Last but not least
June 6, 2021
 by Paul McGowan
Following the past few day's posts about amplifier efficiency, Class AB biasing, and Class A biasing, let's wrap our little mini-series up with another topology most of us have not heard of, adaptive biasing.
The promise of adaptive biasing is a best of both worlds scenario: the efficiency of a Class AB circuit with the performance of a Class A amp. Sounds too good to be true, right?
The first time I ever heard about an adaptive biasing scheme was way back in the dark ages, the late 1970s. My very dear friend and one of the all-time good guys of audio, Nelson Pass, then of Threshold Corporation, had introduced the idea of what we called a sliding bias scheme, part of what later became known as the Stasis Circuit used in Nakamichi, Threshold and if memory serves correctly, even the Mark Levinson No. 33.
The core of this circuitry is covered in Nelson's patent from 1975 titled Active bias circuit for operating push-pull amplifiers in class A mode.
Simply put, Nelson's design raises the level of Class A bias in cadence with the rising input signal.
Recall in our discussion of Class AB design that a small amount of always-on power keeps small signals always on. In other words, we apply Class A (always-on) bias to the first 10% of the amplifiers output signal level, then switch over to the more efficient Class B for higher signals. Compare that to Class A operation which is always-on for any level of signal—always generating a shit-ton worth of heat (recall Class A amps are at their coolest when at full signal out).
What Nelson cleverly suggested was this. Take what we do in an AB amp where the first 10% of the signal is Class A and actively monitor the signal level. When any given input signal starts to exceed our 10% Class A bias, raise the limit from 10% to, say, 20% (or whatever is greater than the signal level), and continue on the path all the way up to 100%. Then back down again tracking the signal. The heat-producing bias is only enough to accommodate the signal, then goes away when it's not needed.
Thus, we get the benefits of both worlds. Efficient, and sweet-sounding.
Why doesn't every amp use this even today? (Nelson's patents ran their course years ago). Well, as with any design there are problems as well as advantages and this post is long enough already. Ain't nuthin' perfect. (We used this for several models of amps though their model numbers and dates escape me).
In any case, a juicy piece of history I'd thought I would share.
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21 comments on "Last but not least"
 1. Having read the posts the last few days, all this talk about heat is a bit like talking about cars in terms of their exhaust fumes. Both are the waste product of their inefficiency.
 "Why doesn't every amp use this even today?" The main reason may be because 20+ years ago manufacturers were designing better class A/B amplifiers so other than for a few audiophiles, they became redundant.
 Class A/B is still inefficent compared to class D. You can discuss fuel efficiency as much as you like, but a Tesla has no fumes as all, and is worth more than most of the rest of the US auto industry put together. Class D audio and electric vehicles are taking over their industries because of their efficiency, but it doesn't mean you have to like them.
 1. "Tesla is worth more than most of the rest of the US auto industry put together."
 You are referring to its market capitalization, which only reflects the inflated stock value, not the intrinsic value of its operation. Tesla is still a small company in terms of its revenues; and while the company is profitable, those profits do not yet derive from sales.
 1. It's valuation reflects the fact that it has a massive lead on the huge US auto market, but more importantly the best battery technology and production on the planet. No one comes close to the range of the Tesla. Richtea correctly points out issues with the UK infrastructure, and a bigger problem is making the vehicles as demand is far greater than supply. I see these as teething problems that will get sorted, and have improved a lot in the 2 years we've had an electric car, just as the battery life was a major issue with mobile phones and now is almost a non-issue.
 I said in my earlier post a few days ago that I saw heat a fundamental issue in home audio, solve that with Class D or ultra-efficient Class A/B and you open up a world of possibilities for consumer-friendly design without compromising sound quality. That revolution started at least 15 years ago.
 2. Steven, I realize you are not a scientist so maybe you should leave the science to those of us who are. Just because something emits an exhaust does not mean that it is inefficient. The condensing boiler that makes the hot water to heat my house and make domestic hot water for bathing wand washing burns natural gas and is 95% efficient. There is so little heat energy left in its exhaust that the exhaust is vented through PVC pipe that I can touch without any fear of burning my hand. Both electric and gas car are inefficient because the are both mechanical contrivances that are load with frictional losses.
 1. I calculated that my 42kW Nissan Leaf, based on 132,000 Btu from a gallon of petrol, does the equivalent of about 140 miles per gallon. I don't know any petrol cars that do that. Like A/B amplifiers, petrol cars consume fuel when sitting in traffic going nowhere, our old car idled at 800 revs, whereas electric cars consume nothing (if you have the aircon off).
 The Plinius SA-103 has been in production for many years and you can select Class A or A/B bias. Stats: Power/Current consumption: 485W/2.1A, class-A Idle. 92W/0.4A class-A/B Idle/Standby. People run these bridged at 400w Class A per channel. I remember reading a review saying they are so good in A/B that the Class A option is pretty pointless, especially given the heat they produce. A friend had one and they are just a huge massive lump.
 1. My Volkswagen Golf did that and I bought it in 2010. It did not always work. What they didn't tell me was that I was killing people with NOX. The Nissan has an eDrive thing. You drive on one pedal only and it brakes automatically. Apparently it's because it can brake more efficiently. My wife just loves it, especially the Bose stereo. There are massive tax breaks for going electric, we get next to no tax breaks for anything else. Maybe there should be tax breaks for buying a Class D amplifier.
 1. Steven,
 I haven't owned, or regularly driven, a motor vehicle for just over 10 years now, therefore I have decreased my carbon footprint greatly.
 Also, pleased do not be disparaging of "huge massive lumps" 193cm & 123kgs I consider myself a huge massive lump.
 2. Good points in Steven's post. I always thought hi-fi was about a journey to the best sound quality but now it seems we are being driven to be green. I've nothing against being green, it's a very worthy cause, but implementation needs to be planned and structured. I read the other day that new technologies can be accepted at a much faster rate than we might expect. Electric vehicles are rapidly gaining ground! Unfortunately here in the U.K. we don't at present have the charging infrastructure to support this which will give rise to a lot of problems. I expect the situation is similar in other countries. Imagine you plan a touring holiday. You can't charge at home so you have to plan a 'charging' route. Charging isn't as quick as filling with petrol. When you arrive at the charger it's already in use or it's out of service due to malfunction or vandalism. The connector might not fit your vehicle, they're not all the same. Think RCA to XLR, perhaps you'll need a crossover cable, hope the pins are wired correctly. Everything's good but they won't accept your payment method. There'll be other problems I haven't thought of, there always are. I appreciate this is a rather 'glass half empty' post but in the rush to be green and efficient I think we risk tripping ourselves up.
 What has this got to do with hi-fi, not a lot, but it might fuel the urge to stay home and listen to some more music. Going green, what about this idea. Why not power your hi-fi from solar panels, all that mains borne noise and DC issues gone in an instant.
 1. Solar chargers and Ap-Fi (as opposed to Hi-Fi) need a lot of electrical isolation. MPPT chargers are noisy brutes... So you'd still need to implement power conditioning to eliminate the (un)harmonic noise on the supply.
 3. My Denon POA-4400 monoblocs, from 1993, were 30watts cont.
 'A' class & 160watts cont. 'A/B' class (20Hz-20kHz)
 Fantastic little'straight wires with gain' they were.
 4. I believe the


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It seems that Perl can only have strings as the keys of a hash. (Has this been changed in a certain version of Perl?) It is very limiting to only be able to use strings as the key. What if I wanted an object or an array to be the key? In Python it is easy to use an array, tuple, and other objects that can compare, as dict keys. Perl does have the ability to compare things like arrays for equality, so I don't see why they can't be used as mapping-type keys.
Isn't there a way to use any key type in Perl? Is there a module that provides this?
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4 Answers
Yes it does, use fieldhashes (Hash::Util::FieldHash for 5.10+ and Hash::Util::FieldHash::Compat for before 5.10) to register your hashes as fieldhashes, and you can use any reference (and thus, any object) as a key for those hashes (it numifies the reference, essentially, and provides logic for dealing with CLONEing across threads and garbage collecting the keys), for example:
use Hash::Util qw/fieldhashes/;
fieldhashes \my (%foo, %bar, %baz);
my %data = (a => 1, b => 2, c => 3);
my $stuff = {t => 2, u => 3, l => 9};
$foo{\%data} = 'x';
$foo{$stuff} = 'a';
$bar{\%data} = 'y';
$bar{$stuff} = 'b';
$baz{\%data} = 'z';
$baz{$stuff} = 'c';
print "$foo{\%data} $bar{\%data} $baz{\%data}\n";
print "$foo{$stuff} $bar{$stuff} $baz{$stuff}\n";
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Yes, there is module for this on CPAN: Tie::Hash::StructKeyed. It takes into account whole structure, but as a snapshot. each/keys will return original reference.
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AFAIK Perl simply stringifies the keys?
package Foo;
use Moose;
use overload ('""' => \&stringify);
sub stringify {
 return "xxx";
package main;
use v5.10;
use Data::Dump 'pp';
my $foo = Foo->new;
my $hash = {$foo => 'bar'};
say pp($hash); // { xxx => "bar" }
This way you can also use whatever you want as a hash key. See also this thread on Perl Monks.
As for the equality, take a look at equality operators in perlop. The == operator compares numerically, the eq operator compares stringwise. This means that for example (4, 2) == (1, 2) is true (as scalar (4, 2) is 2), which might be a surprise for you.
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Contrary to what you said, Perl does NOT have the ability to compare things like arrays for equality as you claim. For starters, Perl has no definition for array equality. And if the definition requires comparing the contents of the array, then Perl doesn't have definitions of equality for most things that can be found in an array either.
The closest Perl has for a definition of equality arrays is their address. If that's what you want to use, then it's quite easy:
$key = ['a', 'b'];
$hash{$key} = [ $key, $val ]; # Prevents the key from being freed.
print $hash{$key}[1];
Otherwise, Perl leaves it up to you to implement what you want instead of forcing you to use what it provides. I see two main approaches.
A tied hash, basically code that presents the interface of a hash without actually being a hash table, can support any key type. You could use it to define your version of array equality. There might even be an existing module (although I didn't see one after a very quick search).
Another approach would be to create a function that produces a unique key from the key expression.
sub key{ "_USER_" } # Overly simplistic?
$hash{key('a', 'b')} = $val;
print $hash{key('a', 'b')};
share|improve this answer
Perl also can compare content of arrays: print 'ok' if (['a',1] ~~ ['a',1]); – Alexandr Ciornii Aug 16 '11 at 9:41
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id,summary,reporter,owner,description,type,status,component,version,severity,resolution,keywords,cc,stage,has_patch,needs_docs,needs_tests,needs_better_patch,easy,ui_ux 6804,QuerySets should allow for ordering by intermediary tables,floguy,nobody,"Right now if one model is related to another model through a third model, ordering as one would expect is not possible to achieve. Here is an illustration (both using patch #6095 and not): {{{ class Group(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=20) def __unicode__(self): return self.name class Person(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=20) groups = models.ManyToManyField(Group, through='Membership') def __unicode__(self): return self.name class Membership(models.Model): person = models.ForeignKey(Person) group = models.ForeignKey(Group) priority = models.IntegerField() }}} This would be the output: {{{ >>> from myapp.models import Group, Person, Membership >>> g1 = Group.objects.create(name='beatles') >>> g2 = Group.objects.create(name='abc') >>> p1 = Person.objects.create(name='John') >>> p2 = Person.objects.create(name='Jane') >>> m1 = Membership.objects.create(person = p1, group = g1, priority=1) >>> m2 = Membership.objects.create(person = p2, group = g2, priority=2) >>> p1.groups.order_by('membership__priority') Traceback (most recent call last):... FieldError: Cannot order by many-valued field:'membership__priority' }}} Without an intermediary model (through=""Membership""), it could happen like this: {{{ >>> Person.objects.filter(id=1).order_by('membership__priority') }}} The idea is that there are some cases where you're absolutely certain that one side of the many-to-many relationship will resolve to a single record (in this case, p1). In those cases, ordering should be possible on the property in the intermediary table. It will become more of a common use case if/when #6095's functionality is added.",,closed,Uncategorized,queryset-refactor,,fixed,,floguy@…,Accepted,0,0,0,0,,


text:
KOSHER WITH DAIRY PRODUCTS
Kosher is the process of separating pure from impure and boiling a pot to make the pure liquid kosher. Kosher food is considered to be that which adheres to rules of Jewish dietary laws. There are many rules in the Torah and Talmud about kosher food, for example, that one should avoid dairy products with meat, or that meat that has been cooked with milk cannot be eaten with meat that has not been cooked with milk. There is also a rule that meat and milk cannot be served together.
Kosher means pure in Hebrew, and it has very specific requirements for how food must be prepared. The process of koshering can be a bit complicated, but the most important thing is to know the ingredients in your food. The most common way to make something kosher is to add a specific mixture of salt to meat, and then it is boiled. It is important to remember that kosher cannot be made with dairy products. Kosher is traditionally prepared with salt, but you can also use a mixture of spices like onion, garlic, coriander, and pepper.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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text:
Mr. Daniel Doherty
Anti-Abolitionist Violence in the Antebellum North, _PHONE_
|Anti-Abolitionist Violence in the Antebellum North, _PHONE_ in the Department of History|
Daniel Doherty received his Bachelor of Arts degree in History and American Studies from Connecticut College in 2010 and holds an MSc in History from the University of Edinburgh (2016). His master's dissertation, 'Beyond Abolition: Willian Lloyd Garrison and the Struggle for Progressive Reform, _PHONE_', examined and analyzed the famed abolitionist's post-Civil War journalistic and political career. It was supervised by Dr David Silkenat. His doctoral dissertation, co-supervised by Dr Kevin Waite and Dr Richard Huzzey, concentrates on the rise of anti-abolitionist violence in the Northern United States during the post-Jacksonian period. It seeks to analyze the causes and extent of anti-abolitionism in states traditionally known for their anti-slavery politics. Finally, Daniel is completing his degree remotely and on a part-time basis, maintaining full-time employment as an Instructor of History at an international boarding high school in Boston, Massachusetts.
- The American Civil War
- Antebellum Reform Movements
- Slavery and Emancipation
- Abolitionism and Anti-Abolitionism


text:
15-Aug-2000 -- The Geographic Center of the European Community.
We had just visited N50E05 when we heard a traffic report discouraging us to take the freeway back home. Looking for alternate routes, we realized that we were relatively close to a non-confluence geographic point of interest we might contribute to the DCP.
And so we visited the Geographic Center of the European Union. It is located near the French border just outside Oignies-en-Thiérache, a village of the Viroinval community. What we found there, at N50°00'23" E04°40'00", is a nice monument celebrating the European Community. At center is the likeness of a cathetral made of colored glass. it was created by Belgian artist, writer and master glass craftsman Bernard Tirtiaux in 1996. Circling the sculpture are 15 milestones, each pointing to the direction of the capital of a member state, with the name of the country and the year it joined the union. A few sculptures by various European artists complete the ensemble.
By the way, this is a temporary monument. When new countries join the EC in coming years, this particular spot will return to anonimity and a new place will be designated the center of the expanding European Community.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
The CSharp metamodel is the reflection of the C# language, as defined in version 2.0 of "C# Language Specification" from Microsoft Corporation.
The CSharp metamodel contains 81 metaclasses. To better understand it, this page will introduce the main features (metaclasses and links).
You could also browse the model definition csharp.ecore available in sources (see the install section).
Main meta classes
Every metaclass (except metaclass Fragment) inherits from ASTNode. As its name indicates, ASTNode represents a graph node. ASTNode has a reference to metaclass Comment because almost every csharp element could be associated to a comment (block or line comment).
Assembly, Namespace, Type
The root element of each CSharp model is an instance of the Assembly metaclass. It is a translation of the concept of csharp application, so it contains namespace declarations (instances of the Namespace metaclass). And namespace declarations contain type declarations (instances compatible with metaclass Type), and so on...
NamedElement & notion of Proxy
A lot of csharp elements are "named", and this name can be considered as an identifier : methods, packages, types, variables, fields,... So all the corresponding metaclasses inherit from the NamedElement metaclass. It will be useful to resolve references in binding, see the NamedElementRef metaclass.
Another goal of this metaclass is to indicate for each element whether it is part of the current csharp application or not (element from an external.NET library). So external elements are tagged as proxy through a dedicated attribute and can be easily filtered. For example, instruction "Trace.WriteLine" has been decomposed into two named elements (one class and one method) the definitions of which are not part of the current csharp application. So attribute proxy of these elements has been initialized to true.
To represent links between csharp elements, as the C# AST defines only string references, metaclass NamedElementRef initially contained only this information. But an important addition was to resolve bindings between elements, so it is actually possible to navigate directly through the elements graph. It has been represented as a relationship from a NamedElementRef to a NamedElement (proxy or not).
A type declaration has different kinds of contents : fields, methods, static block, initialization block or other type declarations. All of these elements are of type InternalDeclaration metaclass.
Like in many languages, the concept of expression exists in C# : it is a portion of code, without declarations, and its evaluation returns a value, numerical or boolean or other...For example,
All types of expressions shall inherit from metaclass Expression.
An "instruction" in C# is represented by the Statement metaclass. A block of code (Block metaclass) contains a collection of statements, and a block of code may be contained by a method.Some examples of statements in C# :
if, while, for, do,...
All of their definitions use the concept of expression to separate the value from the instruction keyword.
To use the plug-in you need:
- JDK 1.5 or above
- a version of Eclipse 3.3 or above with the following set of plug-ins installed
- EMF 2.3.0 or higher
Gabriel Barbier (Mia-Software)
Fabien Giquel (Mia-Software)
Frédéric Madiot (Mia-Software)
You will find a version of this plug-in attached in the following bug.
As IP review of this plug-in is not finished, here are installation instructions :
- Extract archive file in your Eclipse workspace, then use "import" menu to import this project.
- Use "export" menu to export this project as a plug-in (Deployable plug-ins and fragments) in your Eclipse installation. Don't forget to choose the "Package plug-ins as individual jar archives" option.
- re-start your Eclipse to take this plug-in into account
A first version of the C# discoverer : CSharpDiscoverer


text:
The aerosphere supports a range of animal life both at the Earth's surface and in the air. While monitoring the movements and activities of terrestrial animals can be demanding, observation of volant organisms are even more challenging because they require novel technologies. Here we focus on the analysis of animal movements using radar. It has long been known that radio waves scattered from flying organisms (bioscatter) can be detected and processed using radar. Depending on the particular design, radar can be used to track individuals, observe the movements of organisms over a variety of spatial and temporal scales, and to some extent discriminate between and identify different taxa. These capabilities are being further enhanced through continuing innovations in radar hardware and signal processing technologies. Moreover, thousands of radar installations are located around the world with many of these already integrated into cohesive networks. For example, NEXRAD (Next-Generation Radar) operates continuously and provides near complete spatial coverage across the continental U.S. in near real time. In this presentation we explore the fundamental question: To what extent can radar observations be used to investigate questions about ecology, abundance, and airborne movement of animals over large spatial and temporal domains, and promote the transdisciplinary field of aeroecology.
Although designed to collect meteorological data, weather radars such as the WSR-88D also regularly detect bioscatter. We provide an overview of existing and developing radar technology within the framework of "radar aeroecology" and outline an approach to generate meaningful biological products. Our investigations have shown that observations from existing radar networks provide a viable means of observing and studying flying animals. Additionally, when coupled with measurements of the scattering properties of individual animals, we are using radar data to estimate numbers of birds and bats and the population sizes of roosting colonies. Results of this collaborative research are benefitting biologists and atmospheric scientists and creating crossover research opportunities. Our findings are timely given the importance of using this technology for understanding factors that affect movements of animals in the aerosphere relative to regional and global climatic variability. Together with complementary weather observations, NEXRAD data provide unprecedented opportunities to observe birds, bats, and insects in the aerosphere on both local and large scales.


text:
Whenever you're about to get on a plane, do you wear more than one layer? Or immediately ask a flight attendant for an extra blanket? If you've ever wondered why airplane cabins are always freezing, it turns out, there's a scientific reason behind it.
According to a study by the American Society for Testing and Materials International, there's a correlation between cabin pressure and fainting. A medical condition called hypoxia occurs when the body doesn't get enough oxygen. When the plane is warm, people are more likely to faint.
The solution? Airlines keep the planes cool to keep people from fainting. If you think about it, layering your clothes or wrapping yourself up is an easier task than having people drop like flies because it's too hot.
This might not be a problem for very long, though. Thanks to recent advancements in aircrafts, newer planes have temperature-regulating systems that allow for the temperature to be adjusted per row. *slow clap for technology*
Follow Ysa on Instagram.


text:
RoboEarth Cloud Engine ready for use
For the past few years, a consortium of six European research institutes has been collaborating on a project known as RoboEarth. Essentially a "worldwide web for robots," the idea is that it will allow robots to access a shared online database of each others' software, thus allowing them to learn how to perform new tasks from one another. The first phase of the project, Rapyuta: The RoboEarth Cloud Engine, is now up and running.
Named after a fictional castle in the sky inhabited by robots, Rapyuta's main purpose is to allow robots' data-processing functions to be performed in the cloud. This means that the robots themselves won't require as much onboard computational hardware, and will thus be lighter, less expensive and more robust.
Each robot using the service has its own secure cloud-based computing environment. Using a wireless connection, the robot uploads data to that environment, where it's processed at a rate that's reportedly much faster than would be possible using robot-based hardware. The results are then downloaded back to the robot, which acts upon them.
Additionally, the environments of different robots can be linked together, allowing them to work as a team. Plans call for each environment to also be linked to the RoboEarth knowledge repository, allowing robots to draw upon the system's "collected wisdom" when necessary.
Rapyuta would be most useful for particularly complex tasks, such as mapping, navigation, and human voice command recognition. It's been suggested that it would be particularly useful for mobile robots, that require a lot of computational power for navigation.
A basic overview of the system is provided in the video below.


text:
NetLogo's logging facility allows researchers to record student actions for later analysis.
Logging in NetLogo, once initiated, is invisible to the student. The researcher can choose the type of events logged through a configuration file.
NetLogo uses the log4j package for logging. If you have previous experience with this package you'll find logging in NetLogo familiar.
Logging is supported only by the special NetLogo Logging application. It doesn't work in applets.
This depends on what operating system you are using.
There is a special logging launcher in the NetLogo directory called NetLogo Logging. Double click on the icon.
On Windows, the NetLogo directory can be found at C:\Program Files, unless you chose a different location when you installed NetLogo.
To enable logging, invoke the netlogo.sh script as follows:
netlogo.sh --logging netlogo_logging.xml
You could also modify the script to include these flags, or copy the script and modify the copy.
You can replace netlogo_logging.xml with any valid log4j XML configuration file, which will be discussed in more detail later.
When NetLogo starts up it will ask for a user name. This name will appear in all the logs generated during this session.
Logs are stored in the OS-specific temp directory. On most Unix-like systems that is /tmp. On Windows XP, logs can be found in c:\Documents and Settings\\Local Settings\Temp, where is the logged in user and on Windows Vista the logs can be found in c:\Users\\AppData\Local\Temp. On Mac OS X, the temp directory varies for each user. You can determine your temp directory by opening the Terminal application and typing echo $TMPDIR at the prompt.
There are two convenience commands that will help you manage the logs. __zip-log-files filename will gather all the logs in the temp directory and put them in one zip file, at the location specified. After doing __zip-log-files the existing logs are not deleted, you can do so explicitly by using __delete-log-files.
The following is a chart describing the name of the loggers available, the type of events each logs, at what level, and provides a sample output using the XMLLayout. All the loggers are found in org.nlogo.log.Logger. When referring to the loggers in the configuration file you should use the fully qualified name. So, for example, the logger GLOBALS would actually be org.nlogo.log.Logger.GLOBALS
|GLOBALS||a global variable changes||info, debug||
 FOO 51.0
|GREENS||sliders, switches, choosers, input boxes are changed through the interface||info||
 changed foo 51.0 0.0 100.0 1.0
|CODE||code is compiled, including: command center, Code tab, slider bounds, and buttons||info||
 compiled crt 1 O success
|WIDGETS||a widget is added or removed from the interface||info||
 added
|BUTTONS||a button is pressed or released||info||
 show 1 released once
|SPEED||the speed slider changes||info||
 0.0
|TURTLES||turtles die or are born||info||
 turtle 1 born TURTLES
|LINKS||links die or are born||info||
 link 2 7 born LINKS
The default logging configuration (netlogo_logging.xml) looks something like this:
NetLogo defines 8 loggers, all descend directly from the root logger, which means unless you explicitly set the properties (appender, layout, and output level) in the configuration they will inherit them from the root. In the default configuration the root is set to level INFO, the appender is org.nlogo.log.XMLFileAppender and layout is org.nlogo.log.XMLLayout. Together these generate a nicely formatted XML file as defined in the netlogo_logging.dtd which is based on the log4j dtd. If the appender is a FileAppender (including the XMLFileAppender) a new file is start each time the user opens a model.

This configuration, first defines an appender named "A1" of type XMLFileAppender with an XMLLayout. The appender defines where the logging data goes, in this case the data goes into a file. In fact, if NetLogo is given a FileAppender it will automatically start a new file every time the user opens a new model. The XMLFileAppender also does some formatting and writes the appropriate headers to the file. The layout defines how to write each individual message. Unless you are an advanced user there is no need change (or worry about) the appender or the layout.
At the end of the configuration notice the definition of the root logger. All of the other loggers descend from the root logger and, thus, inherit the properties of the root unless explicitly set. This case is fairly simple, having set up the appender A1 we make that the default appender for the root (and all other loggers) and make the default priority "INFO". Messages that are logged at the INFO level or higher will be written, messages logged at lower levels will not. Note that with only one exception NetLogo always logs at level INFO. Sets to globals that don't change the value of the global are logged at level DEBUG. Which means that these messages are disabled by default, since debug is lower level than info. The rest of the body of the configuration file overrides properties of the root logger in a few specific loggers (or categories as they are known in the configuration file, the terms can be assumed to be synonymous for the proposes of this document). That is it turns off the WIDGET, TURTLES, and LINKS loggers, by default. To re-enable them you can changes the priority from off to info, like this:

or you can simply remove the entire reference to the category from the configuration file, as it is not serving any other purpose.
This is only a basic introduction to configuration files for logging in NetLogo. There are many more configuration options available through the log4j framework. See the log4j documentation.


text:
Ensemble-Based Coreference Resolution
Altaf Rahman, Vincent Ng
We investigate new methods for creating and applying ensembles for coreference resolution. While existing ensembles for coreference resolution are typically created using different learning algorithms, clustering algorithms or training sets, we harness recent advances in coreference modeling and propose to create our ensemble from a variety of supervised coreference models. However, the presence of pairwise and non-pairwise coreference models in our ensemble presents a challenge to its application: it is not immediately clear how to combine the coreference decisions made by these models. We investigate different methods for applying a model-heterogeneous ensemble for coreference resolution. Empirical results on the ACE data sets demonstrate the promise of ensemble approaches: all ensemble-based systems significantly outperform the best member of the ensemble.


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Monday, March 26, 2012
Installing Water Silos on a resident's front yard
The easiest way to install Water Silos for grass is before you put the new sod.
You need:
 - Water Silos (about 20 - 25 grams per square yard)
 - Sod
 - Soil and any fertilizer you want to use
 1. Remove grassYou will need to begin with a clean area. Remove any grass or weeds left in the area you will be installing your new sod.
 2. Cover with soilAsk a landscaper or wherever you bought your soil which type of soil is good for your area and the season. Cover entire area with soil and level it out.
 3. Apply Water SilosYou might find it easier to figure out how much Water Silos your area requires first and putting that amount in a bowl or bucket. This way you don't use too much or too little. Then divide up the area in square yards or whatever helps you. Add Water Silos by hand or cup and do it low to the ground to avoid wind blowing it away. Make sure to spread it evenly.
 4. Add sodWhen adding the sod on top of the Water Silos try not to step on the Water Silos.
 5. Water your lawnWater thoroughly so the roots of the grass can settle and so the Water Silos can retain maximum capacity. After the first week or two you can reduce watering to once every 15 days. Keep an eye on your grass. Different grass types, soil conditions, and weather conditions may cause you to water more or less. Getting some good rain will reduce the number of times you water your lawn a year.
NOTE: Water Silos retains water and nutrients. It is not and does not replace pesticides or fertilizers!
Friday, March 23, 2012
Run-off Experiment
Run-off Experiment, a set on Flickr.
This is an experiment Mr. Sergio Rico performed in Queretaro, Mexico to demonstrate how much water is wasted when we don't use Water Silos.
Thursday, March 22, 2012
What is Water Silos?
Water Silos, also known as Lluvia Solida, Solid Rain, and Silos de Agua, is a revolutionary new water conservation product. It is a potassium-based super absorbent capable or retaining 500 times it's own weight in water. Placing Water Silos at the root of a plant will supply a constant source of moisture reducing the number of times the plant needs water. One application lasts at least 10 years depending on soil conditions! There is no need no remove it afterwards.
Water Silos attaches itself to water molecules and turns into a gel-like substance. Having the water in this solid state reduces the amount of water that would otherwise be wasted going further into the Earth or evaporated. Plants only absorb 10% of water when you water them without Water Silos. Now with Water Silos, your plants will be able to absorb around 90%!
Unlike similar products that you might have heard of before, Water Silos is FDA approved an not harmful to humans and plants. It is made up of a potassium-based copolymer. There were sodium-based super absorbents that they used to advertise on TV that worked similar but had a smaller lifespan and worse were made of sodium! These products leave a residue that is toxic to humans and plants!
Water Silos is non-soluble in water so it can be used with any type of plant.


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Assistant Professor in Communication at the Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (Unisinos University), Brazil. He holds a PhD in Communication from the University of São Paulo. Coordinator of DigiLabour Research Lab, and the editor of DigiLabour newsletter. Principal Investigator for the Fairwork project in Brazil. His research interests include digital labour, work & AI, platform cooperativism, datafication, workers' organisation, communication and work. See Rafael's recently published Contextualizing Platform Labor with Jack Qiu, this article in TripleC, and a full list of Rafael's publications.
Research overview:
The hidden labour of Brazilian women on AI platforms
The aim of this research is to analyse the labour of Brazilian women on AI platforms, considering intersections between gender, Global South and class composition perspectives. There are inequalities involving local workers and so-called global platforms. There is no 'digital labour universalism' or a homogeneous and unique notion of global workforce. There are, in fact, diverse work and AI scenarios around the world, including Brazilian AI platforms. The hidden labour in these AI platforms accelerate the platformisation of labour from the process of 'taskification of labour' and the data production for automation. Furthermore, platformisation, or, heteromation of labour has gender perspectives, from the materialities and infrastructures of the platforms to the working conditions. In a Global South perspective, informal work is not an exception, but historically the way of life of most workers, an ordinary state. The change is that informal work – also with gender issues involved – are now platformised. There are connections among human labour, data and planetary resources, considering data as a form of capital for AI companies, expropriating and colonising workers' resources. Is it possible to say that there is an AI colonialism involving hidden labour for AI platforms? Most research on labour and AI focuses on the Global North, highlighting countries such as the United States and France, with a centrality of Amazon Mechanical Turk. The Latin American scenario is less well known in academic research on labour and AI in the Global South in relation to countries like the Philippines and India. In Brazil, existing research to date focuses only on Amazon Mechanical Turk and has no gender perspectives. These researchers argue that the majority of workers are men. Nevertheless, what about women? What is it like to be a Brazilian woman – and thus, from the Global South – working for AI platforms? How are their working conditions? What are the AI imaginaries involved in their relationship with work? How gender and territory issues affect their working experiences?


Fabulous Needle-Felted Bouquet
 - Decadent Fibers Needle-Felting Foam, 2"x8"x10"
 - Decadent Fibers Custom Hand-Dyed Roving
 - Felting needle
 - Needle felting mat
 - Read "Needle Felting Technique" before beginning project.
 - For petals, jab felting needle into fiber on foam in an up and down motion. Fibers will felt in direction needle is jabbed. Periodically pull shapes up off of foam, turn over and needle felt other side. For a sharp and refined petal edge, jab needle into side of petal at an angle towards middle. Create a number of petals for each flower and attach 1-2 petals to center at a time, using felting needle until they are all connected.
 - For flower center, place wisps of color in center where petals are joined; needle felt in place. Make center as large as desired, adding dimension to flower. Add some interesting color and shading to petals once they are in a flower shape. For cup shape, jab at an angle up through petal to curl up fibers on inside and outside bottom of flower. Add some green fiber to bottom of flower for attaching stem.
 - For stem, choose from many variations, from sticks from nature to pipe wrapped with wool. Tightly wrap wool roving around top of stem. Bend grapevine wrapped floral wire in a "U" shape and needle felt a small rectangle of green fivers down across "u" and into back of flower. Crimp "u" together and needle felt more green fibers to shape fiber back.
Needle Felting Technique
 - 1. Felting is an ancient art, but needle felting is a phenomena that is taking the needle arts world by storm! It is a creative process that appears magical using just a few simple tools, instructions and your creativity. As you jab your felting needle down through the wool fibers, the barbs on the needle grab onto the fibers, entangling and interlocking them, felting them down permanently. The more you jab the needle through the fiber the more the fibers felt. Use many short fast jabs and remember the angle at which you pierce the fibers is the angle at which they will felt. The longer you jab, the denser the felt. You will be amazed at your creative ability and the magic of the dry felt technique! You are actually sculpting the fiber using the felting needle.
 - 2. Using a few simple shapes like hearts, circles and ovals can create more flowers. Refer to the bouquet photo as you create various flower shapes. Pull of small wisps of colored fiber; hold the fiber with your thumbs and first two fingers using both hands, quickly, but gently, tug in opposite directions so the fibers will easily pull apart. Lay these wisps thinly on your decadent foam at right angles to each other. Do not be tempted to lay down thick layers of fiber; many thin wisps will needle felt easier. Go easy as you can always add more fibers at any time.
by Decadent Fibers
Fabulous Needle Felted Bouquet
Fabulous Needle Felted Bouquet Closeup View
Closeup View


_USER_{10272/11831, year = {1996}, url = {_URL_ abstract = {The rugged karst terrain that is developed on the dolostones of the Miocene Cayman Formation on Grand Cayman includes numerous large cavities that formed through the activity of tree roots. The surfaces of those cavities are coated with laminated calcrete crusts that are up to 8 cm thick. These calcrete crusts, which are formed of calcite, dolomite, and locally manganese precipitates, formed though the action of the plant roots and their associated microbes. As such, they are excellent examples of non-horizontal calcrete crusts that developed in the shallow subsurface rather that on the subaerially exposed surface}, publisher = {Sociedad Geológica de España}, keywords = {Calcretes}, keywords = {Roots}, keywords = {Cavities}, keywords = {Microorganisms}, keywords = {Spores}, keywords = {Rootcretes}, title = {Desarrollo de calcretas en cavidades cársticas y/o de raíces: Las calcretas Cuaternarias de la Isla Gran Cayman}, title = {Calcrete development ¡n root/karstíc cavities: Quaternary calcretes from Grand Cayman Island}, author = {Alonso Zarza, Ana María and Jones, B.}, }


Basketball coaches, parents should meet
November 4, 2012 - Burt Angeli
Good advice for coaches from Tom Hursey, executive director of the Basketball Coaches Association of Michigan:
"In a matter of weeks you will be heading into another basketball season. Great expectations and excitement to see if your team is a contender or a pretender.
Every year I mention that the most important pre-season meeting you have will be that meeting with your players' parents.
First, if you don't have one, you are making a BIG mistake. Your parents will have more influence on the success of your team than you might think. They need to know what you are doing, when you will do it and how you plan to go about doing it.
You need to be specific about your practice plans and practice times. Are parents allowed to attend practices? Will you let families know your practice schedule ahead of time so they can make plans? How do you determine your starting line-up? What is your philosophy about playing time? Will you play 7-8 players until the outcome of the game is determined? Or will you try to play everybody?
Your parents need to know.
How will you use social media to communicate with the players? With the parents? How should parents contact you? Does your school have a policy for parents voicing their concerns about the coach? Are they allowed to start at the top or must they start with the coach and work up?
These are just a few questions that need to be answered at a meeting with parents BEFORE the games begin. I have found if the parents know what and why you are doing certain things, they might not agree, but they at least are aware of how you make decisions.
X's and O's don't get you dismissed from a coaching assignment, parents and lack of communication do.
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News, Blogs & Events Web


Plan recovery into your training programme
Training is not all about putting in the miles. Recovery is an important part of training and is the time when our bodies adapt to the training stimulus we have given them. We overload the body during a weeks training, during a session or during an effort. We then have to give the body time to recover and during this time it repairs and rebuilds itself and makes itself stronger. This is how training works. If we were to train continuously and not recover sufficiently we would not improve and would probably break down. Training schedules should factor recovery.


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Canto general is an expression of intercultural rhetoric in Latin American and unfolds at four defined levels: 1) the one of language, 2) of literary structure, 3) of figurative and symbolic structures and 3) of world vision. The poet displays an ample register, from the formal to the colloquial, while framing his work within the parameters of epic genre. His metaphoric spectrum is wide and pays tribute to the various pre-Columbian cultures. Furthermore, in Canto general we find the displaced individual, the decentered one that moves from one place to the other in a dynamic manner, and one whose memory is fragmented besides. Thus, Neruda traces Latin American history back from its origins to present day.
|Original language||American English|
|State||Published - 1 Jan 2017|


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I have a few comments and I'll just leave them here in no particular order:
I wish you would have defined "word" prior to using it willy-nilly. It's jargon that your tutorial's audience it's likely to be familiar with. From WordNet: a word is a string of bits stored in computer memory; "large computers use words up to 64 bits long".
Bytes are almost always eight bits though that's not a universal constant. Perhaps it's infrequent enough that I didn't even need to mention but this one always gets my goat.
Your use of "most" and "least" significant byte was also jargon. If you assume the value 0x12345678 then the most significant byte has the value 0x12 and the least significant has the value 0x78. From there the point on differently endian machines is just which order you start with when transcribing bytes.
Your use of memory addresses is obfuscatory. This is better written as "Byte 0, byte 1, byte 2, byte 3". The only point at which a perl programmer cares about memory addresses is when doing non-perl programming or with the 'p' or 'P' format options. The point here is to indicate an order to the bytes in memory - that byte 0 might be located at a memory address 1000 is entire beside the point.
White space is allowed without consequence in an unpack/pack format. It's just ignored except when it's a fatal error. I haven't nailed it down but some uses of whitespace just don't parse. That may be a bug but it's worth noting. This just means that in general people should use whitespace in a format to enhance readability - it doesn't affect it's operation.
I've never been clear on the bit order within a byte - can you expand on that? I used to think that the differently endian machines also shuffled the bit order around as well. At this point I'm just confused.
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Under the leadership of D.S.Senanayake the Sri Lankan economy grew immensely. The post independence economic management of Ceylon was better than when it was under the colonial masters. This prompted Lee Kwan Yu to say that his Utopian goal for Singapore was to emulate Ceylon.
Even today, Senanayake is venerated as the Father of the Nation. Rajapaksa is the most popular political leader in Sri Lanka with an approval rating of 93%. He is the 3rd most popular leader in the Asian Region. But yet, who could be considered as the greatest Ceylonese of all times? It was Senanayake who said that the greatest Ceylonese of all time was none others than Sir Ponnambalam Ramanathan, KC!
During the heyday of the colonial Empire, we were a minuscule tiny dot in the British Empire. The British Empire was then headed by the most powerful monarch ever known, Queen Victoria. We just saw the grand spectacle and the unbelievable splendour of Queen Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee celebrations the other day. World leaders were present at the ceremony but they had the occasion to greet the Queen but no one was invited from the Commonwealth to deliver a speech.
A rare honour
But nearly 115 years ago on a similar occasion, where Queen Victoria the grand aunt of the Present Queen, celebrated her Golden Jubilee, one of the greatest honours ever conferred upon a Ceylonese was conferred upon Ceylonese Tamil who was chosen by the then Prime Minister of United Kingdom to deliver an oration to mark the Golden Jubilee celebration.
In the year 1897, there was absolutely no question of Ceylon becoming a independent and dominion state. It was the age of aristocracy, Victorian values and morality. The aristocrats and imperialist believed in the moral and God given duty that they had to civilize the barbarians and virtual savages living in their colonies. But, nonetheless the Prime Minister of England, Lord Salisbury, decided to invite the only representative of Sri Lanka, Sir Ponnambalam Ramanathan, to deliver a speech at the Golden Jubilee Celebration of Queen Victoria. It was more unthinkable then than even today. Such was the reputation of Sir Ponnambalam Ramanathan as one of the greatest orators in the British empire. He was dressed in an immaculate long coat and turban and delivered one of the greatest speeches that has ever been delivered by a Ceylonese or a Sri Lankan. The entire audience, comprising Kings, queens, Monarchs and others were held spellbound by the eloquence of Sir Ponnambalam Ramanathan. Queen Victoria was simply bewildered by the oratory of Sir Ponnambalam Ramanathan. Her Royal Highness, the Queen, presented Sir Ponnambalam Ramanathan with a gold medal, as a memento, for the great service rendered to the British Empire and to the empress, Queen Victoria. The only other person who received such an honour was, Siriniwasa Sasthri of India, in the year 1930, nearly 33 years after the momentous occasion, which could be compared to the greatest honour bestowed upon by any foreign government. Siriniwasa Sasthri and Ramanathan were known as the silver-tongued orators of the British Empire.. They were bestowed with the same honour on different occasions. Ramanathan put the country before self. During the Sinhala-Muslim riots, he was in the forefront of the struggle to free the Sri Lankan leaders. And many leaders were taken into custody without any evidence. D. S. Senanayake, F. R. Dias Bandaranayake. H. W. Amarasuriya, A. H. Molammure, D. R. Wijewardena, Dr. Casssius Perera and E. T. de silva were imprisoned under the dreaded Martial Law. There was a fear amongst the Ceylonese community as the British shot some prisoners without trial.
Sir Ponnambalam, who was appointed the Solicitor General by the Governor, pursued a campaign against the British governor and the British Military without batting an eyelid against the imposition of Martial Law and against the arrest, detention and killing of Sinhalese who were perceived by the Imperialist as the Public Enemy. He did not consider losing his perks and purse, but took the side of the Sinhalese who had been shot by the military. Thousands of innocent men died during this purge.
Lackeys and bootlickers of the British empires, headed by Sir Solomon Dias Bandaranaike, the Maha Mudaliyar, conspired with the British governor Sir Robert Chalmers and out of sheer jealousy of the Pedris family betrayed the person who defiantly curbed the riots, Captain Henry Pedris. He was named a traitor and shot without trial.
The leaderless community of the Ceylonese had to appeal to Anagarika Dharmapala, who was away in India. Dharmapala appealed to the only one he believed was a true patriot and would do everything to protect Buddhism. He chose none other than a devout Hindu Tamil, Sir Ponnambalam.
Sir Ponnambalam made a scathing attack on the British Governor. He knew that under the Martial Law he could have been arrested and imprisoned for being a traitor to the British Empire. He decided to visit Britain secretly. He was warned not to leave the shores of Sri Lanka as the German gunboats were attacking the British Navy and there was a great risk of his ship being sunk. In England he met the Prime Minister and other political leaders.
His mastery of the English language and the skill he developed as a lawyer to assess facts and present them with minimum effort, were so impressive that he succeeded in having the governor transferred and the head of Military recalled from Ceylon. He eventually managed to get all the leaders released from prison. When he came back to Ceylon victoriously, there were thousands to welcome him. The leader of the Labour Party Mr. A. E. Gunasinghe with thousands of supports was there to greet him, Sir John Kotalawala and A. C. Seneviratne, a prominent businessman, said that the Sinhalese owe Sir Ponnambalam a debt that could never be repaid. They insisted that his horse carriage be drawn by Sinhalese. Sir Ponnambalam was driven through the streets of Colombo to his residence at Ward Place and some of the top families, of Sinhalese aristocracy, had no qualms about drawing his carriage through the streets of Colombo virtually carrying him on their backs. Sinhala leaders took turns to pull the carriage.
Sir Ponnambalam wrote "Take the Sinhala Nation. I have served the race all my life. In my twenty eighth year I entered the Legislative Council and never once have I thought myself to be a member of the Tamil Community only - I supported the Sinhalese interest and every other interest and treated every subject with the same sympathy and desire to do the best for all the communities. I knew through and through the men and women of the Sinhalese communities of all classes. They have all the characteristic of a great people they are decidedly considerate and peaceful."
Let me pose this question again: Who is the greatest Ceylonese or Sri Lankan who ever lived in the last two hundred years. Senanayake and Sir Baron Jayatilleke conceded that the greatest Sri Lankan that ever lived was Sir Ponnambalam Ramanathan Q.C.


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Posted by: Loren Coleman on November 10th, 2010
Neandertals left their tracks, above, behind. Have they left more with us? In our toes?
Yes, it is called the Celtic toe, Morton's toe, or the Roman toe. The medical profession tends to think something is wrong with having a Celtic toe, and it is labeled a Morton's toe. Some people have them cut off, as if there is some kind of pathology involved with having such a large digit. Archaeology has discussed the finds of such toes for years.
Ten percent of all Americans have them (due to their Irish-Scottish background, reportedly), but some nationalities, like Greeks, have these toes show up 90% of the time. Lady Liberty of the famed Ellis Island's Statue of Liberty has Celtic toes.
Some highly speculative notions have been published that the Celtic toe is Neandertal in nature. But do the tracks of Neandertals even show Celtic toes?
Most Bigfooters don't think that the Celtic toe ever shows up in Bigfoot/Sasquatch tracks? Is that true? Not really.
Are all toes of Bigfoot really only gradually shorter than their large toes? Variety is the key here. In the tracks of Sasquatch, for example in the Grays Harbor series of 1982, it does seem there is evidence of apparent Celtic toes. In the Patterson-Gimlin Filmsite tracks, Celtic toes are not visible.
Visitors to the International Cryptozoology Museum sometimes share their Celtic and other intriguing toes with the staff.
How many of you have a Celtic toe?
A photograph (directly below) of a 1.5 million-year-old footprint found among others at a Northern Kenya site showing good definition of the toe pads; the second toe is partially obscured by the third toe (but is longer than the big toe). The researchers identified the footprints as probably belonging to a member of Homo ergaster, an early form of Homo erectus. Credit: Matthew Bennett/Bournemouth University, Feb 2009.


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Optical character recognition (OCR) is a decades-old technology that converts scanned images to text, and it has played an important role across many industries throughout the years. But when it comes to digitizing applications for commercial insurance underwriting, OCR is just the first step of the innovative process. Having worked extensively with the improvement of the insurance application process, I would like to give some thoughts on ways to improve underwriting productivity. Artificial Intelligence (AI), and specifically machine learning, can take the intake process well beyond OCR, making it possible to capture data accurately from scanned documents, derive meaning from that data, and apply it in ways that make the underwriter's job easier and more profitable.
Insurance applications come in varied fonts and formats that can make OCR challenging. OCR cannot derive insights from the context of a sentence it has scanned from an image; it only knows what it sees at face value. It certainly lacks the insurance-specific contextual intelligence to tell whether a particular document is using the abbreviation "incr" to mean "increased" or "incurred."
DataCubes' experience indicates that approximately 65 percent of all insurance applications for commercial underwriting are scanned, and many are in formats that not all software can process. These documents benefit from state-of-the-art, AI-based intake technologies such as DataCubes' d3 Intake™, which go well beyond OCR.
d3 Intake applies custom machine learning algorithms that have been rigorously trained on thousands of relevant insurance documents. Its machine learning models can convert digitized OCR results and other application text into accurate, meaningful and valuable underwriting information, reducing noise and minimizing irrelevant data.
With the use of these new technologies, machine learning algorithms can understand industry forms and terminology. They can recognize the difference between a loss run and a statement of values (SOV), and quickly extract and contextualize the data accordingly. They can also rationalize the SOVs from dozens of different carriers, all with their own, customized SOV formats.
Trained on underwriting best practices, insurance-specific machine-learning models can understand the relevance of each item of data. The extracted data can then be combined with other information pulled from the insurance applications, and used to auto-populate the editable fields of the client's underwriting tools and feed into downstream rating and policy administration systems.
With all relevant information at hand, underwriters are spared from having to manually enter information from insurance applications. They can apply data science and AI in real time to generate well-informed underwriting insights and recommendations. With products such as d3 Answers™, underwriters can also receive expert answers to their questions about the risks presented by each insurance applicant. Freed of a great many manual tasks, they have more time to focus on exceptions and customer service.
Machine learning technologies based on data science and machine learning are not only making underwriting easier and more powerful; they're also laying the foundation for a broad range of AI-enhanced innovations for commercial insurance underwriting and more. Today's solutions are just a start.


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The European Parliament and Council on 5 April 2002 adopted Directive 2006/25/EC on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to risks arising from optical radiation during their work. This represents the 19th individual directive within the health and safety Framework Directive 89/391/EEC. The directive defines optical radiation as:
'any electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range between 100 nm and 1 mm. The spectrum of optical radiation is divided into ultraviolet radiation, visible radiation and infrared radiation. Ionising radiation like x-rays or gamma rays, electromagnetic fields such as microwaves and radio frequencies are not covered by the directive.'
The exclusion of natural sources of radiation, such as the sun, from the directive was a controversial issue during the legislative process.
The aim of the directive is the prevention and timely detection of any adverse health effects on workers, as well as the prevention of any long-term health risks and any risk of chronic diseases. The directive lays down minimum standards for the prevention and early diagnosis of damage to the eyes and skin from optical radiation, and for the prevention of long-term health risks. It sets exposure limit values and includes provisions on employees' right to information, training, consultation and health checks.
A key aspect of the preventive approach is the obligation of the employer to adapt working methods to avoid or minimise the duration and level of exposure, to incorporate preventive measures into the design of the workplace and to provide appropriate protective equipment. Adjustments of work processes should take account of technical progress and scientific knowledge to control the risk at source.
The directive stipulates that employers are obliged to carry out risk assessment in line with Articles 6(3) and 9(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC. Where the risk assessment indicates any possibility that the exposure limit values may be exceeded, the employer shall devise and implement an action plan comprising technical and/or organisational measures designed to prevent the exposure exceeding the limit values. Workers who are exposed to risks from artificial optical radiation at work and/or their representatives must receive the necessary information and training relating to the outcome of the risk assessment.
Member States shall adopt provisions to ensure the appropriate health surveillance of workers pursuant to Article 14 of Directive 89/131/EEC. The directive on optical radiation must be implemented by 27 April 2010. It is the last of a series of four directives designed to protect workers from the dangers of physical agents. Previous directives dealt with vibration, noise and electromagnetic fields.


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School and Living Costs
Academic Related Expenses:
- $125 Application fee (English for Academic Purposes and/or post-secondary programs)
Tuition and Fees
For Postsecondary program fees:
For information pertaining to Fees and High Demand Programs:
For more information on how to pay your fees please visit:
The College reserves the right to change, amend or alter fees as necessary without notice or prejudice.
- $1,000 - $1,500 per year (2 semesters)
- Supplies: certain programs require extra supplies such as uniforms, equipment, tools, and software, etc.
Room and Board Related Expenses:
- On-campus residence: $5,000 per year (8 months) including cable TV and high-speed internet access. Meals are not included
- Off-campus housing: $400 - $800/month
Local bus pass:
- $60 per month
General Cost Information:
Most students budget approximately $20,000 to $24,000 annually to study and live in Windsor, Canada.
Protected Persons (Convention Refugees)
A person and his/her dependents*, who has been determined to be a protected person, including a Convention refugee or a person in need of protection, within the meaning of subsection 95(2) of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act by the Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB) or the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration Canada will be classified as a Domestic student, including assessed domestic student tuition fees.
Notice of Decision issued by Immigration and Refugee Board.
Note: Refugee Status claimants will be considered an international student and pay international tuition rates. Should the claimant receive a Notice of Decision while studying at St. Clair College from the IRB, that current semester and/or future semesters will be assessed at a domestic student tuition rate.
*Dependents are defined as:
- A spouse.
- A common-law partner.
- A dependent child or the dependent child of a spouse or common-law partner.
- A dependent child of the dependent child referred to above.
A dependent child is a child who is a biological child who has not been adopted by a person other than the spouse or common-law partner, or an adopted child; and who is in one of the following situations of dependency:
- Under age 22 and not a spouse or common-law partner;
- Enrolled continuously at a college, university or other educational institution and dependent substantially on the financial support of the parent since before age 22 or since becoming a spouse. or common-law partner if that occurred before age 22; or
- A person with a disability who has been financially supported substantially by his or her parents, and who is unable to be self-supporting because of the disability.
- Dependents: Marriage Certificate, or for common-law: an affidavit signed by both spouses, confirming that they are living together in a conjugal relationship for not less than three years, or that they are living together in a conjugal relationship and are raising any children of whom they both are the natural or adoptive parent.
- Dependent Child: proof of financial dependency.


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Bless you and please cover your mouth next time!
Ever wonder why people say Bless you or Gesundheit after you sneeze?
Well I'm going to tell you anyway, please keep reading
😀 😀 😀
Wishing someone well after they sneeze probably originated thousands of years ago. The Romans would say "Jupiter preserve you" or "Salve," which meant "good health to you," and the Greeks would wish each other "long life." The phrase "God bless you" is attributed to Pope Gregory the Great, who uttered it in the sixth century during a bubonic plague epidemic (sneezing is an obvious symptom of one form of the plague).
Virtually every country around the globe has its own way of wishing sneezers well. People in Arabic countries say, "Alhamdulillah," which means, "praise be to God." Hindus say, "Live!" or "Live well!" Some countries have special sneezing responses for children. In Russia, after children are given the traditional response, "bud zdorov" ("be healthy"), they are also told "rosti bolshoi" ("grow big"). When a child sneezes in China, he or she will hear "bai sui," which means, "may you live 100 years."
For the most part, the various sneeze responses originated from ancient superstitions. Some people believed that a sneeze causes the soul to escape the body through the nose. Saying "bless you" would stop the devil from claiming the person's freed soul. Others believed the opposite: that evil spirits use the sneeze as an opportunity to enter a person's body. There was also the misconception that the heart momentarily stops during a sneeze (it doesn't), and that saying "bless you" was a way of welcoming the person back to life.
Sneezing info brought to you by:


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Sexuality and sexual identity
Human sexuality is a topic of great interest in society, but has been difficult to develop as a research field, outside a narrow biological or medical context. In recent decades, however, sexuality has developed as an important field of research in the social and cultural sciences. Its topics include the social structures shaping sexual practice; the variations between cultures – and within cultures – in practices around intercourse, childbirth and sexual health; sexual violence and exploitation; representations of sexuality in mass media; and the role of sexuality in human development. The practical importance of social research on sexuality, for purposes such as addressing the HIV/AIDS pandemic, are now recognised.
Researchers in this area include:
|Dr Kellie Burns||Senior Lecturer, Health Education and Professional Practice; Research Progress Manager – Division of Doctoral Studies
Keywords: gender, sexuality, sexual citizenship, gender/sexuality and sport, sexualities education, pedagogies of health and wellbeing, school as clinical setting
|Professor Jude Irwin||Professor of Social Work and Social Justice, Social Work and Policy Studies
|Dr Kate Russell||Senior Lecturer, Human Movement and Health Education; Doctoral Studies Research Progress Manager; Division Low Risk Ethics Committee
Keywords: Gender, body image, sexuality, sport, identity, sexual health education


UVA's High Arctic pictures
UVA's High Arctic picturesNational Maritime Museum
The landscape is supposedly set 100 years in the future looking back at the glaciers that have been lost. The poem provides the continual narrative starting 1,500 years ago through early discovery and towards the melting of the ice caps at the end.
The crucial element of the exhibition is the fact that visitors use ultraviolet torches to navigate their way through the darkened space. These torches activate projections in what would be the torch's beam. As they weave their way through the ice islands, there are five open "pool" areas for visitors to explore with their torches.
Thanks to a network of 10 ceiling mounted cameras which track the UV lights and 10 projectors, the torches activate different projected animations in each of the "pools". These are stylised in the same way that the glaciers are and progressively become more polluted as visitors journey through the five different arctic stages. The more torches are in a certain area, the wider the beam of the projection appears in that particular pool. Some 70 people can explore the exhibition space simultaneously.
The projections are supported by a generative sonic landscape designed by Max Eastley and Henrik Ekeus which allows for the movement of gestures throughout the room, for example the sound of a gust of wind can blow down through the room "to give a cohesiveness over and above the individual interactions with the space", according to Clark.
The entire production, including the stage lighting, the projections, the camera tracking and the soundscape is controlled by UVA's proprietary D3 software, describes as "an integrated production tool for sculptural media installations".
Software director and co-founder Ash Nehru said that this marks a "depart from traditional exhibition". He explains: "It is more of a sensory, emotional space -- something that is more of a playful, musical, visual experience rather than just being a lecture. We want to make you feel something and stimulate your desire to learn stuff. If you are kid we want to make you want to find out more and be an explorer."
High Arctic will be on display at the National Maritime Museum this summer.
 1. looks awesome
 Jul 1st 2011
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The Middle Years Program in the Classroom |
The Middle Years Program in the Classroom
How does the International Baccalaureate Middle Years Program work in the classroom?
On Wednesday the Park City Education Foundation hosted an information session to answer basic questions about the program. Teachers also presented, and explained, how they use IB concepts in the classroom.
The IB Middle Years Program focuses on eight subjects: humanities, technology, mathematics, art, science, physical education, foreign language and literature.
One of the key components of the IB Middle Years Program is integrating these concepts in the classroom so students begin to understand how their learning relates to things outside of a particular subject matter.
"It's breaking down the walls and corridors of schools," IB Coordinator Abdul Rasool said.
Here is how teachers are accomplishing this:
Jamie Duis, a science teacher, said the IB program helps give purpose to her lessons. She recently used an article from Time magazine as a conversation piece in the classroom and encouraged students to discuss the topic and how it relates to their lives. The piece was about younger generations having increased access to technology and the effects of constantly being "plugged in." She also asked students the effect of technology on the "haves" and the "have nots."
Wanda Taylor, a physical education teacher, discusses what it takes to get a college scholarship or engages students with questions about what swimming stroke would be the most effective to save their life in certain scenarios, such as being stuck in the middle of the ocean.
Danielle Clark, a language arts teacher, said last year several ninth-graders did a research project about the effectiveness of grades and found them to be ambiguous. She now uses the IB rubric system to grade the writing assignments, which designates a number, 1-7, in several different areas, a reflection of how well the student understands different concepts of the assignment.
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'Chocolate Maths' printed from
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This is cool chocolate maths!!!
bar of chocolate.
 3. Add 5 (for Sunday).
 4. Multiply it by 50.
 5. Add 1750.
 7. Now subtract the four digit year that you were born (if you remember).
You should now have a three digit number. The first digit will be your original number (i.e. how many times you eat chocolate each week). The next two digits give your age. Can you explain why it works?


text:
Announcements for philex
philex – Cross references for named and numbered environments
Philex provides means for creating and cross-referencing named or numbered environments. Possible uses would be equations, example sentences (as in linguistics or philosophy) or named principles. Cross references may refer either to the number, or to a short name of the target environment, or to the contents of the environment.
Philex builds on the facilities of the linguex package.


How Does a Muslim Face Mecca When Praying in Space?
Jason H. asks: How does an Islamic person know where to face when they're in space and supposed to be praying towards Mecca?
meccaThe first Muslim person in space was Royal Saudi Air Force pilot Sultan bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud in 1985 aboard the United States shuttle Discovery. He was followed up by the first Muslimah in space, Anousheh Ansari, who, upon immigrating to America from Iran in her teens subsequently got a degree in electrical engineering and computer science and then, not long after, cashed in her life-savings to co-found Telecom Technologies Inc. The result of all this was Ansari eventually amassing a personal fortune of about $750 million, becoming one of the wealthiest women in the world.
Using some of this self-made fortune, in 2006 she paid an undisclosed sumspeculated to be about $20 millionto buy an 8 day stay aboard the International Space Station, where she helped out with various experiments during her stay and in her spare time became the first person to publish a blog post from space. (You can read more about her remarkable story in her book My Dream of Stars: From Daughter of Iran to Space Pioneer.)
However, as far as we can find, the issue of how these two, from a practical standpoint, should adhere to certain facets of their religion while slipping the surly bonds of Earth never came up, at least not publicly. This all changed in 2007 when Malaysian-born Muslim astronaut and orthopaedic surgeon Dr. Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor mused about how exactly he'd pray towards Mecca while orbiting the Earth at about 17,136 mph (27,577 km/hr), as well as what the proper protocol was for him given part of his stay in space would fall on Ramadan.
To answer Shukor's question and set out general guidelines for future Islamic space travelers, Malaysian National Space Agency and the Department of Islamic Development invited 150 Muslim scholars and academics to a two day conference to determine exactly how a devout Muslim should practise their faith in space.
For anyone unfamiliar, the Quran stipulates that a Muslim must utter a short prayer (known as the Salat) five times a dayonce before dawn, once at midday, once in the late afternoon, once in the evening and once after sundown. In addition, Muslims are asked to "Turn then thy face towards the Sacred Mosque: wherever ye are, turn your faces towards it…" (The Quran, Al-Baqarah, 2:149)
cubeIn regards to the first stipulation, the question arosehow exactly does said individual define when the morning even is when a manned craft orbiting the planet will do so approximately 16 times in a 24 hour period? Is the morning when the sun rises according to the individual's perspective from the window of the spaceship? So in that case, if one was to follow the word of the Quran literally, a Muslim astronaut would technically have to pray 80 times per 24 hours, or once every 18 minutes. This would obviously be impractical given how full astronauts' schedules typically are. Likewise, it would be exceptionally difficult for said individual to continually face Mecca as the Earth rapidly spins below the astronaut.
Lucky for Shukor and future Muslim space travelers, all of these issues, along with countless others, now have answers thanks to the aforementioned meeting of Islamic scholars who drafted what they called A Guideline of Performing Ibadah at the International Space Station.
For example, Muslims in space, rather than praying based on sunrise/sunset schedules from their perspective, are instructed to pray according to the day cycle of the last place on Earth they were located, which for Shukor was at the launch site in Baikonur in Kazakhstan. In the event prayer would interrupt an astronaut's duties, the guideline explains that a Muslim astronaut can forgo or shorten their prayers and say longer ones when they have the time. As for Shukor, he rang in on this very note, stating, "I am Islamic, but my main priority is more of conducting experiments."
As for deciding where Mecca is and continually facing it during the duration of the prayer, a Muslim astronaut is simply asked to use their best judgement with said religious scholars agreeing that as long as an earnest attempt is made by an astronaut to face Mecca as prayer begins there should be no religious issue. The specific guideline in determining the direction state,
Qibla direction is based on what is possible, prioritizing as below:
i.The Ka'aba
ii.The projection of Ka'aba
iii.The Earth
iv. Wherever
Yes, if one cannot otherwise even determine the direction of the Earth itself, then facing "wherever" is acceptable. As Dr. Khaleel Mohammed of San Diego State University explained,
In space, the ritual prayer might be offset for more of a prayer that is allowed when on jihad … for the lack of gravity and directional accuracy makes it legitimate to do as one sees fit. God does not take a person to task for that which is beyond his/her ability to work with.
Other issues addressed include what a space-faring Muslim should do in-lieu of standing, bowing, prostrating, and repeating while praying- a difficult thing to pull off while in a state of perpetual free-fall around the Earth. The solution is to prioritize as follows:
a. If upright standing is not possible, then any standing posture,
b. Sitting. Bowing is by bringing down the chin closer to the knee or the prostrating place,
c. Lying down on the right side with body facing the direction of Qibla,
d. Lying flat
e. Using the eye lid as an indicator of the changing of postures in prayer,
f. Imagining the sequence of prayer.
Again, this all just seems to be looking for a best effort here. And if no effort can produce the desired results, then simply imagining doing it is fine. This is largely because, to quote Dr. Kamal Abdali:
The pamphlet drafted by the Islamic scholars also outlines what to do if one's trip in space coincides with Ramadan (which Shukor's partially did), where it is required to fast from sunrise to sunsetthe guide says this is largely up to the individual and they can choose to fast as usual using the same timescale as they pray to or, if necessary given the duties at hand, forgo the fast and make up for it when they arrive back on Earth.
It's also interesting to note that the document explicitly states that "travelling to space is encouraged" by Islam, as is the obligation of Muslims to "maintain sustainability of the space environment" and observe peace with all "other beings" one encounters in spacemeaning the official policy of Islam, according to the 150 Islamic scholars who came up with the guide, requires Muslim astronauts to maintain peaceful relations with aliens, if any are ever encountered.
Bonus Facts:
 - There's a disagreement of sorts between Islamic academics about whether or not it's okay for Muslims to take part in a mission to colonize Mars. On one side some feel that such a mission would pose an unacceptable risk to the individual Muslim's life, whereas others feel that it is the duty of Muslims to explore all of Allah's creation, including Mars. So far, this issue has yet to have a conclusive solution.
 - The first thing ever eaten on the moon was a small piece of communion bread by Buzz Aldrin as part of a private religious ceremony he held to symbolically be with his church and family on Earth. Aldrin originally planned to say his communion prayer over the radio so people on Earth could hear it too but was convinced not to by NASA as the moon landing was a mission being conducted on behalf of all faiths, not just Christians. Aldrin was also the first person to pee on the moon. Take THAT Mr. "One small step…"
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 1. Function: adjective
 Definition: being brain-fried from being on the computer too long
 Example Sentence: He came out of the computer lab totally computafried.
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 Definition: a miniature, portable computer
 Word History: computer + pod
 Example Sentence: I carry a computapod around with me when I travel.
 Submitted by: Kaddy from Florida, USA on 04/04/2009 01:14
 1. Function: noun
 Definition: a beautiful violin
 Example Sentence: I like to practice my computerasollama.
 Submitted by: Cinderella Ella on 06/05/2008 03:24
 1. Function: noun
 Definition: gymnastics performed while on a computer
 Word History: computer and gymnastics
 Example Sentence: I like doing computerastics.
 Submitted by: Jacob from VA, USA on 10/29/2008 06:45
 1. Function: noun
 Definition: a miniature computer
 Example Sentence: She wanted to buy a computerette because it was cheaper.
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 Definition: the instant your computer freezes up and gets stuck
 Example Sentence: My laptop's computerfreezia is keeping me from doing my homework.
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 Definition: a person who is obsessed with computers
 Example Sentence: My brother, the computerian, is on his computer all the time.
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 Example Sentence: That game is very computeristic.
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 1. Function: verb
 Definition: to use a computer: to spend hours working on a computer
 Example Sentence: My mom asked what I was doing, so I told her I was computerizing.
 Submitted by: Anonymous from Florida, USA on 12/06/2010 05:03


text:
After completion of the course the student shall be able to
Knowledge and understanding
1. explain how conversion of energy commodities into electrical energy and heat is made
2. describe renewable energies, their possibilities, and problems
3. present current research and development work related to the course content
4. present the fundamental challenges of sustainable environment with a special focus on the challenges faced by future energy systems
5. present the construction of a district heating network, its theory, technique, and function as well as municipal power systems
Competence and skills
6. analyse technical solutions and system integration of sustainable and renewable energy
7. define and formulate a project work autonomously as well as plan and, using appropriate methods, undertake the same within predetermined time frames
8. in speech and writing report their project work and discuss their conclusions and the knowledge and arguments on which they are based
Judgement and approach
9. demonstrate awareness of ethical aspects of research and development work
10. make assessments informed by disciplinary issues related to the course content
11. make assessments informed by social issues related to the course content.
PrerequisitesEnglish language proficiency equivalent to (the Swedish upper secondary school) English course 6/B. Completion of Bachelor's degree in technology or natural sciences of at least 180 credits, or equivalent foreign degree, at least 12 credits of which in thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, or equivalent knowledge.
The online application at antagning.se opens approximately one month before application deadline.
When you apply for a course you will be directed to the admission site where the code for your course will be pre-entered
More about admissions at universityadmissions.se
*) The online application at antagning.se opens approximately one month before application deadline.


Honey Fungus – Armillaria mellea
Fungi of the Week
1st October 2019 | Info
Common name: Honey fungus
Scientific name: Armillaria mellea
Introduction: Honey fungus is a native fungus that has parasitic qualities.
Cap: Typically honey-coloured (yellowy-brown) and is convex at first but flattens as it matures. Occasionally will have concentric circles of darker scales.
Gills: Linked to the stem and begin white. As the fungus matures, it turns to a deep yellow to brown colour.
Stem: There can be thick or slender stems. Thicker stems are scaly and are white before turning to a yellow-brown colour. Slimmer stems are typically smoother and begin white before turning to yellow and then a red-brown.
Spores: Ellipsoid and begin white before darkening into a pinkish-brown.
Flesh: White.
Group: Physalacriaceae.
Habitat: Honey Fungus typically grows in huge clusters on the trunks and stumps of many tree species. Unusually, these fungi can live on trees that are dead or alive. It can commonly be found on trees such as Birch, Cedar and Apple trees. Honey fungus can however also be found in the grass as its rhizomorphs spread to find more trees to infect.
Significance to Trees: Honey Fungus is considered to be one of the most dangerous fungi that affect trees. It's parasitic, pathogenic and can affect a large number of broad-leaved and coniferous trees. It causes one of the most common root diseases (armillaria root rot) which can lead to the death of a tree or brittle fractures at its base.
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Keoghs Insight
David Pugh
David Pugh
T:0247 _PHONE_
McDonald v National Grid
Disease Aware Issue 6
The Supreme Court has narrowly found for the claimant in the mesothelioma case of McDonald.
The practical effect is to impose what almost amounts to strict liability in many cases - even where the asbestos exposure could not have been foreseen to be dangerous.
There are also uncomfortable implications for public liability cover and for some non asbestos cases.
Mr McDonald was not employed by National Grid's predecessors. He was a driver whose duties included visits to a power station, where he loaded ash. He would visit other areas of the power station.
On occasion, he witnessed others mixing and applying asbestos lagging. The first instance Judge described his asbestos exposure as, "at a modest level on a limited number of occasions over a relatively short period of time."
By the Supreme Court hearing, the claimant had accepted that neither his employer nor the power station had been negligent. The case against the employer was dropped.
It continued against the National Grid based on breach of statutory duty. The claimant relied on two separate provisions - S2(a) of the Asbestos Industry Regulations 1931, and S47(1) of the Factories Act 1937.
The duties under both were imposed not on the employer, but on whoever operated the factory premises. In Baroness Hale's words, they are, "in fact a species of occupiers' liability."
Regulation 2(a) says that, "mixing or blending by hand of asbestos," can only be carried out with exhaust ventilation, so far as is practicable.
S47 (1) says that practicable methods should be taken to reduce dust where it is, "likely to be injurious," or amounts to, "a substantial quantity of dust of any kind."
For both provisions it is the defendant's burden to prove that appropriate steps were taken. The lapse of time between exposure and disease in most mesothelioma claims means that in most cases this will be impossible for defendants. If the provisions apply, liability will almost certainly follow.
On the 1931 Regulations, there were two main issues.
Did they apply to all factories, or just those in the asbestos industry itself?
Should 'mixing' be given a narrow technical meaning as again used just in that industry?
Three of the Supreme Court judges gave a broad purposive meaning to the regulations. They applied to all factories. They applied to all mixing by hand.
The other two judges said that the regulations were intended and designed only for the asbestos industry itself. This bare majority got the claimant home.
The picture on S47 is more complex. The section applies to persons employed for the purposes of the factory. Did it apply to someone in Mr McDonald's position? Did the dust have to be substantial when it was created, or when it was inhaled?
On this part of the case, the Court was even more divided. All of them found that Mr McDonald was 'employed'. Two of them found that he was not employed for the purposes of the power station - leading to an equal split as one of the judges declined to give a view. All five concluded that the dust only had to be substantial at the point of production.
What this means
This decision means that claimants are more likely to succeed in earlier exposure cases; those involving modest exposure before the generally accepted 1965 date of knowledge for mesothelioma.
To that extent the decision changes little - since that had been the generally understood position since the Court of Appeal case of Cherry Tree in 2001. The very tight majority suggests that this was an effort worth making for defendants.
Defendants can still defend against pre-1965 cases. If the process did not include mixing, Regulation 2(a) won't apply. If the process was only occasional, the regulations as a whole won't apply. If it can be proved that exhaust ventilation would have been impractical (perhaps where the work was outside), there may be a defence.
Section 47
The position on S47 is more troubling. This applies to all dusts and fumes, so would be relevant to silicosis claims, chronic bronchitis or even non asbestos cancer cases such as those in the Phurnacite decision.
The fact that 'substantial' is assessed by reference to creation rather than exposure makes it easier for claimants to win.
This aspect also raises the question of coverage - which has some importance.
Most individuals in Mr McDonald's position would have to rely on public liability (PL) insurance. PL insurance is currently thought to trigger on an injury sustained basis - which would bring claims into far more recent policies which generally exclude asbestos liabilities.
If Mr McDonald is 'employed' for the purposes of the 1937 Act, might that mean that he would be covered under an employer's liability policy?
Policy interpretation need not follow statutory interpretation, but the prospect remains.
With claimant success in the LASPO judicial review, insurers have now lost the first two of the asbestos decisions expected this autumn.
Two others remain - the Supreme Court's view of the Welsh Assembly's NHS charges for asbestos claims, and the IEG v Zurich partial cover case.
Substantial quantities of dust still have to settle before this asbestos year is out. Only time will tell how injurious that dust is to insurers.


text:
. Suppose now that we know the characters of all representations ordered below a representation with Young tableau. Consider then the tensor product. Both are ordered below and hence their characters are known according to our assumption. The tensor product yields plus representations ordered below, and hence we can now determine the character of. Proceeding like this we can systematically compute all characters.
Not only the characters, but also the trace identities for were obtained in
where the summation is as in equation (51). This result was obtained from equation (51) using the fact that for anti-symmetric tensors of rank larger than the rank of the algebra are trivial.
To illustrate this let us return to the Weyl formula, equation(55). For this yields a very simple result for a representation of spin :
Expanding this for the spinrepresentation we get
The spinrepresentation serves as the reference representation in our method. Hence its character is
Using the trace identities (58) and