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Project "Predictive Model of Industrial Employability"
The Chair of Management Accounting has received notification from the DFG that funding will be made available over the next 3 years for the intended project "Predictive Model of Industrial Employability". The project will be implemented jointly with the Chair of Production Metrology and Quality Management (Prof. Dr. Robert Schmitt).
The overarching objective is the development and testing of a Predictive Model of Industrial Employability (PMIE) that enables organisations to deduce organizational development (OD) interventions on the individual and organisational level. The proposed research project contributes to this objective by developing such a general model and by applying it to a representative sample of companies from the automotive and machine tool industries. If the model proves to be useful in these industries, the generalizability should be examined in further industries. This scientific approach is based on the idea of providing a practical theory and concrete artefacts to address technological and demographic challenges. It is meant to support organizations in facing the challenges that result from the on-going technological and demographic changes. These challenges include a general decrease in the size of the workforce of working age (16-67), an increase in workforce diversity, and the changing demands for competencies required of the workforce. Beyond already existing approaches, the PMIE is not limited to conceptual development. Instead, its assumptions are empirically tested to validate the model and to quantify the initially qualitative model.


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Under a 17-metre domed ceiling, experience a remarkable journey through one thousand years of Canada's social history.
The Canada Hall has been developed in two sections. The first focuses on the Atlantic region, Quebec and Ontario from A.D. 1000 to 1885. The second covers Western and Northern Canada from 1885 to the present.
The first section of the Canada Hall includes reconstructed scenes of early European activity: a Norse landing in Newfoundland in A.D. 1000, as well as the interior of a Basque ship and a whaling station - both dating from about A.D. 1560. An Acadian exhibit, a New France farmhouse and public square, an inn, a hospital, a shoemaker's house and a cooper's house all illustrate life in New France from 1600 to 1760. A voyageur camp, a Conestoga wagon, a lumber camp shanty and a Métis campsite represent expanding frontiers from 1680 to 1860. For the period between 1760 and 1885, visitors are conducted through British military quarters, a shipyard and a main street in late nineteenth-century Ontario.
The second section of the Canada Hall showcases the West and the North in historical settings that span the years 1885 to 2000. Displays currently include a turn-of-the-century railway station and railway yard, a Saskatchewan grain elevator, a Ukrainian church that was moved here from Alberta, scenes from the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919, a Chinese hand laundry and a 1920s Alberta oil derrick. When completed, this section will illustrate urban development in the early industrial era (_PHONE_). It will include a West Coast fisheries scene and a reconstruction of Yellowknife's Wildcat Cafe, which provides a venue for stories from the North, past and present.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


The throng of the London Underground on a busy day is a phenomenon most Londoners fear.
And rightly so.
There are few people who want to spend their morning commute staring into the depths of someone else's armpit.
But which ones are the busiest?
TfL releases data detailing the annual entry and exit figures for all the stations, meaning we know the amount of journeys taken to and from each.
The latest available statistics are from 2017.
Here are the ten most used stations on the London Underground.
If you don't like crowds it might be wise to avoid these stations.
10. Paddington - 48.8 million journeys each year
Paddington Station is the tenth busiest on the London Underground line
Paddington is the first of many of London's key national rail stations on this top-ten list.
Millions of commuters get trains in from outside London each day and then catch the Underground for the last leg of their journey.
Paddington is the way into London for many parts of West London but also further afield in the Thames Valley region, West and South-West England and even South Wales.
9. Canary Wharf 50.9 - million journeys each year
Definitely not surprising for the hundreds of thousands of people who have to wade through the station every day but it might seem a little odd to people not familiar with it as its not a major national rail station.
Instead the throngs of people are getting themselves to the skyscrapers around Canary Wharf, one of London's major business districts.
8. Bank & Monument - 61.8 million journeys each year
Lombard Street entrance to Bank Tube station
Bank takes its name from the Bank of England, the heart of the City of London.
Every day people come from across South England to their high-flying jobs in the old institutions and shiny new skyscrapers in the area.
7. Stratford - 62 million journeys each year
For people travelling into London from Kent and East Anglia, Stratford is a key station.
From there people jump onto either the Jubilee Line to Canary Wharf and South London or Central Line into Bank and Central London.
Stratford has also seen some of the biggest levels of development in the last twenty years as the old industrial areas are regenerated.
6. Liverpool Street - 67.7 million journeys each year
It can get unimaginably busy at Liverpool Street sometimes
This is the main rail station in the City of London.
It is the end of the line for West Anglia Main Line trains from Cambridge, Great Eastern Main Line trains from Norwich, local and regional commuter trains from east London and the East of England, and Stansted Express services from Stansted Airport.
5. London Bridge 69.1 million journeys each year
London Bridge is one of the oldest stations in not only London but the world.
It serves people coming in from Kent and Sussex as well as sitting on the Thameslink line.
From London Bridge you can catch a Northern Line train up into the city or a Jubilee Line train to Canary Wharf.
4. Victoria - 79.4 million journeys each year
Crowds at the station
An important interchange between local bus routes, London's main coach station, the Circle, District and Victoria Lines, and regional trains.
Its not surprising such a busy hub is so high up on the list.
3. Oxford Circus - 84.1 million journeys each year
Along with Bank and Canary Wharf, Oxford Circus is one of the few London Underground stations on the list that isn't serving a major National Rail station.
Oxford Circus is the stop to get off for London's main shopping district. Most days of the year Oxford, Regent and Bond streets teem with shoppers and most of them are coming through Oxford Circus.
2. Waterloo - 91.3 million journeys each year
Waterloo's National Rail station is one of the busiest stations in the country so it follows that the Underground station sees extremely high traffic.
As well as being the busiest in the UK, Waterloo Station is the largest in terms of floor space and has the greatest number of platforms.
The Underground station is served by the Northern and Jubilee Lines.
1. King's Cross St Pancras - 97.9 million journeys each year
Passengers disembark from a Piccadilly Line train at King's Cross underground station
This London Underground station serves two major National Rail stations. St Pancras, which is the main international route into London, and Kings Cross, which is the terminus for various local and regional services.
Just to add a bit of chaos to the mix it is also the interchange for six Underground Lines.
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For comparison the least used station on the Tube network, Roding Valley, serves just 368,000 passengers a year. For every one person travelling through Roding Valley, 266 go through King's Cross St Pancras.


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Pick of the pics
A pretty magnetic pattern is pretty surprising too
Against the rules, triplets of magnetic north poles (bright points) and south poles (dark points) chum together with amazing regularity on small islands etched in a honeycomb pattern on an iron surface, using an electron beam. Hartmut Zabel at the Ruhr-Universität Bochum calls it a new magnetic order. The polarities are revealed by a magnetic force microscope, and the 20-micrometre scale line tells us that the width of the picture is about the average thickness of a human hair. Credit: RUB
Who'd have thought it? In kindergarten science you learn that like magnetic poles repel each other. Yet here we see energetically unfavourable triplets of poles occurring not just once or twice by mistake but all across a specially prepared iron surface, when subjected to a magnetic field.
The so-called "magnetic monopoles" created in this pattern are not to be confused with hypothetical fundamental particles of that name. And be wary of attempts to explain the phenomenon to you by reference to "spin ice", and an analogy with water ice. They may be helpful for experts but can baffle non-physicists. All you really need to know is that the exposed north or south poles belong to atoms that can face one way or the other on the lattice surface.
Watch out for novel information-storage devices exploiting this "new magnetic order". Prof. Zabel points out that "each node point has eight possible dipole constellations – far more than with conventional storage techniques based on two states". The islands in the experiments were 3 micrometres long, but they might be made ten times smaller.
Alexandra Schumann, Björn Sothmann, Philipp Szary and Hartmut Zabel, "Charge ordering of magnetic dipoles in artificial honeycomb lattices," Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 97, 022509 (2010). doi:10.1063/_PHONE_
RUB press release: _URL_
For a relevant report last year from Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie see _URL_


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The de Havilland DH 82 Tiger Moth is a 1930s biplane designed by Geoffrey de Havilland and was operated by the Royal Air Force and others as a primary trainer. The Tiger Moth remained in service with the RAF until 1952 when many of the surplus aircraft entered civil operation. Many other nations used the Tiger Moth both in military and civil applications and the ubiquitous little trainer is still in great demand worldwide as a recreational aircraft. It is still occasionally used as a primary training aircraft, although now most Tiger Moths employed in training duties are used by pilots gaining experience for 'taildragger' license ratings.
From the outset, the Tiger Moth proved to be an ideal trainer, simple and cheap to own and maintain, although control movements required a positive and sure hand as there was a slowness to control inputs. Some instructors preferred these flight characteristics because of the effect of "weeding" out the inept student pilot.
The RAF ordered 35 dual-control Tiger Moth Is which had the company designation DH 60T. A subsequent order was placed for 50 aircraft powered by the de Havilland Gipsy Major I engine (130 hp) which was the DH 82A or to the RAF Tiger Moth II. The Tiger Moth entered service at the RAF Central Flying School in February 1932. By the start of the Second World War, the RAF had 500 of the aircraft in service and large numbers of civilian Tiger Moths were impressed to meet the demand for trainers.
During a British production run of over 7,000 Tiger Moths, a total of 4,005 Tiger Moth IIs were built during the war specifically for the RAF, nearly half being built by the Morris Motor Company at Cowley, Oxford.
The Tiger Moth became the foremost primary trainer throughout the Commonwealth and elsewhere. It was the principal type used in the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan where thousands of military pilots got their first taste of flight in this robust little machine. The RAF found the Tiger Moth's handling ideal for training future fighter pilots. Whilst generally docile and forgiving in the normal flight phases encountered during initial training, when used for aerobatic and formation training the Tiger Moth required definite skill and concentration to perform well- a botched maneuver could easily cause the aircraft to stall or spin.
A number of modified Tiger Moths were developed for special roles. A radio-controlled target tug version of the Tiger Moth II called the DH.82B Queen Bee was built with nearly 300 in service at the start of World War II. The Fleet Air Arm operated small numbers of the Tiger Moth II, and the Queen Bee. In the aftermath of Britain's disastrous campaign in France, in August 1940, three proposals involved beach defence systems; 350 Tiger Moths were fitted with bomb racks to serve as light bombers. A more radical conversion involved the "paraslasher," a scythe-like blade fitted to a Tiger Moth and intended to cut parachutist's canopies as they descended to earth. Flight tests proved the idea, but it was not officially adopted. The Tiger Moth was also tested as a "human crop sprayer" intended to dispense "Paris Green" poisonous insecticide from powder dispensers located under the wings.
In Canada, de Havilland manufactured 1,523 of the DH 82C, which had a 145 hp D.H. Gipsy Major 1C engine and other modifications including a tail wheel replacing the original tail skid, a stronger undercarriage with wheels set farther forward and enclosed cockpit with a sliding canopy necessitated by the cold northern climate. The de Havilland Canada operation also supplied 200 Tiger Moths to the USAAF, which designated them the PT-24. A further 151 were built in Norway, Sweden and Portugal while 2,949 Tiger Moths were built by other countries of the British Commonwealth.
In postwar use, surplus Tiger Moths were made available for sale to flying clubs and individuals. They proved to be inexpensive to operate and found enthusiastic reception in the civil market, taking on new roles including aerial advertiser, aerial ambulance, aerobatic performer, crop duster and glider tug. They were often compared with the Stampe SV4 famous aerobatic aircraft.
After the invention of aerial topdressing in New Zealand, large numbers of ex-Royal New Zealand Air Force Tiger Moths built in that country were converted into agricultural aircraft. The front seat was replaced with a hopper to hold superphosphate for aerial topdressing. From the mid 1950s, these topdressers were replaced by more modern types such as the PAC Fletcher, and a large number of New Zealand Tiger Moths in good flying condition then passed to enthusiasts.
Royal Navy Tiger Moths utilised as target tugs and "air experience" machines became the last military aircraft when the service purchased a batch of refurbished examples in 1956.
Numerous examples of the Tiger Moth are still flying today (an estimated 250). The number of airworthy Tiger Moths has increased as previously neglected aircraft (or those previously only used for static display in museums) have been restored. A number of aircraft have been preserved as museum displays (amongst others) at the:
My Proud Association with City's Transport Heritage; THAT REMINDS ME: THE REGULAR FEATURE THAT GIVES YOU THE CHANCE TO CATCH UP WITH YOUR PAST
Jun 06, 2005; READER Barry Greener, of Green Lane, sent in these pictures linked with Coventry's transport past. Here are some of his memories...


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Higher reliability. Improved mixing efficiency. Increased duration.
Pressure leaching 'severe service' challenges:
- scale formation
- corrosion (acidic environment)
- wear and erosion
- high velocity and 3-phase flow
- high oxygen concentration
- thermal shock
Specific to the autoclave industry, MOGAS has directly employed and strategically partnered with the best technical specialists, who support the start-up and ramp up to full production of high-pressure acid leach (HPAL) and pressure oxidation (POx) production plants globally.
These experienced operational and maintenance personnel have solid process understanding—a critical factor in the successful start-up of a high-pressure metallurgy process in an autoclave-based circuit, compared to a conventional atmospheric leach or concentrator plant.
This experience base provides input and a better understanding of the overall process circuit beyond autoclaves that advance valve and system designs specific to customer requirements. MOGAS can assess specific design aspects of the circuit to not only assimilate the current operational procedures, but to the underlying reasons for the way the procedures were developed—the 'why's' to procedural steps, operational sequences or specific design features.
The majority of all autoclaves worldwide use MOGAS severe service technology.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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By Treena Duncan, Executive Minister
As I write this I am looking out the window at the lengthening days and am aware of how quickly time is passing. Last fall, you received correspondence from the National church about an ongoing process within The United Church of Canada – a process contemplating the establishment of an Autonomous Indigenous Organization. It probably seemed like we had a lot of time to consider this question, but the deadline is now quickly approaching.
When remits are issued by our church, they are important topics for us to educate ourselves to make faithful decisions. Remit 1 falls under Category 3, necessitating a vote from the governing body of each community of faith. This initiative, proposed by the National Indigenous Council, is a crucial step towards reconciliation. It's important to note that failing to vote on a remit is effectively recorded as a vote against it. Therefore, I strongly urge you to submit your vote before the impending March 31, 2024 deadline.
Remit 1 asks the following questions:
Does the regional council/pastoral charge agree to amend the Basis of Union to reflect
1. That The United Church of Canada will be organized as follows: (1) a three-council structure, consisting of communities of faith, regional councils and a Denominational Council; and (2) an autonomous National Indigenous Organization; and
2. That once the new autonomous National Indigenous Organization is established within The United Church of Canada, it will have its own mechanisms to make any future changes to its structure and processes, and, therefore will not be subject to the remit process under section 7.4.1 of the Basis of Union; and
3. The changes required for the establishment of the autonomous National Indigenous Organization.
This is proposing a new way of being in relationship together, but the Indigenous Church does not wish to separate from the United Church. Remembering the long history of Indigenous and non-Indigenous relationships in the United Church, the National Indigenous Council, in its proposal to General Council 44 said: "It is time for us to move towards a different relationship. It is time to set aside the notion of 'missions to the Indians' and truly move towards being 'partners in God's call to all the earth'."
Would you please take a moment to complete this simple form by Friday, February 9, 2024 to let us know when you're planning to vote on Remit 1 or if you've already voted.
I have also included some resources below for your convenience: All the materials for voting are posted on this webpage (scroll to its bottom). Other resources include the study guide, a text summary of frequently asked questions, and a January 2024 Letter from the General Secretary. Videos: January 2024 video on questions about the Remit, addressed by members of the non-Indigenous church. Also, available is a short video on Indigenous perspectives on the Remit, released in November 2023. Also helpful is the Chinook Winds Regional Town Hall on Remit 1 – November 8, 2023.
You are also welcome to reach out to myself or Karen Medland or Chris May Poy if you have questions about the remit.
Executive Minister, Chinook Winds & Pacific Mountain Regions


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The functions of Central Pollution Control Board are –
- Advise the Central Government on matters relating to pollution;
- Coordinate the activities of the State Boards;
- Provide Technical assistance to the State Boards, carry out and sponsor investigations and research relating to control of pollution;
- Plan and organize training of personnel;
- Collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data, prepare manuals and code of conduct.
- To lay down standards;
- To plan nation wide programme for pollution control.
The Indian Penal Code has a chapter on offences affecting Public Health, Safety, Convenience (Chapter XIV). Sec. 268 provides that "a person is guilty of a public nuisance who does any act or is guilty of an illegal omission which causes any common injury, danger or annoyance to the public or to the people in general who dwell or occupy property in the vicinity, or which must necessarily cause injury, obstruction, danger, or annoyance to persons who may have occasion to use any public right." The section further explains that a common nuisance is not excusable on the ground that it causes some convenience or advantage. Other concerned provisions are: a "negligent act likely to spread infection or disease dangerous to life" (Sec. 269 IPC.), a "malignant act likely to spread infection or disease dangerous to life" (Sec. 270 IPC.), "making atmosphere noxious to health" (Sec. 278 IPC.).


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LEADERSHIP TRAINING GUIDE
For use in officer training and other leadership training contexts. Order from the Office of the General Assembly
OTHER USEFUL RESOURCES
- Concepts of Recovery, The Journey Curriculum, Facilitator's Guide & DVD Set - A curriculum to help heal the trauma of abortion.
- Baptism (Francis Schaeffer)
- What Is the Reformed Faith? (John DeWitt)
- What Parents Should Know About Infant Baptism (John Sartelle)


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News Content Perspective of TV One and Metro TV in Seeing Indonesia Government Policy
In the new order era, media is chained and regarded as a mouthpiece of New Order government. After 17 years the fall of the New Order regime, some of the media in Indonesia still can never escape from the intervention, particularly media owners. This research aims to determine the differences of political perspective of two television media toward the government. The research used qualitative method which relies on secondary data through documentation. The results indicate that the political orientation of the media owners had intervened the media perspective against the government. Media cannot be an objective watchdog of the government, because the news on the televisions is subjective. The media, such as TV One and Metro TV, have different agenda and perspective. The setting of a resource as well as the communications attitude of the TV One host shows its role as a government watchdog. Metro TV has a different attitude; there is tendency to be more cooperative and accommodating with government and the policies of President Joko Widodo.
Margynata Kurnia Putra, Yusa Djuyandi and La Mani


Top Ranking Institutions
Institute Name Overall Rating
Academic Excellence
Teacher Competency
Student's Development
School Reputation
Sports and Extracurricular Activities
Pedagogical Performance
Value for Money
How do we calculate ratings?
Our ratings are calculated using a series of steps to ensure statistical data and useful guidance in the educational institute choice experience. In general, the process used to calculate each rating was as follows:
First, we carefully selected each rating's factors to represent a healthy balance between statistical data and practical relevance in the rating.
Next, we evaluated the data for each factor to ensure that it provided value for the rating. (The parameters needed to help distinguish educational institute from each other and accurately represent each educational institute.) Because there are different factor types, we processed them differently.
Parameters built from user data and student/parent-submitted feedback on various social media, information available on public sites, personal visits of our team members, information received from educational institute.
Parameters built from factual information were inspected for bad data including outliers or inaccurate values. Where applicable, this data was either adjusted or completely excluded depending on the specific data.
After each parameter was processed, we produced a standardized score for each parameter at each educational institute. This score evaluated distance from the average using sub-parameters and allows each educational institute's score to be compared against others in a statistically sound manner.
After assigning weights, an overall score was calculated for each educational institute by applying the assigned weights to each educational institute's individual parameter scores. This overall score was then assigned a new standardized score. This was the final score for each rating.
Educational institute missing the data for 50 percent or more of the parameters (by weight) were completely excluded. They did not qualify for rating.
Educational institute that had given consent for rating was included for educational institute rating process.
Rating is assigned on each main parameter based on the evaluation of sub-parameters. Weight of each sub-parameter are assigned as per importance for quality of education.
Ratings Overall score
A+++ >90%
A++ >80%
A+ >70%
A >60%
B+ >50%
B >40%
How do we calculate ratings?
Comparing schools is more important than ranking schools should begin to make sense. Comparing the class size from one school to another, for example, is useful especially if plenty of individual attention is something you want in a school. Comparing tuition is important for most of us as it impacts how much financial aid we need to ask for. Indeed, comparing financial aid packages from one school to another could determine final choice if everything else fits. The uniqueness of each school, the way each school fits with your needs and requirements, and how each one compares with the others are three reasons why ranking schools doesn't matter when it comes to choosing the best private school for child. A school which enjoys a good reputation will be high on every parent's list. But that doesn't necessarily mean that it is the best school for your child.
Parents looking for private schools ask these questions all the time. The pictures and the descriptions are appealing but how accurate are they? Only a visit and close inspection of each property will answer those questions and confirm or negate initial assessment. It's the same sort of process with choosing a private school. Schools provide India's rapidly growing demand for quality education. Tech Observer and Think Unique Infomedia School Rating aims to help schools achieve higher degrees of academic excellence, establish the right profile of institutes and showcase an institute's quality to students, faculty and edu-stakeholder across India. This will also ensure the parents for informed decision for selection of school.
What makes our School Ratings Unique?
School provides right environment for child educational success as well as teach number of skills like teamwork, discipline, manners, etiquette and many more that help to become a good person. Schools provide a structure setting where children learn rules and regulations that help to achieve success in future. School is temple of education. Every parent wants quality education for their children and majority of them expect the quality of education at affordable prices. The parents are now more concerned about overall development of child so demand of branded school is increasing in urban and semi-urban area. Keeping in mind all basic requirement of today's parent our team has evaluated the rating of school. During our analysis we found that schools in various locations are doing equally good so parents can opt any of these school as per their convenience for location and affordability. Discipline and academic excellence is utmost priority of parents.
Keeping in mind all aspects we have decided to go for school rating instead of school ranking. Due to increased competition school management is now focusing on making difference in teaching method, use of digital learning, more focus in extra-curricular activities, practical based learning and overall development of child. Our ratings strive to reflect the entire school experience, including academics, teachers, diversity, student life, and student outcomes. We also believe that each school is so much more than just one ranking number. That's why we have in-depth profiles on each school and also assess them across a number of factors to produce grade for each school.


"The Green Hills Of Earth" is a short story by Creator/RobertAHeinlein first published in 1947.
!!This short story provides examples of:
* BawdySong: Rhysling's unpublished works are alluded to, occasionally by title, and described as being "unfit for publication in a family magazine".
* CommonMeter
* HeroicRROD: The poet Rhysling makes critical repairs to a nuclear core, but sustains fatal radiation poisoning. He composes [[spoiler: the eponymous song as he dies]].
* {{Hobos}}: Old blind Rhysling, the Singer of the Spaceways, is a kind of hobo. He's an unusual example, as he's built up something of a reputation as a wandering poet and is well-regarded by pretty much everyone.
* PerilousPowerSource: Rhysling loses his sight this way - he peers past the baffles of a rocket's reactor and is then blinded by Cherenkov radiation. Ouch.
* WalkingTheEarth: Rhysling. Until the accident that blinded him, he had been a spaceship engineer; after the accident, he took advantage of the informal custom that a spacer could have one free trip home, using it to wander at will all over the solar system.


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In this fascinating article, Mark Smith takes a closer look at the evolution of bears…
Recently my attention became drawn to an unusual natural curiosity; I wondered why there are no species of bear in Africa.
Bears are remarkably adaptable and generalist species, they are capable of living in forests, grasslands and mountains. Their diet is omnivorous and on the whole wide-ranging across species. On the face of it, there seems to be no logical reason for the absence of this species from this continent. There are no bear species in Australia but this is easily explainable; in fact, mammal fauna in Australia is unique. Australia is home to a distinctive marsupial assemblage which resulted from the split of the continent from the supercontinent Gondwana, its final separation occurred in the Mesozoic (251-140 million years ago) trapping primitive mammals on its shores. Africa, however, has a range of modern mammal taxa and niches indicative of the other continents.
Thus began a search of the literature to uncover the answer.
The earliest mammals were small rodent-sized organisms and the lineage of the bear can be traced back to the Palaeocene species Cimoloestes before the origin of true carnivores and the development of carnassial teeth.
The first true bears begin with Parictis a raccoon-sized mammal in North America which led to Amphicynodon and Cephalogale, a wolf-hound sized animal, found in 37 million-year-old Chinese deposits. Radiation of the species led to Phobercyon, Pithocyon and the aquatic bear Kolonomos.
Modern bears (Ursidae) exist in three sub-families Ailuropodinae (Giant Panda), Tremarctinae (Andean Bear) and the Ursinae (all other bears). These three lineages common ancestor was Ursavus elmensis. This species lived 20 million years ago; they originated in Asia and spread to North America. They were about 30 inches tall, adept climbers with distinctive omnivorous teeth and probably similar to modern-day Racoon Dogs.
The Giant Panda was for many years a subject of debate concerning its ancestry and growing up I can remember it not being listed as a bear; today, however, it has been shown that the Giant Panda descended from Ailurarctos which lived in Yunnan Province in China 7-8 million years ago, it too had links to Ursavus.
The Tremarctine Bears (also known as running bears) evolved during the middle Miocene as the world became drier. The humid forests were replaced by temperate forests and scrubland. These species became more specialised carnivores and became larger in body size. They first dispersed into North America and then into South America when the Panamanian land bridge surfaced 2 million years ago. Key running bears were the 600 kg Short-Faced Bear (Arctodus simus) and the 400 kg vegetarian Florida Cave Bear (Tremarctos floridanus). These two species were remarkably successful, surviving up until only 10,000 years ago. The Tremarctine bears faced increasing competition from big cats and the late Pleistocene extinction of the large herbivores. Their extinction also matches the appearance of mankind and arrival of Ursine bears such as the Brown Bear. Today only one Tremarctine species remains the Spectacled Bear of South America.
Ursine bears evolved from the Little Bear (Ursus minimus), they evolved 5 million years ago but underwent great change and radiation during the Ice Age 2.5 million years ago. Rather than being large and fast, the bears in Eurasia became slower and predominantly omnivorous. The Little Bear spawned the modern bears (Sun Bears, Sloth Bears, American Bears, Asian Black Bears, Brown Bears and Polar Bears). The Little Bear most closely resembled the Asiatic Black Bear (Ursus thibetanus). It spread right across Europe and Asia becoming isolated in Asia during the Pleistocene.
Brown Bears split off from the Little Bear 1.2-2.8 million years ago although there is some evidence they could have split from the Etruscan Bear or the Cave Bear (Ursus spelaecus). The Etruscan Bear led to the Eurasian Cave Bears 500,000-100,000 years ago. They were large (400 kg) and similar to their American Florida Cave Bear cousins. The Cave Bear had a distinctive domed forehead and weighed 500 kg; it vanished in the late Pleistocene. Regardless of the exact ancestor, Black Bears and Brown Bears separated at this time as part of a massive radiation of species, which somewhere included the Sloth Bears and the Sun Bears. The Brown and Black bears spread across Europe and Asia, crossing the Bering land bridge to colonise North America.
The most recent species to evolve is the Polar Bear, which evolved from the Brown Bear lineage some 200,000 years ago. This specialised polar hunter is exclusively carnivorous, whilst the Brown Bear retained a generalist omnivorous diet.
In this discussion, it is possible to see waves of bear evolution occurring in Europe, Asia and the Americas. Climatic changes and the creation of land bridges led to a dispersal and radiation of the species across the major continents. In this story, the Tremarctine dominance in the Americas gave way to a Pleistocene invasion of Eurasian Bears; it is clear that Africa is not mentioned at all. This indicates that whilst bears proved adaptable to most continents something restricted their spread onto this particular one.
Whilst I claim that there are no bears in Africa there is, in fact, evidence that there has been. Atlas Bears (Ursus arctos crowtherii) lived in North Africa and were a sub-species of Brown Bear. They covered much of Moroccan, Libyan and Tunisian mountains and forests. They had slightly more orange fur and a shorter face more reminiscent of their Miocene relatives. It is believed the Atlas bear was hunted to extinction, first by the Romans who used them for sport in their coliseums and later by other hunters. The last Atlas Bear was killed in the 1870's.
Fossilised bear remains have been discovered in two locations in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Africa and Ethiopia. These bones relate to one of the 'running bears' from the late Miocene and Pliocene. The species, Agrotherium africanum, had primitive teeth and was probably primarily herbivorous and a scavenger; it is thought that the genus became extinct due to competition. This I think, holds the key to why there are no bears in Africa i.e. competition and the Sahara.
Much of the evolution of the bear occurs in either Asia or North America with the resultant species spreading out in either direction east and west. In the Americas, the species were able to radiate south once the Panama land bridge was established and today we still have bears along the Andes. In Asia the Giant Panda thrived in the bamboo forests, the Asiatic Black Bear across south-east Asia and heading southwards, the Sloth Bear appeared in India. We know bears existed along the Atlas Mountains north of the Sahara desert but none south of it. It is likely that as is the case for many species, the desert acted as a considerable barrier to the southerly expansion of the bears. This barrier stopped the colonisation of Africa by any of the modern species of bear in the past 1 million years.
As we now know, there were Cave Bears found in Ethiopia and South Africa but they evidently died out without spawning new taxa, this suggests competition coming into play. To explore this we must look at the evolution of the Order Carnivora as a whole. This line includes all mammal carnivores which appeared in North America 42 million years ago from Miacids. This order very quickly splits into two orders, the Caniformia and the Feliformia. The Feliformia included all the cat families and were predominantly successful in Africa and Asia whilst the Caniformia that included the dogs, arctoids, racoons, weasels, seals and bears were most successful in North America, radiating into Europe.
Therefore the bear lineage became a mostly northern hemispheric line that was unable to successfully spread south through Africa and those that did, found themselves out-competed by the dominant Feliformia – predators like the big cats. Today where there are bears or dog species there are fewer cat species and vice versa.
The above is not a watertight explanation, but I think draws together the ancestry of the bear along with biogeographical information. With modern taxonomy and the development of improved genetic testing, evolutionary theory is coming on in leaps and bounds, and every year a clearer picture is gained. There is still much to be discovered and for that, we need both the paleontological evidence and DNA sequencing.
- Bears of the World _URL_ [Accessed: 16th September 2018]
- Benton, M.J. (2015) Vertebrate Palaeontology. 4th ed. Wiley Blackwell. Oxford.
- Macdonald, D. (1992) The Velvet Claw. BBC books. London.
- Prothero, D.R. (2017) The Princeton Field Guide to Prehistoric Mammals. Princeton University Press. Oxford.
- Wilson, D.E & Mittermeier, R.A ed. (2009) Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Vol. 1 Carnivores. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
About the Author: Mark Smith is an amateur ecologist who trained at the University of Aberystwyth. Mark runs a website


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- Plant biologists have now shown that they can make plants resistant to dodder vine by attacking the junctions where the parasite taps into the host.
Dodder vines are parasitic plants that suck water, nutrients and information from other plants as they spread over them. Plant biologists at the University of California, Davis, have now shown that they can make plants resistant to dodder by attacking the junctions where the parasite taps into the host.
"We think that this will translate into other parasitic plants," said Neelima Sinha, professor of plant biology at UC Davis, who led the project. The work was published online July 20 by the journal Plant Cell.
Sinha's lab uses dodder as a model for more serious parasites such as Striga, which attacks the roots of maize, sorghum and other African crops.
In earlier work, Sinha and colleagues found that when dodder taps into a host plant, it takes up RNA molecules that can act as chemical messengers in the host along with water, sugars and other nutrients. These circulating RNA molecules act as messengers inside plants, for example coordinating growth and flowering.
The researchers wondered if they could exploit this to attack the parasite. It is possible to switch off a gene with a short piece of RNA with which it pairs. This technique is called RNA interference or RNA silencing, and it won the Nobel Prize in medicine in 2006.
To use RNA interference against dodder, the team looked for genes that could affect the parasite but not the host.
"The answer turned out to be genes I've worked on all my career," Sinha said, describing a group of genes that control the activity of other genes involved in shoot and root growth.
These genes are active in both the host plant meristem (an area of active growth in roots and shoots) and in the haustoria, the junctions where the parasite penetrates the host, Sinha said. So the researchers identified regions that were unique to the parasite, and used them to make a short DNA construct. Tobacco plants carrying this construct make short pieces of RNA that match the genes of the parasite, but not the host.
Dodder did not grow as well on the engineered plants as on control plants, Sinha said. At the same time, the dodder showed high levels of stress signals and flowered early -- a reaction to stress.
The work was initiated by Steven Runo and spearheaded by Amos Alakonya, two African graduate students who have now returned to Kenyatta University in Kenya, Sinha said. They hope to develop the technique to control Striga in African maize crops.
"This is the proof of concept, and now we can take it into the field," she said.
Other authors on the paper are: at UC Davis, postdoctoral researchers Ravi Kumar, Seisuke Kimura, Helena M. Garces, Julie Kang, Rakefet David-Schwartz; graduate students Daniel Koenig, Brad Townsley, and undergraduate student Andrea Yanez; and Jesse Machuka at Kenyatta University.
The work was funded by the Rockefeller Foundation and the National Science Foundation.


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Scope and Sequence Documents for Science
ASPIRE Information for Early High School (Grades 9 and 10) Science:
Arkansas K-12 Science Standards - Not yet available for high school courses...Implementation in 2018-2019
The evidence statements provide detail on what students should know and be able to do in order to satisfy each performance expectation (PE) at the end of instruction. Given that each PE is three-dimensional, the statements describe how students can use the practices, crosscutting concepts, and disciplinary core ideas together to demonstrate proficiency on the PEs by the end of instruction.


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Winter camping outings create a few challenges of their own, one of which is controlling moisture in your tent, typically brought into play from the amount of moisture in the air. Upon hitting a cooler surface that warmer moisture vapor cools and turns from vapor to liquid in the form of condensation on that surface. It doesn't take long for that humidity to dampened everything inside your winter tent shelter.
Typically moisture builds up inside your tent from several sources: cooking in your vestibule, tracking in snow, tucking your head inside your sleeping bag and closing up your vents to retain heat all contribute to excess moisture in your tent. That moisture that can condense on the walls and ceiling to flake or rain down upon you as you move around inside.
Here are some main sources of moisture in a tent and ways to lessen its dampening affects on your environment.
- Tent site location– cold air settles in low areas, cooling surfaces within tent. Your warmer breath and body heat warms the water vapor so when it comes in contact with the cold sides/walls of tent, it condenses…and drips/dampens the inside of the tent. Better to camp under/nearer trees where air is warmer and consequently the tent and contents are warmer, too.
- Make sure you pitch your tent properly, tightening all panels to optimize the spaces between tent's outer walls and the tent fly for better air flow.
- Cooking food in your tent's vestibule generates steam that can circulate into your tent creating significant water vapor in that confined space;
- Tracking snow on your boots or stashing wet clothing in the tent is a sure way to increase the moisture in the air. Best to leave boots outside, or dry all clothing off before bringing it into the tent;
- Breathing inside sleeping bag. We exhale a lot of moisture when we breath. Pumping that moist air inside our sleeping bag when our face is tucked under the collar means excess moisture in our bags. A sleeping bag liner can be dried each morning and dedicating one pair of under-layering specifically for sleepwear enables you to dry them out after each night's sleep. (TIP: dark colors – sleeping bag interior, liner, bed clothing – dry faster than light colors when hung outside).
- Utilizing tent/fly air vents – wall/ceiling/fly vents create a ventilated air flow around and through the tent. It's a balancing act to create air flow without losing too much valuable tent-warming air in the exchange. Well balanced cross-ventilation can minimize moist air build-up and create a comfortable exchange of air within the tent.
- Moisture from ground/snow belowcan be minimized by using a ground cloth between snow and tent. It's even more effective if the ground cloth is inside the tent, forming a second and more reliable waterproof floor against melting snow underneath.
Cold weather camping includes seasonal challenges of its own. Adjusting to the elements can let you enjoy camping throughout all the seasons.


Read 2 Timothy 3:16-17
Context is key! One of the reasons that the bible is misinterpreted and misused is because people read verses out of context. Context helps us draw out the original meaning of a verse instead of adding in our own meaning.
These verses are from a letter that the Apostle Paul wrote to a young disciple named Timothy. He's helping Timothy to become a faithful Christian leader who rightly handles the word of God. Now that we have the context, let's see what we can learn from Paul's wise teaching to Timothy.
 - What does it mean that "all scripture is breathed out by God?" (No, it doesn't mean that God has funky breath!)
 - Do you believe that the bible is God's perfect, inspired word? (See 2 Peter 1:20)
 - Why do you believe or why don't you believe? Is there anything that you have a hard time believing?
 - How could you use the bible for "teaching, reproof, correcting, and training in righteousness?
 - How can devotion to God's word make you ready for anything?
This passage clearly tells us that the bible is to be used. Charles Spurgeon famously said, "A Bible that's falling apart usually belongs to someone who isn't." Using the bible will change your life!


Histological evidence of carcinoma in a hepatic tumour associated with oral contraceptives.
Br Med J 1975; 4 doi: _URL_ (Published 29 November 1975)
Cite this as: Br Med J 1975;4:496
 1. M Davis,
 2. B Portmann,
 3. M Searle,
 4. R Wright,
 5. R Williams
 A primary hepatic tumour occurred in a 21-year-old woman who had been taking oral contraceptives for two years; she was treated by partial hepatectomy. Part of the neoplasm showed features suggestive of focal nodular hyperplasia, while the remainder had the histological characteristics of a well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma. This is the first report of malignant transformation of a tumour in a patient taking oral contraceptives.


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Development of compound semiconductor detectors at ESA
Publication date: 30 November 2006
Authors: Lumb, D., et al.
Journal: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A
Some examples of space-borne applications that require improvements in detector technology compared with conventional Si and Ge designs are described. Properties of compound semiconductors are noted, and a range of different detector developments are briefly reviewed. Material fabrication improvements for several compound semiconductors have resulted in near Fano-limited performance.Link to publication


HRIM137 Wedding Cake Assembly and Decoration (Experimental)
Department of Business Studies: Chef Apprenticeship
I. Course Number and Title
HRIM137 Wedding Cake Assembly and Decoration (Experimental)
II. Number of Credits
1 credit
III. Number of Instructional Minutes
IV. Prerequisites
HRIM105 or permission of the Department of Business Studies
V. Other Pertinent Information
A kitchen laboratory course which focuses on the development of the knot ledge and skills required to produce wedding cakes. These skills can be used by the hospitality worker who desires to upgrade or broaden his/her knowledge or can lead to job success in a specialized job in the retail baking industry. The nature of this course also lends itself to satisfying the needs of those students whose main reason for taking this course is self-fullfillment.
VI. Catalog Course Description
A course in the basic and advanced techniques of wedding cake designs, assembly, and construction. The areas of study include stacked and tiered cakes, decorating with butter cream, fresh flowers, and rolled fondant.
VII. Required Course Content and Direction
 1. Course Learning Goals
 Students will:
 1. discuss and execute various styles of wedding cake decoration -- simple and advanced;
 2. calculate the size of cakes needed to meet portion requirements;
 3. plan cake layer size to achieve aesthetic proportion;
 4. demonstrate knowledge of ability to make and use various materials for coating and decorating wedding cakes;
 5. construct stable tiered cakes with or without columns;
 6. demonstrate a respect for and a knowledge of the use of materials, equipment, and products used in class;
 7. recognize and produce acceptable desserts for public consumption;
 8. organize tools, foods, and sequences of activity for maximum efficiency in tasks;
 9. explain and apply appropriate techniques in planning and storing baked goods;
 10. use safe and sanitary methods of handling foods;
 11. handle equipment safely and efficiently in the kitchen lab from preparation to clean-up;
 12. discuss various employment settings and their different requirements as they pertain to production, storage, and assembly of wedding cakes; and
 13. demonstrate the fundamental decorating skills required for wedding cake design.
 2. Planned Sequence of Topics and/or Learning Activities
 1. A study of the principles of wedding cake decoration and construction
 2. Planning of cake sizes, portions, layout, and design fundamentals
 3. Basic and advanced cake icing, decoration, and assembly of layers
 4. Finishing decorating techniques and construction of tiers with and without pillars
 3. Assessment Methods for Course Learning Goals
 1. The Professional Pastry Chef, 3rd edition, Bo Friberg
 2. Kitchen uniform or appropriate clothing
 3. Full-length bib apron
 4. Tool box of basic tools/knives
Review/Approval Date - Unavailable; New Core 8/2015


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NATA SC H A HOOGSTRATEN
Writing a story without letters, seems illogical, and therefore impossible. To achieve that this story is becoming clear, words are needed. However, by telling a complete story, there is no room left for imagination. You would assume it as the truth, and then the story is being told. Sometimes you need none of this to communicate, no letters, no story. While only giving suggestions, this story still can go anywhere. Associations may differ and interpretations can give surprising outcomes. Identity can be a benchmark while creating a complete story. What if this story about identity seems like a misfit? It is about storytelling, where each picture will speaks for itself. Or are they communicating with each other?
Concept, Production, Photography and Styling: Natascha Hoogstraten Special thanks to: MarlĂ¨ne Hoogstraten, Suze Moor Models: Vera Kroone, Evelien van Niekerk, Britt Berden, Robbin Hoogstraten January 2014


Gender: Male
People having the name Loretto are in general originating from Italy, United States of America.
 - Laurel
The Growth number corresponding to this first name is 6.
Learn more with our free
The name Loretto is ranked on the 53,758th position of the most used names. It means that this name is rarely used.
The name Loretto has seven characters. It means that it is relatively medium-length, compared to the other names in our database.
We do not have enough data to display the number of people who were given the name Loretto for each year.
We do not have a name day for Loretto.
For other names check our Name Day Calendar


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Mission: To develop responsible citizens who can be harbingers of change in the society
The community outreach initiatives at IMT Hyderabad started off in 2011 by PAHEL a volunteer student
cell. The Community Connect Cell was established in 2018, with the objective of sensitizing the students
towards the society so as to bring about positive change in the communities and address real life
The Cell has envisaged its activities under the
following four headings of Abhiyaan, Nirmaan,
Sahayam and Sambbad towards fulfilment of its
Some of the initiatives undertaken
- Around 25 villages in the Samshabad Mandal were surveyed as part of baseline survey to identify the key challenges. The survey was conducted by teams of first year students who interacted with the villagers to understand their issues in areas like health, education, employability and infrastructure.
- Twenty students worked with NGO's like GMRVF, Tharuni, BVIC over two terms on projects like Social Media fund raising Campaigns, generating B2B selling opportunities for products made by rural artisans, analyzing learning effectiveness of skill training programs.
- IIEMS First Aid Medical Training Workshop was conducted for students and faculty
- Drives were conducted by PAHEL including blood donation, fund raisers, Haritha haram (Plantation) and visits to schools


Mold Removal: End of Tenancy Cleaning Services in London
Mold removal requires the input of professional cleaners. You should never attempt it on your own without any experience or the required tools. Otherwise, you would be exposing yourself to several health risks. Examples of health issues that could affect anyone who attempts this work include throat irritation and nasal stuffiness. Apart from this, you are also likely to be diagnosed with coughing and wheezing. For this reason, you should leave it to experts such as those who provide end of tenancy cleaning services in London.
Following the Right Procedure
End of tenancy cleaning services follow the right procedure when removing mold from the property. First, they start with identifying the mold. They know the areas to check for the presence of mold. Next, the cleaners also start the actual removal. That done, they don't stop there. Instead, they also proceed to institute measures that discourage mold from growing unhindered on the property. As you can see here, it would be nearly impossible for you to attempt any of these without the right tools, experience, or training.
The full list of steps the expert cleaners follow includes:
 1. Assessment
 2. Containment
 3. Filtration
 4. Removal
 5. Drying
 6. Repairing
 7. Testing
After cleaning or removing mold from the property, end of tenancy cleaning technicians would then embark on restoration. The experts are highly effective at restoring any content that mold has damaged. Through their expertise, you will never have to worry about damaged keepsakes. More importantly, without them you would normally have to forget about ever using some of your most treasured possessions. Crucially, the cleaners know how to test the content to determine what is eligible for restoration.
Without complete restoration, mold could return to leave you sick with conditions such as:
 - Mold allergies
 - Eye irritation
 - Skin irritation
Mold removal also involves plenty of drying. Here, drying refers to the process of ensuring that the items in question remain in a usable state. Significantly, the drying takes different forms depending on the level of mold damage involved. End of tenancy cleaners know how to determine the exact type of drying that your items and property need. Otherwise, you would suffer massive losses. For the most part, the cleaners would probably recommend the following options for not only drying but also restoring your mold-damaged items:
 1. Air drying
 2. Vacuum freeze drying
 3. Vacuum thermal drying
 4. Dehumidification
 5. Freezer drying
As shown above, leave mold removal to experts who provide End of Tenancy Cleaning Services London


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SURVEILLANCE RADAR INFORMATION
In this lesson you will learn the procedures to use and your responsibilities and duties when providing
radar surveillance approach information.
Identify the responsibilities, duties, and procedures to be followed during a radar
surveillance approach by the controller at the flight data, arrival, and final
You will be given the lesson test.
You must answer correctly seven of nine practice exercise questions.
The material in this lesson was derived from the following publication:
FAA Handbook 7110.65F.
In this lesson you will learn the information necessary to functionally control an aircraft while in the
flight data, arrival, and final controller positions when conducting a radar surveillance approach in a
ground controlled approach facility. This lesson provides radar approach information according to
prescribed or approved instrument approach procedures. A radar approach may be given to any aircraft
on request and may be offered to aircraft in distress, regardless of weather conditions, or to expedite


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Mitsubishi A6M Zero
The Mitsubishi A6M Zero, often called just the A6M Zero or simply the Zero was a long range carrier based Japanese fighter aircraft during World War II. The aircraft was built by Mitsubishi, making its first flight in 1939, and entering naval service in 1940. It was the primary fighter used by Japan during the war. It was the primary adversary of US Naval aircraft such as the Grumman F4F Wildcat, Vought F4U Corsair, and later the Grumman F6F Hellcat, which was specifically designed to combat the Zero. The A6M Zero was used throughout the entire war.
Related pages [change]
- This airplane type was named "zero" because it entered service in 1940; and 1940 was the 2600th year since Emperor Jimmu, the first Emperor of Japan. The Japanese Imperial Year was Kōki 2600 (皇紀2600年).
Other websites [change]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mitsubishi A6M Zero|


Spanish idioms
Hey Spaneasiers! How is your course going? We hope you are having a wonderful time learning Spanish. As we don't want you to stop practicing, today we bring you a instructive post.
What are idiomatic expressions (aka idioms)?
They are word sequences whose meaning doesn't derive from the meaning of its components. This is to say, the expression can have a literal meaning, but it is the figurative one we are interested in. Words don't have an individual meaning, they work as a whole. So all words together compose a single expression.
Let's think of an example: echar leña al fuego. We know what each word means. In this context, echar means to throw, leña mean wood and fuego means fire. So this expression literally means to add wood to the fire. For example, small branches of trees are cut and thrown to the fireplace in order to light the fire. However, in other context we may want to use this expression as an idiom. In that case, its figurative meaning would be to exacerbate the conflictive feelings and emotions.
We are sure you have heard this one before, but what about other widely used idiomatic expressions? Let's take a look!
IDIOM LITERAL TRANSLATION EQUIVALENT
Estar como una cabra To be like a goat To be crazy as a bat
Dar la vuelta a la tortilla To turn the omellete around To turn the tables
Lavarse las manos To wash your hands To pass the bucket
Ponerse morado To eat a lot To eat like a horse
Ser la oveja negra To be the black sheep To go off the rails
Ponerse como un tomate To turn into a tomato To turn as red as a beetroot
Meter la pata To put the leg on it To put your foot in it
Verlo todo color de rosa To see everything in pink color To see all peaches and cream
Estar en la edad del pavo To be in the turkey's age To go through teenage angst
Temblar como un flan To be shaky like a pudding To be a cat on hot bricks
Dormir a pierna suelta To sleep with a loose leg To sleep like a dog
Poner verde a alguien To turn someone green To call someone every name
Try to use these expressions every now and then. You will not only improve your vocabulary, but you will also sound like a native speaker. Also, follow our pronunciation tips and it will be the cherry on top of the cake!
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Year 4 - Mental Health Awareness, Circle Time
This afternoon, we spent some time together sharing our thoughts and feelings in our 'safe space' circle. Our focus was on worries and anxieties that we may have and any strategies we could use to help us when we needed to. We spoke about the importance of both a healthy body and healthy mind.
We we created our class' 'Worries Potion' by writing down a worry we had and putting it in a jar. This then had the lid put on tight so they couldn't then bother us. After, we came up with different ideas and strategies we could use to help each other when we were feeling low - this was our 'Worry Remedy'.
I was was blown away by the maturity within the room and by how many strategies that knew and had they could share. It was a great afternoon and everyone learnt so much. We are now going to keep our 'remedy potion' in the class for those moments they are needed.


text:
Report answers the question 'Who owns teacher-created digital content?'
Schools and districts are increasingly urging teachers to use digital content for instruction, with many teachers taking innovative steps by creating their own digital content. But when it comes to copyright, ownership, and sharing, that's where it gets tricky.
"In the era of digital publishing, which includes teacher-created, -refined, and –remixed materials, an important question has arisen: who owns this digital content?" asks a policy brief from the State Educational Technology Directors Association (SETDA), titled "Clarifying ownership of teacher-created digital content empowers educators to personalize education, address individual student needs."
According to the brief, the confusion over who owns teacher-created content is due to three main reasons: 1) Lack of clarification in terms, 2) vague wording in The Copyright Act of 1976, and 3) Lack of specifications outlined by state and district leaders (including the state educational agency, state board of education, legislature, and/or governor).
(Next page: 3 must-knows about teacher copyright)


text:
Learn something new every day More Info... by email
A class B misdemeanor is a classification for a crime that is considered less serious than a felony, and in the mid-range of offenses charged as misdemeanors. Not all jurisdictions have a designation for class B misdemeanors but those that do tend to have class A and class C misdemeanors as well, with A being the most serious and C the least serious. Punishments for class B misdemeanors may rely on legal standards in the jurisdiction as well as the circumstances of the crime.
It is important to note that the way in which misdemeanors are charged in different areas will affect the applicable punishments. Something considered a class A misdemeanor in one region may be a class B in another, or may even be upgraded to a felony. Repeated class B misdemeanors, such as multiple convictions of driving under the influence, may bring a higher grade of punishment. To understand the specific designations of misdemeanors in each region, it is important to study local law or consult with local legal professionals.
Generally, there are three types of punishments for class B misdemeanors: jail time, fines, and alternative sentences. In some regions, the type of punishment may be at the discretion of the judge, based on the facts of the case and the defendant's criminal record. In other areas, punishments for class B misdemeanors may be based on a set schedule of options that require the judge to assign certain punishments for certain crimes. Some regions also use a combination of these two approaches, providing a sentencing schedule for general use, but also allowing judges to use their own methods to determine an appropriate sentence.
Jail time is one of the more common punishments for class B misdemeanors. Typically, the time in jail is 90 days or less, but the defendant may receive credit for time served while awaiting trial. Judges may also choose to order a suspended sentence, which means that the defendant may not have to serve time if he or she completes alternative programs, such as drug or alcohol rehabilitation programs. Suspended sentences may also be dependent on the convicted person staying out of trouble and sticking to certain provisional guidelines.
Fines are often used as punishments for class B misdemeanors. These typically have an upper limit, such as $1,000 US Dollars (USD), based on a fine schedule for certain crimes. If a person cannot pay a fine, he or she may be subject to property or asset seizure or jail time. Paying a fine is often the quickest way to conclude a case.
Alternative sentences are used in cases where a judge feels that a person may benefit and learn more from treatment programs or therapy than from jail time or fines. These sentences may include community service, rehabilitation programs, driver safety classes, anger management courses, or court-ordered therapy. Typically, alternative sentences are used with a suspended jail sentence or fine, to ensure that the convicted person has incentive to complete the program.


Equity-based Crowdfunding Explained
08 March 2016
Until recently, financing a business has involved asking a small number of people for large sums of money. Start-up companies are often reliant on banks to provide a significant loan to allow it to get off the ground. However, demands that a company must have sufficient assets to back a loan (which is particularly unsuited to tech-based companies) or a certain level of profits often means that the banker feeds the relevant information into the computer and the bank says 'no'.
In the absence of bank funding, only high net-worth individuals, sophisticated investors or investors with certified investors could purchase equity in an unlisted company. Following the economic downturn, entrepreneurs have generally found raising seed capital through such avenues to be an increasingly challenging prospect.
However, alternative funding options are gaining pace. As a product of the internet age, equity-based crowdfunding is one such funding option which has turned the approach to financing on its head, becoming established as a legitimate alternative or supplement to more traditional forms of financing.
What is it and how does it work in practice?
Equity-based crowdfunding is a way of raising finance whereby a larger number of people (the "Crowd") invest smaller amounts of money in an unlisted company in exchange for shares in that company. Crowdfunding provides the opportunity for companies to take control of fundraising from their own network of friends, family and customers as well as the general public.
In practice, the company seeking investment creates a campaign on a recognised crowdfunding website which is marketed via PR and social media. The company may upload a short video pitch which will then be viewed by potential investors. If a viewer likes what they see they can to invest in the company directly through the website and become part of the Crowd. If the campaign fails to reach its target within the set timeframe the Crowd will money paid by the Crowd will be refunded.
Once part of the Crowd, if the company receiving the investment succeeds the shares owned by the investor will become worth more than that originally paid for them. However, if the venture fails, any investment made in the company may be lost entirely.
Can anyone be part of the Crowd?
Equity-based crowdfunding is now regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority ("FCA"). The FCA has issued rules that state that, given the risks investors face when investing in unlisted companies, such crowdfunding should only be promoted to a restricted category of investors who:
· are sophisticated or of high net worth;
· have received advice from an appropriate adviser in respect of their investment; or
· are investing no more than 10% of their net assets (excluding homes and pensions).
Investors who have not been advised will need to pass an 'appropriateness test' that they have the knowledge and experience to understand the risks associated with crowdfunding.
Is equity-based crowdfunding right for my business?
Equity-based crowdfunding is primarily used by start-up or early stage companies. It can be used by such companies as part of its marketing strategy, providing an opportunity to engage with the potential customer base and to validate demand for the product or service provided by the company.
Crowdfunding has also been used by larger companies to the same effect. However, as banks are often more willing to lend money to such established companies, it may be prudent to avoid parting with equity in the business unless absolutely necessary as doing so will also dilute the shareholding of the founders who have invested significant time and money into the company.
Crowdfunding works best for companies that have a story to tell. People need to feel inspired to invest so it is best to have either a charismatic pitch or be able to display evidence of outstanding innovation. Pitches that are uninspiring or struggle to explain a complex business idea are more likely to struggle to attract funding.
However, crowdfunding is not without risk. An unsuccessful campaign may damage a company's reputation and potentially deter future investors. With that in mind, here are some dos and don'ts to bear in mind when considering equity-based crowdfunding.
Have a proper business plan:Many companies that want to raise money via crowdfunding are unprepared. Not having a proper business plan is like having a car with no wheels, you won't get very far. Realistically planning short and long-term goals for your business is essential.
Build your network before you need it: If you're not prepared, don't expect a Crowd. In order to be successful in online fundraising you need to prepare a database of people you can contact. Before launching your campaign you need to get involved with social media, e.g. Twitter, Facebook and LinkedIn. Your connections will already know you and are more likely to invest in what you're doing. This network will help you to spread the word when you launch your campaign.
Produce a short 'elevator pitch' video: First impressions are everything. Produce a compelling promotional video which showcases your product or service and allows the general public to connect with you. If you're not a technology minded person who can produce their own video, find someone who can!
Choose the right platform: While the general outcome will be the same (raising funds), different platforms offer different services. A prime example is the difference in the model used for investors between two of the major platforms, Seedrs and Crowdcube. Crowdcube allows all investors to become shareholders in the company. However, only the largest investors' shareholdings will grant voting rights. Seedrs operates a 'nominee' system whereby the crowdfunding platform buys the shares on behalf of the investor. The investor becomes a beneficial owner, while Seedrs acts as the legal, 'nominated' shareholder. While this means that the business will only have to deal with one legal shareholder, the Seedrs model conveys voting rights to all the beneficial owners. Seedrs also requires amendment to the Company's articles of association, which can prove difficult where the company has already gone through an investment round via another route. These models can have a significant impact on the future running and decisions of the business as well as its ability to raise future investment.
Be realistic: You do not want your campaign to fail. Choose a realistic financial target which you think is achievable and will provide the company with the funds that it needs to move forward. You also need to choose a realistic timescale. You do not want your campaign to lose momentum. Equally you do not want the timeframe to be so short that you do not have time to maximise marketing.
Slow down:Market your company shamelessly and relentlessly. You must commit the necessary time and resources into generating and maintaining momentum via social media, news articles and any other resources available to you. Crowdfunding campaigns that involve simply posting the pitch then waiting for investors are likely to fail.
Forget the power of notable investors: Often people don't want to be the first person to invest in a new idea. However, if you have notable people within your network who are willing to invest even a small sum of money, ask them to do so. You can then spread the word of those investments via social media to validate your idea to others and convince them to invest.
Forget to protect your idea: Seeking funding for a business that is currently only at the concept or idea stage can prove risky. Ideally, finance should be sought for a business that has produced or created something that can be protected through copyright, patent, trade mark or design registration.
Exclude other options: Crowdfunding may not always provide the best financing option. Business owner's should thoroughly research all the options available, including the more traditional sources of raising capital.


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Study Design. Retrospective review of imaging data from a clinical trial.
Objective. To compare the interpretation of lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs) by clinical spine specialists and radiologists in patients with lumbar disc herniation.
Summary of Background Data. MRI is the imaging modality of choice for evaluation of the lumbar spine in patients with suspected lumbar disc herniation. Guidelines provide standardization of terms to more consistently describe disc herniation. The extent to which these guidelines are being followed in clinical practice is unknown.
Methods. We abstracted data from radiology reports from patients with lumbar intervertebral disc herniation enrolled in the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial. We evaluated the frequency with which morphology (e.g., protrusions, extrusions, or sequestrations) was reported as per guidelines and when present we compared the morphology ratings to those of clinicians who completed a structured data form as part of the trial. We assessed agreement using percent agreement and the κ statistic.
Results. There were 396 patients with sufficient data to analyze. Excellent agreement was observed between clinician and radiologist on the presence and level of herniation (93.4%), with 3.3% showing disagreement regarding level, of which a third could be explained by the presence of a transitional vertebra. In 3.3% of the cases in which the clinician reported a herniation (protrusion, extrusion, or sequestration), the radiologist reported no herniation on the MRI.
The radiology reports did not clearly describe morphology in 42.2% of cases. In the 214 cases with clear morphologic descriptions, agreement was fair (κ = 0.24) and the disagreement was asymmetric (Bowker's test of symmetry P < 0.0001) with clinicians more often rating more abnormal morphologic categories. Agreement on axial location of the herniation was excellent (κ = 0.81). There was disagreement between left or right side in only 3.3% of cases (κ = 0.93).
Conclusion. Radiology reports frequently fail to provide sufficient detail to describe disc herniation morphology. Agreement between MRI readings by clinical spine specialists and radiologists was excellent when comparing herniation vertebral level and location within level, but only fair comparing herniation morphology.


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Showcasing Early Career Scientists Awards are presented annually by the Cooperative Research Centres Association. The winners at the 2008 conference in Sydney were:
Winner – 10-minute presentation
Mr David Nisbet, New stem cell strategies for nerve regeneration
David Nisbet a Monash PhD student from the CRC for Polymers has developed a technique which has the potential to revolutionise nerve regeneration using stem cells and "smart" nanomaterials. This major advance in stem cell research also provides a boost to the search for treatments for crippling conditions, particularly in the areas of Parkinson's Disease and spinal cord injury.
Nerves lost due to degenerative diseases or spinal cord injury are not regenerated and the consequences for the patient are severe. Engineering principles and stem cells will be used to regenerate damaged nerves restoring function to the patient. This will be achieved by engineering next generation polymer materials that assist stem cells in replacing damaged nerves.
A scaffold has been constructed that supports neural stem cells and provides important signals to assist nerves to regrow. The scaffold is generated from plant seeds and provides a three-dimensional platform and anchor point for the cells. It functions in a similar way as the temporary scaffolding in building construction – after the scaffold has served its purpose it degrades away leaving the cells to exist on their own natural matrix. These scaffolds are also capable of guiding nerves within the body to specific locations.
Ms Emily Piper, Early Career Scientist from the CRC for Beef Genetic Technologies, the winner of the 3 minute presentation with Ms Bernie Hobbs, MC and Dr Geoff Garrett, CSIRO Chief Executive and Board Member
Winner – 3-minute presentation
Ms Emily Piper, Australian cattle producers are ticked off!
Emily Piper, a PhD student from the Beef CRC is aiming to find a clean, green way of controlling cattle ticks. Currently, synthetic insecticides are used to control the cattle tick (Rhipicephalus microplus) but they are costly to producers and their use could possibly leave residues in food products and the environment.
Found in tropical and subtropical environments worldwide, the blood-sucking cattle tick costs Australian cattle producers more than $175 million per year in control costs and lost production. Heavy tick infestation can also kill animals if they are left untreated.
Emily's work focuses on identifying the mechanisms responsible for "natural" host resistance against cattle ticks.
Some breeds of cattle such as the Brahman are naturally more resistant to the cattle tick and ticks will die rather than feed on them. However European breeds such as the Holstein-Friesian and Hereford become heavily infested when there are many ticks in the field. Controlling ticks by using resistant breeds is not new; however, it is difficult to identify highly resistant animals, especially in cross breed animals.
Emily has show that Brahman animals have a different profile of immune cells to that of the susceptible Holstein-Friesian animals. The Brahman cattle had more B cells and helper-T cells in their blood, while the Holstein-Friesian cattle had more macrophage type cells.


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Waste not, want not: The increase in waste polymer generation, which continues to exceed recycle, represents a critical environmental burden. However, plastic waste may be viewed as a potential resource and, with the correct treatment, can serve as hydrocarbon raw material or as fuel oil, as described in this Minireview.
Effective waste management must address waste reduction, reuse, recovery, and recycle. The consumption of plastics continues to grow, and, while plastic recycle has seen a significant increase since the early 1990s, consumption still far exceeds recycle. However, waste plastic can be viewed as a potential resource and can serve, with the correct treatment, as hydrocarbon raw material or as fuel oil. This Minireview considers the role of catalysis in waste polymer reprocessing and provides a critical overview of the existing waste plastic treatment technologies. Thermal pyrolysis results in a random scissioning of the polymer chains, generating products with varying molecular weights. Catalytic degradation provides control over the product composition/distribution and serves to lower significantly the degradation temperature. Incineration of waste PVC is very energy demanding and can result in the formation of toxic chloro emissions. The efficacy of a catalytic transformation of PVC is also discussed.


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or space-fractional diffusion equations have been widely studied in [9–14]. Recently, Sun et al. studied the solution of the advection dispersion equation with time-fractional variable order derivative. The study of the implicit difference approximation scheme for constant-order time-fractional diffusion equations was presented in. Recently, the weighted average finite difference method was introduced. The matrix approach for fractional diffusion equations was proposed, and Hanert proposed a flexible numerical scheme for the discretization of the space-time fractional diffusion equation (see ). Recently, the numerical scheme for VO space-fractional advection-dispersion equation was considered. The investigation of the explicit scheme for VO nonlinear space-fractional diffusion equation was done (see ).
3.1. Crank-Nicolson Scheme
Before performing the numerical methods, we assume that (3) has a unique and sufficiently smooth solution. To establish the numerical schemes for the above equation, we let, is the step and is the time size, and and are grid points. We introduce the Crank-Nicolson scheme as follows. Firstly, the discretization of firstand second-order space derivative is stated as
The Crank-Nicolson scheme for the VO time-fractional diffusion model can be stated as follows:
For simplicity, let us put
Equation (11) becomes
4. Stability Analysis of the Crank-Nicolson Scheme
In this section, we will analyze the stability conditions of the Crank-Nicolson scheme for the Hantush equation for a deformable aquifer.
Let, where is the approximate solution at the point, and in addition,, and the function is chosen to be
Then, the function can be expressed in Fourier series as follows:
It was established by that
Observe that for all,, and in addition, according to the problem in point, the velocity seepage, the dispersion coefficient, the retardation factor, and the radioactive decay constant are positive constants. Then the following properties of the coefficients, and can be established.(1), and are positive for all,(2) for all,(3) for all.
It is customary in groundwater investigations to choose a point on the centreline of the pumped borehole as a reference for the observations, and therefore, neither the drawdown nor its derivatives will vanish at the origin, as required. In such situation, the distribution of the piezometric head in the aquifer is a decreasing function of the distance from the borehole, the expression. Under this situation, the error committed while approximating the solution of the generalized advection dispersion equation with Crank-Nicolson scheme can be presented as follows:
Equation (19) can be written in the following form:
Our next concern here is to show that for all the solution of (19) satisfies the following condition:
To achieve this, we make use of the recurrence technique on the natural number.
For, and remembering that, are positive for all, then we obtain
Assuming that for the property is verified, then
Making use of the triangular inequality, we obtain
5. Convergence Analysis of the Crank-Nicolson Scheme
If we assume that is the exact solution of our problem at the point, by letting and substituting this in (17), we obtain
From the above, we have that where,, and are constants. Taking into account Caputo-type fractional derivative, the detailed error analysis on the above schemes can refer to the work done in and further work done in [21, 23].
Lemma 1. The following inequality is true for where, is a constant. In addition,
This can be achieved via the recurrence technique on the natural number.
When, we have the following:
Now suppose that. Then, which completes the proof of Lemma 1.
Theorem 2. The Crank-Nicolson scheme is convergent, and there exists a positive constant such that
An interesting and detailed research can be found on the solvability of the Crank-Nicolson scheme in the work [7, 8, 22]. Therefore, the details of the proof of Theorem 2 (33) will not be presented in this paper.
6. Numerical Simulations
In this section, we present the numerical simulation of the solution of the modified Hantush equation obtained via the Crank-Nicolson scheme. Here let us consider the following equation: Figure 2 shows the numerical simulation for an aquifer thickness of 1000 feet, a transmissivity feet/day, a hydraulic conductivity of the main aquifer of feet/day, and a hydraulic conductivity of the leaky feet/day. A storativity, the leaky factor is 0.00081/day, and finally the flow rate feet/day. The red shows the simulation for a distance of feet. The black shows the simulation for a distance of feet, and finally the blue is the simulation for feet. Figure 3 shows the numerical simulation of the water flowing in the variable leaky aquifer.
The main purpose of this paper was to consider the deformation of the leaky aquifer in the mathematical formulation. However, there are some leaky aquifers that change in time and space. Feature that the Hantush equation cannot be used to describe such situation. Recently, the variational order derivative was found very useful to describe efficiently such situation. We then modified the Hantush equation by replacing the partial derivative with respect to time by the variational order derivative. The result equation was solved numerically using the Crank-Nicolson scheme. The stability and convergence were presented in details. We compared the numerical simulation together with the observed drawdown from field observation. The comparison shows that the modified equation predicts more accurately the real field observation.
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Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Physical activity motivation
How can health professionals motivate people to meet minimum physical activity recommendations?
Overview[edit | edit source]
Have you ever found it hard to be motivated to exercise?
Have you ever wondered how health professionals can help you get motivated to exercise?
If yes, this book chapter is for you! Psychology can answer both of those questions with theory and health promotion suggestions.
Firstly, motivation can be understood from a psychological perspective. Motivation is the driver behind the selection, action and maintenance of behaviour (Kazen & Quirin, 2018). The three types of motivation that underlie behaviour include intrinsic, extrinsic and amotivation (Reeve, 2018). Motivation can be specific to particular behaviours, including physical activity. Physical activity motivation can be explained as the motivation to participate in exercise (Egli et al., 2011).
Exercise is well-known to positively contribute to a healthy lifestyle (Smith et al., 2008). Physical activity is beneficial to health as it assists in the prevention and maintenance of chronic conditions, musculoskeletal and psychological well-being (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2020). The World Health Organisation (2020) provides guidelines for the recommended amount of physical activity that adults should be participating in to maintain health. Psychological literature contains physical activity specific theories to explain motivation (Moreno et al., 2010).
Physical activity motivation can be explained by psychological theories such as the self-determination theory and the achievement goal theory (Duncan et al., 2010; Moreno et al., 2010). These theories can assist health professionals in understanding their patients' motivation for exercise and in turn assist the promotion of physical activity in health care settings (McPhail & Schippers, 2012). The most common stream for health practitioners to promote adherence to minimum physical activity recommendations is by utilising counselling during consultation with patients (McPhail & Schippers, 2012). Other interventions are available to suit patients' motivation type and lifestyle including referral to allied health professionals (Tulloch et al., 2006), exercise prescriptions (Bauman et al., 2002), and encouragement of active social relationships (Kilpatrick et al. 2002). Keep reading to learn more about physical activity motivation and the role of health professionals.
What is motivation?[edit | edit source]
Motivation can be defined as "the extent to which behaviour is selected, directed, energised, and maintained to satisfy a particular motive" (Kazen & Quirin, 2018). The concept of motivation spreads across multiple fields of psychology, for example, behavioural psychology, social psychology, and sport and exercise psychology (Knittle et al., 2018). There are three underlying categories of motivation which are intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation, as displayed in Figure 2.
Intrinsic motivation[edit | edit source]
Intrinsic motivation involves an internal source of motivation which stems from enjoyment or satisfaction when engaging in a behaviour (Legault, 2016). Intrinsic motivation separates outcomes and behaviours (Legault, 2016). The basis of intrinsic motivation has been reported to be personal growth and psychological satisfaction (Reeve, 2018). Psychological satisfaction is underpinned by the concepts of autonomy, relatedness, and competence (Reeve, 2018). These three concepts are highlighted in the self-determination theory, explored later in the chapter (Reeve, 2018).
Tom is competing in an athletics race. He has run many races in his life and hopes to continue competing for some time. Tom does not compete to win medals, he competes because he enjoys the feeling of running. Tom displays intrinsic motivation for running.
Extrinsic motivation[edit | edit source]
Extrinsic motivation refers to motivation occurring from external sources (Legault, 2016). Extrinsic motivation does not separate outcomes and behaviours (Legault, 2016). For extrinsically motivated individuals, performance is dependent on the desired outcome (Legault, 2016). Extrinsic motivation is suggested to have four subtypes of motivation which include external, introjected, identified, and integrated (Reeve, 2018). Each of the subtypes is dependent on the autonomy of the motivation and can be further explained by the self-determination theory, discussed later in the chapter (Reeve, 2018).
Manal is in a high ranking soccer team. Her athletic career is at the highest it has ever been. Manal's team is playing in a gold medal match next week. Manal is motivated to win purely to attain a gold medal and cash bonus that she will receive. Manal displays extrinsic motivation.
Amotivation[edit | edit source]
Amotivation displays a complete lack or absence of motivation (Shen et al., 2010). In this state, individuals are neither intrinsically nor extrinsically motivated; one is not motivated at all (Shen et al., 2010). Amotivation has been linked to negative psychological wellbeing and disengagement (Duncan et al., 2010). In this motivational state, one does not possess the energy nor effort to complete activities that may involve learning or achievement of a goal (Reeve, 2018).
Cyrus usually rides his bicycle to work everyday. Lately, Cyrus no longer cares for the benefits of riding to work, and he does not enjoy doing it anymore. Cyrus displays amotivation for cycling.
Physical activity motivation[edit | edit source]
Various other motivation types fall under the aforementioned three. Motivation types can be specialised to specific behaviours, for example, physical activity motivation. Physical activity motivation can be understood as the motivation for exercise participation (Egli et al., 2011). The top reported motives for physical activity participation include (Egli et al., 2011):
- weight management
- health issues
- physical appearance
Reported barriers include a lack of (Hoare, 2017):
- social support
Abigail recently received a diagnosis of diabetes from her doctor. As part of her management plan, her doctor advised she should lose 5 kilograms of weight. To help Abigail lose weight, the doctor provided various examples of physical activity that she should try. Abigail took a particular interest in water aerobics and looks forward to starting exercising to get her health on track. Abigail can be described as having physical activity motivation.
What are the guidelines for physical activity?[edit | edit source]
This chapter focuses on adults (18-64 years old), as children and older adults have varying guidelines. The physical activity guidelines are based on the recommendations provided by the World Health Organisation (2020). Due to increased research and understanding of physical activity levels, physical activity recommendations are constantly being updated. In 1999, the recommendations outlined in the Australian National Physical Activity Guidelines were basic compared to current guidelines (Smith et al., 2008). Adults were recommended at least 30 minutes per day of moderate physical activity on 5 or more days per week (Smith et al., 2008). The current recommendations have been broken down further to include different intensities of exercise. The guidelines state that adults should be engaging in physical activity most days, preferably every day (The Australian Department of Health, 2014). The World Health Organisation (2020) has set out the following weekly guidelines:
- 2.5 to 5 hours of moderate-intensity physical activity, for example:
- 1.25 to 2.5 hours of vigorous intensity activity, for example:
- An equal combination of moderate and vigorous activity.
- Muscle-strengthening activities at least 2 days a week, for example:
Judy is a 50-year-old woman. She goes for an hour-long walk with her dogs every day. Jenny also visits her local pilates studio twice a week for a muscle-strengthening based class, and once a week for a stretching class. Once a week she may increase her walking pace or include a run.
The example of Judy illustrates how guidelines for physical activity can be met. Judy displays the three recommended types of physical activity in her weekly routine, moderate intensity, vigorous intensity and muscle strengthening.
How does psychological theory explain physical activity motivation?[edit | edit source]
Psychology has long been interested in motivation, its origins and its function (Wang et al., 2016). Sport and exercise psychology contains physical activity specific theories to explain motivation (Moreno et al., 2010). The self-determination theory and achievement goal theory explain the function of motivation in relation to physical activity.
The self-determination theory[edit | edit source]
The self-determination theory was developed by Richard Ryan and Edward Deci in 1977, and is commonly applied in exercise settings (Duncan et al., 2010). The self-determination theory explains three innate psychological needs (as seen in Figure 4):
The desire to meet these needs motivates participation in activities that will fulfil the need that must be met (Kilpatrick et al., 2002). Current literature is conflicting regarding which of the three needs is the most relevant to physical activity motivation (Standage et al., 2003). The continuum of motivation types included in the self-determination theory can be seen in Table 1 (Duncan et al., 2010).
Integrated and identified motivation are explained as 'controlled' forms of motivation as the individual places value on the behaviour (Teixeira et al., 2012). Research suggests that motivation higher in intrinsic value is critical for long-term engagement in physical activity (Teixeira et al., 2012). Intrinsic motivation has the potential to be promoted through fun, skill improvement, personal accomplishment and excitement around physical activity (Teixeira et