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 - Brat-Proof Your Child! How Saying 'No' Prepares Her for Future Success
 Saying no has far more benefits for your toddler like learning how to solve problems on their own.
 by Rachel Perez.
PHOTO BY Donnie Ray Jones/Flickr Creative Commone
 - As parents, we want to raise kids whose happiness and contentment do not depend on having expensive clothes, toys, or other material things. We don't want them to grow up thinking they can get everything they ask. In short, parents are not in the business of raising spoiled kids. But saying no to the kids especially when those tears start to fall is tough. Just when you feel like the disciplinarian in you is starting to soften, keep these in mind when you need to say no.
 1. You're teaching them to be resourceful and fosters creativity.
 "When we always yield to our children's wants, we rob them of the opportunity to find solutions by adapting what they already have," writes Scott Sonenshein, author of Stretch: Unlock the Power of Less – And Achieve More Than You Ever Imagined," for The New York Times.
 He cited a study that showed children who have less had found more creative ways to use bubble wrap than same-age kids who grew up having a lot of toys. The resourcefulness led the kids to make up games, invent, or head outdoors to pass the time and entertain themselves.
 2. You're preparing them to deal with disappointment and frustration.
 The world doesn't always work in your favor, and it is better that young kids learn how to handle disappointment, frustration, and delayed gratification while they are young. In an interview with Betsy Brown Braun, child behavior specialist and author of You're Not the Boss of Me: Brat-Proofing your 4- to 12-Year-Old Child, she stressed that these skills are best learned through experience and proper guidance from parents.
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 "Learning these will not happen if the child always gets what he wants. In order to tolerate frustration you have to be frustrated, so [as a parent] you have to give the 'no' response, however we say it, in order to teach the child to tolerate disappointment," Brown Braun said. Saying no leads kids to learn how to manage expectations, navigate life's ups and downs of life and bounce back faster.
 3. You're teaching them determination, patience, and confidence.
 "If we shield our kids too much, they never get practice at dealing with disappointment. But when children are allowed to work through those disappointments, they might realize, 'This won't work, but I'll try something else.' They build the sense that there are no dead ends, just solutions they haven't found yet," David Walsh, Ph.D., author of No: Why Kids — Of All Ages — Need to Hear It and Ways Parents Can Say It, told Scholastic
 We need let our children experience how to work through problems; give them the chance to feel good about themselves once they've come up with a solution. If parents keep rescuing their kids without letting them try, it doesn't help kids gain confidence. "In this culture, we tend to think that self-esteem comes first, and then competence will follow, but actually it's the other way around," he added.
 4. You're letting kids learn how to prioritize, argue, and make decisions.
 When you say no to your kids, you're also teaching them to prioritize and argue their case. It can help them manage peer pressure. These skills are not necessarily taught in school, social psychologist Susan Newman, Ph.D., author of The Book of NO: 250 Ways to Say It -- and Mean It, told Parents. "Kids who understand that they can't always have their way will be more likely to be successful in school, relationships, and their careers."
 What other parents are reading
 5. It sets clear boundaries for your child.
 What's okay and not okay? Setting boundaries comes in handy when your child is in any grave physical danger. It is also for the same reason why parents should find a balance when to say no to our kids and how to say it correctly. Otherwise, it would lose its effectiveness, according to parenting expert Joanne Mallon
 "It's effective to limit the times you say 'no,' so that when you do say it, it has more effect. Tell them what you want them to do instead. Otherwise, they have to work it out for themselves, which is hard when you're two," Mallon tells The Huffington Post. You can say no without using the word itself. Don't make it your go-to reply when you're angry. More importantly, explain to your child calmly but firmly why you had to say no even if he doesn't accept it.
 In this day and age, it's a lot harder to say no to kids. We live a busy life, and parents try to make up for lost time by giving in to their child's whims. But saying no shows them you love them. They may hate you for it now, but you know it's for their own good. It's part of the job that is parenting.
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|In this section...|
Consider the case of an array of a given component type. For each component the compiler must allocate a storage field with a certain number of bits. There may also be some gaps (that is, unused bit fields) between two consecutive components. The effect of the pragma PACK is to instruct the compiler to minimize such gaps. For example, to request a packed representation for boolean matrices, one would write:
type BIT_MAP is array (1.. 100, 1.. 100) of BOOLEAN;... pragma PACK(BIT_MAP);
On the other hand, if the component type is itself a composite type, it may also contain internal gaps: these gaps are unaffected by the packing specification given for the array type. Minimization of such gaps could be achieved by a prior packing specification given for the component type itself.
The language also provides the representation pragma OPTIMIZE, with the argument values SPACE and TIME, to inform the compiler about which of these two criteria is more important in a given part of the program.
for representation_attribute use expression;
where the expression specifies a value for the given representation attribute. For example, it is possible to use a length clause to specify the size to be used for objects of a given type: for cases where a user wants to optimize access time to frequently used record components of this type, without having to specify the entire record layout.
type NIBBLE is range 0.. 15; for NIBBLE'SIZE use 4;
For a fixed point type, a length clause can be used to specify exactly the representation of the smallest representable value. For example:
type WEIGHT is delta 0.01 range 0.. 250; for WEIGHT'SMALL use WEIGHT'DELTA;
Without the length clause, the compiler would use a value of WEIGHT'SMALL that was a power of 2 - in fact 1/128 - and this has the advantage of simplifying multiplications by other fixed point types, since rescaling reduces to shift operations. Should weights actually be obtained from a sensor for which a value of 2#0000 0000 0000 0001# corresponds to exactly a centigram, then the above length clause instructs the compiler to use this representation - even if it causes multiplications to be less efficient.
For task types a length clause can be used to provide an upper bound for the storage needed by the execution of a corresponding task object; for example, if the task contains recursive procedure calls, dynamic arrays, or local access types. Note that such a clause does not dictate the actual allocation strategy used for tasks: it could be at the time of task activation or at the time of elaboration of the task declaration. The length clause only supplies information for this allocation.
for LINE_TO_CHAR'STORAGE_SIZE use 200;
For access types, a length clause provides the size of the storage space to be reserved for all dynamically allocated objects of the designated type (and of any types derived from it). The collection associated with an access type that has such a length specification is allocated all at once (upon elaboration of the representation clause) and is reclaimed all at once, as for an array declaration given at the place of the access type declaration. Hence it permits the use of access types with their notational and efficiency advantages (component selection is cheaper than array indexing for arrays of records) without necessarily incurring the potential costs of a more dynamic allocation strategy. (See Chapter 6 for further explanation.)
To define sufficient storage space it is necessary to know the storage size required for one element. For a type T, the attribute T'SIZE can be used for this purpose. For example the size of a collection large enough to contain approximately 400 dynamically allocated PLACEs can be expressed as follows:
type PLACE; type LIST is access PLACE; type PLACE is record SUCC, PRED : LIST; VALUE : INTEGER; end record; for LIST'STORAGE_SIZE use (400 * PLACE'SIZE) / SYSTEM.STORAGE_UNIT;
The number of dynamically allocated records is only known as an approximation, since the storage allocator may need some extra space, and also because records with variant parts may not all be of the same size.
A length clause can also be used to achieve a biased representation for an integer type. For example, if we have a type ranging from 10_000 to 10_127, any value of this type can be represented in only 8 bits (including the sign bit). Specifying a length of 8 bits for this type will result in the compiler using a biased representation. For example:
type SKEWED is new INTEGER range 10_000.. 10_127; for SKEWED'SIZE use 8;
The storage unit is a configuration-dependent quantity that represents the machine's quantum of storage. Its value is given by the named number SYSTEM.STORAGE_UNIT; it is the unit of addressing implicitly used to denote the position of a component.
A bit range is used to specify the position of a component inside a storage unit. The two expressions in the range represent the positions of the first and last bits respectively. This implies that the bit ordering inside a storage unit must be known to the user; such an ordering is implementation-defined. The first bit of a storage unit is always numbered 0. For example, the component clause:
SYSTEM_MASK at 0 range 0.. 7;
specifies that the component SYSTEM_MASK needs 8 bits of storage, starting from the beginning of the storage unit. The storage size specified for a component must of course be large enough for the component. The compiler must check that the specified size is compatible with the minimum needed for the representation of values of the component type.
Bit numbering may extend through consecutive storage units; thus the component clause:
PROTECTION_KEY at 0 range 8.. 11;
may be legal, even if the storage unit has eight bits on the machine considered.
The at clause specifies the position of a component by giving the position of the storage unit relative to which the bit range is counted. This position is itself relative to the first storage unit of the record, which is numbered 0. For example,
TRACK at 2 range 0.. 15
means that the component TRACK occupies 16 bits starting with bit 0 of the storage unit numbered 2. If the value of SYSTEM.STORAGE_UNIT were 8, the last bit of TRACK could actually be bit 7 in the adjacent storage unit numbered 3, depending on the implementation. Overlapping components are allowed only when they belong to distinct variants, and the compiler must actually check the absence of overlap within each variant. For example, the overlap of LINE_COUNT and CYLINDER in the following clause is legal because they belong to different variants:
type DEVICE is (PRINTER, DISK, DRUM); type PERIPHERAL(UNIT : DEVICE := DISK) is record case UNIT is when PRINTER => LINE_COUNT : INTEGER range 1.. 50; when others => CYLINDER : CYLINDER_INDEX; TRACK : TRACK_NUMBER; end case; end record; -- assuming SYSTEM.STORAGE_UNIT = 8 bits for PERIPHERAL use record at mod 4; UNIT at 0 range 0.. 7; LINE_COUNT at 1 range 0.. 7; CYLINDER at 1 range 0.. 7; TRACK at 2 range 0.. 15; end record;
When the record representation clause is incomplete - that is, if it does not specify the layout for all components - the compiler is free to map the unspecified components in any way that is consistent with the logic of the record type declaration. Compilers should be able to produce listings of record mappings upon request.
When it is important that the objects of a given record type be allocated on a given storage boundary, this can be specified by means of an alignment clause. The alignment is expressed as a number of storage units, and all addresses at which the objects are allocated must be exact multiples of the specified number of storage units (the address modulo the alignment expression must be zero).
for PAGE_BUFFER use at mod 512;
for TTY_STATUS_REGISTER use at 16#40#;
This form of clause can also be used for specifying the address of the code of a subprogram, or to link an interrupt with a given entry. The address given after the reserved word at has the system-dependent type SYSTEM.ADDRESS (assumed to be an integer type in the above example).
The mapping is specified using an aggregate in which the values of the type are enumerated one by one. The type of such an aggregate is a one-dimensional array whose component type is universal_integer and whose index subtype is the enumeration type itself. For example, consider a program that generates object code for a given machine and in which the operation codes for the machine are defined by an enumeration type. It is necessary to map the enumeration values into actual operation codes and this can be achieved as follows:
type MIX_CODE is (ADD, SUB, MUL, LDA, STA, STZ); for MIX_CODE use (ADD => 1, SUB => 2, MUL => 3, LDA => 8, STA => 24, STZ => 33);
In this example the array aggregate is of type
array (MIX_CODE) of universal_integer
All enumeration values must be provided with distinct universal integer codes and these codes must be known at compilation time. Moreover, in order to get an efficient implementation of order relations, the internal codes must follow the same ordering as the enumeration values. The order relations are then known through the internal codes, and there is no need for the compiler to generate tables that contain the order relation.
As illustrated above, the specified internal codes need not be successive integers. We discuss the

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


phrases, sayings, idioms and expressions at
The meaning and origin of the expression: Back to basics
Browse phrases beginning with:
Back to basics
A return to previously held values of decency.
This became prominent in current language in the UK with a 1993 speech by UK Prime Minister John Major, although it had been used in everyday language long before that.
"The style and tone of the churches have undergone a major adjustment, gradually turning toward a 'back-to-basics' approach. "


text:
In 1845, John Lyon of Harrisburg, Iowa, patented what is believed to be the first elevating grader.
In 1845, John Lyon of Harrisburg, Iowa, patented what is believed to be the first elevating grader. Dubbed the "Ditching Plow," it was designed to excavate bank material and transfer it to a wagon moving alongside by means of a cross-frame conveyor. The concept has undergone a number of refinements and variations over the following 165-plus years, including direct evolution of Lyon's towed machine, and conveyors of like design mounted on or traveling behind motor graders. The towed elevating grader was obsolete in the 1940s, and motor grader-mounted loaders fell out of use in the 1970s.
The largest and most productive descendant of the Ditching Plow is the traveling belt loader. This concept originated in 1940 when the Euclid Road Machinery Co. introduced its first Blade-Veyor, or BV, belt loader as a means of most efficiently loading its bottom dump wagons.
At 54 inches, the BV's conveyor was wider than that of the largest elevating grader, and the BV wielded a large, horizontal cutting edge instead of a disc to break material from the bank. Rather than being positioned perpendicular, or nearly so, to the machine's direction of travel, the BV's conveyor angled across the length of the machine, so as to discharge at the opposite corner from the cutting edge, thereby giving the material as straight a direction of travel as possible. Although an elevating grader rode on wheels, the BV traveled on a crawler undercarriage; like the elevating scraper, it was towed by a large crawler tractor.
After six prototypes had been built, the BV program was suspended due to the demands of World War II. When it entered formal production in 1948, the BV achieved a reasonable degree of success as a means of quickly and efficiently loading large volumes of earthy material. But the design had its flaws: the dead weight and the maintenance costs of the undercarriage; the tendency of the belt to slip under load and its vulnerability to impacts from rocks in the bank; and its tendency to hang up or clog due to sloughed material and the steepness of the belt. The BV was ultimately phased out in 1956.
Montana earthmoving contractor Francis Holland had used seven BVs and developed a much larger loader that travelled on two crawler tractors rather than its own crawlers. Initial models had 72-inch belts and vertical cutting edges, and were touted for their simple design, greater power, superior performance, and lower maintenance costs. All of the Holland loader's weight was on the powered crawlers of the transporting tractors, which allowed all of the tractive effort to be directed to the cutting edge while avoiding the clogs that had plagued the BV.
Holland patented his design in 1970 and 1971, and tested prototypes on his own jobs. In 1972 and 1973, three early production models joined a prototype at Perris Dam in southern California, where they loaded 110-ton bottom dump trucks in 43 to 90 seconds, depending on the material. Holland Loader Co. still produces Holland loaders today, with belt widths to 96 inches.
The Historical Construction Equipment Association (HCEA) is a 501(c)3 nonprofit organization dedicated to preserving the history of the construction, dredging and surface mining equipment industries. With more than 4,000 members in 25 countries, activities include operation of National Construction Equipment Museum and archives in Bowling Green, Ohio; publication of a quarterly magazine, Equipment Echoes, from which this text is adapted; and hosting an annual working exhibition of restored construction equipment. Individual memberships are $30 within the United States and Canada, and $40US elsewhere. We seek to develop relationships in the equipment manufacturing industry, and we offer a college scholarship for engineering students. Information is available at _URL_, _PHONE_, or _EMAIL_.


text:
Continuous Krapcho Dealkoxycarbonylation in API Synthesis
A high pressure and high temperature continuous flow reactor has been used to intensify a Krapcho dealkoxycarbonylation reaction in the context of API synthesis. The reactor enables operation of the reaction above temperatures possible in batch and thus significantly increased conversion rates are achieved. Also a broader choice of solvents is possible by the use of the continuous process. Batch and continuous reaction are compared in terms of operation range and space-time-yield. Despite lower concentrations of the reactants in the continuous process, space-time-yield exceeds that of the batch process by more than an order of magnitude due to the higher reaction rates.
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Nokia C3-01 - Change the time and date
Select Menu > Settings and Date and time.
Change the time zone when traveling
 1. Select Date & time settings > Time zone:.
 2. Select the time zone of your location.
 3. Select Save.
The time and date are set according to the time zone. This makes sure that your device displays the correct sending time of received text or multimedia messages.
For example, GMT -5 denotes the time zone for New York (USA), 5 hours west of Greenwich, London (UK).
Related topics


An environment that celebrates the legacy and continuing contributions of Gullah Geechee people to our American heritage.
To nurture pride and facilitate an understanding and awareness of the significance of Gullah Geechee history and culture within Gullah Geechee communities.
To sustain and preserve land, language, and cultural assets within the coastal communities of South Carolina, Georgia, North Carolina, and Florida.
To promote economic development among Gullah Geechee people.
To educate the public on the value and importance of Gullah Geechee culture.
Goal 1: Foster public awareness of and appreciation for the history of Gullah Geechee people, their contributions to the development of the United States, and their connections to the African diaspora and other international cultures.
Goal 2: Enhance the quality of life for current and future generations of Gullah Geechee people within the Corridor.
Goal 3: Protect, preserve, and restore tangible and intangible natural and cultural resources in communities and other areas that are of cultural and historical significance to Gullah Geechee people.
Partnership Applications
Partnerships are key to implementation of the various strategies and actions outlined in the management plan. Throughout implementation, the Corridor would continually evaluate partnerships and implementation relative to the Corridor's vision, mission and purpose. Partners will assist in implementing the Corridor's programs focused on education, economic development, and documentation and preservation of resources.
The purpose of the Partnership Application is to gather proposals from potential partners, and to give organizations and members of the community a way to become involved in the Corridor and contribute to preserving Gullah Geechee heritage. This application process will formalize the relationships that the Corridor seeks to build, and will also assist in prioritization of effort and resources in order to operate effectively.
Partnership Application
Partner Site Application
Partner Application Support
Partnership Application Support
Partner Site Application Support
Submission deadlines for Partner applications will be announced following the approval of the Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor Management Plan by the Secretary of the Interior.
©2012 Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor


text:
2.797J Molecular, Cellular, and Tissue Biomechanics (MIT)
2.797J Molecular, Cellular, and Tissue Biomechanics (MIT) course develops and applies scaling laws and the methods of continuum mechanics to biomechanical phenomena over a range of length scales. Topics include structure of tissues and the molecular basis for macroscopic properties; chemical and electrical effects on mechanical behavior; cell mechanics, motility and adhesion; biomembranes; biomolecular mechanics and molecular motors. The class also examines experimental methods for probing structures at the tissue, cellular, and molecular levels.
- Source: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Language: English
- Author: Lang, Matthew
- Lisence Terms: Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see _URL_
- Tags: molecular mechanics, tissue mechanics, cell mechanics, molecular electromechanics, electromechanical and physiochemical properties of tissues, physical regulation, cellular metabolism, tissue-level deformation, muscle constriction,
- Course Publishing Date: Sep 20, 2007


text:
Many of you are using PowerArchiver to conveniently encrypt and send files to your colleagues and partners. In fact, with various government legislations around the world (GDPR in EU, FIPS 140-2 requirements in the USA), you more than likely to be required to do so.
PowerArchiver has FIPS 140-2 validated encryption in ZIP format. It is the safest way to send encrypted files, as your recipient will more than likely have a zip utility that will open it. There is no alternative to exchanging data with coworkers and business partners while remaining GDPR and FIPS 140-2 compliant. There are various methods to encrypt files in PowerArchiver, so here we made a small guide to show you two easiest ways.
Encrypt files to ZIP format via PowerArchiver:
Encrypt files to ZIP format via Explorer shell extensions:
These two methods are the most convenient methods to encrypt your files and send them to others, or store them. Doing so, you will satisfy GDPR legal requirements for storing customer data, as well as the White House executive order for using FIPS 140-2 validated methods to store customer data (make sure you turn FIPS 140-2 mode on).


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The Gratitude Power Workbook: Transform Fear into Courage, Anger into Forgiveness, Isolation into Belonging
Mary Beth Sammons and Nina Lesowitz have received hundreds of thank you emails and letters from readers whose lives they have touched and helped — spiritual seekers, teachers, business people, cancer patients, parents, the newly bereaved, athletes, and many others. Building upon the foundational wisdom of the bestselling Living Life as a Thank You Nina Lesowitz and Mary Beth Sammons have developed a workbook filled with life-changing practices and encouraging advice to take readers through a process of self-transformation and personal growth. The workbook-style format not only provides readers with tried and true thank you techniques and practices, but also allows them to take part in creating their own.
The act and power of gratitude has a direct effect on our lives on a physical, spiritual, mental and emotional level. Studies have shown that living life with appreciation leads to a greater sense of well-being and happiness. The secret to a happy and fulfilled life may rely on focusing on all the good, rather than what is lacking or not going well at the moment. The Thank You Power Workbook is a toolkit for this transformation.


text:
What impact does Amendments I - V have on society?
This is an interesting question! Let's look at the impact of each of these amendments on society. The approach this response takes is to list the amanedment from a source, and then I will comment on its impact on society for each of the 5 amendments.
1. What impact does Amendments I - V have on society?
The Bill of Right Amendments I - V are directed to different segments of society and/or to specific strategies or tactics (e.g., right to bear arms, the right to search and seizure, etc.), which impact society at each of these levels. The amendments are: example:
(1) Amendment I [Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, Petition (1791)]
(2) Amendment II [Right to Bear Arms (1791)]
(3) Amendment III [Quartering of Troops (1791)]
(4) Amendment IV [Search and Seizure (1791)]
(5) Amendment V [Grand Jury, Double Jeopardy, Self-Incrimination, Due Process (1791)] ( _URL_
Now, let's look at each amendment and the implications for society.
Bill of Rights
(1) "Amendment I - Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to...
By discussion and example, the impact that Amendments I - V have on society are explored.


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Is there a general rule of what kind of sets it is easier to prove connectedness using path connectedness or regular connectedness?
I understand that path connected $\implies$ connected, but are there situations where it's easier to prove using path connectedness vs. connectedness and vice-versa? One example I know of is that proving that an interval is connected in $\mathbb{R}$ by constructing a function
$\gamma:[0,1]\rightarrow [a,b]: \gamma(t)=c+t(d-c), t\in [0,1]$
which is clearly continuous. The connectedness approach is a lot more laborious. So my question is, is there a general rule of what kind of sets it is easier to prove connectedness using path connectedness or regular connectedness?
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Given that connected doesn't imply path connected, I guess you're asking for what spaces these properties are equivalent? – Lepidopterist Mar 9 '12 at 3:54
Couldn't you just prove $[a,b]$ is connected by the same proof that $[0,1]$ is connected? You need to prove $[0,1]$ is connected anyhow to say that path-connected implies connected. Perhaps the most important class of spaces for which connected implies path-connected is manifolds. – Brett Frankel Mar 9 '12 at 4:01
I can use the fact that path connected implies connected without proof in my class. So I was wondering of what were some examples where this might come in handy -- where I am asked to prove some set is connected and use path connectedness instead – Emir Mar 9 '12 at 5:05
_USER_: No, Emir is asking whether there is asking whether there is a good heuristic for deciding which of the two is easier to prove for spaces that are path-connected. – Brian M. Scott Mar 9 '12 at 9:05
1 Answer 1
In my experiences, in metric spaces, path connectedness is usually-not always,but usuallyeasier and gives connectedness easily. In general topological spaces,it's sometimes not so easy to construct paths and the general definition of connectedness is usually more useful.
Interestingly, there are cases of topological spaces where it is fairly easy to prove the space is connected,but difficult to prove it is path connected. For example,the topologist's sine curve is connected but not path connected. How do we derive path connectedness given connectedness? The following theorem answers the question:
Theorem: Let S be a subset of a topological space X. Then if S is connected and locally path connected, then S is path connected.
The proof is somewhat lengthy,but not difficult. (Hint to get you started: Consider a path component S of X. By the definition of local connectedness, S is open in X. But what about the complement of S in X? Since X is locally path connected, there is at least one open set U for every point in the complement of S in X which is connected. So now consider the union of U and S in X.)
Notice the converse is NOT true, although it's easy to erroneously assume it is. The comb space is path connected but NOT locally path connected: _URL_
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Common Core Standard HSN-Q.A.1 Questions
You can create printable tests and worksheets from these questions on Common Core standard HSN-Q.A.1! Select one or more questions using the checkboxes above each question. Then click the add selected questions to a test button before moving to another page.
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Grade 10 Problem Solving Strategies CCSS: HSN-Q.A.1
Near the end of class, Jillian's physics teacher writes a formula up on the board. Jillian quickly writes it down before leaving. Later that night while doing homework, she is unsure if she correctly copied the formula. What she wrote is:
[math]d = d_0 + v_0t + 1/2 at^2[/math]
where [math]d, d_0[/math] are distances measured in meters; [math]v_0[/math] is velocity, measured in meters per second; [math]t[/math] is time, measured in seconds; and [math]a[/math] is acceleration, measured in meters per second squared.
She decides she will use dimensional analysis to determine if it is correct or not. She reasons that each term has to have the same units, and since the term on the left side of the equation and the first term on the right side of the equation are in meters, the other two terms need to be as well. The second term on the right side of the equation is
[math]"m"/"s" *"s"/1 = "m"[/math]
and the last term is
[math]"m"/"s"^2 * "s"^2/1 = "m"[/math].
Since all terms are in meters, she decides that the equation she wrote down is right. Is she correct, and if not, what mistake did she make?
 1. Yes, she is correct.
 2. No. She assumed that all terms need to have the same units, when all terms need to be without units.
 3. No. Although the variable [math]t[/math] is squared, the units are not. Therefore, the units of the last term are m/s, which are different than the rest of the terms.
 4. No. Jillian did the dimensional analysis incorrectly. The units of the second term on the right side come out to [math]"m"//"s"^2[/math] and the units of the last term are [math]"m"//"s"^4[/math].
Grade 10 Problem Solving Strategies CCSS: HSN-Q.A.1
Using dimensional analysis, the following calculation can be performed to convert between 3 pounds and its equivalent in grams (using the rate of 1 oz equals 28.3 g).
[math](3 \ "lb")/1 xx (16 \ "oz") / (1 \ "lb") xx (28.3 \ "g")/(1 \ "oz") = 1,358.4 \ "g"[/math]
Mathematically, why can 3 be multiplied by the factors [math] (16 \ "oz") / (1 \ "lb")[/math] and [math](28.3 \ "g")/(1 \ "oz")?[/math]
 1. Because this is dimensional analysis, regular rules of math do not apply.
 2. Since the necessary units cancel out, there is no problem.
 3. Because each of these factors is equal to one (the numerator and denominator are equal, but in different units).
 4. By the Multiplicative Property of Equality.
Grade 10 Problem Solving Strategies CCSS: HSN-Q.A.1
Grade 9 Linear Equations CCSS: HSN-Q.A.1
When graphing the distance vs. time for a car traveling for a full day, the most appropriate units would be
 1. miles and minutes.
 2. kilometers and hours.
 3. meters and hours.
 4. feet and minutes.
Grade 9 Line Graphs CCSS: HSN-Q.A.1
A graph with units of meters and minutes would be most appropriate for tracking
 1. a falling stone.
 2. a car on the highway.
 3. a person walking.
 4. a jet flying.
Grade 11 Line Graphs CCSS: HSN-Q.A.1
A graph showing the re-entry and landing of a space craft to Earth would best be in which units?
 1. Kilometers and Minutes
 2. Miles and Hours
 3. Meters and Seconds
 4. Miles and Days
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About one-quarter of our work relates to family philanthropy, most often as part of a complex family enterprise or family office. Our research has shown that effective philanthropy can strengthen family relationships as it accomplishes its goals of serving public and community interests. For philanthropy to be a positive experience, however, it must be approached with the same discipline and thoughtfulness that propels a business. Our research, consulting experience, and publications on philanthropy are our platform of understanding of how families structure and operate their foundations. We use that understanding in our teaching and research about family philanthropy and in our consulting with individual family foundations.
LGA ON PHILANTHROPY
Foundations and Families in Transition
Families often create a private foundation to organize their common philanthropic interests. Much of our work with family foundations begins with a relationship with the donor generation, helping them articulate and implement their philanthropic goals in the family context. However, like all family-based organizations, family foundations undergo predictable, important and demanding transitions, as the family and its enterprise become more complex over time. The change process often begins with the withdrawal or death of the founding donor who typically controlled the foundation and the board of directors. Family members—the founder's spouse, offspring, grandchildren, extended family members and in-laws—are faced with the challenge of defining the founder's legacy anew, while also developing their own vision for the future and shaping a more inclusive governance structure. LGA specializes in working with families as they navigate these transitions that challenge the foundation's continuity:
- Engaging younger generations in foundation governance and leadership;
- Substantial increases or decreases in foundation assets;
- The dispersal of family members into other cities and states;
- The retirement of senior trustees or staff, or
- The transition from direct family grantmaking to governance of a professionally-operated foundation.
We help families reexamine and evolve their mission and values, governing principles and practices, organizational structure, and grant programming. Our most typical services in support of family philanthropy include:
- Organizing a "design process" for family philanthropy, including private foundations, funds, and giving programs
- Facilitating philanthropy retreats as family members clarify individual and group values and priorities
- Guiding families through choosing and implementing a participative governance structure (e.g. boards, trustees, staffing, committees, next generation boards)
- Helping families manage the interdependence among the parts of the family enterprise: the foundation, operating businesses, family offices, and other collaborative efforts
- Designing a program to educate, involve, and transition to the next generations
- Advising on the most productive relationships between family members and professional staff


text:
The title of the performance, Terrace Canon, was derived from the action of the 30 performers moving in canon with one anothermovement echoing and repeating from one group or pair of performers to the next. The choreography was inspired by the natural landscape of the forest adjacent to the Kyoto College of Art performance area. The motion of the trees and their firm rooting to the earth was the starting point in designing the movement for this work.Performers moved in small groups, duets and alone as the piece progressed. These spatial relationships and groups were always changing. The movement chosen was simple in nature, as the surrounding landscape was complex in visual information. Singular arm gestures, walking patterns, and the transfer of weight in partners and alone was the main focus of the choreography.
Costumes were designed and dyed in collaboration with Michie Yamaguchi, Associate Professor of Textiles at the Kyoto College of Art. As the performers weaved through the space, the abstract colors of the sky and the forest met and separated.


text:
following workflow allows to track the statuses of checked tasks, i.e. when
Administrator, the owner of the task or any other stakeholder needs to verify
the task during the process of its accomplishment. The example of checked task
can be as follows: you have a task Send contract". Certain resource is
responsible to complete the document. Once it is done, the task will be
forwarded to resource who is responsible to check the contract content. If it
is approved, the responsible resource can proceed further.
workflow includes the following statuses:
"Create" shows that the responsible resource created the task in VIP Task
"Work in Progress" notifies that the task is in the process of being
If the task
is in "Pending Review" status, it means that the assigned resource finished the
task and the responsible resource needs to review the performed work.
If the work
on the task was done correctly and the reviewer doesnt have any objections,
the task can be set to "Complete" status.
Task statuses of
Custom Workflow 57 on Task List
custom workflow using the statuses described above, please follow the steps
- Go to: Tools/Custom workflow
- Click "New Workflow" button.
- In Name field enter custom
field name, for example, "Workflow 57".
- Click "Ins" button, enter the
status name "Create" in Name field and click "Ok" button.
- Add other statuses: "Work in
Progress", "Pending Review" and "Complete".


Managing portfolio risk with Leverage Space
Modern portfolio theory defines an investment strategy to meet a given investor's needs. It is based on using simple statistics to design a mixture of low-correlated assets to minimize risk and maximize returns. However, things don't always go as planned.
Different investment sectors become more correlated just at the time we need non-correlation the most. For example, utility, oil and technology stocks usually have a correlation between 0.2 and 0.4, but during market shocks and so-called "black swan" events, these correlations can reach 0.7, 0.8 or even higher.
So, just when you need the diversification most, classic portfolio theory can fail you. One reason is because its application methods are derived from theories that assume an infinite number of trials. In reality, we trade a particular size, method or mix of markets for a finite number of trials and move on. These techniques also assume the data have a normal distribution, which is not true. For example, events creating a standard deviation of 5 should happen once every 100 years with a true normal distribution, not every four to eight years as we have seen in practice.
Traders need an alternative. Fortunately, there is one. It is called the Leverage Space Model. Developed by Ralph Vince, who is known for introducing the trading community to optimal f, Leverage Space is still evolving and is an important area of research. (For an introduction to this concept, see Vince's "Using Leverage Space to define risk," March 2008.) When Leverage Space is fully mature, it could become one of the most important underpinnings of investment theory in the next decade and beyond.
Here, we examine the theoretical basis for Leverage Space and walk through some examples of its use. One word of caution: Advancing our understanding into this frontier requires a strong foundation. A basic knowledge of Vince's concepts is assumed (see link, above).
Is this a good game?
Assume we have a game in which 49 times out of 50 you win $1, and one time out of 50 you lose $50. This is a negative expectation game. If we use classic probability analysis, assuming an infinite number of trials, our calculation is:
1 * 0.98 + –50 * 0.02 = –0.02
Classic probability theory says do not play this game, because it has a negative expectation. This is a losing sum game if we play to infinity. But in reality, whether it is a good game depends on how long you play it, and how you play it while you do. Before we look at different ways to play this game, we need to review some basics of probability theory.
First, let's look at how we calculate the probability of "n" consecutive events occurring. With a fair coin toss, we have a 50/50 chance on heads or tails. In two consecutive tosses, we have four possible cases: HH, HT, TH, TT. Only one offers HH, or one out of four cases, so the chance of two consecutive heads is 25%.
Now, consider the possible combinations for three consecutive tosses: HHH, HTH, THH, TTH, HHT, HTT, THT, TTT. This gives us eight combinations, and HHH has a chance of one out of eight, or 12.5%.
To know the probability of a single event and how many times it will occur in a row, we simply multiply the probability of a single event, and raise it to a power equal to consecutive events. For example, the chance our coin will come up two heads in a row is 0.50 squared, or 0.25 (25%). Three in a row is 0.50 cubed, or 0.125 (12.5%).
Returning to our initial example, our probability of winning is 98%. The chance of winning two in a row is 96.04%. The chance of winning 10 in a row is 81.7%. This means that if we play the game a fixed number of trials and stop, we have an 81.7% chance of winning $10 and an 18.3% chance of losing $50.
Now, let's redefine our game. We will allow reinvestment and stop after our first loss. We start with $1,000 as our first bet. After 10 consecutive wins, each of which doubles our stake, our initial $1,000 becomes $1,024,000. This has an 81.7% chance of occurring.
How much we win — and then lose with the first loss — depends on when the first loss occurs, shutting down our game. But the worst case would be losing $25,600,000 (based on a $1,000 starting stake and reinvestment). When we lose, we go bankrupt. However, up to that point, we have a fairly strong chance of living the good life.
So, is this a good game? From Long-Term Capital Management to the companies behind the mortgage crisis, many financial companies have thought so. The chance of their black swan event may have been less than one in 50, and they certainly bet less than their entire stake with each trade, but the rules of their games were similar. (Well, there was one key difference — many of these firms played with the safety net of a government bailout.)
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Eco-Friendly Project with Cay-Shred begins at Beacon Farms
In December 2020, Beacon Farms received the first load of shredded paper from Cay-Shred Mobile Data Destruction. The load delivered weighed roughly 6,000 lbs - that is 6,000 lbs. less waste dumped at the George Town landfill!
Beacon farms will incorporate this shredded paper with our other compost inputs, such as green waste from landscapers, brown waste in the form of wood chips and create a nutrient rich compost product.
Cay-Shred will be delivering similarly sized load each week. This situation benefits everyone involved as we are reducing the volume of waste going to the dump by recycling a waste product and turning it into a valuable growing medium that will in turn make Beacon Farms' soil more productive.


text:
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Gardening in the Rainy Zone.
HART'S TONGUE FERN
syn. Phyllitis scolopendrium, Scolopendrium
Pronounced: a-SPLAY-nee-um sko-lo-PEN-dree-um
Europe, Western Asia, Eastern North America.
Sunset zones: 2b-9, 14-24.
USDA zones: 6-8.
Heat zones: 8-6.
Height: 28 inches (71 cm).
Width: 24 inches (60 cm).
Flowering attributes: Sori is arranged in a herringbone pattern.
Nine to eighteen inches long, glossy, strap-like green leaves with wavy margins.
Humus rich soil; add lime for extra calcium.
Sow spores when ripe.
Divide in late winter or early spring.
Prune dead fronds in early spring.
Rainy Side Notes
Unlike other ferns, Asplenium scolopendrium bears undivided fronds. Scolopendrium is based on the sori on the back of the leaves resembling centipede legs. Its epithat comes from the Greek word for centipede, scolopendra. This handsome fern grows globally, with scattered populations in eastern North America, many of which are endangered. Occasionally, it is found growing in acidic earth; however, it's more commonly found on limestone soil. Hart's tongue fern grows well in cool, moist air in rocky woodlands, on slopes and sheltered cliff sites. Well suited for growing outdoors in our maritime climate, it also makes an excellent container plant, as long as you add extra lime to the soil mix and do not allow the soil to dry out.
Very tropical looking, it's attractive in the shade garden. Even during the dark days of winter, the glossy evergreen fronds look fresh and new. Hart's tongue fern is stunning next to epimediums (Bishop's cap) or soleirolias (Baby's tears) planted at its feet.
Photographed in author's garden.


text:
I have a chunk of data (samples) that need to do autocorrelation using FFT method. All data are real and lies between -1 and +1. What I have done follows:
- Zero pad the window with the length equals the samples' length.
- FFT of result from 1
- Result from 2 has Real and Imaginary parts. I used them to find Power Spectral Density by taking Re*Re + Im*Im.
- Take the inverse Fast Fourier Transform.
Now here is my question: The result from part 4 contains Real and Imaginary parts. Is the magnitude of it equals the autocorrelation result? If so, since my input contains positive and negative values, the magnitude of Result from part 4 means the autocorrelation result cannot be negative, which doesn't make sense.
Or should I take only the Real part of result from Part 4 as the autocorrelation result? My input is real and so the autocorrelation shouldn't have any imaginary part, right?


text:
After 2 terms of harkness, today during lesson 3 6PA have been discussing two articles each in groups of five. Harkness is where we discuss an article with our team and have to all contribute our views.
These are a few important rules for a Harkness discussion:
- Never put your hand up
- Don't interrupt other people when they're talking
- When you speak at the same time you just use your eye contact so you know who is going to speak first
- Address people directly by using their name


text:
The metrics message producer shown in Figure 3–3 receives information from the metrics generator at regular intervals and writes the information into messages, which it then sends to one of a number of metric topic destinations, depending on the type of metric information contained in the message.
Message Queue clients subscribed to these metric topic destinations can consume the messages and process the metric data contained in the messages. This allows developers to create custom monitoring tools to support messaging applications. For details of the metric quantities reported in each type of metrics message, see Chapter 20, Metrics Information Reference, in Sun Java System Message Queue 4.3 Administration Guide. For information about how to configure the production of metrics messages, see Chapter 4, Using the Metrics Monitoring API, in Sun Java System Message Queue 4.3 Developer's Guide for Java Clients and Using the Message-Based Monitoring API in Sun Java System Message Queue 4.3 Administration Guide.


text:
When out fishing one day, we hiked way back into the forest. We found some very old power poles that had been stripped of their wire. Some were rotted away and several were still standing. On some were glass insulators. In reading about them I learned that the use of insulators began when the telegraph came out. The glass things were non-conducting of electricity and aided in moving the current. The initial ones were made in the 1860-1880s. The telephone insulators which were many colors, came out in the 1880s. When power lines started going underground in the 1960s, glass ones were no longer needed, and soon people started seriously collecting them. There are volumes written about glass insulators. Some can be worth thousands of dollars. I still have about a dozen of them from the early 1900s.
On that fishing trip we came home with more insulators than fish.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
 1. Is there any audio/programming-related stack-exchange site?
 2. I'm trying to make a wave form in WinForms
 3. What algorithm should I use?
For example, if I have 200 samples per pixel (vertical line), should I draw the lowest and the highest sample from that portion of 200 samples? Or should I draw average of low and high samples? Maybe both in different colors?
share|improve this question
There isn't much of an algorithm behind it. You got numbers, the samples from the audio file. Connect the dots with a line. A polyline works best. Colors and scaling are completely up to your taste. – Hans Passant Jul 12 '12 at 12:36
Yes, but it only works when you use very big zoom. If you have lots of samples per pixel, you need to choose different solution. – zgnilec Jul 12 '12 at 12:53
Why not just sample the samples - pick one for every pixel? If you're zoomed out far enough to have 200 samples represented by a single pixel, I'm not sure how useful it is to know the minimum and maximum values in the range. That's what zooming in is for. – shambulator Jul 12 '12 at 13:15
If I use min/max sample I can easy see highest/lowest values which may be an errors of analog recording etc. If I use samples as samples I will not see anything interesting. If I use average all tracks will looks similar. – zgnilec Jul 12 '12 at 13:36
This has been asked before and answered here. Here's an answer I gave. stackoverflow.com/questions/_PHONE_/… Try searching some more. – Bjorn Roche Jul 12 '12 at 18:10
3 Answers 3
up vote 3 down vote accepted
 1. Try dsp.stackexchange.com
 2. At 200 samples per pixel, there are several approaches you can try. Whatever you do, it often works best to draw each vertical line both above and below 0, ie. treat positive and negative sample values seperately. Probably the easiest is to just calculate an RMS. At such a low resolution peak values will probably give you a misleading representation of the waveform.
share|improve this answer
You can use AudioControl from code project.
and see this one: Generating various audio waveforms in C#
these projects may be useful for you if implement your code originally:
share|improve this answer
That project is incomplete, and author says it sometimes causing errors. I need to build more advanced thing. I tried to compare my output with Audacity wave form and it was looking very similar. However I need some suggestions from stack overflow. – zgnilec Jul 12 '12 at 12:34
This will help you to generate waveform from audio file using nAudio in C#...
using NAudio.Wave;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Drawing;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.UI;
using System.Web.UI.WebControls;
public partial class test : System.Web.UI.Page
 protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
 string strPath = Server.MapPath("audio/060.mp3");
 string SongID = "2";
 byte[] bytes = File.ReadAllBytes(strPath);
 WriteToFile(SongID,strPath, bytes);
private void WriteToFile(string SongID, string strPath, byte[] Buffer)
 int samplesPerPixel = 128;
 long startPosition = 0;
 //FileStream newFile = new FileStream(GeneralUtils.Get_SongFilePath() + "/" + strPath, FileMode.Create);
 float[] data = FloatArrayFromByteArray(Buffer);
 Bitmap bmp = new Bitmap(1170, 200);
 int BORDER_WIDTH = 5;
 int width = bmp.Width - (2 * BORDER_WIDTH);
 int height = bmp.Height - (2 * BORDER_WIDTH);
 NAudio.Wave.Mp3FileReader reader = new NAudio.Wave.Mp3FileReader(strPath, wf => new NAudio.FileFormats.Mp3.DmoMp3FrameDecompressor(wf));
 NAudio.Wave.WaveChannel32 channelStream = new NAudio.Wave.WaveChannel32(reader);
 int bytesPerSample = (reader.WaveFormat.BitsPerSample / 8) * channelStream.WaveFormat.Channels;
 using (Graphics g = Graphics.FromImage(bmp))
 Pen pen1 = new Pen(Color.Gray);
 int size = data.Length;
 string hexValue1 = "#009adf";
 Color colour1 = System.Drawing.ColorTranslator.FromHtml(hexValue1);
 pen1.Color = colour1;
 Stream wavestream = new NAudio.Wave.Mp3FileReader(strPath, wf => new NAudio.FileFormats.Mp3.DmoMp3FrameDecompressor(wf));
 wavestream.Position = 0;
 int bytesRead1;
 byte[] waveData1 = new byte[samplesPerPixel * bytesPerSample];
 wavestream.Position = startPosition + (width * bytesPerSample * samplesPerPixel);
 for (float x = 0; x < width; x++)
 short low = 0;
 short high = 0;
 bytesRead1 = wavestream.Read(waveData1, 0, samplesPerPixel * bytesPerSample);
 if (bytesRead1 == 0)
 for (int n = 0; n < bytesRead1; n += 2)
 short sample = BitConverter.ToInt16(waveData1, n);
 if (sample < low) low = sample;
 if (sample > high) high = sample;
 float lowPercent = ((((float)low) - short.MinValue) / ushort.MaxValue);
 float highPercent = ((((float)high) - short.MinValue) / ushort.MaxValue);
 float lowValue = height * lowPercent;
 float highValue = height * highPercent;
 g.DrawLine(pen1, x, lowValue, x, highValue);
 string filename = Server.MapPath("image/060.png");
catch (Exception e)
public float[] FloatArrayFromStream(System.IO.MemoryStream stream)
 return FloatArrayFromByteArray(stream.GetBuffer());
public float[] FloatArrayFromByteArray(byte[] input)
 float[] output = new float[input.Length / 4];
 for (int i = 0; i < output.Length; i++)
 output[i] = BitConverter.ToSingle(input, i * 4);
 return output;
share|improve this answer
Thanks, but this question is a bit old :) I did finish my app already. _URL_.png – zgnilec Nov 25 '13 at 11:02
Oh! good! but now Only I saw your Question! – Illaya Nov 25 '13 at 11:37
Hey _USER_ I need your help. I am also trying same as you developed. Can you pls help me to complete it? I am done only waveform generation. Also I need to do zoom features and moving line on waveform. Help me. – Illaya Nov 25 '13 at 11:42
Then contact me via email. I will answer later, because I'm in work now. – zgnilec Nov 25 '13 at 12:00
multiverse at inbox dot com. Send all your questions. – zgnilec Nov 25 '13 at 12:18
Your Answer


text:
Most Active Stories
- Poll Shows Major Support for Medical Marijuana in Kentucky
- Boating Accident on Kentucky Lake Kills Fisherman
- MSU's Dunn Selected to be Youngstown State's Next President
- Recurring Trials for an Iranian Family – A Microcosm of the Persecution of the Baha'is in Iran
- TVA Eyes Closing Power Units at Shawnee Fossil Plant, Other Coal Facilities
Fri March 25, 2011
The Effects of Water Levels on Safe Boating
By Al Wade
Kuttawa, Ky – Those bathtub rings on the shorelines of our lakes testify to changing lake levels. Alan Wade is a member of the U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary, and next he explains how varying water levels affect boating.
Kentucky Lake's and Lake Barkley's water levels change, as all of us who boat on either lake know. These changes in water levels can be tricky, especially if you are boating out of the main channels. Charts will help, but you need to know what the water level is on that day to really understand your chart.
Reservoir levels start going back up in mid-March. Most reservoirs fill to their highest level by June 1. Reservoirs are drawn to their lowest level by January 1 to provide water-storage capacity in order to reduce flood damage from rain run-off which is most likely to happen in winter and early spring. When it rains in the summer or fall, the water is more likely to soak into the ground, with some run-off. But, when it rains in the colder months, most of the water will run-off into the lake which can change the lake level. We all remember when Nashville received a historical level of rain, which raised our lake level dramatically with dire consequences for many homes, especially in Livingston County.
These high levels of water affect boaters. Debris floats out into the lakes. Sometimes there are logs and trees which may be partially submerged and pose hidden dangers for boaters.
Low water levels also affect boaters. If you are a regular boater in Lake Barkley, you surely are aware of many protruding trees or rocks. What was passable last week may be dangerous this week, if the water level is lower.
How do you know what the water level is? Go to _URL_ for up to date information. Select the reservoir for which you need information, either Lake Barkley or Kentucky Lake or any other. You will find the Reservoir Elevation, which is the water behind the dam, and the Tailwater Elevation, which is the water below the dam.
Be informed. This information may better help you to understand lake conditions and travel on-water more safely.
As always, avoid excessive speed, avoid alcohol, and always wear a life jacket!
If you want to know more about this topic or the Coast Guard Auxiliary, search online for US Coast Guard Auxiliary 4 Rivers, for a flotilla near you.
Alan Wade is a member of the U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary, a volunteer branch working to contribute to the safety and security of our citizens, ports, waterways and coastal regions.


text:
A new book by local historian Susan Well
When Calvin Coolidge is mentioned, a few stereotypes come to mind -- quiet, if not silent; frugal, if not cheap; dignified, if not wooden. This work of local history describes the thirteenth president's seven homes in Northampton, Massachusetts, the people he roomed with, and neighbors he encountered -- set within the context of the small New England city where they lived. Which stereotypes are true or did those who knew him in this intimate way have a completely different view? Some of them have interesting insights about Coolidge, and all of them have fascinating life stories of their own.
Using original material from collections at the Calvin Coolidge Presidential Library and Museum, Well presents the daily life and residences of Calvin Coolidge in Northampton, Massachusetts. Well uses new sources to document the unique and interesting personal life stories of Coolidge's landlords and neighbors. Most of the Museum's visitors ask where the former President lived, and now we have a definitive answer for them. -- Julie H. Bartlett, Archivist
or pick up a copy at the library for $16.


What is an FBI 302? The Problematic Nature of FBI Agents' Interview Memos
Writing correspondenceBy: Sara Kropf
Former FBI Director James Comey apparently wrote a memo summarizing his meeting with President Trump. The memo purportedly recounts the president's statement saying he "hoped" that Comey would drop the investigation into the ties between his campaign and the Russians.
There's nothing surprising about an FBI agent formalizing notes of a conversation. It's SOP. In any white-collar criminal investigation, FBI agents' notes of conversations with witnesses are often key evidence of a possible crime.
Let's take a closer look at how a witness interview gets memorialized into an interview memo or, in white-collar parlance, a "302."
The Witness Interview
An FBI agent named Amy Silver, with her partner Agent Stanley Starley, knocks on the door of the house of a witness in a criminal investigation one evening. We'll call the witness Jack McKinley. He's a supervisor at a pharmaceutical company, overseeing many sales reps who visit doctors. Mr. McKinley comes to the door. He's surprised to see them. After Agent Silver identifies herself and Starley, though, Mr. McKinley agrees to answer some questions for a few minutes.
"I have nothing to hide," he thinks. He doesn't have a lawyer there and it's too awkward to ask to get a notepad to take some notes himself.
They sit in his living room. Agent Silver asks questions about whether Mr. McKinley knew that anyone at his company was bribing doctors to get their Medicare business. Throughout the interview, Agent Starley takes handwritten notes of Mr. McKinley's answers. Two hours later, after the interview, the agents thank Mr. McKinley and leave. Mr. McKinley's not worried; he told the truth. He puts the interview behind him.
The agents' work is not done, though. Using his handwritten notes scribbled during the two-hour long interview, Starley takes his handwritten notes and types them up into an interview memo using FBI form FD-302. He may do this the next day or a month later.
Mr. McKinley never sees the 302 until two years later when he's confronted with it as he prepares to testify before a grand jury.
What is a 302?
FBI form FD-302 has space to list the name of the agents, the date of the interview, the name of the interviewee, the place of the interview and so forth. Then it allows the agent to draft a memo—in paragraph form—of what the witness said. It can be one page long or twenty pages long, depending on the length of the interview.
The memo section of a 302 is the key part. This is a combination of what the agent was able to write down during the interview and his recollection. It may list the questions and the answers or simply be a narrative of what the witness said.
The witness generally doesn't see the 302 or get a chance to correct any mistakes he thinks are in it before it is finalized.
What's the Problem?
As an associate at a big firm for many years, I wrote a lot of interview memos. It's never a perfect process. First of all, taking handwritten notes to capture a conversation is inherently difficult. People talk faster than anyone can write. If it's a complicated topic, such as accounting fraud dealing with complex GAAP rules, then it's nearly impossible to be completely accurate because you are simultaneously listening to the witness, trying to understand what he is saying and summarizing it by hand.
Second, relying in part on memory to draft an interview memo is equally troubling. Memory is a funny thing and not all that reliable. If you draft the memo the next day after the interview, then your memory may be passable. But wait a week or two and you are guaranteed to get something wrong or leave out something important. Using memory is a necessary evil when it comes to interview memos given that handwritten notes are not perfect.
Third, turning notes of an interview into a coherent summary is challenging. Verbal conversations often veer from topic to topic. That's just the nature of how we talk with each other. Witnesses meander during answers or don't answer the question directly. They don't understand the question or they answer a different question. There are tangents and diversions. The task is doubly onerous if the witness is deliberately evasive. Answers that made perfect sense at the time you wrote the notes turn incomprehensible when you draft the memo.
Fourth, there's no requirement that the FBI agent write down everything the witness says or that the agent take any notes at all. There's nothing to prevent the agent from stopping the note-taking if the witness says something helpful to the target of the investigation. Because it's nearly impossible to obtain the handwritten notes underlying a 302 during discovery, the FBI is not concerned that anyone can prove a conflict between the notes and the final 302 anyway.
How Does the Government Use 302s?
You may think that a 302 is simply an interview memo.
It's not. It's much more.
302s are a powerful tool for a prosecutor. Since the witness doesn't generally take notes during an interview, it's the only contemporaneous document capturing what was said. Plus, it's the "official" record of the interview. It's on a nice, official-looking form. The agent signs it, verifying its accuracy. Very credible stuff to a jury.
The time lapse between the interview and the use of the 302 works to the government's advantage as well. White-collar investigations take a while. When Mr. McKinley is called to testify before the grand jury a few years later, he won't remember what he said during the interview with any real clarity. The government can use the 302 to refresh his memory, whether the memo is 100% accurate or not.
As many other commentators have noted, an aggressive prosecutor can also use a 302 to intimidate a witness into cooperating by threatening a felony charge against the witness.
Going back to our example, let's say Mr. McKinley told the agents during his interview that his co-workers didn't bribe any doctors for Medicare business. But the agent writes down that Mr. McKinley said that his co-workers did bribe doctors. During the prep session with the government before his grand jury testimony, he tells the prosecutors that the co-workers never bribed anyone. They whip out the 302, showing him that, two years ago, he said that they did.
Mr. McKinley is now under incredible pressure to testify consistently with what was written in the 302 by Agent Starley, even if it is not correct. If he gives testimony different from what's written in the 302, then Mr. McKinley opens himself up to a felony charge either for lying during the grand jury testimony (perjury) or making a false statement to the agent during the original interview.
A witness who was not represented by counsel during the interview cannot effectively challenge the accuracy of the 302. It becomes a witness-said/agent-said situation. And who is the jury going to believe? Two clean-cut FBI agents who insist the 302 is an accurate summary of what the witness said, or the witness?
In other words, a witness can be effectively coerced into testifying not to the truth of what happened but the "truth" as it was captured by the handwritten notes of an FBI agent. As explained above, the witness notes may not be accurate for all sorts of innocent reasons. It also may not be accurate because an FBI agent has a strong interest in finding evidence of a crime.
The only silver lining to this whole situation is that 302s that capture exculpatory statements about the defendant must be disclosed under Brady, and the government must disclose 302s for testifying witnesses under the Jencks Act. 302s are a very effective discovery tool when they are disclosed to the defense after indictment. After a long investigation, you can finally learn what the witnesses said (or what the FBI agents heard).
This silver lining only benefits the defendant, not poor Mr. McKinley, who is still stuck between a rock and a hard place.
Why Doesn't the FBI Record Every Interview?
You may be wondering why the FBI doesn't simply record every interview, given all the issues I've described. That would fix the problem, right? No one could dispute what was asked or what the witness answered.
The reason is that the official DOJ policy is not to record witness interviews. A 2006 FBI memorandum explained that recording interviews would impede the FBI's ability to successfully question witnesses. (Why this is absurd is a topic for another day.)
In 2014, DOJ issued guidance creating a "presumption" that the FBI would record interviews of people in federal custody.
This is only a presumption and not a requirement. Plus, the policy doesn't cover most witnesses in white-collar cases (like our beleaguered Mr. McKinley) who are not in custody when they are questioned.
The same 2014 guidance "encourage[d] agents and prosecutors to consider electronic recording in investigative or other circumstances when the presumption does not apply." To this day, I've never seen an agent record an interview so it's safe to assume agents are not accepting the kind invitation to record the interviews.
Why would they? The system works just fine.
For the FBI.
 1. Very good and informative article, thanks for writing it. I just have one question, are you allowed to record the interview yourself? i.e. with an audio recording device, not just your own notes. I would assume any notes you took would also turn into a witness-said/agent-said situation. Also I would think it would be hard to prove that your notes


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27th Infantry Division (Poland)
The 27 Infantry Division (Polish: 27 Dywizja Piechoty), was a unit of the Polish Army in the inter-war period. It was created on 18 October 1920, as a result of reorganization of the Army, from units of the 2nd I.D., 3rd I.D., and 13th I.D. Its headquarters were located in Kowel, with units stationed in other Volhynian towns, such as Lutsk, Sarny and Wlodzimierz Wolynski. Division's first commandant was General Gustaw Kuchinka.
Participation in Polish September Campaign
The Division, under General Juliusz Drapella, was mobilized between 14 and 16 August 1939. In the following days it was transported by rail to the area of Bydgoszcz and Inowrocław, and finally, by 27 August, it was placed southwest of Starogard Gdański, as part of the Pomorze Army.
On 1 September 1939 (see: Polish September Campaign) the Division was ordered to march towards Toruń. The next day it engaged in heavy fights with the advancing Wehrmacht. On the third day of the war, it was cut off from the Pomorze Army after bloody fights around Terespol Pomorski and Świecie. The Germans managed to destroy the bulk of the unit in a battle waged in forests around Wierzchucin. Remaining parts of the Division managed to reach Bydgoszcz and later Toruń. There, the Division was moved to the rear to reorganize and recuperate.
On 6 September, the Division, renamed into Operational Group of General Drapella and strengthened by reserve units including the 208th Infantry Regiment from Inowrocław and National Defence Battalion Starogard, was ordered to defend Toruń from west. The next day, it began a retreat towards Warsaw, covering the main forces of the Pomorze Army. During the following days, it helped Polish units fighting in the Battle of the Bzura, engaging the Wehrmacht around Solec Kujawski (7–8 September), Włocławek and Brześć Kujawski (9–12 September). Withdrawing towards southeast, it attacked a German outpost near Płock, but without success.
On 16 September, the Group was ordered to march towards Gąbin, but was attacked by the Luftwaffe and German ground forces. The Group was destroyed. Separate smaller groups of soldiers managed to break to the besieged fortress of Modlin. Other survivors made it to Warsaw.


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- vocational guidance vocational training the course is directly vocationalel curso prepara específicamente para la profesión ( or el oficio etc)Example sentences
- They also provide information on full and part-time vocational training and education courses.
- The minister for skills and vocational education, is expected to announce the proposals to Parliament in March.
- These factors, in turn, have a severe impact on the vocational education and training in South Africa.
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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text:
Rather than using the popular metric approach, characterization of chaotic attractors is obtained using the topological approach (first-return map to Poincaré section, template or knot-holder, symbolic dynamics, etc.). A particular attention is paid to symmetry properties.
Another issue also deeply investigated concerns global modelling techniques from experimental data. The aim is to obtain a set of differential or difference equations from a recorded time series. In particular, the influence of the choice of the observable is studied. Thus, it has been shown that some variable (a physical quantity) provides a representation of the dynamics which is better than another variable. All of these techniques have been applied to many different experimental systems conducted by collaborators (electrodissolution, jet atomisation, plasma, combustion in car engines, hydrodynamical systems, pulsating stars, sunsport numbers,...).


text:
Since 2002, the city of Grenoble, France, has engaged citizens in public decision-making through participatory committees and town meetings. Residents have been able to express their opinions and make recommendations on city planning, education, cultural life, and other municipal issues. Over the years, this program has strengthened local democracy and empowered public participation in important civic projects.
Note: This article is in need of assistance with editing and content. Please help us complete it.
This case study features Conseils de quarter, or "neighborhood councils," which are infra-municipal participatory forums that serve as consultative bodies mandated by law in French cities with more than 80,000 residents.
The Poitou-Charentes Region is located in the West of France. It has a population of 1.600.000 inhabitants, which makes it one of the most rural regions in France. In 2005, the executive of the Region Poitou-Charentes implemented the first participatory budgeting at a regional level in Europe.


text:
More than finding your place in the world, Kid-Architect is about making it.
Through the use of the most basic building block of space of our time – the box – children can explore the composition of space, forming it as they wish and improvising as they play.
Applying the simple box layout promotes an intuitive understanding of form and function, making the play process more accessible.
Suitable for children ages 5-11 Kid-Architect helps create a sense of space and volume while developing the child's ability to take into account multiple aspects of problem solving by enabling him to form various shapes/spaces using the same given objects.
With simple design and choice of basic materials it may be used in a variety of ways over different periods of time. By using more panels you increase the volume of buildable space as well as the number of options for this three dimensional composing.
As children grow, Kid-Architect grows with them.
Kid-Architect is made from recycled foam cut into 60X60X1.5cm pieces. Each two pieces are glued together with an added rip-stop cloth protruding from one side in order to attach permanently to other pieces.
The temporary connection of pieces during the game is done with Velcro attached to the edges. In order to be able to connect any two parts together Velcro is assembled in a way which produces no two similar strips thus eliminating the dependence on a polarized system.


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Zenphoto's object model framework Feb 22, 2010 / Updated: May 15, 2015
This is a short tutorial about how to use Zenphoto's object
model framework which allows you to extend the standard way of
theming, as described in the theming tutorial, and
cusomize your gallery any way you like.
Before reading this you should be familiar with Zenphoto themes in general and have read the theming tutorial. You should also have quite some PHP knowledge and an understanding about how object orientation works.
This is the general class structure:
- Gallery: The gallery itself
- PersistentObject: This is a very general and
powerful abstract database persistence class. It defines types by
table names and records by a set of unique fields (keys). To
instantiate a new database based object in Zenphoto, all that's
needed are the values of those unique fields.
PersistentObject provides caching,
lazy-evaluating, persistable object support.
- Zenphoto_Administrator: Represents a user
- Comment: Represents a comment
- Zenpage (optional Zenpage CMS plugin): Base class for items of the optional Zenpage CMS plugin
- ThemeObject: base class Zenphoto theme
- MediaObject: sub base class for Zenphoto Gallery items:
- Album: represents an static file system based album
- dynamicAlbum: represents a dynamic search based album (1.4.6)
- Image: represents an image within an album. The base Imageobject has been extended to handle other "image" types:
- Transientimage: creates a transient image (that is, one that is not stored in the database)
- Video (optional video class plugin): represents an extended image that is multimedia content like mp3,mp4,flv
- TextObject (optional text object class plugin): its object represents an image object that is a.txt file. This object is intended as an example on how to extend Zenphoto for other filetypes
- ZenpageRoot (optional Zenpage CMS plugin): Base class from which all Zenpage classes derive
- ZenpageCategory: represents a Zenpage news category
- ZenpageItems: sub base class for Zenpage items:
- ZenpageNews: represents a Zenpage news article
- ZenpagePages: represents a Zenpage page
- Zenphoto_Authority: functions used in password hashing for zenphoto
- SearchEngine: represents a search
- feed: base class for feeds
Zenphoto operates with several global object variables that for
example contain the object of the current image, album or if using
Zenpage the current new article or page if in the related theme
On this little roundup we will concentrate on examples of the three most important globals: $_zp_gallery for the Gallery class object, $_zp_current_album for the Album class object and of course $_zp_current_image for the Image object classes. As you see the globals are named quite understandable.
These global objects are automatically set up depending on the context.
- $_zp_gallery is always setup on all theme pages as it represents the gallery in total.
- $_zp_current_album is setup in album context as within the next_album() loop or on a theme's album.php.
- $_zp_current_image is setup in image context as within the next_image() loop on a theme's album.php or on the single image display on image.php.
For example to get the title of the current album selected you can use $_zp_current_album->getTitle(). This is actually the same as the template function getAlbumTitle().
All template functions of course use these global objects and you can actually do everything with the class methodes directly. Many times the template functions provide added value such as outputing full HTML sets for your convenience (like the tag cloud HTML list, the page navigation and similar things).
Read more: A more complete list of Zenphoto's global variables
If you want to venture past the standard current context objects you can instantiate your own. That is pretty standard object orientation. Here the steps to create an image and album object with Zenphoto's framework:
- New gallery object:
$galleryobject = new Gallery();
- New album object:
$albumobject = newAlbum("");
NOTE 1: The "folder name" means the name of the real folder on the filesystem within the root "albums" folder of your installation. If you want to create an object of a subalbum the name must include the parent album name(s) like "toplalbumfoldername/subalbum1folder/subalbum2folder" (etc);
NOTE 2: This is not a typo as you should NOT use the constructor new Album() (note the space) for creating a new album object but always the special function newAlbum()! It is this function that determines the appropriate "album" class to instantiate based on the filename suffix.
- New image object:
$imageobject = newImage($albumobject,"");
NOTE: This is not a typo as you should NOT use the constructor new Image() (note the space) for creating a new image object but always the special function newImage()! It is this function that determines the appropriate "image" class to instantiate based on the filename suffix.
It works similar for Zenpage items as well:
- New news article object: $newsobj = new ZenpageNews("");
- New page object: $pageobj = new ZenpagePage("");
- New news category object: $catobj = new ZenpageCategory(""); (Zenphoto 1.3.2)
You can now use all methodes of the classes with their object.
One speciality: For all objects that contain objects of child
classes of the main PeristentObject class you can use
$object->get("); to get the value of any database field
entry for this item. This is, however, discouraged since it does
bypass any method algorithm that the object applies to the
Read more: Available class methods
As you now know $_zp_current_album->getTitle() gets
the title of the current image. That title is of course stored in
the "images" table of the database.
Now the object model alsp provides functionality to change this value. So for the current image object you could change the image's title like this:
Just doing this the change will be temporarily. If you really want a persistent change of the database entry you also have to save it:
You can delete an object using this:
NOTE: Removing an object will also remove any items associated with it. For instance deleting an album will delete all its images, subalbums, and their images. This includes the actual files on disk!
This text by _URL_ is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.


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(By masak and moritz)
Newcomers to the Perl programming language, version 5, often complain that
they can't reverse strings. There's a built-in reverse function, but it doesn't seem to work at first glance:
$ perl -E "say reverse 'hello'" hello
When such programmers ask more experienced Perl programmers, the solution is quickly found:
reverse has actually two different operation modes. In list context it reverses lists, in scalar context it reverses strings.
$ perl -E "say scalar reverse 'hello'" olleh
Sadly this an exception from Perl's usual context model. For most operators or functions the operator determines the context, and the data is interpreted in that context. For example
* work on numbers, and
. works on strings (concatenation). So a symbol (or function name, in the case of uc) stands for an operation, and provides context. Not so
In Perl 6, we try to learn from previous mistakes, and get rid of historical inconsistencies. This is why list reversal, string reversal and hash inversion have been split up into separate built-ins:
# string reversal, sorry, flipping: $ perl6 -e'say flip "hello"' olleh
# reversing lists # perl6 -e'say join ", ", reverse ' ef, cd, ab
# hash inversion perl6 -e'my %capitals = France => "Paris", UK => "London"; say %capitals.invert.perl' ("Paris" => "France", "London" => "UK")
Hash inversion differs from the other two operations in that the result is of a different type than the input. Since hash values need not be unique, inverting a hash and returning the result as a hash would either change the structure (by grouping the keys of non-unique values together somehow), or lose information (by having one value override the other ones).
Instead hash inversion returns a list of pairs, and the user can decide which mode of operation they want for turning the result back into a hash, if that's necessary at all.
Here's how you do it if you want the hash inversion operation to be non-destructive:
my %inverse; %inverse.push( %original.invert );
As pairs with already-seen keys get pushed onto the
%inverse hash, the original value isn't overriden but instead "promoted" to an array. Here's a small demonstration:
my %h; %h.push('foo' => 1); # foo => 1 %h.push('foo' => 2); # foo => [1, 2] %h.push('foo' => 3); # foo => [1, 2, 3]
All three (flip/reverse/invert) coerce their arguments to the expected type (if possible). For example if you pass a list to
flip, it is coerced into a string and then the string is rever^W flipped.


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Do you know there's a Stickies app that comes pre-installed on the Mac? If this is the first time you have heard about it, then you are certainly not alone. Every Mac has Stickies app that is hidden inside the Launchpad's Others folder. The app allows users to create sticky notes that can be placed on the desktop. These sticky notes make it easier for users to remind themselves of pending tasks and useful information.
What makes Stickies app even cooler is that it comes with a built-in macOS keyboard shortcut, which makes it possible for users to select any text and then automatically create a sticky note for it.
To create a sticky note of highlighted text all you have to do is press Command + Shift + Y keys from the keyboard. Once you do the macOS will launch the Stickies app, create a new sticky note and automatically paste the selected text on it.
For example, when you are browsing the Internet on the web browser of your choice and you come across useful tip, address or a phone number and you want to create a sticky note out of it. You just highlight it using the cursor and then press Command + Shift + Y keys, and a sticky note will be created.
The note is placed on the desktop where it will remind you about the highlighted text whenever you look at it. To get rid of the note you can click on the close button.


Rendering Optimizations
Optimizing Scripts
This section demonstrates how you would go about optimizing the actual scripts and methods your game uses, and it also goes into detail about the reasons why the optimizations work, and why applying them will benefit you in certain situations.
Profiler is King
There is no such thing as a list of boxes to check that will ensure your project runs smoothly. To optimize a slow project, you have to profile to find specific offenders that take up a disproportionate amount of time. Trying to optimize without profiling or without thoroughly understanding the results that the profiler gives is like trying to optimize with a blindfold on.
Internal mobile profiler
You can use the internal profiler to figure out what kind of process is slowing your game down, be it physics, scripts, or rendering, but you can't drill down into specific scripts and methods to find the actual offenders. However, by building switches into your game which enable and disable certain functionality, you can narrow down the worst offenders significantly. For example, if you remove the enemy characters' AI script and the framerate doubles, you know that the script, or something that it brings into the game, has to be optimized. The only problem is that you may have to try a lot of different things before you find the problem.
For more about profiling on mobile devices, see the profiling section.
Optimized by Design
Attempting to develop something which is fast from the beginning is risky, because there is a trade-off between wasting time making things that would be just as fast if they weren't optimized and making things which will have to be cut or replaced later because they are too slow. It takes intuition and knowledge of the hardware to make good decisions in this regard, especially because every game is different and what might be a crucial optimization for one game may be a flop in another.
Object Pooling
We gave object pooling as an example of the intersection between good gameplay and good code design in the introduction to optimized scripting methods. Using object pooling for ephemeral objects is faster than creating and destroying them, because it makes memory allocation simpler and removes dynamic memory allocation overhead and Garbage Collection, or GC.
Memory Allocation
Simple Explanation of what Automatic Memory Management is
Scripts you write in Unity use automatic memory management. Just about all scripting languages do this. In contrast, lower level languages such as C and C++ use manual memory allocation, where the programmer is allowed to read and write from memory addresses directly, and as a consequence they are responsible for removing every object they create. For example, if you create objects in your C++, you have to manually de-allocate the memory that they take up when you are done with them. In a scripting language, it is enough to say objectReference = null;
Note: If I have a game object variable like GameObject myGameObject; or var myGameObject : GameObject;, why isn't it destroyed when I say myGameObject = null;?
 - The game object is still referenced by Unity, because Unity has to maintain a reference to it in order for it to be drawn, updated, etc. Calling Destroy(myGameObject); removes that reference and deletes the object.
But if you create an object that Unity has no idea about, for example, an instance of a class that does not inherit from anything (in contrast, most classes or "script components" inherit from MonoBehaviour) and then set your reference variable to it to null, what actually happens is that the object is lost as far as your script and Unity are concerned; they can't access it and will never see it again, but it stays in memory. Then, some time later, the Garbage Collector runs, and it removes anything in memory that is not referenced anywhere. It is able to do this because, behind the scenes, the number of references to each block of memory is kept track of. This is one reason why scripting languages are slower than C++.
How to Avoid Allocating Memory
Every time an object is created, memory is allocated. Very often in code, you are creating objects without even knowing it.
 - Debug.Log("boo" + "hoo"); creates an object.
 - Use System.String.Empty instead of "" when dealing with lots of strings.
 - Immediate Mode GUI (UnityGUI) is slow and should not be used at any time when performance is an issue.
 - Difference between class and struct:
Classes are objects and behave as references. If Foo is a class and
 Foo foo = new Foo();
then MyFunction will receive a reference to the original Foo object that was allocated on the heap. Any changes to foo inside MyFunction will be visible anywhere foo is referenced.
Classes are data and behave as such. If Foo is a struct and
 Foo foo = new Foo();
then MyFunction will receive a copy of foo. foo is never allocated on the heap and never garbage collected. If MyFunction modifies it's copy of foo, the other foo is unaffected.
 - Objects which stick around for a long time should be classes, and objects which are ephemeral should be structs. Vector3 is probably the most famous struct. If it were a class, everything would be a lot slower.
Why Object Pooling is Faster
The upshot of this is that using Instantiate and Destroy a lot gives the Garbage Collector a lot to do, and this can cause a "hitch" in gameplay. As the Automatic Memory Management page explains, there are other ways to get around the common performance hitches that surround Instantiate and Destroy, such as triggering the Garbage Collector manually when nothing is going on, or triggering it very often so that a large backlog of unused memory never builds up.
Another reason is that, when a specific prefab is instantiated for the first time, sometimes additional things have to be loaded into RAM, or textures and meshes need to be uploaded to the GPU. This can cause a hitch as well, and with object pooling, this happens when the level loads instead of during gameplay.
Imagine a puppeteer who has an infinite box of puppets, where every time the script calls for a character to appear, they get a new copy of its puppet out of the box, and every time the character exits the stage, they toss the current copy. Object pooling is the equivalent of getting all the puppets out of the box before the show starts, and leaving them on the table behind the stage whenever they are not supposed to be visible.
Why Object Pooling can be Slower
One issue is that the creation of a pool reduces the amount of heap memory available for other purposes; so if you keep allocating memory on top of the pools you just created, you might trigger garbage collection even more often. Not only that, every collection will be slower, because the time taken for a collection increases with the number of live objects. With these issues in mind, it should be apparent that performance will suffer if you allocate pools that are too large or keep them active when the objects they contain will not be needed for some time. Furthermore, many types of objects don't lend themselves well to object pooling. For example, the game may include spell effects that persist for a considerable time or enemies that appear in large numbers but which are only killed gradually as the game progresses. In such cases, the performance overhead of an object pool greatly outweighs the benefits and so it should not be used.
Here's a simple side by side comparison of a script for a simple projectile, one using Instantiation, and one using Object Pooling.
 // GunWithInstantiate.js // GunWithObjectPooling.js
 _TAG_ strict _TAG_ strict
 var prefab : ProjectileWithInstantiate; var prefab : ProjectileWithObjectPooling;
 var maximumInstanceCount = 10;
 var power = 10.0; var power = 10.0;
 private var instances : ProjectileWithObjectPooling[];
 static var stackPosition = Vector3(-9999, -9999, -9999);
 function Start () {
 instances = new ProjectileWithObjectPooling[maximumInstanceCount];
 for(var i = 0; i < maximumInstanceCount; i++) {
 // place the pile of unused objects somewhere far off the map
 instances[i] = Instantiate(prefab, stackPosition, Quaternion.identity);
 // disable by default, these objects are not active yet.
 instances[i].enabled = false;
 function Update () { function Update () {
 if(Input.GetButtonDown("Fire1")) { if(Input.GetButtonDown("Fire1")) {
 var instance : ProjectileWithInstantiate = var instance : ProjectileWithObjectPooling = GetNextAvailiableInstance();
 Instantiate(prefab, transform.position, transform.rotation); if(instance!= null) {
 instance.velocity = transform.forward * power; instance.Initialize(transform, power);
 } }
 } }
 function GetNextAvailiableInstance () : ProjectileWithObjectPooling {
 if(!instances[i].enabled) return instances[i];
 return null;
 // ProjectileWithInstantiate.js // ProjectileWithObjectPooling.js
 _TAG_ strict _TAG_ strict
 var gravity = 10.0; var gravity = 10.0;
 var drag = 0.01; var drag = 0.01;
 var lifetime = 10.0; var lifetime = 10.0;
 var velocity : Vector3; var velocity : Vector3;
 private var timer = 0.0; private var timer = 0.0;
 function Initialize(parent : Transform, speed : float) {
 transform.position = parent.position;
 transform.rotation = parent.rotation;
 velocity = parent.forward * speed;
 timer = 0;
 enabled = true;
 function Update () { function Update () {
 velocity -= velocity * drag * Time.deltaTime; velocity -= velocity * drag * Time.deltaTime;
 velocity -=


text:
HRIS Specialist Duties and Responsibilities
Purpose of Classification:
Performs a variety of day-to-day administrative Human Resource
Information System (HRIS) functions ensuring data integrity and the
processing and reporting of HR data. Incumbents work independently
under general direction. Handles problems and non-routine situations
by determining the approach or action to take and interprets
guidelines, procedures, policies, and practices.
a specialized class and not part of a series.
Examples of Duties:
- Confirms accuracy and integrity of all data entered,
maintains data in HRIS systems and databases and assures
information is available on a timely basis.
- Performs group data updates, exports, imports, clean-ups,
and researches/reports on any data discrepancies.
- Delivers routine daily/weekly/monthly reporting and responds
to basic to intermediate ad hoc data requests.
- Conducts data analysis on HR data such as compensation,
classification, employment, employee relations, and/or benefits
data as directed.
- Prepares reports, graphs, charts and statistics in support
of human resources operations.
- Provides assistance and supports others on difficult
assignments and/or problems as directed.
- Coordinates, schedules and tracks progress of specialized
work projects or departmental functions.
- Responds verbally or in writing to inquiries, complaints or
problems providing information requiring comprehensive knowledge
of university policies and procedures.
- Acts as primary contact for assigned function with outside
organizations or other departments; responds to technical
administrative questions and ensures necessary follow up.
- Provides administrative support such as preparing and
composing confidential correspondence, and receiving and
screening telephone calls.
- Executes and coordinates office operations such as office
meetings, conferences, workshops, appointments, and/or special
- Prepares or directs preparation of minutes, notices,
manuals, agendas, and correspondence with all supporting
documentation, requiring application of specialized knowledge of
the assigned function.
- Participates in special projects with staff as directed.
- May supervises, monitor or coordinate activities of
Knowledge, Skills and Abilities:
- Knowledge of principles, practices and standards of human
resource administration in assigned area.
- Knowledge of human resource information systems (HRIS).
- Knowledge of database maintenance basic concepts.
- Skill in performing accurate data entry.
- Skill in both verbal and written communication.
- Skill in problem solving and decision making.
- Ability to demonstrate close attention to detail.
Associate's degree in related field AND two (2) years of directly
related human resources experience; OR, Four (4) years of directly
related human resource experience; OR Any equivalent combination of
experience and/or education from which comparable knowledge, skills
and abilities have been achieved.
Next: Human Resources Assistant Job Description