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Houston Colored Junior College (_PHONE_)
On September 14, 1927, the Houston Public School Board agreed to fund the development of two junior colleges: one for whites and one for African-Americans. And so, with a loan from the Houston Public School Board of $2,800, the Colored Junior College was born in the summer of 1927 under the supervision of the Houston School District. The main provision of the authorization was that the college meet all instructional expenses from tuition fees collected from the students enrolling in the college. The initial enrollment for the first summer was 300. For the fall semester, the enrollment dropped to 88 students because many of the 300 enrolled during the summer semester were teachers who had to return to their jobs once the school year began.
The Colored Junior College was established to provide an opportunity for African-Americans to receive college training. The Junior College progressed so fast that by 1931, it became a member of the Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools and was approved by the Southern Association of Colleges.
Houston College for Negroes (_PHONE_)
In the summer of 1934, the Houston School Board changed the junior college to a four-year college and the name to Houston College for Negroes. In 1936, sixty-three individuals became members of the first graduating class. The college operated this way until the summer of 1943, when it formally added a graduate program. In the spring of 1945, the Houston Independent School District severed its relationship with Houston College for Negroes, and thereafter all management of the college was vested in a Separate Board of Regents.
The College continued to operate in Yates High School, but by 1946 it had grown to an enrollment of approximately 1,400 students and needed room to grow. A few years earlier, with the help of Hugh Roy Cullen, a local philanthropist, the college obtained a 53-acre piece of property in the Third Ward area of Houston. With support from two large donors, Mrs. T.M. Fairchild, in memory of her late husband, Mr. and Mrs. C.A. Dupree, and the African American community, the college raised enough money to construct its first building on the new campus. And so, in the fall of 1946, the college moved from Jack Yates High School to its first building, the new T.M. Fairchild Building, which still operates as an active building in the university's facilities inventory.
Texas State University for Negroes (_PHONE_)
In February of 1946, Herman Marion Sweatt, an African American Houston mail carrier, applied to enroll in the law school at the University of Texas. Because Texas was one of the segregated states, Sweatt was denied admission and later filed a suit against the University of Texas and the State of Texas with the support of the NAACP. In response, believing the separate but equal doctrine would carry the day, the Texas Legislature passed Senate Bill 140 on March 3, 1947, providing for the establishment of a Negro law school in Houston and the creation of a university to surround it. This bill was complemented by House Bill 788, which approved $2,000,000 to purchase a site near Houston to house this new college and support its operation. Texas law makers initially considered Prairie View A&M College as the location of this new Law School. However, on June 14, 1947, the decision was made to use the site of Houston College for Negroes, with its new campus at the center of a large and fast growinig black population. Thus, a new law school for Negroes of Texas and Texas State University for Negroes was born.
Under the separate but equal concept, the intention of Senate Bill 140 and House Bill 788 was to create a new university for Negroes in Houston that would become the equivalent of the University of Texas in Austin.
Texas Southern University (1951-Present)
On June 1, 1951, the name of this new university for Negroes was changed from Texas State University for Negroes to Texas Southern University after students petitioned the state legislature to remove the phrase "for Negroes."
When the university opened its doors in September 1947, it had 2,300 students, two schools, one division and one college - the Law School, the Pharmacy School, the Vocational Division, and the College of Arts and Sciences. Responding to the changing times, in 1973, the 63rd Legislature designated Texas Southern University as a "special purpose" institution for urban programming. As a result, four more academic units were added - the College of Education, the School of Public Affairs, the School of Communications and the Weekend College. This designation described what Texas Southern University was doing from its inception - embracing diversity.
Today, Texas Southern University offers bachelor's, master's and doctoral degree programs in the following academic colleges and schools: the College of Liberal Arts and Behavioral Sciences; the College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences; the College of Science and Technology; the College of Education; the Barbara Jordan-Mickey Leland School of Public Affairs; the School of Communication; the Thurgood Marshall School of Law; the Jesse H. Jones School of Business; the Thomas Freeman Honors College; the College of Continuing Education and the Graduate School. Other programmatic emphases are found in the Center for Excellence in Urban Education, the Center for Transportation Training and Research, the Center on the Family and a variety of special programs and projects.
Currently, Texas Southern University is staffed by approximately 1,000 faculty members and support personnel. More than 9,500 students, representing ethnically and culturally diverse backgrounds, are currently enrolled at the university.


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| Figure 1. Modeling of a 4-way valve begins with a single land and two describing equations, one each for the overlap and underlap condition, and intersecting with equal slopes. |
A proposed spool valve model is based on the characteristics of a single, variable valve land, four of which are grouped to form the 4-way model. Each land has two regions; the first is the overlap (closed) region in which land-to-land leakage varies in direct proportion to the square root of the differential pressure across the land and is inversely proportional to the overlap distance.
The second region is where the valve land is under lapped and, therefore, is open. This is where the valve coefficient varies in direct proportion to the land under lap (degree of opening) and in direct proportion to the square root of the differential pressure. It is sometimes referred to as the straight line region.
The two regions converge on the transition point, KVXX in Figure 1. The transition point occurs at a spool position of xX. The assumption that leakage varies with the square root of pressure drop (it is turbulent) provides the major compromise to achieve mathematical simplicity. And because the valve coefficient varies linearly with land opening, it also points out the applicability only to valves with rectangular metering slots.
Examining the parameters
Figure 2 is an analytical schematic of the valve when tested for internal leakage and with the spool in the position that results in maximum land-toland leakage. Because it is a symmetrical valve, each land is assumed to have the same value for KVXX, the flow coefficient at the transition point. The series-parallel configuration can be replaced by a single orifice of KVTXX, where the addition of the T in the subscript represents total.
| Figure 2. Land-to-land leakage testing is done with work ports blocked, and each land is assumed to have a flow coefficient of KVXX. This illustration is valid only at the spool position of peak leakage. |
KVTXX is only an estimate of the peak value that will result from the model. At model development time we do not know the transition position of the spool, the intercept value of the open metering land coefficient, nor the scaling coefficient in the overlap region. Also, the exact position of the spool where leakage maximizes is unknown; it is merely estimated from the targeted value of the overlap for the valve's test data.
An important issue not yet covered is that model development has been done on only one of four individual lands, two of which move toward opening while the other two move toward closure. KVXX merely corresponds to the transition point; it does not ensure that it will be the point of maximum leakage when all four lands are put together. Therefore, the resulting model will approximate the actual valve test data, but with a complete steady-state performance simulation. A few iterations can be set up to produce the land-to-land leakage in the full bridge circuit and overlap as contained in the actual valve's test data.
It is not uncommon in simulation to start with a perfectly symmetrical valve configuration and then explore various degrees of asymmetry for each of the lands. The proposed valve is a 4-land, 4-way, single spool valve. As such, all lands reside on the same physical spool. As one land moves, all others do too by exactly the same amount. All lands open and close in a synchronized and complementary action to achieve the direction and flow desired.
It's all in the timing
As the spool moves, two lands open. One is a powered land, so called because it is in direct communication with the valve's P port. The other is the return land, so named because it is in direct communication with the T port.
At the same time, the other two lands both move into overlap, sometimes erroneously called closure. The exact occurrence in which the four lands open and close is called the valve timing. In a real valve, the only way to alter the valve∏s timing is to either re-grind all the lands or change the valve or its spool. With mathematical models, it's simply a matter of changing a few input data items and set the timing to any value you want to explore, land by land.
| Figure 3. The timing diagram for each land of our 4-way valve model shows that as the PA and BT lands open from positive spool displacement, the PB and AT lands go into overlap, and vice-versa for negative spool displacement. |
Figure 3 shows a stylized, generic timing diagram for a 4-way valve. All lands are nominally the same in this depiction, including the degree of overlap. The timing of the valve is affected by the way in which the spool lands are ground. If the PA and BT lands, for example, have excess material, it will cause the PA and BT curves to slide to the right on the axes. As grinding proceeds on the spool lands, the PA and BT curves will shift to the left, potentially resulting in under lap. The figure shows the overlap region; however, it is only an approximation. The overlap is best seen by viewing a conventional flow metering curve — in particular, the center region where slope may increase or decrease.
Another observation from Figure 3 is that one land serves as a prototype for all the others. The PA and BT lands are the same; so, too, are their mathematical models. But by virtue of the parameters used, they can have differing characteristics, just like real valve spools. For example, they may have different grinding, rated flows, spool-to-bore clearances, or different amounts of overlap. All can be explored with math models.
What about the PB and AT lands? They exhibit the same model as the PA and BT lands do, with a small exception. What the PA and BT lands do with positive spool displacements, the PB and AT lands do with negative spool displacements.
The intent here is to develop a modeling procedure that can be readily converted to computer code for inclusion in a simulation program. We will develop one subroutine for one land, then call the subroutine once for each land using the parameters unique to that land. But when calling the subroutine for the PB and AT lands, the sign of the spool movement will be reversed. The results will emulate those of Figure 3.
Handbook serves electrohydraulic system designers
The newly published fourth edition of the Designers' Handbook for Electrohydraulic Servo and Proportional Systems contains even more useful information than its predecessor, the highly successful third edition, which has become the defacto Bible for electrohydraulics technology.
Now you can learn even more about electrohydraulic systems and their design, including:
- how to calculate and control pressure losses in plumbing, subplates, and manifolds,
- how to analyze and control a variety of mechanical loads, including conveyors and belts and triangulated loads,
- valve dynamic properties and how to include them in your system,
- electronics, especially transducers and signal conditioning, and
- mobile equipment electrical systems, including batteries and charging systems.
There is no limit as to how electrohydraulics is going to revolutionize our industry, so order your copy to secure your career in this dynamic technology. And if certification in electrohydraulics is your goal, the fourth edition of the Designers' Handbook is essential to your preparation. Don't risk being left behind in a world where the only constant is rapid change.
The textbook contains 786 pages and sells for $159. To order, go to _URL_ HPBooks, browse through the titles, fill-out the interactive PDF order form, and email, fax, or mail the form to us.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Action figures of famous painters and modern artists
U.S. artist Mike Leavitt made this set of action figures of famous painters, street artists, filmmakers and celebrated musicians. These heavily detailed, interactive sculptures (also known as "action figures" by many in the West) are sculpted with polymer clay and mixed media by Leavitt. 95% of the color is done by mixing pigmented clay. Hidden features are built into some of the figures to make them more interesting.
Some of these action figures are for sale and prices are from $400 up to $1000.
banksy-figure banksy-action-figure
Banksy, world's most famous street artist from United Kingdom and his identity is still unknown. His artworks are often satirical pieces of art on subjects such as ethics, politics and culture.
Ron English is an American contemporary artist born who explores popular brand imagery and advertising. His signature style employs a mash-up of high and low cultural touchstones, including comic superhero mythology and totems of art history, to create a visual language of evolution. He is also widely considered a seminal figure in the advancement of street art away from traditional wild-style lettering.
Dr.D is a British street artist containing a collection of billboard cut and paste modifications and subversive poster paste ups. He is famous for doing a political messages on streets of London.
"Big Daddy" Ed Roth (1932 – 2001) was an artist and cartoonist who created the hot-rod icon Rat Fink and other extreme characters. As a custom car builder, Roth was a key figure in Southern California's Kustom Kulture and hot-rod movement of the 1960s.
david-lynch-action-figure David Keith Lynch, a filmmaker and visual artist, famous for distinctive and unorthodox approach to narrative filmmaking (dubbed Lynchian), which has become instantly recognizable to many audiences and critics worldwide. Lynch's films are known for nightmarish and dreamlike images and meticulously crafted sound design.
craola-figure Greg "Craola" Simkins is a artist weaving pop culture, the old masters, nature, carnival kitsch, and (most importantly) his warped imagination, that makes Greg Simkins a sought-after surrealist painter today. Simkins' artwork currently appears in galleries throughout the United States.
chueh-action-figure Luke Chueh is an artist, and is generally considered to be a member of the lowbrow, or pop surrealism, art movement, though he has disdain for the term. He is a painter and graphic designer active in the artist community in Los Angeles.
audrey-kawasaki-action-figu Audrey Kawasaki, is a Los Angeles-based painter, known for her distinctive, erotically charged portrayals of young, adolescent women. Her works are oil paintings painted directly onto wood panels, and her style has been described as a fusion of Art Nouveau and Japanese manga.
andy-warhol-figure Andy Warhol, was a painter, printmaker, and filmmaker who was a leading figure in the pop art. After a successful career as a commercial illustrator, Warhol became famous worldwide for his work as a painter, avant-garde filmmaker, record producer, author, and public figure known for his membership in wildly diverse social circles that included bohemian street people, distinguished intellectuals, Hollywood celebrities and wealthy patrons.
Amy Sol is an American artist of Korean ancestry, who lives in Las Vegas. She is a member in good standing of a loose knit community of artists practicing Pop Surreal, Lowbrow, or, as Robert Williams defines it, "cartoon-tainted abstract surrealism." She typically paints upon treated wooden panel, incorporating the grain of the wood into the painting. Her style integrates both narrative and figurative styles with the mystic.
David Byrne is a Scottish-born musician and artist arguably most associated with his role as a founding member and principal songwriter of the American new wave band Talking Heads, which was active between 1975 and 1991. Since then, Byrne has released his own solo projects on record, and worked in a variety of media, including film, photography, opera, and Internet-based projects.
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process ensures any changes are within the bounds of the EA prior to their authorization and commencement.
Following the completion of the EA, the CNSC licensing process identifies the appropriate licence conditions required to ensure adequate monitoring to protect the environment during project activities. For an existing licence, this is often achieved through revisions to existing licence conditions, site programs and facility manuals, which must be adhered to in accordance with the site licence.
The CNSC requires licensees to report to the CNSC on an annual basis (in some cases monthly or quarterly) on the monitoring results of site programs, including the mitigation measures undertaken. The CNSC may also require specific project activities that were identified in the EA as having the potential to cause negative environmental effects to be monitored and reported in an annual EA Follow-up Report.
In addition to respecting regulatory limits, licensees are required to implement the "as low as reasonable achievable" (ALARA) principle in decision making and normal operations. The ALARA principle is a commitment to keeping radiation exposure and dose levels to as low as reasonably achievable, social and economic factors being taken into account.
At the beginning of the EA process, the CNSC identifies members of the public, Aboriginal groups and not-for-profit organizations who may be affected by a proposed project or who may have an interest in a project, and determines the need for consultation. During the screening and comprehensive study EA processes, the public and Aboriginal groups may participate in one or more of the following activities:
- review of the Scoping Information Document produced by CNSC staff
- review of the EIS and technical documents produced by the proponent
- review of the Screening Report or Comprehensive Study Report produced by CNSC staff
- Commission Tribunal hearings
- CNSC-led public and/or Aboriginal consultation sessions
- proponent-led public consultation sessions
- province or territorial-led public and/or Aboriginal consultation sessions
The Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency administers a Participant Funding Program (PFP) which provides money to help members of the public, not-for-profit organizations and Aboriginal groups prepare for and participate in key stages of the federal EA process.
The CNSC will be launching its own PFP in 2011. The CNSC's PFP will be made available to stakeholders to participate in Commission proceedings that consider significant issues of interest to the public or to Aboriginal peoples in the vicinity of a proposed site or a currently licensed site.


Engelbart, inventor of computer mouse, dies at 88
July 4, 2013 - 10:35 PM
FILE - In this April 9, 1997 file photo, Doug Engelbart, inventor of the computer mouse and winner of the half-million dollar 1997 Lemelson-MIT prize, poses with the computer mouse he designed, in New York. Engelbart has died at the age of 88. The cause of death wasn't immediately known. (AP Photo/Michael Schmelling, File)
Engelbart "brought tremendous value to society," said Curtis R. Carlson, the CEO of SRI International, where Engelbart worked when it was still known as the Stanford Research Institute. "We will miss his genius, warmth and charm. Doug's legacy is immense. Anyone in the world who uses a mouse or enjoys the productive benefits of a personal computer is indebted to him."
The notion of operating the inside of a computer with a tool on the outside was way ahead of its time when Engelbart began working on it. The mouse didn't become commercially available until 1984, with the released of Apple's then-revolutionary Macintosh, a prelude to future breakthroughs such as the iPhone and iPad.
All of those devices were conceived by Apple co-founder Steve Jobs, who died in October 2011. Although Jobs' contributions to personal technology are far better known, Engelbart left an indelible mark, too.
"There are only a handful of people who were as influential," said Marc Weber, founder and curator of the Internet history program at the Computer History Museum, where Engelbart had been a fellow since 2005. "He had a complete vision of what computers could become at a very early stage. He was thinking about these things when computers were used just for calculations and number crunching. They weren't interactive at all, so it was pretty radical at the time."
Although computer mice remain prevalent, their usage is waning as people increasingly control smartphones and tablets in an even simpler way: by merely swiping their finger across a display screen. But the leap to touch-screen controls might not have been made if the mouse hadn't simplified computing in the first place.
Among Engelbart's other key developments in computing, along with his colleagues at the Stanford Research Institute and his own lab, the Augmentation Research Center, was the use of multiple windows. Engelbart's lab also helped develop ARPANet, the government research network that led to the Internet.
In a precursor to the dramatic presentations that Apple's Jobs became famous for, Engelbart dazzled the industry at a San Francisco computer conference in 1968. Working from his house with a homemade modem, he used his lab's elaborate new online system to illustrate his ideas to the audience, while his staff linked in from the lab. It was the first public demonstration of the mouse and video teleconferencing, and it prompted a standing ovation.
"Many of those firsts came right out of the staff's innovations — even had to be explained to me before I could understand them," he said in a biography written by his daughter Christina. "They deserve more recognition."
In 1997, Engelbart won the most lucrative award for American inventors, the $500,000 Lemelson-MIT Prize. Three years later, President Bill Clinton bestowed Engelbart with the National Medal of Technology "for creating the foundations of personal computing."
After the war, Engelbart worked as an electrical engineer for what is now NASA's Ames Research Center in Silicon Valley. Restless, and dreaming of computers that could change the world, Engelbart left Ames to pursue his Ph.D. at University of California, Berkeley.
He earned his degree in 1955. But after joining the faculty, Engelbart was warned by a colleague that if he kept talking about his "wild ideas" he'd be an acting assistant professor forever. So he left for the research position at SRI.
Engelbart is survived by his wife, Karen O'Leary Engelbart; his four children, Diana, Christina, Norman and Greda; and nine grandchildren.
Video of his 1968 demonstration: _URL_


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Red-feathered birds suffer from eye damage
Birds with red, orange or chestnut feathers are more likely to suffer from eye damage, researchers have found.
Scientists discovered the link after analysing the lenses in the eyes of 81 different species of bird.
Birds known for their bright flashes of colour, such as robins, were found to be more prone to cataracts.
Dr Ismael Galvan from Paris-Sud University, who led the study, said the results could have implications for other species, including humans.
A cataract is when the clear lens of the eye becomes cloudy, limiting the passage of light and affecting vision.
Bird's eye facts
- Vision is cited as the most important sense for birds; it is essential for flying
- The ostrich has the largest eye in the bird world. Measuring up to 5cm across, it is also the largest eye of any land animal
- Birds of prey have specialised eyes to allow them greater peripheral vision and super-sharp focus
- Birds have much more complex colour vision than humans and can see UV light
"Vision is of paramount importance for birds, and birds with cataracts are likely to have limited ability to hunt, forage or perceive visual [signs] used in communication," Dr Galvan told BBC Nature.
The study, published in the journal Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A, is the first to study cataracts in wild animals.
Professor Graham Martin, an expert in bird vision from the University of Birmingham, suggested that eye damage in birds may have not been considered previously, because comparing a large sample of birds' eyes was such a considerable challenge.
"The eyes are one of the first things that deteriorates when a bird dies," he explained.
"I've seen cataracts in birds myself, but how prevalent they are and their distribution across different species has not been looked at before."Hobby help
To ensure they were studying fresh specimens, Dr Galvan and his team worked with taxidermists to investigate the lenses of birds they had collected for preservation.
End Quote Dr Ismael Galvan South Paris University
This may have implications for understanding the patterns of cataract prevalence in humans"
They discovered that a particular pigment linked the species that suffered from cataracts.
The pigment, called pheomelanin, is the same one that is responsible for red hair and freckles in humans.
"Pheomelanin generates red colouration, like the throat colour of barn swallows, but also orange-chestnut colourations," said Dr Galvan.
Birds found to be more susceptible to lens damage included ginger-winged barn owls, copper-chested kingfishers and aptly named redwings.
Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is cited as one of the causes of cataracts, and because birds fly in open skies, they are exposed to high levels of UV.
Although some species have previously been found to have antioxidants that prevent UV damage, birds with reddish colourings have less of this protection.
"The production of pheomelanin consumes part of an antioxidant that plays a key role in the protection of lenses from cataracts," Dr Galvan explained.
The team hopes the results will stimulate further investigation into the links between pigments, antioxidants and lens damage.
"Our study may have implications for understanding [the] patterns of cataract prevalence in humans and other species," said Dr Galvan.
Prof Martin believes the results could also encourage bird ringers to add eye quality to the list of data they collect on birds.


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Expecting too much from other people is the main cause of emotional and mental suffering. Studies have shown that expecting too much from your friends and family and not being given what you wanted could cause psychological health issues such as anxiety and depression. This happens because when you are expecting something from a certain person you are often creating unrealistic situations and when things don't go as you have planned you become angry at that person which can damage your relationship.
- Expecting people to always do the right thing
There are no two identical people in the world. Everyone has different beliefs, personality, aspirations etc. which is why you shouldn't expect others to feel the same you feel about everything. Psychological and cultural practices as well as the environment you have been raised in make you the person you are. Don't expect others to feel the same with you. For example, if you think that eating a dog is repulsive, don't expect your Asian friend or workmate to feel the same.
- Expecting everyone to agree with you
Even though it feels great when people around us agree with what we say and do we can't always expect them to do so. If someone disagrees with you, you shouldn't feel angry or hurt. You have the right to disagree with people too so never expect others to feel and think the exact way you do.
- Expecting people to be perfect
No one is perfect and if you create your image of someone and that image is then destroyed, whose fault is it? You will only get disappointed if you always expect others to do everything perfectly. Making mistakes is a normal thing and everyone makes them sooner or later.
- Expecting people to be mind-readers
Sometimes you may feel sad or upset about something and if you want others to know how you feel you should tell them. Not everyone will notice the sad look on your face immediately and if you get mad at them for not noticing you are only going to make things worse. No one can read your mind so always express yourself with words.
- Expecting people to pick you up after you fall
Just like you have your struggles and problems, other people also have their own. If someone does not help you when you need it, it does not always mean that the person does not care about you. He/she could be going through a lot worse situations than you.
- Expecting people to always understand you
If you have trouble understanding yourself, don't expect others to be able to. If your friend can't understand the mess that is going through your head it does not mean that you are less of a person.
- Expecting people to treat you the same way you treat them
If everyone treated each other equally, the world will become a perfect place. You have probably been mistreated by someone you always cared for. Try to understand such people, they may not have a true relationship with themselves in order to know how to treat you back.
- Expecting people to change their behavior suddenly
Once you realize that this is never possible you will be much happier. Telling someone how to think or behave will not change who they are, it could even lead to your relationship being destroyed. If there are differences in your personalities are too big try to change your perspective not the person.
- Expecting others to be the same person
People constantly change and you can't make someone become the same person they were years ago. We go through everyday battles that change the way we feel and act about many things which is why you should never make others go back to what they were.
- Expecting others to have it all together
Life can be too stressful too often and not everyone is capable of remaining calm all the time in hard situations. If your friends are going through a rough period, don't expect them to have it all together. Be compassionate and tell them you know they are trying and doing their best. This way you will strengthen your relationship.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Climate change threatens tea crops
Everyone knows that climate change threatens coastlines and wildlife. But its effects won't be limited to destroying property and altering the natural world; it will also affect the quality of experiences and products we now take for granted -- such as the simple ritual of sipping a cup of tea.
A group of scientists including a Tufts University chemical ecologist are exploring the effects that climate change will have on tea crops in China, supported by a four-year, $931,000 grant from the National Science Foundation. The scientific scrutiny of tea highlights the way in which climate change's effects are not simple; it may alter desirable characteristics of products and cause economic ripples for producers and consumers.
Continue reading below
Tea may seem like a narrow topic to study, but it is a big business. In the United States, people spend $2 billion on tea at supermarkets, according to the Tea Association of the USA. The researchers hope to specifically understand better what chemical changes are occurring in tea leaves in response to different environmental conditions. They want to trace how these changes affect the quality of the product and farmers' ability to sell the crop to buyers. Those lessons may be valuable for a wide array of business owners, such as wine producers and cherry farmers, but also ski resort operators.
Colin Orians, a professor of biology at Tufts, sees tea as an ideal way to study fundamental questions about plant biology, including how external conditions influence plants' allocation of resources toward making defensive chemicals that protect them against getting eaten. He studies how plants divide up their energy between functions such as growth, storage, and defense and first got interested in tea when Selena Ahmed, a postdoctoral researcher who has since moved to Montana State University, came to his laboratory.
I asked Orians to answer a few questions about the research by e-mail. His answers, edited for length, are below.
Q: How did you get involved in this research?
A: Most crops, consider lettuce, have been bred to grow fast, and thus it is not surprising that crops like lettuce do not provide us with some of the known health benefits, such as antioxidants, that ancestral crops might have contained. This is exacerbated by the fact that we grow crops under the most favorable environmental conditions that cause a plant to prioritize growth over defense. Tea is different! It has always been valued for its chemistry, its medicinal properties, and I was immediately intrigued by the system. How will climate change alter its chemistry? Can we use plant defense theory to understand and predict future changes in chemistry? How will these changes affect consumers and ultimately farmer livelihoods?
Q: Is this more than an academic interest -- are you a tea connoisseur?
A: I have come to appreciate good tea. I love drinking tea that is so rich in flavor that I have no desire to add anything to it. I really enjoy teas from southern China.
Q: When did changes in tea quality begin to be noticed?
A: It is known that the chemistry of tea shifts in response to the onset of the monsoons. What our preliminary work was able to show was that farmers perceive these changes, that the changes happen within days of the onset of the monsoon, that buyers pay substantially more for the pre-monsoon spring tea, and that the monsoons are arriving earlier in this area of China (Yunnan). Importantly we showed that within 5 days of the arrival of the monsoons, what farmers harvest has twice the biomass (plants are growing faster) but lower concentrations of some key phenolics known to be important in tea. We are in the process of more thoroughly characterizing the change in chemistry and taste, and plan to compare teas from different regions as part of the study.
Q: Would the changes be noticeable to people who aren't very picky (i.e. drink tea out of bags)?
A: I believe many could notice the changes. We are putting together a trained sensory panel and our preliminary analysis of teas showed that everyone was easily able to distinguish between tea picked in the spring and that picked after the monsoons arrived. Of course bagged tea is often blended so we would expect tea companies to try new blends to limit any changes perceived by the consumers.
Q: How widespread are these issues among tea-producing regions of the world?
A: Globally, climatic conditions are becoming more and more variable and we are working with a climatologist to explore how conditions are changing in some of the key tea producing regions. I might expect the change to be highest in regions influenced by monsoons since increases in precipitation have such a large effect on tea. Yet, because farmers harvest buds and young expanding leaves, the chemistry of the tea depends on the current conditions in which the plants are growing. Any climatic shifts could have an impact on tea quality.
Q: Are tea leaves more sensitive to climate change than other crops? What about coffee?
A: This is a great question but not one that can be answered. There is concern about the effects of climate on grape and coffee production, for example, but there are no comparative studies. Strong scientific arguments could be made for the greater sensitivity of each crop.
Q: Typically, when people think about the effect climate change will have on agriculture, they worry about crops failing. Do you expect these changes are already occurring in other agricultural products?
A: Yes, we tend to focus so much on yield when thinking about climate change but this emphasis loses sight of the importance of quality. Is climate changing the quality of spinach, kale or blueberries? I think we all could come up with a list of a dozen food and beverage items that we regularly consume because they are good for us. I want to know how those benefits are, or might be, changing.
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Jules Laurens undertook an incredible three-year journey throughout the Middle East and Asia Minor to Persia in the late 1840s, as part of a scientific and geographical expedition. Despite incredible hardship, Laurens drew every day. These drawings and the journey provided the basis for a significant career as an Orientalist painter and illustrator, and as a commentator on Middle Eastern affairs.
This work was painted almost twenty-five years after the journey. Based on his meticulous drawings, the painting depicts a mosque near Tabriz in present-day Iran. The imposing building stands in an austere, snow-covered landscape. The painting depicts the desolate conditions of a journey marked by weather extremes and ever-present danger. The snow, while beautiful in the painting, made the journey extremely treacherous and the expedition's leader was temporarily snow-blind.


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Captain Falcon (SSB)/Down aerial
Captain Falcon stomps below him, dealing 14% damage. The move's hitbox lasts a very long time, but it has very quick startup. The move functions as a meteor smash, striking airborne opponents downwards when they are hit by the move. The move's reach is also extended by a small hitbox above Captain Falcon's legs. The move is a powerful meteor smash (even if it hits during the latter frames), and it can KO at moderately low percentages offstage. Due to the move having high power throughout the entire duration, it can easily be used after an edge drop and a midair jump to cover the area around Falcon, being very difficult for most recovering characters to get past. If the move is used on a grounded opponent, it produces very weak knockback that only just lifts them off the ground at around 80-90%, though at around 80% it can lead into an up smash to get the opponent into the air, and at around 100-150% (depending on the falling speed of the opponent) it can lead straight into a back aerial or occasionally a neutral aerial for a KO. Used on a grounded opponent at lower to moderate percentages, it can also tech-chase rather easily. This can be performed out of a short hop or after an aerial down aerial onstage. In addition to this, it can be used effectively with the help of platforms; for example, Falcon can use it almost immediately after dropping through a soft platform. Additionally, a down aerial can be used on a grounded opponent right next to the edge of the stage to combo into another down aerial, a forward smash, or even a Falcon Punch.
Captain Falcon can also perform a Ken Combo variation by jumping, using his back aerial (at lower percentages) or forward aerial (at moderate percentages), jumping again and using a down aerial to meteor smash the opponent. A down aerial can also be used to finish a string of up aerials. According to Ken himself, the Ken Combo was initially developed in Smash 64 using an up aerial → down aerial combo with Captain Falcon.


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Imagine an app like yelp. In this case, you select the amount of stars that you want to rate something. When you do, a pre-generated text is displayed in the text input field. You can either keep this text, as it is a useful pre-generated review, or you can delete this text and write your own.
I'm trying to decide what the best way is to indicate that this text is something that you don't HAVE to use, that it's an option, not forced upon you. That it is editable.
I can: - have an icon that indicates that it is editable (pencil?) (not very clear) - have text that says e.g. "tap to edit" (a bit messy, having a hint on screen) - have the text be "selected" the moment it appears on screen. (cleanest way, but is it clear enough?)
Anything obvious i'm missing? What do you think is best?


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The Campaign provides high quality methods and materials to help educators implement the Civic Mission of Schools Promising Approaches.
Michelle Herczog, Ed.D, Los Angeles County Office of Education, is the Chair of the Practice Committee.
Our work so far:
- Electronic Directory
of Resources for California Schools. Each resource is reviewed
by members of the Practice Committee. Submissions
for new resources are invited.
- Self-Assessment Rubric: A tool to help schools understand, identify and assess needs to implement the Six Promising Approaches to Civic Education.
- Constitution Day events for educators. These events
is designed to integrate the promising approaches in teaching about
- Superintendents Breakfast Forum. In October 2004, the Los Angeles County Office of Education, in colloboration with the Campaign and the Los Angeles Times, convened a forum for school districts to address the Civic Mission of Schools and identify plans for creating an educated, committed, and responsible citizenry. (Informational Letter. Invitation. Agenda.)
- Brochure to support Campaign Community Forums. These events are
designed to raise awareness about the importance of civic education,
the six promising approaches, and how different facets of the community
can support the Civic Mission of Schools.


Mobile Tracking Would Be Great, If It Weren't Illegal. (What, Everything Has To Be Perfect With You?)
Written by Mark Rasch
November 16th, 2011
When we told you recently about the Australian shopping mall that tracked customer movement through mobile phone signals, it presented a very compelling CRM opportunity. It would also almost certainly be illegal in the U.S. (What? Everything has to be perfect with you?)
Here, it is illegal to intercept the contents of a cell phone call or to force a cell phone provider to pony up information about a user without—at a minimum—a court order based upon a certification by a law enforcement or other official that the information is relevant to an ongoing criminal (or sometimes intelligence) case. The federal pen register law makes it a crime to "install or use a pen register or trap and trace device" without such a court order, unless you are a "provider of electronic or wire communication service" and your use of the pen register is for certain limited purposes. There is little doubt that neither a mobile nor a mall operator would be considered a "provider of electronic communication services."
But what exactly is a pen register? Here is where it gets a bit funky. Under U.S. law, a "pen register" is "a device or process which records or decodes dialing, routing, addressing or signaling information." A "trap and trace device," for which a court order is also required, means a "device or process which captures the incoming electronic or other impulses which identify the originating number or other dialing, routing, addressing and signaling information reasonably likely to identify the source of a wire or electronic communication."
The key here is the definition of "signaling information," a provision added after Sept. 11, 2001, in statutory amendments under the USA PATRIOT Act. Several courts have concluded that the term "signaling information" includes things like signal strength data used to determine the location of an individual. It appears that the Australian trial, to the extent that it is recording "signaling" information from a cell phone, would be illegal under U.S. law. It's also pretty creepy.
If a mall operator wanted to know what consumers do when they enter the mall ("Hey, Mom. I want to go to the eatery, then see Santa and then go to the Apple store!"), that operator could follow them around as they browsed. Operators could also use sophisticated pattern recognition software attached to the ubiquitous digital video cameras to track individuals.
The new "cell phone tracking" technology turns the phone in your pocket, one that you are paying for, into a GPS tracking device for the mall. Your cell phone is really just a radio, constantly transmitting and receiving. Although the company's Web site does not disclose how it works, it is likely that the device is similar to a cell phone tower itself, transmitting a signal to cell phones within range and receiving back a signal from the cell phone.
Unlike a "real" cell provider, the ping it sends is blank.
3 Comments | Read Mobile Tracking Would Be Great, If It Weren't Illegal. (What, Everything Has To Be Perfect With You?)
 1. Susan Musleh Says:
 Malls track shoppers…. It's here…. street level data mining. Why should this information be confined to mega mall owners? I get it… personal privacy is gone…. But if our privacy as human beings is traceable by the UI of our cell phones… (And it is) all of us being tracked should have the information available. Street level data mining is very powerful, profitable and scary. A community consciousness needs to be implemented now. Large conglomerates collecting data on an individual bases and collectively leveraging our very movements for their own agendas… is simply exploitation.
 2. John Says:
 You have chosen an unfortunate example of "the person hanging around outside the Victoria's Secret dressing room was your 70-year-old neighbor." That is probably a reason why most people would AGREE that this kind of surveillance is necessary.
 Why not make an argument using an example of someone doing something completely innocuous? Such as: "it is a trivial task to cross reference the cell phone data with the payment data and send a message to Store B that someone who just spent $1000 at Store A just walked in their door."
 3. mobile tracking Says:
 Mobile tracking isn't necessarily illegal. You can track your family or vehicles to ensure their safety.
Leave a Reply
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Given the vast range of marine issues it deals with, Ifremer stands apart:
- No other organisation covers such a wide variety of marine-related issues
- In France, few organisations exclusively focus on the marine environment (with the exception of the French Navy's hydrographic and oceanographic service SHOM).
In France, there is no "integrated" vision of marine data. The existing partnerships are thematic. The degree of maturity of databases, the type of partners and the level of formalisation of the partnership vary greatly from one topic to another.
Physical and operational oceanography
Whether on a national or international level, partnerships in this field are built on systems offering well established real time and deferred time services. The Coriolis database (in situ data) is the focus of a partnership between Ifremer, CNES (France's National Centre for Space Studies), CNRS/INSU (National Institute for Earth Sciences and Astronomy), IRD (French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development), Météo-France (French meteorological service), SHOM (French Navy hydrographic and oceanographic service) and IPEV (French Polar Institute).
As concerns high frequency systems (coastal buoys, FerryBox systems, etc.) and multiparameter systems (coupling for instance physics and biogeochemistry), tools are under development at Ifremer as well as at CNRS/INSU. In concurrence with its strategic orientations, INSU, in partnership with Ifremer, aims to reinforce its capacities in the field of databases.
The majority of marine geoscience data is obtained during scientific research cruises onboard coastal and offshore vessels as well as during research cruises scheduled for industrial purposes onboard various vessels. It can also be obtained through foreign-run cruises in the French EEZs. Certain data, in particular geophysical data, can be recorded by aerial or satellite sensors. Geological data relating to the French continental shelf is archived in the national Marine Geology Bank (BGM) in compliance with the "Mining Code". BGM, placed under the responsibility of the French geological survey BRGM, plays a fundamental role. Geological data obtained by the Ifremer fleet has been managed since 2004 by BGM-B, and SHOM also gathers and manages sedimentological data. This distribution of data gathering and management led to cooperation within a national marine geoscience data network from 2008. However, from 2009, actions focused on European coordination and the implementation of the European Geoseas network, based on the SeaDataNet system and completed by mid-2012. The actions and results of this project highlight the need for increased coordination to ensure better system interoperability and more effective dissemination at national level.
In this field, the Quadrige² and Sextant databases gather data produced by research projects as well as information from monitoring networks. Input data is supplied by Ifremer and by partners who use the databases for their own needs (French Agency for Biodiversity (AFB), Marine Mammal Research Centre (CRMM), etc.). Contracts on data banking and dissemination tools are established with institutional players which come under the Ministry of Ecology, in particular within the framework of the implementation of the WFD (Water Framework Directive).
AFB is currently considering developing complementary tools to meet the needs that are not presently satisfied by existing solutions, in particular as concerns video data.
Meanwhile, INSU and the network of marine stations (RESOMAR), in cooperation with INEE (National Institute of Ecology and Environment) is currently preparing to develop a "coastal database" information system intended to gather the benthic and pelagic data produced as well as information from the SOMLIT network (shoreline environment observation service). Furthermore, work is currently in progress to structure the INEE-MNHN databases by creating a joint research unit (UMS).
Harmonie, the database for the fisheries information system SIH is developed in close collaboration with the French Ministry of the Environment, Energy and the Sea (MEEM) and is interconnected with the ministry's information system (SIPA). For part of the French overseas fishing fleet, the French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development, IRD, operates its own data management system.
In the complex field of biodiversity, two national initiatives coexist:
- the nature and landscape information system (SINP) led by MEEM (French Ministry of the Environment, Energy and the Sea) and presented as a central component of the French National Observatory for Biodiversity. Ifremer is heavily involved in SINP alongside the National Museum of Natural History (MNHN) and AFB (French Agency for Biodiversity). Substantial efforts remain to be made to render the databases of public organisations interoperable (Biocean, Quadrige², Sextant and Harmonie for Ifremer) and provide access to the different information of interest in relation to biodiversity issues, in particular that obtained from the many players (NGOs, etc.) contributing to data collection. MNHN also plays an important role on a national scale due to the existence of the INPN (national inventory of natural heritage), which is also used for reporting on an international scale such as through the GBIF network.
Initiatives for French overseas territories should also be mentioned, in particular the COREMO database (coral reef data) supported by MEEM also related to the French initiative IFRECOR and the implementation of directives such as the WFD in the French overseas departments.
- the ECOSCOPE project, led by the Foundation for Research on Biodiversity (FRB), defined as the national hub in charge of coordinating biodiversity research observatories. This body is now recognised as a national rollout of the worldwide project GEOBON.
Over and above scientific data, it is worth noting the existence of a database managed by FRB on the members of the scientific "biodiversity" community on a national scale. This database is used by the national environmental research alliance AllEnvi, the ECOSCOPE project and for organising French scientific expertise in response to the implementation of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES).
While SINP and ECOSCOPE ultimately fulfil different purposes, there is potentially considerable overlap between the two tools. Observation data (in the sense of observation for research) on biodiversity is often of interest for managers in that it helps them to define biodiversity protection measures. The aim is therefore to ensure smooth coordination of the two approaches.
The information archived in Ifremer's databanks is widely used to fulfil the French State's European and international commitments.
All of SISMER's activities are carried out through partnerships on different scales:
- regional, with local authorities, decentralised State services and observatories. For instance, close cooperation has been developed with MIMEL (the interservice mission for the sea and shoreline) in Normandy in order to create and format a corpus of geographical information obtained from State services and from several organisations involved in this area. This corpus, built on the Sextant server, is used to support public decision-making as well as to facilitate knowledge of scientific work conducted.
- national, with our line ministries, but also with the main organisations active in complementary fields to those of Ifremer. To quote some examples illustrating various types of collaboration, the following achievements can be mentioned:
- the marine hydrological data centre led and operated jointly with SHOM. Similarly, the pooling of data banking activities for data obtained from acoustic sounders (bathymetry, imagery) was validated by the SHOM-Ifremer Executive Committee.
- the participation of Ifremer in fisheries data management under the authority of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries.
- Ifremer's responsibility for managing intermediate and inshore waters, within the National Information System on Water.


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Did you know 413,000 or 14 percent of Kansans suffer from food insecurity? The issue affects communities across the state, and there's no magic bullet.
The American Farm Bureau wants to be part of the solution and parents, teachers and students can help. Through its Foundation for Agriculture students can tackle food insecurity with the Purple Plow Challenge.
What Is Food Insecurity?
Many children and adults wonder where their next meal is coming from, whether they will have enough food to eat throughout the week, and how to deal with hunger on a regular basis. That is food insecurity. And, it can affect anyone. In fact, many people are surprised to learn that neighbors or friends face food insecurity.
What Is the Purple Plow Challenge?
The Purple Plow Challenge is a program that tasks students with becoming aware of food insecurity issues and championing solutions in their communities. How? By creating and maintaining an edible plant garden. With spring just around the corner, this is a great time to introduce kids to gardening and help them get planting!
The gardens created during the Purple Plow Challenge could serve as prototypes for community gardens in the future designed to help combat food insecurity.
How Does It Work?
Students in grades 5-8 can enter to participate in the challenge, which runs runs through May 1, 2018. BONUS: It's a fun and simple way to get involved with your community and teach students about agriculture, STEM and giving back.
How Do I Start?
Before starting the challenge, sit down with teachers and administrators to set out a plan of action for the classroom, who may be willing to donate supplies and how to teach students about food insecurity.
For the challenge, students must complete an assessment of needs related to food and hunger in their community and then develop a growing space for edible plants. Here are some ideas to help you in your own challenge:
- Identify the problem in your community and describe what the solution may be. For this challenge, the solution may be one of the student's prototypes!
- Set goals for the project so the students know what to aim for when participating in the challenge. Let the students brainstorm all the ways they can fight food insecurity, what design they will use and all the materials needed.
- Build the prototype! This is the most fun part where students (and parents and teachers) get to see their designs come to life. Have them collect data like how long each plant takes to grow, what each plant produces and how much the materials cost.
- Discuss what this prototype could do on a large scale. How many people could they feed? Talk about the results and compare to the goals. Find the areas for improvement and make the changes.
- Finally, share all the ideas, designs, data and conclusions! Look for opportunities in the community to share the student's work and give them the opportunity to share it.
Benefits of Participating
Students will not only learn about the science of growing plants and the engineering of designing the perfect growing space, but they will also learn about food insecurity, population growth and access to resources.
This project has a far-reaching impact from students to parents to members of the community. Try a project that goes beyond the classroom to have a positive influence on those involved.
And finally, you might be able to win a prize for your local school! Enter the students' reflections and presentation or social media post to win one of eight $500 grants from the American Farm Bureau Foundation for Ag in the Classroom. The top three teams will win a 3D printer and Visa gift card to buy supplies for the next challenge.
Ready to start? Visit purpleplow.org for more information.
From the Purple Plow website:
- The Purple Plow encourages students to research scenarios related to food, hunger and sustainability and build their own prototypes to solve the defined problem. Resources provided for facilitators, students and volunteers are written by teachers, aligned to national learning standards and reviewed by industry experts.
- The Purple Plow is a great fit for individuals, groups, and 5th through 8th grade classes. It's perfect for maker spaces, after school programs, in-school lessons, 4-H clubs, library learning, scout troops and more!


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AR Reading Quiz for DOWN UNDER: Kussins
1. What state did Driew move from?
2. Which character is a "digger" in this book?
3. What artifacts do the Poe boys discover Outback?
4. Which marsupial does Driew adopt as a pet?
5. What country does Gulia visit on holiday?
6. What food attracts visitors to the Dawson Springs Annual Homecoming?
7. What name did Gulia and Driew give to their tree?
8. What found object does Driew use to light his way?
9. What summer responsibility does Marq give Driew instead of mowing?
10. Which of these characters is not Driew's kussin?


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Earth Day is on the way, and Ryan, Luke, and Carly have a plan. If they manage to collect and recycle 5,000 aluminum cans, they can make enough money to buy some beautiful flowers for nearby Gilroy Park.
CAN they do it?
Counting the cans gives Ryan, Luke, and Carly -- along with readers -- a lesson in place value. And facts about recycling throughout the story will help readers understand how important it is to take care of the earth.
About the Author
Stuart J. Murphy is a visual learning specialist. A graduate of the Rhode Island School of Design, he has a strong background in design and art direction. He also has extensive experience in the world of educational publishing. Drawing on all these talents, Stuart J. Murphy brings a unique perspective to the MathStart series. In MathStart books, pictures do more than tell stories; they teach math.
Stuart J. Murphy and his wife, Nancy, live in Boston.


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(SOURCE: University of California, San Diego, news release, Oct. 15, 2012)
TUESDAY, Oct. 23 (HealthDay News) -- Powerful people try not to mimic the facial expressions of other powerful people, according to a new study.
That means they would be less likely to return the smile of another high-status person. On the other hand, researchers from the University of California, San Diego, noted that powerless people mirror anyone's smile.
"Mimicry has been shown to help build relationships, and both power and status seem to affect how we unconsciously employ this strategy," graduate student Evan Carr said in a university news release. "These findings may speak to how social hierarchies often form under the radar quickly, efficiently and without awareness."
In conducting the study, researchers asked 55 people to write briefly about an event that would induce feelings of power or powerlessness. Afterwards, the participants watched happy videos as well as angry videos of powerful people (doctors, for example) or those with lower social standing (e.g., fast-food workers).
As the people watched the videos, the facial muscles they used to smile or frown were measured.
The study revealed that all of the participants tended to mimic the frowns of powerful people more often than they did for people of lower status.
The researchers also found that powerful people were more likely to smile back at a lower-status person than another powerful or high-status person. Powerless people, however, smiled more at everyone.
The study was scheduled for presentation Monday at the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience in New Orleans.
Data and conclusions presented at meetings are typically considered preliminary until published in a peer-reviewed medical journal.
The U.S. National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke talks about the brain and how it works.
Copyright © 2013 ScoutNews, LLC. All rights reserved.
HealthDayNews articles are derived from various sources and do not reflect federal policy. healthfinder.gov does not endorse opinions, products, or services that may appear in news stories. For more information on health topics in the news, visit Health News on healthfinder.gov.


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ACCOUNTING TERMS - ACCOUNTING DICTIONARY - ACCOUNTING GLOSSARY
From the web's #1 provider of financial analysis / ratio analysis
NORMAL SPOILAGE Definition
NORMAL SPOILAGE consists of defective units that arise as part of regular operations. If normal spoilage arises from the requirements of a specific job, the cost of the spoiled units is charged to the job.
Learn new Accounting Terms
ACCRUAL ACCOUNTING see ACCRUAL BASIS OF ACCOUNTING.
CASH FLOW PROJECTION is a forecast of the cash (checks or money orders) a business anticipates receiving and disbursing during the course of a given span of time - frequently a month. It is useful in anticipating the cash portion of your business at specific times during the period projected.


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Under the premise of making a backup, pay attention to the following points when using the software:
1. During the use of the light painting software, pay attention to the orderly storage of the light painting files. It is best not to place the non-program files such as Gerber files, raster files, temporary files, etc. in the software installation directory, so as to avoid deleting the program files by mistake. Destroy the operation of the software.
2. The software can run on the DOS operating system or in the DOS window mode of WINDWOS'9X. When reading a file, you should enter the full path and file name. Once the setting parameters of the software are set, do not change them easily, so as not to affect the accuracy of the raster file and the accuracy of the drawn film.
3. Before performing the typesetting operation of the file, the mouse driver should be loaded to use the mouse to perform the typesetting operation. When there are too few typographic layers and not enough to fill the entire film, you can save the processed files first, in order to prepare the next tune with other files. When compiling and saving, try to choose in the DOS window mode of WINDWOS'9X, so as to avoid the crash caused by the lack of DOS memory management in the DOS environment. Try to follow the order of first left and right, first up and down, and it is convenient to cut the film on the film when you are dissatisfied with the whole film.
4. The completion of rasterization should be done in DOS environment, making full use of the single task process of DOS, and avoiding the choice in WINDWOS'9X DOS window mode.
5. The partition of the storage raster file should ensure the largest possible free space on the hard disk, and often use the disk defragmentation program to organize the hard disk to reduce the generation of file fragments. After the rasterization is completed, it should be repeatedly previewed several times to ensure that the raster file is not broken, no gaps, etc., and then output.
6. Enter the Gerber file processing before the light painting system, fully utilize the light painting assistant software to process the extra elements and reduce the amount of file data. The parts that need to be filled are filled with horizontal horizontal software as much as possible for complex elements (such as arcs, custom pads, etc.), which should be carefully modified and edited in the light painting assistant software. Through the above steps, the error rate of the raster file can be reduced, and the time required for rasterization is greatly reduced.
7. The old version of the light painting software V2.0---V2.8, only supports English (English), leading zero (Leading), integer decimal places (2, 3), absolute coordinates (Absolute) The Gerber format of the data structure is usually based on the V2001 extended Gerber (Extend Gerber) format (usually used when the amount of data is large) and the MDA (MDA Auto plot) format (usually used when the amount of data is small). The new version of the light painting software does not have this problem.
8. The software installation adopts encryption means, so do not easily change the hardware device of the host computer to avoid the software verification error and cannot run. Please save the software installation disk to restore it when the software is damaged.


Ranged weapon that shoots projectiles
A gun is a ranged weapon designed to use a shooting tube to launch typically solid projectiles, but can also project pressurized liquid, gas or even charged particles. Solid projectiles may be free-flying or tethered. A large-caliber gun is also referred to as a cannon.


What to Gift, your Favorite Teacher on their Birthday
Written by Akshita Vohra | April 29, 2021
After our parents, the one person who has helped shape our personalities and make us presentable in society is our teachers. A thoroughly devoted teacher to teaching their students can make legit put her heart and soul to make these kids the best version of themselves. These teachers are no less than gods, so much so that in India, a Guru or a teacher is usually kept in the shoes of a true god. For a teacher, his/her student's success is their success.
Everyone has a teacher in their life who stands out from the rest with politeness, compassion, and fairness towards the students. Can you think of someone who has positively impacted your lives with the way they teach and just their overall outlook towards life? This year surprise them on their Birthday by flowers delivery in Bangalore. A teacher loves it when their students remember them as someone who guided them towards a better life. For all that he/she has done for you, a special birthday gift would never heart. Our teachers have a huge role in helping us reach where we are today, and we should always be thankful for this. But what to give them? Let's find a few gifts that will be loved by your teachers this year on their Birthday.
Handmade Cards
 Handmade gifts are always the special ones, and they require the efforts and time of an individual that are too rare these days. A handmade card may require a lot of time from your end, but it will be the best one that your teacher will receive on their Birthday. A handmade card goes a long way in making your bond with the recipient more strong. You can experiment with your ideas and let your creativity shine while making this card. You can add school pictures and picnics that you had with the whole class to make her smile instantly.
 Many teachers love diving into novels as their favorite pass time and if you think your teacher is among those, get them a novel or maybe a series of them. To choose the right one, you can get something related to their subject, such as for an economics teacher you can get the biography of a famous economist and so on. You might have to think and research a lot while zeroing in on that perfect novel, but it will all be worth it in the end.
A Customized Video
 With modernization comes changes in every walk of life, including gifting traditions. If you think of some gift that can be saved for years together, then a customized video might be the option for you. For this, you can reach out to the students taught by your teacher and get their wishes individually through social media sites. Then you can combine all of them to create a short video for your teacher as their birthday present.
 Plants are a beautiful gift to give to the people that you care for. Plants imply greenery and blessings that are other indicators of good health and long life. It is studied that people who are surrounded by greenery have happier day-to-day lives than those who don't. So get your favorite to teach some plants that they can decorate in their homes or their backyards. To make this even more special, try gifting them flowering plants so that they get a hint of color and fragrance from your gift in their homes.
 For ages, flowers have been an important part of the gifting tradition. They act as a way to express our feelings towards the ones that mean the most to us. If you respect your teacher from the core of your heart, you can send birthday flowers online. Flowers can be gifted as a token of respect and love towards your teacher. To make this online gift even more interesting, you can add a special note to the bouquet to make it a memorable one.
Let your teachers know how well respected they are and that whatever good they have taught you is ingrained in your hearts as a life lesson. All their scolding and love was for a reason. While we were younger, we despised our teachers so much because we usually couldn't understand the motive behind the scolding and all the strictness. This year on your best teacher's birthday, send flowers to Bangalore Online and pair them up with a delicious cake from an online store. Your teacher will be on cloud nine, knowing that you still value her even after so many years.
April 29, 2021 | 87 Views
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How do i insert electrical symbols in autocad?
The icon menu lets you insert a symbol by selecting the symbol type, for example a NO push button, or 3-position selector switch. Once the symbol is inserted you can annotate it with descriptions, catalog information, and so on.
Where is the symbols in AutoCAD?
Press Right click on the text window,then find Symbol. You are going to see some regular symbols there like Degrees,Plus/Minus,Diametar. Just click on symbol which you want and it will appear in your text window. On the bottom of the dropdown from symbol you can see Other,click that.
How do I insert a section symbol in AutoCAD?
To Draw a Section Line and Marks
 1. On the default tool palette set, click the Design tab, and then click the Vertical Section tool. …
 2. Specify the start point of the section line.
 3. Continue to specify points to define the section line, if needed. …
 4. Specify the endpoint of the section line, and press Enter.
How do you make symbols in AutoCAD?
Click Symbol Builder tab Edit panel Palette Visibility Toggle. 2. Select the Convert Text to Attribute tool to open the dialog box. All the attributes and text objects contained in your non-AutoCAD Electrical block are in the left-hand list.
IT IS INTERESTING: How do I create a signature in AutoCAD?
What is Ø in engineering?
In engineering drawings that symbol is used to denote diameter of circles in whatever the length unit of the drawing is (typically inches or mm) Form Wikipedia: Diameter symbol[edit ] Sign ⌀ in a technical drawing.
How do I create a level in AutoCAD?
Use this procedure to add levels to a building.
 1. On the Quick Access toolbar, click Project Navigator.
 2. Click the Project tab, and under Levels, click.
 3. If you want each new level to take its floor elevation from the height of the level below, click Auto-Adjust Elevation.
 4. Add a level using one of the following methods:
How do I draw a section in AutoCAD?
To Create a 2D or 3D Section
 1. Draw a section line in the drawing.
 2. Select the section line, and click Building Section Line tab Modify panel Generate Section.
 3. Select the type of section object you want to create: …
 4. For Style to Generate, select a style for a 2D section.
How do you add a cutting plane in AutoCAD?
To Create a Section Line (AutoCAD Mechanical Toolset)
 1. Click Home tab Detail panel Section Line. …
 2. Select a starting point for the section line.
 5. Press ENTER.
 6. Move the cursor to select the side of the cutting plane.
What symbolizes surface roughness?
– The mean arithmetical value "Ra" in μm is assumed for roughness measurements. Surface Texture is the variation in the surface in the form of roughness, waviness, lay, and flaws. In practice, both the words – "Surface Texture" and "Surface Roughness" are used to explain common meaning of surface roughness symbols.
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How do you make surface finish symbols in AutoCAD?
To Place a Surface Texture Symbol as a Majority Symbol (AutoCAD Mechanical Toolset)
 1. Click the Annotate tab Symbols panel Surface Texture. …
 2. Click the position you want to place the symbol and press ENTER 2 times.
 3. In the Symbol tab, specify the surface texture requirements as required. …
 4. Select Place as majority symbol.
How do you type the surface finish symbol?
Click Insert > Surface Finish. The GET SYMBOL menu appears.
How do you type a diameter symbol?
To easily insert the diameter symbol (Ø) on Word: using the keyboard, press Ctrl+/, then press Shift+O. This should give you the diameter symbol or O with slash through it. Alternatively, press down the Alt key, then press the symbol's Alt code – 0216. Use the numeric keypad for the Alt code.
What are AutoCAD blocks?
In AutoCAD, a block is a collection of objects that are combined into a single named object. The following are some sample blocks at various scales. Some of these blocks are realistic representations of objects, some are symbols, and one of them is an architectural title block for a D-size drawing.
Where are AutoCAD blocks?
Using the 'block' command generates a block that is saved in the file you are working in only. You can view a list of all blocks in a drawing by selecting 'insert' under the insert tab (far left). Then expand the window that drops down and scroll through. The last created block will be at the bottom of this list.
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Tutorial: Translating Scanned Docs
Recently, I had to access some information from a German document, but the problem was that it was only available as a poor quality scan. This is an overview of how I extracted and translated the information. The tools used were pdfimages, GIMP, gImageReader and Google Translate.
There are some OCR (optical character recognition) tools that can directly handle PDF files as an input file format. Unfortunately, in this case, the scanned pages were badly skewed and needed to by tidied up by hand before processing. It would be possible, although tedious, to screen capture each and every page, but the screen resolution and the resolution of the original scanned images wouldn't match which would result in a loss of quality.
Extract the images (pdfimages)
The solution is to extract the images from the PDF file. I used a tool called pdfimages for this.
pdfimages inputfile.pdf outputfile
will produce a series of graphic files which are numbered according to the order in which they occurred in the PDF document. By default, they are in PBM format. This is a less common format, and pdfimages can be coaxed into outputting JPEG files instead. However, I would advise against that as JPEG is a lossy format and we need to preserve as much quality as possible for documents that are going to be OCRed.
Clean up images (GIMP)
I used GIMP to clean up the images, and fortunately, it can work with PBM as an input format. The scans themselves had a number of problems. The first thing I did was to use the rotate tool (Layer>Transform>Arbitrary Rotate...) to straighten up the image. To the make this easier, I zoomed in so that I could use the top of the windows as ruler against a line of text. In this case I found that a +1.4 deg rotation made the lines straight again.
The original image that I had to work with.
The cleaned up version.
The scans were also skewed to an extent. This meant that although the lines of text were now horizontally straight, the the left margin was not vertically aligned. I used the GIMP skew tool to correct this, again working with a zoomed image.
The image was also crushed, so, I scaled it to add 50% to its height (Layer>Scale layer...). Through experimentation, I discovered that this, along with making the image mono (Image>Mode>Indexed...), greatly improved the accuracy of the OCR software.
Finally, I cropped the image.
The images were now ready to put through gImageReader, a GTK front end to the Tesseract OCR tool. By default, although it had the resources to perform OCR on German documents, it didn't have the German dictionary it needed to spell check the output. I rectified this by adding the German MySpell dictionary using the package manager. By the way, gImageReader can handle PDF documents as an input format, if the page images are of a suitably good quality.
After the image has been loaded in and processed, the window is split between the input document and the output text. The output text pane has an real-time spell check and a few rudimentary text editing faculties. As you load in the pages of a multi-page document you can keep adding the output to the text pane. Obviously, as the source document was so poor to begin with, the output contained a few errors. I made some corrections by hand, such as manually removing hyphens. The real time spell checker that allows you to choose corrections with a context menu along with visual references back to the original document were helpful here.
Translate into English (Google Translate)
The final stage was to cut and paste the text into Google Translate.
The end result was good enough for me to extract the information that I needed. Here's an example of its output:
The use of free software also has a political dimension. The freedom of the software was on the 3rd UN World Summit on lnfonnationsgesellschaft (WSIS) recognized as worthy of protection. It belongs to the elementary demands of civil society with the "digital divide" is to be overcome. The application and further development of free software is free of barriers such as Soitware patents, restrictive licensing conditions and high cost. This reflects free software free decision-making powers again and wins an additional strategic importance for research, innovation and growth.


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Even if professors chose to go back to in person classes after Oct. 5, the majority of professors still offer an online option for students who are uncomfortable with attending in-person classes. With online learning, cheating has become a concern and this is where the Canvas Activity Log comes into play.
With the help of Juhong Christie Liu, the head of online learning, and Andrea Adams, the assistant dean for learning innovation & design, the log's main goal to prevent students from cheating was established this past week.
"This feature is intended to help investigate technical problems during the process of quiz taking," Liu said. "For instance, an internet interruption. It may help measure the time focusing on taking the quiz, with the condition of a smooth network and computer capacity."
The Canvas Activity Log will show what a student is doing within each minute of the quiz or exam. For example, if during the fifth minute of the exam a student answers numerous questions, the Canvas Activity log would pick up that information and label it all under the fifth minute of the exam. However, the log can mark students as "inactive" during the exam.
"The 'inactive' or 'stop viewing' status occurs when a student navigates away from the quiz (closes the browser tab, opens a new browser tab, or navigates to a different program)," Liu said.
However, there have been students from all different universities who have run into issues with what the "inactive" marking really means. On a Canvas community forum entitled "Quiz Log Interpretation" there are several people who claim they had issues with the Canvas Activity Log.
"I did some testing in a sandbox course and here's what I found: It seems like there are three times the 'Stopped viewing the Canvas quiz-taking page' message occurs; when you're inactive within Canvas (after 30 seconds), when your mouse is inactive in a window outside of Canvas (after 15 seconds) and when you actually click outside of Canvas. The 'Resumes' message occurs when you move your mouse after being inactive or when you click back within Canvas after being active in another window."
Sophomore Eric Hayes said he believes this is what happened to him during an exam he took during the month of the second week of October. After his professor told him that they would be using the Canvas Activity Log to determine if students were cheating on that particular exam, he had concerns.
"I had heard from my roommate that the Canvas Activity Log was not an accurate way to determine if a student was cheating or not, so I did a bunch of research on it before I took the exam," Hayes said. "I found the Canvas forum about it being inaccurate but I thought I'd just give it a try and see what happened."
After completing his exam, several days later Hayes received an email from his professor claiming that the Canvas Activity Log said he left the exam page 99 times.
"I was really mad because I didn't leave the exam screen once. I got 25 points taken off of my score when I didn't even cheat," Hayes said. "I emailed my professor back and sent them all of the information I found online about the inaccuracy of the Canvas Log, I was told that they were going to look into it, but I haven't heard anything in a week."
Concerns like these beg the question: Is the Canvas Activity Log a reliable way to determine if a student is cheating on an assignment?
"Reviewing the activity log for students may prompt an opportunity to talk more between a professor and a student about the quiz, such as if a student stops viewing the quiz page because of in need of more time to understand the question or because of technical access," Liu said. "However, it's important to note that quiz actions may occur for a number of reasons that are permissible and do not infer cheating," Liu said.
The Canvas Activity Log, by definition, can be used to help students and professors communicate about any issues that may arise during a quiz or exam. Students who are already put under stress about online learning now may also have to deal with the possibility of being falsely accused of cheating.
Contact Mackenzie Munn at _EMAIL_. For more coverage of JMU and Harrisonburg news, follow the news desk on Twitter _USER_.


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I have a bunch of raster maps from a general plan of a city.
I need to vectorize them such that I can store all elements (lines, polygons, points) of the map listed in the legend in a database like PostGIS such that I can
 - find all elements of a master plan, which affect a certain region on the map (e. g. if I have a house at location X and the government wants to build a road in the same place, I want to notice it) and
 - compare two versions of a master plan by running database queries.
The ultimate purpose is to bring the data contained in these maps into a format that can be understood by non-technical people - inhabitants of the city so that they can express agreement or disagreement with the general plan.
One obvious approach is to simply lay raster map over a vector map of the region (there is a vector map of that city in OSM) and manually transfer the lines from raster to vector form.
 1. What tools (preferably open source) can I use to vectorize the maps manually and save the data in PostGIS?
 2. Are there any alternatives, which are faster? Can this process be automated (fully or partially) using open source or inexpensive commercial software?
Update 18.01.2013: FYI: I asked the copyright holder (city administration) of the maps to provide them in vector format. I'll wait for their answer and then decide on further actions.
Update 27.01.2013:
Today I made a first experiment in georeferencing for these maps.
 1. OpenStreetMap map
 2. Raster map
Process: You can see how I do georeferencing in this video.
 1. GCP points for both maps
 2. Modified raster map
I have following questions:
 1. How many points do I need to enter in order to have good enough quality of the mapping? Are there any rules of thumb for that?
 2. What can I do to improve the quality of the mapping (remove mapping defects shown below)?
Sample mapping defect #1
Mapping defect #1
Sample mapping defect #2
Mapping defect #2
share|improve this question
gis.stackexchange.com/questions/22704/… might help – BradHards Jan 13 '13 at 21:34
QGIS + plugins (grass plugin is correct one i think), PostGIS, GDAL... I woudl start project by calling people who made those maps and ask vectors maps from them After i have vectors i would store all data into postGIS, throw GeoServer and openLayers stack for internet interface – simplexio Jan 14 '13 at 8:39
_USER_: I added Update 27.01.2013 above. There are some mapping defects which are caused either by too few points or wrong settings. It would be great, if you looked at the video and suggested how to improve the process. Thanks! – Dmitri Pisarenko Jan 26 '13 at 21:26
3 Answers 3
After my own related question received here a vague suggestion to use GRASS, I wrote an ArcInfo Grid ASCII to ESRI Shapefile conversion utility in python; see ArcInfo Grid ASCII to ESRI Shapefile conversion. I was motivated by the need to upload raster data in a format that CartoDB could support (they do not "officially" support raster files). The utility may be useful, possibly with some modifications. The code is on GitHub. I may be motivated to extend the code in various ways, such as simultaneous vectorization of multiple grid ASCII raster files.
share|improve this answer
Similar to Italiano I use Scan2Cad for most of my simple stuff.
When the raster gets as complicated as what your examples are there is a whole other level of work needed.
This is a job for FME
Here is an email from dmbaugh _USER_ who helped me with this concept some time ago.
But as you will see the work invloved would cause you to go to Simplexio's comment and return to the entity that originally created the rasters (they were created from vector data [that is clear]), and request the original vector data (even if they will require payment the cost of converting the raster will be greater).
it seems to me, you need a workspace that combines these two example that we mention here. First, you have to separate areas that you need from the rest of the data. For that purpose, you can use RasterExpressionEvaluator.
Here is another example how it can be done:
And then, once grassland is separated on the raster level, the rest can be set to nodata, and RasterExtentsCoercer will extract only grassland polygons.
In fact, it will not be that smooth. Because of the nature of such maps the translation will probably produce a lot of "noise" from contours, labels, roads etc. Post-processing is always required and may include Generalizers, AreaCalculators, Dissolvers etc., and of course, some experimental work that should find the best sequence of the transformers and parameter values.
Dmitri from safe
To get the data in your example images into managable feature classes with well defined values you will need to remove noise (other information) like the roads, contours, streams, building footprints, and more from each image after making sure they are all georeferenced.
share|improve this answer
I advise you could use Wintopo, sir :)
share|improve this answer
Wintopo only converts TIF, JPG, PNG, GIF, BMP files. It's likely that the OP wishes to convert other file formats which are more common in GIS applications. – Fezter Jan 13 '13 at 22:32
Your Answer


Pikkutrappi ja sen havainnot Suomen Lapissa
Little bustard (Tetrax tetrax) is a rare visitor in Finland which has been observed only about 20 times, and in Finnish Lapland only once. It was the first observation in Finland, in Utsjoki in 1795. A single bird was shot by local hunters.
Räkättirastas, sen esiintyminen Lapissa ja Värriön luonnonpuistossa
Fieldfare (Turdus pilaris) is moderately common thrush in Finnish Lapland. In Varrio Nature Reserve the population is rather stabile, at on average 18 pairs. The autumn migration observations in Varrio refer to curious behaviour. The major migration direction is from south-east to north-west. Thus the migrating fieldfares aim first at north-western or western coast of Norway, before turning to south.
Riskilä ja sen esiintyminen Suomen Lapissa
Black guillemot (Cepphus grylle) has occurred regularly throughout Gulf of Bothnia, including the bottom of the Gulf (inside Finnish Laplands). In the 1900's the Lapland population gradually decreased from several tens into minimum of 3 pairs in 1983. Largely due to establishment of Perameri National Park the threatening extinction was avoided and the nesting population has returned in 2000's to about 10 pairs per annum.
Pikkuruokki ja sen havainnot Suomen Lapissa
Little auk or Dovekie (Alle alle) is observed annually as vagrant in Finland. In Finnish Lapland it had been observed about 30 times. The nearest observation to Varrio strict nature reserve is from Inari, Inarinjarvi, from 25.10.2007.


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Chasmer, L, McCaughey, H, Barr, A, Black, A, Shashkov, A, Treitz, P, Zha, T (2008). Investigating light-use efficiency across a jack pine chronosequence during dry and wet years. TREE PHYSIOLOGY, 28(9), _PHONE_.
Light-use efficiency (LUE) is the ability of vegetated canopies to use light for photosynthesis. Together with remote sensing estimates of canopy cover and meteorological inputs, LUE provides a physical basis for scaling carbon uptake processes from the stand to the global scale. A better understanding of the factors that control LUE will result in improved global estimates of carbon uptake from the terrestrial biosphere. To examine factors that control variability in LUE in stands of different ages during dry and wet conditions, we measured LUE in a chronosequence of four jack pine stands (recent clearcut (age 1-3), regenerating (age 8-9), immature (age 29-30) and mature (similar to 90 years old)) during one normal (2002), one very dry (2003) and two very wet (2004, 2005) growing seasons in Saskatchewan, Canada. Cumulative CO2 fluxes decreased significantly at all sites during the drought year of 2003, as did mean LUE. Canopy foliage at the recently regenerating Jack pine site increased by 19% between 2002 and 2003. Foliage growth rate was reduced by 6% between 2003 and 2004, and foliage biomass decreased by 6% from 2004 to 2005. Over the four years studied, LUE was greatest at the mature,jack pine site and lower, but similar, at the other three sites. Mean growing-season LUE varied with mean soil water content at each site, except at that of the newly regenerating stand where soil water had little influence. Mean daily vapor pressure deficit typically had the greatest influence on variability in LUE at all sites. Diffuse versus direct radiation also had significant but varying effects on LUE in jack pine stands of different ages.


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In JSF, you send and display dynamic data by binding UI components or component tag attribute values to data in the model layer. This data can be held in any JavaBean within the application. However by registering the bean as a managed bean, at runtime the JSF application automatically instantiates the bean on demand, when the bean is accessed through an expression language (EL) expression from a page for the first time. Property values on the bean can then be displayed, and can also be updated when data from the page is submitted.
In previous cue cards, you have already created the JavaBean and registered it as a managed bean. The JavaBean has two properties:
You will use the Expression Builder to create the EL expressions for binding the Input Text components'
value attributes to the bean properties.
Some component tag attributes can be bound to methods in JavaBeans. In the example, you will use the Bind Action Property dialog to bind the Command Button component's
action attribute to a new method which you will create in the JavaBean.
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