text: Richard Hildreth was a journalist, antislavery activist born in Deerfield, Massachusetts. In 1834 Hildreth sold his share in the Boston Atlas and traveled south in search of a more healthful climate. For eighteen months he stayed on a plantation in Florida, where he wrote an antislavery treatise, Despotism in America (1840), and America's first antislavery novel, The Slave; or, Memoirs of Archy Moore (1836). Though The Slave never achieved the popularity of later antislavery fiction, Despotism in America became an important source book for economic arguments against slavery. From 1839 to 1843 Hildreth lived in British Guiana. Though considered for a professorship of history at Harvard in 1849 and again in 1851, he was turned down. In accordance with his principles he joined the Vigilance Committee formed to prevent the Fugitive Slave Law from being put into operation in Boston and donated legal services to fugitive slaves and those charged with helping them. Hildreth's health worsened during his time at the New York Tribune. By 1860, hoping that a warmer climate would help him, he was appointed consul to Trieste in 1861. He died in Florence.


When young people see movies like 'Gandhi 'or 'JFK,' there is an element of romanticization of these powerful people, and young people often feel a huge distance between their own lives and the lives of these social-change heroes. But the Panthers were flawed-up people from the streets, so it's easier to identify with them.
Mario Van Peebles


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Deep underground in Poland lies something remarkable but little known outside Eastern Europe. For centuries, miners have extracted salt there, but left behind things quite startling and unique. Take a look at the most unusual salt mine in the world.
From the outside, Wieliczka Salt Mine doesn't look extraordinary. It looks extremely well kept for a place that hasn't minded any salt for over ten years but apart from that it looks ordinary. However, over two hundred meters below ground it holds an astonishing secret. This is the salt mine that became an art gallery, cathedral and underground lake.
Situated in the Krakow area, Wieliczka is a small town of close to twenty thousand inhabitants. It was founded in the twelfth century by a local Duke to mine the rich deposits of salt that lie beneath. Until 1996 it did just that but the generations of miners did more than just extract. They left behind them a breathtaking record of their time underground in the shape of statues of mythic, historical and religious figures. They even created their own chapels in which to pray. Perhaps their most astonishing legacy is the huge underground cathedral they left behind for posterity.
It may feel like you are in the middle of a Jules Verne adventure as you descend in to the depths of the world. After a one hundred and fifty meter climb down wooden stairs the visitor to the salt mine will see some amazing sites. About the most astounding in terms of its sheer size and audacity is the Chapel of Saint Kinga. The Polish people have for many centuries been devout Catholics and this was more than just a long term hobby to relieve the boredom of being underground. This was an act of worship.
Amazingly, even the chandeliers in the cathedral are made of salt. It was not simply hewn from the ground and then thrown together; however, the process is rather more painstaking for the lighting. After extraction the rock salt was first of all dissolved. It was then reconstituted with the impurities taken out so that it achieved a glass-like finish. The chandeliers are what many visitors think the rest of the cavernous mine will be like as they have a picture in their minds of salt as they would sprinkle on their meals! However, the rock salt occurs naturally in different shades of grey (something like you would expect granite to look like).
For safety reasons less than one percent of the mine is open to visitors, but even that is still almost four kilometers in length – more than enough to weary the average tourist after an hour or two. The mine was closed for two reasons – the low price of salt on the world market made it too expensive to extract here. Also, the mine was slowly flooding – another reason why visitors are restricted to certain areas only.
The religious carvings are, in reality, what draw many to this mine – as much for their amazing verisimilitude as for their Christian aesthetics. The above shows Jesus appearing to the apostles after the crucifixion. He shows the doubter, Saint Thomas, the wounds on his wrists.
Another remarkable carving, this time a take on The Last Supper. The work and patience that must have gone in to the creation of these sculptures is extraordinary. One wonders what the miners would have thought of their work going on general display? They came to be quite used to it, in fact, even during the mine's busiest period in the nineteenth century. The cream of Europe's thinkers visited the site – you can still see many of their names in the old visitor's books on display.
These reliefs are perhaps among some of the most iconographic works of Christian folk art in the world and really do deserve to be shown. It comes as little surprise to learn that the mine was placed on the original list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites back in 1978.
Not all of the work is relief-based. There are many life sized statues that must have taken a considerable amount of time – months, perhaps even years – to create. Within the confines of the mine there is also much to be learned about the miners from the machinery and tools that they used – many of which are on display and are centuries old. A catastrophic flood in 1992 dealt the last blow to commercial salt mining in the area and now the mine functions purely as a tourist attraction. Brine is, however, still extracted from the mine – and then evaporated to produce some salt, but hardly on the ancient scale. If this was not done, then the mines would soon become flooded once again.
Not all of the statues have a religious or symbolic imagery attached to them. The miners had a sense of humor, after all! Here can be seen their own take on the legend of Snow White and the Seven Dwarves. The intricately carved dwarves must have seemed to some of the miners a kind of ironic depiction of their own work.
The miners even threw in a dragon for good measure! Certainly, they may have whistled while they did it but the conditions in the salt mine were far from comfortable and the hours were long – the fact that it was subterranean could hardly have added to the excitement of going to work each morning.
To cap it all there is even an underground lake, lit by subdued electricity and candles. This is perhaps where the old legends of lakes to the underworld and Catholic imagery of the saints work together to best leave a lasting impression of the mine. How different a few minutes reflection here must have been to the noise and sweat of everyday working life in the mine.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


holidays, etc.). Moreover, damages are frequently awarded without reference to any special test in cases of physical inconvenience caused by defective construction, landlord failure to repair, and surveyor negligence, as well as services cases such as those of defective holidays.
Quantifying loss
Generally, there are no rigid rules for the quantification of damages for breach of contract. In the end the assessment of damages is a question of fact. However, there are various principles which delimit the damages that will be awarded. The quantification of damages in litigation is often complicated and requires specialist advice from forensic accountants.
Burden of proof
It is for the claimant to prove its loss. Where the claimant's proof of loss has been made more difficult by the defendant's wrong, there is authority for a rebuttable presumption in favour of the claimant that gives it the benefit of any relevant doubt (see Browning v Brachers [2005] EWCA Civ 753).
Factual causation
At the heart of the damages measure, which seeks to put the claimant in the position it would have been in but for the breach, is the question of factual causation, also known as the "but for" test. In other words, it is necessary to prove both the position the claimant is actually in post-breach, and the hypothetical position the claimant would have been in 'but for' the breach, and to compare the two. That is the measure of loss for breach of contract. A claimant cannot, therefore, look to recover losses that it would have sustained in any event (see Tiuta International Ltd (in liquidation) v De Villiers Surveyors Ltd [2017] UKSC 77).
Restrictions on recovery of damages
Not all losses that in fact flow from a breach of contract are recoverable. Just because a loss was in fact caused by the breach (that is, would not have occurred but for the breach) does not mean that the law holds the defendant responsible for it. The rules on mitigation, legal causation, remoteness and contributory negligence may restrict, and in some cases prevent, a damages award.
Damages for breach of contract: Legal causation
The first major principle at play here is that of legal causation. This principle (which is materially the same in contract and tort) holds that, even though some losses were factually caused by the breach (that is, but for the breach they would not have occurred), they are nevertheless treated legally as not having been caused by the breach. The essence of the rather fluid principle of legal causation is that it is not fair to hold the defendant responsible for these particular consequences of its breach. The courts adopt a common sense approach to what intervening acts or events "break the chain of causation" between the breach and the harm. As Lord Bingham explained in Corr v IBC Vehicles Ltd [2008] UKHL 13:
"The rationale of the principle that a novus actus interveniens [Latin for new intervening act] breaks the chain of causation is fairness. It is not fair to hold a [defendant] liable, however gross his breach of duty may be, for damage caused to the claimant not by the [defendant]'s breach of duty but by some independent, supervening cause for which the [defendant] is not responsible."
Although separate from the principle of remoteness, the foreseeability of an intervening act or event, and whether it was something that the defendant's duty aimed to protect against, will both be factors that point against a finding that the chain of causation was broken.
Damages for breach of contract: Mitigation
The essence of the principle is that if the claimant unreasonably fails to act to mitigate (avoid or reduce) its loss, or unreasonably acts so as to increase its loss, the law treats those actions as having broken the chain of causation and measures damages as if the claimant had instead acted reasonably. The claimant is said to have a "duty to mitigate" (although this is not a duty enforceable by anyone, rather it is a recognition that if the claimant fails to do so its damages recovery will be affected by that failure). (BPE Solicitors v Hughes-Holland [2017] UKSC 21).
The clearest application of this principle is in the sale of goods context. Thus where a defendant seller fails to deliver goods for which a market substitute is available, the claimant cannot simply claim against the defendant all the losses which result (for example, its lost profit on a sub-sale, or lost profit from the use to which it would have put the goods). This is the case even if it does suffer those losses, because the claimant should have acted reasonably to mitigate its losses by purchasing a replacement on the market.
Remoteness of damage
Remoteness of damage refers to a further important principle by which the law determines which consequences caused (in a factual/but for sense) by the defendant's breach are within the scope of the defendant's responsibility and should be brought into account. The traditional test of remoteness, which is in essence a test of foreseeability, is set out in Hadley v Baxendale [1854] EWHC Exch J70.
This test operates as follows:
 - A loss will only be recoverable if it was "in the contemplation of the parties", that is, foreseeable.
 - The loss must be foreseeable not merely as being possible, but as being "not unlikely", which is a more demanding test than in tort (Koufos v C Czarnikow Ltd (The Heron II) [1967] UKHL 4).
 - The loss must be foreseeable at the date of contracting, not the date of breach (Hadley v Baxendale, Jackson and another v Royal Bank of Scotland [2005] UKHL 3, Lord Hope at para 36).
 - It is not the precise circumstances that occur that must be foreseeable, but the type or kind of loss (H Parsons (Livestock) Ltd v Uttley Ingham & Co Ltd [1977] EWCA Civ 13).
 - The knowledge that is taken into account when assessing what is in the contemplation of the parties comes under two limbs: First, is the knowledge of what happens "in the ordinary course of things", which is imputed to the parties whether or not they knew it. Second, there is actual knowledge of special circumstances outside the ordinary course of things and that was communicated to the defendant or otherwise known by the parties.
Contributory negligence (but only in cases of breach of duty of care)
A defendant may seek to argue that the loss suffered by the claimant is partly due to the fault of the claimant. The Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945 provides for apportionment of loss where a claimant has suffered loss "as the result partly of his own fault and partly of the fault of any other person" (section 1). "Fault" is defined as "negligence or other act or omission that gives rise to liability in tort or would, apart from this Act, give rise to the defence of contributory negligence" (section 4).
Here to help
Bringing or defending a breach of contract claim can be stressful, time consuming and complex. Unless it is a low value claim it is worth getting solicitors involved as early as possible. If you have any questions about damages for breach of contract or about contract law more generally or if you need help with resolving a dispute please contact Neil Williamson.
best endeavours
Best Endeavours And Other Endeavours Clauses
Best endeavours, reasonable endeavours, all reasonable endeavours - how are these terms used in a legal sense and what do they mean?
Contractual obligations are normally absolute and failure to satisfy an obligation will be a breach of contract. Endeavours clauses are therefore used when a party is only prepared to "try" to fulfil an obligation, rather than commit to it absolutely. For example, in the case v Blackpool Airport the clauses under scrutiny created an obligation for Blackpool Airport to use its "best endeavours to promote's low cost services" and "all reasonable endeavours to provide a cost base that will facilitate's low cost pricing". We refer to this case in more detail below.
Best, reasonable or all reasonable endeavours
It is clear from cases such as Rhodia International Holdings Ltd v Huntsman International LLC [2007] EWHC 292 that there is a spectrum of endeavours clauses, with "best endeavours" being more stringent than "reasonable endeavours". Despite the fact they are widely used, there is some uncertainty as to what efforts each different endeavours clause requires in practice.
Best endeavours
The term best endeavours has received the greatest amount of consideration by the courts and the starting point is that the phrase "means what the words say; they do not mean second-best endeavours" (Sheffield District Railway Co v Great Central Railway Co [1911] 27 TLR 451).
This has been further refined by the Court of Appeal to require the obligor "to take all those steps in their power which are capable of producing the desired results … being steps which a prudent, determined and reasonable obligee, acting in his own interests and desiring to achieve that result, would take" (IBM United Kingdom Ltd v Rockware Glass Ltd [1980] FSR 335). In other words, the obligor must


Art for Friendship
The purpose of the project Xenophobia is to reduce xenophobia in society. Xenophobia is considered to be a phobia against what is foreign and different, such as certain groups of people and foreign cultural expressions.
Xenophobia is a project collaboration between Ås Arts and Music School (Ås International Centre for Culture), Åsgård School, Ås Science Dissemination Park (Vitenparken i Ås) and Galatsi municipality (Athens in Greece).


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We want your stories
Australia is experiencing an unprecedented period of environmental change, from climate change and biodiversity loss to pollution and mega-urbanisation. Across the continent, people are seeing and feeling the transformation and loss of loved landscapes. Many are responding by creating new ideas, communities and activities designed to protect and enrich their local environments.
The National Museum of Australia is collaborating with the Sydney Environment Institute, the Australian National University and the University of New South Wales to collect and share these stories. Everyday Futures aims to create understanding about what it is like to live in Australia in this time of ecological challenge and to connect people who are enabling their places to flourish.
The National Museum tells stories through objects, so we're asking Australians to contribute to Everyday Futures by writing about an object that tells their story of the environmental changes reshaping the places they love. Sharing your story will help others feel that we're facing these challenges together.
What's your story about living in Australia in a time of environmental change?
An object, your place, your story.
Choose an object, and tell us how it expresses your personal story about life in your place. Why did you choose this particular object? What does it look like? What's its history? What's changing in your place? Why? How do you feel about it? Why is it important to you?
Try to write in the first person, as if you're describing your place to somebody who's never been there. You could imagine that you're writing a diary entry, or an email to a friend. You might reflect on the past and imagine what the future might bring. You might express sadness at the changes taking place, or hope and excitement about the positive steps that your community is taking to care for the local environment. Perhaps you're involved in a project of wetland restoration, a community solar project, urban food garden or farmland regeneration. You might choose an object that tells how these projects got started or how you hope it might develop in the future.
We don't mind what kind of 'object' you choose. It might be a rake or a solar array or a rock, or you might prefer to choose a particular photograph, or make a video.
Please include with your submission:
- Text of 300 to 1200 words OR a short video of 3-6 minutes for your reflection/story
- The location of your place if it's not clear in the story
- A one sentence bio
- At least one high resolution image of the object (other images could include how the object is used, photos of your place, or anything else that relates to your story)
The stories we collect will be published on the Everyday Futures website. They will also help inform a National Museum of Australia travelling exhibition, an accompanying book and learning resources.
Note: We plan to build on the stories we gather to create an exhibition that will travel to communities around Australia. It will come with learning resources and opportunities to contribute. If you think your community would be a good place to host the exhibition let us know. It could be displayed at a school, museum, library or another suitable venue.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Habits make everyday life manageable, but can also become obstacles and cause problems. The tendency to repeat old patterns of behavior is a common problem for individuals and for society as a whole. Unreflexive habitual actions constitute an important aspect of social reproduction. In this article, two questions are addressed: Why is change so hard to achieve? Can Theatre of the Oppressed be used to promote change? A close reading of the French sociologist Bourdieu in relation to Boal's theatre methods is undertaken to answer these questions. Bourdieu's concept of habitus serves to explain the persistence of status quo; structural aspects are embedded in how we think and act, and are also inscribed in the body. These unconscious aspects of habitus are interesting in relation to theatre, where the conscious use of body language, inner dialogue and action are central. Looking at Boal's theatre methods in the light of Bourdieu's concept of habitus, Theatre of the Oppressed clearly has the potential to make social structures, power relations and individual habitus visible and, at the same time, provide tools to facilitate change. It is one of the few methods that offers an integrated approach to work on individual, group and social levels, and involves both the body and the mind. If the methods are practiced according to the principles outlined by Boal, they can be used not only to become aware of, but also to expand, habitus. As participants describe effects on their attitudes and actions, do they make changes in their daily lives? Are there any long-term effects of Theatre of the Oppressed? The work of Boal and others is promising, but to answer those questions more evidence is needed.
HUMANITIES and RELIGION Aesthetic subjects
HUMANIORA och RELIGIONSVETENSKAP Estetiska ämnen
utbildningsvetenskap med inriktning mot praktiska kunskapstraditioner


Kentucky warbler
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Kentucky warbler
Oporornis formosus FWS.jpg
Male Kentucky warbler
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Parulidae
Genus: Geothlypis
Species: G. formosa
Binomial name
Geothlypis formosa
(Wilson, 1811)
Oporornis formosus map.svg
Oporornis formosus
The Kentucky warbler (Geothlypis formosa) is a small species of New World warbler. It is a sluggish and heavy warbler with a short tail, preferring to spend most of its time on or near the ground, except when singing.
Adult Kentucky warblers are about 13 cm (5 to 6 inches) long. They are mostly an olive-green in color on their back and nape, and a brilliant yellow below from their throat to their belly. They have a small tinge of black on their crown, and a large black mask with a yellow pattern that runs from the beak and encircles the eyes, resembling a pair of spectacles. Female Kentucky warblers have slightly less black on the sides of their head, and immature birds may have almost no black at all.
The Kentucky warbler is a scarce bird with a large range, frequenting moist deciduous forests. It is migratory, spending summer in the central and eastern United States, often ranging as far north as Wisconsin to Pennsylvania. Come fall and winter the Kentucky warbler will migrate back to the Yucatán Peninsula and the many islands of the Caribbean, flying non-stop across the Gulf of Mexico.
Kentucky warblers nest on the ground hidden at the base of a shrub or in a patch of weeds in an area of ample vegetation. The female will lay between 3 to 6 eggs, which are white or cream-colored and speckled with brown. Incubation is done by the female only, and lasts for about 12 days. The young Kentucky warblers usually leave the nest about 10 days after hatching.
External links[edit]


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EXPENSE REPORTING POLICY
Expense Reporting Requires Compliance
With ExpenseVisor, each business expense report can incorporate it's own set of expense reporting policy compliance statements. You can also incorporate company guidelines and your complete travel and entertainment expense reporting handbook online and have it available online for each employee.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act
Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) is part of current business for U.S. public corporations. Compliance is essential to maintaining shareholder confidence and avoiding penalties. In the U.S. SOX is the most important corporate governance and disclosure legislation in over 70 years.
Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act mandates company management must demonstrate that adequate internal controls exist to ensure compliance in the accuracy of all financial reporting.
How Does ExpenseVisor Help With Expense Policy Compliance?
ExpenseVisor helps regulatory expense reporting policy requirements and reduces your risk of fraud by detecting many erroneous expense entries.
ExpenseVisor does not allow exact duplicate expense reports and exact duplicate expense items are rejected even if entered on different reports.
When ExpenseVisor'sniffs out' similar expense items, users are alerted. If they believe the item is legitimate and submit it for payment, the system will alert your accounting department of the duplication for their review.
Optimized Expense Reporting
The ExpenseVisor experience provides the following as well as options and customizations:
- Mobile and Desktop
- Simplified and intuitive user interface
- Unlimited accounts, projects, vendors, etc
- Receipt imaging via mobile app
- Credit card pre-population
- Currency conversion
- Automated approval paths
- Management reports and graphs
- Business rules for policy enforcement
- Automatic notifications via external emails
- Built-in audit trails
- Seamless integration
How Does ExpenseVisor Limit Risk, Improve Accountability?
ExpenseVisor provides you with the following expense reporting policy benefits and controls:
- Expense allocations based on defaults or option.
- Expense types selected from pre-defined list.
- Automated audit trail of every expense report.
- Expense controlled by spending limits and rules.
- Automatically prompts and requires expense detail.
- Pre-allocation of corporate credit card expenses.
- Requires/allows comments for each expense item.
- Automatically checks for duplicated expenses.
- Receipt rules can be set per expense type.
- Allows for authorized proxy submitters and approvers.
- All corporate policies are highlighted at entry.
- Automated email to approvers and originators.
- Aging parameters alert approvers to timely approvals.
- Optional pre-authorized trip or expense approval.
- Expense reports flagged if rules violated.
- Flexible approval path allows for correct approval routing.
- Expense policies are configurable and easily customized.
- Seamless integration into 3rd party software.
- Expense charged correctly to G/L and business unit.
- Restricts users from selecting incorrect expense types.
- Provides complete history of every expense.
- Flags spending violations.
- Reduces duplicated or mis-allocated expense.
- Capture expense simply and correctly.
- Documents any exceptions to travel policy.
- Prevents reimbursements for duplicated expenses.
- Requires users to certify and include receipts.
- Audit trail records all proxy transactions.
- Ensures users are aware of potential policy violations.
- Reduces processing time and workflow.
- Eliminates slow approval and processing.
- Assures expenses are pre-approved before they occur.
- Approvers act on rules violations.
- Approval paths meet your corporate criteria.
- System customizes to your spending policies.
- Eliminates duplicated work and reduces error.


this bidirectional process of depression.
 17. The sleep hack put simply – engage the creative mind and your imagination. Disengage the problem solving, self identifying, memory accessing, situation replaying worrying self. Hence why you find fiction books helpful and why random numbers works over counting. Fascinating stuff! Matthew Walker interview?


Calculation of global quantities using incidence matrixes in the A-φ formulation
Konferenz: CEM 2006 - 6th International Conference on Computational Electromagnetics
04.04.2006 - 06.04.2006 in Aachen, Germany
Tagungsband: CEM 2006
Seiten: 2Sprache: EnglischTyp: PDF
Persönliche VDE-Mitglieder erhalten auf diesen Artikel 10% Rabatt
Henneron, T.; Clenet, S. (L2EP, ENSAM, France)
Piriou, F. (L2EP, USTL, France)
To solve Maxwell's equations, different methods can be used such as Finite Element Method, Finite Integration Technique. In "Bossavit A., Kettunen L.,: Yee-likes schemes on taggered cellular-grids: a synthesis between FIT and FEM approaches", it has been shown that the previous methods can be obtained from a common scheme of discretisation based on the notion of dual meshes. Unknown fields are then vectors which components are fluxes flowing through facets or circulations along edges. Operators such as gradient, curl and divergence are replaced by incidence matrixes and the behaviour laws by matrix relations linked the vectors of the unknown fields. Recently, methods have been proposed to calculate or to impose global quantities such that magnetic fluxes, currents, ernfs or rnrnfs in FEM that satisfy conservation law and energy balance. In this communication, we propose to give the expression of such global quantities using the incidence matrixes in the case of A-φ formulation solved by the Finite Element Method.


text:
The Case for Breakfast PowerPoint Lesson Plans
The School Nutrition Association approves this course for 2 hours in the key area of nutrition.
Breakfast is the most important meal of the day, and yet it is the one most often skipped. This 34-slide PowerPoint examines why breakfast is important, what happens when you skip and what are the best breakfast choices.
Presentation Package Includes:
- Presentation Slides
- Short Quiz
- Related Web sites
- Presenter's Notes
Great interactive format. Present on screen or print to overheads. Mac & Windows compatible. Created in Microsoft® PowerPoint although you don't need it to play or print the presentation.
Appropriate for grades 7-adult.
Perfect for substitute teachers and student-lead presentations.
© 2008 Learning ZoneXpress


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Loads In Buildings:
In the design of any RCC structure, calculation of the upcoming load is the first and foremost step. The design load is considered for its design life. In this post, I will illustrate the basics of the design loads considered while designing of structures & the basic mathematics involved in their calculation.
Types of building loads:
The following given loads are present In a typical residential building as discussed below-
- Dead Load– All the load of the dead or non-moving/stationary/fixed elements of the building fall in this category. Some examples of dead load are the weight of walls, the weight of roof/floor finishes etc. Self-weight of structural members such as beams, columns, Footings & RCC slabs etc are also taken as dead-load. The calculation of live loads has to be done by taking properties of the material & the dimensions of the element considered.
- Live Load– ll the moving loads due to human use or furniture or any other mechanical equipment. For all general categories live loads are defined in Indian Code IS 875 Part-3. Rest if any shall be calculated as per the requirement.
- Dynamic Load – Apart from dead & live loads a building structure is also subjected to the application of dynamic load. Dynamic loads are the loads in which the value & nature of the application of force is not constant throughout & is subjected to changes as per the conditions governing the forces. Forces due to wind, earthquake, traffic or heavy machinery (such as blowers or pumps) fall under this category.
(Also Read: Different Types of Failure of Foundation)
- Self-weight– It is the weight of the frame or the individual weight of the structural elements such as Beams, Columns & Slabs. In computer programs such as STAAD Pro inbuilt capability is there which allows the program to calculate the self-weight of the elements automatically in accordance with the shape, size & member dimensions.
Example: Below given are the examples for manual calculation of self-weight of the structural elements.
- Beam: Let it be of any shape Rectangular/square/tee/trapezoid anything, for calculation of weight, use the given formulaWeight of member = cross-section area of member x length of member x RCC density
For a 0.3 m wide 0.45 m deep beam section of 5 m clear length & material density = 25 kN/m3 (for RCC), the weight will beWeight of beam = (0.3 x 0.45) x 5 x 25 = 16.875 kN
The above calculated weight of 16.875 kN is the total weight which can be further converted into Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL) by dividing the total weight by member length.
U.D.L in the beam = 16.875/5 = 3.375 kN/m
- Column: Same as explained above the self-weight of a column can be calculated only the terminology of member length will be changed to member height & the weight of column will be calculated as point load only its conversion in UDL is not required.
- Slab: RCC slabs, the weight of roof slabs is applied as uniform pressure in kN/m2. For analysis purpose, it is we consider a 1 m x 1 m square section & calculate the volume of the RCC & then the same is multiplied with the density for the derivation of pressure in kN/m2.
Weight of slab = (1 x 1 x slab thickness) x RCC density
In the above formula as (1 x 1) doesn't affect the calculation thus, it can be further simplified asWeight of slab = slab thickness x RCC density
For 0.15 m thick slab the calculation will be as followsWeight of slab = 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 kN/m2
In the above calculation of RCC slab weight, further additional load due to floor finishes are included generally for stone/cement floorings 0.75 kN/m2 to 1.5 kN/m2 is considered.
Distribution of slab load on supporting beams:
Depending upon the arrangement of beams (square or rectangular) triangular or trapezoidal shape distribution is carried out. For example (refer fig below) in case of a rectangular slab of 6 m x 4 m, the longer side beams spanning between A-B & D-C will carry a load of the corresponding trapezoidal portion. Whereas the shorter span beams spanning between A-D & B-C will support the weight of roof slab coming from the corresponding triangular region.
Load on 6 m span = area of trapezoid x thickness of slab x density
Load on 6 m span = 8 x 0.15 x 25 = 30 kN.
Thus, U.D.L = 30 / member length = 30/6 = 5 kN/m.
Load on 4 m span = area of triangle x thickness of slab x density
Load on 4 m span = 4 x 0.15 x 25 = 15 kN = 15 / member length = 15/4 = 3.75 kN/m
Above discussed was the case of a rectangular slab. In the case of the square slab, the slab plan is divided into 4 number of equal triangles. Then the load for the same is transferred to the corresponding beam members.
- Walls: Generally in building construction brick walls of single brick (0.115 m thick) & double brick (0.230 m thick) is used, a load of brick walls is calculated as followsWeight of wall (In kN/m) = Height of wall x thickness of wall x density of brick/stone masonry
For 0.23 m thick wall of 3.2 m clear height, the load will beWeight of wall (In kN/m) = 3.2 x 0.230 x 22 = 16.192 kN/m
The load of 16.192 kN/m is applicable in the form of UDL on the beam supporting the brick wall. In the above calculation, brick wall density considered is 22 kN/m3.
Live loads or imposed loads as per building type & occupancy classification shall be provided as per Indian Code IS 875 Part-2 in table-1.
Mainly, the following dynamic forces are subjected to RCC buildings-
- Wind Force: Wind load is calculated in line with the provisions of IS : 875 (Part-3).
- Seismic/Earthquake Force: Seismic load is calculated in line with the provisions of IS 1893: 2016.
Methodology for calculation of wind forces & earthquake forces will be discussed in a separate post, keep following.
Hope above given explanation helps in understanding the fundamentals for determination of dead & live loads as per Indian Code.
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My name is Dibyandu Pal— the guy behind this blog.
A Civil Engineer and a young part-time blogger.
I started my website in Last of January 2018. In my 7 years of Student Life & carrier, I have gone through a lot of books. I learned a lot during this time, so I decided to start a new blog and share what I've learned so far.
This blog has been designed in order to provide its readers with some of the most valuable information in the field of civil engineering.
I hope you will enjoy here


text:
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
|Title:||Principals' Management of Lowest Stream (Normal Technical) Students in Singapore Secondary Schools|
|Authors:||Ong, Chye Hin|
|Presented at:||University of Leicester|
|Abstract:||This thesis investigates how principals in neighbourhood secondary schools in Singapore manage their lowest stream, the Normal Technical (NT) students, in their schools. The study was guided by three research questions: (1) What are principals' perceptions of streaming as a way of organising students in secondary schools?; (2) What perceptions and expectations are held by principals in neighbourhood secondary schools regarding NT students?; and (3) Do the principals' perceptions and expectations of NT students influence their school management with regards to streaming and the provision of opportunities for curricular and co-curricular programmes? The aim of the study and the research questions made the use of the interpretivist paradigm and qualitative research methods most appropriate. The study also adopted a symbolic interactionist perspective, realising that people make sense of their lives and experiences through interaction with others around them. The study exemplifies the methods proposed by grounded theorists (Glaser, 1992; Strauss & Corbin, 1990). Participants were principals of neighbourhood secondary schools. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and documents over a period of approximately 36 months. Through the series of interviews a picture emerged of principals' management approaches of their NT students. The grounded theory that emerged – the theory of 'selective engagement' – comprises a threefold typology of principals and three categories. The three categories are respectively: (1) Paradigms; (2) Conceptions; and (3) Management. The theory proposes that principals can be classified as 'realists/pragmatists', 'innovators/improvisers' and 'nurturers' according to the extent they selectively engage their students in the eight management areas: (1)Streaming/Lateral Movement; (2) Monitoring; (3) Deployment of Resources; (4) Subject Offerings; (5) Enrichment Programmes; (6) Managing Discipline; (7) Leadership Opportunities; and (8) Treatment of Students. The study shows how participants manage their NT students selectively in answer to the third research question. This gives rise to three discernible patterns of responses forming the basis of the threefold typology.|
|Rights:||© The Author, 2008.|
|Appears in Collections:||Theses, School of Education|
Items in LRA are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.


text:
How Far is it Between Cape Town, South Africa and Heathrow, Airport London
This map shows the distance from Cape Town, South Africa to Heathrow, Airport London. You can also see the distance in miles and km below the map.
Map Showing the Distance Between Cape Town, South Africa and Heathrow, Airport London
How to Use
Input the name of the two places in the text boxes and click the Show button.
The recommended format to use is [City, Country] i.e. [City(comma)(space)Country].
Once a result is returned, you can copy a link to use as a permanent referance back to the result or to send on to others.
Note : For ZIP Codes, use Distance Between ZIP Codes, For UK Postcodes, use the UK Postcode distance tool. Also, to find the distance between points that are not named, you can use the Measure Distance tool.
About How Far is it Between
This tool can be used to find the distance between two places.
There are two distances output:
- As the Crow Flies - The direct distance between points
- Distance by land transport (When possible) - Distance estimate when you travel by road and sea.
The distances can be output in the following units:
- km (kilometers)
The output is via a measurement of the distance and also a map that shows that two locations and the path between them as the crow flies and the route by land transport.
You can use the controls on the map to:
- Pan the map
- Zoom the Map
- Switch between Map and Satellite views
Some Examples of Distances
Some of the distances between cities that can be found using the system. Click on one to see it or type in your own places above in the text boxes.
- How Far is it Between Portsmouth, England and Las Vegas Nevada, Usa
- How Far is it Between Melbourne, Australia and Leeds, Yorkshire
- How Far is it Between Exeter, Devon Uk and Melbourne, Victoria
- How Far is it Between Heathrow, Airport London and San Francisco California, Usa
- How Far is it Between Toronto, Ontario and Brazil, South America
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If your organization has given you the power to be a mastermind in Zapiens, congratulations! With this new functionality, Zap learns and acquires knowledge about your organization in a more rigorous way
Advantages of the new answer validation process:
 - Zap's knowledge about your organization increases in a more rigorous way. Zap now learns from previously validated knowledge, that is, it needs at least one other person to confirm that the answers are correct.
 - Collaboration among masterminds increases, now you will know the answers provided by other colleagues when you manage categories in common and you can give your opinion about them.
 - Users receive more truthful answers to their questions.
When a Mastermind in your organization answers a question in a category you manage together, Zap will send you the following push notification "Hey, what do you think of this answer?"
To validate your colleagues' answers, follow these simple steps:
 1. Access Zap, found in the center of the Lower Menu
 2. Zap will greet you and ask you what you want to do
 3. Click on "Help"
 4. If you have more than one unvalidated question, swipe left to access them
 5. Click on a question
 6. Click the "That's correct" button to validate the answer or click the "I don't know" button if you did not know the answer. In both cases, the question will disappear from the "Help" section. Zap, our Artificial Intelligence, will send a push notification to the person who created the question to see your validation.
 7. Keep answering questions and/or validating answers if you have any pending questions.
 8. Click the "X" at the top left to exit the questions
 9. Click the "X" button at the top left to exit Zap
Note: In the web version of the App, if you have more than one answer you will be able to access them by using the right or left arrows on the keyboard.
Some important clarifications about the process of validating answers:
 - To validate answers, the Masterminds have to manage categories in common
 - Questions related to categories managed by a single Mastermind do not require validation
 - Questions related to categories managed by only two Masterminds can be validated through the "That's correct" button in the App
 - When the other Masterminds in a category have clicked the "I don't know" button from the App, the answer is automatically validated
 - Questions answered from the Administration Area do not need to be validated by other Masterminds. They are automatically added to Zap's knowledge
Note: when a red dot appears next to Zap, it means that Zap has something new for you
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Corpse Party: Book of Shadows PSP Review
Book of Shadows is a sequel to the original game – somewhat at least. It features the cast from the original Corpse Party, even the ones that technically should not be here, and builds up an alternative take on the events while also supplying a much deeper back story for key characters, making this feel like a companion game for Corpse Party rather than true sequel. Due to this, it is highly advised that you play the first game, because you will not understand some parts of the plot, events, characters and the déjà vu experiences that players will go through from having played Corpse Party, in turn, hampering the experience in the process. For people who never played the predecessor, Book of Shadows features a group of school children who manage to accidentally traverse to an alternative dimension, where the children's school is transformed into Heavenly Host Elementary School, a place in history where ghastly murders of innocent kids took place. The ghosts of the deceased are left to haunt the halls of the school, and with the living students scattered around, they must find each other and work together to figure a way out back to their dimension.
One of the biggest changes is how the game now plays. The last Corpse Party featured a top down view very reminiscent of 16bit Japanese RPGs or The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past. That style of play gave the player a feeling of discovery and adventure, as you could control the protagonist and explore the haunted school (although that did come with some of those awful ghost chases). Now, the game plays more similar to visual novel titles, such as Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney or 999: Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors, where the graphics are 2D artwork with character portraits presented while that character is speaking, simulating a first-person perspective for the player's viewpoint.
Movement is more streamlined, as you now pick where you want to go by clicking on the room on a small map that you can bring up on the screen. The game will automatically walk you to that area, but stop your progress if you come across a room that features plot points as you travel to your destination. This does help keep the focus on the story, but because this game feeds you a large amount of backstory, the pacing is a little off and not as well produced as the first game. Moving through the game's eight chapters has you jumping around characters and their origins; for someone who has never played the previous title, this will seem extremely confusing and disjointed. For people who have played it, some of the scenes seem to be there just to act as fillers. Sure, finding out backstories for characters is nice, but they could have been done at a much faster pace rather than spending too long on discovering how one of the teachers had an experience with the supernatural when she was back in school.
As a game, there aren't really many "gamey" parts to the title. You click around to find objects in locations and move to different rooms. Most of the time is spent reading and occasionally picking dialogue options. Book of Shadows has multiple "wrong ends," where the player gets a depraved ending to the game, usually resulting in some sort of messed up death. The idea is to make your way through the game to the real ending, but not to look at the "wrong ends" as a bad device – they add to the game and are used to acquaint you with details of the story, so getting strangled by a deadly ghost shouldn't be viewed as a negative. Yeah, I know, it is strange. In regards to getting endings, Book of Shadows does make it easier to revisit areas than Corpse Party, just because you can save anywhere and are not required to play from certain save points.
One problem with this new gameplay direction is that areas which are not of key interest look similar to one another. You will be seeing a lot of dark, wooden corridors repeat over and over again. Also, the darkening metre, which you can see when you access the game's menu, is never explained, and it was not till I searched on the internet that I found out exactly what it did – it goes up when you look at dead bodies and other horrors and it affects some of the pathways towards the wrong ends.
Judging Book of Shadows is hard. As a standalone game for newcomers to the franchise, the story will leave you baffled compared to someone who would have experienced Corpse Party, and in that regard, looking at its way of storytelling comes off as a disjointed tale of horror that can give you a gloomy (in the right way) and uneasy time. However, I see it this way – go play the first Corpse Party and see how you feel about it. If you want more, then jump into Book of Shadows and enjoy it for what it is. Whatever you do though, do not start with this one as you'll be left with a unfavorable impression towards what is not a bad attempt at a "fill in the details" follow up to Corpse Party. I just wish it was a true sequel instead.
6 out of 10


text:
What is the Probability of Profit (POP)?
It is the chance of making at least $0.01 on a trade
The Probability of Profit, or more commonly referred to as POP, is the theoretical probability of your equity/etf position(s) making at least $0.01 on a trade. POP uses a set of variables such as position type, whether you are long or short, time, and volatility (for the distribution curve).
What is the Equity Probability of Profit (ePoP)?
It is the chance that your portfolio's equity/ETF positions make at least $0.01.
The Equity Probability of Profit (ePoP) is the theoretical probability of profit of your portfolio's equity/ETF positions (stock & options) making at least $0.01. ePoP does not apply to futures or futures options positions.
Where can I view POP or ePoP?
Profit Probability displays two different ways–a per position level or portfolio level
POP displays during order entry in the trade details area. Additionally, after you open the position, you may view PoP in the Positions tab by adding the POP column.
You can view your Equity PoP, or ePoP, by adding the column to your Account Header Details on the desktop platform. Additionally, ePoP displays to the left of the Account drop-down menu at the top of the web-browser platform.
How do you calculate POP & ePoP?
The POP algorithm has two different modes behind the calculation
Currently, PoP graph view is only available on the web-browser platform. We plan on extending this feature to the desktop platform with future updates. That said, both calculation methods use the portfolio's beta-weighted symbol. By default, the platform beta-weights to SPY. To learn how to change your portfolio's beta-weighted symbol, please click here.
Single Underlying (POP)
When viewing the POP of a single underlying, POP bases it on a simple P/L graph of the underlying. The example below illustrates a single iron condor. Furthermore, a distribution curve based on the portfolio's beta weight is applied (default is SPY). That means if you have a position with a 7-days-to-expiration (DTE) option and a 21 DTE option, then the POP calculation will use the 21 DTE distribution curve (or the volatility index) of the portfolio's beta-weighted symbol. As a result, the total area under the distribution curve when profit goes to 0 equals 1 (shaded yellow) The beta-weighted area in the distribution curve where the position generates a profit (shaded green) is subtracted from 1, thus producing the POP.
Multiple Underlyings (ePoP)
When viewing portfolio ePoP of a portfolio, a single P/L graph of the portfolio generates based on the portfolio's beta-weighted symbol (default is SPY). Similar to the way a single underlying P/L graph generates, the total area under the distribution curve (or volatility index) when profit goes to 0 equals 1 (shaded yellow). The beta-weighted area in the distribution curve where the portfolio generates a profit (shaded green) is subtracted from 1, thus producing the ePoP.


text:
The corporate responsibility to respect includes:
a. Providing decent work for young workers
Respect the rights of children above the minimum age for work, and promotesocial dialogue and rights at work, provision of safe working conditions,protection from abuse and exploitation, and access to gender-appropriate water,sanitation and hygiene facilities.
b. Being responsive to the vulnerability of young workers above theminimum age for work
i. All business should adopt and endorse, at the highest level, their policycommitment regarding the rights of children and of young workers, includingtheir right to be protected from violence and abuse. The policy should protect children above the minimum age for regular work from hazardous work: it should consider, among other things, limits to hours of work; restrictions on work at dangerous heights, as well as work with dangerous machinery, equipment and tools; the transport of heavy loads; exposure to hazardous substances or processes, and difficult conditions such as work at night or work where the young worker is unreasonably confined to the premises of the employer. Responsibility for implementing this policy must be mainstreamed and shared by management, although the business may choose to allocate specific managerial responsibility for supervising its implementation.
ii. Business policies on harassment should pay attention to the vulnerability of young workers. These policies should be enforced consistently and employees and others on company premises should receive training on them. Grievance mechanisms should be effective and also accessible to young workers.
iii. Business may require management and encourage trade unions and their elected representatives to pay special attention to protecting the rights ofyoung workers. Trade unions may decide to elect young worker representatives/ stewards to monitor working conditions of youth; this is a matter for the autonomous decision of the trade union concerned.
The corporate commitment to support includes:
c. Providing decent work for young workers
Promote decent work opportunities for young workers, including age-appropriatesocial protection and health information and services. Quality education and relevant vocational training and livelihood development programmes are of particular importance, as is the opportunity to earn a living.
d. Providing decent working conditions that also support workers, bothwomen and men, in their roles as parents or caregivers
Beyond legal compliance, pay particular attention to working conditions such asthe payment of a living wage, length and flexibility of working hours, provisions for pregnant and breastfeeding women, need for parental leave, supporting migrant and seasonal workers with distance parenting, and facilitating access to good quality childcare, health care and education for dependents.


text:
The mortality in the ICU for pediatric HSCT recipients remains high. Early pulmonary complications continue to be an obstacle to the survival. We hypothesize OI is a predictor for mortality in critically ill pediatric HSCT recipients. Retrospective review of pediatric HSCT recipients between 2002 and 2010 who required intensive care during the same hospital admission as their transplant. Twenty-eight patients accounted for 31 ICU admissions. Twenty-six (84%) admissions required mechanical ventilation. Ten (38%) mechanically ventilated admissions were placed on HFOV. Mortality of those mechanically ventilated was 70%. An OI ≥ 20 at any point during ventilation was associated with 94% mortality, while an OI ≥ 25 had 100% mortality. There was a significant association between maximum OI at any point during mechanical ventilation and ICU mortality, with the odds of dying increasing by 13% for each unit increase of max OI (OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.01-1.26, p = 0.03). An OI of 20 had a sensitivity of 0.89 and specificity of 0.83 for predicting mortality. OI has a strong association with ICU mortality among pediatric stem cell recipients.
- hematopoietic stem cell transplant
- intensive care
- oxygenation index
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Pediatrics, Perinatology, and Child Health


text:
- Historic Sites
Fort Mulligan At Petersburg
Federal or Confederate troops occupied this hill and its surrounding area beginning at least as early as August 1861, and were on the ground for at least part of every year of the war. Federal forces time and again tried to use this strategic point as a choke hold against raids on the B&O to the north, and as a "jumping-off" point for their own raids further south. The reasoning is clear and is twofold: First, the intersection of the road network at Petersburg and Moorefield and second, the support of the civilian population and Homeguard units in the ridges to the west and north provided a sharp counterpoint to the hostility of the civilians in Petersburg and Moorefield and areas east and south. The Fort as it exists today, was constructed August-December 1863, by troops under the command of Colonel James A. Mulligan, from Chicago, Illinois. Infantry, cavalry and artillery from West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland and Illinois carried out the backbreaking labor. The rugged earthworks bear silent witness to the sacrifices of the thousands of Americans who marched, dug, fought, froze and died here during the war. The tide of war ebbed and waned across the South during the war, but when troops were in the South Branch, they were always "at the front."


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I need to solve the exponential equation $((x + 4)10^x)/(x - 3) = 2x(10^x)$ assuming the fact that $2^x$ is always positive.
The example uses the case $x^3-2^x - 3(2^x) = 0$ factors out $2^x$ leaving $2^x (x^3-3) = 0$. They then apply the zero-product property and solve $2^x$ and $x^3 - 3 = 0$. Does this still apply for my more complex question? In that case, would I get one side of the equation to $0$, then apply this same property? Thanks in advance for any assistance.
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Multiply both sides of the equation by $x-3$, and transpose everything to the left. Factor and note what you have... – Ｊ. Ｍ. Nov 22 '11 at 17:18
Since $10^x$ is not equal to $0$, you can divide both sides by $10^x$ to get an equivalent equation. By the way, there is (currently) a typo in the explanatory material that involves $2^x$. – André Nicolas Nov 22 '11 at 17:24
That was probably my typo, but was just an example of the procedure. – erimar77 Nov 22 '11 at 17:26
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1 Answer
up vote 1 down vote accepted
$$\frac{(x+4)10^x-2x(x-3)10^x}{x-3}=0 \Rightarrow \frac{10^x(-2x^2+7x+4)}{x-3}=0 \Rightarrow$$
$ \Rightarrow-2x^2+7x+4=0$ and $x\neq 3$
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text:
Insights into the Viability of Using Available Photonic Quantum Technologies for Efficient Image and Video Processing Applications
Abdullah M. Iliyasu, Phuc Q. Le, Fei Yan, Bo Sun, Fangyan Dong, Awad Kh. Al-Asmari and Kaoru Hirota
A compendium of the available photonic quantum technologies to facilitate image processing applications on quantum computers is presented. By espousing the implementation of the flexible representation of quantum images, FRQI, and its transformation to the photonic-based physical realisation of quantum hardware, the extent of efficient image and video processing tasks that can be performed using current technologies is assessed. Modifications and extensions to the available technologies as considered necessary to overcome likely challenges that may encumber the realisation of meaningful image processing tasks are also suggested. The review advances available literature geared towards realising application-specific quantum computing hardware and commercial applications for quantum image processing.
Keywords: Quantum computation; quantum image processing; flexible representation for quantum images; quantum circuits; photonic quantum technologies; colour angle; optical elements


text:
Rendering Saturn's Rings
It took me a while to figure out how to do this realistically in
Imagine. Similar techniques will probably work in other
rendering programs. Key steps are:
- Create a 1-dimensional transparency map. I obtained the raw
numerical data for mine from Bjorn Jonsson's planetary rendering
site, and digested it using an IDL routine to create a map that
would have correct geometry when wrapped with spherical
geometry around an axis located a pre-determined distance (I chose 2
Saturn radii) above the ring plane. The rendering of the rings here
was done using a 1 x 12,000 pixel maskbecause it's one dimensional
it can be very high resolution without using much memory. The nature
of spherical mapping means that only about 1/4 of those pixels can be
used for the actual ringsthe rest are blank.
Here is my 1 x 12,000 pixel transparency
mask, in.BMP formatdownload using "Save Link As".
- Create a plane larger than Saturn's rings, and center the texture
axis the predetermined distance above the center of the plane. Apply
the mask as a transparency mask, with spherical mapping around an
axis perpendicular to the ring plane.
- That's all that's required for the lit side of the ringsif the
ring color is something light, both the rings and their shadow on the
planet will look right. There might be a problem with the rings being
too dark when the sun is a small angle above themfixing this
requires some of the techniques required for the dark side of the
- The dark side is more complex because, like most rendering
programs, Imagine can't handle the diffuse scattering that
illuminates the dark side of the rings. A different model is needed,
that in addition to the transparency map has a brightness map, with
similar values and identical projection to the transparency map, but
set to zero where the rings are completely transparent, where the
transparency map's value is 255. Here is
my 1 x 12,000 pixel dark-side brightness mask, in.BMP formatdownload using "Save Link As".
- Because the dark side of the rings has a brightness map, it will
glow in the dark where Saturn's shadow crosses it, and we don't want
that. My solution is to use the Imagine slice function to
cut out the part of the ring that's in shadow (using a cylindrical
slicer), and color that part black (while maintaining the transparency
map, so the dark ring will still block light from the planet where it's thick).
The resulting ring model will only work for a single sun angle, but
I haven't yet found a better solution.
- The same "artificial shadow" will work on the lit side of the
rings, and allows addition of extra brightness to the lit rings to
make them brighter when the sun angle is low.
Return to John Spencer's Astronomical Visualizations Page
Return to John Spencer's Home Page


Rambam, Hilchot Milah 1:7 says that a convert must be circumcised before his conversion is complete. If he was already circumcised when he was not Jewish, a Hatafat Dam Brit (taking a drop of blood) must be done.
What if the convert received a halachically valid circumcision when he was 8 days old, does he have to do Hatafat Dam when he converts? For example, his mother thought she was Jewish, and didn't find out until after her son was circumcised that she was in fact not Jewish. When the son was 8 days old he received a proper, halachic circumcision. Does that circumcision count for the conversion process?
In other words, do we say that the reason the already circumcised convert must get Hatafat Dam Brit is because the first circumcision wasn't a halachic one? (In which case the convert in question did receive a halachically valid circumcision)
Or do we say that the reason he must get Hatafat Dam Brit is because the previous circumcision wasn't done with the intention of converting? (and therefore it doesn't matter whether the previous circumcision was halachically valid or not, it was not done as part of the conversion process)
 - Note that I am not asking about Giur L'Chumrah. I am asking if the son is doing a complete conversion (e.g. after the mother found out she wasn't Jewish she elected not to convert. The son decided to convert later on in life, and goes through a complete conversion process)
 - Additional Note: Rambam, Hilchot Issurei Biah 13:1 says that the Jewish People also did the three steps of conversion before the Torah was given. The circumcision was done in Egypt, before the Jews ate the Korban Pesach. It could perhaps be argued that they did not know they were circumcising themselves as part of the conversion process. If so, perhaps a parallel could be made to our case, where the original circumcision was not done with the intent to convert, but it was still halachically valid for the conversion process. (Also, the tribe of Levi never stopped circumcising their children, so they definitely didn't have in mind the conversion process)
Someone just told me that this question was discussed in connection to the Ethiopian Jews, and is discussed in Ovadia Yosef's Yabia Omer and other places. I haven't looked any of them up yet.
 - _USER_: The Rambam brings that, as does the Shulchan Aruch (Yorah Deah 263:4 - _URL_.aspx?req=9147&pgnum=168 ). My understanding is that this is because the act of circumcision was never performed on him. In my question, the act of circumcision was performed on him – Menachem Jul 31 '13 at 18:38
There's a Rabbi Frand tape concerning such a question. The fellow was given a Jewish circumcision on day 8 (or maybe the Sunday thereafter), then grew up, attended yeshiva for many years, then suddenly realized he was not halachically Jewish -- he thus sought to convert now. The ruling given was that he'd had a circumcision done "for the sake of Judaism" (unlike someone born without a foreskin, for instance), and that sufficed for conversion purposes as well. (Even better, he'd gone to the mikvah before Yom Kippur and that was deemed good enough as well too.)
I'm terribly sorry but I don't recall off-hand who the posek was.
 - Please add in actual number of tape and Posaik as it is not reliable as is. – Gershon Gold Jul 31 '13 at 19:23
 - 1
 _USER_: What I find fascinating about this case, is that it is conceivable that this fellow could have "unwittingly" converted. If the circumcision from his youth was enough, and the mikvah from earlier was enough, then all that was left would be to accept the yoke of heaven and mitzvot. Technically, that is done with the Shema, which this fellow said every day. – Menachem Jul 31 '13 at 20:49
 - _USER_ actually he went to the rabbi and said "I want to convert, how do I do it"; given his track record that was deemed good enough of a mitzva acceptance -- so it was ruled he was all set! – Shalom Aug 1 '13 at 2:47
 - I asked yadyechiel.org if they knew which shiur this was, and they answered "Rabbi Frand thinks that it a lech lecha shiur and that is all that he can remember. You can go to our website and click on Rabbi Frand's shiurim by the parsha and see if you can figure out what shiur that was Hope this helps you out." Do you konw which tape it was? – Menachem Aug 2 '13 at 0:10
 - 2
 Here's a link: _URL_ – Menachem Aug 2 '13 at 15:31
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Level Curves of a Hamiltonian System
 1. Apr 16, 2008 #1
 Various problems in my textbook ask me to sketch the level curves for a Hamiltonian system, but they don't suggest how to go about it. I know that I need to determine the eigenvalues for each equilibrium point in the given system, and these values hint at the behavior of solutions near each respective equilibrium point. Do I need to sketch a direction field to help me see how the curves behave? What else might I be missing?
 Also, do the Hamiltonian level curves only suggest what the solutions to non-linear systems look like, or can it somehow lead explicit solutions?
 Any help is appreciated.
 2. jcsd
Can you offer guidance or do you also need help?
Similar Discussions: Level Curves of a Hamiltonian System
 1. Bézier Curves (Replies: 0)


text: © 2015 American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Introduction Few studies have examined the longitudinal associations of fitness or changes in fitness on the risk of developing dyslipidemias. This study examined the associations of (1) baseline fitness with 25-year dyslipidemia incidence and (2) 20-year fitness change on dyslipidemia development in middle age in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study (CARDIA). Methods Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to test the association of baseline fitness (_PHONE_) with dyslipidemia incidence over 25 years (2010-2011) in CARDIA (N=4,898). Modified Poisson regression models were used to examine the association of 20-year change in fitness with dyslipidemia incidence between Years 20 and 25 (n=2,487). Data were analyzed in June 2014 and February 2015. Results In adjusted models, the risk of incident low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C); high triglycerides; and high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was significantly lower, by 9%, 16%, and 14%, respectively, for each 2.0-minute increase in baseline treadmill endurance. After additional adjustment for baseline trait level, the associations remained significant for incident high triglycerides and high LDL-C in the total population and for incident high triglycerides in both men and women. In race-stratified models, these associations appeared to be limited to whites. In adjusted models, change in fitness did not predict 5-year incidence of dyslipidemias, whereas baseline fitness significantly predicted 5-year incidence of high triglycerides. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate the importance of cardiorespiratory fitness in young adulthood as a risk factor for developing dyslipidemias, particularly high triglycerides, during the transition to middle age.


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In reading What significance does John perceive in the piercing of Christ's side and the flow of blood and water?, I wondered if there is anything unusual about both blood and water flowing from the spear-wound in Jesus' side (see John 19:34). If the soldier who pierced Jesus' side had also pierced the side of one of the malefactors with whom Jesus was crucified, would blood and water also have come out of the malefactor's body?
I understand that the primary interpretation of the verse concerns the reality of Jesus' death from John's perspective as an eyewitness, which reality the soldiers bore witness to, since they refused to break Jesus' legs because He was already dead.
In the answers to Matthew Miller's question, though, one contributor's answer "spiritualized" the significance of "blood and water," suggesting that the water signified eternal life and the blood signified mortal life, both of which poured from Jesus' side.
I heard a sermon years ago that makes me wonder about this secondary (?) interpretation. In that sermon, the preacher spoke of the physiological aspect of the occurrence. He may have even involved medical science in some way, such that from a doctor's point of view something unusual had taken place after Jesus was pierced by the spear.
We know that Jesus' blood did not contain the taint of sin, since Jesus was of the seed of a woman, not a man; His blood therefore did not carry the "death" gene, as it were. Is there more to Jesus' blood, however, that can be explained by not spiritualizing the blood and water?
I do not disagree with the legitimate symbolism and significance of both blood and water in Scripture in general and in John's gospel in particular, but I cannot help but wonder if in addition to the spiritual factors involved here there is also a very human and physiological explanation.
Is there a medical or physiological explanation? Is it normal for blood and water to both flow from a body in these circumstances?
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1 Answer 1
The horrific and agonizing death by crucifixion which our dear Lord endured on our behalf is described in detail at Blue Letter Bible.
We know that after being centrifuged in a laboratory, the resulting components of blood include a clear solution of blood plasma. Blood plasma is the straw-colored/pale-yellow liquid component of blood that normally holds blood cells in suspension. By volume it contains 92 percent water.
If the pericardium of Jesus' heart, which the soldier's spear may have penetrated, was filled with plasma from the intense pressure being exerted upon the heart during crucifixion, blood from the ventricle (left or right), plasma ("water") from the pericardium, and pleural fluid from the lungs would issue from the wound, particularly with Jesus positioned, as he was, vertically; hence John's descriptors of "a sudden flow of blood and water" (NIV).
Some scriptures for additional meditation: Isaiah 52:14; 53:5,10; Psalm 22:12-21; Exodus 12:46, Numbers 9:12, and Psalm 34:20; also Zechariah 12:10.
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Note also this remarkable paper from the Journal of the American Medical Association, 1986, regarding various aspects of the physical death of Christ including the blood/water issue. (This link requires full-text JAMA access to get beyond the abstract. I have not provided a URL to the full text in violation of copyright, but the paper is widely available online.) – Susan May 18 at 23:17
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Does writing a case story feel like a bad trip to the dentist? You are not alone. Most professional services firms seem to struggle with them.
Yet we all know that we should do more. They can be an important part of your content marketing strategy. If done well, they can attract new prospects and help close more business.
Here are some of our favorite tips to make the process easier and much more effective.
1. Involve the client very early.
Some clients will shy away from participating and others have firm policies against them. But for many clients, being considered as a case story will be a strong positive.
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They can look forward to special treatment and the possibility of increased visibility. This not only helps you gain cooperation, but it also encourages you to collect helpful information about the "before" situation.
2. Identify the client.
This is a huge credibility booster and should be done if at all possible. Yes, there are some circumstances where you cannot for ethical or legal reasons. But for many situations it is possible. And when you can, it is very helpful.
3. Use a quote.
Getting a direct quote from the client is another great way to add believability and credibility to your case story.
Also consider including a quote from the professional in your firm that worked on the client's project. This helps make the case study seem more tangible and easier to identify with.
4. Include keywords in the title and body copy.
Conduct keyword analysis of your case story's topic and include them when you are writing. This will help search engines find the case story and spread the word. Include your identified keyword or keyword phrase both in the title of the case story and 2-3 times in the copy.
Some common keywords include the name of the client's company and the nature of the service you provided.
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Good stories have a beginning, a middle, and an end. They also have a struggle against the odds and a turning point. If it is too easy, there is no tension or suspense. Will it work or not?
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Explain the client's challenges and why your professional services firm was the right fit for their needs. Describe how you helped the client and try to paint a clear picture of what it's like to work with your firm. And most importantly, show results and that you were able to deliver on your promises.
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How about a picture of the client's facility or their product? Think broader and you will find interesting visual content to spice up your case story.
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Have mercy on your readers and avoid industry jargon and acronyms. A surprising number of readers will not understand what you are trying to communicate.
Assume you are writing a case story for your aunt to read and you won't be far off. The key here is to lay the situation out simply and to make your success easy to understand for any reader. Make your case stories easy to skim. Use short sentences, descriptive headings and bullet points.
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text:
the hermetically sealed cell.
Since one electrode has the potential of the conventional negative electrode and the other electrode has the potential of the conventional positive electrode of her- -metically sealed storage batteries, the voltage of the gal- 'vanic cell of the present invention corresponds to the voltage of conventional hermetically sealed cells with the usual active electrode materials. On the other hand, the capacity of the present cell differs from that of conventional cells.
Since the negative and the positive electrodes are of identical material, the capacity of the cell is small compared to the storage capacity of the negative electrode. However, it has been found that such cells have some capacity despite the identity of the electrodes, such capacity being about one tenth to one liftieth that of the electrode with negative potential.
The amperage r current intensity with which such galvanic cells are charged may be so selected that the negative electrode will be charged in about to 10 hours.
The sealed cells of the present invention may be considered as symmetrical cells because of the identity of their electrodes. They have usefulness and advantages of a manifold nature over hermetically sealed cells with different active materials in their electrodes of opposite polarity.
For instance, the cells of the present invention may be arranged as fixed circuit elements in radio circuits as smoothing or current flattening devices. As such, they serve as low-ohmic alternating current resistances to -smoothen and flatten a direct current having an alternating current superimposed thereon. They operate so effectively in this manner that such galvanic cells may replace condensers of considerable capacity. 'For example, a cell having a storage capacity of 5 ma. h. may replace a condenser of 10,000 microfarad.
In view of their small capacity, the galvanic cells of the present invention reach their full effectiveness much faster after current flows therethrough than the conventional herrnetically sealed cells, particularly if the cells are in discharged condition at the time the current is applied thereto. Furthermore, the cells can be continuously charged with a considerably higher amperage than conventional cells. As much as twice as high an amperage or more has been successfully applied for a short time than is possible with conventional cells.
The principles of the present invention may be applied to yall types of hermetically sealed galv'anic cells, for instance, to the very small cells which are called button or disc cells -as well as to larger cells. Counter cells, too, may be built according to the same principles but they have usually larger dimenisons because of the higher amperages applied thereto. None of these cells require servicing and they remain permanently sealed.
Since the electrodes of the cells are identical, i.e. their active material is in the same oxidation condition, before current is applied thereto, the galvanic cells of the present invention have no predetermined polarity and their electrodes may be interchangeably connected either to the positive or the negative potential. Thus, if the current in a circuit containing Such a cell is accidentally or purposely reversed, the electrodes merely interchange their functions and the cell continues to operate without interruption. Therefore, such cells are secure against current reversal and they may also be used in pure alternating current circuits.
As is clear from-the foregoing description, freely accessible surface portions of the electrodes serve to consume evolving oxygen and since it is advantageous to make these surface portions as large -as possible, they may be constituted by one surface of a pocket electrode, a sintered electrode, or 'a pressed electrode, as conventionally used in cells of this type.
In alkaline cells, the active electrode material is preferably primarily or exclusively cadmium oxide or cadmium hydroxide and the electrodes are sintered nickel plates.
The term cell of potentially changeable, opposite polarity used herein and in the claims annexed hereto is used for brevitys sake and designates a cell with electrodes of potentially different polarity. Such a cell, as stated hereinabove, has no predetermined polarity, i.e. current may flow through the electrodes in either direction.
Following more detailed examples and data on.the dimensions, the composition, and other properties of the electro-des, active materials, separators, spacers, electrolytes, and the like are given without, however, limiting the present invention thereto.
Pocket-type electrodes used in alkaline cells according to the present invention are, for instance, of a thickness of 1.5 mm. to 2.0 mm. They consist, for instance, of one or more individual pockets of a width of 12 mm. to l5 mm. and are composed of perforated nickel-plated steel sheet material. Ihe pockets 'are lled with 'active material, for instance, with 'a negative cadmium active material consisting of 'at least partly cadmium oxide or cadmium hydroxide which is partly reduced to metallic kcadmium in spongy form on the first charge. The active material may also contain a mixture of iron (5% to 30%) and cadmium. Such active materials for negative electrode pockets are well known to the art. The ratio of perforation openings in the perforated nickel-plated steel sheets to non-perforated area is about 10:90.
Wire gauze having 3.600 meshes/sq. cm. to 10,000 meshes/sq. cm. wherein the ratio of meshes to metal surface projected on a basal plane is about 60:40, is also used.
The length of the individual electrodes depends on the size of the cells used. A length of 50 mm. is quite useful.
Each cell must, of course, contain at least one positive and one negative single electrode. The number of the electrodes in each cell is limited with respect to its highest number by the intensity of the current flowing through the cell. Of perforated nickel-plated steel electrodes of a thickness of 1.5 mm., a width of 2x12 mm., land a length of 50 mm. with a ratio of perforations to nonperforated area of 10:90 as they are used in cells illustrated in the annexed drawings there are required 5 negative and 4 positive electrodes to generate steady current between 100 ma. to 200 ma. It is, of course, understood that the present invention is not limited to such electrodes and electrode compositions and sizes.
So-called press electrodes obtained by compressing a mixture of negative cadmium active material and nickel powder in the ratio 50:50 have also proved useful in cells according to the present invention as they are illustrated in FIGS. 2, 3, 7, and 8. The thickness of such press electrode plates is, for instance, about l mm., their width about 30 mm., and their height about 60 mm.
Suitable other electrodes which can be used as advantageously as the perforated nickel-plated steel electrodes described hereinabove are foil-like porous sintered frames of nickel powder. The active material is contained in the pores of the sintered framework. The thickness of such sintered electrodes is between 0.1 mm. and 0.5 mm. Depending upon the size of the cell there may be used 'a smaller or larger number of such sintered nickel foils to provide a set of electrodes as illustrated in FIGS. 2, 3, 7, and 8.
The size of the cell housing is, for instance, 40 mm. x 20 mm. x 35 mm. Another suitable size is, for instance, 35 'mm. x 20 mm. x 80 mm., i.e. yabout twice the size of the first mentioned cell housing.
Electrodes which have proved to be suitable for the buttonor disc-like cells of FIGS. 1 and 6 consist, for instance, of tablet-shaped electrodes of a thickness of 1.0 mm. to 1.5 mm. Thereby, the active material is enclosed by perforated steel sheet material or wire gauze. Such tablets are also made of press electrodes consisting of a compressed mixture of active cadmium material and nickel powder. The thiirkness of such compressed tablets is also between 1.0 mm. land 1.5 mm. Electrodes of sintered nickel powder having embedded in their pores the active material can also advantageously be used. They have a thickness of 0.1 mm. to 0.5 mm. r.The cell housing has preferably a diameter of yabout 25 mm. and a height of about 2 mm. The cell size may, of course, vary, and cell housings of a diameter of about 40 mrn. and a height of about 8 mm. are also employed.
The electrodes of FIGS. 4, 5, 9, 10, l2, and 13 consist preferably of thin foil-like sintered nickel plates of a thickness between about 0.1 mm. and about 0.4 mm. having embedded in their pores the active material. The Width of such sintered nickel strips is between about mm. and about 80 mm. These foil-like sintered nickel plates are spirally wound, after the separators and spacers have been placed therebetween as described hereinabove. The wound electrode spiral has a diameter between about 10 mm. and about 30 mm.
With a diameter of the spirally wound electrode arrangement of 10 mm. to 12 mm. the length of the thin sintered electrode plates is about 75 mm., with a diameter of about 30 mm. their length is about 450 mm.
The separators used in cells according to the present invention have a thickness between about 0.1


text:
I need to go on the record, officially, and state that the peace symbol is a ridiculous fashion accessory. Nevermind that the actual construction of the peace symbol is done using flag semaphore, a method of naval communication:
The symbol is a combination of the semaphore signals for the letters "N" and "D," standing for "nuclear disarmament". In semaphore the letter "N" is formed by a person holding two flags in an upside-down "V," and the letter "D" is formed by holding one flag pointed straight up and the other pointed straight down. Superimposing these two signs forms the shape of the centre of the peace symbol.
I'm sorry, maybe I am being judgemental. But did not anyone consider that using military symbols for a "peace" movement is more than the slightest bit ironic? Or is this an issue of co-option? And by using the symbols of the enemy, they are transformed?
Someone, please, tell the Hof that his shirt looks silly. Yes, it is now time to Hassle the Hof.


A gene encoding a copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/ Zn-SOD) of a filarial nematode, Brugia malayi, has been isolated and the biochemical properties of a functionally expressed recombinant enzyme were investigated. The cloned complementary DNA contained a single open reading frame of 477 bp encoding 158 amino acids (aa), which conserved metal-binding residues as well as residues specific for Cu/Zn-SODs. Comparison of the deduced aa sequence of the enzyme with that of other helminthes species, including filarial worms, exhibited high degree of similarities (49–98%). Recombinant enzyme of 32 kDa had an isoelectric point of 6.6 and was shown to consist of 2 subunits linked by interchain disulfide bonds. Enzyme activity of the recombinant protein was inhibited by potassium cyanide and hydrogen peroxide but not by sodium azide. It showed a wide range of pH optima, i.e., 7.0–11.0 and was highly resistant to heat inactivation.
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1st October 2020
This is a downloaded teaching on death from the Ascended Masters. It is my wording.
When people die who haven't reached the 5th initiation and are still on the cycle of rebirth, they go back into the rebirth pool. This might be called heaven in Christian terms. This happens because their Earth Star still remains within the body of the Mother Earth.
Someone who dies who has passed the 5th initiation (but hasn't yet reached the 6th initiation) doesn't have an Earth Star but rather a celestial star within the body of the Mother Earth. This means they aren't yet released from the pull of the earth. Their soul goes into the keeping of the Ascended Masters in a place where they are kept until such time as their Higher Self has ascended to the point to call them home to Higher Self, then their celestial star is released from the Mother Earth. This happens when the Higher Self has reached the 6th initiation.
When someone passes the 6th initiation, the Ascended Masters step back, and the Higher Self steps forward as most of you know, and the descent of the Higher Self into the Holy Heart begins. The person no longer has a celestial star within the body of the Mother Earth. When they die, the descent of the Higher Self is reversed, and the Higher Self ascends, taking the soul of the person with them into their Sacred Heart. It is here in this higher state of consciousness that the person exists with their other dimensional soul family that is part of the Higher Self. The soul is no longer who they were in their last life but all of their consciousness from all their lives. They are one within the greater Higher Self.
When someone passes the 7th initiation here on Earth, their soul is taken into the Higher Self as part of the initiation, and they function on earth at the Will of the Higher Self. We are both part of and separate from our Higher Self. When someone dies after passing the 7th and 8th initiations, their soul doesn't depart because it is already home in the Higher Self. Rather the Higher Self departs, and we, the lower self, are part of that greater consciousness within the greater cosmic consciousness.


text:
It is important that lighting in playgrounds does not dazzle either those playing or those standing nearby.
To bear in mind
- Supplement post-mounted lighting by illuminating the surrounding vegetation to enhance the sense of security.
- All children have different needs. The playground must be suitable for children of all ages, even those with disabilities.
- Children also need to play when it is dark. Remember to illuminate the playground in the evenings and during the darker period of the year.
Social spaces put people in focus and it is therefore important that there is no glare.It is better to have more, weaker light points than a few bright light points. The result is more balanced light that is more pleasant.
To bear in mind
- Select luminaires that are a decorative element even during the day when they are switched off.
- Try using lighting at different heights to define outdoor spaces, as this will make a good impression.
- Post top luminaires are excellent for general lighting, when the light is spread over a wider area.
- For more contained lighting, bollards are often used with a lower light point height. A bollard can also create lighting effects on the ground that can help to highlight objects or level differences in the environment.
- Light on elements such as benches, water and greenery can help to support both social interaction and spatial perception.
- Select as high a IK class as possible for luminaires in exposed locations. Remember that a beautiful location is rarely vandalised as often as a gloomier location.