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A new satellite that will detect the lightning inside storm clouds may lead to valuable improvements in tornado detection. The GOES-R satellite is currently being built with new technology that may help provide earlier warnings for severe weather.
A new satellite that will detect the lightning inside storm clouds may lead to valuable improvements in tornado detection. The GOES-R satellite is currently being built with new technology that may help provide earlier warnings for severe weather. The national average is a 14-minute lead time to warn residents of a tornado, but NASA and NOAA scientists are looking to improve severe weather detection to save lives and property. They are developing the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-R Series, or GOES-R, to observe thunderstorm development with much greater spatial and temporal detail than ever before. Severe weather knows no specific season and the new technology aboard GOES-R is expected to help provide earlier detection for warnings, whatever the time of year.
On Jan. 29 and 30, 2013, a winter-time tornado outbreak produced multiple tornadoes from the southern Plains states, across the Mississippi River Valley, eastward to the Mid-Atlantic. On Feb. 10, several tornadoes touched down in Mississippi, destroying 200 homes, damaging and causing injuries near Hattiesburg.
GOES-R is the next generation of geostationary weather satellites. The program is a collaborative development and acquisition effort between NOAA and NASA. The GOES-R satellite will provide continuous imagery and atmospheric measurements of Earth's Western Hemisphere and space weather monitoring. It will be the primary tool for the detection and tracking of hurricanes and severe weather and provide new and improved applications and products for fulfilling NOAA's goals of Water and Weather, Climate, Commerce, and Ecosystem. Credit: Lockheed Martin/NOAA/ NASA
A powerful cold front moving from the central United States to the East Coast wiped out spring-like temperatures and replaced them with winter-time temperatures. On Jan. 30 at 1825 UTC (1:25 p.m. EST), NOAA's GOES-13 satellite captured an image of clouds associated with the strong cold front. The visible GOES-13 image shows a line of clouds that stretch from Canada to the U.S. Gulf Coast and contain powerful thunderstorms with the potential to be severe. Credit: NASA GOES Project
"These storms can spin up pretty quickly which limits warning lead-time," said NOAA scientist Steve Goodman. "The radar and storm spotter's view of tornadoes reaching the ground can be blocked by terrain, or visibility is very poor when the tornado is wrapped in rain. And it's certainly more challenging for storm spotters to observe and confirm tornadoes occurring at night. Sometimes it's just plain hard to come up with enough advance warning."
For the first time, scientists will be able to detect the lightning occurring inside storm clouds, and thus better track how developing storms are moving and intensifying before and during the occurrence of severe weather, Goodman said, all of which will help meteorologists better predict weather disasters.
"Based on the GOES-R research, there is a potential for greater accuracy and additional tornado warning lead time," Goodman said. One significant advancement could help detect developing tornadoes at night to provide the public more time to get to safety.
Studies show that a sudden increase in total lightning flash rate is correlated to impending tornadoes and severe storms. The GOES-R Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) will have a new capability to take continuous day and night measurements of the frequent intra-cloud lightning activity that accompanies many severe storms. This will help forecasters identify intensifying storms before they start producing severe weather on the ground, enabling the issuance of more timely and accurate severe weather warnings.
"The majority of lightning is the in-cloud lightning and that's difficult to detect, especially in the daytime," Goodman said. "GLM will provide new information on lightning in the cloud that our eyes cannot see to allow forecasters to make an earlier determination of a severe and tornadic storms' potential."
The GLM instrument will see all types of lightning: cloud-to-ground, cloud-to-cloud and inside each cloud, and because the GOES-R satellite will cover most of the Western Hemisphere, it will help meteorologists track storms over the land and ocean from their inception.
But lightning isn't the only sign of an impending storm.
Monitoring overshooting cloud tops can provide an early indication of a severe storm. These are dome-like clouds that penetrate above the anvil of a thunderstorm. The Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) on GOES-R will better detect these overshooting tops that indicate a strong updraft.
While the current GOES satellite imager usually provides updated weather conditions during the formation of a storm about every 15 or 30 minutes, ABI will be able to show the changing cloud and weather conditions every 30 seconds in rapid scan mode. When ABI is not monitoring the formation of a storm, it will send imagery over the United States every 5 minutes instead of every 15 minutes, greatly increasing the data available to weather forecasters.
In addition to providing crucial information as part of NOAA's fleet of operational weather satellites, GOES-R will also monitor space weather, such as solar flares and geomagnetic storms that stem from the sun's activity and can affect spacecraft and human spaceflight.
The Extreme Ultraviolet and X-ray Irradiance Sensors (EXIS) will detect solar flares that can disrupt communication, power grids and have effects on satellites and airline passengers. The Solar Ultraviolet Imager (SUVI) is a telescope that observes the sun to detect eruptions which may result in coronal mass ejections. And to assess radiation hazard to astronauts and satellites, the Space Environment In-Situ Suite (SEISS) will monitor protons, electrons and heavy ion fluxes at geosynchronous orbit. GOES-R's Magnetometer (MAG) will also measure the magnetic field in space.
NOAA manages the GOES-R Program with an integrated NOAA-NASA program office organization, staffed with personnel from NOAA and NASA, and supported by industry contractors. The program is co-located at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. GOES-R is expected to launch in late 2015.
For more information about GOES-R and the current GOES satellite fleet, visit:
Caption for video: Tornadoes with Tim Samaras: Severe storm researcher and engineer Tim Samaras talks about his view on tornadoes, the importance of satellite imagery to his research and the future of forecasting and warning with GOES-R. Credits: NASA/NOAA For HD version: _URL_
In the city of Wyndham, Australia, rapid population growth, coupled with the diverse business activities of the city, has increased demand for spatial services exponentially. This article discusses how the Spatial Systems Unit at the Wyndham City Council planned to provide an accurate...


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What Is It
Biophysics is an interdisciplinary science that applies the discipline of Physics to the study of biological phenomena. It is usually studied as a subpart of the larger disciplines like Physiology, Physics, Medicine, Biochemistry or Chemistry. It also involves applying the laws of Physics to develop new techniques or apply them to analyze organisms. EM (Electron Microscopy), CAT (Computer-Aided Tomography), MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging), PET (Positron Emission Tomography) and X-ray crystallography are just a few examples.
10+2 with Biology, Physics and Chemistry is required for pursuing B.Sc. Biophysics. Professionals require to do M.Sc. or Ph.D
Biophysicists are usually hired in Medical Science, Forensic Science, Radiation Science, Biotechnology, Environmental Science, Agricultural Science and Computational Biology mainly for research purposes.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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The artifacts, called Clovis spear points, are only part of a much larger collection of American Indian artifacts the museum received from a private donor last week. William A. Sims, an orthopedic surgeon in Decatur, donated between 700 and 1,000 items to the museum.
Sims and his father, the late William Finley Sims, began collecting the items in the 1930s from farm land and creek banks in southeastern Tennessee during the 1930s. By the time he handed the collection over to the museum it included hundreds of arrowheads, several pieces of pottery, ceremonial pendants, rolling pins, grinding stones and several miscellaneous items.
"I would like for them to be enjoyed by the public," Sims said. "It's just a very interesting collection."
The Clovis arrowheads are the earliest spear points found in North America. The Clovis points look like flint domes with sharp points at the tip, making them distinctly different from later arrowheads, which are often triangular in shape, said archeologist Harry Holstein, a professor at Jacksonville State University.
Archeologists believe the Clovis points were used by the earliest American Indians, a group called Paleo-Indians.
Clovis points have been found embedded in the remains of woolly mammoths, mastodons and giant bison. According to Holstein, people of the Paleo-Indian period would have speared the animals in the belly and approached them to pull the spear heads from the animals' bodies.
"Talk about brave guys," Holstein said.
Sims found one of the Clovis heads himself, at a cave entrance. He still looks for and finds artifacts today in the northern part of the state.
"The arrowheads sometimes almost stick up at you," Sims said. "You quickly learn to see them when otherwise they might just look like an ordinary rock."
Museum curator Tim Moon and about a dozen volunteers went to retrieve the items from Sims late last week. Using cardboard boxes, bubble wrap and newspaper, they packaged the items and brought them back to Ohatchee on two trailers.
Moon and 12-year-old Kory Sparks, a local pre-teen with an interest in museum work, have been unpacking and sorting the items ever since. Unpacked boxes, tables full of arrowheads, axe heads and pieces of artifacts litter the museum's back room.
Moon and Sparks are in the earliest phase of sorting and cleaning the items, some of which have not been cleaned since they were placed in Sims' father's collection in the 1930s.
Once the pair is finished unpacking, sorting and cleaning the items, they'll be placed in wood-framed glass cases. The collection makes up about one-third of the museums' Indian artifact collection, Moon said.
Resting in rows on a black folding table in the back room are more than a dozen axe heads. Moon said they were likely connected to wood handles by strings of raw hides. Their once-sharp edges are now rounded and worn.
Not far away, hundreds of arrowheads that range in color from charcoal grey to Alabama clay red are lined up on the tops of glass cases. In a corner rest more than a dozen cracked clay pots, some of them holding beaded necklaces Moon believes to be more than 1,000 years old.
Eventually they'll be placed behind glass and kept in the back room where the schoolchildren and visitors who frequent the museum are likely to see the items. Holstein, who conducts archeological digs in search of American Indian artifacts, said he's glad to know that the collection is being held in a public museum.
"The significance of it is that it will be preserved and the whole public will be able to enjoy the ingenuity of the Indians," Holstein said. "Now you have thousands of people who will be able to enjoy this."
Staff writer Laura Johnson: _PHONE_. On Twitter@ LJohnson_Star.


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Using the osql Utility
Topic last updated -- January 2004
The osql utility is a Microsoft® Win32® command prompt utility for ad hoc, interactive execution of Transact-SQL statements and scripts.
The osql utility is typically used in these ways:
- Users interactively enter Transact-SQL statements in a manner similar to working on the command prompt. The results are displayed in the command prompt window.
- Users submit an osql job either specifying a single Transact-SQL statement to execute or pointing the utility to a text file that contains Transact-SQL statements to execute. The output is usually directed to a text file, but it also can be displayed in the command prompt window.
To use osql interactively or to build script files to be run using osql, users must understand Transact-SQL. The following sections of SQL Server Books Online document building Transact-SQL statements:
|Accessing and Changing Relational Data Overview||Documents how to build Transact-SQL statements from individual syntax elements and to build multiple Transact-SQL statements into batches or scripts.|
|Creating and Maintaining Databases Overview||Documents how to use Transact-SQL statements to create databases and all the data objects in a database. Also documents some database maintenance functions.|
|Administering SQL Server Overview||Documents the administration tasks that can be performed on instances of SQL Server and SQL Server databases. The topic for each administration task indicates any Transact-SQL statement that can be used to perform the task.|
|Transact-SQL Overview||This is the start of the Transact-SQL Reference, which documents the full syntax of every Transact-SQL statement.|
Comparing the osql and isql Utilities
The osql utility uses the ODBC database application programming interface (API). It is a replacement for the isql command prompt utility based on the DB-Library API. Both utilities are provided with Microsoft SQL Server™ 2000. The DB-Library API remains at a SQL Server 6.5 level; therefore, applications that depend on DB-Library, such as isql, do not support some SQL Server 2000 features. For example, isql cannot access columns defined with the ntext data type and truncates any char, varchar, nchar, or nvarchar columns longer than 255 bytes. It also cannot retrieve results as XML documents. Except for these limitations in isql, both osql and isql support the same features. For more information about features not supported by isql, see Connecting Early Version Clients to SQL Server 2000.


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Doctor of Philosophy
Anatomy and Cell Biology
Dr. Timothy D. Wilson
Dr. Andrew J. Nelson
This dissertation explored the relationship between internal and external visualizations and the implications of this relationship for comprehending visuospatial anatomical information. External visualizations comprised different computer representations of anatomical structures, including: static, animated, non-interactive, interactive, non-stereoscopic, and stereoscopic visualizations. Internal visualizations involved examining participants' ability to apprehend, encode, and manipulate mental representations (i.e., spatial visualization ability or Vz). Comprehension was measured with a novel spatial anatomy task that involved mental manipulation of anatomical structures in three-dimensions and two-dimensional cross-sections. It was hypothesized that performance on the spatial anatomy task would involve a trade-off between internal and external visualizations available to the learner.
Results from experiments 1, 2, and 3 demonstrated that in the absence of computer visualizations, spatial visualization ability (Vz) was the main contributor to variation in spatial anatomy task performance. Subjects with high Vz scored higher, spent less time, and were more accurate than those with low Vz. In the presence of external computer visualizations, variation in task performance was attributed to both Vz and visuospatial characteristics of the computer visualization. While static representations improved performance of highand low-Vz subjects equally, animations particularly benefited high Vz subjects, as their mean score on the SAT was significantly higher than the mean score of low Vz subjects. The addition of interactivity and stereopsis to the displays offered no additional advantages over non-interactive and non-stereoscopic visualizations. Interactive, non-interactive, stereoscopic and non-stereoscopic visualizations improved the performance of highand low-Vz subjects equally.
It was concluded that comprehension of visuospatial anatomical information involved a trade-off between the perception of external visualizations and the ability to maintain and manipulate internal visualizations. There is an inherent belief that increasing the educational effectiveness of computer visualizations is a mere question of making them dynamic, interactive, and/or realistic. However, experiments 1, 2, and 3 clearly demonstrate that this is not the case, and that the benefits of computer visualizations vary according to learner characteristics, particularly spatial visualization ability.
Nguyen, Ngan T., "Anatomy: The Relationship Between Internal and External Visualizations" (2012). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 468.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Enforcing data integrity ensures the quality of the data in the database. For example, if an employee is entered with an employee_id value of 123, the database should not allow another employee to have an ID with the same value. If you have an employee_rating column intended to have values ranging from 1 to 5, the database should not accept a value of 6. If the table has a dept_id column that stores the department number for the employee, the database should allow only values that are valid for the department numbers in the company.
Two important steps in planning tables are to identify valid values for a column and to decide how to enforce the integrity of the data in the column. Data integrity falls into these categories:
- Entity integrity
- Domain integrity
- Referential integrity
- User-defined integrity
Entity integrity defines a row as a unique entity for a particular table. Entity integrity enforces the integrity of the identifier column(s) or the primary key of a table (through indexes, UNIQUE constraints, PRIMARY KEY constraints, or IDENTITY properties).
Domain integrity is the validity of entries for a given column. You can enforce domain integrity by restricting the type (through data types), the format (through CHECK constraints and rules), or the range of possible values (through FOREIGN KEY constraints, CHECK constraints, DEFAULT definitions, NOT NULL definitions, and rules).
Referential integrity preserves the defined relationships between tables when records are entered or deleted. In Microsoft® SQL Server™ 2000, referential integrity is based on relationships between foreign keys and primary keys or between foreign keys and unique keys (through FOREIGN KEY and CHECK constraints). Referential integrity ensures that key values are consistent across tables. Such consistency requires that there be no references to nonexistent values and that if a key value changes, all references to it change consistently throughout the database.
When you enforce referential integrity, SQL Server prevents users from:
- Adding records to a related table if there is no associated record in the primary table.
- Changing values in a primary table that result in orphaned records in a related table.
- Deleting records from a primary table if there are matching related records.
For example, with the sales and titles tables in the pubs database, referential integrity is based on the relationship between the foreign key (title_id) in the sales table and the primary key (title_id) in the titles table.
User-defined integrity allows you to define specific business rules that do not fall into one of the other integrity categories. All of the integrity categories support user-defined integrity (all columnand table-level constraints in CREATE TABLE, stored procedures, and triggers).


cover and blurb via amazon
HISTORICAL BOOK REVIEW SERIES: 'Prince Arthur – The King Who Never Was' by Sean Cunningham
cover and blurb via amazon
Henry VIII is far from the only man who took a throne and went mad. Some tend to be hard on him, as if he was the only angry ruler the world saw, making it easy to say 'what would have happened if Arthur had never died?'
Henry VIII was the king who shouldn't have been, making Prince Arthur the king who never was. Here is the book to answer all your questions had King Arthur I taken his place in history.
Arthur was born to role. The first child of his parents, Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. Much has been made of little Arthur; some claim him fragile since birth, others draw the opposite conclusion. From a young age, Prince Arthur was given a top education, given a reigning position as Prince of Wales, close to his father the king.
Arthur was treated like a precious jewel, the king who would reign after the bloody battles of the War of the Roses. Arthur was the blood of the house of Lancaster and York combined; his existence alone suggested constant unity and peace. Given an education both in practical subjects, plus religion and humanism, Arthur got involved in local matters as a child, at his father's side, completely prepared to take over England when the time came. Arthur had siblings, first a sister Margaret, then the spare heir Henry, and little Mary, to be followed by Elizabeth, Edmund and Katherine who all did not survive infancy. Henry and the girls were kept with their mother while Arthur was cradled for brilliance.
Officially married in 1501 after four years of being married by proxy, 15-year-old Arthur was to move to his castle in Ludlow, to rule over Wales, as his title suggested. Princess Katherine of Aragon was at his side, a Spanish princess there to ensure that Arthur's future children would be recognised as the sole rulers of England, to soothe Henry VII's constant fears of being usurped. Arthur boasted of bedding his new bride, words that would live for all time.
Only a few months into the marriage, Prince Arthur died at Ludlow Castle, of possible sweating sickness, leaving a widow not pregnant with the future heir. While spoiled little Henry would take the crown seven years later, along with the princess, England never got their perfect king. Queen Elizabeth died only a year after Arthur, and Henry kept his son hidden away, in the fear something might happen to his remaining son. Little Henry should have been given Arthur's education, yet received nothing.
It is easy to suggest that Arthur's reign would have been different. Naturally, there would have been differences. Henry broke from Catholicism in order to get rid of his wife of twenty years, on the grounds that Katherine had slept with Arthur, which she denied all her days. It is easy to say the Protestant Reformation would have never occurred in England without Henry's need for divorce. Reformation would have come to England without Henry's divorce, but simply would have taken a different route, as it did with other nations. Henry divorced to gain an heir with another woman, the exact same pressure Arthur would have faced if he couldn't produce a son to inherit. For all his kindness and intelligence, Arthur could have suffered the same infertility problems as his little brother.
Cunningham's book gives you an insight to the life of King Arthur I. It is impossible to tell for certain, but here is a good best-case scenario, with a fine leader on the throne, and a stable dynasty as a result.
HISTORICAL BOOK REVIEW SERIES: 'Edward IV: Glorious Son of York' by Jeffrey James
Few English monarchs had to fight harder for the right to rule than King Edward IV – Shakespeare's glorious son of York. Cast in the true Plantagenet mould, over six feet tall, he was a naturally charismatic leader. Edward had the knack of seizing the initiative and winning battles and is free from the unflattering characterisations that plagued his brother, Richard III, having been portrayed as a good-looking and formidable military tactician. Described sometimes as reckless and profligate, all sources remark on his personal bravery. In the eleven years between 1460 and 1471 he fought five major battles in the Wars of the Roses. Three of them – Towton, Barnet and Tewkesbury – rank among the most decisive of the medieval period. This book covers Edward's family background, the Yorkist takeover and the drift to war. It charts the tensions created by the controversial Woodville marriage and Edward's deposition by the Earl of Warwick and subsequent exile. The return of the king brought with it battles anew and Edward's decisive campaigns against Warwick and Margaret of Anjou. Finally, Edward's sudden death heralded the demise of the House of York and the triumph of the Tudors against Richard III. This is a history of Edward IV's struggle to gain and retain the kingship of England during a period of sustained dynastic turmoil during the Wars of the Roses.
cover and blurb via amazon
Edward IV had a great claim to be England's king, sadly, he was not the only one. The author starts easily, giving us the background of Edward's family claim to the throne. A monster of man in those days, at 6′ 4″, Edward took the throne in 1461, and reigned over nearly a decade which had some of the most bloody battles of the War of the Roses.
While Edward was in line to claim the throne, overthrowing a sitting monarch, betraying his greatest ally and marrying for love (lust?) instead of gain did Edward no favours. For a man with battlefield experience, and political knowledge, he made errors during these dangerous years, racking up local enemies like no one else.
Edward had no trouble winning battles; Towton, then Barnet and Tewkesbury are just some of the battles he needed to fight in order to hold the throne, and this book tells the tale more like a story rather than a military strategy. Included are illustrations of the locations pivotal in Edward's life.
One of Edward's largest mistakes was the marriage to Elizabeth Woodville. However, had Edward married as his allies wanted, things could have still fallen apart, but without the Woodville family, doubtless lives may have been saved.
The book flies though these troublesome years until Edward's overthrow in 1470, only to win his crown back again in six months, shortly before the death of Henry VI in prison. While the second half of Edward's reign was far quieter, having killed the vast majority of his enemies and relations, Edward still fought in France, killed one of his brothers and grew chubby and lazy. His death in 1483 was still a great loss; while the War of the Roses saw much blood under his rule, at least some peace had begun to settle in. It would be only two years before all Edward fought for would be erased, his two sons killed and his precious brother Richard deposed by the last remaining Lancastrian enemy, Henry Tudor. But not all was lost; Edward's daughter Elizabeth became queen, there as peace reigned in England (mostly), and their children became king of England, queen of Scotland, and (briefly) queen of France.
What I like about this book is that, while accurate, it doesn't flow like a non-fiction biography, rather more of a story of a man who thought he was the rightful king. Trouble was, everyone thought themselves the rightful king.


What Makes Good Writing?
I was idly scrolling through Instagram stories one day when I saw a story from a Bookstagrammer who is self-publishing a series of fantasy novellas. They had posted a brief excerpt from one of their stories and they were clearly proud of it.
I thought the writing was terrible.
And maybe I'm a prose snob, but it got me thinking: What makes good writing?
I posed this question to some bookish friends, and their answers mirrored mine. Good writing shows that the writer has an intimate knowledge of the language they are writing in. It is evocative without falling into purple prose. It is clear and concise, and not padded with unnecessary detail. It shows a sense of gravity or lightness that is appropriate to the scene.
I would add that good writing shows the writer has a strong sense of the subtle shades of the meaning of words and has a feeling for the rhythm of language. What does this mean?
The words 'small' and 'little', for example, have the same basic meaning. They describe things that are not large (or big). But they evoke different things. 'Small' can have negative connotations: No one wants to be 'small-minded' and being called 'small' feels like an insult. 'Little', however, has connotations of youth and sweetness. We might call a child a 'little kid'; I could describe my cat as a 'little cat' to give you a sense of her adorableness.
In one a famous line from Charlotte Brontë's classic novel Jane Eyre, Jane describes herself as little:
If Jane had described herself as 'small', the phrase would read differently:
"Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and small, I am soulless and heartless? You think wrong! — I have as much soul as you — and full as much heart!"
It's a minor difference, (a small one, a little one), but it makes a difference. If a writer lacks a sense of what feelings their words will conjure, can they effectively write an evocative scene? Will they know when to use simple words instead of complex ones? Or will they constantly turn to a thesaurus to find fancy words to make themselves sound smart?
person in white long sleeve shirt holding a pen writing on white paper
Photo by cottonbro on Pexels.com
Good writing also makes use of a language's inherent musicality. You only have to hear a slam poet improvise a rap song from Shakespeare's Sonnet 18, 'Shall I compare thee to a summer's day', to realize that language itself is musical. Our sentences– written or spoken– have a rhythm to them whether we intend it or not. Great writers understand this and can harness the music of language to create lyrical prose that doesn't turn into the dreaded purple prose.
This doesn't mean that a writer needs to use complicated words to describe something. Fantasy author J.R.R. Tolkien thought the phrase 'cellar door' was one of the most beautiful phrases in the English language. It doesn't use big words and it doesn't describe anything special. It's just a door. But the combination of sounds that make up the words 'cellar' and 'door' flow together in a way that turns them into a bit of music.
abandoned architecture colorful construction
Photo by Pixabay on Pexels.com
But what about grammatical rules and vocabulary? Surely it's important to know the basics of grammar and have a broad vocabulary?
Yes, of course it's helpful to know a noun from a verb from a preposition in order to form intelligible sentences. It's also helpful to know a lot of words so you're not constantly describing a dark thing as 'black as night'.
Grammar isn't everything, though. I've read plenty of stories where the best thing I can say about them is that the writing was grammatically correct. The rest of those stories were tedious at best. Great writers know their subject from their subjunctive, and they also know when to bend grammatical rules to craft amazing sentences that eventually turn into incredible stories.
So, Readers, I pose the question to you. What do you think makes good writing?
As an example of what I think is excellent writing, here is an excerpt from Wolf Hall by Hilary Mantel:
"And beneath Cornwall, beyond and beneath this whole realm of England, beneath the sodden marshes of Wales and the rough territory of the Scots border, there is another landscape; there is a buried empire, where he fears his commissioners cannot reach. Who will swear the hobs and boggarts who live in the hedges and hollow trees, and the wild men who hide in the woods? Who will swear the saints in their niches, and the spirits that cluster at holy wells rustling like fallen leaves, and the miscarried infants dug in to unconsecrated ground: all those unseen dead who hover in winter around forges and village hearths, trying to warm their bare bones? For they too are his countrymen: the generations of uncounted dead, breathing through the living, stealing their light from them, the bloodless ghosts of lord and knave, nun and whore, the ghosts of priest and friar who feed on living England, and suck the substance from the future."
16 thoughts on "What Makes Good Writing?
 1. You know what's funny? We talked about this last night at book club. What makes one book about a subject better than another book? I guess it depends on genre. A well written literary fiction book is one that relies on how the words are used to tell a story. It's all about form and nuance and choice of language. It's knowing to write in first person, or third or whatever. A beach read needs to just tell a story, and the language doesn't have to be as nuanced, but the story has to roller coaster. So, I guess what I'm not being a particularly good writer about is that good writing is different towards what audience you are trying to reach, and what their expectation is about a book, or its subject or its genre. Like the Leigh bardugo (sp) book. I didn't like it, but that doesn't mean it wasn't well written.
 2. I definitely agree with you on the grammar bit. One of my friends, who edited for me, was constantly harping on the finer rules of grammar and how I wasn't obeying them in my writing, but to do so would have taken the effect out of the sentence and lessened the punch. And really, rules are made to be broken.
 This was such an interesting post, thanks for sharing!
 3. Pingback: What Makes Good Writing? — Traveling in Books | Ups and Downs of Family History V2.0
 4. Sure. The expectations for each genre are different as far as the writing goes. A thriller with crap writing and a compelling plot can still be successful, but a literary novel with bad writing tends to fall flat. It's all to do with the expectations of the genre. But if you find a thriller or a fluffy romance or whatever that has fantastic writing where you don't expect it, it makes it that much better.
 5. I'm glad you stuck to your guns! Every style guide I've read has harped on the fact that a lot of these so-called rules aren't rules at all, and they've come down from hoity-toity people who up and decided that, like, Latin grammatical rules should apply to English. If the writing is clear and effective, then I don't care if the writer splits all the infinitives.
 6. I guess clever use of words. Being able to paint a picture with words, where things appear fresh. Telling the human experience as if it's never been told before
 7. Thanks! I think you can still critique writing, even if you don't do a lot of it. If you're reading, writing is still a part of your life. It's just that someone else is doing it, and you're talking about it.
 8. I agree with all you've said above, but when I read a book and love it because I think the writing is great, it's often because I can hear some rhythm in their prose which makes me read parts of the book aloud although I hate reading aloud.
 I also love it when the author is aware of grammar rules but plays with them and plays with the words and makes my reading experience more engaging because of it.
 9. I wish I could participate in this conversation in a meaningful and intellectual way. But, honestly, I've never really thought about it! I often read books I will rate as 1, 2, or 3 stars and I cannot begin to describe why. Typically, it's the writing. I just don't get invested. I can give you examples of writing I dislike. Sarah J Maas, for example. I just don't understand the obsession…
 10. I don't understand the appeal of Maas's books, either. The writing is awful, the punctuation is worse (em dash abuse! elipsis abuse!), and I didn't like any of the characters.
 I wasn't so keen on good writing in my twenties, but now that I'm older, a perfectly-constructed sentence makes me happy. It probably helps that I've been writing a lot over the past several years, so I've read style guides and listened to podcasts to help improve my writing.
 11. I mean, I abuse em dashes all the time in my own blogging, but I'm not a professional blogger, let


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Convective Available Potential Energy.
The CAPE (Convective Available Potential Energy) index is a meteorological indicator used to assess the potential for convective development and thunderstorm activity in the atmosphere. It measures the amount of energy available for vertical air ascent and the formation of convective clouds.
The CAPE index quantifies the vertical stability of the atmosphere and the temperature difference between the Earth's surface and higher atmospheric layers. Higher CAPE values typically indicate a greater potential for convective updrafts and the development of thunderstorms.
In the context of aviation, the CAPE index is an important factor that pilots and paragliders consider when planning their flights. Higher CAPE values suggest favorable thermal conditions for aircraft and paragliders, indicating a higher likelihood of thermal updrafts and the possibility of longer and higher flights. Conversely, lower CAPE values may indicate reduced potential for thermal activities and limited flying opportunities.


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I have redone this question:
On $\mathbb R^n$ the Carleson Operator if defined by $$Cf(x) = \sup_{R>0} \left \vert \int_{B_R(0)} e^{2\pi i x\cdot \xi} \widehat{f}(\xi) d \xi \right \vert. $$ (In the previous version I had an incorrect version of this written down which lead to some stupid conclusions).
 - For $n=1$ Carleson proved that this operator is strong (p,p) which is equivalent $L^p(\mathbb R)$ convergence of $S_Rf(x)=\int_{B_R(0)} e^{2\pi i x\cdot \xi}\widehat{f}(\xi)d\xi\to f(x)$ as $R\to \infty$. The modern proof uses boundedness of the Hilbert-Transform and the ''translation trick'' $$\chi_{[-r,r]}(\xi)\widehat{f}(\xi) = \widehat{[\frac{i}{2}(m_{-r}H m_r - m_r H m_{-r})f] }(\xi).$$
 - For $n>1$ Fefferman proved (using a Becosivitch set) that the transform $T$ defined by $$ \widehat{Tf}(\xi) = \chi_{B_1(0)}(\xi) \widehat{f}(\xi)$$ is unbounded in $L^p$ for $p\neq 2$. (There is no Hilbert Transform in higher dimensions, these become the Reisz Transform and the ''translation tricks'' to express $S_R$ in terms of the Hilbert Transform don't work).
 - The Bochner-Reisz conjecture is about boundedness of smoothened characteristic functions and an MO question about it can be found here Recent progress on Bochner-Riesz conjecture
I was originally thinking that $Cf(x)$ could be defined easily for locally compact abelian groups and compact groups and that perhaps a ''translation trick'' existed in some generality. This appears to not be the case for two reasons
 1. The second bullet shows that it is not true in $\mathbb{R}^n$ for $n>1$.
 2. The third bullet shows you that multiplier operator in $\mathbb{R}^n$ are delicate which makes the definition of a Carleson operator for general abelian groups difficult.
Is the operator $$Cf(x) = \sup_{n\geq 0} \left \vert \int_{\frac{1}{p^n}\mathbb{Z}_p} e^{2\pi i \lbrace x \xi\rbrace } \widehat{f}(\xi) d \mu(\xi) \right \vert. $$ bounded as an operator $L^r(\mathbb Q_p) \to L^r(\mathbb Q_p)$. (I think one can define a similar operator on the Adeles no?). How does smoothness of multipliers effect the problem in more general groups?
I'll make it a community wiki so people can fix it if it has errors.
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I've just deleted the comments, which all referred to a previous incarnation of the question, dumping a copy at tea.mathoverflow.net/discussion/1083/comment-cleanup – Scott Morrison Jul 13 '11 at 21:22
2 Answers 2
up vote 3 down vote accepted
There is a p-adic analogue of Carleson's theorem. This was worked out by Hunt and Taibleson and you can find an exposition in Taibleson's book "Fourier analysis on local fields". (NB Taibleson did a lot of work extending Euclidean harmonic analysis results such as Carleson's theorem and boundedness of singular integrals to local fields.) I don't know if an adelic Carleson's theorem has been worked out.
The notion of smoothness in the p-adics is different than in real spaces since the p-adics are totally disconnected. Instead of say differentiability (which can be defined at least formally), one looks at locally constant functions. For more general groups, you need to have an appropriate notion(s) of smoothness to ask how changing the smoothness affects your problem.
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Assuming your question is actually about Carleson's theorem:
Carleson's theorem about the pointwise convergence of Fourier series is really a one-dimensional statement. It makes use of the fact that one can write the (symmetric) partial sum operators in terms of the Hilbert transform. After some manipulations, one arrives at showing that the maximal operator
$\displaystyle\sup_{N\in\mathbb{R}}\left|\int\textrm{signum}(\xi-N)\hat{f}e^{2\pi ix\xi}d\xi\right|$
is bounded from $L^2(\mathbb{R})$ to itself (or weak $L^2$), where the signum function simply outputs the sign of the input. Indeed, proving this operator is bounded is quite difficult, and Carleson's proof has not been drastically simplified in the last 55 years, although I admit this is hearsay as I have never read Carleson's original proof.
If one moves from the line to the plane, how does one change the signum function? Does it become the characteristic function of some half-space? Can the set of discontinuities be the intersection of two lines? Can it be curved? These variations of the problem can drastically change the answer as well as the difficulty of the problem. For instance the question of whether the partial sums of the Fourier series of a function on the 2-torus converges pointwise is a bit more delicate: if you take the sum over bigger and bigger squares in $\mathbb{Z}^2$, the answer is yes, but if one sums over bigger and bigger discs, the question is open.
The one counterexample to the general trend that things outside of $\mathbb{R}$ are harder (which I know of, anyway) is the finite field variant of the Kakeya conjecture: it eluded harmonic analysts for many years but was recently solved by a graduate student in computer science in about two pages. This was a pretty big deal. So anyway, for your particular problem (if it is actually about Carleson's Theorem), I would be surprised if the answer is known but not the top search on google for 'Carleson's Theorem for Adeles'. The result will almost certainly be group-specific if it is known.
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Sorry for changing the question on you. Thanks for the response. – Taylor Dupuy Jul 9 '11 at 12:43
I wanted to accept both answers. Is it possible to do that? – Taylor Dupuy Nov 21 '11 at 19:26
I don't think you can accept more than one answer, but that's ok. I just hope what I wrote helped in some way! – Peter Luthy Nov 23 '11 at 1:01
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Growth capital (also called expansion capital and growth equity) is a type of private equity investment, most often a minority investment, in relatively mature companies that are looking for capital to expand or restructure operations, enter new markets or finance a significant acquisition without a change of control of the business.
Companies that seek growth capital will often do so in order to finance a transformational event in their lifecycle. These companies are likely to be more mature than venture capital funded companies, able to generate revenue and operating profits but unable to generate sufficient cash to fund major expansions, acquisitions or other investments. Because of this lack of scale these companies generally can find few alternative conduits to secure capital for growth, so access to growth equity can be critical to pursue necessary facility expansion, sales and marketing initiatives, equipment purchases, and new product development. Growth capital can also be used to effect a restructuring of a company's balance sheet, particularly to reduce the amount of leverage (or debt) the company has on its balance sheet.
Growth capital is often structured as either common equity or preferred equity, although certain investors will use various hybrid securities that include a contractual return (i.e., interest payments) in addition to an ownership interest in the company. Often, companies that seek growth capital investments are not good candidates to borrow additional debt, either because of the stability of the company's earnings or because of its existing debt levels.
Growth capital resides at the intersection of private equity and venture capital and as such growth capital is provided by a variety of sources. The types of investors that provide growth capital to companies span a variety of both equity and debt sources, including private equity and late-stage venture capital funds, family offices, sovereign wealth funds, hedge funds, Business Development Companies (BDC), and mezzanine funds. Growth capital investments are also made by more traditional buyout firms. Particularly in markets where debt is less available to finance leveraged buyouts or where competition to fund startup businesses is intense, growth capital becomes an attractive alternative.
- Bridging the finance gap: next steps in improving access to growth capital for small businesses. HM Treasury, December 2003.
- "What is Growth Capital?", Industry Canada
- "Private equity and venture capital." AltAssets, 2003.
- "The role of the venture capital provider." AltAssets, 2002.
- "An overview of the venture capital industry." AltAssets, 2002.


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Does Time Fly When You're Getting Old?
Everyone seems to think so.
The letters I received from husband's grandmother - then in her mid 90's - had two recurrent themes. The first was that she was tired, and that the days seemed to run together. The second was that time seemed to be rushing by with ever increasing speed.
William James would agree. In the 1890's, James' writings on age-related differences in the experience of time reflects both these themes. He wrote that in childhood
, experiences are novel and distinct but in adulthood "each passing year converts some of this experience into automatic routine which we hardly note at all, the days and weeks smooth themselves out in recollection, and the years grow hollow and collapse."
According to Dr. William Friedman, who has spent his career exploring developmental changes in the perception of time, this is the first of four major classes of theories used to explain the widely reported phenomenon that older people experience the passage of time much more quickly than do younger folks.
- Theory 1 Fewer New Things Happen: We mark the passage of time by the number of novel events that occur. For example, when we're busy time seems to fly by. When we are bored, with nothing to do, time drags. As we get older, fewer novel events occur because we've already experienced so many new things. In addition, memory problems make it harder to recall novel events that do occur. Therefore, when we look back and judge the passage of time, what we judge to be one year because one year's worth of expected novel events have ocurred, is actually a much longer period of time. In other words, we feel that one year has passed, but objectively it is a much longer period of time. Thus time seems to fly.
- Theory 2 Years are Proportionally Smaller: As we get older, each year is a smaller proportion of our lives. For example, a year is 1/10 of the life of a 10 year old, but 1/70th of the life of a 70 year old. Therefore each year feels shorter relative to all the time we've lived and thus seems to be going by faster.
- Theory 3 Our Biological Clock Slows Down: As we get older, many bodily processes slow down. As our internal clock runs slower and slower compared to the external calendar, time passes much faster than we expect it to.
- Theory 4 We Can't Pay Attention to Exernal Cues: We judge time in the short term by paying attention to external clues like clocks, sounds in the background, changing events outside, etc. This is one reason why time really does fly when you're having fun - and drags when you're bored. If you're really concentrating, you don't notice the external world - you focus on what you're doing. As you get older, you have fewer cognitive resources and thus have fewer attentional resources left to focus on external cues to keep track of the passage of time. Because of this, time seems to fly by, just as it does when you're really concentrating.
Great Theories in Search of a Problem?
These are all great theories. But the question is, does the phenomenon they're trying to explain really exist? Is there any evidence that people's perception of time speeds up as they get older, or is it an illusion?
Lab studies. Despite 120 years of theorizing and speculation, few psychologists have actually studied this phenomenon empirically. In addition, most of the people who have, have studied people's judgments of time for short periods that can be manipulated in the laboratory - like 20 seconds. For example, people are asked to hold buttons down for what they think is 20 seconds or to estimate how long a sound lasts. These tasks are convenient for studying time perception, because people's internal clocks can be manipulated in various ways, further testing the theories.
Unfortunately, these experiments have two major problems.
- First, no clear pattern of age differences in time perception emerges from the data. These studies provide no evidence that older people judge time's passage to be slower.
- Second, it turns out that our judgments of very short periods of time are unrelated to our subjective experience of how fast longer periods of time - days, weeks, months, years, or 10 years - go by. Thus, elegant as these studies are, they tell us nothing about people's judgement of the passage of weeks, months, or years.
In other words, these are interesting studies, but tell us nothing about the phenoment we're really interested in.
Time in the real world.
Interestingly, no one had systematically asked large samples of younger and older people how they experienced time until 2005, when Wittmann & Lehnhoff did just that. They asked 499 German and Austrian participants aged 14 to 94 how fast time usually passed for them: specifically how fast time (generally), the previous week, the previous month, the previous year, and the previous 10 years usually pass.
What did they find?
VERY LITTLE, but then again, quite a lot. There were no age related differences in the experience of time generally, the last week, the last month, or the last year. The only significant difference (accounting for 9% of the variance) was in how older people experienced the past 10 years. Here older folks reported time passing more quickly than did middle aged or younger participants.
If you're trying to document a folk belief that seems historically and cross-culturally pervasive, that's not very encouraging. Was the German sample just odd?
Friedman and his colleague, Steve Janssen, replicated this research in a sample of 1865 16-80 year olds from two countries. This work was recently published in Acta Psychologica. They tried to test three theories used to explain the reported age differences in the experience in time.
The studies are elegantly designed, experimentally manipulating people's judgments of time (to test the Theory 1 about our flexible ruler of novel, memorable events), used news events to evoke salient memories, measuring time pressure (when you can't get everything done in a day, you feel time is flying by), and examining difficulty of recall and the number of novel events that had occurred in people's lives.
The results were both clear and surprising.
First, the busier you are, the faster time seems to fly by. These results are robust across all ages.
Second, EVERYONE feels time is flying by. On average, on a scale from -2 (very slowly) to +2 (very fast), people of ALL AGES judged time to be passing fas t (rating it higher than 1).
Third, age differences were very small, and almost entirely limited - as had been found in the previous study - to the perception of how fast the last 10 years had gone by.
These findings - and those of another study currently under review from another large sample carried out in now a fourth country - all come to the same conclusion:
Does Time Fly When You're Getting Old? Not really, no. But it does fly by when you feel rushed and can't get things done.
When asked why, then, older people seem to feel like time was rushing by faster now than it was when they were younger, Dr. Friedman had two answers. First, he suggested, this is such a strong folk belief that people report what they think they're expected to feel. More importantly, perhaps, he suggested that maybe as we get older, we just don't remember how rushed we felt when we were young.
Or perhaps, we're ALL just getting busier all the time.
© 2010 Nancy Darling. All Rights Reserved
This post is based on the Aging and the Speed of Time presented by Dr. Friedman on 10/14/2010 at Oberlin College.


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extra support.
- Remove outboard motors.
- Release some of the air in the tires and place blocks beneath the wheels to prevent the trailer from moving. Increase the weight of your trailered outboard boat by filling it with fresh water and leaving in the drainplug (inboard boats must be drained to avoid motor damage).
- If securing your boat at the marina: Use the "Spiderweb" technique. Boats left in boat slips should be secured by ropes in an arrangement that resembles a spiderweb. This allows boats to be bounced around by a storm yet still remain in position.
- If you can't remove your boat from the water, move it to the safest refuge possible. Be aware that a seawall or sandy spit that normally protects a snug harbor can be washed out by the storm surge. The best anchoring is usually found in sand, followed by clay, hard mud, shells, broken shells and soft mud.


T bone car accident settlement
What is the average settlement for a back injury in a car accident?
In an average car accident case that involves a relatively minor soft tissue neck or back injury, the accident victim may expect to receive a settlement anywhere between $2,500 and $10,000 from the at-fault person's insurance company.
What type of injury is commonly associated with T Bone accidents?
Types of Injuries Commonly Associated With T Bone Accidents Concussion. Whiplash, a serious neck injury caused by the forceful, back-and-forth motion of the neck. Broken bones in the hands, legs, forearms, ribs, and elsewhere on the body, especially if the T Bone accident results in the car rolling. Spinal cord injury.
How much is my pain and suffering settlement?
What is the average payout for soft tissue injury?
The average payout of a soft tissue injury ranges from $2,500 to $10,000 for whiplash, $15,000 for ankle sprains, $20,000 for shoulder injuries, and $100,000 to $350,000 for herniated discs.
How much should a rear end collision settlement be?
You might be interested: Titanic ship accident
What does T boning mean?
: a small steak from the thin end of the short loin containing a T -shaped bone and a small piece of tenderloin also : this bone — see beef illustration. T -bone. verb. T – boned ; T – boning ; T -bones.
What does T boned mean?
A T -bone accident is one where the front of one car or truck crashes into the side of another vehicle. Broadside accidents most often occur at intersections when one of the drivers fails to stop at a stop sign or traffic light, or otherwise fails to yield the right-of-way to the other driver.
What happens if you get T boned?
T – bone accidents occur when one vehicle smashes into the side of another vehicle, roughly creating the shape of a T. They are also known as broadside or side collisions. If you are involved in a T – bone crash, it's highly likely you will sustain serious injuries.
How can I prove my pain and suffering?
How much should I ask for settlement?
A general rule is 75% to 100% higher than what you would actually be satisfied with. For example, if you think your claim is worth between $1,500 and $2,000, make your first demand for $3,000 or $4,000. If you think your claim is worth $4,000 to $5,000, make your first demand for $8,000 or $10,000.
Is a pain and suffering settlement taxable?
This means typical personal injury damages that are meant to compensate the claimant for things like lost wages, medical bills, emotional distress, pain and suffering, loss of consortium, and attorney fees are not taxable as long as they come from a personal injury or a physical sickness.
You might be interested: Car accident in
How do you respond to a low settlement offer?
How much can I expect from a personal injury settlement?
Personal Injury : How Much Can I Expect to Get? Settlements and court awards in personal injury cases typically range from $3,000 to $75,000. Seven out of 10 readers receive a settlement or award for their personal injury claims.
How much is neck injury worth?
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Fireball accident ohio
Terrence j car accident


This wild story was told again by SFGate this week and is trending. When you find something in a muddy creek in San Rafael, could it also mean someone just made the story up?
"For centuries, historians had searched for Drake's plate, the only physical evidence of Sir Francis Drake's expedition to the California coast. The English privateer, fresh off raiding Spanish ships and towns along the Pacific coast, found safe harbor in the Point Reyes area in June 1579. While resting and restocking there, he claimed the territory for Queen Elizabeth I. He named it New Albion.
According to crew member accounts, Drake left an inscribed brass plate in the area to stake his claim. But in the 350 years since, no one had seen it.
Bolton was convinced it was still out there. Whenever his students said they'd be taking a weekend trip to the seashore, he asked them to keep an eye out for Drake's plate.
Now, he had it. It was not what he expected, sure, but Bolton had explanations for everything. He told the assembled crowd and the media there was no doubt this plate was real. Its craftsmanship and writing ("BY THE GRACE OF GOD AND IN THE NAME OF HERR MAIESTYQVEEN ELIZABETH OF ENGLAND AND HERR SVCCESSORS FOREVER, I TAKE POSSESSION OF THIS KINGDOME," it read in part) was consistent with the 1500s.
In addition, he said, a prankster would have left it near Drake's Bay. It made no sense to leave it near a muddy creek in San Rafael. This could only mean one thing: Historians were wrong. Drake had entered San Francisco Bay, almost 200 years before Gaspar de Portolá "discovered" the area.""
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text:
This document has the following sections:
What is an Indexer?
Goal of an indexer
The main goal of an indexer is to create and setup some resource
automatically. The resources can be created depending on their
name or their extension. Once the resource has been created, the
indexer is also in charge of attaching the right frames to this
resource, like the HTTP frame, the filters and so on.
DirectoryResource (and subclasses) is associated to an indexer,
if no indexer is specified the DirectoryResource is associated
to the "default" indexer.
Description of an indexer
- Class and attributes of an indexer
- Usually, the indexer's class is
- The name of the indexer, ex: "icons"
- Last Modified
- Unused, but resent as, internally, it is a resource.
- Super Indexer
- The name of the parent indexer used when the current indexer
fails to index. By default, the super indexer is the "default"
- The sons of an indexer
- Used to index files matching exactly a name, mainly used to
index directories. You can specify that an "Icons" directory
will always be negotiable, for example. The default name (ie:
matching all directory names) is "*default*"
- Used to index files with a specific extension. For example,
"html" is a FileResource with an HTTPFrame set to give the
"text/html" content type to this file. Then all the "foo.html"
files will be indexed as "text/html" type object when accessed
by HTTP. The default extension (ie: matching all the extension
names) is "*default*". To index files with no extensions, you
must use the name "*noextension*".
- content-types (only for the Content Type Indexer)
- In some cases the file extension is not the only criteria,
for example when a PUT request occurs the indexer should use
the Content-Type header coming with the request (if there is
a content-type header). This is the job of the Content Type
Indexer. The Content Type Indexer
(org.w3c.jigsaw.indexer.ContentTypeIndexer), has one more
child, the content-types node. The associations between mime
types and resources are stored in this new child.
Since 2.0.2 the ContentTypeIndexer accept generic mime
types like text:*, *:xml or even
*:*. For example, if you define text:* as a
FileResource using a HTTPFrame (with a content-type set to
*none*) all content types like text/html, text/plain,
text/xml will be accepted.
Note: The mime types stored in the indexer are not
"real" mime types, the '/' has been replaced by a ':'. We
decided that because the '/' can create some conflicts with
the URLs in Jigsaw.
You can find a sample indexer configuration in this page.
Indexers in JigAdmin
The Indexers Space is exactly the same thing than the Documents Space except that
indexers classes are available in the "Available Resources"
window. You are still able to add, delete, configure resources
and frames but only in the indexers nodes (directories,
extensions and sometimes content-types). Of
course, you can also create new indexers (under the


text:
The holiday season is about family picnics with children running barefoot.
However, some parents insist on their children wearing shoes due to safety concerns.
Prof Ranel Venter from the Department of Sport Science in the Faculty of Education at Stellenbosch University and her colleague Dr Elbé de Villiers collaborated with researchers from the University of Jena and the University of Hamburg looking at children who grew up walking barefoot.
The study was conducted in South Africa and Germany between March 2015 and June 2016 and published recently in the journal Frontiers in Pediatrics.
The study found that young children, who grow up walking barefoot, have better balance and can also jump further than children who wear shoes.
Prof Venter said, "Our research has shown that regular physical activities without shoes may be beneficial for the development of jumping and balance skills, especially in the age of 6–10 years."
Venter said the aim of the research was to evaluate, for the first time, the link between growing up barefoot or wearing shoes and the development of motor performance during childhood and adolescence.
"To our knowledge, no study has examined the potential relationship between regular barefoot activities and motor skill," she said.
Three hundred and eighty-five habitual barefoot and 425 shoe-wearing children between 6 and 18 years were recruited in schools across rural and urban areas in the Western Cape and Northern Germany.
Prof Venter says the two populations were chosen due to their different footwear habits.
"Whereas South African children are generally used to walk barefoot during the day, almost all German children wear shoes during school time and for most of recreational activities."
For the children to be considered habitually barefoot, they had to be barefoot at school and in and around the house or during sports/recreational activities.
Both groups had to participate in physical activity for at least 120 accumulative minutes per week and they had to be free of any orthopaedic, neurological or neuromuscular conditions that may influence motor performance.
Venter says all the children completed balance (walking backwards in a self-selected, comfortable speed over three balance beams of 6, 4.5, and 3cm width), standing long jump and 20m sprint tests.
"Results of these tests show that barefoot children in South Africa's primary schools performed better in balance tests than their German counterparts who never walks barefoot. This may be related to the fact that the feet of South Africa's children is wider and more deformable. Barefoot children were also able to jump further from a standing position that German children. This may be related to the fact that the foot arches of South African children are well developed. Children who are regularly barefoot have higher foot arches than children who never walk barefoot. Their feet are also more flexible and less flat," said Prof Venter.
Venter says that as far as jumping results are concerned, significant effects were found for the age groups 6–10 and 15–18 years.
She also pointed out that fewer differences were observed during adolescence although there are greater jump distances and slower sprint times in barefoot individuals.
Venter said the overall results of their study emphasize the influence on and importance of footwear habits for the development of feet and motor skills during childhood and adolescence.


Chevy Equinox: SVC Tire Monitor
Your Chevy Equinox is equipped with a tire pressure monitor system. This system notifies you if the tire pressure is too low. When you get the Service Tire Monitor warning, it indicates that there is a problem with the tire monitoring system itself. Id does not mean that the tire pressure is (necessarily) too low.
If you do get this warning message, the first thing you should do is check the actual tire pressure. This message can occur when the tire pressure is extremely low, or extremely high
Once you confirm that the tire pressure is normal (you can look on the inside of the driver's door jam to see what the tire pressure should be), it is safe to drive the vehicle as though you don't have a tire pressure monitoring system. But, you will need to check the tire pressure regularly until the system has been repaired.
SVC Tire Monitor Chevy Equinox
Equinox SVC Tire Monitor Warning: Causes
Here are the most common reasons that the SVC Tire Monitor warning illuminates in the Equinox:
1. Tire Pressure Too High/Low
If the tire pressure is way outside of factory specs the SVC Tire Monitor warning can come on. This is know to happen when the weather is extremely hot or cold. Check the actual tire pressure and start from there. The system will report if a tire is OVER INFLATED so don't just eyeball it.
Chevy Equinox SVC Tire Monitor Causes
2. Wrong Wheel
If you put a new wheel on your Equinox, you'll need to have the tire pressure sensor migrated over to it or synced. Otherwise, there's nothing for the system to communicate with and the SVC Tire Monitor warning will populate in the message center.
3. Bad Tire Pressure Sensor
Your Equinox's tire pressure sensor sits inside the wheel and is constantly checking the tire pressure. The life of a tire pressure sensor is a tough one, and they do have batteries that can fail. If you are driving a vehicle that is ten years old or older, the battery very well could be the cause of the sensor failure. Unfortunately, replacing the sensor is usually the only way to fix it.
Conclusion: SVC Tire Monitor Chevy Equinox
Most tire shops will be able to handle replacing the TPMS sensor for you. If you'd like to take a stab at it yourself, this article goes over how to identify which sensor is at fault, and how to go about resetting the TPMS system. Just remember, as long as you are aware of the actual tire pressure in your Equinox, there is no immediate danger that comes from driving with the SVC tire monitor warning active.
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text:
Objective: To determine reaction time and to access the accuracy of the measured time.
Equipment: Timer, pencil or pen, meter stick, coffee filter, and metal ball
Discussion: The significance of this experiment is to help us measure and understand our reaction time. Reaction time is the amount of time between something happening and you responding to it. We also did some free fall experiments with a ruler, a coffee filter, and a steel ball. This means that we dropped objects from a resting position that has nothing attached to it is only under the influence of gravity. Since we have a few seconds delay starting and stopping a timer after the object has begun to drop and after it hits the floor we used the measurements
…show more content…
There is no real solution for this except that we could practice trying to improve our reaction time. Another error could be if we drop it from different heights each time. The higher we drop the ball from causes it to take longer to hit the floor and vice versa if we drop it from a lower height it would take a shorter time to hit the floor. We could try to make sure that we do our best to drop the ball from the same location each time. Then you have air friction which does not allow the objects to fall in a straight line causing them to bump into the people standing in the area and causing it to take a longer time to come to a rest. You can't get rid of air friction, but you can try to minimize it. The ball's rotational inertia could play a small role on error percentage. Also you have air The time accuracy of the coffee filter and metal ball was good because the average deviation was fairly low. The coffee filter had an average deviation of +/-.463 which is ok because about 60% of the drops fell between the 1st deviation. The metal ball had an average deviation of +/-.076 and about 70% of the numbers fell between the 1st deviation. So I would take the times to be in the ball park they should be in for the objects falling. There was a 3 % error due to all that factors that might have played apart on the falling speed


text:
We're talking about the principles of scientific writing introduced by Gopen and Swan (1990). In contrast to rules of grammar, these principles are meant to be guidelines that the author uses in accordance with the writing situation and goals. As we will see later, a choice sometimes must be made between two principles.
The previous post introduced the idea of subject-verb separation and gave an example (an abstract) that contained sentences in which the subject and verb were separated by a long string of words. Here is the original example:
The discrete-dipole approximation (DDA) for scattering calculations, including the relationship between the DDA and other methods, is reviewed. Computational considerations, i.e., the use of complex-conjugate gradient algorithms and fast-Fourier-transform methods, are discussed. We test the accuracy of the DDA by using the DDA to compute scattering and absorption by isolated, homogeneous spheres as well as by targets consisting of two contiguous spheres. It is shown that, for dielectric materials (¦m¦ ≲ 2), the DDA permits calculations of scattering and absorption that are accurate to within a few percent.
I asked readers to think about how they would revise the writing to improve comprehension based on this first writing principle: minimize the distance between subject and verb. I was hoping someone would take a stab at rewriting this abstract using the first principle. So far, only Comrade PhysioProf has submitted a revision, which I reproduce here:
We review several aspects of the discrete-dipole approximation (DDA) for scattering calculations, including the relationship between the DDA and other methods. We discuss the computational considerations relating to DDA of complex-conjugate gradient algorithms and fast-Fourier-transform methods. We test the accuracy of the DDA by using the DDA to compute scattering and absorption by isolated, homogeneous spheres as well as by targets consisting of two contiguous spheres. Using these approaches, we demonstrate that for dielectric materials (¦m¦ ≲ 2), the DDA permits calculations of scattering and absorption that are accurate to within a few percent.
For comparison, here is my revision:
We review the discrete-dipole approximation (DDA) used in scattering calculations and its relationship to other methods. Other computational considerations include the complex-conjugate gradient algorithms and fast-Fourier-transform methods. The accuracy of the DDA is tested in computations of scattering and absorption by different targets: isolated, homogeneous spheres and two contiguous spheres. For dielectric materials ((¦m¦ ≲ 2), the DDA permits calculations that are accurate to within a few percent.
Both CPP and I changed the first two sentences to place subject and verb closer together. We also maintained the present tense throughout (which seems to be the style of this particular journal). So now the reader knows by the second word in the first sentence that this paper is (in part) a review. So even if we don't know anything about light-scattering calculations, we understand that the authors reviewed and compared several methods, the primary focus being DDA. Also, by putting "we review" at the beginning of the sentence we've changed the voice from passive to active, a move that makes writing come alive (more about this later).
CPP maintained the same sentence style throughout ("We review...we discuss...we test....we demonstrate"), which makes for a consistent, balanced description of what was done in the study. I chose to take a different approach and reduced the use of first person while still keeping active voice (considerations include.... DDA permits). Either way works and is an improvement over the original. My version is shorter (68 words) than CPP's (94 words); if there is a word limit, then the shorter version might be preferable. In addition, there are several other principles to consider that will be covered in the coming posts, some of which may lead us to further revisions.
So to summarize, we can state the first principle of scientific writing thus:
Follow a grammatical subject as soon as possible with its verb.
The next expectation is that the point being made is expected to appear in what is known as the "stress position", i.e., the place of emphasis in the sentence. The next post takes a closer look at this concept.


text:
The Virtual Mask's components detect and respond to increased indoor air pollutants and automatically adjust the amount of fresh air that replaces the low-quality recirculated indoor air, thus creating a safer indoor environment.
The latest CDC guidelines state that adding more fresh air to a building's ventilation system reduces the spread of disease.
Working with Thermostats that can sense Co2, this controls all the parts of the VIRTUAL MASK™ system.
This equipment allows fresh outside filtered air into the building when it's needed.
A VFD greatly increases the HVAC fan motor's efficiency.
Ventilation means providing fresh outdoor air into classrooms. Ventilation removes indoor air pollutants from buildings by bringing in outside air and exhausting room air, which dilutes the concentration of indoor pollutants.
Research has found that increased ventilation rates are associated with increased student performance, improved respiratory health, increased student attendance, and lower risk of transmission of airborne infectious diseases. We recommend that school districts take specific actions to improve classroom ventilation and indoor air quality.
Produced by: UC Davis Western Cooling Efficiency Center
Sponsored by: National Energy Management Institute
CDC recommends a layered approach to reduce exposures to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. This approach includes using multiple mitigation strategies, including improvements to building ventilation, to reduce the spread of disease and lower the risk of exposure.
FAQ: What does the Virtual Mask™ cost?
"In most circumstances, the energy savings more than offset the cost of the Virtual Mask™. Let us explain how."
FAQ: Are rebates available?"
In certain areas, local power companies offer incentives which can greatly reduce the installation cost. "
FAQ: How is the Virtual Mask™ different?"
Unlike other HVAC technologies, the Virtual Mask™ actively, continuously monitors and reduces indoor Co2 levels and by doing so, lowers the concurrent viral load that accompanies them."
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text:
Amatoya Moytoy of Chota (pronounced mah-tie) was a Cherokee town chief of the early eighteenth century in the area of present-day Tennessee. He held a prominent position among the Cherokee, and held the hereditary title Ama Matai (From the French matai and Cherokee ama--water), which meant "Water Conjurer."
His father was a European, Thomas Pasmere Carpenter, who was descended from the noble Anglo-Norman family of Vicomte Guillaume de Melun le Carpentier. Thus, Moytoy's European lineage can be traced to the Frankish Duke Ansegisel of Metz Meroving, Peppin II, and Charles Martel. This ancestry also makes the Cherokee Moytoys cousins to the Carpenter Earl of Tyrconnell, and thus related to the current British royal family.
The Carpenter family of Devonshire & Plymouth England were small sailing ship owners, many of which were leased out to the East India Trading Company, an affiliation dating to the formation of that company December 31, 1600. Documented ownership of fifteen different ships owned by the Carpenter family, those of which were involved with moving furs between the Gulf Ports & Glasgow, or Dublin, and trade goods for North America. These ships usually made stops both directions at Barbados where the family had banking connections set up. These ships were small and fast, often able to make the crossing from Scotland and Ireland in less than thirty days. They were shallow draft ships, capable of handling shallow water ports with ease. The first documented trip made by Thomas Pasmere Carpenter occurred April 1640, sailing from Maryland to Barbados aboard the Hopewell, and returning on the Crispian in September 1640. He made another trip in March 1659 departing Charleston South Carolina aboard the Barbados Merchant, returning on the Concord in August 1659.
Twenty year old Thomas Pasmere Carpenter came to Jamestown, Virginia from England in 1627, living in a cave near the Shawnee. Thomas was called "Cornplanter" by the Shawnee, derived from their sign language that matched as near as possible to the work of a carpenter. He married a Shawnee woman named "Pride" and bore a son around 1635 named Trader Carpenter.
Amatoya was taught by his father to "witch" for water with a willow stick. He had become so adept at water witching that the Cherokee called him "water conjurer" or Ama Matai (Ama is Cherokee for water). Ama Matai eventually became pronounced as Amatoya. It was later shortened to "Moytoy", so he is known as Moytoy I. He ruled the town of Chota sometime between the beginning of the eighteenth century and 1730.
In 1680, Amatoya married Quatsie of Tellico. Many of their descendants went on to become prominent leaders, founding a family that effectively ruled the Cherokee for a century.
Notable members include:
Moytoy I, Chief of Chota; born around 1640 and probably died in 1730; was leading chief at the time of his death
Moytoy II, Emperor of the Cherokees and Chief of Great Tellico; son of Moytoy I; born around 1687; leading chief from 1730 to 1760
Moytoy IV, Raven of Chota
Kanagatucko, Old Hop; leading chief from _PHONE_.
Attacullaculla, Prince of Chota-Tanasi; born around 1708, died around 1777; leading chief from 1761 to around 1775
Oconostota, Warrior of Chota and Beloved Man of the Cherokee; born ca. 1710 and died in 1783; was war chief of the Cherokee Nation from 1775 to 1780
Nancy Ward, Beloved Woman of the Cherokee and granddaughter of Moytoy I
Major Ridge, grandson of Oconostota and of Attacullaculla
General Stand Watie, great-grandson of Oconostota and of Attacullaculla


text:
We seek a highly motivated individual who can help with all aspects of fabrication. We are a fast-paced company with high-expectations, we seek someone who is as passionate about the work as we are. This position will ensure the precise fabrication processing of all of our fabrication related projects.
- The ability to follow blueprints and building plans.
- Sound knowledge of woodworking tools and methods of all aspects of carpentry, from building of large structures to cabinetry.
- Measure, cut, or shape wood, plastic, metals and other materials, using hand and power tools.
- Install interior and exterior structures and fixtures
- Help erect, level, and install building frameworks
- Construct building frameworks, including walls, floors, and doorframes
- Follow established safety rules and regulations and maintain a safe and clean environment.
- Able to provide knowledge to junior carpenters.
- Able to provide customer service.
- Experience in installation of elements for the trade show industry and larger interior and exterior projects.
- Mechanical knowledge an asset.
- A desire to work in a fast-paced, challenging environment
- Detail oriented
- Proficient problem-solving skills
- Dedicated team-player
ASTOUND is committed to providing barrier-free and accessible employment practices in compliance with the Accessibility for Ontarian's with Disabilities Act (AODA). Please let us know if you require accommodation at any stage of the recruitment process.


Question: What Companies Use LIFO?
Does Apple use FIFO or LIFO?
FIFO The first in first out FIFO method is used in Apples inventory management | Course Hero..
Does Starbucks use LIFO or FIFO?
Starbucks uses LIFO or FIFO inventory methods. Starbucks does use inventory reserve accounts for obsolete and slow-moving inventory. They also use it for estimated shrinkage between physical inventory counts.
Is LIFO allowed in India?
The cost of other inventory items used is assigned by using either the first-in, first-out (FIFO) or weighted average cost formula. Last-in, first-out (LIFO) is not permitted. … Indian companies have generally adopted the weighted average or FIFO method.
Does Walmart use LIFO?
The Company values inventories at the lower of cost or market as determined primarily by the retail inventory method of accounting, using the last-in, first-out ("LIFO") method for substantially all of the Walmart U.S. segment's inventories.
Do companies use LIFO or FIFO?
Since prices usually increase, most businesses prefer to use LIFO costing. If you want a more accurate cost, FIFO is better, because it assumes that older less-costly items are most usually sold first.
Why LIFO is banned?
Why do companies use FIFO?
Do restaurants use FIFO or LIFO?
The majority of restaurants operate according to the first-in, first-out (FIFO) principle of inventory valuation. This technique assumes that the goods you purchase first are the goods you use (and sell) first.
What is the benefit of LIFO?
The biggest benefit of LIFO is a tax advantage. During times of inflation, LIFO results in a higher cost of goods sold and a lower balance of remaining inventory. A higher cost of goods sold means lower net income, which results in a smaller tax liability.
Does Amazon use LIFO or FIFO?
Amazon Uses the FIFO Method to Determine Storage Fees It uses the First In, First Out (FIFO) method. In other words: your first batch of products that arrived at the warehouse will also be the first to go out the door when customers order them.
Does Costco use LIFO or FIFO?
Merchandise inventories for all foreign operations are primarily valued by the retail method of accounting and are stated using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method. The Company's management makes an assessment each quarter of the estimated annual impact of inflation and adjusts the LIFO provision accordingly.
Why do oil companies use LIFO?
Companies that use LIFO record the cost of inventory at the latest price paid for those materials in the open market, even though they are selling goods often bought at a lower value. This increases a company's cost of goods sold, which in turn reduces profit. The upside: higher cash flow because of reduced taxes.
Is LIFO still allowed?
Therefore, LIFO is prohibited under IFRS because the focus of IFRS shifted away from the income statement to the balance sheet and, therefore, away from LIFO.
Why do companies choose LIFO over FIFO?
LIFO Reduces Taxes and Helps Match Revenue With Cost During times of rising prices, companies may find it beneficial to use LIFO cost accounting over FIFO. Under LIFO, firms can save on taxes as well as better match their revenue to their latest costs when prices are rising.
What is LIFO Last In First Out?
How many companies use LIFO?
Of 600 companies surveyed by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, the leading trade association for the accounting profession in the United States, more than 400 use LIFO for both tax and financial reporting.
Where is LIFO used?
The LIFO method is used in the COGS (Cost of Goods Sold) calculation when the costs of producing a product or acquiring inventory has been increasing. This may be due to inflation.
One of the greatest differences between GAAP and IFRS is that IFRS forces companies to use the first in first out (FIFO) form of accounting for their inventory. On the other hand, GAAP will allow a company to choose whether or not they want to use FIFO or the last in first out (LIFO) method.


Morphological dictionary
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In the field of computational linguistics, a morphological dictionary is a linguistic resource that contains correspondences between surface form and lexical forms of words. Surface forms of words are those found in any text. The corresponding lexical form of a surface form is the lemma followed by grammatical information (for example the part of speech, gender and number). In English give, gives, giving, gave and given are surface forms of the verb give. The lexical form would be "give", verb. There are two kinds of morphological dictionaries: aligned and non-aligned.
Aligned morphological dictionaries[edit]
In an aligned morphological dictionary, the correspondence between the surface form and the lexical form of a word is aligned at the character level, for example:
(h,h) (o,o) (u,u) (s,s) (e,e) (s,), (θ,)
Where θ is the empty symbol and signifies "noun", and signifies "plural".
In the example the left hand side is the surface form (input), and the right hand side is the lexical form (output). This order is used in morphological analysis where a lexical form is generated from a surface form. In morphological generation this order would be reversed.
Formally, if Σ is the alphabet of the input symbols, and \Gamma is the alphabet of the output symbols, an aligned morphological dictionary is a subset A \subset 2^{(L^*)}, where:
 L = (( \Sigma \cup { \theta } ) \times \Gamma) \cup (\Sigma \times ( \Gamma \cup { \theta } ))
is the alphabet of all the possible alignments including the empty symbol. That is, an aligned morphological dictionary is a set of string in L^*.
Non-aligned morphological dictionary[edit]
A non-aligned morphological dictionary is simply a set U \subset 2^{(\Gamma^* \times \Sigma^*)} of pairs of input and output strings. A non-aligned morphological dictionary would represent the previous example as:
(houses, house)
It is possible to convert a non-aligned dictionary into an aligned dictionary. Besides trivial alignments to the left or to the right, linguistically motivated alignments which align characters to their corresponding morphemes are possible.
Lexical ambiguities[edit]
Frequently there exists more than one lexical form associated with a surface form of a word. For example "house" may be a noun in the singular, /haʊs/, or may be a verb in the present tense, /haʊz/. As a result of this it is necessary to have a function which relates input strings with their corresponding output strings.
If we define the set E \subset \Sigma^* of input words such that E = { w: (w,w') \in U }, the correspondence function would be \tau : E \rightarrow 2^{\Gamma^{*}} defined as \tau(w) = w' : (w,w') \in U.
List of online morphological dictionaries[edit]


text:
Planning and assessing risk
Assessing risk in order to reduce or remove it is at the heart of safe Scouting and is present in everything we do. Remember risk assessment is something we all do every day in deciding to cross a road or get out of the car, so no one should be scared of doing a risk assessment within Scouting. Resources are provided to help provide simple and practical guidance on this issue.
This guidance is to help you minimise risk both before and during an activity or event.
Read the guidance on risk assessments
The Safety checklists are aimed to help all adults working with young people to fulfil their role and responsibilities in managing and supporting safety in Scouting.Read the checklists
Managing free time activities safely
Some tips on how to reduce the risk of incidents during free time activities.Discover the tips on safely planning activities
Guidance for supervision of activities


us to fill in later. Hopefully, you can take what's used here and run away with it, not necessarily saying you have to use it in this way but this is a way of thinking about green screen but maybe you hadn't considered before. 3. Coming Up With Your Concept: So, before you just jump into production and start shooting, you're going to need to do some sort of prep work, some sort of preproduction to help get your idea across. I do a lot of storyboards not just for myself and for my own benefit but also to help communicate my idea to the other people I'm working with. Film making is a collaborative effort, so it helps to have a clear storyboard or way of presenting your idea before you go into your shoot. Also when you are in the storyboarding phase it can help generate new ideas. So, when you're drying out your shot you might consider something that you wouldn't have considered had you just shown up with your camera. Whether it's a storyboard or a mock-up image. It doesn't necessarily need to be a hyper refined document. Sometimes it's as simple as cutting an object out in Photoshop and paste on another background. Whatever you have to do to help communicate your idea, but use this process as an exploration period where you can help yourself generate new ideas. If you are doing a more setup green screen shoot, I encourage you also to create a floor plan so that you know exactly where your subject is going to be, where you want to place the green screen and where you can place the lights. This helps your DP and all your crew know exactly what the plan is when you go into the shoot. Before you just go off and use some sort of random green screen effect, I would take a step back and think about why are you using this effect?. How does green screen specifically relate to your story, enhance your story, or what kind of poetic concept can you pull out of the green screen technique?. So for example, in the short film I did a truncated story of infinity. I found a couple different ways to use green screen. The short film is about the multiverse and so there's a lot of different versions of the same shot being used in a lot of repetition and so green screen help me remove the subject, isolate the subject, duplicate the subject, replace the subject, and it was sort of intrinsic to the story. So again, I encourage you to think about why you're using the effect and how it will benefit your story. Great. So, now take the time to figure out what your concept is, how does it relate to your story. Create a quick mock-up and then we can go and execute it. 4. Green Screen Materials: Let's start with the basic stuff you'll need to do this lesson. So, obviously we're going to need a camera, lens, tripod, batteries, you don't necessarily need a specific camera to shoot green screen, but there are certain things to consider when choosing your camera. The benefit of using higher end cameras is they give you more color range in the chip, so that there is literally more green information being recorded and a more refined key that can be extracted out of your image, so that the green can be isolated a lot cleaner. So, I'm using the Sony A7S2, which is a 4K camera. It will give you a nice result when doing green screen because it'll pick up a great amount of edge detail, even if you're shrinking it down to 1080 later, the 4K comes in handy when shooting the green screen. I also encourage you if you do have this camera or a similar camera to shoot log, log, slog or log c as a way of capturing the most amount of color information, and not baking your image with a camera profile that will destroy some of your green information. It's important to make sure that the tripod and the camera do not move that the head of the camera does not move and that the lens and focus does not move, that will be critical in being able to line up two different shots. This lesson will partly focus on using a piece of green board that you can find at your art supply store, but I encourage you to find other objects that are green to experiment with. So, green face paint, green tape, a green body suit, or even a collapsible green screen if you would like to do a full body green screen shoot. You want to make sure you avoid as many creases and shadows in this as possible, so pulling it nice and tight will give you a flatter surface and you can even steam it ahead of time to create a nice flush Green. If you want to jump into using green screen quickly, the fastest way is to pick up a piece of green card stock from the art supply store. There's anything from this sort of forest green to a neon green and both will give you the green screen effect, both will allow you to remove the background. However, there are certain greens that are better than others. You'll basically want a green that is in the mid range, so a green that's not too dark, and not too bright. If the green is too dark, there'll be a lot of noise information and you won't get a clean key of the green and it starts to blend in with the shadows. If the green is too bright, it'll also start to blend in with things and it also reflects more. So, if I hold my arm here, you might be able to see that the green is reflecting onto my skin a lot more because it's a bright object. If you have a more medium range green, it's less likely to bounce screen back out, when light hits it. Also a couple of things to consider when you're shooting green screen is how much variation of green is in your shot. So that means when you're shooting not to have too much shadow on one end and too bright of a part on the other end to make sure that it's as soft and flush as possible, you want to give your post-production tool a very specific hue to remove and post. So, as many ways that you can eliminate that in the production phase will help you in the post-production phase. Avoid green when possible in the wardrobe, make sure that what the subject is wearing is not too reflective and which it would absorb some of the green color and you would get what's known as green spill, green spill is when the green from the green screen spills literally, spills onto the subject's body, and then you get that really gross looking edges. Another thing to consider if you are placing an actor or a subject in front of a green screen is how far away they are from the green. If you're shooting with a green backdrop, you would want to keep the actor six to eight feet away from the green wall, so that none of the green will reflect back onto them. It also helps when lighting that you use separate light sources to light the green, and different sets of lights to light the subject, so that those two things exist in different worlds. If you are shooting in an outdoor environment or if you're using natural light from indoors, I would just make sure that that the green is not hitting the sun directly, that it's either angled in a way where it's flat or it's in shadows, so that again you're creating the most even green possible. If you are shooting a subject that requires reflective or white wardrobe, that is where lighting gets critical, where you will want to make sure as much light is pumped into the subject separately from the background and that you are using things like negative fill to help decrease some of the spill that's happening off of the background and the floor of the green screen studio. Once you're ready to move into post-production, I recommend using Adobe After Effects with the key light or color range tool. If you're not comfortable or familiar with After Effects, there are also plug-ins in Adobe Premier and Final Cut that allow you to pull green screen keys. Now that we have all our materials and we have our equipment, I think we're ready to shoot. 5. Lighting and Camera Setup: All right, so what I've done here is I took the green card stock that we got at the art store and placed it inside the frame so I cut it to fit the frame and what I have is a nice flush green surface with no wrinkles, no shadows. It's very clean and it's in a black frame which could come in handy later when we look into doing some motion tracking on this frame. It's essentially a blank canvas to be whatever we want, whether it's a piece of artwork that maybe we can't afford or a window into another world. It could even be some sort of infinite mirror into the same room that we're in right now. It's really up to you and I would use this blank canvas as a point of inspiration. This is a very basic setup for shooting a green screen, trying to get this evenly lit. So what I have here is a small diva light with a piece of diffusion over it so it creates a nice soft light, so that you'll see any shadows coming from this are relatively soft. The closer I get to this obviously, the harsher my shadows become. So again, that's a reason to have your green screen as far away as possible from your subjects. So yes, so again, lighting this with a separate light and the subject myself, is lit with a source light that is functioning just for me off to the side here. All right, so now that we have our green screen lit and in place, we're going to go through a few camera settings just to make sure that as we are recording this, we're capturing it in the most optimum way possible. So


Development of a high-resolution cavity-beam position monitor
Yoichi Inoue, Hitoshi Hayano, Yosuke Honda, Toshikazu Takatomi, Toshiaki Tauchi, Junji Urakawa, Sachio Komamiya, Tomoya Nakamura, Tomoyuki Sanuki, Eun San Kim, Seung Hwan Shin, Vladimir Vogel
研究成果: Article査読
45 被引用数 (Scopus)
We have developed a high-resolution cavity-beam position monitor (BPM) to be used at the focal point of the ATF2, which is a test beam line that is now being built to demonstrate stable orbit control at ∼nanometer resolution. The design of the cavity structure was optimized for the Accelerator Test Facility (ATF) beam in various ways. For example, the cavity has a rectangular shape in order to isolate two dipole modes in orthogonal directions, and a relatively thin gap that is less sensitive to trajectory inclination. A two stage homodyne mixer with highly sensitive electronics and phase-sensitive detection was also developed. Two BPM blocks, each containing two cavity BPMs, were installed in the existing ATF beam line using a rigid support frame. After testing the basic characteristics, we measured the resolution using three BPMs. The system demonstrated 8.7 nm position resolution over a dynamic range of 5μm.
ジャーナルPhysical Review Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams
出版ステータスPublished - 2008 6 16
ASJC Scopus subject areas
 - 表面および界面
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