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Category: Preemption
In Hair Supplement Case, Ninth Circuit Rejects Bald Attempt to Escape Preemption
Federal law expressly authorizes manufacturers of dietary supplements to make "structure/function" claims—that is, claims about the effect of particular nutrients on the structure or function of the human body. (Think: "vitamin C supports the immune system" or "calcium supports healthy bones"). Despite this federal authorization, consumers often attempt to bring state-law challenges to manufacturers' structure/function claims, asserting that they are false or misleading. This type of clash between federal and state law is a classic recipe for preemption. And that is especially true where the relevant federal statute—here, the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA)—contains an express preemption clause. See 21 U.S.C. § 343-1(a).
In Butter-Flavored Spray Case, Federal Labeling Preemption Sticks In the End
Federal food-labeling laws preempt state laws that impose requirements different from or in addition to those established by federal law. In some cases, the FDA has spoken directly to a labeling issue by regulation, and if the food manufacturer is in compliance with that regulation, any state-law liability should be preempted. Careful plaintiffs often try to draft their allegations to get around a federal regulation that would otherwise preempt their claims. For instance, in challenging a defendant's representations concerning honey in a cereal, a plaintiff avoided the defendant's compliance with the federal labeling regulation on "flavoring" by alleging she was deceived about the relative amount of honey as a sweetener (which is not covered by a specific FDA regulation), rather than the relative amount of honey as a flavoring agent (which is covered). When courts allow creative pleading to circumvent a preemption defense, defendants are deprived of the protections that Congress intended to provide them under federal labeling law, at least at the outset of the case. But as a recent decision shows, defendants may be able to renew and succeed on a preemption defense after discovery shows plaintiff's artful allegations were just that.
Federal Court Wipes Away Challenge to Nivea Lotion on Preemption Grounds
What distinguishes a "cosmetic" from a "drug" under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA)? The FDA has struggled to offer clear guidance on the distinction, but the classification as one or the other (or both) carries significant legal and regulatory consequences for manufacturers: a product that is a "drug" needs pre-market approval from the FDA, while a cosmetic does not. A cosmetic product that has not received this approval may not represent that, like a drug, it is "intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man." 21 U.S.C. § 321(g)(1). Thus, a product that claims to be capable of changing how part of the body works (e.g., "reduces cellulite" or "regenerates cells"), but has not been subjected to this pre-approval process, is considered mislabeled under the FDCA.
Liability Immunity Under The PREP Act: A Potent New Defense Against COVID-Related False Advertising Claims
Our national response to the COVID-19 pandemic has been made more difficult by a shortage of personal protective equipment and lifesaving drugs and medical devices. Some evidence suggests that manufacturers' fear of lawsuits has exacerbated these shortages. Seeking to allay these concerns, in March 2020, the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) issued a Declaration providing manufacturers, distributors, health professionals, and other "qualified persons" immunity against certain claims relating to COVID-19 "countermeasures." See 85 Fed. Reg. 15198 (Mar. 17, 2020). In mid-April, HHS followed up with an Advisory Opinion clarifying the scope of liability immunity under the Declaration.
Much has been written about the Declaration's potential as a shield against product liability suits. But does the Declaration also provide immunity from false advertising suits, including Lanham Act, common-law, and statutory consumer protection claims? There's not yet any judicial precedent on this question, but the answer appears to be "yes"—at least in many cases.
Paradise Lost: Court Dismisses Class Action Alleging Gin "Adulteration"
FDCA Preclusion: When Can a Manufacturer Defeat a Competitor's Lawsuit by Complying with FDA Regulations?
As many readers probably know, when a food or beverage manufacturer gets a consumer class action alleging that its labeling violated state law, one of the first things it should do is consider whether the disputed aspect of the labeling is covered by the federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act ("FDCA"). Many provisions of that statute—and, by extension, their implementing regulations—expressly preempt non-identical state-law regulations. If a putative class of consumers is asking a manufacturer to do something different with its labeling than those provisions do, there is a strong argument that the case is preempted: federal law (the FDCA) trumps state law (the relevant consumer protection statute).
 - "Natural" / "no artificial ingredients" claims
 - "No preservatives" claims
 - Ingredient claims ("made with [X]")
 - Slack-fill claims
 - Claims involving nondisclosure of morally troubling/offensive facts
 - What's next in consumer false advertising litigation?
"Slack-Fill" Cases Coming Up Empty


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The National Science Foundation is spending nearly a half a million dollars to create robots that can tell stories to preschoolers.
The $440,885 project seeks to "push the envelope" of normal storytelling aimed at four-year-olds. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is conducting the study, which began last month.
"Early language ability, including vocabulary skills and oral language knowledge during preschool, is an important predictor of children's academic success in subsequent school years," the grant states. "Social robots that can engage children as personalized learning companions hold great promise in augmenting the learning experience of children with parents and teachers."
The researchers explain that robots are unique because they can "play, learn, and engage with children in the real world."
"The ultimate goal is to foster the development, learning and promotion of academic achievements and the well-being of children," the grant said. "Such robots offer unique opportunities of guided, personalized and controlled social interaction during the delivery of a desired curriculum. They can play, learn and engage with children in the real world—physically, socially, and emotively."
The project will develop robots that can act as tutors and tell preschoolers long stories.
If this seems like a poor way to spend taxpayer money with the country $19 trillion in debt, you're not alone. Americans all across the country are joining the movement to call an Article V Convention of States for the expressed purpose of imposing fiscal restraints on Congress.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Adding a SAMBA user
This is a short how-to post to provide simple steps to add users to a SAMBA environment.
- create a UNIX user on the server, with the same name as the user's 'Active Directory' domain login:
- Associate 2 groups to user as part of this they should have at least 2 groups associated with the user account:
- samba group to be able to access the samba share
- the appropriate application group for access to the particular directory (ie: revenue)
- The uid of the account needs to be low value.
- Once the UNIX user is added, the samba user should be added. (use webmin, or cli, the choice is yours)
- Set samba password
# smbpasswd —a
- this prompts for a password which can be blank as samba authenticates against the user's active directory account and not the UNIX account
- On the windows client, you'll need to map the network drive when the users logs in.
- User will need to log off and back on again, and the share should be mapped.


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A new educational concept, to train riders and horses.Tested and used by Michel Robert for a number of years, Flexy Jump poles have become the indispensable work aids to train his horses and his pupils. Price for a lots of 3 Flexy Jump In stock
A new educational concept, to train riders and horses.Tested and used by Michel Robert for a number of years, Flexy Jump poles have become the indispensable work aids to train his horses and his pupils.
Size: 10X10 sectionlength: 3m Weight: 1,5 kg
Materials used Foam pole covered by a high-resistance plastic covering, hermetically sealed.
YellowBlue- Red
Orange - Blue - Green
Using Flexy Jump poles Flexy Jump poles are used to train horses and riders. They are very versatile: Using Flexy Jump poles :. To rapidly build a ground course. To indicate the strides between jumps. To cadence the horse at the different gaits, and to adapt the strides very easily. To use as distance poles in front of, and behind jumps. To channel horses by drawing guides before and after jumps, or on a given line during flatwork. Set up on cones to close in a jump, or allow the lunge rein to slip over while on ground work. Placed in a "V" on traditional poles to help the horse to jump straight. To set up corners or a precise route during flatwork…
Flexy Jump advantages. Safety: built of a very supple foam material, Flexy Jump poles avoid the traumas linked to shocks with traditional wooden poles. Horses can walk on, or land on Flexy Jump poles without the slightest risk, thus allowing for a greater variety of educational set-ups. The noise and the motion provoked by the falling pole are sufficient to ensure discomfort, which increases the horse's carefulness while respecting its physical integrity.. Multifunction: Flexy Jump can be used in a very wide scheme of planning (see paragraph "uses"). Lightness: their light weight ensures a remarkable ease of use, including when the rider is alone, and has to change the poles while holding the horse on one hand.. Solidity: made of a non-rotting substance, Flexy Jump poles can spend time in water or mud without any deterioration. They need no maintenance.
Information and orders off-site _EMAIL_


the code above, I used so-called magic numbers for gravity acceleration, maximum vertical speed (terminal velocity?) and jump speed. You'd be better off defining some variables in the create event of the player so you could easily edit those values (and know the meaning of those numbers by reading the variable's names).
Move and Collide script
Finally, we're going to code movement and collisions! If the player has an horizontal speed of 7.43 pixels, we round it to 7, keep the remainder for the next frame, and for 7 times we check for collisions before moving it by one pixel after each check. This ensures we get pixel perfect collisions.
Granted, this might get expensive for very high resolution games where the player needs to travel hundreds of pixels per step (with hundreds of collision checks per step) but for low resolution games, it works pretty damn well. You could come up with different movement code if you wish. Let me know in the comments what you came up with then.
Notice the slope code inside the horizontal movement. This is what lets us stick the player to slopes when going up or down, without changing player states or messing with vertical speeds.
It basically say "if the object is inside a slope, get it outside by pushing it upwards" (going up a slope) and also "if there's no ground below but there's a slope just 1px below, stick to it" (going down a slope).
// Movement/Collision X
xvel_fract += xvel;
xvel = round(xvel_fract);
xvel_fract -= xvel;
xdir = sign(xvel)
 if!place_meeting(x + xdir, y, oWall)
 x += xdir
 // Inside a slope (must go up)
 while collision_point(x, y - 1, oSlope, true, true)
 if can_go_up()
 // Let's go back (outside slope) and stop
 x -= xdir
 xvel = 0
 xvel_fract = 0
 // On a slope going down
 while!on_ground() && collision_point(x, y + 1, oSlope, true, true)
 xvel = 0
 xvel_fract = 0
// Movement/Collision Y
yvel_fract += yvel;
yvel = round(yvel_fract);
yvel_fract -= yvel;
ydir = sign(yvel)
 // Going down
 if ydir
 if!on_ground()
 y += ydir
 yvel = 0
 yvel_fract = 0
 // Going up
 if can_go_up() &&!collision_rectangle(bbox_left, bbox_top, bbox_right, bbox_top, oSolid, true, true)
 y += ydir
 yvel = 0
 yvel_fract = 0
And this is the can_go_up script
///_USER_ can_go_up()
///_USER_ return true if player's not colliding with walls/ceilings
return!collision_rectangle(bbox_left, bbox_top - 1, bbox_right, bbox_top - 1, oWall, false, true)
There's plenty of space for optimizing this script and we'll see how in the next articles.
On Slopes and the oSlopeWall object
Because the player must be able to go inside slopes, we treat them separately from the usual solids/walls. Due to this difference in collision checking, we need to ensure we place the oSlopeWall at the start, in the middle and at te end of our ramps.
Incorrect slope placement in the room editor.
The player will hit these oWall blocks and will jump off the first slope on the left when going down to the left.
Correct slope placement in the room editor.
The player will correctly travel upward and downward without ever changing state, jumping or getting stuck.
In the next article
In the next article we'll talk about jump-through platforms and we'll refactor the code to solve some minor issues. Keep in mind that some limitations of this system can be either avoided altogether with sensible level design or manually fixed via code, case per case. This engine, as of now, isn't really advanced, yet we briefly touched topics such as state machines and slopes.
Please leave a comment
If you notice any oddity, please let me know in the comments. I'm curious about what would you want me to fix. I'm already planning on some fixes and improvements but maybe you noticed something that I missed.
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About Prunella Clough
Though widely regarded as an abstract artist in her late career, Prunella Clough always included some figurative elements in her compositions, however subtle, and firmly believed in the intersection between art and everyday life. Her early work was characterized by its limited tonal palette and recurring themes of labor in urban landscapes. In the 1950s, Clough introduced organic plant forms into her compositions and produced her famous paintings of fishermen and dockworkers. Her palette, use of scale, and gesture became looser as her career progressed. Clough studied with the sculptor Henry Moore and, during World War II, she was employed as an engineer's draughtsman and cartographer.
British, _PHONE_, London, United Kingdom


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The Silkchon is created by crossing the purebred Silky Terrier with the purebred Bichon Frise. It is considered a hybrid dog, meaning it is not purebred, however the lineage is known. Where as the term mutt is used when a dog has an unknown lineage.
Some claim hybrid dogs are healthier, because you are mixing up the gene pool. Many breeders of hybrids believe in what is called the heterosis effect and hybrid vigor. Vigor means, "Physical or mental strength, force or energy."
Others disagree, claiming you are still crossing two first generation dogs. If you breed two dogs carrying the same genetic defect, the defect will be dominant in the dog.
Regardless, of size or lineage, all dogs are a mammal of the Canidae family, of the order Carnivora. Canis lupus familiaris, which is a domesticated subspecies of the wolf. Commonly referred to as a canine, dogs have instincts, which we as humans have a responsibility to fulfill.
One of these instincts is to migrate. To fulfill this instinct in our dog, we need to take them for a daily walk. How to walk your dog in a way that fulfills this instinct.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Will The Estate Tax Ever Go Away
Will the Estate Tax Ever Go Away?
The Estate Tax is the tax that the government puts on the assets that are transferred to your beneficiaries when you die.
Taxable assets can include real estate, stocks, money in a bank account, and other valuable belongings.
It does not look like the estate tax will permanently go away.
However, with careful planning, you can reduce taxes substantially.
Americans have been planning their estates in accordance with the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Act since 2001.
This Act is important because it changed 441 tax laws and was the biggest estate tax reduction in 20 years.
Here is an overview of what the Act covers:
Lower Tax Rate
The Act lowers the tax rate on the following taxes:
1) the marginal estate tax; the tax levied on your estate when you die.
Note: This tax can be a burden on heirs if you die and leave behind assets for them, but no monetary funds to cover the tax on that asset.
For example, if you leave behind a home, the government might tax up to 55% of its value.
Your heirs will have to find a way to pay those taxes if he or she wants to keep it.
The Act's lower tax rate helps to decrease the amount of taxes on assets such as your home so that your heirs are not overburdened, or forced to quickly sell the asset at a low price so funds to pay taxes are available.
2) the generation skipping transfer tax (GST); the tax break given to you if you are transferring assets to a grandchild or great-grandchild.
3) the gift tax; the tax levied on assets that are given away as gifts before you die.
Increased Asset Transfers
The Act increases the amount of assets that can be transferred at death without the estate or generation-skipping tax.
Temporary Tax Repeal
In the year 2010, the generation skipping tax will be repealed.
This repeal means that grandparents can gift portions of their assets directly to their grandchildren and great grandchildren without having to lose a portion of those assets to taxes.
For the year 2010, the estate tax also will be repealed for one year.
If you die in the year 2010, you can give your entire estate to your heirs without having to worry about paying any taxes.
However, if you die in 2011, only $1 million is eligible to be passed on to your heirs without being taxed.
Because the estate tax will not be permanently repealed within the foreseeable future, it is important that you plan your estate so that your desires can be carried out in the most efficient manner, regardless of the year of your death.
Understanding the complicated tax system can be a challenge for someone not versed in tax law.
If you are planning your estate protection and distribution, we recommend meeting with an attorney.
Your attorney can walk you through the steps needed to ensure that your heirs receive as much of your assets as possible.
Will The Estate Tax Ever Go Away Will The Estate Tax Ever Go Away Reviewed by Henda Yesti on July 07, 2018 Rating: 5
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The meteorological data that are an optional output with each trajectory are valid at that trajectory position and time as interpolated from the meteorological data file used for the trajectory calculation. The question might be how representative is that value for that position. The values come from NOAA's NCEP meteorological models, run at either 12 km (NAM) or 100 km (GFS) resolution. However, these data are interpolated to grids at coarser resolution that we use for transport and dispersion calculations. For instance, 40 or 80 km for NAM. Thermodynamic variables such as temperature are produced by the meteorological model are grid cell averages and are consistent with the equations of motion. They may not be representative of a nearby measurement. That will depend upon local effects as well as the larger scale gradients of the variable and how well a gridded field can represent a continuous function.
Roland Draxler


Public Release: Bacteria's key innovation helps understand evolution
Genomic analysis of E. coli shows multiple steps to evolve new trait
National Science Foundation
IMAGE: The team used samples from Michigan State University evolution biologist Richard Lenski's long-term E. coli experiment that has been ongoing for more than 24 years since February 1988.... view more
Credit: G.L. Kohuth, Michigan State University
Several years ago researchers at Michigan State University (MSU) reported discovering a novel, evolutionary trait in a long-studied population of Escherichia coli, a rod-shaped bacterium commonly found in the lower intestine of mammals. The E. coli added a helping of citrate to its traditional diet of glucose, even though other E. coli can't consume citrate in the presence of oxygen.
These same biologists have now analyzed this new trait's genetic origins and found that in multiple cases, the evolving E. coli population needed more than one mutational step before the key innovation took hold. Complex traits, like using a new food source, are thought to be difficult and arise rarely, making the research of broad interest to both evolutionary biologists and public health scientists.
The findings, reported in this week's journal Nature, document the step-by-step process by which organisms evolve new functions. The study also highlights the importance of evolutionary changes that alter the physical arrangement of genes, leading to new patterns of gene regulation.
E. coli normally can't digest citrate when oxygen is present because they don't express the right protein to absorb citrate molecules. Citrate is a salt or class of citric acid commonly found in fruit such as lemons. So how did this mutation occur?
To find the answer, postdoctoral researcher Zachary Blount and MSU Hannah Distinguished Professor of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Richard Lenski analyzed dozens of complete genome sequences from bacteria that had evolved this new trait and had been sampled and stored at different time points in the history of the lineage.
The National Science Foundation's Division of Environmental Biology partly funded the research, as did the NSF-supported BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action.
The team used samples from Lenski's long-term E. coli experiment that started in February 1988 and has been ongoing for more than 24 years. The experiment allows Lenski and his students and colleagues to study more than 56,000 generations of bacterial evolution. In terms of generations, it is the longest running evolution experiment in history.
Twelve populations of E. coli live in an incubator in Lenski's laboratory producing about seven new generations every 24 hours. Each day, scientists take one percent of each population and transfer it into a new food source, a flask containing fresh glucose, which the bacteria readily eat, and citrate, which one population discovered how to eat after more than 30,000 generations. The researchers also take samples every 500 generations, and freeze them for later study.
Because they freeze the samples, when something new emerges the scientists can go back to earlier generations to look for the steps that happened along the way, which is what occurred in this case.
The researchers found that at least three mutations were required for the bacteria to effectively use citrate when oxygen is present. One or more mutations were necessary to set the physiological stage for the two later events. Then a critical gene duplication occurred that effectively re-wired the expression of a previously silent gene.
"These bacteria have evolved to consume a food resource--citrate--that no wild E. coli uses. Three mutations are required for this to happen, and they must occur in a specific order," said George Gilchrist, NSF program manager for the BEACON Science and Technology Center. "This study shows that the first mutation is required to set the stage for the next two, but surprisingly, this turns out to occur repeatedly and independently in different populations. What this suggests is that complex traits, at least in the microbial world, can evolve quickly and repeatedly."
Additional co-authors include Jeff Barrick, University of Texas and Carla Davidson, University of Calgary.
To learn more about this research, see the journal article in Nature magazine.


Can An Eye Exam Detect Leukemia?
Can an eye doctor tell if you have cancer?
Many different types of cancer can be detected during comprehensive eye exams.
Brain tumors can be detected based on vision changes.
Your eyes can also indicate if you have skin cancer and retinal bleeding can indicate leukemia..
What do eye doctors see when they look in your eyes?
Ophthalmoscopy is an exam eye doctors use to look into your eyes and evaluate their health. With this exam, your eye doctor can see the retina (which senses light and images), the optic disk (where the optic nerve takes the information to the brain) and blood vessels.
What does leukemia joint pain feel like?
After bone pain begins, you may also feel joint pain and swelling of large joints — like the shoulders and hips. Depending on the area, when asked what does leukemia pain feel like in the bone, many patients mention a sharp pain or a constant dull ache.
What can be mistaken for leukemia?
Leukemia is commonly misdiagnosed as the following conditions:Influenza.Fever.Pathological fracture.Bleeding disorders.Immune thrombocytopenic purpura.Trypanosomiasis.Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome.
What diseases can be detected in an eye exam?
During a comprehensive eye exam, an Ophthalmologist or Optometrist will test your eyesight through the use of a refraction eye exam….11 Health Risks That Comprehensive Eye Exams Can DetectDiabetes. … High Blood Pressure. … High Cholesterol. … Cancer. … Multiple Sclerosis. … Thyroid Disease. … Lupus. … Rheumatoid Arthritis.More items…•
What were your first leukemia symptoms?
Early symptoms of leukemiaLoss of appetite or sudden weight loss.Bone or joint pain.Headaches.Shortness of breath.Frequent infections.Easy bruising or heavy bleeding.
What do doctors see when they shine a light in your eye?
Light Response Pupil Test A light will be shone into your eyes from each side. Your doctor will watch your pupils closely to determine whether or not your pupils constrict in response to the light, making note of the size and shape of your pupils.
Can leukemia be mistaken for something else?
Can Leukemia Be Misdiagnosed? In many cases, cancer of the blood does not show any symptoms until the disease has progressed, which can lead to a misdiagnosis or a failure to diagnose. The symptoms of this disease can often be indicative of other illnesses.
Does leukemia affect the eyes?
Leukemia is a systemic disease that can involve the eyes. It occurs in both children and adults. In that the eyes can be a relative sanctuary (a place to hide from systemic chemotherapy) for leukemic cells, intraocular recurrences have been reported after both total body irradiation and systemic chemotherapy.
Can leukemia cause blurry vision?
Leukemia cells can spread to other parts of your body and cause symptoms like these: Balance problems. Blurred vision. Bone or joint pain.
Can you have leukemia for years without knowing?
What was your first sign of leukemia?
Signs and symptoms of leukemia that I experience were high platelet counts, unknown bleeding, swelling legs, aching at the soles of my feet, general weakness, loss of potassium and a high fever.
What do Leukemia spots look like?
If you're wondering what does petechiae look like in leukemia, it tends to resemble a rash and can come in the form of small purple, red, or brown spots on the skin. It's often found on the arms, legs, stomach, and buttocks, though you might also find it on the inside of the mouth or the eyelids.
How long can you live with leukemia without knowing?
More than four out of five children live at least five years. The prognosis for adults is not as good. Only 25% to 35% of adults live five years or longer. AML: With proper treatment, most people with this cancer can expect to go into remission.
What are the signs of an eye stroke?
Most people with eye stroke notice a loss of vision in one eye upon waking in the morning with no pain. Some people notice a dark area or shadow in their vision that affects the upper or lower half of their visual field. Other symptoms include loss of visual contrast and light sensitivity.


text:
Psychology: Themes and Variations, Brief Edition
by Wayne Weiten
Take a look at Weiten's PSYCHOLOGY: THEMES AND VARIATIONS, Briefer Version (with concept charts and access to InfoTrac College Edition's online... Show synopsis Take a look at Weiten's PSYCHOLOGY: THEMES AND VARIATIONS, Briefer Version (with concept charts and access to InfoTrac College Edition's online university, and you'll find a book that is unique and fascinating--never boring or 'textbook-like.' From page one, you will clearly understand what Weiten is saying: that a number of themes are interconnected in the study of psychology, such as heredity and the environment, cultural heritage, subjectivity of experience, and sociohistorical contexts, and they are all interconnected. An interesting illustration program helps you see these themes in action and Featured Studies, Personal Applications, and Critical Thinking Applications give you chances to see research methods in action, to understand the practical side of psychology, and to develop important critical thinking skills.


text: About 65 to 70 percent of a tree can be used for solid lumber, but what about the rest? In the past the answer was simple: It was burned or dumped in landfills. Today more than 95 percent of a harvested tree can be put to good use thanks in great part to the increased use of engineered wood products. Among these, medium density fiberboard, or MDF, has enjoyed remarkable success over recent years. As the MDF supplier for This Old House TV's Charlestown house, I'm in a good position to tell you about the material's history. The material got its start in the United States in 1966, at a plant in upstate New York. As it became clear that making MDF offered a far better use of residual wood than disposing of it, production soared. Today there are some 27 plants in the US and Canada, and more than 100 worldwide. Recently the industry has expanded its use of recovered materials to include agricultural by-products such as wheat straw and post-consumer recycled wood. MDF is typically made from sawdust, planer shavings and other waste that remains after a tree is milled into lumber. The wood is then cleaned and mechanically refined in a process that reduces it into fine, uniform fibers. Excess moisture is removed and an adhesive resin is added to hold the fibers together. This mix is then formed into a long, thick, homogeneous mat, which is compressed under intense heat and pressure. The resulting MDF panel is sanded to a fine, even smoothness, and cut to the required width and length. Computer-controlled sensors monitor the entire manufacturing process to measure slight variations that even the human eye cannot detect. Finished panels are tested for uniformity, strength and other structural soundness. MDF is used extensively indoors in furniture, cabinets, doors, mouldings and flooring. Like other engineered wood products, it has a distinctively flat, dense surface that holds paint well. It doesn't move like wood, so its joints stay tight and paint doesn't crack. But the glory of MDF is its uniformity; it can be machined into every conceivable shape to create architectural details such as balusters or mouldings. Unlike real wood, MDF has no knots, grain or warping that can make intricate woodworking difficult. While solid wood is better suited to structural applications such as floor joists, MDF tends to be cheaper than solid wood so it's well suited to interior doors, bookcases and kitchen cabinets. In the Charlestown house, the homeowners chose MDF interior doors that we custom cut to match the house's other large doors. We made and shipped the doors in only a few days, at a significantly lower cost than solid wood doors. Once the doors are treated with a faux-wood grain finish, they will have all of the benefits of MDF with the look of solid wood.


text:
Doing the right thing is elementary for us.
We only work with growers that follow high standards of sustainability and ethics and shun GMO of all kinds. Which means everything we blend into our unique formulas is as nature intended, no compromise.
Elementary Vital is a potent blend of highest quality superfoods, rich in plant micronutrients, including antioxidants, vitamins and minerals. The powdered formulation is designed to promote digestive, immune system and cardiovascular health and create overall wellness and vitality. It is gluten free, contains no added sugars, artificial sweeteners or preservatives and is suitable for vegetarians, vegans and diabetics.
The blend includes gluten free oat bran, chia seed, ground golden flax seed (linseed), organic acai berry powder, and organic gelatinised maca root powder.
Combined with a healthy lifestyle, the ingredients in ELEMENTARY VITAL help to:
- Lower cholesterol
- Reduce risk of diabetes
- Improve metabolism and weight management
- Improve cardiovascular health
- Reduce constipation and improve overall bowel health
- Lower cancer risk
- Support the immune system
- Increase energy & stamina
- Improve digestive health
- Lessen the impact of aging
- Contribute to healthy hair & skin
Great health shines: when you feel good, you look good.
So what do we put into ELEMENTARY VITAL?
Gluten Free Oat Bran - the latest buzzword in grain
ELEMENTARY gluten-free oat bran is British grown and produced on one of the few farms in Europe growing certified gluten-free oats.
Health benefits of oat bran:
Reducing cholesterol can help to prevent the build-up of dangerous plaque in the arteries. A major benefit of oat bran is its proven effect on cholesterol in the body. Beta-glucan, a soluble fibre in oat bran, has been shown to significantly lower total cholesterol and LDL or "bad" cholesterol. The fibre in oat bran binds with cholesterol-rich bile to increase the amount of cholesterol that is excreted. Oat bran also helps to reduce the amount of cholesterol absorbed from the foods we eat.
Preliminary studies suggest that beta-glucan may also have immune-boosting properties.
Reduced risk of diabetes
Oat bran is remarkable stuff, not least for its ability improve the glycaemic response in humans. Simply put, it changes the way blood glucose increases and returns to normal levels following a meal in healthy and diabetic individuals. This effect of oat bran is mostly attributed to its high fibre content which delays gastric emptying and reduces the rate at which sugar enters the bloodstream. It may also improve blood sugar levels by increasing sensitivity to insulin, which works to clear sugar from the blood.
Eating oat bran can help with weight management. Fibre promotes weight loss by absorbing water as food passes through our gut, causing an increase in bulk and creating a sense of fullness. Fibre also delays digestion and absorption of food, thus delaying hunger by increasing satiety (feeling of fullness). Which means it's really helpful if you're trying to reach and maintain a healthy weight.
Oat bran can assist in the prevention of cardiovascular disease, which is related to its effect on our cholesterol, blood sugar and body weight.
Constipation and bowel health
The fibre in oat bran can keep constipation at bay. Studies have shown that adding oat bran to the daily diet can improve in bowel frequency and consistency and reduce the need for laxatives. An easy solution from nature.
Oat bran has also been shown to improve the uncomfortable symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). ELEMENTARY oat bran is gluten free so it's just right if you're gluten intolerant.
Golden Flax Seed
ELEMENTARY golden flax seed (linseed) is grown in the UK and cold-milled to a fine flour-like consistency for fast and complete absorption.
Health benefits of golden flax seed:
An excellent source of omega 3 and important for cellular health and immune function.
Omega 3 (ALA - Alpha linolenic fatty acid) is an essential fatty acid, and although it is a nutrient needed for human health, it cannot be made by our bodies. It is an essential component of every cell, hormone, immune function and process in the body. It is also one of the building blocks of cell membranes, which is why a shortage of omega 3 can cause all kinds of problems, like cell membranes not functioning correctly, mitochondria (the cell's "powerhouses") becoming starved of nutrients; and retained waste, leading to toxicity and inflammation. Omega 3 is an anti-inflammatory fat, essential for the regulation of prostaglandins and inflammation. Without enough omega 3 in the diet there is often excessive inflammation and the body's processes may be interrupted.
Aid for metabolism and weight control
A blend of soluble and insoluble fibre slows down the rate at which you absorb sugars and starches from your food, keeping you energised and full for longer. The other benefit is that stable blood sugar levels keeps weight down and helps management of diabetes.
Lignans – known to lower cancer risk
Lignans are another reason why a high fibre intake is so crucial. The lignans are a family of more than 20 compounds found in plant fibre. The fibrous wild plants we evolved to eat were packed with these crucial compounds, but very few are found in the more succulent plants we favour today.
A study published in 2010 in the "British Journal of Nutrition" tested the lignin from flaxseeds in regard to cancer. They found that flax lignans contain phytoestrogens which might lower cancer risk by preventing pre-cancerous cellular changes, as well as slow down the progression and movement of cancer cells. The American Cancer Society reports that lignans may help to reduce the growth of hormone-related cancers including prostate, breast and ovarian cancer, and research is continuing into these promising effects.
Golden flax seed is the richest food source of lignans
Organic Acai Berries
ELEMENTARY Acai berries come from the Acaizeiro palm tree that is indigenous to the Amazon basin of Brazil. Acai berries are a rich source of antioxidants (especially anthocyanins), fibre and healthy unsaturated fats. High levels of anthocyanins, giving Acai its dark purple colour, are potent antioxidants (linked to slowing down the ageing process) and supporting healthy cellular tissue growth.
Acai berries are rich in B vitamins, minerals, fibre, protein and omega 3 fatty acids. Acai powder has one of the highest ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) of all foods. ORAC is a unit value which determines the antioxidant value and potency of a given food. Foods with high ORAC values benefit the body by increasing blood antioxidant levels, therefore helping protect the cells from damage by oxygen (free) radicals.
Antioxidants are intimately involved in the prevention of cellular damage - the common pathway for cancer, aging, and a variety of diseases.
ELEMENTARY Chia (Salvia hispanica) is a species of flowering plant in the mint family, Lamiaceae, native to central and southern Mexico and Guatemala. ELEMENTARY Chia is grown in Kenya, 15 degrees from the equator, the perfect latitude required to provide the ideal amount of sunlight to grow chia rich in omega 3 oils.
Chia seeds contain protein, essential fats and dietary fibre. They also contain vitamins and minerals and have high amounts of antioxidants, mainly phenolic compounds. The polyunsaturated fatty acids found in chia are on average 60% Omega 3 alpha-linolenic acid and 20% Omega 6 linoleic acid. Ongoing research on chia indicates positive effects on blood lipids, blood glucose, inflammation, body weight and even cognitive performance.
Chia seeds are a complete protein with three times more iron than spinach, double the amount of potassium of bananas and a great source of fibre to help aid digestion. Small wonder then that "chia" was the Mayan word for strength.
Health benefits of chia seed:
Improved cardiovascular health
Studies published in the "British Journal of Nutrition" have shown that chia seeds were able to lower triglycerides and cholesterol levels while increasing HDL or "good" cholesterol. These studies also found that when substituting chia seed oil for other fat sources, such as corn or palm oil, the Omega 3 alpha-linolenic acid was able to prevent high triglyceride levels and reduce central obesity.
Blood sugar regulation
There is evidence indicating that chia seeds can play a role in regulating insulin and blood glucose levels. Research suggests that chia seeds can reduce insulin resistance and decrease abnormally high levels of insulin in the blood.
Satiety and regular bowel function
Chia is an excellent source of fibre which helps us feel fuller for longer and regulates bowel function. Satiety is the feeling of being full and satisfied, which helps lower food cravings between meals. The combination of protein, fibre and the gelling action of chia seeds when mixed with liquids all contribute to their satiating effects. Soluble fibre also has positive effects on blood cholesterol.
Chia seeds are rich in antioxidants which help protect the body from free radicals, compounds that are involved in aging and cancer
Chia seeds contain no gluten or grains. Therefore, all of the nutritional benefits of chia seeds can be obtained by inclusion of this supplement in a gluten-free diet.
Organic Maca Root Powder
ELEMENTARY Maca root, or Lepidium meyenii, has been used by indigenous Andean populations for thousands of years, who believe that it enhances endurance, energy and hormonal balance. The source of ELEMENTARY organic gelatinised Maca root are hardy crops grown at 4100 metres above sea level where few other plants can survive. Maca is also known as Peruvian Ginseng due to the variety and density


text:
Announce: Qhull 3.0 for convex hull, Delaunay, Voronoi,
bradb at shore.net
Sat Mar 24 10:48:29 PST 2001
I am pleased to announce Qhull 3.0 for computing
convex hulls, Delaunay triangulations, Voronoi diagrams, and
halfspace intersection about a point. It includes programs
for each of these structures.
Qhull uses floating point arithmetic to compute an approximation
to the convex hull. Each facet is defined by an outer plane that
is clearly above all points and an inner plane that is clearly below
the vertices. It provides two methods to handle precision errors:
facet merging -- If a ridge is not clearly convex, Qhull merges
a facet into a neighboring facet.
joggled input -- Qhull randomly perturbs the input. If a precision
error occurs, Qhull restarts with a larger joggle.
rbox 1000 W0 | qconvex QR0 R1e-3
computes the convex hull of 1000 points on the surface of a rotated
unit cube. To test Qhull, each computation is randomly perturbed
by up to 0.001. Qhull merged 92 facets to handle precision errors.
Convex hull of 1000 points in 3-d:
Number of vertices: 52
Number of facets: 39
Number of non-simplicial facets: 12
Statistics for: RBOX 1000 W0 | QCONVEX QR0 R1e-3 QR985448492
Number of points processed: 62
Number of hyperplanes created: 178
Number of distance tests for qhull: 18629
Number of merged facets: 92
Number of distance tests for merging: 2801
CPU seconds to compute hull (after input): 0.11
Maximum distance of point above facet: 0.0038 (0.6x)
Maximum distance of vertex below facet: -0.0074 (1.2x)
Halfspace intersection about a point:
N-dimensional point distributions:
The compgeom mailing lists: see
or send mail to compgeom-request at research.bell-labs.com with the line:
Now archived at _URL_
More information about the Compgeom-announce


text:
Excerpt from Chapter 6, Restoring Peace
Restoring Peace addresses the sometimes difficult questions about cause, effect, and responsibility.
"Responsibility is about cause and effect, and involves behavior and its consequences. Cause is the reason something happens. Effect—also called consequence—is the result. If a person is a cause of conflict, hurt, or a problem, he is responsible for it. Deciding who is responsible or what consequences they are responsible for often isn't easy, however. Many situations involve a number of actions and interactions that make assigning responsibility confusing."
"Answering such questions and deciding who is responsible for what in confusing situations requires a discussion of cause and effect. We often think of cause and effect (or consequence) as a very simple process, where x causes y, which in turn causes z, and so on. But life is not so simple, and cause-effect relationships are usually messy, circular, and often not at all clear"
Restoring Peace explores four reasons why these cause and effect relationships are not always as cut and dry as they seem.
Read more about Restoring Peace, the book used in the Bridges To Life curriculum.
Excerpts from the book include:
A discussion of the importance of repentance.
A discussion of the importance of forgiveness.
Seeing how reconciliation precedes restitution.
Price $10 | Buy Now


text: The first step to learning to read the Quran in Arabic is to learn the Arabic alphabets. The basic Arabic alphabets contain 28 to 29 letters. The alphabets are written from right to left. We have included all 29 letters in this page. Transliteration is provided in English. However, please play the audio to understand exactly how the letters are pronounced.


text:
by Suzanne Labry
Maya Embroidered Patchwork
In 1566, a Spanish bishop in the Yucatán Peninsula in southeastern Mexico named Fray Diego de Landa, wrote a book about the region in which he stated that Maya women "wove with curiosity works of the pen to adorn their garments."
The "pen" he was referring to was the thorn of the maguey plant, a type of agave native to Mexico. Indians used the plant not only to make needles, but also to make thread and textiles. And archeological digs indicate that Maya women have been employing embroidery as a decorative technique since prehistoric times. Today, they continue to apply these ancient skills not only to adorn garments, but also to produce patchwork quilts for the tourist trade.
The Spanish Conquest eventually saw the introduction of metal needles to the Yucatán, and Conceptionist nuns established schools and taught European embroidery techniques, such as the herringbone stitch and cross-stitch (known as "xocbichuy" which means "to count" in the Maya language), to native girls.
Another popular technique known as "manicté" or deshilado, is a type of open work similar to Hardanger embroidery in which threads are drawn out and tied in an intricate design of figures or flowers.
Among the indigenous embroiderers, interest in European patterns apparently would come and go at different times in different times in different communities, with traditional designs or a combination of the two gaining in prominence.
Traditional Maya embroidery designs draw from nature, religious symbols and icons, everyday life, ancestry, Mayan mythology, and even from dreams. The vibrant palette—bright reds, greens, blues, purples, yellows, and oranges—reflect the exotic flowers of the tropics. Maya embroidery is a riot of color.
Although the chief purpose of the centuries-old tradition of Maya embroidery was to decorate clothing, it is now common to see patchwork quilts made from embroidered squares. It is my understanding that these are made primarily as a means of earning income rather than as an item that the maker would use for herself and her family.
This apparently, is not a new practice. However, as during the Colonial period it is said that Europeans developed a passion for Maya embroidered textiles. The appeal of these delightful items has not lessened these many years later.


EasyLocal++ is an object-oriented framework that can be used as a general tool for the development of local search algorithms in C++. The basic idea of EasyLocal++ is to capture the essential features of most local search metaheuristics, and their possible compositions. This allows the user to address the design and implementation issues of new local search heuristics in a more principled way. Furthermore, the framework can easily be customized by an expert user allowing the development of new metaheuristics, and its architecture fully supports the reuse of code. EasyLocal++ relies on a few "Design Patterns", which are abstract structures of classes, commonly present in object-oriented systems, that have been precisely identified and classified. The framework is basically based on two of them, namely the "Template Method", to specify and implement the invariant parts of various search algorithms, and the "Strategy Method", for the communication between the main solver and its component classes. The architecture of the framework is composed of a set of cooperating classes, which belong to five main categories, and are organized in a hierarchy of abstraction levels. Each layer of the hierarchy relies on the services supplied by lower levels and provides a set of more abstract operations.
References in zbMATH (referenced in 36 articles )
Showing results 1 to 20 of 36.
Sorted by year (citations)
1 2 next
 1. Ceschia, Sara; Dang, Nguyen; De Causmaecker, Patrick; Haspeslagh, Stefaan; Schaerf, Andrea: The second international nurse rostering competition (2019)
 2. Battistutta, Michele; Schaerf, Andrea; Urli, Tommaso: Feature-based tuning of single-stage simulated annealing for examination timetabling (2017)
 3. Bonutti, Alex; Ceschia, Sara; De Cesco, Fabio; Musliu, Nysret; Schaerf, Andrea: Modeling and solving a real-life multi-skill shift design problem (2017)
 4. Belin, Bruno; Christie, Marc; Truchet, Charlotte: Interactive design of sustainable cities with a distributed local search solver (2014) ioport
 5. Ceschia, Sara; Di Gaspero, Luca; Schaerf, Andrea: The generalized balanced academic curriculum problem with heterogeneous classes (2014)
 6. Humeau, J.; Liefooghe, A.; Talbi, E.-G.; Verel, S.: ParadisEO-MO: from fitness landscape analysis to efficient local search algorithms (2013)
 7. Ceschia, Sara; Di Gaspero, Luca; Schaerf, Andrea: Design, engineering, and experimental analysis of a simulated annealing approach to the post-enrolment course timetabling problem (2012) ioport
 8. Chiarandini, Marco; Di Gaspero, Luca; Gualandi, Stefano; Schaerf, Andrea: The balanced academic curriculum problem revisited (2012)
 9. Parejo, José Antonio; Ruiz-Cortés, Antonio; Lozano, Sebastián; Fernandez, Pablo: Metaheuristic optimization frameworks: a survey and benchmarking (2012) ioport
 10. Benoist, Thierry; Estellon, Bertrand; Gardi, Frédéric; Megel, Romain; Nouioua, Karim: LocalSolver 1.x: A black-box local-search solver for 0-1 programming (2011)
 11. Ceschia, Sara; Di Gaspero, Luca; Schaerf, Andrea: Tabu search techniques for the heterogeneous vehicle routing problem with time windows and carrier-dependent costs (2011) ioport
 12. Ceschia, Sara; Schaerf, Andrea: Local search and lower bounds for the patient admission scheduling problem (2011)
 13. di Gaspero, Luca; di Tollo, Giacomo; Roli, Andrea; Schaerf, Andrea: Hybrid metaheuristics for constrained portfolio selection problems (2011)
 14. Qu, R.; Burke, E. K.; McCollum, B.; Merlot, L. T. G.; Lee, S. Y.: A survey of search methodologies and automated system development for examination timetabling (2009)
 15. Di Gaspero, Luca; Roli, Andrea: Stochastic local search for large-scale instances of the haplotype inference problem by pure parsimony (2008)
 16. di Tollo, Giacomo; Roli, Andrea: Metaheuristics for the portfolio selection problem (2008)
 17. Cadoli, Marco; Mancini, Toni: Combining relational algebra, SQL, constraint modelling, and local search (2007)
 18. Di Gaspero, Luca; di Tollo, Giacomo; Roli, Andrea; Schaerf, Andrea: Hybrid local search for constrained financial portfolio selection problems (2007)
 19. Di Gaspero, Luca; Gärtner, Johannes; Kortsarz, Guy; Musliu, Nysret; Schaerf, Andrea; Slany, Wolfgang: The minimum shift design problem (2007)
 20. Gaspero, Luca Di; Schaerf, Andrea: A composite-neighborhood tabu search approach to the traveling tournament problem (2007) ioport
1 2 next


Open relays, proxy servers and phishing
Learn how phishers take advantage of open relays, combined with proxy servers to hide their IP addresses.
The following is tip #5 from "Phishing exposed -- 10 tips in 10 minutes," excerpted from Chapter 3 of the book Phishing Exposed, published by Syngress Publishing.
In our example of forging headers, we successfully spoofed our email address and some headers, but unfortunately this did not stop our IP address from being identified within the email. It clearly states our IP address on the line that reads Received: from hostname (xx.7.239.24). If we were to send a bulk email like this trying to phish someone, we would be considered newbies and would probably be an easy target for apprehension.
One way of hiding our IP address is to take advantage of open relay servers combined with proxy servers. An open relay servers is an SMTP mail server that allows unauthorized users to send email through it. The reason we could send spoofed email in our example is because we did it from our own MTA server. Although we are considered "authorized" to send email, the detriment is that our real IP of our own MTA will be revealed to the receiver.
Most open relays reside in corporations or systems that have a misconfigured mail server and are not aware that they are contributing to spamming and phishing. These types of mail server are prime targets for phishers and spammers, since the unsuspecting and unaware probably lack the education to keep track of the server logs. By the time they find out, many spammers have probably already exploited their system for illicit activity. Spammers and phishers could use multiple open relays simultaneously to send their bulk emails. Unfortunately that is a drawback as well, since the more one uses the open relay, the faster it ends up on a real-time black hole list (RBL; see
The anonymous element is to locate open proxy servers that are on the Internet. An open proxy server is similar to a open relay server except it is not specifically used for email; it will also route arbitrary TCP and sometimes UDP requests. One of the more popular proxy protocols is SOCKS, an abbreviation for SOCKet Secure; it is a generic protocol for transparent proxying of TCP/IP connections. SOCKS is a more universal proxy and is in high demand by phishers and spammers because it can serve multiple necessities. There are also standard HTTP/HTTPS proxy servers and cache proxy servers such as Squid that mainly focus on HTTP and the ability to cache data so that you save bandwidth. Most phishers are specifically looking for proxies to cover their tracks in perpetrating fraud.
There are many methods of locating proxies to hide through; a quick way is Google. One of the first sites at the top of the Google search list is (see Figure 5). Let's look at the list and try them for ourselves.
Figure 5
Figure 5 Available Proxy Lists
There are also many available tools that check for open proxies on the Internet at a very fast rate. YAPH -- Yet Another Proxy Hunter ( -- is a UNIX version of a freely available proxy hunter, and there are multiple ones for Windows. One of the bulk-mailing tools, known as Send-safe, even provides a proxy hunter with its software. At this time, the software's author has trouble hosting his site anywhere due to being a suspect in the authoring of the Sobig virus ( avcenter/venc/data/_EMAIL_). Also, in the underground free-trade market, you can even purchase proxy and VPN services from "trusted" individuals for approximately $40 per month.
On this list are both anonymous and transparent proxies. The transparent proxies are usually HTTP proxies. Since the anonymity level can be lessened due to the fact that your browser will answer a request such as REMOTE_ADDR from the server, the transparent proxy will pass that along without a rewrite. This makes it obvious that it is not an anonymous proxy, but it can be useful for caching when bandwidth is low. On the other hand, SOCKS was designed to tunnel all TCP traffic, no matter what type. Since SOCKS does not require information from the browser, it simply treats it like an arbitrary TCP client. This method of handling the data will increase anonymity, since the Web server is viewing the SOCKS server as a client and any requests will come from the SOCKS server.
Phishers Go Wireless
With the ongoing growth of wireless networks, phishers now can anonymously mass-mail by war driving -- the act of driving around looking for available wireless networks to connect to, with a goal of sending bulk mailings through networks that are either open or vulnerable to security flaws and so accessible by unauthorized parties. More than this, war driving eliminates any signature available for tracking, since the wireless signal can be received even from 2 miles away, depending on the attacker's antenna. During the day of a phish attack, the attacker could be sitting at his home logging into the neighborhood Starbucks' wireless hotspot to send emails.
To extend the abuse of wireless networks, since T-Mobile provides the majority of wireless services to Starbucks coffee shops that require a login and password to use, phishers can start attacking the users on the network while drinking a cup of java. One technique used against hotspots was originally dubbed airsnarfing by "Beetle" and Bruce Potter of the Shmoo Group. The media later nicknamed this practice the Evil Twin attack, but unfortunately the media got to it a lot later than the actual concept was demonstrated by Shmoo. The media stated that airsnarfing was being exploited by sophisticated hackers, but actually Windows or Linux users can do this quite trivially, since setting it up is as easy as setting up a phish.
Here's quick rundown on a trivial attack for phishing wireless networks: The way T-Mobile and most other hotspots work, including those at airports, is that you're handed an IP address delivered via the DHCP server and then requested to log in to their Web-based authentication form, entering your username and password. The weakness occurs right at the beginning of the wireless session, since there is no real trust between the wireless gateway and the casual user. This weakness can be used to create a rogue access point (AP) with the same service set identifier, or SSID. When we connect to a network, the SSID is shows as the identifying name of the AP. In the case of T-Mobile's hotspots, most of the time you will see tmobile as the SSID value.
Our rogue AP is set up to compete with the hotspot and have the same name, since in most Windows wireless setups the stronger wireless signal usually wins. We will also host all the DHCP, DNS, and IP routing required on our AP, and we'll have an HTTP server with our phishing site(s) all set up. Once victims connect to you instead of T-Mobile, they will not know the difference, since we are routing the Internet and they have logged into the look-alike site. We then can poison our DNS cache to point to other fake sites set up to look like sites that we want to steal customer information from. Essentially, we control the flow of where victims go, since we control their wireless Internet connections.
This attack is possible due to the trust model, or lack thereof, between the user and the service the user is logging into. Simple login credentials don't protect against something you've never met before. The Shmoo Group has designed a HotSpot Defense Kit for MacOS and Windows XP, downloadable at
Phishing exposed -- 10 tips in 10 minutes
 Home: Introduction
 Tip 1: Phishing and email basics
 Tip 2: Phishing and the mail delivery process
 Tip 3: Anonymous email and phishing
 Tip 4: Forging headers and phishing
 Tip 5: Open relays, proxy servers and phishing
 Tip 6: Proxy chaining, onion routing, mixnets and phishing
 Tip 7: Harvesting email addresses and phishing
 Tip 8: Phishers, hackers and insiders
 Tip 9: Sending spam and phishing
 Tip 10: Fighting phishing with spam filters
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 - V6R1 upgrade planning checklist
 - Connecting multiple iSeries systems through DDM


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Manual Pages — INSTALL
install – install binaries
The file(s) are copied (or linked if the -l option is specified) to the target file or directory. If the destination is a directory, then the file is copied into directory with its original filename. If the target file already exists, it is either renamed to file.old if the -b option is given or overwritten if permissions allow. An alternate backup suffix may be specified via the -B option's argument.
The options are as follows:
 Back up any existing files before overwriting them by renaming them to file.old. See -B for specifying a different backup suffix.
-B suffix
 Use suffix as the backup suffix if -b is given.
 Copy the file. If the target file already exists and the files are the same, then do not change the modification time of the target. If the target's file flags and mode need not to be changed, the target's inode change time is also unchanged.
 Copy the file. This is actually the default. The -c option is only included for backwards compatibility.
-D destdir
 Specify the DESTDIR (top of the file hierarchy) that the items are installed in to. If -M metalog is in use, a leading string of "destdir" will be removed from the file names logged to the metalog. This option does not affect where the actual files are installed.
 Create directories. Missing parent directories are created as required.
 Specify the target's file flags; see chflags(1) for a list of possible flags and their meanings.
 Specify a group. A numeric GID is allowed.
-h hash
 When copying, calculate the digest of the files with hash to store in the -M metalog. When -d is given no hash is emitted. Supported digests:
none No hash. This is the default.
md5 The MD5 cryptographic message digest.
 The RMD-160 cryptographic message digest.
sha1 The SHA-1 cryptographic message digest.
 The 256-bits SHA-2 cryptographic message digest of the file.
 The 512-bits SHA-2 cryptographic message digest of the file.
-l linkflags
 Instead of copying the file make a link to the source. The type of the link is determined by the linkflags argument. Valid linkflags are: a (absolute), r (relative), h (hard), s (symbolic), m (mixed). Absolute and relative have effect only for symbolic links. Mixed links are hard links for files on the same filesystem, symbolic otherwise.
-M metalog
 Write the metadata associated with each item installed to metalog in an mtree(8) "full path" specification line. The metadata includes: the file name and file type, and depending upon other options, the owner, group, file flags, modification time, and tags.
 Specify an alternate mode. The default mode is set to rwxr-xr-x (0755). The specified mode may be either an octal or symbolic value; see chmod(1) for a description of possible mode values.
 Use the user database text file master.passwd and group database text file group from dbdir, rather than using the results from the system's getpwnam(3) and getgrnam(3) (and related) library calls.
 Specify an owner. A numeric UID is allowed.
 Preserve the access and modification times. Copy the file, as if the -C (compare and copy) option is specified, except if the target file does not already exist or is different, then preserve the access and modification times of the source file.
 Safe copy. Normally, install unlinks an existing target before installing the new file. With the -S flag a temporary file is used and then renamed to be the target. The reason this is safer is that if the copy or rename fails, the existing target is left untouched.
 install exec's the command strip(1) to strip binaries so that install can be portable over a large number of systems and binary types. See below for how install can be instructed to use another program to strip binaries.
-T tags
 Specify the mtree(8) tags to write out for the file when using -M metalog.
 Indicate that install is running unprivileged, and that it should not try to change the owner, the group, or the file flags of the destination. The information that would have been updated can be stored in a log file with -M metalog.
 Cause install to be verbose, showing files as they are installed or backed up.
By default, install preserves all file flags, with the exception of the "nodump" flag.
The install utility attempts to prevent moving a file onto itself.
Installing /dev/null creates an empty file.
The install utility checks for the presence of the STRIPBIN environment variable and if present, uses the assigned value as the program to run if and when the -s option has been specified.
If the DONTSTRIP environment variable is present, install will ignore any specification of the -s option. This is mainly for use in debugging the FreeBSD Ports Collection.
 If either -S option is specified, or the -C or -p option is used in conjunction with the -s option, temporary files named INS@XXXX, where XXXX is decided by mkstemp(3), are created in the target directory.
The utility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs.
Historically install moved files by default. The default was changed to copy in FreeBSD 4.4.
chflags(1), chgrp(1), chmod(1), cp(1), mv(1), strip(1), mmap(2), getgrnam(3), getpwnam(3), chown(8)
The install utility appeared in BSD 4.2.
The meaning of the -M option has changed as of FreeBSD 9.2 and it now takes an argument. Command lines that used the old -M will get an error or in rare cases will append logs to the first of multiple source files rather than installing it.
Temporary files may be left in the target directory if install exits abnormally.
File flags cannot be set by fchflags(2) over a NFS file system. Other file systems do not have a concept of flags. The install utility will only warn when flags could not be set on a file system that does not support them.
The install utility with -v falsely says a file is copied when -C snaps hard links.
INSTALL (1) January 18, 2013
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text:
Giant Coal-Derived Gas Fields and Their Gas Sources in China presents a thorough look at 32 coal-derived gas fields in China. This reference book includes two main parts, the first discussing the geologic characteristics of the tectonic, stratigraphy, source and cap rock assemblage for the accumulation periods.
The second part features multiple differential indexes, charts, phase states (gas, liquid, solid), and the methods used to determine the sources of the coal-derived giant gas fields. As the first comprehensive coverage of the methods of gas to source correlation in China, this book will be a classic reference for researchers working in natural gas geology and geochemistry, and teachers working in universities around the world.
- Provides geochemical data of the coal-derived giant gas fields, guaranteeing the reliability of the research
- Integrates various indexes, charts, phase states (gas, liquid, solid), and methods to determine the sources of the coal-derived giant gas fields
- Provides numerous data and case studies of gas fields from coal source rock, giving readers a unique reference for the petroleum geochemistry and geology market
Researchers working in oil and gas geology, teachers and students in petroleum universities, and as a reference for their technical and administrative staff.
- Large Gas Fields and Their Significances in the Natural Gas Industry
- Large Coal-derived Gas Fields and Their Gas Sources in the Ordos Basin
- Large Coal-derived Gas Fields and Their Gas Sources in the Sichuan Basin
- Large Coal-derived Gas Fields and Their Gas Sources in the Tarim Basin
- Large Coal-derived Gas Fields and Their Gas Sources in the Junggar Basin
- Large Coal-derived Gas Fields and Their Gas Sources in the Songliao Basin
- Coal-derived Gas Fields and the Offshore Gas Sources of China
- No. of pages:
- © Academic Press 2016
- 2nd June 2016
- Academic Press
- eBook ISBN:
- Hardcover ISBN:
Prof. Dai was elected as a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in October, 1995 and a member of International Academy of Sciences for Europe and Asia on December, 2012. Prof. Dai has been engaged in the geological and geochemical research work of natural gas in the past 40 years. He has established the coal-derived gas theory in China which shed lights on a brand new exploration field for natural gas in the country; and made great contributions to establish the first batch of abiogenic alkane gas fields and abiogenic CO2 gas fields and their geochemical characteristics;. He has made a distinguished contribution to the identification of natural gases with different genetic types; made significant contribution to the formation condition, quantitative and semi-quantitative controlling factors, and the prediction of favorable areas prediction of giant gas fields in China;. Professor Dai has made initiative contributions to the geochemical research on unconventional natural gas (coalbed methane, tight sand gas and shale gas) in China. In a word, systematic and creative contributions have been made by Prof. Dai which that improves fostered the rapid development of the Chinese natural gas industry.
Professor, Academician of Chinese Science Institute.


formula for the triangular numbers, stellar (star) shapes with p vertices leading to p-stellar numbers were to be considered.
 = 10 T5 5 + (1 + 2 + 3 + 4) = 15 T6 6 + (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5) = 21 T7 7 + (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6) = 28 T8 8 + (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7) = 36 As seen in the diagram above, the second difference is the same between the terms, and the sequence is therefore quadratic. This means that the equation Tn = an2 + bn + c will be used when representing the data in a general formula.
 - Word count: 2988
 11. Parallelograms. This investigation will focus on the number of parallelograms formed by intersecting lines also knows as transversals.
 A4 Set Notation: A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A1? A2, A2? A3, A3? A4, A4? A5, A1? A2? A3, A2? A3? A4, A3? A4? A5, A1? A2? A3? A4, A2? A3? A4? A5 and A1? A2? A3? A4? A5 Set Notation: A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A1? A2, A2? A3, A3? A4, A4? A5, A5? A6, A1? A2? A3, A2? A3? A4, A3? A4? A5, A4?
 - Word count: 1592
 12. Math portfolio: Modeling a functional building The task is to design a roof structure for the given building. The building has a rectangular base 150 meters long and 72 meters wide. The height of the building should not exceed 75% of its width
 I know that the length of the cuboid is 150 meters. So I have to find out the height and the width of the cuboid. The diagram below shows a cuboid which is fitted inside the curve roof structure. Let ABCD be the largest possible cuboid which can be fitted inside this curved roof structure I will let "2V" be the width of the cuboid and "H" be the height. The parabola is symmetrical structure, so do the cuboid, so I have taken the width as "2V" that is the width "V" is on the left side and "V" is on the right side of the axis of symmetry of the parabola.
 - Word count: 3774
 13. Mathematics portfolio on Infinite Surd
 However, after that, an-an+1 value has been had no huge change which means that difference is close to 0. Apply Here is a proved formula a= a2=1+a a2-a-1=0 Use quadratic equation a= = 1.618033989 or -0._PHONE_ However, the root cannot be the negative number So,? 1.618033989 Consider another infinite surd where the first term is Repeat the entire process above to find the exact value for this surd.
 - Word count: 546
 14. Function that best models the population of China. Some of the functions that I think that could model this data were linear function () and exponential function ().
 As we can see that the population is increasing as by the time. As the years are passing by, the trend of the population is gradually increasing more and more, the graph is becoming steeper. There is no rapid growth or decline in the population. I think that this is in between gradual and rapid growth of the population. Just after the year 1965, there is a tiny bounce that can be seen that pushes the growth rate more. To help see, I have added here two lines that tells us more about the slope.
 - Word count: 1744
 15. Solution for finding the sum of an infinite sequence
 After seeing that my result matches the results in Excel, I decided to then find out the sum. I found out the sum using my TI-84 Plus. The method is shown in the appendix. This is what I did in order to get for. <-- I got 1 because of. <-- Here is equal to plus because is the sum of the pervious term. So if I add which is term number 1, it will give me the. I will use this formula to find out the sum's up to n = 10. <-- Now, we can sub as 1 and as Here n = 2, so I did this for where On the other hand, I used Microsoft Excel 2010 to do it for me too.
 - Word count: 1272
 16. The Straight Line
 Examples 1. Find the y-intercept for the following equation. * 2. Find the y-intercept for the following straight line. Slope/Gradient The slope (gradient) ultimately determines the'steepness' or incline of a line, the higher the slope, the steeper the incline will be. For example, a horizontal line has a slope equal to zero while a line with an angle of 45o has a slope equal to one. The sign (positive or negative) of the slope is very important, as it determines whether the line slopes uphill or downhill.
 - Word count: 685
 17. Math Portfolio - Triangular Numbers
 + 6 = 15 + 6 = 21 7th number: (6th triangular number) + 7 = 21 + 7 = 28 Let the triangular number be. n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 3 6 10 15 21 28??????? This method of calculating the values of can be proven to be accurate using the method of differences. Here, the difference between consecutive values of are calculated, and the data collected from that is manipulated in a manner to prove that the earlier used method of calculating subsequent values of is reliable.
 - Word count: 1279
 18. In this essay, I am going to investigate the maximum number of pieces obtained when n-dimensional object is cut, and then prove it is true.
 To begin the solution, consider the results for n=1, 2,3,4,5. Let R represent the maximum number of pieces in n-cuts of a line segment. The value for R is shown in the table. n 1 2 3 4 5 R 2 4 7 11 16 1Recursive rule: R1=2 R2=4=2+2 R3=7=4+3 R4=11=7+4 R5=16=11+5... Rn=Rn-1+n[U1] Assume that R0=1, then Rn=1+1+2+3+......+n Rn=1+(1+2+3+......+n) =1+2+3+......+n=n/2[2a+(n-1)*[U2]d][U3], a=1, d=1 1+2+3+......+n=n/2[2+(n-1)]=n/2[n+1]=(n^[U4]2+n)/2 Therefore, the recursive rule to generate the maximum number of regions is 1+ (n^2+n)/2= (n^2+n+2)/2[U5]. When n=5, R5=(5^2+5+2)/2=16, which corresponds to the tabulated value for n=5 above.
 - Word count: 2313
 19. Stellar shapes
 For example, the value for equals to 15 +6 which is 21. The same applies for the other values of. The next three terms are represented by this diagram: 6 7 8 Shape Number of dots 21 28 36 When we want to find the expression for this sequence, we have to know which difference is constant. Seq.: 1, 3, 6, 10, 15... 1st diff.: 2 3 4 5... 2nd diff.: 1 1 1... We found from the above that the second difference is constant. Therefore the expression will be.
 - Word count: 1130
 20. SL Type I Mathematics Portfolio
 This is important because if this sequence diverges, the general statement would be. A convergent series is a series in which the terms decrease in magnitude rapidly and for which the sum of the first several terms is not too different from the sum of all of the terms of the series. The following is an example of a divergent series. = Thus, there is no general statement to represent the infinite sum of this sequence. In order to detect whether the given sequence is a convergent sequence or not, there are 3 tests that can prove it.
 - Word count: 2332


text: In English, pitch accent placement makes a word prominent. Previous studies have documented that talkers can highlight accentual prominence by such strategies as lowering the jaw more in the stressed vowel of the word. This study examines the acoustic consequences of such supralaryngeal correlates of accenting. Speakers of Australian English produced multiple tokens of dialogues which elicited nuclear-accented and de-accented productions of the names Beeber, Deeder, and Geeger, which have a stressed high front vowel in different consonantal contexts. Recordings were made of tongue--dorsum and jaw movement using the Movetrack electromagnetometer system. The results showed multiple articulatory strategies that varied across talkers and consonantal context. For example, of two talkers that lowered the jaw more in accented syllables, one fronted the tongue to compensate for the jaw lowering in all contexts, whereas another did so only in the velar context. Nevertheless, accenting the word resulted in a consistent raising of the frequencies or amplitudes of spectral peaks in the region of the second and third formants. These results suggest a model of accent as ''localized hyperarticulation'' whereby the talker has multiple articulatory strategies for achieving a perceptual effect of ''sharpening'' the /i/ timbre to increase the word's clarity.


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The Mozambique Ridge (MOZR) and the Agulhas Plateau (AP) are prominent bathymetrically elevated rises off south-eastern Africa connected by a rise of less bathymetric expression. Intuitively, this observation would imply that the plateaus and rises underwent a related crustal formation. Deep crustal ocean-bottom seismometer data and a multichannel seismic reflection profile from the southern MOZR show evidence for its predominantly oceanic crustal origin with excessive volcanic eruption and magmatic accretion phases. The lower two-thirds of the crustal column exhibit P-wave velocities of more than 7.0 km/s, increasing to 7.5-7.6 km/s at the crustal base. These velocities suggest that the lower crust was accreted by large volumes of mantle-derived material to form an over-thickened equivalent of an oceanic layer 3. When comparing the velocity-depth model and the observations of the seismic reflection data with those of the AP, a resemblance can be established which concludes that a greater Southeast African Large Igneous Province (LIP) must have formed between 140 and 95 Ma in phases of highly varying magmatic and volcanic activities. The timing, size and formation history of the Southeast African LIP is almost analog to that of the Kerguelen-Heard Plateau, which provokes speculation about related processes of periodic magma generation at that time.
Helmholtz Research Programs > PACES I (2009-2013) > TOPIC 3: Lessons from the Past > WP 3.2: Tectonic, Climate and Biosphere Development from Greenhouse to Icehouse


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Joined: 16 Mar 2004
|Posted: Wed Apr 02, 2008 3:08 pm Post subject: Polymer opal films shed new kind of light on nature
|24 July 2007 Nanowerk
Polymer opal films shed new kind of light on nature
Imagine cleaning out your refrigerator and being able to tell at a glance whether perishable food items have spoiled, because the packaging has changed its colour, or being able to tell if your dollar bill is counterfeit simply by stretching it to see if it changes hue. These are just two of the promising commercial applications for a new type of flexible plastic film developed by scientists at the University of Southampton in the United Kingdom and the Deutsches Kunststoff-Institut (DKI) in Darmstadt, Germany. Combining the best of natural and manmade optical effects, their films essentially represent a new way for objects to precisely change their colour. The researchers will publish their findings in the July 23 issue of Optics Express ("Nanoparticle-tuned structural color from polymer opals"), an open-access journal of the Optical Society of America.
These "polymer opal films" belong to a class of materials known as photonic crystals. Such crystals are built of many tiny repeating units, and are usually associated with a large contrast in the components' optical properties, leading to a range of frequencies, called a "photonic bandgap," where no light can propagate in any direction. Instead, these new opal films have a small contrast in their optical properties. As with other artificial opal structures, they are also "self-assembling," in that the small constituent particles assemble themselves in a regular structure. But this self-assembly is not perfect, and though meant to be periodic, they have significant irregularities. In these materials, the interplay between the periodic order, the irregularities, and the scattering of small inclusions strongly affect the way the light travels through these films, just as in natural opal gem stones, a distant cousin of these materials. For example, light may be reflected in unexpected directions that depend on the light's wavelength.
Photonic crystals have been of interest for years for various practical applications, most notably in fibre optic telecommunications but also as a potential replacement for toxic and expensive dyes used for colouring objects, from clothes to buildings. Yet much of their commercial potential has yet to be realized because the colours in manmade films made from photonic crystals depend strongly on viewing angle. If you hold up a sheet of the opal film, Baumberg explains, "You'll only see milky white, unless you look at a light reflected in it, in which case certain colours from the light source will be preferentially reflected." In other words, change the angle, and the colour changes.
These photonic crystals are apparent in the natural world as well but are more consistent in colour at varying angles. Opals, butterfly wings, certain species of beetle, and peacock feathers all feature arrays of tiny holes, neatly arranged into patterns. Even though these natural structures aren't nearly as precisely ordered as the manmade versions, the colours produced are unusually strong, and depend less on the viewing angle.
Until now, scientists believed that the same effect was at work in both manmade and natural photonic crystals: the lattice structure caused the light to reflect off the surface in such a way as to produce a colour that changes depending upon the angle of reflection. Baumberg, however, suspects that the natural structures selectively scatter rather than reflect the light, a result of complex interplay between the order and the irregulaty in these structures.
Given that hunch, Baumberg's team developed polymer opals to combine the precise structure of manmade photonic crystals with the robust colour of natural structures. The polymer opal films are made of arrays of spheres stacked in three dimensions, rather than layers. They also contain tiny carbon nanoparticles wedged between the spheres, so light doesn't just reflect at the interfaces between the plastic spheres and the surrounding materials, it also scatters off the nanoparticles embedded between the spheres. This makes the film intensely coloured, even though they are made from only transparent and black components, which are environmentally benign. Additionally, the material can be "tuned" to only scatter certain frequencies of light simply by making the spheres larger or smaller.
In collaboration with scientists at DKI in Darmstadt, Germany, Baumberg and his colleagues have developed a solution for another factor that traditionally has limited the commercial potential of photonic crystals: the ability to mass-produce them. His Darmstadt colleagues have developed a manufacturing process that can be successfully applied to photonic crystals and they now can produce very long rolls of polymer opal films.
The films are "quite stretchy," according to Baumberg, and when they stretch, they change colour, since the act of stretching changes the distance between the spheres that make up the lattice structure. This, too, makes them ideal for a wide range of applications, including potential ones in food packaging, counterfeit identification and even defence.
Sources: Nanowerk & Optical Society of America _URL_
Story posted: 24th July 2007


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Definition of stickleback
v. t. - Any one of numerous species of small fishes of the genus Gasterosteus and allied genera. The back is armed with two or more sharp spines. They inhabit both salt and brackish water, and construct curious nests. Called also sticklebag, sharpling, and prickleback. 2
The word "stickleback" uses 11 letters: A B C C E I K K L S T.
No direct anagrams for stickleback found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after stickleback (in bold), or to abcceikklst in any order:
s - sticklebacks
All words formed from stickleback by changing one letter
Browse words starting with stickleback by next letter


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Constructing SWT Layouts
FormLayout is a very flexible layout, like GridLayout, but it works in a completely different way. In GridLayout, you have to plan everything ahead and build your user interface. In contrast to GridLayout, FormLayout is independent from the complete layout. The position and size of the components depend on one Control.
The location of the properties listed in Table 6 can be seen in Figure 9.
FormData and FormAttachment
The FormData object has the properties listed in Table 7.
A FormData object can have 0 or 4 FormAttachment objects. The form attachment can have controls (see Figure 15). The FormAttachment object can have the properties listed in Table 8.
Figure 14. FormLayout Example
The above example shows a form layout created by using the code snippet below.
|Source 7. FormLayout example|
FormLayout layout= new FormLayout(); shell.setLayout (layout); Button button1 = new Button(shell, SWT.PUSH); Button button2 = new Button(shell, SWT.PUSH); Button button3 = new Button(shell, SWT.PUSH); button1.setText("B1"); button2.setText("B2"); button3.setText("B3"); FormData data1 = new FormData(); data1.left = new FormAttachment(0,5); data1.right = new FormAttachment(25,0); button1.setLayoutData(data1); FormData data2 = new FormData(); data2.left = new FormAttachment(button1,5); data2.right = new FormAttachment(90,-5); button2.setLayoutData(data2); FormData data3 = new FormData(); data3.top = new FormAttachment(button2,5); data3.bottom = new FormAttachment(100,-5); data3.right = new FormAttachment(100,-5); data3.left = new FormAttachment(25,5); button3.setLayoutData(data3);
Figure 15 shows the location of the properties and location of the buttons.
Figure 15. FormLayout Example
Page 4 of 5


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The Need For The Training
There are three (3) basic categories of Microfinance Service Providers in Africa. These are:
- The Formal Institutions.
The formal Institutions are incorporated, licensed, regulated and supervised by the Banking regulatory authorities in the nation.
- The Semi-formal Institutions.
These institutions are registered but not regulated and supervised by the banking regulator.
- The Informal.
This group of service providers is made up of individuals that are neither registered nor regulated. Their activities are unpatterned and uncoordinated. They are not officially recognized. They carry out their business in clandestine manner. Various governments in Africa are trying to mainstream this category of operators to the main financial system through policies.
Microfinance refers to the provision of financial services to the active poor who are traditionally not served by the conventional financial institutions. In many countries, particularly in Nigeria, Microfinance has been integrated into the main financial system. Being integrated into the National Financial System, the operators of the formal microfinance institutions act as banks to cater for the active poor in the society and their micro-enterprises. They are regulated and supervised.
Experience has shown that the bane of most microfinance institutions are Risk Management Lax which crystallize in risk events that ultimately create banking panic and crises. Risk Management failure, financial panic, crises and disasters are consequentially related.
According to Albert Einstein, problems cannot be solved at the same level of awareness that created them. Banking panic and crises call for a basket of solution.
It is against this backdrop that we design this three-day Training to achieve the following specific objectives.
At the end of this training, participants should be able to:
- Demonstrate understanding of the concept or risk management, Banking Panic, Crises and Disaster;
- Identify the process of risk management;
- Identify various categories of risk that face their microfinance institution/banks;
- Identify sources of banking panic, crises and disaster
- Manage banking panic, crises and disaster within the context of their institution
- Demonstrate understanding of Business Continuity Management.
- Microfinance Institutions/ Banking
- Conventional Financial Institutions
- Primary Mortgage Banks
DURATION: 3 days
COURSE FEE: Negotiable
DATES: Client's Decision
Available as open programme and in-plant
Course Code: MFB/2021/03


Version: 2021.1
public UIElements.UsageHints usageHints ;
A combination of hint values that specify high-level intended usage patterns for the VisualElement. This property can only be set when the VisualElement is not yet part of a Panel. Once part of a Panel, this property becomes effectively read-only, and attempts to change it will throw an exception. The specification of proper UsageHints drives the system to make better decisions on how to process or accelerate certain operations based on the anticipated usage pattern. Note that those hints do not affect behavioral or visual results, but only affect the overall performance of the panel and the elements within. Generally it advised to always consider specifying the proper UsageHints, but keep in mind that some UsageHints may be internally ignored under certain conditions (e.g. due to hardware limitations on the target platform).


)++")"
the +- sign is '?'. example:
f[1,2,3,4] = "1+(.5#.5)*(1+(.5#.5)*(1+(.5#.5)*(1+(.5#.5)*(0))))"
JavaScript (ES6), 56 51 bytes
Based on _USER_'s formula. @ stands for ±.
Your Answer


Can Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI) be a Competitive Irrigation System in the Great Plains Region for Commodity Crops?
Citation: 5th National Decennial Irrigation Conference Proceedings, 5-8 December 2010, Phoenix Convention Center, Phoenix, Arizona USA IRR10-9686.(doi:10.13031/2013.35819)
Authors: Freddie R Lamm, Paul D Colaizzi, James P Bordovsky, Todd P Trooien, Juan Enciso-Medina, Dana O Porter, Danny H Rogers, Daniel M O'Brien
Keywords: Microirrigation, subsurface drip irrigation, irrigation design, irrigation management
Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) as with all microirrigation systems is typically only used on crops with greater value. In the US Great Plains region, the typical irrigated crops are the cereal and oil seed crops and cotton. These crops have less economic revenue than typical microirrigated crops. This paper will present a case for how SDI can be economically competitive for the lesser value crops of the Great Plains. The case will have 5 sections: 1) How do Great Plains crops respond to SDI? 2) Are there special uses for SDI in the Great Plains? 3) How can SDI system costs be minimized without causing operational and maintenance problems? 4) Can SDI systems have a long life? 5) How does SDI compare economically to alternative irrigation systems?
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Activity limitations and factors influencing functional outcome of patients with stroke following rehabilitation at a specialised facility in the Western Cape
MetadataShow full item record
BACKGROUND: Determining the functional abilities and factors influencing outcome of patients with stroke following rehabilitation are essential for the planning of future interventions and services in order to optimise recovery. OBJECTIVES: To determine the activity limitations and factors influencing functional outcome of patients with stroke managed at a specialised rehabilitation centre. METHODOLOGY: A longitudinal study design was used to determine the functional outcomes of patients admitted to the centre on admission and discharge. A data gathering sheet was developed to collect information pertaining to the demographicand medical profile and process of rehabilitation, whereas the Barthel Index was used to collect data relating to functional abilities. For analysis, descriptive statistics as well as inferential statistics (Student t test) were utilised to determine the paired differences. Six prognostic factors influencing functional outcome were selected and tested using linear (bivariate) regression. RESULTS: The mean Barthel Index scores on admission and at discharge were 58.85 and 81.59 respectively. A significant improvement was noted in the execution of functional task of patients with stroke (p< 0.01) between the data collection points. Despite the significant overall improvement, results show a high prevalence of dependence with walking and stair climbing at discharge. Only functional ability on admission (r=0.49) predicted a favourable functional outcome at discharge. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the limitations of younger stroke survivors and the need for continued rehabilitation following in-patient care. It further underscores the administration of a functional rating scale on admission in order to aggressively manage activity limitations.


text: Experiments were performed to examine how human granulocytes process the chemotactic peptide N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe after stimulation by the same peptide. Purified human granulocytes were stimulated with 50 nM N-formyl-Met-Leu-[3H]Phe at 37 degrees C for various times, washed, lysed by N2 cavitation, and fractionated by isopycnic sucrose density gradient sedimentation. The major subcellular fractions identified were plasma membrane, Golgi, granules, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria. After 1 min of stimulation, radioactivity was found only in the plasma membrane (sedimentable) and cytosol (soluble) fraction. At 5, 10, and 25 min, radioactivity also appeared in a sedimentable, low density fraction (25-28% sucrose) enriched in galactosyl transferase activity and containing Golgi structures. The accumulation in the sedimentable fractions was maximal after 5 min but continued to increase linearly in the cytosol fraction. Incorporation of radioactivity into cells or membrane and soluble fractions was 60 to 85% specific and was inhibited if incubation with N-formyl-Met-Leu-[3H]Phe was performed at 4 degrees C. 80-90% of the radiolabel in the plasma membrane or Golgi-containing fractions remained sedimentable despite freeze thawing or sonication. Solubilization of these fractions in Triton X-100 followed by Sepharose 4B column chromatography revealed that the radiolabel eluted in the void volume. Our results are consistent with internalization which proceeds by passage of an occupied receptor in a high affinity, supramolecular complex from the plasma membrane to the Golgi followed by accumulation of peptide in the cytosol.