Skip to content. | Skip to navigation
Personal tools
You are here: Home Resources Publications Papers 3. Can lemmings change their course?
3. Can lemmings change their course?
by Gösta Lyngå
Change is not made without inconvenience, even from worse to better
Richard Hooker, 16th century
The common or European lemming is very prolific, and vast hordes periodically migrate from the mountains to the sea, destroying vegetation in their path
Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
Change will come, by necessity or by design
1. The Problems
1.1 Symptoms
1.1.1 Global Warming
1.1.2 Desertification
1.1.3 Increased UV Radiation
1.2 Roots
1.2.1 Population Explosion
1.2.2 Greed
1.2.3 Economic Systems
1.3 Realisation and Denial
1.3.1 Reactions of People
1.3.2 The Scientific Community
1.3.3 The Economic Powers
1.3.4 The Democratic Systems
2. Powers in Society
2.1 Democracy and its Means
2.1.1 Strengths of Democratic Systems
2.1.2 Weaknesses of Democratic Systems
2.2 The role of Media
2.3 Humans
3. How to Obtain Change
3.1 Lobbying
3.1.1 Theory
3.1.2 Practice
3.2 Political Activity
3.2.1 Historical Overview
3.2.2 Direct Influence
3.2.3 Indirect Influence
3.3 Education
3.3.1 Young People
3.3.2 Mature People
4. Possible Scenarios
4.1 Extrapolations
4.2 The Pessimist's View
4.3 The Optimist's View
5. References
It is said that in the years of their migration lemmings will not stop nor turn in their suicidal march towards the sea and they all drown. Modern science tells us that this is not so - lemmings are not as stupid as that.
It seems that humanity is on an unsustainable course towards an unknown future. Does humanity have enough will and enough knowledge to make a fundamental change before it is too late, will a change be forced upon us or is an ecological catastrophe inevitable?
1. The Problems
Like many environmentalists, I have become quite convinced that a fundamental change is needed in the behaviour patterns and in the structure of our society to ensure survival of the ecological system and with that, humanity. This analysis is based on my own experience in politics as well as in society.
 I find it necessary to distinguish between the actual problems of our society and what I consider the symptoms of these problems. To be sure, effects like global warming or desertification are often taken as the problems to be accepted or attended to, rather than as symptoms resulting from the behaviour of the society.
 Thus, I maintain that if we want to find the roots of the problems we must study society and its behaviour. There we may find the system faults that we must attend to. Such an approach, radical in nature, is needed if the remedies are to be sustainable. The process would then be similar to that of preventive rather than curative medicine.
 1. Symptoms
 1. Global Warming
For many years scientists have pointed to the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere as a potential danger because of the effects of global warming. At the same time there have been dissenting views claiming that the recent increase in global temperature are within the range of natural variation. The latter was the conclusion of IPCC (International Panel on Climate Change) in 1990. Environmentalists have generally taken the view that if the issue is in doubt one should follow the precautionary principle and act on the assumption that the danger is real.
In 1995 the IPCC could report that the rise in average global temperature during recent decades was the steepest for the last 10,000 years. The large panel of scientists also agreed that the balance of evidence suggests human influence on global warming. This authoritative report does not give any doubt as to the seriousness of the situation.
There are different ways of addressing the greenhouse effect. Energy saving, and alternative energy techniques, can contribute a lot to curbing global warming if due efforts are made. Transport policy can be driven by rational decisions of informed politicians rather than by the profit demands of the oil industry. Forestation can make a contribution by creating sinks for greenhouse gases, although it must be recognised that it is only the increase of forests which gives a net contribution as a sink for greenhouse gas. A mature forest is in balance and neutral to the greenhouse issue.
Efforts to combat climate change must be made on many fronts:
 - Scientists must learn much more about the atmosphere, the oceans and their interactions
 - Industry must develop and apply techniques that are environmentally friendly.
 - Politicians must support policies for lower emission of greenhouse gases.
2. Desertification
The global decrease of arable land (see for instance Robertson, 1990) is one of the saddest symptoms of our society's lack of consideration for the environment. It is particularly sad because it essentially hits those least able to cope with it. It is in overpopulated areas of Africa and Asia that the earth yields less and less protein and that death because of malnutrition is prevalent. Even though aid organisations understand the problems and stretch their resources to mitigate them, present trade patterns tend to increase the poverty gap in the world. It becomes even more common for poor people to overuse the soil in order to survive rather than to plan for long term yields. Desertification is a result of such practices.
 The global deterioration of arable land is a clear example of the fact that environmental policy is fundamental to equity policy. It is the poor people that suffer most from land degradation; the poor people that can only afford to live where the environment is degraded.
 3. Increased UV Radiation
Another consequence of the disregard of modern society for the environment is the thinning of the ozone layer caused by gases containing chlorine. These will reduce the ozone in the higher atmosphere and thus make it more transparent to ultraviolet radiation. Since the increased hole in the ozone layer was discovered and its relation to releases of CFCs established, there have been goal oriented international agreements. The Montreal Protocol of 1987 is a heartening example of how global collaboration can develop in the face of a very serious situation.
2. Roots
 1. Population Explosion
 Most of the threats to the environment described above become more serious the more people that live and consume on the earth. At the time of the hunter-gatherers it was possible for a tribe to exhaust the resources of one area and then move to another giving the exhausted area time to recuperate. The movement of nomadic people was necessary as well as possible. Since that period the population density on the earth has increased by a very large factor. There are essentially no virgin areas left and the increasing population movement is towards areas that are already inhabited, often densely inhabited.
 The days of the "green revolution" in agriculture brought a temporary respite as more intensive use of the fertile area could increase harvests considerably. This contributed to a marked increase in the quality of life for millions but it was also accompanied by increase in population. When the use of fertile ground reached saturation - in some cases the soil had been over-used - population was still in excess of food supplies.
 When starvation, sickness and early death are realities, it is both pointless and cruel to talk to people about making sacrifices so that future generations can have a better life. And yet, the misery will only be compounded if all efforts are spent in giving aid during catastrophes rather than planning to prevent future misery.
 The continued population growth is a fundamental cause of the environmental threats of today.
 2. Greed
 The quest for economic advantage is a driving force in the present economic system. This applies to countries and companies as well as to individuals. Trade is based on situations where two trading partners each gain an advantage from the exchange of goods or services. Much of today's standard of living is based on development powered by the quest for profit.
 However, the trading market is also a fundamental cause of the environmental threats of today. The main reason for this is that nature has no clout in the market place. Nobody gets seriously penalised for causing environmental damage. There is a persistent belief that the environment will recuperate in time, and in the past this has largely been true since human activities only have been able to inflict minor damage to nature. Those days are past - modern consumption patterns and modern industrial methods are of such magnitude that irreversible damage will occur if market forces are allowed to dominate.
 It is important to analyse to what extent different economic systems cause environmental problems, and to investigate methods of correcting the mistakes already made.
 3. Economic Systems
 The way countries and the world evolve is highly dependent on the economic systems. Economics must take the responsibility for poor development as well as credit for what is good development. I would like to make a few comments on how economic systems have influenced the environment during recent decades.
 1. The failure of centrally planned economies
 The centrally planned economy of the former Soviet Union has failed its mission in a number of ways. Sandra Postel (1990) gives an example of where grand scale planning seems on its way to create a catastrophic situation for people and for the economy.
 In Uzbekistan the Aral Sea was surrounded by desert or semi-desert until its water was used to irrigate cotton plantations. Great economic growth was experienced as a result of "the white gold


Asked by: Hasnia Payen
technology and computing programming languages
What is a domain specific vocabulary word?
Last Updated: 30th April, 2020
Put simply, domain-specific words, also known as Tier 3 words, are technical or jargon words important to a particular subject. For instance, chemistry and element both fall under science-related vocabulary, while allusion and verse relate closely to English language arts (naturally, our favorite subject area).
Click to see full answer.
Likewise, what are domain specific words examples?
Tier 3 words: These words are often referred to as "domain specific"; they are critical to understanding the concepts of the content taught in schools. Generally, they have low-frequency use and are limited to specific knowledge domains. Examples would include words such as isotope, peninsula, refinery.
Similarly, what is precise language and domain specific vocabulary? Precise language consists of clear and direct words and phrases with specific meanings. • Domain-specific vocabulary consists of the words and phrases used to explain concepts that are directly related to a particular subject or topic.
Furthermore, what is the purpose of domain specific vocabulary?
Domain-specific vocabulary is language or word choice that is directly related to the class for which you are writing. For example, if you are writing a literary analysis essay for English, words like "theme," "symbolism," and "juxtaposition" would be great domain-specific vocabulary.
What is the difference between academic words and domain specific words?
Academic words are more mature words that are used across all content areas. Domain-specific words are isolated to a specific subject area.
Related Question Answers
Nicasio Aoiz
What are the specific words?
Specific Words are words that, through the use of modifiers, name a specific idea, thing, person and the likes. These kinds of words are used when you want to limit your discussion to a particular idea. Examples of these words would include rocking chair, dollar, gym equipment, pepper and high-heeled shoes.
Margaret Schaible
What is an example of academic vocabulary?
Academic vocabulary includes words used in academic dialogue and texts. It does not include words students use in general conversation, but academic vocabulary relates to other familiar words that students do use. For example, rather than using the simple verb watch, an academic term would be observe.
Atanasia Poço
What are domain specific skills?
Domain-Specific Knowledge: 1, Domain-Independent Skills: 0. They include skills such as communicating, problem-solving, curiosity, patience, flexibility, purpose, persistence, resilience, courage, and creating — that apply across all specific fields.
Vasil Saada
What is domain specific knowledge?
An expert is a person with extensive knowledge about a particular subject matter or area of expertise. Much problem solving involves domain-specific knowledge. That is knowledge relevant to a certain domain: a situation or class of problems. Domain-specific knowledge is what makes an expert an expert.
Elke Claussen
What are domain specific texts?
Domain specific texts are found on the third tier of the words tier, which is specialized terms. Domain specific texts are texts that students use in their academic studies, such as their science, social studies, and math books. The words found in the text are content specific and are often abstract.
Fatiha Santaella
What is content vocabulary?
Contrasted with Academic Vocabulary, Content Vocabulary includes words that are specific to a given domain or subject area, rarely being found outside of their particular content area.
Ayman Belikov
What is precise language?
Precise language is using exact, specific words. Writers use precise language to give readers particular images in their heads.
Ilune Hacker
What is a Tier 2 word?
Tier 2 words are words such as obvious, complex, reasoned, national, or informed. In contrast, Tier 1 words are extremely common, almost ubiquitous-frequency words that require little or no explicit instruction.
Jhenny Teboul
What is general academic vocabulary?
General academic vocabulary is the language of school and tests. It is more likely to be used in written expression rather than speech. audience the people who receive a message or information, whether written or oral Your response should be clearly appropriate for the intended audience.
Code Hasainov
How do you teach academic language?
 1. 5 Tips for Teaching Academic Language.
 2. Teach one word at a time in an explicit direct instruction format.
 3. Equip your students with sentence frames they can use for discussion, writing, and collaboration.
 4. Integrate academic language into your daily practice through content areas.
 5. Make a wall of academic language words.
Willibald Adabashian
What is academic language?
Academic language is the language needed by students to do the work in schools. It includes, for example, discipline-specific vocabulary, grammar and punctuation, and applications of rhetorical conventions and devices that are typical for a content area (e.g., essays, lab reports, discussions of a controversial issue.)
Heydi Chelu
What tier is academic vocabulary?
This handout discusses the three tiers of vocabulary, Tier 1—Basic Vocabulary, Tier 2—High Frequency/Multiple Meaning, and Tier 3—Subject Related. Tier one consists of the most basic words. These words rarely require direct instruction and typically do not have multiple meanings.
Genevie Bardi
Why is academic vocabulary important?
Academic Vocabulary is Important
The depth of a student's understanding of words and meaning plays an enormous role in their ability to comprehend content-area concepts and read academic texts. When we help students build academic vocabulary we create routes to comprehension and enable academic success!
Solanyi Herauritz
What is the difference between content and academic vocabulary?
Content Vocabulary. Have students classify unknown words into two categories while reading the text: 'General academic vocabulary' includes words that are not specific to science, while 'Specific content vocabulary' includes words that students believe to be specific to their particular content class.
Brigitte Hyeraci
What is DSL Software?
A domain-specific language (DSL) is a computer language specialized to a particular application domain. There are a wide variety of DSLs, ranging from widely used languages for common domains, such as HTML for web pages, down to languages used by only one or a few pieces of software, such as MUSH soft code.
Chiquita Moumen
What is academic vocabulary Marzano?
In Building Background Knowledge, Bob Marzano laid out a six-step process for building academic vocabulary. It includes direct instruction, linguistic and nonlinguistic definitions, recording word learning in a notebook or journal, talking about words, and playing with words.
Marcelin Meka
What does critical vocabulary mean?
A critical vocabulary is a formal terminology related to one or more branches of critical theory. Although it may be considered a type of jargon, it is predominantly used by academics and is not slang.
Nathalia Guhra
What is the definition of domain specific?
(computing) dedicated to a particular problem domain, a particular problem representation/solution technique.
Mostefa Michelsen
What are domain specific words?
Vocabulary specific to a particular field of study (domain), such as the human body (CCSS, p. 33); in the Standards, domain-specific words and phrases are analogous to Tier Three words (Language, p. 33).


text:
Question about covariance
Can anyone help me with this question?
A data has 100 observations in a plot graph relating 2 variables, x1 and x2:
- Mean of x1 = 10
- Mean of x2 = 5
- Standard deviation of x1 = 0.6
- Standard deviation of x2 = 0.2
- Covariance of x1 and x2 = -0.1
(Therefore there is a relatively strong negative relationship between x1 and x2 since correlative coefficiency = -0.833333)
Which statement summarizing relationship between x1 and x2 is true?
a) 1 unit increase in x1 is associated with 0.1 unit decrease in x2
b) 1 unit increase in x2 is associated with 0.1 unit decrease in x1
c) 1 unit increase in x1 is associated with 0.17 unit decrease in x2
d) 1 unit increase in x2 is associated with 2.50 unit decrease in x1
e) 1 unit increase in x1 is associated with 0.28 unit increase in x2
I know for sure it's not e), since x1 and x2 have a negative (inverse) relationship, but other than that I have no idea how to solve it. Can anyone enlighten me on this? Thanks.
Re: Question about covariance
You are dealing with the following linear regression model
x1 = alpha + beta*x2
So, x2 is the predictor (independent variable), whereas x1 is the response variable (dependent variable).
You have already correctly computed the unstandardised regression coefficient, which is the correlation between the variables: -0.8333. you now want to compute the standardized coefficient, which is beta.
Beta = covariance (x1, x2) / variance(predictor)
Since x2 is the predictor:
Beta = covariance(x1,x2)/variance(x2)
Beta = -0.1/(0.2^2) = -2.5
This means that one unit increase in the standardized x2 is associated with 2.50 units decrease in x1.
Originally Posted by Selena

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The Use of Negative Pressure in Medicine
Pressure is considered negative if it is below the standard atmospheric pressure, i.e. one atmosphere (1 atm). Negative pressure could occur naturally in few occasions such as out space, but it also could be deliberately inducted for the use of human. One of these uses is for medical purposes. The history of negative pressure use in health and disease management draws back to the establishment of the Chinese traditional medicine and continued to develop till the contemporary medical advances. In this review, the author aimed to elaborate the history and advancement in the usage of negative pressure in health aspects and classify the different modalities of negative pressure incorporated in treatment management and clinical trials.


text:
nielsbohrium (nēlzbôrˈēəm) [key], symbol Ns, former suggested name for both element 105, now called dubnium, and element 107, now called bohrium.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
More on nielsbohrium from Fact Monster:
- Ns - Ns Ns, formerly the suggested symbol for the name nielsbohrium, which was applied variously to two...
- bohrium - bohrium bohrium, artificially produced radioactive chemical element; symbol Bh; at. no. 107; mass...
- dubnium - dubnium dubnium, artificially produced radioactive chemical element; symbol Db; at. no. 105; mass...
- Encyclopedia: Compounds and Elements - Encyclopeadia articles concerning Compounds and Elements.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
* The unique collaboration will allow students to transmit commands to, and access data from a satellite operating in space
WhiteHat Jr, a leading EdTech company known for delivering 1:1 live online classes in Coding & Math, has entered into a multi-year partnership with EnduroSat, a leading space company. The contract entails a satellite launch in December 2021, which will have a payload dedicated to WhiteHat Jr, that provides its students with exciting learning opportunities related to space. In addition, WhiteHat Jr students will also have access to another Satellite on a trial basis scheduled for launch in June 2021. Both satellites will leverage SpaceX Falcon 9 rideshare.
The unique collaboration between WhiteHat Jr and EnduroSat will create fascinating applied science opportunities for students who will be able to send commands to, and access data from a satellite operating in space. From analyzing sensor data (there are 30+ sensors onboard each satellite, including infrared, temperature, sun sensor, gyroscope, etc.) to controlling cameras (taking pictures of various space objects), to relaying messages to and fro, the applied science opportunities that students would get are endless. Moreover, students would be able to participate in different ways of orchestrating space data on WhiteHat Jr's payload computer (a Raspberry Pi 4 with a direct link to the main onboard computer). All of these learning experiences would be seamlessly integrated with WhiteHat Jr's curriculum and would follow a gamified content aimed to ensure maximum student engagement.
"We have always believed in the power of creation through exploration. This partnership is a testament to our mission of enabling kids to think beyond the obvious and aim for the stars, quite literally, Mr. Karan Bajaj, Founder & CEO at WhiteHat Jr. "We are absolutely thrilled to offer this unique learning opportunity to our students, and are in the process of involving multiple strategic and corporate partners to popularize it globally,".
"We are really excited to partner with WhiteHat Jr. This marks the first mission where a partner is fully dedicated to advancing the education of children from an early age. EnduroSat has long advocated for space education to be democratized and made available to everyone through our own Spaceport Academy," said Mr. Raycho Raychev, Founder and CEO at EnduroSat. "We hope that the mission will inspire a new generation of space enthusiasts and are excited at the prospect of sharing it with thousands of kids," said Mr. Raycho Raychev, Founder and CEO at EnduroSat.
About WhiteHat Jr:
WhiteHat Jr has been launched with the singular mission of enabling kids to become creators versus consumers of technology. The company has been able to channel students' natural creativity through an engaging curriculum and personalized live 1:1 teacher attention. WhiteHat Jr. currently has more than 175,000+ students from around the world. The company's 11,000 strong women-only teacher workforce conducts 40,000+ 1:1 LIVE Coding and Math online classes every day on its proprietary platform.
EnduroSat provides exceptional NanoSats and space services for business, exploration, and science teams. The company's Shared Sat Service enables streamlined space operations at a fraction of the current market cost. Its goal is to provide easy access to space for multiple payloads and diverse mission concepts. EnduroSat's online NanoSat store includes a comprehensive space modules catalogue with the industry's first satellite configurator. EnduroSat currently serves 100+ clients worldwide.


text:
Morro Bay Watershed Native Plant Blog Series
Because the natural areas of the Morro Bay watershed have been so well preserved, many native and rare plants grow here. Some of these plants are endemic to this area, which means that they are not found anywhere else in the world. To celebrate our area's botanical richness, we are rereleasing our popular blog series on Morro Bay watershed native plants. For each blog post, we will explore a different plant community that you can find in the watershed, with suggested hikes, too!
Morro Bay Sandspit Overview
This is our first exploration of a specific plant community found within the Morro Bay watershed. Today, we will learn about the pioneer dunes and foredunes communities located on the Morro Bay Sandspit.
This area is probably the harshest environment for plants found in the Morro Bay watershed. Because of its direct exposure to the Pacific Ocean, the sandspit is a very windy place: the constant salty, sandy wind coming off the ocean keeps plants at a low, small stature. Since sand does not hold water very well, these plants experience moisture conditions similar to that of a desert. Because of these harsh conditions, the plants that grow here have developed various adaptations, meaning that they have evolved in specific ways that make the sandspit habitable for them. These adaptations include small succulent leaves that help with water retention, and stems that can root at the nodes, which helps to stabilize the plant in sand.
Most of the sand dunes are not stabilized and continue to shift at a rate faster than most plants can establish themselves. These actively changing dunes are called pioneer dunes and exist on the side of the sandspit facing out towards the Pacific Ocean.
Since these pioneer dunes are the closest to the beach and high tide line, they contain only the most salt-tolerant species of plants, including beach saltbush (Atriplex leucophylla), beach-bur (Ambrosia chamissonis), and sand verbenas (Abronia).
Beach saltbush (Atriplex leucophylla)
This species is a common native found in sandy areas. The succulent leaves contain glands that excrete excess salt taken up by the roots due to the plant's close proximity to the shoreline.
Beach bur (Ambrosia chamissonis)
Have you ever gotten something sharp stuck on your sock or pant leg while you're hiking? If you're out on the sand dunes, it is likely a bur from this plant.
Sand verbena (Abronia maritima)
This species, along with beach bur, forms flat mats that grow low to the ground and are able to withstand the shifting nature of pioneer dunes.
Sand that accumulates above the high tide line is less influenced by salt spray because it is further away from the beach. The sand that accumulates at these higher elevations creates foredunes. These dunes are not actively changing and support a broader range of species that can be found in other plant communities.
Here, you will find dune evening primrose (Camissoniopsis cheiranthifolia), croton (Croton californicus), and dunedelion (Malacothrix incana).
Beach evening primrose (Camissoniopsis cheiranthifolia cheiranthifolia)
While similar-looking to sand verbena at first glance, beach evening primrose forms four-petaled flowers at the tips of each branch while sand verbena forms many small flowers arranged in neatly rounded heads. Laurie Avocado.
Croton (Croton californicus)
This is a common ground-cover plant found in stabilized dunes.
Dunedelion (Malacothrix incana)
A native cousin of the more commonly-recognized invasive European dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), dunedelion is less commonly found due to increasing coastal development.
Morro Dunes Complex
Higher up in elevation, the foredunes have become established over time, allowing for the coastal dune scrub community to exist. Species diversity is much higher here than in the pioneer and lower foredunes because there is a greater amount of fertile soil and water, and a much lower salt content. This community exists throughout a dune system known as the Morro Dunes Complex, which you can find continuously along the coast from Cayucos south to Montana de Oro State Park. Just look for these plants:
Silver Dune Lupine (Lupinus chammissonis)
This plant is common within the sand dunes system and is easy to identify by its silvery, hairy leaflets and fragrant, purple flowers that bloom in the spring.
Coastal buckwheat (Eriogonum parvifolium)
This plant's leaves are short, triangular, and fleshy in comparison to Eriogonum fasciculatum, a different species of buckwheat found in the coastal scrub plant community. Stay tuned for a post about coastal scrub!
Senecio (Senecio blochmaniae)
Senecio is commonly found on stabilized dunes and is easily identified by its single stem and long, wiry leaves. In the spring, its blooms are a bright yellow.
Wildlife in dune communities
When exploring the Morro Bay Sandspit to find these native plants, you might see these small shorebirds scurrying by. Western snowy plovers (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) are a threatened species that live on the Sandspit. They make their nests in small depressions in the sand, which are easily overlooked. Keep an eye out for these birds and their nests when you are walking, and be sure to allow them plenty of space as you pass by.
To find out more about the native plants described in these blog posts, the Trees and Shrubs of California guidebook and the Calflora website are excellent sources of information. Our next Native Plants blog post in April will explore the coastal scrub plant community, a very common and pleasantly aromatic community found throughout our watershed.
The Morro Bay National Estuary Program is still hard at work, conducting science and education to help protect and restore the bay.
You can support the Estuary Program by purchasing Estuary Line gear from ESTERO. This locally owned and operated company typically donates a generous 20% of proceeds from Estuary Line gear to the Estuary Program, and they're increasing their donation to 50% of proceeds between November 19 and December and 100% of Estuary decal proceeds to the Estuary Program. Thank you, ESTERO!


text:
Dutta Wins Outstanding Presentation Award at AMS Annual Meeting
Shweta Dutta won the Outstanding Presentation Award at the American Meteorological Society (AMS) 101st Annual Meeting, held January 10-15, 2021 in a virtual format. The AMS is the leading scientific organization for meteorologists and atmospheric scientists; the organization also studies space weather.
Dutta is a second year Ph.D. student in the Georgia Tech School of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE). She works in the Low Frequency Radio Group, where she is advised by ECE Associate Professor Morris Cohen.
The title of Dutta's award-winning poster is "Electron Density Prediction in the Topside Ionosphere." Space weather is caused by fluctuations in the sun's output of plasma, called the solar wind, which is punctuated by coronal mass ejections where the sun suddenly ejects tons of matter at once. All of these fluctuations change properties of the Earth's ionosphere, a layer of electrically charged particles in the upper atmosphere.
More relevantly for engineers, a major solar flare or coronal mass ejection from the Sun has the potential to disrupt Global Positioning System (GPS) service for hours to days, which would have all kinds of cascading impacts on society. These fluctuations from the sun translate to fluctuations in the ionosphere and have the potential to disrupt GPS satellites and even knock out large portions of power grids in a way that the state of Texas just experienced, except over a wider area and lasting longer. As such, learning to forecast the ionospheric response to space weather continues to be an important scientific goal for a more resilient infrastructure. Dutta's work involves machine learning to model the ionosphere, which is known to be a major source of GPS/Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) error, and triggers satellite communication outages.
The uppermost portion of the ionosphere, known as the topside, 500-1,000 km, is rather difficult to measure because it cannot be remotely sensed from the ground. The more intense ionosphere in the middle blocks radio waves that might probe the topside. As such, a gap exists in the understanding of that area of the ionosphere. Dutta's work is to compile decades worth of satellite observations and use machine learning tools to piece together the entire topside ionospheric response to space weather. Her ionospheric model is critical to forecasting where these disruptions within the ionosphere will occur, so that GPS satellites and other systems such as power grids can be kept up and running.


text:
Teach children to seek world without Israel
by Itamar Marcus and Nan Jacques Zilberdik
Palestinian parents should teach their children that it is their role or destiny to destroy Israel, according to a cartoon in the official PA daily.
In the cartoon, a mother is showing her son a book with a map that includes all of Israel and the PA areas. The text in the book defines the map as "Palestine."
|Text in book: "Palestine"
Mother's words: "This is your bride...
When you grow up you will know the dowry."
The mother tells her son:
"This is your bride... when you grow up you will know the dowry."
March 31, 2012]
The message of the PA daily is that parents either are educating their children or should be educating their children to see their obligation to replace all of Israel with a state of "Palestine." The dowry - the cost of liberating Palestine - is yet to be learned.
Last week, Palestinian Media Watch reported that the Minister of Social Affairs, Majida Al-Masri, said in a speech that Palestinian unity is needed in order to achieve "the liberation of Palestine - all of Palestine," meaning Israel's destruction.
Official PA daily cartoons regularly represent all of Israel as replaced by "Palestine."
In this cartoon, the text reads "the only red line," conveying the message that the goal to have all of Israel eliminated and replaced by "Palestine," remains the real "red line."
Aug. 21, 2011]
See PMW bulletin
Another cartoon expressed the idea that unity between Hamas and Fatah is all that is needed to eliminate Israel. Two identical fighters portraying Fatah and Hamas unity form the shape of the map of Israel and the PA areas. The Palestinian flag is held above the map, symbolizing Palestinian political sovereignty over all of Israel.
March 21, 2012]
Click here to see many more examples of the PA use of maps that portray a world without Israel.


text:
|Proceedings of the Jakarta Workshop on Coastal Resources Management (UNU, 1980, 106 pages)|
|3. Main papers and discussions|
|The oceanographic features of the coastal region between Jakarta and Cirebon|
The present paper presents a description of the oceanographical features of the coastal zone between Jakarta and Cirebon. From the outset it has to be stated that the paper is not intended to be an exhaustive source of information concerning the oceanography of this region. Rather it is a brief report of the facts and figures of the physical, chemical, biological, and geological parameters that describe its oceanographical features.
Research has been done on the coastal and land geology of the area, but not much has been done on its marine physics, chemistry, and biology. Therefore of necessity the present report contains mostly inferences and interpolations drawn from the oceanographical knowledge available on the adjacent areas, specifically the Java Sea and Jakarta Bay.
The paper consists of three sections: "Oceanography" prepared by A. G. Ilahude, "Biology" prepared by D. P. Praseno, and "Geology" prepared by Otto S. R. Ongkosongo. It is hoped that the paper may serve as the basis for discussion of the oceanography of the region.


text:
Calculation of the Average Ground-Stress Components from Measurements of the Diametral Deformation of a Drill Hole / L. A. Panek
- Conference Author:
- Fifth Pacific Area National Meeting of the Society (1965 : Denver, Colo.)
- Physical Description:
- 1 online resource (27 pages) : illustrations, figures, tables
- Additional Creators:
- Panek, L. A., American Society for Testing and Materials, and ASTM International
- Restrictions on Access:
- Subscription required for access to full text. and License restrictions may limit access.
- Determining the change of stress in rock based on measurements of the deformation of a drill hole is a procedure that is increasing in popularity. A closely related procedure involves the application of this principle to determine the existing stresses in a rock medium by cutting free (core drilling) an annulus containing the drill hole.
- Dates of Publication and/or Sequential Designation:
- Volume 1966, Issue 402 (January 1966)
- 9780803160163 (e-ISBN), 9780803161702, and _PHONE_
- Digital File Characteristics:
- text file PDF
- Bibliography Note:
- Includes bibliographical references 15.
- Other Forms:
- Also available online via the World Wide Web. Tables of contents and abstracts freely available; full-text articles available by subscription., Full text article also available for purchase., and Also available in PDF edition.
- Reproduction Note:
- Electronic reproduction. W. Conshohocken, Pa. : ASTM International, 1966. Mode of access: World Wide Web. System requirements: Web browser. Access may be restricted to users at subscribing institutions.
- Technical Details:
- Mode of access: World Wide Web.
- Source of Acquisition:
- ASTM International PDF Purchase price USD25.
View MARC record | catkey: 27997138


text:
Hardwood floors are easily one of the most popular flooring choices for consumers today, and it's not hard to see why. With a large variety of beautiful options, it's tough to find another flooring choice that can provide the unique, classic look that hardwood does. However, hardwood floors do require maintenance and upkeep that other types of flooring do not, and one necessity is periodic refinishing of hardwood floors. One of the first steps in refinishing hardwood floors is sanding them to remove the old finish, level the floor and remove serious scratches. Once this is done properly, the staining process can begin.
If you've ever had your hardwood floors sanded and refinished using the traditional method, you know that it can result in a frustrating inconvenience. The following are features of traditional method of sanding:
- Cloth dust bags are attached to sanders, but don't contain all the dust.
- Creates a fairly large mess in the home, and can require several days of cleaning up.
- Plastic must be hung so the dust doesn't adversely effect furniture or other areas of the home, and plastic masks are necessary for workers because of harmful floating particles.
- Because of the large amount of dust created, many homeowners opt to leave the home while the floors are being sanded.
Fortunately, the proliferation of dustless hardwood sanding means that the unpleasantness and inconvenience associated with traditional hardwood sanding is virtually nonexistent. Dustless hardwood sanding is an increasingly popular method that eliminates the above issues associated with traditional hardwood sanding. There are two methods of dustless hardwood sanding, using either dust evacuation systems or dust containment systems:
- Dust evacuation systems use sanding machines that remove dust through hoses that are connected to a powerful vacuum system outside the home, typically housed in a trailer or truck.
- Dust containment systems use smaller, portable vacuums that remain inside the home, but still eliminate the dust from the sander using hoses.
Both of these methods are easier, cleaner and more efficient options than traditional sanding. However, dust evacuation systems are considered to be the most effective because all of the dust and air particles are completely removed from the home through a more powerful vacuum. Whether using the dust evacuation method or the dust containment method, dustless hardwood sanding leads to not only a more time efficient and cleaner process, but the following benefits as well:
- A healthier indoor environment. Dustless hardwood sanding eliminates airborne dust particles, which is particularly important if homeowners or their family members have allergies or asthma.
- A higher quality result. Dustless hardwood sanding virtually eliminates the chance that dust will float into the floor finish when it's drying later in the refinishing process.
Keep in mind, however, that dustless hardwood sanding can be more expensive than traditional sanding. As with other types of flooring choices, it's imperative to analyze your individual situation to find the option that's best for you.
Hardwood floors are typically expensive, so it's important to maintain them correctly to retain their value and beauty. This includes refinishing and sanding, especially if your hardwood floors see a lot of traffic or you have pets and children in the home. When making the decision to sand and refinish your floor, research your local flooring service providers to see if they offer dustless hardwood sanding. Evaluate the price against the benefits to determine whether dustless hardwood sanding is the right choice for your home and family. SOURCE: dustlessfloorsanders.com


Reptilian Sibling Rivalry
Do you ever fight with your siblings? Unless you're regularly biting, head-butting, and threatening each other all night long, things could probably be worse. The authors of a new PLOS ONE study investigate how well crocodilians get along with each other as youngsters.
Researchers observed seven species of hatchling and juvenile captive-raised crocodilians in Darwin, Australia and Chennai, India. The animals were divided into small groups and then introduced into new mixed water and land enclosures. The scientists counted, classified, and analyzed instances of aggressive interactions, postures and behavior among the animals. Because crocodilians are at their most active in the evenings and during the night (and at their most amiable during the day), the authors analyzed footage from 4pm until 8am the next morning.
Siblings aren't always so bad: juvenile Siamese crocodiles socializing
Siblings aren't always so bad: juvenile Siamese crocodiles socializing
Some but not all of the awesome aggressive behaviors the authors observed during the study included:
 - Biting: "Jaws closed shut on an opponent." Bites range from light mouthing to prolonged bites.
 - Head pushing: "Head is pushed into an opponent."
 - Inflated posture: The crocodilian extends upward on its legs and arches its back downward to appear large and dominant. Other species also modify their posture in a similar fashion when challenged—two classic examples are cats and puffer fish.
 - Tail wagging: Crocodilians (like cats and many other animals) wag their tails as a way to signal and respond to aggression. They also sometimes tail wag as a windup to increase the force of a bite or a side head strike.
 - Side head strikes: One individual thrusts his or her head sideways into another's.
Based on the observed behaviors, the authors classified the seven species according to levels of aggression. The authors suggest that the significant overall differences in relative temperament likely arise from each species' unique ecological environment and adaptations. Some species, like the American alligator, the gharial (native to India), and the freshwater crocodile, were highly tolerant of one another and had relatively few aggressive interactions. When these species did display aggressive behavior, the vast majority of aggressive incidents appeared to be accidental and low-intensity. Other more aggressive species, like the saltwater crocodile and the New Guinea crocodile, displayed pronounced dominance patterns and had a higher incidence of deliberate, intense aggression. These species used direct challenges like biting to establish dominance, and submissive behaviors such as raising the head into the air to yield. Bites and head pushes were the most common forms of aggressive contact across all the species, although many behaviors were species-specific. For example, slender-snouted crocodilians tended to avoid aggressive interactions and the most potentially damaging behaviors, perhaps due to a relatively higher risk of injury.
The researchers suggest that aggressive behavior in young crocodilians could be a survival strategy to help them learn social queues and minimize their chances of being injured in social settings. The extent of the hatchling's aggression may affect how long it takes them to abandon their initial family groups. Babies will spend anywhere from a few weeks to a few years with siblings and a small number of adults, until (like so many humans) they leave their families and strike out on their own "due to a growing intolerance of each other."
The authors indicate that this research may have implications for effectively rearing multiple species in captivity and may also inform the planning, management, and success of effective reintroduction and conservation programs worldwide.
Related Content:
Determinants of Habitat Selection by Hatchling Australian Freshwater Crocodiles
Citation: Brien ML, Lang JW, Webb GJ, Stevenson C, Christian KA (2013) The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: Agonistic Behaviour in Juvenile Crocodilians. PLoS ONE 8(12): e80872. doi:10.1371/journal.pone._PHONE_
Images: Siamese crocodiles picture by chem7, other pictures taken from Figure 1 of the published paper.


text:
regulatory rules encourage the ORSA output to form part of the decision making process of the firm. This has fostered a cultural shift in firms, where firms actively consider the ORSA and SST when making key decisions, so as to ensure that the impacts are fully explored and understood.
- The ORSA and SST illustrates the risk profile of the firm – whilst it may be easy to identify what the key risks to your business are, it takes real discipline to formally consider these risks and quantitatively assess their impacts. This assessment enables decision makers to really understand what the key risks are, what can be lived with and what requires more active management.
- Reverse stress testing is a key part of most ORSA processes and is actively encouraged by the regulatory authorities. Reverse stress testing asks a firm to consider the risks, or combination of risks, that could lead to failure of the firm. Whilst the event may be improbable, actively considering it enables decision makers to better understand what the tipping points may be and identify actions to prevent such points being reached.
- The ORSA process tends to focus on downside risks, i.e. risks that cause a loss to the firm, lead to lower profits or less available capital. Many firms are focused on protecting the business and view the ORSA and SST as a crucial tool to do this. However, upside risk should also be considered – there are scenarios where, if the firm has positioned itself appropriately, it can take advantage of changing market trends or consumer preferences, perhaps establishing a first mover advantage.
- The regulatory requirements mean that firms focus on the business planning horizon, which for most firms is 3-5 years. Whilst some firms do think of longer-term risks, these are the exception rather than the rule. As a result, there can be excessive focus on short-term, immediate impact risks that materialise over a very short space of time. Consideration may not be given to risks that arise over the longer-term.
- The regulatory focus can cause some issues:
- The regulatory requirements can ultimately lead to reports that have too much material and are too long, meaning that the key messages can be lost in a haze of filler material.
- Given the regulatory expectations, the ORSA process can be very long-winded, taking many months to complete. This means it can lose relevance as external environments change and the stresses considered become irrelevant.
- The exercise can be viewed as a compliance exercise which adds no value to the business – it is completed to avoid any regulatory sanctions, meaning that the potential value that could be added is lost.
- The regulatory requirements mean that the exercise can be treated as a cyclical "business as usual" process, rather than as an exercise that can enable leaders to form new perspectives on the business.
In my opinion, the SST that adds most insight to the business is one which is:
- Gets senior leadership engagement,
- Focuses on key results,
- Considers upside and downside, and
- Considers short-term (level 2-3 uncertainty) and long term (level 4 uncertainty) risks.
Stress and Scenario Testing – how to start
"The journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step". This is true in the case of SST. Consideration of SST can be a long journey, as it may ultimately lead you to consider your business in a new light. Hence, you may use it to continually explore new things. However, the crucial thing really is to just start – that first step is the most important one to take.
In terms of how to approach SST, there's no defined way. Whilst regulatory rules in the life insurance approach add structure, these structures can cause problems, so don't think that a life insurers' approach is necessarily best. The following points give some food for thought and some generic considerations:
- Firstly, if you think it's important to do, then it is important to do right; fully commit to it! Allocate time and resources to it. Block off a day and try take those involved away from the day-to-day tasks (i.e. distractions!) that they will otherwise engage in.
- Be clear on what you want out of the exercise. For example, it could be that you just want to consider some plausible futures and how they may impact your business, rather than making any significant strategic or tactical decisions.
- In advance, ask those involved to give it some thought. In terms of establishing scenarios to explore, the points below may help:
- Sometimes the easiest place to start is what scares you – the stuff that keeps you awake at night. What would kill our business? Once you start exploring issues like that at a leadership level, you may find that there are some issues which require genuine focus and some which do not.
- Consider what your competitors are doing. Don't copy them, but consider their actions and ask why they are doing it. Are there things you should be doing? Are there scenarios where their actions would give them a huge benefit versus you?
- Consider the risks you take on a day to day basis – you may buy, you may sell, you employ staff, you incur expenses, you pay taxes. What variation in these items have you seen? How have you dealt with it? What level of variation can you tolerate and manage? What level would create a challenge?
- Consider the key assumptions that you have about your business – what are they? Sometimes our assumptions can become so deeply ingrained in the way that we think, we forget what exactly they are – assumptions. Just because we believe something to be true, does not mean it actually is. They may not actually be based on reality! Consider what your assumptions are, what could prove them to be untrue and what impacts that may have.
- Consider related industries and look at emerging trends. Do the patterns emerging there indicate any issues that may emerge from your industry? E.g. decrease in air travel – does this bode well for the domestic tourism industry?
- Consider upside – don't just focus on bad things. What would happen if sales exploded? Could you handle it, or would you make commitments to a large volume of customers that you would ultimately be unable to satisfy? Would that destroy your business? What if you grow by 20%, not 5% - how would you handle this?
- Consider PESTLE – political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental issues and how they could change over time and the impacts they would have. Recall the examples given at the outset of this article.
Stress and scenario testing is a powerful tool that enables business leaders to identify what their key risks are and how potential future evolution could impact on their business. It can generate unique insights to your business. I must also emphasise that the world constantly changes. Business leaders don't always cause these changes, but the success or failure of your business will depend on your ability to respond to them. SST gives you a head start in developing your response.
Dave O'Shea is an actuary in KPMG Ireland's life insurance practice and has been involved in stress and scenario testing for a number of insurance companies.
The views of this article do not necessarily reflect the views of the Society of Actuaries in Ireland, the Enterprise Risk Management Committee, or the author's employer.
 Enterprise Ireland, see: _URL_
 American Trucking Association, see _URL_
 Strategy Under Uncertainty, Courtney, Kirkland and Viguerie, Harvard Business Review, November 1997
 Chinese proverb – origin uncertain, attributed to Lao Tzu and Confucius


text:
Nutritional requirements of the pregnant mother
VegetableThe nutritional requirements during pregnancy depend on pre–pregnancy nutritional status of the pregnant mother. A woman who has been well nourished before conception, begins her pregnancy with reserves of several nutrients.
In such cases 300 calories and 15 gm protein more than usual pre–pregnancy requirement is adequate during pregnancy. The requirement of other nutrients too is higher during this period. Use of a daily food guide may be helpful for selecting proper foods to meet these additional requirements. In case of mothers who have not been well nourished during pre–pregnancy period, special care is required to yellow fruits & vegetables: Source of proteins provide additional nutrients during pregnancy.
Additional nutritional requirements of pregnant mother:
Two servings from the protein group of daily food guide, preferably milk, fish, eggs or poultry, which provide protein of high biological value. In addition, one serving of green leafy vegetables or yellow orange vegetables or fruits and 1 to 2 servings of citrus fruits is recommended in addition to usual balanced diet.
Indications of sufficient food intake during pregnancy
Normally, weight gain during pregnancy indicates food adequacy. About 1 to 1.5 kg weight gain during first trimester and 450 gm/per week thereafter during remaining period of pregnancy is normal. This means a total non–edematous weight gain of 10 to 12 kg during entire period of pregnancy. What needs to be carefully observed is the abnormal weight gain, which could be due to excess water retention.
Dietary considerations during pregnancy
Small and frequent feeds:
- During initial period of pregnancy the mother experiences nausea and loss of appetite and during later part, to avoid discomfort after large meals due to pressure of enlarged uterus on other organs in abdominal cavity.
- Nutrient dense foods help in providing required nutrients in smaller quantity.
- Adequate amount of soluble and insoluble fiber to avoid constipation.
- Plenty of fluid helps eliminating all excretory products.
- Regular and steady level of food intake to help steady weight gain, proper digestion and elimination.
- Avoid fatty, rich food, fried food, excessive seasoning, coffee in large quantity, and strongly flavored food.
Nutritional needs of a nursing mother
Milk Nutritional requirements of a nursing mother are higher than pregnant mother as the child's demand for milk increases. Nursing mother needs more protein, minerals, vitamins and calories. Additional diet requirement. Since the additional requirements of nursing mother are for production and secretion of breast milk, it can be continued as long as the mother is feeding the baby. Requirement may be reduced progressively as milk output is reduced.
Milk Suggest the foods to get the additional nutritional requirements 4 additional servings of protein foods, 2 out of which should be of milk to provide additional requirement of calcium and riboflavin. A serving each of dark green, or yellow orange vegetable/fruit and one to two citrus fruits to provide vitamin A and C. 2–3 servings from cereal group and 15–20 ml of oil to provide essential fatty acid sand additional energy. Number of feeds need to be increased to accommodate extra food.
- Select nutrient dense foods.
- Consume more fluids to compensate total breast milk output.
- Lacteous ( almonds, garden cress seeds, poppy seeds, fenugreek seeds, garlic etc.) may be included in the diet to stimulate milk production. Sufficient rest for mother, freedom from anxiety and desire to nurse baby are also essential for successful lactation.
Nutrition in Obesity
An individual is considered obese when there is a generalized accumulation of excess fat in the body resulting in weight 20% more than the desirable level. Excess body weight predisposes a person to diseases like angina pectoris, coronary thrombosis, hypertension, stroke, diabetes mellitus, gall bladder diseases or osteoarthritis of weight bearing joints. It may lead to obstetrical risk, psychological disturbances & also may result in low life expectancy.
Assessment of obesity
Various indices have been developed such as body weight, body mass index (BMI), measurement of body fat, ponderal index, waist to hip ratio, etc. Drugs are absolutely useless in reducing regimen except in specific glandular deficiencies. Appetite reducing drugs like amphetamines, diuretics or purgatives are harmful and are no substitutes for a low calorie diet.Crash diets are not advisable in normal circumstances. Only in emergencies should one go on a crash diet but that too under medical supervision. Even in that case, critical follow up in order to maintain a desirable body weight is necessary.
Treatment of obesity
There is no substitute for diet and exercise in order to reduce weight. One should resort to a low calorie diet with restricted carbohydrates and fat, normal protein, adequate vitamins and minerals, liberal fluid and high fiber. Low calorie diet should be supplemented by moderate exercise. However both diet and exercise must be done under advice from an expert consultant.
Rate of reduction of weight depends on extent of obesity. Normally, reduction of 2 to 3 kg per month is realistic and can be achieved without any undesirable physical, psychological or emotional effects. Approximate intake of 500 calories less than the daily requirement can result in weight loss of about 2 kg per month.
Nutrition for Diabetics
Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder which does not allow the body to use glucose completely or partially. High glucose levels in the blood (which is also known as blood sugar) and an alteration in carbohydrates, protein and fat metabolism are typical of this condition.
Causes of diabetes
The causes of diabetes are still not known completely. However, it is known that factors such as genetics, obesity, infection or acute stress, either physical or emotional play an important role in it development. It may also occor as a secondary disease to some of the diseases like pancreatitis, hemochromatosis, carcinoma of pancreas or pancreatectomy. Diabetes may also develop as a side–effect of the treatment of some other conditions due to the intake of Corticosteroids or diuretics like thiozide group.
Type of diabetes:
Insulin Dependent ( IDDM ) or Juvenile onset diabetes
IDDM patients depends on external Insulin. This type of diabetes happens suddenly and usually during childhood (around 10 to 12 years). It is caused by a virus or due to an auto–immunity. The children are usually under–weight when suffering from this condition.
Non Insulin Dependent ( NIDDM ) or Adult Onset Diabetes, AOD
This condition develops slowly. usually milder in nature and more stable. The pancreatic secretions of insulin may be inadequate or the action of insulin is faulty. The pancreas produce insulin in such cases to over come the problem. This type of diabetes can be controlled by diet and exercise. Diabetes if not controlled can lead to complications like vascular diseases like retinopathy, nephropathy as well as cardiac diseases including heart attack. Neuropathy joint and skeletal muscle problems can also occur in uncontrolled diabetes.
Infancy being a period of most rapid growth, nutritional requirements are the highest per unit of body weight during this period. Breast milk provides the required nutrients in suitable proportions for rapid infant growth. The decision as to when to start weaning or introducing solid food in infants diet depends on physical & physiological development as well as appropriate nutritional requirement.
Before solid foods are introduced, it is essential that enzyme system in the intestine is ready to digest starches and non–milk proteins. When foods are added to baby's diet, they should be introduced one at a time. Only small amounts should be given to start with. Mixtures of food should be avoided. The use of sugar, salt and other seasonings should generally be kept to a minimum. A wide variety of foods should be given to develop good eating habits. A child should not be forced to eat more than what he or she wants.
Following chart indicates a general guideline for introduction of various foods to infants:
|Orange/Tomato juice (vitamin C)||2nd month|
|Food||Age for introduction|
|Well cooked cereals||2 to 4 months|
|Strained/Pureed Vegetables Fruits||3 to 5 months|
|Cooked Egg yolk/Fish||6 to 7 months|
|Pulses along with cereals vegetables||6 to 9 months|
|Substitution of milk with cereal or pulses etc||6 to 7 months|
|Complete weaning on family foods||12 months|
As far as possible, introduction of commercial baby foods should be avoided. Mother's milk and natural foods are the best for the good health of infants. Introduction of these baby foods need careful reconstitution and proper understanding on the part of the mother and/or other caretakers. They also involve hygiene and other factors to be taken care of. However, if introduction of these foods is unavoidable due to some reasons, the following points must be noted:
- Commercial weaning foods can be introduced only after 4 months.
- Before that period other milk substitutes or cow/buffalo milk may be used.
- Proper attention should be given to hygiene.
- Proper directions for preparation and feeding be followed and child should not be forced to eat more than what he takes willingly.


text:
If the fake eyelashes you want are seamless, these items are essential!
Eyelash curler, mascara, false eyelashes adhesive, tweezers, eyeliner, perm eyelashes and false eyelashes. The first step in the seamless false eyelash bonding method is to start with mascara at the bottom of the eyelashes, cut your eyelashes, and lightly, otherwise
It is easy to pinch the right angle and the eyelashes will appear stiff. In order to maintain the curling of the eyelashes, the first time you use mascara to shape, pay attention to the dose, to avoid lameness.
Seamless False Eyelash Bonding Step 2: Trimming false eyelashes and trimming their length to the length that best suits their eyes is a rule to ensure that the effect is natural.
Seamless false eyelashes bonding step 3: In order to ensure the matching degree of false eyelashes, it is recommended that you gently bend the false eyelashes twice to create a certain arc shape, which makes it easier to apply false eyelashes. After applying false eyelash glue on the false eyelash stick,
Attach it to the root of the real eyelashes and fine tune its position with tweezers.
Seamless false eyelash bonding step 4: True and false combination, the second application of mascara naturally blends true and false eyelashes, and also prevents true and false eyelashes from being divided into two layers.
Seamless false eyelash bonding method Step 5: Draw eyeliner on the inner root of the eyelash to cover the stem of the false eyelash. In order to achieve the effect of the upper and lower eyelashes, remember to brush the mascara under the lower eyelashes.
Seamless false eyelashes bonding Step 6: Where did your eyelashes come from? This effect can be achieved by using perm eyelashes, which can further merge the true and false eyelashes naturally, just like they were born. At last
A layer of eyeliner retouches the eyes, and false eyelashes are born!


_USER_{AndGomLREC2020, author = {Anderson, Mark and G\'{o}mez-Rodr\'{i}guez, Carlos}, title = {Inherent Dependency Displacement Bias of Transition-Based Algorithms}, booktitle = {Proceedings of The 12th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference}, month = {May}, year = {2020}, address = {Marseille, France}, publisher = {European Language Resources Association}, pages = {5147--5155}, abstract = {A wide variety of transition-based algorithms are currently used for dependency parsers. Empirical studies have shown that performance varies across different treebanks in such a way that one algorithm outperforms another on one treebank and the reverse is true for a different treebank. There is often no discernible reason for what causes one algorithm to be more suitable for a certain treebank and less so for another. In this paper we shed some light on this by introducing the concept of an algorithm's inherent dependency displacement distribution. This characterises the bias of the algorithm in terms of dependency displacement, which quantify both distance and direction of syntactic relations. We show that the similarity of an algorithm's inherent distribution to a treebank's displacement distribution is clearly correlated to the algorithm's parsing performance on that treebank, specificially with highly significant and substantial correlations for the predominant sentence lengths in Universal Dependency treebanks. We also obtain results which show a more discrete analysis of dependency displacement does not result in any meaningful correlations.}, doi = {979-10-95546-34-4}, }


text:
Video | Dumaguete City | Negros Oriental
Named after the National Hero of the Philippines, The Rizal Boulevard of Dumaguete City is known as one of the most visited tourist attractions in the city. Located just along the shores next to the seaport, visitors from all over the country and world are welcomed by the long majestic Rizal Boulevard. Enjoy the waterfront of Dumaguete City with friends and/or family over a picnic or a refreshing walk along the boulevard.
Watch a Video of Rizal Boulevard here:
Dr. José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda (commonly just known as Dr. Jose Rizal) is the known as the national hero of the Philippines and a polymath during the concluding Spanish colonial period of the country. Before his exile to Dapitan, Dr. Rizal was given a chance to make a stop to a nearby island. During his stop, he walked for a couple of hours along a shore, which is known today as the Rizal Boulevard of Dumaguete City.


ndisc6 [-1mnqv] [-r attempts] [-w wait_ms] < IPv6 address>
NDisc6 is an Unix program which implements the ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery in userland (it is normally done by the kernel). It is used to lookup the link-layer address (layer 2 address, MAC in the case of Ethernet) of any on-link IPv6 node.
The IPv6 address of the node must be specified, as well as the networking interface on which to perform the lookup.
-1 or --single
Exit as soon as the first advertisement is received (default).
-h or --help
Display some help and exit.
-m or --multiple
Wait for possible duplicate advertisements and print all of them.
-n or --numeric
If the first parameter is not a valid IPv6 address, do not try to resolve it as a DNS hostname.
-q or --quiet
Only display link-layer address. Display nothing in case of failure. That is mostly useful when calling the program from a shell script.
-r attempts or --retry attempts
Send ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery that many times until a reply is received, or abort. By default, ndisc6 will try 3 times before aborting (MAX_MULTICAST_SOLICIT and MAX_UNICAST_SOLICIT from RFC2461).
-V or --version
Display program version and license and exit.
-v or --verbose
Display verbose information. That is the default.
-w wait_ms or --wait wait_ms
Wait wait_ms milliseconds for a response before retrying. By default, ndisc6 waits 1 second between each attempts (RETRANS_TIMER from RFC2461).
If you get no response while you know the remote host is up, it is most likely that it is not on-link, that is to say, you must cross one or more routers to reach it. By design, IPv6 nodes ignore ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery packets received from nodes not on the same link (i.e. Ethernet segment), for the sake of security. Technically, that is done by ensuring that the Hop limit (TTL) is 255.
Note that you cannot use ndisc6 to lookup the local host's link-layer address.
ndisc6 should be setuid root to allow use by non privileged users. It will drop its root privileges before any attempt is made to send or receive data from the network to reduce the possible impact of a security vulnerability.
RELATED TO ndisc6…
R\[char233]mi Denis-Courmont
$Id: ndisc6.8 _PHONE_-31 20:56:30Z remi $


text:
The Greatest Good
The Greatest Good
The Greatest Good takes the audience on a journey into the heart of a story as compelling as it is uniquely American - a story of courage and tragedy, enormous progress and bitter conflict. The Forest Service centennial film frames the epic story of the struggle to manage a nation's resources amid global change.
From the timbered shores of the Pacific Northwest to the marble halls of Washington, DC, the choices about how we use our natural heritage are filled with controversy. Whether it is the protection of endangered species or meeting the needs of a growing public, the fate of public lands is constantly challenged. Visionary foresters Gifford Pinchot and Aldo Leopold shaped the debate for a hundred years. Their journey from the "wise use" of resources to the idea of a "land ethic" has defined the evolution of the Forest Service. In a breathtaking high-definition documentary, The Greatest Good takes the audience on a journey as compelling as it is uniquely American.
- Part I - The Fight for Conservation (_PHONE_)
- In an era of unchecked exploitation, a new breed of leaders emerges with radical ideas about using the nation's resources for the benefit of all.
- Part II - Building the System (_PHONE_)
- The Forest Service invents the tools and policies to manage public lands. Firefighting and outdoor recreation emerge as important functions of the agency.
- Part III - Boom! (_PHONE_)
- World War II transforms the nation. The Forest Service shifts into full production to meet social needs.
- Part IV - The Greatest Good? (_PHONE_)
- An outspoken public and a new understanding of ecosystems shape a vision for America's public land that continues to evolve.
The story is told from a wide variety of perspectives, including leading historians as well as many of the participants, inside and outside the Forest Service.
If the streaming video above is not viewable, you can download these videos and watch them through your browser as they are downloaded. Choose your video quality below:
Return to video where you left off?
If you weren't able to finish this video before, you can return to your spot by playing the video and then
Having trouble seeing the video?
Download the newest version of the Quicktime Plugin at _URL_. Streaming video requires a DSL or better connection.


text:
knowledge, it would be a posteriori knowledge. The difference between a posteriori and a priori knowledge is that the former requires experience and the latter does not.
While a priori knowledge does not require experience, this does not mean that it must always be reached using reason alone. A priori knowledge can be learned through experience. Think of mathematical truths. While it is possible to figure out multiplication using thinking alone, many first understand it empirically by memorizing multiplication tables and only later come to understand why the operations work the way they do.
Things You Can Know: Types of Knowledge
Philosophers classify knowledge not only by source but also by type. Propositional knowledge is knowledge of propositions or statements. A proposition or statement is a declarative sentence with a truth value—that is, a sentence that is either true or false. If one knows a statement, that means that the statement is true. And true statements about the world are usually called facts. Hence, propositional knowledge is best thought of as knowledge of facts. Facts about the world are infinite. It is a fact that the square root of 9 is 3. It is a fact that Earth is round. It is a fact that the author of this chapter is five feet, one inch tall, and it is a fact that Nairobi is the capital of Kenya. Often, philosophers describe propositional knowledge as "knowledge that," and if you look at the structure of the previous sentences, you can see why. Someone can know that Nairobi is the capital of Kenya, and "Nairobi is the capital of Kenya" is a true proposition. Propositional knowledge can be a priori or a posteriori. Knowledge of our own height is clearly a posteriori because we cannot know this without measuring ourselves. But knowing that 3 is the square root of 9 is a priori, given that it's possible for a person to reason their way to this belief. Propositional knowledge is the primary focus of traditional epistemology. In the following sections of this chapter, keep in mind that knowledge refers to propositional knowledge.
While traditional epistemology focuses on propositional knowledge, other types of knowledge exist. Procedural knowledge is best understood as know-how. Procedural knowledge involves the ability to perform some task successfully. While a person may know that a bicycle stays erect using centrifugal force and forward momentum caused by peddling, and that the forces of friction and air resistance will affect their speed, this does not mean that they know how to ride a bicycle. Having propositional knowledge concerning a task does not guarantee that one has procedural knowledge of that task. Indeed, one could be a physicist who studies the forces involved in keeping a bike upright, and therefore know many facts about bicycles, but still not know how to ride a bike.
Knowledge by acquaintance is knowledge gained from direct experience. A person knows something by acquaintance when they are directly aware of that thing. This awareness comes from direct perception using one's senses. For example, I have knowledge by acquaintance of pain when I am in pain. I am directly aware of the pain, so I cannot be mistaken about the existence of the pain.
British philosopher Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) is credited with first articulating a distinction between knowledge by acquaintance and propositional knowledge, which he called knowledge by description (Russell 1910–1911). According to Russell, knowledge by acquaintance is a direct form of knowledge. A person has knowledge by acquaintance when they have direct cognitive awareness of it, which is awareness absent of inference. That knowledge by acquaintance is not the product of inference is very important. Inference is a stepwise process of reasoning that moves from one idea to another. When I feel pain, I am acquainted with that pain without thinking to myself, "I am in pain." No inference is required on my part for me to know of my pain. I am simply aware of it. It is the directness of this knowledge that differentiates it from all other a posteriori knowledge. All knowledge by acquaintance is a posteriori, but not all a posteriori knowledge is knowledge by acquaintance. My awareness of pain is knowledge by acquaintance, yet when I infer that "something is causing me pain," this belief is propositional.
Russell's distinction between knowledge by acquaintance and propositional knowledge, if accurate, has important implications in epistemology. It shows that inference is used even in cases of beliefs that people think are obvious: ordinary beliefs based on perception. Russell thought that one can only have knowledge by acquaintance of one's sensations and cannot have direct awareness of the objects that could be the cause of those sensations. This is a significant point. When I see the bird on a branch outside my office window, I am not immediately aware of the bird itself. Rather, I am directly aware of my perceptual experience of the bird—what philosophers call sense data. Sense data are sensations gained from perceptual experience; they are the raw data obtained through the senses (seeing, smelling, feeling, etc.). One's perceptual experience is of sense data, not of the objects that could be causing that sense data. People infer the existence of external objects that they believe cause their perceptual experiences. Russell's view implies that people always use reasoning to access the external world. I have knowledge by acquaintance of my perceptual experience of seeing a bird; I then infer ever so quickly (and often unconsciously) that there is a bird on the branch, which is propositional knowledge.
Not all philosophers think that experience of the external world is mediated through sense data. Some philosophers contend that people can directly perceive objects in the external world. But Russell's theory introduces an important possibility in epistemological thinking: that there is a gap between one's experience of the world and the world itself. This potential gap opens up the possibility for error. The gap between experience and the world is used by some thinkers to argue that knowledge of the external world is impossible.
Table 7.1 summarizes the types of knowledge discussed in this section.
|Propositional knowledge||Knowledge of propositions or statements; knowledge of facts||Examples are infinite: "I know that…" the Earth is round, two is an even number, lions are carnivores, grass is green, etc.|
|Procedural knowledge||"Know-how"; understanding how to perform some task or procedure||Knowing how to ride a bicycle, do a cartwheel, knit, fix a flat tire, dribble a basketball, plant a tree, etc.|
|Knowledge by acquaintance||Knowledge gained from direct experience||Perception of physical sensations, such as pain, heat, cold, hunger; important to differentiate between the knowledge by acquaintance that is the sensation (e.g., a physical sensation of feeling cold) and related inferences, such as "the air temperature must be dropping," which is propositional knowledge.|
Philosophers who argue that knowledge of the external world is impossible do so based on the idea that one can never be certain of the truth of one's external world beliefs. But what does it mean to claim that a belief is true? People are sometimes tempted to believe that truth is relative. A person may say things like "Well, that's just their truth" as if something can be true for one person and not for others. Yet for statements and propositions, there is only one truth value. One person can believe that Earth is flat while another can believe is it round, but only one of them is right. People do not each personally get to decide whether a statement is true. Furthermore, just because one has no way of determining whether a statement is true or false does not mean that there is no truth to the matter. For example, you probably don't quite know how to go about determining the exact number of blades of grass on the White House lawn, but this does not mean that there is no true answer to the question. It is true that there is a specific number of blades of grass at this moment, even if you cannot know what that number is.
But what does it mean for a statement to be true? At first, this question may seem silly. The meaning of truth is obvious. True things are correct, factual, and accurate. But to say that something is correct, factual, or accurate is just another way of saying it is true. Factual just means "true." Creating a noncircular and illuminating account of truth is a difficult task. Nevertheless, philosophers attempt to explain truth. Philosophers often are curious about and question concepts that most people accept as obvious, and truth is no exception.
Theories of truth and the debate over them are a rather complicated matter not suitable for an introductory text. Instead, let's briefly consider two ways of understanding truth in order to gain a general understanding of what truth is. Aristotle claimed that a true statement is one that says of something that it is what it is or that it is not what it is not (Aristotle 1989). A possible interpretation of Aristotle's idea is that "A is B" is true if and only if A is B. Notice that this simply removes the quotations around the proposition. The idea is simple: the statement "Dogs are mammals" is true if dogs are mammals.
Another way of understanding truth is as a correspondence between statements and the world. The correspondence theory of truth proposes that a statement is true if and only if that statement corresponds to some fact (David 2015). A fact is a state of affairs in the world—an arrangement of objects and properties in reality—so the statement "The dog is under the bed" is true if and only if there exists in the world a dog and a bed and the dog is related to the bed by being underneath it. The correspondence theory of truth makes truth a relation between statements and the world. If statements are appropriately related to the world


text:
TAU research says genetics can reveal your geographic ancestral origin
While your DNA is unique, it also tells the tale of your family line. It carries the genetic history of your ancestors down through the generations. Now, says a Tel Aviv University researcher, it's also possible to use it as a map to your family's past.
Prof. Eran Halperin of TAU's Blavatnik School of Computer Science and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, along with a group of researchers from University of California, Los Angeles, are giving new meaning to the term "genetic mapping." Using a probabilistic model of genetic traits for every coordinate on the globe, the researchers have developed a method for determining more precisely the geographical location of a person's ancestral origins.
The new method is able to pinpoint more specific locations for an individual's ancestors, for example placing an individual's father in Paris and mother in Barcelona. Previous methods would "split the difference" and place this origin inaccurately at a site between those two cities, such as Lyon.
Published in the journal Nature Genetics, this method has the potential to reveal the ancestry, origins, and migration patterns of many different human and animal populations. It could also be a new model for learning about the genome.
Points of origin
There are points in the human genome called SNPs that are manifested differently in each individual, explains Prof. Halperin. These points mutated sometime in the past and the mutation was then passed to a large part of the population in a particular geographic region. The probability of a person possessing these mutations today varies depending on the geographical location of those early ancestors.
"We wanted to ask, for example, about the probability of having the genetic mutation 'A' in a particular position on the genome based on geographical coordinates," he says. When you look at many of these positions together in a bigger picture, it's possible to group populations with the same mutation by point of origin.
To test their method, Prof. Halperin and his fellow researchers studied DNA samples from 1,157 people from across Europe. Using a probabilistic mathematical algorithm based on mutations in the genome, they were able to accurately determine their ancestral point or points of origin using only DNA data and the new mathematical model, unravelling genetic information to ascertain two separate points on the map for the mother and father. The researchers hope to extend this model to identify the origins of grandparents, great-grandparents, and so on.
The new method could provide information that has applications in population genetic studies — to study a disease that impacts a particular group, for example. Researchers can track changes in different genomic traits across a map, such as the tendency for southern Europeans to have a mutation in a gene that causes lactose intolerance, a mutation missing from that gene in northern Europeans.
A closer look at migration
The researchers believe that their model could have also relevance for the animal kingdom, tracking the movement of animal populations. "In principle, you could figure out where the animals have migrated from, and as a result learn about habitat changes due to historical climate change or other factors," says Prof. Halperin.


We're building an extended investigation scene! In Part 1, I talked about how to break down the investigation items into things the heroes must learn, and things the heroes might learn. In Part 2, I talked about the work to support the GM: ensuring your investigation meets your XP and treasure budget, and the best order to present things to make it easier on the GM. Now, we're getting to how to present things for the players.
This is the step that takes the longest, because it involves the actual writing.
Remember you've got several encounters and arrows showing how they connect. The next thing to think about is just how, mechanically, they connect. Generally, there are a few ways that characters in a scene can get the next clue, and I'm about to break these down. You should mix-and-match these in your investigation; using each one at least once makes for a lot of variety. But not all are equally good; I'm putting a green-yellow-red label on each.
It's Just There (Yellow)
Here, the heroes enter an encounter and don't have to do anything at all to know how to get to the next encounter. For example, they enter the common room of the inn where someone was killed and the door to the stable is mysteriously left open, or they enter the palace kitchen and the head cook starts talking about the king's creepy advisor. Those all tell the heroes what they can do next. This is yellow because, when overused, it makes the investigation seem too easy.
Environment Interaction (Green)
The characters must do something in an encounter to learn how to get to another encounter. For example, they must search a murder victim's pockets, look through a keyhole, pay off a watchful beggar, or ask someone present about a topic. No skill check is required to learn the way to the next clue, although a successful skill check (or spell or ability use, like speak with animals or speak with dead) might give extra information to make the heroes better prepared.
The environment can respond to the character interaction, such as by triggering a trap someone left behind, or even a fight with a lurking enemy—for these, look to the A Fight! option.
This is green because it forces the players to interact with the encounter in a way that feels like they're actually investigating, but doesn't get blocked by a lack of skills or abilities.
Character Skills (Yellow)
The characters have to interact with the encounter in some way and succeed at a skill check (or expend some ability) to learn the way to the next encounter. If no one succeeds at the skill check, this is a dead end. Maybe they find some tracks, and a successful Survival check tells them the track has horse dung from the stable. Perhaps they find a dropped sigil and need to make a Society check to learn it comes from the town messenger's guild.
This is yellow because too many of these locks advancement behind a "skill wall," and not all parties can get over this wall! They might lack the right skill, have already expended the best resource to succeed at it, or just have bad luck rolling. None of these are their fault, and none of these should bring the investigation grinding to a halt. Remember how you drew a web of connections between your encounters? If every connection to a particular encounter has a "skill wall" like this, some players might never reach it! That's bad. You should have no more than one skill wall leading to a particular encounter. Work to turn the rest into the prior option, where the characters must interact with the environment, but don't need to make any kind of check. They might still use the skill to gain some additional information, as described there.
A Fight! (Green)
Characters getting into this situation end up in a fight, and once they win the next clue prevents itself. The person they just fought might have a note or map or other half of something the heroes found earlier, or someone might surrender and give up the information if defeated. (It's good practice to have both, actually, in case a well-timed critical hit kills the foe before they can surrender.) Winning the fight could expose the clue in some other way, like convincing an NPC to open up to the heroes because they've proven their mettle or taken care of someone the NPC feared or hated.
Although fights are a classic element, this might also include a trap or something else the rules assume the heroes will eventually win, like a verbal duel, a starship combat, or something else specific to the game.
These are helpful in adventure design because you can "double up" on experience the party gains: they get the usual amount for defeating the foe, and whatever amount you've decided is appropriate for finding the clue. For this reason, fights during investigation encounters can err on the easy side, and need not be life-or-death struggles. They might even be so easy that they wouldn't normally grant XP at all, but simply allow the heroes to show off how tough they are to gain the clue leading to the next encounter.
This option is green because winning fights are something parties can reliably do over and over. I suppose this is technically a "fight wall" like a "skill wall" that bad luck might prevent the heroes from overcoming but, frankly, if they all lose a fight they have much bigger things to worry about than whether the investigation can proceed.
Capture Someone (Red)
This encounter requires that the heroes capture someone (or something that's animate) to learn the way to the next encounter. This is red because it's often hard to guarantee this: some heroes are likely to be slow or clumsy, and the ones that are faster might roll badly or the person they need to capture might roll really well. Players might decide to make an attack, and the number of critical hits that come from "I was just trying to knock him out, not kill him" are legendary. Capture encounters double up the risks of the "skill wall" and therefore should probably be avoided unless it's the path to a clue the heroes really don't need—and, in that case, maybe it doesn't belong in your investigation at all.
Within each of these options is a lot of variety, so mix and match them as you'd like!
Next up, a detailed example of an investigation that spans an entire adventure.


text:
Please keep in mind that this is a research project, and there may
sometimes be glitches with the interactive software. Please
let us know of any
problems you encounter, and include the computer operating system,
the browser and version you're using, and what kind of connection
you have (dial-up modem, T1, cable).
When you listen to or play music, or better yet, dance to it, you are
very aware of the rhythm. You might notice that every 3rd or 4th beat
is played a little louder than the others, or that it is accented
somehow. In some types of music, several different rhythms are
performed at the same time. When that happens, it is called a
polyrhythm. Polyrhythms are a very important feature of African
In this problem you will be investigating polyrhythms, and then have
a chance to build your own so you can investigate the mathematics.
Play with the applet using the various rhythms. Experiment to find
out what it means to play a 1:2 or a 1:3 rhythm. See how the
different rhythms interact when you play them together. When a 1:2
and a 1:3 rhythm are played together, the polyrhythm is called a
2:3. The number of beats it takes a pattern to repeat itself is
the phrase length. Explore how long it takes different patterns to
- What is the ratio of the mystery polyrhythm? Explain how you know.
- Create a polyrythm of your own using two of the rhythms in the
applet. What is the ratio of
the polyrhythm and its phrase length? Explain how you know.
- A complicated polyrhythm has the ratio 2:3:4:5:6:7. What is its
phrase length? How do you know?
Teacher Support Page


text:
BA International Relations
Students of International Relations are given the opportunity to explore, critique and understand the social, political and economic interactions of our contemporary globalized world. The International Relations Program at Webster University Leiden is designed to prepare students for leadership and service in the international community. Students examine the great political powers, humanitarian issues and the dynamics of the global community using contemporary American and European approaches.
Webster University's undergraduate programs follow the Liberal Arts system which is designed to provide students with a well-rounded education, and provide a broad background for their future career. Together with our Global Citizenship Program, students will be able to combine areas within their major with electives in other fields, allowing them to gain knowledge in different areas. International relations courses are taught by academics, political scientists, lawyers and ambassadors. Students are encouraged to take advantage of the study abroad possibilities within the Webster system and to pursue internship opportunities. The international nature of the faculty and the student body enriches this academic experience. Students experience international relationships firsthand on campus.
Upon completion of the program, students should:
- Be able to demonstrate knowledge of key subfields and theories of International Relations as a discipline.
- Be able to identify major actors and institutions of international relations and to know their functions.
- Be able to analyze international issues from perspectives other than their own.
- Be able to display familiarity with foreign cultures and languages.
- Graduates of International Relations, through their insight, knowledge and transferrable skills, are prepared for the workforce and a wide range of careers in international agencies, governmental organisations and the global private sector on an international scale.
- Webster students pursue internships and are provided with valuable opportunities to embark on careers in organizations such as the United Nations network, the OPCW, the Peace Corps, government ministries, inter-governmental and non-governmental organizations, multinationals and embassies/consulates, or to work as political consultants, lobbyists or journalists.
A degree in International Relations combines both theory and practice, providing a strong theoretical foundation to facilitate an informed and critical exploration of the interaction of states, international organizations and the global economy while further evaluating concepts of human rights, peace and security.
The key features are:
- International Relations theories
- Human Rights
- International Security
- International Political Economy
Course Catalog links:


Articles and Other Reading
Does Quality of Social Interaction Affect Happiness? By: Art Markman, [Psychology Today], Two Paths Integrative Wellness, LLC, Farmington Hills, MI 48334
Being around other people can make you happy
Human beings are a social species. Connecting with others is crucial, because that is how we learn about how the world works. That is how we accomplish tasks that require more effort than a single person could put in.
Because of the importance of our social interactions, it would make sense that engagement with other people would generally be satisfying and enjoyable for people. But, what kinds of interactions would make people happy? Is it enough just to be around people and to have casual conversations? Or is it important to be engaged in deep and meaningful conversations?
prominent study by Matthias Mehl, Simine Vazire, Shannon Holleran, and Shelby Clark in 2010 suggested that the quality of interactions matters. They had college undergraduates walk around with a device that would randomly record the audio environment over the course of a 3-day period. After the undergrads removed any content they didn't want other people to hear, the researchers analyzed how long each participant was in the presence of other people and whether they were having casual conversations or were talking about more substantive matters.
continue reading
Leave a Reply