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Arjuna Bark ( Arjun Ki Chaal )
SKU: jbp3570 Category: Tags:,,,,
also known as
Arjun Tree Bark
ارجن کی چھال
Scientific Name: Terminalia Arjuna
 221 1,684
Arjuna Bark / Arjun Ki Chaal (ارجن کی چھال) also known as Terminalia Arjuna, is a tree bark that is used medicinally in Ayurveda for the purposes of cardiovascular health pertaining to the heart itself. It has a large variety of bioactives, with the water extract showing promise at improving left ventricle function of the heart without any observable toxicity of side effects.
Ingredient Name :
Terminalia arjuna Roxb.
Bengali Name : Arjun Gach
Chinese Name : San guo mu
English Name : Arjuna Myrobalan, White Murdah
German Name : Arjunbaum
Gujarati Name : Arjun
Hindi Name : Arjuna, Koha
Kannada Name : Matri
Latin name : Terminalia arjuna Roxb.
Marathi Name : Arjun, Arjun Sadra
Punjabi Name : Arjon
Sanskrit Name : Arjuna, Kukubha
Urdu Name : Arjun
Recommended Dosage:
3 to 6 g powder of bark.
This herb has no known warnings or contraindications.
Health Benefits:
 1. One of the health benefits of the arjuna herb is that it is known to be effective against the symptoms of asthma and can even cure the individual of this medical problem. As part of the natural treatment for asthma, the arjuna bark powder should be mixed with hot water or with milk and then consumed in the form of a tea.
 2. The arjuna herb is a powerful antioxidant and hence is it known to be good for the skin. One of the terminalia arjuna uses in skin treatment involves preparing a paste from the arjuna bark along with some honey and applying this paste on the acne prone area. The astringent property of the arjuna herb is known to help in the prevention of acne.
 3. Similarly another one of the arjuna bark benefits is based on the fact that the compounds that are present in the arjuna herb are known to protect the DNA from any possible damage from toxins. The arjuna herb also protects the DNA from damage induced by adriamycin.
 4. Health benefits of arjuna also involve it being able to flush out small stones that may have formed within the kidney thereby hampering the functioning of the kidney as well as the resulting pain. In this treatment, the bark of the arjuna tree should be boiled well and then the liquid should be filtered and consumed. The arjuna herb is known to break the kidney stones that may have formed into small pieces and then eventually flush them out via urine.
 5. Health benefits of the arjuna bark also include it being used against heart disease. The Arjuna herb is known to raise the coronary artery flow thereby protecting the cardiac tissue from any ischemic damage. Additionally, the arjuna herb is also known to be a mild diuretic besides blood lipid lowering, blood thinning and prostaglandin properties. On account of the benefits of the arjuna herb against heart disease, it is also recommended to be consumed by smokers.
 6. Another one of the terminalia arjuna uses is that it acts as a cardiac stimulant and thereby has a tonic and cooling effect. Thus the arjuna herb is used in reducing the body temperature during a fever. The arjuna herb is also used in home treatments to arrest any bleeding or secretions. This is because the arjuna herb accelerates clotting and thereby promotes quick healing of the wound.
 7. One of the most important health benefits of the arjuna herb is that the compounds that are present in this herb are known to help in maintaining healthy levels of cholesterol. Additionally, the presence of the phytochemicals in the arjuna bark are also known to lower the levels of bad cholesterol. The arjuna herb is also known to stimulate the pumping function of the heart thereby strengthening the heart muscles. Hence as one of the medicinal uses of the arjuna bark, it is used to treat angina and other cardiovascular medical issues.
 8. Arjuna tea is also used as a natural treatment for dysentery and diarrhea.
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text:
details in Agricultural Research.
Mites--New Technology Aids Identification By
October 5, 2000
The 200-year-old study of mites--the science called acarology--is
Service experts on mites are using state-of-the-art technology to study
these microscopic insects. Recently, ARS scientists from the
Systematic Entomology Laboratory,
working with colleagues at the
Laboratory--both at the Henry A.
Wallace Beltsville (Md.) Agricultural Research Center--applied newly
developed technology, called lowtemperature-scanning electron microscopy
(LT-SEM), to study mites.
Because of their small size--some no bigger than the point of a
needle--mites are difficult to study biologically. They have many sensory
organs, mouth parts and other body parts so complex that systematists have
difficulty comparing those of closely related species.
Unlike conventional microscopes, LT-SEM images of a specimen are
formed and magnified by electrons passing through a magnetic field that
functions as a lens. The images can be displayed, and thus recorded, on a
cathode ray tube similar to a TV screen.
The LT-SEM was used to obtain, for the first time, clear,
three-dimensional images magnified more than 50,000 times. These reveal
delicate structural forms and intricate details of intact mites and how they
interact with and attack plant and insect hosts. Such information helps
scientists to better understand mites behavior and how different parts of
their body structure actually function. It is also used to name and classify
Often, a lack of detailed information about mites correct
identity, biology and ecology causes serious consequences to U.S. agriculture.
More than 6,000 mite species infest nearly every agronomic and horticultural
plant important to agriculture. They cause annual economic losses estimated in
the billions of dollars from decreased food, fiber and ornamental production.
For more details, see the October issue of Agricultural Research.
ARS is the chief research agency of the
U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Scientific contact: Ronald Ochoa, ARS
Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Beltsville, Md., phone _PHONE_, fax
_PHONE_, _EMAIL_.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
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Tip: Also see the fgetcsv() function.
The CSV file will look like this after the code above has been executed:
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text:
Love Me Love You Program Outline
Awareness Presentation (45mins)
A powerful and engaging presentation that outlines the journey through the life of Love Me Love You and explores the facilitator's relationship with mental health. The aim is to raise mental health awareness, reduce stigma and provide you with some information on how to support someone who may be struggling with a mental illness.
Benefits: Increase understanding of mental health, develop knowledge on how to assist someone with a mental health difficulty & educate participants to positively change mental illness stigma.
Takeaways: Wellbeing Conversation Handout & Wristband
Workshop 1: Domains of Wellbeing (45-60mins)
Research shows that younger people consistently reported lower levels of wellbeing than the rest of population. It is critical to the health of young Australians that they understanding and prioritise their wellbeing to ensure their decisions are aligned with their values. This workshop aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the domains (i.e. physical, social, emotional, spiritual, intellectual, and vocational) that form the wellbeing concept.
Benefits: Participants gain a comprehensive understanding of wellbeing and the how to prioritise each domain dependent on your life stage. Participants with a greater understanding of wellbeing; are more productive, have higher self-esteem, are content with life and can build/maintain relationships.
Takeaways: Personal Wellbeing Index Tool
Workshop 2: Resiliency (45-60mins)
We all have bad days and setbacks in life. Resilience is your ability to cope with tough times by applying your inner strength and engaging support networks. Resilience can not only enable you to face difficult situations, but often provides an opportunity to develop your coping skills. This workshop aims to provide an in-depth understanding of resiliency and how it enables people to overcome challenging situations, maintaining a positive mental health and wellbeing.
Benefits: Participants develop resiliency skills to be better equipped to tackle life's challenges. Resilience skills/knowledge enables participants to; better cope with daily stressors, increase life satisfaction and reduce potential health effects.
Takeaways: Resiliency Worksheet, Support Network Worksheet & Gratitude Journal
Workshop 3: Mindful Goal Setting (45-60mins)
One way to improve your wellbeing and help develop your resilience is through goal setting and mindfulness. Setting realistic and achievable goals is an effective way to deal with life's setbacks, boost self-esteem, increase motivation and practice optimism. Additionally, Mindfulness is living in the present moment. Paying attention to what you can control in a certain situation can help you build coping mechanisms that benefit your physical and mental health. This workshop aims to develop the skills in goal setting and mindfulness as to allow participants to be more resilient daily.
Benefits: Participants to develop skills in Goal Setting and Mindfulness to allow them to take control of their thoughts, feelings and actions. Implementing strategies such as mindfulness and goal setting enables participants; to be more resilient, increase self-esteem, increase motivation and become more productive.
Takeaways: SMART Goal Setting Worksheet, Progressive Relaxation Handout & Mental Health/Mindfulness related Apps

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text: This book examines the thinking of two nineteenth-century existentialist thinkers, Soren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche. Its focus is on the radically different ways they envisioned a joyful acceptance of life - a concern they shared. For Kierkegaard, in Fear and Trembling, joyful acceptance flows from the certitude of faith. For Nietzsche, in Thus Spoke Zarathustra, joyful acceptance is an acceptance of the eternal recurrence of life, and is ultimately a matter of will. This book explores the relationship between these opposed visions.


display 'print /x my_variable'
This evaluates the command between back-quotes every time the debugger stops and displays the result in the browser. The lines that have changed are automatically highlighted (by default, in red).
graph (enable|disable) display display_num [display_num...]
Change the refresh status of items in the canvas. As explained above, items are associated with a number visible in their title bar.
The graph enable command forces the item to be refreshed automatically every time the debugger stops and graph disable freezes the item, preventing its display from being changed.
graph undisplay display_num
Remove an item from the browser.
9.9. Customizing the Debugger
GPS is a high-level interface to several debugger backends, in particular gdb. Each backend has its own advantages, but you can enhance the command line interface to these backends through GPS by using Python.
This section provides a short such example whose goal is to demonstrate the notion of an "alias" in the debugger console. For example, if you type just "foo", it executes a longer command, such as one displaying the value of a variable with a long name. gdb already provides this feature through the define keywords, but here we implement that feature using Python in GPS.
GPS provides an extensive Python API to interface with each of the running debuggers. In particular, it provides the function "send", used to send a command to the debugger and get its output, and the function "set_output", used when you implement your own functions.
It also provides, through hook, the capability to monitor the state of the debugger back-end. In particular, one such hook, debugger_command_action_hook is called when the user types a command in the debugger console and before the command is executed. This can be used to add your own commands. The example below uses this hook.
Here is the code:
import GPS
def set_alias (name, command):
 """Set a new debugger alias. Typing this alias in a debugger window
 will execute command"""
 global aliases
 aliases[name] = command
def execute_alias (debugger, name):
 return debugger.send (aliases[name], output=False)
def debugger_commands (hook, debugger, command):
 global aliases
 words = command.split()
 if words[0] == "alias":
 set_alias (words[1], " ".join (words [2:]))
 return True
 elif aliases.has_key (words [0]):
 debugger.set_output (execute_alias (debugger, words[0]))
 return True
 return False
GPS.Hook ("debugger_command_action_hook").add (debugger_commands)
The list of aliases is stored in the global variable aliases, which is modified by set_alias. Whenever the user executes an alias, the real command is sent to the debugger through execute_alias.
The real work is done by debugger_commands. If you execute the alias command, it defines a new alias. Otherwise, if you type the name of an alias, we want to execute that alias. And if not, we let the underlying debugger handle that command.
After you copied this example in the $HOME/.gps/plug-ins directory, start a debugger as usual in GPS, and type the following in its console:
(gdb) alias foo print a_long_long_name
(gdb) foo
The first command defines the alias, the second line executes it.
This alias can also be used within the graph display command so the value of the variable is displayed in the data window, for example:
(gdb) graph display 'foo'
You can also program other examples. You could write complex Python functions, which would, for example, query the value of several variables and pretty-print the result. You can call any of these complex Python functions from the debugger console or have it called automatically every time the debugger stops via the graph display command.


qua highlights widespread Indigenous opposition to Enbridge's Northern Gateway (Vancouver Media Co-op)
when considering a topic of consent, it's undeniably important to recognize that the very land we reside upon has been stolen through genocide, lies and war. the origins of rape culture can become very obvious when investigating the continent's herstory of colonization that has consistently disrespected permission-giving and land acknowledgements.
and this non-consensual occupation of the land continues through settler governments and corporations that employ sexual violence (as well as racism, xenophobia, capitalism, etc.) to maintain control. this is no more obvious than in the ongoing harm known as the Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women: a continent-wide series of gendered violence that refuses to be recognized by the kanadian government.
and yet in all this, the best examples of resistance to oppressive powers attempting to revoke a communities capacity to consent, to be independent and self-determining, is the past and present indigenous struggles.
today, there are multiple, coordinated and indigenous-led efforts against pipeline expansion around the continent of amerika. and many of the messages put forward in these campaigns centres the obligation of seeking indigenous consent, first.
"What we want TransCanada to understand is that no means no. This is Kanien'ke, this is Mohawk Land, and we are tired of occupation, we are tired of environmental disaster," declared Amanda Lickers, who hails from the Seneca-Haudenosaunee community.
We have a responsibility to future generations to assert our sovereignty - said Amanda Lickers of the Seneca-Haudenosaunee community - Photo courtesy of submedia.jpg
"We have a responsibility to future generations to assert our sovereignty" Amanda Lickers of the Seneca-Haudenosaunee community – Photo courtesy of submedia
the people of Unis'tot'en, among many other indigenous peoples, explained the term of free, informed and prior consent
"In ancient times and even today in canoe journeys, and community resistance building gatherings, there exists Protocols where visiting peoples have shown who they are in relation to asking permission to enter the Traditional Lands from the Traditional Chiefs and Matriarchs of the hosting lands.
Free Prior and Informed Consent is written into today's United Nations Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.
To outline this upon everyone's arrival (Prior), they will be participants in a Free Prior and Informed Consent Protocol where they will introduce themselves fully (Informed) to the Unis'tot'en, and ask permission (Consent) to enter their lands to discuss their part in resistance building as well as offer skills or commitments to the camp and beyond.
This will be conducted on the Unis'tot'en boundary of their territory and will not seek to diminish the responsibilities the Unis'tot'en have toward their future generations (Free) and will also cost them nothing." (6)
part 3
practising consent within a culture of rape
all of the words so far have been about illustrating the ways that consent manifests itself – but now there needs to be conversation about how consent is repressed and manipulated upon a wider cultural level of oppression.rape culture
a culture without consent, or a rape culture is the collection of beliefs and behaviors that enable rape to happen, and often so without meaningful repercussions to the perpetrator.
instead, abusive and manipulative behaviours among men are a) rewarded and/or b) stubbornly defended by political elites and other privileged peoples.
because, like all systems of privileges, they collectively benefit from this dysfunctional relationship of inequality.
this is apparent even with advocacy campaigns that market "sexy consent", given that reinforces the patriarchal gaze by pandering to men and prioritizing their interest.
Why is it that we feel like we need to frame consent as something appealing to men in order to make it worth talking about? What if I don't want to be sexy? What if I just want to be respected? What if I just want to have agency? What if I just, you know, don't want to be raped? (7)
rape culture means that perpetrators are willing to compromise another's feelings of safety, privacy, and control for their own selfish desire, and that subsequently society will blame the survivor's identity and deny experience of lived harm.
but, since it cannot be said enough, no matter what the situation, sexual assault is always the perpetrator's fault.
real tips.jpg
so with everything said so far, it needs to be understood that sometimes "consent" is not really the issue – as in, sometimes sexual assaults or rape are not an accidental lack of consent borne of limited sex education or communication skills.
rather, in these cases, someone's consent is explicitly disregarded due to a perpetrator's privileged sense of entitlement to control and abuse.
for more on understanding the difference between consensual sex and rape, read here.
"We know that there is a high rate of sexual assault but our society constantly sanitizes and minimizes it with language. Using phases like "non-consensual sex" instead of rape frames the issue as if it is only a matter of consent and that it was only an agreement issue between two individuals.
This language also grooms us and coerces us to accept the normalization of sexualized violence. If we leave survivors without the language of rape and sexualized violence (only "non-consensual sex"), we have nothing to validate our experiences of trauma, hurt, pain, and violation. Most recently, the Ghomeshi case highlighted the impact of the desensitization of sexualized violence and how society dismisses these violent acts as "kinks."" (8)
in a rape culture, sexual assault is about an extraction or exertion of power – not sex. [9] as such, it can seem inadequate and inappropriate to fixate on how a survivor expressed consent – because the perpetrator was not interested in seeking consent.
c is not consent.jpg
coercion and other psychological manipulations are often used in sexual assaults, despite being consistently misrepresented.
some examples include:
 - guilt-tripping (e.g "If you really loved me you would have sex with me") [10]
within a rape culture, many different oppressive attitudes and "micro-aggressions" are reproduced on a daily basis – things like interruptions or inappropriate jokes – which constantly reinforce oppressive power dynamics. and it is these same small gestures which, over time, manifest into much more harmful and large-scale examples of violence.
so that is why we need to challenge all the small incidents of disrespect and failures to seek consent – including language that supports victim-blaming, slut-shaming and sex-shaming, as well as other assumptions that feed oppressive social relationships like that of white-supremacy, patriarchy, heterosexism, cissexism, gender policing, trans-antagonism, speciesism, ableism, and colonization.
pyramid of o
part 4
consenting to … exploitation?
okay, if you have read this far i hope you are beginning to see some of the ways that this powerful thing called consent fits into animal politics.
everything said above, so far, has been an effort to define consent, define consent's limitations in rape culture, and articulate how consent is a defining value shared among many resistances against oppression.
how so?
because consent embodies the ideal, the politic, carried within communities advocating for self-autonomy, accountability and respect in the face of peoples & institutions that wish to exploit, repress and harm them.
and because cultures of consent are the solutions to the realities of oppressive rape culture, it seems literally impossible to imagine fostering any culture of consent when every other species on this planet remains forgotten in conversations about the freedom to say "no".
at its fullest potential, consent is about nurturing self-empowerment in a society that constantly wishes to dis-empower you. and so of course this thing called consent is relevant to animals and their liberation.
at a very basic level, consent exists in all our relationships with animals, whether we choose to acknowledge it or not. it exists in 1) how we exploit them, 2) how we interact with them and 3) how we advocate for them.
"Eating meat is something you do to someone else's body without their consent…
It's imperative that they hear and understand that consuming animal products is doing something to someone else's body without the consent of that individual." (11)
institutionalized animal abuse is a normalized element of most humyn cultures – it is so pervasive that most people will never question whether animals actually consent to this system of organized violence.
it has been claimed that this began as far back as ancient cultures like the Greeks, who recognized an animal's lack of consent in their slaughter, and so invented the claim that the gods demanded a sacrifice – to "scapegoat" the blame for taking a life without consent. (12)
but regardless of the rationale given for harming an animal, the same relationship of non-consent exists wherein someone with power – a humyn – dominates another through imposing obligations/restrictions upon the life of another – an animal – who is consistently abused through physical and psychological harm (and fear of harm).
if consent is about respecting bodily autonomy, then it is fairly straightforward to recognize that because an animal would have no interest in offering their life, or body parts or bodily excretions, to a humyn, then these interactions must be non-consensual. because for consent to be a meaningful option, requesting something from someone else would imply that they can independently decide in a position of comfort (and not a position of desperation, choosing a lesser of evils, such as


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Prevention or preventative measures can cover many different types of support, services, facilities or other resources. There is no one definition for what constitutes preventative activity and this can range from wide scale whole population measures aimed at promoting health, to more targeted, individual interventions aimed at improving skills or functioning for one person or a particular group or lessening the impact of caring on a carer's health and wellbeing. In considering how to give effect to their responsibilities, local authorities should consider the range of options available, and how those different approaches could support the needs of their local communities.


text:
living with them, 89.0% were married couples living together, 6.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 2.8% were non-families. 2.6% of all households were made up of individuals and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.60 and the average family size was 3.64.
On the base the population was spread out with 42.5% under the age of 18, 11.6% from 18 to 24, 41.5% from 25 to 44, 4.2% from 45 to 64, and 0.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23 years. For every 100 females there were 105.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.1 males.
The median income for a household on the base was $43,342, and the median income for a family was $43,092. Males had a median income of $30,888 versus $21,044 for females. The per capita income for the base was $15,341. About 1.6% of families and 1.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.4% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.
As of 30 September 2005, Wright-Patterson had base housing amounting to 2,012 single-family units, 300 units for unaccompanied enlisted personnel, and 455 visitor or temporary living units.
EPA Superfund site
Under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (Commonly referred to as the Superfund) 39 initial areas of WPAFB were investigated and found to be contaminated with chlorinated volatile organic compounds and benzene compounds (soils and groundwater). A Federal Facilities Agreement between the EPA and the Airforce was signed in 1981 with directives for remediation and continued investigation of the site. The Airforce's Installation Restoration Program now consists of 65 sites or source areas (including thirteen landfills, twelve earth fill disposal zones, nine fuel or chemical spill sites, six coal storage piles, five fire-training areas, four chemical burial sites, two underground storage tanks, and miscellaneous other sites).
See also
- Advanced Range Instrumentation Aircraft (ARIA)
- Air Force Institute of Technology
- Central Air Defense Force (Air Defense Command)
- Ohio World War II Army Airfields
- Commanding Officer Col. Cassie B. Barlow
- "Contact Us: Find a Base". airforce.com. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
- World War I Group, Historical Division, Special Staff, United States Army, Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in the World War (1917–1919)
- "Biographies : COLONEL CASSIE B. BARLOW". Wpafb.af.mil. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
- "Biographies : Chief Master Sgt. John M. Mazza". Wpafb.af.mil. 1 June 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-23.
- Cogliano, Joe (14 August 2010). "WPAFB Information". Retrieved 2010-08-15.
- "WPAFB Introduction Information". Retrieved 2009-011-06.
- Owen, Lorrie K., ed. Dictionary of Ohio Historic Places. Vol. 1. St. Clair Shores: Somerset, 1999, 548.
- P Street Mound, OH (33GR31), North American Database of Archaeological Geophysics, University of Arkansas, n.d. Accessed 2013-01-14.
- "The Evolution of Aeronautical Development at the Aeronautical Systems Center". 1999. Retrieved 2009-11-18.
- Wilbur Wright Fld, not to be confused with Wright Fld, was located adjacent to the Fairfield Aviation General Supply Depot, 10 mi (16 km) at Fairfield (now Fairborn). Following the war, it was concurrently commanded by the depot until 21 August 1925, when the designation Wilbur Wright Fld was discontinued
- The Fairfield depot changed on 13 January 1948 from an installation to a subsidiary organization located at the newly named Patterson Field.
- "Witness to Roswell flying saucer incident tells his story". 26 October 2007. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
- Burton Bernstein, Profiles, "AuH2O," The New Yorker, 25 April 1988, p. 43
- Preface by Buss, L. H.—Director. (Report).
- Population Estimates Geographic Change Notes: Ohio, United States Census Bureau, 2006-05-19. Accessed 2007-11-15.
- "Guide to Air Force installations worldwide" (PDF). Air Force Magazine 2006 USAF Almanac. Archived from the original on 21 February 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-18.
- "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 31 January 2008.
Other sources
- This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Air Force Historical Research Agency.
- Walker, Lois F. and Wickam, Shelby Z. (1986). From Huffman Prairie to the Moon: A History of Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. Office of History, 2750th Air Base Wing, WPAFB. p. 476. ISBN 0-16-002204-5.
- Maurer, Maurer. Air Force Combat Units of World War II. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office 1961 (republished 1983, Office of Air Force History, ISBN 0-912799-02-1).
- Ravenstein, Charles A. Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Honors Histories 1947–1977. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Office of Air Force History 1984. ISBN 0-912799-12-9.
- Mueller, Robert, Air Force Bases Volume I, Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982, Office of Air Force History, 1989
- Development of the B-52 The Wright Field Story
- On The Front Line Of R&D Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in the Korean War, 1950–1953
- A Century Of Growth: The Evolution Of Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
- Arming the Skies Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in World War II
- Remarkable Journey The Wright Field Heritage in Photographs
- Wright From the Start The Contributions of Dayton's Science and Engineering Community to American Air Power in the Twentieth Century
- The Foulois House Its Place in the History of the Miami Valley and American Aviation
- A Brief History of Air Force Scientific and Technical Intelligence
- National Museum of the United States Air Force, official site
- Wright-Patterson AFB at GlobalSecurity.org
- (PDF), effective May 2, 2013
- FAA Terminal Procedures for FFO, effective May 2, 2013
- Resources for this U.S. military airport:
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Wright-Patterson Air Force Base|


text:
"A participatory research using short film to start conversations about sexual violence among adolescents in order to reduce stigma towards the victims."
A film was chosen to raise the problem of stigma toward adolescent victims of sexual violence. The storyline was based on the experiences of adolescents in an urban community in Jakarta and the community's perception of the problem. The short film was used as a research instrument because it is an art form that the young researchers' assessed as the best medium to deliver their message. During the closed screening, the film was successful in raising the issue of exploitation, and in creating a discussion on the complexity of solutions for sexual violence. The short film was also used as a discussion starter for women community members (Ibu-Ibu PKK) and female adolescents, to express their opinions and ideas, which were then formulated for stakeholders' recommendations.
The purpose of the research was to provide direction/education to communities on how to respond to cases of sexual violence; to provide recommendations on how communities can create a safe space for everyone so that there is no more sexual violence.


Thursday, December 29, 2016
Oracle Linux - Logging and analyzing your network connections
Whenever you run a relatively larger network with multiple hosts connecting to each other you will have to think about network monitoring and optimization as well as security. Some organisations insist on having a very strict firewall policy by implementing network firewalls as well as local firewalls on operating systems. Having a strict firewall regime in place and ensuring network traffic between compartments will travel via a network firewall and systems within a compartment can only communicate if allowed by the local firewall on the operating system is a in general a good thing from a security point of view.
From an administrative point of view things become a lot more difficult. Due to this a lot of organisations are will not implement local firewalls on machines and will allow systems within a certain network compartment to freely talk to each other.
Even though it might take a lot more effort and thinking it is a good practice to also ensure local firewalls are in place to tighten security. In case you intend to implement this in an existing environment it might be hard to do so based upon architecture documents. Organically grown networks and applications might have established connections over time that are not captured in the enterprise architecture.
To be able to find out what the actual network usage is and how connections actually are made you will have to start collecting data on network connections. Even in the case you are not trying to put a more strict firewall regime in place it is good to understand who talks to who. Being able to have a real-time insight in connections will improve awareness and provides the options to improve security, remove single point of failures and improve the level of service.
Storing your data for analysis
Whenever you start collecting data for analysis you will have to store it. Some good options to store this type of data are for example;
Whenever selecting a location to store your data you will have to consider that you will have to have an option to easily extract the data again and use it for analysis. As an addition to the above you can also store the data on, for example, HDFS and use map reduce based solutions to extract the meaning out of it. However, in case you will need a true big data solution to analyse all data you are most likely not talking about a "relatively larger network" however you are talking about a large network.
Collecting the data
regardless of what technology you use to store the information centrally, being it Beats or Splunk or any other technology, you will have to capture the connection data first. When you are using iptables on your Oracle Linux instance you can use the standard iptables firewall from Linux to do the work. If you use firewalld you also have this option however it is not covered in this post.
What needs to be done is to put the firewall in a mode where it logs all new connections. That means inbound as well as outbound connections. To do so you can use the below commands to instruct iptables to log every new connection to the standard log location.
iptables -I OUTPUT -m state --state NEW --protocol tcp -j LOG --log-prefix "New Connection: "
iptables -I INPUT -m state --state NEW --protocol tcp -j LOG --log-prefix "New Connection: "
Understanding the records
Adding the two rules to iptables as shown above will make sure that new connections are logged. You will have to implement a way to collect the log records from all systems in a single location and you will have to find a way to analyze the data to uncover the connection patterns between systems. However, before you can do this it is of importance to understand the log records itself.
he below two examples show an inbound and an outbound connection in the log files where a connection was made between ( and (
Dec 27 16:43:13 kernel: New Connection: IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=00:21:f6:01:00:02:
00:21:f6:01:00:01:08:00 SRC= DST= LEN=60 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=6662
 DF PROTO=TCP SPT=50525 DPT=5044 WINDOW=14600 RES=0x00 SYN URGP=0
Dec 27 16:45:44 kernel: New Connection: IN= OUT=eth0 SRC= DST=10.103.
11.82 LEN=60 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=26870 DF PROTO=TCP SPT=64899 DPT=9200 WINDOW=14600 RES=0
x00 SYN URGP=0
As you can see the messages differ a little from each other each other however hold a number of the same pieces of information. The main differnce in the outbound and inbound messages is that MAC is added to all inbound log records to provide information on the MAC address of the sending NIC who is initiating the connection.
 - IN : stating the NIC used for the inbound connection. This will only be filled in case of an inbound connection.
 - OUT : Stating the NIC used for the outbound connection. This will only be filled in case of an outbound connection.
 - MAC : Stating the MAC addressed of the NIC used by the sending party. This is only filled in case of an inbound connection
 - SRC : source IP address of the sending party who innitiate the connection
 - DST : Destination IP address of the receiving party for whom the connection is intended
 - LEN : Packet length
 - TOS : Type of Service (for packet prioritization)
 - PREC : Precedent bits
 - TTL : Time to Live
 - ID : Packet identifier
 - DF : don't fragment (DF) bit
 - PROTO : The protocol used. In our example we filter only for TCP protocol based connections
 - SPT : source port number on the source IP address of the sending party who innitiate the connection
 - DPT : Destination port number on the Destination IP address of the receiving party for whom the connection is intended
 - WINDOW : Size of TCP window
 - RES : Reserved bits
 - SYN : SYNchronize packet for the TCP 3-Way Handshake
 - URGP : Urgent packet
Not listed above is for example are ACK and SYN-ACK who form together with SYN the TCP 3-Way Handshake. During the 3 way handshake the following will happen:
 - Host A sends a TCP SYNchronize packet to Host B
 - Host B receives A's SYN
 - Host B sends a SYNchronize-ACKnowledgement
 - Host A receives B's SYN-ACK
 - Host A sends ACKnowledge
 - Host B receives ACK.
 - TCP socket connection is ESTABLISHED.
This means that if we are looking for the packets send by the host that initiate a new TCP socket connection we have to look for packets with SYN.
Wrapping it together
By capturing this information from all servers and storing it in a central location you will have the ability to show how network traffic is flowing in your network. The result might be totally different than what is outlined in the architecture documents, especially in cases where the IT footprint has grown over the years. Having this insight helps in gaining understanding and showcasing potential risks and issues with the way your IT footprint is constructed.
This insight also helps in planning changes, introducing new functionality and improvement and helps in implementing a more strict security regime while not hindering ongoing operations.
Wednesday, December 28, 2016
Oracle Cloud - Governance Risk and Compliance Framework based deployments
Regulations, compliance rules, guidelines and security directives should all be part of the overall governance risk and compliance framework implemented within your company. Governance risk and compliance frameworks are developed and implemented to bring structure in how companies are organized to protect against risks and how to react in case of an incident.
when developing a governance, risk and compliance framework to be implemented within a large organisation companies often look at market best practice standards, regulatory requirements and internal standards. Within a wider model it will be required for organisation to look strategic risks, operational risks and tactical risks to ensure the entire organisation is covered under the Governance risk and compliance framework.
Information systems and data - tier 3
As can be seen in the above image, the high level view showing a government, a popular risk and compliance framework outline consists out of 3 tiers. Only tier 3 includes information systems and data as a primary focus. A framework and its implementation is only complete and only makes sense if you ensure you will focus on all 3 tiers and not only on one or two of them.
Even thought this post will focus on tier 3, information systems and data, in an overall governance , risk and compliance framework all the layers should be covered. Having stated that, all the 3 tiers will influence each other and the end-to-end model cannot be created without having cross functions and overlap.
Implementation by standardization and Enterprise Architecture
When looking at tier 3 specific one of the things that will become obvious rather quickly is that creating and implementing a governance risk and compliance framework will require standardization.
To be able to build a good and workable governance, risk and compliance framework you will have to standardize and limit the number of technologies as much as possible. Building standardized building blocks and adopting them in your enterprise architecture repository for your organisation and ensuring they are complimented with standard implementation and security rules is a good rule by default. Ensuring the standardized solution building blocks and the governance risk and compliance framework are complement


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First of all, knowing pitch is not as simple as knowing the pitch on each word. There are many morphological endings that make pitch change on verbs and adjectives. For instance, taBEru becomes TAbete because -te will make the pitch shift to the 3rd mora from the end when the verb has pitch. Pitch also changes when 2 words or more form a new compound word (pitch is usually on the first mora of the second word). haYAi becomes HAyaku because -ku moves the pitch to the 3rd mora from the end. And so on.
It's true that different dialects have different pitch, but you have to understand that their pitch is part of a integral system -- if they say hashi with the opposite pitch, this is less likely to confuse the listener if the rest of the person's speech behaves the same way. In fact, there are even some rules that allow to predict dialectal differences.
I always tried to pay a lot of attention to pitch -- doing most of my research myself because it's very hard to find information at all -- and while I usually get it right, there are frequently times when I say a word out of context and I get confused looks until someone repeats the word with the right pitch. Almost everyone says it's not that important, and sure, it's not the end of the word if you get English stress wrong either, but in reality, it does frequently create confusion, and if you care about being understood well, I'd definitely pay attention to pitch.
Most Japanese people have no idea how pitch works because they've never thought about it. It's extremely difficult to find any information, and most dictionaries never mention pitch. But nevertheless, if you can find the right resources, pitch is worth the trouble.


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Let $n$ be a natural number, and consider the discrete cube $2^{[n]} := \{ A: A \subset \{1,\ldots,n\}\}$ consisting of all subsets of the $n$-element set $[n] := \{1,\ldots,n\}$. Define a downset in $2^{[n]}$ to be a collection ${\mathcal D}$ of elements $A$ in $2^{[n]}$ with the property that if $A \in {\mathcal D}$ and $B \subset A$, then $B \in {\mathcal D}$.
My question is: what are the largest and smallest possible values for the alternating sum $\sum_{A \in {\mathcal D}} (-1)^{|A|}$, as ${\mathcal D}$ ranges over downsets in $2^{[n]}$, as a function of $n$? (Here $|A|$ denotes the cardinality of $A$.)
The trivial bounds here are $\pm 2^{n-1}$, by taking only the positive or negative values of ${\mathcal D}$, but of course these values are attained on a "checkerboard" set which is very far from being a downset, and this suggests that significant improvement is possible.
By taking ${\mathcal D}$ to be the set of all subsets $A$ of $2^{[n]}$ of cardinality at most $r$ for some $1 \leq r \leq n-1$, this gives a value of $(-1)^r \binom{n-1}{r}$; setting $r$ close to $(n-1)/2$ then seems to give reasonably good extremals (of size about $2^n/\sqrt{n}$ asymptotically). In the spirit of Sperner's lemma, one might tentatively conjecture that these are the extremal examples, but I was unable to prove or disprove this. (I feel like I'm missing some obvious application of downset isoperimetric inequalities or something.)
One motivation for this question is from analytic number theory: partial divisor sums $\sum_{d|a: d \leq x} \mu(d)$ of the Mobius function (which show up from time to time in this subject) can be viewed as an alternating sum over a downset, where $n$ is the number of prime factors $p_1,\ldots,p_n$ of $a$, and ${\mathcal D}$ is the collection of subsets $A$ of $[n]$ for which $\prod_{i \in A} p_i \leq x$. So any bounds on the general alternating-sum-of-downset problem would imply bounds on partial divisor sums of the Mobius function that depend only on the number of prime factors.
One small observation (using the shifting technology of Frankl) which may or may not be of use: given two natural numbers $1 \leq i < j \leq n$ and a downset ${\mathcal D}$, define the $ij$-shift of ${\mathcal D}$ to be the set formed by replacing any element of ${\mathcal D}$ of the form $A \cup \{j\}$ with $A \cup \{i\}$, if $A$ is disjoint from $\{i,j\}$ and $A \cup \{i\}$ is not already in A. Note that this is again a downset. Call a downset ${\mathcal D}$ shift-minimal if it is equal to all of its $ij$-shifts. Then one can reduce without loss of generality to the shift-minimal case, because shifting does not affect the sum $\sum_{A \in {\mathcal D}} (-1)^{|A|}$. In other contexts, the reduction to the shift-minimal case can be very powerful, but for some strange reason I was unable to exploit it here.
share|improve this question
Possibly related: mathoverflow.net/questions/91712/… (since your sum is the euler characteristic of the down-set). – Erik Aas Jul 9 '12 at 17:31
_USER_: That does indeed look relevant, in particular the paper of Sagan-Yeh-Ziegler mentioned in David's answer seems to settle the question (at least for the absolute value of the alternating sum) in the case when the downset is an order ideal. It looks like there is now some serious evidence for the tentative conjecture stated above... – Terry Tao Jul 9 '12 at 17:41
_USER_ It looks to me like the definition of a downset is the same as an order ideal. What am I missing? – David Speyer Jul 9 '12 at 19:39
Ah, yes on reading that paper they are using the term "lower order ideal" synonymously with "downset". (In the lattice theory literature, "order ideal" often also requires closure with respect to join, see e.g. _URL_(order_theory), but that would make the concept trivial in the context of subsets of the cube.) – Terry Tao Jul 9 '12 at 20:06
... huh, it seems I was incorrect on that point: the notion of an "order ideal" is distinct from that of an "order-theoretic ideal"! A bit confusing (and all the more reason to use the terminology "downset", in my opinion...) – Terry Tao Jul 9 '12 at 20:29
5 Answers 5
up vote 7 down vote accepted
Thanks for all the very quick responses,they were incredibly useful! Based on these responses, I think the conjecture is now settled in the affirmative, as follows.
For each n, let $F_-(n)$ and $F_+(n)$ be the minimal and maximal values of $\sum_{A \in {\mathcal D}} (-1)^{|A|}$ respectively. The conjecture is that $F_-(n), F_+(n)$ are the extremal values of $(-1)^r \binom{n-1}{r}$ for $r=0,\ldots,n-1$. More explicitly,
$$ F_-(n) = -\binom{n-1}{n/2}, F_+(n) = \binom{n-1}{n/2}$$
when $n$ is even,
$$ F_-(n) = -\binom{n-1}{(n-1)/2}, F_+(n) = \binom{n-1}{(n+1)/2}$$
when $n=3 \mod 4$, and
$$ F_-(n) = -\binom{n-1}{(n+1)/2}, F_+(n) = \binom{n-1}{(n-1)/2}$$
when $n=1 \mod 4$. As mentioned in the post, these bounds would be best possible.
By slicing an n-dimensional downset into two n-1-dimensional downsets, one obtains the inequalities
$$ F_-(n-1)-F_+(n-1) \leq F_-(n) \leq F_+(n) \leq F_+(n-1) - F_-(n-1)$$
which already gives most of the conjecture by induction and Pascal's identity; the only remaining cases that need separate verification are
$$F_+(n) = \binom{n-1}{(n+1)/2} \qquad (1)$$
when n is 3 mod 4, and
$$F_-(n) = -\binom{n-1}{(n+1)/2} \qquad (2)$$
when n is 1 mod 4.
Let's show (1), as the proof of (2) is similar. Fix n equal to 3 mod 4, and let ${\mathcal D}$ be a downset which attains the maximal value $F_+(n)$ of $\sum_{A \in {\mathcal D}} (-1)^{|A|}$:
$$ \sum_{A \in {\mathcal D}} (-1)^{|A|} = F_+(n).$$
Now introduce the "f-vector" $(f_0,\ldots,f_n)$ of $A$, with $f_i := |\{ A \in {\mathcal D}: |A|=i\}|$ defined as the number of elements of ${\mathcal D}$ of cardinality $i$. (This is shifted by one from the polytope conventions, I guess because i points determine an i-1-dimensional simplex.) Then we have
$$ f_0 - f_1 + \ldots - f_n = F_+(n).$$
Let r be the largest index for which $f_r$ is non-zero, or equivalently the largest cardinality of an element of ${\mathcal D}$. (We can treat the degenerate case when ${\mathcal D}$ is empty by hand.) If $r$ was odd, we could simply remove all $r$-element sets from ${\mathcal D}$ and increase the alternating sum, so we may assume that $r$ is even, so the alternating sum looks like $f_0 - f_1 + \ldots - f_{r-1} + f_r


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Design and Simulation
The design of analogue circuits starts with a schematic, which is used for various time and frequency domain simulations and optimizations. Passive layout structures such as transmission lines and inductors have to be simulated using 2.5D and 3D electro-magnetic simulations. For very high frequencies even the small interconnects have to be simulated. An optimized schematic is used for the layout design, which transfers the schematic to the production technology. Once more these layouts have to be simulated and in turn may have to be optimized leading – an iterative process of schematic and layout changes till the final design.
Chip performance can be optimized for various parameters such as frequency range, output power, noise level, chip size, power consumption, temperature range. These parameters cannot be simultaneously optimized. Our goal is to find an optimal trade-off for the given application with you.
Real World Tests
Simulated and measured chip performance usually shows some difference and a redesign of the chip may be necessary. Designer experience is the crucial factor here – not just for proper design and simulation but also for foreseeing the difference between the simulated and expected measured performance. Our design team can provide this knowledge avoiding unnecessary iterations.
Typical Parameters for MMIC Optimization:
- Frequency range
- Output power
- Noise level
- Chip size
- Power consumption
- Temperature range


East Palo Alto, CA Japanese Tutor
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Mona D....If you want to learn Chinese language and culture and make a change with your life; if you want to get your AP and SAT Chinese subject examination successful; or by any reason you need a Chinese Mandarin tutor; please schedule a lesson with me, I won't let you down and you will find yourself much...
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will walk you through all the steps needed to enter reactions and run the simulator.
The user interface asks you to enter the reaction and corresponding rate constants in the top part of the script window as shown in Fig. 1a. In the bottom part of the script window, you can toggle between panels. The Species panel is shown in Fig. 1a and allows the user to specify how the simulator treats each chemical species, discrete or continuous. The Constants panel lists the order in which the rate constants are referenced. The Output panel allows the user to specify the ouput type. There are two ways to generate program output, either binary or ASCII. Binary output is based on MATLAB binary files, so it is possible to drive the program with MATLAB and use MATLAB's plotting routines to view the output. It is also possible to generate time series and histograms of the data from within BioNetS. Using ASCII files for I/O allows the simulator to be run through shell scripts. The Executable panel allows the user to generate either an executable file or source code. BioNetS generates portable C/C++ code that can be compiled and run in any computing environment. BioNetS can directly compile the C/C++ code. However, this requires the Developer tools, included on all recent Apple machines and available directly from for free. The compiled code can then be run from within BioNetS. The Comments panel is available for the user to enter descriptive comments about the model.
Figure 1
A) A screen shot of BioNetS that illustrates how the dimerization example with constant volume is entered. The tabs at the bottom of the screen allow the user to enter various options. B) A screen shot that illustrates how the dimerization example with cell growth and division is entered into BioNetS. In each screen shot, the area to the right of the reaction entry interface is a a slide-out testing panel that allows the user to enter rate constants and initial conditions, then view the results of a run from within BioNetS.
To run BioNetS as a BioSpice agent, you need to move the source directory onto a OAA-supported system. Once there, open up the MakeOAA file and specify the locations of your oaalib folder. Then just type "make -f MakeOAA" (without the quotes) to create the agent.
Figures 2A and 2B show plots of time series for the monomer number generated by BioNetS. The parameter values used to generate these figures are given in the caption. Figure 2A is the result obtained when M and D are treated as discrete variables. Figure 2B is the result from the chemical Langevin equations. The solid line shown in both panels is the result from the following equations for the first moments:
Figure 2
A) A single realization of M(t) for the discrete process. B) A single realization of M(t) produced by the chemical Langevin equations. The solid line in both panels is the result produced from Eqs. 33 and 34. The parameter values used to generate these figures were γ = 50, δ m = 1.02, δ d = 0.02, k1 = 0.01, and k2 = 0.1. The initial conditions used were M(0) = 0 and D(0) = 0 and a time step of 0.01 was used for the continuous case.
Figure 3A shows the probability density function (PDF) of the dimer concentration at various times for the discrete and continuous case. Notice that for all times, the agreement between the two different methods is very good. At the final time, t = 200 s, the system has reached steady state. These figures indicate that the chemical Langevin equations are accurately capturing the dynamics and steady-state behavior of the discrete system.
Figure 3
PDFs for the dimer concentration at various times. The staircase plots are the results for the discrete case and the continuous lines are the results for the continuous case. Panel A is for the case of constant volume and Panel B is the varying volume case. The parameter values and initial conditions are the same as in Figs. 2 and 4, for the constant volume case and varying volume case, respectively. Each PDF consists of 10, 000 realizations of the process.
Cell growth and division
In this section we describe how cell growth and division can be modeled using BioNetS. We will assume that the cell is experiencing exponential growth up until the time it divides. As discussed above, the cell volume V c = αV is treated as a random variable. In this model cell division occurs when V exceeds a threshold value V max. Note that the choice of V max influences the degree of variability observed in the cell division times: cells growing from V = 1 to V max = 2 will have a large amount of variability in their division times, while those growing from V = 100 to V max = 200 will have less variable times, and those ranging from V = 1000 to V max = 2000 will be still less variable. Changing the range of V in this way requires rescaling the relationship of V to the cell volume by adjusting the value of α. When cell division occurs the volume is halved, and the proteins are randomly divided between the two cells using a binomial distribution. Only one of the daughter cells is tracked. Because second order reactions require two molecules to collide, the rate constants for these reactions should scale like k1 = k'1/V c. We also assume that the production rate of monomers scales as γ = γ'V c. This is a reasonable assumption, because as the cell grows the transcription and translation machinery increases. These assumptions produce the following rate equations for the concentrations
The terms in Eqs. 35 and 36 that involve k3 arise because of dilution due to cell growth. We use the same parameter values as in the constant volume case except δ m = 1 and δ d = 0. The cell growth rate is k3 = 0.02 (assuming a scaling of 1 time unit to one minute, this yields an average cell division time of ln 2/k3 35 minutes, typical for bacteria), the scale factor for the cell volume is α = 1 (for simplicity), and V max = 100. With these choices of parameter values, Eqs. 35 and 36 are identical with Eqs. 33 and 34, and we expect the average behavior of this system to be similar to that of the constant volume case.
The screen shot shown in Fig. 1B illustrates how this model is entered into BioNetS. Figure 4A shows the time series for the volume and monomer number treating each variable discretely. The results for the continuous case are virtually identical. In Fig. 4B the concentration is plotted as a function of time. This figure should be compared with Fig. 2A. The solid line in Fig. 4B is the result from solving Eqs. 35–37. Figure 3B shows the PDFs for the dimer concentration at various times. Both the discrete and continuous results are shown. By comparing Fig. 3A with Fig. 3B, we see not surprisingly that for this simple example the main effect of volume growth is to act as an additional noise source and increase the variability of the distributions.
Figure 4
A) Time series for the volume and monomer number for the case of cell growth and division. The parameter values used to generate these figures were γ = 50, δ m = 1.0, δ d = 0.0, k1 = 0.01, k2 = 0.1, k3 = 0.02, and V max = 100. The initial conditions used were M(0) = 0, D(0) = 0 and V(0) = 50. B) The monomer concentration M(t)/V(t) as a function of time. The solid line is the result from Eqs. 35–36.
A chemical oscillator
We next use BioNetS to simulate a two gene system that has been studied in the literature [37]. In this system, the protein A coded for by gene a acts as an activator for gene a and gene r, by binding to the promoter regions, P a and P r, of the respective gene. This increases the rate of mRNA a and mRNA r production by a factor α a and α r, respectively. The protein R, acts as a represser for both genes by binding to A to form the inactive complex A_R. All gene products, mRNA and protein, are actively degraded. However, the heterodimer A_R protects the R subunit from degradation. The system consists of 9 chemical species and the following 14 biochemical reactions:
Figure 5 shows the way this system is entered into BioNetS.
Figure 5
A screen shot of the BioNetS user interface for the chemical oscillator example. The parameter values shown in the figure are the ones used to produce the results shown in Figs. 6, 7, 8. The area to the right of the reaction entry interface is a a testing panel provided by BioNetS to allow the user to enter rate constants and initial conditions, then examine the results of a run.
An interesting feature of the system is that it is capable of producing sustained oscillations [37]. Figure 6A shows a times series for the repressor protein number when all the chemical species are treated as discrete random variables. The values of the rate constants used to generate this figure are listed in Fig.


text:
This digital "make and take" provides everything you need to complete the layout shown. It includes a 32-page printable pdf in which I take you step-by-step through creating the layout using the provided digital mini-kit.
If you are new to digital scrapbooking, this lesson will help you become more confident with your software and teach you many new tricks and tips for creating future layouts. Those of you with more experience will also pick up some new techniques, a great kit, and a fabulous new layout!
You will learn how to:
- spotlight an area of a photo
- add color tints to photos and elements
- create a scalloped edge
- place a photo within a pre-made frame
- create an evenly spaced pattern from an element
- use an.abr (brush) alpha set
- load, recolor, and rotate brushes
This lesson includes:
- A 32-page, full-color pdf with screen shots (in PS CS3) and step-by-step instructions for Photoshop and Photoshop Elements users.
- Over 20 "bonus tips" throughout the lesson.
- A full alpha brush set
- 2 papers
- 1 pinned frame
- 1 cardboard border strip
- 2 watery brushes
- 1 rub-on flower
(Mini-Kit contents created by Katie Pertiet or with her products.)
You will need:
Adobe Photoshop or Photoshop ElementsOne horizontal photo
If you know how to open your software, you can complete this lesson. I provide detailed instructions for every step, from opening the first file to saving your finished layout. File Size: 22MB
Designer: Cassie Jones


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Wearing diamonds on the inside – to monitor biochemistry
Diamonds are biocompatible and cheap enough to be considered for use as sensors inside the body. Some cancer treatments require regular monitoring of blood. David Hoxley is investigating the use of diamond as a sensor of blood chemistry. The area is known as microfluidics. The challenge is to sensitise diamond so it responds to biological reactions occurring at the surface of the diamond. This field of research sees the combined application of biology and physics.
Robyn Williams: A final piece of carbon, though not quite nano, is in the form of diamond. And to hear about it we leap to Melbourne.
David Hoxley: Hi, my name is David Hoxley and I'm a physicist from La Trobe University down in Victoria, and like to talk to you briefly today about my plans for making implantable diamond biosensors, microfluidic biosensors for testing the blood of cancer patients. First of all you might ask yourself, why diamonds? Surely no one can afford to have an implantable diamond sensor?
The great thing about diamonds is that they are incredibly biocompatible and they are a lot cheaper than they used to be. About five or ten years ago we started being able to make these beautiful pure optical semiconductor-grade diamonds that cost maybe a couple of hundred dollars for a sample that's a couple of millimetres by a couple of millimetres. They're better than gems if you want to make sensors out of them.
A sensor is something that takes a chemical or a biological reaction and turns it into an electrical signal. And my particular interest is in how do you test the blood of a cancer patient without having to stick a needle into them and pull the blood out? There are so many different ways that we can test for things by looking at a person's blood. Pathology tests are very, very sophisticated, and almost every single disease involves a blood test these days. But for cancer patients, especially blood cancer patients like multiple myeloma or leukaemia, they need to have a lot of blood tests because the way that the cancer is fought primarily is with chemotherapy. Cancer patients, particularly ones that have bone marrow transplants, find themselves walking a knife edge of having too much chemo and having an immune system crash and getting an infection and ending up in intensive care, or not having quite enough chemotherapy and the cancer not being quite completely killed and coming back. So for a lot of cancer patients on chemo, their lives involve a constant round of blood tests and trips to the hospital.
What I'd really like to achieve is a sensor that you could put inside a person's body that would effectively email you when it was time to stop giving this particular sort of chemo or time to give a different sort of chemo. How in practice can we achieve that? Well, one way we could do that is to use a microfluidics. Microfluidics a particular branch of engineering that involves taking very, very small channels in a substrate, in this case diamond, about the size of a human hair, probably a little bit bigger in the case of something that's going to have blood flowing through it, because blood has fairly large cells in it.
When the channel is very, very small, the surface area to volume ratio is very, very, very large, so your walls of your channel can be coated with a sensitive compound and they can access a very large amount of the fluid flowing through it. This is not a new idea, it's been very, very popular in biosensing engineering for a long time. For example, people have tried to develop ways to measure the tears coming from a person to try and find out what their kidneys are doing.
But what I'm interested in is implanting this. And the advantage of having such tiny channels is that if you can get your assays, the reactions that detect the presence of particular chemicals or biological products, if you can have those assays very, very small, then they can line the walls of this microfluidic system.
So why diamonds? Diamond is very, very biocompatible, it's unreactive biologically, unless you want it to be. Diamond is normally an electrical insulator, which is actually a good thing to have in the bulk of a sensor because that way you don't get any leakage currents or cross talks. But the surface can be made very conducting by applying atomic hydrogen to it. In fact, if you put other molecules on top of the hydrogen you get even greater conductivity. What I would like to do is find out ways that conductivity can change in response to the biological reactions that are happening at that surface.
I'm not the first person to have thought of this, but I'm very excited about the possibility of doing this in a combined package. My research when I finished my doctorate was to look at sensors made out of diamond to try and find out where a charged particle had moved. So, particle detection. But I had my own particular brush with cancer and I was diagnosed with multiple myeloma in my first postdoctoral fellowship. That threw everything into chaos.
I was very, very lucky and I had a bone marrow transplant that was relatively successful. Those of you who know something about multiple myeloma realise that it has a tendency to come back eventually, but after eight years I'm still in fairly good shape. But in all of the panic of the cancer and everything, I had a couple of ideas about trying to make some sort of implantable biosensor so that I could really know where my levels were at so I could get the treatment just right.
Then I went back to work and the idea faded just a little bit. Then my son was diagnosed with leukaemia. The thing about young people is that they don't always understand what's happening to them, and any medical procedure that is invasive is quite traumatic, and getting blood out of a three-year-old is tricky. Usually you have to prick their finger, and you can only deal with a very small amount of blood. So being able to implant a sensor into a kid, that would be great.
So that's my motivation, it is a very personal one for trying to make these implantable biosensors. However, the practicalities of making these devices is quite complex. I don't think that I'm going to be engineering a device like this any time in the near future. But my particular passion is to try and look at the ways that I can sensitise the diamond surface so that it is sensitive to these biological reactions.
I think that growing the diamonds or tunnelling into the block of diamond is not the hardest problem, I think that we can actually do that. Connecting the diamonds to the circuits so that it can be read out to the outside world is not the hardest problem either. I am particularly interested in that fundamental problem of how do we detect a biological reaction when it's happening at the diamond's surface. And this is the basic problem of all biosensing.
So I've decided that I need to reach out to biologists, and a physicist often find themself in an odd position when they want to talk to biologists because there's quite a gulf that separates the two. I guess what I'm partly doing is trying to reach out a little bit to the biological community and look for partners who can help me with the biological reaction part of what I'm trying to do. And the potential gains for doing this are enormous. We're just on the edge of an explosion in medical technology, and I think it's just in time, because medical technology is also getting more expensive. Any way that we can minimise the number of hospital stays and the amount of expense involved in treating patients, especially with cancer, is a really good thing. But in order to do so, we need to use technology, and I think that implantable sensors are a really, really big part of the future. I don't find anything sinister in them, I think that they will just be very, very positive indeed, particularly for people who are older and people who are younger, like my son. So, hopefully in a not too distant future we will be able to wear our diamonds on the inside.
Robyn Williams: Dr David Hoxley at La Trobe University in Melbourne. And you're listening to The Science Show on RN, from Geelong to Vancouver.
- David Hoxley
La Trobe University
- Robyn Williams
- Robyn Williams


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Topic: Arduino sound frequency detection? Help! (Read 5556 times) previous topic - next topic
Hi everyone, this is my first time using the Arduino Uno model and I have run into a bit of an issue. I am in the process of writing a code to identify and differentiate audio frequencies in order to complete a pre-determined task based on specific readings. The issue I am having with the Arduino is its inability to decipher the varying analog input from a microphone. This is likely because there is no sound card or other sound decoding device to convert the seemingly random electrical input from the microphone into usable sound frequency and amplitude data. I would like to know if anyone has found a solution to this problem and how to carry out that solution. I have researched the potential utility of a piezo however I am unsure whether the fact that it measures vibrations as well as audio frequencies will be problematic in deciphering between physical "knocks" and the audio stimulus I am attempting to capture. Any help would be greatly appreciated!
Search the forum for FFT to see what frequencies a sound is made of. e.g. - _URL_ -
Rob Tillaart
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An international research team led by physicists from Collaborative Research Centre 1238, 'Control and Dynamics of Quantum Materials' at the University of Cologne has implemented a new variant of the basic double-slit experiment using resonant inelastic X-ray scattering at the European Synchrotron ESRF in Grenoble. This new variant offers a deeper understanding of the electronic structure of solids. Writing in Science Advances, the research group have now presented their results under the title 'Resonant inelastic x-ray incarnation of Young's double-slit experiment'.
The double-slit experiment is of fundamental importance in physics. More than 200 years ago, Thomas Young diffracted light at two adjacent slits, thus generating interference patterns (images based on superposition) behind this double slit. That way, he demonstrated the wave character of light. In the 20th century, scientists have shown that electrons or molecules scattered on a double slit show the same interference pattern, which contradicts the classical expectation of particle behaviour, but can be explained in quantum-mechanical wave-particle dualism. In contrast, the researchers in Cologne investigated an iridium oxide crystal (Ba3CeIr2O9) by means of resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS).
Image: Beamline ID20, where the experiments took place.
Credit: P. Jayet.


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I need some more help.
 1. Oct 15, 2004 #1
 if you drop any kind of ball onto a hard surface, it will never bounce as high as the height it was dropped from. show algebraically that michanical energy has been lost between the maximum height on hte one bounce and the maximum height on the next bounce, and explain why this does not disprove the energy conservation law. any help would be appreacted thanks.
 2. jcsd
 3. Oct 15, 2004 #2
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 Suppose you drop the ball from initial height [tex]h_{0}[/tex], and in the subsequent bounces, the maximally reached heights satisfy the inequality:
 1)Now, what is the kinetic energy of the ball at these heights?
 2)Using your answer on that, what must then the total mechanical energy at each stage be?
 3)How can mechanical energy be lost from a system?
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|a fool or simpleton; ninny.|
|a chattering or flighty, light-headed person.|
|1.||Also called: numerically identical being one and the same individual: Cicero and Tully are identical|
|2.||Also called: quantitatively identical exactly alike, equal, or agreeing|
|3.||Compare fraternal designating either or both of a pair of twins of the same sex who developed from a single fertilized ovum that split into two|
|[C17: from Medieval Latin identicus, from Latin idem the same]|
identical i·den·ti·cal (ī-děn'tĭ-kəl)
Exactly equal and alike.
Of or relating to a twin or twins developed from the same fertilized ovum and having the same genetic makeup and closely similar appearance; monozygotic.


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Summary: Public Officials and special interests inevitably define "leveling the playing field" as increasing taxes. All four current legislative initiatives designed to bring about a level playing field would result in increased taxes and windfalls for government programs (resolution on credit unions, single sales tax rate, tax credits for education charities and the Jones-Mascaro tax bill). None of these initiatives as currently proposed would reduce taxes for the average citizen. End Summary.
Why is it that whenever elected officials or their special interest allies call for a "leveling of the playing field," it inevitably means higher taxes for citizens?
At the present time, there are at least four efforts to "level the playing field." All attempt to end tax inequities as defined by public officials and/or special interests. But rather than leveling the field by lowering taxes, the focus is on raising taxes and on preserving or increasing the revenue flowing to government programs.
Once again the state's banks are pushing the legislature to level the playing field with the credit unions. And once again, rather than asking to be relieved of taxes they pay and that credit unions don't, their solution is to impose new taxes on credit unions and their hundreds of thousands of members. This protects the bank's current position as well as providing a windfall for government funded public education. But is it fair to demand that citizens pay more in order to give the banks what they want at no extra cost and for a government program to receive additional tax revenues? Why wouldn't it be just as fair to relieve the banks of their burden, ask government education to take a little less and for citizens to keep a little more?
A proposal for a single rate sales tax for Utah selects one of the highest sales tax rates from among the literally hundreds that exist throughout the state. The logic seems to be that it would be unfair to reduce government's income and programs but that there is nothing wrong with taking more from the vast majority of citizens. In addition, the single rate sales tax would facilitate the taxation of internet purchases. Once again, wouldn't it be fairer if government were to limit the amount of taxes collected and reduce costs, thereby leaving citizens with a little more of their money?
A level playing field for educational charities denies state tax credits for donations to a scholarship program for low-income families. Rather than seeking to extend the credit to all educational charities and reduce the tax burden of citizens, the answer is to make everyone pay at the highest level. Again, the education charities that would not benefit from a limited credit are protected by denying the credit to everyone and government either maintains or increases its current revenue stream. This is extremely fair to them. But why shouldn't the citizen be given a state tax break for donating to programs that help relieve the burden on government funded education?
The Jones-Mascaro bill would require those who make the greatest use of the public education to pay more in taxes. What could be fairer? But hidden in their bill is a proposal to eliminate the state income tax deduction for federal taxes paid. In other words, they will tax citizens on money spent to pay federal income taxes. Again, the purpose here is to increase the funds available for government programs while sticking it to the average citizen. Wouldn't it be fairer to citizens if the bill recognized that citizens should not pay taxes on money used to pay taxes as is currently the policy?
Isn't it interesting that in all four of the above cases, the level playing field benefits government and its special interest allies while, in every case, taking still more from the average citizen? Does this mean that there is a conscious conspiracy against citizens? We don't think so.
What it does mean, however, is that Utah's "conservative" public officials, special interests and those benefiting from increased tax revenues, simply fail to consider the citizens who pay the taxes in their deliberations. The individual citizen is, unfortunately, viewed by most elected officials, special interests and virtually all government programs as a never ending source of revenue whose pockets are waiting to be picked. Perhaps this is the reason that Utah's state and local tax burden is among the highest in the nation.
Wouldn't it be fairer if citizens were given equal billing with those who are constantly clamoring for more? And, wouldn't it be even fairer if the citizens earning the money were to determine what they will do with it rather than having it taken through the power of the state? After all, it is their money, not the government's.


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This empirical analysis deals with the determinants of growth and the explanation of variations in the growth between innovative and non-innovative start-ups. Based on theoretical models explaining the growth of firms, hypotheses on potential determinants are formulated. The regression results indicate strong correlations between the growth rate on the one side and firmspecific, founder-specific as well as external factors on the other side. These factors influence the growth rates of innovative and non-innovative young firms in different ways. It becomes obvious that large and mature firms have smaller growth rates than small and young innovative as well as non-innovative firms. Moreover, other firm-specific characteristics like legal form and formal links to other firms from Western industrialised countries have an impact on the development of start-ups. With respect to founder-specific characteristics, positive effects can be derived from the human capital of the founder(s). This holds especially for technological disciplines whereas business knowledge plays a minor role. In addition to firm and founder characteristics, locationspecific factors controlling for agglomeration effects and the industry structure in the Eastern German counties have an impact on growth. Comparing annual growth rates of start-ups, innovative start-ups grow on average faster than non-innovative start-ups.
New Technology-based Firms Employment Growth Determinants of Growth


Fact: Women are problematically objectified in mainstream superhero comics.
ShulkTransformThis much is undeniable. And, to be blunt, inexcusable. But that doesn't mean that it isn't worth thinking about exactly how this objectification works (with an eye towards systematic attempts at educating readers about, and hopefully eliminating, the problematic aspects of such objectification, if nothing else).
Some might argue (and many misguided souls have tried) that males are also objectified in comics, insofar as overly exaggerated, hypersexualized depictions are as much the norm for male superheroes as they are for females. This is true, but it misses an important point: unrealistic depictions of male anatomy and garb in superhero comics plays a very different role than analogous distortions of female anatomy and clothing.
I am not going to try to sort out the differences between how males and females are depicted in comics here (it is sometime said that the difference is that superheroes are drawn the way that adolescent readers of comics want to be, and that superheroines are drawn the way that adolescent readers of comics want their girlfriends to be – this seems like a stab in the right direction, but it is both too simplistic and ignores the fact that the readership of superhero comics is much wider than the basement-dwelling, maladjusted adolescent males that the explanation seems to rely on). What I am going to do is highlight an interesting sub-phenomenon – superheroines whose hypersexualization is linked to their very real (albeit fictional) power as superheroines.
MaryMarvelHere is one natural thought about hypersexualized depictions in general, and of superheroines in particular: Such emphasis on, and exaggeration of, secondary sexual characteristics such as breast size and waist-to-hip ratio serves to rob female characters of power. In emphasizing the superheroine's role as a potential, and exaggeratedly desirable, partner for the male characters in the narrative (and, indirectly, for the reader), the superheroine in question is reduced to an object to be possessed, rather than a subject with her own autonomous agency and efficacy. As a result, the superheroine – super-powered or not – is rendered relatively powerless and hence relatively unthreatening to the male-dominated (both the characters and their fans) world of mainstream superhero comics.
Now, this is, to be honest, a bit too quick. After all, the objectifying sexualization of female characters in comics can serve to emphasize a superheroine's sexual power (although this strategy is most often applied to villainesses, since female sexual power is conventionally troped as threatening and hence evil). But sexual power – especially female sexual power – is typically treated as somehow deviant compared to the kinds of physical, economic, political, and social power typically associated with, and monopolized by, males. So the analysis of devaluing and/or rendering harmless via hypersexualization still applies.
SheVenomThere is no doubt that the far-too-common depictions of superheroines as super-endowed, scantily clad supermodels whose primary role is to be saved by, avenged by, or romanced by their superhero compatriots has played exactly this role in the past. But there are a handful of female characters whose depictions throw a complicating monkey-wrench into the mix. I have in mind those characters whose transformations into their superpowered forms also involve physical transformations from more realistic (relatively speaking) depictions to the sort of unrealistic, hypersexualized forms at issue here. Prominent examples include the She-Hulk and the Red She-Hulk (whose transformations from human form to 'hulked-out' form also involve dramatic alterations to relative breast size, waist-to-hip ratio, etc.) Mary Marvel (whose transformation upon uttering "Shazam" involves morphing from a teenage girl to a mature woman), Looker (whose acquisition of superpowers also involved substantial 'positive' changes in her physical appearance), Titania, the Bulleteer, any female Marvel character who has interacted with any version of the Venom symbiote, etc. etc.
In all these cases, the acquisition of superpowers is explicitly associated with a change in appearance, from (again, relatively speaking) roughly realistic anatomy and habits of dress to explicitly sexualized, overly exaggerated forms (and, in many of these cases, there is also a marked increase in confidence and authority). As a result, it is hard to square these cases with the analysis just given of hypersexualization as a means to strip female comic book characters of power, since in these cases exaggerated anatomy and revealing clothing are explicitly associated with the acquisition of power.
LookerAs a result, we are left wanting an analysis of how, exactly, hypersexualized depiction of these characters works (especially with regard to the sorts of power these characters are depicted as having, and actually have, within the fictional narratives in question). Is it possible that these female characters somehow destabilize the status quo with regard to depictions of females, and thus represent some sort of subversive interrogation of gender roles and power in comics (intentional or not)? Are they just as worrisome as more 'traditional' hypersexualized depictions of female superheroes, regardless of whether they complicate our understanding of the relation between sexual objectification and power? Is this merely just a strange little quirk, unimportant in comparison to the more straightforward, and sadly extremely common, objectification found in mainstream superhero comics?
So how do hypersexualized superhero transformations work?
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The Eye of This Chimp Saved From Poachers Changed Color Because of the Physical Trauma It Suffered
Two baby chimps, Felix and Mara, were adopted by Lwiro Primates Rehabilitation Center in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) after their families were poached for bushmeat or the exotic pet trade, the institution announced in a Facebook post on Monday.
"Different day, same story—just like that, these babies have lost the only home they knew," explained the post.
This trauma was so great, staff in the center have said, it caused Felix's eye color to change. Staff at the center believe Felix was beaten, leaving a severe ulcer in his right eye, while the brown hair on his body suggests he experienced severe malnourishment.
"As you can see, the discoloration in one of his eyes is because of trauma," a health update published on Tuesday stated.
While changes to eye color are rare, it can happen—in humans as well as in primates.
Baby Chimps
Mara (left) and Felix (right) had to be rescued after their families were poached. Felix's right eye is discolored from the physical trauma he experienced. _USER_ and _USER_
"The factors that can cause eyes to change colors—or appear to have different colors—include genes, diseases, medications and trauma," Omar Chaudhary, MD, an ophthalmologist in Potomac, Maryland, said in an article for the American Academy of Ophthalmology.
This change in color may relate to the iris or other parts of the eye that can make it appear that the color of the iris is different. One way trauma can change eye color is through uveitis, an inflammation of eyeball's middle layer. Another way is through tissue loss, which can make the iris appear as though it is a different color.
Felix isn't the only one showing physical signs of the ordeal they'd been through. Mara still has bags under her eyes, suggesting she is malnourished and dehydrated.
"Psychologically, she has been very untrusting of humans, and also not as playful as Felix," staff said.
It is not known exactly what happened to Felix and Mara's family but chimps like these are often taken by poachers to feed the market for exoctic pets. According to the BBC, a baby chimp can fetch up to $12,500 on the international market.
Tactics adopted by poachers do not just target the baby chimp, but the entire chimp family who might try to resist the poaching. The prize of one (alive) baby frequently involves the slaughter of up to 10 adults, the BBC reports. They are then often sold for bushmeat.
baby chimps
Mara (left) and Felix (right) were confiscated by ICCN rangers last week. _USER_ and _USER_
While the pair may have had a traumatic start to the month, if an update posted on Tuesday is anything to go by, they seem to be adapting well to their new surroundings.
"After a very stressful yesterday, we want to start today by giving some good news—unlike many other babies that we've got before, Felix & Mara are eating and sleeping very well. They're also being playful with each other, and have become very trusting and needy of their human surrogate mamas," the post stated.


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As a result, increased protection and restoration of wetlands in key spring migration corridors may be warranted to achieve continental population objectives for scaup and other waterfowl species. But until recently, little information on the nutritional requirements and feeding habits of spring migrating waterfowl was available to direct wetland conservation and management efforts in these areas. Waterfowl biologists have assumed that increased foraging habitat will benefit waterfowl survival and body condition, and the quality of wetland habitat for migrating waterfowl in spring is determined by how much food this habitat provides the birds. Food availability, in turn, is associated with the type of wetland habitat and management actions that are applied to this habitat.
To address these important questions, Ducks Unlimited and many conservation partners recently conducted a multi-year, landscape-level study on the habitat needs of waterfowl during spring migration in the Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi River watersheds. Specifically, this study examined waterfowl food availability, diet, feeding habits, body condition, and nutrient acquisition during spring migration. Findings from this research will be used to direct future wetland management and protection work in these important waterfowl migration corridors.
Spring migration research was conducted on six sites throughout the upper Mississippi Flyway.
To help ensure the findings would be relevant to the full spectrum of spring migrating waterfowl, researchers focused on five duck species with different body sizes, feeding regimes, migration habits, and breeding chronology. These ducks included mallards, scaup, gadwalls, blue-winged teal, and ring-necked ducks. We also chose six study sites that were representative of important spring staging areas (see map) across the Upper Mississippi and Great Lakes regions. At each site, food samples were taken in all wetland types, hens were collected and examined to determine their diet and body condition, and birds were observed in the wild to determine their feeding activity and use of different habitats.
Prior to this study, most waterfowl research focused on the birds' diet during the breeding season or winter. In general, ducks consume invertebrates high in protein during the breeding season, as protein acquisition is important for egg laying. During the fall and winter, ducks primarily focus on carbohydrates available in seeds, grain, and other plant foods to meet the energetic demands of harsh winter weather and fuel spring migration. The diet of spring migrating ducks has not been well documented, and it wasn't clear when ducks shift from a diet high in carbohydrates to protein as hens move north toward their breeding grounds. An understanding of diet and the factors that influence diet is important so managers can maximize production of preferred waterfowl foods in managed habitats.
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Kindergarten is when schooling typically starts for young children; however, new students could benefit from getting a head start. By providing children with an early education and necessary skills, they will surely have a bright future. The V.P.K. program in Weston, FL, is that head start. A program that gives children an opportunity to enhance pre-reading, pre-math, language, and social skills, those who participate are more likely to be successful in the following years of school. Making the adjustment to going to school can be a challenge for some and the V.P.K. program makes learning fun and will ease the transition to kindergarten, first grade, and beyond that much smoother.
V.P.K. in Weston goes one step further. Taking learning beyond books, the qualified teachers in the program guide children and help the development of strong character traits such as respect, honesty, responsibility, self-control, tolerance, kindness, and citizenship. Bringing together a traditional education as well as life skills, this program gives your child a well-rounded education that will ensure many successful years of school.
The Voluntary Prekindergarten Education Program – V.P.K is a free pre-kindergarten program for four and five-year-olds who reside in Florida. Children must be four years old on or before September 1. Parents can enroll children in this free program or wait until the following year when their child is five.
There are two V.P.K. programs available:
- The school-year program includes 540 hours of instructional time and begins in August.
- The summer program consists of 300 instructional hours and begins in June.
Starting school, being in a new environment, and interacting with other children can be scary if they are shy or haven't gained confidence in themselves. This program offers high literacy standards, developmentally appropriate curriculum, and manageable classroom sizes so that each student gets the attention, guidance, and support they need to be strong readers and excited students.


text: Summary Aim The aim of the paper was to conduct a retrospective analysis of a group of patients after surgery for colorectal cancer: to define aetiological factors for, and assess drug-sensitivity of bacteria causing infection. Materials/Methods Between January 2000 and June 2004, 350 patients underwent surgery for colorectal cancer. Within that group 17 (4,86%) patients developed postoperative wound infections within 30 days of the operation. In all cases we performed microbiological examinations. All the cases of infections were analysed, with special attention being paid to the following groups of risk factors: patient-related and perioperative procedures. Results In all, 17 cases of superficial infections were identified within the skin and subcutaneous tissues. The most frequently identified aetiological factors were colibacillus species and Enterococcus faecalis. Targeted antibiotic therapy was applied, based on the results of antibiograms. Rapid recovery was observed in all patients. The most important patient-related risk factors included: BMI over 25 kg/m 2 in 11 (64.7%) patients, high (3 rd) degree of neoplastic advancement in 13 (76.5%) patients and preoperative radiotherapy in 7 (41.2%) patients. All infections were found in patients after resection of the sigmoid colon or rectum. Conclusions The most frequent aetiological factor identified, on the basis of cultures, was bacterial fl ora of the colorectum. 1. The most important risk factors include: degree of neoplastic advancement, obesity and preoperative radiotherapy. 2. The application of appropriate systems for the preparation of the patient during the perioperative period has a great infl uence on the frequency of infections. 3. Because high drug-resistance in bacterial cultures is a real possibility, it is essential to perform antibiograms in order to help select the most appropriate antibiotics for the treatment of infections.