Thursday, April 16, 2009
Why canine teeth in humans is not growing long like other animals?
why canine teeths are not growing long and so sharp like other animals like dog,cat,wolf,lion,or tiger
Some people are actually born with sharp canines (I saw a picture of myself when I was 1 year old and thought I could have been a vampire). However, since our teeth only grow to a certain point due to genetic markers (DLX markers I believe are the ones which control tooth growth and development), our teeth only grow to a certain point. Furthermore, we wear our teeth down through eat, dirnking, and occasionally feeling our teeth with our tongue. The general wearing down further reduces the initial tooth size, especially canines. Our teeth do not continually grow like some animals, such as certain members of the Rodentia and Lagomorpha (rabbits) families. Once they have finished forming, they do not grow any larger.
Reply:Cause we%26#039;re not only meat eaters.
Reply:same reason we don%26#039;t have tails!
Reply:formation of the jaw bone. How can these teeth fit and make the jaw bone close. Those animals have longer bones.
Reply:because we have firearms and don%26#039;t have to hold prey with our teeth while killing it. HaHAHA
Reply:All of the animals you described catch and hold live prey in their mouths. The canines are helpful for holding onto live (moving) prey. Humans don%26#039;t--nor have they ever--catch animals with their mouths, so there%26#039;s no reason we would have elongated canines. We hunt with tools, not our mouths.
Reply:.Evolution in practice, as out brains grew larger and we started using tools for hunting and defense large canines were not needed anymore. Also large canine teeth were used as a threat display, when we started using weapons the baring of teeth became obsolete
Reply:ya as per theory of evolution...
as we moved ahead due to increase in cranial capacity we started using tools instead of teeth for preying
also we started cooking food so there was no need of sharp canines. Instead we have good malars %26amp; pre-molars for grindsing.
those r also not flat reason is same cooked food! think logically on this u will get answer
Reply:as a matter of fact, in primates long canines have little to do with their diet.
Instead they seem to be used to impress enemys/rivals or attract females. (Female Canines are very small compared to males in primates, yes, in humans too.)
Our ancestors didn%26#039;t seem to consider long canines as beeing especially sexy.
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The implicit-association test (IAT) is a measure within social psychology designed to detect the strength of a person's automatic association between mental representations of objects (concepts) in memory. The IAT was introduced in the scientific literature in 1998 by Anthony Greenwald, Debbie McGhee, and Jordan Schwartz. The IAT is now widely used in social psychology research and, to some extent, in clinical, cognitive, and developmental psychology research. The IAT is the subject of much controversy regarding precisely what it measures, and the lack of reproducibility of many of its results.
In 1995, social psychology researchers Anthony Greenwald and Mahzarin Banaji asserted that the idea of implicit and explicit memory can apply to social constructs as well. If memories that are not accessible to awareness can influence our actions, associations can also influence our attitudes and behavior. Thus, measures that tap into individual differences in associations of concepts should be developed. This would allow researchers to understand attitudes that cannot be measured through explicit self-report methods due to lack of awareness or social-desirability bias. The first IAT article was published three years later in 1998.
A computer-based measure, the IAT requires that users rapidly categorize two target concepts with an attribute (e.g. the concepts "male" and "female" with the attribute "logical"), such that easier pairings (faster responses) are interpreted as more strongly associated in memory than more difficult pairings (slower responses).
The IAT is thought to measure implicit attitudes: "introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) traces of past experience that mediate favorable or unfavorable feeling, thought, or action toward social objects." In research, the IAT has been used to develop theories to understand implicit cognition (i.e. cognitive processes of which a person has no conscious awareness). These processes may include memory, perception, attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Because the IAT requires that users make a series of rapid judgments, researchers believe that IAT scores may also reflect attitudes which people are unwilling to reveal publicly. The IAT may allow researchers to get around the difficult problem of social-desirability bias and for that reason it has been used extensively to assess people's attitudes towards commonly stigmatized groups.
Task 1 (practice):
Task 2 (practice):
Press E to classify as Pleasant
or I to classify as Unpleasant
Tasks 3 and 4 (data collection):
Press E to classify as Black or Pleasant
or I to classify as White or Unpleasant
Task 5 (practice):
Press E to classify as White
or I to classify as Black
Tasks 6 and 7 (data collection):
Press E to classify as White or Pleasant
or I to classify as Black or Unpleasant
Example of a typical IAT procedure
A typical IAT procedure involves a series of seven tasks. In the first task, an individual is asked to categorize stimuli into two categories. For example, a person might be presented with a computer screen on which the word "Black" appears in the top left-hand corner and the word "White" appears in the top right-hand corner. In the middle of the screen a word, such as a first name, that is typically associated with either the categories of "Black" or "White". For each word that appears in the middle of the screen, the person is asked to sort the word into the appropriate category by pressing the appropriate left-hand or right-hand key. On the second task, the person would complete a similar sorting procedure with an attribute of some kind. For example, the word "Pleasant" might now appear in the top left-hand corner of the screen and the word "Unpleasant" in the top right-hand corner. In the middle of the screen would appear a word that is either pleasant or unpleasant. Once again, the person would be asked to sort each word as being either pleasant or unpleasant by pressing the appropriate key. On the third task, individuals are asked to complete a combined task that includes both the categories and attributes from the first two tasks. In this example, the words "Black/Pleasant" might appear in the top left-hand corner while the words "White/Unpleasant" would appear in the top right-hand corner. Individuals would then see a series of stimuli in the center of the screen consisting of either a name or word. They would be asked to press the left-hand key if the name or word belongs to the "Black/Pleasant" category or the right-hand key if it belongs to the "White/Unpleasant" category. The fourth task is a repeat of the third task but with more repetitions of the names, words, or images.
The fifth task is a repeat of the first task with the exception that the position of the two target words would be reversed. For example, "Black" would now appear in the top right-hand corner of the screen and "White" in the top left-hand corner. The sixth task would be a repeat of the third, except that the objects and subjects of study would be in opposite pairings from previous trials. In this case, "Black/Unpleasant" would now appear in the top right-hand corner and "White/Pleasant" would now appear in the top left-hand corner. The seventh task is a repeat of the sixth task but with more repetitions of the names, words, or images. If the categories under study (e.g. Black or White) are associated with the presented attributes (e.g. Pleasant/Unpleasant) to differing degrees, the pairing reflecting the stronger association (or the "compatible" pairing) should be easier for the participant. In the Black/White-Pleasant/Unpleasant example, a participant will be able to categorize more quickly when White and Pleasant are paired together than when Black and Pleasant are paired if he or she has more positive associations with White people than with Black people (and vice versa if Black and Pleasant are categorized more quickly).
Variations of the IAT include the Go/No-go Association Test (GNAT), the Brief-IAT and the Single-Category IAT. An idiographic approach using the IAT and the SC-IAT for measuring implicit anxiety showed that personalized stimulus selection did not affect the outcome, reliabilities and correlations to outside criteria.
Valence IATs measure associations between concepts and positive or negative valence. They are generally interpreted as a preference for one category over another. For example, the Race IAT shows that more than 70% of individuals have an implicit preference for Whites over Blacks. On the other hand, only half of Black individuals prefer Blacks over Whites (cf. the earlier "doll experiment" developed by psychologists Kenneth and Mamie Clark during the early civil rights era). Similarly, the Age IAT generally shows that most individuals have an implicit preference for young over old, regardless of the age of the person taking the IAT. Some other valence IATs include the Weight IAT, the Sexuality IAT, the Arab-Muslim IAT, and the Skin-tone IAT.
Stereotype IATs measure associations between concepts that often reflect the strength to which a person holds a particular societal stereotype. For example, the Gender-Science IAT reveals that most people associate women more strongly with liberal arts and men more strongly with science. Similarly, the Gender-Career IAT indicates that most people associate women more strongly with family and men more strongly with careers. The Asian IAT shows that many people more strongly associate Asian Americans with foreign landmarks and European Americans more strongly with American landmarks. Some other stereotype IATs include the Weapons IAT and the Native IAT.
The self-esteem IAT measures implicit self-esteem by pairing "self" and "other" words with words of positive and negative valence. Those who find it easier to pair "self" with positive words than negative words are purported to have higher implicit self-esteem. Generally, measures of implicit self-esteem, including the IAT, are not strongly related to one another and are not strongly related to explicit measures of self-esteem.
The Brief IAT (BIAT) uses a similar procedure to the standard IAT but requires fewer classifications. It involves approximately four to six tasks rather than seven, only uses combined tasks (corresponding most closely to tasks 3, 4, 6, and 7 on the standard IAT), and has fewer repetitions. Additionally, it requires specification of a focal concept in each task as well as a single attribute, instead of two. For example, although, White, Black, Pleasant, and Unpleasant stimuli all appear, participants would press one key when White and Pleasant words appear and another key when "anything else" appears. Subsequently, participants would press one key when Black and Pleasant words appear and another key when "anything else" appears.
The Child IAT (Ch-IAT) allows for children as young as four years of age to take the IAT. Rather than words and pictures, the Ch-IAT uses sound and pictures. For example, positive and negative valence are indicated with smiling and frowning faces. Positive and negative words to be classified are voiced out loud to children.
Studies using the Ch-IAT have revealed that six-year-old White children, ten-year-old White children, and White adults have comparable implicit attitudes on the Race IAT.
According to Greenwald, the IAT provides a "window" into a level of mental operation that operates in unthinking (unconscious, automatic, implicit, impulsive, intuitive, etc.) fashion because associations operating without active thought (automatically) can help performance in one of the IAT's two "combined" tasks, while interfering with the other. Respondents to the IAT experience a higher (conscious, controlled, explicit, reflective, analytic, rational, etc.) level

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Citrus Leaf Miner Attacks Citrus Trees in the Gulf Coast Area
Citrus leaf miner is a moth that affects all types of citrus trees. Beginning in April until the first fall frost, many people in the Lake Jackson, Tx. area call me wanting to know what makes the leaves on their citrus trees shrivel and curl and what can be done to stop the destruction. The culprit is a small moth called Phyllocnistis citrella, known as citrus leaf miner, that flies around at night, laying eggs on the under side of young, tender citrus leaves. The moth and larva are barely visible to the naked eye. If the moth can not find new tender leaves for its eggs, it will lay them on fruit and tender green branches. The larva hatches from a water clear egg and immediately burrows under the epidermis ("skin") of the leaf. Once it is under the protective epidermis of the leaf, it is immune to surface sprays. The larva tunnels throughout the leaf, leaving a trail of fras, destroying the leaf. When it matures, the larva then goes to the side of the leaf and rolls one of the edges over. Using the leaf, the larva creates a caterpillar type of cocoon, protecting itself from sprays as it changes into a moth. Once it becomes a moth, this cycle repeats itself. The larvae can go through several generations in one growing season. Because the moth does not want to destroy its entire food source, it does not eat the first flush of spring growth, but it does become much more active during the second and subsequent flushes of growth. In the winter the moth hibernates (but not on the plant) so removing damaged leaves in the winter does not stop the moth's cycle.
Male CLM caught in a pheromone trap.
ISCA Technologies makes a pheromone trap for male CLM that can be hung in trees near your citrus. I don't know how much they cost, but you can go to their web page for a quote: _URL_ I do not recommend this trap to get rid of CLM. I have a friend who hung 10 in her backyard and she still got a lot of damage. It is only good to give indication when the males are active and when to start spraying.
Close up of male CLM caught in trap.
A new organic insecticide, Spinosad has come on the market. This is the active ingredient in Green Light's Lawn & Garden Spray with Spinosad which is sold at Lowes. It is also found in Ferti-lome's Borer, Bagworm, Leafminer, and Tent Caterpillar Spray sold at local nurseries and a more concentrated form is called Conserve SC which is sold on ebay. This is a surface spray, so it needs to be applied on the top and under the leaves to be effective. The spray has to be applied about every two weeks and also after a hard rain. Dormant oil slows the moth down, but it does not stop her from going to a leaf that did not get the spray. Do not spray Spinosad until you see damaged leaf which is usually in late April or early May as earlier sprays only waste money and spray.
On non-fruiting citrus, a systemic (absorbed by the plant) insecticide has an active ingredient called Imidacloprid which is used by commercial growers. It is sold commercially under the brand name Admire Pro, and it is also used in Tree & Shurb Insect Control by Bayer which can be purchased at Wal-Mart*, Lowes*, and other such stores. This systemic insecticide is to be used in a soil-drenching procedure which is absorbed by the roots and moves up the tree to the leaves. Since the insecticide goes inside the plant, it is more effective long term than using surface sprays and is not washed off by rain or irrigation sprays. It also has to be applied a week or two before CLM show up, time for the chemical to get to the new leaves. The best way to use Admire is to apply a few drops to the green stem (trunk on real young trees) where new growth is occuring and it will be absorbed and protect that limb for over a month. Be sure to follow instructions on the bottle on how to mix these insecticides in other ways.
Citrus Leaf Miner Damage.
There are several predator wasps that lay their eggs on CLM pupae and eat the CLM. Unfortunately, the Texas entomologist are having trouble introducing them to Texas orchards.
UPDATE 4/28/2013
*Lowes, Home Depot and Wal-mart has started selling the Bayer Imidacloprid products mixed with fertilizer. But Imidacloprid and Spinosad can be purchased at nurseries like Houston Garden Center under the Feri-lome Brand and other brands.
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Interested in Managua?
We'll send you updates with the latest deals, reviews and articles for Managua each week.
Managua is the capitol city of Nicaragua, located on a large lake, also named Managua. For much of the city's history it was the home to clans of the country's native Mestizo Indians. The area was claimed by the Spanish in the 16th Century after Christopher Columbus fist discovered it on his last voyage to the New World. Following the Spanish, settlers from other parts of Europe also settled in the area including the Germans and the French. The primary language in Nicaragua is Spanish, though some of the Mestizo language can still be heard.
Some years after Nicaragua won its independence from Spain in the early 19th Century, Managua was declared its capitol--in 1855. This being after years of rivalry with Nicaragua's other two large cities, Leon and Granada, who also wanted the post. The city has, throughout its past, had a history of violent earth quakes--two of the most destructive being in 1931 and 1972--both of which leveled buildings, tore up streets, and destroyed homes. Because of these dissasters the modern city is built on top of layers of ruins in an unusual, erratic pattern that can be very confusing to visitors. Many of the city's streets do not have signs and not all maps are accurate.
Today Managua is a modern Latin American city with universities, museums, and a growing tourism economy.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Unit 7: The Promise Continues
This site pays homage to Ellis Island and the millions of immigrants who were processed there. You can take a virtual tour of Ellis Island, find information on immigrants' experiences, and take a look at Ellis Island today.
The KIDPROJ Multi-Cultural Calendar
Students can learn how kids from around the world are celebrating their country's holidays and festivals. Some entries contain recipes for holiday foods, historical background, significance of the holidays and the special ways in which these days are observed. The information on this site can be accessed by month, holiday, country or author. KIDPROJ, is part of KIDLINK, a grassroots project in which teachers and youth group leaders from 87 countries organize activities and projects for students and other kids. Site in several languages.
The Flag of the United States
Maintained by the National Flag Foundation, this visually stunning site offers all the information students may want to know about the nation's flag, from its evolution to flag etiquette. The site contains images of historic and current flags, too.
Interactive Citizens' Handbook
If user-friendly government seems like an oxymoron, you probably haven't tried the
Interactive Citizens' Handbook. This simple but powerful site allows users to search the
combined content of all U.S. government Internet sites. You can also browse through government Internet
resources by branch or topic. (This is great if you're not sure where to start looking!)
The Interactive Citizens' Handbook is part of the White House World Wide Web site.


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Instrumentation Fabrication Branch - Fabrication Group
The Fabrication group is responsible for the layout, fabrication, buildup, testing troubleshooting, repair, and modification of ground based and airborne electronics.
Technician wiring test box
Fabrication technicians have the ability to work independently or as part of a team. They are responsible for all stages of a project's planning and development and work directly with engineers and other customers to resolve anomalies and clarify project requirements.
Technician assembling instrumentation pallet
When a project is in the planning or development stages, the Fabrication lab can aid engineers by providing the following services:
- Fabrication of test boxes and instrumentation systems
- Recommending changes in design to facilitate fabrication and assembly
- "Ruggedization" of commercial grade hardware to NASA specifications
- Evaluation and selection of materials, electrical components and suppliers
- All phases of PCB manufacturing and production to include locally manufactured prototype single and double sided circuit boards as well as outsourcing of multi-layer analog, digital, and hybrid circuits
- PC board component population utilyzing programmed automated pick and place solder dispensing. No need for stencils.
- Engraving plaques, faceplates, and equipment labels
- Heater blankets and controls
- Assembly and repair of Control Position Transducers
Technician at engraving station
The Fabrication group has three designated inspectors and one QI inspector assigned to the lab. This allows inspection to be accomplished concurrently with fabrication, buildup, and testing.
Technician manufacturing printed circuit board


- June 13, 2019
Colin Rowe and Robert Slutzky. Transparency: Literal and Phenomenal p 'Transparency,' 'space-time,' 'simultaneity,' 'interpenetration. Two Modes of Transparency: Literal & Phenomenal. The key aspect to Rowe and Slutzky's seminal essay on Transparency: Literal & Phenomenal, is the.. Colin Rowe and Robert Slutzky in their essay 'Transparency: Literal. 'tltlder the tille "Transparency: Literal and Phenomenal". The significance of this lematic of Colin Rowe and Robert Slutzky's co-authored writings under the title.
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It is such that transparency is a condition of betweeness in these terms of successive and continuous stratification, overlapping, layering, and superimposition of spaces.
The real wall and building mass appear to fade awayleaving behind a mesmerizing sensation of transparehcy that seems to vibrate….
Translucency can be defined as the condition existing within the continuum between opacity and transparency, between the two polarities of transparebcy and clarity, between solid and void. Screens could be more porous or less porous according to the desired or necessary amount of solar exposure. That is not to say that we will always arrive at an accurate conception of the hidden space of a building, but designers give us more to engage in psychologically when phenomenal transparency is at play.
Recent Posts AD1 Queenstown: After his study of cubist paintings, Rowe necessarily turns to the world of architecture in order to more thoroughly expound his notions of roae dimensional transparency of space. This continuous fluctuation of interpretative readings reaffirms the notion of seeming, or what will be later referred to as an implied transparency, as opposed to a real or actual transparency.
The control transpagency certain parameters, such as the proportion of solid to void, the relationship between the opaque surface and the porous openings or holes can achieve a seemingly gauzy and mysterious, yet luminous and brilliant, experience of the screen.
Plummer in his description of pulverized light mentions.
The position of the transparent figures has equivocal meaning as one sees each figure now as the closer, now as the further one. The concepts and conditions of transparency parallel movements of Relativity theories and their implications; where space-time relativistic thinking allows for two objects to co-exist simultaneously in the same space and time, as such transparency is a space-time condition of betweeness, a simultaneous perception of space.
Transparency: Literal and Phenomenal
Le Corbusier literwl up the face of his villa by adding and subtracting, opaquing and opening up his surfaces in an irregular way that adds depth to his pyenomenal. In short, it can be phenpmenal that the chief differences between each form of transparency lies in how the viewer interacts with the design.
For me, there is no ground floor, first floor etc…. Transparency is connection and continuity ; it is a dialectic between revealing and concealing, as well as between seeing and reading. However, I finally grasped what he described when I realized that the frontal view of the villa at Garches compared to a frontal view of the Bauhaus yield very different interpretation of the buildings at hand.
As can be seen from the dictionary definitions, the term transparency implies the optical or observational notions of showing or seeing through.
Transparency | Architecturality
The boundary is blurred. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: With this set of evidence, Rowe sets out his basic rowd that define transparency:.
With this set of evidence, Rowe rtansparency out his basic tenets that define transparency: The Futurist artist, Umberto Boccioni, in his representation tranxparency movement, studied and employed the simultaneity and consequent interpenetration or compenetration of planesforce-lines, and the decomposition of objects, in order to produce dynamism in ljteral painting and sculpture Coen, This reiterates the notion of transparency as a seeingor passing-through, that is, a journey, a penetration, or a passing through of the gaze.
By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. Plummer refers to the Canalization of light as being the channeling of light through hollow mass, where artificial routes, labyrinths, and tunnels are carved out for natural forces to penetrate the inner depths of a building. Furthermore, the literally transparent is best viewed at an oblique angle hence the diagonal, two point perspective of the photograph in order to define space in a more complex way.
To introduce new terms into the dialectic of transparency, one can appropriate the terms of Sol Le Witt, and the Conceptual Art movement of the s, in order to reinterpret Transparency as being perceptual or conceptual. By breaking up and mixing spacial planes, designers are able to complicate the notion of physical space and do not need to rely on transparent materials to reveal the volume hidden behind a fasade.
For me, there are only contiguous, continual spaces …Storeys merge and spaces relate to each other. Hence, phenomenal or conceptual transparency is achieved, following what Rowe and Slutzky mentioned with regards to the notion of stratificationthat is, the sequential layering of frontal planes and spaces.
The perforous screen like the diaphanous veil or the layered transparent planes simultaneously reveals and conceals, connects and divides in a mode of contiguous discontinuity. This site uses cookies.
The rkwe are endowed with transparency: One can perceive the glass and framing behind it, and the space behind the glass is easily recognized.


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Applying for Exemption/Misc. Determination: Sample Questions
Bingo and Other Gaming
Applications for exemption and miscellaneous determination requests are assigned to Exempt Organizations specialists for review. If additional information is necessary to make a determination, a specialist will contact the organization for the information. Here's a list of questions that might be asked on this topic.
1. For each gaming activity you conduct (or plan to conduct), provide the following information:
a. The name of each gaming activity.
b. Whether members of the general public will participate in your gaming activity or
 whether your gaming activity will be limited to members of your organization.
c. When you began (or plan to begin) conducting the activity.
d. The percentage of your time and resources you expect to devote to each gaming activity
e. The number of hours you expect to hold the gaming activity each month.
f. A statement describing how you use your gaming proceeds, including whether you
 give your gaming proceeds to other organizations.
g. If you give your gaming proceeds to other organizations, describe how do you decide
 which organizations receive your proceeds.
h. Submit copies of advertisements, flyers, pamphlets, announcements, or other literature
 that describe your exempt, gaming, or other activities.
2. For each of your gaming activities, state whether you will use volunteers or compensated individuals for various aspects of the gaming operation. Examples of aspects of the gaming operation would include, but are not limited to: managing bingo operations; providing bingo cards, pull-tabs, and supplies; providing concessions; providing security; and providing janitorial services.
a. If compensated individuals are used, provide the following information:
 - List the compensated individuals, their job title, and a detailed duty description.
 - State the number of hours each position requires per week and the number
 of hours that are related to the operation of gaming activities.
 - State the amount of compensation for each person or position (if it is not
 currently filled).
 - Explain how you determine the compensation for each position, including who
 in your organization is responsible for setting the compensation amount.
 - Identify any relationship that each compensated individual may have with any
 of your officers, directors, trustees, or members.
b. If volunteers are used, provide the following information:
 - List how many volunteers you use each game/session.
 - Describe the duties the volunteers perform.
 - State how many hours volunteers work each session and each week
 - State whether you provide volunteers with reduced fees or tuition dependent
 on the individual volunteering for the gaming activity.
 - State whether the volunteers receive tips. If so, describe how you record the
 tips in your books and records.
3. Have you ever, or do you plan to, contract with a third party to operate your gaming activities and from whom you will receive your gaming revenue? If so, provide the following information:
a. A description of who initiated the initial contact – you or the gaming operator.
b. An explanation of how and why you chose the gaming operator.
c. A description of your relationship with the gaming operator.
d. Identify any relationship that exists between the gaming operator and any of your
 directors, officers, trustees, or members.
e. Submit all copies of contracts you have entered into with any gaming operator.
4. Is the facility where you conduct your gaming activities a commercial gaming facility?
5. Is the owner of facility where you conduct your gaming activities also one of your directors, officers, trustees, or members?
6. Submit copies of all contracts or leases you have with any individual or business, including any lessors that provide you with goods or services related to your gaming activities.
7. Are you a grantor, beneficiary or trustee of a trust or member of a partnership or other entity formed to administer charitable gaming?
8. Provide the following financial information for all gaming activities (both for your current tax year, and projected for your next two tax years):
a. Gross income from each gaming activity, broken out by game category (ex. bingo,
 pull-tabs, raffles, etc.).
b. Gross income from non-gaming sources (such as concessions or sales of gaming
 supplies) that occur during or are related to your gaming activity. List each source
c. Prizes paid out in each gaming category.
d. Rent, salaries, contract payments, and other expenses from gaming activities, itemizing
 each expense.
e. Net income from each gaming activity.
9. Describe the records that you keep to document your gross receipts (before payouts) and disbursements (including payouts), including whether you keep separate records for each gaming activity.
10. Submit a copy of your state and/or local laws that allow you to conduct bingo or other gaming activities.
More information:
See the complete list of Applying for Exemption/Miscellaneous Determination Sample Questions by topic.
Page Last Reviewed or Updated: 16-Dec-2014


Airbus Uses LMS Test.Lab to Improve its Flutter Analysis Process
Plano, TexasJuly 25, 2014—Modal identification methods used during flutter testing—like aircraft characteristics—evolved to enable correct parameter identification. Frequencies and damping value estimations have to be as accurate as possible in order to define the aircraft fluttering margins used during those first critical in-flight test campaigns.
Flutter testing can be broken into three segments: real-time, near real-time and offline. In-flight real-time test campaigns are used to acquire live data during the test flight, mostly as a safety check to continue the flight envelope. The near real-time testing focuses on rapid modal estimation to determine the overall safety of the flight and the flutter test program. The offline testing deals with the finer analysis of the recorded flight data and final report production.
LMS Test.Lab Flutter Analysis software from Siemens PLM Software enables the user to validate data efficiently and effectively, automating the use of LMS Test.Lab Operational Modal Analysis software. It offers a full package with all the required functionality, such as data preprocessing, modal parameter estimation, mode shape animation and result validation.
The Airbus flutter team in Toulouse, France faced several challenges working on the Airbus A380 campaign, but these were issues they faced before with the Airbus A340 flutter campaign: high modal density and similar mode shapes, both placed in a low narrow frequency band.
In terms of modal identification, these new precise requirements called for a better-defined and equipped testing installation. This meant digging a bit to find the right kind of process. Measured data needed to be recorded at enough locations with high enough quality to improve power spectra and transfer function estimates, and avoid spatial aliasing when working on deformed aircraft shapes. This required some innovative thinking and serious process validation compared to current techniques.
Building on EUREKA FLITE Projects
Since 2001, Airbus France and Siemens PLM Software cooperated on several European Research Cooperation Agency (EUREKA) projects called Flight Test Easy (FLITE). An intergovernmental initiative to support market-oriented European research and development (R&D), the EUREKA FLITE projects focus on bringing new and powerful tools to structural engineers and aircraft designers, improving the quality and usefulness of data gathered during flight testing.
The FLITE consortium gathers aircraft manufacturers and technology providers from France, Belgium and Poland. The FLITE projects offered a unique opportunity to confront new, advanced algorithms with challenging real-life aircraft data.
Finding the Right Data
In late 2007, Siemens PLM Software and Airbus agreed to start a project to evaluate LMS Test.Lab Polymax software, an analysis component of LMS Test.Lab Structures software, as a key solution to achieve quality offline, in-flight data processing for flutter analysis. LMS Test.Lab Structures is a complete solution for experimental and operational modal analysis, combining high-speed, multichannel data acquisition with a suite of integrated testing, analysis and reporting tools. Siemens PLM Software is known for its modal testing experience and scalable solutions, from supporting impact testing on small structures to large test campaigns using multiple shakers and hundreds of measurement channels.
In the past, the flight test department of Airbus France performed data analysis using its in-house, near real-time analysis package and transferred the results together with the raw data to Airbus Germany, where the numerical flutter predictions were correlated with actual flight tests. However, Airbus France felt the need to conduct further in-depth data processing so that it could transfer more complete results to Germany.
"Clearly, we needed a solution that would improve the alignment between online in-flight analysis occurring in Toulouse and the post-processing completed in the design center in Airbus Germany," said Jean Roubertier, flight test department aero-elasticity expert at Airbus. "LMS Test.Lab is able to provide us with the right type of results."
Realizing Record-Breaking Data Acquisition
The 525-seat Airbus A380 is the largest commercial passenger aircraft in the skies today, so it isn't surprising that, simply due to its sheer size, the acquired in-flight testing data is record-breaking as well.
"With more than 100 sensors, that was one of the largest setups for an in-flight flutter test campaign that I have ever seen," said Bart Peeters, Siemens PLM Software project manager. "Also, the amount of tests under different flight conditions was impressive. The resulting database is immense, and efficient processing and report generation capabilities are required."
The Airbus Flutter team in Toulouse performed a variety of excitations, including control surfaces sine sweeps and pulses. Pulses are currently used to assure crew and aircraft safety, whereas sweeps are used to work out more accurate results, enabling the update of theoretical finite element (FE) models. Thanks to integrating pulses into the process, the duration of flutter flights were considerably reduced.
The basic concept behind the project was to compare classical experimental modal analysis (EMA) with LMS Test.Lab Operational Modal Analysis software. In classical EMA, the control surface excitation and aircraft response signals are converted to frequency response functions (FRFs). During the actual flight, other excitation sources, such as turbulence, are present. Sometimes this results in noisy FRFs. For example, an aircraft tail response sensor receives a rather limited contribution from the wing excitation. Therefore, the idea arose to neglect the excitation signal and apply operational modal analysis (OMA) to the aircraft acceleration signals.
"We actually achieved better results using OMA than with classical EMA," said Miquel Angel Oliver Escandell, a member of the Airbus Flutter team. "We found more modes. The synthesis was better with higher correlation and fewer errors. And the in-flight mode shapes looked much nicer. This was thanks to the amount of sensors we used and the OMA capabilities of LMS Test.Lab."
De-Noising the Data
Even with projects of this scale, there is always noise in the data that needs to be managed. LMS Test.Lab can be used to provide a clear picture with techniques that produce accurate analysis results, even from rather noisy data. This feature offers clients like Airbus a true competitive advantage when it comes to offline test processing.
"We found that the exponential window, which allowed for cross-correlation calculations, was a good de-noising tool for our in-flight data," said Escandell, who worked on the project for a year. "And the validation tools, such as correlation levels, MAC matrix and mode shape complexity (MPD and MPC criteria) are complementary in regards to real-time identifications performed during flutter tests."
During the comparison testing, the flutter team at Airbus used LMS PolyMAX during sweep excitations of the aircraft. The results, based on using an exponential window of 5 percent, appear to be good, supplying high synthesis correlations (98 percent using just two references) and clear stabilization diagrams.


Xu Wenli spent 16 years in a Chinese prison for his activities as a dissident. He was a leader in the Democracy Wall movement from 1979 to 1981 and helped establish the China Democracy Party in 1998. Mr. Xu's health suffered while in prison. In reaction to his declining condition, international human rights groups, the U.S. ambassador to China, and Western officials called for his release. The Chinese government released him on medical grounds in December 2002.
In the videos below, he describes his imprisonment and his beliefs. There are also suggestions and questions that teachers may adapt for use in their classrooms.
"The Wall"
Begin the class by writing the question "What is a political prisoner?" in the center of the blackboard or on a large piece of paper. Give students 5 minutes to approach the board and write whatever comes to mind, including statements, words, names of famous political prisoners, and questions. Instruct the class to do the exercise in silence. Encourage students to add to each other's postings as well as write their own independent postings.
Viewing Xu Wenli
Have students answer the following questions while watching the videos
 - What values and beliefs are expressed in the clips? List as many as you can.
 - What was Xu Wenli imprisoned for?
Who are you what do you do?
Why were you exiled from China?
You were imprisoned two times by the Chinese government. What were you accused of doing?
After you were released from prison the first time, you continued with political activities. Did you fear being sent back to prison?
In 1998, you helped form the China Democracy Party (CDP). What does the CDP hope to achieve?
Why do you think democracy and human rights are so important?
Should the international community pressure China's government to improve its human rights practices?
Why is it important for high school students to understand what is happening in China?
Questions for discussion
 - Was Xu Wenli a political prisoner? Explain.
 - What was the most surprising or interesting thing in the videos?
 - What perspectives or points of view are not included in the videos?
 - According to Xu Wenli, what role should the international community play with respect to human rights practices in China? Do you agree? Why or why not?
 - Have there ever been political prisoners in your country? Consider the present as well as points in history. Who is or has been imprisoned as a political prisoner? Why were they imprisoned? How do people today view them? For example, do people view them as heroes? As traitors? As something else?
 - What conditions allows governments to hold political prisoners?
 - Are there ever circumstances where holding political prisoners can be justified?
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energy stateArticle Free Pass
energy state, also called Energy Level, in physics, any discrete value from a set of values of total energy for a subatomic particle confined by a force to a limited space or for a system of such particles, such as an atom or a nucleus. A particular hydrogen atom, for example, may exist in any of several configurations, each having a different energy. These energy states, in their essentials, remain fixed and are referred to as stationary states.
The state of a hydrogen atom, or any submicroscopic system, however, may change from one configuration to another by emitting or absorbing a discrete amount of energy. Such configurations are also called energy levels; the atom, or system, is said to undergo a transition between two energy levels when it emits or absorbs energy. The lowest energy level of a system is called its ground state; higher energy levels are called excited states. See also Franck-Hertz experiment.
What made you want to look up "energy state"? Please share what surprised you most...


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The Language of Sex
Five Voices from Northern France around 1200
John Baldwin introduces five representative voices from the turn of the twelfth century in northern France: Pierre the Chanter speaks for the theological doctrine of Augustine; the Prose Salernitan Questions, for the medical theories of Galen; Andre the Chaplain, for the Ovidian literature of the schools; Jean Renart, for the contemporary romances; and Jean Bodel, for the emerging voices of the fabliaux. Baldwin juxtaposes their views on a range of essential subjects, including social position, the sexual body, desire and act, and procreation. The result is a fascinating dialogue of how they agreed or disagreed with, ignored, imitated, or responded to each other at a critical moment in the development of European ideas about sexual desire, fulfillment, morality, and gender.
These spokesmen allow us into the discussion of sexuality inside the church and schools of the clergy, in high and popular culture of the leity. This heterogeneous discussion also offers a startling glimpse into the construction of gender specific to this moment, when men and women enjoyed equal status in sexual matters, if nowhere else.
Taken together, these voices extend their reach, encompass their subject, and point to a center where social reality lies. By articulating reality at its varied depths, this study takes its place alongside groundbreaking works by James Brundage, John Boswell, and Leah Otis in extending our understanding of sexuality and sexual behavior in the Middle Ages.
"Superb work.... These five kinds of discourse are not often treated together in scholarly writing, let alone compared and contrasted so well."—Edward Collins Vacek, Theological Studies
"[Baldwin] has made the five voices speak to us in a language that is at one and the same time familiar and alien in its resonance and accents. This is a truly exceptional book, interdisciplinary in the real sense of the word, which is surely destined to become a landmark in medieval studies."—Keith Busby, Bryn Mawr Reviews
"[Baldwin's] attempt to 'listen' to these distant voices and translate their language of sex into our own raises challenging methodological questions that will be of great interest to historians and literary scholars alike."—John P. Dalton, Comitatus


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Published July 14, 2012
| Associated Press
SALINAS, Calif. – Alejandro Ramírez was 15 when he crossed the U.S.-Mexico border to work alongside his father and brother in California's strawberry fields.
He spent 12 years toiling for a large grower, living with his wife and child in a garage, learning everything from pulling weeds to planting to driving a tractor. Now, Ramírez is a U.S. citizen who employs about 80 workers — all of them fellow Latinos — and grows his own strawberries on more than 100 acres in Salinas, one of California's key berry growing regions.
"This is my pride," Ramírez said on a recent afternoon, gazing over the rolling fields filled with neat rows of plants. "Twenty years ago, I had nothing. The strawberry is my life."
And not just his. Strawberries have given Latinos more ownership opportunities than any other major crop. Latinos now comprise two-thirds of strawberry growers in California, where 90 percent of the nation's strawberries are grown. Most growers of other major crops are white.
For the $2.3 billion strawberry industry, it's the second time a minority group has emerged from the fields in such a profound way. Japanese immigrants took over the industry as they grew in numbers after the turn of the 20th century.
Like the Japanese, many Latino growers are former pickers or the children of field workers who worked their way up to rent or own land.
Because strawberries can be grown on small plots nearly year-round and can yield more fruit and revenue per acre than most other agricultural crops, it's easier for immigrants to get into the business, said Hal Johnson, who has developed varieties of strawberries since 1955 for California's largest berry shipper-growers.
"There's hardly ever been a crop where an average picker who is aggressive and works hard can become a grower," Johnson said. "If he (a strawberry picker) is a hustler and brings along other pickers, he can develop his own little empire."
Before World War II, Japanese immigrants grew more than 90 percent of California's strawberries. But plant and soil diseases depleted their profits and the war brought the industry to a near-halt when Japanese growers were forced into internment camps by the U.S. government.
After the war, as pesticides helped eliminate diseases and researchers like Johnson came up with improved varieties, California's strawberry industry boomed. More recently, increased consumer demand for fresh fruit and organics led to farmers expanding the berry acreage.
Many of the post-war growers were Hispanic braceros, agricultural laborers who arrived under government contract, and other migrant Mexican workers, Johnson said.
"They saw the potential and grabbed on as hard as they could," he said.
Francisco Ponce migrated to California from Mexico in the 1950s to harvest grapes and vegetables. He soon began growing strawberries as a sharecropper on four acres in Watsonville.
His son, Rogelio Ponce Sr., grew up among the berries and later worked for a large grower, climbing the ranks to manager. Twenty years ago, he sold the family home and with a partner started growing strawberries on 25 acres.
Now his two sons, Rogelio Ponce Jr. and Steven Ponce — both college-educated — work alongside their father. The family farms 80 acres of conventional and 20 acres of organic strawberries, as well as 50 acres of raspberries on land where their mother's father, a bracero, once worked as a supervisor in an apple orchard.
The sons also head a strawberry partnership, where they grow an additional 90 acres of berries. Between the two companies, the Ponces employ over 300 workers. The family sells its berries to one of California's largest shipper-growers.
"The first thing our father taught us is that strawberries can be a good business," Steven Ponce said. "He hasn't made a ton of money, but he's been consistent all these years. He chipped at it little by little, and that's where we get our work ethic from. We look back on what our father established and realize we're very fortunate. It was a huge risk."
Not all Latino strawberry growers prosper. Some actually are sharecroppers, ensnared in financial relationships that plunge them deep into debt, said Mike Meuter, an attorney at California Rural Legal Assistance in Salinas.
And despite the influx of Latino growers, he said, Latino farmworkers — most of them illegal immigrants from Mexico — continue to pick strawberries just as they had decades ago, many of them overworked and underpaid.
Some are attracted to becoming growers by strawberry companies that traditionally cool, market, sell and ship the strawberries. Some of these companies also lease land to farmworkers or lend them money for operating costs, often at very high interest rates. In return, the farmworkers-turned-growers must sell their berries to the companies that sponsored them, often at below-market prices.
Many of the growers do not speak English and don't understand their contracts until it's too late.
Ramírez, who farms berries in Salinas, nearly lost his business after being financed by one such company.
His father grew strawberries in Mexico, but fell on hard times and smuggled Ramírez over the border so his son could help pay off the family's debts.
In 1986 Ramírez qualified for amnesty as an agricultural worker. Employed by a large strawberry grower for over 12 years, he amassed different skills.
"I never settled for an easy job," Ramírez said. "When I cut weeds, I dreamed of harvesting strawberries. When I harvested, I dreamed of driving a tractor. I constantly asked my supervisors for new opportunities. I had the ambition to do something better."
With help from two brothers, who also worked in California, Ramírez started growing strawberries on a few acres in 1995. He was financed by a strawberry company, obligated to make payments and hand over his entire crop. He quickly fell into debt and had to borrow money from family, friends and the banks to stay afloat.
"The first few years were extremely difficult," he said. "I was fighting just to pay my rent."
Eventually he quit the company, started to grow berries for a large cooperative and paid off debts. His son, Alejandro Jr., is in college studying agriculture and plans to join his father in the berry business.
Latino growers say having roots in the same country and speaking the same language as their field workers helps.
"It's a lot easier to relate to my workers," said Peter Navarro, whose father migrated from Mexico in the 1950's and started growing berries on 10 acres. Navarro now grows on 140 acres in Watsonville.
"I know their living conditions in Mexico," Navarro said. "My father was also very poor. His humble beginnings always remind me to treat the workers well."


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What is it
OggUVS is an uncompressed video codec for Ogg. It's a simple way to store and transfer uncompressed video within an Ogg container. It is similar to OggYUV and OggRGB, but is intended to support both formats.
This is a work in progress and not a final proposal.
Why is it
This format is intended to be used as an interchange format. It is also useful for storing time-synced decoded audio/video, as opposed to using RIFF/WAV (.wav) and YUV4MPEG (.yuv) in separate files. It is intended to be less complex to use than RIFF/AVI.
A stream is composed of a main header packet, one comment packets, zero or more additional header packets, and one or more data packets. At this time, one additional header packet is specified to describe the data packet layout. This packet SHOULD be present in all streams. Data packets are of fixed length as specified in the main header. A special zero length data packet with the EOS flag set is permitted. Data packets must contain exactly one image. This stream format is field based, rather than frame based. It supports only two fields per frame, and one field per data packet. Packets (fields) must appear in temporal order.
Note that unless otherwise noted, all multi-byte fields use the network byte order (big endian). The first packed in a stream MUST be the main header packet. The second packet MUST be the comment packet. Some extra header packets MAY be included after the comment header, provided this is identified in the main header. The packets that follow MUST all be data packets.
Main Header Packet
The main header packet MUST be the first packet in the stream.
32 "UVS " Codec Identifier Word 0 32 " " Codec Identifier Word 1 16 [uint] Version Major (breaks backwards compatability to increment) 16 [uint] Version Minor (backwards compatable, ie, more supported format id's) 16 [uint] Display Width 16 [uint] Display Height 16 [uint] Pixel Aspect Ratio Numerator 16 [uint] Pixel Aspect Ratio Denominator 16 [uint] Field Rate Numerator 16 [uint] Field Rate Denominator 32 [uint] Timebase (hz) 32 [uint] Field Image Size (in bytes) 32 [uint] Number of extra headers 32 [enum] Colorspace 31 [uint] Reserved 1 [flg] Interlaced 32 [enum] Layout ID
- The number of extra headers field counts the number of headers following the comment packet and preceding the data.
- Field Rate and Timebase: The Timebase field is used to change the time base of the granule position. The special value 0 indicates the the value (1/Field Rate). If the Field Rate values are set to zero, the content uses a variable field rate. In all cases the absolute field time is determined by (granulepos/Timebase). At least one of these two values must be declared. Examples of valid descriptions of 29.98fps video:
- Field Rate = 2998/100, Timebase = 90000, granulepos of first frame = 3002
- Field Rate = 0/0, Timebase = 90000, granulepos of first frame = 3002
- Field Rate = 2998/100, Timebase = 0, granulepos of first frame = 1
- The Layout ID field is used to describe the layout of the image buffer in memory. This provides an easy means of selecting amongst common storage methods. If this field is set to zero, a Data Layout Packet MUST be included in the stream, and the contents of that packet should be parsed to determine the image buffer layout. The valid values for this field are:
Value Short Name Description 0x32315659 OGGUVS_FMT_YV12 8-bpp Y plane, followed by 8-bpp 2×2 V and U planes. 0x56555949 OGGUVS_FMT_IYUV 8-bpp Y plane, followed by 8-bpp 2×2 U and V planes. 0x32595559 OGGUVS_FMT_YUY2 UV downsampled 2:1 horizontally, ordered Y0 U0 Y1 V0 0x59565955 OGGUVS_FMT_UYVY UV downsampled 2:1 horizontally, ordered U0 Y0 V0 Y1 0x55595659 OGGUVS_FMT_YVYU UV downsampled 2:1 horizontally, ordered Y0 V0 Y1 U0 0x80808081 OGGUVS_FMT_RGB24DIB 8 bits per component, stored BGR, rows aligned to a 32 bit boundary, rows stored bottom first. 0x80808082 OGGUVS_FMT_RGB32DIB 8 bits per component, stored BGRx (x is don't care) rows stored bottom first. 0x80808083 OGGUVS_FMT_ARGBDIB 8 bits per component, stored BGRA, rows stored bottom first.
By convention, layouts with a registered fourcc should use that fourcc for this value. Other formats should set the MSB of each byte and use a OggUVS specific value. Layout ID's with 0xFF as the most significant byte will be considered to be application specific.
- The Colorspace field is used to identify all colorspaces supported by this format and is defined as follows:
Value Short Name Description 0x00000001 OGGUVS_CSP_UNSPEC_RGB Unspecified R'G'B' 0x00000002 OGGUVS_CSP_UNSPEC_YCBCR Unspecified Y'CbCr other useful colorspaces could go here.
The unspecified colorspaces are intended to be used only when the actual colorspace used is not known. This situation arises when getting decompressed frames from proprietary codecs, for instance. Applications should make every effort to properly identify the colorspace and use the proper value in this field.
The comment packet MUST be present and MUST be the second packet in the stream.
Undefined at this time, probably will be whatever Theora uses.
Data Layout Packet
The data layout packet MUST be included if the 'Layout ID' field in the main header packet is set to zero. The data layout packet SHOULD be included in all streams. If a 'Layout ID' field is specified, the data layout packet MUST NOT be modified from it's standard definition. Application that have a native understanding of the storage format as specified by the 'Layout ID' MAY parse the data layout packet, but are not required to.
32 0x1 Data Layout Header Packet ID 16 [uint] Version Major (breaks backwards compatability to increment) 16 [uint] Version Minor (backwards compatable, ie, more supported format id's) 16 [uint] Luma Height 16 [uint] Luma Width 16 [uint] Chroma Height 16 [uint] Chroma Width -- Repeat all fields below this point for interlaced storage. 32 [uint] Alpha channel offset 32 [uint] Y/R channel offset 32 [uint] U/G channel offset 32 [uint] V/B channel offset 32 [sint] Alpha Y Stride 32 [sint] Y/R Y Stride 32 [sint] U/G Y Stride 32 [sint] V/B Y Stride 32 [sint] Y/R X Stride 32 [sint] U/G X Stride 32 [sint] V/B X Stride
- This layout packet is for 8 bit per channel formats only.
- The width and height fields reflect the storage size, not the displayed size, of the field.
- The offset fields specify the offset, in bytes, from the start of the data packet to the top leftmost sample for the specified channel.
- The Y stride field indicates the number of bytes to add to the current position to get the corresponding sample one row down. For the alpha channel, this value should be set to zero if the channel is not present.
- The X stride field indicates the number of bytes to add to the current position to get the corresponding sample one pixel to the right. For the alpha channel, this value should be set to zero if the channel is not present.
Implementation Notes: Great care must be exercised when using the layout packet directly. The following are a few checks that should be made to validate the data:
For all channels: Width <= abs(Y_Stride) For alpha and luma channels: offset + y_stride*luma_h >= 0 offset + y_stride*luma_h <= image size (from main header) For chroma channels: offset + y_stride*chroma_h >= 0 offset + y_stride*chroma_h <= image size (from main header)
More to be added later.
32 'FLD0' Field 0 (Top) header.. [data] Data for whole field
32 'FLD1' Field 1 (Bottom) header.. [data] Data for whole field
Discussion: The length of the data packet must be exactly equal to the image size specified in the main header plus four bytes for the field header.
Encapsulation in Ogg
The time base of the granule position is defined in the main header packet, and may vary from stream to stream.
Predefined Layout Packets
The following packets are defined as the standard layout packets for the various defined formats. For those formats that declare a fourcc, it is illegal


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Abstract : In this thesis, a study of the atomization of cylindrical water jets with tools belonging to the theory of nonlinear dynamical systems is proposed. This original study begin with an introduction on the field of atomization and the theory of nonlinear dynamical systems. The first part of this work allows to define precisely the measured quantity recorded by a light scattering technique, by means of analytic and numerical computations. An artefact on the measurements, limitating their interpretation for an excited and a free water jet, is identified. However, the first results are in agreement with the theories (Rayleigh and Weber) and show that the dynamics of perturbations, evolving along the jet, is characterised by "intermittent bursts".
To remove the artefact, a shadow technique is developped and compared to the precedent one. The measurements are then shown to be linearly related to the jet diameter for any perturbation amplitude. Type-I phase intermittency is pointed out. In the case of free jets, this intermittency is also observed although in a less obvious way. When the flow velocity profile acts as the principal components on the jet breakup mechanisms, the deterministic dynamics is lost. In this case, we also observe that early initiations of perturbations imply a reducing of the breakup length.
A statistical symbolic dynamics allows to precise the nature of the behaviours observed for different control parameters in the case of free jets : the dynamics of the jet subject to the velocity profile action, which can be seen as a destabilisation of the flow toward turbulence, is of stochastic nature ; while deterministic dynamics could be described by a complete binary symbolic dynamics.
Key words : Nonlinear dynamical systems - Phase intermittency - Symbolic dynamics - Instability - Cylindrical liquid jet - Shadow/Extinction technique - Atomization.
Jérome Godelle is now "Ingénieur de recherche Dynamique du véhicule" for Renault.


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1. NIV – 097 „Modernization of life environment in Kohtla-Järve and Slantsy industrial towns through the development of town centres"
2. International project: "Cluster development and B2B internationalization in Estonian -Russian transborder regions"
3. "Creation of new tourist route "Estonia - Russia" by developing Virtual World of Russian Museum with participation of Estonian and Russian young people/ Virtual Tourism"
4. "CO2OL Bricks - Climate Change, Cultural Heritage & Energy Efficient Monuments"
5. Improving availability of medical information and counselling (MEDINF)
6. Eco-friendly disposal of hazardous medical waste in the cross border region
7. Baltic Smart City Areas for the 21st century – AREA 21


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Step 5: Tip for sturdier cookies
This is a bit of a design call, but thin features can trap dough and tear off when you move the dough to the baking sheet. Look at the version one K-9 cookie cutter and see how thin the ear is. I reshaped and widened it a bit in version 2. After making cookies, it turns out that the tail and ear needed to made even thicker, so I went to V3. The trick is to make the cookie sturdy enough that you can get it onto the baking sheet without it falling apart, but also have it resemble the intended shape/object - it is a blancing act.
Note: the blue images are from the Axon2 software that I use to generate the toolpath (gcode) that actually controls the 3d printer. I can use it to preview what the result with be without having to print the physical object. I tweaked the distance between points until I got white space in the ear and tail sections. Depending on print settings and printer tuning, the physical printed object might not look exactly like the displayed toolpath (gcode).
You can also make sturdy cookies by rolling the dough out thicker.


What does funding mean in Bitcoin? BTC / ETH Funding rate explained
Previously on trading guides we've covered about CME gaps and explained what maker / taker fees are. Similarly here in this post we'll explain the concept of funding rates in Bitcoin.
On social media you might have heard traders talking about funding rate or funding fees. "The next funding is highly negative, upcoming short squeeze." "Bitcoin funding rate too high, a dump is imminent".
Funding rate is a common mechanism that is only seen on trading platforms that offers perpetual contracts. Most of you know that when funding is positive, longs pay shorts. Likewise when the funding rate is negative, shorts pay to longs. But what is the concept behind funding rates?
What does funding rate or funding fees mean and how funding mechanism works? Why do we need them and how often they change? Also we'll cover other elements such as how to check funding rate on BitMEX, Bybit and Binance futures? The fee you need to pay for long funding and short funding. The interval in which funding fees are paid, how is it calculated and what a predicted rate means? Also how they are used when trading Bitcoin & Ethereum perpetual swaps?
Funding definition:
In perpetual contracts funding is a primary mechanism that is used to ensure the contract price is always tethered to the spot price. It is how the price of perpetual swap contracts is kept close to underlying assets spot price. It is one of the main ingredients behind the perpetual swap contracts.
What is a funding rate?
Funding rate in perpetual contracts is a series of payments that is exchanged directly between longs (buyers) and shorts (sellers). On most exchanges the funding rate occurs every 8 hours. While the time at which the funding is paid may vary the concept remains the same across all exchanges.
When the funding rate is positive, long positions pay short positions. When the funding is negative, short positions pay long positions. This mechanism keeps the price of spot and futures constantly in line with each other.
funding graph
Funding fees can be found on Bitcoin, Ethereum and every other altcoin perpetual contracts. Also it applies to both USDT perpetual and coin margined perpetual contracts. Only perpetual contracts and not on traditional futures that settles on a monthly or quarterly basis.
To understand funding let us first see how perpetual contracts are different from the traditional futures contracts.
Traditional futures contracts vs perpetual contracts
First of all both traditional futures contracts and perpetual contracts are derivative products where traders don't buy or sell the underlying asset as they do on spot exchange.
Derivatives is a bit different than spot trading where you are not actually buying or selling Bitcoin. Instead you are betting on the price of an asset. On derivatives you are benefiting from the price movements without actually buying or selling Bitcoin. It comes with high leverage and they have high risk / return characteristics.
The value of the contract is designed to always follow the actual price of Bitcoin. If the price of the Bitcoin rises or drops, so does the price of the contracts.
Traditional futures contracts:
Traditional futures contract come with an expiration / settlement date. These contracts are settled once a month or quarterly depending on the exchange.
While the price of futures contract deviates from the assets (Bitcoin's) base price they converge to spot price at the time of settlement.
traditional futures contract
On BitMEX, under Bitcoin and next to perpetual contracts you'll usually find 2 or three other contract types. These are futures contracts that have expiry dates. When you are trading futures (Monthly or quarterly) your contract ends as it approaches settlement. On these contracts you neither pay nor receiving funding to hold a position. However once the contract is expired you will not have any open position.
Perpetual contracts:
Perpetual contracts, as the name suggests they are everlasting, permanent contracts. It is similar to the traditional futures except they have no expiry date and they never settle. So basically traders can keep their position open forever as long as they have enough margin to avoid liquidation.
Since perpetual contracts never settle the contract price may never converge and it could end up being largely different than the spot price. To prevent this from happening perpetual contracts uses funding mechanism. It ensures the price of contract and spot would periodically converge.
Depending on the exchange the funding occurs twice or thrice a day. It is a fee which one side of the contract pays to the other. Either longs pay shorts or shorts pay longs.
How funding rates change?
Funding rate helps in linking the price of the perpetual contract to the spot price of the underlying asset. It works by sending series of periodic payments between long positions and short positions. If funding is positive, longs pay shorts and if funding is negative, shorts pay longs.
Let us understand why and when funding rates switch between positive and negative.
In general
If the price of perpetual contracts > spot price = Funding rate is positive
If the price of perpetual contracts < spot price = Funding rate is negative
funding rate fee graph
Okay, but what makes the contract price to go above and below the spot price?
Funding rate is usually correlated to the market sentiment. When the market is extremely bullish funding rates across all exchanges tend to go higher. Likewise when the market is bearish funding rates tend to go lower.
The price of contracts differs more from the spot price when there is high volatility and during strong market movements. Also another reason they deviate away from spot is because of the leveraged positions.
For example if the BTC / USD contract price trades above the spot price it means that many traders are in leverage long positions. On the other hand if BTC/USD contract price trades below the spot price it means there are more traders with short positions.
Now here is how funding mechanism works and helps keep the contract price stay close to the spot price.
How funding works?
Almost every exchange displays what the funding rate is and when it occurs. Also some exchanges like for example BitMEX even displays the funding rebate, the amount which a trader pays or receives.
For example if the price of Bitcoin perpetual contract is constantly trading above the spot price, the funding rate would increase. It means every trader who has long position open will have to pay short traders. It basically incentivizes short positions and discourages long position, thus lowering down the perpetual price towards the underlying.
Since traders are aware when the funding occurs and what it will cost most traders will close their long positions to avoid paying funding. Especially when the funding rate is too high; traders with high leverage will more likely close their positions to avoid paying funding. On the other hand more traders will open short positions to collect funding rebate. This incentive mechanism naturally brings the trading price towards the spot price.
This exchange of payment occurs every 8 hours and it helps anchor the last traded price to the global spot price. Once the funding is settled traders will continue to re open their closed positions.
How is funding rate calculated?
Every exchange has its own way of calculating and applying unique funding rates. However the formula for calculating funding rate is the same.
The funding rate mainly comprises of two components: The Interest rate (I) and the Premium Index (P). It is calculated by considering the interest rates of both the trading pair currencies (XBT/USD) and the premium index. It calculates interest rate and premium index every minute and performs an 8 hour time weighted average price over the series of minute rates.
On most exchanges this interest rate is set at 0.03% daily (0.01% every 8 hours). According to the price difference between mark price and last traded contract price the premium varies. It either yields a positive or negative funding rate and that decides who pays who.
This funding rate every 8 hours causes the contracts last traded price to move closer to the underlying spot price.
For more info on interest rate, premium rate component and how funding rate is calculated check this and this.
Where to find funding / predicted rates?
Funding rates are only applicable to traders with open positions. That is you only pay or receive funding if your position is held open at any of these times. If you close prior to the funding exchange interval then you'll not pay any funding.
The funding rates are applied periodically and on most exchanges it is charged three times a day (8 hour intervals). This is the industry standard. However the time at which the funding is exchanged will vary from one exchange to another.
Here is how you can find funding and predicated rates on some most popular derivatives exchange.
BitMEX funding rate
bitmex funding fee
On BitMEX, towards the left and under the leverage slider you'll find contract details section. There you can find the funding rate and the fee which you'll pay or receive for the next funding timestamp. If the funding rebate is in negative then you'll have to pay. If it is in green then you'll receive.
Move the cursor over the funding rate and it will display the predicted funding rate and fees. This will be applied for the next funding period. Also depending on volatility and according to Premium index and interest rate the predicted rate fluctuates until the previous funding is settled.
Bybit funding:
Similar to BitMEX, Bybit also applies funding rate every 8 hours to all open positions.
funding countdown
On Bybit just below the main navigation menu you'll find this information. Along with funding rate it will also display the countdown at which the funding will be applied. Hover over and it will display the predicted rate and its countdown. However it does not display the fee information which you'll be paying. You'll have to calculate it manually.
Binance Futures:
Similar to Bybit, Binance Futures also displays the funding rate at the top. But it does not display the predicted rate or the fees you'll be paying
While on the above mentioned exchanges funding occurs


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Yogurt is produced by the fermentation of lactose in milk by the bacteria of yogurt-ferment. Without those bacteria it is not possible to make yogurt.
But surprisingly, water buffalo milk and lemon juice mixture turns into yogurt without any third ingredient. You may first boil the milk to sterilize it; the result doesn't change. The milk must be water buffalo milk, cow milk or another animal's milk doesn't make yogurt this way. One of my relatives made yogurt this way, so this is not a myth (if you didn't hear this before). Unfortunately I couldn't find an English recipe to share with you here.
Can you please explain to me this chemical phenomenon? Is fermentation involved in this process? Is this resulting "yogurt" actually a yogurt by definition in the perspective of cooking and chemistry?
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up vote 8 down vote accepted
This is not yogurt per definition, you are making a fresh cheese. You can actually use other types of milk for such a cheese, but the mouthfeel and taste will be very different and won't be as similar to yogurt.
There is a large class of acid-curdled cheeses, including paneer, tvorog, quark and many others. I don't know if yours has a specific name. I know that there are people who for some reason can't tell the difference in taste betwen quark and yogurt. But it is still cheese, even if it tastes similar to yogurt.
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See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clabber_(food) for more on thick, soured milk. – Kate Gregory Sep 18 '12 at 17:56
_USER_ Interesting. This "clabber" food is still a fermented product, so it falls under the class of yogurts. There is an error in the article; quark is not the spontaneously-soured milk, it is a cheese made by curdling this spontaneously-soured milk with additional acid (but no rennet). The soured milk itself is called simply Sauermilch. – rumtscho Sep 18 '12 at 18:03
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Camera obscura
This is an optical device which is the ancestor of modern cameras. From the 17th century onwards some artists used it as an aid to plotting compositions.
Essentially the camera obscura consisted of a lens attached to an aperture on the side of a darkened tent or box. Light reflected from the chosen subject outside of the box passed through the lens and was projected on to a surface on a much smaller scale inside the encased area. The subject could then be traced.
This mechanical means of recording images is known to have been employed by Canaletto. The Delft artists Fabritius and Vermeer may also have experimented with it.


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Sub Statement (Visual Basic)
 [ statements ]
 [ Exit Sub ]
 [ statements ]
End Sub
Optional. See Attribute List.
Optional. Can be one of the following:
See Access Levels in Visual Basic.
Optional. Can be one of the following:
Optional. See Shared.
Optional. See Shadows.
Optional. See Async.
implementedprocedure [ , implementedprocedure ... ]
Each implementedprocedure has the following syntax and parts:
Required. Name by which the procedure is defined in interface.
eventspecifier [ , eventspecifier ... ]
Each eventspecifier has the following syntax and parts:
Required. Name of the event this procedure handles.
Optional. Block of statements to run within this procedure.
End Sub
Terminates the definition of this procedure.
Defining a Sub Procedure
Returning from a Sub Procedure
The following example shows a return from a Sub procedure.
Sub mySub(ByVal q As String)
End Sub
Calling a Sub Procedure
Async Sub Procedures
By using the Async feature, you can invoke asynchronous functions without using explicit callbacks or manually splitting your code across multiple functions or lambda expressions.
If you mark a procedure with the Async modifier, you can use the Await operator in the procedure. When control reaches an Await expression in the Async procedure, control returns to the caller, and progress in the procedure is suspended until the awaited task completes. When the task is complete, execution can resume in the procedure.
Note Note
An Async procedure returns to the caller when either the first awaited object that's not yet complete is encountered or the end of the Async procedure is reached, whichever occurs first.
You can also mark a Function Statement (Visual Basic) with the Async modifier. An Async function can have a return type of Task or Task. An example later in this topic shows an Async function that has a return type of Task.
Async Sub procedures are primarily used for event handlers, where a value can't be returned. An Async Sub procedure can't be awaited, and the caller of an Async Sub procedure can't catch exceptions that the Sub procedure throws.
An Async procedure can't declare any ByRef parameters.
For more information about Async procedures, see Asynchronous Programming with Async and Await (C# and Visual Basic), Control Flow in Async Programs (C# and Visual Basic), and Async Return Types (C# and Visual Basic).
 'Declare local variable.
 Dim area As Double
 If length = 0 Or width = 0 Then
 'If either argument = 0 then exit Sub immediately.
 Exit Sub
 End If
 'Calculate area of rectangle.
 area = length * width
 'Print area to Immediate window.
End Sub
In the following example, DelayAsync is an an Async Function that has a return type of Task. DelayAsync has a Return statement that returns an integer. Therefore, the function declaration of DelayAsync must have a return type of Task(Of Integer). Because the return type is Task(Of Integer), the evaluation of the Await expression in DoSomethingAsync produces an integer, as the following statement shows: Dim result As Integer = Await delayTask.
The startButton_Click procedure is an example of an Async Sub procedure. Because DoSomethingAsync is an Async function, the task for the call to DoSomethingAsync must be awaited, as the following statement shows: Await DoSomethingAsync(). The startButton_Click Sub procedure must be defined with the Async modifier because it has an Await expression.
' Imports System.Diagnostics
' Imports System.Threading.Tasks
' This Click event is marked with the Async modifier.
 Await DoSomethingAsync()
End Sub
Private Async Function DoSomethingAsync() As Task
 Dim delayTask As Task(Of Integer) = DelayAsync()
 Dim result As Integer = Await delayTask
 'The previous two statements may be combined into
 'the following statement.
 'Dim result As Integer = Await DelayAsync()
 Debug.WriteLine("Result: " & result)
End Function
Private Async Function DelayAsync() As Task(Of Integer)
 Await Task.Delay(100)
 Return 5
End Function
' Output:
' Result: 5
© 2014 Microsoft


Taking a different approach to financing: Revolving Funds
Money makes the world go round, and even the brightest ideas need investment. One way is finding a venture capitalist, business angels or incubator to generate seed fund for your enterprise in the make. Another less practiced option is taking part in a revolving fund. Well, it's time to pay extra attention to this last mechanism. In these times of fewer options for subsidy, banking sectors are not interested in risky innovation projects and tend invest sustainable, so a revolving fund just might be the solution.
What is a revolving fund?Entrepreneur-picture
A revolving fund is a financial instrument where means for risk financing are utilized from a fund. Revolving means that the funds invested will eventually flow back as interest or gains on participation will be made available for a new (innovative) project/investment. This is in contrast to subsidies, which can only be handed out once and without issuing a refund. Turning to a revolving fund structure becomes interesting when the investment has a longer payback or when the capital market cannot wear the associated risks. Due to the fact that a revolving fund gathers a package of different projects, it therefore has the flexibility to incorporate more risky and innovative projects. In this way, a revolving fund can be a 'nursery' for innovations. The two leading questions in a revolving fund are:
 - What is market failure that is tackled by the fund?
 - What is the purpose / problem that is being solved / stimulated by the revolving fund?
A revolving fund is characterized by setting aggressive selection and performance targets as criteria for top projects to succeed. A revolving fund could be a vehicle to overcome barriers like risk averseness and lack of deal flow. This mechanism has the following strengths:
 - More projects are fulfilled, and faster
 - It provides an opportunity to invest the same money, several times
 - It is not a subsidy, hence the loan character appeals to the responsibility
 - The ecosystem creates a platform for knowledge sharing; content and personal involvement leads to better results;
 - And last, it stimulates the entrepreneurial mindset
But with strength, comes weakness. So what might be the risk you encounter when dealing with a revolving fund? Besides being managed well, the fund must also be balanced well. The reality might be opposing social and financial objectives, pushing pressure on the short term outcomes instead of the longer term focus, which is often required when dealing with system changes. Linked to this is that managing a revolving fund requires specific knowledge: knowledge on how to generate the right ecosystem to make sure the projects within the fund grow (otherwise the fund will shrink rapidly and will have no revolving character at all). This knowledge is spread thin and work in progress. At the same time, the organization of the fund management implies overhead, which upfront is hard to assess in numbers, partly because the lead time to establish a revolving fund vary from a couple of months to years. But the most important clause is that the beneficiary of the fund, the inventor or start-up, must assure the refund. Meaning that the innovation indeed will be scalable and has a proper return on investment. Therefore, it is important to select the right criteria. On this point, advice differs. And more important, it should be customized to the sector you are working in.
Still interested? To have an effective revolving fund, there are some rules you have to obey. The four most important are:
1) Answer the two questions mentioned earlier to be clear on the objective and focus
2) Have transparent selection criteria that define the projects eligible to the revolving fund
3) Create a structured supporting eco-system that is occupied with the funds management
4) Recognize that not every project in your fund will be a success: the hope is re-creating deployable resources, but due the innovative high-risk profile, there is a chance that not all projects will succeed. So create a buffer for this.
Vliet, L. van, Groenewoud, R. and Berendse, S. (2012) Revolving Fund factsheet (in Dutch)
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Noun: morals mor-ulz [N. Amer], mó-rulz [Brit]
 1. Motivation based on ideas of right and wrong
 - ethical motive, ethics, morality
Noun: moral mor-ul [N. Amer], mó-rul [Brit]
 1. The significance of a story or event
 "the moral of the story is to love thy neighbour";
 - lesson
Type of: import, meaning, motivation, motive, need, significance, signification
Encyclopedia: Morals


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- About Us
Wyoming Testing Chronic Wasting Disease Vaccine for Elk
The Wyoming Game and Fish Department is testing how well a vaccine for chronic wasting disease will work in elk. The vaccine being tested was developed by three Canadian infectious disease centers. The vaccine is being tested on 25 elk calves transported from Game and Fish's South Park feedground to the Thorne-Williams Wildlife Research Unit in Wheatland. State wildlife veterinarian Terry Kreeger says 25 more elk calves taken from the feed ground will be left at the facility unvaccinated as a control group. Kreeger says the hope is that the vaccinated elk will live longer. Chronic wasting disease is a fatal neurological disease found in elk and deer. It could take years to determine whether the vaccine is effective.


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Every few years, we round up examples of customer experience (CX) champions (or "ambassadors") programs: programs that enable CX teams to broaden their reach by training employees or leaders in CX best practices and/or formalizing their roles in CX project implementation. This year, we cast a wide net to capture programs that placed differing focus on training, shared ownership of CX initiatives, and aligned among leadership. There were many small CX teams that forged relationships across organizations, significantly magnifying their impact on CX through these programs.
Beyond the report, some CX teams have shared with us that they once had a CX champions program that went by the wayside. Often times, this is because participants eventually lose interest or purpose. That's why the examples included in "Customize Your CX Champions Program" are thoughtful in how they continue to build participation by continuously adding new champions, more engagement, and parallel cultural activities that sustain interest.
Why are no two champions programs alike? Because no two cultures are alike, and a champions program must feel authentic to drive customer obsession in your company's culture. In customizing your program:
- Determine how you will give participants resources that enable them, such as training and access to data.
- Ensure that champions' work directly supports larger CX and business strategies, and offer recognition accordingly.
- Let the champions decide what their CX passion projects will be.
- Continue, or deepen, engagement with enthusiastic participants.


Tag Archives: kiestra TLA
Challenging the Dogma of Empirical Antibiotics
A lot of antibiotic treatment of infectious diseases is still "empirical" in nature. "Empirical" generally means "based on experience", so to administer an empirical antibiotic means to give the antibiotic that is most likely to work based on previous experience with that infection.
Antibiotic treatment has traditionally been empirical because waiting for culture and susceptibility results was simply far too slow. Only a generation ago the average turnaround time for a microbiology culture test was 3 days and counting….
A lot of antibiotic treatment is still empirical in nature. If you go to your GP with a sore throat or a urinary tract infection, chances are high you will receive an empirical antibiotic. If you attend your local Sexual Health clinic with symptoms of gonorrhoea, you will likely be getting some empirical ceftriaxone long before the diagnosis is established. If you go to your local hospital with pneumonia, you will likely get a macrolide antibiotic (to cover atypical pathogens) as well as a beta-lactam.
However microbiology labs are improving all the time. We now have the potential in many areas to make empirical treatment redundant for certain infections. Check out the following examples:
 - Rapid antigen and PCR tests are now available for the laboratory diagnosis of sore throat, with a turnaround time of minutes to a few hours.
 - Bacteriology automation, such as Kiestra TLA, can reduce turnaround times for urine cultures to less than a day, and a day and a half for wound swabs. I suspect a lot of patients with straightforward UTIs and wound infections can wait that long for a result without outcomes being adversely affected.
 - Rapid PCR tests for atypical respiratory pathogens (Legionella spp., Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae) can mean that macrolide coverage for community acquired pneumonia can be stopped early, or not even started.
 - Ultra-fast PCR tests for influenza can prevent any antibiotics being prescribed in patients who present with Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URTI).
 - PCR tests with genotypic antimicrobial susceptibility information (e.g. Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium) can avoid the use of empirical antibiotics and selection pressure for antibiotic resistance.
Costing silos, resistance to change, and a lack of vision are amongst the main reasons that it takes so long for treatment protocols to move to "directed therapy" wherever possible.
There are still areas where empirical antibiotics will continue to be necessary. The acutely septic patient presenting to hospital is one such example. However large swathes of infections, particularly in the community setting are still managed by empirical antibiotic therapy. This is the way it always has been. However that doesn't mean it is the way it always should be…
The next big revolution in clinical microbiology labs should be to challenge the dogma of empirical antibiotic treatment. This would be a huge step forward towards counteracting the development of antibiotic resistance.
"Bacteriology Automation: Warts and all…"
The learning curve is very steep.
It would simply be a backward step…
Change always comes with downsides as well as upsides.
"Too much information…"
The Kiestra TLA audit trails are really quite amazing in their detail. You can track down where every plate is at any time throughout the whole culture process. Because everything is automated and digital, more or less everything has an audit trail. There is no hiding place for anything, or anyone.
The accreditation agencies love it…
And you can even view how many plates an individual staff member reads per hour, every hour of the day. You could even hazard a guess at when they went to have a coffee.
Too much information perhaps…?
Everybody works at their own pace in the laboratory. Some people are naturally fast, some people are naturally slow.
That's ok.
Some people like to have a chat between samples, and some people like to daydream. Some people even like to go for a wander every 10 minutes.
…and that's ok as well.
The point being that to try and force people to work harder or faster is almost always both unsuccessful and counterproductive.
It is all about trust. If you trust people to do a job to the best of their ability, then the vast majority will.
It is a bit like those companies who have recently adopted a policy to give unlimited annual leave to their employees. What seems illogical at first glance actually works very well. Most people will work a sufficient number of weeks to provide benefit to their employer, whilst taking enough annual leave to both retain their sanity and have sufficient time with their family.
So I don't care how many plates person X reads per hour. I have absolutely no interest in it whatsoever. What I do care about is that they are happy, and they are able to produce quality results.
Some audit information is best just ignored…


text:
Chemistry in Biomedical Imaging for Physicists
Module version of SS 2020 (current)
There are historic module descriptions of this module. A module description is valid until replaced by a newer one.
Whether the module's courses are offered during a specific semester is listed in the section Courses, Learning and Teaching Methods and Literature below.
|available module versions|
|SS 2020||WS 2019/20||SS 2019||SS 2018||WS 2017/8||WS 2015/6|
PH2226 is a semester module in English language at Master's level which is offered every semester.
This Module is included in the following catalogues within the study programs in physics.
- Specific catalogue of special courses for Biophysics
- Specific catalogue of special courses for Applied and Engineering Physics
- Focus Area Imaging in M.Sc. Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics
- Complementary catalogue of special courses for condensed matter physics
- Complementary catalogue of special courses for nuclear, particle, and astrophysics
If not stated otherwise for export to a non-physics program the student workload is given in the following table.
|Total workload||Contact hours||Credits (ECTS)|
|150 h||30 h||5 CP|
Responsible coordinator of the module PH2226 is Franz Pfeiffer.
Content, Learning Outcome and Preconditions
1. Introduction to biomedical imaging
2. Introduction to the chemistry involved in the biomedical imaging modalities
3. Chemical methodology for labelling and bioconjugation
4. Contrast agents for computed tomography (CT)
5. Nanoparticle-based contrast agents for CT
6. Contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
7. Nanoparticle-based contrast agents for MRI
8. Contrast agents for positron emission tomography (PET) I
9. Contrast agents for PET II
10. Contrast agents for microscopy techniques
11. Contrast agents for fluorescence microscopy
12. Immunofluorescence techniques
13. Multimodal imaging, emerging modalities and techniques
After successful lecture participation the student is able to:
1. apply the basic principles of the discussed biomedical imaging techniques (computed tomography, microscopic techniques, magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography) for assigning chemical properties to contrast agents used for biomedical imaging;
2. identify the biomedical imaging technique(s) being addressed with a specific contrast agent;
3. analyze chemical structures, properties and strategies regarding biomedical imaging in a clinical and research context.
No mandatory requirements are necessary. Basic chemical understanding from the physics bachelor studies is helpful.
Courses, Learning and Teaching Methods and Literature
Courses and Schedule
|VO||2||Chemistry in Biomedical Imaging for Physicists||
Assistants: Busse, M.
singular or moved dates
Learning and Teaching Methods
The lecture introduces and explains basic chemical principles and methods, which are needed for the contrast agents used in biomedical imaging. Later, this knowledge will be applied to the contrast agent chemistry involved in biomedical imaging techniques.
During the lecture, experiments and macroscopic illustrative materials such as molecule models are used to exemplify the presented theory. Interactive discussions with and amongst the students are encouraged through individual and group work. Here, the two aspects of knowledge acquisition and presentation as well as knowledge repetition and application are addressed. For that matter, various methods such as accompanying worksheets or interactive online quizzes are used.
The lecture material contains of textbook recommendations and scientific references, which aim to promote an independent literature research. The students are guided to further deepen their understanding of the topics discussed during the individual lectures. In addition to the lecture script, learning outcome tables are presented, which contain example questions over the different taxonomies (name, understand, apply, analyse, evaluate and create knowledge). In this way, the students are guided towards the final exam of this module.
Power point presentation
Interactive online quiz
1. N. J. LongandW.-T.Wong,Thechemistryofmolecularimaging.2015,Hoboken,New Jersey:Wiley.
2. H. Y. Chen,M. M.Rogalski,andJ. N.Anker,AdvancesinfunctionalX-rayimaging echniquesandcontrastagents.PhysicalChemistry
3. H. Lusicetal.,X-raycomputedtomographycontrastagentsforcartilageimaging.Abstracts ofPapersoftheAmericanChemicalSociety,
4. N. Lee,S. H.Choi,andT.Hyeon,Nano-SizedCTContrastAgents.AdvancedMaterials, 2013.25(19):p.2641-2660.
5. N. J. Pelc,RecentandFutureDirectionsinCTImaging.AnnalsofBiomedicalEngineering, 2014.42(2):p.260-268.
6. Y. L. Liu,K. L.Ai,andL. H.Lu,NanoparticulateX-rayComputedTomographyContrast Agents:FromDesignValidationtoinVivo
molecular imaging.Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging, 2015.10(1):p.117.
8. S. I. Ziegler,Positronemissiontomography:Principles,technology,andrecent developments.NuclearPhysicsA,
9. M. BraddockandRoyalSocietyofChemistry(GreatBritain),Biomedicalimaging – The chemistryoflabels,probesand
contrast agents,inRSCdrugdiscovery.2011,Royal SocietyofChemistry,:Cambridge.p.1onlineresource(1v.).
10. L. Helm,A. E.Merbach,andE.v.Tóth,Thechemistryofcontrastagentsinmedicalmagnetic resonanceimaging.Secondedition/ed.
11. D. W. Townsend,Multimodalityimagingofstructureandfunction.PhysicsinMedicineand Biology,2008.53(4):p.R1-R39.
Description of exams and course work
There will be an oral exam of 25 minutes duration. Therein the achievement of the competencies given in section learning outcome is tested exemplarily at least to the given cognition level using comprehension questions and case studies.
For example an assignment in the exam might be:
- Why is gadolinium used in MRI contrast agent design?
- Review the chemical structures on the provided worksheet and assign each substance to the biomedical imaging technique(s).
- What contrast agent is the best choice? Discuss the question by using the provided table.
The exam may be repeated at the end of the semester.