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The Boltzmann entropy
Alternatively, in line with the proposed distributional H(-1/2)-Hilbert space concept of this homepage, we suggest to define "continuous entropy" in a weak H(-1/2)- frame to overcome the weaknesses of the Boltzmann (concept) entropy. This enables also corresponding Garding-type inequalities (e.g. the Korn inequalities) and related Hilbert space approximation theory with appropriate norms, including norms with "exponential decay".
(LiP1): "The Boltzmann and Landau equations provide a mathematical model for the statistical evolution of a large number of particles interacting through "collisions". The unknown function f corresponds at each time t to the density of particles at the point x with velocity v. If the collision operator were zero, the equations would mean that the particles do not interact and f would be constant along particle path. If collisions occur, in which case the rate of changes of f has to be specified such a description was introduced by Maxwell and Boltzmann and involves an integral operator. This model is derived under the assumption of stochastic independence of pairs of particles at (x,t) with different velocities (molecular collision assumption)."
The Leray-Hopf operator plays a key role in existence and uniqueness proofs of weak solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations, obtaining weak and strong energy inequalities. Both operators, the "Landau" collision operator and the "Leray-Hopf (or Helmholtz-Weyl) operator are not classical pseudo-differential operators, but Fourier multipliers with same continuity properties as those of the Riesz operators (LiP1). As a consequence, in a weak H(-1/2) Hilbert space frame, the "Landau" collision operator can be interpreted as a compactly disturbed Leray-Hopf operator. This links back to other sections of the homepage. For a related integral representation of the NSE solution we refer to
For the related Oseen operators Fourier multiplier we refer to
This concept corresponds also to the proposed distributional H(1/2)- energy Hilbert space with an alternative Schrödinger (Calderón) momentum operator and related domain, enabling a model for Schrödinger's heat bath concept (see section YME). In (JaE), p. 628, Schrödinger's heat bath concept is applied to build two systems I and II, the system I under investigation and the system II representing the heat bath. This Schrödinger (Calderón) momentum operator P corresponds to the Calderón-Zygmund integrodifferential operator in (EsG), example 3.5. The related hypersingular integral equation theory, including the Prandtl operator, is provided in (LiI):
the inner product ((u,v)) of the alternatively proposed energy Hilbert space H(1/2) is equivalent to the induced energy norm (Pu,v) of the alternatively proposed Schrödinger operator P with respect to the inner product (u,v) of the L(2)=H(0) (measurement) Hilbert space. For alternative (Fourier multiplier) representations of the operator P, e.g. linking to the Riesz operators, we refer to (EsG), examples 3.3, 3.4, (StE). For the Fourier transform analysis of the log-function, the theory of "hyper-/sub-ellipticity" for properly supported pseudodofferential operators and related Garding inequality techniques we refer to (PeB).
Regarding the log(f) term of the Boltzmann entropy definition we note
1. that the explicit formula for the Hilbert transform of k:=log(h) given in (MaJ), where k denotes the absolute value of the function f and f is a function in the Cartwright class
2. the H(-1/2) inner product identity (((f,g))) = (((u,v)))) = (((w,z))), where u resp. v denote the Fourier transform of f and g, resp. where w and z denote the Hilbert transforms of f and g.
We also note, that if it is assumed that k is Lipschitz, then its corresponding Hilbert transform is at least continuous (MaJ).
Regarding the alternatively proposed energy Hilbert space H(1/2) with its related H(-1/2) quantum state Hilbert space we note, that this concept also supports Schrödinger's concept of a "Bose quantum oscillator with half-odd integer quantum numbers, starting with -1/2", as discussed and supported, but finally not adopted ("as (infinite) zero-point energy seems to change by infinite amounts!") in (ScE), THE n-PARTICLE PROBLEM:
"According to modern view, a gas must not be regarded as consisting of n identical systems in loose-energy contact, since the energy levels of the gas are not the sums of the energy levels of its n constituents in all combinations. They are numerically equal to them, certainly. But any two gas levels which differ only by an exchange of roles between two (or more) of the n identical atoms or molecules, have to be regarded as one and the same level of the gas. Briefly reflection will show that this produces an entirely different sum-over-states for the gas as a whole.
The sum-over-state Z formula expression embraces several different physical cases: the theory of black-body radiation, the theory of ordinary Bose-Einstein gases, and thereby the theory of the so-called chemical constant; the theory of a Fermi-Dirac gas, of which the most important application is to the electrons of metals.
There are two distributions to be considered:
1. The distribution of single-particle states "on the momentum line" (p)
2. The distribution of single-particle states "on the energy line" (a)
In order to calculate the first distribution the number of states (of a single particle) pertaining to a "physically infinitesimal " element of the phase-space in integrated with respect to the first three variables over the volume V and also over the "4 directions" of the momentum, where p is the absolute value of this momentum. If the particles are endowed with spin, this number has still to be multiplied by a small integer 2 or 3, according to the different orientations of the spin that are possible (2 for spin ½ and also for spin 1, when the rest-mass vanishes (photon); 3 for spin 1, when the rest-mass does not vanishes (meson)). What is needed for evaluating the sum-over-state Z, is the distribution of single-particle states "on the energy line". The general relation between a and p for a free particle would embrace all cases. But the square root makes it inconvenient. It can be avoided, since in point of fact only the two limiting cases actually arise, either m=0 (photons), or p small compared to m*c for all occupied levels. (This holds for all particles other than photons at the temperatures that actually have to be considered.) There are two equivalent ways of looking at the general relation equation between a and p, either as counting the number of quantum states of a particle, or as counting the number of wave-mechanical proper vibrations of the enclosure. The second attitude makes us think of the "n(s) particles present in state a(s)" as of a proper vibration (or a "hohlraum" oscillator to use a customary expression) in its n(s)th quantum state. This attitude really corresponds to so-called second quantization or field quantization.
The wave point of view in both cases, or least in all Bose cases, raises another interesting question. Since in the Bose case we seem to be faced, mathematically, with simple oscillator of the Planck type, of which the n(s) is the quantum number, we may ask whether we ought not to adopt for n(s) half-odd integers ( ½, 3/2, 5/2, …(n+1)/2, …) rather than integers. One must, I think, call that an open dilemma. From the point of analogy one would very much prefer to do so. For, the "zero-point energy" of a Planck oscillator is not only borne out by direct observation in the case of crystal lattices, it is also so intimately linked up with the Heisenberg uncertainty relation that one hates to dispense with it. On the other hand, if we adopt it straightaway, we get into serious trouble, especially on contemplating changes of the volume (e.g. adiabatic compression of a given volume of black-body radiation), because in this process the (infinite) zero-point energy seems to change by infinite amounts! So we do not adopt it, and we continue to take for the n(s) the integers, beginning with 0."
The Landau damping for the non-linear Vlassov equation
The physics of gases is about increasing entropy, information loss (e.g. regarding the initial state) and stable macroscopic parameters in case of maximum entropy with "maximum" chaos. In the physics of plasma the entropy is constant, information is conserved and the initial state data is always known, caused by the so-called Landau damping.
weakness: the regularity assumptions of the famous Villani proof of exponential Laudau damping for the non-linear Vlassov equation.
overcoming: apply the alternative distributional (energy) Hilbert space H(1/2), which is in line with the non-stationary, non-linear NSE problem and the YME problem solutions of this homepage. This is about two complementary subspaces building H(1/2


The Main Objective In Facility Management And Main Reason For Facility Service
facilities management bristol
facilities management bristol
Facilitators assist businesses in achieving their objectives by assisting the stakeholders involved in achieving the objectives in reaching essential agreements. While the context of facilitation may change, the aim stays the same: to assist parties in reaching agreements that enable them to achieve their objectives. Many facilitators need more than just technical practice to complete this task; they also need facilitator training from a strategic expertise training company. The facilities management bristol will guide the people to manage their business and helps to develop the business further.
Be an active listener:
facilities management bristol
It is difficult to lead a group conversation if you do not listen to the members. Although the goal is to assist a community in reaching its own decision, facilitators must lead the discussion in the right direction a role that necessitates careful listening. Trainees cannot seize opportunities to help the
organization gain insight into its issues unless they actively listen, and they cannot seize opportunities to discuss beneficial or unprofitable facets of the group's outlook unless they actively listen.
 Be an Effective Leader:
A facilitator, unlike an executive, does not lead by order or example, but participants must consider him or her as a representative. Otherwise, the person's capacity to lead the meeting and mediate interactions among participants can be jeopardized. Receiving consulting skills instruction as part of facilitator training will assist facilitators in leading in the right direction.
Manage Group Conflict:
Facilitators are often called upon when group contact breaks down after days or weeks of trying to find an agreement. As a result, they are often tasked with resolving the tension between members who have competing views and have created opposing alliances within the party. The ultimate aim is not to manage the tension, but to assist members in working through it and coming together as a team.
Create Effective Agendas:
The meeting's orderliness and efficiency are partially determined by the policy it serves. A successful agenda can help reduce group tension by keeping members centred on profitable issues and encouraging the facilitator to lead the meeting toward a reasonable outcome, in addition to assisting participants in concluding in an organized manner.
Managing Time:
The facilitator must help members work around the agenda's points in a timely way, no matter how well-tailored the agenda is. If the dialogue remains on a certain subject for too long, or if those people dominate the discussion, reaching a consensus within the planned timeline can be difficult.
Managing Administration:
Since various groups have different dynamics, a facilitator must consider the complexities of a certain community to facilitate the appropriate type of discussion. Some classes, for example, will have specific people, such as senior representatives or administrators, who do most of the talking. In this case, motivating all to contribute fairly will hurt rather than help group dynamics.
Two Main Reason To Use Facility Management:
Facilities administration also includes the accurate and productive management of communications between a company's different subsidiaries. This covers faxes and emails passed from one agency to the next. Mailroom management can be performed either on-site or remotely. In reality, many companies tend to handle their mailrooms from a remote location because it improves security. If conditions necessitate it, mailroom administration should also provide a scanning mechanism to further strengthen internal security.
Facilities maintenance firms are typically considered to be highly dependable and security-aware, which can be extremely beneficial to companies who need extra storage space for storing corporate documents and other classified information. The medical profession, in particular, is known to use facilities management firms to stop recruiting professional IT staff, although those companies may support a wide variety of other industries as well.


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Viper is transforming research at the University of Hull, listed below are examples of how researchers are using Viper to improve their research.
A list of outputs from work carried out on Viper can be found on Research Outputs including publications and conference presentations. Also included is the standard acknowledgement statement we request you include in your research outputs.
If your work is missing from this list, please contact _EMAIL_ with the details.
Modelling Molecules In Future Oceans Using Viper – Christina Roggatz, in Dr Benoit's Computational Chemistry Group, ran more than 500 jobs, utilising over 17,000 CPU hours between August 2016 and June 2017.
The Largest Cosmic Structures Simulated on Viper – Between Viper going live on June 28th 2016 and November 28th 2016, Dr Elke Roediger and her research group ran nearly 900 jobs on Viper, using over 715,000 CPU hours.
PhD Case Studies – A number of case studies from PhD students across the University
Galactic Archaeology – our team within the E.A. Milne Centre for Astrophysics has pioneered the use of computational fluid dynamics married to chemical element evolution as a means to isolate and study the complex physics underpinning the formation of galaxies such as our Milky Way. Mining the fossil record of billions of stars throughout our Galaxy is one of the most audacious experiments in science today, involving an array of space and ground-based telescopes and instruments.
Viper lies at the heart of the Milne Center's efforts, with a 15+ year history of pushing the field in new directions. The deployment of Viper at the University of Hull heralds an exciting phase in our efforts, affording us facility access second-to-none in the world, and a resource which allows us to tackle the Grand Challenge problems which would otherwise been outside of our grasp."
More information can be found at the E.A.Milne Centre webpages.
Our use of the HPC is predominantly focussed on high resolution finite element modelling of structural problems, especially of bone and similar structures.
The long term goal of the work is to develop a fully integrated multi-scale model of bone. As part of that work we are developing our own voxel-based finite element software VOX-FE, for the analysis of very large-scale, high-resolution models of bone structures. Voxel based modelling allows us to go directly from microCT scan data to finite element models with minimal loss of data and geometry simplifications thereby capturing all the complex internal and external features. It also allows inclusion of local variation in material properties based on each voxel's grey scale value. It is these microscopic-level geometry and material property variations that explain much of the complex macroscopic behaviour of bone.
Commercial finite element software is typically limited to models of less than 10 million elements, using VOX-FE we have now solved models with over 200 million elements. Our target is over a billion elements. Adaptive remodelling is also under development, requiring repeated model solution, where the model adapts to the loads it experiences in the same way that bone is continually adapting in the body.
The number of potential applications and opportunities for VOX-FE is enormous, but so are the computer resources required, especially for the most complex, adaptive models. Viper provides those opportunities and offers the prospects of some very exciting science. For example, applications include predictive biology and virtual experimentation, and in silico design and testing of new dental and orthopaedic implants.
Our research in computational chemistry focuses on three main areas: molecule–surface interactions, pH effects on biological molecules, and new materials for gas adsorption. All three topics help to answer questions relating to surface adhesion, impact of ocean acidifications on marine life and carbon-capture, for example.
We develop hybrid approaches to potential energy landscape exploration and vibrational structure determination which are tailored to use both grid computing and high-performance computing (HPC). Our work on biological molecules concentrates on conformations, solvent effects, and accurate computation of nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. We also investigate molecular capture mechanisms in new materials using advanced reaction path sampling and high-end 3-D visualisation techniques.
The new HPC facility, Viper, will enable us to improve the accuracy of our models and explore larger systems while simultaneously reaching longer simulation timescales. Viper is built using the most up-to-date hardware from Intel, which will give us the opportunity to devise and test novel computational techniques that can harness the power of emerging technologies (accelerator-based HPC, for example). The capabilities of Viper will position us at the forefront of computational chemistry and help shape the future of our field of research.
Our research involves the use of GPUs, hybrids, and extreme memory configurations. Our HPC research involves running Monte Carlo tasks with 100 independent jobs, something the HPC is ideal for. Also, our research work occasionally takes us into exotic new languages, quantum computer simulations, concurrency management systems, and some low level experimentation with Intel's latest register/SIMD capabilities.
Our research looks with the HPC looks at large scale CFD simulations for Large Eddy Simulation of turbulent flows – applications: Combustion instability in gas turbine combustors Fires in buildings Marine vertical axis turbines Scour and erosion around offshore wind turbines.
Another engineering area are looking at the design and modelling of novel materials, process modelling and optimisation. The HPC's involvement would look at phase field modelling and phase field crystal modelling.
EvoHull, the Evolutionary and Environmental Genomics group, has an active research programme addressing fundamental biological questions using high throughput genomic data. They are transitioning their bioinformatics analyses to use the new HPC facilities and this will bring very substantial increase in speed and the range of activities that are possible. Genome assembly is the processing of the DNA 'jigsaw pieces' to create a complete picture of the organism's genome. This is a very computationally demanding task and the university Viper HPC has included high-memory nodes for these tasks.
Root knot nematodes are one of the world's most important crop pests, causing a 5% annual loss in world agriculture. Funded by the Natural Environment Research Council Dr Dave Lunt has established a research programme to sequence the genomes these species, providing knowledge and resources to the agricultural community. This massive genomic data set has initially been analysed using the computational resources of collaborators at Edinburgh University, but now with the investment in Viper at Hull will provide new possibilities for future research. Dr Amir Szitenberg, part of this international project, has already assembled a Root Knot Nematode genome on Viper and developed a range of novel genome analysis techniques to exploit the power of our HPC.
The EvoHull group has developed unique biomonitoring techniques using eDNA. A key component of these revolutionary survey techniques is the rapid DNA sequence analysis made possible by Viper. The EvoHull bioinformatician Dr Christoph Hahn has written eDNA analysis software specifically to incorporate HPC analysis on Viper. Current projects are funded by Forest Research, The Environment Agency, Scottish Environmental Protection Agency, Natural Resources Wales.
Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences
We use HPC for ensemble hydrological and hydro-geomorphological models, climate modelling, climate-model downscaling and satellite image data processing, working with timescales ranging from weeks to millennia. We are also developing a new programming language for implementing this type of model on HPC (_URL_
Languages, Linguistics & Cultures Logistics
Research in computational linguistics often relies on training a stochastic model from a dataset of examples in human natural language. The idea is to learn a mapping from a sequence of semantic symbols that represent meaning to a sequence of words that express this meaning in natural language. Such models can then be used to both understand and produce language, e.g. human-computer interaction. A common problem with state-of-the-art methods is that the features used during training are often symbolic, i.e. specific words or syntactic constructions, which heavily restricts the generalisability of a model from one domain to another.
Recent investigations into deep learning have shown that particularly recursive neural networks, when trained from large enough datasets, lead to remarkable results in tasks such as computer vision, signal processing or machine translation. The reason is that these algorithms learn abstract feature representations that capture general patterns in the data rather than specific combinations of symbols. There is a lot of promise for the use of deep learning in computational linguistics as well, as evidenced by an increased interest from leading academic institutions and global companies, such as Google, Apple or Facebook.
A challenge to the wider uptake of these methods in academia is currently the computational resource involved in training a deep learner, which involves both non-linear computations and large volumes of training data, which can lead to weeks of training time for a single model. Using the university's HPC Viper, we hope to learn better stochastic models of natural language by exploiting abstract commonalities from large and general-purpose natural language datasets.
Physics and Mathematics
Our research in semiconductor devices employs a sophisticated in-house developed Ensemble Monte-Carlo simulation to monitor the motion and interactions of millions of electrons. We focus predominantly on Gallium-Nitride devices – this material is currently revolutionizing the solid state lighting market and could do the same for the electronics market. A number of challenges remain, notably around heating and premature device breakdown.
The new HPC facility, Viper will enable us to include additional physics to finesse our simulation tool allowing us to provide results which are of greater relevance to experimentalists and engineers. Until now we have been constrained in our science by the limitations of the hardware.

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Use the power of football to engage your primary pupils. Free English, Maths, PE and PSHE resources for 7-11s.
Give the next generation the skills and confidence to ride their bikes on today's roads
The free resource about healthy lifestyles
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Free road safety resources for pupils aged 3 to 11, their teachers and parents


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North of Sixty° will create a unique
tapestry of Arctic stories that is needed to help educate the world about the changing climate.
The story is a powerful tool. It can build bridges between people from vastly different cultures, between scientists and the public, between classrooms and policymakers.
The mission of North of Sixty° is to create a global tapestry of climate stories, weaving together the history and culture of Arctic communities worldwide and preserving the voices and ecological knowledge of generations. We will collaborate with classrooms in regions north of 60 degrees latitude, scaffolding students in the collection and dissemination of these stories and providing an online environment for them to share their stories with the world.
In capturing and sharing stories from their community, students will contribute not only to a tapestry of world knowledge about the Arctic and their individual communities, but also enhance the scientific knowledge about climate change by sharing the human, or social sciences, impact beyond the scientific data and known impacts to the natural world.
- Create a global tapestry of Arctic climate stories
- Educate the world about the Arctic and about climate change through personal lenses
- Preserve the stories of elders, knowledge keepers, and others
- Encourage collaboration and community building among students
- Provide students with an online venue to share and document living history
- Support and strengthen students' 21st century skills as they learn new technologies
North of Sixty° has invited a small group of schools representing a cross-section of Arctic regions and cultures to participate in this project. These schools, located in Finland, Norway, Russia, Canada, and the United States, have a unique opportunity to:
- Participate in experiential, culturally relevant, inquiry-based learning
- Contribute to world knowledge about the Arctic and climate change
- Document and preserve local, living history
- Employ 21st century skills and learn new technologies
- Share their community with the world
If your school is interested in participating in the North of Sixty° project, please contact us at _EMAIL_.
The North of Sixty° project team includes members of the Learning Technologies Media Lab (LTML), plus the many individuals at the schools and in the communities worldwide who are contributing to our tapestry of Arctic climate stories. In addition to leading the core project team at LTML, Aaron will also lead a North of Sixty° expedition team in April 2013 on a pulking journey between two remote Inuit communities in Arctic Canada. With a passion for the Arctic, the environment, and education, Aaron has a long history of traveling within and working with communities in the circumpolar Arctic. He has completed education-related dogsledding and pulking expeditions throughout the region at least annually since 2004, tied to issues such as climate change, sustainability, and Arctic culture.
Aaron Doering, PhDExpedition Leader; Project Investigator; Associate Professor, Learning Technologies; Co-Director, LT Media Lab
Aaron is an associate professor in the Learning Technologies program at the University of Minnesota. He holds the Bonnie Westby Huebner Endowed Chair in Education and Technology and is a co-director of the Learning Technologies Media Lab. He is also a laureate of the prestigious humanitarian Tech Awards, and a fellow for the University of Minnesota Institute on the Environment. Since his childhood growing up on a farm in southern Minnesota, he's always had a passion for the environment and for education. He believes our personal actions have a huge impact on our environment and that we need to be cognizant of how we're all interconnected. Aaron's academic writing focuses on how adventure learning impacts the classroom experience; designing and developing online learning environments; and K-12 technology integration. He's published over 60 journal articles, book chapters, and conference proceedings, and is co-author of the bestselling textbook Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching, and co-editor of the forthcoming The New Landscape of Mobile Learning: Redesigning Education in an App-based World.
Charles Miller, PhDAssistant Professor, Learning Technologies; Co-Director, LT Media Lab
Charlie is an associate professor at the University of Minnesota in the Learning Technologies program and a co-director of the Learning Technologies Media Lab. His research explores opportunities to transform the instructional experience through design, bridging the gap between aesthetic learning experiences and contemporary interaction design. With more than 14 years of new media design, development, and research experience, Charlie has received design awards from organizations such as USA Today, The Washington Post, American Scientist, Netscape, IBM, Adobe, the International Association of Science and Technology for Education, and Yahoo! for his work on projects ranging from environmental expeditions and political campaigns to photographers and educational initiatives. Design-wise, Charlie's future efforts are focused on the advancement of information visualization in online learning and the exploration of mobile design using the iPad with special education audiences. He is co-editor of the forthcoming The New Landscape of Mobile Learning: Redesigning Education in an App-based World.


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1877 - Charles Glover Barkla was born on 7th of June at Widnes, Lancashire, England.
1884 - He was educated at the Liverpool Institute.
1898 - Barkla graduated with First Class Honours in Physics.
1899 - Charles Glover Barkla obtained his master's degree.
- The Royal Commissioners awarded him a research scholarship.
1900 - Barkla migrated to King's College.
1902 - Charles Glover Barkla returned to Liverpool as Oliver Lodge Fellow.
1902 - He discovered the homogeneous radiations characteristic of the elements a characteristic line spectra in
_PHONE_ - Charles Glover Barkla was successively demonstrator, assistant lecturer in physics and special lecturer in advanced electricity at the University.
1907 - Charles Glover Barkla married Mary Esther.
1909 - Barkla succeeded H. A. Wilson as Wheatstone Professor of Physics in the University of London.
1913 - Charles Glover Barkla accepted the Chair in Natural Philosophy in the University of Edinburgh.
1916 - He was appointed Bakerian Lecturer (Royal Society).
1917 - Barkla was awarded the Hughes Medal in the following year.
- He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics
1944 - Charles Glover Barkla died at his home, Braidwood, Edinburgh, on 23rd of October.
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text:
Items you will need
A Quiet Location
Do not yet or make any sudden movements, as this will only frighten the squirrels away. Also, do not attempt to catch a squirrel, or you will train them to recognize you as a danger, and achieve the opposite result.
The thought of talking to squirrels may seem like a foreign concept. To many people, the very mention of talking to squirrels conjures up images of some crazy old loon, walking through the park bickering at animals. In reality, talking to squirrels is not strange or bizarre at all. Squirrels are social animals by nature, and although they are instinctively timid, they are also curious about humans. Once they learn that you are not a threat, talking to squirrels becomes very easy and natural. Keep reading to learn more about how to talk to squirrels.
Find a quiet location where there are plenty of squirrels in the vicinity. A city park may work for those who live in urban areas, but a more secluded location should be used if one is available. Ideally, you will want to find a wooded location that is free of other people, automobiles or anything that generates a loud noise. You want to be in a spot that contains nothing but you, trees and squirrels. Once you have found a suitable location, you are ready to begin teaching the squirrels that you are not a threat.
Return to the same location often. You should go at least 2-3 times a week, but the more often you go, the faster the transition will be. You do not need to do anything but to sit quietly, allowing the animals to get use to your presence, and to even recognize who you are. This is a good time to read a book, meditate, listen to your ipod, or whatever else you may choose to do when you need some quiet time to yourself. The squirrels will quickly come to recognize who you are so that they do not feel so disturbed by your presence.
Observe the behavior of the squirrels. When you are spending time sitting quietly among the squirrels, take time to observe their behavior. Pay particular attention to how the squirrels communicate with each other. Squirrels usually have three basic forms of communications: tail waving, chirping and barking. Tail waving is usually done to communicate with squirrels across a distance, like waving a flag, and is normally done as a warning to be on guard. Barking is typically only done when hostility is required, such as when an animal is too close to the babies. Chirping seems to be the more playful form of squirrel communication. Learn to recognize these sounds, and practice them whenever you can.
Feed the squirrels. After about a week, depending on how often you visit, the squirrels should begin to recognize your presence and will not be as fearful of you. At the point, start bringing nuts with you. Peanuts are a favorite of squirrels. When you first arrive, pour some nuts at the base of a tree some distance from you, then sit quietly away and watch to see if the squirrels take the bait. Continue leaving nuts at the tree each time you visit, but once a week, move your sitting position to be a little closer to the tree with the nuts. Eventually the squirrels will be so use to you that they will come eat even with you sitting near by, and may even approach you out of curiosity.
Begin talking to the squirrels. Once the squirrels are comfortable enough to eat in your presence, begin talking to them. Use a combination of words and chirps. If you can do a good job of imitating squirrel chirps, then you will certainly get their attention. Otherwise, talking in a calm, passive voice also works well. While they may not understand the specific words you are saying, they can understand the tone of your voice, so as long as you are passive with them, the squirrels will respond to what you say. The squirrels may move away from you at first. If this happens, just sit still and wait for them to return so that you may try again. Squirrels are naturally curious animals, and if they hear you making sounds similar to theirs, you can expect to see them approach you to investigate. With time, patience and repeated sessions, they will eventually walk right up to you, and even become excited to see you when you approach.
- Odalaigh, Flickr.com Creative Commons License


ASVAB online course
Careers in the Military – What You Need to Know
If you are a young person considering a career in your life, you have several options. One option that you should carefully consider is a career in the military. There are a number of great options in the military arena.
However, you want to make sure that you choose an area that matches your skills, values, and interests. If you looking for the opportunity to join the military area, then you can prepare for the military aptitude test via
As you ponder the various opportunities the military has to offer you, consider what the military is doing, the environment in which they work, what training is required for inclusion, what opportunities are offered, and what salary I can expect to receive.
When it comes to military training, you need to have a high school diploma first to enter the military. As you continue to pursue a military career, the type of training you will need will depend on the field you intend to enter.
Usually, when you first join the army, you have to complete basic training. Some military positions require specialized classes while others require you to attend college. Once you understand which areas you are interested in, you can better understand the specific training you need for a particular job.


5e SRD >Classes >Ranger >Ranger Archetypes >
Youkai Drifter
Youkai drifters are sensitive to the happenings of the spirit world, as well as the mysterious youkai who flit between it and the mortal realm. Compared to other rangers, youkai drifters come about their trade not by choice, but by happenstance or inheritance. The gift of spiritual sensitivity is fleetingly rare, after all, and most youkai drifters are inspired to take up their trade after a childhood of fleeing from terrible spirits that only they ever seemed to be able to see. Such rangers are usually found in places where the divide between the world of spirits and the world of mortals is dangerously thin, but they travel anywhere that the fates of mortals and youkai are intertwined.
Ranger Level Feature
3rd Ritual Casting, Spirit Sense
7th Rites of Banishment
11th Rites of the Shikigami
15th Rites of the Sealed Name
Ritual Casting
Starting at 3rd level, you gain the ability to cast purify food and drink and speak with animals, but only as rituals. You gain the ability to cast additional spells as rituals at the levels specified on the following table. If a spell doesn't appear on the ranger spell list, the spell is nonetheless a ranger spell for you.
Ranger Level Spells
3rd purify food and drink, speak with animals
7th beast sense, locate animals or plants
15th speak with plants, water breathing
18th banishment, locate creature
20th seeming, scrying
Spirit Sense
Starting at 3rd level, you become sensitive to the presence and goings-on of youkai. You have a special sense that allows you to perceive youkai that are normally imperceptible, as well as objects and structures related to them. Most aberrations, beasts with magical abilities, celestials, dragons, elementals, fey, fiends, giants, and monstrosities are considered youkai, as well as most non-humanoid creatures with the shapechanger tag. This sense doesn't foil magic that renders such creatures invisible, such as invisibility, but it does negate invisibility gained from special traits, such as that of an invisible stalker. You also gain proficiency in the Insight and Perception skills. If you are already proficient in these skills, you add double your proficiency bonus to checks you make with them when used against a youkai.
The GM decides which creatures qualify as youkai for the purpose of this feature, with oni and rakshasa being the most common examples.
Rites of Banishment
Starting at 7th level, you learn secrets that allow you to banish or seal away youkai. You gain the ability to cast banishment and imprisonment, but only as rituals. You can only target youkai, as defined by the spirit sense feature, whose challenge rating or level is equal to or less than your level with these spells. Since the GM has the final say over what creatures qualify as youkai, they also have the final say over what creatures you can banish or imprison with these spells.
When you cast banishment or imprisonment as a ritual, you can choose to target a 10-foot-radius area instead of a creature. If you do, the first youkai to enter that area within the next 10 minutes becomes the target of the spell.
Rites of the Shikigami
At 11th level, you can conduit a ritual that binds a youkai to your service. Choose a youkai that is no larger than Medium and that has a challenge rating of 1/4 or lower. That creature becomes a shikigami companion that accompanies you on your adventures. Add your proficiency bonus to the shikigami's AC, attack rolls, and damage rolls, as well as to any saving throws and skills it is proficient in. Its hit point maximum equals the hit point number in its stat block or four times your ranger level, whichever is higher. Like any creature, it can spend Hit Dice during a short rest oo regain hit points.
The shikigami obeys your commands as best as it can. It takes its turn on your initiative, though it doesn't take an action unless you command it to. On your turn, you can verbally command the shikigami where to move (no action required by you). You can use your action to verbally command it to take the Attack, Dash, Disengage, Dodge, or Help action. Once you have the Extra Action feature, you can make one weapon attack yourself when you command the shikigami to take the Attack action. If you are incapacitated or absent, the shikigami acts on its own, focused on protecting you and itself. The shikigami never requires your command to use its reaction, such as when making an opportunity attack.
While traveling through your favored terrain with only the shikigami, you can move stealthily at a normal pace.
If the shikigami dies, you can obtain a new shikigami by spending 8 hours magically bonding with a willing youkai that isn't hostile to you and that meets the requirements.
Rites of the Sealed Name
At 15th level, you are able to perform a ritual that grants you possession over a youkai's name, binding them to your service.
You gain the ability to cast planar binding as a 9th-level, but only as a ritual. You can bind any youkai with this ritual rather than being restricted to celestials, elementals, fey, and fiends only.
Section 15: Copyright Notice
5e Files: Kitsune © 2020, Everybody Games; Authors: Alexander Augunas.


which we further iterate upon to get all the MongoDB documents within the collection containing the data.
 - We model the data returned from MongoDB into Dialogflow's Rich response message object structure which displays each of the meal items to the end-user as a card with an image, title, and a description.
 - Finally, we send back the entire data to the agent after the iteration in a JSON body and end the function's execution with a 200 status code.
Note: The Dialogflow agent would wait for a response after a request has been sent within a frame of 5 seconds. This waiting period is when the loading indicator is shown on the console and after it elapses without getting a response from the webhook, the agent would default to using one of the responses added in the intent page and return a DEADLINE EXCEEDED error. This limitation is worth taking note of when designing the operations to be executed from a webhook. The API error retries section within the Dialogflow best practices contains steps on how to implement a retry system.
Now, the last thing needed is a.env file created in the project directory with the following fields to store the environment variables used in the index.js.
At this point, we can start the function locally by running yarn start from the command line in the project's directory. For now, we still cannot make use of the running function as Dialogflow only supports secure connections with an SSL certificate, and where Ngrok comes into the picture.
Using Ngrok, we can create a tunnel to expose the localhost port running the cloud function to the internet with an SSL certificate attached to the secured connection using the command below from a new terminal;
ngrok http -bind-tls=true 8000
This would start the tunnel and generate a forwarding URL which would be used as an endpoint to the function running on a local machine.
Note: The extra -bind-tls=true argument is what instructs Ngrok to create a secured tunnel rather than the unsecured connection which it creates by default.
Now, we can copy the URL string opposite the forwarding text in the terminal and paste in the URL input field which is found in the Webhook section, and then save it.
To test all that has been done so far, we would make a sentence to the Dialogflow agent requesting the list of meals available using the Input field at the top right section in the Dialogflow console and watch how it waits for and uses a response sent from the running function.
Starting from the center placed terminal in the image above, we can the series of POST requests made to the function running locally and on the right-hand side the data response from the function formatted into cards.
If for any reason a webhook request becomes unsuccessful, Dialogflow would resolve the error by using one of the listed responses. However, we can find out why the request failed by using the Diagnostic Info tool updated in each conversation. Within it are the Raw API response, Fulfillment request, Fulfillment response, and Fulfillment status tabs containing JSON formatted data. Selecting the Fulfillment response tab we can see the response from the webhook which is the cloud function running on our local machine.
At this point, we expect a user to continue the conversation with an order of one of the listed meals. We create the last intent for this demo next to handle meal orders.
Creating Request-meal Intent:
Following the same steps used while creating the first intent, we create a new intent using the console and name it request-meal and add an input context of awaiting_order_request to connect this intent from either the Default Welcome intent or the list-available meals intent.
Within the training phrase section, we make use of the following phrases,
Hi there, I'm famished, can I get some food? Yo, I want to place an order for some food. I need to get some food now. Dude, I would like to purchase $40 worth of food. Hey, can I get 2 plates of food?
Reading through the phrases above, we can observe they all indicate one thing — the user wants food. In all of the phrases listed above, the name or type of food is not specified but rather they are all specified as food. This is because we want the food to be dynamic value, if we were to list all the food names we certainly would need to have a very large list of training phrases. This also applies to the amount and price of the food being ordered, they would be annotated and the agent would be able to recognize them as a placeholder for the actual values within an input.
To make a value within a phrase dynamic, dialogflow provides entities. Entities represent common types of data, and in this intent, we use entities to match several food types, various price amounts, and quantity from an end user's sentence to request.
From the training phrases above, dialogflow would recognize $40 as '_USER_.unit-currencywhich is under the amounts-with-units category of the [system entities list]( and **2** as@numberunder the number category of the [system entities list]( However,food' is not a not a recognized system entity. In a case such as this, dialogflow gives developers the option to create a custom entity to be used.
Managing Entities
Double-clicking on food would pop up the entities dropdown menu, at the bottom of the items in the dropdown we would find the Create new entity button, and clicking it would navigate to the Entities tab on the dialogflow console, where we can manage all entities for the agent.
When at the entities tab, we name this new entity as food then at the options dropdown located at the top navigation bar beside the Save button we have the option to switch the entities input to a raw edit mode. Doing this would enable us to add several entity values in either a json or csv format rather than having to add the entities value one after the other.
After the edit mode has been changed, we would copy the sample JSON data below into the editor box.
// foods.json [ { "value": "Fries", "synonyms": [ "Fries", "Fried", "Fried food" ] }, { "value": "Shredded Beef", "synonyms": [ "Shredded Beef", "Beef", "Shredded Meat" ] }, { "value": "Shredded Chicken", "synonyms": [ "Shredded Chicken", "Chicken", "Pieced Chicken" ] }, { "value": "Sweet Sour Sauce", "synonyms": [ "Sweet Sour Sauce", "Sweet Sour", "Sauce" ] }, { "value": "Spring Onion", "synonyms": [ "Spring Onion", "Onion", "Spring" ] }, { "value": "Toast", "synonyms": [ "Toast", "Toast Bread", "Toast Meal" ] }, { "value": "Sandwich", "synonyms": [ "Sandwich", "Sandwich Bread", "Sandwich Meal" ] }, { "value": "Eggs Sausage Wrap", "synonyms": [ "Eggs Sausage Wrap", "Eggs Sausage", "Sausage Wrap", "Eggs" ] }, { "value": "Pancakes", "synonyms": [ "Pancakes", "Eggs Pancakes", "Sausage Pancakes" ] }, { "value": "Cashew Nuts", "synonyms": [ "Cashew Nuts", "Nuts", "Sausage Cashew" ] }, { "value": "Sweet Veggies", "synonyms": [ "Sweet Veggies", "Veggies", "Sweet Vegetables" ] }, { "value": "Chicken Salad", "synonyms": [ "Chicken Salad", "Salad", "Sweet Chicken Salad" ] }, { "value": "Crunchy Chicken", "synonyms": [ "Crunchy Chicken", "Chicken", "Crunchy Chickens" ] }, { "value": "Apple Red Kidney Beans", "synonyms": [ "Apple Red Kidney Beans", "Sweet Apple Red Kidney Beans", "Apple Beans Combination" ] },
From the JSON formatted data above, we have 15 meal examples. Each object in the array has a "value" key which is the name of the meal and a "synonyms" key containing an array of names very similar to the object's value.
After pasting the json data above, we also check the Fuzzy Matching checkbox as it enables the agent to recognize the annotated value in the intent even when incompletely or slightly misspelled from the end user's text.
After saving the entity values above, the agent would immediately be re-trained using the new values added here and once the training is completed, we can test by typing a text in the input field at the right section.
Responses within this intent would be gotten from our previously created function using the intent's fulfillment webhook, however, we add the following response to serve as a fallback to be used whenever the webhook is not executed successfully.
I currently can't find your requested meal. Would you like to place an order for another meal?
We would also modify the code of the existing cloud function to fetch a single requested as it now handles requests from two intents.
require("dotenv").config(); exports.foodFunction = async (req, res) => { const { MongoClient } = require("mongodb"); const CONNECTION_URI = process.env.MONGODB_URI; const client = new MongoClient(CONNECTION_URI, { useNewUrlParser: true, }); // initate a connection to the deployed mongodb cluster client.connect((err) => { if (err) { res.status(500).send({ status: "MONGODB CONNECTION REFUSED", error: err }); } const collection = client.db(process.env.DATABASE_NAME).collection


text: Since 1979 Gerrit J. Verburg Co. has imported licorice from all across Europe, including the U.K., Holland, and Finland. After establishing their forte in black licorice, they began importing novelty candies such as chocolate cigarettes and chocolate casino chips. They're also known for Winegums candies, which are multi-flavored and have different liquors written on the gummy surface. If you've ever tried salted licorice, chances are it came from Gerrit J. Verburg. Their Double Salt Licorice is known for its uniqueness among black licorices.


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How to use the Field Level Database Lookup
The General Document Processor (GDP) is a tool that allows users to process documents and extract information from them. This feature adds the ability to link a database to specific fields in GDP, so that the extracted data can be matched with values in the database.
How to set up the database connection
- When creating a new field in GDP, select the data type "Calculated".
- Enter the data set URI. This is the location of the database you want to link to GDP. This can be public URL or data:// linking to your super.AI storage.
- Define which fields to match against the data in the dataset. Select the fields in GDP that you want to compare with the values in the database.
- Define the number of candidates to present for human review. This is the number of matches that will be returned for interactive selection. If set to 0, matching will be disabled.
- Define the matching threshold. This is the percentage of fields that should match for automatic assignment. For example, a threshold of 0.8 means that 80% of the fields must match for the value to be automatically assigned.
- Define the Output Column Name. This is the name of the column in the output.
- Click "Setup" to link the database to GDP and begin matching values.
Once the fields are set up, GDP will look up values in the database and match them to the extracted data from your documents.
If the matching threshold is met, the corresponding value will be automatically assigned to the output field.
If there are multiple matches found, the number of candidates as defined, will be shown for human review, and users can select the correct one.
By setting up the matching threshold, you can control the level of confidence in automatic matching. Lowering threshold would increase the chance of getting matched but increase the chance of mismatches, while raising the threshold decrease the chance of mismatches but also reduce the chance of getting matched.
This feature is useful if you have a specific set of values that should be extracted from your documents, and you want to ensure that the extracted data matches one of those values. It allows to improve extraction quality and automate process to some extent.
Updated 5 months ago


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On September 19, the Cary Institute hosted a one-day conference on the impacts of tropical storms Irene and Lee on the Hudson River. Organized by the Hudson River Environmental Society, with leadership from Cary's Stuart Findlay, the forum examined how the river and estuary responded to the storms, which dropped an estimated 12-18 inches of rainfall throughout the Hudson Valley and Catskill regions. Topics included dredging, sediment transport, water quality, impacts to fish, and future management practices.
In late October, Gary Lovett will present his assessment of the health of the Catskill Forest at the second Catskill Environmental Research & Monitoring Conference (CERM). The forum brings together research on the region, to better understand the effects of extreme weather, air pollution, invasive species, biodiversity loss, and habitat fragmentation. The Catskills provide the majority of New York City's drinking water supply; CERM forums help coordinate research and identify research agendas to protect these resources.
In November, Cary Institute will hold a two-day conference examining the effects of climate change on plant, animal, and microbial species. The invitation-only event is being organized by Richard Ostfeld, Shannon LaDeau, and Amy Angert (University of British Columbia). With more than 50 invited experts, the conference's goal is to identify tools that will help lessen the negative effects of climate change on biodiversity, disease risk, extinction, and ecosystem function.


Sanitation Toilet
How Useful Portable Toilets Are In The Environment
Portable toilets is not just a way to meet legal necessities to a certain type of projects and gatherings or a convenience for your workers and guests because it's an environment-friendly investment as well. Let's talk about the ecological benefits of using a portable toilet. We'll share real-world examples of how this sanitation helps the world locally and globally.
Importance of Portable Toilets in the Society
Save Water
Portable toilets can help save water. They collect the excess with little or no water, they supply water or chemicals for humans to use for washing up. Even when water is used for this purpose, people tend to use less water in a portable toilet than they would if leaving the faucet on as they wash-down and dry their hands in a traditional toilet. You see significant water savings over traditional toilets often found in parks; older toilets may consume six gallons of water per flush, while portable toilets use less than one gallon.
Avoid Toxic Overflow
Algal blooms in streams and river deltas pull oxygen from the marine ecosystem before the algae sink to the ocean bottom. This produces dead zones just off the coastline in what are otherwise some of the richest fisheries in the world.
The algal blooms are partially triggered by the excess of artificial fertilizer, but the biological waste from factories is also a contributor. Abandoned human waste can add to that as well. In densely inhabited areas without good sanitation, human waste contaminates the bodies of water and waterways. They are not safe to enjoy for swimming while restricting their usage as sources of drinking water. You can avoid this problem by relying on the mobile toilet. When there aren't local sanitation amenities like bathrooms, or your projected volume of people exceeds that of local toilets.
If there is no danger of impacting the local watershed, you are still protecting the plants in the neighboring area from contaminated levels of urea and other chemicals in human waste. All the salts, for example, could kill grass and even trees.
Disease Control
When we often forget the fact that it was sewers and sanitation that nearly eradicated aquatic illness and the associated high child mortality rate. Human waste appeals insects who then spread it to the foods or trash in the surrounding area. It makes an environment in which many risky diseases can transmit. Mobile toilet amenities contain this literal biohazard and decrease the potential transmission of disease. Doing something as simple as renting a Portable Toilet Singapore can avoid the casual spread of possibly dangerous diseases.
By using the portable sanitation, intestinal parasites can also be controlled. In this case, containing them in the portable sanitation averts them from getting into the soil and poisoning an innocent person. It certainly avoids animals from getting into human waste looking for food and ending up getting sick themselves.
Mobile toilet systems save water while preventing terrible odors. They decrease disease hazards for both the people who use them and the society. They're a good investment in safeguarding the environment while better serving your family, friends and your community.


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One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained.
Before (or after) the committing of a crime.'an accessory before the fact'
event, happening, occurrence, incident, act, deedView synonyms
- 'David had been found out and his explanation is after the fact rationalization to put the best face forward on the matter.'
- 'Whenever an instrument tells a lie about some alleged past fact it purports to be made after the fact occurred.'
- 'The plaintiffs did not authorize many specific transactions but were aware of them after the fact.'
- 'The more open they are, the less likely they are to wind up indicted for crimes after the fact.'
- 'All those, although very crucial to crime prevention, are before the fact.'
- 'He conceded that the publication of secret information could be punished after the fact.'
- 'Families often learn several days after the fact that their relative was a suicide bomber.'
- 'Why does the department cover up for the chief assassin of its officers thirty years after the fact?'
- 'Yet when doing so they always sought congressional authority, even if after the fact.'
- 'First, the photographer snapped it while the lynching was in progress and not after the fact.'
Top tips for CV writingRead more
In this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot-on CV.


text:
The Transportation Futures Project: Planning for Technology Change
David M Levinson, Adam Boies, Jason Cao, Yingling Fan
Report no. MnDOT 2016-02
After a long period of system deployment of the auto-highway system, and several decades of maturity of that system, the surface transportation sector is facing a large number of technological shifts that could change whether and how people travel. While nascent, their prospects are potentially significant. This research proposed to explore these technologies - ascertain their potential market, consider their interactions, understand what that might do to travel demands, and address how planning and forecasting should respond. This research developed a series of white papers: high-level policy briefs based on our analysis of each technology, its direction, and its implications for Minnesota. This work extends and complements the MnDOT 50 year vision expressed in Minnesota GO. It also builds on the ideas developed in the NCHRP 750 project: Strategic Issues Facing Transportation. The timeframe on these technologies varies, and the authors looked at deployment paths over time rather than simple snapshots in time.


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Mouth colour components of begging are dynamic signals of quality in European starling nestlings
Staffan Jacob and Philipp Heeb
Offspring solicit food from their parents through begging signals. Nestling skin and flange coloration are begging signals that appear to convey information about nestling need or condition, and several experiments have shown that modifications of nestling coloration affect parental allocation decisions. However, it is important to examine the short-term changes in these signalling components in response to food constraints since such dynamic changes are required for signals to indicate condition or need. Using a food deprivation experiment, we tested whether flange and skin reflectance in European starling Sturnus vulgaris nestlings change after a three-hour interval. We investigated whether flange and skin reflectance changed according to the predictions arising from the 'signal of quality' or 'signal of need' hypotheses on the function of begging signals. We found that flange carotenoid and UV reflectance changed according to the signal of quality hypothesis with nestlings in good condition increasing their signal expression in response to the food deprivation, whereas those in poor condition decreased their signal expression. With the use of vision modelling, we show that changes in flange reflectance are detectable by starling parents. In contrast, we found a correlation going in the opposite direction for changes in skin UV reflectance. Nestlings with low lipid reserves increased their reflectance compared to nestlings with high reserves. However, vision modelling showed that short-term changes in skin UV reflectance are not large enough to be detectable by the parents. Our study shows that flange carotenoid and UV reflectance are dynamic components of begging with short-term variations that can be used by parents as signals of nestling quality.


the contact is a master-slave (m-s) contact between joined blocks.
Block Cut Geometry Command
The block cut geometry command can be used to cut out even more complicated shapes. Usually a geometric surface is created with a third-party program (e.g. Rhino3D or Autocad) and is imported into 3DEC. A geometric surface is usually a collection of triangles or quadrilaterals that define some continuous 3D surface. File formats accepted by 3DEC are.dxf and.stl. It is also possible to create a geometry surface from within 3DEC using commands and FISH. See the :ref:'Geometry section in the Program Guide for more details.
Once a geometry has been imported or created, it can be used to cut the 3DEC blocks. Each facet of the geometry surface represents a "joint" and cuts any blocks that it touches. In this way, almost any geometric shape can be cut into a 3DEC model.
WARNING: Complex geometries with a lot of sub-parallel faces will result in a lot of cuts and potentially many thin "sliver" blocks that may cause numerical problems when trying to run the model. It is recommended that geometric surfaces be simplified as much as possible before using them to cut 3DEC models.
Unlike with the tunnel command, blocks cut with the BLOCK CUT GEOMETRY command are not automatically joined. It is up to the user to join "construction" joints after cutting.
An example of using the BLOCK CUT GEOMETRY command is shown below. To use the BLOCK CUT GEOMETRY command, the user must first specify a domain using the domain extent command. The command is followed by lower and upper bounds for the x, y and z dimensions of the model. If only two numbers are givien, it is assumed that the y and z dimensions are the same as the x dimensions. The domain simply needs to be larger than the model. It is required to make the cutting algorithm more efficient. Also with this example, the block tolerance command is used. 3DEC uses a tolerance to decide what blocks can be cut and what blocks cannot be cut. IF two cuts are closer together than the tolerance, than a cut is not made. This is done to prevent the formation of very tiny blocks. By default, the tolerance is 1% of the block size. However for complex shapes such as this one, it is often necessary to reduce the tolerance so that all of the cuts are made. In this case a value of 0.001 is used (the tolerance is in units of length). The geometry to be cut is an ellipsoid as shown in Figure 11. The success of the cutting can be seen in the cross-section view (Figure 12).
model new
model domain extent -10 10
geometry import 'ellipsoid.stl'
block tolerance 1e-3
block create brick -2 2 -2 2 -1 6
block cut geometry 'ellipsoid'
Figure 11: Imported geometry and block before cutting
Figure 12: Imported geometry and cross-section of blocks after cutting


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Antonio Vivaldi has influenced generations of young musicians, since he dedicated himself to music education. He spent over 30 years at the Ospedale della Pieta teaching children to play intruments, inspiring them to participate in the school choir and orchestra. Under his leadership the orchestra gained international reputation and visitors from all over Italy came to Venice to listen to its performances. The majority of Vivaldi's solo concertos was written for his students and the soloists of the ensemble.
Since the rediscovery of Vivaldi's works in early 20th century his musical legacy has been not only a frequent program choice of prominent concert halls but also an integral part of instrumental education from beginners to professionals.
© by Andreas Fäßler
In his later years of life Vivaldi experienced financial difficulties, his compositions started to lose popularity due to the change in musical taste in Venice. In 1728 he met in Trieste Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, who seemed to be very much impressed by Vivaldi's music. The composer visited Vienna in 1730 and hoping for royal protection decided to emigrate there in 1740. He lived near the Kärntnertortheater, in that time the Imperial and Royal Theatre of Vienna. Unfortunately, Charles VI died shortly after Vivaldi's arrival, which made trying for any help from the imperial court impossible. The composer died impoverished in 1741. The funeral took place at St. Stephen's Cathedral. Antonio Vivaldi was buried in the place of the present Technical Institute.
Vivaldi the teacher
Connection with Vienna
Antonio Vivaldi - sculpture
Votivpark/Vienna (Roosevelt Square)


text:
ESE 520: Science Teaching Methods
Synonym:78368 (for web registration)
Meeting Schedule:Thursdays 9/1 - 12/8 (12:00PM-2:59PM)
Competency Areas Fall 2010 and later: Cert – Required; ASJS, CB, EE, SD, & SDCC – Methods or elective
Restricted to Fall 2010 ES Certification students; others by permission of concentration director.
Science Teaching Methods is designed to help prepare students to effectively teach science at the middle or high school level. The course takes place at Compass School, an independent middle and high school in Westminster, VT (25 minutes from Antioch). Participants will have the opportunity to observe experienced teachers in action and to interact with middle and high school students, using these interactions as a forum for discovery, growth, and practice of teaching methods. We will practice classroom management strategies, communication techniques, curriculum design, lesson planning, assessment, and lab methods and safety. Participants will be encouraged to reflect on their learning through discussion, written reflections, and optional videotaping of teaching experiences.


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Let $G = \mathbb Z^n$, the fi nite cyclic group of order $n$, and let $A = l ^1(G)$, a Banach algebra over $\mathbb C$ when the product is convolution, de fined for $f, g \in A$ by $f * g(x) =\sum _{y \in G}f(y)g(x -y)$. Can we determine the maximal ideal space of $A$, equivalently the space of algebra homomorphisms from $A$ onto $\mathbb C$?
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Is there something missing or unclear in the answer below? – Martin Feb 15 '13 at 9:25
1 Answer 1
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The group $G$ embeds into $\ell^1(G)$ via the homomorphism $g \mapsto \delta_g$ since $\delta_g \ast \delta_h = \delta_{gh}$. Since $\lVert \delta_g \rVert_1 = 1$, a surjective homomorphism $\ell^1(G) \to \mathbb{C}$ restricts to a homomorphism $G \to \mathbb{C}^\times$ with bounded range. The maximal bounded subgroup of $\mathbb{C}^\times$ is $\mathbb{T} = \{z \in \mathbb{C} \mid |z| =1\}$, so we obtain a map from the maximal ideal space of $\ell^1(G)$ to the Pontryagin dual $\widehat{G} =\operatorname{Hom}(G,\mathbb T)$. Conversely, a homomorphism $G \to \mathbb{T}$ determines a surjective homomorphism $\ell^1(G) \to \mathbb{C}$ since the $\delta_g$ span a dense subspace of $\ell^1(G)$. From this one easily deduces an identification of the maximal ideal space of $\ell^1(G)$ with the Pontryagin dual of $G$ which is $\widehat{G} = \mathbb{T}^n$ or $\widehat{G} \cong \mathbb{Z}_n$ depending on whether you meant $G = \mathbb{Z}^n$ or $G = \mathbb{Z}_n$.
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Killing Floor Quiz | Eight Week Quiz D
Lee Child
Purchase our Killing Floor Lesson Plans
Eight Week Quiz D
Name: _____________________________ Period: ___________________________
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Who picks Reacher up at the prison?
(a) Chief Morrison.
(b) Officer Finlay.
(c) Officer Roscoe.
(d) Officer Stevenson.
2. What upsets Roscoe about the Morrisons' murders?
(a) Finding Morrison's missing body parts.
(b) The violence of the murders.
(c) All the blood.
(d) That Mrs. Morrison had to die also.
3. Why does Reacher say that Finlay will not be the new chief of police?
(a) Because he is not a criminal.
(b) Because he is not qualified.
(c) Because he is black.
(d) Because he is a newcomer in town.
4. On Monday, with whom does Jack plan to have an early lunch?
(a) Finlay.
(b) Stevenson.
(c) Baker.
(d) Roscoe.
5. Besides Finlay, who does Reacher want to help him?
(a) The chief.
(b) Stevenson.
(c) Baker.
(d) Roscoe.
Short Answer Questions
1. What is the name of the bar where Roscoe and Reacher go?
2. Who will appoint a new Margrave chief of police?
3. What is the name of the state prison?
4. When Reacher has lunch with Roscoe on Monday, who is also at Eno's?
5. Why is Charlie concerned about her husband on Monday afternoon?
(see the answer key)
This section contains 222 words
(approx. 1 page at 300 words per page)
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The Social Meaning of Language by JB Pride
The Social Meaning of Language brings together the sibling sciences—psychology, sociology, anthropology, and all their compound and hyphenated forms—to discuss linguistics as a social science or, as it is now commonly known but was still emerging as at the time of its publication in 1971, sociolinguistics. (Yes, I know. Really.) This book collects and argues the ideas of the –ologists, men today's students might google on their smart phones just before class. It examines how and why our speech functions range from unconscious to deliberate choices as we attempt to communicate with others who interpret our coded messages as intended and sometimes in unexpected ways. This surprisingly mod little book of complex ideas is valuable as a reminder that many textbook "facts" are not so much facts as accepted notions. Ideas like multi-dialectal speakers and second language acquisition theory—current terms in the field—are postulated and countered by the originators of the conceptions and their contemporaries. Such in-depth discussion will be especially appreciated by the student seriously studying the stuff of language and the social science enthusiast (if there is such a thing). Engage your left temporal lobe and peruse The Social Meaning of Language.


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GAINESVILLE, Fla. -- Summer cold sufferers take heart: A new University of Florida study offers new evidence that zinc -- the latest rage in cold remedies -- may provide immediate protection against disease.
"We were startled that the response in people was so dramatic and so rapid," said Robert J. Cousins, the Boston Family professor of human nutrition with UF's Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. "It was amazing that the levels of the genetic material we were studying went up after only one day on zinc supplements.
"This result suggests that part of the body's protective system is very sensitive to zinc. Although more research is needed, our findings are a major step toward proving that zinc supplements can help fight infections and protect people against stress."
Cousins worked with former UF doctoral student Vicki Sullivan on the research, which was published in the Journal of Nutrition in April.
The study is the first to apply genetic fingerprinting methods like those used in criminal and paternity investigations to understanding how nutrients directly affect the inner workings of human immune cells, Cousins said.
In the study, 12 men took 50 milligram zinc tablets -- the typical strength available in supplements -- every day for 18 days, and another 12 took a placebo. The participants' blood was drawn daily and analyzed for its ribonucleic acid, or RNA, the genetic code that tells cells to produce specific proteins.
The researchers focused on RNA that signals the body to produce a protein called metallothionein. The RNA rose the first day after participants took zinc and remained at least three times higher than it was before the study began.
The RNA levels dropped off immediately after the participants stopped taking zinc. "The body metabolizes zinc very rapidly," Cousins said. "It doesn't hold much useful zinc in reserve."


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Taspar eggs were eggs that originated from the Cardassian creature called a taspar. Taspar eggs could be eaten boiled or raw. Most Cardassians were revolted by the sight of live taspar; it had a brownish color and a gelatinous consistency.
As a starving homeless child, Madred scavenged for and ate raw taspar eggs straight from the shell.
Several years later, in 2369, Gul Madred served a raw taspar egg in a similar manner to a captive Captain Jean-Luc Picard in an effort to degrade him. Picard, however, refused to give in to Madred, and ate the Taspar raw, much to Madred's amusement. (TNG: "Chain of Command, Part II")


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Overpopulation of infrastructures has resulted in a shortage of resources or raw materials for construction works. So, as alternatives, many artificial raw materials are replacing natural ingredients. Now, we are discussing the alternative of sand. Surkhi is one of the artificial fine aggregate replacing sand.
'Surkhi' is a powdered form of over burnt broken brick or clay balls. The name surkhi is derived due to its reddish color. It shows pozzolanic properties and is composed of about 63 % of silica by weight.
It is also called Brick Dust.
It has various names differing from nation to nation and according to its uses. It can be called surkhi in India, Pakistan, Nepal, etc., and brick dust in England or Europe, or the USA.
2. Mechanism of Manufacturing
In the factory; clay containing silica, alumina, lime, oxides of iron, and magnesia is burnt the same as bricks but at a high temperature of about 600° C in a furnace.
Then, over burnt product gains reddish like color. It is then transferred to a mill to grind it into coarsen (like sand) or finely(like cement) powdered form as a requirement. Thus obtained product is surkhi.
( Note: Generally, surkhi is not produced commercially but broken or overburnt bricks from brick factories are used as surkhi after grinding it. )
|Read More: Prismatic Compass|
3. Types of Surkhi
a. Fine Surkhi
This is a finely powered surkhi that is used in place of cement, lime,, or other binding materials.
Concrete or mortar prepared using fine surkhi as binding material is generally used only for temporary constructions.
b. Coarse Surkhi
This is a coarsely powdered surkhi that is used in place of filling material like sand.
Concrete or mortar prepared using coarse surkhi as filling material is generally used in permanent constructions.
Some of the features are:
a. It contains a high amount of silica.
b. It is a reddish colored powdery material.
c. It increases its compressive strength and compatibility with time and hydraulicity ( property to set and hardens).
d. It is good binding and filling material having good bond strength, abrasion resistance, durability, and thermal resistivity.
a. It can be used as sand in mortar known as Surkhi mortar. ( Surkhi mortar is the mixture of lime/cement, surkhi, and water. It is economically accessible too.)
b. It can be used as binding material like cement or lime.
c. As its strength increases with more immersion on water, it can be also used for hydro-constructions like constructions in sea, ocean, rivers, blockage, etc.
a. Addition of (10- 20) % of quick lime in the clay gives quality surkhi that can give good finishing to the mixture during construction.
b. The alkalis and salt solutions cannot reduce the binding property to some extent.
a. Un-proportion amount of silica-containing clay can cause less cohesion, cracking, shrinking, and warping.
b. It cannot resist the long exposure of humidity, weathering, etc.
|Read More: Grades of Concrete|


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Why do alphas differ among industries?
Follow Math Help Forum on Facebook and Google+
Originally Posted by fancyface Why do alphas differ among industries? Because hypothesis testing is part of a decision process, and costs, and
benefits vary from case to case, so in the real world the error rates used
in hypothesis testing vary from problem to problem according to the cost
of wrong decisions
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Oberlin College has long cultivated a reputation for advancing cutting-edge thinking and scholarship, and for supporting historically disenfranchised communities. My Name Is My Own takes this work another step forward, organizing exciting conversations within the Oberlin community, across disciplines, and with national scholars and community organizers on the front lines of academic and sociopolitical innovation.
The primary mission of My Name Is My Own is to provide institutional support to Oberlin communities that identify as queer and of color in the broadest senses of those words. In pursuit of this goal, My Name Is My Own supports and creates multiple and varied spaces in order to allow for:
- support, reflection, and community-building within queer communities of color at Oberlin,
- education and confrontation of oppressive praxis in non-queer and or non-of color Oberlin communities and individuals, and
- interand intra-community coalition-building.
These spaces encourage participants to explore the construction and experience of race and sexuality, gender and sex in various communities, foregrounding the experiences, concerns and work of queer people of color.
My Name Is My Own features public lectures, film screenings, artistic and activist performances, workshops, and small discussion groups between students, faculty and national scholars and organizers.


To fly or to drive? Energy intensity data provides some insight
by Lisa Timmerman 2/3/2014 9:01 AM
Ever wondered whether it's more fuel efficient to fly or drive over long distances? The answer isn't always straightforward and involves a number of factors, as well as personal choices and preferences. A recent article from The Atlantic offers one explanation based on data recently collected by University of Michigan professor, Michael Sivak. To compare travel modes, the data focuses on energy intensity, or the total amount of energy it takes to move one person one mile. Commercial aviation has seen tremendous energy efficiency improvements over the last 40 years, particularly compared to passenger vehicles which have, on the whole, become less fuel efficient. Better fuel efficiency is certainly a part of the equation, but planes also now fit more passengers and rarely depart with empty seats. The trend is reflected here at PDX. In 2013, PDX had a record-breaking travel year with 15 million passengers. The number of travelers increased 4.4 percent over 2012. At the same time, flight operations - the number of planes coming and going from the airport - remained almost flat with only a 0.1 percent increase.
Which travel mode is right for you? Read The Atlantic's article and decide for yourself.


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Student: David Mascharka, Undergraduate Student in Computer Science, Mathematics, and Philosophy, Drake University
Research Mentor: Christopher Porter
Classification and Compression of Cosmological Data Utilizing Kolmogorov Complexity
In recent years, researchers have utilized Kolmogorov complexity in the classification of various objects, based on normalized compression distance. The goal of this project is to apply these tools to the classification of cosmological phenomena such as categorizing types of stars (e.g. neutron stars, white dwarfs, and pulsars).
Kolmogorov complexity can be relativized to define the notion of mutual information between objects, which is useful in quantifying the similarity between them. With this notion, we can compare the amount of mutual information between members of a dataset in order to cluster the objects into their respective categories. This is precisely the machinery we will utilize in our approach.


Wood Business
Features Harvesting Logging Profiles
Are contractors doing enough to attract capital?
June 28, 2018 - Forest sector contractors in British Columbia are a shrinking breed. The industry has contracted in so many ways but one could argue the most impacted in the supply chain is logging contractors. Contractors are getting larger, owners are aging, and average margins are poor. Risks are increasing while the reward is decreasing. The result is fewer logging contractors. Those left are being asked to do more, and will have to do more.
This spring we have seen the impact of the reduction of logging contractors and the risks associated with operating on the land base. Even with a longer than normal winter harvesting season and the use of satellite yards to lengthen the hauling season, we are seeing sawmills at risk of production shutdowns because of log shortages. The trees are on the land base but there is not enough capacity to harvest, process, and transport logs to sawmills within the seasonal opportunities.
This shortage exists because logging contractors are not generating a sufficient return to be sustainable, recruit and train new staff, or invest in innovation. Over the last few years, TimberTracks has been analyzing logging contractor accountant prepared year-end financial statements to understand the situation of the industry supply chain. We underwent a robust third-party verification process to ensure our analysis and sample is representative of the industry. The results were worrisome.
There are two types of capacity challenges for the supply chain. The first is labour. The workforce is aging and forestry is not generally considered an attractive vocation for younger people. The days are long, the risks are high, and the compensation is not as good as historically found in other mechanized industries such as mining and oil and gas. The collective industry needs to assess its image and how it attracts young people to careers in forestry.
The second capacity challenge is return on capital. Without getting into the specific details, the evidence indicated that logging contractors are financially underperforming the requirements of their capital-intensive industry. The reasons for underperformance are myriad and beyond the scope of this column. How the industry arrived here is not important. What is important is how we move forward to make sure that the supply chain is sustainable.
If we look to other capital-intensive industries we see that supply and demand principles are evident. When demand is high and supply is low, prices rise. When supply is high and demand is low, prices sink. The forest industry has gone through cycles of high supply and high demand of harvesting capacity but return on capital has experienced a long, slow downward trend regardless of contractor demand and supply. The low return on capital has resulted in a supply chain that is an unattractive place to invest capital.
Owners of logging contractors are aging and need to have succession plans. Many multi-generational transfers are occurring, but usually rely heavily on the older generation taking most, if not all, of the risk of funding the transition. Succession plans to employees or unrelated third-parties are becoming almost unheard of. These businesses are worth more in a complete dispersal than they are as a going concern. Is it any wonder that contractor capacity is shrinking?
The long-term solution to supply chain sustainability is creating an attractive investment environment for capital. We are often asked about the proper return on capital for logging contractors. The answer to that question is really dependent on the returns of realistic alternate investments with a risk adjustment based on the circumstances. Contractors are usually financially dependent on, at most, a few customers and that has concentration risk. They also almost exclusively depend on the fortunes of lumber prices. Investment in a logging contractor would need to yield a return risk adjusted higher than could be experienced in a diversified investment such as a public stock market index which usually made up of large corporate enterprises with broad industry, geographic, and product offering diversification.
As we look to the future of forest sector contractors, we have to understand how we manage the long-term sustainability to attract capital and young people to the business. The inability to generate proper returns on capital will invite capital to invest in other industries. It would be a shame if the Canadian forest industry ground to a halt, not because of market demand or wood supply, but because no one was left to harvest and transport logs to sawmills.
Aaron Sinclair, MBA, is the president of Timber Tracks Inc., based in Prince George, B.C.
June 28, 2018
By Aaron Sinclair
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Plotting the PAR: CONCLUSION
Plotting the PAR: CONCLUSION
Asked by: Guest | Views: 33
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Guest [Entry]
"The PAR or Philippine Area of Responsibility was plotted by PAGASA so that our National Weather Office would have an exact area to monitor for weather disturbances. Once a weather disturbance becomes to near the borders of the PAR or crosses it, it could become a national or provincial issue of safety.
Some weather disturbances affecting our neighboring countries may pass near our territory but they are not declared as a threat to the people since they are not within the PAR. The duration of storms, low pressure areas, and tropical depressions are also monitored by checking if they are still within the PAR or how close they are to crossing the outermost borders of the PAR.
You must remember that even if it is called Philippine Area of Responsibility, there are portions of that overlap with the areas of responsibility of other countries such as Japan, Malaysia, Palau, and Taiwan. There are also Philippine territories that are not included in the PAR and that is the southernmost parts of Tawi-Tawi."


# Introduction to the Lambda Calculus # We often talk about "*the* Lambda Calculus", as if there were just one; but in fact, there are many, many variations. The one we will start with, and will explore in some detail, is often called "the pure" or "the untyped" Lambda Calculus. Actually, there are many variations even under that heading. But all of the variations share a strong family resemblance, so what we learn now will apply to all of them. > Fussy note: calling this the "pure" Lambda Calculus is entrenched terminology, but it coheres imperfectly with other uses of "pure" we'll encounter. There are three respects in which the lambda calculus we'll be presenting might claim to deserve the name "pure": (1) it has no pre-defined constants and a very spare syntax; (2) it has no types; (3) it has no side-effects, and is insensitive to the order of evaluation. > Sense (3) corresponds most closely to the other uses of "pure" you'll see in the surrounding literature. With respect to this point, it may be true that the Lambda Calculus has no side effects. (Let's revisit that assumption at the end of term.) But as we'll see next week, it is *not* true that it's insensitive to the order of evaluation. So if that's what we mean by "pure", this lambda calculus isn't as pure as you might hope to get. Some *typed* lambda calculi will turn out to be more pure in that respect. > But this lambda calculus is at least "pure" in sense (2). At least, it doesn't *explicitly talk about* any types. Some prefer to say that the Lambda Calculus *does* have types implicitly, it's just that there's only one type, so that every expression is a member of that one type. If you say that, you have to say that functions from this type to this type also belong to this type. Which is weird... In fact, though, such types are studied, under the name "recursive types." More about these later in the seminar. > Well, at least this lambda calculus is "pure" in sense (1). As we'll see next week, though, there are some computational formal systems whose syntax is *even more* spare, in that they don't even have variables. So if that's what mean by "pure", again this lambda calculus isn't as pure as you might hope to get. > Still, if you say you're talking about "the pure" Lambda Calculus, or "the untyped" Lambda Calculus, or even just "the" Lambda Calculus, this is the system that people will understand you to be referring to. ## Syntax ## Here is its syntax:
Variables: x, y, z...
Each variable is an expression. For any variable 'a' and (possibly complex) expressions 'M' and 'N', the following are also expressions:
Abstract: (λa M)
Application: (M N)
Expressions in the lambda calculus are called "terms". Here is the syntax of the lambda calculus given in the form of a context-free grammar: > T --> Var > T --> ( λ Var T) > T --> ( T T ) > Var --> x > Var --> y > Var --> z >... Very, very simple. Sometimes the first two production rules are further distinguished, and those are called more specifically "value terms". Whereas Applications (terms of the form '(M N)') are terms but not value terms. Examples of terms: x (y x) (x x) (\x y) (\x x) (\x (\y x)) (x (\x x)) ((\x (x x)) (\x (x x))) ## Beta-Reduction ## The lambda calculus has an associated proof theory. For now, we can regard the proof theory as having just one rule, called the rule of **beta-reduction** or "beta-contraction". Suppose you have some expression of the form: ((\a M) N) This is an application whose first element is an abstract. This compound form is called a **redex**, meaning it's a "beta-reducible expression." '(\a M)' is called the **head** of the redex; 'N' is called the **argument**, and 'M' is called the **body**. The rule of beta-reduction permits a transition from that expression to the following: > M [a <-- N] What this means is just 'M', with any *free occurrences* inside 'M' of the variable 'a' replaced with the term 'N' (--- "without capture", which we'll explain in the [[advanced notes|week2_lambda_advanced]]). What is a free occurrence? > Any occurrence of a variable 'a' is **bound** in T when T has the form '(\a N)'. > An occurrence of a variable 'a' is **bound** in T when T has the form '(\b N)' --- that is, with a *different* variable 'b' --- just in case that occurrence of 'a' is bound in the subexpression 'N'. > When T has the form '(M N)', any occurrences of 'a' that are bound in the subexpression 'M' are also bound in T, and so too any occurrences of 'a' that are bound in the subexpression 'N'. > An occurrence of a variable is **free** if it's not bound. For instance consider the following term 'T': (x (\x (\y (x (y z))))) The first occurrence of 'x' in T is free. The '\x' we won't regard as containing an occurrence of 'x'. The next occurrence of 'x' occurs within a form '(\x (\y...))' that begins with '\x', so it is bound as well. The occurrence of 'y' is bound; and the occurrence of 'z' is free. To read further: * [[!wikipedia Free variables and bound variables]] Here's an example of beta-reduction: ((\x (y x)) z) beta-reduces to: (y z) We'll write that like this: ((\x (y x)) z) ~~> (y z) Different authors use different terminology and notation. Some authors use the term "contraction" for a single reduction step, and reserve the term "reduction" for the reflexive transitive closure of that, that is, for zero or more reduction steps. Informally, it seems easiest to us to say "reduction" for one or more reduction steps. So when we write: M ~~> N we'll mean that you can get from 'M' to 'N' by one or more reduction steps. When 'M' and 'N' are such that there is some common term (perhaps just one of those two, or perhaps a third term) that they both reduce to, we'll say that 'M' and 'N' are **beta-convertible**. We'll write that like this: M <~~> N More details about the notation and metatheory of the lambda calculus are in [[this week's advanced notes|topics/week2_lambda_advanced]]. ## Shorthand ## The grammar we gave for the lambda calculus leads to some verbosity. There are several informal conventions in widespread use, which enable the language to be written more compactly. (If you like, you could instead articulate a formal grammar which incorporates these additional conventions. Instead of showing it to you, we'll leave it as an exercise for those so inclined.) **Parentheses** Outermost parentheses around applications can be dropped. Moreover, applications will associate to the left, so 'M N P' will be understood as '((M N) P)'. Finally, you can drop parentheses around abstracts, but not when they're part of an application. So you can abbreviate: (\x (x y)) as: \x (x y) but you should include the parentheses in: (\x (x y)) z and: z (\x (x y)) **Dot notation** Dot means "Insert a left parenthesis here, and the matching right parenthesis as far to the right as possible without creating unbalanced parentheses---so long as doing so would enclose an application or abstract not already wrapped in parentheses." Thus: \x (\y (x y)) can be abbreviated as: \x (\y. x y) and that as: \x. \y. x y This: \x. \y. (x y) x abbreviates: \x (\y ((x y) x)) This on the other hand: (\x. \y. (x y)) x abbreviates: ((\x (\y (x y))) x) The outermost parentheses were added because we have an application. '(\x. \y....)' became '(\x (\y....))' because of the rule for dots. We didn't insert any parentheses around the inner body of '\y. (x y)' because they were already there. That is, in expressions of the form '\y. (...)', the dot abbreviates nothing. It's harmless to write such a dot, though, and it can be conceptually helpful especially in light of the next convention. Similarly, we permit '\x. x', which is shorthand for '\x x', not for '\x (x)', which our syntax forbids. (The [[lambda evaluator|/code/lambda_evaluator]] however tolerates such expressions.) **Merging lambdas** An expression of the form '(\x (\