"Retail in Asia" interviews Director Stephen Jones on Mixed Use Hub Funan
With a background in retail design in Asia, Australia, the Middle East and Europe, Jones carried out the envisioning, masterplanning, architecture and interior design for this 62,000-square-meter project. Conceived as an experiential civic hub, the mixed-use development integrates public spaces, commercial functions and cultural facilities with its urban location. In keeping in line with the firm's ethos of expanding and challenging the expectations of a multi-disciplinary architectural practice, the design acknowledges the rise in online shopping and the changing role of brick-and-mortar stores to deliver a new era of retail that maximizes engagement for a tech-savvy generation.
In the interview, Jones provides a brief history of the site and holistic process that went into realizing this next-generation model for retail.
Read the entire Q+A below, or head over to Retail in Asia's article here.
RiA : Funan is a very iconic place in the mind of Singaporeans, and part of the collective memory of the city. What is the history behind it?
Stephen: The Funan Centre was built in 1985 and was renamed Funan The IT Mall in 1997 to ride the tech wave and reflect its retail offering. By 2005 it had become Funan DigitaLife Mall, but maintained its tech-centric DNA.
CapitaLand in its plan to repurpose the building wanted to leverage on the special place that the mall occupies in people's lives and at the same time turning into a mixed-use destination. CapitaLand assigned the project to Woods Bagot, that after a first assessment changed the plan from repurposing to actually rebuilding, keeping in mind the sentiment of people towards the building.
Woods Bagot held collaborative design charettes with key stakeholders including current and future tenants, potential shoppers and investors to explore alternative opportunities. The question at the centre of these exercises was: 'How might we create an environment that encourages discovery, enticing people back time and again, a place for reflection and a place for evolution?'
Woods Bagot and Stephen, in particular, have always looked at architecture as a way of creating value for the community and always put people at the centre of their projects. Indeed, the first step was to understand how people perceived the building and how to leverage on this. After conducting focus groups, the team realized that there was a positive attachment to Funan and that the main challenge would have been to maintain the tech side of the mall as narrated by the people, yet transforming it into a mixed-use place.
Tech malls, computer malls are always attached to grey market and definitely not linked to the idea of luxury, but more towards a sense of community and meeting place. Stephen worked towards the preservation of the meanings, through a translation of the tech aspect into a "future-looking aspect," in which technology would be built within the infrastructure and used to make people's life easier. In doing so, the mall would still be linked to idea of digital, but instead of a place where technology is sold (there are retail stores of tech brands), a place where technology enhances the experience such as online to offline customer journey, technology engagement, digital signage, click-and-collect options.
Additionally, the level of attachment of the community as meeting place has been translated into transparent material, see-through structure reflecting connectivity among the different areas.
RiA : In which way the vision for the project matches your architectural philosophy?
Stephen: At Woods Bagot, we put people first, therefore our design practice is social and very much people-centric. Our main focus is urban design, especially city places and large-scale projects.
I have always promoted design as the process of creating places of value, that of course is economic and social, based on efficiency, calibrated on environmental impact, and more importantly, user benefits. Embracing the idea of design as functional art, the values above are merged with aesthetic
 values to create a space of value deliver benefits to the community.
RiA : How has the project evolved from the initial stage to the opening?
Stephen: Design process is a collaborative work among all the stakeholders, from CapitaLand to Woods Bagot and other partner consultants, from the tenants to the users, all of them contribute to shaping the final product.
CapitaLand had an ambitious creative agenda and they demo started to be brave in willing to push the limits to redefine a new lifestyle experience. They worked with Woods Bagot to meet the community's needs and transform the mall into a mixed-use development project.
The design process was not easy, because the idea was to work on a structure that could be flexible. At a certain point, we also considered to make Funan the Centre Pompidou of Asia with changeable parts, but then the design went onto another direction.
The project as you see it, it is built on a tree of life. The Tree of Life design concept is the architectural centrepiece at the heart of Funan, around which Woods Bagot has created an efficient retail offering. The Tree of Life is a wooden and steel structure that rises through six storeys, from Basement 2 to Level 4 at the centre of Funan.
The Tree of Life is symbolic of the idea that creativity grows from collaboration. The roots of the tree rise from the earth and grow sustaining the building – reflected in the earthy tones on the exterior of Funan that shimmer and twist in the sun – and they reach out and connect with the community. The roots extend to different areas of the building which creative communities grow on its various platforms and in the office, co-working and co-living spaces above. On the rooftop an urban farm is
 symbolic of the top of the tree.
The Tree of Life represents a habitat for creativity, and this manifests in platforms up and down the tree, each one a flexible space that centres on a passion or hobby. Referred to as passion clusters, these centre around tech, fit, taste, craft, chic and play, and are destinations for people to come and engage in activities and experiences spanning retail, culture, learning and business, to express themselves and to showcase their creativity.
The Funan project presents some characteristics such as the fact that there is no atrium and this has an impact on rental price definition, which another real estate developer would not have accepted, however, CapitaLand prioritized creativity. Also, the use of space at Funan is very much tied to content. In defining the future of architecture, I find myself immersed in a new dimension where designing space implies envisioning the type of content that the canvas will host.
A building becomes in this sense a platform for curated content and designers might be involved in the creative process as part of the innovative approach into urban mixed-use development.
RiA : We have seen the Funan project being described with many attributes, city communication hub, (add other attributes) to name a few. How would you define it?
Stephen: All of them and more. Projects like this take around 3 years to settle down and assume a certain image in tenants' and customers' mind.
It is still a work-in-progress in terms of definition. Contrary to what I have been hearing, I do not think it sets the bar in Asia or the world for retail, as I believe that this project is so complex that it stands on its own. It embodies connectivity at all levels. It embodies convenience in terms of space orientation.
It is a very brave project in terms of design and aesthetics.
RiA : Funan also embodies the latest trends in terms of appealing to new generations and tech-savvy consumers. What are the aspects reflecting those trends?
Stephen: Yes, the notorious Millennials and Gen Z are definitely part of the target but not the only ones. Funan is a place for everyone. However, the more tech part has been designed thinking of Millennials and Gen Z as users.
You have features such as facial recognition, the idea of click-and-collect, the seamless experience between what is available online and offline within the Funan portfolio and experience, is an aspect Facial recognition office. Funan experience has been designed to engage and exchange, I would say. You have 20 different spaces such as curated studios and leisure destinations to build a community and we have used technology to curate the path for the users.
For example, there are facilities warehouse supporting that enables brands to ship directly from the city centre and customers can collect the products in the stores or using the pick-up offsite to optimize their time. All food concepts at Funan are also to take away with a dedicated counter offsite. In this way, Funan becomes part of people's lives without entering it physically.
RiA: Your answer has a very strong sense of community. In terms of lifestyle for people experiencing the Funan, have you thought-out sustainability and wellness?
Stephen: Everything complies with sustainability and wellness. You breathe it through the design. Everything is functional and there for a reason, which ultimately is the user-benefit.
A green Lease will be implemented to ensure tenant's continued involvement in achieving the energy savings committed during operation stage.
With a porous ground floor featuring semi-public space accessible by pedestrians, Funan is designed to be flexibly ventilated which saves on energy costs. The accessible space also encourages cycling, promoting greener transportation. This is further encouraged through the underground linkway that will connect to City Hall MRT. Fast-charge EV charging stations and electrical bike charging stations have also been included on site.
The environmental coatings (frit pattern) on the building's glass filter the sunlight entering the building to reduce heat gain and save on air conditioning costs.
Computation fluid dynamics (aCFD) calculations were utilised to access prevailing winds and also rain direction through


is an example of such a symmetric complex. Each of its two rings contains 7 monomeric subunits. We imposed exact symmetry by using one monomer and applying the appropriate symmetry transformation. The symmetry is exploited in distance and energy calculations to improve computational efficiency of the conformational search. For distance calculations we can limit ourselves to distances between conformations of one monomer rather than the entire complex. Energy is computed similarly, except that care should be taken of the interaction energy between adjacent monomers.
Distance between structures
Motion planning methods need a distance measure to estimate the progress of the search. In our representation of protein structures, there is not necessarily one-to-one mapping between atoms or residues in different conformations. Even if there was one, defining a distance measure over residue positions would be needlessly computationally expensive, since our algorithm will manipulate proteins at the secondary structure level. Below we will describe a distance measure defined in terms of the relative positions between secondary structure elements.
Given a conformation C, we first define a score for each secondary structure element i in C:
The summation is over the set K of'mobile' secondary structures in C excluding i, αij is the angle and dij is the distance between secondary structure element i and secondary structure element j in C, is the angle and is the distance between the corresponding secondary structure elements in the goal structure, and wi and are weight factors proportional to the size of secondary structure element i, such that the angle and distance components will be brought to the same order of magnitude. In the current implementation we use the values of 1 for wi and 5 for, which seem to give the best results. An angle between two secondary structure elements is defined as the angle between the two vectors representing them. A vector representing a helix is the least-square straight line that passes through the helix atoms, and a vector representing a sheet is the normal to the plane best representing the sheet. The distance between two secondary structure elements is defined as the distance between their centers of masses. We then compute for a conformation C a feature vector:
where the components of the vector are the scores of the K secondary structure elements of the conformation.
If the molecule is a complex, the score also measures the distances and angles between secondary structure elements from adjacent units, so that equation (1) above also contains terms from secondary structures on different symmetric units. To save computational time and due to the fact that distant monomeric subunits do not interact in a complex, we only included interactions between secondary structures taken from adjacent monomers.
The distance between two conformations, C1 and C2 is defined as the Euclidean distance between their feature vectors, i.e.,. By definition, when C2 is the goal structure, the score of C1 is the magnitude of its vector representation. Therefore, the lower the score for a given conformation, the more similar it is to the goal structure. The feature vector is used as a projection of the conformation to a lower dimensional subspace that is used to measure coverage of the search space by the search method described below. It should be noted that other distance measures exist for our representation of protein structures [31], but after extensive experimentation the measure described above produced good results.
Energy function
In order to approximate the potential energy of the produced conformations we suggest a simplified energy function which includes the following components:
Etotal = Esoft-vdW + EHB + Eburial + Ewater + Ebond + Eangle (3)
The first four terms in this coarse-grained energy function are a part of an energy function successfully used in our group in the past [29]. The compaction term mentioned in [29], which biases the energy towards folded, compact structures, was removed from our implementation since we are not simulating protein folding. The bond and angle terms are taken from the AMBER ff03 force field [32]. If the structural manipulation causes the energy to be at least 100 kcal/mol higher than the energy of the starting structure 20 minimization steps are performed over the bond, angle and van der Waals energy terms of the manipulated secondary structure elements using a steepest descent scheme [33].
Search methodology
The search is performed using a sampling-based motion planning algorithm. Motion planning algorithms have been applied extensively in the past to solve biological problems due to the analogy between protein chains and robotic articulated mechanisms [23-25]. The search methodology applied in this paper is based on the Path-Directed Subdivision Tree (PDST) planner [34-36]. We chose this algorithm because of its good performance with articulated systems with complex dynamics moving in physically constrained environments. We adapted the algorithm to model protein motions. In our adaptation, the planner iteratively constructs a tree of conformational pathways as the search progresses. The input to the algorithm consists of the start and end conformations of a molecule, represented as sets of articulated secondary structures as discussed in Data Representation above. The root of the search tree is a "pathway" of length 0 consisting only of the starting structure. At every iteration a previously generated pathway is selected for propagation using a deterministic scoring scheme described below. From a random conformation along that pathway, a new pathway is propagated by applying a small random rotation to the φ or ψ backbone dihedral angle of a residue that resides on a loop connecting two randomly chosen secondary structure elements. A molecular motion is sampled by applying the rotation until a high energy conformation is reached. The coarse grained energy function described above is used to determine when a high energy conformation is encountered. A high energy conformation is defined as being more than 50 kcal/mol above the starting energy. It should be noted that our search aims to cover the conformational space and simulate a pathway from the start towards the goal conformation. It is not a minimization scheme and therefore is not aimed towards the minimum energy conformation. This makes it suitable for cases where the goal conformation has a higher potential energy than the start conformation. The algorithm maintains a subdivision of the low-dimensional projection of the conformational space (described in Distance Between Structures above) into cells, such that no sample spans more than one cell in the subdivision. The goal of the subdivision is to guarantee coverage of the search space [35]. After a sample is selected for propagation, the cell containing that sample is subdivided into two cells. The algorithm keeps track of how many samples are contained in each cell to estimate how dense the sampling is in different areas of the space. It maintains a scoring scheme that gives selection preference to samples residing in large, empty cells, thus pushing the exploration towards unvisited areas in the conformational space. Probabilistic completeness is obtained via a scoring scheme that favors the selection of samples contained in larger cells and leads to unexplored areas of the search space. The sample scores are updated in a way that guarantees that every sample in the tree will eventually be selected for propagation and avoids over-sampling of parts of the space. A previous study in path-directed motion planning algorithms [37] showed that employing a biasing scheme in a small percentage of the iterations greatly improves the performance of the planner. Motivated by these results [37], we employed biasing at 10% of the iterations. During these iterations the scoring scheme described above is ignored and a sample is chosen out of a pool of conformations closest to the goal conformation, which gives the planner a better chance to successfully terminate the search. We found that the biasing improves the performance of the algorithm. Our top-level algorithm runs PDST iteratively. Each iteration runs until a generated conformation is closer to the goal conformation than a pre-specified intermediate distance threshold, where the distance threshold is determined by the distance measure described above. We found that a threshold of 0.8-0.9 of the distance between the start and goal conformations is usually sufficient to achieve good results. The iterative runs of the PDST planner help reduce memory use and improve performance, as also shown in [38]. To produce the results shown in this paper, three PDST cycles, each of 20,000 iterations, were allowed per run of the algorithm for each example.
Simulation results and validation
We ran the PDST-based search algorithm described above on several test cases: Adenylate Kinase (AdK), Ribose binding protein (RBP), the 2 ring GroEL complex and Cyanovirin-N (CVN). These proteins have been chosen for the following reasons: all undergo extensive conformational transitions, they are well studied and have an abundance of data for testing and comparison.
For comparison purposes, we produced conformational pathways using a random walk using a Monte Carlo like algorithm [3]. In order to make the two methods as comparable as possible, we used the same representation, similarity score and potential function described in our algorithm. The random walk algorithm differs from the common use of Monte Carlo in protein conformational search. Rather than optimizing the energy, it optimizes the similarity score (see Distance between Structures subsection under Methods for definition) in order to simulate a conformational pathway from the start to the goal conformation. The energy, while not optimized, is used to filter out non-feasible conformations. The random walk implementation uses the Metropolis criterion for the selection of steps. At each iteration a random conformational pathway is generated from the current conformation by applying a small random transformation to either the φ or ψ dihedral angle of one of the degrees of freedom connecting secondary structure elements, in a similar way to the one used to generate new conformations described in the Search Methodology subsection above. If a step brings the similarity score of the generated conformation closer to the goal it will be accepted. Otherwise it is accepted with a probability proportional to eΔS where ΔS


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STRAWSCRAPER – an urban power plant
STRAWSCRAPER is an extension of Söder Torn on Södermalm in Stockholm. With its new energy producing shell covered in straws the building can now recover wind energy and thus works as an urban powerplant. What was originally planned to become a building of 40 flights became 26. Söder Torn was finalized in 1997, however, the architect Henning Larsen had already left the contract after having lost influence over the design of the tower.
Belatchew Arkitekter wants to give Söder Torn its original proportions and at the same time explore new techniques that could create the urban wind farm of the future. By using piezoelectric technology a large number of thin straws can produce electricity merely through small movements generated by the wind. The result is a new kind of wind power plant that opens up possibilities of how buildings can produce energy. With the help of this technique, surfaces on both old and new buildings can be transformed into energy producing entities. Furthermore, an additional aspect is revealed when the constant movement of the straws creates an undulating landscape on the facades. What is usually considered to be the most static of all things, the building, suddenly comes alive and the construction gives the impression of a body that is breathing. The straws swaying in the wind gives the building a constantly changing facade further reinforced at nighttime with lighting in changing colors.
The straws of the facade consist of a composite material with piezoelectric properties that can turn motion into electrical energy. Piezoelectricity is created when the deformation of certain crystals is transformed into electricity. The technique has advantages when compared to traditional wind turbines since it is quiet and does not disturb wildlife. It is operable at low wind velocity since only a light breeze is sufficient for the straws to start swaying and generate energy. The existing premise on top of the building is replaced with a public floor with room for a restaurant. The new extension creates, apart from the energy producing shell, room for the citizens with the possibility to reach a lookout platform at the very top of the tower. Here you will be able to enjoy an unmatched view of Stockholm.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Photoreactive DNA duplexes mimicking substrates of nucleotide excision repair (NER) system were used to analyze the interaction of XPC-HR23B, RPA, and XPA with damaged DNA. Photoreactive groups in one strand of DNA duplex (arylazido-dCMP or 4-thio-dUMP) were combined with anthracenyl-dCMP residue at the opposite strand to analyze contacts of NER factors with damaged and undamaged strands. Crosslinking of XPC-HR23B complex with photoreactive 48-mers results in modification of XPC subunit. XPC-HR23B did not crosslink with DNA duplex bearing bulky residues in both strands while this modification does not prevent interaction of DNA with XPA. The data on crosslinking of XPA and RPA with photoreactive DNA duplexes containing bulky group in one of the strands are in favor of XPA preference to interact with the damaged strand and RPA preference for the undamaged strand. The results support the understanding and set the stage for dynamically oriented experiments of how the pre-incision complex is formed in the early stage of NER.
Model DNA duplexes imitating NER substrates, Nucleotide excision repair, Photoaffinity labeling, Replication protein A, XPA, XPC-HR23B,
Bioorganic Chemistry
Department of Molecular Genetics
Maltseva, E.A, Rechkunova, N.I, Petruseva, I.O, Vermeulen, W, Schärer, O.D, & Lavrik, O.I. (2008). Crosslinking of nucleotide excision repair proteins with DNA containing photoreactive damages. Bioorganic Chemistry, 36(2), 77–84. doi:10.1016/j.bioorg.2007.11.004


Coffee vs Espresso
When we talk about coffee vs espresso it is important to remember that they are both coffee, and when we compare these two drinks we are comparing normal drip coffee with espresso.
Since we're already familiar with what coffee is, let's take a look at what espresso is.
What is an Espresso?
Espresso is a type of coffee that is brewed by pushing hot water through ground coffee beans at high pressure. It has a very bold flavour and is thicker than normal drip coffee. A special coffee maker called an espresso machine, is required to prepare espresso. You can also make espresso at home using a moka pot. Dark roasted coffee beans are used to brew espresso because these beans can withstand the high pressure which is applied during the brewing process.
Types of Espresso Drinks
When you walk into a coffee shop you will see all kinds of coffee names that might at first not make sense to you. These are more than likely types of espresso drinks, each one prepared in a different way.
Coffee vs Espresso Caffeine
What's important to remember is that espresso is presented and consumed in smaller amounts than normal coffee. We need to keep this in mind when trying to establish which drink has more caffeine.
A standard 30ml shot of espresso has 60mg of caffeine, whereas a standard 240ml cup of brewed coffee has 96mg of caffeine.
If both drinks were consumed in the same volume, then espresso would be the drink with the most caffeine.
Is Espresso Healthier than Coffee?
A coffee filter is not needed to make espresso, and it is therefore considered to be healthier. Without a coffee filter, natural oils and minerals from the coffee are preserved and transferred into the drink.
But take note, we are talking about espresso in its purest form. Espresso drinks such as cappuccinos and lattes contain additives like dairy and these additives can cause health problems when not consumed in moderation.
That doesn't mean you should go ahead and consume large amounts of espresso. Remember that espresso contains caffeine, and consuming high amounts of caffeine is not good for you.
Is Espresso More Expensive than Coffee?
espresso machine
Yes, espresso is more expensive than coffee. But why is this?
As we've already established, espresso is brewed differently than normal drip coffee. Making an espresso takes more skill and more effort, and special equipment like espresso machines are required for the brewing process. So when you order your favourite espresso drink and ask for the bill, you will notice the difference in price compared to drip coffee.
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The biggest difference between espresso and coffee is the way each one is prepared. It takes a lot more skill and effort to prepare and espresso, whereas it is fairly easy to prepare drip coffee. Both these drinks have varying amounts of caffeine, with espresso generally having less caffeine per serving.


=head1 NAME Tangram::Type::Extending - teaching Tangram about new types =head1 DESCRIPTION Tangram::Type is the root of a hierarchy of classes that are responsible mapping individual field to SQL entities (columns in the simplest cases). There is one Type object per persistent field. Adding support for new types amounts to adding subclasses to Tangram::Type. =head1 WRITING NEW TYPES Tangram is organized in several subsystems, described below. Schema is the repository for information about all the persistent aspects of a system: classes, inheritance relationships, fields, etc. It also contains graph-traversal algorithms, which are not currently documented. Storage deals with objects as a whole: insertion, updating, multiple load detection, cycle handling, transactions, connections. It also serves as an entry point in the system. Storage does not manipulate fields directly. Cursor deals with polymorphic retrieval of objects. It builds SELECT statements on the basis of the information in the hash. Cursor does not manipulate fields directly either. The Type hierarchy deals with individual fields, and not with entire objects. More about it in a moment. The Expr hierarchy deals with entities on the remote side; this includes expressions proper, Filters and Remotes. Types are responsible for performing the mapping between a field of a given Perl type and a relational entity. The simplest Types merely transfer between one Perl field and one column. Sometimes it makes sense to have several mappings (and hence several Types) for the same Perl type; for example, Perl arrays can be mapped either using a link table, or one or several columns that live on the element's table. Users don't deal with Type objects directly: they indicate that a series of fields should be mapped in a certain way by putting the fields under a given 'typetag' in the field hash. The type registers itself with Tangram by adding a typetag in the %Tangram::Schema::TYPES hash. The value is the Type object. Up to now all Types have been singletons, but this is not a rule. Anybody who's planning to write new Types should examine Scalar.pm first. It contains very simple mappings between one field and one column. A Type must implement the methods described below. Keep the following facts in mind while reading further: 1. A Type is responsible for transfering all the *direct* fields for a given *class*. This excludes inherited fields. OTOH, the same Type can be called more than once for the same object, because the same Type may be used in several classes that appear in a particular object's inheritance graph. =head1 INSTANCE METHODS =head2 reschema reschema($self, $members, $class) This method is called when the schema hash is being converted into a Schema object. The Type finds all the fields it is responsible for mapping in the Perl structure refered by $members. The Type decides the exact format of this structure. =head2 get_export_cols get_export_cols($self, $context) Called when building INSERT and UPDATE statements; the Type returns a list of columns to be inserted in the statement. =head2 get_exporter get_exporter($self, $context) Called when building a function for reading the state of an object: the Type may return either a string or a closure. =head2 get_import_cols get_import_cols($self, $context) Called when building SELECT statements; the Type returns a list of columns to be inserted in the statement. =head2 get_importer get_importer($self, $context) Called when building a function for setting the state of an object: the Type may return either a string or a closure. =head2 remote_expr remote_expr($self, $obj, $tid, $storage) Called when building a Remote. The Type returns an Expr object. =head1 HANDLING ASSOCIATIONS Ref and Collections have in common that they don't load their controlled fields upfront. Their importer method ties the controlled fields to a package that will demand-load the final value of the field - if it's ever needed. The exact procedure for achieving this is not imposed by Tangram itself, in fact, a Type has the liberty of doing just anything it sees fit, if it can manage it with the arguments that it gets passed by the higher layer. Ref ties a field to the Lazy::Ref package, and Collections tie to Lazy::Coll. Ref and those collections that contain references to other objects must deal cycles. This can be done quite easily but I don't have to go into those details right now. Collections (of references of or values (the so-called 'flat' collections)) typically save their state when the demand-load is triggered. Later, when the collection is saved, the Collection compares the current field state (iow collection content) with the state at load time, and updates the database accordingly. Types that need to remember field state at load time should store it under $storage->{scratch}{TYPE_CLASS}, and typically under $storage->{scratch}{TYPE_CLASS}{OBJECT_ID}{FIELD}. Coll defines two utility functions to help manage load-time state: * set_load_state($self, $storage, $obj, $field, $state) Remember $state of the $field of $obj, retrieved from $storage. * get_load_state($self, $storage, $obj, $member) Retrieve that state.


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Research structures and the "web of prevention": ethical implications for insufficient environments
Bezuidenhout, Louise Martha
Medicine, Conflict and Survival
The dual-use potential of scientific research refers to the possibility that any beneficial scientific research may be misused for nefarious purposes by a third party. This potential within the life sciences has led to much discussion regarding ways to raise awareness and limit possible harm. The concept of a "web of prevention" as a multifaceted system for dealing this potential provides a comprehensive method of conceptualising a system of controls in the life sciences. The "web of prevention" involves multiple stakeholders, from diverse backgrounds such as science, public health, security studies and governance.


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English / Elements In Road Not Taken
Elements In Road Not TakenThis essay Elements In Road Not Taken is available for you on Essays24.com! Search Term Papers, College Essay Examples and Free Essays on Essays24.com - full papers database.
Autor: anton 07 November 2010
Words: 390 | Pages: 2
Robert Frostâ€™s Poetic Techniques Uniquely Used in â€œThe Road Not Takenâ€
Robert Frost utilizes several poetic techniques to reveal the theme in his poem, â€œThe Road Not Takenâ€, which is stressing the importance the decision making of one is, regardless of whether or not it is agreement with the resolution of their peers, and how it can affect their future. The techniques exercised in this piece of work are symbolism, imagery, and tone. Symbolism is the most powerfully used technique due to the fact a good number of lines located in this poem is used to signify a certain object or idea related to our life or todayâ€™s world. Imagery is significant in drawing out the theme for the reason that it allows the reader to construct a depiction in their mind, permitting them to relate more to the poem and interpret the theme their own way. In this poem, imagery permits the reader to imagine the scene that this poem takes place in resulting in an enhanced understanding of the theme. The tone this work presents is an insecure attitude which allows the theme to be brought out due to the fact the theme relates to a dilemma in oneâ€™s life. As seen by the reader, these techniques strongly aid in the revealing of this specific theme. The first technique Frost utilizes to uncover the theme is the strongest method, symbolism.
Exploiting symbolism is used by containing objects in the poem that represent an article of something relevant in the readerâ€™s life; therefore, assisting in the presentation of the theme. The primarily symbolized object in this poem is the fork in the road, which is the basis of the theme. â€œTwo roads diverged in a yellow wood, /And sorry I could not travel both / And be one traveler, long I stood / And looked down one as far as I could / To where it bent in the undergrowthâ€ (Frost.1-5). Symbolically speaking, Robert Frost does a proficient job of transforming a seemingly common road to one of great importance, representing a decision that could lead one in two separate directions. The resolution the traveler comes upon may possibly affect his or her life; therefore, stressing the importance of decision making. The following symbolic element is the quality of the courses the voyager encounters. The earlier path is worn down
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Whay you must get a good massage for your health
hair loss shampoo
The journey of life leads us to better or lesser moments of concern for the welfare of the family, the financial situation, work, progress in life, mental difficulties, the journey of life brings us stress, stress, the running over time.
Most of the population of Canada lives in the race afterwards and does not always pay attention to themselves, their bodies, and their important needs in life.
Almost every family in Canada has at least one vehicle and in some cases two or three vehicles.
When you drive your car the most important thing is to fill up with "fuel" oil and water.
When these things are not, the vehicle will not travel.
This is how our bodies must be filled with life. Life requires a great deal of stress in which we need time to fill the batteries, the calm, the touch, the heat.
Touch, support, release of emotions, peace of mind and body are completely something the body and mind are thirsty for.
Touch itself is an existential need of man from his first day to his last day.
The person needs contact for his physical mental and emotional health needs learning needs belonging societies and self-confidence.
Many of the population understand the importance of touch and Ручной общий массаж телаin this article I will detail why massage is so important to break time and provide peace and quiet and the ways that can create a healthier quality of life for us.
The need for touch is a survival need and important for the proper development of the nervous system, creating boundaries between me and the outside world, closeness, support, proper development of body image and self-image, developing relationships, alertness, curiosity, and the ability to demonstrate emotionally.
When I talk about skin contact is the intimate connection with the outside world it has a major role in metabolism, temperature regulation in the protection of vulnerable and damages fulfilling sensory functions such as sensations of heat, cold, pain and touch.
Touch and massage are very important for emotional growth, to build self-confidence from an early age.
Over the years as we get older we are more thirsty for touch, support, closeness and touch opens up emotional and physical blockages.
The massage results in physical relaxation, encourages mental relaxation. The relaxation results in physiological processes that continue the physical relaxation process.
The role of the medical massage results in better blood flow, which affects mental activity of the brain.
Improvement in the functioning of the senses, memory, concentration, self-confidence, self-image, raising repressed emotions pleasure and general indulgence.
Studies show a direct link between stress and a chain of events that cause blood pressure, insomnia, migraines, and digestive problems.
The chain of events that cause the disease will appear in the above order (although I must point out that one or two things are enough to reach emotional blockages or pain)


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Assemble Small Flying Geese Units
1. Use a pencil to mark a diagonal line on wrong side of each remaining assorted medium to dark print 1-1/2" square.
2. Align a marked assorted print square with one end of a white shirting 1-1/2x2-1/2" rectangle (Diagram 2). Stitch on marked line and trim seam allowance to 1/4". Press attached triangle open, pressing seam toward medium or dark print.
3. Align a second marked assorted print square with remaining end of Step 2 rectangle. Stitch, trim, and press as before to make a small Flying Geese unit (Diagram 2). The unit should be 2-1/2x1-1/2" including seam allowances.
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 to make eight small Flying Geese units total.


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Use PS Filter's AquaSorb 1500 with Filtration Systems to Remove Unwanted Contaminants
Use PS Filter's AquaSorb 1500 with Filtration Systems to Remove Unwanted Contaminants
Without water there would be no life on earth, but while drinking water is crucial for survival, water that is not purified can harm the human body. This is why PS Filter is committed to helping gas and oil industries in Calgary and Edmonton by manufacturing industrial parts for their filtration systems like the AquaSorb 1500.
What is Activated Carbon?
Carbon is one of the most important elements to human life because of its unique ability to form numerous bonds for essential compounds; without it, no living things would exist. An activated carbon is a type of carbon that is made from crude graphite. Characterized by its porous nature and random structure, active carbon is the strongest physical adsorbing material known to mankind.
Activated carbon is typically manufactured out of natural materials such as coal, wood, or coconut shells that are carbonized by thermal and chemical processes at about 350-450º under a controlled atmosphere to devolatilize the raw material.
What is Activated Carbon used for?
Because activated carbon works through the process of adsorption in which molecules are collected onto the surface of another substance, it has many applications such as removing chlorine taste, quality, and effects from water. In addition to keeping water pollutant free, activated carbon can also adsorb contaminants from the air, gold, sugar, gasoline, and cigarettes.
The AquaSorb 1500 from PS Filter
The AquaSorb 1500 from PS Filter is an adsorbent granular coal-based activated carbon is ideal for filtration systems that clean water from unwanted toxins. Typical applications of the AquaSorb 1500 include the treatment of municipal drinking water, production of soft drinks and beer, treatment of residential water, adsorption of taste and order, and protection of ion exchange resins.
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As an Energy Industry Professional Neil has a well-rounded knowledge of what it takes to effectively produce oil and gas to maximize the benefit. For the past 34 years working in the Oil-Patch, Safety and Environmental Protection has always been important to Neil and his associates. Neil feels Energy Companies and the Industry have come a long way to do things better and safer while continuing to contribute to a Global Economy and continues to look at the future with a positive attitude.


When every second counts
In the event that a child gets lost in a public area, on their way home or, possibly even disappearing altogether, a complete and up-to-date description of the child can save valuable time and will allow law enforcement to respond more quickly in initiating searches for the missing child.
Thanks to a generous grant by Telus Community Board, the Missing Children's Network created Sign4l, an application that is available free of charge on most Apple and Android smartphones. Sign4l allows parents to store up-to-date photos and vital physical descriptions of their child which they can then instantly email or text to the relevant authorities, allowing them to save time in the event of an emergency.
The information that is saved by parents on their child is not stored in any database. Only parents or guardians will be able to access their children's data sheet.
Parents can also rely on the reminder function, which varies according to the age of the child, allowing them to update their child's profile at any time in the application. SIGN4L also includes safety tips for children as well as the 4 crucial steps to follow in the moments following the disappearance of a child.
To Download Sign4l
The Service de Police de la Ville de Montréal welcomes any initiative that allows parents to act quickly when a child goes missing or runs away.
Commander Patrick Lavallée


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parts of the country participated in online business development trainings;
- Involving women's networks, civil society, and women entrepreneurs. SCFWCA, Women Resource Centres, and UNDP helped 340 rural families by providing food packages. Most content of these packages, including eco-packaging itself, was purchased from women entrepreneurs, which also helped them sustain their small businesses;
- Conducting surveys (441 surveys) by 11 Child and Family Support Centres to study the situation of families during special COVID-19 quarantine regime in the country;
- Provision of NGOs run crisis centres and shelters with personal protection equipment and necessary medical supplies jointly with international organizations to protect survivors, as well as employees;
- Access for women and girls to COVID-19 related public health information provided by SCFWCA, Child and Family Support Centres, and Women Resource Centres;
- Awareness raising campaign to combat gender-based violence in the context of COVID-19 crisis;
- Awareness raising campaign among families in remote and rural areas through the "Call to Families" (3300 families) and distribution of special informative booklets (around 600 families);
- Awareness raising sessions for women with disabilities, such as project "Addressing the rights and well-being of women with disabilities" funded by the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection and implemented jointly by UNDP, UNFPA, and SCFWCA;
- Holding online trainings, webinars, campaigns, such as:
- psychological problems in families during the pandemic and ways to
- address them;
- how to talk about the pandemic with children;
- how to manage mental health and education in self-isolation period;
- legal aid to victims of domestic violence;
- role of social workers in preventing gender-based violence during the
- psychological pressure and problems in the families during the period of
COVID-19 and social distancing;
- psychological rehabilitation of children with special needs in the period
- importance of successful communication and joint activities with children
in a family;
- guidance on how to be protected against the virus;
- access to services for the victims of domestic violence during COVID-19;
- gender and reproductive health;
- "Stay at home with your kids" campaign;
- internet safety of children and ways to ensure it;
- TV programs on family relationships, domestic violence, children's rights,
women's rights, etc.
- Special attention to the issues of reproductive health during the COVID-19 and self-isolation. Communication materials for health workers on COVID-19 response have been developed and distributed among prenatal centres and antenatal clinics in partnership with UNFPA and Azerbaijani health-care institutions;
- Materials on reproductive and sexual health in the period of COVID-19;
- Maternal and new born health-care in times of COVID-19;
- Handbook for pregnant women and lactating mothers on COVID-19;
- Assistance to single and older women, as well as bedridden persons with limited access to leave home by Child and Family Support Centres in cooperation with the State Customs Committee and volunteers of ASAN State Agency of Public Service.
- Internally displaced persons
- Ban on all mass gatherings in the IDP settlements from the early stages of the virus spreading;
- Awareness-raising activities among the displaced population on how to protect communities against COVID-19;
- Full access by IDPs to health services;
- Conducting online consultations, using modern ICTs in interaction with the displaced people to address their needs;
- Launch by the State Committee on Refugees and IDPs Affairs of the project "Virtual reception" which enables displaced persons to interact with the State Committee's officials in online interactive format. Each session through this online platform has the capacity to simultaneously involve around 200 displaced persons;
- Identifying the most vulnerable segments of the IDP community which seeks social assistance;
- Provision of food assistance to IDPs. Since the start of the lockdown measures in Azerbaijan, 3387 IDPs have received food assistance;
- Provision of food assistance to older persons, lonely people and low-income families in the IDP community. Until now, 444 IDP families have received food assistance.
- Older persons and persons with disabilities
- Extension of the term of disability of persons, including children with disabilities (around 14,000 persons) that expired on 1 March 2020, until the 1st day of the month following the end of the quarantine regime;
- Provision of rehabilitation and social services to persons with disabilities at their homes;
- Provision of social services for lonely people older than 65 at their homes;
- Provision of services in social care facilities for persons who need special care;
- Providing 500 persons with disabilities with training and equipment in cooperation with UNDP to start their small businesses.
- Extension of temporary staying period of foreigners and stateless persons who have been registered upon place of residence in Azerbaijan;
- Electronic provision of services such as extension of temporary staying, permission for temporary and permanent residence, work permission, etc.;
- Consultations through 24 hours call centre, "Online guide", and mobile application MIGAZ;
- Compliance of immigration detention centres to recommendations and requirements of WHO and the COVID-19 Operational Headquarters of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Azerbaijan;
- Putting in place all necessary measures to protect health of immigrants in immigration detention centres;
- Temporary suspension of forced return of immigrants;
- Cooperation between the State Migration Service and offices of relevant international organizations in Azerbaijan to prevent violation of the migration legislation of Azerbaijan by foreigners held in quarantine, and consequently to prevent imposing administrative punishments upon them;
- Electronic acceptance of applications for refugee status;
- Provision of food assistance to persons with refugee status and to persons who have applied for refugee status in Azerbaijan.
- Justice system
- Pardoning by the Presidential Decree of 6 April 2020 of 176 prisoners aged over 65 in need of special care due to their age and state of health, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic;
- Granting early releases to 624 prisoners;
- Granting home confinement or other alternatives to 310 inmates;
- Implementation of court proceedings related to civil cases and commercial disputes through "Electronic court" information system;
- Continuing all necessary preventive measures to curb the spread of coronavirus;
- Regular examinations of the penitentiary facilities by monitoring groups of the Ministry of Justice and civil society representatives.
- Use of ICTs in national response to cope with impact of COVID-19 from the early stages of the pandemic;
- Launch of the interactive informational portal (koronavirusinfo.az) of the Operational Headquarters to ensure access to COVID-19 related information for all, as well as awareness-raising on measures taken to combat the virus, operational news about the rules, instructions and recommendations of the Azerbaijani Government on protecting public health;
- Providing relevant important information through SMS system;
- Launch of one-stop digital platform "Stay Home" (evdeqal.az) by the Ministry of Transport, Communications and High Technologies in cooperation with UNDP, which makes e-services available to everyone during the pandemic. The platform allows the visitors to find links to online stores, e-education, e-health, e-entertainment, e-food, e-delivery, provides advise on social distancing and staying at home, and offers numerous e-learning resources including the information on ways of setting up and running digital businesses from home;
- Launch of a special e-platform enabling people to get permissions to leave their homes during the quarantine regime and employers to get permissions for their staff to go to their offices;
- Launch of a new video-conferencing system (VCaaS) for the first time in Azerbaijan based on AzCloud;
- Creation of a self-checker bot "Shefa" by the Public Health and Reforms Centre of the Ministry of Health in partnership with UNDP, available at isim.az. This coronavirus self-checker is intended to help health authorities answer more queries, enabling medical professionals to look after patients who need critical care;
- Creation of WhatsApp bot by health authorities in partnership with UNDP to answer questions of public about coronavirus and to give prompt, reliable and official information 24 hours a day;
- Launch of a mobile application by the Ministry of Health in partnership with UNDP to help healthcare professionals to make more informed decisions based on latest research findings and data.
It is also important to highlight the important role of volunteerism during the crisis. Volunteers are among the first responders to the COVID-19 outbreak and they create social bonds and give a voice to marginalized and vulnerable groups. The President of Azerbaijan has declared 2020 the "Year of Volunteers". The Coordination Centre for Azerbaijani Volunteers was established at the initiative of volunteer movements and organizations in order to contribute to prevention of the spread of coronavirus and its possible consequences, especially to educate the population and provide social services to people in need. Essential hygiene and sanitation items (e.g. medical masks, sanitary pads, hand sanitizers, etc.), medicine, and food supplies were distributed by volunteers in order to ensure continuity of care for older persons, persons with disabilities and single parents, including in rural and remote areas.
In a time of a global pandemic due to the condition of social distancing a new form of online volunteering started to develop. School closures, working remote – all of these challenged parents. Teachers, social workers voluntarily created numerous online groups and web pages for parents and caregivers with a set of handy tips to help manage situation during the COVID-19. a lot of necessary information is being shared via social networks, online teaching courses and trainings for children are introduced free of charge.
Numerous webinars have been organized as part of the project implemented by UNICEF Azerbaijan and the Regional Development Public Union with financial support from the US Agency for International Development (USAID) to train volunteers to protect people against coronavirus, to explain the importance of social distancing, to provide psychological support during quarantine, useful tips for parents


transitive relation
A (binary) relation \sim on a set AA is transitive if in every chain of 33 pairwise related elements, the first and last elements are also related:
(x,y,z:A),xyyzxz\forall (x, y, z: A),\; x \sim y \;\wedge\; y \sim z \;\Rightarrow\; x \sim z
which generalises from 33 to any finite, positive number of elements.
In the language of the 22-poset Rel of sets and relations, a relation R:AAR: A \to A is transitive if it contains its composite with itself:
R 2RR^2 \subseteq R
from which it follows that R nRR^n \subseteq R for any positive natural number nn. To include the case where n=0n = 0, we must explicitly state that the relation is reflexive.
Transitive relations are often understood as orders.
Revised on December 2, 2012 20:18:21 by Urs Schreiber (


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Through education, training and consulting programs, GCSRF provides corporations and cities with tools, know-how, resources and networks to achieve their self-defined sustainable development goals and become more responsible global citizens.
Towards that mission, GCSRF focuses on three main areas: education and training, design and implementing customized CSR projects, impact investing.
Education and Training
Working closely with stakeholders and experts, GCSRF understands the challenges, solutions and new trends related to SDGs. It is well positioned to provide educational content and design highly customized training programs to corporations and cities alike.
CSR Projects
Through the design and implementation of CSR programs that yield quantifiable and tangible results, assisting corporations to achieve business objectives and cities to implement its growth strategies. Initially, GCSRF programs will cover five specific areas: sustainability, education, women leadership, youth leadership, and innovation.
Impact Investment
Doing well while doing good has been widely embraced by financial institutions. GCSRF is both an educational advisor and an implementation partner to help corporations and financial institutions generate positive social and environmental impacts, while fulfilling fiduciary duties to shareholders, investors and employees.


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Strictly speaking, the use of the term "signature" about HMAC is improper; it is widespread, but still incorrect: signatures are about asymmetric algorithms with a public and a private key, such as RSA.
HMAC uses a secret key (i.e. a bunch of arbitrary bytes) which is used for computing the MAC and for verifying it (it is actually verified by recomputing it). So, in your problem, yes, the server must store either the secret key, or some data which is enough to recover it.
Note that the secret key K can be derived from the password in a non-invertible way. E.g. through a hash function or, better yet, with a Key Derivation Function. The server will store the key K "in plaintext" and knowing key K is enough to produce valid HMAC values. However, this forces an attacker to use some specific software for that, not the standard client which requests a user password. Depending on the context and your attack model, this may or may not be a security improvement.
A way to achieve what you are looking for, but with higher complexity then a plain HMAC, is to use SRP. SRP is an asymmetric key exchange protocol with mutual password-based authentication, with the following characteristics:
- No need for public key distribution (PKI, certificates...).
- Client authenticates server and server authenticates client, in the same pass, even in the presence of active attackers ("Man-In-The-Middle" attackers are defeated).
- No active or passive attackers learns enough information to perform offline dictionary attacks (a dictionary attack is guessing the password by trying random words; the attack is offline if it can be done without interacting with the honest client or server for each guess).
- What the server stores is not enough to learn the password or impersonate the client (but it allows offline dictionary attacks, which is unavoidable).
The key which results from the SRP protocol can then be used for a MAC algorithm such as HMAC. It needs not be stored: it is just kept in RAM for the duration of the session.
SRP can be integrated in TLS, as explained in RFC 5054. The easiest, most standard supported way to use SRP in your context would be to use HTTPS (i.e. HTTP within a SSL/TLS tunnel) with the TLS part using SRP for key exchange. GnuTLS is an opensource implementation of SSL/TLS which supports SRP.


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up of heterogeneous adsorption patches .
3.3. Two-Level Factorial Design of Experiments
Dye removal by an adsorbent in a batch experiments usually depends on many factors. These factors include contact time, adsorbate dosage, pH, and so forth. To systematically explore process options, a full-factorial two-level design on the key factors was set up as shown in Table 3.
Only three factors affecting dye adsorption efficiency were studied in this work, including contact time, adsorbent dosage and pH. The first factor, contact time is numerical because it can be adjusted to any level. Also, the second factor, dosage and the third factor, pH are also numerical. None of the factors used in this design is categorical, that is factor that cannot be adjusted. The experiments for two-level factorial design were carried out in a set of 250 ml conical flasks containing 80 ml MB and BG dyes solution of known pH, adsorbent dose and agitated for predetermined contact time. After thirty and ninety hours of agitation, the suspensions were filtered and dye concentrations in the supernatant solutions were measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The experimental design results were analysed using DESIGN EXPERT software to estimate the statistical parameters as well as effects, such as half-normal probability of the standardized effects, Pareto, interaction and main effects plots. 23 two-level factorial design with 8 runs experimentation for MB and BG removal was studied, and amatrix was developed according to their low and high levels, represented by −1 and +1, respectively. The coded values of variables with the responses (% removal efficiency) were illustrated in Table 4.
The interactions between independent variables were determined with ANOVA and the main effects of MB and BG adsorption were identified based on the P value with >95% of confidence level.
The codified equation below was used to explain the 23 factorial designs of MB and BG removal by four different activated carbons:
Table 3. Test factors for dye adsorption.
where Y is the predicted response, β0 is the intercept, βi is the regression coefficient related to the interactions and the main factors effects A is the contact time (mins), B is the adsorbent dosage (g), and C is the pH. The interaction and main effects, regression coefficients, coefficients of the model, standard deviation of each coefficient, standard errors, and T and P values were also done.
From Table 5 and Table 6, when the factor effect is negative, removal efficiency decreases as the factor is changed from low to high levels (as seen from dosage and pH). In contrast, if the effects are positive, removal efficiency increases for high level of the same factor (as seen from adsorbent dosage and pH). When the factor effect is negative, removal efficiency decreases as the factor is changed from low to high levels (as seen from pH and contact time). Furthermore, the fit models, submitted square correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9992 for MB and 0.9939 for BG, were in good agreement with the statistical model. The factors A, B and C are the frequently called a main effect as it refers to the primary factor of interest in the experiment and factors AB, AC and BC are interactions effects. In this work, factors A, B, C AC, and BC are all significant effects. The AB and ABC effect were insignificant, when it was compared with other
Table 4. Design matrix for MB and BG.
Table 5. Interaction of dosage versus pH.
Table 6. Interaction of dosage versus pH.
effects. Thus the AB and ABC effects were neglected and did not included in the model equation. Then, model equation, related to the level of parameters and removal efficiency, was obtained by substituting the regression coefficients in for both MB and BG:
Equations (4) and (5) indicated that two-variable interactions were significant. Proof of positive (BC) and negative (AC) interactions was quite strong, thus, could not be ignored from the model. Although the main effects gave a clear idea, the interaction between those two parameters would favor a better statement of the process.
The interactions between independent factors were determined with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the main effects of dye adsorption were identified based on the P value with >95% of confidence level are presented in ANOVA Table 7 and Table 8. The tables presented the possible positive and negative two-variable interactions among the variables A, B, and C for the removal efficiency (%).
Table 7. Statistical parameters and ANOVA for removal efficiency (%).
Table 8. Statistical parameters and ANOVA for removal efficiency (%).
It was observed that the effect of pH was more noticeable when the adsorbent dosage was high but at lower adsorbent dosage, effect of pH was not so high. On the contrary, pH effect and adsorbent dosage effect were high at higher contact time. The interaction effects are easily estimated and tested by using the ANOVA as shown in Figure 3. The ANOVA results of MB and BG were shown in Table 7 and Table 8 above. The sum of the squares used to estimate factors affect and Fisher's F ratios (defined as the ratio of mean square effect and the mean square error) and P values (defined as the level of significance leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis) were also represented. Relative importance of the individual and interaction effects was given by the Pareto chart of the standardized effects in Figure 4. In order to identify whether the calculated effects were significantly different from zero, Student's t-test was performed and horizontal columns in Pareto chart showed these values for each effect. The normal probability plot of the standardized effects with P = 0.05 to evaluate the significance of each factor and its interactions on removal efficiency (%) are presented in Figure 5. Half-Normal probability plot could be separated into two regions, the region on the right side has all the effects that were significant. For a
Figure 3. Interaction graph of dosage versus pH for MG and BG.
95% confidence level and seven degrees of freedom, Bonferroni limit was 11.7687 and t-value limit was 4.30265 for MB and BG adsorption. The minimum statistically significant effect magnitude for 95% confidence level is represented by the vertical line in the chart. Five values higher than 4.30265 (P = 0.05) were located at left of the dash line and were significant. It can be concluded that the adsorbent dosage was the strongest effect of the overall adsorption procedure for both MB and BG SCAC. The first (strongest effect), second, third, fourth and fifth important factor to the overall optimization of the batch adsorption process were arranged in sequential order in Pareto chart for both MB and BG. Factor B, A, C, AC and BC show the order of significant of each effect on MB adsorption
Figure 4. Pareto chart of effects for MB and BG adsorption.
Figure 5. Half-normal probability plot of the standardized effects for MB and BG at P = 0.05.
process. Similarly, factor B, C, A, BC and AC show the order of significance of each effect on BG adsorption process. The coefficient of AC interaction for both MB and BG adsorption had the negative value; thus, a decrease in contact time of the solution with a deduction of the pH caused an increase in removal efficiency (%). This antagonistic effect would not be distinguished in the univariate optimization of the dye removal process.
Carbon produced by chemical activation of carbonized coconut shell, eucalyptus tree, corn cob and flamboyant pod with an activation agent 63% H3PO4 were all capable of removing Methylene Blue and Brilliant Green dye molecules from aqueous solutions. The adsorption was favoured at Basic medium with pH value 11 and adsorption efficiency (%) was also found to increase with the increase in adsorbent dosage and contact time.
The equilibrium data were in good agreement with the Freundlich model. Additionally, the influence of pH (4 and 11), adsorbent dosage (2 g and 5 g) and contact time (30 mins and 90 mins) on removal efficiency (%) was designed by using 23 two level factorial design. It was examined by using analysis of variance (ANOVA), t-test, and Bonferroni? test. According to Pareto Chart, half-normal, normal probability plot, main effects, interaction plots in variance analysis, the most significant factors on removal efficiency (%) were found to be adsorbent dosage (B), contact time (A), pH (C), the interaction between adsorbent dosage and pH (BC) and interaction between contact time and pH (AC), respectively.
Due to the obtained results, black carbons which are produced from chemical activation of carbonized coconut shell, eucalyptus tree, corn cob and flamboyant pod could be employed as an effective and low-cost adsorbent. Therefore, these successful adsorbents could be considered as an alternative to commercial activated carbons for the removal of reactive Methylene blue and brilliant green from aqueous solutions.
 ElQada, E.N., Allen, S.J. and Walker, G.M. (2008) Adsorption of Basic Dyes from Aqueous Solution onto Activated Carbons. Chemical Engineering Journal, 135, 174-184.
 Jadhav, S.B., Phugare, S.S., Patil, P.S. and Jadhav, J.P. (2011) Biochemical Degradation Pathway of Textile Dye Remazol Red and Subsequent Toxicological Evaluation by Cytotoxicity, Gen


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Juan Nepomuceno Seguín (October 27, 1806 – August 27, 1890) was a 19th-century Texas Senator, Mayor, Judge, and Justice of the Peace and a prominent participant in the Texas Revolution.
Juan Seguín was born in San Antonio de Bexar on October 27, 1806. He was the older of two sons of Erasmo Seguín and María Josefa Becerra. As the son of a postmaster, he would assist his mother in the business, while his father was off writing the Mexican Constitution of 1824. In 1825, he married María Gertrudis Flores de Abrego. They had ten children. He was elected an alderman in December, 1828 and served on numerous electoral boards before becoming the San Antonio alcalde (mayor) in December 1833. He then served as political chief of Bexar in 1834, when the previous chief became ill. In 1835, he led a relief force to Monclova, when the Federalist Governor appealed for help.
Learn more about Juan Seguin, free from the Handbook of Texas Online.


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incised carving, as opposed to carving in relief.
ornamentation with a figure or design sunk below the surface.
a gem, seal, piece of jewelry, or the like, cut with an incised or sunken design.
an incised or countersunk die.
a figure or design so produced.
a process in which
a design, text, etc., is engraved into the surface of a plate so that when ink is applied and the excess is wiped off, ink remains in the grooves and is transferred to paper in printing, as in engraving or etching.
an impression or printing from such a design, engraving, etc.
verb (used with object)
to incise or display in intaglio.
is one of our favorite verbs.
So is absquatulate. Does it mean:
derivative of intagliare
to cut in, engrave, equivalent to inin-2
to cut < Late Latin tāliāre,
derivative of Latin tālea
a cutting; see tally


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Working Paper No. 706
By Sandra Batten
Climatic factors can directly affect economic outcomes such as output, investment and productivity, and understanding the economic consequences of climate change is rapidly becoming a necessity not just for climate economists but also for a wider range of economic professionals involved in modelling and forecasting macroeconomic variables. The focus of this review is on the key theoretical and empirical modelling issues in the analysis of the macroeconomic risks deriving from climate change. The paper develops the taxonomy introduced by a number of previous Bank of England studies, which distinguish between physical and transition risks of climate change. The paper then identifies the different channels through which these risks are transmitted to the macro-economy, either through (unpredictable) economic shocks or through predictable, longer-term impacts. The different approaches to modelling these macroeconomic effects are then discussed and assessed in light of the increasing need to routinely monitor and quantify the impact of emerging climate change risks on the economy.


The Department of Housing and Urban Development's Office of Policy Development and Research (PD&R) has the authority to accept unsolicited research proposals that address current research priorities and allow PD&R to participate in innovative research projects that inform HUD's policies and programs. In accordance with statutory requirements, the research proposals must be submitted by eligible applicants, (eligible applicants are: academic institutions, philanthropic entities, States, federally recognized tribes, and units of local government, and not-for-profit and for-profit institutions located in the United States) and provide cost sharing for at least 50 percent of total project cost from philanthropic entities or Federal, state or local government agencies.
The Department is interested in increasing participation of Minority Serving Institutions of higher education and Historically Black Colleges and Universities in all program areas. Therefore, HUD encourages eligible entities that are not themselves MSIs or HBCUs to develop partnerships with MSIs and HBCUs.
PD&R is focusing its cooperative agreement efforts on research partnerships that will advance one of the following key areas:
 1. Promote Economic Opportunity
 2. Enhance Rental Assistance
 3. Reduce the Average Length of Homelessness
 4. Support Sustainable Homeownership and Financial Viability
 5. Remove Lead Hazards from Homes
 6. Provide Effective Disaster Recovery
 7. Opportunity Zones
 8. Reduce Regulatory Barriers to Affordable Housing
Click here to learn more about HUD Research Assets.


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The Center for Human Health Risk (CHHR) is located in and operates the Hollings Marine Laboratory (HML). HML is operated under a Joint Project Agreement signed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, the College of Charleston, and the Medical University of South Carolina. The research policy of the HML is governed by an Executive Board made up of an executive representative from each of the partners. During June, 2008 the Executive Board held a retreat to recommit to the partnership, acknowledge the laboratory's accomplishments and agree to a collective future direction.
Research at HML brings basic, applied, and medical researchers together to identify and understand factors that affect the health of coastal ecosystems and the humans who live in or visit the coastal zone. The science focus of the Center and HML is to develop technology to identify and evaluate linkages between coastal development, the condition of the marine ecosystems, and public health and well-being. To accomplish this goal the HML is developing new methods and approaches that enhance the Nation's capacity to identify and characterize chemical and microbial threats to coastal ecosystems and human health and to evaluate the responses of marine organisms and ecosystems to coastal development.


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Scientists from the University of York and their colleagues from TSU's Сenter of Excellence Bio-Clim-Land have made an expedition to the Great Vasyugan Mire, where the stationary research station of Tomsk State University is located. The experts from Britain have been studying peatlands, which absorb greenhouse gases from the atmosphere – carbon and A colourless, odourless gas (chemical formula CH4). Some microbesproduce methane. It can also be found in underground deposits. Methane is the main component of natural gas, which is is an important... More – and play an important role in cooling the planet. The study aims to find out how swamps reacted to According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, climate change is change in the climate of the whole Earth or a region of the Earth that is believed... More in the past, and to predict whether in the future peatlands will be able to fully perform their function as the Earth's main refrigerator.
The complete article is available here


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Experimental Study on Spark Assisted Compression Ignition (SACI) Combustion with Positive Valve Overlap in a HCCI Gasoline Engine
The spark-assisted compression ignition (SACI) is widely used to expend the high load limit of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI), as it can reduce the high heat release rate effectively while partially maintain the advantage of high thermal efficiency and low NOx emission. But as engine load increases, the SACI combustion traditionally using negative valve overlap strategy (NVO) faces the drawback of higher pumping loss and limited intake charge availability, which lead to a restricted load expansion and a finite improvement of fuel economy. In this paper, research is focused on the SACI combustion using positive valve overlap (PVO) strategy. The characteristics of SACI combustion employing PVO strategy with external exhaust gas recirculation (eEGR) are investigated. Two types of PVO strategies are analyzed and compared to explore their advantages and defects, and the rules of adjusting SACI combustion with positive valve overlap are concluded.


Die Heuning Pot Literature Guide
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Horton Hears a Who!
Horton Hears a Who!
by Dr. Seuss
The Clover
Symbolism, Imagery, Allegory
Right of the bat in Horton Hears a Who!, Horton starts hearing voices coming from a speck of dust. He's flabbergasted at first (how could a whole town fit on that little speck?!) but soon comes to accept them for how they are. Of course, the other animals in the Jungle of Nool have a harder time accepting that there are folks out there who could live in a different place and in a different way than they do.
Also, come on. People hearing voices? Isn't there a name for that sort of thing?
In any case, we can think about this speck (and Who-ville as a whole) through the lens of both historical allegories.
 - During World War II, the Japanese were considered the enemy, to the point that many Japanese-Americans ended up in internment camps. Just like the jungle animals don't consider the Whos to be people (namely because they don't think they exist), Americans treated the Japanese like second-class citizens—and then some.
 - During the Cold War, the enemy—communists—couldn't really be seen since they were literally thousands of miles away. But that didn't stop Americans from freaking out about them. In fact, maybe they were even more feared because they couldn't be seen and understood.
Even without the historical lens, the tiny clover serves as an important reminder: not everything is done—or seen—the same way for everyone. And our buddy Horton definitely gets it.
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Linux-PAM (short for Pluggable Authentication Modules which evolved from the Unix-PAM architecture) is a powerful suite of shared libraries used to dynamically authenticate a user to applications (or services) in a Linux system.
It integrates multiple low-level authentication modules into a high-level API that provides dynamic authentication support for applications. This allows developers to write applications that require authentication, independently of the underlying authentication system.
Many modern Linux distributions support Linux-PAM (hereinafter referred to as "PAM") by default. In this article, we will explain how to configure advanced PAM in Ubuntu and CentOS systems.
Before we proceed any further, note that:
- As a system administrator, the most important thing is to master how PAM configuration file(s) define the connection between applications (services) and the pluggable authentication modules (PAMs) that perform the actual authentication tasks. You don't necessarily need to understand the internal working of PAM.
- PAM has the potential to seriously alter the security of your Linux system. Erroneous configuration can disable access to your system partially, or completely. For instance an accidental deletion of a configuration file(s) under /etc/pam.d/* and/or /etc/pam.conf can lock you out of your own system!
How to Check a Program is PAM-aware
To employ PAM, an application/program needs to be "PAM aware"; it needs to have been written and compiled specifically to use PAM. To find out if a program is "PAM-aware" or not, check if it has been compiled with the PAM library using the ldd command.
For example sshd:
$ sudo ldd /usr/sbin/sshd | grep libpam.so libpam.so.0 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpam.so.0 (0x00007effddbe2000)
How to Configure PAM in Linux
The main configuration file for PAM is /etc/pam.conf and the /etc/pam.d/ directory contains the PAM configuration files for each PAM-aware application/services. PAM will ignore the file if the directory exists.
The syntax for the main configuration file is as follows. The file is made up of a list of rules written on a single line (you can extend rules using the
"\" escape character) and comments are preceded with
"#" marks and extend to the next end of line.
The format of each rule is a space separated collection of tokens (the first three are case-insensitive). We will explain the these tokens in subsequent sections.
service type control-flag module module-arguments
- service: actual application name.
- type: module type/context/interface.
- control-flag: indicates the behavior of the PAM-API should the module fail to succeed in its authentication task.
- module: the absolute filename or relative pathname of the PAM.
- module-arguments: space separated list of tokens for controlling module behavior.
The syntax of each file in /etc/pam.d/ is similar to that of the main file and is made up of lines of the following form:
type control-flag module module-arguments
This is a example of a rule definition (without module-arguments) found in the /etc/pam.d/sshd file, which disallows non-root logins when /etc/nologin exists:
account required pam_nologin.so
Understanding PAM Management Groups and Control-flags
PAM authentication tasks are separated into four independent management groups. These groups manage different aspects of a typical user's request for a restricted service.
A module is associated to one these management group types:
- account: provide services for account verification: has the user's password expired?; is this user permitted access to the requested service?.
- authentication: authenticate a user and set up user credentials.
- password: are responsible for updating user passwords and work together with authentication modules.
- session: manage actions performed at the beginning of a session and end of a session.
PAM loadable object files (the modules) are to be located in the following directory: /lib/security/ or /lib64/security depending on the architecture.
The supported control-flags are:
- requisite: failure instantly returns control to the application indicating the nature of the first module failure.
- required: all these modules are required to succeed for libpam to return success to the application.
- sufficient: given that all preceding modules have succeeded, the success of this module leads to an immediate and successful return to the application (failure of this module is ignored).
- optional: the success or failure of this module is generally not recorded.
In addition to the above are the keywords, there are two other valid control flags:
- include and substack: include all lines of given type from the configuration file specified as an argument to this control.
How to Restrict root Access to SSH Service Via PAM
As an example, we will configure how to use PAM to disable root user access to a system via SSH and login programs. Here, we want to disable root user access to a system, by restricting access to login and sshd services.
We can use the /lib/security/pam_listfile.so module which offers great flexibility in limiting the privileges of specific accounts. Open and edit the file for the target service in the /etc/pam.d/ directory as shown.
$ sudo vim /etc/pam.d/sshd OR $ sudo vim /etc/pam.d/login
Add this rule in both files.
auth required pam_listfile.so \ onerr=succeed item=user sense=deny file=/etc/ssh/deniedusers
Explaining the tokens in the above rule:
- auth: is the module type (or context).
- required: is a control-flag that means if the module is used, it must pass or the overall result will be fail, regardless of the status of other modules.
- pam_listfile.so: is a module which provides a way to deny or allow services based on an arbitrary file.
- onerr=succeed: module argument.
- item=user: module argument which specifies what is listed in the file and should be checked for.
- sense=deny: module argument which specifies action to take if found in file, if the item is NOT found in the file, then the opposite action is requested.
- file=/etc/ssh/deniedusers: module argument which specifies file containing one item per line.
Next, we need to create the file /etc/ssh/deniedusers and add the name root in it:
$ sudo vim /etc/ssh/deniedusers
Save the changes and close the file, then set the required permissions on it:
$ sudo chmod 600 /etc/ssh/deniedusers
From now on, the above rule will tell PAM to consult the /etc/ssh/deniedusers file and deny access to the SSH and login services for any listed user.
How to Configuring Advanced PAM in Linux
To write more complex PAM rules, you can use valid control-flags in the following form:
type [value1=action1 value2=action2 …] module module-arguments
Where valueN corresponds to the return code from the function invoked in the module for which the line is defined. You can find supported values from the on-line PAM Administrator's Guide. A special value is default, which implies all valueN's not mentioned explicitly.
The actionN can take one of the following forms:
- ignore: if this action is used with a stack of modules, the module's return status will not contribute to the return code the application obtains.
- bad: indicates that the return code should be thought of as indicative of the module failing. If this module is the first in the stack to fail, its status value will be used for that of the whole stack.
- die: equivalent to bad but may terminate the module stack and PAM immediately returning to the application.
- ok: this instructs PAM that the system administrator thinks this return code should contribute directly to the return code of the full stack of modules.
- done: equivalent to ok but may terminate the module stack and PAM immediately returning to the application.
- N (an unsigned integer): equivalent to ok but may jump over the next N modules in the stack.
- Reset: this action clears all memory of the state of the module stack and restart with the next stacked module.
Each of the four keywords: required; requisite; sufficient; and optional, have an equivalent expression in terms of the
[...] syntax, which allow you to write more complicated rules and they are:
- required: [success=ok new_authtok_reqd=ok ignore=ignore default=bad]
- requisite: [success=ok new_authtok_reqd=ok ignore=ignore default=die]
- sufficient: [success=done new_authtok_reqd=done default=ignore]
- optional: [success=ok new_authtok_reqd=ok default=ignore]
The following is an example from a modern CentOS 7 system. Let's consider these rules from the /etc/pam.d/postlogin PAM file:
#%PAM-1.0 # This file is auto-generated. # User changes will be destroyed the next time authconfig is run. session [success=1 default=ignore] pam_succeed_if.so service!~ gdm* service!~ su* quiet session [default=1] pam_lastlog.so nowtmp showfailed session optional pam_lastlog.so silent noupdate showfailed
Here is another example configuration from the /etc/pam.d/smartcard-auth PAM file:
#%PAM-1.0 # This file is auto-generated. # User changes will be destroyed the next time authconfig is run


What is the Difference Between Football and Baseball Cleats?
A misconception that many people have is that football and baseball cleats are the same. That could not be farther from the truth. While the primary purpose of these sports cleats is to provide traction on the field, they have different features and serve distinct functions to their wearer.
Can I Wear Football Cleats for Baseball?
Football cleats are known for being on the heavier side. They are designed to help athletes withstand repeated physical contact as well as make cuts and turns easier. Since playing baseball relies more on forwarding motion and quick acceleration, football cleats are not ideal for the sport.
difference in football cleats
Baseball players can still wear football or soccer cleats. Experts recommend, though, that those playing in the infield should wear baseball cleats. The main difference between baseball and soccer cleats is that the former has cleat patterns that facilitate a more accurate grip.
Can I Wear Baseball Cleats for Football?
Football players need to wear shoes that are appropriate for their size, weight, and even position. Otherwise, it would be harder for them to endure the physical toll of banging bodies and feet on the field. So, can you wear baseball cleats for football? Simply put, you should not.
If you do not have football cleats, the next best thing to wear is soccer cleats versus baseball cleats. According to a podiatrist, this type is the most versatile cleat for kids and can be used for different kinds of sports, including football, baseball, and lacrosse.
How to Pick Out Baseball Cleats?
What are Baseball Cleats Made Out of?
The body of baseball cleats is usually created with mesh, genuine or synthetic leather materials. This allows the footwear to have more breathability and durability, helping the user perform better while playing. Synthetic or leather cleats also have improved water resistance, which is especially useful if it is rainy.
The studs at the bottom of baseball cleats can be made of different materials, including plastic, rubber, or metal. Although metal cleats are usually prohibited in youth baseball because having such material on a kids' baseball cleat might cause unnecessary injuries.
What are Football Cleats Made Out of?
Traditionally, football shoes were made of leather. But as time went by, other materials and technology, such as synthetic fiber, have been developed to optimize the performance of football players.
The studs at the bottom of football cleats can come in a variety of sizes. They can also be made of plastic or rubber. Football metal cleats have been disallowed in most leagues as it can increase the risk of injury among players.
A difference between football and baseball cleats when it comes to studs is that football spikes can be detachable. Replaceable studs present versatility, particularly in uncertain weather conditions. If the field is dry, shorter studs can be used. But on wet surfaces, longer ones can be installed.
Demo on Customizing Football Cleats
Baseball vs. Football Cleats (The Differences)
In this part, we delve deeper into what is the difference between baseball and football cleats and understand why the two sports footwear should not be deemed interchangeable.
Weight of Cleats
Football cleats tend to be on the tougher and heavier side and are more supportive because of the physicality of the game. Cleats for this sport also require a much thicker material than those used in baseball to protect the feet of the players. This causes the additional weight to the cleats.
On the other hand, baseball cleats do not require too much weight to allow the players to run fast during the game. Pitchers wear shoes that are more supportive.
Midsole of Football vs Baseball Cleats
When looking for athletic shoes, it is important to check the midsole. Its function is to provide support, cushion, and shock absorption whenever there is the movement of the feet and body.
The difference between football and baseball cleats is that the latter has more midsole support. A football cleat is then less comfortable to wear than a baseball cleat.
Cleats Patterns
When it comes to patterns, there is a major difference between football cleats vs. baseball cleats.
Football shoes have larger and more rounded studs that allow a player to gain more traction and stability when running on the turf. Baseball cleats, meanwhile, are designed with razor-like studs that can dig deep into the dirt or grass and provide the player a quick first step if he needs to sprint or jump.
Front Area of the Cleats
In this area, there is not much difference between football and baseball cleats. Both sports shoes provide foot protection and have added durability thanks to a toe guard on the front area.
Ankle Support
In general, football cleats offer more ankle support than baseball cleats do.
As already mentioned, there are different types of cleats used in the sport, depending on the size and the position of the player wearing them. The variations depend on the cut of the shoes and include high-tops, mid-tops, and low-cuts.
are typically worn by defensive and offensive linemen. Those who play in these positions would need additional protection for their ankles and increased traction. Based on a study, high-top cleats are less comfortable and heavier to wear than mid-tops and low-cuts, however, they are able to "limit ankle motions associated with injury without deleteriously influencing performance."
Offer less support and more mobility than high-tops. This is the type of football cleat that running backs, quarterbacks, wide receivers, and defensive backs prefer.
Provide the least support among these types of football cleats and are worn by those who want increased speed and mobility on offense and defense.
As for baseball players, no matter their position, they do not need increased ankle support. The difference between football and baseball cleats then is that baseball shoes usually come in mid-tops and low-cuts. It is rare to see high-tops in baseball games.
Watch These Rare Custom Cleats!
Extra Toe Stud
A big difference between football and baseball cleats is the presence of an additional toe stud in baseball cleats. This allows the wearer to dig easily hit the ground running. Football cleats cannot have such a feature as it poses danger to the other players, especially since there plenty of tackles made in the field.
What Do Football Cleats Look Like on the Bottom?
The sole of a football shoe can contain seven to 14 number of studs. Near the toe part, there are typically five to 10 studs and are placed around the edge of the sole or form an H-shape. On the heel, there are generally two to four studs that can form a square. The midsoles do not have studs in most football shoes.
bottom of football cleats
Image Source: Boombah
What Do Baseball Cleats Look Like on the Bottom?
Because there is less physical contact and motion in the sports of baseball, baseball cleats generally require a less number of studs than their football counterparts. Another answer to what is the difference between football and baseball cleats when it comes to its sole is the distinct toe stud in the latter. However, like football cleats, baseball cleats do not have studs on the midsole.
can you wear baseball cleats for flag football
Final Thoughts
As discussed above, the differences between the two cleats are as clear as day. It is recommended then to wear the shoes appropriate for sports, especially if you are playing in a high-intensity practice or the big league.
Studies have also shown that wearing the right shoes can maximize performance and prevent injuries.


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Working close to traffic is dangerous. Each roadside work zone has its own unique set of hazards associated with roads, traffic, vehicles, weather, and work activities. Employers, supervisors and prime contractors need to identify potential hazards and use the hierarchy of controls to put the appropriate level of controls1 in place to protect workers from those hazards. They also need to ensure workers know the hazards and how to protect themselves.
Preparing to work at the roadside
When preparing to work roadside, start by asking yourself these key questions:
- Is there a prime contractor? If yes, have they determined the scope of work, including identification of hazards and the risks they pose to roadside workers?
- Has the prime contractor coordinated the identified controls for these risks with the firm providing traffic control?
- Has the supervisor done a hazard assessment of the work zone and communicated it to all workers on-site?
- Have any required regulations been reviewed to determine the requirements of this work zone, such as the latest edition of the Traffic Management Manual for Work on Roadways, the Occupational Health and Safety Regulation and other WorkSafeBC regulations, and municipal bylaws?
Requirements for a safe work zone
Next, ensure you have the following:
- If needed, a documented layout for the work zone, which addresses site-specific hazards.
- The proper temporary traffic control devices, such as cones, barriers, signs, and other devices, in good working condition and placed in position according to the work zone layout.
- Safe work procedures for the work zone, including how and when workers will communicate with each other, how to work around mobile equipment and vehicles, and other details.
- An emergency plan for the work zone.
- All workers have the required high-visibility clothing and all other required personal protective equipment (PPE).
- All workers have received the adequate and required training and a safety briefing.
What workers need to know and do
Your workers need to understand:
- The work zone layout, if a layout is required.
- Hazards of the work zone, including mobile equipment or work vehicles.
- Safe work procedures for roadside work.
- Communication procedures in the work zone.
- Safe work procedures for working around mobile equipment and work vehicles.
- Emergency procedures.
- How to report near misses and other safety incidents.
Your workers need to ensure:
- Their vehicles are stocked with the signs, cones, and other traffic control devices that they may need.
- They know how to set up a safe work zone: i.e. how to place traffic warning signs and other devices.
- They know how to identify and address all potential hazards once they arrive at their work zone.
Other important things to do
- Identify a person responsible for the work zone set-up. This person needs to have the authority to take corrective action as required (i.e. to modify the work zone set-up to address on-site hazards).
- If traffic control persons (TCPs) are required, ensure they are adequately trained and carry proof of training while on the job (see section 5.3.2 in the Traffic Management Manual).
- Ensure that workers stand in a safe position as specified in section 5.6.5 of the Traffic Management Manual.
- Identify hazards and controlled risks associated with job activities, in addition to vehicle and traffic hazards. (See checklist templates below and on the downloadable PDF.)
- Have a plan to regularly inspect the work zone to ensure proper set-up.
Hazard identification checklist for employers and supervisors
At your work zone, fill in the hazard identification checklist before work begins. The checklist is a general guideline, and although it includes potential hazards it is not an exhaustive list. Use the blank rows at the bottom of the table to list other hazards that are present in your work zone. The checklist should be completed by both the employer and prime contractor.
To access the checklist (fillable PDF format), click on the thumbnail below.


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had to find primary and secondary school data for years in which a 22-year-old would have been in the tested cohort. We therefore used 1996 as the first year in which we looked at high school graduation rates and 1992 as the earliest NAEP year because 4th, 8th, or 12th graders tested would have been 22 years old sometime between 2000 and 2010, and most individuals who turned 22 between 2000-2010 would have graduated from high school between 1996 and 2006.
 The NAEP tests 4th, 8th, and 12th grade students, though we excluded 4th graders from our data as only the 1992 NAEP 4th grade cohort would meet our age window.