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This post continues my review of the literature surrounding the issue of how the L1 should or shouldn't be used in the classroom, and is the second in a series on the subject. If you haven't read the previous blog post, which serves as an introduction to the topic, this post may not make so much sense.
What the EFL Literature Says
A large proportion of EFL classrooms utilize Codeswitching (CS), even as educational policies denounce it. In fact, the only time when CS is not used appears to be in classrooms where the L1 is not shared (Littlewood & Yu, 2009). However, although reported justifications for CS are varied, the actual extent of L1 use is not disciplined, with the proportion of L1 use in some teachers reported be less than 10%, while others use over 90% L1 instruction. Littlewood & Yu call for structured and planned (strategic) use of the L1 – alongside maximized L2 use – to facilitate L2 acquisition, and suggest that it could be an important pedagogical tool for language teachers.
A host of literature investigating CS in EFL contexts echoes Littlewood & Yu's call for strategic use of L1 in the classroom, a trend which has caused Tian & Macaro (2012) to push for a move from the term "teacher use of L1" to "teacher CS". They posit that the first implies unstructured, unplanned use such as that described by Littlewood & Yu (2009) and Timor (2012). Teacher CS, on the other hand, denotes the intentional and strategic use of CS aimed at promoting language acquisition, and is therefore much more helpful in identifying the pedagogical uses of L1 in the classroom.
Kamwangamalu (2010) gives a good summary of studies which investigate the pedagogical benefits of teacher CS. He states that benefits include building classroom rapport, compensating for a lack of comprehension, classroom management, and expressing solidarity with students, to name but a few. He also points to a study in Singapore by Rudby (2007) as a particularly good case study. In Singapore the use of Singlish in the English classroom is easily observable but strongly discouraged as an obstacle to English literacy. Rudby sets out to examine the extent of these adverse effects of teacher CS, but instead finds that it "empowers [teachers] to explain difficult points or concepts, to inject humor, to establish a warmer, friendlier atmosphere in the classroom, to encourage greater student involvement" (Kamwangamalu, 2010, p.128).
As if these pedagogical advantages weren't enough, He (2012) points to the value of studying specific language settings and identifying how unique relationships between two languages can be exploited through CS to increase language acquisition. She finds that both the differences and similarities between the languages are useful in teaching Chinese learners of English, but more importantly that Chinese (L1) is an important mediatory tool in their second language learning. Referencing Vygotsky (1978), she states that "L1 is not only a medium for communication, but also the most powerful mediating tool for thinking" (He, 2012, p. 3, original emphasis). This is an extremely important consideration when thinking about the place of codeswitching in pedagogy, as a monolingual approach which doesn't allow CS will constrict the role of the L1 in mediating SLA.
Lee (2012) notes that the potential benefits of teacher CS have been explored extensively, and so attempts to construct a model of the effectiveness of CS in order to facilitate future investigation into its actual value as a pedagogical tool. In reviewing the literature, he praises the move away from a monolingual approach towards a bilingual one, but suggests that this could be improved further by adopting a sociolinguistic view of bilingualism in EFL. A sociolinguistic approach discusses whether we can view the EFL classroom as a kind of bilingual community; after all, L2 learners are to a greater or lesser extent developing bilinguals.
EFL Classrooms as Bilingual Communities
The idea of treating the EFL classroom as a bilingual community is central to Vivian Cook's (2010) theory of multi-competence, which he defines as 'the knowledge of more than one language in the same mind or the same community' (p. 1). Multi-competence presents a view of SLA as based on the "L2 user", who, due to their knowledge of two or more languages, should be considered as substantially different from a monolingual speaker. The L1 is always present and active in the L2 user's mind, leading multi-competence to state that both should be used actively in the classroom. Multi-competence doesn't just suggest that CS could be useful in the EFL classroom, but by viewing L2 users as bilinguals it requires pedagogical applications of both languages through strategic CS.
Wei (2011a) takes multi-competence and its implications for CS and tries to extend a theory of CS by redefining it as "translanguaging". This is based on a linguistic idea of languaging, a term which implies the use of the noun "language" as a verb. By rebranding CS as translanguaging Wei highlights its use by L2 users as a communicative tool for interaction and learning, rather than as a description of the way bilinguals mix codes. Indeed, by taking a holistic view of CS Wei conceptualizes a bilingual's translanguaging as including "all the languages he or she knows as well as knowledge of the norms for use of the languages in context and of how the different languages may interact in producing well-formed, contextually appropriate mixed-code utterances." (Wei, 2011b, p. 374)
Such considerations begin to bring us towards a pedagogical view of CS as central to EFL teaching, as it forms a portion of the L2 user's identity both within and without the classroom. Wei's proposal of translanguaging with a multi-competence framework not only affects the way L2 users learn languages, but also begins to consider ideological issues of L2 user identity and sociolinguistic context.
These ideas draw a picture of where EFL education could be headed given the gradual acceptance of CS as a pedagogical tool. However, a look at how research into bilingual education has developed theories of CS may be of even more benefit in the EFL classroom. This will be the focus of Part 3.


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Solar Scholars to lead three solar energy workshops
Bucknell Environmental Facts
- 95 percent of campus energy is produced by co-generation plant
- Greenhouse gas emissions are down 45 percent from pre-1998 level
- All campus stationery is chlorine-free and contains 100 percent post-consumer fiber content
- Environmental studies major created in 1979
- Bucknell Environmental Center established in 2006
The Saturday workshops will be held Feb. 16, March 1, and April 5 from 9 a.m. to 2 p.m. at the
"Attendees can expect to learn the basics of designing, siting, and installing a small-scale residential solar array," said Jess Scott, a Bucknell senior and member of the campus Solar Scholars program. "They can expect to learn how solar energy works -- from the time the sun hits a solar panel to the time a light bulb turns on in their home."
Scott, the student organizer behind the recent Focus the Nation teach-in, a daylong effort to focus attention on global climate issues and potential solutions, said that participants can expect to "come out of this workshop with an understanding of solar energy strong enough to play an integral role in the design and installation of their own array."
Among the topics that will be discussed at each of the five-hour workshops are how to determine the correct type and size of solar system, the steps of installing and operating a solar system at a home or small business, solar cost analysis, battery and wiring basics, and system comparisons.
To attend the solar workshops, contact Jess Scott.
The workshops are the continuation of the work of the Solar Scholars program, a solar energy design and education program started on six
Electricity from the solar array, when not fully used at the center, is fed to the national electric grid.
Another Solar Scholars design and installation project was recently completed on the Bucknell campus with the construction of two arrays at Bucknell West. Electricity from the panels -- one stationary and one that tracks the sun -- is powering a student living space and panel data are being collected for classroom analysis and being shared with the other schools participating in the Solar Scholars education program.
Bucknell University Environmental Center co-director Craig Kochel with the center's solar panel.
Contact: Office of Communications
Posted Feb. 5, 2008
Next story >>

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Nondestructive determination of fresh and spent nuclear fuel rod density distributions through computerised gamma-ray transmission tomography
The morphology of single PWR UO2 fuel rods has been investigated by employing computerised gamma-ray transmission tomography. Four highly burnt fuel rods of different burnups (from 52 GWd/t to 126GWd/t) and a fresh rod have been investigated. This paper describes the tomographic station built to acquire the projections together with the related experimental procedure, followed by the description of the image reconstruction techniques implemented. The principal results obtained are presented and analysed at three levels. First, the derived linear attenuation coefficient matrix, which is very useful for the implementation of emission tomography, is discussed. Second, the variation of density as a function of rod radius is presented, showing an interesting morphological change of the fuel with burnup. Particularly for the highest burnup sample, the periphery is characterised by a lower density (a steep decrease of almost 10% from the adjacent region) characteristic of an ultrahigh-burnup high-porosity structure. Finally, the nondestructive derivation of the volume-averaged fuel density was performed, compared with other experimental data, and plotted as a function of burnup, so that an interesting linear relationship between density and burnup was established, providing a potential indicator for the noninvasive determination of nuclear fuel rod burnup. Atomic Energy Society of Japan.
Laboratory for Reactor Physics and Systems Behaviour, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
Record created on 2010-09-17, modified on 2016-08-08

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Why are insects so energy-efficient while flying? Is it because of their light weight and aerodynamics or due to very efficient biochemical transformations (food->energy)?
Insect flight muscle is capable of achieving the highest metabolic rate of all animal tissues, and this tissue may be considered an exquisite example of biochemical adaptation.
Locusts, for example, may (almost instantaneously) increase their oxygen consumption up to 70-fold when starting to fly. In humans, excercise can increase O2 consumption a maximum of 20-fold, and for birds in flight the figure is about 10-fold (Wegener, 1996; Sacktor, 1976).
As Wegener (1996) has put it (in his definitive paper):
Flight is powered by ATP hydrolysis, and these impressive metabolic rates are achieved by very effective control of ATP hydrolysis and regeneration.
Wegener, G. (1996) Flying insects: model systems exercise physiology Experientia May 15;52(5):404-12. (See here)
Sacktor B. (1976) Biochemical adaptations for flight in the insect. Biochem Soc Symp. 1976;(41):111-31. (See here)
The smaller an animal is the easier it becomes for it to fly. That is because surface area increases to the second power of the diameter of the animal whereas mass increases to the third. So the larger a thing is the more mass per surface are it has.
And since insects tend to be small they tend to be good at flying.
As for any other reason, I don't think insects are any more energy efficient than say, birds.


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Colorimetric method for the determination of D-3-hydroxybutyric acid in foodstuffs and other materials.
The "Yellow line" kits are produced by Roche Diagnostics, previously Boehringer Mannheim, with more than 40 years experience in the production of the enzymes, which are the key element of each test. The Roche test kits have been used and validated worldwide for several decades, with many corresponding publications. They have been selected as reference methods by many international organizations (e.g. AOAC, IFU, IDF, ISO and OIV) and they are still the gold standard today.
- Reference quality for more than 40 years.
- Approved by national and international organizations.
- 31 tests for all requirements in the food industry.


What should be included in a social media security policy?
A social media security policy is necessary for most enterprises today. Expert Mike O. Villegas discusses what should be included in social media policies.
One infosec expert said that CISOs should be responsible for the cybersecurity of their employees' work-related...
social media accounts. Is there any merit to this? What role, if any, should CISOs take with a social media security policy for accounts associated with their organization?
Social media sites, such as LinkedIn, Twitter and Facebook, have become a part of our daily lives such that they are portals to news, business events, current events, family communications, political banter, e-commerce, business opportunities and entertainment.
Much can be gained from perusing a person's social media profile, where anyone can derive a considerable amount of professional and personal information that one would not normally provide to the general public. So why do we willingly provide such information?
Enterprises use social media for marketing and research reasons. They know that these mediums sometimes provide greater visibility to their services and accomplishments that demonstrably set them apart from their peers.
Many companies today do not allow employees to have social media accounts, and use unified threat management-like controls to prevent their use. Exceptions do occur for those that present a business need, such as marketing. However, there are also some companies that do not have such controls.
Should the CISO be responsible for the cybersecurity of company social media accounts? The real question is whether the board of directors should be responsible for their organization's social media security policy, and whether social media accounts should even be allowed for company use. The board sets policy; the CISO enforces it. Of course, the CISO should recommend controls to include in the social media security policy, but, invariably, business needs pre-empt risks.
NIST SP 800-53r4 AC-23 (Data Mining Protection) states that "The organization employs [Assignment: organization-defined data mining prevention and detection techniques) for (Assignment: organization-defined data storage objects] to adequately detect and protect against data mining." This includes social networking or social media websites.
Although NIST and other cybersecurity frameworks do not explicitly state what controls are required, below are some recommended controls an enterprise could include in a social media security policy to control the use of company accounts.
 - All employees who use social networking sites should take care not to divulge information that could, in any way, be detrimental or harmful to the company.
 - No confidential or sensitive data should be revealed, including, but not limited to, personal data, financial data, strategic information, trade secrets, copyrighted material or export-controlled material.
 - No entries should be made that would, in any way, tarnish the image or reputation of the company or any of its employees. Nor should it include discriminatory, disparaging, defamatory or harassing comments.
 - Employees should be careful not to divulge information about themselves or their colleagues that could be used in a social engineering attack on the company.
 - Employees should exercise extreme caution when contacted by new friends and followers. Attempts should be made to verify their identities previous to any communication.
 - Employees should use a product like TweetDeck or DestroyTwitter to expand tiny URLs and to help validate that links are safe before clicking them.
These should be included in a social media security policy with clear enforcement statements and consequences if they're not followed.
On their own, these are not sufficient controls over social media. They should be augmented with security awareness, cybersecurity training, restrictions on use of social media, executive-sponsored communications and targeted monitoring mechanisms, such as data loss prevention, to ensure that sensitive company information is not leaked through social media.
Ask the expert:
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text: Oh the drama of a solid silhouette. Is there anything quite as commanding? They demand attention by drawing the eye to the subject, and often leave nothing else in the frame. Silhouettes define characters and situations, and are often used to emphasize the solitary nature of a single figure (a la Batman) or to amp up the drama of a group of people (a la Chicago's cellblock tango). Silhouettes help to elevate tension in an understated way by eliminating all the other details that would otherwise be vying for attention. It draws the focus to a pinpointed item or character and builds significance through isolation. They carry power through their simplicity– when you remove all the extra information, what is left is all the more commanding.


How To Become A Successful Professional Artist
Learn and Master Watercolor Realism in 8 Weeks
Who is this course meant for?
This course is for you if any one or more of the following is true:
 - You are stressed in life and want to learn painting using watercolors for recreation and stress-relief.
 - You want to transform your personal life by learning a new painting skill and wish to gain confidence through changing mindset.
 - You are an absolute beginner and want to drastically improve your watercolor painting abilities.
 - You are finding it difficult to learn watercolor techniques and struggling with this medium for a pretty long time.
 - You are an intermediate watercolor artist and interested in learning to paint in a realistic style like a professional artist.
 - You want to boost up your career by learning under a highly professional and experienced international artist.
 - you are an advanced artist and want to learn how to teach other artists the skills of watercolor online in the most effective manner.
Who is this course not meant for?
This course is not for you if any one or more of the following is true:
 - You are not passionate about learning to paint using watercolors.
 - You are not interested to learn watercolor from scratch in an in-depth manner.
 - You do not have enough time or passion for participating in a course where you will need to devote 2-3 hours each day continuously for 8 weeks.
 - You do not wish to become an advanced watercolor artist in the near future.
 - Learning and mastering watercolors in not your priority at present.
Problem description:
This course is a perfect answer to solve the following pain points:
 - Finding it very difficult to learn watercolor painting techniques all by yourself.
 - Unable to determine which techniques to use for achieving a specific result.
 - Not sure where and how to start a painting and how to keep going till the end.
 - Color mixing and selecting color palette seems too difficult.
 - Not sure which subjects to paint for making a successful painting.
 - Not capable of making a plan of execution before starting with a painting.
 - Painting masterfully like a professional artist seems impossible goal.
 - Feeling demotivated, frustrated and under-confident throughout the painting process.
What you'll learn:
By participating in this course, you will learn:
 - To gain confidence over yourself through mindset shift.
 - Important fundamental concepts: Elements of Art, Principles of Art, Color theory, etc.
 - Watercolor basics, color mixing techniques, and other concepts related to painting.
 - How to make an impressive composition for making a successful painting.
 - Master basic and advanced watercolor techniques
 - Master error handling skills.
 - How to use various materials required for creating a realistic watercolor painting.
 - Systematically analyze a subject before starting to paint it realistically.
 - Design a strategic plan depending on a given subject
 - 3 main strategies for painting and when to use which strategy - easiest first, darkest first, most important first.
 - How to plan your own strategies for painting absolutely any texture in watercolors.
 - Paper stretching and its significance.
 - 2 drawing techniques for getting a perfect drawing done on watercolor paper - Tracing technique and Measurement technique.
 - Paint a realistic painting from scratch to finish in a step-by-step manner.
 - The skill of critiquing without criticizing.
Course outcome:
At the end of the course you will be able to:
 1. Overcome your limiting beliefs related to watercolor painting
 2. Master watercolor painting skills
 3. Know how to plan and compose for a successful painting
 4. Complete a realistic painting from start to finish under guidance.
 5. Gain the confidence to paint an entire watercolor painting by yourself.
 6. Relax, meditate, and enjoy the whole process of painting.
 7. Learn how to paint a realistic painting like a professional artist.
Why do I want to offer this course:
I am a completely self-taught artist with absolutely no formal education in art. When I started painting realism using watercolors in March 2015, I had no idea where to start, how to paint, and what subjects to paint. I tried to learn from YouTube videos and from various watercolor blogs. I committed several mistakes and learned from each of my mistakes. I soon figured out a strategy for learning fast and in a more efficient manner. This strategy helped me to gain confidence in painting in a matter of a few months and also helped me to figure out how to paint absolutely any subject in a realistic style using watercolors.
In my workshops, I work on student's mindset and help them realize that they can paint whatever subject they want once they master the basic watercolor techniques and learn how to analyze and plan before starting a painting. Through this online course, I want to share my knowledge of painting in watercolors and provide every possible guidance so that the students of this course can learn to paint in a realistic style like a professional artist within a very short time. By participating in this course you will learn how to let go of the every-day stress through developing concentration and also be able to build up a strong understanding of arts and watercolor painting. My unique teaching strategy will help you to learn painting in this medium in a much faster and enjoyable manner.
What is included:
 1. Videos, downloadable PDFs, worksheets and exercises for practice
 2. Member community inside a private Facebook group
 3. Several live training sessions by the tutor.
 4. Weekly live Q & A session for solving problems posted by students once a week.
 5. Step-by-step painting by participants from scratch to finish under guidance from the tutor.
 6. 1-hour feedback session after the completion of the painting project.
 7. 1-hour career guidance and a mentoring session on the last day of the course.
How this course is different from other online watercolor courses?
 - This is a transformation based course instead of information based. This course aims to change the mindset and makes the participant adapt to high-speed goal-oriented learning.
 - This is a semi-synchronous course where you will get pre-recorded videos for learning at your own comfort along with live-sessions by the tutor for a more fulfilled learning experience.
 - This unique course is designed to accelerate your learning abilities by overcoming your mindset blocks.
 - This well-structured course is designed to help you develop an in-depth understanding of art along with mastering your painting skills.
 - This course gives more than one choices to the participants in selecting the project that they would like to complete.
 - The live-sessions in this course allow the participants to interact with the tutor and get direct feedback and reviews on their exercises and project painting by the tutor.
 - This course is led by a highly skilled watercolor tutor who is passionate about making each of the students succeed in their goal of mastering watercolors.
How will the course be conducted? This course will be conducted in a private Facebook group. Students will study by referring to the course materials and videos. Course contents related to one module will be released every week.
Watercolor painting materials required for this course:
 1. Watercolor paper: Arches cold-pressed #140
 2. Watercolor paints: Must be artists grade preferably from Daniel Smith, Winsor & Newton, Schmincke, Holbein, M.Graham, or Mission Gold.
 Colors: The list of colors will be provided after the registration.
 1. Paintbrushes: Hake brush (2"), Round brush (#00, #2, #6)
 2. Stretcher board (optional, if you are using Arches watercolor block paper)
 3. Artist's Masking Tape
 4. Masking fluid preferably from Winsor & Newton or Schmincke
 5. Mr. Clean's Magic eraser (highly recommended)
 6. Brown Stretcher tape (optional, if you are using Arches watercolor block paper)
 7. 0.5 mm mechanical pencil, eraser, tracing paper, graphite paper, ruler, q-tip, paper towels, white plastic palette, a plastic jar for water.
Course duration: 8-weeks
Course Start date: Next batch is starting from 28th January 2020 (tentative)
Price of Course: CA$1297
Installment facility available.
Refund policy: No Refund.
Course prerequisites: Participants are not expected to have any prior experience in painting using watercolors. Passion, dedication, and willingness to complete the course are the only prerequisites for this course. Participants are expected to devote time to learn and practice each single day.
Length of access: 12 months after the completion of the course
Number of modules: 8 modules
Testimonials: Please check out a few testimonials by participants of Meeta's workshops.
Here are some testimonials by 'Mastering Watercolor Realism' course participants.
Total number of seats per batch: 30
Status: Open for registrations.
Contact the tutor: call _PHONE_ or email
Note: Detailed course syllabus will be provided to the participant after the registration has been done.
Frequently asked questions:
I am an absolute beginner. Is this course suitable for me?
Yes, absolutely.
I am an intermediate-to-advanced artist. Is this course going to benefit me?
Yes, definitely.
I am an advanced watercolor artist. I paint in a loose style and want to learn painting in a realistic style. Is this


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Bornean Clouded Leopard (Neofelis diardi) - Wiki
Bornean Clouded Leopard
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
[Photo] Bornean Clouded Leopard (Neofelis diardi). Plate from William Jardine's The Natural History of The Feline, Rimau-Dahan, published 1834.
The Bornean Clouded Leopard or Diard's Leopard (Neofelis diardi) is a medium-sized wild cat found on Borneo, Sumatra and the Batu Islands in the Malay Archipelago and publicised under the name Bornean Clouded Leopard by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) on March 14, 2007. Its coat is marked with irregularly-shaped, dark-edged ovals which are said to be shaped like clouds, hence its common name. Though scientists have known of its existence since the early 19th century, it was positively identified as being a distinct species in its own right in 2006, having long been believed to be a subspecies of the mainland Clouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosa). WWF quoted Dr. Stephen O'Brien of the U.S. National Cancer Institute as saying, "Genetic research results clearly indicate that the clouded leopard of Borneo should be considered a separate species".
Anatomy and morphology
The Bornean Clouded Leopard has a stocky build, weighing about 25 kg (55 pounds). It is the largest predator in Borneo. The majority of its prey lives in trees, necessitating its excellent climbing skills. With short, flexible legs, large paws, and keen claws, this big cat is very sure-footed. The canine teeth are two inches long, longer than those of any other extant feline. Its tail can grow to be as long as its body, aiding balance.
The Bornean Clouded Leopard's range is Borneo and Sumatra in the Malay Archipelago. The species was previously found in Java, but has not been recorded there since Neolithic times.
Ecology and life history
N. diardi's preferred habitat is tropical and subtropical forest at altitudes up to about 2,000 metres (6,500 ft).
The habits of the Bornean Clouded Leopard are largely unknown because of the animal's secretive nature. It is assumed that it is generally a solitary creature.
Etymology and taxonomic history
Despite its name, the Bornean Clouded Leopard is not closely related to the leopard. The species was named Neofelis diardi in honor of French naturalist and explorer Pierre-M??dard Diard; in the 19th century Felis diardii designated the Clouded Leopard/Bornean Clouded Leopard, colloquially "Diard's Cat". The local names, "Macan Dahan" in Indonesian and "Harimau Dahan" in Malay (also reported historically in Sumatra), mean "tree branch tiger".
The species was long regarded as a subspecies of the Clouded Leopard, named Neofelis nebulosa diardi. In December 2006, two articles in the journal Current Biology detailed a strong case for reclassifying and redefining two distinct species of Clouded Leopard: Neofelis nebulosa from mainland Asia and Neofelis diardi from the Malay archipelago. A UK study led by Andrew C. Kitchener detailed geographical variations in the Clouded Leopard, indicating a split of two species. The results of a morphometric analysis of the pelages of fifty-seven Clouded Leopards sampled throughout the genus' wide geographical range concluded that there were two distinct morphological groups, differing primarily in the size of their cloud markings. Another study led by Valerie A. Buckley-Beason cited molecular evidence for the species-level distinction of the Clouded Leopard, although the study only used DNA samples from the Bornean population and mainland Asia and not from the Sumatran population. The genetics study found differences in the molecular genetic analyses (mtDNA, nuclear DNA sequences, microsatellite variation, and cytogenetic differences) of the different species of Clouded Leopard. Among the molecular disparities between the two species were thirty-six fixed mitochondrial and nuclear nucleotide differences and 20 microsatellite loci with nonoverlapping allele-size ranges. The study stated that the degree of differentiation was similar to the differences between the five Panthera species, thus concluding that Neofelis diardi is a separate species from Neofelis nebulosa.
The genetic analysis of Neofelis nebulosa and Neofelis diardi suggest the two species diverged 1.4 million years ago, after the animals used a now submerged land bridge to reach Borneo and Sumatra from mainland Asia.
Because the Bornean Clouded Leopard's habits make it difficult to study, exact figures of its population do not exist. However, recent studies estimate the population to be between 5,000 and 11,000 great cats left on Borneo, and 3,000 to 7,000 on Sumatra. In the countries of its native range, hunting of the Clouded Leopard is prohibited. However, these bans are very poorly enforced.
Some of data comes from a 2006 study which classified tracks in one part of Sabah (northeastern Borneo). This study estimated that there are 1,500???3,200 cats in Sabah, with only 275???585 of them in large protected reserves.
Encroachment on natural habitat, primarily by logging and the planting of rubber and palm oil plantations, continues to threaten the whole fauna of Borneo, including the Bornean Clouded Leopard.
|The text in this page is based on the copyrighted Wikipedia article shown in above URL. It is used under the GNU Free Documentation License. You may redistribute it, verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the GFDL.|


TensorFlow 1 version View source on GitHub
Computes the 1D Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) of input.
Currently Types I, II, III, IV are supported. Type III is the inverse of Type II, and vice versa.
Note that you must re-normalize by 1/(2n) to obtain an inverse if norm is not 'ortho'. That is: signal == idct(dct(signal)) * 0.5 / signal.shape[-1]. When norm='ortho', we have: signal == idct(dct(signal, norm='ortho'), norm='ortho').
input A [..., samples] float32/float64 Tensor containing the signals to take the DCT of.
type The IDCT type to perform. Must be 1, 2, 3 or 4.
n For future expansion. The length of the transform. Must be None.
axis For future expansion. The axis to compute the DCT along. Must be -1.
norm The normalization to apply. None for no normalization or 'ortho' for orthonormal normalization.
name An optional name for the operation.
A [..., samples] float32/float64 Tensor containing the IDCT of input.
ValueError If type is not 1, 2 or 3, n is not None,axisis not-1, ornormis notNoneor'ortho''.
Scipy Compatibility
Equivalent to scipy.fftpack.idct for Type-I, Type-II, Type-III and Type-IV DCT.


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Guest Author - Caroline Baker
Monkeys are playful creatures, often the joy of many zoo-goers because of their constant activity. They are cruious and willing to experiment with things in their environment, often finding new and creative ways to use them. Monkeys are in constant movement, never stopping even if they get hit.
Martial artists who perform in monkey styles are perhaps the most interesting performers to watch. They will literally take on the air of this creature, crouching down low and holding their "paws" just as the animal would in nature.
As these artist tumble, roll and jump, they maintain a low center of gravity, thus making it very hard to dislodge them. Even if they are thrown off balance, their constant bouncing allows them to recover very quickly. While not the most powerful of the primates, they make up for it by being smart. Attack only when their are opening and staying as far out of reach as possible from the opponent. Their inventive nature will allow them to often use elements in the environment to their advantage.
Learn more about other animals & elements in Martial Arts as part of our Chinese New Years articles.


Contact Us Today : _PHONE_
Gang Crimes
Gang Allegations and Gang Charges are not just like any other criminal charge. Let me say that again, Gang Allegations and Gang Charges are not the same as any other criminal charge.
Did you know that gang charges and gang enhancements might not even require you to be a gang member? So long as you are accused of promoting, facilitating, or assisting a gang member in the commission of certain crimes, even a non-gang member can be charged under California's STEP Act!
In 1988, California enacted the STEP ACT, which fundamentally changed prosecution for the participation in criminal street gangs and committing certain crimes for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association with criminal street gangs.
California Gang Statutes include California Penal Code sections 186.22 et. seq. In these prosecutions, the normal rules of trial do not always apply. For instance, in order to establish that the group constitutes a criminal street gang, the prosecution must show it is an organization of 3 or more persons, with a common identifying color or symbol, that engages in a pattern of criminal activity. What does that mean to you? Well, it means the jury is going to get to hear a whole lot of stuff that probably has nothing to do with you. They will introduce evidence of gang membership and how long they've been documenting a certain group, sometimes stretching back 20 years or more. They will introduce "predicate crimes" to establish a pattern of criminal activity. And these usually won't be the bar fight someone had where both people got bruised up and went home. No, no no. They will introduce murders if possible, violent acts, and the kinds of acts that would reinforce the jury's fear of gangs and no doubt the primal urge to protect society no matter the cost. You yourself don't have to have even participated in these offenses. They may have nothing to do with you and predate any allegations by years and involve people you never met. Such prejudicial testimony would be unthinkable in other criminal trials, but remember, for the prosecution, you have gang charges, and therefore they are usually at their most aggressive.
Until Recently, gang cops could testify to case-specific hearsay in addition to generalized gang information. But the U.S. v. Sanchez said no more. Under Sanchez and its progeny, case-specific hearsay is out, though other forms of hearsay may still be related to the jury, like the gang cop's recitation of "gang culture" that he learned in some law enforcement seminar for a few hours or through debriefs. You need an attorney who is experienced in distinguishing what case specific hearsay is, what is and is not admissible, the special rules governing gang cases (such as the use of field identification cards, booking questions, mere membership and the First Amendment) and familiar with gangs enough to call this out for what it really is.
The rules around prosecution for gang charges and gang allegations is constantly changing and has seen some fairly large upheavals in the past year. You need an attorney who monitors these changes and stays up to date on the ever changing courtroom landscape when it comes to gang charges and gang enhancements.
Amber Gordon has worked with people accused of gang offenses and subject to gang enhancements since 2013. She has undertaken the study of different gangs, gang structure, and gang culture through publicly available materials. She has stayed active in the courtroom defending accused gang members of crimes like multiple homicide, attempted murder, attempted murder of police officers, burglary, robbery, car theft, gun sales, narcotics distribution. She has fought county jails to eliminate gang segregation and police abuse against alleged gang members.
"Amber Gordon is one of the best gang attorneys I've worked with."
--Dr. Jesse De La Cruz, gang expert


text: Using the combined rail clips in rail head on the hot glue rubber tongue, tongue selection with resistance, oil resistance, high temperature resistant, corrosion resistant synthetic rubber. The track gauge level, around the rail surface level, before and after the bump and the line direction, curve superelevation, rail bottom slope, and rail joint rail joint made by the rules. In the straight section of the railway, the railway Chinese standard gauge of 1435 mm, the error shall pass over 6 to -2 mm.About the rail surface level should be less than 4 mm. Bump bump and string direction of the line before and after volume 10 meters long, allowable error should be less than 4 mm. On a curved track, should be based on the curve radius gauge widening, Chinese standard gauge railway maximum permissible gauge is 1450 mm. The centrifugal force balance for vehicle on a curved track the trajectory of the outer rail must be higher than that of the inner rail (referred to as high). The maximum amount of ultra high Chinese railway rules should be less than 150 mm. The steep curve shall be provided in line with the curve connection, the curvature of a curve and super high gradually changed, in order to ensure the safety and air transport. The wheel tread to the middle of the line 1:20 slope, and the rail surface is required to be introverted, to prevent the rail surface wear uneven rail waist twists and turns. Therefore, line on the railway line, the rail laying rail to have certain inclination, namely rail bottom slope.


Impact of clouds and aerosols on photolysis frequencies and photochemistry...
Lefer, B., R. E. Shetter, S. R. Hall, J. Crawford, and J. Olson (2003), Impact of clouds and aerosols on photolysis frequencies and photochemistry during TRACE-P: 1. Analysis using radiative transfer and photochemical box models, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8821, doi:10.1029/2002JD003171.
This study examines the agreement between photolysis frequency measurements by the NCAR scanning actinic flux spectroradiometer (SAFS) and calculations from a cloud-free model (CFM) and investigates the impact of these differences on ozone photochemistry. Overall, the mean jNO2measurement to model ratio for all flights of TRACE-P was 0.943 ± 0.271. The sky conditions during the Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) experiment were determined to be ''cloud-free'' 40% of the time; hence a CFM is frequently not representative of the local atmospheric conditions. Our analysis indicates that clouds have a larger impact on photolysis frequencies (from 90 to +200%) than do aerosols (maximum of ±20%). The CFM and SAFS jNO2 and jO(1D) values differed by 9% and 0–7%, respectively, during a vertical profile through a cloud-free and low AOD atmosphere. This suggests that measurement/model agreement to less than 10% may be difficult without better aerosol optical parameter inputs even under low-AOD conditions. For the TRACE-P chemical environment, OH, NO, and HO2 were more sensitive than other compounds (e.g., CH3C(O)O2, CH3OOH) to changes (or errors) in photolysis frequency inputs to a photochemical box model. Compounds including NO2, PAN, and HCHO exhibited different relationships to j-value changes below and above the boundary layer. Ozone production and loss rates increased linearly with changes (or errors) in the photolysis frequency with the resulting net O3 tendency increasing with a linear slope near unity. During the TRACE-P mission the net photochemical effect of clouds and aerosols was a large decrease in photochemical O3 production in the boundary layer.
PDF of Publication:
Download from publisher's website.


Jim DiCarlo and crew show how a weighted average of firing rates of neurons in inferior temporal cortex can explain performance on an object recognition task.
Majaj, Najib J., et al. "Simple Learned Weighted Sums of Inferior Temporal Neuronal Firing Rates Accurately Predict Human Core Object Recognition Performance." The Journal of Neuroscience 35.39 (2015): 13402-13418.
About the Author


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Date: August 9, 1983
Creator: Bailey, Dorothy J
Description: This report shows that in recent years, attention has increasingly focused upon the minority composition of the Federal judiciary, in apparent response to concerns that judges appointed to the Federal bench should more compositely reflect the U.S. population they serve. Two of the larger U.S. subpopulations served by the Federal judiciary are blacks and Hispanics. Accordingly, this mini brief lists chronologically and cumulatively the appointments of blacks and Hispanics to the Federal bench, which includes the U.S.Supreme Court, Circuit Courts of Appeals, and District courts.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department


text: Taranto is a very old and powerful city of the Magna Graecia era and was founded in 706 AC by Spartan colonies for the motivation and expansion of commerce. The Archita of Taranto was Livio Andronico, poet and tragedian and was well loved by some of the most important people of Latin literature such as Orazio, Virgilio, Properzio and Tibulio, who spent time in Taranto in search of inspiration for their work. The city developed around a small gulf called Mare Piccolo (small sea) enclosed by two peninsulas joined to the turning bridge on the Mar Grande, (big sea). The castle of Aragon can be seen on a small island nearby. The city architecture gives testimony to the history and culture of some of the ancient places, amongst which are the remains of the Doric Temple, the Crypt of the Redemptor and the homes of the noble families like the Palazzo Pantaleo and Palazzo d'Ayala Valva. In Taranto there are numerous churches from Romanesque to Baroque like the Cathedral of Saint Cataldo, and Gothic such as the Church of Saint Dominic as well as the architecture of the neoclassic churches. Other important realities of the cultural history is the National Museum of Archaeology where there is an exhibition of amongst other things, the biggest collection of jewellery made in the Magna Graecia's era such as the Ori di Taranto (The gold of Taranto).


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Resources|
In addition to the Scriptures and Catholic social teaching, the Catholic community brings to our work on poverty a wide range of experience in serving the poor and standing up for their dignity and rights. Everyone can join in these efforts and use valuable resources produced by Catholic organizations and programs. The following key national Catholic social ministry organizations are associated with the USCCB:
Catholic Campaign for Human Development: For information and educational materials on poverty in the United States, go to _URL_. For information on the Church's program to support self-help groups in low-income neighborhoods, go to the website _URL_
Catholic Charities USA: For parish social ministry resources, advocacy materials, and information on how the Catholic community serves people in need throughout the United States, go to _URL_.
Catholic Health Association: For resources and information on Catholic health care and efforts to provide accessible and affordable health care for all, go to _URL_.
Catholic Relief Services: For advocacy and educational materials on international issues as well as information on the relief and development efforts of the Church in the United States at sites around the world, go to _URL_.
USCCB Department of Social Development and World Peace: For parish resources and educational materials as well as advocacy resources and general information on the U.S. bishops' efforts to address issues of justice and peace, go to _URL_
USCCB Migration and Refugee Services: For parish resources, advocacy materials, and general information on programs of the Church in the United States to support and resettle immigrants and refugees, go to _URL_
There are many additional organizations within the Catholic community and beyond that offer programs and resources for understanding and responding to poverty. Throughout the country, there are many diocesan and parish programs that offer essential help to poor people who are struggling to live in dignity. In addition, state Catholic conferences and diocesan social ministry offices work on justice issues and provide helpful information to schools and parishes. Catholics join with many ecumenical, interfaith, and other groups to defend human dignity. For more information, go to _URL_
|USCCB Statements on Economic Issues|
In these brief reflections, we do not seek to apply Catholic social teaching or to advocate policy directions on specific issues. For years, our conference has addressed the moral dimensions of poverty at home and abroad. Other USCCB documents already outline policy criteria on a range of key issues related to poverty. Among the most recent statements are
These documents can be ordered from USCCB Publishing by calling toll-free _PHONE_ or obtained by visiting the U.S. bishops' website. Also available on the USCCB website (_URL_) are recent testimony and action alerts on these and related issues.
- A Catholic Framework for Economic Life
- A Commitment to All Generations: Social Security and The Common Good
- A Decade After "Economic Justice for All": Continuing Principles, Changing Context, New Challenges
- A Framework for Comprehensive Health Care Reform
- A Jubilee Call for Debt Forgiveness
- Called to Global Solidarity
- Economic Justice for All
- Food Policy in a Hungry World
- Homelessness and Housing: A Human Tragedy, a Moral Challenge
- In All Things Charity
- Moral Principles and Policy Priorities for Welfare Reform
- Putting Children and Families First
- Welcome and Justice for Persons with Disabilities
The document A Place at the Table: A Catholic Recommitment to Overcome Poverty and to Respect the Dignity of All God's Children was developed by the Committees on Domestic and International Policy of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB). It was approved by the full body of U.S. Catholic bishops at its November 2002 General Meeting and has been authorized for publication by the undersigned.
Msgr. William P. Fay
General Secretary, USCCB
Last scriptural text is taken from the The Jerusalem Bible, copyright 8 1966 by Darton, Longman & Todd, Ltd. and Doubleday & Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
All other scriptural texts are taken from the New American Bible, copyright 8 1970, 1986, 1991 by the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, Inc., Washington, D.C. Used with permission. All rights reserved. No part of the New American Bible may be reproduced by any means without permission in writing from the copyright holder.
First quote in Section III is from the "Hunger No More" Kit, Bread for the World, 50 F Street, NW, Suite 500, Washington, D.C. 20001; phone _PHONE_; toll-free 800-82-BREAD; fax: _PHONE_; _URL_.
Second quote in Section III is from Catholic Relief Services, 209 West Fayette Street Baltimore, Md. 21201-3443; phone _PHONE_; fax _PHONE_; _URL_.
Copyright 8 2002, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Inc., Washington, D.C. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright holder.
A Place at the Table: A Catholic Recommitment to Overcome Poverty and to Respect the Dignity of All God's Children is available in print editions in English and Spanish and may be ordered by calling toll-free _PHONE_. Ask for publication number 5 519 (English), 5-880 (Spanish).
Para ordenar este recurso en español, llame al _PHONE_ y presione 4 para hablar con un representante del servicio al cliente, en español.


Readers ask: What is the state tree of vermont?
What is the state fish of Vermont?
Светлопёрый судак Американская палия Вермонт / Рыба-символ штата Vermont named two official state fish by Joint Resolution of the Vermont General Assembly in 1978 and statute in 2011: the cold-water fish, the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and the warm-water fish, the walleye (Sander vitreous vitreous). The state tree is the sugar maple (Acer saccharum), effective in 1949.
What is the Vermont state animal?
Does Vermont have maple trees?
Maple is the flavor of Vermont. For centuries the settlers here have harvested sap each spring from maple trees on hillsides and boiled it down to maple syrup or sugar.
Which state is the Maple state?
State federal district or territory State tree Binomial nomenclature
New Jersey Northern Red Oak Quercus rubra
New Mexico Piñon Pine Pinus edulis
New York Sugar Maple Acer saccharum
North Carolina Pine Pinus
Are there salmon in Vermont?
Landlocked Atlantic salmon can be found in several of Vermont's cold, clear and well-oxygenated lakes including Lake Dunmore, Lake Champlain and Lake Memphramagog. Other salmon fisheries include Lake Willoughby, Seymour Lake and Harriman Reservoir.
What is a fun fact about Vermont?
Are there pine trees in Vermont?
Eastern White Pine Eastern white pines are a common conifer—or evergreen tree—in Vermont. They can grow very tall, which makes a safe nesting site for birds, including bald eagles. Eastern white pines have five needles per cluster.
You might be interested: FAQ: How can i check my rental history?
What is Vermont's state nickname?
What is the most common tree in America?
What states have sugar maple trees?
The sugar maple is the state tree of the US states of New York, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.
What are the 50 state trees?
State Trees Alabama. Southern Longleaf Pine. Sitka Spruce. Palo Verde. Pine. California Redwood. Colorado Blue Spruce. The Charter Oak. Scarlet Oak.
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3rd floor CTK Building 2, #70 Nicanor Roxas St. Brgy. Lourdes
- Run general errands, such as but not limited to, bills payment, bank transactions, pick up and/or deliver packages or documents.
- Perform collection activities in coordination with Finance.
- Ensure proper documentation of activities by providing official receipts and other documents required for liquidation.
- Keep accurate logs and complete paperwork for tasks or activities.
- Ensure proper office housekeeping.
- Perform general office or clerical work such as filing of documents, operating office equipment, etc.
- Assist and support the Office Manager.
- Other duties and responsibilities that may be assigned by the immediate supervisor.
- Has a strict commitment to deliver documents without viewing or revealing any of the information unless necessary or told to do so.
- Ensures security maximum efficiency in the conduct of tasks and activities.
- Observes the policies and processes in place in the conduct of duty.
- Transacts on behalf of Evident in a professional manner.
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February 25, 2011
Conserving Energy While Creating Jobs
An overview of how Oregon has benefited from 2009 Recovery Act weatherization funds
By Andrew Cleland*
The 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act ("Recovery Act"), enacted in response to the most severe downturn since the Great Depression, employed a host of strategies to revive economic activity and put people back to work. One of those approaches sought to bolster existing weatherization programs in the states. This fact sheet provides an overview of how the Recovery Act's weatherization program has helped Oregon families save on energy costs, pumped millions of dollars into the state's economy and created good jobs.
Download a copy of this issue brief:
Weatherization Program Helps Low-Income Families Save on Energy Costs
Oregon's Weatherization Assistance Program helps low-income families save money by making their homes more energy efficient. Weatherization can take a number of forms, including improved insulation, installation of compact fluorescent lighting, air leak reduction and installation of more energy efficient furnaces or appliances. The program cuts the energy bills of participating households by an estimated $50 to $160 per year, depending on the type of home and heating system. Renters' homes, as well as owner-occupied homes, can be improved.
The program, dating back to 1979, is a joint state and federal effort. Oregon's weatherization program receives funding from the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the federally administered Bonneville Power Authority and state public purpose funds originating from fees paid by PGE and Pacific Power customers.
The program is administered at the local level. Community-based organizations, usually Community Action Agencies, promote the program among eligible households and assess how participants' homes can be made more energy efficient. The organizations either perform the weatherization work or hire a local contractor do so. The community-based organizations report to the Oregon Housing and Community Services department (OHCS), which manages and distributes the funds in Oregon.
Recovery Act Dollars Have Helped Oregon Reach More Households
Oregon's weatherization program historically has had more eligible applicants than it can serve given available resources. Eligible families in Oregon often endure long waiting periods — anywhere from eight months to five years — before their homes are weatherized. Local agencies typically honor a waiting list, with priority given to households with seniors, young children and people with disabilities.
Fortunately, the Recovery Act has bolstered Oregon's weatherization program in several ways. First, funding for the program expanded significantly. Nationally, the Recovery Act provided $5 billion in grants for weatherization activities to be spent over a three-year timeframe. Of this amount, Oregon has received $38.5 million. This represents more than a 90 percent increase in funds that typically goes to Oregon's weatherization program.
These funds have benefited thousands families across the state. According to OHCS, as of February 7, 2011, 3,124 more homes were improved as a result of the extra dollars. The table below shows how many more homes Oregon weatherized in each county or service area of the state due to the additional Recovery Act funds. Oregon has until March 31, 2012 to use its entire Recovery Act weatherization allotment.
Recovery Act's Weatherization Progress in Oregon by Location
|Location||Homes Weatherized as of Feb. 7, 2011|
|Lincoln, Benton, Linn|
|Hood River, Wasco, Sherman|
|Deschutes, Jefferson, Crook|
|Tillamook, Clatsop, Columbia|
|Gilliam, Wheler, Morrow, Umatilla|
|Grant, Union, Baker, Wallowa|
|Klamath, Warm Springs Tribes|
Additionally, the Recovery Act made it easier for families to qualify for services. Oregon's program was previously limited to households with incomes at or below 150 percent of the poverty line. The Recovery Act, however, changed the federal eligibility rule to 200 percent of poverty, enabling more Oregon families to qualify. For example, under the new rule a family of four qualifies if their annual income does not exceed $44,700. The old rule excluded households of four making more than $33,525.
Recovery Act's Weatherization Funds Bolster Economy and Create Good Jobs
The additional weatherization funds have furthered the goal of the Recovery Act: to bolster an economy hammered by the deepest and longest recession since the Great Depression.
The program has injected millions of additional dollars into Oregon's economy. As of December 31, 2010, the Recovery Act's weatherization program alone had funneled $19.1 million into the state's economy. Assuming Oregon spends its entire Recovery Act weatherization allotment by the deadline, over the next year-and-a-half, the weatherization program will put an additional $19.4 million into Oregon's economy. These numbers represent only the direct dollar impact on Oregon's economy. They do not include the indirect impact, or "multiplier effect," on Oregon's economy — the chain reaction of economic activity generated by the original investment.
The Recovery Act's weatherization funds have also put people to work. The funds have created jobs in every calendar quarter since April 2009, when the dollars started flowing to the state. Because jobs can vary by number of hours per week and duration, simply counting heads can result in over-reporting in the number of jobs. Accordingly, consistent with federal Recovery Act reporting requirements, OHCS calculates the "full-time equivalent" (FTE) of a job by summing the total hours worked in the state in a calendar quarter and dividing by the number of hours that would need to be worked if someone worked full time during the period. By that measure, in the four quarters of 2010 — a period in which the program was fully up and running — the Recovery Act's weatherization program in Oregon supported between 95 and 116 jobs in each of those quarters.
By design, the jobs created by Recovery Act dollars are good jobs. They must meet minimum quality standards as set by the federal Davis-Bacon Act. Contractors and subcontractors must earn no less than the local prevailing wages and fringe benefits received for corresponding work on similar projects in the area. These standards ensure that the jobs generated by the new weatherization funds are good for workers and help prevent poverty while at the same time helping to expand the economy.
In an effort to bolster the recession-battered economy, the Recovery Act channeled money through existing state weatherization programs. Data show that in Oregon, these funds have helped more low-income families save on energy costs, pumped millions of dollars into the state's economy and created good jobs.
*Andrew Cleland worked as an intern at OCPP in the winter of 2010-11.
 H.G. Peach, M. Thompson, and U. Mengelberg, Evaluation of the 2003/2005 Oregon Weatherization Assistance Program. Beaverton, Oregon: H. Gil Peach & Associates, 2008, Monograph 11-2008-1, p. 45.
 Gail Kinsey Hill, "Wait Long for Help in Home Insulation," The Oregonian, October 14, 2005.
 Calculation based on data supplied by Oregon Housing and Community Services for funding received by the weatherization program from all sources from April 1, 2007 to March 31, 2010.
 Department of Energy, Weatherization Notice 09-1B, "Grant Guidance to Administer the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act 2009 Funding," March 12, 2009. Income eligibility figures for a family of four reflect 2011 federal poverty levels.
 Source: Oregon Housing and Community Services.


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Educational Specialist Program
"Teaching is the highest form for understanding." ~ Aristotle
The Educational Specialist (Ed.S.) programs in the College of Education are 30 hour applied degrees in areas of specialization above the Master's degrees, which lead to AA certification. These programs are designed for professionals who desire to expand their skills and knowledge with advanced study. Ed.S. degrees are offered in the following areas:
What Our Grads Say
"I recently improved pedagogical practices by attending South Alabama's Ed S program, which provided relevant and current research-based strategies to implement in the twenty-first century classroom. I was able to pursue a higher degree with advisors and professors who were knowledgeable and knew me by name. Thankfully, I was able to complete the degree in a reasonable amount of time without imposing on personal or career obligations. Go Jags!" ~ Suzanne Loper
December 2011 USA Commencement. Suzanne Loper (right) was receiving her Master in Elementary Education while Lauren Loper, her daughter (left), was getting a bachelor's degree in Special Education. Since then, both have advanced in their graduate studies at South Alabama and both received the Outstanding Graduate Student Award in their respective programs.


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Dual Guidance for Drinking Water
The Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) calculates the quantity or amount of a contaminant in water that will not harm a person who drinks the water. The amount of contaminant is called "health-based guidance." MDH lists guidance values in the "Human Health-Based Water Guidance Table."
Some guidance values for contaminants that have been found in Minnesota groundwater can also be promulgated as a rule (the Health Risk Limits for Groundwater rule). Rulemaking occurs approximately every two years and guidance is developed in-between rulemaking and may update an older rule. As a result, both rules and guidance values may be available for a contaminant (dual guidance) and the two values may be different.
MDH is currently publishing both HRL rule values and newer guidance values (Health-Based Values or Risk Assessment Advice) on the MDH website in the Human Health-Based Water Guidance Table. Both values are available and useful for risk evaluations and risk management. Descriptions of the differences and similarities between values adopted into rules and MDH guidance are described on the MDH website (see MDH Guidance).
Displaying both the old HRL value and new guidance for a chemical is a temporary situation. At the first rulemaking opportunity MDH intends to either replace the old value with a new HRL value or repeal the old value without replacement. Once the new rule is promulgated the guidance table will show only the new HRL value or the guidance if no new HRL was promulgated. This will eliminate dual advice for that chemical. However, as MDH continues to reevaluate existing HRL values for more chemicals, new guidance will be developed and posted. MDH anticipates that the guidance table will always contain a few chemicals that will have information on both an old HRL value and new guidance.
All guidance values (HRLs, Health-Based Values, and Risk Assessment Advice) are available to state programs. Some state regulatory programs may be restricted to using HRLs or prefer to use HRLs because the values are promulgated into rule. MDH guidance is only one of many considerations that risk management programs use to determine appropriate responses to contamination issues. In particular, site specific situations may raise questions for the risk manager regarding which value to apply. Knowing the reason why a newer value was developed or knowing the populations at particular risk and how each value protects those populations may be an important consideration for choosing one value over another. While the selection and use of values is the responsibility of programs that are applying MDH rules and guidance, MDH staff are available for consultation concerning the basis and potential use of MDH values.


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Fast Fourier Transform
Although many personal computers have four processors, Fast Fourier Transform, the complex mathematical equation computers use to process sound and images, is calculated on just one processor. Dale Mugler's new mathematical formula dramatically increases a computer's operating speed by allowing multiple processors to contribute to the calculation. This improvement could be especially important for MRI and CT imaging, as well as X-ray crystallography.
Known more formally as a miniaturized sensing system for the detection of heart failure, Fred Choy's microchip maps and analyzes sounds to detect early signs of heart failure. The device identifies two sounds present only in heartbeats patients experiencing cardiac distress.


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Quiz: Sertorius, Eumenes and The Comparison of Sertorius and Eumenes to Caesar
|Name: _____________________________||Period: ___________________________|
This quiz consists of 5 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions.
Multiple Choice Questions
Directions: Circle the correct answer.
1. In what sort of family does Plutarch claim Sertorius was raised?
a) A ruling class family.
b) A noble family.
c) A poor laboring family.
d) A military family.
2. What does Plutarch claim Aristotle provided that he considered, "...a perfect portable treasure of all military virtue and knowledge...."?
a) Aristotle's collection of military histories.
b) Aristotle's personally corrected copy of Homer's Illiads.
c) Aristotle's writings regarding the proper training and preparation of soldiers.
d) Aristotle's maps of important sites in Persia.
3. What was a political hurdle that Plutarch claimed Pompey had to overcome?
a) Pompey was not respected after he lost battles in Spain.
This section contains 484 words|
(approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page)


Get Radiotelephone essential facts below. View Videos or join the Radiotelephone discussion. Add Radiotelephone to your PopFlock.com topic list for future reference or share this resource on social media.
A radiotelephone (or radiophone), abbreviated RT,[1] is a radio communication system for transmission of speech over radio. Radiotelephony means transmission of sound (audio) by radio, in contrast to radiotelegraphy, which is transmission of telegraph signals, or television, transmission of moving pictures and sound. The term may include radio broadcasting systems, which transmit audio one way to listeners, but usually refers to two-way radio systems for bidirectional person-to-person voice communication between separated users, such as CB radio or marine radio. In spite of the name, radiotelephony systems are not necessarily connected to or have anything to do with the telephone network, and in some radio services, including GMRS,[2] interconnection is prohibited.
Mode of emission
The word phone has a long precedent beginning with early US wired voice systems. The term means voice as opposed to telegraph or Morse code. This would include systems fitting into the category of two-way radio or one-way voice broadcasts such as coastal maritime weather. The term is still popular in the amateur radio community and in US Federal Communications Commission regulations.
Modes of operation
A standard landline telephone allows both users to talk and listen simultaneously; effectively there are two open communication channels between the two end-to-end users of the system. In a radiotelephone system, this form of working, known as full-duplex, requires a radio system to simultaneously transmit and receive on two separate frequencies, which both wastes bandwidth and presents some technical challenges. It is, however, the most comfortable method of voice communication for users, and it is currently used in cell phones and was used in the former IMTS.
The most common method of working for radiotelephones is half-duplex, operation, which allows one person to talk and the other to listen alternately. If a single frequency is used, both parties take turns to transmit on it, known as simplex. Dual-frequency working or duplex splits the communication into two separate frequencies, but only one is used to transmit at a time with the other frequency dedicated to receiving.
The user presses a special switch on the transmitter when they wish to talk--this is called the "press-to-talk" switch or PTT. It is usually fitted on the side of the microphone or other obvious position. Users may use a procedural code-word such as "over" to signal that they have finished transmitting.[3]
Radiotelephones may operate at any frequency where they are licensed to do so, though typically they are used in the various bands between 60 and 900 MHz (25 and 960 MHz in the United States). They may use simple modulation schemes such as AM or FM, or more complex techniques such as digital coding, spread spectrum, and so on. Licensing terms for a given band will usually specify the type of modulation to be used. For example, airband radiotelephones used for air to ground communication between pilots and controllers operates in the VHF band from 118.0 to 136.975 MHz, using amplitude modulation.
Privacy and selective calling
The crudest and oldest of these is called CTCSS, or Continuous Tone-Controlled Squelch System. This consists of superimposing a precise very low frequency tone on the audio signal. Only the receiver tuned to this specific tone turns the signal into audio: this receiver shuts off the audio when the tone is not present or is a different frequency. By assigning a unique frequency to each mobile, private channels can be imposed on a public network. However this is only a convenience feature--it does not guarantee privacy.
Conventional telephone use
Marine use
See also
 1. ^ "Signal training (all arms). Pamphlet no. 5 : signal procedure. Part III : combined joint radiotelephone (RT) procedure 1943". Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 2021.
 2. ^ "47 CFR 95.141 - Interconnection prohibited".
 4. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-02-15. Retrieved.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
External links
Music Scenes


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What's the News: Most poisonous snakes don't inject their prey with venom; instead, they bite the prey and venom insidiously trickles down a groove on their fangs into the wound. A new study in Physical Review Letters investigated the physics behind how venom travels down the grooves: It turns out that snake venom has unusual viscosity properties that keep it cohering together until it's time to flow down the fangs and into the snake's soon-to-be-snack—the same properties that account for how ketchup seems stuck in the bottle, then flows freely onto your fries.
How the Heck:
- The researchers found that snake venom, like ketchup, is a non-Newtonian fluid, meaning that its viscosity depends on how fast it's moving. Before the snake's fangs make contact, the venom sticks together pretty well, rather than coming down the tooth in a constant trickle. Once the fangs sink in, however, and the venom starts dripping down the groove, it flows freely.
- What starts the venom flowing, the study suggests, is that when a snake bites down on its prey, the groove forms a tube that produces suction, helping to pull the venom into the wound.
- In addition, snake venom has high surface tension, which helps it stay in the groove as it flows down the snake's fang.
What's the Context:
- This venom-delivery strategy is common among not only snakes but other reptiles, too; it's even seen in a venomous Caribbean mammal, the solenodon.
- Most, but not all, venemous snakes use the viscous-venom approach, but some species, including rattlesnakes, actively inject their prey with venom through hollow fangs rather than dripping venom slide down an external groove.
Reference: Bruce A. Young, Florian Herzog, Paul Friedel, Sebastian Rammensee, Andreas Bausch, and J. Leo van Hemmen. "Tears of Venom: Hydrodynamics of Reptilian Envenomation." Physical Review Letters, May 13, 2011. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.198103
Image: Venom grooves in the fangs of a banded snake (a) and a mangrove snake (b); courtesy J. Leo van Hemmen


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Why State-Certified Teachers/Tutors
You would not go sailing with a captain who does not have a sailing license. Why would you entrust your child's learning to someone who does not possess BOTH the content AND pedagogical skills to help them succeed. In addition to an intense interview process for all candidates, Shoreline Tutors believes that there is no one better equipped to help your child navigate the rough waters of the modern education world than a certified teacher. Research has shown that competency in a subject alone is not sufficient enough to enable one to teach others. Our tutors are versed in teaching multi-modalities because that is what they have been trained to do and what they execute on a regular basis in their full-time profession.
Shoreline Tutors's crew of humanities teachers specialize in literature, writing, and various subjects in the social sciences.


¡Bienvenidos a Chapala Mexican Restaurant!
We're a family business and we first opened our doors in April of 2019 with the hope of bringing authentic and delicious Mexican food made with love to the Denver area. Thank you for coming to dine with us, and we're excited to provide y'all with the best food and service in town!
A brief history of Chapala:
Chapala is a town and municipality in the central Mexican state of Jalisco, located on the north shore of Lake Chapala, Mexico's largest freshwater lake.
Until the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, nomadic Amerindian tribes, including the Nahuatl, occupied the Lake Chapala region. They migrated from northwestern Mexico and gave rise to the Aztec civilization. Chapala is named after the last chief of the Nahuatl, Chapalac. Ajijic, the second largest town along the lake's northwestern shore, received its name from the Nahuatl word for "Place where the water springs forth."
Lake Chapala in southeastern Jalisco is Mexico's largest lake, occupying about 1,112 square kilometers (430 square miles). The lake provides critical habitat for several species of migratory birds, including the white pelican.
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A Streetcar Named Desire Topic Tracking: Violence
Violence 1: The play introduces Stanley and Stella with physicality. He throws a package of meat at her to cook. Instead of handing it to her gently, he throws it at her. This slightly violent exchange is the first vague image of their type of communication.
Violence 2: Blanche tells Stella how hard she worked for Belle Reve before she lost it. She uses violent terms such as "bled," "fought," and "died" as she taunts Stella for not being there. Although not physically violent, this conversation is verbally violent.
Scenes 2 and 3
Violence 3: During the poker game, Stanley slaps Stella on her thigh. He does this not to hurt her, but to convey some sort of affection. Stella does not like it. Again, their communication is physical and somewhat violent through throwing and slapping.
Violence 4: Stanley throws the radio through the window in a violent rage. Stella is angry, they fight, and he hits her. This time, their physical communication is purely violent. He does not beat her much; he hit her once. She leaves the house showing him that she will not tolerate such brutality.
Scenes 4 and 5
Violence 5: Stella tells Blanche about her wedding night with Stanley. He took the heel of her shoe and broke every light in the house in a passionate, violent rage. Stanley's violent side excites Stella and sometimes brings them closer, other times pushes them apart.
Violence 6: Steve and Eunice fight in the upstairs flat and someone is hit. At first we cannot see who the victim is. Their side-plot of perpetual fights and violent arguments parallels Stanley and Stella's world of repeated arguments and occasional violence in the downstairs flat.
Violence 7: Blanche tells Mitch about her husband's violent suicide. He put a gun in his mouth and shot himself. It was a clean death albeit self-inflicted, but still one of violence.
Scenes 7 and 8
Violence 8: At Blanche's birthday dinner, Stanley becomes angry and clears his table by smashing his plate and glass. He yells at the women saying that he is the King and that he will clean the table by smashing everything.
Scenes 9 and 10
Violence 9: In their final stand-off, Blanche grabs a glass bottle, breaks it, and shoves the jagged edge in Stanley's face in order to hurt him. He taunts her. They fight and he picks her up and carries her into the bedroom. She is on the same violent level as he has been for most of the play.
Violence 10: Blanche physically fights to pull away from the Doctor and Nurse who try to take her away. She struggles on the ground and they pin her down. She ultimately gives in as they show her kindness. She realizes she cannot fight with violence.


Kiwanis, through guidance and example, works
to develop future generations of leaders.
Celebrating over 42 years of Service!
Ordinary people performing EXTRAORDINARY work
Kiwanis Goals
Kiwanis goals are summarized in the Kiwanis International 'Objects', unchanged since 1924:
* To give primacy in the human and spiritual, rather than material values
* To encourage daily living of the Golden Rule in all human relationships
* To promote the adaption and appliction of higher social, business, and professional standards
 altruistic service, and to build better communities
* To cooperate in creating and maintaining that sound public opinion and high idealism which make


Relational-cultural Therapy
Not enough research.
What is Relational-cultural Therapy?
1. We all have a natural drive toward relationships, and in these relationships we long seth-reese-427931-unsplashfor acceptance.
2. However, we come to believe that there are things about us that are unacceptable or unlovable.
3. Thus, we choose to hide these things; we keep them out of our relationships.
4. In the end, the connections we make with others are not as fulfilling and validating as they otherwise might have been.
Healthy relationship attributes to strive for:
1) a desire to move into more relationships, because of how a good relational experience feels
2) a sense of zest, or energy
3) increased knowledge of oneself and the other person in the relationship
4) a desire to take action both in the growth-fostering relationship and outside of it
5) an overall increased sense of worth.
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An Energy Efficient Strategy for Grid-Based Data Dissemination Supporting Mobile Sinks in Wireless Sensor Networks
Wireless Sensor Networks are made up of small sensor nodes with sensing capability. These sensor nodes have limited power supply, computational capability and storage. Due to constrained energy source in wireless sensor nodes, the design and implementation of energy efficient protocols is one of the most important challenge in Wireless Sensor Networks. Mobility of sink in wireless sensor networks brings new challenges in the form sink location maintenance, continuous data delivery, avoiding/reducing detour problem but reduces the hotspot problem. In this paper, the authors propose an Energy-Efficient strategy for Grid-based Data Dissemination supporting Mobile sinks (EEGDD) in wireless sensor networks which is more energy efficient in data dissemination to the mobile sink.


History And Philosophy Of Science | Interpreting the Quantum World
X755 | 2999 | Dickson
Quantum Theory claims to be the fundamental theory of physical matter,
and given its amazing predictive success, we should pay attention to
that claim. And yet the interpretation of the theory remains largely
an open question. In the last 30 years, there has been an explosion
of work on the interpretation of quantum theory, and this class will
examine that work in some detail. By the end of the class, you should
have a good grasp of the interpretational landscape.
Time and Day: 2:30 -5:00p.m. M
Place: Goodbody Hall 107


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portal is found, the polygons and portals behind it are limited to its limits, until there are no visible polygons and portals. When recursively applying this principle, it allows you to draw only the visible parts of visible polygons, but at the cost of a significant amount of clipping on the portals.
In the end, John decided that a beam tree is a second-order structure that reflects information already indirectly contained in the BSP-tree of the world, so he began to solve the problem of visibility information directly from the BSP-tree of the world. He spent a week on it, in the process of creating the ideal visibility architecture DOOM (2D), in which one linear bypass of the BSP-tree DOOM creates a 2D-visibility with zero redrawing. However, solving the same problem for 3D turned out to be a much more complicated problem, and by the end of the week John had already taken out of himself the increasing complexity and constant glitches in the visibility code. Although the solution with the direct processing of BSP was already close to the working version, it required more and more refinement, and the simple and clear architecture did not take shape at all. When I left work one Friday,
On Monday morning, John looked like a man breaking into another world, and also like a man who didn't sleep much. Over the weekend, he worked on a solution with direct BSP processing, and achieved satisfactory performance, and also made some notes on how to complete it. At 3:30 am on Monday, when John lay in bed and thought about the portals, he thought that it was possible to pre-calculate and save in each sheet a list of all the leaves visible from this sheet, and then during the program just draw the visible leaves back to front, depending on which sheet was the point of view, completely ignoring all the other leaves.
The difficulty was in size: the initially uncompressed set of potentially visible leaves (potentially visible set, PVS) took several megabytes. However, PVS could be stored as a bit vector with 1 bit per leaf. This structure is very easy to compress with simple compression of zero bytes. John also suggested changing the BSP heuristics so that it generates fewer leaves. This was the opposite of what I proposed several months ago, namely, choosing the polygon as the next separator separating the smallest number of other polygons, and according to the latest data it turned out to be the best heuristics. John's approach allowed to limit space beyond the level so that the BSP handler could remove external surfaces that the player would never see
In exchange for these 20 kilobytes, the cutting of leaves outside the visibility pyramid is accelerated (because only leaves in PVS are taken into account), and only a small redrawing is required for clipping inside the visibility pyramid (PVS for a sheet contains all the leaves visible from any point on the sheet, therefore slight redrawing, usually about 50%, but capable of reaching up to 150%). Even better, pre-compute PVS results in leveling performance; the worst case is now not much worse than the best, because additional VSD processing is no longer needed, only more polygons and perhaps a small additional redrawing in the case of complex scenes. When John first showed me his working prototype, I specifically launched the most difficult scene - the place where the frame rate was reduced to single-digit numbers, and it worked smoothly,
John said that the preliminary calculation of the PVS was a logical development of the approaches that he considered, and there was no moment of "euryka". Nevertheless, it was the discovery of a completely new, qualitatively better design, which, along with the rasterizer under development with the sorting of ribs that completely eliminates redrawing, becomes very close to the "ideal" requirements that we chose from the very beginning.
Simplify and try something new
What does this mean? Exactly what I said at the beginning: simplify and try something new. Pre-computed PVS is simpler than any other schemes that we considered earlier (although pre-computation of PVS is an interesting problem that we will discuss another time). In fact, at runtime, pre-computed PVS is just a limited version of the artist's algorithm. Does this mean that this approach is not very deep?
Not at all. All really excellent structures seem simple and even obvious, but after they have been invented. But the process of the invention itself requires incredible perseverance and readiness to try many different ideas until you find the right one, as happened in this case.
My friend Chris Hecker has a theory that all approaches ultimately boil down to one, because they all reflect the same internal state and functionality. From the point of view of the underlying theories, this is true: no matter how you calculate the perspective texture mapping - using division or incremental hyperbolic calculations, the numbers perform the same task. However, when it comes to implementation, a simple difference in time resolution, or improved optimization for hardware or caching, can make a huge difference. My friend Terje Mathisen likes to repeat that "almost all programming can be viewed as caching exercises"; that's exactly what John did. No matter how fast he did his VSD calculations, they would never have become as fast as a preliminary calculation and search for visibility.
The hardest thing in the world is to move away from the usual, fairly good solution to a complex task and try to find another, better solution. It seems to me that for this it is best to try new crazy ideas and always, always try to simplify. One of John's goals was to have less code in each subsequent 3D game than in the previous one; He believed that if he learned more, he would be able to solve problems more qualitatively in a smaller amount of code.
And while this system works quite well for him.
Study now pay forward
There is one more thing that I would like to mention at the end of the article. How many can remember, Dr. Dobb's Journal has always said that the exchange of information about programming is good. I know a lot of programmers who made the jump in their development thanks to Tiny C Hendrix, or D-Flat Stevens, or simply because of reading the annual DDJ files. (Among them, for example, I myself.) Many companies quite understandably consider the exchange of information quite differently - as a potential loss of profits, and this is what makes the DDJ so valuable for the programmer community.
Thanks to this philosophy, id Software has allowed me to tell in this article how Quake works even before its release. And that is why id put the full Wolfenstein 3D source code on ftp.idsoftware.com/idstuff/source[approx. Lane: now the source is posted on github ] ; you can't just recompile the code and sell it, but you can find out how a full-scale successful game works; Check out the wolfsrc.txt file from the above directory for details on how to use the code.
So remember: when it is legal, in the long run, sharing information benefits all of us. You can pay your debt in advance for information received here and in other places, by sharing everything you can, writing an article or a book, or publishing knowledge on the Web. None of us learn in a vacuum; we all stand on the shoulders of giants - Wirth, Knut and thousands of others. Substitute your shoulders to build the future!
Foley, James D., et al., Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice, Addison Wesley, 1990, ISBN 0-201-12110-7 (bundles, BSP-trees, VSD).
Teller, Seth, Visibility Computations in Densely Occluded Polyhedral Environments (dissertation), posted on _URL_ along with other articles on the definition of visibility.
Teller, Seth, Visibility Preprocessing for Interactive Walkthroughs, SIGGRAPH 91, pp. 61-69.


.
Lift JSON has some pretty advanced syntax for looking for specific things in the JSON returned. In my case, I want an object that has all of the data from the response, with types so that way other parts of code can use the response. It's pretty easy to do this with Lift JSON. First, we have to define a "case class" that will represent the data. A case class is a class in Scala that can easily be used for pattern matching.
That represents all of the parameters returned from the JSON. If you have a field that may or may not be in the response, specify the type as Option[Type].
Now let's parse the response string as JSON and convert it in to a list of Repo instances.
Line 2 is really important, if you're using the extract method to convert JSON in to a case class you need this or else you'll get an error when compiling saying "could not find implicit value for parameter formats". Line 3 calls the Lift JSON parse function, which will return a JValue. Since the Github response for this particular request is an array of objects, to loop through these we'll need to get a list of these objects. Line 6 does this, rspList is List[JObject]. Finally, on line 7, we're looping through each object (a JObject), and converting it in to an instance of the case class Repo using the extract method. The code after yield gets run for each JObject in rspList. rspRepos now contains a list of Repos for all of my Github code repositories.
So that's it. It's a lot to explain for something seemingly simple, and this took me a while to really get the hang of it. But now that you know how to use Dispatch and Lift JSON you can do some really powerful stuff.
If you want to see this in action, see my GithubApi Scala class:
Thursday, November 10, 2011
Code highlighting on Blogger
Want to post code snippets on your blogs? It's very easy with the SyntaxHighligher project.
Go in to your blog settings, click Design, then click Edit HTML. In the box below, right before the tag, insert the following code:


Ruhr Economic Papers
Ruhr Economic Papers #781
Rural Electrification through Mini-Grids: Challenges Ahead
by Jörg Peters, Maximiliane Sievert and Michael Toman
RWI, 12/2018, 9 S./p., 8 Euro, ISBN 978-3-86788-909-4 DOI: 10.4419/86788909
Recent debates on how to provide electricity to the roughly one billion still unconnected
people in developing countries have identified mini-grids as a promising way forward.
High upfront costs of transmission lines are avoided, and unlike home-scale solar,
mini-grids can provide sufficient electricity for productive uses. This note outlines the
challenges the mini-grid sector faces to achieve that potential. To date, few examples
of sustainably working mini-grid programs exist. We identify regulatory issues, low
electricity demand in rural areas, high payment default rates and over-optimistic
demand projections as among the key challenges. Business models that account for
high transaction costs in rural areas and are based on realistic demand forecasts could
considerably increase the commercial viability of village grids.
JEL-Classification: H54, O13, O21, Q48
Keywords: Public infrastructure; rural electrification; energy planning systems


will make the art much easier and more enjoyable to practice. He will begin to make smaller movements to accomplish the same objectives as the other belt. For example, to a black belt, the difference between escaping and being held down is often the difference between a hip movement of less than one inch. YES, I SAID "ONE INCH!" The black belt's feel and sensitivity of the game is so much higher than the white, blue or even purple belt's game. The black belt begins to move like a shadow. He flows effortlessly around his opponent's movement and follows the path they set. He finds his opponent's weakness and then exploits it. The game is very small and tactile!
 Finally, the black belt's knowledge and ability to execute counters will be much higher. For example, when a student performs a basic technique, the black belt is already three or four moves ahead of him. The black belt knows that for every move, there are several counters. For every counter, there are several more counters. Let me show this to you another way:
 We will call the bridge and roll escape from the mount (Upa), technique "A". Technique "A" has ten (10) counters to it:
 A.1 straight arm lock
 A.2 catch your balance with your head
 A.3 catch your balance with your right foot
 A.4 catch your balance with you left foot
 A.5 catch your balance with your far arm
 A.6 spin to knee on stomach
 A.7 spin to side mount
 A.8 turn onto your side
 A.9 roll and sweep to mount
 A.10 triangle
 "A.1" is the first counter to technique "A", the bridge and roll escape from the mount position. "A.1" also has ten (10) counters to it:
 A.1.1 heel hook
 A.1.2 sit up and crush escape
 A.1.3 sit up and crush escape to knee lock
 A.1.4 sit up and remove leg off face
 A.1.5 sit up and spin to opposite side
 A.1.6 roll over shoulder escape
 A.1.7 basic elbow/knee escape
 A.1.8 basic elbow/knee escape, go to the back
 A.1.9 basic elbow/knee escape
 A.1.10 shin
 Now, do you see how I could keep going on and on with counters? I could list the ten counters for A.2 and A.3 and so on, and then I could begin to list the counters for A.1.1 and A.1.2 and so on and so on.
 Do you now see and understand the progression from white to black belt? The process of becoming skilled at Brazilian Jiu Jitsu is frustrating, very time consuming and nerve racking, however, it is always rewarding!
 I wish you continued success in your journey. Keep training hard and smart!
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Home > About > Alumna Jane AddamsThe tradition of Jane Addams
Today, the spirit of Jane Addams (Rockford College alumna) lives on at Rockford College.
We believe each and every one of us has the ability to change the world, just as Jane did through her many societal contributions.
Her father was an Illinois legislator, a friend of Abraham Lincoln, and a Rockford College trustee. It is not surprising then, that John Addams insisted that his youngest daughter attend Rockford Female Seminary, even though she begged to attend an "eastern school."
At Rockford College, she was elected president of her class and was chosen to deliver the 1881 valedictory address. With these words, she presaged the remarkable impact she would one day make:
"We stand today united in a belief in beauty, genius and courage, and that these can transform the world."
Jane Addams began her lifelong crusade for justice and equality not long after she graduated from Rockford College when, in 1889, she established Hull-House in Chicago. There, she created a myriad of programs – nurseries, college courses, art classes, sports leagues – for people of all beliefs and ethnic backgrounds.
During the 1890s, Hull-House gained a national and international reputation as a radical, innovative, successful institution, and Jane became known as the nation's leading change agent. She prodded America to respond to the terrible ills of industrial development: child labor, infant mortality, urban crowding and unsanitary conditions, unsafe workplaces, juvenile delinquency, unemployment and poverty wages.
As a social reformer, Jane was a force to be reckoned with. Her efforts led to Illinois' first child labor law, the first eight-hour work day law for women; and the first juvenile court. As a suffragette, she championed women's right to vote. As a humanitarian, she devoted her life to the causes of peace, freedom and justice.
Students at Rockford College today, like Jane Addams before them, are asked to think critically, act compassionately, and embrace the ideals of citizenship. We are preparing them to change the world. Only time will tell if any will win the Nobel Peace Prize like Jane Addams did in 1931. In the meantime, they are learning how thoughtful, active citizens can make a very real difference in the world. Think. Act. Change your world.
The Jane Addams MedalMore about Jane