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In today's data-driven world, the ability to efficiently manage, integrate, and transform data is paramount for organizations aiming to stay competitive and make informed decisions. SQL Server Integration Services (SSIS) emerges as a potent tool in the arsenal of data professionals, offering a robust platform for designing, implementing, and managing ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) processes. From simplifying data migration to orchestrating complex workflows, SSIS empowers businesses to streamline their data operations and unlock valuable insights. In this article, we delve into the intricacies of SSIS, exploring its features, benefits, and best practices.
SQL Server Integration Services, part of the Microsoft SQL Server database software, serves as a comprehensive ETL toolset for extracting, transforming, and loading data from various sources to destinations. It provides a graphical development environment, allowing users to create workflows, tasks, and data flows through a drag-and-drop interface, thus reducing the need for extensive coding expertise.
Key Features of SSIS:
Versatile Connectivity: SSIS supports a wide range of data sources, including relational databases, flat files, XML, Excel, and web services. Its flexible architecture facilitates seamless integration with disparate systems, ensuring compatibility and accessibility across diverse environments.
Robust Data Transformation: With a rich set of transformation tasks and components, SSIS enables data cleansing, aggregation, conversion, and enrichment. Users can define custom business rules and logic to manipulate data effectively, ensuring its quality and consistency.
Scalability and Performance: SSIS leverages parallel processing and optimized data loading techniques to enhance performance and scalability. It allows for the efficient handling of large volumes of data, minimizing processing times and optimizing resource utilization.
Workflow Automation: SSIS enables the creation of complex workflows and event-driven processes, empowering organizations to automate repetitive tasks and streamline their data pipelines. Scheduled execution, error handling, and logging capabilities further enhance workflow management and monitoring.
Extensibility and Integration: SSIS integrates seamlessly with other Microsoft products and services, such as SQL Server, Azure, and Visual Studio. Additionally, it supports custom script tasks and third-party extensions, offering flexibility and extensibility to meet diverse integration requirements.
Benefits of SSIS Adoption:
Improved Data Quality: By facilitating data cleansing, validation, and enrichment, SSIS helps organizations maintain high standards of data quality and integrity. This, in turn, enhances the accuracy and reliability of decision-making processes.
Increased Productivity: The visual design interface of SSIS simplifies the development and maintenance of ETL processes, reducing the time and effort required for implementation. Automated workflows and scheduling capabilities further contribute to productivity gains.
Cost Efficiency: SSIS eliminates the need for costly third-party ETL tools, providing a cost-effective solution for data integration and transformation. Its integration with existing Microsoft infrastructure also minimizes licensing and deployment expenses.
Agility and Flexibility: With SSIS, organizations can adapt to evolving business requirements and changing data landscapes more effectively. Its modular architecture and extensibility empower users to tailor ETL processes to specific needs and scenarios.
Enhanced Decision Making: By consolidating and transforming data from disparate sources into actionable insights, SSIS enables informed decision making across all levels of the organization. Real-time data integration capabilities further support agile and data-driven decision-making processes.
Best Practices for SSIS Implementation:
Design for Reusability: Modularize SSIS packages and components to promote reusability and maintainability. Use configuration files and parameters to parameterize package settings and make them more adaptable to different environments.
Optimize Performance: Identify and address performance bottlenecks by optimizing data flows, implementing efficient caching strategies, and leveraging parallel processing techniques. Monitor package execution and analyze performance metrics to fine-tune resource utilization.
Implement Error Handling: Incorporate robust error handling mechanisms within SSIS packages to capture, log, and handle errors gracefully. Implement retry logic, error redirection, and notifications to ensure the reliability and resilience of data workflows.
Secure Data Integration: Apply security best practices to safeguard sensitive data during integration and transmission. Utilize encryption, access controls, and secure connections to protect data assets against unauthorized access and breaches.
Continuous Monitoring and Optimization: Establish monitoring processes to track the health and performance of SSIS packages in real-time. Monitor execution logs, event handlers, and system resources to identify potential issues and optimize performance proactively.
SQL Server Integration Services (SSIS) stands as a powerful and versatile platform for data integration and transformation, empowering organizations to harness the full potential of their data assets. With its rich feature set, scalability, and extensibility, SSIS enables businesses to streamline their ETL processes, improve data quality, and drive informed decision making. By adhering to best practices and leveraging SSIS effectively, organizations can gain a competitive edge in today's data-driven landscape and unlock new opportunities for growth and innovation.


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Date of this Version
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of reducing forage particle length (FPL) and the inclusion of cottonseed hulls (CSH) on intake, digestibility, chewing activity, and milk production of cows in early lactation. Sixteen multiparous cows averaging 17 ± 3 d in milk and 677 ± 58 kg BW were assigned to one of four 4 × 4 Latin squares. One square contained ruminally cannulated cows to evaluate effects of treatment on rumen fermentation and function. During each of the 23-d periods, cows were offered one of four total mixed rations that differed in particle length (long or short corn silage) and CSH inclusion rate (0 or 8% DM). Dietary treatments were: long no CSH (LGNH), long with CSH (LGH), short no CSH (SHNH), and short with CSH (SHH). Total physically effective NDF content, measured as percentage of NDF greater than 1.18 mm, was similar across diets, but mean particle length decreased with reducing FPL and inclusion of CSH. Dry matter intake was not significantly affected by FPL but was significantly increased with the inclusion of CSH. Decreasing FPL and the inclusion of CSH significantly increased neutral detergent fiber intake. Total chewing activity expressed as minutes per day was unaffected by FPL and the inclusion of CSH. Both eating and ruminating efficiency expressed as minutes per kilogram of neutral detergent fiber intake increased with increasing FPL and decreased with the inclusion of CSH. Milk production did not differ across treatments, but the inclusion of CSH significantly increased percent and yield of milk protein. Reducing FPL tended to reduce percentage milk fat but not yield. Mean ruminal pH was not affected by FPL but was highest on diets containing CSH, even though no treatment effects were observed on total VFA, acetate, or propionate concentration. These results indicate that corn silage FPL is a poor predictor of total chewing time and rumen pH but is useful in understanding factors affecting feeding behavior. In addition, the inclusion of CSH, resulted in increased rumination and mean rumen pH even though effects on VFA concentration were not observed.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Minutes of CSM Biogeochemistry Working Group Meeting
by Scott C. Doney
20 August 1998
A one-day working group meeting was held at NCAR to outline the goals of the Climate System Model (CSM) Biogeochemistry Working Group over the next one to two years. Scott Doney (co-chair) began the meeting with an introduction and an overview of relevant news from the Breckenridge summer CSM Workshop and steering committee meeting. In brief, the steering committee approved the formation of the CSM Biogeochemistry Working Group and appointed Scott Doney (NCAR) and Inez Fung (University of California, Berkeley) as the co-chairs. The immediate charges of the working group are to:
- coordinate biogeochemical research in the context of the CSM;
- stimulate the ongoing development of component biogeochemical models; and
- construct a prototype coupled ocean-atmosphere-land biogeochemical calculation focusing on the carbon cycle.
There was general agreement at both the Breckenridge meeting and the August working group meeting that, although the initial focus would be on the global carbon/nitrogen/oxygen cycle, the plan is to include more biogeochemical species (e.g., sulfur, trace gases, trace metals) as our experience and resources grow.
The meeting then continued with a series of short talks on the present state of biogeochemical modeling at NCAR and among the various collaborative groups. Overall, the land and ocean component efforts appear to be in good shape. The weak link at this time appears to be the atmospheric tracer modeling capability for things like CO2, O2, etc., in the Community Climate Model version 3 (CCM3) at NCAR, with the major limitation being simply the need for more people resources (not technical or scientific). The group discussed various ways of addressing this problem including external collaborations.
The question of how to specify land use histories came up as a common scientific theme during the discussions.
The group wrapped up the meeting by identifying a subset of specific tasks for the next one to two years:
- development of a prognostic biotic carbon model, and
- completion of an "AMIP"-style interannual biotic ocean carbon simulation.
- comparison off-line of a standard set of biological measures (e.g., gross primary production, NDVI, net CO2 flux) for the CASA, LSM, and IBIS models, and
- diagnosis of the seasonal and interannual atmospheric CO2 fields from the land models using an AMIP CCM3 simulation.
- run Transcom II SF6 tracer simulations (collaboration with CSU?), and
- add oxygen-18 and deuterium in water tracer capability for hydrological cycle experiments.
- compute atmospheric fields from uncoupled ocean and land fluxes of CO2, 13CO2, O2, and 14CO2 for atmospheric inversion calculations, and
- develop coupled ocean-land-atmosphere carbon model and run equilibrium control simulation.


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Mayflies: Moqui minnow mayfly (Baetis moqui)
Profile prepared by Celeste Mazzacano, The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation
Baetis moqui is a small minnow mayfly endemic to Utah. This species inhabits fast-flowing rocky substrates in cold, clear, high-gradient streams. B. moqui was described as a new species from larvae collected in south-central Utah in 2004, and has been collected from North Creek and Pine Creek in Garfield County in the Escalante Canyon region. Its limited range and requirement for clear fast streams with low sediment loads may affect long-term stability of this species. Global climate change could also threaten this species' habitat in the long-term. Research should focus on understanding the biology of this species and establishing the distribution and population size.
Canada – Species at Risk Act: N/A
Canada – provincial status: N/A
USA – Endangered Species Act: N/A
USA – state status: Utah SNR Not ranked
NatureServe: G1G3 Imperiled
IUCN Red List: N/A
Baetis moqui currently receives no federal protection. The Utah Sensitive Species List does not include insects.
Baetis moqui is in the family Baetidae (small minnow mayflies). The larvae are 5.8 – 7.0 mm (0.23 –0.28 in.) in length, with three caudal filaments at the tip of the abdomen. The body is brown, with well-developed wingpads and light and dark patterning on the thorax and abdomen. The antennae are long, extending to at least the first abdominal segment, and are paler at the base and tip compared to the mid-section. B. moqui can be distinguished from other North American Baetis species based characteristics of the abdominal gills, as gill 1 is extremely reduced or lacking, and the structure of the labial palpi of the mouthparts. Adults of this species have not been described.
Baetis moqui Wiersema, Nelson and Kuehnl 2005. The taxonomic status of this species is considered valid. The species epithet is taken from an early name for the indigenous Hopi people.
This species is only known from larvae, which have been collected from cold clear streams draining high elevation (3000 m/9842 feet) peaks dominated by spring snowmelt and summer monsoon rains. Larvae can be found on leaf packs and submerged vegetation at the stream edges, but are more common on fast flowing rocky substrates with a coarse sandy matrix. Larval feeding was not observed, but members of this genus are considered to be collector-gatherers and scrapers, feeding on diatoms and organic detritus.
Larvae are known only from North Creek and Pine Creek in Garfield county, south-central Utah. Their current range is considered to encompass less than 40 square miles (100 sq. km). Larvae were collected from the type locality in North Creek above North Creek Reservoir. Additional larvae were collected from Pine Creek at the Box Death Hollow trailhead. Larvae were commonly collected from elevations of 2100 – 2500 m (6890 –8202 feet) in North and Pine Creeks, but were not found above 2500 m (8202 ft.). Additional sampling at several adjacent streams did not reveal B. moqui, and no larvae were collected at the confluence of Pine Creek or North Creek with the Escalante River.
Baetis moqui is a rare endemic species with narrow habitat requirements that is known from only two streams in south-central Utah. Due to its restricted habitat, limited populations, and unknown dispersal ability, B. moqui should be considered at risk. Baetis moqui larvae appear to have a specific requirement for cold fast flowing waters with extremely low sediment loads. North and Pine Creeks are somewhat unique in that they have lower sedimentation loads than are expected for the region; adjacent nearby streams with overall higher sedimentation loads and turbidity were not shown to support any populations of this species. Both localities are within a few miles of Escalante, which is a very small town but close to to Bryce Canyon, Capitol Reef, and Canyonlands National Parks, and Glen Canyon National Recreation Area. Heavy recreational use and road traffic in the watershed may threaten this species, particularly given its apparent intolerance for sediment and turbidity. Populations may have limited dispersal due to restricted areas of appropriate habitat, as larvae were not found in streams that were adjacent but higher in sediment load. Such small isolated populations are also vulnerable to stochastic events, and normal population fluctuations due to disease, predation, and food supply. True population sizes are unknown as this is a newly described species and needs more survey work.
Global climate change could also pose a long-term threat to B. moqui. Assessment of climate change trends in North America has already revealed changes in precipitation patterns, stream hydrology, and plant bloom time. Overall, annual mean air temperature increased in North America from _PHONE_, and total annual flow has decreased in many streams in the central Rocky Mountain region throughout the past century at an average rate of 0.2% per year (Rood et al. 2005). The effects of global climate change are projected to include warming in the western mountains, causing snowpack and ice to melt earlier in the season (Field et al. 2007). This could lead to increased flooding early in the spring and drier summer conditions, particularly in arid western areas where snowmelt sustains stream flows. Spring and summer snow cover has already been documented as decreasing in the western United States, and drought has become more frequent and intense (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007). Floods and droughts are projected to increase in frequency and intensity; erosion is also projected to increase due to decreased soil stability from higher temperatures and reduced soil moisture, and increases in winds and high intensity storms. As a species that requires cold clear streams, the survival of B. moqui could be threatened by habitat impairment due to global warming, including increased frequency and severity of seasonal flooding and droughts, reduced snowpack to sustain stream flow, increased erosion and siltation, and increasing air and water temperatures.
Necessary actions include monitoring known populations and searching for new ones, and protecting habitat in regions where the species is known to occur.
Little is known about the biology or distribution of this species. Additional surveys should be conducted to establish the range and distribution of this species and assess its dispersal capacity. Research into life history and habitat management in the area would be valuable.
Merritt, R. W., K. W. Cummins, and M. B. Berg (eds). 2008. An introduction to the aquatic insects of North America. 4th edition. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa.1158 pp.
Wiersema, N. A., Nelson, C. R. and Kuehnl, K. F. 2004. A new small minnow mayfly (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Utah, U.S.A. Entomological News 115 (3): 139-145.
Nature Serve Explorer (Accessed March 2008)


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You can help: All these towns need Town Leaders
To learn more
about becoming a town leader please read this pdf
.-, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, W, Y, Z
Reference: When these letters appear the town has Town Leader, KehilaLinks, Projects, Documents
<< Previous - Next >>
A town can be named in different ways (in Yiddish, in Russian, in Polish, in Ukrainian...), Many town names have changed over time and many can be spelled differently depending on the transliteration rules applied. Ukraine SIG has chosen as the main town name the official one around 1900. Town names in this time period are the ones that are most widely known among Jewish genealogy researchers. The 1900s-era town names are consistent with the clickable maps of 1910 that we feature on our website. In addition, we use Alexander Beider's system for transliterating town names (except for some special very know cases where a different English name is widely know like Moscow or Kiev).
This town list shows only 1900 town names, not modern names. However, the Ukraine SIG database stores most of the alternate names and you can search for them (using D-M soundex) through the town search box on the top-right of each website page. The town page will show all alternate names as well as the different names by period (1900, 1930, 1950, modern).

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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1. make a sketch of the situation (see attachment)
2. A solid with a mass of 25 kg develops a vetrical force of
3. Cable and pole have to develop an uplifting force of the same value. In my sketch this uplifting force is labeled
4. The angle between pole and cable is
5. The cable is pulling upward.
6. The pole is pushing to the right.
7. The angle between the cable and the uplifting force is 30°.
8. You are dealing with a right triangle which angles you know and the length of one leg.
9. The force with which the cable is pulling can be calculeted by:
10. The force with which the pole is pushing to the right can be calculated by:


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Excerpt from RFC2810:
The IRC (Internet Relay Chat) protocol is for use with text based conferencing. It has been developed since 1989 when it was originally implemented as a mean for users on a BBS to chat amongst themselves.
First formally documented in May 1993 by RFC 1459 [IRC], the protocol has kept evolving.
The IRC Protocol is based on the client-server model, and is well suited to running on many machines in a distributed fashion. A typical setup involves a single process (the server) forming a central point for clients (or other servers) to connect to, performing the required message delivery/multiplexing and other functions.
This distributed model, which requires each server to have a copy of the global state information, is still the most flagrant problem of the protocol as it is a serious handicap, which limits the maximum size a network can reach. If the existing networks have been able keep growing at an incredible pace, we must thank hardware manufacturers for giving us ever more powerful systems.


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Article |
German firm uses machine vision for toothpaste tube inspection
FILED IN: Machinery > Inspection > Machine vision
Previously, filling systems that were not equipped with a machine vision system could not completely guarantee that particles of dirt from the preliminary tube production stage would not be inside the tube after the filling and sealing process. Packaging machinery maker IWK Verpackungstechnik GmbH based in Stutensee, Germany relies on vision systems from Cognex in its newest packaging machine, the TFS 80-6, for 19mm to 40mm (0.75 to 1.57 inches) wide tubes.
During the course of the filling process, Cognex In-Sight® vision systems check that the tubes are round, clean, and firmly sealed. In-process inspection has allowed the number of cameras to be reduced from the six conventional units required in the old process to just two In-Sight systems per checking station.
The TFS 80-6 production line inspects, fills, and seals toothpaste tubes at a capacity of 500 tubes/min. Based on the needs of a typical toothpaste user, a minute's production time on the TFS 80-6 produces enough toothpaste for a lifetime of tooth brushing. Compared to conventional tube filling machines, which operate using a turntable, the TFS 80-6 has a conveyor circuit with a diagonal layout. With the process lines positioned at 90° angles to each other, the tubes are picked up horizontally, cleaned, filled, and sealed vertically, and then placed back down horizontally on a conveyor belt that takes them to a cartoning machine for final packaging.
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The packaging materials have to be of high quality because the machine operates so quickly, but even then, there can still be contamination from small dirt particles, tubes may be deformed when the outer packaging is applied, or there may be faulty seals at the base of the tube. To ensure that their production processes are fault-free, IWK collaborated with Octum Electronic GmbH, a member of the Cognex specialist partner integrator network, to install two In-Sight 5100 and 5400 cameras on each of three inspection stations. Each camera monitors a set of parallel conveyer rows with offset tube holders.
Complete inspection – print position, cap, and tube shape
During the first operation step, a 6-axis robot with an expanding gripper arm takes the tubes out of the boxes. The robot places them into the tube holders of the conveyor system with the open base of the tube pointing upwards. The robot arm is equipped with a special tool with pins, which fit precisely into the partition in the box, and picks up two rows with a total of 30 tubes each time. The screw cap is already in place at the top of the tube and the lower end is open for the filling procedure.
The conveyor system moves the tubes clockwise toward the cleaning and filling station. Before they reach that station, a scanner checks that the tubes are aligned correctly so that the printing is in the correct position when the base is sealed later. Two successive inspection stations check that the tubes are round in shape and clean before they go through cleaning and filling stage.
Two In-Sight 5100 cameras installed above the conveyor and the work areas evaluate the tube ground coat, the shoulders of the tube, and the inside of the tube cap during the particle check. The cameras detect foreign bodies based on the contrast to their surroundings. A red, ring-shaped LED light illuminates the inside of the tube from above. Any undesired particles cast a shadow that's detected by the Cognex cameras, making it possible to detect objects that are the same color as the tube itself.
During the subsequent tube roundness check, two In-Sight 5100s check whether the tubes are of the required shape. If the tubes do not have the specified roundness, the nozzles stay at the edge during the cleaning and filling process and ram the packages into the tube holders. The technology ensures that the nozzles enter the tubes accurately to within a tolerance of three millimeters (0.12 in.). The checking procedure takes place without the need for an additional operation step during the process. The individual cameras receive a trigger for every tube and record pictures of the packages as they move past. If a tube is out-of-round or outside of the tolerance range, it is identified as faulty and is not filled. Further on in the process, the TFS 80-6 seals the tube and ejects it from the production line.
Seal verification
After cleaning and filling, the laminated plastic tubes are sealed with hot air. The ends of the tube are heated by hot air at a temperature of 380° to 450°C (716 to 842°F) and are then pressed together by cooled stamping jaws. The seal is either stamped smooth or in a corrugated pattern and may feature a serial number or code. Defects can occur at this stage of the packaging process. For example, if a knife becomes blunt and can no longer cut off the ends of the tubes correctly, the seal will be left with rough edges. In the trimming station, two In-Sight 5400 cameras ensure that all faulty packages are detected without fail. The cameras also check the seal itself. If the seal is not complete, or if the printing is not properly aligned with the specified parameters, the faulty tube is ejected from the process.
Saving time and reducing overall costs
The In-Sight vision systems are networked to a central panel PC that records all of the images of faulty pieces. This makes it possible to detect faults quickly without having to recheck the actual item of packaging that has already been ejected from the process. The packaging process of IWK is reliable in terms of the quality standards achieved.
Article supplied by Cognex
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An Early British Sailor''s Woolwork Picture of the Royal Yacht, HMY Victoria and Albert II, Circa 1855-70 Dimensions: 27 inches x 20 inches HMY Victoria and Albert II (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia) HMY Victoria and Albert, a 360 foot steamer launched 16 January 1855, was a Royal Yacht of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom until 1900, owned and operated by the Royal Navy. She displaced 2,470 tons, and could make 15 knots on her paddles. There were 240 crew. Victoria and Albert II was scrapped in about 1904. The El Horria was built to the same specifications for Isma''il Pasha, the Khedive of Egypt in 1865 and is the oldest steamship afloat. Below: HMY Victoria and Albert II by William Frederick Mitchell orginaly published in The Royal Navy in a series of illustrations.
Antique Textile Artwork


The combination of two or more signals for Transmission along a single wire, path or carrier. The combination of signals for transmission on one optical channel.
Multiplexing occurs when multiple signals are transmitted over a single Fiber and then separated at the receiving end.
There are two main types of multiplexing: Frequency division multiplexing (FDM) and Time Division Multiplexing (TDM).
In frequency division multiplexing each signal travels within its own frequency on a carrier wave which is modulated by Data type and is joined to form a composite signal.
Time division multiplexing uses a single transmission path to carry multiple signals simultaneously. Lower speed signals are time sliced into higher speed signals and are then divided back into single streams once it reaches the receiving end of the line.
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Bioethics Blogs
Family Presence During Resuscitation: Extending Ethical Norms from Pediatrics to Adults
Guest Post: Christine Vincent and Zohar Lederman
Paper: Family presence during resuscitation: extending ethical norms from paediatrics to adults
Family Presence During Resuscitation is an important ethical issue for discussion within the medical community. Currently, family presence is more commonly accepted in paediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) than adult CPR. However, we argue that this fact is not morally justified and that the case for family presence during adult CPR is indeed morally stronger. In our paper we provide an ethical argument for accepting both family presence during adult CPR and pediatric CPR.
Arguments commonly used by ethicists and medical professionals to justify family presence during resuscitation (FPDR) in the emergency room revolve around scarce evidence of harm to patient outcome, strong evidence demonstrating benefits to relatives, and respect for patient's wishes. However, we argue that these three main reasons all seem to be stronger in the case of adult patients than pediatric ones.
Evidence demonstrating no negative effects of FPDR on patient outcome has mainly been found for adult patients. Furthermore, research showing benefits to relatives from being present is much stronger for adult patients as well. Lastly, the wishes and rights of adults are commonly much more respected compared to those of children, both in healthcare and generally. There is no reason why this should not extend to FPDR as well, given that the majority of patients prefer to go through traumatic life events surrounded by friends and family.
In our conclusion, we mention how family presence during any patient's resuscitation is a huge step from where society was decades ago.


How to map data to storytelling
Combining art and science in effective communications
In this digital, globalised age, the reach of big data is inescapable. Industry after industry has been disrupted by the rise of data and the change in working practices it brings, and PR is no exception.
PR professionals are experiencing the huge shift to data-driven processes which colleagues in marketing and advertising have been implementing for years. This data revolution has brought huge benefits to them and improved the effectiveness of their work.
Communicators can now target their audiences more precisely than ever before, track how they engage with PR output and discover what they did after being exposed to the work of communicators.
They also use data to engage in detailed analysis of campaigns in order to glean important insights and apply what they've learned to future campaigns.
However, not everyone in the comms industry is happy about this revolution. Does this movement towards scientific methods and away from PR's more traditional way of working threaten the creativity which communicators have always been renowned for?
Our latest white paper evaluates to what extent communicators need to combine the traditional strength of the more creative and more data-driven approaches to comms.
Does taking one approach necessarily detract from the other? And is the move towards more scientific working practices something to be welcomed or resisted?
To discover how to strike the perfect balance between creativity and data by using science to power the art of communications, download Combining art and science in effective communications now by filling in the form below.
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Festivity of Saint Blaise, the patron of Dubrovnik
Inscribed in 2009 (4.COM) on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
- Festivity of Saint Blaise, the patron of Dubrovnik
- © 2008 by Ministry of Culture
The evening before the festivity of Saint Blaise in Dubrovnik, Croatia, as all the church bells in the city ring and white doves are released as symbols of peace, worshippers gather for a ritual healing of the throat to preserve them against illness. On the third of February, the official day of both saint and city, parish banner bearers flow into the city in folk costume for the centrepiece of the festival, a procession attended by bishops, ambassadors, civic leaders, visiting notables and the people of Dubrovnik. The festivity embodies many aspects of human creativity, from rituals to folk songs, from performance to traditional crafts (including the making of the historical weapons fired in celebration). The ritual dates back in some form to at least 1190 and has reinforced a close identification of Dubrovnik's residents with the city's patron, Saint Blaise. Over time, the festivity has evolved as Dubrovnik and the world have changed. Each generation adapts it slightly, inspired by its own ideas and needs to make the ritual its own. On Saint Blaise's day, Dubrovnik gathers not only its residents, but all those who pay respect to tradition and the right to one's freedom and peace.
- Consent of communities: English
Decision 4.COM 13.31
The Committee (…) decides that [this element] satisfies the criteria for inscription on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, as follows:
- R.1: The festivity of Saint Blaise, the patron of Dubrovnik is transmitted and recreated by the inhabitants of Dubrovnik, providing them with a sense of identity and continuity and strengthening their solidarity and friendship;
- R.2: The nomination demonstrates the potential for inscription of the element on the Representative List to encourage dialogue and promote cultural diversity, Saint Blaise being associated with ecumenism, openness and tolerance;
- R.3: The nomination demonstrates that the people and authorities of Dubrovnik are committed to safeguarding the festivity of Saint Blaise, the patron of Dubrovnik through a wide range of measures that would ensure its viability;
- R.4: The nomination clearly demonstrates the consent and active participation of all segments of the community (civil society, clergy, local scholars and local authorities), further confirmed by their signed letters and declarations in the video;
- R.5: The element is inscribed in the Register of Cultural Goods of the Republic of Croatia maintained by the Ministry of Culture.
© 2008 by Ministry of Culture
These videos (and many more) can also be consulted through the UNESCO Archives Multimedia website


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First Siege of Zaragoza
|First Siege of Zaragoza|
|Part of the Peninsular War|
Assault on the walls of Saragossa by January Suchodolski, oil on canvas, 1845. (National Museum in Warsaw)
| First French Empire
Duchy of Warsaw
|Kingdom of Spain|
|Commanders and leaders|
| Charles Lefebvre-Desnouettes
|| José de Palafox y Melzi
|Casualties and losses|
The First Siege of Zaragoza (also called Saragossa) was a bloody struggle in the Peninsular War (1807–1814). A French army under General Lefebvre-Desnouettes and subsequently commanded by General Jean-Antoine Verdier besieged, repeatedly stormed, and was repulsed from the Spanish city of Zaragoza in the summer of 1808.
Historical context
When the Dos de Mayo (2 May) uprisings took place in Spain in 1808, Napoleon at first thought that they were a series of isolated uprisings and despatched a number of small columns to quell them. In North Eastern Spain Marshall Bessières assigned General Lefebvre-Desnouettes to quell the revolt in Aragon. Eventually his column included 5,000 infantry, 1,000 cavalry and two artillery batteries. Lefebvre quickly discovered, however, that the revolt was much more widespread than had been believed.
The Spanish side was led by General José de Palafox who was the second son in an aristocratic Spanish family. He was appointed Captain-General of Aragon in late May. He successfully raised a force of 7,500 troops but was handicapped by the lack of experience of these troops with only about 300 experienced cavalry and a few gunners.
Palafox made a few attempts to stop the French from even reaching Zaragoza. His elder brother the Marquis of Lazan attempted to stop them at Tudela on 8 June 1808 and again at Mallen on 13 June 1808. Palafax then sent out a force of 6,000 but was defeated again at Alagon on 14 June 1808 and Palafox himself was wounded. Finally the remaining Spanish forces retreated into Zaragoza.
The siege
Zaragoza itself was protected by two medieval walls and two rivers - the Ebro river to the north-east and the Huerva to the south - but the west was exposed to attack. The strength of the city, though, was in its maze of strongly built defensible buildings with narrow lanes easy to block with barricades.
Lefebvre reached Zaragoza on 15 June 1808. At this time he was badly outnumbered by the Spanish, who had around 11,000 troops although only half had experience of battle from the Alagon defeat.
The next day Lefebvre assaulted the western wall of the city expecting that the Spanish would collapse quickly.
In the first assault the French broke into the western part of the city and their Polish cavalry broke through the Santa Engracia gate but could make no progress inside the city and were forced to retreat. The French suffered around 700 casualties in this first assault.
Palafox himself was not present on that day. He had left to raise additional troops in Upper Aragon to attack Lefebvre's lines of communication. Palafox raised an additional force of 5,000 troops but these were defeated at Épila on the 23–24 June 1808 and Palafox returned to Zaragoza with only an additional 1,000 troops.
The French, however, received more substantial reinforcements with a force of 3,000 led by General Jean-Antoine Verdier arriving on 26 June 1808. As General Verdier was senior to Lefebvre he took over command of all the troops. Further reinforcements continued to arrive including some siege artillery.
On 28 June 1808 Verdier attacked Monte Terrero on the southern bank of the Huerva river. Monte Terrero was a hill that dominated the south of Zaragoza and should have been strongly fortified but was not. As a result the hill was captured with ease and the Spanish commander, Colonel Vincento Falco, was subsequently court-martialled and shot.
Now that Monte Terrero was in his hands, Verdier was able to use it as a base for his siege artillery. Starting from midnight on 30 June 1808 thirty siege guns, four mortars, and twelve howitzers opened fire on Zaragoza and kept firing continuously.
A second assault was made by the French on 2 July 1808 with twice the strength of the first assault. Although the fixed defences in Zaragoza had suffered heavily from the bombardment, the barricades were still intact and Palafox had returned to take command.
The French penetrated the city in several places but were unable to make any further progress and once again were forced to retreat. This assault became famous for the story of the Maid of Zaragoza: Agustina Zaragoza. Her lover was an artillery sergeant at the Portillo Gate. The entire crew of his gun were killed before they could fire off their last round. Agostina ran forward taking the lighted match from her dead lover's hands and fired the cannon. The French were hit by a round of grapeshot at close range and their attack was broken. Palafox said he personally witnessed this event and Agostina was commissioned as a sub-lieutenant.
During this assault on 2 July 1808 the French suffered 200 dead and 300 wounded. Verdier therefore decided not to make any further assaults and settled down for a siege. Unfortunately for him he had insufficient men to fully blockade the city and the Spanish were able to be supplied from the north bank of the Ebro river most of the time.
In the second half of July the French concentrated on capturing the Caouchin and Trinitarian convents of San Jose, which were to the west of Zaragoza. By 24 July 1808 these were all captured by the French.
On 4 August the French began a heavy artillery bombardment and silenced the Spanish guns and made several breaches in the walls. At 2pm Verdier launched a massive assault with thirteen battalions in three columns and penetrated deep into Zaragoza. Verdier demanded Palafox's surrender to which he replied "War to the knife".
By evening the French had taken half of the city but the Spanish counter-attacked and pushed the French out except for a small wedge surrounded by the Spanish.
By this time the French had suffered around 462 killed and 1,505 wounded. The Spanish had suffered similar or even higher losses but still outnumbered the French.
The fighting continued for several days but the assault had effectively failed ensuring the failure of the siege. On 19 July 1808 a French army under General Dupont were forced to surrender at Bailén and this made both sides realise the French would have to retreat. Palafox halted his offensive operations, but Verdier responded with an artillery bombardment to use up all the ammunition he could not carry away.
Finally on 14 August 1808 Verdier blew up all the strongpoints he held and withdrew. This was the end of the First Siege of Zaragoza.
In total the French had 3,500 casualties during the siege. Spanish losses of 2,000 were admitted at the time; however, a figure of 5,000 is more probable.
Palafox's resistance made him a national hero, a glory he shared with Agustina Zaragoza and many other ordinary civilians. Zaragoza would endure a second, longer, more famous siege starting in late December. When it finally fell to the French in 1809, Zaragoza had become a city of corpses and smoking rubble: 12,000 people would remain of a prewar population of over 100,000.
- Charles J. Esdaile in The Encyclopedia of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars by Gregory Fremont-Barnes (main editor) (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2006) 871.
- Charles J. Esdaile in The Encyclopedia of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars by Gregory Fremont-Barnes (main editor) (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2006) 872.
- "Guerra y cuchillo", which words later went on the back of the medal issued to the defenders of Zaragoza
- this section based on Rickard, J (17 January 2008), First siege of Saragossa, 15 June-14 August 1808


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Books have historically been constrained by the limitations of print medium, and even digital books are usually just electronic replicas of bound volumes. Stanford University's Spatial History Project has partnered with developers at Open Sourcery to create an online augmentation to Richard White's latest publication, Railroaded, that provides an interactive medium for readers to access and explore the collection of over 2,000 footnotes, sources, visualizations, and downloadable data files.
This format holds the potential to give readers a way to access and manipulate the material in the footnotes and to give longer life to the book itself. The dynamic nature of the site will allow White and his team to continue to annotate footnote discourse and develop visualizations as analyses and insights evolve.
In addition to its direct benefit to Railroaded, we believe that this site represents a new genre of hybrid digital publishing and are excited to share this Drupal installation profile with the open source and scholarly communities, for free. By doing so we hope that other authors — of monographs, dissertations, theses, and of purely digital publications — can implement this unique infrastructure of modules to present their own scholarship.Click here to visit railroaded.stanford.edu.
Station Construction Data, _PHONE_
How to Run a Transcontinental Railroad


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Author Contact: _EMAIL_
Biocatalysis and biotransformations are important alternatives to consider when one is looking to substitute a conventional method with a greener one. One of the many advantages of using biotransformation as a synthetic method is that they are usually done in water and at ambient conditions. In addition, the reagents themselves are readily available, safe, and inexpensive to both buy and dispose of.
This experiment uses shredded carrots to enantioselectively reduce benzofuran-2-yl methyl ketone, yielding the optically pure alcohol. This lab illustrates the topics of green chemistry, biocatalysis, biotransformations, reductions, carbonyl chemistry, stereochemistry, stereoselectivity, optical activity, thin-layer chromatography, liquid-liquid extractions, and column chromatography.
The authors also suggest that students perform the sodium borohydride reduction of the ketone to compare and contrast the ease, safety, "greenness" and stereoselectivity of the two reactions.
The supplemental materials include lab procedures, lab report outline, lab questions, instructor notes, a list of necessary lab equipment, and CAS numbers.
Summary prepared October 2008 by Douglas M. Young at the University of Oregon.
Ravía, S.; Gamenara, D.; Schapiro, V.; Bellomo, A.; Adum, J.; Seoane, G.; Gonzalez, D. J. Chem. Educ., Print 2006, 83, pp _PHONE_.


Rendering Unto Caesar: Was Jesus a Socialist?
Rendering Unto Caesar: Was Jesus a Socialist?
Also available to purchase for your Kindle or iPad/iPhone.
By examining the words of Jesus in the context of their time and place, Reed shows Jesus never called for the political process to rearrange wealth. He denounced envy. He stressed choice, accountability and private property. He endorsed keeping one's word and honoring contracts. He emphasized principles of personal character and the Golden Rule. These things are all difficult to reconcile with political force.
Now, when anyone suggests that the teachings of Jesus are in any way incompatible with free markets or capitalism, defenders of free markets can provide concise and conclusive responses. There is no other publication that does the job as fully or is as accessible as Rendering Unto Caesar.


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A diverse fauna is also found in this relatively high rainfall region.
However, the region around Perth is heavily developed and much of this region has already been cleared. While there are several large protected areas in the region, continued development, habitat fragmentation, dieback disease, and inappropriate fire regimes are serious threats.
Location and General Description
South of Perth down to Cape Naturaliste, the Swan Coastal Plain forms a low-lying belt 25 kilometers (km) to 30 km wide, bordered to the east by the Darling Scarp and the Precambrian Yilgarn Block. The Swan Coastal Plain is covered by shoreline and associated dune deposits from the Pleistocene and Holocene that overlie Paleozoic and Neogene deposits of the Perth Basin. The Plain also includes large microtidal estuarine systems, such as the Swan-Canning Estuary and a number of lakes cut off from the sea by barrier dunes. The Swan Coastal Plain is transected by rivers flowing west from the Darling Plateau, and interspersed by wetlands.
Progressing inland from the coast, coastal dunes with scrub-heath communities give way to woodlands. Kwongan (an Aboriginal term for heath-like vegetation), eucalypt, and Banksia low woodlands occur on the soils of the coastal dunes. Generally, kwongan scrub heath grows on sandy plains and swales and on lateritic upland soils while mallee eucalyptus woodland grows on duplex soils of upper valley slopes. Open heath favors drier areas, while a better water table allows the development of eucalypt shrubs. Scrub-heath species include Banksia attenuata and B. menziesii with Casuarina spp. and E. todtiana. Christmas trees (Nuytsia floribunda) become locally dominant in drier areas. Shrubs are present, largely in wetter areas, with Acacia, Adenanthos, Banksia, Casuarina, Dryandra, Grevillea, and Hakea species found here.
Eucalypt woodlands can be found on the sandy loams, loams, and heavy loams on lower slopes and valley floors. Tall tuart (Eucalyptus gomphocephala) forests grow at the southern end of the Swan Coastal Plain. Tuart usually occurs in monospecific stands, but can also be found with E. decipiens and/or E. cornuta. In the south, pure stands grow with peppermint (Agonis flexuosa), while in the north, peppermint is replaced by small Banksia trees and Casuarina fraserana. Now largely cleared, marri (Eucalyptus calophylla)–kingia (Kingia australis) woodlands grow on heavy soils of the Swan Coastal Plain, and marri–grass tree (Xanthorrhoea preissii) woodlands and shrublands also grow on the Swan Coastal Plain.
Western Australia contains approximately 12,000 angiosperms (half of Australia's total flora), 75 percent of which are endemic to the southwestern region. The southwestern Mediterranean climate regions are estimated to contain 8,000 species, with three quarters endemic. Finally, the Swan Coastal Plain is estimated to contain more than 2,000 species. Several large genera, such as Banksia, Caladenia, and Leucopogon, have the centers of their distribution in the Mediterranean climate, southwestern region. Other genera are wholly restricted to the southwestern region, including Dryandra and Synaphea. Endemism is highest at the species level, and there are few endemic plant families.
Mediterranean-climate vegetation shows a variety of adaptations to the poor soils, summer drought, and fires. The Christmas tree is a root parasite, the only member of the Mistletoe family to grow as a tree. Three quarters of the world's carnivorous Drosera species are found in Western Australia, many of them in the kwongan and sandplain heaths, obtaining nitrogen and phosphorus from the insects they capture. Also noteworthy, approximately 15 percent of southwestern wildflowers are vertebrate pollinated. Vertebrate pollinators include the western pygmy possum (Cercartetus concinnus) and honey possums (Tarsipes rostratus), the only mammal apart from some bats to subsist entirely on nectar and pollen.
Other mammals found in this ecoregion include tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii), which were widely distributed in this ecoregion prior to European settlement, but remain offshore on Garden Island. In Western Australia the tammar wallaby lives among bushes of Gastrolobium bilobum, a fire-dependent, nitrogen-fixing legume that allows the growth of grasses, which are rare in the southwestern forested regions. Tammar wallabies feed on these grasses. Rottnest Island lies 18 kilometers (km) offshore of Perth and harbors a stable population of quokkas (Setonix brachyurus VU), probably because there are no foxes. Heathland and wildflower habitats contain a rich avifauna, especially among the honey-eaters. Other birds found in this ecoregion include the western thornbill (Acanthiza inornata), and the short-billed black-cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus latirostris EN) which inhabits sandplain woodlands and mallee, and the long-billed black-cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus baudinii) which is found in open eucalypt woodland and farmland.
Seasonal wetlands (dry in the summer and wet in winter) are the most diverse habitat on the Swan Coastal Plain, and 16 out of 30 major floristic communities occur in wetlands. Coastal and near-coastal areas the next richest, containing 7 major communities. The junction between the Swan Coastal Plain and the Darling Scarp is biologically diverse with relatively fertile soils, granite outcrops, and unusual clay-based ephemeral swamps. These swamps provide habitat for the critically endangered western swamp tortoise (Pseudemydura umbrina) which is found only in this ecoregion and may be Australia's rarest reptile. It appears to be restricted to shallow, ephemeral swamps over the clay soils of the Swan River Valley. The region around Perth is known for a diverse herpetofauna, including 16 frogs, two freshwater turtles, 51 lizards, and 24 snakes.
Nearly 80 percent of the Swan Coastal Plain has been cleared. Sandplain heathlands near Perth have almost entirely been converted as the urban center expands. Urban expansion reaches as far east as the Darling Scarp and has spread in a north-south direction as well.
A number of Swan Coastal Plain woodland communities are listed as Endangered under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act: marri (Eucalyptus calophylla)–kingia (Kingia australis) woodlands on heavy soils, marri (Eucalyptus calophylla)–grass tree (Xanthorrhoea preissii) woodlands, and shrublands, shrublands, and woodlands of the eastern Swan Coastal Plain, shrublands and woodlands on Muchea Limestone of the Swan Coastal Plain, and shrublands and woodlands on Perth to Gingin ironstone.
Protected areas in this ecoregion include the Hills Forest conservation area which comprises five national parks (John Forrest, Gooseberry Hill, Greenmount, Kalamunda, and Lesmurdie Falls) and the Mount Dale Conservation Park. This ecoregion has a lower percentage of land in protected areas than the Jarrah-Karri forest and shrublands and Southwest Australia woodlands ecoregions.
Types and Severity of Threats
Continuing urban expansion and human use are severe threats. Proteaceae are susceptible to dieback disease caused by Phytophthora spp, and its spread through the wildflower heathlands is a serious concern. Too frequent fires may significantly alter plant species distributions. Fires poses a different threat on the coastal plain than they do in forests; on the coastal plain they are commonly the agent for woodland invasion by weeds.
Justification of Ecoregion Delineation
This ecoregion occupies the Swan Coastal Plain, bounded by the ocean to the west and by the Yilgarn Block to the east. It has the same boundary as the 'Swan Coastal Plain' Interim Biogeographic Region of Australia (IBRA).
Additional Information on this Ecoregion
- For a shorter summary of this entry, see the WWF WildWorld profile of this ecoregion.
- To see the species that live in this ecoregion, including images and threat levels, see the WWF Wildfinder description of this ecoregion.
- World Wildlife Fund Homepage
- Beadle, N. C. W. 1981. The Vegetation of Australia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. ISBN: _PHONE_
- Beard, J. S. 1995. South-west Botanical Province. Pages 484–489 in S. D. Davis, V. H. Heywood and A. C. Hamilton. editors. Centres of Plant Diversity. Volume 2. Asia, Australasia, and the Pacific. WWF/IUCN, IUCN Publications Unit, Cambridge, UK. ISBN: _PHONE_
- Cogger, H., E. Cameron


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The most basic method of graphing polar equations is by plotting points and doing a quick sketch. Graphing polar equations is a skill that requires the ability to plot points and sometimes recognize a special case of polar curves, such as cardioids, and roses and conic sections. However, we need to understand the polar coordinate system and how to plot points for graphing polar equations.
Let's graph a polar equation. I have a pretty easy polar equation here. r equals theta over pi for theta greater than or equal to 0. Now the best approach when you're trying to graph something new is to plot some points. And so let's start with theta equals 0. If theta equals 0 r=0 so that's going to be a point. And let's try multiples of pi over 4. So when theta equals pi over 4, I get pi over 4 divided by pi which is a quarter. Pi over 2. Pi over 2 divided by pi is a half.
Let's try 3 pi over 4. 3 pi over 4 divided by pi is three quarters. And you can kind of see the pattern. The number I'm going to get here is basically this number without the pi, right? Divide out the pi. So pi will give me 1 and so on. Let me plot some of these points, and see what kind of a curve I'm getting.
So I have 0 0, right? r is 0, theta could be anything as long as r is 0, that gives me the origin. And then pi over 4, one quarter. Now I've made this so that each of these each of these circles represent a quarter unit. So pi over 4 one quarter is right here. And then pi over 2 this direction one half is right here. 3 pi over 4 gives me three quarters here. Negative pi gives me 4 quarters or 1 and following in this pattern if we wanted to keep going, 5 pi over 4 would give me 5 quarters. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 3 pi over 2 is 6 pi over 4. So I go 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and then 7 pi over 4 would give me 7 quarters. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. And finally, let's just finish at 2 pi. 2 pi is the same as 8 pi over 4. So I go out to 2, right? 8 quarters.
Alright, let's see if if we can draw this. It looks kind of like a spiral. And just about done. There and the graph will continue forever, right? So it's just spirals around and around. this is the equation, the graph of the equation r equals theta over pi, for theta greater than or equal to 0.


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Legal education has progressively evolved over the past decade with innovations in technology facilitating the transformation. A critical avenue of this evolvement pivots on the structure of English LLM (Master of Laws) applications. This article delves into the realm of uncharted terrains, discussing innovative architectural designs for English LLM applications, and offers a fresh perspective on redefining the boundaries of these programs. It is of pivotal importance that legal institutions adapt and upgrade their architectures in-line with digital advancements, thereby enhancing both the accessibility and effectiveness of their platforms.
Delving into Uncharted Terrains: Innovative Architectures for English LLM Applications
English LLM applications take a new turn with innovative architectural designs aimed at amplifying the users' experience. The adoption of cloud-based systems has significantly altered the application scene. This allows individuals to access the application platform from any corner of the world, increasing access to legal education. Also, it ensures that applicant data is securely stored and can be easily retrieved in case of any unforeseen circumstances. It is a practical scenario of the synchronization of legal education and technology.
The intranet has also been remodeled to suit the changing demands. Applicants can now navigate the application process more conveniently through interactive dashboards. The dashboards often incorporate personalized application tracking features, document upload facilities, and real-time updates. Such novel designs foster a smooth application experience, ensuring that applicants have an easier time steering through the process.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is also continuously molding the architecture of English LLM applications. The introduction of AI-enabled chatbots, for instance, has changed the interaction between applicants and the institutions. These chatbots can answer a range of basic queries related to the application process, reducing the administrative burden and increasing applicant satisfaction.
Beside AI, Machine Learning is also assumed to be the next big thing that will revolutionize the application process. Concepts like predictive analytics can assist in assessing an applicant's suitability based on their information and preferences, making the admission process more streamlined and objective.
Lastly, mobile-friendly application designs have also become a necessity. With a vast majority of potential applicants using smartphones for internet browsing, it is critical for institutions to optimize application forms and portals for mobile use. This way, institutions can reach out to a wider demographic, ensuring the universality of legal education.
Redefining Boundaries: A Fresh Perspective on English LLM Application Structures
The architectural innovations in English LLM applications have also led to a shift in perspective when it comes to the structure of these programs. English LLM programs are becoming increasingly student-centric with personalized learning paths and flexible scheduling, thanks to the advancements in ed-tech.
Through adaptive learning technologies, LLM applications can be designed to provide tailored course suggestions based on the applicant's academic background and career interests. This personalized approach can be instrumental in attracting diverse candidates from different fields of study.
Alongside, the integration of multimedia resources in the application process is also revolutionizing the structure of English LLM programs. For instance, the use of video introductions, virtual reality campus tours, and other interactive content can provide applicants with a holistic understanding of the program they are applying for.
Another significant development has been the increased application structure transparency. Institutions are now more clear about what they expect from applicants and the parameters upon which applications will be evaluated. This transparency eases applicants' anxiety and boosts their confidence throughout the application process.
The use of data analytics in tracking applicant trends can also be beneficial. For instance, the analysis of the time applicants take to respond, the most visited sections of the application form, etc., can help institutions refine their processes and become more applicant-friendly.
To sum up, embedding inclusivity and diversity within the LLM application structures can significantly increase the role of English in legal education worldwide. Digital architecture can help create a collaborative and inclusive environment that caters to diverse applicants and promotes equality in legal education.
In conclusion, the architectural innovation in English LLM applications is more than just a technological advancement; it's a cultural upheaval in legal education. This digital transformation brings about ease, inclusivity, and diversity in the application process. Institutions must continue to push boundaries in terms of novelty and creativity, keeping in mind the digital revolution's potential to transform the dynamic world of English LLM applications. The future of legal education lies in the innovative blend of technology and tradition, and English LLM applications certainly lead the way.
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Marketing Optimization With Closed-Loop Analytics | Mixpanel
Closed-Loop Analytics
Closed-loop analytics refers to data that comes from the sales team and is used by the marketing team. It tells the marketing team not only what brought leads to a website but also if leads converted to customers and what motivated them to buy.
The term closed-loop analytics is very descriptive. It reveals the path or process closed leads follow from the moment they land on your website as visitors to when they become a customer. Closed-loop analytics essentially closes the loop between marketing and sales data because all the information from start to finish is accessible on one platform.
Marketing and sales teams use the information from closed-loop analytics to boost conversion rates all around.
Gaining insight into how many leads are generated by a marketing campaign is the tip of the data iceberg. With closed-loop analytics, marketing teams can learn much more about the value of their campaigns and how to improve them.
Closed-loop analytics helps a marketing team:
 - Better understand which leads should be considered marketing qualified leads (MQLs).
 - Know exactly which marketing campaigns, channels, funnels and messages result in sales.
 - Understand how much the resulting sales are worth.
 - Figure out how much revenue is generated by each campaign.
In order for all this to be possible, the marketing team needs a way to access sales data, and unfortunately, that data isn't always readily available.
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The Division Between Marketing Analytics and Sales Analytics
The general customer lifecycle goes something like this:
 - A visitor lands on your website
 - The visitor takes an action that moves them into the marketing qualified lead category
 - The sales team interacts with the MQL to convert them into a customer
As the lead moves through the customer lifecycle, there's a division between the marketing team and sales team. The marketing team uses an analytics tool like Google Analytics to gather data on the first two stages, including where the visitor comes from. However, in the third stage (MQL to customer) the sales team usually logs information in a CRM system.
Often these two tools/systems are completely separate and the data isn't aggregated. The data is disjointed, telling the marketing team about their leads but failing to provide follow-up on what becomes of those leads.
Bridging the gap with closed-loop analytics that shares the sales team data with the marketing team is highly beneficial to both groups. Understanding what happens after the sales team takes over allows the marketing team to target campaigns and deliver more MQLs.
Details for Optimization Deeper Down the Funnel
Much of the data marketing teams collect is at the beginning of the customer lifecycle. They can figure out how many users clicked a Google Ad or responded to a Facebook campaign, but that only gives you a look at part of the picture.
That front end information doesn't always tell you what users did once they got to a landing page. It doesn't tell you if your marketing campaigns attract highly qualified leads or a lot of traffic that doesn't continue down the sales funnel.
That's where closed-loop analytics come in. It fills in the gaps, telling the marketing team what visitors do deeper down the funnel. Knowing what steps these users take is extremely valuable for marketing teams. It can help marketers zero in on who the most highly qualified leads are and what motivates them to take action.
This information can be used to create marketing campaigns that target users who are more likely to become customers and direct them to the most appropriate part of the sales funnel.
Let's take a look at mock scenario to highlight how closed-loop analytics can be used by a marketing team:
Your marketing team is promoting a car air freshener system. A Google PPC campaign is created that promotes the low price and longevity as key benefit points. The campaign brings in 1,000 leads in the first week. That's what the marketing team can easily gather from their metrics.
They may also be able to tell 750 of those leads don't make it past the landing page, and only 25 leads made a purchase directly from the landing page.
Closed-loop analytics provides the answer to what happened with the other 225 leads. Fifty of the leads checked out the fragrance selection page. Half of those leads decided to buy the freshener system, and the majority selected either the pine fragrance or cherry fragrance.
The remaining 175 leads requested more information on the air freshener system. The sales team follows up with each lead. They discover the number one question that the leads have is whether the air freshener system will affect the use of their air conditioning system. After the leads are reassured it won't affect air conditioner use the sales team is able to convert 70% of the leads into customers.
Because closed-loop analytics is used, the marketing team is able to extract three main takeaways from the data collected by the sales team:
 1. The landing page needs to be edited to include messaging that the system does not affect air conditioner use.
 2. Images with the cherry and pine fragrance options should be added as well.
 3. Information about air conditioner compatibility should also be included on the fragrance selection page.
By analyzing data that's gathered further down the funnel the marketing team can improve the ad messaging and landing page to increase the conversion rate. Ultimately, the ROI of marketing campaigns goes up while the cost per acquisition goes down.
What's Needed for Closed-Loop Analytics
Closing the gap between the marketing team and sales team is actually a lot easier than expected. You can go the manual route and pull information from multiple systems to analyze data from campaign launch to conversion to customer acquisition. It's time-consuming, but it's possible.
The other option is to use software that can bring all the information together on one platform. Ideally, you want to implement audience-tracking software that can track individual user actions from the first visit all the way through purchasing. With Mixpanel analytics software this type of conversion tracking can be done by establishing Events and including Event Properties. Funnels are also useful for tracking the steps a lead takes to become a customer.
Software that tracks each individual is much more insightful than software that aggregates user information. This is one of the shortcomings of Google Analytics. Without the capability of tracking individual leads, it's difficult to determine the specific characteristics and behaviors of MQLs and the marketing tactics that attracted them in the first place. And without going one step further and bringing in the sales data for individual users, the marketing team can't determine which keywords, traffic sources, etc. generate leads that don't buy versus leads that do buy.
With closed-loop analytics reporting in place, the marketing team is no longer optimizing campaigns for traffic. They are creating marketing campaigns to optimize conversions and sales, which is far more beneficial for the business' bottomline.
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Since African Americans fought for freedom from slavery in the 19th century, many have called for reparations–financial compensation for the years of chattel slavery. Although former slaves were promised 40 acres and a mule to help them rebound from being enslaved, the program was short-lived, and many have been wondering if African Americans–like their Jewish counterparts–would ever see proper compensation for suffering such heinous atrocities in this country.
While we will probably never see financial compensation for slavery, many have argued that blacks in America should receive reparations in the form of a free college education or student loan debt forgiveness, while other still hold fast to the "40 acres and a mule" philosophy and want land.
In June, the National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America (NCOBRA) is holding a conference to examine why African Americans should still be granted reparations more than 150 years after slavery ended.
"After the passage of the 13Th and 14Th amendments, laws were passed to re-enslave people of African descent through Jim Crow laws. The New Jim Crow is a result of the low-intensity war against the Black community under the guise of a 'War on Drugs,' in addition to ongoing discrimination, and an extension of the slavery experience for Black people," NCOBRA writes.
NCOBRA's reparations conference takes place in Philadelphia June 22-24.
What are your thoughts on reparations? Do you think African Americans will ever see some form of reparations by the U.S. government?


How Does Rotating Log Grapple Works Out & What Are Its Advantages?
Many of us would love to talk about tech and its working behind, right? So, we will be talking today about the rotating log grapple working which is an equipment of a heavy machinery such as crane. Now, there is much kind of cranes as we all know but we shall not be discussing about these cranes and will be more focusing onto the grapple which can be affixed in almost every kind of cranes. So, in bit older time we have only unidirectional grapple which can only move upside down or downside up with an interlocking mechanism and if we want to rotate it so it was not possible due to which we have to move the crane instead, quite difficult and painful but now it is very easy with rotating log grapple. Actually, what happens is that when we are working with logs so it is quite long and to hold it is not a problem but when it comes to rotate it for several reason so that was not possible easily.
In an addition, rotating log grapple makes a lot easiness in such kind of work and especially when it is about long materials and good like log. This is why this specific grapple called as rotating log grapple. Let us see its advantages in following bulleted points and its explanation. For more information about rotating grab please click here.
 1. Affixing rotation log grapple in a crane
This is a preliminary step to install or attach the rotating log grapple in your crane so that you can be able to use it wisely.
 1. Connect Gears with rotating log grapple
If you need an extra control and advance features than you may needed to connect additional gears to it for extended support. Like, when you wanted to rotate it without dropping the log so it will hold and moves simultaneously as much as you want. The best part is that it can balance it from an edge, it is not necessary to rotate it from the middle.
 1. Horizontal and Vertical rotation
With the help of hydraulics rotating log grapple, you can also rotate it like clock and anti-clock wise. For an example you wanted to rotate the log in vertical direction so you can do that also if you wanted to rotate the log horizontally so yes that is also possible.
There are many other benefits of rotating log grapples and also you can customized your own grapple according to your requirement. If you are looking for rotating log grapple and also if you interested in hydraulic grapple for sale, rotating multi grappleand demolition grab than the best and the first choice is "Earth master Grapples". For more details, you can visit their online and an official website at


Joseline - Meaning of Joseline, What does Joseline mean?
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Joseline - Meaning of Joseline
What does Joseline mean?
Meaning of the name Joseline
[ 4 syll. jo-se-li-ne, jos-el-ine ] The baby girl name Joseline is pronounced as JHow-SEH-LiyiyN, JHow-SEH-Liy-Nehor ZJHow-SEH-LiyiyN †. Joseline is used mostly in German and its language of origin is Old French. Joseline is a derivative of the English and German name Jocelyn.
Joseline is rare as a baby girl name. At the peak of its usage in 2007, 0.013% of baby girls were named Joseline. It was #968 in rank then. The baby name has markedly dropped in popularity since then, and is currently used on a very modest scale. Out of the family of girl names directly related to Joseline, Jocelyn was the most commonly used in 2012.
Baby names that sound like Joseline include Jacalynn, Jackalynn (English), Jocelyne (English), Jolena (English), Josalynn (English), Julie Anna, Julie-Anna, Julieanna (English), Giliana, Giuliana (Italian), Giulianna, Jacalin, Jacaline (English), Jacalyn (English), Jacelyn (English), Jackalene (English), Jackalin (English), Jackaline, Jackalinne, and Jackalyn (English).
† English pronunciation for Joseline: JH as in "joy (JH.OY)" ; OW as in "oak (OW.K)" ; S as in "see (S.IY)" ; EH as in "ebb (EH.B)" ; L as in "lay (L.EY)" ; IY as in "eat (IY.T)" ; N as in "knee (N.IY)"
Joseline Baby Name Explorer
Meaning of Joseline Meaning of Jocelyn
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Joseline - Meaning of Joseline, What does Joseline mean?


text:
The Price for Their Pound of Flesh:
The Value of the Enslaved from Womb to Grave,
in the Building of a Nation
Boston: Beacon Press | 2017
The Price for Their Pound of Flesh is the first book to explore the economic value of enslaved people through every phase of their lives—including from before birth to after death—in the American domestic slave trades. Covering the full "life cycle" (including preconception, infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, the senior years, and death), historian Daina Berry shows the lengths to which slaveholders would go to maximize profits. She draws from over ten years of research to explore how enslaved people responded to being appraised, bartered, and sold. By illuminating their lives, Berry ensures that the individuals she studies are regarded as people, not merely commodities. Analyzing the depth of this monetization of human property will change the way we think about slavery, reparations, capitalism, and nineteenth-century medical education.
"Daina Ramey Berry's harrowing account of how slaveholders turned every aspect of a slave's life into a commodity to be sold on markets—from the reproductive possibilities of enslaved women to the corpses of deceased slaves—is a must-read for anyone interested in understanding American history, or our contemporary dilemmas."
"Daina Berry has written the richest account of the many ways in which an enslaved African American's body was bought and sold throughout her or his lifetime. From the cradle to the grave and beyond, enslavers priced black bodies based on their imagined fitness for labor, sexual exploitation, use as collateral, and even their value after death as dissection cadavers. In horrific detail, Berry shows that there was a price tag placed on every pound of flesh. She also shows the efforts of enslaved people to assert that their lives had values beyond the money that could be rendered from their muscles and extracted from their bones. Out of the certainty that their souls were pearls beyond price, black people fought to make room for their own system of human values."


text:
of Seth and Ruth Smith, and grandson of Seth Smith, was born in 1814. He followed the sea until 1867, and from that time until his death in 1888, he was in a grocery and provision store in Provincetown. He married Lucy Lewis, who died, leaving five children: Lucinda S., Lucy C., David L., Azubah S. and Richard C. His second marriage was with Mrs. Jurusha A. Lewis, daughter of Nehemiah and Hope (Cobb) Rich. They have two children living:
Charles B. and Fred. W., and they lost two. Mrs. Smith had one son by her former marriage, Joseph H. Lewis.
Francis P. Smith was born in 1835 in the Azore islands. He came to Provincetown in 1851, and followed the sea from that time until 1871, as a steward, since that time he has kept the Atlantic House, which was formerly known as the Union House. He married Fidelia P., daughter of Nathan Dunham. Their children are: Nellie B., Belle G., Selena F., Garfield P., Frank P. and Priscilla M.
H. Merrill Smith, born in 1826, in Chatham, is a son of Heman and Rebecca (Jackson) Smith, grandson of Nathaniel and great-grandson of Ralph Smith. Mr. Smith followed the sea seventeen years. With Thomas W. Dyer he started business in paints, oils and hardware in 1869. Under the name of T. W. Dyer & Co. the business was continued until 1886, when Mr. Smith purchased the business. He married Catharine S., daughter of David Eldridge. Their children are: Heman Francis, Franklin N., and two daughters that died—one in infancy, and one, Eva M., December 9,1883, aged twenty-one years.
John Smith, born at Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, in 1829, is a son of Donald Smith. He came to Provincetown at the age of twelve and has followed the sea since that time. He has been master since 1848. He was coasting, fishing, and on foreign voyages until 1883; since that time he has run the steamer Longfellow between Provincetown and Boston. He married Mary E. Lavender and has one son, Donald B.
William M. Smith, born in 1857, is a son of William W. and Mary C. (Johnson) Smith. He married Nancy W., daughter of Joshua
Paine, and has one son, William P. Mr. Smith is a photographer. He was a partner with George H. Nickerson from 1880 to 1883, when he opened rooms at the store of Amasa Smith. In 1889 he purchased the premises formerly owned by George Chamberlain.
Jonathan F. Snow, born in 1846, is a son of Jonathan and Susan (Young) Snow, and grandson of Jonathan Snow. He followed the sea from 1863 until 1875, was then in mercantile business until 1883, since which time he has been clerk of the steamer Longfellow. He married Emeline, daughter of Waters Taylor. Their only son is Fred. R.
Obadiah Snow, born in 1825, is a son of Josiah and Ruth (Dyer) Snow. He was a boat builder in early life and followed the trade twenty-one years. He married Sarah M. Dyer, who died, leaving one son, Elijah O., who is married and has one son. Mr. Snow began business as a music dealer many years ago, upon the site of the present town hall. In 1875 he refitted his present store, and continued a dealer in music, fancy goods, carpets and other goods, assisted by his son.
Reuben S. Snow, born in 1831, is a son of John and Sally (Lancy) Snow, and grandson of Josiah Snow. He has. been a house carpenter since 1847. He married Hannah D., daughter of Nathaniel and Sally Paine, and granddaughter of Elisha Paine.
Richard G. Tarrent was born in 1830 in Cork, Ireland. He came to Provincetown with his father, James Tarrent, at the age of sixteen. He was six years in the whaling business, and after spending four years in California, he was boat fishing until 1870, and since that time he has run a seine loft. He married Ann McGregor, who died, leaving no children, and he was afterward married to Ruth A. Seavy, who died, leaving two children: Lizzie A. (Mrs. E. E. Cramer) and Charlotte A. (Mrs. Charles Hopkins). His third marriage was with Susan A. Coffin. Their only daughter is Lillie.
Amasa Taylor, son of Amasa and Polly (Gould) Taylor, grandson of David and Susan Taylor, and great-grandson of John and Susanna Taylor, was born in 1824. He has been a blacksmith at Provincetown since 1858. He married Rebecca Crosby, who died, leaving two children: Abiel C. and Mary A. (Mrs. E. Wheeler). His second marriage was with Hannah Bush, widow of James Bush. They have three children: Rebecca A., Minnie C. and Lucinda C.
Thomas S. Taylor, born in Yarmouth in 1840, is a son of Charles and Hannah (Ellis) Taylor, grandson of Elijah, and great-grandson of Elijah Taylor. He came to Provincetown in 1853, and followed the sea from that time until 1886, the last thirty years in whaling vessels. He was master of vessels after 1862. He married Josephine E., daughter
of Elisha West, and granddaughter of Ebenezer West, who was a native of Plymouth, and removed to Nova Scotia. They have four children: Charles N., E. Thomas, William W. and Hersey D.
Joseph A. West, son of Elisha and Barbara Ann (Lavender) West, was born in Nova Scotia in 1846, and came to Provincetown in 1848. He married Josephine Hatton. Their children are: Josie H. and Louis J. Joseph A. West and Josiah F. Brown, in 1868, succeeded to the business of C. P. Dyer. During the same year Mr. West became sole proprietor, and continues to keep a large stock of furniture, fancy goods and builder's and hardware goods.
John G. Whitcomb, born in Yarmouth, Maine, in 1834, is a son of Levi Whitcomb. He married Mary J. Fountain and has, one son, Charles T. C. Mr. Whitcomb began, in December, 1865, to build vessels upon the shore nearly opposite his present residence. The whaling schooner Alcyone, of 137 tons, the first vessel built by Mr. Whitcomb, was launched in 1866. In 1867 theCora Morrison, of 129 tons, was launched from his yard. In 1867 the schooner Freddie W. Alton, of 129 tons, was launched. November, 1868, the brig D. A. Small, of 166 tons, was completed. The schooner Lottie Bell, of 131 tons, in 1869, and the schooner Willie Swift, of 137 tons, in 1875, were also built by Mr. Whitcomb at his yard. In 1867, while hastening work upon the Alton, Mr. Whitcomb cut and carted to his yard from Truro woods good white oak timber, which he used in the frame of the Alton. Mr. Whitcomb still repairs a great many vessels, but has since 1875 built no new vessels.
Joseph Whitcomb, born in 1841 in Yarmouth, Maine, is a son of Levi Whitcomb. He came to Provincetown in 1865. He was deputy sheriff from 1876 until 1889, when he was elected high sheriff. Mr. Whitcomb assisted for many years Robert Knowles, undertaker, and in 1880, upon the death of Mr. Knowles, established himself in business as his successor. He married Susan E. Knowles, who died leaving two children: Flossie M. and Susie E. His second marriage was with Levinia C. Mullen. They have one son, Joseph W.
Andrew T. Williams, born in 1832, is a son of Jacob C. and Mary (Rich) Williams, and grandson of Andrew N. Williams. Mr. Williams conducts the general store formerly owned by the Union Wharf Company, which was established in 1831 by Thomas Nickerson, Jonathan Nickerson, Samuel Soper and Stephen Nickerson. Several changes in the partners followed, but the firm continued until its dissolution in 1879 to do a large fishing business, which Mr. Williams has continued. He married Eveline, daughter of Samuel and Eveline Soper. They have three children: Fred. E., Mary E. and Nina S.
Nathan Young, son of Nehemiah and Phebe (Higgins) Young, and
grandson of Eleazer Young, was born in 1823. He followed the sea from 1833 until 1863, as master after


Friday Jan 03, 2014
ODI 12c - Components and LKMs/IKMs
Here I'd like to illustrate some nice capabilities of ODI 12c's knowledge module framework in combination with the new component based mapper. Some of this was prompted from recent questions from Holger Friedrich (on migration from OWB..'where is delete'), Stewart Bryson and Mark Rittman (on components and KMs here) and a general nagging thought I had that people were generally unaware of the capabilities. There's a lot more we can illustrate and talk about in this area, so this is a little taster...
Customized loading, integration and error management can be defined using knowledge modules. There is a text based substitution library that makes building such knowledge modules very easy - especially with the abundance of examples - plus the substitution reference documentation is a good reference guide (intro here, reference here). This can be used in harmony with ODI 12c components. In 12c we have modularized a lot and introduced components (components are logical and describe the WHAT of the transformation, component KMs describe the HOW, just like regular KMs), also we have formalized some parts of the framework but it is still as open as ever.
In supporting the odiRef substitution library we have chosen a similar approach to how the sub-select worked in 11g. If you want to build your own integration you can use the odiRef methods to get the target shape, details, connection etc. The source for the target, just like in 11g is provided via the odiRef methods also and may be rolled into the odiRef.getFrom method.
To illustrate, if you want to perform an integration to do a delete operation, then the following snippet is sufficient - in 11g or 12c (the code in red is boiler plate). In ODI 12c you can now have an arbitrary mapping graph leading up to the target;
 1. DELETE FROM <%=odiRef.getTable("L","TARG_NAME","A")%> T
 2. WHERE (<%=odiRef.getTargetColList("", "[COL_NAME]", ", ", "\n", "UK")%> )
 3. IN
 4. (
 5. select * from (
 6. <%for (int i=odiRef.getDataSetMin(); i <= odiRef.getDataSetMax(); i++){%>
 7. <%=odiRef.getDataSet(i, "Operator")%>
 8. SELECT <%=snpRef.getColList(i,"", "\t[COL_NAME]", ",\n", "", "UK")%>
 9. FROM <%=odiRef.getFrom(i)%>
 10. WHERE (1=1) <%=snpRef.getJoin(i)%> <%=snpRef.getFilter(i)%> <%=snpRef.getGrpBy(i)%> <%=snpRef.getHaving(i)%>
 11. <%}%>
 12. ) S
 13. )
For example in the mapping below, I am using the subquery filter component to identify some rows that I then want to DELETE from the CONTACT_LIST target. The integration type property on target datastores was introduced in 12c and supports a set number of integrations to help filter the IKMs, if you select None, you can pick any IKM applicable for the technology.
If you look at the physical design for the above mapping you can now pick the IKM which performs the delete, the subquery filter also has a component KM which produces code, this code is rolled into the odiRef methods in the template. This then lets arbitrary map designs to be created and still build customized KMs for loading, integrating and error management. The odiRef substitution methods are simple text based APIs for producing text based on simple primitives.
This then produces the following SQL statement to perform the DELETE DML, our IKM has no knowledge of how to construct subquery filter, pivot or any other complex transformation - the code has been modularized. The code produced is below;
 2. IN (
 6. = SOME (
 7. SELECT
 9. FROM
 12. )
 13. )
 14. )
Another useful illustration of things working in harmony is related to the improved code generation for Oracle connectivity - the basics of database links have been greatly improved (no more requirements for view on source, but still supported). The framework change in order to support this will have more use cases down the line too. Now you can use the 12c database link LKMs to pull data from tables over a database link and leverage custom IKMs on the target. One of the 11g issues was related to the requirements the 11g Oracle to Oracle database link LKM placed on users, this has been greatly improved, you can now take advantage of this, plus use existing IKMs, build new ones etc.
The mapping above uses new 12c LKMs to access remote Oracle datastores and a customized IKM to illustrate the mix and match capabilities.
Hopefully this gives you some background and insight into the ODI 12c mapping and knowledge module capabilities that you weren't aware of. Looking forward to any questions and additional ideas, insights that you have.
Wednesday Sep 09, 2009
The techniques that we will leveraged for this are the following:
All the objects mentioned in this article can be downloaded. Save
this XML file
 - Name your target table
Interface Definition Tab
SAMPLER_ID number(3)
SAMPLER_NAME varchar2(30)
SAMPLER_PRICE number(10,2)
Sampler Interface Table Creation
 - Have a naming convention that is simplified
 - Limit the number of parameters
 - Limit the complexity of the code
 - RandomBool(): generate a 0 or a 1
For our example, we will build the following mappings:
Column Mapping
SAMPLER_ID RandomNumber(1,999)
SAMPLER_NAME RandomString('A', 1, 30)
SAMPLER_PROMOTION case when RandomBool()=0 then 'FALSE'
else 'TRUE'
SAMPLER_PRICE RandomDecimal(1,10000)
In ODI, the mappings will look like this:
Sampler Interface Mappings
Sampler IKM
10,000 records generated in 5 seconds
Statistics are available in the Operator interface.
Sampler Stats
 - Use the same logic to create your interface
Data Integration Showcased at OpenWorld 2009
« March 2014


Home / Features / 1940s Tank Crews: Who Did What?
1940s Tank Crews: Who Did What?
Still from the film Fury
Movie still from the film 'Fury'
When you're in the driving 'seat' (many tanks require you to kneel uncomfortably or practically lie down, so there's no real seat to speak of), it's one thing negotiating the bumpy terrain in the daytime with your head poking out of the hatch, but imagine what it's like during night-time warfare and the hatches are down – a whole different ball game.
Indeed, technology might move on in leaps and bounds, but even the most primitive tanks from the early part of the 20th century have one thing in common with the latest battle tanks such as the AS-90 Braveheart or the Buffalo MRAP – a crew. Who are the intrepid operators of these tanks?
In general, each tank crew is made up of three to five personnel. Here's a rundown of the main roles of each crewman and the history behind it all:
British Cruiser Tank
British Cruiser Tank
The Commander
As you might imagine, this is the leader of the crew, the CO, the Old Man (that's an affectionate term used whether it's male or female in the US and UK armies). Ultimately responsible for all actions and decisions, this is the highest rank of the high-pressure tank jobs. The commander assesses the battlefield, liaises with the Squadron Leader and coordinates the onboard team.
Often operating in the dark, literally and metaphorically, the confusion, intensity and uncertainty of full-on warfare takes its toll on the boss. Tank commander Sgt. Trevor Greenwood of the 9th Battalion Royal Tank Regiment explained the acute fatigue in the summer of 1944: '…speculation about our next move. Will we be withdrawn? Or sent in again? We need some rest: everyone is worn out, mentally and physically'.
The Gunner
This job involved doing just what it says on the tin – operating the gun. Firing the main turret might sound like a simple enough task, but during the Second World War it became an integral and high-pressure role.
John Irwin, an American tank gunner who participated in the Allied invasion of Europe, said, 'Commander Joe would pick targets and I would try and hit them'. The only problem with that was that the gunner was in a moving vehicle, often being bounced around over uneven and bumpy terrain, with a cacophony of noise all around, trying to aim at a moving target, all whilst probably under serious enemy fire.
It's thought that the actual firing is just 40% of the job. The rest is all about tactics, keeping a level head and a steady hand when all around you is chaos, noise and danger.
Ammunition Loader
While the Ammunition Loader might lack lateral thinking, its physical strength and stamina certainly makes up for it. This role was all about keeping each tank firing on all four cylinders, as it were. Simply put, the quicker a gun can be re-loaded, the quicker a tank could fire at the enemy. But it has to be said, there was no glamour in this role in the Second World War. The hard-working gunner didn't even have the luxury of an escape hatch in some tanks, so as you can imagine, they worked in isolation in the heat and confinement.
It's said that the loader 'had to crawl under the gun' to exit the tank in the event of fire or a direct hit, and that's if they were lucky. If anything happened to the gunner or the commander and they were incapacitated, that very small escape route could easily be blocked. Of course, advances in technology meant that some tanks were autoloading (often seen on Russian and French-built models) meaning the role of the loader was lost, but it has to be said, the British and American armies still preferred the human loaders.
The Driver
Inside Second World War German tank
Inside Second World War German tank
You've got your boss, your hotshot gunner and your plucky loader, now all you need is someone to actually drive the tank. Back in the World War eras, tanks were pretty basic (they still can't be described as being the height of modern comfort now) and drivers had to be adept at working in a cramped environment, all the more confounding when you're advancing against towards the enemy lines under pressure.
As well as having to negotiate unknown territory, hostile terrain and cover miles in a noisy, hot tank, the driver's role was to out-manoeuvre the enemy. As you can imagine, a heavy tank in the 1940s was not the most agile of vehicles and the driving experience was described as being 'more akin to that of tractor than an automobile'. This explains why some crews operated with an assistant driver (the fifth member of the team) to be an extra pair of eyes, especially when driving using a periscope.
And what do you do out on the battlefield when something goes wrong with your tank? Fix it yourself. There was no full-time mechanic onboard, very few tools and no spare parts, so it took ingenuity and inventiveness to keep your tank running.
Amazingly, one of the biggest threats to a tank being rendered inoperable was not enemy fire, but rats. The pesky rodents would often get inside and chew on cables and wiring (most of which was exposed in tanks, rather than neatly hidden behind a dashboard as you might have thought), causing all sorts of failures.
With the main roles of the typical tank crew explained, there are just two extra elements to factor in on the chances of a crew surviving the battleground in the two World Wars and heading safely back to their families – training and experience. It has been said that in the Second World War tank driving training 'was very thorough for new recruits' in the German Army, yet training new crews 'continued to be a problem for the Red Army'.
About Tom Hale
Tom Hale
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