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Asics "Space Trustic System"
Discussion in 'Biomechanics, Sports and Foot orthoses' started by User7, Oct 10, 2006.
 1. User7
 User7 Active Member
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 I am interested to know if there is any publically available research basis for Asics "Space Trustic" midsole designs.
 Here's a link to their site with a description of the technology/gimmickry used in their high-end running shoe line:
 The description emphasizes windlass function, but this seems to be much less important in running compared to walking. I wonder if what they're really after is unobstructed plantar fascial elastic recoil.
 2. Craig Payne
 Craig Payne Moderator
 Our research has shown that the "Space Trustic System" does alter plantar pressure patterns in the direction that could be assumed to be due to better windlass function compared to a similar shoe without the system (assuming that the pressure pattern changes seen are considered positive).
 Discussed here:
 3. Even though I believe my good friend Simon Bartold is behind the design of this shoe, I am not certain just how much the windlass effect, as originally described by John Hicks over 50 years ago plays in running mechanics (Hicks JH: The mechanics of the foot. II. The plantar aponeurosis and the arch. J Anatomy. 88:24-31, 1954). Halllux dorsiflexion is probably less of a factor in running than in walking, but I can only state this from a clinical basis since I don't know of any research that has confirmed this.
 Some of the best evidence for the function of the plantar fascia during running comes from experimental research performed by Ker et al nearly 20 years ago where they sectioned the plantar fascia and plantar ligaments sequentially in a cadaver foot loaded in a machine that could measure load and deformation of the longitudinal arch of the foot. They found that the plantar fascia (and other plantar ligaments) added significant stiffness to the arch of the foot (i.e. the plantar fascia and plantar ligaments caused the longitudinal arch to deform less with a given vertical loading force than when they were sequentially sectioned). Since a stiffer longitudinal arch can give more energy return during the vertical oscillations of the center of mass over the running foot, then Ker et al estimated that the plantar fascia and other plantar ligaments contribute 17 Joules (J) of energy out of a total of 100 J of energy with each running step (Ker RF, Bennett MB, Bibby SR, Kester RC, Alexander RMcN: The spring in the arch of the human foot. Nature, 325: 147-149, 1987). In other words, approximately 17% of the "spring energy" in the foot comes from the plantar fascia and plantar ligaments.
 Below is a drawing that I made for my lecture on "The Ten Biomechanical Functions of the Plantar Fascia" that demonstrates the experimental setup of Ker et al. This is a great paper for anyone who wants to transition out of the old world of podiatric biomechanics, hypermobility, and structural deformities and into the new world of stiffness, load vs deformation, and biomechanics that uses more precise scientific terminology.
 Attached Files:
 4. toomoon
 toomoon Well-Known Member
 I must say, I have never seen you use that graphic in any lecture Kevin, but it is scarily like the cadaver model we set up to look at responses to loading. I set a fresh foot and leg in a special jig and loaded the specimen to 900N, to investigate motion at the rearfoot and midfoot. I then sectioned the plantar fascia sequentially to see what happened. The most interesting thing was that with a fully intact PF, the most relevant motion was at the talonavicular and calcanecuboid joints, with not a whole lot happening at the STJ. If there is any interest in this, I will post it on the arena for comment.
 Back to the issue of Space tusstic, and I think User 7 has probably got it pretty much sussed in that I believe the space trusstic works by allowing free storage and return of elastic energy rather than the windlass mechanism per se. Unfortunately, as is the case with all commercial enterprises, once the spin docs get hold of it, the science goes out the window! however, I do feel for them, because the design protocol is very sophisticated, and how do you explain that to the consumer... or even retail.
 Alas, the research is not yet freely available, although I believe it will be, which would be good, because it is extensive.
 The concept is that an the midsole is allow to deform in a controlled manner to allow the MLA structures to distend into the "space' and thus function efficiently and store mechanical energy, which can then be returned during propulsion. Shoe design currently focusses around very rigid and stiff platforms, often with highly inflexible midfoot platforms which severely impede this function... amongst many other things. I do not think it is a gimmick.. in fact from the mathematical modelling at least.. we know it works.
 I feel a little inadequate with this explanation, because commercial enterprise and scientific curiosity are a bad match, but maybe this is the start of a worthwhile discussion. Would be great to get onto the evolution of space trusstic.. which is gender specific midsole design... adaptive to the menstual cycle and the temporary soft tissue changes occuring at week 3!!
 5. LCBL
 LCBL Active Member
 Very interesting point Simon. I know you have been involved in some work in relation to female runners and knee function due to the menstrual cycle. (If its Simon B talking here)
 Slightly off topic - In your work have you come across any evidence for altering a female runners training schedule due to these changes?
 6. Phil Wells
 Phil Wells Active Member
 I would be very interested in seeing the data/output of your cadaver model. Of particular interest is the impact of pf integrity on tarsal motion.
 7. Simon,
 I guess you didn't attend my lecture on "Ten Biomechanical Functions of the Plantar Fascia" in Melbourne at last year's Australian Conference of Science and Medicine in Sport. The graphic I made of Ker et al's experimental setup was used in that lecture to discuss the elastic function of the plantar fascia along with a discussion of the results from Wright and Rennels' paper (Wright DG, Rennels DC: A study of the elastic properties of plantar fascia. U.C. Berkeley Biomechanics Laboratory, Technical memorandum, October 1961) and Ker et al's paper (Ker RF, Bennett MB, Bibby SR, Kester RC, Alexander RM: The spring in the arch of the human foot. Nature, 325: 147-149, 1987). Both are excellent research papers on the elastic nature of the plantar fascia. The main problem I see with the experimental setup used by Ker et al is that the Achilles tendon wasn't loaded. Did you load the Achilles tendon of the specimen you tested? It would be good to see the data from your project...please post it since I'm sure many others would also find it of interest.
 I have a few problems with the idea that the plantar fascia can't function elastically without it being allowed to deform plantarly into a gap into a shoe midsole or orthosis plate. [By the way, can you stretch a rubber band around the corner of table and still shoot it, thereby demonstrating that it doesn't lose it's elastic function by being deformed around an object??] I can see where it might be less likely to be irritated by the type of shoe design you mention, but I doubt that supporting the plantar fascia plantarly diminishes the ability of the foot to store elastic energy significantly. If supporting or "pressing on the plantar fascia" did inhibit the elastic nature of the plantar fascia then all foot orthoses that conformed well to the medial longitudinal arch would prevent the plantar fascia from functioning elastically.
 Playing devil's advocate (a role I just hate to play ;) ), the argument could be made that a lack of support in this area by the shoe could diminish the medial arch support function of the shoe cause pronation-related symptoms to occur in many feet. As you know, this was the case of Dananberg's Kinetic Wedge that was put into some of the Brooks shoes but that caused some runners to develop pronation-related injuries from the decreased midsole durometer plantar to the first metatarsal head. And then Nike had the Tailwind that was supposed to, according to Nike's ads, eliminate all shock-related problems from running but caused so many pronation-related problems that it was discontinued early. Benno Nigg also predicted (and wanted to bet me on this) that his Adidas forefoot plate design in sprinting spikes would result in a new Olympic sprinting record. NOT!! The list goes on, as you know probably more well than I do. As you said earlier "commercial enterprise and scientific curiosity are a


Your weekend plans. Delivered.
108 things every Cubs fan should know
One question for each year since Cubs won the World Series.
Friendly confines
1. What was the original name of the ballpark at Clark and Addison streets?
It was called Weeghman Park when it was built in 1914. The park was named after Charlie Weeghman, who built it for his team, the Chicago Federals of the short-lived Federal League. When the Federal League folded in 1916, the National League's Cubs moved in.
2. How many Chicago parks have the Cubs called home?
Six: The 23rd Street Grounds on 23rd and State Streets (1876-77), Lakefront Park south of Randolph Street between Michigan Avenue and the Illinois Central Railroad tracks (_PHONE_), West Side Park at Congress and Throop Streets (_PHONE_), South Side Park at 35th and Wentworth Streets (_PHONE_), West Side Grounds at Polk and Wolcott Streets (_PHONE_) and Wrigley Field -- also known as Weeghman Park and Cubs Park -- from 1916 to today.
3. What's the name of the Cubs' home ballpark for spring training?
Sloan Park in Mesa, Ariz.
4. On what island did the Cubs once hold their spring training sessions?
From 1921 to 1951 -- with just a short break during World War II -- the Cubs trained on Catalina Island off the coast of Los Angeles. Owner William Wrigley Jr. favored the island as a vacation getaway and a real-estate investment.
5. Who planted the ivy on the outfield wall at Wrigley?
Former Cubs front-office assistant Bill Veeck (who later owned the White Sox) planted the ivy in 1937, the same year the bleachers and scoreboard were built.
6. What happens if a ball lands in the ivy and gets stuck there?
The batter is awarded a ground-rule double.
7. What took so long for the Cubs to install lights at Wrigley?
Former owner P.K. Wrigley planned to install lights for the 1942 season but instead donated the fixtures to a shipyard for the war effort on the day after Pearl Harbor was attacked.
8. So when was the first night game?
That would be Aug. 8, 1988. But that game wound up getting rained out, so the first official game was the following night, when the Cubs beat the Mets 6-4.
9. What does that 'W' flag mean?
After a Cubs victory, the "W" flag (for "Win") is raised atop the centerfield scoreboard.
10. There's a flag on the roof of Wrigley that says "Hack 191." What does that mean?
It commemorates Hack Wilson's 191 runs batted in during the 1930 season, a major-league record that still stands.
11. What about those other flags?
The "66 Sammy" flag and the "20 KW" flag commemorate Sammy Sosa's 66 home runs and Kerry Wood's 20-strikeout game in 1998, respectively. There are also flags honoring other Cubs greats, including the "8 Hawk" flag for Andre Dawson, the Cubs outfielder who wore No. 8 and was nicknamed Hawk, and the "17 Grace" flag for popular first baseman Mark Grace.
12. Why do the foul poles at Wrigley have "Hey Hey" on them?
"Hey Hey" was the homerun call of Hall of Fame Cubs broadcaster Jack Brickhouse.
13. What was Wrigley's largest crowd?
On July 27, 1930, 51,556 fans attended. But it was Ladies Day, so only 19,748 admissions were paid.
14. How did they fit 51,556 people into Wrigley?
They let fans stand on the field of play -- along the warning track of the outfield. Hits going into the crowd were declared ground-rule doubles.
15. How many All-Star Games have been played at Wrigley Field?
Three: 1947, 1962 and 1990. The National League lost all three.
16. The Cubs drew 3.23 million fans this season, close to the team record of 3.25 million in 2007. What are some low points in attendance?
On Sept. 24, 1943, the Cubs drew 314 fans, who sat through nearly five innings of freezing drizzle before the game was called as a Cubs victory. In the early '60s, attendance was so low that the Cubs closed the upper deck for weekday games.
17. There's a sign on one of the rooftops beyond right field reading "EAMUS CATULI!" and then another sign with letters and numbers. What do those signs mean?
"Eamus catuli" is an imperfect Latin translation of "Go Cubs." The other sign starts with "AC," which means "anno catuli" -- Cubs time. The first numbers indicate years since the Cubs won a division title (that gets reset to 00 now). The next numbers indicate years since the Cubs last won a National League pennant (71); and the final numbers indicate years since the Cubs have won a World Series title (108). If the Cubs win the 2016 World Series, the sign will read "AC000000" on Opening Day in 2017.
18. Why aren't there seats in the lower portion of the center-field bleachers at Wrigley?
The section is kept empty to provide a better visual background for hitters.
19. Why is there a wire basket in front of the bleachers?
It was installed in 1970 to keep fans from falling or jumping onto the field. It also prevented them from draping coats and jackets over the wall -- a practice that used to inspire Cubs public address announcer Pat Pieper to playfully declare: "Will the bleacher fans please remove their clothes?"
20. What should you do if you catch an opponent's home run ball in the bleachers?
Throw it back onto the field, or ask security for an escort out of the park.
Honor roll
21. How many Cubs have won the Cy Young Award as the top pitcher in the National League?
Five: Fergie Jenkins (1971), Bruce Sutter (1979), Rick Sutcliffe (1984), Greg Maddux (1992) and Jake Arrieta (2015).
22. How many Cubs have won the National League Rookie of the Year Award?
Six: Billy Williams (1961), Ken Hubbs (1962), Jerome Walton (1989), Kerry Wood (1998), Geovany Soto (2008) and Kris Bryant (2015).
23. What former Cubs rookie of the year died in a plane crash at 22?
Second baseman Ken Hubbs was killed when the private plane he was piloting crashed in Utah in February 1964. Hubbs was NL Rookie of the Year in 1962 and was the first rookie to win a Gold Glove.
24. Who is the only Cub to win back-to-back Most Valuable Player Awards?
Ernie Banks -- a.k.a. "Mr. Cub" -- won in 1958 and 1959.
25. Who is the last Cub to win the MVP award?
Sammy Sosa in 1998.
26. How many Cubs uniform numbers have been retired?
So far, only five: No. 14 for Ernie Banks, No. 10 for Ron Santo, No. 26 for Billy Williams, No. 23 for Ryne Sandberg and No. 31 for Fergie Jenkins and Greg Maddux. Flags honoring those players fly from the foul poles at Wrigley.
27. How many Cubs teams have reached the postseason?
Counting this year, it's 18. They've appeared in 10 World Series (1906, 1907, 1908, 1910, 1918, 1929, 1932, 1935, 1938 and 1945) but won only two (1907 and 1908). They have qualified for the National League playoffs eight times (1984, 1989, 1998, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2015 and 2016).
28. What was the original nickname of Chicago's National League team?
The club was known as the White Stockings from 1876 to 1894. They also had several other nicknames before settling on "Cubs" in the early 1900s.
29. What Cubs pitcher was nicknamed "The Vulture"?
Phil Regan, who was the top reliever on the 1969 Cubs.
30. What Cubs pitcher was nicknamed "Twiggy"?
The slightly built Chuck Hartenstein, who pitched for the Cubs in the late 1960s.
31. By what nickname does Cubs manager Joe Maddon refer to his RV?
Cousin Eddie.
Musical interlude
32. What is the name of the Cubs song written by Pearl Jam's Eddie Vedder?
"All the Way."
33. Who sings that "Go, Cubs, Go" song?
Late Chicago songwriter and folk singer Steve Goodman.
34. What other Cubs-themed song did Goodman write and perform in 1983?
"A Dying Cub Fan's Last Request."
35. When a die-hard Cubs fan dies, can the fan get his or her ashes scattered at Wrigley Field?
No. Even Goodman didn't get that honor, according to "Steve Goodman: Facing the Music" by Clay Eals.


text:
本文推介常態凝固類比計算機之設計及操作方法。其原理乃利用一排垂直錠管中之液位高度，來模擬固化錠棒中之溶質濃度，而每一錠管代表固化錠棒上之位置。模擬之結果與分析解甚吻合，因此本模擬方法可推展至處理分析解無法獲得之較複雜困難之問題，例如分佈係數隨濃度而變及錠棒截面積不均勻等問題。 The design and operation of the analog computers for normal freezing have been introduced to simulate the solute concentration in the freezing solid by the heights of liquid level in an array of vertical ingot tubes. Each tube represents a discrete length of the freezing ingot. The simulation was confirmed pretty well with the analytical solution. The main contribution of present paper is to introduce the method of adjusting (decreasing) the cross-section area of the liquid-zone tube during operation for simulating the decreasing in unfrozen zone. This simulation can further be applied to the problems in which the distribution coefficient varies with the solute concentration, or to the zone-refining problems with variable zone length, if the cross-section area of the liquid-zone tube is adjusted (decreased) appropriately during the simulation operation, while the analytical solutions to the problems of variable distribution coefficient and variable zone length are difficult to achieve.
Journal of the Chinese Institute of Chemical Engineers 32(2), pp.187-192

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Date of Award
Bachelor of Education Honours
School of Education
Faculty of Community Services, Education and Social Sciences
Dr Barry Down
The purpose of this exploratory study is to examine family member perceptions and experiences of homework. More broadly, it seeks to illuminate the nature and social function of homework practices in families and in so doing, highlights the complex relationship between schools and family life. The study involved four families and their experiences of homework. The families were selected on the basis that the parents came from a range of socio-economic backgrounds which may impact upon their children's attitudes and experiences of homework and schooling. The approach adopted to investigate this phenomenon is that of case study. Specifically, this case study uses the unstructured interview to collect data to enable the interviewer to develop a conversation using a set of relatively open-ended questions. These conversations were audiotaped, then transcribed for analysis and interpretation. The interviews focused on participant's understandings and expectations in relation to homework. The intensity of the interaction between interviewer and participant provided an opportunity for the participant to openly relate their homework experiences. The interviewees were asked to 'tell their story' in relation to their homework experiences. This case study adds to the existing literature by exploring family member perceptions of the family-school relationship as it relates to homework. It portrays the experiences of these families and how they make sense of homework practices. It provides an insight into the lives of the four families and how they understand the nature and function of homework practices.
Voak, C. (1999). How do Family Members Perceive, Understand and Explain the Experience of Homework? : A Case Study of Four Families. Retrieved from _URL_


text:
Comparing algorithms of dissimilar performance order, such as O(nlogn) for STL sort and O(kn) for Radix-Sort, should provide insight about when one algorithm is expected to be better than another. The comparison is easier to see if the orders are put in a similar form, such as O(log2(n)*n) and O(k*n). Both formulas have an n term in common, and thus the comparison is between log2(n) and k. Another way to see this is to divide the two formulas. In this case, n cancels out and log2(n)/k ratio remains. If log2(n) is bigger than k, the ratio will be bigger than 1. If k is bigger, the ratio will be less than 1.
Table 8 demonstrates this relationship. It shows that log2(n) increases by one when n doubles -- which follows from one of the rules of logarithms, where log( m*n ) = log(m) + log(n). In this case, log2( 2*n ) = log2(2) + log2(n) = 1 + log2(n). The second portion of the table shows that for log2(n)to double, n has to square, which follows from another rule of logarithms, where m*log(n) = log(nm), where m=2 in this case.
In Table 8 one of the entries is log2(4.3*109)=32 -- for example, n = 4.3E+9, or 4.3 billion. For this case, when the array contains 4.3 billion elements, then O(log(n)*n ) = 32*4.3*109, which is the estimate of the number of comparisons for the STL sort algorithm.
For Binary-Radix Sort, the order is O(k*n), where k is the number of bits in each element. If the elements are 32-bits each, then O(k*n) = 32*4.3*109 operations for an array with 4.3 billion elements. In this case, the estimates for STL sort and Binary-Radix Sort are equal. For the case of 8-bit elements, Binary-Radix Sort estimate is 8*4.3*109, whereas STL estimate stays at 32*4.3*109, predicting Binary-Radix Sort to be faster. For the case of 64-bit elements, the Binary-Radix-Sort estimate is 64*4.3*109, whereas STL estimate stays at 32*4.3*109, predicting STL sort to be faster.
These examples demonstrate that STL sort performance is estimated only from the number of elements in the array and not their size, whereas Binary-Radix Sort is estimated from the number of bits of each element and the number of elements. The order formulas predict that Binary-Radix Sort should be faster than STL sort (actually any optimal comparison sort) when the elements are made of a few bits, but that STL sort should be faster when the element size is large.
Tables 9 show measured performance comparisons. Intel IPP does not implement 8-bit and 64-bit signed integer sorting in non-Radix and Radix sorting.
Table 9 provides a lot of information, with several notables:
- All algorithms performed consistently with their unsigned counterparts (when existed), where signed and unsigned performance was nearly equal.
- IPP Radix Sort is significantly faster than all other algorithms for 16 and 32-bit signed -- 8X and about 3X faster respectively than the closest competitor.
- Order predictions hold accurately for Hybrid Binary-Radix Sort for 8, 16 and 32-bit cases, where the performance decreases by 2X as the number of bits (k) increases by 2X. However, for 64-bit case the performance does not decrease by 2X as predicted, but increases by about 16%.
- Order prediction is not accurate for STL sort, expecting the performance not to depend on the size of array elements, but only on the number of elements. However, STL sort performance decreases by 2X as the number of bits increases by 2X, for 8, 16 and 32-bit cases, but not for 64-bit.
- Order prediction for STL sort to beat Binary-Radix Sort did not hold for up to 64-bits.
At first it may seem that Binary-Radix sort is a good candidate for multicore and multithreading. It splits the data set into two portions and then splits those further recursively. However, the split of the array is data dependent. In other words, the split will not always be even, which leads to uneven load balancing. This may be one of the reasons that Intel did not multithread its Radix-Sort implementation.
In-place Hybrid Binary-Radix Sort (MSD-style) algorithm was developed and improved through several performance optimizations. Insertion Sort was used at the bottom of the recursion tree. Over 40% performance improvement was achieved from the initial implementation, by removing redundant operations. The implementation was extended to handle unsigned and signed integers from 8-bits to 64-bits. A data-type-aware generic interface, overloaded functions, was used to encapsulate unique unsigned and signed implementations under a common interface. The resulting algorithm compared favorably with STL sort implementation, outperforming it by at least 15% for random input data and 32 & 64-bit increasing and decreasing data sets.
Comparison to Intel's IPP sort (in-place) and Radix sort (not in-place) was also performed, where IPP's Radix Sort was found to perform 20X, 8X and about 3X faster for 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit unsigned respectively. Hybrid Binary-Radix Sort outperformed IPP's sort for 16 and 32-bit data types, but lagged by 20X for 8-bit unsigned data type.
Inconsistencies in using algorithm order for performance prediction were found for STL sort for most data sizes, whereas Hybrid Binary-Radix Sort was predicted consistently except for 64-bit data size.
A further hybrid in-place algorithm can be evolved by combining the best attributes of Intel's IPP algorithms with in-place Hybrid Binary-Radix Sort. For instance, the high-performance IPP 8-bit in-place sort can be integrated under the generic interface developed. For the 8-bit unsigned overloaded function implementation, Intel's IPP sort function would be called. The combined algorithm would retain its generic interface, but yet would have data type specific optimized implementations. This leads to "generic data type adaptive" algorithms, which would retain a generic interface and adapt to perform optimally for each data type. Purely generic algorithms miss this opportunity, as well as the 20X performance improvement shown for 8-bit data types.
Floating-point support would be a nice extension. Intel IPP sorting routines support floating-point: single and double-precision. Creating a more sophisticated generic implementation, such as STL's, would allow custom classes to be sorted. The use of iterators would reduce the number of items passed to each level of recursion from currently 4 down to 3 (first and last iterator, and bitMask), possibly improving performance.
 Intel Integrated Performance Primitives for Intel Architecture, Reference Manual, Volume 1: Signal Processing, August 2008, pp. 5-57 - 5-61.
Jim Vaught of Arxan Defense Systems -- personal discussion.
 V. J. Duvanenko, Algorithm Improvement through Performance Measurement: Part 1, Dr. Dobb's
 Scott Miller of Arxan Defense Systems -- personal discussion.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Dictionary Results for beacon
1. beacon - noun
· a fire (usually on a hill or tower) that can be seen from a distance
Synonym(s): beacon_fire
Hypernym(s): visual_signal
2. beacon - noun
· a radio station that broadcasts a directional signal for navigational purposes
Synonym(s): radio_beacon
Hypernym(s): radio_station
3. beacon - noun
· a tower with a light that gives warning of shoals to passing ships
Synonym(s): lighthouse, beacon_light, pharos
Hypernym(s): tower
4. beacon - verb
· shine like a beacon
Hypernym(s): shine, beam
5. beacon - verb
· guide with a beacon
Hypernym(s): lead, take, direct, conduct, guide
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text: People make mistakes, but workplace errors may have far-reaching consequences, affecting the company, coworkers, customers, or others. These errors may have been just a missing comma in a legal document, a missing or misplaced semicolon in code, a misspelling, a misplaced decimal point, etc. In your first paragraph, provide a summary of the incident. Citation is not required. In a second short paragraph, provide your reaction. This could be an explanation of what you think could have been done to avoid the problem or a comparison to a similar event from your workplace. Provide the full URL (not a text link) to your source/webpage. Use only one source.


Plan for Microsoft 365 Groups when creating teams in Microsoft Teams
When considering the use of Microsoft 365 Groups or when creating teams, consider what the team will be used for, who should have access, and what outcome the team will expect to achieve. Pay special attention to the number of channels you create as people can quickly become overrun by content spread too thin (across too many channels).
There are two scenarios that warrant some discussion around planning of Microsoft 365 Groups and their impact on (or by) Microsoft Teams:
 - First, since customers could have existing investments in Groups, we currently support both Public and Private groups, for the number of members currently supported, please see Limits and specifications for Microsoft Teams. As mentioned previously, you want to manage the membership of people to a team using the Teams client rather than the Microsoft 365 admin center. Given this scenario, if people are used to threaded conversations in Microsoft 365 Groups, it is worthwhile noting that a Groups conversation is essentially email and not the same as a chat message in a Teams channel. Educate your people about this difference and suggest they adopt the more flexible chat message format in Teams versus emailing the Group using Outlook or OWA.
 - Second, for customers who don't have existing Groups defined in Microsoft 365, you can either create them using the Microsoft 365 admin center, the Teams web, or desktop clients. As mentioned previously, manage all future membership to the Microsoft 365 group using the Teams client. Since membership to a team is also defining membership to Microsoft 365 Groups, you should prepare people for this change.
Teams respects Microsoft 365 Groups naming policy (in private preview)
Any Microsoft 365 Groups naming policy that has been set by your admin will be applied in Teams when users create or edit team names. This includes things like mandatory prefixes or suffixes and excluding banned words.
This feature is in private preview, which means that if you're not part of this preview, Teams doesn't yet adhere to this Microsoft 365 Groups naming policy.
To learn more, read Microsoft 365 Groups naming policy in Teams.
The following articles are a good place to find readiness and adoption content for your Microsoft 365 Groups:


text:
irrational, remind us that within our own tradition and other traditions there have always been a range of ideas and folk practices that develop to help people deal with things like uncertainty, fear, and things that are hard to explain and understand.
- What's your reaction to this ritual and its history, particularly its connection to ideas about evil spirits?
- What rituals, if any, do you have in your house related to handwashing?
- What are some other reasons why handwashing might have been an important ritual in ancient Israel?
3) Handwashing – Shimrat Haguf (5-10 minutes)
It's likely that handwashing as a ritual also came about as a means to promote good hygiene and self-care, which connect to the Jewish concept, "shimrat haguf," literally "guarding the body." A verse in Deuteronomy says, "Guard yourself and guard your soul very carefully." (Deut 4:9). This has been interpreted by scholars and rabbis as a command to take care of our bodies and souls. For example, Jewish philosopher, Philo of Alexandria wrote, "The body is the soul's house. Therefore, shouldn't we take care of our house so it does not fall into ruin?" Also, Maimonides wrote a whole chapter about shimrat haguf in his book on Jewish law. He wrote, "It is a person's duty to avoid whatever is injurious to the body and cultivate habits conducive to health and vigor."
- What do you think about the phrasing of "guarding the body?"
- How, if at all, might this be different from taking care of your body?
- What are things you might guard your body from?
Share Isabella Rotman's illustration below:
- What stands out to you in this comic?
- What do you think about the comparison of our body to a house?
- What are your current self-care practices? What do you currently do to care for or guard your body?
- What are additional practices you'd like to put into place to "guard your body" during the spread of coronavirus?
3. Handwashing as a personal and collective ritual (10-15 minutes)
Choose one or more of the following to do before, during, or after participants wash their hands.
Option 1: Practice Mindfulness while handwashing
Washing our hands with soap and water for 20 seconds can be an opportunity for mindfulness. Mindfulness—the moment to moment awareness of our experience, without judgement—has been shown to reduce stress and increase calm and clarity. It is a worthwhile practice for all individuals, especially at a time of fear, stress, and uncertainty.
Invite participants to wash their hands. While they do so, invite them to take a few deep breaths and tune into their senses. Ask them to notice: how does the soap and water feel against your hands? What does the soap smell like? What sounds do you hear? What feelings do you notice in your body?
Option 2: Create a Playlist for Handwashing
Work together to create a playlist on Spotify or another app that the group can listen to while they wash their hands in the coming weeks. Consider choosing a theme for the songs in the playlist (e.g. self-care, celebration, friendship, etc.). Make sure to share the playlist with everyone before the end of the meeting. If you have time, choose a 20 second part of each song to listen to while you each wash your hands.
Option 3: Say a Jewish healing prayer while handwashing
Teach participants the Jewish healing prayer, "El Nah Refana Na" and invite them to sing the refrain from this prayer while washing their hands.
"El Nah Refana Na" translates to "Oh God, pray heal her" and comes from the passage in the Torah when Miriam was ill and her brother Moses prayed for her. This is the most ancient Jewish prayer for healing. It is a way to use the opportunity of washing our own hands to also direct our thoughts toward the many people in our world in need of healing. This can help us connect caring for our own health with caring for the health of others.
Option 4: Raise your hands after washing them
The blessing for washing hands uses the words "netilat yadayim" which means "raising the hands." Another practice is to raise one's hands after washing them for a moment and use the physical action of holding up one's hand and looking at them to recognize the power of our hands to do good and to help us keep ourselves and others healthy.
Option 5: Reflect on a poem about handwashing
Here is an excerpt from a poem written by Dori Midnight you might also want to recite or discuss in hevruta?
We are humans relearning to wash our hands.
Washing our hands is an act of love
Washing our hands is an act of care
Washing our hands is an act that puts the hypervigilant body at ease
Washing our hands helps us return to ourselves by washing away what does not serve.
Wash your hands
like you are washing the only teacup left that your great grandmother carried across the ocean, like you are washing the hair of a beloved who is dying, like you are washing the feet of Grace Lee Boggs, Beyonce…your auntie, Audre Lorde, Mary Oliveryou get the picture.
Like this water is poured from a jug your best friend just carried for three miles from the spring they had to climb a mountain to reach.
Like water is a precious resource made from time and miracle
- What lines stands out to you in this poem?
- How do you feel while reading it?
- How might you make handwashing a sacred act for you, personally?
4. Setting Personal Boundaries related to touch (10-15 minutes)
Since the coronavirus is transmitted through close contact with people, one of the ways we can practice "shimrat haguf" and help protect others is to limit the times we come into physical contact with others.
Facilitator's Tip: Consider having participants talk about this with a hevruta partner.
- When, if ever, have you told someone you weren't comfortable with doing something? What was the situation? What did you say? How did the person respond?
- When, if ever, have you been in a situation when you weren't comfortable with something but didn't feel comfortable speaking up about it?
It can be difficult for many of us to set a boundary, or to communicate that we are uncomfortable doing something like hugging or shaking hands.
Facilitator's Tip: This is something to keep in the back of your mind and share if it feels appropriate or helpful: Setting a boundary may be especially difficult for people raised as girls who are socialized to be accommodating. It may be difficult for those socialized as boys to admit that they care about following rules, or to forego rituals of connections among boys.
- What are the current guidelines in your school and other communities about hugging or shaking hands?
- How if at all are these guidelines different from a few weeks ago?
- How do you feel about the new guidelines?
Facilitator's Tip: Consider inviting participants to respond to the next few questions on their own through a writing exercise or use the whiteboard function on Zoom to collect responses.
- How do you personally feel about hugs and handshakes? How if at all does context matter?
- Who do you miss having the opportunity to hug?
- Who are you grateful not to have to hug/shake hands with?
- When the current health threat is over, do you think you'll change your practice of greeting other people? Why/why not? (For example, maybe you'd like the elbow bump to remain the expected form of greeting?)
Invite people to share their responses.
If you know you'll be going somewhere where there are not define guidelines for how to greet each other, decide for yourself what level of physical touch you are comfortable with and with whom. For example, do you feel comfortable hugging someone? Shaking someone's hand? How might that vary depending on the context?
Become very clear on the boundaries you are setting. Then, practice telling people around you about your physical touch boundaries in a respectful way.
Also, ask what they are comfortable with. For example, you might say, "Considering the coronavirus, I would rather we didn't shake hands. Could we bump elbows instead?" or "Could I give you a hug?" This skill of asking and giving consent, and assertively communicating your needs is useful in many areas of our lives.
5. Our Responsibility to the Community (15 minutes)
Share the following texts and invite participants to discuss in hevruta:
The Torah commands farmers: "You shall not reap all the way to the corners of your field" (Leviticus 19:9–10). This is traditionally interpreted by rabbinic scholars to mean that it is a mitzvah (commandment) for farmers to leave the crops at the corners of their field to the poor.
- What stands out to you in this text? What does it mean to you?
- If farmers in this text were a metaphor for young and non-immuno-compromised people and the poor were a general term that could include lots of people more vulnerable to the virus—because of lack of health insurance, lack of resources or poor health, what might this text tell us about our responsibility during the current situation? What might the field and its corners symbolize?
- What are ways you can help more vulnerable populations?
You must not deny justice to the alien nor the orphan, as they are defenseless; nor may you take away the garment of the widow. (Deuteronomy 24:17)
- What do you notice in


ifolor wins the Kassensturz test - Read more here!
Reflections photography – Water and puddles as mirrors of reality
Reflections photography – Water and puddles as mirrors of reality
Reflections in lakes, ponds, rivers and even puddles offer photographers a wealth of possibilities to turn a motif into a highlight. Depending on the weather and lighting conditions, it can sometimes be tricky to achieve the desired effect. In this article, we'll give you some tips and ideas on how to take effective photos of reflections and provide some ideas for possible motifs.
Photographing reflections in the water correctly
The weather, time of day and currents are the three most important factors to consider when photographing reflections in water. As so often in photography, dawn and dusk are the best times of day to photograph reflections. The warm light of the sun creates a beautiful atmosphere. In addition, it is usually more windless at the beginning or end of the day. Since a smooth water surface with as little movement as possible produces the sharpest and most detailed reflections, choose a standing body of water and ensure that there is no wind. Ponds and small lakes are best suited here.
With a wide-angle lens you can capture a larger section of the image, so it is also very suitable for reflections, as you usually combine two motifs together. When adjusting the camera settings, you should make sure that the ISO value is as low as possible so that the image is as sharp as can be. In order to capture all details, a small aperture starting at f/11 is recommended. Slight movements on the water can be smoothed by a longer exposure time. However, a rippled water surface also has a certain charm. Here the reflection in the water becomes blurred. Give it a try to achieve the best image effect.
The composition of the image has to be right for the reflection to come into its own. In order to enhance the effect of illusion and reality, you should place the mirror axis in the middle. In this way you create symmetry and both image components are reproduced in the same proportion. It is important to align the camera parallel to the horizon. Many cameras have an artificial horizon display, which simplifies the alignment and makes the reflection straight. To avoid unwanted light reflections and to give the image more colour saturation, you can use a polarisation filter.
Reflections in the city – using puddles as mirrors
In the city, too, excellent reflections can be photographed. Puddles offer you a wonderful smooth surface. The deeper the puddle, the better and more contrasting the photos will be later on. Basically the same rules apply here as when photographing reflections in water: A wide-angle lens and a small aperture are the keys to success.
For puddles, you should always photograph as close to the water surface as possible in order to make the best use of the water surface. The worm's-eye view is the optimal angle to take symmetrical photos of reflection and reality. Do not be afraid to get dirty or get as close as possible to the water surface with the lens. With suitable clothing and rain gear for the camera, you will get beautiful reflective images. If it's still raining when you set out to photograph reflections, be sure to work with a manual focus. The automatic focus always jumps back and forth with the raindrops, so that the desired places are not focused here.
Photo ideas for reflection photography
Reflections allow you to play with the image composition and motifs. We have collected a few ideas on how reflections can become a highlight in your photo and how they can be used.
Duplication of reality
With perfect camera alignment and a completely smooth water surface, unique photos can be taken at the right angle. Here it is difficult for the viewer to distinguish between reality and reflection. To achieve this effect, keep the aperture small and align the camera as parallel as possible to the horizon. Try to adjust the orientation of the camera a bit until the reflection and reality are really symmetrical. You can give the viewer food for thought especially if you present the finished photo upside down in the end.
Reflections as frames
Landscapes can be beautifully framed with a reflection. The symmetry in the picture creates rounded landscape shots with that certain something. The prerequisite for this is that the motif to be mirrored is relatively large and the water surface further away. It works best with a mountain landscape.
Movement in the picture
If the water surface is too calm for you and the image is too harmonious, then create a little movement on the water surface. For example, throw a stone into the water or spray water from the edge to the middle. However, you need to be quick here to catch the movement before it subsides. The shutter speed must be set accordingly. Here, the focus of the camera is on the movement in the water.
Revealing the concealed
Reflections can also reveal what would otherwise have escaped the viewer. Reflections can be used to expand images, but also to limit them. Try to hide certain parts of the picture creatively. View waters and puddles from different angles to find the best reflection motif.
Reflections for portrait photography
Use waters and puddles to take great pictures of your fellow human beings. You can use reflections as an element of a classic portrait or in everyday situations. This brings a second layer into the picture to make it more interesting and unique.
Reflections give a photo that certain special something. They open up a new image plane and make the viewer think. They can blur reality and reflection to create interesting photos. When taking photographs, be sure to align the camera correctly and keep the aperture as closed as possible. A polarisation filter helps to suppress unwanted light reflections.
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University of Massachusetts - Amherst
From insects to public health (1:37)
1:37-9:04 (Ed explains how the field of toxicology arose from the environmental movement of the 1960s. He discusses his journey from entomology to public health and his position now at the University of Massachusetts - Amherst.)
Q. How did you come into the field of toxicology?
A. When Ed Calabrese was an undergraduate student, he noticed the widespread concern of pesticides that sprung out of the awakening of the environmental movement in the 1960s and with the publication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring. Ed was hired by an advisor to collect intertidal samples to analyze pesticide residue. This work inspired Ed to become an insecticide toxicologist, which he pursued in a PhD program in the 1970s. During the program, however, Ed was driven towards public health applications rather than entomology. Ed's first faculty position was at the University of Illinois' School of Public Health in the environmental and occupational medicine department. Here, Ed looked into issues such as radium-226 in drinking water in some Illinois communities.
Ed grew up near Cape Cod and prefers the country life to living in Chicago. The University of Massachusetts - Amherst fit Ed's favored lifestyle and so he joined their School of Public Health. Ed has been a toxicologist faculty member there for 43 years and still enjoys his work today.
Similarities between DDT and radiation exposure (9:05)
9:05-18:46 (Ed explains the similarities in studying chemical toxicology and radiation biology. He also discusses the challenges of human-based studies.)
Q. Can radiation be studied in the same way as DDT?
A. The fields of chemical toxicology and radiation biology did not mature together and had little inter-field communication. Ed saw this as a problem because it prevented scientists from seeing comminalities. Ed studies the adaptive responses to low-level exposures and notes the similarities between the two fields is striking. For instance, Ed sees the same biological responses to low-level DDT exposure as radiation exposure.
Measuring the toxicological effects of contaminants depends on the agents that are studied and the biological material that is evaluated. Over the past 30 years, the studies have shifted away from using mice and rats to using cell cultures. This is because cell culture and invitro studies allow for more concentrations to be tested and enable more replicability of studies. Studying low-dose effects is even more difficult in human studies, also known as epidemiology studies. Human populations are highly variable, meaning the magnitude of adaptive responses to low-dose effects is modest and the underlying mechanisms are harder to detect. This makes it difficult to detect adverse or beneficial changes and can cause differing results between studies.
The LNT model versus hormesis (18:47)
18:47-26:16 (Ed explains what caused the interest in studying the effects of low-dose exposure and the differences between the LNT model and hormesis.)
Q. What motivated us to look into the epidemiological effects of low-dose contamination?
A. Environmental legislation, such as the Clean Water Act, began surfacing in the 1970s. This was also the first time that the US focused on chemical carcinogens and the need for a policy to assess contamination risk. The National Academy of Sciences had previously recommended that ionizing radiation be evaluated for a linear dose response relationship. In the mid-1970s, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) applied this guidance to chemical carcinogens as chemical carcinogens and ionizing radiation act via the same mutagenic mechanism. By 1979, the EPA used the linear dose response relationship model to establish the first carcinogen-based drinking water standard, which was then applied to many other chemicals. Linear dose response models, known as linear no-threshold (LNT) models, established acceptable low-level exposure risks. This required industry to adopt costly new plants, strategies and technology.
At the same time, the EPA began seeking out the responsible parties to clean dumpsites around the country. Carcinogen cleanup costs were driven by the LNT model. This sparked conflict between industries and the EPA because the national toxicology testing program had to extrapolate data and the EPA always chose to favor on the side of safety. The LNT model also meant that the EPA would not declare a threshold. This caused people to become interested in hormesis, the biological response to low-dose exposures. Because of the J-shaped curve of hormesis, the risks of exposure were more easily distinguished from the LNT model.
In hormesis, dose is measured on the X-axis and response is measured on the Y-axis. Disease incidents, such as cancer or heart attacks, depict a J-shape dose response. Memory-enhancement drugs, for example, show an inverted U-shape dose response, which explain how performance is enhanced with exposure. The magnitude of the response is the same whether the subject is a plant, animal, cell or human.
Improving adaptive responses with low-dose exposure (29:19)
29:19-42:57 (Ed explains how low-dose exposures can improve adaptive responses.)
Q. Does this mean that low-levels of radiation are good for us or does it mean they are insignificant?
A. Organisms have the capability to adapt and will respond when cells are stressed or damaged. If exposed today to a low-level dose, the body's adaptive response will last for typically 2 weeks. If the organism is exposed to a high dose during this period, they will have a greater ability to prevent harm from the higher dose. Humans tend to overcompensate in our adaptive responses. This not only allows us to repair damages, but also upregulates adaptive mechanisms, leading to overall improved performance. Moderate amounts of stress from low-level doses therefore induce positive hormetic dose responses. This has been seen with mercury, lead and ricin but also in a preconditioning study in rodents. The research showed that when preconditioned using a blood pressure cuff, shock damage in the rodents was reduced by 80%.
Low-dose radiation is good for health (42:58)
42:58-54:02 (Ed explains the difficulty of including hormetic dose responses in regulatory decisions. He also discusses a research project that shows the benefits of low-dose radiation exposure.)
Q. How do we get agencies to put regulations in a biological context?
A. Ed says this is the big question. Ed testified in the Senate on an EPA proposal to consider non-linear dose responses in risk assessments, including hormetic dose responses. Ed believes the data that has accumulated over the past decade points to this being necessary. There are many opponents to this because most believe that lower exposure is always better. However, we need some exposure to stress because organism health diminishes when stress is fully eliminated.
Ed attended a conference where a researcher presented a study that exposed mice to a radiation level of about 60 times higher than background doses. After 92 weeks, the exposed mice looked much healthier than the control group. Additionally, the exposed mice lived about 20 to 30% longer than the control group. Ed believes regulatory agencies must optimize health rather than separating law from public health. This position challenges the last 30 years of thought, but Ed believes challenging the regulatory agencies is just as the science proves that low-doses are good for health.
Retraining minds through exposure to Ed's message (54:03)
54:03-1:01:13 (Ed explains that retraining the public and scientific community is needed to erase fear of low-dose radiation.)
Q. How can the idea of hormesis be pushed forwards to erase the fear of low-dose radiation?
A. Ed believes that both the public and scientific community have been brainwashed. Retraining people is the major challenge facing the industry. Ed sees hope because people ultimately want to live a healthy long life. Because many medicines are based on hormesis, self-interest will motivate people to save their hearts, hair and neurons without waiting for regulation to catch-up. Intelligent low-doses of stress enhance biological systems and Ed believes he can transform opinions by gaining more exposure to this hopeful message.


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TBI Awareness Day At Ann Visger Elementary
Classes came down each hour and were split into rotating groups with each group focusing on a specific part of the brain. Kids participated in a variety of activities to help them learn which parts of the brain were responsible for skills like balance, vision, taste, smell, and touch. Special Tree also purchased 10 bicycle helmets as prizes for drawing held throughout the day. The students not only learned about brain anatomy, but the Special Tree Team really stressed the importance of TBI prevention including wearing a seat belt and bicycle helmet.
The Special Tree Team takes a quick break from a day of educational fun at Ann Visger Elementary


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to measure the gastric emptying time. The gastric emptying time is affected by many gastrointestinal diseases (gastroparesis). This may be the case for example with diabetic gastropathy, dyspepsia or other diseases. In order to measure the gastric emptying time, a 13C-labeled test substance (for example octanoic acid) is administered by a test meal and the exhalation of 13CO2 is also measured. Here, continuous measurement by means of an apparatus according to the invention likewise offers much better accuracy in the analysis of the data.
13CO2 measurements have further applications in the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases, in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori and in the diagnosis of enzyme deficiency states (lactase deficiency etc.) (Swart, G. R. and J. W. van den Berg (1998). "13C breath test in gastroenterological practice." Scand. J. Gastroenterol. Suppl. 225: 13-8).
LIST OF REFERENCES
1 radiation source 2 driver of the radiation source 3 light beam 3a first sub-beam 3b second sub-beam 4 cylindrical lens 5 first lens 6 second lens 7 filter 8 chopper 9 beam splitter 10 deviating mirror 11 third lens 12 first detector 13 sample chamber 14 gas inlet 15 gas outlet 16 gas flow meter 17 computer 18 mirror 19 fourth lens 20 second detector 21 first lock-in amplifier 22 second lock-in amplifier D1 signal of the first detector D2 signal of the second detector S1 first sub-signal of the signal of the first detector S2 first sub-signal of the signal of the second detector S3 second sub-signal of the signal of the first detector S4 second sub-signal of the signal of the second detector SD difference signal ST1 first voltage divider ST2 second voltage divider
Patent applications by Karsten Heyne, Grossbeeren DE
Patent applications by Martin Stockmann, Berlin DE
Patent applications by CHARITE - UNIVERSITAETSMEDIZIN BERLIN
Patent applications by Freie Universitaetsmedizin Berlin,
Patent applications in class Qualitative or quantitative analysis of breath component
Patent applications in all subclasses Qualitative or quantitative analysis of breath component


The Better Cut Cellular Polycarbonate
Recently, in many construction operations, polycarbonate has replaced heavy, brittle, and relatively expensive silicate glass. This practical and affordable material is used for decorative glazing, the construction of urban infrastructure elements, the construction of greenhouses and greenhouses, the erection of the roof of arbors, sheds or terraces. The durability and reliability of the structure made of it depends on the observance of processing technology and the correct installation. A frequent reason for rejecting material during operation is incorrect cutting of sheets, so some inexperienced craftsmen wonder how and how to cut polycarbonate so as not to damage the panels. In this article we will tell you what tools you can use for processing, and how to use them correctly.
Angle Grinder
The most effective tool with which you can cut a sheet of polycarbonate plastic is a conventional angle grinder. Since this material, especially cellular, is quite easily processed, even the cheapest Chinese models can handle cutting. Experienced craftsmen note that it is better to perform angle cutters straight cuts of large lengths. You can cut polycarbonate with this tool in a curve, but it requires a lot of experience. In order not to spoil the material when cutting, the following rules must be observed:
 - For cutting sheets of this material, an angle grinder with a cutting wheel for metal with sharp, frequent teeth is used.
 - When cutting sheets of polycarbonate plastic, it is better to use an angle grinder at low speeds so that the cut is smooth and the edges of the material without burrs.
 - If it is necessary to cut cellular polycarbonate, the cutting wheel angle grinder can be placed strictly between the ribs.
READ Stihl Ts 420 Fuel Consumption
Note! Angle grinder refers to high-speed tools, it is quite difficult to work with it without experience. In order to properly perform the cut and not damage the material, you can practice the residues of polycarbonate.
The Better Cut Cellular Polycarbonate
Another tool that can be used to cut polycarbonate is a household electric jigsaw. It is considered a universal device for sawing materials of different density and thickness. The jigsaw cutting file is fixed only on one side, therefore it can be used for cutting holes and curved cuts in polycarbonate. To use this tool, you must follow a few rules:
Видео: The Better Cut Cellular Polycarbonate
 1. To process sheets of polycarbonate plastic, a jigsaw is used, the cutting blades of which have small teeth.
 2. In order to keep the edges of the polycarbonate straight after sawing, a new, sharp cutting blade must be used.
 3. To obtain an even, accurate cut, you can use a cutting blade for metal, which does not tear polycarbonate, but cuts it.
 4. When processing monolithic plastic of large thickness with a jigsaw, a large amount of chips is formed, which must be removed promptly so that they do not interfere with sawing.
READ How to Cut Chipboard Without Chips
Important! Professional masters with the help of a jigsaw only perform curly, curved cuts, since it is much longer to cut them in a straight line than an angle grinder.
Stationery knife
At home, polycarbonate can be cut with a regular clerical knife. With this tool, cellular plastic with a cellular structure is more often processed. Monolithic polycarbonate is not cut with a knife, as it is too hard. To make the cut smooth, it is better to adhere to the following technology:
 - To cut a sheet of polycarbonate plastic, you need a high-quality, sharp clerical knife.
 - Polycarbonate is cut in 2 stages using a stationery: first, a small incision is made so that the tool does not slip, and then the material is carefully cut.
 - A stationery knife is used to cut cellular polycarbonate with a thickness of not more than 4-6 mm.
Keep in mind that with the help of a clerical knife, small trimming and fitting of plastic sheets is performed, since it is long and inconvenient to make large-length cuts with them. An ordinary clerical knife can quickly become dull or break.
Cutting technology
When cutting panels made of polycarbonate plastic, it is easy to damage the material or spoil the edges of the sheet, violating the technology. Experienced craftsmen advise against saving on tool blades and cutting blades, since a blunt knife makes the cut uneven and sloppy. Cutting is carried out in the following sequence:
 1. First of all, the area where the sawing will be performed is cleared. To make the surface smooth, sheets of plywood or chipboard are laid out on it.
 2. Before cutting polycarbonate, markings are applied to the surface using a marker and a long ruler.
 3. Under a sheet of plastic, on both sides of the intended line, wooden blocks are laid with a thickness of at least 40 mm. From above along the markings also lay a wide board used for movement.
 4. Straight cuts are performed using an angle grinder at low speeds, and the curves are jigsawed.
 5. After completion of the operation, the chips are blown off the surface of the material with compressed air.
READ How To Cut The Pvc Skirting Board
Note! Cellular plastic up to 6 mm thick can be cut in a pile by folding several sheets on top of each other and placing plywood under them. In industrial conditions, this material is processed using a laser, which is much faster and easier than a hand tool.


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We live in an increasingly global world now dominated by fear, disrespect, and miscommunication. The ability to understand another is based upon an ability to be open, respectful, compassionate, and live in a state of curiosity. Curiosity is like a muscle; it is a skill that can be learned and strengthened over time. Curiosity fosters patience and inquisitiveness. People that are curious are less fearful, more open, and more confident. Curious people are happier.
Curiosity is a life skill that can be learned through travel and travel stories. Learning how to interact in foreign cultures or beyond your own community requires the similar skill to remain in a state of curiosity; these interactions are equally important abroad as with the interactions with your neighbor!


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1000 Flowers for the Planet - #372 Save the Bears
The plight of bears is a sad one indeed. Asiatic bears are kept in cages so small the bear cannot move at all, and they have catheters inserted into their gall bladder to milk them of their bile, which is used in traditional Asian medicines. In Cambodia the smallest of the bears, the sun bear, are butchered for bear paw soup. Bears are sometimes used for entertaining tourists by being forced to dance and perform. At _URL_ you will find a group that is achieving amazing success in saving bears by working with communities in Asia and finding sustainable ways to support themselves and care for their environment.
Sun bears, the smallest species and the least studied, is an endangered species. The Asiatic black bear is an endangered species, as is the sloth bear and the Andean bear. We need to act now, before these animals are lost to us forever. This can be achieved by refusing to watch dancing bears as tourist attractions and certainly never paying for that type of entertainment. Help others help the bears by making financial contributions on a regular basis, or volunteer at a bear sanctuary. Help put a stop to the cruel and painful practice of the bear bile industry and rescue bears from a life of misery and mental torment by urging governments to ban these practices. And if you can't do any of that, then simply speak up. We all have a voice, we can all spread the word and encourage change for the better.


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Section 1: Soil Management
- The Soils of Pennsylvania
- Eastern Lake Shore
- Glaciated Region of the Appalachian Plateau
- Allegheny High Plateau
- Glaciated Low Plateau
- Pittsburgh Plateau
- Allegheny Mountains
- Ridge and Valley Province
- Blue Ridge
- Triassic Lowlands
- Conestoga Valley
- Piedmont Upland
- Coastal Plain
- Soil Health
- Soil Erosion
- Water Erosion
- Tillage Erosion
- Soil Compaction
- Tillage Management
- Table 1.1-1. Selected properties and typical capabilities of major Pennsylvania soils.
- Table 1.1-2. Ideal soil bulk densities and root growth limiting bulk densities for soils of different textures.
- Table 1.1-3. Crop residue production of different crops in rotation.
- Table 1.1-4. Pennsylvania tillage practices by crop, 2007.
- Figure 1.1-1. Soil regions of Pennsylvania.
- Figure 1.1-2. The textural triangle quickly helps to determine the textural classification of a soil from the percentages of sand, silt, and clay it contains.
- Figure 1.1-3. No-till soil profile changes compared to changes in a tilled-soil profile.
- Figure 1.1-4. Three causes of erosion resulting from tilling soils on slopes.
- Figure 1.1-5. Topsoil compaction is caused by contact pressure, whereas lower subsoil compaction is caused by axle load.
- Figure 1.1-6. Development of tillage systems in Pennsylvania, _PHONE_.
S. W. Duiker, associate professor of soil management, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences


Government Agency
Unlike some law firms that only do work for or against government agencies, the Pierce Law Firm handles cases for individuals, elected officials and public entities. We handle a wide range of issues unique to government agencies. In addition to our Property Rights practice involving eminent domain, inverse condemnation, zoning and land use, our government practice includes: the Brown Act; the Public Records Act; conflict of interest issues; entitlements; development impact fees; administrative and traditional mandate; as well as disputes between public entities.
Litigation against the government or between government agencies is fraught with special rules, procedures and deadlines. Additionally, disputes with public entities often involve political issues and increased media scrutiny. We have successfully handled numerous cases involving public agencies, including bitterly contested cases between public agencies, in court, before administrative judges, through mediation and on appeal.
A quick note about writs:
Administrative Mandamus (CCP §1094.5) is used to review a final determination made as a result of a proceeding where: 1) a hearing is legally required; 2) evidence must be taken; and 3) discretion in the determination of facts is vested in the agency or body holding the hearing. These are adjudicatory or quasi-judicial.
Traditional Mandamus (CCP §1085) is used to compel performance of a duty where: 1) the responding party has a duty; 2) the petitioner is beneficially interested; and 3) there is no other adequate remedy. These are ministerial, administrative or legal duties to be performed.
Whether owners have disputes with government entities or neighboring owners, we are prepared to meet their needs.
Our eminent domain practice overlaps with our property rights and government work; however, because eminent domain comprises 90% of our practice.
Mediation, arbitration and negotiation are almost always the most cost effective and expedient method to resolve disputes.


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Magical Native American is a Trope common to fiction. This both a Character as Device Trope and a Characterization Trope in that it can sometimes be the character's primary role in a story, and other times it's just a lens to color his or her personality.
The Magical Native American character has Native American ancestry (though the trope is often also applied to Aborigines, African bushmen, and First Nations), and some sort of overt or implied magic, with a particularly native feel. The character probably has one or more spirit guides, or otherwise commune with Nature Spirits.
Similar in vein to the trope Magical Negro, although usually more explicitly magical. See also Noble Savage and Religion Is Magic. For a specific Western Character that frequently uses this trope, see Medicine Man.
In some ways the air of magical competence about an Amerindian Shaman can be regarded as analogous to the gloss placed on the Oriental Martial Arts (not to mention their swords) - it's not that Europeans never had such things, but more that they were forgotten (or at least marginalised) during the "Enlightenment" and the Industrial Revolution. From a systemic point of view, there is no reason to assume that a Medicine Man from the Plains would be any more powerful a worker than a Hermetic Magus imported from the Old World.
Game and Story Use
- As with many tropes archetype has a lot of power, and is readily grokked by most players very quickly. It won't take much hinting to get the players to connect the dots.
- As with any racially charged trope, some care should be taken not to fall into the stereotype of making all Native Americans use this trope.
- You could hint that someone is a Magical Native American, and let the players make the intuitive jump. Meanwhile, the NPC in question is actually a cyborg, alien, or some other unexpected subversion of the trope.
- Taking inspiration from the trope, Native American religion, medicine, and culture could make a very flavorful base for a campaigns magic system.
- Applying it to another setting or culture could subvert player expectations nicely.
- Of course if you create an ancient evil in the US it makes sense for the Amerindian population to have encountered it before and potentially retain some kind of lore about dealing with it. Likewise, when dealing with the powers of the land, an aboriginal native probably has an advantage. Of course, the problem being that the native populations of great chunks of the US were wiped out or relocated so far from home as to be untraceable … if you needed their wisdom to combat a primordial menace east of the Mississippi … too bad.
- Although tracing the shamen of a relocated tribe could be a very interesting job for the more academic PCs: hours of library time to find that an apparently different tribe on the far side of the US took them in and adsorbed their medicine way.


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Don't know if you knew this but there are other places that have sweet onions too that are indigenous to their area.Texas has their 1015 Super Sweet(planted on Oct.15) and Washington has what's called Walla Walla's. I think Hawaii has a particular sweet onion too.
That's not a post Iíd expect from someone who likes to chide people for not reading posts before posting.
Expanding on what I wrote two posts before yours (where I commented on both 1015ís and Maui onions), none of the sweet onions we have in the US today are indigenous. It all started in 1898 when Bermuda onions were first planted in Texas. Ironically, the seeds were from the Canary Islands not Bermuda.
By the 1920's they were growing so many onions in Texas, the demand for seed brought in new, inexperienced seed growers who drove the Canary Island seed quality down. Per-acre yields in Texas became so low that growers began looking at other varieties Ė the most important of which was the Grano from Spain. Because of low yields, there have been few, if any, Bermuda onions grown commercially in the US since the late 1940's despite what you might see advertised at your grocery store.
One of the most important super sweet onions is the Granex, an F1 hybrid that was developed in Texas from the Excel Yellow Bermuda and the Texas Early Grano 951. This onion has a host of names including Vidalia, Maui, Noonday, etc.
The Grano 1015Y (a.k.a Texas 1015) is not a hybrid Ė rather an improved Grano 951 that was developed for resistance to pink root Ė not sweetness per se Ė while maintaining early maturity. Attempts to further improve the 1015Y have resulted in later maturity which is highly undesirable from a commercial growing perspective.
The Walla Walla onion, on the other hand was developed from seed brought from Corsica off the coast of Italy. Interestingly, Bermuda onions are also of Italian origin.


Wednesday, August 18, 2010
CSS3 Transitions and Transforms in Gmail for the iPad
The Mobile Gmail team recently announced a new stacked cards interface for the iPad. In this interface we make use of CSS3 transitions and transforms to provide a more intuitive interface that has a look and feel that is similar to native applications. In this post we will describe CSS3 transitions and transforms and how they were used to develop this interface. All of the CSS and JavaScript examples currently work only in WebKit-based browsers, such as Safari on the iPad. However, Mozilla-based browsers have their own versions of WebKit-based extensions that use the '-moz' prefix, and that should behave similarly.
CSS3 Transitions
CSS3 transitions allow the browser to animate the change of a CSS property from an initial value to a final value. A transition is configured by setting four CSS properties on an HTML element:
 - -webkit-transition-property
 - -webkit-transition-duration
 - -webkit-transition-timing-function
 - -webkit-transition-delay
The -webkit-transition-property property identifies the CSS properties where changes to the property will trigger a transition between the old value of the property and the new value. The -webkit-transition-duration property specifies, in milliseconds, the length of time over which the transition should take place. The -webkit-transition-timing-function property describes the speed at which the transition progresses over the duration of the transition. For example, -webkit-transition-timing-function: ease-in-out describes a transition that will proceed slowly at the beginning and the end of the transition, but that will proceed quickly during the middle of the transition. You can also provide a custom, cubic-bezier function for a higher degree of control over the timing. The -webkit-transition-delay property specifies a delay, measured in milliseconds, before the transition begins.
The transition properties can also be set simultaneously using the -webkit-transition property, by simply specifying them in the above order. Once the transitions properties are set and up to the point where the value of -webkit-transition-property is changed, all modifications of the specified CSS properties will trigger transitions.
CSS3 Transforms
CSS3 transforms allow the rendering of an HTML element to be modified using 2D and 3D transformations such as rotation, scaling, and translations. Transforms are applied by setting the -webkit-transform CSS property with the desired list of transforms. Each transform takes the form of a transformation function, such as translate3d or rotate, and a list of parameters enclosed in brackets. For example, to move an object to the right by 100 pixels and rotate it by 45 degrees you can use the -webkit-transform property:
-webkit-transform: translate(100px, 0) rotate(45deg);
Using -webkit-transform as the transition property when moving an element is advantageous relative to using the standard top and left properties because transitions using -webkit-transform are hardware-accelerated in Safari. An exception here is that it seems that 2D translations are not hardware-accelerated. But, since any 2D translation is equivalent to a corresponding 3D translation with the same translations in the x and y and no translation in the z axis, it is easy to use a hardware accelerated translate3d(x, y, 0) transform instead of a non-hardware accelerated translate(x, y) transform.
There are a few terms here that begin with 'trans,' and they can easily be confused if you are not familiar with them. Here they are again:
 - Transition: An implicit animation of CSS properties between an initial and a final value.
 - Transform: A modification to the appearance of an HTML element by manipulating it in a 2D or 3D space.
 - Translation: A particular type of transformation that moves the HTML element in 2D or 3D space.
Stacked Cards Interface
In the stacked cards interface, cards representing selected conversations transition onto the screen when their corresponding conversation is selected, and transition off of the screen when it is deselected.
When cards are selected, they are transitioned out from underneath the conversation list on the left side of the application into the selected conversation area on the right side of the application. To move the card onto the screen, we set an initial transform, configure the transition, and finally apply the desired final transform to the element.
To simplify the layout, the un-transformed position of each card is its normal position in the selected conversation area. This allows the card to have no translation applied when in this position, although it will need a translation to animate the movement. Initially the card has a transform that translates it to the left. The z-index property is used to ensure that the card will render underneath the conversation list. The rotation of the card is also initially applied, since we chose not to have the card rotate as it transitions onto the screen.
card.style.WebkitTransform =
'translate3d(-700px, 0, 0) rotate(5deg)';
Since the particular translation and rotation can vary, we chose to apply this property using JavaScript rather than including it in the CSS class applied to the card. It is important that the CSS3 transition is not yet applied because we do not want this transform to be a transition. Moreover, it is important that the card is rendered at its initial transform before the transition is configured and the destination transform is applied. This is easily achieved by wrapping these next steps in a call to window.setTimeout with a timeout of 0 ms.
window.setTimeout(function() {
card.style.WebkitTransition =
'-webkit-transform 300ms ease-in-out';
card.style.WebkitTransform =
'translate3d(0, 0, 0) rotate(5deg)';
}, 0);
Completion of the Transition
It is useful to know when the transition is complete. In the stacked cards interface, we use this to improve performance by setting display:none on obscured cards so that they do not need to be rendered. Adding an event listener allows the application to be notified when the transition has completed.
element.addEventListener('webkitTransitionEnd', listener, false);
Interrupting a Transition
In some cases, you may want to change a transition while it is in progress. For example, if the user unselected a conversation while the corresponding card was still animating onto the screen, we might apply a new transition to send the card back off of the screen again. When you apply a new CSS value while a transition is already in progress, a new transition will occur between the current value of the property in the transition and the new value that you apply. For example, suppose a card is halfway through it's transition onto the screen, and we apply this CSS transform:
card.style.WebkitTransform =
Since the transition properties are still configured, a new transition will occur. The initial value for the transition will be the halfway point - approximately translated3d(-350px, 0, 0) rotate(5deg). The final value will be translate3d(-700px, 0, 0) rotate(5deg). The full duration of the transition will still apply, so the card will move about half as quickly as it usually does. It is possible to determine the current transform applied to an HTML element using the WebKitCSSMatrix and to use this to recalculate more appropriate transition parameters, but this is outside the scope of this post.
I hope that this introduction to CSS3 transitions and transforms has been useful, and that the insight into the implementation of Mobile Gmail on the iPad has been interesting. Based on positive feedback, the Mobile Gmail team is looking forward to making more use of transitions and transforms in the future.
 1. It would be nice to see some of these new CSS3 and HTML5 features in the regular webmail. I remember a tech demo of offline storage with the HTML5 client database, but GMail still requires Gears.
 For those of us on 64-bit Linux Chrome and without the ability to use Gears, it would be wonderful to see these improvements be merged back for non-iPad users :)
 2. Very nice guys.
 However what I'd really, really like is an option to pin the floating toolbar (when reading messages) in the iPhone Gmail web interface. It's so very, very annoying. Since we can scroll to the top of the conversation via tapping on the status bar there's absolutely no reason why the toolbar can't be pinned to the top. Otherwise the Gmail mobile interface is great. Fingers crossed...
 3. Beautiful interface. I was surprised when I opened Gmail on my iPad and it looked like an iPad app! The scroll on the left even scrolls the same way: smooth and responsive. Wondering how you achieve the scroll effect in the stacked deck (or list of emails). Thanks - I develop martial arts software and I'm looking at implementing a solution like this for mobile users. Thanks - and beautiful work!


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|作 者：Lv SL, Tai F, Guo J, Jiang P, Lin KQ, Wang DLY, Zhang X, Li YX*|
|刊物名称：Plant and Cell Physiology|
|卷：62 期：1 页码：66–79|
Salinity-induced lipid alterations have been reported in many plant species; however, how lipid biosynthesis and metabolism are regulated and how lipids work in plant salt tolerance are much less studied. Here, a constitutively much higher phosphatidylserine (PS) content in the plasma membrane (PM) was found in the euhalophyte Salicornia europaea than in Arabidopsis. A gene encoding PS synthase (PSS) was subsequently isolated from S. europaea, named SePSS, which was induced by salinity. Multiple alignments and phylogenetic analysis suggested that SePSS belongs to a base exchange-type PSS, which localises to the endoplasmic reticulum. Knockdown of SePSS in S. europaea suspension cells resulted in reduced PS content, decreased cell survival rate, and increased PM depolarization and K+ efflux under 400 or 800 mM NaCl. By contrast, the upregulation of SePSS leads to increased PS and phosphatidylethanolamine levels and enhanced salt tolerance in Arabidopsis, along with a lower accumulation of reactive oxygen species, less membrane injury, less PM depolarization and higher K+/Na+ in the transgenic lines than in wild-type (WT). These results suggest a positive correlation between PS levels and plant salt tolerance, and that SePSS participates in plant salt tolerance by regulating PS levels, hence PM potential and permeability, which help maintain ion homeostasis. Our work provides a potential strategy for improving plant growth under multiple stresses.


Dynamics Simulation
Understand dynamic performance of your designs using these capabilities
Most machines and vehicles experience vibrations and other excitations that can impact their structural performance. Historically, physical testing methods have been used for understanding the structural dynamics of various products. However, testing is costly and time consuming, and perhaps not very feasible with large structures like aircraft or ships. Simulation has become a key technology in understanding the structural dynamics for automobiles, spacecraft, jet engines, ships, electronic devices and industrial machines.
Simcenter offers a comprehensive solution to understand, analyze and improve the response when a system is subjected to dynamic loading. Simcenter builds on over 50 years of dynamics analysis experience to offer you the ability to efficiently understand and avoid excessive vibrations and stresses. Dedicated capabilities are available for noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) engineering, rotor dynamics and correlation.
Noise, Vibration & Harshness (NVH)
NVH performance strongly impacts the driving experience and perception of quality for your end customer. Simcenter offers integrated tools and solvers to predict NVH characteristics and analyze the root cause of noise and vibration problems. With Simcenter, you can create full vehicle level FE models for NVH starting from subassembly models, through an interactive network display.
Response Dynamics
Simcenter's unique response dynamics solution makes dynamic analysis more accessible and efficient. It allows you to predict the forced response of structural systems under various loading conditions in a single, interactive graphical user environment, thereby eliminating the complexity of setting up and launching analysis and providing rapid insight into dynamic behavior. Analysis information can then be used to perform design studies to enhance the new product development process and confirm the quality of designs prior to physical prototyping and production.
Rotor Dynamics
Rotating systems, like gas turbines, pumps and more, are subject to gyroscopic forces such as coriolis and centrifugal forces that are not present in stationary systems. Simcenter provides the capability to predict the linear dynamic behavior of rotating systems. Users can simulate rotating system loads, perform synchronous and asynchronous analysis to generate Campbell Diagram data, predict whirl frequencies and critical speeds and detect instability in rotating components.
Structural Dynamics
Starting from the product concept phase, analysts and specialists can rely on Simcenter structural dynamics solutions to analyze design decisions and systematically improve dynamic characteristics of the system. Simcenter is fully customizable to suit your dynamic analysis processes by creating predefined templates and streamlining the product engineering process.
Test-analysis Correlation & Updating
 An integral part of making product engineering decisions is having confidence in the simulation models so you can accurately predict reality. Correlation solutions allow you to validate and improve the dynamic behavior of simulation models from physical test data.
Simcenter provides you with the ability to compare and correlate your simulation data with physical test results. You can geometrically align models, pair modes from both solutions, view mode shapes and frequency response functions, and calculate/display correlation metrics.
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In the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, if the electron is in the second orbit with a radius of 2.12 Å. What is the de Broglie wavelength of the electron?
λ = 4h^2ε/me^2
The Attempt at a Solution
I found this equation hunting around online and figured out that the constant is 2 times the energy level, but I do not have all of this information. How would I solve this problem?


NASA's drone aircraft
Spent a fascinating day at NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center at Edwards Airforce Base. Saw the Global Hawk drone - an unmanned aircraft that's capable of flying half way around the world in a single flight at 60,000 ft. Cool science - gathering info about climate and weather. The Hawk's 2nd scientific flight is currently in progress - due to land in the morning and wil break record for longest flight of its kind (24 hours).
Full BBC story:
Nasa drone embarks on scientific flights


Albemarle Sound
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Satellite image of Albemarle Sound
Albemarle Sound (/ˈælbəˌmɑːrl/) is a large estuary on the coast of North Carolina in the United States located at the confluence of a group of rivers, including the Chowan and Roanoke. It is separated from the Atlantic Ocean by the Currituck Banks, a barrier peninsula upon which the town of Kitty Hawk is located, at the eastern edge of the sound, and part of the greater Outer Banks region. Roanoke Island is situated at the southeastern corner of the sound, where it connects to Pamlico Sound. Much of the water in the Albemarle Sound is brackish or fresh, as opposed to the saltwater of the ocean, as a result of river water pouring into the sound.
Some small portions of the Albemarle have been given their own "sound" names to distinguish these bodies of water from other parts of the large estuary. The Croatan Sound, for instance, lies between mainland Dare County and Roanoke Island. The eastern shore of the island to the Outer Banks is commonly referred to as the Roanoke Sound (which is also a historical name for the entire body of water now known as Albemarle Sound[1][2]). The long stretch of water from near the Virginia state line south to around the Currituck County southern boundary is known as the Currituck Sound.
The sound forms part of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway. Its coast saw the first permanent settlements in what became North Carolina, the English Albemarle Settlements. Many inland Tidewater communities along the Albemarle today are part of the Inner Banks region of the state.
Norfolk Southern Railroad passenger train crosses the Albemarle Sound trestle in 1918. The trestle was demolished in the late 1980s.
Before Europeans came to the Albemarle Sound, the Algonquian Indians lived in the region. They traveled the sound in dugout canoes, and trapped fish.
In 1586 the first European explorers sailed up the fifty-five-mile (89 km) length of the Albemarle Sound. Half a century later, the first European settlers came south from Virginia, establishing agricultural and trading colonies along the shores of the Sound. The Albemarle Sound soon became a very important thoroughfare, with small trading ships called coasters carrying cargo to and from other colonies, and larger merchant ships bringing spices, silks, and sugars from the West Indies in exchange for products such as tobacco (a major export of the southern colonies), herring, and lumber.
In 1663, Albemarle Sound was made part of the Province of Carolina by King Charles II of England and given to eight Lords Proprietors. One of these royal beneficiaries was George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle, for whom the sound is named.[3]
Ferries were a common method of transportation through the swamps surrounding the Albemarle Sound throughout the history of the region. One ferry that linked the towns of Edenton and Mackeys, North Carolina, continued in service from 1734 to 1938, when a bridge was built across the Sound. Another longer bridge of more than 3 miles (4.8 km) in length was built in 1990.
Fishing was a major industry in the Albemarle Sound. In late spring, plantation farmers would fish for shad, striped bass, and herring. Nets used by these fishermen were sometimes enormous, with some more than a mile (1600 m) long, and were frequently staffed 24 hours a day. Herring was cut and salted for export to Europe, while shad was packed in ice and shipped up the Chowan River to be sold in northern colonies. Regional striped bass tournaments attracted sports fishermen to the area, and it was considered by many to be the greatest striped bass fishery in the world.
Pollution and development in recent years have depleted the fisheries of the Albemarle Sound by seventy percent.
See also[edit]
 1. ^ "Albemarle Sound". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
 2. ^ Mcpherson, Elizabeth G.; Paschal, Herbert R. "Batts, Nathaniell". NCpedia. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
 3. ^ "Museum of the Albermarle". Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-19.
External links[edit]
Coordinates: 36°03′55″N 76°03′52″W / 36.06520°N 76.06453°W / 36.06520; -76.06453


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Learn something new every day More Info... by email
A starving artist is a painter, poet, actor, musician, or other artist who lives in poverty. Life may be a financial struggle for the undiscovered artist who often cannot earn enough to make a living from art. A starving artist as the romantic, sometimes tragic figure portrayed in literature and theater is based on the bohemian counterculture that began in nineteenth century Paris. The French starving artists, or bohemians as they were known, were poorly housed and fed, yet were passionate about their artistic life as their raison d'etre, or reason for being.
The use of the term "bohemian" to describe a starving artist was inspired by Bohemian people from the part of the Czech Republic known as Bohemia, but it did not refer to all aspects of the actual Bohemian lifestyle. The French and other nationalities tended to view the actual Bohemians and Gypsies as con-artists and circus folk rather than actual artists. The French used the expression "bohemian" to describe a starving artist related only to the poverty-ridden yet free-spirited outlook of Bohemians and Gypsies.
The first bohemians were Parisian bourgeois; young people beginning to live on their own. They lived the impoverished life of a starving artist, yet most did have homes to return to whenever they chose. Soon, working class people who were actually poor also began living the starving artist life of the bohemian.
Housing for a typical 1850s bohemian was a small, sparsely furnished attic-style room on the top floor of an apartment building as these units were cheaper in Paris than housing on the lower floors. Many stairs, often hundreds, had to be climbed to reach the upper rooms. Sometimes several students shared a suite of rooms and focused on their art while also inspiring others. Food for the starving artist was often limited to small amounts of items such as potatoes, cheese, and herring. When a bohemian did have some money, it was common to treat other bohemians to a fine meal of lobster and wine.
Henry Murger's 1849 play, Scenes de la Vie de Boheme, was the first piece of art to make the general public more knowledgeable of the bohemian starving artist counterculture. Victor Hugo's masterpiece Les Miserables in which bohemian students were included as characters would appear later, in 1862. Murger's work presented three main starving artist types: the undiscovered artists who would often die in poverty as they thought discovery would come to them without their own pursuit of it, the paid bourgeoisie workers who lived the bohemian lifestyle for its romantic appeal, and the working artists without much money, but with a lot of ambition, who could survive well whether they became rich or stayed poor.
Jonathan Larson's 1996 rock musical Rent was inspired by Murger's play and the Puccini opera, La Boheme, based on Murger's play. Larson included modern artistic counterculture in Rent with subject matter about drugs, AIDS, and homosexual relationships. Rent is set in the East Village area of New York and is about the starving artist lives of idealist youth, some of whom are HIV positive, struggling to earn a living from their art. The young artists embody the Bohemian/bohemian philosophy of living each day one at a time and striving to make their short lives purposeful through the expression of their artistic passions.
I think it should be included that living the Bohemian life is the best way to live. Dedication to art should surpass the desire for wealth. It is more important to live a happy life than one in which people cannot be happy due to the circumstances that they find themselves.


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Start out with the following simple question:
Imagine you have tied a rope tightly around the full span of earth's equator (assume "earth" as being a perfect sphere and that the rope cannot be stretched). Now imagine that you add 1 meter to the initial rope length so that it becomes loose around the equator. Question: if you spread the rope at an even height from earth's surface (i.e. rope has a circular form, cocentric with earth's center) can you pass a cat underneath it?
Intuition says "no way", but let's examine the problem closely. Cutting a 2D slice at the equator, initially we have a circle with a perimeter equal to earth's perimeter at the equator (call it's radius "R") and a circle of rope tied tightly around it. When we loosen the perimeter by a meter (add a meter of rope) we are (indirectly) increasing it's radius. What we need to find out is how much the circle's radius will expand. (again intuition says it'll be very little due to the earth's dimensions and the fact that we are adding so little rope).
So, initially we have, from basic geometry:
(where P is the initial perimeter). When we add a meter of rope we are making P'=P+1 (where P' is the perimeter after the meter of rope was added). We also know (same as equation (1)) that:
Solving for R':
note the beauty of equation (2). It tells us that the increase in the radius is independant of it's initial radius. Simply, it doesn't matter whether we are tying a rope around an orange or the earth, when we add 1 meter to it's length (perimeter), we ALWAYS increase it's radius by 16 centimeters.
let's just say I was marvelled by this simple result.
by the way... most cats can squeeze beneath 16 centimeters.