Pro-choice ethicists: OK to use aborted baby's ovaries to create new children
Fetal tissue harvesting and experimentation on aborted babies are logical outgrowths of the pro-choice position. After all, if unborn babies are mere "tissue," then there
is no need to respect their remains.
But some proposals of what to do with those remains
are truly bizarre – and deeply disturbing.
In an article titled "Transplantation of Aborted Fetal Ova: a Short Analysis" that was published in The Wanderer on August 4, 1994, author Lawrence Roberges described grisly experiments done by Dr. Robert Gosden of Edinburgh University. Dr. Gosden proposed harvesting the egg cells from the bodies of female aborted babies and using
them for in vitro fertilization, as well as implanting ovarian tissue from aborted babies
into the ovaries infertile women. He has had success with this process in mice. What the
experiments would entail is obtaining female aborted babies from clinics (increasing
clinic revenue), then slicing open the aborted children's ovaries (ovaries actually start
developing in the first trimester) and harvesting their eggs. The article went on to describe
experiments he has done on mice:
A paper written by Dr. Gosden in the April 1992 Journal of Assisted Reproduction and
Genetics reviews the outline of this research a full two years before his research proposal
became news. This paper bases his proposal on prior work in which Dr. Gosden has extensively
performed mouse fetal tissue transplants studies to restore the fertility of sterile mice. These
studies included using mice fetal tissue to restore fertility to sterile mice, restore endocrine
function to mice without ovaries, and freezing and storing mouse fetal ovarian tissue for later
successful implantation. Dr. Gosden's work promises to harvest eggs from aborted fetuses at
the 12 to 16 week stage. They would then fertilize the eggs by in vitro methods and implant
them into previously sterile women.… it would restore the fertility of women who have
prematurely undergone menopause, thereby giving them extended years of childbearing.
Can you imagine going through life knowing that your mother was an aborted baby? The
prospect is deeply disturbing. Many adopted children grow up wondering what their birth
parents were like, but I cannot even begin to imagine how a person would come to terms with
the fact that their mother never drew a breath outside the womb. It leads to all kinds of
disturbing and macabre thinking.
In the Journal of Medical Ethics, Jonathan M. Berkowitz, a supporter of Gosden's proposal,
sidestepped the issue:
Certainly there may be many emotions associated with the knowledge of being conceived
outside sexual intercourse… [A] study concluded that "the majority [of children produced
via IVF] were performing above the norm for the chronological age but were subject to
a "significantly higher incidence of… behavioral and emotional problems.
Jonathan M Berkowitz, "Mummy Was a Fetus: Motherhood and Fetal Ovarian Transplantation" Journal of Medical Ethics 21:298 – 304 (October 1995).
Of course, knowing that your mother was an aborted baby is very different from knowing
that you were conceived through in vitro fertilization. It's hard to understand how he does
not see the difference.
The New York Times summarized Fletcher's argument:
Dr. John Fletcher [an ethicist at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville] said most of the
ethical qualms pale beside the good that can be done
for infertile couples. For example, he said, even though a child might be troubled to learn that
its genetic mother was an aborted fetus the child would almost certainly rather have been
born from the fetus's eggs than not to have been born at all.
"The idea that you would be filled with self-loathing if 50% of your genes are from the ova of
an abortus seems to me highly questionable," he said.
Questionable? Really? It is questionable that knowing that your mother was an aborted
baby (or, as he says, "abortus," a dehumanizing term if I've ever heard one) would be
traumatic and disturbing? I can't imagine any human being not being affected by the horror
of this type of beginning. The psychological ramifications are enormous – and so are the
social ones. What would America be like if it were socially acceptable for people to be born
with an aborted baby for a birth mother? It reminds one of the society portrayed in the
book Brave New World.
One might think that the concept of harvesting fetal ovaries for future implantation in
women and extracting fetal eggs for in vitro fertilization would be just an aberrant idea that
would be quickly forgotten. But in 2003, BBC News described experiments with aborted babies'
ovaries taking place in Israel:
The lead researcher, Dr Tal Biron-Shental, from Meir Hospital in Kfar Saba, Israel, conceded that the concept of taking egg follicles from an aborted baby was controversial.
Presenting the work to the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology conference in Madrid, she said: "I'm fully aware of the controversy about this – but probably, in some place, will be ethically
It is hard to suppress a shudder when imagining a society that would condone this way of
creating children.
Dr. Biron-Shental went on to describe the benefits of her work, saying "There is a shortage of donated oocytes (eggs) for IVF – oocytes from aborted foetuses might
provide a new source for these. There are a huge amount of follicles in the foetal ovary."
Fortunately, Biron-Shental's work is still in its preliminary stages – no embryos or fetuses
have been created using this method – at least as of 2003. But it is deeply disturbing to
think about where this research is going. What will the future hold?
34 thoughts on "Pro-choice ethicists: OK to use aborted baby's ovaries to create new children"
 1. "For example, he said, even though a child might be troubled to learn that its genetic mother was an aborted fetus the child would almost certainly rather have been born from the fetus's eggs than not to have been born at all."
 Strange, isn't it….when PCers make the argument that the child would have led a terrible life anyway due to [poverty, disability, whatever] and therefore it is compassionate to abort it, PLers often respond with this very argument: that most people would agree that despite its challenges, life is still worth living would rather be born.
 I know it's a bit off topic, but it strikes me as ironic that PCers can employ PL rhetoric when it suits them. In other news, apparently you don't even have to be a "person" to be a biological mother….
 2. The Brave New World comparison doesn't really work because in the book the goal was to give reproduction over to the state, whereas today the goal is to restore fertility to individual women. I agree that the implications of this process are disturbing, but it has more of an individualist twist than BNW.
 Unfortunately, it's difficult to see how anyone could have a problem with this without having a problem with abortion itself. In other words, in a world where the aborted fetus is treated as subhuman, there simply is no good independent defense against taking their oocytes.
 Intense Irony Alert. AKA, if this is true, how is it not true that an aborted fetus would have preferred to have been born.
 4. If you stop lying to yourself about "baby" you would have fewer psychological issues with abortion. When you hold a baby in your arms, does it have an attached placenta? Is a baby in your arms able to obtain sustenance for itself? No? And "no" again (because it has to be, at the very least, held near a milk-filled teat)? Then an unborn human is NOT the same thing as a "baby", period!
 What an unborn human is, is a "baby under construction". Got that? Do you call a framework of a boat a "boat", expecting to use it to go fishing today? Do you call the framework of a house a "house", expecting to move into it today? Then why call a baby-under-construction a "baby", when it is no such thing?!? Old habit, you say? Old habits can be changed when you know better!
 5. Regarding "baby", do look again at what I wrote (parenthetically) about dictionary definitions. Unborn humans were CALLED "babies" LONG before all the Actual Facts were learned, about the differences between unborn humans and infant humans. Now that we KNOW the Facts, we can STOP expressing Ignorance of those Facts (by continuing to propagate FALSE data about "babies").
 Self-construction by any other name is still "construction". Consider the foundation element of most life-forms, the cell. It acquires resources (construction materials), and when it has acquired enough, THEN it uses those materials to CONSTRUCT a duplicate of itself (usually so perfect a duplicate that it is impossible to identify the original cell, afterward). So, since in a growing multicellular organism, enormous numbers of cells are doing that simple thing, constructing copies of themselves, it IS still accurate to call the overall process a "construction project".
 Another thing is, the word "development" is normally dissociated from a philosophical thing, WELL-KN


text:
A hangover isn't the only side effect of heavy drinking. Binge drinking can increase the risk of pregnancy for women on the pill. The perfect, yet not-so-sexy, storm of heavy drinking and vomiting followed by unprotected sex is to blame. See, if you vomit shortly after taking your pill, it's no longer in your system. Why else does the pill fail? Here are six things to look out for. And always consult your doctor if you have any questions!
- Inconsistency: Taking your pill at the exact same time every day greatly reduces the risk of failure. And while obesity used to be considered a factor that could impact the effectiveness of the pill, a recent study said consistency, not weight, has the greatest impact. If you forget to take more than one pill in a month, be sure to use backup birth control and call your doctor or pharmacist for specific advice.
- St. John's wort: The natural supplement can increase the breakdown of your pill's estrogen, making it less effective.
- The antibiotic rifampin: According to the Mayo Clinic, the risks of antibiotics interfering with the pill are greatly overstated. Yet the antibiotic rifampin (Rimactane) does have an impact, so check with your doctor if you are prescribed antibiotics.
- Other medications: Some yeast-infection medicines, HIV treatments, or antiseizure medication could counteract the pill. If you ever fill a new prescription, always ask if you need to use a backup form of birth control.
- Temperature: Be sure to store your pack in a cool place. If it's left in the sun or in extreme heat (or cold), it could become less effective.
- Vomiting or diarrhea: If you're ill within 30 minutes of taking your pill — thanks to alcohol or something else — treat it as if you missed it.
If you want to (or can't help but) forget the pill, there's always nonhormonal birth control.
Product Credit: Illesteva glasses

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
if you compare it to a landscape painting from the same era, with its perfect rendering of both land and sky. Watkins wasn't worrying about truth or lies in photography when he took that picture of the Columbia River; he was worrying about Thomas Cole's 1836 painting View From Mount Holyoke, or something like it. Watkins was trying to make his photograph live up to the compositional standards of the great landscape painters of his time.
The great struggle for photography in those early days was thus to figure out whether photography was simply an extension of painting, a cutting out of the middleman, or whether it was something genuinely new, with its own set of rules and suppositions and formal challenges. The photographs collected in the exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of art are a beautiful and moving testimony to that struggle. Reality, as is so often the case, has nothing to do with it. • 14 November 2012
Morgan Meis is a founding member of Flux Factory, an arts collective in New York. He has written for The Believer, Harper's, and The Virginia Quarterly Review. Morgan is also an editor at 3 Quarks Daily, and a winner of a Creative Capital | Warhol Foundation Arts Writers grant. A book of Morgan's selected essays can be found here. He can be reached at _EMAIL_.
Photographs courtesy of The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
MHS: Streaming Media back to media list
New Israel/New England: Jews & Puritans in Early America
The New England Puritans' fascination with the legacy of the Jewish religion has been well documented, but their interactions with actual Jews have escaped sustained historical attention. Michael Hoberman's New Israel/New England tells the story of the Sephardic merchants who traded and sojourned in Boston and Newport between the mid-seventeenth century and the era of the American Revolution. It also explores the complex and often contradictory meanings that the Puritans attached to Judaism and the fraught attitudes that they bore toward the Jews as a people. Hoberman conducted research for his book while on an MHS-NEH Long-term Fellowship in 2008-2009.


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Running mypy and managing imports¶
The Getting started page should have already introduced you to the basics of how to run mypy – pass in the files and directories you want to type check via the command line:
$ mypy foo.py bar.py some_directory
This page discusses in more detail how exactly to specify what files you want mypy to type check, how mypy discovers imported modules, and recommendations on how to handle any issues you may encounter along the way.
If you are interested in learning about how to configure the actual way mypy type checks your code, see our The mypy command line guide.
Specifying code to be checked¶
Mypy lets you specify what files it should type check in several different ways.
First, you can pass in paths to Python files and directories you want to type check. For example:
$ mypy file_1.py foo/file_2.py file_3.pyi some/directory
The above command tells mypy it should type check all of the provided files together. In addition, mypy will recursively type check the entire contents of any provided directories.
For more details about how exactly this is done, see Mapping file paths to modules.
Second, you can use the
-mflag (long form:
--module) to specify a module name to be type checked. The name of a module is identical to the name you would use to import that module within a Python program. For example, running:
$ mypy -m html.parser
…will type check the module
html.parser(this happens to be a library stub).
Mypy will use an algorithm very similar to the one Python uses to find where modules and imports are located on the file system. For more details, see How imports are found.
Third, you can use the
--package) flag to specify a package to be (recursively) type checked. This flag is almost identical to the
-mflag except that if you give it a package name, mypy will recursively type check all submodules and subpackages of that package. For example, running:
$ mypy -p html
…will type check the entire
htmlpackage (of library stubs). In contrast, if we had used the
-mflag, mypy would have type checked just
__init__.pyfile and anything imported from there.
Note that we can specify multiple packages and modules on the command line. For example:
$ mypy --package p.a --package p.b --module c
$ mypy -c 'x = [1, 2]; print(x())'
…will type check the above string as a mini-program (and in this case, will report that
List[int]is not callable).
Reading a list of files from a file¶
Finally, any command-line argument starting with
@ reads additional
command-line arguments from the file following the
This is primarily useful if you have a file containing a list of files
that you want to be type-checked: instead of using shell syntax like:
$ mypy $(cat file_of_files.txt)
you can use this instead:
$ mypy _USER_.txt
This file can technically also contain any command line flag, not just file paths. However, if you want to configure many different flags, the recommended approach is to use a configuration file instead.
How mypy handles imports¶
When mypy encounters an
import statement, it will first
attempt to locate that module
or type stubs for that module in the file system. Mypy will then
type check the imported module. There are three different outcomes
of this process:
- Mypy is unable to follow the import: the module either does not exist, or is a third party library that does not use type hints.
- Mypy is able to follow and type check the import, but you did not want mypy to type check that module at all.
- Mypy is able to successfully both follow and type check the module, and you want mypy to type check that module.
The third outcome is what mypy will do in the ideal case. The following sections will discuss what to do in the other two cases.
When you import a module, mypy may report that it is unable to follow the import.
This can cause a lot of errors that look like the following:
main.py:1: error: No library stub file for standard library module 'antigravity' main.py:2: error: No library stub file for module 'flask' main.py:3: error: Cannot find implementation or library stub for module named 'this_module_does_not_exist'
There are several different things you can try doing, depending on the exact nature of the module.
If the module is a part of your own codebase, try:
Making sure your import does not contain a typo.
Reading the How imports are found section below to make sure you understand how exactly mypy searches for and finds modules and modify how you're invoking mypy accordingly.
Adding the directory containing that module to either the
MYPYPATHenvironment variable or the
mypy_pathconfig file option.
Note: if the module you are trying to import is actually a submodule of some package, you should add the directory containing the entire package to
MYPYPATH. For example, suppose you are trying to add the module
foo.bar.baz, which is located at
~/foo-project/src/foo/bar/baz.py. In this case, you should add
If the module is a third party library, you must make sure that there are type hints available for that library. Mypy by default will not attempt to infer the types of any 3rd party libraries you may have installed unless they either have declared themselves to be PEP 561 compliant stub package or have registered themselves on typeshed, the repository of types for the standard library and some 3rd party libraries.
If you are getting an import-related error, this means the library you are trying to use has done neither of these things. In that case, you can try:
Searching to see if there is a PEP 561 compliant stub package. corresponding to your third party library. Stub packages let you install type hints independently from the library itself.
Writing your own stub files containing type hints for the library. You can point mypy at your type hints either by passing them in via the command line, by adding the location to the
MYPYPATHenvironment variable, or by using the
mypy_pathconfig file option.
Note that if you decide to write your own stub files, they don't need to be complete! A good strategy is to add stubs for just the parts of the library you need and iterate on them over time.
If you want to share your work, you can try contributing your stubs back to the library – see our documentation on creating PEP 561 compliant packages.
If the module is a third party library, but you cannot find any existing type hints nor have time to write your own, you can silence the errors:
To silence a single missing import error, add a
# type: ignoreat the end of the line containing the import.
To silence all missing import imports errors from a single library, add a section to your mypy config file for that library setting
ignore_missing_importsto True. For example, suppose your codebase makes heavy use of an (untyped) library named
foobar. You can silence all import errors associated with that library and that library alone by adding the following section to your config file:
[mypy-foobar] ignore_missing_imports = True
Note: this option is equivalent to adding a
# type: ignoreto every import of
foobarin your codebase. For more information, see the documentation about configuring import discovery in config files.
To silence all missing import errors for all libraries in your codebase, invoke mypy with the
--ignore-missing-importscommand line flag or set the
ignore_missing_importsconfig file option to True in the global section of your mypy config file:
[mypy] ignore_missing_imports = True
We recommend using this approach only as a last resort: it's equivalent to adding a
# type: ignoreto all unresolved imports in your codebase.
If the module is a part of the standard library, try:
Updating mypy and re-running it. It's possible type hints for that corner of the standard library were added in a later version of mypy.
Filing a bug report on typeshed, the repository of type hints for the standard library that comes bundled with mypy. You can expedite this process by also submitting a pull request fixing the bug.
Changes to typeshed will come bundled with mypy the next time it's released. In the meantime, you can add a
# type: ignoreto silence any relevant errors. After upgrading, we recommend running mypy using the
--warn-unused-ignoresflag to help you find any
# type: ignoreannotations you no longer need.
Mypy is designed to doggedly follow all imports, even if the imported module is not a file you explicitly wanted mypy to check.
For example, suppose we have two modules
the former has type hints and the latter does not. We run
mypy -m mycode.foo and mypy discovers that
How do we want mypy to type check
mycode.bar? We can configure the
desired behavior by using the
--follow-imports flag. This flag
accepts one of four string values:
normal(the default) follows all imports normally and type checks all top level code (as well as the bodies of all functions and methods with at least one type annotation in the signature).
silentbehaves in the same way as
normalbut will additionally suppress any error messages.
skipwill not follow imports and instead


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Wollemi rock art shows Aboriginal Dreaming
Archaeologists surveying rugged bushland outside Sydney have discovered evidence that an ancient Aboriginal Dreaming track runs through wilderness where the Jurassic-era Wollemi Pine was found.
Dreaming tracks record the journey of spirit ancestors as they moved through the landscape, transforming ancestral lands and laying down the laws.
Around 1000 known tracks are believed to exist, mainly in central and northern Australia, says Professor Paul Tašon of Griffith University, whose work was presented at an archaeology conference in Western Australia this week.
Tašon says a survey of Wollemi National Park west of Sydney, beginning in September 2004, has found numerous paintings and engravings.
"We found dozens of previously unrecorded rock art sites," he says.
"It appears that a traditional Aboriginal travel route, possibly a Dreaming track, runs across Wollemi National Park."
He says the rock art evidence suggests that there must once have been Dreaming tracks across southeast Australia as significant and detailed as those in the north and centre.
The finding is also reported in the International Newsletter of Rock Art.
Probing the wilderness
The discovery comes after Tašon and his team announced in 2003 they had discovered more than 200 rock paintings in an undisclosed rock shelter deep in the Wollemi wilderness.
Some areas were so remote they were only accessible by helicopter.
The sites represent the most well-preserved and extensive drawing and stencil sites in southeastern Australia, Tašon says.
They are believed to be as old as 4000 years and many represent birds, or human-bird hybrids, which is unusual for Aboriginal art but probably reflected the area's rich bird life.
At the time it was hailed as a major find, but since then Tašon and colleagues, including members of local Aboriginal communities, have made more startling discoveries suggesting the area has major cultural significance.
Major cultural significance
"We've been working on the eastern and western sides of the central portion of Wollemi National Park and we've been finding some key sites on each side which show influences from several different directions," he says.
"For example some of the art which is more typical of the western side is found in the east and vice versa.
"It looks like this is a path that people used and marked for many thousands of years."
Tašon says the sites will remain secret but will be documented for posterity.
His team will begin new fieldwork in the area next April.
The world-famous Wollemi pine was discovered in the area in 1994 after having been thought extinct for millions of years.


CMU 15-418 (Spring 2012)
Final Project Information
Back to main page
Your 15-418 final project gives you the opportunity to dive deeply into a fun parallel systems problem of your choosing. One way to do this is to design a parallel solution to a problem in an application area that is interesting to you. Projects you have done in other classes are a good source of ideas. For example, projects in machine learning, AI, graphics, computational photography, and computer vision often stand to benefit greatly from parallelization.
Other project ideas focus on system design or workload evaluation. For example, a project might compare the performance of CPU and GPU implementations of a similar problem, and describe which platform is better suited for the job. You could simulate the behavior of code on machines with different SIMD widths, add a feature to the ISPC compiler (its implementation is open source), or develop a parallel debugging tool that helps visualize bottlenecks and performance in parallel programs.
Spring 2012 Student Project List
Requirements and Deadlines
Proposal (due Monday, April 2nd)
Create a web page for your project. The purpose of the proposal is two-fold: (1) it forces you to organize your thoughts about your project (2) it gives 15-418 course staff the ability to verify your plans are of the right scope given our expectations (it also gives us the ability to offer suggestions and help).
A template just your project web page is provided here. You do not need to use the template your your project page should contain the same sections and same content.
Your proposal should include the following parts:
 1. SUMMARY. Summarize your project in a few sentences. Describe what you plan to do and what parallel systems you will be working with. Example one-liners include (you should add a bit more detail):
 - We are going to implement an optimized Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics fluid solver on the NVIDIA GPUs in the lab.
 - We are going port the Go runtime to Blacklight.
 - We are going to create optimized implementations of sparse-matrix multiplication on both GPU and multi-core CPU platforms, and perform a detailed analysis of both systems' performance characteristics.
 - We are going to back-engineer the unpublished machine specifications of the GPU in the tablet my partner just purchased.
 2. BACKGROUND. If your project involves accelerating a compute-intensive application, describe the application or piece of the application you are going to implement in more detail. This description should be 1-2 paragraphs. It might be helpful to include a block diagram or pseudocode of the basic idea. What aspects of the problem might benefit from parallelism?
 3. THE CHALLENGE. Describe why the problem is challenging. What aspects of the problem might make it difficult to parallelize?
 - Describe the workload: what are the dependencies, what are its memory access characteristics? (is there locality? is there a high communication to computation ratio?), is there divergent execution.
 - Describe constraints: What are the properties of the system that make mapping the workload to it challenging.
 4. RESOURCES. Describe the resources you will use. What code base will you start from? Are you starting from scratch or using an existing piece of code? Are there any other resources you need, but haven't figured out how to obtain yet?
 5. GOALS/DELIVERABLES. Describe the deliverables or goals of your project.
 Separate your goals into what you PLAN TO ACHIEVE (what you believe you must get done to have a successful project) and an extra goal or two that you HOPE TO ACHIEVE if the project goes really well and you get ahead of schedule. It may not be possible to state precise performance goals at this time, but we encourage you be as precise as possible. If you do state a goal, give some justification of why you think you can achieve it.
 - If applicable, describe the demo you plan to show at the parallelism computation (will it be an interactive demo on a certain problem size, will you show an output of the program that is really neat, will you show speedup graphs reaching a certain performance level?)
 - If your project is an analysis project, what are you hoping to learn about the workload or system being studied? What question(s) do you plan to answer?
 - Systems project proposals should describe what the system will be capable of and what performance is hoped to be achieved.
 6. PLATFORM CHOICE. Describe why the platform (computer and/or language) you have chosen is a good one for your needs. Why does it make sense to use this parallel system for the workload you have chosen?
 7. SCHEDULE. Produce a schedule for your project by filling out the following table. List what you plan to get done each week from now until May 10th in order to meet your project goals. Keep in mind that due to other classes, you'll have more time to work some weeks than others (work that into the schedule). You will need to re-evaluate your progress at the end of each week and update this schedule accordingly. Note the intermediate checkpoint deadline is April 20th. In your schedule we encourage you to be precise as precise as possible. It's often helpful to work backward from your deliverables and goals, writing down all the little things you'll need to do (establish the dependencies!).
 Week What We Plan To Do What We Actually Did
 Apr 1-7
 Apr 8-14
 Apr 15-21
 Apr 22-28
 Apr 29-May 5
 May 6-11
Checkpoint (due Friday, April 20)
The following are suggestions for information to include in your checkpoint write-up. Your goal in the writeup is to assure the course staff that your project is proceeding as you said it would in your proposal. If it is not, your checkpoint writeup should emphasize what has been causing you problems, and provide an adjust schedule and goals. As projects differ, not all items in the list below are relevant to all projects.
Example Checkpoint 2 Schedule
Week What We Plan To Do What We Actually Did
Mon 4/23-Thu 4/26
Fri 4/27-Sun 4/29
Mon 4/30-Thu 5/3
Fri 5/4-Sun 5/6
Mon 5/7-Thu 5/10
Presentation (Thursday May 10, 8:30-11:30AM, Scaife Hall Room 125)
Suggestions and expectations for project presentations were discussed in class. Please see the posted slides from Lecture 26.
Final Write Up (due Friday May 11, 11:59PM)
Your proposal should include the following basic sections. Not all the sub-bullets apply to all projects, but they are given as examples/suggestions of issues to address. You are also encouraged to provide more detail if you wish. Note that some of the information in your final writeup can be pulled directly from your proposal if it is still accurate.
 1. SUMMARY. A two to three sentence project summary. The summary should list your project deliverables and what machines they ran on.
 - Example: We implemented smooth particle hydrodynamics in CUDA on the GPU and in ISPC on the CPU and compared the performance of the two implementations.
 - Example: We parallelized a chess bot. Our 64 core implementation on Blacklight achieves a 40x speedup and won several games on an internet chess server.
 - Example: We accelerated image processing operations using the GPU. Given the speed of our implementation, we demonstrate that a brute-force approach to breaking CAPTCHAS is effective.
 2. BACKGROUND. Describe the algorithm, application, or system you parallelized in computer science terms. (Recall our discussion from class.) A figure would be really useful here.
 - What are the key data structures?
 - What are the key operations on these data structures?
 - What are the algorithm's inputs and outputs?
 - What is the part that computationally expensive and could benefit from parallelization?
 - Break down the workload. Where are the dependencies in the program? How much parallelism is there? Is it data-parallel? Where is the locality? Is it amenable to SIMD execution?
 3. APPROACH. Tell us how your implementation works. Your description should be sufficiently detailed to provide the course staff a basic understanding of your approach. Again, it might be very useful to include a figure here illustrating components of the system and/or their mapping to parallel hardware.
 - Describe the technologies used. What language/APIs? What machines did you target?
 - Describe how you mapped the problem to your target parallel machine(s). IMPORTANT: How do the data structures and operations you described in part 2 map to machine concepts like cores and threads. (or warps, thread blocks, gangs, etc.)
 - Did you change the original serial algorithm to enable better mapping to a parallel machine?
 - If your project involved many iterations of optimization, please describe this process as well. What did you try that did not work? How did you arrive at your solution? The notes you've been writing throughout your project should be helpful here. Convince us you worked hard to arrive at a good solution.
 - If you started with an existing piece of code, please mention it (and where it came from) here.
 4. RESULTS. How successful were you at achieving your goals? We expect results sections to differ from project to project, but we expect your evaluation to be very thorough (your project evaluation is a great


text:
Coastal Baseline Survey of England and Wales Collected by the UK Environment AgencyEntry ID: UK_EA_NCEMS_001
Abstract: The Environment Agency is responsible for monitoring the entire
coastal zone as defined by the three nautical mile limit. An
R & D project (Airborne Remote Sensing of Coastal Waters,
published in R & D Report No.4) established the effectiveness of
the combination of aerial remote sensing, continuous underway
monitoring and sampling at selected fixed points.
The image data shows changes in water... mass off the survey track
and across the three nautical mile zone.
To be apparent in remotely sensed imagery, changes in water
quality of the coastal zone must in some way alter the
electromagnetic signal reflected or radiated by the water. The
two systems used by the Environment Agency operate in two
different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, the visible and
Remotely sensed image data is collected from two sensors, the
Compact Airborne Spectrographic Image (CASI) and the
thermal video scanning system.
THE COMPACT AIRBORNE SPECTROGRAPHIC IMAGER (CASI)
The CASI is an imaging spectrometer designed and built by Itres
Ltd of Calgary, Canada. In use by the Environment Agency, it is
flown over the coastal waters in a leased aircraft.
It works on the principle of a series of lines of charged coupled
devices (CCDs) which each produce an electrical charge
dependant upon the amount of light energy falling upon them.
These are packed together into a 3 dimensional array made up of
288 x 512 CCDs. Upwelling light radiation from beneath the
aircraft is focused onto the array by a compound lens.
Light entering the system is split into a number of wavebands,
each registering on a different CCD or row of CCDs. As the
aircraft travels forward, light reflected from a succession of small
areas fall onto the array and is split into its wavebands. The
minimum size (pixel size) of the areas recorded in the routine
coastal surveys was 8m x 8m. Other pixel sizes can be
recorded by altering height, speed and the focal length of the
The CASI can be operated continuously in 2 modes and
intermittently in a third. The spatial mode was used in the
coastal surveys. In this mode the CASI records data in up to 19
selected spectral channels from all the pixels across the swath.
Waveband channels appropriate for the observation of
chlorophyll-a, solids in suspension and vegetation in the coastal
fringe were selected and the CASI system was modified by the
addition of a supplementary wide angle lens to cover the three
nautical mile coastal zone in a single pass.
The CASI can also be used in the spectral mode, recording data
from across the whole spectrum over 288 wavebands but only
for a limited number of pixels across the swath. This mode also
allows the collection of spatial mode data in a single waveband
to aid in the location of the spectral data.
Finally, the CASI can also be used in short bursts in an enhanced
spectral mode to record up to 74 channels over a 300 pixel wide
swath. This acts as a middle ground between spectral and spatial
CASI data from the surveys were processed, enhanced and
interpreted at the National Centre for Instrumentation and
Marine Surveillance using the PCI image processing package
which reads and displays CASI data directly in full 16 bit
resolution to produce high resolution images.
THE THERMAL VIDEO SYSTEM
The thermal imaging system consists of four parts: the scanning
head, the cooling system, the processing electronics/control unit
and VTR/monitor. The system operates in the 8-13 micron
spectral range. The resultant signals are processed to
professional video format with the addition of a data block
containing information on date, time, position and heading.
This system constitutes an inexpensive means of acquiring
thermal data and provides a useful means of identifying the
location and extent of frontal structures, mixing zones and
However, it is uncalibrated and can determine only relative and
not absolute temperatures. Also, because it produces analogue
pictorial information, the outputs from the system cannot be
merged with the digital data from the CASI or be geocorrected
to overlay precisely onto maps or other data. The practicalities
of obtaining thermal data in digital form and combining it with
the CASI, GPS and aircraft attitude data are being explored.
GEOMETRIC CORRECTION PROCEDURE
In addition to progressing along their tracks, aircraft move
relative to the ground in pitch and roll motions. Geometric
correction procedures eliminate errors in the images caused by
the movements of the plane and relate the image coordinates to
known geographic coorcdinates. The resultant images can be
overlaid directly onto maps and are of greater use for identifying
the location of features.
Geometric correction of all survey data will allow changes over
time to be accurately mapped and scaled. Images derived from
1995 and future surveys will all be geocorrected.
The geometric correction procedure used by the National Centre
for Instrumentation and Marine Surveillance uses the auxiliary
data collected by the aircraft during the CASI flights. This data
gives information on aircraft motion and geographic location
using a Global Positioning System (GPS).
(Click for Interactive Map)
Start Date: 1993-02-01
BIOSPHERE > VEGETATION > VEGETATION COVER
TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE > WATER QUALITY/WATER CHEMISTRY > SUSPENDED SOLIDS
LAND SURFACE > EROSION/SEDIMENTATION > SEDIMENTS
LAND SURFACE > EROSION/SEDIMENTATION > SUSPENDED SOLIDS
OCEANS > COASTAL PROCESSES > ESTUARIES
OCEANS > COASTAL PROCESSES > INTERTIDAL ZONE
OCEANS > COASTAL PROCESSES > MARSHES
OCEANS > COASTAL PROCESSES > SHORELINES
OCEANS > MARINE SEDIMENTS > SUSPENDED SOLIDS
OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > PIGMENTS
OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > SUSPENDED SOLIDS
OCEANS > OCEAN OPTICS > OCEAN COLOR
SPECTRAL/ENGINEERING > INFRARED WAVELENGTHS > INFRARED IMAGERY
SPECTRAL/ENGINEERING > INFRARED WAVELENGTHS > THERMAL INFRARED
SPECTRAL/ENGINEERING > VISIBLE WAVELENGTHS > VISIBLE IMAGERY
OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > PIGMENTS > CHLOROPHYLL
BIOSPHERE > AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS > COASTAL HABITAT
BIOSPHERE > AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS > MARINE HABITAT
BIOSPHERE > TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS > WETLANDS > ESTUARINE WETLANDS
BIOSPHERE > TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS > WETLANDS > MARINE
BIOSPHERE > TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS > WETLANDS > MARSHES
BIOSPHERE > AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS > WETLANDS
BIOSPHERE > AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS > WETLANDS > ESTUARINE WETLANDS
BIOSPHERE > AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS > WETLANDS > MARINE
BIOSPHERE > AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS > WETLANDS > MARSHES
ISO Topic Category
Use Constraints All users must cite the originator. The Environment Agency must be
allowed to comment on environmental quality assessments based on the data.
Environment Agency Rivers House Lower Bristol Road
Province or State: Avon
Environment Agency Rivers House Lower Bristol Road Bath Avon UK
Role: TECHNICAL CONTACT
Role: DIF AUTHOR
Phone: +44 (0)1278 457333
Fax: +44 (0)1225 469939
Email: 100116.312 at compuserve.com
Environment Agency Rivers House Lower Bristol Road Bath Avon UK
Creation and Review Dates
Last DIF Revision Date: 2001-06-26


text:
ERIC Number: ED421673
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1998-Jul
Relational Complexity and Theory-of-Mind.
Halford, Graeme S.; Andrews, Glenda; Bowden, Darryl
The concept of relational complexity is applied to explain the persistent difficulties of young children with theory of mind. Relational complexity has been found useful as a general cognitive complexity metric. Children must understand that the relation between an object and a person's percept is conditional on a third variable, such as a filter or other condition that affects a person's knowledge state. Processing three interacting variables is equivalent to a ternary relation, and this level of complexity is often difficult for young children. It was hypothesized that if relational complexity is a factor in concept of mind, it should be related to tasks at the same level of complexity in other domains. Forty-eight 3- to 5-year-olds were tested on four false belief tasks and on four appearance-reality tasks. They were also assessed on transitivity, hierarchical classification, and cardinality tasks that had previously been shown to require the same level of relational complexity. Results indicate that the performance of 3-year-olds was significantly lower than the older age groups on both the theory-of-mind and relational complexity tasks. The findings support the relational complexity interpretation of concept of mind. (Author/EMK)
Publication Type: Reports - Research; Speeches/Meeting Papers
Education Level: N/A
Authoring Institution: N/A
Note: Poster presented at the Biennial Meetings of the International Society for the Study of Behavioural Development (15th, Berne, Switzerland, July 1-4, 1998).


National Monument CO,UT
The Ancient Desert
Q. How do we know this was a desert?
A. We can tell that much of this sandstone is made up of dune deposits because it displays enormous cross-bedding. Cross-bedding is the set of swooping lines you can see as you look at an outcrop, and represents the steep sides of the dunes, preserved as the wind drove the dunes across the desert. The constant flow of any kind of fluid can form cross-beds, but ones this size can only be formed by wind.
Sand Dune
Drawing of how wind blows sand across the backside of a dune and then deposits grains on the steep face of the dune to keep the dune migrating in the desert.
National Park Service
Real Sand Dune
Cross-bedding found in the Glen Canyon Formation at Dinosaur National Monument.
National Park Service
As you explore Dinosaur National Monument, keep an eye out for cross-bedded rocks. You might find that they're more common than you think!
Desert Lakes
National Park Service
Q. Where did the animals and plants that lived in this desert get their water?
A. In addition to dune deposits, the Glen Canyon also contains thin, horizontal layers of rock interspersed between the cross-bedded layers. These rocks were deposited in wetter areas between the dunes, which allowed animals and plants to survive, even in the middle of a desert. That doesn't necessarily mean lakes; even a dry-looking spot with water a couple inches below the surface could support plants, as well as animals who knew to dig for it. But there was probably a little standing water as well. It might be strange to picture open water in the middle of a desert, but there is actually a place on Earth right now that might be similar to the environment represented in the Glen Canyon: the Badain Jaran desert in Inner Mongolia. Its dunes are 500 meters high, and in some areas there are small lakes between the dunes. You can check it out on Google Earth: the coordinates of this picture are 39°50'N, 102°30'E.
Q. How do we know there was water?
A. The interdunal deposits in the Glen Canyon are generally reddish and are made up of sand, mud, or a combination of both. We think there was open water because of the mud. Mud is so fine-grained that if it never got wet, it would be just like dust. And remember that the huge cross-beds were formed by strong and constant wind; particles that small would have blown away if they weren't wet. So we know there was at least enough water to keep the mud particles stuck to the ground.
Snail Fossils
National Park Service
Q. Where did the water come from?
A. Glen Canyon have found limestone spring mounds. These form when mineral-saturated water flows continuously out of a spring. The minerals gradually precipitate in layers near and around the source, and eventually they form gentle mounds like the ones visible in the photo. Limestone is rather uncommon in the Glen Canyon, and these types of structures are not typical of limestone in general. But impressions of little snail shells preserved in the limestone confirm that there was fresh water here when the limestone was being formed.
Snail Limestone
A paleontologist in the park studies the limestone spring mound layer from which the snail shells above were found.
National Park Service
Did You Know?


text:
Over 8,000 websites created by students around the world who have participated in a ThinkQuest Competition.
Compete | FAQ | Contact Us
Behind the Big Screen
The word "movie/film" is usually elaborated as a form of amusement or entertainment.
However, we seem to forget that filmmaking is actually a form of art.
In some countries, including our Hong Kong, we find that drama or rather, filmmaking, is not categorized as a school subject.
Thus, we hope that schools and teachers will find filmmaking another chance for students to learn the importance of organization and cooperation and encourage students to participate more in drame.
We would like to introduce filmmaking to students and teachers, and we have prepared a few topics like the history, the production, oscars, special effects and we even have a quiz and an online contest for students to participate in.
EuniceDiocesan Girls' School, HK, Hong Kong
alisonDiocesan Girls' School, HONG KONG, Hong Kong
SamanthaDiocesan Girls' School, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
19 & under
Angela LeungDiocesan Girls' School, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Business & Industry
Arts & Entertainment > Movies & Animation


text:
Traditional Chinese Medicine food therapies have been a work in progress for millenia. Food groups in TCM are categorized as being either:
Spicy, Warming, Cooling, Neutral, or Damp natured.
Each one of these food categories interacts with our body in different ways. Damp foods for example are foods like milk, cheese, wheat flour, and deep fried foods. When one over-indulges in these type's of damp foods over time they may experience sluggishness, digestive problems, or weight gain. Certain foods items like: wild rice, rye, lentil, garlic, lemon among others combat the effects of dampness on the body. Patients should choose not to over-indulge in just one category, but to eat a well balanced assortment of these types of foods.
Learning what type of foods are good for you and what type are not-so-good has already been done for us. We just need to adopt these principles into our own diets.
See Also: Diet Blog
Contact Us >


text:
Female drivers experience greater vulnerabilities when involved in motor vehicle crashes, according to a new study published online yesterday in the American Journal of Public Health. Researchers say the lack of tailoring of safety designs toward women may be to blame.
Using national crash data to determine the role of driver gender as a predictor of injury outcome when involved in a crash, researchers found that belted female drivers are more susceptible to injuries compared with belted male drivers when involved in a similar motor vehicle crash. They also found that belted female drivers exhibited a higher risk of chest and spine injuries compared with their male counterparts.
The authors noted "a higher risk of lower extreme injuries reported for female drivers as a result of their relatively short stature, preferred seating posture and a combination of these factors yielding lower safety protection from the standard restraint devices."
"One reason safety systems are designed more for the male population is that men are three times more likely to be involved in a car crash that leads to serious or fatal injuries," according to a story by ABC News. "In recent years, however, there has been an increase in female drivers getting into these types of accidents."
The study focused on crashes and cars between 1998 and 2008, so all of the cars involved in the research were about six years old. However, many of these older cars are still on the road, which suggests that the findings cannot be discounted.
"Female motor vehicle drivers today may not be as safe as their male counterparts," wrote the authors. "Therefore, the relative higher vulnerability of female drivers …when exposed to moderate and serious crashes must be taken into account."


text:
More on Working
to Prevent Pollution
Sustainable Futures, a partnership among OPPT, the chemical industry, and other stakeholders, offers computerized chemical screening models that enable those developing chemicals to quickly and cost effectively screen them for hazards and/or risks early in the development process.
Because Sustainable Futures also enables comparing and contrasting hazard and risk profiles of chemicals and processes, participation in the program can allow companies to more quickly commercialize environmentally preferable new chemical products and identify safer alternatives for existing chemical products.
Training and follow-up assistance in the proper use of these screening models is offered now on a fee-for-service basis by Agency grantees that have worked closely with EPA on the Sustainable Futures Initiative.
- Interest continues in Sustainable Futures with more than 80 people, including representatives of
30 chemical companies, taking training during 2007 in the use, interpretation and applicability of
Sustainable Futures chemical screening models.
Participants in the training sessions also included government scientists from Australia, Europe (Poland, Germany, Slovakia, and the Netherlands) and Japan, and scientists from several consulting firms.
- Approximately 11 percent of 2007 through June 2008 New Chemical pre-manufacture notifications were independently evaluated by submitters at the research and development stage using the Sustainable Futures tools.
- As of December 2007, five companies participating in the Sustainable Futures Initiative have graduated and become eligible to receive regulatory relief for prescreened low-hazard, low-risk New Chemical Notices.
- In 2007 a new Sustainable Futures Web site was posted at _URL_ which has a straightforward front-page index with links to the SustainableFutures' models, training materials, and more.
- Since the public release of the PBT Profiler in December 2002 through June 2008 stakeholders have conducted more than 160,000 independent PBT screening assessments, making OPPT's PBT Profiler one of the most widely used chemical screening tools. Collaborating with stakeholders, OPPT created the PBT Profiler, an online computer model that allows users to receive quantitative estimates of the environmental persistence (P), bioconcentration potential (B) and toxicity (T) of chemicals.
- The Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturers Association (SOCMA) sponsored a training session on the Sustainable Futures models in August 2007 and additional sessions are planned as called for in the 2006 Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between EPA and SOCMA. The goal of the MOU is to provide training and technical assistance to companies and other stakeholders interested in learning how to use Sustainable Futures tools.
- Several consultants have expressed interest in becoming providers of fee-for-service training in the Sustainable Futures risk screening methods.


Saturday, 16 December 2017
The Bootleg Myth
Posted in Science / Social Sciences / Sociology
The Bootleg Myth is Bust: More Etymology Dysology Uncovered
Feb. 22, 2013 3:12 am
Research Boots-out The Etymological Bootlegger Origin Myth
Without a single reference to support the claim, all of the major dictionaries and etymology textbooks assert confidently that the words bootleg, bootlegging and bootlegger all stem from the past practice of illegal alcohol peddlers concealing their product inside their boots. OK - let's try to picture these mythical bootleggers and their modus operandi - they put bottles down their boots so nobody would know they were carrying illicit booze. Have you ever put a bottle down your boot and tried to walk?
Surely, you would have to be at least as large as a fantastical child's nightmare 150 foot pirate with massive galleon boots to stand a chance of making a profit by selling bottles of booze that you carry around stuffed down inside of your boots. How much profit could normal sized folk possibly make by stuffing a few tiny bottles of plonk down them for the purposes of transportation and selling? As for not drawing attention to yourself as an illicit product peddler, the whole image is ludicrously Pythonesque .
Imagine it:
Clink, stagger, funny walk, clink, clink, clink: "Oh hello Sheriff, nice day for a casual stroll in these massive boots. Who me, got a problem with my legs. No. Why-ever would you think that?" Clink, clink, clink.
Rees's (2002) unevidenced explanation of the bootlegger phrase is not untypical of the obvious fact that nobody seems to have thought the guesswork through with their head outside of a book:
' The word arose in the American Far West in the mid-nineteenth century when illegal liquor sales were made to Indians on reservations. The thin bottles of alcohol are said to have been concealed in the vendor's long boots.'
Chamber's Dictionary of Etymology (1998) also rolls out the same unevidenced booze down the boots story, as does the aptly named Brewers Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2012). Moreover, you'll find the exact same story repeated endlessly in free internet dictionaries such as The New World Encyclopedia:
'The term "bootlegging" first came into use during Prohibition in the United States, and referred to the black market illegal transport and sale of alcohol. Those wishing to illegally transport alcohol would sometimes hide flasks of liquor in the shanks of a boot. Though the term can now be used to refer to the sale or transport of any illicit goods, it almost exclusively refers to the sale or trade of unauthorized music performances, including video or audio copies of concerts, studio outtakes, or songs never intended for release.'
The Bootleg Mythbust
My own research has not turned up a shred of evidence to support this orthodox booze-down-the-boot 'knowledge' claim. Until published evidence is forthcoming, therefore, we should treat this orthodox explanation as a total myth. So what might be a more likely - evidenced - source of the words bootleg and bootlegger?
Using internet dating to create a published bootleg usage time-line reveals that the word bootleg appears to be a US term used by prohibitionists to associate illicit alcohol with foul tasting bootleg (coffee made from burnt bread). Bootleg coffee was a standard prison ration in the US. The name bootleg by way of its close association with a foul tasting inauthentic beverage consumed by convicts was a perfect name with which to label illicit alcohol and those who illegally sold it.
Timeline for published use of the words bootleg and bootlegger.
 1. Bootleg 1854 –leather cut for the leg of a boot - used for many things after the boot is made and worn out including (e.g.door hinges for a cabin 1875. and there was no illicit association with the word in the mid-19th century
 2. Some pistols made in the mid 19th century and used, for example, in 1876 were carried down boots and used illegally . Some such pistols are today named bootleg pistols . However, I can find no evidence that they were so named in the 19th century. If future research reveals that they were so named at the time then that alone would not refute the bootleg coffee source of the word's criminological significance. Because evidence would need to be found that 'bootleg pistols' were (a) associated with criminals and (b) associated with illicit alcohol or (c) bootleg coffee.
 3. Bootleg – faux coffee made from burnt bread, molasses and hot water- 1876 - standard prison ration
 4. Bootleggers 1890 – illegally peddling alcohol during prohibition
 5. Bootleg buckets (prisoners carrying their soup in prison) – 1893
 6. Drinking a bootleg full of rum 1896 - fiction
 7. Bootleg liquor – 1902
 8. Bootleg whisky - 1903
 9. Bootleg relating to stolen goods (coal) 1907
 10. Bootleg records 1932 (fiction)
 11. Bootleg records 1942
 12. Bootleg manufacturing by nation state 1941 – Germany secretly making weapons of war during 1932 (in 1941 magazine article ).
If the words bootleg, bootlegger and bootlegging stem from the practice of illegally trafficking alcohol in bottles or flasks stuffed down the sellers boots then where on this Earth is the published evidence to support this claim, which is so confidently made by the most prestigious etymology dictionaries in the world?
Most tellingly, why was burnt bread coffee called bootleg in the published literature 14 years before the term was used for illicit alcohol? Could it possibly have been some kind of joke about it tasting so bad that it must have been made from the leg of an old boot?
" ... reach into the pan, grab up a handful and drop it into the tin plate of the victim; besides the beef there was a gray mixture called soup; boiled potatoes, hardtack, and coffee that could have been made of nothing else except an old bootleg."
Burnt bread coffee (bootleg coffee) may have its origins in the fact that burnt bread was used in the 19th century to purify water - since it is in fact charcoal. It was given to the sick and also placed in the water of rooms where people were sick because it was believed that charcoal would soak up any contamination and impurities (see Peterson 1857). In modern times we still use charcoal filters to purify water. The use of bootleg coffee in 19th century prisons, the military and elsewhere, while perhaps an aquired or never aquired taste, makes perfect sense in terms of seeking to ensure the water was made safe to drink.
Bootleg music
Bootleg music became big news in 1942. The mass production of bootleg records followed in wake of Petrillo the musician union's chief's imposed ban that lasted 2 years while union member musicians boycotted recording companies in order to eventually secure royalties for musicians. During this period demand for records exceeded supply leading to a noteable rise in the production of bootleg records.
Unless evidence is produced to support what etymologists at least see as the obvious, plausible, compelling but unevidenced bottles of booze down boots explanation, the published literature supports an alternative hypothesis as well as common sense. The Bootleg Coffee Hypothesis is that the US temperance movement and the criminal justice system, implementing their prohibition policies in the USA in _PHONE_ and 1890, labelled illicit alcohol as bootleg and its peddlers as bootleggers as part of a deliberate propaganda exercise to associate illicit alcohol with a foul tasting faux coffee that was known to be consumed by convicts.
The research technique concept that I have coined internet dating (please note that I most certainly never coined the phrase internet dating), which I employed to bust the bootleg myth, is based almost entirely upon the documents that Google has scanned as part of its on-going Library Project. Therefore, books and other documents that are currently un-scanned by Google, may exist to support the currently unevidenced bottles of booze down the leg story, which is current orthodox knowledge as the source of the words bootleg, bootlegger and bootlegging. If new sources apear to disconfirm the bootleg coffee hypothesis then I will update this blog articlet accordingly with a dated postscript.
Postscript 14th April 2013At the time of writing, Wikipedia currently, credulously, has it that the phrase ''bootlegging' is to do with smugglers putting alcohol inside their boots. However, Since Wikipedia is currently unethically engaged in deliberately and systematically plagiarizing the unique results of my original myth-busting work published solely here on Best Thinking, and then deliberately refusing to cite me as the originator of this brand new information that is busting decades old pervasive myths, we should expect Wikipedia to edit-out its daft mistake and yet pretend that Wikipedia editors discovered the new material and information


text:
The DateDiff function "Returns a Long value specifying the number of time intervals between two Date values."
DateInterval.Day is the Day member of the DateInterval collection, so the DateDiff function will return the number of days between the two dates, actually the number of Day "boundaries". By boundaries I mean if you gave it 11pm on day one and 1am the next day it would still return 1 day.
The formula is then converting or as someone once said to me "Coercing into a decimal" using the Cdec() function. i.e. it is converting the Long value returned by the DateDiff function into a Decimal value. I won't go into the difference between Long and Decimal datatypes here, suffice to say Long is a floating point type and decimal is an exact numeric type - exacts are generally safer to work with, but this conversion is probably unecessary in this instance because giving DateDiff function a Day interval is only ever going to return integers (not the datetype).
After the Cdec() function, the formula is then multiplying by -1. This is a common trick to convert positive numbers to negative, or negative numbers to positive. For some reason the author of the formula wants to change the sign of the returned value.
One flaw with this formula is that it assumes the date1 and date2 are always in a certain order. For example if Date1 is usually earlier than Date2, this formula will return a negative value because it is being multiplied by -1.
I don't think I can explain this more thoroughly, but it would be preferable if you explained why you need to understand this formula, especially the context of its use.
If you gave the formula these two dates 2013-02-01 and 2013-02-2 as date1 and date2 it would give you a result of -1.
If you gave it those two dates the other way around it would give you +1.


text:
Objective: The goal of this study was to create a probe of hemispheric dominance for language using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Background: Surgical candidates for anterior temporal lobectomy often undergo the Wada test to determine language laterality. The Wada test is invasive and cannot localize intrahemispheric language areas when surgical resection encroaches on eloquent cortex. We report the results of a stimulation paradigm that activates regions involved in motor language, language phonology, and visual word form perception. Method: Five right-handed healthy subjects underwent blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging. Subjects alternately viewed consecutive word pairs, indicating when the words rhymed, and consecutive pairs of line arrays, indicating when the arrays matched by responding 'Yes' or 'No' using a button box. Results: Subjects performed both tasks with equivalent accuracy. Compared with the nonverbal control task, word rhyming produced greater left-hemisphere activation than right-hemisphere activation. Foci of rhyme-related activation were found in the left Brodmann's area (BA) 44 (Broca's area), left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (BA 9/46 and BA 8/9), left middle temporal gyrus (BA 22), and left fusiform gyrus (BA 37) in the posterior basal temporal lobe. Activation associated with the control task was present in the right parietal area and in right temporal and left parietal regions. Conclusions: Subvocal word rhyming activates dominant perisylvian cortical regions and may be useful for determining hemispheric language dominance and for functional mapping of language cortex.
|Original language||English (US)|
|Number of pages||7|
|Journal||Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology|
|State||Published - Dec 7 2000|
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Clinical Neurology
- Psychiatry and Mental health


ers used for this purpose are usually infrared lasers, so the enemy cannot easily detect the guiding laser light.
Laser sight[edit]
Laser sight used by the Israel Defense Forces during commando training
Smith & Wesson revolver equipped with a laser sight mounted on the trigger guard.
The laser has in most firearms applications been used as a tool to enhance the targeting of other weapon systems. For example, a laser sight is a small, usually visible-light laser placed on a handgun or a rifle and aligned to emit a beam parallel to the barrel. Since a laser beam has low divergence, the laser light appears as a small spot even at long distances; the user places the spot on the desired target and the barrel of the gun is aligned (but not necessarily allowing for bullet drop, windage, distance between the direction of the beam and the axis of the barrel, and the target mobility while the bullet travels).
Most laser sights use a red laser diode. Others use an infrared diode to produce a dot invisible to the naked human eye but detectable with night vision devices. The firearms adaptive target acquisition module LLM01 laser light module combines visible and infrared laser diodes. In the late 1990s, green diode pumped solid state laser (DPSS) laser sights (532 nm) became available. Modern laser sights are small and light enough for attachment to the firearms.
In 2007, LaserMax, a company specializing in manufacturing lasers for military and police firearms, introduced the first mass-production green laser available for small arms.[21] This laser mounts to the underside of a handgun or long arm on the accessory rail. The green laser is supposed to be more visible than the red laser in bright lighting conditions because, for the same wattage, green light appears brighter than red light.
Eye-targeted lasers[edit]
A non-lethal laser weapon was developed by the U.S. Air Force to temporarily impair an adversary's ability to fire a weapon or to otherwise threaten enemy forces. This unit illuminates an opponent with harmless low-power laser light and can have the effect of dazzling or disorienting the subject or causing him to flee. Several types of dazzlers are now available, and some have been used in combat.
There remains the possibility of using lasers to blind, since this requires such lower power levels, and is easily achievable in a man-portable unit. However, most nations regard the deliberate permanent blinding of the enemy as forbidden by the rules of war (see Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons). Although several nations have developed blinding laser weapons, such as China's ZM-87, none of these are believed to have made it past the prototype stage.
In addition to the applications that crossover with military applications, a widely known law enforcement use of lasers is for lidar to measure the speed of vehicles.
Holographic weapon sight[edit]
A Holographic weapon sight uses a laser diode to illuminate a hologram of a reticle built into a flat glass optical window of the sight. The user looks through the optical window and sees a cross hair reticle image superimposed at a distance on the field of view.[22]
See also: Laser medicine
Industrial and commercial[edit]
Lasers used for visual effects during a musical performance. (A laser light show.)
Levelling of ceramic tiles floor with a laser device
Industrial laser applications can be divided into two categories depending on the power of the laser: material processing and micro-material processing.
In material processing, lasers with average optical power above 1 kilowatt are used mainly for industrial materials processing applications. Beyond this power threshold there are thermal issues related to the optics that separate these lasers from their lower-power counterparts.[23] Laser systems in the 50-300W range are used primarily for pumping, plastic welding and soldering applications. Lasers above 300W are used in brazing, thin metal welding, and sheet metal cutting applications. The required brightness (as measured in by the beam parameter product) is higher for cutting applications than for brazing and thin metal welding.[24] High power applications, such as hardening, cladding, and deep penetrating welding, require multiple kW of optical power, and are used in a broad range of industrial processes.
Micro material processing is a category that includes all laser material processing applications under 1 kilowatt.[25] The use of lasers in Micro Materials Processing has found broad application in the development and manufacturing of screens for smartphones, tablet computers, and LED TVs.[26]
A detailed list of industrial and commercial laser applications includes:
Entertainment and recreation[edit]
Surveying and ranging[edit]
Main article: Laser rangefinder
In surveying and construction, the laser level is affixed to a tripod, leveled and then spun to illuminate a horizontal plane. The laser beam projector employs a rotating head with a mirror for sweeping the laser beam about a vertical axis. If the mirror is not self-leveling, it is provided with visually readable level vials and manually adjustable screws for orienting the projector. A staff carried by the operator is equipped with a movable sensor, which can detect the laser beam and gives a signal when the sensor is in line with the beam (usually an audible beep). The position of the sensor on the graduated staff allows comparison of elevations between different points on the terrain.
A tower-mounted laser level is used in combination with a sensor on a wheel tractor-scraper in the process of land laser leveling to bring land (for example, an agricultural field) to near-flatness with a slight grade for drainage. The laser line level was invented in 1996 by Steve J. Orosz, Jr.[1] This type of level does not require a heavy motor to create the illusion of a line from a dot, rather, it uses a lens to transform the dot into a line.
See also[edit]
 1. ^ W. Demtröder, Laser Spectroscopy, 3rd Ed. (Springer, 2009)
 3. ^ "F. J. Duarte (Ed.), Tunable Laser Applications, 2nd Ed. (CRC, 2009) Chapter 9". Retrieved 2011-09-25.
 5. ^ ""Light Warfare"; by Matthew Swibel; 04.23.07;". Retrieved 2011-09-25.
 6. ^ Joint High Power Solid-State Laser, Northrop Grumman Corporation, 2012
 8. ^ Northrop Grumman (2010-04-07). "Navy Shows Off Powerful New Laser Weapon.". Retrieved 2011-09-25.
 10. ^ [1]
 11. ^ [2]
 13. ^ Navy tests laser gun by zapping motorboat off California coast, LA Times, 4/11/11.
 14. ^ United States Air Force link News story on the PHaSR handheld rifle-style weapon. 2 November 2005.
 15. ^
 16. ^ Wired News article "Weapons Freeze, Microwave Enemies" (and copied in at least 661 other web pages including this link[dead link])
 17. ^ Boeing YAL-1 Airborne Laser (ABL) | Photos and Pictures
 18. ^ [3]
 19. ^ Martinez, Luis (2013-04-09). "Navy's New Laser Weapon Blasts Bad Guys From Air, Sea". Yahoo!. Retrieved 2013-04-09.
 20. ^ "Thales GLOW". Retrieved 2011-09-25.
 21. ^ Guns Holsters and Gear. "LaserMax Introduces the UniMax Green Laser for Firearms". Retrieved 2011-09-25.
 22. ^ Red Dot Sights / Reflex Sights & Holosights Explained -Electronic Sights; A look at why they exist, how they work, and how you use them.
 23. ^ "The Worldwide Market for Lasers - Market Review and Forecast 2012". Strategies Unlimited. 5th Edition: 56–85. January 2012.
 24. ^ Sparkes, M.; Gross, M.; Celotto, S.; Zhang, T.; O'Neil, W (2008). "Practical and theoretical investigations into inert gas cutting of 304 stainless steel using a high brightness fiber laser". Journal of Laser Applications (1042-346X): 59–67.
 25. ^ "The Worldwide Market for Lasers - Market Review and Forecast 2012". Strategies Unlimited. 5th Edition: 86–110. January 2012.
 26. ^ "OLED technology explained". OLED Info. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
 27. ^ "Cinetyp Hollywood - film subtitles, video subtitles, DVD subtitles, film overlay, video, film, overlay, foreign subtitles, closed captioning, open captioning, spotting lists". Retrieved 2009-10-11.
External links[edit]


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Exeter's Coat of Arms
Exeter received confirmation of the City's Arms from William Hervey, Clarenceux King of Arms during a visit to Devon in 1564.
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The original draft in handwriting is preserved at the College of Arms.
The motto Semper Fidelis (Ever Faithful) was suggested by Elizabeth I in a letter addressed to The Citizens of Exeter in 1588 in recognition of a gift of money towards the fleet that defeated the Spanish Armada.
The correct heraldic description is:
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text: A rocket travels from earth to the moon (distance measured from the earth 384000km) at a speed v = 0.8c. (i) How long does it the trip take according to an observer on earth? Just used straightforward Newtonian mechanics, t = 384000*10^3/(0.8*3*10^8) = 1.6s. (ii) How long does the trip take according to the astronaut? Used the lorentz transformation, t' = \gamma (t - u/c^2 x) = (0.36)^(-1/2) * (1.6 - 0.8/c^2 * 384000*10^3) = 0.96s I believe this part is correct? Now the part I am stuck on is: (iii) What is the earth-moon distance measured by an astronaut on the rocket? Could someone please explain to me the principles behind the calculation? I am finding it difficult to get my head around SR! Many thanks, James.


text:
Therefore, the lunch remark of the day is: did you know that today is Wolfgang Pauli's birthday?
Wolfgang Pauli was born on April 25th, 1900 in Vienna. After receiving his early education in Vienna, he studied at the University of Munich under Arnold Sommerfeld. He obtained his doctor's degree in 1921 and spent a year at the University of Göttingen as assistant to Max Born and a further year with Niels Bohr at Copenhagen. (What I always liked most about quantum mechanics is that I know how to pronounce all the names of the people.)
Pauli is most famous for the exclusion principle which states that identical fermions (like electrons) can not occupy the same state. Thus, fermionic stuff can not clump together arbitrarily, and has an inherent stiffness. Among other things, the Pauli exclusion principle explains why electrons form nice shells around the atom core instead of all sitting in the lowest level, thus explaining the variety of chemical elements.
Wolfgang Pauli received the Nobel Price in 1945 "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle".
There are a lot of entertaining stories around Pauli, which is why he makes a good lunch topic. Among other things, he was known for spoiling experiments by simply being present in the room, an effect that was dubbed the 'Pauli-effect'. Allegedly, Otto Stern even banned Pauli from his laboratory to avoid the Pauli-effect, despite their friendship.
Wolfang Pauli was also known for ruthlessly criticising the work of his colleagues, from which the famous quotation stems
"This isn't right. This isn't even wrong."
("Das ist nicht nur nicht richtig, es ist nicht einmal falsch!")
Now let me publish this post... just in time for lunch. Have a toast to Pauli!


text:
Cincinnati riots of 1841
The Cincinnati Riots of 1841 occurred after a long drought had created widespread unemployment in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. Over a period of several days in September 1841, unemployed whites attacked the blacks, who then fought back. Many blacks were rounded up and held behind a cordon and then moved to the jail. According to the authorities, this was for their own protection.
By 1840, Cincinnati had grown from a frontier settlement to the 6th largest city in the US. It was a city of contrasts, with prosperous neighborhoods and squalid, violent slums.
Many of the businessmen who controlled the city were interested in good relationships with the slave-owning states to the south of the Ohio River and were hostile to abolitionists and blacks. The Ohio constitution denied blacks the franchise, and the Black Laws imposed further restrictions.
Black children were denied education in the public schools, but black propertyholders had to pay taxes to support these schools. Black immigrants to the state had to register and provide surety.
A black could not serve on a jury, testify in legal cases involving a white person, or serve in the militia.
However, drawn by the economic opportunities, the black population had grown from 690 in 1826 to an official count of 2,240 out of a total of 44,000 citizens by 1840. Many of the blacks had jobs as craftsmen or tradesmen, earning good wages for the time. Many owned property.
On 1 August 1841, the black leaders held ceremonies to commemorate the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 that abolished slavery in the British West Indies, an action viewed with hostility by many whites. That month the city experienced a drought and heat wave that caused the Ohio River to drop to the lowest waterline yet recorded, making many who depended on the river traffic out of work.
Tensions mounted, with several scuffles between blacks and whites.
On the evening of Tuesday, 31 August, a group of Irishmen got into a fight with some blacks. On Wednesday, the fight resumed. A mob of white men armed with clubs attacked the occupants of a Negro boarding house. The brawl spread to involve the occupants of neighboring houses and lasted for about three quarters of an hour.
Although several people were wounded on both sides, the incident was not reported to the police, and no arrests were made. Another encounter took place on the Thursday, where two white boys were badly injured, apparently with knives.
That day, bands of angry whites were roaming the city. An eyewitness said blacks were "assaulted wherever found in the streets, and with such weapons and violence as to cause death."
On Friday, there were rumors that more serious disturbances were planned. The Cincinnati Daily Gazette, which published a full report of the riots, did not hear of any special police precautions to prevent trouble.
According to John Mercer Langston, a child of twelve living in the area who later had a distinguished political career, the black elders armed themselves with guns, planned their defence against attack, and elected a mulatto named Major J. Wilkerson as their leader. Wilkerson had been born a slave in Virginia in 1813 and had purchased his freedom. He had become an elder of the AME Church in Cincinnati.
Langston call him a "champion of his people's cause" who would "maintain his own rights as well as those of the people he led." Wilkerson ensured that the women and children were moved to safe places and then deployed the men in defensive positions on roofs, in alleys and behind buildings.
A mob organized by people from Kentucky assembled in Fifth Street Market, armed with clubs and stones. They marched towards Broadway and Sixth streets, where they wrecked a black-owned confectionary house on Broadway, next to Sycamore. The crowd grew, and ignored calls to disperse from local dignitaries, including the mayor. Advancing to attack the black neighborhood, the mob was met with gunfire and retreated.
In several further attacks, people on both sides were wounded and some reported killed. Around one in the morning, a group of whites brought up an iron six-pounder cannon from near the river, which they loaded with boiler punchings and pointed down Sixth street from Broadway. By this time many of the blacks had fled, but fighting continued, with the cannon being fired several times.
About two o'clock, militiamen arrived and managed to end the fighting.The soldiers threw a cordon around several blocks of the black neighborhood, holding those within captive. The militia also rounded up other blacks in the city and marched them to the cordoned-off area, where they were also held captive until they paid bond.
Mayor Samuel W. Davies called a public meeting at the Court House, the next day, on Saturday morning to discuss how to prevent further violence. The meeting resolved to find and arrest the blacks who had injured the two white boys. The group blamed the black community for the violence.
While strongly condemning abolitionists, they vowed not to tolerate mob violence. The authorities promised to take action to drive out undesitable blacks from the city, saying they would enforce the black law of 1807 and the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793. They would protect African Americans and their property until they either gave bond or left the city.
Black leaders met in Bethel AME church and made assurances to the mayor that they would remain calm, suppress violations of law and order and refrain from bearing arms. At a special session of the City Council, measures were passed to enlist ordinary citizens, officers, watchmen and firemen to help preserve the peace, authorizing the mayor to increase the number of his deputies up to five hundred, and calling for the county militia to be deployed.
The militia and temporary policemen (some of whom may have been rioters) deployed throughout the city with orders to arrest every black man they found. Some of the blacks had fled the city to Walnut Hills to the north of the city and others went into hiding, but about 300 were rounded up and thrown into jail. A mob followed the prisoners to jail, taunting them, and extra guards had to be brought in to defend the prisoners. According to the newspapers, Kentuckians were free to visit the jail to look for runaway slaves.
Despite the resolutions and actions, it was found that the mob planned to resume attacks on Saturday after nightfall. The Mayor deployed peacekeeping forces including the military, firemen, citizens acting as assistants of the Marshal, a troop of horse and several companies of voluntary infantry.
The mob organized themselves and divided to attack at different points. They broke into the building that held the press of the Philanthropist, breaking up the press and carrying it to the river, where they threw it into the water. They broke into and wrecked several black-owned houses, shops and a church before they finally dispersed around dawn on the Sunday. The authorities managed to arrest and secure about forty of the mob.
The editor of the Cincinnati Daily Gazette said that the riot could have been checked in its early phases: "A determined corps of fifty or one hundred men would have dispersed the crowd."
According to Langston, the mob was "the blackest and most detestable moment in Cincinnati's history."
In reaction to the riots, the black community established several self-help organizations over the next few years including the United Colored Association, the Sons of Enterprise and the Sons of Liberty. The anti-slavery author Harriet Beecher Stowe lived in Cincinnati at the time and was strongly influenced by accounts of violence she received from refugees leaving the riot area.
- "Timeline of Civil Rights Conflict in SW Ohio". Safe Passage. Greater Cincinnati Television Educational Foundation. Retrieved 2010-10-29.
- Henry Louis Taylor (1993). "John Mercer Langston and the Cincinnati Riot of 1841". Race and the city: work, community, and protest in Cincinnati, _PHONE_. University of Illinois Press. p. 29ff. ISBN 0-252-01986-5.
- "RIOT AND MOBS, CONFUSION AND BLOOD SHED". Cincinnati Daily Gazette. September 6, 1841. Retrieved 2010-10-29.
- Nikki Marie Taylor (2005). Frontiers of freedom: Cincinnati's Black community, _PHONE_. Ohio University Press. p. 199ff. ISBN 0-8214-1579-4. Retrieved 2010-10-29.
- "One of these mobs deserves particular notice, as its victims enlisted deeply the sympathies of Mrs. STOWE. In 1840(sic), the slave catchers, backed by the riff-raff of the population, and urged on by certain politicians and merchants, attacked the quarters in which the negroes reside...From the brow of the hill on which she lived, Mrs. STOWE could hear the cries of the victims, the shouts of the mob, and the reports of the guns and cannon, and could see the flames of the conflagration To more than one of the fugitives she gave shelter, and wept bitter tears with them." New York Times, 15 November 1852, reprinting an article from the November 1852 edition of Fraser's Magazine, 'Some Account of Mrs. Beecher Stowe and Her Family; by an Alabama Man'


text:
An: 2018, Nr.2, Articol Nr. 4
MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE MENTAL FORAMEN IN ADULT NIGERIAN MANDIBLES
Orish Chinna Nneka, Lekpa David Kingdom, Ibeachu Chinagorom P - University of Port-Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Department of Anatomy
MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE MENTAL FORAMEN IN ADULT NIGERIAN MANDIBLES (Abstract): Background: The detailed knowledge of the morphometry of the mental foramen in different populations is vital in clinical dentistry. The aim of this study was to determine the morphological features of the mental foramen in an adult Nigeria population. Materials and Methods: A total number of one hundred adult dry mandibles 89 males, 11 females from Anatomy departments of some Nigerian Universities were used for this study. Automatic vernier caliper was used to measure vertical and transverse diameters of the mental foramen.. Data analysis was analyzed with Graph Pad Prism 3.0. A comparison was made of the means of the dimensions using Student's T-test and analysis of variance. Results: The findings indicated that the most co mmon position for the mental foramen was in line with the longitudinal axis of the lower second premolar (69%) followed by a position between first and second premolar (25%),(6% on 1st molar. Our results showed horizontal diameter of 3.26 ± 0.01, and 2.87 ± 0.35 mm (left) and 3.23 ± 0.01, 2.26 ± 0,19 mm ( right ) for male and female respectively. The vertical diameter of 2.73 ± 0.09, 2.56 ± 0.27 mm (left) and 2.77 ± 0.09, 2.14 ± 0.18 mm ( right) for male and female respectively. Conclusion: This study will assist surgeons in maxillofacial procedures thus avoiding complications during surgery.
Key words: MENTAL FORAMEN, ADULT NIGERIAN, MAXILLOFACIAL PROCEDURESFull text


text:
If the boat is quite an ideal construction, with the same acute angle at stern and bow, and minimal displacement, the boat can be unstable. So it is practical to make e.g. a trimaran.
First guess is to calculate the immersed volume from the weight. For instance the motor weight is 120 g, burner 50 g.
The rated weight of the main hull (LWL=40 cm, B=4 cm laminated wood) is about 150 g, outrigger hulls (30x3 cm cardboard) 80 g.
The draft (T) can be about 2 cm.
So the displacement is 400 cm3.
Step 1: Main hull
On the picture it has a windshield too.


Rulez Jun 9 '17 at 20:55
 - 1
 \$\begingroup\$ Shouldn't the expression be e^e^e^e...^n? Also, why is there a space after the :? \$\endgroup\$ – CalculatorFeline Jun 11 '17 at 17:10
 - \$\begingroup\$ _USER_ because this isn't code golf, it just needs to be under 100 bytes. \$\endgroup\$ – Cyoce Jun 17 '17 at 3:54
 - \$\begingroup\$ So? What's so bad about saving a byte so you can add another x() call? \$\endgroup\$ – CalculatorFeline Jun 17 '17 at 19:29
Ruby, 100 bytes, score-1 = fωω+1(n2)
Basically borrowed from my Largest Number Printable, here's my program:
->k{n=0;n+=1 until(H=->z,a=[0]*z{b,*c=a;z.times{z+=b?H[z,b==1?c:[b>1?b-1:z]*z+c]:z};z};H[n*n]>k);n}
Try it online
Basically computes the inverse of fωω+1(n2) in the fast growing hierarchy. The first few values are
x[0] = 1
x[1] = 1
x[2] = 1
x[3] = 1
x[4] = 2
And then it continues to output 2 for a very long time. Even x[G] = 2, where G is Graham's number.
 - \$\begingroup\$ But what about g(fω9001CK3) where f is FGH? \$\endgroup\$ – user75200 Jan 6 '18 at 19:58
 - \$\begingroup\$ _USER_ the fgh isn't well defined for uncomputable ordinals. \$\endgroup\$ – Simply Beautiful Art Jan 7 '18 at 13:09
 - \$\begingroup\$ FGH is well-defined for uncomputable ordinals, as they have fundamental sequences. It's just uncomputable. \$\endgroup\$ – user75200 Jan 13 '18 at 17:33
 - \$\begingroup\$ _USER_ No. Fundamental sequences are very arbitrary. I could define ω9001CK[x] = x to have a fundamental sequence of length ω9001CK, which is computable for finite x, but very likely not what you wanted. By "well-defined," I meant there isn't a standard fundamental sequence for uncomputable ordinals that everyone can agree on. \$\endgroup\$ – Simply Beautiful Art Jan 13 '18 at 18:48
 - \$\begingroup\$ While it's true that fundamental sequences aren't unique, a fundamental sequence for a countable ordinal is supposed to be of length ω. \$\endgroup\$ – Anders Kaseorg Feb 18 '18 at 2:22
Mathematica, 99 bytes
(assuming ± takes 1 byte)
The first 3 commands define x±y to evaluate Ackermann(y, x).
The result of the function is the number of times f(#)=#±#±#±#±#±#±#±# need to be applied to 1 before the value get to the value of parameter. As f(#)=#±#±#±#±#±#±#±# (that is, f(#)=Ackermann[Ackermann[Ackermann[Ackermann[Ackermann[Ackermann[Ackermann[#, #], #], #], #], #], #], #]) grow very fast, the function grow very slow.
Clojure, 91 bytes
(defn f (apply +(for[n(range %)](/(loop[r 1 v n](if(< v 1)r(recur(* r v)(Math/log v))))))))
Kind of calculates the sum 1/(n * log(n) * log(log(n)) *...), which I found from here. But the function ended up 101 bytes long so I had to drop the explicit number of iterations, and instead iterate as long as the number is greater than one. Example outputs for inputs of 10^i:
0 1
1 3.3851305685279143
2 3.9960532565317575
3 4.232195089969394
4 4.370995106860574
5 4.466762285601703
6 4.53872567524327
7 4.595525574477128
8 4.640390570825608
I assume this modified series still diverges but do now know how to prove it.
The third series actually requires a googolplex numbers of terms before the partial terms exceed 10.
Javascript (ES6), 94 bytes
Id refers to x => x in the following.
Let's first take a look at:
p = f => x => x < 2? 0 : 1 + p(p(f))(f(x))
p(Math.log) is approximately equal to log*(x).
p(p(Math.log)) is approximately equal to log**(x) (number of times you can take log* until the value is at most 1).
p(p(p(Math.log))) is approximately equal to log***(x).
The inverse Ackermann function alpha(x) is approximately equal to the minimum number of times you need to compose p until the value is at most 1.
If we then use:
p = g => f => x => x < 2? 0 : 1 + p(p(g))(g(f))(f(x))
then we can write alpha = p(Id)(Math.log).
That's pretty boring, however, so let's increase the number of levels:
p = h => g => f => x => x < 2? 0 : 1 + p(p(h))(h(g))(g(f))(f(x))
This is like how we constructed alpha(x), except instead of doing log**...**(x), we now do alpha**...**(x).
Why stop here though?
p = i => h => g => f => x => x < 2? 0 : 1 + p(p(i))(i(h))(h(g))(g(f))(f(x))
If the previous function is f(x)~alpha**...**(x), this one is now ~ f**...**(x). We do one more level of this to get our final solution.
 - \$\begingroup\$ "p(p(x => x - 2)) is approximately equal to log**(x) (number of times you can take log* until the value is at most 1)". I don't understand this statement. It seems to me that p(x => x - 2) should be "the number of times you can subtract 2 until the value is at most 1". That is, p(x => x - 2)' should be the "divide by 2" function. Therefore p(p(x => x - 2)) should be "the number of times you can divide by 2 until the value is at most 1"...that is, it should be the log function, not log* or log**. Perhaps this could be clarified? \$\endgroup\$ – mathmandan Jun 16 '17 at 19:32
 - \$\begingroup\$ _USER_ looks like I made a typo on that line, it should be p = f => x => x < 2? 0 : 1 + p(p(f))(f(x)), where p is passed p(f) like in the other lines, not f. \$\endgroup\$ – es1024 Jun 17 '17 at 3:39
Binary Lambda Calculus, 237 bits (under 30 bytes)
-- compute periods of final row of Laver tables as in as in
-- section 3.4 of _URL_
 -- Let mx = 2^n - 1. We consider a dual version of the shelf, determined
 -- by a |> mx = a-1 (mod 2^n), which satisfies
 -- 0 |> b = b
 -- a |> 0 = 0
 -- a |> mx = a-1
 -- a |> b = (a |> b+1) |> a-1
 -- Note that the latter two equations iterate f_a = \x. x |> (a-1).
 -- In fact, for a > 0, we implement a |> b = f_a^{mx-b} (a-1) as f_a^{mx*b} 0,
 -- exploiting the fact that a |> mx = a-1 = 0 |> a-1 = f_a 0
 -- and (modulo 2^n) 1+mx-b = -b = -1 * b = mx*b
 0 = \f\x. x;
 1 = \x. x;
 2 = \f\x. f (f x);
 succ = \n\f\x. f (n f x);
 pred = \n\f\x. n (\g\h. h (g f)) (\h. x


text:
In order to lead the partners to achieve the specific objectives, the structure of the work plan is divided into 8 work packages (WPs), each targeting different objectives, tasks and expected results.
WP1: Requirements and specifications
- Technical and economical, qualitative and quantitative system requirements for the key performance indicators: room climate, collector performance, building energy balance and usability for district heating
- Technical specifications for all system components as base for collector and façade development.
- Specifications for testing conditions
WP2: Collector development
- Develop the collector (glazing) and fluid circuit components for thermal labscale testing
- Improve and optimize the collector and fluid circuit components for field test based on the results from labscale testing
WP3: Façade development
- Develop an overall modular façade system with integrated FLUIDGLASS
- Optimize design and prepare sample of framing systems for testing at labscale
- Design and construction of full scale elements for the system assembly testing at the container
WP4: System Integration
- Develop optimal combinations of the different system parts such as glazing unit, insulation, HVAC integration, thermal storage, etc. This simulation will be done on façade, building and district level and will also consider LCA.
- Establish first prototypes of the different technologies and combine glazing with HVAC system for lab scale testing. Conduct mechanical stability tests on the different elements.
- Establish schematics of the system level including design guidelines. This catalogue can be used later on for dissemination.
WP5: Testing of components and assembly
- Assess the properties of FLUIDGLASS both on the thermal and mechanical properties. Testing will be performed on the major components of FLUIDGLASS in order to verify that all the requirements are fulfilled.
- Test the system assembly by implementing it in small test building (container). After the specifications and design, the container will be assembled and his functionality will be tested.
WP6: Validation in real life conditions
- Validate FLUIDGLASS system to obtain real life operational experience in hot and cold climate
- Offer potential user the possibility to enter a FLUIDGLASS room and to experience this technology
- Collect data for validation of building simulation
WP7: Public awareness and results exploitation
- Increase public awareness of new solar thermal solution for office and commercial buildings
- Introduce training for building engineers and professionals and prepare educational tutorials
- Develop a new business model for modular FLUIDGLASS system and renewable energy flow
- Contribute to new and on-going international standardization efforts on energy management
- Prepare recommendations for policy makers on energy efficient buildings / districts
WP8: Management and coordination of the consortium
- coordinating the actions of participants and progress monitoring for achievements of project goals
- financial and administrative management (technical management is part of individual technical WPs)
- reliable interface to the European Commission and external actors (External Advisory Board)