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What is a City Directory?
It's the phone book; pre-phones, of course. City directories were printed lists of people in a city and its surrounds, with business advertisements, home addresses, family names and occupations, and information about the city. It is a valuable source for finding families according to their location, occupation, race, and community that can seriously supplement the years between censuses. The following is not a complete description of all city directories everywhere, but it will get you started…
Short History of the Directory
The first city directory was published in Baltimore in 1752 and next in Charleston in 1782. These were compiled by private companies, and had no government regulations guiding their creation or publication. You may find a city with more than one directory in a year, or missing a few years, depending on the success of the company at the time. Large cities and their suburbs are more likely than a small town to have a directory.
What Can I Find in A Directory?
Directories vary over time, depending on the size of the city and sophistication of the company providing the publication. As with all genealogical records, the earlier directories have less information than later ones. You may be able to find:
- Name and address, sometimes birthplace
- Name of wife, adult children, relatives, and boarders in household
- Other persons of same name in city or on the same street – browse by surname AND street name in later directories
- Advertisements for business
- Sometimes death listings for the last year or women listed as "widow"
- Histories and facts about the city and MAPS!
Where Can I Go to Find a City Directory?
There is no one place that will have every city directory in the United States, but the Library of Congress gave it a really good try (_URL_). Not only do they have the largest collection, they have early phone books as well. The best places to start are at the county library or historical society; check the state archive, local university libraries, and state library as well. The trick is that not every directory may be in each place. You may find a few years you need at the historical society and a few more at the state archive. Keep digging! Some may be in their original paper form, and some may be on microfilm. Many places are digitizing their directories: try a Google search for the place plus the word "city directory." Ancestry.com and other places have some online, but don't forget about the vast holdings of the Family History Library: order a microfilm of the directory to come to you at your local Family History Center (_URL_
Some Hints for Success:
Number one rule of reading any genealogical index: Don't just read the page with your ancestor's name on it – read the introduction and explanations at the front as well. The same goes for city directories. There are some great tidbits of information that could guide your search. For example, in an 1869 Boyd's Directory for Washington DC, it reads "Many of our streets need renumbering, especially 7th, 9th, and F streets, and Pennsylvania and New York avenues. There are squares having duplicate numbers, and in some cases triplicate numbers. In fact, the whole city ought to be renumbered." There are abbreviation tables, maps, city histories, lists of names omitted from the index, and (best of all) sometimes listings of how certain surnames were spelled multiple ways.
You've Got to Try This!
If you haven't cracked open a city directory to find an ancestor before, now is the time. I am working with a client problem right now that I could not be solving without the directories. The ancestor lived in that critical time between 1790 – 1840 when censuses are so limited. In the censuses I found three men named John. In the directories I found six men named John, their occupations ranging from "cordwainer" (shoemaker) to mariner, plus their addresses and other people with the same surname living near them. Put city directories at the top of your research to-do list, and dig a little deeper for those mysterious ancestors!


Quick Answer: Is MCT Good For Your Liver?
How much MCT oil should I take daily?
Start slow.
Most people love a daily dose of MCT oil, but if your body's not used to metabolizing MCTs, you need to give it some time to adjust.
Start with one teaspoon or less per day.
If all goes well, gradually increase your dose every few days or so..
How do you remove fat from your liver?
How do I make my liver healthy again?
How long does it take for MCT oil to take effect?
For those who are looking to get endurance-boosting benefits and better energy levels from their MCT oil, the best time to take MCT oil may be anywhere from 20 to 30 minutes before the workout. That way, it might provide you with sustained usable energy throughout the entire duration of your workout.
Does MCT oil really make a difference?
MCT oil is better for ketone production and weight loss The high intake of fat and low intake of carbs puts your body in a state of nutritional ketosis, in which it burns fat instead of glucose for fuel. Compared with coconut oil, MCT oil is better for ketone production and maintaining ketosis.
What is the nutritional value of MCT oil?
SpecificationNutritional Information1 Tbsp (15ml)Calorieskcal115Total Fatg14Saturated fatg14
What part of the body itches with liver problems?
Can MCT oil hurt your liver?
"Patients with uncontrolled diabetes should avoid taking MCT oil because of increased formation of ketones, which can worsen complications," said Onwuka. "Patients with liver disease like cirrhosis should also avoid taking it since MCTs are primarily metabolized in the liver."
Is MCT oil really good for you?
MCT oil has been shown to support weight and fat loss. This may, in turn, help reduce your risk for heart disease ( 1 ). A study of 24 overweight men found that taking MCT oil combined with phytosterols and flaxseed oil for 29 days reduced total cholesterol by 12.5%.
Does MCT oil make you poop?
Can MCT oil make you gain weight?
Do you poop less on keto?
Should MCT oil be taken on an empty stomach?
If we take MCT Oil on its own then some digestive upset can occur, especially when we are still new to consuming MCT Oil. Frankly there is no side effect to taking MCT Oil other than our body rejecting in the form of loose motions, either because we have taken too much too soon or taken it on an empty stomach.
Is MCT oil good for hair?
Like coconut oil, MCT oil is good for skin and hair, providing a natural moisturizer and helping detangle hair. Furthermore, it can be used to treat dandruff.
Which fruit is best for liver?
What are the side effects of MCT oil?
When taken by mouth: MCTs are LIKELY SAFE for most people when taken by mouth. They can cause diarrhea, vomiting, irritability, nausea, stomach discomfort, intestinal gas, essential fatty acid deficiency, and other side effects. Taking MCTs with food might reduce some side effects.
Are eggs good for liver repair?
Can you heal fatty liver?
In many cases, it's possible to reverse fatty liver through lifestyle changes. These changes may help prevent liver damage and scarring. The condition can cause inflammation, damage to your liver, and potentially irreversible scarring if it's not treated.
What happens if you take too much MCT oil?
Too much of this oil is bound to shock your digestive tract and cause it to react by trying to dispose of its contents through diarrhea. To avoid this, be sure to carefully set your MCT dosage. If you are new to using MCT oil in your diet, it is recommended that you start with a small daily dose of one teaspoon.
Can you live a long life with a fatty liver?
What food is bad for liver?


Theatre review: FAUST/US by Nine Years Theatre is fiendishly good
Mia Chee (centre) plays Faust in Nine Years Theatre's Faust/Us. The cast also includes: (clockwise) Hang Qian Chou, Neo Hai Bin and Timothy Wan.
Mia Chee (centre) plays Faust in Nine Years Theatre's Faust/Us. The cast also includes: (clockwise) Hang Qian Chou, Neo Hai Bin and Timothy Wan.PHOTO: NINE YEARS THEATRE
Nine Years Theatre
Drama Centre Black Box/ March 21
An early scene in FAUST/US has the alchemist Faust (Mia Chee) drawing arcane symbols on the floor to summon an earth spirit. A background hum crescendos into the roar of tectonic plates grinding together.
Something powerful and magical is happening but poor, frustrated Faust cannot understand what the spirit is trying to convey. It takes her until almost the end of the play to learn how to navigate between the ordinary and extraordinary.
Similarly, it takes almost until the end of FAUST/US for the audience to see how different narrative threads and ideas have been brought together to create something out of the ordinary. It is a slow ride at the start, but fiendishly good once it picks up momentum.
FAUST/US is the first work by Nine Years Theatre to be created and directed by the group's associate director Cherilyn Woo. It is based on the 18th century German play by Goethe, in which an ageing academic sells his soul to the devil Mephistopheles in exchange for a life of passion and adventure.
FAUST/US has the academic played by Nine Years Theatre's co-founder Chee, so several plot points in the original have to be reworked. Faust fathering an illegitimate child becomes the contemporary crime of co-authoring an anti-government book with her lover Gret (Neo Hai Bin, who also translated Woo's text into Mandarin). The end result is the same, the lover is condemned to prison. But Woo's treatment of the event is much more than the old morality tale Goethe wrote.
Gret is like Faust and like Mephistopheles (a delightfully snarky Timothy Wan), all caged in prisons of their own making. Gret cannot see past his shackles, even to notice the key Faust brings. Similarly, Faust is so imprisoned in her life of academic success that even viewing her own garden through Mephistopheles' eyes is a transcendental experience.
Wan plays a cheeky devil who has much more in common with Faust than the omnipotent God (Hang Qian Chou) and the repartee between him and Chee sizzles. But many of the best scenes rely on non-verbal action and sound designer Zai Tang. Rushing waves and grinding earth demonstrate God parting the waters and creating the world in a few, breathless seconds. The sound of a demon dog barking is both funny and menacing, as Faust holds Mephistopheles at bay.
Woo has said that FAUST/US is about the restlessness in the human soul, the constant hankering for something more than we have achieved. It is this restlessness that propels humanity towards art, towards creation and towards greatness. Balanced between God and devil, Faust ends the play making the most out of her ordinary life, appearing extraordinary to the people she helps. Not a bad bargain at all.
FAUST/US is sold out.


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Sugarcane juice spoils quickly, and it's advisable to consume it fresh. As per several types of research, the oxidised edition of sugarcane juice may be harmful and lead to stomach-related issues.
If consumed in excessive amounts, it can also result in blood thinning. If you are already on blood thinners, drinking sugarcane juice can lead to severe bleeding-related issues. Sugarcane instead of sugarcane juice is more helpful for diabetic patients. In sugarcane chunks, one can get the ultimate benefits and some fibre without eating large amounts of it.
Sugarcane serves up an active dose of antioxidants, but it is incredibly high in sugar. That makes it a not-so-ideal choice for people with diabetes. The article has talked about several health advantages for diabetic patients. Still, the bottom line is that you can consume it in moderation, as it can rapidly lift blood sugar levels.
Sugarcane is rich in antioxidants and vitamin C, increasing the consumer's overall health and lowering oxidative stress, preventing several diseases. It has other nutritional advantages for hydration and enables enhancing energy levels. By checking the glycemic index and the patients' blood sugar levels, you may easily balance the consumption of 'restricted' food items. Rather than sugarcane juice, select unsweetened tea, coffee, or water infused with fruit. These alternative drinks can still taste good without increasing blood sugar levels and satisfying your sugar cravings.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q.1. What is the glycemic index of sugar cane?
A. Sugarcane juice contains a glycemic index of 43, which, according to the American Diabetes Association, generates sugarcane, a low-glycemic food. Sugarcane has a nutritional profile identical to wheatgrass containing iron, calcium, chlorophyll, B Vitamins, potassium, and magnesium. It is affluent in intricate carbohydrates and very low in simple sugars, between 10-15%.
Q.2. Which sugar is best for people with diabetes?
A. In general, there is no explanation for not selecting one of the natural sweeteners that do not influence blood sugar like monk fruit, stevia, or allulose. They are all considered for people with diabetes, and you can select whichever one you think tastes the best.
Q.3. Can I drink sugarcane juice daily?
A. Ideally, one should drink sugarcane juice at least three times a week. A glass of sugarcane juice can keep urinary tract diseases away. In addition to this, it can help deter kidney stones and assure the adequate functioning of your kidneys.
Q.4. Does cane sugar spike insulin?
A. Sucrose or cane sugar and glucose cause insulin levels to rise. However, people with diabetes should not resist having sugarcane as it has a lower glycaemic index. People with diabetes can munch sugarcane or drink a fresh glass of sugarcane juice in moderation.
Q 5. Which is better: Sugarcane juice or Coconut Water?
A. Unlike other juices, unflavored coconut water has lower sugar and calories than sugarcane juice. Therefore, coconut water is prominent for rehydration after exercise or during a mild ailment. In addition, coconut water certainly has electrolytes, such as sodium, potassium, and manganese.
Q.6. Does sugarcane juice increase uric acid?
A. Uric acid degrees tend to be greater in people who regularly drink sugar-sweetened drinks. Those consuming one to two sugar-sweetened soft beverages a day are approximately twice as likely to have gout problems as those who drink once a month.
Q.7. Why does sugarcane juice turn black?
A. The high polyphenolic and sugar content, high polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and medium to low acidity (pH‑ 5.0 to 5.5) activity turn the juice brown and impair the overall sensory quality. Moreover, microbial fermentation of the beverage turns its flavour sour within a few hours of extraction, making it unsafe for consumption.
Q.8. Does sugarcane juice increase haemoglobin?
A. Sugarcane juice is very beneficial for people suffering from anaemia as it has an adequate amount of iron, which further improves the body's haemoglobin (Hb) levels.
Q.9. Can we mix sugarcane juice with coconut water?
A. These natural drinks do not have chemicals and deliver an abundance of health benefits such as improved digestion, weight loss, and glowing skin. In addition, consuming sugarcane juice mixed with ginger juice, lime juice, and coconut water can cure nephritis, gonorrhoea, and cystitis.
Q.10. Is sugarcane juice good for the kidneys?
A. Sugarcane juice is a beneficial diuretic, which implies it can keep your kidneys functioning in an optimal situation, preventing health issues like urinary tract infections and kidney stones.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Space Debris Being Tracked; ATV-3 Remains Docked
The three-person Expedition 33 crew is in no danger and continues its work on scientific research and routine maintenance.
If the maneuver is required -- and it could be called off any time -- it would occur at 8:12 a.m. EDT Thursday, using the engines on the ATV, which is still docked to the aft port of the Zvezda Service Module on the Russian segment of the complex. The decision followed a discussion involving the International Space Station Mission Management Team, with representatives from all five international partner agencies represented.
The decision to proceed with maneuver planning was made after tracking data showed the piece of debris edging just inside the so-called "red zone" of miss distance to the station with a time of closest approach calculated to occur Thursday at 10:42 a.m. Eastern time. It is not known how large the object is.
Tuesday's initial attempt to undock the European cargo ship was called off due to a communications error between the Zvezda module's proximity communications equipment and computers on the ATV. Russian engineers told mission managers that they fully understand the nature of the error and are prepared to proceed to a second undocking attempt.
Once it is undocked, the ATV will move to a safe distance away from the station for a pair of engine firings that will send the cargo ship back into the Earth's atmosphere to burn up over the Pacific Ocean.
For more information about orbital debris and how Mission Control manages the space station operations when faced with possible collisions, visit:
› Read more about Expedition 33

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Joseph W. Jones Ecological Research Center at Ichauway
The southeast border of Ichauway, located in Baker County, is formed by thirteen miles of the Flint River. Ichauway protects some of the richest species diversity of the southeastern coastal plain, with resources that include approximately 17,000 acres of mature longleaf pine woodlands, innumerable depression wetlands, 25 miles of streams, and 5,000 acres of old-field habitat.
Woodruff Foundation officials researched options for the best use of Ichauway following Woodruff's death in 1985. They developed the center's future goals after reviewing a comprehensive ecological inventory of the property. The center was named in honor of Joseph W. Jones, who was Woodruff's longtime associate, a senior vice president of the Coca-Cola Company, and chairman emeritus of the Woodruff Foundation. By 1993 core staff members were hired in research, forest and wildlife management, and administrative support. In 1996 the staff moved into a newly constructed campus, where as of 2006 more than 100 employees and 25 graduate and undergraduate students from regional universities work on-site.
Research at the Jones Center investigates questions relating to the restoration and the conservation management, including prescribed burning, of longleaf pine ecosystems; conservation biology of rare species; and the development of economic opportunities through the integration
The Ichauway site is used by the Jones Center as both an outdoor laboratory for research, conservation, and restoration of regional ecosystems, and as an educational demonstration site for ecology and natural resource management. Landowners, land managers, natural resource policy makers, conservation groups, and affiliated university classes are prioritized outreach constituents. Regional schoolteacher activities are conducted annually. Field demonstrations and workshops often relate to prescribed fire, longleaf pine forest ecology and sustainable management, ecological restoration of threatened ecosystems and wildlife habitat, traditional quail habitat management, threatened and endangered plants and wildlife, wetland protection and management, watershed conservation, and the importance of water resources and aquatic ecosystems in southwest Georgia.
The Fire Forest: Longleaf Pine-Wiregrass Ecosystem (Conyers, Ga.: Georgia Wildlife Press, 2001).
Georgia Wildlife Federation, The Flint River, vol. 9, Georgia Wildlife (Conyers, Ga.: Georgia Wildlife Federation, 2002).
Lindsay R. Boring, J. W. Jones Ecological Research Center at Ichauway
A project of the Georgia Humanities Council, in partnership with the University of Georgia Press, the University System of Georgia/GALILEO, and the Office of the Governor.


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Romans found it easy being green
- Article by: SHEA GUNTHER
- December 25, 2012 - 4:20 PM
The Roman Empire was the world's first superpower and controlled millions of square miles at its height.
But the Romans wouldn't have lasted more than a few decades if they hadn't worked out solutions to their environmental problems -- problems that continue to plague civilization today.
They adopted, adapted, invented and built their way through ecological roadblocks and became one of the world's great empires. Here are some green decisions the ancient Romans were making thousands of years ago.
1. Treated water and air as shared resources
The Greek historian and essayist Plutarch, who became a Roman citizen and took up the name Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus, wrote extensively about environmental issues and was quoted as saying "Water is the principle, or the element, of things. All things are water." Romans took great pride in their extensive water distribution and sewage networks. They built aqueducts that carried clean water hundreds of miles to population centers where it was distributed to the homes and businesses of those who could afford it.
Roman law decreed that cheese-making manufacturers be built in a location where the wood smoke wouldn't affect other buildings and recognized the rights of citizens not to be exposed to excessive air pollution. The air was still terribly dirty and polluted in the densest parts of the city, but leaders did make a difference. The legal code of Roman emperor Justinian declared that, "By the law of nature these things are common to mankind -- the air, running water, the sea and consequently the shores of the sea."
2. Practiced vegetarianism
Plutarch's essay "On the Eating of Animal Flesh" explored the issue of animal intelligence and later influenced the dietary decisions of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Louisa May Alcott and Henry David Thoreau. Plutarch went so far as to start a successful vegetarian commune, which was an influence on a vegetarian commune called Fruitlands in 1843. The Roman philosopher Seneca also followed a vegetarian diet, and a study on gladiators' bones suggests that they ate a diet almost entirely derived from plants.
3. Used passive solar technology
It was expensive to heat a home in ancient Rome -- wood is a bulky fuel that wasn't readily available in much of the Roman Empire. The Romans burned coal, but that was also expensive -- and dirty. It was the ancient Greeks who first developed the passive solar concepts that the Romans adopted, but the Romans used their engineering and design skills to improve the technique.
Passive-solar buildings are built based on the orientation of the sun's path and use the sun's rays to heat the interiors. Romans used glass to boost the solar gain of their buildings even further, capturing and storing the heat with masonry inside their homes, bathhouses and businesses.
4. Made slaves and criminals mine and process lead
The ancient Romans liked lead. They used the easily mined but highly toxic metal in makeup, water pipes, bathtubs and wine. But the Romans knew that lead could cause negative health effects, particularly when it was being mined as ore and processed into a usable form. Rather than subject plebes to the dangers of lead mining and smelting, the Romans made slaves run most mines and refineries.
OK, so this one isn't politically correct in the least, but it is environmentally aware, so it's included here.
© 2014 Star Tribune


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LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH A REFRAECTOMETRIC DETECTOR
A refractometric detector or a refractive index (RI or RID) detector measures the refractive index of an analyte with respect to the solvent. It is a universal detector but has low sensitivity. Often used as detectors used in GPC (size exclusion chromatography).
The refractometer contains a flow cell with two parts: one for the sample and the other for the reference solvent. The detector measures the refractive index of both components. As soon as the solvent flows through a sample component, the measured refractive index of both components is the same, but as the analyte passes through the flow cell, the two measured refractive indices are different. The difference appears as a peak in the chromatogram. The detector is not suitable for applications where gradient analysis is necessary. Usually, these types of detectors are characterized by low sensitivity, but Wyatt has launched the Optilab series.
In our laboratory, RI detectors are used mainly for the analysis of polymers and volatile substances, which cannot be analyzed using ELSD or MSxMS.


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Terrance M. Nearey
Dept. of Linguist., Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E7, Canada
Phonetics involves three domains of events: (1) acoustic/auditory, (2) articulatory/gestural, and (3) symbolic/phonological. Theories of perception hold different views about the relationships among these domains. Auditorists (e.g., Kingston and Diehl) emphasize a strong (i.e., simple, direct) relation between (1) and (3). Gesturalists (e.g., Liberman and Mattingly) propose a strong relation between (2) and (3). Advocates of double-strong theory (e.g., Blumstein and Stevens) propose strong relations of both (1) and (2) to (3). Difficulties with all these theories will be discussed. An alternative, ''double-weak'' theory will be described and evidence supporting it will be presented. This approach views speech production and perception as distinct but cooperative systems. This view accepts the gesturalist contention that the acoustic mapping if phonological units is modified by context in ways that are important to perception. However, it also contends that the accommodation of contextual effects in perception is limited and highly stylized. Assuming a concomitant stylization of gestural patterns in production, relatively simple pattern-recognition strategies in perception may suffice for successful communication.


10 students who made India proud
From getting a PhD to scaling the Everest, these kids have done it all.
 | 3-minute read | 14-08-2015
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1. Angad Daryani
Angad Daryani created a sturdy and affordable 3D printer called the Sharkbot intended at helping anyone and everyone access the technology.
One of India's youngest entrepreneurs, this 17-year-old from Mumbai is a high school dropout who chose to be homeschooled only so he could concentrate on his inventions without distraction. He was also featured on TED which is a series of lectures from brilliant minds across the globe.
2. Arsh Shah Dilbagi
Arsh Shah Dilbagi invented an augmentative and alternative communication device called TALK, which converts the user's breath to synthesised speech.
The invention was inspired by his idol, physicist Stephen Hawking's disability. The 17-year-old also won the voter's choice award at the 2014 Google Computer Science Awards and a $10,000 grant to scale his invention.
3. Priyanshi Somani
Priyanshi Somani from Gujarat is also known as the human calculator.
The 16-year-old won the Mental Calculation World Cup in 2010 (making her the youngest participant ever) and earned a place in the World Record books of both Guinness and Limca.
4. Akrit Jaswal
Akrit Jaswal from Himachal Pradesh was touted one of the seven "Little Geniuses" by Oprah Winfrey on her show in 2002 and was known to have an IQ of 146 at the age of 12.
This 22-year-old completed his MBBS at the age of 17 and now practises medicine with a deep inclination toward finding a cure for cancer.
5. Ajay Puri
Ajay Puri from Hyderabad started playing with computers at the age of one, instead of building blocks like most other infants.
At the age of four he made his own webpage and became the youngest web designer in the world. Today this 18-year-old is completing his education and topped his class in IGCSE ICT in 2012.
6. Sushma Verma
Sushma Verma is the country's youngest Phd student from Lucknow at the age of 15.
Despite being from an underprivileged background, she graduated from the same college where her father was a sanitation worker at the age of 13 and completed her Masters in Microbiology earlier this year.
7. Aravindh Chithambaram
Aravindh Chithambaram from Tamil Nadu is the youngest Indian Grand Master of chess at the age of 15.
He bowled over people from all over the world at the Chennai Open and was said to be the next Vishwanathan Anand, who also praised his talent on Twitter.
8. Shorya Mahanot
Being compared to the likes of Picasso and Pollock at the tender age of four, Shorya Mahanot from Madhya Pradesh is the youngest abstract artist in Asia.
Now seven years old, the child has his own website showcasing his work, which is also displayed in art galleries.
9 & 10. Nungshi and Tashi Malik
Nungshi and Tashi Malik are the first Indians and youngest ever people to complete the Explorers Grand Slam, which is the most important achievement for all mountaineers.
This race includes climbing the Seven Summits and skiing to both poles which the 23-year-olds completed in two years. They won a prestigious sports scholarship and are currently studying Sports Science in New Zealand.
Karishma Goenka Karishma Goenka _USER_
Journalist, Travel hungry hoarder.
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On 7th of July 2011, I noticed these two female parasitoid wasps (Protichneumon grandis) while walking along the Orange Trail of the State Botanical Garden of Georgia. They were fighting with each other to lay their eggs inside a crack of a log using their long ovipositors. One had a pretty good grip. The other was very grumpy for not having access to the crack. These wasps are said to parasitize a sphingid moth species the Rosy Maple Moth (Dryocampa rubicunda).
This observation is a good basis for discussing when members of the same species cooperate and defect and even become antagonistic. Competition is toughest among members of the same species (intraspesific competition) because they have identical needs (in this case a rare crack containing the prey). In this observation the situation is fairly simple to interpret. However, evolutionary roots of female aggression in humans is an understudied curious topic.


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Автор: Board Jon
Раздел: Учебники: доп. пособия
|Под заказ. Поступление на склад 23.04.2017|
Cambridge Primary Science fully covers the Cambridge Primary Science curriculum framework. The course offers plenty of teaching ideas to give flexibility, allowing teachers to select activities most appropriate to their classroom and pupils. An enquiry-based style of teaching and learning is stimulated, with the Scientific Enquiry objectives integrated throughout to encourage learning of these skills alongside the scientific concepts. The language level is carefully pitched to be accessible to EAL/ESL learners, with concepts illustrated through diagrams to allow visual understanding and learning. There is dedicated support for practising scientific language and vocabulary. Comprehensive teaching support helps teachers to bring all elements of the course together in the classroom.
Цена 2 200 тг. за 1 штКоличество


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to 40%. The Icacos watershed, however, despite being located at elevations 200-400 m below the tallest peaks and to the lee of the first major orographic barrier, receives some of the highest precipitation. Such lee-side enhancement has been observed in other island mountains of similar height and width, and may be caused by several mechanisms. Thus, the long-reported discrepancy of unrealistically low rates of evapotranspiration in the Icacos watershed is likely caused by previous underestimation of precipitation, perhaps by as much as 20%. Rainfall/runoff ratios in several previous studies suggested either runoff excess or runoff deficiency in Luquillo watersheds, but this analysis suggests that in fact they are similar to other tropical watersheds. Because the Luquillo Mountains often serve as a wet tropical archetype in
The effect of partial reflections on surface pressure drag is investigated for hydrostatic gravity waves in two-layer flow with piecewise constant buoyancy frequency. The variation of normalized surface pressure drag with interface height is analyzed for axisymmetric mountains. The results are compared with the familiar solution for infinitely long ridges. The drag for the two-layer flow is normalized with the drag of one-layer flow, which has the buoyancy frequency of the lower layer. An analytical expression for the normalized drag of axisymmetric mountains is derived from linear theory of steady flow. Additionally, two-layer flow over finite-height axisymmetric mountains is simulated numerically for flow with higher stability in the upper layer. The temporal evolution of the surface pressure drag is examined in a series of experiments with different interface and mountain heights. The focus is on the linear regime and the nonlinear regime of nonbreaking gravity waves. The dispersion of gravity waves in flow over isolated mountains prevents that the entire wave spectrum is in resonance at the same interface height, which is the case in hydrostatic flow over infinitely long ridges. In consequence, the oscillation of the normalized drag with interface height is smaller for axisymmetric mountains than for infinitely long ridges. However, even for a reflection coefficient as low as 1/3 the drag of an axisymmetric mountain can be amplified by 50% and reduced by 40%. The nonlinear drag becomes steady in the numerical experiments in which no wave breaking occurs. The steady state nonlinear drag agrees quite well with the prediction of linear theory if the linear drag is computed for a slightly lowered interface. (orig.)
Full Text Available Spontaneous Potential Investigations in Semenic Mountains. The use of geophysical methods such as that of Spontaneous Potential (SP to investigate areas where the geomorphological processes occur, has the role to identify less visible processes as for example subcutaneous erosion or piping, subsoil water drainage and finding specific spatial differences of these processes. Comparative study of these sites allows correlation between geomorphological factors, soil and climate, but also to observe the evolution of subsurface erosion or underground water infiltration over time. During this investigation a series of mesh grids have been made in areas with different characteristics (lithology, pedology, slope, exposition, etc. at different time periods in order to spot and analyse the change in data in the chosen sites, various conditions given. Values expressed in millivolts (mV obtained by the Spontaneous Potential method have been put into an algorithm for interpolation looking to yield a pattern of values of what is happening in the soil during that period of time. Thus, in the autumn, the investigation site at the nivation niche Baia Vulturilor, returned values of between -22.6 mV and 65.6 mV, while in spring in the same site, values were within the range of -14.4 mV / 30.1 mV. On the other hand, on the site of the cryopediment under the Semenic peak, in the spring, return values ranged from -40.4 mV and -1.1 mV. A particular case is that of the glacis near Piatra Goznei peak; in this area anthropogenic electricity influences on soil can be found. Based on some models a trend of water movement in the soil could be established, this depending heavily on the amount of precipitation infiltration, local lithology, depth of soil and their structure, and evapotranspiration process. Water movement in the soil may be a correlation with sediment movement in soil horizons and instability manifested on the slopes.
This document describes the historical aspects of nuclear energy,nuclear weapons usage, and development of the nuclear bureaucracy in the United States, and discusses the selection and siting of Yucca Mountain, Nevada for a federal nuclear waste repository. Litigation regarding the site selection and resulting battles in the political arena and in the Nevada State Legislature are also presented. Alternative radioactive waste disposal options, risk assessments of the Yucca Mountain site, and logistics regarding the transportation and storage of nuclear waste are also presented. This document also contains an extensive bibliography
Since the Black sea mountains at the north of the country and the Taurus mountains in the south lay parallel to the seashore and rise very sharply rain clouds can not penetrate to the internal part of the country. Rain clouds drops most of their water on the slopes opposite the sea. As rain clouds pass over the mountains and reach Central Anatolia they have no significant capability of rain. For this reason, the Central Anatolia does not have very much precipitation. The difference between the rates of precipitation on the inner and outer slopes seems to be effective on the expansion of plants. For example, there is a subtropical climate prevailing on the Black sea shore between Sinop and Batum where precipitation is more than _PHONE_ mm yearly. Going from Sinop to the mouth of the Sakarya River the rate of precipitation goes down to _PHONE_ mm in a year. Running from the Sakarya River to the western area covering Thrace the climate seems to be continental, and in the area dominant plant cover is of the Mediterranean type. Since the succession of the mountains in Western Anatolia lay perpendicular to the seashore, rain clouds penetrate towards the inner regions for about 400 km. The continental climate with long, dry and summer affects this area. In the Eastern region of Anatolia, since the elevation of the mountains exceeds 2500-3000 m, valleys are disorderly scattered and located at high elevations, and the northern Black sea mountains and Caucasian mountains hold the rain clouds, the area is effected by the continental climate with long and very cold winters. Consequently precipitation at the lgdir River goes down to 300 mm while it is 500-800 mm in most of areas and _PHONE_ mm in some regions towards northern Mu and Bingol provinces. As mentioned above, high mountains, which hold rain clouds, surround the Central Anatolia, which has caused drought in this region. In the central Anatolia covering Afyon, Eski hir, Ankara, Qankiri, Qorum, Amasya, Kayseri
Full Text Available This paper is based on the hypothesis that the ofﬁ cial statistical data does not reﬂ ect actual succession status on mountain farms in Slovenia and also on Slovene farms in general, since the census criteria deﬁ ning succession are still incomplete. With the purpose of conﬁ rming our assumption, we formulated more accurate criteria and also determined as to what is the real status of succession on mountain farms in Slovenia. It has proved to be more favourable, than it is presented by the ofﬁ cial statistics.
Risk management among mountain bikers in selected clubs in Malaysia.... Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences. Journal Home · ABOUT... is more risky. Keywords: mountain biking, risk management, event management, Malaysia...
Full Text Available Mountain tourism, in addition to one of the most common types of tourism, is generated by a complex of factors and at the same time, triggers a series of processes involving tourism phenomenon, especially the environment where it is taking place. This paper aims to discuss some of these causal factors, and the relationship between this type of tourism and the tourist area itself (1. By using SPSS analytical methods, it can be practically demonstrated the impact of mountain tourist flow in spas (2 and mountain resorts (3 in Suceava county.
Choi, Soo Im; Kang, Hag Mo; Kim, Hyun; Lee, Chang Heon; Lee, Chong Kyu
Although South Korean mountain villages occupy 44 and 55 % of land and forest areas, respectively, these villages account for only 3 % of the national population and they suffer from a declining workforce owing to aging, wage inflation, and low forestry productivity. As a result, the South Korean government implemented a mountain ecological village development project from 1995 to 2013 in 312 of the 4972 mountain villages and investigated project performance in 2014. The present study establishes a measure for the promotion of mountain ecological villages by comparing the situation before and after the project. The analysis found a threefold increase in the inflow of farm/rural-returning and multicultural households compared with before the project, while the average income per farm, local product sales, and experience tourism revenue also grew remarkably every year. In addition, households utilizing forest resources increased by about 30 %, but 45.8 % of the 312 villages had no long-term plan for village development and villagers experienced low satisfaction with job creation and village income. A systematic revision of agroforestry production and forest administration is needed to define the characteristics of farm/rural-returning populations clearly, reorganize urban-rural exchange and experience programs, and reinforce tangible/intangible cultural assets and religious traditions.
Filker, Sabine; Sommaruga, Ruben; Vila, Irma; Stoeck, Thorsten
Microbial eukary


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M ore on resonant frequency. When you find resonance, you are making standing waves. Here is a video that shows what standing waves are for a vibrating string:
The important thing to see here is that a single shake of the rope makes a single wave that travels down the rope, bounces, and comes back. If many of these shakes happen, there will be lots of little waves, moving back and forth along the rope simultaneously – a real mess.
That is, it's a real mess until you time the shakes just right. As soon as that happens, the waves start lining up with each other. What you are doing is matching the resonant frequency of the rope, and you'll get what is called a standing wave. If you shake the rope twice as fast, you'll see two smaller standing waves (the octave pitch), shake it three times as fast, and you'll get the next harmonic, and so forth.
If the rope is shorter, then the waves have less distance to travel, and so they make the trip quicker. You have to shake the rope more rapidly to get those standing waves. This is why shorter strings vibrate at higher frequencies, and result in higher pitches. Waves travel more slowly through thicker ropes, so thicker strings give lower frequencies, and so forth.


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SP Industrial Implements Dual Secure Design for Power Failure Protection (PFP)
SP Industrial's complete series of SSDs are equipped with power shielding firmware architecture protection to sense unstable voltage and power down to stop receiving host commands.
SP Industrial's R series of SSDs implements Advanced PFP with industrial grade polymer capacitors to gain more time for the data flushing process from DRAM cache to FLASH during sudden power-off situations.
How Does the SSD Controller Manage Power Failure?
SSD FW stored inside NAND Flash is called a system block. When the system power is on, the SSD will load the related mapping table and initial commands into DRAM for the SSD controller (Figure 1-A). When VCC is under 4V (Figure 1-B), the SSD Controller will enable the Power Shielding function. During this period, the SSD controller will start to flush DRAM cache data save into FLASH to secure the user data in a limited time. At the same time, when VCC is under 4V, the SSD controller will stop receiving commands from the Host (Figure 1-C) to protect itself. During this period, the Host cannot recognize the SSD and the SSD will stop working until VCC resumes and becomes stable again.When VCCF is under 2.7V (Figure 1-D), the SSD controller will initiate the FLUSH command to write back the mapping table back to the flash system block. During this period, the Host cannot recognize the SSD and the SSD cannot work, even if the power resumes. In order for the SSD to start working normally again, you need to turn the power ON/OFF for the Host to restart the SSD. During SSD operation, data is temporarily stored in the DRAM cache to reduce the performance gap between the Host interface and the NAND Flash memory. However, in cases of unexpected sudden power loss, such as unplugging the power from the system, sudden battery loss, or unplugging devices from the system, the flushing process cannot be completed and may cause serious device failure. Silicon Power's Dual Secure Design for Power Failure Protection (PFP) prevents such issues with a firmware-based protection mechanism and a capacitor backup circuit.
How Does the Advanced PFP Mechanism Work?
The Power Shielding function integrates built-in VDT and firmware mechanism. The trigger alert is able to monitor an abnormal power drop and take instant action, such as prohibit receiving data from the Host and backup mapping/linking table into FLASH, as soon as potential power failure is detected.Advanced PFP is a way to gain more time for the data flushing process from DRAM cache to FLASH under sudden power-off situations by using dedicated polymer capacitor components. These capacitors are charged during power on and offer charged power to the SSD circuit under sudden power-off situations.SP Industrial's Advanced PFP technology SSD provides at least 20ms to ensure the data flushing task can be completed within the discharge time. Furthermore, it always passes the Power Cycling test under abnormal conditions at least 3,000 times.
How Does the SSD Controller Manage Power Failure? (2.5"SSD R Series)


OCTOBER 16, 2018
What CICD tool should I use?
In our ongoing series, the Kubernetes FAQ, where we've been answering some commonly asked questions in the community, this week we discuss what you need to consider when choosing a CICD tool.
There are a ton of CICD tools out there to choose from - both open source solutions as well as commercial ones. In here, we highlight some of the most important considerations to make when setting up a continuous delivery pipeline.
In this post you'll learn:
 - Why you need automated pipelines
 - Components of a typical deployment pipeline
 - CD pipeline features to consider
 - How to incorporate GitOps
Why create automated CICD pipelines?
There are a number of benefits to automating your CI/CD pipeline:
 - Reduce your time to market from weeks and months to days or hours. With an automated pipeline, development teams improve both the velocity of releases as well as the quality of the code. New features and fixes added continuously in small increments can result in a product with fewer defects.
 - A stronger development team. Because all stages of the delivery pipeline are available for anyone on the team to examine, improve upon and verify, a sense of ownership over the build is created that encourages strong teamwork and collaboration across your entire organization.
 - Reduced risks and costs of software development. Automation encourages developers to verify code changes in stages before moving forward, reducing the chances of defects ending up in production.
 - Less Work in Progress. A CD pipeline provides a rapid feedback loop starting from development through to your customers. This iteration cycle not only helps you build the right product, but it allows developers to make product improvements more quickly, leaving less works in-progress to linger.
The CNCF landscape for CICD tools
What a typical deployment pipeline looks like
A CD pipeline is made up of a few different stages; one tool will not satisfy all of these steps.
These are the steps that make up most automated pipelines:
 1. Write code on laptop, push it to a source code repository like Git.
 2. Code goes through unit, integration, and other automated tests. If these pass, a new Docker image is built.
 3. Image is pushed to an image repository.
 4. New image is rolled out to the cluster.
CD pipeline features to consider
One of the difficulties in creating a pipeline is successfully gluing together the tools that you would like to use. These are the major features to consider when selecting tools for your pipeline:
 - End-to-end security
 - Ability to rollback with a fully reproducible audit trail
 - Built-in observability and alerting
 - A fast Mean Time to Deployment as well as a Fast Mean Time to Recovery
 - Simple developer experience and workflows
A secure end-to-end pipeline
Among the CICD tools on the market, some combine the CI and CD portion into one tool. Or even worse, those who have been tasked with creating a CICD pipeline will assemble a chain of hand-forged scripts that push code through the pipeline all in one direction or perform what has been dubbed as CIOPs.
You don't want to do this for many reasons. This is an anti-pattern because cluster secrets and other credentials are left outside of the cluster, and this can be insecure. The recommended approach is to use a tool that implements a Kubernetes Operator.
A Kubernetes Operator deployed to the cluster can watch for new images that land in your repository. Taking this one step further, if your entire cluster state (via declarative manifests) are kept in Git, a 'diff alert' can be the impetus for 'pulling' a new image from the repository and deploying it to the cluster. This is not only a more secure method of deployments, but it also provides a simpler way for developers to apply and rollback changes to production.
Rollbacks with a full audit trail
Keeping track of the diff history, as well as managing the rollbacks of new and old deployments when you are working on a large application within a team can be challenging. You need a tool that can easily handle such scenarios. It also helps if you have a fully auditable trail that can show you who did what when and that also doubles for SOC 2 compliance regulations.
Observability and alerting
What does it mean to incorporate observability into your pipeline?
In order to increase your velocity, your pipeline needs to incorporate observability in order to answer these questions:
 - If a change is released automatically, how do I know it worked?
 - In a complex distributed system how do I understand issues, diagnose them and manage incidents - especially when you need to rollback?
Combining Continuous Delivery with real-time observability, enables your development team to make better decisions before they deploy new features.
New features and fixes are pushed to Git and trigger the deployment pipeline, and when they are ready to be released, ideally they should be observed in real-time against the running cluster. This allows developers to make decisions based on that feedback. They can return to the beginning of the pipeline or deploy the updated image to the production cluster.
Read more in GitOps Prt. 3 - Observability.
Faster mean time to deployment and recovery
In addition to being able to deploy frequently and dependably, another important scenario to consider is recovery for when your cluster goes down. This needs to be quick, painless and possibly carried out confidently by developers who may not be Kubernetes experts.
Simple developer experience and Git workflows
To go fast in today's cloud native world, developers have to take control of the pipeline from end to end. Gone are the days where they submit a ticket to IT and wait four days for someone to respond. It makes sense to build your pipeline from tools that developers use all the time. Tools like Git.
With GitOps there are three basic principles:
#1. Everything that can be described must be stored in Git.
By using Git as the source of truth, it is possible to observe your cluster and compare it with the desired state. The goal is to describe everything: policies, code, configuration, and even monitored events and version control it all. Keeping everything under version control enforces convergence where changes can be reapplied if at first they didn't succeed.
#2. Don't use kubectl directly.
As a general rule, it's not a good idea to deploy directly to the cluster using the command line utility kubectl. Many people let their CI tool drive deployment, but by doing that you're potentially giving a notoriously hackable thing access to production.
#3. Use a Kubernetes controller that follows an operator pattern.
With a Kubernetes controller that follows the operator pattern, your cluster always stays in sync with 'the source of truth' via its configuration files that are checked into Git. And since the desired state of your cluster is kept in Git, it can also be observed for differences against the running cluster.
Apply GitOps workflows to your pipeline
By adopting GitOps developers can manage both infrastructure provisioning and software deployments and rollbacks through pull requests. When the source of truth differs from what's running in the cluster, the cluster is automatically synchronized with what's kept in Git.
Weave Cloud's deployment agent runs inside the cluster. This means that credentials for container image registries, and the cluster API never leave the cluster's domain. By using Git as the source of truth, the desired state and the current state can be compared and alerted on. This not only ensures that the cluster is kept up-to-date, but it also provides a way to quickly recover from disaster if the cluster melts down.
Learn more about how to implement it in your pipeline through this set of resources called GitOps: What You Need to Know.
Need help?
Contact us for more details on our Kubernetes support packages.
Also some responces from a DEVOPISH Telegram group from fellas DevOpsers =)
Michael Traves, [21.10.18 18:01]
One of the recent articles linked to on Twitter was this - What CICD tool should I use? _URL_
Michael Traves, [21.10.18 18:01]
So, I'm curious. What are people actually using?
Sathya Bhat, [21.10.18 18:05]
Jenkins for now
Jon Barber, [21.10.18 18:24]
Concourse recently
Billy Foss, [21.10.18 19:48]
Jenkins for us with custom pipeline.
Sam Briesemeister, [21.10.18 19:53]
GitLab in some teams. Jenkins in others.
Join here or there _URL_


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- About CFF
- Center Properties
- Cooperative Extension
- Forestry & Natural Resource Major
- Environmental Science Policy and Management
- Forestry Blogs
The Center for Forestry brings together researchers to create and disseminate knowledge concerning ecosystem processes, human interactions and value systems, and restoration and operational forestry management practice.
NEWS: A report on the environmental impacts of woody biomass harvesting for energy by William Stewart, Robert Powers, Kathryn McGown, Lindsay Chiono and Teresa Chuang was completed in 2010 and provides a thorough review of the major issues and literature relevant to California. Click on the below link to read the report.
Environmental Impacts Of Woody Biomass Harvesting For Energy
Fall 2010: SJ Hall Lecture in Industrial Forestry
Declaring Peace in Timber country: Sustainable Forests in a Perpetual Business
Neal Ewald, Green Diamond Resource Company
About Neal Ewald
Since 1988, Mr. Ewald has managed the 435,000-acre California Division of Green Diamond engaged in harvesting, reforestation, silvicultural and wildlife research, tree improvement, and timberland acquisition. In his tenure at Green Diamond, the company has attained long-term landscape habitat management plans that protect sensitive terrestrial wildlife and aquatic species including the first Habitat Conservation Plan developed by a private landowner in 1992 for the northern spotted owl. He will discuss the transition of forest management toward landscape approaches to sustainability in a perpetual business model.


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The Integral Curves Utility draws direction fields and integral curves. An integral curve is the path followed by a point whose velocity at each point is given by a "vector field". A vector field on the xy-plane is given by a pair of functions of x and y. For the curve, these functions specify the derivatives dx/dt and dy/dt at each point. In the Integral Curves Utility, you can specify the functions dx/dt and dy/dt, and you can "drop" points onto the xy-plane and see the curves along which they move. The utility also draws a grid of arrows. An arrow at a point shows the direction of the integral curve as it passes through that point. (This is a "direction field" rather than a "vector field" because it shows only the direction of the curve, not the speed.)
You can start a curve by clicking at a point on the graph. Alternatively, for finer control, you can enter the x and y values of the starting point of the curve in the boxes labeled "Start x" and "Start y". Then, click the "New Curve" button to start a curve at that point. You can have as many curves as you want. If you turn on the "Extend curves in both directions" option, you get to see how the point would move backwards in time as well as forwards.
An integral curve is drawn by looking at the current position of the point and at the derivative functions at that point (and possibly at some nearby points for greater accuracy). This is used to project the point forward "dt" time units into the future. This is only an approximation! A smaller value of dt will generally give a better approximation. There is an input box where you can specify the value of dt. The Integral Curves Utility can use three different approximations: Euler's Method, Runge-Kutta Order 2, and Runge-Kutta Order 4. The utility has a set of radio buttons that you can use to select the method. Runge-Kutta Order 4 is the most accurate method, and there is really no reason to use the other two unless you specifically interested in the method rather than in getting the best possible approximation of the true integral curve.
Once a curve has been started, it uses the same method and the same value of dt forever. This lets you start different curves from the same point, using different methods or different values of t, to compare them.
In this utility, more than in others, you might want to use the "Equalize" button to equalize the scales on the x and y axes. Otherwise, the arrow directions, as drawn, can be misleading. You can use the mouse for zooming in this utility.
Graph 3D Utility
The Graph 3D Utility draws three-dimensional graphs of functions of two variables. The function to be graphed is of the form z=f(x,y), where f(x,y) is given as an expression that can contain variables x and y. The values of xmin, xmax, ymin, and ymax have a different interpretation in this utility: They specify a rectangle in the xy-plane that is used as the domain over which the graph is drawn. You can also enter zmin and zmax, which specify the range of z-values that you want to see. The scale on the graph is adjusted so that the specified ranges of x, y, and z are visible. But since the image on the screen is a two-dimensional projection of a three dimensional object, there is not an exact correspondence between the ranges and the boundaries of the rectangle shown on the screen.
To produce the graph, a rectangular grid of points in the domain is used. The function is evaluated at each point, and the resulting xyz-points are connected with lines. You can enter the grid size -- that is, the number of points along each side of this grid of points. The utility can draw graphs in four different styles: When only the lines between the points are drawn, the result is a so-called "wire-mesh model." The second style also consists of just lines, but lines that are hidden by other parts of the graph are not shown. Instead of drawing the lines, the regions between the lines can be filled in with color, giving a "shaded model." (The color used is determined by the orientation of the graph surface, so it looks as if the graph is illuminated from a certain direction.) In the fourth style, both the lines and the shading are shown. You can select among the four styles using a set of radio buttons under the graph. The shaded model without lines only really looks good on a high color monitor using a large grid size.
When the utility starts up, you will see a projection of the x-, y-, and z-axes along with a rectangle that frames the domain of the function in the xy-plane. When you press the "Graph it!" button or press return in any input box, the graph will be drawn. You get to see the graph being drawn, from back to front. (This is deliberate -- for understanding the graph, seeing the drawing process is more effective than just seeing the final result.)
You can rotate the axes and graph using two scroll bars. The horizontal scroll bar rotates the graph around the z-axis. The vertical scroll bar tilts the image towards you and away from you.
Mouse zooming does not work in the Graph 3D Utility. Do not expect Graph 3D to work well with most discontinuous functions.
David Eck, 27 October 1999, minor update on 6 December 2012


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Sound Ethics: Book: The Good Doctors
Until the late 1960s, African American doctors were not permitted to belong to county medical associations.
And since it was those local associations that granted hospital privileges, African American physicians often were not permitted to admit patients to white-run hospitals in the south.
It wasnít until 1968 that the American Medical Association was pressured to change this policy, in part by the Medical Committee for Human Rights (MCHR).
Historian John Dittmer is the author of a book on that chapter of American history, called "The Good Doctors."
Today Dittmer tells Sound Medicineís Dr. Eric Meslin that the MCHR was made up of volunteer doctors from the north who had their own version of a civil rights freedom ride.


WASHINGTON, Aug. 16— Meredith Knox Gardner, a linguist and puzzle solver whose skill at deciphering codes played a pivotal role in the Rosenberg spy case, died on Aug. 9 at a hospice in Chevy Chase, Md. He was 89.
Fluent in French, German, Greek, Italian, Japanese, Latin, Lithuanian, Spanish and Russian, Mr. Gardner arrived here early in World War II to work for the Army Signal Intelligence Service, a predecessor of the National Security Agency.
He spent the war poring over messages between Germany and Japan. After their defeat, his focus turned to the Soviet Union. He was assigned to help decode a backlog of communications between Moscow and its foreign missions. The project, named Venona, was based in northern Virginia. In recent years, the National Security Agency has made public some of the exploits of the code breakers.
Starting in 1939, the Signal Intelligence Service intercepted thousands of Soviet communications, but they were not studied while America and Russia were allied. By 1946, Mr. Gardner was among the hundreds of people trying to decode the accumulated messages.
On Dec. 20, 1946, Mr. Gardner discerned that a message from 1944 had contained a list of the leading scientists on the Manhattan Project, which developed the atomic bomb. More months of toil by Mr. Gardner and his colleagues turned up a reference to an agent code-named Liberal who had a wife named Ethel.
''Liberal'' and his wife were Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, who were convicted of conspiracy to commit espionage. They were executed in 1953.
Mr. Gardner worked closely with Robert J. Lamphere, an F.B.I. agent who was assigned to chase spies. Mr. Lamphere marveled at his partner's decoding talents.
''I would bring Meredith some material, and he would print in a new word over a group of numbers,'' Mr. Lamphere said in 1996 in an interview with The Washington Post. ''Then he would give a little smile of satisfaction.''
Mr. Gardner attributed his code-solving talents to his language abilities, sense of logic and, as he told The Post in 1996, ''a sort of magpie attitude to facts, the habit of storing things away that did not seem to have any connection at all.''
Meredith Knox Gardner was born in Okolona, Miss. He graduated from the University of Texas and earned a master's degree in languages from the University of Wisconsin. He was a language teacher at the Universities of Akron, Texas and Wisconsin before World War II.
Surviving are his wife, Blanche; a son, Arthur, of Milwaukee; a daughter, Ann Martin of Annapolis, Md.; and 11 grandchildren.
Mrs. Gardner said her husband, after retiring in 1972, loved to solve the crossword puzzles in The Times of London, which are noted for being extremely difficult. He also traced his Scottish genealogy, disdaining computers for the pencil and paper that he had used to attack codes.
Because the Venona project was not disclosed in detail until the mid-1990's, its work was never widely recognized. In a speech in 1997, Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan of New York said the deeds of Mr. Gardner and Mr. Lamphere, in particular, were contributions ''that Americans have a right to know about and to celebrate.'' Mr. Lamphere died in February.
Despite his pride in having helped to smash an espionage ring, Mr. Gardner was sorry that the Rosenbergs were put to death. Mrs. Gardner said her husband's reasoning was that ''those people at least believed in what they were doing.''


Different Options for Binding Your Booklets
Binding is the process that transforms your stack of printed papers into an effective marketing booklet. Knowing the different options you can go with in booklet binding gives you control on how bulky your booklet will be or how formal the final output of your booklet will be. Most importantly, though, booklet binding decides how long your booklet will last against strain before coming apart. There are three general alternatives to booklet binding, each of which having its own advantages and disadvantages.
Punch and Bind. As the name implies, this method of booklet binding involves punching out holes in your prints and covers and using different materials, such as rings and wires, through these holes in order to attach the pages of your booklets together. Some examples of this are ring binding, comb binding, and spiral binding, and all of these make use of different binding materials that each have their own uses. For example, ring binding is more advisable for booklets that are continuously updated, while spiral binding takes the spine durability into consideration. There are other types of punch and bind booklet binding, but the differences merely lie in the number of holes and the type of binding material.
Stitched Binding. The basic idea behind stitched binding is to create a booklet that would have durable bindings without the need for hard covers. Saddle-stitched binding is one example of this, and this method staples pages along the fold crease while the pages are still flat, thus creating a strong bind once folded. Effort-wise, stitched binding may or may not have the edge over the other printing methods, but whatever the effort exerted for this is worth it. The advantage of this is good durability versus its cost, while a disadvantage is that the pages do not lie completely flat.
Thermally Activated. This binding technique is the only one among these three that makes use of glue or resin in order to bind the pages together, and this has just about the same number of methods under it as the punch and bind method. Perfect binding, tape binding, and thermal binding are a few examples of thermally activated booklet binding methods. Just as the main difference between the punch and bind techniques are in the holes and the binding materials, the main difference between the thermally activated techniques are the type of glue used and the process followed in using this glue to bind the pages.
Choosing a booklet binding technique for your promotional booklet is akin to deciding how durable you want your booklets to be. There is no such thing as a perfect or the best booklet binding method, all things considered, but understanding how this works will help you quite a bit in perfecting your prints.
Shop Booklets


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(Phys.org) —By using voltage-generated stress to switch between two magnetic states, researchers have designed a new non-volatile memory with extremely high energy efficiency—about two orders of magnitude higher than that of the previous most efficient non-volatile memories.
The engineers, Ayan K. Biswas, Professor Supriyo Bandyopadhyay, and Professor Jayasimha Atulasimha at Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond, Virginia, have published their paper on the proposed non-volatile memory in a recent issue of Applied Physics Letters.
"We are excited that we have been able to come up with the idea of a strain-switched memory element capable of 180° switching using a simple geometric design, " Bandyopadhyay told Phys.org. "The combination of excellent energy efficiency, fast writing speed and low error probability is very rare. We are glad that all three of these attributes coexist in our design."
In general, a magnetic random access memory (MRAM) cell consists of two elliptical magnets separated by an insulating spacer layer. Each magnet has two stable magnetization orientations. When the magnetizations of both magnets are parallel, the resistance of the MRAM cell (between the two magnetic layers) is low and this state stores the binary bit "0." When the magnetization of one of the magnets is rotated 180° so that the magnetizations of the two magnets become anti-parallel, the resistance becomes high and this state stores the bit "1." Writing a new bit therefore involves changing the relative orientation between the magnetization directions of the two magnets. Usually, the magnetization of one of the magnets, known as the "soft magnet, " is flipped while that of the other, called the "hard magnet, " is permanently fixed.
It's well-known that using a voltage-generated stress to rotate the magnetization of a magnet dissipates far less energy than any other rotation method. This technique was studied theoretically in previous papers by Prof. Atulasimha's and Prof. Bandyopadhyay's groups (see for example: Applied Physics Letters 97, 173105, 2010; Applied Physics Letters, 99, 063108, 2011; and Nanotechnology, 22, 155201, 2011). The problem is that stress/strain cannot rotate the magnetization by more than 90°, while the angular separation between the two stable states is 180°. Therefore, the full 180° rotation required to flip the magnetization from one stable state to the other seemed impossible.
Previous studies at Virginia Commonwealth University have attempted to solve this problem with a creative two-part scheme in which the magnetization of the "soft magnet" is first rotated through 90° with a voltage-generated stress. Then the stress is immediately withdrawn, and a residual torque may continue to rotate the magnetization beyond 90° to the stable state at 180°. However, the precise withdrawal requires a feedback mechanism that determines when the magnetization has completed the 90° rotation so that the stress is withdrawn at exactly the right time. This feedback mechanism would consume energy and reduce the system's overall energy efficiency and reliability.
In the new paper, the researchers proposed a scheme that can flip the magnetization of a magnet with a voltage-generated stress alone and without the need for feedback. The scheme involves placing the soft magnet on top of a 100-nm-thick piezoelectric film, but in between two pairs of electrodes, as shown in the figure above. When a voltage is applied between one electrode pair and the ground, a biaxial strain is generated in the piezoelectric film that causes the soft magnet's magnetization to rotate by a large angle. (This strain generation is described in more detail in Cui, et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 232905, 2013.) Subsequently, applying a voltage to the other electrode pair rotates the magnetization further so that the total rotation is greater than 90°. When this second stress is withdrawn, the magnetization relaxes to a state that is 180° from the original state.
"The key to achieving 180° rotation with stress alone was to carry out two successive rotations, through angles each less than 90°, by applying stress along two different axes in a phased manner, " Biswas said. "This requires a two-phase clock, but that is not difficult since multiphase clock is commonplace."
This scheme has several advantages. First, timing is not critical as it is when feedback is required. Also, simulations have shown that the scheme has a very low failure rate, with no errors in one million simulated switching events. Further, all one million switches could be completed in as little as 1.36 nanoseconds. However, when carrying out multiple read/write cycles to reduce the write error probability to less than 10-20, the total write time increases to 5.44 nanoseconds.
The biggest advantage of the memory may be its energy efficiency. This memory uses at least two orders of magnitude less energy per write cycle than that used by spin-transfer-torque memory, which is emerging as the dominant non-volatile memory technology at this time.
"Excessive energy dissipation creates hot spots in memory that lead to failure, " Atulasimha said. "The energy dissipation may also limit the bit storage density since the maximum heat generated per unit area or volume is the product of the energy dissipated by each memory cell during a read/write operation and the bit density. Heat sinking technologies determine how quickly we can remove the generated heat and unfortunately those technologies are not improving rapidly. Therefore, reducing energy dissipation is always desirable since it can allow much higher storage densities, once other scaling issues are sorted out. Towards that end, this design makes a significant stride."
Explore further: Using the correct annealing temperature is key to making fast, non-volatile computer memory


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What is the origin of the gaucho in Argentina?
The word gaucho has its origin in the Quichua and Mapuche "huacho", which means orphan.
Its origin is the result of the mixture of two civilizations: the European and the natives of what is now Argentina. Possiby the first gauchos were people who breaked their strings with the past and went to the loneliness of the Great Pampa where there was water, grass and livestock. They developed an incredible ability to master the horse, as well as to use the "boleadoras" (three stones linked by a rope that, when thrown, become entangled in the legs of the cattle), the knife, the bow and the appropriate techniques for the salting, method destined to preserve food, of one of the best meats in the world.
On the 6th of December, the National Gaucho Day is celebrated because on that date, in 1872, it was published "El Gaucho Martín Fierro" for the first time. Jose Hernández, from the voice of Martín Fierro, showed the world what the life of the countryman was like, his love for freedom, for his land, his manhood and his courage. The gaucho was a person of great respect and who fulfilled his words, also known for his solidarity which is where the term "gauchada" comes from, which means favor in argentine slang. Today "the current gauchos" carry out activities in estancias, not only in the Pampa plain, but all over the country.


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BACKGROUND: Engineers have designed a way to make police officers and soldiers safer with better body armor. The secret is a new "shear-thickening" fluid. When fabric has been saturated in this new fluid, it becomes strong enough to stop a bullet, but strong enough to wear comfortably.
HOW IT WORKS: When a bullet strikes the fabric, it immediately becomes rigid and keeps the object from penetrating. Once the assault has stopped, the fabric returns to being flexible and lightweight. Material that has been soaked in the new fluid is slightly oily to the touch but otherwise feels and drapes like normal fabric.
ABOUT SMART MATERIALS: The shear-thickening fluid is an example of a "smart material." Smart materials are a class of materials that can sense and respond to changes in the environment, either through the application of electricity or magnetism, or to changes in temperature. In the case of the new body armor, the material responds to a change in pressure. Under normal conditions, the fluid's molecules are weakly bonded and can move around with ease; that's why the material is so flexible. But the shock of an impact causes those chemical bonds to strengthen so the molecules lock into place; once the force from the impact dissipates, the bonds weaken again. That's why the fabric becomes rigid instantly when a bullet strikes, preventing that bullet from penetrating, and reverts to its more flexible state once that force has ceased.
WHAT IS ELASTICITY? Different materials can withstand different amounts of deformation, a property known as elasticity. Most materials are elastic to some degree: when they are deformed or bent by an infusion of incoming energy, they will bounce back to their original shape. But elastic materials all have their limits. Metal springs and rubber bands are very elastic. Plaster and glass are not very elastic; instead, they are brittle and snap with even a small deformation. Energy, like momentum, is conserved, but in a collision, it can turn into different forms of energy, such as heat or noise. How much of the energy is converted depends in part on both the relative toughness and elasticity of the materials involved in the impact. There is no such thing as a perfectly elastic collision, but if there were, all of the energy would be transferred to the target with nothing lost to heat or noise, for example.
The Materials Research Society contributed to the information contained in the TV portion of this report.


Why Your Dog Always Sticks Its Head Out of the Car Window
Be careful when your dog starts itching to poke its head out of the car window.
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Ever wonder why your dog always gravitates toward the car window when you roll it down? Science provides the answer.
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Because dogs have a greater sense of smell than humans, when they stick their head out the window they're exposed to an intense smelling experience. The air getting forced into their nose might intensify the odors, making it extra exciting for the dog.
What's more is dogs can recognize locations based on the smells, which might also help explain their desire to stick their head out of the window.
But you need to be careful when your dog wants to stick its head out the window. They're prone to get hit by debris, especially little pebbles or bugs flying by. Plus, a dog's ears can get damaged by the wind. It's recommended that you roll the window down just a bit and keep them restrained. Be sure to check out these 16 tips on taking your dog with you on a trip.
You can always pamper your favorite furry friend with these 14 adorable pet beds or one of these incredible dog houses.


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The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics identifies perfumers as a new and emerging occupation in the engineering services and manufacturing industry. A distinct connection between the art of perfumery and chemistry exists -- perfumers are also known as fragrance chemists. Job markets include fragrance houses, marketing agencies for fragrances and perfume product manufacturers.
Supervision During Manufacturing
A perfumer is in charge of evaluating the quality of odors emitted by aromatic chemicals. The fragrance should follow the set standards for production, and the exact particulars of the formula for preparing the perfume. To achieve this standard, the perfumer supervises the staff involved in compounding and distilling the fragrance. He needs to evaluate the batch sheets provided by the staff compounding the fragrance before forwarding it for distillation.
Performing Chemical and Physical Tests
A creative perfumer participates in the preparation of a fragrance by performing chemical and physical tests, and making analysis of the resulting products. It is, therefore, vital for a perfumer to have a background in chemistry; a bachelor's degree in chemistry is essential. For example, while analyzing chemical substances that form the additives in the fragrance, knowledge in gas chromatography is essential. The perfumer is able to make informed analysis of aromatic chemicals, ensure the manufacturing process conforms to safety standards and take quality control measures.
A perfumer is responsible for approving or rejecting the batches presented as finished products. He needs to have in-depth knowledge of the characteristics of a particular fragrance to ensure the finished product meets the specifications of a client or the set formula. A perfumer has to have a distinct sense of smell, to capture the uniqueness of a scent -- the odor, its permanence and harmony. A perfumer has to smell and re-smell samples in air filtered rooms to facilitate proper evaluation of its characteristics. He also rejects unsatisfactory batches and submits them for re-distilling.
Upholding Safety Standards
Perfumers are in charge of guaranteeing that the manufacturing environment is safe. He ensures the staff participates in programs meant to facilitate safety in the workplace. He should also perfume laboratory or plant safety audits to avoid incidences of accidents occurring from working with various chemicals. The perfumer also confirms that there are adequate supplies to facilitate safe and efficient procedures during the preparation of the perfume.
- Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images


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A Narrative Inquiry of Women in Administration: Their Voices Heard
MetadataShow full item record
This narrative study examined women's experiences in leadership positions in an educational setting in Southern Ontario. Semi-structured interviews with 4 women (2 principals and 2 vice principals) revealed 4 key themes: (a) considerations prior to entering into leadership and confidence instilled by others to continue on that path; (b) ongoing challenge of maintaining work−life balance; (c) others' perceptions of women in leadership positions; and (d) increasing number of women in leadership positions. The researcher used feminist standpoint theory to analyze data collected during interviews, which gave voice to the study's participants and shed some light on women's gendered experiences in leadership positions. Findings suggest that historical roots significantly influence society to continue with stereotypical gender roles, though some participants have overcome certain stereotypes. The literature review and participants' experiences suggest that women have made some progress throughout history yet society needs to remain vigilant while striving for gender equality.


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News /Growing number of consumers living below poverty line
People with mental health issues make up 36 percent of Social Security allocations — up from 24 percent two decades prior — and possess a standard of living that often falls below federal poverty guidelines, according to Alternatives presenters Donita Diamata and Amy Zulich.
With the federal poverty guideline set at $10,890 per year and Social Security payments set at $8,064 annually, consumers relying solely on government income face a deficit of more than $2,000 each year in meeting basic living expenses, according to Diamata.
In addition to not being able to afford the basics of food, medical care, and shelter, consumers find that their mental health conditions worsen with the stress brought about by poverty, Diamata said.
"The stress of poverty can worsen symptoms and impair basic functioning," Diamata said. "Mental health consumers are also more likely to engage in behaviors that risk physical health when in upsetting situations. These behaviors are not necessarily undertaken with harmful intent, but may be used as coping behaviors to provide comfort or relief from a situation perceived as inescapable."
Despite the fact that many people with mental health issues can and want to work and rise above Social Security, Zulich says it's not that simple.
Seventy percent of employers say they are reluctant to hire someone with a past psychiatric history, making it extremely difficult to break the cycle of poverty among people with mental health issues, according to Zulich.
If a consumer is hired somewhere, Zulich said, it is likely the job pays minimum wage and has minimal benefits, if any at all, which makes real and sustained recovery very difficult to achieve.
"The gap between Medicaid/Medicare income levels and private insurance is a real problem," Zulich said. "If you are hospitalized and don't have insurance, you end up with a giant bill."
Housing is another widespread obstacle for consumers to overcome in achieving wellness, according to Diamata. In fact, she says it's so common that the image of mental illness and homelessness often go hand-in-hand.
"When you search for images on poverty, homelessness, and mental illness, you start seeing many of the same pictures popping up," Diamata said. "It's depressing. Those things shouldn't go together."
While those in need may turn to low-income housing, arrangements are anything but guaranteed, according to Diamata. Such housing is in short supply throughout the country and long waiting lists are common; California waiting lists are a minimum of one year to a high of 6-8 years.
For those trying their chances at renting, the stats are even bleaker. In 2010, a person receiving SSI needed to pay 112 percent of their monthly income for a 1-bedroom apartment and 99 percent for a studio or efficiency apartment, according to Diamata.
Conversely, Federal Housing Affordability guidelines state that low-income households should pay no more than 30 percent of monthly income, or $211 per month for SSI recipients, towards housing costs.
According to Zulich, numbers like these underscore the urgency and need to close the income gap, but multiple factors continue to prevent that from happening.
A widespread fear of losing benefits, lack of employment education resources, messages from society about never being able to work, increasing economic disparities, and the current economic crisis discourage many consumers from re-entering the workforce, Zulich said.
"Consumers are often strongly discouraged to regain control over their own money and are given little support to be successful with finances," Zulich said. "Prescription medications can make it difficult to think clearly and keep up on personal finances. In addition, many are told they will never be able to work, and maintaining disability benefits should be their goal."
It's a vicious cycle, Zulich says.
"It's impossible to be well if your basic needs aren't met," Zulich said. "If you don't have access to food, medical care, safe housing, how do you build the rest of your recovery?"


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Source: Steven Maxwell, _PHONE_, _EMAIL_.
Note to editor: This is the first in a series of news releases about the color purple in honor of Kansas State University's founding on Feb. 16, 1863.
News release prepared by: Greg Tammen, _PHONE_, _EMAIL_
Monday, Feb. 7, 2011
The power of purple:
ROCK MUSIC'S ROOTS RUN DEEP WITH PURPLE, PROFESSOR SAYS
MANHATTAN -- Ask Steven Maxwell what the color purple means and his answer is simple: turn the volume to 11 and open your mind, because purple is rock and roll in its prime.
"Artistically purple is a descriptive word, and I think that's why it's been adopted by some successful acts in the music world," said Maxwell, assistant professor of music at Kansas State University.
In 2008 Maxwell created a class about the history of rock and roll, where he teaches about the genre's evolution and its relationship to history.
"The really cool thing about rock and roll is that it ties into the American culture and really reflects what's going on in the country," Maxwell said. "It serves as the voice of the common person and has been associated with some important historical moments in the U.S. It was a part of that voice in the civil rights movement in the '60s and used in protest of the Vietnam War in the '70s."
Rock music's history runs purple, with the color being adopted by some of the most influential musicians.
"Think of the deeper concept of what a song like 'Purple Haze' means, especially when it first came out," Maxwell said. "The late '60s was all about looking at things differently. Jimi Hendrix perfectly captured that psychedelic era in the country, that time of opening the doors of perception in one's mind and really looking at something on a deeper level."
He said the "purple" Hendrix is referring to is that new, unknown, almost analogous way of thinking.
"Metaphorically, purple was a blend between the standardized 'primary colors' introduced by mainstream society in the 1950s and mid-1960s," Maxwell said.
Other artists, such as Deep Purple and Prince, adopted the color because of its ambiguity in the musical soundscape and pop culture.
Deep Purple was one of the pioneers of hard rock and heavy metal, Maxwell said. The group was the first rock band to record with a full Concerto orchestra, as well as the first to turn the volume to 11, a feat earning them the title of the world's loudest band by the Guinness Book of World Records in 1972.
And then there's the song "Smoke on the Water."
"When that song came out it was such a fresh thing," Maxwell said. "No longer was the focus just on the lyrics. That guitar riff made the music as important as the words. Today most people don't remember the lyrics but they know that guitar lick."
In 1984 Prince released "Purple Rain," an album that took the newly introduced music video to the next level as a full-length film.
The album also introduced Prince's backing band. The Revolution, an apt title due to the soundtrack's revolutionary nature, Maxwell said. The album has since been seen as an avant-garde piece of work and has been named one of the greatest albums of all time by outlets like Time magazine, Rolling Stone, VH1 and others.
"Purple's taking the softness of blue, the loudness of red, and meeting in the middle to make things a little ambiguous. It's a blend of those two primary colors and is therefore a different way of looking at things," he said.


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Why A Labrador May Not Be The Right Dog For YouLabrador Retrievers are extraordinarily people-oriented. This means that they have to be in tune with their owners in order to follow specific instructions. The key to understanding this is to look deeper at what Labs were bred to do, and that is to hunt and retrieve.
Look at it this way, these dogs must be in perfect harmony with their hunter/owner in order to follow specific directions to track and fine birds that have fallen to the ground and out of sight. This need for the dog to have hand-held direction carries over to all aspects of a Labrador's life, especially at home.
This is great for people who enjoy and need constant canine companionship. However, it is bad for dog owners who have a Labrador Retriever but expect the animal to entertain itself with little interaction from the owner.
There are some hunting dogs that were bred to be independent hunters with little interaction and instruction from humans. Examples of these types of dogs are Terriers and Hounds, which lead the way by use of their senses (by smell and sight) with the human hunter striving to keep up with the dog's pace.
This is not how the Labrador is built. Labs are designed to retrieve, and in doing so they must have a connected attention link directly to the hunter. If a retriever ignores the hunter's commands then they may hit the water and swim far past where the bird has fallen, and possibly keep swimming out and away.
Well trained retrievers do not make these types of mistakes because they have the innate ability to attend to and follow detailed directions from the hunter. This skill is absolutely critical to being a trustworthy retriever and is one of the reasons that these dogs make excellent service animals and obedience trainees.
This Is Also The Reason Why Many Labs Do Not Do Well With Some Families
You can probably understand by now just how connected and dependent a Labrador Retriever becomes to its owners. It constantly looks to people for leadership and must have human interaction.
Every dog breed is sociable to some extent, some more than others, but Labs require much more attention than most dogs. They do not cope very well when left alone for long periods of time, whether indoors or outdoors. Many families who are away all day and come home to find out that their Lab has destroyed a side door or window trying to escape does not understand why this is happening.
These people are understandably upset and then punish their Labs. A properly educated Lab owner will not react in this way because they know the truth. And the truth is that what causes a Lab to try to escape like this is simply wanting to search out and find its owners. They consider their "pack" missing and make an attempt to find them outside.
The biggest lesson to take away from this information, especially if you have not yet decided on what type of dog to own and are considering a Labrador Retriever, is to make sure that you have plenty of time to devote to your Lab, day and night. If not, then consider a more independent dog breed. Otherwise, your lovable Lab may soon become increasingly unhappy and will end up a very destructive house pet, or worse, a runaway.
More articles on Dog Breeds
Maltese Kings And Queens Of Affection
The best dog to get for those of you who are looking for something small, beautiful, and noble in stature, should be the Maltese.
List Of Dog Breeds To Fit Your Lifestyle
As far as the appearance is concerned, you already know what type of dog you are looking for. But do you know if that dog is right for you? For instance, you may love the white curly hair of a Poodle, but are you ready for the grooming treatment that it requires to maintain those beautiful curly locks? You admire the intelligence of a German Shepherd, but do you know that this breed sheds year-round? So unless you can bear to have constant hair on your furnitures, this brainy dog may not be ideal for you.


SAOImage DS9 Reference Manual
DS9 is the next version of the popular SAOtng display program. It is a Tk/Tcl application which utilizes the SAOtk widget set. It also incorporates the new X Public Access (XPA) mechanism to allow external processes to access and control its data, GUI functions, and algorithms. DS9 supports the direct display of FITS images and binary tables, multiple frame buffers, region cursor manipulation, many scale algorithms and colormaps, and easy communication with external analysis tasks. It is highly configurable and extensible to meet the evolving needs of the astronomical community.
DS9 supports advanced features such as multiple frame buffers, mosaic images, tiling, blinking, geometric markers, colormap manipulation, scaling, arbitrary zoom, rotation, pan, and a variety of coordinate systems (including Image, Physical, Detector, and WCS). DS9 also supports FTP and HTTP access. The GUI for DS9 is user configurable.
How It Works Backup and Restore File Formats
Mouse and Keyboard Coordinate Grids Preferences
Command Line Options Catalogs 3-D Frames
XPA Access Points Colorbar
Printing IRAF Support
Regions Analysis Binning


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In This Article:
Bandaging the Back and Neck
When someone suffers an injury to the back or neck, it's more important to keep him or her immobile than anything else. But sometimes that's not possible. Maybe the victim is face down in water and cannot breathe. Maybe he is vomiting and needs to have his head tilted. Maybe this person is bleeding profusely.
As is true of grammar, there are always exceptions to the rules. In those situations when bandaging a back or neck wound is necessary, follow these steps:
- Move the injured person as little as possible.
- If cleaning and treating a wound is sufficient to stop the bleeding, simply put a loose cloth over the treatment. It will provide protection without adding possible trauma.
- If an injured person feels a tingling in her limbs or cannot move, it's possible that she might have broken bones. In this case, immobilize the head, neck, and back area.
- If the injured person is having difficulty breathing, very gently lift his or her head slightly and place a pillow underneath. This will help clear air passageways.
- Keep bandages simple. Use a "spiral" technique or cover the area and tape it down with some adhesive—just tight enough to stop bleeding.
- Keep checking the injured person's pulse. If it starts feeling weak, loosen the bandages!
Wrapping Fingers and Toes
Before You Put the Band-Aid On
A splint immobilizes an injury to prevent further damage and to help promote healing. If a plastic or wooden brace is not readily available, the next best splint for a finger is the adjacent finger! Just be sure to place sufficient padding between the fingers before gently wrapping the fingers together.
Bandaging wounded fingers or toes is just like bandaging any other part of the body but with smaller actions and smaller pieces of cloth. It also requires a bit more dexterity and it would be a good idea if you practice on a (willing) friend or family member before an emergency arises. After you clean the wound, follow these steps to wrap a finger or toe:
- Using a long roll of narrow gauze or a strip of cloth, place one end at the base of the finger or toe.
- Hold the strip down with your thumb as you roll up one side of the finger or toe and down the other side.
- Hold the other side down with your third finger (or whatever fingers you feel comfortable using) as you roll the tape up and over with the other hand.
- After wrapping several layers of tape up and down the finger or toe, move the gauze roll to the side and begin to circle the finger or toe.
- Knot the gauze at the base of the finger or toe as shown here.
A finger or toe bandage can also act as a splint in a pinch. Once you've bandaged the finger or toe (up and down and side to side), pull the gauze roll down to your wrist or up to your ankle. Wrap around the wrist or ankle, and then pull back up and around the finger (or down and around the toe). Repeat several times and tie at the wrist or ankle. The following drawing illustrates how to wrap the hand in this way.
More on: First Aid
Excerpted from The Complete Idiot's Guide to First Aid Basics © 1996 by Stephen J. Rosenberg, M.D. and Karla Dougherty. All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Used by arrangement with Alpha Books, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.
To order this book visit Amazon's web site or call _PHONE_.