Posts Tagged 'R2D2'
Miming the Metalzoic: Amit Drori's Savanna, A Possible Landscape
September 10, 2013
Robot Savannah
Back in January of this year (2013), the Independent covered Amit Drori's Savanna, A Possible Landscape, a play about the adventures of a group of robot animals, shown as part of the London Mime Festival. These creatures include a tortoise, a springbok made of springs, whose legs are mounted in wheels so that it walks with just the right rhythm, a crane (the bird, not the machine), a mechanical moth, and a transistor radio that becomes an grasshopper by extending its aerials and tiny wheels. The main character is a mechanical elephant, created by Drori from the remains of his mother's piano. In voiceover, Drori tells the audience how he resented the instrument, because it too up so much of his mother's time, while being fascinated by its inner workings. To him, these were like the skeleton of an elephant or whale. The piano was in a poor condition and required much maintenance. When the piano finally became irreparable, Drori attempted to make an animal from its remains. The result was the play's walking mechanical elephant. This too dies, laying on the ground to be covered in projections of leaves. A smaller elephant walks away from it.
This play is by no means the first time that artists and dramatists have attempted to explore the machine aesthetic on stage. One of the first modern art groups to do so were the Italian Futurists. They were founded by the poet, Marinetti, in 1909. Aggressively militaristic, they celebrated youth, speed, virility and violence, and the new, industrial machine age. In the group's 'Founding and Manifesto', Marinetti declared that the motorcar was 'more beautiful than the Battle of Samothrace', and declared that his movement looked forward to 'the union of man with machine'. In Russia, the poet Mayakovsky described the actors in his plays as 'biomechanical performers'. Another of the Italian Futurists declared that in the new, Futurist order, they would be giant, biomechanical toys, built to train children for war. One of their operas was entitled 'The Agony of the Machine'. Since then other artists with radically different political and social views have staged pieces in which the central performances are machines. I can remembers on some of the children's programmes in the 1970s, such as Vision On, dances consisting of the choreographed performances of forklift trucks. More recently, adverts for certain types have car have featured them chasing around a city playing hide and seek, or formations of them whirling and spinning through the air, crossing through each other in lines like an airborne, automotive Busby Berekely routine. Unlike the Futurists, there is nothing Fascistic about these, but in their subject matter and performance, Marinetti would probably have been delighted.
Robots have been a staple of Science Fiction ever since the Steam Man, a mechanical, steam-driven robot, first appeared in American pulps in the 19th century. One of the few SF stories to feature mechanical animals as the heroes was the 1980's comic strip, Metalzoic. Written by Pat Mills and drawn by Kevin O'Neill, Metalzoic was first published by DC in America before being reprinted in the page of the veteran British SF comic, 2000 AD. It was set in a far future Earth, where the biological world had been replaced by an artificial ecology of robot animals, evolved from machines created by humanity, that had then escaped and run wild. Humanity itself survived on Earth as a primitive, tribal culture farming the Traffids. These were giant, predatory alien plants, which trapped their food like Venus Flytraps. Unlike these plants, the Traffids took on the forms of artificial environments, such as houses complete with magazines, in order to trap their victims. The story itself centred around the adventures of a tribe of robotic proto-humans as they attempted to track down 'the godbeast', a mechanical mammoth shaped formed from a truck, which carried the master programme for all life on this robotic world. Savanna, A Possible Landscape, recalls Metalzoic through its cast of mechanical animals, designed by Drori himself and Noam Dover, though the two are otherwise completely different.
I have to say that despite robots appearing as the heroes and villains in film and theatre since Karel Capek's RUR in the 1920s, there has been little use of genuine robots themselves as performers and the subject of films and plays. Some of this is changing as the technology has advanced to the point where producers and directors can use genuine machines to perform as the robot characters in plays and film. Star War's R2D2, when not played by Kenny Baker, was operated by remote control. The giant ABC Warrior in the Sylvester Stallone Judge Dredd film was a genuine robot, deliberately constructed so that it would definitely not be another man in a suit. There is a robot circus in America, and I've included on this blog videos of performance by a robotic Heavy Metal band. The technology exists for writers, artists and performers to create pieces using genuine robots. These could not just explore the aesthetic possibilities of the machines themselves, but also the wider issue of the organic, the human and the mechanical and how they increasingly interact in modern, technological culture. I'm sorry I never had a chance to see Drori's Savanna, as it seems to have been a welcome and fascination addition and extension of genuine robotic theatre.


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How to choose the right music for a video
How to choose the right music for a video
Are you wondering how to get awesome music that will perfectly match your content? Those who are looking for music that can help you captivate the attention of your viewers, we are ready to help you!
Those who make video content totally know the role of the tunes in drawing the audience in. Music that is playing in the background is something that makes your video unique, entertaining, and pleasant to watch.
Even if you are to make a vlog full of useful tips or serious discussions, do not think that music is unnecessary! It is perfect for intros and outros and becomes a significant feature for your channel.
If you never thought about adding music to your content or still wondering how to do it right, check our guide to find all the tricks! Let's get started.
Why so much fuss about music?
Perhaps, it is not the first article you see about the background melodies, their role, importance, and so on. Maybe, you are wondering why everyone believes it is so crucial to add music to content. If so, we have an answer for you.
Music is a key factor in any video content. The right songs at the right time can make you feel energized, sad, provide you with a motivation boost or help you relax. You can also get inspired or get focused - music can work as a switch for various moods.
Lots of video content creators use songs in their work. There are even special sites (TakeTones, Epidemic Sound, cc Mixter and dozens of others) for those who look for background music for their vlogs. YouTube even created its own library with tracks to help creators pick perfect tunes for their videos.
Since songs boost our emotions, they are perfect add-ons to your main work. No matter what type of videos you are doing: "how-to" videos, a sales video, case study, or a documentary - music can really help you. You just need to keep in mind that it may work differently for different genres, so there are some tricks to learn.
Things to remember
As we briefly discussed the importance of music for your video content, let's talk about some crucial things you need to remember if you want background music to help you, not ruin the whole atmosphere of your video.
To start with, map the storyline of your video. It is a good piece of advice regardless of the music, but you need to do it to pick the right tune. Understanding the storyline of your video can help you figure out the perfect emotions - and, subsequently, a wonderful music tune. Some people can pick the music first and then film the whole video based on the track, but it is a league of their own, and for a vast majority of creators it is just insane. So, if you want everything to match, film your video first, understand the right mood, and then choose background music.
But how to feel the mood? It may be difficult to understand when you were the one who created it. However, everything in a video is about feelings. Which emotions does your video evoke? How does it make people feel? You, as a creator, want to evoke these feelings at the right time. If you are struggling with understanding the right mood, think about the storyline once again. What do you want people to feel when they see this part of the video?
Once you sort out the mood and emotions, consider genres and instruments that will help you achieve your goal. Should it be something lo-fi or something energizing? Think about music pace as well as it plays an enormous role in creating a mood. If lots of things are happening in your videos, it is packed with action and adrenaline - then upbeat and fast music should be your choice. If your content is more about coziness and relaxation, then slow music it is. Sometimes you may need to pick a track with a slow beginning and fast ending if it matches the plot and mood of your video. The main idea of background music to be matching, not distracting.
Where can I get music for videos?
We talked about all the benefits of incorporating melodies in your content, and now you are probably searching for the best music for your future video. In this case, we know how to help you.
Obviously, you can not just insert in your video any song you liked on Spotify. The situation is a lot more nuanced than that. Copyright prevents you from doing so, that is why you need to look for royalty-free or copyright-free tracks.
Many websites that offer you royalty-free music (we already mentioned some of them before) allow you to search by mood, so it makes your journey of picking the right music much easier. Check sites like TakeTones to find unique and high-quality tracks for your videos. The great thing is that you can keep these websites open in the background playing the tunes while you are editing your video. This will help you with picking an amazing track for the video.
You can also check the service YouTube offers you - its Audio Library. It is easy and safe, just like using royalty-free music websites, as you do not risk losing your monetization. Actually, today there are plenty of options for those who want to pick a perfect track, so choosing the best is up to you.
Bottom line
Music helps engage creativity and helps you to establish a deeper connection with your audience. By figuring out the storyline and the mood of your video, you can make your content even better and more captivating. Bear in mind the story and the mood of your video when picking the best tune, and remember that it is perfectly normal to struggle with finding the best music. It takes time, but it is worth the effort.


text:
The Department of Slovak Literature and Literary Studies provides instruction at undergraduate, graduate and post-graduate levels.
- the programme of studies Slovak language and literature;
- the programme of teachers' training, combining Slovak language and literature with another discipline; and
- the programme of interpreting and translating, combining Slovak language, culture and literature with a foreign language.
The programmes include courses in history of Slovak literature and in literary criticism, including several levels of classes in theory of literature, as well as courses in interpretation of literary texts, in editing and in creative writing.
The obligatory courses for the bachelor's degree are Slovak Literature from the 9th until the 19th centuries 1 and 2; 19th century Slovak literature 1, 2 and 3 and Theory of literature 1. Among other optional courses are Theory of literature 2 and 3, Theory of Drama, Czech literature 1 and 2, 20th century Slovak literature, Contemporary Slovak literature, Interpretation of literary texts, Creative writing, and others.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Keywords: Mazars, Thailand, IFRS, IFRS 17, TRG
23 April 2018
The following six topics were addressed in detail:
- separation of insurance components of a single insurance contract;
- boundary of contracts with annual repricing mechanisms;
- boundary of reinsurance contracts held;
- treatment of insurance acquisition cash flows paid (commissions) and future renewals;
- determining the quantity of benefits for identifying coverage units; and
- insurance acquisition cash flows when using fair value transition.
A working document was presented addressing 12 other submissions, classified in the following three categories:
- submissions that can be answered applying only the words in IFRS 17 (six questions),
- submissions that do not meet the submission criteria (four questions), and
- submissions that will be considered through a process other than a TRG discussion (two questions).
To fulfil the submission criteria, implementation questions:
- must be related to, or arise from, IFRS 17;
- may result in possible diversity in practice; and
- are expected to be pervasive, i.e. relevant to a wide group of stakeholders.
A summary of the TRG discussions can be consulted at the IFRS website.


text:
Prep 15 mins
Cook 120 hrs
A fermented vegetable courtesy of Phickle.com. If you enjoy a more acidic pickle, feel free to let it ferment longer.
- 2 lbs rutabagas, preferably unwaxed (if you cannot find an unwaxed one, peel the rutabaga)
- 1⁄2 inch fresh ginger, unpeeled
- 1 teaspoon salt, dissolved into
- 1 cup water (room temperature)
- Remove any roots or ugly spots from your rutabaga/swede; scrub well.
- Grate rutabaga and thoroughly washed ginger; mix well.
- Pack the vegetable mixture into a 1 quart jar as you would sauerkraut, very tightly.
- Very slowly pour your brine over your rutabaga.
- Let the liquid seep in, then crush your rutabaga mixture back in tightly. Continue this process until you have a centimeter of brine on top of your rutabaga.
- Weigh the vegetables down with a weight of some sort (a baggie or smaller jar filled with water) and let ferment at room temperature, removing any bloom/scum as it forms.
- Your vegetables should be complete in about five days.


text:
The Power of the Solar Arrays
Recently, one of our fans on the NASAJPL Facebook page asked a good question about the efficiency of solar arrays on the Dawn and Rosetta spacecraft.
"A question about Dr. Marc D. Rayman's comment in his Dawn journal, saying that 'its tremendous solar arrays [are] the most powerful ever used on an interplanetary mission.' Is that really true? According to JPL's Dawn website, the solar arrays have a total span of 19.7 meters. By comparison, each of Rosetta's two arrays is 14 meters in length (28m total). Are Dawn's arrays so much more efficient? Thanks."
Here's an answer from Dawn Chief Engineer Marc Rayman:
Yes, this is really true. Dawn's solar arrays, although smaller than Rosetta's, could indeed produce more power because they are more efficient. Fortunately, it is not a competition! Both missions seek fascinating new insights into the complex history and character of the solar system as they take all of us on adventures to exotic destinations. To overcome some of the daunting challenges of traveling moderately far from the sun, engineers on each mission have turned to powerful solar arrays.
Rosetta is a fabulous mission, promising exciting results from comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko. It is with the greatest enthusiasm that I look forward to the astonishing discoveries that await its rendezvous with this solar system relic.
The spacecraft carries the largest solar arrays ever flown on an interplanetary mission. The two 14-meter (47-foot) arrays project in opposite directions from the main spacecraft itself, creating a structure about 32 meters (105 feet) tip-to-tip, and the total area of solar cells is 53 square meters (573 square feet). Composed of silicon, these cells could have produced somewhat in excess of seven kilowatts when at Earth's distance from the sun. Of course, Rosetta did not need that much power, but as it travels into the depths of space, every watt will be precious. When the spacecraft is more than five times Earth's distance from the sun and the light from our star is much weaker, the giant arrays still will generate 400 watts, just enough to keep the probe operating. (Rosetta will arc out to that distance on its way to the comet, but it will be closer to the sun, and hence able to produce more power, when it arrives and conducts its investigations of this mysterious body).
Dawn's solar arrays, while the largest used on a NASA interplanetary mission, are smaller than Rosetta's. This bird's wingspan is about 20 meters (65 feet), and the solar arrays, each more than eight meters (27 feet) in length, have a total of about 32 square meters (341 square feet) to capture sunlight. The panels are populated with advanced cells composed of three different materials that work together to convert a larger percentage of the incident light into electrical power. The combination of indium gallium phosphide, indium gallium arsenide, and germanium makes these cells so much more efficient that despite the smaller collecting area, together they produce higher power under the same conditions. These arrays could have generated more than 10 kilowatts at Earth's distance from the sun. Dawn not only did not need such tremendous power, but like Rosetta, it was not even capable of using it all. But it too ventures far from home to remote locations where sunlight is less abundant.
Dawn's ambitious mission to orbit the two most massive residents of the asteroid belt, Vesta and Ceres, would be quite impossible without its use of ion propulsion. The key to ion propulsion's extraordinary capability is its conversion of electrical power into thrust, so Dawn carries such powerful arrays to ensure that even when exploring dwarf planet Ceres at three times Earth's distance from the sun, it can produce sufficient power to thrust and operate all other systems. I describe more about the importance of power to the mission in my Dawn Journal of July 27, 2008.
I appreciate your interest in Dawn, and I hope you will continue to join us as we travel to two of the last unexplored worlds in the inner solar system. In only 10 months, Dawn will become the first spacecraft ever to orbit a resident of the main asteroid belt as it begins its exploration of protoplanet Vesta, and to put it quite simply, this is going to be really cool!
Join the Facebook conversation at _URL_

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Glucose Spikes Drops
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What is a diabetes roller coaster? It means blood-glucose spikes or drops. You are not alone, almost every diabetic person experiencing this.
What is a diabetes roller coaster?
A non-diabetic individual on hearing the word roller coaster, they start to imagine about amusement park rides, funs, excitement and everything about good times.
However, for diabetes, their lives are stuck on a roller coaster, whether you have fun with it or not. All diabetics are familiar with the term roller-coaster ride referring spikes and drops of their blood sugar levels. I am sure every diabetic would come across the feeling of tiredness, because of riding blood sugar roller coaster.
Why your blood glucose spikes or drops unexpectedly?
Just when you feel relaxed after gaining a good control of your blood-sugar level, you may suddenly undergo hyper or hypo. You are not alone; it is common among almost every person with diabetes. Numerous factors can disturb your blood-sugar level.
Some of the common blood glucose distressing factors are:
 - Smoking,
 - Stress,
 - Depression,
 - Anxiety,
 - Alcohol consumption,
 - Diet you ate,
 - Medication taken for other conditions,
 - Illness,
 - Climatic condition
Monitoring blood-glucose level regularly helps you to identify these worrying factors, which helps you to avoid most of these BS spikes or drops.
Most cases of the blood sugar roller coaster (BS spikes drops) are instrumental by lack of motivation and emotional energy. To bring back control and to stop diabetes roller coaster, you need to be in:
 - Positive thinking,
 - Focusing on your success,
 - Better management of stress,
 - Diabetes education (knowledge is power),
 - Turn your anger useful
Healthy mindsets and keep moving can help normalizing your blood-glucose level and stops BS spikes and drops.
Observe your body closely and try learning:
 - Foods that make your blood sugar spikes,
 - Physical activities that bring a blood sugar drop
 - How your illness disturbs your diabetes control,
 - How your mental feeling affects your blood-sugar level.
Be positive and keep a brave heart and mind; this helps to normalize your blood-sugar level without any fearful rise and fall.


Saturday, April 09, 2011
Clojure: State Management
Those unfamiliar with Clojure are often interested in how you manage changing state within your applications. If you've heard a few things about Clojure but haven't really looked at it, I wouldn't be surprised if you thought it was impossible to write a "real" application with Clojure since "everything is immutable". I've even heard a developer that I respect make the mistake of saying: we're not going to use Clojure because it doesn't handle state well.
Clearly, state management in Clojure is greatly misunderstood.
I actually had a hard time not calling this blog entry "Clojure, it's about state". I think state shapes Clojure more than any other influence; it's the core of the language (as far as I can tell). Rich Hickey has clearly spent a lot of time thinking about state - there's an essay at which describes common problems with a traditional approach to state management and Clojure's solutions.
Rich's essay does a good job of succinctly discussing his views on state; you should read it before you continue with this entry. The remainder of this entry will give examples of how you can manage state using Clojure's functions.
At the end of Rich's essay he says:
In the local case, since Clojure does not have mutable local variables, instead of building up values in a mutating loop, you can instead do it functionally with recur or reduce.
Before we get to reduce, let's start with the simplest example. You have an array of ints and you want to double each integer. In a language with mutable state you can loop through the array and build a new array with each integer doubled.
result.add(nums[i] * 2);
In Clojure you would build the new array by calling the map function with a function that doubles each value. (I'm using Clojure 1.2)
user=> (map (fn [i] (* i 2)) [1 2 3])
(2 4 6)
If you're new to Clojure there's a few things worth mentioning. "user=>" is a REPL prompt. You enter some text and hit enter and the text is evaluated. If you've completed the list (closed the parenthesis), the results of evaluating that list will be printed to the following line.
I remember what I thought the first time I looked at a lisp, and I know the code might not look like readable code, so here's a version that breaks up a few of the concepts and might make it easier to digest the example.
user=> (defn double-int [i] (* i 2))
user=> (def the-array [1 2 3])
user=> (map double-int the-array)
(2 4 6)
In the first Clojure example you call the fn function to create an anonymous function, that was then passed to the map function (to be applied to each element of the array). The map function is a high order function that can take an anonymous function (example 1) or a named function (double-int, example 2). In Clojure (def...) is a special form that allows you to define a var and defn is a function that allows you to easily define a function and assign it to a var. The syntax for defn is pretty straightforward, the first argument is the name, the second argument is the argument list of the new function, and any additional forms are the body of the function you are defining.
Once you get used to Clojure's syntax you can even have a bit of fun with your function naming that might result in concise and maintainable code.
user=> (defn *2 [i] (* 2 i))
user=> (map *2 [1 2 3])
(2 4 6)
but, I digress.
Similarly, you may want to sum the numbers from an array.
result += nums[i];
You can achieve goal of reducing an array to a single value in Clojure using the reduce function.
user=> (reduce + [1 2 3])
Clojure has several functions that allow you to create new values from existing values, which should be enough to solve any problem where you would traditionally use local mutable variables.
For non-local mutable state you generally have 3 options: atoms, refs, and agents.
When I started programming in Clojure, atoms were my primary choice for mutable state. Atoms are very easy to use and only require that you know a few functions to interact with them. Let's assume we're building a trading application that needs to keep around the current price of Apple. Our application will call our apple-price-update function when a new price is received and we'll need to keep that price around for (possible) later usage. The example below shows how you can use an atom to track the current price of Apple.
user=> (def apple-price (atom nil))
user=> (defn update-apple-price [new-price] (reset! apple-price new-price))
user=> _USER_-price
user=> (update-apple-price 300.00)
user=> _USER_-price
user=> (update-apple-price 301.00)
user=> (update-apple-price 302.00)
user=> _USER_-price
The above example demonstrates how you can create a new atom and reset its value with each price update. The reset! function sets the value of the atom synchronously and returns its new value. You can also query the price of apple at any time using @ (or deref).
If you're coming from a Java background the example above should be the easiest to relate to. Each time we call the update-apple-price function our state is set to a new value. However, atoms provide much more value than simply being a variable that you can reset.
You may remember the following example from Java Concurrency in Practice.
public class UnsafeSequence {
private int value;
* Returns a unique value.
public int getNext() {
return value++;
The book explains why this could cause potential problems.
The problem with UnsafeSequence is that with some unlucky timing, two threads could call getNext and receive the same value. The increment notation, nextValue++, may appear to be a single operation, but is in fact three separate operations: read the value, add one to it, and write out the new value. Since operations in multiple threads may be arbitrarily interleaved by the runtime, it is possible for two threads to read the value at the same time, both see the same value, and then both add one to it. The result is that the same sequence number is returned from multiple calls in different threads.
We could write a get-next function using a Clojure atom and the same race condition would not be a concern.
user=> (def uniq-id (atom 0))
user=> (defn get-next [] (swap! uniq-id inc))
user=> (get-next)
user=> (get-next)
The above code demonstrates the result of calling get-next multiple times (the inc function just adds one to the value passed in). Since we aren't in a multithreaded environment the example isn't exactly breathtaking; however, what's actually happening under the covers is described very well on -
Also, remember that changes to atoms are synchronous, so our get-next function will never return the same value twice.
(note: while Java already provides an AtomicInteger class for handling this issue - that's not the point. The point of the example is to show that an Atom is safe to use across threads.)
If you're truly interested in verifying that an atom is safe across threads, The Joy of Clojure provides the following snippet of code (as well as a wonderful explanation of all things Clojure, including mutability).
(import '(java.util.concurrent Executors))
(def *pool* (Executors/newFixedThreadPool
(+ 2 (.availableProcessors (Runtime/getRuntime)))))
(defn dothreads [f & {thread-count :threads exec-count :times :or {thread-count 1 exec-count 1}}]
(dotimes [t thread-count]
(.submit *pool* #(dotimes [_ exec-count] (f)))))
(def ticks (atom 0))
(defn tick [] (swap! ticks inc))
(dothreads tick :threads 1000 :times 100)
_USER_ ;=> 100000
There you have it, 1000 threads updated ticks 100 times without issue.
Atoms work wonderfully when you want to insure atomic updates to an individual piece of state; however, it probably wont be long before you find yourself wanting to coordinate some type of state update. For example, if you're running an online store, when a customer cancels an order the order is either active or cancelled; however, the order should never be active and cancelled. If you were to keep a set of active orders and a set of cancelled orders, you would never want to have an order be in both sets at the same time. Clojure addresses this issue by using refs. Refs are similar to atoms, but they also participate in coordinated updates.
The following example shows the cancel-order function moving an order-id from the active orders set into the cancelled orders set.
user=> (def active-orders (ref #{2 3 4}))
user=> (def cancelled-orders (ref #{1}))
user=> (defn cancel-order [id]
(commute active-orders disj id)
(commute cancelled-orders conj id)))
user=> (cancel-order 2)
#{1 2}
user=> _USER_-orders
#{3 4}
user=> _USER_-orders
#{1 2}
As you can see from the example, we're moving an order id from active to cancelled. Again, our REPL session doesn't show the power of what's


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The Art of Persuasion: Changing the Mind On OCD
(1-Day or 1/2-Day)
How do you move someone toward anxious uncertainty when their heart, mind and soul are committed to finding comfort? Participants will learn a persuasive strategy—built out of whole cloth within the first session—that will frame the entire treatment protocol. Persuading OCD clients to adopt a new frame of reference is the therapist's primary task. Those who succumb to the spell of obsessive-compulsive disorder conjure up a potion of avoidance and resistance as their only means to keep uncertainty and distress from boiling over. Two objectives direct their decisions: only take actions that have a highly predictable, positive outcome, and stay comfortable. Altering perception--not adding technique--helps them change directions, because belief always trumps exposure practice. Then repetition of action in the face of doubt and distress is required to solidify therapeutic gains.
You will learn how to persuade clients to voluntarily seek out and embrace uncertainty and anxiety as their ticket out of suffering. You'll then learn techniques that generate positive motivation to develop mastery over their symptoms. These self-help oriented skills can be applied to the treatment of washers and cleaners, checkers, repeaters, hoarders, orderers, cognitive-ritualizers and pure obsessionals.
(other topics can be designed for your needs)
For further information, contact:
Reid Wilson, Ph.D.
421 Bennett Orchard Trail
Chapel Hill, NC 27516


text:
Comprehensive risk assessment of groundwater drawdown induced subsidence
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, 2019
We present a method for risk assessment of groundwater drawdown induced land subsidence when planning for sub-surface infrastructure. Since groundwater drawdown and related subsidence can occur at large distances from the points of inflow, the large spatial extent often implies heterogeneous geological conditions that cannot be described in complete detail. This calls for estimation of uncertainties in all components of the cause-effect chain with probabilistic methods. In this study, we couple four probabilistic methods into a comprehensive model for economic risk quantification: a geostatistical soil-stratification model, an inverse calibrated groundwater model, an elasto-plastic subsidence model, and a model describing the resulting damages and costs on individual buildings and constructions. Groundwater head measurements, hydraulic tests, statistical analyses of stratification and soil properties and an inventory of buildings are inputs to the models. In the coupled method, different design alternatives for risk reduction measures are evaluated. Integration of probabilities and damage costs result in an economic risk estimate for each alternative. Compared with the risk for a reference alternative, the best prior alternative is identified as the alternative with the highest expected net benefit. The results include spatial probabilistic risk estimates for each alternative where areas with significant risk are distinguished from low-risk areas. The efficiency and usefulness of this modelling approach as a tool for communication to stakeholders, decision support for prioritization of risk reducing measures, and identification of the need for further investigations and monitoring are demonstrated with a case study of a planned railway tunnel in Varberg, Sweden.


Ammonia vs. Bleach – The Difference Between
What is the difference between ammonia and bleach?
Ammonia and bleach are both cheap and effective cleaners. They are not the same, but few people really know the differences between them. Most expensive cleaners use either ammonia or bleach, so this will tell you that they are different chemicals. Both must be diluted with water in order to use safely, but it is important that you know the difference between them.
On the periodic table of elements, ammonia is known as NH3. This means that it contains 1 atom of nitrogen and 3 atoms of hydrogen. In industry, ammonia can be produced by forcefully combining these four atoms, but it does exist in its natural state in the environment. It is formed when organic material decomposes.
Ammonia can be used to clean any surface without harming the color of the surface. In everyday use, it is one of the best cleaners you can use for tiles and hard surfaces.
Bleach is a very common cleaner used to take stains off fabrics and can even be used on dishes. You must dilute bleach in order to use it because it can burn the skin. Oxidizing bleach is often used to lighten the colors of clothing and fabrics. It does this by breaking down the chemical bonds that form the color. You can make your own bleach by combining chlorine, caustic soda and water. Because of its ingredients and strength, it is commonly used as a disinfectant.
 - Ammonia and bleach are inexpensive cleaners to use in the home, especially on surfaces and items that are hard to clean.
 - They must be diluted in water before you can use them safely.
 - You cannot mix the two together because the combination produces an odor that is highly toxic.
 - Bleach can be used on white fabrics, but you must be careful with colored fabrics because it will take out or lighten the color.
 - Ammonia does not affect the color of any item.
 - Ammonia is made up of 1 atom of nitrogen and 3 atoms of hydrogen.
 - Ammonia can exist in nature.
 - Bleach is made from chlorine, caustic soda and water.


HomeWord - February 10, 2015
 Avoid a Dead Heart: Rest!
This devotional was written by Kelly McFadden
Observe the Sabbath day by keeping it holy, as the LORD your God has commanded you. —Deuteronomy 5:12
Of all the written languages in the world, Chinese characters are probably the most beautiful and difficult to understand and learn. Each character corresponds to a spoken syllable with a basic meaning. However, many words combine two or more characters to express an idea that is different from the original words used to create it. For example, the Chinese character for the word "busy" is written by combining the characters for "heart" and "dead." How appropriate. For when we are overly busy, we lay the foundation for a lifeless heart.
I think it would be a challenge today to find someone who is not busy. It is a part of our culture. It almost seems the busier you are, the more applause and affirmation you receive. Yet, a lot can be learned from this ancient Chinese word. Work and projects and commitments in themselves are not bad. But when we let ourselves get overly busy – even with good intentions – we tend to neglect the important things.
There is a reason God created a Sabbath day to be set aside and kept holy. He commanded His people to work six days and on the seventh day to rest. I believe what God is calling His people to do is find a healthy balance. When we get too busy, we are living a life on the verge of disaster…whether that comes to you, your spouse or your kids. In some ways, we are showing that we don't trust that God will provide for us.
Make an effort in your life to rest and observe the Sabbath. Turn off your cell phone, the television, the computer and the video games. Take some time by yourself or with your family to take a walk or picnic in a park or watch the sunset at the beach. Relax, refresh and renew your soul. Don't create in yourself a "dead-heart," create a heart that is filled with life.
1. In what ways have you made yourself too busy? How do you see that that busyness is affecting your relationships?
2. What can you do to have dedicated time each week to rest?
Genesis 2:2; Deuteronomy 5:12-15; Psalm 127
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How Setting Small Goals Can Boost Mental Health
By Brandi Goodman
Mental health struggles can be a challenge to manage. You may want to feel better and no longer experience symptoms of depression, but that is easier said than done. Stress and negative thinking can drastically alter our mood and well-being. Starting out with small goals, however, can help you make major improvements in your mental health journey.
Small Goals are Easier to Achieve
If you start by setting a large goal, such as no longer feeling depressed, this may be difficult to accomplish. Setting smaller goals gives you something easier to achieve. You're more likely to reach a goal of a smaller magnitude than a significant one. Simply say you want to find one positive thing in the day to make you smile or get up and finish one task around the house. These smaller options can earn you a huge reward when you start to notice how many you've achieved.
Small Goals Can Make Up a Large One
You can still have a large overall goal that you want to reach. You just need to break it down into several smaller steps along the way. As you reach each one, you will start to see a clearer path to the finish line. Say you have four small goals that will result in the final one. You achieve one and you're already a quarter of the way there. Reach two and you're halfway with only half more to go. It's a more positive way at looking at the situation which can improve your mindset.
Achieving Goals Releases Dopamine
Every time you set a goal for yourself and actually achieve it, you feel good. This is because your brain releases dopamine. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that sends signals to the brain to feel good. If you are consistently meeting small goals, you're consistently receiving a shot of dopamine that can make you feel motivated, concentrated, and blissful. These feelings can drastically improve mood and mental health, leading you from negative thoughts and feelings to positive emotions.
Struggles with mental health will not go away easily. They may not ever go away at all. However, you can try to set small goals for yourself that will help you to feel better over time and have more good days than bad. Taking care of yourself and striving to ease your mental health struggles one step at a time is a step in the right direction.
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EXCEPT and INTERSECT (Transact-SQL)
Returns distinct values by comparing the results of two queries.
EXCEPT returns any distinct values from the left query that are not also found on the right query.
INTERSECT returns any distinct values that are returned by both the query on the left and right sides of the INTERSECT operand.
The basic rules for combining the result sets of two queries that use EXCEPT or INTERSECT are the following:
The number and the order of the columns must be the same in all queries.
The data types must be compatible.
When the data types of comparable columns that are returned by the queries to the left and right of the EXCEPT or INTERSECT operands are character data types with different collations, the required comparison is performed according to the rules of collation precedence. If this conversion cannot be performed, the SQL Server Database Engine returns an error.
When you compare rows for determining distinct values, two NULL values are considered equal.
The column names of the result set that are returned by EXCEPT or INTERSECT are the same names as those returned by the query on the left side of the operand.
Column names or aliases in ORDER BY clauses must reference column names returned by the left-side query.
The nullability of any column in the result set returned by EXCEPT or INTERSECT is the same as the nullability of the corresponding column that is returned by the query on the left side of the operand.
If EXCEPT or INTERSECT is used together with other operators in an expression, it is evaluated in the context of the following precedence:
Expressions in parentheses
The INTERSECT operand
EXCEPT and UNION evaluated from left to right based on their position in the expression
If EXCEPT or INTERSECT is used to compare more than two sets of queries, data type conversion is determined by comparing two queries at a time, and following the previously mentioned rules of expression evaluation.
EXCEPT and INTERSECT cannot be used in distributed partitioned view definitions, query notifications.
EXCEPT and INTERSECT may be used in distributed queries, but are only executed on the local server and not pushed to the linked server. Therefore, using EXCEPT and INTERSECT in distributed queries may affect performance.
Fast forward-only and static cursors are fully supported in the result set when they are used with an EXCEPT or INTERSECT operation. If a keyset-driven or dynamic cursor is used together with an EXCEPT or INTERSECT operation, the cursor of the result set of the operation is converted to a static cursor.
When an EXCEPT operation is displayed by using the Graphical Showplan feature in SQL Server Management Studio, the operation appears as a left anti semi join, and an INTERSECT operation appears as a left semi join.
The following examples show using the INTERSECT and EXCEPT operands. The first query returns all values from the Production.Product table for comparison to the results with INTERSECT and EXCEPT.
USE AdventureWorks2012; GO SELECT ProductID FROM Production.Product ; --Result: 504 Rows
The following query returns any distinct values that are returned by both the query on the left and right sides of the INTERSECT operand.
USE AdventureWorks2012; GO SELECT ProductID FROM Production.Product INTERSECT SELECT ProductID FROM Production.WorkOrder ; --Result: 238 Rows (products that have work orders)
The following query returns any distinct values from the query to the left of the EXCEPT operand that are not also found on the right query.
USE AdventureWorks2012; GO SELECT ProductID FROM Production.Product EXCEPT SELECT ProductID FROM Production.WorkOrder ; --Result: 266 Rows (products without work orders)
The following query returns any distinct values from the query to the left of the EXCEPT operand that are not also found on the right query. The tables are reversed from the previous example.
USE AdventureWorks2012; GO SELECT ProductID FROM Production.WorkOrder EXCEPT SELECT ProductID FROM Production.Product ; --Result: 0 Rows (work orders without products)


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The device has first sliding contacts at first stationary contact lines for power supply (L1-L3), and second sliding contacts at second stationary contact lines for transmitting information through the communication lines (Rail A,Rail B), connected between stationary controller (SSTAT) and mobile controller (SMOB). An operating unit is grounded through a coupling unit (KK). A monitoring unit is arranged for monitoring leakage current between coupling unit and ground potential (PE) and for switching off the power supply, when the leakage current exceeds maximum permissible amount. An independent claim is included for a method for securing a driverless transport unit with short circuit between power supply and information transfer device.
Name of Author: Horst Wolf


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This diversity probably required the farmers to implement different strategies in order to prepare the terrain before building up the terraces.
The sloping of the Ab horizon in T3 towards a vertical alignment of stones suggests that it could have been a relict terrace surface. However, the physicochemical data available to date do not indicate that the Ab horizon in T3 is different from the rest of the buried soils in terms of their carbon contents or texture. Regarding the Ab horizon in T1, drainage is needed in hydromorphic terrains to prevent landslides and protect the stability of the terrace cluster in case of heavy precipitations and mounding of the groundwater.
A 14C date obtained from a single terrace should a priori be taken also as a date for the construction of the cluster in which the dated terrace is included, providing that its limits and extension have already been determined.
Whether from single isolated terraces Benedict ; Branch et al. Dating of decontextualized terraces, whether single isolated or scattered, has two major drawbacks: Even if the dates of two or more buried soils overlap, it may not necessarily mean that they were topped at the same stage.
The lack of overlapping may suggest contamination or the dating of organic material already in the soil long before terracing. The youngest dates obtained from the topmost horizon of the Ricote buried soils clearly assemble around the 10th—13th centuries: This approach helped ruling out contamination or disturbance of the buried soils before and after the construction of the Ricote Andalusi irrigated terraces. Dating of the bulk organic fraction should be avoided when aiming for precise absolute dates for the construction of terraces, even when there is no charred material available.
Obtaining multiple datings from the topmost part of different Ab horizons buried under synchronically constructed terraces contributes overcoming this issue. We cannot fully reject the possibility of the dated irrigated-terraced cluster of Ricote being not the original one, but an enlargement of a pre-existing Andalusi irrigated scheme whose location and extension remains unknown.
Dr Stephan Opitz University of Cologne helped in arranging the soil analyses. All mistakes and shortcomings remain exclusively our own. Bayesian analysis of Paleosol charcoal: Earthworm activity and archaeothe Neolithic. A case study in the Eastern French logical stratigraphy: Journal of Archaeological Science and processes.


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Federal False Claims Act - 18 U.S.C. § 287
Federal False Claims Act - 18 U.S.C. § 287
18 U.S.C. § 287 makes it a crime to submit a false claim to the government for payment and typically related to health care fraud.
Title 18 of the United States Code, Section 287 codifies the federal crime of false, fictitious, or fraudulent claims.
This section does not apply to all false or fraudulent claims which might be made by an individual, but rather only to those claims which are made or presented to a person in the civil, military, or naval service of the United States government, or to any department or agency thereof any claim against the United States government.
18 U.S.C. § 287 therefore only applies to:
 - false or fraudulent claims against the United States itself, or
 - any department or agency of the United States government
A false or fraudulent claim presented to a government employee demanding payment from the employee himself would not be covered.
Essentially, 18 U.S.C. § 287 is a catchall provision designed to criminalize those who attempt to obtain money, goods, or services from the United States government through its various departments and agencies via the presentation of false, fictitious, or fraudulent claims.
It's commonly used by federal prosecutors in health care fraud related cases.
As with all fraud crimes, the government must demonstrate that the defendant knowingly intended to deceive the government into providing payment which the defendant knew they were not entitled to receive.
A mere good faith mistake as to the entitlement for payment, or a contract dispute between a contractor and the United States government as to the terms of payment to the contractor should not form the basis for a prosecution under this section.
There are many different types of health care fraud offenses in federal court:
 - The Anti-Kickback Statute under 42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7b prohibits anyone from soliciting or receiving remuneration in exchange for referring a patient for services where a federal healthcare program pays
 - 18 U.S.C. § 287 – False Claims Law is explained below by our federal criminal defense lawyers
Description of False Claims Act
As stated, the federal False Claims Act applies to an individual or business that directly or indirectly contracts with the United States government.
It creates liability against any:
 - individual, organization, corporation, or a contractor who knowingly submits, or causes to be submitted, a false or fraudulent claim with the intent to receive payment or approval
Submitting an inaccurate claim occurs knowingly if it's submitted with knowledge or even in situations where the individual or business entity failed to conduct their due diligence.
This means that liability under the False Claims Act already occurs if someone should have known, for instance, a specific federal billing code was changed, but due to their lack of diligence, they submitted the claim anyway with an outdated code.
In simple terms, 18 U.S.C. § 287 makes it illegal to submit a false claim – such as an invoice for medical services or equipment - to the government for payment.
It should be noted that most cases pursued under the False Claims Act involve a health care provider submitting bills for medical services or equipment that were not actually provided to a patient - or that were not medically necessary for that patient.
False claims cases can involve a wide variety of subject matter, but boil down to a simple concept:
 - when an individual claims they are entitled to money from the United States government, they may not employ deception, fraud, or false representations in securing that money.
False claims under 18 U.S.C. § 287 is a serious federal crime which carries a possible maximum punishment of five years in federal prison and/or a fine.
Fighting Federal False Claims Act Charges
If you have been accused of violating 18 U.S.C. § 287 false claims act, there are possible defenses that could be raised to challenge the case.
Our federal criminal defense attorneys would need to first closely examine all the details in order to develop a strategy for best possible outcome.
Some common defenses include:
Lack of knowledge or intent to defraud
Even if it can be established that you were in fact not entitled to the money or services claimed against the United States by the defendant, there is still the issue of whether you might have had a reasonable good faith belief that you were entitled to payment.
In other words, we could make an argument you had no intent to defraud the government.
Mistake of fact
In some cases, we might be able to argue you were simply mistaken about the terms of a government contract or negligently presented a claim demanding more money than was actually owed.
These cases should not be prosecuted under Section 287 because you lacked fraudulent intent.
Other defenses, in an appropriate case, might include duress, entrapment, or government misconduct.
Where the government relies on an informant or other unreliable source during its investigation, evidence may also potentially be suppressed to undermine the government's case through a formal motion to suppress before the District Court.
Federal Sentencing Guidelines
The application of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines is particularly important in false claims cases as the advisory guideline sentencing range for a particular defendant will vary widely depending on the "loss amount," i.e. the amount of money claimed against the United States.
Although there is some controversy in this area, the guidelines as currently written calculate the loss amount as the total amount of intended loss, rather than actual loss.
Accordingly, even if your claim for payment was flagged for possible fraud and never actually paid out, you can still be held criminally responsible for the total amount of the claim in the form of an enhanced offense level under the sentencing guidelines.
Note, however, that the maximum punishment allowable under the statute is five years in federal prison.
Even if the advisory guidelines, likely based on intended or actual loss, would exceed five years, the sentencing court would not have discretion to impose a sentence in excess of the congressionally mandated maximum of five years.
False Claims Act Defense Lawyer
If you or a family member is under investigation or has been indicted in a false, fictitious, or fraudulent claims case under Title 18 of the United States Code, Section 287, our experienced federal criminal defense attorneys can assist you immediately.
In the prefiling stage of the case, we can negotiate a resolution with the government before indictment, thereby lowering the eventual punishment in most cases.
In the alternative, our experienced trial attorneys can litigate your matter in a federal jury trial to effectively communicate your innocence and attempt to obtain an acquittal.
Whether pre or post-filing, we encourage you to contact Eisner Gorin LLP for an initial consultation to determine which options will give you the best chance for a successful outcome in these serious federal criminal matters.
Call _PHONE_ to review your case.
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With forage supplies tight in many areas, treating wheat straw with ammonia could provide a cost-effective option, according to Kansas State University Extension beef specialist Dale Blasi, PhD.
Ammonia improves the nutritional value of low-quality forage by swelling the plant tissue to allow greater rumen microbial activity, resulting in 8 to 15 percent improvement in digestibility, 15 to 20 percent improvement in palatability and increased rate of passage through the digestive tract. Also, ammonia serves as a non-protein nitrogen source, roughly doubling the crude protein value of the straw.
The process typically involves covering bales with a black plastic tarp and injecting anhydrous ammonia.
Historically, Blasi says, the recommended application rate was 3 percent anhydrous or 60 pounds per ton. But looking to reduce costs, K-State researchers have tested an application rate of 1.5 percent or 30 pounds of ammonia per ton of straw and found little difference compared with the heavier rate. Temperature and moisture content of the straw affect absorption of the ammonia. The process will take just three to five days in hot weather but up to 30 to 45 days in cold weather. Anhydrous ammonia will seek out all the moisture in the stacked straw, a chemical process that aids in uniform spread of the material. Eight to 10 percent moisture content in the straw is adequate, and 15 to 30 percent is better.
Keep the stack covered until two weeks before feeding, then remove the cover to reduce the concentration of residual ammonia. Blasi recommends against ammoniation of higherquality grass hays such as brome, fescue, small grains, forage sorghums or sudan grasses, as compounds dangerous to cattle can form in these types of hay exposed to ammonia. Blasi also stresses the importance of safety measures when handling anhydrous ammonia, including these tips:
- Wear goggles, rubber gloves and protective clothing. • Work upwind when releasing anhydrous ammonia into the stack. Ideally, use a de-coupler to disconnect the nurse tank away from the stack when application is complete.
- Have fresh water available to wash off any anhydrous ammonia that comes into contact with the skin.
- Check valves, hoses and tanks for leaks.
- Check the plastic cover on the stack for any tears in the plastic before initiating application. Seal any holes afterward with duct tape.
- Do not smoke near anhydrous ammonia.
- Keep children away from the treatment area.


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Storage and uploading Manuals
If the belts are to be stored for a long period or in extreme climate:-
- Protection from direct sunlight or extreme temperature is recommended.
- Belts should be kept suspended on a belt stand rather than being rested on the floor.
- Belts should be ideally stored indoors in a temperature range of to +/- 25˚C.
- If covered storage is not available, the original packing must be retained. Additionally, the belt should covered with black polyethylene for UV and ozone protection.
- While storing the belt, it must be rolled at an interval of six weeks to distribute the permanent deformation of the belt.
- The belt rolls should be adequately secured by fixing wedges/ chucks or a similar method to prevent the rolls from moving as this could cause injury.
Unloading of Conveyor
When unloading belts, it is important to consider the following factors :
- Ease of unloading.
- Safety in unloading.
- Prevention of damage to the belt should be dependent on the weight, size and type of packing of the roll, belts are often unloaded using cranes (outdoor / indoor) and in the case of lighter belts with forklifts.
- The best way of unloading the belt from the transport vehicle is to insert a solid steel bar in the center core and then lift with a strong cable. (Load rating and condition of cable to be checked prior to use! )
- Care to be taken so that hoist cables do not damage the outer wrapping or the belt edges.
Depending on the weight, size and type of packing of the roll, belts are often unloaded using cranes (outdoor / indoor (E.O.T.)) and in the case of lighter belts, with fork lifts.
In the case of belts being unloaded using cranes :
Always use a spreader bar. Never apply sling around the circumference of the belt. Belt should always be moved by lifting rather than rolling.
Care & Maintenance
It is of utmost importance that regular belt inspection is conducted to locate damage on the covers or belt carcass. This is necessary to protect and prolong the value of the belt, which is a high capital cost item. We therefore advice that an inspection procedure be devised by every user, broadly covering the following :
- Regular Inspection of Idlers, pullies, lagging and rollers.
- Checking for spillage and material build up under the belt structure.
- Check and rectify any belt tracking problems.
- Regular replacement of skirt rubber, belt cleaner blades, e.t.c.
- Monitoring of belt take up tension.
- Off centre loading area - adjust the chute and loading condition for centre loading.
- Misaligned belt edges - Trim off the edges approaching tail pulley.
- Belt not joined square-Re-splice the belt.
- Build Up of Material on idlers and pulleys - Clean and maintain and check for spillage and carry back of material.
- Uneven Wear of Pulley lagging - relag the drum with new good quality rubber lagging or ceramic lagging.
- Misalignment of head/tail pulley - recheck pulley alignment to ensure that they are level and with their axis at 90° to the intended path of the belt. Head and tail pulleys should not be shifted in an effort to center the belt with the exception of the snub pulleys. Worn pulleys must be replaced.
- Worn lagging – uneven wear of lagging causes mistracking and therefore should be replaced in a planned maintenance program.


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Open-File Report 2006-1255
Near complete coverage of the East Antarctic Shield by ice hampers geological study of crustal architecture important for understanding global tectonic and climate history. Limited exposures in the central Transantarctic Mountains (CTAM), however, show that Archean and Proterozoic rocks of the shield as well as Neoproterozoic-lower Paleozoic sedimentary successions were involved in oblique convergence associated with Gondwana amalgamation. Subsequently, the area was overprinted by Jurassic magmatism and Cenozoic uplift. To extend the known geology of the region to ice-covered areas, we conducted an aeromagnetic survey flown in draped mode by helicopters over the Central Transantarctic Mountains and by fixed-wing aircraft over the adjacent polar plateau. We flew more than 32,000 line km covering an area of nearly 60,000 km2 at an average altitude of 600 m, with average line spacing 2.5 km over most areas and 1.25 km over basement rocks exposed in the Miller and Geologists ranges. Additional lines flown to the north, south, and west extended preliminary coverage and tied with existing surveys. Gravity data was collected on the ground along a central transect of the helicopter survey area.
Posted September 2006
Part or all of this report is presented in Portable Document Format (PDF); the latest version of Adobe Acrobat Reader or similar software is required to view it. Download the latest version of Acrobat Reader, free of charge or go to access.adobe.com for free tools that allow visually impaired users to read PDF files.


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How to Manipulate Files in R
Occasionally, you may want to write a script in R that will traverse a given folder and perform actions on all the data in the files or a subset of files in that folder.
To get a list of files in a specific folder, use list.files() or dir(). These two functions do exactly the same thing, but for backward-compatibility reasons, the same function has two names:
> list.files(file.path("F:", "git", "roxygen2")) "roxygen2" "roxygen2.Rcheck" "roxygen2_2.0.tar.gz" "roxygen2_2.1.tar.gz"
|Iist.files||Lists files in a directory.|
|list.dirs||Lists subdirectories of a directory.|
|file.exists||Tests whether a specific file exists in a location.|
|file.create||Creates a file.|
|file.remove||Deletes files (and directories in Unix operating systems).|
|tempfile||Returns a name for a temporary file. If you create a file — for example, with file.create() or write.table() using this returned name — R will create a file in a temporary folder.|
|tempdir||Returns the file path of a temporary folder on your file system.|
Next, you get to exercise all your knowledge about working with files. In the next example, you first create a temporary file, then save a copy of the iris data frame to this file. To test that the file is on disk, you then read the newly created file to a new variable and inspect this variable. Finally, you delete the temporary file from disk.
Start by using the tempfile() function to return a name to a character string with the name of a file in a temporary folder on your system:
> my.file <- tempfile() > my.file "C:\\Users\\Andrie\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\ RtmpGYeLTj\\file14d4366b6095"
Notice that the result is purely a character string, not a file. This file doesn't yet exist anywhere. Next, you save a copy of the data frame iris to my.file using the write.csv() function. Then use list.files() to see if R created the file:
> write.csv(iris, file=my.file) > list.files(tempdir()) "file14d4366b6095"
As you can see, R created the file. Now you can use read.csv() to import the data to a new variable called file.iris:
> file.iris <- read.csv(my.file)
Use str() to investigate the structure of file.iris. As expected file.iris is a data.frame of 150 observations and six variables. Six variables, you say? Yes, six, although the original iris only has five columns.
What happened here was that the default value of the argument row.names of read.csv() is row.names=TRUE. (You can confirm this by taking a close look at the Help for?read.csv().) So, R saved the original row names of iris to a new column called X:
> str(file.iris) 'data.frame': 150 obs. of 6 variables: $ X : int 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10... $ Sepal.Length: num 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.6 5 5.4 4.6 5 4.4 4.9... $ Sepal.Width : num 3.5 3 3.2 3.1 3.6 3.9 3.4 3.4 2.9 3.1... $ Petal.Length: num 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5... $ Petal.Width : num 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1... $ Species : Factor w/ 3 levels "setosa","versicolor",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1...
To leave your file system in its original order, you can use file.remove() to delete the temporary file:
> file.remove(my.file) > list.files(tempdir()) character(0)
As you can see, the result of list.files() is an empty character string, because the file no longer exists in that folder.


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People often wonder: "Can my smile be fixed in a day?" What may seem impossible is actually quite possible. Using advanced technology and innovative treatment options our office can provide same day dentistry to address a number of dental issues, from advanced tooth decay to chipped teeth. We can also examine and even clean your smile in a single appointment.
Frequently Asked Questions About Same Day Dentistry in Rochester, MN
Question: What are single day crowns?
Answer: For many years receiving a crown meant a preparation visit, a period of up to two weeks wearing a temporary restoration, and a return to the office for the dentist to place the completed restoration. However, CEREC technology allows our office to prepare the teeth, gather images with digital technology, and then design and fabricate the crown all in one visit. You can improve your oral health in a single day.
Question: Can I have my teeth repaired in one day?
Answer: Yes. With dental bonding and contouring, we can reshape the teeth, buff away pits and groves in the tooth surface, and restore lost structure in a single visit.
Question: What if I have a cavity?
Answer: If you have a cavity we can repair the issue with either a tooth-colored white filling or a dental crown. The fillings can be done in a single day and the CEREC system ensures that advanced decay can be dealt with in one day with a ceramic crown.
Question: How often should I have a checkup and cleaning?
Answer: Another same day set of procedures involves a thorough checkup and cleaning. These preventive treatments are crucial for detecting and treating dental disease in the earliest stages. We recommend undergoing a checkup and cleaning twice a year.
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Consequences of Population Drift
Consequences of Population Drift
In writing diagnostic criteria, it's easy to forget the implications of making even minor changes. Let's say we have a mental disorder, Disorder A, with XA criteria set. When applied by clinicians in a population of people, let's say the XA criteria set "captures" (identifies) 100 people with Disorder A. What happens to your population capture if you modify the criteria set, like in a revision of the DSM?
It depends, of course, on the empirical effects of the change. Without prior epidemiological research testing the capture effects of the change, one can hypothesize that a more diagnostically restrictive criteria set, such as one that adds exclusion criteria (like "not due to another disorder"), would narrow the population your diagnostic criteria would capture. This effect is graphically represented by Disorder A –> A2. If a revision of a DSM would involve an loosening of criteria, for example, merging 2 previously distinct disorders into a single disorder, one would, of course, expect an expanded population, as illustrated by A3.
What about adding a new disorder? What might that do to epidemiological capture? Depending on the characteristics of the diagnostic criteria set, many possibilities exist. However, consider Disorder B in the Figure. This may be proposed as a distinct disorder but it may resemble other disorders. Indeed, it may represent a group of shared features that are sometimes or even often shared by other disorders, like Disorder A. And we have what the DSM-IV authors called "artifactual comorbidity," that is, people's conditions may be diagnosed as 2 conditions rather than 1, but the 2 conditions are creations—artifacts—of the diagnostic scheme. The relation of the overlapping conditions remains an etiological puzzle.
These kinds of changes potentially occur with every DSM revision. For instance, the merger of Alcohol Abuse and Alcohol Dependence into Alcohol Use Disorder for DSM-5 may likely result in an expansion of what used to be either Alcohol Abuse and Alcohol Dependence. Looking more carefully at the proposed diagnostic criteria set, one can note that the A criteria currently require 2 (or more) of 11 descriptors. What might be the population capture effect if the requirement was 3, 4, or 5? We might expect:
- the diagnosed population to shrink with every additional demand for minimum criteria met
- the characteristic features of the capture population may change as minimum requirements increase, because each independent criterion may have different capture characteristics; some criteria may capture everyone, others may capture only those with the most mild or most severe symptoms, while still others may capture etiological outliers. (See Figure representations of A2 and A3.) In any of the above cases, the capture changes make for messy implications.
The proposed Hypersexual Disorder poses a potential scenario for a relationship between Disorder B and Disorder A in the Figure. Because Hypersexual Disorder does not currently have many exclusion criteria, ruling out various Paraphilic Disorders in the diagnosis of Hypersexual Disorder (and vice versa), we might expect considerable artifactual comorbidity with the Paraphilic Disorders and perhaps other disorders, such as habit-excess disorders like substance abuse and impulse control disorders.
So are these changes good things or bad things? These judgments require a complex set of value judgments, preferably informed not just by empirical validation of the older DSM criteria sets, but also the draft criteria sets—studies which are very expensive, time-consuming, and difficult to do well. For instance, the discussion of the change to Alcohol Use Disorder is based upon the performance of old DSM-IV criteria—but the question remains unanswered how the Alcohol Use Disorder criteria will perform, and what the characteristics of this new population of people will be.
What are some of the foreseeable difficulties posed by these modifications?
As Dr Allen Frances and others have pointed out, the consequences of even minor criteria changes and category changes must be carefully considered.
1. Longitudinal epidemiological and treatment studies will be completed in an era where the relevance of the findings will bear an unknown relationship to "similar" disorders based upon different criteria sets and therefore different population capture. Such changes dramatically diminish the value of the longitudinal studies for clinical practice and administration. What does DSM-5 Alcohol Use Disorder have to do with DSM-IV Alcohol Dependence as far as treatment prediction goes?
2. Fiscal planning administrators will no longer be able predict program expenditures based upon diagnosis, because the population captured may have "drifted"—expanded, contracted, or even changed in characteristics or severity. Enrollment in clinics and practices may expand, contract, or shift in the kinds of clinical problems posed. Inefficiencies in clinical care are the inevitable result. An unspecified number of patients may "fall through the cracks." Standard treatment regimens may no longer be relevant.
3. Artifactual comorbidity makes for a billing nightmare and continuous revising of reimbursement schemes, shifting mental health care dollars into administration and away from service delivery. If a patient comorbid for Exhibitionism Disorder and Hypersexual Disorder receives treatment, do both diagnoses have any bearing on reimbursement? Guess who pays for the continual readjustment of billing schemes?
Conclusions? The DSM-5 committee should consider their work not just as the scientific classification of mental disorders but—perhaps even more importantly—the de facto development of public policy on the care of the mentally ill. Such policy implications are huge.
Acknowledgement: Thanks to E. Jane Costello, PhD for her insights for this entry.


Friday, January 1, 2010
Adaptive Spider Webs
Students rolled a marble around in a box that had their paper at the bottom and white paint. Next, the added the spider with black paint! :)
1 comment:
 1. Great idea! Where was the paint located? Off to the side? If so, how did you keep the paint from running/dripping onto the paper?


Sodom and Gomorrah
What was the reality of polytheism (Shirk) for the nation of Lot?
[The title image is a depiction of the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah by the dramatic artist John Martin (_PHONE_)] Executive Summary Many people are of the view that the idea of 'worshipping Allah', cannot be understood as being anything other than undertaking a set limited number of rituals. Others maintain that monotheism (Tawḥeed) and polytheism (Shirk) solely concern graves, amulets, pictures and wizardry. Yet the truth of the matter


CO2 Made Simple
By Glen Babcock | Last updated: April 21, 2021
Key Takeaways
Carbon dioxide may be invisible and odorless, but to a plant it's the best thing ever. To make the most of it in your growroom, just follow these simple guidelines.
Source: Sofiaworld/
Carbon dioxide is one of the driving forces behind photosynthesis. When it is combined with water and light, plants are able to create the energy they need to grow and stay healthy. One of the by-products of photosynthesis is chlorophyll, which is what gives plants their green color. Another by-product is the oxygen humans breathe in. Without plants, living on planet Earth would be a mighty tough challenge.
The importance of providing indoor gardens with supplemental CO2 has been known for a long time now, but the process was often thought to be cost-prohibitive. Fortunately, there are a number of affordable methods of supplementing CO2 now available. No longer can a grower say boosting CO2 levels indoors is too expensive—the benefits growers see in their yields and plant quality far exceeds the costs associated with adding CO2 to their garden. Let's take a closer look at CO2CO2, starting with some tips on how to use it efficiently, no matter your growroom configuration.
In a sealed growing environment, it is best to think from the top down. Carbon dioxide is made up of one carbon molecule and two oxygen molecules. This configuration of molecules makes the gas heavier than oxygen, which causes it to drop to the bottom of the grow area. When plants are present, this falling CO2 is trapped by the stomata on their leaves, where it is converted to oxygen, chlorophyll and energy. Simply put, whatever your preferred dispersal method of supplemental CO2, it is best to place it above the plant canopy if your growroom is sealed.
Some growers need to ventilate their grow space, most often because of heat and or humidity issues. The most common way of doing so is to bring fresh air into the growing space down low and force the exhausted air out higher up in the space. In this situation, having your CO2 source up high is of little benefit to your garden. Most of the gas is exhausted before the plants can even use it. It is a much better idea in this scenario to place the CO2 source down low, close to the fresh air intake. From this location, CO2 is pulled up through the canopy by the force of the air being drawn in. The CO2 rises and the stomata are able to make use of it.
Also keep in mind that air temperatures affect plant growth, and the effects of extremely warm temperatures, which stresses plants out, can often be alleviated with adequate CO2 levels. With enough added carbon dioxide, plants are better able to tolerate extreme temperatures. In growrooms without supplemental carbon dioxide, plants just simply can't tolerate the heat. They begin to wilt and will subsequently die.
Next, it's time to think about the various plant stages of growth and how CO2 helps during these different phases of life. Clones or cuttings will root much quicker when in the presence of low-to-medium levels of CO2, typically around 800-1,000 ppm. Not only do they root faster, but they will grow up to become overall healthier plants than clones or cuttings grown without CO2.
During the vegetative stage, CO2 makes for much more vigorous growth, which leads to more flowering or budding sites, and ultimately increases yields. CO2 levels of 1,200-1,500 ppm are ideal during the vegetative stage. Finally, during the flowering stage, CO2 acts as a flowering booster. It will increase flower size and also makes for a much better finished product. As with the veg stage, CO2 levels of 1,200-1,500 ppm are perfect for growing great flowers.
In a nutshell, CO2 is extremely important to plants. Without it, your plants cannot reach their maximum potential. With the many affordable options available, growers should consider providing extra CO2 for their gardens. The healthier plants and increased yields that come as a result make this move a no-brainer.
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What is Non Verbal Reasoning?
Non Verbal Reasoning tests are commonly used by employers of medical professions, engineering, piloting, air traffic controllers and other areas of recruitment.
The test is also used in the 11+ Kent test which is required for children to gain placements into grammar schools.
What does it mean? Non-Verbal Reasoning are assessments that require a person's logical and technical ability to visualise patterns, shapes and formations. The questions appear in diagrammatic form, and are often referred to as Abstract or Diagrammatic Reasoning.
This type of assessment will enable employers to determine how well you can understand and visualise information to solve problems. You need to be able to recognise and identify patterns amongst abstract shapes and images.
Such tests may include:
- Determining identical shapes
- Rotating shapes
- Reflections of shapes
- Finding the odd shape
- Finding the missing shape
- 3D shapes
- Shading and colours
- Number sequences
All of the above are typical questions that often appear in a Non Verbal Reasoning test. It is imperative that you fully comprehend the question types, and know how to answer them.
This comprehensive guide will provide you with lots of testing questions in order to better your chances at passing your assessment.
When you order you will receive the following free bonus;
30-DAYS FREE PSYCHOMETRIC ONLINE TESTING SUITE ACCESS. As an additional bonus, you will receive 30-days FREE ACCESS to our professional online testing suite which will equip you with sample tests that will help you prepare fully!
After your 30 days free trial ends the service is automatically charged at a mere £5.95 plus vat per month with no minimum term. You can cancel at any time. See our terms and conditions for more details.
Non-Verbal Reasoning Tests Workbook
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This article originally appeared in the Design and Usability Tactics e-newsletter. Click here to subscribe automatically.
Web builders can create CSS class and id names and use those names to identify divs and other page elements for formatting. The CSS selectors that redefine XHTML tags must match the predefined tags exactly, but class and id selector names are totally at the discretion, ingenuity, and whim of the Web builder. However, it may not be the best practice to follow whims in class and id naming.
After reading a series of articles by Andy Clarke (of Stuff and Nonsense and All That Malarkey) and Eric Meyer that address naming conventions for CSS classes and ids, I began to think about the way I name classes and ids on my sites.
When you're working on a Web page and need to come up with an identifying name for a div, the natural temptation is to use a name that describes the element's page location. This approach leads to class and id names such as the following:
These are all valid names for CSS and XHTML classes and ids. They're simple and descriptive, so they serve the purpose of identifying the page element and its corresponding CSS style.
The problem is that such names relate to a specific presentation of the content. They reference the position of page elements in a particular page layout, and may be inappropriate and confusing outside the context of that layout. And, these names don't say anything about the structure of the document content. There are better ways to name your CSS classes and IDs.
True structural markup means completely separating presentation/position information from the content—that includes class and id names that appear in the markup.
The goal is for all markup to relate information about the document's structure rather than its presentation. This facilitates reusing the content and markup in different presentation formats by simply changing the CSS. When you think about it, it's easy to see that class and id names that refer to page position are inappropriate in presentation formats such as audio. Therefore, structural naming names classes and ids by their purpose in the document, not their location.
Taking a structural approach to naming might produce class and id names such as the following:
These names are just as descriptive as the presentational names, but they describe what the page element does, instead of its location. The result is code that is much closer to the goal of pure structural markup that designers can format for various presentation media without changing the markup.
Even if you don't plan to format your Web page for presentation in other media, using structural naming can help make future updates/redesigns easier. For example, structural naming eliminates the confusion that would arise if a div with the id right-column moves to the left side of the page. Naming the div sidebar is much more appropriate, and the name remains valid no matter which side of the page it's on.
Andy Clarke looked at the code of 40 Web sites by builders with reputations for espousing standards-compliant Web design. Although class and id names were far from uniform, some common names did show up frequently. Here's a sampling of the most common class/id names:
For the full list, see this table of most popular naming conventions.
Do these common class and id names constitute an emerging standard or the beginnings of a widely accepted convention? I don't know, but I hope so. I welcome a set of standard names for the common page elements we see every day. Also, using standardized naming conventions would make it easier to find and update common page elements—especially when you need to move from site to site, working on sites that different builders created at different times.


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A scientist from Queen Mary has produced a dance track that sounds like it is accelerating forever.
The track is based on an audio illusion that can make a rhythm sound, impossibly, as if it speeds up to hundreds of times faster than its starting tempo. Dr Dan Stowell from Queen Marys Centre for Digital Music (C4DM) has been investigating the illusion - and now he's turned it into dance music.
Originally produced by French composer and scientist Jean-Claude Risset, the Risset Illusion superimposes and loops rhythms of different speeds. Dr Stowell explains: "Your brain has a preference to focus on rhythms of a particular speed, so as the tempo changes your attention is naturally drawn to events in the mid-tempo range, even when you are trying to follow a beat that is always accelerating."
The loudness of the different rhythms is also manipulated to keep the recording from turning into a pile-up of an infinite number of sounds.
Dr Stowell was studying how to use the illusion in combination with conventional music rhythms, and following a conference presentation he was asked by a digital music label to produce a piece of dance music based on the idea.
He explains: "Some researchers have studied what happens when people are asked to tap their finger to these weird rhythms, but it would be even better to see what happens when people try and dance to it."
Dr Stowell researches the analysis and synthesis of sound, and also produces music under the name MCLD. He adds: "In the track, the tempo doubles about every 30 seconds, which is far beyond what happens in most music. It means that, if you say the track starts off at 120 beats per minute, at the end it is nominally going at 15,360 beats per minute."
For comparison, the Greek tune known as Zorba's Dance or Sirtaki famously speeds up as it goes along, but from 100 bpm only goes up to around 170 bpm.
Despite speeding up so much, the Risset Illusion prevents it from sounding a complete mess, meaning it can carry on accelerating indefinitely adds Stowell.
The seven minute track is featured on an EP released on Monday 27 February by Chordpunch, titled RissEP - a play on Risset's name. Commenting on the pun, Jean-Claude Risset said: "I do not consider the names you propose as disrespectful."
Explore further: Mais non! French universities may teach in English
More information: A one minute teaser of the track is available online at: chordpunch.com/2012/02/rissep-out-feb-27th


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The web page that I wanted to test using Selenium consisted of multiple tinymce editors used for various rich textareas. Internet Explorer 8 was the target browser. Obviously simply using the type command with input text did not work. So googled on how other people achieved this, found following two solutions:
1. Select frame and then type text
2. Identify the text area using DOM locator
selectFrame id_of_tinymce_iframe focus tinymce type tinymce Text_text selectFrame relative=parent
type dom=document.getElementById('id_of_tinymce_iframe').contentWindow.document.body Test_text
Both of them seem to work on Firefox where I develop my test using Selenium IDE. But on IE 8 I would not see the "Test_text" in the TinyMCE textarea even though the steps would run fine. The way I ended up achieving this was by using the following:
Yes and this did work on IE 8.
focus dom=document.getElementById('id_of_tinymce_iframe').contentWindow.document.body getEval selenium.browserbot.getCurrentWindow().document.getElementById('id_of_tinymce_iframe').contentWindow.document.body.innerHTML = 'Test_text';
Click here to read "Selenium tips for better automation".


Paper Whistle
Introduction: Paper Whistle
Okay, so this is probably the easiest, cheapest and yet working whistle! Enjoy! :)
Step 1: Materials
All you need is:
A piece of paper (scrap, colored, anything, an it doesn't have to big either)
Scissors, for the obvious reason of cutting paper. You can do the fold-and-rip method if you wish.
Step 2: Cut Out a Rectangle
Just cut out a rectangle.
The measurement doesn't really matter, but it must be a rectangle, not square. If you want to be sure, the length of the side should be somewhere between 2 to 3 times the length of the width.
Step 3: Fold in Half
First fold the paper in half (one width should touch the other width)
Step 4: Fold in Fours
Fold the paper now into fourths.
These folds should be in the opposite direction to the fold you made for the halves.
Step 5: Cut a Triangle
On the first fold you made (the half), cut a small triangle. It should be at the center of the fold.
In the photo, the triangle is colored in with black for your convenience to see.
Step 6: Blow
Place your lips on the other side of the triangle and blow. You will need to hold onto the paper no both sides.
The picture shows in red the area your lips should be.
Hope this helped! :)
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Plot DWFx Files
You can create DWFx files (DWF and XPS) to publish your drawings on the web or across an intranet.
You can use the DWFx ePlot (XPS Compatible) plot configuration file to plot to a DWFx file. Each DWFx file can contain one or more drawing sheets.
DWFx files can be opened, viewed, and plotted by anyone using the following applications:
See Also
To plot a DWFx file


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Professor Oh Young Joo is author of "Understanding Jeju Food Culture" and "Horsemeat Dishes for Health," and is a specialist in Jeju local cuisine. He teaches nutrition at Cheju Halla University. — Ed.
Horse farming on Jeju started in 1276 when Yuan Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan, occupied the island and brought with him some 160 horses by ship. The horses were put to pasture around the eastern village of Susan. It was a big success.
The Mongolians then built and operated massive ranches for their military horses and ever since then Jeju has been Korea's largest horse supplier. There is even a Jeju saying: "Send a horse to Jeju, and send a man to Hanyang [Seoul]," meaning that the island's weather and environment are ideal for raising horses, and its people have outstanding skills breeding them.
Horse meat consumption culture from Mongolia
Historically, Jeju people respected the horse for its many uses. They were used for food, transportation and communication, during wars, and for commerce. To the people of Jeju, its skin, fat, milk, bones, hair, urine, and feces were put to use, whether as food or for military or medicinal applications. But before the Mongolian invasion, Jeju citizens used horses only for transportation. Then, the citizens of Jeju noticed that the Mongolians slaughtered and ate the weak and older horses and from then on, eating horse meat spread throughout the island.
In Mongolian culture, honored guests were treated to horse meat and during weddings the bride and groom may receive the head of a horse as a gift. Horses were offered as sacrifices to the gods.
During the Goryeo Dynasty (_PHONE_), Koreans held feasts with horse meat to honor the Yuan envoy. Jeju presented horse meat jerky to the palace's ancestral rites table during the Joseon Dynasty (_PHONE_).
When horses were in short supply, King Sejong, well-known for his management of Jeju horses, would restrict the butchering and consumption of horse meat. In fact, he exiled 650 Jeju citizens for eating horse meat to Pyeongan-do, an area in the north of the Korean peninsula known then as the "harsh land." After that, eating horse meat became one of the great taboos in Korea, reinforced by the saying, "If you eat horse meat you will have bad luck for three years."
Despite the king's efforts, he could not stop people from eating horse.
At that time famines were common in Jeju because the island experienced frequent natural disasters. So the people of Jeju risked punishment from their government and ate horse to combat hunger. Along with famine, the Jeju people experienced poverty and many people would pull together to buy a single horse.
Under the Japanese colonial rule, the Japanese built a horse meat processing plant in Hallim and manufactured canned meat as war supplies during the Pacific War.
Horse meat dishes and health
Jeju people love horse meat. There is a saying: "Beef is not enough for a meal but horse meat is enough."
Horse meat is a tasty, nutritious food, and slightly sweet due to glycogen, a type of sugar the animal creates and stores for energy. Horse meat contains three times the amount of glycogen than beef or pork.
Horse meat is high in protein but low in fat. Horses are active animals and consume lots of energy. Their meat — unlike the double-edged sword that is the combination of protein and fat in pork and beef — contains one-third the fat of beef.
Horse fat quickly dissolves in the human body because the meat contains high levels of unsaturated fatty acids. It is especially rich in linolenic acid and omega-3 fatty acids like DHA, which prevents arteriosclerosis.
Horse meat is good for those who suffer from anemia because it contains high levels of iron. Its color is redder than other meats because it is full of myoglobin, a type of iron which colors muscle, and is why horse meat is called a fountain of iron. It has four times the amount of iron of pork and twice that of beef.
In addition, the iron in horse meat is absorbed quickly and efficiently into the body. Horse meat is highly recommended for children and pregnant women.
Spicy horse meat stew
Ingredients horse sirloin 600g, dried red pepper 20g, cinnamon 10g, fennel (spice) 10g, small green onion 15g, ginger 15g, clear rice wine 20g
1. Dice the meat into big pieces. Add the diced meat to clear rice wine, ginger, small green onion mix. Refrigerate for 12 hours. 2. Deep fry the meat in oil at 180°C. 3. Add 500 ml of water, ginger, dried red pepper, onion, cinnamon, fennel, salt, and soy sauce to the frying pan and boil. 4. Simmer for 90 minutes.
1. Mix clear rice wine, soy sauce, sugar, and soybean paste and set to boil to create the sauce. 2. Cut the Chinese cabbage leaf into 7 by 4 centimeters. Cut onion, green onion, and shiitake mushroom. 3. Soak the crown daisy in cold water. 4. Dice tofu into 3 by 4 centimeters and fry. Blanch the shredded devil's tongue jelly. 5. Slice the meat. 6. Fry the vegetables and the meat. When cooked, pour the sauce from step 1 on top and let simmer.
(Translation by Yang Young Jae)
ⓒ Jeju Weekly 2009 (_URL_)
All materials on this site are protected under the Korean Copyright Law and may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, displayed, published without the prior consent of Jeju Weekly.
_EMAIL_ | Phone: +82-64-_PHONE_ Fax: +82-64-_PHONE_ jeju Venture Maru Bldg,217 Jungangro(Ido-2 dong), Jeju-si, Korea, 690-827
Registration Number: Jeju Da 01093 | Date of Registration: November 20, 2008 | Publisher: Song Jung Hee Copyright ⓒ 2009 All materials on this site are protected under the Korean Copyright Law and may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, displayed, published without the prior consent of jeju weekly.com.