Make a no win no fee claim if you or your child has a disability due to a accident or negligent mistake
Many people who have been made disabled rely on volunteers and even help from their family, a lot of disabled people are unaware they might be able to claim compensation. People that are disabled come in all shapes and sizes and although they may be labelled has having the same disable condition as another they may experience it in a completely different way. As no single one person is the same no single disability may ever affect a person in exactly the same way as everybody deals with aspects of their life differently. In life every individual is unique no two people are the same and therefore every disability is dealt with differently. A disability can have a huge impact on a person's life. Obviously it dependso n the actually disability and its severity as to the degree it will affect a person's life i.e. if a person has mobility issues but can still walk unaided they may experience life slightly different to someone who is completely wheelchair bounded and has limited mobility. The same goes for people who suffer with mental disabilities, there are always going to be mild to severe cases and such cases will always affect people differently. Those who suffer with a disability may find certain aspects of life challenging especially when interacting and engaging in activities if such activities are not designed with disabled people in mind. For any person disabled or not having that feeling of being left out or segregated can leave a person demoralised which inturn can go on to add further problems to a person especially their mental state. It is important to say that not every person who suffers with a disability may have been born with it, very often a person affected by a disability is so after birth, at any age and sometime through the fault of another person or persons. If a person is unfortunate to suffer at the hands of another individual and such an event could have been avoided and inturn this causes them an injury then they can contact a solicitor and see if it is possible to make a No Win No Fee Claim. Different ways a person can be injured through no fault of their own and can make a No Win No Fee Claim are:
Disability & Medical Negligence No Win No Fee Claims
Medical or clinical negligence is when a person receives a service or treatment that was not of a standard that they expected and due to such treatment the person is left injured either mentally or physically and such an injury could have been avoided. Medical negligence can cover various different mishaps and mistakes that can take place and it is not uncommon for such mistakes to be of a serious nature even sometimes leaving patients with life changing injuries that they may never recuperate from. Such injuries caused by medical negligence can leave people with disabilities that they would have not have sustained if the negligent act never occurred. Injuries that are caused due to medical negligence can leave a person with lifelong disabilities and claiming compensation for such injuries is the only way to lead a more comfortable life. Those who are victims of medical negligence very often just want an apology and confirmation that such an event will not happen again but when their complaint brings about no response they feel they have no other decision but to make a claim for compensation. Funds from claiming compensation will not return them to life as they once knew it but it may offer a chance for a brighter future.
No Win No Fee Claim in a RTA
Disabled No Win No Fee ClaimsRoad traffic accidents unfortunately happen on the roads every day and very often people are hurt as a result and depending on how bad the actual accident is usually reflect on the seriousness of the injuries sustained. According to the UK Government website there were reported 189,880 road traffic accidents that lead to severe casualties for the year ending March 2014 this was an overall increase from the previous year. The amount of people that sadly died due to road traffic accidents increased by 4 per cent. Figures for the first quarter of this year also saw increases compared with the first quarter of last year with there being already 380 deaths on the road which is 13 per cent higher than this time last year and those being slightly injured rose by 15 per cent. With such increases bring worry and apprehension as such severe injuries that are caused on the roads bring life changes that can be permanent and that there are no going back, such changes can leave people in debilitating states needs care 24 hours a day with hardly any quality of life. Often severe road traffic accidents can lead people to suffer with both mental and physical disabilities and sadly such disabilities can ultimately change a person life. For this reason and often this reason alone people choose to make a claim for compensation using No Win No Fee law firms. When people are left with devastating disability due to no fault of their own and rehabilitation is life long, care is a constant need and a person's home needs completely adapting to suit the state of their injuries a huge amount of funds are needed to secure this and very often these funds can only be gained through compensation.
Disability because of a Accidents at Work
Volunteers for the Disabled & Claims GuideEven with health and safety rules and regulation tightening year on year accidents that happen in the work place are still taking place even with some of them ending in fatalities, according to the HSE website a massive 78 000 employees were injured during 2012 and 2013. During 2011 and 2012 1.1 million people suffered from an illness that was related either to their work or work place and an incredible 27 million working days were lost due to workplace injuries and employees suffering from a work place illness. It is not difficult to see why people claim compensation especially if they suffer a disability due to a work related problem as work places in every circumstances should be redeemed safe to work in. No person should be allowed to work in a place that is redeemed unsafe and every aspects of work life should be made safe for each and every employee. If a person is injured or made ill due to a problem with their work or workplace they can make a No Win No Fee accident at work claim.
When choosing a lawyer in the UK remember to compare the best deals.
If you have recently been injured in the UK and you are unsure what lawyer to use remember to compare many different deals example we found Bonus Lawyers and they take a much lower fee than almost any other lawyer in the UK. Do not just take our work for it compare your self as you could save thousands of pounds extra.
Why Do Charities Need Volunteers?
Volunteering is on the rise with over a majority of the population in the United Kingdom being involved in some kind of charity work. By volunteering, people can give something of themselves and make a valuable contribution to the community while perhaps learning new skills and improving their health and well-being. On the flip side, charities that use volunteers for their operations are equally enthusiastic about what volunteers bring to their organisations.
Volunteers are not only beneficial to charities as some of them rely on volunteers for the delivery of services or for their daily operations. Some volunteers can be incidental to the operation of some charitable organisations while others would not be able to function without them. A recent study by the National Council for Voluntary Organisations reported that 91 per cent of the charities registered in the United Kingdom have no paid staff and are run by volunteers.
Charities can reduce their operating costs when using volunteers. While the value of some tasks performed by volunteers cannot be measured financially, the costs of hiring a full-time employee as opposed to using one full-time or several part-time volunteers can. Not only would a charity have to pay a full-time employee for their work but would also need to incorporate the costs of benefits for that employee. In addition, volunteers may be willing to work on holidays, such as Christmas which can be the loneliest for the elderly and others who are isolated from their friends and families, whereas employees of any type may not. Besides, if they were asked to do so, these days would be considered overtime, thereby incurring an even greater financial burden for a charity.
Volunteers can also increase the quality of services or programs that a charity provides. Often, a charity seeks to offer a specific kind of service or program and having volunteers can supplement the services and programs that are offered by a charity. A charity may also want to offer a service which it currently does not provide but does not have the skills in-house to do so. By using volunteers with those skills who can provide those additional services or programs, a charity can make available services or levels of services that otherwise they may not have been able to provide.
Volunteers often have specialized skills which in-house staff may not possess. It could be expertise with computer technology to get the charity better organised and running more smoothly, knowledge of the law or having expertise in psychology and socialisation which can be of benefit to working with the clients of the charity. Often volunteers can also pay more detailed attention to the people they are serving as they are volunteering for this specific task and so can devote their entire attention to it.
Charities can benefit most from volunteers when they follow some guidelines with regards to recruiting and retaining them. The first involves preparation and planning how volunteers are to be managed and supported. Every volunteer needs some form of training and those who will be volunteering on a long-term basis will require a greater such investment. The staff also needs to be trained in how to manage volunteers and building effective volunteer leadership.
When recruiting volunteers, it is important that volunteers are clear about their roles. A written description should be used that includes their duties and time commitments. Volunteers should be inspired with an explanation of how their role contributes to the wider goals of the organisation.
While volunteers may be respected for giving something back to the community they should also be recognized for their on-going contributions and how their service has been important to the charity they serve.
What are the Benefits of Volunteering?
There are many reasons why people volunteer, such as


text:
In the federal courts, disclosure requires parties to automatically share routine evidentiary information that would otherwise be available during discovery. Disclosure comes in three stages. First, at the beginning of the suit, each party must disclose:
- • Basic information about each witness the party plans to call
- • Copies of documents and things supporting the party's claims or defenses
- • The party's computations of the damages it plans on requesting
- • Information about any insurance agreements that might cover part or all of a judgment against the party.
Later in the pre-trial process, each party must disclose the identity and qualifications of their expert witnesses. In addition, they must give the other parties a summary of their expert witnesses' reasoning and conclusions regarding the case.
Finally, shortly before trial, each party must disclose what evidence they plan to use at trial. This allows the court to address evidentiary objections before trial.
Disclosure is governed by Rule 26(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Parties are not required to disclose evidence that they plan to use solely for impeachment.
See Civil Procedure.
Definition from Nolo's Plain-English Law Dictionary
The making known of a fact that had previously been hidden; a revelation. For example, in many states you must disclose major physical defects in a house you are selling, such as a leaky roof or potential flooding problem; and in all states, you must disclose the presence of lead-based paint hazards in buildings constructed before 1978.
Definition provided by Nolo's Plain-English Law Dictionary.
August 19, 2010, 5:14 pm

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
|The SEQDESIGN Procedure|
|Summary of Methods in Group Sequential Designs|
There are three different types of methods available in the SEQDESIGN procedure: fixed boundary shape methods for specified boundary shape, Whitehead methods for boundaries from continuous monitoring, and error spending methods for specified error spending at each stage.
The fixed boundary shape methods include unified family methods and Haybittle-Peto methods. The unified family methods include Pocock, O'Brien-Fleming, power family, and triangular methods.
Pocock derives the constant boundary on the standardized scale to demonstrate the sequential design while maintaining the overall and levels (Pocock 1977). The resulting boundary tends to stop the trials early with a larger -value. This boundary is commonly called a Pocock boundary, but Pocock himself does not advocate these boundary values for stopping a trial early to reject the null hypothesis, because large -values might not be persuasive enough (Pocock and White 1999). Also, the nominal -value at the final stage is much smaller than the overall -value of the design. That is, the trial might stop at the final stage with a small nominal -value, but the test is not rejected, which might not be easy to justify.
O'Brien-Fleming boundary values are inversely proportional to the square root of information levels on the standardized scale (O'Brien and Fleming 1979). The O'Brien-Fleming boundary is conservative in the early stages and tends to stop the trials early only with a small -value. But the nominal value at the final stage is close to the overall -value of the design.
The power family method (Wang and Tsiatis 1987; Emerson and Fleming 1989; Pampallona and Tsiatis 1994) generalizes the Pocock and O'Brien-Fleming methods with a power parameter to allow continuous movement between the Pocock and O'Brien-Fleming methods. The power parameter is for the Pocock method and for the O'Brien-Fleming method.
The unified family triangular method (Kittelson and Emerson 1999) contains straight-line boundaries on the score scale. For a one-sided trial with early stopping either to reject and to accept the null hypothesis, the method produces a triangular continuation region. The boundary shape is specified with the slope parameter.
The unified family method (Kittelson and Emerson 1999) extends power family methods to incorporate the triangular method, which contains straight-line boundaries on the score scale.
The Haybittle-Peto method (Haybittle 1971; Peto et al. 1976) uses a value of for the critical values in interim stages and derives the critical value at the final stage. With this method, the final-stage critical value is close to the original design without interim monitoring. The SEQDESIGN procedure extends this method further to allow for different or nominal -values for the boundaries.
Whitehead methods (Whitehead and Stratton 1983; Whitehead 1997, 2001) derive the boundary values by adapting the continuous monitoring tests to the discrete monitoring of group sequential tests. With early stopping to reject or accept the null hypothesis in a one-sided test, the derived continuation region has a triangular shape on the score-scaled boundaries. Only elementary calculations are needed to derive the boundary values in Whitehead's triangular methods. The resulting Type I error probability and power are extremely close but differ slightly from the specified values due to the approximations used in deriving the tests (Jennison and Turnbull 2000, p. 106). The SEQDESIGN procedure provides the BOUNDARYKEY= option to adjust the boundary value at the final stage for the exact Type I or Type II error probability levels.
The error spending method uses the specified and errors to be used at each stage of the design to derive the boundary values.
The error spending function method uses the error spending function to compute the and errors to be used at each stage of the design and then to derive the boundary values for these errors. The following four error spending functions are available in the SEQDESIGN procedure:
The Pocock-type error spending function (Lan and DeMets 1983) produces boundaries similar to those produced with Pocock's method.
The O'Brien-Fleming-type error spending function (Lan and DeMets 1983) produces boundaries similar to those produced with the O'Brien-Fleming method.
The gamma error spending function (Hwang, Shih, and DeCani 1990) specifies a gamma cumulative error spending function indexed by the gamma parameter. The boundaries created with are similar to the boundaries from the Pocock method, and the boundaries created with or are similar to the boundaries from the O'Brien-Fleming method.
The power error spending function (Jennison and Turnbull 2000, p. 148) specifies a power cumulative error spending function indexed by the power parameter. The boundaries created with are similar to the boundaries from the Pocock method, and the boundaries created with are similar to the boundaries from the O'Brien-Fleming method.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Why is there a difference in Leviticus 12 in the days required for purification after childbirth based on the sex of the child?
What is meant by purification and why the difference in the days required for purification based on the sex of the child?
Leviticus 12:1 - 8
NLT - 1 The Lord said to Moses. 2 "Give the following instructions to the people of Israel. If a woman becomes pregnant and gives birth to a son, she will be ceremonially unclean for seven days, just as she is unclean during her menstrual period.
Clarify Share Report Asked January 28 2014 Mini David Killick
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text: Dark Release (冥遁, Meiton, Viz: Shade Style) is a combined nature transformationkekkei genkai that can be used to absorb, manipulate, and release chakra taken from an opponent. Hiruko used techniques of this nature through a mark on his left hand. This mark resembles two diamonds, one overlapping the other. Chakra is absorbed through the upper square, while it is released and manipulated through the lower. It is unknown what elements this nature entails.


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Use these LearnCheck files at the beginning or end of class as a review for the TN Algebra I Gateway Exam.
Before the Activity
Have students log into NavNet. Teacher will then force send LearnCheck file to students.
During the Activity
Students will take the Learn Check and teacher can monitor with Screen Capture on navigator.
After the Activity
Teacher can collect data file from students and review for reteaching opportunities. Record grades as needed.


text: Figure 1: Effects of APA deficiency on SBP. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) of APA−/−, APA+/−, and APA+/+ mice at 3 months ( to 15 per group) was determined by a tail-cuff system. Each datum point represents the mean measurement of 2-d taken after 4-d training period. The average ± SEM of each group is represented by an open circle and a bar. *.


Luxembourg invests heavily in space mining
Luxembourg is stepping up efforts to become Europe's centre for space mining by agreeing to buy a major stake in US-based asteroid miner Planetary Resources.
While it was not immediately clear what the government's initial investment in Planetary Resources Luxembourg would be, the parties said in a statement that the agreement seeks to speed up the development of technologies and lines of business toward the exploration and utilization of resources from asteroids.
The government has also opened a $225 million (€200 million) line of credit for entrepreneurial space companies to set up their European headquarters in Luxembourg.
The tiny European nation is one of the euro zone's wealthiest countries and already has a long-standing space industry, playing a significant role in the development of satellite communications.
While its drive to become a significant actor in the asteroid mining industry is rather new, the country has already taken major steps towards achieving that goal.
On Friday, it announced the opening of a €200 million (US$225 million) line of credit for entrepreneurial space companies to set up their European headquarters within its borders.
And last month, the government reached an agreement with another US-based company, Deep Space Industries, which will be conducting missions to prospect for water and minerals in outer space. Both parties are currently developing Prospector-X, a small and experimental spacecraft that test technologies for prospecting and mining near Earth asteroids after 2020.
Legal frame
Luxembourg's administration is also working on a legal frame for exploiting space resources so that private companies can be entitled to the resources they mine from asteroids, but not to own the celestial bodies themselves.
Luxembourg invests heavily in space mining
Digital rendition of a robotic asteroid mining equipment. (Image courtesy of Deep Space Industries)
And while a discussion on the matter is bound to happen, countries such as the US, have decided to make their own rules. In November, President Barack Obama signed a law granting American citizens rights to own resources mined in space.
Such law does include a very important clause, as it clarifies that US citizens are not granted "sovereignty or sovereign or exclusive rights or jurisdiction over, or the ownership of, any celestial body."


text:
Enthalpy of Mixing (Excess Enthalpy)
Excess enthalpy data (HE) are important for the description of the correct temperature-dependence of the activity coefficients following the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation:
For fitting interaction parameters of gE - and group contribution models, applicable for a larger temperature range, enthalpy of mixing data directly provide the temperature dependence of the activity coefficients. Therefore, a combination of vapor-liquid equlibrium and excess enthalpy measurements is a good solution to cover a broad range of temperature.
Heats of mixing can be measured with different experimental devices.


text:
From the Editor
Lithium is effective as a medication. How often is it prescribed?
This week, there are three selections, and we open with a small paper with a big finding.
In the first selection, Dr. Scott B. Patten and Jeanne V. A. Williams (both of the University of Calgary) draw on national survey data to consider lithium prescribing in Canada. "The frequency of lithium use is surprisingly low," they find.
Lithium: on the Periodic Table, but not in the drug cabinet
In the second selection, we look at a Nature Medicine article that contemplates social media and medical research. Writer Nicole Wetsman quotes Dr. Esther Choo, an emergency physician who is prominent on Twitter: "It's incredible medical education."
Finally, for the third selection, we tip our hats to the holiday season, and consider a not-so-new BMJ paper on holiday chocolates. Published as part of a past Christmas issue – the popular, annual tradition that takes a light-hearted approach to inquiry – Bedford Hospital's Parag R. Gajendragadkar and his co-authors ask a not-so-weighty question: how long do holiday chocolates last on hospital wards?
Note that there will be no Reading next week. Happy Holidays.
Selection 1: "Lithium, an Infrequently Used Medication"
Scott B. Patten and Jeanne V. A. Williams
The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 28 November 2019 Online First
Lithium is recommended as a first-line treatment for bipolar disorder by contemporary clinical practice guidelines. With a prevalence of bipolar disorder believed to be in the range of 1% to 2% in Canada, expectation holds that lithium should be frequently used. However, its use is complicated by the need for safety monitoring and the possibility of adverse events.
The prevalence of lithium use in the Canadian population is unknown. Prescription data are, in principle, available from provincial databases in several provinces, but these do not provide national estimates. In the current study, we sought to estimate the frequency of lithium use in the household population using national survey data.
So begins a short paper by Dr. Patten and Williams.
In this analysis, we used data from two national Mental Health Surveys: the 2002 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) and the 2012 CCHS-MH. We also used estimates from the Canadian Health Measures Survey, pooling two sets of estimates, 2009 to 2011 and 2013 to 2017. The surveys collected medication data by including questions about medication use, including asking respondents to collect and look at the bottles, tubes, or boxes containing their medications.
They use a couple of different statistical analyses to estimate lithium use.
Given the historically central role of lithium in the treatment of bipolar disorders, the frequency of lithium use is surprisingly low, although the estimates presented here resemble those previously reported for Denmark (0.17%), Norway (0.21%), and Sweden (0.25%).
The authors consider several explanations.
It is conceivable that the observed frequencies represent an optimal frequency of lithium utilization based on its tolerability and effectiveness. However, there is also the possibility that the inconvenience associated with laboratory monitoring, exaggerated safety concerns, or a lack of familiarity with this medication among clinicians is resulting in underuse of the medication. Access to psychiatric care may be another factor, since nonpsychiatrist prescribers may be especially hesitant to use lithium.
This paper is short but important. Lithium has advantages over other first line medications used to treat bipolar, but the prescribing habits don't reflect that; relatively few patients use lithium. In other words, lithium, like other highly evidenced treatments – think clozapine and ECT – is underutilized here (and in other countries). The authors offer a few credible explanations.
Quick questions: Is this a failure of training? Do we need to educate residents of psychiatry and family medicine better?
Selection 2: "How Twitter is changing medical research"
Nature Medicine, 9 December 2019
Esther Choo only had a few thousand followers on Twitter before August 2017. Choo, an emergency physician at the Oregon Health & Science University, interacted mostly with other doctors. But when she tweeted one day about the racism she had endured while practicing medicine, her posts went viral – and her follower count shot up to 20,000 almost overnight. Now, she has nearly 80,000 followers.
'The professional benefits have been so concrete,' Choo says. Twitter, for her, has helped her meet new professional colleagues and friends and has offered opportunities for advocacy around racial and gender equity in medicine. 'It's hard to imagine what my career would be like without it.'
As a high-profile physician on the platform, Choo (_USER_) is an outlier in the medical community terms of her number of followers – but she's part of a large and growing community of doctors and scientists who use Twitter as part of their professional lives.
So begins an article by Wetsman.
After noting the opportunity that social media offers the platform for activism for physicians like Dr. Choo, she explores several aspects of social media and medical research:
- Debate in real time. "Before Twitter, researchers had limited ways to respond to and critique new research in their field. They could write a letter to the editor or an opinion piece in a journal, but that response would be published only if editors of that journal agreed to it. Even if it was published, it would often not appear for weeks."
- Twitter for education. "Online discussion of papers is sometimes facilitated by Twitter journal clubs. Journal clubs, where researchers get together and critically examine new papers or pieces of literature, are important forums for the exchange of ideas and continuing education. But they traditionally happen in person, and participants are usually limited by location. On Twitter, however, journal clubs can expand beyond those boundaries."
- Opening up the discussion. "On Twitter, people who do not have tenure, or have more limited publications to their name, or are early in their career have opportunities to demonstrate their expertise. But displays of knowledge on social media, rather than in traditional forums like journals, are sometimes criticized as less relevant or rigorous."
Wetsman does note that social media is changing the world of medical research – and not necessarily always for the better. Online discussions can be caustic, especially for new papers. Dr. Jordan Gauthier of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center notes: "You can see sharks gathering around a paper to tear it apart." Wetsman also cites a study finding that the majority of scientists aren't on Twitter.
The article is balanced and thoughtful. While social media is often used for less important things, some see a role in the dissemination and discussion of medical literature. Not surprisingly, major journals have noticed, and often tweet about new studies. I was speaking recently with the editor of The British Journal of Psychiatry who argues that social media is an important way of reaching people who don't ordinarily read papers, such as members of the public and policy makers.
It seems that there is more to social media than presidential rants and cat videos.
Selection 3: "The survival time of chocolates on hospital wards: covert observational study"
Parag R. Gajendragadkar, Daniel J. Moualed, Phillip L. R. Nicolson, Felicia D Adjei, Holly E. Cakebread, Rudolf M. Duehmke, Claire A. Martin
BMJ, 14 December 2013
A higher chocolate consumption has been linked with reduced risks for the development of cardiometabolic disorders. The authors' experience is that chocolate consumption in a hospital environment is a relatively common occurrence, and that gifts from patients and their families represent a large proportion of healthcare workers' chocolate consumption. Subjectively, we noted that chocolate boxes emptied quickly and that determining which healthcare professionals ate the most chocolates was a common source of workplace conflict. Literature on chocolate consumption by healthcare workers in a hospital setting is lacking.
We carried out an exploratory study to provide quantitative data on patterns of chocolate consumption in a hospital environment. Specifically we estimated the survival time of a chocolate in a ward setting, modelled mathematically any pattern of chocolate consumption observed, estimated if survival time was affected by chocolate brand, and investigated differences in healthcare professionals' chocolate consumption stratified by job type.
So begins a paper by Dr. Gajendragadkar et al.
Yes, the paper is on chocolate – and, yes, it's highly entertaining.
Here's what they did:
- "The study was prospective and conducted across three UK sites and four different wards."
- "At approximately 10 am an observer (a doctor who was familiar with the ward in which testing was being carried out) covertly placed the boxes side by side in a prominent location in the main nursing or reception area, where such gifts are normally placed. The observers covertly recorded what time each box was opened, and at what time individual chocolates were taken from each box."
- "We chose to study a 350 g box of Quality Street chocolates (Nestlé, Switzerland) and a 350 g box of Roses chocolates (Cadbury, United Kingdom), on the basis that they are commonly given as gifts and are two of the leading brands of chocolates available in the United Kingdom and elsewhere."
- "Pilot data investigating a range of brands showed that these two contained similar numbers of chocolates (between 30 and 35 on average)."
- "The primary outcome was the median survival time of a chocolate."
- Statistical analyses were done.
Here's what they found:
- "Overall, 191 chocolates out of a possible 258 (74%) were observed to have been eaten. The remainder were left over and lost to follow-up. The


text:
Maybe you have used scratch foam for printmaking in the art room. I've seen a lot of beautiful art work using scratch foam and printer's ink applied with brayers. But did you know scratch foam prints can look like this?
This set of four cupcake prints were all made from the same scratch foam plate during a single 40-minute class.
3rd graders used watercolor marker and scratch foam to create multiple prints. We did an easy directed drawing of a cupcake onto scratch foam, colored the foam with watercolor markers, and then printed the cards onto damp paper.
- Scratch foam, cut to desired size
- sketch paper, cut to same size as foam
- dull pencil
- masking tape
- watercolor markers in assorted colors (I use Mr. Sketch markers)
- oil pastels or other embellishments (optional)
- shallow tub (dishpan) of water
- beach towel (several if you are teaching multiple or large classes)
- plastic sleeve protectors for printing station
- white construction paper for printing – cut larger than scratch foam
Set up a printing station. Fill tub with water depth of 2-3 inches. Set out a folded towel. Tape a sleeve protector to the table. Slide in an alignment sample (see below). Cut a stack of printing papers, enough for each student to make at least 3 prints. Think about drying space (always an issue when printing multiples). Drying rack? Clothes line?
- draw cupcake onto sketch paper. Click here for my step-by-step how to draw a cupcake instructions.
- Remind students: NO LETTERS, NO WORDS, NO NUMBERS.
- tape sketch paper on top of scratch foam.
- go over cupcake sketch with a dull pencil. The lines should transfer to the scratch foam below.
- pull up the paper. Drawing directly on the foam, go over any lines you missed with the pencil. You can also add sprinkles or other small lines at this time.
- discard the sketch paper and tape.
Tape sketch on top of scratch foam. Go over lines with dull pencil to incise foam below.
- use the watercolor markers to ink the scratch foam. Students should use multiple colors. Fill the scratch foam completely with color.
Color in the scratch foam with watercolor markers.
- take your foam to the printing station.
- write your name in small letters on white construction paper. Use pencil.
- dip white construction paper in water
- put wet paper in folded towel to blot
- align inked scratch foam on sleeve protector INK SIDE UP
- put damp white paper on scratch foam NAME SIDE UP (align using the sleeve protector)
- rub paper firmly without wiggling
- PULL THE PRINT
Printing station. Students align foam with white rectangle, damp paper with blue rectangle.
The third graders were amazed!!!! Vibrant colored cupcakes for their beautiful birthday cards.
ARE YOU READY FOR EVEN MORE FUN?????
- Students re-ink the scratch foam plates using a different color scheme. It doesn't matter if the plate still has a little color on it – go right over the plate with a different color.
Students should carefully sign their name on the back of the foam plate WITH PENCIL. Write small.
A word of caution: as always, test this project out yourself before attempting with your students.
1) The degree of dampness of the printing paper is critical. Too dry and the ink won't transfer to the paper. Too wet and the ink will bleed and blur as the paper dries. For blotting, a fresh beach towel is ideal. My towel was too damp by the third class of the day. I wish I had a couple of fresh dry ones with me. Next year!
2) Size of drawing matters. Tiny drawings the size of a thumbnail just won't look good.
Day 2: Embellish Prints with Oil Pastels
Students have the option of embellishing their dry prints. These cupcakes are decorated with oil pastel. This is a great way to rescue students less-than-perfect prints. Can you imagine these with a little clear glitter and/or a sequin?
Next we trim our cupcake prints and glue them onto colored construction paper. What fabulous birthday cards for all our family and friends.
Fun – colorful – successful – easy to clean up!
This would be a great Wayne Thiebaud lesson plan – it relates to his dessert paintings in terms of subject matter and repetition.
Wayne Thiebaud. Cakes. 1963
A huge thank you to Carol Catelano Webb, master art teacher, who taught this printing process at a San Diego Art Educators workshop back in 2005.


text:
- Adobe eBook Reader
This book investigates the changing roles and perceptions of old age in nineteenth-century America. It shows how the economic and social transformation of the nation affected the condition of the aged, as it altered beliefs about their abilities and needs. Focusing on the ideas of doctors, charity workers, and social planners, it traces the process by which their view of senescence was incorporated into geriatric medicine, the development of the nation's first old-age homes and mandatory retirement plans. With the adoption of these programmes, old age came to be seen as a widespread social problem. By the early twentieth century, it had become characterized as a time of dependence and disease - an attitude which continues to influence the way that modern Americans perceive and treat the elderly.


outage was longer than the outage in the original fault. Sometimes, a trade-off is made such that the impact of the unscheduled fault is minimized at the expense of the repair activity. This is usually a good trade-off because the repair activity is usually a scheduled event, so we can limit the impact via procedures and planning. If you have ever waited for an fsck to finish when booting a system, then you've felt the impact of such decisions and understand why modern file systems have attempted to minimize the performance costs of fsck, or eliminated the need for fsck altogether.
Modeling the system in this way means that we will consider both the unscheduled faults as well as the planned repair, though we usually make the simplifying assumption that there will be one repair action for each unscheduled fault.
If this sort of characterization sounds tedious, well it is. But it is the best way for us to measure the performance of a subsystem under faulted conditions. Trying to measure the performance of a more complex system with multiple servers, switches, and arrays under a comprehensive set of fault conditions would be untenable. We do gain some reduction of the test matrix because we know that some components have no impact on performance when they fail.
Next we build a RAScad model for the system. I usually use a heirarchial model built from components which hides much of the complexity from me, but for this simpler example, the Markov model looks like this:
Markov model
Where the states are explained by this table:
Transition Rate
No failures
rate (=1/MTTR)
1 UIC_Dn
1 UIC is down
UIC failure rate
System is down
Midplane failure rate
1 Ctlr_Dn
1 Controller is down
Controller failure rate
1 PCU is down
PCU failure rate
1 disk is under reconstruction
Disk reconstruction rate
1 disk is under reconstruction, 1 spare disk available
Disk failure rate
No spare disk
One parity group loses 1 disk, no
spare available, no disk reconstruction
Solving the Markov model will provide us with the average staying time per year in each of the states. Note that we must make some sort of assumptions about the service response time. We will usually use 4 hour service response time for enterprise-class operations. Is that assumption optimal? We don't always know, so that is another feature of a system I'll explore in a later blog.
So now we have the performance for each state, and the average staying time per year. These are two variables, so lets graph them on an X-Y plot. To make it easier to compare different systems, we sort by the performance (in the Y-axis). We call the resulting graph a performability graph or P-Graph for short. Here is an example of a performability graph showing the results for three different RAID array configurations.
simple performability graph
I usually label availability targets across the top as an alternate X-axis label because many people are more comfortable with availability targets represented as "nines" than seconds or minutes. In order to show the typically small staying time, we use a log scale on the X-axis. The Y-axis shows the performance metric. I refer to the system's performability curve as a performability envelope
because it represents the boundaries of performance and availability, where we can expect the actual use to fall below the curve for any interval.
Suppose you have a requirement for an array that delivers 1,500 iops with "four-nines" availability. You can see from the performability graph that Product A and C can deliver 1,500 iops, Product C can deliver "four-nines" availability, but only Product A can deliver both 1,500 iops and "four-nines" availability.
To help you understand the composition of the graph, I colored some of the states which have longer staying times.
composite fault performability graph
You can see that some of the failure states have little impact on performance, whereas others will have a significant impact on performance. For this array, when a power supply/battery unit fails, the write cache is placed in write through mode, which has a significant performance impact. Also, when a disk fails and is being reconstructed, the overall performance is impacted. Now we have a clearer picture of what performance we can expect from this array per year.
This composition view is particularly useful for product engineers, but is less useful to systems engineers. For complex systems, there are many products, many failure modes, and many more trade-offs to consider. More on that later...
Wednesday Oct 03, 2007
Adaptec webinar on disks and error handling
Adaptec has put together a nice webinar called Nearline Data Drives and Error Handling. If you work with disks or are contemplating building your own home data server, I recommend that you take 22 minutes to review the webinar. As a systems vendor, we are often asked why we made certain design decisions to favor data over costs, and I think this webinar does a good job of showing how some of the complexity of systems design covers a large number of decision points. Here in the RAS Engineering group we tend to gravitate towards the best reliability and availability of systems, which still requires a staggering number of design trade-offs. Rest assured that we do our best to make these decisions with your data in mind.
For the ZFSers in the world, this webinar also provides some insight into how RAID systems like ZFS are designed, and why end-to-end data protection is vitally important.
Enjoy! And if you don't want your Starbuck's gift card, send it to me :-)
Friday May 04, 2007
ZFS, copies, and data protection
OpenSolaris build 61 (or later) is now available for download. ZFS has added a new feature that will improve data protection: redundant copies for data (aka ditto blocks for data). Previously, ZFS stored redundant copies of metadata. Now this feature is available for data, too.
This represents a new feature which is unique to ZFS: you can set the data protection policy on a per-file system basis, beyond that offered by the underlying device or volume. For single-device systems, like my laptop with its single disk drive, this is very powerful. I can have a different data protection policy for the files that I really care about (my personal files) than the files that I really don't care about or that can be easily reloaded from the OS installation DVD. For systems with multiple disks assembled in a RAID configuration, the data protection is not quite so obvious. Let's explore this feature, look under the hood, and then analyze some possible configurations.
Using Copies
To change the numbers of data copies, set the copies property. For example, suppose I have a zpool named "zwimming." The default number of data copies is 1. But you can change that to 2 quite easily.
# zfs set copies=2 zwimming
The copies property works for all new writes, so I recommend that you set that policy when you create the file system or immediately after you create a zpool.
You can verify the copies setting by looking at the properties.
# zfs get copies zwimming
zwimming copies 2 local
ZFS will account for the space used. For example, suppose I create three new file systems and copy some data to them. You can then see that the space used reflects the number of copies. If you use quotas, then the copies will be charged against the quotas, too.
# zfs create -o copies=1 zwimming/single
# zfs create -o copies=2 zwimming/dual
# zfs create -o copies=3 zwimming/triple
# cp -rp /usr/share/man1 /zwimming/single
# cp -rp /usr/share/man1 /zwimming/dual
# cp -rp /usr/share/man1 /zwimming/triple
# zfs list -r zwimming
zwimming 48.2M 310M 33.5K /zwimming
zwimming/dual 16.0M 310M 16.0M /zwimming/dual
zwimming/single 8.09M 310M 8.09M /zwimming/single
zwimming/triple 23.8M 310M 23.8M /zwimming/triple
This makes sense. Each file system has one, two, or three copies of the data and will use correspondingly one, two, or three times as much space to store the data.
Under the Covers
ZFS will spread the ditto blocks across the vdev or vdevs to provide spatial diversity. Bill Moore has previously blogged about this, or you can see it in the code for yourself. From a RAS perspective, this is a good thing. We want to reduce the possibility that a single failure, such as a drive head impact with media, could disturb both copies of our data. If we have multiple disks, ZFS will try to spread the copies across multiple disks. This is different than mirroring, in subtle ways. The actual placement is ultimately based upon available space. Let's look at some simplified examples. First, for the default file system configuration settings on a single disk.
Default, simple config
Note that there are two copies of the metadata, by default. If we have two or more copies of the data, the number of metadata copies is three.
ZFS, 2 copies
Suppose you have a 2-disk stripe. In that case, ZFS will try to spread the copies across the disks.
ZFS, 2 copies


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The distinction between networks and augmented trees is interesting from a biological, computational and mathematical point of view. An augmented tree is the result of adding cross-connecting branches to a tree, turning it into a network. So each augmented tree is a network (called a tree-based network). But is each network an augmented tree? In a previous blog post we showed that this is not the case. There exist networks that are inherently network-like and cannot be obtained by adding branches to a tree. (If we are allowed to create new nodes by subdividing branches of the tree, but are not allowed to subdivide any of the previously-added branches.)
The biological question here is as follows: is evolution a tree-like process augmented with horizontal events, or is evolutionary inherently network-like?
This concept is also relevant to phylogenetic network reconstruction approaches, because several such methods work by adding edges to an estimated species tree. Therefore, there exist networks that will always be missed by such methods.
Interestingly, it has turned out that it is easy to find out if a given network is tree-based or not. A polynomial-time algorithm was presented recently by Francis and Steel:
Andrew Francis and Mike Steel, Which Phylogenetic Networks are Merely Trees with Additional Arcs? Systematic Biology (2015).
They solve the problem by reducing it to a model called 2-SAT, which is interesting because it automatically leads to a very simple and fast algorithm solving the problem.
An interesting question that remains open is the following. Given a network and a tree, can we decide in polynomial time if the network can be obtained by adding edges to the given tree? Another question is whether there exists a clean graph-theoretic characterisation of tree-based networks.
Below you see Mike Steel presenting their recent paper at the Phylogenetic Networks Workshop in Singapore. He also discussed other recent results, concerning folding and unfolding phylogenetic trees and networks, as well as distance-based methods for detecting reticulation.


Science Fiction Filmsite
Home Films The Promise of Science Credits References
Twelve Monkeys
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General Information:
Year Released: 1995
Country: US
Director: Terry Gilliam
Opening image.
Twelve Monkeys portrays a world where science and technology are instruments of oppression.
The tools of science and technology which we see in 2035 are dirty and seem antiquated. This creates an atmosphere which matches the pre-human moral values of the future scientists. These people treat the humanity of individuals with indifference while claiming that they are trying to recover Earth from the animals. Human consciousness seems to have lost its higher order function and regressed to animalism. The film suggests that this is due, in part, to the way science and technology are used to control and oppress.
The 2035 prison where
Cole is kept.
In the futurist world of 2035, men have become guinea pigs for the elite scientists. Prisoners are kept in close quarters which highly resemble today's lab animal cages. They are inventoried with bar codes which are tattooed on their necks. Prisoners are routinely used for experiments that they "volunteer" for -- and rarely return from.
In the beginning of the film, Cole is forced to take such a trip -- a journey to the surface of the planet. He sees a bear, a lion, and numerous birds and insects in downtown Philadelphia. He plucks a spider from its web as a specimen for the scientists.
This is only the start of the use of technology as a tool for oppression. When Cole returns from this trip, he is scrubbed, poked and prodded, and asked endless questions. This treatment is similar to the treatment that the scientists in The Andromeda Strain receive from their computer-controlled containment facility, Wildfire.
The Promise of Science: Time Travel
The time machine used by 2035 scientists.
The World War I photograph of Cole.
The Promise of Science: Man Made Life
A deadly virus that eradicates most of the population of the planet is the artificial life created in Twelve Monkeys. Despite the importance of the virus to this film's story, we never learn a great deal about it. It was manufactured during the 1990s, probably by Goines' father. This is the only person we know of who is capable of creating it. When it was first released in 1996, everybody thought that it was some kind of flu -- until people started dying and no cure could counter it.
The scientists of 2035 are attempting to learn about the virus by collecting specimens of other animals who have survived the plague. Although we never see these scientists in action, what we do see of their science (the inaccurate time travel machine, questionable ethics, and antiquated equipment) suggests that they will probably not get too far in their quest to create a cure.
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. erika..
. last modified: Jul 20, 2000.


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Tree "kickers" are hardwood logs which are used to deflect stream flow away from an unstable bank area. One or more logs are anchored to the streambank on an outside curve and placed at an angle to "kick" stream flow away from the bank and toward the middle of the stream. Brush is tied between the log and the bank to prevent scour erosion. Kickers are often used with other practices such as evergreen revetments (see Guide No. 12 Evergreen Revetments) which further protect streambanks from eroding forces, and with dormant cuttings and hardwood plantings which reestablish root systems in the bank. See Guides No. 07 Restoring Streambanks with Vegetation, No. 08 Trees for Ditches, and No. 13 Forested Buffer Strips for detailed information on these practices.
A kicker is one of several biotechnical practices described in the Ohio Stream Management Guides. These practices use vegetative or other natural materials to achieve stream management objectives, usually erosion control. One of the chief advantages of biotechnical practices is that they help restore natural stream features, like in-stream habitat and streambank vegetation. Guide No. 10, Biotechnical Projects in Ohio, provides an overview of biotechnical practices. It also maps over 50 project sites and lists contacts who can arrange for site visits.
Some site conditions and/or project objectives (such as protecting existing structures on the streambank) will require use of more traditional, structurally engineered solutions. This is particularly true where high velocity flows can be expected. In other situations, a combination of structural and biotechnical practices may provide both strength and habitat. No project should be undertaken without an understanding of the functions of stream energy and the source of any problem to be corrected. Guide No. 03, Stream Management and the Stream's Natural Processes, will provide an overview of stream dynamics and the impacts land and channel management practices have on streams. Technical assistance about stream dynamics can also be obtained at your local Soil & Water Conservation District. The phone numbers are listed under county government in your local phone directory.
The purpose of this Ohio Stream Management Guide is to describe the generally suitable site conditions and the design, installation and maintenance steps for tree kickers. The guidelines provided are based on years of field experience in Ohio, particularly on Scenic Rivers. As with any construction project in a stream, the Ohio Department of Natural Resources recommends you consult with the applicable local, state and federal authorities listed in Guide No. 06, Permit Checklist for Stream Modification Projects, prior to construction. The extent of permit requirements will depend on the location and design of your project.
Where to Use Kickers
Tree kickers are most often used to correct bank undercutting, especially where the crest of the cut bank is five feet (ft.) or more above normal water levels. A kicker deflects the concentration of stream energy away from the bank. In addition, kickers help rebuild the bank by providing an area for sediments to deposit and provide underwater structure for fish and aquatic insects. The construction guidelines in this Guide apply to this use of the kicker practice. Tree kickers are occasionally used to deflect flows into a point bar on an opposite bank to erode sediment deposits. The sediments will then redeposit downstream where stream velocity slows.
Always look for the cause of erosion when considering how to solve it. If the bank is eroded from flow coming over the bank from adjacent land, kickers are not applicable. If the stream is just naturally meandering, protection measures should not be installed unless really necessary. Tree kickers will not correct erosion due to lack of root structure. In that case, new vegetation should be planted. However, banks which lack vegetation and root structure are vulnerable to undercutting, so a kicker might be needed in addition to the new vegetation.
Channel depth at the construction site needs to be shallow enough for a person to safely stand and work during low flows. Kickers work best where there are trees, preferably live ones, on the bank onto which one or more logs can be anchored. Since the kicker practice alone does not include planting vegetation, it can be used in shady areas. Kickers are most often installed in streams where the channel width is less than 100 ft. but wide enough so that deflected stream flows do not cause erosion on the opposite bank.
Design and Construction Guidelines
Choosing a Kicker Log - Any available tree can be used for the deflecting log, including those found in the channel. In fact, woody debris found in stream channels can be put to good use in constructing kickers. Excess debris (that which is causing an obstruction) should be removed from both the channel and the floodplain. The best species for kicker logs are hardwood trees, which deteriorate slowly, and/or trees with dense branches, which slow stream flow and catch sediments. The size of the log(s) should be compatible with the channel width and stream flow at the site. Of course, the anchor trees should be as large or larger than the kicker log.
Brush or evergreen trees should be cabled to the kicker log in the area between the log and the bank (see Figure 1). Small trees with crowns intact can also be used. This prevents bank scour and traps sediments in the slower, "backwater" area. If the kicker log still has its root wad attached, extra care should be taken to tie brush around the wad on the side toward the bank. Root wads are excellent for in-stream habitat structure but increase the likelihood of bank scour.
Do not anchor the kicker log or the brush to the streambank. During high flows the log and attached brush need to be able to rise with the water. If high velocity flows occur before sediments have a chance to build up and "attach" the kicker log to the bed and bank, those flows may scour under the kicker structure. Choosing logs with large and dense branches helps prevent this scour. Repair or replacement may, however, be necessary. If this is a concern, and the stream size and project design allows the kicker log diameter to be about 6 inches or less, you can try anchoring the top end of the kicker log into the stream bed or bank to prevent it from floating. Anchoring methods are discussed in Guide No. 12, Evergreen Revetments.
It is important to avoid hitting any utility lines during excavation and it is easy to be safe by using the "Call Before You Dig" service (1-800/_PHONE_) 48 hours prior to digging. They will contact local utility companies and have them flag any lines located near your project.
Kicker Construction - A four-wheel drive truck or small tractor can be used to pull the kicker logs into place. Cable and two or three snatch block pulleys can be used to angle the logs without moving the truck more than necessary. A manual come-along can be used if the logs are not too large. At least two people should work together to safely place and angle the logs correctly. Secure the logs with cables and clamps as shown in Figures 1 and 3. After construction, be sure to reseed any areas disturbed by the vehicle.
Equipment - In addition to the items mentioned above, you will need:
- A first aid kit
- Chain saw and appropriate safety equipment: hard hat and goggles, chaps and gloves
- Saw or loppers for harvesting brush
- Steel aircraft cable, 3/8, 1/2 or 5/8 inch, depending on the kicker log's size.
- Clamps sized to match the cable; bring extra to replace any lost in the water. Some lost clamps can be recovered with a large magnet.
- Standard deep well 3/8 drive socket set with 9/16, 1/2, 5/8 inch extensions - or Open end wrench set, 5 pieces including 9/16, 1/2, 5/8 inch sizes
- Wire and/or 1/4 inch cable to tie the brush together and secure it to the deflector log
- Pliers and wire cutters, if using wire
- Sledge hammer and sledge-type cable cutter
- Chest waders
- A back hoe if excavating trench for a dead man anchor
Maintenance - During the first year or two after construction at least two people should inspect the kicker(s) after high water events and make any necessary repairs. Check the angle of the kicker and adjust it as necessary. Make sure the cable on the deflector logs and brush is wrapped tight, add more brush if you find evidence of scouring, and tighten any loose clamps. Inspect and maintain the kicker annually after that.
An important factor in every maintenance check is to make sure the cable around the live trees is not too tight. If the bark on the trunk is expanding beyond the cable, the tree is being girdled and its life is being threatened. Use the extra cable which you left loose during the installation to ease the wrapped cable as the tree grows. Use the wooden blocks, too, to ease pressure on the live trees. After several years it may be possible to eliminate the cable on the anchor trees altogether. This is only possible where enough new sediment has settled in to solidly reestablish the bank so that the kicker is secure without it being anchored to the trees.
This Guide is one of a series of Ohio Stream Management Guides covering a variety of watershed and stream management issues and methods of addressing stream related problems. The first several guides in the series are overview guides intended to give the reader an understanding of the functions and values of streams. For more information about stream management programs, issues and methodologies, see Guide No. 05 Index of Titles or call the ODNR Division of Water at 614/265-674


Nearly 58% of flu increase in Arizona found in children
The Arizona Department of Health Services reports compared to last year's flu season, the number of flu cases has increased by nearly 75% and about 58% of that increase is the B-strain, also known as the Influenza B, and is mainly found in children ages 18 and younger.
"We know that Influenza B impacts kiddos more and we usually see that in the second half of the influenza season," Dr. Cara Christ said.
The health department says this year, flu cases started popping up earlier and they are seeing a lot more of them -- approximately 8,600 cases have been reported this flu season so far.
"When we look at influenza, we see in Arizona a peek between January and March," Dr. Christ said. "This year, we've seen cases as early as October or November."
And there's a large number of flu cases that go undocumented.
"So the cases that we're reporting, we know are only the tip of the iceberg because they are the ones that have gone, had the flu tested and have been reported to the department," Dr. Christ said. "A lot of people don't go to the doctor for flu, so we know we're just seeing a small minority of cases."
However, the department of health also says although flu cases have spiked, the number of flu shots has stayed the same.


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Hammond Family History
Hammond Surname History
Hammond family history has a rich and complex origin of which the particulars have been accumulated over the years by Hammond family researchers. The last name Hammond is an old lineage that has spread all across the world over time, and as the Hammond family has migrated, it has evolved making its etymology a challenge to unearth. This page is the home for the complete history of the Hammond surname, Hammond etymology, and history of people with the Hammond name.
No content has been submitted here about Hammond. The following is speculative information about Hammond. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
The evolution of Hammond begins with the origins of thefamily name. Even in the earliest days of a name there are variations in that single name simply because family names were infrequently written down that long ago.
As these families emigrated between countries and languages, the Hammond name may have changed with them. Hammond families have moved across various regions all throughout history. It was not unusual for a surname to change as it enters a new country or language.
Hammond country of origin
No content has been submitted about the Hammond country of origin. The following is speculative information about Hammond. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
The nationality of Hammond is often difficult to determine because countries change over time, making the nation of origin indeterminate. The original ethnicity of Hammond may be difficult to determine as result of whether the surname came about naturally and independently in multiple locales; for example, in the case of names that are based on a professional trade, which can come into being in multiple regions independently (such as the family name "Baker" which refers to the craft of baker).
Meaning of the last name Hammond
No content has been submitted about the meaning of Hammond. The following is speculative information about Hammond. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
The meaning of Hammond come may come from a profession, such as the name "Dean" which may have been adopted by members of the clergy. Many of these trade-based family names might be a profession in some other language. Because of this it is important to know the ethnicity of a name, and the languages used by its early ancestors. Many western names like Hammond originate from religious texts such as the Quran, the Bible, the Bhagavadgītā, and other related texts. In many cases these surnames are shortened versions of a religious phrase such as "Worthy of praise".
- Will Hammond
- Verna Hammond
- Warren Hammond 1826 -?
- Emma Parilee Hammond Hosch 1870 -?
- Minnie Louise Hammond 1885 -?
- Charles Samuel Hammond 1857 -?
- Joseph Hammond 1867 -?
- Caroline Mary (Finch) Hammond 1823 -?
- Helen J. Hammond 1885 -?
- Clara Hammond
- Julia Augusta Hammond 1861 -?
- Sarah Hammond
- Minnie Louise Hammond Miller
- Elizabeth Roby Hammond 1846 -?
- William Clinton Hammond 1864 -?
Hammond Family Tree
Famous people named Hammond
No famous people named Hammond have been submitted. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
Nationality and Ethnicity of Hammond
No content has been submitted about the ethnicity of Hammond. The following is speculative information about Hammond. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
We do not have a record of the primary ethnicity of the name Hammond. Many surnames travel around the world throughout the ages, making their original nationality and ethnicity difficult to trace.
More about the name Hammond
Fun facts about the Hammond family
We have no fun facts about Hammond. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
Hammond spelling variations
No content has been submitted about alternate spellings of Hammond. The following is speculative information about Hammond. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
Knowing spelling variations and alternate spellings of the Hammond surname are important to understanding the etymology of the name. Family names like Hammond change in how they're spelled as they travel across communities, family unions, and eras over the years. In the past, when few people knew how to write, names such as Hammond were transcribed based on how they were heard by a scribe when people's names were recorded in government records. This could have given rise misspellings of Hammond.


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The Millennium Development Goals 2001 (MDG) have the promotion of gender equality and empowerment of women as goal number three. Uganda is a signatory to the MDG and has put in place mechanisms like the PEAP to address poverty eradication. Since 1997, for instance the Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP) has formed the guiding framework for achieving poverty reduction in Uganda. This also feeds into Uganda's Vision 2025.
The PEAP adopts a multi-sectoral approach, recognizing the multi-dimensional nature of poverty. To ensure that all stakeholders are aware of the programe activities and are able to participate in planning and local budgeting, and to deliver the information needed by stakeholders at all levels; PEAP has developed communication strategies.
Within the context of information and knowledge, the PEAP recognizes that information is crucial for poverty eradication. It recognizes the media as one of the stakeholders involved in getting the PEAP to work, and indicates that Radio, newspapers and television have a role to play in getting information quickly to wide sections of the population. While the PEAP also recognizes the value of new communication technologies like email and Internet, it points out that the information may be used to:
Help educate people on how to develop new business.
Give advice about new techniques.
Bring news on successful planning to eradicate poverty in another part of the country.
Advise people when funds have arrived at the district, how much has been given and for what activities.
For the successful implementation of the PEAP however the media needs to understand the goals, objectives and targets of the PEAP. A review of media work indicates that some of their efforts are directed towards the goals of PEAP.
UMWA as an organization appreciates the goals of the PEAP and has made efforts to ensure that the members understand the goals. Through the media outlets The Other Voice and Mama FM, issues relating to the PEAP have been discussed. More specifically, UMWA has worked with Panos London to organize an awareness seminar on the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper for Uganda. Since then, UMWA has developed the Get Smart Rural Women's project to improve the livelihoods of rural women through creating awareness about government programs in an easy to consume format. This is to ensure increased production and income for the women in line with Pillar 3 of the PEAP (Popular Version 2002).
The right of the public to access public information and place the process of government under scrutiny is one of the defining characteristics of liberal democracy. Public access to government information is a fundamental principle of self-government. When citizens are denied access to information about the basic workings of their government, they are also denied the ability to exercise fully their right of self-government. Ensuring this right is not abused; a number of regulations are in place. They include:
Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, binding on all states as a matter of customary international law, proclaims the right to information and freedom of expression. Uganda is also a party to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, which guarantees freedom of expression in Article 9.
Article 29 of the Ugandan Constitution guarantees freedom of expression in the following terms: 29(1) Every person shall have the right to- (a) freedom of speech and expression, which shall include freedom of the press and other media.
Article 41. (1) 'Every citizen has a right of access to information in the possession of the State or any other organ or agency of the State except where the release of the information is likely to prejudice the security or sovereignty of the State or interfere with the right to the privacy of any other person. Restrictions on fundamental rights are provided for in Section 43 of the Constitution.
Informed public opinion should, therefore, be seen not as a threat to government, but as a restraint upon misgovernment. In that regard, a public right of access to information has the potential advantage of promoting efficient government, greater accountability in the conduct of public affairs, and a higher quality of decision-making. It is also key reason why the media exists. UMWA has expressed concern for the abuse of these rights and through various projects tried to ensure these rights are not abused.
Beyond the constitutional guarantees, the legal and policy framework governing media and press activities in Uganda includes:
The Press and Journalist Statute 1995: As provided in its preamble, the purpose of the statute is to ensure the freedom of the press, to provide for a council responsible for the regulation of mass media, to establish an institute of journalists of Uganda and to repeal the Newspaper and Publications Act (1964) and the Press Censorship and Correction Act.
Though unstated, the overall mission of the statute as stated by government officials on several occasions is to bestow legal recognition to journalism as a profession in Uganda. This would put it on the same level as other professions that are regulated by statue.
The statute establishes the media council, which is charged with the regulation of conduct and promotion of ethical standards and discipline by journalists, arbitration of disputes between the public and the media and the state among other functions. However, majority of the council members are government appointees who are under the authority of the minister in charge of information, thereby putting its independence in question.
The council exercises considerable power over the mass media in Uganda, including the power to censor. This gives the government legitimate leeway to restrict the freedom of journalists to disseminate information and comment freely on topical national issues.
The statute establishes the National Institute of Journalists of Uganda (NIJU), which is charged with establishing and maintaining professional fellowship among journalists. There is controversy over membership qualifications of NIJU. Full membership is limited to those with a first degree in mass communication or other disciplines with additional qualification in journalism.
The contention is that journalism was offered as a degree at Makerere University in just 1988 and even then the intake was very limited to 20 students for each academic year till 1995 when the evening classes commenced. This therefore leaves out a considerable number of practicing journalists who do not possess the requisite qualifications.
Electronic media statute 1996 provides for the establishment of a broadcasting council whose function is to issue licences and regulate radio and television stations. The statute provides for the establishment of a broadcasting council consisting of 12 members who are appointed by the minister of information. The council issues licences, a function performed by the media council thereby creating duplicity of roles.
Requirements for a license are not clear, thereby giving room for arbitrary abuse when issuing or denying licences. The law also imposes the payment for a TV licence. The interesting aspect is that less than 10 percent of the population own television sets, if then tracking people's residential locations is difficult because there is no proper address system in Uganda.
Sections of the Penal Code: The penal code has a number of provisions relating to the media. It however restricts freedoms of expression as it provides for a number of offences media practitioners are liable to and prescribes heavy and often unjustifiable sentences.
The sections in question are:
Sections 37 – gives a minister unlimited discretion to prohibit the importation of a publication whenever she/he 'considers it in the public interest'.
Section 38(1) provides punishment of two years or a fine of two thousand shillings or both on a first offence and an array of other punishments on subsequent offences. It further prohibits having such publications in possession and similarly prescribes punishment. The law is reminiscent of colonial rule and police states.
39 A (1995) outlaws publishing of information regarding military operations, troop movement or location, military supply etc. which may endanger the safety of military operations or assist the enemy or disrupt public order and security. An offender is liable on conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years.
Sections 41, 42 and 43, which provide for the offence of sedition are some of the most controversial provisions in the penal code. Section 42A is the anti-sectarianism law. Section 43 grants powers to government to confiscate printing machines that are involved in printing seditious material.
Section 50 deals with publication of false news – an offence termed as misdemeanour. The concern of the state is that such publications cause fear and alarm the public. 50 A and B prohibit incitement to violence and to refuse or delay payment of taxes through publications or other means. The DPP is responsible with making a decision as to whether an incitement has occurred and therefore commence prosecution.
Section 51 prohibits defamation of foreign dignitaries.
Section 174-181 deals with criminal defamation. Under section 175(2) charges of criminal defamation can be brought against the alleged offender even if the person allegedly offended is alive or dead. This legislation is inconsistent with freedoms of expression and media as guaranteed by the constitution; it is also untenable in democratic societies. It has been argued that these offences are similar to civil defamation except when the state decides it is a serious criminal offence.
Some of the fines awarded against media houses are colossal (17,000 USD (20m Ug. Shs.) and have often resulted in their closure. It is therefore important that these laws be repealed or be amended because they place undue restrictions on media practice in Uganda.
Information and communication Policy
The development of this policy started in 1998 with the increase usage of new information and communication technologies (ICTs) like computers and the Internet. Though not primarily focused on the media, it goes towards creating a framework of clearly articulating roles and responsibilities for media in development. At the development stage of this policy, the communication white paper indicated that that the objective of the policy was:
"to ensure that the provision of information should be comprehensive as possible and so designed that it reaches its targeted recipients in the forms best adopted to their needs and circumstances of reception. This is with the intention of making available the


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Is there a way to let a line, polygon,..., looks like it has been scribbled or hand drawn?

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Sure, break the line into several lines (or use a path with as many segments as you want). It should be fairly trivial to write a script that adds a bit of randomness to the points in each path segment. Another way is to use svg filters, see this example (more context and further examples available here).
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Publish Your Map on the Web
Here are two (free!) options for publishing your Folium map on the web.
One of the easiest ways to publish your map is to drag and drop your map into Netlify.
All you need to do is:
 1. Create a folder for your web map (which you can name whatever you want, e.g. "my-web-map")
 2. Change the name of your map HTML file to "index.html"
 3. Move "index.html" inside your web map folder
 4. Then drag and drop this folder into Netlify
Netlify will create a live site with your map (at a random URL), which will stay online for 24 hours. To make this site permanent and/or change the site URL, you can sign up for a free Netlify account. To change the site's name, go to Settings -> Site Details -> "Change site name"
You can check out a sample map published with Netlify here:
GitHub Pages
You can also publish your map as a simple website with GitHub Pages (as featured in the example above). Below I'm going to walk through the key points of the GitHub Pages tutorial for creating a "Project site."
Though you don't need to be a GitHub expert to make a GitHub Pages website, understanding the following premises will be helpful:
 - GitHub consists of "repositories" where you can store files and code for your projects
 - Git (the backbone of GitHub) is a version-control system that helps you keep track of the changes in your projects. Whereas a platform like Google Docs automatically keeps track of changes that you make in a document, Git needs you to record and track your own changes in a more explicit way. You will need to "commit" any changes that you make (e.g., adding your map file) and include a message that describes this change (e.g., "added a map file").
For more information, refer back to our course materials Git & GitHub or see GitHub's official guides.
Create a New Repository
If you don't have one already, create a GitHub account. Then create a "New repository".
Your free GitHub Pages website will be hosted at a URL that combines your GitHub user name and your repository name, like so So be sure to choose your names wisely!
Provide a name for your repository and then click "Create Repository."
Choose a GitHub Pages Theme
Choose a theme/style/layout for your website. Go to Settings -> GitHub Pages -> "Choose a theme". For this tutorial, I'm choosing the "Minimal" theme.
Once you've selected a theme, you can delete the text that's included in the default "" file. Whatever you put in this Markdown (.md) file will be featured on your web site's home page. For now, you can put something simple in the file, add a "commit" message (such as "added website content"), and then "Commit changes" (you can "Commit directly to the master branch").
Markdown is a special markup language, which allows you to format and style text in a very simple way. For example, a hash mark # will format your text as a header and a pair of asterisks ** will format your text in italics.
To embed your map directly into your home page, return to your "" file, click the "Edit" button (the little pencil icon), and add the following "iframe" code with your map html file inside:
NOTE: HTML (like the iframe code above) is conveniently compatible with Markdown.
Customize Map
This GitHub Pages site is meant to be minimal (hence the name), but there are a few ways that you can customize it.
You can change the title of your website, provide a description, and add a logo by editing the "_config.yml" file, as below:
title: Sample Map Website
description: This website demonstrates how to easily publish and display an interactive map made with Folium. It features some hot spots around Ithaca, NY.
logo: Taughannock.jpg
**#**Note: You can also add a logo from an image URL, as below
You can read more about configuration options at the Minimal theme's GitHub page.
Sample Website
You can look at the GitHub repository for this sample website here:


Multiple owners increase depreciation claims
Split reports help accelerate deductions
An increase in BMT Tax Depreciation Schedules for more than one owner suggests co-ownership is becoming an increasingly popular trend.
It can also balance out the expenses of owning an investment property including ongoing repairs, maintenance and fees. Additionally, co-ownership can provide improved depreciation deductions, allowing more items to be depreciated at a higher rate. This is where a BMT Tax Depreciation split report can assist.
How does a split report work?
A split report calculates depreciation deductions based on each owner's percentage of ownership for each asset. This involves splitting the value of the assets based upon each owner's interest in the assets before applying depreciation rules.
In a scenario where there is just one owner, legislation allows property investors to claim an immediate write-off for assets with an opening value of $300 or less. However, when an investment property is co-owned by two parties with a 50:50 ownership share, a split report allows the owners to each claim an immediate write-off for items where their interest in the asset is below $300. This means the owners can claim an instant write-off for items which are less than $600 in total value.
The same method can be used when applying low-value pooling. Where an owner's interest in an asset is less than $1,000, these items will qualify to be placed in a low-value pool. This means they can be claimed at an increased rate of 18.75 per cent in the first year regardless of the number of days owned and 37.5 per cent from the second year onwards.
In a situation where ownership is split 50:50, by calculating an owner's interest in each asset first, the owners will qualify to pool assets which cost less than $2,000 in total to the low-value pool.
Distributing the value of assets based upon the percentage of ownership first will increase the number of assets which investors are eligible to claim an immediate write-off or low-value pooling for. As a result, the rate at which depreciation deductions can be applied will be accelerated and the owners will receive increased deductions in the earlier years of ownership.
BMT's split reports simplify this process and allow owners to get more from their investment. Each split report can also be provided in CSV format for easy importing into accounting software.
There is an option for owners who prefer a depreciation schedule without any split applied should this be required.
Visit BMT's co-ownership case study page to see how a split schedule increases deductions for two owners.
Article provided by BMT Tax Depreciation.
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text:
Dr. David Ayers
Associate Professor in Higher Education
Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language by Norman Fairclough
My career project has focused on how social institutions mediate the tensions between cultures of political economy on one hand and individual freedoms on the other. Critical Discourse Analysis has provided an analytical framework for pursuing this research agenda. In fact, Norman Fairclough's dialectical-relational approach to critical discourse analysis, which is detailed in this foundational text, inspired my first major publication, "Neoliberal Ideology in Community College Mission Statements". Although theories and methods of discourse analysis have advanced considerably since this book's publication in 1995, I constantly re-read it, cite it, and refer it to students. Every time I open the book, I achieve a deeper level of understanding. Critical Discourse Analysis has special meaning for me indeed, and it is an honor to have my name printed in this bookplate.


ematics. We find that the duration and kinematic profile of latch release are influenced by the latch's shape (Fig. 5B). The latch's shape is altered by increasing the radius of curvature of its edges, which reduces the speed of latch removal and allows the spring to release energy before the latch is fully removed. Consequently, the projectile's kinetic energy declines, the release point shifts (there is more stored energy left in the spring when the latch force goes to zero for a smaller radius latch), and release velocity decreases (constrained by the latch velocity and shape). The projectile's maximum kinetic energy decreases as the latch deviates further from an ideal latch (Fig. 6) in terms of geometry and latch removal kinematics (larger corner radius of curvature and slower latch removal velocity). Latch properties thus dramatically alter the F(x,v) landscape of the spring-driven system (Fig. 6).
Fig. 6 Latch geometry and latch removal kinematics influence projectile kinetic energy and the force-velocity profile of spring-driven launches.
(A) The maximum kinetic energy of the projectile (KEmax) decreases as the latch's radius of curvature (R) (see Fig. 5) is increased (star, R = 0.2 mm; diamond, R = 1 mm; triangle, R = 2 mm) and latch removal speed (vL) is decreased (increased inverse latch removal speed, 1/vL). The star symbol refers to the simulation depicted in Fig. 3B, to which both optimal latch and spring dynamics were applied. (B) This simulation applied the 1 mm radius of curvature latch at 0.5 m/s latch removal speed (diamond). In this case, force on the projectile was preserved and launch velocity remained high for small projectiles. (C) Incorporation of a large radius of curvature (2 mm) and slower removal velocity (0.25 m/s) caused a substantial reduction in force development during launching, which primarily affected the kinematics of smaller projectiles.
Even with many latch designs and patents in engineering, and the diverse evolutionary history of latching and control in biology (Table 2) (75, 76), the relevant metrics and dynamics of latch performance are still in need of basic characterization and analysis. Latches span a range of physical forces, such as osmotic transitions, contact, and phase changes (7678) (Tables 1 and 2). Biological latches use contact forces, geometric instability, pressure transitions, and cohesive forces (Table 2). Some trap-jaw ants (Myrmicinae) remove a physical block to release their fast-rotating mandibles (79). Venus flytraps use turgor pressure to alter their leaf curvature, such that energy is suddenly released when leaf geometry changes from convex to concave (80). Fern sporangia resist energy release with water pressure; sudden cavitation of the water triggers spore release (17). Similar in principle to the ferns, snapping shrimp use water cohesion to enable energy storage in the system until sufficient tension is generated and the cohesive forces are overcome (81). Ballistospores of the jelly fungus are launched at the instant when two water surfaces coalesce and release surface tension energy (82). Grasshoppers use a lever arm system that generates a positive feedback loop to trigger their jumps (83).
Latches are necessary for controlling the release of considerable elastic energy over vanishingly short durations. Several kinds of insects—fleas, froghoppers, and leafhoppers—rely on well-tuned relationships between latch linkages and springs to minimize jerk. In these systems, linkages increase mechanical advantage of the spring at approximately the same rate that spring force decreases, resulting in an approximately constant acceleration (49, 84). The ability of higher Young's modulus materials to enable energy storage at small scales is likely tied to the origin of latches that are formed through contacting surfaces. Evolutionary origins of latches likely accompanied high-capacity energy storage and the need for tuning of energy release.
Engineered systems also employ a wide variety of latches, including disengagement of physical structures based on contact forces and geometric rearrangements (Table 2). One of the oldest examples of a contact-based force latch is a cam mechanism by Leonardo da Vinci (85). This device uses intermittent contact to store potential energy in a slowly rising hammer that generates a large impact when released. The common mousetrap uses a contact latch (physical contact between two structures) that releases the spring-loaded trap upon disengagement (86). The small (7 g) jumping robot from Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) is a more modern design that uses the cam mechanism as a contact latch and releases the energy stored in torsional springs; this enables efficient jumping with small payloads through rough terrains (21). Inspired by latches in jumping insects, the water strider jumping robot uses a torque reversal catapult (TRC) mechanism to maintain a force profile that enables takeoff on both terrestrial and water surfaces (32). A Venus flytrap–inspired system uses bistable composite plates: SMAs slowly push the plates toward an unstable configuration, resulting in a rapid transition between the two stable states (34).
Integrated tuning and output of power-amplified systems
Power amplification emerges from the dynamic integration of motors, springs, and latches, yet it has most often been understood as a simple ratio of gross power output relative to power of the underlying motor. In biological systems, it is calculated as the system's power output relative to the maximum power output of the underlying muscle or, in a more conservative approach for systems in which muscle power output has not yet been quantified, relative to the highest measured power output of any biological system. In engineering, power amplification is typically referenced as the enhanced power density of a system. Not only does this approach black-box dynamics of these systems, it also misses the rich array of performance outputs that can be achieved and tuned through integration of these components. Therefore, we ask, What are the general principles of integrated tuning for power-amplified systems?
To achieve the greatest power amplification, spring properties must be optimized and matched to the motor, and the motor's properties must be shifted away from high power output and toward high force output. Spring-driven performance increases with motor force or motor range of motion but does not depend on maximum motor velocity. Therefore, increasing Fmax or d (even at the expense of vmax) improves performance. However, if other elements (e.g., spring or latch) are fixed, increasing motor force or range of motion does not necessarily lead to improved performance. The system must be fully integrated to confer the benefits of increasing the motor's capabilities.
We mathematically explore integration by allowing the motor's maximum force output to increase (Fig. 7). If spring stiffness is tuned to its optimal value as a function of Fmax, then maximum kinetic energy of a spring-driven projectile increases monotonically as a function of Fmax (Fig. 7A, solid blue curve), and power amplification intensifies (Fig. 7B, dashed green curve). On the other hand, if spring stiffness is fixed to the optimal stiffness for Fmax = 20 N, and, of equal importance, if the motor has no increased range of motion or the position of the latch is fixed, then increasing the motor's maximum force capacity above 20 N does not result in any additional kinetic energy delivered to the projectile (Fig. 7A, dashed red curve), and power amplification is diminished for Fmax = 30 N (Fig. 7B, dash-dotted orange curve). In other words, although a motor with a larger force capacity has the potential capability to produce more energy, unless the spring can store that energy over the limited range of motion of the motor, the motor will not reach its maximum force capacity and the overall performance of the system will not improve. This coupling is important not only between the spring and motor but also between all elements of the system, including the latch.
Fig. 7 Power amplification and kinetic energy represent the effects of strategic tuning of springs, motors, and latches.
(A) The dependence of the maximum kinetic energy of a projectile on the motor force capacity is determined by whether the spring stiffness is optimized as a function of motor force (blue solid curve) or is fixed (red dashed curve). This simulation is applied to a m = 1 g projectile. We simulate a motor with expanded force capacity compared with previous simulations (Fig. 1A), while keeping the motor range of motion fixed. Spring properties are optimized using the process illustrated in Fig. 4A. (B) Power amplification, PA (the ratio of maximum power delivered to the projectile from the spring-driven or motor-driven system), is strongly influenced by both the tuning of spring properties to motor properties and the projectile mass, particularly at smaller sizes. We simulate power amplification using earlier spring configurations (A) and again increase the force capacity of the motor. Tuning spring properties to motor force capacity enhances power amplification beyond what is achieved with a fixed spring stiffness, exemplifying the need to integrate and tune the motor, spring, and projectile load when attempting to maximize the projectile kinematics.
Even though the model is composed of few components, defined in the simplest terms, and with a modest array of nonideal behaviors, the outputs venture into a richer space than expected from previous research. Integration of these components not only determines the array of outputs and transition points, it also enables analysis of failure and scaling limits as more parameters are incorporated. A particular strength of power-amplified systems, especially ones with spring actuation, is that components are often spatially and temporally separated and thereby enable a modular approach to both