)
would be better for the future--we hope that Moses will be able to experiment with navigation algorithms in the future.
This method returns a ray (not normalized) pointing from the given point to the nearest object. If there are no objects in the map, I'm not quite sure what this should do. Note that the ray that is returned does not point to the center of the closest object. It points to the closest occupied cell at the maximum tree-depth (maximum resolution).
Requirements for Predicate Mining
The main things we need here are:
 - an index listing all the cells containing EntityID E in their EntityStructure
 - an efficient method to find all entities that are within radius r of a certain point
Note that it's not important to exactly find all entities in the circle of radius r. Approximating the circle with squares fairly crudely is just fine.
Notes on opencog\spatial\
Class Entity holds a position and bounding box of an object in a virtual world.
Class SuperEntity holds a list of overlapping Entity 's. The edges of the resulting SuperEntity object consist only of the outside perimeter of the overlapped Entity 's. Methods rebuild() and splitEdges() are used to re-compute the outside edges of the combined Entity's outside edges. An exception will be thrown if attempting to create a SuperEntity with Entity's that don't overlap.
The outside perimeter of combined objects may be used for 2D navigation in a virtual world. See image of overlapping Entity's forming the SuperEntity (SuperEntity.png).
API for 3D Maps
Requirements for TangentBug
Dan will fill this in... later...
Requirements for Predicate Mining
As for 2D, the main things we need here are:
 - an index listing all the cells containing EntityID E in their EntityStructure (this should be organized by node depth, so that queries can be constrained to a given "resolution"/granularity).


text:
Cato Perkins was a Huntingdonian Methodist preacher. The Huntingdonian church he founded in Sierra Leone is one of the only remaining churches of that faith remaining in the world today. He was ordained in 1786 by John Marrant as a traveling preacher of the faith. Marrant chose Perkins to lead the Nova Scotia Huntingdonians in Marrant's absence.
In 1790 Perkins took on the duty of chief pastor to black Huntingdonians in Nova Scotia. He was appointed by Marrant as he left for England, and carried it out after his death.
At the time of the Sierra Leone exodus almost Cato Perkins' entire congregation went to Sierra Leone. His congregation was perhaps one quarter of the Christian population of Nova Scotia who left for Sierra Leone. Perkins continued to preach while in Sierra Leone and also was involved in organizing missions to the native African populations.
During the rebellion of the Nova Scotians against the white English leaders at Sierra Leone almost all of the Huntingdonian population supported the rebels. Perkins was nominated by the blacks to travel to England with their petition of grievances. To avoid being suspected by the Colony's administration, it seems that Perkins probably had to risk passage on a slave ship. Unfortunately for him, his petition was rejected.
Perkins died in Sierra Leone in 1805. However, even to this day a Huntingdonian society exists in Sierra Leone, evidence of the success of Perkins' missionary efforts.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
DTSX, which enabled temperature measurement for lines and surfaces by sensing technology making full use of the characteristics of optical fiber cables, can continuously measure the temperature distribution by laying along the shape of the measurement object. It is useful for liquid / gas leakage detection in tank and pipeline, power cable temperature monitoring, abnormal heat detection and also for production equipment and social infrastructure maintenance. In addition, it is excellent in explosion-proof and inductive resistance, so it can be used with confidence.
The DTSX3000 is a distributed temperature sensor developed in response to the demand that "one unit be used to monitor temperature distribution a longer distance and a wider area". A flagship model that meets the expectations for long-distance temperature measurement and high temperature resolution.
The DTSX200 is a standard version that is ideal for temperature measurement, for medium-sized areas, and for areas where the distance of fiber optic sensor cables is short. It has excellent environmental resistance because it consumes less power and is less dependent on the temperature measurement environment.
With industrial and economic development comes increasingly large and advanced power plants and factories. Nevertheless, we find many cases where the original cables, cable tunnels, and other components of the power infrastructure have languished under continuous operation.
Reactor/Furnace Wall Healthiness Monitoring with a Fiber Optical Temperature Sensor
Temperature Monitoring Solution for
Quick Detection of Fires in Fume Ducts
Temperature Monitoring Solution forMaximum VSD Operating Efficiency
- Industry-leading measurement distance and temperature resolution for maintenance of plants and other infrastructure -
Looking for more information on our people, technology and solutions?

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Browse Dictionary by Letter
Dictionary Suite
hulking awkwardly large; bulky; unwieldy.
hull1 the outer shell or covering of various fruits, nuts, and seeds. [3 definitions]
hull2 the rigid frame and outer shell of a ship. [2 definitions]
hullabaloo the loud sounds of excited voices; uproarious din; clamor. [2 definitions]
hullo variant of hello.
hum to vibrate with a continuous low sound; drone. [7 definitions]
human of, relating to, or characteristic of mankind. [5 definitions]
human being a person; human.
humane showing compassion in treating one's fellow creatures; kind; merciful. [2 definitions]
human immunodeficiency virus see HIV.
humanism a doctrine or mode of thought that gives highest importance to human dignity, values, potentials, and achievements. [2 definitions]
humanist one who studies human nature and human affairs. [3 definitions]
humanitarian characterized by concern for improving the welfare of humanity. [3 definitions]
humanity the race of human beings; mankind. [4 definitions]
humanize to endow with human values and qualities. [2 definitions]
humankind humans collectively; the human race or species.
humanly within human abilities and capacities. [2 definitions]
human nature mental and emotional characteristics shared generally by all members of humankind. [2 definitions]
humanoid having humanlike qualities of structure and appearance. [2 definitions]
human resources having to do with the people who work for a business. [2 definitions]
human rights rights regarded as inherently belonging to all human beings, such as the rights to life, freedom, and dignity, and that supersede the rights of nations and governments.


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Marie J. Bouchard, Canada Research Chair in Social Economy
Université du Québec à Montréal
The social economy refers to the economic activities carried out by cooperatives, associations (or non-profit organizations), mutuals and, more recently, foundations.
Often called the "third sector," the social economy differs from the capitalist economy and public economy in that it combines private (autonomous and economic risk taking) yet collective (associative) entrepreneurship and management with goals that are not focused on profit (mutual or public interest). Social economy organizations and enterprises operate according to a common set of principles: the finality of providing services to members or the community, the democratic governance by members, and the primacy of individuals and the social objective over capital in the allocation of revenues.
The social economy also refers to activities aimed at experimenting with new operating models for the economy, such as local trade systems and community currencies, fair trade, community economic development, social integration through economic activity, microfinance and solidarity finance.
Older forms of associations have existed through the ages. But the modern social economy was born in the last third of the 18th century in Europe and during the 19th century in America in reaction to the expansion of the market economy and as a result of the recognition of freedom of association (Vienney, 1980; Desroche, 1983; Gueslin, 1987; Chanial, 2009). It emerged in the wake of rural and labour movements that mixed mutual aid with production in common and called for political regulation of the economy (Petitclerc, 2007). The institution of social rights and the success of the market economy were the main reasons the social economy primarily played the role of a «sector» from the second half of the 19th century to the middle of the 20th century (Fauquet, 1965). With the crisis of Fordism and of the welfare State, new social economy organizations emerged in the 1970s and 1980s in the wake of civil society and new social movements that challenged exclusion in the spheres of work and collective services (Bélanger and Lévesque, 1992) and called for new forms of engagement in the public sphere (Eme and Laville, 1994; Laville, 1994). These organizations emerged not only to respond to social aspirations, but also to meet new needs brought on by the employment and labour crisis, the reorganization of social services, and new forms of territorial regulation (Favreau and Lévesque, 1996; Klein, 1989).
Although social economy enterprises and organizations share a historical basis and common principles, they are also a heterogeneous group in a number of ways. First of all, they differ in their institutional forms, which often translate into different legal statuses. A cooperative is a group of persons that has freely gathered to meet common social, economic and cultural needs and aspirations through jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprises that they use as consumers, workers or producers. An association (known in Quebec as a non-profit organization) is formed by at least three persons united voluntarily to carry out joint activities. Associations are subject to the constraint that they may not distribute their benefits, which may only be used to develop their activities. «Social economy» associations are those that undertake economic activities that generate goods and services used by their members or third parties. A mutual is a group of persons pursuing a social, non-profit goal that consists in offering protection to members and their families from the impacts of various social risks (illness, fire, etc.). A foundation is a non-profit legal entity created by one or more donors, which may be natural persons or legal entities, to perform charity or public interest work. Public foundations that generate goods or services and adopt a democratic decision-making process are more and more often referred to as being part of the social economy.
Different societal models exist in which the social economy assumes contrasting roles (Lévesque and Vaillancourt, 1998; Demoustier, 2001). In a welfare-State model, the social economy subsists only residually, been conceived of as strictly complementing the public network and nothing more. In a liberal or neoliberal model, where State intervention is meant to remain minimal, the social economy is in charge of non-market and redistributive activities, supported by philanthropy, volunteer work and the informal economy instead of public funding (Chaves and Monzón Campos, 2005). In an enabling-State model, a plurality of social actors share responsibilities with the State, namely the social economy, which is engaged in both market and non-market activities, with the objective of democratizing work and services, and even co-driving development through its participation in building public policies (Vaillancourt and Leclerc, 2011). These contrasted visions influence what is expected from the social economy, and orient the measures that are applied to evaluate its contribution (see Bouchard, 2009).
The social economy is described according to three main theoretical approaches. In French-speaking and Latin Europe, the school of social economy combines an institutional with a normative approach that identifies legal statuses, operating rules (Vienney, 1980), values shared by organizations, democratic participation in particular, and enterprises that make up the sector (Draperi, 2007). The solidarity economy approach (Eme and Laville, 1994; Laville, 1994; Singer, 2005), which was created in France but also exists in Latin America, promotes the ties of reciprocity that characterize economic exchanges and the public space of political debates figuring in new social economy initiatives, such as local community-based service associations. Especially present in Anglo-Saxon countries, the non-profit organization (NPO) approach essentially involves associative, non-profit organizations and emphasizes the non-distribution constraint. The first major difference between these theories is that the social economy and solidarity economy approaches, with which the European social enterprise current can be associated (Borzaga and Defourny, 2001), emphasize democratic participation, an aspect ignored by the NPO approach. The other difference is that the NPO approach emphasizes the non-distribution constraint, which practically excludes most cooperatives and a large number of mutuals (Evers and Laville, 2004; Defourny and Develtere, 2009).
For approximately thirty years now, the dominantly non-market components of the social economy (non-profit organizations and cooperatives that do not distribute dividends) have played a large role in generating social services in the public interest, while the dominantly market components (cooperatives and mutuals), which are essentially rooted in local economies, have adapted their activities to globalized markets. In the context of globalization, the social economy may be a counter-proposal to market liberalization. At the same time, however, it is at risk of being instrumentalized by States engaged in privatization, or being trivialized in a competitive environment that prompts it to opt for demutualization. Social and public recognition of the social economy can counteract such obstacles. This requires that the sector be able to communicate its specific value (Bouchard, 2009), which, though different from the market economy, public economy and household economy, also complements them (Evers and Laville, 2004). This recognition also necessitates an innovative re-examination of synergetic connections between State, the market and civil society (Lévesque, Bourque and Forgues, 2001).
International Co-operative Alliance (2010). _URL_ (last retrieved on May 1, 2010).
Association internationale des sociétés d'assurance mutuelle (2010). _URL_ (last retrieved on May 1, 2010).
Bélanger, P. et B. Lévesque (1992). "La 'théorie' de la régulation, du rapport salarial au rapport de consommation. Un point de vue sociologique," Cahiers de recherche sociologique, no. 17, pp. 17-51.
Borzaga, D. and J. Defourny (eds.) (2001). The Emergence of Social Enterprise, London, Routledge.
Bouchard, M. (ed.) (2009). The Worth of the Social Economy: An International Perspective, Brussels, PIE Peter Lang.
Chanial, P. (2009). La délicate essence du socialisme: l'association, l'individu et la République, Paris, Éditions Le bord de l'eau.
Chaves, R. and J. L. Monzón Campos (2005). L'économie sociale dans l'Union européenne, Report for the European Social Committee, _URL_ (last retrieved on May 1, 2008).
Defourny, J. and P. Develtere (2009). "The Social Economy: The Worldwide Making of a Third Sector," in J. Defourny et al., The Worldwide Making of the Social Economy: Innovations and Changes, Leuven, Acco, pp. 15-40.
Demoustier, D. (2001). L'économie sociale et solidaire : s'associer pour entreprendre autrement, Paris, Syros.
Desroche, H. (1983). Pour un traité d'économie sociale, Paris, Coopérative d'information et d'édition mutualiste.
Draperi, J.-F. (2007). Comprendre l'é


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FLOW-3D's capabilities with respect to free surface hydrodynamics, wave generation, moving objects, mooring lines and welding processes make it an extremely well-suited tool to model CFD processes in the marine and maritime industry. For coastal applications, FLOW-3D accurately predicts the detail of severe storm and tsunami wave run-up on coastal structures and is used for flash flood and critical structures flood and damage analysis. Capabilities include:
- Free surfaces – wave hydrodynamics and overtopping: regular and irregular waves, as well as wave spectra (Pierson Moskowitz, JONSWAP)
- Seakeeping – slamming, planing, porpoising and displacement hulls: fully-coupled ship and underwater vehicle hydrodynamics
- Ship hulls – Resistance, stability and dynamics: surging, heaving, pitching and rolling motion (response amplitude operators or RAOs)
- Sloshing – LNG/Ballast tanks
- Offshore engineering – wave energy converter dynamics
Modeling Moving Objects
FAVORTM is a unique, cartesian fixed-mesh method for handling geometry. This method allows for moving object dynamics to be modeled without the need for a moving/deforming mesh, reducing simulation runtimes while maintaining accuracy. The moving objects model gives the user the flexibility of tracking vessel motion using either an explicit or an implicit method.
The new Immersed Boundary Method allows for highly accurate predictions of forces on fixed and moving objects.
This simulation shows the complex, fully-coupled motion of an LNG tanker moving in waves. Learn more about sloshing & slamming analysis with FLOW-3D >
Mooring Lines, Springs and Ropes
Special objects in FLOW-3D (such as mooring lines and springs) when attached to other moving objects, allow engineers to accurately capture vessel dynamics during ship launches, floating barrier dynamics, buoys, wave energy converters, etc.
In this ship launch example, a ship slides down a slipway and into the water. The motion of the ship is constrained by mooring lines, which prevents it from floating off downstream. Simulation courtesy of Eastern Shipbuilding.
With the addition of FLOW-3D's Weld module, welders in the shipbuilding industry can minimize welding defects such as porosity, significantly increasing the quality of their hulls while optimizing production times.
Coastal & Maritime Case Studies
Our customers use FLOW-3D for coastal and maritime applications, including protecting fragile coastlines, simulating wave impact on structures, optimizing hull design, and studying ventilation within a ship.
(We) were able to see how the boat was likely to perform in the different types of seas we were likely to come across on our global voyage. We were then able to modify the design to ensure that not only speed, but fuel efficiency and safety were taken into account.
– Pete Bethune, skipper of Earthrace


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Please, only british academic english.
The importance of colour. Red, blue, white, black and green - these are colours. What do they mean? Animals can differentiate only some colours. For example, dogs see the world only in two colours. Nevertheless, we can say that (I would say in such a way) teenagers see the world in two colours too. But it is enough for animals since they have more developed sense organs. Birds see what color berries are and differentiate between edible and inedible ones. All poisonous plants have bright colors. This warns animals and people that it is dangerous to eat these plants. Colour helps some animals to hide from danger. For example, chameleon change its colour so that predators can't see them.
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Purchase over $125.00 with your CREDIT CARD from our internet store and pay no shipping on orders shipped within the United States or to U.S. Territories.
Opening Doors to the Future/Grades 6-12
A 12-session support group for middleand high-school students who are at-risk due to discipline problems resulting from in-school and out-of-school suspensions and involvement with the court system.
The support group gives facilitators a step-by-step, methodical plan that is divided into three specific phases: locating each person's control, choices and consequences, and goal-setting. This program's methodical format is what makes it successful. No new concept is introduced until the former one is understood. For example, choices and consequences are not considered until the students realize who they are and that they do have control over their lives. Goal setting is not introduced until the students have a full realization of choices and consequences and what they mean to their lives. This is a proven program with a high rate of success.
TOPIC: At-risk students due to discipline problems
INCLUDES: 12 sessions, reproducible activity sheets, complete leader's guide
GRADE LEVELS: 6-12 AGES:12-18
FOR USE WITH: Small groups
AUTHOR: Anna Jean Gaissert
RECOMMENDED FOR: Middle-school counselors, high-school counselors, social workers, psychologists, at-risk counselors


1. Holly Riggs Junior Member
 English - United States
 What does "Lo estoy" mean? Like in the phrase, "Si, lo estoy."
 I can work out the meaning of estoy (I am), but lo appears ambiguous to me. I can assume it could be a direct object pronoun (it), but I absolutely don't understand the role it plays in this particular sentence. If this is an answer to a question, then what could the question be like?
 2. Wandering JJ
 Wandering JJ Senior Member
 British English
 Perhaps a statement:
 -You look tired.
 -Yes, I am.
 -Te ves cansado.
 -Lo estoy.
 3. blasita
 blasita Senior Member
 Spanish - Spain (Madrid)
 Lo, as a personal pronoun, can be masculine (when it refers to a masculine noun). And neuter, when the antecedent is a neuter pronoun (e.g. eso) or a noun group beggining with the article lo.
 The neuter pronoun lo can also replace a phrase, a sentence. Taking JJ's example:
 Parece que estás cansado, contento, agobiado, etc.
 (Sí,/No,) lo estoy.
 Also, for example:
 ¿Estás mejor?
 (Sí,/No,) lo estoy.
 And just add what María Moliner (DUE) says about this:
 4. FromPA
 FromPA Senior Member
 Philadelphia area
 USA English
 The phrase "I am" is not a complete thought ("I am what?"). English allows you to leave the thought incomplete (the rest of the phrase is understood from the context), but Spanish requires you to complete the thought -- "I am that (lo)," with "that/lo" referring to the previously stated condition.
 5. donbeto
 donbeto Senior Member
 Vancouver (Canada)
 Eng (Canada)
 Yes. Another example is "I know.". In Spanish, it's "Lo sé.".
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text: Abstract: Web scraping is a foundational task in journalism and tends to be performed using custom, one-off tools. Traditional methods involve constructing HTTP requests and extracting data using XPath. As web sites become more interactive, these methods require an increasing amount of manual effort to develop and maintain. This paper builds on previous work in text-based extraction techniques, adapts them to navigating a real browser, and proposes using Hext, a novel domain-specific language for extracting structured data from HTML. We introduce AutoScrape, an investigative-focused web scraping tool which implements this framework. AutoScrape can simplify many common journalistic data gathering tasks and reduce maintenance costs. In partnership with several non-profit media organizations, this paper will also present case studies describing common investigative tasks and illustrate the use of this framework to successfully solve each problem.


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This miner's hat is rock hard. It was found in a mine in Tasmania where it had been covered with water for more than 50 years.
Over that time the chemicals in the water precipitated within the open structure of the felt material of the soft hat, thus turning the soft hat into stone by a process called calcification, which means that solid calcium carbonate has impregnated the original felt material of the hat.
The hat is now on display in a mining museum on Tasmania's west coast.
This quick-forming'stone' hat adds weight to the claims that creation scientists are correct when they say that thousands or millions of years are not needed to form rocks and fossilize animals and plants.


Opinion Letters to the Editor
Letters to the Editor
Here are reasons why school vouchers could actually harm your child's education
We want to emphasize to our communities that vouchers will jeopardize the quality of education throughout our state.
A common misconception is that parents may use them to leave the public school system to enroll their children in a private or home school. In fact, these families would face many obstacles. Many private schools have selective enrollment, potentially leaving those with behavior problems or learning disabilities in public schools.
Under most proposed plans, school vouchers would not fund the entire cost of tuition. Therefore, only families who could afford to supplement additional tuition would be able to attend.
Most private schools do not provide free transportation, so only students whose families could transport them to school would benefit from the voucher. Many private schools are parochial, where religious orientation may not be appropriate for some families.
Texas public schools are at a major crossroads. We must work together to ensure that the almost 5 million students attending the state's 1,041 public school districts and its 200-plus charter schools are prepared for the future. This is the 21st century; it's time to provide the excellence in education, along with the equity and innovation, needed for student success.
Jamie Wilson, superintendent of schools, Denton ISD
Steven Waddell, superintendent, Lewisville ISD
Jerry R. Thomas, dean and professor, College of Education, University of North Texas
Top Picks


text:
First, install py2exe.
Let's build an executable for a sample Python project. We have an addnumbers.py:
that references another module to help add two numbers.
Let's create a Python file (based on this example) to help build the executable:
from distutils.core import setup import py2exe from calc import add setup(console=['addnumbers.py'])
Note that we needed to import the add module from our calc package.
I usually create a batch file (build_exe.bat) to run the Python script:
python build_exe.py py2exe pause
In PyCharm I now see the files:
Open the directory containing the files and run (double-click) the batch file:
There are warnings, but the warnings above can be ignored in our case.
Now you should see a dist directory:
Inside the dist directory is an executable:
Running the executable from the command prompt:
We get our result!
If you'd like, you can download the project here.
Super helpful, thank you!
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3 Ways To Improve Your IT
IT Provider Partnership
Increase Your Productivity with Multiple Monitors
Dual Monitor SetupConventional wisdom says that messy work spaces lead to a disorganised mind. Mess prevents productivity and begins to hamper your professionalism. Shouldn't that also apply to the computer desktop?
The easiest way to clean and organise your digital desktop is to add more space and the simplest way to do this is by adding another screen. This doubles the available room and makes organisation a breeze.
Getting work done with a single-monitor involves wasted time switching between windows and distracts from the work being done. Stacking windows together, side-by-side, or top and bottom on a single monitor wastes valuable screen real estate. The resulting clutter of windows also makes it hard to focus on what is important.
While tasks can be tackled feasibly with a single monitor; two or more monitors makes the same tasks faster, simpler, and much more enjoyable.
Two Monitors, Many Uses
Data entry with two monitors is far easier than data entry with one. Having source data on one screen, laid out in large type, and the destination on another makes the job a breeze. By eliminating the need to scroll tiny windows means that the same job can be done in a fraction of the time.
Graphic design, image manipulation, and picture editing are key areas that make the most of a multiple screen setup.
Beyond Just Two
You can have tasks such as those below on a second or third screen, while keeping your main monitor free to focus on your immediate work:
 - A team chat window to keep on top of collaboration
 - Status updates for business-critical services
 - Latest stock prices
 - Emails
It is not uncommon for stock traders or financial analysts to maintain 6 or more screens!
Many uses this to track various stocks or indices so they don't miss any changes.
Setup How You Like It
Multiple monitors can be arranged in many different configurations. While traditionally positioned in landscape orientation, second, third, or fourth monitors can also be rotated 90 degrees to portrait orientation.
This portrait orientation is commonly used often by software engineers, editors and other users who need to review a large amount of text. The lengthwise orientation allows multiple pages to be read from the screen at any one time.
Multi-screen setups behave the same as if all the monitors were just a single screen, no matter how they are arranged. The mouse moves seamlessly from one monitor to another as if there was no difference between them. From the user's perspective, there is no difference as to how they interact at all.
A Boost to Productivity
A survey by Jon Peddie research found that adding an extra monitor boosted a user's output by as much as 20 to 30 percent! A productivity advantage of even 10 percent is prized and very hard to come by in the business world. Receiving a productivity reward of over 20 percent for just the cost of adding a second monitor is something few firms can afford to pass up.
So if you are in Adelaide, South Australia, give us a call to add a second or third monitor to your current setup – 08 8326 4364 or _EMAIL_.


Here the electron-phonon Holstein model with Rashba spin-orbit interaction is studied for a two-dimensional square lattice in the adiabatic limit. It is demonstrated that a delocalized electron at zero spin-orbit coupling localizes into a large polaron state as soon as the Rashba term is nonzero. This spin-orbit induced polaron state has localization length inversely proportional to the Rashba coupling gamma and it dominates a wide region of the gamma-lambda phase diagram, where lambda is the electron-phonon interaction.


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How to Complete an Irrigation Audit
Irrigation audits are a deep dive into the efficacy of customers' irrigation systems. This can help you properly identify issues and recommend exact solutions.
August 3, 2022
An irrigation audit is similar to an irrigation site survey but goes more in depth and digs into inefficiencies and issues. The deeper your audit is, the better you can recommend the exact treatment and products needed. This is a great way to show customers your expertise and value.
Materials Needed for an Irrigation Audit
- Marking flags to identify sprinkler head locations
- Measuring tape to measure sprinkler head spacing
- Pressure gauge to check system pressure
- Pressure adapter to ensure regular pressure flow
- Stopwatch/timer to capture run time
- 24 (or more) catchment cans with millimeter measurement increments to capture irrigation water
- A way to track your audit, like the EPA's irrigation audit checklist
Completing an Irrigation Audit
Before running the irrigation system, check that it works properly and complies with all local codes. You'll need to correct any defects if they arise before running your audit, including any adjustments. Look for system damage and any problems in the yard, like dead spots, obvious sprinkler damage, poor drainage, or controller issues. Consider following the steps of an irrigation site survey before starting your irrigation audit.
Winds should be less than 5 mph for accurate testing. Audits should occur at the same time and for as long as the irrigation system typically runs.
Lay out catchment cans in a grid throughout your zone. There should be a minimum of 24 catchments but including more can give you a more accurate reading. They should be placed at the sprinkler heads and halfway between each head. However many catchments you have, the number should be divisible by 4. Ensure you're not blocking the spray; move or lower the catchments if blockage occurs.
Map out the zones you are testing. Ensure you measure the size and shape of the area, marking the locations of the sprinkler heads, type and model of nozzles used, spray head arc and radius, and locations of catchments. Measure and record the distance between catchments.
Attach the pressure adapter and pressure gauge to the furthest sprinkler head from the valve. Start your timer as your turn on the zone. While the zone runs, record the pressure reading from the gauge. Continue to run the zone until there is an average of 25 milliliters in each catchment (the catchments should have measurement marks), then turn off the system, stop your timer, and record the run time.
Record the amount of water in each catchment. Sprinkler efficiency is measured in DULQ, or Distribution Uniformity Low Quarter. To find this measurement, add up the total amount of water in all the catchments, then divide the result by the number of catchments you used to find the average amount of water collected. Next, identify the lowest 25% of catchments, regardless of where they were placed in the zone. For example, if you used the minimum number of 24 catchments, identify the lowest six catchments for the 25%. Add up the total amount of water in those lowest 25%, then divide by the number of catchments (in this case, six). Lastly, divide the average from the lowest 25% of catchments by the average from all the catchments to determine the DULQ of the zone.
Traditional spray heads typically have a DULQ of 40-45%, whereas high efficiency nozzles and rotors typically have DULQ's of 70%. The higher the number, the more efficient the system is. Audits may vary based on type of nozzle used, head spacing, operating pressure, and other considerations.
If the water catchment is below average, distribution is affected. Look at sprinkler location, nozzle performance, and type of sprinkler to see if the correct products are being used. In addition, you may consider increasing pressure. If the water volume is above average, this could indicate excessive pressure, which could damage the entire system. If all the zones have the same heads, spacing, and pressure, you can test half the zones to get the average.
Things to Note
If customers' have a mixture of sprinkler heads and nozzles, consider changing them to the same brand and model for uniformity and to increase efficiency or using matched precipitation rate (MPR) nozzles. Use the manufacturer data sheets to determine sprinkler and nozzle performance. This would also be an excellent time to discuss switching to a SMART irrigation system if customers run a traditional system. SMART irrigation saves customers water and money, and you can upsell.
Ensure you have all data properly recorded for your notes, as these can help you identify any problems in future jobs, as well as recommend exact solutions for any current issues the system is showing. Give a copy of your audit that includes your recommendations for improvement to your customers, so they have time to review the data. Consider suggesting a maintenance schedule as well in your notes.
Some areas also offer financial incentives to switch to SMART technology, which you can also include in your report.
SiteOne Can Help
If you have any questions on how to conduct an irrigation audit, or need supplies for the job, associates are waiting to help in your local branch. You can also order anything you may need on SiteOne.com or in the SiteOne mobile app.


Here we go round the Mulberry Bush .
A childs nursery rhyme of long ago. No it was not from an innocent source indeed a far cry from the nursery,the childs bed that we all had this sung too. Sinister in fact is its origin and somehow it entered the school yard and prep school as infectious tunes will do.
We go back in time to the first real mention of the mulberry tree. The ancient Chinese art of silk making from the tiny worm that ate white mulberry tree leaves to make cocoons that would end up as silk thread.
The latin Botanical name for the mulberry is Morus Moraceae. The red mulberry is sweeter fruit but silk worms failed to make progress on it as London found out when planting the wrong trees for King James 1st. Who himself had interest in silk making. The Silk Road trade brought tons of silk to Europe and in England cloth was made by looms designed just for silk to be made into cloth.Who has not loved a silk shirt next the skin.
A Russian black mulberry exits and is said to be really sweet for pies and pastry dishes.
In fact it will grow as a species almost anyplace in European hedgerows wild. Taken to America in 1687 it grow well there too.
Silk worms feeding on white Mulberry leaves
What brought us its fame was a simple song related to Her Majesties State Prison on Wakefield Yorkshire England. Long ago a cutting was planted in the exercise yard when women inmates were allowed to circle around it to impact the ground so the winds would not blow the seedling away in 1609. After the bush grew they did the same dance and sang here we go round the mulberry bush although we killed our husbands.
It as a song was a famous tune and soon words made by those who recorded it accepted by all in books as a chanting song.Girls skipped to it and at Christmas 1900 it was sung as carol at Westminster school.
Wakefield Prison was built as a house of correction and poor house in 1594.Today it is a male only top high security dispersal prison for those too risky to public safety. It is the largest prison of that sort in the United Kingdom.
Here we go round the mulberry bush sung by children all over Europe came from roots long ago in space and time but now we know its rather pitiful origin.
Thank you dear readers,Yours Sir Kevin.
Copyright KevinParr Bt 2019
2 thoughts on "Here we go round the Mulberry Bush ."
 1. Thank you dear lady I do know as I have copied your recipe. I do not have Mulberry tees unfortunately but can buy the fruits on Riga 7 acre covered market. I do so intend to make it one fine day before winter. I am glad that you enjoy my blogs.It makes writing them worth doing.
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- Supports the re-establishment of a functioning soil community via Quattro Living Soil Membrane
- Custom blended solution for site specific soil stabilization and replenishment challenges
- Better long-term sustained performance than conventional 'bind and grow' seeding practices
- 100% bio-degradable, all natural, holistic product
- Environmentally friendly and non-toxic to aquatic and terrestrial life
- Track record of sustained performance for up to 5 years
- Seamlessly integrates with other Quattro BIND Series and GROW Series products
- Less bulk than conventional wood mulch, fertilizer, and tackifier seeding materials
- Easy to apply with reduced application costs
- Real-time manufacturing to project specific specifications, ensuring consistency and performance reliability
- Made in America by Premier Manufacturers adhering to the strictest quality and production standards, including a manufacturer's warranty for quality
- Package size options for your convenience
What It Does
GROW l NUTRI BASE supplies the long-term nutrients and energy sources for soil micro-organisms enabling them to function in their role of decomposing decayed vegetation, animals and other soil biota. These organic materials are subjected to hydrolytic and oxidative degradation by decaying microorganisms yielding organic low-molecular weight products that support the growth of soil microbial flora.
Restores Stable Soil Humus and Builds Tilth
Humus is the basis for soil life. GROW l NUTRI BASE replentishes the soil with stable soil humus, the building block of a functioning soil community. Humus also mechanically loosens the soil and creates good tilth.
Other Benefits of Quattro GROW l NUTRI BASE include:
- Reduces and/or eliminates the need for costly additional topsoil and additional fertilization
- Does not import weeds, encourage weed growth, or lock up nitrogen in the soil
- Provides sufficient supply of all vital nutrients to germinating seeds and growing plants through a slow, sustained release of organically bound nitrogen throughout the first growing season and longer
- Results in lower concentrations of nitrates in ground water than conventional water-soluble, salt-based fertilizers.
What It Is
Quattro GROW l NUTRI BASE is a protein-rich, humate-fortified slow-release, sustained-release vegetable nutrient source. It is a key component of the Quattro Living Soil Membrane, a nutrient-rich, lattice-like membrane used to re-establish sustainable native plant growth in harsh environments.
Initially formulated as an American-manufactured, protein-based nutrient source, Quattro GROW l NUTRI BASE 6-4-1 has been refined and upgraded over the past 18 years to improve re-vegetation success in harsh arid environments. The addition of a humic shale component is critically important to the beneficial effects of humic substances on soil and plant metabolism. Additionally, Quattro GROW l NUTRI BASE can be custom-blended with essential minerals and micronutrients for site-specific needs.
- Drastically disturbed soil projects
- Native revegetation projects
- Desert environments
- Golf courses and sports fields
- Highway roadside projects
- Mine restoration
- Steep slope projects
- Low-moisture environments
- Waterways, wetlands, levies and aqueducts
- Residential development
- Commercial development
- Military installations
- Solar and wind farms
- Coal and gas power plants
- Contaminated soil projects (saline/sodic)
Quattro GROW | NUTRI BASE 6-4-1 pellets can either be dry broadcast or included in a hydro-seeding slurry comprising all specified Quattro GROW and BIND Series components of the Quattro Living Soil Membrane.
Rates of application are best determined after interpretation of comprehensive soil analyses and with a view to providing the long-term supply of protein-based nutrients sufficient to meet or exceed the minimum nutrient threshold necessary to jump-start the nutrient cycling inherent within a functioning soil community.
Treatment rates spanning 1,500 lbs (poor soils) up to 4,000 lbs (extremely challenged rock soils) per acre have all been successful in re-establishing such functioning soil communities on drastically disturbed soils project sites in arid environments. In the absence of reference to the dictates of a comprehensive soil analysis pulled from the project site, treatment rates of 2,000 lbs – 3,000 lbs per acre (2,268 kg/hectare – 3,400 kg/hectare) Quattro GROW | NUTRI BASE 6-4-1 should be considered as a baseline treatment.


How Retained Earnings are Different from Revenue (And Why it's Important to You)
There are many different factors to consider if you want to analyze your business' growth. Two of the most important measures to keep a close eye on are retained earnings and revenue. While these two figures go hand-in-hand, they measure different financial values of your company.
Your business' financial statement says a lot about the health and prospects of your company. Here's what you need to know about retained earnings and how they're different from revenue.
What is Revenue?
Looking at your business' income statement, revenue will typically be the first number that you see. Revenue is also sometimes referred to as gross sales or net income. It's the go-to figure for determining a company's financial performance in a set period of time. Revenue is all of the income that is earned by the company. The figure is generated before overhead costs and operating expenses are deducted.
What Are Retained Earnings?
Retained earnings are a percentage of a company's revenue that is retained and set aside for future use. Retained earnings can be used for various things such as:
 - Paying off business debt
 - Paying dividends to shareholders
 - Expanding the company (ie. buying more office space)
 - Upgrading office equipment
When deciding what to do with the retained earnings in your company, there are many factors to consider.
The Relationship between Revenue & Retained Earnings
So what's the connection between revenue and retained earnings? Revenue is the profit that a business earns during a period. Net income is determined by subtracting business costs, such as payroll, overhead, utilities, rent, depreciation, debt interest, and sales costs.
Business owners can choose to pay out net income to shareholders or to reinvest it back into the company. But, when a business owner takes neither one of these routes, the funds become retained earnings.
In simplest terms, you can view retained earnings as a business savings account. The money available will change based on time, net income changes, and other monetary factors.
How Retained Earnings are Calculated
When looking at your company's balance sheet, you'll find retained earnings listed under the shareholders' equity section. If you're wondering how to calculate retained earnings, the calculation is pretty simple.
To calculate the number, take the beginning retained earnings balance, add revenue for the set period, and then subtract any dividends that have been paid out to stakeholders. In mathematical form: Retained Earnings (RE) = RE Beginning Balance + Revenue – Dividends.
Here's an example of how to calculate retained earnings with a hypothetical company.
 - Beginning retained earnings balance of $7,000
 - Revenue total of $5,000 for the set period
 - Dividends paid in the amount of $3,000
 - Retained Earnings = $7,000 + $5,000 – $3,000
In this scenario, the company's retained earnings for the period would be $9,000. Make note that at times, retained earnings can dip into the negative. This is most common if a company has paid a large number of dividends to shareholders or experienced a slump in profit.
Why Retained Earnings Matter
A company's retained earnings statement is important for many reasons. First, the number shows how much equity shareholders collectively hold in the company. In essence, retained earnings are the total amount of money that a business' shareholders are entitled to. But, shareholders can only receive retained earnings through a dividend that can be paid out in cash or stock.
Shareholders can take the retained earnings number and divide it by the number of outstanding shares. This allows each shareholder to calculate how much money a single share is worth.
Retained earnings are also important to the board of directors as the figure indicates how much money is available to redistribute to shareholders or to invest back into the company. Ultimately the board is responsible for making the decision of how to best utilize retained earnings.
Investors and creditors also care about retained earnings. Investors look at retained earnings statements when considering which firm to invest in as it gives them a ballpark idea of how much they can expect as a return on investment.
Creditors look at retained earnings as a performance measure when reviewing a business' credit application. Creditors look for high retained earnings, which indicate that the company is profitable and is unlikely to have any issue repaying the money that it has borrowed. A company with minimal retained earnings may be seen as risky.
Understanding the difference between revenue and retained earnings is important so that you can best understand the financial health and growth of your company. Closely tracking these two numbers is also important so that you can make the best business decisions for the future success of your brand.
FG Editorial Team
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These case studies relate to the end of the primary years and the earlier years of secondary school. These stages of schooling pose a number of challenges for any student, and they deserve special attention for Indigenous students in particular.
First, the transition to secondary school can be disruptive and disconcerting. Students often find they are moving from a secure and predictable environment to one which seems uncertain and difficult. It is easy to get lost in the transition.
Second, students can find problems maintaining motivation and interest as they move through the early secondary years. Adolescence is often a contributing factor to this, as are the multiple and sometimes abstract demands on students. For Indigenous students in particular, there may sometimes be a lack of suitable role models and the rewards of staying at school can seem distant and difficult to attain.


Interactive Installation
Collaborate with Sana Yamaguchi and Parvin Farahzadeh
The Bartlett, UCL.
_USER_ is an interactive social media responsive robot puppet theatre installation. This theatre, designed to be viewed through social media platforms, acts as an intermediary between the digital and physical worlds. Emotions expressed through social media interactions are translated into puppet theatre through the animated form of Hexx the robot and HexxWorld.
The Interaction System:
People interact with Hexx the robot by sending it a tweet, which is analysed for the emotion contained within it. Hexx and its stage will display physical behaviours in response to this emotion in real-time. At the same time, a video is taken of Hexx and its stage, which is immediately sent to the original tweeter..By interacting with Hexx, people will be able to experience the emotive embeddings in their messages generating a new form of social media theatre. The project combines elements of puppet theatre, robotics, real-time interaction, and data analytics.
Hexx is maneuvered around the semi circular stage by a collaborative industrial robot arm. Circular shape provides first a proper shape for the robot arm to move Hexx around the city within its reach and second, easy accessibility for people to observe Hexx's world from around the table.
The locations in the Hexx's world mimic from the places our world, there are the park, city where he works and ocean where he like to go for a dip.
Origami and paper craft mechanic :
Puppetry, theatre, mechanics, and paper craft are the main elements of the concept. The set is comprised of dynamic origami structures that can move and be animated to display different emotive behaviours through the use of various mechanical techniques, such as motors and pulleys.
We made dynamic origami and other paper craft technique actuated with servo and motor to test on the movement to see the expression. Type of the paper, thickness and colour are the aspects of the quality of paper that we take into the consideration through the process.
For further development of the project, we would like to explore going beyond one to one interactions, and try to use _USER_ as a tool for adding commentary to conversations happening on social media. We feel that this may bring about more possibilities for the use of _USER_, such as visualizing the emotions in the context of political debates.
Check out Behine the scene of _USER_
 _USER_
 _URL_


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Working Paper, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta 2006-27
Over the past years, several countries around the world have adopted a system of prudential prompt corrective action (PCA). The European Union countries are being encouraged to adopt PCA by policy analysts who explicitly call for its adoption. To date, most of the discussion on PCA has focused on its overall merits. This paper focuses on the preconditions needed for the adoption of an effective PCA. These preconditions include conceptual elements such as a prudential supervisory focus on minimizing deposit insurance losses and mandating supervisory action as capital declines. These preconditions also include institutional aspects such as greater supervisory independence and authority, more effective resolution mechanisms, and better methods of measuring capital.


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Poet Denise Levertov's essay, "Some Notes on Organic Form," was first published in Poetry in 1965. Levertov defines organic form as "a method of apperception, i.e., of recognizing what we perceive, and is based on an intuition of an order, a form beyond forms, in which forms partake, and of which man's creative works are analogies, resemblances, natural allegories."
She notes the influence on her ideas of Gerard Manley Hopkins, who coined the terms "inscape," meaning the essential form of individual objects and their relation to each other, and "instress," which marks the act of perceiving inscape. Levertov's theory of organic form was developed in conversation with Black Mountain poet Robert Duncan. While Duncan's sense of the form led to his more esoteric poems, Levertov's work remained grounded in domestic and social activism while channeling the mystical.
According to Levertov, when poets work in received forms, the form itself is fixed while content must shift to meet the form, whereas organic form "is never more than a revelation of content." She describes the creative process under organic form as springing first from a convergence of perceptions strong enough that the poet is "brought to speech," followed by an attentive period of active listening leading to a moment of "crystallization" from which the poem begins. Through a dynamic process the formal and musical elements emerge during the poem's composition, for, as Levertov asserts, "the measure is the direct expression of the movement of perception." For example, "units of awareness" bear shape in the length of stanzas, and lines mark "cadences of perception."
Levertov distinguishes organic form from free verse. Most free verse, she argues, aims for truth and precision particular to each line, but is inattentive to the relationship between lines. Organic form, on the other hand, attends first to the shape and rhythm of the entire poem, and individual lines may be shifted in accordance with that poem's movement and shape as a whole. Levertov sees language-driven poetry as an extension of organic form, in which the shaping awareness and perception of the poem is set within the verbal world.
While most of Levertov's essay focuses on the harmony of perception and form, she concludes that "there must be a place in the poem for rifts too," and that the magic of poetry lies in encountering, and somehow finding oneself lifted safely across, those gaps.
For me, back of the idea of organic form is the concept that there is a form in all things (and in our experience) which the poet can discover and reveal. There are no doubt temperamental differences between poets who use prescribed forms and those who look for new ones—people who need a tight schedule to get anything done, and people who have to have a free hand—but the difference in their conception of "content" or "reality" is functionally more important. On the one hand is the idea that content, reality, experience, is essentially fluid and must be given form; on the other, this sense of seeking out inherent, though not immediately apparent, form. Gerard Manley Hopkins invented the word "inscape" to denote intrinsic form, the pattern of essential characteristics both in single objects and (what is more interesting) in objects in a state of relation to each other, and the word "instress" to denote the experiencing of the perception of inscape, the apperception of inscape. In thinking of the process of poetry as I know it, I extend the use of these words, which he seems to have used mainly in reference to sensory phenomena, to include intellectual and emotional experience as well; I would speak of the inscape of an experience (which might be composed of any and all of these elements, including the sensory) or of the inscape of a sequence or constellation of experiences.
A partial definition, then, of organic poetry might be that it is a method of apperception, i.e., of recognizing what we perceive, and is based on an intuition of an order, a form beyond forms, in which forms partake, and of which man's creative works are analogies, resemblances, natural allegories. Such poetry is exploratory.
How does one go about such a poetry? I think it's like this: first there must be an experience, a sequence or constellation of perceptions of sufficient interest, felt by the poet intensely enough to demand of him their equivalence in words: he is brought to speech. Suppose there's the sight of the sky through a dusty window, birds and clouds and bits of paper flying through the sky, the sound of music from his radio, feelings of anger and love and amusement roused by a letter just received, the memory of some long-past thought or event associated with what's seen or heard or felt, and an idea, a concept, he has been pondering, each qualifying the other; together with what he knows about history; and what he has been dreaming—whether or not he remembers it—working in him. This is only a rough outline of a possible moment in a life. But the condition of being a poet is that periodically such a cross section, or constellation, of experiences (in which one or another element may predominate) demands, or wakes in him this demand: the poem. The beginning of the fulfillment of this demand is to contemplate, to meditate; words which connote a state in which the heat of feeling warms the intellect. To contemplate comes from "templum, temple, a place, a space for observation, marked out by the augur." It means, not simply to observe, to regard, but to do these things in the presence of a god. And to meditate is "to keep the mind in a state of contemplation"; its synonym is "to muse," and to muse comes from a word meaning "to stand with open mouth"—not so comical if we think of "inspiration"—to breathe in.
So—as the poet stands open-mouthed in the temple of life, contemplating his experience, there come to him the first words of the poem: the words which are to be his way in to the poem, if there is to be a poem. The pressure of demand and the meditation on its elements culminate in a moment of vision, of crystallization, in which some inkling of the correspondence between those elements occurs; and it occurs in words. If he forces a beginning before this point, it won't work. These words sometimes remain the first, sometimes in the completed poem their eventual place may be elsewhere, or they may turn out to have been only forerunners, which fulfilled their function in bringing him to the words which are the actual beginning of the poem. It is faithful attention to the experience from the first moment of crystallization that allows those first or those forerunning words to rise to the surface: and with that same fidelity of attention the poet, from that moment of being let in to the possibility of the poem, must follow through, letting the experience lead him through the world of the poem, its unique inscape revealing itself as he goes.
During the writing of the poem the various elements of the poet's being are in communion with each other, and heightened. Ear and eye, intellect and passion, interrelate more subtly than at other times; and the "checking for accuracy," for precision of language, that must take place throughout the writing is not a matter of one element supervising the others but of intuitive interaction between all the elements involved.
In the same way, content and form are in a state of dynamic interaction; the understanding of whether an experience is a linear sequence or a constellation raying out from and into a central focus or axis, for instance, is discoverable only in the work, not before it.
Rhyme, chime, echo, reiteration: they not only serve to knit the elements of an experience but often are the very means, the sole means, by which the density of texture and the returning or circling of perception can be transmuted into language, apperceived. A may lead to E directly through B, C, and D: but if then there is the sharp remembrance or revisioning of A, this return must find its metric counterpart. It could do so by actual repetition of the words that spoke of A the first time (and if this return occurs more than once, one finds oneself with a refrain—not put there because one decided to write something with a refrain at the end of each stanza, but directly because of the demand of the content). Or it may be that since the return to A is now conditioned by the journey through B, C, and D, its words will not be a simple repetition but a variation... Again, if B and D are of a complementary nature, then their thoughtor feeling-rhyme may find its corresponding word-rhyme. Corresponding images are a kind of nonaural rhyme. It usually happens that within the whole, that is between the point of crystallization that marks the beginning or onset of a poem and the point at which the intensity of contemplation has ceased, there are distinct units of awareness; and it is—for me anyway—these that indicate the duration of stanzas. Sometimes these units are of such equal duration that one gets a whole poem of, say, three-line stanzas, a regularity of pattern that looks, but is not, predetermined.


holistic development
Christmas (25 December)
holistic learning
Plan Details
Schools celebrate Christmas every year. It is essential to convey the messages of Lord Jesus Christ to the students, such as love, affection and peace.
We have brought together a Christmas assembly plan - 'All Around the Christmas Tree'. Through the drama, the students would learn about the significance of different ornaments used to decorate the Christmas tree, which convey the message of love, peace and affection to the students. The surprise entry of a special character, group recitations and dance performances also add the fun element to the assembly.
The 25-minute program accommodates minimum 50 participants. The plan has a main manual illustrating the flow of the event, i.e. compere's speech with the drama script having the detailed dialogues of the roles/characters and the songs for the dance performances and group recitations. Costumes, music files, stage backdrops, arrangement of stage props and stage/entrance/venue decorations are recommended in the document.
The assembly plan is appropriate for participation of students from Class 1 to 10. The distribution of roles in drama/ dances to the students depends on the sole discretion of the school management. Also, the schools can conduct it for a few grades or all the grades from Class 1 to 10.
 - Prices are inclusive of all taxes.
 - All national and international cards accepted.


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4. Firing ranges are found in open terrain and near home stations. Ranges in open
terrain usually have the vegetation removed and a clear field of fire; furthermore, there is a
control tower. They are easily recognized. On the other hand, ranges near home stations
are usually scaled ranges to reduce the rising cost of ammunition, fuel, and spare parts.
The following examples are typical ranges.
a. The standard rifle marksmanship field firing range consists of approximately 35
firing lanes, each lane has a fighting position (foxhole), stump, and sandbags. There are
three rows or banks of targets, one bank is located at a range of 75 m, the second at 175
m, and the third at 300 m Figure 2-21).
Figure 2-21. Standard Rifle Marksmanship Field Firing Range.


RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase in Nucleus Accumbens Specifically Mediates Susceptibility to Social Defeat Stress through Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 JF The Journal of Neuroscience JO J. Neurosci. FD Society for Neuroscience SP JN-RM-0422-20 DO 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0422-20.2021 A1 Yin, Chun-Yu A1 Huang, Shu-Ying A1 Gao, Ling A1 Lin, Yu-Hui A1 Chang, Lei A1 Wu, Hai-Yin A1 Zhu, Dong-Ya A1 Luo, Chun-Xia YR 2021 UL _URL_ AB Stress-induced depression is common worldwide. Nucleus accumbens (NAc), a "reward" center, is recently reported to be critical to confer the susceptibility to chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) and the depression-related outcome. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been well characterized. In this study, we induced depression-like behaviors with CSDS and chronic mild stress (CMS) in male mice to mimic social and environmental factors, respectively, and observed animal behaviors with social interaction test, tail suspension test and sucrose preference test. To determine the role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and its product nitric oxide (NO), we employed brain region-specifically nNOS overexpression and stereotaxic injection of NO inhibitor or donor. Moreover, the downstream molecular cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) was explored by conditional knockout and gene mutation. We demonstrate that nNOS-implicated mechanisms in NAc shell (NAcSh), including increased cell number, increased protein expression levels and increased specific enzyme activity, contribute the susceptibility to social defeat and the following depression-like behaviors. NAcSh nNOS does not directly respond to CMS but facilitates the depression-like behaviors. The increased NAcSh nNOS expression after CSDS leads to the social avoidance and depression-like behaviors in defeated mice, which is dependent on the nNOS enzyme activity and NO production. Moreover, we identify the downstream signal in NAcSh. S-nitrosylation of CDK5 by NO contributes to enhanced CDK5 activity, leading to depression-related behaviors in susceptible mice. Therefore, NAcSh nNOS mediates susceptibility to social defeat stress and the depression-like behaviors through CDK5.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT:Stress-induced depression is common worldwide and chronic exposure to social and psychological stressors is important cause of human depression. Our study carried out with CSDS mice models demonstrates that nNOS in NAcSh is crucial to regulate the susceptibility to social defeat stress and the following depression-like behaviors, indicating NAcSh nNOS as the responding molecule to social factors of depression. Moreover, we discover the downstream mechanism of NAcSh nNOS in mediating the susceptibility is NO and S-nitrosylation of CDK5. Thus, NAcSh nNOS mediates susceptibility to social defeat stress through CDK5 is a potential mechanism for depression, which may interpret how the brain transduces social stress exposure into depression.


Roommate Agreement FAQ
The Roommate Agreement (Top)
Q: What is a roommate agreement?
A: A roommate agreement is a contract made between the residents of a rental unit. The agreement outlines the terms, conditions and responsibilities agreed to by each of the residents. Roommate agreements are sometimes referred to as roommate contracts. LawDepot provides a written roommate agreement.
Q: What is addressed in a roommate agreement?
A: Roommate agreements typically address the following:
 - date of agreement;
 - names of roommates;
 - address of property;
 - portion of rent and security deposit to be paid by each roommate;
 - portion of utilities to be paid by each roommate;
 - house rules;
 - household duties and restrictions;
 - particulars on how the tenancy can be terminated; and
 - any other terms that the roommates think are appropriate.
Q: Why do I need a written roommate agreement?
A: Roommates can make lots of informal agreements about splitting rent, sharing chores, and paying bills. However, oral agreements are too easily forgotten or misinterpreted. It is better to put your understandings in writing.
The greatest value of writing a Roommate Agreement is that it forces you and your roommates to take your co-tenancy responsibilities seriously. The more you can anticipate potential problems, the better prepared you'll be to handle disputes that arise. Before you move in, it is a good idea to sit down with your roommates and create an agreement that is tailored to meet your needs.
Q: How is a roommate agreement different from the lease my roommates and I have with our landlord?
A: A lease is a legal contract between a landlord and one or more tenants. The landlord can look to one or all of the tenants on the lease, for payment of rent. If there is more than one tenant on the lease then all of them are jointly and severally liable for rent and other charges stated in the lease. If one tenant moves out, the remaining
tenant(s) are still obligated to honor the lease for the duration of its term.
In contrast, a roommate agreement is a contract made between the residents of a rental unit. The agreement outlines the terms, conditions and responsibilities agreed to by each of the residents in relation to how they share space, and how they divide rent and other expenses. The roommate agreement is not binding on the landlord.
Rent Information (Top)
Q: How should rent be divided?
A: Roommates may decide to split the rent equally or unequally, depending on their personal wishes. Landlords often insist on receiving one rent check for the entire rent as they usually don't want to be bothered with multiple checks from co-tenants. It may be a good idea to designate one roommate as the person to whom other roommates pay rent each month and then he/she signs the full check for the landlord.
Security Deposit Information (Top)
Q: What is a security deposit?
A: A security deposit is a sum of money the tenant pays to the landlord to guarantee that the tenant will fulfill all obligations under the lease. The landlord holds the security deposit for the term of the lease to ensure that the tenant does not default on the terms of the lease or otherwise damage the property. Should the tenant damage the property (normal "wear and tear" excluded) or if the tenant has not paid rent, the landlord is entitled to recoup the debt from the security deposit. Usually the tenant must provide the landlord with the security deposit at the start of the lease. At the end of the term, the tenant will receive the deposit back minus any deductions for repairs/restoration.
Q: How should the costs of the security deposit be divided?
A: Generally, roommates split the security deposit when they pay it at the start, and get it back when they move out. But what if one roommate moves out before the lease is up? The landlord is not required to return the security deposit for the apartment until all tenants vacate. One common solution is to have the new roommate pay the departing roommate his or her share of the security deposit. If the departing roommate caused some damage to the apartment, then the new roommate should deduct the cost of that damage from the amount paid.
Utility Information (Top)
Q: How should utility costs be divided?
A: As with the rent payments, roommates need to agree between themselves how the utilities will be paid each month. Some important questions you and your roommates may want to consider include:
 - Whose name will each utility bill will be in?
 - Who is responsible for the payment to the utility company?
 - If some roommates have cell phones, will they still have access to a household phone?
 - If some roommates do not use a certain utility, will they still be responsible for paying for it?
House Rules, Duties and Restrictions (Top)
Q: How should roommates address smoking?
A: If smoking will not be allowed in the residence, consider acceptable smoking areas for residents or guests who do smoke (e.g. on the balcony, on the porch, in the backyard).
What if, when smoking outside, the smoke drifts inside and leaves a smell in the residence anyway? What if the smoking area becomes crowded and makes it difficult for people to enter or exit the residence? Consider potential difficulties in advance where possible.
Q: How should roommates address parties?
A: Roommates may wish to consider the following:
 - What is considered a "party" and what is an informal gathering? If a roommate brings a couple of friends over late at night and they drink for a couple of hours, is it considered a party? Should it be allowed?
 - When are parties allowed (e.g. anytime, weekends only) and what arrangements must be made in advance with other roommates?
 - Is there an established guest list for the party/gathering?
 - Who will clean up after the party and when should the cleanup be completed?
Q: How should roommates address noise?
A: Decide before you move in when the "quiet hours" will be - at what time will the TV and stereo have to be turned down (e.g. 10 p.m. weeknights; midnight on weekends)? Also, decide on a time for quiet hours to end in the morning (e.g. 8 a.m. weekdays; 10 a.m. weekends).
Q: How should roommates address overnight guests?
A: Roommates may wish to consider the following:
 - If allowed to stay over, where will guests sleep?
 - How much notice is needed before a guest stays overnight?
 - If you only have one living room couch, and two guests on the same night, how do you reserve it?
 - How many nights of sleepover is too long a stay?
Q: How should roommates address unwanted guests?
A: Roommates may wish to consider the following:
 - If a roommate has a friend or other individual visiting regularly, and this person is unpleasant, rude or abusive to the other roommates, should they have the right to request that the host roommate only see this person outside of the premises, thereby minimizing unwanted exposure of the other roommates to this individual? If so, should they do it by a vote or a face to face meeting with the host roommate?
 - What about a friend who consistently visits and, although not staying overnight, stays for dinner a lot and eats a lot of the residence food? Should specific limits be set on dinner guests?
Q: How should roommates address food?
A: Roommates may wish to consider the following:
 - Will you share food expenses or will each resident be responsible for him/herself?
 - How will you share responsibilities for cooking and shopping?
 - How will you know whose food is whose?
Q: How should roommates address security?
A: Roommates may wish to consider the following:
 - Should doors be locked at night or when no one is home?
 - Where will you keep an extra key?
 - Should anyone besides the roommates have a key or know about the extra key?
Q: How should roommates address personal property?
A: Roommates may wish to consider the following:
 - Can personal items such as stereos, TV's, kitchen equipment, bikes, and motor vehicles be shared?
 - Can roommates borrow each other's clothes, books, CD's, etc? Must they get permission each time?
Q: How should roommates address cleaning/maintenance?
A: Roommates may wish to consider the following:
 - How clean will you keep the apartment?
 - Who is responsible for which household chores?
 - When should those chores be done?
Q: Should you get your landlord's permision to have a pet?
A: Your lease may specify whether pets are permitted on the property. If the lease is silent on pets, it is best to first seek your landlord's permission before getting a pet. Where pets are allowed, you should agree in writing to compensate the landlord for any damage caused including cleaning, insect/flea and/or odor removal on leaving.
Q: How should roommates address computer usage?
A: Roommates may wish to consider the following:
 - Should there be a time limit on how long a roommate can use the computer (not using it for hours at a time)?
 - Should there be a request that roommates not use the computer for certain activities or to visit certain sites?
 - If a roommate has the computer in his/her bedroom, does he/she mind if other roommates go into the room to use the computer?
Q: How should roommates address television usage?
A: Roommates may wish to consider the following:
 - Should television usage be agreed upon


text:
January is a time when diets and fitness come to the fore, with 10,000 steps a day being a popular target. Such calls have wormed their way into my mind and while walking through the woods in the rain the other day I thought about steps in nature – if people are working towards 10,000 steps each day, there's good reason to make several thousand of them in nature.
Exercise in nature works better, for example, it is known to increase self-esteem more than other exercise locations. Further, simply being in a natural environment is good for us. Finally, getting out into nature is a key part of connecting to it, which is good for us and good for nature too.
However, taking 10,000 steps a day can be difficult, particularly for those in more sedentary jobs. It's roughly 5 miles a day, 6 for me and my long legs. Spending a couple of hours walking a day needs to be interesting for it to be sustained into a habit. That interest can be provided by the everyday nature around us – a daily dose of nature should be part of a healthy lifestyle.
Nature always has a story to tell, the key is tuning the senses in to it. Every walk is nature's story and each step is another word in the story of the day – a 10,000 word story. The sun can light a different chapter in one place, as can the rain, breeze and sky; time and orbit. Each passing bird and leaf unfurled is a new sentence. I find that birch tell the story of the day very well, always ready to receive autumn and a winter form that can describe a day; the first to feel breath and the deeper the breath of air the more they can voice.
When one becomes familiar with nature in local places, it can also tell of stories past. Each walk becomes an external memory in a shared mind, each route a scene full of cues. Locations and plants that trigger recollections from previous steps taken. The bridge where the starlings gather, the street with an exhilaration of swifts, or the post where the blackbird sang. Each path, each tree, each flower and bird, is connected to another time. Each scent and reflection, each cloud and gust of wind, both a present connection and memory weaving your self into the nature of your neighbourhood.
The local neighbourhood is the most practical and sustainable location for a daily dose of nature. It can easily become a familiar landscape that regularly and closely observed can give new things each day – especially as a natural wilderness can be found within a single bloom. Walking from the door, even if it is on asphalt footpaths through modest settlements or parks with trees, makes regular trips more likely.
A further benefit of finding nature locally is that it can be accessed in small pockets of time, thereby accumulating 10,000 steps throughout the day. The other aspect of time, is time of day, and getting to know your nature neighbourhood, from dawn (which I rarely achieve), to dusk (my regular companion). The times when you are free to walk will coincide with all weathers, so engage with them all as they bring change to the familiar. The quality of light, immersion of rain and tug of the wind are all there to be understood more fully. With time and weather the landscape is constantly redescribed creating a story of the day to grab and enjoy – 10,000 steps can become a natural pleasure.
Pretty, J., Peacock, J., Sellens, M., & Griffin, M. (2005). The mental and physical health outcomes of green exercise. International journal of environmental health research, 15(5), 319-337.


The Challenger Sale Book Summary (PDF) by Matthew Dixon and Brent Adamson
Ready to learn the most important takeaways from The Challenger Sale in less than two minutes? Keep reading!
Why This Book Matters:
The Challenger Sale explores the new method of making sales, the "Challenger" sales method, which has taken precedence over the traditional customer-relationship building model.
The Big Takeaways:
 1. A personalized and customized product/service is the key selling factor of today.
 1. If Sales were once perceived as a one-way deal, resting largely on the sales rep's ability. However, the paradigm has now shifted toward a customer-oriented approach.
 2. Sales in the digital times rests more on the "challenger" type of sales individuals.
 1. Among the five kinds of salespersons, "challenger" sales individuals are the ones who are thoroughly aware of customer needs and offer innovative solutions.
 3. A "challenger" salesperson always takes control of the conversation and convinces a customer from various angles
 1. A "challenger" sales individual guides customers in a way to convince them that his/her solutions are the best.
 4. For a sales manager to build a "challenger" sales team, it is imperative to take everyone on board.
 1. Good "challenger" sales teams are the ones that are fostering every aspect of a challenging sales technique.
 5. To make your business a "challenger" module, managers are the most important entities.
 1. Managers are the key person who ensures the execution of strategies defined by higher leadership.
Want To Keep Reading?
 1. Read A Longer Form Summary on Blinkist
 2. Buy The Book on Amazon
 3. Listen To The Audiobook
Watch A Video Summary:
Additional Video From The Author:
Cam Woodsum


text:
An aspergillum (less commonly, aspergilium or aspergil) is a liturgical implement used to sprinkle holy water. It comes in two common forms: a brush that is dipped in the water and shaken, and a perforated ball at the end of a short handle. Some have sponges or internal reservoirs that dispense holy water when shaken, while others must periodically be dipped in an aspersorium (holy water bucket, known to art historians as a situla).
An aspergillum is used in Roman Catholic and Anglican ceremonies, including the Rite of Baptism and during the Easter Season. In addition, a priest will use the aspergillum to bless the candles during candlemas services and the palms during Palm Sunday Mass. At a requiem, if a coffin is present, the priest will sprinkle holy water on the coffin. The aspergillum can be used in other manners where sprinkling of holy water is appropriate, as in a house blessing, in which the priest might bless the entry to the home. The name derives from the Latin verb aspergere 'to sprinkle'.
The form of the aspergillum differs in the Eastern Orthodox Church. In the Greek Orthodox Church the aspergillum (randistirion) is in the form of a standing vessel with a tapering lid. The top of the lid has holes in it from which the agiasmos (holy water) is sprinkled. In the Russian Orthodox Church the aspergillum is in the form of a whisk made of cloth or hair. Sometimes, sprigs of basil are used to sprinkle holy water. In some of the Oriental Orthodox Churches, no aspergillum is used, but the priest will pour holy water into the palm of his right hand and throw it on the faithful.
Leviticus Chapter 14
- "3. 'And the priest goes out of the camp and the priest looks, and beholds that the sore of the leprosy of the leper is healed.' 4. 'And the priest commands, and takes, for the one healed, two unblemished live birds, cedar wood, Coccus scarlet, and hyssop.' 5. 'And the priest commands, and slaughters the one bird in a pottery vessel upon living water.' 6. 'He takes the live bird and the cedar wood and the Coccus scarlet and the hyssop and dips them and the live bird in the blood of the bird slaughtered upon the living water.' 7. 'And sprinkle seven times upon him purified of leprosy, and he is purified, and sends the live bird upon the face of the field."
- "Of the cedar wood, hyssop, clean bird, and scarlet wool or fillet, were made an aspergillum, or instrument to sprinkle with. The cedar wood served for the handle, the hyssop and living bird were attached to it, by means of the scarlet wool or crimson fillet. The bird was so bound to this handle, as that its tail should be downwards, in order to be dipped in the blood of the bird that had been killed. The whole of this made an instrument for the sprinkling of this blood, and when this business was done, the living bird was let loose, and permitted to go whithersoever it would." Adam Clarke, 1831, vol. I p. 529
- "Verse 5. Over running water] Literally, living, that is spring water. The meaning appears to be this; some water (about a quarter of a log, an egg shell and half full, according to the rabbins) was taken from a spring, and put in a clean earthen vessel, and they killed the bird over this water, that the blood might drop into it…" A. C. I p. 529
- "The unusual ceremony in 14:2-9 reflects a primitive idea that linked physical illness with a winged evil demon, which had to be exorcised for health to be restored. The priest, as sole arbiter in the matter, met the persons outside the camp. If he appeared to be healed, the priest ordered him to slay one of two clean birds and mix its blood with spring water…Taking the other bird, a piece of cedar, some red yarn, and a sprig of hyssop, the priest immersed them all in the water and blood, sprinkled the man seven times to purify him, and then released the living bird. The lustral waters drew their purifying powers from being both fresh and reddened by the bird's blood. Since the color red had an inherent power to frighten evil spirits, this was likely the significance of the crimson yarn, colored by dyestuffs derived from insects… Both the cedar and the hyssop (the latter actually a form of caper, true hyssop not being found in Palestine) were used for sacred aspersions… It is possible that the yarn bound the hyssop sprig to the cedar to form an aspergillum (Cazelles) although the text is not so explicit and they are evidently not so arranged in Num [Numbers] 19:6. The release of the bird symbolized the departure of the evil spirit." The New Jerome Bibilical Commentary p. 70
Aspergilla are also used in modern paganism, particularly to cleanse a ritual area in Wicca, as part of a spell, or during a Wheel of the Year festival in contemporary Witchcraft. Lunarized water, saltwater, or rainwater are most typically used.


text:
Date of this Version
The concept of imaging politics and professional culture are two approaches that influence and control each other in managing library performance. This research is conducted by initially looking at imaging politics that operates on aspects of academic qualifications, library accessibility, and institutional governance among three libraries. These institutional images are analyzed through three patterns of imaging politics, i.e. mirror of reality, map of reality, and simulacrum of reality, albeit this last pattern is not found. The second analysis is based on professional culture that functions as a ballacing system. Professional culture in library management shows itself as a referential standard for the performance and practices at the libraries. Both analyses are based on information sources in the form of interviews of informants, which are supported by library documents in digital formats and direct observation during interviews and a number of other visits at the study sites. Then, the third analysis focuses on relations between imaging politics and professional culture at the libraries through theoretical frameworks and other related concepts. In the process of analysis there is implicitly found different ideological orientations at the three libraries. Unfortunately, this research is not designed for this purpose, so it is interesting if there is another further research that works for the phenomena within the framework of imaging politics and professional culture at libraries.


text: Crystal structures available for Daboia russelli venom PLA2 confirm that it undergoes dimerization with asymmetry and hence difference in the conformation of active site of the two subunits. The active site of subunit A is open and that of subunit B is closed. Pharmacophore models were generated based on the interaction of different types of inhibitors with their preferred subsites in the active site of subunit A. Particularly, the features responsible for recognizing subsites 1–3 and those of subsites 4–6 were combined as these two are involving in inflammation and anticoagulation processes, respectively. Pharmacophore model was edited to make the geometry suitable for the active site of both the subunits A and B. Final model is validated and subjected for screening a library of druglike compounds. Eight compounds were shortlisted and subjected for molecular docking and dynamics simulation to assess their binding mode with both the subunits. Based on the hydrophobic interactions and binding free energy, four compounds were selected for further biochemical assay. The overall results suggest that two compounds can bind both the subunits of PLA2 of Daboia russelli venom in spite of its aggregated form and other two inhibit structurally very similar Naja naja PLA2.


text:
Recovery from disasters is a key capability for federal, state, and local governments. To support this capability, practitioners at all levels need useful and validated metrics to measure and monitor how well a community is recovering from a disaster over time.
This briefing paper outlines practitioners' need for these metrics. The hazards research community over the last decade has made the case for more systematic ways of measuring the disaster recovery process across events and over time to improve planning for and recovery from disasters. A high-quality recovery process informed by data can provide an opportunity to build future resilience by taking advantage of the increased interest and present resources.


Words that describe, words that evaluate
Are your words objective and unbiased, or do they judge?
The beauty of well-chosen words is that they convey rich information. We use oral or written language to tell stories, to paint pictures, to help others know, see, hear, taste, smell, and feel the things that we have known, seen, heard, tasted, smelled, and felt.
We do all this through the power of descriptive words. Through description, we can tell readers or listeners about a massive, moss-covered oak stump, on which sat a tiny Yorkshire terrier puppy staring up at us with its head cocked to one side.
But some words go beyond description; they don't just tell objectively about how things are. Some words are evaluative, and they include judgments about the goodness or badness of something. Through evaluative words, the the puppy becomes adorable.
In this case, the attribute of being adorable is subjective. A different person might say that the puppy looks like something from a mawkish greeting card.
With descriptive words, a car can be expensive. Through evaluative words, it becomes over-priced.
A manager can be energetic, or overbearing.
Writers use both descriptive and evaluative words. Good writers understand the difference, and weigh their words based on this: "Do I want to describe, or evaluate?"
This entry was posted in Word Choice. Bookmark the permalink.
One Response to Words that describe, words that evaluate
 1. Lars Walker says:
 There's a classic game of triads (I don't know what it's actually called):
 I am principled. You are narrowminded. He is a bigot.
 I am a bon vivant. You overdo it sometimes. He is a drunk.
 I am easygoing. You cut some corners. He is lazy.
 I am spontaneous. You're unreliable. He is nuts.
 For a woman: I am friendly. You are easy. She's a slut.
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Decoding the architecture of vascular networks.
Eleni Katifori, Rockefeller University
Distribution and structural networks permeate virtually all life, from the cellular to the organismic level. They have allowed organisms to grow in size and complexity by ensuring efficient distribution of nutrients and structural support. Given their importance, these vascular and structural webs have been under strong evolutionary selection and their form frequently reflects important aspects of their function. Using optimization models we examine the design principles behind the evolution of the architecture and topology of vascular and structural networks. Standard complex network tools are not sufficiently nuanced to compare the highly nested architecture that is frequently observed in naturally occurring webs with in silico models. Thus, we develop an algorithmic framework that quantifies the hierarchical organization and topology of weighted graphs dominated by cycles and present some examples (leaf venation, arterial vasculature of the neocortex and others) that elucidates it.


Health Conundrum: Do Free Radicals Suppress Your Appetite?
Tuesday, September 06, 2011
By: Byron J. Richards, Board Certified Clinical Nutritionist
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I like to think that my efforts to educate everyone make you smarter and healthier as a result. Try this puzzle on for size: A new study in mice that were made obese by constant overeating shows that there are fewer free radicals in the hypothalamus of their brains, fueling brain circuits that reinforce cravings. When free radical levels are increased, then cravings are reduced. Unfortunately, when free radicals are increased more brain damage occurs. "It's a catch-22," said senior author Tamas Horvath, "On one hand, you must have these critical signaling molecules to stop eating. On the other hand, if exposed to them chronically, free radicals damage cells and promote aging." If you understand why then you are smarter than the researchers who did the study.
Let me give you some more clues. The hypothalamus gland of your subconscious brain is trying to figure out when you need to eat and when you don't need to eat. This gland does not have two eyes that can look in the mirror and see you have plenty of extra fat in storage. It also does not know that in America there is junk food on every corner. Rather, this gland has to interpret incoming signals to decide if you should stop at the gas station and fill it up or if you should get back on the race track and put the pedal to the metal.
As you eat a meal leptin levels rise. When leptin registers in your hypothalamus following a meal it tells you to stop eating and get going. Nerve circuits involved with this go signal are stimulatory in nature, the melanocortin system involving pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), which reduces feeding. The researchers found that the POMC system needs free radicals in order to work properly. On the other side of the coin are neurons that stimulate eating, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP). In response to constant overeating the researchers found that this system suppressed free radical production as a defense mechanism, leading to ongoing cravings. We know that too many free radicals are "bad" for us as they damage tissue and increase cancer risk. On the other hand, this study says they are needed so as to suppress appetite. Why do you think this problem and paradox happens and how can you solve it?
You will have trouble figuring out this puzzle if you think in terms of "good" and "bad," which is the level of health education required to be gullible enough to take a drug to lower your "bad" cholesterol numbers or "bad" blood pressure numbers. It is far more important to understand the efficiency of how your body is working so as to figure out the source of problems and solve them.
Leptin is a primary antioxidant hormone, especially in your brain. As far as your brain is concerned leptin acts partly like oil in your car engine, providing the lubrication for it to run faster. Free radicals cause friction as a side effect. However, free radicals are normal signaling molecules in many systems in your body. In health, this surge of free radicals related to your full signal is buffered by the simultaneous presence of leptin in your brain. When you eat too much too often, then leptin does not get into your brain properly yet the free radicals keep activating in response to food intake, thereby causing you to have too many free radicals in your brain without enough protection. This causes brain damage from overeating. To compensate, the opposing set of neurons build themselves up to absorb and neutralize the free radicals based on the idea that having food cravings is not as bad as having brain damage. Unfortunately, the side effect of this back-up defense system is continuing to overeat, thus locking in the weight problem.
The solution is not to take a dose of free radicals (which was shown to work in the study) or to decrease your level of antioxidants (which would be a huge mistake). The solution is to restore the efficiency of leptin getting into your brain properly, which gives your brain protection so your nerves can get in gear without friction and free radical damage.
The basic solution is to simply follow the Five Rules of the Leptin Diet, which allows leptin to enter your brain normally. Other nutrients that help suppress your appetite, such as pine nut oil, can be used to help get you on track. This study does show that cravings are not just a simple case of lacking a nutrient. It shows that nerve cells may develop abnormal structure in response to chronic overeating and it may take a number of months to change them back into a healthy situation. This means that once you get on track you need to stay on track long enough for nerves to heal, otherwise you will be back eating the wrong things and not making progress. Also, managing stress is of the utmost importance in the context of this problem. If your stress level ramps up inflammation in your brain it is likely you will crave food to help stop the free radical damage. This study shows that stress eating may very well be a defense mechanism against brain injury – though it is not a desirable way to deal with stress. It is far better to have good stress management skills, get enough sleep, regularly exercise, and take brain support nutrition that helps keep your head above water.
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