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My question is about those straw belts that get wrapped around the trunks of pine trees a meter or so above the ground. I know they have something to do with fooling insects into laying their eggs in the straw instead of the bark, but could you give us more details? For example, what the heck are the belts called? When are they applied? What beetle or disease is involved? Most importantly, is this technology exportable and would it help my sister in Colorado save her pine forest?
Margaret O., Kitakyushu, Fukuoka Prefecture
Those belts are called komomaki and they are indeed a form of pest control, but the way they work is a little different from what you described. The komomaki method was developed in Japan several hundred years ago to combat a pine pest called matsugareha. It's a moth found throughout Japan as well as in Siberia and on the Korean peninsula and Sakhalin Island. In English it's usually referred to as the "pine moth," and its scientific name is Dendrolimus spectabilis.
You are correct that the belts are put on trees to trick the pests into doing something they wouldn't normally do, but the straw is provided not for egg-laying but rather as a nice place to spend the winter. This particular pest does its damage in the spring, as a caterpillar, when it emerges from hibernation with an unstoppable appetite for pine needles. Left to its own devices, the matsugareha caterpillar eats voraciously from March to June, depriving the tree of its means of feeding itself and making it vulnerable to attack by parasites.
To stop this, some clever gardener during the Edo Period (_PHONE_) figured out that the best way to combat this pest is not in spring, when the caterpillars are already out in force, but months earlier when they're getting ready to hibernate. Normally the caterpillars make their way to the ground and bury themselves in fallen leaves, but if offered cozy straw matting on the way down they will happily settle in there for the winter instead. This makes it easy to eliminate them; in the spring, gardeners simply remove the matting along with the pests and burn the whole affair.
Traditionally, komomaki were applied in late October or early November to coincide with one of two of the nijūshi sekki, the 24 divisions of the old calendar: either sōkō, the beginning of the frost season, or rittō, the official first day of winter. The komomaki were then left on the tree until a day in March called keichitsu, which is by tradition the day when hibernating insects emerge. The komomaki are removed and burned, pests and all, and the ashes returned to the soil as fertilizer.
In recent years, however, the efficacy of komomaki has come under question as new research shows that the traps catch natural enemies of the matsugareha in higher numbers than the pests themselves. Chikako Niiho and colleagues at the Himeji Institute of Technology in Hyogo Prefecture, for example, conducted a five-year study of the straw wraps applied to pines on the grounds of Himeji Castle, removing each mat in the spring and determining the exact count for each species caught. In 2005, the year with the highest yield (1,577 insects), spiders accounted for the largest percentage of the catch (37 percent), followed by assassin bugs (Velinus nodipes) (31 percent) and cockroaches (12 percent). In fact, the researchers found only six pine moth caterpillars, accounting for just 0.3 percent of the total. In all five years of the study, komomaki trapped far more ekichū (beneficial insects) than gaichū (harmful insects).
In part because of such findings, komomaki are no longer used on the pine trees around the Imperial Palace in Tokyo or in the Kyoto Gyoen National Garden in Kyoto. In the nine traditional gardens maintained by the Tokyo Metropolitan Park Association, however, komomaki are still applied to pine trees in the winter but largely to convey a sense of the season. "We know they are not as effective in pest control as was once thought," a spokesperson told me. "But komomaki are an important fūbutsushi (seasonal item) we can use to create a winter feel in a garden. Such devices are particularly needed in Tokyo because it so rarely snows here anymore."
I'm intrigued by your idea about exporting komomaki technology. You told me in a follow-up e-mail that the pests in your sister's trees are the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) and the engraver beetle (Ips pini), both of which damage trees by boring into the bark. I don't know enough about the life cycle or habits of those insects to say whether trapping them on the trunk would work, or when the komomaki would have to be applied, but I can tell you that the method has been successfully adapted to combat other pests.
In recent years, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government has used a komomaki-like band trap to protect keyaki (zelkova) trees from a beetle called nirehamushi (Pyrrhalta maculicollis). The idea was developed in 2003 to combat a severe infestation in the trees lining the wide streets in Nishi-Shinjuku near the Keio Plaza Hotel and the metropolitan government headquarters, and worked so well that the traps have been used in every subsequent year to keep the nirehamushi population under control. In June and July, workers tie a cloth band around the trunk of trees that show signs of infestation in order to trap the caterpillars on their way down the trunk. A week or so later, workers remove the bands and collect the trapped caterpillars. It's a laborious process, but it's actually more effective and better for the environment than using pesticides.
"In any case, we would not want to use chemicals in an area with such high pedestrian traffic," a spokesperson said. "But our goal is not to completely eliminate the pests, which would upset the natural ecosystem, but to reduce their numbers to levels that the trees can survive."
For more on today's topic, including a list of good places around Japan to see komomaki, please visit my blog at _URL_. Puzzled by something you've seen? Tell me about it: _EMAIL_ or Alice Gordenker, A&E Dept., The Japan Times, 4-5-4, Shibaura 4-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo _PHONE_.


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CEDAR CREEK, TX (DELTA COUNTY)
CEDAR CREEK, TEXAS (Delta County). Cedar Creek was two miles southeast of Cooper, just south of the site of present City Lake, in southern Delta County. Settlement of the area began in the 1840s and 1850s. Early families included the Dawsons and Wrights, and residents established a settlement called Daisy Mission. The name was changed to Cedar Creek, named for the forests in the area and for a local creek. The settlers soon organized Cedar Creek School in a log house and by 1867 had established the Cedar Creek School District. In 1905 the school district enrolled forty-seven students and employed one teacher. Local residents organized the Cedar Creek Church in 1929; it met in the school, and T. M. McClain was the first pastor. The congregation sent a messenger to the Delta County Baptist Association meeting in 1931; however, the church was usually without a pastor. In 1949 Cooper Independent School District absorbed the local school, and the church closed soon after. The little community had disappeared from maps by 1964, and only Dawson Cemetery, near the old site, was identified on maps in 1984. The site of Cedar Creek was inundated with the completion of Cooper Lake in 1991. Dawson Cemetery was moved to a new site on Farm Road 1529. The old cemetery site was located within the boundaries of the Doctors Creek Unit of Cooper Lake State Park.
Paul Garland Hervey, A History of Education in Delta County, Texas (M.A. thesis, University of Texas, 1951). Laurie E. Jasinski, "The Hunt, the Harvest, and the Hoedown: A History of Cooper Lake State Park" (unpublished report, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Cultural Resources Program, Austin, 2004). Wilma Ross and Billie Phillips, Photos and Tales of Delta County (1976).
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Vista K. McCroskey, "CEDAR CREEK, TX (DELTA COUNTY)," Handbook of Texas Online (_URL_ accessed June 19, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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The Library of Congress has recently digitalized a collection of over 10,000 photographs, taken by the "American Colony" in Jerusalem, a group of Christian utopians who lived in Jerusalem between 1881 and the 1940s. The photographers returned to the US, and bequeathed their massive collection to the Library of Congress in 1978. The collection includes Winston Churchill's visit to Jerusalem, Jewish expulsions from the Old City during riots, and the
building of Tel Aviv.
By some accounts, the Valero family arrived in Jerusalem in the 18th or 19th centuries from Turkey. Researchers have even suggested that the family were once Conversos - secret Jews who were forced to convert to Christianity in Spain. They later traveled to Turkey and returned to their Jewish faith.
In Jerusalem, the family took up residence in the Old City of Jerusalem. According to a monograph by Hebrew University's Prof. Ruth Kark and Joseph Glass, Ya'akov Valero arrived in Jerusalem in 1835 from Istanbul. Originally a ritual slaughterer, Valero opened a private bank - the first in Palestine - in 1848, located inside Jaffa Gate in the Old City. When Ya'akov died in 1874, the banking and real estate enterprise was eventually taken over by his son Chaim Aharon.
Among the Valeros' land holdings were tracts outside of the Old City on Jaffa Road, the area that eventually became the Mahane Yehuda market, the grounds of the Bikur Holim hospital, and several acres around Damascus Gate, a hub of commerce in the 18th and early 19th centuries.
Prior to World War I Chaim Aharon built and leased stores at the entrance of Damascus Gate, seen in the pictures above.
In the 1930s, the British authorities ruled that the area should be zoned for use as "open spaces" and they demolished the shops in 1937. The Valeros were not compensated.
More photos can be viewed at _URL_


Play and meaty food reduce hunting by cats
Play and meaty food reduce hunting by cats
Minnie the cat was part of the study. Credit: Lisa George
Domestic cats hunt wildlife less if owners play with them daily and feed them a meat-rich food, new research shows.
Hunting by cats is a conservation and welfare concern, but methods to reduce this are controversial and often rely on restricting cat behavior in ways many owners find unacceptable.
The new study—by the University of Exeter—found that introducing a premium commercial food where proteins came from meat reduced the number of prey animals cats brought home by 36%, and also that five to ten minutes of daily play with an owner resulted in a 25% reduction.
"Previous research in this area has focussed on inhibiting cats' ability to hunt, either by keeping them indoors or fitting them with collars, devices and deterrents," said Professor Robbie McDonald, of Exeter's Environment and Sustainability Institute.
"While keeping cats indoors is the only sure-fire way to prevent, some owners are worried about the welfare implications of restricting their cat's outdoor access.
"Our study shows that—using entirely non-invasive, non-restrictive methods—owners can change what the cats themselves want to do.
"By playing with cats and changing their diets, owners can reduce their impact on wildlife without restricting their freedom."
Play in the study involved owners simulating hunting by moving a feather toy on a string and wand so cats could stalk, chase and pounce. Owners also gave cats a toy mouse to play with after each "hunt", mimicking a real kill.
It is not clear what elements of the meaty food led to the reduction in hunting.
"Some cat foods contain protein from plant sources such as soy, and it is possible that despite forming a 'complete diet' these foods leave some cats deficient in one or more micronutrients -prompting them to hunt," said Martina Cecchetti, the Ph.D. student who conducted the experiments.
"However, meat production raises clear climate and environmental issues, so one of our next steps is to find out whether specific micronutrients could be added to cat foods to reduce hunting.
"We also plan to investigate whether different kinds of play have different effects, and whether combining strategies can reduce hunting even further."
The study—based on a 12-week trial of 355 cats in 219 households in south-west England—also examined the effect of existing devices used to limit hunting by cats.
Colorful "Birdsbesafe" collar covers reduced numbers of birds captured and brought home by 42%, but had no effect on hunting of mammals.
Cat bells had no discernible overall effect—although the researchers say the impact on individual cats varied widely, suggesting some cats learn to hunt successfully despite wearing a bell.
Lisa George, from Helston in Cornwall, who looks after Minnie, a three-year-old tabby cat who took part in the trial, said: "Minnie loves to hunt. More often than not, she will bring her prey home and let it go in the house. We've had birds in the bedroom, rats in the waste paper bin (which took us three days to catch), rabbits in the utility room.
"On changing Minnie's food (previously supermarket own-brand), to Lily's Kitchen, I found she hardly hunted at all. This continued the whole time she was on this food. I can honestly say I couldn't believe the difference as regards her hunting behavior."
George Bradley, from project sponsors SongBird Survival, said: "This latest study we have funded is excellent news for birds.
"The data show that cat owners (like me) can make a few small and easy steps to really improve the health and happiness of our pets as well as make a really big difference for all our wildlife, especially our beloved songbirds.
"Making these easy-to-implement changes will be a win-win for birds, cats and cat owners."
Dr. Sarah Ellis, Head of Cat Advocacy at iCatCare, which is part of the advisory group for this research project, said: "We are really encouraged by the findings of this study.
"While many cat owners are wildlife lovers and find the killing and injuring of wild animals by their cats upsetting, many owners also feel that keeping their cats indoors or restricting their outdoor access would impact negatively on their cats' quality of life.
"At iCatCare, we are particularly excited about the positive effects of play—this is an activity that owners can easily introduce at no or little cost, takes little time and is very cat-friendly.
"The mental and physical stimulation of predatory-like play are likely to help keep a cat in tip top condition and provide an appropriate behavioral outlet for its predatory behaviors."
Dr. Adam Grogan, Head of Wildlife at the RSPCA, welcomed the results of the study.
"The RSPCA cares for both and wild animals and we want to provide advice to cat owners that will benefit both cat and wild animal welfare," he said.
"This project provides us with alternatives for cat owners that are simple and effective and so easy to adopt."
Explore further
Researchers identify five types of cat owner
More information: Current Biology, Cecchetti et al.: "Provision of high-meat-content food and object play reduce predation of wild animals by domestic cats Felis catus" _URL_ … 0960-9822(20)31896-0, DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.12.044
Journal information: Current Biology
Citation: Play and meaty food reduce hunting by cats (2021, February 11) retrieved 3 March 2021 from _URL_
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Netscape 6 and Mozilla do not currently support this method. Retrieves the value of an arbitrary key.
WinRegValue getValue ( String subkey, String valname);
getValue method has the following parameters:
The key path to the appropriate location in the key hierarchy, such as "
- The name of the value-name/value pair whose value you want.
The getValue method retrieves the value of an arbitraty key. Use this method if the value you want is not a string. If the value is a string, the
getValueString method is more convenient.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Meter did not return any assign values
Friday 26 August 2016
Forget social mobility – it's social insurgency we need
Social mobility will always be about ingenuity, enterprise and steely determination, writes Ruth Porter.
Grammar schools: they help, but it's about more than education
"It took me an extra five years to get where I am today because I didn't go to Oxbridge," was a comment one senior journalist made to me recently. There's a reason Westminster is stuffed full of those from the same public schools and red brick universities. It's because, like it or not, social networks and money matter.
The Left's answer to this social mobility problem seems to be to strip away those advantages by pulling everyone down to the same level. The true answer, though, lies in insurgency. We must help people break into that system.
Growing up in Sheffield in an area which had good first and middle schools but poorer performing secondaries, I saw rich families sending their children to state schools until they reached secondary age, and then shelling out for a private education. My parents couldn't afford that and at the age of 14 they sent me and my twin brother off to Bournemouth to sit the grammar school entry tests. When we passed they moved our family down there. Many of the children I was at school alongside were from wealthy families who had sent their children to private primary schools and paid for tuition for them so they could pass the entry tests for the grammar schools.
Grammar Schools are not an easy answer. They don't create an entirely level playing field by any means and under the old system the alternatives for children who didn't get in were largely woefully inadequate. That doesn't mean they don't have a place. Selective education can be an opportunity for people.
Rightly, the Department for Education's vision statement is: "for a highly educated society in which opportunity is more equal for children and young people no matter what their background or family circumstances."
But education isn't enough.
The reality is that in Westminster many people employ people they know, people that are recommended by people they know and people that went to the same university college or school as them. It's a relatively small community where a high level of mutual trust is often an essential part of a role. For some reason people often seem to think it's easier to trust someone who's from the same background as them. Given the role then that social connections play in Westminster it's impressive that as many people break in as they do without prior connections.
The stories of those who've managed it provide some of the clues as to how to enable more people to. Their stories are unique. They've identified different cracks and pushed themselves through them. For some people it's been juggling multiple part-time jobs through university, for others it's involved crashing on people's sofas to do work experience. For others it's involved starting at the very bottom and moving sideways many times until opportunity has come along. Others have spent long evenings and early mornings building up those social networks.
The reality is that social mobility will always be about ingenuity, enterprise and steely determination. Creating cracks for ladder climbers to get through was one of the things Thatcher did so well.
These cracks need turning into chasms. Free schools, work experience, grammar schools, cheaper housing, more affordable rail fares, these are all things that will help. Railing against the bank of mum and dad, and telling people not to use their social connections to their advantage is a waste of breath.
We need more people telling the story of the journalist without the advantages. The one who may have taken an extra few years at local papers to break into the national scene, but got there in the end (and that incidentally he may also be better at what he does now for having had to fight to get there).
By all means be angry at the injustice of the situation. I am. But don't let the perfect be the enemy of the good. Flawed as grammar schools and unpaid work experience may be they are two examples of valuable ladders that are available.
Ruth Porter is the Communications Director of the Institute of Economic Affairs
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OLICO Youth continues to explore the effectiveness of computer-based mathematics solutions with a group of South African township-school youth. This year, sixty-five learners from Diepsloot between grades 7-10 are participating on the programme. Between Feb and Sept 2014, OLICO learners attempted over 76,609 maths questions and achieved an average 35% increase in basic number sense as well as an average 47% increase on foundational curriculum content. The focus now shifts to improving the speed at which learners progress through these lessons and improving the retention of newly-acquired knowledge. OLICO is committed to finding a genuine solution that is effective, sustainable and replicable.
Introduction OLICO Youth is a community-based academic support programme for township school youth with a focus on senior phase mathematics. The aim of OLICO Youth is to provide learners with a pathway into high school mathematics by bridging the gaps in foundational understanding, thereby serving as a conduit into algebra and geometry. There are currently sixty-five Diepsloot learners between grades 7-10 enrolled on the OLICO Youth programme. Learners attend 2 computer-based after-school sessions twice a week as they progress through the OLICO curriculum at their own pace. To remain on the programme, learners must attend at least 75% of their sessions and complete their homework assignments. Learners also attend on Saturday mornings for non-academic input.
At each mid-week session, learners follow OLICO's 5-Step Process:
- Arrive on time for scheduled session
- Check in and show completed homework
- Log onto computer with unique username
- Follow OLICO's 5 P's
- Check out and receive new homework
Learners work at their own pace once they log onto the OLICO learning management system. The personalised learning environment allows learners who score 80% or more in the short pre-lesson quizzes to skip these sections. Learners who achieve less than 80% however follow OLICO's 5 P's which is made up of the following:
- Presentation (video)
- Practice exercises
- Pause and review
The most pressing need for the majority of learners joining OLICO Youth is to substantially improve their general number sense skills and mathematical fluency. There are major challenges across South Africa in the shift from foundation phase mathematics (grades 1-3) to intermediate phase mathematics (grades 4-6) with most learners enrolling at OLICO Youth needing to catch up 2-4 years worth of content. Given this context, OLICO focuses on building foundational skills as a gateway to deeper curriculum level understanding. Key lessons to date:
- Learners are highly enthusiastic about technology. There is little doubt that the computer-based approach leads to an increase in practice attempts, time-on-task, positive attitude towards maths and commitment to progressing through the lessons. The sheer volume of questions attempted by OLICO learners this year is impressive. In total, over 76,609 maths questions have been attempted this year alone… and counting.
- OLICO learners achieved substantial improvements in their basic number sense abilities. Since February this year, 83% of the learners completed the number sense curriculum with learners improving by an average of 35%. The number sense curriculum includes timed exercises focusing on improving mental arithmetic with questions on: single/double-digit addition/subtraction; number bonds; finding differences; friendly numbers; multiplication and division tables.
- OLICO learners also demonstrated substantial improvements on the foundational curriculum. Mastery for foundation-level topics is set at 80% since the lessons are fundamental requirements for future mathematics understanding. Learners are permitted to progress to subsequent lessons only once they have achieved this level of mastery. As a result, the speed at which learners progress through these lessons is an important additional indicator of effective learning. Given the amount of content learners need to cover, there is a need to increase the speed at which learners are progressing but, this concern aside, the results are impressive:
On average, learners improved on their pre-assessment results by a whopping 47%:
- Equally pleasing is the progress of the OLICO learners who were part of the original pilot phase in 2012. These learners joined while in Grade 8. They are now in Grade 10 and have consistently improved their curriculum-level results. The grade 10 learners have displayed impressive levels of commitment, dedication and a positive attitude towards mathematics which is beginning to show in their results over time:
- In addition to the clear benefits of an increase in the amount of question-attempts and time-on-task, technology also offers instant feedback to the learner which is particularly important for effective learning. Learners can thereby shape their personal learning experiences by responding appropriately to the cues provided by the computer.
- Finally, the numerous advantages of technology do not replace the need for a skilled facilitator alongside a context-appropriate programme. At the very least, the facilitator must have a well-developed number sense in order to intervene when learners get stuck. Technology enables a good facilitator to interact and assess learner needs (with real-time feedback) on a highly individualised and targeted basis.
5 core focus areas going forward:
- Over the forthcoming 6-9 months, the OLICO team is focused on finding ways to increase the speed at which learners progress through the OLICO lessons and thereby increase curriculum coverage.
- The OLICO team is also placing a greater emphasis on regular checkpoint interventions to ensure and better assess knowledge retention.
- Since English literacy remains a barrier for many of the OLICO learners, a literacy strategy is to be incorporated as core to the programme from 2015.
- A new custom-designed database is being built to simplify the OLICO processes and reduce administrative complexity.
- OLICO will continue to develop and publish open-source mathematics materials on our resources page and build a programme around Siyavula's Everything Maths for our Grade 10 and 11 learners in 2015.
Conclusion: A significant amount of progress has been achieved over the past year, both in terms of learner progression through the OLICO maths curriculum and in the development of context-appropriate open-source content. There are strong positive indications that OLICO Youth is addressing a number of the deep-rooted foundational challenges facing SA's learners. The key remaining challenge over the next 6-9 months is for OLICO to achieve progress on the "5 core focus areas" (as identified above). Success in this regard will determine whether the OLICO solution is indeed ready and effective enough to begin replicating in new environments.
Some programme background and history: Initially, the OLICO Youth project began by experimenting with freely-available online mathematics videos and exercises from Khan Academy. However, there are a number of challenges to using the Khan Academy platform for OLICO's specific purposes and a decision was made to build OLICO's own customised learning management system (LMS). The OLICO LMS thus pools together a variety of relevant open-source materials and the OLICO team has been developing additional content when context-appropriate resources do not already exist (published as creative commons). For the older grades, it also serves as a gateway into the Siyavula's Everything Maths. The broader mathematics context: Although it is a very small sample, the profiles of the OLICO Youth learners reflect many of the broader South African mathematics challenges:
- The nation-wide results of the Annual National Assessments (ANAs) provide clear indications that the majority of learners require significant remedial and foundational support in mathematics. The complexities of curriculum-level content increases greatly because learners are often still grappling with basic maths fundamentals. See also: SAHRC and UNICEF (2014) Poverty traps and social exclusion among children in South Africa. Pretoria: SAHRC.
- The shift from foundation phase mathematics (grades 1-3) to intermediate phase (grades 4-6) appears to be particularly problematic. The transition has a deep impact on mathematics understanding as it involves a shift from additive reasoning to proportional reasoning; from concrete representations of numbers and concepts to more abstract representations; and from mother tongue instruction to English. For more on the difficulties in the shift to proportional/multiplicative reasoning, see: Hiebert, J. And Behr, M. (eds) (1988) Number Concepts and Operations in the Middle Grades, Vol 2. Research Agenda for Mathematics Education. NCTM; and Harel, G. And Confrey, J. (1994) The development of multiplicative reasoning in the learning of mathematics, SUNY press, Albany.


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An energy audit is the first step in understanding the current energy consumption in the synagogue facility (or home) and how to improve upon its efficiency. Energy audits can be conducted by professional engineers and participating local utility companies; or you (and members of the congregation) can do it yourselves.
Doing a Green Audit (reprinted from the Fall 2008 NATA Journal) To assess the impact of your environmental programs and policies, you must first audit your congregations operations. By measuring and understanding your current practices, you can best target the areas of waste to most effectively reduce your environmental impact. Once you establish a baseline, you can work with synagogue staff and administrators to implement policies and procedures to enhance or supplement current practices. Download the NATA Energy Audit Guide, including some bonus greening tips, presented here with permission from NATA.
Energy Star is a joint program of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Energy. Congregations can join the Energy Star for Congregations program, which offers information and technical support to help conduct an energy audit and then implement its recommendations. Energy Star also offers tips on its website regarding how to conduct a do-it-yourself energy audit as well as where to find a professional to help with your audit.


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Burger that: horses for courses won't do
Chevaline … a horsemeat butcher in Paris. Photo: Reuters
THE eating of horses has a long history. Many prehistoric cultures both ate and sacrificed horses, and the ban on horsemeat by Pope Gregory III in 732 was in part an attempt to eradicate pagan rituals in the Germanic states.
From the early Middle Ages, the horse grew in importance. It made no sense to consume an animal rich in symbolism and expensive to buy and maintain, when farming gave us ready supplies of other, similar foodstuffs, namely beef and mutton. So entrenched was this view that by the 17th century eating horses was banned in most European countries.
And when horse as food started to be popularised in the mid-19th century, it was partly driven by the need to feed growing numbers of urban poor when meat prices were rising sharply.
Its proponents in England and France argued that thousands of horses went to waste every day, mainly elderly cab nags, which were worked to death and then slaughtered for glue and pet food.
In France, Belgium, Italy and Switzerland, the medical and culinary establishment lauded horsemeat, and the working classes gradually accepted it.
Legally, in France, it could only be sold in designated chevalines, clearly signposted by the still-visible golden horses heads above the door (it is now available in supermarkets as well).
In England the arguments fell on deaf ears. The idea the English could consume these noble animals, these long-lived friends of the family, was regarded with revulsion.
Guardian News & Media


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Destruction of the myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS) is prominent in many clinico-pathologic conditions. Among animal models that reproduce the pathological features of deand remyelination processes, the mouse model of cuprizone administration is widely used. Both hyperactivity and motor impairment have been reported upon cuprizone exposure. The aim of the present study was to assess behaviour in mice after CPZ withdrawal.To summarize, animals showed hypo-activity and deficits in motor coordination when they were subjected to acute demyelinating insult while minor exploratory activity, impairment in motor coordination and lower anxiety levels emerged when remyelination was reached following cuprizone withdrawal. A recovery period of 6 weeks after removal of CPZ was not accompanied by a similar return of normal activity indicating long lasting behavioural effects caused by this neurotoxicant. Specifically, the recovery group showed impairments in neurological functions involved in sensorimotor, neuromuscular, motor coordination and the capacity to cope with a stress-inducing event.
Keywords: Cuprizone; Demyelination; Motor coordination and anxiety; Neurobehavioral screening; Remyelination.
Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


5.4.8 Rotating objects
Both layout objects and elements of markup text can be rotated by any angle about any point, but the method of doing so differs.
Rotating layout objects
All layout objects which support the grob-interface can be rotated by setting their rotation property. This takes a list of three items: the angle of rotation counter-clockwise, and the x and y coordinates of the point relative to the object's reference point about which the rotation is to be performed. The angle of rotation is specified in degrees and the coordinates in staff-spaces.
The angle of rotation and the coordinates of the rotation point must be determined by trial and error.
There are only a few situations where the rotation of layout objects is useful; the following example shows one situation where they may be:
g4\< e' d' f\!
\override Hairpin.rotation = #'(20 -1 0)
g,,4\< e' d' f\!
[image of music]
Rotating markup
All markup text can be rotated to lie at any angle by prefixing it with the \rotate command. The command takes two arguments: the angle of rotation in degrees counter-clockwise and the text to be rotated. The extents of the text are not rotated: they take their values from the extremes of the x and y coordinates of the rotated text. In the following example the outside-staff-priority property for text is set to _TAG_ to disable the automatic collision avoidance, which would push some of the text too high.
\override TextScript.outside-staff-priority = ##f
g4^\markup { \rotate #30 "a G" }
b^\markup { \rotate #30 "a B" }
des^\markup { \rotate #30 "a D-Flat" }
fis^\markup { \rotate #30 "an F-Sharp" }
[image of music]
Altre lingue: English, deutsch, español, français, 日本語.
About automatic language selection.
LilyPond — Guida alla Notazione v2.18.2 (ramo stabile).


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is one of the major vectors of Chagas disease in Latin America. Its range includes Mexico, all countries of Central America, Colombia, and Ecuador. In light of recent genetic analysis suggesting that the possible origin of this species is the Yucatan peninsula, we have analyzed populations from the state of Yucatan, San Luis Potosi, and Veracruz in Mexico, and a population from the southern region of the Yucatan peninsula located in Northern Guatemala, the region of El Peten. Classical morphometry including principal component, discriminant, sexual dimorphism, and wing asymmetry was analyzed. San Luis Potosi and Veracruz populations were indistinguishable while clearly separate from Yucatan and Peten populations. Despite important genetic differences, Yucatan and Peten populations were highly similar. Yucatan specimens were the smallest in size, while females were larger than males in all populations. Only head characters were necessary to distinguish population level differences, although wing fluctuating asymmetry was present in all populations. These results are discussed in light of recent findings suggesting genetic polymorphism in most populations of Triatoma dimidiata
south of Chiapas to Ecuador.


Question: How Can I Pass A Valid API Key?
How do I use API key and secret?
How do API Keys and Secret Keys work.
You need two separate keys, one that tells them who you are, and the other one that proves you are who you say you are.
The "key" is your user ID, and the "secret" is your password.
They just use the "key" and "secret" terms because that's how they've implemented it..
Where is my API secret?
You can find your API secret key in the API page on your dashboard. You can also create new API keys in the same section if necessary. Make sure you always keep your keys secret!
How long should API keys be?
Developers often think they need a 50-digit monster to ensure API key uniqueness. But a little bit of math shows you most likely don't need a digit half that long.
How do I keep my API key secret?
To help keep your API keys secure, follow these best practices:Do not embed API keys directly in code. … Do not store API keys in files inside your application's source tree. … Set up application and API key restrictions. … Delete unneeded API keys to minimize exposure to attacks.Regenerate your API keys periodically.More items…•
Why do we need API key?
API keys identify an application's traffic for the API producer, in case the application developer needs to work with the API producer to debug an issue or show their application's usage. You want to control the number of calls made to your API. You want to identify usage patterns in your API's traffic.
What is REST API key?
In REST API Security, API keys are widely used in the industry. … API Keys were created as a fix to the early authentication issues of HTTP Basic Authentication and other such systems. In this method, a unique generated value is assigned to each first time user, signifying that the user is known.
How do I pass an API key?
You can pass in the API Key to our APIs either by using the HTTP Basic authentication header or by sending an api_key parameter via the query string or request body. If you use our client library CARTO. js, you only need to follow the authorization section and we will handle API Keys automatically for you.
Do API keys expire?
API Keys are simple to use, they're short, static, and don't expire unless revoked. They provide an easy way for multiple services to communicate. If you provide an API for your clients to consume, it's essential for you to build it in the right way.
Is API key secret?
The API Key and API Key Secret are essentially software-level credentials that allow a program to access your account without the need for providing your actual username and password to the software.
Is firebase API key secret?
Mar 12, 2019·2 min read. In a word, yes. As stated by one of the Firebase team engineers, your Firebase API key only identifies your project with Google's servers. It is not a security risk to expose it.
How do I know if my API key is valid?
To confirm the key is associated with the project: Go to the Credentials section, which can be accessed from the left side bar under APIs & Services > Credentials. Check that the API key you currently use on your website is listed. If that's not the case, switch to a different project, and check the credentials there.
How can I get a free Google API key?
Obtaining a Google Maps API key First, you need to have a Google account and be logged in to it, of course. Then, open Google lets you make 1000 API requests per key for free.
Are Places API free?
Places API is not free, however, once you set up your billing account, you will be entitled for a one time $300 free credit(usable for Google Cloud Platform products) and a monthly recurring $200 free credit(exclusive for Google Maps Platform products), after consuming the credits, you will receive an OVER_QUERY_LIMIT …
What is my API key?


text:
See what questions
a doctor would ask.
Forceps: Forceps are a hand-held medical instrument with a beak used during surgery to grasp tissues for dissection and suturing. Most surgical forceps have a serrated surface tip, or teeth for firmly grasping tissue without a crushing force. Forceps may also be used for picking up objects. Forceps are commonly known as tweezers outside the medical community.
These devices are types of the medical device Forceps:
These other medical devices are related to Forceps:
Search Specialists by State and City


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This is a report written for an examination project C-level, on the subject of energy. The examination project is a product of the FVB Sweden AB (district heating bureau). It started with a meeting with Stefan Jonsson FVB Sweden AB, were he explained the content of the project, and from this a presentation of the problem was made. The problem that needed to be solved was how they could control the valves in the system to provide heating to everyone in the system. The valves are often oversized so the pump in the heating plant would have to be enormous to be able to provide enough flow to be sufficient, if everyone in the system had there valves fully opened.
I came up with two solutions to the problem, one was a wireless network that could keep track of the valves and the other solution was an extra sensor that was placed on the radiator. The purpose for that was to open the valve if the temperature dropped more than one degree inside. With the help of a program called IDA it was calculated that, if the temperature drop five degrees, they would have sixteen hours at the heating power plant to open the flow before the sensor open the valves.
After careful consideration I came up with the conclusion that the wireless network must be the best solution. Mostly because you can monitor all the clients in the system from the heating power plant and that will make it easier to discover faults and temperature differences.
Wireless networks is already a well tested solution in form of wireless controlled electricity meters so it shouldn't be to much of a problem connecting these sensors to it either.
School:Högskolan i Gävle
Source Type:Master's Thesis
Keywords:fjärrvärme energi thermal energy engineering termisk energiteknik
Date of Publication:01/01/2008


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HOW WILL THIS E-BOOK MAKE PLANNING EASIER?
Programming and Planning is a downloadable E-book in PDF format perfect for early childhood educators who want to know more about the steps of the planning cycle, what is really required and how to save time doing it! Includes planning templates you can print or download to edit on your computer.
Downloading this E-Book gives you:
- An easy to understand overview of the planning system Jodie uses with completed examples and photos to help you understand and visualise each step.
- The ability to meet EYLF outcomes without needing to write confusing codes, numbers and symbols on your program.
- A clear understanding of what the planning cycle is and how you can make it work for you without the usual programming stress
- An insight into what you REALLY need to do versus current EYLF myths and the endless 'you have to' confusing information.
- Presented in a back to basics format and tone that will help you to start programming effectively immediately!
- Over 160 pages of valuable information, tools, templates and tips
- Observation, reflection, forward planning and weekly program templates you can edit to get you started.
- The knowledge of how to link observations and reflections to your forward planning.
- Developmental checklists to use for ages 0-5 years.
What do you receive after purchase?
You will receive a confirmation email with an official receipt and links to download the following files immediately after payment is completed:
- E-book in PDF format to download and save to your computer.
- 15 Editable Templates (13 in Word, 2 in Publisher formats) Print and write or edit and save.
Learn more about what is really expected and how to develop your own programming style using different methods and easy strategies that will save you time – then get back to what you love and do well, playing and interacting with the children in your care!


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Helps readers gain new insight into intriguing questions related to the Bible, its characters, and the Christian faith
When we think of a detective story, we often think of murder mysteries. But the Bible contains some different kinds of detective stories. How is it, for instance, that some of the key personalities in the Bible story slip into the story almost unnoticed—like Judah, for example, an ancestor of King David and Jesus Christ. How did the symbolism of blood in Communion get started? When Cain was warned that the ground would no longer yield for him because he had killed his brother—did that set a precedent for connecting moral behavior with environmental harshness? These themes and many others are investigated in this study, accompanied by a discussion guide.


Question: How Fast Should A 12 Year Old Run?
How fast does a 12 year old run?
The height of the person in question, the specific length of the legs.
It also varies per location in the world.
How fast should a 13 year old be able to run?
The International Association of Athletics Federations recommends that 13-year-olds run no more than 10K at a time — approximately 6.2 miles. At a fast pace of six minutes per mile, this works out to just over 37 minutes, but at a slower pace of 11 minutes per mile, it works out to about an hour and eight minutes.
How long should it take a 13 year old to run 5k?
Average 5k Pace by Age and SexAgeMenWomen1111:13:2911:42:071210:20:1911:20:491310:22:1311:34:271409:28:2411:31:5873 more rows
What is a good mile time for a 12 year old?
How fast can a 11 year old run?
The world best for 11 year-old-boys is 4:23.9 (or is estimated to be this time). For girls: Regional-class is 6:45, national class is 5:55; world-class is 5:15 and the world-best for 11-year-girls of 4:42.9 (or is estimated to be this time). Run faster!
How fast should a 7th grader run a mile?
5:30 or less would be good for 7th grade, and 5:10 or less would be good for eighth grade. If you get sub 5 by the end of 8th grade, you would be really good. In my school, if you're in 8th grade and you get a mile time of around 5:15, you would probably be around 5th best out of the school.
How fast should a 14 year old run 100m?
Can a 12 year old run a half marathon?
About the age of 12 years, children can run a half-marathon. … First, kids' bodies aren't built to keep up an even pace over a long stretch, so the energy cost is more demanding than for an adult.
How fast should a 12 year old run 1500m?
At 12 years old, finishing a 1500m run is good as is, regardless of the time it takes. If you'd still like to keep track of time than I would say anywhere between 8–10 minutes would be great!
Who is the fastest 12 year old?
How fast can Bolt Run mph?
How fast can a girl run?
Who is the fastest kid in the world?
Is 7 minutes good for a mile?
A 7 minute mile time probably means you are somewhat fit, but it doesn't make you a great runner. … Mere seconds are extremely hard to shave off in seconds; a three minute difference is extremely long. So no, this is a good time, but it's not a great time.
Can humans run 100m under 9 seconds?
Overall, the sprinting velocity is a product of step length and step frequency. In his world record run in Berlin 2009, Usain Bolt ran at 12.4m/s in his fastest phase. … For a human to run 100m in under nine seconds, this would require maximum velocity to reach about 13.2m/s.


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WASHINGTON, D.C. (The Adobo Chronicles) – For decades now, Filipinos living in the United States have been lumped with the 'Asian' demographic subgroup by the Census Bureau. That is about to change starting with the 2020 population census.
The bureau announced today that it has decided to reclassify Filipinos to 'Pacific Islander,' citing several significant reasons:
- The Philippines is an island nation that is not connected to the main Asian continent.
- The country sits in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, in close proximity to other Pacific Island nations like Fiji, Guam, and the countries of Polynesia.
- Its tropical weather is very similar to the rest of the Pacific Island nations.
- The Philippines uses the Latin alphabet (ABCDE), unlike other Asian countries which use logographics like kanji, hanja and hangul (漢字).
- Most important of all, unlike their Asian counterparts in China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam, the Filipinos do not use chopsticks. They use silverware or eat with their hands.
Filipino communities in places like Daly City, Honolulu and Jersey City immediately praised the decision by the Census Bureau.
So beginning in 2020, Filipinos will identify as P.I. — Pacific Islanders from the Philippine Islands (P.I.)


Making Sounds and Music
Espruino isn't fast enough to play MP3 or WAV music files, but it can output beeps of different frequencies using its pulse width moduled outputs. In this tutorial we'll show you how to make sound using a speaker from an old PC.
You'll Need
Wiring Up
Connect the two wires of the speaker to the Espruino board - one wire to ground, and the other wire to a Signal Pin that is capable of PWM (you can get a list of pins that are capable by typing analogWrite()).
Note: This is probably really bad for your Espruino board. Ideally you'd add a transistor to amplify the signal - or at the very least you'd put a resistor in series to limit the current. Given the boards don't cost that much, we decided that it was worth taking a chance though.
First off, let's define the pin that our buzzer is on. On the F3 board I've used pin A9:
var BUZZER=A9;
Now, we can try using the PWM output to see what happens:
analogWrite(BUZZER, 0.5);
This should create a beep, but to control the frequency you need to supply an extra argument:
analogWrite(BUZZER, 0.5, { freq: 1000 } );
This will create a 1kHz beep. You can stop the beeping by setting the output to 0:
Next, we'll create a function that plays whatever frequency we give it. If we give it 0, it will stop the buzzing.
function freq(f) {
 if (f===0) digitalWrite(BUZZER,0);
 else analogWrite(BUZZER, 0.5, { freq: f } );
We can test it:
But now, we want to play some music! We'll need the following 2 websites:
The second website uses the letters a-g for lower pitch notes, and A-G for higher-pitch notes. We'll make a function which goes through a string of characters, one at a time, and plays the corresponding pitch note:
var pitches = {
function step() {
 var ch = tune[pos];
 if (ch!== undefined) pos++;
 if (ch in pitches) freq(pitches[ch]);
 else freq(0); // off
Now we just have to define the tune, and pos - which is the position in the tune:
var tune = "c c c d e e d e f g C C C g g g e e e c c c g f e d c";
var pos = 0;
And we can start playing the music:
setInterval(step, 100);
To restart the song, just type:
You can load another song:
var tune = "g e g g e g A A g f e d e f";
And if you want to restart the song when the button is pressed, just type:
setWatch("pos=0", BTN, true);


The effect of potassium deficiency on growth and N2-fixation in Trifolium repens
Research output: Contribution to journalJournal articleResearchpeer-review
The effects of potassium (K) deficiency on growth, N2-fixation and
photosynthesis in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) were investigated
using natural occurring gas fluxes on the nodules in real time of plants
under three contrasting relative addition rates of K causing mild K
deficiency, or following abrupt withdrawal of the K supply causing
strong K deficiency of less than 0.65% in dry matter. A steady-state
below-optimum K supply rate led to an increase in CO2-fixation per unit
leaf surface area as well as per plant leaf surface. However,
nitrogenase activity per unit root weight and per unit nodule weight was
maintained, as was the efficiency with which electrons were allocated
to the reduction of N2 in the nodules. Abrupt K removals stimulated
nodule growth strongly without delay, but as K concentrations decreased
in the plant tissue a significant decline in nitrogenase activity per
unit root weight as well as per unit nodule mass occurred. Further, the
rate of photosynthesis per unit leaf area was unaffected, while the CO2
acquisition for the plant as a whole increased due to an expansion of
total leaf area whereas the leaf area per unit leaf weight was
unaffected. The ratio between CO2-fixation and N2-fixation increased,
although not statistically significant, under short-term K deprivation
as well as under long-term low K supply indicating a downregulation of
nodule activity following morphological and growth adjustments. This
downregulation took place despite a partly substitution of the K by Na.
It is concluded that N2-fixation does not limit the growth of
K-deprived clover plants. K deprivation induces changes in the relative
growth of roots, nodules, and shoots rather than changes in N and/or
carbon uptake rates per unit mass or area of these organs.
Original languageEnglish
JournalPhysiologia Plantarum
Issue number3
Pages (from-to)440-449
Publication statusPublished - 2003
Externally publishedYes
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'The effect of potassium deficiency on growth and N2-fixation in Trifolium repens'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
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text:
Why Aren't There B Batteries?
Reader Donna wrote in wondering why there are AA, AAA, C and D batteries, but no B. Well, there used to be, but they're not really needed anymore.
Around the time of World War I, American battery manufacturers, the War Industries Board, and a few government agencies got together to develop some nationally uniform specifications for the size of battery cells, their arrangement in batteries, their minimum performance criteria, and other standards.
In 1924, industry and government representatives met again to figure out a naming system for all those cells and batteries they had just standardized. They decided to base it around the alphabet, dubbing the smallest cells and single-cell batteries "A" and went from there to B, C and D. There was also a "No. 6" battery that was larger than the others and pretty commonly used, so it was grandfathered in without a name change.
As battery technology changed and improved and new sizes of batteries were made, they were added to the naming system. When smaller batteries came along, they were designated AA and AAA. These newer batteries were the right size for the growing consumer electronics industry, so they caught on. C and D batteries also found a niche in mediumand high-drain applications. The mid-size A and B batteries simply didn't have a market and more or less disappeared in the U.S..
While you typically won't see either A or B batteries on American store shelves, they're still out there in the wild. A batteries were used in early-model laptop battery packs and some hobby battery packs. B batteries are still sometimes used in Europe for lanterns and bicycle lamps. According to Energizer, though, their popularity is dwindling there, too, and they might be completely discontinued.


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If you are new here please read this first.
It's hard to eradicate habits picked up over years upon years spent studying English in a traditional setting – textbooks, translation, plenty of grammar studies – you know the drill!
One of the most lasting effects of such English studies is the desire to figure out what EXACTLY a new English word means.
Let's say, for example, you're listening to a radio news broadcast and they're saying that the death toll has reached two hundred people following a massive volcano eruption on some distant Pacific island (this is totally fictional, my friend, so don't go looking up news online about a recent volcano eruption – you won't find anything!)
So, the overall message is quite clear – two hundred people have lost their lives, and while you mightn't know the word TOLL, the context reveals its meaning in an indirect way.
Here's what should be going on in your head as you hear the sentence "…volcano … death toll reached 200…":
VOLCANO + DEATH + 200 PEOPLE = simply means 200 people have lost their lives.
It shouldn't be like this:
VOLCANO + DEATH + TOLL … what the heck is TOLL? Will anyone help me out with this one, please? Tell me what is TOLL, I need to know what it is!!!
Here's what I believe.
I strongly believe that any foreign English speaker behaving like this knows deep down inside what the word in question MIGHT mean, and they also get the overall message.
They simply like asking questions because it's encouraged in a school setting, and this kind of behaviour carries on into the adult life making those folks question everything and anything that isn't 100% understandable and clear-set.
Are you one of those folks?
Then keep reading this article and hopefully we'll be able to deal with this problem once and for all!
You Don't Need to Know the Exact Meaning of Words EVEN If You're an Interpreter!
If you aspire to become an interpreter travelling with high government officials on their foreign visits and translate from and to English, the need to be super-smart, super-intelligent and know the exact meanings of very specific English terms is clearly exaggerated.
It's a concept you may have imagined at some stage during your childhood or adolescence, and you still hold to it, but it's all but a myth.
Let's take the same phrase DEATH TOLL HAS REACHED.
If I translate this phrase word-to-word in Latvian, it will still make sense, but it's not going to be a natural construct for the Latvian language. To sound 100% fluent, however, I would have to verbalize the abstract concept in Latvian from scratch without even referring to those individual English words ❗
And guess what?
The direct translation of the word TOLL doesn't even form part of the same sentence in Latvian!
So if you believe that translation happens like this:
you'd better look at the drawing below:
Basically the point I'm trying to make here is that when you express an abstract concept or an idea in any language, you have to think in that language and create sentences and choose words by operating that language ONLY!
So, did I convince you that even interpreters don't need to know the exact meaning of English words because all they need is to be able to express the same idea precisely in the other language?
The More Precise You Are In Terms of Word Meanings, The More LIMITED You'll Be in Using Them!
Let's use the same English word TOLL.
And let's invite two fictional people to help us understand what I'm talking about in this article – Alberto and Franco.
Alberto is an English learning fanatic from Spain and he's got five English vocabulary notebooks stuffed full with new English words he's been learning over the course of a couple of years.
Every English word is explained very precisely in Spanish, and in case of the word having multiple meanings, each and every single one of those is also clearly defined using Spanish.
Franco, on the other hand, doesn't use his native Italian when learning new English vocabulary. He's writing new English phraseology in a notepad that he finds interesting and relevant to his personal, social and work life, and he's not too concerned if he doesn't know what exactly some English word might mean.
He's happy to get the meaning from the context alone!
Franco has learned the following phrases containing the word TOLL over the years:
- Death toll
- Toll bridge
- To take a heavy toll on
and he can use them quite comfortably in his English conversations. He doesn't even suspect that the word TOLL in TOLL BRIDGE means a FEE – he just knows what it is every time he drives through one on a highway! And he wouldn't be able to define the exact meaning of TOLL in "to take a heavy toll on" – he would simply use it when the right opportunity presents itself.
Poor Alberto, however, is struggling quite badly to wrap his head around the Spanish translation of the word TOLL because it provides a VERY GENERAL usage rules for the word:
- TOLL means a fee, a charge;
- TOLL also means an extent of misfortune.
Alberto is also struggling to use these words in his English speech, and you want to know why?
While Being Quite Precise, Exact English Word Meanings Are Also TOO GENERAL!
Tell me honestly, my friend – how does knowing that TOLL means a charge allow you to construct a sentence "I was driving through a toll bridge"?
I doesn't! A fee, a charge is a precise enough translation, and it's quite an EXACT one as well, but despite all that you just don't know WHAT TO DO WITH IT ❗
And here's the irony my friend – someone who doesn't even know what TOLL means – like Franco – can use the word with a native-like confidence in their daily lives!
And now let me tell you something you probably won't believe in.
Up until writing this article, I honestly didn't know that TOLL means A FEE! I knew what a toll bridge was because I use it every time I go to the Dublin Airport to pick someone up (a friend or a relation of mine), but I didn't have a clue that the word TOLL means A FEE.
Are you surprised?
I've stopped analyzing new English vocabulary a long time ago, and ever since contextual English learning has given me the ability to speak in English fluently, I will NEVER EVER learn the exact meanings of new English words!
And what about you?
Have you been using certain English words in your English speech without even realizing what exactly they mean?
I would love to find out what those words are – so please post your stories in the comments section below!
P.S. Would you like to find out why I'm highlighting some of the text in red? Read this article and you'll learn why it's so important to learn idiomatic expressions and how it will help you to improve your spoken English!
P.S.S. Are you serious about your spoken English improvement? Check out my English Harmony System HERE!
P.S. Are you serious about your spoken English improvement? Check out the English Harmony System HERE!


Lost Beers - A lambic from Eastern Flanders from the early 1900s
A lambic from Eastern Flanders from the early 1900s
View of the village of Schoonaarde by the river Scheldt, with the brewery's chimney.If there is one Belgian beer of which its fans want to know all about its history, it has to be lambic. This extraordinary beer from the Brussels region is surrounded by an aura of age-old tradition: supposedly, it is a kind of 'primordial beer' from the Middle Ages. Even more so, the 'High Council for Artisanal Lambic beers' HORAL (which is an incredibly pompous name, what's wrong with just calling yourselves 'Association of Lambic Brewers'?) pretends that 'the first lambic was already brewed before the year 1300'.[1]
Just to be clear: a lot of claims about the history of lambic are based on, to put it mildly, sloppy research and wishful thinking. The main error is in the basic assumption that lambic is an uncorrupted relic from the past, and that it has never changed throughout the centuries. The traditional perception by both lambic brewers and drinkers, a perception that has been around for the past fifty years or so, is that in the Middle Ages all beers were a kind of lambic: no yeast added and deliberately soured in barrels.
Nothing is less true: all data we have show that during the Middle Ages people simply did add yeast to beer. They also did in Belgium, for instance in the city of Tienen, were in _PHONE_ the city council had beer brewed from wheat, barley, spelt, hop and 'gheste' (yeast).[2] Also, beer was drunk relatively fresh. In those days, beer didn't even get the chance to sour for years in barrels: people simply didn't keep it that long.
Book of brewer's notes, from the Blancqaert-Matthys brewery in Schoonaarde. City archives, Dendermonde.
Book of brewer's notes, from the Blancqaert-Matthys brewery in Schoonaarde. City archives, Dendermonde.
In reality, the practice of deliberately keeping beer for a long time to obtain a pleasant tart flavour, is typically something of the 18th century. English porter beer, first mentioned in 1721, was a good example: for months it would be kept in large vats at the brewery, to obtain the right mild sourness (it only became sweeter at the end of the 19th century).[3] Holland knew 'old beer', 'kept beer' and 'old brown', and in Belgium faro interestingly is first mentioned in 1721 as well. Lambic, initially just a stronger sibling of faro, only surfaced in 1794.[4]
I hope I have made clear that there's still a lot of research to be done about the truth on lambic. And on faro, today a sweetened, brown-coloured variant, but originally just the weaker original version of lambic. So when did people start to sweeten faro? Another question is the use of hops: today, lambic brewers use only old hops, that have already lost their aroma and are only used for their bitterness and preservative qualities. But in the mean time I have found quite a lot of 19th-century documents which indicate that in those days lambic brewers preferred fresh hops.
Also, there is the question: where can you brew lambic? In other words, where does the air contain the right yeasts and other small creatures to make a spontaneous fermentation possible, without actively adding any yeast? Not just in the Zenne valley in and around Brussels, as many people believe. In the 19th century lambic was even made across the border in the Netherlands, as far as Haarlem, where I found a 1820 lambic in the brewing logs.[5]
All in all it's very useful to find more historical data on lambic. That's why I was happy to do a lucky find in the records of village brewery Blancquaert-Matthys in Schoonaarde, in the Belgian province of East Flanders. This well-thumbed booklet contains a 'Method for making a good brew of lambic', from somewhere between the years _PHONE_.[6]
Brewer Guillaume Matthys, posing with what appears to be a large fish. From: Stroobants, Tussen pot en pint.
At that moment, Guillaume Matthys had just taken over his father-in-law's brewery and was modernising it.[7] The brewery produced mainly all sorts of brown old beer, which for every customer was mixed differently, from various starting beers (to be exact, from 'dobbel bier', 'versnijbier', 'ongedreven bier' and 'vers bier'. I'll get back to these soon).
Did Guillaume Matthys actually brew lambic in Schoonaarde, at just 35 km from Brussels but well outside the Zenne valley? Or did he simply copy a recipe from somewhere, and nothing more? The recipe contains some dialect words ('zooien' for 'to boil' and 'meyst' for 'March beer'), which seems to indicate that he really did write it down in his own words. All in all it is a fun recipe, though not always very clear. And of course, lambic is the sort of beer that is hard to pin down in a recipe, because the real magic happens only after brewing: during maturation (in this recipe, it takes four years) and blending. Interestingly, in this recipe faro is already sweetened. It was made from 50% lambic and 50% 'meyst' (weaker March beer), with one kilogram of candy sugar per 40 litres of beer added.
The Blancquaert-Matthys brewery, which existed from about 1880 until 1918, is worth investigating more closely. Not in the least because a small part of the buildings still exists, along the river Scheldt. That's why I certainly will get back to it. But first let's have a look at their lambic recipe. I'll quote the full thing in Dutch, then I'll draw some conclusions:
Recipe for lambic, from the Blacquaert-Matthys brewery notebook.
Recipe for lambic, from the Blacquaert-Matthys brewery notebook.
Manier om een goed brouwsel lambic te maken
Men begint de werking om 5½ uren met water aan 45 R [56,3º C]. Men stort in de kuip 400 kilos mout en 300 kilos tarwe, die wij onder een laten maken. Men gaat nu voort in de kuip met zooiend [kokend] water. Men neemt alzoo twee trempen à moût trouble [treksels troebel wort] dat men nu weer in eenen ketel pompt om ¾ uren te laten zooien [koken], die men dan over de kuip laat loopen zonder erin werken en die dan in [de] ketel wordt gepompt. Men laat dan zoo lang zooien[d] water over de kuip tot als deze ketel vol is (deze laatste trempe neemt men klaar maar daar slaat men toch niet veel acht op).
Men neemt daar de eerste trempe 32 hect. Men doet er onmiddellijk de Hop in, men laat deze van 5 tot 5½ uren zooien totdat hij duizend liters verzooien is.
Uit deze zelfde brouwte die maakt men ook (meyst) bier die niet zoo zwaar is dan het eerste maar die dient om te versnijen.
Wanneer den ketel voor den lambic vol is die roert men weder in de kuip met bijvoeg van zooient water, men laat een weinig rusten en men zendt dan den slijm ook naar den ketel om te zooien (niet in den zelfden ketel van den lambic). Men maakt daarvan 28 Hectol. die men ook langen tijd laat zooien 10H men doet in de twee ketels 5 pond Hop per 100 kilos mout, voor het klein bier roert men noch eens. Deze laat men zooien in den ketel van den lambic die nu al reeds op den koelbak staat.
Het bijzonderste punt is goed zooien hoe meer hoe beter, want anders wordt dat bitter en zuur, deze blijft gewoonlijk 4 jaar in den kelder liggen omdat hij hem niet zouden keeren wanneer hij uitgevoert wordt.
Faro: den helft lambic en meyst en een kilo kandeelsuiker vloeibaar gemaakt met warm water per 40 liters.
Men klaart met peau de … en accide tartrique.
Altogether, the recipe does not excel in clarity. In any case there are multiple mashes ('trempes') from the grain, and there are two brewing kettles. There is the 'regular' boiling kettle, and a separate kettle for the 'slime', a first turbid mash that is boiled for a short while and then poured over the grain again, causing the temperature in the mash tun to rise, starting


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watershed nutrient cycling. We found that the greater the proportions of agricultural lands, the higher the ion concentrations, which is evident for fertilizer-associated ions (NO3-, K+) but not for ions that are rich in soils (SO42-, Ca2+, Mg2+), suggesting that agriculture enriched fertilizer-associated nutrients in streamwater. The watershed with the highest proportion of agricultural lands had higher concentrations of ions in rainfall and lower nutrient retention capacity (i.e. higher output-input ratio of ions) compared to the relatively pristine watershed, suggesting that agriculture can influence atmospheric deposition of nutrients and a system's ability to retain nutrients. Furthermore, we found that a forested watershed downstream of agricultural activities can dilute the concentrations of fertilizer-associated ions (NO3-, K+) in streamwater by more than 70%, indicating that specific landscape configurations help mitigate nutrient enrichment to aquatic systems. We estimated that agricultural lands at our study site contributed approximately 400 kg ha-1 yr-1 of NO3-N and 260 kg ha-1 yr-1 of PO4-P output via streamwater, an order of magnitude greater than previously reported around the globe and can only be matched by areas under intense fertilizer use. Furthermore, we re-constructed watershed nutrient fluxes to show that excessive leaching of N and P, and additional loss of N to the atmosphere via volatilization and denitrification, can occur under intense fertilizer use. In summary, this study demonstrated the pervasive impacts of agriculture activities
Bac Dorin Paul
Full Text Available Sustainable tourism is the result of the melange between tourism and sustainable tourism. The concept has evolved during the last decades of the twentieth century, in international conferences, summits etc. organized by the World Tourism Organization, the United Nations and other international organizations where it was defined, characterized and criticized. Unfortunately, the concept was not able to overcome its theoretical conceptualization and it did not reach practitioners of the tourism industry. Sustainable tourism has several forms which are actually practiced by tourists all over the world: ecotourism, backpacking, rural tourism, nature-based tourism, pro-poor tourism, volunteer tourism etc. In the present paper, we have focused on an area in Apuseni Mountains, Romania. We tried to identify the forms of sustainable tourism most suitable for this area considering: natural resources, socio-economical development, protected areas, gastronomic traditions etc. After considering all these we have selected three forms: ecotourism, volunteer tourism and slow tourism, which could have the highest impact in promoting this area, and actually all the Apuseni Mountains as an important destination for sustainable tourism. The arguments for ecotourism are based on the numerous natural tourism resources> caves, gorges, forests and wildlife. Volunteers are needed especially in conservation and English language course. For slow tourism, there are numerous trails for walking and biking. Also there are several foods, mainly based on milk and wild berries that should be promoted and sold under the slow food brand. The shortcomings of the research are the lack of quantitative and qualitative results, as there is no information regarding the number of tourists which visit the area during each year. Also, it is hard to compare the benefits of sustainable tourism with those of mass tourism, due to the lack of references. So it is harder to argue for sustainable
Pasachoff, Jay M.; Needham, Paul S.; Wright, Ernest T.; Gingerich, Owen
The question of exactly which lunar features persuaded Galileo that there were mountains on the moon has not yet been definitively answered; Galileo was famously more interested in the concepts rather than the topographic mapping in his drawings and the eventual engravings. Since the pioneering work of Ewen Whitaker on trying to identify which specific lunar-terminator features were those that Galileo identified as mountains on the moon in his 1609 observations reported in his Sidereus Nuncius (Venice, 1610), and since the important work on the sequence of Galileo's observations by Owen Gingerich (see "The Mystery of the Missing 2" in Galilaeana IX, 2010, in which he concludes that "the Florentine bifolium sheet [with Galileo's watercolor images] is Galileo's source for the reworked lunar diagrams in Sidereus Nuncius"), there have been advances in lunar topographical measurements that should advance the discussion. In particular, one of us (E.T.W.) at the Scientific Visualization Studio of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center has used laser-topography from NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter to recreate what Galileo would have seen over a sequence of dates in late November and early December 1609, and provided animations both at native resolution and at the degraded resolution that Galileo would have observed with his telescope. The Japanese Kaguya spacecraft also provides modern laser-mapped topographical maps.
Dyer, J.R.; Vawter, R.G.
During 1994 and the early part of 1995, the US Department of Energy's Yucca Mountain Site Characterization Office (YMSCO) and its parent organization, the Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management (OCRWM) underwent a significant restructuring. Senior Department officials provided the leadership to reorient the management, technical, programmatic, and public interaction approach to the US High Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Program. The restructuring involved reorganizing the federal staff, conducting meaningful strategic planning, improving the management system, rationalizing contractor responsibilities, focusing upon major products, and increasing stakeholder involvement. The restructured program has prioritized technical and scientific activities toward meeting major regulatory milestones in a timely and cost-effective manner. This approach has raised concern among elements of technical, scientific, and oversight bodies that suitability and licensing decisions could be made without obtaining sufficient technical information for this first-of-its-kind endeavor. Other organizations, such as congressional committees, industrial groups, and rate payers believe characterization goals can be met in a timely manner and within the limitation of available funds. To balance these contrasting views in its decision making process, OCRWM management has made a special effort to communicate its strategy to oversight bodies, the scientific community and other stakeholders and to use external independent peer review as a key means of demonstrating scientific credibility. Site characterization of Yucca Mountain in Nevada is one of the key elements of the restructured program
Cushing, C.E.; Watson, D.G.
Studies of the biotic and abiotic components of the Gable Mountain Pond (HAPO cooling water disposal pond) ecosystem were undertaken to determine if there was a potential problem for off-site transfer of radioactivity to man originating with the aquatic food web. Most of the 137 Cs in the pond is associated with the sediments which are probably the main source of 137 Cs for uptake by the biota. Generally, highest concentrations of 137 Cs and other radioisotopes were found in the upper two inches of sediments in the northwest end of the pond and in the deeper areas along the long-axis of the pond. Native goldfish had maximum and average 137 Cs concentrations of about 340 and 170 pCi/g dry wt, respectively. Algae, macrophytes, and detritus comprised the main food items of the goldfish, and the 137 Cs levels in the plants were usually higher than the 137 Cs concentration in the fish. The 137 Cs concentrations of wild experimental ducks restricted to Gable Mountain Pond were approximately the same as resident coots, but significantly higher than transient wild ducks. Neither the goldfish nor the waterfowl inhabiting the pond attained concentrations of 137 Cs exceeding acceptable limits. Sediment, however, could be a source of high concentrations of radioactivity or radioactive contamination concern if the concentration of radiocontaminants increased and/or the pond dries up, and the contaminated sediments become windborne. (U.S.)
Small-volume basaltic volcanic activity at Yucca Mountain has been identified as one of the potential events that could lead to release of radioactive material from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) designated nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain. Release of material could occur indirectly as a result of magmatic dike intrusion into the repository (with no associated surface eruption) by changing groundwater flow paths, or as a result of an eruption (dike intrusion of the repository drifts, followed by surface eruption of contaminated ash) or volcanic ejection of material onto the Earth's surface and the redistribution of contaminated volcanic tephra. Either release method includes interaction between emplacement drifts and a magmatic dike or conduit, and natural (geologic) processes that might interrupt or halt igneous activity. This analysis provides summary information on two approaches to evaluate effects of disruption at the repository by basaltic igneous activity: (1) descriptions of the physical geometry of ascending basaltic dikes and their interaction with silicic host rocks similar in composition to the repository host rocks; and (2) a summary of calculations developed to quantify the response of emplacement drifts that have been flooded with magma and repressurized following blockage of an eruptive conduit. The purpose of these analyses is to explore the potential consequences that could occur during the full duration of an igneous event
Small-volume basaltic volcanic activity at Yucca Mountain has been identified as one of the potential events that could lead to release of radioactive material from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) designated nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain. Release of material could occur indirectly as a result of magmatic dike intrusion into the repository (with no associated surface eruption) by changing groundwater flow paths, or as a result of an eruption (dike intrusion of the repository drifts, followed by surface eruption of contaminated ash) or volcanic ejection of material onto the Earth's


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It's lazy and not as useful to later users to just punt to chat, and it tends to go down the path of "localized answers to localized questions" instead of "general answers to general questions".
Forcing it to remain in the context of the question/answer paradigm of Stack Overflow means that the information is retained and semantically indexed for folks who may have the same problem in the future. Taking things to chat, while quite possibly being a more efficacious way of addressing the specific problem does a disservice to future folks who may have a very similar problem that could be answered with a good generalized question.
Punting to chat also has the downside of not rewarding the answerer or asker with reputation, which is how our community determines privileges. It's important to realize that it's not just the answerer that loses here because if you give them the answer in chat, they cannot accept it (+2) and it may mean the quality of their question suffers whereas the give/take by answering/commenting/editing could result in a good question that will reward the asker with reputation and badges, thus encouraging their continued participation and contribution.
Chat is useful for sure, but it should not be used as a mechanism to replace anything that Stack Overflow (or more generally, Stack Exchange) is already set up to do.


Question: Can An AED Be Used On A Pregnant Woman?
Can an AED be used on a person with a pacemaker?
Can you use an AED on a person with traumatic injuries?
Can you use adult AED pads on a child?
Adult and Pediatric Pads for AEDs: While all AEDS are made for adults, there are pediatric pads that adjust the energy level used. These pads are for younger children (less than 8 years). You can use adult pads for children 8 years and older.
What side do you roll a pregnant woman?
Pregnant women: always put an unconscious pregnant woman in recovery position on her left side. This prevents compression of the Inferior vena cava by the uterus, which could be fatal for both the mother and the child.
What to do if a person has a pulse but is not breathing?
Can CPR kill you?
You will kill someone if you perform CPR incorrectly CPR will only help a victim of cardiac arrest. It does not have to be performed perfectly.
Where do you put AED pads on a pregnant woman?
Use the AED. If the woman becomes responsive, position her on her left side to improve blood flow to the heart and baby. To get CPR, AED and First Aid certified, find an Instructor near you.
What happens if you do CPR on someone with a pulse?
The physicians and scientists at the Sarver Heart Center, have found that the old saying "Never perform CPR on beating heart" is not valid. According to these professionals, the chances that a bystander could harm a person by pressing on their chest are slim to none, even if the heart is working normally.
Do you remove a medical patch before using an AED?
Medication Patches If the victim has a medication patch on their skin in the area the AED pads are to be placed you must remove them prior to attaching the AED pads. … Medications patches may divert the shock or represent a burn hazard if not removed.
Why do you put a pregnant woman on her left side?
Can you use an AED with a bra on?
How many joules does it take to defibrillate a child?
Pediatric Defibrillation — Current AHA Guidelines With a manual defibrillator (monophasic or biphasic), use a dose of 2 J/kg for the first attempt and 4 J/kg for subsequent attempts."
What happens if AED pads are reversed?
Yes, if the placement of the pads on the chest is reversed, the AED will still work. Should the pads be removed when the AED prompts "No shock advised, continue CPR"? No, the pads should not be removed. It is possible that the AED will tell you that additional shocks are needed.
What does Dr ABC stand for?
When should you not perform CPR?
Remember that your life is the number one priority in case of an emergency. You should stop performing CPR in case it's no longer safe to perform the technique. Dangerous situations where you should stop performing CPR include fire, electrical lines, or shootout nearby.
Can you breathe without a pulse?
Gasping, or agonal respiration, is an indicator of cardiac arrest. When these irregular breathing patterns occur, it's a sign that the victim's brain is still alive and that you must begin uninterrupted chest compressions or CPR immediately.
What percentage of CPR is successful?
Can I perform CPR while pregnant?
Is It Safe to Give CPR to A Pregnant Woman? Yes, it is absolutely safe to give a pregnant woman CPR in time of her need, as long as it is given in the appropriate manner. The CPR can be administered by anyone and care should be taken to undertake it so as to keep the mother and the baby alive and safe.
Do you give CPR if there is a pulse?
At what age is it necessary to use the child AED pads?
8Children over age 8 can be treated with a standard AED. For children ages 1–8, the AHA recommends the pediatric attenuated pads that are purchased separately. In infants <1 year of age a manual defibrillator is preferred.
How do you help a choking pregnant woman?
To clear the airway of a pregnant woman or obese person:Position your hands a little bit higher than with a normal Heimlich maneuver, at the base of the breastbone, just above the joining of the lowest ribs.Proceed as with the Heimlich maneuver, pressing hard into the chest, with a quick thrust.More items…
When should an AED be used on a child who is not breathing?
An AED can be used on children and should be used as early as possible but should not interfere with CPR. The steps for using an AED on a child are the same as those in an adult. Check the AED when it arrives on the scene. If the child is younger than eight years, pediatric pads should be used (Figure 22a).
How do you open a child's airway?
Open your child's airway by tilting the head and lifting the chin. To do this, place your hand on their forehead and gently tilt their head back. At the same time, with your fingertips under the point of your child's chin, lift the chin. Do not push on the soft tissues under the chin as this may block the airway.
Which position should a pregnant patient be in when carrying out CPR?
Start CPR with the woman flat on her back in a supine position. According to the scientific statement by the American Heart Association (AHA), high-quality chest compressions occur when the pregnant woman is supine on a hard surface.
When should you not use an AED?
Do you need to remove a bra when using an AED?
Part of the training involving use of a defibrillator includes removal of clothing. Specifically for women, an AED pad must be placed directly under the breast, warranting removal of a bra. … Yes, the bra will need to be removed to allow for proper placement of the pads.


Animal Ingredients In 'Cruelty Free' Cosmetics
The term 'cruelty-free' in cosmetics has become synonymous with 'animal testing free', but even without animal testing, animals are harmed in the beauty industry.
100% vegan, animal testing free and eco-conscious. Image via Elate Beauty
Animal testing for the sake of beauty products is an incredibly cruel practice responsible for the suffering and death of approximately 500,000 animals every year globally.
However, even products marketed as 'cruelty free' and 'not tested on animals' still often contain cruelly sourced animal ingredients.
Labelling products as 'cruelty-free' when they are free from animal-testing, but not animal exploitation or slaughter, is misleading and wrong.
There is no need to exploit animals for beauty products in this manner, as there are plenty of 100% vegan, animal-testing free beauty companies to support. Additionally, many animal-testing free companies have a list of their available vegan products.
Here are just some of the cruel animal ingredients that vegan cosmetics avoid…
Ingredient name: Tallow
Image from a butcher selling 'grass-fed beef tallow'. This is what the fat looks like before it is processed and put into cosmetics.
Found in: foundations, shampoos, moisturisers, lipsticks and more.
What it is: Tallow is hardened animal fat. Tallow is made from the boiled carcasses of slaughtered sheep and cows, which the fatty product is then derived from.
Ingredient name: Squalene or Squalane
The yellow toned organ exposed is the liver.
Found in: sunscreen and skin-care products for hydration and healing
What it is: Squalene (0r squalane, the same ingredient in a slightly different form) can be made from plants and grains, but sometimes it is made from shark liver oil. It is taken from many different shark breeds who are killed such as the deep sea shark, as well as the school, gulper and basking sharks, who are all listed on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. These animals are all vulnerable or threatened due to over fishing.
Ingredient name: Lanolin
A sheep who has just been mulesed and tail-docked. Photo: Animal Liberation Victoria / Patty Mark
Found in: lip, eye, facial and hair products, amongst others.
What it is: Lanolin is essentially wool grease and is collected and farmed by the wool industry. The wool industry is a slaughter industry. Sheep are killed about half way into their natural life span when their wool degrades in quality because they are considered more profitable sold as mutton meat. Sheep are legally mulesed, castrated and tail docked without pain relief in Australia and shearing is often a painful practice.
Ingredient name: Beeswax
Bees are clever and work as a team.
Found in: lipstick, lip gloss, hair pomades, eyeliner and more
What it is: The wax secreted by bees. Bees are often denied their own honey, fed a cheap sugar-water alternative which lacks the nutrients they need. It's common for queen bees to have their wings plucked off so that she cannot leave, as other bees would follow her and make a new colony elsewhere away from a keeper's farm.
Ingredient name: Hyaluronic Acid
In a broiler farm. Image by ALV
Found in: hyaluronic acid serums and creams
What it is: Hyaluronic acid can be derived from fermented grass yeast, or from the combs off of a slaughtered rooster's head.
Ingredient name: Caprae Lac or Goat's Milk
Baby Mercury was rescued from the dairy industry.
Found in: soaps, moisturisers and other skincare products
What it is: The milk mother goats produce for their newborn babies. In order for it to be used by humans, baby goats are taken from their mothers and if they are male, they are slaughtered.
Ingredient name: Guanine
Fish are beautiful and sentient beings who feel fear and pain.
Found in: lots of sparkly cosmetics such as eye shadows, lip glosses, highlighters, bronzers and more
What it is: Guanine is from fish scales scraped off the skin of slaughtered fish.
Ingredient name: Keratin
Many horses and other aged animals are killed at knackeries, where their hooves and other body parts are harvested.
Found in: many common hair products
What it is: A protein made from ground up horns, hooves, feathers and hair of various exploited and slaughtered animals.
Ingredient name: Carmine
A Cochineal bug.
Found in: Lipstick, nail polish, blush, lots of products with a red colour to them
What it is: Cochineal bugs are crushed and killed for this colouring ingredient. Up to 70,000 dried bugs are killed to produce just a pound of carmine (also referred to as carminic acid).
Ingredient name: Casein
Want to know more about dairy? See
Found in: hair conditioning products and facial treatments
What it is: Casein is a protein found in cows' milk. The dairy industry kills male baby calves because they do not produce milk. They also kill their milk producing mothers when they are no longer profiting farmers. Learn more about dairy via Cow Truth.
Ingredient name: Shellac
A female lac bug.
Found in: Hair-spray, mascara, eyeliner, nail polish
What it is: Shellac is the secretion of the female lac bug. It is harvested by scraping the 'resin' off the branches these bugs live on and many bugs are scraped and killed during this careless process.
Ingredient name: Glycerine
From ALV's Pig Truth campaign
Found in: Soaps, hair-care, many makeup products and moisturisers
What it is: Just like tallow, glycerine can be made from animal fats from pigs, sheep, cows and other animals. There is also vegetable-based glycerine, so you will need to check with the distributor if it isn't labelled as vegetable-based.
Axiology's vegan, animal-testing free and palm oil free lipstick, in a recycled metal tube
The use of these 'ingredients' makes much of the beauty industry a very dark and cruel place. But it doesn't have to be this way!
When you choose vegan makeup, hair care and skin care, you help the world become a kinder place!


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Some people notice an increase in feelings of hunger after they start to take vitamins. Although some vitamins may affect hunger in certain situations, these increased feelings of hunger are more likely due to another cause.
Multivitamins and Appetite
Taking a daily multivitamin shouldn't make most people feel hungry. In fact, a study published in the British Journal of Nutrition in May 2008 found that women who took multivitamins had fewer feelings of hunger than those who didn't. So if you start taking a multivitamin regularly and then notice you seem to be hungrier than usual, consider other potential reasons for these increased feelings of hunger.
Health Conditions, Vitamins and Hunger
Although most vitamins won't cause you to feel hungry if you're healthy, people with certain conditions may experience this effect. One of the side effects of certain vitamin deficiencies is a loss of appetite. If you have such a vitamin deficiency and then begin taking vitamins to correct it, you might feel hungrier because you're no longer experiencing a loss of appetite because of the deficiency.
People who lose their appetite due to cancer may experience improvements in appetite with the administration of high doses of vitamin C, according to a study published in the Journal of Korean Medical Science in February 2007. A study published in the journal in vivo in 2011 found that vitamin C improved symptoms of nausea and loss of appetite in people with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy or radiation treatment.
Vitamins Deficiencies Involved
Loss of appetite is a side effect of vitamin B-12 deficiency, which is more common among vegans, chronic alcoholics, people with digestive disorders and those who've had weight-loss surgery.
Folate, like other B-complex vitamins, helps turn the food you eat into energy and is important for a healthy metabolism. A deficiency of folate can cause loss of appetite. A study published in Nutrition in 2014 found that folate supplementation may improve the appetite of preschool children. Among the other B vitamins, thiamine, niacin and biotin deficiencies can also cause lack of appetite.
Vitamin D's effect on appetite is interesting, as both vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D toxicity can cause appetite loss.
A vitamin K deficiency, which is most common in people on certain medications or those who have difficulty absorbing fat, may also lead to loss of appetite.
Some people start taking vitamins in an effort to be healthier; at the same time, they increase their exercise or go on a reduced-calorie diet, either of which could cause them to feel hungry. Check with your doctor to make sure you don't have a more serious medical problem, as diabetes, hyperthyroidism, low blood sugar and Graves' disease can also increase hunger. Certain medications, including antidepressants and corticosteroids, may increase hunger as well.