text:
Today most people use paper napkins while eating. Nevertheless, paper napkins were not instantly embraced by Americans when they first became available, and even today their usage is questioned by many who are environmentally conscious.
As early as 1887, John Dickinson used paper napkins at his company's party in the United States. The first American company to introduce paper napkins was Scott Paper, but that did not occur until 1931. Other paper products, including tissues and paper towels, were also introduced around this time, but using paper napkins did not become popular in the United States until the 1950s.
Paper napkins are convenient because they eliminate the need to wash napkins, and they guarantee that the user will have a clean napkin. They are also lightweight and easy to pack when eating on the run. Thicker paper napkins are easiest to fold. Paper napkins come in a wide variety of sizes, patterns and styles.
Paper napkins consume natural resources and pollute landfills, when cloth napkins could do the job. Napkins bleached with chlorine may contain dioxins and other toxins. Additionally, some paper napkins are thin, tear easily, may not absorb well, and may be abrasive to the skin.
You can take steps to minimize environmental waste. Limit the number of napkins you use, and those that are put on the table but not used should be reserved for later use. If food spills, wipe it up with a sponge instead of paper napkins or towels. Choose paper napkins that come in bulk since the packaging is greener than purchasing more packages in a smaller size. Look for paper napkins that are unbleached and made from recyclable material. Use the smallest napkin size that will efficiently do the job.
The average person uses six paper napkins daily. However, using cloth napkins is only greener if the napkins are used more than once and washed with a regular laundry load. Laundry loads just for napkins can waste water and detergent.


Bandy is a team winter sport that's played on ice. Skaters use a stick to direct a ball towards the opponent's goal, similar to ice and field hockey. Additionally, the sport was influenced by the rules of Association Football. The game is played on ice but players use bowed sticks and a ball. Basically, Bandy is somewhere in the middle of ice hockey and field hockey. There are two versions of this sport and both are recognized by the Olympic Committee. There are additional variations but they are played just locally.
Bandy Intro
Welcome to Bandy
Even though it's recognized by the Olympic Committee, the sport is not a part of the Olympic Games. It was demonstrated once in the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo. However, it is yet to join the Olympic program. It was said that the 2022 Olympics in Beijing will include new sports. At the moment, Bandy is being considered as a possible candidate to be one of those new sports. Competitions within the sport are organized by the Federation of International Bandy (FIB). For more information about the sport and it's roots, check their official website.
History of Bandy
The history of the sport has been debated for a long time. Many Russians claim that the origins or Bandy can be traced to Russia. It was called Russian Hockey for many years which is why these claims are made. However, both English and Dutch history have mentions of a similar sport being played on their territories. In England the sport was formed during the winter months. Large expanses of ice would form on the flooded meadows or shallow washes in cold winters, and skating has been a tradition.
Members of the Bury Fen Bandy Clubpublished rules of the game in 1882, and introduced it into other countries. In 1891, the first international match took place. The Bury Fen faces against a team from the Netherlands. That same year an association to organize events in the sport was formed in England. However, even towards the end of the 19th century, the sport was still called hockey on the ice. It was treated as a variant of field hockey.
The first national bandy league was started in Sweden in 1902. The sport immediately became a part of the Nordic Games in the following years. However, Russia is the country that holds the top position for this sport. They are one of the founding nations of the FIB. Additionally, they have fielded the most successful teams in World Championships.
Rules & Equipment
There are eighteen rules in official play, designed to apply to all levels of bandy, although certain modifications for groups such as juniors, veterans or women are permitted. The rules are often framed in broad terms, which allow flexibility in their application depending on the nature of the game. Each team has 11 players + substitutes. One of this players is the goalkeeper. Only the goalkeeper can play the ball with his hands and only in his goal area. The rest of the players don't actually have positions. The coach places them on the field but he doesn't need to form a specific tactic. There are no defenders, attackers, etc.
Any number of players may be replaced by substitutes during the course of the game. Substitutions can be performed without notifying the referee and can be performed while the ball is in play. However, the substitute must enter the field after the player he is substituting is out of the field. Failure to do so will lead to a 5 minute ban. This part of the rules of Bandy are very similar to handball. The game is officiated by a referee. The referee may have one or two assistant referees. A secretary outside of the field often takes care of the match protocol.
A bandy field is 45–65 meters by 90–110 meters or about the same size as a football pitch. It's much larger than an ice hockey rink. Along the sidelines a 15 cm high border is placed to prevent the ball from leaving the ice. It should not be attached to the ice, to glide upon collisions, and should end 1–3 meters away from the corners. The goals are 3.5 meters wide and 2.1 meters high. In front of the goal is the penalty area which has a radius of 17 meters.
The rules of Bandy are very straight-forward and similar to hockey. The referee stops the game and puts the ball in play or out of play. When the ball goes out of play or a player breaks the rules, the referee can make several decisions. The play is then restarted with the following methods:
 - Stroke-off
 - Goal-throw
 - Corner stroke
 - Free-stroke
 - Penalty shot
 - Face-off
Additionally, the referee can punish the players with a 10 minute penalty if they are acting outside of the regulations. They get a blue card and if it happens 3 times, the player won't be able to come back to the game. A match penalty is indicated through the use of a red card. Last but not least, Bandy has the offside rule which works exactly the same way as in Football (Soccer).
The basic Bandy equipment includes skates, helmet, mouth guard, and the goalkeeper also needs a face guard. The teams must wear uniforms that make it easy to distinguish the two teams. The goal keeper wears distinct colors to single him out from his or her teammates, just as in football. The ball is usually orange or cerise. Additionally, players need to wear extra protection elements for their knees, elbows, throat, and genitals. Last but not least, we have the Bandy stick. It needs to be made from wood or any similar material. The stick mustn't have any metal or sharp parts which can hurt the players.
The sticks are crooked and are divided into five bend categories. In professional play, bend 4 is usually used. The stick needs to have a different color to the ball. Also, it can't be longer than 127 cm and wider than 7 cm.
As we mentioned above, FIB is in charge or organizing all Bandy competitions. At the moment, the organization has 27 members. They organize World Championships which have a women and youth category as well. There is also a World Cup which is a different competition to the World championships. Additionally, FIB continues to work towards getting Bandy into the Olympic program.
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Walkabout (film)
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Film poster of Walkabout
Directed by Nicolas Roeg
Produced by Si Litvinoff
Screenplay by Edward Bond
Based on novel by James Vance Marshall
Starring Jenny Agutter
Luc Roeg
David Gulpilil
Music by John Barry
Cinematography Nicolas Roeg
Edited by Antony Gibbs
Max L. Raab-Si Litvinoff Films
Distributed by 20th Century Fox
Release dates
May 1971 (1971-05)
(Cannes Film Festival)
June 1971 (US)
October 1971 (UK/Australia)
Running time
100 minutes[1]
Country Australia
United Kingdom
Language English
Yolŋu Matha
Budget A$1,000,000 (estimated)[2]
A teenage schoolgirl (Jenny Agutter) and her much younger brother (Luc Roeg) become stranded in the wilderness after their father (John Meillon) goes berserk. After driving them far into the Australian outback for a picnic, the father suddenly begins shooting at his children. When they run behind rocks for cover, he sets the car on fire and shoots himself in the head. The girl conceals what has happened from her brother and, after she has salvaged what food she can, the pair head out into the desert.
By the middle of the next day, they are weak and the boy can barely walk. Discovering a small water hole with a fruiting tree, they spend the day playing, bathing, and resting. By the next morning, the water has dried up. They are then discovered by an Aboriginal boy (David Gulpilil); although the girl cannot communicate with him, her brother mimes their need for water and the newcomer cheerfully shows them how to draw it from the drying bed of the oasis. The three travel together, with the Aboriginal boy sharing food he has caught hunting. They learn to communicate using words and sign language.
Despite their being lost, the Aboriginal boy does not assist the children in returning to civilisation. While in the vicinity of a plantation, a white woman walks past the boy, who subsequently ignores her when she speaks to him. She also spots the other children but they do not see her, and they continue on their journey. The children also discover a weather balloon belonging to a nearby research team working in the desert.
The trio then find a deserted farm and discover a paved road nearby, presumably leading to civilisation. The Aboriginal boy hunts down a water buffalo and is wrestling it to the ground when two white hunters appear in a truck and nearly run him over. He watches as they shoot several buffalo with a rifle. The boy then returns to the farm and catches the girl dressing. Later, he initiates a mating ritual by painting tribal markings on himself and performing a courtship dance in front of her. Although he dances outside all day and into the night until he becomes exhausted, she cannot understand the nature of his actions and ignores him. In the morning, the brother wakes his sister and tells her their companion is dead. After they wash and dress in their school uniforms, the brother takes her to the Aboriginal boy's body, hanging in a tree. Before leaving, the girl wipes ants from the dead boy's chest. Hiking up the road, the siblings find a nearly deserted mining town, where they are met by a surly white man who directs them towards a nearby hotel and, presumably, civilisation.
Years later, a businessman arrives home as the now grown-up girl prepares dinner; while he embraces her and relates office gossip, she daydreams, imagining a scene in which she, her brother, and the Aboriginal boy are playing and swimming naked in the deep pool in the outback.
Production details[edit]
The movie was the second feature directed by Nicolas Roeg. He had long planned to make a film of the novel Walkabout, in which the children are Americans stranded by a plane crash. After the indigenous boy finds and leads them to safety, he dies of influenza contracted from them, as he has not been immunised. Roeg had not been able to find a script he was happy with, until the English playwright Edward Bond did a minimal 14-page screenplay.
Roeg obtained backing from two American businessmen, Max Raab and Si Litvinoff, who incorporated a company in Australia but raised the budget entirely in the US and sold world rights to 20th Century Fox. Filming began in Sydney in August 1969 and later moved to Alice Springs.[2]
Roeg, a British filmmaker, brought an outsider's eye and interpretation to the Australian setting, and improvised greatly during filming. He has commented, "We didn't really plan anything—we just came across things by chance…filming whatever we found."[4] The director's son, Luc Roeg, played the younger boy in the film.
In the USA, the film was originally rated R by the MPAA due to nudity, but was reduced to a GP-rating (PG) on appeal.
Actor David Gulpilil is miscredited in the film as David Gumpilil.
John Barry composed and conducted the music, while Phil Ramone produced the music.
The poem read at the end of the film is Poem 40 from A.E. Housman's A Shropshire Lad.
Reception and interpretation[edit]
Walkabout fared poorly at the box office in Australia. Critics debated whether it could be considered an Australian film, and whether it was an embrace of or a reaction to the country's cultural and natural context.[4]
The film is an example of Roeg's well-defined directorial style, characterised by strong visual composition from his experience as a cinematographer, combined with extensive cross-cutting and the juxtaposition of events, location, or environments to build his themes.[5] This use of intellectual montage creates symbolism by juxtaposing two shots that are not literally connected.[original research?]For example, in one scene the Aboriginal boy is seen killing and dismembering a kangaroo, a passage interrupted by several brief clips of a butcher at work in his shop.[original research?]
The film is noted for its cinematography and is interspersed with numerous images of Australian plant and animal life, along with its varied landscapes. The director often uses those images to emphasise events in the plot and set the emotional tone, most notably during the violent scene involving the rifle hunters.[original research?]Though many of the events are improbable in a natural setting—in one scene a wombat wanders past the sleeping children in the middle of a desert—they create a backdrop of a populous, varied environment. In Walkabout, an analysis of the film, author Louis Nowra wrote:
"...I was stunned. The images of the Outback were of an almost hallucinogenic intensity. Instead of the desert and bush being infused with a dull monotony, everything seemed acute, shrill, and incandescent. The Outback was beautiful and haunting."[6]
Film critic Edward Guthmann also notes the strong use of exotic natural images, calling them a "chorus of lizards".[7]
Critic Roger Ebert called it "one of the great films."[8] He writes that it contains little moral or emotional judgment of its characters, and ultimately is a portrait of isolation in proximity:
"Is it a parable about noble savages and the crushed spirits of city dwellers? That's what the film's surface suggests, but I think it's about something deeper and more elusive: the mystery of communication."[8]
Commenting on the film's enduring appeal, in 1998 Roeg described the film as:
"…a simple story about life and being alive, not covered with sophistry but addressing the most basic human themes; birth, death, mutability."[9]
At the online review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a score of 93% based on 27 critical submissions, with an average rating of 8.2 out of 10 (showing however, as of 31 January 2013, "no consensus", on the site's Tomatometer.)[10]
Walkabout features numerous scenes of animal hunting and killing, most notably a kangaroo being speared and bludgeoned to death. The Cinematograph Films (Animals) Act 1937 makes it illegal to distribute and exhibit material of which the production involved inflicting pain or terror on an animal. Since the animals did not appear to suffer or be in distress the film was deemed to not contravene the Act. The film also includes numerous scenes of full-frontal nudity featuring Jenny Agutter, who was 17 years old at the time of filming. The scenes did not pose a problem when submitted to the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) in 1971 and later in 1998, since the Protection of Children Act 1978 permitted the distribution and possession of indecent images of people over the age of 16; however, the Sexual Offences Act 2003 raised the age threshold to 18 which meant the actress' age was a factor when the film was re-submitted in 2011. The BBFC reviewed the scenes in regards to the law and deemed them to not be "indecent" and passed the film uncut. Had this not been the case, the film would have been refused classification and it would have effectively made it illegal to possess a copy of the film, including copies that had been purchased legally at the time.[11]
 1. ^ "Walkabout". British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
 3. ^ "Home > Festival Archives > Selections > In Competition


text:
This very unusual and interesting surname, is generally accepted as being English and specifically from the Midlands. It is certainly a midlands surname, but its origins are in fact French! It derives from 'loche', and old French word which describes a fresh water fish, and presumably was applied as a nickname surname to a fresh water fisherman. This is to some extent proven by the coat of arms granted in Brittany, France, before 1792, which has the blazon of three silver fish, palewise two and one, on a black field. Quite when the name appeared in England is not certain, although it was well established in Warwickshire in the 16th century. There may be some connection with recording such as for instance, Robert Atteloc, recorded in the year 1300. In this case the 'lok' apparently refers to a stretch of fresh water, used for fish farming. Examples of the surname spellings include Loache and Loach in England, and Loche, Lochet, Locard, and Lockhart in France. The latter also being a prominent Scottish clan surname - although like 'Loach' it originated from France in the 12th century. The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of William Loache, which was dated February 3rd 1593, recorded at Alveston, Warwickshire, during the reign of Queen Elizabeth 1, known as 'Good Queen Bess', 1558 - 1603. Surnames became necessary when governments introduced personal taxation. In England this was known as Poll Tax. Throughout the centuries, surnames in every country have continued to "develop" often leading to astonishing variants of the original spelling.
© Copyright: Name Origin Research 1980 - 2017

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


GTR Home > Conditions/Phenotypes > Long QT syndrome 1
Disease characteristics
Excerpted from the GeneReview: Romano-Ward Syndrome
Romano-Ward syndrome (RWS) is purely a cardiac electrophysiologic disorder, characterized by QT prolongation and T-wave abnormalities on the ECG and the ventricular tachycardia torsade de pointes (TdP). TdP is usually self-terminating, thus causing a syncopal event, the most common symptom in individuals with RWS. Syncope typically occurs during exercise and high emotions, less frequently at rest or during sleep, and usually without warning. In some instances, TdP degenerates to ventricular fibrillation and causes aborted cardiac arrest (if the individual is defibrillated) or sudden death. Approximately 50% of individuals with a disease-causing mutation in one of the genes associated with RWS have symptoms, usually one to a few syncopal spells. While cardiac events may occur from infancy through middle age, they are most common from the pre-teen years through the 20s.
Associated genes
 - Also known as: ATFB1, ATFB3, JLNS1, KCNA8, KCNA9, KVLQT1, Kv1.9, Kv7.1, LQT, LQT1, RWS, SQT2, WRS, KCNQ1
 Summary: potassium voltage-gated channel, KQT-like subfamily, member 1
Clinical features
 - Torsade de pointes
 - Sudden cardiac death
 - Ventricular fibrillation
 - Abnormality of the ear
 - Syncope
 - Prolonged QT interval
Show all (6)
Write to the Help Desk


text:
Europeana, Europe's digital library, museum and archive, has launched its first free iPad app. Europeana Open Culture introduces the public to hand-picked and beautiful collections from some of Europe's top institutions, and allows people to explore, share and comment on them.
The app provides an easy introduction to Europe's glorious art treasury through five specially curated themes: Maps and Plans, Treasures of Art, Treasures of the Past, Treasures of Nature and Images of the Past.
Europeana Open Culture presents stunning visual collections with large images - great for those smaller details - and a comment option that opens up the possibility for dialogue between many people exploring the same images.
The 350,000 images available through the app come from collections as diverse as:
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh, UK
- Rijksmuseum, The Netherlands
- National Library of Poland
- The Archaeological Museum, Portugal
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
- Digital Library of the Spanish Ministry of Defence
All images included are either in the public domain or are openly licensed.
The app is built on the Muse platform. The platform's code is open source, so, it is completely free to use and improve.
As the world becomes more digitized, there will be an increasing need to make available learning resources in electronic format for access by information and communication technologies. The question education will face is whether these learning resources will be available for learners to access at no cost or affordable cost, so that there will be equity in access by anyone regardless of location, status, or background. ground.
Mohamed Ally (Athabasca University, Canada) and Mohammed Samaka (Qatar University, Qatar) analyse in the paper "Open Educational Resources and Mobile Technology to Narrow the Learning Divide", published by the International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, how the use of mobile technology to deliver OER will provide equal opportunity for everyone to learn, by allowing access to educational materials from anywhere and at any time.
Fiszkoteka.pl is an educational portal that converts the flashcard learning method (i.e. with little pieces of paper bearing information on both sides) into a multimedia online experience.
'Vision in an Increasingly Mobile World', an event organised by the British Machine Vision Association (BMVA), will be held on 15 May 2013 in London, UK.
Modern mobile computing creates interesting opportunities and challenges for computer vision research. This meeting will bring together researchers and practitioners, from both industry and academia, interested in all aspects of mobile computer vision - be it within consumer devices, autonomous/embedded systems or novel deployment domains.
The 19th edition of the EUNIS Congress is an ICT conference centered on the theme of higher education in Europe, which will be held in Riga (Latvia) from the 11-14 of June 2013.
EUNIS 2013 is the 19th congress in a series of conferences aimed at audiences from higher educational institutes. The following keynote speeches will be the centerpiece of this year's event:
- Richard Katz (President at Richard N. Katz & Associates) -
- "IT Leadership and Governance for Next Generation University"
- Voldemar A. Innus (Owner and principal of VAI Consulting, Pendleton, NY, USA) -
- "Innovation, incubation and the future of ICT in support of the academic mission"
- Ian Dolphin (Executive Director at Sakai Foundation)
- "The CIO and Finding the Future Technology Ecosystem Fit For Your Organization"
- Dr.Jan-Martin Lowendahl (Research Vice President at Gartner, Higher Education Strategies)
- "Opening Up Education – The European Commission initiative towards more ICT and OER in Education and Training Systems in Europe"
- Ricardo Ferreira (Policy Officer at European Commission)
- "Technological Tools for distance Collaborations"
- Greg Palmer (Executive Director at University of Pennsylvania, MAGPI (the Mid-Atlantic Gigapop in Philadelphia for Internet2))
- "Current status of Open Source and Kuali for administrative systems and the "Marketecture of Community""
- Jennifer L. Foutty (Executive Director at Kuali Foundation)
- "Management Trends in Educational Institutions"
- Greg Mathers (RTU Riga Business School,Director of Accel Performance Consulting)
- "TERENA initiatives and the future of online video in Higher Education"
- Vicente Goyanes (Head of IT-Media technical assistance for University of Vigo & Campus do Mar, member of the TERENA Technical Committee and the Opencast Boarda)
Many colleges and universities have launched wide-ranging, device-specific mobile initiatives or invested substantial resources to make services mobile friendly in a platform-neutral manner. For others, a more measured approach toward integration of mobile devices can be a reasonable and pragmatic way forward.
Faculty and staff from a number of units within Boise State University convened in Fall 2010 to develop a series of specific recommendations that would allow for the development of one or more innovative, technology-based projects across campus. In 2011, the task force submitted a proposal titled "Mobile-Learning for Boise State: A Proposal to Catalyze Transformation in Teaching and Learning."
This paper published by the EDUCAUSE Research Bulletin describes a number of projects that have emerged from the mobile learning initiative.
The full article is also available here, at the Boise State University Scholar Works archive.
The "Policy guidelines for mobile learning" developed by UNESCO seek to help policy-makers better understand what mobile learning is and how its unique benefits can be leveraged to advance progress towards Education for All.
UNESCO believes that mobile technologies can expand and enrich educational opportunities for learners in diverse settings. Yet most ICT in education policies were articulated in a pre-mobile era and they do not seek to maximize the learning potentials of mobile technology. The rare policies that do reference mobile devices tend to treat them tangentially or ban their use in schools.
Today, a growing body of evidence suggests that ubiquitous mobile devices – especially mobile phones and, more recently, tablet computers – are being used by learners and educators around the world to access information, streamline administration and facilitate learning in new and innovative ways.
Developed in consultation with experts in over 20 countries, UNESCO's "Policy guidelines for mobile learning" have broad application and can accommodate a wide range of institutions, including K–12 schools, universities, community centres, and technical and vocational schools.
Policy-makers are encouraged to adopt UNESCO's policy recommendations, tailoring them as necessary to reflect the unique needs and on-the-ground realities of local contexts.
The document was presented during the UNESCO Mobile Learning Week 2013, held from 18 to 22 February in Paris.
Smartphones for Seniors (S4S), is a Portuguese collaborative R&D project coordinated by Microsoft, which provides mobile services technology adapted to the senior population.
This project furnishes better communication tools for the elderly, by taking advantage of the Windows Phone 7 new user interfaces and including more advanced apps such as video conferencing, chatting and social networking integration (Facebook and Twitter, for example).
A scope of apps/services is included (with information on: pharmacies' locations and working hours, dictionary, weather, and trip advisor/planner), as well as services of a more personal nature (such as: reminders and management of electronic prescript medications, list of tasks, schedules and reminders made by the senior, or family members and caregivers, 'take me home,' with directions on how to return home or how to ask for help;'my diet', with information on nutrition, food and recipes recommended), and playful applications for entertainment purposes, such as word games, chess and games such as on-line "quizzes".
Information and media literacy and knowledge management
Information and media literacy and lifelong learning
Information and media literacy in different cultures and environm
Information and media literacy and emerging technologies and tools (Web 2.0)
Information and media literacy in the future (Web 3.0, mobile technologies)
Gamification of learning and education
Information and media literacy and legislation, copyrights
Information and media literacy and libraries
Collaborative learning through technology
Digital badges in learning and education
Blended learning trends
Assessment and evaluation of learning process (Learning analytics)
Thanks to the grant from the CEI (Central European Initiative) we are able to offer special fees.
First 18 participants from the CEI countries whose abstracts will be chosen by the program committee, we have a special offer:

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Subscribe English
look up any word, like drinking watermelon:
English Translation: "White-Sausage"
1. n. type of German sausage, usually colored a light pink or white.
2. n. slang term used to describe the penis of a white male humanoid; usually used in conjunction with other German words and phrases.
Meine weisswurst ist groB! (My white-sausage or penus is large!)
by Jason Martin March 09, 2004
3 0


Here at RedRabbit, we know exactly how time-consuming and tedious maintenance management can be. That's why we provide you with the tools to easily organise and track each maintenance ticket from logged to completed.
Dealing with maintenance requires a lot of communication to keep all stakeholders informed. With our maintenance dashboards, you can easily track what has been done on any ticket and have all your communication and documentation in one place.
Residential Property Maintenance can originate from the following sources:
 - Inspections
 - Issue reported by the Tenant
 - Preventive maintenance initiated by the Landlord
Each of the above maintenance events will require:
 - Consultation with the Landlord
 - Quotes for work to be done
 - Tasking of Contractors to do the agreed to Maintenance
 - Keeping all parties informed
 - Quality control to ensure that the job has been done properly
 - Managing of the workflow from start to finish ensuring closure on every issue
In most cases the Agent will act on behalf of the Landlord with the Landlord only being involved at certain stages of the process. Since this might differ from Landlord to Landlord, it is extremely important to calibrate and agree with the landlord on how the process will work and where the Landlord would want to be involved. Specifically the following needs to be agreed to:
 - Basic process workflow when a new issue needs to be managed
 - The types of maintenance that will require a quote vs just permission to attend on a call out basis.
 - The number of quotes that the Landlord would require.
 - The discretionary amount that the agent can spend to deal with emergency situations where he cannot get hold of the Landlord within a reasonable amount of time.
 - How quality control will be handled
 - How payment for work will be done (direct by the landlord or paid from the rent)
Dealing with Maintenance requires lots of communication to keep all stakeholders informed and it is extremely important to have a system in place that will make it easy to communicate via Email and / or SMS. Typical communication that might be required include the following:
 - Letting Landlords and Tenants know that a new issue has been logged
 - Letting Contractors know that a job card has been issued for their attention
 - Letting Tenants know when a Contractor has been tasked to attend to an Issue
 - Asking for quality feedback after receipt of confirmation from a Contractor that a job has been completed.
 - Keeping Landlords and Tenants updated on progress for larger jobs or where there are delays.
A good system will allow you to use templates to avoid having to retype the same messages over and over again. In addition Email threads related to the same job should preferably be saved in an email repository that will make it easy to see all related email with the click of a button.
From time to time, certain difficult maintenance situations will require special attention and it is always a good idea to discuss these upfront with the Landlord and how you intend dealing with them. Examples of these include:
Water Leaks – Slow leaks might not be detected above ground until the Landlord is confronted by a huge water account. This would then probably require leak detection to determine the exact location of the leak before it can be repaired. If the leak are on the municipal side of the water connection to the property, it might require a call to the municipality to deal with the issue. High water readings might also be caused by faulty water meters. This will require meter testing by the municipality. They would normally require you to pay upfront for the testing and will refund you if it turns out that the water meter is faulty. Dealing with these kinds of leaks is very frustrating and the cost involved when having to do leak detection or meter testing.
Process Tips when you receive a high water account and suspect a water leak:
 1. Close all water outlets on the property.
 2. Take a water meter reading.
 3. Wait an hour and take another meter reading. If there has been any usage even with all outlets closed, you have a water leak or defective water meter.
 4. Inspect your property above ground looking specifically for obvious signs of a water leak. If any of these are present, a concealed water pipe could be the source of the problem and you will need to get a plumber involved to locate and fix the leak.
 1. Wet areas above ground
 2. Damp and Paint peeling on walls
 3. Damp and stains on ceilings
 5. If after following the above process, there is still no obvious sign of where the problem is, you might have to get a Leak Detection company involved. They have specialised equipment that allows them to do a pressure test to locate the specific location of the leak.
 6. If there are still no obvious leaks, you might be dealing with a defective water meter and you will then have to log a call with the municipality to test the meter.
Blocked Drains -Traditionally blocked drains are the Tenant's responsibility with the following two exceptions:
 - If it can be proven within an agreed to grace period from taking occupation that the drain has been blocked when the tenant moved in
 - If it can be proven that the blocked drain is caused by a structural problem such as a pipe collapse or tree roots penetrating a pipe.
In order to reduce the emotional response when encountering the effects of a blocked drain, it will serve you well to implement the following countermeasures pro-actively:
 - Ensure that your Lease includes a clause stating what the grace period is for reporting blocked drains after which it should be the Tenant's responsibility.
 - Include as part of the in-going inspection that all toilets should be flushed, baths, basins and showers tested to see if the water runs away freely.
 - Specifically check for large damp areas outside that might point to outside drain problems.
Break-ins – Any break-in is an emotional issue and since it involves blatant intrusion into a tenant's private space, you can expect that questions will be asked about the general safety of the property. If the tenant does not have short term insurance, it will be an even bigger issue since it will now involve money.
In order to be prepared should this happen to you, you can consider the following:
 1. Identify security related issues and shortcomings upfront when you list the property and advise the Landlord on how to make the Property as secure as possible by adding burglar bars, security gates, fencing, alarm systems, etc.
 2. Ensure that your Lease contains a specific clause stipulating that the Tenant is responsible for his / her own short term insurance.
 3. Have an emergency number and process available that can see the Tenant over in terms of ensuring their safety until the necessary maintenance has been done to fix broken doors and windows.
Leaking Roofs – This is one of the most problematic issues since it is so unpredictable. A roof might not leak for many years and then suddenly the wind blows from a unique direction and with enough force to penetrate and expose a weakness. Many tenants can be very unreasonable when it comes to roof leaks and might demand that it be fixed immediately. The problem is that roof leaks can only be fixed reliably when the roof is dry.
You can prepare for this by considering the following:
 1. Make a point to explain the issues associated with roof leaks to the Landlord and specifically ask about potential roof leaks and if possible, get them fixed before the tenant takes occupation.
 2. Ensure that the Tenant has short term insurance and that any such sort term insurance covers resultant water damage from leaking roofs, etc.
 3. When a roof leak is reported, explain to the tenant that it can only be fixed when the roof had time to dry out. Ask the tenant to temporarily move furniture that might be affected in order to avoid unnecessary resultant damage.
 4. Make sure that you have a reliable Contractor who specialises in Leaking Roofs and that you understand the process. There is nothing more frustrating having to deal with the same leak over and over again as a result of an incompetent contractor.
Wear and Tear Issues – these issues mostly relate to the upkeep of the basic structure and involves the walls, roof structure and ceilings, window and door frames, etc. If this kind of maintenance is not done, it can lead to huge costs and might even require complete replacement. In addition, if the structure is not good, you might have to be satisfied with a reduction in rent.
Wear and tear is the change or damage to the condition of a property that happens as a result of everyday use. It is not caused by abuse or neglect. Typical examples include:
 - Some scratches on a wooden floor
 - Color of carpet of hardwood fading due to sunlight exposure
 - Dirty Grout
 - Deterioration of paint or varnish condition on walls, windows and doors as a result of exposure to the elements
 - Cracked tiles resulting from structural movement
You should proactively avoid this at all cost. Considering the following:
 - Explain to the Landlord upfront what constitutes wear and tear.
 - Give the Landlord a condition report of times that might require regular preventive maintenance together with a 5 year schedule of when what needs to be done to keep the property (his asset) in tip top condition and worthy of the rental return he expects.
 - Provide the Landlord with a saving option whereby a small amount is taken from the rent every month and put in a savings account for the Landlord in order to provide funding for preventive maintenance.
Issues involving a Sectional Title Scheme
Many rental properties form part of a sectional title scheme which means that the Landlord is no longer responsible for all the maintenance issues associated with the Property.


text:
Synesis is a traditional grammatical/rhetorical term derived from Greek σύνεσις (originally meaning "unification, meeting, sense, conscience, insight, realization, mind, reason").
A constructio kata synesin (or constructio ad sensum in Latin) is a grammatical construction in which a word takes the gender or number not of the word with which it should regularly agree, but of some other word implied in that word. It is effectively an agreement of words with the sense, instead of the morphosyntactic form.
- If the band are popular, they will play next month.
Here, the plural pronoun they and the plural verb form are co-refer with the singular noun band. One can think of the antecedent of they as an implied plural noun such as musicians.
Such use in English grammar is often called notional agreement (or notional concord), because the agreement is with the notion of what the noun means, rather than the strict grammatical form of the noun (the normative formal agreement). The term situational agreement is also found, since the same word may take a singular or plural verb depending on the interpretation and intended emphasis of the speaker or writer:
- The government is united. (Implication: it is a single cohesive body, with a single agreed policy).
- The government are divided. (Implication: it is made up of different individuals or factions, with their own different policy views).
Other examples of notional agreement for collective nouns involve some uses of the words team and none.
Although notional agreement is more commonly used in British English than in American English, some amount is natural in any variety of English. American style guides give advice, for example, on notional agreement for phrases such as a number of, a lot of, and a total of. The AMA Manual of Style says, "The number is singular and a number of is plural" (thus the number of mosquitoes is increasing but a number of brands of mosquito repellent are available) and "The same is true for the total and a total of" (thus the total was growing but a total of 28 volunteers have submitted applications [not *has submitted]). This is the same concept that is covered by Chicago style (16th ed) at "5.9 Mass noun followed by a prepositional phrase", but not all of the relevant nouns (including "number") are mass nouns.
- American and British English grammatical differences: Formal vs. notional agreement
- Collective noun
- Elohim, a Hebrew word whose number varies.
- Singular they
- Hadumod Bussmann (7 March 2013). Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Routledge. p. 470. ISBN 978-1-134-63038-7. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
- Quirk, Randolph; Greenbaum, Sidney; Leech, Geoffrey; Svartvik, Jan (1985). A comprehensive grammar of the English language. Harlow: Longman. ISBN 0-582-51734-6.
- Iverson, Cheryl, et al. (eds) (2007), "7.8.11 Number", AMA Manual of Style (10th ed.), Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-517633-9CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
- University of Chicago (2010), "5.9 Mass noun followed by a prepositional phrase", The Chicago Manual of Style (16th ed.), Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-10420-1


text:
this pop-up menu. Selecting one of the examples will take you to one of the utility screens and load data for some example into that screen.
Below, you'll find brief instructions for each of the seven utilities. However, much of the interface for the utilities is pretty self-explanatory.
Expression Function Input Screen
When you click the "New Expr." button on the main screen, you will be taken to an input screen where you can define a function as an expression such as "x^2+2*x+1". You can also define split functions, which have different expressions on different parts of their domains.
To define a function, set the name of the function in the input box the top of the screen (or just accept the name that is already provided there). To define a function using just one expression, just fill in the box labeled "Let y =". If you want to limit the domain of the function, you can enter a condition such as "x > -1 and x < 1" in the box labeled "provided:". The condition can use the relational operators =, <>, <, >, <=, and >=, and it can use the logical operators "and", "or", and "not". You can use any expression as part of the condition, such as "abs(sin(x)) < 0.5". You can define a function by up to four cases by filling in more of the boxes labeled "or y=" and "provided". For example: Let "y = x^2" provided "abs(x) < 1" or "y = x^3" provided "x >= 1" or "y = 1" provided "x <= -1".
Click the "Test" button to see the graph of your function. The limits on the axes here do not limit the domain of the function. They are only used to determine what part of the graph will be shown by default on the Main Screen.
Click the "Done" button to define the function and go back to the Main Screen. You must click either the "Done" or "Cancel" button to get out of the Expression Function Input Screen.
Graph Function Input Screen
Functions don't have to be defined by expressions! They can also be defined by graphs and by tables of values. From the Main Screen, click the "New Graph" button to go to the Graph Function Input Screen, where you can define a function as a graph. Technically, the graphs used here are Bezier functions, which are made up of segments. Each segment is a piece of a cubic polynomial, which is completely determined by the two points at the ends of the segments and by the slopes at those two points. It is possible to make graphs that have discontinuities, corners, and cusps.
A new function is just a line segment on the x-axis, with a point at each end. You can double-click the graph to introduce new points. Each point has a "handle", shown as a black point nearby. You can click-and-drag the points and the handles to modify the graph. Other operations are described in the "Brief Instructions" at the top right of the screen. If you want fine control over the x-value of a new endpoint, enter the x-value in the box labeled "at x =" and either press return or click the "Insert New Point" button. Note that the x and y limits in the lower right do not affect the shape of the graph, just how the xy-values on the graph are interpreted.
Click the "Done" or "Cancel" button to return to the main screen.
Table Function Input Screen
Use the Graph Function Input Screen if you want to set the general shape of a graph by hand. If you have a list of xy-points on the graph, enter them as a table in the Table Function Input Screen. You get to this screen by pressing the "New Table" button on the Main Screen.
Just enter the pairs of xy-values one-by-one in the boxes labeled "Input x" and "Input y". (You can press tab after entering the x-value, and press return after entering the y-value.) The points will be shown in a list in the upper right corner of the screen. If you click on a point in the list, it will be copied to the input boxes, so you can edit it. There is a button for deleting the selected point from the list.
Just knowing some points on the graph doesn't tell you what the whole function looks like. You have to specify what happens between the points. You have three choices: A "Step Function" has a constant value between two consecutive points from your list. For a "Piecewise Linear Function", the points are connected by line segments. A "Smooth Function" is continuous and differentiable at all points. (It's actually a Bezier function, defined by cubic polynomials between the points specified in your list.)
A preview of the graph is shown in the lower right (but not until there are at least two points). The limits on the axes are increased if necessary, and or can set them yourself.
Click the "Done" or "Cancel" button to get back to the Main Screen.
The Multigraph Utility Screen let's you draw up to eight functions in different colors on the same set of axes. You can select the number (1 to 8) of the function to be graphed with a pop-up menu near the lower left of the screen. Each curve is a different color, shown in a colored patch next to the pop-up menu. Enter the function and press return (or click "Graph!") to graph the function. Right-clicking on the graph will zoom in on a point. Click with the middle mouse button, or hold down the ALT key and left-click, to zoom out.
The Animate Utility Screen lets you work with a function whose definition can contain the parameter k, as well as the variable x. This is really a family of different functions, one for each value of k. The Animate Utility plays a "movie" showing a sequence of the graphs for different values of k. There are input boxes where you can specify the values of k at the start and end of the movie. You can also specify the number of intervals in the movie. (The number of frames is the number of intervals plus one.) What happens when you get to the end of the movie? The Animate Utility can either jump directly back to the beginning, or it can play the movie backwards. Which it does is controlled by a checkbox labeled "Loop Back and Forth." The "Go" button will start the animation. The "Next" button will move the animation from one frame to the next. You can use the mouse to zoom in out on the graph.
Parametric Curves Utility
The Parametric Curves Utility draws parametric curves in the xy-plane. A parametric curve is a plot of xy-points where the x and y coordinates are functions of some parameter. In this utility, the parameter is t. For example, the parametric curve defined by x=cos(t), y=sin(t) for t between 0 and 6.3 is a circle. (6.3 is about 2*pi.)
In this utility, you can enter x and y functions for up to eight parametric curves. There is a pop-up menu near the bottom left corner of the screen that you can use to select the curve whose definition you want to enter/display. Each curve is a different color, shown in a colored patch next to the pop-up menu. There are input boxes for specifying the range of t-values to use for the curves. You can also specify the number of points on each curve. (Remember that xFunctions draws graphs by plotting points and connecting them with lines. The results for discontinuous or rapidly changing functions might not be great. You might get a better curve by increasing the number of points.)
There is a button labeled "Trace". If you click this button, a crosshair will be moved along the curve whose number is specified in the pop-up menu. This lets you see how the point on the curve varies as t changes. The crosshair disappears after the curve has been traced once.
Zooming with the mouse will work in this utility.
The Derivatives Utility will draw the graphs of a function, the first derivative of the function, and the second derivative of the function. The three graphs are displayed in separate panels in the bottom half of the applet. If you left-click and drag on the graph of the function, a tangent line to the graph will be displayed. At the same time, the corresponding point on the graph of the first derivative will be marked. (You can also click and drag on the other graphs and see what happens.) Mouse zooming will also work in this utility.
Riemann Sums Utility
The Riemann Sum Utility computes Riemann sums for a specified function on a specified interval. The values of various Riemann sums, using different rules, are shown at the right. (The trapezoid rule isn't strictly a Riemann sum, but it's there as a choice anyway.) The area corresponding to one of the sums is displayed on the graph. Use the pop-up menu at the lower right to select which area is displayed. If you click on the graph, you get details about one of the rectangles or trapezoids in the sum. (Click on the blue information box to get rid of it.) Note that for the "~Circumscribed" and "~Inscribed" rules, the maximum and minimum of the function on a sub-interval is only computed approximately. (This explains the "~", which stands for "approximately.") Mouse zooming does not work on this screen.
Integral Curves Utility


text: This report provides new evidence into the factors that predict school drop out for children in Bangladesh. It also examines similarities and differences between children who enter late into primary schooling, those who are permanently excluded and those who drop out. Our results show that the relationship of the child within the household and the possible support received from parents when the child requested help for school work were factors associated with the risk of drop out. In addition, over age in the final years of primary school and low school attendance were signals of a high risk of school drop out. Children who started school late were similar to children who drop out in terms of background family characteristics. However, children who were permanently excluded from school were poorer and more marginalised than children who dropped out. Several recommendations are drawn from the analyses of this report.


Handcrafted One of a Kind Ammonite Fossil pendant including an Aquamarine, and Moonstone crystal. The Ammonite fossil carries ancient knowledge and symbolizes the cosmos with its natural Fibonacci spiral shape.
-Comes with leather cord.
-Size: 3in x 2in
*Fractal Fossilz are encased in quality resin leaving a glossy shine. Do not expose to extreme heat to ensure longevity.
**Free re-lacquer upon request.
Fractal Fossil Pendant~ Aquamarine/Moonstone
$130.00 Regular Price
$100.00Sale Price
 - Ammonites are ancient Cephalopods who became extinct along with the dinosaurs at the close of the Cretaceous period some 65 million years ago. Their existence on Earth lasted around 330 million years and their hard shells are now found as fossils throughout the Earth. Noted by humankind since Biblical times, they were first called "Ammon's Stones" due to their resemblance to the ram's horns of Ammon, the ancient Egyptian God of Life and Procreation.
 A very powerful earth healing fossil, the Ammonite clears negative energies. Think of the Ammonite spirals as a filter, drawing in these dense energies which are no longer needed, moving them through the spirals and releasing them as fresh, positive, loving life force energies. Ammonites have absorbed cosmic energy over eons of time and help to stimulate the life force energy within. Its spiral shape symbolizing continual change and evolution.
 This Fractal Fossil includes an Aquamarine and Moonstone gemstone. Aquamarine resonates to the energy of the ocean, helping the holder to connect with the nature spirits of the sea. It is a stone of Courage and Protection. Used often with the Throat Chakra, Aquamarine can be used to promote verbal self-expression. It is often used to enhance spiritual communication and clear communication blocks.
 Moonstone is associated with the Moon and a helpful stone for those who seek to embrace the Goddess within. A stone of intuition and insight, Moonstone helps to connect to all of the different cycles one experiences in life. Many people find Moonstone to be very soothing and use it to help relieve stress and balance the emotional body.


To understand the success and failure of robotics companies.
Early Findings
 - One reason why robotics companies fail is consumer expectations are too high. Also, sometimes people are afraid of them or don't find the need for them.
 - One expert speculates there is a disconnect between research into robotics and product-market fit.
 - There is a common mantra that "robotics is hard". It's hard to make something manmade work as elegantly as a human.
 - Robotics has seen slower growth than anticipated or promised, which has led to a disconnect between funding and spending.
 - Demand for robotics is actually lower than expected.
 - The top 5 industries expected to changed by automation are retail, transportation, agriculture, manufacturing and accomodation/food services.
 - Another article adds packaging/shipping, customer service, finance and healthcare to this list.
 - Robots/automation is credited with essentially saving the US automobile industry.
 - There is an issue that manufacturing is still lagging behind fully embracing automation.
Research proposal:
Only the project owner can select the next research path.
Need a similar proposal? Let's launch your next project!


text:
I love to use color in my work. I may wear all black every day, but I love color. That's why I decided to try enamelling. There's only so much you can do with gemstones to add color anyway, and enamelling has been used in jewelry to do just that for thousands of years. The type of enamel work I'm talking about is vitreous enamel. It's pretty much colored glass ground up so fine that it's like sand or sugar. You put the glass grains on a backing material – gold, copper or fine silver for jewelry – then put it in a kiln or hit it with a torch. This melts the grains of glass and fuses them together to make a smooth surface. It seems like there's as many different ways to use enamel on jewelry as there are for using paint on a canvas, and just like with paint, it can be simple or complex.
The enamelling technique I decided to try is cloisonné. It invloves the use of thin strips of metal or wire to make cells (cloisons in French) that are then adhered to a backing material and filled in with (usually) different colors of enamel. The cloisons can be used to separate the colors, or be an important design element in and of themselves. Upon reading this article on Ganoksin, I was inspired to make a pendant after the designs on the gold rings from Kouklia in Cyprus, some of the oldest examples of cloisonné enamel ever found. The rings date from around the 13th century, BC.
For my first piece, I decided to use transparent enamel with fine silver. The technique I used to apply the enamel is wet-packing, where the grains of glass are mixed with distilled water and applied with a brush or small spatula. I made a little animated gif of the process, which goes roughly like this:
- The shaped cloisons are stuck in place, fused with a layer of clear enamel
- Wet-packing in the first layer of color. I used a fine sable brush.
- The first layer dry and ready to fire. Note the color change.
- Layer one is fired!
- This is after a few layers. You can see it's quite high, almost to the top of the wires. I also decided to try blending from light to dark blue on the curly bits.
- Fired and looking good. The jewel tones are gorgeous! Almost finished…
- After the final firing. The wires are still a little high, but those will be ground down.
- The metal and glass surfaces have been ground down to be even with one another, and the enamel itself is finished!
- Now it's a pendant and ready to wear.


text:
Invented by Ernest H. Wright, liquid smoke is a savory additive that adds a hint of smokiness to foods. Liquid smoke allows nonsmoked foods to have the same flavor as smoke-cured foods, such as ham. Originally produced by collecting the condensed smoke from the top of a stovepipe, you can make your own liquid smoke at home by forcing smoke to condense and then collecting the liquid.
Video of the Day
To condense your own smoke at home, use a smoker or a grill that has a chimney, such as a clay Mexican cooking oven. The type of wood you use will affect the flavor of your smoke, so choose your wood carefully. Frequently used woods include apple, olive, hickory and mesquite. Light charcoal, placing it in the chimney and then cover it with the wood or chips. Soak the chips or wood in water beforehand to ensure a good smoke. Place a Bundt pan on the top of the chimney, and cover it with an upside down metal mixing bowl. Place a bag of ice over the metal bowl. As the smoke rises up the chimney, through the hole in the pan, it will collect in the mixing bowl. The ice cools the mixing bowl, causing condensation to run down the sides of the bowl, into the pan.
Homemade Vs. Store-Bought
Homemade liquid smoke guarantees that there are no chemical additives for color or flavor — manufactured liquid smoke often contains little to no "real" smoke. Homemade liquid smoke also lets you control the flavor of your smoke, as you can choose what type of wood to use. It is also cleaner tasting than store-bought liquid smoke. However, making it yourself is a labor intensive process, and you will often get only a little bit of smoke after several hours.


Mutton Bird (2008)
Years 5-6
Download print versions: Years 5-6
Close Captioning Icon Mutton Bird (2008) | Audio Description Icon Video with audio description »
Sections in this Resource
Telling the Story: Mathinna (2008)
The focus of the production Mathinna is the social disruptions that occurred as British settlers relocated the Aboriginal people from their tribal lands and intervened in their cultural practices.
Excerpts from Mathinna
Mutton Bird is a contemporary dance representation of the mutton birds (shearwaters) that inhabit the coastal areas of Tasmania, and their significance as the totem to the clan to which Mathinna belonged.
Bringing Mutton Bird to the Stage: The Creative Process
The creating of Bangarra's production of Mathinna, of which Mutton Bird is a part, began with extensive research of historical records, as well as literary and visual interpretations. The artistic elements of Mutton Bird are created by the choreographer in close collaboration with the dancers, the composer of the music, and the costumeset and lighting designers.
Before Viewing
What do students already know about movement and dance, and the mutton bird?
After Viewing
What did the students experience watching Mutton Bird? What did they observe and what is their response to the work?
Next Steps
Use improvisation, exploration and experimentation of movement to create dance, communicate ideas, and reflect back on Mutton Bird.
Mutton Bird with Audio Description


text:
int mprotect(void *addr, size_t len, int
The mprotect() function shall change the access protections to be that specified by prot for those whole pages containing any part of the address space of the process starting at address addr and continuing for len bytes. The parameter prot determines whether read, write, execute, or some combination of accesses are permitted to the data being mapped. The prot argument should be either PROT_NONE or the bitwise-inclusive OR of one or more of PROT_READ, PROT_WRITE, and PROT_EXEC.
If an implementation cannot support the combination of access types specified by prot, the call to mprotect() shall fail.
An implementation may permit accesses other than those specified by prot; however, no implementation shall permit a write to succeed where PROT_WRITE has not been set or shall permit any access where PROT_NONE alone has been set. Implementations shall support at least the following values of prot: PROT_NONE, PROT_READ, PROT_WRITE, and the bitwise-inclusive OR of PROT_READ and PROT_WRITE. If PROT_WRITE is specified, the application shall ensure that it has opened the mapped objects in the specified address range with write permission, unless MAP_PRIVATE was specified in the original mapping, regardless of whether the file descriptors used to map the objects have since been closed.
The implementation shall require that addr be a multiple of the page size as returned by sysconf().
The behavior of this function is unspecified if the mapping was not established by a call to mmap().
When mprotect() fails for reasons other than [EINVAL], the protections on some of the pages in the range [addr,addr+len) may have been changed.
Upon successful completion, mprotect() shall return 0; otherwise, it shall return -1 and set errno to indicate the error.
The mprotect() function shall fail if:
The following sections are informative.
The [EINVAL] error above is marked EX because it is defined as an optional error in the POSIX Realtime Extension.
mmap(), sysconf(), the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,


text:
Parsippany-Troy Hills has been greatly changed by development in the last 50 years. This is partly because of the amount of open land that existed at the start of the 1950s when the town was dominated by large dairy farms and chicken farms, and large estates owned by Geraldine R. Dodge, the Ballantine family, and the McAlpin family.
Farms in Parsippany supplied vegetables, milk and eggs to the New York market. The short distance to the city was important before widespread refrigeration. Most of these large tracts of land became housing developments in the 1950s, as people moved out of more urban areas in search of back yards and better schools.
Morris County also became an important summer destination for people escaping the heat and crowding of cities. Parsippany's population grew in the summer as lake communities were developed in the 1930s, but more and more houses in these communities were winterized and converted into year-around residences in the '40s and '50s.
As the population grew, need for services grew as well: more schools, better roads, a police force, fire departments. Town government recognized the need to diversify the development and welcomed industry, which contributed ratables to the tax-base.
As a result of that decision, Parsippany taxes are low for Morris County—40 percent are paid for by industrial and corporate entities. Between 1960 and 1970, 7,000 apartment units were added. Interstates 287 and 80 were constructed.
All that growth in such a short period resulted in a patch-work of buildings and areas. As old roads were widened, many older houses were demolished. Some were neglected, as old families died off and houses were not maintained.
Development pressures threatened Craftsman Farms. Highway development impacted Beverwyck mansion, and the Livingston Benedict House. The Condit House stood vacant for several years, until an agreement between the town and Hunting Ridge allowed for its restoration.
As the oldest roads became the major roads in the township, they needed to be widened, increasing impact on the oldest churches and houses.
In the Parsippany of today, little of the past remains. The buildings that do remain, do so because of the commitment of private owners and groups of people in the Parsippany Historic and Preservation Society, the Parsippany Troy Hills Preservation Advisory Committee, and a group called SOHHO (Society of Historic House Owners). These groups are currently working to insure that the revised Master Plan will aid preservation efforts in Parsippany.
Development decisions are made by the Planning Board, whose job it is to develop and enforce the Master Plan, and the Zoning Board of Adjustment, which serves in the capacity of an appeals boards about land use decisions. Decisions are being made now which will determine the Parsippany-Troy Hills of the future. Ten or 12 years may elapse between the time a building is given a permit and the time it is actually built.
What should the Parsippany of the future look like? What parts of the past will we choose to continue to preserve?


Movie files Up: Model output files Previous: Time-averaged history files Contents
Snapshot history files
If sufficient memory is not available for run-time accumulation of time-averaged history files or if the user simply needs an instantaneous view of the ocean state, snapshot history files can be written at regular intervals. The interval must be short enough that whatever time-averaging interval may be desired in the future, there will be three or more samples (snapshots) per averaging-interval. For monthly averages, snapshots should be collected at intervals of 10 days or less. Only one time-level of the prognostic variables and selected diagnostic variables needs to be saved, since second-moments and correlations can be computed later from these snapshot files, at the cost of retrieving a potentially large number of snapshot files. To choose which fields are written to the history files, a history contents file must be supplied with a list of fields desired. A sample file is included which contains all the currently available fields; the user may edit this file to select the desired fields. If a field is not currently included in the list of available fields, the user must modify the source code to make that field available (see the Reference Manual).
Table: History file namelist
&history_nml Generation of snapshot history files
history_freq_opt ['never'],'nstep', 'nyear', 'nmonth', 'nday', 'nhour', 'nsecond' units of time for history_freq
history_freq [100000] number of units between output of snapshot history files
history_outfile ['unknown'] root filename with path of history file output (suffixes will be added)
history_fmt ['bin'],'nc' format for history files (binary or netCDF)
history_contents ['history_contents'] input file containing names of fields requested to be output
Table: Currently available history fields
Name Units Description
SHGT cm surface height
UBTROP cm/s barotropic 'zonal' velocity
VBTROP cm/s barotropic'meridional' velocity
UVEL cm/s 'zonal' velocity
VVEL cm/s'meridional' velocity
TEMP ° C potential temperature
SALT g/g (msu) salinity
SUF cm2/s2 surface velocity flux in U direction
SVF cm2/s2 surface velocity flux in V direction
SHF W/m2 surface heat flux
SFWF m/year surface fresh water flux
SOLAR W/m2 solar short wave flux at surface


Nutrigenetics, nutrigenomics and epigenetics are emerging sciences that are going to have a huge impact on the way we manage our health.
Variations in our genome (DNA) are what makes each one of us unique and can have significant impacts on our life and health. Whilst one gene variant can make a difference, most chronic diseases result from the interplay between multiple common variants (SNPs) and environmental factors.
Lifecode Gx offers a range of specialist nutrigenomics DNA test panels which inform how inherited risks can be mitigated through personalised nutrition and lifestyle changes
The results are designed to provide an insight into your specific needs, which will never change, but can be addressed to a greater extent through nutritional choices. DNA testing offers a chance to invest in personal knowledge about your body that can inform your decisions on how to fuel your body effectively, and provide a significant improvement in your quality of life and longterm health and wellbeing.
Test panels include:
 - Nutrient Core
 - Methylation
 - Histamine Intolerance
 - Oestrogen Balance
 - Detoxification
 - Nervous System
 - APOE
 - Thyroid Balance


What was Augustus known for?
Quick Answer
Augustus, born Gaius Octavius in 63 B.C., was known for bringing peace and stability to the Roman Empire. Although he was heir to his great-uncle's throne, Augustus only became the ruler after thwarting the attempts of Antony and Cleopatra to seize power in the wake of Julius Caesar's death. Augustus ascended the throne in 31 B.C. and reigned as the first Roman emperor.
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Full Answer
Augustus established a monarchy known as the "principate," which was governed by an emperor who ruled for life. The legacy of Augustus included massive architectural renovations, social reforms and a formidable military force that dissuaded potential invaders from disturbing the peace and security of Rome.
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Provider: ingentaconnect Database: ingentaconnect Content: application/x-research-info-systems TY - ABST AU - Santha, Hari AU - Rowan, James AU - Hoener, Webster TI - DIGESTER GAS CLEANING REQUIREMENTS BASED ON END USE JO - Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation PY - 2007-01-01T00:00:00/// VL - 2007 IS - 3 SP - 865 EP - 879 N2 - The anaerobic digestion process, used for solids stabilization at municipal wastewater treatment facilities, is a net producer of energy in the form of digester gas that can be used to offset part of the energy requirements for plant operations. However, there are several challenges associated with the use of digester gas as an alternate fuel source. As generated from the digesters, the gas contains several contaminants that can increase the maintenance requirements of the equipment fueled by the gas. A multi-step cleaning process is often called for to improve the gas quality. The capacity requirements and costs of the gas treatment system can depend on several variables, including the quantity of gas treated, the initial concentration of contaminants, and the final concentration of contaminants in the gas to meet the quality requirements for the gas utilization equipment. Not all applications require the gas to be of high quality and there can be significant differences between the gas quality requirements for different gas utilization equipment.
The paper provides an overview of the typical problems associated with handling and using digester gas without adequate cleaning, a decision matrix to determine the cleaning requirements based on the end use, and the technologies available for cleaning the gas to meet the specified quality requirements. UR - M3 - doi:10.2175/193864707787975985 UR - ER -


Interesting Facts about Detergents
In the modern household context, detergents represent a useful cleaning substance that is used in cleaning laundry, dishes and other home surfaces. However, during its long history, detergents were usually referred specifically for laundry, and they gained their powder and liquid form only after the rise of technology and chemistry of early 20th century. Before those inventions, cleaning of clothes was conducted either with pure water or with the help of many types of soaps. Starting with the ancient civilization in Babylon over 4800 years ago, soap spread across the then known world and became very popular in Egypt and Ancient Rome (ancient Greeks however preferred to clean themselves in clean water, soak in oils, and then scraped that oil with a metal instrument). After the fall of Roman Empire in 5th century AD, Europe lived through a 1000 year long period in which personal hygiene and cleaning of clothes was almost totally abandoned. This led to the wide occurrences of diseases and plagues, which was only stopped with the arrival of renaissance and technological progress of late 16th and 17th century.
Industrial manufacture of detergents started after the First World War. Countries of Germany and US were leaders in innovation and implementation of new types of industrial detergents. After 1950s and 60s, when automated washing machines became widely available, worldwide industry of detergents suddenly expanded and became extremely profitable and successful. As each decade went on new products and techniques of washing emerged, creating the modern environment where detergent became integral part of maintaining our hygiene.
Here are some of the most important facts surrounding long and interesting life of detergents:
 - Detergents works as an emulsifier, it bridges the water and oil particles that enable the dirt to become captured in oil, and thus extracted from clothes.
 - First synthetic detergents were experimentally produced in mid-19th century France.
 - Organized industrial production of industrial detergent started during WW1 in Germany, after the war prevented the production of traditional soaps.
 - Perfection of detergent production process started during 1930s with the discovery of fatty alcohols.
 - One of the most famous brands of detergents "Tide" was created in Procter & Gamble facilities during 1920s, but entered mass production in 1943. It was regarded as one of the best detergents that can clean even heavily soiled clothes.
 - Widespread use of detergents happened during 1950s and 1960s.
 - First washing machine in USA was produced during 1940s.
 - Semi-automatic machine with frontal door was invented in 1954.
 - 1963 saw the first appearance of fully automatic washing machine that used spinning drum.
 - Wash dryer was introduced in 1965.
 - By 1953, sales of detergent in United States surpassed those of soap.
 - Liquid hand soaps were created during 1970s.
 - Famous modern brand Colgate-Palmolive was formed in 1953 after merging of two old companies created by WilliamColgate in 1806 and Caleb Johnson in 1864.
 - Detergent industry had a big impact on environment between 1940s and 1970s. Modern day manufactures optimized their production to be more environment friendly, reduce pollution, and provide biodegradability in all detergents.


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|Scientific Journals||Research labs||Courses||People||Online Projects||Personality Pedagogy|
How happy are you now? What about now? Is it possible that simply monitoring one's happiness over time could actually change one's experience of happiness? This question was the focus of a recent study appearing in Social Psychological and Personality Science. Participants reported on their happiness over the course of two weeks using cell-phone text-messaging 1, 3, or 6 times per day. Overall, more frequent reporting of happiness was not associated with changes in happiness. However, the relation between frequency of reporting and happiness depended on neuroticism and depressive symptoms. Specifically, for individuals with higher levels of neuroticism or depressive symptoms, happiness decreased over time with more frequent reporting. Conversely, for those with lower levels of neuroticism or depressive symptoms, increased reporting was associated with increased happiness over time.
Conner, Tamlin S., & Reid, Katie A. (2012). Effects of Intensive Mobile Happiness Reporting in Daily Life. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3(3), 315-323. doi: 10.1177/1948550611419677


Treehouse Software TREETIP: Data Replication for a Mainframe Database that has no Primary Key, using tcVISION
by Joseph Brady, Director of Business Development / AWS and Cloud Alliance Lead at Treehouse Software, Inc. and Chris Rudolph, Senior Technical Representative at Treehouse Software, Inc.
This blog takes a look at tcVISION's support for a mainframe database that has no primary key at the source (a mainframe primary key is a column, or set of columns that uniquely identifies one row of a table).
In situations where the source database does not contain any unique values, Treehouse technicians discuss with the customer how the application currently works and their expectations for how the data should be treated when planning replication/migration to a new target environment. Depending on the application, Journal Replication or Data Warehouse Replication may be a better fit than a "normal" RDBMS table definition.
tcVISION's Key ID management can be used to create a column to use as the key on the target table. Another option would be to use a SQL Lookup to query another table. Either way, target column(s) that contain unique values will need to be identified. Once these columns are identified, they can be marked with the key identifier, using the tcVISION repository editor, or Key ID Management can be used to create a new unique column, then those columns are used within the wizard.
For example, this source table does not contain a primary key:
Analysis of the target data shows the columns FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME and MIDDLE_NAME together will provide a unique value. These fields can be marked in the tcVISION repository as being members of a key:
As mentioned earlier, the tcVISION Key ID Management wizard can also be used to create a new unique target column:
Specify the key name:
Specify the key value creation:
Various options are available:
Contact Treehouse Software for a Demo Today…
Further reading: tcVISION Mainframe data replication is featured on the AWS Partner Network Blog…
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Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) Tags for Date Microsoft
pdv Financial Software GmbH
Applications CBOR Working Group Compact Binary Object Representation CBOR Tag Date Internet-Draft The Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR, RFC 7049) is a data format whose design goals include the possibility of extremely small code size, fairly small message size, and extensibility without the need for version negotiation. In CBOR, one point of extensibility is the definition of CBOR tags. RFC 7049 defines two tags for time: CBOR tag 0 (RFC 3339 date/time string) and tag 1 (Posix "seconds since the epoch"). Since then, additional requirements have become known. This specification defines a CBOR tag for an RFC 3339 date text string, for applications needing a textual date representation within the Gregorian calendar without a time. It also defines a CBOR tag for days since the date 1970-01-01 in the Gregorian calendar for applications needing a numeric date representation without a time. It is intended as the reference document for the IANA registration of the CBOR tags defined.
The Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) provides for the interchange of structured data without a requirement for a pre-agreed schema. RFC 7049 defines a basic set of data types, as well as a tagging mechanism that enables extending the set of data types supported via an IANA registry. This specification defines a CBOR tag for a text string representing a date without a time. The tagged text string is represented as specified by the RFC 3339 full-date production. Per RFC 3339, this represents a date within the Gregorian calendar. This specification also defines a CBOR tag for an integer representing a date without a time. The tagged integer is an unsigned or negative value indicating the number of days since the Gregorian calendar date 1970-01-01. As an implementation note, this value has a constant offset from the Modified Julian Date value (which is defined by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory as the number of days since November 17, 1858); this value is the Modified Julian Date minus 40587. Note that since both tags are for dates without times, times of day, time zones, and leap seconds are not applicable to these values. These tags are both for representations of Gregorian calendar dates.
Calendar dates are used for numerous human use cases, such as marking the dates of significant events. For instance, John Lennon was born on October 9, 1940 and died on December 8, 1980. One such common use case is driver's licenses, which typically include a date of birth. The dates used in this specification use the Gregorian calendar, as do those in RFC 3339. The time zones and actual times of these events are intentionally not represented in the calendar date. The epoch chosen for the second tag, which represents days since the Gregorian calendar date 1970-01-01, is related to the IEEE Std 1003.1, 2013 Edition time epoch 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z UTC only insofar as both contain the date 1970-01-01. This should not be construed as indicating that dates using this tag represent either a specific time of day and/or time zone. The day of the week (Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, etc.) is not explicitly represented in either of these date formats. However, deterministic algorithms that are beyond the scope of this specification can be used to derive the day of the week in the Gregorian calendar from dates represented in both of these formats.
Comparison of dates in full-date format can be accomplished by normal string comparison, since by design, the digits representing the date are in fixed format and ordered from most significant to least significant. Comparison of numeric dates representing days since 1970-01-01 can be performed by normal integer comparison. Comparison of dates in other formats or using other calendars require conversions that are beyond the scope of this specification.
Comparing dates with times is beyond the scope of this specification. That said, if a date is augmented with a time zone and time of day, comparing that augmented date with other times becomes possible. For instance, if one were to augment John Lennon's birth date of October 9, 1940 with the time of day and time zone of his birth, then it would be possible to derive a time at which he was born that could be compared with other times.
This section registers the following values in the IANA "Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) Tags" registry. Tag: 1004 (value requested) Data Item: UTF-8 text string Semantics: RFC 3339 full-date string Reference: [[ this specification ]] Tag: 100 (ASCII 'd') (value requested) Data Item: Unsigned or negative integer Semantics: Number of days since the epoch date 1970-01-01 Reference: [[ this specification ]]
The security considerations of RFC 7049 apply; the tags introduced here are not expected to raise security considerations beyond those. A date, of course, has significant security considerations. These include the exploitation of ambiguities where the date is security relevant or where the date is used in access control decisions. When using a calendar date for decision making, for example access control, it needs to be noted that since calendar dates do not represent a specific point in time, the results of the evaluation can differ depending upon where the decision is made. For instance, a person may have reached their 21st birthday in Japan while simultaneously being a day short of their 21st birthday in Hawaii.
Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) Tags IANA The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7 IEEE
Thanks to Carsten Bormann for supporting creation of this specification. Parts of the explanatory text in this specification come from draft-bormann-cbor-time-tag-02. Thanks to these people for reviews of the specification: Henk Birkholz, Carsten Bormann, Thiago Macieira, Francesca Palombini, Michael Richardson, Jim Schaad, Juergen Schoenwaelder, and Dale Worley.
[[ to be removed by the RFC Editor before publication as an RFC ]] -04 Addressed shepherd comments by Francesca Palombini. Addressed additional review comments by Jim Schaad and Michael Richardson. -03 Added statement that these tags are both for representations of calendar dates. Described consequences of using calendar dates in access control decisions. -02 Addressed working group last call comments, including stating that time zones are not applicable to these values. -01 Changed "positive or negative" to "unsigned or negative". Added an implementation note about the relationship to Modified Julian Dates. -00 Initial working group version based on draft-jones-cbor-date-tag-01 with no normative changes.


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Abstract Lion Feuchtwanger (_PHONE_) was a celebrated German-Jewish novelist and outspoken enemy of the Nazis. He began his literary career as a theater critic and turned his talent to writing plays in the 1910s and 1920s. He first became internationally known for his historical novel Jud Süss published in 1925. In 1933, he went into exile in Southern France and in 1941 he emigrated to the United States. He was an important figure in intellectual and artistic circles in Los Angeles during the...
Dates: 1906 - 2006; Majority of material found within 1940 - 1958
Found in: USC Libraries Special Collections


Science Fiction's Race Problem
March 28, 2014 | 2 books mentioned 1
How can science fiction writers invent aliens and entire planets but not include multifaceted characters of color in their fiction? At The Atlantic, Noah Berlatsky discusses the genre's equality problem and analyzes how race is viewed in everything from The Left Hand of Darkness to Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep. "When that future unthinkingly reproduces current inequities, it seems like both a missed opportunity and a failure of imagination."
One comment:
 1. I read Left Hand of Darkness not too long ago. I don't remember ANYTHING about skin color, one way or the other. In fact, it's more common to NOT mention such a detail, especially in first person narrations. Hmm, let's see, what do I remember being mentioned about color in stories I've read? In Space Cops, there was a kid who was black–not by inheritance, but as if he was spray-painted, even on the inside of his mouth. A fan-fic work crossing Evangelion with Cthlulu Tech had four races: pure Terran, pure Nazzadi (black with red eyes), amlati (Terran/Nazzadi cross resulting in an "averaged" color), and sidoci (Terran/Nazzadi cross resulting in white-pigmented skin). I think there's a lot of stories where skin color was mentioned incidentally, but I don't remember it because it wasn't all that important to the story. And when you're playing with futuristic worlds and sub-species of human, (like the Neitcheansin Gene Roddenberry's Andromeda, which come on a rainbow of colors but are defined by their bone blades, immunity to chlorine gas, and ability to survive off foods and in environments that other varieties of humans can't) skin color often just isn't worth mentioning. If there's a sense of a particular contemporary race as having "taken over" the species, well, authors tend to write what they know, and they're going to look at a futuristic humanity through the lens of their own race. And how many SF authors are skin-color minorities? In fact, outside of specifically "colored" genres, what percentage of any authors are?
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The Japanese flag (Hinomaru) Japanese t-shirts and gifts.
The Japanese flag is called Hinomaru, which
means circle of the sun. In English it is sometimes called the Rising
Sun. This flag has been used for over a thousand years
in Japanese history. It was officially adopted as the flag
of Imperial Japan on January 27, 1870.


The Discovery of the First Nerve Agent
The history of nerve agents begins on 23 December 1936, when Dr. Gerhard Schrader of the I. G. Farbenindustrie laboratory in Leverkusen *big_german.jpg* first prepared Tabun *../agents/tabun.html* (ethyl dimethylphosphoramidocyanidate, GA). Schrader had been in charge of a program to develop new types of insecticides since 1934, working first with fluorine-containing compounds such as acyl fluorides, sulfonyl fluorides, fluoroethanol derivatives, and fluoroacetic acid derivatives. In 1935, he prepared dimethylphosphoramidofluoridic acid as a continuation of the previous line of research. He obtained patents for this compound in Germany, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, and the United States, and he began to investigate systematically the dimethylphosphoramides, eventually leading to the preparation of Tabun. Schrader found that Tabun was extremely potent against insects; 5 ppm of Tabun killed all the leaf lice he used in his initial experiment. In January 1937, Schrader was the first to observe the effects of nerve agents on human beings when he and a laboratory assistant began to experience meiosis (contraction of the pupils of the eyes) and shortness of breath because of their exposure to Tabun vapor in the laboratory. As Harris and Paxman noted, Schrader and his assistant "were luck to escape with their lives."*nerve_history.html*
In 1935, the Nazis had passed a decree which requiring all inventions of possible military significance to be reported to the Ministry of War. A sample of Tabun was sent to the chemical warfare (CW) section of the Army Weapons Office at Berlin-Spandau *big_german.jpg* in May 1937, and Schrader was summoned to Berlin to give a demonstration. At that time Schrader's patent application was made secret. Colonel Rdriger, head of the CW section, ordered the construction of new laboratories for the further investigation of Tabun *../agents/tabun.html* and other organophosphate compounds. Schrader soon moved to a new laboratory at Wuppertal-Elberfeld *big_german.jpg* in the Ruhr valley.
Manufacture of Tabun by Nazi Germany
In 1939, a pilot plant for Tabun *../agents/tabun.html* production was set up at Mnster-Lager, on Lneberg heath *big_german.jpg* near the German Army proving grounds at Raubkammer. In January 1940, the Germans began construction of the full scale plant, code named Hochwerk, at Dyernfurth-am-Oder *big_german.jpg* (now Brzeg Dolny in Poland), on the Oder River 40 km from Breslau (now Wroclaw) in Silesia. The plant covered an area 1.5 by 0.5 miles and was completely self-contained, synthesizing all intermediates as well as the final product, Tabun. The facility had an underground plant for filling munitions, which were then stored at Krappitz (now Krapowice) in Upper Silesia. An IG Farbenindustrie subsidiary, Anorgana GmbH, operated the Tabun plant, as well as all other CW agent production plants in Germany.
The plant took an extraordinarily long period, from January 1940 until June 1942, to become operational. This was due primarily to the difficult nature of the production process. Certain intermediates were so corrosive that the Germans were forced to run all reactions in quartzor silver-lined vessels. The extreme toxicity of Tabun *../agents/tabun.html* required that the final production units be enclosed in double glass-lined walls, with a stream of pressurized air circulating between the walls. All units were periodically decontaminated with steam and ammonia.
The Dyernfurth workforce numbered 3,000, all German nationals. Workers were equipped with respirators and clothing made from a rubber/cloth/rubber sandwich; the clothing was discarded after the tenth wearing. Despite these precautions, over 300 accidents occurred before production began, and at least 10 workers were killed during the 2.5 years of operation. Harris and Paxman give some examples of incidents in reference 1 *nerve_history.html*:
Four pipe fitters had liquid Tabun drain onto them and die before their rubber suits could be removed.
A worker had 2 liters of Tabun pour down the neck of his rubber suit and died within 2 minutes.
Seven workers were hit in the face with a stream of Tabun of such force that the liquid was forced behind their respirators; only two survived despite heroic resuscitation measures.
In 1938, a second potent organophosphate nerve agent was discovered. This agent, Sarin *../agents/sarin.html* (1-methylethyl methylphosphonofluoridate, GB) was named for its four discoverers: Schrader, Ambros, Rdriger, and van der Linde. In June 1939, the formula for Sarin was passed to the to CW section of the Army Weapons Office at Berlin-Spandau *big_german.jpg* along with a sample of the compound.
All the synthetic routes for Sarin *../agents/sarin.html* investigated at that time required the use of hydrogen fluoride, which caused severe corrosion problems. This necessitated the use of quartzand silver-lined components. Pilot plants were constructed at Spandau, Mnster Lager, on Lneberg heath *big_german.jpg*, and pilot production of Sarin was conducted in Building 144 in Dyernfurth *big_german.jpg*. The Dyernfurth Sarin plant is variously listed as having a capacity of 40 or 100 tons per month A 500-ton per month production plant was under construction at Falkenhagen *big_german.jpg*, southeast of Berlin, at the end of World War II. Estimates vary for the total Sarin production from 500 kg to 10 tons.
The United States began producing Sarin *../agents/sarin.html* in the early 1950s and ended regular production in 1956.
On 11 May 1943, the British captured a German chemist who had worked at the main Army CW research laboratory in Spandau. The prisoner told the British the code name for Tabun *../agents/tabun.html* (Trilon 83), the chemical reactions by which it was produced, its effects, and methods of use of and defense against Tabun. This was compiled into an MI9 intelligence report of 3 July 1943. Following the war, the Allies contended that they first became aware of Tabun in April 1945, when a German ammunition dump was captured and a shell containing Tabun was shipped to the United Kingdom for analysis. However, the record appears to show that the responsible officials ignored the 1943 report.
At the end of 1944, Germany had produced 12,000 tons of Tabun *../agents/tabun.html*: 2,000 tons loaded into projectiles and 10,000 tons loaded into aircraft bombs. These munitions were stored at Krappitz (Krapowice) in Upper Silesia as well as in abandoned mine shafts in Lausitz and Saxony. Some stocks were also transported to Baveria in anticipation of a last ditch defensive stand by the Nazis.
In August 1944, as the Red Army approached Silesia and the Western Allies began the race for the German border, the Nazis began systematically destroying documentation of the research on and the manufacture of Tabun *../agents/tabun.html* and Sarin *../agents/sarin.html*. In early 1945, Dyernfurth *big_german.jpg* was to be abandoned and tons of liquid nerve agents were simply poured into the Oder. The plant was rigged for demolition, but the Russians surrounded the plant before it could be destroyed. The Luftwaffe was then ordered to bomb the plant, but they also failed to destroy it. It is believed that the Soviets captured both the full-scale Tabun plant and the pilot Sarin plant intact. The Soviets later captured the near complete full-scale Sarin plant at Falkenhagen *big_german.jpg*. It has been reported that production at Dyernfurth resumed in 1946 under Russian auspices.
Richard Kuhn discovered Soman *../agents/soman.html* (1,2,2-trimethylpropyl methylphosphonofluoridate, GD) in the spring of 1944, while working for the German Army on the pharmacology of Tabun and Sarin. The documents detailing the discovery were buried in a mineshaft 10 miles east of Berlin, where they were discovered by the Soviets and removed. The Soviets produced and stockpiled Soman during the Cold War.
Several chemical companies and other scientists working independently discovered the potency of a class of organophosphate esters of substituted 2-aminoethanethiols in 1952 and 1953. Almost simultaneously in 1954:
ICI brought Amiton (O,O-diethyl-S-2-(diethylamino)ethyl phosphorothiolate) to market;
R. Ghosh and J. F. Newman of ICI submitted a manuscript containing the details of this class of compounds (A New Group of Organophosphate Pesticides, Chemistry and


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Document Type thesis Author Name Thoreson, Erik J. URN etd-_PHONE_ Title Apparatus to Deliver Light to the Tip-sample Interface of an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) Degree MS Department Physics Advisors N. A. Burnham, Advisor Keywords purple membrane photomechanics photoinduced conformation change photocycle photoactive bacteriorhodopsin photoinduced bimetallic bending atomic force microscope tip-sample interface molecular conformation PLDS photoreactive AFM Date of Presentation/Defense 2002-08-26 Availability unrestricted
An apparatus for the delivery of radiation to the tip-sample interface of an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) is demonstrated. The Pulsed Light Delivery System (PLDS) was fabricated to probe photoinduced conformational changes of molecules using an AFM. The PLDS is 67 mm long, 59 mm wide, and 21 mm high, leaving clearance to mount the PLDS and a microscope slide coated with a thin film of photoactive molecules beneath the cantilever tip of a stand-alone AFM. The PLDS is coupled into a fiber pigtailed Nd:Yag frequency doubled laser, operating at a wavelength of 532 nm. The radiation delivered to a sample through the PLDS can be configured for continuous or pulsed mode. The maximum continuous wave (CW) power delivered was 0.903 mW and the minimum pulse width was 12.3 ms (maximal 401 ms), corresponding to a minimal energy of 0.150 nJ (maximal 362 nJ), and had a cycle duration of 10.0 ms. The PLDS consists of micro-optical components 3.0 mm and smaller in diameter. The optical design was inspired by the three-beam pick-up method used in CD players, which could provide a method to focus the pulse of light onto the sample layer. In addition, the system can be easily modified for different operational parameters (pulse width, wavelength, and power). As proof that the prototype design works, we observed a photoinduced 'bimetallic' bending of the cantilever, as evidenced by observing no photoinduced bending when a reflective-coated cantilever was replaced by an uncoated cantilever. Using the apparatus will allow investigation of many different types of molecules exhibiting photoinduced isomerization.
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