httpd, save, imagemap, man2html, webls – HTTP server
ip/httpd/httpd [–a srvaddr] [–c cert [–C certchain]] [–d domain] [–n namespace] [–w webroot]
ip/httpd/save [–b inbuf] [–d domain] [–r remoteip] [–w webroot] [–N netdir] method version uri [search]
ip/httpd/imagemap...
ip/httpd/man2html...
ip/httpd/webls...
Httpd serves the webroot directory of the file system described by namespace (default /lib/namespace.httpd), using version 1.1 of the HTTP protocol. It announces the service srvaddr (default tcp!*!http), and listens for incoming calls. If an X.509 certificate is supplied with the –c option, then the service is instead tcp!*!https. There should already be a factotum holding the corresponding private key. If the specified certificate has been signed by a certificate authority, the –C option may be used to specify a file containing a chain of signed certificates.
Httpd supports only the GET and HEAD methods of the HTTP protocol; some magic programs support POST as well. Persistent connections are supported for HTTP/1.1 or later clients; all connections close after a magic command is executed. The Content–type (default application/octet–stream) and Content– encoding (default binary) of a file are determined by looking for suffixes of the file name in /sys/lib/mimetype.
Each requested URI is looked up in a redirection table, read from /sys/lib/httpd.rewrite. Fields are separated by spaces and tabs. Anything following a # is ignored. The first field of each line is a URI; the second a replacement path. If a prefix of the URI matches a redirection path, the URI is rewritten using the corresponding replacement path instead of the prefix, and a temporary redirect is sent to the HTTP client. If the replacement path does not specify a server name, and the request has no explicit host, then domain is the host name used in the redirection. The prefix can either be a domain root like http://system/ (which matches that URL only) or a path like /who/rob (which matches that path no matter what the requested server), but not both: http://system/who/rob will never match a request. If the first field ends in a slash, this is an exact match; otherwise it is a prefix match. The first field is a literal string, matched against each file prefix of each URL. The most specific, i.e., longest, pattern wins, and is applied once (there is no rescanning), except for the following exceptions. Httpd matches only the prefix and not subordinate pages if a replacement is prefixed with >. Httpd omits the unmatched part of the original URI from the rewritten URI if the replacement is prefixed with *. This permits many–to–one mappings; for example, to send all references to an old subtree to a single error page.
Httpd handles replacements prefixed with @ internally, treating the request as if it were for the replacement (without the @) but not informing the client of the rewritten name. Replacement URLs prefixed with = generate a permanent redirection instead of a temporary one. Httpd checks to see if this file has changed once every 50 new TCP connections. HTTP 1.1 persistent connection implies many pages may come in one browser connection, so to kick–start httpd, try
for(i in '{seq 50}) hget _URL_ >/dev/null
Access Control
Before opening any file, httpd looks for a file in the same directory called.httplogin. If the file exists, the directory is considered locked and the client must specify a user name and password matching a pair in the file..httplogin contains a list of space or newline separated tokens, each possibly delimited by single quotes. The first is a domain name presented to the HTTP client. The rest are pairs of user name and password. Thus, there can be many user name/password pairs valid for a directory.
Auxiliaries (magic)
If the requested URI begins with /magic/server/, httpd executes the file /bin/ip/httpd/server to finish servicing the request. All the auxiliaries take the same arguments. Method and version are those received on the first line of the request. Uri is the remaining portion of the requested URI. Inbuf contains the rest of the bytes read by the server, and netdir is the network directory for the connection. There are routines for processing command arguments, parsing headers, etc. in the httpd library, /sys/src/cmd/ip/httpd/libhttpd.a.$O. See httpd.h in that directory and existing magic commands for more details.
Save writes a line to /usr/web/save/uri.data and returns the contents of /usr/web/save/uri.html. Both files must be accessible for the request to succeed. The saved line includes the current time and either the search string from a HEAD or GET or the first line of the body from a POST. It is used to record form submissions.
Imagemap processes an HTML imagemap query. It looks up the point search in the image map file given by uri, and returns a redirection to the appropriate page. The map file defaults to NCSA format. Any entries after a line starting with the word _TAG_ are interpreted in CERN format.
Man2html converts man(6) format manual pages into html. It includes some abilities to search the manuals.
Webls produces directory listings on the fly, with output in the style of ls(1). /sys/lib/webls.allowed and /sys/lib/webls.denied contain regular expressions describing what parts of httpd's namespace may and may not be listed, respectively. Webls.denied is first searched to see if access is by default denied. If so webls.allowed is then searched to see if access is explicitly allowed. Thus one can have very general expressions in the denied list (like.*), yet still allow exceptions. If webls.denied does not exist or is unreadable, all accesses are assumed to be denied unless explicitly allowed in webls.allowed.
Other sites will note that if neither webls.denied nor webls.allowed exist, any portion of httpd's namespace can be listed (however, webls will always endeavor to prevent listing of '.' and '..'). If webls.allowed exists but webls.denied does not, any directory to be listed must be described by a regular expression in webls.allowed. Similarly, if webls.denied exists but webls.allowed does not, any directory to be listed must not be described by a regular expression in webls.denied. If both exist, a directory is listable if either it doesn't appear in webls.denied, or it appears in both webls.denied and webls.allowed. In other words, webls.allowed overrides webls.denied. If a listing for a directory is requested and access is denied, or another error occurs, a simple error page is returned.
These are all examples of how to use httpd.rewrite.
A local redirection:
/netlib/c++/idioms/index.html.Z /netlib/c++/idioms/index.html
Redirection to another site:
/netlib/lapack/lawns =_URL_
_URL_ =_URL_
Root directory for virtual host:
_URL_ /cm/cs/what/ampl
/sys/lib/mimetype content type description file
/lib/namespace.httpd default namespace file for httpd
/sys/lib/httpd.rewrite redirection file
/sys/lib/webls.allowed regular expressions describing explicitly listable pathnames; overrides webls.denied
regular expressions describing explicitly unlistable pathnames
newns in auth(2), listen(8), rsa(8)


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József Kürschák's mother was Jozefa Teller and his father was András Kürschák, a manual worker who died when József was six years old. After the death of his father, József was brought up in Budapest by his mother. It is correct to say that József, although born in Buda, was brought up in Budapest after the death of his father since Budapest was created by the unification of Buda, Obuda and Pest in 1872. Kürschák attended secondary school in the flourishing city that became not only the capital of Hungary but also a major centre for industry, trade, communications, and architecture. Most importantly for the young boy, he was growing up in a city which was a centre for education, and for intellectual and artistic life.
Kürschák entered the Technical University of Budapest in 1881 and graduated in 1886 with qualifications to teach mathematics and physics in secondary schools. He then taught at a school in Roznyo, Slovakia, for two years before returning to the Technical University of Budapest to undertake research. He received his doctorate in 1890 and then taught in Budapest, at the Technical University, for the whole of his career. He was appointed in 1891 and successively promoted, achieving the rank of professor in 1900.
In the authors describe a paper by Kürschák written in 1898 in which a regular dodecagon inscribed in a unit circle is investigated. A trigonometric argument can be used to show that its area of the dodecagon is 3 but Kürschák gives a purely geometric proof. He proves that the dodecagon can be dissected into a set of triangles which can be rearranged so as to fill three squares with sides having length 1. Kürschák's tile, which occurs in the title of, is constructed as follows. Start with a square and construct an equilateral triangle drawn inwards on each side. A regular dodecagon has the following 12 points as vertices: the 8 intersections of the corresponding sides of adjacent equilateral triangles and the 4 mid-points of the sides of the new square formed by the vertices of the four triangles. In fact the first paper which Kürschák wrote was concerned with polygons. This was Über dem Kreise ein-und umgeschriebene Vielecke (1887) which investigated extremal properties of polygons inscribed in, and circumscribed about, a circle.
Another topic which Kürschák investigated was the differential equations of the calculus of variations. Papers such as Über partielle Differentialgleichungen zweiter Ordnung mit gleichen Charakteristiken (1890), Über die partielle Differentialgleichung des Problems (1894), Über die Transformation der partiellen Differentialgleichungen der Variationsrechnung (1902), and Über eine charakteristische Eigenschaft der Differentialgleichungen der Variationsrechnung (1905) are examples of his work in this area. He proved invariance of the differential equations he was considering under contact transformations. Another problem he solved in this area was to find, in his 1905 paper, necessary and sufficient conditions for :-
... a second-order differential expressions to provide the equation belonging to the variation of a multiple integral.
Led to consider linear algebra in the context of the above work, he wrote a number of papers on matrices and determinants such as Über symmetrische Matrices (1904) and Ein irreduzibilitätssatz in der Theorie der symmetrischen matrizen (1921).
Kürschák's most important work, however, was in 1912 when he founded the theory of valuations. His idea was to define | x | for a rational number x as follows. Express x in lowest terms as pn(a/b) and then define | x |p = p-n. For example
| 20/11 |2 = 1/4,
| 20/11 |3 = 1,
| 20/11 |5= 1/5, and
|20 /11 |11 = 11.
The rationals are not complete with this metric and their completion is the field of p-adic numbers. Kürschák's work was inspired by earlier work of Julius König, Steinitz and Hensel. The importance of Kürschák's valuations is that they allow notions of convergence and limits be used in the theory of abstract fields and greatly enrich the topic.
Dénes König and Von Neumann were both students of Kürschák and many other famous mathematicians benefited from his teaching. Dénes König received his doctorate in 1907 for a thesis written under Kürschák's supervision. Peter writes in that:-
... outstanding mathematicians such as Hunyadi, Julius König, Kürschák and Rados have contributed to the high standard of mathematical education at the Technical University [of Budapest]. Their scientific and teaching activity affected mathematical life in the whole country and laid the foundation of the internationally recognized mathematical school in Hungary.
Indeed Kürschák achieved this through his excellent teaching as well as bringing the very best out of his students. He was one of the main organisers of mathematical competitions and to honour his outstanding contributions in this area the Loránd Eötvös Mathematics Competition, started in 1925, was renamed the József Kürschák Mathematics Competition in 1949.
Kürschák was elected to the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1897.
Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
1) When is the best time to administer a reward or punishment?
2) How much of a reward or punishment is needed?
3) How often should we deliver a reward or punishment?
4) What type of reward or punishment works best, and under which conditions?
A substance or activity can only become addictive if it is rewarding; i.e., if it is pleasurable or enjoyable (at least initially). Individuals who dislike particular substances or activities have little risk for developing an addiction to those substances or activities. Such dislikes are not uncommon. Some people do not enjoy certain substances or activities. This protects them from developing an addiction simply because those substances or activities are not enjoyable. They are not rewarding.
Addiction is a learned behavior because the initial pleasure or enjoyment was rewarding. According to the principles of operant conditioning, rewarded behaviors will increase. Of particular concern is that most addictive substances and activities are immediately rewarding. Research has taught us that when we immediately reward a behavior people (and animals) learn it more quickly. This also explains why the addictive substance or activity tends to replace other, more healthy sources of reward. These other types of rewards are frequently delayed (such as the return of good health). An unfortunate cycle also develops. As addiction progresses, the availability of natural, healthy pleasures (rewards) decline due to the addiction. Friendships are strained. Loved ones become bitter. Meaningful jobs or hobbies are lost or abandoned. When this happens, addicted people become more and more dependent on their addiction as their sole source of reward. This creates an unfortunate but powerful addictive cycle.
Punishment also plays an important role in the development of addiction. If there is an early and significant punishment (perhaps a DUI, or a medical problem) then the addiction might not develop. In many cases, punishments for addiction occur much later, when the addiction is already firmly in place. At this point, many chemical and physiological changes have already occurred in the brain. This makes it more difficult to discontinue the addiction. Simultaneously, unhealthy cognitive and emotional patterns have become well-established. This too makes it more difficult to change addictive behavior. Therefore, in these later stages of addiction punishment alone is usually insufficient to create a lasting change. The most successful approach is to increase rewards for healthy behavioral choices while eliminating rewards for addictive behavior.
Operant conditioning has resulted in several effective treatments. The basic idea is to reward addicted people for making healthier, recovery-oriented choices. However, research has made it very clear: The rewards must have some value, and the reward must be substantial. Again, this has a common sense ring to it. It's unlikely an addicted person would give up their addiction for a piece of chocolate. However, they might give it up for a car!
It follows that what might be rewarding to one person, would be meaningless to the next. For a very hungry person food might be very rewarding. However, if someone just finished a Thanksgiving feast, food is unlikely to be rewarding. Addictions research has demonstrated that by rewarding some people with inexpensive but desired items they can increase the number of abstinent days. This is particularly true for people with limited financial means. These same inexpensive items would not likely serve to change the behavior of someone with greater financial means.
CRAFT is a therapy that relies on operant conditioning (Community Reinforcement and Family Training; Meyers & Wolfe, 2004). The social portionof the Bio-Psycho-Social-Spiritual model stresses the importance of interpersonal relationships. Therefore, addiction treatment often needs to include family members or other people who have a close personal relationship with the addict.
CRAFT teaches concerned significant others (CSO's) to reward the addicted person's positive, healthy behaviors. These behaviors oppose addiction. The CSO's also learn to remove rewards for unhealthy behaviors. These behaviors support addiction. For instance, a wife may plan a pleasant evening for her husband when he comes home from work, without stopping at a bar. However, if he comes home drunk, her kind attention is withdrawn. In this case, she would excuse herself from his company for the rest of the evening. By rewarding healthy behavior, and withdrawing rewards for unhealthy behavior, the wife is applying the principles of operant conditioning. This approach will increase the husband's healthy behaviors but only if quality time with his wife is rewarding. Another husband might find time alone to be more rewarding. Once again, we must target the rewards to each person.
CRAFT teaches family members to allow the negative consequences of addiction to affect the addicted person directly. This is often difficult for family members. Out of care and concern for their loved one, they have prevented these consequences from occurring. Moreover, these negative consequences often affect the entire family, not just the addict. For example, suppose a spouse loses his/her job because of irregular work attendance due to addiction. This loss of income has a huge impact on the entire family! Therefore, it is quite natural for the healthy spouse to try to prevent these sorts of problems.
Regardless of the loving motives of family members, removing the negative consequences serves to prolong addiction. In contrast, allowing these consequences to occur serves as a deterrent (punishment). For instance, if a wife misses work on Monday morning because she has a hangover, her husband does not call in to work for her. Instead, he lets her make the call herself. In some severe situations, CSO's may even apply negative consequences of their own (such as moving out of the house). However, these sorts of drastic negative consequences (punishments) are the last resort, not the first. Research has made it clear: People maintain positive behavior much longer when they expect a reward, rather than a punishment.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Decoding the Genome Canada Research Network : an institutional analysis
MetadataShow full item record
The rise of high-technological innovations in the midto late- 20th and early 21st centuries has required the establishment of equally innovative agencies and institutions to guide these technological innovations. This thesis examines the emergence and evolution of Genome Canada, which was created to oversee the proliferation and direction of genomic research within Canada. This thesis examines how genomic research developed in Canada throughout the late 1980s to early 2000s, why it became necessary to create Genome Canada, how the networked model chosen was seen as the preferred model, and how Genome Canada has evolved to date. This case study of Genome Canada is important because it reveals how public institutions that guide innovation emerge and how they evolve over time. As well, it is important because it reveals how the model used in the genome policy sector may be used again in the future as a framework for establishing other similar institutions.
DegreeMaster of Arts (M.A.)
SupervisorGarcea, Joseph O.
CommitteePhillips, Peter W.; McLeod, Allan; Smyth, Stuart
Copyright DateNovember 2011
Technology & Politics


Will The Next Pope Tackle Climate Change?
Solar panels at the Vatican (Photo credit: AP)
See also: Vatican on climate: Pray for science
8 Responses to Will The Next Pope Tackle Climate Change?
 1. Mark E says:
 Global warming will take the lives of *far* more infants than all abortions ever even contemplated, much less performed.
 Unless radical changes happen radically fast.
 2. Ken Barrows says:
 "Tackle?" Does that mean condoning the use of birth control for married couples? If not, then the answer is "no."
 3. catman306 says:
 If the Catholic Church doesn't tackle human over population, it won't matter how 'green' the next pope is. Today's (and tomorrow's) carbon problem is merely the result of over population. If human population had remained below one billion, we wouldn't be here worrying about too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, no matter what standard of living the one billion lived at.
 4. catman306 says:
 Within reason!
 5. Let's hope you are right. However, one of the more influential, and Machiavellian, cardinals currently holed up in the Vatican selecting the next pope is Australia's George Pell. Pell is an outspoken climate science denier who often reproduces outlandish claims from denier websites, quoting as authorities the likes of Lord Monckton and Bob Carter (paid by the Heartland Institute).
 His speech is here:
 and a response:
 6. Nick Shaw says:
 You're not suggesting what I think you are suggesting, are you?
 If so, perhaps you should lead the charge to oblivion? Or would that not be "within reason"?
 I think you would disagree so, I presume you expect to be on the board deciding who should procreate (and, dare I say, choose who to eliminate)?
 Humans, as with other animals of this planet, will find their "level" without others deciding for them.
 The proof is already apparent in North America. As societies become more affluent and educated, their numbers decrease.
 What you are suggesting ignores the fact that, in third world societies, adults depend on their offspring to maintain them in their twilight years (not the government) so, it behooves them to have as many children as possible because many of those children might die first!
 7. Mulga Mumblebrain says:
 The demographic transition will only occur if there is a radical redistribution of wealth to the many, from the hyper-parasitic few. This requires the end of, not merely the 'reform' of, capitalism. In the meantime, the over-consumption of what is left of the 'rich' world, and the luxury consumption of the insatiable rich, does far more harm to the planet's biospheres than the subsistence consumption of the masses of the poor.
 8. Ken Barrows says:
 Mulga is right. If you think we can raise the world average to the present American standard of living, you're kidding yourself. "Share" cannot be a dirty word.


How Special Needs Trusts Affect Eligibility for Housing Assistance
Those with special needs often cannot get by without housing assistance from federal programs like the Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher Program. For example, while many people with special needs are on Supplemental Security Income (SSI), the average rent for a modest one-bedroom rental unit is equal to 105 percent of the monthly SSI benefit amount.
Section 8 and similar housing subsidy programs can help a lot. Tenants pay about 30 percent of their income in rent, with the government making up the difference to the building's landlord. But how do the assets in special needs trusts and the income from these trusts affect eligibility for programs like Section 8?
Unlike Medicaid and SSI, the Section 8 program focuses on a recipient's income and does not count assets in determining eligibility. So the existence of a special needs trust, by itself, should have no impact on eligibility for Section 8.
In calculating a recipient's income to determine program eligibility, the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) counts pensions, annuities, alimony, certain welfare payments and Social Security and disability payments, as well as the income generated by assets in excess of $5,000. Also, HUD will impute income to transfers of assets for two years after the transfer. This means that if a Section 8 recipient transfers assets into a special needs trust, for two years HUD will count a certain monthly amount as income based on the sum transferred. Depending on the amount, this could reduce or eliminate the Section 8 subsidy for a trust beneficiary.
A special needs trust set up by a third party where the beneficiary does not have the ability to access the income or principal cannot be considered income because it is not accessible. However, if a Section 8 recipient sets up a trust where the income is available to him, the income would be considered countable and accessible.
That said, infrequent income, such as gifts, medical expense reimbursements and insurance payments, are not considered countable income. This means that trusts can avoid jeopardizing a beneficiary's eligibility for Section 8 by having the trust pay sporadic or one-time expenditures and leaving regularly recurring expenses up to the trust beneficiary.
But it is important to note that HUD's stated rules are not consistently applied in all states, with some public housing authorities counting all distributions from an SNT as income, thereby essentially eliminating eligibility for Section 8 for beneficiaries of SNTs. This has resulted in significant litigation. The most recent decision, Decambre v. Brookline Housing Authority, the First Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that distributions from SNTs that are funded with the applicant's own money should not be counted as income. However, the court did not consider third-party trusts, which are funded with someone else's money. Those trusts might still come under HUD's restrictive rules. This is an interesting result (at least for lawyers) because it's almost the exact opposite of the treatment of most SNTs by other public benefits programs, which are much more liberal with respect to third-party trusts than to self-funded trusts.
The interplay between federal housing assistance programs and special needs trusts is complex. If your loved one is relying on Section 8 or a similar program, consult with your special needs planner to make sure that his or her benefits remain in place.


text:
The relationships between muscle length, fractional change in length (strain) and work output during cyclic contraction were examined in scaphognathite levator muscle L2B of the green crab Carcinus maenas (L.). The muscle was subjected to sinusoidal strain at 2 Hz and to phasic stimulation in the strain cycle.
At an average length and stimulus phase which are optimum for net work output, the work from muscle L2B during shortening rises to a peak or a plateau with increasing strain. The failure of shortening work to increase continuously with strain is due, in part, to the greater shortening velocity associated with greater strain, and to the consequent reduction in muscle force during shortening at higher velocity. The work required to re-lengthen a muscle following contraction is a complex function of strain, with an initial peak followed by a work minimum and then a monotonic rise in work with further increase in strain. The early work minimum is a result of shortening inactivation which reduces muscle force and thus the work which must be done to re-lengthen the muscle. Because shortening work rises to a peak or plateau with increasing strain while lengthening work, for the most part, increases with strain, there is a sharp optimum strain (about 8%) for net work output.
Muscle relaxation becomes slower with increasing muscle length. As muscle length is increased, fusion of tension from cycle to cycle becomes more pronounced and shortening inactivation becomes a more important determinant of optimum strain.
- © 1989 by Company of Biologists


text:
This step-by-step tutorial will guide you through the process of Google Classroom Integration With LMS Theme
Schools and technology companies can use the Classroom API to build tools that interact with Classroom and G Suite for Education, and make Classroom work
Step 1 : Please install and activate the plugin DesignThemes Webinar
Step 2 : Navigate to the WP Dashboard > DT Webinar > General > JSON Credentials. Please add your Google Classroom API JSON text
Step 3 : You can choose the page layout for the classes which are retrieved from Google Classroom
Step 4 : Go to _URL_ for creating the api keys. Login with the gmail id that is going to be the admin email of google classes
Step 5 : Create new project and then Credentials > OAuth client ID, there you need to enter your url and the redirect url. For url use your domain name and for the redirect url use this url _URL_ Replace yourdomain.com to corresponding one.
Step 6 :Now you can download the json file from the option shown in this screenshot
Step 7: Open the json file and copy the content and paste it in the json text area mentioned in point 2 and click save. Once saved just click the button "Connect / Reconnect To Google Classroom" now it will be redirected to the google auth page. Sign in with the gmail id in which you have created google classrooms.
Step 8: Now all the google classrooms data will be saved in our site.
Step 9 : To Display the google classrooms in the frontend, just create a new page and assign "Google Classroom Template" as shown in this screenshots


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American Library Association (ALA)
This is the professional library organization for all libraries, academic, public and research. A search engine enables the user to find needed information.
Center for the Book
The Center for the Book was established in 1977* to use the resources and prestige of the Library of Congress to promote books, reading, libraries, and literacy. Within the Library, the center is a focal point for celebrating the legacy of books and the printed word. Outside the Library, the center works closely with other organizations to foster understanding of the vital role of books, reading, libraries and literacy in society. On behalf of books and reading, the Center for the Book serves as an advocate, a catalyst, and a source of ideas--both nationally and internationally.
Maryland Center for the Book
Maryland Library Association (MLA)
Maryland Library Association provides leadership for those who are committed to libraries by providing opportunities for professional development and communication and by advocating principles and issues related to librarianship and library service. MLA was founded in 1923 to promote library service in the state. Among members are library staff and trustees, library school students, libraries, and friends of libraries representing the full spectrum of librarianship in Maryland. In 1974, MLA became a legally chartered non-profit, tax exempt corporation. The Association is a state member of the


text:
ATHENS, Ga. (AP) -- Rocket-powered nets and radio transmitters are among the tools University of Georgia researchers are using to determine what's behind the decline in the wild turkeys population of the southeast.
Wildlife agencies have seen a regional decline in wild turkeys, and that there are about 7 million of the birds left. Encroaching development, chemical herbicide and natural predators could be factors in the population shift. Researchers told the newspaper that wildfires do not appear to be a leading cause in the decline.
The wild turkey population dropped in the late 1800s and early 1900s, then rebounded in the second half of the 20th century as forests that were cut down in the 1900s grew back.
|Get the ingredients you need to cook with Rach all week long.|
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Classic Pacman, Frogger, Asteroids and more.
Sell almost anything locally.


to initialize the 6502 virtual memory CINST.SET - 6502, 65C02 and R65C02 Instruction sets DRSYM.EXE - Symbol table preparation program DRSYM.BAS - The BASIC source code for DRSYM.EXE MM.COM - Utility to display memory allocation MARK.COM - A memory resident utility whose purpose is to mark a point in memory RELEASE.COM - A memory utility used to release all memory resident programs added after the last mark in memory page 26 10) References ============== 1) Commodore 64 Reference Manual, Chapter 5: Machine Language, pp209-259 2) The Transactor, Volume 4, Issue 05, pp52-53 (Reprinted in your handouts) 3) Steven P. Hendrix, The 6502, 65C02 and 65816 Handbook, Weber Systems Inc., Cleveland, Ohio, 1986, pp221-227 page 27 Appendix A: OpCode Alignment ============================ Note that the 65C02 will not necessarily have the same problems as a 6502 with opcode alignment, it will have worse problems actually. Please read on and the differences will be explained. So you aren't quite clear on what exactly I mean by opcode alignment. Consider this question: How many groves are there in the average phonograph record? The answer is one (or maybe two - one on each side). This is a very unique condition if you think about it: Put the needle down anywhere and the record will always play the same series of songs. A few years back there was at least one novelty record made where there were two groves, two possible series of songs depending on the original placement of the needle on the record. This record is conceptually similar to an assembly program, where the songs represent the instructions in the program. The series of songs played depends on the starting point on the record, whether grove one or two is chosen. There are only two possible 'programs' available to the listener. Only the radial starting point in the record determines what portion of two 'programs' are played. An assembly language program however is more closely comparable to a Snakes and Ladders game with rich interconnections than to the sequential nature of a recording. I know, you are saying hold on now, I have only one program, I used the assembler, where is this other program you are talking about? Well you are absolutely right, you have only one program: in assembly. In machine code it is just numbers in an EPROM. Try looking at machine code even when you know what is supposed to be there: the program is not obvious. The key point is recognizing what bytes represent opcodes and what bytes represent operands. To the human eye opcodes, 'pop' out from inspection. A9 - LDA; 8D - STA; 20 - JSR Your brain sees these and recognizes the pattern. The 6502 is not blessed with this ability to'see' what are opcodes and what are not. All it knows is the next byte it fetches will be an opcode, then the operands, then another opcode. Where you start determines what the 6502 interprets as the first instruction and the course of the program from then on. Using an assembler assures that opcodes will be in the right spot at the right time and things will go just fine, provided no.BYTE directives are placed in the middle of a piece of code. The problem arises when the user starts hacking around with a piece of software with a tool like DR6502. If the code has an error or if the user messes up the program, an operand may be fetched instead of an opcode and all of a sudden the 6502 is executing a very different program. So just how many of these alternate universe programs are there in a given piece of machine code? Well, if you have 4k of code, if we take 35-50% of those bytes to be opcodes and the rest operands then there are a good 2000 possible alternate universes that your 6502 could fall into. There is some good news and some bad news. These alternate programs are very unstable (and erratic) and they usually do one of two things after a few opcode fetches. They either crash (that's the good news, because you know you have a problem) after fetching an bad opcode or they fall back in line with the proper opcode alignment and things go back to normal. This is very bad since you may have a'mysterious' error that you have no idea what is going on with. Now what are the probabilities for all page 28 of this? Of all the 256 opcodes, about 151 correspond to valid opcodes, about 35 crash the CPU outright and the other 70 or so are weird combinations of incrementing and adding with strange flag results. In a real 6502 system, the CPU has a (151+70)/256 chance of continuing to execute. Upon the completion of each opcode there is the chance that the proper opcode stream may be rejoined. The chance therefore of an outright crash is low. The bottom line: this is bad news. Someone, in a stroke of genius, said lets make the 65C02 better. Lets make all of the undefined opcodes behave as NOP's. The 65C02 can NEVER crash. After hopping into the wrong opcode alignment, the 65C02 will execute a maximum of two undefined opcodes in a row before rejoining the proper opcode alignment. The difficulty is that the 65C02 has a great number more defined opcodes so a'strange' program will execute for a long time before hitting an undefined opcode, executing a NOP and rejoining the proper opcode stream (possibly). If you are operating DR6502 and have used only regular 6502 instructions then you should use DR6502 in 6502 mode. This will cause the simulator to object to a wider array of mistakes and more quickly. The overall landscape of a section of machine code if compared to a record would have a great many possible paths threading near the intended opcode path. The alternate paths would be short lived in general and would most frequently rejoin the main path but would occasionally dead end in a crash. The Snakes and Ladders interpretation necessary when considering loops in the real code and accidental branches, JMPs, RTS, JSR statements in the parallel codes would not look very different since a quick count gives only (8+1+2+2)=13 program counter modifying opcodes out of the 151 legal codes. If the proportion is the same for the illegal 70 or so codes then the chances of an accidental jump is only about 1 in 10. These instances are catastrophes since the destination (by Murphy's Law) is nearly always a pure data space where there is no opcode line to be rejoined and the results can be very erratic. In summary: How do you get off track and how to avoid it? The easiest way is to push data into the stack in a subroutine and forget to pull it off again before executing an RTS (frightfully common error). Mishandling interrupts, etc could be a real problem usually in the misbalance of the stack and return addresses. Doing little tricks like using the address pushed on the stack after a JSR in a calculation and returning the wrong number to the stack or using calculated JMPs using a push and RTS method and messing up the address etc would do it too. If you use DR6502 you could do it in one careless p-poke command or not watching what you are doing while using the P-program command. The best way to avoid the alignment problem is knowing it exists and being very careful of the stack and changes to the program. An exercise: If you want to see what an alternate universe program looks like, invoke the P-program function on DR6052 with a program loaded. If your code starts at $E000 try giving DR6502 the page start address of $E000+a random number that does not correspond to an opcode address and observe the results. 105/256 opcodes will show up as.BYTE directives which means you have no idea what a real 6502 would do. 70% of the time it will do something, with some page 29 operands and lead to another opcode fetch. 30% of the time (anything $x2 or $xF is usually a crash) it will lead to a crash. DR6502 traps all undefined opcodes as errors and halts execution. The 65C02 was improved to define all undefined opcopes to be NOPs so that alternate program streams will never crash the system. As pointed out before, the alternate program lines that rejoin the main program line are more mysterious and dangerous than ones that crash the computer outright. DR6502 still considers all non-allocated 65C02 opcodes as crashes and halts the 'processor'. This is done because in the actual program such codes should never occur and when they do it is a sure sign that something is wrong. page 30 Appendix B: Merging with EDIT/Blackbeard ======================================== You have probably found yourself reading this because you have a section of 'invented' assembly that you made up to patch a bug found while using DR6502 in one file and your original code in another file. The merging process is a simple one: 1) edit the original file 2) ctrl-F2 to switch to window #2 (see Windows-Switch-window#2 in ESC help menus) 3) ctrl-n to select a new file for window #2 (see Files-Newfile in help) and enter the filename of the 'invented' section of code. 4) '


Vallam Kali
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Aranmula Uthrattathi Boat Race
Vallam Kali (Malayalam: വള്ളംകളി, vaḷḷaṃ kaḷi, literally "boat game") is a traditional boat race in Kerala, India. It is a form of canoe racing, and uses paddled war canoes. It is mainly conducted during the season of the harvest festival Onam in autumn. Vallam Kali includes races of many kinds of paddled longboats, the traditional boats of Kerala.
Vallam Kali originated in Assyria, on a New Year's Day in 300 BC. Vallam Kalli events were conducted by several ancient Indian states.
In Kerala, during an early 14th-century war between the feudal kingdoms of Kayamkulam and Chembakassery, King Devanarayana of Chembakassery commissioned the construction of a war boat called Chundan Vallam and he tasked a famous carpenter of the day with the responsibility of creating it.[1] Hence, the technical methods for creating these Snake Boats are around 650 years old. Of the snake boats still in use today, the Parthasarathi Chundan is the oldest model.
Vallam Kali has mainly been conducted during the season of the harvest festival Onam in Autumn. The race of Chundan Vallam is the major event. Vallam Kali also includes races of many other kinds of traditional paddled longboats of Kerala, and is one of the major tourist attractions in the state.
Vanchipattu (lit. boatsong) is the form of poetry in Malayalam language commonly using while Vallam Kali and related festivals. During Aranmula Uthrattadi Vallamkali, the vanchipattu is performed by the participants for its significance in the rituals. Ramapurathu Warrier is considered to be the pioneer of the vanchipattu.
List of periodical Vallam Kali events[edit]
Major events[edit]
Map of Backwaters in Kerala where boat racing is conducted
Minor events[edit]
Outside Kerala[edit]
See also[edit]
 1. ^
 2. ^
 3. ^
 4. ^
External links[edit]


Peace Be Upon Him: Why don't Christians ask for God's blessing on Jesus?
Very often my friends and I have a conversation on spiritual matters. I know that whenever the prophet of Islam is mentioned, they add honorific words in Arabic, salal lahu alaihe wa salam or, in English, 'Peace be upon him'. They do so because the Qur'an and Ahadith, the traditions advise them to do so. During prayers (and even after) the following is repeated:
"O Allah! Magnify Muhammad and his descendants as thou didst magnify Abraham and his descendants, for surely you are praised and magnified. O Allah! Bless Muhammad and his descendants as you blessed Abraham and his descendants for surely you are praised and magnified."
Many Muslim friends ask Christians why they don't pray for Jesus and ask God's blessing on him. It is because Christians believe that Jesus himself is the source of peace and blessing. He is called, "Prince of Peace" (Isaiah 9:6). As God himself is the source of peace and other blessings, Christians believe that Jesus, as his Word, is also the source of peace. It is we who need peace, not him.
"Peace I leave with you; my peace I give you. I do not give to you as the world gives." (John 14:27)
"I have told you these things, so that in me you have peace." (John 16:33).
Christians do show their honour by using the titles, "the Lord Jesus Christ". The best way to show respect for Jesus is to obey his commands (John 14:15, 21, 23). Jesus and his disciples said many other things which can be found in the New Testament section of the Bible. If you would like a copy in the English language, please write to the address below.
Note: As we have a limited number of copies please place your request early to avoid disappointment.


text:
Diabetic macular oedema (DMO) is a thickening of the central retina, or the macula, and is associated with long-term visual loss in people with diabetic retinopathy (DR). Clinically significant macular oedema (CSMO) is the most severe form of DMO. Almost 30 years ago, the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) found that CSMO, diagnosed by means of stereoscopic fundus photography, leads to moderate visual loss in one of four people within three years. It also showed that grid or focal laser photocoagulation to the macula halves this risk. Recently, intravitreal injection of antiangiogenic drugs has been investigated to try to improve vision in people with macular oedema due to DR.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is based on optical reflectivity and is able to image retinal thickness and structure producing cross-sectional and three-dimensional images of the central retina. It is already widely used because it provides objective and quantitative assessment of macular oedema unlike the subjectivity of fundus biomicroscopic assessment, which is routinely used by ophthalmologists instead of photography. Optical coherence tomography is also used for quantitative follow up of the effects of treatment of CSMO. Disadvantages of using OCT are the cost to purchase it and the need for trained personnel to perform the examinations.


text:
The structural relationship between negative thermal expansion and quartic anharmonicity of cubic ScF3
|Date/Time:||Thursday, 19 Jan 2012 - Thursday, 19 Jan 2012|
|Location:||PHYSICS Room 5|
|Channel:||Condensed Matter Physics|
California Institute of Technology
Cubic scandium tri-fluoride (ScF3) has a large negative thermal expansion over a wide range of temperature. Inelastic neutron scattering experiments were performed with the ARCS spectrometer at the SNS to study the temperature dependence of the lattice dynamics of ScF3 from 7 to 750 K. The measured phonon densities of states show a large anharmonic contribution with a thermal stiffening of modes around 25meV. Phonon calculations with first-principles methods identified the individual modes in the DOS, and frozen phonon calculations showed that some of the modes with motions of F atoms transverse to their bond direction behave as quantum quartic oscillators. The quartic potential originates from harmonic interatomic forces in the DO9 structure of ScF3, and accounts for phonon stiffening with temperature and a significant part of the negative thermal expansion.


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Jewellery The History of Pearls: From Elite Accessory To Punk Statement Pieces
The History of Pearls: From Elite Accessory To Punk Statement Pieces
The History of Pearls: From Elite Accessory To Punk Statement Pieces
Photo: Getty Images
By Megan C Hills
June 18, 2021
From Cleopatra to Harry Styles, pearls have evolved from a high-end accessory that was once exclusively worn by the upper echelons of society, to a playful, everyday accessory
It's said that Cleopatra once won a bet against Mark Antony by dissolving her pearl earring in a glass of wine as an aperitif, proving she had hosted the most expensive dinner. While natural pearls were once regarded as the most sacred of gems and were highly sought after by the upper echelons of society, the shimmering orbs have since become more accessible thanks to developments in pearl culturing. Over millennia, they've transformed from grand imperial symbols to must-have TikTok accessories, in a fascinating tale of human innovation.
Pearls have long captivated civilisations all over the world, but one of their earliest recorded mentions comes from China. In the third millennium BC, a Chinese historian disparaged a royal who gifted the emperor a "string of pearls not quite round" in a text known as the Shu King, setting a precedent for the pursuit of flawless spherical orbs, rather than the imperfect styles more popular today.
Related: London Exhibition Reveals Unglamorous History of Pearls
Photo: Getty Images
Photo: Getty Images
As well as coming with unbelievable price tags, pearls have long been associated with godliness across various cultures. In Indian mythology, the god Krishna bestowed his daughter with wedding pearls, while ancient Greeks described Aphrodite emerging from the surf wearing pearl earrings in the Iliad. As time passed, they became associated with royalty; in ancient Rome, for example, Julius Caesar decreed only the ruling class could don strings of pearls.
Before pearl cultivation became the norm, free divers were sent to scour the depths of the Persian Gulf and freshwater sites across China and Europe for oysters. As time progressed, European colonisation of North America led to pearl exports from freshwater sources in Ohio, Mississippi and Tennessee, while the Spanish discovered oysters along the coasts of Central America, bolstering the global trade.
Things shifted in the 1890s thanks to Kokichi Mikimoto, the son of a noodle maker from Toba, Japan. Mikimoto sought a solution to the problem of over-harvesting, eventually patenting a technique for creating hemispherical pearls (known as mabes) in 1896. After securing his own patents, he would later acquire another called the Mise-Nishikawa method, which is the basis for pearl culturing today.
Photo: Getty Images
Photo: Getty Images
The entrepreneur tweaked his technique specifically to create round pearls. His pearl empire drew the attention of American inventor Thomas Edison, who called his discovery "one of the wonders of the world". At a 1927 meeting, Edison told Mikimoto, "This isn't a cultured pearl; it's a real pearl. It is something which is supposed to be biologically impossible."
From there, Mikimoto declared his dream was to "adorn the necks of all women around the world with pearls", and his discovery inched the world closer to that reality. No longer reserved for royalty, strings of pearls became popular symbols of Roaring Twenties decadence, as art nouveau and art deco styles thrived.
As Japanese cultured pearls hit the international market, they were integrated into more affordable costume jewellery designs, though purists were sceptical and natural pearls continued to be prized above others. Multi-strand pearl layering became the norm in the 1920s and Thirties; designer Coco Chanel was rarely seen without several pearl necklaces, a preference which would become a quintessential part of her eponymous brand's identity.
Related: It's True, Men Want Jewellery Too—But They Look for Gemstones With Stories
Photo: Getty Images
Photo: Getty Images
Although pearls fell out of fashion for a time, they returned with a vengeance in the 1950s. Stars such as Audrey Hepburn, Grace Kelly and Jackie Kennedy made single-strand necklaces synonymous with sophistication. Pearls would return to the realm of royalty in the 1980s thanks to Princess Diana, who popularised multi-strand pearl chokers again as she bore the weight of the Lover's Knot Tiara, her iconic pearl and diamond tiara, created in 1913, which the Duchess of Cambridge continues to wear.
Gone are the days of stuffy aristocratic connotations, as designers continue to chart bold new territory. As the likes of Sonia Rykiel and Alexander McQueen have popularised baroque pearls, others such as Phillip Lim have given pearls a punk makeover in the past. Experimental designers like Y/Project have turned them into gigantic hoop earrings, while pearls have remained front and centre at Chanel shows.
Over the past couple of years, pearls have entered the realm of menswear, with Mikimoto launching a gender-neutral line with Commes des Garçons, and Harry Styles' pearl necklaces dominating headlines, inspiring dancing teenage boys on TikTok to follow suit. Brands such as Eliou and Timeless Pearly have transformed pearls into playful everyday pieces, stringing them with everything from charming messages to rainbow beads. Although pearls are more prone to wear and tear than diamonds, stars including Emma Stone and Ariana Grande have recently flashed beautiful engagement rings featuring stunning pearls, ushering a new wave of interest in unconventional pearl pieces.
Related: The Most Expensive Watches And Jewellery Ever Sold At Auction
Jewellery pearls jewellery fashion history


text:
GAT: a simulation framework for testing the association of genomic intervals.
Heger A., Webber C., Goodson M., Ponting CP., Lunter G.
MOTIVATION: A common question in genomic analysis is whether two sets of genomic intervals overlap significantly. This question arises, for example, when interpreting ChIP-Seq or RNA-Seq data in functional terms. Because genome organization is complex, answering this question is non-trivial. SUMMARY: We present Genomic Association Test (GAT), a tool for estimating the significance of overlap between multiple sets of genomic intervals. GAT implements a null model that the two sets of intervals are placed independently of one another, but allows each set's density to depend on external variables, for example, isochore structure or chromosome identity. GAT estimates statistical significance based on simulation and controls for multiple tests using the false discovery rate. AVAILABILITY: GAT's source code, documentation and tutorials are available at _URL_


text:
The East Ithaca Depot
The building AGAVA resides in was known as the East Ithaca Railroad Depot, built as part of Ezra's investment in 1876. The Depot was a stop on the Utica, Ithaca & Elmira Railway Line. Ezra wanted a station as close to campus as possible to make travel to this remote campus easy on faculty, and students. The original location was down the street at the current Coal Café and Coal Apartments on Maple Avenue.
During the 1850s and 60s, railroads were booming in the United States. The Ithaca and Owego Railroad had opened in 1834, but it was more of a horse drawn trolley on wood planks than a steel rail locomotive line. It wasn't until after the Civil War that Ezra Cornell used an estimated $2 million of his own fortune to put Ithaca on the railroad map. Ezra recognized that the railways would help not only secure future trade but also provide travel facilities for members of the University he was in the process of forming.
Today the only active line is a train that runs from Gang Mills yard (west of Corning) over the ex-Erie to Waverly line and then up the Ithaca & Athens line to Ithaca & Cayuga Lake. Cargill and NYSEG account for most of the car loads
Utica, Ithaca & Elmira Railroad. First Train out over Deep Gorge between Van Etten and Horseheads, November 11, 1873. Ezra Cornell, wearing top hat, has one foot on timber guard.
The History Center
Winton G Rossiter and John Marcham: "History of Railroads in Tompkins County"


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Possible Duplicate:
How do I calculate someone's age in Java?
I have two dates eg 19/03/1950 and 18/04/2011. how can i calculate the difference between them to get the person's age? do I have to keep multiplying to get the hours or seconds etc?
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look here: _URL_.html – Harry Joy Mar 4 '11 at 13:22
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marked as duplicate by onof, Andrew White, justkt, Bala R, birryree Mar 4 '11 at 13:33
4 Answers
String date1 = "26/02/2011";
String date2 = "27/02/2011";
String format = "dd/MM/yyyy";
SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat(format);
Date dateObj1 = sdf.parse(date1);
Date dateObj2 = sdf.parse(date2);
long diff = dateObj2.getTime() - dateObj1.getTime();
int diffDays = (int) (diff / (24* 1000 * 60 * 60));
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You use the classes Date and Duration:
You create Date-objects, then use Duration's methods addTo() and subtract()
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Duration is only available in an XML context, as the package name suggests. – Sean Patrick Floyd Mar 4 '11 at 13:32
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The following code will give you difference between two dates:
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.GregorianCalendar;
public class DateDiff {
 public static void main(String[] av) {
 /** The date at the end of the last century */
 Date d1 = new GregorianCalendar(2000, 11, 31, 23, 59).getTime();
 /** Today's date */
 Date today = new Date();
 // Get msec from each, and subtract.
 long diff = today.getTime() - d1.getTime();
 System.out.println("The 21st century (up to " + today + ") is "
 + (diff / (1000 * 60 * 60 * 24)) + " days old.");
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Why not use jodatime? It's much easier to calculate date and time in java.
You can get the year and use the method yearsBetween()
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text:
The Mystery of the Levitating Train
In this Science upd8 activity students use their understanding of simple circuits, electricity and magnetism to diagnose and fix problems with the running of a magnetic train in a theme park.
HEALTH and SAFETY
Any use of a resource that includes a practical activity must include a risk assessment. Please note that collections may contain ARCHIVE resources, which were developed at a much earlier date. Since that time there have been significant changes in the rules and guidance affecting laboratory practical work. Further information is provided in our Health and Safety guidance.


text:
A crucial element of Moche royal regalia was the nose ornament, whose imagery varies from benign
to predatory. One ornament here depicts a human head, perhaps a ruler's portrait, flanked by birds that
attack human victims. In another, two supernatural decapitators brandish knives over a row of severed
human heads. The third is an elegant composition that combines serpents with long-necked water birds.
The Moche were among the Andes' most inventive metalsmiths, and they developed many complex
techniques for joining and enriching the surfaces of metals, which they usually worked by hammering
rather than casting. The gold-and-silver ornaments were made by first joining gold and silver sheets
through heating and hammering. Then came the relief decoration, followed by the selective removal
of metal along the joins. Finally, the ornament was trimmed and polished.


text:
Electropermanent magnet actuation for droplet ferromicrofluidics
A team of researchers from Stanford University, Stanford, California have demonstrated magnetic actuation of microfluidic water droplets using miniature EPMs and oil-based ferrofluids. Water droplets, immersed in a continuous oil ferrofluid phase, experience a repulsive magnetophoretic force in the presence of an inhomogeneous magnetic field. EPMs, capable of generating strong magnetic fields and gradients, are used for the first time in microfluidic applications. Magnetic actuation is an attractive approach to microfluidic manipulation, given that strong magnetic fields can be applied on biological materials or fluids with negligible physiological impact. Despite its common use in passive microfluidic systems, there's been limited development of active magnetic actuation methods, mainly due to the limitations of conventional electromagnetic sources. EPMs combine the switching capability of electromagnets with the strength of permanent magnets in a compact package. In this work, Stanford researchers designed, fabricated and integrated EPMs with PDMS microfluidic chips. Using fast EPM activation (< 100 μs), forces up to 70 nN and displacement velocities up to 300 μm/s were achieved on 70 μm-diameter water droplets. The report appears in a forthcoming issue of the journal Technology.
EPMs are a magnetic assembly consisting of two permanent magnets (one hard—very difficult to demagnetize, one soft—easy to demagnetize), two ferromagnetic poles, and a coil. To activate the EPM, a large 50 μs, 7 A current pulse is sent through the coil, inducing a magnetic field strong enough to reverse the magnetization of the soft magnet. By repeating this process with positive and negative current pulses, the soft magnet can be magnetized with equal or opposite magnetization as the hard magnet, thus turning the EPM ON or OFF, respectively. By using thin (350 μm) ferromagnetic poles, localized actuation regions can be achieved within the microfluidic channels. "Given their small, strong and switchable properties, EPMs can be used for active magnetic actuation in microfluidic systems, a method with many potential applications, but currently limited by existing electromagnetic sources," says José I. Padovani, the lead author on this paper.
"The principal advantage of miniature EPMs over conventional electromagnets is that they require no static power to maintain the ON state, eliminating concerns about Joule heating of the fluid and excessive system power," says Prof. Roger T. Howe, Ph.D., Electrical Engineering Department, Stanford University. "In addition, these hand-assembled miniature EPMs have much higher switching speeds and higher field gradients than are feasible using planar microcoil electromagnets. Also, external electromagnets are capable of generating larger magnetic field strengths than is possible for planar microcoils, but their large size translates into much smaller magnetic field gradients and their larger inductance leads to slower switching times".
EPM actuation was demonstrated on water droplets ranging from 20 to 85 μm in diameter. The magnetophoretic force for these droplets ranged from 5 to 70 nN, as the force scales with the droplet volume. Displacement speeds up to 300 μm/s were recorded and used to sort droplets in a Y-split sorting junction. These experiments were performed using the maximum EPM activation current. One aspect of the EPM operation that makes them really useful is that using lower activation currents, weaker magnetic fields can be obtained. The magnetic field was measured 600 μm away from the pole with a Gaussmeter at up to 23.4 mT, which translates into a magnetic field of about 300 mT at the edge of the pole.
The Stanford team is currently developing new applications for EPM actuation in ferro microfluidic systems, as well as optimizing the EPM design. One area of current research is single cell manipulation and analysis using droplet microfluidics. "Magnetic field actuation is an ideal mechanism for live cell manipulation given that magnetic fields have no measurably harmful physiological effects over cells or the media suspension," says Prof. Stefanie S. Jeffrey, M.D., from the Stanford University's School of Medicine and co-author of the paper.


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Generally, when using the conditional operator, here's the syntax:
int x = 6;
int y = x == 6? 5 : 9;
Nothing fancy, pretty straight forward.
Now, let's try to use this when assigning a Lambda to a Func type. Let me explain:
Func predicate = id == null
 ? p => p.EmployeeID == null
 : p => p.EmployeeID == id;
That's the same syntax, and should work? Right? For some reason that doesn't. The compiler gives this nice cryptic message:
Error 1 Type of conditional expression cannot be determined because there is no implicit conversion between 'lambda expression' and 'lambda expression'
I then went ahead and changed the syntax and this way it did work:
Func predicate = id == null
 ? predicate = p => p.EmployeeID == null
 : predicate = p => p.EmployeeID == id;
I'm just curious as to why it doesn't work the first way?
(Side note: I ended up not needing this code, as I found out that when comparing an int value against null, you just use object.Equals)
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2 Answers
up vote 18 down vote accepted
You can convert a lambda expression to a particular target delegate type, but in order to determine the type of the conditional expression, the compiler needs to know the type of each of the second and third operands. While they're both just "lambda expression" there's no conversion from one to the other, so the compiler can't do anything useful.
I wouldn't suggest using an assignment, however - a cast is more obvious:
Func predicate = id == null
 ? (Func) (p => p.EmployeeID == null)
 : p => p.EmployeeID == id;
Note that you only need to provide it for one operand, so the compiler can perform the conversion from the other lambda expression.
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Very very interesting. That actually makes alot of sense. Thanks. – BFree Nov 4 '08 at 20:05
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The C# compiler cannot infer the type of the created lambda expression because it processes the ternary first and then the assignment. you could also do:
Func predicate =
 id == null?
 new Func(p => p.EmployeeID == null) :
 new Func(p => p.EmployeeID == id);
but that just sucks, you could also try
Func predicate =
 id == null?
 (Order p) => p.EmployeeID == null :
 (Order p) => p.EmployeeID == id;
share|improve this answer
The latter doesn't work, because the compiler doesn't know whether to convert to a delegate or an expression tree (or to, say, a Func which would be okay too). – Jon Skeet Nov 4 '08 at 19:55
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Your Answer


subject stayed the same. Offset the translation search area when the camera position changes and the detected motion stays contiguous through the entire sequence.
2 point tracking works best if the points don't change shape between frames. It is more prone to rotation errors than single point motion tracking if the points change shape. 2 point tracking is mainly used for tracking stars.
Use the smallest search blocks possible since larger blocks are harder to compare when they're rotated.
Although stretch mode changes the number of the frame read from its input, it doesn't change the frame rate of the input. Effects before ReframeRT assume the same frame rate as ReframeRT.
Downsample mode doesn't change the length of the output sequence. It multiplies the frame rate of the output by the scale factor to arrive at a frame rate rate to read the input. This has the effect of replicating the input frames so that they only change at the scaled frame rate when sent to the output. It doesn't change the length of the sequence. If the scale factor is 0.5 and the output frame rate is 30 fps, only 15 frames will be shown per second and the input will be read at 15 fps. Downsample is only useful for scalefactors below 1, hence the name downsample.
This does exactly the same thing as ReframeRT in Stretch mode. It multiplies the output frame number by the scale factor to arrive at the input frame number and changes the length of the sequence. Unlike ReframeRT, this must run from the Video menu and render its output.
Be aware Reframe doesn't write the scaled frame rate as the frame rate of the rendered file. It produces a file of scaled length and equal frame rate as the project. The new length is 1/scale factor as big as the original sequence.
This multiplies the number of each output sample by a scale factor to arrive at the number of the input sample. The output file's sample rate is set to the project sample rate but its length is changed to reflect the scaled number of samples. It also filters the resampled audio to remove aliasing.
If the scale factor is 2, every 2 input samples will be reduced to 1 output sample and the output file will have half as many samples as the input sequence. If it's 0.5, every 0.5 input samples will be stretched to 1 output sample and the output file will have twice as many samples as the input sequence.
Media can be reversed on the timeline in realtime. This isn't to be confused with using the reverse playback on the transport. The reverse effects reverse the region covered by the effect regardless of the transport direction. Apply reverse audio to an audio track and play it backwards. The sound plays forward.
Every enabled keyframe is treated as the start of a new reversed region and the end of a previous reversed region. Several enabled keyframes in succession yield several regions reversed independant of each other. An enabled keyframe followed by a disabled keyframe yields one reversed region followed by a forward region.
Finally, be aware when reversing audio that the waveform on the timeline doesn't reflect the actual reversed output.
This is normally used on interlaced video which has been converted to fields. One set of lines becomes one frame and the other set of lines becomes the next frame. Now the frame rate is double and is showing fields of the original video sequentially. The fields may be out of order, which is what SWAP FRAMES can correct.
Threshold converts the image to pure luminance. Then luminance values below and above the threshold range are converted to black and luminance values inside the threshold range are converted to white. The threshold window shows a histogram of luminance values for the current frame. Click dragging inside the histogram creates a range to convert to white. Shift-clicking extends one border of this range. Values for the threshold range can also be specified in the text boxes.
Time average is one effect which has many uses besides creating nifty trail patterns of moving objects. It's main use is reducing noise in still images. Merely point a video camera at a stationary subject for 30 frames, capture the frames, and average them using TIME AVERAGE and you'll have a super high quality print. In floating point colormodels, time average can increase the dynamic range of lousy cameras.
Frames count: This determines the number of frames to be accumulated in the accumulation buffer. For extremely large integrations it's easier to edit the EDL in a text editor and put in the number of frames.
Accumulate sequence again: If an effect before the time average is adjusted the time average normally doesn't reread the accumulation buffer to get the change. This forces it to reread the accumulation buffer when any other effects change.
Average: This causes the accumulation buffer to be divided before being output. The result is the average of all the frames.
Accumulate: This outputs the accumulation buffer without dividing it. The result is the sum of all the frames.
Accumulate only:
In order to accumulate only the specified number of frames, the time average retains all the previous frames in memory and subtracts them out as it plays forward. Accumulate only: causes the history buffer to not be used in averaging and accumulating. Without the history buffer, frames are added endlessly without ever being subtracted. It's the same as an infinitely long accumulation buffer. The only difference is for Average mode, the output is still divided by the Frame count. Accumulate only is used where the number of frames in the accumulation would be too big to fit in memory.
Replace: This causes the accumulation buffer to be replaced by only pixels which aren't transparent. This allows black borders from motion tracking to be filled in.
Threshold: The value a pixel must be before it replaces the previous pixel. If alpha channels are enabled, the alpha is the value compared. If there is no alpha channel, the brightness is the value compared.
Border: The number of pixels on the border of the image to never replace. This hides errors in the replacement operation from the output, since errors occur at the transition between the replaced area and the ignored area.
Greater: Pixels are replaced if their value is greater than the previous pixel. Use this to create star trails in stacks of many night sky photos or paint many copies of an object from its motion if it is lighter than the background.
Less: Pixels are replaced if their value is less than the previous pixel. Use this to paint copies of an object from its motion if it is darker than the background.
18.26 TITLER
The motion type scrolls the text in any of the four directions. When using this, the text may dissappear. Move the insertion point along the timeline until the text is far enough along the animation to reappear. The text scrolls on and scrolls off.
The speed of the animation is determined by speed Set it higher to speed up the animation.
Drop shadow draws a black copy of the text to the bottom right of the original text. Useful when drawing text over changing video to keep the border always visible.
Outline draws an outline on the characters if it's greater than 0. Set the outline size by changing the number. Set the outline color with the OUTLINE COLOR button. If no outline is visible, make sure the alpha in OUTLINE COLOR is nonzero. To get pure outline characters, set COLOR alpha to 0.
OUTLINE COLOR picks the color to draw the text outline in.
Next: , Up: TITLER
The X Window system originally didn't have a suitable font renderer for video. It also is restricted to the current bit depth. It doesn't have a convenient way to know which fonts work with the suitable font renderer in the desired bit depth. The easiest way we've found to support fonts in the titler is to have a directory for them at /usr/lib/cinelerra/fonts.
The titler supports mainly TTF, true type fonts. It supports others but TTF are the most reliable. To add true type fonts, copy the.TTF files to the /usr/lib/cinelerra/fonts directory. In that directory run ttmkfdir && mv fonts.scale fonts.dir and restart Cinelerra. The new fonts should appear. The usage of ttmkfdir changes frequently so this technique might not work.
If the video is displayed on a consumer TV, the outer border is going to be cropped by 5% on each side. Moreover, text which is too close to the edge looks sloppy. Make sure when adding titles to have the title-safe titlesafe.png tool active in the compositor window. The text shouldn't cross the inner rectangle.
No-one else is going to tell you this, but to make good looking titles, ignore most of the features of the titler. The best settings are:
Don't waste the audience's time with fading & crawls. Use crawls only if there's too much text to fit on the screen. The title should be legible enough to take the least amount of time to read. You're supposed to show the story, not write it. If they wanted to read a story, they would be reading a book instead of watching video.
The video scope plots two views of the image. One view plots the intensity of each pixel against horizontal position. They call this the WAVEFORM. Another view translates hue to angle and saturation to radius for each pixel. They call this the VECTORSCOPE.
The vectorscope is actually very useful for determining if an image is saturated. When adjusting saturation, it's important to watch the vectorscope to make sure pixels don't extend past the 100 radius.
The waveform allows you to make sure image data extends from complete black to complete white while adjusting the brightness/contrast.
The plugin API in Cinelerra dates back to 1997


Forbidden Planet
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A Note Regarding Spoilers
Spaceship Commander J.J. Adams (Leslie Nielsen) and his crew are sent to Altair-4 to discover what happened to a colony of settlers. What they find is two survivors -- Dr Edward Morbius (Walter Pidgeon) and his daughter Altaira 'Alta' (Anne Francis) -- living in a paradise created by Morbius using secrets from the Krell, a long-lost civilization that once inhabited the planet. Soon after their arrival, the crew faces an invisible force that puts them all in danger.
Forbidden Planet was filmed from a screenplay by American screenwriter Cyril Hume, who based his script on a screen story by American writers Irving Block and Allen Adler, who based their story on elements of William Shakespeare's play, The Tempest. The movie was subsequently novelized as Forbidden Planet (1956) by English author Philip MacDonald, writing under the pseudonym W.J. Stuart.
No specific date is given in the film. The opening narration says only that men and women in rocket ships landed on the moon in the final decade of the 21st century (in the 2090s) and that they reached the other planets of our solar system by 2200. Thereafter followed the discovery of hyperdrive (through which the speed of light was first attained) and from there began the conquest and colonization of deep space. It also states that the spaceship Bellerophon was marooned on Altair 4 some 20 years earlier when it was sent out to establish a colony. Given time to develop hyperdrive and to begin colonization, plus the 20 years following the marooning, the story most likely takes place in the 23rd century. According to the foreword in the novelization, the C-57-D mission was launched from Earth via the Moon on the seventh of Sextor, 2371. Back cover of same also says A.D. 2371. Since it took 10 years for the C-57-D to reach Altair 4, the story takes place in the year 2381.
Is Altair a real planet?
Actually, Altair is a sun, the brightest star in the constellation Aquila and located 16.8 light-years (5.14 parsecs) from Earth. It is the 12th brightest star visible in the night sky. The planetary designation of Altair 4 means that the story is set on the fourth planet in the Altairan solar system.
Was Robbie a real robot?
No. Stuntman Frankie Darro was inside the robot. Robbie's voice was provided by voice-over actor Marvin Miller.
Most viewers conclude that the tiger attacked Alta because she was wearing a long dress and/or had just enjoyed an erotic kiss with Commander Adams. In the novelization, as well as in a deleted scene, it is explained that the tiger was tamed by Alta because of her sexual innocence, similar to the mythological concept of virgins having special power to tame unicorns and other wild beasts. Following the kiss between Alta and dams, Alta's sexual awakening changed her in such a way that the tiger became aggressive towards her, just as it would have toward any other human.
What is the 'id'?
As Morbius describes it, the id is 'an obsolete term once used to describe the elementary basis of the subconscious mind.' As defined by Austrian neurologist and psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud [_PHONE_], the id is one of three structures of the human psyche, the id being the part of the psyche that is subconscious and the source of primitive instinctive impulses and drives. The second structure, the ego, contains consciousness and memory and is involved with control, planning, and conforming to reality. The third structure, the superego, is the part of the mind that acts as a conscience to the ego, developing moral standards and rules through contact with parents and society.
The Three Laws of Robotics are a set of three rules written by science fiction author Isaac Asimov and later expanded upon. They are: (1) A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm, (2) A robot must obey any orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law, and (3) A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law. These rules are built in to almost all positronic robots appearing in his fiction and cannot be bypassed. The rules are introduced in his 1942 short story "Runaround" although they were foreshadowed in a few earlier stories, including "Robbie" (1940).
How does the movie end?
Commander Adams convinces Dr Morbius that the id monster is of his own creation and that, if he doesn't admit this to himself, the monster will kill everyone, including Alta. As the monster begins burning through the nearly indestructible door of the Krell laboratory where Adams, Alta, and Morbius have taken refuge, Morbius screams 'I deny you...I give you up!' and collapses on the floor. As he lies dying, Morbius tells Adams to throw a switch, then informs him that, in 24 hours, they must be 100 million miles away in space because an irreversible chain reaction will overload the Krell's nuclear reactors and blow up the planet. In the final scene, Alta, the Commander, Robbie, and the remaining crewmen are back aboard their spaceship, heading back to Earth. On the main viewplate, they watch Altair 4 explode. Holding Alta in his arms, Commander Adams assures her that, a million years from now, the human race will have crawled up to where the Krell stood in their great moment of triumph and tragedy and that her father's name will shine once again. 'It will remind us,' he adds, 'that, after all, we are not God.'
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Print Making
Linoleum block printing is made by cutting into linoleum surface with a sharp V-shaped knife chisel tool that comes in different sizes and shapes. Most of the times you draw on the surface and then carve out the negative imprint. When producing type on linoleum, always carve the type in mirror form so that when applied the ink onto paper it is legible.
Chine-collé has many different was that can be executed. The process that I used was to force through a press roller all the paper once cut and layered one on top of the other. There is no glue to adhere all the paper cut-outs. By using paper with natural long fibers, once the papers go through the press many times over the fibers are forced to stick together.
The Japanese Kimono Women composition has 15 layers all on top of one another. The last layer is the layer with the most small cut-outs. The Women are composed together through 10-25 individual paper cut-outs. The Japanese parasol is a linoleum print. There are only four of Chine-collé compositions.


text:
. The origin of the legend is involved in obscurity, and scholars are divided in their views on this point. An Oriental, a Celtic, and a purely Christian origin have been claimed. But the Oriental parallels, like the sun-table of the Ethiopians, the Persian cup of Jamshid, the Hindu paradise, Cridavana, are not very convincing, and Wolfram's statement, that Kyot's source was an Arabic manuscript of Toledo, is open to grave doubt. It is different with the Celtic story. There are undoubtly Celtic elements in the legend as we have it; the Perceval story is probably, and the Arthurian legend certainly, of Celtic origin, and both of these legends intimately connected with the quest story. Talismans, such as magic lances and food-giving vessels figure prominently in Celtic myths and folk-tales. According to this theory the "Mabinogion," with its simple story of vengeance by means of talismans and devoid of religious significance, would yield the version nearest to the original form of the legend. Back of the quest-story would be some pre-Christian tale of a hero seeking to avenge the injury done to a kinsman. The religious element would then be of secondary origin, and would have come into the legend when the old vengeance-tale was fused with the legend of Joseph of Arimathea, which is essentially a legend of the conversion of Britain.
Those who maintain the theory of a purely Christian origin regard the religious element in the story as fundamental and trace the leading motifs to Christian ideas and conceptions. It is derived from the apocryphal Gospel of Nicodemus, which is known to have had a great vogue in the twelfth century, paricularly in Britain. There we read how Joseph, whom the Jews had imprisoned, is miraculously fed by Christ Himself. Additional traits were supplied by the "Vindicta Salvatoris," the legendary account of the destruction of Jerusalem. Furthermore, Joseph was confused with the Jewish historian, Josephus, whose liberation by Titus is narrated by Suetonius. The food-producing properties of the vessel can be explained, without resorting to Celtic parallels, by the association of the Grail with the Sacrament of the Eucharist, which gives spiritual nourishment to the faithful. The purely Christian legend which thus had arisen was brought into contact with the traditional evangelization of Britain, and then developed on British soil, in Wales, and thus the Celtic stamp, which it undeniably bears, is accounted for. In connection with the legendary conversion of Britain it is noteworthy that the literary accounts of this event are connected with the famous Abbey of Glastonbury, which is also intimately associated with the legend of Arthur, Glastonbury being identified in William of Malmesbury's account with the mythic Avalon. So scholars are inclined to connect this British sanctuary with the origin of the Grail romances. Possibly Walter Map, who died as Archdeacon of Oxford in 1210, and to whom is ascribed the authorship of a Grail-Lancelot cycle, got his information from that abbey. The first Grail romances was then probably written in Latin and became the basis for the work of Robert de Boron, who was an English knight under King Henry II, and a contemporary of Chrestien and of Map.
The fully developed Grail legend was later on still further connected with other legends, as in Wolfram's poem with that of Lohengrim, the swan-knight, and also with that of Prester John, the fabled Christian monarch of the East. Here also the story of Klinschor, the magician, was added. After the Renaissance the Grail legend, together with most medieval legends, fell into oblivion, from which it was rescued when the Romantic movement set in at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The most famous modern versions are Tennyson's "Holy Grail" in the "Idylls of the King" (1869), and Wagner's music -drama, the festival-play, "Parsifal," produced for the first time at Bayreuth in 1882.
A word as to the attitude of the Church towards the legend. It would seem that a legend so distinctively Christian would find favour with the Church. Yet this was not the case. Excepting Helinandus, clerical writers do not mention the Grail, and the Church ignored the legend completely. After all, the legend contained the elements of which the Church could not approve. Its sources are in apocryphal, not in canonical, scripture, and the claims of sanctity made for the Grail were refuted by their very extravagance. Moreover, the legend claimed for the Church in Britain an origin well nigh as illustrious as that of the Church of Rome, and independent of Rome. It was thus calculated to encourage and to foster any separatist tendencies that might exist in Britain. As we have seen, the whole tradition concerning the Grail is of late origin and on many points at variance with historical truth.
The "Queste" was edited by Furnivall, "La Queste del Saint Graal" (Roxburghe Club, London, 1864), also the Grand St. Graal under the title "Seynt Graal or the Sank Ryal", etc. (Roxburghe Club, London, 1861-63). The Perlesvaus is in Potvin's edition of Chrestien, I (Mons, 1866); the Didot Perceval in Hucher, "Le Saint Graal" (Le Mans, 1874-78). Robert de Boron's poem was edited by Michel, "Le roman du St. Graal" (Bordeaux, 1841), Malory's "Morte D'Arthur" by Sommer (London, 1889-91), and the Perlesvaus rendered into English by Evans, "The High History of the Holy Grail" (London, 1898). (See W OLFRAM VON E SCHENBACH.)
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The Catholic Encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on Catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. This easy-to-search online version was originally printed in fifteen hardcopy volumes.
Designed to present its readers with the full body of Catholic teaching, the Encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the Church has defined, but also an impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. In the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy, history, apologetics, archaeology, and other sciences are given careful consideration.
No one who is interested in human history, past and present, can ignore the Catholic Church, either as an institution which has been the central figure in the civilized world for nearly two thousand years, decisively affecting its destinies, religious, literary, scientific, social and political, or as an existing power whose influence and activity extend to every part of the globe. In the past century the Church has grown both extensively and intensively among English-speaking peoples. Their living interests demand that they should have the means of informing themselves about this vast institution, which, whether they are Catholics or not, affects their fortunes and their destiny.
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Copyright © Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company New York, NY. Volume 1: 1907; Volume 2: 1907; Volume 3: 1908; Volume 4: 1908; Volume 5: 1909; Volume 6: 1909; Volume 7: 1910; Volume 8: 1910; Volume 9: 1910; Volume 10: 1911; Volume 11: - 1911; Volume 12: - 1911; Volume 13: - 1912; Volume 14: 1912; Volume 15: 1912
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text:
Among medical specialties, some are more prestigious than others. You can generally tell which ones are more prestigious by how well they pay. Surgery and cardiology, for example, rank at the top of the prestige scale. Psychiatry and dermatology are near the bottom.
One can also ask if some diseases are considered more prestigious than others, in the opinion of doctors.
A Norwegian doctor, Dag Album, has been investigating the prestige of both diseases and medical specialties for many years. In one study, he asked a cross-section of physicians and medical students to rank the prestige of 38 specific diseases, as well as specialties. He found that certain diseases consistently ranked at the top (myocardial infarction, leukemia, brain tumors) and others at the bottom (fibromyalgia, anxiety neurosis).
Among medical specialties, neurosurgery and thoracic surgery ranked highest. At the bottom were geriatrics and dermatovenerology (the treatment of skin diseases associated with venereal diseases).
What makes a disease or specialty more prestigious?
One relatively objective way to view the ranking of specialties is to consider their urgency. The aim of primary care physicians, pediatricians, and psychiatrists is to keep their patients healthy. Although some of their patient encounters surely do make the difference between life and death, those are generally the exception. On the other hand, a patient only sees a brain or heart surgeon when his or her life depends on undergoing a successful operation.
Dr. Album draws a similar conclusion from his study. The more highly ranked specialties and diseases involve vital organs. Those ranked lower involve chronic conditions. But he also points out that age and the bodily location of disease contribute to high and low prestige:
Our interpretation of the data is that diseases and specialties associated with technologically sophisticated, immediate and invasive procedures in vital organs located in the upper parts of the body are given high prestige scores, especially where the typical patient is young or middle-aged. At the other end, low prestige scores are given to diseases and specialties associated with chronic conditions located in the lower parts of the body or having no specific bodily location, with less visible treatment procedures, and with elderly patients.
As Vaughan Bell comments on Mind Hacks:
It's interesting that doctors who specialize in working with people who have the least status in society (children, the 'mad', the 'old') also have the least status in medicine.
Status-wise, it's reminiscent of how typically female professions — nurses, school teachers, secretaries — have less prestige and are poorly paid. It's a decision that our particular society makes at this particular time based on what we agree to regard as valuable.
How diseases stack up
Here's the complete list of diseases, ranked from most prestigious to least. Note that 38 is a small number of diseases, so there are conspicuous omissions, such as breast cancer.
Myocardial infarction [heart attack]
Pulmonary embolism [usually a blood clot in main artery of lung]
Extra uterine pregnancy
Meniscus rupture [knee cartilage tear]
Ulcerative colitis [type of inflammatory bowel disease]
Duodenal ulcer [ulcer in upper part of small intestine]
Sciatica [injury or compression of sciatic nerve]
Bechterew's disease [ankylosing spondylitis, spinal arthritis]
Femoral neck fracture [top of the thigh bone]
Inguinal hernia [abdominal protrusion through inguinal canal]
Apoplexy [bleeding of internal organ]
Hepatocirrhosis [cirrhosis of the liver]
Jan Henderson is a historian of medicine who blogs at The Health Culture.
Submit a guest post and be heard.


Fats and Oils Market: Global Industry Trends, Share, Size, Growth, Opportunity and Forecast 2020-2025
 - October 2020 •
 - 144 pages •
 - Report ID: _PHONE_ •
 - Format: PDF
The global fats and oils market grew at a CAGR of around 5% during 2014-2019.
Fats and oil are esters of glycerol with three fatty acids, also known as triacylglycerols, and found naturally in both plants and animals. They form a vital part of a healthy diet as they are a rich source of essential fatty acids (EFAs) that provide energy, insulate organs and transport A, D, E and K vitamins through the blood. Consequently, they are employed in the food and beverages (F&B) industry extensively to enhance the flavor and texture of various food items. Besides this, they are also utilized in the production of animal feed, pharmaceuticals, biodiesel and oleochemicals.
The increasing consumption of processed food products represents one of the key factors impelling the global fats and oils market growth. Apart from this, favorable government policies to support the utilization of biodiesel and minimize the environmental impact of fossil fuels is positively influencing the market growth. Furthermore, the growing preference for oleochemicals over petrochemicals in the production of soaps, paints, detergents, varnishes and lubricants is also contributing to the market growth. At present, due to the spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), there is a rise in the consumption of healthy edible oils and nutritional products, such as extra virgin olive oil, and nut butter and pastes, for boosting the immune system. However, due to lockdowns imposed by governments of numerous countries and temporary shutdowns of various manufacturing units, the production and distribution of these products have been affected, which is negatively impacting the market growth. The market is anticipated to grow again once normalcy is regained. Looking forward, the analyst expects the global fats and oils market to continue its moderate growth during the next five years.
Key Market Segmentation:
the analyst provides an analysis of the key trends in each sub-segment of the global fats and oils market report, along with forecasts for growth at the global, regional and country level from 2020-2025. Our report has categorized the market based on region, type, application, source and sales channel.
Breakup by Type:
Oil Type
Palm Oil
Soybean Oil
Rapeseed Oil
Sunflower Oil
Olive Oil
Fat Type
Shortenings and Margarine
Breakup by Application:
Food Applications
Industrial Applications
Breakup by Source:
Breakup by Sales Channel:
Direct Sales
Supermarkets and Hypermarkets
Retail Stores
Online Stores
Breakup by Region:
North America
United States
Asia Pacific
South Korea
United Kingdom
Latin America
Middle East and Africa
Competitive Landscape:
The report has also analysed the competitive landscape of the market with some of the key players being Ajinomoto Co. Inc., Archer-Daniels-Midland Company, Associated British Foods plc, Bunge Limited, Cargill Incorporated, Conagra Brands Inc., Fuji Oil Holding Inc., Unilever, United Plantations Berhad and Wilmar International Limited.
Key Questions Answered in This Report:
How has the global fats and oils market performed so far and how will it perform in the coming years?
What has been the impact of COVID-19 on the global fats and oils market?
What are the key regional markets?
What is the breakup of the market based on the type?
What is the breakup of the market based on the application?
What is the breakup of the market based on the source?
What is the breakup of the market based on the sales channel?
What are the key driving factors and challenges in the industry?
What is the structure of the global fats and oils market and who are the key players?
What is the degree of competition in the industry?


text:
The Role of Cold and Carbonic Maceration in Wine Production
Cold maceration is skin contact before the beginning of the fermentation process. Some winemakers allow the skins to remain in contact with the must after fermentation is finished. This is known as extended maceration.
Carbonic maceration allows grapes to ferment without intentionally breaking the skins. Must is the mixture of solids and grape juice before fermentation begins. Up to a quarter of the must is skins and other debris, known as pumice. The amount of contact with these solids is one of the major ways a winemaker can craft the wine.
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People's Power Assemblies
The purpose of the Tear Down the Walls National Gathering is to create spaces for cross-movement strategies and networking. We want this to be an action oriented conference that will create substantial progress toward building a stronger, more unified movement for transformational change in the US. To that end we are incorporating six 2 and a 1/2 hour People's Power Assemblies throughout the weekend which are designed to produce cross-movement strategies and at least one [inter]nationally coordinated day of local action that all the groups involved agree to build together.
Topics for People's Power Assemblies
 1. US Imperialism and Anti-Militarism
 2. Drug War and Drug War Prisoners
 3. Immigration and Border Militarization
 4. Economic Justice
 5. Ecology and Empire
 6. Anti-Repression and Prison-Industrial Complex
*We recognize that there is substantial overlap even among these six issues. Capitalism with its need to create mechanisms for criminalization and social control is an even deeper root than these six cross-movement issues.