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Italy Civil RegistrationVital RecordsEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Civil registration records are the vital records made by the government. Records of births, marriages, and deaths are commonly referred to as vital records because they refer to vital events in a person's life.
Civil registration records [registri dello stato civile] are an excellent source for accurate information on names as well as dates and places of births, marriages, and deaths. In addition, civil registration may include documents required for marriage, miscellaneous records (such as stillbirths), deaths occurring in other cities or countries, and legitimations or parental acknowledgments [ricognizioni].
Civil authorities began registering births, marriages, and deaths in 1809 in many areas (1820 in Sicilia). By 1866 civil registration became law. After this date, virtually all individuals who lived in Italy were recorded.
Because they cover most of the population and because they are usually indexed and mostly accessible, civil registration records are one of the most important sources for genealogical research in Italy.
For birth, death, and marriage records before 1809 or 1820, see "Church Records".
General Historical Background
Napoleonic Records (1806–1815)
The earliest vital records in Italy were kept by the churches. In 1806 Napoleon, Emperor of France, annexed large parts of Italy, including Roma, Venezia, and the Piemonte region. He also initiated civil record keeping at that time. As he gained control of most of Italy, he enforced new laws that required local civil registration.
Papal States. In the area formerly known as the Papal States—which included from what is now Molise, Lazio, Umbria, and Marche to Emilia-Romagna—Napoleonic records cover the period of 1810 to 1814.
Veneto and Lombardia. Napoleonic records began about 1806 and ended in 1814 or 1815.
Piemonte. Napoleonic records cover 1804 to 1814.
These records do not exist for areas that Napoleon never ruled such as Sardegna, Sud Tirol, and Sicilia.
Later Records (1815–Present)
After Napoleon's defeat in 1815, many areas discontinued civil registration.
Regno di Napoli (comprising most of southern Italy from Napoli and Campania down to Calabria and Puglia), Toscana, and the Abruzzo region. These areas continued to keep civil registration records after Napoleon's defeat.
Ducato di Savoia. This area in Piemonte began keeping records again in 1839.
In TrentoAlto-Adige parish priests took over the civil registration.
Sicilia. The island of Sicilia began civil registration in 1820 using a format nearly identical to the Napoleonic records.
Italian civil registration began officially as Italy became a unified country between 1860 and 1870. In most areas, the civil records began in 1866 and continue to the present.
Civil authorities did not record many of the births, marriages, and deaths that happened between the end of the Napoleonic era and the time when the Italian government began keeping civil registration records. You must rely on church records as your main source for these years.
Information Recorded in Civil Registers
Birth, marriage, and death records are the most important civil registration records for Italian research. Most of these records retained the basic format introduced by Napoleon in the early 1800s. The registers are divided into separate volumes for each year. Records kept in the south used standardized forms. Many records in the north are handwritten, although they contain basically the same information.
The records were almost always kept in Italian, except for records kept during the rule of foreign powers such as France and Austria.
In the northern regions, many records are in French and German, and given names were often written in the "ruling" language even though the person's name was Italian. For example, Giuseppina Bertaldo may have been recorded as Josephine Bertaldo.
Some church records were transcribed into civil registration records. This transcription usually happened to meet documentation requirements for marriages [processetti or allegati]. Transcribed church records are in Latin, and each volume is usually indexed.
Birth records generally give the child's name, sex, birth date, and birthplace, and the parents' names. Many of the early records and all of the later records provide additional details, including the parents' birthplaces, ages, and occupations and the mother's maiden name. The baptism date is usually included with the civil birth record.
Births were generally registered within a day or two of the child's birth, usually by the father of the family or by the attending midwife. Corrections to a birth record may have been added as a marginal note. In later records, marginal notes are frequently found, providing marriage and death information. See a translation one of the printed forms.
After 1809 Napoleonic law required that the marriage ceremony be performed first by a civil authority and then, if desired, by a church authority. It was then recorded in the civil records. At first, some people resisted this law and had their marriages performed by church authority only. Later when it became legally necessary for their children to be recognized as legitimate, a civil ceremony was performed. In rare cases, you may find a marriage record for a couple in their 50s who were actually married 30 years earlier. In most cases you may find marriages recorded in both civil and church records.
Marriages were usually performed and recorded where the bride lived. In some provinces, these records date from 1809 or from 1820. The early civil marriage records may include more information than the church records. When available, search both the civil and church records of marriage.
If you believe a marriage took place but cannot find a record of the marriage, search records of intent to marry.
Marriage Banns [pubblicazioni, notificazioni, memorandum]. You may find records that show a couple's intent to marry in addition to or instead of actual marriage records. The following are various records that may have been created to show a couple's intent to marry.
Proclamation, allegations, or banns [notificazioni, pubblicazioni, memorandum].These notifications were made a few weeks before a couple planned to marry. The couple may have been required to announce their intended marriage to give other community members the opportunity to raise any objections to the marriage. If one member of the bridal party lived elsewhere, banns were posted in that community also. If you know that a marriage took place but cannot find it in the marriage records of the community, search the marriage banns. It may be posted there and lead you to the community where the marriage actually took place.
Supporting documents [processetti or allegati]. These documents were often filed by the bride and groom in support of their intent or "solemn promise" to marry. Records proving their births and their parents' births and deaths and sometimes documentation on earlier generations may be included. The names of former spouses and their death dates are also provided.
You may find the following records that document the legal completion of the marriage.
Certificates [certificati]. The individual who performed the ceremony or the civil office where the ceremony was recorded may have given the couple a certificate of marriage. This may be in the possession of the family, and the civil registrar may have copies. Usually, however, when writing for information and requesting a certificate, you will receive only a transcription of the most pertinent information. Extracts [estratti] will give you the complete information.
Marriage registers [registri dei matrimoni]. Civil officials recorded the marriages they performed in registers, usually preprinted forms bound in a book and kept in the civil office.
Marriage registers give the date of the marriage and the names of the bride and groom. They also indicate whether the bride and groom were single or widowed and give the names of witnesses. They often include other information about the bride and groom, such as age, birthplace, residence, occupation, name of person giving consent, and names of parents. In cases of second and later marriages, the marriage registers may include the names of previous spouses and their death dates. The registers usually include the date of the church ceremony.
There are two types of printed forms found when researching Italian civiil marriages. The first is a "solemn promise" to marry - a document created when a couple appeared at the city offices and promised they would marry one another (the banns had already been posted by this time). This document is usually found in pre-unification records (_PHONE_). The second is a post-unification record and is the actual marriage document. See translations of these pre-printed forms.
Before 1970 divorces were illegal in Italy. Divorce records are not open to the public. The Family History Library does not have any Italian divorce records.
Death records are especially helpful because they may provide important information about a person's birth, spouse, and parents. Civil death records often exist for individuals for whom there are no birth or marriage records.
Deaths were usually registered within a day of the death in the town or city where the person died. Early death records generally give the person's name and death date and place. After about 1815, death registers usually include the age, place of birth, residence or street address, occupation, burial information, and the informant's name (often a relative). They usually provide the names of spouses and parents and whether or not they were still living. Information about the deceased's parents, birth date, and birthplace may be inaccurate since the informant may not have had the correct information.
Still


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Health & Safety
Risk assessment - photocopier toner
These pages are concerned with the use of toner in photocopiers within the Computer Laboratory - both
during normal use of the machines, and while loading/unloading toner.
The laser aspect of the copiers will not be dealt with here.
Several substances within toner have known risks to health, both on direct exposure and resulting from emissions during the photocopying process.
Hazards associated with storage of toner (flammability, manual handling problems) are considered negligible as only one or two toner cartridges are kept on site at any time, and will not be considered further.
Who these hazards affect
These hazards can affect photocopier users, and to a greater extent, members of staff who insert toner.
One of the photocopiers in the department is operated under a contract such that toner will only ever be replaced by contract maintenance staff.
One of the others has in the past had its toner replaced by Reception staff.
The others are handled by one of a small number of people, usually a technician.
Reasonably foreseeable outcome
Toners are usually a mixture of plastic resin, iron powder and carbon black (CAS 1333-86-4).
Carbon black is classified as a nuisance dust (a group 2B carcinogen, "possibly carcinogenic to humans").
Animal studies have not revealed any carcinogenic qualities in inhalation tests of carbon
it is implied that at office exposure levels during normal use there is no increased
risk of developing cancer from exposure to the toner itself.
Carbon black may contain impurities known to be carcinogens.
Contact with the tongue can lead to:
- small growths
- irritated eyes
- itching skin
- Direct contact with toner can lead to skin and eye sensitisation
Chemicals generated during operation of a typical photocopier include:
ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and volatile organic compounds.
Ozone is produced during the high voltage electrical discharge in photocopiers. It is highly toxic, with health effects such as:
- eye, nose, throat and lung irritation
- premature ageing
- potential reproductive dangers
However, it does dissipate quickly if there is adequate ventilation.
The manual for the four smaller machines used in the department (Sharp AR-151) asserts "the emission level is insufficient to cause any health hazard".
Carbon monoxide can be produced when toner is heated if there is inadequate air supply.Its effects include:
- increased pulse rate
A range of volatile organic compounds can also be emitted, several of which are carcinogenic.
Standards that should be achieved
- Photocopiers should not be placed in conditions that could result in poor ventilation.
- Toner should only be changed by staff or other persons familiar with the risks involved.
Control measures already in place
- All photocopiers are in large rooms or well ventilated areas.
- The construction of toner containers is such that inhalation and contact with skin and eyes is minimised during insertion and removal.
- None of the photocopiers are documented as requiring specialist personal protection while changing toner.
- During storage the containers are sealed and hence are no cause for concern.
Additional actions to be takenThe additional actions which need to be taken to achieve the required standards (i.e to include the dissemination of information to those affected) are as follows:
- The large photocopier is in room GC18. This room has adequate ventilation, but staff should be discouraged from spending long periods operating, and hence close to, the machine.
- Staff unfamiliar with the potential hazards should not be permitted to change toner in any of the machines.
- Staff responsible for changing toner should be encouraged to wash their hands afterwards to prevent the possibility of skin irritation or inadvertent transfer to their eyes.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Friends | Press Room | Contact Us
The International School for Holocaust Studies
"A Childhood Ensnared in Tears"
Creative Use of Holocaust Imagery in the Classroom
Lesson Plan
Liz Elsby
Grades: 6 - 9 (with previous knowledge about the Holocaust)
Duration: 2 - 2.5 hours
Didactive Objectives
 - Acquaint students with the story of Chava Wolf, who was a Jewish child during the Holocaust.
 - Expose students to Chava Wolf's brightly colored, childlike paintings.
 - Allow students to contemplate the symbolism inherent in the paintings.
 - Encourage the students to discuss the unexpected use of colors and symbols, which deviate from our preconceived notions of representing death, horror, loss and hopelessness.
 - Give children and teachers a sense of confidence in their ability to connect and create through their own artwork.
Chava Wolf-Wijnitzer with her artworkChava Wolf-Wijnitzer with her artwork
Educators often approach Holocaust study from a historical point of view, deepening their students' knowledge and understanding through the use of survivor testimony, classroom discussions, films, books and other disciplines.
However, teachers may find that the world of art offers their students a richer and more accessible path to processing this difficult and complex subject matter. Artwork and poetry can be employed in the classrooms not only to teach students about the Holocaust, but also to enlighten and inspire them to create their own artwork.
In the first part of this lesson, the students will be introduced to the work and life story of artist and Holocaust survivor, Chava Wolf. They will discuss examples of her paintings and learn about her personal and highly unique use of color, symbolism and composition. They will also hear samples of Chava's poetry, focusing on her ordeal in Transnistria. Students who are not familiar with art–related terminology, (image, symbol, and theme) will gain understanding of how these concepts are used in approaching an artwork. In the second part of the lesson, students will try to use their own personal language of symbols, colors, forms and composition to design their own creations.
It is our hope that at the end of this lesson, students will have gained a feeling of confidence regarding their own voice in relating to and creating artwork.
Preparatory Materials
To prepare for the first part of the lesson, teachers should read the interview with Chava Wolf which appears in this edition of e-newsletter. This text will familiarize the teacher with Chava's life story.
The teacher may consult this link, which contains an overview of the Holocaust in Transnistria, in order to place Chava's story in its historical context in the classroom. In addition, historical and visual docomentation will be provided to contextualize the artwork and deepen the student's knowledge. Chava's paintings should be printed for the students to see, or projected on a screen in front of the class.
Suggested Materials
 - A3 Paper - strong Bristol or water color paper preferable
 - Water color paints
 - Tempera paints
 - Oil pastels
 - Felt tips
 - Torn pieces of colored tissue paper
 - Pencils
 - Glue (stick glue is often easier for students to use)
Lesson Procedure
 - Discussion of Chava Wolf's Artwork (45 min – 1 hour)
 - Students Create Their Own Artwork (1-1.5 hours)
Teachers can begin by engaging the class in a discussion about how they visually perceive emotions. What colors do they associate with sadness, happiness, fear, hope?
How would the students visualize these emotions? Tears for sadness? Smiles for happiness? What colors do they think would be appropriate for a subject as tragic as the Holocaust?
Part One
Note to the Teacher:
Often children will associate sombre colors – blacks, greys, dark purples, dark blues and reds – with sadness and mourning. Happy colors are usually considered to be yellows, oranges, pinks, light blues, and light greens. Students can discuss why the Holocaust is often perceived in such dark tones, or in black and white. They can be reminded that although most of the visual information we have about the Holocaust comes from the black and white footage and photographs of the period, the Holocaust happened in the real world, the world of color, of winters and summers, of trees and butterflies.
The teacher will then introduce the students to the life story of Chava Wolf, an artist who survived the Holocaust in Transnistria, which they can find in the interview with her. At this point, students still have not seen any of Chava's artwork.
Note to Teacher:
Teachers can proceed to show the class the first of Chava's paintings - a picture of the crossing of the Dniester River. Above them is a train loaded with Jewish deportees, caught between two bizarre, large figures. These two menacing "evil men" - or "devils", as Chava calls them - represent the Nazis and their helpers who overshadow and control everything. The scene happens against a background of rain, symbolizing the ceaseless rain Chava remembers from her time in the ghetto. Despite their childlike quality, the picture depicts a very difficult image – note the bodies floating in the river. This is a scene Chava had witnessed first-hand as a child.
Chava Wolf-Wijnitzer - The deportation to Transnistria
Chava Wolf-Wijnitzer - The deportation to Transnistria
Teachers may wish to conduct an open discussion with their students focusing on the list of questions below. Clearly there are no right or wrong answers. Over the course of the discussion, teachers will explain Chava's own explanations (appearing in the notes to teachers), and this will help "unlock" much of her own symbolic language.
 1. What do you see in the picture?
 2. What is happening in the river?
 3. Who are the figures with the orange hats and yellow faces?
 4. Who are the woman crying, who is the child next to the river?
 5. What is the strange vehicle in the picture?
 6. Who are the two large menacing figures? What do their facial expressions show? Their hands?
 7. Who might be the little girl on the left-hand side? Why doesn't she have any arms or legs?
 8. Why did the grown up Chava choose to draw Nazis so colorfully, without their official uniforms? Why do they not look like real people?
Note to Teacher:
The photographs on the side depict actual historical photographs of Jews crossing the Dniester River, and of Rumanian soldiers in uniform. Comparisons can be made in the classroom between the actual documented events and characters, and Chava's representation of them. Chava perceives these images as she did when she was a child. As a child she saw these Nazi soldiers and their collaborators as menacing "bad people", and was less aware that these were soldiers. By portraying them as the strange figures we see here, she is expressing how cruel and inhuman she perceived them to be as a child. For Chava, it is less important to portray them realistically than it is to show her impression of them.
Note to Teachers:
Chava Wolf-Wijnitzer - In the ghetto in Transnistria
Chava Wolf-Wijnitzer - In the ghetto in Transnistria
While imprisoned in the ghetto, a Nazi soldier struck Chava on her head with the butt of his rifle, severely wounding her. The swelling and infection took a very long time to heal. Yet this child in the painting is smiling, gazing towards another place. Her arms have become wings expressing her desire to fly away. Chava's feet are on wheels, a motif that appears throughout her artwork. She explained that this symbolizes how unsteady and unbalanced everything in this bizarre world had become to this child, who had once been surrounded by a warmth, love and stability. The frightening yellow figure with the distorted eyes is the SS man delivering the blow. Again in Chava's childish representation, this soldier is a menacing, devil-like creature. This "Satan", as Chava calls him, embodies all of the soldiers who were responsible for her beautiful childhood to disappear. In the closed and inaccessible house below her, we see two Shabbat candles, a symbol of the normalcy of the religious Jewish life that Chava led before the war, now closed to her forever. The bottles below possibly represent water, which was scarce in the ghetto. Chava once witnessed the execution of a thirsty child who had the temerity to try and get water.
 1. What do you see in this picture?
 2. Who is the girl in the picture and what is a happening to her? What is her response, and why is she reacting this way?
 3. Who is the figure hovering above the little girl? What does his face reveal about him? (Note his eyes) What is he doing to the girl? Does he look like a real person?
 4. Can you see similarities between this picture and the first picture?
Note to Teachers:
Teachers may now introduce the meaning of theme and the use of symbols, recurring in Chava's visual language. These include the yellow color of the evil men and their strange tentacle-like arms, the white spots representing rain, the wheels under the figures, and the use of colors, etc.
Note to Teachers:
Chava Wolf-Wijnitzer - In the ghetto in Transnistria
Chava Wolf-Wijnitzer - In the ghetto in Transnistria
In this painting we see Chava's impression


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There are few hills or mountains that have been connected by railway lines. Some of the important features of these mountain railways are the following.
Gradients The gradients of mountain tracks are very steep. Normally tracks with gradients of 3% or more are considered mountain tracks.
Gauge Normally narrow gauges with gauge widths of 762 mm or 610 mm are adopted for mountain railways.
Curvature The curvature of mountain tracks is very sharp. Curvatures of up to 40° are normally adopted.
Alignment Mountain alignment is quite zigzag and not straight in order to gain heights easily. The type of alignments normally followed are zigzag, switch-back, and spiral.
Purpose Mountain railways have mostly been constructed for tourist traffic. In some cases, they may be constructed for exploiting hinterland or new areas.
Cost considerations The cost of construction of mountain railways is quite high because of the need for a large number of bridges and heavy earthwork. The cost, however, gets considerably reduced by adopting a smaller gauge, narrow gauge (0.762 m or 0.61 m), and then it is possible to have very steep gradients and sharp curvature.
Some of the important mountain railways existing in India today are: (i) Kalka-Shimla Railway, (ii) Nilgiri Mountain Railway, (iii) Matheran Light Railway,
(iv) Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, (v) The Kangra Valley Railway, and (vi) Haldwani-Kathgodam Railway.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Charles H. Cobb
August 8, 1863
Ezekial M. Banks, 28, of Kenduskeag, enlisted as a private in the 16th Maine Infantry Regiment in August, 1862. With almost no chance to say goodbye to his wife and child, Banks was sent immediately to Maryland, where he marched with his regiment to the battles at South Mountain and Antietam. The Maine unit was late in reaching the fight at South Mountain, and was held in reserve at Antietam, so his first few months of duty were quiet.
The regiment's first exchange of gunfire, however, would be Banks' last. The 16th Maine was engaged in the battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia, and Banks was mortally wounded.
When word reached his widow, she decided that she could not stay in Kenduskeag. She moved to Danville, and notified the Board of Selectmen there that she needed help.
Specifically, she wanted money. And, according to a measure passed by the Maine Legislature in 1861, "An Act in aid of families of volunteers," as the widow of a Maine soldier killed in action, she was entitled to receive seventy-five cents per week for herself, and fifty cents per week for their child. Under the terms of the law, the payments would be made to her by the town of her residence for one year following her husband's death.
Charles Cobb, a Selectman for her new town, wrote to Maine Adjutant General John Hodsdon to be certain that the Town was complying with the law.
"As stated to me the facts are these, his widow and one child have come to live in the Town of Danville and application has been made to me for State aid I wish you to inform me by letter whether I should be justified in furnishing the aid," Cobb writes.
The application was legal, and under the terms of the law, Danville would have to raise local taxes to pay the total of $65 in aid, and would then be reimbursed by the State.
Questions for further thought/research
- Why was the Board of Selectmen writing to the Adjutant General for authority to make the payments?
- What might have been some of the reasons for the Maine Legislature enacting this law?
- What might have been some of the reasons for the payments being stopped after one year?
- How do you think the Legislature decided the amount of the payments?


Why Are Words More Memorable Than Numbers?
Assuming that they are, I'm sure for some people it's actually the other way around.
Is it because numbers describe a relationship between entities rather than the entities themselves?
it's because like there's not much material difference between 1178 and 1179, they're too specific aren't they.
Like you could remember seeing a red car but could you remember what shade of red?
Numbers all mean the same thing, just different quantities of that thing
1 Like
It's only words
And words are all I have
To take your heart away
yeah they rely on something else to define them don't they.
So does that mean maths can't exist in a vacuum?
simply write numbers down as words and they become easier to remember
I guess until something has happened nothing can have any meaning,
Can someone give me the four one one on this thread please?
One of the only things that makes me remotely suitable for my job is that I find numbers very easy to remember.
1 Like
This is a good little memory trick
Say you had to remember this string of numbers
193 919 452 020
You'd probably forget after half hour if you were asked to repeat what they were because there's no context but if you put them together and they have a context it's easier so
193 919 452 020 becomes
_PHONE_ 2020 aka the start and end years of WW2 and the current year.
1 Like
yeah that is neat!
Can Discobot answer with word numbers?
Hey _USER_ roll 1d6
:game_die: 2
Human consciousness doesn't really work in numbers, thank heavens, it's another level of mathematical abstraction
1 Like


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Brazilian court listens to natives claims and suspends work on Belo Monte dam
A Brazilian federal court has ordered the immediate suspension of work on the controversial Belo Monte hydroelectric plant, ruling that indigenous communities were not consulted. It was set to be the world's third-largest dam.
The Federal Regional Court of the First Region ruled on Tuesday that native communities affected by the Belo Monte dam in the Amazon must be heard before work resumes.
It said that the controversial project had been approved by the Brazilian Congress in 2005 on the proviso that an environmental impact study be conducted after work started. The court found that indigenous people were not given the right to air their views in Congress on the basis of the study's findings, as was stipulated by law.
Norte Energia, the construction company which is running the project, faces fines of 250.000 dollars a day if it chooses to ignore the ruling. It has the right to appeal the ruling in a higher court.
Construction began a year ago on the dam, which runs across the Xingu River, a tributary of the Amazon. It was met by fierce opposition from local people and green activists.
Opponents argue it will reduce the volume of water in the Xingu River and affect populations of fish that are a staple in the diet of local indigenous peoples. They say it will lead to the displacement of around 20.000 people.
Environmentalists, meanwhile, warn of deforestation, greenhouse-gas emissions and irreparable damage to the ecosystem.
Due to be operational by 2014, the dam was designed to produce over 11.000 megawatts of electricity. If completed, it will only be surpassed in size by China's Three Gorges facility, and Brazil's Itaipu dam in the south, which is shared with Paraguay.


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Research paper topic: Spirit Of A Late Victorian Age - 759 words
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Spirit Of A Late Victorian Age The Spirit of a late Victorian Age. With reference to Bram Stoker's Dracula. Stoker's monstrous figure, Count Dracula, has today reached epic and almost mythical proportions, like Frankestein (not the doctor), the Gordon Medusa, even Virginia Woolf (thanks to Albee). Like the aforementioned examples, what we associate in our minds to be these monsters, mostly conditioned by popular culture and Hollywood, are merely visual representation. In the novel itself, however, according to other essayists who have thoroughly examined this piece, Dracula represents an entire genre of thinking and human development, concentrated in the prose of literature.
Mark M. Hennelly, Jr. identifies Dracula as an allegory of rival epistimologies in quest of a gnosis which will rehabilitate the Victorian wasteland; and as its conclusion dramatizes, this rehabilitation demands, a transfusion, the metaphor is inevitable, from the blood-knowledge of Dracula (Literature of the Occult, 140). By the Victorian wasteland the essayist here is referring the superfluity and the redundancy of the Victorians, particularly the nouveau riche and the middle class. The homes of these upper classes are lacking space as much as the small rooms in which the proletariat are forced to stay; the former lack space because of an accumulation of furniture and objects, the latter because of the smallness of the rooms themselves. The epistimologies in rival are the rational and the irrational.
Beneath the ordered society of his time each [novelist of the Irrational] say an unordered chaos, a world disintegrating, a new order waiting to be established (Literature of the Occult, 143). This duality between the rational and the irrational could only be captured in a novel that is unmistakably Gothic and Romantic. The novel begins with a travel diary (Dracula: Between Tradition and Modernism, 35) of Jonothan Harkens, the young British lawyer who has been hired to handle Count Dracula's estate. Particularly, Count Dracula's strange castle which stands at the edge of a cliff. Jonothan Harkens becomes a prisoner (Dracula, 47) in this enormous tower in which there are no servants (Dracula, 32) and yet there is a redundancy of furniture and space and books. This device as a literary device works on the reader because he becomes engrossed in Harkens sincere writings and becomes a part of the castle. The castle itself represents one aspect of the Gothic, the second of which I will expatiate upon later.
The castle itself becomes a body, a vessel, if you will, from which there is no escape unless the owner of the castle allows him to. There is a kind of Medieval morbidity that underlies this idea but what Stoker was doing was using the gothic genre to push against the rational and tend into the realm of fantasy and the occult. By rendering Count Dracula's as a silent character creates a stable focus for the rest of the changing narrators. That is to say, while the narration passes from Mina to Harkens to Lucy the castle itself remains a silent counterpart. Why is this important? Like I have mentioned earlier, there is a kind of Medieval morbidity to personifying the castle.
This represents both the body and the spirit screaming to a God who as pious persons we must believe in but in actuality we never do get to see. There is no doubt that the Western European characters are at least nominal Christians or that the English characters are adherents to the Church of England, Carol Senf writes in Dracula: Between Tradition and Modernism (67). A good example of this is when Jonothan Harkens is offered a rosary. I did not know what to do, for as an English Churchman, I have been taught that these things as..idolatrous, and yet it seemed so ungracious to refuse an old lady (Dracula, 67). This kind of ambivalence and rival of epistimologies runs throughout the entire novel, where the very nature of duality is concentrated.
The blood is the life, and for Victorian scientists, genetic material circulated in the bloodstream..because it contained the information that communicated the animal's or human's mental and physical makeup (Dracula: Between Tradition and Modernism, 75). Although this theory is unmistakably Darwin, what it tends to identify is a group of people who believed in Darwin's biology and Newton's physics. In fact, according to the essay For Blood is the Life it talks about Darwin's nephew, Francis Galton putting his uncle's theories into practice, by transfusing the blood of one animal into the body of the other in order to influence the offspring (Dracula: Between Tradition and Modernism, 75) Bibliography Dracula movie Movies and Cinema Essays.
Research paper topics, free term papers, essays, sample research papers on Spirit Of A Late Victorian Age


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- CXI - Coherent X-ray Imaging
- MEC - Matter in Extreme Conditions
- MFX - Macromolecular Femtosecond Crystallography
- XCS - X-ray Correlation Spectroscopy
- XPP - X-ray Pump Probe
- SLAC MeV-UED
- LCLS-II Instruments (L2SI)
- NEH 1.1. or TMO - Time-resolved AMO
- NEH 1.2 or Tender X-ray Instrument (TXI)
- NEH 2.2
- Instrument Maps
- Standard Configurations
XCS Full Name
X-ray Correlation Spectroscopy Instrument
The unprecedented brilliance and narrow pulse duration of the Linac Coherence Light Source provides a unique opportunity to observe dynamical changes of large groups of atoms in condensed matter systems over a wide range of time scales using Coherent X-ray Scattering (CXS) in general and X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (XPCS) in particular. The X-ray Correlation Spectroscopy (XCS) instrument at the LCLS allows the study of equilibriumand non-equilibrium dynamics in disordered or modulated materials.
X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy Technique
Coherent X-rays are particularly well suited for investigating disordered system dynamics down to nanometer and atomic length scales, using X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy. When coherent light is scattered from a disordered system, the scattering pattern present a peculiar grainy appearance also known as speckles, as illustrated in Figure 1. These speckles originate from the exact position of all scatterers within the system under investigation. XPCS characterizes the temporal fluctuations in speckle patterns, produced when coherent light is scattered by a disordered system. From these fluctuations, insight in the dynamic behavior of the system can be revealed.
XPCS, as currently performed on 3rd generation synchrotron light sources (Advanced Photon Source, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. PETRA III) is complementary to Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) or Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (PCS) with visible coherent light, techniques that probe slow dynamics (<106 Hz) but can only access the long wavelength regime (Q < 4 ·10-3 Å-1). Neutron-based techniques (inelastic, quasi-elastic neutron scattering, neutron spin-echo) and Inelastic X-ray Scattering (IXS) can access the same Q range as XPCS, but these techniques probe the dynamic properties of matter at high frequencies (from typically 108 Hz to about 1017 Hz), as illustrated in Figure 2.
The XPCS areas (in transmission/diffraction and grazing incidence (GI) geometry) are defined from existing measurements performed at the existing 3rd generation synchrotron light sources instruments. The peak coherent flux of the LCLS radiation will be 9 orders of magnitude larger than 3rd generation synchrotron light sources. This will allow for the first time the studies of dynamics up to about 1013 Hz at large Q's using the fine pulse structure of the LCLS beam. The unique capabilities of the XCS instrument at LCLS enables to address a wide variety of scientific questions, such as coherent optical properties of hard X-rays, phase transition dynamics, dynamics of glassy materials, surface XPCS, nonequilibrium dynamics, local ordering in disordered materials.
Example of Scientific Programs
Phase Transition Dynamics
Atomic-scale fluctuations occur at equilibrium near many phase-transitions. These fluctuations are the basis for the new phases that form when the phase transition point is crossed by changing relevant physical parameters, such as temperature, electric or magnetic field, pH, etc …. XPCS is an ideal tool for observing the equilibrium dynamics of these fluctuations, and understanding the mechanisms that control microstructure formation in materials. For example transitions in magnetic, ferroelectric and ferroelastic materials exhibit time scales spanning from sub-picoseconds to many seconds in the vicinity to the transition point.
Dynamics and Local Ordering of Glassy Materials
Many liquids, when rapidly cooled below their freezing point, form meta-stable glasses or amorphous phases. This applies for a wide variety of materials including metallic alloys, oxides such as silica, polymeric materials, and many others (e.g. colloidal dispersions for which the volume fraction is the analogous of the inverse temperature driving the phase transition). In general, glassy materials are among the least understood at a fundamental level. Conventional equilibrium statistical mechanics does not predict the existence of the amorphous state, whereas it can explain most other states of matter, even quite exotic ones like superconductivity and superfluidity. Understanding the dynamics and local ordering in glassy materials is thus an important topic of fundamental research.
Surface and Interfaces Dynamics
Surface XPCS experiments at 3rd generation storage ring sources have been performed successfully in the past, and surface dynamics have been investigated in a variety of systems, such as membranes, polymer films, and liquids. Surface XPCS in combination with the X-ray standing wave technique also allows the study of fluctuations of buried interfaces. However, surface dynamics at the nanometer length scale is not accessible today due to insufficient coherent photon flux. The XCS instrument at LCLS will provide exciting new possibilities in this science area.
When a disordered homogeneous material is rapidly brought to a new set of conditions, corresponding to the coexistence of equilibrium phases, a spatial pattern of domains of each phase develops. For example, such a change of conditions can be accomplished by a rapid quench from high to low temperature, below the miscibility gap. This results in the creation of a microstructure of interconnecting domains. These domains grow in order to minimize the areas of the domain walls that separate the phases. Out-of-equilibrium behavior has been observed in soft condensed matter glassy systems as well (i.e. attractive and repulsive colloidal glasses), where the dynamics are slowed down as a function of time and are described as aging. The XCS instrument at LCLS is ideal for studying these non-equilibrium systems where the dynamic behavior needs to be probed on all length scales simultaneously.
Coherence Properties of Hard X-rays
Coherence is one of the most prominent features of the novel radiation produced by the LCLS. A comprehensive understanding of the X-ray laser coherence properties is not only of fundamental interest but a necessity for properly interpreting coherence-based experiments such as Coherent X-ray scattering in general and XPCS in particular. The characterization of the coherence properties of the source in terms of correlation functions and photon statistics was successfully used for characterizing 3rd generation sources XPCS dedicated instruments. The study of first and higher order correlation functions will allow not only determine the spatial and temporal coherence parameters of the source (i.e. the longitudinal and transverse coherence lengths as well as the coherent flux) but it will also provide insight into the mode structure, photon statistics (bunching/anti-bunching) and possible non-Gaussian properties of the source.
- G. Grübel, A. Madsen, A. Robert, X-Ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (XPCS), Soft Matter Characterization, edited by R. Borsali & R. Pecora, pp. 953-995. Heidelberg : Springer.
- A. Robert, Measurement of self-diffusion constant with twodimensional X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy, J. Appl. Cryst. 40, (2007), pp. s34-s37
XCS Contact Info
XCS Area Manager
Control Room: _PHONE_
XCS Hutch: _PHONE_


Ideas for Used Car Dealership to Increase Automotive Social Media Engagement
 1. To get the most out of your automotive social media marketing, offer advice or how-to messages to your followers. Most consumers looking for a car start by researching online. Automotive social media posts that focus on offering advice on how to select the right car or how to increase your trade value are guaranteed attention getters for folks researching through social media. Some possible post topics include:
 1. How to select the right vehicle for your family.
 2. Do you know what your trade is worth and how to increase its value?
 3. Check your credit score before buying a car through Credit Karma; it's free.
 2. Offer tutorials on common car features. Consumers are often confused with all the options now available with vehicles, offering tutorials can help to reduce the stress associated with owning a "like-new" vehicle. Sample post topics include:
 1. How to setup Bluetooth through your car.
 2. How to program your radio stations or subscribe to streaming services.
 3. How to change the battery in your vehicle remote.
 3. Consider a "What to Expect at a Used Car Dealership" post. These types of social media automotive posts are a great way to showcase your excellent customer service, special services you provide for your customers or rewards programs that your dealership may offer. It's good advice to highlight the essential steps in the process of purchasing a vehicle through your dealership.
 4. Financing a car is almost always a stress-point for most consumers. Post information about your finance options and help consumers understand that financing a vehicle doesn't have to be a stressful situation. Suggested posts include:
 1. Key credit criteria that banks look at when financing vehicles.To
 2. Preparing for a car purchase, we can help!
 3. Types of financing available. (If you focus on sub-prime funding or buy-here, pay-here, let folks know.)
 5. Service Options specifically for used car purchases. Consumers are often concerned about inheriting problems when purchasing a used vehicle. Help alleviate those fears by posting about services that you provide to ensure that consumers are happy with their purchase and that they feel safe in the car they have bought from you. Posts can include:
 1. Essential check-ups for used vehicles.
 2. Why purchasing a used car is the right decision.
 3. How your service department can help with everyday issues.
Remember that consumers do a substantial amount of research online before ever contacting your dealership. You want to engage with them while they are researching, so posting content that relates to their research helps to ensure that they are looking at not only the vehicles you have in inventory but your expertise in the automotive industry. They want to know that you are there for them before, during, and after the car purchase.


Premotor attention nudges saccades
Saccades often exhibit curvature. Consonant with the premotor theory of attention, modulating covert premotor attention influences the subsequent saccade trajectory. This saccade curvature can be induced through distractors. This finding is compatible with the model of attention itself as being based on a salience map. Eye movement would seek to navigate towards a salience optimum, while being nudged along the way.


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Back to Home Page or Contents Page or Hinduism or Index
Sudra is the third of four Hindu social categories, or varna. The origin of the term is uncertain, but is
regarded in the Rg Veda. The Sudras included the menials that were
assumed already present, at least within the Vedic
community, but not being "twice-born" or totally integrated. Their
emergence from under the feet of Purusa summarizes their social position.
Manasmrti states that a sudra's name should combine a note of his
low status with a description of his work, and that when dead, his body
should be carried out of the south gate, the penalty being, while the bodies
of the "twice-born" are taken out of any of the others. Some include
the Harijans or untouchables within
this category. A.G.H.
Bowker, John, The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, New York, Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 925


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As social work educators continue to examine methods and techniques to provide meaningful knowledge about racism and discrimination, the role of self-assessment and dialogue should also be explored. This teaching note presents a tool for students and educators to use in considering literature discrimination and increasing awareness of multicultural resources. This tool and the related activities may be used for orientation or modified and combined with the variety of mixed media used to engage students in active learning.
- Content Type Journal Article
- Pages 159-166
- Gwenelle S. O'Neal, professor, Graduate Social Work Department, West Chester University, 650 Alley Way, Reynolds Hall, West Chester, PA 19383; e- mail: _EMAIL_


This is the date summer officially starts in UK - and when the summer solstice is
Monday, 21st June 2021, 9:22 am
People in the UK have witnessed fluctuating weather of late.
A period of hot temperatures in April and the end of May were welcomed by many, especially as it coincided with the easing of some Covid restrictions.
But, more recently, temperatures have been less consistent throughout the country, with some places even witnessing thunderstorms.
Many are wondering when summer officially starts so they know when to expect more of those welcome warmer temperatures.
Here's what you need to know.
When is the first day of summer?
There are two dates that people refer to when talking about the first day of summer.
What you go with depends on whether you use the astronomical or meteorological calculation of the seasons.
The meteorological date is the simpler of the two.
The Met Office states that the meteorological seasons consist of splitting the seasons into four periods which are made up of three months.
"These seasons are split to coincide with our Gregorian calendar, making it easier for meteorological observing and forecasting to compare seasonal and monthly statistics," the forecaster explains.
Put simply, every year summer begins on 1 June and lasts until 31 August under this measurement, with autumn then starting on 1 September.
So, in these terms, summer has officially begun in Britain.
Meanwhile, the astronomical season is a bit more complicated and the start of summer depends on the date of the summer solstice.
What is the summer solstice?
Solstice comes from the Latin word sōlstitium and is made up of sōl which means "sun," and sistere which means "to stand still".
The summer solstice is a certain point during the year when the Earth's tilt on its axis on the northern hemisphere becomes most inclined towards the sun, with the sun reaching its highest possible position.
On the day the summer solstice occurs, we receive the most hours of daylight and the shortest night due to the position of the Earth in relation to the sun.
For many, it marks the end of spring and the start of summer which will then end with the autumn equinox.
The summer solstice has also become linked with Stonehenge and paganism in the UK - yet other cultures across the globe have celebrated the event for centuries.
Meanwhile, the winter solstice tends to happen around 21 December each year in this country, and marks the shortest day of the year and the start of winter for many.
When is the summer solstice 2021?
This year, the summer solstice will occur on Monday 21 June 2021 - a day later than its most common date.
That represents, for many, summer's official start date.
However, this changes every year as the event can actually happen during any date between 20 and 22 of June.
The astronomical summer then lasts until the autumn equinox, which falls on 22 September this year.
During the autumn and spring equinoxes, the tilt of Earth's axis is perpendicular to the sun's rays.
This means the sun shines directly on the equator, resulting in it lighting up the Northern and Southern Hemispheres equally.
While this brings the start of spring in the Southern Hemisphere, it marks the beginning of autumn in the Northern Hemisphere.
The word equinox comes from the Latin words aequi, meaning "equal" and nox, meaning "night", becoming "equal night".


Erectile Being a nuisance : How come that Sorry victim Is usually Held accountable
It can be end up just about all way too well-known inside case with erectile being a nuisance grumbles. That sorry victim is usually held accountable. How come the following habit show up together with so what can agencies complete about this? The idea boils down to help each of those electrical power together with preconceived thoughts just by coworkers together with it can also be thwarted by the well-defined erectile being a nuisance insurance coverage. Allow me to share everyday materials well-known motives some sort of sorry victim may be held accountable.
Being a nuisance is usually in the first instance approximately electrical power and perhaps being a nuisance comes about each time a robust person in a business harasses some sort of a smaller amount robust new member. Robust people of corporation get typically experienced the firm more time compared to a a smaller amount robust person. Co-workers get referred to these more time and get produced some sort of more powerful connection with each other. It can be all natural they will can have again that laborer people fully understand far better.
Robust people of corporation are viewed as experienced, vital people in the company. The worth they increase a business would make these additionally viewed as irreplaceable together with way too crucial for you to drop. Co-workers might move in back of vital people on the company as they want their own corporation to be happy.
A lot of people take into consideration independently outstanding people which regard some others. They also have difficulty trusting that will another patient is usually competent at the points they are offender with. Accordingly, people imagine that sorry victim is usually laying and exaggerating the case.
So often that sorry victim comes with sustained that being a nuisance for a long time as a result of ashamed, disgrace and concern with retaliation. They are going to wait around before being a nuisance gets to be tremendous in advance of completing some sort of grievance. Consequently co-workers might feel that people journeyed down together with condoned that habit and for that reason asked the interest.
Regardless of the purpose that the sorry victim obtains held accountable, another thing ideal for confident. Just about all agencies ought to generate an apparent erectile being a nuisance insurance coverage together with teach their own people about this insurance coverage. Sufferers with being a nuisance shouldn't come to feel quite possibly by itself and below the pressure with retaliation. The most treatment ought to be concentrated on personal space together with just about all people ought to know that authorized resulting retaliation.


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Written by Roger Ruiz
Community Relations Specialist
The South Texas Blood & Tissue Center celebrates Black History Month in February by shedding light on Charles Drew, who is considered the inventor of blood banking.
During Dr. Drew's residency at Columbia University's Presbyterian Hospital in the 1940′s, Drew developed a technique for the long term preservation of blood plasma. By separating the liquid part of blood (plasma) from the whole blood (the part containing the red blood cells) and refrigerating them separately, he could combine them up to a week later for transfusion.
STBTC still uses Dr. Drew's method of separation to break each unit of blood donated into several components, helping as many as three patients with a donation from one donor. A patients like Chris Pinkerton who suffers from Sickle Cell Anemia and needs blood transfusions often benefits from blood donors.
With the advanced research and technology, red blood cells now have a shelf life of 42 days and plasma can be frozen and stored for a year. To donate blood and save a life visit our website at _URL_


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Time Series Regression IV: Spurious Regression
This example considers trending variables, spurious regression, and methods of accommodation in multiple linear regression models. It is the fourth in a series of examples on time series regression, following the presentation in previous examples.
Predictors that trend over time are sometimes viewed with suspicion in multiple linear regression (MLR) models. Individually, however, they need not affect ordinary least squares (OLS) estimation. In particular, there is no need to linearize and detrend each predictor. If response values are well-described by a linear combination of the predictors, an MLR model is still applicable, and classical linear model (CLM) assumptions are not violated.
If, however, a trending predictor is paired with a trending response, there is the possibility of spurious regression, where $t$ -statistics and overall measures of fit become misleadingly "significant." That is, the statistical significance of relationships in the model do not accurately reflect the causal significance of relationships in the data-generating process (DGP).
To investigate, we begin by loading relevant data from the previous example on "Influential Observations," and continue the analysis of the credit default model presented there:
load Data_TSReg3
One way that mutual trends arise in a predictor and a response is when both variables are correlated with a causally prior confounding variable outside of the model. The omitted variable (OV) becomes a part of the innovations process, and the model becomes implicitly restricted, expressing a false relationship that would not exist if the OV were included in the specification. Correlation between the OV and model predictors violates the CLM assumption of strict exogeneity.
When a model fails to account for a confounding variable, the result is omitted variable bias, where coefficients of specified predictors over-account for the variation in the response, shifting estimated values away from those in the DGP. Estimates are also inconsistent, since the source of the bias does not disappear with increasing sample size. Violations of strict exogeneity help model predictors track correlated changes in the innovations, producing overoptimistically small confidence intervals on the coefficients and a false sense of goodness of fit.
To avoid underspecification, it is tempting to pad out an explanatory model with control variables representing a multitude of economic factors with only tenuous connections to the response. By this method, the likelihood of OV bias would seem to be reduced. However, if irrelevant predictors are included in the model, the variance of coefficient estimates increases, and so does the chance of false inferences about predictor significance. Even if relevant predictors are included, if they do not account for all of the OVs, then the bias and inefficiency of coefficient estimates may increase or decrease, depending, among other things, on correlations between included and excluded variables [1]. This last point is usually lost in textbook treatments of OV bias, which typically compare an underspecified model to a practically unachievable fully-specified model.
Without experimental designs for acquiring data, and the ability to use random sampling to minimize the effects of misspecification, econometricians must be very careful about choosing model predictors. The certainty of underspecification and the uncertain logic of control variables makes the role of relevant theory especially important in model specification. Examples in this series on "Predictor Selection" and "Residual Diagnostics" describe the process in terms of cycles of diagnostics and respecification. The goal is to converge to an acceptable set of coefficient estimates, paired with a series of residuals from which all relevant specification information has been distilled.
In the case of the credit default model introduced in the example on "Linear Models," confounding variables are certainly possible. The candidate predictors are somewhat ad hoc, rather than the result of any fundamental accounting of the causes of credit default. Moreover, the predictors are proxies, dependent on other series outside of the model. Without further analysis of potentially relevant economic factors, evidence of confounding must be found in an analysis of model residuals.
Detrending is a common preprocessing step in econometrics, with different possible goals. Often, economic series are detrended in an attempt to isolate a stationary component amenable to ARMA analysis or spectral techniques. Just as often, series are detrended so that they can be compared on a common scale, as with per capita normalizations to remove the effect of population growth. In regression settings, detrending may be used to minimize spurious correlations.
A plot of the credit default data (see the example on "Linear Models") shows that the predictor BBB and the response IGD are both trending. It might be hoped that trends could be removed by deleting a few atypical observations from the data. For example, the trend in the response seems mostly due to the single influential observation in 2001:
hold on
hold off
ylabel('Response Level')
title('{\bf Response}')
axis tight
grid on
Alternatively, variable transformations are used to remove trends. This may improve the statistical properties of a regression model, but it complicates analysis and interpretation. Any transformation alters the economic meaning of a variable, favoring the predictive power of a model over explanatory simplicity.
The manner of trend-removal depends on the type of trend. One type of trend is produced by a trend-stationary (TS) process, which is the sum of a deterministic trend and a stationary process. TS variables, once identified, are often linearized with a power or log transformation, then detrended by regressing on time. The detrend function, used above, removes the least-squares line from the data. This transformation often has the side effect of regularizing influential observations.
Stochastic Trends
Not all trends are TS, however. Difference stationary (DS) processes, also known as integrated or unit root processes, may exhibit stochastic trends, without a TS decomposition. When a DS predictor is paired with a DS response, problems of spurious regression appear [2]. This is true even if the series are generated independently from one another, without any confounding. The problem is complicated by the fact that not all DS series are trending.
Consider the following regressions between DS random walks with various degrees of drift. The coefficient of determination ( $R^2$ ) is computed in repeated realizations, and the distribution displayed. For comparison, the distribution for regressions between random vectors (without an autoregressive dependence) is also displayed:
T = 100;
numSims = 1000;
drifts = [0 0.1 0.2 0.3];
numModels = length(drifts);
Steps = randn(T,2,numSims);
% Regression between two random walks:
ResRW = zeros(numSims,T,numModels);
RSqRW = zeros(numSims,numModels);
for d = 1:numModels
 for s = 1:numSims
 Y = zeros(T,2);
 for t = 2:T
 Y(t,:) = drifts(d) + Y(t-1,:) + Steps(t,:,s);
 % The compact regression formulation:
 % MRW =,1),Y(:,2));
 % ResRW(s,:,d) = MRW.Residuals.Raw';
 % RSqRW(s,d) = MRW.Rsquared.Ordinary;
 % is replaced by the following for
 % efficiency in repeated simulation:
 X = [ones(size(Y(:,1))),Y(:,1)];
 y = Y(:,2);
 Coeff = X\y;
 yHat = X*Coeff;
 res = y-yHat;
 yBar = mean(y);
 regRes = yHat-yBar;
 SSR = regRes'*regRes;
 SSE = res'*res;
 SST = SSR+SSE;
 RSq = 1-SSE/SST;
 ResRW(s,:,d) = res';
 RSqRW(s,d) = RSq;
% Plot R-squared distributions:
CMap = get(gcf,'ColorMap');
Colors = CMap(linspace(1,64,numModels),:);
legend(strcat({'Drift = '},num2str(drifts','%-2.1f')),'Location','North');
xlabel('{\it R}^2')
ylabel('Number of Simulations')
title('{\bf Regression Between Two Independent Random Walks}')
clear RsqRW
% Regression between two random vectors:
RSqR = zeros(numSims,1);
for s = 1:numSims
 % The compact regression formulation:
 % MR =,1,s),Steps(:,2,s));
 % RSqR(s) = MR.Rsquared.Ordinary;
 % is replaced by the following for
 % efficiency in repeated simulation:
 X = [ones(size(Steps(:,1,s))),Steps(:,1,s)];
 y = Steps(:,2,s);
 Coeff = X\y;
 yHat = X*Coeff;
 res = y-yHat;
 yBar = mean(y);
 regRes = yHat-yBar;
 SSR = regRes'*regRes;
 SSE = res'*res;
 SST = SSR+SSE;
 RSq = 1-SSE/SST;
 RSqR(s) = RSq;
% Plot R-squared distribution:
set(get(gca,'Children'),'FaceColor',[.8.8 1])
xlabel('{\it R}^2')
ylabel('Number of Simulations')
title('{\bf Regression Between Two Independent Random Vectors}')
clear RSqR
The $R^2$ for the random-walk regressions becomes more significant as the drift coefficient increases. Even with zero drift, random-walk regressions are more significant than regressions between random vectors, where $


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IMAP Lecture 2 by Bharat Sharma
- 9 December, 2011
Roles of Urban Spaces and Their Present Status in Kathmandu
Kathmandu was a collective of towns whose urban plan was mainly based on agriculture, socio-religion, culture and trade. From a historic context, open space was integral to the culture of the valley and there were plenty of spaces available, within and outside of the townships, owned by state, privately and guthis. It was very much a pedestrian collective, accessible to all. Each open space had a certain function and utility intricately linked to tradition and culture. With the advent of the 20th century came a more complex form of urban planning which had to adhere to factors of economics, design, ecology, sociology, geography, law, politics and culture to parameter a proper growth and expansion of settlements and communities. Yet, the actual expansion in the past 50 years has not fully followed and understood such concepts of elements nor considered the factual needs.
The introduction of western concepts of land use, such as zoning, environment and transportation planning, in Kathmandu's urban expansion after the 1970s could not be successfully integrated into this socio-cultural milieu. Rather than introduce open spaces of significance (socio-religious, cultural, etc), the existing ones were occupied and engulfed by concrete, leaving very little space for any culture, socio-religious activities, agriculture or even personal space. The encroachment of traditional open spaces has been increasing since then. Kathmandu's urban planning has focused on a plan well suited to movement and automation and completely ignored the open spaces of the valley.
* * *
Bharat Sharma is an architect, engineer and environmental planner who has spent a 35-year career as a civil servant in the Department of Urban Development and Building. He currently teaches urban planning at the Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University, and architecture at Nepal Engineering College. He has a particular interest in environmental issues, especially with regard to urban spaces and has published many articles on the subject.
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Ethical issues on nanotechnology in Asia
- Ethical issues on nanotechnology in Asia
- Choi, K
- Ewha Authors
- SCOPUS Author ID
- Issue Date
- Journal Title
- ON THE CONVERGENCE OF BIO-INFORMATION-, ENVIRONMENTAL-, ENERGY-, SPACEAND NANO-TECHNOLOGIES, PTS 1 AND 2
- ON THE CONVERGENCE OF BIO-INFORMATION-, ENVIRONMENTAL-, ENERGY-, SPACEAND NANO-TECHNOLOGIES, PTS 1 AND 2 vol. 277-279, pp. 945 - 949
- nanotechnology; ethics; technology development; education
- TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD
- Document Type
Show the fulltext
- This paper examines the development of nanotechnology in Asian countries and existing and potential ethical issues related to the changes coming about with the development in the pertinent area. The paper further explores strategies aiming to prevent the negative consequences of this development. Nanotechnology does not negatively affect human dignity and integrity. However, just like when dealing with any technology, some of its applications may present certain risks. More attentive monitoring and control has to be enforced in the fields where technology is interconnected with living environment.
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- 사범대학 > 과학교육과 > Journal papers
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Swiss brown bear policy in place, as bears migrate back
Swiss brown bear (image: ©2009 Josef Griffel/Swiss federal environment office)
Bern, Switzerland (GenevaLunch) - The Swiss brown bear is coming home and while he's being welcomed with open arms, he will have to get used to new rules that should make it harder for him to become too familiar with humans. The federal government laid out its brown bear management policy in 2006 after the first brown bear in a century appeared in 2005.
Four bears have since been seen in Switzerland, but two have since died, and one has disappeared.
The federal environment department has just revised the policy, putting greater emphasis on educating the public and ensuring that the bears' likelihood of survival is increased by making it harder for them to forage for food around human habitations.
Federal environment office information page on Swiss bears, Fre
National parks and canton Graubuenden brochure, pdf, on contact with and behaviour around bears, Fre


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Paterson Modern tartan – magnet
The rebel cloth
Scotland is known for many things, like whisky, music, the occasional culinary item and so much more. However, when it comes to design nothing says 'Scotland' like a tartan. Even though the cloth was banned for decades following the Jacobite uprising of 1745, it has since gone on to become a symbol of the nation.
Cringe no more
While many see the rich cultural heritage of tartan as twee or parochial, and others bemoan it as a 19th Century invention, designers all over the world have taken inspiration from these woven wonders. The origins of what we now call tartan stretches back thousands of years. Known globally as a Scottish fabric, it is linked locally to the land and people all across the country. It's about time that we celebrated this most colourful of cloths.
About those colours
While the'sett' or design of each tartan is unique, the colour palette can be varied. The typical tartan is called'modern', which refers to the richly coloured chemical dyes that revolutionised the production of tartan in the 19th century. In the early 20th century, designers began to draw on a less glaring palette in an attempt to emulate early natural dyes. These tartans are called 'ancient'. A few decades later saw the discovery of buried Jacobite tartans, whose colours had been altered by their time in peat bogs. This gave rise to the colours of 'weathered' tartans. Lastly, there are'muted' tartans, whose colours are more or less a muted version of modern.
About this tartan
This is the modern variant of Paterson tartan, designed by Lowell W Patterson in 1993. It is Scottish Register of Tartans #3300.
Composed primarily of a large section of the tartan, the pattern will repeat depending on the size of the sett. Each line of thread is carefully drawn to replicate the tartan and is shown alongside a block palette of the colours used.
- Made in Scotland
- Digitally printed
- extra strong 1.5mm thick magnet
- laminated to give a glossy durable finish


30.9 Transforming File Names in Dired
This section describes Dired commands which alter file names in a systematic way. Each command operates on some or all of the marked files, using a new name made by transforming the existing name.
Like the basic Dired file-manipulation commands (see Operating on Files), the commands described here operate either on the next n files, or on all files marked with '*', or on the current file. (To mark files, use the commands described in Marks vs Flags.)
All of the commands described in this section work interactively: they ask you to confirm the operation for each candidate file. Thus, you can select more files than you actually need to operate on (e.g., with a regexp that matches many files), and then filter the selected names by typing y or n when the command prompts for confirmation.
% u
Rename each of the selected files to an upper-case name (dired-upcase). If the old file names are Foo and bar, the new names are FOO and BAR.
% l
Rename each of the selected files to a lower-case name (dired-downcase). If the old file names are Foo and bar, the new names are foo and bar.
% R from RET to RET
% C from RET to RET
% H from RET to RET
% S from RET to RET
These four commands rename, copy, make hard links and make soft links, in each case computing the new name by regular-expression substitution from the name of the old file.
The four regular-expression substitution commands effectively perform a search-and-replace on the selected file names. They read two arguments: a regular expression from, and a substitution pattern to; they match each old file name against from, and then replace the matching part with to. You can use '\&' and '\digit' in to to refer to all or part of what the pattern matched in the old file name, as in replace-regexp (see Regexp Replace). If the regular expression matches more than once in a file name, only the first match is replaced.
For example, % R ^.*$ RET x-\& RET renames each selected file by prepending 'x-' to its name. The inverse of this, removing 'x-' from the front of each file name, is also possible: one method is % R ^x-\(.*\)$ RET \1 RET; another is % R ^x- RET RET. (Use '^' and '$' to anchor matches that should span the whole file name.)
Normally, the replacement process does not consider the files' directory names; it operates on the file name within the directory. If you specify a numeric argument of zero, then replacement affects the entire absolute file name including directory name. (A non-zero argument specifies the number of files to operate on.)
You may want to select the set of files to operate on using the same regexp from that you will use to operate on them. To do this, mark those files with % m from RET, then use the same regular expression in the command to operate on the files. To make this more convenient, the % commands to operate on files use the last regular expression specified in any % command as a default.


Therapy options
Search Results
Nothing found. Please try searching for a different keyword.
HIV infection treatments
Self therapy does not exist.
Conventional medicine does not exist.
Assisted reproduction therapy does not exist.
How can HIV infection affect fertility
Family and pregnancy planning issues are important among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals and couples. However, access to fertility services may be limited for this population. HIV infected women may have decreased reproductive potential in terms of ovarian response to stimulation, fertilization, and implantation.
There are several factors associated with HIV infection that can potentially affect fertility in PLWHIV (people living with human immunodeficiency virus). These factors can be categorized into biological factors, psychological factors, and social factors (Pic. 5).
Several HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related comorbidities have been reported to be associated with infertility. These include orchitis, acute epididymitis, and pelvic inflammatory disease caused by opportunistic pathogens and coinfections with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) acquired through a similar route of transmission as HIV. The common STIs caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Treponema pallidum, herpes simplex virus-2, and Trichomonas vaginalis can damage the reproductive system and cause infertility.
Hypogonadism especially in men with AIDS is one of the important endocrine disorders that causes infertility. Although cART provides significant benefits in reducing morbidity and mortality among HIV-infected persons, some antiretroviral drugs, including nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, are toxic to cellular mitochondria and may affect the mitochondrial biogenesis of sperm and oocytes.
HIV-infected individuals may have limited access to reproductive care given the severity of their disease, cost of care, stigmatization, and lack of specific HIV infection/infertility knowledge among their providers. In the post–cART era, reproductive care has become an important issue to be comanaged with HIV care. Reproductive care includes not only comprehensively managing HIV infection but also minimizing the risk of horizontal HIV transmission in serodiscordant couples, providing suitable options for unprotected timed in‐tercourse, intrauterine insemination with partner or donor sperm, in vitro fertilization with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI), embryo donation, and adoption.
Pic. 2: HIV type 1
See full description


Merging Maps And Objects
Maps and objects have lot of similarities in dynamic languages such that a language designer should consider making them one in the same.
From RubyOnRails
{I'm curious about your statement, "... dynamic languages should merge associative arrays and OOP. They are too similar in dynamic languages to bother making distinct syntax." Could you expand on that? I'm not sure what you mean.}
Objects are very similar to maps (associative arrays or "hash") in many dynamic languages. With a few tweaks, they can be made one-in-the-same to simplify the language both conceptually and syntactically.
This has been done. LuaLanguage and JavaScript are examples. Boost.Fusion provides similar facilities (using TemplateMetaprogramming) for CeePlusPlus. HList provides similar facilities (using TypefulProgramming) in HaskellLanguage.
For Boost.Fusion see BoostFusion and BoostFusionUserExtension.
I don't claim it's a new or original idea. However, there may be ways to combine the best features and/or facilitate this concept further. --top
Dots and Brackets
Some languages have made it easier to mix dots and brackets as needed. Dots would usually be used, but brackets could be used if and when punctuation or "funny characters" are needed as part of the map key.
 x['y']; // equivalent
 x['7foo.*&6']; // brackets used when the "key" has odd characters.
 x[myVar]; // if indexing is done via a varible
Each is used where more appropriate.
Storing Function Pointers
Maps could store function pointers to serve as methods. If parenthesis could be shortcut for an "executeFunction" operation, then it would resemble a method:
 x.y(p1, p2); // shortcut
executeFunction(x.y, p1, p2); //longcut
A "reserved" key, such as maybe "~parent", could be used to specify the parent(s) for use in inheritance. If a method call is done on a map item and it doesn't contain the given key (method or attribute name), then the parent(s) are called until the name is found or until the top of the tree is encountered. "~parent" would contain the name of array (map) that serves as the parent. If multiple inheritance is allowed, then it would contain a list of the parents, separated by a comma. (This wouldn't be very efficient, but it would offer great meta-ability. Perhaps a shortcut could be to store the address of the parent array as an option, such as "&_PHONE_" instead of "myArray". If the lookup mechanism sees the "&", it knows it's dealing with an address instead of a name.)
An alternative is to use a form of prototype-based inheritance and simply clone the "master" array to "inherit". It would only clone the method/function pointer (above), not the actual function code.
Even without cloning, there's no need for a formal "class" (as is the case with some other dynamic OO languages). A class-like syntax could be used to simplify the creation of the root objects.
What benefits does your scheme offer over more conventional OO syntax, such as that used in C#, Java, Python and Ruby? How does your scheme handle polymorphism and encapsulation?
It allows one to "switch" between using maps and objects or vise verse with little or no changes. It also simplifies the language and training because it reuses a single concept.
Why might you wish to switch between maps and objects?
Polymorphism is using the same key on a different array. It doesn't offer tight encapsulation, which is common with dynamic languages. I'd suggest you consult with fans of those languages, or related wiki topics, to hear their arguments for "loose" encapsulation. (It will probably trigger another type-heavy versus type-lite/dynamic debate.)
Could you expand on what you mean by "[p]olymorphism is using the same key on a different array"?
 person = newMap(...);
 dog = newMap(...);
 function makeSound(obj) {
Your approach seems similar to the struct/class equivalence in C++, except a struct is static but a map is (usually) dynamic. Is that what you have in mind?
{Structs and classes aren't exactly equivalent, they are similar or alike.}
What benefits does your scheme offer over more conventional OO syntax...
Combining maps and objects simplifies GenericProgramming; for example, you can write functions to serialize arbitrary objects (even functions, if the language gives you a representation for them). SingleDispatch polymorphism is possible by assigning function pointers to object parameters - indeed, a common means of modeling OO is to use a record or map of names containing functions... though you might want a little SyntacticSugar for the 'this' or'self' argument.
Encapsulation is provided by the borders of the map... but perhaps you meant to question the feasibility of InformationHiding, of the sort typically achieved by programming against AbstractBaseClasses (aka Interfaces). InformationHiding is important for security (per ObjectCapabilityModel), performance (optimizations), and forwards compatibility (CouplingAndCohesion). These are valuable properties that suffer in MergingMapsAndObjects, but there are several ways to recoup those properties if they are necessary.
Personally, I find mutable maps problematic, and I believe CompositeConsideredHarmful. If we have immutable maps, and we do not use 'objects' to compose data structures, then maps and objects no longer overlap and there is no reason to merge them. Top's desire is to eliminate apparent LanguageIdiomClutter. Rather than MergingMapsAndObjects, a feasible alternative is to further separate them.
What about separating the various features and allow them to be switched on or off as needed by language keywords or some other approach? Is there really a true difference, or can the various attributes be mixed and matched depending on need?
I am the developer of a dynamic language and I have both Objects and Maps. Although I allow interchange of them both in many places, they are quite different. An Object has no optional fields where a Map most certainly does. If a List is created using Class "xyz", then each row will have exactly the same set of fields if an Object is based on the same Class. Class has nothing to do with Maps. With an Object you could use syntax like "xyz.a" if you knew that the Class of "xyz" contained a field called "a", you could know that code would work but there is never a guarantee that any particular field exists in a Map. Using a field from a Map requires that you always verify it's existence before you use it but that can be done at compile time for a field in an Object.
Similar but definitely not the same. -- DavidClarkd
Doesn't sound like a "dynamic" language to me if it's hard to add or remove attributes to objects. If a map-like object had inheritance, then you'd know it always had "a" because the parent had "a". But if you are "locking" existence of attributes to class definition statements, then it's arguable not a dynamic language, or perhaps a hybrid of dynamic and static. (Of course it depends on whether one is using reference inheritance or cloning inheritance.)
"dynamic" has many meanings where most "dynamic" languages have features of both static and dynamic typing (optionally defined, inferred and/or type checked at execution time). What is a "map-like object"? An Object is based on a Class whereas a Map is not. A Map contains it's own schema whereas an Object gets it's schema from the Class it is based on. If you have many Objects that are based on the same Class then that schema is only defined once. If you have many Maps, whether they have the same schema or not, each has it's own schema. My system can change the Class at execution time which most dynamic languages don't allow (Ruby can for instance). Inheritance has nothing to do with dynamic typing or not. I have a very easy way of translating an Object to a Map and vise-versa (the assignment statement), but they both have uses which make the one better or worse than the other, depending on it's use. Why choose to have one or the other in a language when you can have both? -- DavidClarkd
Objects are based on Classes and can therefore have multiple functions associated with them (Classes don't just identify a set of variables). What languages allow functions to be encapsulated with named Maps? I guess it would be possible but why give Maps that capability when you already have Classes that do exactly that? Maps are much more self contained than Objects and more light weight. My Classes can have meta and pseudo variables as well as functions. Why use a sledge hammer when a regular hammer will do? -- DavidClarkd
[What are "meta and pseudo variables"? How are your "[m]aps... more self contained than Objects"?]
My system has 2 quite different kinds of Objects. One kind is used to program at the macro level (called a Server Object SO) and the other at the micro level inside the SO that uses a Class. Although both SO and normal objects contain both data and programs, they have a different set of features and are used for different purposes. The SO objects have their own local memory manager and can access global resources like other kinds of memory (heap etc), disk, web and other services and can only directly access their own data. SO objects send messages to each other that are queued and each SO executes on a single core as independently as possible. Any number of SOs can run on any number of cores at the same time. Code is always


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I'm having a hard time getting off the ground with this, and am trying to move away from ArcGIS / arcpy.
I have a shapefile with a network of polylines. I want to find/count all 2-way intersections, 3-way intersections, 4-way, etc. This would involve, I think:
 - splitting all lines at intersections
 - deleting identical segments (with some spatial tolerance)
 - create points at the end of each new line segment
 - buffer the line ends, and count the number of points near/at each line end
I would like to do this in a python script. Is this overall plan easily implementable in pyQGIS? An outline of the calls I would be using would be very helpful.
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Taking the first part, if it's of any help GRASS v.clean break (in the Sextante toolbox) will split polylines at line intersections, into new polylines. N. – nhopton Aug 14 '12 at 9:43
1 Answer 1
There are a number of ways to approach this and several different ready-to-go python modules at your disposal. However I cannot directly comment on the Qgis calls but am confident most if not all of these processes are available and documents in the API: _URL_
Going in order of your requests:
> splitting all lines at intersections
You can first test to see which lines intersect and then find the intersecting points between any two lines.
There is an excellent example of how to do this in python on compiledreams.com:
Part 1) Testing for line intersection Part 2) Finding the point of intersection
Alternatively you can use the python module Shapely that offers a robust set of geometric relationship methods including intersection. Fiona was also written to work very nicely with shapely and can provide a means of data-structure translation (assuming you will be using a friendly GDAL/ORG format)
Qgis does offer similar capabilities but depending on the size of the dataset could be rather time consuming.
> deleting identical segments (with some spatial tolerance)
I am not sure where you would be getting identical segments from because you are essentially breaking a line feature at the point and making what was one two separate line features.
> create points at the end of each new line segment
So if we break a line a = [(2,0),(2,1),(2,2),(2,3)] at the intersection point of line b = [(0,2),(1,2),(2,2),(3,2)] we would get a1 = [(2,0),(2,1),(2,2)] and a2 = [(2,2),(2,3)] as the return. There is no duplicated geometries and the endpoints of the lines would be the first and last vertices's in the array. So for a1 it would have endpoints e1 = (2,0) and e2 = (2,2).
>buffer the line ends, and count the number of points near/at each line
So again shapely offers a very easy method to do this by any number of units you choose (same units as the input data is in).
Alternatively, you would define a radius around each point and create a separate polygon feature that acts as the buffer. [I am going to forgo writing out the algorithm here because I doubt that this is what you really want to do].
Then you would test to see which points fall within the buffer polygon while keeping a simple count.
Similar to the testing if lines intersect example above you can test if a point is within a polygon using an algorithm like the one defined here: _URL_
You can however just find all of the intersection points within a certain distance of any given intersection with some threshold distance. This would also save the need to create buffer polygons and performing various tests.
Without knowing much about your specific end goal you can also treat the network of polylines just as that by treating it as a network graph. This could simplify the whole process by using Networkx, which also lets you read in shapefiles. Although the topological relationships between the line features must be accurate already (meaning having already broke lines at intersection points). The counting of intersections is then just a matter of calculating the network statistic of "degree", which again is a simple method call in Networkx.
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Your Answer


Getting the message "Please check the Removable Storage Management MMC"
Problem Restoring Data When Duplicate Media Names Exist
If you use Windows 2000 Backup with a stand-alone tape unit and a single
scheduled backup job, when you attempt to restore your data you may
experience difficulty selecting the correct media name.
Even though you have selected the correct media name and you are sure that
the media you are using has that media name, after you click the Start
Restore button, you may receive the following messages:
Waiting for tape
Tape loading in process… Click Cancel to stop.
Requesting tape: media name
Then you receive the following message:
Place Media media name into drive or library unit
After short a period of time, Ntbackup replaces the blue progress bar with
the following message and the only option is to Cancel:
Please check the Removable Storage Management MMC.
All media that is used for a backup or restore, or that is prepared for
use, is entered into the Removable Storage database. Duplicate media names
are permitted because each medium has a Global Unique Identifier (GUID).
Delete all of the duplicate media names, so that you can restore from a
specific tape.
To delete duplicate media names from the Removable Storage database, follow
these steps:
1. Remove any media from the tape unit.
2. From within the Backup utility, click the Restore tab.
3. In the left pane, expand the Media Pool that represents where
particular media is stored (such as Travan, 4mm DDS, or miniQIC).
4. In the right pane, select all duplicate media names by holding down the
CTRL key, and then clicking each duplicate media name.
5. On the Tools menu, point to Media Tools, and then click Delete from
6. In the Warning dialog box, click Yes to confirm the action.
7. While the Backup program is running, insert the backup media from which
you want to restore your data. The media name will be restored to the
default backup media pool and the Removable Storage database.
After you complete these steps, you will be able to restore your data from
the specific tape that you put in the tape unit.
To avoid this problem, use a separate backup job, and separate media, for
each backup. For example, a Monday through Friday backup scheme would
require you to schedule a backup job for each day, with a corresponding
unique name for the media used for each backup job.
This behavior is by design.
Removable Storage provides the infrastructure necessary to share media
among various applications; it also ensures that all media are used in such
a way as to preserve the data they contain. Removable Storage accomplishes
this by identifying and verifying the identity of each medium.
For more information about how Removable Storage verifies the identity of
media, see "Media Identification and Naming" in Chapter 2 of the Windows
2000 Server Resource Kit Operations Guide.
The information in this article applies to:
o Microsoft Windows 2000 Server
o Microsoft Windows 2000 Advanced Server
o Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional


text:
Example of Report Text: Football Game
English Admin – Learning English Online. Today we give you an example of report text. It is about a famous game in the world. Yes this report text is about football game. What does a football game look like? Don't stop reading! Because the the game of football is described in simple and clear way to show how a report text in English is.
A report text can be very similar to a descriptive text. However, they can be distinguished easily from the object which is discussed. A report text commonly describes things in general while descriptive text tends to explain the characterization of a specific thing. Bellow are some other sources to learn a report text in English
- What is Report Text?
- 10 Contoh Report Text Bahasa Inggris Berbagai Topik
- 11 Contoh Report Text bahasa Inggris
Some important sources above can help you understand a report text. However understanding a text does not only read the sample essay but also analyzing the text. That we have to do when learning reading comprehension. So continue to read and analyze the sample below!
Football is a game played by two teams of eleven. They try to score by kicking or heading the ball into the other team's goal. Ten of the players can not use their hands. The goal keeper can handle the ball to stop it going into the goal.
Games similar to football have been played for many centuries. The rules of the games were written down in 1863. In England, the FA ( Football Association ) cup was first played for in 1872. In the same year, England played Scotland in the first game.
Today the most important International Competition is the World Cup which takes place in every four years. Brazil and Italy have each won the world cup three times.
This sample of report text about football play is taken from: report-text.blogspot.com/2009/06/football_02.html
Analyzing Generic Structure of Report Text about Football Play
Most report text sample is organized by the writer though the 2 important elements. They are
1. General Classification: Showing general participants stated in the first paragraph
Football is a game played by two teams of eleven.
2. Descriptions: Showing feature and detail information on how is the thing like
Games similar to football have been played for many centuries.
Today the most important International Competition is the World Cup which takes place in every four years.
Have you got idea why that short essay about football game is classified as an example of report text in English? Absolutely right if you answer based on the elements of generic structure. Hopefully it help you learning English.


text: This UA/NASA Space Grant project centralizes the outreach efforts for College of Optical Science students using a new online hub, developed to collect, organize, and disseminate educational activities. Optical Sciences plays a role in many of the innovative technologies transforming our society, making outreach of utmost importance to attract students to the emerging field. Outreach activities at the University of Arizona's College of Optical Sciences (OSC) help inspire these future innovators. This website provides on-demand training for students unfamiliar with leading demonstrations and inspiration for experienced instructors looking for something new. It emphasizes scientific literacy, effective scientific communication, and serves as a free and accessible resource for STEM classrooms. The online hub offers students new to outreach an opportunity to familiarize themselves with resources before performing outreach. Although OSC offers a semester-long outreach course that provides face-To-face training, it has the burden of class time and tuition for students. The online hub is freely available, easily accessible, and self-directed by the user's interests. Multimedia lesson plans provide instructions for effectively presenting to students and document materials required for each activity. Clear objectives are provided to guide the instruction and evaluate the students' knowledge and interest in optics. Ongoing outreach events are utilized during the academic year to "beta-Test" the website. While an online hub greatly enhances the many outreach activities already available to students within the College of Optical Sciences, an online resource has the added benefit of being an accessible resource to teachers, students, and communities around the world.


text:
The answer to that question is almost certainly "no," but a new study that is getting lots of media attention does claim that there is a correlation between having an uncommon name and being more likely to show up in the juvenile justice system. The study finds this relationship to be true both for blacks and whites.
As the authors clearly state in the abstract of their paper, "Uncommon names are likely not the cause of crime but correlated with factors that increase the tendency toward juvenile delinquency."
To me, that makes the result a lot less interesting. It is kind of like saying that we know that people who regularly wear orange jumpsuits are more likely to be criminals, when orange jumpsuits just happen to be the required uniform in the state prison. The wearing of orange jumpsuits isn't the cause of the criminal activity, but it is highly correlated with past criminal involvement.
And to be honest, I think there is a good chance that even the claimed correlation between unusual names and criminality is wrong. I only quickly glanced through the academic paper, but it seems to me like the authors have made a mistake that will bias their results.
The authors first compute criminality for each name by taking the ratio of the number of juvenile delinquents with that name and dividing it by the number of children total with that name. The higher that ratio, the more criminal the name. But then the authors take the log of that ratio. The problem is that the log of zero is equal to negative infinity, so any name for which that ratio is equal to zero gets dropped from the analysis.
The kinds of names that will have a ratio of zero are uncommon names for which no one with that name is a juvenile delinquent.
If I understand correctly what they are doing, if exactly one person has a particular name, the only way that the observation for that name will be included in their sample is if that person is a juvenile delinquent! This leads to a powerful bias toward mistakenly concluding that people with uncommon names are more likely to be criminals.