace rather than vector subspace. $\endgroup$ – hardmath Apr 8 '18 at 13:04
As the topologies induced by the $\ell_1, \ell_2$ and $\ell_\infty$ metric are the same on $\mathbb{R}^n$, closedness under one of them is equivalent to closedness under any other of them.
Also, all these metrics are related by inequalities:
$d_1(x,y) \le d_2(x,y) \le \sqrt{n} d_\infty(x,y); d_\infty(x,y) \le d_1(x,y)$ etc. so that boundedness in one of them also implies boundedness in all others.
So the compactness characterisation holds in all 3 of the metrics, in fact in any metric derived from a norm. The topology being the same is not enough, as the truncated metric $d_{t}(x,y) = \min(d(x,y), 1)$ induces the same topology as $d$ does, but in $d_t$ all sets are bounded, while this need not hold for $d$. So one does require an argument to see that the combination of closedness and boundedness for a specific metric is preserved.
Your Answer


text:
Measure spectral irradiance of sun simulator
Sun simulators are available in different classes indicating the performance characteristics by the combination of three letters (A,B or C) (according to IEC 60904, JIS 8912 and ASTM E 927-05). Each letter represents respectively the spectral match with the solar spectrum (1000 W/m2, AM 1.5), uniformity of the light field and temporary stability. Class AAA are considered as most accurate and have an ideal spectral match between 0.75 and 1.25, max. 2.0% non-uniformity and 0.5% nonstability according to the IEC standard. The ideal spectral match is divided in spectral bands. Those represent a certain energy quanta of the total spectrum allowing a 25% variance in that particular range.
The LS-100 is the portable spectroradiometer. Its spectrometer and detector part are connected through fiber optics. The LS-100 is for the indoor use. It is furthermore suitable for the evaluation of the artificial light source generated by solar simulator. The LS-100 can be used in various researches. The LS-100 software has an automatic monitoring function for a spectral match between the solar simulator and JIS provided value.
HOW-TO Application Guide
In practice, it is possible that 2 different types of AAA sun simulators give a totally different artificial solar spectrum within the standard. To be able to quantify the solar spectrum against the standardized AM 1.5 solar spectrum, the LS-100 spectroradiometer measures and calculates the exact mismatch for each individual wavelength.
With this information the I-V characteristics of the module can be corrected according to the real AM1.5 spectrum instead of the approximate sun simulator spectrum.


1530s as a cautionary tale designed to be heard by those involved in the Wakefield-Pontefract Feud, a dispute between Sir Richard Tempest and Sir Henry Savile which had led to much bloodshed in the Halifax region around that time.
For years, controversy raged as to the truth of the story. Thomas Wright refused to include it in his 1738 book, The Antiquities of the Town of Halifax in Yorkshire, believing it to be too fanciful. Meanwhile, R.H. Beaumont who had provided the Beaumont-Watson Transcript, also considered it to be little more than legend, claiming the historical record shows that the families had been at peace during the period in question. He cited evidence that they appeared to have "attested each others charters", the fact of which is still something of a puzzle. However, whilst there is still no documentary evidence confirming the original murders of Beaumont et al by Eland, the Feud's historical accuracy was largely substantiated by the discovery in 1890 of a writ dated 6th July 1351 condemning "Adam Beaumont, William de Lockwoode and very many other felons indicted of the death of John de Eland, one of the King's Justices".
One remaining issue of contention is the precise location of the death of Sir John de Eland the Elder. The ballad recorded in the Holroyd-Turner Transcript describes the spot thus: "beneath Brook Foot a hill there is to Brighouse in the way… From Lane End came Eland then". As previously mentioned, this corresponds to Brighouse Wood Lane today. However, in an article entitled "The Eland Murders, 1350-1: A Study of the Legend of the Eland Feud," published in Volume 51 of The Yorkshire Archaeological Journal (1979), J.M. Kaye takes issue with this location on the grounds that in the 14th Century the road between Elland and Brighouse ran via Lower Edge and Rastrick. As late as 1720, a map of the county shows no road on the north bank of the Calder between the two towns and no substantial highway was constructed until the Elland-Obelisk Turnpike in 1815. He also argues that the 1351 writ states the murder occurred "apud Brygghous" (near Brighouse) whilst in the 14th Century Brookfoot was a quite distinct settlement over half a mile away.
Yet Kaye's contention that the murder could not have occurred where the ballads claim seems to lack any acquaintance with the local topography. Whilst Brookfoot would have been almost a mile distant from the centre of Brighouse then, the ballads state it occurred at Lane Head, on the hill between Brookfoot and Brighouse which is equidistant from the two. Moreover, if there was no road recorded along the north bank of the Calder until after 1720, it would have made little sense for the ballad writer to locate the murder in that place, unless it actually happened there. Routes of some description must have existed in the area as Cromwellbottom Hall is sited on the north bank and if the Eland family enjoyed hunting rights to Elland Park Wood, they would be familiar with the woodland in the area and would probably be quite happy to travel through it, especially as Elland Old Hall was also on the north bank of the Calder so they would've been spared crossing the river. Whilst this is not decisive evidence, it is certainly a stronger case than Kaye's.
Boggart House, Southowram
Boggart House, Ashday Lane, Southowram


Clementine Tree Care and Propagation Tips
by Max - last update on
Clementine Tree
You may have already seen or eaten those mini oranges that taste super sweet and have the thinnest peel. But have you ever wondered what they are? These citrus fruits are called clementines and can easily be grown in your own garden. Clementine trees are ideal for beginner gardeners who want to grow citrus trees as houseplants. This is because clementines are hardier than their relatives and caring for them isn't as difficult as you may think.
In this post, we'll delve into all the important care requirements for a clementine tree so you can grow these citrus fruits in your own garden.
Clementine Tree Quick Overview
Quick Facts
OriginSoutheast Asia
NameCitrus reticulata
Hardiness zone8 to 11
Fertilizerevery other month
Max growth6 feet
Lightfull sun
Wateronce a week, more often for young trees
ClimateMediterranean or tropical
Soilsandy and fertile
Propagationby graft
Pestsfruit flies, soft scale, citrus canker
Quick Facts about Clementine Tree
 - Clementine trees are the hybrids of sweet orange and mandarin trees. Although they are closely related to mandarins and tangerines, clementines taste sweeter and are seedless.
 - Clementines are also known as Christmas Oranges because their ripening season is from November to February.
 - The skin of clementines is very easy to peel. The size of this citrus fruit is 4-6cm and the color is light orange. The rind of these tiny oranges is edible and fragrant. It is often added to cake toppings.
 - The trees of clementine are just as attractive as the fruit itself, with slender green leaves that stand out against the orange fruit.
 - In the spring, the white, fragrant blossoms of the tree transform into baby clementines (around 3 inches in size). However, the fruit won't fully ripen until 7-10 months later.
Clementine Tree Care Guide
Light and Temperature
Clementine trees require full sun to grow the best fruit. If growing indoors, place the pot in the brightest location or supplement the tree with a grow light. Clementine trees can tolerate partial shade, but they won't produce fruit without full sun.
This citrus tree can handle temperatures as low as 20 degrees fahrenheit. Having said that, long exposure to frost can cause damage to the tree's roots as these trees are accustomed to Mediterranean climate.
Temperatures above 50 degrees F are ideal for producing the best clementines. In extreme heat conditions, protect the tree from sunburn by misting it regularly.
Watering and Humidity
Keep the soil consistently moist but not waterlogged. To do this, water the top inch of the soil and wait until it dries out before watering again. As a rule of thumb, water the tree once a week. If you have just planted the clementine tree outdoors or in a pot, water it up to 3 times a year during its first year.
Clementine trees don't tolerate soggy soil so keep an eye out on the pot's drainage and empty the excess water from the container's tray often.
Clementine trees are grown in Mediterranean and tropical climates so they can tolerate high humidity. If growing indoors, keep them away from radiators and other heating sources as they can dry out the plant. Use a humidifier or fill the tray with pebbles and water to create humidity around the citrus plant.
Clementine Tree Soil
When grown outdoors, your clementine tree needs slightly acidic, sandy soil to thrive. The soil must be well-draining without any puddling. And if the soil needs improvement, mix in some perlite.
The best way to determine the soil's nutrient deficiencies is by using a home-testing kit. This way, you'll find out whether the soil's acidity is balanced or not. Commercial soil acidifiers will bring your soil's pH levels back to normal.
While neutral soils are also suitable for growing clementine trees, the fruit will often taste sweeter than if it were grown in a slightly acidic soil.
If grown indoors, use a specially formulated citrus soil that's well-draining and loamy.
Feed your clementine tree every other month throughout the year. These citrus trees don't go dormant during the cold season so you will need to fertilize them at least 3 times in spring and again in fall. Apply a slow-release fertilizer that's specifically designed for citrus fruits.
Propagate Clementine Tree
You may be wondering how to grow a clementine plant from seed if the fruit is seedless? The good news is, clementines can be propagated by grafting. The process involves taking an existing tree's bud and grafting it onto a rootstock.
Follow these steps to successfully propagate a clementine tree:
Step 1. Begin by using a sterilized shear to cut through the rootstock's bark in the shape of an upside down T. Take care so as not to cut in a crooked angle. It should be in a straight part of the trunk, around 4-6 inches from the base. Next, make an additional cut in a vertical shape and a horizontal cut about 1 inch in length. The idea is to cut through the tree's bark without going further into the wood's surface.
Step 2. Now cut a green stem from the tree you want to propagate measuring about 1 diameter.
Step 3. Slice the bud from the clementine stem using a sterilized budding knife. Make sure the cut is straight and from the back of the bark. The knife's blade should be placed flat against the stem so you can take a thin slice of the bark from the above and below the bud.
Step 4. Now slice up the bud in a T shape cut. Place the tip of the bud in the up position just like it was on the original tree. The sliced bud should rest inside the bark on the rootstock with its tip pointing out.
Step 5. Wrap the grafted area with budding tape starting from below the incision. Continue wrapping the area around the trunk to cover the entire incision. This helps keep the bud firmly in place.
Step 6. After two weeks, remove the budding tape. If the bud is still green, your graft has been successful.
Step 7. To encourage the bud to grow, bend the top of the rootstock and tie it to the base of its trunk. If it doesn't bend, cut halfway through the stem several inches above the graft. The new bud will be stimulated to grow on the rootstock while further buds will also begin to sprout.
Step 8. When planting your propagated rootstock in the ground or in a pot, insert a wooden stick loosely in the soil adjacent to the trunk and tie the bud to the stick as it grows. The wooden stick should be about 2 feet taller above the soil.
Step 9. After the new, grafted trunk has grown to the same height as the wooden stick, cut the rootstock's trunk just above the grafted bud to ensure optimal growth. Within 2-3 years, your propagated plant will mature into a full-size clementine tree that produces fruit.
By following the above propagation tips, and with some patience, you will soon reap into the rewards of your hard work with tasty, sweet clementines!
Planting in the Ground
Dig a hole in the sunniest part of your garden. Make sure the depth is 20-40% more than the current root ball of your tree. Add some organic matter in the hole, including dried leaves and hummus before mixing it with garden soil. Loosely place the tree inside the hole and cover it with more soil. Add a layer of mulch around the tree to keep the soil moist and make sure you water it deeply for the next two weeks.
Tip: if the newly planted clementine tree isn't very stable, it may eventually fall. Add support using a stick or bamboo so that the tree can grow upwards.
Pruning a citrus tree is just as important as a regular haircut in order to keep it healthy and in shape. You can prune your tree any time of the year, but it is generally recommended to trim the overgrown branches during the end of winter or early spring.
You will need a clean shear to prune your tree. Look for overgrown branches that are obstructing walkways, dying twigs or any crossing ones in the center of the tree.
When pruning, don't cut any more than one third of the plant at any one time. Additionally, don't remove any flowering or fruiting branches. Otherwise your tree won't produce fruit the following year.
Harvest Clementines
Clementine trees produce white blossoms in the spring before their fruit starts growing. The clementines will ripen towards mid-November when the skin turns orange. If you notice the skin or the stem is still green, wait a little longer before harvesting.
Growing Problems
Yellow leaves: this is a common yet solvable problem that is usually caused by lack of sunlight. To solve, move the tree's location and thin out the yellowing leaves so the sun can reach the canopy.
Cold temperatures: when clementine trees are exposed to cold temperatures for long periods, they may not produce fruit. This can be prevented by moving them indoors and placing the potted plant in a sunny location.
Leaf drop: overwatering can lead to leaf drop. Check the soil to see if it's draining water adequately and reduce your watering schedule to once per week only.
Pests


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Do you need to convince your project manager about the benefits of modeling and model-driven processes? Maybe you could mention that modeling:
- Improves the productivity of the development team (e.g. models can be used for a semi-automatic code-generation). Even if you don't believe in the magic of complete and automatic code-generation, models and code-generation can save you plenty of time by automating the most repetitive and boring coding activities. As our own "Pareto principle for model-driven development" says, 20% of the modeling effort suffices to generate 80% of the application code.
- Reduces the number of defects in the final code (models facilitate early evaluation of the system). There a good number of tools that will help verify, validate and test your system based on the models of it. The earlier it is diagnosed, the easier and cheaper is the rectification of the defect.
- Similarly, modeling permits early exploration of alternatives by means of model simulation techniques.
- Captures and organizes the understanding of the system. This also eases the integration of new team members. Models are well suited for documentation
- Increases the decomposition and modularization of the system
- Facilitates the system's evolution and maintenance (e.g. by facilitating tracing back the code to the original requirements, this makes easier to locate the parts of the system code that needs to be modified).
- Facilitates the reuse of parts of the system in new projects. In the end, you maximize the benefits of software modeling technologies in the mid-term.
Do you agree with these benefits? Which ones should be removed? Which ones added?


Whisky-powered cars earn themselves a toast
Corn-based biofuels are just so staid, you know?
Biofuel additives like corn-based ethanol are baby steps in the alternative energy process. They're often expensive (sometimes more expensive to produce than gasoline) and are nowhere near as environmentally friendly as other alternative fuels. It's hard to get too excited about additives--except when they're made from whisky.
That's right, whisky. Scottish (where else?) researchers at Edinburgh Napier University have figured out a way to use the byproducts of their nation's most famous beverage as biofuel, capable of running in any normal engine. Like some other biofuels, no modifications to the car are needed, making it an easily adopted, if not easily made or found, alternative.
During the making of whisky (in this case likely Scotch, rather than the more freedom-loving whisky of my own nation, the glorious amber elixir that is bourbon), two main byproducts are produced. "Pot ale" is the name for the leftover liquid in the stills, and "draff" is the leftover, used-up grains. Together, the pot ale and draff can be converted into butanol.
Butanol can actually be burned in typical gas engines, but due to its higher cost and difficulty in producing, it's more likely to be added in smaller doses to regular gasoline--maybe 5% or 10%.
The great thing about this butanol is that it's created from discarded products. Pot ale and draff is normally just thrown out, so to find a legitimate purpose for the material that can also lessen our dependency on oil is a great achievement.
Just as long as nobody practices the "one for you, one for me" game at the pump.
This post was originally published on Smartplanet.com
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Vallibadari, Valli-badari, Vallībadarī: 2 definitions
Languages of India and abroad
Sanskrit dictionary
[«previous next»] — Vallibadari in Sanskrit glossary
Vallībadarī (वल्लीबदरी):—[=vallī-badarī] [from vallī > vall] f. a species of jujube, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
[Sanskrit to German] (Deutsch Wörterbuch)
Vallībadarī (वल्लीबदरी):—f. eine Art Judendorn, = bhūbadarī [Rājanirghaṇṭa im Śabdakalpadruma]
context information
Discover the meaning of vallibadari in the context of Sanskrit from relevant books on Exotic India
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text:
40K Ultrasonic Cavitation Vacuum RF Radio Frequency Body Slimming Vacuum Machine
WL-939 [mychway] - 5 In 1 Vacuum Cavitation Bipolar Three Pole Multipolar RF Weight Slimming. Radio Frequency Cavitation Multipolar Bipolar Three Pole Cellulite Machine Vacuum Cavitation System. 5 In 1 Vacuum Cavitation Bipolar Three Pole Multipolar RF Weight Slimming. Multipolar RF Head(Sextupole RF) for Body Massage. 40KHz Cavitation Head for Body Slimming.
Vacuum Biploar Head for Lymphatic Drainage. Three Pole RF Head for Eyes Around.Quadrupole RF for Face Lifting. With collective strong sound wave head, strong sound wave of 40000HZ may be emitted to vibrate fat cells at top speed and produce numerous vacuum air pockets inside and outside the fat cells, robustly impact fat cells to generate introverted blast and disintegrate triglyceride into glycerol and free fatty acids. Then RF waves at frequency of 1MHZ is used for exhausting the integrated glycerol and free fatty acids through hepatoenteral circulation. Finally, vacuum RF and energy electrode are used for positioning and tightening fat. In physics, it is known as "cavitation". Micropore introverted blast inside and outside cell may lead to enhanced molecular motion and a higher energy level and this will finally cause fat cell rupture and thereby achieve the effects of body building and losing weight. Dissolve fat, lymphatic drainage, firm skin and enhance skin elasticity Negative RF head Being integrated with the most advanced RF technology and radio frequency, the instrument may directly reach the deep-seated fat body and have the excellence of targeted positioning RF. In the fast-active state, fat cell tissue may generate friction heat, increase local temperature and remove excess fat and toxin from the body through sweat gland, enterohepatic circulation and lymph and ultimately achieve the effect of dissolving fat. With controlled depth technology, inlaid diamond particles of different sizes may rub skin alongits pattern, adjust suction strength by means of vacuum draw and rub with negative strongforce to directly explode thick fat. Thus, the effects are very obvious: Enhance blood circulation, accelerate the decomposition of fat, take away wastes, enhance the effect of removing cellulite, effectively improve the state of areolar tissue, remove stubborn fat and improve the sufficient absorption condition of diet products. Strong force explosion fat and fat removal Strong sound wave explosion fat head With collective strong sound wave head, strong sound wave of 40000HZ may be emitted to human body for impacting fat cells fiercely and causing friction motion between fat cells. This may cause effective consumption of calories and moisture in fat cells and reduce the size of fat cells. What's more, sound wave vibration may cause fierce impact of fat cells to make them be exploded instantaneously, reduce the amount of fat cells and thereby achieve the effects of removing fat. Vacuum RF For body and face re-shaping.
Weight loss Vaccum+RF fat-explosion machine can promote tissue metabolism, repel the cellulite, which make fat granule in different depths and shocking make fusion energy, and the deepest receptor can get granule in 3CM thick of skin, and rapid expansion and the rapid heating of the cell wall that exceed the elastic limits and arises cells broken, so that the combustion of fatty acids at the same time broken out of a pot, not only the burning consumption of fatty acids but also more directly emptying so rapidly reduce the size of granule 4. Bipolar Three Pole RF Facial wrinkle elimination, tightening and lifting Facial RF head capacitive coupling electrode is used for transmitting radio-wave energy and generating an electric field for entering into subcutaneous tissue through the skin surface. In the high-frequency of 450khz, this electric field changes its polarity for 450,000 times per second.
- Head For Face and eyes' around: Tripolar RF Headx1
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text:
Ordered Linear Spaces I
I saw a really great talk today by Howard Barnum of the Los Alamos National Laboratory. It dovetails wonderfully with what I've been talking about here, and I think I can help him by bringing my categorical inclination to bear on his subjects. I'll omit the motivation he was using because I can't really explain the background, but it makes for a great example of a category.
We define the category of "ordered linear spaces" by starting with a totally ordered field. If you know what the real numbers are (I still haven't defined them here) use them, but otherwise you can get away for now with rational numbers. We consider the category of finite-dimensional vector spaces over and -linear maps between them.
Now an ordered linear space is a finite-dimensional vector space equipped with a certain partial order, compatibly with the linear structure. We can do this by specifying a "cone" of vectors to consider as being bigger than. Then exactly when. We require that if then so is each with in the field. From this we can tell that if with,, and, then by the transitive property of partial orders. That is, the cone contains the line segment between any two of its points. In this situation we say it is a "convex set". Finally, we require that we can find a positive basis of our vector space — one consisting of positive vectors. This is an ordered linear space, which is an object of. Because the order is specified by its cone, we often call such a space a "cone".
A morphism in our category is just a linear function from one ordered linear space to another that preserves the partial order. That is, we call a linear function "positive" if whenever in then in. In other words, it sends the one cone into the other. An isomorphism is an isomorphism of vector spaces which identifies the two cones — the must be the "same shape", up to a linear transformation. A subcone — the image of a monomorphism — works out to be exactly what it seems like it should be: a convex cone that fits inside another cone.
There's a functor from the category of finite sets to. We start with a finite set and construct the free vector space on it. We define the cone to be all those vectors with all components positive. For reasons related to our motivation, we call these cones — and any cone equivalent to one of them — "classical". The linear transformation induced by a function between finite sets is clearly positive, and so this is indeed a functor. It's not hard to see that the image of any morphism from a classical cone is again classical, and thus the classical cones form a full subcategory of.
There's a lot more to be said about these things, but I'll leave it here for now.


text:
Learn from a professional native Italian instructor in Worcester
Whether it's to enrich your travel experiences or to communicate with your in-laws, you can learn a new language and culture in a fun, small-group setting.
- Knowledgeable native Italian instructor.
- Small class sizes in a spacious classroom.
- Adult and children's classes available.
- 10-week courses from beginner to advanced levels.
- Meets weekly (see schedule).


text:
Stemming extends a search to cover grammatical variations on a word. For example, a search for fish would also find fishing. A search for applied would also find applying, applies, and apply.
Fuzzy searching will find a word even if it is misspelled. For example, a fuzzy search for apple will find appple.
Select a fuzziness level from the drop-down menu to set how many characters off a word can be from your search term and still count as a hit.
Phonic searching looks for a word that sounds like the word you are searching for and begins with the same letter. For example, a phonic search for Smith will also find Smithe and Smythe.


text:
Thinking About Work
Other Benefits to Maximize Income
There are many resources, provided by both government and private agencies which help individuals to maximize their income. When calculating the impact of work on benefits, all resources should be taken into account, especially housing and food.
These "budget stretchers" include but are not limited to:
- Cars – Several organizations have been established to assist low income person to purchase an automobile at a low rate in order to go to and from work. See resources by state, but keep in mind there are many requirements and low inventory of cars.
- Food Pantries & Soup Kitchens – These are generally privately supported resources that help low income individuals to obtain free groceries or meals in local communities and neighborhoods.
- Food Stamps – Known as SNAP, provides cards to lower-income Americans and qualified resident aliens in order to purchase the foods necessary to supplement their diet.
- Thrift Shops – There are many thrift and consignment shops that provide significantly discounted clothing. Some will provide free outfits for low income job seekers.
- WIC – A program for Women, Infants and Children which offers additional free foods, nutrition education, breastfeeding support, and referrals to healthcare and other services to families who qualify.


text:
The invited speakers for WoMO 2010 are:
Simon Colton (Imperial College London) talking about relationships between Ontology and Computational Creativity, and
Marco Schorlemmer (Artificial Intelligence Research Institute, Barcelona), talking about Modularity and Information Flow Theory.
MODULARITY, as studied for many years in software engineering, allows mechanisms for easy and flexible reuse, generalization, structuring, maintenance, design patterns, and comprehension. Applied to ontology engineering, modularity is central not only to reduce the complexity of understanding ontologies, but also to facilitate ontology maintenance and ontology reasoning.
Recent research on ontology modularity shows substantial progress in foundations of modularity, techniques of modularization and modular development, distributed reasoning and empirical evaluation. These results provide a foundation for further research and development.
The workshop follows a series of successful events that have been an excellent venue for practitioners and researchers to discuss latest work and current problems, and is this time organised as a satellite workshop of FOIS 2010, as well as being co-located with several other relevant events, namely KR, AAMAS, ICAPS, NMR, and DL.
TOPICS include, but are not limited to:
- What is Modularity: Kinds of modules and their properties; modules vs. contexts; design patterns; granularity of representation;
- Logical/Foundational Studies: Conservativity; modular ontology languages (e.g., DDL, E-Connections, P-DL); reconciling inconsistencies across modules; formal structuring of modules; heterogeneity;
- Algorithmic Approaches: distributed reasoning; modularization and module extraction; (selective) sharing and re-using, linking and importing; hiding and privacy; evaluation of modularization approaches; complexity of reasoning; reasoners or implemented systems;
- Applications: Semantic Web; Life Sciences; Bio-Ontologies; Natural Language Processing; ontologies of space and time; Ambient Intelligence; collaborative ontology development; etc.


Tag Archives: Dunwich Friary
Suffolk Symbionts
During our trip to the east coast a couple of weeks ago a fair chunk of our time was spent wandering around churchyards and woodland and scrubby heathland. Because the air is so clean in that part of the world the gravestones and the trees, and any dead and rotting wood hosts numerous species of lichen.
A robin watching over the lichen encrusted gravestones in Dunwich St Andrews graveyard
There have not been so many from this side of the Atlantic though so here's my attempt to showcase some of my local lichens. Lichens are a symbiosis between a fungus and an alga where the fungus gathers nutrients from the substrata and the alga provides the photosynthetic apparatus. I've read that there are around 1800 species of lichen in the UK alone and up to 20000 globally. They provide homes for spiders and small insects, and have provided various dyes for colouring cloth and the active ingredient of litmus pH indicator is derived from a lichen. And they make great pictures:
Oak moss or antler lichen, Pseudevernia furfuracea
Lichens are difficult to identify without a microscope and reagents for analysing them and the substrata they are growing on, so the identifications in this post are from this guide from the Natural History Museum.
I found the antler lichen growing on a deciduous tree at Dunwich Friary and I think there are probabaly another three species of lichen in this photograph, including the common green shield lichen, Flavoparmelia caperata. I took the picture by standing back a couple of metres and using ISO 400, F/8.0 and shutter speed 1/60s, and there was just sufficient light to make it work. The trees were reverberating with the song of great tits and robins while I was on my lichen hunt making it a very enjoyable couple of hours.
Pleurosticta acetabulum
Pleurosticta acetabulum doesn't have a common name in my NHM guide. I really like the colours in this image, the background is the reedbeds of Minsmere and the diffuse red/brown of the defocussed reeds accentuates the greens, greys and browns of the lichen.
Leafy xanthoria, Xanthoria polycarpa
The leafy xanthoria was ubiquitous in this part of the world, many of the trees were festooned with it. This one was also at RSPB Minsmere with the reedbeds in the background and I like the warm colours especially as this was on a very cold, grey morning.
Springtime sojourn to the Suffolk coast
Last week we headed off to to the seaside for a few days and our chosen detination was Dunwich, a tiny village on the Suffolk coast which in medieval times was the capital of the region and a thriving, wealthy port for moving cargo and people between East Anglia and the European mainland. It's an amazing place with very interesting history which I wrote about in a post last year.
We stayed in my favourite inn called The Ship which has panoramic views over the Dingle Marshes which stretch several miles north to Walberswick, which is renowned for it's annual crabbing champi0nship. It is also where the king of art nouveau, Charles Rennie Mackintosh moved to after he had abandoned architecture to become a watercolourist and where the series of flowers known as the 'Walberswick collection' was painted.
The marshes along this part of the coast are full of wildlife, including rare birds such as harriers and bittern, mammals such as otters as well as a host of marsh and heathland plants and the associated fauna. It's a wonderful place. The view from our window at The Ship was generally dominated by low grey cloud which occasionally saw fit to rain on us, but even so the wildlife was much in evidence without even leaving the inn:
The tree opposite our window played host to numerous small birds including this house sparrow (Passer domesticus, Dansk: gråspurv) and blue tit (Cyanistes caerulius, Dansk: blåmejse)
And a couple of hundred metres beyond the tree were some pools of rainwater where lapwing and these teal were on parade each morningAnd beyond that was a ditch where a little egret (Egretta garzetta, Dansk: silkehejre) was hunting every day
So, as you can imagine, it wasn't so easy to haul myself away from my nice centrally heated room and my cup of tea and go out into the wintry mornings, when I could sit by the window and see all this! But I eventually extricated myself and walked a circuit of the village taking in the local church and graveyard, the remains of the Franciscan Friary and the woods inbetween, and was very adequately rewarded. The local church has the remains of a medieval leper hospital in its grounds which is a fascinating place historically, but is now inhabited solely by sheep and snowdrops (Galanthus nivalis). There were no sheep while we were in there but the snowdrops were growing out between the melting snow.
Snowdrops infront of the be-lichened walls of the ancient leper hospital in the grounds of St James church
A lapwing pair pausing in the Friary between displays of breathtaking aerobatic excellence
The Friary is long deserted by the Franciscan brethren and is now a ruin, but it still plays host to the local wildlife. As well as the lapwing (Vanellus vanellus, Dansk: vibe), there was a songthrush (Turdus philomelos, Dansk: sangdrossel) foraging amongst the grassy tufts and robins (Erithacus rubecula, Dansk: rødhals) singing from the trees beyond.
A deciduous tree adjacent to the Friary was completely covered in lichen
I don't know which species the lichens are on the tree trunk but I think there are at least four. The flat resupinates can be seen on old wood and even brick walls in towns and villages, but the feathery species are much more susceptible to atmospheric pollution and therefore only exist where the air is clean.
Beyond Dunwich to the south is the gorse covered heathland of Dunwich Heath which is owned and managed by the National Trust, and beyond that is the RSPB reserve at Minsmere where I watched a marsh harrier quartering the reedbeds and where another walker told me he had seen smew and a bittern in one of the lakes on the reserve. I went to look there but I didn't see either, but I did see other birds, and some splendid lichens. Of which more in a later post.


What are the requirements for access by military recruiters to high school students?
Local educational agencies (LEAs) receiving assistance under the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA) are generally required to give military recruiters the same access to secondary school students as they provide to postsecondary institutions or to prospective employers. LEAs are also generally required to provide students' names, addresses, and telephone listings to military recruiters, when requested.
K-12 School Officials
Military Recruiter


text:
About once a month, we get an email from a researcher, journalist, policymaker, or student asking us a simple question: how many musicians are there in the United States? Given FMC's work with musicians, it makes sense that they ask us, but our answer is the same for everyone:
there is no reliable way to measure the real size of the US musician population.
In a on the Artist Revenue Streams site, we outlined the particular challanges associated with estimating the size of the musician population in the United States.
First, what do we mean when we use the word "musician"? Are we just talking about performers and recording artists, or does the definition also include composers and songwriters? How about music teachers? Many musicians play multiple roles simultaneously (songwriter + recording artist + performer), but there are also creators who specialize in one role (composers who do not perform, or performers who do not compose, for example) so the parameters are important.
Second, there's an issue with how music creators define themselves. While lumping performers and composers together into a category called "musicians" is convenient for referencing this creative class, it is sometimes inaccurate. For instance, many composers and songwriters don't identify as musicians, but as writers. Some professional singers consider themselves performers or recording artists, but not musicians.
Third, how do we decide who is actually part of this population? In 2010, when we started to draft the research protocol for the Artist Revenue Streams project, we spent a lot of time thinking about how to define the population of study, a necessary step in any research project. For many populations, there are commonly-understood criteria, or demographic characteristics, or certifications that make this sorting process relatively easy. But unlike – say – doctors or lawyers, there are no formal exams for musicians to pass, nor accrediting organizations to join.
Fourth, how do we define a "professional" musician? There are hundreds of thousands of people in this country who enjoy writing songs, playing music, releasing recordings or uploading a self-made video once in a while. Many may consider themselves musicians or composers. But when doing research on the earning capacity of the musician population, it's important to devise a way to identify those who are making a living from music. The question for us was, what should determine "professionalism"? Should it be based on workweek hours, career lifespan, music degrees, a minimum number of recording or composing credits, education, income from music, label affiliation, union membership, or a combination of these things?
The post on the Artist Revenue streams website details the challenges, the process by which we assessed the data sources on musician population, and the method we eventually adopted to define our population of study.
This post is one of many outcomes of the Artist Revenue Streams project, which provides a data-driven snapshot of the income streams on which musicians and composers are relying presently, and how they are changing over time. It has been added to a list of data memos that have been released since January 2012, which also includes a deep look at jazz musicians, how income from sound recordings has changed, whether radio airplay matters, the impact of conservatory and music industry training, the effect of teammates and time allocation, with more to come. We encourage you to dig deeper into these reports to get a better understanding of musicians' earning capacity and their sources of income in the 21st century.
(image via Shutterstock)


This is the second in a six-part series on how your business can get started on YouTube. In this installment, we examine how to plan and shoot your videos.
To create a YouTube video for your business, you can either hire a professional production company or make your own. For most small businesses, self-production is usually the way to go.
With proper planning and the right equipment, you can achieve professional results on a much smaller budget. But it requires more than simply standing in front of a video camera and pressing the record button. Here's what you need to know to get started:
1. Plan your video in advance.
To produce polished videos on a shoestring budget, you must know what you're doing before you do it. You can't just wing it in front of the camera.
For some businesses, planning means writing a full script in advance -- and sticking to it when you shoot the video. Your script should include both dialog and shooting instructions, such as camera angles, props and the like. By going the scripted route, you should have the consistency you need to more easily incorporate multiple shots and camera angles. You know the onscreen talent won't be improvising but will be saying the exact same thing in all the takes, even when you shoot from various camera angles in multiple shots.
Related: 10 Questions to Ask When Creating Your Company's YouTube Channel
Writing a script also helps ensure that you make all the key points you need to convey and use just the right language in your video. This is essential when you're trying to maintain a brand or product image.
Another way to plan your shoot is to create a storyboard. This is a visual guide typically consisting of a rough sketch for each shot in the video. A good storyboard tells you exactly what you need to shoot, where to position the camera and where to place items and people on screen. Just follow the storyboard and you'll have everything you need to edit together the final video.
When shooting video for YouTube, shorter is always better. Sure, you can post videos up to 15 minutes in length, but that doesn't mean you should. The typical YouTube viewer has a short attention span, so plan your videos to be no more than two or three minutes.
2. Get the right equipment.
A small investment in a few pieces of equipment can make all the difference between a great looking video and an amateurish one. You don't need to spend tens of thousands of dollars for professional video gear, but you do need a few key accessories -- a one-time expense that should cost you well under $1,000.
First, you want to spend a few hundred dollars on a camcorder with a lens that shoots 720p or 1080i high definition (HD) video, such as those sold by Canon, Panasonic and Sony. Avoid shooting with a smartphone or even a digital still camera. Even though they have HD resolution, they're not designed specifically for video.
Next, you'll want to consider lighting. Shooting in room light will usually result in poor contrast and even worse color. A camera-mounted video light, or even better, a set of two flood lights can help. You can find light sets from companies such as Bescor, Smith-Victor, Westcott, and similar brands at any local camera store. Arrange the floods in front of and to the sides of the subject in a "V" pattern, and you should see an immediate improvement in picture quality.
Related: 3 Tips for Maximizing YouTube's New Layout for Brand Channels
You also want to make sure that viewers can clearly hear your video. Your camcorder's built-in microphone probably won't do the job, so consider purchasing an external microphone, such as a lavaliere type that clips onto the speaker's shirt. You'll get much cleaner sound with less interfering background noise.
Finally, for after the shoot, you'll want a high-quality video-editing program, such as Adobe Premiere Elements, which should cost less than $100.
3. Shoot like a pro.
To achieve professional results, you have to shoot like a pro. That means lining up your shots in advance, ideally using the storyboard or script you prepared in advance. You also should set up the lighting and microphones for some test shots to make sure you don't have shadows and that the sound levels are acceptable.
You also need to choose your settings carefully. Position your talent in front of a background that doesn't distract from what's happening on camera. Camera stores sell rolls of seamless background paper and fabric that can be useful. Also, dress the talent to match your message: suits and other business attire for a very professional look, business casual for a less formal image. Avoid stripes and busy patterns, and try to keep clothing colors as subdued as possible.
Next, work with your onscreen talent so that they're relaxed and project the right amount of energy. Shoot multiple takes to get it right, but avoid going on too long and killing the energy level. You want each take to feel spontaneous, while still including the key words and information you need to impart.
If you follow these steps, you should create a video that looks as if it came from a professional video production company. The results can amaze you.
Related: How to Create More Engaging Videos That Rank Higher in YouTube


text:
PhilippinesEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
|Welcome to Philippines!|
Beginning in the late 1500s, the Spaniards took various censuses known as vecindarios (local censuses), padrón de almas (head census), or estado de almas (people status). The latter two were religious censuses conducted by parish clergy. Read more...
- Filipinas Heritage Library
- LibraryLink Website
- National Statistics Office
- Philippines Genealogy Search
- Philippine History
- Philippines Libraries (Libweb)
- Websites about Philippine and Filipino Genealogy
Things you can do
In order to make this wiki a better research tool, we need your help! Many tasks need to be done. You can help by:
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text:
|Basic Information||Biotope classification||Ecology||Habitat preferences and distribution||Species composition||Sensitivity||Importance|
Image Keith Hiscock - A well developed overhang community with pendulous polyclinid tunicates. Image width ca 1 m.
Image copyright information
LR.FLR.CvOv recorded () and expected () distribution in Britain and Ireland (see below)
EC Habitats Directive
|Habitat Directive feature (Annex 1)||Reefs
Submerged or partly submerged sea caves
Large shallow inlets and bays
No species are identified that use the biotope for shelter or food and are not anyway a part of the biotope.
Overhang habitats are a part of "Reefs" in Annex 1 of the Habitats Directive and also occur in "Shallow Inlets and Bays" and in "Estuaries".
This review can be cited as follows:
Hiscock, K. 2002. Overhangs and caves. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme [on-line]. Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. [cited 27/05/2013]. Available from:


text:
5 pages matching children alive in this book
Results 1-3 of 5
What people are saying - Write a review
We haven't found any reviews in the usual places.
Some characteristics of the village under study
Distribution of men according to their age at marriage
6 other sections not shown
0.4 Abstinence 0.8 per cent Alternative Motivational Campaigns appears in Table Arain Attitude and Practice average number average score avoiding conception calculated taking total Campaigns on Knowledge census children alive children ever born Coitus Interruptus dents distribution of male distribution of respondents effect of T3 Emko equal to 100 Experimental village Family Planning Association Female Male Female female respondents French Letter Frequency Percentage gross and relative husband knew at least knowledge of methods Lahore least one method low-tone motivation campaign Male Female Male male respondents according married Mass Media Experiment method of family methods before motivation number increased number of children number of dependants number of marriages number of methods number of respondents number of women opinion about family Oral Pills Pakistan Pills and French planning before motivation Practice of Family practising family planning respondents who knew taking total respondents tone motivational campaign total number village Gidpur word family planning


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Good morning everyone!
Jon here, and today I woke up this morning thinking about the differences between term papers and research papers. You know, these terms are always used as if they mean the same thing, but guess what, they are not! That isn't to say that there are no similarities, and of course sometimes they overlap, but there are some big differences.
Difference One: You have to do heavy-duty research for a research paper.
You can write a term paper about the life of Adam Smith (the economist, for all of you literature majors out there), and that's fine, but an actual research paper will really go in-depth not only about his life but also his ideas, innovations, and possibly even the effects his ideas continue to have on us today. So while you will have to do some work to write a term paper about Adam Smith, you will really have to get down to it to write a reseach paper about him.
Difference Two: Research Papers usually have a thesis, whereas term papers don't generally have them.
By thesis, I mean a statement which you are going to prove, something you propose which you then support in your writing. For example, in a research paper about Adam Smith, you might propose that his ideas are out-dated and should not be used in economics today. You will have a tough row to hoe on that one, but that's all right! The more interesting, the better, as far as research papers are concerned. All you need to do is make sure you do the leg-work of collecting good sources so you can support your thesis.
Difference Three: Depth, Depth, and more Depth
See what I'm saying? Term papers are what they are; research papers are DEEP. You have to dig deep, in the library as well as your own head, to write a research paper, while term papers, again, are less intensive.
Kate will be back soon with more!


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Tim Holloway wrote:The easy way to do it is to note that a Java properties file has the same format as a basic shell script.
However, there's a trick to it. If you just run the properties file like so:
The assignments will be made at the sub-level, then discarded when the properties file (script) ends execution.
So to get the properties in a calling script, you need to use the "source" command:
Note that the space after the initial dot is very important!
To reference shell variable assignments, you use the "$" to indicate variable substitution.
So, to put it all together:
This solution is good because it's simple, but it will only work if you have Java properties file that doesn't have any property names or values that have special characters (to shell) in them. For example, if there is a property with a '.' in the name, then this solution won't work. That's the case for most Java properties files I've used, especially those used with ANT.
Here is a properties file that Java can read, but bash can't:
The second property is going to cause problems because it has a dot in the name, as well as having spaces in the value. Java and ANT can read this in just fine, but bash can't:
You're quite correct, and that page is a very useful resource.
It does, however, leave out 1 important method:
When I use a properties file in the shell, I normally only put the coarsest properties in that file (which may include paths to finer-grade properties that the Java code itself reads). So it's no particular hardship to follow that rule. For me, anyway.


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On Monday I had the chance to train with Nagato sensei and Oguri sensei and once again the complex simplicity (or the simple complexity) of their movements was amazing. I come to Japan three times a year and I still see the distance in levels between the Japanese Shi Tennô understanding and mine. The margin for progression seems huge (and I do not speak about Hatsumi sensei's level)…
Last Friday Hatsumi sensei made one of his usual puns speaking of "budô" and "mudô" and even if it was the title for my last post on this blog I forgot to explain its meaning.
The kanji for "bu" (武) used for "budô" can also be pronounced "mu". But "mu" (無) means "without, nothing, empty, emptiness"; like in Zen "mushin", the no spirit no thinking attitude.
So when sensei said "budô is mudô" he said that "the path of budô was the path of no path". This new pun playing with the sound emphasized once again the importance of listening to what he is actually saying in his teaching and understanding our budô from a much deeper perspective.
Budô being the path of no-path the bujinkan budô is the path itself and it cannot be expressed in words. The bujinkan arts beyond the mechanical aspect of the waza is simply a kankaku (感覚), a feeling. Training here at the hombu with Sôke is the only way to become able to "read between the lines" as he is pushing us to do regularly. The shidôshi not travelling to Japan to get their knowledge directly at the source, miss an extraordinary opportunity to develop themselves completely. Budô is more than a series of techniques, it is really a way of realization, a true art.
At lunch time on Sunday, sensei repeated his intention to build a jinja (神社), a shrine for the bujinkan and he was not speaking of religion here but of creating a place where the practitioners would find a training place building their taijutsu as well as their "shinjutsu" written 心術 (and not 針術 – acupuncture). If we see budô as the science of growing flowers, we can see the difference existing between learning to plant a seed, caring it, feeding the germ and making the flower blooming; and the art of Ikebana (生花) where the art is to express life through a special flower arrangement based on the tenchijin.
Moving from the physical world to the spiritual world is not the only possible through religions but also through budô.
"Budô is mudô" then makes sense. Our budô is nature and nature is without intention. Being is the solution and attending the classes with sensei transforms us into true human beings.
Nature is simplicity but a complex simplicity. This is exactly the same when you train here with sensei and the Japanese shihan. You watch their movements, you find them easy to reproduce and then you find yourself unable to reproduce them. This is the state of mind in which I was yesterday when training with Nagato sensei and Oguri sensei. One word to summarize that: "WYSINWG" (What You See Is Never What You Get.
Their movements yesterday were based on very simple basic techniques such as: omote gyaku, ura gyaku, katamune dori, ô gyaku but the way the expressed them were beyond the mechanical realm. They were "holistic"!
As I previously wrote it in my other entries on this blog, my words cannot express them correctly so this time I will not try to do so. Only if you were attending the classes can you have a slight chance of getting it. The classes in Japan are like the wind, you don't see it but you see the movements of the leaves on the trees. Maybe this is why we say: "bufû ikkan".
This trip I am becoming aware, more than usual, of the unicity of their movement. A way to express that could be: "bujinkan budô is unity in multiplicity". Natural movement deals with everything at the same time: uke, tori, the terrain, the feelings, the angles, the bones, the intentions. In fact you must get the general image in order to move simply and efficiently.
Let me state a few rules to make you understand what natural movement is (or should be):
- the technique is always adapted to the body type of uke,
- the body moves in one as the tenchijin is united,
- the angles of the bones of both uke and tori are in harmony,
- tori is never "doing it" uke is creating the conditions of his fall,
- strength is useless as softness triggers uke to react more,
- there is no technique only opportunities,
- a book will never fight.
So let's study ikebana and plant the seeds of our taijutsu to get into the world of shinjutsu. An remember that the meaning of this year's kihon happô speaks about a new germination, sprouting (happô – 八方).


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This case concerned the famous Brompton bicycle which can be folded to carry away after use (Case C‑833/18, SI, Brompton Bicycle Ltd. v. Chedech / Get2Get). The bike was once protected by a patent and, following its expiry, the defendant (Chedech/Get2Get) embarked on selling a similar bike in Belgium (the designs of the two bikes are depicted in the AG Opinion linked above). Brompton then sued for copyright infringement. In Belgium, the multiplicity of shapes theory, according to which a shape is not considered necessary to achieve a technical result if there is proof that other possible shapes are available which allow the same technical result, applies in copyright law. Unsure whether this complied with EU law, the Tribunal de l'Entreprise of Liège referred the matter to the Court of Justice, asking the following questions:
"(1) Must EU law, in particular Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society, which determines, inter alia, the various exclusive rights conferred on copyright holders, in Articles 2 to 5 thereof, be interpreted as excluding from copyright protection works whose shape is necessary to achieve a technical result?
(2) In order to assess whether a shape is necessary to achieve a technical result, must account be taken of the following criteria:
– The existence of other possible shapes which allow the same technical result to be achieved?
– The effectiveness of the shape in achieving that result?
– The intention of the alleged infringer to achieve that result?
– The existence of an earlier, now expired, patent on the process for achieving the technical result sought?"
After discussing these questions, Advocate General Campos Sanchez-Bordona ('the AG') suggests that the court answers the questions as follows:
"(1) Articles 2 to 5 of Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society do not provide for copyright protection of creations of products with an industrial application whose shape is exclusively dictated by their technical function.
(2) In order to determine whether the specific features of the shape of a product are exclusively dictated by its technical function, the competent court must take into account all the relevant objective factors in each case, including the existence of an earlier patent or design right in the same product, the effectiveness of the shape in achieving the technical result and the intention to achieve that result.
(3) Where the technical function is the only factor which determines the appearance of the product, the fact that other alternative shapes exist is not relevant. On the other hand, the fact that the shape chosen incorporates important non-functional elements which were freely chosen by its creator may be relevant."
The AG's opinion starts with rather long preliminary observations (paras 31-45). Even if the bicycle was never protected by a design but only by a patent, the AG considers design law to answer the national court's question. In essence, the AG repeats the caveats already stated by AG Szpunar and repeated by the court in Cofemel v G-Star Raw. The AG stresses the differing goals of copyright on the one hand and patent/design protection on the other hand and emphasises that patents and designs both promote innovation and competition, have a short duration, must be new and are published and thus allow competitors to know the scope of protection (the last characteristic admittedly only for registered designs). If copyright (which has a longer term and subsists without registration) were allowed to cut across patent and design laws' goals of promoting technology and fostering competition, the careful balance of the latter protections would be disturbed. Thus, while cumulation is possible, its force is reduced by these caveats.
After these 25 paragraphs, the AG turns to the questions asked by the referring court.
On the first question, AG Campos again relies heavily on Cofemel. He summarises the court's case law on originality, repeating that aesthetic considerations should not be taken into account to judge a work's originality (para. 60) and referring to the court's case law on functionality, namely BSA and Football Dataco v Yahoo! UK. It follows from this case law that: "as a general rule, works (objects) of applied arts whose shape is dictated by their function cannot be protected by copyright. If the appearance of a work of applied art is exclusively dictated by its technical function, as a decisive factor, it will not be eligible for copyright protection" (para. 65, original emphases). That said, if "a design merely has a number of functional aspects, that does not deprive it of copyright protection" (para. 67) but "if the functional elements predominated over the artistic elements to the extent that the latter became irrelevant" then copyright should not subsist (para. 68). On this AG Campos refers later to Lego Iuris v OHIM, which he proposes to apply by analogy (para. 71-74). The AG explains that the rule he proposes, or that in fact arises implicitly from his analysis, which can be derived from the BSA and Football Dataco cases, is the same as that in both design and trademark law (i.e. art. 8(1) design regulation and 7(1) trade mark regulation and corresponding articles in the design and trade mark directives), adopting therefore the principle of negative convergence between copyright, design and trade mark law on this point. He concludes this part by stating that if the national court (as he understands to be the case) believes that the shape of the bicycle is necessary to achieve the technical result then it should not benefit from copyright protection.
The AG then moves on to the four sub-questions of the national court's second question. As to the existence of an earlier patent, the AG adopts a similar line of argument to that in paragraph 10 of the European Copyright Society's (ECS) opinion, namely that an expired patent is useful to determine the functionality of the work in question but in no way dictates that the shape is excluded – it will depend on the facts in each case. As to the existence of other possible shapes which allow the same technical result to be achieved, the AG recommends adopting the court's test in Doceram. He thus rejects the multiplicity of shapes theory and adopts the causality approach. According to this latter theory, the exclusion applies when the features of appearance of the shape in question are solely owed to technical considerations, without regard to other considerations, whether they are aesthetic or not. However, he adds that "[i]n the case of designs where the intersection of art and design is particularly striking, there will be greater opportunities for creative freedom to shape the appearance of the product." So it "will be possible to separate, at least in theory, aspects which reflect functional considerations from those which simply reflect the free (original) choices of the creator, which may be protected by copyright" (para. 85, fn omitted). This confirms his answer to the first question. In view of the referring court's strange question about the intention of the infringer, the AG gives a straightforward answer (it is not relevant) but then moves on, obiter, to discuss the intention of the designer. The AG relies on Doceram to assert that this can be taken into account in the criteria to determine the copyrightability of the 3D work (paras 92-93). This is bizarre since the intention of the designer is clearly a subjective criterion and the court in Doceram only refers to objective considerations, without citing, as AG Saugmandsgaard Øe had done, this criterion. AG Campos then adds, even more obiter so to speak, that criteria such as the design's exhibition in museums or its recognition through awards are irrelevant. This is to be applauded but it contradicts the previous finding, as these are, like the designer's intention, subjective criteria. Lastly, as to the effectiveness of the shape in achieving a technical result, the AG does not add much as the referring court does not provide explanations as to this sub-question.
The opinion ends on two final remarks. First, AG Campos relies by analogy on AG Saugmandsgaard Øe's opinion in Doceram, stating that the four criteria given by the Liège court to determine whether a 3D work is copyrightable are not exhaustive. Second, he states that even if the shape of the bicycle was to be excluded from copyright protection, it could potentially be protected by parasitic or slavish imitation in some Member States, as this aspect of unfair competition law is not yet harmonised at EU level.
Overall, the opinion is a mixed result. It makes some good points but also some ill-judged ones. These will be discussed in more detail in Part II of this post.
 See AG opinion in Cofemel at paras 50-52 and Court, paras 50-52.
 On negative convergence, see A. Quaedvlieg, 'Concurrence and Convergence in Industrial Design: Three-Dimensional Shapes excluded by Trade Mark Law', in W. Grosheide and J. Brinkhof (eds), Intellectual Property Law, Articles on Crossing Borders between Traditional and Actual (Antwerpen, Intersentia 2004) 23.
 For a full illustration of the criterion and references, see the Opinion of AG Saugmandsgaard Øe, para. 21.