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A cuckoo clock is a clock, typically pendulum driven, that strikes the hours using small bellows and whistles that imitate the call of the Common Cuckoo in addition to striking a wire gong. The mechanism to produce the cuckoo call was installed in almost every kind of cuckoo clock since the middle of the eighteenth century and has remained almost without variation until the present.
The design of a German cuckoo clock is now conventional. Most are made in the shape of a rustic birdhouse or chalet to hang on a wall. The wooden case is frequently decorated with carved leaves and animal heads. Most now have an automaton of the bird that appears through a small trap door while the clock is striking.
The bird is often made to move while the clock strikes, typically by means of an arm that lifts the back of the carving. There are two kind of movement: a one-day movement and an eight-day movement. Some have musical movements, and play a tune on a swiss music box after striking the hours and/or half-hours. Musical German cuckoo clocks frequently have other automata which move when the music box plays. Cuckoo clocks are almost always mechanical weight driven movement; a very few are spring driven. The weights are made of cast iron in a pine cone shape. 1 Day Clocks need to be wound by pulling up the weights each day. 8 Day Clocks need to be wound by pulling up the weights every 7-8 days
In recent years, quartz battery-powered cuckoo clocks have been available. These do not have genuine cuckoo bellows. The cuckoo bird flaps its wings as it calls to the sound of running water in the background. The call is an actual recording of a cuckoo in the wild. During the cuckoo call the double doors open and the cuckoo emerges only at full hour, and they do not have a gong wire. One thing that is unique about the quartz cuckoos is that it has a light sensor, so when you turn your lights off at night, it automatically turns off the cuckoo call. The weights are conventionally cast in the shape of pine cones made of plastic, as well as the cuckoo bird and hands. The pendulum bob is often another carved leaf. The dial is small, and typically marked with Roman numerals.
Black Forest Cuckoo Clocks from Germany are the world's finest. These hand-carved masterpieces feature precision mechanical movements, detailed craftsmanship, moving figurines, and music to delight you. The cuckoo clock is a magical work of art with mid-18th century tradition.


Riots, uprisings & plots
Atterbury Plot
The Atterbury Plot (1721–1722) was a conspiracy named after Francis Atterbury, Bishop of Rochester and Dean of Westminster, aimed at restoring the House of Stuart to the throne of Great Britain.
Battle of Howe Bridge
The Battle of Howe Bridge took place on 4 February 1881 against the background of an acrimonious strike by 50,000 miners from pits on the Lancashire coalfield that was characterised by mobs of miners picketing working pits.
Five Members
Five members of parliament whom King Charles tried to have arrested in the House of Commons on 4 January 1642.
Fortescue Conspiracy
An attempt in 1558 to foretell the duration of the the reign of Queen Elizabeth I.
Gunpowder Plot
The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was an attempt to assassinate King James I and re-establish a Catholic monarchy by blowing up the House of Lords.
Leighth Feight
The Leighth Feight was a clash between Chartists and police in Leigh in Lancashire in August 1839.
Peterloo Massacre
The Peterloo Massacre (or Battle of Peterloo) occurred at St Peter's Field, Manchester, England, on 16 August 1819, when cavalry charged into a crowd of 60,000–80,000 that had gathered to demand the reform of parliamentary representation.
Power-loom riots
The power-loom riots of 1826 took place in Lancashire, England, in protest against the economic hardship suffered by traditional hand loom weavers caused by the widespread introduction of the much more efficient power loom.
Waldegrave Conspiracy
The Waldregrave Conspiracy of 1561 was a supposed plot to kill Queen Elizabeth I and reintroduce Catholicism to England.


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DOE invests in electric cars
The US Department of Energy (DOE) is making a big investment in electric cars nationwide. The investment is part of DOE's Clean Cities initiative which is supporting the growth of energy efficient and renewable energy measures in America's cities. Awards were given to 16 electric vehicle projects in 24 states and Washington DC.
The projects that were awarded funds are focused on accelerating the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and providing job training to individuals and college students to design and build EVs.
Through the awards, $8.5 million will go to providing additional electric vehicle charging stations and fostering public-private partnerships to deploy EVs throughout the nation. The funding recipients range from communities with extensive EV planning experience to those that are eager to begin, but have not previously had the resources to do so. Most projects awarded in this round of funding are one-year start up projects focused on creating the ideal conditions for EV deployments such as revised permitting, charging station construction and training municipal personnel.
"By developing the next generation of automotive engineers and preparing communities for plug-in electric vehicles, these projects will help reduce our nation's dependence on oil imports, create jobs, and help America capture the growing global market for advanced vehicles," said Department of Energy Secretary Chu.
Individuals interested in learning about where they can purchase or charge electric vehicles in their state can visit the map on the DOE website which highlights all of the clean cities funding sites so far. The effort from DOE supports other electric vehicle initiatives already moving forward in several states. So far, these initiatives been supported in larger cities – the DOE funds will help foster growth in smaller cities, adding continuity to the budding national EV infrastructure.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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National Standard: 1 Singing, alone and with others, a varied repertoire of music.
4 - Composing and arranging music within specified guidelines.
6 - Listening to, analyzing and describing music.
7 - Evaluating music and music performances.
Objective: The students will demonstrate their understanding of writing lyrics for a twelve-bar blues pattern by writing two verses of a blues song and then recording themselves singing over a stock blues pattern using Apple¹s new iLife application, Garage Band.
Materials: A networked keyboard lab with computers and headphones.
Writing Blues Lyrics Student Handout.
Garage Band on each computer.
How To Set Up A Vocal Track instruction sheet.
Word Processing software (Microsoft Word or AppleWorks).
1. Teacher distributes the Writing Blues Lyrics handout.
2. Teacher introduces the concept of writing lyrics for a twelve-bar blues pattern. Teacher reviews the handout with the students to answer any questions that they might have.
3. Students sing the example on the handout while the teacher plays the demo file named ³Shufflin¹ Blues² which comes with Garage Band. The GEC3 should be set to the Lecture Mode for this part of the lesson.
4. Using the handout and the word processing software, the students will work in groups of two to write two verses to their own blues song. The students should follow the guidelines given in the handout to determine the subject and the amount of syllables in their verses. The GEC3 should be set to the Practice Mode for this part of the lesson.
5. Teacher monitors students¹ progress by using the eavesdropping function of the GEC3.
6. After sufficient time, the students will share their lyrics to the class. The GEC3 should be set to the Lecture Mode so that each group can share their lyrics with the class.
7. Students discuss each set of lyrics to determine how successfully it fulfills the guidelines for writing blues lyrics on the student handout.
8. After the discussion, the teacher will ask the students to open Garage Band on their individual computers. Once the application is open, the students will open the demo file entitled ³Shufflin¹ Blues².
9. Teacher will then review the instructions for creating a new vocal track on Garage Band with the students. The GEC3 should be set to Lecture Mode for this part of the lesson.
10. Students will then set up a new vocal track and use the microphones on their headsets to record themselves singing their blues lyrics over the ³Shufflin¹ Blues². The GEC3 should be set to the Practice Mode so that the teacher can monitor student progress.
11. Students should be given ample time to make as many takes as necessary to record their ³best² performance.
12. After sufficient time students will perform their recordings for the class for discussion. The GEC3 should be set to the Lecture Mode for this part of the lesson.
13. Students should save their recordings on their computers or to a file server.
Extensions: Using the ³Export to iTunes² function of Garage Band (in the file menu), students could export their compositions to iTunes so that they can burn their songs onto a CD-R.
Students could create their own blues accompaniment using the sequencing function of Garage Band instead of the demo song.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Date of this Version
Plant Physiol. (1986) 82, _PHONE_
Autoradiography of total soluble maize (Zea mays) leaf proteins incubated with 32P-labeled adenylates and separated by denaturing electrophoresis revealed that many polypeptides were phosphorylated in vitro by endogenous protein kinase(s). The most intense band was at 94 to 100 kilodaltons and was observed when using either [γ -32P]ATP or [β-32P]ADP as the phosphate donor. This band was comprised of the subunits of both pyruvate, Pi dikinase (PPDK) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase). PPDK activity was previously shown to be dark/light-regulated via a novel ADP-dependent phosphorylation/Pi-dependent dephosphorylation of a threonyl residue. The identity of the acidstable 94 to 100 kilodalton band phosphorylated by ATP was established unequivocally as PEPCase by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. The phosphorylated amino acid was a serine residue, as determined by two-dimensional thin-layer electrophoresis. While the in vitro phosphorylation of PEPCase from illuminated maize leaves by an endogenous protein kinase resulted in a partial inactivation (~25%) of the enzyme when assayed at pH 7 and subsaturating levels of PEP, effector modulation by L-malate and glucose-6-phosphate was relatively unaffected. Changes in the aggregation state of maize PEPCase (homotetrameric native structure) were studied by nondenaturing electrophoresis and immunoblotting. Enzyme from leaves of illuminated plants dissociated upon dilution, whereas the protein from darkened tissue did not dissociate, thus indicating a physical difference between the enzyme from lightversus dark-adapted maize plants.


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DWC is prone to Root Rot,
always due to low DO*Altitude
play an important role
in how much DO a solution can carry.
If you reduce your nute loads,
your solution can carry more DO.
If you live in Denver,
you may have a problem indoor growing
with any temps above 65ºf
If you check out Roseypanties experiment,
you will see he had much better result
using a reduced nute load.
There were two positive effects on the plants,
that were grown using the reduced nute load.
The first good thing that happened was,
his DO increased,
due to the reduced salinity,
of his nutrient solution.
Second, osmotic pressure was reduced in the rhyzome,
allowing the plant to take in more H2o
and thus grow faster.
What does this second statement really mean?
Take your hand,
and leave it in salt water for an hour.
Your skin wrinkles,... why?
Because the salt
has caused the osmotic pressure
on the outdside of your skin
to be higher than the pressure inside your skin,
and as the water in your hand
is sucked out through your skin,
your hand actually shrinks
from the loss of fluid
and the skin becomes loose
It is harder for your plant
to uptake water and nutrients
when you use high nute loads,
because the salt creates negative osmotic pressure (hypertonicity)
against the semipermeable membrane
of the root cell walls.
Here is the Wiki "scientific answer".
Osmotic pressure is the hydrostatic pressure
produced by a solution
in a space divided by a semipermeable membrane (your roots)
due to a differential in the concentrations of solute.
Osmoregulation is the homeostasis mechanism of an organism
to reach balance in osmotic pressure.
Osmotic potential is the opposite of water potential
with the former meaning
the degree to which a solvent (usually water)
would want to stay in a liquid
and not pass through the membrane.Hypertonicity
is a solution that causes cells to shrink.
It may or may not have a higher
osmotic pressure than the cell interior
since the rate of water entry will depend upon the permeability of the cell membrane.Hypotonicity
is a solution that causes cells to swell
It may or may not have a lower
osmotic pressure than the cell interior,
since the rate of water entry will depend upon the permeability of the cell membrane.Isotonic
is a solution that produces no change in cell volume.
(this is what you want your nute solution to be)
When a biological cell is in a hypotonic
the cell interior accumulates water,
water flows across the cell membrane into the cell,
causing it to expand.
In plant cells,
the cell wall restricts the expansion,
resulting in pressure on the cell wall
from within called turgor
like swollen ankles or hands,
are not as productive.)
If you are good at math,
and want to get your nute solution perfect,
the osmotic pressure of a dilute solution
can be calculated using this formula
i = the Van t Hoff factor
M = the molarity
R = the gas constant, where R = 0.08206 L · atm · mol-1 · K-1
T = the thermodynamic temperature (formerly called absolute temperature)
Note: the similarity of the above formula to the ideal gas law
and also that osmotic pressure is not dependent on particle charge.
This equation was derived by van 't Hoff.
Now doing this calculation would be nice
if there are any college math majors out there,
but I use this chart,
and it has worked well for me.
_____________________% of Nute Load
As you can see, 50-75% is very adequate,
and it has been my personal experience,
that I have improved yields
and better taste,
when I use the lower end of "Sufficient",
on that chart.


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An examination of 19 horses from two riding centres indicated three-quarters of them were severely affected by back problems, French researchers have revealed.
"Although vertebral problems are regularly reported on riding horses, these problems are not always identified nor noticed enough to prevent these horses being used for work," the authors noted.
Nineteen horses from two riding centres were submitted to chiropractic examinations performed by an experienced chiropractor.
Beforehand, both horses' and riders' postures were observed during a riding lesson.
"The results show that 74 per cent of horses were severely affected by vertebral problems, while only 26 per cent were mildly or not affected," the authors found.
The researchers, Clémence Lesimple, Carole Fureix, Hervé Menguy and Martine Hausberger, found a correlation between the horses' neck height and curvature and the riders' position in the saddle.
"These findings are to our knowledge the first to underline the impact of riding on horses' back problems and the importance of teaching proper balance to beginner riders in order to increase animals' welfare."
They also noted: "Clear differences appeared between schools concerning both riders' and horses' postures, and the analysis of the teachers' speech content and duration highlighted differences in the attention devoted to the riders' position.
"It is interesting to note," they continued, "that riding teachers can greatly differ in the attention they devote to their riders' postures."
The authors, whose findings were published in the open access journal, PLoS ONE, pointed to earlier research indicating that improper riding techniques have been identified as a potential source of back problems.
Improper techniques needed to be addressed or treatment may well be in vain, they noted.
"Apart from cases with overt associated lameness, horses mainly express these problems through progressive or sudden changes in temperament, leading to increased aggressiveness towards humans or signs of escape attempts."
The authors said they focused their study on riding-centre horses ridden by unskilled riders. They hypothesised that undesirable hand or leg actions by the riders may impact on the horse.
Their findings revealed a correlation between poor posture by the horse during work and vertebral problems evaluated at rest.
They concluded: "Improper riding postures may have a strong effect on horses' postures at work that may also lead to chronic vertebral problems."
The authors pointed to a recent study that found that show horses, and especially dressage horses, exhibited higher emotional levels than unbroken or leisure horses.
"More recently, it was shown that the type and prevalence of abnormal behaviours performed in the box differed according to the type of work: dressage horses, in particular, exhibited more headshaking.
"Horses with mouth pain tend to avoid it by raising the head, which causes extension of the back.
"High neck posture associated with a raised head has been shown to be the most uncomfortable posture for horses, affecting motion.
"If riding techniques affect neck and head position, they may therefore repeatedly affect the thoracolumbar system and lead to potential chronic back problems."
They noted that their finding that 74 per cent of the horses in the study were severely affected by back problems was in agreement with another study which found 78 per cent of 443 horses investigated had potential back pain (vertebral lesions and/or soft tissue injury).


my credit?
Delinquent child support frequently appear on credit reports. In 1984, Congress amended the federal Child Support Enforcement (CSE) legislation to require more routine reporting of delinquent payments.
State child support enforcement agencies must report overdue child support to a credit bureau that requests such information, as long as the amount exceeds $1,000. CSE agencies may also report delinquencies of any amount on a voluntary basis.
Before a CSE agency reports your delinquent child support debts to a credit bureau, it must tell you that it is going to do so and provide you with information on how to dispute the delinquency.
Can my credit rating be negatively affected by having too much available credit?
You may be turned down for a loan because you have too much available credit. When creditors evaluate your application for credit, they ascertain whether, if you were to use all your available credit, you would be over your head.
Accounts you no longer use, or have paid off, can count against you if they are listed as "open" on a credit report. The act of paying off a revolving account does not, in itself, result in its being "closed" in the eyes of creditors. Further, some creditors do not report to credit bureaus the fact that accounts are closed.
Tip: Every time you close an account, ask the creditor to report it as "closed by consumer" to all credit bureaus to which the account has previously been reported. If a closed account appears on your credit report as open, dispute the entry with the credit bureau.
In determining whether you have too much available credit, creditors usually consider:
 - The number of accounts you hold. As noted above, having too many credit card accounts can count against you.
 - The total credit you have available. Having too much available credit can count against you.
 - Conversely, being at or near the limit on your credit cards (i.e., with little available credit) can also count against you if it suggests that you have incurred too heavy a debt load.
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When Select Steel Inc. proposed construction of a $175 million steel mill that would create 200 jobs in the economically-distressed community of Genesee County, Michigan, the majority of local residents welcomed the proposal. But thanks to the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) so-called environmental justice policy, which purports to protect minorities from being disproportionately affected by pollution, last year the company was forced to locate to a more affluent area, depriving economically-disadvantaged minorities the opportunity to get high-paying manufacturing jobs.1
When Select Steel announced its plan to establish a plant in Genesee County in 1998, a majority of residents very much wanted its $16-per-hour jobs.2 Genesee County is still reeling from the closure of General Motors facilities and the per capita income of Genesee workers has significantly declined. Only a small number of activists opposed the plant. Said a township supervisor, "Only a few people didn't want Select Steel to come and they are the people who have a problem with any kind of development."3 Members of the local St. Francis Prayer Center, a religious organization, filed a complaint with the EPA in June, 1998 claiming that pollution from Select Steel would unfairly affect minorities because the proposed plant would be in a neighborhood with a high minority population. But after initiating an investigation, the EPA announced it was dropping the case after discovering that the area surrounding the proposed plant in fact consisted of an 84% white population.4 Undaunted, the activists appealed the EPA's decision. After nine months of agitation, the frustrated company gave up and located the plant in Ingham County, where unemployment is just 3.2% as compared to 5.6% in Genesee County.5
Outraged Michigan politicians blasted the activists and the EPA's policy. Said Congressman James Barcia (D-MI), "I can't understand it. They just don't want economic development in Michigan."6 Russ Harding, director of the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, said the Clinton Administration seems to have "an anti-urban environmental agenda"7 while Senator Carl Levin (D-MI) wondered "how in heaven's name would the environment of this nation be improved" by stopping the creation of jobs in depressed communities?8
The environmental justice issue has been of growing concern to African-American leaders and businesses ever since President Bill Clinton signed a 1994 environmental justice executive order centering on the belief that minority and low-income communities suffer an unfair share of environmental problems.9 The executive order allows the EPA to deny environmental permits whenever it determines that pollutants will disproportionately affect communities with particular racial or ethnic characteristics.10
But this policy is widely opposed by an array of minority advocacy groups, state and local officials, and trade associations including the National Black Chamber of Commerce, the National Association of Black County Officials, the National Council of Mayors, the National Governor's Association and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. These groups argue that the EPA's policy causes unnecessary, time-consuming and costly assessments that inhibit job creation. Harry Alford, president of the Black Chamber of Commerce, goes even farther to say, "The EPA is pimping the black community to further their own agenda of a pristine earth at the expense of our jobs."11 Ironically, the EPA's policy runs counter to the Administration's support for revitalizing economically-depressed urban areas through the federal "brownfields" program.
Brownfields are abandoned commercial and industrial properties located in distressed urban communities. According to a U.S. Conference of Mayors report, redevelopment of 81,568 acres of brownfield sites could generate 550,000 jobs and up to $2.4 billion in new tax revenue for U.S. cities.12 Such redevelopment would create jobs that would help reduce the 8% African-American unemployment rate and boost the median weekly income of African-Americans from its 1999 level of $445 as compared to $573 for non-Hispanic whites.13
Due to the EPA's flawed environmental justice policy, companies like Select Steel, which would be ideal candidates for brownfield sites, are taking their business to other areas, often more affluent, where they can operate without interference by opposition groups claiming discrimination. Detroit's African-American Mayor Dennis Archer, a major supporter of brownfield redevelopment, strongly condemns the EPA's environmental justice policy because it is "so vague and so broad that it nullifies everything that we have done to attract companies to our brownfield sites."14
The Administration's environmental justice policy is an injustice
because it does not balance environmental concerns with the economic
needs of minorities. Contrary to what environmentalists may believe,
African-Americans do not need special protection from economic
1 David Mastio, "EPA Race Policy Costs
Flint a Plant," The Detroit News, March 2, 1999.
2 "Forged in Irony," The Detroit News, April 7, 1999.
3 Mastio, March 2, 1999.
5 "Forged in Irony," April 7, 1999.
6 David Mastio, "Mostly Whites Live Near Proposed Mill Site," The Detroit News, August 27, 1998.
7 "Forged in Irony," April 7, 1999.
8 David Mastio, "EPA Aided Mill Fighters," The Detroit News, September 23, 1998.
9 "Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-income Populations," Executive Order 12898, February 11, 1994.
10 "EPA Guidance - Environmental Justice in EPA's NEPA Compliance Analysis," downloaded June 1, 2000 from the Environmental Protection Agency, _URL_
11 "Green Racism," The Washington Times, August 7, 1998.
12 "City Report Shows Effects of Brownfields in America," downloaded June 7, 2000 from the U.S. Conference of Mayors, _URL_ (webmaster note: this link no longer functioned as of February 2001).
13 Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2000.
14 Henry Payne, "Green Redlining," Reason Magazine, October, 1998.
Michael J. Centrone is a research associate for The National
Center for Public Policy Research's Environmental Policy Task
Force. Comments may be sent to [email protected].


_family = "") +
 theme(panel.grid.major.x = element_blank(),
 panel.grid.major.y = element_line(colour="grey", size=0.5),
 legend.title = element_text(size = 16, face = 'bold'),
 axis.text = element_text(size = 16),
 axis.title = element_text(size = 16),
 legend.text= element_text(size=16),
 axis.line = element_line(colour = "black")) # Achsen etwas dicker
# save 650 x 800
Inspect population shares of classes
If you are interested in the population-shares of the classes, you can get them like this:
[1] 27.92 40.13 31.95
or you inspect the estimated class memberships:
 1 2 3
158 234 185
 1 2 3
27.38 40.55 32.06
Ordering of latent classes
Latent classes are unordered, so which latent class becomes number one, two, three... is arbitrary. The latent classes are supposed to be nominal, so there is no reason for one class to be the first. You can order the latent classes if you must. There is a function for manually reordering the latent classes: poLCA.reorder()
First, you run a LCA-model, extract the starting values and run the model again, but this time with a manually set order.
_TAG_ starting values from our previous best model (with 3 classes)
_TAG_-run the model, this time with "graphs=TRUE"
lc<-poLCA(f, mydata, nclass=3, probs.start=probs.start,graphs=TRUE, na.rm=TRUE, maxiter=3000)
# If you don't like the order, reorder them (here: Class 1 stays 1, Class 3 becomes 2, Class 2 becomes 1)
new.probs.start<-poLCA.reorder(probs.start, c(1,3,2))
_TAG_ polca with adjusted ordering
lc<-poLCA(f, mydata, nclass=3, probs.start=new.probs.start,graphs=TRUE, na.rm=TRUE)
Now you have reordered your classes. You could save these starting values, if you want to recreate the model anytime.
This is the poLCA-standard Plot for conditional probabilites, which you get if you add "graph=TRUE" to the poLCA-call.
It's in a 3D-style which is not really my taste. I found some code at dsparks on github or this Blog, that makes very appealing ggplot2-plots and did some little adjustments.
lcmodel <- reshape2::melt(lc$probs, level=2)
zp1 <- ggplot(lcmodel,aes(x = L1, y = value, fill = Var2))
zp1 <- zp1 + geom_bar(stat = "identity", position = "stack")
zp1 <- zp1 + facet_grid(Var1 ~.)
zp1 <- zp1 + scale_fill_brewer(type="seq", palette="Greys") +theme_bw()
zp1 <- zp1 + labs(x = "Fragebogenitems",y="Anteil der Item-\nAntwortkategorien", fill ="Antwortkategorien")
zp1 <- zp1 + theme( axis.text.y=element_blank(),
zp1 <- zp1 + guides(fill = guide_legend(reverse=TRUE))
If you want to compare the items directly:
zp2 <- ggplot(lcmodel,aes(x = Var1, y = value, fill = Var2))
zp2 <- zp2 + geom_bar(stat = "identity", position = "stack")
zp2 <- zp2 + facet_wrap(~ L1)
zp2 <- zp2 + scale_x_discrete("Fragebogenitems", expand = c(0, 0))
zp2 <- zp2 + scale_y_continuous("Wahrscheinlichkeiten \nder Item-Antwortkategorien", expand = c(0, 0))
zp2 <- zp2 + scale_fill_brewer(type="seq", palette="Greys") +
zp2 <- zp2 + labs(fill ="Antwortkategorien")
zp2 <- zp2 + theme( axis.text.y=element_blank(),
zp2 <- zp2 + guides(fill = guide_legend(reverse=TRUE))


Are NC Shark Attacks Common Along The Coastal Beaches? Safe To Swim?
Are NC shark attacks common at coastal beaches and is it safe to swim at community beaches such as Atlantic Beach, Emerald Isle, Wrightsville Beach, or Topsail Island?
No shark attacks are not common, in fact they are very rare and yes it is safe to swim at NC beaches.
Readers are encouraged to share this resource on social media sites like Facebook and Twitter so that others can learn more about sharks and NC beaches, and to use the discussion form below to have ongoing talks with our staff and other readers about attacks when they do happen in local waters.
Join Us On Twitter
Here are some things to consider:
Carteret County NC
It is important to remember that when humans swim in the ocean, they are entering an environment where sharks live. It is also important to note that humans are NOT a shark's natural prey.
When attacks do occur, it is likely that a shark was pursuing it's natural prey, came across a human, attacked thinking it was it's prey, then released after it realized it bit in to something other than what it was pursuing. Unfortunately, when this does happen, it is very traumatic for a person swimming in the ocean and it attracts a lot of attention from bystanders, the media, and social media shares.
Additionally, the reason you are hearing so much about shark attacks recently is that due to the Internet and social media, news is no longer local. People on the Internet can now hear about attacks anywhere in the world and it seems like there are more incidents when there really is the same amount of incidents.
Here are some things to consider when swimming in the ocean to minimize your chances of a shark being attracted to you thinking you are it's natural prey:
 - If you have any open sores or bleeding anywhere on your body, be mindful that sharks can smell blood in the water from many miles away.
 - Continuous splashing in the water is the same type of splashing it's natural prey makes when it is in distress and vulnerable to attack.
 - Devices that emit certain noises attract sharks.
 - If while swimming in the ocean you notice a lot of shore birds diving in to the water, it is likely that a school of fish is nearby which will attract hungry predator sharks.
 - Do not swim after the sun goes down over the horizon and definitely do not swim at night. This is prime time for sharks to feed on their natural prey
So what are your chances of being attacked by a shark at NC beaches when swimming? The latest research and statistical data puts your chances of being involved in an incident at 1 in 3,478,000.
This number definitely tells us that attacks are not common and very rare, but naturally the viral nature of the Internet and pictures / video during one of the incidents scares people.
If you are visiting one of the NC coastal beaches this Spring or Summer in Emerald Isle, Topsail Island, Carolina Beach, or Wrightsville Beach and you are concerned about predators in the ocean, please understand that the odds of you being attacked are overwhelmingly unlikely and we strongly encourage you to enjoy your vacation and the ocean.
November 2019: Scientist with OCEARCH reported that 9 great white sharks they tagged in the past have recently pinged along the coast of NC. These scientist go on to say that it is not uncommon for white sharks to migrate to waters near the Outer Banks between land and the gulf stream because of the diversity of water temperatures in this region which is where their natural prey are. This area is typically referred to the "dynamic mixing zone" near the Atlantic Continental Shelf.
OCEARCH is a research organization that tags various types of sharks to get information on migration and mating habits. In recent years, white sharks have pinged in inland waters near the Pamlico Sound and Albemarle Sound which scientist say is not uncommon.
Read More
Michael Sharp
Michael Sharp
One thought on "Are NC Shark Attacks Common Along The Coastal Beaches? Safe To Swim?
 - Avatar
 July 22, 2019 at 12:03 am
 I keep seeing people say there are more and more in the waters than they have ever seen and that something new must be happening.
 It's not true. There have always been great white sharks along the NC coast and here in Carteret County, it's just that with new technology, everyone having a cell phone camera, and the viral nature of social media it just looks like there are more.
 The numbers of attacks are not spiking or going up.
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Counting Learning Set
Brightly illustrated puzzle pieces help your child master basic counting skills. Because of the special interlocking shapes, your child gets it right every time.
- 11" wide x 8.5" deep x 2.5" high
- Set includes 30 puzzle cards.
- Ages 3 and up.
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Please allow 5-7 business days for delivery. Delivery estimate includes monogrammed and gift-wrapped items.


text: Supporting ethical and innovative nanotechnology Development and management of strategic research agendas (SRAs) are governed by a variety of factors. EU-funded researchers analysed the challenges faced by the emerging nanotechnology sector providing important insights for scientists, businesses and policymakers. Industrial Technologies © Thinkstock In order to investigate the multi-faceted nature of new business model creation using emerging nanotechnology as a touchstone, EU-funded researchers initiated the 'Strategic management of emergent nanotechnologies' (Smenatech) project. Scientists focused on the study of how individual agents develop strategic business plans in the context of social and economic parameters related to nanotechnology. Smenatech evaluations of EU nanotechnology policy suggested that the high degree of collaborative diversity is creating managerial challenges requiring those involved to develop strategic management capabilities to support technological innovation. Investigators highlighted the various temporal phases associated with the search by entrepreneurs for previously unrecognised opportunities on both the supply and demand sides of technology development. Specifically, the search process proceeds from an open search to a transformative phase to a directional or focused agenda with the process differing greatly in terms of guidance available at each phase. The result is the creation of different types of opportunities at each phase. Finally, no discussion of emerging technologies would be complete without evaluation of ethical components of the SRA. The so-called agent-based approach to ethics in business requires that moral excellence be the goal rather than the constraint. In other words, actions are guided by a rational pursuit of virtue rather than limited by need to conform to certain rules of conduct or a code of ethics. Smenatech research suggests that the delicate interplay among business strategy, ethics and professional identity is dependent on the uncertainty of impact of the associated technologies. The rapidly growing field of nanotechnology is associated with numerous business challenges related to strategic management, innovation pathways and ethical considerations. Smenatech investigators shed light on the challenges and their interrelationships, contributing important knowledge that should be useful in guiding scientists, managers and research policymakers toward ethical and effective innovation partnerships.


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The Question:
I'm trying to visualize an acre. Is it about the size of a football field?
The Answer:
A football field (including the two end zones) is 360 feet long and 160 feet wide for a total of 57,600 square feet. When you take away the two 30-foot-long end zones at each end, the field is 48,000 square feet, making an acre about 91% of the field.
An acre, which is a common measurement of land area, is equal to 43,560 square feet.
If you are interested more information check out our table of Standard Measurements in Sports.
—The Editors
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Quick Answer: What Is A Nucleus Made Of?
What is a nucleus filled with?
Figure 1.
The nucleolus is a condensed region of chromatin where ribosome synthesis occurs..
Why is the nucleus so important?
The nucleus is considered to be one of the most important structures of eukaryotic cells as it serves the function of information storage, retrieval and duplication of genetic information. It is a double membrane‐bound organelle that harbours the genetic material in the form of chromatin.
What does a nucleus look like?
The spherical nucleus typically occupies about 10 percent of a eukaryotic cell's volume, making it one of the cell's most prominent features. A double-layered membrane, the nuclear envelope, separates the contents of the nucleus from the cellular cytoplasm.
Where is the nucleus found?
What is the cell nucleus made of?
What charge does nucleus have?
Atomic Particles Atoms consist of three basic particles: protons, electrons, and neutrons. The nucleus (center) of the atom contains the protons (positively charged) and the neutrons (no charge). The outermost regions of the atom are called electron shells and contain the electrons (negatively charged).
How does a nucleus work?
Why does nucleus have double membrane?
A nuclear membrane is a double membrane that encloses the cell nucleus. It serves to separate the chromosomes from the rest of the cell. The nuclear membrane includes an array of small holes or pores that permit the passage of certain materials, such as nucleic acids and proteins, between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
What is the nucleus?


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Local or Migrant: Which Is Which?
When robins start moving, how do you know which ones are your "own" local robins and which are migrants just passing through?
You can usually tell by their appearance unless they have been banded or color-marked. Male robins from Newfoundland and Labrador are darker than other robins. They have almost black backs, brighter red underparts, more noticeable striping on the white throat, and a bolder eye-ring. People farther south in Canada and the U.S. may notice the difference when they spot one of these robins; then they'll know for sure that these are the northern race rather than their own breeding robins. Many magazine photos of winter robins show these brightly colored ones, which make a lovely contrast against snow-covered branches and orange berries.
If you keep your ears peeled, you may be able to hear the difference between local and migrant robins. Male robins that intend to remain in your area will sing their territorial song. Robins that are passing through will occasionally sing, but not as often (especially at dawn); they tend to remain fairly quiet.
National Science Education Standards


"Add powdered moonstone, stir three times counter-clockwise, allow to simmer for seven minutes then add two drops of syrup of hellebore."
-- Instructions for the Draught of Peace on Snape's blackboard (OP12)
Hellebore is a mundane flowering plant used in some potions.
 - A potion ingredient in the form of a syrup, two drops of which are used in the making of the Draught of Peace (OP12).
 - Hellebore was the ingredient which Harry forgot to put in his Draught of Peace.
 - According to Snape, often included on the O.W.L. exams (OP12)
Potions Connection
Important ingredient in the Draught of Peace
Greek 'elein' (to injure) and 'bora' (food)
There are several kinds of hellebore. The name comes from the Greek words 'elein' (to injure) and 'bora' (food), indicating that hellebore is poisonous. In some belief systems, it's been believed to be a purgative, sometimes of bad things generally, used for things like protecting livestock from evil spells, and (in powdered form) for invisibility.
According to herb lore, the roots of the hellebore plant are are used to treat melancholy diseases and madness.
The original name for Hellebore was " Melampodium." According to the Greek historian Pliny, the plant was named for the soothsayer Melampus who used it to cure depression in ancient times. On a happier note and in spite of poisonous nature of the plant, it is often called the "Christmas Rose" or "Christ herbe" because it blooms in winter. source: Botanical.com
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Tags: flower ingredients mist plant plants silver


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Diving into the world of real estate investment in Houston, even without a substantial cash reserve, might seem like a daunting endeavor. The common misconception is that financial limitations equate to closed doors. However, seasoned investors have a few hidden tactics up their sleeves, allowing them to navigate the real estate market without relying solely on their cash reserves. Let's explore three pro secrets that can empower you to make deals in Houston's real estate market, even without immediate access to significant funds.
Secret #1: Seller Financing – Unlocking Creative Options
The traditional image of real estate transactions involves exchanging a sum of money for ownership rights. Yet, an alternative avenue exists – one that often goes unnoticed. Enter seller financing, a strategy that mirrors a mortgage but eliminates the need for a traditional bank.
Seller financing involves negotiating terms with the seller, where you make regular monthly payments directly to them until the property is fully paid off. This approach is a win-win: sellers receive a steady income stream, and you gain access to an investment property without a hefty upfront payment. The key lies in initiating conversations with sellers about this option, as many might not realize it's a viable choice. This creative approach expands your investment potential beyond the confines of your immediate cash resources.
Secret #2: Bartering – A Creative Exchange of Value
Innovative solutions often arise from thinking outside the conventional framework. When faced with a situation where funds are limited, consider the art of bartering. Imagine a scenario where a homeowner wishes to downsize and retire. Instead of a straightforward monetary transaction, explore alternative arrangements.
For instance, if you own a small apartment building, propose the idea of them moving into one of your units, with the funds earmarked for purchasing their property redirected toward rent. Alternatively, offer your services in lieu of a portion of the purchase price. Whether it's assisting with moving, cleaning, or renovations, finding common ground can open doors to investment opportunities that would have otherwise remained closed.
Secret #3: Partnering for Success with OPM
The concept of "Other People's Money" (OPM) is a potent strategy employed by savvy investors. This method involves identifying a lucrative deal and then partnering with individuals who have the capital but lack the time, expertise, or inclination to seek out opportunities themselves. As the intermediary, you facilitate the acquisition, creating a mutually beneficial arrangement.
For instance, if you locate a promising property, connect with a potential investor who has the financial resources. Collaboratively, you structure the deal, allowing them to fund the investment while you contribute by identifying and managing the property. The returns generated are then shared between you based on the terms you agree upon. This strategy not only unlocks access to investments without substantial cash but also capitalizes on the strengths of both parties involved.
By embracing these three insider secrets, a world of real estate investment opportunities unfolds in Houston. These strategies exemplify the ingenuity and flexibility that thrive in the realm of real estate, showcasing that with the right approach, financial constraints need not hinder your journey to becoming a successful investor.


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Dutch Caribbean Whale Sanctuary this year
Before the end of 2012, the Netherlands will set up a marine mammal sanctuary for whales and dolphins in the Dutch Caribbean waters, recently announced the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation. This is one of the outcomes of a meeting with the neighboring countries of the Dutch Islands in the Caribbean, the French Islands, the USA, the Dominican Republic and Venezuela, about the cooperation between whale sanctuaries.
Whales like the humpback whale often migrate thousands of kilometers from cold northern waters in summer to the tropical Caribbean Sea in winter, so that cooperation is necessary for effective protection.
The participants also agreed to examine the possibilities of setting up a regional network of underwater microphones. This will help to map the sounds made by whales and dolphins, and can register noise from among others ships and speed boats. Noise pollution from ships and speed boats disturbs the possibilities for the whales to communicate with each other. The sound equipment makes it possible to responsibly make the whales visible to tourists.
The French 'Agoa' marine mammal sanctuary and the Dutch Caribbean Islands had already been doing research on the marine mammals around the French and Dutch Windward Islands. This collaboration will be continued. As such, joint surveys will be conducted in which a group of researchers will observe in a structured manner where cetaceans such as humpback whales, sperm whales and orcas, are exactly found and in what numbers. This will take place both around the Windward and Leeward Islands.
The meeting, organized by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation, an IUCN State Member, took place on 4-5 June 2012 on the St. Maarten Island. The purpose of the meeting was the development of joint initiatives and programs for research and protection of whales and dolphins. The initiative builds on the marine mammal action plan of the regional Protocol for the protection of species and areas, the SPAW (Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife) Protocol.
For more information, please contact Paul C. Hoetjes, Policy Coordinator for Nature at the National Office for the Caribbean Netherlands, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture & Innovation.


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Equisetum arvense ~ Supplements containing extracts of Equisetum arvense – common name Horsetail – can be found in any pharmacy or health food shop. They are said to strengthen hair, skin and nails. According to Brazilian researchers they are also excellent diuretics: Equisetum arvense even works better than the diuretic hydrochlorothiazide.
Equisetum arvense contains relative large amounts of silicon, which according to the manufacturers is good for hair growth. The plant also contains phenols, such as caffeic acid and flavonoid compounds, and also substances such as equisetumosides and equisetumpyrones. These are probably responsible for the healing properties attributed to Equisetum arvense. The plant is one of the most widely used medicinal herbs in the world.
The Brazilians wanted to know more about the diuretic effects of Equisetum arvense. While the effects are reported in many handbooks, there were no scientific studies to confirm – or refute – these.
The diuretic effect of Equisetum arvense is probably also the reason that extracts of the plant are often found in slimming teas or supplements: these products increase the amount of liquid that users lose in their urine, thus leading to weight loss.
Users think they are losing fat, but much of the weight they lose actually consists of liquid. As soon as the slimmers stop taking the supplements the kilos pile back on again.
The researchers performed an experiment with 36 healthy subjects aged 20-55. Three times a day they took either a placebo, or 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide [structural formula shown below] or 900 mg Equisetum arvense extract.
When the subjects took the extract this was divided over 3 intakes of 300 mg each day. The researchers used a product manufactured by the Brazilian Artesanal Pharmacy. The extract consisted of the aboveground parts of Equisetum arvense.
The researchers measured the amount of liquid that the subjects ingested, and subtracted the amount of liquid the subjects lost in the form of urine, thus estimating the subjects' fluid balance. The fluid balance was measured just before starting supplementation, and on the fourth and last days of administration.
The figure below shows that the diuretic effect of Equisetum arvense superseded that of hydrochlorothiazide.
The researchers found no indications that Equisetum arvense affects the sodium-potassium electrolyte balance. That doesn't mean much as these effects were not found when the subjects took hydrochlorothiazide either. Nevertheless William Llewellyn's Anabolics [amazon.com] states that hydrochlorothiazide does alter the body's sodium-potassium balance: hydrochlorothiazide use leads to potassium loss.
It would seem that the Brazilian experiment was too short to lead to visible effects on the electrolyte balance.
The researchers observed no damaging effects of Equisetum arvense on either liver or kidneys.
Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial to Assess the Acute Diuretic Effect of Equisetum arvense (Field Horsetail) in Healthy Volunteers.
In this double-blind, randomized clinical trial, 36 healthy male volunteers were randomly distributed into three groups (n = 12) that underwent a three-step treatment. For four consecutive days, we alternately administered a standardized dried extract of Equisetum arvense (EADE, 900?mg/day), placebo (corn starch, 900?mg/day), or hydrochlorothiazide (25?mg/day), separated by a 10-day washout period. Each volunteer served as his own control, and the groups' results were compared. We repeated the same evaluation after each stage of treatment to evaluate the safety of the drug. The diuretic effect of EADE was assessed by monitoring the volunteers' water balance over a 24?h period. The E. arvense extract produced a diuretic effect that was stronger than that of the negative control and was equivalent to that of hydrochlorothiazide without causing significant changes in the elimination of electrolytes. There was no significant increase in the urinary elimination of catabolites. Rare minor adverse events were reported. The clinical examinations and laboratory tests showed no changes before or after the experiment, suggesting that the drug is safe for acute use. Further research is needed to better clarify the mechanism of diuretic action and the other possible pharmacological actions of this phytomedicine.
PMID: 24723963 [PubMed] PMCID: PMC3960516


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Terry's Color Clock makes learning color simple and enjoyable. He developed his approach to color after years of frustration with color wheels and teaching on the subject. By the time you watch this video, you will understand which colors work together and why, how to put together color schemes, and which colors make a painting 'Pop.'
This lesson includes:
Terry's Color Clock; Color Harmonies; Accent Colors; Graying Down; Using the Color Clock Demos; Accent Colors; Triads and more!
SPECIAL NOTE: Terry developed a special 'Color Clock' that illustrates how to develop color schemes, and includes many of the important points of his lesson. The 'Color Clock' is 8.5 x 11 and fully laminated (waterproof). It also contains detailed instructions for creating harmonious, complementary and triad color schemes on the back and includes common and Terry Madden Artist Color names.
You can find Terry's Color Clock in our Products collection. $12
Simply click the Color Clock below.


Covid-19 Medical Response 19/07/20
As the coronavirus took the world by storm, with unpredictability and an acceleration in the number of deaths around the globe, Manchester Pharmacy were the first across the UK to create medical response packages for the elderly and high risk.
We teamed up with a local charity, Human Relief Foundation, to get the word out for our free community initiative to ensure those most vulnerable had that extra support to aid them during this deadly pandemic.
Our packages included: a face mask, a hand sanitizer, one tub of multivitamins and minerals, and a tub of vitamin D. This was to ensure the high-risk groups were appropriately equipped as they had to self-isolate during lockdown and also had a daily intake of vitamins, with research supporting a positive correlation to boosting the immune system to help fight the disease.
To our surprise, we received calls from Glasgow, Birmingham, London, and Wales. The situation was that dire that people with high risk family members were desperately in search for whatever they could find.
Our community efforts were published in the following article:


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As the dean of School of Geographical Science at the Nanjing Normal University, it is my pleasure to welcome you to visit our website, whether you are a parent, prospective or current student, or potential partner institution.
The origin of School of Geographical Science at the Nanjing Normal University can be traced to the historic and earth science educational curriculum offered by Sanjiang Normal School established in 1902. The discipline of Geography of Nanjing Normal University was founded in 1952 by Professor Xudan Li, a key founder of Chinese modern human geography. The discipline always focuses on geographical science, adheres to the academic spirit of "patriotism, progress, scrupulousness and creativity" put forward by Mr. Li, and has created a comfortable, harmonious and active discipline culture. Since the reform, we have got the postdoctoral research station of geography (1996) and the first level discipline of geography authorized to offer doctorate degree (2000). Also, we ranked top five at the third round National Discipline Assessment hosted by the Chinese Ministry of Education. It has also built a team with core members who were honored with titles as "Thousand Talents", "Outstanding Youth", "the Changjiang Scholars", and "National Outstanding Teaching Masters", and with groups based on the National Teaching Team, the Innovation Team led by Changjiang Scholars of Chinese Ministry of Education and the science and technology innovation team in Jiangsu Province. The discipline takes the promotion of the collaborative innovation capability of talents, disciplines, research and industry as an integration, and takes the establishment of National Key Disciplines of the Cartography and Geographic Information System, the National Key (foster) Disciplines of Human Geography and the Key Disciplines in Jiangsu Province of Physical Geography as foundation, and comprehensively promotes the development of the national first-level discipline of geography.
We aim at the international frontier of geographical science, which is guided by the significant demands of the geographical discipline and national economic and social developments, with the mission of "exploring the laws of nature and revealing the essence of humanity", and with the goal of establishing the first-class discipline that has great international influences. The final goal of the discipline is to build a theoretical research highland that reveals the distribution pattern, evolution process and interaction of geographical environment; to build a technology innovation foundation that helps to explore the production, transmission, transformation, modeling, analysis, and social services of geographic information; to build an important foundation that reveals the coupling process and effect of the human-land relation, serves the national strategy and social economic developments, and converges and trains high-level talents of geography.
We have made significant contributions to sustainable utilization of soil and the reductions of pesticide usages based on strong reductive methods to solve the soil diseases; have carried out the tourism quality, tourism standards, wisdom travel and series studies on tourism brand, which has played an important role in promoting tourism connotation over Jiangsu and the whole country and tourism standardization and informatization development; have formed features of demonstration in the sea and marine planning and zoning, marine economy and marine demarcation, which have supported the implementation of the coastal strategy in Jiangsu Province and the whole country; have developed 57 industry application software, and have spawned more than 10 high-tech enterprises, which have enhanced the capacity for independent innovation and international influence in the geographical information technology. The annual consulting and services income of the discipline has reached over 50 million Yuan, which has made important contributions to the regional social and economic developments, cultural heritage and national security. The discipline uses the professional advantages to serve the social and economic development, relies on Geographic Information Resources Development and Utilization of Collaborative Innovation Center in Jiangsu Province, Police Geographic Information Technology of the Ministry of Public Security Key Laboratory and Oceanic Comprehensive Development and Ecological Construction Project Center in Jiangsu Province, which have formed significant features and advantages in geographical engineering and social services.
We rely on a complete geography talent cultivation system covering "undergraduate, postgraduate, doctor and post-doctor", to enhance students' comprehensive ability for the purpose of deepening the reform of geography teaching. We pay attention to the top-level design, strengthen the integration of various resources, adhere to utilize scientific research advantage for teaching, and fully improve the talent quality of the training model. Taking two national-level teaching teams (geographical information system and modern natural geography) as the core, the discipline is supported by the national teaching platforms such as the National Teaching Demonstration Center in Geography, the National Virtual Simulation Experimental Teaching Center, national experimental training program for talent cultivation models, and the international training platforms such as the ERASMUS+ international education cooperation projects. Under the support of the Famous Brand Discipline of Jiangsu Province and led by the National Fine Course, we will continuously promote the training quality of talents and the professional connotation, cultivate innovative geographical talents with focuses on geography theory and practice, modern geographic information technology and international vision, to create a first-class talent cultivation system with distinctive characteristics in China.
We have carried out substantive cooperations with dozens of universities and other famous foreign research institutions, such as NASA, ESRI, and have participated in the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP), the significant international scientific cooperation projects in the earth observation area of the European Space Agency (ESA) and so on. Several papers have been included in the ESI highly cited papers. Yongjin Wang, Zucong Cai and Guanjun Shen have been selected in Elsevier highly cited scholar list. We have hosted several international academic conferences, such as International Symposium on Terrain Analysis and Digital Terrain Modelling, Geomorphometry 2013 and Nitrogen Cycling in Terrestrial Ecosystems: Methods and Outlook, and have established National Geographic Information System Doctoral Forum and National GIS Training of Teaching Ability for Young Teachers, which have produced important repercussions both at home and abroad.
Welcome to the School of Geographical Science. As dean of the school, I am proud to be part of an exciting and talented team of faculty, researchers, and staff that strive for providing excellent opportunities for students to learn through the creation of knowledge and service to the broader community.
Dean, School of Geographical Science


Next:, Previous:, Up: Coding Systems [Contents][Index]
32.10.6 Specifying a Coding System for One Operation
You can specify the coding system for a specific operation by binding the variables coding-system-for-read and/or coding-system-for-write.
Variable: coding-system-for-read
If this variable is non-nil, it specifies the coding system to use for reading a file, or for input from a synchronous subprocess.
It also applies to any asynchronous subprocess or network stream, but in a different way: the value of coding-system-for-read when you start the subprocess or open the network stream specifies the input decoding method for that subprocess or network stream. It remains in use for that subprocess or network stream unless and until overridden.
The right way to use this variable is to bind it with let for a specific I/O operation. Its global value is normally nil, and you should not globally set it to any other value. Here is an example of the right way to use the variable:
;; Read the file with no character code conversion.
(let ((coding-system-for-read 'no-conversion))
 (insert-file-contents filename))
When its value is non-nil, this variable takes precedence over all other methods of specifying a coding system to use for input, including file-coding-system-alist, process-coding-system-alist and network-coding-system-alist.
Variable: coding-system-for-write
This works much like coding-system-for-read, except that it applies to output rather than input. It affects writing to files, as well as sending output to subprocesses and net connections.
When a single operation does both input and output, as do call-process-region and start-process, both coding-system-for-read and coding-system-for-write affect it.
User Option: inhibit-eol-conversion
When this variable is non-nil, no end-of-line conversion is done, no matter which coding system is specified. This applies to all the Emacs I/O and subprocess primitives, and to the explicit encoding and decoding functions (see Explicit Encoding).
Sometimes, you need to prefer several coding systems for some operation, rather than fix a single one. Emacs lets you specify a priority order for using coding systems. This ordering affects the sorting of lists of coding systems returned by functions such as find-coding-systems-region (see Lisp and Coding Systems).
Function: coding-system-priority-list &optional highestp
This function returns the list of coding systems in the order of their current priorities. Optional argument highestp, if non-nil, means return only the highest priority coding system.
Function: set-coding-system-priority &rest coding-systems
This function puts coding-systems at the beginning of the priority list for coding systems, thus making their priority higher than all the rest.
Macro: with-coding-priority coding-systems &rest body…
This macro execute body, like progn does (see progn), with coding-systems at the front of the priority list for coding systems. coding-systems should be a list of coding systems to prefer during execution of body.


Paralegals changing lenses
 Research output: Contribution to journalArticle
 This editorial is about how a paralegal programme can multiply the effectiveness of restorative justice and reduce the imprisonment rate. That programme is in Bangladesh, but it helps answer a question relevant for every country and that for me started in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). My friend Symphorien Pyana from a Jesuit nongovernmental rganisation (NGO) in DRC recently said that there was a desperate need in Eastern DRC for an initiative to get former child soldiers out of prison. Footloose former child soldiers frighten people when they hang around on the streets of Congolese towns. I have experienced that fear. Some have a faraway stare; when they congregate near an ATM, fear is a natural response if you are taking money from the ATM. So police and soldiers often arrest them with little justification. Those who do have affiliations with organised crime groups bribe prison officials to release them out the back door of the prison. It is the innocent children who are left there to rot. They are forgotten as they wait for completion of a non-existent investigation, often into a non-existent crime. One thought I had about this challenge was to approach the Catholic Cardinal of Belgium, whom I had met on a visit to KU Leuven, to solicit interest among retired Belgian lawyers to volunteer to work with Symphorien to get the former child soldiers released into educational/vocational programmes or to get them a trial date if there truly were grounds for a prosecution to proceed. On reflection, this did not seem an especially cost-effective approach, as the Belgian lawyers would all require expensive airfares, accommodation and security. Most of the former child soldiers would speak little or no French.
 Original languageEnglish
 Pages (from-to)311-324
 JournalRestorative Justice
 Issue number3
 Publication statusPublished - 2015
 Dive into the research topics of 'Paralegals changing lenses'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
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Il Widna, Malta
The only sound mirror outside England – unless anyone knows better – is on the Mediterranean island of Malta. It is known locally as "il widna", Maltese for "the ear".
The design is the same as the 200 foot mirror at Denge, although the Maltese mirror appears to be in better condition. It retains its painted camouflage pattern, which blends into the colours of the landscape quite effectively.
The site is now used as an earth station for telecommunications company GO (formerly Maltacom), so there is no access to the mirror, though visitors can get quite close and peer through the barbed wire fence.
The construction of early warning sound mirrors was proposed in the early 1930s to help protect the key imperial locations of Gibraltar, Malta and Singapore. Four sites were identified in Gibraltar, but there were concerns about interfere produced by noises from the local population, the wind and the sea. A system of five to eight mirrors was suggested for Singapore, but it was thought that there would be problems with noises from local animal and insect life.
The surveys undertaken in Malta during 1933 were more productive, and five suitable sites were identified around the coast. The ideal site should be sheltered from noise behind and to the sides of the mirror, and 'under no circumstances should the mirror have a view if the breaking sea', said Dr Tucker, who undertook extensive research into sound-based direction finding.
The five proposed sites were given letters
- Ta Karach
- Ta Zura
- Tal Merhla
Priority was given to A and B, which were either side of Valletta and would help to protect the Grand Harbour. The first mirror was to be at Maghtab, on a site a mile or so inland with hills behind. It faces out to sea at a bearing or 20 degrees, towards Sicily around 60 miles away.
Construction was underway in the autumn of 1934, with the work completed during the summer of 1935. The design is a direct copy of the 200 foot mirror at Denge, near Dungeness in Kent. Minor differences include small projecting buttresses at the foot of the mirror face, which were found to harm its performance.
The electrical equipment was installed in the first weeks of September 1935, and testing was undertaken on 23 September. Training of the operating staff began the next day. The total cost of the development of the first mirror on Malta was put at £4500.
Trials using a Supermarine Scapa flying boat found that the range of the mirror was 21 to 37 miles, with an average of 25 miles, and a bearing error of ±2½ degrees. In contrast, the range of the unaided human ear was put at 5 miles. It was estimated that the mirror would provide a six minute warning of an enemy aircraft approaching Malta at 250 mph.
Unfortunately not all the test were successful, perhaps one of the more embarrassing failures being on 5 February 1936 during a visit by Sir Cyril John Deverell, Chief of the Imperial General Staff. No further mirrors were built on Malta, and the Maghtab mirror was reported to be out of use by 5 May 1937.
In May 2008 I had the chance to make a brief visit visit to Malta, so took the opportunity to track down the mirror.
View Larger Map
From Valletta bus station I caught bus number 55 to the terminus at Gharghur, which takes about 35 minutes. As I got off a little old lady came over to ask me where I was going, as she was slightly concerned that I might be lost. I mentioned the "widna", and she knew straight away what it was, and kindly took me to see it. A local chap mending a car also knew the way, and I'd suggest the best way of finding the mirror is simply to ask someone (widna is pronounced as it would be English).
A few minutes walk from the town centre, we turned down a small road along the side of a ravine, through the Victoria Lines, and from the brow of the hill had a view across the fields below, with the earth station in the middle (and a humongous landfill site in the distance).
The white satellite dish makes the mirror pretty easy to spot, though binoculars are helpful for a good view. The track runs down to the bottom of the hill, passing a small cave containing a shrine. From the bottom of the hill I found my way to the mirror by trial and error.
Unfortunately my trip them went horribly wrong, when I thought I was on a different main road to the one I was actually on, and I had a long walk along a busy road until I found a bus stop at Salina Bay. A better move would have been to return to Ghargur, or head across to the coastal road and catch a bus to Sliema from there.
Malta has pretty obvious merits as a holiday destination, and absolutely bristles with things of interest to history enthusiasts, and especially fortification anoraks. I can thoroughly recommend the guided tours of the steam-operated gun at Fort Rinella, which somehow managed to entertain a group of women who were simply ticking off the attractions, a chap with technical questions about the control system, and me wanting to know about sound mirrors.
Links and more information
- Photo on the Naxxar local council website.
- Early warning system from the WWII times, Maghtab.
- Maltacom's Earth station at Maghtab.
- Aerial view.
- Evidence of Malta's Role in WWII, Maghtab Sound Mirror.
- Maghtab sound mirror, Malta by Paul Wells of the Pillbox Study Group.
- SPTT Wied id-Dis Walk 14th October 2007, Ramblers Association of Malta.
- The book Echoes from the Sky by Richard N Scarth devotes two chapters to Malta and the Empire and the Mirror at Maghtab. It is now out of print, but is the definitive work on the subject.
- A tour guide at Fort Rinella told me the mirror is mentioned in a book on the Victoria Lines, but unfortunately they'd sold out of copies.


Social History for Every Classroom
Social History for Every Classroom
menuAmerican Social History Project · Center for Media and Learning
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Who Fought for the Confederacy?
In this activity students compare and contrast a political cartoon and a letter to the editor from 1862 that describe ordinary soldiers who fought for the Confederacy during the Civil War.
Who Fought for the Union?
Active Viewing: Abraham and Mary Lincoln: A House Divided
PBS American Experience's Abraham and Mary Lincoln: A House Divided is a 6 episode mini-series available as a 3 DVD set. The following activity focuses on the causes and consequences of Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation through an active [...]
Lessons in Looking: Contraband in Paintings
"In Defense of My Race and Country": African-American Soldiers on Why They Are Fighting
In this activity students read three letters written by African-American soldiers during the Civil War to determine why black soldiers felt compelled to join the Union Army.
Who Freed the Slaves During the Civil War?
Create a Magic Lantern Show: Freedpeople in the Reconstruction South
What This Cruel War Was Over: Slavery and the Civil War
In this activity students will examine how attitudes towards slavery and the Civil War changed between 1860 and 1865. What began in the minds of President Lincoln and most northerners as a war to preserve the union changed, over the course of the [...]
New Liberties and New Threats During Reconstruction
This activity features differentiation and scaffolding to help students understand the new social freedoms and new threats to the families of freedmen during Reconstruction. Students work in heterogeneous skill-level groups to analyze several [...]


Are there any real-life animals that are shown to actually be magical in the Harry Potter universe?
For example, we know that Komodo dragons exist in the real world, but let's say it turns out they are actually magical dragons in the HP world, but muggles just don't know about it.
I'm not counting pets (owls, cats, snakes, etc), because though they tend to be much more intelligent and behave more like familiars in HP, as far as I know none of them have shown to be inherently magical themselves. If you can find an example otherwise, I'll accept that. I also am not counting animals that are used in potions (e.g., lionfish spines), unless you can show that the animal is inherently magical itself, and not just when brewed into a potion.
Yes, the dodo.
In the Harry Potter universe, the small flightless birds are actually magical creatures called Diricawls that can disappear at will when humans approach. Muggles assume they've hunted them to extinction, and the magical community declines to tell them the truth because of the way it's sparked conservation efforts.
Interestingly, Muggles were once fully aware of the existence of the Diricawl, though they knew it by the name of "dodo." Unaware that the Diricawl could vanish at will, Muggles believe they have hunted the species to extinction. As this seems to have raised Muggle awareness of the dangers of slaying their fellow creatures indiscriminately, the International Confederation of Wizards has never deemed it appropriate that the Muggles should be made aware of the continued existence of the Diricawl.
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them
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 Nit: dodos weren't small, as birds go. – chepner Apr 8 '20 at 17:25
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 I've taken the liberty of adding in the book quote that inspired the wiki article. Primary sources are invariably more useful than commentary – Valorum Apr 8 '20 at 17:44
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 Opting to not tell muggles that Dodos are magical because it sparked conservation efforts, as opposed to all the other creatures wizards prevent muggles from learning about simply because they are magical? – Muuski Apr 9 '20 at 18:02
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 _USER_ If you're looking for consistency in world building, you are barking up the wrong series! – mattdm Apr 10 '20 at 15:13
Salamanders are mentioned in Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them as being magical in nature. Their properties don't, however, match those of muggle salamanders.
The salamander is a small fire-dwelling lizard that feeds on flame. Brilliant white, it appears blue or scarlet depending upon the heat of the fire in which it makes its appearance.
Salamanders can survive up to six hours outside a fire if regularly fed pepper. They will live only as long as the fire from which they sprang burns. Salamander blood has powerful curative and restorative properties.
Owls are noted by Pottermore to be magical in nature.
Owls are magical creatures most often used for delivering post and parcels in the wizarding world. They are known for their speed and discretion and can find recipients without an address. First-year students are allowed to bring them to school as pets.
The advantages of owls as messengers are those very qualities that make Muggles view them with suspicion: they operate under cover of darkness, to which Muggles have a superstitious aversion; they have exceptionally well-developed night vision, are agile, stealthy and capable of aggression when challenged. So numerous are the owls employed by wizards worldwide that it is generally safe to assume that virtually all of them are either the property of the Owl Postal Service of their country, or of an individual witch or wizard.
Whether because they possess an innate bent for magic (just as pigs are reputed to be innately non-magical), or because generations of their ancestors have been domesticated and trained by wizards and they have inherited the traits that make this easy, owls learn very quickly, and seem to thrive on their task of tracing and tracking the witch or wizard for whom their letters are intended.
Pottermore Wiki: Owls
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 Good find for the owls being explicitly described as magical. As for the salamander, I'm not sure that applies, because I think that's a different creature that happens to have the same name. The common muggle salamander is an amphibian that tends to live in damp environments and nowhere near fires, whereas the magical salamander's life is explicitly linked to fire. Maybe an argument could be made for muggles seeing a magical salamander and mistaking it for a common salamander. – David K Apr 8 '20 at 18:04
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 _USER_ - Magicians seem to imbue intelligence on snakes by speaking to them – Valorum Apr 9 '20 at 15:51
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 _USER_ I don't think the glass disappearance was involuntary. Not any more so than, say, the quick hair regrowth, the jumping onto the roof, and so on. Harry was chatting with the snake and was upset that it was trapped, just like him, so his innate magic kicked in and fixed that. – Tin Wizard Apr 9 '20 at 18:10
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 Historically salamanders have been associated with fire (search for the word fire). Frozen 2 also used a salamander as a fire elemental. – JPhi1618 Apr 9 '20 at 19:44
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 _USER_ I don't think accidental magic works like that. Didn't he get punished pretty harshly for the other examples I mentioned? And yet he continued to do them - seems "foolish" to me. Magic responds to subconscious desires, not reason. – Tin Wizard Apr 10 '20 at 15:50
Your Answer


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Evaluation of tourism web sites: A theoretical framework
The paper outlines a theoretical framework for the discussion and identification of indicators measuring the properties of web sites. In this framework we distinguish between the web site as a medium for describing an object, the web site as an object of description and the normative judgement of a web site. The framework is the basis for a project currently carried out and which has as its aim to establish indicators for tourism web sites and use them in an open benchmarking process to enforce the improvement of the set of independent web sites marketing a given tourist destination both individually and as a resource in the collective presentation of the destination. The case studied is the Sognefjord region in Western Norway.
In: Proceedings from ENTER 2004, Cairo, Egypt (Springer Verlag)


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) syringe filter. These filters can contribute trace amounts of organics, which are negligible for wastewater applications. For drinking and source water applications it's important to use a filter that does not contribute organics to the filtered sample. One of MANTECH's research partners has recommended a 0.45um polyethersulfone (PES) filter; however, other filter types may also be acceptable, if no organics are contributed by the filter. Since these applications traditionally see less particulates, having a smaller pore size filter hasn't shown an impact on the peCOD results.
There is a strong correlation between the PeCOD COD results and the dichromate COD results. To determine this, the two methods were compared vs. the theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD) for 34 organic species. See MANTECH's technical bulletin for more information on the study.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) results may differ when measured via the PeCOD COD method versus the traditional dichromate COD method for certain sample matrices. There are various reasons for this difference. One is that chloride, ammonia, and some heavy metals have been known to interfere with PeCOD readings and provide inaccurate results. Another reason could be the time delays between analyses. It is best to analyze samples via PeCOD and dichromate on the same day to limit uncertainties due to sample degradation. For additional reasons and more information, read MANTECH's technical bulletin here.
The PeCOD electrolyte solution is mainly composed of a low-concentration lithium nitrate solutions. The PeCOD calibrant and check standard solutions supplied by MANTECH are composed of sorbitol. These solutions contain a trade recipe preservative that allow for the longer shelf life, compared to solutions prepared manually. Calibrant and check standard solutions prepared manually, following the PeCOD Standard Recipe, can be used for up to two weeks.
View the PeCOD electrolyte SDS here.
View the PeCOD calibrant SDS here.
View the PeCOD check standard SDS here.
Both MANTECH supplied calibrant and standard solutions are good for one year after they are made. MANTECH supplied electrolyte has a shelf life of two years after it is produced. All labels have the expiry date in the box just above the MANTECH logo.
Sensors are expected to last 200 runs when used consistently for an average of 50 samples per week. However, should a sensor be intermittently used, it is recommended that it be changed after 4 weeks of use regardless of the number of completed runs. When analyzing higher sample concentrations (especially red range) the sensor life expectancy is likely to be shorter, approximately 150 runs. For more information, read MANTECH's technical bulletin here.
Open the top plastic door by pushing down firmly on the front centre of the door until a "click" is heard, then release the door. Open the PeCOD analyzer module by pressing firmly down on the fixed bar, and lifting the front latching bar (should unlatch), then lift up the PeCOD sensor lid. Remove the old sensor by lifting it off of the pins and place the new sensor on the same pins with the "THIS SIDE UP" surface (blue side) facing you.
If only storing the electrode block for a short period of time (less than 4 weeks), rinse DI water through the PeCOD and leave the electrode block inside. Make sure all of the sample has been washed through by priming Port A several times. If storing for more than 4 weeks, put DI water through the PeCOD and then remove the electrode block to store outside the PeCOD. Flush the channels with 20-30 mL of DI water before pushing through about 10 mL of NaCl, leaving the channels filled. Tape the ends of the channels to ensure no leaks or crystallization occur. For more information, read the storage instructions here.
There are limitations to ensure that, after dilution with electrolyte, the chloride concentration will be <200mg/L. This means that the allowable chloride concentration of the original sample varies depending on the COD range (as illustrated below) since each range has a different ratio of sample to electrolyte. For more information, read MANTECH's technical bulletin here.
There are 4 COD ranges for the PeCOD. The advanced blue range is the lowest range and analyzes samples up to 25mg/L with a mixing ratio of 3:1 (sample to electrolyte). Green is the second lowest range and measures up to 150mg/L with a mixing ratio of 1:1. The yellow range determines COD up to 1,500mg/L with a mixing ratio of 1:9 and the red range can analyze samples up to 15,000mg/L and has a mixing ratio of 1:49. For more information, read MANTECH's technical bulletin here.
A C value is reported after a calibration. It is measured in μC, and indicates the raw charge generated during the blank oxidation. In PeCOD Pro, the C Value can also be referred to as the Zero Charge (Z1). The expected C value ranges depend on the color range you are working in (advanced blue and green ranges have lower C values than yellow and red ranges). The acceptable values are 50-300 µC for advanced blue range, 150-700 µC for green, 200-750 µC for yellow range, and 250-800 µC for the red range.
An M Value is also reported at the end of a calibration. It is a ratio of the expected COD to the charge generated during the reference oxidation (of the calibrant solution). It is expressed as COD/μC. The acceptable M value range for the green, yellow, and red ranges is 0.02-0.06 COD/μC. The advanced blue range has an acceptable M value range of 0.01-0.08 COD/μC.
The Y-axis of the oxidation graph is defined as the Iwork (reported as μA) which is a measure of current. The Iterm is essentially the Iwork at the end of each oxidation curve as it levels off. The acceptable Iterm value for advanced blue and green ranges is >16 μA. For the yellow and red ranges, the Iterm value needs to be >14 μA.
The PeCOD conforms to regulatory standards such as the ASTM International Method D8084, the Ministry of Environment, Conservation and Parks, Ontario (MECP) method E3515, and the Health Canada Guidance on drinking water.
The ASTM International method for photoelectrochemical oxygen demand is approved for measuring organics in freshwater sources and treated drinking water. More details about this method can be viewed here.
The Ontario MECP method E3515 replaced the standard dichromate methods due to the fact that no harmful chemicals are used in the PeCOD method. This method now includes PeCOD as an approved alternate COD method in the Municipal and Industrial Strategy for Abatement (MISA). The MECP method can be viewed here.
The peCOD method is also referenced in the Health Canada Guidance on Natural Organic Matter in Drinking Water. COD has been added as a parameter with a <5ppm limit, only the peCOD method is referenced for the parameter, and peCOD is also referenced as a "parameter" to monitor in source waters for drinking water plants. For more information, read the article in Environmental Technology here.
The PeCOD COD Analyzer has a warning label on the analyzer head "DO NOT OPEN ANALYZER LID WHILE IN OPERATION" and "CAUTION: CLASS 3B INVISIBLE LASER RADIATION. AVOID EXPOSURE TO BEAM." See Image 1.
Image 1: Warning label on analyzer lid
There are two normal LED lights (one red, one green), and one (invisible) Class 3B UV LED laser. See Image 2.
The red LED light is an error indicator and is a non-harmful light. The green LED light is the power indicator and is also a non-harmful light.
The Class 3B UV LED laser is a catalyst for TiO2 oxidation of organics. Class 3B UV LED lasers are harmful to your health, however, there are safety measures put into place to avoid exposure to this invisible UV LED laser on the PeCOD COD Analyzer. The PeCOD has an automatic laser shut off built in so the laser will turn off when the analyzer lid is opened. This lid should not be tampered with or modified as the Class 3B laser is hazardous to your health.
Image 2: Analyzer head with 2 (two) normal LED lights, and 1 (one) 3B UV LED Laser
The L50 is the newer, more cost efficient model of the PeCOD. It uses the same method, reagents, and software as the L100. Improvements were made with the fluidics and space requirement in the L50 model. For more information, see the news section.
Click 'File' in the top left corner, and select 'Preferences'. The 'General' tab will pop up, select the 'QC Regimes' tab. Here you can see how many calibrations, QC checks, and recalibrations the PeCOD® will preform for the 'Startup (Daily) Regime'. To see the other regimes, select the 'Startup (New Sensor)' tab, or the 'QC Routine' tab in the second row. To edit the number of calibrations or QC checks, click the arrows beside the numbers to choose how many of each the PeCOD® will perform.
MANTECH recommends storing samples in the laboratory fridge vs preserving samples. If you do choose to preserve your samples, use H2SO4 to adjust the


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"Their spirit used to be in a happy people when they live in this world, when such people die and become spiritual beings in the other word, though happiness is out of their reach, they at least feel something similar to contentment if they can make other people feel unhappy. They feel, "Ah, now you're unhappy, too!"
They don't wish for their own happiness but they believe their happiness fades when they mass produce unhappiness for other people. Seeing a lot of people become unhappy makes them feel as if they are happy after all. There really are spirits. like this who live in that kind of illusion; they actually are walking behind no sense. One type of such spirit is this so-called "spirits of poverty" which bring unhappiness in their economic sense.
If one of these spirits possesses company, that company will go under. If a spirit of poverty possesses people he knew while he was alive, the victims' companies would also go under just as his company did.
This kind of thing happens often. Just as there are causes when spirits of poverty go after the people he knew in life, there are also cases in which the spirits remain attached to a certain location. In such cases, people who try to run the business there or rent the house and try to sell things they will always fail.
There are places where business frail, after another. If a factory pops up, it was bust. If a store pops up, it goes bankrupt. This might sound like I am talking about feng shui or something, but you have to be careful because there really are places where spirits of poverty have a calm earth-bound spirits."
This is a part of the lecture "How to Keep Away Spirits of Poverty" by master Okawa.


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Addendum: Symbolic Links
A lot of people not steeped in Unix culture do not know what symbolic links are, particularly Mac users who don't understand the differences between Mac OS aliases and Unix symbolic links, or "symlinks." But it's such a simple concept, it's worth taking a few seconds to explain it.
Symlinks are files that contain a string that is interpreted as a file path. Let's look at that sentence a piece at a time.
- "Symlinks are files..." That means they can be moved, renamed, and deleted just like any other file.
- "...that contain a string" Yes, they really do contain a plain old text string. Depending on the OS, the contents of symlink files may not be accessible. But rest assured, at the lowest level it's just a file containing text.
- "...that is interpreted as a path" This is the only vaguely tricky part for people who have never used a system that required them to understand paths. It is explained further below.
A path is a series words separated by an aptly-named "path separator" character. In Unix-style systems (like Mac OS X), the forward-slash (or just "slash") character "/" is the path separator. Each component of the path corresponds to a file or directory. Every path component but the last one must be a directory name. The last path component can be either a directory or file name. Thus, a path leads to a particular file or directory in the file system. Some examples of paths appear below:
Paths maybe either "absolute" or "relative." Absolute paths begin from the very top of the directory tree and therefore always correspond to the same file or directory no matter where the symlink file containing that path is moved.
Relative paths correspond to the file or directory located at a particular path starting from the current directory. The "current" directory for symlinks is the directory that contains the symlink file. This all sounds complex, but it's really not. Examples:
Let's say we have two symlink files:
- symlink1 contains a text string that spells out the following absolute path: /Food/Apple
- symlink2 contains a text string that spells out the following relative path (note the missing slash at the start): Food/Apple
Now let's look at the simple directory structure below:
/MyDisk/ Food/ Apple Special/ Food/ Apple
No matter where we put symlink1 on MyDisk, it will always point to the Apple file in the Food directory at the top level of MyDisk.
symlink2, on the other hand, could point to either the Apple file in the top level Food directory, or the Apple file in the Food directory inside the Special directory, or, perhaps, to nothing at all! Examples:
Example 1: symlink2 pointing to the "non-special" Apple file:
/MyDisk/ symlink2 -> Food/Apple Food/ Apple (symlink2 points to this) Special/ Food/ Apple
Example 2: symlink2 pointing to the Apple file in the Food directory inside the Special directory. Note that the Special directory could be moved anywhere on the filesystem and symlink2 would still point to the same file. This is the benefit of using relative links.
/MyDisk/ Food/ Apple Special/ symlink2 -> Food/Apple Food/ Apple (symlink2 points to this now)
Example 3: symlink2 pointing to nothing at all!
/MyDisk/ Food/ symlink2 -> Food/Apple Apple Special/ Food/ Apple
This last example is what's called a "broken" symlink. Any attempt to get at the file that symlink2 points to would fail with a "file not found" error. This can also happen if any of the files that either symlink1 or symlink2 point to are removed or renamed. Symlinks are "dumb" in this respect. They just contain a string, after all. If that string does not correspond to an existing file, the symlink is considered "broken."
Mac OS aliases are very different beasts. They are files that uniquely point to a specific file or directory, and continue to point to it regardless of where the file or directory (or the alias file itself) is moved or renamed. (How it does this is beyond the scope of this discussion.)
Both symbolic links and aliases are useful. Sometimes you want to point to a particular file or directory in a robust manner that will not break when things are moved or renamed, but sometimes you simply want to point to "whatever file happens to be located at the following path..." Exercise for the reader: why are relative symbolic links used in Framework Bundles instead of absolute symbolic links or aliases?


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Evidence of improved detection using integrated 2D and 3D mammography provides opportunity for Australia to lead screening trials
The STORM (Screening with Tomosynthesis or Standard Mammography) trial, from a team of Italian and Australian researchers, reports the world's first completed population breast screening trial of integrated 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) mammography.1 Using breast tomosynthesis, a pseudo-3D derivative of digital mammography, in combination with 2D mammography, STORM researchers found that breast cancer detection was significantly increased when screen-reading was performed using integrated 2D and 3D mammography compared with 2D mammography alone (Box).1 The trial also showed that this screening method could significantly reduce false-positive results (Box). These data provide evidence that integrated 2D and 3D mammography would enhance breast screening performance measures, and are consistent with the interim findings of another population screening study conducted in Oslo, Norway, using the same mammographic technology.2
Publication of your online response is subject to the Medical Journal of Australia's editorial discretion. You will be notified by email within five working days should your response be accepted.