text:
|Chester County, Pennsylvania|
Location in the state of Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania's location in the U.S.
|Largest city||West Chester|
760 sq mi (1,968 km²)
756 sq mi (1,958 km²)
4 sq mi (10 km²), 0.51%
660/sq mi (254.7/km²)
Chester County is a county located in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 498,886, with an estimated population of 500,182 in 2011. The county seat is West Chester. It is the highest-income county in Pennsylvania and 24th highest in the nation as measured by median household income (as of 2010). Eastern Chester County is home to many communities that comprise the Main Line western suburbs of Philadelphia, while part of its southernmost portion is considered suburban Wilmington, Delaware, along with southwest Delaware County.
Chester County was one of the three original Pennsylvania counties created by William Penn in 1682. It was named for Chester, England. It is part of the Delaware Valley region and is the only county in Philadelphia's Pennsylvania suburbs that does not border Philadelphia.
Philadelphia, Bucks, and Chester were the three Pennsylvania counties initially created by William Penn on August 24, 1682. At that time, Chester County's borders were Philadelphia County to the north, the ill-defined western edge of the colony (approximately the Susquehanna River) to the west, the Delaware River to the east, and Delaware and Maryland to the south. Chester County replaced the Pennsylvania portion of New Netherland/New York's Upland, which was officially eliminated when Pennsylvania was chartered on March 4, 1681, but did not cease to exist until June of that year. Much of the Welsh Tract was in eastern Chester County, and Welsh place names, given by early settlers, continue to predominate there.
The fourth county in the state, Lancaster County, was formed from Chester County on May 10, 1729. On March 11, 1752, Berks County was formed from the northern section of Chester County, as well as parts of Lancaster and Philadelphia counties.
The original Chester County seat was the city of Chester, a center of naval shipbuilding, at the eastern edge of the county. In an effort to accommodate the increased population of the western part of the county, the county seat was moved to a more central location in 1788; in order to mollify the eastern portion of the county, the village, known as Turk's Head, was renamed West Chester. Apparently, this did not work: the eastern portion of the county separated from Chester County on September 26, 1789, becoming Delaware County. West Chester remained the seat of the reduced Chester County, and still is.
Much of the history of Chester County arises from its location between Philadelphia and the Susquehanna River. The first road to "the West" (meaning Lancaster County) passed through the central part of Chester County; with some re-alignments, it became the Lincoln Highway and later U.S. Route 30. This road is still named Lancaster Avenue in most of the Chester county towns it runs through. The first railroad (which became the Pennsylvania Railroad) followed much the same route, and the Reading Railroad progressed up the Schuylkill River to Reading. Industry tended to concentrate along the rail lines. Easy transportation allowed workers to commute to urban jobs, and the rise of the suburbs followed. To this day, the developed areas form "fingers" extending along major lines of transportation.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 762 square miles (1,973.6 km2), of which 758 square miles (1,963.2 km2) is land and 4 square miles (10.4 km2) (0.51%) is water. The topography consists of rolling hills and valleys and it is part of the region known as the Piedmont.
Watersheds that serve Chester County include the Octoraro, the Brandywine, and Chester creeks, and the Schuylkill River. Many of the soils are fertile, rich loam as much as twenty-four inches thick; together with the temperate climate, this was long a major agricultural area. Because of its proximity to Philadelphia, Chester County has had large "waves" of development due to suburbanization. Although development in Chester County has increased, agriculture is still a major part of the county's economy. The number of horse farms is increasing in the county. Mushroom growing is a specialty in the southern portion of the county.
- Berks County (north)
- Montgomery County (northeast)
- Delaware County (east)
- New Castle County, Delaware (southeast)
- Cecil County, Maryland (south)
- Lancaster County (west)
||Berks County||Montgomery County|
|Lancaster County||Delaware County|
|Cecil County, Maryland||New Castle County, Delaware|
National protected area
Major roads and highways
As of the 2010 census, the county was 82.1% White Non-Hispanic, 6.1% Black or African American, 0.2% Native American or Alaskan Native, 3.9% Asian, 0.0% Native Hawaiian, 1.8% were two or more races, and 2.4% were some other race. 6.5% of the population were Hispanic or Latino.
As of the census of 2000, there were 433,501 people, 157,905 households, and 113,375 families residing in the county. The population density was 573 people per square mile (221/km²). There were 163,773 housing units at an average density of 217 per square mile (84/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 89.21% White, 6.24% Black or African American, 0.15% Native American, 1.95% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 1.35% from other races, and 1.06% from two or more races. 3.72% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 18.0% were of Irish, 17.3% German, 13.1% Italian, 10.1% English and 5.6% American ancestry according to Census 2000. 91.4% spoke English and 3.7% Spanish as their first language.
There were 157,905 households out of which 35.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.50% were married couples living together, 8.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.20% were non-families. 22.60% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.15.
In the county, the population was spread out with 26.20% under the age of 18, 7.90% from 18 to 24, 30.40% from 25 to 44, 23.80% from 45 to 64, and 11.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 96.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.10 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $65,295, and the median income for a family was $76,916 (these figures had risen to $80,818 and $97,894 respectively as of a 2007 estimate). Males had a median income of $51,223 versus $34,854 for females. The per capita income for the county was $31,627. About 3.10% of families and 5.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.10% of those under age 18 and 5.50% of those age 65 or over.
The region was originally occupied by the Lenni Lenape people who greeted European settlers in the seventeenth century with amity and kindness. British settlers were mostly English, Scotch-Irish and Welsh in ethnicity. As time passed, the region has had large influxes of Germans, Africans, Eastern Europeans, Italians, Puerto Ricans, and, more recently, Mexicans.
Chester County is the fastest growing county in the Delaware Valley and one of the fastest growing in the entire Northeastern section of the United States.
As of November 2011, there are 337,793 registered voters in Chester County.
- Republican: 150,692 (44.61%)
- Democratic: 128,308 (37.98%)
- Independent: 24,260 (7.18%)
- Other Political parties: 34,533 (10.22%)
Chester County has been, and remains, very reliably Republican at the county level. In recent federal elections, however, it has been trending Democratic. In 2000 Al Gore lost it by almost 10 percent but in 2004 George W. Bush defeated John Kerry by a much smaller margin of only 4.5 percent. Bob Casey Jr. carried it by 10% when he unseated incumbent Republican US Senator Rick Santorum in 2006. In 2008, Chester County sided with


N/a'an ku sê Foundation was founded in 2006 by Dr Rudie and Marlice van Vuuren along with other founding members, with the aim of conserving the land, cultures and wildlife of Namibia.
N/a'an ku sê is first and foremost a conservation organization that sustains its projects through non-governmental funding and responsible conservation tourism. We run several crucial projects to improve the health and well-being of the ancient yet marginalised San Bushmen of Namibia, provide a second chance to countless orphaned, injured and/or conflict animals, work to prevent land degradation, and stand at the forefront of the human-wildlife conflict mitigation by undertaking critical conservation and research projects to ensure a thriving future for Namibia's majestic wildlife.
The vision is an Africa where humans and wildlife can live and thrive together. The mission is to conserve the land, cultures and wildlife of Namibia and rescue species threatened by an ever-shrinking habitat.


text:
Sea turtles use their flippers as hands to eat food
Even though sea turtles have flippers for the purpose of guiding their movement, a new study has revealed that they also use their flippers to handle prey.
The researchers found that this behavior, which was thought to be unlikely in marine tetrapods, is very widespread. Furthermore, sea turtles may have begun co-opting their flippers as far back as 70 million years ago.
Study co-author Dr. Kyle Van Houtan is the Director of Science at Monterey Bay Aquarium.
"Sea turtles don't have a developed frontal cortex, independent articulating digits or any social learning," said Dr. Van Houtan."And yet here we have them 'licking their fingers' just like a kid who does have all those tools. It shows an important aspect of evolution – that opportunities can shape adaptations."
The research team used crowd-sourced photographs and videos to search for various ways that sea turtles use their limbs. While this type of behavior has been discovered in other marine mammals such as walruses, it not been previously documented in sea turtles.
The study revealed that sea turtles use their flippers for a variety of foraging tasks. The scientists found many informative images, including a loggerhead rolling a scallop on the floor of the ocean and a green turtle holding a jelly.
"Sea turtles' limbs have evolved mostly for locomotion, not for manipulating prey," said lead author Jessica Fujii. "But that they're doing it anyway suggests that, even if it's not the most efficient or effective way, it's better than not using them at all."
The experts were surprised to find that sea turtles were co-opting their flippers, primarily due to the fact that they are considered to have simple brains and simple flippers. It raises the question of whether marine mammals are learning new behaviors through observation.
"We expect these things to happen with a highly intelligent, adaptive social animal," said Dr. Van Houtan. "With sea turtles, it's different; they never meet their parents. They're never trained to forage by their mom. It's amazing that they're figuring out how to do this without any apprenticing, and with flippers that aren't well adapted for these tasks."
The study is published in the journal PeerJ.
Image Copyright Fujii et al. shared under Creative Commons CC BY

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Can You Melt Steel At Home?
Can I melt silver at home?
Put the silver in the crucible and keep the temperature in the oven until it melts.
To melt silver it must be heated to 1763 degrees Faringit (962 degrees Celsius).
Take the crucible with heat-resistant forceps and while the silver is still liquid, pour it into the mold prepared in advance..
Is stainless steel wool flammable?
To reduce the chance of fire and lessen friction, the slicing tool is kept cool with oil, but this means the steel wool itself contains some oil, which makes it highly flammable and likely to spontaneously combust later on.
Can you melt down sterling silver?
If you melt it down, you destroy all except the metal value, and you even destroy that because you will obliterate the hallmark stamp showing that is is sterling silver. In the case of silver, even a simple cup may have a value at least double that of the metal. The melted metal will not be more transactable.
How can I heat steel at home?
Put on heavy gloves and safety glasses before heating the steel. Have your container of room-temperature oil or water available for cooling. Hold the metal with a pair of metal tongs. Apply the heat, either by putting the metal into the forge or oven, or by heating it with the torch.
What is the easiest way to melt metal at home?
The easiest way to melt metal into liquid is to heat it in a small, enclosed vessel that is heated from below. You can make your own using a small empty propane tank or metal bucket, plaster of paris, sand, metal pipe, charcoal briquettes, and a steel can.
What acid can melt steel?
nitric acidSteel can be dissolved with a diluted solution of nitric acid and water. The chemical make up of nitric acid reacts to the iron in steel, producing iron nitrate and hydrogen gas. As this chemical reaction takes place, the steel begins to dissolve.
Is stainless steel fire rated?
Stainless steel has many qualities that make it ideal as a construction material. One of these is its inherent oxidation resistance and continued strength at elevated temperatures. … Stainless steels do not have an intrinsic 'fire rating' and so their fire resistance is tested on specific fabrications.
Can I melt down pennies and sell the copper?
As a result, with only a few wartime exceptions, any penny from 1981 or earlier — and some made in 1982 — have a high copper content. At current copper prices, the melt value of older pennies is well over two cents. Melt values are theoretical because actually melting down pennies is illegal.
How do you make steel on little alchemy?
How to make steel in Little Alchemy 2?ash + metal.charcoal + metal.coal + metal.metal + mineral.
Can you melt stainless steel at home?
The melting point of stainless steel is 1510°C (2750°F) so you need an induction furnace that can handle this temperature. The furnace will be charged vibratory conveyor. … Depending on the amount of stainless steel that needs to be melted, an accurate amount of charge will be needed to accomplish the melting process.
Can hydrochloric acid melt steel?
Hydrochloric acid dissolves the less active metals, such as zinc and magnesium, easily. It dissolves the more-resistant iron, copper and related metals less easily, or not at all. Other chemicals, such as nitric acid, will dissolve some metals that hydrochloric acid will not.
Is steel stronger than iron?
Steel is roughly 1,000 times stronger than iron in its purest form, and it can be recycled without loss of strength. Steel is the main material used in delivering renewable energy like solar, hydro, and wind power.
What is it called when you melt metal together?
Welding is a way of tightly bonding two metals by melting them where they meet, while soldering involves making a joint between components in an electric or electronic circuit. …
Can I melt copper at home?
If you want to melt copper at home, you'll be pleased to know you don't need an industrial induction furnace to do it. If you're only melting small amounts of copper, you can do it with a blowtorch or on a stovetop. You may use it for home crafts or melt it into ingots for storage.
What's the easiest metal to melt?
Will stainless steel melt in a fire?
A small flame can erupt into a larger fire or even an explosion. … Since stainless steel cannot catch fire. It will not aid in the propagation of spreading flames in the case of a standard structural conflagration. Stainless steels are also selected for their oxidation resistance at high temperatures and their strength.
Can stainless steel be burned?
Therefore, the answer is yes: fire can corrode stainless steel. If your stainless steel is a big solid block rather than a super-high-surface-area pad of steel wool, the process will be a lot slower, but it will still happen over time.
Can acid destroy a diamond?
No, acids cannot dissolve diamonds, for the simple reason that a diamonds carbon atoms are too tightly packed together for the Hydrogen ions to be able to dissolve the substance. Hope this has been helpful!
What is the most powerful acid?
fluoroantimonic acidThe world's strongest superacid is fluoroantimonic acid. Fluoroantimonic acid is a mixture of hydrofluoric acid and antimony pentafluoride. The carbonane superacids are the strongest solo acids.
Can I melt silver with a propane torch?
The typical propane "plumber's torch" can be used for melting silver for jewelry-making. … Melt down bits and pieces of silver wire, filings, old earring wires and even whole pieces of sterling silver jewelry, using a propane torch.


text:
When moving high-end exhibits, precious historical artifacts and expensive art pieces, two factors stand alone in importance: temperature and relative humidity levels! Not having these controlled can cause as much damage over time as any single event. Many priceless pieces must have precise controls in place during transportation to ensure the artifacts don't suffer damage in transit.
When relative humidity and temperature fluctuates, it can cause significant stress on artifacts. To make things worse, relative humidity and temperature have different effects on different surfaces. For example, wood is affected differently than oil paintings.
Museums and exhibit companies must ensure standards are established, monitored and maintained during transportation. One cannot just move the exhibit in a refrigerated truck or 'dry van.' The use of specialized climate regulation equipment is a must, and there have been many advances in transportation equipment to accomplish just that.
Planes Specialized Logistics is well-equipped with temperatureand humidity-controlled vans and highlytrained personnel to ensure specific climate standards are maintained throughout transit. Additionally, companies such as Provenance make excellent monitoring equipment for inside trailers, containers and crates. The equipment allows insurance companies and owners to receive readings in real-time which can be monitored anywhere in the world.
Temperature and humidity can cause items to deteriorate over time, leading to costly repairs or even irreparable damage. This makes quite a case to ensure all avenues are pursued to protect great treasures and precious cargo.


text:
The script runs again when you release and press the scroll button again. This time the "if" argument can't be evaluated to a null, since we have a definite value (5000) stored in the up_last_click variable. Lets assume you pressed the button exactly one quarter (1/4) second after the first press, and lets step through this script again:
up_first_click = getTimer( );
Now the up_first_click variable is updated to a new value by the "getTImer" action. Since one quarter second translates to 250 ms, up_first_click's new value will be 5250 (5000 + 250 = 5250). With that done, we move to the "if" condition, and fill in our numeric values for the up_first_click and up_last_click variables. 5250 - 5000 = 250 ms. Using this inequality expression, Mick has set the double-click threshold to 350 ms. As long as the pause between button presses is equal to or less than 350 ms, as it is in our example, the "if" argument returns "true" and its embedded action is executed. If the pause between cicks is longer than 350 ms, the continuous feedback buttons are triggered instead.
The embedded action, "scroll_shape._y = scroll_shape.logic.top;" immediately sets the _y position of scroll_shape to its uppermost limit, top. This is what creates the jump effect. Since our example "if" argument returns "true," the continuous feedback action embedded within the "else" clause is skipped. (A "true" value for the "if" statement voids the "else" clause below it.) Either way though, the action loop in logic is always triggered on (press) because the "gotoAndPlay("scroll_logic")" action isn't embedded within either the "if" or the "else." Conversely, logic is always stopped on (release).
The script for the bottom button is again structured very similarly to the
top, however the double click variables are named down_first_click and
down_last_click. Also the jump action embedded within the "if"
statement sets scroll_shape._y
to bottom, not top. The code in the source FLA is extensively
commented, but feel free to remove the comments ("//blah
blah blah") if it makes the code easier to understand for you :^)
|» Level Intermediate|
Rating: 8 Votes: 94
|Me Like Flash 5. Flash 4 good. Flash 5 better.|
|Download the files used in this tutorial.|
|Download (229 kb)|
|More help? Search our boards for quick answers!|

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


- You can define M-Pesa as, MPesa is a mobile banking service that allows customers to deposit and transfer money using their mobile phones. MPesa was launched in Kenya as an alternative way for people in the country to access financial services. Kenya's largest mobile operator, Safari Com, launched MPesa in 2007. The service is a combination of two companies where M means mobile and pisa means money or payment in Swahili.
 - In East Africa, M-Pisa is an innovative tool for collaborating between the telecommunications and banking sectors.
 - MPesa was launched in Kenya and is used in 10 countries, including India and Romania.
 - New technologies in the financial or fantastic sector have made financial products and services such as MPSA more accessible.
 - With MPesa, people without bank details can pay and receive goods and services using a cell phone instead of a traditional bank.
Literal Meanings of M-Pesa
Meanings of M:
 1. horse
 2. mine
 3. Men
 4. the aim
 5. Counter
 6. Thousand (e)
 7. (In units of measure) million
 8. Millions)
 9. Protocol).
 10. Registered trademark (in Germany)
 11. Moderate, moderate.
 12. (In regulation) mixed.
 13. Change
Sentences of M
 1. I am 30 years old and have had the same problem for years. The newly discovered suspects are two ladies and no n.
 2. The Roman numerals C and M do not mean 100 and 1000 (see So).
 3. But then we managed to see a lot of shops and eventually the big Pike Perch M and Julius bought a hamburger (of which he ate only half).


text:
Constrained Conditional Model
A Constrained Conditional Model (CCM) is a machine learning and inference framework that refers to augmenting the learning of conditional (probabilistic or discriminative) models with declarative constraints (written, for example, using a first-order representation) as a way to support decisions in an expressive output space while maintaining modularity and tractability of training and inference.
Models of this kind have recently attracted much attention within the NLP community. Formulating problems as constrained optimization problems over the output of learned models has several advantages. It allows one to focus on the modeling of problems by providing the opportunity to incorporate domain-specific knowledge as global constraints using a first order language. Using this declarative framework frees the developer from low level feature engineering while capturing the problem's domain-specific properties and guarantying exact inference. From a machine learning perspective it allows decoupling the stage of model generation (learning) from that of the constrained inference stage, thus helping to simplify the learning stage while improving the quality of the solutions.
Making decisions in many learning domains (such as natural language processing and computer vision problems) often involve assigning values to sets of interdependent variables where the expressive dependency structure can influence, or even dictate, what assignments are possible. These settings are applicable to Structured Learning problems such as semantic role labeling but also for cases that require making use of multiple pre-learned components, such as summarization, textual entailment and question answering. In all these cases, it is natural to formulate the decision problem as a constrained optimization problem, with an objective function that is composed of learned models, subject to domain or problem specific constraints.
Constrained Conditional Models is a learning and inference framework that augments the learning of conditional (probabilistic or discriminative) models with declarative constraints (written, for example, using a first-order representation) as a way to support decisions in an expressive output space while maintaining modularity and tractability of training and inference. In most applications of this framework in NLP, following, Integer Linear Programming (ILP) was used as the inference framework, although other algorithms can be used for that purpose.
Learning Local VS. Global Models
The objective function used by CCMs can be decomposed and learned in several ways, ranging from a complete joint training of the model along with the constraints to completely decoupling between the learning and the inference stage. In the latter case, several local models are learned independently and the dependency between these models is considered only at decision time via a global decision process. The advantages of each approach are discussed in, which studies the two training paradigms: (1) local models: L+I (learning+inference) and (2) global model: IBT (Inference based training), and shows both theoretically and experimentally that while IBT (joint training) is best in the limit, under some conditions (basically, "good" components") L+I can generalize better.
Minimally Supervised CCM
CCM can help reduce supervision by using domain knowledge (expressed as constraints) to drive learning. These setting were studied in and. These works introduce semi-supervised Constraints Driven Learning (CODL) and show that by incorporating domain knowledge the performance of the learned model improves significantly.
Learning over Latent Representations
CCMs were also applied to latent learning frameworks, where the learning problem is defined over a latent representation layer. Since the notion of a correct representation is inherently ill-defined no gold-labeled data regarding the representation decision is available to the learner. Identifying the correct (or optimal) learning representation is viewed as a structured prediction process and therefore modeled as a CCM. This problem was studied by several papers, in both supervised and unsupervised settings and in all cases showed that explicitly modeling the interdependencies between representation decisions via constraints results in an improved performance.
CCM for Natural Language Processing Applications
The advantages of the CCM declarative formulation and the availability of off-the-shelf solvers have led to a large variety of natural language processing tasks being formulated within framework, including semantic role labeling, syntactic parsing, coreference resolution, summarization, transliteration and joint information extraction.
Most of these works use an Integer Linear Programming solver to solve the decision problem. Although theoretically solving an Integer Linear Program is exponential in the size of the decision problem in practice using state-of-the-art solvers and sophisticated formulations large scale problems can be solved efficiently.
- CCM Tutorial Integer Linear Programming in NLP – Constrained Conditional Models, NAACL-2010
- CCM Software Learning Based Java
- University of Illinois Cognitive Computation Group
- Workshop on Integer Linear Programming for Natural Language Processing, NAACL-2009
- Dan Roth and Wen-tau Yih, "A Linear Programming Formulation for Global Inference in Natural Language Tasks." CoNLL, (2004).
- Vasin Punyakanok and Dan Roth and Wen-Tau Yih and Dav Zimak, "Learning and Inference over Constrained Output." IJCAI, (2005).
- Ming-Wei Chang and Lev Ratinov and Dan Roth, "Guiding Semi-Supervision with Constraint-Driven Learning." ACL, (2007).
- Ming-Wei Chang and Lev Ratinov and Dan Roth, "Constraints as Prior Knowledge." ICML Workshop on Prior Knowledge for Text and Language Processing}, (2008).
- Ming-Wei Chang and Dan Goldwasser and Dan Roth and Vivek Srikumar, " Discriminative Learning over Constrained Latent Representations." NAACL, (2010).
- Ming-Wei Chang Dan Goldwasser Dan Roth and Yuancheng Tu, "Unsupervised Constraint Driven Learning For Transliteration Discovery." NAACL, (2009).
- Vasin Punyakanok, Dan Roth, Wen-tau Yih and Dav Zimak, "Semantic Role Labeling via Integer Linear Programming Inference." COLING, (2004).
- Sagae, K. and Miyao, Y. and Tsujii, J., "HPSG Parsing with Shallow Dependency Constraints." ACL, (2007).
- P. Denis and J. Baldridge, "Joint Determination of Anaphoricity and Coreference Resolution using Integer Programming." NAACL-HLT, (2007).
- J. Clarke and M. Lapata, "Global Inference for Sentence Compression: An Integer Linear Programming Approach." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research (JAIR), (2008).
- D. Goldwasser and D. Roth, "Transliteration as Constrained Optimization." EMNLP, (2008).
- D. Roth and W. Yih}, [_URL_ "Global Inference for Entity and Relation Identification via a Linear Programming Formulation."] Introduction to Statistical Relational Learning,MIT Press, (2007).
- André F. T. Martins, Noah A. Smith, and Eric P. Xing, "Concise Integer Linear Programming Formulations for Dependency Parsing." ACL, (2009).


text:
Why does weight matter?
By terryh on Jun 30, 2005
Why do (some) cyclists obsess about weight? Why does it matter? Well, if we all rode at a constant speed on level ground, and had perfect bearings in our bikes, it wouldn't. But in the real world, the story is not a very simple one. The human body is not a very capable power plant. I can sustain about 200 watts, and even Lance doesn't do much more than 600 watts except in very short bursts. So the game is to optimize the power budget of the system to make the most of this puny output. Where does the power go? To a first approximation, there are three items:
- Rolling resistance
- Aerodynamic drag
- Gravity (or to be more precise: rate of change of gravitational potential energy)
Rolling resistance is typically small - bearings and tires are very good these days. If we consider riding on the flat, then it is clear that there is no contribution from gravity. So most of our power output goes to overcoming aerodynamic drag. It is somewhat difficult to characterize the drag of a cyclist. Even wind-tunnel modelling is not fully adequate. The reason for this is that in the real world, the apparent wind "seen" by the cyclist is the vector sum of their speed and the prevailing surface wind. This means that the effective wind might not come from head-on. This means that both the effective area and the coefficient of drag are not constants, as they are usually considered to be. Be this as it may, we can still say in general terms that aerodynamic drag goes like the square of the speed relative to the air. From basic physics, power is the rate of doing work, and work is force times distance. So the power is drag times speed, in other words it goes like speed cubed. So if you want to go twice as fast, you need eight times the power output, or put another way, twice the power output will take you about 26% faster.
Now how about hills? The power lost (stored, actually) due to climbing is simply your mass times the local gravitational accelleration, times your vertical speed. If you have a steep hill, and you know the altitude at the bottom and at the top (from a map, or from measuring it), this leads to a simple way to calculate your power output. Provided the hill is steep enough that you are going quite slowly (less than 10 mph (16 kph) but the slower the better), there shouldn't be too much aerodynamic drag to mess up the calculation. Weigh yourself, your bike, and all your gear that you ride with. We need to convert to S.I. units so that the answer will come out in watts. Say it was 150 lbs + 20 lbs + 5 lbs. Divide by 2.2 to get Kg mass - almost exactly 80 Kg. Now multiply by little-g, the earth's gravitational accelleration, to get weight in Newtons. 80x9.8 is about 780 N. Now suppose the climb is 1900' and you do it in 49 minutes. 1900 feet is abuot 580 m, and 49 minutes is 2940 s. So the climb rate is 0.197 m/s. Power is weightxclimb rate, or in this case about 154 watts.
What can we say in general? well for a given hill, power is proportional to speed. It is also proportional to weight. So if you save a couple of pounds, by whatever means, you potentially go around 1% faster. What if we hold the speed constant and vary other parameters? Power goes like the sine of the steepness of the hill. But for the kind of angles we're talking about, sin(x) is approximately equal to x. So if the hill gets a bit steeper, the power output to maintain speed goes up close to proportionally. Power is proportional to weight in the constant speed case, just like in the constant hill case.
So the general conclusion we can draw here, is that riding on the flat (in a time trial, where there's no drafting) is driven by power to drag ratio, whereas riding up hills is driven by power to weight ratio. That's why you don't see the average time trialist get to the top of a mountain first - and why the ultra-elite like Lance and co. are so special


text:
What is an ISBN?
An ISBN (International Standard Book Number) | Why is the ISBN important? | What does the publisher have to consider? | ISBN numbers are assigned to | ISBN numbers are not assigned to | What is the difference between ISBN, ISMN and ISSN numbers? | Location of the ISBN number in the book | ISBN and EAN code | Applying for ISBN in Estonia
An ISBN (International Standard Book Number) is a unique combination of 13 digits. The ISBN assigned to a publication cannot be changed, replaced or re-used. The ISBN consists of 13 digits: the 3-digit prefix 978, which identifies book production, is followed by the 9-digit core number and finally the check digit, a single Arabic numeral that validates the whole number combination.
The group identifiers 9949-, 9985- are used in Estonia. The use of ISBNs is regulated by Estonian Standard EVS-ISO 2108:2006 Information and Documentation: International Standard Book Number (ISBN).
An eye-readable EAN book number below the barcode is identical to a 13-digit ISBN (printed with no hyphens). For books issued after 1 January 2007, an eye-readable 13-digit ISBN, each part of which being correctly separated with hyphens, has to be printed above the back cover barcode.
Group identifier (country and language identifier);
A more detailed overview of the changes to the ISBN numbering system is available at Frequently Asked Questions about changes to the ISBN.
- The ISBN number enables quick and precise identification of a publication,
- facilitates ordering and selling books, and
- assists in accounting.
The Estonian ISBN Agency distributes the contact data of Estonian publishers who have joined the ISBN system for the address book "Publishers' International ISBN Directory" (PIID) (also available on CD-ROM) published by the International ISBN Agency in in London.
In the ISBN system all legal persons and individuals are considered publishers if they are engaged in issuing books irrespective of whether the publications are sold or distributed free of charge. The publishers may be publishing houses, institutions of higher education, associations, societies, municipalities, organisations etc.
Acquiring an ISBN number for a publication is the duty of the publisher, as information about the country and the publisher is encoded in the ISBN number. The publisher is responsible for the correctness of the ISBN. The publisher identifier has to correspond with the name of the publisher printed on the title page.
- serials with a special title
- videos and films for educational purposes
- kits containing a book and an electronic/audiovisual item
- computer software for educational purposes only
- maps, atlases
- Braille books
- micropublications (microfilms and microcards)
- electronic items (diskettes, CD-ROMs, web publications)
- newspapers and periodical publications (ISSN), except for serials with a special title, which get both standard numbers
- printed music (ISMN)commercial material (sale catalogues, price lists, product presentations, folders, instructions, issuing prospectuses etc.)
- wallpapers, posters, postcards, news publications, and leaflets
- theatre, concert and other show programmes
- lists of showpieces without extra text
- college and higher school curricula and plans
- manuscripts of lectures and educational material
- dissertations and their reviews
- calendars, diaries
- forms, questionnaires and colouring books
- normative documents (standards, patents) issued as a separate publication
- sound recordings.
The ISBN is an identification number for books and the ISSN is a code for periodical publications. The ISBN is assigned to all books in one or several volumes or to non-book publications, which are not issued as continuous serials.
Serial publications and book series with special titles are assigned both standard numbers. Every part of a serial publication obtains a new ISBN number; the ISSN number remains the same until changes in the title of the publication are made.
The ISMN is an international music standard number.
The ISBN appears in the lower left side corner of the verso of the title page (at least in 9 pt type), and in the lower section of the outside back cover. The ISBN on the trade bar code must be eye-readable. The ISBN number for audiovisual and electronic items is printed on both the information carrier and its envelope. Each appendix of the book must have its own ISBN. If a book has two or more ISBN numbers, they must be printed all on the verso of the title page. In the case of a multivolume work, the ISBN of the whole work is printed on the verso of the title page; and the ISBN of the particular volume appears below. On the back cover of the book only the ISBN of the given volume is printed.
ISBN and EAN code
At the publisher's request the ISBN Agency will send by email together with an ISBN also an EAN, or an article barcode file.
Since 1992, the Estonian ISBN Agency at the National Library of Estonia is the only institution in Estonia, which assigns publisher prefixes to publishers. The service is free of charge.
The Estonian ISBN Agency
The National Library of Estonia
Tõnismägi 2, Tallinn 15189
Phone: _PHONE_, Fax: _PHONE_
E-mail: isbn at nlib dot ee


text:
Guarantee their effective operation.
Ensure the safety of the premises and monitor the equipment, so that maintenance teams can intervene as a preventive measure and not as a curative measure.
A telecom operator must monitor buildings with GSM 3 and 4G antennas (BTS – base stations).
- Check the operation of the air conditioning units. A failure of these systems during severe heat would lead to the shutdown of GSM systems and the loss of the Telecom network for subscribers,
- Monitor the energy consumption of telecom equipment,
- Detect any breakdowns in real time,
- Ensure their proper functioning without the need for regular visits from technicians,
- Control access to these areas.
Maintaining an optimal operating temperature range
Maintain infrastructure equipment within a constant temperature range
Detect a ventilation problem in the area
- Optimal working conditions
- Reduce energy costs
- Reduce maintenance costs
- Customer satisfaction
Detect equipment defects and intrusion alarms
- Detect equipment default and minimize the impact of possible failures
- Avoid accidents due to unauthorized presence
- Optimization of intervention and recovery time in case of failure
- Reduce maintenance costs
- Limitation of the risks of theft or sabotage
Consumption monitoring and phase balancing
The Telecom equipment manufacturer, based on an IoT solution and therefore sensors, must ensure that they work properly and must be able to act remotely on the sensors, in order to ensure the continuity of service of its offer and its supervision.
To do this, it uses the KARE platform.
KARE allows Telecom company teams to remotely control the proper functioning of the sensors and configure products, in order to modify their operating criteria (example: alert trigger threshold).
Real-time monitoring and preventive troubleshooting
Reduced operating costs: travel to the right place at the right time
Strengthened commitment of the company to its customers


text:
Electrode Growth Next to an Insulator
Model ID: 10212
This example shows how to model secondary current distribution and electrode growth with a moving geometry. To avoid numerical instabilities, a seed layer is introduced in the initial geometry to obtain a right angle at the edge between the growing electrode and the insulator.
|Electrolyte potential (surface) and electrolyte current direction (arrows) at t=96 h.|


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I know that Sas starts with the observation at the top of a dataset when processing and proceeds to the next until it reaches the bottom observation, but is there an easy way to make sas process the bottom observation first and then work its way to the top?
share|improve this question
2 Answers 2
You certainly can change your data to be in reverse order, then process top down. Add a variable to the data set which acts as an index..then sort the data set descending by that variable.
data work.myData ;
 set work.myData ;
 indx = _n_ ;
run ;
proc sort data=work.myData ;
 by descending indx ;
run ;
share|improve this answer
+1 for a version which works with views as well as data sets – Simon Nickerson May 28 '09 at 15:00
You can use nobs and point to process it backwards without having to do any intermediate steps. Here's an example:
data backwards;
 do k= nobs to 1 by -1;
 set sashelp.class nobs = nobs point=k;
proc print data=sashelp.class;run;
proc print data=backwards;run;
See page 2 of this pdf for all the juicy details.
share|improve this answer
Nice tip and link – CarolinaJay65 May 28 '09 at 19:04
Your Answer


text:
As a free web application, Belouga offers a direct pathway for students to learn through their peers all over the world.
Belouga provides a platform for students to help schools around the world get materials and supplies that they need.
Belouga leads the Global Education initiative by linking classrooms all over the world and teaches students about culture, teamwork, and empathy.
Teachers and students are able to create profiles to showcase their classroom and culture to the world.
Classes are able to search and connect with other classrooms around the world based on age, location and demographic.
Once connected, students in both classes are paired with a partner to provide a 1:1 personal learning experience through curriculum questions that give students an inside look at how other students are living both in and out of the classroom.
Classrooms earn points and badges for all engagement between their students and partner classes.
Points are accumulated and able to be donated by each class to different impact campaigns that look to benefit under resourced schools around the world.
"Belouga has increased communication skills, confidence, tolerance and empathy amongst our students. They have learned that no matter how near or far someone is, we all have commonalities, and that what they can accomplish is far greater by working and collaborating together."
"Belouga has enabled my students to share their lives with the world. Quick and easy for students to navigate around, Belouga provides a platform for all the worlds classrooms to collaborate together. The concept of donating points to a school in need has made my students think about the needs of others and teaches them to have empathy for others. Our class LOVES Belouga!"
"Global Collaborations are an integral part of my class and Belouga provides an excellent platform for my students to connect all over the world. Belouga is so user friendly and intuitive so my students are eager to use the site. The questions are geared towards students' interest so they are talking and comparing responses with their classmates while they are answering them. Belouga is FUN along with the overall mission of inclusiveness built in."


Tolkien Gateway
Revision as of 15:16, 3 July 2010 by KingAragorn Bot (Talk | contribs)
aha is a noun meaning "rage" in Quenya.
PQ *akhâ from Root *AKH.
In the First Age, aha was pronounced acha.
Aha is also the name of the eleventh letter of the Tengwar alphabet. In Westron it was called Shé and it had the value of sh in Mannish modes.
The original name of Aha was Charma and in Quenya it had the value "ch". Over time the "ch" in Quenya softened to "h" at the beginning of words and the letter, now called Acha, was only used in the middle of words where ch still retained. Still later the "ch" sound disappeared altogether and the letter name as well became Aha.
In Sindarin, Aha still refers to the "ch" sound. In Westron the letter is called Shé and has the value of "sh".


text:
In the "you learn something new every day" department, I was working in Excel today and had to look up some obscure way to manipulate a pie chart. The resource helped me solve the problem at hand, but also introduced me to a feature of Office that I'd not ever used before:
THE F4 KEY
So what does this magic key do? It simply repeats the last command on whatever the current context is. In my case, I needed to hide multiple wedges in a pie chart. So I clicked the first wedge and navigated through the point-and-click menus to change the background color to transparent. From there, I can just point on the next wedge and press F4, and repeat for the remaining steps.
This technique works for most operations in Excel, Word and Powerpoint. So next time you catch yourself repeating the same point-and-click task many times, just do it once and try using F4 for the rest. You'll save loads of time.


text:
Ruby Rings: Unveiling the Scarlet Symphony
Ruby rings have long been cherished for their vibrant red hue and timeless allure. As one of the most precious gemstones, rubies symbolize love, passion, and strength. Their rich color and exceptional brilliance make them a popular choice for engagement rings, anniversary gifts, or as a luxurious addition to any jewelry collection. In this comprehensive article, we will delve into the captivating world of ruby rings, exploring their history, characteristics, symbolism, and various styles available. Whether you're considering a classic solitaire design, a vintage-inspired piece, or a modern twist, this guide will provide you with the knowledge and inspiration to choose the perfect ruby ring that embodies both your style and the inherent beauty of this extraordinary gemstone.
The Allure of Rubies: History and Symbolism
Rubies have a captivating allure that is deeply rooted in their rich history and symbolism. Throughout the ages, these precious gemstones have held a special place in the hearts of people worldwide, representing love, passion, power, and protection. In this 500-word summary, we will explore the fascinating history and symbolism of rubies, uncovering the secrets behind their enduring allure.
Rubies have a storied history that stretches back thousands of years. They have been cherished by ancient civilizations, including the Egyptians, Indians, and Southeast Asians, who considered them symbols of wealth, status, and divine favor. Royalty throughout history adorned themselves with rubies, recognizing their extraordinary beauty and the prestige they exuded.
Beyond their historical significance, rubies hold deep cultural symbolism. In mythology and folklore, they have been associated with powerful qualities and stories of legendary significance. For instance, in Hindu mythology, rubies are connected to fire and blood, symbolizing passion and vitality. In Buddhism, rubies represent life force and inner power, inspiring strength, and courage.
Rubies are also considered birthstones for individuals born in July. Those born under the sign of Leo are believed to embody the traits associated with rubies, such as vitality, leadership, and passion. This further enhances the symbolism and personal connection individuals feel toward these magnificent gemstones.
The symbolism associated with rubies revolves around love, passion, protection, and vitality. They are often regarded as stones of intense love and fiery emotions, making them a popular choice for engagement rings and romantic gifts. Rubies are believed to inspire passion and deepen the connection between individuals, igniting a flame of love that burns brightly.
Furthermore, rubies are regarded as protective stones, offering courage and strength to the wearer. Throughout history, they have been believed to ward off evil spirits and protect against misfortune. Rubies are seen as guardians, providing a sense of security and empowering individuals to overcome challenges and obstacles in life.
Renowned rubies from history have only added to their allure. The Mogok Valley Ruby, known for its exceptional color and historical significance, has captivated gem enthusiasts for centuries. The Black Prince's Ruby, set in the British Imperial State Crown, is said to bring good fortune to its wearer. The Timur Ruby, with its mesmerizing beauty, is believed to carry a curse for those who possess it. These famous rubies have become legends, enhancing the mystique and intrigue surrounding these remarkable gemstones.
Showcasing the Radiance of Ruby rings
Ruby rings are a captivating choice for those seeking to adorn themselves with the fiery beauty and timeless allure of this precious gemstone. From classic designs to unique settings, there are various styles and settings available to highlight the radiance of rubies. In this section, we will explore some popular styles and settings for ruby rings, allowing you to discover the perfect design that resonates with your style and showcases the exquisite beauty of rubies.
Classic Solitaire: The classic solitaire design places the focus squarely on the ruby itself. A single ruby is the centerpiece of the ring, held securely in a prong or bezel setting. This timeless and elegant style highlights the natural beauty and vibrant color of the ruby, allowing it to command attention and steal the spotlight.
Three-Stone Rings: Three-stone ruby rings symbolize the past, present, and future of a relationship. The central ruby is flanked by two smaller gemstones, typically diamonds or other accent stones, creating a stunning contrast and adding extra brilliance to the overall design. This style combines the rich red hue of the rubies with the dazzling sparkle of the accompanying gemstones.
Halo Setting: The halo setting features a circle of smaller diamonds or gemstones surrounding the central ruby, creating a halo effect. This design not only adds extra sparkle and brilliance but also enhances the size and visual impact of the ruby. The halo setting offers a glamorous and luxurious look, perfect for those who want their ruby to make a bold statement.
Vintage and Antique Designs: Vintage-inspired or antique ruby rings exude a sense of nostalgia and romance. These designs often incorporate intricate details, such as filigree work, milgrain accents, or engraving, which enhance the overall beauty of the ring. Vintage styles can range from Victorian and Art Deco to Edwardian and Retro, allowing you to find a unique and timeless piece with a touch of old-world charm.
Modern and Contemporary Designs: For those seeking a more contemporary and innovative look, there are numerous modern designs available for ruby rings. These designs often feature unique settings, asymmetrical arrangements, or unconventional shapes, allowing the ruby to be showcased freshly and artistically. Modern designs offer a perfect blend of tradition and innovation, appealing to those with a distinct sense of style.
Mixed Gemstone Accents: Combining rubies with other gemstones can create a stunning contrast and add visual interest to the ring. For example, pairing rubies with diamonds, sapphires, or emeralds can create a vibrant and dynamic color combination. Mixed gemstone accents offer versatility and allow for personalized expression, creating a truly one-of-a-kind piece.
Engraving and Personalization: Adding personalized touches, such as engraving, to your ruby ring can make it even more special. Engraving initials, meaningful dates, or sentimental messages on the inside or outside of the ring adds a personal touch and makes it a cherished heirloom.
When selecting a style and setting for your ruby ring, consider factors such as your style, lifestyle, and the overall aesthetic you wish to achieve. Whether you prefer a classic and understated design or a bold and contemporary statement piece, there is a perfect style and setting that will showcase the beauty and brilliance of rubies, allowing you to express your individuality and celebrate the captivating allure of these extraordinary gemstones.
Ruby Rings Combinations with Precious Metals
When it comes to ruby rings, the choice of precious metal can greatly enhance the beauty and allure of these captivating gemstones. The rich red hue of rubies pairs beautifully with various precious metals, creating stunning combinations that showcase the gemstone's vibrant color and timeless elegance. In this summary, we will explore the most popular precious metals used in conjunction with rubies, allowing you to discover the perfect combination that reflects your style and enhances the allure of these extraordinary gemstones.
White Gold: White gold is a popular choice for ruby rings, offering a sleek and modern aesthetic that beautifully complements the fiery red hue of the gemstone. This metal, typically an alloy of gold and other white metals such as palladium or silver, creates a neutral backdrop that allows the ruby to take center stage. The cool, silvery tone of white gold accentuates the vibrant color of the ruby, resulting in a striking and elegant combination.
Yellow Gold: Yellow gold is a classic choice that exudes warmth and luxury, providing a beautiful contrast to the intense red hue of rubies. The rich golden tone of this traditional metal enhances the regal and timeless appeal of the gemstone. Ruby rings in yellow gold exude a sense of vintage charm and sophistication, evoking a romantic and nostalgic feel.
Rose Gold: Rose gold, with its delicate pinkish hue, offers a romantic and feminine touch to ruby rings. This alloy of gold and copper creates a warm and enchanting combination with the vibrant red color of rubies. The soft and rosy tones of rose gold beautifully complement the fiery nature of rubies, resulting in a captivating and distinctive look that exudes elegance and modernity.
Platinum: Platinum, known for its durability and rarity, is a popular choice for those seeking a luxurious and timeless setting for their ruby rings. Its naturally white and lustrous appearance creates a striking contrast against the rich red hue of the gemstone, allowing the ruby to stand out and shine. Platinum offers a sleek and sophisticated backdrop for rubies, enhancing their brilliance and elegance.
Each precious metal brings its unique characteristics to ruby rings, allowing you to create a customized and personal piece of jewelry. The choice of metal should be based on your style, skin tone, and the overall aesthetic you wish to achieve. Whether you prefer the modern and sleek look of white gold, the timeless elegance of yellow gold, the romantic allure of rose gold, or the luxurious appeal of platinum, each metal offers a distinct backdrop that enhances the beauty and allure of rubies.
It is important to note that the choice of metal can also influence the overall durability and maintenance of your ruby ring. For instance, platinum and white gold are more resistant to tarnishing and require less maintenance compared to yellow or rose gold, which may require occasional polishing to maintain their luster.
Ruby rings exude timeless elegance, beauty, and symbolism. Whether you desire a classic solitaire, a vintage-inspired design, or a modern statement piece, the radiant allure of rubies is sure to captivate. With their vibrant red color and deep symbolism, ruby rings make a remarkable choice for engagements, anniversaries, or simply as a cherished heirloom. By understanding the history, characteristics, and styles of ruby rings, you can


Red Dead Wiki
1,898pages on
this wiki
Add New Page
Comments0 Share
Cougars are an animal found in Red Dead Redemption. Also known as the Mountain Lion, Red Lion, Puma, Catamount, or Mountain Screamer, they prowl the prairies, forests, and mountains and are often heard before they are seen. Cougars are known to prey on travelers and their horses throughout the game world. Cougars may be hunted, skinned, and traded with merchants for cash.
In Undead Nightmare, Undead Cougars roam New Austin and West Elizabeth, and are deadly predators.
To gain Master Hunter Rank 5 and a scrap of the Expert Hunter Outfit, the player must kill cougars with a knife and dynamite respectively.
Cougars are one of the most vicious predators in the game, though sometimes difficult to find. They kill horses and players with as little as two attacks. Cougars use the 'hit and run' technique to knock down the player then quickly ready their next attack a safe distance away. They often travel in pairs, attacking one at a time, unless chasing an NPC. It is easier to tempt a cougar out of hiding while riding on horseback than to actively hunt one.
Cougars are difficult to spot due to their low stance and tan color that acts as camouflage, and the fact that they are silent when running or stalking. Cougars are nocturnal. However, they can be found in small numbers during the daytime and are quite active at dawn.
The Cougars are usually found around Rio Bravo, where they can stalk their prey while staying camouflaged in the trees, but they are generally found in most areas of New Austin and West Elizabeth.
 - Wreck of the Serendipity - They can be found within the "U" shape the road makes. Between 5 AM and 6 AM is the most frequent time to spot one.
 - Rio Bravo - Around Fort Mercer and Plainview. Around Repentance Rock, they are virtually the only animal that spawns at night. In the land north of Fort Mercer, cougars can be found frequently during the day, and players may be attacked by up to five in one sitting.
 - MacFarlane's Ranch - In the hills north of the ranch.
 - Stillwater Creek - Several can be found at all times of day sometimes prowling around the water.
 - Cougars, along with wolves, coyotes, and bobcats, are often found in the random encounters where an NPC is being chased by a gang of predatory animals.
 - (Multiplayer Only) Tanner's Reach - A large family of Cougars and sometimes Khan the Jaguar lives within the perimeter of the hunting cabin. There are at least eight of them and they attack at once, so approach the area with caution.
 - Plainview - Cougars frequent the road near here which is heading into the US/Mexican border late at night and during the day.
 - Silent Stead - Occasionally a good spawning point for cougars in single player. The player can get onto the roof by going around the back and jumping onto the overhang. Facing the road, the cougars spawn by some boulders to the player's right. They come in pairs about thirty seconds apart. They are easier to find by placing bait.
 - Rattlesnake Hollow - Continually produces cougars during the day in single player. Go there with caution.
 - Beecher's Hope - usually in the late afternoon. They will normally be chasing prey (foxes, rabbits, etc.) in packs of two.
 - The Great Plains - In the northern areas, between the railroad tracks and the river. The most reliable spawning spot is where the trees are thinning out, where Tall Trees meets the Great Plains. They can also be found in the Great Plains where the fox symbol is located on the map.
Tips and Tricks
 - The most important thing to remember is that if the player has taken any damage whatsoever before a cougar attacks, its attack means instant death. Only a full health bar is any defense against one.
 - Cougars usually attack from behind, charging in a straight line from an unseen spot in the bushes.
 - They will often snarl audibly just before they run over to attack. Their charge is silent, and they are fast.
 - Cougars usually spawn in pairs, and cougars in some locations respawn as fast as wolves.
 - Cougars will chase, stalk, and attack NPC humans, wild horses, and other herbivores, but will totally ignore other dangerous animals and be ignored by them. This can lead to the very dangerous situation of being attacked by wolves and a cougar at the same time.
 - A very easy way to kill cougars is to get in a stagecoach or on top of a nearby roof or large rock, because they can't hit the player and they will walk around in circles, making it very easy to kill them.
 - When attacked, the player will be knocked down and defenseless for a few seconds. Cougars often use hit and run attacks: attacking the player or horse and then running off, turning around when out of sight, and attacking again. If they cannot back off sufficiently by turning around, for example if there is a wall behind them, they will attempt to back off forward, encounter the player again, and instantly attack a second time, killing the player, who has no chance of defending. This appears to be an unintended pathfinding bug rather than a feature.
 - Trying to block an attack from a Cougar with a knife is useless. The cat will knock the player down. Even worse, the knife animation may prevent Marston being knocked down; if this happens, the Cougar will attack again instantly and kill him.
 - Occasionally, shooting or knifing a cougar will cause it to turn and run; this is especially true if it is critically damaged. Lasso the cat to keep it from escaping. Chasing after it is generally a bad idea since the player will often find themselves so distracted by the first cougar they do not notice a second.
 - Riding on horseback while being attacked by cougars is a good strategy, although the cougar only needs to scratch the horse once and it dies. This can provide the player with a shield, but expendable horses should be ridden if the player is hunting cougars this way.
 - Players should remember that rolling can be extremely useful when in combat with Cougars. If the player does not kill a Cougar while it is sprinting towards them, they can perform a roll by remaining in aim mode and pressing X (Xbox 360) or the square button (PS3) while pushing the movement stick to perform the roll in that direction. After you have evaded the Cougar, it will usually run back into the foliage and attempt to stalk the player again, so don't lose sight of it or assume it has gone.
 - When traveling, a Random Encounter involving a NPC asking for help trapping animals may happen. This can provide an opportunity in finding cougars.
 - Use of Medicine is highly recommended; if attacked by a Cougar, as soon as you get up, open your Satchel and heal yourself. Due to Cougars' hit and run technique, this can save the player.
 - In Multiplayer, a Cougar will only take one hit to kill you, as opposed to the normal two hits in Singleplayer.
 - The 5th Master Hunter Challenge requires that two Cougars be killed and skinned with a Hunting Knife.
For more information on how to achieve this, see the relevent entry in the Master Hunter Challenges page.
 - The Expert Hunter outfit requires you to kill a Cougar using dynamite.
For more information on how to achieve this, see the Expert Hunter Outfit page.
Spawning Glitch
Sometimes in cougar locations throughout single player, players can experience large amounts of cougars attacking very frequently. These glitches can continue indefinitely until the player leaves the area. This differs from the usual one or two cougars at one location at a time.
This glitch was also reported in Free Roam, where the player in question was in a firefight in the Great Plains. The player was consecutively attacked by cougars for 10 to 15 minutes. The only way to stop the glitch is for all the players in the Great Plains to evacuate the area for around 15 minutes.
In another glitch, Cougars can become very popular in certain parts of the Cholla Springs area, sometimes appearing in random towns such as Armadillo, which can become annoying because cougars can easily kill you when they take you by surprise. However, this glitch is extremely rare.
 - The Undead Cougar is the Cougar equivalent encountered in the Undead Nightmare DLC pack.
 - Cougars and bobcats share the same sound file.
 - Several residents of MacFarlane's Ranch talk about a Giant Cougar, claiming it killed three lawmen and that it stole and ate a baby.
 - Despite their relatively small size, cougars have been seen attacking bears, but this is quite rare.
Red Dead Redemption Best Cougar Hunting Locations & Legendary Khan Jaguar (Funny) In *HD*04:10
The player must kill a Cougar to contribute to the successful completion of the trophy/achievement:
Bronze Ps3 bronze trophy
Kill every animal species in the game in any game mode.
Ad blocker interference detected!


text:
tr is a command-line utility in Linux and Unix systems that translates, deletes, and squeezes characters from the standard input and writes the result to the standard output.
The tr command can perform operations like removing repeated characters, converting uppercase to lowercase, and basic character replacing and removing. Typically, it is used in combination with other commands through piping.
In this tutorial, we will show you how to use the tr command through practical examples and detailed explanations of the most common options.
Dig Command Line Options and Examples
Here is the frequently used command line options and example's of dig command.
1. Basic Dig Command
A basic dig command accept domain name as command line parameter and prints Address record.
2. Query With Specific DNS Server
The default dig command queries to dns server configured on your system. For example, the Linux systems keep default DNS entry in /etc/resolv.conf.
3. Print Short Answer
Use +short command line option to print result in short form. This is basically useful with the shell scripting and other automation tasks.
4. Print Detailed but Specific Result
Use +noall with +answer to print detailed information but specific. This will print only answer section including few more details as a result.
_TAG_ commands _TAG_ _TAG_ _TAG_ command _TAG_ examples _TAG_
mv Command Examples
Below is the basic mv command examples on Linux terminal.
_TAG_ commands _TAG_ _TAG_ _TAG_ example _TAG_ command _TAG_
Below are some of the popular usage of the lsof command.
_TAG_ _TAG_ _TAG_ command _TAG_
date Command Examples
Show date time in UTC/GMT
View past dates on specific days
View future dates
View date in other timezone
Print date in specific format
View file modification time
_TAG_ commands _TAG_ _TAG_ _TAG_
The URL syntax is completely protocol-dependent with cURL. Before reading more about parameters or example, you must know the URL formats, you can use with curl.
CURL Command Options
curl command comes with large number of command line options. Which provides it great flexibility to perform various tasks. Here we will describe you some frequently used command options with curl command.
_TAG_ commands _TAG_ _TAG_ _TAG_


Take the 2-minute tour ×
The object model and relational model are different schemas and as such compromises have to happen. NHibernate makes a very good job in hiding those compromises in most cases, but when it comes to inverse management you the developer need to take a stand on what compromise is the right one for your solution. Now you know your options, choose wisely.
share|improve this question
closed as off-topic by RegDwigнt Jun 27 '13 at 19:38
1 Answer 1
up vote 8 down vote accepted
It is another way to say "commit to" or "take a position on." I'm not sure on this, but it probably comes by a battlefield analogy, where it can be important for symbolic reasons for one side to hold some particular piece of ground in the face of adversity. For example, in the United States, the famous Martin Luther King Jr. might be described as having "taken a stand" on civil rights issues, because he protested bigotry and segregation despite being at risk for his life and being jailed for his activism.
Pictures make the best examples: A caption for this famous painting of Delacroix's might describe her, Lady Liberty, as "taking a stand" for liberty, the revolution, and France. You can see how the meaning of the phrase derives from its imagery; note the Lady's body language.
...the developer needs to take a stand on what compromise is the right one for your solution.
In the sentence you gave here, the usage is not quite so dramatic as in the above; an adequate replacement would be "make a firm choice" or "take a firm commitment to" whatever solution your text is talking about. The key, in all the various meanings I've given, is the importance of the adjective "firm"; taking a stand, now matter dramatic you want to be, is the opposite of its antonyms "noncommital," "wavering," or "wishy-washy."
share|improve this answer
Commitment is a big part of it, but there is a nuance. I would say it is possible for someone to commit to something privately without taking a stand. To "take a stand on" something usually entails a public commitment. It also entails a firm commitment (as you suggested), meaning that the person will effectively maintain or defend his position in an argument over the issue at hand. – Matthew Burr Mar 2 '11 at 7:07
I had a rather more prosaic example come to mind :) – Benjol Mar 2 '11 at 13:19


text:
LACEY (July 12, 2005) – While the drought threat has lessened this summer, for fish the problem is getting worse every year because of development-caused low stream flows.
"Low stream flows from little rain is no different to fish than low flows caused by development," said Jeff Dickison, assistant natural resources director for the Squaxin Island Tribe. "While droughts may come only every few summers, lack of water because of development gets worse every year."
"In some places, even in normal precipitation years, we run out of water for fish because of the impact of development," said Dickison. A good example is Lake Lois and the Woodland Creek watershed near Lacey, which regularly sees a significant drop in water level every summer.
"In the past Lake Lois was likely full throughout the summer," said John Konovsky, the tribe's water program manager. "Because of an increasing amount of water drawn from both public and private wells the lake drains significantly."
Much of the water drawn from Woodland Creek is taken by exempt wells – unpermitted and unreviewed wells that draw less than 5,000 gallons a day. Exempt wells aren't subject to the same level of scrutiny that larger wells are because it is assumed that their impact is minimal. But, when you add a lot of these wells together, they have a huge impact on the amount of water flowing through Woodland Creek.
"Because of exempt wells, the Woodland Creek watershed is dying a death of a thousand cuts," said Dickison. "While you can't point to one large user, dozens of small scale wells are ganging up on the creek and on the fish."
More exempt wells were allowed to be drilled along Woodland Creek even though the watershed was closed for water appropriation in the early 1980s. "These wells are clearly having an impact on stream flows in the watershed, yet water for fish was supposed to be protected after the watershed was closed," said Dickison.
Urbanization in the watershed and the accompanying increase in impervious surfaces – such as parking lots, roads and other surfaces that water can't seep through – has decreased the amount of water that is stored in the watershed after rains. "More water flows straight into the creek and out into Puget Sound, when it used to slowly seep underground," said Konovsky. "The result is more floods during rainy times, but less water stored underground, therefore lower stream flows, when it's not raining."
Historically, the Woodland Creek watershed produced strong populations of coho salmon. "There are accounts of salmon going as far up as Long Lake, in the far reaches of the watershed," said Konovsky. "Coho salmon often spend an extra year or two in freshwater as juveniles. Without these small lakes and wetlands, like Lake Lois, coho have nowhere to survive and feed during that extra year in freshwater."
"Woodland Creek is not unique, there are thousands of small creeks throughout the Puget Sound that at one time used to be home to thriving salmon populations," said Dickison. "We can have a summer with normal, or even above average rainfall, and because of increasing demand, there still isn't enough water for salmon."
For more information, contact: Jeff Dickison, assistant director for Natural Resources, Squaxin Island Tribe, _PHONE_. John Konovsky, environmental program manager, Squaxin Island Tribe, _PHONE_. Emmett O'Connell, information officer, NWIFC, _PHONE_, _EMAIL_


text:
The binational migrant initiative was developed to enable those migrant students from Mexico that arrive in the United States, to have access to the same free, appropriate public school education that is provided to other children.
1560 Broadway, Suite 1450
Denver, CO 80202
- Ensure that all binational migrant students have continued access to Education in the U.S. and in Mexico.
- Advocate for and ensure that all binational migrant students have equitable opportunities to learn and meet the high educational standards expected of all students.
- Provide Educators with training, which will allow them to better serve the educational needs of binational migrant students.
- Provide support to parents and families of binational migrant students.
Components of the Binational Migrant Initiative
- Information and Dissemination
The goal of this component is design, develop, and disseminate information to enable educators to meet the educational needs of the binational migrant child, to help them Identify a pedagogical model that specifically addresses the instructional needs of the binational migrant child.
- Transfer Document: Elementary (1-6) Secondary (7-9)
The major focus of the Binational Initiative is to develop, revise and promote the use of the Transfer Document. The Document provides the student his/her grades so that he/she may enroll in school when he/she returns to Mexico. The students credits are accepted, thus, the student is placed appropriately. Parents need to notify the schools when they are going to leave to Mexico so that the school has ample time to complete the document. The student needs to provide a transfer document when he/she returns to the U.S. The Binational Program can retrieve student's grades through a request for transcripts form that has been developed by the Binational Program and has been accepted by the U.S. and Mexico's Binational Initiative.
This document is to be utilized for those students who are departing the United States and are returning to Mexico to enroll in an elementary school.
Transfer document: Elementary School (Primaria), Middle School, (Secundaria)
- Teacher Exchange:
The goal of the teacher exchange is to learn about both educational systems so that we can implement educational programs to better meet the needs of the migrant binational child. The Binational Teacher Exchange is designed to provide a cultural and educational exchange to benefit binational migrant students in the U.S. as well as expertise to educators serving binational students.
These direct experiences among exchange teachers result in a better understanding of the cultural, educational, and linguistic diversity of Mexico and the U.S.
- Culture and Education Resources
Mexico's Secretary of Public Education and the Secretary of Foreign Relations through the Mexican Cultural Center have provided us with 39 sets of content area texts (1-6 grades) that they use in their national curriculum. These books have been distributed to all the local Migrant Ed. programs in Colorado so that they may be used with migratory students or during summer school. Colorado schools have also received information on how to solicit these free instructional content area textbooks.
As part of the Free Textbook Distribution Program, Mexico's Secretary of Public Education and the Secretary of Foreign Relations (through the Mexican Cultural Center) have provided Colorado with resource books for 1-6 grades, that are used for Mexico's national curriculum, to be a resource for binational students.
Tools for Administrators
- Goals for U.S. BMEI
- Binational Migrant Brochure English, Spanish
- Elementary Level Binational Transfer Document
- Middle (Secundaria) Level Binational Transfer Document
- Form to Request for Binational Transcripts
- Signed Annex IX
- Binational Teacher Exchange Guide
- Toll Free Hotlines for the Enrollment of Migrant Students
- Directory of Mexican State Coordinators
- Binational Teacher Exchange Application
- Request for SEP Books/Resource
Tools for Parents
- Parents Declaration of Rights (English, Spanish)
- Questions Parents Ask About Schools
- A Guide to the Tool Kit for Hispanic Parents (English, Spanish)
- Documents for School Enrollment
- Binational Transfer Documents
- Ensuring the Academic Success of our Children (English, Spanish)
- Si Piensas Regresar a Mexico...Inscribe a tu Hijo en la Escuela
Tools for Educators
- Suggested Guidelines for Grade-Level Placement of Migrant Students
- Grade Levels and Structure of the Mexican Educational System
- Official and Religious Mexican Holidays
- Map of Mexican States
- Educational Strategies for Working with Binational Students
- Parent Involvement (Spanish version)
- SIOP Short Form
- SIOP Lesson Plan
- Free Language Resources
- Engaging Mexican Parents in their Childrens Education
Tools for Recruiters and Clerks
For more information please contact:


Foreigner references aside, Chromebooks, like most computers, freeze up from time to time.
Google introduced the Chromebook in 2010, and the brand is exceptionally popular with individuals and educational organizations. K – 12 schools are taking advantage of G Suite to customize learning plans and make education more technology-focused than ever. It also helps that with an easy-to-use interface; anyone can pick it up and start working.
With all of that said, that does not mean that Chromebooks do not run into the same walls that other computers do. Much like any Windows laptop or MacBook, these devices are more than capable of freezing up.
Whether it is a problem with an outdated version of Chrome OS, a rogue device, or a ton of apps or tabs open at once, programs are running improperly, worst-case scenarios, and internal hardware problems.
The good news is, there is no need to panic, as many frozen causes can be fixed with a few quick troubleshoots. The bad news is just figuring out which one is going to resolve the issue.
Chromebooks can freeze due to a myriad of issues, but here is how to fix this typical problem.
Remove external devices and accessories.
These can range from mouses, additional keyboards, wireless headphones, USB drives, etc. By disconnecting one-by-one, a user can begin deducting which one is causing problems.
Why not Google it?
In some situations, Google will generate an automated error message to let the user know what is going on with the device. On a non-frozen device, a user can look for what is wrong with the machine.
Use the Task Manager.
Anyone who has used a Windows computer knows about the CTRL+ALT+DELETE keyboard shortcut. Chromebooks are complete with their keyboard option to bring up its Task Manager.
 1. Press Shift and Escape at the same time.
 2. Once the Task Manager window opens, begin looking through the list of apps and webpages currently open.
 3. If one or more apps are using a lot of memory, click on its name and then click on End Task.
Do a hard reset or reboot.
While these two do sound interchangeable, hard reboot and hard reset are two completely different processes.
hard reboot has the user holding down the Power button until it turns off. The device will then turn back on, and when it finishes booting, open up the Task Manager and look into what apps and services.
On the other hand, a hard reset involves pressing down the Power and Refresh buttons simultaneously. This will restart the hardware, not the system. Doing this gives it a new start but will also erase specific configurations for the screen, keyboard, or trackpad.
Let the battery run out.
Sometimes, it is best to drain the battery. Make sure to keep it unplugged and have it depower itself. While it may delay getting any work done, it is better than doing a hard reset since not much will be lost when the device shuts down.
Make sure to update
When a Chrome OS is out-of-date, there are chances of it malfunctioning. One instance is the device freezing. A user can check to see if their version of Chrome OS is up-to-date by doing the following:
 1. On the bottom of the screen, select the time.
 2. From this menu, click on the Settings option, which has a gear next to it.
 3. At the bottom of this panel, click on About Chrome OS.
 4. Underneath the Google Chrome OS option, a user can find the version of the Chrome operating system.
 5. Next, click on the Check for updates option.
 6. The device will start to look for a software update.
Powerwash your system
Pro tip: do not grab a hose and start spraying it down with water. That is not a good idea.
A Powerwash is an admittingly unique name for giving the Chromebook a factory reset. This should be one of the user's last resorts because it wipes all user accounts and files and downloads. Meaning, once it finishes washing, the user will have to start over with downloading apps.
Powerwashing can be done through two different methods. For instance, a user can go through the Login Screen:
 1. At the login screen, hold down the Shift, Ctrl, Alt, and R keys
 2. A window will pop up that is named Reset this Chrome device and click Restart.
 3. After the resetting process finishes, the login screen will appear with a new option titled Powerwash. Click on that.
 4. Click on the Continue button when the Confirm Powerwash window opens up.
 5. Sign in with your Google account to complete the process.
Or Powerwashing can be done through the Chrome browser:
 1. Open up Chrome.
 2. Click on the menu button in the upper right-hand corner.
 3. From this menu, click on Settings.
 4. Next, scroll down to the bottom and click on Advanced
 5. In the Advanced settings, please scroll down to find the Powerwash option and click on it.
 6. A window titled Restart your device pops up; select Restart to begin the process.
 7. Finally, as the Powerwash process completes
Unfreezing complete!
Regardless of whatever brand of laptop you own, when it freezes up, it isn't enjoyable. However, in rare situations, it can result in expensive repairs. But, for most cases involving a frozen Chromebook, there are tons of easy fixes, and are all free.
Huh, a blog involving the word 'frozen' and not one mention of the song "Let It Go"?
Darn it.
Other posts of interest:


text:
Working with encrypted data in SQL Server
Encryption plays an important role in protecting data and preventing intrusion. In this session we will look at the various places and methods of Encryption that exist inside SQL Server.
First, we will look at the types of encryption available in SQL Server. These include Encryption by Pass Phrase, by Symmetric key, by Asymmetric key, by Certificate, by one-way-Hash and signing. During this we will be looking at the strength of the encryption and possible attacks such as whole-value substitution, brute force and Rainbow table attack. Lastly, we will look at how SQL encryption differs from.Net (or other programming environments) and the pros and cons of each.
Following on from that will be a look at how the encryption hierarchy works to provide an impressive level of key protection. We will be answering questions like what is a master key, how it is different to the service master key, and what does the service master key do.
We will be looking at System level encryption for system features such as TDS and credentials storage and services such as SSRS, SSIS, and DQS. How and why do these services use encryption? These features and services use SQL encryption inherently to protect the most sensitive of configuration
Finally, we will look at ways of preparing for disaster recovery with encrypted data. Encrypted
data is nothing more than random binary data with the keys and algorithms to decrypt it. Thus, there is a critical need for effective key management and understanding of what is necessary to recover encrypted data in the event of a disaster.
Sorry, there are no downloads available for this session.
I'm a talented multi-skilled IT professional with advanced skills in SQL server 2005/08 and 2012. I have many years experience in SQL design, administration, server consolidation and migration in large scale organisations. I have completed MCITP in database administration and development. My belief is that data is the critical element of an organisation and that a database must be effective, efficient and secure. I am an expert in information system holding a BSc(Hons) in computing and informatics. I currently work for an international organisation as their head DBA. My next aim is completion of MCSM and to discuss a topic at SQLBits.
The video is not available to view online.
- Session Files Explorer
The network name cannot be found.


text:
Showing Collections: 1 - 1 of 1
Overview The Home for the Moral Reform of Destitute Colored Children, an Orthodox Quaker charity which provided shelter and education for black children, was organized in 1854 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Home was incorporated in 1860. By the end of the 19th century, the organization's primary function was providing financial support for other educational and shelter programs for black youths, including The Shelter (Association for the Care of Colored Orphans). This bound volume contains the...


text:
High School Students Tackle Biofuels
NARA Brings New Component to Competition
The Imagine Tomorrow competition lets students dream big and think that about how they might solve our world's energy problems. For some, it provides a first-ever chance to step on a college campus.
The competition has encouraged thousands of Washington teenagers to imagine a better energy future for their generation while they imagine a brighter academic future for themselves.
Support from the Northwest Advanced Renewables Alliance (NARA) will now bring a similar opportunity to high school students from Idaho, Oregon, and Montana. It will also add Biofuels to the menu of challenges that Imagine Tomorrow contestants may address. Other challenges—Behavior, Design, and Technology—ask students to consider energy problems from the perspective of different disciplines.
"We want to emphasize to these students that biofuels are going to be an important part of solving the sustainable energy challenge, especially in the Northwest,"
"The students who participate learn about being active in solving problems, rather than passive." says David Bahr, who is coordinating the expansion effort for the program.
Washington State University began Imagine Tomorrow as an effort by to engage Washington students to work on big societal challenges. Since starting in 2008, the program has grown each year and has remained focused on energy.
"The NARA grant provides a wonderful opportunity that we didn't have before to expand a very valuable program," he says. "This competition makes a difference in students' lives."
The competition, held each spring on the WSU campus, asks students to choose and address one of four open-ended challenges. Topics span all subjects—not just the sciences. Imagine Tomorrow has attracted a broader cross-section of students than the traditional science fair, including more young women, students from a variety of economic backgrounds, and students from both urban and rural areas. Unlike most science fairs, Imagine Tomorrow requires students to work in teams.
The program has been truly life changing for many of the students, says Bahr. It has inspired many to attend college, has motivated at-risk students to take part in high school activities, has spawned girls' interest in science and engineering disciplines, and has engaged students to enact positive change in their communities.
"Many of these students have never been to a college campus before and thought college was something that other people did," said Bahr. "After coming to campus and participating in the competition, we find that they suddenly can imagine going to college.
"It is clearly an eye-opening experience."
The researchers hope to double the number of participants in the highly successful program in a new category that specifically features biofuels.
"We want to emphasize to these students that biofuels are going to be an important part of solving the sustainable energy challenge, especially in the Northwest," says Bahr. "I'm looking forward to seeing the great ideas that they come up with."
The NARA involvement in the Imagine Tomorrow competition is part of the project's education initiatives, which span from kindergarten through graduate school. The education group aims to:
"Our world is facing an energy crisis, and I think students kind of offer a lot of innovation and ideas for the future…. We're the ones who are going to be the future, and so I think that our ideas can spark huge change and offer new ideas to save our planet."
"The biggest thing that I've learned is to stay practical about what you want to do. Obviously I want to save the world, change the world, but I can only do so much."
"It's just so exciting to see students that believe in the future, that are interacting with one another. They're learning these teaming skills. It's just fantastic."
"At least three or four ideas need to have patent disclosures written on them, and four or five (groups) need to write scientific papers."
"This is not a science fair, this is a problem-solving fair,"


text:
Wielokulturowa przyszłość Polski wobec krytyki polityki wielokulturowości
Selected contents from this journal
Poland's Multicultural Future vis-à-vis Criticism of the Policy of Multiculturalism
Languages of publication
The article characterizes seven sources of the criticism of the policy of multiculturalism in the context of the recently voiced opinions of the western European political leaders. The described sources of criticism are: the financial crisis and the need to reduce the social spending, the pessimistic visions of the future of the European culture, the globalization, the increasing number of the immigrants and their descendants, understanding the multiculturalism as an unification rather than co-existence of different cultures, the decreasing impact of the historical and political events that were an inspiration to the politics of multiculturalism and finally the still high unemployment rate among the immigrants and their descendants.
Publication order reference


text:
Student Ratings of Instruction
The IDEA Student Ratings of Instruction (SRI) is like no other system available for translating informative course feedback into actionable steps to improve student learning.
Students give feedback on teaching and learning based on their direct course experience, providing faculty with relevant information that when coupled with IDEA's robust resources - such as our research and teaching and learning support - can ultimately guide and strengthen teaching.
what makes Idea's student ratings of instruction stand out?
- Our instrument is built on more than 45 years of research. No other course feedback system has our rich history.
- The SRI, powered by Campus Labs, our technology partner, is built on an interactive, user-friendly, accessible online platform. Easy for students to use and easy for faculty to implement.
- The system controls for extraneous circumstances (e.g. class size, student motivation), and provides comparative scores.
- Faculty receive customized reports with feedback including proven resources for improvement in highly specified areas.
- Faculty and administrators can easily integrate data into program planning, decision making, and institutional review processes.
- Campuses can align their use of IDEA systems with their particular accreditation or professional standards program with easy-to-use resources to track, document, and report progress.
Take a quick tour of our student ratings of instruction (it's a really good overview!)
Want to know more? Take a deeper look at the tools that make up our Student Ratings of Instruction.


text:
What does ALA mean in Airport Codes?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand ALA in the Regional field in general and in the Airport Codes terminology in particular.
Find a translation for ALA in other languages:
Select another language:
What does ALA mean?
- a flat wing-shaped process or winglike part of an organism