text:
Want to take the next step in your understanding of
Tolstoy's lively, complicated novel? Many literary experts have taken a crack at
explaining the nuances of this book—and we've collected some of the best
resources right here!
Approaches to Teaching Tolstoy's Anna Karenina
Edited by Liza Knapp and Amy Mandelker
Tolstoy's Anna Karenina is probably the most often taught 19thcentury Russian novel in the American academy. Teachers have found that including this virtuoso work of art on a syllabus reaps many rewards, especially in courses that connect texts thematically (e.g., Adultery in the Novel) or theoretically (e.g., Russian Literature into Film, Theory of Narrative). It also stirs up heated classroom discussion—on sex and sexuality, dysfunction in the family, gender roles, society's hypocrisy and cruelty. But because of translation and transliteration problems, the peculiarity of Russian names and terms, the unfamiliarity of Russian geography and history, and the very size of the novel, teaching it presents challenges. This volume provides a comprehensive resource for dealing with these difficulties.
Learn more about the book from the Modern Library Association.
Framing Anna Karenina
By Amy Mandelker
Amy Mandelker's feminist reinterpretation of Tolstoy's Anna Karenina challenges prevailing critical notions of Tolstoy as a misogynist and Anna Karenina as a classic realist novel. Instead, Mandelker reads Tolstoy as a radical feminist at the vanguard of Russia's "woman question" debates and Anna Karenina as a modernist novel that breaks tradition.
Mandelker's revisionist analysis begins with the contention that Anna Karenina rejects the textual conventions of realism and the stereotypical representation of women, especially in Victorian English fiction. In Anna Karenina, Tolstoy uses the theme of art and visual representation to articulate aesthetics freed from gender bias and class discrimination. As Mandelker shows, Tolstoy compares the theme of the representation of women in society with the representation of women in art to critique Western bourgeois traditions that trivialize the beautiful as a feminine category in aesthetics and a purchasable commodity in society. In Anna Karenina, Tolstoy both creates and theorizes an aesthetics that transcends boundaries and liberates the individual.
An important and compelling work, Framing Anna Karenina is essential reading for scholars and students of Russian and Victorian literature, particularly those interested in feminist approaches to 19th-century novels.
Learn more about the book from Ohio State University Press.
The Unsaid Anna Karenina
By Judith Armstrong
Providing insight into the hidden psychology of Anna Karenina and the motivations of its author, Australian Russian literature specialist Judith Armstrong reflects upon the subtext of Tolstoy's complicated work. Why does Anna do what she does? What is Tolstoy's true relationship to his heroine? How do the other characters reveal themselves in unique and fascinating ways? Armstrong explores it all.
Cambridge Companion to Tolstoy
Edited by Donna Tussing Orwin
Best known for his great novels, War and Peace and Anna Karenina, Tolstoy remains one the most important 19th-century writers; throughout his career, which spanned nearly three quarters of a century, he wrote fiction, journalistic essays and educational textbooks. The specially commissioned essays in The Cambridge Companion to Tolstoy do justice to the sheer volume of Tolstoy's writing. Key dimensions of his writing and life are explored in essays focusing on his relationship to popular writing, the issue of gender and sexuality in his fiction, and his aesthetics. The introduction provides a brief, unified account of the man, for whom his art was but one activity among many. The volume is well supported by supplementary material, including a detailed guide to further reading and a chronology of Tolstoy's life, the most comprehensive compiled in English to date. Altogether, the volume provides an invaluable resource for students and scholars alike.
Learn more about the book from Cambridge University Press.
Tolstoy's Art and Thought, _PHONE_
By Donna T. Orwin
"My aim is to present Tolstoy's work as he may have understood it himself," writes Donna Orwin. Reconstructing the intellectual and psychic struggles behind the masterpieces of his early and middle age, this major study covers the period during which he wrote The Cossacks, War and Peace, and Anna Karenina. Orwin uses the tools of biography, intellectual and literary history, and textual analysis to explain how Tolstoy's tormented search for moral certainty unfolded, creating fundamental differences among the great novels of the "pre-crisis" period. Distinguished by its historical emphasis, this book demonstrates that the great novelist, who had once seen a fundamental harmony between human conscience and nature's vitality, began eventually to believe in a dangerous rift between the two: during the years discussed here, Tolstoy moved gradually from a celebration of life to instruction about its moral dimensions. Paying special attention to Tolstoy's reading of Rousseau, Goethe, Schopenhauer, and the Russian thinker N. N. Strakhov, Orwin also explores numerous other influences on his thought. In so doing, she shows how his philosophical and emotional conflicts changed form but continued unabated—until, with his religious conversion of 1880, he surrendered his long attempt to make sense of life through art alone.
Leo Tolstoy: Resident and Stranger
By Richard F. Gustafson
This serious and important book challenges the widely held view of Tolstoy as two radically different men, "the pre-conversion artist and the post-conversion religious thinker." By using the later works to clarify the earlier ones, Gustafson argues persuasively for the essential coherence of Tolstoy's work, a coherence that stems from his religious thinking and his desperate life-long search for faith. This book is a remarkable piece of scholarship and should appeal both to scholars and the general public, especially those interested in Tolstoy's work, in theology, or in the history of ideas.
Tolstoy or Dostoevsky
By George Steiner
George Steiner's Tolstoy or Dostoevsky has become a classic among scholars of Russian literature. An essay in poetic and philosophic criticism that bears mainly on the Russian masters, Tolstoy or Dostoevsky deals also with larger themes: the epic tradition extending from Homer to Tolstoy; the continuity of a "tragic world view" from Oedipus Rex to King Lear and The Brothers Karamazov; the contrasts between the epic and dramatic modes, between irreconcilably opposed views of God and of history. Moreover, in this work Steiner shows a great depth and breadth of literary knowledge and criticism that is not limited alone to the Russian writers under discussion, but to writers of all genres and all literary periods. Steiner's book is a must for the student, scholar or general reader who wishes to approach the Russian giants in their full literary and philosophical ambience.
Learn more about the book from Yale University Press.
Tolstoy: A Biography
By A. N. Wilson
In this landmark biography of Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy, A.N. Wilson narrates the complex drama of the writer's life: his childhood of aristocratic privilege and emotional deprivation, his discovery of his literary genius after aimless years of gambling and womanizing, and his increasingly disastrous marriage. Wilson sweeps away the long-held belief that Tolstoy's works were the exact mirror of his life, and instead traces the roots of Tolstoy's art to his relationship with God, with women and with Russia. He also breaks new ground in recreating the world that shaped the great novelist's life and art—the turmoil of ideas and politics in 19th-century Russia and the incredible literary renaissance that made Tolstoy's work possible.
Looking to learn more about the other works by Tolstoy? Find a bookshelf full of them here!
Printed from Oprah.com on Monday, May 20, 2013
© 2012 Harpo Productions, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


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Major Section: DOCUMENTATION
ACL2 documentation strings make special use of the tilde character (~). In particular, we describe here a ''markup language'' for which the tilde character plays a special role. The markup language is valuable if you want to write documentation that is to be displayed outside your ACL2 session. If you are not writing such documentation, and if also you do not use the character '~', then there is no need to read on.
Three uses of the tilde character (~) in documentation strings are as follows. Below we explain the uses that constitute the ACL2 markup language.
The other uses of the tilde character are of the following form.
Indicates the end of a documentation section; see doc-string.
Indicates the literal insertion of a tilde character (~).
This directive in a documentation string is effective only during the processing of part 2, the details (see doc-string), and controls how much is shown on each round of
moreprocessing when printing to the terminal. If the system is not doing
moreprocessing, then it acts as though the ~] is not present. Otherwise, the system put out a newline and halts documentation printing on the present topic, which can be resumed if the user types
moreat the terminal.
~key[arg]Before launching into an explanation of how this works in detail, let us consider some small examples.
Here is a word that is code:
~c[function-name].Here is a phrase with an ''emphasized'' word, ''not'':
Do ~em[not] do that.Here is the same phrase, but where ''not'' receives stronger emphasis (presumably boldface in a printed version):
Do ~st[not] do that.Here is a passage that is set off as a display, in a fixed-width font:
~bv This passage has been set off as ''verbatim''. The present line starts just after a line break. Normally, printed text is formatted, but inside ~bv...~ev, line breaks are taken literally. ~evIn general, the idea is to provide a ''markup language'' that can be reasonably interpreted not only at the terminal (via
doc), but also via translators into other languages. In fact, translators have been written into Texinfo and HTML.
Let us turn to a more systematic consideration of how to mark text
in documentation strings using expressions of the form
~key[arg], which we will call ''doc-string tilde directives.''
The idea is that
key informs the documentation printer (which
could be the terminal, a hardcopy printer, or some hypertext tool)
about the ''style'' used to display
arg. The intention is that
each such printer should do the best it can. For example, we have
seen above that
~em[arg] tells the printer to emphasize
arg if possible, using an appropriate display to indicate
emphasis (italics, or perhaps surrounding
arg with some character
_, or...). For another example, the directive for bold
~b[arg], says that printed text for
arg should be in
bold if possible, but if there is no bold font available (such as at
the terminal), then the argument should be printed in some other
reasonable manner (for example, as ordinary text). The
is case-insensitive; for example, you can use ~BV or ~Bv or ~bV in
place of ~bv.
Every form below may have any string as the argument (inside
[..]), as long as it does not contain a newline (more on that
below). However, when an argument does not make much sense to us,
we show it below as the empty string, e.g., ''
~- Print the equivalent of a dash
~b[arg] Print the argument in bold font, if available
~bid[arg] ''Begin implementation dependent'' -- Ignores argument at terminal.
~bf Begin formatted text (respecting spaces and line breaks), but in ordinary font (rather than, say, fixed-width font) if possible
~bq Begin quotation (indented text, if possible)
~bv Begin verbatim (print in fixed-width font, respecting spaces and line breaks)
~c[arg] Print arg as ''code'', such as in a fixed-width font
~ef End format; balances ~bf
~eid[arg] ''End implementation dependent'' -- Ignores argument at terminal.
~em[arg] Emphasize arg, perhaps using italics
~eq End quotation; balances ~bq
~ev End verbatim; balances ~bv
~i[arg] Print arg in italics font
~id[arg] ''Implementation dependent'' -- Ignores argument at terminal.
~il[arg] Print argument as is, but make it a link (for true hypertext environments)
~ilc[arg] Same as ~il[arg], except that arg should be printed as with ~c[arg]
~l[arg] Ordinary link; prints as ''See :DOC arg'' at the terminal (but also see ~pl below, which puts ''see'' in lower case)
~nl Print a newline
~par Paragraph mark, of no significance at the terminal (can be safely ignored; see also notes below)
~pl[arg] Parenthetical link (borrowing from Texinfo): same as ~l[arg], except that ''see'' is in lower case. This is typically used at other than the beginning of a sentence.
~sc[arg] Print arg in (small, if possible) capital letters
~st[arg] Strongly emphasize arg, perhaps using a bold font
~t[arg] Typewriter font; similar to ~c[arg], but leaves less doubt about the font that will be used.
~terminal[arg] Terminal only; arg is to be ignored except when reading documentation at the terminal, using :DOC.
Style notes and further details
It is not a good idea to put doc-string tilde directives inside
~bv... ~ev.
Do not nest doc-string tilde directives; that is, do not write
The ~c[~il[append] function...but note that the ''equivalent'' expression
The ~ilc[append] function...is fine. The following phrase is also acceptable:
~bfThis is ~em[formatted] text. ~efbecause the nesting is only conceptual, not literal.
We recommend that for displayed text,
should usually each be on lines by themselves. That way, printed
text may be less encumbered with excessive blank lines. Here is an
Here is some normal text. Now start a display: ~bv 2 + 2 = 4 ~ev And here is the end of that paragraph.The analogous consideration applies to
Here is the start of the next paragraph.
~efas well as
You may ''quote'' characters inside the
arg part of
~key[arg], by preceding them with ~. This is, in fact, the
only legal way to use a newline character or a right bracket (])
inside the argument to a doc-string tilde directive.
Write your documentation strings without hyphens. Otherwise, you may find your text printed on paper (via TeX, for example) like this --
Here is a hyphenated word.even if what you had in mind was:
Here is a hyphenated word.When you want to use a dash (as opposed to a hyphen), consider using ~-, which is intended to be interpreted as a ''dash.'' For example:
This sentence ~- which is broken with dashes ~- is boring.would be written to the terminal (using
doc) by replacing
~-with two hyphen characters, but would presumably be printed on paper with a dash.
Be careful to balance the ''begin'' and ''end'' pairs, such as
~ev. Also, do not use two ''begin''
~bv) without an
intervening ''end'' directive. It is permissible (and perhaps this
is not surprising) to use the doc-string part separator
between such a begin-end pair.
Because of a bug in texinfo (as of this writing), you may wish to
avoid beginning a line with (any number of spaces followed by) the
- character or
The ''paragraph'' directive,
~par, is rarely if ever used.
There is a low-level capability, not presently documented, that
interprets two successive newlines as though they were
This is useful for the HTML driver. For further details, see the
authors of ACL2.
Emacs code is available for manipulating documentation strings that contain doc-string tilde-directives (for example, for doing a reasonable job filling such documentation strings). See the authors if you are interested.
We tend to use
~em[arg] for ''section headers,'' such as
''Style notes and further details'' above. We tend to use
~st[arg] for emphasis of words inside text. This division
seems to work well for our Texinfo driver. Note that
arg to be printed in upper-case at the terminal (using
arg to be printed at the
terminal as though
arg were not marked for emphasis.
Our Texinfo and HTML drivers both take advantage of capabilities for
indicating which characters need to be ''escaped,'' and how. Unless
you intend to write your own driver, you probably do not need to
know more about this issue; otherwise, contact the ACL2 authors. We
should probably mention, however, that Texinfo makes the following
requirement: when using
one of the special characters
}, you must
immediately follow this use with a period or comma. Also, the Emacs
''info'' documentation that we generate by using our Texinfo driver
has

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Setting and getting global preferences is done with the following functions:
Set global preferences for Brian
where... is a list of keyword assignments.
Get the value of the named global preference
Global configuration file¶
If you have a module named
brian_global_config anywhere on your Python path,
Brian will attempt to import it to define global preferences. For example, to
automatically enable weave compilation for all your Brian projects, create a
brian_global_config.py somewhere in the Python path with the following
from brian.globalprefs import * set_global_preferences(useweave=True)
Global preferences for Brian¶
The following global preferences have been defined:
defaultclock = Clock(dt=0.1*msecond)
- The default clock to use if none is provided or defined in any enclosing scope.
useweave_linear_diffeq = False
- Whether to use weave C++ acceleration for the solution of linear differential equations. Note that on some platforms, typically older ones, this is faster and on some platforms, typically new ones, this is actually slower.
useweave = False
- Defines whether or not functions should use inlined compiled
C code where defined. Requires a compatible C++ compiler.
g++compilers are probably the easiest option (use Cygwin on Windows machines). See also the
weavecompiler = gcc
- Defines the compiler to use for weave compilation. On Windows machines, installing Cygwin is the easiest way to get access to the gcc compiler.
gcc_options = ['-ffast-math']
- Defines the compiler switches passed to the gcc compiler. For gcc versions
4.2+ we recommend using
-march=native. By default, the
-ffast-mathoptimisations are turned on - if you need IEEE guaranteed results, turn this switch off.
openmp = False
- Whether or not to use OpenMP pragmas in generated C code. If supported on your compiler (gcc 4.2+) it will use multiple CPUs and can run substantially faster. However, if you are already running several simulations in parallel this will not improve the speed and may even slow it down. In addition, for smaller networks or for simpler neuron models the parallelisation overheads can make it take longer.
usecodegen = False
- Whether or not to use experimental code generation support.
usecodegenweave = False
- Whether or not to use C with experimental code generation support.
usecodegenstateupdate = True
- Whether or not to use experimental code generation support on state updaters.
usecodegenreset = False
- Whether or not to use experimental code generation support on resets. Typically slower due to weave overheads, so usually leave this off.
usecodegenthreshold = True
- Whether or not to use experimental code generation support on thresholds.
usenewpropagate = False
- Whether or not to use experimental new C propagation functions.
usecstdp = False
- Whether or not to use experimental new C STDP.
brianhears_usegpu = False
- Whether or not to use the GPU (if available) in Brian.hears. Support is experimental at the moment, and requires the PyCUDA package to be installed.
magic_useframes = True
- Defines whether or not the magic functions should search
for objects defined only in the calling frame or if they
should find all objects defined in any frame. This should
be set to
Falseif you are using Brian from an interactive shell like IDLE or IPython where each command has its own frame, otherwise set it to

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
At Pine Bluff Materials, we never take safety for granted. Protecting our employees, and everyone who comes into contact with our company in any way, is a responsibility we take very seriously. That's why we make safety a top priority at each stage in our process, from production to delivery. In fact, we have an entire culture of safety built on an innovative set of safety principles and processes:
The Right Mindset
- We have tool sets, skill sets and mindsets, but a safety mindset is the most important
- Focus on the positive and learn from the negative – "Plant grass. Don't pull weeds."
Focus on the Task
- Eliminate mental clutter and avoid distractions
- "Be where your feet are!"
- What is talked about expands
- Keep safety at the forefront of your mind
Be Accountable for Yourself and Your Team
- Safety is everyone's responsibility
- "If you see it, own it!"
- Get in front of an incident
- Identify and address hazards before anything happens
Take the Time to Be Safe
- Daily safety huddles to plan for the day
- Time outs during the day to address hazards of a specific task
Make Continuous Improvements
- Make a deliberate effort to fight complacency
- Never be finished with safety – practice, practice, practice


The Brookwind Clan
"Our songs shall echo throughout time"
The Brookwinds are a semi-nomadic clan of elves living in the southeast of Ashan. They rarely interact with other species, though many tales of enchanting music wafting from the forest depths may be traced back to this reclusive band of elves.
The Brookwind creed is one of stewardship. They care for their forests and worship the sanctity of nature in song. As such, the clan values the Bardic tradition among all others, though from time to time they may have a Ranger or Druid in their midst. The clan is heavily structured on tradition and a hierarchical class system. Elves earn their place of respect by demonstrating musical and lexical prowess, and by their fierce devotion to protecting the natural order. Sorcery and witchcraft are abhorred as unnatural and evil, and the Brookwinds are quick to excise any who they feel impair the purity of their band.
These elves can be fey and fierce in turn, but are unparallelled allies in a time of crisis. They have never failed to aid with song and sword when they have been called upon for help.


Sun Java System Web Server 6.1 SP9 Administrator's Guide
Restricting Symbolic Links (UNIX/Linux)
You can limit the use of the file system links in your server. File system links are references to files stored in other directories or file systems. The reference makes the remote file as accessible as if it were in the current directory. There are two types of file system links:
For more information about hard and symbolic links, see your UNIX/Linux system documentation.
File system links are an easy way to create pointers to documents outside of the primary document directory and anyone can create these links. For this reason you might be concerned that people might create pointers to sensitive files (for example, confidential documents or system password files).
To restrict symbolic links, perform the following steps.
ProcedureTo restrict symbolic links
 2. Click Symbolic Links.
 3. Choose Entire Server from the resource picker to apply your change to the whole class, or navigate to the document root for a specific virtual server, or to a specific directory or within a specific virtual server.
 4. Choose whether to enable soft and/or hard links and the directory to start from.
 5. Click OK.
 For more information, see the online help for the Symbolic Links page.


text:
Matthew 26:47–56 – "Tears of Betrayal" – Kerry Kaino
1. How would you define the word "betrayal"?
2. What dynamics do you see in the interaction between Judas and Jesus in verses 48-50?
a. Even accounting for cultural traditions, what do you think of Judas' identifying Jesus with a "kiss"? (verses 48-49)
b. What point(s) do you think Jesus is making by addressing Judas as "friend"? (verse 50)
3. What themes do you see in Jesus' words in verses 51-54, especially with its context of imminent arrest and seeming defeat?
4. "Then all the disciples deserted him and fled." (verse 56) If not betrayal, are there ways in which we desert Jesus?


text:
Blackhead Disease - Turkey vet - Avain vet
Blackhead disease, or histomoniasis,
causes intermittent but severe disease in turkeys. Losses can also occur in chickens and peafowl and certain other gallinaceous birds. Chickens are more resistant to the effects of the infection but may act as carriers of the disease-causing organism. Blackhead disease, is primarily a disease of young turkeys. Histomoniasis is caused by a microscopic protozoan called Histomonas Meleagridis. The name blackhead is a poor descriptive term because the heads of the birds the bird vets see infected with this parasite are not black!. At melbourne bird vet the the protozoan causes considerable pathological damage to the liver and ceca of infected turkeys, and the untreated birds usually die.
the life cycle of Histomonas meleagridis - pet turkey
Usually by eating infected Ascarid eggs from the species Heterakis. It was believed that infections in turkey flocks arose only from the ingestion of embryonated eggs of the caecal worm Heterakis gallinarum, or ingestion of earthworms that were carrying larvae of the caecal worm. (turkeys eat infected earthworms, the cecal worm larvae containing the blackhead parasites are released and a blackhead infection may result.)
This mechanism did not explain the phenomenon of rapid spread of blackhead through a flock of turkeys, and led some to question whether other intermediate hosts might be involved.
Spread in a flock also occurs by intake of liquid faeces in a process known as "cloacal drinking" – via the cloaca or vent. The implication is that separation of sick birds becomes a primary part of stopping the spread.
Where do turkeys get infections from?
It is common that veterinarians at bird vet Melbourne are unable to find Heterakis worms associated with outbreaks in turkeys.
Ringneck pheasant was the best host for caecal worms, followed by chickens and then guinea fowl.
Caecal worm (Heterakis gallinarum) eggs, which are the only known biological vector of the blackhead organism. (Earthworms can harbour caecal worms until they are eaten by chickens or turkeys, but this is only an 'extra' reservoir of infection and not a necessary part of the life cycle).
Where did blackhead disease come from?
the pheasant re far better hosts for Heterakis than even chickens, and suffer little from the effects of histomoniasis, making them ideal as reservoirs of the disease.
Clinical Signs( Turkey vet)- Avain vets
A decrease in feed consumption and loss of weight may be the first signs observed. Sick birds appear dull and depressed, and often stand by themselves with dropping trails, ruffled feathers, and a sleepy appearance.
Sulphur colored yellow droppings may be observed. Birds dying of histomoniasis have characteristic enlarged livers with circular depressed areas and enlarged ceca containing a rather dry cheesy material Recovered birds may show swollen hard and scarred livers.
How is blackhead controlled by management?
Prevention of blackhead in turkeys by management is two-fold:
1. Nitro-imadazole antibiotics like metranidazole or ronidazole or Dimetradiazole
2. Prevention of exposure by quarantine or isolation, especially avoiding any contact with chickens or game birds,
3. The protozoa-causing blackhead may remain infective within the in the soil for nearly three years;
4. Young turkeys should never be reared with older turkeys or with chickens that may carry the infection. Chickens, various wild birds such as pheasant and grouse may serve as reservoirs of infection for domestic turkeys.
Also, farm owners should be aware of workers keeping of backyard chickens, pheasants, chukars or fighting cocks.- a source.
Could a vaccination against histomoniasis be developed? - Vet for Turkeys
Previous investigators considered immunization an impractical approach to control of blackhead disease. Repeated infection and treatment with dimetridazole produced turkeys that were resistant to re-infection after three infection/treatment cycles.
Recent experiments were successful in demonstrating some protection when turkey poults were given two or more inoculations with an antigen consisting of freeze/thawed cultured H. meleagridis. A single inoculation failed to offer protection when birds were challenged within a few weeks.
More work is needed to identify the best vaccination regime, the amount of antigen needed, and the possible contribution of bacteria to the host immune response.
Does Histomonas respond to anticoccidials or antibiotics?
The answer to this is essentially no. Like some of its common relatives Trichomonas and Giardia, it is anaerobic and lacks mitochondria. These organisms make energy by an anaerobic process involving special organelles called hydrogenomes,
Antibiotics normally have little beneficial effects on turkeys during a blackhead outbreak. Early and frequent preventive use of wormers can be of benefit in chickens because worms are the primary source of infection. In turkeys, where the infection spreads easily from bird to bird, this is probably not of value after outbreaks start.
Discussion and Conclusions
Even though losses from blackhead disease continue to be highly significant, some progress has been made in recommendations for control by management. Chickens and game birds are likely the most important source of infection for turkeys and other birds, as they are prolific in generation of infective cecal worm ova.
The life cycle of Histomonas has been reconsidered, after the discovery that turkeys could become infected from direct contact with other birds or contaminated faeces.
The unique structure and metabolism of Histomonas makes these organisms immune to treatment with anticoccidials and antibiotics, but antibiotics are usually considered beneficial to treat secondary bacterial infections.


New paper on how to evolve a large multicellular body!
In our previous paper on the evolution of multicellularity, we showed that mechanical stresses develop during growth, eventually fracture clusters of cells into two pieces. Now we ask: when faced with this mechanical challenge, what is the best way to evolve large size? In our new paper, selected as a Rapid Communication in PRE, we show increasing bond strength does little, but modify how cells pack does a lot!
Leave a Reply


text:
Here is a sample job description template for the position of Family Support Specialist:
Job Title: Family Support Specialist
Location of the Job: Rutland, VT 05701
Years of Experience: 1 to 3 Years
Job Type: Full Time Employee
Education Level: Bachelor's degree
Family Support Specialist Works in partnership with families, social workers, and services providers to promote safety, permanency, and well-being for children and youth referred by the local child welfare agency.
Duties and Responsibilities:
- Attends all mandatory training.
- Maintains client confidentiality.
- Maintains minimum direct service hour requirements.
- Develops growth-oriented relationship with clients.
- Remains compliant with agency CQI and HIPPA standards.
- Completes required documentation in keeping with agency standards, CYF, and CCBHO.
- Participates in family therapy sessions as outlined in the treatment schedule.
- Provides case management services and parenting education.
- Participates in formulation of time limited, goal-directed, and strength based treatment plans.
- Be well versed in signs of addiction and other mental health diagnoses.
- Provides 20 hours of direct client care per week; 20% (4 hours) of which is delivered with the Mental Health Clinician.
- Promotes the Mission and Philosophy of Holy Family Institute.
- Time management skills necessary to accomplish this position.
- Detail and organizational skills critical.
- Must be computer literate.
- Must attend relevant skills-enhancement training and demonstrate required program specific knowledge.
- Ability to communicate effectively in a community based environment.
- Must possess knowledge of child development; including physical, mental, emotional and cultural and ethnicity issues required.
- Knowledgeable of community resources, service referrals and linkage.
- Public speaking skills required. Must be highly motivated and self-directed.
- Must possess strong oral and written communication skills.
Salary: $22.00 – $26.00 Hourly DOE


text:
Background Google Trends is an innovative monitoring system with unique potential to monitor and predict important phenomena that may be occurring at a population level. We sought to validate whether Google Trends can additionally detect regional trends in youth and adult tobacco use.
Methods We compared 2011 Google Trends relative search volume data for cigars, cigarillos, little cigars and smokeless tobacco with state prevalence of youth (grades 9–12) and adult (age 18 and older) use of these products using data from the 2011 United States state-level Youth Risk Behaviors Surveillance System and the 2010–2011 United States National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), respectively. We used the Pearson correlation coefficient to measure the associations.
Results We found significant positive correlations between state Google Trends cigar relative search volume and prevalence of cigar use among youth (r=0.39, R2 = 0.154, p=0.018) and adults (r=0.49, R2 = 0.243, p<0.001). Similarly, we found that the correlations between state Google Trends smokeless tobacco relative search volume and prevalence of smokeless tobacco use among youth and adults were both positive and significant (r=0.46, R2 = 0.209, p=0.003 and r=0.48, R2 = 0.226, p<0.001, respectively).
Conclusions The results of this study validate that Google Trends has the potential to be a valuable monitoring tool for tobacco use. The near real-time monitoring features of Google Trends may complement traditional surveillance methods and lead to faster and more convenient monitoring of emerging trends in tobacco use.
- Non-Cigarette Tobacco Products
- Surveillance and Monitoring
Statistics from Altmetric.com
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The function of Electrolytic Capacitor in Circuit
Views:2 Author:Site Editor Publish Time: 2018-03-27 Origin:Site
1. Filtering, in the power supply circuit, the rectifier circuit changes the AC into pulsating DC, and after the rectifier circuit, a large capacity electrolytic capacitor is connected, and the charge-discharge characteristics are utilized. The pulsating DC voltage after rectifying is changed into a relatively stable DC voltage. In practice, in order to prevent various parts of the circuit from changing due to load changes, Therefore, the output of the power supply and the input of the load are generally connected with electrolytic capacitors of tens to hundreds of micrometers. Because the large capacity electrolytic capacitors generally have a certain inductance, they can not effectively filter out the high frequency and pulse interference signals. Therefore, a capacitor with capacity of 0.001--0.lpF is connected at both ends to filter out high frequency and pulse interference.
2. Coupling: in the process of transmitting and amplifying low frequency signals, in order to prevent the static working points of the front and rear circuits from interacting with each other, the capacitors are often used to prevent the loss of the low frequency components in the signals. Generally, electrolytic capacitors with large capacity are always used.
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"Accept" is a verb, an action, a receiving.
- as a preposition leaves someone or something out. Put a big "X" over what follows.
- can also be a verb, but not commonly
- sometimes functions as a conjunction between two main clauses
- not a FANBOYS, so no comma before it when combining clauses
- Everyone except (X) the teacher accepted the mouse in her drawer as funny.
- ("except" = preposition, not including; "accepted" = verb, considered)
- The club will accept all new students except (X) for Martians.
- ("accept" = verb, allowed to enter; "except" = preposition, not including)


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NASA's James Webb Telescope reached a crucial milestone the week of March 10–16, as researchers found a dangerous vulnerability in self-driving vehicles and made strides in animal conservation.
Researchers demonstrated that industry-standard self-driving vehicle sensors are vulnerable to a hack that tricks them into seeing objects as closer or farther away than they actually are. The researchers suggest adding a two-camera setup to sensors or implementing data-sharing with other vehicles to reduce the risk from this type of attack.
Scientists discovered an extinct cat-like predator called Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae, which preceded the saber-tooth tiger by 40 million years. It's part of a little-known animal group called Machaeroidines, which subsisted on meat but aren't closely related to modern carnivores.
Researchers decoded the DNA of the vulnerable Arabian oryx, an important step for future breeding programs that could bring the animal back from the brink of extinction. The Arabian oryx was once extinct in the wild, but wild populations today number around 1,200 thanks to breeding in captivity.


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Council of Post Secondary Library Directors fonds
CPSLD records dated between 1969 and 1975 focus on the development of library standards, facilities and resource sharing. Material dated between 1976 and 1983, primarily concerns the Management Indicators Project. In 1976, the Deputy Minister of Education requested CPSLD produce standards that would be acceptable to the Ministry and to the BC college community. A Standards Committee was established with representation from BC post‐secondary libraries, the BC Association of Colleges, college principals, and the Ministry's Academic and Management Advisory Councils. Five areas were taken into account: budget, staff, facilities, services, and Audio‐Visual equipment. An interim report was submitted in 1980.The committee was asked to take into account: multi‐campus operation, proximity to other LRCs and access to other learning resources, proportion of full‐time to part‐time students, types of educational delivery systems in use, program mix, and the effect of outreach programs. A final report [Welwood Report] was submitted 1981. After 1986 the issues of automation in libraries and electronic resource sharing are addressed.
Council of Post Secondary Library Directors


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Since the late 1800s, artificial methods to increase the fish population in California have been employed in order to fill a void between nature's ability to produce fish and anglers' demands for them.
To keep up with the demand, the California state Legislature passed "An Act to provide for the restoration and preservation of fish in the waters of this state" April 2, 1870. Under this act, the three newly appointed commissioners of fisheries were given the duty to establish "fish breederies" and stock streams, lakes and bays with both foreign and domestic fish.
For areas such as Lake Almanor, having a healthy fish population is key to a thriving community. The beautiful 28,257-acre reservoir is home to a variety of fish, which help attract anglers from all over.
This manmade lake has reaped the benefits of the restoration act through the Almanor Fishing Association's cage-rearing project. For the last 25 years, fish have been artificially planted and reared in the waters, making up more than half of Lake Almanor's fish population.
"The whole community relies on the quality of fishing here. Lake Almanor is the key and we want to keep it as healthy as possible," said Rich Dangler, AFA board president.
Cage rearing history
Community members Rhonda Dakota, Ruben Chavez and Jim Pleau started the Lake Almanor Fish Pen Project in 1979 with the assistance of the California Department of Fish and Game. In the beginning, only two netted squares framed in 2-by-4-inch lumber were used to rear the fish.
After a couple successful years, DFG donated four aluminum cages to the program. Not long after, Lake Oroville's cage rearing program ended and their cages were sent to Lake Almanor.
By 1982, the program had 10 cages, which helped expand the fish rearing efforts. Today, it is the largest and most successful cage program in California.
Eventually, the DFG ran out of money to feed the fish and instead of canceling the project, AFA took over. Every year, for more than 18 years, DFG has supported the cage-rearing project by donating 50,000 rainbow trout fingerlings for planting.
When the fish arrive on the DFG truck, they are hosed into a large cage in groups of 5,000. The cage is then secured to a pontoon boat that has a special crank built just for use in this project.
Volunteers navigate the loaded pontoon to the Hamilton Branch side of Lake Almanor and then manually net the fish into 10 separate cages, with 5,000 in each cage.
The fingerlings are planted when they are about 4 to 6 inches in size and by the time they are released, they have grown to 10 to 14 inches.
Throughout the winter, normally between November and April, volunteers feed the fish on a day-to-day basis, counting and removing any that didn't survive through the night.
Over the years, native bird life and previously reared and released fish have adapted to the feeding schedule and will often be seen hanging around the cages, waiting for their next meal.
Kokanee Power donates 15,000 pounds of fish food to last through the winter. According to Dangler, if they run out of food, the fish are released early. If any food is left over, it is donated to the Chester High School hatchery.
Usually, the fish remain in the cages until late April or early May.
Throughout the years, more than 1 million fish have been reared in the Hamilton Branch cages.
Aside from AFA's fish-rearing program, DFG plants fish throughout Plumas County at different times throughout the year. A monthly fish-planting schedule can be found by visiting _URL_.
The DFG currently stocks approximately 1,000 bodies of water within California and operates 21 public hatcheries.
Continuing its successful cage-rearing project for another year, AFA members and volunteers worked together to transfer 50,000 fingerlings to the Hamilton Branch cages Nov. 6 and 7.
"This year's fingerlings were rather large and should be 10 – 12 inches by the time they are released in late May," reported AFA's website.
Starting this year, DFG is requiring a mixture of both diploids (fertile fish) and triploids (sterile fish) be planted in the lake. Up until now, all fish delivered have been Eagle Lake diploids; however, with the new requirement in place, both types of fish were planted.
Eagle Lake diploids dominated the mixture with 30,000 delivered, while only 20,000 Shasta triploids were delivered.
"We are researching how well the triploids will survive in the cages," said Dangler. "They are more susceptible to stress, which means we will have to work a lot harder to rear them."
This year is also the first year the newly restored cages will be used. For the last three years, the 10 cages have been undergoing restoration after being in the water for nearly 25 years.
The restoration cost $37,000, which was donated by California Inland Fisheries Foundation Inc., Kokanee Power, Plumas County Fish and Game Commission and AFA.
The future of AFA
As the economy plummets, fewer and fewer people are able to contribute to memberships in groups such as Almanor Fishing Association. Over the last year, membership has declined by almost one-quarter.
Although much of the cost associated with the cage-rearing project is covered by generous donations, if membership continues to fall, the association may have to close its doors.
According to Dangler, if this were to happen, it is likely the cage program would also be forced to shut down. With the majority of Lake Almanor's fish being reared through AFA's project, the fish population could be faced with a decline in numbers, and anglers would be diverted out of the area.
Volunteers to help feed the fish have also seen a decline; there are several feeding slots available for this year's batch of fingerlings. To volunteer for a feeding slot call _PHONE_.
AFA membership is not limited to the Almanor area, and many of its members live throughout Plumas County. Membership levels start as low as $25. To become a member visit almanorfishingassociation.com.
15th annual century rides scheduled for June 22
Little League nears regional tourneys
Greenville's catcher, Brent Washoe, is a second too late as Chester's Jason Schlueter slides into home plate for a run during a Chester home game in late May....Read More...
Fishing Report for the week of 6/13/2013
Hunter Hedman displays a beautiful brown trout he caught at Bucks Lake. It took him only five minutes of fishing to hook the biggest fish of his life, he said....Read More...


Glow-In-The-Dark Rabbits Born
Glowing Rabbits Born In Turkey, Could Help Cure Disease
The first living glowing rabbits have been born in Turkey, and one day researchers believe they could help bring affordable drug therapies to more developing countries.
The glow-in-the-dark bunnies are the product of a collaboration between the Univerwity of Hawaii at Manoa and two universities in Turkey.
Scientists used a gene from jellyfish DNA and inserted it into a rabbit's embryo, reports CBS News. While the rabbits appear completely normal and white in everyday lighting, the same isn't true under black light.
Instead, they glow bright green. While transgenic mice, cows, goats, chickens, and pigs have already been produced successfully, CBS News reports that this was the first instance of a successful transgenic rabbit.
The bunnies were conceived using in vitro fertilization (IVF) from embryos extracted from an adult female rabbit. They then inserted plasmids into the embryos in a process similar to that used in IVF human procedures.
The Los Angeles Times notes that Stefan Moisyadi, an associate professor at the University of Hawaii Manoa who worked on the glowing rabbits project, commented that the jellyfish protein won't hurt the bunnies and it also won't alter their lifespan. However, those rabbits will pass the glow-in-the-dark gene on to their offspring.
Eventually, the Turkish team, including Moisyadi, hopes to insert the jellyfish gene into larger mammals, such as sheep and cattle. The associate professor added that the scientists' "main plan was to do sheep, but they only have one or two embryos max." He added that the group currently has 10 pregnant sheep, about 25 percent of which they believe will end up glowing in the dark.
Eventually, Moisyadi hopes that the process will be used not to implant jellyfish genes, but instead to insert genes for proteins used in medications. This is because animals can make proteins in their milk that humans often use for medicine. Being able to extract useful proteins from the animals' milk would make pharmaceuticals more affordable.
But for now, the scientists are focusing on glowing rabbits.
[Image via ShutterStock]


Pronunciation of Whither
English Meaning
 1. To what place, result, or condition: Whither are we wandering?
 2. To which specified place or position: landed on the shores whither the storm had tossed them.
 3. To whatever place, result, or condition: "Whither thou goest, I will go" ( Ruth 1:16).
Malayalam Meaning
 Transliteration ON/OFF | Not Correct/Proper?
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Mascot Concepts
The ideas that follow are initial concepts only that have not yet been fully developed. Some of the ideas are merely pieces or elements that may be included in a final mascot idea. We want your reaction to all of these elements so we can decide which concepts to pursue further. They will evolve based on your input, and the final, fully-developed mascot concepts may even incorporate several of these elements. When we have fully developed a few of the strongest concepts into final proposals, we will again seek your input.
Because we are seeking your input at the earliest stages, some issues are not yet resolved that could affect the viability of some these concepts, like trademark approvals or other practical concerns or limitations (like keeping live animals).
Nothing says Ole Miss like these two words… "Hotty Toddy." They embrace the culture at Ole Miss like nothing else. Southern charm, hospitality, pride, tradition… "Hotty Toddy" means all of that and more. Among the Ole Miss family, these words have become a familiar greeting, a way of connecting with others through a shared love of Ole Miss. University historians have searched for the origins of these words and the familiar cheer for years to no avail, but they are as much a part of Ole Miss as the Grove or the Lyceum. This mascot concept would bring those words, and the emotions connected to those words, alive in a pair of lovable characters. The pair may be animals or original "muppet-like" characters, but completely unique to Ole Miss. They can get as spirited and excited as any Rebel fan, and they love to pump up the crowd. And once we win the game, they will gladly be gracious hosts, inviting the other team to come back for more!
In Mississippi, many stories that have been shared for generations center around our native black bear. The legend of the "Teddy Bear" originated in our state when President Teddy Roosevelt refused to shoot a defenseless bear on a Mississippi hunt. Additionally, William Faulkner's "Old Ben," a formidable black bear, was the focal point of his renowned short story The Bear. In the story, the bear is a symbol of pride, strength and toughness. Our black bear would stare down the Ole Miss opponents as it prowls the Rebel sidelines. With a growl that would intimidate any opponent, our bear would be a real source of spirit. Off the field, "Rebel" would be a real Ole Miss ambassador… full of pride and welcoming any opportunity to spread the joy of being a Rebel.
The Blues, a musical tradition birthed right here in Mississippi, is loved the world over. And Ole Miss is the keeper of that tradition. The University maintains the world's largest blues collection in the Blues Archive; the University also publishes Living Blues, the standard bearer for the uniquely Mississippi musical genre. The most influential blues musicians have all come from Mississippi, and this cultural legacy has led to our state's brand identity — "Mississippi – the birthplace of America's music." Blues legend W.C. Handy composed "Ole Miss Blues" almost a century ago, and Indianola's B.B. King recorded his live album, "Now Appearing at Ole Miss" thirty years ago. The Rebel Blues Musician, a larger-than-life costumed personality, embodies that tradition and its spirit of triumph, respect and entertainment. The Rebel Blues Musician can excite and unify an athletics crowd just as the actual musician excites an audience. There would be endless opportunities for interacting with the crowd, and the Rebel Blues Musician would provide broad appeal at a variety of Ole Miss events.
The Cardinal Club is a venerable campus organization dating back to the 1930's. This student spirit group is tasked with rallying the Ole Miss Family at athletic events and bringing excitement to the games. Historically, the Cardinal Club members have also served as game day hosts, welcoming the visiting team. The cardinal concept would marry the Ole Miss school color, cardinal red, with the strong Rebel spirit and tradition of our students and fans. The Ole Miss Cardinal would fit in perfectly in the grove on game days, and would reflect the pride and tradition of the Ole Miss Rebels.
From setting-up Grove tents twenty-four hours before kick-off to our students in right field hours before a baseball game, Ole Miss fans go to extremes to support the Rebels. With that in mind, envision a creative and original character (think Jim Henson, muppet-like creation) that embodies the fanaticism of the Ole Miss faithful. "Fanatic" characters are a whole new mascot genre and are among the most effective and popular mascots among professional and college teams. As Hotty Toddy echoes throughout the Grove and the stadium, the Rebel Fanatic would lead the charge. This one-of-a-kind character would generate fan support through skits, stunts and an endless supply of creative accessories. Fun and spirited, this mascot would endear children and adults alike through a larger-than-life personality reflecting the unique and passionate qualities of Ole Miss.
Rebels, more than anything, are free spirits. Rebels lead the charge with strength and confidence. Nothing portrays this sense of Rebel freedom, strength and confidence like a charging stallion. When the University of Mississippi was formed in 1848, the charter was delivered by horse. The first students arrived on campus by horse. Mischievous Ole Miss students frustrated early faculty by riding horses through the Lyceum. A costumed horse character would capture this history and the essence of the Ole Miss spirit. This concept could potentially be enhanced with a live horse leading the team onto the field at Vaught-Hemingway with our colors flying on a huge "Ole Miss" flag proudly held by its rider or leader. A new place of honor could potentially be established for those students selected to be a Rebel caretaker or rider. Rebel would portray an image full of Southern charm and dignity at any Ole Miss event.
The Rebel Land Shark concept is based on a tradition begun by the late Rebel football player Tony Fein, whose "Fins Up" hand motion has already caught fire with Rebel fans. The Rebel Land Shark would be a living embodiment of this tradition, complete with a shark head and fin. The Land Shark is a result of an organic movement on campus and would be unique to the Ole Miss Rebels. The Rebel family has already embraced the Land Shark, making it a big part of the football game-day experience, and the Land Shark has begun to spread to other sports, too. The Rebel Land Shark loves to wear the Rebel "red & blue" and when any Ole Miss team has a big play, the Land Shark enjoys dancing to the "Jaws" theme song. He is a very friendly character – except when someone challenges any Rebel athletics team.
The Pride of the South, already the moniker for the Ole Miss Band, best sums up the intense emotion Ole Miss fans have for all things Ole Miss. Within the animal kingdom, pride is most strongly associated with the Lion, the "King of Beasts" and a fierce and heroic animal. The Rebel Lion concept is rooted in the pride we all feel for Ole Miss. Strong, courageous and regal, the Rebel Lion would also appeal to children as a playful and entertaining personality. Put the two words "Rebel" and "Lion" together, and our lion could be named "Rebellion", the leader of the Ole Miss Pride. An ancient African proverb reflects the dominance of this leader among animals: "The Lion does not turn around when a small dog barks."
A mascot is a team's good luck charm, a talisman of sorts. But there is another word with a similar meaning and with its roots deep in the cultural soil of Mississippi – MOJO. This concept celebrates Mississippi culture and our love for all things Mississippi. When someone has his "mojo working," everything is going right for him. When someone "gets his mojo back," it means he has returned to top form, that he is working his magic on the stage, court or playing field. Mojo would tap into that part of Mississippi's mystic cultural heritage that is beloved around the world – our music. Mojo would work his magic on the field, providing an organizing theme and strengthening our game-day experience, allowing us to develop traditions, cheers, music, dances, and skits around a Mississippi theme, with Mojo as the centerpiece. The Rebels don't just need a mascot, like any other team. We are here in Mississippi. The Rebels need their Mojo.
Nothing represents the lifeblood of our state like the Mississippi River. The "Father of Waters" is a symbol that has long been a source of Mississippi cultural inspiration in our literature, music and art. Once called the Mississippi Flood, Ole Miss teams have now harnessed the power of the rolling river. This mascot concept brings all of the Southern charm and strength of the "Mighty Mississippi" to our campus. At the helm of the "Ole Miss" riverboat (a miniature landroving sternwheeler), the Riverboat Pilot would navigate Vaught Hemingway and incite the crowds to feverish levels. He is always ready to hoist the Ole Miss colors and lead the charge into the stormy waters of athletic competition. Without any doubt, Rebel foes would know they are in for a fight when they hear


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NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 – Reproductive Health
Question 1: What do you think is the significance of reproductive health in a society? Answer Reproductive health is the total well being in all aspects of reproduction. It includes physical, emotional, behavioural, and social well being. Sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS, gonorrhoea, etc. are transferred from one individual to another through sexual contact. It can also lead to unwanted pregnancies. Hence, it is necessary to create awareness among people, especially the youth, regarding various reproduction related aspects as the young individuals are the future of the country and they are most susceptible of acquiring sexually transmitted diseases. Creating awareness about the available birth control methods, sexually transmitted diseases and their preventive measures, and gender equality will help in bringing up a socially conscious healthy family. Spreading awareness regarding uncontrolled population growth and social evils among young individuals will help in building up a reproductively healthy society.
Question 2: Suggest the aspects of reproductive health which need to be given special attention in the present scenario. Answer Reproductive health is the total well being in all aspects of reproduction. The aspects which have to be given special attention in the present scenarios are (1)Counselling and creating awareness among people, especially the youth, about various aspects of reproductive health, such as sexually transmitted diseases, available contraceptive methods, case of pregnant mothers, adolescence, etc. (2)Providing support and facilities such as medical assistance to people during pregnancy, STDs, abortions, contraceptives, infertility, etc. for building a reproductively healthy society
Question 3: Is sex education necessary in schools? Why? Answer Yes, introduction of sex education in schools is necessary. It would provide right information to young individuals at the right time about various aspects of reproductive health such as reproductive organs, puberty, and adolescence related changes, safe sexual practices, sexually transmitted diseases, etc. The young individual or adolescents are more susceptible in acquiring various sexually transmitted diseases. Hence, providing information to them at the right time would help them to lead a reproductively healthy life and also protect them from the myths and misconceptions about various sex related issues.
Question 4: Do you think that reproductive health in our country has improved in the past 50 years? If yes, mention some such areas of improvement. Answer Yes, the reproductive health has tremendously improved in India in the last 50 years. The areas of improvement are as follows. (1) Massive child immunization programme, which has lead to a decrease in the infant mortality rate (2) Maternal and infant mortality rate, which has been decreased drastically due to better post natal care (3) Family planning, which has motivated people to have smaller families (4) Use of contraceptive, which has resulted in a decrease in the rate of sexually transmitted diseases and unwanted pregnancies
Question 5: What are the suggested reasons for population explosion? Answer The human population is increasing day by day, leading to population explosion. It is because of the following two major reasons. (a) Decreased death rate (b) Increased birth rate and longevity The death rate has decreased in the past 50 years. The factor leading to decreased death rate and increased birth rate are control of diseases, awareness and spread of education, improvement in medical facilities, ensured food supply in emergency situation, etc. All this has also resulted in an increase in the longevity of an individual.
Question 6: Is the use of contraceptives justified? Give reasons. AnswerYes, the use of contraceptives is absolutely justified. The human population is increasing tremendously. Therefore, to regulate the population growth by regulating reproduction has become a necessary demand in the present times. Various contraceptive devices have been devised to reduce unwanted pregnancies, which help in bringing down the increased birth rate and hence, in checking population explosion.
Question 7: Removal of gonads cannot be considered as a contraceptive option. Why? Answer Contraceptive devices are used to prevent unwanted pregnancy and to prevent the spreading of STDs. There are many methods, such as natural, barrier, oral, and surgical methods, that prevent unwanted pregnancy. However, the complete removal of gonads cannot be a contraceptive option because it will lead to infertility and unavailability of certain hormones that are required for normal functioning of accessory reproductive parts. Therefore, only those contraceptive methods can be used that prevent the chances of fertilization rather than making the person infertile forever.
Question 8: Amniocentesis for sex determination is banned in our country. Is this ban necessary? Comment. Answer Amniocentesis is a pre-natal diagnostic technique that is used to determine the sex and metabolic disorders of the developing foetus in the mother's uterus through the observation of the chromosomal patterns. This method was developed so as to determine any kind of genetic disorder present in the foetus. However, unfortunately, this technique is being misused to detect the sex of the child before birth and the female foetus is then aborted. Thus, to prevent the increasing female foeticides, it is necessary to ban the usage of amniocentesis technique for determining the sex of a child.
Question 9: Suggest some methods to assist infertile couples to have children. Answer Infertility is the inability of a couple to produce a baby even after unprotected intercourse. It might be due to abnormalities present in either male or female, or might be even both the partners. The techniques used to assist infertile couples to have children are as follows. (a) Test tube babies This involves in-vitro fertilization where the sperms meet the egg outside the body of a female. The zygote, hence produced, is then transferred in the uterus or fallopian tube of a normal female. The babies produced from this method are known as test tube babies. (b) Gamete Intra fallopian transfer (GIFT) It is a technique that involves the transfer of gamete (ovum) from a donor into the fallopian tube of the recipient female who is unable to produce eggs, but has the ability to conceive and can provide right conditions for the development of an embryo. (c) Intra Cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) It is a method of injecting sperm directly into the ovum to form an embryo in laboratory. (d) Artificial insemination Artificial insemination is a method of transferring semen (sperm) from a healthy male donor into the vagina or uterus of the recipient female. It is employed when the male partner is not able to inseminate the female or has low sperm counts.
Question 10: What are the measures one has to take to prevent from contracting STDs? Answer Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) get transferred from one individual to the other through sexual contact. Adolescents and young adults are at the greatest risk of acquiring these sexually transmitted diseases. Hence, creating awareness among the adolescents regarding its after-effects can prevent them from contracting STDs. The use of contraceptives, such as condoms, etc. while intercourse, can prevent the transfer of these diseases. Also, sex with unknown partners or multiple partners should be avoided as they may have such diseases. Specialists should be consulted immediately in case of doubt so as to assure early detection and cure of the disease.
Question 11: State True/False with explanation (a) Abortions could happen spontaneously too. (True/False) (b) Infertility is defined as the inability to produce a viable offspring and is always due to abnormalities/defects in the female partner. (True/False) (c) Complete lactation could help as a natural method of contraception. (True/False) (d) Creating awareness about sex related aspects is an effective method to improve reproductive health of the people. (True/False) Answer (a) Abortions could happen spontaneously too. True (b) Infertility is defined as the inability to produce a viable offspring and is always due to abnormalities/defects in the female partner.False Infertility is defined as the inability of the couple to produce baby even after unprotected coitus. It might occur due to abnormalities/defects in either male or female or both. (c) Complete lactation could help as a natural method of contraception. False Complete lactation or lactational amenorrhea is a natural method of contraception. However, it is limited till lactation period, which continues till six months after parturition. (d) Creating awareness about sex related aspects is an effective method to improve reproductive health of the people. True
Question 12: Correct the following statements: (a) Surgical methods of contraception prevent gamete formation. (b) All sexually transmitted diseases are completely curable. (c) Oral pills are very popular contraceptives among the rural women. (d) In E. T. techniques, embryos are always transferred into the uterus. Answer (a) Surgical methods of contraception prevent gamete formation.Correction Surgical methods of contraception prevent the flow of gamete during intercourse. (b) All sexually transmitted diseases are completely curable. Correction Some of the sexually transmitted diseases are curable if they are detected early and treated properly. AIDS is still an incurable disease. (c) Oral pills are very popular contraceptives among the rural women.Correction Oral pills are very popular contraceptives among urban women. (d) In E. T. techniques, embryos are always transferred into the uterus. Correction In embryo transfer technique, 8 celled embryos are transferred into the fallopian tube while more than 8 celled embryos are transferred into the uterus.
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NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology All Chapters
- Chapter 1 – Reproduction in Organisms
- Chapter 2 – Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants


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Quality Assurance in Education, Vol. 26 No. 2, pp. 243-262
Surveys that include skill measures may suffer from additional sources of error compared to those containing questionnaires alone. Examples are distractions such as noise or interruptions of testing sessions, as well as fatigue or lack of motivation to succeed. This paper aims to provide a review of statistical tools based on latent variable modeling approaches extended by explanatory variables that allow detection of survey errors in skill surveys.


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End-to-end encryption in Matrix and in Riot are in Beta, and may be subject to change.
I have made every effort to ensure the accuracy of the information in this post, but this should not be viewed as an official guide to end-to-end encryption in Matrix or Riot.
End-to-end encryption is one of the main features of the Matrix communications protocol and of Riot, a glossy client for Matrix. This post provides a high-level overview of what end-to-end encryption is, how it works in Matrix and Riot, and how to use it. It is intended to be understandable to people who are starting with little to no knowledge of encryption, while still being as accurate as possible, and the goal is to help people get a better understanding of end-to-end encryption in Matrix so that they can use it more securely and effectively.
What is end-to-end encryption?
Encryption is a way of ensuring that unauthorized people cannot view information that is not intended for them. Encryption takes the information and, using an encryption key, scrambles the information in a such a way that it cannot be read without the corresponding decryption key. (In some encryption systems, the encryption and decryption keys are the same, whereas in others, they are different.)
In some communication systems that involve a server, the connection between each user and the server is encrypted so that anyone who taps into that connection cannot read any messages. By default, all communication in Matrix is encrypted in this way. However, this still allows messages to be read by server administrators, or anyone who manages to gain access to the server.
End-to-end encryption (sometimes abbreviated as e2e encryption, or simply e2e or e2ee) means that messages are encrypted by the sender in such a way that only the people you are communicating with can read it — none of the servers in between can read the message.
Why do I need end-to-end encryption?
Whether it's our credit card or banking details, health records, corporate strategy, or even plans for a surprise party, we all have things that we would prefer not to be made public. End-to-end encryption helps maintain your privacy.
Using end-to-end encryption even for messages that don't need to be secret also helps increase the security of messages that do need to be secret, as it prevents someone from determining which messages have sensitive information and which ones don't.
Are all conversations in Matrix end-to-end encrypted?
End-to-end encryption can be enabled on each room individually. While encryption is still in beta, all rooms are unencrypted by default. Once encryption is out of beta, then private rooms will be encrypted by default.
If you have sufficient privileges (normally moderator or admin permissions) in a room, you can go to the room settings and enable encryption. Note that once encryption is enabled in a room, it cannot be disabled again.
Riot indicates encrypted rooms with a locked icon next to the message input box, and unencrypted rooms with an unlocked icon.
Why won't all rooms be encrypted?
There are several reasons why some rooms will not be encrypted even after encryption is out of beta. In brief, some of the reasons are that encryption interferes with certain types of integrations (including the bots and bridges hosted by matrix.org), encryption prevents people from reading messages sent before they joined the room (which is useful for some rooms such as rooms used as support forums), encryption can slow down sending messages (which should not be noticeable in small rooms, but could be quite significant in large rooms), and encryption is of questionable value in a room that anyone can join and read.
What's the deal with all these devices?
Matrix encrypts messages to devices rather than to users. This allows for greater flexibility and privacy. For example, if your phone gets stolen, then you can tell your contacts to blacklist your phone, and whoever has your phone will not be able to decrypt any future conversations, without affecting any of your other devices.
Why does Riot complain about "unknown devices" when I send a message in an encrypted chat?
When you try to communicate with someone, Riot will fetch the list of that person's devices from the server, including an encryption key for each device that can be used to encrypt messages so that they can be read on that device. However, Riot has no way of determining whether that the key is legitimate or if it was planted or altered by someone trying to snoop in on your conversations, so it warns you when it encounters a device that it hasn't seen before.
Riot allows you the option to send messages even to devices that you haven't verified, or to verify the key to tell Riot that it is trusted, or to blacklist the device to tell Riot that it should never encrypt messages to that device.
How do I verify devices?
Note that the current device verification process is only temporary and in the future will be replaced by something that's easier to use.
In order to verify someone's device, you need to have some reasonably secure way to communicate with them. It doesn't have to be secret (if someone listens in on the key verification process, it won't make it any less secure), but it has to be something that won't allow someone else to be able to impersonate you or the device's owner. For example, if you know the device owner's voice, you can phone them, or even start a video call with them in Riot. You can also verify someone's devices if you meet them in person.
When you're ready to verify someone's devices, you can click on their avatar in any conversation that you have with them, and Riot will show you a list of their devices. Find the device that you want to verify, and click the "Verify" button under it. This will show the device's name, ID and key.
The other person will then have to go to their user settings on the device that you want to verify, and find the device key there. You can then compare the keys, and if they match, then you can click the button saying so, and their device is now verified.
Repeat this for all of their devices that you want to verify.
This may seem like a lot of work, and it is, but there are plans to improve this in the future, before end-to-end encryption leaves Beta. For example, in the future your devices may be able to vouch for each other so that others will only have to verify one of your devices.
How does encryption work in Matrix?
Conceptually, when you first send a message in an encrypted room, your Riot client generates a random key to encrypt your message, sends the encrypted message to the server, and then sends the decryption key to all the devices in the room that should be allowed to decrypt the message. Of course, the decryption key is sent encrypted (based on¹ the device's unique key, which you verified above) so that it cannot be intercepted. The recipient then fetches the message decryption key and the encrypted message and decrypts the message.
In order to avoid having to re-send decryption keys to every device for every message you send, Matrix's encryption system includes a method for generating a new key based on an old key. So for the next message you send, your Riot client will use that method on your previous encryption key to generate a new key, and the recipients will use the same method and generate the same key, so that when you send a message encrypted using the new key, the recipients can decrypt the message without any extra key exchange. The new key will only need to be sent to any new devices that showed up in between when the first message was sent and when the second message was sent.
Riot will occasionally start from scratch, generating a new random key and sending it to all the devices in the room. This happens, for example, whenever someone leaves a room, after you have sent a certain number of messages, or after a certain amount of time.
As a result of how encryption is done in Matrix, there are several encryption and decryption keys being used. The main ones that you may need to be aware of are the device keys and the message decryption keys. The message decryption keys allow you to decrypt encrypted messages, and device keys allow you to send the decryption keys securely to other devices. Device keys are unique to each device and cannot be copied from one device to another, whereas decryption keys may be sent from one device to another, or exported from one device and imported to another, in order to allow you to read older messages.
¹ The decryption key is not encrypted directly with the device's key, but uses a more complicated method to improve security.
Help! I can't read some encrypted messages!
There are a few main possible reasons for not being able to decrypt a message.
The first possible reason is that you were not a member of the chat when the message was sent. In this case, it is by design that you cannot decrypt the message; decryption keys for messages are only sent to the users that are in the room when the message was sent.
Another possible reason is that your device was not registered at the time the message was sent. When a message is sent, the sender only sends the decryption key to devices that it knows about; when you log into a new device, that device has not yet received the decryption key for the message, and so cannot decrypt the message. (Note that when you log out and log in again, your new session is considered a new device from Riot's perspective.) There are two ways around this. One way is to export the decryption keys from another device that is able to decrypt the message, and import the keys into the new device. Another way is to verify your new device with another device: When Riot encounters a message that it cannot decrypt, it will ask your other devices for the decryption keys for that message. If you have verified that device from your other devices, then they will send the decryption


Friendly Persuasion (1956)
B SDG Original source: National Catholic Register
Friendly Persuasion, William Wyler's popular adaptation of Jessamyn West's tales of Quaker life, is a warm, gently satiric portrait of a family of the "Friendly persuasion" living in the shadow of the Civil War. Gary Cooper plays Jess Birdwell, a less than entirely devout Quaker farmer whose pious wife Eliza (Dorothy McGuire) is a minister at their local "meeting house."
Buy at
1956, Warner Bros. Directed by William Wyler. Gary Cooper, Dorothy McGuire, Anthony Perkins, Richard Eyer, Robert Middleton, Phyllis Love.
Artistic/Entertainment Value
Moral/Spiritual Value
+2 / -1
Age Appropriateness
Kids & Up*
MPAA Rating
Caveat Spectator
Depictions of Quaker piety (and the lack thereof); tense family situations; mild romantic moments; scenes of wartime violence.
The film's main weakness is the way it handles the theme that most interested the director, the conflict between Quaker pacifism and nonviolence and the practical necessities of wartime. Here the film becomes muddled, and does justice neither to Quakerism nor to just-war principles. A truly thoughtful Hollywood look at religious nonviolence would have to wait until Peter Weir's Witness, starring Harrison Ford.
In spite of this, Friendly Persuasion's warm affection for its subjects makes it worthwhile viewing.
On a side note, I was initially puzzled by the depiction of the Quaker dialect using "thee" but not "thou" in both the objective and nominative cases. Thus, for example, where in the King James Bible we might read "Thou art the man," the Quakers in Friendly Persuasion would say "Thee is the man." (Example: "When thee asks or suggests, I am putty in thy hands, but when thee forbids, thee is barking up the wrong tree.") I was even more puzzled to learn that this seemingly ungrammatical usage goes back to the source novel.
However, I have since learned from an online article by Cheratra Yaswen that this usage is apparently historically correct: In at least some times and places, Quakers did adopt the practice of using "thee" rather than "thou" regardless of case.
Comedy, Drama, Religious Themes, War
RE: Friendly Persuasion
I'll throw my theory into the public arena for open debate. I propose that Jessamyn West's novel, The Friendly Persuasion, was actually written based on the real life and family of my GGF, Jesse Walter Birdwell of Sullivan County, Tennessee. I am his namesake, Jesse Walter Birdwell (IV). What say you?
Link to this item


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Skip Maine state header navigation
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Home > Architectural Survey
Overview of Architectural Survey Program
Maine's architectural survey program began in 1972. Since then, the effort to catalogue and document the historic human-made environment has continued to be a central goal of the Commission's mandate with more than 21,700 properties surveyed to date. The survey component of the overall preservation planning program is a vital one. Surveys document at a variety of levels the historic human-made environment of our communities. This in turn enables us to identify those properties which merit nomination to the National Register of Historic Places and to thereby extend protection to those resources.
CONSULTANTS AND SURVEYORS…
Looking for guidelines for survey activities in Maine?
In addition to geographic based surveys, the Commission has also undertaken theme based survey projects to identify specific property types on a state-wide or regional basis. In the past, theme-based projects have included an inventory of designed landscapes, railroad related buildings, shoe-industry related buildings, sporting camps, textile mills, motor courts, and historic highway bridges, the latter undertaken by the Maine Department of Transportation. Future areas of study will focus on Grange Halls, post World War II commercial and residential architecture, automobile-related resources, and boys and girls summer camps.
One of MHPC's focuses in recent years has been the recordation of agricultural outbuildings and historic farmsteads. These resources are rapidly disappearing from Maine's landscape, and the survey of these properties have resulted in a greater understanding of the state's specialized agricultural buildings and landscapes. This effort will aid in the development of agricultural and rural historic district listings in the National Register.
What is an architectural survey?
Why undertake an architectural survey?
Who can undertake a survey?
What is recorded in a survey?
Properties over 50 years old, including, houses, barns and farms, churches, public buildings, schools, commercial structures, industrial structures, cemeteries, landscapes. Also cultural features, including tree lines, stone walls, and town pounds.
How is survey linked to the National Register?
The information collected during an architectural survey forms the basis for determining the eligibility of a National Register of Historic Places historic district. They provide visual, structural, and historical information that can be evaluated against the National Register criteria; they help to identify trends in style and design; chart neighborhood evolution; and illuminate structures or residences of significant historical importance.
Steps for Starting an Architectural Survey
Sample Survey Forms
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Every Brain Matters is a unifying alliance of professionals, organizations, and individual that educate about the danger of marijuana and the drug culture expansion.
Support/Recovery Group
Every Brain Matters Support Group is an online group for people harmed by marijuana and seeking healing/recovery. This includes people harmed by using marijuana themselves and are in recovery and the families/friends of people who've been harmed or lost their lives as a direct or indirect result of marijuana use. This can include addiction, psychosis, suicide, homicide, DUI's, Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome, and other incidents of injury or trauma resulting in harms or death, overdoses, and where marijuana was a gateway, companion, and/or relapse drug.
Advocacy Group
The Every Brain Matters Advocacy group has been created for those who want to advocate against full-scale legalization of marijuana, and for strict regulation and preventative measures in areas where this drug is already legal. The goal of this group is to work together as a team to make action-based short and long term goals regarding marijuana policies, education, public and political awareness, regulatory practices, and other actions that will help curtail the widespread acceptance, commercialization, and normalization of marijuana.
Survivors Group
Every Brain Matters celebrates recovery and honor those who are willing to share their experience, strength and hope.
Memorial Group
We remember and honor those who were harmed by the effects of marijuana.
Calendar of Meetings
-Support/Recovery meetings
-Advocacy meetings,
-Mar-Anon meetings
-Important Events


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Science & Technology - Posted by Anna Blackaby-Warwick on Monday, October 1, 2012 10:33 - 1 Comment
Electron ring images confirm Landau Levels
U. WARWICK (UK) — Physicists have directly imaged Landau Levels for the first time since Nobel Prize-winner Lev Landau conceived of them in 1930.
Landau Levels are quantum levels that determine electron behavior in a strong magnetic field.
Using scanning tunneling spectroscopy—a spatially resolved probe that interacts directly with the electrons—scientists at institutions including the University of Warwick and Tohoku University have revealed the internal ring-like structure of these Landau Levels at the surface of a semiconductor.
In the image, electrons form concentric rings, which increase in number according to their energy level. (Credit: U. Warwick)
Straight from the Source
The experimental challenge in the work was to have sufficient spatial resolution in order to overcome the intrinsic disorder in the material which usually only allows the observation of smeared out "drift" states.
The images clearly show that Landau was right when he predicted that, in a clean system, the electrons would take on the form of concentric rings, the number of which increase according to their energy level.
This simple counting behavior forms the basis of the so-called quantum Hall effect.
While originally of mostly fundamental interest, more recently the effect has been used to define the standard for what we mean by electrical resistance and could soon be employed to define the kilogram as well.
"This is an exciting step for us," says Professor Rudolf Roemer of the department of physics. "We are really seeing for the first time individual quantum mechanical wave functions of electrons in real materials.
"On the face of it this might seem far removed from everyday life. However the question of what defines a kilogram is currently being debated, with the spacing between the rings of these Landau levels acting as a kind of marker for a universal weight.
"So next time you measure out your sugar to bake a cake, you might unknowingly be making use of these quantum rings."
The research was published in the journal Physical Review Letters.
Source: University of Warwick


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Sexual deceit helps lady-boy lizards mate
The Augrabies Flat Lizard (Platysaurus broadleyi)
The Augrabies Flat Lizard (Platysaurus broadleyi) (Source: Martin Whiting)
Young, male lizards desperate to mate, access women and avoid attack from older males by pretending to be one of the girls, a new study says.
According to the study published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B, young male Augrabies flat lizards (Platysaurus broadleyi) hide their colours so as to imitate plain, brown females.
"In this system the adult males are extremely colourful and extremely territorial and the females are a plain brown," says co-author Associate Professor Scott Keogh, of the School of Biological Sciences at the Australian National University.
"Young males purposefully only develop colours on their belly, so they reach sexual maturity by still looking like a female."
Imitating a female allows the juvenile lizards to mate with females, without being detected and driven away by the larger, territorial, adult males, who will chase and bite their young rivals.
These so-called she-males get a reproductive advantage by pretending to be females.
"If they develop colours on their back or side they would be visually identifiable as males and would never get close to the females at all," says Keogh.
Reproductive advantage
The sexual deception will give the young adult males a sexual advantage for a season.
"They probably get one full season where they look like the females but are sexually mature," says Keogh.
But while these young lizards might look like females, they still smell like males.
To prove this the researchers took animals from the wild and removed all pheromones and skin lipids that might signal gender.
They then relabelled a group of females and she-males with either male or female scent, before presenting them to typical adult males.
Males use their tongues to sample chemical scent and responded by courting she-males labelled as females, but not she-males labelled as males.
"Males are fooled by looks, but not by scent," says fellow researcher Dr Jonathan Webb, of the University of Sydney.
Trying to avoid a 'nosey tongue'
Other animals, such as fish, have been shown to use sexual deception to get an advantage in the wild, but this research is the first to show reptiles imitating the opposite sex through their appearance.
"What is special about this research is that we split the visual and olfactory cues," says Keogh.
This allowed the researchers to know that it was the colours of the young lizards that were deceiving the male adults, and not other factors.
Despite the advantage of imitating female, not all young male lizards perform the deceptive act.
"We think there are only some males that do this," says Keogh.
Knowing exactly how many young lizards imitate females is difficult because the area being studied, Augrabies Falls National Park in the South Africa, has the densest population of lizards worldwide.
Tags: animal-behaviour, biology, reptiles


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Line Nova with x and y offset from center added
Render texture
This script automates creating simple textures, using solid noise/emboss. Easily create paper-like textures or more coarse gravel-like ones.
The texture appears on it's own layer. You can adjust opacity, layer mode, and various other settings beforehand, and you can also see a preview of how it will look.
The plugin is coded for 2.6. I haven't tried it on 2.7.
Comments & feedback are welcome.
When you download the script, rename it so that you change the extension from ".py.txt" to ".py", otherwise it will not work.
Update history:
Version 1.3:
Render Texture
This plugin creates a new image having texture synthesized from the selection.
It hides several steps to set up and use the resynthesizer. It requires the separate resynthesizer plug-in.
See the Resynthesizer author Paul Harrison's website, about using the resynthesizer to generate textures.
The effect for users:
Similar to "Fill resynthesized pattern" except:
- here the arguments are reversed: you select a texture and create a new image
instead of selecting an area and choosing a pattern.
- here the result is less random (since Fill resynthesized adds noise.)
Archimedean Spirals
Draws one of five types of predefined spirals, or lets the user modify the power parameter. The formula is:
r = a + b * theta ^ n
r - radius
a - growth factor
b - multiplication factor
theta - angle
n - power factor
The predefined types are: Archimedean (n = 1), Fermat (n = 1/2), Circle (n = 0), Lituus (n = -1/2), Hyperbolic (n = -1). If you choose a predefined type, the power factor you input on the form will be disregarded.
Render Technological Image
Based on the set edge, pixel ammount, color and brightness, this script-fu generates a layer that looks techno.
Here is an example of what it makes...
You can find it when you create the image window...
Script-Fu -> Render -> Tech
(Note: This is my first Script-Fu)
Voronoi Windows Binary
Here is the windows binary of the voronoi plugin, as the auther appears to be MIA.
This was discussed here in the forum:
-Rob A>
2-Dimensional Gradient v. 1.2
9 sample gradients follow (collected into a single image):
9 sample patterns produced by this Script-Fu
Website Window Creator Script
This script creates a new image with a window useful for web design.
To install this script, copy it to your scripts folder, then restart Gimp. If you don't know where your scripts folder is, then go to Edit > Preferences > Folders > Scripts.
To run this script, select File > Create > Website Window.
Feedback is appreciated, and I will consider any changes that you request.
G'MIC : GREYC's Magic for Image Computing
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Sumatran rhino pregnancy
Conservationists across the world are celebrating a pregnancy in one of the world's most endangered species, the Sumatran rhino. The pregnancy of female Ratu and male Andalas is giving hope to international rhino biologists. The breeding occurred at Indonesia's Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary in Way Kambas National Park after international efforts led to the pair's introduction.
Sadly, shortly after this statement was released, Ratu lost her pregnancy. The fact a pregnancy was achieved after just three matings is still a major victory and there is every reason to hope that a full term pregnancy will be achieved soon.


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Audiences of the Portfolio
The term "audience" refers to the person(s) the portfolio is intended for. In the same way that the main purpose of the student portfolio will help determine what goes into the portfolio, the teachers' decision as to the portfolio's primary audience will help guide decisions concerning the portfolio's contents, the frequency of placing items into it, etc. As previously mentioned, parents, teachers, students or appropriate administrators (i.e, foreign-language department chairperson, school principals, school curriculum planners) can all view a student portfolio though different lenses.
Home | Organization | Map | Events and Discussions | Resources | Standards and Frameworks


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Expression of State: -아/어 있다
I want to tackle a topic many might have wondered about a few times. Does Korean have something like passive sentence structures? We all love passive sentences. We love them so much in fact, we tend to overuse them. While Korean does not have a passive structure per se, it does have pattern similar to it: -아/어 있다. Though it has its difficulties.
Passive, yet Not Passive
Korean verbs and English verbs two very different animals. This difference is what makes learning Korean sometimes so difficult. Concepts such as passive sentences doesn't really exist in Korean. They only have the semblance of a passive sentence. The grammar pattern -아/어 있다 is the closest thing Korean has to a passive sentence structure. However, it isn't a passive sentence as its use is far narrower.
The verb pattern -아/어 있다 is a way to express the continued state of a completed action. You use it for example to tell someone a door is closed as that is the continued state of the completed action of closing it. However, verbs for wearing clothes, such as 입다, do not use this verb pattern, but instead use -고 있다.
The primary difficulty you will face is that a lot of verbs you know cannot use this verb ending. A limited list of these verbs that can use this verb ending: 열리다, 닫히다, 켜지다, 꺼지다, 떨어지다, 놓이다.
Transitive verbs cannot use this verb ending.
The careful observer will notice that share one common characteristic. They are intransitive, meaning they never use the object particle 을/를. Some verbs, the verbs I gave earlier, are derivatives of verbs you probably already knew. How you can transform 'normal' verbs into these special verbs, is a bit of a problem. There isn't a real rule so you will need to learn them as you explore the wonders of Korean. However, if the verb is already intransitive, you can just go ahead and use this verb ending.
The How To
Using this verb pattern isn't that difficult. It follows the a rule you are most familiar with by the time you learn this verb pattern anyway. It is essentially a variant of the 3 rules you use to form the present tense in Korean:
- If a verb stem ends in ㅏ or ㅗ you use the variant -아 있다.
- If a verb stem ends in any other vowel, you use -어 있다.
- For 하다 verbs, you use 해 있다.
After you have attached it to the verb, you simply continue adding proper verb endings to the 있다 part. That is easy, no? Just don't forget to make sure you are using an intransitive verb when using this verb pattern. Transitive verbs cannot use this verb ending.


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Andrus v. Idaho
Citation: 10 ELR 20448
No. No. 79-260, 445 U.S. 715/(U.S., 04/16/1980)
The Supreme Court holds that the Carey Act of 1894 neither reserves a specific acreage of public domain desert land for any state nor automatically obligates the Secretary of the Interior to grant specific lands chosen by a state. In order to aid states in the reclamation of desert land, the Carey Act authorizes the Secretary to grant to a state, upon proper application, a maximum specified acreage of land in the public domain if the state demonstrates its ability to irrigate and reclaim it. The State of Idaho challenged the Bureau of Land Management's denial of its request for a specific tract arguing that at its passage the Act bound the United States to grant any lands requested by a state. The district court and the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals disagreed, ruling that the Act did not grant the state an absolute right to the specified acreage. The Supreme Court first holds that notwithstanding the failure of the state to exhaust its administrative remedies, there is a case or controversy between the parties because the Court's construction of the Carey Act will ultimately determine their respective rights and obligations. Affirming in part and reversing in part, the Court rejects that portion of the lower court's judgment which declares that Idaho is "entitled" to 2.4 million acres of Carey Act lands and that the Secretary is obligated to grant such lands. Rather, based on a review of the statutory history and the Interior Department's prior construction of the Act, the Court holds that the Carey Act neither automatically reserves to the state a specific acreage nor obligates the Secretary to approve automatically a state's request for specific lands.
In dissent, Justice Stevens finds the issues dealt with by the Court not ripe for decision.
Counsel for Petitioner
William Alsup, Ass't to the Solicitor General
Department of Justice, Washington DC 20530
_PHONE_
Edward J. Shawaker
Land and Natural Resources Division
Department of Justice, Washington DC 20530
_PHONE_
Counsel for Respondents
Josephine P. Beeman, W. Hugh O'Riordan, Deputy Attorneys General
State House, Boise ID 83720
_PHONE_


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Today we are publishing the answers of NYT Spelling Bee December 2 2021 puzzle.
This Thursday's spelling bee puzzle was built by Sam Ezersky. As always there are 7 letters and here the center letter is the letter N.
A H M are the letters on the bottom and O P T are the letters on the top which form the honeycomb shape. There are a total of 25 possible answers and we have listed them below sorted from the shortest (4 letters) length to the longest (9 letters):
All Spelling Bee Words you can form:
For more Spelling Bee Answers open the prev link, as we publish answers each day.