12 Different Types of Leadership Styles
Some leaders cannot work comfortably with a high degree of followers' participation in decision-making. Some employers lack the ability or the desire to assume responsibility.
What are Different Types of Leadership Styles?
We have covered 12 different types of ways people tend to lead organizations or other people. Not all of these styles would fit every situation, but you can read them through to see which one fits your company.
1. Autocratic Leadership
They reach decisions, communicate them to subordinates and expect prompt implementation. An autocratic work environment normally has little or no flexibility.
Some of the leaders that display this kind of leadership include: Albert J. Dunlap (Sunbeam Corporation) and Donald Trump (Trump Organization), among others.
Steve Jobs is another leader who was famous for using fear to inspire people to get their work done. This leadership style can obviously stifle the leader's subordinates, but can also be useful in a crisis when important decisions need to be made without delay. You can read leadership quotes by Steve Jobs and many other visionary leaders.
2. Democratic Leadership
In this leadership style, subordinates are involved in making decisions. Unlike the autocratic style, this leadership is centered on subordinates' contributions. The democratic leader holds final responsibility, but he or she is known to delegate authority to other people, who determine work projects.
The most unique feature of this leadership is that communication is active upward and downward. With respect to statistics, democratic leadership is one of the most preferred styles of leadership, and it entails the following: fairness, competence, creativity, courage, intelligence and honesty.
George Washington was a leader who was famous for his democratic focus. Medical and high-tech industries fit well with a democratic leadership style because they require a high amount of collaboration to function.
3. Strategic Leadership Style
Strategic leadership is one that involves a leader who is essentially the head of an organization. The strategic leader is not limited to those at the top of the organization. This style is geared to a wider audience at all levels who want to create a high performance life, team or organization.
The strategic leader fills the gap between the need for new possibility and the need for practicality by providing a prescriptive set of habits. Effective strategic leadership delivers the goods in terms of what an organization naturally expects from its leadership in times of change. 55% of this leadership normally involves strategic thinking.
READ 50 Famous and Inspiring Leadership Quotes
Sports is clearly an area where we can observe many leadership styles, and one in which strategy is crucial. Hockey player and coach Wayne Gretzky is well-known for his skill in strategizing.
Strategic leaders anticipate future needs and make decisions in the present to meet those needs. Gretzky famously said, "'I skate to where the puck is going to be, not where it has been."
4. Transformational Leadership
Transformational leaders motivate others to do more than they originally intended and often even more than they thought possible. They set more challenging expectations and typically achieve a higher performance.
William Edwards Deming, a statistician and engineer, is a leader who saw the best way certain systems could operate and taught those under him how to accomplish these goals.
5. Team Leadership
Team leadership involves the creation of a vivid picture of a team's future, where it is heading and what it will stand for. The vision inspires and provides a strong sense of purpose and direction.
The most challenging aspect of this leadership is whether or not it will succeed. According to Harvard Business Review, team leadership may fail because of poor leadership qualities, as well as other challenges. For example, an airline flight crew would be much more efficient if the team remained consistent.
Studies have shown that teams that have worked together for a long period of time are more effective than those that have not. But because keeping a flight crew together would be expensive, crews change their members all the time. Situations such as this are just one example of the challenges teams face.
6. Cross-Cultural Leadership
This form of leadership normally exists where there are various cultures in the society. This leadership has also industrialized as a way to recognize front-runners who work in the contemporary globalized market.
Organizations, particularly international ones, require leaders who can effectively adjust their leadership to work in different environs. Most of the leadership environments in the United States are cross-cultural because of the different cultures that live and work there.
One example of a cross-cultural leader in sports is quarterback and Heisman Trophy winner Mariota Marcus. His Hawaiian background caused him to be an unpretentious player, in contrast to being a more aggressive one, yet he was still successful.
7. Facilitative Leadership
On the other hand, if the group is low functioning, the facilitative leader will be more directive in helping the group run its process. An effective facilitative leadership involves monitoring group dynamics, as well as offering process suggestions and interventions to help the group stay on track.
8. Laissez-faire Leadership
But to a certain extent, delegating is necessary. Famous historical projects led by laissez-faire leaders include the building of the Panama Canal and the Hoover Dam. With both projects, the presidents involved had to delegate many responsibilities in order to succeed.
Completion of Panama Canal in 1904 was a complicated feat. This was only made possible when American President of that time Theodore Roosevelt decided to lead this project. The successful completion of Panama Canal is an engineering marvel, because of its geographical location it came across several road blocks and incidents, but all hurdles were overcome as authority was correctly delegated to professionals.
9. Transactional Leadership
Being clear, focusing on expectations, giving feedback are all important leadership skills. Transactional leadership behaviors can include: clarifying what is expected of followers' performance, explaining how to meet such expectations, and allocating rewards that are contingent on meeting objectives.
10. Coaching Leadership
Coaching leadership involves teaching and supervising followers. A coaching leader is highly operational in settings where results/performance require improvement.
Some examples of people who have led through coaching are tennis coach Nick Bollettieri and dog behaviorist Cesar Milan.
11. Charismatic Leadership
Therefore, charismatic leaders are not merely a simply populist leaders who affect attitudes towards specific objects. Rather, these leaders transform the underlying normative orientation that structures specific attitudes.
Charismatic leaders tend to have powerful personalities and attract huge followings. Examples of such leaders are Barak Obama and Oprah Winfrey.
12. Visionary Leadership
Most great and successful leaders have some sort of vision for where they are going. However, there are those who are highly visionary in their leadership.
Examples of leaders who had powerful and inspirational visions include Nelson Mandela and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Outstanding leaders will always transform their visions into realities.
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text:
Burp Decoder is a simple tool for transforming encoded data into its canonical form, or for transforming raw data into various encoded and hashed forms. It is capable of intelligently recognizing several encoding formats using heuristic techniques.
You can load data into Decoder in two ways:
You can use the "Text" and "Hex" buttons to toggle the type of editor to use on your data.
Different transformations can be applied to different parts of the data. The following decode and encode operations are available:
Additionally, various common hash functions are available, dependent upon the capabilities of your Java platform.
When a part of the data has a transformation applied, the following things happen:
The new editor enables you to work recursively, applying multiple layers of transformations to the same data, to unpack or apply complex encoding schemes. Further, can you edit the transformed data in any of the editor panels, not only the top panel. So, for example, you can take a complex data structure, perform URL and HTML decoding on it, edit the decoded data, and then reapply the HTML and URL encoding (in reverse order), to generate modified but validly formatted data to use in an attack.
To perform manual decoding and encoding, use the drop-down lists to select the required transformation. The chosen transformation will be applied to the selected data, or to the whole data if nothing is selected.
On any panel within Decoder, you can click the "Smart Decode" button. Burp will then attempt to intelligently decode the contents of that panel by looking for data that appears to be encoded in recognizable formats such as URL-encoding or HTML-encoding. This action is performed recursively, continuing until no further recognizable data formats are detected. This option can be a useful first step when you have identified some opaque data, and want to take a quick look to see if it can be easily decoded into a more recognizable form. The decoding that is applied to each part of the data is indicated using the usual colorization.
Because Burp Decoder makes a "best guess" attempt to recognize some common encoding formats, it will sometimes make mistakes. When this occurs, you can easily see all of the stages involved in the decoding, and the transformation that was applied at each position. You can then manually fix any incorrect transformations using the manual controls, and continue the decoding manually or smartly from this point.
Get help and join the community discussions at the Burp Suite Support Center.
This release updates the Scanner to enable it to find blind XML external entity (XXE) injection vulnerabilities.
Some performance improvements have been made to the Burp Collaborator server, and the metrics page now splits interaction counters into TCP and UDP interactions.
A number of minor bugs have also been fixed.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


The word Sprite is derived from the Latin spiritus ("spirit"), via the French esprit. Variations on the term include spright and the Celtic Spriggan. The term is chiefly used in regard to elves and fairies in European folklore, and in modern English is rarely used in reference to spirits.
sprite lives often near waterfall
Water sprites are similar to Undines or Nixen and can be found in nature in and near water streams.
The belief in beings such as Sprites, Elves, Fairies, etc. has been common in many parts of the world and still exists. The sprite is sometimes believed to be the Elemental spirit of air and identical to the Sylph. Elemental spirits are nature spirits dwelling in an Elemental realm, like the Salamanders in Fire, The Undines or Nixen in Water and the Gnomes in Earth and mountains.
According to alchemist Paracelsus, a Water sprite (also called a Water fairy or Water faery) is a general term for an Elemental spirit associated with water. Water sprites are said to be able to breathe water or air and sometimes they can fly. They are considered mostly harmless unless threatened.
These creatures exist in mythology of various groups. Ancient Greeks knew water nymphs in several types such as Naiads (or Nyads), which were divine entities that tended to be fixed in one place and so differed from gods or physical creatures. Slavic mythology knows them as Vilas.
Water sprites differ from corporeal beings, such as Selkies and Mermaids, as they are not purely physical and are more akin to local deities than animals.
Fairy Mythology 1
The Spriggan is a creature of Cornwall folklore, particularly from western Penwith. They are ugly and grotesque creatures living in the ruins, as well as in the burial mounds: they are buried with treasures and serve as fairy guardians. Usually small in size, they are known to be able to grow to a gigantic size, and are sometimes considered as ghosts of giants.
In tales, they are people who hate humans and cause misfortune to those who offend them. They trigger storms to destroy crops and steal children and replace them with Changelings. In a tale, an elderly woman scares a gang of Spriggans away by lifting her clothes and placing her hands on her behind.
Fairy Mythology 2
You may also like to read:
Witches ointment
Why did Witches Want to Ride their Broomsticks?
The incubus or succubus – nightmare or astral sex date?
Hecate – The Calling of the Crossroad Goddess
The Ancient Witch-Cult of The Basques
Walpurgis Night
Stefan Eggeler: Walpurgis Night witches, Kokain (Cocaine) and other illustrations
Witchcraft paintings – Dutch 17th century
Rosaleen Norton, Daughter of Pan
Mysteries of the Ancient Oaks
Black Cat Superstitions
The Mystical Mandrake
Little Secrets of the Poppy
Datura stramonium or jimson weed or zombi-cucumber
Mountain spirits
Wild Man or Woodwose
Claude Gillot's witches' sabbat drawings


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Wendy Kopp is CEO and Co-founder of Teach For All, a global network of independent organizations in 61 countries across every region of the world that are working to develop collective leadership to ensure all children have the opportunity to fulfill their potential. Prior to launching Teach For All in 2007, Wendy founded and led Teach For America – which has proven to be an unparalleled source of long-term leadership for expanding opportunity in the United States. She led the development of Teach For All to be responsive to the initiative of social entrepreneurs around the world who were determined to adapt this approach in their own countries. Wendy holds a bachelor's degree from Princeton University as well as honorary doctorate degrees from 15 universities. She has been recognized with numerous awards including the Wise Prize for Education, the Skoll Award for Social Entrepreneurship and the Schwab Foundation's Outstanding Social Entrepreneur Award.
- Visit their website
- Teach For All
- Hybrid Social Enterprise
- Education; Values
- Areas of Impact
- ASEAN, Australasia & Oceania, Greater China, Japan, North America, South Asia, Europe, Middle East & North Africa, Africa
Teach For All
Teach For All exists to address global educational needs and enable students to realize their full potential. A child's background often determines their educational and life prospects. Poverty, discrimination, social mobility and political structures create challenges for students, and in certain cases, entire societies. Many school systems lack the capacity to help students attain a quality education, and prevailing beliefs have not led to the necessary policy investments to address these issues.
Teach For All supports a network of partner organizations that are growing leaders within their countries to ensure all children have access to an excellent education. These network organizations are enlisting outstanding university graduates to commit two years to teach in areas of educational need; providing significant training and ongoing support to enable these teaching participants to succeed with students; and fostering a community of alumni who become leaders in the classroom and education, to effect the fundamental changes necessary to ensure educational opportunity for all.
In fiscal year 2012 alone, the Teach For All network will collectively field more than 14,000 teachers who will impact the lives of nearly one million students. Meanwhile, a force of roughly 26,000 alumni are now serving as advocates for educational equity, working from across professional sectors to ensure all children have the educational opportunities they deserve.


Luke Reding
Luke Reding
Email : [[lpreding]]
Advisor : John Swaddle
Biographical Information
Research Interests
My current research project deals with sexual selection and threat status in modern birds. By collecting data on surrogates of sexual selection (mating system, dichromatism) and factors implicated in extinction (e.g. range size, flightlessness), I hope to determine which variables can explain the difference between threatened and non-threatened bird species.


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Please have a look at the doc for the Kernel module - _URL_
Unlike Java, Ruby is not limited to Classes as containers of implementations. Modules act as wonderful containers which can be mixed into other classes. When a module is mixed into another class, all its instance methods become instance methods of those class. Since the Kernel module is mixed into the Object class, its methods are therefore available in all Ruby classes.
Please read the following:
- Ruby access control
- Common misunderstanding and clarification about access controls in Ruby
With the risk of duplication, I have to say this:
private in Ruby is not the same as in C++ or Java. Subclasses of a class can call private methods declared in their superclass. In fact, you can call private method of any class using
:send. The only difference between private and protected methods is that private methods can't be called with explicit receivers.
Even the last rule has an exception. If your private method is something like
age=, it can (and has to be) called with
self. Funny, isn't it? :)
UPDATE: (to explain the gist):
talk method which you wrote in your code above is being called on the
main object which is the context for all Ruby programs. It's not being called on the Test class which is why it's not working for your second gist.
In the gist that I have provided,
talk is a private class method which is why it gets executed at the time of class definition. In the same gist, the
talk2 method is an instance method and can only be called from within instance methods. Your example gist didn't work because you were trying to invoke an instance method at the time of defining the class.


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properties used to makepennies. as well as a lot of electrical wiring. copper is also the originating mineral from which malachite and azurite form due to
mining of copper ores is carried out using one of two methods. this useful property prevented the heavy drag caused by the growth of weed that limited the
this ks3 education resource looks at copper mining extraction and it is ductile and it can prevent bacterial growth (see copper properties and applications).
copper is found in many minerals that occur in deposits large enough to mine. these include azurite malachite chalcocite acantite chalcopyrite and bornite.
learn about the geologic properties of copper how much exists how it is mined and where to find copper deposits on earth.
copper is opaque bright and metallic salmon pink on freshly broken surfaces but soon turns dull brown. copper crystals are uncommon but when formed are
from greek "kyprios" of cyprus the location of ancient copper mines; latin "cuprum". copper group. chemical properties of copperhide. this section is
che pure copper is soft and exposed surface has a reddish orange tarnish. pure copper is rarely found in nature. it is also believed that copper has the power to
copper is a chemical element with the symbol cu (from latin cuprum) and atomic number 29.. the concentration of copper in ores averages only 0.6% and most commercial ores are.. many electrical devices rely on copper wiring because of its multitude of inherent beneficial properties such as its high electrical


text:
Posted: Monday, June 2, 2008, 9:27 am
(Length: 3 min, 9 sec)
Watch a librarian bring this traditional song to life by combining two things children love: playing with flannel boards and making animal noises!
Children love to play with flannel boards both with adults and by themselves. Using a flannel board with your child is a wonderful way to help him or her learn, and allowing a child to play by him or herself with a board and a variety of felt pieces encourages inventive story play. And it helps develop early literacy skills!
Kids love this traditional song (sung in this video by librarian Kelsey Coulter) because they can make the sounds for a variety of farm animals. If you create your own flannel board, you can start with Old MacDonald Had a Farm and then introduce more animals by changing it to Old MacDonald Had a Zoo. If you would like to learn how to make a flannel board for your child to use, check out the books listed above.
Periodically, the library has flannel-making workshops for parents and caregivers. Check the library's calendar of events to see when the next one is being held.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


NEWTON, Ask A Scientist!
Name: Tom M.
Status: other
Age: 40s
Location: N/A
Country: N/A
Date: 2000-2001
Do I understand Archimedies principal correctly? If I build a 5'x5'x1' plywood frame (waterproof of course)it would displace 25 cubic feet of sea water @ 64 pounds per cubic foot the vessel would be able to support 2600 pounds total of vessel weight and cargo? Seems way to high? I was too embarassed to ask my daughter.
Your assessment of the situation is correct. The box would displace 25 cubic feet of water at about 60+ pounds / cubic foot. Amazing, but true.
ProfHoff 316
You have the basic principle down correctly. A vessel that displaces 25 cubic feet of seawater can support or float with about 2600 pounds of total weight.
The reason that this seems too high to you is that you could not build a boat of this size and put 26000 pounds of cargo in it, because it would quickly sink.
In a boat, the top is open, so water can spill over the side. In order to support 2600 pounds, the frame would have to be perfectly balanced, the cargo would have to be perfectly balanced, and the water would have to be perfectly calm. In reality none of these situations can be acheived.
If the box had a sealed top, then you the total weight could be 2600 pounds and it would float at or near the surface, depending on the temperature and salt content of the seawater.
But, boats, without a sealed top, have to account for stability under conditions where the load (people and cargo), are not perfectly balanced and are shifting around, and where there are waves and other disturbances in the water.
In fact, with the simple frame you have described, one person could stand in a corner of the boat, and force the corner under the water. Then the boat would fill up with water and sink. So while your frame could (in theory) support over 2000 pounds, you would find that it really would not be safe to attempt more than a few hundred pounds in the frame, and even then you would need to be careful so it did not sink.
I hope this helps.
Eric Tolman
Hi, Tom!!
I did not understand quite well your question and may be you could bring more light on it. But, it seems to me that you will build a 5 ft x 5 ft x 1 ft plywood, right? Its volume reaches V = 5 x 5 x 1 = 25 ft3. If 1 ft3 of seawater has a mass of 64 lb, then it results (25 ft3) x (64 lb/ft3) =1600 lb plus cargo. You mentioned 2600 lb and said it seems way to high.
Is it clear to you now? Or what more do you wish to know? What are you going to do with this vessel?
Alcir Grohmann
Beschaffung SAM
Embarassment not necessary, a lot of people do not get this right.
Archimedes principle states that the bouyant force exerted on a body is equal to the force exerted by the mass of the volume of DISPLACED FLUID (say water).
The important point here is this: The volume of the displaced fluid depends both upon the shape and mass of the object. You can see this by doing the following "thought experiment".
Take two identical pieces of aluminum foil. Crumple the first into a ball. Form the second into the shape of a shallow "boat". Place both on the surface of water. The ball sinks, but the boat floats. The reason is the ball does not displace much water, but the boat because of its shape displaces a much larger amount of water even though it has the same mass as the ball.
A side note: The capacity of a ship is often expressed in terms of its "displacement", which is the amount of water the ship displaces. That is why flat barges are used to carry heavy cargo.
Vince Calder
Your initial numbers are correct, but 25 ft^3 x 64 lb/ft^3 = 1600 lb, not 2600. This is still a fair amount of weight. It doesn't mean that your "craft" would be sea-worthy, though. One wave over the gunwales, and the whole thing would go down like a rock if you've loaded it to capacity.
Richard E. Barrans Jr., Ph.D.
Assistant Director
PG Research Foundation, Darien, Illinois
No, you are absolutely correct (except for one detail -- see below).
These numbers are roughly consistent with my experience building rafts on the Wisconsin River as a young man, although I mostly used waterlogged ties.
Do ask your daughter! I am sure she would be delighted to discuss it with you. You might want to build a diver, as my father did with me and I did for my daughter. Get a wide mouthed bottle and fill it with water. Put in it a small bottle, mouth down, almost filled with water so it is just floating. Then stretch a sheet of rubber or similar across the mouth and secure with a rubber band. Now with a little effort you can make the diver sink by pressing on the rubber and rise when you release it. Why is that?
Detail: But before you discuss with your daughter, note that 25 * 64 = 1600 (not 2600). Have fun!
Best, Dick Plano
You have the concepts right but the answer is incorrect.
I get 25 cubic feet X 64 lbs per cubit foot = 1600 lbs
This, of course, is an upper limit. Any additional weight would sink the craft to the bottom, so a safer approach would be to leave about 6 inches above water, resulting in a maximum "safe" capacity of 800 lbs.
Greg Bradburn
You understand right, but you have a multiplication error.
Tim Mooney
25 * 64 = 1600 lbs, not 2600 lbs Remember that rafts are normally made up of round logs. Say each log is 6" in diameter. A raft that is 25 cubic feet would take be about 8' x 8'. I can imagine that a raft that large would be capable of holding 10 small men.
-Wil Lam
Correcting the calculator error produces a value of 25x16=1600 pounds of vessel weight and cargo. What this does not take into account is the fact that 1600 pounds is just enough to sink the vessel in perfectly calm water. It would push the top of the box down to the water surface. A bug landing on the box would push it under. To accomodate things such as small waves and bouncing, I would recommend limiting it to 800 pounds. This is not unreasonable. A 5'x5' raft of solid wood could easily support six adults.
Dr. Ken Mellendorf
Illinois Central College
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Partisanen-/Bandenbekämpfung und Besetzung in der UdSSR; Frontkämpfer an der Ostfront; Nachkriegszeit Bewaffnete Organe.
Communist and Socialist Claims to the Frontkämpfer Legacy, _PHONE_
Matthew Bucholtz
Cultivated during the Third Reich, the Myth of the Frontkämpfer, or Front Fighter, as an ardent rightwing supporter, became a central pillar of National Socialist political life. However, there is ample evidence to show that German veterans of the First World War did not exhibit such political unity, before and especially after the war. This paper argues that the Frontkämpfer identity had remarkable political flexibility as reflected by Communist and Socialist claims to represent the community of Front Fighters.


text:
5.1 Double-Layer Tensegrities: Introduction
For most of the tensegrities discussed so far, the tensile members compose a single continuous spherical layer.1 Such structures are resilient, but are not very rigid and tend to vibrate too much for many practical applications. Also, it seems likely that large-frequency realizations of these structures, as can happen with geodesic domes, have little resistance to concentrated loads, so that it would be difficult to suspend substructures from the their roofs, and they might cave in excessively under an uneven load like snow.
These considerations are a strong motivation for the development of a space truss configuration for tensegrity structures. Such a configuration would be analogous to the space truss arrangements developed for the geodesic dome, like the Kaiser domes of Don Richter,2 or Fuller and Sadao's Expo '67 Dome,3 and serve the same purpose. Tensegrity space trusses are characterized by an outer and inner shell of tendons interconnected by a collection of struts and tendons. The result is a more rigid structure which is more resistant to concentrated loads.
Designs for tensegrity trusses have been developed in a planar context by several authors. The trusses described in this book, especially the geodesic one described in Section 5.3, are akin to those experimented with by Kenneth Snelson in the 1950's.4 Appendix A compares the truss of Section 5.3 with an example from Snelson's work and another similar approach from other authors.
In Section 5.2, a general approach to the design of tensegrity trusses is outlined. Then, in Sections 5.3 and 5.4, two examples are given of geometries which implement this approach. The second example demonstrates incidentally how icosahedral symmetries can be handled within the Cartesian framework.


[25] [26] [27]. Interestingly, Altura et al., have linked sperm DNA fragmentation to Magnesium deficiency in an animal model [28] which may be projected into human model because most diets, especially in Africa, may be magnesium-deficient. Three major conclusions can be drawn from this study which, to our knowledge, is the first ever-reported study on the human sperm DNA fragmentation among Black Africans. First, and most importantly, the prevalence of SDFI ≥25% was generally higher than that of SDFI <25% among the study subjects. The mean sperm DNA fragmentation of 34.5% reported in this study is higher than the 27.6% reported by Majzoub et al., in a Qatari study [29]. Fragmentation of sperm DNA is multifactorial, ranging from social habits, lifestyle and systemic illness such as diabetes among others. This study has identified the possibility of DNA fragmentation among men with high blood pressure and among those with history of diabetes mellitus, two major systemic diseases that are ravaging Black Africans in recent history. This study speculates that DNA fragmentation seen in those with high systolic and
Table 7. Robust Linear Regression analysis of SDFI as dependent variable against independent variables of age, BMI, TTC, Count and Motility among alcohol consumers and non-consumers.
diastolic blood pressure, may have been modulated via the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), an inflammatory bio-marker detected in acute coronary syndrome and stable coronary artery disease (CAD) [30] [31] [32]. Kotani and Sakane's study also concluded that patients with metabolic syndrome―which includes high blood pressure―may have a closer linkage with inflammation and oxidative stress than those without metabolic syndrome [33]. Agawal and Wang reported that levels of Oxidation-Reduction potential (ORP), probably indicator of oxidative stress, were significantly elevated in semen samples with abnormal sperm parameters [34]. Oxidation-Reduction Potential stress is associated with DNA fragmentation [34] and oxidative stress, engendered by high ORP and Reactive oxygen species, during episodes of high blood pressure, may be responsible for nicking the sperm DNA. The mean SDFI % of subjects with high systolic (≥140 mm・Hg) and diastolic (≥90 mm・Hg) blood pressures were higher than those of subjects with normal (systolic <140 mm・Hg) and diastolic (<90 mm・Hg) BP, though the differences were statistically insignificant. It therefore seems that high blood pressure level may be deleterious to sperm DNA integrity, possibly through several convoluted pathways. Further studies are needed to clarify this point.
Sperm DNA fragmentation index (%) was significantly higher in obese men than in overweight or normal men. In fact, the proportion of normal men with SDFI <25% (good SDFI) was higher than of men with SDFI ≥25% (bad SDFI); the proportion of overweight men with SDFI <25% (good SDFI) was similar to that of men with SDFI ≥25% (bad SDFI); and the proportion of obese men with SDFI ≥25% (bad SDFI) was higher than of men with SDFI <25% (good SDFI). Fariello et al., also reported a higher percentage of sperm with high DNA fragmentation (P = 0.004) among obese subjects [35] an observation that was validated by Dupont et al., in their works [36]. The disturbance of spermatogenesis might be one of the mechanisms by which excess fat tissue has a negative impact on male fertility [37]. Production of abnormal reproductive hormone levels, increased release of adipose-derived hormones and adipokines associated with obesity, as well as some physical complications such as sleep apnea and high scrotal temperatures may be responsible for elucidating the consequence of obesity on male infertility [15].
Social habits have also been linked to sperm DNA fragmentation. For example, the mean SDFI% among subject who reported to consume alcohol (37.1 ± 19.2) was significantly higher than that of subjects who reported non-consumption of alcohol (30.2 ± 17.1), a figure comparable to the median SDFI of 42.50% reported by Wdowiak et al. [17], the 49.6% ± 23.3% documented by Komiya et al. [38] and similar reports in other human [18] [39] and animal studies [40] [41]. That subjects who claimed not to smoke would record higher SDFI% than those who claimed to smoke was surprising. However, it is possible that though some people may not smoke, they could be exposed to the cigarette fumes of those who smoke.
Alcohol consumption supposedly damages sperm DNA integrity possibly as a result of the oxidative stress generated by the ethanol as alcohol-induced oxidative stress might be deleterious not only to the liver, but also to other extrahepatic tissues and organs of the body, including the testes [42] [43] [44] [45]. Chronic consumption of ethanol might be incriminated in endocrine and reproductive failure via testicular lipid peroxidation, reductions in the content of polyenoic fatty acids and glutathione (GSH) of the testes, membrane injury and dysfunctional gonads [46] [47] [48] [49]. From another perspective, oxidative stress may be induced via increased conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase into xanthine oxidase, and the activation of peroxisomal acyl CoA-oxidase linked to the consumption of ethanol may be a contributing factor to oxidative stress [17].
6. Conclusion
Data from this study indicate that the infertile men had significantly higher sperm DNA fragmentation, especially among obese men and those who consume alcohol. Moreover, it appears that sperm nuclear DNA fragmentation may increase with age and with systolic and diastolic blood pressures. There are several studies that have proposed various mechanisms and factors that probably cause sperm DNA fragmentation. Most of these studies relate SDF to male infertility [18] [50] [51] [52]. Studies on sperm DNA fragmentation among indigenous Black African population should be vigorously undertaken to benefit men who are not able to father a child. Further, more studies should be carried out on the clinical efficacy and advantage of SDFI in male infertility and in Assisted Reproduction Technology.
7. Study Limitations
This study has certain limitations that need to be discussed. First, the sampling methodology might be biased against other groups of people. This study sampled only men who presented with infertility. The sperm DNA fragmentation in apparently fertile men was not examined. Also, this was a fertility-based study and the sample size was small, therefore, conclusions on SDF in the general public cannot be drawn from this data alone. Next, responses on social habits such as alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and use of herbal teas were just Yes or No and there was no assessment of quantity, concentration or duration of consumption of these substances. We also did not measure blood sugar level concentration to determine whether subjects were diabetic or not. Further, there was no patient with BMI <185 kg/m2 making it impossible to determine SDF among this group of people. Also, SDF was not reported in this study, from the perspective of occupation or exposure to environmental toxins. Although many variables such as age, alcohol cigarette smoking, and high body mass index can impact sperm DNA integrity, we did not perform unadjusted and adjusted odds ratio analysis to control for any or all of these factors.
WHO = World health organization; DNA = Deoxyribonucleic acid; SFA = Seminal Fluid Analysis; SDF = Sperm DNA Fragmentation; ART = Assisted Reproduction Technology; BMI = Body Mass Index; SCD = Sperm chromatin dispersion; DAPI =; PBS = Phosphate-buffered saline; SDFI = DNA fragmentation index. NFC = Nordica Fertility Center; ANOVA = Analysis of Variance; OR = Odds Ratio; CI = Confidence Interval; ORP = Oxidation-Reduction Potential; mm・Hg = millimeter of Mercury.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
[1] Gurunath, S., Pandian, Z., Anderson, R.A. and Bhattacharya, S. (2001) Defining Infertility—As Systematic Review of Prevalence Studies. Human Reproduction Update, 17, 575-588.
[2] World Health Organization (1999) Laboratory Manual for the Examination of Human Semen and Sperm-Cervical Mucucs Interaction. 4th Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
[3] World Health Organization (2000) WHO Manual for the Standardized Investigation and Diagnosis of the Infertile Couple. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
[4] Shange, N. Male Infertility in Africa: Breaking the Stigma.
[5] Kersian, M. _URL_
[6] Jequier, A.M. (2004) Clinical Andrology—Still a Major Problem in the Treatment of Infertility. Human Reproduction, 19, _PHONE_. _URL_
[7] Cho, C.L. and Agarwal, A. (2017) Role of S


text:
Published in: 2008
This manual gives a demonstrative overview on urine diverting toilets. The following questions will be answered in the paper:
- How toilets can be safe and save you money?
- Why can an unsafe toilet make people sick?
- The principle of urine diverting dry toilets
- How to divert urine from faeces?
- How to collect the urine?
- How to collect the faeces?
- How to ventilate?
- How to convert faeces into a safe soil conditioner?
- Where should I build a toilet?
- How to use and clean the toilet?
- How to use the urine to get higher crop yields?
- How to use the faeces to improve the soil?
- How can I get more information?
Jorritsma, F. (2008). Safe and profitable toilets - Urine diverting toilets - A solution for health and wealth. WECF
English Faeces or faecal sludge Guidelines and manuals Urine Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs)
Share this page on


text:
Botanical name: Capsicum frutescens cv. Nagahari Family: Solanaceae (Potato family)
Native to Assam, Tezpur Chilli is the plant that produces the hottest chilli on earth. Tests in 2006 conclusively proved that Tezpur Chilli is many times hotter than the previously believed hottest chilli, Red Savina from Mexico. Flowers do not look very different from the normal chilli flowers. However, the plant can grow tall, like a shrub. Tezpur Chilli is an old favourite in the North-East. Known in Manipuri as Oomorok (tree pepper), it is a much loved chilli in Manipur.
- Is this flower misidentified? If yes,
The flower labeled Tezpur Chilli is...


text:
The James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement (JBNQA) is the first modern land claim agreement in Canada. Signed in 1975, the JBNQA sets out an environmental and social protection regime for the territorial regions of James Bay and Nunavik.
The President of the Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency acts as the Federal Administrator of the JBNQA for federal projects, with the responsibility of whether or not to authorize projects, based on the recommendations of the assessment and review committees.
This section, currently under development, will provide an overview of the federal assessment and review process of the JBNQA, as well as the technical and advisory organizations involved. The objectives of this site are to facilitate public access to information about projects being reviewed under the JBNQA, and to provide the public with relevant information to better understand the process and to participate, where appropriate.
Map [PDF - 3,391 KB]
With a surface area of more than a million square kilometres, the James Bay and Northern Quebec region represents approximately two thirds of the surface area of Quebec. It is located between the 49th and 62nd parallels of the northern latitude.


text: The role of delayed density-dependent processes in the dynamics of animal populations poses a problem for ecologists; although generally assumed important in populations that show cyclic or chaotic fluctuations, little experimental evidence for such processes exist. Through manipulation of vole densities within enclosed areas it was shown that reproduction, recruitment, and body growth rate in introduced populations were negatively affected by high previous density. In addition, female movement patterns shifted, and territoriality as well as home-range size was increased after high density. The observed changes in female spacing-behaviour suggested that negative effects of previous density were partly mediated by social interactions, and agreed with the finding that smaller (less competitive) females were the ones suffering most from increased competition. Contrary to expectations from recent work, predation could be excluded as the cause of delayed density-dependence in this study. Instead, chemical analyses of a dominating food plant suggested that herbivory at high vole-density had delayed negative effects on food quality.


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Feature Article - Labour Force Survey Regions
This article was published in the July 2004 issue of Australian Labour Market Statistics (cat. no. 6105.0).
To find maps of the Labour Force Survey regions, press the Details Tab from the top of this Page.
Estimates of the labour force status of people are available on a monthly basis for 77 Labour Force Survey (LFS) regions. These series go back to October 1982. LFS regions were established to meet user interest in small area data from the LFS.
This article discusses how LFS regions are formed and provides information on the quality of estimates for these regions, using the Inner Sydney Statistical Region as an example.
AUSTRALIAN STANDARD GEOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION
Labour Force Survey regions are formed from elements of the Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC). Therefore, to understand LFS regions, it is first necessary to look at the ASGC.
The ABS introduced the ASGC in 1984. The classification provides well defined structures of hierarchical geography. The ABS uses the ASGC as the geographical framework for the collection and dissemination of statistics about Australia's population and economy. The ASGC provides structures covering the whole of geographic Australia and also specific parts of interest.
Statistical local areas (SLAs) are building blocks for the ASGC. The SLA is the smallest spatial unit of the ASGC except in a census year, when the census collection district is the smallest unit. (Census collection districts aggregate to SLAs at census time.)
SLAs have a close relationship with local government areas (LGAs). An LGA can be composed of one or many SLAs. LGAs in total do not cover the whole of geographic Australia, but SLAs do add to Australia.
The ASGC has seven interrelated classification structures, each of which serves a specific purpose. The ASGC statistical region structure generally provides the geographical dimension of LFS outputs. (Information on the other ASGC structures is available in Australian Standard Geographical Classification (cat. no. 1216.0).) The ASGC statistical region structure is composed of SLAs that aggregate to statistical region sectors (SRSs) and in turn to statistical regions (SRs), major statistical regions (MSRs), then to states/territories and the whole of geographic Australia.
The LGA structure is the main driver of change to the boundaries of geographical areas of the ASGC. State and territory governments gazette changes to LGAs and these changes affect other structures in the classification through the link between LGAs and SLAs. These changes are the main reason the ABS publishes an updated version of the Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC) (cat. no. 1216.0) every year.
The ASGC is reviewed periodically. The most recent reviews were held in 1996 and 2001. Such reviews can result in changes to definitions, concepts and boundaries.
LABOUR FORCE SURVEY REGIONS
LFS regions are contiguous regions composed of geographical areas defined in the ASGC statistical region structure current at the time of a Census of Population and Housing (for example 1996, 2001). There are currently 77 of these LFS regions across Australia, which include major statistical regions, statistical regions, statistical region sectors and one statistical division, and are based on the 2001 edition of the ASGC.
Maps showing these regions are available on the Labour theme page of the ABS web site . A list of LFS regions is available in Information Paper: Labour Force Survey Sample Design (cat. no. 6269.0).
Because the size of an LFS region is determined largely by the sample size needed to produce accurate estimates, the smaller states/territories have few LFS regions. In the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory, the only LFS region is the entire territory.
How LFS regions are formed
LFS regions were originally established after extensive consultation with major users of labour force data. Estimates for these LFS regions were first released in 1985. Factors in the design of the LFS regions included: the sample sizes required to yield reliable estimates; the need for consistency with the ASGC; and the need for comparability with other statistical collections.
LFS regions are determined, in part, by the expected sample size for each region. If the regions are too small, then the accuracy of estimates will not be acceptable: relative standard errors on estimates will be very large, and the estimates will not be reliable or useful. The regions represent a compromise between user interest in small area data and the design limits of the sample.
Why LFS regions change
The boundaries of LFS regions are revised as part of the five-yearly review of the LFS sample design. This review uses census data, and takes into account the most recent changes to the ASGC. Since the LFS regions are aggregations of SLAs, changes at the SLA level, including those flowing from LGA changes, affect the boundaries of the regions.
The regular revisions of the LFS sample aim to ensure that regions have sufficiently reliable estimates, and that the continuity of LFS region time series is maintained. The latest revisions were based on 2001 census data. The new sample design from the review was gradually implemented between November 2002 and June 2003. Details of the changes made are outlined in the ABS publication Information Paper: Labour Force Survey Sample Design (cat. no. 6269.0).
The ABS conducted a major review of LFS regions during 1996. The boundaries for many regions were changed to maintain consistency with the ASGC, and three new regions were created to meet user needs. More information on the changes resulting from the review is available in the ABS publication Information Paper: Regional Labour Force Statistics, September 1997 (cat. no. 6262.0). The ABS plans to conduct a minor review of LFS regions in 2006.
How data for LFS regions are used
State government agencies and others use labour market data for LFS regions to monitor the level of regional activity, assess regional development issues, and to inform the development of employment policies and programs. Some agencies are interested in the broad trends for regions as part of assessing the state's economic performance.
Limitations of LFS regions
The LFS regions have some limitations. Users generally want data for the smallest areas possible, so the main criticism is that the LFS regions are too big. The need to have regions with a large enough sample to produce reasonably accurate estimates has to be balanced with the desire of data users to have estimates for small specific areas.
While the ABS reviews the LFS regions as part of each five-yearly sample redesign, it is not possible to backcast estimates based on the new regions. As a result, changes tend to be kept to a minimum to preserve time series.
QUALITY OF LABOUR FORCE SURVEY REGION DATA
The LFS is designed primarily to provide reliable estimates of the key labour force statistics for the whole of Australia and, secondarily, for each state and territory. The survey is not designed to provide accurate regional estimates. Since estimates for regions are based on much smaller samples they are subject to higher levels of sampling error.
Relative standard errors can be calculated for estimates from the LFS to give an indication of the percentage errors likely to have occurred due to sampling. (For more information on standard errors in the LFS, see Information Paper: Labour Force Survey Standard Errors (cat. no. 6298.0).) In LFS output, only estimates with relative standard errors of 25% or less are considered sufficiently reliable for most purposes. Tables showing the level at which LFS regions have a relative standard error of 25% are available on request.
Following each Census of Population and Housing, the ABS selects a new sample for the LFS, to ensure that the sample continues to accurately represent the distribution of the Australian population. Estimates for LFS regions may be more volatile at the time of sample re-selection because the new sample selected to represent each region may have different characteristics to the old sample. The most recent sample re-selection was implemented from November 2002 to June 2003. The way the new LFS sample is implemented means that regions in more remote areas are more subject to disturbances than those in less remote areas.
LFS estimates of people employed, unemployed and not in the labour force are calculated to add up to independent estimates (or benchmarks) of the usually resident civilian population aged 15 years and over. These population benchmarks are based on Census of Population and Housing data, adjusted for differences in scope and under-enumeration in the census. The benchmarks are produced monthly, based on projections of population estimates. The benchmarks are reviewed after each census (every five years), when revised population estimates are produced.
Before the February 2004 survey, population benchmarks in the LFS were classified by state/territory of usual residence, capital city/rest of state, age and sex. In addition to these benchmarks, from February 2004 the LFS also uses population benchmarks for LFS region by sex. LFS estimates at the region level were revised back to January 1999 with the release of February 2004 data.
The use of regional population benchmarks improves the quality of estimates for LFS regions, particularly estimates of employment, without compromising the quality of estimates at national, state and territory levels. However, the estimates for LFS regions are still based on small samples. Further improvement in the quality of regional estimates from the LFS would need a substantial increase in sample size (and hence in the cost of the survey and in respondent load).
Volatility of estimates for LFS regions
Labour force series for LFS regions are considerably more volatile than the corresponding state series. The volatility


text:
Aston is known for world-class research and teaching, and its graduate employment record is second to none – due in part to the fact that many students spend a year working in industry as part of their studies. The university's cutting-edge research provides the platform for a range of services relevant to aerospace companies throughout the Midlands, the UK and globally.
Photonics for smart structures
The Photonics Research Group at Aston includes over 50 people working at a number of well-equipped laboratories. Research areas include high-speed telecommunications, fibre Bragg gratings, femtosecond laser inscription, polymeric fibre design and fabrication, microwave photonics, biophotonics and optical sensing.
Fibre Bragg grating sensing is one of the most exciting fibre technology areas of recent years with widespread applications. It is particularly relevant to the aerospace industry since it allows easy monitoring of composite structures.
At Aston the technology has been developed via a number of DTI and MoD funded research programmes in partnership with companies such as BAE Systems, Deutsch, Marconi and QinetiQ. The recently completed EMPIRE programme developed connectors for smart composite structures – making the technology suitable for volume manufacturing.
Optical fibres can be used to monitor vibration, strain and temperature throughout a composite structure. Their small size enables them to be embedded within, or bonded to, structures making the system very robust. This technology can be applied to monitoring the in-service stresses of aircraft wings which allows operators to optimize servicing schedules according to work done rather than miles flown.
Optical fibre sensors have a number of further advantages over conventional electrical strain gauges. They are immune to electromagnetic fields and it is possible to interrogate many measurement points using a single fibre – greatly reducing the complexity of installation.
Polymer Processing & Performance Research Unit
The research of the PPP Research Unit covers different stages of the polymer lifecycle, from synthesis to processing. The group also has expertise in the performance of specialty additives and polymers in service during first and subsequent lives. Another research field is polymer oxidation and ageing, where the effects of light and heat are investigated to improve the reliability and performance of polymers.
In the aerospace industry exact knowledge of material lifetime issues is required. Services offered by PPP to the aerospace industry include:
- the application of fundamental understanding to areas of polymer processing & performance;
- the analysis & testing of properties, processability, stability, recyclability, and degradability, including the effects of additives.
The PPP laboratories are equipped with a full suite of polymer processing facilities and state-of-the art tools including spectroscopic (e.g. FTIR-microscopy, FTIR-ATR, Raman, UV-Vis-NIR, fluorescence and NMR), thermal and rheological (e.g. DMA, Hyper DSC, TGA and capillary rheometry), chromatographical characterization and testing techniques (e.g. HPLC and GC) as well as accelerated aging and weathering devices.
The Information Processing and Pattern Analysis Research Group
The Information Processing and Pattern Analysis Research Group is an internationally recognized centre of excellence in artificial neural networks and advanced pattern processing methods for engineering applications. The Group's expertise in the nonlinear, dynamic and statistical processing of a wide range of data and applications problems has been applied to a number of areas relevant to the aerospace industry including: corrosion detection; condition monitoring, and fault prediction.
Past and current aerospace-related projects include:
- vigilance monitoring in pilots (BAE Systems); novel signal processing and analysis methods were used to determine alertness from an EEG signal;
- fault modelling in gas turbine engines; Bayesian belief networks are used to model dependencies between engine components, thus improving diagnosis of faults.
Business Partnership Unit
0121 _PHONE_
Photonics Research Group: _URL_
Information Engineering: _URL_
Polymer Processing and Performance Research Group: _URL_


If i were to create a Web Builder System, does MS Personel Web Server (PWS)
capable of :
1. Handling task such as FTP for a few user? meaning that does PWS allows
more than one user to FTP at the same time?
2. Creating user account if the user has registered to this system?
3. Assigning a URL to the registered user?
4. Allow the user to view the registered user page once the user using the
URL that have been assigned by the system?
i'll be very much appriciated if anyone who could answer those questions
as i need it really urgently. Thank You.


text:
ARCHITECTS HAVE BEEN talking for years about "biophilic" design, "evidence based" design, design informed by the work of psychologists. But last May, at the profession's annual convention, John Zeisel and fellow panelists were trying to explain neuroscience to a packed ballroom.
The late-afternoon session pushed well past the end of the day; questions just kept coming. It was a scene, Zeisel marveled—all this interest in neuroscience—that would not have taken place just a few years earlier.
Zeisel is a sociologist and architect who has researched the design of facilities for Alzheimer's patients. Architects, he explains, "understand about aesthetics; they know about psychology. The next depth to which they can go is understanding the brain and how it works and why do people feel more comfortable in one space than another?"
This is an admittedly abstract concept. To help explain, architects often tell this story: Early in his career, when he was still struggling to find a cure for polio, Jonas Salk retreated to Umbria, Italy, to the monastery at the Basilica of Assisi. The 13th-century Franciscan monastery rises out of the hillside in geometric white stone, with Romanesque arches framing its quiet courtyards. Salk would insist, for the rest of his life, that something about this place—the design and the environment in which he found himself—helped to clear his obstructed mind, inspiring the solution that led to his famous polio vaccine.


Engineering the Mind
No contemporary philosopher has tried harder to demystify the mind than Fred Dretske. But how to demystify it without eviscerating it? Can consciousness be explained? Many philosophers think that no matter how detailed and systematic our knowledge becomes of how the brain works and how it subserves mental functions, there will always remain an "explanatory gap." Call it a brute fact or call it a mystery, trying to explain consciousness, they think, is as futile as trying to explain why there is something rather than nothing. Dretske is not exercised by the explanatory gap-he'd rather exorcise it. He thinks we can get all the explanation we need by understanding what consciousness does. Consciousness is at bottom sensory experience and what it does, essentially, is to represent the world. Explaining consciousness, therefore, comes down to understanding the representational character of experience.
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text:
Less Than Zero
This elevation map of the Beethoven basin is color-coded to show the height of features on Mercury's surface. Mercury lacks a "sea level", so the zero-point reference elevation is defined to be the mean planetary radius of 2440 km. Blue areas, such as within Bello crater on the floor of Beethoven, have negative elevations. The red and white areas to the southwest are more than 8 km higher than the lowest points in this area.
Date acquired: February 27, 2012
Image Credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington


text:
Search Terms: Dispelling myths, misconceptions, ambulance accidents, number of accidents, non-reportable accidents, right of way, emergency driving, safety equipment, driver education, emergency vehicle operator, JEMS, 1989, Robert Elling, number of human errors, Code 2 driving, Code 3 driving, response letter, October 1989, dispatch protocols
Journal of Emergency Medical Services (JEMS), July 1989
Dispelling Myths on Ambulance Accidents
The word myth often conjures images of two-headed creatures and goddesses who play with human lives in a supernatural world. But there are also myths in EMS.
These can take the form of rumors or just misconceptions, and although there is no proven truth to the myths, they seem to get passed along from generation to generation and accepted without question.
In the case of the misconceptions that surround ambulance accidents, allowing these myths to be propagated can ultimately impact our ability to save lives.
The funny thing about dispelling myths is that it usually just requires using a little common sense. The sad fact is that most people only pay close attention to issues when they have personal interest in them. For instance, knowing that there are a large number of ambulance fires each year in this country would probably not impress you unless you had the unfortunate experience of watching a $75,000 vehicle roast.
All it takes if for someone to tune into the problem, collect data and inform others of the magnitude of the problem.
Donāt learn by experiencing the trauma of an ambulance. Rather, become aware of the variables involved, such as road conditions and visibility. This will help identify high-risk behaviors that contribute to these accidents.
Assuming your ambulances are adequately maintained, the way to decrease the number of accidents is to minimize the number of human errors that occur. This goal can be attained by changing the behavior of the ambulance driver, using strategies that include: providing education for both the ambulance operator and the public by emphasizing risk factors; conducting driver behavior-modification classes; modifying existing laws, rules, regulations; developing agency standard operating procedures; and increasing the visibility and audibility of ambulances.
The following is a series of myths held by some people about ambulance accidents and specific data that corrects the misconceptions.
The data presented represents the 48-month period from Jan. 1, 1984, through Dec. 31, 1987. During that time, the number of ambulance accidents reported to the police in New York State increased by 28.6 percent. In the period studied, 1,412 ambulance accidents occurred, resulting in six fatalities. Injuries were sustained by 1,894 ambulance occupants.
Each of the charts presented in this article represents aggregate data from four annual reports produced by the NYS Department of Motor Vehiclesā accident database. A specific run was performed using the database to isolate ambulance accidents from those involving other types of vehicles.
The specific categories of information that appear in the charts were taken verbatim from the DMV reports. For simplicity, the percentages were rounded up to the nearest whole number. Those totals that do not equal the total injuries or accidents cited earlier are a result of incomplete information having been entered into the database.
None of these figures include "non-reportable" accidents with minor vehicle damage estimated to be under $600 or without personal injury.
Myth #1: Ambulance accidents occur in bad weather with poor visibility
Fact #1: The majority of ambulance accidents occur on clear days with good visibility
Weather Conditions Number of Accidents Percentages
Clear 792 56
Cloudy 220 16
Rain 259 18
Snow 51 4
Sleet/Hail/Freezing Rain 13 1
Fog/Smog/Smoke 1 1
Other 5 0
Unspecified 71 5
While it is obvious that the weather on most days was either clear or cloudy, the data does show that only a small percentage of accidents occurs in inclement weather. This may be attributable, in part, to the extra effort drivers make to reduce their speed and adjust their driving habits during poor weather.
Myth #2: Most ambulance accidents occur on dark roads or at dusk when the driver has difficulty seeing other vehicles.
Fact #2: The majority of ambulance accidents occurs in daylight.
Light conditions Number of Accidents Percentages
Daylight 825 70
Dawn 17 2
Dusk 35 3
Dark (lighted road) 261 22
Dark (unlighted road) 22 2
Unspecified 12 1
Surprising, 92 percent of these accidents occurred in either in daylight or on a lighted road at night. The more widely traveled roads in New York are lighted, and the majority of ambulance calls in a typical community occurs during daytime hours. Yet the number of accidents remains low in conditions of poor visibility.
Myth #3: Most ambulance accidents occur when trying to pass a vehicle that refuses to yield to the right of the road.
Fact #3: The majority of ambulance accidents occurs when making turns or when broadsided at an intersection.
Manner of Collision for Two-Vehicle Accidents Number of Accidents Percentages
Rear End 231 21
Left and Right Turns 128 12
Right Angle (Lateral) 447 41
Head On 15 1
Side Swipes/Overtaking 224 21
All Others 37 3
Although the driver of a vehicle with its windows closed and radio on cannot usually hear the ambulance approaching until it is directly behind the car, the largest percentage of collisions occurs in an intersection, not when overtaking an automobile. In addition, the percentage of head-on collisions is actually very small, which refutes the myth that passing on the left or entering into oncoming traffic is the foremost hazard in ambulance driving.
Myth #4: Most ambulance accidents occur on wet or snowy roads.
Fact #4: The majority of ambulance accidents occurs on dry roads.
Roadway Surface at Time of Accident Number of Accidents Percentages
Dry 891 63
Wet 352 25
Muddy 4 0
Snow/Ice 78 5
Slush 12 1
Other 3 0
Unspecified 74 3
Even when ambulance drivers use extras caution on wet roads, a significant number of ambulance accidents occur. But reduced road grip is also difficult to detect on dry roads. As a result, it is imperative to drive cautiously to compensate for a possible error in judging the road grip you do have. It is generally recommended that drivers reduce normal speed by one-fourth for rain, one-half for snow and three-fourths for icy surfaces.
Drivers should not be lulled into a false sense of security when traveling on dry roads. The statistics show that dry roads do not ensure safety and that drivers must always be alert and cautious.
One useful technique that defensive drivers practice is keeping a four-second following distance on dry pavements when all other conditions are good. To determine this distance, watch the rear bumper of the vehicle just ahead as it passes a stationary marker, such as a tar strip, sign post, or telephone pole, and count "one thousand and one, one thousand and two, one thousand and three, one thousand and four." As you say "four," your front bumper should reach that marker. If you reach it before that point, reduce your speed by one or two mph and the recheck your distance. When conditions are not good, increase your following distance to six seconds or more. See Figure 1 for driver reaction and vehicle braking distances in a light, two-axle truck.
Myth #5: Most ambulance accidents occur while backing the vehicle into a tight spot.
Fact #5: As in Fact #3, the majority of ambulance accidents occurs on the roadway in an intersection.
Location of Accident Number of Accidents Percentages
On Roadway at Intersection 824 70
On Roadway, Not at Intersection, and
Off Roadway 348 30
Intersections clearly present a hazard to the ambulance driver and the crew. The overwhelming number of accidents that occurs at intersections strongly suggests that other drivers do not hear or see an ambulance until it is too late to stop their vehicles. A "rolling stop," or the practice of slowing as you enter an intersection in the hope that you could stop in time if another driver was in your path, is reckless. It is not possible to stop a moving 11,000-pound (or heavier) vehicle traveling more than 35 mph in time to prevent an accident.
Ambulances are considered lightweight trucks. As vehicle weight increases, the vehicle braking distance also increases. Thus, an ambulance will travel much farther than a car when braking. Do you know what your ambulance weighs? Figure 2 illustrates ambulance types and weights.
An informal survey of fully equipped Type III ambulances produced an average actual vehicle weight of 10,450 pounds excluding the patient and crew (1). Such an average implies that many services are routinely overloading their ambulances. Patient and crew safety is jeopardized, as the handling and braking of the vehicle are affected when the gross vehicle weight is exceeded.
It is recommended that drivers come to a complete stop at a stop sign or red light, make eye contact with all other drivers and then proceed with caution. In a case in which the ambulance actually has the green light or there is not stop sign, defensive driving would dictate momentarily moving the right foot off the accelerator to cover the brake and slowing the vehicle until clearing the intersection. This will help reduce the reaction time required to move the foot to the brake pedal, should the driver need to stop the vehicle.
While many ambulance accidents do occur when ambulances are


_USER_{NBERw14012, title = "Explaining International Differences in Entrepreneurship: The Role of Individual Characteristics and Regulatory Constraints", author = "Silvia Ardagna and Annamaria Lusardi", institution = "National Bureau of Economic Research", type = "Working Paper", series = "Working Paper Series", number = "14012", year = "2008", month = "May", doi = {10.3386/w14012}, URL = "_URL_ abstract = {We use a micro dataset that collects information across individuals, countries, and time to investigate the determinants of entrepreneurial activity in thirty-seven developed and developing nations. We focus both on individual characteristics and on countries' regulatory differences. We show that individual characteristics, such as gender, age, and status in the workforce are important determinants of entrepreneurship, and we also highlight the relevance of social networks, self-assessed skills, and attitudes toward risk. Moreover, we find that regulation plays a critical role, particularly for those individuals who become entrepreneurs to pursue a business opportunity. The individual characteristics that are impacted most by regulation are those measuring working status, social network, business skills, and attitudes toward risk}, }


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- 1656 map showing the uncharted west
- Western U.S. shown in 1776 map
- Early State Border Marker U.S. Highway 65
- Sectional Map of Iowa, 1850
- The Old Capitol, pre-1900
- Land Ownership
- Iowa Becomes a Territory
- Iowa Government is Formed
- Iowa Assembly Meets
- Iowa and Missouri Dispute Border
- Iowa Moves Toward Statehood
- Iowa Boundary Debate
- Iowa Becomes a State
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Iowa and Missouri Dispute Border
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Surveyors almost caused a war with the state of Missouri, they certainly caused territory Governor Lucas a lot of trouble. The boundary of Iowa Territory and the state of Missouri had always been assumed to be a line known as the "Sullivan line." But in 1836, Missouri acquired some new lands from the Indians in the northern part of that state. Missouri decided to have her northern boundary resurveyed. The new boundary, known as the "Brown line," was thirteen miles north of the old "Sullivan line." In 1839, a Missouri sheriff, acting under orders from the Missouri state government, attempted to collect taxes from the people of Van Buren county in the Territory of Iowa. This outraged the government and citizens of the Iowa Territory. At first there were only official proclamations between the two opposing governments with little results. The Iowa Territory and the state of Missouri both gathered a militia at the border, preparing for war. A war was avoided, but the dispute remained unsettled until 1849, when a boundary very close to the "Sullivan line" was decided upon by the United States Supreme Court.
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Vandalism and trespass on the railway is not only reckless, but can cause delays. Here's what we're doing to prevent it
If you see someone trespassing on the railway, please call British Transport Police (BTP) on 0800 40 50 40, text 61016 or dial 999.
Trespassing on the railway is dangerous, risking trespassers' lives and endangering train passengers and crew.
For this reason, when we see someone trespassing, we have to stop all trains in the vicinity to make sure everyone is kept safe. This not only delays nearby trains, but also has a knock-on effect on trains across the network.
Certain parts of the railway, including stations, underpasses and level crossings, are open to the public. But when people go onto the tracks, embankments or other areas, they are trespassing.
When people trespass on the railway and vandalise our property, we need to repair any damage and make sure the railway is safe before allowing trains to run again. This causes delays for passengers. Vandalism includes graffiti, litter, fly-tipping and damage to fences, signs and tracks.
How we work with communities to promote safety
- Our community safety teams work hard – particularly in trespassing hotspots – to make more people aware of the dangers of trespass on the railway.
- Where there are known hotspots, we work with the train companies locally to create action plans.
- We install fences that make it more difficult to access the railway.
- We run safety campaigns with schools, charities, local councils and the British Transport Police (BTP) focusing on the two groups of people most likely to trespass: teenagers and those in their early 20s. In the 10 years up to July 2016, just fewer than half of those killed while trespassing on the railway were under 25 years old. Almost 170 young people lost their lives trespassing in the same period.
- We run safety campaigns to reach young people directly, and provide resources for teachers and parents.
- We partner with the BTP to encourage people to report incidents of trespassing and vandalism. If you see someone trespassing on the railway, call 0800 40 50 40 or 999, or text 61016.


Chemistry Department
Chemistry Education Graduate Program
Why pursue a Master of Science in Secondary Education at Missouri State?
The Master of Science in Education-Secondary Education (MSEd) program, provides you with the opportunity to expand on your chemistry knowledge while improving your teaching practices. The chemistry education graduate program offers you a deeper understanding of the relationship between science and education in a controlled environment for exceptional learning, practice and research. You will also gain valuable classroom skills and training while working in the state-of-the-art lab classroom at the Greenwood Laboratory School.
Teaching chemistry and beyond
A degree in chemistry education provides the necessary skills and abilities for a variety of careers beyond secondary education settings. Upon receiving your degree in chemistry education, you may pursue a career teaching chemistry at the secondary or college level, work for the federal government or pursue a career in health care, public relations or in research.
Missouri State Career Center


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Digital memory cards, such as USB flash drives and SD memory cards, are used to store content ranging from computer files to photos. However, the files on the digital cards, just like other files on your computer, are susceptible to become lost or damaged. In order to access the files again, you need to recover the files and return the files to their native settings.
Connect the digital memory card to your computer. If you have a flash, drive simply insert the flash drive into a USB port. If using an SD memory card, you need to use an SD card reader and connect the card reader to a USB port.
Launch the file recovery software on your computer. Many programs have this feature including Norton 360. However, if you do not have file recovery software installed, you can obtain a free version from CNET.com. Select "Downloads," "Windows" and finally type "File Recovery." A list of the most popular file recovery programs will load. Download and install one of the available programs.
Select the digital memory card as the area you want to scan for recoverable files. Click "Start" and the file recovery software will scan the connected flash drive or SD memory card. Once complete, a list of all the files it can recover appears.
Select the lost files you want to recover and click "Restore." The software will now recover your lost files and place them back onto the digital card.
- usb flash drive image by Bosko Martinovic from Fotolia.com


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|Cuesta Home||Academic Support Center||Academic Support||Disabled Student Programs & Services||Tutorial Services|
To become a better note-taker you must know when to take notes and when not to take notes. The instructor will give cues that indicate what material is important Some such cues include:
You must learn the cues your instructor gives indicating important material. If you are in doubt about the importance of the class material, do not hesitate to ask the instructor about its importance.
While taking notes, you may become confused about math material. At that point, take as many notes as possible, and do not give up on note-taking.
As you take notes on confusing problem steps, skip lines; then go back and fill in information that clarifies your misunderstanding of the steps in question. Ask your tutor or instructor for help with the uncompleted problem steps, and write down the reasons for each step in the space provided.
Another procedure to save time while taking notes is to stop writing complete sentences. Write your main thoughts in phrases. Phrases are easier to jot down and easier to memorize.
Paul D. Nolting, Ph.D., Winning at Math, _PHONE_ by Academic Success Press, Inc


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The effects and experiences of goal setting in stroke rehabilitation - a systematic review.
Sugavanam T., Mead G., Bulley C., Donaghy M., van Wijck F.
To systematically integrate and appraise the evidence for effects and experiences of goal setting in stroke rehabilitation.Systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies.Relevant databases were searched from start of database to 30 April 2011. Studies of any design employing goal setting, reporting stroke-specific data and evaluating its effects and/ or experiences were included.From a total of 53998 hits, 112 full texts were analysed and 17 studies were included, of which seven evaluated effects while ten explored experiences of goal setting. No eligible randomized controlled trials were identified. Most of the included studies had weak to moderate methodological strengths. The design, methods of goal setting and outcome measures differed, making pooling of results difficult. Goal setting appeared to improve recovery, performance and goal achievement, and positively influenced patients' perceptions of self-care ability and engagement in rehabilitation. However, the actual extent of patient involvement in the goal setting process was not made clear. Patients were often unclear about their role in this process. Professionals reported higher levels of collaboration during goal setting than patients. Patients and professionals differed on how they set goals, types of goals set, and on how they perceived goal attainment. Barriers to goal setting outnumbered the facilitators.Due to the heterogeneity and quality of included studies, no firm conclusions could be made on the effectiveness, feasibility and acceptability of goal setting in stroke rehabilitation. Further rigorous research is required to strengthen the evidence base. Better collaboration and communication between patients and professionals and relevant education are recommended for best practice.


Workshop: Basic Writing Skills for MDC Custodial Supervisors
Course ID - CTD0704
Short Title: Writing Skills
Audience: Supervisors,
Length of Workshop: 8 hours
Prerequisite None
Description: The purpose of this 2 session (8 hour) workshop, which meets for Four hours two times, is to improve the overall writing quality of our staff based in typical work situations. Participants will learn the basics of sentence structure, how to develop the narrative, and make transitions from one idea to the next.
 - Describe the rules for mechanics, punctuation, and capitalization
 - Explain the importance of consistency in verb tenses
 - Use precise vs. general words
 - Use models for greater precision (should, will, would etc.)
 - Use proper sentence structure
 - Incorporate topic sentences, discussion and conclusion in a narrative
 - Make transitions from one idea to the next
Reference #
Evaluation link
Registration information
Course ID: - CTD0704
Course Title: Writing Skills
Reference # - see table
How to Register
New - Easier registration for workshops


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"To turn the tables" is a figure of speech
meaning "to put someone else in the predicament that we have been occupying, or a into a similar one."
The term arose during the early 1600s, and seems to have been a reference to a card or board game in which a player, when at a disadvantage, might reverse the position of the board and thereby shift the disadvantage fo his opponent.
A similar possibility holds that the original sense of the expression might be the same as we now mean by "duplicate", as in the game duplicate bridge, wherein after a series of hands of cards had been played, the table was turned and the same series of hands was replayed, each player holding the hand previously held by an opponent.
There's another interesting theory that proposes that the expression is derived from an ancient fad in Roman men of purchasing costly tables. When a wife was chided for an expensive purchase of her own, then, she would "turn the tables" by reminding him of his extravagance.


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3B Scientific® SEK Solar Energy
Physics Educational Materials
Alternative Energy Learning Activities
How Much Power can you get From the Sun?
- Includes Instruction For 16 Experiments
- Compact Storage Case
Large equipment set for carrying out 16 fundamental experiments on solar energy. The basic parameters and properties of solar modules and the aspects which affect their energy efficiency can all be demonstrated by experiment. Contained in a rugged metal case including foam inlay with recesses in the shape of the apparatus. The system allows you to assemble experiments easily and in a compact set-up on or in the lid of the kit's carry case. Includes CD with experiment instructions.


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Once you are there, countries like New Zealand, Australia and South Africa are the friendliest to new expats. But this question of which country is most friendly to incoming corporate workers has more to do with immigration practices.
- New Zealand
Canada continues to remain at the top of the list, with a fifth of its population being foreign-born, which is double that of the United States.
According to the Canadian government, few countries in the world can match Canada's embrace of immigration and integration. Last year, Canada admitted over 271,000 new permanent residents, the highest number since 2010. The top 10 countries from where permanent residents originated are:
ANGER about immigration is on the rise in many rich countries. Not so in Canada (see our briefing). A fifth of the country's population is foreign-born, about twice the share in America. In the 12 months to June 2016, Canada admitted 321,000 immigrants, nearly 1% of its population. Where do they come from?


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Watch out for these two phrases. Many students confuse them, but their meanings are actually very different. When you use "almost all (of)"/"most (of)" with a noun phrase, and "almost" with a verb phrase, the meanings can be opposite!
"Almost all (of)" means 80-99% (not all, but close to all).
"Most (of)" means more than half, maybe 55-99%.
"Most" and "almost all" are very close to each other. You can use them in similar ways. "Almost all" is a little stronger. If I say "I liked almost all of the food I ate in Taiwan," it's stronger than "I liked most of the food I ate in Taiwan." But both sentences mean that generally I liked the food I ate there.
Let's talk about "almost all (of)" and "most (of)" only with noun phrases for now. Here are some examples, with underlined noun phrases: most of my friends, almost all of the movies, most of the shops, almost all people, most kittens.
"Almost" means nearly, not quite, close to.
"Almost" goes with verb phrases very often. Here are some examples with just verb phrases,in bold: almost married, almost won the lottery, almost miss the exit, almost bought a car, almost died, almost finished eating.
Anyway, here are some examples of a sentence type where confusing "almost all/most of" and "almost" can really change your meaning:
- Almost all of the students passed the test.
Congratulations! The majority of the class members passed the test! There were 30 students and 28 received a grade of C or better. Great!
- Most of the students passed the test.
Congratulations! The majority of the class members passed the test! There were 30 students and 22 received a grade of C or better. Great!
- The students almost passed the test.
Oh, no. The students got very low scores. Their scores were close to a passing grade, but not close enough. All of the students got less than 50% on the test. They were very close to passing, but they didn't, so they failed.
(And remember to use "all of," "most," or put "almost" in the right place every time. You can't say "almost the students passed." First, this is ungrammatical. Second, the listener will be confused and not know what you meant. The listener can't guess whether you meant "almost all of the students passed," "most of the students passed," or "the students almost passed." When you're speaking English, you can often make small mistakes and still be understood, but not with this kind of phrase!)
- Almost all of the flowers died.
I went on vacation for two weeks and didn't water my 20 roses. 17 of the roses died.
- Most of the flowers died.
I went on vacation for two weeks and didn't water my 20 roses. 15 of the roses died.
- The flowers almost died.
I went on vacation. After one week, I remembered that my roses needed to be watered. I called my neighbor and asked if she'd water them. She said the flowers looked very bad! However, she took care of them until I got back. When I came back, my roses were fine. My roses came close to dying because I forgot about them.
Does it make sense? You have to be careful with this one, because you can accidentally change your meaning completely. Watch out!


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Current perpendicular to plane magnetoresistive sensor with reduced read
A magnetoresistive sensor having a greatly reduced read gap. The sensor
has a pinned layer structure formed above the free layer. A layer of
antiferromagnetic material (AFM layer) is formed over the pinned layer
structure and has a front edge disposed toward, but recessed from the air
bearing surface. An electrically conductive, magnetic lead is formed over
the pinned layer and AFM layer such that the lead fills a space between
the AFM layer and the air bearing surface. In this way, the read gap is
distance between the outermost portion of the pinned layer structure and
free layer. The thickness of the AFM layer and capping layer are not
included in the read gap.
Gill; Hardayal Singh (Palo Alto, CA), Jayasekara; Wipul Pemsiri (Los Gatos, CA) |
Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Netherlands B.V.
September 27, 2007|