text:
IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION
ABOUT HUMIRA® (adalimumab)1
What is the most important information I should know about HUMIRA?
You should discuss the potential benefits and risks of HUMIRA with your doctor. HUMIRA is a TNF blocker medicine that can lower the ability of your immune system to fight infections. You should not start taking HUMIRA if you have any kind of infection unless your doctor says it is okay.
- Serious infections have happened in people taking HUMIRA. These serious infections include tuberculosis (TB) and infections caused by viruses, fungi, or bacteria that have spread throughout the body. Some people have died from these infections. Your doctor should test you for TB before starting HUMIRA, and check you closely for signs and symptoms of TB during treatment with HUMIRA, even if your TB test was negative. If your doctor feels you are at risk, you may be treated with medicine for TB.
- Cancer. For children and adults taking TNF blockers, including HUMIRA, the chance of getting lymphoma or other cancers may increase. There have been cases of unusual cancers in children, teenagers, and young adults using TNF blockers. Some people have developed a rare type of cancer called hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma. This type of cancer often results in death. If using TNF blockers including HUMIRA, your chance of getting two types of skin cancer (basal cell and squamous cell) may increase. These types are generally not life-threatening if treated; tell your doctor if you have a bump or open sore that doesn't heal.
What should I tell my doctor BEFORE starting HUMIRA?
Tell your doctor about all of your health conditions, including if you:
- Have an infection, are being treated for infection, or have symptoms of an infection
- Get a lot of infections or infections that keep coming back
- Have diabetes
- Have TB or have been in close contact with someone with TB, or were born in, lived in, or traveled where there is more risk for getting TB
- Live or have lived in an area (such as the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys) where there is an increased risk for getting certain kinds of fungal infections, such as histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, or blastomycosis. These infections may happen or become more severe if you use HUMIRA. Ask your doctor if you are unsure if you have lived in these areas
- Have or have had hepatitis B
- Are scheduled for major surgery
- Have or have had cancer
- Have numbness or tingling or a nervous system disease such as multiple sclerosis or Guillain-Barré syndrome
- Have or had heart failure
- Have recently received or are scheduled to receive a vaccine. HUMIRA patients may receive vaccines, except for live vaccines. Children should be brought up to date on all vaccines before starting HUMIRA
- Are allergic to rubber, latex, or any HUMIRA ingredients
- Are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, breastfeeding, or planning to breastfeed
- Have a baby and you were using HUMIRA during your pregnancy. Tell your baby's doctor before your baby receives any vaccines
Also tell your doctor about all the medicines you take. You should not take HUMIRA with ORENCIA® (abatacept), KINERET® (anakinra), REMICADE® (infliximab), ENBREL® (etanercept), CIMZIA® (certolizumab pegol), or SIMPONI® (golimumab). Tell your doctor if you have ever used RITUXAN® (rituximab), IMURAN® (azathioprine), or PURINETHOL® (mercaptopurine, 6-MP).
What should I watch for AFTER starting HUMIRA?
HUMIRA can cause serious side effects, including:
- Serious infections. These include TB and infections caused by viruses, fungi, or bacteria. Symptoms related to TB include a cough, low-grade fever, weight loss, or loss of body fat and muscle.
- Hepatitis B infection in carriers of the virus. Symptoms include muscle aches, feeling very tired, dark urine, skin or eyes that look yellow, little or no appetite, vomiting, clay-colored bowel movements, fever, chills, stomach discomfort, and skin rash.
- Allergic reactions. Symptoms of a serious allergic reaction include hives, trouble breathing, and swelling of your face, eyes, lips, or mouth.
- Nervous system problems. Signs and symptoms include numbness or tingling, problems with your vision, weakness in your arms or legs, and dizziness.
- Blood problems (decreased blood cells that help fight infections or stop bleeding). Symptoms include a fever that does not go away, bruising or bleeding very easily, or looking very pale.
- Heart failure (new or worsening). Symptoms include shortness of breath, swelling of your ankles or feet, and sudden weight gain.
- Immune reactions including a lupus-like syndrome. Symptoms include chest discomfort or pain that does not go away, shortness of breath, joint pain, or rash on your cheeks or arms that gets worse in the sun.
- Liver problems. Symptoms include feeling very tired, skin or eyes that look yellow, poor appetite or vomiting, and pain on the right side of your stomach (abdomen). These problems can lead to liver failure and death.
- Psoriasis (new or worsening). Symptoms include red scaly patches or raised bumps that are filled with pus.
Call your doctor or get medical care right away if you develop any of the above symptoms.
Common side effects of HUMIRA include injection site reactions (pain, redness, rash, swelling, itching, or bruising), upper respiratory infections (sinus infections), headaches, rash, and nausea. These are not all of the possible side effects with HUMIRA. Tell your doctor if you have any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away.
Remember, tell your doctor right away if you have an infection or symptoms of an infection, including:
- Fever, sweats, or chills
- Muscle aches
- Shortness of breath
- Blood in phlegm
- Weight loss
- Warm, red, or painful skin or sores on your body
- Diarrhea or stomach pain
- Burning when you urinate
- Urinating more often than normal
- Feeling very tired
HUMIRA is given by injection under the skin.
This is the most important information to know about HUMIRA. For more information, talk to your health care provider.
HUMIRA is a prescription medicine used:
- To reduce the signs and symptoms of:
- Moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in adults. HUMIRA can be used alone, with methotrexate, or with certain other medicines. HUMIRA may prevent further damage to your bones and joints and may help your ability to perform daily activities.
- Moderate to severe polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) in children 2 years of age and older. HUMIRA can be used alone or with methotrexate.
- Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in adults. HUMIRA can be used alone or with certain other medicines. HUMIRA may prevent further damage to your bones and joints and may help your ability to perform daily activities.
- Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) in adults.
- Moderate to severe hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) in people 12 years and older.
- To treat moderate to severe Crohn's disease (CD) in adults and children 6 years of age and older.
- To treat moderate to severe ulcerative colitis (UC) in adults and children 5 years of age and older. It is not known if HUMIRA is effective in people who stopped responding to or could not tolerate anti-TNF medicines.
- To treat moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis (Ps) in adults who are ready for systemic therapy or phototherapy, and are under the care of a doctor who will decide if other systemic therapies are less appropriate.
- To treat non-infectious intermediate (middle part of the eye), posterior (back of the eye), and panuveitis (all parts of the eye) in adults and children 2 years of age and older.


Small parts deburring
It is not easy to escape burrs especially if you are metalworking. Small parts deburring is therefore required to remove these micro burrs in small parts. Removal of burrs by hand on small parts can get difficult. This is why the most suitable and efficient type of deburring on small parts is mechanical deburring.
The technique of small parts deburring
The first step is to identify the burr. You can use a stereo microscope or a USB digital microscope. After you identify the burr you see the blur, use any of the following methods:
small parts deburring
Miniature tumbling. The parts are usually tumbled through various media such as polymer pyramids and walnut shells. Glass bead blasting. This method usually removes remnant deposits and impurities from your stainless steel to provide a uniform finish. Nitric acid etching. This is the last option especially if the parts are aggressive. Nitric acid etching removes remnants and if you are not careful, it will remove the original material. Choose any of the above deburring methods. Automated deburring is the way to go especially if you have several parts.
Related posts


Introduction to Numerology
Numerology corresponds to one subcarrier spacing in the frequency domain. NR supports a flexible numerology with a range of subcarrier spacings, based on scaling a baseline subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz. By scaling a reference subcarrier spacing by an integer N, different numerologies can be defined.
Need for Multiple Numerologies
 1. In order to support the wide range of deployment scenarios, from large cells with sub-1 GHz carrier frequency up to mm-wave deployments with very wide spectrum allocations, NR supports a flexible OFDM numerology with subcarrier spacings ranging from 15 kHz up to 240 kHz with a proportional change in cyclic prefix duration.
 2. Also, having a single numerology for all scenarios is not efficient and probably not possible at all.
These were the primary motives to have multiple numerologies
For the lower range of carrier frequencies, from below 1 GHz up to a few GHz, the cell sizes can be relatively large and a cyclic prefix capable of handling the delay spread expected in these type of deployments, a couple of microseconds, is necessary. Consequently, a subcarrier spacing in the LTE range or somewhat higher, in the range of 15-30 kHz, was needed.
For higher carrier frequencies approaching the mm-wave range, implementation limitations such as phase noise become more critical, calling for higher subcarrier spacings. At the same time, the expected cell sizes are smaller at higher frequencies because of the more challenging propagation conditions. The extensive use of beamforming at high frequencies also helps reduce the expected delay spread. Hence, for these types of deployments a higher subcarrier spacing, and a shorter cyclic prefix are suitable.
Different Numerologies
The numerology is based on exponentially scalable sub-carrier spacing Δf = 2µ × 15 kHz with µ = {0,1,3,4} for PSS, SSS and PBCH and µ = {0,1,2,3} for other channels. Normal CP is supported for all sub-carrier spacings, Extended CP is supported for µ=2 (60kHz). 12 consecutive sub-carriers form a Physical Resource Block (PRB). Up to 275 PRBs are supported on a carrier.
With the increase in numerology, the number of slots increase within the subframe, leading to increase in the number of symbols sent in a given time. So effectively, an OFDM symbol is shortened by half in the next higher numerology. Scaling by powers of two is beneficial as it maintains the symbol boundaries across numerologies, which simplifies mixing different numerologies on the same carrier.
Supported Transmission Numerologies
Supported Transmission Numerologies
Reference: 3GPP TS 38.300 version 15.9.0 Release 15 (
15 kHz subcarrier spacing was selected as the baseline for NR. From the baseline subcarrier spacing, subcarrier spacings ranging from 15 kHz up to 240 kHz with a proportional change in cyclic prefix duration as shown in Table below are derived. Note that 240 kHz is supported for the SS block only and not for regular data transmission.
Subcarrier spacings supported by NR
Subcarrier spacings supported by NR
NR time domain structure consist of 10ms radio frame divided into 10 subframes each of 1ms. A subframe is in turn divided into slots consisting of 14 OFDM symbols each, which means that the duration of the slot in milliseconds is dependent on the numerology. For the 15 kHz subcarrier spacing, an NR slot has a structure that is identical to the structure of an LTE subframe, which is deliberately kept like this considering coexistence of LTE with NR.
Below figure shows the frame, subframe and slot structure for different numerologies:
Frame, Subframe and Slot Structure for different numerologies
Frame, Subframe and Slot Structure for different numerologies
As shown above, the capacity is same between all carrier spacings if the bits/Hz is used as a unit. The carrier spacing is increased but the number of symbols per time unit increases with the higher numerology. Above figure just tries to show this for 15 and 30 kHz subcarrier spacing. The number of subcarriers is reduced by half but the number of slots per symbol per time unit is doubled.
Advantages of Numerology:
 - One of the services in 5G is URLLC, ultra reliable low latency communication and the objective is to have a latency of less than 1ms, which means that scheduling interval must be reduced below 1ms for these types of services. Fortunately, with the support of different numerologies, it is rather simple to reduce the time as the slot time is decreased with higher numerology. This functionality is used to support flexible TTI (Transmission Time Interval), which gives scheduler in base station, a chance to decide how often it will be taking scheduling decision. Figure below, shows how TTI can be scaled with numerology, but as the URLLC service is scheduled for release 16, the numbers should be seen as examples of possible TTI values.
Flexible TTI
Flexible TTI
 - In 5G NR, UE can be configured to only monitor a part of total transmission bandwidth called Bandwidth Part (BWP). There were 2 major reasons behind using BWP instead of whole bandwidth:
 - The wide transmission bandwidth used in some cases might cause the UE to consume too much power from battery.
 - There may also be some UE categories that cannot receive the full bandwidth due to reduced complexity (machine type communication) in order to reduce the cost of the device.
But in 5G NR, the UE can be configured with up to 4 BWPs where only one can be active at a time in the 1st release. Different BWPs can be of different numerologies, which can be used to reduce the latency for certain services. If a device is capable of simultaneous reception of multiple bandwidths parts, it is in principle possible to, on a single carrier, mix transmissions of different numerologies for a single device, although release 15 only supports a single active bandwidth part at a time.
In the downlink, a device is not assumed to be able to receive downlink data transmissions, more specifically the PDCCH or PDSCH, outside the active bandwidth part. The numerology of the PDCCH and PDSCH are restricted to the numerology configured for the bandwidth part. So, in release 15, a device can only receive one numerology at a time as multiple bandwidth parts cannot be simultaneously active. A device is not expected to monitor downlink control channels while doing measurements outside the active bandwidth part. In the uplink, a device transmits PUSCH and PUCCH in the active uplink bandwidth part only.
 - Since a slot is defined as a fixed number of OFDM symbols, a higher subcarrier spacing (At higher carrier frequency) leads to a shorter slot duration which could be used to support lower-latency transmission, but since the cyclic prefix also shrinks when increasing the subcarrier spacing, it is not a feasible approach in all deployments. Therefore, NR supports a more efficient approach to low latency by allowing for transmission over a fraction of a slot, sometimes referred to as "mini-slot" transmission. Such transmissions can also preempt an already ongoing slot-based transmission to another device, allowing for immediate transmission of data requiring very low latency.
 - NR will also have the capability to operate with mixed numerology on the same RF carrier and will have an even higher flexibility than LTE in terms of frequency domain scheduling and multiplexing of devices within a base station RF carrier.
Disadvantage of Numerology:
 - The flexibility provided by multi-numerology system comes at the cost of additional interference, known as inter-numerology interference (INI). Apart from causing the loss of orthogonality among subcarriers of different numerologies in frequency domain, mixed numerologies also cause difficulty in achieving symbol alignment in time domain. With the same sampling rate, an OFDM symbol of one numerology does not perfectly align with the symbol of another numerology, which makes synchronization within the frame difficult. Researches are ongoing to minimize the effect of INI.


Parenting Realities: Children Will Put Other Parts of Life on Hold
Parents know that when they have children it will be an experience that could force them to change many aspects of their daily lives. This could include anything from their job, car, eating habits, sleep habits, and much more. Parents need to be willing and able to change their life to raise their child.
A recent post on Playground Dad titled, "Life Lessons at a Soccer Game", was really a perfect example of this sacrifice. A dad who played soccer his whole life was also a pretty successful coach. He had to step down from his position because he realized he wanted and needed to spend more time at home with his young son. He gave up something that he loved because he knew it would better his son. He also has found that he does not regret his decision and is loving the extra time spent with his kids.
Has having children affected your life drastically? If yes, then how so?


Audit space threat – a perfect storm
According to
The audit_trail parameter was set to DB, EXTENDED.
which means:
Behaves the same as AUDIT_TRAIL=DB, but also populates the SQL bind and SQL text CLOB-type columns of the SYS.AUD$ table, when available.
So, we're logging SQL statements.
If in DBA_STMT_AUDIT_OPTS we have this:
 SELECT TABLE NOT SET BY ACCESS
BY ACCESS means:
Oracle Database records separately each execution of a SQL statement, the use of a privilege, and access to the audited object. Given that the values for the return code, timestamp, SQL text recorded are accurate for each execution, this can help you find how many times the action was performed.
Now, given developer read-only access to production, if we then add these sequence of events:
1.A generated sql statement with 17,000 UNION statements each accessing the same table with a different id, e.g.
select * from t1 where id = 1 union
select * from t1 where id = 2 union
select * from t1 where id = 17000;
*no need to comment on whether this is a sensible query to be writing :)
2. The (foolish) developer then setting this statement off in prod.
3. After a few minutes, the developer sensibly realising that running this in prod might not be a good idea and cancelling.
4. Unluckily (for the developer), the sensible cancel operation on the foolish sql statement causing a ORA-01013 sql failure which will then be audited.
5. The audit settings above meaning that 17,000 entries will be written into AUD$, one each for the 17,000 references to T1 in the SQL statement above and each of the 17,000 entries containing the 17,000 line long SQL statement.
The additional 45GB was all taken up by the AUD$.SQLTXT LOB.
To me, this was new information – I didn't expect AUDIT to write down each and every reference to the table from a single execution – a list of DISTINCT objects in the statement would have been my expectation. And it is a concern that given just SELECT access, it's so easy to generate significant volumes of data.
Should you wish to play around with this scenario, steps are:
1. If you need to change audit_trail param, it's not dynamic, you'll need to restart:
ALTER SYSTEM SET audit_trail=DB,EXTENDED scope=spfile;
2. Setup SELECT auditing BY ACCESS for failures (for testing, you can set it up for success as well of course):
3. As a non-SYS user, create a table to select from:
4. Generate a large SQL statement with lots of table references:
set serveroutput on
 l_sql clob;
 dbms_output.put_line('select * from t1 where object_id = 1');
 for i in 2.. 10000
 dbms_output.put_line(' union select * from t1 where object_id = '||i);
 end loop;
5. Kick it off and then cancel the execution.
6. Wait a significant amount of time for the background session to write the audit data to AUD$. For this smaller/simpler SQL above, it took my underpowered VM several minutes to write down 4GB of audit data.
6. Check out the growth of your AUD$ table (or rather the associated LOB):
select segment_name, sum(bytes)
from dba_segments
where segment_name in ('AUD$')
or segment_name in (select segment_name from dba_lobs where table_name = 'AUD$')
group by segment_name;
2 Responses to Audit space threat – a perfect storm
 1. Oh. I'm having some fun with audit right now too – blog to follow – but nothing of that order. Curve ball!
 2. Pingback: The value of audit_trail=DB,EXTENDED « Oracle DBA – A lifelong learning experience
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text:
Definitions of Coventry:
- noun: an industrial city in central England; devastated by air raids during World War II; remembered as the home of Lady Godiva in the 11th century
- noun: the state of being banished or ostracized (excluded from society by general consent)
Example: "The association should get rid of its elderly members--not by euthanasia, of course, but by Coventry"
- name: A surname (very rare: popularity rank in the U.S.: #41052)
Search for Coventry at other dictionaries: OneLook, Answers.com, Merriam-Webster
Help, Feedback, Customize, Android app, iPhone/iPad app
Copyright © 2013 Datamuse

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


/ Family / 7 Benefits of Strict Parenting That Make Your Life Better
7 Benefits of Strict Parenting That Make Your Life Better
Kate Gitman 6 months ago - in Family
Nowadays, many young people think that they were not parented properly. They wholeheartedly believe that their personality problems, insecurities, fears and inner conflicts are nothing else, but the consequences of strict parenting. Although there is some truth in that, it would be a mistake to assume that strict upbringing is as terrible, dangerous and useless.
I am not telling that raising and controlling children with the iron fist is good and acceptable. But I do not want you to blame your parents for their strict parenting style since there are some benefits of it for you and many other people raised by authoritarian parents to understand that they are unique, free and strong.
1. You are surrounded by intelligent and decent people
If you came from a very formal family, then it automatically means that you have a high-quality education. The circle of contacts of people who graduate from a respected university or college usually consists of young, intelligent and well-brought up personalities who know what they want and do their best to achieve success through their own efforts.
There is a high probability that lazybones and other negative people will never become a part of your social circle because you do not find it interesting or appropriate to communicate and cooperate with the ones who do not correspond to your level of development.
2. You are a good judge of character
Strict parents usually lecture and prohibit their children to make friends and hang out with some of the kids, because for one reason or another, they find this communication dangerous. They put together a file on all, at first glance, iffy friends and teach their kids to catch the difference between positive and negative people.
I understand you have had a really rough go of it because it was difficult to go against your nature or communicate in secret with your friends. But your parents' prohibitions taught you a lot about people and also made a big contribution to the development of your sensitivity, intuition, and inner voice.
3. You can take care of yourself
Even though you have already tried smoking and wine-drinking in protest, deep down you know that it is necessary to lead a healthy lifestyle. You think of your status, maintain healthy habits and take an active part in your own well-being thanks to the high level of self-discipline and self-organization, instilled in you by your strict parents.
Unlike some of your peers who prefer to hang out at smoky bars and drink, you give preference to jogging, healthy drinks, and cultural activities. It means that you are both physically and mentally stronger than those who can't resist temptations.
Read also – 9 Things Girls Who Were Raised By Strict Parents Can Understand
4. Responsibility is your strong point
If you are a big brother or sister and your parents used to get you to keep an eye on your siblings, then it automatically means that you have a strong sense of responsibility. You were taught to follow the schedule, do everything on time and take your responsibilities seriously.
Surely, strict parenting is the thing that spoils the quality of childhood, but in most cases, it helps the child become a responsible and conscientious person that can be trusted. Now you have big chances to get a lucrative job and become the one in charge in a quite short period of time.
5. You have perfect skills of persuasion
We all understand that playing roles and telling lies are considered unacceptable, but if we soberly look at the situation, we will understand that it is almost impossible for a very honest and obedient child to retain their distinct identity.
If you were raised by really strict parents, you are good at lying and withholding evidence. When you were a child, you had to look into your parents' eyes and lie convincingly in order to avoid the punishment. If you got away with it for so long, it meant that you had had a unique gift of persuasion.
6. Others are jealous of your iron will
One more benefit of strict parenting that boosts your self-confidence and shows you that you are on the right track is the others' admiration of your iron will, success and consistency.
It is an amazing feeling when people admire you and acknowledge your superiority. Sometimes it even gives you the power to overcome difficulties and inspires you to work in that same spirit. It was difficult to develop strong will power, but strict parenting helped you to reach that goal faster than the others.
Read also – 7 Types of Fathers That Steal Their Kids' Happiness
7. You will always be fine
They say children raised up in strict families will certainly take the wrong path and fail to take control of their lives in future because they were significantly limited in their actions in childhood. They believe that only the kids who have made a fair share of mistakes will find their place under the sun.
Actually, that is not true. You have faced the harsh realities of life and got a lot of bumps along your way as well. But your parents and other people still do not know about it, because you are used to carry your secrets to yourself. Whatever happens, you will always be okay, because you are a responsible, strong-willed and hard-working person.
Sometimes I wished I was born in a family where there were no rules and responsibilities. What other benefits of strict parenting can make the future life of a child better?


Unlike battlesuits (whose weight capacity is fixed for a particular body style), mecha may upgrade their chassis in order to increase their weight capacity.
Strength Cost Modifier Max. Weight Modifier
Standard 0 None
Heavy +50% +10%
X-Heavy +100% +20%
Super-Heavy +400% +40%
Arms & Legs
The legs of a humanoid mecha are equal to 60% of the mecha's body spaces. Therefore, each leg has 30% of the body spaces. The arms are each equal to 20% of the body spaces. For example, the legs of a light mecha (with 20 body spaces) are 6 spaces each and the arms are 4 spaces each. Leg armor is half the cost and weight of torso armor. Arm armor is one-quarter the cost and weight of torso armor. The cost and weight is rounded down to the nearest whole number.
A humanoid mecha's turret is equal to 10% of the body spaces (rounded up). It has a traverse and elevation equal to a normal human head. The costs & weights for the various sizes of humanoid mecha turrets are listed below.
Size Cost Weight Internal Spaces
2-space $2,000 200 lbs 1
3-space $3,000 300 lbs 1
5-space $5,000 500 lbs 2
8-space $8,000 800 lbs 2
10-space $10,000 1,000 lbs 3
15-space $15,000 1,500 lbs 4
20-space $20,0000 2,000 lbs 5
Power Plants
Power plants of fixed size are an in-efficient use of the space available in a mecha's torso. In order to economize on the use of this interior space, modular power plants were developed. These are of three different types; electric, nuclear battery, fusion.
Type Cost/space Weight/space DP/space Power Factors
Electric $1,000 75 lbs 2 1,000/space
Electric power plants are compact, high-capacity batteries. They may use platinum catalysts and superconductors. Extra power cells are the normal cost and weight. Electric power plants store power units equal to (DP x 100). They are expended at the rate of (PU x current speed/maximum speed x 400).
Type Cost Weight DP Power Factors
Nuclear Battery $100,000 +$5,000 per space 500 lbs +100 lbs per space Spc 2,000/space
Nuclear batteries do not sustain a fission reaction. Instead, they use arrays of thermocouples to convert the heat released by radioactive decay into electricity. Nuclear batteries last for one year. They can only be refueled at facilities specially designed for that purpose. Refueling costs 20% of the battery's cost. A nuclear battery has an armored casing with 30 DP of metal armor. Inside this casing is the core, which has 10 DP. Damage to the core will reduce the battery's power capacity by 10% for every DP lost. When the last core DP is destroyed, it will begin to leak radiation (treat as a spill of mid-level radioactive waste).
Type Cost Weight DP Power Factors
Fusion $500,000 + $50,000 per space 250 lbs + 50 lbs per space Spc 4,000/space
Fusion power plants are small-scale fusion reactors. They are experimental items only, and are being considered for use by the military. Fusion power plants have the same DP as nuclear batteries. A core breach has the effects of a hit from a heavy flamer (see Ultra-Tech Car Wars). Note that the damage is taken internally.
Acceleration, Top speed & Handling
All sizes of mecha will accelerate at the rate of 5 mph per turn. Mecha drivetrains are highly efficient (even more so than battlesuit drivetrains). Accordingly, the formula (100 x power factors/power factors + weight) is used to determine top speed. Top speeds are rounded up to the nearest 5 mph.
 Mecha of any size handle differently than tracked or wheeled vehicles. Small mecha are more maneuverable than their larger cousins, but are less stable. Conversely, larger mecha are less maneuverable than smaller mecha and more stable. Accordingly, all mecha have the following modifiers to their crash table rolls; Small/medium: +2, Large/heavy: +1, x-hvy: 0, Super-heavy: -1. Titan: -2. These modifiers are cumulative with those provided by pilot skill and mecha speed.
 Small, medium and large mecha may make any maneuver of up to D4 hazard without risk. Maneuvers of D5 or greater will force an automatic control roll. Mecha of any larger size can only perform maneuvers of up to D3 hazard without risk. An automatic control roll is required if they attempt maneuvers of D4 or greater. Failure of these rolls requires a roll on the mecha crash table.
 Mecha can operate off-road without penalty. They may also move underwater at up to half-speed (maximum of 30 mph) and half acceleration.
Mecha Crash Table
2 or less: Trivial skid. Mecha keeps same orientation, but moves 1/4" in the direction it was moving before the maneuver in which it lost control.
3-4: Minor skid. As above, but mecha skids ½". No speed is lost.
5-6: Moderate skid. Mecha skids 3/4" and decelerates by 5 mph. On the next move, it performs a trivial skid.
7-8: Major skid. Mecha skids 1" and decelerates by 10 mph. The mecha performs a minor skid on its next move.
9-10: Severe skid. Mecha turns sideways and skids 1", decelerating by 10 mph per turn. The mecha has a 50% chance per turn of falling over. If this happens, the side which hits the ground takes sideswipe damage. A mecha pilot can attempt to recover from the skid by rolling for control at HC -6. Failure means that the skid continues. Success means that the mecha stops skidding and move normally in the direction it faces.
11-12: Fall. As above, except that the mecha falls over and takes sideswipe damage (multiplied by the mecha's damage modifier). It skids 1" per inch of movement, decelerating by 10 mph per turn. The mecha may not get up until the skid is done.
13-14: As above, except that the mecha takes full ram damage on the side which hits the ground (as if it had run directly into a wall).
15 or greater: Mecha falls over (as per results of 11-12), with a 50% chance of falling to the front or back. The mecha strikes its head on the ground and takes full ram damage to it. After impact, the mecha skids 1" per turn (taking normal sideswipe damage). The pilot is stunned by the impact (roll for results on the ram concussion table) and takes 1 point of damage. The use of impact armor will prevent the damage and will add a -2 bonus to the roll for stunning effects.
 This table is also used in cases where control rolls are required because of the hazards from weapons fire or collisions. When skids are made or rolls called for, they will be done in the direction opposite from the attack.
Physical Attacks
All mecha can punch once every three turns or kick once every five turns, causing half-damage to vehicles and buildings.
Mecha Size Damage/attack
Small 4d punch/8d kick
Medium 6d punch/12d kick
Large 8d punch/16d kick
Heavy 10d punch/20d kick
X-heavy 14d punch/28d kick
Super-heavy 18d punch/36d kick
Titan 20d punch/40d kick
If a mecha kicks at a target and misses, the pilot must make a control roll to prevent his machine from falling. This roll is adjusted by the modifiers from pilot skill and mecha size.
A mecha pilot can attack targets by jumping his machine up in the air and landing on top of them. This attack is known as the "piledriver" or "death from above". Success or failure is determined by rolling 2d6 and adding the level of pilot skill. A roll of 9 or better means that the mecha has landed on top of the target, inflicting 10d damage (multiplied by the mecha's damage modifier). Failure means that the mecha misses the target and lands normally. A roll of 2-3 means that the mecha falls.
Mecha can easily lift their own body weight above their heads. If the lifted object is ½ the mecha's body weight, it can be thrown a distance of 1d-3". If the object is 1/4 the mecha's body weight or less, it can be thrown 1d+2".
Mecha use full-size versions of all types of weapons. Weapons mounted in mecha arms are automatically stabilized at no extra cost or weight. Weapons mounted in the torso may have auto-stabilizers fitted at the normal cost and weight.
Mecha weapons may have magazines mounted with them in the same location, or in an immediately-adjacent body space. For example, an autocannon mounted


text:
Iron-Catalyzed [2+2] Cycloadditions of Unactivated Alkenes
The thermal [2+2] cycloaddition of alkenes leading to cyclobutanes remains a big challenge for chemists as current methodologies rely on photochemical activation and substrates bearing chromophores. For this reason, unactivated alkenes, which are available in large quantities from natural resources, have been outside the scope of [2+2] cycloaddition reactions so far. Recently, a new breakthrough methodology for performing this transformation has been described in a Science paper published by Professor Paul Chirik and members of his group from Princeton University (USA). This Fe-catalyzed work is an example of chemistry that has been of long-standing interest to the Chirik group in order to develop sustainable catalytic methods that employ earth-abundant and environmentally benign first-row transition metals.
Read here the full article for free Iron-Catalyzed [2+2] Cycloadditions of Unactivated Alkenes

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
This is a 1930 Penny that you would be proud to show your family and friends and is a truly attractive example of Australia's most famous copper rarity.
Presented in a handsome black presentation case.
Melbourne Mint records reveal that the 1930 Penny was never struck.
And while many theories have been put forward as to how it was inadvertently minted and released into circulation, no one really knows how and why. What is known is that its striking was an accident that was discovered by collectors in the 1940s.
That the 1930 Penny underwent at least ten years of circulation before it was discovered means that surviving examples show wear. The coins were used. With the majority, very well used.
How soon into its life the 1930 Penny became a collectable, and was taken out of circulation, determines its price.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
What is the behavior of Conway's game of life when the initial position is random? -- We can ask this question on an infinite grid or on an $n$ by $n$ table (planar or on a torus). Specifically suppose that to start with every cell is alive with probability $p$ and these probabilities are statistically independent. This question was motivated by a recent talk by Béla Bollobás on bootstrap percolation.
Many thanks for all the answers. A related question that I thought about is what is the situation for "noisy" versions of Conway's game of life? For example if in each round a live cell dies with probability $t$ and a dead cell gets life with probability $s$ and both $t$ and $s$ are small numbers and all these probabilities are independent.
Another example is to consider the following probabilistic variant of the rule of the game itself ($t$ is a small real number):
Any live cell with fewer than two live neighbours dies with probability $1−t$.
Any live cell with two or three live neighbours lives with probability $1−t$ on to the next generation.
Any live cell with more than three live neighbours dies with probability $1−t$.
Any dead cell with exactly three live neighbours becomes a live cell with probability $1−t$.
Following some comments below I asked about the computational power of such a noisy version over here.
Update: Related question Is there any superstable configuration in the game of life?
share|improve this question
My experiments with GoL on a torus show that it eventually stabilises to a steady-state (modulo the alternating cross). You can see a video of one run at youtube.com/watch?v=tZTIiKcqdtI (the background is the same as what's happening on the torus). – Loop Space May 31 '13 at 11:39
_USER_: well, your question is surely interesting, but I don't see it anywhere in the OP's question. There is a wealth of interesting questions one can ask about the behavior of a cellular automaton on random initial configurations. Why e.g. not asking whether with positive probability every cell eventually dies out, which is more in the spirit of bootstrap percolation? – Algernon May 31 '13 at 14:21
_USER_ Stacey: It is rather naive to base an answer on experimentation. For example, there is a positive probability that somewhere in your system (lets take it to be infinite) you'll encounter this: _URL_:Gospers_glider_gun.gif – André Henriques May 31 '13 at 15:39
_USER_ Only on a mathematics forum could one argue that experimentation was no basis for assertion! Actually, I've yet to see a glider gun in my simulations so whatever that probability is then it'll be small. I suspect that it might be because it's on a torus so any glider gun that forms has a distinct possibility of shooting itself. – Loop Space May 31 '13 at 19:23
>so whatever that probability is then it'll be small< Let's say about $1−(1−(p^{20})(1−p)^{180})^{n^2/200}$. (I was too lazy to count the cells but you get the idea) Now here is the difference between a mathematician and a normal person. The mathematician believes that it is 1 and the normal person that it is 0. All existing computers are normal people, which makes it extremely hard to use them to do mathematics of this type... – fedja Jun 1 '13 at 0:23
7 Answers 7
The first study of the game of life with random initial conditions that I could find was this paper:
F. Bagnoli, R. Rechtman and S. Ruffo, Some Facts of Life, Physica A 171, 249 (1991) doi:10.1016/0378-4371(91)90277-J.
In it they attempt a kind of mean-field analysis (which I haven't digested) as well as do some numerical experiments which suggest that the system approaches a nontrivial asymptotic density for all $0\lt p\lt 1$.
Here's a plot from their paper of results on 256 by 256 toruses (their $\rho_0=p$):
figure 3 from Bagnoli, Rechtman and Ruffo 1991
They also investigated the temporal behavior, however I found more detailed simulations and discussion of scaling in this paper:
J. B. C. Garcia, M. A. F. Gomes, T. I. Jyh, T. I. Ren, and T. R. M. Sales. Nonlinear dynamics of the cellular-automaton ''game of Life''. Phys. Rev. E 48, 3345–3351 (1993)
Here is a plot showing the average number of connected clusters of live sites versus time.
figure 1 from Garcia et al 1993
They summarize their findings as follows (below $\varphi$ represents some quantity like the number of live clusters or the total number of live sites, etc.):
For initial occupation probabilities satisfying $0.15\leq p \lt 0.75$, each one of the different statistical functions $\varphi$ describing the dynamics of the GL may be divided in general in three intervals: First, a region extending from $t =0$ to $t\simeq L^{1/2}$ presenting large fluctuations in $\varphi$; second, a scaling region characterized by a power-law dependence between $\varphi$ and $t$, from $t\sim L^{1/2}$ to $t\sim L^{4/3}$ and finally the "steady state" or stabilization region (the SOC [self-organized criticality] state of Bak, Chen, and Creutz [4]) extending from $t\sim L^{4/3}$ to infinite and characterized by small fluctuations of $\varphi$ around some average value $\varphi_0$. These results are obtained from extensive numerical simulations on lattices with different values of L. The critical exponents obtained in the scaling region are robust and do not depend on $p$, for $0.15\leq p \lt0.75$. [...] For low initial occupation ($p\lt 0.15$) or high density occupation ($p \geq 0.75$) the scaling region disappears, and now the domain for large fluctuations of $\varphi$ extends from $t =0$ to $t\sim L^{4/3}$. This region is followed by the "steady state" characterized by small fluctuations around an average value.
I didn't see any rigorous arguments in the papers I found but that doesn't mean there aren't any out there. In particular as Gil hints there is a strong connection to bootstrap percolation, and perhaps some of the theorems proven there apply here as well.
share|improve this answer
The most rigorous analysis of this that I know of is in:
N. M. Gotts. Self-organized construction in sparse random arrays of Conway's Game of Life. New Constructions in Cellular Automata, pp. 1–53. Oxford University Press, 2003.
In order to be able to actually prove something about what happens (in the face of undecidability results for general Life patterns) he considers the case of patterns that are very sparse (each cell initially alive i.i.d. with a very low probability $p$) for relatively short time scales (polynomial in $N=1/p$). Specifically, it looks from my reading that he calculates the asymptotic density of live cells for all times up to $N^{281/96}$, but cannot extend his methods past $N^3$ because somewhere between those two bounds events of unbounded complexity start dominating the density.
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Fundamental undecidability is not necessarily an obstacle to proving theorems about what will happen probabilistically. For example, even with Turing machines (which surely exhibit a robust undecidability phenomenon), we know with asymptotic probability one as the number of program states increases that the behavior of a Turing machine program on a one-way infinite tape is completely trivial. See jdh.hamkins.org/haltingproblemdecidable. For similar reasons, we might hope for advance also in the case of Life. Perhaps life is similarly decidable in most instances... – Joel David Hamkins May 31 '13 at 19:32
Remember that, with an infinite field, "most instance" include somewhere every possible finite pattern. In order to say something about denser configurations or longer numbers of steps we would need to resolve the question of whether it is possible for a pattern to exist that can survive and robustly reproduce itself in an environment filled with random junk. If they can exist, then they may eventually come to be a significant fraction of the population. On the other hand if they cannot exist, then it is plausible that more simplistic analysis techniques can be applied. – David Eppstein Jun 1 '13 at 1:00
_USER_ Eppstein. I like very much your rephrasing of the question: this is exactly what one needs to think about. My bet is that the answer is "yes": there do exist patterns that can survive and robustly reproduce themselves (with an extremely low reproduction rate) in an environment filled with random junk


Howdy, Stranger!
Need some Pseudocode help plz!
I have started to write the pseudocode for this program but i have come to a dead end. I do not know how to continue this. Here is the question.
Write a program that will read in five positive integers (one at a time) and print out the largest and smallest number of the five numbers. The program should read the numbers one at a time. Write the program such that it takes an unlimited amount of positive integers.
num number
num ans
num min
num max
num count = 0
output "How many numbers are you going to input?"
input ans
while count < ans
output "Enter Number" count + 1
input number
if number < 0 then
output "enter positive number"
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text:
CDC Vital Signs Indicates Stalled Progress in Preventing Stroke Deaths
This month's U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Vital Signs publication reveals that after decades of decline, progress has slowed in preventing stroke deaths. In California, stroke death rates have reversed from decreasing to increasing. Additionally, national stroke death rates remain high or have increased for certain demographic groups, including African Americans and Hispanics. The CDC Vital Signs report provides information, strategies, and graphics for public health practitioners, health systems, and health care professionals to use to support coordinated systems of care to prevent stroke deaths. More information is available here.


text:
A new cleaning method could remove dust on solar installations in water-limited regions, improving overall efficiency
Solar power is expected to reach 10 percent of global power generation by the year 2030, and much of that is likely to be located in desert areas, where sunlight is abundant. But the accumulation of dust on solar panels or mirrors is already a significant issue—it can reduce the output of photovoltaic panels by as much as 30 percent in just one month—so regular cleaning is essential for such installations.
But cleaning solar panels currently is estimated to use about 10 billion gallons of water per year—enough to supply drinking water for up to 2 million people. Attempts at waterless cleaning are labor intensive and tend to cause irreversible scratching of the surfaces, which also reduces efficiency. Now, a team of researchers at MIT has devised a way of automatically cleaning solar panels, or the mirrors of solar thermal plants, in a waterless, no-contact system that could significantly reduce the dust problem, they say.
The new system uses electrostatic repulsion to cause dust particles to detach and virtually leap off the panel's surface, without the need for water or brushes. To activate the system, a simple electrode passes just above the solar panel's surface, imparting an electrical charge to the dust particles, which are then repelled by a charge applied to the panel itself. The system can be operated automatically using a simple electric motor and guide rails along the side of the panel. The research is described in the journal Science Advances, in a paper by MIT graduate student Sreedath Panat and professor of mechanical engineering Kripa Varanasi.
Despite concerted efforts worldwide to develop ever more efficient solar panels, Varanasi says, "a mundane problem like dust can actually put a serious dent in the whole thing." Lab tests conducted by Panat and Varanasi showed that the dropoff of energy output from the panels happens steeply at the very beginning of the process of dust accumulation and can easily reach 30 percent reduction after just one month without cleaning. Even a 1 percent reduction in power, for a 150-megawatt solar installation, they calculated, could result in a $200,000 loss in annual revenue. The researchers say that globally, a 3 to 4 percent reduction in power output from solar plants would amount to a loss of between $3.3 billion and $5.5 billion.
"There is so much work going on in solar materials," Varanasi says. "They're pushing the boundaries, trying to gain a few percent here and there in improving the efficiency, and here you have something that can obliterate all of that right away."
Many of the largest solar power installations in the world, including ones in China, India, the U.A.E., and the U.S., are located in desert regions. The water used for cleaning these solar panels using pressurized water jets has to be trucked in from a distance, and it has to be very pure to avoid leaving behind deposits on the surfaces. Dry scrubbing is sometimes used but is less effective at cleaning the surfaces and can cause permanent scratching that also reduces light transmission.
Water cleaning makes up about 10 percent of the operating costs of solar installations. The new system could potentially reduce these costs while improving the overall power output by allowing for more frequent automated cleanings, the researchers say.
"The water footprint of the solar industry is mind boggling," Varanasi says, and it will be increasing as these installations continue to expand worldwide. "So, the industry has to be very careful and thoughtful about how to make this a sustainable solution."
Other groups have tried to develop electrostatic based solutions, but these have relied on a layer called an electrodynamic screen, using interdigitated electrodes. These screens can have defects that allow moisture in and cause them to fail, Varanasi says. While they might be useful on a place like Mars, he says, where moisture is not an issue, even in desert environments on Earth this can be a serious problem.
The new system they developed only requires an electrode, which can be a simple metal bar, to pass over the panel, producing an electric field that imparts a charge to the dust particles as it goes. An opposite charge applied to a transparent conductive layer just a few nanometers thick deposited on the glass covering of the the solar panel then repels the particles, and by calculating the right voltage to apply, the researchers were able to find a voltage range sufficient to overcome the pull of gravity and adhesion forces, and cause the dust to lift away.
Using specially prepared laboratory samples of dust with a range of particle sizes, experiments proved that the process works effectively on a laboratory-scale test installation, Panat says. The tests showed that humidity in the air provided a thin coating of water on the particles, which turned out to be crucial to making the effect work. "We performed experiments at varying humidities from 5 percent to 95 percent," Panat says. "As long as the ambient humidity is greater than 30 percent, you can remove almost all of the particles from the surface, but as humidity decreases, it becomes harder."
Varanasi says that "the good news is that when you get to 30 percent humidity, most deserts actually fall in this regime." And even those that are typically drier than that tend to have higher humidity in the early morning hours, leading to dew formation, so the cleaning could be timed accordingly.
"Moreover, unlike some of the prior work on electrodynamic screens, which actually do not work at high or even moderate humidity, our system can work at humidity even as high as 95 percent, indefinitely," Panat says.
In practice, at scale, each solar panel could be fitted with railings on each side, with an electrode spanning across the panel. A small electric motor, perhaps using a tiny portion of the output from the panel itself, would drive a belt system to move the electrode from one end of the panel to the other, causing all the dust to fall away. The whole process could be automated or controlled remotely. Alternatively, thin strips of conductive transparent material could be permanently arranged above the panel, eliminating the need for moving parts.
By eliminating the dependency on trucked-in water, by eliminating the buildup of dust that can contain corrosive compounds, and by lowering the overall operational costs, such systems have the potential to significantly improve the overall efficiency and reliability of solar installations, Varanasi says.


Technology for Resiliency
VIAB Self-Sustained Infrastructure
Our infrastructure technology is a unique INFRASTRUCTURE BOX as it Manages all resources based on consumption forecasting, and incorporates all the elements required for life into one package. Elements such as water, energy, food, waste, waste water are all taken into account and developed to work together, as a synergetic array. One element feeds the next which in turn feeds another. Nothing is wasted.
Our infrastructure acts like the layers of an onion. One infrastructure grid is designed with multiple layers, each built one on top of the other. The result is the most efficient infrastructure grid in the world.
Carbon -negative circular infrastructure
Resource-efficient. Resilient
Modular and scalable
Powered by AI smart control
30% cheaper, 20%-40% faster
Grid Management Software
The same proprietary software used to design your city of the future is also used to manage your city of the future. As all the elements work together in harmony, one platform can be used to monitor all activity within the system. Sophisticated AI algorithms will monitor performance and adjust as required to ensure optimal efficiency of the infrastructure. When faults are detected, back-up systems are engaged and key maintenance personnel are alerted automatically, without the need for human intervention. To oversee this process, our on-site Operaion & Maintenance teams safeguard the system's resilience.
Grid Design Software
We have developed a proprietary, AI-powered Grid Design Software. Instead of painstakingly designing an infrastructure grid piece by piece, checking and rechecking that nothing has been missed, our system allows clients to input the variables of their communities, such as population size, type, terrain information, etc., from which our system will generate a blue print for an efficient and zero-waste infrastructure grid.
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text:
If the classroom doorknob disfunction or the bathroom won't flush, teachers will fix it. Teacher's are the handy person inside the classroom. That is why, when parents volunteered to do the handy job, the teacher can focus teaching.
There are more than 50 children inside the classroom with no tables and chairs. Government can't accommodate to give each classroom what they need. The teacher should be resourceful! That is why during the PTA meeting, the teacher would ask for school projects. Look! A newly painted table and chairs for the new first grader to use. I salute the parents who are active in the school to make the learning situation inside the classroom easier and comfortable for their children. (Pictures: Agusan Elementary School, Agusan, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines) Photo Courtesy: Jacky Rodriguez


text:
How to Grow a Dinosaur
2013 REU Project:
Dinosaurs evolved in the Triassic period of Earth history, about 230 million years ago, and took over the terrestrial environment soon after. Even though dinosaurs are a unique group, they inherited many of their characteristics from their closest relatives. Some of these characters include a fast growth rate and new sites of muscle attachments on bones. Yet, the order of the appearance of these characters among early dinosaurs and their closest relatives and the relationships of the appearance of the muscle scars and individual age (ontogeny) are not clear. To understand the growth of an animal, different growth stages of a single species are needed, but such growth series rare in the fossil record. Fortunately, researchers at the Field Museum have recently collected hundreds of bones of different sized individuals of close dinosaur relative named Asilisaurus kongwe, from the Middle Triassic of Tanzania in Africa. The bones of Asilisaurus will help us understand the relationship between growth and the appearance of dinosaur-like features.
Research methods and techniques: An REU intern will focus on the skeletal remains of Asilisaurus by examining and describing gross morphology of bones of various growth stages of the dinosaur relative. This will be accomplished by sorting hundreds of bones of Asilisaurus that have come straight from the field. In addition, the intern will create histological sections (cross sections) of long bones (e.g., femur) in order to compare the appearance of external bone features with internal bone features at different sizes. These results will then be compared to bone features and growth trajectories of early dinosaurs.
Curator/Advisor: Dr. Kenneth D. Angielczyk (Assistant Curator of Paleomammalogy, Geology) and Dr. Sterling J. Nesbitt


WAG (estimate)
Because WAGS are simply guesses, they can be very difficult to substantiate. A scientific wild-ass guess (SWAG) is a WAG that is explained in terms of assumptions and informal calculations made to arrive at the estimate. For example, coming up with a WAG for a project completion date, a project manager could explain that a similar completed project took six months but also that there are fewer developers available currently, so the project might take an extra month. The scientific part of the SWAG is the additional explanation and calculation.
Planning poker, a team building activity for achieving group consensus, is a popular tool for creating WAGs that are more likely to be realistic.
This was last updated in March 2012
Continue Reading About WAG (estimate)
Dig Deeper on Agile, DevOps and software development methodologies


text:
This activity is closed to further registration.
Familiarize children between the ages of 6 months and 3 years with the water and teach swimming readiness skills. Provide safety information for parents and teach techniques parents can use to orient their children to the water.
AGES 6 months - 3 years
Activity Secondary Category
Indoor Pool at Emporia Recreation Center
Emporia Recreation Commission


text:
Lesson 31 - How long does it take? - Exercise 9
Watch the video, then answer the question.
How does Larry get to work.
- He gets to work by car (He drives to work).
- He gets to work on foot (He walks to work).
- He gets to work by train (He takes the train to work).
- He gets to work by bus (He takes the bus to work).
The answer is "about a quarter of an hour (15 minutes)". What is the question? Type it.
- How long does it take Larry to get to work?
- How long does Larry work everyday?
- How long is Larry's day?
There are 2 questions
in this exercise. The first question is about prepositions, and the second question is about the title of this lesson.
Means of transportation: in general, use by
: by car, by bike, by train, by plane, etc., but on foot


Negative wake and velocity of a bubble rising in a viscoelastic fluid
Shriram B. Pillapakkam, Pushpendra Singh
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
1 Scopus citations
A three-dimensional finite element based numerical method is used to simulate the rise of a bubble in a viscoelastic fluid modeled by the Oldroyd-B model. The rise velocity is studied as a function of the bubble volume on a log-log plot. The dependence of rise velocity on the bubble shape and the viscoelastic properties of the ambient fluid are also investigated. In simulations, rather than a jump in the rise velocity at a critical volume as observed in experiments, we find that there is a steep, but continuous, change in the rise velocity over a very small range of bubble volumes. Interestingly, this steep increase in the rise velocity is exaggerated when a parameter, which is a measure of the polymer concentration, is increased, while keeping the zero-shear viscosity fixed. The wake is 'negative' in the sense that the direction of fluid velocity behind the bubble for this parameter range is the opposite of that for a Newtonian fluid.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)709-714
Number of pages6
StatePublished - Jan 1 2003
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
 - Engineering(all)
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text:
Thursday March 6, 2008
Origins of the borrowed words
By LYNNE McGREADY
BORROWED or loaned or stolen words?? Does is it really matter?
In my last article on this subject (Feb 22), I put forward a very easy challenge: "Can you find the words (in this list) that were borrowed from other languages?" I am confident that many readers were able to find or already know the etymology or history of some of the words in the list. Not all of the words were borrowed but each and every one of them has a history or what I like to call a "beginning".
So, here are the answers, as I know them.
Typhoon: A violent tropical storm. The Arabs say that the word is an adaptation of their Arabic word tufan. The Greeks say, "No way! It's ours. We say typhon which means violent storm." Another suggestion is that the word was from the Cantonese tai fung, meaning great wind.
Loot: Things stolen during pillaging... Ermm? pillaging? You mean looting or stealing? Yes. And its origin was in India, in the Hindi language to be exact.
Ginger: When I researched the etymology of this word, my first concerns were: "How am I going to simplify the explanation of its beginnings as it has been influenced by the many periods of the English language – Middle English gingerer, Old English and then Greek zingier?" Then I found that the one I liked was the Tamil inci, which means ginger, and veer, which means root.
Shampoo: This was a little bit of a surprise! This word is borrowed from the Anglo-Indian word shampoo! It originated in the Hindi word champ, which means to smear, massage using the flowers of a plant called the Michelin champak. I know I met someone in Kuala Lumpur called Champak who told me her name was the name of a flower! A small world of words?
Compound: Guess what? Compound originated in the 1600s from the Malay word kampong! I think this deserves an "ah ha!" as we think about the definition of the word as "a village or group of buildings". The English borrowed the word to describe an enclosure for a factory or a settlement of Europeans in the East.
Bandanna: I thought this word was one that originated in Spain or Mexico only to find that it is from the Hindi word bandhnu and from the Sanskrit word badhnati, which means "to bind". Perhaps I had visions of the handsome Spanish actor Antonio Banderas on a horse, wearing a red bandanna on his head and?
Cumquat or Kumquat: I have eaten many a slice of toast covered in cumquat jam. I never thought to ask about its origins. It is a fruit grown in Japan, Korea, China, Vietnam and even Malaysia. But the origin of the word is from Canton in China – gam gwat, or gan ju in Mandarin. (I must find the Bahasa Malaysia name for it!)
Amok: This is a word I love! My mother used to threaten my brother and me with "No going away during your school vacation if you continue to run amuck while I am at work". (Our nanny was the squealer!) It never occurred to me that this word was first recorded from the Malay amok, which means attacking furiously or a frenzied person. I have been enlightened.
Gong: From the Malay word gong. The sound of the instrument when struck?
Shanghai: This is an easy one and used mainly to describe a situation that a sailor might find himself in when he is kidnapped to work on a ship sailing to places like Shanghai in China.
Junk: A Chinese sailing ship but... from the Malay word jong or Javanese djong, which I have been told means large boat or ship.
Kowtow: The Chinese had a custom of touching the ground with their forehead as a sign of submission or respect. In Hanyu Pinyin, it is spelt kou tou.
Pariah: I thought this word simply meant "mongrel dog". Of course not! It has been borrowed directly from the derogatory Tamil word paraiyar because it was applied to people who were of a low caste and/or social outcasts! This word has been deleted from my vocabulary, effective immediately.
Bangle: A simple one. A ring shaped bracelet borrowed from the Hindi word bangri, which means coloured glass bracelet or anklet.
Mango: Hmmm, this was interesting and a bit of a battle between languages. Is it from the Malay word mangga or the Tamil word man, meaning mango tree, + kay, which means fruit?
Silk: From the Chinese word si, the Manchurian word sirghe, then borrowed into Greek as serikos, and on and on...
Alcohol: An easy but interesting one. Ladies, have you ever used kohl to darken your eyelids? Al kuhul was the powder used to darken eyes. Then the definition moved to al gawl, meaning the spirit which is also the origin of the word ghoul.
Thug: "You useless member of a gang of murderers and robbers and cheats and swindlers!" said the person in Hindi before it was borrowed by the English.
Cockatoo: I thought this was an Australian word and bird! In fact, it has been borrowed from the Malay word kakak tua, meaning older sister. Ouch!
Orang-utan: Everyone knows this one.
Jungle: Borrowed from the Hindi word jangal, which means desert, forest, wasteland. Weird! I always imagined a jungle as being forest with lots of trees, humidity and rain, rain and more rain.
Punch: Here is one for those of you who like a little 'punch' at parties but are never quite sure what the ingredients are. This is a word said to be borrowed from the Hindi word panch, which means five. Five spirits, or four spirits and water, or three spirits, water and lemon juice, or?
Cot: From the Hindi word khat or small bed.
Gung ho: This story must be told. The original Chinese word kung he means to co-operate. Then a colonel in the US Marine Corps, stationed in China in the 1930s, was so impressed with the attitude of the people in the cooperatives he visited, he chose "Gung Ho" as the motto for his battalion. It is said that by the end of World War II, these same words were being used throughout the American Marine Corps to express a "can do" attitude.
Anaconda: If you watched the movie of the same title, you probably thought it was South American. In actual fact, all I could find were suggestions that ranged from Sinhalese henacandaya or whip snake to Tamil anaikkonda, which is supposed to mean "having killed an elephant". Er? any connection to its size?
Yen: Yes, it's the Japanese currency but wait? if its definition is also "a sharp desire or hunger for something", then it goes back to the Chinese Cantonese word yin, which means "intense craving", supported in English by the word "yearn" or to long for something.
Is this it? Are there more words that are borrowed, loaned or stolen? Absolutely! I read somewhere that there were 80,000 loan words in the 1970s.
I enjoyed this simple investigative exercise simply because the English pronunciations of the words I was searching for often differed from the original pronunciation and so the people I spoke to about Chinese words, Malay words, etc, were not able to recognise the borrowed word when spoken.
Also, I am repeatedly reminded that when I start activities like this, "curiosity killed the cat", but I think "indifferent cats" probably died young and of boredom.


text:
About The Song
"Purple Haze" is a groundbreaking song by The Jimi Hendrix Experience, released in 1967. It is often regarded as one of Jimi Hendrix's signature tracks and a pivotal moment in the history of rock music. Here are five facts about the song:
- Guitar Innovation: "Purple Haze" is celebrated for its innovative guitar work, featuring Jimi Hendrix's use of the newly introduced Octavia effect pedal. This pedal created a unique, otherworldly sound that contributed to the song's psychedelic and experimental vibe.
- Lyrically Cryptic: The lyrics of "Purple Haze" are often considered cryptic and open to interpretation. Hendrix himself described the song as being inspired by a vivid dream he had, but the meaning remains elusive, leading to various theories about its possible drug references or deeper meanings.
- Debut Single: "Purple Haze" was released as the debut single by The Jimi Hendrix Experience. It quickly gained popularity, reaching the top 10 in the United States and becoming a key element of Hendrix's live performances.
- Album Inclusion: The song is featured on the debut album of The Jimi Hendrix Experience, titled "Are You Experienced." The album, released in 1967, is considered a landmark in rock music and showcased Hendrix's innovative guitar techniques and songwriting.
- Cultural Impact: "Purple Haze" is not only a musical classic but also a cultural touchstone of the 1960s. It became an anthem for the counterculture movement and is often associated with the psychedelic era. The song's influence extends beyond its initial release, continuing to inspire generations of musicians.
Purple haze, all in my brain
Lately things they don't seem the same
Actin' funny, but I don't know why
Excuse me while I kiss the sky
Purple haze, all around
Don't know if I'm comin' up or down
Am I happy or in misery?
What ever it is, that girl put a spell on me
Oh, no, no
Ooh, ah, yeah!
Purple haze all in my eyes
Don't know if it's day or night
You got me blowin', blowin' my mind
Is it tomorrow, or just the end of time?
Ahh, yeah, yeah, purple haze
Oh, no, oh
Oh, help me
Tell me, tell me, purple haze
I can't go on like this
(Purple haze) you're makin' me blow my mind
Purple haze, n-no, no


text:
King Manor Museum and Park in Jamaica was once the home of Rufus King (_PHONE_), a distinguished lawyer, statesman, and gentleman farmer. The son of a wealthy lumber merchant from Maine, King graduated from Harvard in 1777. He suspended his law studies to serve in the Revolutionary War in 1778. Two years later, King was admitted to the bar in Massachusetts. He served as a member of the Confederation Congress from 1784 to 1787, where he introduced a plan that prevented the spread of slavery into the Northwest Territories. King was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention in 1787, and made his most famous contribution to American history as a framer and signer of the Constitution.
On It's My Park Day, join Centro Hispano for a clean-up of Rufus King Park. Volunteers can assist with raking...
Directions to Rufus King Park
- Rufus King Park Recieves a Makeover
- This Weekend In Parks
- GETTING TO KNOW YOU, GETTING TO KNOW ALL ABOUT YOU
Rufus King Park Weather


Chromatomyia asteris (Hendel, 1934)
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puparium in mine
Food Plant: Aster tripolium (Sea Aster)
Mine: Jun -July; Sept-Oct
Notes: Forms a linear mine which is mainly upper surface but it starts lower surface. Frass grains are large and irregular. Pupariation occurs within the mine (as shown). Spencer (1972, 1976) states that the puparium is white with front spiracula penetrating the epidermis but Warrington (pers. comm) also found that on pupariation the anterior spiracles went black straight away, then within an hour or so, the whole puparium was black. A widespread coastal species.
Data: 26.x.2017, Hessle, South-east Yorkshire, VC61
Image:© Barry Warrington
Recording Grade: 5
Spencer, KA (1972) -Diptera, Agromyzidae; Handbooks for the Identification of
British Insects, 10
sponsored by Colin Plant Associates (UK) LLP/Consultant Entomologists


Health Care Assistants
Healthcare assistants support practice nurses with their daily work and carry out tasks such as phlebotomy (drawing blood), blood pressure measurement, ECGs, spirometry (lung tests) and ABPMs (24 hour blood pressure monitoring). They may act as a chaperone or assistant when a patient or doctor requests one.
Members of the team are:
Afif Aria
Healthcare Assistant (female)
Melissa Hanger
Phlebotomist (female)
Eliza King Lassman
Phlebotomist (female)


liquid on former Yio Chu Kang MP Seng Hang Thong and set him alight while he was at a grassroots event at a community club. Remnants of Mr Seng's burnt clothing were submitted for forensic analysis. The flammable liquid used was identified to be thinner.
Chevron Oronite chemical explosion4
One worker was killed and another injured during an explosion at Chevron Oronite's lubricant additive factory on Jurong Island in 2005. The incident occurred in a manufacturing unit of the factory as employees uploaded a highly flammable chemical, phosphorus pentasulfide, which was used as an intermediate in the production of lube additives. Forensic scientists were required to determine the nature of the explosion, type of chemicals and their reactions, and how the fire and explosion could have occurred.
Kreuz Shipyard fire and explosion5
On 8 June 2008, a flash fire broke out on the "Rainbow Star" vessel which was in its final stages of repair. A massive explosion subsequently occurred, injuring 15 and killing three shipyard workers. Flammable vapours were found in the gas samples recovered from the vessel. These flammable vapours which likely originated from the spray-painting works conducted in the water ballast tanks, fuelled the fire and subsequent explosion.
Compressed natural gas ("CNG")-fuelled bus explosion6
A CNG-fuelled bus exploded 15 minutes after 19 full-time national servicemen ("NSF"s) got off the bus on 13 August 2010. The NSFs had alerted the driver to a smell resembling petrol or fuel when they boarded the bus earlier, but the driver dismissed it. Forensic scientists were activated to the scene and the bus was examined to determine the cause of the explosion. The absence of any seat(s) of explosion indicated that an IED was unlikely to have been used. We conducted damage analysis and established that the cause of the fire and explosion was likely due to the leakage of flammable CNG from a joint with a missing ferrule located in the rear left compartment of the bus. The findings provided valuable inputs to the Coroner's inquiry.
Superbowl underground gas mains explosion7
In 2002, two workmen were hacking tiles in a water valve pit when a series of explosions was triggered in the ground below a restaurant erected on reclaimed land. The area around an underground town gas pipe sustained the most severe damage. Investigations by other agencies concluded that separation of the elbow joint from the spigot of this pipe was the effect and not the cause of the explosion; the cause was attributed to the accumulation and ignition of methane gas from the soil or sewage system. However, our forensic reconstruction revealed that the horizontal section of the pipe (with the elbow) was supported by reinforcement bars and embedded in a concrete slab, whereas the spigot end of the pipe was not adequately supported in the soil. Soil settlement on the reclaimed land for a period of over 25 years had caused a void of 30 cm under the concrete slab, and created stress on the joint between the spigot and elbow of the pipe, resulting in joint misalignment and town gas leakage. The leaked town gas accumulated in the void spaces below the concrete slab of the restaurant and were likely ignited by the sparks made by the electric drills used by the workmen, triggering the series of explosions.
Coroner's inquiry: Bukit Merah LPG gas explosion8
In 2007, a blast and an ensuing blaze occurred in a one-room rental flat in Jalan Bukit Merah. The force of the explosion blew out the front wall of the unit, and sent the windows flying about 15 metres from the block. The fractured liquefied petroleum gas ("LPG") tubings were recovered from the scene. Experiments were conducted to study the effect of stress, heat and cuts by sharp objects on the surface characteristics of the tubing.9 No evidence of tampering was observed on the recovered rubber tubing, and the fractures were determined to be due to breakage under stress. As a result of these findings, the regulatory body in Singapore recommended that regular checks and changing of worn tubings be performed by suppliers of LPG cylinders.
1998 Jurong blast10
A rag-and-bone man was killed in an explosion while rummaging through a rubbish bin at a bus-stop in Jurong. Examination of fragments of the rubbish bin indicated that the blast occurred outside the bin. Bits of blackened blue plastic, believed to have held the explosive, were found on his body and at the scene. These plastic pieces were stained with nitroglycerin ("NG") and ethylene glycol dinitrate ("EGDN"), two high explosives which are common ingredients of dynamite.
Unlike most scenes, the inherent destructiveness of a fire and explosion often compromises much of the evidence left behind. Ignitable liquid and explosive residues are hence found in trace amounts. While the analytical procedure for ignitable liquid residues is generally straightforward and follows standard guidelines, the interpretation of results is made complicated with ironically, the improved sensitivities of analytical equipment, and increased use of petroleum products and other chemicals in the environment. The forensic report should explain clearly the significance of the results obtained, and conclusions reached (with appropriate qualifiers) so that readers of the report are not misled by a positive or negative finding.
Explosive ingredients, their precursors and by-products are either consumed in the blast or present in the environment. The analysis of post-blast debris requires the scientist to take into account the limitations and advantages of various sample clean-up, extraction and analytical techniques, and employ the appropriate methods in the right sequence to identify the explosive materials in post-blast debris. The scientist must be able to correctly differentiate compounds in low explosives from those legitimately present in the background. Incorporating findings from damage analysis allows the reconstruction of events that led to the explosion.
What's Next?
Flammables and explosives form a small subset of the forensic discipline related to unknown chemicals and materials. Unknown chemicals and materials are commonly encountered in criminal and civil cases involving robbery, adulteration, counterfeit drugs, controlled drugs, poisons and homemade explosives. They are also encountered in day-to-day quality control operations to ensure product quality. Identifying the unknown substances may provide important investigative leads such as "What is it used for?", "Who may have access to such a chemical?", "What did it originate from?", etc.
Look out for our next article on "Analysis of Unknown Chemicals and Materials", which aims to address the science behind the discipline as well as the methodology commonly adopted for examining and reporting on cases involving unknown substances.
The Forensic Experts Group*
E-mail: [email protected]
* The Forensic Experts Group ("TFEG") is Singapore's first one-stop private and independent provider of forensic consultancy, analysis, research, training and education for legal and law enforcement agencies, forensic and tertiary institutions, and private organisations. It comprises a team of accomplished and innovative forensic scientists, who are combining 75 years of specialised knowledge, unique experience and skillsets to deliver high quality forensic services both locally and overseas. While leading the Criminalistics Laboratory and the Forensic Chemistry & Physics Laboratory at the Health Sciences Authority from the mid-1990s, TFEG's forensic scientists developed and conducted fire debris and explosives analyses for numerous cases in Singapore.
1 ASTM E1618 Standard Test Method for Ignitable Liquid Residues in Extracts from Fire Debris Samples by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.
2 TWGFEX Laboratory Explosion Group, Standards & Protocols Committee, Recommended Guidelines for Forensic Identification of Post-Blast Explosive Residues.
3 "MP set alight by resident, sent to SGH", Asia One (11 Jan 2009).
4 "Accident Kills Oronite Worker", Lube Report Vol 5 (10) (9 Mar 2005).
5 "Flash fire in ship docked in Tuas", Asia One (9 June 2008).
6 "NSFs escape death by 15 minutes", The New Paper (26 Nov 2012).
7 "Forensic investigation of an underground gas main explosion" (2004), Lim Chin Chin, Michael Tay Ming Kiong, Chia Poh Ling, 56th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, USA, Proceedings Vol 10, Abstract No. C44
8 "Gas explosion victim dies", Today (6 Aug 2007).
9 "Comparing the effects of stress, cuts by sharp objects and heat on the surface characteristics of the rubber tubing of liquefied petrol gas ("LPG") cylinder" (2009), Chia Poh Ling. Kuah Kim Lian. Lim Chin Chin and Michael Tay Ming Kiong. 6th Forensic International Network of Explosives Investigation (FINEX) conference.
10 "1998 Jurong blast still a mystery", The Straits Times (28 Aug 2003).
The Forensic Experts Group*
E-mail: [email protected]
* The Forensic Experts Group ("TFEG") is Singapore's first one-stop private and independent provider of forensic consultancy, analysis, research, training and education for legal and law enforcement agencies, forensic and tertiary institutions, and private organisations. It comprises a team of accomplished forensic scientists, who are combining 75 years of specialised knowledge, unique experience and skillsets to deliver high quality forensic services both locally and overseas. While heading the Forensic Chemistry & Physics Laboratory at the Health Sciences Authority, TFEG's senior consultants developed and instituted bloodstain pattern analysis as a distinctive forensic discipline in Singapore, successfully applying the expertise to many high profile local cases since 2005.


Localities documented in Tropicos sources
Calamus L.:
Australia (Oceania)
China (Asia)
India (Asia)
Sri Lanka (Asia)
Source: Missouri Botanical Garden
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Calamus (palm)
Calamus is a genus of the palm family Arecaceae. These are among several genera known as rattan palms. There are some 325 species in this genus, all with a palaeotropical distribution. They are mostly leaf-climbers with slender, reedy stems. To aid scrambling some species have evolved hooks on the underside of the midrib, or more commonly by modified pinnae in the form of stout, backward-pointing spines. These stems may grow to lengths of 200 metres. [1]
Calamus australis is known as the hairy mary.
Diversity[edit source | edit]
Species include:
References[edit source | edit]
 1. ^ Dictionary of Flowering Plants and Ferns - JC Willis (1960)
 2. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Calamus". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government, Canberra. Retrieved 2008-03-28.
 3. ^ GRIN: C. tenuis
Source: Wikipedia
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Economic Significance
Calamus is a genus of Old World climbers that produce rattan, a structural material used to make furniture of the same name.
 - Bennett, B.C. 2007. Chapter 3: Twenty-five Important Plant Families. B.C. Bennett, editor. UNESCO Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems. _URL_.
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 (CC BY 3.0)
© Amy Chang
Supplier: Amy Chang
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Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Why Does Old Ice Cream Get Crunchy?
This was originally posted on Sustainable Nano, which is my new project. You should go check it out! Science Minus Details will live on though! Poop posts will come, have faith!!!!
As with all good meals of information, let's start this one off with ice cream!
In an effort to grow out of my "slim fit" clothes, I've begun an ice-cream-after-every-dinner diet.
Even the cat likes my diet!
An added bonus is that I go through jugs of ice cream so quickly that I NEVER have to deal with old, gross, crunchy ice cream! You know what I'm talking about. You reach into the back of your freezer, find that jug of 6-month-old ice cream, only to discover that it tastes like the perfect mixture of sugar, fat, and sand.
In order to understand this gritty phenomenon, let's talk first about what gives freshly purchased ice cream that wonderfully non-gritty texture. The ice cream manufacturing process is controlled very carefully, such that the ice in ice cream comes in the form of lots of super-tiny ice crystals. These ice crystals are usually around 10 to 100 micrometers in size, which is so small that our tongues can't even detect them as crystals, which is one reason ice cream is so smooth! However, if their size increases significantly, our tongue notices the crystals and the ice cream tastes gritty. But how do the crystals get bigger? Well, as we talked about in the previous post, small crystals have more surface area compared to an equal mass of large crystals. This means that lots of the atoms that make up small crystals are stuck out on the surface of those crystals, instead of being nestled on the inside. Those surface atoms would much rather be on the inside of the crystal, surrounded by other identical atoms. We scientists would say the surfaces of crystals have extra energy, relative to the insides of crystals.
Water molecules on the surface of ice crystals have extra "surface energy" because they aren't fully surrounded by other water molecules.
As a consequence of this, small crystals are always looking for a way to grow larger so that a smaller percentage of their atoms will have to live on the crystal surface. That is exactly what happens over time as ice cream sits in the freezer—the ice crystals find a way to grow larger—leading to that oh-so-disappointing gritty texture. One way this crystal size growth can happen is when small crystals clump together to make larger crystals. This turns some of the unhappy surface atoms into happy interior atoms.
An even cooler way crystals can grow larger is by stealing individual unhappy surface atoms from other crystals. Basically, the surface atoms are so unhappy, they simply "abandon ship" and wash up on the shores of another crystal, making that second crystal larger. This process results in larger crystals growing and smaller crystals shrinking. This can continue to happen until the small crystals disappear completely! Cool!
What in the world does this have to do with nanotechnology? Well, if we shrunk the smooth-tasting ice crystals to be around 1,000 to 100,000 times smaller, they would be nano-ice crystals. We scientists would then call them "nanoparticles," and we can make them from lots of different materials. Nanoparticles are so tiny that their surfaces have WAY MORE extra energy, and this energy can be harnessed to do some amazing things! To choose one example of many—big chunks of gold can't do much for a chemist except buy her lots of late-night meals and maybe a new car bike (we're sustainable here, remember!). However, nano-sized chunks of gold have such energetic surfaces that they can link two different chemicals together—where nothing at all happens without the nano-gold.
Gold nanoparticles can act as "catalysts" in chemical reactions.
The surfaces of nanoparticles can also be harnessed to degrade pollutants, turn fuels into electricity in fuel cells, and tons of other great stuff! Their surfaces are also largely responsible for how these materials behave in the environment and in organisms' bodies (more on that soon!). So, the more we understand about these special surfaces, the better we can predict where nano-pollutants might end up and how toxic or non-toxic they might be. We can then hopefully use this information to design nanoparticles that are "benign by design." So, to stretch the ice cream analogy to its limits, it's best to understand as much as we can about nanoparticle surfaces in order to avoid any gritty-tasting negatives, but there are still plenty of smooth-tasting positives!
 1. glad the cat enjoys the ice cream.
 1. haha, yeah. me too! She didn't like it as much as she likes leftover cereal milk tho.
 2. :-) NOt dead, just trying my best to get paid to talk about science, rather than do it for free, so focusing my efforts on helping scientists learn how to communicate with the public, at I swear I'll come back to science minus details. Have faith. I'm so sorry it's been so long since I've posted an update. Thanks for checking in!!!!!!!!!!!!
 2. Brazilian food tech student here. Just curious about re-crystallization.
 Thanks for the info ;)
 1. This isn't quite "recrystallization" as a chemist would use the term. Perhaps food scientists have another use for it. Recyrstallization usually purifies things by allowing you to rinse away impurities. The water isn't becoming any more or less pure here, just changing the size of its crystals. I'm glad you found it useful though!!!


text: Through photographs, maps, and the writings of highly respected authors such as David Fromkin, Zahi Hawass, Sandra Mackey, and Milton Viorst, Cradle & Crucible details the historical, political, cultural, and religious forces that have shaped the region and unravels for readers the enigma that is the Middle East. Beginning with the prehistoric civilizations of the fertile crescent and continuing through the conflicts of the 20th and 21st centuries, the first section of the book distills the Middle East's sweeping, often turbulent history. From the Hittites to Alexander the Great, from the Romans to the Crusaders, from the Ottomans to the Imperialists, the Middle East's rich tapestry of influences and identities is described with new critical insights. The book's second section is devoted to the Middle East's three great faiths, examining in depth the impact of Muslim, Jewish, and Christian beliefs on history and daily life in the Middle East. Filled with photographs and maps that contribute to a visual understanding of the subject, Cradle & Crucible is a timely guide to this complex, enormously important area of the world.


text:
Sangho Ha and Heunghwan Kim+
Department of Computer Science
Asan 336-745, Korea
+ Department of Computer Science
Cheongju 360-742, Korea
Multithreading is attractive in that it can tolerate latency and synchronization by effectively overlapping communication with computation. While several compiler techniques have been developed to produce multithreaded codes from functional language programs, it is very difficult to find effective loop implementation for multithreaded computation. In this paper, we will suggest a loop unfolding scheme, KU-Loop. In this scheme, parallel loops can be implemented more efficiently than sequential loops by effectively overlapping loop-setup with loop execution. In addition, we suggest equations to statically approximate the optimal loop unfolding degree for each loop class using profile information. Finally, we will analyze our loop unfolding scheme by means of simulation over several benchmarks and compare simulation results with the results of the equations.
Keywords: multithreading, loop unfolding, loop unfolding degree, synchronization, communication
Received May 1, 1997; revised November 20, 1997.
Communicated by Chung-Ta King.
* This paper was supported by the Korea Science & Engineering Foundation.


text:
A rapid prototyping system and a calibration method thereof are provided. The system includes a laser generating module, a galvanometer scanner, a F-theta lens, and an activation module. The laser generating module provide a laser beam. The galvanometer scanner adjusts the incident angle of the laser beam into a focal plane.
|Translated title of the contribution||快速成形系統與其校正方法|
|Publication status||Published - 1800|


text:
What Happens to LCD Display Modules When they Become Cold?
- Published on Monday, 02 August 2010 21:34
- Written by admin
What happens to LCD's when they become cold?
Liquid crystal displays are just like their name… they contain a liquid between two layers of glass. Liquids begin to freeze as the temperature drops. As the display freezes their response time slows down. In other words, it takes longer for the numbers and letters on the display to change (Turn ON or Turn OFF).
Above is a graph showing the response time of a display at -30°C (-22°F).
The best way I can think to explain this is a ceiling fan. When you turn off the ceiling fan the blades continue to turn for a few minutes, even though the power if OFF. When you turn ON a ceiling fan the blades will be at full speed in a shorter period of time. At most the blades will be at their max speed within 30 seconds. When talking about an LCD, we talk about when the display is ON (the characters can be seen) or OFF (the characters cannot be seen).
On the graph above there are two measurements. The left side is how dark the letters are; the larger the number the darker the letter. Along the bottom of the graph is the amount of time it takes to go from ON to OFF, or to go from OFF to ON. (Note: 1000mS is the same as 1 second).
Line 'A' displays the amount of time it takes for a character or segment on the display to turn OFF. That is, once you turn OFF the segment, how long does it take before it disappears? The graph above shows that the character actually 'disappears' 3500 milliseconds (3.5 seconds) after the display is turned OFF.
Line 'B' displays the amount of time it takes for the character or segment to turn ON. In the above graph the segment is only 55% 'ON' at 8000 milliseconds (8 seconds). That means the character is only ½ (half) ON. It will look grey and not very dark. It requires more time for the display to turn ON than to turn OFF… just the opposite of a ceiling fan.
We do not recommend operating our wide temperature (extended temperature) displays below -20°C (-4°F). This is true for all segment displays (static displays or glass displays), 7 (seven) segment, 14 (fourteen) segment and 16 (sixteen) segment LCD's.
Alphanumeric LCD displays such as: 8×1 LCD Display, 8×2 LCD Display, 16×1 LCD Display, 16×2 LCD Display, 16×4 LCD Display, 20×2 LCD Display, 20×4 LCD Display, 24×2 LCD Display, 40×1 LCD Display, 40×2 LCD Display, 40×4 LCD Display will react the same way.