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There is quite a bit of confusion between CoIT (Consumerization of IT) and BYOD (Bring Your Own Device). While these two subjects are related, they are not the same. To make things more confusing, the two terms are often interchanged. Yet, they have very different contexts and definitions. And the impact for IT organizations is significant. Read on…
Consumerization of IT (CoIT)
The consumerization of IT refers to a fundamental change in 'how' people use technology. It does not specifically refer to the devices they use, but rather how they work.
As people become more familiar with technology, they tend to use it in everyday life. The reciprocal is true too. Two common examples CoIT are Mobile and Social. In the mobile space, just about everyone has a mobile device. It could be a cell phone, tablet or laptop. Over the past 10 years alone, the number of mobile devices has increased astronomically. Today, there are over 5 billion mobile phones in the world and more than 80% of the world's population has a mobile phone. Two factors contribute to this change: 1) The cost of the device has reached a point where many more people can afford to own them. 2) Devices are much easier to use. In the past, an IT person would need to configure the device and perform training for the user. No longer is that the case. Even a 4-year-old can operate a device today. In the social space, everyone is using Twitter, Facebook and LinkedIn. Users do not need an instruction manual to reach the site or operate the service. In fact, Facebook has over 800 million users today. It would take a large army of IT professionals to train 800 million users using the traditional model.
Bring Your Own Device (BYOD)
On the other hand, BYOD is all about the device. Everyday users are more likely to use these devices (smartphone, tablet, laptop) today. The combination of price drops and ease of use contribute to the change. Due to the familiarity with these devices, users prefer to use them in their everyday work environment. The trend to use personal devices in a corporate environment started several years ago with the mobile phone. People preferred to use their own mobile phone rather than carry one for personal and one for work. With the advent of smartphones that evolved to checking email, surfing the web and the plethora of other applications available today. Tablets and laptops followed in the wake of smartphones.
Today, some corporate entities have fully embraced the concept by providing employees a stipend for their device(s) rather than issue a company-owned device. In other cases, companies pay the bill for the smartphone voice and data plans. The expectation is that the user is checking the device more frequently than they would a company issued device.
From the CIO perspective, I wrote about BYOD in: What the CIO Needs to Know About BYOD
Changes in How We Work
There is another factor that directly affects this evolutionary change. The organizations and people that belong to them are changing. There are two fundamental drivers: 1) The new workforce and 2) Changes in the technology solutions. By new workforce, I mean the employees that are entering the workplace today. Employees entering the workplace in the past couple of years are the first ones that grew up with a computer from birth to adult. Prior generations picked up computing somewhere along their upbringing or career. That single change provides a workforce that is far more comfortable with computers and electronic devices. They are much more adept at technology change and evolutionary shifts than prior generations too. This milestone is not one to underestimate.
Changes to the IT Paradigm
The general user base is not the only group that is changing. With the changes to CoIT and BYOD, the IT Paradigm needs a significant overhaul. The days of 'command and control' are over. The technology paradigm has reached a point where it can no longer be 'controlled'. But it can be managed! That is where the paradigm changes. Today's technology world is about setting boundaries, guidelines and frameworks. It is less important to create walls and fortresses. This applies to both the culture we set within the organization and the technology solutions we put in place. One example might be how to protect data rather than the device itself. If you can't control the device, what are you going to do? You can't just throw your hands up and give up. There are solutions.
Interestingly, this fundamental change to the way IT operates has significant ramifications beyond just CoIT and BYOD. Yes, making the shift is hard. We have spent 30 years building the methodologies and paradigms we work within today. Change is hard and takes time. But the opportunities for those that make the change are significant.
Bottom Line: CoIT and BYOD are different, but related. Both require changes to the fundamental operations of the IT organization. Those changes, while challenging, can provide significant value moving forward.
Could they? Could it be out of Vogue to operate your own data center? Current developments in Corporate Social Responsibility and a maturing data center marketplace are starting to drive these changes.
For many, this could be a discussion about the pink elephant in the room. Data centers have been, and continue to be a requirement for businesses around the world. We rely more heavily every day on systems and the applications they run. Those applications run on servers and use storage subsystems; all of which are connected with networking devices. Collectively, we call this the "IT Load" for a data center.
The root question is not whether a data center is required. The obvious answer is: Yes! The real question is: Do I need to operate my own data center? But we will get to answer that question in a minute.
Data Center Energy Consumption
Data centers are consuming a larger percentage of the world's energy every day. Our growing appetite will continue to take a toll on natural resources. In 2007, the EPA issued (for some) an eye-opening report on data center consumption and potential areas of efficiency.
While the report is a bit dated (2007), the core data still holds true today. The majority of the report is focused on projections and potential areas of efficiency. In 2011, Jonathan Koomey issued an updated report on the findings.
In his report, he noted that data center power consumption did not grow as strongly as the EPA projected. By 2010, global data center energy consumption hit 1.3% while in the US that number rose to 2%. Those are still very significant numbers.
What is Missing?
To add more fuel to the figures, a significant number of "facilities" are missing. Most notably missing from these findings is the energy consumption by the myriad of smaller "data centers". While many would not call them data centers, they still serve the same purpose of housing servers, storage and networking equipment. These are smaller closets, rooms and labs. It may be as small as a server and switch under a desk to a rack or two of gear in a closet to a 1,000 sqft room. It is much harder to pin down the power consumed by each of these smaller locations. If you consider that these are the common solution for Small and Medium Businesses (SMB), the aggregate consumption is significant.
Increasing the efficiency of the physical data center is a great start. There are many opportunities to improve the efficiency of power and cooling systems. People have focused on increasing the efficiency of power and cooling systems for years. Many of the solutions are simple to implement and make a significant impact. While others take quite a bit of work, expertise and money. And there are many brilliant minds around the world that are currently working on this very challenge.
However, the largest potential impact may come from the IT load itself. For the majority of IT loads, the equipment is not used efficiently. Server, storage and network utilization figures are much lower than they could be. Servers are designed (from an energy perspective) for high utilization. One look at the power supply power curve for a server supports this. On the server, processor utilization rates commonly peak at 20-30% with average utilization in the 5-10% range. In addition, the current implementation rates for virtualization are still relatively low. The latest figures suggest that as many as 50% of servers are virtualized. Anecdotally, that figure still seems high. Regardless, pushing the implementation of virtualization to 80%+ would significantly reduce the overall power consumption…for the same IT workload.
Imagine reducing the US power consumption by a full 1%. The impact could be that significant.
Strategic and World-Class Expertise
Now back to the root question: Do you need to have your own data center? Before answering, two other questions will shed light on the answer. Is your organization in a position to operate your data center (100,000 sqft facility, 5,000 sqft room, closet, lab, etc) at a world-class level? Asked a different way: Is your organization willing to make the investment of installing a team of people to operate a world-class facility where it is their whole job, not just a line in the job description? Second, is operation of a data center strategic to your organization? We already covered that data centers are vitally important. So is electricity. Are you willing to make the investment in operating a data center that is unique and provides an advantage from your competition? Or are there alternatives that better fit the strategic direction of the organization?
If you set personal beliefs, cultural norms and inertia aside, for most, the answer to these questions is no. There are viable alternatives today that offer the economics, flexibility and responsiveness. And the alternative data center providers do employ teams to ensure their facilities are world-class. Only


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Published: 2011 Juni
Institution: Institut AIFB, KIT
Erscheinungsort / Ort: Karlsruhe
Numerous forms of policies, licensing terms, and related conditions are associated with Web data and services. A natural goal for facilitating the re-use and re-combination of such content is to model usage policies as part of the data so as to enable their exchange and automated processing. This paper thus proposes a concrete policy modelling language. A particular difficulty are self-referential policies such as Creative Commons ShareAlike, that mandate that derived content is published under some license with the same permissions and requirements. We present a general semantic framework for evaluating such recursive statements, show that it has desirable formal properties, and explain how it can be evaluated using existing tools. We then show that our approach is compatible with both OWL DL and Datalog, and illustrate how one can concretely model self-referential policies in these languages to obtain the desired conclusions.
Weitere Informationen unter: Link

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


the numbers from the beginning. That means symbolically that you can't find out what's in store in 2011 only when the year arrives. In other words, some events can be predicted and some can't.
Once you start counting primes from the beginning, you find that 89 is the 24th prime. Since 89 + 24 = 113, and the code 113 is reserved to symbolize a mistake (1 + 1 = 3), 89 refers to a particular mistake. Since TRUE and FALSE are opposites, and pi in radians is a turn in opposite direction, the particular mistake refers to Pi and it involves a mistake between x(multiply) and the similar symbol +(add).
Since P = 16 and I = 9, you can write
P = 16 = 4 x 4
I = 9 = 3 x 3
But if you make a mistake in P and mistype 'x' for '+', the result is
4 + 4 = 8
3 x 3 = 9
Now you can see where 89 comes from and why Pi has been using 89 recently. Since 8 = H and 9 = I, and in case you run into Pi personally, you say "89 169", and Pi will not bother to ask you if you know each other.
Here is a real example of the x/+ mistake: We know that zero means absence -- an empty space -- that can be filled with other symbols. In case of the freshly deceased year 2008, there are two zeroes in the number. Now when you replace the two empty spaces between 2 and 8 with '+' and 'x' as 2+x8, the result is
2 + x 8 = 10, 16 (you add and then multiply)
The codes 10 and 16 apply to a person. Since 10 = J, you are looking for a person with first name that starts with J and who is 16 years of age. Since Pi usually targets the rich and famous due to the publicity resulting in an easy search, the name of a person whose first name starts with letter J and who is 16 year old is Jett.
Why Pi visited Travolta's family is beyond the scope of this, but the reason relates to the date 10/16/2008 and to an event that took place on that date. The second reason is that John Travolta has a licence to fly commercial jetliners (he owns one), and jetliners can be turned into missiles -- the 911 type.
Today's Dow finished at 9015.1 points -- a 62.21 gain, which is 0.69%. Here is again the opposite, this time in the 6-turned-into-9 form. The string with its significant part is _PHONE_(69). The 69 opposite may refer to 9015(16)22(10)69, where the 10 = J (the first letter of "Jett") and 16 (his age) is written backward. But the 69 opposite surely points toward 9(01)51622(10)69 where 01 is the opposite to 10. This is hardly a coincidence, coz by a convention, we assign 1 to presence and 0 to absence. (See binary machine language in computers.)
When the 911 event was under way, President Bush was in Florida. That means you look for the code 89 tied to Pi in Florida.
Since 89 = HI, which are the first two letters of HIJACK, things fall together pretty. Maybe there is another terrorist hijacking in the making and Pi wants us to know about it. If so, I don't think I'll be able to predict when and where. How about you, Salty?
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Understanding Waveplates and Retarders
Edmund Optics Inc.
Understanding Waveplates and Retarders
 Terminology | Fabrication | The Right Waveplate | Applications
Waveplates, also known as retarders, transmit light and modify its polarization state without attenuating, deviating, or displacing the beam. They do this by retarding (or delaying) one component of polarization with respect to its orthogonal component. In unpolarized light, waveplates are equivalent to windows – they are both flat optical components through which light passes. Understanding waveplates as they pertain to polarized light is a bit more complex. To simplify the process, consider key terminology and specifications, fabrication, common types, and application examples.
Birefringence - Waveplates are made from birefringent materials, most commonly crystal quartz. Birefringent materials have slightly different indices of refraction for light polarized in different orientations. As such, they separate incident unpolarized light into its parallel and orthogonal components (Figure 1).
Birefringent Calcite Crystal Separating Unpolarized Light
Figure 1: Birefringent Calcite Crystal Separating Unpolarized Light
Fast Axis and Slow Axis - Light polarized along the fast axis encounters a lower index of refraction and travels faster through waveplates than light polarized along the slow axis. The fast axis is indicated by a small flat spot or dot on the fast axis diameter of an unmounted waveplate, or a mark on the cell mount of a mounted waveplate.
Figure 2: An Edmund Optics® Precision Zero Order Waveplate (Retarder) showing the white indicator line on the cell mount
Retardation – Retardation describes the phase shift between the polarization component projected along the fast axis and the component projected along the slow axis. Retardation is specified in units of degrees, waves, or nanometers. One full wave of retardation is equivalent to 360°, or the number of nanometers at the wavelength of interest. Tolerance on retardation is typically stated in degrees, natural or decimal fractions of a full wave, or nanometers. Examples of typical retardation specifications and tolerances are:
λ/4 ± λ/300
λ/2 ± 0.003λ
λ/2 ± 1°
430nm ± 2nm
The most popular retardation values are λ/4, λ/2, and 1λ, but other values can be useful in certain applications. For example, internal reflection from a prism causes a phase shift between components that may be troublesome; a compensating waveplate can restore the desired polarization.
In Figure 3 below, 4 retardation values are shown relative to an original, sine wave. The orange wave is retarded by a quarter of a wave, the yellow by a half, the green by three-quarters, and lastly, the blue by a full wave. The retardation by a quarter wave changes the sine wave to a cosine wave and the full wave retardation lets the wave elapse itself. The most popular waveplates are quarter and half waveplates since they can be stacked to achieve additional retardation values.
Figure 3a: Retardations of an electric field wave
Multiple Order – In multiple order waveplates, the total retardation is the desired retardation plus an integer. The excess integer portion has no effect on the performance, in the same way that a clock showing noon today looks the same as one showing noon a week later – although time has been added, it still appears the same.
Although multiple order waveplates are designed with only a single birefringent material, they can be relatively thick, which eases handling and system integration. The high thickness, though, makes multiple order waveplates more susceptible to retardation shifts caused by wavelength shift or ambient temperature changes.
Zero Order – In zero order waveplates, the total retardation is the desired value without excess. For example, Zero Order Quartz Waveplates consist of two multiple order quartz waveplates with their axes crossed so that the effective retardation is the difference between them.
The standard zero order waveplate, also known as a compound zero order waveplate, consists of multiple waveplates of the same birefringent material that have been positioned so that they are perpendicular to the optical axis. Layering multiple waveplates counterbalances the retardation shifts that occur in the individual waveplates, improving retardation stability to wavelength shifts and ambient temperature changes. Standard zero order waveplates do not improve retardation shift caused by a different angle of incidence.
True zero order waveplates, such as Polymer Waveplates, are comprised of a single birefringent material that has been processed into an ultra-thin plate that may be only a few microns thick in order to achieve a specific level of retardation at zero order. While the thinness of the plate may make handling or mounting the waveplate more difficult, true zero order waveplates offer superior retardation stability to wavelength shift, ambient temperature change, and a different angle of incidence than other waveplates.
Achromatic – Achromatic waveplates consist of two different materials that practically eliminate chromatic dispersion. Standard achromatic lenses are made from two types of glass, which are matched to achieve a desired focal length while minimizing or removing chromatic aberration. Achromatic waveplates operate on the same basic principle. For example, Achromatic Waveplates are made from crystal quartz and magnesium fluoride to achieve nearly constant retardation across a broad spectral band.
Super Achromatic – Super achromatic waveplates are a special type of achromatic waveplate which are used to eliminate chromatic dispersion for a much broader waveband. Many super achromatic waveplates can be used for both the visible spectrum as well as the NIR region with close to the same, if not better, uniformity than typical achromatic waveplates. Where typical achromatic waveplates are made of quartz and magnesium fluoride of specific thicknesses, super achromatic waveplates use an extra sapphire substrate along with quartz and magnesium fluoride. The thickness of all three substrates is determined strategically to eliminate chromatic dispersion for a longer range of wavelengths.
Waveplates are particularly challenging optical components to manufacture. They are made of crystalline materials that must be cut with their axes oriented within a few arcminutes. Then, they must be polished to a laser-quality finish, arcsecond parallelism, and <λ/10 wavefront. There is no room for correction, as their thickness tolerance is a small fraction of a micron. To verify retardation tolerances, specially-trained optical technicians use purpose-built test gear. After anti-reflective coating, zero order and achromatic waveplates are matched in pairs and accurately aligned to each other within their cell mounts.
Quartz waveplates are ideal for applications requiring high damage thresholds and retardation stability over temperature change, such as for use with lasers or infrared light sources.
Polymer waveplates consist of thin polymer sheets laminated between two glass plates, and provide many of the benefits of zero order designs including excellent angular field-of-view and lower sensitivity to incidence angles than comparable quartz waveplates. While the glass plates increase durability and ease handling, many polymer waveplates contain adhesive layers and are therefore not recommended for high power laser or high temperature applications.
Multiple order waveplates consist of a single plate, either unmounted or edge mounted to an aluminum cell. Two common construction methods exist for Precision Zero Order Waveplates and Achromatic Waveplates. The first method utilizes an air gap where the two plates, coated on all faces, are mounted on opposite sides of a spacer and then placed within a cell. Typical beam deviation is <0.5 arcseconds. It is important to note that power handling, especially for pulsed lasers, is highly suggested when using waveplates constructed with air gaps. The second method involves cementing achromatic lenses together with a transparent layer of optical cement across their full diameters. Then, an anti-reflection coating is applied to only their outer surfaces. Transmitted wavefront is <λ/4 at 633nm; beam deviation is <1 arcminute.
Multiple Order Waveplates
Consisting of a single plate of crystal quartz (nominally 0.5mm in thickness), multiple order waveplates are the least expensive of the three types. Their retardation changes versus temperature (Figure 4), and changes substantially versus wavelength (Figure 5). They are a good choice for use with monochromatic light in a climate-controlled environment. They are typically coupled with a laser in a laboratory. In contrast, applications such as mineralogy exploit the chromatic shift (retardance versus wavelength change) inherent in multiple order waveplates.
Retardance vs. Temperature for a Multiple Order Waveplate
Figure 4: Retardance vs. Temperature for a 7.25λ Multiple Order Waveplate at 632.8nm
Retardance vs. Wavelength for a Multiple Order Waveplate
Figure 5: Retardance vs. Wavelength for a 7.25λ Multiple Order Waveplate at 632.8nm
An alternative to conventional crystalline quartz waveplates is Polymer Retarder Film. This film is available in several sizes and retardances and at a fraction of the price of crystalline waveplates. Film retarders are superior to crystal quartz application-wise in terms of flexibility. Their thin polymeric design allows for easy cutting of the film to the shape and size necessary. These films are ideal for use in applications that use LCDs and fiber optics. Polymer Retarder Film is also available in achromatic versions. This film however, has a low damage threshold and should not be used with high powered light sources like lasers. Additionally, its


text: Thermophysical properties of high-temperature materials are important from both the scientific and engineering points of view. This book includes the latest developments in the measurements of atomic structure, density, surface tension, viscosity, heat capacity, thermal and mass diffusivity, thermal conductivity, emissivity, and electrical conductivity of mainly metallic melts. High-temperature measurements are difficult due to high chemical reactivity and fluidity. Some distinctive inventions on the experimental techniques such as levitation technique combined with microgravity, synchrotron radiation or magnetic field enable high-precision measurements. This book is the perfect choice for specialists and nonspecialists eager to know the cutting-edge details in this field.


11/16/20 89+
Just discovered 89plus! Let me tell you why you want to check it out.
89plus is a research project that people who are curious about art [like me] can benefit from developed by Simon Castets and Hans Ulrich Obrist. They are two French art curators and writers who formed a research hub for innovators born after 1989.
Why after 89? They feel that it accounts for over half of the population and they feel they are only starting to be heard. They've got panels, books, periodicals, exhibitions and residencies, uniting a generation they feel has been ignored for too long.
1989 saw the collapse of the Berlin Wall and the start of the postCold War period. The World Wide Web was introduced, as was the internet to the non-techie folk. These events were crucial in shifting paradigms and releasing a new sort of creativity that was previously unknown. 89plus showcases the work of these innovators.
89plus has developed a series of residencies with many international partners including the Park Avenue Armory in New York, the Tara Oceans Polar Circle Expedition, and the Google Cultural Institute in Paris, which culminated in a one night exhibition at Fondation Cartier, Paris.
They're always doing these cool exhibitions. They did a video screening in Paris on the Filter Bubble as part of Prospectif Cinéma program at Centre Pompidou. They did a collaboration with Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris (MAM), a series of solo and duo shows as interventions in MAM's exhibition, 'Co-workers', just to name a few.
While they have had open calls for artists for the past 5 years, receiving thousands of submissions from all over the world. They are currently focusing their efforts on a publishing project showcasing their work. They are NOT doing open calls at this time, but they are a good thing to have on your radar. You can contact at _EMAIL_. Artists should take note.


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Pentagon science advisers are recommending the U.S. military collect genetic information on its troops in hopes of building a more war-resistant force:
The U.S. military is a major consumer of medical services and has special medical needs compared to the general population. As the revolution in personal genomics proceeds, the military stands to benefit by implementing genomic technologies that enhance medical status and improve treatment outcomes. Furthermore, both offensive and defensive military operations may be impacted by the applications of personal genomics technologies through enhancement of the health, readiness, and performance of military personnel. It may be beneficial to know the genetic identities of an adversary and, conversely, to prevent an adversary from accessing the genetic identities of U.S. military personnel.
As the cost of charting an individual's genome has fallen — from $300 million a decade ago to a projected $100 by 2013 — scientists will be able to comb through millions of individuals' genome maps looking for common traits reflected in their DNA sequencing. "Researchers will have access to thousands or even millions of human genomes to seek correlations between genotypes [the genetic makeup of individuals] and phenotypes [the expression of genetic information in observable traits]," says the 54-page report, done by the so-called Jasons, the Pentagon's outside science advisory panel.
The December study, released by the Federation of American Scientists Project on Government Secrecy, says genetic markers could help build a military force resistant to "battlefield stress, including post-traumatic stress disorder, the ability to tolerate conditions of sleep deprivation, dehydration, or prolonged exposure to heat, cold, or high altitude, or the susceptibility to traumatic bone fracture, prolonged bleeding, or slow wound healing."
Of course, the Jasons warn, "acting on genotype information that is not convincingly linked to specific phenotypes could lead to erroneous and detrimental decision making." God forbid we have any of that in the military.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Jury Awards $24 Million For Botched Kidney Stone Removal
As reported in the The Times this week, on Thursday, an Illinois jury awarded a man nearly $24 million in medical malpractice case brought against a doctor and nurse practitioner following complications suffered while having a kidney stone removed from his ureter. According to court records, the plaintiff entered St. Mary's Hospital in Streator, Illinois in November 2001 for surgery involving a kidney stone in his ureter. During surgery, he underwent cardiac arrest and the flow of oxygen to his brain was interrupted. As a result of the oxygen interruption and subsequent stroke, the man lost most of his fine motor skills and suffers from spastic movement, severe double vision and slow, slurred speech, making him difficult to understand. He is married and has two children. Before the surgery, he worked for a phone company.
At STSW, our lawyers routinely handle medical malpractice / medical negligence cases in which patients have experienced cerebral hypoxia (the lost or reduced supply of oxygen to the brain) as the result of the administration of anesthesia or cardiac arrest. Generally speaking cases of cerebral hypoxia are placed into four categories: diffuse cerebral hypoxia (moderate impairment of the brain resulting from low oxygen levels in the blood), cerebral infarction, focal cerebral ischemia (often referred to as a stroke that occurs in a very localized area of the brain) and global cerebral ischemia (total stoppage of blood flow to the brain). When someone experiences a total deprivation of oxygen to the brain it is called anoxia. Often times physicians refer to patients as having suffered an anoxic brain injury. Anoxia often results from hypoxia (reduced oxygen availability). Another common term that is often heard, and which is associated with hypoxia is a TIA (transient ischemic attack). A TIA is essentially a mini stroke. The American Heart Association defines a TIA as a transient episode of neurologic dysfunction caused by a focal brain, spinal cord or retinal ischemia (reduced blood flow), without acute infarction. The symptoms associated with a TIA can resolve within a few minutes unlike a full blown stroke. TIAs are caused by the same things as strokes -- disruption of cerebral blood flow. Another common term that is often heard is a "silent stroke". A silent stroke is a stroke that does not manifest itself with any noticeable symptoms; i.e., there is no paralysis, no slurring of speech, etc. Essentially, the person has suffered a stroke but even they may not know it. While seemingly innocuous, however, silent strokes still cause damage to the brain due to the reduced blood flow to the brain and place the person at a greater risk of having a major stroke at some point in the future. Younger adults and women appear to be more at risk for silent strokes than other kinds of strokes according to the American Heart Association.
Regardless, under any of these circumstances, brain injuries can result. These injuries are often times extremely debilitating, resulting in the victim being unable to speak, move various limbs, and decreased intellectual capacity. These individuals often require a lifetime of care and treatment as they become unable to handle basic daily activities of living such as getting dressed, feeding themselves and/or brushing their teeth.
If you or a loved one has been the victim of stroke that you believe was caused by the negligence of a health care provider, call our firm at _PHONE_ for a free consultation.


How To Use Aggregate Function In R?
How do you use the Summarize function in R?
The combination of group_by and summarize is frequently done in R using the pipe operator. The pipe operator redirects the output of one function as the input of the next.
Mastering summarize and group_by
 - starwars %>%
 - group_by(species) %>%
 - summarize(avg= mean(height,na. rm=TRUE))
How does Group_by work in R?
Group by one or more variables
Most data operations are done on groups defined by variables. group_by() takes an existing tbl and converts it into a grouped tbl where operations are performed "by group". ungroup() removes grouping.
How do I aggregate data?
What is N () in R?
n=n() means that a variable named n will be assigned the number of rows (think number of observations) in the summarized data. the %>% is read as "and then" and is way of listing your functions sequentially rather then nesting them.


Sacred Texts Taoism Index Previous Next
1. Reason quickens all creatures. Virtue feeds them. Reality shapes them. The forces complete them. Therefore p. 109 among the ten thousand things there is none that does not esteem Reason and honor virtue.
2. Since the esteem of Reason and the honoring of virtue is by no one commanded, it is forever spontaneous.
3. Therefore it is said that Reason quickens all creatures, while virtue feeds them, raises them, nurtures them, completes them, matures them, rears them, and protects them.
4. To quicken but not to own, to make but not to claim, to raise but not to rule, this is called profound virtue.
Next: 52. Returning to the Origin


text:
University of Notre Dame
154 Hurley Hall
'Network Distance Based on Laplacian Flow on Graphs"
Distance between objects plays an important role in spectral clustering and machine learning. In this talk, we focus on proposing a distance between network objects. We first introduce a dynamic system on graphs called Laplacian flow. Based on this Laplacian flow, a new version of diffusion distance between networks is proposed. We will demonstrate the utility of the distance and its advantage over various existing distances such as Hamming distance through explicit examples. The distance is also applied for learning tasks such as for clustering network objects.


text:
Why should students with disabilities consider studying design fields?
According to Building a World Fit for People: Designers with Disabilities at Work, design itself is improved when individuals with disabilities participate as designers. Designers with disabilities found that "living with a disability while thinking about improving designed spaces had heightened their thoughtfulness, determination, maturity, problem-solving skills, empathy, aesthetic consciousness, kinesthetic awareness and social justice in design." The creativity they had developed to live well as an individual with a disability aided them in being successful in careers in design fields.
For students with disabilities interested in a creative career path, design fields like architecture, interior design, apparel design, landscape architecture, and graphic design can be great career choices. Design careers are creative fields that allow an individual to create work that fulfills others' needs, according to an article titled "What is Design?" by the Institute for Human Centered Design.
Inaccessible studio spaces and activities are often listed as reasons why some students with disabilities are not fully included or encouraged to pursue design. The incorporation of technology and universal design strategies can eliminate or minimize potential barriers so that students with all types of disabilities can participate and succeed in design classes.
For more information on careers in design fields and people with disabilities consult Why Design is a Good Fit for People with Disabilities.
AccessDesign has been developed in partnership with Access to Design Professions, Institute for Human Centered Design, (IHCD) Boston, MA and funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA).


text:
Academic courses are based on the same content as other SASD courses in science, social studies, language arts, and math.
Students have a daily resource block for the student-centered advisor/advisee program, providing guided time to plan and assess academic, personal, and social development in their project-based instruction.
Integrated Arts Courses
Integrated arts courses offer hands-on learning and exploration in music, creative movement, visual arts, tech ed, drama, and creative writing. As students progress in these creative synthesizing disciplines, the academics are integrated, allowing students to create projects around their core interests. Performance-based assessment is used to evaluate these self-directed projects.
Facilitator-Guided Online Courses
Facilitator-guided online courses will provide specialized electives, including extended world language offerings and independent learning with a teacher guiding the student through each course.
21st Century Reporting System
To assist students in reflecting with depth on their educational progress, a 21st Century reporting system will replace the standard SASD report card. Student achievement will be measured with a report card assessing mastery of both academic benchmarks and 21st Century skills, a portfolio of student work, and parent-student-teacher conferences.


A single dose of diclofenac potassium is more effective for postoperative pain than the more commonly used diclofenac sodium
This Cochrane systematic review found that the same single dose of fast-acting diclofenac potassium tablets is more effective for moderate to severe short-term postoperative pain relief than coated diclofenac sodium tablets. Both versions were compared with a placebo, rather than each other. On average, only two people need to be treated with a single dose of the fast acting pill instead of the dummy pill for one to experience adequate pain relief. The rate of adverse effects after a single dose was low and there was no difference between the two drugs. Across all uses, diclofenac sodium is much more commonly prescribed in the NHS. Because this is usually in a coated formulation its absorption is slowed and blood levels are lower than with the uncoated diclofenac potassium. This evidence suggests diclofenac potassium (50mg) is the better option for acute postoperative pain relief in adults.
Why was this study needed?
Diclofenac, a widely used pain-killer, belongs to the group of drugs called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). It is available in two tablet forms: fast-acting diclofenac potassium and slower-acting (enteric coated) diclofenac sodium. In 2013 diclofenac sodium accounted for 98% of diclofenac prescriptions in England. Diclofenac potassium used to be available without prescription but was withdrawn after concerns over long term use and risks to the heart and vascular system. A 2009 Cochrane systematic review identified 15 trials comparing the two forms of diclofenac for the treatment of postoperative pain. The current review (2015) is an update and includes three new trials on top of the original 15.
What did this study do?
A total of 3,714 adults were included in this review of 18 randomised controlled trials in which a single dose of diclofenac taken by mouth was compared with a placebo in the relief of moderate to severe postoperative pain. The main measure of success was participants self-reporting at least 50% relief from postoperative pain over four to six hours after taking a single dose of diclofenac or placebo. Trials used standard pain scoring systems, such as visual analogue pain scales (see definitions). Most of the evidence available was for a single dose of 50mg diclofenac potassium.
What did it find?
 - The pooled results of seven trials showed that about two people would need to be treated with a single 50mg dose of diclofenac potassium in order for one person to achieve at least 50% pain relief compared with a placebo. There was gradual improvement in the effectiveness of diclofenac potassium as the dose increased from 25mg to 50mg to 100mg.
 - By comparison, three studies examining single dose 50mg diclofenac sodium found that around seven people would need to be treated for one person to achieve at least 50% pain relief compared with inactive placebo. These trials of the slower-acting preparation were conducted in similar populations to the trials of the fast-acting version.
 - The rate of adverse effects with either type of diclofenac was low and no different from placebo. No serious side effects were reported. However, few trials reported on adverse effects – seven studies for diclofenac potassium and only one for diclofenac sodium. Therefore we can have less confidence in this finding.
What does current guidance say on this issue?
There is no guidance on the broad issue of postoperative pain relief. NICE does issue advice on the well-recognised potential adverse effects in continued use of all NSAIDs on the digestive system (for example, irritation and bleeding) and kidney function. NICE also highlights the possible risks of several NSAIDs, including diclofenac, on the heart and vascular system, for example increased risk of blood clots. However, these risks are more likely to be linked to long-term use rather than the short-term use which was the focus of this review.
What are the implications?
This review found that fast-acting diclofenac potassium provided more effective relief from postoperative pain than placebo. While the studies didn't directly compare fast-release diclofenac potassium with slow-release diclofenac sodium, comparing both against a placebo suggested the fast-acting preparation was more effective. We know diclofenac sodium is currently much more commonly prescribed in the NHS as a whole. The review findings suggest that diclofenac is more effective for severe to moderate short-term postoperative pain.
Most of the evidence was for 50mg diclofenac potassium, far fewer trials looked at 25mg and 100mg resulting in a weaker evidence base around these doses.
Doctors may be reluctant to prescribe diclofenac for postoperative pain because of historical concerns over the potential risk of harms to the digestive system, kidneys or heart and vascular system. The limited evidence on adverse effects available in this review suggests that a single dose of diclofenac is very safe for the relief of postoperative pain. This high quality review may encourage more use of fast-acting diclofenac potassium.
Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA. Single dose oral diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(7):CD004768.
NICE. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Key Therapeutic Topic 13. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2015.
Visual analogue pain scale (VAS) is an example of a standardised pain measure to help people show the level of pain they are experiencing. The scale, a 10cm line, has a "no pain" labelled on the far left and "extreme pain" on the right. The person is asked to mark the line at a position corresponding to the amount of pain they feel.
Expert commentary
This updated review on single dose oral diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in adults includes significantly more patients and has allowed stronger conclusions to be made with regard to formulation. Fast acting formulations, predominantly diclofenac potassium, had clear advantages over diclofenac sodium (enteric coated).
Diclofenac potassium 50 mg has a number needed to treat (NNT) for at least 50% maximum pain relief of about 2 with a low rate of adverse events no different from placebo.
This evidence strongly supports the routine use of diclofenac potassium 50mg for acute postoperative pain in adults, unless there are strong contraindications.
Dr John Goddard, Consultant in paediatric anaesthesia and pain medicine, Sheffield Children's Hospital


Thursday, 28 February 2019
# Saints
Pope Saint Hilary
The 28th of February is the feast day of Pope Saint Hilary (5th c.). He is also known as Pope Saint Hilarius.
Pope Saint Hilary lived in the 5th century and was the Bishop of Rome between 461 and 468. Little is known of his early life apart from that he was from Sardinia. He became archdeacon during Pope Saint Leo the Great pontificate and worked closely with him as an aid. He was sent as a papal legate to the Council of Ephesus in 449 where he fought against the monophysite heresy. His life was threatened because of this and he was forced to hide and he fled back to Rome. After Pope Leo's death, he was elected as pope. As pope, Saint Hilary affirmed the rights of the papacy in spiritual matters, fighting against the Roman Emperor and sought the organisation and disciplining of the bishops of the Holy See. He worked to build and remodelled the Roman churches and public places, decorating them.


text:
When a family receives a heifer, they receive much more than an animal. It's a gift that provides all of what Heifer calls the seven Ms: Milk, Manure, Muscle, Meat, Money, Materials and Motivation. And those seven things turn into health, houses, education and nutrition.
|Orphans at the Prison Fellowship
Romania Center share a meal.
Maria Moraru (above) is involved in a project called Farmers Feed the Children in Romania. In return for a heifer, 150 project families agreed to not only Pass on the Gift to another family in need, but to also donate a portion of the milk to feed local children. Milk is distributed among 12 children's hospitals and orphanages. So far, more than 22,000 gallons of milk have been delivered, and more than 5,000 children per year are benefiting from this project. Maria's cow Americana has produced a total of seven offspring and produces eight to nine gallons of milk a day–plenty to drink, sell and donate.
A cow can produce several gallons of milk a day. That milk provides needed protein for undernourished children or adults sick with diseases like HIV/AIDS. Milk also contains vitamins A, C and D, which help eyesight and bone strength.
Families are taught how to use cow manure as a fertilizer for gardens or crops. Cow manure can add significant amounts of organic material to the soil, improving the overall health of the Earth and producing healthy, vigorous plants.
With gallons of milk a day, families have more than enough to drink. Often, the leftover milk is sold at market to provide extra income for the family, which can pay for food, health care, home improvements and school fees so children get an education.
This holiday season, consider giving the gift of a heifer in honor of your childhood babysitter, who always fixed you chocolate milk before bed. And read more blog posts about how cows have changed the lives of our project participants all over the world.
Photos by David Snyder


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This is a continuation of the "Understanding Symptoms" information on this website.
Homotoxicology is the study of toxins and their removal from the human body. You can't really understand disease if you don't understand homotoxicology. It involves the progression of either health or illness. Nature has a step-by-step process to keep the life cycle going. It is never ending. We are a part of that process. Homotoxicology helps us understand where a person is in the stage of their health. A disease is a process. It always starts from the outside of the body, and then goes deeper to the cellular level. So, if disease is a process, then that means health must also be a process. Disease is not an independent state that appears out the blue. Diseases always progress from mild to chronic to terminal, and vice versa for as health improves. People begin in a state of good health. If they become ill, they can return to good health because of the symptoms being experienced. Scientific medicine doesn't agree with this approach. They see a person with a chronic disease and stop or suppress the symptoms that are necessary to bring them back to health, which can never get them back to wellness.
There is a constant cycle happening within the terrain. That cycle goes in two different directions. One direction means health and the other means disease. You are always moving in one of those directions. For an example, conditions such as diarrhea, pimples, gas, or a fever are processes that the body must go through to maintain health. On the flip side, having fibromyalgia or arthritis means you are moving in the direction of chronic disease. As I mention in the other sections of this website, there is no right or wrong in nature. It will go in whatever direction it needs to go depending on the state of the terrain, in an effort to adapt accordingly. This is what maintains homeostasis within the body. When the healing process is not achievable, or efficient enough, then the issue goes deeper into the tissues of the body which insults the body even more.
The body sees things that don't belong in it to be toxic. The reaction of the body is to create inflammation to trap and seal off the toxins to protect the rest of the terrain. While this is happening it is also healing the insult area. Once the body feels its job is completed, it will remove the waste through the elimination channels of the body. Then symptoms like skin issues and the common cold may be experienced. The next stage is where disease can develop if the body cannot finish its job of elimination. This is because the problem goes deeper into the tissues. This is caused by blockages in the terrain, which are often the result of the use of medication that stops the healing process. Remember, symptoms are necessary and will continue to occur until the body is satisfied. The effects of medication will only be temporary, and you are doing nothing more than allowing the waste to go deeper into the tissues by delaying the healing process. Once the medication wears off the body will return to its healing process until the job is completed. If the problem remains then more resources have to be used, which means the body will use more energy. It uses more energy from both a physical and cellular point of view. Once all resources have been tapped and drained, then chronic diseases can become cancerous. This is because the body has used all its resources, and it begins to prepare to be decomposed and then recycled. As I mentioned earlier, nature has a process to keep the life cycle going. We came from the soil (that's why we are called human beings), and when we die we return to the soil to be recycled for nature to use again.
I have developed a homotoxicology chart that simplifies the original which was developed by Dr. Hans Heinrich Reckeweg. Click on the "Homotoxicology Chart" button above to view the chart. It has six phases. These phases are: elimination, inflammation, deposition, impregnation, degeneration, and dedifferentiation. Reading from left to right you can track the progression of the phases of diseases. When your body enters the fourth phase (impregnation) it has become weaker and the condition is chronic. At this point, the toxins or waste that don't belong are getting closer to the cellular level. If this issue isn't resolved, the problem will reach the cellular level, and it will cause degeneration of the cells, which is the fifth phase. This is called oxidative stress caused by free radicals (the waste that doesn't belong). The last stage is dedifferentiation, and this is where cancer develops.
The last stage (dedifferentiation) is the hardest to deal with because the body itself has given up and lost control of the situation. The only way to go back towards health is for the person to truly want to live and let go of whatever emotional issues they have. They must change their environment and behavior in all areas of life. When these things are done then there is opportunity for the body to return to a health state.
As you can see from the chart, to reach health again you may experience unwanted symptoms. We call this a healing crisis. A healing crisis is when the body is getting rid of the waste from the tissues, and it is going through the normal process. Some may experience extreme symptoms such as migraine headaches. This is due to the body detoxifying much faster than the elimination system can handle. So it is important to know how to treat a person that is ill. The farther along they are in the disease phase, the more gentle the therapy must be. It is critical to always support the liver and kidneys in the chronic disease phase so the healing crisis won't be so extreme. As far as homotoxicology is concerned, this is health.
Even you are moving towards health or disease… regardless you are moving in one of those directions.


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From Rob Collins:
The name [quire] comes from Medieval Latin quaternus "a set of four" which
became quaier in Old French and quire in English.
I assume you could add Spanish
cuaderno [notebook] to the list of quaternus
From Steve Whitelaw:
About 40 days. I recall reading, although I have forgotten the source, that
the ancient scrolls contained a word that meant something like "quite a while", which in translation became "40 days", and that explains why so many
events in Biblical times lasted for 40 days, or "40 days and 40 nights." Any
information on that?
We checked for occurrences of 40 days in the Old Testament and the
New Testament. The corresponding Hebrew word in the Old Testament was 'arba'iym,
and the corresponding Greek word in the New Testament was tessarakonta.
Both of these mean "forty". If there are any Hebrew or Greek
scholars out there who are aware of different nuances to these words, do let
About "Old Dart". This is just wild speculation of the worst kind, but is
there any chance that the reference was to Dartmoor, the infamous English prison? If it was in existence at that time, many of those sent to Australia
many have been in Dartmoor.
This connection is discounted by every etymologist
who discusses the term Old Dart.
Great site. First thing I look at on Monday morning. Cheers me right up.
From Anson Young:
No quarter: I didn't see this sense of
quarter (meaning'sparing the lives of surrendering enemies') in you recent discussion of
Well we did consider including
this but decided against it because the derivation of that
particular meaning is rather obscure and we do like to be sure of ourselves.
(Well, the site is called Take Our Word For It). One suggestion is that it arose
from the notion of "giving quarter" or quarters, to
prisoners. If a prisoner is to be put to death, he isn't given a place
to stay for any length of time. This sense arose in the early 17th
From Bruce Yanoshek:
In this week's issue, you called the possessive
its irregular. If it were a noun, its possessive form would be irregular, but no apostrophe is regular for possessive pronouns.
You are correct in that it is not irregular with
regard to other pronouns. Please forgive our lapse from perfection - we'll go
back and change it.
From Greg Umberson:
Just wanted to make a small comment on the story behind
tragedy. You say that "the original Greek word was tragodia which seems to be formed from
tragos, "goat" +ode, "song" but there is little agreement on why this should be so." I thought some of your readers might be interested to know one theory mentioned in a few books about why this should be so. The early Greeks held contests with three plays on a tragic theme, followed by a burlesque play involving a satyr, a mythical creature being part man and part goat. Thus the contest comprised 3 plays followed by a "goat song". Another possible connection between goats and tragedy (are goats inherently more tragic or comic?): a sacrificial goat was often the prize for these early contests.
There's also an interesting connection between tragical goats and
aegis. The original Greek for "goat" was aix/aig (the x
would be pronounced as a "g" in certain derivations). The shield (or cloak) entrusted by Zeus to Athena was supposed to have been covered with (or made of) goatskin and called
aegis (Zeus having been suckled by a she-goat as a baby). So where does the "tr" come from in "tragedy"? Prefix to
aix/aig the Indo-European t(e)r/tor, meaning "rub, gnaw, crush, etc.", to get
tr + ago. Now you have the Greek tragos, meaning a "gnawing goat" or "he-goat" (as opposed to
aix/aig which was used for she-goats).
Thanks again, keep up the good work, and a Happy 4th of July.
We hope you had a good
Independence Day, yourself. As for the tragic goat connection [hmm... good
title for a movie?], that is all quite interesting. We'd like to see
whether the author(s) of these theories are making educated guesses or have
some evidence to back them up. Thanks, Greg.
From Ramona Boersma:
"Almost infinite" means a very large number of unknown extent, but that is not technically infinite (without end). Does "almost without end" bother you? It is effective at getting the point across, and is much more elegant than saying something like "extremely numerous," which lacks the emphasis that "almost infinite" has.
From Felix Hoffman:
Firstly, a comment about almost infinite.
While I agree that this does not make literal sense, it nevertheless represents a valid idea which may be roughly paraphrased as 'no limits need
to be taken into account for present purposes'. Almost unlimited/limitless means much the same thing but appears to be more acceptable. Perhaps we
should think of it as a manner of speaking, like "The sky is the limit". Infinity itself is very much a theoretical concept, something that may be
approximated but never reached. For example, parallel lines are said to meet in infinity (but I'm not on firm territory here).
Secondly, I am a bit miffed about the condescension you show by stating
"For any speakers of English as a second language out there (and any native
English speakers who just don't know), it's is a contraction of "it is", while its is the possessive (albeit irregular) form of it."
By this you insinuate that anyone whose first language is not English has no hope of getting the distinction right.
My claim is that someone who bothers to learn a foreign language in a systematic fashion (at school age or even later in life) is more, not less
likely to know such basic details. I invariably see this error made by people posting on the net (maybe they're
just too lazy to reach for the apostrophe key). Anyway, it is worth remembering that the use of the apostrophe is a mere
typographical convention which serves to distinguish a pair of perfect homophones. The linguistic value of such distinctions is questionable (after
all, you are not likely to confuse it's and its when listening to spoken English).
Of course we were referring to the literal sense
of infinity, but your discussions were nonetheless interesting.
for addressing "speakers of English as a second language" in the
discussion of it's vs. its, we did so because the person
initiating the conversation was a non-native speaker discussing the difficulty
that non-native speakers have with those homophones. We do not believe
that we insinuated to even the slightest degree that non-native speakers have
no hope of getting it right. We simply addressed the speakers of English
as a second (or third or fourth...) language as that is what the writer was
talking about. We agree that some non-native speakers are more likely to
use it's and its correctly than native speakers for the reasons
From Pierre Roberge:
I really enjoy your website, but... Yes, there is a "but", I'm sorry to say.
Today is the First of July, Canada Day; being a proud Canadian, I feel I have to comment on your reply to Ms. Pizzolato (Issue 161, Word to the Wise). You write "Some of them simply hopped across the border into Maine and the rest traveled all the way to the deep south..." That implies that all or most Acadians chose to migrate there. The fact is that they were forcefully expelled from their homes by the British, then deported. The "Acadiens" call it "Le grand dérangement", that is, "The Great Trouble".
Just thought you'd like to know about that shameful bit of British history.
I'll sign off now lest gloom settles in; after all, today should be all about celebrations! So... Vive le Canada!
We apologize if it sounded as
though we were trivializing the move of the Acadians to the U.S. We did
not intend to do so. We have Cajun friends in Louisiana who are proud of
their heritage and communicate their history quite readily (and ably).
Thank you for that clarification.
From Erica Hruby:
To drag out the discussion of now words meaning "later":
I was in South Africa last year, and I recall a similar distinction being drawn locally between now and the near future:
now now means "right now," while just now means "in the near future."
I hope I am recalling this verbiage correctly.
Thanks, Erica. The thought that now has
shifted meaning so much that folk must say now now to make themselves
understood has quite made our day. On the other hand, it has caused us to
wonder why people say now now to soothe a baby.
From Mats Tölöberg:
A small comment on the little Welsh
sentence in the recent edition of Curmudgeon's
Corner: As a multilingual Swede, having studied in Wales but currently living in Luxembourg, I fully agree with Mike that Welsh names are more
beautiful than English ones. In addition it always warms my heart a little


Blancco Drive Eraser issue report is a detailed report that contains additional system information and log files which can be used to understand and reproduce a problem that has occurred with Blancco Drive Eraser. The issue report file is encrypted and it can only be opened by Blancco personnel. The issue report file's default name is in the following format: "". If the issue report file is opened, for example with some text editor software, the following comment line will be shown: "issue". This comment entry makes it possible to quickly tell the difference between a normal report, an issue report and a crash report.
If you are having a problem with the Blancco Drive Eraser, and the most common troubleshooting tips and user manual instructions do not seem to help, it is time to contact Blancco's Technical Support team. When contacting Technical Support, it is important to include the Blancco Drive Eraser issue report in the contact ticket. It is recommended that the issue report file should be zipped before adding it as an attachment.
To collect the issue report:
Drive Eraser:
 1. Connect a USB memory stick to the computer.
 2. Click the Report issue button, or press F2.
 3. Select the USB memory device from the "Select media" list.
 4. It is recommended to use the default issue report name, but it is fine to add more details to the file name (for example if you are sending more than one issue report).
 5. Write a problem description to the "Problem description" field.
 6. Click "Save" to save the report on a USB stick, or click "Send" to send the issue report to Blancco Management Console.
Management Console:
Is used when erasure control is set to "Management Console" on Blancco Drive Eraser.
 1. Navigate to Live Management page under Process Management.
 2. Select correct Drive eraser session.
 3. Select "Fetch Issue report" from Manage Session drop menu.
 4. Write a problem description to the "Comment" field.
 5. Refresh "Live Management" page and download issue report from "Manage Session" Drop menu.
In addition to collecting the issue report, there should a description of the technical issue included in the support ticket:
 - What is the exact problem?
 - Was there some specific error message?
 - What steps were taken before the problem occurred?
The best moment to collect the issue report is right after the problem has occurred. For example: An erasure process has been finished, but Blancco Drive Eraser reports "Verification failed" for all of the hard drives, even though there should be no obvious reason for this to happen. Now is the best moment for collecting the issue report. The whole erasure process has been completed, and now the issue report log files will more likely show what went wrong in the verification part of the process. If the issue report is collected right after Blancco Drive Eraser is started, and before the verification part fails, then the log files will only provide process details up that point.
In some cases it is not possible to save the issue report (for example system crashes during startup, software freezes during erasure, etc.). In cases like these there is a possibility to collect a Blancco Drive Eraser crash report (Blancco 5 version 5.8.0 or newer).


Derek Hoffend | Portal
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About This Project
August 2014
Size: Approximately 7' x 9' x 4 ½'
Materials: Polyester Drafting Film, RGB LED Strips, Sound, Speakers, Microcontrollers, Audio Equipment
Portal is a sculptural installation combining sound, colored light, and constructed forms designed to create a zone for repose and relaxation.
Each crystalline form contains colored lights that slowly pulse and cycle between blue, bright violet, and indigo, as well as a speaker for transmitting sound. The sounds are layered sine-wave frequencies composed in harmonic relationships. Using monaural and binaural beat-patterning techniques, the sounds pulse rhythmically back and forth between each shape and across the viewer in interlocking patterns. These patterns can assist in inducing calmness and relaxed brainwave states.
The goal of this project is to create a space and generate an ambience that can enable a positive mood-altering experience.
The sounds employ the use of drones combined with rhythmic pulses to illicit shifts in attention, facilitate anxiety reduction, assist in trance-like states, calm the nervous system, smooth or tune brainwaves, and assist feelings of well-being.
The color and light patterns are designed to combine synergistically with the sound for similar effects. References to sacred spaces such as stone circles, new-age iconography, mythic and sci-fi symbolism, are intentional in the creation of the ambience generated by Portal.


text:
There is a gap between what is researched and what is published.
The Journal of Trial & Error aims to close that gap.
In scientific practice, trial and error is a fundamental process of learning and discovery. Therefore, JOTE aims to make public the lessons of the struggles in research. JOTE is convinced about the productive role of errors, and so we aim to publish answers to the question "what went wrong?" in the form of short communications (empirical articles), and to problematize this question by reflection on those errors (reflection articles). JOTE also welcomes reports of methodological challenges, suggestions, or technical flaws that carry relevant information for the field to which they belong (meta-research articles). Finally, to further open up the black box of academia, we publish rejected grant applications and peer-reviews.
Read our editorial to learn more about JOTE's goals, and the benefits of publishing errors.


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My understanding is that there are two broad categories of cilia: motile and non-motile (also called primary.
Examples of the former include sperm flagella and the cilia of epithelial cells that line the airways.
Examples of the latter are mostly single cilia that protrude from the cell and act as an antenna, usually packed with certain receptors (HH pathway, Notch pathway etc.)
In the inner ear, a primary cilium called the kinocilium extends out of the center of the apical side of hair cells and migrates to the lateral side over the course of a few days. This cilium is non-motile, it is simply anchored to a basal body which is pulled to one side of the cell.
Does anyone know of another such example in any other tissue? A single non-motile primary cilium whose basal body migrates along the apical plane of the cell after docking with the cell cortex.
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1 Answer 1
It's hypothesized that planar cell polarity is many cases functionally associated with asymmetry of (primary) cilia (Axelrod (2008)). So, the phenomenon of primary cilium migration could be not that infrequent. One example is the development of ependymal cells in brain ventricules: They are multiciliated and the cilia are motile, but ciliogenesis starts from a single cilium, which is not motile and which migrates from the apex to the rostral end of the cell:
Seemingly less clear (for me, at least) cases are non-motile single cilia on the lens fiber cells and may be, embryal node cilia (which are motile in the mature state):
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Your Answer


Gradle Project Layout
30 June 2020
Most build systems use the file system as the project layout. It's most notably the case for Make-based build system. [1] The file system-based project modelling approach is quick and easy to implement. It relies on a simple check with the file system, and off the build goes.
However, it's not a magic solution as it can be. What happens when projects are deeply nested? Or when we move projects around? Or when we deal with legacy tools assuming a specific layout? The solutions are often unimaginative and simply work around the core issue. For example, native projects often prefer a flat layout. Developers split the includes, binaries, and source codes into top-level folders.
Gradle has a distinct model for the project layout and on-disk layout. By convention, both follow the same layout, e.g. project :foo is in folder foo. However, we can configure Gradle to use two different layouts. The Nokee project remap all projects inside the subprojects folders. The project folders follow a kebab convention, which differs from the project name, following a lowerCamelCase convention.
Gradle doesn't stop there. We can change the source layout convention, from the well-known Maven layout to something completely different. We can relocate the build directory anywhere we want. It renders the argument of in-source build vs out-source build irrelevant as Gradle can do both, or an hybrid or something completely crazy. The point is, Gradle is much more flexible than everyone is using it.
With all this flexibility offered by Gradle, there isn't an optimal project layout. It depends on your projects. Here are some guidelines to help you choose the right project layout.
Focus on what you are building instead of how
Identifying the building blocks inside your repository will help create the project layout. Whether your organization follows a mono-repo or multi-repo or whatever the on-disk source layout may be, there are always holistic building blocks to your projects. Each of those blocks is a project. Some of those blocks may only make sense together; make a note of them.
Some questions that can help you are:
 - What kind of component is your build producing? Application? Library? Something else?
 - What are you distributing to your clients? RPM? Zip archives?
 - What is the relationship between your components? 3rd party libraries build from sources? Helper tools?
 - What are the artifacts produced? For other projects? For testing?
Make your developers happy
Identifying which building blocks are essential to your developers will help establish an efficient project layout. The developers are the users of the build. The build system needs to work with them. They also know which projects as well as which actions they require for their daily work.
For example, the holistic project layout may favour deep nesting of the projects. However, the developer may only care about executing test coverage for a project subset. It's not about solving the deep nesting of projects but rather providing tasks to allow smooth test coverage execution. Or maybe offer an umbrella project that exposes an aggregated set of actions for a subset of projects.
Did you know Gradle creates intermediate projects in your hierarchy? For example, include 'a:b:c' creates a project :a, project :a:b and project :a:b:c. Project :a could contain convenient tasks that act on its subprojects. Then developer could execute./gradlew :a:foo which would apply to project :a:b and project :a:b:c.
Not all projects needs a build script
Some build systems identify projects by the presence of a build script. Gradle configures projects as declared in the settings.gradle[.kts] file. Whether the project build script exists or not, the project still exists and is configurable.
Did you know Gradle can inject configuration code inside any projects? project(path, Action), subprojects(Action) and allprojects(Action) are great ways to configure other projects than the currently configuring projects. For example, you could use a single build.gradle to configure multiple projects:
include 'a:b1'
include 'a:b2'
include 'a:b3'
project('b1') {
 //configure b1
project('b2') {
 //configure b2
project('b3') {
 // configure b3
You could even model the b* projects inside project :a with an extension.
Prefer convention-over-configuration
The convention is always much more powerful than configuring each project individually. Suppose a C library project is defined by the presence of C source files located by convention in src/main/cpp. We could have something like this in the root build script:
allprojects {
 if (file('src/main/cpp').exists) {
 apply plugin: 'dev.nokee.cpp-library'
These four lines of code may apply to 100s of projects. There was no need to create build.gradle files in those 100s of projects.
Now suppose some of those C++ library projects are in fact applications, we could build a look aside list of those exceptions and barely make the configuration anymore complicated:
def applicationProjects = [':foo', ':bar']
allprojects {
 if (applicationProjects.contains(path)) {
 apply plugin: 'dev.nokee.cpp-application'
 } else {
 apply plugin: 'dev.nokee.cpp-library'
If by convention, application projects have an App suffix, we don't need the lookaside list. It may be tempting to nest applications and libraries under umbrella projects to allow easy configurations such as project(':lib').subprojects { … }. Experience has shown it's usually better to avoid this kind of configuration. There are some cases where it makes sense.
Did you know each build script is a Turin-complete language? You can write modelling code as you see fit. For example, suppose your project has 1000s of projects, but they all follow a similar on-disk convention layout. You could write a file system walker to discover every project. Since Gradle is JVM-based, you can use the API) for this purpose. There are some performance considerations, but we can mitigate them one way or another.
1. Technically, Make don't have a concept of projects, but most developers write their project modelling on top, which are mostly file-based.


The Dangerous Instagram Trend That's Harming Your Pets
In a worrying trend across social media, pet owners everywhere are dressing up their animals in anti-COVID face masks, a seemingly cute and innocent photo opportunity that could have potentially fatal consequences.
can my dog wear a mask?
Reasons for taking snaps of masked moggies or pooches vary in intention, with some influencers aiming to send out an adorable but persuasive post aimed at anti-maskers, while others are merely on a quest for likes or genuinely fearful their pet might contract the virus.
But whatever people's reasoning, the reaction from veterinarians and animal experts have all been the same and many are now warning pet owners of the severe stress and anxiety face coverings can cause pets.
Why Putting Masks On Pets Is Dangerous
Despite there being rare and isolated cases of dogs and cats contracting coronavirus, there is currently almost no evidence suggesting they can pass the disease on to humans and so masking up a pup is still certainly not a necessary action.
However, in this age of mistrust, many pet owners are ignoring the lack of evidence and still covering up their pets to be on the safe side.
The vast majority though are merely donning their dalmatians in masks for likes and attention on their social media accounts, with many even using it as a photo opportunity to appeal to face covering and COVID sceptics.
poodles in face masks for pandemic
But even if it looks really cute, it certainly isn't clever and according to Melbourne Veterinarian Dr Melissa Meehan, forcing a dog in particular to wear a face mask could kill them in a worst-case scenario.
Speaking to Yahoo News, Dr Meehan said: "As a vet, I am constantly treating dogs and cats that suffer from stress and anxiety, which impacts on their health and mental wellbeing and also causes behavioural issues,
"Putting a mask on a dog or cat can absolutely cause distress."
Forcing an animal to wear such a covering over their face is, therefore, going to be very agitating for them and could cause them health issues if worn for long periods of time.
She also made it clear that masks can impair an animal's breathing, "which can increase their stress levels and could even be fatal."
shihtzu in mask
This is especially true of certain breeds of dogs such as brachycephalic types who already typically suffer from breathing difficulties.
Adding a mask into the equation is only going to make the basic requirement to breathe even more of a struggle, putting their life at risk.
Unfortunately, this is not exactly a new trend either.
In the early days of the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan and various areas of China, plenty of people were photographed or filmed placing face masks on their beloved pets.
In their defence, the virus was still a very unknown quantity then and they were probably rightfully worried about the safety of their animals.
do pets need a mask for covid
However, even though there is still much to be discovered, evidence that animals can spread the disease remains non-existent.
This means the current bombarding of mammals in masks on Instagram is cruel and harmful to pets and doesn't actually do them or you any good.
So while we humans definitely should be campaigning to each other to all wear masks, are moggies and pooches shouldn't have any part in the advertising.
We'd much rather see you in a mask than Rover!
Why Pets Don't Need To Wear Face Masks
All over the globe, guidelines from various governments and scientists have promoted the wearing of masks to help prevent the spread of coronavirus, with some declaring it mandatory in closed public spaces.
For example, in the UK this week, face coverings were made compulsory in shops, supermarkets and on public transport, a rule many people have instantly adhered to.
why pets dont need masks for coronavirus
In a woeful case of timing though, a pet cat also became the first case of its kind to test positive for coronavirus in the UK, sending many people into panic mode.
So even if people are merely uploading masked photos of pets for fun or because it's 'cute', you may well be convincing other nervous and worried pet owners that popping a face covering on your pet is the done thing!
why cats shouldnt wear masks covid
But although several cats and dogs have now tested positive for coronavirus around the world, it remains a rare occurrence.
It's also important to note that each animal to contract the virus so far has displayed very low traces of it in their system and have also been unable to spread it to another human.
The World Organisation for Animal Health has stated that currently, there is no evidence to suggest that animals infected by humans are playing a role in the spread of COVID-19,
Human outbreaks are driven by person-to-person contact and to date, there is no evidence that companion animals have spread the disease.
This means that the handful of pets who have been unlucky enough to catch the disease have done so from their owners, and not the other way round!
So if you're truly worried about your pet catching coronavirus, it's YOU who needs to wear a mask rather than them, as well as limit contact with them if you suspect you have symptoms.
Why would you ever want to hide away that adorable face anyway!?


A fortiori argument
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An a fortiori argument /ˈɑː fɔːrtɪˈr/[1] is an "argument from a yet stronger reason." (The phrase a fortiori is Latin for "from [something] stronger".)
An a fortiori argument draws upon existing confidence in a proposition to argue in favor of a second proposition that is held to be implicit in the first. The second proposition may be considered "weaker," and therefore the arguer adduces a "stronger" proposition to support it.
For example, if it has been established that a person is dead (the stronger reason), then one can with equal or greater certainty argue that the person is not breathing. "Being dead" trumps other arguments that might be made to show that the person is not breathing, such as, for instance, not seeing any sign of breathing.
In the English language, the phrase a fortiori is most often used as an adverbial phrase meaning "by even greater force of logic" or "all the more so".
Bryan Garner, an authority on usage, has written in Garner's Modern American Usage that writers sometimes use a fortiori as an adjective, which he says is "a usage to be resisted." As an example of this he gives the sentence, "Clearly, if laws depend so heavily on public acquiescence, the case of conventions is an a fortiori [read even more compelling] one."[2]
A fortiori arguments are regularly used in Jewish Law under the name kal va-chomer (Light and Heavy).
In ancient Indian logic (nyaya), an a fortiori inference is known as kaimutika or kaimutya nyaya, from the words kim uta meaning "even more so."
In Islamic jurisprudence, a fortiori arguments are among the methods used in qiyas (reasoning by analogy).[3]
In the New Testament, St. Paul often used a fortiori arguments, e.g.:
 - Romans 5:10, 15, 17 and 11:12, 24
 - 2 Corinthians 3:9, 11
Jesus used a fortiori in teaching, e.g.:
 - the ravens and lilies of the field (Luke 12:24–29)
 - the sinners giving good gifts to their children (Matthew 7:8–11; cf. Luke 11:13)
See also[edit]
 1. ^ Morwood, James (1998). A Dictionary of Latin Words and Phrases. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. x–xii. ISBN 978-0-19-860109-8.
 2. ^ Garner, Bryan A. (2009). Garner's Modern American Usage (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-19-538275-4.
 3. ^ Hallaq, Wael (2009). Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 105. ISBN _PHONE_.
 - Grabenhorst, Thomas K.: Das argumentum a fortiori, Verlag „Peter Lang" 1990 ISBN 3-631-43261-5.
 - Schneider: Logik für Juristen, pages 158ff.


text:
They say a healthy pet usually makes a happy pet. This is not just a cliché but a true saying. With activity and location tracking device you can ensure your pets are safe and healthy without having to worry over them so much. It tells you where your pet is at every point.
All that is required is the purchase of the product and the rest is taken care of. Let's delve deeper and discover more, shall we?
Findster Duo Plus is ideal for those who hope to keep an eye on their pets at every point. There is no subscription fee to contend with, it also features an app that makes it easy to monitor your pet. Although it's quite expensive we like that it offers users lots of options and features some of which include:
Findster Care Membership
You can subscribe to Findster Care Membership. Here you are provided with a team of professional and well-experienced veterinary doctors who are on hand to keep watchful eyes on your pets, this they do through the Findster Duo monitoring. It enables them to critically analyze your pet's behavior over a certain period, from which they can identify any change in the physical appearance or behavioral pattern of your pet.
Timely Detection of Illnesses
The product isn't just an activity tracking and monitoring device but one that enables you to detect any health problems your pet may be facing. Through constant monitoring and analysis of your pet's behavior and your local context, the device can detect any deviation from your pet's normal behavior and will notify you immediately. The veterinary doctors are the ones to do this. For instance, you will be notified if it's mosquito season, the symptoms to watch out for and the precautionary measures to take to prevent malaria.
Findster does not use cellular service. Rather it makes use of cellular towers to locate your pet thereby ensuring real-time tracking of your pet.
- It features two modules, one is meant for your pet and the other is meant for you. With the use of MAZE technology, you can communicate wirelessly within a radius of 3 miles (4.8km).
- The device also enables you to monitor your pet using its application (Findster App). To use the app effectively, create safe areas around your pet's location on the map during your walks and once your pet leaves that safe zone, you will be notified immediately. However, you will need to be close enough, else it won't be able to update and send you timely notifications.
The device can be used anywhere. Therefore, whether you are walking the ground or running through no man's land, you are sure of your pet's protection, health, and safety. We like that it can be used without the need for cellular network. So, even if you are in a no-service zone, it can still send you updates and notifications.
With the Findster Duo, you can monitor more than one pet at a time all without any subscription fee or extra charge. However, note that the Duo plus can only function during walks and is ineffective for indoor activity tracking or remote monitoring.
Features & Details
The following are the features of Findster Duo Plus:
Absolutely everything you will need to set up the module is found in a pack of Findster Duo Plus. Each box of the module comes with the following:
- Guardian Module
- USB cable
- Quick Start Guide
- Pet Module
- Rubber Belt
Tech & Specs
The product has the following specifications:
- Can track pets up to three miles in an open space
- Can track pets up to 0.5 miles in urban areas
- It is waterproof and can be immersed up to three feet in the water
- Works well with iOS 9 or higher
- Functions perfectly with Android 5.0 or higher
Weight & Dimension
- The product weighs only about 0.8 oz. (21 grams)
- It is suitable for pets that weigh above 8 lbs. (approximately 3.5kg).
- It has a dimension of 0.5-inch x 2-inches x 2-inches.
Ease of Installation
It is easy to install. All you need is the following:
- Findster App
- Findster Duo Plus equipment
- USB outlet adapter
We noticed that the battery life does not live up to expectations, but this is a minor setback. If you need more battery life, you can simply purchase a two-pack for less than $50. In that way, you always have a backup tracker ready at every point.
How to Set Up Findster Duo Plus
To aid the smooth setup of Findster Duo Plus, take the following steps:
- Ensure the modules are charged as they won't work with your phone if they are not fully charged.
- Create a Findster account in the app. Thereafter, make sure you validate the account. Follow the instructions sent to your inbox to complete the process
- To track your pet's activity level, you will need to complete the pet profile section. Information such as pet's weight, gender and your best friend's birthday will need to be provided
- Once you are done filling all necessary steps and completing the registration process, then take the next step. Here, use the rubber belt to attach the Findster Duo Plus module to your pet's collar, and then go outside so that the device can get your GPS coordinates.


text:
Parameters Necessary for Analyzing Thermal Bioassaysby Robert D. Smith, Ensign; United States Navy,
Serial Information: Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division, 1972, Vol. 98, Issue 6, Pg. 973-985
Document Type: Journal Paper
A series of bioassay experiments concerning the effects of heated water on white perch have shown that, for water temperatures ranging between 82°F (300.9°K) and 97°F (309.3°K), the lethal effects on a white perch being held at any temperature within that range will occur within the first 36 hrs of exposure. This is shorter than the time period prescribed in general by the standard bioassay procedure. Three parameters are given which more completely describe the pattern of mortality. Investigation has shown that: (1) A relationship exists between the temperature at which mortalities of the white perch are incipient and the temperature at which the body of the fish is functioning and (2) the lethal effects on white perch caused by extreme water temperatures are independent of the rate of temperature increase.
Subject Headings: Thermal analysis | Biological processes | Parameters (statistics) | Temperature effects | Water temperature | Water management | Fish management
Services: Buy this book/Buy this article
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text:
The Porcupine Mountains rise from the shore of Lake Superior in the far western Upper Peninsula of Michigan. They are not remarkably high by some standards but for this part of the midwest they represent some of the most rugged terrain around. The "Porkies," as they are known by locals, are actually a series of three ridges that lie parallel to the shoreline. The mountains are preserved within the borders of Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park.
The first ridge rises 1000 feet directly from Lake Superior to a maximum elevation of around 1600 feet. The lake-side of the escarpment rises steeply but gradually while the south side is a 300-500 foot cliff overlooking the Big Carp River valley and the famous Lake of the Clouds.
The second ridge is a bit higher, reaching an elevation of 1850 feet at Government Peak. Again, the north slope of this ridge is gradual but steep. The south side however does not drop off like its neighboring ridge to the north. the two Mirror Lake sit in this high valley at about 1500 feet in elevation.
The third, and southernmost, ridge is the highest. The height of land is known as Summit Peak and it is the 3rd highest point in Michigan at 1958 feet. Climb the 50 foot observation tower at the summit, however, and you will be standing higher than even Michigan highpoint Mt. Arvon. Summit Peak does command an impressive view but does not rise from its surroundings as drastically as the ridges to the north because the terrain here averages around 1500 feet in elevation.
Getting ThereThe Porkies are accessed most often from the south so that is how I'll describe how to get there. The two roads leading into the park from the south both begin off State Highway M-28. This highway runs the length of the Upper Peninsula. The majority of people entering the UP come from either Lower Michigan, through the Green Bay, Wisconsin area, or from the west (the Duluth area).
FROM LOWER MICHIGAN: After crossing the Mackinac Bridge take the second exit past the toll booth and head west on US-2. Drive about 45 miles and turn north (right) onto M-117. You will follow this road for 13 miles until it reaches M-28. Turn left (west). It is approx. a 5 hour drive west on M-28 from this point to the east access road to the park, M-64.
FROM GREEN BAY: Head north on US-141. Follow US-141 north 160 miles until it reaches M-28 at the small crossroads town of Covington. Turn left (west) and follow M-28 53 miles to Bergland where you can turn north onto M-64 towards the parks eastern access point.
FROM DULUTH: Follow US-2 115 miles across northern Wisconsin and then 11 miles into the U.P. M-28 heads left here at the town of Wakefield. After only a mile or two you can turn north onto County Road 519 which provides access to the west side of the park.
The South Boundary Road is a narrow, winding road that serves as the only connector from one side of the park to the other.
The Porcupine Mountains are located entirely within the State Park boundaries and there is an entrance fee in the form of a vehicle pass which must be purchased before entry. As of 2005 the state park pass fees were $6 for the day or $24 ($8 and $29 for non-residents). If you decide to purchase a yearly pass it is good for entry into any of Michigans State Parks. In addition to this anyone who plans on camping in the backcountry must register at the Visitors Center and pay an additional small per-night usage fee.
The trails within the park are open year-round. November 15th marks the beginning of a 16-day firearm deer season in Michigan so it is not reccomended that hikers use the trails during those times.
Also, South Boundary Road is used as a snowmobile route in the winter and as such not plowed. There are no set dates when the road is plowed until and snow can be expected anytime between mid-November and April.
When To Go
The Porcupine Mountains recieve the bulk of thier annual visitors between May and October, aka when there is no (or little) chance of snow. However, from mid-May to as late as early July you will have to deal with blackfly season, so be prepared. July and August are usually quite mild with temps in the upper 70's at inland points. Near Lake Superior the temps can be as much as 20 degrees cooler! Frosts and the color change begin in September and as the colors peak late in the month there is a small spike in visitors, but not bad. I like October for hiking because of the cool to crisp days and the extended views that the fallen foliage allow.
Winter is an experience unto itself. Snow usually starts falling in mid-November and is on the ground for good in mid-December. Due to the proximity of Lake Superior and the steep terrain it is not uncommon for the Porkies to see 300 inches or more of the white stuff in a winter. By late February 3 feet or more of snow usually covers the ground. Access is limited to the east and west ends of the park however so in the winter the backcountry is all that much more remote.
The PeaksThe main peaks in the park lie along the Escarpment Ridge, as well as Government Peak and Summit Peak.
| The Escarpment (~1400') || |
The Escarpment is easily the most popular destination in the Porkies as there is a paved road that runs along and to the top of it. It rises to a maximum elevation of about 1600 feet at Cuyahoga Peak but averages about 1400 feet. It runs for about 8 miles from one end to the other. Two trails run its length. They are the Escarpment Trail and the Big Carp River Trail. The road runs well behind and below the ridge, ending at a parking area for the immensely popular Lake of the Clouds Overlook. From this overlook the Escarpment Trail departs east for 4 miles. You can also access the trail from a number of points along the access road. The Big Carp Trail runs west for 2 scenic miles before it abruptly drops of the escarpment. You would be hard pressed to find more dramatic views in Michigan than what are afforded you from the edge of the Escarpment cliffs. The trails hug the edge for most of the way giving you outstanding views of Lake of the Clouds and the Big Carp River Valley. Blocking views farthur south, though, is the long, high ridge of Government Peak.
| Government Peak (1850') ||Government Peak is the high point of a massive ridge that all but divides the park in two. Standing on the Escarpment the ridge blocks all views south and standing on Summit Peak it blocks all views north. Government Peak is the true "heart" of the Porkies. To reach the summit you must hike a minimum of 5.5 miles ONE WAY. The Government Peak Trail runs along the eastern half of the ridge, passing the peak along the way. It is the only trail that passes over it. The shortest route, mentioned above, is from the south via the South Mirror Lake and Government Peak Trails. The South Mirror Lake Trail is Accessed from the Summit Peak Parking Area. You can also follow the Government Peak Trail in its entirety from where it begins off M-107 (the escarpment access road). This is about a 6 mile hike. Because of its central location a number of other trails intersect the Government Peak Trail but, due to distances, would primarily be overnight routes to the summit.|
| Summit Peak (1958') ||Summit Peak is the highest point in the Porcupine Mountains and 3rd highest in Michigan. However, it does not stand out like one may think. Rising from the surrounding 1500 foot plateau only a little more than 300 feet neither the hike up from the north or the drive up from the south could truly be classified as steep. The views from the top, with the help of a 50 foot tower, are spectacular however. The bulk of the Government Peak Ridge rises just to the north, obscuring views, but all around elsewhere stretches the forested Western Upper Peninsula. Views on a clear day are in excess of 50 miles and, even though it lacks the rugged beauty of some mountain views, the dense green canopy, unbroken by road or building is beautiful to behold. As mentioned before an access road snakes its way north from the South Boundary Road to a parking area just below the summit. The South Mirror Lake Trail descends north from the summit on its way north over the Government Peak Ridge, past Lake of the Clouds, and up the Escarpment 6 miles distant. Also descending off the summit is the 2 mile Beaver Creek Trail which joins the Little Carp River Trail 9.5 miles above its terminus at Lake Superior.|
The Grand Tour
The following is a suggested route to follow if you have a few days to spend in the Porkies and want to hit all the major peaks in the park. It is, at a minimum, a 3 day trek possibly more based on your preference. I will just include distances, you can determine the time you wish to take. Well, here goes...
-Park your vehicle at the parking area for Summit Peak. You could hit the peak right away but I suggest leaving it for the end so you can truly "climb" it and more fully appreciate the views you will take in at the


text:
Speech Communication BA / BS Degree
The University of Texas at Tyler offers a diverse selection of courses toward the bachelor of arts/bachelor of science degree with a major in speech communication. The speech communication minor also is offered.
In UT Tyler speech communication courses, you will gain knowledge and skills in:
- Public Speaking
- Interpersonal Communication
- Small Group Communication
- Communication Theory
- Rhetorical Theory and Criticism
Speech communication as practiced in all areas of the program is a humanistic field which calls for dynamic personal involvement of study and practice.
Students focus on communication through spoken language and nonverbal messages, creating and testing their ideas, developing individual abilities and gaining confidence and competence in varying communication settings. The skills acquired are applicable to almost every aspect of your private and professional life.
UT Tyler speech communication majors may choose a concentration in public advocacy, organizational communication or general speech communication.