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Coping with the complexities and stress that arise when a teenager refuses to visit their non-custodial parent can be a daunting task, but understanding the reasons behind their decision and adopting effective strategies can help both parents navigate this challenging situation.
Parenting is never an easy job, and it becomes even more challenging when a teenager refuses to visit their non-custodial parent. This situation can lead to confusion, frustration, and stress for both parents and the child. Understanding the reasons behind the refusal and finding ways to address them is crucial for maintaining healthy relationships between the teenager and both parents. In this article, we will explore the possible reasons for a teenager's refusal to visit the non-custodial parent, the legal obligations and consequences for the custodial parent, and tips and strategies to encourage and facilitate visitation.
Possible Reasons for a Teenager's Refusal to Visit the Non-Custodial Parent
There are several reasons why a teenager might not want to visit their non-custodial parent. Some of these reasons might be justified, while others could be based on preference or convenience. Let's take a closer look at some common reasons:
Busy schedule and desire for autonomy: As teenagers grow older, they become more independent and have busier schedules with school, extracurricular activities, and social events. This can make it difficult for them to find time for visitation, or they may simply prefer to have more control over their own schedule.
Attachment to the custodial parent or their home: Teenagers might feel more comfortable or attached to the custodial parent or their home environment, making it difficult for them to leave for visitation with the non-custodial parent.
Conflicts with the non-custodial parent or their new family members: Disagreements or conflicts with the non-custodial parent, their new partner, or other family members can create a hostile environment that the teenager may want to avoid.
Influence of the custodial parent's negative attitude: Sometimes, the custodial parent's negative attitude or comments about the non-custodial parent can influence the teenager's perception and willingness to visit.
Experience of abuse or violence by the non-custodial parent: In some cases, the teenager might have experienced or witnessed abuse, neglect, substance abuse, or violence by the non-custodial parent, making them fearful of visitation.
Legal Obligations and Consequences for the Custodial Parent
It's important to note that unless there is a court order that modifies or terminates the visitation rights of the non-custodial parent, the custodial parent has a legal obligation to comply with the existing custody order and parenting plan. Failure to do so without a valid reason can lead to legal consequences for the custodial parent, such as:
- Being held in contempt of court and fined or jailed.
- Losing custody or visitation rights to the child.
- Having to pay attorney fees or court costs for the non-custodial parent.
- Having to attend counseling or parenting classes.
If the teenager has a valid reason to refuse visitation, such as fear of harm or abuse by the non-custodial parent, the custodial parent should take steps to protect the child and seek legal help to modify or terminate the visitation rights of the non-custodial parent.
Protecting the Teenager in Cases of Abuse or Harm
If the teenager has a valid reason for refusing visitation, such as experiencing abuse or harm from the non-custodial parent, it's crucial for the custodial parent to take appropriate steps to protect the child. Some steps include:
- Documenting any evidence of abuse, neglect, substance abuse, or violence by the non-custodial parent, such as photos, videos, medical records, police reports, or witness statements.
- Reporting any incidents of abuse or neglect to the appropriate authorities, such as child protective services or law enforcement.
- Consulting with a family lawyer who can advise on how to file a motion for modification or termination of visitation rights based on the best interests of the child.
Encouraging and Facilitating Visitation in Cases of Preference or Convenience
If the teenager does not have a valid reason to refuse visitation, such as preference or convenience, the custodial parent should try to encourage and facilitate the visitation with the non-custodial parent. Some strategies include:
- Communicating respectfully and cooperatively with the non-custodial parent about the visitation schedule and any changes or issues that arise.
- Avoiding badmouthing or criticizing the non-custodial parent in front of the child or interfering with their relationship.
- Listening to and validating the teenager's feelings and concerns about visiting the non-custodial parent without taking sides or judging them.
- Explaining to the teenager why it is important for them to have a relationship with both parents and how it benefits them in the long run.
- Seeking professional help from a counselor, mediator, or therapist who can help resolve any conflicts or problems between the teenager and the non-custodial parent.
Dealing with a teenager who refuses to visit the non-custodial parent can be a complex and stressful situation for both parents and the child. By understanding the reasons behind the refusal and adopting effective strategies, parents can help to navigate this challenging situation and foster healthy relationships between the teenager and both parents. Remember, open communication, empathy, and support for the teenager's well-being and relationships with both parents are essential for resolving conflicts and ensuring a positive outcome for all involved.


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IZA DP No. 10560: Born to Lead? The Effect of Birth Order on Non-Cognitive Abilities
forthcoming in: Review of Economics and Statistics
We study the effect of birth order on personality traits among men using population data on enlistment records and occupations for Sweden. We find that earlier born men are more emotionally stable, persistent, socially outgoing, willing to assume responsibility, and able to take initiative than later-borns. In addition, we find that birth order affects occupational sorting; first-born children are more likely to be managers, while later-born children are more likely to be self-employed. We also find that earlier born children are more likely to be in occupations that require leadership ability, social ability and the Big Five personality traits. Finally, we find a significant role of sex composition within the family. Later-born boys suffer an additional penalty the larger the share of boys among the older siblings. When we investigate possible mechanisms, we find that the negative effects of birth order are driven by post-natal environmental factors. We also find evidence of lower parental human capital investments in later-born children.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Source Newsroom: Johns Hopkins
MEDIA ADVISORY: Hurricane Sandy – 8 to 10 million cumulative power outages predicted
An engineer at The Johns Hopkins University is predicting power outages for 8 to 10 million people in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy.
Please note: A multicolored map of power outage predictions is available. Email _EMAIL_.
Newswise — Hurricane Sandy is weakening and moving faster than anticipated. Therefore a computer model developed by an engineer at The Johns Hopkins University is now predicting fewer power outages than initially expected. Seth Guikema is predicting that an overall cumulative total of 8 to 10 million people will lose power in the wake of the hurricane, based on the last storm track and intensity forecast at 2 a.m. EDT on Tuesday, Oct. 30.
It is important to note that the computer model predicts cumulative outages, not peak outages. Cumulative means the total count of anyone who has lost power, versus peak, which is the number of people without power at any one point in time. For instance, in Maryland, the local utility company reported approximately 290,000 cumulative power outages as of 10:30 a.m. on Monday, Oct. 29, but their peak was approximately 210,000 because they were actively restoring outages while new outages were occurring.
Guikema (pronounced Guy-keh-ma) has been tracking Hurricane Sandy since late last week using his computer model, which in the early days of the storm used outage data from 11 hurricanes to estimate the fraction of customers who will lose power, based on expected gust wind speed, expected duration of strong winds greater than 20 meters per second, and population density. As the storm progressed, the model incorporated the actual track of the storm as well as the forecast. The predicted number of outages fluctuated throughout the storm based on the available forecast data.
Guikema's model may help power companies allocate resources by predicting how many people will be without power and where the most outages will take place, and it provides information that emergency managers can use to better prepare for storms. Guikema, an assistant professor in the Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering at the Johns Hopkins Whiting School of Engineering, says the goal is to restore power faster and save customers money.
To speak to with Guikema contact Amy Lunday at _PHONE_ or _EMAIL_.
Johns Hopkins University news releases can be found on the World Wide Web at _URL_
Information on automatic E-mail delivery of science and medical news releases is available at the same address.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Advances in Circular Culture Tank Engineering to Enhance Hydraulics, Solids Removal, and Fish Management
design, engineering, fish production, food, hydraulics, inlet, mechanisms, production, productivity, strategy, structures, tank
Large economies have been achieved in the production of food fish with the use of larger systems and enhanced production management strategies. These trends have also included use of larger circular culture tanks because of their many advantages for food fish production. Circular tanks make good culture vessels because they can provide a uniform culture environment, can be operated under a wide range of rotational velocities to optimize fish health and condition, and can be used to rapidly concentrate and remove settleable solids. However, the flow inlet and outlet structures and fish grading and/or removal mechanisms must be properly engineered to reduce the labor requirement to handle fish and to obtain effective tank rotational characteristics, mixing, and solids flushing. This paper reviews and discusses the rationale and criteria needed to design circular culture tanks. In addition, the implementation of continuous production and satiation feeding strategies within circular culture tanks is discussed because of their large and often under-emphasized effect on overall system productivity.
This document is currently not available here.


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The very first thing which needs to be addressed when building a DIY synthesiser is how will it all be powered? Traditionally, synthesisers require both positive and negative voltages, which makes putting together a suitable power supply slightly trickier than it may at first seem. By convention, audio signals generated by an oscillator should have an amplitude of around 10V centred on ground (-5V at the lowest point, +5V at the highest). Therefore, the power supply needs to deliver voltages that are above ±5V. The most common supply voltages are ±9V (for battery operated systems), ±12V (for Eurorack modules) and ±15V. In this tutorial, I'll discuss the three most common circuit designs used to provide power for modular synthesisers.
Note: Some of the circuits described in this post use mains power, and can be dangerous if built incorrectly. Since all other circuits in the synthesiser depend on a stable source of power, making a mistake in the power supply can cause a variety of issues to any connected modules. If you don't have the experience or equipment to build your own power supply from scratch, I would encourage you to get a pre-assembled one or a circuit board kit instead!
Image showing my DIY dual power supply used to power a basic oscillator module.
1. Series Battery Method
One of the simplest ways to create a dual power supply is by using two sets of batteries. The batteries are connected in series, so that the positive terminal of one battery is attached to the negative terminal of the second battery. When this middle connection is used as the ground reference for the circuit, you will be able to get a positive and negative voltage from the batteries, as shown in the circuit diagram below. For small and portable synthesisers, this is often done using two 9V batteries as I've demonstrated on a breadboard in the image below. Since the voltage of both batteries will drop as the power is drained, we also need to include voltage regulators which ensure a stable voltage is supplied to the synthesiser. In the image below, you can see that the batteries I am using are almost empty as the voltage measured by my multimeter is only -7.11V.
This method only works when one or both voltage sources are said to be "floating". This means that the power source is not connected to any absolute reference voltage, such as a connection to Earth. All batteries are floating power sources, however wired power supplies often aren't. For example, if the negative terminal of both voltage sources is connected to ground, then attaching the positive and negative terminals of both sources together will simply create a short-circuit; this is something I would encourage you to avoid!
 - Benefits:
 - Very easy to implement and troubleshoot.
 - Relatively Portable.
 - Voltage can be increased by adding more batteries in series.
 - The battery life and maximum output current can be increased by adding more batteries in parallel.
 - Disadvantages:
 - Batteries constantly need to be replaced!
 - The voltage of the batteries will drop as they run out (as seen in the image), so an additional power regulator IC will still be required.
2. Dual AC to DC Rectification
The electricity being supplied in the mains socket alternates from a positive to a negative voltage many times a second (230V 50Hz in Europe, 120V 60Hz in the US). What we want to do is reduce this voltage down to a lower and more manageable voltage, taking the positive half of the AC signal to supply the positive output and the negative half for the negative output. This process requires the following steps:
 - Step down the high voltage being supplied by the mains to a lower voltage using a transformer.
 - Rectify the AC signal into a positive and negative signal using diodes.
 - Smooth out the voltage using capacitors.
 - Generate a stable output voltage using power regulators.
a. Half-wave Rectifier Circuit
This is the power supply design I used in my synthesiser, and it is probably the most common design used by DIY synth builders. This design is often preferred to the Full-wave Rectifier as you can use a commercial wall plug transformer to convert the mains power down to 12V AC, which is used by the power supply. This means that your circuit does not directly come into contact with the mains power, making it a little bit safer to work with (but you still need to be careful!).
Important: You need to make sure that the wall plug transformer you use outputs 12V alternating current, and not 12V direct current. The 12V DC plugs are a lot more common, so it may take some searching to find the correct type of 12V AC plug. Also make sure that the plug you get is rated for a current of at least 1000mA or above, and that the mains voltage input rating is correct for the country you are in.
An example of a half-wave rectifier circuit is shown in Schematic 2 below. The circuit takes in a 12V AC signal from the wall plug, and converts it into a stable positive and negative 12V output. I have seen many variations of this circuit, using a wide variety of different capacitor values.
Schematic 2: Half-wave Rectification Circuit
How does it work?
 1. The circuit takes in a 12V alternating current signal from the wall plug transformer. 12V AC refers to the root mean square (RMS) value of the signal. This signal has a peak voltage of ±17V, as shown in the waveform diagram below.
 2. The diode D1 only allows the positive half of the AC signal to pass through, while D2 lets negative voltages through. This process is known as half-wave or half-bridge rectification, since only half of the AC waveform is used to power each of the voltage outputs. As a result, each output can theoretically only output half of the power (and consequently current) delivered by the wall plug transformer. The peak voltage of the rectified signals is ±16.3V, since the diodes introduce a 0.7V drop into the circuit.
 3. The capacitors smooth out the waveform, ensuring that a more continuous voltage is being supplied to the voltage regulators. The reasoning behind selecting this specific capacitance value is discussed in the next section.
 4. The LM7812 and LM7912 voltage regulators ensure that the outputs of the power supply stay at a stable +12V and -12V respectively. If you want to get +15V and -15V outputs instead, you can use a 15V AC power plug and replace these with the LM7815 and LM7915 regulators. If you are putting together your own circuit, watch out as the input, output and ground pins are in a different order on the positive and negative voltage regulators.
 5. Capacitors C3 and C4 are mainly included to improve the transient response of the power supply; the capacitor can provide brief bursts of high current when there are sudden changes in load being applied to the power supply. According to the data-sheet for the negative voltage regulator LM7912, for stability the capacitor C4 should be at least 1μF (using a tantalum capacitor) or 10μF (using an electrolytic capacitor). The higher value of 100μF was chosen to give an additional factor of safety over this minimum value.
 6. The two LEDs are there to indicate that there is power at the outputs. Some negative power regulators also require a minimum load to be applied at the output before they start up, so the LEDs help to provide that load.
 7. According to the data-sheet for LM7912, the diode D4 is required when large capacitors such as C10 are used at the input. The diode prevents momentary input short circuits, which can occur when the circuit is powered up or down. The LM7812 does not necessarily need this, but I put D6 in for good measure.
 8. The data sheet for both LM7812 and LM7912 specify that D5 and D3 should be present to prevent latch-up problems. These components act as clamping diodes, helping to protect the regulators from reversed polarity on the outputs. If one regulator starts up before the other one, devices such as operational amplifiers (op amps) can latch up and cause a short circuit between both power rails. This can prevent the second regulator from starting up. The diodes (preferably Schottkey) prevent the positive output from going below -0.3V and the negative output going above 0.3V, allowing both regulators to start up and the latch up condition to stop.
Diagram showing the main steps of the half-wave rectification process
How to choose the capacitor values?
Why are there two capacitors at the input of each power rail (C1 & C7, C2 & C10)? How were the values of these capacitors chosen? I've looked at several schematics for half-wave rectifiers and there seems to be a lot of variance in what the capacitance value should be.
Generally there is one small non-electrolytic capacitor close to the input of each power regulator, which helps to stabilise, filter and smooth the input (C1 and C2). Usually this is between 100nF to 1μF. Small capacitors (ceramic, polyester, tantalum etc.) tend to be better than larger electrolytic film capacitor at filtering out high-frequency noise from the signal.
Then there is a bank of large electrolytic capacitors connected in parallel (C7 and C


Let me introduce myself. I'm Daniel (aka QuantumBear), Cofounder of TunnelBear. My blog posts will be technical and focus on coding and development of TunnelBear apps and services.
At TunnelBear we are big fans of the Play Framework and Scala. So in my first post, I'm kicking things off with a little explanation of how to get started with user authentication in the Play framework. Along the way we will see a few common concepts used in Scala code such as functions as first class objects, case classes, pattern matching, options, implicits and traits.
The finished code for this project is available here.
First a look at what a standard API endpoint, or Action, looks like in the Play Framework v2.x:
def hello = Action { Ok("hello") }
To construct an Action we pass it some code that returns a Result (in this case, the OK result). Note that the argument to create an Action is actually a function itself. In this case a function that takes no arguments (sometimes called a code block) and that returns a Result.
Being able to pass functions as parameters like this is a key difference between Java and Scala and we will be making good use of it going forward.
For authenticated APIs, we found ourselves repeatedly checking usernames and passwords in the same way throughout the codebase. For example, if a user is defined like this:
'case class User(username:String, password:String) {
def checkPassword(password: String): Boolean = this.password == password }
//User lookup
object User {
def find(username: String):Option[User] = users.filter(_.username == username).headOption
Then the authenticated actions might look like this:
def helloUser(username:String, password:String) = Action { val user:Option[User] = User.find(username).filter(_.checkPassword(password)) user match { case Some(user) => Ok(s"hello ${user.username}") case None => Forbidden("I don't know you") } }
Wouldn't it be nice if we could write code that acted directly on a User object without explicitly handling authentication every time? Perhaps actions like this:
def helloUser(username:String, password:String) = AuthenticateMe(username:String, password:String) { user:User => Ok(s"hello ${user.username}") }
How do we go about constructing AuthenticateMe?
Well it's a method that needs to return an Action, and its argument is a username, password and a User => Result function. We just need to handle the two cases where authentication succeeds and fails, returning a Forbidden result in the failure case and executing argument function otherwise:
def AuthenticateMe(username:String, password:String)(f: User => Result) = Action { val user:Option[User] = User.find(username).filter(_.checkPassword(password)) user match { case Some(user) => f(user) case None => Forbidden("I don't know you") } }
All that has been done here is factor out the common authentication and error handling code and make the dynamic part (i.e. the code that gives us a Result from a User) an argument.
AuthenticateMe is making use of Options and Pattern Matching, two useful Scala constructs described nicely in The Neophyte's Guide to Scala
Taking things further:
Passing the username and password around is a little clunky, and what about handling other forms of authentication like cookies?
Let's aim for something like this:
def helloUser = AuthenticateMe { user => Ok(s"hello ${user.username}") }
But how are the username, password or cookie to be accessed now?
First, let's dig a bit deeper into actions:
An Action actually takes a function of type Request => Result as an argument, where the Request holds information about the incoming http request such as it's parameters, headers, cookies etc. So you can think of an Action as telling the Play Framework how to convert an incoming http request to a response, which it can then render.
In the above examples we didn't need to use the Request object explicitly and so used an Action constructor which ignores the Request. Actions can also be written with the request like this:
def hello = Action { request => Ok("hello") }
In order to get at the authentication details this time, the request parameter is needed.
First a few helpers that extract useful information from requests:
'object AuthUtils {
def parseUserFromCookie(implicit request: RequestHeader) = request.session.get("username").flatMap(username => User.find(username))
def parseUserFromQueryString(implicit request:RequestHeader) = {
val query = request.queryString.map { case (k, v) => k -> v.mkString }
val username = query get ("username")
val password = query get ("password")
(username, password) match {
case (Some(u), Some(p)) => User.find(u).filter(user => user.checkPassword(p))
case _ => None
def parseUserFromRequest(implicit request:RequestHeader):Option[User] = {
parseUserFromQueryString orElse parseUserFromCookie
parseUserFromQueryString looks for "username" and "password" http parameters in the request, and if found attempts to return the authorised user. If no user is found there, the fallback is to look for a signed cookie containing the username.
Note the use of the implicit keyword for the request parameter.
If a parameter to a function is marked as implicit, the parameter does not need to be explicitly passed in. For this to work, you have to mark a suitable value as implicit somewhere in the scope of the function.
This can clean up code where the same parameter is passed to multiple functions.
Here is the improved version of our authentication wrapper:
def AuthenticateMe(f: User => Result) = Action { implicit request => val user = AuthUtils.parseUserFromRequest user match { case Some(user) => f(user) case None => Forbidden("I don't know you") } }
There are times when you need finer control over what kind of users can access an api.
Let's extend our users so they now have a "premium" status and also a balance:
case class User(username:String, password:String, isPremium:Boolean, balance:Int) { def checkPassword(password: String): Boolean = this.password == password }
We might like to restrict an API to only those users who meet specific conditions. If we can define some traits that can be mixed in with a Controller, we can tell at a glance which users can access which API.
For example, for an API which only "premium users with a balance of at least 8" can access, constructing traits like PremiumUsersOnly and BalanceCheck might be handy. The aim is this:
'object PaidApplication extends Controller with Authentication with PremiumUsersOnly with BalanceCheck {
//set required balance here
override def getRequiredBalance = 8
//only premium user's with balance of at least 8 should be allowed through
def helloUser = AuthenticateMe {
Condition is a new type we define which is simply shorthand for "a function that takes a User and returns either a pass, or a fail". The Either type will suit us well as a return type, being either a Right on success or a Left on failure. Either is like an extended Option that can not only signal a failure, but also hold information about the failure:
'object Conditions {
type Condition = (User => Either[String, Unit])
val isPremiumUser:Condition = {
user => if(user.isPremium)
Left("User must be premium")
def balanceGreaterThan(required:Int):Condition = {
user => if(user.balance > required)
Left(s"User balance must be > $required")
AuthenticateMe now has to check not only the username and password as before, but also additional conditions on the user. Here are the additions neededin the Authentication trait:
'trait Authentication {
self:Controller =>
//additional conditions
var accessConditions: List[Conditions.Condition] = List.empty
val user = AuthUtils.parseUserFromRequest
Forbidden("Invalid username or password")
else {
//username and password check have been passed.
//collectFirst will return the first condition in the Left state (i.e. error state)
accessConditions.map(condition => condition(user.get)).collectFirst[String]{case Left(error) => error}
match {
case Some(error) => Forbidden(s"Conditions not met: $error")
case _ => f(user.get)
The Authentication trait holds a list of conditions which are tested after authentication is complete. If any of these Conditions fail, then we get the error message of the first one and display it to the user with a 403 Forbidden status code.
Finally we can define our traits which will add to the accessCondtions list as they are mixed in to the controller:
'trait PremiumUsersOnly {
self:Authentication =>
accessConditions = accessConditions :+ Conditions.isPremiumUser
trait BalanceCheck {
self:Authentication =>
def getRequiredBalance:Int
accessConditions = accessConditions :+ Conditions.balanceGreaterThan(getRequiredBalance)
} '
Add a couple of users:
val users = List(User("_EMAIL_", "password", true, 10), User("_EMAIL_", "password", true, 3))
If Alice tries to access the helloUser api she will be denied:
curl -v _URL_\&password\=password < HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden Conditions not met: User balance must be > 8
Whereas Bob will be allowed through:
curl -v _URL_\&password\=password < HTTP/1.1 200 OK hello _EMAIL_
Complete code samples are available here.


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TF5800 manual: the remote control
Remote control buttons and their functions
1. Power.
PowerUse this button to switch the PVR in and out of standby mode.
2. Mute
MutePress mute to temporarily switch off the sound; press again to switch it back on.
3. TV/Radio
TV/RadioSwitch the PVR between television and radio channels.
4. Satellite
SatelliteThis button switches the output of the main SCART socket between the PVR's picture and the device connected to the secondary SCART socket.
5. Opt
OptThe Opt button gives access to additional features, such as subtitles, favourites, soundtracks and the sleep timer.
6. Numeric keys
These are used to enter channel numbers and menu options. The 0 key also cycles through picture size options.
7. Recall
RecallThe Recall button switches between the current channel and the previously viewed one.
8. Info
InfoPress i to display more information about the current programme or a programme highlighted in the EPG.
9. Guide
GuideThe Guide button displays the Electronic Programme Guide (EPG).
10. Menu
MenuUse this button to access the PVR's menus, or to return to the previous menu from a sub-menu.
11. List
ListPress List once to display a list of all the channels stored for TV or Radio. Press it again when the list is displayed to select a group of Favourite channels.
12. Exit
ExitPress Exit to leave the current screen.
13. V+, V-
V+V-These buttons increase and decrease the volume. In some screens, they also work as right and left movement keys.
14. P+/P-
P+P-The P+ and P- buttons move to the next or previous channel in the channel list or the current Favourites list. In some screens, they also work as up and down movement keys.
15. OK/List
OK/ListThe OK button is used to select items in menus, and in interactive services. When viewing live TV, it displays the channel list, and when viewing a recordings, it will display the list or recordings in the archive.
16. Up and down keys
UpDownIn system menus, the up and down keys allows you to choose an item from the menu. They are also used to navigate through the electronic programme guide, and in interactive services.
17. Left and right keys
LeftRightIn system menus, left and right keys allow you to change the options for a menu item. They are also used to navigate through the electronic programme guide, and in interactive services.
18. Rewind
RewindPress to reverse playback; press again to increase speed, or hold down to move along the progress bar.
19. Play
PlayPress to go to normal playback speed, or to display the progress bar for faster navigation when playback has already started.
From the Archive, press to resume playback from the last position.
20. Fast forward.
Fast forwardPress to start fast forward, and again to increase playback speed, or hold down to move along the progress bar.
21. Stop
StopPress to stop playback, to stop a recording, or to jump back to live TV from time shifted television.
22. Record
RecordPress to start a recording.
23. Pause
PausePress to pause playback of a recorded programme or live television.
24. Slow motion
SlowThis button starts slow motion playback. Subsequent presses change the speed of playback.
25. PiP move
PiPPress this button once to start the Picture in Picture (PiP) function. Press again to change the position of the Picture in Picture, and to turn it off.
26. Archive
ArchiveThis button displays the list of recorded programmes that have been saved on your PVR's hard disk.
27. Text button
TextThe Text button is used to access or leave interactive services, such as BBCi and Teletext.
28. PiP Swap
PiP switchThis button swaps the Picture in Picture with the main picture.
29. White key
WhiteWhen the PiP function is being used, this key displays a list so that you can choose which channel is displayed in the smaller picture.
When the Progress Bar is displayed, it allows you to select a section of a programme for repeat playback or editing.
Colour keys
The coloured keys on the remote control are used by interactive services, such as BBCi or Teletext – for example, you may see a message on screen asking you to 'Press Red.' The keys are also used in some of the PVR menus, where you will usually see an on screen message telling you which key to use for which function.
Next: rear panel connections


text:
to a workflow as part of the wrapping process.
In this subsection we briefly describe four wrapping features supported by Vortex. These are illustrated using a simplified application environment, based on a mortgage application workflow (MortW). We have chosen this example because it is simple and familiar, even though it involves the interaction of a human with a workflow rather than the interaction of two or more workflows.
For the example, we assume that MortW takes in values including SS#, employer, income, assets, debt, and address_of_house. Under certain conditions additional data may be gathered from the applicant, e.g., if self-employed. The workflow will also interact with other systems, e.g., to access data from a credit reporting agency, and possibly with other workflows, e.g., to obtain the appraised value of the house.
Translations and data mappings. The first wrapping feature focuses on translating values and data structures as the pass from one workflow to another. One example is translating currencies, e.g., if a mortgage applicant is holding assets in foreign countries but the mortgage workflow assumes only US currency. The translation might be based on a simple table look-up or multiplier, or it might incorporate factors such as the stability of the countries where the foreign assets are held. The translation process might rely on both internal and external data sources, or on interaction with an external workflow.
Suppose that MortW relies on applicant input concerning existing debt and repayment schedules. An intricate translation could be developed, so that this data can be gleaned from a credit reporting agency report rather than from the applicant. The translation would include restructuring and interpretation of data in various fields of the report. In some cases heuristics might be used to convert data from the report into a form suitable for MortW. Enabling conditions and decision modules are useful when heuristics are used in the conversion process.
Semantic enrichment. A natural extension of the data translation feature just mentioned is semantic enrichment to a participating workflow. Suppose that the bank wishes to streamline processing for applications involving houses in certain neighborhoods. The coordination system could identify these applications and present to MortW credit data from a credit reporting agency for these applications (whereas other applicants would have to supply their own credit data). Another semantic enrichment would be to augment the integrity checking occurring within MortW. For example, additional checks or restrictions might be applied to applicants whose credit card debt has been high for more than 4 years, even though MortW looks only at the current credit card debt.
Flexibility in information gathering. As explained above, Vortex workflows focus on the collection of attribute values, and restrict the order of this collection only as needed to satisfy data input/output requirements. In some cases this can permit significant flexibility in the order of activities when an individual or workflow is interacting with another workflow. To illustrate, suppose that MortW initially asks the applicant for 30 values, and may come back for additional values depending on the individual situation. If MortW is a Vortex workflow, or if the coordination interface is able to hide irrelevant ordering relationships between data requests, then the applicant will have the option of providing input values singly, rather than as a complete group. In particular, this may allow MortW to start working sooner, and to reduce the overall response time for the workflow instance.
Furthermore, it may arise that some requested values are determined to be unneeded as the result of working with already provided values. As a simple example, the applicant may have provided information on income, assets and credit card debt, but not on automobile debt. If the credit card debt is high enough to yield a denial, then the workflow need not wait for the automobile debt before issuing its response.
Informative workflow status and historical reports. The focus of Vortex on attribute values also offers the possibility of highly informative status reports, that focus on the current "snapshot" of the workflow instance. This snapshot will show what data has been gathered, what decisions have been made, and what additional data and processing must be performed. Ordering relationships not implied by data flow can largely be ignored in such reports. More generally, the set of current and completed snapshots can be represented as a relation (a set of tuples) that permits the status checking using SQL queries.
3.3 Workflow interoperation
The use of a Vortex-based coordination system offers tremendous flexibility with regards to managing the interoperation between workflows. As indicated above, the workflows might work in a consumer-producer model, or collaborate as equals. Furthermore, the Vortex programs in the coordination system can support highly differentiated responses to incoming events. For example, the status of a workflow can be checked at different times, and the response to a workflow that is delayed could vary based on numerous factors.
We now mention some additional benefits of using a Vortex-based coordination system.
Analysis of data flow. One issue in integration is to avoid situations that two or more workflows wait for the completion of evaluating attributes from each other in a deadlock situation. With a Vortex-based coordination system, tools can be developed for static analysis using graphand logic-oriented techniques (e.g., see [HLS+98]).
Integration. A Vortex-based coordination system offers several functionalities useful in connection with supporting a unified interface against two or more workflows. To illustrate, we suppose that the bank using MortW also offers homeowner's insurance using a workflow called InsW, with input values included SS#, employer, value_of_house, and value_of_belongings.
Suppose that an individual is applying for both a mortgage (against MortW) and a home-owner's insurance policy (against InsW) for this home. The simplest functionality supports the sharing of input values, e.g., the applicant can provide shared attributes such as SS#, employer, and address of house just once. These input values can be translated if necessary.
Another functionality is to use values computed by one workflow as input to another. For example, in normal operation InsW may need the appraised value of the house. When being run in conjunction with MortW, the appraised value can be obtained from MortW. This kind of interaction is especially convenient in the context of Vortex workflows, which are flexible with regards to the order in which input values are provided.
More sophisticated integration can be achieved by incorporating semantically enriched wrapping. Suppose that InsW has an integrity check on the relationship between the value_of_house and the value_of_belongings to be insured. If the two workflows are run together, then a more sophisticated check can be made, that incorporates information about assets, debt, etc. This check can be created as part of the coordination system, and would not require changes to the underlying workflows.
[HLS+98] R. Hull, F. Llirbat, J. Su, G. Dong, B. Kumar, G. Zhou. "Adaptive Execution of Workflow: Analysis and Optimization". Bell Labs Technical Report, November, 1998.
[HLS+99] R. Hull, F. Llirbat, E. Simon, J. Su, G. Dong, B. Kumar, G. Zhou. "Declarative Workflows that Support Easy Modification and Dynamic Browsing." Proc. Int. Joint Conf. on Work Activities Coordination and Collaboration, 1999.
[HM85] D. Heimbigner and D. McLeod. "A Federated Architecture for Information Management." ACM Transactions on Office and Information Systems, 3(3), 1985.
[KS95] N. Krishnakumar and A. Sheth. "Managing Heterogeneous Multi-Systems Tasks to Support Enterprise-Wide Operations." Distributed and Parallel Databases 3(2), 1995.
[MWF92] R. Medina-Mora, H. Wong, P. Flores. "The ActionWorkflow as the Enterprise Integration Technology." In Proc. of ACM Conf. on Computer Supported Collaborative Work, 1992.
[SSE+95] T. R. Smith, J. Su, A. El Abbadi, D. Agrawal, G. Alonso, and A. Saran. "Computational Modeling Systems." Information Systems, 20(2):127-153, 1995.
[WFMC96] The Workflow Management Coalition Workflow Standard -- Interoperability Abstract Specification. Document Number WFMC-TC-1012, 1996.
[WFMC98] The Workflow Management Coalition Audit Data Specification. Document Number WFMC-TC-1015, 1998.


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Five Reasons Christians Should Embrace Economic Freedom
A very helpful article by Anne Bradley at The Institute for Faith, Work, and Economics.
Here's a great part, which shows the connection between our mandate as Christians to care for the poor and the importance of economic freedom as a means of enabling the poor to lift themselves from poverty:
Reason #2: We are Called to Serve the Poor
We are told in Scripture that the righteous care about justice for the poor.14 Christians believe that poverty is an affront to human dignity. Justice means enabling the poor to elevate their dignity by helping them escape the trappings of poverty. There is no other way of organizing society that has lifted more people out of poverty than global markets which are supported by economic freedom. According to a recent Brookings Report, nearly half a billion people escaped living at or below the poverty line between 2005 and 2010. Never before in history have so many found liberation from poverty in such a short time. The report goes on to say that the change is driven by the highest levels of sustained economic growth ever recorded in the developing world.15
The principles of economic freedom provide a blueprint for human flourishing. Markets consist not of a physical place, but of a mechanism of human coordination and cooperation. They bring unique individuals together to trade their time and talents in the service of others. For example, greater flourishing fostered by economic freedom ensures that poor women can open businesses without being overburdened by regulations and entry barriers that would keep them in poverty.


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Calculating Fuel Tank Capacity
If you're curious about your fuel tank capacity, here is a simple formula to determine the size of your gas tank in gallons.
Simply multiply the length, width, and height (L x W x H) of the gas tank, then divide the total by 231. 231 is the number of cubic inches in one gallon of gasoline.
There are other formulas used for cylindrical tank volumes, however, we use this formula because most Jeep gas tanks are rectangular.
One thing to note when calculating fuel tank capacity is that some tanks can hold more volume than advertised, but you should only fill it to the specified limit when you purchased the item.
For Example, a Cherokee XJ tank measuring 33 inches long, 20 inches wide, and 13 inches high will result in a 37-gallon capacity. However, you may see it advertised as a 20-gallon tank. It may also be because the tank has a pan and internal vent within, occupying space that would otherwise be occupied by gas. When determining your Jeep tank volume, you should slowly fill the tank to avoid overfilling.
Refer to our fuel system diagrams to ensure you're getting the right tank and accessories for your restoration project.


without an option to exit in a sale).
 - Business Plan: An investor should consider linking the investment to an agreed business plan (incorporating a budget), so that the investment must be applied in the manner set out in that plan and the company must otherwise follow the agreed plan (which is renewed annually by agreement). If the investment is tranched, the milestones will be drawn from the business plan to ensure the company remains on track with the agreed plan.
 - Reserved Matters: Any shareholders' agreement for a growth company with financial investors typically contains a requirement that specified key decisions are approved by a special majority, often a board majority which includes a director appointed by the investors or independent directors or, in the case of shareholders decisions, a percentage greater than 50% (eg. 75%), sometimes with an additional requirement that such majority includes a majority of the investor shares.
The reserved decisions typically include any significant capital expenditure or acquisitions or dispositions, any material borrowings (or the giving of any security), any alterations to share capital or the company's constitution, approval of the annual business plan (or significant departures from the approved plan), appointments of key people and other significant decisions which could materially affect value or the risk profile of the company. Clearly an investor will seek a wider ambit of the reserved decisions if it is acquiring a minority shareholding and an active investor will be particularly concerned to ensure that its approval is required for any departures from the business plan which formed the basis of its investment. At the same time parties should be conscious of minimising the risk that the development of the company's business as intended can be thwarted by a deadlock over a reserved matter (in some cases a suitable resolution mechanism to resolve any deadlock is appropriate).
 - Board Control: The company is controlled and governed by the board and board control is generally more important than shareholder voting rights. A minority investor will typically seek to ensure that the balance of power on the board is vested in independent directors who are acceptable to the investor.
 - Key Person Provisions: For most investments in growth companies therewill be certain key people (usually founders and key management personnel) who are important to the future success of the company. An investor should consider whether adequate arrangements are in place to ensure those people are sufficiently incentivised to remain with the company for a specified period to optimise the company's success and that they are fully aligned to achieving that success. Typically these key people are restricted from selling shares for a specified period and may be subject to reverse vesting provisions, such that they give up shares if they leave the company within a specified period (where the number of shares which are at risk of reverse vesting reduces proportionately over the relevant period). The treatment of a key person who leaves the company usually has regard to whether they are classified as a good leaver or bad leaver.
Other provisions
In addition to the above, the investor should ensure that the generic provisions typical in any investment/shareholders' agreement provide the investor with an appropriate level of information and control over its investment, reflecting the value of the investment to the company in the current market. This will include ensuring that:
 - the investor has appropriate board representation and voting rights at both board and shareholder level;
 - the quorum provisions and manner in which both board and shareholder meetings are conducted do not expose the investor to undue risk of decisions being made without the investor being able to exercise its voting rights;
 - the investor receives requisite financial and other information as and when required to monitor the investment and exercise its investor rights;
 - there are appropriate mechanisms (which work for the investor) to deal with any potential voting deadlock which might jeopardise the company's operations and its ability to achieve the business plan (including a forced buy-sell mechanism where such a deadlock arises, if that is more likely to favour the investor);
 - the investor has appropriate buy-out rights or other remedies for defaults by the company or other shareholders;
 - warranties are provided by both the company and existing key stakeholders (noting the limitations associated with enforcing warranties against the company which the investor has invested in), in respect of information provided and other risks existing at the time of investment.
While there are significant opportunities for investors investing in high growth companies, such investments are inherently high risk. It is important to structure the investment deal and the investment terms appropriately so that the inherent risks are managed to the extent that is practical.
The "right terms" are not just about the "right price". Other aspects of the deal which provide downside protection, leverage further upside and enhance the prospects of the investee company succeeding can be equally, if not more, influential. No matter how cheap the price it will still be a bad deal if the investment fails, so every effort should be made to include terms which manage the inherent business risks as far as practical. This should also entail a balancing of the interests of the investors and the existing shareholders to ensure that the key stakeholders' interests remain aligned with the company's success.
The fear of dilution in the future is often top of mind for both company founders and investors.
This section considers the case for anti-dilution protection from the respective perspectives of founders, investors and the company itself.
Should company founders and investors seek to prevent down-rounds happening through the company's constitutional documents?
It is not unheard of for founders or investors to insist on inclusion of a provision in the company's constitution or a shareholders' agreement which prohibits the company issuing shares at a lower price than the price they paid. However such a provision ignores commercial reality and is not in the company's best interests.
The value of any company will change from time to time, whether the shares are being traded or not. This is inevitable as the key determinants of company value (recent earnings performance, NTAV and future prospects) do not stand still. Accordingly, the underlying value of a company's shares will rarely be the same as the original issue price. If the value of a company and its shares has gone down, then it is very unlikely that the company will be able to raise additional equity capital at the original issue price. Yet that is often the very circumstance when a company needs new capital as factors which reduce value (eg poor trading) often result in the company needing additional capital to survive or recover its market position.
Even where a company seeking to raise new capital is optimistic that the required capital can be raised from existing shareholders without having to go out to find new investors, it will want to make any rights issue as attractive as possible, particularly if it is uncertain whether all shareholders will take up their proportionate share. The lower the issue price, the greater the dilution will be for non-participating shareholders and the more incentivised shareholders will be to participate. Shareholders who support the company through the hard times should receive some relative benefit compared to those who don't and they certainly should not pay more than fair market value at the time they give their support (taking full account of the risk profile and uncertainties which exist at that time).
If a company's constitution prohibits a down-round then in most cases that will just pose an additional procedural hurdle to issuing shares at a discounted price. The down-round issue can still proceed if the requisite majority support required to change the constitution is achieved (usually 75%). However, any required waiver of a similar prohibition in a shareholders' agreement will normally require unanimity (at least of the shareholders who are party to that agreement).
If a down-round is to be restricted, it is more sensible for the constitution or any collateral shareholders' agreement to specify any "super majority" or other special shareholder approvals which are required for it to occur than try to prohibit it. This at least avoids the additional procedural steps associated with a change to the constitution or an amendment to a shareholders' agreement.
When setting any "super majority" threshold or framing other special approval requirements, careful consideration should be given to the effective veto rights created and whether the parties who can block a down-round are likely to exercise that right responsibly with regard to the company's interests and not just their own.
Anti-dilution protection
Rather than trying to prohibit or restrict a down-round, it is more common and logical for investors to seek protection against the dilutionary effects of a down-round. The legal provisions which provide this protection are usually called "anti-dilution" provisions and typically operate by requiring additional shares to be issued at nominal value to the shareholders who have the protection, thereby reducing the dilution suffered when a down-round occurs. All existing shareholders will still be diluted if new shareholderssubscribe for shares, but the anti-dilution provisions will reduce the dilution in shareholding value which is suffered by the protected shareholders when new shares are issued at a reduced price.
Such provisions usually provide either full ratchet protection or weighted average ratchet protection, depending on the extent to which they reduce the average share price paid by the shareholders who benefit from the protection.
Under a full ratchet, the protected shareholders receive such number of additional shares as will reduce the average price they have paid for shares in the company to the lower price at which shares are issued in the down round.
There are a number of variations for weighted average ratchets (some are narrow based while others are broad based), but commonly the protected shareholders receive such number of additional shares as will reduce their average price to a weighted average of different issue prices. A narrow weighted average is typically a weighted average, according to relative amounts invested at the different prices, of the protected shareholders' previous average share price and the lower price for the new issue, while a broadly based weighted average will provide an average across a wider equity spectrum (possibly


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We have this very cool report from Michael Gochfeld, author with Joanna Burger of "Butterflies of New Jersey: A Guide to Their Status, Distribution, Conservation and Appreciation" (Rutgers University Press,1997):
Giant Swallowtails Appear in New Jersey
The Giant Swallowtail, a southern species of butterfly, that rarely visits New Jersey, is showing up in unprecedented numbers in many north Jersey localities in recent weeks.
Butterfly watchers from the North American Butterfly Association have been seeing Giant Swallowtails in various favorite butterflying haunts since early August, and numbers continue to increase, as new individuals arrive from the south. Several butterfly species tend to migrate northward in late summer, but some of the Giant Swallowtails may be the offspring of the few that were seen in New Jersey in 2007.
Although called "Giant", this swallowtail is only slightly larger than the very familiar and common Tiger Swallowtail from which it can be distinguished, by its entirely yellow under surface, and the broad yellow band across the black upper wing surface.
In the south the Giant Swallowtail caterpillars feed on various types of citrus, but in New Jersey their main plant host species is the Prickly Ash, Zanthoxylum americanum (which is not an ash at all). This bush is common in northern and western New Jersey, and Giant Swallowtails have been seen laying eggs which may give rise to future generations.
These striking butterflies can turn up anywhere in the state. Several butterfly-gardeners have reported individuals in central and even southern New Jersey, where Giant Swallowtails have been photographed nectaring at butterfly bush.
The "Butterflies of New Jersey" book by Michael Gochfeld and Joanna Burger considers this a vagrant, with only one or two records per decade, although it occurred more regularly fifty years ago. It was one of the victims of widespread pesticide use in the 1950s and 60s to control mosquitoes in residential communities and gypsy moths in state forests.
hi, tb -
this video was actually part of a larger story that appeared in print on Sunday. Hardy varieties were identified in that story, with details concerning their origin and culture contained in a graphic. click here to read the story:
or go to the nj.com home page and search on "palms."
We plant and we hope, but chances are we will have unripe tomatoes at the end of the season. Reader Pat Winecker of Flemington has kindly sent along a recipe for a green tomato relish.
Here is something to do with those green tomatoes, don't throw them on the compost pile.
Sweet Green Tomato Relish
2 quarts of chopped green tomatoes
2 chopped green pepppers
2 cups of chopped onion
1 pint of vinegar
1/4 cup of salt
3 cups of sugar
1/2 mixed pickling spices tied in a bag
The tomatoes don't need to be peeled, just coarsely chopped. This recipe is from WWII and was one that my mother made every summer with the red tomato chili.
Mix all ingredients together in a large pot and bring to a boil. Turn heat down and simmer slowly for 30 minutes, stirring occasionally. Remove the spice bag and pack the relish into pint or half pint jars. Process in a hot water bath** for 10 minutes. Yield about 4 pints.
**A hot water bath means putting the jars in a single level in a large flat bottom pot, cover the jars with water and bring to a boil, turn the heat down to simmer for 30 minutes. Lift the jars out of the water and allow them to cool, you'll know they sealed when each lid clicks or stays depressed in the center.
NOTE: I realize this may seem daunting to today's working woman, but it is very simple and requires no special equipment. Canning jars are available in supermarkets and the half pint jars with pretty lids make a terrific hostess gift. This relish tastes like the kind of green relish you put on hot dogs, only better!!


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25th arvid wretlind's lecture–silver anniversary, 25 years with ESPEN, the history of nutrition.
Sommaire de l'article
The development of nutrition and the knowledge of metabolism has increased exponentially during the last decades since the start of ESPEN. This article, based on the Arvid Wretlind lecture 2003 in Cannes, describes important historical and modern landmarks in the field. The presentation also highlights the important contributions made by Arvid Wretlind regarding the development of lipid emulsions and amino acid solutions. The last 25 years of nutritional development is very much linked to the modern history of ESPEN. The fruitful balance between research, industry and education is recognised. Publication Types: Historical Article Review


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Lilly's Purple Plastic Purse Activities
In this book activities worksheet, students read a paragraph about the book Lilly's Purple Plastic Purse, use sentence starters, write a song, use idioms, complete a spelling game, and complete a writing pattern. Students complete 5 activities.
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Wanted! A Few Good Friends
What are your scholars' rights and responsibilities? As part of a larger unit, this lesson references past activities. Use the discussion prompts to help scholars recall school rules, then read Lily's Purple Plastic Purse by...
1st - 3rd English Language Arts CCSS: Designed
Activities to Build Phonological Awareness
Begin your reading program each day with a mini lesson on phonological awareness using these engaging activities listed in the resource. Young ones will enjoy word families, clapping and counting syllables, identifying single sounds and...
Pre-K - 2nd English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable
Lilly's Purple Plastic Purse: Kevin Henkes
Kevin Henkes has composed a series of books in which Lilly the mouse is a main character. Third graders use illustrations and key details as they compare and contrast the books, Lilly's Purple Plastic Purse and another story staring the...
1st - 3rd English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable
Introducing the 6 Traits to Students
Put together an English language arts unit on the six traits of writing with this helpful collection of resources. From fun songs to differentiated writing exercises reinforcing each of the traits, great ideas are provided for developing...
K - 8th English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable
Story Elements: Lilly's Purple Plastic Purse by Kevin Henkes
In this story elements worksheet, learners respond after reading Lilly's Purple Plastic Purse by Kevin Henkes. Students identify the setting, main characters, problem and solution. Learners write their notes in purse shapes.
1st - 2nd English Language Arts
Doctor DeSoto's Foxy Persuasion
Who is Doctor DeSoto? Start by playing a video clip (included). Discuss different methods of persuasion, and then analyze two different persuasive letter examples. What should your class be looking for? Send them off to work in groups...
2nd - 4th English Language Arts
Introduce Vocabulary: Lilly's Purple Plastic Purse (Henkes)
Familiarize budding readers with new vocabulary in context as they listen you read Lilly's Purple Plastic Purse, which can be found on YouTube if you don't have in on hand. Recommended focus words here are: considerate, creative,...
K - 3rd English Language Arts


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- Before use, test marker on an inconspicuous area to check color match.
- Begin with a lighter shade marker. Note that after several applications the color will darken.
- Apply color to the damaged area using a light stroke and working in the direction of the wood grain. Immediately remove excess color using a soft cloth.
- If necessary, apply a second application to darken the color; note that after several applications the color will darken.
- Allow to dry completely before touching.
- After use, tightly cap the wood touch-up marker.
WOOD FILLER STICKS:
- Before use, test on an inconspicuous area to check color match.
- Use wax filler sticks to fill in nicks and gouges.
- Blend colors for better matching.
- BLACK: Ethanol- 1-methoxypropan -2-ol Yellow 1. Resin acids and Rosin acidshydrogenated- esters with glycerol Fenuron-Hydrogen propylamine.
- MAHOGANY: Ethanol- 1-methoxypropan -2-0l-Yellow 1-Resin acids and Rosin acids - hydrogenated-esters with glycerol FenuronHydrogen propylamine.
- WALNUT: Ethanol- 1-methoxypropan-2-ol-Yellow 1- Resin acids and Rosin acidshydrogenated- esters with glycerol FenuronHydrogen propylamine.
CAUTION: May cause harm to the unborn child. Vapor harmful. May produce discomfort of the respiratory system and skin. May cause drowsiness and dizziness, headache or nausea. Intentional misuse by concentrating and inhaling may be harmful or fatal. Use only with adequate ventilation. Highly irritating Fumes. Toxic when ingested. Avoid contact with eyes, skin or clothing. Cumulative effects may result following exposure. Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect. May possibly affect fertility. Inhalation, skin contact and/or ingestion may produce health damage. WARNING: Keep away from heat and flame. FIRST AID: Flush eyes with water for at least 15 minutes and seek medical attention. Wash skin thoroughly with soap and water. If swallowed, do not induce vomiting and seek immediate medical attention. KEEP AWAY FROM CHILDREN. WARNING: This product contains a chemical known to the State of California to cause birth defects or other reproductive harm.


Is Chocolate Keto-Friendly Or Not?
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Is Chocolate Keto-Friendly?
Chocolate is the most lovable food that gives you the maximum flavor, taste, aroma, and passionate satisfaction. This is the most consumed sweet food worldwide. No one feels reluctant to have the chocolate.
That is why it becomes difficult for keto dieters to maintain their sweet carvings. But, it is really important to know that chocolate is good for health and keto diet. If it is taken or used in an appropriate amount, chocolate is good. Let's explore the details about chocolate in your keto diet in this article.
Chocolate in keto diet
What Is Dark Chocolate?
This is a delicious and sweet food loaded with different nutrition's. It depends on the cocoa content, which gives you minerals, fiber, and antioxidants. On the other hand, it also contains carbs that are not good for the keto diet. This chocolate is made with a combination of cocoa, sugar, and fat.
There is no addition of milk solids which made it less sugary. It has more amount of cocoa than sugar. The addition of sugar practiced to reduce the bitterness of cocoa in the chocolate. Every kind of chocolate made differently according to their manufacturer. Which is why the content of cocoa and sugar may vary from brand to brand.
Cocoa quantity may make it look darker and give your lesser amount of sugar. High-quality dark chocolate has the flavonoids that are the powerful antioxidants. Moreover, it has more amount of flavonoids than other foods such as apple, red wine or black tea. This may give many benefits to your health by reducing the risk of heart diseases and support brain health.
Carbs Quantity In Chocolate
Carbs are found in each food, but their quantity varies. A few candies and sweets always had more amount of carbs which is not allowed in the keto diet. But, dark chocolate has a lower amount of carbs than other sweet foods.
High-quality dark chocolate has 70-80% cocoa which has 3g of fiber and 13g of carbs. So, consuming high-quality dark chocolate may gives you 10g net carbs. The availability of carbs is certainly sure in dark chocolate. So, you can manage it by taking an appropriate amount.
Can You Eat Dark Chocolate On Your Keto Diet?
Keto diet is a low-carb diet that restricts your carbs intake. You have to take a limited amount of carbs. So, dark chocolate has carb content, but you can choose it in a moderate amount when you are on a keto diet.
In a standard keto diet, you have to take 5% carbs in a day and taking 1 ounce of chocolate may allocate the daily carb intake. The quantity and quality of consumed chocolate are significant because what you eat will be included in your keto diet.
So, manage your carbs intake and avoid other high-carb foods if you have already consumed chocolate. Choose that chocolate which has high-quality manufacturing that has 70-80% cocoa solids. If you found a lesser amount of cocoa from 70%, then, avoid that kind of chocolate because it carries more amount of carbs.
Moreover, do not go for large servings and keep a balance in eating chocolate to maintain your daily carbs intake.
dark Chocolate is keto
How To Use Dark Chocolate Differently?
Dark chocolate is so yummy that you can add to your different recipes. There are various recipes that you can try to fuse it with different ingredients and increase its support for the keto diet. Here are some foods that you can add to your keto diet by blending with chocolate. They are:
You may have many other recipes related to dark chocolate and add into your keto diet.
Final Thought
Chocolate Is a Keto-Friendly food that can help you to have the fiber, minerals, and antioxidants to support your weight loss and maintain carbs for your keto diet. This is a keto-friendly food which not only gives you nutrition but also improves the quality of your keto diet.
This is a sweet treat which allures your taste buds and makes you fall in love with its fantastic flavor and texture. But, try to keep a balance between the quality and quantity of chocolate when you are on a keto diet.
Compromise on both of these things may affect your dieting outcomes and make it more challenging to maintain the ketosis. So, look at the quantity and quality of your chocolate before you eat.
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The sort order for files and folders whose names contain numerals is different in Windows Vista, Windows XP, and Windows Server 2003 than it is in Windows 2000
In this example, 401 is a numerically higher value than 6. Therefore, the Ie401sp2 folder is listed after the Ie6 folder when you sort the folders by name in ascending order. In the following example, note how the following files, whose names contain numerals, are sorted.
To configure a policy setting to modify sort order in Windows Vista, Windows XP, or Windows Server 2003Important This section, method, or task contains steps that tell you how to modify the registry. However, serious problems might occur if you modify the registry incorrectly. Therefore, make sure that you follow these steps carefully. For added protection, back up the registry before you modify it. Then, you can restore the registry if a problem occurs. For more information about how to back up and restore the registry, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
You can configure a policy setting to use either the newer sort order or the sort order that is used in Windows 2000. The policy setting is stored in the following registry entries:
- Click Start, click Run, type regedit, and then click OK.
- Use one of the following methods, as appropriate for your situation:
- To configure the policy for all users of the computer, locate and then click the following registry key:HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\Currentversion\Policies\Explorer
- To configure the policy for the current user, locate and then click the following registry key:HKEY_CURRENT_USER\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\Currentversion\Policies\Explorer
- To configure the policy for all users of the computer, locate and then click the following registry key:
- On the Edit menu, point to New, and then click DWORD Value
- Type NoStrCmpLogical, and then press ENTER.
- On the Edit menu, click Modify.
- To set the sort order that you want to use for files and folders whose names contain numerals, use one of the following methods, as appropriate for your situation:
- To configure Windows XP or Windows Server 2003 to use the method that Windows 2000 uses for sorting files and folders, in the Value data box, type 1, and the click OK.
- To configure the default Windows XP or Windows Server 2003 method for sorting files and folders, in the Value data box, type 0, and then click OK.
Note When theNoStrCmpLogicalvalue does not exist or when it is set to 0 (zero), the default Windows XP sort order is used.
- Exit Registry Editor, and then restart the computer.
Article ID: 319827 - Last Review: 08/28/2007 16:00:24 - Revision: 1.9
- kbhotfixserver kbqfe kbfix kbbug kbwinxpsp1fix KB319827


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Visitors can try producing DNA samples. The current methods for extracting DNA are simple and standardised. It is fairly easy to carry out this activity under the guidance of one or more researchers.
Target group: Suitable for a broad target group.
Preparations: Appoint someone who can run the activity. Decide on a venue and format. Organise the necessary materials and researchers. Market the activity.
Challenges: Ordering sufficient materials and finding people to run the activity.
Benefits: Experienced by many as an opportunity to try their hand at advanced research.


text:
Broad Differences in Alcohol, Tobacco
and Illegal Drug Use Across Countries
A survey conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO) research
consortium found that the United States had among the highest lifetime
rates of tobacco and alcohol use and led in the proportion of participants
reporting cannabis (marijuana) or cocaine use at least once during
their lifetime. The study, led by Dr. Louisa Degenhardt of the
University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia and colleagues,
looked at patterns in the use of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and
cocaine in 17 countries representing all six WHO regions (the Americas,
Europe, Asia, the Middle East, Africa and Oceania). The study,
funded in part by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA),
part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) is published in
the July 1, 2008 issue of the open access journal PLoS Medicine.
"These findings add to our understanding of substance abuse
world-wide, and suggest that drug use is still a major problem
in this country, pointing to the need for more effective prevention
interventions," said Dr. Elias A. Zerhouni, NIH director.
"A survey of lifetime use does not provide the entire picture;
however, because it does not reflect current use or trends over
time," said Dr. Volkow, sounding a note of caution. "For
example, although lifetime use of tobacco was reported by this
study to be 74 percent in the U.S., current use has been documented
at approximately 30 percent. Moreover, NIDA's Monitoring the Future
survey has been consistently reporting a decrease in the past year
use of illicit drugs over the past decade, so this survey may reflect
a longer history of drug use in certain countries relative to others,
but not necessarily current trends."
Among the significant findings of this study were:
- Across countries and across the drug types in this survey,
drug use is becoming more common over time.
- Males were more likely than females to have used all drug types
in all countries and all age groups.
- Younger adults were more likely than older adults to have used
- Those with higher incomes were more likely to have used legal
and illegal drugs.
- Alcohol had been used by the vast majority of survey participants
in the Americas, Europe, Japan, and New Zealand, compared to
smaller proportions in the Middle East, Africa and China.
- Alcohol use by age 15 was far more common in European countries
than in the Middle East or Africa.
- Lifetime tobacco use was most common in the United States (74
percent), Lebanon (67 percent) Mexico and the Ukraine (60 and
61 percent), followed by the Netherlands (58 percent.)
"In addition to the factors measured in this study, the role
of culture, drug availability and knowledge about drug use are
likely to be important in the types and patterns of drug use throughout
the world," said Dr. Nora D. Volkow, NIDA director. "Even
within the United States, rates and patterns of substance use differ
based on geographical location and ethnicity, among other factors."
The authors point out that the survey is limited to those countries
that had the resources and willingness to participate, and that
efforts were made to account for possible cultural differences
in participants' willingness to answer truthfully, which could
impact measures of actual drug use. For more information about
the survey Toward a Global View of Alcohol, Tobacco, Cannabis
and Cocaine Use: Findings from the WHO Mental Health Surveys, go
The National Institute on Drug Abuse is a component of the National
Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
NIDA supports most of the world's research on the health aspects
of drug abuse and addiction. The Institute carries out a large
variety of programs to inform policy and improve practice. Fact
sheets on the health effects of drugs of abuse and information
on NIDA research and other activities can be found on the NIDA
home page at _URL_.
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) — The Nation's
Medical Research Agency — includes 27 Institutes and Centers
and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
It is the primary federal agency for conducting and supporting basic,
clinical and translational medical research, and it investigates
the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases.
For more information about NIH and its programs, visit _URL_.


text:
The Steiner Problem in Phylogeny
One subject in the field of phylogenetics is finding the most probable evolutionary tree to a given set of DNA-sequences. If one assumes that mutations can only occur by alteration of single nucleotides, and each of these alternations occures with the same probability, then the "most probably" evolutionary tree is the one with the fewest alternations. This tree is also called the "most parsimony" tree. Thus finding the SMT over the given DNA-Sequences with Hamming metric gives us the most probable evolutionary tree, which gives information about the relatedness of species.


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B A Honours in English Programme (4 Years)
The syllabus of B. A. Honours in English Programme at the Sylhet International University, while focusing specifically on English language and literature, brings within its purview the society, culture, history, philosophy and religions of the whole world. The syllabus provides a preliminary grounding in the structure of English language and then purports to guide the student in an exploration of the famous works of the literary geniuses. As an undergraduate syllabus, introduction to both literature and linguistics have been attended to and the requirement of the student's knowing the local language namely Bengali as well the history and culture of Bangladesh have also been taken care of. The syllabus also equips the student with basic skills needed to be effective in the modern world. A students having successfully completed this syllabus at SIU will not only be well equipped for further studies in English language and literature but also will be able to cope with current business and social problems in an executive capacity.
B A Honours in English Programme requires a student to complete 126 credit hours which include 25 credit hours of general courses, 89 credit hours of core courses, 6 credit hours of elective courses, 3 credit hours of project / thesis and 3 credits for comprehensive viva voce.
|Types of Courses
||Number of Courses
|A. General Courses
|B. Core Courses
|C. Elective Courses
|D. Project / Thesis
|Viva Voce (Comprehensive)
1st Year 1st Semester
||Introduction to Bangla Bhasha
||English-I (Oral & Written Communication Skills)
||Introduction to English Literature I
1st Year 2nd Semester
||English-II (Language Composition & Comprehension)
||Introduction to Linguistics
||Critical Appreciation, Rhetoric and Prosody
||Socio-Political and Cultural History of England
||Introduction to English Literature II
2nd Year 1st Semester
||Language Skills: Reading and Writing
||Introduction to Bangla Sahitya
||Phonetics and Phonology
||History of English Literature
||Principles of Economics
2nd Year 2nd Semester
||Language Skills: listening and speaking
||Anglo-Saxon and Medieval English Literature
||Morphology and Syntax
||Government and Politics of Bangladesh
3rd Year 1st Semester
||English for Professional Purposes
||Aesthetics and Literary Movements
||Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century English Literature
||Advanced Expository Writings
3rd year 2nd Semester
||Restoration and 18th Century English Literature
||The Romantic Poets
4th Year 1st Semester
||English Language Teaching (ELT)
||English Literary Theory
||Greek and Latin Classics in Translation
||Structure of English
4th Year 2nd Semester
||Modern English Drama
||Modern English Novel
||Modern English Poetry
||Elective Course I
||Elective Course II
||Development of Modern English Language
||South Asian Literature
||Project / Thesis
||Viva Voce (Comprehensive)
||Total Credits required for degree
[Courses common with other faculties are not repeated here]
BAN 101: Introduction to Bangla Bhasha 3 Credits
Hum 101: English-1 (Oral and written Communication Skills) 3 Credits
Grammatical Focus: Grammatical and Structural aspects covering Parts of Speech, Tense, Voice, Clause,
Preposition, Degrees of Comparison, Synonyms and Antonyms, etc; identifying and Analyzing Grammatical errors including errors in Spelling and Punctuation.
Reading: Vocabulary Building; Comprehension; Interpretation; Summarizing
Writing: Letter Writing – Formal, Informal; Accepting and Declining Invitations; Paragraph Writing,
Precise Writing, Essay Writing
Speaking: Interactive Communication like Introducing Self, Greetings, Conversations, etc; Pronunciation:
Appropriate stress, intonation, clarity
Listening: Understanding – Spoken English, Formal English; Exercises
- Jones L., Alexander R., New International Business English (Communication Skills in English for Business Purposes), Cambridge University Press.
- NCERT, Knowing about English – A Book of Grammar and Phonology
- NCERT, Working with English – A Workbook
ENG 101: Introduction to English Literature I 3 Credits
Shakespeare : "Shall I compare thee to a Summer's day";
"My Mistress's Eyes are Nothing Like theSun."
Donne : "The Sunne Rising"; "Canonization."
- B. Shelley : "The Ode to the West Wind"
John Keats : "Ode on a Grecian Urn.", "To Autumn"
Tennyson : "Ulysses", "The Lotos-Eaters"
Browning : "My Last Duchess", "Fra Lippo Lippi"
Eliot : "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock."
Emily Dickinson : "I like to see it Lap the Miles"; "Because I could not stop for Death"
- Brooks and R.P. Warren : Understanding Poetry
- Shapiro and Beum : A Prosody Handbook
- Boulton : Anatomy of Poetry
- M.H. Abrams : A Glossary of Literary Terms
- X.J. Kennedy : An Introduction to Poetry, Fiction and Drama.
- Pranab kanti Deb :An Approach to the study of English Literature
HUM-111 Bangladesh Studies : History and Society of Bangladesh 3 Credits
Bangladesh-Geography of Bangladesh-History of Bangladesh: ancient, medieval, British periods, politics of 1930's and 1940's, Language movement, 6-point & 11-point programs, liberation war and emergence of Bangladesh and constitutional transformation of the state. Social structure of Bangladesh-Social problems such as repression of women, eve-teasing, urbanization, terrorism, communalism, corruption etc.
- Bangladesh Encyclopedia (English Version)
- History of Bengal (English Version) – K. Ali
- History of Bengal (English Version) – Majumder
- Economy of Bangladesh (Economic Journal)
CSE-100 Computer Skills 3 Credits
Computer fundamentals: Computer Hardware and Software: Role of information in business: Historical Review, Current Trends, Use of IT in different functional Area: Management, Finance, and Accounting, Production, Marketing, Introduction to WINDOWS; MSWord, Excel; MS PowerPoint, MS Access; Financial Management Application in MS Excel, CRM application in MS Access, Financial Analysis and Planning Template in MS-Excel, Bulk Mailing Application in MS Word, Business Presentation by MS PowerPoint.
Norton: Introduction to Computer
HUM 103: English II: (Language Composition and Comprehension) 3 credits
Grammar – Expressing in Style: Words often Confused; One-word substitution; Phrases; Idioms.
Advanced Reading: Understanding business-related correspondences; Comprehension of factual material; Interpreting Visual Information: Tables, Graphs, Charts; Speed Reading.
Effective Writing: Business Correspondences (Letter, Fax, e-mail) for making enquiries, placing Orders, Asking and Giving Information, Registering Complaints, Handling Complaints; Drafting notices;
Drafting Advertisements: Job Applications
Speaking: Business Etiquettes; Impromptu Speech; Debate; Role Play; Presentations
Listening: Business-related Conversations; Exercises
- A. Ashley: A Handbook of Commercial Correspondence, OUP
- M. Monipatty: The Craft of Business Letter Writing, Tata McGraw Hill
- K. Mohan and M. Banerjee : Developing Communication Skills, Macmillan
- M. Osborn and S. Osborn : Public Speaking, AITBS Publishers
- M.A. Rizvi : Effective Technical Communication, Tata McGraw-Hill
ENG 103: Introduction to Linguistics 3 Credits
Language: Definition and Characteristics; Origins of Language, Society and Culture; History of English Language and the Study of English Language Changes ; Different Branches of Linguistics; Phonetics, Morphology, Syntax and Semantics; Relationship between Linguistics and Literature; Role of Linguistics in Language Teaching ; Second Language Acquisition / Learning; Recent Developments in Linguistics.
- Victoria Framkin: An Introduction to Language
- John Lyon: Language and Linguistics
- Dr Varshney: A Introductory Text Book of Linguistics and Phonetics
- J Richard & J Plot: Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics
- R L Trash: A Student Dictionary of Language and Linguistics
ENG 105: Critical Appreciation, Rhetoric and Prosody 3 Credits
Summary and Interpretation: Narrative prediction; language, dialogue and setting; sound patterns and interpretation; literary and non-literary language; word patterns; stylistic analysis, Analyzing poetry and prose for sound, sense, imagery, structure, rhetoric and prosody.
- M H Abrahams: A Glossary of Literary Terms
- Bose and Sterling: Elements of Rhetoric and Prosody
- M Boulton: Anatomy of Poetry & Anatomy of Prose
- J A Cuddon: Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory
- Gopal Mallik Thakur: The Anatomy of Rhetoric and Prosody
- Rodger Fowler: A Dictionary of Modern Critical Terms
- Martin Stephen: English Literature: A student Guide
HST 101: Socio-Political and Cultural History of England 3 Credits
- The Phoenicians' Trade with the Britons: BC 200 – BC 79
- Roman Invasion by Julius Caesar's Legionnaires: BC 79 – 449 AD?
- The


text:
Polish - English Dictionary:
The word "czyn" can have the following grammatical functions:
We have found the following english words and translations for "czyn":
||czyn (masculine noun)
So, this is how you say "czyn" in english.
Up to now, 401,669 words and expressions have been searched, among 2,129 today.
Tags: czyn, act, deed, Polish - English Dictionary, Polish, English, translation, online dictionary Polish


text:
Women's repressions pursued both economic and political goals during World War II. On the one hand, the significant reduction in the male labor force, on the other hand, the widespread suspicion of its own citizens, and especially foreigners, led to the second major wave of repressions towards women.
The study carried out in the framework of this article allows highlighting some patterns of purges on the entire territory of the USSR and a few features of the repressions in the Armenian SSR. The dynamics of women's repressions have increased compared to previous years in all observed regions between 1941 and 1945. However, as opposed to other regions, the number of purged women in Soviet Armenia was greater than that of the 1930s.
Along with a relatively higher rate of women's repressions in Soviet Armenia during
the war, the rate of their release was much higher than the one in Tambov region. Also, unlike men, women were released more often. This circumstance could be conditioned both by physical features, such as old age, the existence of an infant and by some cultural features (the patriarchal approach of not considering a woman as a subject) and serving the state in good faith (in case of having a family member who received a medal in war).
Table of contents
Quantitative Analysis of women's repressions in WWII 7
Family members of the traitors to the motherland (CHSIRS) 13
Women, making Anti-Soviet or pro-fascist agitation and spreading false news 16
The members of illegal Youth Organizations 20
Women, hiding/not denouncing Deserters/ Bandits 21
Reasons for releases 23


text:
Synonyms of none in English:
2 none of this concerns me
no part, not a bit, not any
It is sometimes held that none can take only a singular verb, never a plural verb: none of them is coming tonight, rather than none of them are coming tonight. There is little justification, historical or grammatical, for this view. None is descended from Old English nān, meaning 'not one,' and has been used for around a thousand years with both a singular and a plural verb, depending on the context and the emphasis needed
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.


text:
Background: Heart rate (HR) reduction is essential to achieve optimal image quality and diagnostic accuracy with computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA). Administration of oral ivabradine seems to be more effective than beta-blockade in reducing HR in patients referred for CTCA. Methods: Two-hundred-fifty-nine consecutive patients referred for CTCA were prospectively enrolled. Patients not receiving beta-blocker at baseline (group 1) and those with beta-blocker therapy (group 2) were enrolled in the study. Each group was randomized into 3 parallel arms with 1:1:1 allocation. Patients who did not receive beta-blocker at baseline: underwent CTCA without beta blocker (n = 49), and received ivabradine 5 mg (n = 48), or 7.5 mg ivabradine (n = 48). Patients with beta-blocker therapy: continued with the prior beta-blocker without any dose modification (n = 38), and received ivabradine 5 mg (n = 38), or ivabradine 7.5 mg (n = 38). Results: HR and blood pressure were assessed at admission (T0), immediately before CTCA (T1) and during CTCA (T2). Administration of ivabradine 7.5 mg significantly reduced mean relative HR at T1 and T2 (p < 0.01), the rate of patients not achieving target HR at T1 (p < 0.001) and T2 (p < 0.01), and the percentage of patients needing additional IV beta-blockade prior to CTCA (p < 0.01). Results remained statistically significant even after correction for age, gender, ejection fraction, risk factors and HR at T0, in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: Ivabradine 7.5 mg is more effective than ivabradine 5 mg in increasing the rate of patients at target HR in patients referred for CTCA.
- Computed tomography coronary angiography
- Coronary heart disease
- Heart rate reduction
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine


text:
Human-animal interaction encompasses any situation where there is interchange between human(s) and animal(s) at an individual or cultural level. These interactions are diverse and idiosyncratic, and may be fleeting or profound.
The human-animal bond is a mutually beneficial and dynamic relationship between people and animals that is influenced by behaviors considered essential to the health and well-being of both. The bond includes, but is not limited emotional, psychological, and physical interactions of people, animals, and the environment. The veterinarian's role in the human-animal bond is to maximize the potential of this relationship between people and animals and specifically to promote the health and well-being of both.
The AVMA officially recognizes: (1) the existence of the human-animal bond and its importance to client and community health, (2) that the human-animal bond has existed for thousands of years, and (3) that the human-animal bond has major significance for veterinary medicine, because, as veterinary medicine serves society, it fulfills both human and animal needs.
2016 American Veterinary Medical Association


text:
Giant or Queensland grouper
Giant or Queensland grouper or groper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) feeds on spiny lobsters, fish, including small sharks and batoids, and juvenile sea turtles and crustaceans.The Grouper has a large mouth and a rounded tail. The young have irregular black and yellow markings. Adults are green-grey to grey-brown with mottled markings. There are small black spots on the fins. The Queensland Grouper grows to about 3m and 600kg. The largest Queensland specimen on record weighed 288kg. It is one of the largest bony fishes living on coral reefs.It has a curious nature and will often approach a diver at close range.The male Queensland Grouper reaches sexual maturity when it is at least 129cm long.It is often found in shallow waters but has been caught at depths of up to 100m. It is found in caves, on coral reefs and around wrecks. Both young and adults can be found in estuaries.The Grouper is the largest of all coral reef dwelling bony fishes in the world.In Australia it is recorded from the southern coast of Western Australia, around the tropical north and south to the southern coast of New South Wales.


text:
Note: answers are bolded
While learning a linear separator using the continuous and differentiable loss function Q(w), the batch gradient descent algorithm is guaranteed to find which of the following? Assume that the step size is set to an appropriate value.
- The global minima of Q(w)
- One of the local minima of Q(w)
- The global maxima of Q(w)
- One of the local maxima of Q(w)
What kinds of boolean functions can decision trees represent?
- M-of-n functions
- All of the above
We run the ID3 algorithm for learning decision trees over a set of attributes, where each attribute can take two values. Assume that we have to choose one attribute out of a possible four attributes, which split the data into two groups of 500 data points, with both groups having the same distribution over positive and negative examples as described in the four options below. Which of the attributes will ID3 choose?
- 250 positive examples, 250 negative examples
- 300 positive examples, 200 negative examples
- 200 positive examples, 300 negative examples
- 450 positive examples, 50 negative examples
What is the correct computation for the entropy of a dataset with 10 positive examples and 23 negative examples?
- -(10/33) * log(23/33) - (23/33) * log(10/33)
- -(10/33) * log(10/33) - (23/33) * log(23/33)
- -(10/23) * log(10/23) - (23/10) * log(23/10)
- (10/33) * log(10/33) + (23/33) * log(23/33)
Consider two different approaches for the same learning problem:
(1) Learning decision trees where the depth of the learned trees can be at maximum 10.
(2) Learning decision trees where their depth is not limited in any way.
In which of these two scenarios are you more likely to over fit the training data?
- Scenario (1)
- Scenario (2)


How to Deal With Rental Property Losses Trapped by the Passive-Loss Rules
How to generate passive income to offset passive losses from rental property
You have a rental loss if all the deductions from a rental property you own exceed the annual rent and other money you receive from the property. It is extremely common for landlords to have rental losses, especially in the first few years of owning rental property. Indeed, IRS statistics show that in one recent year, over half of the filed Schedule E forms reporting rental income and expenses showed a loss. This translated to over 5.2 million taxpayers showing a loss on rental property.
Ordinarily, business and investment losses are deductible from your other income. However, this is not always the case for losses from real estate rentals. Special passive activity loss rules prevent many landlords from deducting their rental losses from other non-rental income such as salaries or investment income. This is particularly common for higher income landlords. The result is that many landlords can only deduct their rental losses from passive income--that is, rental income or income from other businesses in which they are not actively involved.
Without passive income, your rental losses become suspended losses you can't deduct until you have sufficient passive income in a future year or sell the property to an unrelated party. You may not be able to deduct such losses for years.
If you're in this boat, what should you do? The answer: Generate more passive income to soak up your passive losses. There are two ways to do this:
 - invest in a rental property or other businesses that produces passive income (only businesses in which you don't materially participate produce passive income), or
 - sell your rental property or another passive activity you own, such as a limited partnership interest.
Some investments are especially designed to produce passive income to soak up passive losses—these are called passive income generators—PIGs for short. Limited partnerships that invest in real estate that generates substantial annual income, such as conference centers, golf courses, and ski resorts, often fall into this category. Such PIGs are syndicated—that is, they're offered to the public through public offerings—and are actively marketed by brokers. If you're interested in investing in a PIG, you'll have no trouble finding out about them from stockbrokers, financial planners, financial publications, or the Internet. Of course, you should be careful when making any investment.
One way you cannot generate more passive income to absorb your rental income is to rent to a business you own or materially participate in. Under the "self-rental rule," such income is recharacterized as nonpassive and can't be used to offset real estate rental losses. (Beecher v. Comm'r., 481 F.3d 717 (9th Cir. 2007); Treas. Reg. 1.469-2(f)(6).)
Example: Gary and Dolores Beecher are a married couple who owned two corporations engaged in the business of repairing automobile interiors and exteriors. They also owned five rental properties that resulted in substantial annual losses. The Beechers had a great idea: Because they worked out of their home, they would lease their home office to their corporation. They would use this lease income—ordinarily, passive income—to offset the losses from their rentals. As a result of this combination of income and losses, the Beechers paid no tax on the rental income paid to them by their corporations—this amounted to over $85,000 of tax-free income over three years. Unfortunately, the IRS audited the Beechers and recharacterized their rental income from their corporations as active, not passive, income. Thus, it could not be used to offset their rental losses. Under the self-rental rule, income from the rental of property for use in a trade or business in which the taxpayer materially participates is treated as nonpassive income. The courts upheld the IRS's ruling.
See the Nolo article Can You Deduct Your Rental Losses? for more information on how passive loss rules affect landlords. And for a more detailed discussion of the topic, see Every Landlord's Tax Deduction Guide and IRS Publication 925, Passive Activity and At-Risk Rules.
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