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Which features of the VBA language are either poorly documented, or simply not often used?
This trick only works in Access VBA, Excel and others won't allow it. But you can make a Standard Module hidden from the object browser by prefixing the Module name with an underscore. The module will then only be visible if you change the object browser to show hidden objects.
This trick works with Enums in all vb6 based version of VBA. You can create a hidden member of an Enum by encasing it's name in brackets, then prefixing it with an underscore. Example:
Public Enum MyEnum meDefault = 0 meThing1 = 1 meThing2 = 2 meThing3 = 3 [_Min] = meDefault [_Max] = meThing3 End Enum Public Function IsValidOption(ByVal myOption As MyEnum) As Boolean If myOption >= MyEnum.[_Min] Then IsValidOption myOption <= MyEnum.[_Max] End Function
In Excel-VBA you can reference cells by enclosing them in brackets, the brackets also function as an evaluate command allowing you to evaluate formula syntax:
Public Sub Example() [A1] = "Foo" MsgBox [VLOOKUP(A1,A1,1,0)] End Sub
Also you can pass around raw data without using MemCopy (RtlMoveMemory) by combining LSet with User Defined Types of the same size:
Public Sub Example() Dim b() As Byte b = LongToByteArray(_PHONE_) MsgBox b(1) End Sub Private Function LongToByteArray(ByVal value As Long) As Byte() Dim tl As TypedLong Dim bl As ByteLong tl.value = value LSet bl = tl LongToByteArray = bl.value End Function
Octal & Hex Literals are actually unsigned types, these will both output -32768:
Public Sub Example() Debug.Print &H8000 Debug.Print &O100000 End Sub
As mentioned, passing a variable inside parenthesis causes it to be passed ByVal:
Sub PredictTheOutput() Dim i&, j&, k& i = 10: j = i: k = i MySub (i) MySub j MySub k + 20 MsgBox Join(Array(i, j, k), vbNewLine), vbQuestion, "Did You Get It Right?" End Sub Public Sub MySub(ByRef foo As Long) foo = 5 End Sub
You can assign a string directly into a byte array and vice-versa:
Public Sub Example() Dim myString As String Dim myBytArr() As Byte myBytArr = "I am a string." myString = myBytArr MsgBox myString End Sub
"Mid" is also an operator. Using it you overwrite specific portions of strings without VBA's notoriously slow string concatenation:
Public Sub Example1() ''// This takes about 47% of time Example2 does: Dim myString As String myString = "I liek pie." Mid(myString, 5, 2) = "ke" Mid(myString, 11, 1) = "!" MsgBox myString End Sub Public Sub Example2() Dim myString As String myString = "I liek pie." myString = "I li" & "ke" & " pie" & "!" MsgBox myString End Sub
There is an important but almost always missed feature of the Mid() statement. That is where Mid() appears on the left hand side of an assignment as opposed to the Mid() function that appears in the right hand side or in an expression.
The rule is that if the if the target string is not a string literal, and this is the only reference to the target string, and the length of segment being inserted matches the length of the segment being replaced, then the string will be treated as mutable for the operation.
What does that mean? It means that if your building up a large report or a huge list of strings into a single string value, then exploiting this will make your string processing much faster.
Here is a simple class that benefits from this. It gives your VBA the same StringBuilder capability that.Net has.
' Class: StringBuilder Option Explicit Private Const initialLength As Long = 32 Private totalLength As Long'Length of the buffer Private curLength As Long'Length of the string value within the buffer Private buffer As String'The buffer Private Sub Class_Initialize()'We set the buffer up to it's initial size and the string value "" totalLength = initialLength buffer = Space(totalLength) curLength = 0 End Sub Public Sub Append(Text As String) Dim incLen As Long'The length that the value will be increased by Dim newLen As Long'The length of the value after being appended incLen = Len(Text) newLen = curLength + incLen'Will the new value fit in the remaining free space within the current buffer If newLen <= totalLength Then'Buffer has room so just insert the new value Mid(buffer, curLength + 1, incLen) = Text Else'Buffer does not have enough room so'first calculate the new buffer size by doubling until its big enough'then build the new buffer While totalLength < newLen totalLength = totalLength + totalLength Wend buffer = Left(buffer, curLength) & Text & Space(totalLength - newLen) End If curLength = newLen End Sub Public Property Get Length() As Integer Length = curLength End Property Public Property Get Text() As String Text = Left(buffer, curLength) End Property Public Sub Clear() totalLength = initialLength buffer = Space(totalLength) curLength = 0 End Sub
And here is an example on how to use it:
Dim i As Long Dim sb As StringBuilder Dim result As String Set sb = New StringBuilder For i = 1 to 100000 sb.Append CStr( i) Next i result = sb.Text
VBA itself seems to be a hidden feature. Folks I know who've used Office products for years have no idea it's even a part of the suite.
I've posted this on multiple questions here, but the Object Browser is my secret weapon. If I need to ninja code something real quick, but am not familiar with the dll's, Object Browser saves my life. It makes it much easier to learn the class structures than MSDN.
The Locals Window is great for debugging as well. Put a pause in your code and it will show you all the variables, their names, and their current values and types within the current namespace.
And who could forget our good friend Immediate Window? Not only is it great for Debug.Print standard output, but you can enter in commands into it as well. Need to know what VariableX is?
Need to know what color that cell is?
In fact all those windows are great tools to be productive with VBA.
It's not a feature, but a thing I have seen wrong so many times in VBA (and VB6): Parenthesis added on method calls where it will change semantics:
Sub Foo() Dim str As String str = "Hello" Bar (str) Debug.Print str 'prints "Hello" because str is evaluated and a copy is passed Bar str 'or Call Bar(str) Debug.Print str 'prints "Hello World" End Sub Sub Bar(ByRef param As String) param = param + " World" End Sub
Possibly the least documented features in VBA are those you can only expose by selecting "Show Hidden Members" on the VBA Object Browser. Hidden members are those functions that are in VBA, but are unsupported. You can use them, but microsoft might eliminate them at any time. None of them has any documentation provided, but you can find some on the web. Possibly the most talked about of these hidden features provides access to pointers in VBA. For a decent writeup, check out; Not So Lightweight - Shlwapi.dll
Documented, but perhaps more obscure (in excel anyways) is using ExecuteExcel4Macro to access a hidden global namespace that belongs to the entire Excel application instance as opposed to a specific workbook.
Dictionaries. VBA is practically worthless without them!
Reference the Microsoft Scripting Runtime, use
Scripting.Dictionary for any sufficiently complicated task, and live happily ever after.
The Scripting Runtime also gives you the FileSystemObject, which also comes highly recommended.
Start here, then dig around a bit...
With a little work, you can iterate over custom collections like this:
' Write some text in Word first.' Sub test() Dim c As New clsMyCollection c.AddItems ActiveDocument.Characters(1), _ ActiveDocument.Characters(2), _ ActiveDocument.Characters(3), _ ActiveDocument.Characters(4) Dim el As Range For Each el In c Debug.Print el.Text Next Set c = Nothing End Sub
Your custom collection code (in a class called
Option Explicit Dim m_myCollection As Collection Public Property Get NewEnum() As IUnknown'This property allows you to enumerate'this collection with the For...Each syntax'Put the following line in the exported module'file (.cls)!' 'Attribute NewEnum.VB_UserMemId = -4 Set NewEnum = m_myCollection.[_NewEnum] End Property Public Sub AddItems(ParamArray items() As Variant) Dim i As Variant On Error Resume Next For Each i In items m_myCollection.Add i Next On Error GoTo 0 End Sub Private Sub Class_Initialize() Set m_myCollection = New Collection End Sub
Support for localized versions, which (at least in the previous century) supported expressions using localized values. Like Pravda for True and Fałszywy (not too sure, but at least it did have the funny L) for False in Polish... Actually the English version would be able to read macros in any language, and


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- Order: Apodiformes
- Family: Trochilidae
It is not considered an endangered species globally, but if included in Appendix II of CITES. In Mexican law is not considered threatened. It is a common species in its range and occupies disturbed habitats by humans is common in artificial feeders of the city of Mexico. Studies are needed on their ecology, reproductive biology and food, and encourage studies aimed at conservation.
Effects of human activity on populations
No information available - Contribute
Arizmendi, M.C., C. Rodríguez-Flores & C. Soberanes-González. 2010. Berylline Hummingbird (Amazilia beryllina), Neotropical Birds Online (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; retrieved from Neotropical Birds Online: _URL_

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


affect the structural integrity of the aeroplane," the safety watchdog warns.
EASA says two types of cracks have been found in the L-shaped brackets, called rib feet, that join the A380's wing surface, which is also made of an aluminium alloy, to the ribs whose profile defines the wing's cross sectional shape. The first type of rib foot crack was found when the aircraft damaged in last November's A380 engine-loss incident was being checked out after repairs.
But after subsequent checking of more of the fleet, engineers found a "more significant" form of cracking has developed on the rib feet of some of the aircraft. So EASA has ordered "detailed visual inspections" within the next six weeks for A380 aircraft that have flown between 1300 and 1799 takeoffs and landings - and within just four days for those with over 1800 flight cycles.
There's a good reason safety watchdogs take no chances with even the smallest of cracks: it was cracks caused by the then unknown phenomenon of metal fatigue that caused the fatal midflight breakups of the De Havilland Comet, the first world's pressurised, aluminium-skinned jetliner, in the 1950s. Tiny cracks around window portholes eventually propagated, bursting the fuselage, after a certain number of flight pressurisations and depressurisations.
While EASA has not said what might happen if A380 rib feet fail owing to cracking, if a section of wing skin were to separate from the plane the debris could potentially damage any critical structure it collides with - like the tailfin.
Jacob Aron, technology reporter
76223667.jpg(Image: Mark Hamblin/Oxford Scientific/Getty)
Fast-moving birds like goshawks can zip through dense forests by intuitively avoiding the trees, but researchers at MIT have discovered a theoretical speed limit over which they are guaranteed to crash. The findings could help build more efficient unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) by designing them to mimic bird flight paths.
UAVs are currently designed to fly at relatively slow speeds, allowing them to come to a halt before reaching the edge of their field of view. You might think that adding more sensors would allow them to fly faster, but MIT aerospace engineer Emilio Frazzoli says otherwise.
Frazzoli and colleagues created a mathematical model that shows a bird or drone flying through a built-up environment of a given density will always crash once it reaches a certain speed, no matter how much it knows about its surroundings.
Paul Marks, senior technology correspondent
79335741.jpg(Image: Image Source/Getty)
Sick of having to ditch your bottled water, booze and toiletries at the airport security post? That appalling hassle should end by April next year, when airports are supposed to start screening the contents of bottles for explosives.
But they can only do this if the bottle-scanning technologies currently being trialled are up to the job. This week, Cobalt Light Systems of the UK says its explosives detector has passed all its European civil aviation security tests - which means the end should be in sight for bottle-dumping at airport security.
The rule that no bottles larger than 100 millilitres can be carried on aircraft followed the failed 2006 attempt by 17 would-be terrorists who conspired to carry hydrogen peroxide-based liquid explosives onto aircraft in Britain.
Paul Marks, senior technology correspondent
(Image: AFP Photo/
Yesterday's shutdown of the Megaupload file storage website, and the arrest of four of its founders in New Zealand, illustrates how a global Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) may be facilitating coordinated multinational clampdowns on alleged digital content piracy.
The move, led by the FBI, comes just a day after huge protests on the internet against SOPA - controversial US legislation designed to stop online piracy.
Megaupload allowed users to upload and store large files to make them easily downloaded by others, without using sophisticated peer-to-peer software. But the FBI alleges it was posting "movies, music, TV programmes, ebooks and business and entertainment software on a massive scale" - allegedly costing copyright owners $500 million in lost sales.
Jacob Aron, technology reporter
PA-_PHONE_.jpg(Image: Mark Lennihan/AP/Press Association Images)
Students groaning under the weight of multiple textbooks can now swap their hefty tomes for an iPad - if they can afford one. Apple today launched a new range of interactive textbooks specifically designed for its tablets.
iBook Textbooks dump the paper-flipping effect of ebooks for a more app-like experience, offering images, videos and interactive diagrams alongside the text. Students can also highlight passages and make notes, then touch a button to have them transformed into study cards.
Jim Giles, consultant
Picture-1(2).jpgWikipedia went down, denying access to the 85 million people who visit the site every day. Flickr users chose to black out over 200,000 photos. Reddit, a news aggregator that is an important source of traffic for many media sites, was out of action. Wired censored its own headlines and BoingBoing, a popular tech culture blog, censored its entire site. So, did yesterday's black-out have any effect?
For the benefit of those who missed the furore, which at one point was the subject of 4,500 tweets per minute, the black-outs were protests against two copyright bills - dubbed SOPA and PIPA - that are making their way through Congress. The bills would give copyright holders greater power to take down content deemed to be infringing, and so are liked by Hollywood and big music companies.
The protests seem to have been effective. Several Republican supporters of the legislation, most notably potential vice-presidential pick Marco Rubio, withdrew their backing. Since the White House had already signalled its dislike of the bills, supporters of SOPA and PIPA will probably have to substantially rewrite their proposals, or kill them altogether.
Jacob Aron, technology reporter
The Wikipedia protest against US anti-piracy laws is in full swing, with the site blacked out until 5 am GMT on 19 January. But while millions are realising they might have to reach for those dusty Encarta DVDs, those in the know can still access the web's favourite encyclopaedia. Here are our top five ways to get your Wiki fix.
While those visiting Wikipedia on their desktop or laptop will see a black page (pictured above), mobile users can access the site as normal. That means you can also view the mobile site on your regular PC - just point your browser at for full access, albeit in shrunk-down form. Wikipedia says this was done intentionally, to allow access "during an emergency".
A Wikipedia app for your phone is normally an optional extra for those who don't like using the mobile site. But apps for the Apple or Android smartphones and tablets also avoid the blackout, since they should work as normal. Some apps even download Wikipedia content to read offline, which makes them immune to any future downtime.
Jacob Aron, technology reporter
rexfeatures_1260595d.jpg(Image: Roland Kemp/Rex Features)
Wikipedia, the sixth-most visited website on the internet, is planning a major shutdown to protest against the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and PROTECT IP Act (PIPA), two proposed laws aimed at halting online piracy that critics say could seriously harm the internet.
From 5am GMT tomorrow, the English language version of the online encyclopaedia will be replaced by a single black page asking visitors to contact US politicians and express their opposition to the proposed laws. The decision to shutdown the site was reached in typical Wikipedia fashion, with users discussing the pros and cons before eventually agreeing to go ahead with the protest.
The community rushed to reach a consensus so that the protest could coincide with other website blackouts, including social news site Reddit and news blog Boing Boing, set for 18 January, the same day as a planned SOPA hearing in the US Congress.
That hearing has now been postponed following criticism of the legislation from the White House, but Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales says the protest will still go ahead. "Unclear that SOPA is really dead, but messaging will target the reality on the ground on Wednesday," he said on Twitter, later adding that PIPA, which is still due to be debated by the US Senate, remains "a live threat".
Not all Wikipedians support the protest, however. Some have complained about the speed at which the decision was reached, while others questioned the need for an international blackout to protest US legislation.
Other websites wanting to join the protest can now use an app created by CloudFlare, the web security service previously used by LulzSec to protect its website from attacks. CloudFlare users can activate the Stop Censorship app to automatically black out words longer than five characters and ask visitors to protest the new laws.
CES: High-tech scales zero in on fat
by Peter Nowak, contributor
scaleCES.JPG(Image: Peter Nowak)
As the Consumer Electronics Show wraps up in Las Vegas, Nevada, many of the 140,000-plus attendees are heading home a few pounds lighter: walking around 158,000 square metres of exhibition space for a week will do that to you.
Still, some may come away wanting to lose even more weight after seeing all of the high-tech bathroom scales at the show. From small vendors to electronics giants such as Samsung, which demonstrated a scale that can beam its results to a television, futuristic weight-watching devices were all over the place.
Tanita Corp., a small Japanese company, showed off a dozen scales ranging in price from $100 to $500. All of them incorporate Wi-Fi and transmit either to smartphone apps or computer software.
The company's higher-end scales are capable of


newyork state dbq
__________________, __________________
Latin American History—Period
November 9, 2012
As #10: Writing with Documents—Revolutions
Revolutions Document Based Questions
Using the provided documents, explain how the causes of revolution were similar and different in two of the following revolutions: English Revolution, American Revolution, French
Revolution, Haitian Revolution, Mexican Revolution, or the Venezuelan Revolution.
Historical Background:
In 1688 the English overthrew their king (James II) and replaced him with new king, who would recognize an increase of citizen rights by signing the English Bill of Rights. This event, also known as the Glorious Revolution, was justified by John Locke in
Two Treatise on
(1689). In response, Locke would be considered the father of the Enlightenment, a philosophical movement that inspired the people to question their government and rulers (kings).
These Enlightenment ideals would be displayed through a chain reaction of political revolutions in the
18 th and 19 th centuries in America, France, Haiti and throughout Latin America. The success and failure of these revolutions may lie in their goals and the causes for which they fought.
Document 1
Source: English Bill of Rights. Signed on December 16, 1689 at the conclusion of the English Revolution
Whereas the late King
1. 1. By assuming and exercising a power of dispensing with and suspending of laws, and the execution of laws, without consent of parliament…6. By causing several good subjects, being
Protestants, to be disarmed, at the same time when papists were both armed and employed, contrary to law…7. By violating the freedom of election of members to serve in parliament.
And whereas the said late king
the Second having abdicated the government, and the throne being thereby vacant... the said lords spiritual and temporal, and commons
1. This document justifies why the English overthrew and executed James II of England. What
TWO reasons are given in the English Bill of Rights (1689) for the regicide of the King? a. ___________________________________________________ b. ___________________________________________________
Document 2
Source: Declaration of Independence. Signed July 4, 1776, near the beginning of the American Revolution
Facts be submitted to a candid world… He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good…He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them…For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world…For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent…For depriving us in many cases, of the benefit of Trial by Jury
2. Thomas Jefferson gave six reasons in this excerpt of the Declaration of Independence. List four of them in plain English from this document. a. ___________________________________________________ b. ___________________________________________________ c. ___________________________________________________ d. ___________________________________________________
Document 3
Source: Political cartoon illustrating the Estate system in 18 th century France prior to French Revolution.
The political cartoon in Document 3 shows the Estate system in France before 1789. AN
Estate is a class of people with different rights, privileges and duties. There were three estates. Judging by the cartoon, you can assume the man with the long black hair is Louis
XVI, the King of France. Who do the other three men represent as classes?
a. The man with the tall hat who Louis is hiding behind, represents the _____________________ of the Catholic Church
b. The short man with the uniform represents the _____________ or aristocrats with titles from birth c. The man at the bottom whom the other three are riding like an animal must represent ____________________ made up of peasants, professionals, merchants, and people in towns.
Document 4
Source: The excerpt below from The French Revolution, edited by Philip Dawson, lists the grievances of the
people of Arceville, a small village about 25 miles north of Orleans.
1. The said inhabitants observe that they alone have been charged with the mass of the taxes, while their seigneur, who farms much of the land in the parish, enjoys total exemption, although he has had a great part of the land planted with woods, which are populated by game that devastates the rest of the countryside; and that the woods, as well as the avenues he has had planted in great quantity, damage and almost destroy the neighboring lands, so that these lands, even in better years, yield no harvest. Wherefore they ask that, concurrently with them and without any distinction of title or rank, the said seigneur be taxed like them, as well as all the other seigneurs who possess property in this parish... and that everyone be permitted to destroy the game which ruins his crop.
2. They complain that the tithe and the
t (feudal tax levied by landowners on peasants) take a large part of the compost from their lands, so that, far from being able to improve their lands, they sadly watch them deteriorate annually through the removal of straw and fodder that would serve not only for the enrichment of their lands but also for the nourishment of their cattle. Wherefore they ask that the tithe and the
be abolished, or at least converted into an annual payment in money.
According to Document 4, the people of Arceville, France complained about two things the seigneur (landowner noble) did. What is the complaint in each of the two grievances?
a. ___________________________________________________ b. ___________________________________________________
Document 5
Source: An excerpt from the cahier of the Third Estate of the city of Paris. A document largely created by lawyers and businessmen, it presents a fair sampling of the grievances and expectations of urban, upper-middle-class
Frenchmen on the eve of the French Revolution.
The Estates General shall void every special tax, on persons or on property, such as the
(tax on land paid by peasants), the
(fee paid by nobles on the acquisition of land), head tax, military service, the
(unpaid labor demanded from peasants by their landlords), I the billeting of troops, and others, and replace them as needed by general taxes, payable by all citizens of every order.
The Estates General in the outright replacement of taxes, shall consider principally direct taxes, which will bear equally on all citizens and all provinces and which will be simplest and less expensive to collect.
No citizen can be arrested or obliged to appear before any judge without an order coming from a competent judge. Every accused person, even before his first interrogation, shall have the right to call a lawyer.
A law will be passed to suppress the use of all torture before a criminal is executed and all practices that add prolonged and cruel suffering to the execution.
The death penalty should be limited to the smallest number of cases as possible, and reserved for truly atrocious crimes.
Those guilty of the same crime, no matter what order of society they are from, should undergo the same punishment.
Prisons should have the purpose not of punishing prisoners but of securing their persons.
Underground dungeons should be suppressed. Efforts should be made to make the interior of other Prisons healthier, and to establish rules for the moral conduct of the prisoners.
The Estates General should consider the plight of black slaves and men of color, in the colonies as well as in
In Document 5, the upper middle-class Frenchmen belonged to the Third Estate like all others not clergy or nobles. Here they give two suggestions for reforms. Each is very close to demands made in the Amendments and Constitution of the US. What does each of the reforms call for from the French government under Louis XVI?
The first asks for equal ______________ to be paid by all
Frenchmen and to quit giving exemptions (deductions) to the first two Estates.
b. The second asks for the same rights as in our ________
Amendment to end cruel and unusual punishment and for an open and ______________ trial for everyone.
Document 6
Source: PROCLAMATION OF HAITI'S INDEPENDENCE BY THE GENERAL IN CHIEF, Jean Jacques Dessalines to the Haitian people in Gonaives, on January 1st 1804, year first of Haiti's independence
Dear Citizens,
It is not enough to have expelled from your country the barbarians who have bloodied it for two centuries; it is not enough to have put a brake to these ever reviving factions which take turns to play-act this liberty, like ghost that France had exposed before your eyes; it is necessary, by a last act of national authority, assure forever an empire of liberty in this country our birth place; we must take away from this inhumane government, which held for so long our spirits in the most humiliating torpor (lifelessness), all hope to resubjugate (enslave) us; we must at last live independent or die.
Let us be on guard however so that the spirit of proselytism does not destroy our work; let our neighbors breath in peace, may they live in peace under the empire of the laws that they have legislated themselves, and let us not go, like spark fire revolutionaries, erecting ourselves as legislators of the Caribbean, to make good of our glory by troubling the peace of neighboring islands: they have never, like the one that we live in, been soaked of the innocent blood of their inhabitants; they have no vengeance to exercise against the authority that protects them.
Let us swear to the entire universe, to posterity, to ourselves, to renounce forever to France, and to die rather than to


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Skill development simulations
Computer simulations are becoming increasingly prevalent in training departments throughout industry. With organizations placing greater importance on training and stretching dollars, computer simulations are emerging as an integral part of skill development in training programs. Simulations can be used for a variety of purposes, from analyzing the behavior of systems and showing how equipment...
Computer simulations are becoming increasingly prevalent in training departments throughout industry. With organizations placing greater importance on training and stretching dollars, computer simulations are emerging as an integral part of skill development in training programs.
Simulations can be used for a variety of purposes, from analyzing the behavior of systems and showing how equipment works, to teaching a specific set of skills. This article examines some of the advantages of skills training with computer simulations, and guidelines for choosing simulation based software for your training program.
Computer simulation advantages
Training with computer simulations offers myriad benefits that can improve the efficiency of your people and your plant. Compared to traditional training methods such as textbooks or videos, computer simulations can provide learners with practical, hands-on experience that greatly increases skill learning and understanding.
Training on real equipment provides hands-on learning, but it's not always a practical approach. For example, training an entire maintenance staff to troubleshoot malfunctions on real equipment requires costly downtime and is an inefficient allocation of time and resources. Using simulation-based training software, learners can develop skills on realistic replications of equipment and transfer those skills to real equipment.
Safety in the workplace is an essential aspect of any type of training. Computer simulations provide a safe way to teach important safety practices and procedures. Simulation allows learners to make mistakes %%MDASSML%% and to learn from those mistakes %%MDASSML%% without risking an injury to themselves or others.
Choosing training software
Choosing the right simulation-based training system can present problems and can undermine your training if the simulation is not up to par. When selecting simulation-based training software, consider these important factors:
Realism %%MDASSML%% For simulation-based software to be an effective training tool, it needs to be realistic. Trainees must be able to interact with the simulation the same way they would with real equipment. A good simulation accurately reflects possible scenarios in a lifelike environment, and provides the user with the same tools as they would have on the job. The more realistic a simulation is, the easier it will be for your staff to transfer their learned skills directly to the workplace.
Feedback %%MDASSML%% An often overlooked aspect of simulation training is the positive impact that interactivity and real-time feedback can have on the learning process. Directly engaging the user with interactive learning is what makes simulation training so valuable and sets it apart from other types of training. High quality software provides continuous feedback, responding accurately to the user's interaction with the simulation. Feedback features you should look for include safety warnings, hints for improving processes, tips for developing better techniques or instructive responses when answering questions.
Evaluation %%MDASSML%% Evaluation is an integral part of any learning process, and training with simulations is no different. In addition to scoring, tracking and reporting user progress, the software should include an evaluation system at the end of an activity or exercise, allowing them to focus on aspects that need the most work. This not only lets your staff see their development and improvement, it also saves the instructor's time.
The goal of any training program is to improve the skills your staff must use on the job. Simulation-based training software can help achieve these goals by providing effective and valuable skill development.
Warren Rhude is president of Simutech Multimedia Inc. He has an extensive background in electrical maintenance and training at a prominent electrical utility.
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Annual Salary Survey
Before the calendar turned, 2016 already had the makings of a pivotal year for manufacturing, and for the world.
There were the big events for the year, including the United States as Partner Country at Hannover Messe in April and the 2016 International Manufacturing Technology Show in Chicago in September. There's also the matter of the U.S. presidential elections in November, which promise to shape policy in manufacturing for years to come.
But the year started with global economic turmoil, as a slowdown in Chinese manufacturing triggered a worldwide stock hiccup that sent values plummeting. The continued plunge in world oil prices has resulted in a slowdown in exploration and, by extension, the manufacture of exploration equipment.
Read more: 2015 Salary Survey


text:
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
- v. To confuse or trouble with uncertainty or doubt. See Synonyms at puzzle.
- v. To make confusedly intricate; complicate.
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- Intricate; difficult.
- n. A difficulty; an entanglement; something hard to understand; a perplexity.
- To make intricate; involve; entangle; make complicated and difficult to be understood or unraveled.
- To embarrass; puzzle; distract; bewilder; trouble with suspense, anxiety, or ambiguity.
- Synonyms To complicate, tangle, snarl.
- Puzzle, etc. (see embarrass), confuse, harass, pose, nonplus, put to a stand, mystify.
GNU Webster's 1913
- v. To involve; to entangle; to make intricate or complicated, and difficult to be unraveled or understood.
- v. To embarrass; to puzzle; to distract; to bewilder; to confuse; to trouble with ambiguity, suspense, or anxiety.
- v. To plague; to vex; to tormen.
- adj. obsolete Intricate; difficult.
- v. be a mystery or bewildering to
- v. make more complicated
- From Old French, from Latin perplexus ("entangled, confused"), from per ("through") + plexus, perfect passive participle of plectō ("plait, weave, braid"). (Wiktionary)
- Back-formation from Middle English perplexed, puzzled; see perplexed. (American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition)
"Thus, our "unfinished feeling" represents in itself an obscure demand for a resolution of the unadjusted; it corresponds to that inner compulsion which operates upon the imperfect consciousness of the dreamer, or upon the mentality of any person seeking the solution of a problem or "perplex," either asleep, or awake -- as I trust you all still remain."
"The resulting image is compelling, perplex and idiosyncratic; a pagan Catholic Cirque du Soleil."
"It would be useless and unkind to perplex you with my literary troubles."
"What I am going to write I know will only perplex you, and yet I must of course tell you."
"Despite its prevalence, the condition still seems to perplex many people."
"If there ever is a message from SETI it will be an alien one cup coffee maker brand name that will perplex the scientific community for centuries."
"It doesn't help that we live in a time with infinite choices, information and potential directions -- which can perplex the most focused people."
"They're complicated, and the complications both perplex and suit them."
"Indeed, I couldn't even work out how to remove the sides on Georgia's cot in order to turn it into a "big-girl bed", I had to wait for Cam to do it screwdrivers perplex me."
"Yet the striker continues to perplex and bemuse in equal measure."
These user-created lists contain the word 'perplex'.
Building a list for standardized test prep or just for learning some new words! Please add any words that you feel are important for the SAT/GRE/GMAT etc...
Going through the Magoosh website, words I pulled from the verbal section. 2012.
As in, 'confused' and 'entranced' both.
Words ending in "x" (except proper nouns and trademarks)
My big word list.
Words I like to use, words I like but may forget.
Looking for tweets for perplex.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Title: Plan, from the circumference series
Dimensions: 510cm (radius)
Techinique: 97 ceramic roofing tiles
Local: Vermelho Gallery '" São Paulo – Brazil
Exploration of possibilities in the geometry of basic materials construction (tile). The circumference series part of common tiles given that your geometry trapezoidal allow create a circumference which is derived directly from the angle of opening of the tiles. In this way, each type of tile therefore leads to a different diameter, being the constant the biggest opening angle with the smaller diameter. The name of the circumference is taken by the name of the tile and the quantity of tiles is also determined by its geometry.


text:
was a Dadaist
and writer. He was born on April 6
and died on February 1
, near Locarno[?]
. One of the founders of the Dada movement, he was active in Zurich
, Switzerland from 1916 to 1920. He moved to the United States in 1940 and became an American citizen.
Richter was also the author of a first-hand account of the Dada movement titled Dada: Art and Anti-Art.
Hans Richter was also the name of a well known German conductor (_PHONE_). He is noted as one of Richard Wagner's greatest champions.
All Wikipedia text
is available under the
terms of the GNU Free Documentation License


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Recently I saw some physical problems that can be modeled by equations with fractional derivatives, and I had some doubts: is it possible to write an action that results in an equation with fractional derivatives? For example, consider a hypothetical physical system with the principle of least action. Is there a "wave equation" with the time-derivative $3/2$? Does such a question make sense?
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Out of curiosity, what sort of physical problems work this way? – spencer nelson Jan 31 '11 at 20:56
_USER_ I saw the first time in anomalous diffusion. You can see here, for example: pfi.uem.br/mfi/disserta_teses/teses_pdf/… (in portuguese). This is a investigation of a system governed by a non-Markovian Fokker-Planck equation that are related with the comb model. – gsAllan Feb 1 '11 at 1:26
Forces proportional to velocity, such as friction for example, can be described by putting fractional derivatives in the Lagrangian. – SMeznaric Jul 5 '13 at 23:11
Here is the tome our group did a lot of work out of: Metzler, R. (2000). The random walk's guide to anomalous diffusion: a fractional dynamics approach. Physics Reports, 339(1), 1–77. doi:10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00070-3. It is a great introduction to the subject. There should be an arxiv preprint available but I don't have the number handy. – Michael Brown Jul 6 '13 at 0:14
2 Answers 2
up vote 4 down vote accepted
When I've seen fractional derivatives I've assumed that one place where they would naturally arise is in physical situations where there's a fractional dependency on time.
For example, random walks typically result in movement proportional to $\sqrt{t}$. Googling for "fractional+derivative+random+walk" on arxiv.org finds some papers that explore this:
So I'm wondering if there's a way of relating some of the diffusion versions of QM with fractional derivatives.
share|improve this answer
Exactly this is indeed done here. – NikolajK Apr 9 at 19:21
Fractional derivatives are nonlocal, but actions are usually assumed to be local.
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the locality or non-locality of a Lagrangian density depends on the highest order of derivatives in its various terms. Terms with upto second order derivative (eg. kinetic terms) are local. Terms with derivatives of order 3 and higher are non-local, with the degree of non-locality being measured by the order. So a non-local term in an action does not imply that the variational problem is ill-defined. Also why are fractional derivatives non-local? Even better, what is a fractional derivative? Thanks. – user346 Jan 27 '11 at 17:01
Dear _USER_, no, what you write is not correct. QGR is right that whenever fractional derivatives appear, the action is nonlocal. It's enough for some terms to appear, whether they're leading or not, and the action has to be nonlocal. At the end of your answer, you admit that you don't really know why they're nonlocal. Well, it's because the you may write $\partial_t^k$ as $E^k$ in the Fourier transformed energy representation, and the transformation of the operator $E^k$ back to the $t$ basis is nonlocal. – Luboš Motl Jan 27 '11 at 17:19
_USER_ sloppy physicist thinking here, but I think it can be made precise: imagine taking a taylor series of the fractional derivative --- it would need to go to infinite order, and thus it would be highly non-local. – genneth Jan 28 '11 at 10:43
_USER_, a fraction derivative is a simple example of "pseudo-differential operator". It's an operator that can be easily defined for example with fourier transform (like Lubos Motl sayed). You can define operator that in Fourier Transform is equivalent to $\sin{k}$...Fraction derivative is simpler, in Fourier Transform is a multiplication for your transform variable $k$ with fractional exponent ;-) – Boy Simone Jan 28 '11 at 12:36
_USER_, _USER_ - thanks. _USER_, all I was saying is that, AFAIK, having non-local terms is fairly common, eg. higher derivative theories of gravity. So being non-local should not be a obstacle for an action with fractional derivatives, as _USER_ seems to suggest. – user346 Jan 28 '11 at 12:40
Your Answer


text:
The Scale House Operator position begins at $13.50 an hour, depending on experience & qualifications.
The Scale House Operator I provides good customer service to landfill customers by performing the day to day duties of the Scale House.
- Operate both inbound and outbound scales
- Compute tare weights
- Answer customer questions and provide information on procedures and policies
- Compute and record totals of transactions
- Count money in cash drawers at the beginning of shifts to ensure that amounts are correct and that there is adequate change
- Greet customers entering the landfill
- Issue receipts or change due to customers
- Maintain clean and orderly checkout areas
- Receive payment by cash, check, credit cards, vouchers or automatic debits
- Calculate total payments received during a time period, and reconcile this with total sales
- Compile and maintains non-monetary reports and records
- Other duties as assigned
- Good customer service skills
- Ability to communicate orally
- Ability to handle multiple tasks simultaneously
- Ability to problem solve and evaluate risks
- Must be reliable, responsible and dependable
- Must be flexible and open to change in a fast-paced work setting
EDUCATION AND EXPERIENCES
A high school diploma or GED. One year experience as a cashier is desired.
SKILLS AND ABILITIES
- Ability to count money and receipts accurately
- Understanding of computer software and heavy scales
- Ability to read and write and perform basic mathematical functions
- Ability to operate copiers, printers, scanners, and adding machines
CERTIFICATES, LICENSES, REGISTRATIONS
These physical demands are representative of the physical requirements for an employee to successfully perform the essential functions of the Scale Operator I's job. Reasonable accommodation can be made to enable people with disabilities to perform the essential function of this job.
While performing the responsibilities of the job, the employee is required to talk and hear. The employee is often required to sit and use hands and fingers to manipulate keys on a keyboard. The employee is often required to stand, walk, reach with arms and hands, climb or balance, and to stoop, kneel or crouch or crawl. Vision abilities required by this job include far and close vision. Able to lift 25 pounds occasionally.
While performing the duties of this job, the employee is usually exposed to a noise level that is moderate to loud. While many functions are performed indoors, the operator is exposed to weather at an open window and may be required to perform some duties out of doors.
STANDARDS FOR MEASURING PERFORMANCE
- Successful development and implementation of objectives; continuous growth in service provided
- Appropriate and positive interaction with staff, management, and customers
- Accomplishment of job functions in effective and timely manner
- Exercise of sound judgment in the absence of specific guidelines
- Demonstrated ability to recognize problems and report appropriately
- Ability to meet demanding and changing deadlines in spite of interruptions
- Adherence to established policies and procedures


text:
two companies of light infantry or riflemen in a regiment of ten companies. The heavy infantry was known as the infantry of the line, and the light as the light infantry and riflemen. Riflemen, armed with rifles, with the light infantry, were charged with the responsibility of opening an engagement and covering the front and flanks of the infantry of the line. With the advent of the rifled musket, however, the distinction between the classes of infantrymen became nominal. After their muster into service in 1861, these terms all but disappeared.
Virginia infantry regiments and battalions in 1861 and 1862, were officially called " Regiment of Virginia Volunteers," or "Battalion of Virginia Volunteers."
Back to History


Article News Two
The project is funded by the World Bank through the Municipal Developing and Lending Fund. It included selecting a new site for sanitary landfill that will serve the southern part of the West Bank (Hebron and Bethlehem Governorates). Moreover, it included conducting environmental and social impact assessment, geotechnical investigation in the two potential sites identified and a detailed design of the land fill. The project main output was as follows:
 - 1. Site selection report. Nearly 14 potential sites were investigated and two potential sites were identified and one was finally selected as the best alternative.
 - 2. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment including environmental management plan. Detailed survey on the main environmental issues of concern was analyzed. The likely impact of the proposed site on several aspects of environment such as biodiversity including endangered species (Flora and Fauna), surface and groundwater, landscape, topography, land use, etc. In the mean time the social assessment included assessing the impact of people's livelihood, population displacement, impact of scavengers, etc.
 - 3. Detailed design of the land fill site as well as transfer stations. Designs included landfill cells, related infrastructure, isolation, associated service building, electricity, water, roads, etc.
 - 4. Existing dumpsite closure report. A detailed report was prepared for the closure of the existing dumpsites after the completion of the new sanitary landfill.


text:
Job Description and Jobs
- 1) Administers school student personnel program in primary or secondary school, and counsels and disciplines students, performing any combination of following tasks: Formulates student personnel policies, such as code of ethics.
- 2) Plans and supervises school student activity programs.
- 3) Gives individual and group guidance for personal problems, educational and vocational objectives, and social and recreational activities.
- 4) Talks with and disciplines students in cases of attendance and behavior problems.
- 5) Supervises students in attendance at assemblies and athletic events.
- 6) Walks about school building and property to monitor safety and security or directs and coordinates teacher supervision of areas such as halls and cafeteria.
- 7) Observes and evaluates teacher performance.
- 8) Maintains records of student attendance.
- 9) Arranges for and oversees substitute teachers.
- 10) Works with administrators to coordinate and supervise student teachers program.
- 12) Assists PRINCIPAL to interview and hire teachers.
- 13) Organizes and administers in-service teacher training.
- 14) Acts as PRINCIPAL in absence of PRINCIPAL.
- 15) May be required to have certification from state.
Is being an "ASSISTANT PRINCIPAL" your very best career choice?
Our Career Interest Test
will show you which careers match your interests.
Our Free Personality Test will show you which careers match your personality and why.
Click here for "ASSISTANT PRINCIPAL" Jobs
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End Of Job Description for: "ASSISTANT PRINCIPAL"
Job Number: 2621


Revision as of 08:50, 1 August 2012 by hamishwillee (Talk | contribs)
How to simulate pointer events
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Article Metadata
Code ExampleCompatibility
Platform(s): S60 5th Edition
S60 5th Edition
Keywords: CCoeControl, RWsSession
Created: chenziteng (28 Sep 2009)
Last edited: hamishwillee (01 Aug 2012)
The wiki article Simulating Pointer Events introduced a way to simulate pointer events within an application. However, sometimes a program may need to send pointer events to other applications. This article describes how to simulate pointer events by RWsSession::SimulateRawEvent(), and explains why it is impossible to send pointer event to a background application by RWsSession::SendEventToWindowGroup().
The RWsSession::SimulateRawEvent() can be used to simulate pointer events, i.e. send pointer events to the foreground application. Assume that the phone is in portrait mode, then the following code can simulate a touch operation on the "Options" CBA button area. If the foreground application has the "Options" CBA button then its options menu will be popped up.
TPoint p(60,600); // within the "Options" CBA button area
TRawEvent event;
event.Set(TRawEvent::EButton1Down, p.iX, p.iY);
iCoeEnv->WsSession().SimulateRawEvent(event); // SwEvent
event.Set(TRawEvent::EButton1Up, p.iX, p.iY);
Source Code
Full example:
How to use it on emulator:
 1. Build the application for winscw and then start the emulator
 2. Start the application and then press the "Multi-task" key (also called the Menu key),
How to use it on target:
 1. Sign the HelloWorld_gcce.sis with a certificate that can grant SwEvent capability
 2. Install the signed installation package on the phone and then start it.
 3. Press the "Multi-task" key
You can see the app sends itself to background and then the foreground application (the Main menu) pops up its options menu.
Many developers tried to send pointer events to a selected application by RWsSession::SendEventToWindowGroup(), but always the target application crashed with KERN-EXEC 3 panic.
To know why it is a Mission Impossible to send pointer events in this way, we shall first understand the convention between CONE and Window Server:
 1. When a window-owning control (CCoeControl) is constructed the address of the control is used as the handle of the window.
 2. When there is a pointer event the Window Server decides which window shall handle it, and then assigns the window handle to the event.iHandle, and then sends the event to the app that owns the window.
 3. When the app CONE received the event, it casts the event.iHandle to a CCoeControl pointer and then call pointer->HandlePointerEventL(event);
So if the code looks like this:
TWsEvent event;
event.SetHandle(0); // "what the handle is? Anyway clear it..."
TPointerEvent& pointerEvent = *(event.Pointer());
pointerEvent.iType = TPointerEvent::EButton1Down;
pointerEvent.iParentPosition = TPoint(0,0);
pointerEvent.iPosition = TPoint(10,10);
pointerEvent.iModifiers = 0;
ws.SendEventToWindowGroup(...); // // send the event to app1
When the app1 receives the event the bad thing will happen:
// CONE code
CCoeControl* ctrl = reinterpret_cast(event.Handle());
ctrl->HandlePointerEventL(*(event.Pointer())); // KERN-EXEC 3 because ctrl equals NULL
The Window Server is in charge of all the windows so it knows what the iHandle should be, but you don't know, so "Window Server's score:100. Yours:0!"
PS: RWindowGroup::Child() can return the client handle but we can not take it for granted that it is a CCoeControl pointer.
The CONE source code included in ER5 SDK (log-in required).
This page was last modified on 1 August 2012, at 08:50.
71 page views in the last 30 days.


Why Clearance Holders Need Approval Before Taking a Second Job
As all clearance's holder's should know from their initial security briefing, before engaging in outside employment you need to get approval from your security officer or federal agency before starting to ensure the activity is deemed suitable and there is no conflict of interest with what you do regarding your access to classified information. Well, not only did a couple of DEA agents fail to do this, but they also lied to FBI investigators about it when their involvement came to light. The FBI's New York Field Office issued a press release charging the two agents with failure to disclose outside employment on their security clearance forms and making false statements. Perhaps the fact that the two were involved in ownership of and employment at an adult entertainment club had some bearing on the case.
The Strip Club and the Security Clearance
The adjudicative guidelines for outside activities cite three particular concerns that may conflict with national security: 1) employment or service with a foreign government, organization, or interest group, 2) foreign or domestic outside activities related to the individual's area of expertise, and 3) ideological conflict with core concepts of national security. In this specific case, the disqualifying conduct was the failure to fully disclose or report an outside activity when required. Truth be told, their clearances would probably have been denied even if they had disclosed the information as it directly conflicted with their positions working for the DEA. Another aspect of this guideline to note is that the activity or employment need not be a paid position, as volunteering or consulting also falls within the reporting requirements. As always, when in doubt disclose, and if you are being compensated in some manner, ensure you have approval from your company or agency so that it is not a surprise if and when it comes up on a background reinvestigation.


text:
Born 29 live offspring using stem cells and editing of specific genes
Although they used a similar technique with two parents, newborn babies only survived a couple of days
had Previously born offspring of two mothers but had characteristics defective, and the method was very complex
Some reptiles, amphibians and fish are able to reproduce without two parents of different sexes. This is not the case of mammals. Now, researchers from the Chinese Academy of Sciences have managed to produce 29 healthy mice from two mothers using stem cells and the edition genetics. The results of the work have been published in the journal Cell Stem Cell.
"we Wanted to know why the mammals can only reproduce by sexual intercourse. We try to find out if we could produce healthy mice of two females or even two males by using embryonic stem cells haploid with deletions of genes," says Qi Zhou, co-author of the work.
In mammals, some genes from the mother or from the father are deactivated and are silenced during development of the gametes, through a mechanism called imprinting. The offspring which lack the genetic material of the mother or the father may suffer from developmental abnormalities or may not be viable.29 live offspring of 210 embryos
The new 29 young chinese are not the first born of two mothers. In 2004, japanese researchers had already succeeded in producing mice bimaternos eliminating these genes improntados of immature eggs. "However, showed features defective, and the method was very impractical, difficult to use," notes Zhou.
On this occasion, in place of eggs, the team of Zhou used embryonic stem cells (ESC) are haploid, containing half the normal number of chromosomes and DNA of only one parent, a female in this case. The researchers believe this was the key to success.
Eliminated three regions improntadas of the ESC haploid female and injected them into the eggs of another female. In total produced 29 living offspring of 210 embryos. The mice were born healthy, lived to adulthood and had their own offspring in the normal way.
According to the authors, one of the advantages of using these embryonic stem cells is that, even before they are deleted the gene problem, contain less imprinting scheduled. "The ESC haploids are more similar to primordial germ cells, precursors of eggs and sperm. The footprint genomics that is found in the gametes is cleared," says Hu.Updated Date: 26 October 2018, 19:36


Interregnum Final Debate
Join the rest of campus to explore a challenging theme in performances, competitions, and debates throughout the year.
What is Interregnum?
One of the most compelling traditions at The King's College is our annual Interregnum, an all-campus conference that encompasses a year's worth of theme exploration. Interregnum unites students, faculty, and staff through participation in various events, including a performing arts competition, parliamentary-style debates, and an evening assembly featuring a notable speaker.
Learn more
Roman Numeral Logo for Interregnum XVII: Reconciliation
Interregnum XVII: Reconciliation
In the midst of division and conflict, Christians are called to be ministers of Reconciliation. However, without careful examination of this idea and its implementation, we risk pursuing quick-and-easy solutions at the expense of true unity and peace. Can we be honest about our shortcomings and sins without losing hope in restoration? What does repentance look like? How can we pursue forgiveness while also advocating justice? As we wrestle with these difficult questions, let us continue to trust a God who promises the Reconciliation of all things to Himself through the sacrifice of His Son
Students spread out on stairs
Micah Long (Chair, '21)
Ellen Coy (Vice-Chair, '22)
Catherine Blanco (Competitions Coordinator, '22)
Emma Powell (Academics Coordinator, '22)
Chris Davis (Communications Coordinator, '22)
Ravyn Carico (Events Coordinator, '22)
Kaylee Vroon (Omnium, '23)
Leticia Mosqueda (Staff Advisor)
Dr. David Tubbs (Faculty Advisor)


text:
Aristide Maillol, Torso of the Monument to Blanqui, 1905
From the Tate Gallery:
This sculpture derives from a full-length statue made as a memorial for the French socialist Louis-Auguste Blanqui. Because Blanqui spent much of his life imprisoned for his revolutionary activities, the complete monument showed a woman in chains. Maillol later reworked the figure to make this torso. In this fragmentary form it echoes the classical heritage of Greek art, and by extension the qualities of purity, energy and democratic freedom associated with ancient Athens and with Blanqui's struggle.


text:
DELAYS IN PLANTING over the last few years have, in many regions, aligned the corn stages that the Western bean cutworm (WBC) moth prefers to lay her eggs on (pre-tassel to full tassel) and peak moth flight when moths are mating and laying eggs. Also, variable growth within each field has moths interested in remaining in that field instead of moving on to other later planted fields nearby. This is impacting both how and when we need to scout and also when to time the spray to be most effective.
WBC larvae only feed on tassel, silks, and kernels. There is no foliar feeding, so larvae are not killed if the insecticide is targeted on the leaves. Though larvae feed on tassels, it is only for a few days before they move down to feed on the silks and enter the ear. They cannot solely survive on tassel tissue and some may even head directly to the silks and ear, if it is already present. In other words, all larvae on any corn plant will need to make their way to the silks and ear to survive. Spraying in early tassel stages is not protecting the plant from the larvae that emerged after that spray.
WBC SCOUTING AND SPRAY TIMING FOR 2018:
- Determine when peak flight takes place in your region (Figure 1). Focus on the week prior to, during, and after peak flight. The exact dates may vary by a few days, depending on temperature and growing degree day accumulation.
- Target those fields in pre-tassel to full tassel stages during that three week period.
- Scout each of these fields every five days. Five day scouting intervals ensures that eggs haven't been laid and hatched before your next visit.
- Accumulate the number of plants that have egg masses during each scouting trip.
- If five of the plants scouted over a two or three week period have had egg masses and/or small larvae on them, a spray is required.
- When threshold has been reached, hold off spraying until fresh silks are present on the plant.
- Target the ear zone when spraying. Ground application may be required to ensure good coverage on the silks and ear zone.
- A fungicide for ear mould protection can also be tankmixed at the same time to reduce the risk of ear moulds and mycotoxin development.
- Rotate your insecticide chemistries to reduce the risk of WBC developing resistance to widespread use of one chemical family.
Stay informed of in-season WBC activity by visiting Field Crop News, following _USER_ on Twitter and _TAG_. •


Legal Guide
Home > Legal Guide
What is a 995 motion to dismiss in California?
If you are charged with a felony, or with a felony and misdemeanour, in California, your defense attorney may make a 995 motion to dismiss, in certain circumstances. You should speak to a Los Angeles DUI Lawyer, or criminal attorney, to discuss your case. We are going to take a look at the 995 motion in more detail.
This motion, the California Penal Code 995 motion to give it its full title, is used to ask a judge to dismiss one or all charges. The motion is made after the initial hearing, if the court decides to refer the case for trial.
Why is the 995 motion used?
The idea of having a pre-trial hearing in a case which involves a felony charge, is to decide whether the evidence is sufficient to refer the case for trial. If the judge decides that the evidence is sufficient, the case is referred for trial. It's at this point that a 995 motion can be filed, if the defense feels that the judges decision should be looked at again. The defense has to provide probable cause for the request. This has to be based on either:
 - The decision to refer the case for trial was not legal.
 - The case was referred for trial without probable cause.
What are these reasons for a 995 motion; let's look at them in more detail.
The committal to trial was made illegally
A defendant has certain rights which must be adhered to, during the pre-trial hearing. If any of these rights were not adhered to the committal to trial is not legal. Rights include, the opportunity to be represented by a lawyer and the chance to present witnesses and evidence.
There is no probable cause for committal
During the pre-trial hearing, the judge has to establish that there is probable cause to refer the case for trial. This does not mean that guilt has to be established at this point; that happens during the trial. It simply means that there has to be enough evidence to suggest that a reasonable person may be able to find the defendant guilty. If there is not sufficient evidence in place, the judge should not refer the case for trial.
You can see that a pre-trial hearing is intended to be the time and place where cases are only referred for trial if sufficient evidence is in place. If mistakes are made during this part of the process, a defendant could be unfairly committed for trial. This is why the 995 motion exists. It provides the opportunity for the defense to ask for the findings of the initial judge to be reconsidered.
The hearing for a 995 motion normally only lasts for around an hour and the judge normally provides a decision there and then; although they may sometimes take extra time. If the motion is granted then the related charge is dismissed. The prosecution can then appeal the decision or re-file the charge. It's important to note that most charges have a two dismissal rule attached. Once a charge has been dismissed twice it cannot be re-filed.
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text:
"What is the difference between a Blue Point Himalayan and a Lilac Point Himalayan."
That is a question that can be hard to explain. So, I took two close up pictures of my Himalayans' faces to show the difference between the two Color Points. As you can see below the Blue Point Himalayan is darker than the Lilac Point Himalayan. Also, Lilac Points have lavender pawpads and nose leather; whereas, Blue Points do not.
Note: The Lilac Point below is still just a kitten. His Mask will eventually be larger.


As documented here on MSDN the PropertyItem object does not have a public constructor.
What to do then when you want to add a property to an image, using Image.SetPropertyItem(..) method?
This post suggests you create some bank of all property items you want, hold it memory and clone from it.
A commenter on that blog suggested using reflection: Get the non-public parameter-less constructor and invoke it. Notable downside for this approach is reliance on internal implementation of the object. True. I'll risk it though.
In my implementation, I added a helper method which simply generates the PropertyItem using System.Activator like so:
public static PropertyItem CreatePropertyItem(int id, int length, short exifType, byte[] buffer)
 var instance = (PropertyItem)Activator.CreateInstance(typeof(PropertyItem), true);
 instance.Id = id;
 instance.Len = length;
 instance.Type = exifType;
 instance.Value = buffer;
 return instance;
Pretty clean and simple. Under the covers, Activator will use some reflection to create the instance, but would also utilize some caching and speed written by not-me. I like not-me code because it means I don't have to write it.
Since one of my my upcoming talks at _URL_ is on the subject of reflection, this all falls neatly into place.


text:
Kastelli Kissamou, which in 1966 was renamed to Kissamos, is a small picturesque town built in the gulf of Kissamos or Myrtilos, between the peninsulas of Gramvousa and Spatha. The name derives from the Venetian fortress Castel Chissamo that was built there, remains of which still exist.
The first fort of Kastelli was built by the Genoese pirate Enrico Pescatore on the site of the ancient Kissamos, in the early 13th century, and was one of the 15 forts fortified by the Genoeses after 1204 AD. When the Venetians expelled Pescatore, the fortress fell into their possession. Then, they restored it and it became the defensive military center of the region.
The shape of the fort was asymmetrical pentagon and, like all the Venetian fortresses, it included quartering areas, prisons, churches and a well. Since the early revolutions of the locals, the fortress of Kastelli Kissamou became a target of the rebels. When in 1262 the Cretans, with the help of the Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus, rebelled against the Venetians, they tried to occupy the castle, but failed.
Kastelli, like all bourgs on the island.During the revolutions of 1333 and 1341, the Venetians destroyed the settlement (bourg) that had developed around the fort, but later decided to rebuild it. From then on, the settlement was named
In 1538, the fortress was destroyed by the pirate Barbarossa and was repaired in 1554. In 1583, the Castel Chissamo had 845 residents and in 1630 it had 35 cannons. In 1595 it was completely destroyed by an earthquake, but was rebuilt in 1635 by Lorenzo Contarini.
In 1646 the Turks besieged the fort, which fell after the betrayal of the commander Giovani Medici, who gave up because the fortress had been severely damaged and most of his soldiers died of plague. The Turks repaired the fort immediately and started using it.
In 1692, during the first Cretan revolution under the commands of the Venetian admiral Mochenigo Aloisio, the rebels occupied the fortress, but it lasted for a while.
Thus, during the Ottoman occupation of Crete, the fortress was the center of many revolutionary activities. In 1821, the fort was used for imprisoning the Bishop of Kissamos Melchizedek Despotakis. From there, the Turkish mob dragged him to a square, for hanging him. When the revolution was generalized, the 1800 Turks of Kissamos found refuge in the fortress, which was besieged by rebels and two ships coming from Hydra island (near Athens).
In February 1823, during the preparation for the landing of the new General Head of the Cretan Revolt, Emmanuel Tombazis, the rebels organized the clearing of Kissamos and Selino provinces, forcing the Turks to seek protection in the fort. Thus, the ship Terpsichore arrived at the port of Drapanias, transferring Tombazis and 600 Greek volunteers from the mainland of Greece. The Greeks besieged the fort till May 25, 1823, when the Turks surrendered the fort and their weapons. The Greek flag was raised after centuries in Crete, but it lasted for a while…
The Turks moved to Chania, where they regrouped and returned to Kissamos. After a fierce battle, they managed to regain Castelli. In 1825, the fort returned into the hands of 900 Greeks, who came from Monemvasia, Peloponnese. They were initially heading towards Gramvousa fort fort, but the bad weather and the information that there were only 20 guards in Kissamos, led them to the siege the fortress at Castelli. However, after 3-4 days, 2000 Turks arrived in Castelli and reoccupied the fort.
During the great revolution of 1866, the fort was again a target of the rebels, led by Skalidis. The fort was besieged by the Colonel Vyzantios and the Major Froudarakis, but the siege stopped when the latter was killed. In 1897-8, the story was repeated, but the Turks were rescued by the Great Powers (Austria-Hungary, France, the German Empire, the Kingdom of Italy, the Russian Empire, and the United Kingdom), the "protectors" of the Cretan people. Today, the remains of the fort, most of which are remnants of the Turkish buildings, still stand in some places and remind us of its great past
What is near me?


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A wall column lights fixture made from maple, oak and fused and slumped glass.
Glass has a wide variety of applications in furniture, ranging from a simple clear panel to decorative inlay.
Fused glass is glass that has been fired in a kiln within a certain temperature range in order to achieve a specific effect. Both the Egyptians and Romans created glass objects with fusing techniques, but the craft did not reach higher level of prominence until later in the 20th century. A variety of objects are made with this technique, including beads, tiles, glassware, and decorative panels.
Maple covers many different trees in the Acer genus. In general it is a light colored wood, creamy white to yellow in hue with darker soft brown or yellow grain. Bigleaf maple is a large tree native to the Pacific Northwest, and it often has highly figured wood, spalting and burls. Ambrosia Maple, also called sugar maple, is a creamy white maple with grey streaks and often has worm holes. Figured maple is often described as quilted, tiger, flame or curly maple depending on the patterns in the wood.
Red oak, white oak and quarter-sawn oak are in the same family and grow primarily in the Eastern US and Canada. The color is lighter yellow-brown with red oak having a redder tinge. Quarter-sawing refers to the method of cutting the wood to reveal the medullary ray patterns found in the wood. It is often used in furniture and popularized by the Arts and Crafts movement.


American versus Mexican Culture
Hugh Fox San Antonio Collage
Objective: The student will discuss American versus Mexican Culture.
This is an application of the Fox Cultural Lesson Plan System. The student will be able to discuss historical, etiquette, traditional culture and pop culture approaches to understanding Mexican culture.
1) What happened to the Aztecs?
2) Describe the Mexican-American War.
3) Describe Manifest Destiny.
4) Describe the Mexican Revolution.
5) What is NAFTA?
6) How has Mexican history shaped Mexican attitudes towards the US?
7) Describe Mexican business etiquette.
8) What are some traditional dishes in Mexico?
List of Mexican dishes
9) What is the difference between Tex-Mex and Mexican food?
Tex Mex vs Mexican
Mexican People Try Taco Bell For The First Time
Do you think the menu below is for a Tex-Mex or Mexican restaurant?
Mexican Menu
10) What is a margarita?
or do it the Tex-Mex way!
11) Describe mariachi music.
12) What is lucha libre?
13) What are some of the differences between lucha libre and World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE)?
14) What is a telenovela?
15) What is the Mexican yell?
How To Do The Mexican Grito This Cinco de Mayo
Los Mejores Gritos Mexicanos
Worksheet at Scribd:
The students will take notes about a lecture using the table below with a Mexican Culture worksheet.
A Nomothetic Approach to Mexican Culture
mexican versus american culture-001
mexican versus american culture-002
mexican versus american culture-003
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Definición de sanity en inglés:
- Both begin to doubt their sanity and their ability to stay any closer then 100 miles away from each other.
- What a capacity to maintain mental sanity in spite of pain and sadness.
- Olivia and Adam pray that she does not participate in it, fearing for her health and sanity.
- This heinous act of the murder of a little girl and the wounding of her peers go beyond the boundaries of reason and sanity.
- This would suggest that a degree of sanity and moderation may have come after the gruesome tragedy.
- The show is a chilling indictment of what happens when sanity is equated with conformity.
Late Middle English (in the sense 'health'): from Latin sanitas 'health', from sanus 'healthy'. Current senses date from the early 17th century.
Latin sanus meant 'healthy' which is the first recorded sense of sanity in English. Current meanings date from the early 17th century when sane was first recorded, although insane dates from the mid 16th century. Sanitary, sanitation, and sanatorium where you go to recover your health, all 19th century, come from the same root.
Palabras que riman con sanityChristianity, humanity, inanity, profanity, urbanity, vanity
¿Qué te llama la atención de esta palabra o frase?
Los comentarios que no respeten nuestras Normas comunitarias podrían ser moderados o eliminados.


How do I cite a film still from a website?
Cite the still the way you would any image from a website. The following provides an example:
Still of the queen from the film Mirror Mirror. "Excuse This Rant about Mirror Mirror," by Emmet Asher-Perrin, 2 Apr. 2012.,
In the example above, the Title of Source element is a description of the still you are discussing. The first Container element is the essay in which the still appears, followed by the author and the date of publication. The second Container element is the name of the website, and the Location element is the URL.
If you are referring to an essay on a website that contains many stills from a film, you can cite the essay as a whole instead of an individual still:
Asher-Perrin, Emmet. "Excuse This Rant about Mirror Mirror.", 2 Apr. 2012,
See our related post on citing images on websites.


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I like to write about interesting commercial topics, and good eats are no exception.
Creative Ways to Use Jam
Jam is traditionally known for being delicious and it is served on bread or scones. Jams come in many different shapes and forms such as jellies, marmalades, chutneys, fruit butters, fruit spreads, fruit curds, and confits.
Despite all of the different variations of this delicious fruit confection, it is essentially always a type of fruit preserve made of fruit and sugar and combined with a gelling agent such as honey or pectin. Jam lasts for a long time and can be enjoyed in many more creative ways than simply spread on bread.
Read More From Delishably
Of course, jam is considered a perfect accompaniment to peanut butter, as many kids and adults alike will gladly agree. But I suppose that we can only eat so many peanut butter and jelly sandwiches before craving something a little different. So, here are a few other good uses for it and ways to make it more interesting when combined with some of your other favorite foods.
28 Good Uses for Jam
- Make a jam smoothie: blend your favorite jam with milk, fresh fruit, and yoghurt.
- Serve marmalade and cream cheese on crackers.
- Use the jam as a glaze for pork or chicken; it can easily be added to BBQ sauce.
- Liven up any boring original cheesecake with a dollop of jam on top of the cheesecake.
- Spread it between cake layers, for example, a Victoria sponge cake.
- Gently warm it up and thin it (apple or peach jam works best) and pour it over ice cream for an extra treat.
- Use it as a simple pancake or waffle topping.
- It makes great gifts—especially when homemade!
- Stir it into cottage cheese.
- Served up some jam with some sliced-up local fruit; simple, but delicious.
- Serve a blob of jam in a bowl of oatmeal for a comforting snack; it's a great food to eat before bed.
- Swirl in some strawberry jam to add to rice pudding.
- Buy plain yogurt and add jam for flavoring according to your taste.
- Cover a wheel of brie cheese with jam and wrap it in puff pastry and bake.
- Stir jam into icing for a different and yummy cake topping.
- Fill doughnuts with it!
- Make jam-filled butter cookies.
- Get the kids to help in the kitchen—mix jam into the pancake batter, you can't go wrong!
- Make a simple jam tart! All you have to do is fill individual pastry tartlet cases with jam. It's nice served warm with a dollop of ice cream on the side!
- Make a batch of surprise muffins—half-fill the muffin cups, put in a dob of jam, and then cover the jam with more muffin mix.
- Jam makes an easy crepe filling! Top it with a spoonful of cream fraiche or whipping cream.
- For a flavorful protein shake, blend jam, milk and protein powder.
- Use a jelly-type version to sweeten tea instead of sugar or honey.
- Mix it with oil, vinegar and spices for a sweet salad dressing.
- Use jam instead of sugar for making chewy and fruity cookies.
- Drizzle warmed-up jam over really hot and spicy chicken wings.
- Spoon marmalade over chicken breasts before baking (it makes a really simple glaze).
- Make Queen of Puddings, which uses up leftover bread with jam and eggs.
I hope these ideas give you lots of inspiration of different ways to use your favorite jam in creative recipes. Enjoy!


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In general, the TOC is determined by oxidizing a water sample. The produced CO2 is detected and defined quantitatively. However, not all methods succeed in the complete oxidation of a sample. Often enough this may result only in SOC (Some Organic Carbon) instead of the TOC.
With this oxidation method the sample will be combusted in a reactor. Usually, a maximum temperature of about 1000°C will be reached, which however does not allow the complete oxidation of all carbon compounds. Therefore, a catalyst, such as copper oxide or platinum, must be used at this temperatures. Normally, the catalytic combustion method can handle a TOC concentration of up to 4,000 mg/l. To reach higher ranges the sample usually needs to be diluted with demin water.
LAR AG offers a unique and patented high temperature (HT) method at 1200°C. This temperature enables the complete oxidation of all carbon compounds without any catalysts. It measures TOC concentrations up to 50,000 mg/l without dilution. In a special heat resistant ceramic reactor the water sample is evaporated and all carbons are completely oxidized to CO2 gas. Afterwards, the CO2 concentration will be analysed with a Non-Dispersive Infrared (NDIR) detector. Thus, the TC, TOC and TIC can be determined within only 3 minutes.
This HT method is used for both, the most challenging and highly contaminated waters ( QuickTOCultra, QuickTOCairport) and waters relativily free of solid maters ( QuickTOCeffluent). LAR uses the batch injection method with the advantage that the analysers can easily handle sticky, oily and hard to oxidise dissolved and suspended organics resulting in a fast, reliable and accurate analysis. Even with rapidly fluctuating TOC levels the correct TOC concentration will be measured, whereby peaks throughout the course of the day are determined without any memory or adsorption effects.
For applications with purified water, this LAR method allows the patented* simplified, ready-at-any-time calibration and validation method ( QuickTOCcondensate, QuickTOCpurity, QuickTOCpharma).
Photochemical Oxidation (UV-Persulphate Method)
Here the TOC is oxidized by means of UV light and a digesting reagent, sodium persulphate, and the produced CO2 is measured with a NDIR detector. This method suits the determination of TOC in clean water (drinking water, condensate, boiler feed water), since particles are hard to oxidize completely.
The QuickTOCuv combines this technique with the direct TOC method or Non-Purgable Organic Carbon (NPOC) method, whereby the continuously provided water samples will be treated in a multi stage process.
Wet Chemical Oxidation
With this method the water sample is oxidized by means of strong chemicals as oxidants such as ozone, which are slightly dangerous to health and environment. The ozone oxidation acids and bases are used to adjust the pH value of the sample along the pH scale.
However, the oxidation potential of such methods is relative, since particles and more complex carbon compounds can only be partially digested or not at all. With regards to the latest standards of occupational safety and environmental protection these methods are not recommended.
*pat. 10/583,932; _PHONE_; 04803562.0-2204; 200480038582.7


Tuesday, July 24, 2012
Cuusoo User's Guide: Part 1, What is Cuusoo
Welcome to the Unofficial Cuusoo User's Guide.
This is a Part 1 of a short series of articles about Cuusoo for beginners through super users. It is derived from the presentation I gave at Brick Fiesta earlier this year.
The purpose of the document is to introduce people to the ins and outs of Cuusoo, provide some tricks and hints interacting with the site, and clear up some of the misunderstanding and confusion that people have about what Cuusoo is all about.
Although each entry is mostly complete, this is a living document. I will refresh and update they various parts as new details come to light (or I notice typos).
As always, feedback is welcome!
Part 1: What is Cuusoo?
Part 2: Finding Projects
Part 3: Supporting a Project
Part 4: Comments, Reporting, & Feedback
Part 5: Monitoring Activity and the My Page
Part 6: Creating Projects and Verboten Subjects
Part 7: Creating "Successful" Projects
Section Descriptions
Part 1: What is Cuusoo?
Just a general instruction and why you should care about Cuusoo.
Part 2: Finding Projects
This section explains how to navigate Cuusoo and find projects that may interest you.
Part 3: Supporting a Project
Supporting a project is easy, but this section explains what that really means. It also tells you more ways that you can support your favorite projects indirectly.
Part 4: Comments, Reporting, & Feedback
This discusses the social elements of Cuusoo and how to tell Cuusoo what you think about the site
Part 5: Monitoring Activity and the My Page
How to follow Cuusoo content and what the different settings mean as well as User profiles.
Part 6: Creating Projects and Verboten SubjectsHere is where we discuss Cuusoo's rules for posting projects as well as covering what Cuusoo will and won't let you post.
Part 7: Creating "Successful" Projects
Currently Unpublished. In this section I will talk about what is common in the "successful" projects (those with high support, not necessary those at 10k),and ways to help you get there.
What is Cuusoo?
Cuusoo means "Wish" in Japanese
But what is it Really?
Cuusoo is a site where people can suggest new Lego products.
How does that work?
A person posts their concept on Cuusoo. If they can get 10,000 other people to support their idea, then The Lego Group (TLG) will review the viability of the idea.
This review will be based not only on the marketability of the concept but also how well the concept fits with TLG's brand standard and their access to the intellectual property. If the project passes the review stage then TLG will create a product based on the submitted idea.
Why is this SO AWESOME?
 It should be obvious to anyone who visits this site that I am a BIG fan of Cuusoo. Why is that? I am amazed TLG even considered doing this! Really, just think about it...TLG has given us all a platform in which we can tell them, in explicit details, what we want them to make AND they give us a forum in which we can try to get support for that idea to PROVE that it is marketable.
What other company does that? Seriously, think about it. What other company says "Do you want us to make something for you? Put it on our website and if enough people support that idea, we will give it some serious thought."
Why should I care?
Since you are on this site I can make two reasonable assumptions. First off, you probably really like Lego. That is an easy one with a very high likelihood (who doesn't like Lego?). The second assumption, which is a lot less likely though still probable is that you are not German. I know this because I monitor my website traffic and the majority of my traffic is not from Germany. Sure, some of you are and I am glad to have you, but most of you are not.
It might sound like I have gone totally off the rails here but this is important to my point actually. Many fans of Lego, many U.S. fans that is, don't realize, that the U.S. is NOT the primary market for Lego. TLG sells more Lego to Germany than to the entire U.S. In FACT, the U.S. is not even second, it is third!
TLG, like any intelligent business, designs their product to appeal to its primary customer, in this case Germany. There is absolutely nothing wrong with this, its how business works. Does TLG ignore every other country? No, of course not, but your market is given the respect it deserves.
So, Why should you care about Cuusoo? You should care because Cuusoo is your direct line to TLG. When you support a Cuusoo project you are telling TLG, "I am a Lego customer and THIS is what I want you to make for me." How COOL is that?
Cuusoo Trivia
As of the creation of this document 11 projects have reaches the requisite number of votes to be reviewed.
 - 3 projects: the Shinkai*, the Hayabusa*, and Minecraft have made it to the Product Stage
 - 3 project: Serenity, The Winchester, and The Dark Bucket made it to the review stage and were rejected
 - 4 projects: Western Modular, Eve Online ship, Legend of Zelda, and Back to the Future are currently being reviewed
 - 1 project: Portal 2, is pending review
* Note: The Hayabusa and Shinkai predate the "Global" release of Cuusoo. They were only required to reach 1000 votes to get reviewed, but at the time, Cuusoo was limited to Japanese users only.


Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals
Publication details
Number of pages: 26; 40; 30
Publication date: 23 August 2013
Languages: English, French
WHO reference number: WHO/IVB/13.04; WHO/IVB/13.05; WHO/IVB/13.06
The need to keep vaccines in a 2°C to 8°C cold chain is a constraining factor for many immunization campaigns due to limited storage capacity and/or limited ice pack freezing capacity; supplementary immunization activities planned across sub-Saharan Africa to introduce MenAfriVac™ are a good example. In 2012, the license for the Serum Institute of India's meningitis A vaccine, MenAfriVac®, was changed based on a thorough review of scientific data by regulatory authorities and the World Health Organization (WHO) to allow for the use of the vaccine for a period of up to 4 days at temperatures of up to 40°C in a controlled temperature chain (CTC). This document provides countries with guidance on when and how to take advantage of this flexibility.
French versions


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At a Glance
The origins of Hinemaiaia Scheme were in 1939, with a push to develop an electricity supply for Taupo. Power was first generated from Hinemaiaia A Station in 1952 and fed into the national grid from 1958. A second generator was commissioned in 1982, boosting output to 2 MW.
Hinemaiaia B (1.3 MW) was commissioned in 1966 and Hinemaiaia C (2.8 MW) in 1982.
Environment and recreation
Hinemaiaia A Lake has grown into a rich wetland, protected through restricted public access. Below Hinemaiaia B Station, there's a productive trout spawning area. For this stretch of river, we maintain a flow of three cubic metres per second, so long as there's sufficient flow from Hinemaiaia A Lake. This consistent water flow aids trout migration up the river and avoids any concerns of erosion due to irregular flows.
We run a comprehensive trout trap and transfer programme, each year releasing 200 trout and around 35,000 fry above Hinemaiaia B Dam. We need to periodically dredge Hinemaiaia A Lake to ensure sufficient water storage. Scientific investigations that we commissioned showed no significant long-term environmental effects from the dredging.
New Resource Consents for the Hinemaiaia Scheme were granted in 2003, with expiry scheduled for 2036.


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A power generation solution that allows users to create customized solutions to best suit the environment in which they live. The different components include;
- Mechanical Modules - Various mechanical systems with gearing which connect to the generator.
- Generation Modules - Different sized generators to fit the needs of the user.
- Power Regulation Modules - A range of regulators capable of controlling different amounts of power.
Power Scenarios (Intended Users)
At the current time we might be considering schools which have no power solutions, but they will need to adopt one of the following scenarios to enable the use of the XOs.
School (Community) Power Scenarios
There are 6 school power scenarios;
- School has constant and reliable mains power.
- School has mains power which encounters regular power cuts and spikes.
- School has power generation, storage and inverters which feed the mains infrastructure in the school.
- School has power generation and storage which supplies power to the XOs and gang charger.
- School has power generation feed directly into the gang charger.
- School has power generation feed directly into the XOs
Student (Individual/Family) Power Scenarios
For a family the community power scenarios may be more relevant depending on the particular circumstances. However, 3 main individual power scenarios exist;
- Upper body
- Lower Body
- Power generation solutions are the most requested peripheral.
- No one solution is going to solve the power problem in developing countries.
- This solution takes advantage of local skills and the local environment.
- Surges or spikes in power will not damage attached equipment.
- Scalable – Initially small low cost generators and regulators could be purchased but as the users power requirements increase more modules can be added to the system to enable more power to be generated and regulated. The aim is to allow people to build onto their existing power systems instead of having to replace the technology they have already purchased. This acts as a form of financing.
- Different Gear ratios will be required to run at maximum efficiency - this could add cost.
- Different situations will have different variability in the power generated.
- One possible workaround for power variability is to create responsive power consumers - e.g. a multi-charger that only charges as many of its slots as there is power for. But that is another design challenge.
Example of Use
In any of the situations below a storage solution, such as car batteries or the gang charger, could be attached to the power regulator creating an uninterruptible power supply (UPS).
- Two different schools may both require power, but exist in two very different environments. One has regular strong winds, and the other has a fast moving river near by. To get the most reliable power solution possible both schools require the power regulator and generator, but should select different mechanical modules - the blades for wind and the water wheel for the river. Because both schools are purchasing 2 identical modules the cost will go down due to economies of scale, but because they have different mechanical modules they are still getting a custom power solution.
- For some locations the mechanical module and generator could be assembled from locally available materials representing the lowest cost option. However they may still require the intelligence of the power regulator to guarantee the safety of equipment attached to this power solution.
- In some locations electronic equipment may be rare but the understanding and inventiveness of local people to create a mechanical system to drive the generator should be leveraged to enable the best power generation solution. In this situation the power regulator and generator could be purchased and have the custom build mechanical system attached in field.
- Some schools are already connected to the countries electricity supply so don't require any generation mechanism. However, in many countries large power spikes or power cuts are common. The power regulator would protect the schools electricity supply preventing damage to electronic equipment and could also act as a UPS if batteries were hooked up to the storage output of the power regulator.
- "I came to this website trying to find a solution for a school in the western Himalayas - where there is very little sun in the winter - and not much water or wind either - and of course there is no mains power! I guess we will look at finding a longlife laptop battery with good human-powered generators available. Maybe some flywheel-based pedal generator that can be built with local materials is best. If we can find a reliable solution for pedal generation, then it may be possible for batteries to be made redundant - which would be great, as they are expensive, consumable, and don't work well in low temperatures." Reference
- Concept: Joshua Seal, 15th October 2007


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An animal detection system with the warning lights activated resulted in 1.52 mi/h lower vehicle speeds (compared to warning lights off) for passenger cars and pick-ups.
Alerting drivers to the presence of large animals in the road at Yellowstone National Park.
The study area was on US Highway 191 inside of the Yellowstone National Park, with a posted speed limit of 55 mi/hour. The data collection period occurred over two weeks in which there was mostly no precipitation. Researchers installed three traffic counters and road tubes outside and inside of the detection area. The counters recorded the date, time, vehicle type, vehicle speed and gap (in seconds) between vehicles. When vehicles moved in platoons, only the speed of the first vehicle in a platoon was used as a data point when the signs were activated (since the following vehicles may be influenced by the speed of the first one). A sample size of 2,428 vehicles per 24 hour period was used.
The deployment of an animal detection system at Yellowstone National Park found that passenger cars, pick-ups, vans, and trucks with two units or more had lower vehicle speeds by 1.52 mi/hour with warning signs activated compared to warning signs off. Although the difference is small, it is important to note that small reductions when vehicles are traveling at high speeds have a disproportionate decrease in the probability of severe accidents.
The data also showed that the number of collisions with large animals was 58 to 67 percent lower than was expected (but could not be tested for significance due to the variability in the number of collisions and just one year of post installation collision data). Driver opinion of the system documented in interviews revealed that a majority (59 percent) would have liked to see the system stay in place. The system was removed in the fall of 2008 due to high maintenance and a lack of spare parts.
Author: M.P. Huijser, T.D. Holland, A.V. Kociolek, A.M. Barkdoll and J.D. Schwalm
Published By: Oregon Department of Transportation Research Unit and the Federal Highway Administration
Source Date: March 2009URL: _URL_
Average User Rating
Typical Deployment Locations