text:
[MTT38-P03] Grid search method estimating wave source positions
Keywords:Infrasound, Grid Search Method
In our laboratory, 15 units of infrasound sensors developed independently have been set widely distributed along Kochi coast since 2017. Such a wide distribution of infrasound sensors enables us to monitor and maintain data of a large-area at the same time. However, even if these sensors detect the huge-event signals, the precise time and direction for the occurrences are unknown. Hence, it is required to build a new model for analyzation and estimation of the wave source positions.
In this study, as one of the estimation method of wave source points, we introduce the grid search method which is familiar with seismology. To verify this method for the sound wave, we analyzed two months data containing the Mount Sakura-jima eruption events. As results, 53 events were detected, and it is found that the wave source positions for 38 of 53 events were estimated within around 6 km of the crater of the Mound Sakura-jima.


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Mandarin's Rings
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Marvel Universe
Axonn-Karr race
The Mandarin
The Mandarin learned how to utilize the rings for own personal use and make them respond to his personal commands. Over the years, the Mandarin's mind has actually come to inhabit the rings so that now no one else can make use of them. The Mandarin can also now control the rings over large distances.
The functions of each ring are as follows:
Pinky: Ice Blast. Freezes the air in its path and can lower an object's temperature to almost absolute zero.
Ring Finger: Mento-Intensifier. Magnifies the Mandarin's psychic energy enabling him to mentally control a person. Only effective at short range.
Middle Finger: Electro-Blast. Emits quantities of electrical energy determined by the wearer (Mandarin). Upper limit of output is unknown.
Index Finger: Flame Blast. Emits infrared radiation and can cause air to incandesce by igniting its molecules. Maximum out is unknown.
Thumb: White Light. Emits many different types of energy from the electro-magnetic spectrum. Frequently used as intense visible light and laser beams.
Pinky: Black Light. Creates area of "absolute blackness" where all light is absorbed. It is believed that this ring accesses the "darkforce" used by characters such as Darkstar and the Shroud.
Ring Finger: Disintegration Beam: Destroys bonds between atoms and molecules causing an object's cohesion to fall apart. Needs 20 minutes recharge time between uses.
Middle Finger: Vortex Beam. Causes air to swirl about in a vortex at high speed. Can levitate objects, propel wearer (Mandarin) in flight and be used as a weapon.
Index Finger: Impact Beam. Projects concussive force of approximately 350 lbs. of TNT. Can also cause intense sonic vibrations and create magnetic waves.
Thumb: Matter Rearranger. Can rearrange atoms and/or molecules of substances or speed up/slow down their movements to result in various effects. Cannot actually transmute elements.
Contributors: MikeFichera and Mickeys4life


text:
New test for developers in Maine: climate change
Huge development around Moosehead Lake would create 500,000 tons of CO2 over 50 years, environmentalists say.
A plan to build thousands of new homes next to a lake in Maine's north woods faces an environmental test that may one day challenge developers nationwide: What's the carbon footprint of a new subdivision or land development?Skip to next paragraph
Subscribe Today to the Monitor
At hearings last month, Maine environmentalists unveiled for state regulators what is being called a first-in-the-nation study of the greenhouse-gas emissions expected from a huge development planned for Maine's Moosehead Lake. Some observers call it a new front in an emerging battle between environmentalists and developers that started in California two years ago.
"What we're asking in the [Maine] case, for the first time, is to consider the net carbon impacts of a major proposed development," says Michael Stoddard, deputy director of Environment Northeast, the Boston environmental research group that did the study.
So how much carbon does a development emit? Environment Northeast estimates that the plan to clear 14,000 acres of forest to build about 2,300 apartment units and homes could generate up to 500,000 metric tons of carbon-dioxide emissions over 50 years, if emissions of vehicles traveling to the distant site are included. The US emits some 12,000 times that amount in a single year.
The developer, Plum Creek Timber Co., disputes the analysis.
"Our plan in Maine is very sensitive to the carbon-footprint issue," says Kathy Budinick, spokeswoman for Seattle-based Plum Creek. "If our plan is approved, more than 400,000 acres of land will be permanently conserved in perpetuity for sustainable forestry, representing the second-largest conservation easement in US history. It's really quite a phenomenal carbon outcome."
At issue is not just the size of a development but the amount of driving it encourages. By being so far from major cities and accessible only by car, the Plum Creek project would produce, conservatively speaking, an additional 9,500 tons of emissions annually, according to the Environment Northeast study. That's the equivalent of putting an extra 1,850 vehicles on the road.
"It's our belief that we can't meet the nation's transportation goals for climate change just by improving automobile technology," says Alan Caron, president of GrowSmart Maine, an antisprawl group that lobbies for compact urban planning and public transportation systems and helped sponsor the Plum Creek study. "You have to pay attention to where things are located."
States eye impact of developments
Other states are beginning to scrutinize the climate impact of real estate developments.
At least 35 states have climate-action plans or are in the process of developing them, says Reid Ewing, executive director of the National Center for Smart Growth Research and Education at the University of Maryland. Of those, 17 states have set emissions targets for greenhouse gases.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


How HashSet works?
Well earlier i wasnt sure how HashSet is created internally and which data structure is used. But when I looked at the class implemenation i was surprised because of following features i noticed:
Hashset is used to store the unique elements, in which their is no gurantee of the iteration order.
Hashset internally use HashMap.
Elements passed to Hashset are stored as a key of the HashMap with null as value. Since the objects passed to set are key so no extra check is done to identify duplicates. For eg after adding integer 1 and 2 if i add 1 again, no check is performed to identify whether 1 is present or not. The hashset simply performs the put with the same value( '1') in this case as key.
Similariy when an element is removed from the Set the internal HashMap remove method is called.
So HashSet data structure is nothing but a HashMap with objects as key.
HashSet Implemenation from java.util package
 1. public HashSet() {
 map = new HashMap();
 2. public boolean add(E o) {
 return map.put(o, PRESENT)==null;
 3. /**
 * Removes the specified element from this set if it is present.
 * _USER_ o object to be removed from this set, if present.
 * _USER_ true if the set contained the specified element.
 public boolean remove(Object o) {
 return map.remove(o)==PRESENT;
One thought on "How HashSet works?
 1. Hi There,
 I mainly would like to know is a int[4][4] or a int [4*4] is more efficient to use. Which takes more storage? Which requires more to process? that kind of stuff. Any answer or links to reading material that might help would be appreciated.
 Keep up the good work!
 Thanks a heaps,
 Irene Hynes
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Isaiah 53:8 MT/LXX
From: clayton stirling bartholomew (
Date: Thu Feb 05 1998 - 07:55:19 EST
The Ethiopian official (Acts 8:33) had problems understanding Isaiah 53:8 and
I don't blame him.
The *first clause* of Isaiah 53:8 in the MT seems unproblematic to my
untrained eye. The syntax seems balanced and straight forward. But the LXX
version quoted in Acts has a different syntactical structure and probably a
different meaning.
In the LXX we have:
My best guess, having looked at a commentary or two is that
EN THi TAPEIWSEI is an adverbial modifier of HRQH, with H KRISIS being the
recipient of the action stated in the passive verb.
It seems that the MT is saying something quite different here. The subject of
the verb in the MT is the suffering servant. Both prepositional phrases being
adverbially related to the verb.
I am aware that there is more than one way to read this clause in the MT
(ignoring the LXX). Is there is anyway to resolve the differences between the
MT and LXX in this clause?
Clayton Stirling Bartholomew
Three Tree Point
P.O. Box 255 Seahurst WA 98062


But I Don't Speak Arabic! Teaching English in the U.A.E.
But I Don't Speak Arabic! Teaching English in the U.A.E.
Download UAE Guide
When I graduated from International TEFL Academy's Chicago Class, I felt like it was the first time I really mastered the English language - with all of the grammar rules and new knowledge about location of letters on your tongue, I was ready. So naturally, I embarked on a journey to a country that, for lack of a better word, spun my brain around.
Practicing the Arabic alphabetThe UAE is 12(ish) hours away from home, here night is day and day is night. Books open backwards and reading happens right to left. I saw this as a new spin on life. I still am on a quest to learn as much as I can about Arabic and its relationship to the culture and religion of the region.
I started where I felt most comfortable - numbers. I learned the Arabic numbers by listening to kindergarten songs and singing them to my students (much to their dismay). I also found great motivation when I bought myself a watch with Arabic numbers on its face. After mastering my numbers (1-12), I then practiced the Arabic alphabet, the Abjad, very slowly. I wanted to ensure that I could form the letters properly and know their sound. There are four letters I cannot say and probably will never be able to.
But I Don't Speak Arabic! Teaching English in the UAE
Some quirks about Arabic - there are essentially no vowels, there's no punctuation, accents get put on letters and change the sound and use of the letter completely. My favorite part, because it feels like magic to me, is all letters have 3 different shapes depending on their placement in the word. Also, every once in a while there is a wow (the name of a letter) added to the end of the word for seemingly no reason. I've tried to understand why this happens but my brain cannot comprehend.
Menus in English and ArabicI'm still pretty terrible at Arabic. However, after 2 years, if I get an Arabic text, I open the book in the correct direction. I can also sound out a word if I have some serious wait time (although, I won't know what the word is but I'll know the letters!) I know some colors, how to say my profession, how to say come here, sit down, thank you, you're welcome, hurry, among other random phrases that are helpful to know in school and around the community. Fun fact, due to the nature of being a teacher in a middle school boys environment, I also know all of the bad words!
The thing about living in the United Arab Emirates, is you don't really have to know Arabic to survive. The country is essentially bilingual. Almost all signs are in both English and Arabic and the unofficially agreed upon language for service is English (most of the workers in retail stores and restaurants are not from an Arabic background). So although you will do just fine in the UAE without any understanding of Arabic, I still recommend trying to learn a little bit of the language. The more I learn, the less my head spins, and the more I understand about the culture.
Related Resources:
Posted In: Teach English in Middle East, Teach English in United Arab Emirates, Ras al Khaimah
Want to Learn More About Teaching English Abroad?
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DistributedNetworks DistributedNetworks
Internet Connectivity «Prev Next»
Lesson 9
Microsoft Proxy Server Conclusion
This module taught you to evaluate and create Internet connectivity solutions using Microsoft® Proxy Server 2.0®.
It began by outlining the features and design decisions inherent in a Proxy Server solution. Then it described the methods and benefits of integrating Proxy Server within a network. Finally, it discussed Proxy Server client requirements.
By now, you should be able to:
 1. Define the features of Proxy Server
 2. Explain the factors that determine the appropriateness of a Proxy Server solution
 3. Describe the benefits of integrating Proxy Server with other networking services
 4. Describe the decisions involved in creating a functional Internet connectivity Proxy Server solution
 5. Identify the decisions involved in the placement of Proxy Server within a network
 6. Describe how to select the proxy server interface characteristics that affect the integration of the Proxy Server into the network
 7. Identify the Proxy Server client requirements to be included in the Proxy Server design
Internet Proxy Server Terms
Here is a list of terms used in this module that may be new to you:.
 3. HTTPS:(Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol) HTTPS is used to protect the data moving to and from a secure web server.
 4. Gopher:A network service used in the past to allow users to search the contents site. Gopher has lost favor in most environments, but may still be encountered at some university sites.
 5. IPX: (Internetwork Packet Exchange). The network layer protocol used to move data in IPX/SPX networks. Most commonly associated with NetWare Server environments.
 6. SPX:(Sequenced Packet Exchange) SPX is used as the Transport Layer protocol for IPX/SPX networks.
 7. VPN tunnels:A VPN, or Virtual Private Network, is a method of linking two locations like they are on a local private network. There are several reasons why you might want to set one up.
 8. WinSock:(Windows Sockets) This is a session layer interface responsible for accepting requests from WinSock programs.
Designing Proxy Server Solution - Quiz
Click the Quiz link below to review the steps required in designing a Proxy Server solution.
Designing Proxy Server Solution - Quiz


text:
Welcome to the Global Runoff Data Centre
This is the Global Runoff Data Centre, a repository for the world's river discharge data and associated metadata.
The GRDC is an international archive of data up to 200 years old, and fosters multinational and global long-term hydrological studies. Originally established two decades ago, the aim of the GRDC is to help earth scientists analyse global climate trends and assess environmental impacts and risks. Positioned as a facilitator for exchanges between data providers and data users, the GRDC has become a focal point for international cooperation. Researchers, universities and other organisations make use of the facilities available for research programmes and projects.
The Global Runoff Database at GRDC is a unique collection of river discharge data collected at daily or monthly intervals from nearly 9000 stations in 157 countries. This adds up to around 360.000 station-years with an average record length of 40 years. The GRDC provides discharge data and data products for non-commercial applications.
The GRDC operates under the auspices of the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) and supports research on climate variability and global change. The German Federal Institute of Hydrology (Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde or BfG) hosts the GRDC in Koblenz near the confluence of the Moselle and Rhine Rivers.


text:
Distance of closest approach of two ships problem
Two ships are 10 km apart on a line running south to north. The one farther north is steaming west at 20 km/h. The other is steaming north at 20 km/h. What is their distance of closest approach? How long do they take to reach it?
Solution and Answer:
The main hindrance to solving problem is that students fail to visualize the situation.
Let's represent the condition using a diagram.
Let the first ship steaming north be named A and the other B. The relative velocity of A with respect to B is 20 √2 south west. If we extend the line along the 45° south west from the initial position of A, the distance of closest approach is the perpendicular drawn from B to this line.
So, the distance of closest appraoch = 10 sin 45° = 10/√2 = 7.07 m
Time taken to reach the distance of closest approach = distance of closest approach / relative speed
= (10/√2)/(20 √2)
= 0.25 h


text:
Celebrate Black History Month: African-American Monuments in New York City's Parks
Thursday, February 14, 2013
9:00 a.m.–5:00 p.m.
This event repeats between and.
Please note: This event has already taken place. Please use the Search options on the right to find upcoming events.
The monuments in our parks honor the heights of human achievement and the depths of human sacrifice. They are intended in permanent form to commemorate persons, events and values of lasting consequence to the evolution of our city, nation and the world, and to our advancement as a people.
In honor of Black History Month, this exhibition examines those monuments in the Parks collection that honor key African-American figures in the arts, sport, the military, science, and the abolition movement and who are preserved in our collective memory. Also remembered are the many thousands of anonymous people who, until emancipation, did not have the rights of citizenship and were enslaved.


text: Choose specific words from the story, such as sleigh, reindeer, snow, cap, jelly etc. and choose as many words as there are presents to be opened. Put the words on pieces of paper and put them in a bowl are Christmas stocking to be drawn. Hand out the presents to all individuals according to the tags but tell them not to begin opening their gifts. Have each person draw from the bowl or stocking one piece of paper per present and place the papers on top of each present. Then the leader reads the story "Twas the night before Christmas" and pauses as each special word is read. Have the person open the gift and then continue. Read all the way to the end! It may help to copy the words to the story on paper and underline all the key words so that the reader knows what to expect.


Why Cargo Is Key To The Passenger Aviation Industry
Cargo has exploded in popularity over the last year as passenger airlines find a way to shore up revenue. Carriers globally have been flying temporary freighter aircraft or maintaining route networks just to fly cargo in bellyholds. Here's why cargo is key to the passenger aviation industry.
United 787-10
Cargo has long played a significant role in the passenger aviation market. Photo: Getty Images
Before jumping in, it is important to note that cargo has long played an important role in the passenger airline market. Prior to the pandemic, cargo carried in the belly accounted for more than half of all air freight capacity globally. Strong route networks meant that airlines were also able to use cargo to subsidize some passenger routes and vice-versa.
While the pandemic has undoubtedly shifted the dynamics (since many passenger routes are still canceled), cargo remains more popular than ever. Seeing this demand, airlines have quickly jumped on the chance to add new revenue streams.
American Airlines, Vaccine Transport, Boeing 777
Airlines have started flying cargo-only flights on passenger aircraft due to increased rates and high demand. Photo: Getty Images
Considering that freight traffic has been important for decades, nearly all modern aircraft come armed with large cargo bellies to accommodate pallets. Long-haul aircraft like the Boeing 777-300ER and Airbus A350 can both accommodate over 16,000kgs of cargo, capacity along with their high passenger numbers.
Quick shipping
One particular reason for the popularity of cargo on passenger aircraft is the quick turnaround times. While most cargo airlines make multiple stops between hubs and do not fly direct, passenger aircraft generally fly point-to-point or with a single stop. This makes priority cargo transit unique to passenger aircraft and increases revenue for airlines.
This means goods like perishables, priority freight, and high-value items are all in top demand for passenger aircraft cargo. Notably, many cargo shippers, like USPS and others, have contracts with airlines to ship their freight on passenger flights.
Maastricht Airport, Stowaway, Turkish Airlines
While some airlines fly their own cargo subsidiaries, many just use passenger aircraft for cargo transport. Photo: Getty Images
Some airlines around the world had long been capitalizing on their route networks to build a strong cargo presence. Airlines like Qatar Airways, Emirates, Cathay Pacific, and many others all have dedicated freighter aircraft and subsidiaries to fly cargo. However, most others just use their passenger jets' bellies for cargo transport.
The change
The pandemic has changed the face of the air cargo market. With millions sitting at home, demand for cargo has risen dramatically, allowing airlines to fill the gap. Carriers globally have been converting their passenger aircraft into "preighters" by removing seats and manually loading cargo. The high shipping rates mean that airlines can turn a small profit on flights, even without passengers onboard.
In particular, Korean Air, Asiana, EVA Air, and China Airlines have all managed to net operating profits in 2020 thanks to a focus on cargo. Even other airlines, like Emirates, credit cargo as being the reason they managed to stay afloat last year.
Korean Air A380
Korean Air has managed to secure an operating profit in 2020 through a focus on cargo. Photo: Vincenzo Pace | Simple Flying
Cargo rates will eventually fall back to normal rates once passenger flights resume and demand slows. However, airlines will undoubtedly focus on the freight business in the future, understanding the benefits of diversifying revenue.
What do you think about the future of the passenger cargo market? Let us know in the comments!


Learning, teaching and training activity in Italy
From 18th to 24th November 2018
This was our second learning, teaching and training activity with students. The international team was composed for ten Swedish students, fourteen Spanish and the whole Italian group, accompanied by two teachers from each country.
The official agenda could be carried out without problem except the activity planned in the observatory, given the weather conditions. We greatly enjoyed the cultural visits, especially the visit to the Galilean Museum, in Florence, which allowed us to better understand the role that this scientist played in advancing the knowledge of the universe, and how sometimes science is slowed down in its advances by beliefs of those who govern.
We develop scientific activities, such as calculations on the height of the mountains of the Moon, but also others of a humanistic nature such as the presentations on the history of astronomy in each of the countries, or the myths and legends related to bodies or celestial phenomena.
The area where the Italian school is located is very rich from the natural point of view, but also historical: Assissi, Gubbio and Gualdo itself, are very interesting cities. Therefore, in general, the experience was very enriching from all points of view and the evaluation made at the end of the meeting shows it.
The group strengthened their relationship and students kept in touch maintaining contact with each other through skype, email or whatsapp.


text:
North American Dipteran Pollinators: Assessing Their Value and Conservation Status
Carol Ann Kearns, University of Colorado at Boulder
Full Text: HTML
Recent attention to pollinator declines has focused largely on bees and vertebrates. However, few pollination systems are obligate, and pollinators that complement the role of bees may respond differently to environmental disturbance. The conservation status of North American fly pollinators remains undocumented. In this paper, methods for monitoring shifts in dipteran pollinator abundance are discussed. The need for further basic research into pollination by flies is addressed, and the significance of dipteran conservation is considered.
anthophilous flies, anthropogenic disturbance, conservation, Diptera, Dipteran conservation, generalist pollinators, North America, pollination, pollinator declines, population fluctuation, redundant pollination systems
Ecology and Society. ISSN: _PHONE_


text: On review of the patient's history, he was found to have undergone laboratory tests before starting to use the aforementioned testosterone booster product. All blood parameters (testosterone hormone and full chemical profile) before product intake were in the normal range. A physical examination that included blood pressure and pulse assessments showed nothing out of the ordinary, and the man appeared to be in good condition before product consumption. After that medical checkup, the athlete began to consume the product for 42 continuous days divided into 2 cycles (each cycle comprised 24 days). The daily dose was a single pack of Universal Nutrition Animal Stak (ingredients are listed in Table 1), following the exact direction of the manufacturing company hoping to get the best results.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Thursday, June 24, 2010
Clothespin Fireworks
I love projects that are simple like this and have no real rules... other than have fun and splatter!
Materials Needed: clothespin (or other toolswe also used popsicle sticks and paint markers), lots of colors of paint, black or navy blue construction paper, and a paper plate palate.
1. Put several colors of paint on your paper plate palate.
2. Show your little one the tools they have to use and let them start painting fireworks! I did this alongside my son and we had a great time making fireworks sound effects while we painted.
Remind your little ones NOT to eat the paint! I am surprised we still have a problem with this sometimes. It does not taste good!
3. Display your fireworks somewhere where you can see them and talk about them throughout the week.
Generate a list together of all the words you can think of related to fireworks: pop, sizzle, crash, boom, whiz, zap, colors, rain, twirling, shooting, spinning, exploding, sparkling, etc.
With older kids you could use these words and their fireworks pictures to create fireworks poems like these student's did. With younger kids you could read through these poems and other ones you find on the internet and talk about the fun words and pictures you see.
Lastly, if you want to teach a little history of the 4th of July... or just boogie to School House Rocks, check out the 4th of July Fireworks video here.
1 comment:
 1. Aww, he's so adorable! I'm reading a Winnie the Pooh book about fireworks and I wanted at least one craft to bring the story to life.
Related Posts with Thumbnails


text:
Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
North Miami Beach, Florida
North Miami Beach is located at 25°55'49" North, 80°10'11" West (25.930171, -80.169780). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 13.7 km² (5.3 mi²). 12.8 km² (5.0 mi²) of it is land and 0.9 km² (0.3 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 6.43% water.
As of the census2 of 2000, there are 40,786 people, 13,987 households, and 9,804 families residing in the city. The population density is 3,174.9/km² (8,230.6/mi²). There are 15,350 housing units at an average density of 1,194.9/km² (3,097.6/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 46.68% White, 38.97% African American, 0.29% Native American, 4.04% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 4.61% from other races, and 5.34% from two or more races. 30.02% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 13,987 households out of which 37.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.3% are married couples living together, 19.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 29.9% are non-families. 23.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 8.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.89 and the average family size is 3.44.
In the city the population is spread out with 27.3% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 30.9% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 34 years. For every 100 females there are 91.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 86.3 males.
The median income for a household in the city is $31,377, and the median income for a family is $35,047. Males have a median income of $26,278 versus $22,110 for females. The per capita income for the city is $14,699. 20.5% of the population and 18.4% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 25.1% of those under the age of 18 and 18.2% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
North Miami Beach also has an authentic Medieval Spanish monastery. This stone building around a patio, the cloisters of the Monastery of St. Bernard de Clairvaux, was built in Sacramenia, Segovia, Spain in the 12th century. It was purchased by William Randolph Hearst in the 1920s, dismantled and shipped to the United States, and reassembled after Hearst's death in North Miami Beach in the 1950s. It is a tourism attraction and a popular spot for weddings.
The contents of this article is licensed from _URL_ under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


text:
Pneumatic flip-flop valves provide a switched output function from a single pneumatic or electrical pulse signal to the control input.
The 5-way valve switches and maintains its position until a new control signal of at least 300ms is applied. The control input signal alternates ports 2 and 4 upon each consecutive signal to achieve a flip-flop output function.
Flip-flop valves are useful devices where only a single control input is provided to achieve a dual output function, for example, door opening or closing; a double acting cylinder operates two directional with an individual control button.
Often flip-flop valves are used with 'Reset Timers' to achieve a continuous timed output for applications that involve mixing, stirring and diverting, where a reciprocating timed function is required.
Electrical coils and connecting plugs for the solenoid operated flip-flop valve are sold separately, voltages offered are 12V DC, 24; 48; 110V AC/DC or 230V AC. Solenoid coils slide onto a brass stem; a threaded cap secures the electrical coil in place, a wiring plug can then be connected.


text:
shane at hathawaymix.org
Fri Nov 20 13:13:44 MST 2009
Sasha Pachev wrote:
> I just came up with this while teaching my son about numbers. Let's
> see how quickly somebody figures this out.
> If you had a 64 bit number written down in hex, how could you quickly
> tell without the aid of any computational device, including pencil or
> paper if it is divisible by 15?
The 9's rule in decimal becomes the 15's rule in hexadecimal. Add the
digits together in hex, then add those digits again, until you get a
single digit. If the single digit is F, then it's divisible by 15.
> How about 17?
Two-digit representations of multiples of 17 are easy enough, but more
digits aren't obvious. I'd look to rows in Pascal's triangle for powers
More information about the PLUG


text:
Photograph courtesy ZSL
Published July 19, 2010
Long thought to be extinct, one of the world's rarest primates has been caught on camera for the first time, scientists announced Monday.
(Related: "'Extinct' Bird Seen, Eaten.")
Discovered in 1937 but "missing" for 60 years, Sri Lanka's Horton Plains slender loris was presumed to have died out. In 2002 a fleeting nighttime sighting of something looking like the elusive tree-dweller, however, gave conservationists hope.
Follow-up surveys led by the Zoological Society of London finally confirmed the lorises are alive—if not exactly well—in 2009, when two individuals were photographed and examined.
Initial estimates after the rediscovery put the total world population at fewer than a hundred, said the society's conservation biologist Craig Turner. And in this case, the world is limited to high cloud forests in the Horton Plains area (map) of central Sri Lanka—the animal's only known habitat.
"Potentially this is the rarest primate we're aware of today," Turner said.
About 8 inches (20 centimeters) long and weighing just 11 ounces (310 grams), the slow-moving loris has been doomed as forests have been felled for firewood and to make way for tea plantations and other farms, Turner said.
"There's no means for these lorises to move between the [remaining] forest patches," Turner said. "In terms of breeding and finding mates, it is very difficult for them." (See a satellite picture of Horton Plains' forests.)
"The real focus now has to be on the remaining forest areas and looking at how we can enhance and protect them, and also reconnect them to one another," he added.
"New" Loris Also New Species?
The Horton Plains slender loris is generally classified as a subspecies of Sri Lanka's red slender loris. But, thanks in part to the first ever pictures, researchers now believe the "extinct" loris could be a whole new species.
"It's clearly very different physically," Turner said. Compared to lowland lorises, the Horton Plains loris is "stockier, shorter limbed—and it's got a much longer fur coat."
Ongoing tests on DNA samples taken from the few individuals recorded to date, he added, should help to settle the issue.
NASA's "eyes in the sky" tracked Monday's tornado as it moved through Moore, Oklahoma.
These six scientists were snubbed for awards or robbed of credit for discoveries … because they were women.
Scientists say they've learned why penguin wings, now used for swimming, no longer get the birds off the ground.


text:
sex-and-relationships - relationships -
The psychology of relationships: Life Script
Life script is another major theoretical concept within transactional analysis. Basically, life script is the idea that we tend to have an unconscious life plan - like a story - that we make up as children about ourselves and our lives, which we tend to keep to and follow even when we are adults. In other words, life script is a personal life plan developed under parental, familial, social, cultural and religious pressure. It is mostly complete by the age of seven.
To make this process a bit more understandable, here is an example: let's call our case illustration Jane. Jane grows up as the fourth child in a family of five, her mum and dad are busy people, trying to make ends meet. Jane doesn't get a lot of attention at home, but learns to read very early on and develops a good rapport with her oldest sister reading children's books. In response to this scenario, Jane will make specific script decisions about herself, other people and the world in general around her. For example, she might decide that she really always needs to be a good girl, quiet, studious and compliant to make the most of the relationships around her. She might also decide that the way to be is to work loads, just like her parents. She might take on board a sense that the world is a place in which people struggle and that you have to work really hard to make ends meet.
These script decisions are made in response to family and cultural messages but based on the child's very limited information and reality processing skills. Such a decision becomes an emotionally laden commitment to live in a certain way (in Jane's case possibly laden with all the loyalty and love she feels for her family and parents). This "certain way" becomes an unconscious life plan or a narrative, a story that we tell ourselves about what's possible for us. This life plan is built to make sense out of the world and to protect us: for example, Jane could have perhaps complained about the lack of support in her family, but as a child might then have been excluded from her family as complaining wasn't part of the family culture. But any script can become self-limiting in adult life. It might mean we don't take up opportunities even if they are there, because they are outside our script.
Let's imagine what happens to Jane as an adult. Let's say she achieves well at work and develops her career in an outstanding way. She marries a man who is also very invested in his work and they get along fine. So far Jane has stayed within her script of "work hard", "life is a struggle", "men like my dad who do well are attractive". You could say she is doing well too. However, there are also blind spots which her script has created. She doesn't spend a lot of time socializing and she doesn't notice when people want to spend time with her. The only friend she has is someone she met at a book club. They still spend a lot of time talking about books (like she did with her sister), but actually Jane and her friend are neither emotionally open nor do they feel close to each other. Jane married a man who was more invested in his career than in spending time with her and she often feels lonely beside him. She may have broken up with an earlier boy friend, who was much more loving, because she thought he was lazy (or what the parent ego state in her head would have called lazy), because he wanted to sit around and have a good time with his friends on the weekends.
Jane may also not have been able to appreciate his warmth and kindness, because it was completely off her radar. Jane may suffer from physical pain due to overworking, like back pain or frequent infections. She would be a prime candidate for depression as she neglects her emotional and psychological well-being and gives out a lot more energy than she takes in.
To reiterate, life script is an ongoing process of a self-defining and sometimes self-limiting psychological construction of reality. As long as we stick with it, life seems to be more predictable. However, the price we pay for a sense of certainty is that we are excluding new possibilities - even the good ones. The question you might want to ask yourself now is: what might your own script look like? One way to determine this is to look at your favorite fairy tales or mythological stories.
Which story did you like best as a kid? Often children use fairy tales as a model for their own life stories or they experiment with different scenarios. For example, Jane might have liked the story of Odysseus, who endured a lot of hardship over the 10 years he needed to travel home after the Trojan war. It is a story that involves hardship, endurance, persistence, intelligence, loyalty and ultimate victory over ongoing difficulties.
You could let your mind run free and think about how you expected your life to turn out as a teenager. Some people think that they will never meet anybody (a script decision about being alone) or they expect to do well in the world or in relationships. One can see that some people's script allow for more happiness than others. We can therefore classify scripts in three different categories: winners, losers and banal scripts. A winner's script allows for the person who designed it to get what he or she wants in the end (like in the story of Odysseus, who does find his way back home). So someone might think as a child that one day they will be happily married and they fulfill this expectation in their lifetime.
Loser scripts are those that end up with the person who lives them getting what they want. In some way Jane's script might be a losing script. She might have added on as a child that she really didn't think she could keep up all the good work and that things would tend to fall to pieces despite all her hard work. If Jane lives out this script, she may get fairly seriously depressed, lose her job, and end up sitting at home on her own for the rest of her life.
A banal script is one which is built on mediocrity, nothing much is gained and nothing much lost. Jane could have also designed this sort of ending for herself: she might work quite hard for the rest of her life, but feel like she never really made it. Her husband and friends might stay emotionally distant and she might feel unfulfilled and alone.
Whatever type of script you have written for yourself as a child, even if it is a winning script, it is still a pattern of thinking and behaving in the world which restricts some of your options. The ideal, therefore, is to become script free, or be able to apply the strengths in your script consciously. For instance, Jane could keep her drive to work hard and use it to be successful, but might also learn how to be emotionally close and have fun. We talk about being script-free as being autonomous. Autonomy is behaving, thinking or feeling in direct response to here and now reality rather than reacting to things based on a script belief. Imagine, if Jane didn't have all this baggage, she might take time out for herself in response to feeling low, rather than working even harder to be able to ignore the feelings for a little while longer. Autonomy is manifested by the release or recovery of three capacities: awareness, spontaneity and intimacy.
And of course, once you know what your unconscious life plan is you can change it. You decided on it as a child, but you can now change your mind as an adult. Remember that whatever you decided about yourself and your life as a child, it was done from a very limited perspective. What seemed a generalized truth about life then might not be true for you anymore today.
The emphasis on the decision of the child in script formation is based on the premise that "what has been decided can be re-decided". Re-decision is an emotional, cognitive and behavioral process. Scripts can be changed and disbanded all together. As an adult you are free to write your own story - and have fun doing it!
If you want to find out more about how this applies to your relationship, have a look at applying scripts. Other related psychological topics are games, relational needs, life positions, and transference.


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Staff Picks: Books
Staff-recommended reading from the
Buddha, Jesus, Aristotle, and Stoicism
Reading some of the passages from the Dhammapada (collected wisdom of the Buddha), I found some interesting parallels:
(1) "By one's self the evil is done, by one's self one suffers; by one's self evil is left undone, by one's self one is purified. The pure and the impure stand and fall by themselves, no one can purify another."
This sounds exactly like the Stoicism of Marcus Aurelius, but also Jesus in the Gospels: "by your own words you shall be judged...by what measure you measure others, shall be measured unto you."
(2) "let a man, after he has discerned his own duty, be always attentive to his duty."
Again, classic stoicism, but this sounds like Immanuel Kant's moral philosophy, who was obsessed with the concept of duty. Philosophy is finding out, by reason, what our duties are; and the truly good person does their duty for the sake of duty alone. Which reminds me of a much older saying: "know thyself, and do thy duty" [who said that?].
(3) "The virtuous man is happy in this world…"
Sounds like Aristotle, who thought the only road to true happiness was contemplating and practicing virtue constantly.
The Wisdom of the Buddha


Version: 2020.3
ParallelForTransform jobs
Multiplayer and Networking
C# Job System tips and troubleshooting
When using the Unity C# Job System, make sure you adhere to the following:
Do not access static data from a job
Accessing static data from a job circumvents all safety systems. If you access the wrong data, you might crash Unity, often in unexpected ways. For example, accessing MonoBehaviour can cause crashes on domain reloads.
Note: Because of this risk, future versions of Unity will prevent global variable access from jobs using static analysis. If you do access static data inside a job, you should expect your code to break in future versions of Unity.
Flush scheduled batches
When you want your jobs to start executing, then you can flush the scheduled batch with JobHandle.ScheduleBatchedJobs. Note that calling this method can negatively impact performance. Not flushing the batch delays the scheduling until the main thread waits for the result. In all other cases use JobHandle.Complete to start the execution process.
Note: In the Entity Component System (ECS) the batch is implicitly flushed for you, so calling JobHandle.ScheduleBatchedJobs is not necessary.
Don't try to update NativeContainer contents
Due to the lack of ref returns, it is not possible to directly change the content of a NativeContainer. For example, nativeArray[0]++; is the same as writing var temp = nativeArray[0]; temp++; which does not update the value in nativeArray.
Instead, you must copy the data from the index into a local temporary copy, modify that copy, and save it back, like so:
MyStruct temp = myNativeArray[i];
temp.memberVariable = 0;
myNativeArray[i] = temp;
Call JobHandle.Complete to regain ownership
Tracing data ownership requires dependencies
See in Glossary
to complete before the main thread can use them again. It is not enough to check JobHandle.IsCompleted. You must call the method JobHandle.Complete to regain ownership of the NativeContainer types to the main thread. Calling Complete also cleans up the state in the safety system. Not doing so introduces a memory leak. This process also applies if you schedule new jobs every frame that has a dependency on the previous frame's job.
Use Schedule and Complete in the main thread
You can only call Schedule and Complete from the main thread. If one job depends on another, use JobHandle to manage dependencies rather than trying to schedule jobs within jobs.
Use Schedule and Complete at the right time
Call Schedule on a job as soon as you have the data it needs, and don't call Complete on it until you need the results. It is good practice to schedule a job that you do not need to wait for when it is not competing with any other jobs that are running. For example, if you have a period between the end of one frame and the beginning of the next frame where no jobs are running, and a one frame latency is acceptable, you can schedule the job towards the end of a frame and use its results in the following frame. Alternatively, if your game is saturating that changeover period with other jobs, and there is a big under-utilized period somewhere else in the frame, it is more efficient to schedule your job there instead.
Mark NativeContainer types as read-only
Remember that jobs have read and write access to NativeContainer types by default. Use the [ReadOnly] attribute when appropriate to improve performance.
Check for data dependencies
In the Unity ProfilerA window that helps you to optimize your game. It shows how much time is spent in the various areas of your game. For example, it can report the percentage of time spent rendering, animating or in your game logic. More info
See in Glossary
window, the marker "WaitForJobGroup" on the main thread indicates that Unity is waiting for a job on a worker thread to complete. This marker could mean that you have introduced a data dependency somewhere that you should resolve. Look for JobHandle.Complete to track down where you have data dependencies that are forcing the main thread to wait.
Debugging jobs
Jobs have a Run function that you can use in place of Schedule to immediately execute the job on the main thread. You can use this for debugging purposes.
Do not allocate managed memory in jobs
Allocating managed memory in jobs is incredibly slow, and the job is not able to make use of the Unity Burst compiler to improve performance. Burst is a new LLVM based backend compiler technology that makes things easier for you. It takes C# jobs and produces highly-optimized machine code taking advantage of the particular capabilities of your platform.
Further information
 - 2018–06–15 Page published
 - C# Job System exposed in 2018.1 NewIn20181
ParallelForTransform jobs
Multiplayer and Networking


The Sitecore to Salesforce integration, S4S, includes a mapping wizard to support Sitecore 9 Experience forms. The new wizard is more advanced (see LinkedIn article) than what is currently available in the S4S WFFM mapping wizard. One nice feature is called the Salesforce Field Matching Rule that prevents duplicates occurring in Salesforce.
When pushing data to Salesforce (from a Sitecore Experience Form) we usually expect to insert a record, or update an existing one if a matching record exists. Before this can happen, we need to define what matching means, for example, in the case of creating Salesforce leads. You usually update a lead record if the email address matches but consider a family or group who share a single email address! If you need to capture them as individuals in Salesforce, the matching criteria would need to be an email address and first name.
Because businesses have complex matching requirements the S4S mapping wizard for Sitecore Experience Forms can allow multiple fields to be selected to ensure duplicates are not created in Salesforce.
In most cases, this feature makes it unnecessary to create a custom save action to eliminate de-duplication.


Let's talk about Bowel Movements and the Colostomy Decision
Posted by Nurse Linda in Life After Paralysis on March 31, 2021 # Health
Two subjects frequently come up in discussions of bowel care and bowel programs. The first is to talk about bowel movements. Describing stool is something that is so non-social that people have a hard time bringing it up, even to the healthcare professional. A separate issue that people struggle with is a colostomy. These are separate discussions, but both can be challenging.
Bowel Movements
People do not want to discuss their bowel movements or describe them because it is not a socially acceptable topic. However, people want to know what is "normal." The answer is normal is unique to you.
How much stool should be produced? This changes after spinal cord injury and sometimes after a head injury or with other neurological diseases. The amount of stool produced varies by your diet, the amount you move your body, fluid intake, how you feel, and the list goes on. With neurogenic bowel, messages are not well communicated to and from the brain, so the bowel slows in functioning.
The medication also affects the bowel. Those who use fiber will find their bowel movement to be huge in size compared to previous bowel activity. Those who have fluid restraints, as with intermittent catheterization, have smaller fecal output. So, the answer varies. You need to learn what is your usual amount. The important key to the size of bowel movement is that you are emptying your bowel regularly in a sufficient manner.
Do I need to have a bowel movement every day? There was a time when this was what people thought. They worked to accomplish this goal. Then people changed their thinking to just having a bowel movement when it is needed. However, the neurogenic bowel needs to be controlled for evacuation and continency. Typically, every other day is the plan. If there is breakthrough incontinence, you might choose a daily bowel program to avoid accidents. Rarely, very rarely, individuals will opt for every third day. This is not usual practice because the stool is contained in the bowel for too long, which dries it out, leading to constipation or impaction.
Everyone has a different description of their stool. Indeed, if you have neurogenic bowel, you need to look at it. People with sensation will know if they have loose stools or constipation, but you have to do a visual inspection without sensation. Based on the stool consistency, you can see if you need to adjust your diet, fluids or activity. Every bowel movement is somewhat different, so radical changes do not need to be made until you see a pattern of too loose or too dry stool.
People have different opinions about stool consistency. Because everyone's description is unique, a scale was developed by the healthcare professionals in Bristol, England, aptly called the Bristol Scale. This provides consistent language about stool. It helps to identify constipation instead of just drier stool or diarrhea instead of loose stool. An accurate description helps your healthcare team understand your needs as well as not overdoing bowel treatments that slide people up and down the scale too quickly. All too often, as healthcare professionals, we see people take medication to curb diarrhea, then add medication because their stool is too dry and on it goes. The Bristol Scale puts everyone on the same page.
Here is the Bristol Scale Chart:
Bristol Scale Chart:
Notice that you are aiming for type 3 or type 4 stool. You can see pictured are stools with too much fluid and those with too little. But, again, look for a pattern as you adjust your bowel output consistency.
Much like everything these days, there is an app for that! There is an app for the Bristol Scale. You can download the app to monitor your stool consistency. This is an excellent tool to share with your healthcare provider for treatment decisions. Your caregiver can also follow along. If you have multiple healthcare providers and caregivers, they can see your patterns. Just remember, this is your body, so you need to know your patterns as well. Here are just a couple of sites about the apps. There are many options. You can get one from your game store. I recommend using one that is without charge. _URL_
Taking a big change in gears, let's talk about a colostomy. People have a variety of opinions about the process. In healthcare, we like to keep the body functioning in its typical process. This means creating a bladder program and a bowel program. Both naturally harness body functioning to accomplish the goals of waste elimination from the body. The colostomy is considered a radical surgery and treatment plan.
A colostomy is a surgically created artificial opening in the abdomen where the bowel's large intestine is then connected. The stool is excreted through the opening. A bag is taped to the skin around the opening to collect the stool.
People have strong opinions about colostomy vs. no colostomy. This is not a time to get blinded by the thought that all problems go away with a colostomy. You must back a decision based on facts and what would be the best plan for you. If you are considering this option, think about the following issues.
With a colostomy, some people report increased quality of life because they spend less time doing a bowel program. That is enticing. Others report just a switch in bowel care activities such as instead of a bowel program, irrigation of the colostomy might be done. The bag can leak or burst at unplanned times, securing the bag is more of a challenge on a non-muscular abdomen. There can be an odor, often a person's diet has to be changed.
Skin issues can be healed or less irritated because there is less bowel incontinence to open wounds if that is an issue. However, with a colostomy, there still can be mucus passed from the rectum.
Where an elective colostomy is placed is selected by the individual with input from their healthcare professionals. This is unlike colostomy's that are done as the result of a medical condition such as bowel cancer. In medical cases, the colostomy must be placed where the medical concern can be treated. In an elective colostomy, you have some choice. Placement of the colostomy is in the ascending and transverse colon results in stools that are more liquid. In the descending colon, stools are more formed.
Quality of life is reported by most to be good with a colostomy. However, colostomy does not resolve all bowel issues, especially constipation.
Medicare, Medicaid or private insurance may not cover costs of elective colostomy surgery and ongoing supplies. Be sure to check your payor policy before moving ahead, as these costs can be high.
Surgery for individuals with a spinal cord injury has risks. Breathing or weaning from a ventilator can be a challenge due to muscles affected by paralysis regardless of the level of injury. Blood clots can occur. Infection risk is higher due to a slowed autonomic nervous system response.
Making the decision about changing from a bowel program to a colostomy should not be taken lightly. Many individuals opt for an elective colostomy without complications. They are entirely satisfied with the outcome. Others have a colostomy with ongoing complications and regret the decision. Some individuals opt for an elective colostomy and die. This decision is serious.
Talk with your caregivers. They typically do not mind performing the bowel program procedure as much as individuals who have spinal cord injury believe. They might prefer doing a bowel program for you rather than changing a bag.
Discuss the option with your healthcare provider to see what your risks would be. Moving to a colostomy is usually thought to be best for those who have complications with the bowel program or take hours to accomplish evacuation. Be sure you have exhausted all bowel program options before considering colostomy.
Being well informed will help you make your decisions. A colostomy is a serious surgery that involves careful thought. Always weigh the risks and benefits of any health decision you make. You can see there is a pro and con to all the issues listed above. Serious consideration should be made concerning colostomy. Nurse Linda
Pediatric Consideration:
The use of the Bristol Scale is a good choice for children who eat solid food. Infant stool is usually pasty. It is often compared to the texture of mustard. But after a child starts solid food, you will see a change to a more formed, brown stool. If you are establishing a bowel program, the use of the Bristol app can help you, healthcare providers and caregivers see bowel program result trends. Bowel logs help establish the bowel program as well as noticing changes over time. Remembering what the stool looked like a week ago last Wednesday' is a challenge for everyone.
Decisions about colostomy might be delayed until the child is older, especially because the management of a bowel program is typically more responsive in children. Letting an adult child make their own decision allows your child power over their choices and bodies. Nurse Linda


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The Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN) is a large-scale, interdisciplinary study of how families, schools, and neighborhoods affect child and adolescent development. It was designed to advance the understanding of the developmental pathways of both positive and negative human social behaviors. In particular, the projec (view full summary)
The Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN) is a large-scale, interdisciplinary study of how families, schools, and neighborhoods affect child and adolescent development. It was designed to advance the understanding of the developmental pathways of both positive and negative human social behaviors. In particular, the project examined the causes and pathways of juvenile delinquency, adult crime, substance abuse, and violence. At the same time, the project also provided a detailed look at the environments in which these social behaviors take place by collecting substantial amounts of data about urban Chicago, including its people, institutions, and resources.
PHDCN was directed from the Harvard School of Public Health, and funded by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the National Institute of Justice, the National Institute of Mental Health, the U.S. Department of Education, and the Administration for Children, Youth and Families.
The project design consisted of two major components. The first was an intensive study of Chicago's neighborhood's, particularly the social, economic, organizational, political, and cultural structures and the dynamic changes that take place in the structures over time. The second component was a series of coordinated longitudinal studies that followed over 6,000 randomly selected children, adolescents, and young adults over time to examine the changing circumstances of their lives, as well as the personal characteristics, that might lead them toward or away from a variety of antisocial behaviors.
The Community Surveys measured the structural conditions and organization of neighborhoods in Chicago with respect to the dynamic structure of the local community, the neighborhood organizational and political structures, cultural values, information and formal social control, and social cohesion. The first Community Survey was conducted in _PHONE_ and consisted of household interviews with 8,782 adult Chicago residents from 343 neighborhood clusters.
Systematic Social Observations
Systematic Social Observation (SSO) is a standardized approach for directly observing the physical, social, and economic characteristics of neighborhoods, one block at a time. The main objective of the SSO was to measure the effects of neighborhood characteristics upon young people's development, specifically the variables associated with youth violence. SSO data were collected in 1995 by videotaping and coding characteristics of 80 sampled blocks from 343 neighborhood clusters in Chicago.
Infant Assessment Unit
As part of the Longitudinal Cohort Study, 412 infants from the birth cohort and their primary caregivers were studied during wave 1 (_PHONE_) to examine the effects of prenatal and postnatal conditions on the health and cognitive functioning of infants in the first year of life. The Infant Assessment Unit also sought to link early developmental processes and the onset of antisocial behavior and to measure the strength of these relationships. The infants received an assessment between the ages of 5 to 7 months, in addition to the protocol given to all infants in cohort 0 as part of the Longitudinal Cohort Study. Measures assessed visual recognition and memory, physical health and birth complications, temperament, and family environment. Videotaped records were used to record the response of the infant to different types of stimulation, as well as to capture interactions between the parent and infant to determine empathic responsiveness of the parent, encouragement and guidance, and overall psychopathology.
Longitudinal Cohort Study
The Longitudinal Cohort Study collected three waves of data over a period of seven years from a sample of children, adolescents, young adults, and their primary caregivers. Seven randomly-selected cohorts of respondents were selected to study the changing circumstances of their lives and the personal characteristics that may lead them towards or away from a variety of antisocial behaviors. The age cohorts include birth (0), 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 years. Data were collected at three points in time: _PHONE_, _PHONE_, and 2000-20001. Numerous measures were administered to respondents to gauge various aspects of human development, including individual differences, as well as family, peer, and school influences
Use any of the notification links to add this series to your RSS feed; you will then receive notification if a new study is released in the series, or a study in the series is substantively updated.


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You expect a lot of motion to result in an object actually moving, but Cubli is a little different. All the spinning and whirring going on inside this little cube keeps it from moving. The spinning reaction wheels inside Cubli keep it stable as it balances on a corner. It can even correct for a little nudge and walk across a surface with a "controlled fall."
The Cubli was designed at ETH Zurich — it's 15cm on a side and is dominated by three spinning reaction wheels (one along each axis). Each wheel has its own motor and motor controller, which rev up based on data acquired by an array of inertial sensors. These sensors monitor the tilt and angular velocity of the Cubli at multiple points. That data is fed into an on-board processor, which then calculates exactly how fast each reaction wheel needs to spin to get Cubli upright.
Watching the contraption raise itself up is fascinating. From a position sitting flat on one of the faces, the Cubli first kicks itself up onto an edge. Next, it jumps up onto a corner by spinning up the reaction wheel perpendicular to the resting edge. If researchers want to make the Cubli "walk," it basically does the same thing in reverse — reaction wheels cut out at the right time and allow the Cubli to fall in the desired direction.
This method of using reaction torque for stability is similar to the process used to keep satellites stable in orbit, the algorithms at work in the Cubli are completely different. There is interest in using robots based on this type of design for planetary exploration, but for the time being, Cubli is just a neat concept.


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Negotiating Sexualities: Magazine Representations of Sexualities and the Talk of Teen and Young Adult Readers
Thesis DisciplineFeminist Studies
Degree GrantorUniversity of Canterbury
Degree NameMaster of Arts
In response to contemporary moral and feminist criticisms regarding the hypothesised effect magazine discourses of sexuality have on readers, this thesis explores how six groups of adolescents and young adults respond to representations of sexualities from the teen and women's magazines Cosmopolitan, Cleo, Girlfriend and Dolly. Drawing upon theories of poststructural feminism, cultural studies and audience reception this work expands upon existing magazine literature by attending to the ways teen and women's magazines are interpreted and talked about by different groups of adolescents and young adults. This analysis fills a gap in contemporary magazine research, which has generally failed to address how gender and sexuality, as they are portrayed in contemporary periodical publications, are made sense of by readers. Therefore, in focusing on reader talk this thesis is also able to address the ways in which individual and collective identities are constructed interactively in the socially specific context of focus group discussions. Attention is given to looking at the complexities surrounding the relationships that exist between magazine reading, representations of sexuality and adolescents and young adults through an examination of the discourses girls, boys, young women and young men draw upon in their talk on magazine representations of sexualities. I argue that readers of magazines are active producers of meaning who think and talk about magazine representations of sexualities in a variety of complex, contradictory and often ambiguous ways. Research participants employ interpretive repertoires, drawn together from various new, traditional and alternative discourses about sexuality, in the process of attributing meaning to contemporary sexualities, as both cultural objects and aspects of everyday life. Thus, rather than take up and accept the sexual subject positions that magazines make available to readers, the talk of the research participants in this project illustrates how sexualities are constantly being negotiated. The articulation and performance of masculine and feminine sexualities is therefore recognized within this thesis as a highly contradictory, contextual and negotiated process.


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Hidden for 10,000 years, Inner Space Cavern is one of the best preserved
caves in Texas and one of the few places where remains of prehistoric
animals were unearthed.
Inner Space Cavern was discovered by a Texas Highway Department
core drilling team in the Spring of 1963. While drilling through
40 feet of solid limestone, the bit broke into what is now known
as Inner Space Cavern. An adventurous employee of the highway department
was lowered into the hole while standing on the drill bit and holding
tightly to the stem. He was the first human being to enter INNER
SPACE. What an exciting voyage this must have been!
So come explore with us
and let us show you our side of Texas!


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Small area estimation and prediction problems: spatial models, Bayesian multiple comparisons and robust MSE estimation
Slud, Eric V
MetadataShow full item record
We study and partially solve three distinct problems in small area estimation. The problems are loosely connected by a common theme of prediction and (empirical) Bayesian models. In the first part of the thesis we consider prediction in a survey small area context with spatially correlated errors. We introduce a novel asymptotic framework in which the spatially correlated small areas form clusters, the number of such clusters and the number of small areas in each cluster growing with sample size. Under such an asymptotic framework we show consistency and asymptotic normality of the parameter estimators. For empirical predictors based on model estimates, we show through simulation and a real data example, improved prediction over estimates ignoring spatial error-correlations. The second part of the thesis involves using a hierarchical Bayes approach to solve the problem of multiple comparison in small area estimation. In the context of multiple comparison, a new class of moment matching priors is introduced. This class includes the well-known superharmonic prior due to Stein. Through data analysis and simulation we illustrate the use of our class of priors. In the third part of the thesis, for a special case of the nested error regression model, we derive a non-parametric second order unbiased estimator of the mean squared error of the empirical best linear unbiased predictor. For the balanced case, the Prasad-Rao estimator is shown to be second order unbiased when the small area effects are non-normal. Through simulation we show that the Prasad-Rao estimator is robust for departures from normality.


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Australian Garden: Exploring all of the continent's biodiversity in walking distance
The display literally represents a slice of each of the ecosystems identified in Australia all in one garden.
The Australian Garden, which is part of the Royal Botanic Gardens, was designed by Taylor Cullity Lethlean and Paul Thompson. Australian has immense biodiversity and the garden was designed to capture this within a walkable area.
The central attraction is the Red Sand Garden. With its striking color contrasts and geometry, it represents the arid parts of Australia.
The Exhibition Gardens were also fun to walk through. On display were landscaping ideas for the modern home that used water responsibly.
The most stunning feature of the gardens for me was the Rockpool Waterway and Escarpment Wall. I was told by our tour guide that the square rocks in the waterway were placed specifically so that the sound of the water would mimic those in nature.
Another impressive feature was a less visually spectacular display, but one that required extensive behind-the-scenes engineering. The display literally represents a slice of each of the ecosystems identified in Australia all in one garden. In order to do this, there is precise and separate watering schedules and soil types that have to be maintained in such a small area.
While I was there, quite a bit of construction was going on. The results of this activity will be complete in 2011 and includes such features as a hill-top viewing areas, more home-garden displays and picnic areas.
If you can't make it out to this garden, you can explore it through these photos I took while there. Make sure to toggle through each of the four pages to see all the photos.
GPO Box 1777
Tel: 02 – 6250 9540


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Account management is used to set up accounts. Accounts are used for people who are regularly running bills at your venue. It is always possible to choose accounts as a payment method type when finalising a check.
Note – There is no function currently within ImPOS to accept payment to finalise accounts, the amount owing on an account can be printed from ImPOS reports to invoice a customer.
Adding and Editing Accounts
- Select the 'Add Account' tab.
- Enter the required information in the fields provided.
- Select 'Save' to save the new account.
To edit an account select the account you wish to edit from the list provided, edit the fields as required, select 'Update' to save your changes.
To delete an account select the account you wish to edit from the list provided, select 'Delete'


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Mines other than anti-personnel mines (MOTAPM)
What are MOTAPM?
Mines other than anti-personnel mines (MOTAPM) refers to anti-vehicle mines. Unlike anti-personnel mines, this type of mine is activated by a vehicle driving over it, rather than a person stepping on it. MOTAPM includes anti-tank mines.
Background on MOTAPM within the CCW
The issue of MOTAPM prior and during the Second Review Conference
Humanitarian concerns related to MOTAPM had been raised during the negotiations of the Convention of Protocol II in the 1970s, but with limited consideration. MOTAPM were part of the negotiations on Amended Protocol II during the First CCW Review Conference in _PHONE_. At the time, efforts were focused on addressing the significant humanitarian impact of anti-personnel landmines. For this reason, Amended Protocol II includes specific restrictions on the employment of anti-personnel mines and only general provisions concerning restrictions on the use of all types of mines.
At the Preparatory Committee for the Second Review Conference in 2000-2001, Denmark and the United States of America tabled an official proposal for a new Protocol on MOTAPM. Due to persistent divergent views, the December 2001 Second Review Conference did not adopt a new Protocol on MOTAPM, and instead decided to create an open-ended Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) to address the issue.
Period between the Second and Third Review Conferences, 2001 to 2006
During this period, various international organizations and non-governmental organizations continued to emphasize the importance of agreeing on a legally binding instrument on MOTAPM. For example, a July 2002 report by the ICRC called for additional measures namely "requiring that all AV mines should be detectable and equipped with either self-destruct or self-neutralization features as well as requiring that remotely delivered AV mines contain self-destruct or self-neutralization features."
New ideas were brought forward for the development of more effective controls over MOTAPM, which included: MOTAPM with sensitive fuses; MOTAPM with anti-handling devices; MOTAPM laid outside marked and fenced areas; warnings to civilians; the use of MOTAPM by non-state actors; transfers; transparency and confidence-building measures; and international cooperation and assistance.
A new Protocol on MOTAPM incorporated all additional proposals and was co-sponsored by 31 states. However, despite efforts made by the GGE on MOTAPM between 2001 and 2006, it was not possible to eliminate differences, specifically with regard to issues of detectability and active life.
The Third Review Conference of the CCW could not agree on a new protocol containing legally binding rules with regard to MOTAPM. Rather, the States Parties decided to maintain the issue of MOTAPM on the agendas of annual Meetings of the States Parties to the CCW.
Due to the concerns regarding the humanitarian impact of MOTAPM, several CCW States Parties committed politically in a special declaration their intention to take the necessary steps to adopt as a matter of national policy the practices that were developed in the draft Protocol on MOTAPM. These states declared: "if circumstances change in the future, and it appears possible that consensus may be achieved on a protocol on anti-vehicle mines…they would join other governments in renewed efforts to adopt such a protocol, building on the work done on this subject over the last five years by the CCW coordinators."
Report of the 2012 Meeting of Experts on Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines (MOTAPM)
The Fourth Review Conference High Contracting Parties decided:
To discuss further the implementation of international humanitarian law as it pertains to mines other than anti-personnel mines, and to submit a report to the 2012 Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention.
The 2012 Meeting of Experts discussed the following issues: current status of international humanitarian law on MOTAPM; measures taken by States and existing international humanitarian law (IHL); humanitarian impact of MOTAPM use; National policies on the use of MOTAPM; possible measures to address the humanitarian impact of MOTAPM use.
In past CCW discussions and during the 2012 Meeting of Experts, the requirement for MOTAPM to be detectable was a key issue. One of the major problems is that undetectable MOTAPM create considerable difficulties and costs for clearance operations, which in turn can drastically slow down or halt the delivery of humanitarian aid and movement in an area. However, the argument against detectability is that the financial costs of making MOTAPM detectable are prohibitive and the military utility of non-detectable MOTAPM much too valuable to forgo. Another crucial issue was reducing the active life of MOTAPM through self-destruct, self-neutralisation and self-deactivation devices. Other issues focused on the protection of civilians through perimeter marked areas; monitoring and security of minefields containing MOTAPM; addressing sensitive fuses and anti-handling devices; victim assistance; and cooperation and assistance.
The MOTAPM Meeting of Experts as required by its mandate submitted a report to the Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the CCW, which took place from 15 to 16 November 2012. Although the CCW Meeting "welcomed the Report of the Meeting of Experts on MOTAPM and expressed its appreciation for the work carried out by Colonel Jim Burke of Ireland for his role as Friend of the Chair on MOTAPM", the Experts were unable reach agreement on further work on this matter. Instead MOTAPM will be on the agenda for the 2013 Meeting of High Contracting Parties.
High level statements on MOTAPM
At the beginning of the 2012 Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW, the United Nations Secretary General, Mr. Ban Ki-moon stated:
"First, in my last report to the Security Council on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, I welcomed the work carried out on anti-vehicle mines this year under the aegis of the Convention. I strongly urge High Contracting Parties to continue to explore all possible avenues for ensuring that these weapons no longer harm civilians, impede the delivery of humanitarian aid or obstruct social and economic development. In doing so, I encourage Parties to consider the views and field experiences of United Nations entities."
The Report of the Secretary-General on the protection of civilians in armed conflict is attached here
is an article on MOTAPM by the Director-General of the United Nations Office at Geneva, Mr. Kassym-Jomart Takoyev.
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noun, plural: gene pools
(population genetics) The total number of genes of every individual in an interbreeding population
Gene pool refers to the total number of genes of every individual in a population. It usually involves a particular species within a population. Determining the gene pool is important in analyzing the genetic diversity of a population. The more genetically diverse is a population, the better are the chances of acquiring traits that boost biological fitness and survival.
A large gene pool indicates high genetic diversity, increased chances of biological fitness, and survival. A small gene pool indicates low genetic diversity, reduced chances of acquiring biological fitness, and increased possibility of extinction. Genetic equilibrium is a condition where a gene pool is not changing in frequency because the evolutionary forces acting upon the allele are equal. As a result, the population does not evolve even after several generations.
Gene pool increases when mutation occurs and survives. Gene pool decreases when the population size is significantly reduced (e.g. famine, genetic disease, etc.). Some of the consequences when gene pool is small are low fertility, and increased probability of acquiring genetic diseases and deformities.
Gene pool gives an idea of the number of genes, the variety of genes and the type of genes existing in a population. It can be used to help determine gene frequencies or the ratio between different types of genes in a population.


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Help us make ponds for endangered freshwater plants and animals!
Help us make ponds for endangered freshwater plants and animals. So far we have created over 1000 ponds with a grant from Biffa Award. Please help us continue our workand donate to support the creation of new clean water ponds for wildlfie.
What is the Million Ponds Project?
The Million Ponds Project will create an extensive network of new ponds across the UK. Ultimately the aim is to reverse a century of pond loss, ensuring that once again the UK has over one million countryside ponds.
A critical element of the project is that these new ponds will have clean water. This is important because most countryside ponds are now badly damaged by pollution, and evidence shows that pond wildlife is declining across the UK. Making clean new ponds is one of the simplest and most effective ways to protect freshwater wildlife.
The Milliond Ponds Project is a collaboration of partners, including major landowners and land managers, led and coordinated by Pond Conservation.
Find more information on why clean water ponds are important, and how to make them in the Pond Creation Toolkit.
The first phase of the Million Ponds Project
Phase 1 of the Million Ponds Project ran from 2008 to 2012. During that time the project:
- funded new ponds and pond complexes for threatened freshwater plants and animals
- provided technical and on the ground support for pond creation
- engaged with and trained a wide range of stakeholders
- published best practice information in the extensive Pond Creation Toolkit, including the BAP species map.
- raised the profile of ponds with policy makers and the media
With the financial support from Biffa Award, the project team worked with landowners and managers to create over 1000 ponds for around half of the 105 rare and declining pond species that are a national priority for conservation action under the UK Government's Biodiversity Action Plan.
You can see the achievements of Phase I of the Million ponds Project by dowloading the Year 4 report here of if you would like a printed copy posted to you please contact the Pond Conservation office.
Phass II of the Million Ponds Project
In September 2012 Pond Conservation and Biffa Award hosted an evening at the House of lords to celebrate the success of Phase I of the project and to launch Phase II - continuing this partnership initiative to create clean water ponds in the landscape.
Read more about Phase II here.
Help and advice
We have provided help and advice for pond creation here.
Everybody can join in and contribute to the Million Ponds Project: register the ponds you've created here.
Make a donation
You can help create ponds for rare and threatened pond plants and animals by donating to the Million Ponds Project. The funds raised will be used to match fund practical pond creation projects - so help freshwater wildlife by donating to the Million Ponds Project here.
If you have any enquiries about the Million Ponds Project or any other aspect of the conservation of ponds, email _EMAIL_


What is PRIDE?
PRIDE is making a commitment to take Personal Responsibility in Delivering Excellence. PRIDE is an attitude, a way of life. The PRIDE programme establishes a culture of service excellence throughout the Cayman Islands.
Cayman PRIDE strives to:
 - Raise our standard of customer service
 - Distinguish the Cayman Islands from other Caribbean destinations
 - Increase our visitors' intent to return and recommend the Cayman Islands to others
 - Ensure a promising and sustainable future for our islands
 - Improve and enhance our community and our quality of life
Why invest in PRIDE?
Tourism plays a major role in our economy. The Government is funding the PRIDE programme as part of its ongoing mandate to enhance the Cayman Islands' competitiveness as a tourism destination and ensure the long-term sustainability of tourism in the country. The world spends over $500 billion on tourism yearly. By raising the level of customer service, we will be able to obtain a greater share of the tourism market.
Who participates in PRIDE?
Each member of our community plays a role in tourism. Those employed in tourism-related industries will be invited to receive PRIDE training. Our hope is that everyone living in the Cayman Islands will embrace PRIDE, not just as a way of delivering service excellence, but as a way of life.
How does PRIDE work?
Behavioural and operational service standards are agreed upon and set by tourism industry partners. Mystery shopping is used to identify strengths and training opportunities as well as provide interactive training programmes. Periodic quality checks are conducted to measure all progress in delivering excellence to guests.
Workshops & Webinars


Apollo (TOS)
Revision as of 18:00, 7 September 2020 by Joe Beaudoin Jr. (talk | contribs) (Text replacement - "Galactica" to "{{TOS|Galactica}}")
This article discusses the Original Series character known as Apollo. For information on his Re-imagined Series counterpart with the pilot callsign of "Apollo," see Lee Adama.
Colony Caprica
Birth place {{{birthplace}}}
Birth Name Apollo
Birth Date {{{birthdate}}}
Nickname {{{nickname}}}
Introduced [[{{{seen}}}]]
Parents Adama, commander of the battlestar Galactica, and Ila
Siblings Athena and Zak (KIA)
Children Boxey (adopted)
Marital Status Widowed; formerly sealed to Serina,
then involved with Sheba
Family Tree View
Role Viper pilot, battlestar Galactica
Rank Captain
Serial Number {{{serial}}}
Portrayed by Richard Hatch
Apollo is a Cylon
Apollo is a Final Five Cylon
Apollo is a Human/Cylon Hybrid
Apollo is an Original Series Cylon
Additional Information
Apollo in the separate continuity
Apollo in the primary continuity
Captain Apollo is Galactica's lead Viper pilot, leading Blue Squadron in the defense of the rag-tag, fugitive fleet.
The Peace Conference
Apollo goes out on a patrol with his brother Zac, just prior to the peace conference. They discover some Cylon freighters and then encounter an armada of Cylon Raiders.
In the course of destroying some scout Raiders that approach, Zac's Viper loses power to one engine. After the Raider fleet begins their run towards the peace conference and the battlestar fleet, Zac tells his brother to go ahead to warn the fleet, allowing Apollo to report the enemy activity back to Galactica. Apollo is able to warn Adama, but Zac is killed by the Raiders as they caught up with the disabled Viper just as Zac entered visual range of the Colonial fleet (TOS: "Saga of a Star World").
When Adama insists on going to the surface of Caprica in a shuttle, Apollo insists that the commander ride to the planet as a passenger in his Viper for added protection. On the surface, Apollo is accosted by angry colonists who survived the genocide, but Adama is able to rally them to find any ship they could fly to leave Caprica and to Galactica's protection.
After the Cylon Attack
Apollo helps inspect ships in the newly formed fleet. While aboard the freighter Gemini, he discovers that certain individuals were hoarding supplies aboard the Rising Star, while others went without. Apollo ensures that supplies are fairly distributed, much to the displeasure of Sire Uri. Apollo encounters Serina, and helps her cheer up her son (Boxey) who is depressed.
In front of the Quorum of Twelve, Apollo suggests the Straits of Madagon as a possible route to Carillon, volunteering himself as well as Boomer and Starbuck to help clear the minefield. The minesweeping operation earns the three a Gold Cluster.
On Carillon, Apollo gets to know Boxey and Serina better. Apollo and Starbuck save Boxey, Muffit, and Cassiopeia from the Ovions, while lighting a fire in the tylium mines. The pair use a clever bit of deception to force a Cylon basestar into the atmosphere as the tylium fires destroy the planet and the nearby basestar (TOS: "Saga of a Star World").
Apollo and Serina announce their intentions to be sealed. Apollo and Starbuck discover a magnetic void while on patrol. Their mission prevents them from catching the mysterious illness that affects the rest of the Viper pilots. Apollo trains female shuttle pilots, including Serina, to be Viper pilots. Apollo leads the new pilots on a successful raid against an outpost before the Fleet turns and heads into the magnetic void (TOS: "Lost Planet of the Gods, Part I").
Apollo and Serina chase after Starbuck, who leaves on a mission without them. Starbuck is captured by the Cylons, but Serina asks to go ahead with the ceremony. Apollo and Serina join an expedition to Kobol, and follow Adama into the Tomb of the Ninth Lord of Kobol. Baltar arrives and accidentally triggers a trap, sealing all four into the tomb. A blast from a Raider frees them, but as they escape Serina is shot by a nearby Centurion. The mortally wounded Serina is brought back aboard Galactica where she says goodbye to Apollo and Boxey (TOS: "Lost Planet of the Gods, Part II").
Apollo is ready for the showdown with Red-Eye (The Lost Warrior).
While decoying Cylons away from the Fleet, Apollo's Viper runs out of fuel, causing him to crash-land on Equellus, a low-tech planet far removed from the Fleet's flight path. Marooned within an agrarian community, he befriends Vella and her son Puppis, joining with them in the fight against strong-arm man Lacerta. Apollo destroys Lacerta's right-hand "man", Red-Eye, a marooned Centurion with memory problems, ending Lacerta's reign of terror. Despite his new love with Vella, Apollo returns to the Fleet when Vella shows him another crashed Viper containing the needed fuel (The Lost Warrior).
Apollo and Boomer rescue Starbuck from the Proteus prison and return his lost recon Viper. All three of them manage to eliminate the Raiders that had been dispatched to investigate, and return to Galactica safely.
Apollo is chosen to lead the mission to Arcta to destroy the Ravashol pulsar. He is dismayed when he finds Boxey has stowed away on the snowram (TOS: "The Gun on Ice Planet Zero, Part I"). His team successfully destroys the pulsar, ensuring the survival of the Fleet (TOS: "The Gun on Ice Planet Zero, Part II").
Apollo accompanies the mission to Serenity, using Muffit to help track down the location of the Borays by having the robotic daggit track Siress Belloby's scent (TOS: "The Magnificent Warriors").
Apollo, accompanied by Boomer, pilots the shuttle that rescues Starbuck, stranded on the planet Antilla. Apollo wisely suggests the use of a shuttlecraft, rather than a Viper squadron, so as not to attract Cylon attention (TOS: "The Young Lords").
Apollo and Starbuck encounter the battlestar Pegasus while on patrol. With the two battlestars reunited, Apollo takes part in a joint mission to capture the Cylon tankers, which fails due to Commander Cain's sabotage (TOS: "The Living Legend, Part I"). Apollo leads the commando team that parachutes down to Gamoray to destroy the command center of the planetary defense systems. After the command center is destroyed, the duo join the fight above the planet. Apollo and Starbuck break from their assigned escort duty to help Pegasus defeat two Cylon basestars (TOS: "The Living Legend, Part II").
When Galactica is severely damaged by suicidal Cylon Raiders, Apollo hatches the idea of modifying Vipers to shoot fire-extinguishing boroton into the burning landing bay. When that fails to completely put out the flames, Apollo and Starbuck undertake a risky spacewalk to plant explosives on parts of Galactica's hull. This successfully vents the fires into space. While on the spacewalk, Apollo has the idea of placing mushies next to the ventilation duct on the bridge to lure Muffit through the convoluted maze of ducts. The idea works, saving the lives of Boomer, Athena, Boxey, and numerous other crewmembers stranded in the rejuvenation center (TOS: "Fire in Space").
Apollo's team discovers Count Iblis. Apollo is wary of Iblis, especially due to the apparent threat against Adama's power (TOS: "War of the Gods, Part I"). Apollo later confronts Iblis, and ends up stepping in front of a blow meant for Sheba. Apollo is killed, but by doing so Iblis apparently oversteps his bounds and is forced to flee. Apollo is resurrected by the Beings of Light, and returns to Galactica with Sheba and Starbuck (TOS: "War of the Gods, Part II").
Apollo accompanies Starbuck to the Rising Star, where Starbuck plans to try a new Pyramid system. They discover Chameleon, and inadvertantly protect him from the Borellian Nomen that are pursuing him (TOS: "The Man with Nine Lives").
Apollo and Boomer serve as Starbuck's "Protectors" (legal council) when he is framed for the murder of a Colonial warrior. Apollo manages to get the real killer to reveal his entire plot while Boomer pipes in the audio so that the Tribunal can hear the confession (TOS: "Murder on the Rising Star").
Apollo helps the Terrans Sarah Fowler, Michael, and their children reach Paradeen. Once on Paradeen, Sarah sabotages the Vipers in hopes that Apollo will stay and be with her. She eventually warms up to Michael, and Apollo helps to capture


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Karen Ann Quinlan was twenty-one years old on the night she went into a coma. After mixing valium and alcohol, Quinlan stopped breathing, and by the time she arrived at the hospital, she had gone thirty minutes with no oxygen to the brain. Barely alive, she was put on a respirator and feeding tube as she steadily slipped into a deeper coma.
Over the following three months, Karen Ann lost weight and shriveled into a fetal position only to sleep, wake and spasm. Her parents, Joseph and Julia Quinlan, along with their priest decided to stop life support, but the doctors refused. Joseph and Julia petitioned the court for the right to remove life support, and their case, In the Matter of Karen Quinlan, sparked a national debate about the government's role in life and death.
The Quinlan family's story and trial is the setting for Jill Lepore's paper, Dead or Alive: Matters of life and death and the American body politic. Lepore, the Kemper Professor of American History at Harvard University and a staff writer for The New Yorker, discussed the paper at the Public Law & Legal Theory Workshop on November 12, 2010, with faculty and students.
The American Tradition: Political Paranoia
Among the many topics highlighted in the paper is the trend towards political paranoia and conspiracy fears surrounding life and death. At the time of the Quinlan case, a majority of Americans believed the decision to continue life support rested with the family members. After Quinlan and Roe v. Wade, a new fear sprouted, namely the fear that the government, courts and politicians are conspiring to refuse medical care and euthanize the disabled, sick, old and unwanted members of society.
Lepore explains how the life and death fascination transitioned into domestic policy issues that have captured public attention since the 1970s: abortion, capital punishment, contraception and health care. It is now commonplace for political parties to sling accusations that evoke difficult questions about life and death.
The Right to Life, Liberty and Property
According to Lepore, the American Revolution was focused on liberty. The Patriots feared and equally profited from conspiracy theories about British tyranny stifling all natural rights to liberty. The loyalists also tried to show that they actually were the liberty bearers and argued that the Patriots were invoking liberty only to gain power. At the time of the Boston Tea Party, the paranoia had reached its peak after the British government imposed a tax on tea that was viewed as oppressive and restraining liberty.
In the nineteenth century, property became the heart of American politics and paranoia. Although slavery had been a sensitive subject for some time, the paranoia sprang up just before the Civil War. In Dred Scott, the Supreme Court voiced its fear that allowing slaves a safe haven in the north might give third parties an incentive to deprive Southern citizens of their right to property. John Brown did just that after kidnapping and releasing slaves in 1859.
In the 1960s, the locus of death moved. People no longer died in their beds at home, but spent the remainder of their life at a hospital. Death became known as a struggle with hospitals, doctors and insurance companies. As medicine and technology improved, death became less acceptable and became, also, the next American obsession.
The Right to Die
At trial, the Quinlans were unable to establish a Constitutional right to die. The family appealed, however, and the New Jersey Supreme Court reversed. The Court held that a family may remove life support when there is no reasonable possibility of recovery. After the Quinlans asked the doctors to remove the respirator, the doctors slowly weaned Karen Ann off until she breathed by herself. Karen Ann lived for another nine years before dying of pneumonia.
One commenter drew a connection between the current obsession with life and death and the conspiracy theories surrounding President Obama's birth place. Another noted that some opposition and concerns about abortion and ending life support may reflect a legitimate and good faith concern about the threats of industrialized medicine in modern society. Lepore argued in response that the paranoia may not be generated by individuals' difficult choices or beliefs, but rather by the political parties' exploitation of the current uncertainty surrounding life and death to further a political agenda.