The mathematical method explained
A full academic research paper, for publication in a peer-reviewed journal, is currently in preparation. That paper will contain all the details of the alt-3 method, along with the mathematical justification for its use to produce routinely better league-table rankings.
For now, we will show here the key mathematical formulae behind the method — for those who enjoy such things!
The mathematical model
The essence of alt-3 is to determine two numeric, nonnegative-valued strengths, which we label \(h_i\) (for home strength) and \(a_i\) (for away strength), for each team \(i\) in the league, on the basis of the team's match results to date within the current season. The scale on which team strength is measured is such that the average strength value is 1.
The strengths \(h_i\) and \(a_i\) are formally parameters in a statistical model — a model which specifies the probability of every possible match outcome for the whole season.
Specifically, when home team \(i\) plays away team \(j\), the three possible match outcomes (that is to say: \(i\) wins, \(j\) wins, or a draw) are taken to have the following probabilities:
\[\textrm{pr}(i\textrm{ beats }j)={h_i \over h_i + a_j + \delta(h_i a_j)^{1/3}}\] \[\textrm{pr}(j\textrm{ beats }i)={a_j \over h_i + a_j + \delta(h_i a_j)^{1/3}}\] \[\textrm{pr}(\textrm{draw})={\delta(h_i a_j)^{1/3} \over h_i + a_j + \delta(h_i a_j)^{1/3}}\]
The model depends on one further parameter, in addition to the team-specific strengths \(h_i\) and \(a_i\). This is \(\delta\), the 'prevalence of draws' parameter. The specific interpretation of \(\delta\) is that the probability of a draw between two average-strength teams (that is, teams \(i\) and \(j\) with \(h_i = a_j = 1\)) is \(\delta / (2 + \delta)\). Thus, for example, the value \(\delta = 1\) would imply that the probability of a draw in such a hypothetical match between average teams is \(1/3\).
Isn't that just a generalized Bradley-Terry model?
Yes, it is!
(But that is a nerdy question, of course. Don't worry if you have never heard of the Bradley-Terry model before. The main point of this part of the page is to say briefly where that strange-looking 1/3 power comes from, in the formulae above — and why it is important.)
The Bradley-Terry model, and variants of it, are well established in the ranking of sports players and teams. A well-known example is the Krach method that is used in US college hockey (i.e., ice hockey). And the Elo rating method, well known especially for its use to rank chess players, is also closely related to the Bradley-Terry model.
The probabilities shown above are in fact very similar to the model introduced in Davidson and Beaver (1977), which extends the Bradley-Terry model to handle draws (ties) and a home-advantage effect (or 'order effect'). The differences are:
 - the power 1/3 that appears in our formulae above, which determines how the probability of a draw relates to relative team strengths; whereas the Davidson-Beaver model has power 1/2 instead.
 - our model allows home advantage (or perhaps disadvantage) to be different for different teams; whereas in the Davidson-Beaver model the ratios \(h_i / a_i\) are assumed to be all equal to a single 'home advantage' parameter.
The reason for the power 1/3 is simple: in modern football leagues, three league points are awarded for a win, and 1 for a draw. It is long established that the Davidson-Beaver model, with its 1/2 power, would always reproduce correctly the final league standings in a full round-robin tournament, provided that the points system is '2–1–0', i.e., two points for a win and one for a draw. The appropriate modification for a 3–1–0 points system is to use power 1/3 instead of 1/2.
The use of power 1/3 is crucial, for a coherent ranking that takes into account schedule strength in football leagues. The use of power 1/3 ensures that whenever schedule-strength differences are absent, the model-based 'retrodictive' ranking agrees exactly (as it surely must!) with the official league table. This is particularly important, of course, at the end of the season, when the full double round-robin tournament structure exactly eliminates all schedule-strength differences.
How are the team strengths determined?
The strengths (and also the value of the draw-prevalence parameter \(\delta\)) are determined so as to make the above probabilities fit as well as possible to the actual match results seen already.
The standard statistical method for this is the method of maximum likelihood. This method finds the unique values of strengths \(h_i, a_i\) that yield exact agreement between:
 - the actual league points totals to date for each team, home and away; and
 - the expected league points, as derived from the above model, for the matches already played.
It is the choice of power 1/3 in the model that ensures that the method of maximum likelihood has this exact relationship with league points.
The 'schedule strength', 'effective matches played' and 'points per effective match played' summaries
Expected points per match
The assumed probabilities shown above, for the three possible match outcomes '\(i\) beats \(j\)', '\(i\) and \(j\) draw' and '\(j\) beats \(i\)', can be used straightforwardly to obtain team \(i\)'s expected points (\(e_{ij,\textrm{home}}\), say) in the home match against \(j\). With 3 points for a win and 1 for a draw:
\[e_{ij,\textrm{home}} = [3 \times \textrm{pr}(i\textrm{ beats }j\textrm{ at home})] + [1 \times \textrm{pr}(\textrm{draw})].\]
Let \(\bar e_i\) denote the average of all such \(e_{ij,\textrm{home}}\) and \(e_{ij,\textrm{away}}\) values, i.e., averaged over all of the matches played by \(i\) in a whole double-round-robin season. That is, \(\bar e_i\) is the expected (or projected) points per match for team \(i\) (both home and away) over the entire season — based on all of the current team-strength values \(\{h_1, a_1, h_2, a_2, \ldots\}\), and on the current draw-prevalence value \(\delta\).
The projected, season-long points per match rate \(\bar e_i\) is precisely the Rate column that is used to order the alt-3 table.
Expression in terms of 'schedule strength' and 'effective matches played'
For any match in which \(i\) plays \(j\), with \(i\) at home say, we define the schedule strength of that match for team \(i\) to be
\[1 - {e_{ij,\textrm{home}} \over \bar e_i}.\]
In this way, an 'average' match for \(i\) has schedule-strength zero. Tougher than average matches have positive-valued schedule strength; while easier matches than average have negative schedule strength.
The total schedule strength of all of \(i\)'s matches over the whole season is then (by design) exactly zero.
At any point during the season, we now define the effective number of matches played by team \(i\), by subtracting \(i\)'s total schedule strength (to date) from the number of actual matches already played by \(i\):
ePld = Pld − (schedule strength)
And finally we will see the reason for these definitions. The beauty of ranking via the alt-3 method is that, for \(i\)'s matches already played, the total league points accumulated by \(i\) (denoted by Pts in the league table) is exactly the same as the sum of the model-expected points — i.e., precisely the same sum that appears in \(i\)'s total schedule strength.
So we can now write
ePld = Pld − (Pld − Pts / \(\bar e_i\)) = Pts / \(\bar e_i\),
and hence the projected whole-season points per match for \(i\) can be usefully re-expressed as
\(\bar e_i\) = Pts / ePld.
This provides a cleaner interpretation for that all-important Rate column in the alt-3 table — an interpretation that completely avoids any (potentially misleading) predictive connotations. The Rate for any given team is best thought of as league points gained per effective match played.
The difference between the actual and effective matches played is the current (cumulative total) schedule strength for team \(i\). This is the key


text: Haikonen envisions autonomous robots that perceive and understand the world directly, acting in it in a natural human–like way without the need of programs and numerical representation of information. By developing higher–level cognitive functions through the power of artificial associative neuron architectures, the author approaches the issues of machine consciousness. Robot Brains expertly outlines a complete system approach to cognitive machines, offering practical design guidelines for the creation of non–numeric autonomous creative machines. It details topics such as component parts and realization principles, so that different pieces may be implemented in hardware or software. Real–world examples for designers and researchers are provided, including circuit and systems examples that few books on this topic give. In novel technical and practical detail, this book also considers: the limitations and remedies of traditional neural associators in creating true machine cognition; basic circuit assemblies cognitive neural architectures; how motors can be interfaced with the associative neural system in order for fluent motion to be achieved without numeric computations; memorization, imagination, planning and reasoning in the machine; the concept of machine emotions for motivation and value systems; an approach towards the use and understanding of natural language in robots. The methods presented in this book have important implications for computer vision, signal processing, speech recognition and other information technology fields. Systematic and thoroughly logical, it will appeal to practising engineers involved in the development and design of robots and cognitive machines, also researchers in Artificial Intelligence. Postgraduate students in computational neuroscience and robotics, and neuromorphic engineers will find it an exciting source of information.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
On Christmas Eve Portuguese families gather around the Christmas tree and the Crèche to celebrate the birth of Jesus. Catholicism is the main religion in Portugal. Thus, the Crèche is a very important part of the celebration. Traditionally, children are in charge of collecting materials for the Crèche. While some families only display the three main figures, Infant Jesus, Virgin Mary and St. Joseph, others create large scenes with the three figures, the Three Wise Kings, the shepherd and the sheep, lakes (made with mirrors) and hills (made with stones, moss, and clay).
Most children write letters to Infant Jesus asking for presents rather than to Santa Claus.
Many families attend the Midnight Mass (called "Missa do Galo"). After mass they gather around the table and have supper (called "Ceia de Natal"). On Christmas Eve, supper (called "Consoada") consists of codfish with boiled potatoes and cabbage. After the meal, people eat traditional fried desserts: "filhoses or filhós" are made of fried pumpkin dough; "rabanadas" are similar to french toast; "azevias" are round cakes made of a crust filled with a mixture of chick peas, sugar, and orange peel; "aletria" is a vermicelli sweet with eggs (typical of Douro and Minho region). Another traditional dessert is "Bolo Rei". This is a fruitcake that is typically a New Years cake, but is becoming popular during Christmas Holidays. In the cake there are two surprises: one is a little present like a fake ring, or a little doll, or a medal. The other is not as welcomed. There is a raw broad bean. Whoever gets this bean has to buy the "Bolo Rei" in the coming year. In addition to these desserts there are many other that differ from region to region.
In some regions of the country, carolers sing Christmas carols (called "Janeiras") in the streets.
Some families will open the presents (that are displayed around the Christmas tree) on Christmas Eve around midnight. Others open them in the morning of the 25th, Christmas Day. Some families put one shoe ("sapatinho") of each child next to the chimney (since most of the kitchens in Portugal have one) or next to the fireplace instead of a stocking.
On Christmas Day, people eat stuffed turkey for lunch and the traditional desserts.
During the holiday season towns are decorated with lights. The festivities end on January 6, "Dia de Reis".
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and the fastest in the last heat. This does not mean that the 9-year olds are actually competing against 16-year olds or older as once all the heats are swum the swimmer's times are sorted into the individual age groups and medals awarded accordingly. Where an event is Heat Declared Winner there are no Finals.
Q. Why does the official time on the results sheet differ from that recorded by the timekeeper?
At a Meet where there is no electronic timing (AOE) such as the Club Championships the only official times are those decided on by the referee having first considered the time recorded by the timekeepers. The placing recorded by the finish judges and the referee and approved by the referee take precedence over the manual times of the timekeepers and as a result it may be necessary to adjust the times to fit in with the placings.
Often one will see two or more swimmers with official times which are identical, but this does not (unless the result sheet specifically states) mean that the swimmers finished tied with the same time. It merely means that the manual times recorded by the timekeeper showed the swimmer who finished ahead of the other as having a slower time - so in order to make sense of the placing the difference between the times is averaged so that the faster swimmer will be placed ahead of the slower swimmer albeit with same time.


2.3.2b2 Zope 2 2.3.2b2 Building and installing Zope from source ---------------------------------------- This document describes building and installing Zope on Unix. We will provide Windows instructions in later releases. We will also provide binary releases for some platforms. Important notes ZOPE 2.0 REQUIRES PYTHON 1.5.2! See CHANGES.txt for important notes on Zope 2.0. Quick Start If you are impatient, the following commands should get you up and running with Zope 2 using ZServer and ZODB 3 on Unix:: python w_pcgi.py # Note, this must be Python 1.5.2./start The first command builds and adjusts Zope. Take note of the user name and password output at the end of this command. You will need these to manage Zope. If you get errors indicating that addresses are in use, then you will have to supply arguments to z2.py to change the ports used for HTTP or FTP. The default HTTP and FTP ports used by ZServer are 8080 and 8021 respectively. (See the help for the z2.py script by running z2.py with the -h option for more information on how to specify different ports) You can then connect to Zope 2 by directing your browser to:: http://yourhost:8080/manage where yourhost is the name or address of the machine running Zope 2. If you changed the HTTP port with the -w option to z2.py, then use it rather than 8080. You will be prompted for a user name and password. Use the user name and password output above. Now you're off and running! You should be looking at the Zope management screen which is divided into two frames. On the left you can navigate between Zope object and on the right you can edit them by selecting different management functions with the tabs at the top of the frame. If you haven't used Zope before, you should head to the Zope web site and read some documentation. The Zope Manager's Guide is a good place to start. You can access the Zope site at: '_URL_ Have fun! Building Zope There are some python scripts in the top-level directory that should help you get started. You must run these scripts from the top-level directory. If you want to try out Zope in the simplest fashion using ZServer, then run the script wo_pcgi:: python wo_pcgi.py If you want to use PCGI and an existing web server run w_pcgi:: python w_pcgi.py Notes * You should be using Python 1.5.2 to run the build scripts. * The python you run Zope with *must* have threads compiled in, which is *not* the case for a vanilla build. When you build the python you'll use, 'configure --with-threads' does the right thing. * To build python extensions you need to have Python configuration information available. If your Python comes from an RPM you may need the python-devel package installed too. If you built Python from source all the configuration information should already be there. * If you just want to use Zope components it's not necessary to build Zope but it's a good idea since it will compile Python C extensions for you. * You can use PCGI and an existing web server if you use ZServer. Starting Zope with an existing web server See the WEBSERVERS.txt file for more information about configuring Zope with an existing web server. Running Zope There are two ways to run Zope: - You can use ZServer, the integration of Zope and Medusa. You must use ZServer if you want to use multiple concurrent threads. ZServer is a server application that supports multiple protocols: o HTTP -- ZServer is a Web server o FTP -- ZServer is a file-transfer protocol server. This allows you to use FTP-enabled publishing systems with Zope. o PCGI -- PCGI is a lightweight protocol for forwarding requests from other web servers, like Apache or Netscape, to Zope. This makes it possible to use web server features like connection encryption or logging with Zope. o monitor -- ZServer has the capability to allow you to access the Python interpreter directly over a network channel. If you intend to use this, please read the 'DEBUGGING.txt' document for more information. With ZServer, you must start Zope manually using the z2.py script. Typically, the command used to run the z2.py script will be put in system startup scripts. ZServer is the prefered way to run Zope. - If you *only* want to use PCGI and you don't need multi-threaded operation, you can have a special program, the pcgi_publisger, start Zope for you. See the WEBSERVER.txt file for details on using Zope with an existing webserver. If you wish to enable Zope logging you must specify options on the command line. See LOGGING.txt in the doc directory. Zope changes This file contains change information for the current Zope release. Change information for previous versions of Zope can be found in the file HISTORY.txt. Zope 2.3.2 beta 2 Bugs fixed - Fixed Catalog "object does not support item deletion" bug. Zope 2.3.2 beta 1 Bugs Fixed - Catalog field index bug fixed. - Fixed several places where filesystem paths were assembled in a non-portable way. - Fixed some places in SimpleItem that assumed that the object was an Acquirer. - Fixed layout problem in StandardCacheManagers/dtml/propsRCM.dtml (Collector #2152) - Fix bug in AcceleratedHTTPCacheManager. Sended HTTP headers were depending on locale settings (Collector #2142) - GoLIVE is unable to handle some empty properties send from the Zope's WebDAV server. (getlastmodified is no more send when they are not available for an object) (Collector #2150) - added globbing support for the FTP server - added support for fetching recursive listings from the FTP server (needed by ncftp) - fixed handling of broken objects in the WebDAV server - An ambiguous timezone alias (CDT) was removed from DateTime. - It was not possible to pass 'class=...' to the tag() method of Image objects because 'class' is a Python reserved word. Image.tag() now accepts an optional 'css_class' argument that is turned into a 'class' attribute on the resulting tag to work around this. - Fixed various places where the right tabs were not highlighted after form submissions. - The code that produces the data for the security settings form included a misleading default ('Manager') that could make it looks as though Manager had a permission in a subobject when that permission had actually been denied in a higher level object. This only affected the form generated, not the actual security settings in effect. - The textarea resizing buttons for DTML objects and scripts were not preserving work done in the text area during the resize. - Some changes were made to the implemenation of User.allowed(), which will make it less expensive to do local role matching and also resolves an issue noted in the UserProgrammableSecurityObjects proposal on dev.zope.org. - A problem in the bytecode munging done by Python scripts that could cause a core dump was fixed. 2009-09-15 16:46:41 UTC


Urge Surfing: Riding Out the Craving
urge surfing and meditation
They walked across the sand in the early morning light, surfboards under their arms. They strode into the surf. As the water grew deeper, they stretched out on their boards and paddled out. They turned to face the shore, waiting for a wave. A wave came, and they rode it to shore, feeling the ocean's power beneath them.
Surfing is one of the fastest-growing sports in the world. In 2019, the International Surfing Association estimated that 35 million people worldwide surfed and anticipated that the number would rise. Surfing has captured our imaginations and been the subject or backdrop for many movies and songs. It has also inspired a method called "urge surfing" to "ride out" a craving.
Background of "Urge Surfing"
"Urge surfing" is a type of mini-meditation. The term is ascribed to G. Alan Marlatt, Ph.D., founder and director of the Addictive Behaviors Research Center at the University of Washington.
According to Marlatt's interview in the magazine Inquiring Mind, Marlatt worked with a man who wanted to quit smoking. The man happened to be a surfer, so Marlatt used surfing terminology in conversation with the man. Marlatt explained that urges, like ocean waves, grow bigger and bigger as they near the shore, and then they dissipate. Urges don't last forever, and neither do waves; both dissipate. The smoker was learning to meditate as part of the center's program; Marlatt encouraged him to think of his breath as a surfboard that would enable him to "ride out" the urge. The smoker used the surfing analogy as he worked to ride out the urge to smoke, and after about five weeks, he had stopped smoking completely.
How to Urge Surf
If you want to try urge surfing, remember that it is a form of mindfulness. Urges will pass by themselves, but urge surfing gives you a different way of outlasting the craving.
As you begin to experience an urge for whatever substance or behavior you have given up, imagine that the urge is a wave in the ocean that will start, crest, and subside. Urges generally start small before growing in size or strength and then go away. To practice urge surfing the next time a craving comes up, follow the steps below:
 - Sit quietly and comfortably
 - Observe your breath without trying to change it
 - Notice your thoughts
 - Bring your attention back to your breath without judging, feeding, or fighting your thoughts
 - Notice where the craving affects your body. Where in your body are you experiencing the craving?
 - Bring your attention to an area of the body where you feel the craving and notice what is happening in your body; see if these bodily sensations change as you inhale or exhale
 - Bring your attention to another part of your body where you are feeling the urge and repeat the process
 - Be curious about the urge of craving and how it changes
Why You Should Practice Urge Surfing
Urge surfing is another tool to use in maintaining sobriety. The key to urge surfing is that instead of wishing the craving would go away, trying to suppress the craving, or fighting the urge, you are exploring the urge; you are becoming curious about the urge. You are going into the urge and are interested in the experience. As you study the craving and changes in it over time, you might find that the urge subsides.
In the interview with Marlatt that appeared in Inquiring Mind, he described urges and cravings from a Buddhist perspective. He said that you cannot eliminate urges and cravings. They will happen, and you can find a way of recognizing what's happening inside as you experience the cravings. By "riding the urge out," you can accept the urge without giving in to your cravings.
As you practice urge surfing more, you will find that urges don't last as long. If you fight an urge, however, you are giving it more energy or feeding it. Trying to fight a craving has been likened to trying to stop a wave or a waterfall.
Likewise, we are sometimes told not to think about whatever it is we are craving. The more you try not to think about something, like eating chocolate cake, the more you think about eating chocolate cake.
Consider our surfers from the opening of this post. They didn't fight the wave, and they didn't try to suppress or ignore the wave. Instead, they went with the wave. They used the immense power of the ocean to get them to the shore.
As people go through your journey of recovery, they will need to deal with urges and cravings. "Urge surfing" is another tool to use to maintain sobriety. At Enlightened Solutions, we offer our clients different tools to use as they move forward in their sober lifestyle. We are a co-occurring treatment center, and, as such, we treat not only addictions but also mental health issues that frequently accompany substance abuse. Our programs are rooted in the 12-Step philosophy, and we focus on healing the whole person and treating the addiction. Our treatment modalities include talk therapy and group support. Also, we offer many holistic healing methods, including yoga and meditation, sound therapy, acupuncture and chiropractic work, and equine therapy. We are located on New Jersey's southern shore, and we offer each client an individualized treatment program. If you seek relief from an addiction, please call us at _PHONE_ to find out what we can offer you.


text:
This new Springer book Digitisation and Precarisation : Redefining Work and Redefining Society (edited by Vyacheslav Bobkov and Peter Herrmann) explores new territory in the profound transformations under way with digitisation. In effect, the effects of digitisation on work and society is unchartered territory, only imagined in the science-fiction genre. So this book makes an important contribution in understanding the way that digitisation is breaking down the old social and workforce norms creating a much more precarised, insecure society.
I have a chapter in this book with the following abstract:
The chapter sets out to explore how digitalisation and its effects on the Australian labour market is a force, as in other countries in further advancing employment polarisation and economic inequality. The analysis accords with a core-periphery model of the labour market, but one that is not especially geographic in orientation as most of Australia's population lives in large urban conurbations.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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For the better part of two decades, D.C.-based photographer Maxwell MacKenzie has been photographing decaying architecture in the Great Plains, sometimes from the ground and sometimes from the air. His current exhibit—"Going Deep"—has the feel of a final exam, an intimate retrospective on the long arc of his subject matter and his career.
The artist's own Cross MacKenzie Gallery, where the exhibit is being held, is cozier than many of his past venues, which enforces a less expansive approach. Instead of displaying a succession of collapsing barns linearly, as if they were lining the prairie, "Going Deep" focuses more on matrices that emphasize the passage of time—revealing how time scars, and occasionally revives, the old structures he finds in places like rural Minnesota.
In "Everts Township Homestead II," a cycle
of six images, the humble building in question goes from red to unpainted to red again, surrounded by land that is variously planted and fallow. The only constant is the sky, which always appears in a pleasant shade of blue.
If such careful arrangements suggest the longitudinal architectural studies of fellow D.C. artist William Christenberry, they do, but MacKenzie also style-checks the formalistic rigor of Bernd and Hilla Becher, assembling series of images in which the common thread is not a specific building but rather a style of vernacular architecture.
In one four-image series, for instance, MacKenzie pairs buildings that are each topped by a decorative cupola. In another series, he assembles a grid of nine buildings that share similar attributes; half the fun is reading the titles to see how MacKenzie has kept them all straight. One structure, he explains in hand-written captions, is notable for its bee hives, while another is marred by a series of bullet holes; another, unexpectedly enough, has a stained-glass window.
One takeaway from the exhibit is that, despite the initial appeal of his early experiments with infrared-sensitive black-and-white film, these monochrome photographs (such as the one at bottom) literally pale in comparison to his subsequent color images. Take his long-exposure image of a building surrounded by semicircular star tracks; it is made all the more compelling by the sky, which is rendered in a chilly shade of blue.
The exhibit's final images have been installed in a street-facing window, but when I went to look at them, they were hard to see, obscured by the sun's strong reflection off the plate glass. Even this was kind of fitting; I imagine this sort of sunburst is exactly what wallops MacKenzie all the time out in the fields that he's so ably documented over the years.
Through March 30 at Cross MacKenzie Gallery, 1675 Wisconsin Ave. NW. _PHONE_. Wed.-Sat. 12 p.m.-5 p.m.


text:
) (tautology)
as can be seen from Lukasiewicz's truth-tables.
In trivalent Aymara logic, besides the normal alternative "\/", there is the stochastic alternative "\./"; it is evident that "x\./N(x)" is a tautology, as can easily be shown with the pä-kimsaku for the statement:
x\./y = x.sal.la + y.salla + xy.sti = (1,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,-1)
where y = -x. In column 5, where x = y = 0, the value is 1, and not 0 as in the case of normal altarnative.
ME: x.ti = 'wawaruj manqaytati?, (the suffix ti has been chosen by
mistake, following the recommendations in some grammars)
"did you feed the wawa?" (this is what he wanted to ask)
MR: "By any chance have you fed the wawa?" (correctly interpreting the meaning of ti)
Result: The modal suffix ti is misused and the interrogative statement is formulated in the logical channel in the negative form. The question should have bean "wawaruj manqaytasti?" ('and have you made the wawa eat then?')
In the psychological channel the receiver is offended by the sender's insinuation of doubt concerning his having fed the wawa, when in fact the sender merely expected a confirmation that she had in fact been fed.
It should be pointed out that: x.ti = (-1,1,0)
whereas x.sti = (1,1,-1).
The question could also,have been posed using the antonym form of x.ti:
x.ça.ti = 'janiça wawaruj manaqytati?' (or have you not fed the wawa by any chance?), the kimsaku of which is (0,1,-1)
ME: The sender, because of ideological reasons in the channel of the means of communication, tries to use the orthographic rules of Spanish to transcribe Aymara; thus, the suffix "ka" is sometimes written 'ca', and sometimes 'qui'.
MR: The phonetic inconsistencies of Spanish are foreign to Aymara, a consistently logical language; thus, the receiver interprets 'ca' and 'qui' as two different suffixes, and possibly interprets "qui" as "ki", which may lead to a great deal of misunderstanding.
x.ka.ti = 'jumaj janiw jutktati.' (you have not come)
'jumajj janiw jutctati.' (Hispanicized orthography)
x.ka.ti = 'jupaj janiw jutkiti (He (or she) has not come)
'jupajj janiw jutkiti.' (Hispanicized orthography)
Explanation: The present perfect tense requires the suffix "/" which causes the elision of the "a" in suffix "ka". The suffix "ta" is the equivalent of the pronoun "you"/sing./ but "i" is the equivalent of the pronoun "he". In Spanish "ci" is not pronounced like "ki"; therefore, the same suffix "ca" must be written "qui". This inconsistency is not a problem for Spanish-thinking people, who do not have to be constantly identifying suffix strings when reading, as is the case for Aymara. However, this is a serious obstacle to both Aymara-thinking people and computers used for translation into Aymara; it is also unnecessary, since there is no reason to impose Spanish orthographic rules on the Aymara language.
|ME:||'qaruruj jutam!' (misuse of the imperative, due to
lack of education)
'tomorrow (to the party) you must (certainly) come.'
(.what speaker intended to say)
MR: 'Come tomorrow!' (imperative form of command)
Results: The incorrect utilization of modal suffixes in the channel generates feelings of offense in the psychological channel, because in Aymara the imperative is used only in rare circunstances, and is only acceptable when used by a person who has legitimate authority to exert command, for instance the mother of a minor.
The correct form would have been: 'qaruroj jamapini jutata!' (tomorrow you always must come for sure!)
Another negative question which must be used carefully is: x.ti.sti = (-1,1,1).
'luraraptatisti?' (and by any chance have you done it for me yet?)
This implies serious doubt about your having done it for me. It should be pointed out that this statement is the opposite of a statement conveying possibility, i.e., in formal logical language it means: "it is possible that you have not done it for me.
Below is an interpretation in popular Spanish of two frequent antonymous expressions that must not be confused:
|x.sti =||'jiçasti?' (1,1,-1)|
'And now then (what do we do)?'
|x.ti.sti =||'jiçatisti?' (-1,1,1)|
'And by any chance now then (has that happened)?'
The part implied in the expression appears between parentheses.
|ME:|| 'aka warmej jarisa payisa.' (connective
wothout connective term).|
"This woman either washes /clothes/or cooks" (what speaker intended to say) (JJE-197).
Because the sender has omitted the connective "uka.A", the receiver is forced to assume any of at least three possibilities:
|MRl:|| 'aka warmej jarisa payisa ukkasa.'|
'La mujer èsta ya sea que lava o cocina
"This woman either washes or cooks (perhap both, but one for certain)."
|MR2:||'aka warmej jarisa payisa ukaspi.'|
'La mujer ésta ni lava ni cocina ni siquiera pues.'
'This woman neither washes nor cooks for sure'
|MR3:||'aka warmej jarisa payisa janit ukjamaça?'|
'La mujer ésta acaso no lava ni cocina entonces?'
'This woman by any chance does not wash or cook then?'
The stochastic alternative is also equivalent (in the bivalent part):
'aka warmej jarisalla payisalla ukasti.'
Using the operational method explained in the last chapter, it is easy to see that the Spanish interpretations of the above-mentioned statements are in accordance with their respective truth-tables:
|x.sa+y.sa+xy.ti ça =||1||-1||-1||-1||-1||0||-1||0||0|
To verify the calculations the reader must keep in mind that
xy.A is (xy).A.
The fact that the same logical suffix can be used to generate various kinds of connective statements has always baffled linguists, who have a bivalent bias and prefer clear, "unambiguous" functors. For example, in his grammar, M. Hartmann goes so far as to say therte are no functors in Aymara: In his grammar, Tarifa uses the adversative conjunction "neither" to transate the logical suffix "sa", whereas Ebbing prefers the alternative conjunction "or", and Middendorf, "and."
To be able to use an adequate logical model which will lead to the desired conclusion, following a given inferential schema, the problem must be phrased as an inference, i.e., a system of equations with the propositional variables which represent the statements forming the given premises and the conclusions we want to reach. In everyday life, most inferential problems involve giving and receiving instructions which can be expressed in simple terms and handled by the syntax of the language. These inferences are so common that their mere enunciation leads us almost automatically to the conclusion.
For instance, if a contract stipulates that "if A works, then B will pay him", it stands to reason that if this does not happen, it is because A has worked, but B has not paid him. Some people may be "more logical" than others and able to handle more complex problems involving several statements: in any event, the valid formulation of logical problems depends on the correct use of connective words according to the syntactic rules of the language.
When we enter the realm of modal logic, where statements canot be worded with total precision using everyday language, one must resort to symbolic logic, and use formulate to phrase inferential problems. However, as seen in previous chapters, Aymara syntax makes it possible, using logical suffixes, to understand a great many modal statements in an unequivocal manner. Now; to determine the degree to which an "Aymara-thinking person" can infer conclusions, without resorting to mathematical symbols, is outside the scope of our research on Aymara logic. It is evident that this language has tremendous possibilities because modal statements can be consistently expressed in very compact form. This makes it possible to retain in memory numerous inferential schemata which sometimes cannot even be expressed in other languages.
It is also true that in Spanish people do not always use all the available possibilities to phrase statements precisely, and to infer conclusions "mentally", that is to say, without recourse to pen and paper. For instance a survey among educated people would show that a large percentage of them do not know how to clearly differentiate between the alternative "p or q


text:
Violence in sports
Violence in sports refers to physical acts committed in contact sports such as American football, ice hockey, rugby football, lacrosse, soccer, boxing, mixed martial arts, wrestling, and water polo beyond the normal levels of contact expected while playing the sport. These acts of violence can include intentional attempts to injure a player by another player or coach, but can also include threats of physical harm or actual physical harm sustained by players or coaches by those engaging in spectating of sports.
"Intermittent explosive disorder" may be a cause of violence. Some athletes may be genetically predisposed to violence or (particularly male athletes) have unusually high testosterone levels. Animal behavior ethology studies may also lend a clue, as athletes may resort to violence to establish territory.
Violence by athletes
Athletes sometimes resort to violence, in hopes of injuring and intimidating opponents. Such incidents may be part of a strategy developed by coaches or players.
In boxing, unruly or extremely violent behavior by one of the contestants often results in the fighter breaking the rules being penalized with a points reduction, or, in extreme cases, disqualification. Outlawed tactics in boxing include hitting the opponent on the back of the head, under the belly during clinching, and to the back. Other tactics that are outlawed, but less seen, are pushing an opponent extremely hard to the floor, kicking, or hitting repeatedly after the round has ended. Similar actions have also happened in ice hockey and Australian Football League matches.
Violence may also be related to nationalism or as an outlet for underlying social tensions. It is often alcohol-related.
Violence by supporters of sports teams dates back to Roman times, when supporters of chariot racing teams were frequently involved in major riots. Usually, underlying political and/or theological issues helped fuel riots related to sporting events in the Roman era. The Nika riots of 532 were especially deadly, with tens of thousands reportedly killed.
In periods when theatre was considered a form of mass entertainment, there were phenomena of rival fans supporting rival actors or theatrical teams, occasionally leading to violent outbursts having many similarities to present-day violence of sports fans – the Astor Place Riot in 1849 New York City being a conspicuous example.
The actions of English football hooligans and firms in the 1980s caused English teams to be banned from European competition for six years after the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985. Although the level of football-related violence was significantly reduced in England after this event, in the recent Euro 2004 tournament, England were publicly warned that any violence by supporters at matches could result in their ejection from the tournament. Many known hooligans were prevented from traveling to the tournament in Portugal. There was a collective sigh of relief from security experts in the USA when England failed to qualify for the 1994 FIFA World Cup. Alan Rothenberg (chairman of the World Cup organizing committee in the United States in 1994) said:
|"||There were three countries in the world whose presence would have created logistical and security problems, so we're very pleased they won't be coming: Iraq, Iran and England.||"|
- In 532, the rivalry between supporters of the Blue and Green chariot-racing teams in Constantinople led to 30,000 deaths in the Nika riots.
- The first meeting in the American football rivalry between Brigham Young University and the University of Utah took place in April 1896, when BYU was known as Brigham Young Academy. The two schools disagree to this day as to whether this game was official, but it mattered greatly to the spectators—at the end of the game, the two sets of fans fought one another.
- In the second edition of the Tour de France in 1904, as the riders climbed the Col de la République in the Loire department, supporters of regional favorite Antoine Faure physically attacked several of his opponents. The repercussions of this incident continue to this day—the Tour did not return to Loire until 1950, and although the Tour has returned to the République (the first pass of 1,000 metres ever climbed in the Tour) 11 times since then, its appearances in the 1903 and 1904 Tours are no longer officially recognized as Tour climbs.
- In 1972, Oregon pummeled Oregon State 30–3 in their annual "Civil War" football rivalry game, held this season at Oregon State's Parker Stadium. After the game, jubilant Oregon fans rushed the field and tore down the south goal post. They then turned to do the same to the north goal post, but were met by Oregon State fans who had come on the field, resulting in a major brawl.
- In 1975, cyclist Eddy Merckx was viciously punched by a spectator as he climbed the Puy de Dôme in the Tour de France. Merckx, who had won the Tour de France five times previously and at the time was in the leader's yellow jersey, finished the stage barely able to breathe, and went on to finish the tour in second place overall.
- The 1980 Scottish Cup Final between bitter Old Firm rivals Celtic and Rangers was marred by an on-pitch riot between rival fans. The result was the banning of alcohol from Scottish football and rugby matches.
- After Marvin Hagler knocked out Alan Minter in three rounds to win boxing's world middleweight title at Wembley Arena in 1980, many of Minter's supporters began to throw beer cans, bottles and other objects into the ring. Both Hagler and Minter, along with their respective handlers, had to be escorted out by Scotland Yard.
- On August 12, 1984, during a game between the Atlanta Braves and San Diego Padres that degenerated into a beanball war:
- At least five fans were dragged from the field at Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium in handcuffs after participating in a bench-clearing brawl.
- One of the fans was charged with assault for throwing a full beer mug at the Padres' Kurt Bevacqua, hitting him in the head, as he was returning to the dugout.
- The game ended with police riot squads on top of both dugouts in an obvious attempt to keep fans away from the players.
- At the end of the same season, violence erupted outside of Tiger Stadium in Detroit after the Detroit Tigers defeated the Padres in the World Series. A well known photo from the riot shows a Tigers fan holding a World Series pennant in front of an overturned burning Detroit Police car.
- Heysel Stadium disaster – 39 people died when a wall collapsed under pressure of Juventus supporters fleeing from 'football hooligans' supporting Liverpool during the 1985 European Cup Final.
- In 1990, a football match between Red Star Belgrade and Dinamo Zagreb was abandoned after ten minutes with thousands of fans fighting each other and the police. One of the Zagreb players, Zvonimir Boban, was seen to kick a policeman, and after an hour long riot, the stadium was set on fire. Dinamo fans see this riot as the beginning of the Croatian War of Independence.
- In 1993, Monica Seles was stabbed by a Steffi Graf fan during a changeover at a tennis match in Germany.
- In 1994, Vancouver Canucks fans rioted in the streets of Vancouver after their team lost in the Stanley Cup finals.
- During the 1994 FIFA World Cup, Colombian football (soccer) player Andrés Escobar accidentally scored an own goal in a match against the United States, a match which Colombia lost 2–1. On his return to Colombia, Escobar was confronted outside a bar in Medellín by a gunman who shot the player six times, killing him. The gunman reportedly shouted "¡Gol!" ("Goal!") for each bullet fired.
- Rioting Indian fans at the Eden Gardens stadium in Calcutta forced the end of the semi-final match between India and Sri Lanka during the 1996 Cricket World Cup. Fans started rioting when the home team, seemingly on the way to victory, underwent a dramatic batting collapse. Match referee Clive Lloyd brought the teams off the ground for their safety, then attempted to restart the match. When the fans remained throwing projectiles and damaging stadium facilities, the match was called off and awarded to Sri Lanka (who went on to win the World Cup).
- In 1996 during a night Australian Football League match at Waverley Park in Melbourne between Essendon and St Kilda, a pitch invasion occurred when the lights went out during the third quarter. Initially, a serious car crash into power lines in the nearby area was reported to have caused the blackout, although it was later confirmed to be a major electrical fault. In the midst of the chaos, fans rioted and stormed the ground, some lighting bonfires in the centre square, and removing two of the behind posts. The incidents were filmed on Network Seven, and the remaining quarter and a half was played three nights later.
- In 1998, Denver Broncos fans rioted in the streets of Denver after their team won Super Bowl XXXII. Near-riots happened when the team won the Super Bowl again the following year and after the Colorado Avalanche's Stanley Cup wins in 1996 and 2001.
- A similar incident occurred in Oakland, California in 2003 when fans rioted and destroyed property after the Oakland Raiders lost to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in Super Bowl XXXVII.
- In July 2000, 13 people were trampled to death in a riot at a 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifying match in Harare, Zimbabwe after South Africa took a 2–0 lead over Zimbabwe.
- In June 2000, Los Angeles


text:
Nisqually National Wildlife Refuge is a wildlife
preserve operated by the United States Fish and
Wildlife Service on the Nisqually
River Delta near Puget
Sound in northeastern Thurston County,
Washington and northwestern Pierce County,
Washington. The refuge is located just off Interstate 5, between the cities of Tacoma and Olympia.
The 12.6 km² refuge was created in 1974 to provide habitat and
nesting areas for waterfowl and other migratory birds. It includes
a protected estuary
, salt marshes
and open mudflats
, freshwater marshes
, and riparian woodland
. An additional 3.2 km² (15.4 km² planned) is
protected by the disjoint Black River Unit on a tributary of the Chehalis River.
The wildlife refuge is home to the Nisqually River Delta, which has
the unique status as Washington's largest, relatively undisturbed
estuary. The confluence of the freshwater Nisqually River and the
saltwater south Puget Sound has created a variety of unique
environments, each rich in nutrients and natural resources for the
local wildlife. A five-mile dike separates the freshwater from the
saltwater, providing habitats for more than 300 different species
of fish and wildlife.
Sea life features 24 species of fish located in one of three
or the Nisqually Reach nearshore. Large
populations of Fall Chinook Salmon
and Shiner Perch
offer a sampling of the fish that
are abundantly available. Water mammals range in size from small
The saltmarshes and mudflats are located outside of the dikes. Rich
in nutrients, they are the home to clams, crabs, shrimp and worms,
which in turn feed ducks, gulls and herons.
Over 20,000 birds, made up of 275 different migrating species, use
the freshwater marshes and grasslands for breeding, resting or
wintering. The most abundant bird types include raptors, shorebirds
and songbirds. Larger animals such as hawks
feast in the grassland due to the
presence of mice
The riparian woodland and brush habitats contain many amphibians,
mammals and reptiles.


text:
Definitions for knockdownˈnɒkˌdaʊn
Random House Webster's College Dictionary
capable of knocking something down; overwhelming; irresistible:
a knockdown blow.
constructed of parts that can readily be disassembled and assembled:
Category: Building Trades
offered or acquired for less than the prevailing rate:
Category: Common Vocabulary
(n.)a knockdown object.
an act or instance of knocking down, esp. by a blow.
something that fells or overwhelms.
a reduction or lowering, as in price or number.
Origin of knockdown:
a blow that knocks the opponent off his feet
(furniture) easily assembled and dismantled
"I bought a knockdown chest at the do-it-yourself store"
An act of knocking down or the condition of being knocked down.
An overwhelming blow.
A genetically modified organism that carries one or more genes in its chromosomes that has been made less active or had its expression reduced.
The use of a reagent such as an oligonucleotide with sequence complementary to an active gene or its mRNA transcript, to interfere with the expression of said gene.
The condition of a sailboat being pushed abruptly to horizontal, with the mast parallel to the water surface.
a short pass played downwards, for example from the head onto someone's feet.
powerful enough to overwhelm or knock down
reduced in price
a felling by a knock, as of a combatant, or of an animal
of force sufficient to fell or completely overthrow; as, a knockdown blow; a knockdown argument


text:
- Open Access
Establishment of a microsatellite set for noninvasive paternity testing in free-ranging Macaca mulatta tcheliensis in Mount Taihangshan area, Jiyuan, China
© Wang et al.; licensee Springer. 2015
- Received: 19 June 2014
- Accepted: 25 December 2014
- Published: 9 January 2015
Within multi-male and multi-female mammalian societies, paternity assignment is crucial for evaluating male reproductive success, dominance hierarchy, and inbreeding avoidance. It is, however, difficult to determine paternity because of female promiscuity during reproduction. Noninvasive molecular techniques (e.g., fecal DNA) make it possible to match the genetic father to his offspring. In the current study, a troop of free-ranging Taihangshan macaques (Macaca mulatta tcheliensis) in Mt. Taihangshan area, Jiyuan, China, was selected for studying the paternity. We successfully screened a set of microsatellite loci from fecal DNA and evaluated the efficiency of these loci for paternity testing using clearly recorded data of maternity.
The results showed that: 1) ten loci out of 18 candidate microsatellite loci were amplified successfully in the fecal samples of Taihangshan macaques. The error probability in maternity assignments and paternity testing was very low as indicated by their power of discrimination (0.70 to 0.95), power of exclusion (0.43 to 0.84), and the values of polymorphic information content ranging from 0.52 to 0.82; 2) the combined probability of exclusion in paternity testing for ten qualified loci was as high as 99.999%, and the combined probability of exclusion reached 99.99% when the seven most polymorphic loci were adopted; 3) the offspring were assigned to their biological mother correctly and also matched with their genetic father.
We concluded that the ten polymorphic microsatellite loci, especially a core set of seven most polymorphic loci, provided an effective and reliable tool for noninvasive paternity testing in free-ranging rhesus macaques.
- Rhesus macaque
- Microsatellite loci
- Fecal DNA
- Paternity testing
Within multi-male and multi-female mammalian societies, maternal rather than paternal care plays a crucial role in offspring development (Rosenblatt 2003). Although rare, paternal care (e.g., male-infant affiliation and the selective support of offspring in agonistic interactions) in many cercopithecine species have been documented (Buchan et al. 2003, Fernandez-Duque et al. 2009, Langos et al. 2013). Multiple-mating by promiscuous females, however, masks paternity certainty (Soulsbury 2010), which consequently could obscure the true paternal care (Buchan et al. 2003, Widdig 2007). Paternal care is expected to result in fitness benefits for sires (Buchan et al. 2003), and known paternity is thus critical for evaluating male reproduction success in primates with a promiscuous mating system (Smith 1993, Berard et al. 1994, Bercovitch 1997). Therefore, paternity identification serves as the cornerstone of understanding male reproductive ecology. Moreover, paternity testing could clarify many important issues in the field of male reproductive ecology, including male reproductive skew (Pereira et al. 2000) and the effect of dominance hierarchy on male reproductive success (Bergman et al. 2008). However, it is debatable whether the relationship between male non-human primates and their genetic offspring and unrelated individuals can be determined through epigenetic and/or transgenerational effects (Widdig 2007, Fernandez-Duque et al. 2009). As female mating promiscuously leads to paternity confusion, it is hard for researchers to determine the consanguinity between the father and his offspring through morphological and/or behavioral clues in the natural environment (Inoue et al. 1993). Fortunately, advancing molecular techniques (e.g., noninvasive genotyping) help to overcome many limitations in the field and broaden the scope of studies of free-ranging non-human primates, including paternity determination (Woodruff 1993, Constable et al. 2001, Taberlet et al. 1999).
With the development of non-invasive sampling techniques, DNA sources such as fecal DNA samples have been used in examining paternity (Constable et al. 2001). Reports of primate studies utilizing feces have become more and more prevalent in recent years (Buchan et al. 2003, Liu et al. 2008, Bergman et al. 2008, Langos et al. 2013, Liu et al. 2013). Among various molecular markers, microsatellites have been demonstrated to be ideal for analyses of genotyping, parentage, and pedigree (Estoup et al. 1998, Constable et al. 2001, Balloux and Lugon-Moulin 2002, Luna-González et al. 2012, Charpentier et al. 2012, Yang et al. 2014). A growing body of studies has examined the validity of microsatellite in parentage assessment (Vigilant et al. 2001, Reis et al. 2008, Luna-González et al. 2012, Wojtas et al. 2013) and pedigree analysis (Sefc et al. 1998, Wang et al. 2009, Li et al. 2010). Given a sufficient number of alleles, sound results for individual identification and paternity testing could be obtained with relatively small number of microsatellite loci (less than seven) (Bernatchez and Duchesne 2000). For instance, using only five microsatellite loci, the success rates of parentage identification in Plateau pike (Ochotona curzoniae) reached over 99.99% (Li et al. 2010). In captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), the probability of paternity assignment success was 99.53% when six markers were adopted (Xu et al. 2013). Along with the number of microsatellite loci, the validity of the statistics analyses also relies on the polymorphism of loci and sample size (Cooper et al. 1997). Highly polymorphic loci and fresh samples are crucial for reducing the ratio of genotype mismatch because fecal samples generally provide a low DNA concentration, and these DNA could be highly degraded due to numerous inhibitive factors (Constable et al. 2001, Liu et al. 2008). In rhesus macaques, many studies on identifying polymorphism of microsatellite loci have been reported. However, none of the markers were assured to be highly polymorphic in all rhesus macaque populations including subspecies distributed in various regions (Xu et al. 2013). For instance, different patterns of allele frequency distribution for some loci (e.g., D6S291, D6S276, and D6S2741) were documented between Indianand Chinese-origin rhesus macaques (Penedo et al. 2005).
Taihangshan macaques, M. mulatta tcheliensis, are currently confined to the southern part of Mt. Taihangshan and considered as the northernmost natural population of rhesus macaques in the world (Zhang et al. 1989, Lu et al. 2007). Although studies on reproductive biology (Song and Qu 1996, Hou et al. 1998, Tian et al. 2013), behavioral ethogram and social structure (Tian et al. 2011a, 2011b) of Taihangshan macaques have been carried out, little is known about the variation in reproductive contribution among adult males in a given group. In the present study, by using noninvasive genotyping with fecal DNA, we aimed to: 1) screen for highly polymorphic and reliable microsatellite markers, 2) evaluate the effectiveness of these microsatellite markers through matching the maternity assignment to observed maternity, and then 3) determine the paternity of offspring.
Target troop and sampling
During March 2010 and June 2011, fresh feces were collected from individually identified macaques shortly after defecation (in general, less than 5 min), which including adult males, adult females, and offspring born in 2009 (CX, JS, GX, XXC, LM, CL, and TT) and 2010 (ZY). The outer layer of the feces were harvested and then shifted into 50-mL conical tubes, one in each, filled with 95% ethanol (sample: ethanol = 1:3). The samples were kept at −20°C for further testing. In total, 136 fecal samples were collected from six adult males (mean ± SE, 6.0 ± 1.0 samples per individual), eight adult females (mean ± SE, 8.0 ± 1.5 samples per individual), and eight offspring (mean ± SE, 4.5 ± 0.5 samples per individual). The maternity within WW-1, serving


text:
Undergraduates learn that aromaticity means a specific number of electrons in conjugated π orbitals above and below a ring. But like many concepts taught in first-year organic chemistry, the truth is more complex. Chemists are actively debating the concept of aromaticity. Some argue that σ and δ orbitals can form aromatic systems and that multiple types of aromaticity can exist in a single molecule. Masaichi Saito of Saitama University and colleagues have added another log to that fire by confirming double aromaticity in a bench-stable compound (Commun. Chem. 2018, DOI: 10.1038/s42004-_PHONE_-4).
Chemists have previously predicted a number of double aromatic compounds, such as those involving boron. In 1988, Vanderbilt University's James C. Martin reported a hexaiodobenzene dication that had σ aromaticity (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, DOI: 10.1021/ja00225a038), although later research questioned if the molecule was truly a dication (Chem.—Eur. J. 2012, DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102960). Inspired by Martin's work, Saito synthesized a hexakis(phenylselenyl)benzene dication, which has selenium atoms attached to each of the six carbon atoms in the central benzene ring. Martin's group had investigated that molecule's σ aromaticity as early as 1990 but did not report the research in the scientific literature and did not examine the compound's π aromaticity.
Saito explains that selenium's large size allows overlapping σ orbitals from the six atoms to create aromaticity. The phenylselenyl groups donate electron density to the benzene to make oxidation easier, and the phenyls' bulk improves the solubility of the dications by keeping them away from each other in solution.
A two-electron oxidation leaves the inner ring of carbon π orbitals with six electrons and the outer ring of selenium σ orbitals with 10, both satisfying the 4n+2 electron rule for aromaticity, according to the researchers. X-ray crystallography data showed that C–C bond lengths were nearly identical, and Se–Se bond lengths fell within a 0.1-Å range—suggesting the symmetry needed for aromaticity. Also, the group found that the C–Se distances were too long to be double bonds.
Saito's work "appears to be the first σ and π doubly aromatic compound that has been crystallized and structurally characterized using X-ray diffraction," says Brown University physical chemist Lai-Sheng Wang.
Alexander I. Boldyrev, a theoretical chemist at Utah State University who has predicted boron-containing double aromatic molecules, says Saito has indeed found a real example of π and σ aromaticity. "What is most important [is] this is a bottled compound," he says. Boldyrev thinks the molecule could help chemists understand bonding, structure, and stability in other molecules, especially inorganic compounds.
CORRECTION: This story was updated on Oct. 17, 2018, to correct the explanation of how the phenylselenyl groups affect the molecule's behavior.


text:
Does the celestial phenomenon of a triple eclipse warn of a natural disaster or manmade one as it did in ancient history? That is the essence of a new book being published by the Art of Living Foundation.
The book, Will History Repeat Itself? Triple Eclipse Of July 2009. Ominous? Promising? takes a look at the possibilities that could follow the astronomical event of a lunar eclipse on July 7, 2009, followed by a solar eclipse on July 22, 2009, and another lunar eclipse on August 6, 2009.
Talking to reporters, the authors, DK Hari and D Hema Hari, founders of Bharath Gyan (which attempts to collate and disseminate information on India over the ages), said: "The first recorded triple eclipse in 3067 BCE (Before the Common Era) coincided with the Kurukshetra war.
"Another triple eclipse in 3031 BCE coincided with the destruction of the ancient city of Dwarka. More recently, the first half of the 20th century saw the occurrence of a series of triple eclipse between 1910 and 1945, which coincided with World War I and II, the Holocaust, and the nuclear bombings in Japan," said Hari.
The book raises questions whether the triple eclipse that begins in July 2009 followed by six sets of such triple eclipses, which will continue till 2020, could be a forewarning of anything. But he clarifies that the book is not a "doomsday prediction. We are not prediciting anything. We are only raising questions based on events that happened in the past following such astronomical events."
"The idea is not to be an alarmist, but to see if there are parallels," said Hema. "This is not an exercise in astrological prediction, but it is an exercise to see if there indeed was a correlation between the astronomical events as they occurred in the sky and the experience of civilization on the ground."
Using planetarium software, which has been developed to precisely date the movements of various astral bodies for many thousands of years in the past and the future, the couple has tried to collate data from ancient texts about the observation of eclipses and to juxtapose them with actual events.
Hari noted that as per the vedas, Rishi Atri is probably the earliest astronomer who speaks about an eclipse. The Ramayana, too, mentions a solar eclipse that occurred on the day of the fight between Rama and the demons Khar and Dushan. In Mahabharata, an eclipse is described by Ved Vyasa, chronicler of the text.
"The concern for India is that it is surrounded by nations facing internal political strife. The potential of this strife overflowing into India is high, coinciding with the beginning of the triple eclipse," Hema said.
The predicted path of the forthcoming eclipse and recently observed pattern of earthquakes seem to hint at certain areas being more susceptible to earthquakes, says the book.
History reveals that any major event, natural or manmade, had resulted in the migration of people. The question is, today, with tight borders, would such migration be possible, Hari said.
The book aims at raising awareness globally and creating a "collective mindset", he said. It attempts to make people "pause, think, and act", he added.


text:
The National Weather Service has its beginnings in the early history
of the United States. Weather has always been important to
the citizenry of this country, and this was especially true
during the 17th and 18th centuries.
|The beginning of the National Weather Service
we know today started on February 9th, 1870, when
President Ulysses S. Grant signed a joint resolution of Congress
authorizing the Secretary of War to establish a national weather
service. This resolution required the Secretary of War
"to provide for taking meteorological observations
at the military stations in the interior of the continent
and at other points in the States and Territories...and
for giving notice on the northern (Great) Lakes and on
the seacoast by magnetic telegraph and marine signals,
of the approach and force of storms"
After much thought and consideration, it was decided that
this agency would be placed under the Secretary of War because
military discipline would probably secure the greatest promptness,
regularity, and accuracy in the required observations. Within
the Department of War, it was assigned to the Signal Service
Corps under Brigadier General Albert J. Myer. General Meyer
gave the National Weather Service its first name: The
Division of Telegrams and Reports for the Benefit of Commerce.
Ulysses S. Grant
Later that year, the first systematized, synchronous weather observations
ever taken in the U.S. were made by "observing-sergeants" of
the Army Signal Service at 22 stations and telegraphed to Washington.
An agency was born which would affect the daily lives of most of
the citizens of the United States through its forecasts and warnings.
This history of the National Weather
Service is broken up into several sections, including those days
before the resolution was passed in 1870. Follow the links below
to explore the early pioneers of weather forecasting in this country.


text:
January 06, 2013
- zany (noun)
- What does it mean?
- 1 : clown2 : a silly or foolish person
- How do you use it?
- "And what a zany an old chap must be, to light a bonfire when there's no youngsters to please." (Thomas Hardy, _Return of the Native_)
- Are you a word wiz?
Who do you think first used the word "zany" in English?You may be more familiar with the adjective "zany," but "zany" was first introduced to English by William Shakespeare as a noun. In Shakespeare's play _Love's Labour's Lost_ (written around 1594), one of the characters looks for a zany who "knows the trick to make my Lady laugh." That was the first known use of "zany" in English, but the word had been part of Italian plays long before that. In Italian plays, the "zany" was a character who mimicked everyone else on stage. That goofy pest was always called "Zanni," a nickname for "Giovanni," the Italian form of "John." When English speakers adopted the character, they took his name too, and gradually transformed it into the modern word "zany."


Crime scene management skills
Crime scene management skills are an extremely important component of an investigation because evidence that originates at the crime scene will provide a picture of events for the court to consider in its deliberations. Locard's exchange principle argues that during the commission of a crime, evidence transfer occurs between the victim, suspect, and scene. In this paper, you will identify the key elements of crime scene management, the function served by each, as well as repercussions of allowing a scene to become contaminated or not establishing a solid chain of custody. Support your paper with examples from this week's required material(s) and/or a minimum of three other scholarly or credible resources and properly cite any references.
Prior to beginning work on this assignment, please review the following:
You are also strongly encouraged to review the recommended resources, as they will help you explore the different types of evidence, as well as proper packaging and processing.
In your paper, address the following:
 - Explain why it is important to secure the crime scene and provide examples.
 - Identify possible ways that evidence might be contaminated.
 - Identify different methods that might be necessary to document evidence at a crime scene.
 - Identify different collection methods that might be used at a crime scene.
 - Explain chain of custody and why it is important.
 - Identify the repercussions of failure to protect evidence or establish chain of custody.
 - Explain how an investigator or forensic expert differentiates between what is or is not evidence.
The Crime Scene Management paper
 - Must include a separate title page with the following:
 - Title of paper
 - Student's name
 - Course name and number
 - Instructor's name
 - Date submitted


MI5 and MI6 secret justice drive prompts debate
 - 4 April 2012
 - From the section UK
The MI6 building in London.
Image caption The views on secret justice adopted by some in the UK's intelligence community is at loggerheads with many human rights campaigners
The demand for changes to the UK's justice system has been driven by Britain's intelligence agencies MI5 and MI6, who were left battered and bruised by the Binyam Mohammed and Guantanamo Bay cases.
They argue that the Binyam Mohammed case has affected intelligence sharing with the US and that the civil cases had to be settled without being tested in court.
This, they say, shows a new system is needed.
But it is a view that is being challenged by MPs. The parliamentary Joint Committee on Human Rights disputes whether there is a sufficient basis for departing from traditions of open justice and moving to a system they see as inherently unfair.
The committee says that the case for change is based on "vague predictions" and "spurious assertions" about catastrophic consequences.
In the Binyam Mohammed case, Britain's spies argued the revealing of intelligence passed to the UK by the US breached the so-called "control principle" in which the originator of intelligence retains control over its disclosure.
Senior intelligence officials maintain that this has led to changes in behaviour by the US in the years since.
US 'unhappiness'
One official told me that in some cases - notably that of a feared Mumbai-style attack just over a year ago in Europe - the US passed the actual intelligence over but withheld some of the details on the source, leading Britain to devote some of its resources investigating it.
But, while officials claim there is greater nervousness from the US, there is no suggestion that life-threatening intelligence has been withheld or that the fundamentals of the relationship have altered.
Critics also argue that American unhappiness over one breach of the control principle is not a sufficient reason for Britain to deviate from its traditions of justice.
They also say that in the Binyam case the judges only released some material because they saw that it had already emerged in an American court case.
The government also points to the settling of a civil claim by former detainees out of court - at the taxpayer's expense - to prevent sensitive material being introduced in court.
They argue that, in such a case, it would be fairer to move to a Closed Material Proceeding where only the Judge and Special Advocates could hear the secret material.
Image caption Binyam Mohamed was held in Guantanamo Bay before being returned to the UK in early 2009
They argue this is preferable to the current system where if a Public Interest Immunity (PII) Certificate is agreed by a judge, the material is not considered at all.
But critics argue the PII process has not yet been found wanting.
They also say that even though the new system would allow material to be heard by a judge and Special Advocates, it would not have been tested in open court with the chance for the litigants or their normal lawyer to dispute what was said.
The proposals as currently set out allow the secretary of state to move to closed proceedings when they decide it is in the "public interest".
Critics say this power should be in the hands of a judge - rather than just subject to judicial review - and that the test should be national security, rather than the much broader concept of "public interest".
This seems to be the area where Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg is calling for change.
But opponents of the proposals are suspicious.
Some of them believe that the government deliberately outlined extensive proposals in the Green Paper, knowing it could then be seen to give ground but retain what it really wants - closed proceedings in national security cases.
The critics argue though that it is the very principle of closed proceedings which is flawed.
The government maintains that it is the best way of dealing with cases without damaging security.
More on this story
Related Internet links
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Quartz 2 Scheduler Job Exception Handling Example with JobExecutionException
Here we will walk through the quartz 2 scheduler job exception handling example with JobExecutionException. JobExecutionException has different methods like setRefireImmediately(), refireImmediately().
Quartz 2 Scheduler SimpleTrigger Example with SimpleScheduleBuilder
In this page, we will provide Quartz 2 scheduler SimpleTrigger example with SimpleScheduleBuilder. SimpleTrigger is used to fire a Job at a given start time and if needed it can repeat.
Quartz 2 Scheduler Pass Parameters to Job with JobDataMap using _USER_ and _USER_ Example
In this page we will walk through Quartz 2 scheduler passing parameters to Job with JobDataMap using _USER_ and _USER_ example.
Quartz 2 Scheduler Example with Trigger and CronTrigger using Job, SchedulerFactory, JobDetail, CronScheduleBuilder, JobBuilder, TriggerBuilder, JobKey and JobExecutionContext
Quartz is an open source job scheduling library which can be used to create simple or complex schedules in java. Quartz provides easy steps to schedule our job.


Customer Education
All water utilities provide information routinely to the public that they serve – through billings, notices, and the requirements of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). In the past, information was provided through printed media only as bill stuffers, bills and articles in local newspapers. Today, substantially more information is shared via the web and related electronic formats. The challenge for any water utility is balancing the cost of printing and mailing with electronic posting, when neither format provides accurate information regarding how many customers read/access the information or act upon it. Utilities can only accurately track who is receiving water and who has paid their bills, and sometimes that can be a challenge as old accounts close and new ones start up.
It will always be the case that water utilities will need to and want to share information with its customers. Examples include when water rate increases occur and when drought conditions require changes in water use.
It is important that utilities develop an understanding of the cost of the information sharing and the benefits related to the effort. Although some information must be shared such as billing and SDWA mandated water quality reporting, water conservation education by the utility of the customers is substantially voluntary. Therefore, it is valuable to track the costs of educational efforts such that the utility can have an understanding of the benefit of those programs.
Many "typical" water conservation educational efforts with one-way communications cannot be shown to be particularly effective in reducing customer water demands without some type of integrated program. Therefore, this best management practice should incorporate a wide variety of informational and educational efforts and programs that water utilities can offer to their customers. All of these efforts can generally be classified as social marketing which is defined as: "The process of communicating with the public in an effort to change people's behaviors for the benefit of an individual, group, or community" (Silva et. al. 2010). Typical water conservation information and education programs may include some or all of the following elements:
 - School education programs (K-12)
 - Bill stuffers
 - Newsletters
 - Media relations (news stories and press releases), direct mail and marketing materials
 - Advertising campaigns (newspaper, radio, TV, web, billboards, theater slides, bus signs, etc.)
 - Informational and educational websites
 - Social media (Facebook, Twitter, etc.)
 - Water festivals and public events
 - Informational billing (customer feedback on water use patterns and leakage)
 - Conservation kit give-aways
 - Xeriscape demonstration garden
Note that for the AVC participants, the District will partner with local water utilities to reduce the cost of performing certain aspects of local customer educational programs – by supplying mailers, technical and media support, K-12 educational support, sponsoring water fairs, etc.
The American Water Works Association's Water Research Foundation report, Water Conservation: Customer Behavior and Effective Communication (Silva et. al. 2010) provides a helpful checklist for developing any type of water conservation outreach campaign. Applying the principles and recommendations in this checklist to the extent possible will improve the effectiveness of water conservation education and information programs. Budget constraints will often set limits on the scope and breadth of an outreach campaign, but thinking strategically can help a utility make the most with limited funds.
From a local water efficiency perspective, customer education may be most effective in circumstances where customers and water utility staff can exchange information face-to-face, and the results of the exchange can be tracked (meaning that changes in water use demand can be explicitly tracked comparing "before" and "after" water demands). Examples of face-to-face educational efforts that can be employed by water utilities include:
 - Canvassing and messaging (using focus groups)
 - Providing technical assistance training and workshops
 - Conducting Audits
The following italicized section is adapted from Silva et. al. 2010, (reprinted from the CWW Guidebook of Best Practices for Municipal Water Conservation (2010)).
Use a Strategic Communications Approach
Think strategically. Develop a sound approach based on clear, consistent, timely and strategic communications with social marketing techniques to deliver the right message to the right audience through the right channels at the right time. A strategic communication approach requires a solid understanding of the current situation. What are the barriers that prevent the target audience from acting upon a specific behavior? How are audiences receiving information and which messages might most compel them to action?
Define Campaign Objectives
Set objectives and define the target audience. Will the campaign try and reach the entire population served or a subset of customers? Without a clear understanding of what is to be achieved and who needs to be reached, the campaign will not be focused and the results may be fragmented and weak. The objectives directly determine the best strategy to take and the audience to target.
Identifying distinctive objectives allows the development of activities, which target specific audiences to fulfill individual goals. For instance, some campaign activities may need to be tailored for different audiences. To use the 4 P's - (product, price, place, and promotion) as an example, the "place" where messages and activities are delivered will be different for homeowners than for business owners. Defined objectives will facilitate an easier examination of the general ROI (return on investment) for each audience. Monitoring and evaluating achievements over time will inform which media channel best fulfilled the goals. This results in greater informed planning for future social marketing initiatives.
Know Your Audience
To successfully engage in social marketing, you have to know your audience:
 - What do they know?
 - What stage of change are they in?
 - What do they like? What interests them?
 - What motivates them?
 - What are their barriers to change?
The planning process takes the target audience into account by addressing the elements of the "marketing mix" product, price, place, and promotion. Water conservation messages often work over time and through repeated exposure. Many consumers already have a high level of awareness about water conservation practices, and make a concerted attempt to integrate water conservation practices into everyday life. A good approach to improve understanding of your audience is through survey research or focus groups. This helps develop messages aimed at overcoming informational or attitudinal barriers. Messaging should move consumers to action. Saving money is becoming a higher priority in households across the nation, so messages should address this issue as appropriate and necessary. Utilities need to exercise caution when using a message related to saving money. For example, buy a low-flow shower head will lower water use only if all other factors (such as length of shower remain the same). Message may require a specific caveat that explains how actual dollar savings can be achieved.
Understand Current Perceptions
Many consumers believe they are already conserving as much water as they can. However, drought can be a powerful motivator to further water conservation activities. Take into account conservation efforts that consumers practice least often in your community.
Carefully Consider Communications Channels
Using multiple communications channels can be effective in disseminating information about water conservation to consumers (e.g., utility bill inserts, print advertising, radio spots, and web presence). Coordinate messaging and maintain consistency. Research has found that water supply managers are considered to be the most credible source for water conservation information. Use this to your advantage.
Evaluate Performance
The true test of the effectiveness of the campaign is not the number of PSAs that were aired, but whether they actually contributed to improving water conservation. The levels of evaluation se can be divided into three basic types: process, outcome and impact evaluation.
Customer technical assistance can take a number of different forms; however, with respect to this BMP Tool Box, customer technical assistance is only considered in those circumstances where a specific message or technical skill is taught or covered, and the water use of the customer is tracked. Typically, the customer is provided with a class or workshop, and the water utility is, in return, provided with the customer contact information which can be used to identify the customer's water account, and therefore monthly water use over time.
Different types of technical assistance programs may include:
 - Lunch time seminars and workshops on
 - Indoor water use and water savings tips
 - Outdoor water use and water savings tips
 - Xeriscape gardening principles
 - Home and garden shows with experts on hand that can answer questions (this is considered technical assistance only if customers share contact information at the show)
 - Guided naturalist hikes and garden tours
Technical assistance efforts require advertisement, coordination and planning to ensure that appropriate content experts and customers are present to exchange thoughts, ask (and answer) questions, and interact allowing for the transfer of technical knowledge that is meaningful to and useable by the customer.
K-12 education can also create technical exchanges related to water conservation and water use efficiency; however, it is difficult to track impacts and benefits related to classroom or water fair programs. In addition, in-class lectures and demonstrations typically are better suited for "framing" discussions related to more basic themes of water (e.g., the hydrologic cycle, water chemistry, important of water in our world and our lives, etc.) as opposed to methods for water conservation; such that technical assistance does not include generally include K-12 education[1].
[1] High school courses in water conservation, and some informal educational efforts that might be performed in after school programs or with scouting organizations may be considered to be as effective as technical assistance to home and/or business owners.
All audits involve a review of current individual customer water use practices and behaviors, and an assessment of potential water saving opportunities. A good audit will include recommendations for improvement in water use efficiencies, framed with costs and periods of payback for specific investments. Audits are conducted through a combination of data collection and assessment, augmented by a site visit where owners and/or operators are interviewed


text:
Yes, using the same concept used in Junos would make things much easier.
On top of this, when I change the primary IP, it takes about 500ms to
see the change applied which is critical for real time applications.
Using more than one primary IP would solve this as well.
Also it seems that if I have a primary address and a secondary one
(alias), even though I make the primary address invalid (trying to force
the kernel to use the secondary first), the kernel still tries the
primary first regardless of its validity (I set the primary IP to 0.0.0.0).
Anybody has any comments about this?
Can anyone point out to me where is the code for primary/secondary IPs
in the kernel?
Thanks a lot,
Hasso Tepper wrote:
Henrik Nordstrom wrote:
On Thu, 16 Dec 2004, Hasso Tepper wrote:
And why I can't even choose which address is primary?
It is the first you add in a subnet.
Yes, but to change the primary I have remove old primary (and therefore all
secondaries) and assign new primary to the interface and then all
secondaries etc. I can't just tell "make this address which is secondary at
the moment, primary".
Configure this address to be the primary address of the protocol on
the interface. If the logical unit has more than one address, the
primary address is used by default as the source address when packets
originate from the interface and the destination does not indicate
the subnet (ie. multicast destination for example).
This is what the primary addresses is used for, indirectly via the
automatically created route entries.
No. There is only one primary address per interface and it is used if
destination address doesn't indicate which source address to use. Ie. if
packet is sent over eth1 to the address 188.8.131.52 and eth1 has addresses
192.168.0.1/24 and 10.10.10.1/24 which one choose for source address?
Configure this address to be the preferred address on the interface.
If you configure more than one address on the same subnet, the
preferred source address is chosen by default as the source address
when you originate packets to destinations on the subnet.
What is the difference from primary here?
This has same meaning as primary in the Linux. There is as many preferred
addresses on the interfaces as there is subnets - every subnet has one
preferred address. Preferred aadress is used if next hop indicates subnet -
if packet is sent to the 192.168.0.2, 192.168.0.1 is used as source; if
packet is sent to the 10.10.10.28, 10.10.10.1 is used as source.


text:
Fun & games
Student competition to create an invention produces simple result
Students learn to go the long way around to solve problems
Search the 2011-2012 report card database for all Ohio school districts.
Search the 2011-2012 report card database for individual schools.
Search poverty estimates for any school district in Ohio.
Visit the websites of the Franklin County school districts:
Local Stories from ThisWeek
- Gun battle that left two dead likely a first for Clintonville
- Dublin officials poised to extend incentives to JPMorgan Chase
- Jury goes against Westerville in State Street case
- Neighborhood pleads for new way in, out
Above: Zack Conn of Mason, Mich., readies his school's entry in the Rube Goldberg Machine Contest at COSI Columbus. The goal was to create the most complicated way to hammer a nail.
A marble careens down a track and smacks a switch. A hair dryer breathes to life, sending a ping pong ball flying, releasing a toy car. The miniature Mustang zooms through a loop and releases a resting hammer that slams onto a waiting nail.
The crowd, which had been holding its breath, bursts into cheers.
This complex contraption was one of many built by about 75 students in a competition to create an invention using the guiding principle of cartoonist Rube Goldberg: maximum effort for minimal results.
The goal was to create the most roundabout and creative system for using everyday items to complete the contest's simple task of hammering a nail — in as comically laborious a way as possible.
Students spent months developing their devices and showed them off at COSI Columbus yesterday. Teams from as far as Michigan faced off with Columbus-area schools.
None of the students will likely ever have a job designing relatively pointless machines, said Dave Chamber, an adviser to East High School's team. But the contest also teaches students the principles of engineering, perseverance, creativity and confidence, he said."The competition is always a draw, but it's always friendly," Chamber said. "They work hard to earn the bragging rights with the other Columbus schools."
East's team gave up their lunch periods for months to work on their machine that won third place. The contraption included wooden dominoes, duct tubing and a softball that dropped a paint can onto the nail. While the contraption was at work, speakers blared Survivor's Eye of the Tigerin honor of their school mascot.
The winning team, Homestead High School of Fort Wayne, Ind., built a space-themed machine that began with the press of a space bar and featured a Star Wars light-saber duel. The students will have the opportunity to travel to Wisconsin for the national competition on March 16.
"It was better than I ever could have expected," said Kurt Huffman, director of school and community partnerships at COSI Columbus. "It was clear that the students spent hundreds of hours of time and effort and their teamwork paid off."
This was the first time the museum hosted the Rube Goldberg machine contest, but Huffman said it will become an annual event.
"It's about learning," said Ian Meathrel, who works at Honda and has mentored the students at Northland High School for two years. "It's the basics of understanding what works and what doesn't."
The team from Centennial High School spent two months developing their Wizard of Oz machine that won second place. Spirits were low during two failed runs of the machine. But the final attempt succeeded and made all of the effort worth it, said junior Glauco Fontagalland who plans to study electrical engineering.
"We were nervous waiting for the results," he said. "Now we're all very excited and very, very proud."
Ryan Clark is a fellow in Ohio University's E.W. Scripps School of Journalism Statehouse News Bureau.


Germinal choice technology
From Cosmopedia
Revision as of 22:42, 12 October 2007 by CosmoSysop (talk | contribs) (1 revision(s))
Germinal choice technology refers to a set of reprogenetic technologies that, currently or that are expected to in the future, allow parents to influence the genetic constitutions of their children. This could be done through genetic screening of blastocysts (early embryos), or through germline engineering, which refers to human genetic engineering used to alter genes in the first cells of the blastocyst.[1]
Screening technologies have been in use since at least the mid 1990s to reduce the incidence of genetic disease, and what can be tested for is expected to become increasingly sophisticated in the late 2000s or early 2010's. Maturation in these fields would increase the range and sophistication of decisions open to parents. Germline engineering and even the engineering of human artificial chromosomes (which presently allow increased reliability) are presently being done in animals.


How to: Synchronize Database Schemas
After you compare the schemas of the source and the target, you can synchronize an entire schema or only the database objects that you specify within that schema. For more information, see Overview of Comparing Database Schemas.
The databases that you compare are known as the source and the target. When you synchronize database schemas, you update the target and leave the source unchanged.
To update the target schema
 1. Compare two schemas. For more information, see How to: Compare the Schemas of Two Databases.
 After the comparison finishes, a table in the Schema Compare window lists the database objects that were compared. Each row represents one database object. For more information, see Overview of Comparing Database Schemas.
 2. (Optional) In the Update Action column, keep or change the synchronization action that appears for each object in the results table.
 Individual synchronization actions are not performed immediately but stored for batch execution in the following step.
 To reset the Update Action column for all objects of a particular type, right-click the node for that type (for example, the Tables node), and click Restore Defaults.
 3. To synchronize database objects that are different, missing, or new, do one of the following:
 - To update the target immediately, click Write Updates.
 Except for objects marked as Skip, this choice applies the schema of the selected database objects in the source on the corresponding objects in the target. This synchronization means updating, creating, or dropping the target object.
 While the schema is being updated, you can cancel the operation by clicking Stop Writing to Target. If you stop the update, no changes are propagated for most object types. However, partial changes to User and Role objects might not get rolled back because these objects cannot be wrapped in transactions.
 - To review changes before updating the target, use the Schema Update Script window or click Export to Editor.
 This choice generates Transact-SQL (T-SQL) script and saves it as a file, which you can review before you run it against the target. This choice also opens a T-SQL editor window that displays the generated script. The generated T-SQL script matches the script that would be run if you clicked Write Updates. You might also take this approach if another person will update the target and you want to give that person a script.
 Team Edition for Database Professionals does not automatically refresh the results that appear in the Schema Compare window after the Write Updates action finishes. Instead, the status bar is updated to suggest that you click Refresh. This behavior gives you the choice to compare schemas again, an action that could take a long time if the schemas are large.
See Also


text:
Before we proceed on exactly how to make a high-grade manganese casting let us initially give you an insight into exactly what it is. A semi-solid steel casting is a process in which a liquid steel is supplied into a mold and mildew, which contains a hollow form mold. The fluid metal after home heating is poured right into the mold and mildew with a hollow network called a sprue. The mold as well as the steel are after that cooled after which the metal part is after that drawn out from the mold. This extracted metal component is called a casting. It is commonly used for making intricate shapes, which is tough or expensive to earn by various other approaches. The manganese casting collaborates with the very same principal as well as makes Mangalloy or Hadfield steel. The Mangalloy is understood for its high impact toughness as well as resistance to abrasion in its hardened state.
Let us proceed to exactly how a premium manganese casting is made.
To make top notch manganese casting it is essential to earn sure the metal can certify for casting. If you have any concerns concerning exactly where and how to use Manganese Casting foundry, you can get in touch with us at our web page. This high manganese steel follows a sequential solidification, the riser, and the pouring system needs to be rightly developed for it to ensure high thickness inside for a good actors.
The composition of top quality manganese casting:
Carbon (C), Silicon (Si), Manganese (Mn), Sulfur (S), Phosphorus (P), Chrome (Cr), Molybdenum as well as Nickel (NI).
The chemical structure of Hadfield steel:
Phosphorus 0.005 max.
Sulphur 0.005 max.
As a result, when the needs are best and also guarantee the security of making high quality manganese casting, the complying with two actions are followed.
It is vital to make sure that the top quality of liquid steel is right for the process. Dangerous gases like N2, H2 and other nonmetallic inclusions like Al2O3, sio2 as well as mno hat do not show in the spectrometer, should be eliminated. Then the standard Oxidation process is followed to fine-tune the steel. Throughout which, oxygen is blown in as well as upon reacting with the carbon dioxide present in the unsafe gases are eliminated. After which, the decrease duration starts to reduce the oxygen web content in the steel. The next step is to adjust the chemical material as well as after that pouring it out.
Result of pouring temperature:.
HEAT Temp (Celsius)
The warm therapy is the essential procedure of obtaining high manganese steel. During the heat therapy, in the heat of concerning 950 Degree Celsius, the carbide melts as well as is then cooled down to obtain the correct framework. The holding time need to be computed inning accordance with the optimum density of the wall surface of the casting. The moment duration of transfer from the furnace to water must be as very little as feasible. Typically, the weight of water relieving pool must be more compared to 10 times greater than the weight of the casting. It is because, when the temperature level of the casting gets to 700 level Celsius, the solidification procedure ends. As a result of the makeover process being brief, the volume of water must be sufficient.
Please keep in mind that the heating tool of the warmth therapy is electric and managed by a computer system that guarantees the heat to distribute uniformly.
These two procedures is followed to earn excellent quality manganese casting. It is the exact same for different other combinations of metals and making casting.