Generic Top
1. Overview
When we're developing long-term systems, we should expect a mutable environment.
In general, our functional requirements, frameworks, I/O devices, and even our code design may all change for various reasons. With this in mind, the Clean Architecture is a guideline to a high maintainable code, considering all the uncertainties around us.
In this article, we'll create an example of a user registration API following Robert C. Martin's Clean Architecture. We'll use his original layers – entities, use cases, interface adapters, and frameworks/drivers.
2. Clean Architecture Overview
The clean architecture compiles many code designs and principles, like SOLID, stable abstractions, and others. But, the core idea is to divide the system into levels based on the business value. Hence, the highest level has business rules, with each lower one getting closer to the I/O devices.
Also, we can translate the levels into layers. In this case, it is the opposite. The inner layer is equal to the highest level, and so on:
With this in mind, we can have as many levels as our business requires. But, always considering the dependency rule – a higher level must never depend on a lower one.
3. The Rules
Lets's start defining the system rules for our user registration API. First, business rules:
 - The user's password must have more than five characters
Second, we have the application rules. They can be in different formats, as use cases or stories. We'll use a storytelling phrase:
 - The system receives the user name and password, validates if the user doesn't exist, and saves the new user along with the creation time
Notice how there is no mention of any database, UI, or similar. Because our business doesn't care about these details, neither should our code.
4. The Entity Layer
As the clean architecture suggests, let's start with our business rule:
interface User {
 boolean passwordIsValid();
 String getName();
 String getPassword();
And, a UserFactory:
interface UserFactory {
 User create(String name, String password);
We created a user factory method because of two reasons. To stock to the stable abstractions principle and to isolate the user creation.
Next, let's implement both:
class CommonUser implements User {
 String name;
 String password;
 public boolean passwordIsValid() {
 return password!= null && password.length() > 5;
 // Constructor and getters
class CommonUserFactory implements UserFactory {
 public User create(String name, String password) {
 return new CommonUser(name, password);
If we have a complex business, then we should build our domain code as clear as possible. So, this layer is a great place to apply design patterns. Particularly, the domain-driven design should be taken into account.
4.1. Unit Testing
Now, let's test our CommonUser:
void given123Password_whenPasswordIsNotValid_thenIsFalse() {
 User user = new CommonUser("Baeldung", "123");
As we can see, the unit tests are very clear. After all, the absence of mocks is a good signal for this layer.
In general, if we start thinking about mocks here, maybe we're mixing our entities with our use cases.
5. The Use Case Layer
The use cases are the rules related to the automatization of our system. In Clean Architecture, we call them Interactors.
5.1. UserRegisterInteractor
First, we'll build our UserRegisterInteractor so we can see where we're going. Then, we'll create and discuss all used parts:
class UserRegisterInteractor implements UserInputBoundary {
 final UserRegisterDsGateway userDsGateway;
 final UserPresenter userPresenter;
 final UserFactory userFactory;
 // Constructor
 public UserResponseModel create(UserRequestModel requestModel) {
 if (userDsGateway.existsByName(requestModel.getName())) {
 return userPresenter.prepareFailView("User already exists.");
 User user = userFactory.create(requestModel.getName(), requestModel.getPassword());
 if (!user.passwordIsValid()) {
 return userPresenter.prepareFailView("User password must have more than 5 characters.");
 LocalDateTime now =;
 UserDsRequestModel userDsModel = new UserDsRequestModel(user.getName(), user.getPassword(), now);;
 UserResponseModel accountResponseModel = new UserResponseModel(user.getName(), now.toString());
 return userPresenter.prepareSuccessView(accountResponseModel);
As we can see, we're doing all the use case steps. Also, this layer is responsible for controlling the entity's dance. Still, we're not making any assumptions on how the UI or database works. But, we're using the UserDsGateway and UserPresenter. So, how can we not know them? Because, along with the UserInputBoundary, these are our input and output boundaries.
5.2. Input and Output Boundaries
The boundaries are contracts defining how components can interact. The input boundary exposes our use case to outer layers:
interface UserInputBoundary {
 UserResponseModel create(UserRequestModel requestModel);
Next, we have our output boundaries for making use of the outer layers. First, let's define the data source gateway:
interface UserRegisterDsGateway {
 boolean existsByName(String name);
 void save(UserDsRequestModel requestModel);
Second, the view presenter:
interface UserPresenter {
 UserResponseModel prepareSuccessView(UserResponseModel user);
 UserResponseModel prepareFailView(String error);
Note we're using the dependency inversion principle to make our business free from details such as databases and UIs.
5.3. Decoupling Mode
Before proceeding, notice how the boundaries are contracts defining the natural divisions of the system. But we must also decide how our application will be delivered:
 - Monolithic – likely organized using some package structure
 - By using Modules
 - By using Services/Microservices
With this in mind, we can reach clean architecture goals with any decoupling mode. Hence, we should prepare to change between these strategies depending on our current and future business requirements. After picking up our decoupling mode, the code division should happen based on our boundaries.
5.4. Request and Response Models
So far, we have created the operations across layers using interfaces. Next, let's see how to transfer data across these boundaries.
Notice how all our boundaries are dealing only with String or Model objects:
class UserRequestModel {
 String login;
 String password;
 // Getters, setters, and constructors
Basically, only simple data structures can cross boundaries. Also, all Models have only fields and accessors. Plus, the data object belongs to the inner side. So, we can keep the dependency rule.
But why do we have so many similar objects? When we get repeated code, it can be of two types:
 - False or accidental duplication – the code similarity is an accident, as each object has a different reason to change. If we try to remove it, we"ll risk violating the single responsibility principle.
 - True duplication – the code changes for the same reasons. Hence, we should remove it
As each Model has a different responsibility, we got all these objects.
5.5. Testing the UserRegisterInteractor
Now, let's create our unit test:
void givenBaeldungUserAnd12345Password_whenCreate_thenSaveItAndPrepareSuccessView() {
 interactor.create(new UserRequestModel("baeldung", "123"));
 .save(new UserDsRequestModel("baeldung", "12345", now()));
 .prepareSuccessView(new UserResponseModel("baeldung", now()));
As we can see, most of the use case test is about controlling the entities and boundaries requests. And, our interfaces allow us to easily mock the details.
6. The Interface Adapters
At this point, we finished all our business. Now, let's start plugging in our details.
Our business should deal only with the most convenient data format for it, and so should our external agents, as DBs or UIs. But, this format usually is different. For this reason, the interface adapter layer is responsible for converting the data.
6.1. UserRegisterDsGateway Using JPA
First, let's use JPA to map our user table:
_USER_(name = "user")
class UserDataMapper {
 String name;
 String password;
 LocalDateTime creationTime;
 //Getters, setters, and constructors
As we can see, the Mapper goal is to map our object to a database format.
Next, the JpaRepository using our entity:
interface JpaUserRepository extends JpaRepository {
Given that we'll be using spring-boot, then this is all it takes to save a user.
Now, it's time to implement our UserRegisterDsGateway:
class JpaUser implements UserRegisterDsGateway {
 final JpaUserRepository repository;
 // Constructor
 public boolean existsByName(String name) {
 return repository.existsById(name);
 public void save(UserDsRequestModel requestModel) {
 UserDataMapper accountDataMapper = new UserDataMapper(requestModel.getName(), requestModel.getPassword(), requestModel.getCreationTime());;
For the most part, the code speaks for itself. Besides our methods, note the UserRegisterDsGateway's name. If we chose UserDsGateway instead, then other User use cases would be tempted to violate the interface segregation principle.
6.2. User Register API
Now, let's create our HTTP adapter:
class UserRegisterController {
 final UserInputBoundary userInput;
 // Constructor
 UserResponseModel create(_USER_ UserRequestModel requestModel) {
 return userInput.create(requestModel);
As


text:
Bowell held several important Cabinet portfolios before he became Prime Minister in 1894 after the death of Sir John THOMPSON. But dissatisfaction with his leadership, particularly over such issues as the MANITOBA SCHOOLS QUESTION, soon forced his resignation on 27 April 1896. He was succeeded by Sir Charles TUPPER, who actually led the Tories to defeat in 1896. Although Bowell was not politically active after his resignation, he led the Opposition in the Senate _PHONE_.
Author J.M. BUMSTED
Links to Other Sites
First Among Equals
Learn about the private lives and political careers of Canada's Prime Ministers. Includes biographies, speeches, and other historical documents. A Library and Archives Canada website.
Grave Sites of Canadian Prime Ministers
Check this site for photos and information about specific grave sites of former Prime Ministers of Canada. From the website for the National Program for the Grave Sites of Canadian Prime Ministers.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Professor Stuart Macdonald contributes to book on Canadian Churches and WWI
As Professor of Church and Society, The Rev. Dr. Stuart Macdonald's research has focused on changing face of religion, in particular Christianity, in Canada.
His work has been included in a new publication, Canadian Churches and the First World War (Edited by Gordon L. Heath), that is available now. You can purchase the book through its publisher, Wipf and Stock, or through Amazon.
Most accounts of Canada and the First World War either ignore or merely mention in passing the churches' experience. Such neglect does not do justice to the remarkable influence of the wartime churches nor to the religious identity of the young Dominion. The churches' support for the war was often wholehearted, but just as often nuanced and critical, shaped by either the classic just war paradigm or pacifism's outright rejection of violence. The war heightened issues of Canadianization, attitudes to violence, and ministry to the bereaved and the disillusioned. It also exacerbated ethnic tensions within and between denominations, and challenged notions of national and imperial identity. The authors of this volume provide a detailed summary of various Christian traditions and the war, both synthesizing and furthering previous research. In addition to examining the experience of Roman Catholics (English and French speaking), Anglicans, Presbyterians, Methodists, Baptists, Lutherans, Mennonites, and Quakers, there are chapters on precedents formed during the South African War, the work of military chaplains, and the roles of church women on the home front.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Because most bedding plant geraniums (Pelargonium spp.) originated in Africa, they can live on minimal amounts of water. For that reason, they can be stored dormant through winter, hanging in a garage or other frost-free place. Usually grown as annuals, those geraniums actually are tender perennials in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 9 through 11, depending on their variety. Where they require protection to survive winter, try enforced dormancy on only the plants with stocky, woody stems. Cranesbill or hardy geraniums (Geranium spp.), which are perennial in USDA zones 3 through 10, generally don't need to be kept indoors for winter and probably wouldn't survive the bare-root experience.
Choose a Location
During the era when basements were dark and damp, gardeners generally stored their dormant bedding plant geraniums there, by hanging them from nails driven into exposed beams. These days, most people have to use an unheated garage or attic because most modern basements aren't shadowy and chilly. If possible, choose a location where temperatures remain near 45 to 50 degrees Fahrenheit during the winter months. If no exposed beams are handy, then use hooks on a pegboard or something of that sort to hang the geraniums.
Prepare the Plants
Getting bedding plant geraniums ready for winter indoors begins with digging them up just before the first autumn frost and shaking off all clinging earth from their roots. If the plants have grown excessively tall, cut them back to about 1 foot in height. After snipping off all dead and spotty leaves, hang the geraniums upside down from nails or hooks in the location you selected. Tie a brown paper bag over the foliage and stem of each geranium with garden twine or string, leaving only the roots exposed. If you can't find any place to hang the plants, then an option is to store them upside down inside a cardboard box. If you place the box with its lid loosely closed, in a dim spot and off a cement floor, then the paper bags shouldn't be necessary to keep the geraniums in the dark.
Soak Their Roots
The geraniums' roots need to be soaked once per month all winter. One month after you stored your geraniums, retrieve them from their hooks or box, soak only their roots in water for about two hours and then spread the plants to dry. While the roots are still slightly damp, sprinkle them with a fungicide such as powdered cinnamon. When the roots are completely dry, return the plants to their previous place. Repeat the soaking and drying procedure each month. You probably will find the fallen leaves of the geraniums at the bottoms of the paper bags eventually. As long as the plants' stems remain firm, the leaf loss isn't a problem.
Revive the Plants
Preparing the geraniums for the new growing season begins in early to mid-spring. First, snip off all dead tips and other decayed sections. Then prune the plants to a 4-inch height. The interior of the stems should be green. Discard all plants that are brown clear through, and soak the roots of the surviving plants for two hours in a solution of mild plant food, such as 2 tablespoons of liquid seaweed 0-0-1 fertilizer combined with 1 gallon of water. After potting the geraniums in individual pots, water their soil, and set the pots on a sun-drenched windowsill or beneath the center of a grow light. The plants should begin to leaf out within a few weeks.
- Today's Homeowner with Danny Lipford: How to Grow Geraniums Over the Winter
- University of Illinois Extension: Overwinter Geraniums
- The Gazette: From the Ground Up -- Three Ways to Overwinter Your Geraniums
- Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service: Winter Storage of Geranium, Canna, Gladiolus, Caladium and Begonia
- University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service: Geraniums
- The Morning Call: How Can I Keep Geraniums Going in Winter? How Can I Root Them?
- Royal Horticultural Society: Pelargonium (Geranium)
- The Plant Book; Susan Page and Margaret Olds, Editors
- ra3rn/iStock/Getty Images


text:
MOSAIC SOPHISTICATION A quasi-crystalline Penrose pattern at the Darb-i Imam shrine in Isfahan, Iran
A few days ago I noticed this article in NYT science section that reports on a recent paper by Lu and Steinhardt in Science (see here and here for the full article; thanks to 'thomas1111'). Their abstract says: ''The conventional view holds that girih (geometric star-and-polygon, or strapwork) patterns in medieval Islamic architecture were conceived by their designers as a network of zigzagging lines, where the lines were drafted directly with a straightedge and a compass. We show that by 1200 C.E. a conceptual breakthrough occurred in which girih patterns were reconceived as tessellations of a special set of equilateral polygons ("girih tiles") decorated with lines. These tiles enabled the creation of increasingly complex periodic girih patterns, and by the 15th century, the tessellation approach was combined with self-similar transformations to construct nearly perfect quasi-crystalline Penrose patterns, five centuries before their discovery in the West''.
Interestingly enough the occurrence of quasi periodic tilings in old Persian art was also extensively commented on, last year, in Alain and Matilde's article ''A walk in the noncommutative garden" (see Section 9 on tilings). The first four pics are from their article. (see also lieven le bruyn's weblog where the NYT article is commented at). We look forward to comments by people in NCG, operator algebras, and those working on quasi periodic crystals.


text:
Produced by extracting the liquid component of a gel through supercritical drying, Aerogel is officially the world's lightest solid. Since this synthetic porous ultralight material is derived from a gel, in which the liquid component for the gel has been replaced with a gas, it becomes a solid with extremely low density and low thermal conductivity. It's 99.8% air, and features a porous solid network that contains air pockets, with the air pockets taking up the majority of space within the material, making it near weightless. Read more for an in-depth video and additional information.
Aerogels are great thermal insulators because they almost cancel two of the three methods of heat transfer – conduction (they are mostly composed of insulating gas) and convection (the microstructure prevents net gas movement). They are also incredible conductive insulators due to being composed almost entirely of gases, which are very poor heat conductors. The ghostly color they do have is caused by Rayleigh scattering of the shorter wavelengths of visible light by the nano-sized dendritic structure, making it appear smoky blue against dark backgrounds and yellowish against bright backgrounds.


The network data model used by FARAO toolbox is the PowSyBl IIDM format. To get detailed information about the network model, please refer to dedicated documentation on PowSyBl website.
CRAC (for "Contingency list, Remedial Actions and additional Constraints") are objects dedicated to define security domain of the network object. They define contingencies to take into account in business process, constraint to monitor and remedial actions available to get rid of potential active constraints.
Please refer to the dedicated documentation page to get more information about FARAO CRAC data model.
GLSK (for "Generation and Load Shift Keys") are objects dedicated to define scaling strategies to simulate injections modification on network model.
CNE (for "Critical Network Elements") are objects dedicated to store security analysis and computation results from all business process. It defines actual state of monitored branches, activated remedial actions, and more generally the security state of the associated network object.
It is tightly connected to the CRAC model, as it is the result of the security assessment by a computation engine given CRAC security domain.
CNE objects are not yet available in FARAO toolbox. Please refer to FARAO roadmap for information about current implementation plan.


FIX: Lenovo laptop is stuck at LOGO screen. (Solved)
If your Lenovo laptop stuck at the logo screen, then continue reading. This tutorial contains step by step instructions to fix the following problem on Lenovo laptops: After turning on, the laptop doesn't boot and hangs at the Lenovo logo splash screen. (The problem persists even when you try to boot from a USB bootable device).
FIX: Lenovo laptop is stuck at LOGO screen.
How to FIX: Laptop Stuck at LENOVO LOGO screen. *
* Important: Before troubleshooting a computer, disconnect all peripheral devices to make sure that the problem is not due to a connected device.
Step 1. Reset BIOS to default settings.
The first step to resolve the laptop freezing at Lenovo logo, is to reset the BIOS to default settings. To do that:
1. Turn OFF the Laptop by constantly pressing the power button for 5-7 seconds.
2. Now follow the instructions below according your model, to enter into BIOS:
 - If your system is ThinkPad, press the Power button and then immediately press the (Fn+) F2 or the (Fn+) F1 key rapidly and repeatedly.
 - If your system is ideapad laptop, locate and press the NOVO button, which is commonly located beside the Power button, and then select Enter BIOS Menu.
3. At Exit tab select Load Default Settings or "Load Optimized settings".
4. Save and exit from BIOS settings and see if you can boot to Windows.
5. If the laptop still freezes at Lenovo logo screen, continue to next step.
Step 2. Disable the Lenovo Service Engine.
In some Lenovo laptops (and desktops), the system hangs at "Lenovo Logo" during boot, when the "Lenovo Service Engine" is enabled. To disable the service:
1. Enter in BIOS menu.
2. At Security tab, highlight and disable the "Lenovo Service Engine".
3. Save and Exit from BIOS menu.
4. If the laptop still stuck at Lenovo logo splash screen, continue to next step.
Step 3: Perform a Power Reset.
The next method to resolve the "Lenovo Logo stuck" issue, is to perform a power reset. To do that:
1. Disconnect all connected peripherals.
2. Remove the AC Adapter.
3. Remove the Battery. *
* Note: If you cannot remove the battery, leave the laptop open until the battery is discharged.
4. Press and hold down the Power button for at least 50-60 seconds and then release the Power button.
5. Connect only the AC Adapter and turn on the laptop.
6. If Windows starts normally, shutdown your laptop and reconnect the battery and peripherals.
Step 4. Remove the CMOS battery.
1. Remove the Battery and the AC adapter.
2. Turn the laptop upside down and remove the back cover. *
* Note: The way of removing the back cover differs according the laptop model. So, perform a Google search about how to disassemble your own Lenovo laptop model.
3. Locate and remove the CMOS battery. *
* Note: The CMOS battery has shape like a circle and you can remove it out by gently prying it out with a small, flat-head screwdriver.
4. Press and hold down the Power button for at least 50-60 seconds and then release it.
5. Connect first the AC Adapter and then reinsert the CMOS battery.
5. Turn on the laptop. *
* Note: If the problem persists, remove and leave the CMOS battery unplugged for at least 30 minutes. Then, put the CMOS battery back, connect the AC Adapter and turn on the laptop.
Step 5. Remove the DVD unit. *
* Important: Turn off your computer and remove the Power Adapter, before adding or removing parts.
If you own a laptop with a DVD drive, then remove it and turn on your laptop again. (This sounds weird, but in some cases works.)
Step 6. Remove and Reseat the RAM & Hard Drive.
When a computer (desktop or laptop) freezes at LOGO (POST) screen, usually means a problem with the hard drive (HDD), or the memory (RAM). So, proceed as follows:
* Important: Turn off your computer and remove the Power Adapter, before adding or removing its parts.
1. Remove and reseat the RAM Module(s).
2. Turn on the laptop and see if the problem persists. If yes, then…
3. Turn off the laptop and remove (disconnect) the hard drive (HDD).
4. After removing the HDD, turn on the laptop again.
5. If the HDD is the cause of problem, then the Lenovo LOGO splash screen will disappear and you will receive a message saying "No bootable device found" or something like that. If this happen:*
a. Turn Off the laptop.
b. Clean the contacts on both hard drive and the HDD socket with a contact cleaner spray.
c. Reconnect the hard drive and continue reading below (6).
* Note: If this does not happen, this indicates a BIOS problem, or a motherboard problem, which can only be repaired by a specialized computer technician.
6. Turn on the laptop and see if the problem has solved. If not, proceed to backup your files and then perform a clean installation of Windows, by following the steps below:
a. Remove and connect the hard drive to another working computer (e.g. by using a USB to SATA Hard Drive Adapter).
b. If you can read the drive's contents, proceed and backup your files. *
* Note: If the hard drive is not recognized from the secondary computer, then the HDD is faulty and you have to replace it.
c. After backing up your files, proceed and diagnose the Hard Drive for problems, and according the results, replace the HDD (if it is faulty), or (if its OK) proceed and delete all partitions on the HDD.
7. After cleaning the partitions, put the HDD back on the laptop and proceed to clean install Windows.
That's all folks! Did it work for you?
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text:
Bagworms have hatched in central Illinois, so it will be time to treat for these insects in central Illinois about June 10. This is 2 to 3 weeks earlier than normal. Now is the proper time to treat in southern Illinois, where the bagworms would have hatched a couple of weeks ago.
Bagworm eggs overwinter in the old female's bag, which is close to 2 inches long and covered with dried foliage from the host. Newly hatched bagworms emerge from the old bag and climb upward in the tree. Then they spin out and hang at the bottom of silk threads that are typically 2 to 3 feet long. This swinging pendulum catches in the breeze, the top end breaks from the tree, and the young bagworm goes soaring through the air at the end of its buoyant silk strand. Caught in updrafts, they may float for very long distances—trips of many miles are probably common.
These newly hatched bagworms will continue to hatch and migrate for a couple of weeks. As such, they represent the only major method of dispersal for the species because the adult female is a wingless moth, unable to travel very far. Treatment of attacked trees and shrubs before they have finished migration will be only partially effective because new bagworms blow in daily. Typically, about 2 weeks after egg hatch, the bagworms quit migrating and settle down to feed on the foliage of arborvitae, spruce, pine, eastern red cedar, other junipers, and various deciduous trees and shrubs. Particularly on the needled evergreen hosts, defoliation can result in the death of branches and entire plants.
Spraying with Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Dipel, Thuricide), cyfluthrin (Tempo), trichlorfon (Dylox), spinosad (Conserve), and other insecticides is effective, particularly while the caterpillars are small. As the caterpillars and their respective bags get longer than 1/2 inch, they become very hard to kill, particularly by insecticides other than those listed above.
Remember that you have a choice. If you spray at egg hatch, you will probably have to spray again to control larvae that migrate into the sprayed trees. If you wait for about 2 weeks after egg hatch, one application should be all that is needed, and little damage will occur during that time.


April 21, 2021
Informatica Testing Interview Questions and Answers
Informatica Testing Interview Questions and Answers
Informatica Testing Interview Questions and Answers
1. What is Performance tuning in Informatica?
ANS: The goal of performance tuning is optimize session performance so sessions run during the available load window for the Informatica Server. The performance of the Informatica Server is related to network connections.
2. How to increase the session performance?
ANS: Data generally moves across a network at less than 1 MB per second, whereas a local disk moves data five to twenty times faster. Thus network connections often affect on session performance. So avoid network connections.
Flat files: If your flat files stored on a machine other than the Informatca server, move those files to the machine that consists of Informatica server.
Relational datasources: Minimize the connections to sources, targets and Informatica server to improve session performance. Moving target database into server system may improve session performance.
3. How do you handle decimal places while importing a flatfile into informatica?
ANS: While importing flat file definition just specify the scale for a numeric data type in the mapping, the flat file source supports only number data type (no decimal and integer). In the SQ associated with that source will have a data type as decimal for that number port of the source.
Source ->number data type port ->SQ -> decimal datatype.Integer is not supported. hence decimal is taken care.
4. Differences between Normalizer and Normalizer transformation?
ANS: Normalizer: It is a transormation mainly using for cobol sources,
it change the rows into coloums and columns into rows
Normalization: To remove the redundancy and inconsistency
5. What is the target load order?
ANS: You specify the target load order based on source qualifiers in a maping. If you have the multiple source qualifiers connected to the multiple targets, you can designate the order in which Informatica server loads data into the targets.
6. How can you create or import flat file definition in to the warehouse designer?
ANS: You can not create or import flat file definition in to warehouse designer directly. Instead you must analyze the file in source analyzer, then drag it into the warehouse designer.
When you drag the flat file source definition into warehouse designer workspace, the warehouse designer creates a relational target definition not a file definition. If you want to load to a file, configure the session to write to a flat file. When the Informatica server runs the session, it creates and loads the flat file.
7. How do we do unit testing in Informatica?
ANS: Unit testing are of two types
1. Quantitative testing 2.Qualitative testing
8. How do we load data in Informatica?
1. First validate the mapping
2. Create session on them applying and then run workflow.
There you can see how many number of source rows are applied and how many number of rows loaded in to targets and how many number of rows rejected. This is called Quantitative testing.
1. Take the DATM (DATM means where all business rules are mentioned to the corresponding source columns) and check whether the data is loaded according to the DATM in to target table. If any data is not loaded according to the DATM then go and check in the code and rectify it.
This is called Qualitative testing.
This is what a developer will do in Unit Testing.
9. What is Data driven?
ANS: The Informatica server follows instructions coded into update strategy transformations with in the session mapping determine how to flag records for insert, update, delete or reject. If you do not choose data driven option setting, the Informatica server ignores all update strategy transformations in the mapping.
If the data driven option is selected in the session properties, it follows the instructions in the update strategy transformation in the mapping now it follows instructions specified in the session.
10. How the Informatica server sorts the string values in Rank transformation?
11. Define Informatica repository?
12. How can we partition a session in Informatica?
ANS: Partitioning option optimizes parallel processing on multiprocessor hardware by providing a thread-based architecture and built-in data partitioning.
The Power Center Partitioning option enables hardware and applications to provide outstanding performance and jointly scale to handle large volumes of data and users.
13. In update strategy target table or flat file which gives more performance? Why?
14. What is parameter file?
ANS: When you start a workflow, you can optionally enter the directory and name of a parameter file. The Informatica Server runs the workflow using the parameters in the file you specify.
15. What are variable ports and list two situations when they can be used?
16. Can you start a session inside a batch individually?
ANS: We can start our required session only in case of sequential batch. In case of concurrent batch we cant do like this.
17. What are the types of lookup caches?
1) Static Cache
2) Dynamic Cache
3) Persistent Cache
4) Reusable Cache
5) Shared Cache
18. What are two types of processes that Informatica runs the session?
For Best Informatica Online Training please visit _URL_


tarsnap-keymgmt (1) - Linux Man Pages
tarsnap-keymgmt: generate subsets of
tarsnap-keymgmt - generate subsets of tarsnap(1) key files
--outkeyfile new-key-file [-r ] [-w ] [-d ] [--nuke ] [--passphrased ] [--passphrase-mem maxmem ] key-file...
reads the provided key files and writes a new key file containing only the keys required for the operations specified via the -r (list and extract archives), -w (write archives), -d (delete archives), and --nuke flags. Note that -d implies -r since it is impossible to delete an individual archive without being able to read it; while a key file generated with --nuke can be used to delete all the archives stored, but not individual archives.
The --recover command requires either (1) -d (archive deleting), (2) -w (archive creating), or (3) --nuke keys. The --fsck command requires either (1) both -w (archive writing) and -r (archive reading) keys, or (2) -d (archive deleting) keys. The --fsck-prune command requires -d (archive deleting) keys, since it needs to be able to delete corrupted archives.
If the --passphrased option is specified, the user will be prompted to enter a passphrase (twice) to be used to encrypt the key file.
If the --passphrase-mem maxmem option is specified, a maximum of maxmem bytes of RAM will be used in the scrypt key derivation function to encrypt the key file; it may be necessary to set this option if a key file is being created on a system with far more RAM than the system on which the key file will be used.


Encyclopedia > Semiconductor laser
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Laser diode
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A laser diode is a laser where the active medium is a semiconductor p-n junction similar to that found in a light emitting diode. Laser diodes are sometimes referred to (somewhat redundantly) as injection laser diodes or by the acronyms LD or ILD.
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Principle of operation When a diode is forward biased, holes from the p-region are injected into the n-region, and electrons from the n-region are injected into the p-region. If electrons and holes are present in the same region, they may radiatively recombine[?]—that is, the electron "falls into" the hole and emits a photon with the energy of the bandgap. This is called spontaneous emission, and is the main source of light in a light emitting diode.
In a laser diode, the semiconductor crystal is fashioned into a shape somewhat like a piece of A4 paper—very thin in one direction and rectangular in the other two. The top of the crystal is n-doped, and the bottom is p-doped, resulting in a large, flat p-n junction. The two ends of the crystal are cleaved so as to form perfectly smooth, parallel edges; two reflective parallel edges are called a Fabry-Perot cavity. Photons emitted in precisely the right direction will be reflected several times from each end face before they are emitted. Each time they pass through the cavity, the light is amplified by stimulated emission. Hence, if there is more amplification than loss, the diode begins to "lase".
Types of laser diode The type of laser diode just described is called a homojunction laser diode, for reasons which should soon become clear. Unfortunately, they are extremely inefficient. They require so much power that they can only be operated in short "pulses;" otherwise the semiconductor would melt. Although historically important and easy to explain, such devices are not practical.
Double heterostructure lasers
Quantum well lasers
If the middle layer is made thin enough, it starts acting like a quantum well[?]. This means that in the vertical direction, electron energy is quantised. The difference between quantum well energy levels can be used for the laser action instead of the bandgap. This is very useful since the wavelength of light emitted can be tuned simply by altering the thickness of the layer.
Laser diodes discussed to this point have the disadvantage of emitting light through the thin crystal edge. This gives them a rectangular beam output, and spreads out the beam due to diffraction (i.e., "divergence"). Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) instead emit light from the "top" of the crystal. The reason this technique is only a recent development is that it is very difficult to give the top and bottom of the crystal a sufficiently high reflectivity. This has been overcome by the successful construction of Bragg gratings[?] for mirrors on the top and bottom surfaces. VCSELs are just starting to become commercially available.
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North Korea food shortage: Kim Jong-un's COVID-19 policy could lead to mass starvation
24 Jun 2021
North Korea's Kim Jong-un has stated publicly that the country is facing a food shortage, a rare admission for the country's leader, who blamed the pandemic and a recent typhoon.
Last year, speaking at an anniversary event of the Workers' Party of Korea, Kim urged his people to "remain firm in the face of 'tremendous challenges' posed by the pandemic". One such challenge Kim has warned of is the potential for a famine echoing the "arduous march" of the late 1990s, when the country faced a period of mass starvation that reportedly killed millions.
Kim's response to COVID-19 has made North Korea even more isolated, leading to food shortages that are likely to impact millions. His slimmer look may also indicate Kim's own lack of access to the food he used to have.
Is North Korea on its way toward another arduous march?
A country isolated
North Korea was one of the first countries to respond to the COVID-19 outbreak by closing its borders in January 2020. North Korea still claims zero positive COVID-19 cases, which no one can really confirm.
There have been signs of a devastating economic situation in North Korea associated with the closed border, which entirely blocked existing illegal trades. Due to existing sanctions, there were not many legitimate trade activities in North Korea, apart from with China, but smuggling has sustained supply and demand chains in general.
At the moment, North Korea is facing its toughest international sanctions yet, imposed in 2017 over its sixth nuclear test. The first such sanctions were put in place by the UN in 2006 over North Korea's ballistic missile tests, and were expanded when the country conducted its first nuclear test that same year.
It is believed that the COVID-19 border closure has affected the North Korean economy even more than the sanctions, resulting in a more than 50% decrease in trade with China compared to 2018.
The border closure has resulted in a lack of access to agricultural materials such as fertiliser and machinery, making it hard for North Koreans to have a sufficient grain harvest. Additionally, food imports and humanitarian aid are not being allowed due to the lockdown.
Lack of access to agricultural supplies due to border closures is threatening harvests in North Korea.BJ Warnick / Newscom / Alamy stock photo
Vaccination troubles
During the initial arduous march, North Korea received a massive amount of food aid from the international community. It is a reasonable assumption that it is in need of more aid this time. But despite calls from the international community to provide humanitarian aid to North Korea, Kim's regime has not allowed them into the country.
When Kim Jong-un became leader, he promised his people that they "would never have to tighten their belt again". Now, he has decided to announce another arduous march rather than engage with the international community, risking a hit to his credibility.
There seem to be two main reasons why North Korea is hesitant to reopen its borders while people suffer from serious lack of food nationwide.
First, there is a huge risk of a COVID-19 outbreak with current measures. The country lacks capacity to deal with the pandemic, so massive and effective vaccination will be the only solution for North Korea to control the spread of the virus in the country. North Korea was initially approved to receive nearly 2 million doses of AstraZeneca vaccines from Covax, the global vaccination distribution programme. However, this number has been reduced to 1.7 million which covers only about 3.3% of its entire population.
On top of this, delivery has been delayed as North Korea did not participate in the required consultation process. The international community seems to be ready to provide more vaccines once Kim agrees to cooperate on vaccine supply.
Jangmadang and cultural influx
The second reason why Kim is willing to risk his credibility over accepting international aid is his fear of continuous information influx.
During the first arduous march, North Korean political leaders observed humanitarian workers sharing external information with local people, which was then prohibited by authorities. However, this was not a significant problem for leadership as ordinary North Koreans did not have access to the outside world, and were effectively brainwashed by state propaganda.
This time, North Koreans have more access than ever to the outside world. They have wider use of mobile phones, and USBs and SD cards containing K-Pop and South Korean films and dramas have been smuggled into the daily life of North Koreans through jangmadang (grey markets – literally, "outdoor market" in Korean). Higher levels of information influx combined with less ideology education has caused people to rethink their regime, and domestic discontent has developed as a result.
Jangmadang became a core part of North Koreans' survival system when the government was unable to provide rations and necessities during the 1990s. For the jangmadang generation, daily life survival was more important than regime survival. They could not attend school, and thus were not subject to intense state ideology education. Jangmadang and younger generations now tend to place more value on money and South Korean cultural influence than Jucheism – North Korean state ideology – weakening their loyalty to the regime.
Fortunately for Kim, this phenomenon has slowed due to the current border closure. But once the border is reopened, there will be a surge of information into the country again. Thus, Kim would want to ensure the revival of strong state ideology before he reopens doors to the international community. He has conducted strong punishments against those who possess and/or spread foreign media among people, and emphasised the need for enhanced ideological education. In April, Kim sent a letter to the Youth League aiming to "root out anti-socialist and non-socialist practices, and improve ideological education".
Kim's isolation may have successfully blocked the spread of COVID-19 and external cultural influence among the population, but it has also blocked the channels to basic necessity. Kim will need to reopen the borders in order to avert the second arduous march, but it will be hard for him to find immediate alternatives to mitigate the risks to his regime.
There are signs of gradual resumption of trade between North Korea and China, but it has been limited. As Kim has announced that North Korea needs to prepare for "both dialogue and confrontation" with the US, the international community could take this as an opportunity to approach North Korea again, but with more productive and practical solutions for its isolated people.
Read the full article here.
Covid-19 – Johns Hopkins University
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GSSI looks at using Ground Penetrating Radar for Cemetery Mapping
GSSI looks at using Ground Penetrating Radar for Cemetery Mapping
GSSI looks at using Ground Penetrating Radar for Cemetery Mapping
Across the United States, a large amount of forgotten burials of unmarked and lost graves exist.
Geophysical techniques, including ground penetrating radar (GPR), are needed to non-destructively locate these burials in cemeteries and other locations. Cemetery mapping using GPR is gaining in popularity. Two-dimensional (2D) real-time evaluation of GPR profiles is quick and efficient, and especially useful for projects with time constraints or abundant obstacles in the survey area.
GSSI looks at using Ground Penetrating Radar for Cemetery Mapping
Lost graves stem from cemetery age and population growth
Historical cemeteries can go back hundreds of years. Over time, missing, fallen, or poorly placed headstones can complicate the assumed physical location of grave sites. The original documentation may be unavailable or unreadable, further leading to confusion. GPR service providers are increasingly being used to generate up-to-date burial maps or clear areas for new burials.
In addition, modern population growth has led to increased infrastructure and city sprawl. There are documented cases where contractors were given permission to build over forgotten burial grounds. In some cases a GPR investigation may be conducted to determine the existence of a cemetery, presence, or absence of burials, whether the graves have been disturbed, and factors related to relocation recommendations. In other cases, GPR may be used to evaluate graves overlooked during cemetery relocated due to urban expansion.
Peter Leach collecting 2D data with the GSSI UtilityScan system.
Peter Leach collecting 2D data with the GSSI UtilityScan system.
Three keys to successfully using GPR equipment
Those looking to use GPR equipment for cemetery mapping surveys should follow these best practices:
1. Know your GPR equipment and learn how best to use it in cemeteries
The first key to success is to determine the right type of equipment to use and get to know the equipment. Find white papers or posters that describe GPR methods for cemeteries and become familiar with how burials appear in GPR datasets.
In addition, consider specialized training from archaeologists or others on using GPR equipment for cemetery mapping. For example, GSSI offers GSSI Academy classes on cemetery mapping and equipment use.
2. Conduct pre-survey research
The best experience is hands-on practice. Consider reaching out to a local cemetery and ask permission to scan their grounds prior to conducting cemetery surveys as a service offering. Ask to be present when someone is digging a new grave. Research the age of the cemetery and how it may have been managed over time and then look at the existing marked graves in the cemetery to determine the direction and orientation of the graves. Ideally, the GPR should pass over burials perpendicular to their long axis (90 degrees).
Before beginning any cemetery mapping project, become familiar with local soil conditions, including soil composition and depth to bedrock/ledge. If you cannot see a representative soil profile, check out the USDA NCRS soil map and other online soil science resources.
3. Consider the variables
The quality of a GPR survey is greatly affected by soil conditions, weather, and the surrounding environment. Note these observances in your field notes and determine if other geophysical techniques can be used to compliment the GPR survey. Be especially cautious if the ground is saturated with water. If shoes squish when one walks over the site, consider returning once the water content has decreased. Look for large trees in the vicinity, signs of large rocks and animal burrows; these and other targets could generate false positive indicators of burials.
2D cemetery mapping using GPR
Two-dimensional (2D) real-time evaluation of GPR profiles is quick and efficient, and a common method for projects with time constraints or where there are abundant obstacles in the survey area.
The basic technique calls for collecting GPR profiles perpendicular to assumed burial orientation and identifying potential burial-related targets and associated soil disturbances. Not all burials (especially older ones) will exhibit a hyperbolic target due to decay of wood coffins, but there should be evidence of the grave shaft as a result of excavation and filling of the grave.
Water content is the single most important factor affecting GPR performance. Water slows down the GPR velocity, increases dielectric, and can mix with soil chemistry to increase conductivity levels. In high-dielectric conditions, hyperbolic targets are narrow and more difficult to see, reducing the chance of observing a burial target. Certain soil textures, like clay and silt, hold more water and may have inherently higher conductivity. High soil conductivity is like a lightning rod for GPR energy, whereby the GPR signal is dissipated into the ground and does not return to the antenna when reflected by a target or layer. This vastly reduces depth penetration, and in extreme cases may limit data collection to one or two feet below the surface.
Another soil-related factor is the presence of gravel, larger rocks, or boulders. Gravel can create clutter in the GPR profile, while cobbles and boulders create confusing hyperbolic targets. The disturbance in the ground from an animal burrow can also generate hyperbolas that would confuse a user when trying to locate burials.
The key to differentiating actual burials from false positives is to look beyond the targets and to evaluate the entire GPR profile. Rocks, roots, and animal burrows may appear as hyperbolic targets, but they usually will not have a soil disturbance above them. Burial targets must have an associated soil disturbance, and this might appear as broken soil layers or an anomalous area above the target. Roots and animal burials may extend across the project area for tens of feet, but a human burial will not. Marking potential targets with paint or pin flags will help visualize the length of targets and assist in ruling some of them out.
The choice of GPR antenna is of critical importance to the success of 2D cemetery mapping. Higher frequency antennas, like 900 MHz and 2700 MHz, may exhibit impressive resolution but cannot penetrate down to typical burial depths. Alternatively, lower frequencies greatly improve the depth of investigation, but they sacrifice resolution in the process. Since burials can be somewhat deeply buried, and they may not present large targets in profiles. People who are conducting a cemetery survey should use a 400 MHz or 350MHz HyperStacking® antenna to achieve the best results. These antennas provide the ideal interplay between depth and resolution and will provide adequate depth penetration without generating unwanted soil clutter in your data.
Another important factor is burial container material. Some wooden coffins may persist for a long time, but in most cases they will quickly collapse and erode away. In these cases, cemetery mappers will not be looking for the target, but rather the hole, or soil disturbance, that the target is/was in. Brick and concrete vaults last much longer and should be easier to locate. However, these containers are larger than wooden coffins and the top of the container may only be 1-2 feet below the surface; they can be easily missed if the survey is focused on depths of 4-6 feet. Lastly, one might encounter cemeteries where burials were previously exhumed. In this scenario the remains and container are removed, and all that is left is a filled-in excavation that is often larger than the original grave shaft.
Peter Leach conducts a 2D data collection in a cemetery in Massachusetts with the UtilityScan Pro with the 350 HS antenna.
Advantages and disadvantages of 2D data collecting
The advantages of 2D data collecting in a cemetery include speed of data collection, on the spot marking, and ease of data interpretation.
Speed of data collection
Since collection of 2D data does not require setting up a grid most of the time prepping the area is cut down or gone. Due to the speed of data collection while collecting a 2D file, one can easily prep out the area with a few passes around the location to scout for the best place to collect the survey.
On the spot marking
Spray paint and flags can be used to simply mark the possible grave location on the spot in the cemetery. When marking the possible target on the ground, also mark the spot in the notebook, along with notations of obstructions and possible graves. Make sure to take photographs of the landscape at the same time.
Data interpretation
It is easy to view 2D data on the screen and analyse the results on the spot. Unlike 3D data, 2D data collection does not require post processing to view the data.
Disadvantages of 2D data collection for cemetery mapping include interference that inhibits real-time interpretation, difficulty in differentiating targets, and the danger of incomplete coverage.
GPR data from cemeteries can inherit external noise, soil-related issues, and other unavoidable data problems that inhibit real-time interpretation. Continuous EM noise will generate horizontal noise bands that span soil disturbances and give the impression that soil layers are continuous, and proximity to the transmission source will compound this issue. Sporadic EM noise can generate a snowy or static overprint and obscure real data. Soil conditions create their own noise signatures, and usually these are exacerbated by certain clay varieties and overall water content. Salt, nitrates, calcium carbonate, and other chemical components will increase conductivity and reduce penetration depth while vastly reducing interpretive potential.
Use a notebook to mark possible targets, obstructions, and possible graves
Differentiating targets
The equifinality of GPR reflections is also of concern, as targets and layers from completely different origins can be indistinguishable on GPR


Home » Future of Research » Examining the Difference Between Market, Medical, and Scientific Researchers
Future of Research
Examining the Difference Between Market, Medical, and Scientific Researchers
Larry Friedman, Ph.D.
Co-Editor, GreenBook Blog
The "Jonas Salk Middle School" is a few miles from my house. I remember being impressed the first time I saw it because local schools get named for someone who has had a major impact on the community or the world.
It is appropriate for a school to be named after Salk. He discovered the first vaccine for Polio, which had ravished the United States and the world. His discovery literally saved millions.
I recently read that Salk never made a penny off the vaccine; he didn't patent it and viewed it as a gift to the world.
There are other schools around the world named after scientists like Einstein, Curie, and Pasteur. Einstein, ironically, was working in the Swiss Patent Office in 1905 when he wrote a series of papers that changed physics, including special relativity. He never patented any of it.
I am unaware of any local schools named after a market researcher.
Why is that?
Commercial appeal
It isn't that market researchers are bad people. Most are good people who are charitable and devote time to improving their communities.
I think the main reason you won't find schools named after market researchers is that market research is fundamentally a commercial enterprise, unlike basic scientific research or medical research, which primarily aim to better mankind (and no, I am not idealizing scientific researchers; I have read too many academic satires by David Lodge for that).
Basic scientific/medical research is essentially an open process. Anyone should be able to replicate your work after reading your report in a refereed journal. It is the job of editors and anonymous referees to make sure everything is on the up and up. In medical research, that is done commercially by pharma companies; the FDA ensures the methods used prove the new drug has the claimed benefits.
Protecting Assets
The commercial world of market research is not open because it is fundamentally about getting a commercial advantage. There is a veil of secrecy that is always kept up, either by clients or by market research companies.
The best work I've done in my career for clients has been kept hidden so their competitors don't find out. If I wanted to speak about it at a conference, I had to blind it so nobody really knew who I was speaking about, or what I really found.
Market research companies gain commercial advantage by developing proprietary services. They don't get a patent for them unless there is some technology involved. In speaking or writing about them, critical components are kept hidden; otherwise, they could be ripped off. Clients don't get the full story about validation the way a refereed science journal or the FDA would demand.
Therefore, the commercial world of market research is essentially a "buyer beware" world. The overwhelming majority of market researchers I've met do their best, but at the end of the day, you never really know what you're getting.
Organizations like the ARF and MSI do yeoman's work in getting the validation that only real openness can provide, but they only touch a small percentage of market research.
I'd love to see a local school named for a market researcher, but it will only happen for something they did outside of market research.
Larry Friedman, Ph.D., Co-Editor, GreenBook Blog, [email protected]
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User Guide
Modifier extensions is made for creation of automatic modification rules. It is based on the same group-per-interceptor principle as Tagger, so if you want to know, how to set it up, read Tagger guide.
Modify rules
Modify rules contain the modification logic like automatic replacements etc. These rules are executed on PDUs with specified tag / all PDUs if no tag is specified.
Modify rule types (Replace, Add Header,...) might be added by extensions. On the following screenshot, you can see the Replace rule configuration:


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cellulose microfibrils | How to purchase in bulk?
What you read in this article...
What is the function of Microfibrils?What gives cellulose its strength?Structure and properties of the cellulose microfibrilWhere to find cellulose microfibrills?
cellulose microfibrils are only for sale by certain retailers. You can find these sellers by searching the internet. These major suppliers will help you to buy wholesale microfiber cellulose.
cellulose microfibrils | How to purchase in bulk?
What is the function of Microfibrils?
What is the function of Microfibrils?Microfibril is a very good fiber or fiber-like fiber composed of glycoproteins and cellulose. It is commonly, but not always, used as a general term in describing the cellulose structure of protein fiber, for example. Tail hair and sperm. The most structural pattern observed is the 9 + 2 pattern in which the two central fibrous proteins are surrounded by 9 other pairs. Cellulose in plants is one example of non-protein compounds that use the term for the same purpose. Cellulose microfibers are inserted on the inner surface of the primary cell wall. As the cell absorbs, its volume increases and new, isolated microfibrils are created to help increase cell viability.
cellulose fibril synthesis and orientation by cellulose synthase or rosette terminal complexes that reside in the cell membrane. When cellulosic fibrous cells are synthesized and grow outside the cell, they press against neighboring cells. Since the neighboring cell cannot move easily, the rosette complex is transported around the cell via the phospholipid liquid membrane.
Eventually, this results in the cell being wrapped in a layer of microfiber. This layer becomes the cell wall. The organization of microfibers forming the primary cell wall is quite disordered. However, there is another mechanism in the secondary cell walls leading to its organization.
In principle, the lines on the secondary cell wall are made with microfibrils and microtubules. These lines force the microfibers to remain in a specified area during closing. During this process, the microtubules can be self-depolymerized in different orientations and repelled again. This leads to another direction in which the cell continues to wrap.
What gives cellulose its strength?
What gives cellulose its strength?Cellulose is a polysaccharide of glucose molecules. Then it is long. Cellulose is exactly the same as amylose, except that it is not alpha bound, but beta bound. Beta cellulose bonds give each polymer a flat and rigid structure. Since each cellulose molecule is flat, they can be stacked on top of each other. When stacked, they line up and form H bonds. This is how cellulose forms fibrils in the cell walls of plants. This is very strong and durable. I think this answers your question. Humans can't digest cellulose because we don't have enzymes capable of breaking beta bonds.
Structure and properties of the cellulose microfibril
Structure and properties of the cellulose microfibrilCellulose is the final raw material. Cellulose is more present in the biosphere than any other material. Its basic structure is simple: a long chain of glucose units linked by b (1,4) bonds. It is the ability of these chains to bond in hydrogen-bonded fibers (microfibres) that gives cellulose unique properties of mechanical strength and chemical stability.
Cellulose microfibers contain two crystalline forms, cellulose:
 - Ia
 - Ib
which the chains are packaged slightly differently. The chain composition is similar in both forms, a smooth ribbon with a 180 ° torsion between successive glucosyl residues. This chain compound is stabilized by two hydrogen bonds parallel to the glycosidic bond, one from O-3 to the oxygen ring of the previous glucose unit and the other from O-2 to the next O-6 glucose unit.
 In the core chains, the compound is a C-6 trans boat. In the surface chains, there is a mixture of gauche-gauche and gauche-trans compounds with the gauche-trans gland, which is dry cellulose but less so when wet. The combination of trans-gypsum at C-6 in the core chains allows the O-6 hydrogen bond to the side chain, as well as allowing an intramolecular hydrogen bond from the previous O-2 residue of the same chain. This hydrogen bond does not exist in surface chains.
This difference in hydrogen bonding means that the surface chains have little freedom to move out of the shape of the flat band. The lack of intramolecular hydrogen bonding in the surface chains also means that they can form more hydrogen bonds in water or adjacent polysaccharides.
Where to find cellulose microfibrills?
Where to find cellulose microfibrills?Cellulose, a fiber carbohydrate found in all plants, is a structural component of plant cell walls. Because the earth is covered with vegetation, cellulose is the most abundant carbohydrate, accounting for over 50% of the total carbon in the vegetable kingdom. Cotton fibrils and filter paper are almost completely cellulose (about 95%), wood is about 50% cellulose and leaf dry weight is about 10% -20% cellulose. The most widely used cellulose is in the production of paper and paper products. Although the use of non-cellular synthetic fibers is on the rise, Raven (made of cellulose) and cotton still make up more than 70% of fabric production.
Cellulose, like amylose, is a linear glucose polymer. This is different, however, in that glucose units are bound together by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds, forming a structure longer than amylose. This extreme linearity creates a large amount of hydrogen bonding between OH groups in adjacent chains, causing them to close closely to the fibers. As a result, cellulose has little interaction with water or any other solvent. For example, cotton and wood are completely insoluble in water and have considerable mechanical resistance. Since cellulose does not have a spiral structure, it does not bind to iodine to form a color product.
Omid Rahmani
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Use the Arduino Motor Shield when you need your Arduino to MOVE STUFF!
Looking to drive some gear motors with your Arduino? It's a thinker, not a doer, so it needs some muscle to make motors move. That's where the official Arduino Motor Shield v3.0 comes into play!
The Arduino Motor Shield must be powered by an external power supply from either an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or a battery to the Shield's screw down terminals (Vin & GND) or at the Arduino's 2.1mm power jack. To avoid possible damage to the Arduino board on which the shield is mounted, we recommend using an external power supply that provides a voltage between 7 and 12V. If your motor requires more than 9V we recommend that you separate the power lines of the shield and the Arduino board on which the shield is mounted. This is possible by cutting the "Vin Connect" jumper placed on the back side of the shield. The absolute limit for the Vin at the screw terminals is 18V.
You can drive two Brushed DC motors by connecting the two wires of each one in the (+) and (-) screw terminals for each channel A and B. In this way you can control its direction by setting HIGH or LOW the DIR A and DIR B pins, you can control the speed by varying the PWM A and PWM B duty cycle values. The Brake A and Brake B pins, if set HIGH, will effectively brake the DC motors rather than let them slow down by cutting the power. You can measure the current going through the DC motor by reading the SNS0 and SNS1 pins. On each channel will be a voltage proportional to the measured current, which can be read as a normal analog input, through the function analogRead() on the analog input A0 and A1. For your convenience it is calibrated to be 3.3V when the channel is delivering its maximum possible current, that is 2A. There are also Freewheeling and Brake functions available for this shield.


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Kenya publishes baseline assessment on business & human rights as a precursor to National Action Plan
Author: Kenya National Commission on Human Rights, Published on: 12 September 2017
"Kenya National Baseline Assessment on Business & Human Rights 2017
…[D]uring the 2015 UN Universal Periodic Review, Kenya accepted a recommendation to develop a NAP for the implementation of the UNGPs. This Baseline Report has been prepared to support the development of NAP. The baseline seeks to assess some of the country's key laws and regulations that guide the conduct of business in order to identify the extent to which they speak to human rights, their enforcement, gaps and recommendations. It is as a result of desk review of the extent to which the government of Kenya has implemented its obligations in promoting the respect of human rights, protecting against human rights violations by business enterprises through policies, laws and regulations and their enforcement as well as provision of appropriate and effective remedies for breach.
This report will be complemented by country-wide stakeholder consultations with businesses, communities and civil society organizations and government that seek to identify the most common areas of tension between business and human rights, how they manifest and recommend solutions that address them. The report is divided into two sections. The first section, introduction, presents a brief summary of the journey towards NAPs including where we are globally; the methodology used in preparing this baseline; and the country context. The second section comprises key findings and recommendations of state obligations under pillars 1 and 3 and assesses the extent to which the government in its policy -making and legislative action, enforcement and provision of judicial and non - judicial remedies adheres to the UNGPs. The report is not exhaustive in its analysis of the current status of implementation, and focuses on the issues of land and natural resources; labour, environment, revenue transparency and; accountability and access to remedy. The choice of the five issues was based on a non -scientific survey of the most common areas of impact by business operations that affect the enjoyment of human rights.


Zentralblatt MATH
Publications of (and about) Paul Erdös
Zbl.No: 699.10069
Autor: Brown, T.C.; Erdös, Paul; Freedman, A.R.
Title: Quasi-progressions and descending waves. (In English)
Source: J. Comb. Theory, Ser. A 53, No.1, 81-95 (1990).
Review: Several generalizations of the property of having arbitrarily long arithmetic progression (abbreviated AP) and their mutual dependence is investigated. These properties are: to have arbitrarily large ''quasi progressions'' (QP), arbitrarily large ''combinatorial progressions'' (CP), arbitrarily large ''descending waves'' (DW) or arbitrarily large ''cubes'' (C). Most of the corresponding definitions are too complicated to be reproduced here, but e.g. cubes are sets of the form (a+\epsilon1y1+...+\epsilonmym; \epsilonj = 0 or 1, 1 \leq j \leq m}. The authors prove that AP ==> QP ==> CP ==> C ==> DW, whereas none of these implications is reversible. They also show that the famous conjecture that every set of positive integers with infinite reciprocal sum has property AP is equivalent to the statement that every set with infinite reciprocal sum has property QP. For descending waves an analogon for the van der Waerden result is proved, etc.
Reviewer: St.Porubský
Classif.: * 11B25 Arithmetic progressions
Keywords: Szemerédi's proof, Erdös conjecture; arbitrarily long arithmetic progression; quasi progressions; combinatorial progressions; descending waves; cubes
© European Mathematical Society & FIZ Karlsruhe & Springer-Verlag
Books Problems Set Theory Combinatorics Extremal Probl/Ramsey Th.
Graph Theory Add.Number Theory Mult.Number Theory Analysis Geometry
Probabability Personalia About Paul Erdös Publication Year Home Page


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Cultural Competence in Sports Medicine is also available as an e-book. The e-book is available at a reduced price and allows students to highlight and take notes throughout the text. When purchased through the Human Kinetics site, access to the e-book is immediately granted when your order is received.
Cultural Competence in Sports Medicine is a must-have resource for any health care professional who works with athletes and patients of diverse cultural backgrounds. This unique text stresses the importance of recognizing different cultural attitudes, beliefs, and expectations so that athletic trainers and other health care professionals can modify their professional behavior accordingly to reflect their sensitivity to their patients' needs, ultimately resulting in a comfortable and positive health care experience for patients.
The need to provide behaviorally competent health care to diverse populations prompted the National Athletic Trainers' Association to identify cultural awareness as a key competency for all certified athletic trainers, including entry-level athletic trainers. Cultural Competence in Sports Medicine supports this objective by defining the concept, explaining why it is important, and using examples specific to athletic trainers and other health professionals working with athletes. The text covers the various cultural competence theories and models, including the process of cultural competence in the delivery of health care services, which serves as a foundational model for the remainder of the text. Because readers will need to understand their own biases before they can begin to change them, the text offers information on analyzing and assessing one's own cultural attitudes and behaviors. Once readers are prepared with that cultural awareness, the text builds cultural knowledge about various racial and ethnic groups, including the origin of culture, common sensitivities and conditions, possible beliefs about illness and preventive healing practices, and providing symptom management and treatments.
Cultural Competence in Sports Medicine also presents strategies for engaging in cross-cultural interactions. Readers will learn these factors:
Cultural considerations for each stage in the physical assessment process, including taking an oral history, inspecting, observing, and palpating
How to work through an interpreter to foster clear communication with athletes
The conventional dress code generally expected by different cultures to cultivate a professional atmosphere
Appropriate palpation techniques across cultures so athletes are comfortable with the type and degree of physical contact
The differences in acceptable interaction between male and female clients
Activities throughout the text provide opportunities for students to apply their developing cultural awareness and related skills. Role-playing exercises help readers realize and understand their own cultural viewpoints, while thought-provoking "What Would You Do?" sections detail a cultural encounter and encourage the reader to reflect on the situation either individually or through in-class discussion. Each chapter also includes chapter objectives, interviews with professionals, review questions, and key terms to help students comprehend and retain the information presented. Instructors will find an online instructor guide and test package to help them plan and deliver their courses.
Cultural Competence in Sports Medicine explores methods of assessing the overall cultural competence of a health care organization. Whether part of an institutional mission or a personal objective to become more behaviorally competent when working with athletes or patients of diverse cultures, this text will serve as a guide. Readers will begin to understand their own cultural viewpoints and those of others while learning the tools to apply their new cultural awareness in offering more culturally sensitive and supportive health care to their athletes and patients.
Part I. Exploring Cultural Competence
Chapter 1. Defining Cultural Competence
What Is Cultural Competence?
Why Is Cultural Competence Important?
Theories and Models of Cultural Competence
Process of Cultural Competence
Terminology and Language
Chapter 2. Cultural Beliefs and Practices
Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)
Chapter 3. Demographics and Health Disparities
Relationship Between Demographics and Health Disparities
Reducing Health Disparities
Part II. Cultural Awareness
Chapter 4. Understanding Difference
Unpacking the Luggage
Repacking the Luggage
Intersection of Race, Class, Gender, Sexuality, and Religion
Chapter 5. Understanding Self
Cultural Awareness and Self-Assessment
Everyone Has Culture
Generalizations, Stereotypes, and Prejudices
Advantages, Disadvantages, and Privileges
Part III. Cultural Knowledge
Chapter 6. Native American
Chapter 7. Asian American and Pacific Islander American
Chapter 8. Black
Chapter 9. Latino
Chapter 10. White European
Chapter 12. Eliciting Information
A Revised Cultural Formulation and the Explanatory Models Approach
Other Models for Eliciting Information
Eliciting Information Through Use of an Interpreter
Chapter 13. Culturally Based Physical Assessment
Taking an Oral History
Inspecting and Observing Physical Signs
Chapter 14. Working in a Culturally Competent Health Care Organization
Cultural Desire in the Health Care Organization
Cultural Awareness in the Health Care Organization
Cultural Knowledge in the Health Care Organization
Cultural Skill in the Health Care Organization
Cultural Encounters in the Health Care Organization
Appendix. Common Illnesses and Conditions
About the Authors
A textbook for athletic training, fitness, rehabilitation, and health care courses. A reference for professionals in those fields.
Lorin A. Cartwright, MS, ATC, is assistant principal and athletic director at Pioneer High School in Ann Arbor, Michigan. As a teacher and the school's head athletic trainer for more than 15 years, she has extensive experience with all aspects of instruction of student athletic trainers. She was an adjunct professor in athletic training at the University of Michigan for three years. Cartwright earned a bachelor's degree in physical education from Grand Valley State College and a master's degree in education from the University of Michigan.
Cartwright is the author of three books, including the popular Preparing for the Athletic Trainers' Certification Exam, and was the first woman and first high school athletic trainer to serve as the president of the Great Lakes Athletic Trainers' Association. She served as the investigative chair on the Ethics Committee for the National Athletic Trainers' Association (NATA) from 1998 to 2004 and was also an active member of NATA's National Membership Committee and the National Review Committee for Misconduct from 1988 through 1992. Highly regarded in her field, she was the recipient of the Great Lakes Athletic Trainers' Association Outstanding Educator Award in 2010, the Athletic Trainer Award from the Great Lakes Athletic Trainers' Association in 2002, the Most Distinguished Athletic Trainer Award from the Michigan Athletic Trainers' Society in 1999, and the Distinguished Service Award from the National Athletic Trainers' Association in 1998.
Her travels have taken her to Alaska, Italy, Nova Scotia, Sweden, Finland, and the Caribbean. Cartwright has been the athletic trainer for the amateur and semipro summer basketball league and the Michigan men's basketball all-star team, and she worked at the Olympic Trials for wrestling.
Cartwright resides in Ann Arbor, Michigan, where she enjoys woodworking, creating stained glass, and gardening in her free time.
René Revis Shingles, PhD, ATC, is director and associate professor in the department of physical education and sport at Central Michigan University in Mt. Pleasant. She received her doctorate from Michigan State University. Her doctoral studies in sport sociology and program design and evaluation provide the theoretical framework for her continued research in cultural competence. Revis Shingles has presented extensively on cultural competence and diversity and has over 20 years of experience in teaching at the collegiate level.
Revis Shingles is a member of the National Athletic Trainers' Association's (NATA) Ethnic Diversity Advisory Council, serving as chair from 1995 until 2000. She also served on the NATA Education Council Executive Committee from 2004 through 2009. In addition to her athletic training experience, her work with these committees provided firsthand knowledge of diversity and educational issues in athletic training. In 2010, she received the Great Lakes Athletic Trainers' Association Outstanding Educator Award and the NATA's Most Distinguished Athletic Trainer Award.
As an athletic trainer and researcher, she has traveled to Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Japan, Mexico, Aruba, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, and throughout the Caribbean. Revis Shingles also served as an athletic trainer for the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games.
She and her husband, Stan, reside in Mt. Pleasant, Michigan, where she enjoys spending time with family and friends, reading, and traveling.
[This] is a pioneering textbook in sports medicine that should spur much-needed conversation and advance learning.
Instructor guide. Includes chapter outlines, key topics with presentation tips, evaluation suggestions for the learning aids, and class activity suggestions.
Test package. Includes more than 170 multiple-choice questions. The test package is available as a rich text file, through Respondus software that allows instructors to create their own tests by selecting from the question pool, or for use through a learning management system such as Blackboard or Moodle.


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Deerns will give advice concerning new-build projects and renovation of existing systems. From an escalator in a shopping centre to the design of an entire transport hub, such as airport terminals or public-transport hubs.
Deerns' particular challenge consists of the optimisation of passenger flows.
Important aspects in our design recommendations include:
- The logistic flows
- Installation and type of escalators
- Moving walkways and/or ramps
- The civil-engineering environment.
An escalator or ramp is a diagonal transport system with steps or pallets that move up or down. A moving walkway, on the other hand, is a horizontal system, often made up of pallets, which is especially suitable in situations where longer walking distances need to be covered, like in airports or above-ground or underground railway stations. Because of their intensive use, and the required safety and reliability as a result, strict requirements are made of these systems. An advantage of escalators as opposed to lifts, for example, is the greater transport capacity and the absence of waiting times.


text: Men and women 150 years ago grappled with information overload by making scrapbooks—ancient ancestors of Facebook and blogging. Both African American and women's rights scrapbook-makers documented their experiences in the public realm and experimented with ways to present them. In this lecture, Ellen Gruber Garvey reveals a previously unexplored layer of American popular culture, where activists collected and constructed new narratives by creating unwritten histories in books they "wrote" with scissors and paste. Ellen Gruber Garvey is professor of English at New Jersey City University. Co-sponsored by the Barnard English department and the Consortium for Critical Interdisciplinary Studies.


Last Ottoman royal dies in Istanbul at 91
The last Ottoman royal born during before the 600-year dynasty's collapse in the early 1920s died earlier this week.
Fatma Neslişah Osmanoğlu was 91 when she fell victim to heart attack Monday in Istanbul.
Once known as Imperial Princess of the Ottoman Empire and Princess of Egypt, Sultan was the granddaughter of the last Ottoman sultan, Mehmed VI, according to Agence France-Presse.
The Ottoman Empire had ruled Turkey, parts of the Middle East and eastern Europe, beginning in 1299.
Neslişah was born just two years before Mustafa Kemal Atatürk founded modern Turkey, which brought a formal end to the Ottoman dynasty.
However, while the Ottoman Empire's doom was effectively sealed when it sided with the Central Powers during World War I, it had been in decline for more than a century.
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By the Homestead Congress
President Barack Obama has many times publicly expressed his admiration for President Abraham Lincoln, whose 200th birthday will be on February 12, 2009. Since Lincoln is the President who signed the Homestead Act into law on May 20, 1862 and the Homestead Congress exists to support the work of Homestead National Monument of America, we thought it might be fun to look at some of the similarities between the two leaders.
- Neither Lincoln nor Obama actually came from Illinois, but rather moved there later in life and eventually became top political leaders in the state.
- Both men were elected to the presidency at relatively young ages. Lincoln was elected at age 51, Obama at 47.
- The two presidents were both raised by women other than their birth mothers. President Lincoln was raised primarily by his stepmother. President Obama spent a great deal of his youth living with his grandmother.
- President Lincoln was considered tall for the age in which he lived, standing six feet, four inches. President Obama is also taller than average, standing six feet, one inch.
- Both men named political rivals to their cabinets after winning election to the presidency. Lincoln placed all three of the other major Republican candidates for the presidential nomination in 1860 into his cabinet: William H. Seward as Secretary of State; Salmon P. Chase as Secretary of the Treasury; and Edwin Bates as Attorney General. In President Obama's case, he named his major rival for the 2008 Democratic nomination, Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton, as his Secretary of State. Another who sought the Democratic nomination, Senator Joseph Biden, was tapped as Vice President. Interestingly, both Seward and Clinton were Senators from New York before becoming Secretary of State.
- President Obama was sworn into office with his hand on the same Bible on which President Lincoln took the presidential oath.
- President Lincoln signed the Homestead Act into law; President Obama referenced the Homestead Act several times during his campaign for the presidency.
Do you know of any other similarities between Presidents Lincoln and Obama? If so, post a comment let us know!


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Grasses suppress shoot-borne roots to conserve water during drought.
Many important crops are members of the Poaceae family, which develop root systems characterized by a high degree of root initiation from the belowground basal nodes of the shoot, termed the crown. Although this postembryonic shoot-borne root system represents the major conduit for water uptake, little is known about the effect of water availability on its development. Here we demonstrate that in the model C4 grass Setaria viridis, the crown locally senses water availability and suppresses postemergence crown root growth under a water deficit. This response was observed in field and growth room environments and in all grass species tested. Luminescence-based imaging of root systems grown in soil-like media revealed a shift in root growth from crown-derived to primary root-derived branches, suggesting that primary root-dominated architecture can be induced in S. viridis under certain stress conditions. Crown roots of Zea mays and Setaria italica, domesticated relatives of teosinte and S. viridis, respectively, show reduced sensitivity to water deficit, suggesting that this response might have been influenced by human selection. Enhanced water status of maize mutants lacking crown roots suggests that under a water deficit, stronger suppression of crown roots actually may benefit crop productivity.
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Topoi: Similitude
Excerpt from Richard M. Weaver's
Rhetoric and Handbook,
Chapter 5
Table of Contents
 1. Introduction: The Enthymeme
 2. Relation of Logic to Rhetoric
 3. The Topics
The argument from similitude derives its force from a statement about the likeness of two things. To understand how it persuades, we must recall what was said about analogy in our discussion of the devices of logic. We saw that all analogy depends upon a theory that if two things resemble in a certain number of respects, it is probable that they resemble in still further respects. When we argue from similitude, what the major premise does is assert this principle of similarity or comparability. The minor premise then asserts the fact of the similarity and the conclusion asserts the probability of still further similarity. The process may be best seen in the form of a hypothetical syllogism:
 - If S resembles P in X particulars, it is probable that S resembles P in one or more further particulars.
 - S does resemble P in X particulars.
 - Therefore it is probable that S resembles P in one or more further particulars.
As we learned when we examined the theory of analogy, the weight of this probability will depend upon the number and the pertinence of the particulars in which the two instances resemble. Here again we have to observe that the rhetoric of the argument is in direct relation to the soundness of the predication about the world. If the analogy is weak, the argument will have little power to persuade; but if it is strong, the power will be proportionately great.
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National Flag of the DPRK
The five-point red star symbolizes the traditions of the anti-Japanese revolutionary struggle led by President Kim Il Sung and the prospect of the country, and the red panel represents the Korean people's loyalty to the Party and the leader, their socialist patriotism, their indomitable fighting spirit and their invincible might of single-minded unity.
The white circle and the white stripe represent that the Korean people are a homogeneous nation and that they are a heroic people.
The two blue stripes reflect the ardent desire of the Korean people to make staunch efforts for peace, democracy, national independence and victory of the socialist cause by closely uniting with the revolutionary peoples around the world under the banner of anti-imperialist independence.
National Flag of DPRK
Early in February 1948 some officials submitted to President Kim Il Sung a draft design of the national flag of the DPRK to be soon founded.
After examining it Kim Il Sung said that he was satisfied at the flag in red, white and blue colors.
Referring to the irrational proportion of the three colors in the draft design, he advised them to depict the center of the national flag with red color, symmetrically bordered above and below by white and blue stripes and in particular, make the width of white and blue stripes thinner and more conspicuous than the draft. He specified the way for perfecting the draft design, explaining in detail the ideological contents to be incorporated in the national flag and the way to depict them.
After casting his eyes at the officials for a while, Kim Il Sung presented several other draft designs of the national flag made by him, proposing to exchange opinions.
He advanced his idea, saying: The ratio of the width to the length of the national flag should be properly adjusted. It would be good to put the white circle near the hoist, not in the middle as it is now and place a five-pointed red star within the circle to symbolically represent the bravery and heroism of our people who always make a victorious advance.
As such, the national flag of the DPRK is associated with Kim Il Sung's scrupulous guidance.
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Class D amplifiers generally use a low-pass filter to attenuate the switching noise in the output waveform while passing the audio signal to the loudspeaker, but many engineers are not familiar with the functions performed by the various components in a Class-D amplifier filter or how to calculate the proper values. This article explains the purpose of the filter components and how to calculate their values.
The heart of a Class-D amplifier filter is a L-C low-pass filter. The corner frequency of the filter is chosen so that the filter will have minimal effect on the desired output frequency range while attenuating the switching noise as much as possible.
Figure 1: A low pass filter for a Class-D amplifier
The optimum value for the filter inductor is
L = RL/2πfC
where fC is the desired corner frequency of the filter and RL is the load (speaker) resistance. Note that the inductor value is dependent on both the desired corner frequency and the speaker impedance so the inductor value will changes if the speaker impedance changes.
Practical designs require the use of standard component values so small adjustments usually have to be made to the ideal inductor and capacitor values. Rather than calculating the inductor and capacitor values independently and then adjusting their values, it's better to calculate the inductor value, select the closest standard inductance value, and then calculate the required capacitance using the selected inductor.
C = 1/((2πfC)2 • L)
The quality factor (Q) of a filter is the ratio of the center frequency to the filter bandwidth.
Q = RL√(C/2L)
A high Q produces an underdamped curve and a low Q produces an overdamped curve. The Q of the filter should be in the range 0.6 > Q > 0.8 to avoid underdamped or overdamped behavior. If you use the equations above the filter should have a Q of about 0.7, which provides good performance and allows for impedance variation in the speakers. Note that the Q of the filter will change if the speaker impedance is changed without adjusting the filter component values, which can result in an underdamped or overdamped response.
Not only is it important to choose the correct L-C filter values, it is also important to choose the correct types of components for the class-D amplifier in order to avoid losses and minimize harmonic distortion.
The DC current rating of filter inductors must be greater than or equal to the maximum current that it will see. The change in inductance versus load current should not be more than 10%. The core material can affect the amplifier's harmonic distortion and should have very low hysteresis losses.
The capacitor should be a multilayer polyester, polypropylene or polycarbonate film capacitor. Avoid using ceramic capacitors in the low-pass filter. Ceramic capacitors experience large changes in capacitance as the voltage across them changes, which can result in distortion.


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Aristotle explains that poetry can have errors in two ways.
1) Explain these two types of errors.
2) Provide an example of each type of error.
Aristotle teaches through "Poetics" that poets may use words metaphorically, and he explains that this is done in many ways.
1) Explain various ways in which a character uses words metaphorically.
2) Differentiate between various forms of metaphors.
3) Provide examples of how Aristotle says Homer's "Iliad" uses metaphors.
Like any art, poetry is a kind of imitation, as Aristotle asserts. Aristotle differentiates arts from one another in three ways: medium, the objects, and the manner of imitation.
1) Define the three ways in which art is differentiated.
2) Compare poetry to prose.
3) Give an example of how poets may differ in how they represent the objects.
Choose one of the three options to write about:
1) Explain why men are drawn to write poetry based on Aristotle's "Poetics".
This section contains 947 words
(approx. 4 pages at 300 words per page)


11 yrs
Security of energy supply: offshore wind can be the answer to energy crunch
Europe's energy imports are set to rise from 50% to 70% in the next two decades, demand for oil and gas is increasing worldwide and at the same time supply is constrained. Industry estimates from the European Wind Energy Association, EWEA, show that a sea area of 150,000 square kilometres with a water depth of less than 35 metres for offshore wind could provide enough power to satisfy all of Europe's electricity demand. The offshore wind power industry has the potential of developing into an industry of the same size as the offshore oil and gas sector.


text: This paper exploits a large dataset of replications of the Holt and Laury (2002) risk elicitation task to study a possible outcome reporting bias using gender differences in risk attitudes. There is a strong consensus view in the experimental literature according to which women are more prudent than men in risky choices. The evidence collected in the dataset, however, does not support the consensus: only a tiny fraction of the replications displays gender differences. This striking distance between the consensus and the data gathered with this elicitation task allows us to test directly for the presence of outcome reporting bias in the risk and gender literature. We find no evidence that the likelihood of reporting about gender differences is affected by obtaining results in line or against the consensus, also controlling for authors fixed effects. The vast majority of the studies does not report gender results. The only significant determinant of the probability of reporting is the fact that the study focuses directly on the analysis of risk preferences.