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Juz Amma for School Students
This book is a student-friendly presentation of the 30th Juz or part of the Qur'an. The book contains large and clear color-coded Arabic text, transliteration of the Arabic and translation in a three-column format. This layout greatly assists the students to memorize the surah as well as helps them understand the meaning of the verses they are memorizing.
In Juz Amma for School Students, each surah begins with a short introduction. The surah is followed by explanation of the verses based on the authentic commentary. A "words to know" section provides root and derivatives of several key words used in the surah. This is further elaborated into a word-to-word meaning of the entire surah. This is followed by an "Application of the Message" section where the overall theme of the surah is highlighted in a manner that children can now apply the message of the surah in their everyday lives. The chapter ends with several review questions to help students refocus on the teachings of the surah and reinforce the materials learned.
ISBN : 978-1-936569-08-3


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Bounded mean oscillation
In harmonic analysis, a function of bounded mean oscillation, also known as a BMO function, is a real-valued function whose mean oscillation is bounded (finite). The space of functions of bounded mean oscillation (BMO), is a function space that, in some precise sense, plays the same role in the theory of Hardy spaces Hp that the space L∞ of essentially bounded functions plays in the theory of Lp-spaces: it is also called John–Nirenberg space, after Fritz John and Louis Nirenberg who introduced and studied it for the first time.
- 1 Historical note
- 2 Definition
- 3 Basic properties
- 4 Generalizations and extensions
- 5 Examples
- 6 Notes
- 7 Bibliography
- 8 References
According to Nirenberg (1985, p. 703 and p. 707), the space of functions of bounded mean oscillation was introduced by John (1961, pp. 410–411) in connection with his studies of mappings from a bounded set Ω belonging to ℝn into ℝn and the corresponding problems arising from elasticity theory, precisely from the concept of elastic strain: the basic notation was introduced in a closely following paper by John & Nirenberg (1961), where several properties of this function spaces were proved. The next important step in the development of the theory was the proof by Charles Fefferman of the duality between BMO and the Hardy space H1, in the noted paper Fefferman & Stein 1972: a constructive proof of this result, introducing new methods and starting a further development of the theory, was given by Akihito Uchiyama.
- |Q| is the volume of Q, i.e. its Lebesgue measure
- uQ is the average value of u on the cube Q, i.e.
Note. The use of cubes Q in ℝn as the integration domains on which the mean oscillation is calculated, is not mandatory: Wiegerinck (2001) uses balls instead and, as remarked by Stein (1993, p. 140), in doing so a perfectly equivalent of definition of functions of bounded mean oscillation arises.
BMO functions are locally p–integrable
BMO functions are locally Lp if 0 < p < ∞, but need not be locally bounded.
BMO is a Banach space
The supremum of the mean oscillation is called the BMO norm of u and is denoted by ||u||BMO (and in some instances it is also denoted ||u||*). The function ||u||BMO becomes a norm on BMO functions after quotienting out by the constant functions (which have BMO norm 0).
Averages of adjacent cubes are comparable
As the name suggests, the mean or average of a function in BMO shouldn't oscillate very much when computing it over cubes close to each other in position and scale. To be more precise, if Q and R are dyadic cubes such that their boundaries touch and the sidelength of Q is no less than one-half the sidelength of R, then
where C>0 is some universal constant. This property is, in fact, equivalent to f being in BMO, that is, if f is a locally integrable function such that |fR-fQ|≤C for all dyadic cubes Q and R adjacent in the sense described above, then f is in BMO and its BMO norm is proportional to the constant C.
The John–Nirenberg Inequality
The John–Nirenberg Inequality is an estimate that governs how far a function of bounded mean oscillation may deviate from its average by a certain amount.
There are constants c1,c2 > 0 such that whenever f ∈ BMO(ℝn), then for any cube Q in ℝn,
Conversely, if this inequality holds over all cubes with some constant C in place of ||f||BMO, then f is in BMO with norm at most a constant times C.
A consequence: the distance in BMO to L∞
The John-Nirenberg inequality can actually give more information than just the BMO norm of a function. For a locally integrable function f, let A(f) be the infimal A>0 for which
The John–Nirenberg inequality implies that A(f)≤C||f||BMO for some universal constant C. For an L∞ function, however, the above inequality will hold for all A>0. In other words, A(f)=0 if f is in L∞. Hence the constant A(f) gives us a way of measuring how far a function in BMO is from the subspace L∞. This statement can be made more precise: there is a constant C, depending only on the dimension n, such that for any function f ∈ BMO(ℝn) the following two-sided inequality holds
Generalizations and extensions
The spaces BMOH and BMOA
When the dimension of the ambient space is 1, the space BMO can be seen as a subspace of harmonic functions on the unit disk and plays a major role in the theory of Hardy spaces: by using definition 2, it is possible to define the BMO(T) space on the unit circle as the space of functions such that
unit disk is said to belong to the Harmonic BMO or in the BMOH space if and only if it is the Poisson integral of a BMO(T) function. Therefore BMOH is the space of all functions u with the form:An Analytic function on the
equipped with the norm:
The subspace of analytic functions belonging BMOH is called the Analytic BMO space or the BMOA space.
BMOA as the dual space of H1(D)
Charles Fefferman in his original paper proved that the real BMO space is dual to the real valued harmonic Hardy space on the upper half-space ℝn×. Today in the theory of Complex and Harmonic analysis the following - modern - approach for analytic functions, is more often considered. Let Hp(D) be the Analytic Hardy space on the unit Disc. For p = 1 we identify (H1)* with BMOA by pairing f ∈H1(D) and g ∈ BMOA using the anti-linear transformation Tg
Notice that although the limit always exists for an H1 function f and Tg is an element of the dual space (H1)*, since the transformation is anti-linear, we don't have an isometric isomorphism between (H1)* and BMOA. However one can obtain an isometry if they consider a kind of space of conjugate BMOA functions.
The space VMO
The space VMO of functions of vanishing mean oscillation is the closure in BMO of the continuous functions that vanish at infinity. It can also be defined as the space of functions whose "mean oscillations" on cubes Q are not only bounded, but also tend to zero uniformly as the radius of the cube Q tends to 0 or infinity. The space VMO is a sort of Hardy space analogue of the space of continuous functions vanishing at infinity, and in particular the real valued harmonic Hardy space H1 is the dual of VMO.
The Dyadic BMO space
Let Δ denote the set of dyadic cubes in ℝn. The space dyadic BMO, written BMOd is the space of functions satisfying the same inequality as for BMO functions, only that the supremum is over all dyadic cubes. This supremum is sometimes denoted ||•||BMOd.
This space is contained in but still distinct from BMO as it depends greatly on the position of the dyadic cubes. In particular, the function log(x)χ[0,∞) is a function that is in dyadic BMO but not in BMO. However, if a function f is such that ||f(•-x)||BMOd≤C for all x in ℝn for some C>0, then by the one-third trick f is also in BMO.
Although dyadic BMO is a much narrower class than BMO, many theorems that are true for BMO are much simpler to prove for dyadic BMO, and in some cases one can recover the original BMO theorems by proving them first in the special dyadic case.
Examples of BMO functions include the following:
- All bounded (measurable) functions. If f is in L∞, then ||f||BMO≤2||f||∞: however, the converse is not true as the following example shows.
- The function log(|P|) for any polynomial P that is not identically zero: in particular, this is true also for |P(x)|=|x|.
- If w is an A∞ weight, then log(w) is BMO. Conversely, if f is BMO, then eδf is an A∞ weight for δ>0 small enough: this fact is a consequence of the John-Nirenberg Inequality.
- ^ Aside with the collected papers of Fritz John, a general reference for the theory of functions of bounded mean oscillation, with also many (short) historical notes, is the noted book by Stein (1993, chapter IV).
- ^ The paper (John 1961) just precedes the paper (John & Nirenberg 1961) in volume 14 of the Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics.
- ^ Elias Stein credits only Fefferman for the discovery of

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Admission & Tours PDF Print E-mail
Admissions and Tours
Submarine & Museum Tour
Adult: $12
Children (4-12) $5
Military, Senior Citizens, Kama'aina: $8
Museum Only: Adults: $5 and Children: $4
* Children under 4 are not permitted on the submarine for safety reasons. They may visit the museum and mini-theater at no charge.
Visitors are given a digital audio player that narrates their tour as they explore this historic WWII submarine to imagine what life on board must have been like for her 80-man crew. USS Bowfin was launched on 7 December 1942 and completed nine successful war patrols. For her wartime service she also earned both the Presidential Unit Citation and the Navy Unit Commendation. USS Bowfin was acquired from the U.S. Navy in 1979 and opened to the public in 1981. In 1986 she was designated a National Historic Landmark by the Department of the Interior.
MuseumBowfin Museum Bell
Explore the intriguing world of submarines, both past and present. Visitors are givena digital audio player that narrates their tour of our 10,000 square foot Museum. Exhibits include an impressive collection of submarine-related artifacts such as submarine weapon systems, photographs, paintings, battleflags, original recruiting posters, and detailed submarine models, all illustrating the history of the U.S. Submarine Service. Exhibits include a Poseidon C-3 missile that allows visitors to examine its inner workings. It is the only one of its kind to be on public display. Learn more about our Bowfin-related exhibits.
Waterfront Memorial
Within Bowfin Park stands a public memorial honoring the 52 American submarines and the more than 3,500 submariners lost during WWII.
Secrets of the Sub
Submarine Rescues
Submarine Rescues
A critical task performed by the US submarine force during World War II, was the rescuing of downed pilots and air crews; They were so efficient at it, that they rescued 520 US airmen from the Pacific Ocean waters. One of those rescued, went on to become President of the United States.
Rescueing George H. W. Bush
Former US President George H. W. Bush Sr. He was rescued by the USS Finback after being shot down while he was on an air strike mission over Chichi Shima in the Bonin Islands during 2 September 1944.
USS Tang Group Photo
Commanding Officer, Lieutenant Commander Richard H. O'Kane (center), poses with the twenty-two aircrewmen that Tang rescued off Truk during the carrier air raids there on 29 April-1 May 1944. The photograph was taken upon Tang's return to Pearl Harbor from her second war patrol, in May 1944.


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In order to provide authorized visitors with the opportunity to visit classrooms and to ensure an uninterrupted instructional program, the following procedure shall be followed:
- All requests for visitations must be routed through the school principal or designee. All visitations and times of visitations must have prior approval by the principal and teacher.
- Parents and other individuals authorized by the parent may observe classes. The principal or designee(s), will accompany visitors during the visit to special education related program/classes.
- The length of the visit will be no more than 20 minutes unless prior arrangements are made with the principal. Extended visits will be granted only in the most extraordinary cases.
- Instruction will not be interrupted. No attempts shall be made to engage the teacher or the students in conversation.
- Under ordinary circumstances, the teacher being visited by a parent should continue with the regular classroom work. No electronic listening or audio/video recording device may be used by students or visitors in a classroom without the teacher and principal's permission. It is desirable that parent-teacher conferences be held before or after school in order that normal progress of classroom instruction will not be disrupted.
- Upon arrival, the visitor(s) should be advised of these guidelines in written form.
- There will be no more than one classroom visit per 30 day period for any student. Exceptions may be granted as mutually agreed upon with the principal, teacher, parent, visitor, and Superintendent or designee.
In order to visit a classroom, upon request the individual(s) will furnish to the principal or designee the following information:
- His/her name, address and occupation
- His/her age, if less than 21
- His/her purpose for entering the school grounds and or classroom
- Proof of identity
- Other information consistent with the provisions of law


were calculated due to their independence of parameter magnitude[12, 23, 24]. Relative period sensitivities were integrated into the bootstrap method by calculating appropriate sensitivities for each estimated parameter set.
Of particular importance in determining the reliability of a model prediction is whether an output response maintains a consistent direction despite noise in measurement data. We therefore define a sensitivity value to be practically identifiable for given input data if 95% of the distribution maintains a consistent sign, similar to definitions for parameter identifiability used in previous studies[7, 25]. An overview of the method is shown in Figure1.
Figure 1
Parameter estimation and bootstrap methods flowchart. The demonstrated method calculates confidence intervals in the sensitivity of limit cycle models. An oscillatory model and experimental (or simulated) data are inputs to the bootstrap method. Unique data sets are then used to calculate optimum limit cycle trajectories. The resulting distribution in sensitivities highlight whether a particular response is identifiable (i.e., consistent across the majority of bootstrap trials).
Effect of data quality on predictive confidence
We first analyze the degree to which uncertainty in input data is propagated to uncertainty in output predictions. To achieve this, we generate in silico data from a previously published model of circadian rhythms, using relative error ξ to generate normally distributed data ( σ ij =ξ x ̂ i ( t j )) at each ofM sampling points. As expected, solution trajectories drifted further from the nominal limit cycle for higher values of error, ξ, or lower sampling density,M, (Figure2). However, the overall shape of the oscillatory profiles remained relatively similar, even for rather high ξ or lowM.
Figure 2
Time-course profiles of the state trajectories for Per mRNA. (A) Increasing relative error, ξ, withM=20. Possible state variable values are shown as shaded regions, obtained by filling between the 5 th and 95 th percentile for values at each time for 2000 independent parameter estimations. Increasing ξ results in larger deviations from the original model trajectory, shown as a dashed black line. (B) Decreasing number of measurement points,M, each with ξ=0.15. HigherM results in trajectories closer to the true trajectory.
Figure3 shows violin plots of the probability distribution for each parameter set and corresponding sensitivity evaluation for increasing ξ, while Figure4 shows similar plots for decreasingM. Interestingly, there is little correlation between the identifiability of a parameter and its corresponding sensitivity value. For example, vdP, the maximum degradation rate of Per mRNA, shows a very tight clustering about its nominal parameter value, while the sensitivity of this parameter loses identifiability for even small values of ξ. Conversely, KdCn, the Michealis-Menten constant associated with the degradation of nuclear CRY, shows large variations in possible parameter values. However, the period sensitivity of KdCn, despite lying close to the x-axis, remains identifiable, indicating a robust prediction. These results reveal which model responses are constrained by the structure and dynamics of the limit cycle oscillations, and which are dependent on the particular parameterization chosen.
Figure 3
Parameter and sensitivity identifiability for increasing error. Increasing ξ results in a corresponding decrease in the confidence of the parameter and sensitivity estimates. Violin plots of the parameter values (left) and relative period sensitivities (right) show the distribution of values from each parameter estimation. In the plots, a box plot is superimposed above a kernel density plot to convey the distribution of values. The whiskers used extend to the most extreme data point within 1.5x the inner quartile range. Sensitivities in which the 5 th and 95 th percentile values span the x-axis are deemed non-identifiable (red), as the model's response direction can not be accurately estimated. Higher ξ also results in wider parameter distributions.
Figure 4
Effect of high-resolution sampling on identifiability. Lower values ofM result in less constrained parameter and sensitivity values. Similar to Figure3, violin plots of the parameters (left) and sensitivities (right) show the distribution from each parameter estimation for decreasingM. These results highlight the importance of high-resolution time sampling in generating sensitivity information for oscillatory models.
Sensitivities that are experimentally distinguishable from zero are the most important for validation. Calculating a typical experimental value for a relative period sensitivity helps to calibrate which sensitivities might be verified experimentally. Referring to a recent RNA interference screen, periods changes of approximately 1 hour (5%) can be reliably measured using luminescence recordings[18]. Assuming an increase in the corresponding mRNA degradation parameter value of 50%, this translates to a relative period sensitivity of 0.1. Thus, many of the identifiable values shown in Figures34 fall within the experimentally measurable range.
Application to literature data for model discrimination
We next apply the method to literature time-course data for core clock components[26]. When modeling a genetic regulatory network, many candidate model equations are often considered. We show that a bootstrap uncertainty analysis can also be useful in discriminating between potential model structures based on predictive confidence. Here two variations of the same model are fit, see Additional file2. The first model (Figure5, base) was originally optimized using a genetic algorithm approach, and thus contains a minimal number of parameters to reduce optimization complexity. The second model considered (Figure5, expanded) contains independent parameters for each rate expression, increasing the number of parameters from 23 to 35.
Figure 5
Identifiability comparison of two model structures. (A) Bootstrap parameter estimations on two model structures using literature time-series data with estimated errors (box plots). Resulting regions of model trajectories are shaded between the 5 th and 95 th percentile. Per species are shown in purple, Cry1 in red, and Cry2 in green. While both models were able to approximately reproduce the same dynamic response, the expanded model was better able to capture differences between the Cry1 and Cry2 profiles. (B) Parameter and sensitivity identifiability for the base and expanded models. Violin plots show the parameter and sensitivity distributions, with unidentifiable sensitivities (90% confidence level) highlighted in red. Despite containing more parameters, the expanded model shows better parameter identifiability and higher confidence in its predicted sensitivities. The PER translation rate (1) and PER-CRY association rate (2) sensitivities are consistent across model equations and are highlighted.
The literature data used consisted of 7-8 concentration time points across a 24 hour period. Confidence intervals in the data were not available, so an optimistic 3% relative and 0.5% absolute error was assumed for each data point ( σ ij =0.03 x ̂ i ( t j )+0.005max( x ̂ i )). Figure5A shows the resulting time-series profiles for bootstrap estimations of each model. While additional kinetic parameters are typically thought to lower the predictive confidence of a model (the 'curse of dimensionality'), the expanded model is able to better capture the oscillatory profiles with lower variability between solutions. Parameter and sensitivity distributions, Figure5B, similarly show how the expanded model parameterization is able to generate more confident predictions in model response. Since the resulting sensitivity identifiability for both models was relatively poor, we highlight sensitivities which pass a 90% confidence level threshold. These results thus indicate higher-resolution data on circadian components would help in conferring confidence to model predictions.
Two sensitivities, the PER translation rate (Figure5B,1) and the PER-CRY association rate (2), had high confidence and consistent direction in both the base and expanded parameterization - suggesting that the predicted values are robust to slight changes in both parameter value and model structure. Since a biological system can be modeled using many different combinations of kinetic assumptions, such a technique will likely prove useful in finding consistent predictions which are robust to slight differences in model equations.
Increasingly, mathematical models are being used to study biological systems where traditional experiments would prove infeasible. For example, in the search for drug targets, thousands of possible combinatorial perturbations can be quickly scanned for therapeutic effects using in silico modeling. This is especially useful in oscillatory systems with long periods, such as circadian rhythms, where a perturbed in vitro or in vivo system must be measured for multiple days before changes can be reliably determined.
However, since errors in model responses can arise from either incorrect structure or measurement noise, our confidence in in silico predictions is limited. Here we have developed a bootstrap approach suitable for periodic systems, and extended it to include uncertainty in predicted responses. With this method, errors due to local parameter effects can be identified, even in models with complicated dynamics. Furthermore, by considering multiple variations in model assumptions, we have demonstrated that a clearer result of trustworthy model predictions can be found.
Since this method takes advantage of time-series data to generate a strong initial guess for an otherwise difficult parameter estimation, it requires high-resolution data on the concentrations of all species in the model. In many biological systems, such data is only available for the activity levels of certain well-studied species. However, the continued development of high-throughput genomic and proteomic techniques promise to deliver time-series data for a much larger network of components. With expanding datasets, these methods will likely prove useful for the quantitative evaluation of uncertainty in larger biological models.
Generation of data for bootstrap methods
For each run, two thousand simulated measurements, x ̂ i ( t j ), were generated from the true data, x ~ i ( t j ), using a normal distribution withμ= x ~ i ( t j ) and σ ij =ξ x ~ i ( t j )+η max j x ~ i ( t j ), in which ξ is the relative and


NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English Honeydew Chapter 1 The Best Christmas Present in the World
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NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English Chapter 1 - The Best Christmas Present in the World - Free PDF Download
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Are you spending a lot of money on joining different coaching or tuitions for all your subjects, and buying guide books too, just because you feel that all of this will help you prepare well for the upcoming exams? Well, it does not happen that way. It is obvious that some students do not find it easy to discuss and clear their doubts in a class of 40 students. In such cases, NCERT Solutions can help you a long way. It provides you with course material that will explain all the concepts clearly without any scope for doubt. On this page, Vedantu offers you The Best Christmas Present in the World NCERT Solutions free pdf to download. Subjects like Science, Maths, English will become easy to study if you have access to NCERT Solution for Class 8 Science, Maths solutions and solutions of other subjects. You can also download NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Maths to help you to revise complete syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.
NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English Honeydew Chapter 1 The Best Christmas Present in the World part-1
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FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)
1. What Message has the Author Tried to Convey in this Story?
Ans: NCERT Class 8 English Honeydew Chapter 1 is The Best Christmas Present in the World by Michael Morpurgo. The author wants to tell that no matter who wins or who loses, war is futile, destructive and inhumane. It only brings sadness, anxiety and trauma to the people and the world. One should try to resolve their tussles with peace so that harmony exists and mankind doesn't lose faith in humanity. Irrelevant of our country, religion, race, we all are humans and war has never ended in anything good for any human.
2. What are the Benefits of Studying English Literature with Vedantu?
Ans: English involves long answer questions and short answer questions mostly. You need to learn the format of writing long answers correctly. Vedantu not only explains all the chapters in detail but also tells you about the writer and the background of the story. The practice questions help you compile all this information together. Make self-notes and write down all the points you know. Begin with the writer, a short overview of what the writer or poet have tried to tell and then begin with your main answer interlinking all of them into a long answer. For short answers, just keep it crisp and to the point but in the same format.
3. How to Easily Understand What the Writer or Poet is Trying to Convey?
Ans: Whenever a poet or a writer pens down something, it is because of something he just experienced or maybe the social or political environment during that time. Once you know about the writer, you can decode the idea or thought behind the writing very easily. Remember, if you understand a writer and then read his writings, then only you will get the true essence of it. Though this takes some time, it will be worth the investment and you will have a clear knowledge which will help you learn fast.


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Block Heaters Save Fuel and Help the Environment
Starting a vehicle on a cold winter day can be a chilling experience. It can also be hard on your vehicle, pocketbook and the environment.
You'll use more fuel and create more emissions in the first minutes after a "cold start" than when the engine reaches normal operating temperature. When an engine starts up, it pumps oil throughout the engine block to lubricate moving parts. In a cold engine, the oil is thick and resists flow, so the engine has to work harder to overcome internal friction.
Fuel combustion is also less efficient in a cold engine, and the air-fuel mixture is richer – in other words, there is more fuel and less air in the mixture. (The mixture of fuel vapour and air must be in proper proportion for efficient combustion.) The combined effect is a sharp increase in emissions. On top of everything else, the catalytic converter doesn't work efficiently when it is cold.
You can help reduce the impact of cold starts – and reduce idling time – by using a block heater on cold winter days. This device warms the coolant, which in turn warms the engine block and lubricants. The engine will start more easily and reach its proper operating temperature faster. What's more, it won't have to work as hard to pump oil through the block.
Reduced fuel consumption will do more than save you money. It will also minimize greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that contribute to climate change. Carbon dioxide (CO2), the most common GHG, is an unavoidable by-product of burning gasoline. Every time you turn on your vehicle's engine, you generate CO2 – and the more fuel you use, the greater your GHG emissions.
A block heater runs on electricity. To save money, invest in an automatic timer that switches the block heater on two hours before you plan to drive the vehicle (instead of leaving it plugged in all night). Usually this is all the time needed to warm the coolant and the engine.


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U.S. Energy Information Administration - EIA - Independent Statistics and Analysis
Frequently Asked Questions
What are the different coal prices published by EIA?
EIA publishes various coal prices including futures prices, mine prices, captive and open market sales prices, and delivered prices.
- Spot Price is the price for a one-time open market transaction for immediate delivery purchased "on the spot" at current market rates.
- NYMEX Futures Price are prices on contracts on the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) for the delivery of a specified quantity of a commodity at a specified time and place in the future.
- Mine Sales Price is calculated from the free on board (FOB) value of coal at the coal mine without any insurance or freight transportation charges added.
- Captive Sales Price is the FOB sale price for coal used by the producing company or sold to affiliated or parent companies.
- Open Market Sales Price is the price of coal sold on the open market to companies other than the reporting company's parent company or a subsidiary of the parent company.
Last updated: November 14, 2012
Other FAQs about Coal
- Does EIA have county-level energy production data?
- Does EIA publish coking coal prices?
- From what country does the U.S. import the most coal?
- How do I convert between short tons and metric tons?
- How large are U.S. coal reserves?
- How many and what kind of power plants are there in the United States?
- How much coal, natural gas, or petroleum is used to generate a kilowatt-hour of electricity?
- Which states produce the most coal?
- To what country does the U.S. export the most coal?
- What are the different coal prices published by EIA?
- What is the average heat content of U.S. coal?
- What types and amounts of energy are produced in each state?

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Adult Coloring
Adult Coloring
Adult coloring? Yep, it's a thing. Who knew?! Forget Bunco. Have an adult coloring session instead. Send guests home with their personal set of crayons packaged in a cute crayon box. Who knew there were cute crayon boxes?! Yep, it's a thing. Make the boxes even cuter (if you can believe it) with stickers or buttons.
Thanks to its basic, repetitive motions, coloring engages the brain and relaxes the amygdala, the brain's fear center. By trading your electronic device for a coloring book before bed, you'll avoid exposing yourself to the blue light emitted by your phones, tablets and laptops. Avoid sleep-sabotage!
Coloring has therapeutic potential to reduce anxiety, create focus or bring about more mindfulness. Like meditation, coloring allows the brain to switch off other thoughts and focus. According to a study from San Francisco State University, workers who regularly engaged in a creative hobby outside of their jobs were rated by their colleagues as more innovative, helpful, and team-spirited than workers without a creative pursuit.
Coloring is beneficial to your health? I guess so!
But I'm sure you'll feel even better putting your crayons in the right box!


Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden
Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden, detail of an oil painting by Sir Nathaniel Dance-Holland, 1767–69; in the National Portrait Gallery, London.Courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, London
Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden, in full Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden, Viscount Bayham of Bayham Abbey, Baron Camden of Camden Place (baptized March 21, 1714London, England—died April 18, 1794, London), English jurist who, as chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas (1761–66), refused to enforce general warrants (naming no particular person to be arrested). As lord chancellor of Great Britain (1766–70), he opposed the government's North American colonial policy of taxation without parliamentary representation.
Pratt (created Baron Camden in 1765 and Earl Camden in 1786) was a school friend and political ally of the statesman William Pitt the Elder, 1st earl of Chatham. In 1763, as chief justice, he granted a writ of habeas corpus to the radical politician John Wilkes, who, in the periodical North Briton, had referred to a speech by King George III as a lie and had been arrested for sedition on a general warrant. In the cases of Wilkes v. Wood (1763) and Entick v. Carrington (1764–65), he firmly declared general warrants unlawful.
In his first speech in the House of Lords (1765), Camden attacked the Stamp Act, one of the colonists' grievances that led to the American Revolution. His continued opposition to the colonial taxation policy resulted in his dismissal as lord chancellor.


Workplace Investigations
Why engage an independent and impartial workplace investigations specialist to investigate code of conduct complaints such as bullying, sexual harassment, discrimination and serious misconduct? Investigating workplace misconduct complaints such as bullying and sexual harassment, as well as general disputes between employees or acts of serious misconduct, can sometimes be a complex and time-consuming task. [...]


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The UK framework for sustainable development, 'One Future – Different Paths' published in March 2005 set out five principles, which have been adopted by the UK Government, and each of the devolved administrations. Each of the principles puts society at the heart of sustainability.
- Living within environmental limits.
- Ensuring a strong, healthy and just society.
- Achieving a sustainable economy.
- Using sound science responsibly.
- Promoting good governance.
We recognised the social dimension of sustainable forestry and woodlands at an early stage, leading in 1998 to the development of a social research capacity in Forest Research that has continued to develop.
The organisation of the social research programme reflects the five principles, adapted to meet the particular needs of the Forestry Commission. The programme is designed around the following themes:
- learning from research and interpreting and communicating research findings;
- supporting communities;
- good governance in forestry and woodlands;
- applying social research in the Forestry Commission's decision-making.
As our experience with social research has developed, our social researchers increasingly are working in cross-disciplinary teams and across the range of research carried out in Forest Research. We see this as a highly positive trend that allows the social implications of all our research to be considered both in the design and in the analysis phases.
Our social research has a strong focus on practice and relies on feedback from managers in the forestry and woodlands sector and from regular contact with diverse stakeholders in order to identify research questions and needs. We will continue to encourage the programme manager to maintain close links with staff at all levels in the four countries and to develop new relationships with key stakeholders in Government. We also wish to see the advisory role of our social scientists develop further, and for the Unit to be seen as a source of internal and external consultancy, especially where this will build capacity or expertise in the unit and in Forest Research.
Links to the social, economic development and urban greening research programmes are listed below.


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Common name: Ludwigia Senegalensis, Ludwigia sp 'Guinea'
Remove the lead weight and sponge from the stems and plant each stem individually into your substrate
Ludwigia Senegalensis is a beautiful stem plant which can develop a red vein-like pattern on the leaves. The red coloration becomes more pronounced under high light with the addition of iron and other micro nutrients. This plant is considered rare and not commonly seen in the aquarium trade as very few farms currently grow it.
Propagation can be achieved by taking cuttings from the main stem of the plant that are replanted into the substrate.
- Ludwigia can be very fragile. Be sure to handle this aquarium plant with care.
- Do not make drastic changes to the aquarium. Unstable parameters will result in melt and rotting of the aquarium plant.
- Remove the cotton surrounding the roots and plant into a quality substrate. For instructions on how to properly prep aquarium plants, click here.
- CO2 injection and quality aquarium soil will yield better growth.
- Please research appropriately to ensure your plant thrives.
Family Name: Onagraceae
Light: Medium to high
Growth Rate: Moderate


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For the circuit shown in Fig. 3.113, write the nodevoltage equations by inspection.
Step 1 of 3
Textbook: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
Author: Charles Alexander
The full step-by-step solution to problem: 3.69 from chapter: 3 was answered by, our top Engineering and Tech solution expert on 11/10/17, 05:48PM. This textbook survival guide was created for the textbook: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, edition: 5. The answer to "For the circuit shown in Fig. 3.113, write the nodevoltage equations by inspection." is broken down into a number of easy to follow steps, and 13 words. Since the solution to 3.69 from 3 chapter was answered, more than 248 students have viewed the full step-by-step answer. This full solution covers the following key subjects: Circuit, equations, fig, inspection, nodevoltage. This expansive textbook survival guide covers 18 chapters, and 1560 solutions. Fundamentals of Electric Circuits was written by and is associated to the ISBN: 9780073380575.


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Dogs can be trained to use a certain area set aside for elimination. They're less fussy than cats about what materials you use to absorb the waste, so you could put old newspapers, paper litter, clay, or another absorbent material in the bottom of the pan. No matter what material you decide to use, use it consistently. At first, you may want to leave the litter a little dirty, because dogs tend to go back to a place where they have gone before. For the same reason, clean the carpet whenever your dog has an accident, to be sure she doesn't return to the same spot.
Most of all, be patient and consistent. Develop a schedule of feeding, playing, walking, and sleeping, which will keep your dog on an elimination schedule as well. Learn the times when she will generally have to go: after eating, after waking up and, for puppies, about every 20-30 minutes when they are awake and playing. Watch for the cues your dog gives before urinating, like sniffing and circling, and place her in the pan when you see her getting ready to go. Praise her when she uses the pan.
Different dogs learn at different rates, so it may take a few days of accidents before your pet learns to use the pan. Eventually, though, with gentle persistence, she can learn to use the litter box consistently. Remember, though, the pan is not meant to replace trips outside, but to supplement them. Your dog still needs to go outside for exercise and fresh air every day.


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Now that Mole Season is upon us, here are a few Frequently Asked Questions about moles!
- How long do moles live? Moles may live for up to 7 years, however, more than 85% die in the first 3 years.
- What and how much do moles eat? Moles are opportunistic feeders and consume almost anything they can catch. Earthworms are the main component of their diet, however, insects and mollusks make up the majority of the other prey. Moles usually eat three times a day. An adult consumes about 1/8 pound of food per day.
- When are moles most active? Moles have 3 periods of activity: 2-7 am., 11-4 pm., and 8-ll pm. Times may vary with location and with the time of the year. For example, males are more active in February and March to search for receptive females. On the other hand, females are more active in May and June when they need more food for nursing their young. Moles spend nearly half of their time sleeping.
- What is the typical litter size and how many litters will a female have per year? Litter sizes range from 2-8 with an average of 4. Gestation period is thought to be around 28 days. If conditions are not favorable, the female may reabsorb the embryos she is carrying. Most experts believe that a female may have up to three litters per year.
- How do moles communicate? Smell is very well developed in moles. Both males and females produce glandular secretions that empty into the urinary tract. The amount and composition of these secretions changes during breeding season.
- How many different species of moles occur in the US? There are 7 species of moles. The two most common are the eastern mole (Scalopus aquari-cus) and the star-nosed mole (Condylura cristata). Both occur east of the Rockies.
- Can moles swim? All moles can swim it'the need arises. They have been observed to swim up to an hour and to cover a distance of over a half mile. The star-nosed mole is semi-acquatic and often obtains its food underwater. Members of this species are usually found in lowlying areas near water. In fact, their tunnels may exit into ponds or streams.
- How do moles dig? The front legs are greatly enlarged and point at right angles to the body. While digging, the legs are swept from front to back in a horizontal plane. This power stroke moves the body forward and either dislodges the soil or pushes it outward forming the tunnels. Moles can dig at approx. 18 ft. per hour.
- Do moles have different tunnels? Yes, they usually have two types – surface tunnels and deep tunnels. Surface tunnels have visible, raised portions above the ground. These are particularly common in recently disturbed soils, sandy soils, and in terrains where food is found just below the surface. Surface tunnels are more easily dug but appear to be more temporary, especially when their prey goes deeper in the soil due to drought or cold temperature. Deep tunnels ranging from two inches to five feet are more commonly used. This requires the mole to place mounds of dirt above the surface of the lawn.
- Are the number of mounds a good indicator of the number of moles in a given area? No.
- How are moles controlled? There are several ways of getting rid of moles. These include trapping, poisoning, and using chemicals to eliminate potential food sources such as earthworms and insect grubs from the soil. Most people find the latter two methods unacceptable because they are either too dangerous to use or they have long-term adverse effects on the environment.
- What is the best mole trap to use? The first factor to consider is efficacy. Will the trap catch moles? A very important second factor is safety. Many traps have dangerous features such as the sharp spears or a device that acts as a strong choker. Because many of these products protrude above ground, they are a potential danger to children and pets. Many operators/consumers are concerned about cost. This is especially true if many traps are needed. Another factor is longevity, basically, will the trap offer several seasons of service? All of these factors should be considered when choosing a mole trap.
Check our Mole Control Products!


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Provided by Shodor. The Computational Science Education Reference Desk (CSERD) identifies, develops, and sustains effective educational materials for computational science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Resources include interactive activities and instructional materials for students, educators, and parents; workshops, online courses, and educational resources geared towards educators, and; internships and workshops that provide students with resources in computational science.
CSERD: Computational Science Education Reference Desk
The Computational Science Education Reference Desk (CSERD) features resources to help students learn about computational science and to help teachers incorporate it into the classroom. Computational science involves the appropriate use of a...
Full description and distribution of resources
- Browse by subject, keyword, audience, education level, resource type
- Search by basic and advanced keyword
- Register as a reviewer
- Contribute to the library
- Journal of Computational Science Education (JOCSE) an online journal for use of computation in education via dissemination of uniques uses in the classroom and research findings in computational science education
- National Computational Science Institute (NCSI) provides workshops for educators at all levels covering a wide range of computational science subjects, including ideas and resources for classroom use.
- Newsletter subscribe to Shodor's newsletter
- Download Math Flyer mobile app with Math Flyer, a student can plot a graph and manipulate all of the variables and constants in that graph, allowing him or her to see the relationships firsthand.


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|1.||the study of animals and plants in the wild state|
|2.||the study of all natural phenomena|
|3.||the sum of these phenomena in a given place or at a given time: the natural history of Iran|
|a stew of meat, vegetables, potatoes, etc.|
|a gadget; dingus; thingumbob.|
The study and description of living things and natural objects, especially their origins, evolution, and relationships to one another. Natural history includes the sciences of zoology, mineralogy, geology, and paleontology.


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Drone Image Fails to Upload Due to Large File Size
When trying to upload an aerial image taken with a drone, you may encounter the error shown in the following screenshot:
Reduce Image Resolution
Normally, this error message is shown if the size of the file you're trying to upload is too large for our system to use. Many drones take photographs in 4K or even 8K resolution, but if you are able to change this setting, saving the image at 1080p resolution will often reduce the file size enough to allow you to upload the photo, while still retaining more than enough image quality to sketch the roof accurately.
Crop Image to Reduce File Size
Another possible solution to this problem is to open the image file in an image editing software that allows you to crop photos, and crop out any unnecessary areas of the image, such as neighbors' houses or land that doesn't include outbuildings. By cropping the photo, you'll also be reducing the file size.


What Are The Characteristics Of A Farmer?
What do farmers need most?
They need many different types of resources.
Farmers need natural resources, such as land, air, nutrients, water and sunlight.
Farmers themselves need energy so they can work the land..
Who is a farmer in simple words?
What are three important qualities that farmers need?
Top farmers must have a combination of effective mechanical, administrative, communication and decision-making skills.Mechanical and Repairing Skills. While farmers complete many of the same tasks each day, no two days are exactly alike. … Problem-Solving Abilities. … Time-Management Proficiency. … Interpersonal Skills.
What makes a good farmer?
A good farmer is a systems thinker, able to perceive and understand the linkages between the farm's productivity and the social and ecological dimensions of the farm; clear about what the farm depends upon and what its impacts are and how these need to be managed.
What defines a farmer?
(Entry 1 of 3) 1 : a person who pays a fixed sum for some privilege or source of income. 2 : a person who cultivates land or crops or raises animals (such as livestock or fish)
What is the job description of a farmer?
Farmers either own or lease land on which they raise crops, such as corn, wheat, tobacco, cotton, vegetables, or fruits; raise animals or poultry; or maintain herds of dairy cattle for the production of milk. Whereas some farmers may combine several of these activities, most specialize in one specific area.
What type of farming makes the most money?
How can a farmer become rich?
What is the importance of farmer?
Farmers are responsible for all crops and livestock that are needed for us to survive. Without food, the world would slowly die, and farmers work hard every day to keep plenty of crops and animal products in the market to keep that from happening.
What are 3 types of farming?
Types of farmingarable farming grows crops, eg wheat and barley.pastoral farming is raising animals, eg cows and sheep.mixed farming is both arable and pastoral.
How many types of farmers are there?
The 8 Major Types of Farming Systems in India – Civilsdaily.


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Q : What is Legislative Data Group in Fusion HCM?
Legislative data groups are a means of partitioning payroll and related data. At least one legislative data group is required for each country where the enterprise operates. Each legislative data group is associated with one or more payroll statutory units. Each legislative data group marks a legislation in which payroll is processed, and is associated with a legislative code, currency and its own cost key flexfield structure.
Q : What are Oracle Fusion Trees?
Oracle Fusion trees are graphical representations of hierarchical data such as the structure of your organization. Oracle Fusion Human Capital Management (HCM) provides predefined tree structures for department, organization, position, and geography trees. You cannot change the predefined HCM tree structures. With the exception of geography trees, you can create multiple trees for each HCM tree type, and multiple versions of each tree. For all HCM tree types, however, only one version of each tree can be active at one time.
Q : If you update an assignment record multiple times in a single day, can you still track the record, if yes how?
For some objects, such as assignments, more than one update per day is maintained by creating a physical record for each update. Such objects include an effective sequence number in each physical record to show the order in which updates made to an object on a single day were applied.
Q : What is Functional Setup Manager or FSM as it is more commonly known as?
Oracle Fusion Functional Setup Manager (FSM) is an application that provides an end-to-end guided process for managing your functional implementation projects throughout the entire implementation life cycle.
Q : What is Enterprise Structure Configurator (ESC) and what are the benefits of using it?
The ESC is an interview-based tool that guides you through the configuration of your enterprise structures. Use the ESC as part of your set up to define the organization structures and job and position structures of the enterprise.
To access ESC, In the Setup and Maintenance work area, select the Establish Enterprise Structures task under the Define Initial Configuration task list.
Benefits of ESC:
- Create all the organizational structures at one time.
- Create multiple configurations to test multiple scenarios.
- Review the enterprise configuration prior to loading it.
- Rollback an enterprise configuration after loading it.
Q : What do you understand by Reference Data Sharing?
In oracle Fusion Reference data sharing facilitates sharing of configuration data such as jobs, grades across business units. It can be understood as buckets of reference data assigned to multiple business units. It helps to reduce duplication and maintenance by sharing common data across business entities where appropriate. In Oracle Fusion Applications reference data sharing feature is also known as SetID. A set, which is available out of the box is called Common Set
In HCM Set enabled objects are: Departments, Locations, Jobs & Grades
Q : What's the difference between the Watchlist and the Worklist?
Watchlist feature provides a set of shortcuts to items that you want to track or that require your attention. Watchlist is used to see a count for each item and to navigate to the relevant work area where you can view or perform tasks on the item. For example, a Watchlist item is for expense reports awaiting submission. You can see how many expense reports you have created but not yet submitted, and click the Watchlist item link to navigate to the work area where these reports appear.
Whereas Worklist feature presents workflow tasks that require your approval or other action, as well as notifications for you to view. Worklist is used to manage tasks, access their details, or take appropriate action. For example, some managers might see approval tasks for invoices, and select a particular task to approve, reject, or otherwise act on the corresponding invoice.
Q : Could you please list down some of common task used during implementation
Here are few basic and frequently used task
1. Manage Enterprise HCM Information
2. Manage Legal Entity HCM Information
3. Manage Legal Addresses
4. Manage Legal Entity
5. Manage Location
6. Manage Divisions
7. Manage Departments
8. Manage Business Unit
9. Manage Actions
10. Manage Job
11. Manage Grades
12. Manage Profile Options
13. Manage Gallery Portrait
14. Manage Person Types
15. Manage Common Lookups
16. Manage Review Periods
17. Manage Performance Document Types
18. Manage Worker Goal Setting Profile Option Values
19. Manage Worker Goal Setting Lookups
20. Manage Goal Management Notification Settings
P.S. Task names are not case-sensitive
Q : What is distribution threshold in fusion performance management?
When we create Rating Model for performance management we do define Rating Distribution to tell what is the minimum and maximum percentage of worker should fall in each rating level. This is more commonly known as Normalization. Now the Distribution Threshold is a filed to control "Number of eligible workers a manager must have to see distribution target".
Q : How many sections a performance template can hold and what are those?
An Oracle Fusion Performance Template can hold maximum of six sections, which are given below
1. Competency Section
2. Goal Section
3. Worker Final Feedback Section
4. Manager Final Feedback Section
5. Questionnaire Section
6. Overall Review Section
Q : What are the different absence type patterns available in Fusion Absence Management?
An absence pattern contains a predefined set of rules that you can use as a starting point to create an absence type. The pattern that you select determines whether special fields appear on the absence type pages, as well as the options available to display and process various aspects of absence recording. For example, the Illness or injury pattern displays a field that enables you to select whether the absence type applies for childbirth or adoption placement.
Following are the three patterns available in Fusion Absence Management.
- Illness or injury
- Childbirth or placement
- Generic absence
Q : What are the different plan types available in Fusion Absence Management?
There are three different plan types available in Fusion Absence Management, which are given below:
Use this type to create absence plans that enable workers to accrue time for the purpose of taking paid leave, for example, a vacation plan. Our requirement qualifies for this plan type.
Use this type to create an absence plan where workers qualify for the plan as a result of events, such as long term illness or maternity, and receive payments during the absence period.
Create absence plans of this type to track paid or unpaid absences without maintaining an accrual balance or providing leave entitlements, such as periodic accruals. You can also use plans of this type in combination with a qualification plan. For example, use a no-entitlement plan to pay workers if they are not eligible for a standard maternity absence qualification plan.
Q : What is Legislative Data Group in Fusion HCM?


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"Oops!" Student Behavior Sheet... holding students accountable for their actions.
Mrs. Wills Kindergarten: Classroom Behavior.. would be great for a student that needs an individual plan
behavior+management+contact+English+photo.jpg 357×543 pixels
Cute! Behavior Management Supplemental Packet for Clip Chart |
Behavior Think Sheet. I used something similar to this with some of my students who needed time away from the situation to settle down before discussing the problem with me.
Third Grade Goodies
Owl Clip Chart for Classroom Management and a Behavior Think Sheet Freebie
All Things Teaching
Sliding Into Second Grade: Classroom Management
How I Create and Maintain A Positive Classroom Culture for K-2!
Task 1: how we can manage behavior by having them think about what they have done wrong
Behavior Modification Charts | Daily behavior chart on task behavior


Finishing: The Science of Ironing
finishing science of ironing
ABOVE: An overview of three ironers operating in a plant that processes primarily hospitality goods.
Keeping ironers optimized from a utilization and maintenance perspective is the best way to realize an ROI from a textile finishing line. As we review the science behind the ironing process, a simple model (Figure 1: Ironing Pie®) is used to depict the four major variables that dictate capability. This article will explain the science behind these components. Although brief, this description of the "Ironing Pie" is an important concept to understand. It is critical that laundry operators understand the relationship between each piece, so that they can properly establish formulas for processing linens in an efficient and cost-effective manner.
the ironing pieThe four Ironing Pie components; temperature, moisture content, pressure and time are shown as equals only as a point of reference. Equal and balanced distribution of the four elements is not the case in a true ironing application.
Heat inarguably has the single-most direct impact on an ironer's ability to press fabric. Heat as a variable must be valued as the chest surface working temperature. The most common temperature range is from 325°–365°F ([162°–185°C] ideal operating range based on the heat source and the melt points of various blended materials). The most common form of ironer heat energy is steam, given that most laundry facilities already have boilers and the capacity to support the steam demands of the ironer (it should be noted that steam boilers run more efficiently when they have the proper load placed on them). Steam ironers tend to operate in the 325°–340°F (162-171°C) range, while thermal fluid heated units can operate at higher temperatures. Variations in chest temperatures during production can result in poor ironed quality with damp/wet items exiting the ironer, while prolonged exposure to extreme high temperatures can damage items.
This magnifies the importance of having a consistent moisture content in the linens as they are presented to the finishing lines. By doing so, established formulas will provide consistent quality and production output.
When establishing formula operating temperatures, it's recommended to consult your linen provider for guidance on how to properly care for your items. Knowing the items' maximum recommended exposure for temperature is always an important point to consider. The most common configuration is to operate the ironer as hot as possible and adjust line speed to control an item's exposure to heat.
Once an ironer's maximum operating temperature is established, any reduction in chest-surface temperatures will increase the time required for the items to be under pressure, resulting in slower line speeds. To offset operating at a slower line speed, other pieces of the Ironing Pie must be addressed. You can reduce the items' moisture content by increasing your extraction times, or extraction time under pressure (depending on how the linens are washed in conventional washer/ extractors, or if they are processed in batch tunnels). Additionally, you can positively influence line speeds to address higher moisture content by adding additional rolls/surface area to your ironer.
Moisture Content is a key component in the Ironing Pie. It starts as a weighted comparison of a linen's ability to retain moisture after undergoing processing through a press or washer/extractor cycle. This is achieved by weighing dry linens before being washed and again after the linens have been processed as delivered to the finishing line ready for ironing. Moisture content can then be calculated by following the formula below:
ironing news story
It's recommended that items contain 30%-40% moisture content before ironing. Adhering to this guideline will help ensure a quality ironed finish, while minimizing linen damage. It's true that a reduction in an item's moisture content is directly related to increased processing line speed under temperature as noted above. But fully dried items should not be processed through an ironer. Attempting to achieve lower extraction percentages might not be practical as a scale of diminishing returns will occur with no value added. Every site is different and each needs to qualify its own capabilities for this measure. When a site is having issues controlling moisture content, pre-conditioning loads in a dryer is another process that operators can consider. What's important is to develop a process of producing repeatable moisture content for items processed on the front end of the finishing line. Items exiting the ironer should maintain 2-3% moisture content, as this will allow smooth folds and preserve the life of the fibers, while reducing the creation of lint and static electricity. Items ironed fully dry without moisture retention present are prone to fiber damage, excessive accumulation of lint and the creation of high levels of static electricity. Increased front-end item moisture content will increase the amount of time required for an item to be under pressure, resulting in slower line speeds, which decreases throughput. To offset the impact of slower line speeds, increasing chest temperature and the contact area under pressure will help restore line speed. When chest temperature is operating at the highest potential for output, preconditioning select items has the potential to reduce moisture content, inversely restoring an ironing line's capability for throughput. It should be noted that discharging items with elevated moisture content will typically result in poor fold quality, folding equipment jams and unplanned operational downtime. Also, it can present a hygienic liability as mold can grow on damp linens that are stored or packaged for shipment to the end user.
The Ironing Pie defines pressure as the location where the padded roll applies pressure onto a sheet against a deep chest simultaneously. There are two components to pressure: The first is the surface area under pressure, which is dictated by the size of the roll utilized and the number or rolls with which the ironer is configured. The other pressure variable is the applied surface physical force between an ironer roll and its respective chest surface. The first pressure variable is established at the time of equipment purchase, often within the customer bid specification, which defines specific site-configuration factors and performance throughput. Ironer OEMs are best suited to provide guidance in sizing an ironer, since each manufacturer will understand the impact and limitation regarding the contact area under pressure and how their ironer will perform. It's debatable whether the use of this term might have been over-marketed. Simply put, an operator should look at the size of the ironing surface as a linear value and not the accumulative total area of square inches/centimeters. It's necessary to understand that the impact of the contact area under pressure is fixed to the number and size of rolls utilized. It is not recommended to leverage this value as the single qualifier for ironer performance, or to justify the purchase of similar-sized twoor three-roll ironers. Many additional factors require consideration (e.g., chest type, construction, design, number of rolls and size of rolls all need to be part of the selection process). Make sure to use all factored inputs to correctly define ironing needs. A good up-front purchasing decision establishes a flatwork line return on investment for years to come.
The Ironing Pie defines time as three different variables. The duration of time for each variable is site-specific and all are impacted by the factors identified in the Ironing Pie. They include:
 - Start Up Time
 - Production Time Under Pressure
 - Cool Down Time
Key input factors specific to ironer time are desired operating temperature, items processed, moisture content and contact pressures.
START UP TIME is the duration of time required to raise the temperature of the ironer from its current static or ambient temperature up to "hot" wax-ready operating temperature. This segment of time is directly dependent on the type of ironer, specifically its heat source with respect to starting chest temperatures. During this time most laundries will execute a wax procedure and will replace any missing guide ribbons so that when complete, the ironer is production ready.
PRODUCTION TIME UNDER PRESSURE is the segment of time when the ironer is hot at operational temperature and available to run flatwork production. This is when equipment utilization becomes a measurable, and where an ROI can be verified while looking for opportunities for improvement. A good approach is to tune the ironer line speed for sustainable site operations that is item-specific for predictable, repeatable results. During the utilization review, note all identified shortcomings. Some can be resolved as tuning opportunities, while others may be fixed constraints requiring a more complex series of solutions. A good objective should be to keep the ironer chest covered with items and processing with minimal gaps. Items should exit the ironer with 2%-3% moisture retention to prevent static electricity, producing a quality ironed, wrinkle-free appearance. Avoid attempting to configure line speeds to operate beyond the slowest piece of equipment or at full boiler capacity. Some cushion is required to absorb momentary changes in the plantoperating environment. Time under pressure is the amount of time that the ironer roll is pressing items into a hot chest. This value has a direct relationship to the amount of fixed contact area under pressure. The longer this linear contact pressure distance is, the less time under pressure is required to iron. Other factors that can impact time under pressure are fabrics. For example, 100% cotton will require more time under pressure than a cotton/poly blend or microfiber.
COOL DOWN TIME is the time period to lower the temperature of the ironer from operating speeds down to cooler "touchsafe" temperatures. It's obvious that cool down times will be affected by operating temperature and the type of medium used to heat the ironer, as well as the size of the ironer itself. Even if your daily operations never fully shut down laundry boilers, it's important to qualify the time required to cool the system for servicing the unit and restarting.


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If you need to show codes Word 2000 allows you to. If you need to hide codes Word 2000 allows it as well. Learn how here.
Reasons to display nonprinting characters
- General editing: Display nonprinting characters when you need to follow a specified format.
- Combining two paragraphs: Erase the returns that separate paragraphs. Returns are represented on the screen by paragraph symbols. Erasing the symbol will erase the return.
- Deleting tabs: Place the insertion point to the right of the tab symbol, then press the Backspace key.
Displaying paragraph characters
- It's easier to combine and separate paragraphs by erasing and inserting actual paragraph symbols.
- Each paragraph symbol contains important information about the format of the paragraph preceding it, including type size and style, indentation, and borders.


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An Analysis of Texas Waterways
For assistance with accessibility on any TPWD documents, please contact _EMAIL_
A Report on the Physical Characteristics of Rivers, Streams, and Bayous in Texas
Seasonal and Restrictive Waterways of East Texas, Part 1
This section contains an analysis of those sections of rivers, streams, and bayous in East Texas which have been found to contain an insufficient flow of water for recreational use under normal conditions, or for various reasons could not be classified as a major waterway, and would be restricted to seasonal usage. It has been determined that these waterways contain the basic characteristics indigenous to all waterways in the eastern portion of the State. However, their suitability for recreational use and/or scenic attributes have been limited in some manner. It is with the realization that these rivers, streams, and bayous have potential for recreational use on a regional and local basis that this information has been provided.
Armand's Bayou (formerly Middle Bayou) is an excellent example of a scenic natural bayou in East Texas. The mean width of the bayou is about 40 feet; however, it widens into a poorly defined marsh in some sections. Water flow varies and the bayou becomes shallow at times. The bayou is unique in that it represents an unspoiled area of vegetation (including palmettos, oaks, Spanish moss, cattails, and flowering water plants) close to the Houston Metropolitan Area.
Only seasonal recreational use of Austin Bayou is possible because the bayou is narrow and has only a limited flow of water. However, a potentially good 10-mile segment exists in the vicinity of FM 2004. A typical scenic bayou of the coastal plains, Austin Bayou represents an important recreational resource to local residents.
A typical scenic coastal waterway, the 20-mile section of Bastrop Bayou from FM 2004 to FM 523, flows deep and contains sufficient water levels for recreational use at most times. The bayou provides valuable outdoor opportunities to local residents.
Madison and Walker Counties
Bedias Creek, between Madisonville and Huntsville, is a scenic waterway that provides valuable recreation opportunities. The stretch between US 75 and the Trinity River has been identified as being the most desirable stretch to recreationists, especially during periods of high water. Here, the creek is from 20 to 50 feet wide, consisting of long pools and short riffles. One considerable rapid makes a tenfoot drop over a lineal distance of approximately fifty feet and could be hazardous to the unwary. Along the banks, the creek is lined with oak, elm, willow, and pecan. The main channel in the upper reaches (near IH 45) is hard to distinguish during high water periods.
Tyler and Hardin Counties
Beech Creek is a narrow, spring-fed tributary of Village Creek. Beech Creek contains unpolluted, clear, cool water and white sand bars. This waterway has been proposed as one of the connecting corridors in the "String of Pearls" concept for a Big Thicket National Park. The banks of the creek are heavily vegetated and many log and brush jams are found, which result in the creek being difficult to float. However, the whole 23-mile section of Beech Creek from FM 1013 crossing in Tyler County to Village Creek in Hardin County is usable for float trips during periods of above-normal moisture. The lower 4-mile stretch, from a county road crossing off of US 287 and US 69 in Village Mills, (eight miles east of Village Mills), to the junction with Village Creek has been identified as the best stretch for recreational use during normal water conditions.
Big Cypress Creek
Big Cypress Creek is formed in northwestern Tyler County and flows approximately 25 miles southeastward to meet Turkey Creek. Water levels of the Big Cypress vary, but are suitable for recreational use most of the year. Many log jams which result in the creek being difficult to float are encountered. The scenic beauty and primitive nature of Big Cypress Creek is such that it has been proposed as a connecting corridor in the "String of Pearls" concept for a Big Thicket National Park. Here, the best section for recreational use is the 18-mile section from a county road crossing off FM 256 (six miles west of Woodville) to the US 69 and US 287 crossing (1 mile south of Hillister). Two additional reference points on this section are US 190 crossing (six miles west of Woodville) two miles downstream from the crossing off FM 256, and a county road crossing off of FM 256 (five miles southwest of Woodville) five miles downstream.
Big Cow Creek
Big Cow Creek rises in the northwest corner of Newton County and flows southeast approximately 90 miles to meet the Sabine River. The creek derives its water supply from the many spring-fed branches in the area. In the upper reaches, it flows through an area of rolling sandhills, open mixed forests, and scattered pine groves. The lower section flows through a bottomland area composed of beech and other species of hardwood and pine. Water flow is sufficient on most of the lower section for recreational use; however, the best section for recreational use is reportedly from SH 87 crossing (2 miles southeast of Newton) to the Sabine River.
Big Mineral Creek
Big Mineral Creek is located near Lake Texoma on the Hagerman Wildlife Refuge. The creek flows through thick woods and is seldom over fifty feet wide at any given point. Access to the creek is no problem, since the creek flows through the Wildlife refuge. Picnic tables, grills, and restrooms are made available to the public by the refuge. A 1.5 mile section of the creek has been proposed for marking as a canoe trail by the refuge.
Big Pine Creek
Red River County
Big Pine Creek flows through farming and ranching country interspersed with sections of bottomland hardwoods. The creek ranges in width from 30 to 45 feet, with the best section for recreational use beginning at FM 410 and ending at Highway 37 on the Red River, a distance of five miles.
Big Sandy Creek
Polk and Hardin Counties
Big Sandy Creek rises in northern Polk County and flows southeast into Hardin County where it joins Village Creek. Big Sandy's total length is approximately 40 miles. Flowing through the heart of the Big Thicket, this natural creek is recognized as an integral part of a unique ecosystem. The creek is from 10 to 30 feet wide, with heavy vegetation lining the banks. Steep banks exist at road crossings. The waters are clear and shallow, but passable at normal water levels. Numerous log jams are prevalent which result in the creek being difficult to float. However, at higher water levels, the submerged logs became a lesser problem and recreational use is feasible.
Waterway features and distance between each are as follows: FM 942 crossing - 8 miles east of Leggett (creek is very shallow and narrow), US 190 crossing - east of Livingston on the Alabama-Coushatta Indian Reservation (7 miles), FM 1276 crossing - approximately 3 miles south of the Indian Reservation (the water has deepened considerably at this point) (6 miles), County Road - off FM 1276, six miles south of the Reservation (3 miles), FM 1276, crossing - 10 miles southeast of the Reservation (poor access is available) (5 miles), and US 69 & 287 crossing - 8 miles north of Kountze (16 miles). Approximately 2 miles below US 69 & 287, Big Sandy Creek joins Village Creek.
Bois D'Arc Creek
Bois D'Arc Creek, one of the major drainages of the Red River in Texas, maintains an average width of 75 feet from Highway 79 to its intersection with the Red River. This is normally enough water for recreational use of this two-mile stretch; however, the nearest road crossing on the Red River is Highway 281, approximately 40 miles downstream. Most of the time, the water in Bois D'Arc Creek is clear, and fishing is good. Also, good camping areas are available where Bois D'Arc Creek passes through Caddo National Grasslands (administrated by the U.S. Forest Service).
Buffalo Bayou begins in north central Fort Bend County and flows 65 miles southeast into Harris County where it forms a part of the Houston Ship Channel, eventually emptying into Galveston Bay. The bayou is floatable most of the year; however, it is extremely polluted. Buffalo Bayou flows through Houston, and numerous access points are available. The stretch from State Highway 6 to Loop 610 is reportedly the best section for recreational use.
Adequate water levels for recreational use are present in Caney Creek most of the year. The creek flows between a few high bluffs and rocks. A short segment from the Red River up Caney Creek to the low water crossing off FM 1753 and FM 274 is reportedly the most feasible for recreational use.
Catfish Creek is a scenic stream that has retained much of its natural character. The creek varies in width from 15 to 45 feet while meandering through typical East Texas bottomlands. The entire length is feasible for recreational use; however, overhanging willow and submerged logs often create unfavorable conditions, especially in dry seasons. The stretch from FM 321 to US 84 where Catfish Creek crosses the Trinity River is the best section for recreational use. Camping facilities are available at a number of unimproved, public campgrounds on the Gus Engeling Wildlife Management Area.
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This control adds up/down buttons and functionality, also referred to as a spin control, to our Numeric TextBox. Users can click or tap on the buttons inside the Numeric UpDown to change the value, or if the control has focus, use the arrow keys on the keyboard. You can set the maximum and minimum to guarantee a range, as well as set the magnitude of the change that will be applied to the TextBox's value upon a click or tap.
The SpinDecorator that gives this control its behavior can be applied to any TextBox that has a numerical value, not just the Numeric UpDown.
Users can tap or click on the buttons inside the TextBox to change the value. This allow them to input numbers without bringing up the on-screen keyboard.
Like the other TextBoxes in the suite you can set the minimum and maximum to ensure the user can only enter a valid number. Once the value reaches one of these values a tap in the direction beyond it will not have any effect.
By setting the SmallChange property you can alter how much is incremented or decremented for one tap of the button.


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Public Session Outcomes
Hosted by Evansville Vanderburgh Public Library (EVPL)
Date: June 3, 2021
Carry Forward & Leave Behind
Group 1 Visions
- Partnership between multiple denominations of churches. Community projects. Businesses providing mentors for schools. Updated schools, safe, clean, etc. Community neighborhood parks that are safe.
- To make southside Evansville a place that is celebrating community, collaboration. A place where everyone wants to be and to celebrate having that place. Southside evansville improved overall, including all the neighborhoods that surround it.
- Bike lane on the bridge, twin bridges or railroad bridge. Community incubator or accelerator programs that feed into global starter programs. Community wide diversity inclusion and equity strategies. Diversity in our local and regional leadership. Healthy communities. Specifically to henderson, a thriving East end.
- Wellness co-op centers, holistic approaches. Increase green space. Muti-generational connections and activities to grieve end of life and aging, or uncomfortable things we avoid. Hospice house supported by the community where you don't need insurance or funding to end your life peacefully. Grief support. Health and weallness approach that is not medical. More local grown produce combatting food deserts. Work with criminal justice system to incorporate programs for health and grief education and support. More mental health support and education or certification programs. Increasing entertainment on the river where you can utilize a river boat to get to different areas for entertainment along the river.
- Occupied retail spaces. More parks and gyms. Make-your-spaces, places where kids can use hands on learning, and schools. Renewable energies. Diversity in leadership education in schools. Opportunities for low income students. Diverse leadership in the city and community. Youth involvement with county operations, to encourage movement back into the county. More housing to resolve housing crisis. Drug use reduction.
Group 2 Visions
- People cheering on team EVV
- People crossing the river on a zip line
- The plane represents its pointing toward the airport. Come and go from the airport.
- The team EVV is happening in KY, other counties, but being team EVV unites everyone. US celebrating and US what's to come.
- Clean water in the river
- Museum celebrating historical US-ness. Lily King's gold medals. Some sports related. Other things people have accomplished.
- Underground railroad honored in the museum
- Southwest Indiana High. A place wehre people can come and get education that fits them. Whatever they are interested in. They can learn solar panels, garden, career exploration, people with lived experiences can mentor the students. School is not school but school is learning life. They can make something that serves everyone. It's no more us vs them.
- School doesn't just have to be kids. It can be adults. It's for everyone. Everyone can go and learn. Second building is for career exploration.
- Wanting wealth and money. Money growing on trees and producing more money. The money leads to home ownership and car ownership. The rainbow represents the spirituality. God is watching over us.
- The people represent families and friends. It's more about family, and friends, and spiritual things than about money and wealth.
- It started out being about money but then it became love, empathy, and people being together. The sun and the rainbow represents happiness.
- Swimming pool represents the wealth.
- We need to leave behind debt and financial crisis. We are going to have debt but we need to leave behind financial crisis.
- space for youth to be safe, have fun, learn, volunteer, support each other
- housing and medical care and less violent politics, people are employed where they enjoy working
Group 3 Visions
- generalized transportation for all–SWIN-KY Hyperloop that delivers you anywhere in region within minutes
- revitalization of manufacturing in area (Berry a 3D printing company, Toyota adding robotic productions)
- more community activities, better networking that leads to better networks that allows change to occur; knowledge centers like library but actually holding events of financial advice, parenthood, that connect you where you need to go
- makerspace for children or adults to tinker for free
- reimagining how you should be involved with the community; youth inclusion fo regional projects & initiatives on boards, etc; equal education for all school districts; civic education & engagement; mental health resources free and available to students; realistic sexual education; 24/7 youth community center; voting information; digestable local news information
- Hubs of interconnectivity, activity, live-work-play opportunities where entrepeneurs can thrive, people have family-centric affordable housing options fueled by affordable mass transit and renewable energy resourcs in every inner-city neighborhoods in all areas of our region
Group 4 Visions
- green infrastructure put on top of existing public buildings–green roofing (succulent roof)–helps with flooding; ocean trash cans that collect solids in our river
- good public transportation
- efficient recyling programs
- long-term learning centers
- outdoor classroom–learning moments everywhere
- locally grown healthy foods
- affordable & accessible healthy choices & activities–free bikes
- clean water & air, renewable energy
- pair of eyes with lenses in hopes of people seeing through other lenses
- financial literacy program for HS students in Evansville
- book for equal education
- alternatives to jails and incarceration
- goals would be to get people out of jail and into treatment
- breaking the cycle of re-offending
- reevaluate how much emphasis on incarceration and shifting resources to treat substance abuse and mental health
- autism – disability school currently not all schools have special ed, and none have therapists on site – there isn't transportation to schools that do have special ed.
- all therapists and assistance housed in the same place
- access to all services in one school
- better pay for therapists
- security trained in how to handle special needs students


text: In this tutorial the instructor shows how to find the x and y intercepts of rational functions. Finding the intercepts of a rational function is similar to finding the intercepts of other normal equations. You can find the x intercept of the equation by setting the value of y to zero and solving the equation. Similarly you can solve the y intercept by setting the value of x to zero and solving the equation. Now while solving this rational function for intercepts if you face a situation where the value in the denominator is zero it implies that there is no intercept in that case as dividing something by zero is indeterminate. This video shows how to solve x and y intercepts of rational functions.


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Europe's nitrogen footprint causes concern
11 April 2011 | Tierney Smith | Agriculture, Forestry, Water, Europe
Nitrogen pollution is costing each person in Europe between £130 and £650 (€150 - €740) a year, according to a new study.
Across Europe between £60 billion and £280 billion is spent annually responding to damage from nitrogen pollution to water, climate, health and wildlife. This is more than double the extra income gained from using nitrogen fertilisers in agriculture.
The first European Nitrogen Assessment (ENA), released today (11 April) to coincide with the start of a week-long 'Nitrogen and Global Change'' conference in Edinburgh, looks to put an economic value on the multiple threats of nitrogen pollution.
Welcoming the report, Professor Bob Watson, Chief Scientific Advisor to the UK's Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) said: "The assessment emphasises how nitrogen links the different environmental issues that we have come to know so well: climate, biodiversity, air, water, and soil pollution. It develops the vision for a more holistic approach, which is vital if we are to make progress in tackling these issues."
The study by 200 experts, from 21 countries and 89 organisations across Europe found that around ten million people in Europe have been potentially exposed to drinking water with nitrate concentrations above the recommended levels.
Acid rain, which contains harmful levels of nitrogen oxides has caused at least 10 per cent loss of plant diversity over two-thirds of Europe. There has also been an increase in nitrous oxide – a harmful greenhouse gas when released into the atmosphere in large qualities.
The study also found that nitrogen-based air pollution from agriculture, industry and traffic has contributed to an increase in respiratory problems and reduced life expectancy by several months across central Europe.
The study outlines key actions that can be taken to reduce harmful levels of nitrogen to protect environmental and public health. The authors recommend a more efficient transport and industry system and action by individuals to reduce their energy use.
With the use of nitrogen-based fertilisers in agriculture a major cause of pollution, the report authors urge policy makers and farmers to find ways to use less fertiliser. They also believe meat production is key and diets with less meat should be encouraged.
Dr Mark Sutton, from the UK's Centre for Ecology & Hydrology and lead editor of the ENA said, "Nearly half the world's population depends on synthetic, nitrogen-based fertiliser for food but measures are needed to reduce the impacts of nitrogen pollution.
"Solutions include more efficient use of fertilisers and manures, and people choosing to eat less meat. We have the know-how to reduce nitrogen pollution, but what we need now is to apply these solutions throughout Europe in an integrated way."
Image: Soil Science | flickrblog comments powered by Disqus


[UPDATE] - Sacralizing Markets and Marketing the Sacral: Religion in Antebellum America - NeMLA 2012 (deadline *Sept. 30*)
full name / name of organization:
Andrew Ball / Purdue University
contact email:
43nd Annual Convention, Northeast Modern Language Association
March 15 - 18, 2012
Rochester, New York – Hyatt Rochester
Host Institution: St. John Fisher College
A nation's religious concepts, practices, and institutions are not autonomous from its prevailing social system, therefore changes in that system will necessarily affect the religious sphere. The Market Revolution and the general advancement of capitalism initiated a paradigm shift in antebellum culture that fundamentally changed Americans' way of life. This panel seeks to reexamine how the development of capitalism in America, the widespread adoption of free-market political economy, and the employment of new modes of production, reshaped Christian doctrine, religious practices, and forms of church polity. Additionally, we are requesting submissions devoted to examining the ways in which the literature and print culture of the period engages with the relation of economy and religion in antebellum America.
Some questions that presenters may consider include, but are not limited to:
How did the advancement of market capitalism influence prevailing religious doctrines and practices in America?
How did early class formation and / or class antagonism reshape religious doctrine and practice in America? What impact did this have on Protestant denominationalism? How is this reflected, encouraged, and / or problematized in antebellum literature and print culture?
How did American clerics promote or critique changing socioeconomic conditions and developing modes and relations of production? In what ways were ministers involved in the conflict between capital and labor, in antebellum labor or anti-union activism? How is this expressed in the literature and print culture of the period?
How was church government influenced by changing material conditions and the reorganization of American institutions? How did the professionalization and bureaucratization of the church alter theological doctrine and religious practice?
In what sense were the manifold utopian experiments prevalent in antebellum America–such as Bronson Alcott's Fruitlands and George Ripley's Brook Farm–religious responses to the development of capitalist society? How were these responses operative in the American Renaissance?
Many of the principal Transcendentalists were ministers. Was Transcendentalism a literary form of religious anti-capitalism, or did it promote a form of individualism that was consistent with new economic mores?
Was the Second Great Awakening a religious response to the Market Revolution? Were the 'new measures' of evangelism, the upsurge in revivalism, and the emergence of new forms of worship, simply epiphenomena resulting from changing economic relations in America? Or is it erroneous to claim that the Second Great Awakening was a unified social event?
How did the post-disestablishment opening of a 'free religious market' influence Protestant theological doctrine and the growth of new denominations? Are current applications of rational choice theory to the study of the antebellum religious marketplace adequate?
Send an abstract to Andrew Ball (_EMAIL_) by September 30.
cfp categories:


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Presentation 2018-04-26 16:50
Interval Algorithm for Random Number Generation in the Case of Markov Coin Tossings
Yasutada Oohama (Univ. Electro-Communications) NLP2018-12
Abstract (in Japanese) (See Japanese page)
(in English) In this paper we analyze the interval algorithm for random number
generation proposed by Han and Hoshi in the case of Markov coin tossings. Using the expression of real numbers on the interval [0,1), we first establish an explicit representation of the interval algorithm with the representation of real numbers on the interval [0,1) based one number systems. Next, using the expression of the interval algorithm, we give a rigorous analysis of the interval algorithm. We discuss the difference between the expected number of the coin tosses in the interval algorithm and their upper bound derived by Han and Hoshi and show that it can be characterized explicitly with the established expression of the
interval algorithm.
Keyword (in Japanese) (See Japanese page)
(in English) Random number generation / interval algorithm / Markov coin tossings / number systems / performance analysis / / /
Reference Info. IEICE Tech. Rep., vol. 118, no. 15, NLP2018-12, pp. 53-58, April 2018.
Paper # NLP2018-12
Date of Issue 2018-04-19 (NLP)
Download PDF NLP2018-12
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Committee NLP
Conference Date 2018-04-26 - 2018-04-27
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Place (in English) Kumaoto Univ.
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Topics (in English) Discrete Dynamical Systems, Sequences, etc
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Conference Code 2018-04-NLP
Language English
Title (in Japanese) (See Japanese page)
Sub Title (in Japanese) (See Japanese page)
Title (in English) Interval Algorithm for Random Number Generation in the Case of Markov Coin Tossings
Sub Title (in English)
Keyword(1) Random number generation
Keyword(2) interval algorithm
Keyword(3) Markov coin tossings
Keyword(4) number systems
Keyword(5) performance analysis
1st Author's Name Yasutada Oohama
1st Author's Affiliation The University of Electro-Communications (Univ. Electro-Communications)
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text:
Find out about the winner of the BBC's Amateur Scientist Award 2012 - Val Watham.
A 3-D Digital Map of the World
Artist's impression of the formation flight of TerraSAR-X / TanDEM-X
Copyright: © Astrium
A pair of German satellites flying in formation has completed the most detailed 3-D map of the land surface of the Earth ever made. Luis Gomes of Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd and Prof Philippa Berry of De Montfort University in Leicester discuss the satellite radar technology used to create such maps and their applications, particularly for predicting the consequences of floods and other natural disasters.
The Lost Fossils of Darwin's Friends
Thin sections of plant fossils from the newly rediscovered collection including the 300 million-year-old cones of giant club moss trees from the Midlands and a sample of fossil wood collected in Chile by Darwin during the voyage of the Beagle. Photos: British Geological Survey.
While searching through the vaults of the British Geological Survey, palaeontologist Howard Falcon Lang of Royal Holloway University of London came across a cabinet labelled unclassified plant fossils. It contained microscope thin sections and almost the first he looked at had a name on it: Mr C Darwin. It turns out to be a collection of fossils brought together by Darwin's friend Joseph Hooker in the mid 19th century and subsequently forgotten.
Weekly science conversation, on everything from archaeology to zoology, from abacus to the...