text:
Lombard law-books were produced and used throughout the long eleventh century, demonstrating their continuing historical and legal significance well beyond the end of the period of Lombard rule (568-774 CE). I proposed to link the developments in the history of the early medieval Lombard laws with scribal practices and book production during the long eleventh century.
I combined methodologies developed in social history and comparative legal history with codicology and palaeography. This project investigated the development of the Liber legis langobardorum, a collection of Lombard, Frankish and Saxon legal texts, in its eight surviving manuscript witnesses. Through examination of the materiality, mise-en-page (the presentation of texts and other items on the page) and the adaptation of the laws throughout the eleventh century, I reconstructed the social contexts and legal understanding of the scribes and readers of the law-books.
Following the codicological and palaeographical analysis of the manuscripts and comparative study of the corpus, the development of the mise-en-page and strategies to facilitate reader access to the laws was expanded through focused case-studies. In the first case study I examined the laws of Liutprand, promulgated in multiple phases during his reign from 712 to 740 CE. The second case-study was be used to analyse the capitularies of Charlemagne relating to Italy included in the Liber legis langobardorum compilation. I evaluated how the jurists throughout the eleventh century employed books and texts to study and redefine the Lombard, Frankish and Saxon laws, and how this influenced the literate, legal cultures of Italy and north-western Europe.


and another set of values when under ZZZ.
It is also possible to mix declaration types. For instance, NTYPE: {-> << [PROPER TIME] | -> $ {common null} means that NTYPE is either a feature structure with the possible attributes PROPER and TIME, or it is one of the constants "common" or "null".
If you declare o:: (the optimality projection) to be _USER_, then XLE will extract a declaration for o:: from OPTIMALITYORDER and GENOPTIMALITYORDER in the grammar config. This means that all optimality marks must be included in one of these lists. Optimality marks that are not in a list are normally interpreted as NEUTRAL, so you can declare missing optimality marks by grouping them with NEUTRAL at the end of the list (e.g. (NEUTRAL Mark1 Mark2)).
In rare cases, you may want to declare the type of a feature without declaring its values. You can declare that a feature only takes constant values by using a meta-variable: ZZZ: -> $ {%any}. You can declare that a feature must be an f-structure by using a meta-variable within square brackets: ZZZ: -> << [%any].
Feature Checking
XLE will warn you if a feature appears in the grammar that doesn't appear in the feature declaration and isn't governable or semantic. You can suppress this warning by entering the feature with no declaration, e.g. XXX. (note the period). This was seen above for SPEC-TYPE. If a feature is declared this way, then XLE will ignore the feature. If you want to find out what values a feature can take in the grammar, give it a dummy declaration such as -> $ {}. This will cause XLE to report all violations involving the feature.
XLE only checks the constraints of the parts of the grammar that it loads. If you want to check the whole grammar, then use create-generator instead of create-parser since the generator has to analyze all of the lexical entries. XLE aborts if a lexicon section has errors in it, so you may have to use create-generator repeatedly after updating the declarations in order to find all of the errors in the grammar. Don't stop until the generator loads sucessfully.
If you want to check for unused feature declarations, type print-unused-feature-declarations (). This will cause XLE to reload all of the lexicon indices for the grammar of the given chart and check for any feature declarations that are never used. If no chart is given, then XLE defaults to $defaultchart. XLE also checks for unused feature declarations whenever create-generator is used if all of the lexicon indices were reloaded.
XLE can also check feature values and some feature co-occurence constraints. These checks are only applied to simple constraints. For instance, XLE can check a constraint like (^ NUM)=dual, but it won't check constraints like (^ NUM) = %VALUE %VALUE=dual or (^ {NUM|PERS})=dual. These sorts of constraints can only be checked after f-structures have been constructed, which XLE doesn't currently do. Eventually, XLE may support other sorts of constraints that can only be checked after f-structures have been constructed. For instance, you might want to assert that if an f-structure has an NTYPE, then it won't have a VTYPE and vice-versa. This could be done using the following constraints:
NTYPE: ~(<- VTYPE)....
VTYPE: ~(<- NTYPE)....
However, this is not currently implemented.
Multiple Feature Declarations
It is possible to have more than one set of feature declarations for a grammar. For instance, a variant grammar may use the standard grammar's feature declarations plus a set of feature declarations just for the variant grammar. The feature declarations are processed in the order that they appear in the grammar's CONFIG section:
If XLE encounters a feature declaration for a feature that already has a declaration, then XLE will print a warning message unless the feature name is preceded by one of the edit operators "&", "+", or "!" (these are related in spirit to the lexicon edit entries, but the notation and interpretation is slightly different). If an edit operator is used in a feature declaration but the feature hasn't already been declared, then XLE will print a warning message. Here are some examples of these edit operators in use:
&CASE: -> $ {nom acc}.
+NUM: -> $ {dual}.
!PERS: -> $ {first second third}.
The "&" operator conjoins the given feature declaration with the prior feature declarations for this feature. This is useful when you want to eliminate some feature values from a standard feature declaration without eliminating the feature declaration check. For instance, suppose that the standard feature declaration had:
CASE: -> $ {nom acc gen dat}.
It is possible to remove the dat value by giving a new feature declaration with the "&" operator:
&CASE: -> $ {nom acc gen}.
The effective result of combining these feature declarations is:
CASE: -> $ {nom acc gen dat} -> $ {nom acc gen}.
The "&" operator can be used to remove feature values but not to add them. If you try to add new feature values using something like:
&CASE: -> $ {nom acc obl}.
then the obl value will be disallowed by the first feature declaration since both feature declarations are checked. Thus, the original feature declaration is still in force.
The "+" operator disjoins the given feature declaration with the prior feature declarations for this feature. This is useful when you want to add some feature values to a standard feature declaration without copying the whole feature declaration. For instance, the following feature declaration would add the obl value to the standard feature declaration:
+CASE: -> $ {obl}.
The effective result of combining this with the original feature declaration is:
CASE: { -> $ {nom acc gen dat} | -> $ {obl} }.
which can be rewritten as:
CASE: -> $ { nom acc gen dat obl }.
The "!" operator replaces the prior feature declarations with the given feature declaration. This is useful when the new feature declaration has little to do with the existing feature declaration. Here are some examples:
!CASE: -> $ {nom acc obl}.
!CASE: -> $ {}.
The second example shows how you can effectively delete a feature declaration from the prior feature declaration set.
These edit operators also allow parallel grammars to share a common set of feature declarations while still letting each grammar make minor changes to the feature declarations. Any changes to the common set of feature declarations will be marked by an edit operator, which will make it easier to keep track of the changes. For best results, you should use the "&" and "+" operators whenever possible, and only use the "!" operator when there is no other way to describe the change.
If you want to see the effective feature declarations for a grammar, the Tcl command "print-feature-declarations" will print the feature declarations with the edit operations already taken into account. This is useful if you want to compare the feature declarations between two grammars, or if you want to verify that the edit operations did what you intended.
Two aspects of XLE morphological processing are described below: the MORPHOLOGY section, and text-specified transducers. The MORPHOLOGY section describes the transducers used for parsing and generating the morphology. It begins with "XXX YYY MORPHOLOGY (1.0)", and ends with "----". When used for parsing, the morphology section specifies the sequence of transducers to be applied to an input string to obtain the lexical items assumed to make up that string. If no MORPHOLOGY section is given, then XLE uses the a default tokenizer that tokenizes at spaces.
The next section describes the format of the MORPHOLOGY section, as used in both parsing and generation.
Text-specified transducers are simple specifications of morphological analyzers, placed in text files and referenceable from the MORPHOLOGY section, for purposes of adding-to or overriding the analyses of a primary morphological transducer. They are described further on.
MORPHOLOGY Section Format
First we discuss the structure of the MORPHOLOGY section if it is used only for parsing and then we discuss modifications needed if it is also used for generation.
The body of the MORPHOLOGY section consists of a collection of subsections. Each subsection begins with a line containing the subsection label, which must end with a ':' character, followed by one or more specification lines, followed by a blank line. An example of a MORPHOLOGY section containing all possible subsections would be:
BUILD rebuildtokenizers
whitespace-normalizer-filename tokenizing-transducer-filename
_TAG_ first analysis
_TAG_ alternative analysis
lower-caser-filename primary-analyzer-filename
_TAG_ normalization
_TAG_-word processing
Tag = +Prefer
Tag = +Prefer
The sections may appear in any order, and all but the TOKENIZE section are optional, but only one section of each type is accepted. The filenames specified may be full path names, simple names, or relative names such as../xxx, subdir/xxx. Simple names and relative names are assumed relative to the directory containing the root grammar file (N.B. not the file that contains the MORPHOLOGY section). If there is a REFS entry under ACCESS:, then simple names and relative names are assumed relative to the directory given there. Lines that begin with the character # are comment lines, and can occur anywhere.
The functions of the individual section types are as follows.
ACCESS. This is followed by a REFS


text:
Gaston, K.J. 2020. Personalised ecology and detection functions. People and Nature [online early].
1. Direct interactions with nature are important for people's health, well-being and support for pro-nature policies. There is an urgent need better to understand the structure and dynamics of these interactions, and how they differ among individual people, human populations and the communities to which they belong.
2. The determinants of these interactions have two components. First are the factors that influence whether someone undertakes actions that may lead to interactions with nature (e.g. looking through a window, going for a walk, travelling to the countryside). These factors have attracted significant attention. Second are the factors that influence what nature interactions are obtained when someone is present in a situation in which these could occur. These have received little explicit attention.
3. One way of formalizing understanding, and identifying gaps in knowledge, of the second group of factors is to consider human–nature interactions in terms of detection functions. Rather than using such functions for the estimation of species abundances, the purpose for which they were originally developed, they can be reorganized as descriptors of influences on people's nature interactions.
4. This paper considers how the different variables contained within detection functions influence human–nature interactions, and in particular how the number of nature interactions a person has in a given place and time is shaped both by clearly 'nature'-associated variables, such as the number of organisms present, and also by variables that are strongly influenced by characteristics of the observer, such as how they use or explore an area and their personal nature detection abilities.
5. Many issues explored in the context of human–nature interactions are then seen to concern these component variables of detection functions, and approaches to improving the frequency of interactions seen, in effect, to be targeted at affecting change in different ones of these variables.
- Bottom-up mapping of climate zones
- Extending the parasitic day

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Dog agility is a dog sport in which a handler directs a dog through an obstacle course in a race for both time and accuracy. Dogs run off-leash with no food or toys as incentives, and the handler can touch neither dog nor obstacles.
Consequently the handler's controls are limited to voice, movement, and various body signals, requiring exceptional training of the animal and coordination of the handler.
In its simplest form, an agility course consists of a set of standard obstacles laid out by a judge in a design of his or her own choosing in an area of a specified size. The surface may be of grass, dirt, or rubber. Depending on the type of competition, the obstacles may be marked with numbers indicating the order in which they must be completed.
Courses are complicated enough that a dog could not complete them correctly without human direction. In competition, the handler must assess the course, decide on handling strategies, and direct the dog through the course, with precision and speed equally important. Many strategies exist to compensate for the inherent difference in human and dog speeds and the strengths and weaknesses of the various dogs and handlers.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Can Jurors Ask Questions During Trials?
Juror announcing decision
moodboard/Brand X Pictures/Getty Images
The trend of jurors asking questions while a trial is going on is becoming more popular in courtrooms across the country. There are some states that now require it by law, including Arizona, Colorado, and Indiana.
Many times highly technical testimony may alienate the average juror to the point where they stop paying attention and begin faking that they understand what is being said. Due to this, lawyers have become more reluctant to take cases where they risk verdicts that are derived from uninformed and bored jurors who do not understand the applicable laws.
Case studies of trials that have been reviewed have shown that when jurors could ask questions during the trial, there were fewer incidents of verdicts that lacked a sound understanding of the evidence that was presented.
CEATS Inc. v. Continental Airlines
Experimentation has been done to gauge the effectiveness of permitting jurors to ask questions during trial. An example was in the "CEATS Inc. v. Continental Airlines" trial.
Chief Judge Leonard Davis asked jurors to write down questions that they had after each witness testified. Out of earshot of the jury, the lawyers and judge then reviewed each question, which did not identify which jury member asked it.
The judge, with attorney input, selected the questions to ask and informed the jurors that the selected questions were decided by him, not the lawyers, to avoid a juror getting insulted or holding a grudge because their question was not selected.
The attorneys could then expound on the questions, but were specifically asked not to include the jurors' questions during their closing arguments.
One of the major concerns of allowing jurors to ask questions was the amount of time it would take to review, select, and answer the questions. According to Alison K. Bennett, MS, in the article "Eastern District of Texas Experiments with Jurors' Questions During Trial," Judge Davis said that the additional time added about 15 minutes to the testimony of each witness.
He also said that the jurors appeared more engaged and invested in the proceedings and that the questions asked showed a level of sophistication and understanding from the jury that was encouraging.
The Pros of Allowing Jurors to Ask Questions
Most jurors want to render a fair verdict based on their understanding of the testimony. If jurors are unable to obtain all the information that they need to make that decision, they may become frustrated with the process and ignore the evidence and testimony that they could not decipher. By becoming active participants in the courtroom, jurors get a more in-depth understanding of courtroom procedures, are less likely to misunderstand the facts of a case and develop a clearer perspective on which laws apply or do not apply to the case.
Jurors' questions can also help lawyers get a feel for what they are thinking and can influence how lawyers continue to present their cases. It is also a good tool to reference when preparing for future cases.
The Cons of Allowing Jurors to Ask Questions
The risks of allowing a jury to ask questions can mostly be controlled by how the procedure is handled, although there are still other problems that may arise. They include:
 - A juror who wants to display their superior understanding of the case or one that talks too much could become taxing and annoying to other jurors as well as add unnecessary time to the trial proceedings. It also puts lawyers and judges at risk if they display signs of fatigue or annoyance with trying to control someone with these characteristics. The fallout could result in the juror feeling alienated and resentful which could have a harmful effect on jury deliberations.
 - A question could be asked that jurors feel essential, but in reality, has little legal significance to the outcome of the trial. Such a question could end up carrying too much weight when jurors begin their deliberations.
 - There is also a risk that the questions not asked by a jury could imply that they do not understand the evidence being presented or realize the significance of the evidence presented. Alternatively, it may mean that they do not have additional questions because they completely understand what has been presented. This could put lawyers at a disadvantage. If the jury does not understand the evidence enough to ask questions, a lawyer may change their strategy and spend more time with testimony that helps explain the evidence. However, if the jury does have a full understanding of the evidence, additional time spent on the same information could be viewed as repetitive and boring and the lawyer risks being audibly muted by jurors.
 - The risk of a witness answering a juror's question that has been rendered inadmissible.
 - Jurors may take the position of being an adversary of a witness rather than being interested in all of the facts of the case.
 - Jurors may rate the importance of testimony if a judge does not elect to ask a witness a juror's question. They may feel it is not an important testimony because it was not worthy of additional time spent to review it.
 - A question may be allowed by a judge by mistake and become the reason the verdict is later appealed.
 - Lawyers fear losing control over their case and trial strategy, especially if a question is asked by a juror that lawyers have purposely avoided mentioning during a trial. There is a concern that jurors with questions may decide on their verdict too early.
Procedure Determines Success of Jury Questions
Most of the problems that could develop from jurors asking questions can be controlled by a strong judge, through careful review of the questions and through using a proactive process through which jurors can submit questions.
If the judge is reading the questions, and not the jurors, a garrulous juror can then be controlled.
Questions that do not have significant importance to the overall outcome of the trial can be skipped.
Questions that appear to appear bias or are argumentative can be reworded or discarded. However, it does give the judge an opportunity to review the importance of jurors remaining impartial until the trial is over.
Cases Studies of Jurors Asking Questions
Professor Nancy Marder, director of IIT Chicago-Kent's Jury Center and author of the book "The Jury Process," researched the effectiveness of juror questions and determined that the justice is fully served when a jury is informed and understands all the mechanisms that go into their role as juror, including testimony given, evidence shown and how laws should or should not be applied.
She goes on to emphasize that judges and lawyers can benefit by taking a more "jury-centric" approach to court proceedings, which means considering questions that jurors may have through the juror's perspective rather through their own. By doing so will improve the performance of the jury as a whole.
It can also enable a jury to remain present and focused on what is going on, rather than have them obsess on an unanswered question. Unanswered questions could promote a feeling of apathy towards the remainder of the trial if they fear that they have failed to understand important testimony.
Understanding the Dynamics of a Jury
In Marder's article, "Answering Jurors' Questions: Next Steps in Illinois," she looks at the pros and cons of several examples of what can happen when jurors are permitted or legally bound to ask questions, and one major point that she mentions is in regards to the dynamics that occur among a jury.
She discusses how within groups of jurors there is a tendency for those who failed to understand testimony to look to other jurors who they deem as being better informed. That person ultimately becomes an authority figure in the room. Often their opinions carry more weight and will have more influence over what the jurors decide.
When jurors' questions are answered, it helps create an environment of equality and each juror can participate and contribute to the deliberations rather than being dictated to by those who appear to have all the answers. If debate does arise, all jurors can inject their knowledge into the discussion without feeling uninformed. By doing this, jurors are more likely to vote independently, rather than to be overly influenced by a single juror. According to Marder's research, the positive results of jurors moving out of passive roles of observers to active roles that allow them to ask questions have far outweighed the more negative concerns of lawyers and judges.
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Montaldo, Charles. "Can Jurors Ask Questions During Trials?" ThoughtCo, Feb. 16, 2021, Montaldo, Charles. (2021, February 16). Can Jurors Ask Questions During Trials? Retrieved from Montaldo, Charles. "Can Jurors Ask Questions During Trials?" ThoughtCo. (accessed July 27, 2021).


Endangered Dragonfly Could Be Saved by Lower Speed Limits
Adult male Hine's emerald dragonfly
Adult male Hine's emerald dragonfly
Slow down, drivers. You could save America's rarest dragonfly.
Furness, a conservation biologist working with USD professor Daniel Soluk, mounted GoPro cameras on a pickup truck and drove the Door County roads in 2012 and 2013, varying her speed from 15 mph to 55 mph in increments of 10 mph. The cameras picked up each dragonfly's position before impact. Every time Furness hit a dragonfly, she tried to collect the carcass and verify the kill (a screen kept the insects out of the truck grill.)
A dragonfly speed limit is not as far-fetched as it sounds, especially because it would be in place for only part of the year. Adult Hine's emeralds emerge in June and die off by August.
"It may be easier to say we only need to do it during flight season, and during the day, but we need to make sure people are actually doing it, just like any speed limit," Furness said.
Conservationists have already used speed limits and warning signs to protect other endangered species threatened by road crossings, such as Florida's panthers and Key deer, and Hawaii's n?n? birds. The populations of these three species are so low that deaths by car pose a serious hazard to their numbers.
This article originally published at LiveScience here
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Chapter 36 Reporting Abuse and Neglect
CONCLUSION……….. 36:3
In recent years, there has been an increased emphasis in Nevada on addressing the crimes of abuse and neglect. The emphasis has expanded beyond just children to elder persons and those with a mental or psychological disability. One step in the expanded program is the requirement for certain persons to report occurrences of abuse or neglect. Physicians have both a legal duty to report known or suspected cases of abuse. The criminal penalties for abuse and neglect are severe, and the penalties for failing to report cases of abuse have, to some extent, followed suit. The chapter briefly outlines the statutory guidelines for reporting abuse and highlights the possible penalties for failure to report abuse.
NRS 200.508 makes it a crime, punishable as a misdemeanor or felony, to abuse or neglect, or to allow someone else to abuse or neglect, a child. The language of the statute makes clear that the term allow includes doing nothing to prevent or stop the abuse or neglect. NRS 200.508(3)(b). Though not designed specifically to apply to those who have an obligation to report abuse, this language could arguably apply to those individuals who fail to report abuse, especially the face of overwhelming evidence of its existence.
With regard to physicians, hospital staff and administrators, and other health care professionals, there are numerous statutes that more clearly require the reporting of cases of abuse or neglect. Although they deal with different classes of injured persons, such as children, elderly persons, or the mentally handicapped, the requirements are generally the same. Under NRS _PHONE_, physicians, hospital personnel, and other health are providers, who, in their professional or occupational capacities, know or have reason to believe that an older person is being or has been abused, neglected, must report the abuse to either the local office of the aging services division of the Department of Human Resources, the sheriffs office, or protective services. NRS _PHONE_. The responsibility carries over into those instances where the elder person dies as a result of the abuse or neglect. NRS _PHONE_(4).
Similar language exists with regard to children, under NRS 432B.220. The requirement that health care professionals report cases of child abuse or neglect is clearly defined. NRS 432B.220. If a physician chooses to hold a potentially abused child for observation, or to prevent further abuse, the physician may only do so for 24 hours, and must report his or her actions immediately to the appropriate law enforcement agency or protective services agency. NRS 432B.400.
With regard to mentally handicapped patients or clients, the reporting requirements are essentially the same. Any employee of the division, or any other person who has reason to believe that a client has been or is being abused or neglected and fails to report it is guilty of a misdemeanor. NRS 433B.340. This law applies to minor patients as well as adults. NRS 433.554.
Nevada law obligates physicians to report certain conditions that are indicative of violent crimes. For example, providers of health care must report any person treated for certain burns, to include 2nd and 3rd degree burns over 5% or more of the body. NRS 629.045. While not always directly related to abuse or neglect, such injuries may be one of many factors eventually pointing to a finding of abuse. Physicians and other healthcare providers must also report all treatment for non-accidental shootings and stabbings. NRS 620.041.
NRS 432B.230 specifies the manner in which a physician or other person may report the known or suspected abuse of a child. Although there are not similar statutes for other classes of persons, presumably the same options and requirements would exist. Under 432B.230, a report may be made verbally, by telephone or otherwise. NRS 432B.230(1). If available, certain information must be contained in the report, including:
 1. The name, address, age, and sex of the child;
 2. The name and address of the childs parents or other responsible persons;
The nature and extent of the abuse or neglect;
 1. Evidence of previously known or suspected abuse or neglect of the child or a sibling;
 2. The name, address and relationship of the person suspected of abusing the child;
 3. Any other information, known by the reporter, and considered necessary by the protective services agency.
NRS 432B.230(2).
Reports should be filed as soon as there is sufficient evidence to support a suspicion of abuse, even if the physician cannot provide all the above information.
There are criminal penalties for failing to report abuse or neglect. A physicians liability is not limited to civil penalties if he or she fails to do their duty. Under NRS 432B.240, any person who knowingly and wilfully violates the provisions of Chapter 432, specifically NRS 432B.220, is guilty of a misdemeanor. Note that the language used suggests intentional acts, not acts of negligence. Physicians should carefully consider both the legal consequences of failing to report, and more important, the potential for further abuse for the victim if the physician fails to report the abuse.
Physicians are in an unique position to identify abuse because of their relationship with a patient. Thus, the law places a burden upon them to report such abuse and imposes penalties for failure to report. Physicians should become familiar with the reporting requirements and ensure that they comply with them.


text:
Snowy egrets fly through the pink sky as the sun sets. They land on one of two small islands in the middle of a 7.3-acre lake at The Oaks Club. Their white plumage contrasts with the green leaves of the non-native Brazilian pepper trees.
The eastern and western islands on the lake within The Oaks are home to more than 1,600 birds, which makes the islands the largest rookery in Sarasota County. The islands create an ideal habitat because they are surrounded by water, which makes it almost impossible for predators to access the islands.
These islands have also become a dividing line between Oaks residents. Some residents love the birds, while others complain about the stench and the potential health hazard the proximity of the rookery may cause. For two years, The Oaks Club has been debating with community members about whether to cut down the invasive pepper trees.
The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission issued the Board of Governors of The Oaks Club a migratory bird-nest removal permit Jan. 14, to begin the removal of the trees on the eastern island. It also sent a letter suggesting the club remove the trees in phases.
Various bird-advocate groups, such as Save Our Seabirds, the Sierra Club, and The Audubon Societies of Sarasota, Venice and Florida, sent a letter to the board of governors suggesting it remove 30% of the trees at a time. This would give the birds an opportunity to live elsewhere while new native plants and trees are planted.
"This will be entirely up to them, we are just asking them to have some goodwill about it," said Audubon Society of Florida President Ann Paul.
The Oaks Club chose to cut down 90% of the trees on the eastern island all at once, because of the way pepper trees spread so rapidly. The western island will remain untouched, for now.
"We don't believe removing 30% of the trees at a time is a solution because Brazilian peppers are very aggressive," said Board of Governors President Carl Koch. "We can only do remediation once a year because of the nesting birds, and, then, we would not be able to do significant planting of native Florida plants."
Monday, Jan. 21 ECo Consultants Inc., an environmental consulting firm, began to cut down the pepper trees on the eastern island. The Oaks was only able to begin removal after ensuring there were no active nests in the trees, which means they contain no eggs or baby birds. It is illegal to remove nests that may have eggs or fledglings.
It will take The Oaks Club two weeks to complete the project.
Don Adkins, of ECo Consultants Inc., volunteer residents and the Audubon Society have been monitoring bird activity at The Oaks for two years.
The islands are home to a large variety of birds, including four species of special concern (see sidebar) that have a small or declining population in the state.
Beverly Meadows moved to her current home, which sits right next to the islands, so she could enjoy the birds.
"The Oaks prides themselves in the wildlife they have, yet, they choose to get rid of these birds," Meadows said. "When the trees are removed, the birds will disperse and those who love them lose them and won't have them as part of their lives."
Meadows said she tried contacting the board of governors and that no one responded to her phone calls or emails. She started an email campaign, and she and other neighbors protested the removal of the nests. The group picketed outside of The Oaks Club on U.S. 41.
Dr. Jürgen Ladendorf and his wife, Cecily Shar-Whitehill, also enjoy the birds. They both said they were horrified when they heard the rookery was going to be altered. They are skeptical the new native plants will support a bird population.
"If (the eastern island) is destroyed, the board expects the birds to go to the larger western island," Ladendorf said, "which will than get overpopulated, and, then, they (The Oaks) will go after the second island."
The Oaks Club plans to see how the removal of the trees on the eastern island goes before reapplying for a permit to remove the pepper trees on the western island.
"Our long-term objective is to do that, but we want to know how the first island goes, that way we have information if we want to do anymore adjustments," said Koch. "We would want to eliminate the pepper trees and have two natural islands, with native Florida plants to support a nesting bird population."
Not all neighbors feel the same way about having the largest bird rookery in Sarasota County sitting 20 yards from their back doors. Page Halpin, who lives next to the lake, had to resurface her deck because of the birds.
"We went to Vermont for the summer for two weeks," said Halpin. "When we came back, our pool cage looked like a bomb had gone off. The birds came and took refuge over here; there was poop everywhere. I had to spend hundreds and hundreds of dollars having the pool cage pressure cleaned and spend about $4,000 on a new deck."
Bill Troutman, a nearby neighbor, worries about his health and the health of his grandchildren.
"It's not just the feces, (bird disease) also comes from the dandruff of the feathers," Troutman said. "They are flying, and that becomes airborne, and these diseases, they can affect anything, but the most common is the lungs because we breathe in that air."
Troutman is awaiting a double-lung transplant and uses a regulator tank to help him breathe. He says the smell coming from the rookery prevents him from sitting outside and enjoying his patio.
"The folks at Tampa General told me that pets are an issue once I have the transplant; they said you have to stay away from them and don't have birds," Troutman said. "And if you do have a bird, don't get anywhere near the bird cage. Well, I live in a bird cage."
Both Halpin and Troutman say they have had pepper trees sprout up on their lawn from seeds that the wind carried over from the islands. They also said the bird population has increased in the last three years because The Oaks has not maintained the rapid growth of the pepper trees.
"We don't want all the birds to be gone, we just want the population to be reduced," Halpin said.
Once the rookery is cut down, the birds are expected to make new homes in new locations.
"Those birds are using that island as a safe habitat, which there aren't many around the county," said Florida Costal Islands Sanctuary Manager Mark Rachal. "The birds will search for a new location, which means they may leave the county all together."
Species of Special Concern
Birds that have a small or declining population
Snowy egrets were once hunted for their plumage. Ladies used the feathers for their hats, and by the beginning of the 20th century, an ounce of snowy egret feather was worth more than an ounce of gold. To this day, the birds are still repopulating after being hunted to near extinction. In 1918, the U.S. passed the Federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act, which protects them to this day.
Little Blue Heron
The little blue heron is a species of special concern because of its dependence on the wetlands. The population declined from 20,000 in 1976 to 1978 down to 17,000 by 1989. Their threats are not understood but may include coastal development; environmental issues; degrading of feeding habitat; disturbance at foraging and breeding sites; and exposure to pesticides and toxins.
The tri-colored heron, formerly known as the Louisiana heron, has declined due to habitat loss.
The white ibis has declined due to loss and degradation of wetlands and human development in coastal areas and freshwater foraging areas. Surveys show that the white ibis has declined by half from mid-1970s levels, including an 80% drop in south Florida.
Currently 1 Response
- I was born and raised in sarasota, and have seen this community gone from being a beautiful,inviting place everyone wanted to vist; to a place just as this article states. Seasonal, people need to remember you moved here you aren't from here, STOP, moving here didn't grant you any privileges to kill our wild life. I'm sorry the man has to have a transplant, but you moved to Sarasota, Florida for the weather, and everything it has to offer, nature is everywhere. The lady who cleaned her house, MOVE. You, chose that house because it is beautiful, with a view, now you want to be horrible. RESPECT our community, or stay in Vermont.
19 Voice Aerobics with Mary Spremulli, MA, CCC-SLP
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Temple Emanuâ€"El Religious School donated its tzedakah â€" which means charity of righteousness in Hebrew â€" for the 2012-13 school year.
Sarasota Christian School sent four teams â€" the most in Florida â€" to the Odyssey of the Mind's World Finals May 23 to May 25, at Michigan State University.
The Board of Directors of Leadership Florida, the president of the


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Open the bib record that you want to attach the item records to.
- Click on the Summary tab.
- Click on Attach New Item.
- Select Multiple Items.
- Set Volume Caption.
- Enter first volume, then enter last volume.
- Click in the Location field and type and enter the appropriate location.
- Click in the # of Copies field and enter 1.
- Select a sheet of barcodes
- Verify that you have a sufficient number of barcodes for your task.
- Enter first barcode in sequence in the Beginning Barcode field.
- Click Yes when prompted by the dialog box to confirm the creation of the item records.
- Click Next through the various prompts.
- Click on Summary tab.
- Click Save All.
- Click on the Close button to close the bib record.
- Select None and Click OK.
Do not print labels.


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First recorded during the canonisation of Saint Lawrence Justinian under Pope Leo X (_PHONE_), the Devil's Advocate (Advocatus Diaboli) used to be an official position within the Roman Catholic Church, whose job was to uncover character flaws, misrepresentation of evidence or fraudulent behaviour.
During the canonisation process, the Promoter of the Faith (Promotor Fidei), better known as the Devil's advocate (Advocatus Diaboli), was a lawyer appointed by Church authorities to to take a sceptical view of the proposed candidate. Meanwhile, an opposing case would be made by the Promoter of the Cause, also known as God's advocate (Advocatus Dei), who would argue in favour of canonisation.
These specific positions of office are now obsolete and both functions are now performed by the Promoter of Justice (Promotor Justitiae) but, where the candidate might prove controversial, informal testimony may still be sought from those opposed to the canonisation.
However, the Devil's Advocate has now entered into common parlance and is used to refer to someone who takes a contrary position in an argument or discussion, in order to encourage further consideration and debate about the topic's potential ramifications.


SupaLite Tiled Roof System
living spaces
What is the Difference Between a Conservatory and an Orangery?
difference between a conservatory and an orangery
A question we hear a lot is, "What is the difference between an orangery and a conservatory?".
At a glance, modern orangeries and conservatories don't seem that different. Their visual similarities can make the task of identifying what roof conversion or extension style you want confusing.
We're going to make things more straightforward. Here is a concise history and description of orangeries and conservatories and what makes them different.
What is an Orangery?
what is an orangery
Classic Orangeries
Both orangeries and conservatories date from around the 17th to the 19th century. Orangeries got their name from their original purpose – to provide shelter for citrus trees during the harsh winter months.
A typical staple of homes on affluent estates, orangeries were a sign of wealth and were often stand-alone structures made from both solid materials such as brick and glass.
Notable examples include the large orangeries at Kensington Palace and Kew Royal Botanical Gardens.
Both of these orangeries were intended to house exotic fruit but were also entertaining spaces – a function they serve to this day.
Modern Orangeries
Most domestic orangeries don't mimic the grandiosity of Kensington Palace, but the mixture of brick and glass make them attractive pieces of architecture.
While modern orangeries will retain most of the original features of a classic orangery, they're likely to be smaller in size and used as a room or home extension instead of a tree shelter zone.
They blend into contemporary and classic styles, and with the correct roof choice, they'll look more like an extension than a conservatory because of their brick structure.
What is a Conservatory?
what is a conservatory
Classic Conservatories
Conservatories were first built to protect plants and shrubs, and similar to orangeries also became to be associated with the wealthy.
The Palm House at Kew Gardens and the iconic Crystal Palace are Georgian and Victorian examples of conservatory-style structures.
Constructed from glass and iron, old-style conservatories were susceptible to rust and fluctuating temperatures, and they fell out of fashion by World War II.
Modern Conservatories
With advancements in building materials, conservatories became popular for homeowners as extension-style rooms around forty years ago.
Companies offered full design, installation and warranties. The materials were cheap too (polycarbonate and glass or plastic), which made them appealing for homeowners that wanted to add an extension to their home or garden.
Technological advances in flooring, blinds and roofing mean that homeowners have more options available when trying to regulate the temperature in the room, making the rooms accessible at all times of the year.
What is the Technical Difference Between a Conservatory and an Orangery?
technical differences between conservatory and orangery
The main difference in conservatories and orangeries comes in the glass-to-other-materials ratio in the structure.
For example, if your structure contains less than 75% glass in the roof structure and less than 50% glass in the wall structure, you have an orangery.
If your structure contains more than 75% glass in the roof structure and less than 50% glass in the wall structure, you have a conservatory.
What Are the Other Differences Between a Conservatory and an Orangery?
other differences between conservatory and orangery
You can use percentages as a guideline, but they're difficult to quantify. And when it comes to the details behind what defines a building as a conservatory or as an orangery, there aren't any specific rules.
You could use the shape as an indicator; orangeries are more likely to be rectangular or square. Conservatories can be rectangular or square, but there are other shapes such as P, L and T-Shaped conservatories.
The bottom line is that they're very similar, and with the various styles and home improvement options available today, the names are becoming more interchangeable.
An orangery has more brickwork than a conservatory and is a hybrid between a traditional conservatory and a reliable extension.
Orangeries often have flat roofs with a raised roof lantern. However, there are other options on the market, such as a pitched tiled orangery roof.
Conservatories are mainly made from glass or polycarbonate, are attached to the main house, and usually have a pitched roof.
Are Orangeries Warmer Than Conservatories?
are orangeries warmer than conservatories
While orangeries contain more brick than conservatories, it's often a marginal amount. Both structures will suffer from the poor insulation qualities of glass, so they'll usually be hot in the summer and cold in the winter.
Orangeries may be slightly warmer than conservatories, but it won't make it inhabitable in the winter months unless you'll need another heat circulating method.
Can You Turn a Conservatory into An Orangery?
can you turn a conservatory into an orangery
While it is possible to convert a conservatory into an orangery, it isn't an easy job and may require building regulations and planning permission.
You would probably have to rebuild the structure anyway, so you'd be starting from scratch after dismantling your conservatory.
A cheaper, quicker and more straightforward option would be to install a roof on your conservatory.
A roof will give the impression of an extension and will help to regulate the temperature in the room. You'll also be able to use the room all year round.
You need to ask yourself where you think you should invest your money and what you want the room to do.
SupaLite Conservatory & Orangery Roofs
If you make the smart choice to replace your original glass or polycarbonate conservatory roof with a tiled replacement roof from SupaLite, you no longer have a conservatory, but an extension.
You also have the option to add roof lanterns (traditionally seen on orangeries) or vents to your replacement tiled roof.
You can see how our various options allow you to create your own ideal conservatory/orangery/extension hybrid and make the names more interchangeable.
Whatever style you currently have or want to build, choosing a SupaLite Roof will ensure you have a comfortable, energy-efficient and robust living space, suitable for enjoying all year round.
If you are unsure of which SupaLite roof you should choose, don't hesitate to get in touch with our friendly team on 01772828060.
Speak to the experts 01772 828060


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Eunuchs are men who have had their testicles removed in order to make them more efficient servants or soldiers, as they are not distracted by lust or sexual matters. The practice is considered cruel in Westeros, where eunuchs are mistrusted; men are typically only castrated or gelded in the Seven Kingdoms as punishment for serious crimes such as rape. It may also be employed as a means of physical or psychological torture. However, it is considered acceptable in many parts of Essos, as part of the vibrant slave trade which exists in many areas. Slave-eunuchs are a common sight in Essos, and the famous warrior-eunuchs produced in Slaver's Bay known as the Unsullied are among the most disciplined soldiers in the known world.
- Note: When a male has his testicles removed, the term is "castration". When a male has his testicles and also the shaft of his penis removed, the term is "emasculation". Colloquially, however, both practices tend to be referred to as castration.
In the series
Grand Maester Pycelle expresses distrust of and disgust with Varys, and is annoyed that a eunuch is serving on the king's small council. When discussing the death of Jon Arryn, Pycelle suggests that poison is a weapon typically used by women - and also eunuchs. He then bluntly notes that Varys is a eunuch, trying to throw suspicion on him.
Daenerys Targaryen travels to the slaver city of Astapor to buy an army of Unsullied, slave soldiers who have been turned into eunuchs to improve discipline. Lacking male organs, they do not take part in rapes.
Theon Greyjoy is castrated by his sadistic captor Ramsay Snow, who had heard rumors about Theon being well endowed. Ramsay then sends his severed genitals to Theon's father. When Balon receives the box, he is disgusted and gives Theon up for dead, stating that his son is not a man anymore, and is no longer important to him because he cannot further the Greyjoy line.
- Varys, the Master of Whisperers on the small council in King's Landing, emasculated by a sorcerer during his childhood.
- The Unsullied - warrior-eunuchs and slave-soldiers from Slaver's Bay. Castrated at the age of five by the Good Masters of Astapor at the beginning of their brutal training regime.
- Theon Greyjoy, emasculated by Ramsay Snow while being tortured for over a year in the dungeons of The Dreadfort.
- "Why is it no one trusts the eunuch?"
- "When people talk about phantom limbs, an amputee might have an itch where his foot used to be. So I've always wondered, do eunuchs have a phantom cock? Next time you think about naked girls, will you feel an itch?"
- ―Ramsay Bolton to Theon
- "I have been to Essos and seen the Unsullied firsthand. They are very impressive on the battlefield. Less so in the bedroom."
- ―Oberyn Martell
- "He's the toughest man with no balls I've ever met."
- ―Daario states his opinion of Grey Worm.
- "Even heard you have no cock. Explains why you think a woman can be queen."
- ―Euron Greyjoy mocks his nephew Theon.
In the books
In the A Song of Ice and Fire novels, different regions are known to make eunuchs in different ways. Some only remove the testicles but leave the shaft of the penis intact, while others remove all external genitalia, both the penis and testicles. The slaver-city of Yunkai, for example, is known to make eunuchs by removing only a slave's testicles, but the slave-masters of Astapor make eunuchs by removing everything, penis and testes, such as when they make the Unsullied. A eunuch with only the testicles removed but not the penis will still lose the will to partake of sexual activity, but other slave-masters like to be sure by removing the penis as well.
In real life, if an adult man has his testicles removed, he can still achieve an erection. If a boy has his testicles removed before puberty, however, it is difficult to impossible for them to achieve an erection with the remaining shaft of the penis - due to the lack of hormones during the puberty years that would normally be supplied by the testicles. This is a moot point for the Unsullied: both their testicles and penis shaft are removed when they are no more than five years old. Kraznys actually explains within the novels that eunuchs can sometimes achieve an erection if they only have their testicles removed, so this is why the Astapori cut off all of the Unsullied's genitals, just to be sure.
Rebellion · Regicide · Treason · Violation of guest right


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Geographic Information Systems are changing all over the world. In the past GIS was often used by a small group of specialists whose job was to solve complex geospatial questions. Today, GIS is becoming more part of business processes, and the consequence of this change is that there are many more users with much higher requirements regarding the availability of GIS services. This column describes the path from a workgroup to an enterprise GIS.
There are some elementary differences between these two types of GIS. The first difference is that in an enterprise GIS, every decision has to be aligned to the strategy of the company. Moreover, it is not enough to have a small project area without precise business requirements, for the enterprise needs solutions that fit for the whole company and are connected to business processes.
The GIS department changes from a service consumer to a service provider. So you see, service oriented in the title of this article doesn't just mean service-oriented architecture (SOA), it also means the internal structure of the GIS department. There are very often business critical processes that use GIS components, so the GIS resources will also have to change.
The first step to implement a service-oriented enterprise GIS is to identify how GIS can help the company achieve its goals. This can be done by analyzing the enterprise strategy and defining GIS-relevant components. The next step is to initialize a central GIS service management that translates the strategy into reality, and that also manages the GIS resources and brings them as a service into business processes. These resources may be hosted on in-house IT infrastructure or can be consumed from the cloud.
Figure 1: Interaction of enterprise components
The first thing to realize to achieve a strategic alignment is that GIS is an IT technology. The IT department has aligned its activities to the enterprise strategy for many years, so there are already best practices on how to do this. One international standard containing those best practices for IT governance is called COBIT (COntrol OBjectives for Information and related Technology). It contains detailed models for transforming strategic goals into measurable components.
The implementation is made easier if GIS is part of the IT department, because it just has to align its strategy to the IT strategy, because of this one is already aligned to the enterprise strategy.
|Figure 2: Strategic alignment|
The next step is to build a balanced score card for the GIS department. It starts with defining a vision and mission. For example: "The vision of our GIS department is to support proactive other departments in their business processes with geographic information." The balanced score card enables the GIS department to measure its performance and document the value it brings to the enterprise.
It is very import to analyze the GIS processes on the way to an enterprise GIS. They have to be strictly separated into production and service processes. A production process for example is when the GIS department produces high end cartographic maps. This kind of process totally differs from a service process in which for example a map component is provided to an ERP system to visualize goods and their status. Production processes don't have to be part of the IT department. The consequence might be that the GIS department is separated into two departments one for the IT services and one or more for production processes.
The part of the GIS department that is responsible for the service processes can also profit from already existing IT standards. One standard for IT service management, build on best practices, is ITIL (IT infrastructure library). The ITIL v3 lifecycle consists of the five phases: service strategy, service design, service transition, service operation and continual service improvement. This is a very complex model containing many components. But an enterprise GIS just needs those components that really bring value to the company. The decision about what components are relevant has to be discussed case by case. It depends for example on the organization of the IT department, the task of the GIS department and the requirements of the enterprise strategy. Moreover ITIL doesn't have to be implemented in a big bang project. The relevant components can be rolled out step by step.
A very interesting component of ITIL is for example the service catalog. It contains information about what kind of GIS services are provided by the GIS department, how much it costs and which kind of service levels are available.
The proposition of this catalog is cost reduction during new projects. For example department A has a business application which enables a workforce to collect GIS data outside in the field. If department B starts a new project that also needs to collect GIS data in the field they can reuse service components. This reduces project costs and time to market for the project.
As you can see workgroup and enterprise GIS are totally different. Both definitely bring big value to the company. The workgroup GIS generates this value by doing complex analysis or producing high end maps. The enterprise GIS does it by integrating GIS into business processes. To do this, the elementary elements of service-oriented enterprise GIS are strategic alignment, process integration and service management.


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IPIS has developed a methodology to map stakeholders and power structures. Following an in depth study through interview and literature review, this approach uses modern visualisation techniques to create interactive tools that map and visualize the power dynamics in conflict and post-conflict areas. These tools can be used to describe local, provincial, national, regional and international peace builders and spoilers and the relationships between these actors.
A power mapping visualisation tool and table can help non-governmental and governmental actors understanding the underlying dynamics of a conflict or post-conflict situation. Understanding the local power structure is an essential step to engage in a new area.
The following screenshots are examples of recent power mappings:
Due to the nature of the data and the specific use of these tool, these power mappings are not publicly available and can not be shared readily. However, IPIS welcomes requests for power mapping projects tailored to your needs… Please contact us for more information.


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Describe the symptoms of the brain damage and consequences in one point in time e.g. three months after the brain damage, one year after brain damage.
Neuropsychology and Neuro-rehabilitation: Hemi-spatial Neglect
The reflective essay question is:
- In a hypothetical scenario, imagine how your life would be affected if you have suddenly developed hemi-spatial neglect.
The way the reflective essay should be structured (please make sure to read carefully!)
You need to relate neuropsychological symptoms to brain dysfunction. The essay needs to be divided into 2 sections:
1) "Reflective section" (around 250 words, excluding references – which is worth 25% of the essay mark)
2) "Analytical section" (around 750 words, excluding references– which is worth 75% of the essay mark)
– "Reflective section" of essay (250 words):
*in this section, please describe the symptoms of the brain damage.
*ONLY describe the attentional loss symptoms
*You need to describe the consequences of such a loss on your own everyday life and social life in general (being a 23y.o female student).
*Only describe the symptoms of the brain damage and consequences in one point in time e.g. three months after the brain damage, one year after brain damage.
*Accounts of possible everyday and social life problems WITHOUT a good scientific foundation for the predictions will NOT be considered a good essay and will not receive a high mark (so please make sure you do include a strong scientific foundation).
*It is very important to make sure to read SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES to write this reflective account.
*You do not have to cite articles in this first 250 word reflective section. You may include the references.
*Like any academic essay, a reflective section needs a THESIS STATEMENT, a sentence placed near the beginning that gives an overview of what you will be discussing, please make sure to include that.
*One way to structure the reflective section is by previewing your experience and how you changed as a result.
– "Analytical section" of the essay (750 words):
*In this sections, you NEED to evaluate both:
1) The brain areas involved in the impairment. (i.e attentional loss)
2) The type of impaired neural process involved
*PLEASE MAKE SURE TO:
– provide EVIDENCE for damage to particular brain areas leading to impaired neural processing.
– provide references for EVERY citation within the text – omissions will be penalized!!
– make sure to critically evaluate key evidence for brain damage to particular brain areas leading to impaired neural processing in memory or emotion.
– THE CRITICAL EVALUATION SHOULD HIGHLIGH CONTOVERSIES AND CONTRADICTIONS IN THE KEY LITERATURE!!
When you write this essay, please make sure that there is a clear link between your arguments and the evidence you used to support this argument. You may use quotations if it is appropriate but do no over use them, you should make sure that you are able to demonstrate that you have understood the research youself, and are able to put it in your own words.
Please make sure you always acknowledge opinions which do not agree with your argument. If you ignore opposing viewpoints, the argument will be weaker. And please make sure to use strong scientific evidence preferably up to date when writing this essay.
Please make sure that you have read everything that I have mentioned above really CAREFULLY, as it will make sure the essay is done correctly.
Thank you very much and I hope you will be able to do an excellent job on this.?
Here are some frequently asked questions about the reflective essay that my university provided me with. Please do make sure to read it because if you have any questions it might answer it for you, and it does give a few good points on writing the essay. I will be copying and pasting it below:
*Do I have to stick to the word limit?
- Please adhere to the word limit +/-10% -so a maximum of around 1100 words.
- Please put the word count at the bottom of the paper.
- You can EXCLUDE references from the word count
- The number of words in the reflective section does not have to be EXACTLY 250 wordsit can be a little less if that helps with the essay.
- The word count is set by the university; we cannot alter it.
*Do I have to stick to only 14 references?
- You can use more than 14 references if you need to
*I have never written anything reflective before – what does it mean?
- Within this essay, reflective writing means looking back (reflecting) on an event..
- ONLY for those of you who are still stuck, here are some suggestions only for what you might want to consider in the reflective section.
- What happened (one sentence only)?
- What is most important / interesting
- What have I learned from this?
- What does this mean for my future?
*How detailed and accurate does the cause of the accident have to be?
- One sentence is enough e.g. car accident or stroke. Do not worry about how likely that particular brain damage is to result following the incident. Please do not describe degenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease or Alzheimer's disease!
*How can I write an essay if I am pretending to have brain damage?
- You do not have brain damage in the analytical account. Please write objectively in the third person
*How detailed does the specification of the brain area have to be? Can I choose a large area such at the pre-frontal cortex (PFC)? Do I have to choose a small area?
- It is very important that the brain area you choose is consistent with the symptoms you have described in the reflective section and that you evaluate evidence to support this (in the form of previous studies)
- It is possible to choose a large area such as the parietal lobe, pre-frontal cortex or orbitofrontal cortex as an area of brain damage. However you will find easier to critically evaluate a controversy or demonstrate understanding by choosing a specific parts of the parietal lobe or pre-frontal cortex.
*How much critical evaluation do I need to provide?
- An excellent essay must demonstrate a sophisticated understanding of and critical engagement with one or more aspect of attention/executive function or neural processes involved in the brain area you have chosen. Given the word limit you are strongly advised to stick to ONE aspect only or, at most two. So rather than evaluating a little of all types of attention/executive dysfunction involved in your chosen brain area focus on one or two and evaluate this.
*Do I need to mention all the other aspects of attention or executive function that my chosen part of the brain is involved in?
- Yes, list them in a sentence and explain that the essay will focus on one or two. You need to do this as part of demonstrating breadth of knowledge. No need to define each one.
*How much anatomy must I include?
- One sentence to explain the relationship to other relevant brain areas will be useful.
*How important is it to critically evaluate a controversy in the literature?
- This is very important.
- This is deliberately designed to test your level of understanding of the literature. The area of controversy/ evaluation of the literature will vary from topic to topic –we are testing your ability to integrate and evaluate different information. It could be at the level of evaluation key studies/theories/evaluating contradictory findings/unknown issues.
- This part of the analysis is essential for obtaining a good essay-if you do not have space, try to limit other parts of the essay
*Do I need to talk about different brain areas
- We expect that you will bring in other brain areas-the brain is highly interconnected. This may be very important in your critical evaluation
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Can I have ear noisy sound in pregnancy?
(August 27, 2010)
Research has shown that listening to music during pregnancy especially soothing music is known to have a very calming effect on both the mother and the child within her womb. Babies tend to usually hear sounds from outside the mother's womb when they reach the 20th week of pregnancy. Hence doctors also recommend that from the 20th week of pregnancy the mother should listen to soothing music especially western classical or Indian classical. Women should not listen to loud music during pregnancy as that may have an adverse effect on the development of the child and its overall personality. It has been observed that listening to a few minutes of soothing music during pregnancy is an effective, safe and cheap way to de-stress and relax both the mother and the child. It is advisable to listen to music at a tempo of not more that 60 beats per minute as this is most beneficial to reach an optimum heart rate. In time the mother will find herself relaxing and the breathing also becomes slow in time with the music and shortly enough the heart rate follows. Doctors have said that the baby is able to feel maternal stress as early as 17 weeks into the pregnancy and if the mother experiences high levels of stress it can be detrimental to the mental and physical strength of the child.
Studies have also shown that babies who tend to listen to soothing music while they are still in the women of the mother tend to be more composed and calmer in their nature as compared to babies who have not listen to music while in the womb of their mother. However one should not overdo the listening of music while being pregnant as this may disrupt the sleeping pattern of the baby. Music is also known to hone skills in children and music also acts as a pre-linguistic tool that is useful in preparing the baby's brain an dear to identify and distinguish between various sounds. The reason babies are able to listen to music while still in the womb of the mother is because the amniotic fluid that surrounds the baby is a very good conductor of sound. However one should keep in mind that the volume of the music should not increase beyond 70 decibels and the duration of the music should not be extended for more than an hour per day.
Submitted by P T on August 27, 2010 at 06:49
See additional information.


Kitesurf in Sardinia
Post pubblicato il:
Kitesurf in Sardinia
What is kitesurf?
Kitesurf is the water sport that most increases regarding the number of people that practice it. It was born from the union of two amongst the most known water sports: windsurf and wakeboard. It is considered a trend now and in the near future.
This sport was spread by French and Hawaiian people at the end of 90' years and now you can see people kitesurfing almost in every beach or lake worldwide. Their colored sails zip through all water surfaces in the world where there is a bit of wind.
 Kitesurf is based on a very simple principle: it uses the wind as a propeller. The kitesurfer, using a bar with two ropes 30 meters long, move the kite to obtain the speed and direction desired. The boards are similar to those used by wakeboarders, and today there are many different types of boards to satisfy even the most discerning kitesurfer.
The pleasure this sport gives is to water plan, draw by the wind.
Why so many people practice kitesurf?
Kitesurf is probably so attractive because…it is easy to learn. It is much easier to learn than windsurf or wave surf. Probably kitesurf attracts always more people because you can learn pretty quickly how to water plan, jump and perform aerial manoeuvres.
The kite has a strong vertical traction, what allows not only to reach high speed but even take off sucked in by the wind, the main emotion kitesurfers look for.
Another advantage of this sport is the fact that the equipment needed is not awkward and it is easy to be transported in the car luggage compartment, with no need to carry boards over the top of the car. It has a big advantage over windsurf, which equipment includes tree, goose-neck and extensions.
The kite can be fold and fits into a backpack. The kitesurf board is not bulking and the ropes can be rolled around the bar.
There are different kite models, but with 2 you can cover most of the wind conditions and practice kitesurf with no problems.
Are there different types of windsurf?
There are more styles. To ride big waves it is necessary to use a mono direction board, similar to the ones used by surfers. To make some acrobatics moves the board needed is the bi direction one that are better when there are no big waves.
Water planning is called freeriding, while the kitesurf style that consider jumps and acrobatic evolutions is called freestyle. The kitesurf practiced over the waves is called wavestyle and the one on calm waters wakestyle.
What is necessary to practice kitesurf?
It is necessary to take 12/14 lessons to acquire the basic knowledge one needs for a safe and autonomous practice. Even if it is not mandatory, it is warmly recommended attend a course because kitesurf is an extreme sport anyway and, even if the equipment are safe, there are many pitfalls, especially regarding others.
Kitesurf gives fun even with low wind. The perfect wind for a beginner is the one between 12 and 14 knots. A more expert athlete is able to use, together with the right equipment, winds between 8 and 40 knots.
There are many kitesurf schools that lends the necessary equipment to practice it during the lessons and thereafter one can simply rent or acquire the equipment for him/herself.
To practice kitesurf you need:
 1. A complete kite, what means the kite plus the bar and ropes;
 2. A kitesurf board;
 3. A trapeze;
 4. Safe equipment (protection vest, helmet, diving gear, etc)
Where and when is it possible to practice kitesurf in Sardinia?
Sardinia offers the possibility to practice kitesurf from April to October. There are two locations that offer excellent position both for the wind and the local structure to facilitate the practice of this sport.
Kitesurf in north Sardinia
In north Sardiia, the reference is Porto Pollo. This cute bay has a favorable position regarding the wind that allows the practice of this sport at any level.
To reach Porto Pollo it is better to arrive or land at Olbia (port and airport) and stay in one of the beautiful hotels that are nearby Porto Pollo.
It could be the ideal occasion to a father and son vacation, as Luci di La Muntagna hotel offers a special promotion for a parent travelling with a child. The hotel is located in the famous Porto Cervo and have a wonderful panorama above the marina.
Otherwise Abi D'Oru hotel, on Marinella beach, close to Porto Rotondo and Olbia.
A third solution could be La Coluccia hotel, in Santa Teresa Gallura.
Kitesurf in south Sardinia
In south Sardinia, the best place for kitesurf is Chia. It is a wonderful beach with perfect conditions for practicing water sports such as kitesurf.
The choice here goes to Aquadulci hotel, close to Su Giuddeu (400 m), a very beautiful beach known for its sand dunes.
Contact us for more information.
Ana Maria Vasconcellos
Photo credits:
By G.rom18 (Kitesurf jump aerial.jgp) [GFDL (, CC-BY-SA-3.0 ( or CC-BY-2.5 (], via Wikimedia Commons
By Pediant at nl.wikipedia [Public domain], from Wikimedia Commons
By Pediant at nl.wikipedia [Public domain], from Wikimedia Commons
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This technology has significant commercial applications related to diesel particulate filter manufacturing and a wide range of additional filtration applications.
In many cases, the amount of material trapped on top of the filter's pores can contribute 50% or more of the total filter pressure drop. Increasing filter pressure drop is undesirable as it restricts flow through the system and requires eventual filter replacement or cleaning. Additionally, there is a need to reduce filter pressure drop and extend filter regeneration intervals due to the fact that filter regeneration (burning off the accumulated soot) incurs a fuel economy penalty.
This invention describes a novel method for reducing filter pressure drop caused by material accumulation in the filter. This is accomplished by distributing a thin layer of porous material along the channel walls. The thin layer of porous material acts as a physical barrier preventing contaminant material from entering the filter pores, and preventing filter depth contamination. The formation of the porous layer is critical to minimizing contaminants entering the porous material in use. With the porous layer in place, the contaminant material immediately forms a filter cake on top of the filter walls. The cake filtration process is characterized by a gradual increase in filter pressure drop as material accumulates on the filter walls.
- Reduces filter pressure drop and flow restriction
- Results in linear filter pressure drop response
- Reduces filter-related increase in engine fuel consumption
- Eliminates rapid increase in pressure drop associated with deep-bed filtration regime


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Sweeperis an interactive program that lets the user generate interesting surfaces by specifying a profile curve and a sweep curve (trajectory). The profile curve is swept along the path of the sweep curve to produce a surface.
First, you should check out an example solution by clicking here or running the program in
/cse/courses/cse457/bin/sweeper. The program has three
panes: the top pane is for the surface, the lower left pane is for the
profile curve, and the lower right pane is for the sweep path. Click
four points in the profile pane to start with. Then click four points
in the sweep pane. You should now see some sort of surface appearing
in the surface pane on top.
You can move around in the 3D windows when in viewing mode by using the left and middle mouse buttons in different combinations, as described below. The menu brought up by the right mouse button has a few other useful features. Selecting "home" under the "Functions" menu will reset the 3D view. Selecting "hidden line" under the "Draw Style" menu will show you the wireframe representation of the model. Select "as is" to go back to the shaded model.
Here is a summary of the controls for the windows:
The control points you enter can be edited when not in viewing mode by clicking with the left mouse button and dragging. Clicking on a control point with the middle mouse button will delete a control point. Currently, there is no way to insert control points except at the end of the sequence.
The file menus above the lower two panes let you load and save
control polygons. There are some sample control polygons in
/cse/courses/cse457/bin/sweeper/curves. Try loading
diamond.crv into the profile pane and
spiral.crv into the sweep path pane. Another cool one to
james.crv for the path and
jamesprofile.crv for the profile. The Curve Type menus
let you select the kind of curve generated in each window. The
Transport Type menu at the top of the surface pane selects how the
profile curve will be swept along the sweep path. Finally, the Copy
button copies the 3D surface onto the clipboard. You can paste it
into another application such as
To install the project, click
here OR make a copy of the files located in
/cse/courses/cse457/sweeper. Then type
make to create the project starting point.
The only files you must modify for the required extensions are
sweeper.C (to add menu items) and computecurve.C.
The project starting point has all the same features as the finished program except that the only curve type is piecewise-linear, and the only transport type is the static frame.
The following extensions are required:
for each additional:
New Spline Types
Add new spline types to the array of those available. Good choices are: C2 interpolating cubic splines, beta-splines, and Catmull-Rom splines with a tension parameter.
for each additional:
Four control points are needed to generate a B-spline or Catmull-Rom spline. This means that the user will not see a curve until they have clicked four control points on the screen. There are several ways to avoid this. One way is to duplicate the first and last control points of the spline. Using this doubly-anchored end condition, the user will see a spline as soon as they enter two control points. Another useful option is the periodic end condition where the curve closes itself automatically. A third option is to use phantom vertices, where the second control point is reflected through the first. Implement doubly-anchored, phantom and periodic versions of B-splines and Catmull-Rom splines as new curve types.
Implement adaptive subdivision for the spline curves. Add a slider to control the epsilon parameter.
Surfaces of revolution
Surfaces of revolution are swept surfaces where the sweep path is a perfect circle and the Frenet frame is used to orient the profile curve. Perfect circles cannot be modeled using either B-splines or Catmull-Rom curves, so add a new circle curve type to allow you to make really spiffy surfaces of revolution. Check out
revo in the directory
/cse/courses/cse457/bin. It is an Inventor sample
program for making surfaces of revolution. Its source code is in
It is possible to generate surfaces that look like seashells by scaling the profile curve as you move along the sweep path (the helico-spiral primitive below is especially good for this). One way to determine the scaling is to use the "velocity" of the sweep path -- that is, length of its first derivative vector. Another possibility is to compute the scaling from the curvature of the sweep path.
The helico-spiral primitive is defined by the formulae:
theta = t r = a * b^t z = c * d^twhere a, b, c and d are user-supplied parameters. Add the helico-spiral primitive, and velocity or curvature scaling to generate pretty seashells.
If you are daring, explore Inventor and try to improve the user interface of
example, there is currently no way to insert a control point in the
middle of a control polygon. Add code to allow the user to do this.
You may want to check out
revo for user interface ideas.
With complicated curves, it is often hard to tell which segment of curve corresponds to which control point. It would be helpful to faintly draw the control polygon along with the refined curve. Add an option to turn on this feature.
Add the ability for users to add texture maps to their surfaces.
Often, it is unintuitive to manipulate a curve by dragging control points. It would be nicer to be able to grab ahold of the curve and directly alter its shape. Add the capability for direct manipulation, as described in the help session, to the program.
Implement tensor-product surfaces. This will involve a fair amount of work to come up with a reasonable interface for editing these surfaces.
Include the ability to low-pass filter the curve to remove wiggles.
Add the capability to edit the curve at multiple levels of detail, as described in "Multiresolution Curves", Salesin and Finkelstein, Proceedings of Siggraph '94.
Sweepermakes use of the Inventor library. Inventor is an object-oriented application development library that lets you create interactive 3D applications with much less effort than using raw OpenGL. Although you will not need to learn Inventor for this assignment, you will probably want to make use of its extensive linear algebra library. Open the man pages under the help menu in the desktop window, and under "Sections", find the entry "(3) Subroutines (Inventor)". Of particular use will be the
SbVec3f(3D vector) type, and possibly the
SbRotation(3D rotation), and
SbMatrix(3D transformation matrix) types.
Also available on-line is The Inventor Mentor under
Help, On-Line Books in the desktop window. This book is a fairly good
tutorial on Inventor but is very poor as a reference manual. Finally,
the Inventor header files are in
SbLinear.h contains the definitions for the linear
algebra types you will likely need.
sweeperto generate models, and
showcase(an SGI program) to combine these models into an interesting scene. For a more in-depth explanation of this process, see the project 3 help session.


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Vietnamese Pond Turtle Mauremys annamensis refound in wild by scientists after 65 years
20 December 2006 | News story
Efforts to find the Vietnamese pond turtle, Mauremys annamensis, last officially recorded in the wild in 1941, yielded a major success last week when a young female turtle was successfully trapped by biologists in central Vietnam. Although specimens have occasionally been observed in wildlife trade, it had not been seen in the wild by scientists for 65 years.
In April of 2006 the Asian Turtle Program, a conservation partnership that includes the IUCN SSC Turtle Survival Alliance, carried out its fourth major survey in central Vietnam aimed at identifying a site where a wild population of Vietnamese pond turtles might survive. During the April survey, local residents in a small community not too far from historic Hoi An (Quang Nam province) produced several live specimens that they had reportedly caught locally. Subsequent interviews with other residents in the community and a local turtle hunter suggested that the pond turtles could still be found seasonally in local streams and a small lake complex.
In late November, a field team led by Tim McCormack and Nguyen Xuan Thuan revisited the community to complete a project feasibility assessment, in preparation for a site-based project planned by the Asian Turtle Program that would include active conservation measures aimed at protecting turtles at the site, and establishment of a monitored release and head-start initiative at an appropriate site in the area utilizing turtles born at the Cuc Phuong Turtle Conservation Center. During the assessment, several traps were tested in the local lake complex, and after three days of trapping, a single specimen was recovered from one of the traps.
Although specimens have been observed in the trade and being kept in local communities, such observations have become less frequent in recent years, which is most likely an indication of reduced numbers in the wild. The Vietnamese pond turtle's lowland habitat is also under tremendous pressure from agricultural expansion, aquaculture, and development.
While hunters have clearly had little difficulty finding Vietnamese pond turtles in the wild, the field team's finding clearly is the first known documented record for Mauremys annamensis, captured within its habitat, since 1941.
The Asian Turtle Program wishes to thank the Human Society International and the German Ministry of Environment for their generous support.
IUCN SSC Turtle Survival Alliance
For further information please contact:
Asian Turtle Program, Hanoi, Vietnam
Tel. 84 (0)4-_PHONE_ Email: _EMAIL_
Visit the Asian Turtle Conservation Network website: _URL_


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The Christian Science Monitor's Surging BRIC middle classes are eclipsing global poverty does a great job describing the surging number of people entering the middle class around the world. Key quote:
"By 2030, the global middle class is widely projected to at least double in size to as many as 5 billion – a surge unseen since the Industrial Revolution. This boom, however, is more global, more rapid, and is likely to have a far different – and perhaps far greater – impact in terms of global power, economics, and environment, say economists and sociologists."
This boom in middle class consumers is being driven by the impressive economic growth of the developing world, and in particular the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China).
The increase in the size of the global middle class is also resulting in declines in the global poverty. According to the article:
"The world will, for the first time in history, move from being mostly poor to mostly middle-class by 2022, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development projects."
The rise of the developing world is one of the most important trends we follow. Last year in the Intuit 2020 report we forecast that 1 billion middle class consumers would join the global economy by 2020. The forecasts presented in this article are even more aggressive.


You are here
Number Theory
The research interests of the number theory faculty at UMass Amherst include algebraic number theory (the study of the arithmetic of finite extensions of the rational numbers), analytic number theory (the study of prime numbers and their distribution), arithmetic algebraic geometry (the study of solutions of polynomial equations over the rational numbers and related fields), Galois representations (the study of matrix representations of Galois groups) and automorphic forms (the study of arithmetic via objects from geometry and representation theory).
The Five College Number Theory Seminar meets weekly at Amherst College. The seminar features talks from prominent number theorists from across the country as well as talks on seminar members on their current research.


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The magic of fire has fascinated people from the very beginning of time, and ear candles evoke a similar fascination, having been used by many cultures since ancient times. The peoples of the Siberian prairies, Asia and native North and South American Indians mention ear candles in their myths, with ancient rock paintings showing ear candles being used at initiation rituals and medicinal ceremonies.
The healing properties of the ear candle work in two ways. Firstly, the slight pressure (the chimney effect) inside the ear candle and the vibration of the rising air column serve to gently massage the eardrum and promote secretion in the frontal and par nasal sinuses. This immediately regulates ear pressure. Users often describe a soothing, light sensation in the ear/head area. Secondly, the warmth stimulates vascularization, invigorates the immune system and stimulates the flow of lymph. At the same time important acupuncture points and reflex zones are stimulated.
Many people that have tried ear candles have reported improved hearing and sinuses, as well as improvements in reduction of headaches and migraines. Numerous people report that after using them only once or twice, their sinuses greatly improve, with some people noticing immediate loss of sinusitis and earache!
There is even a theory that the use of ear candles aids the body in the generation of small crystals within the inner ear, that whilst occurring naturally if increased in number, also improve our overall sense of balance.
Although companies do not make specific claims as to what ear candles can cure, there is definitely an increasing number of people around the world using ear candles and benefitting from their use.


Leafy greens should be given daily such as spinach, kale, or carrot tops. Normal iceberg lettuce should be avoided as this has minimal nutrients and might cause the lovebird to have diarrhea.
Other foods to feed are carrots, squashes, apples, oranges, or cooked beans. It's important the diet be varied as this allows the maximum amount of nutrients to the parrot. All fresh food items should be removed after a few hours to ensure it does not spoil.
Along with fresh fruits and vegetables, a base diet of seeds and pellets also need to be provided. Some lovebirds will refuse to eat pellets but the owner should gradually introduce them into the lovebird's food. It can take weeks or months to train the parrots to accept new foods. The owner should be patient and consistent when converting their lovebird over to new food
ideas. It is important not to replace seeds with just pellets because most lovebirds will starve to death rather than eat the pellets. It takes time to get a lovebird to get used to eating pellets.
If a Peach Faced Lovebird is fed a healthy diet, most can reach 10 years or more and some can even reach 20 years.
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text:
EBP Compendium: Summary of Systematic Review
Current Practice, Accuracy, Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of the School Entry Hearing Screen
Bamford, J., Fortnum, H., et al.
Health Technology Assessment 11(32).
Indicators of Review Quality:
The review addresses a clearly focused question
Criteria for inclusion of studies are provided
Search strategy is described in sufficient detail for replication
Included studies are assessed for study quality
Quality assessments are reproducible
Description: This health technology assessment contains a systematic review of systematic reviews and comparative studies addresing the effectiveness of school entry hearing screening.
How accurate are the tests used in school-based hearing screening in terms of sensitivity and specificity?
What is the performance of school-based hearing screening in terms of yield and uptake?
What is the effectiveness of school-based hearing screening in terms of language, education and social outcomes of children?
What are the adverse effects of school-based hearing screening?
Population: Children ages 4-6 years
Intervention/Assessment: Hearing screening
Number of Studies Included: 28
Years Included: Through 2005
Lack of quality evidence and poor comparability between studies limit the conclusions which can be drawn as to the effectiveness of school entry screening. (abstract)
Keywords: Hearing Screening
Access the Review
Added to Compendium: December 2011


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Ghosts of the Titanic dock at Shrewsbury library
By Doris Christelis, Contributing Writer
Shrewsbury – The Shrewsbury Public Library was recently transformed into a voyage on the Titanic for 80 lucky "passengers." Ticketholders holding "steerage" and "first class" tickets enjoyed a walking tour through the library, which had been transformed into different rooms of the Titanic in commemoration of Archaeology Month, which was October.
The tour, designed to educate and immerse the visitors in the Titanic's history, appealed to a broad range of adults and children who were able to step back in time to 1912.
"Since 2012 is the 100th anniversary of the sinking of the Titanic, a tour seemed a good fit," said Sharon Martin, Head of Children's Services at the Shrewsbury Public Library.
After entering the "ship," "passengers" were greeted by a model of the Titanic built by Dean Gillam, who also volunteered that night in the ship's boiler room. Tours led by Martin and Dan Barbour, the young adult librarian and volunteer coordinator, then proceeded past a model iceberg with photos of the real icebergs found in the vicinity of the ship's sinking. One of the icebergs had a smear of red paint on its base and it was thought that it was the one that the Titanic struck.
Throughout the tour, analogies to Shrewsbury were made. For example, while the library is 50 feet high, the 3,000-year-old iceberg that the Titanic struck was thought to be 50 to 100 feet high. "Passengers" also learned that the Titanic was as long as the distance between the library and the Town Hall, and that the last survivor of the Titanic, Lillian Asplund, died in Shrewsbury in 2006 at the age of 99.
In a room called "Titanic by the Numbers," "passengers" learned many interesting facts including how the ship that took three years to build sank in under three hours, and that three lap dogs survived, while so many passengers perished. Also interesting was that the hull of the Titanic was only three-quarter inch thick while most "passengers" in Shrewsbury guessed it was at least one foot thick.
Further along in the tour, "passengers" were able to visualize how big the average lifeboat was by tape marked out on a rug in the shape of a lifeboat. By putting the average number of passengers that had, in 1912, made their way onto one of the Titanic's lifeboats, visitors were able to visualize how much room remained on each lifeboat and could easily imagine how many more lives could have been saved had the boats been filled to capacity.
Other rooms with volunteers re-enacting members of Titanic's crew included the "Marconi Room" where wireless operators were the first to communicate that the Titanic was sinking to 25 ships in the area using Morse Code, including the Carpathia which was the first ship to respond although it was not the closest.
In the "ship's" dining room, visitors were able to dine on items from the Titanic's actual menu on the day of the sinking – chocolate éclairs that had been served in the first-class dining rooms, and "Cabin biscuits," a staple in steerage.
Those interested in more information on the Titanic are welcome to visit the Shrewsbury Public Library, where many books are available on the subject.
Short URL: _URL_


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ISAAA releases educational cartoon about GM crops
The International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications (ISAAA) released an educational cartoon designed to enhance understanding of GM crops. Mandy & Fanny: The Future of Sustainable Agriculture is the first educational cartoon of its kind developed by ISAAA to illustrate the rapid adoption of biotech crops and their role in increasing income for farmers worldwide. The educational cartoon publication is authored by Bhagirath Choudhary and Kadambini Gaur, representatives of ISAAA in India, and illustrated by Irfan Khan, a renowned cartoonist in India. Check out the cartoon.
Women farmers in Africa face regulatory hurdles to agricultural technology and training
A BBC News article discusses female farmers in Africa who call on policy makers to increase women's access to training, science and technology for agriculture.
Women grow as much as 90% of the food in sub-Saharan Africa, yet they have access to just 5% of resources including information, training and farm inputs, which are mostly provided to men. According to Lindiwe Majele Sibanda, a farmer in Zimbabwe, "A major stumbling block is the lack of cohesion and communication, between the policy makers in the relevant government departments." Read more.


Quick Answer: Can You Get Hepatitis From Toilet Water?
How far can toilet water splash?
15 feetPhilip Tierno, a microbiologist at New York University, says that aerosol plumes can reach as high as 15 feet..
Can you get a yeast infection from toilet water?
It's unlikely that a yeast infection can be transmitted directly through bath water, but there are some caveats that you should keep in mind. As a rule, showers are better than baths when you're in the process of treating a yeast infection.
Which hepatitis is spread through water?
Wells, if properly installed and maintained, provide a safe source of water in the U.S. When any water source, including private wells, is contaminated with feces from infected humans, the water can potentially spread the Hepatitis A virus.
Can Hep C virus survive in water?
How long can hep C live in liquid?
They found that in a liquid environment, HCV was detectable for up to five months at lower temperatures. that HCV could survive in a liquid medium for two days at 98ºF (body temperature),16 days at 77 ºF and at least six weeks at 40ºF (average refrigerator temperature).
Is it OK to drink toilet water?
What STD can you get from a toilet seat?
Which hepatitis is not curable?
Can you get chlamydia from toilet water?
It can also be passed by a pregnant woman to her baby. Chlamydia cannot be passed on through casual contact, such as kissing and hugging, or from sharing baths, towels, swimming pools, toilet seats or cutlery.
Can you get diseases from toilet water?
Don't worry. HIV, syphilis, and other sexually transmitted infections are not transmitted by toilets, toilet water, or toilet brushes. Even if you have been biting your nails, you do not need to worry about getting an STI this way.
Is it bad if toilet water splashes on you?
Dr. Cullins warns, "Anything that brings bacteria in contact with the vulva and/or urethra can cause a UTI. This can happen when germs enter the urethra during sex, unwashed hands touching genitals, or even when toilet water back splashes." Yeah, you can get a UTI from the bacteria in toilet water back splash.
How many germs are in toilet water?
After swabbing the same four areas on five separate toilet bowls found in five different homes, the team found that on average, the toilets contained 125.55 colony-forming units of bacteria per square inch. That means that on a standard, 16.5-inch toilet bowl there could be more than 34,000 units of bacteria in total.
Can hepatitis B spread by toilet seat?
There is no risk of infection from normal social contact. You cannot catch hepatitis B or Hepatitis C from a toilet seat, by touching or hugging an infected person. Crockery and cutlery used by someone with Hepatitis B or C can be washed in hot soapy water or dishwasher in the normal way.
Can Hep B survive in water?
How long does Hep C live on clothes?
Is there bacteria in toilet water?
"Since the water in the toilet bowl contains bacteria and other microbes from feces, urine and maybe even vomit, there will be some in the water droplets. Every gram of human feces contains billions and billions of bacteria, as well as viruses and even some fungi."
What organ is affected by hepatitis?