pandemic threatening to cause further harm to Somali children, Save the Children has created an emergency fund to increase the amount of aid it can provide.
Action Against Hunger is another humanitarian organization that has been combating malnutrition in Somali children since 1992. In 2019, the organization had provided aid in the form of food, water and health services support to more than 600,000 people. The organization helped more than 20,000 children suffering from severe malnutrition and provided health services to more than 160,000 pregnant women. Action Against Hunger plans to continue supporting Somalia. It plans to expand existing health services for the Somali people and empower the Somali healthcare system.
With millions being affected by food insecurity and more than 800,000 children suffering from acute malnutrition, Somalia is in need of continued humanitarian support. Continual improvements to healthcare, food and water systems have improved the lives of millions of people. The ongoing pandemic and droughts are obstacles in the way of continuing progress in combating malnutrition in Somali children. With these issues, the need for continued humanitarian support only grows.
Gerardo Valladares
Photo: Flickr
COVID-19 Vaccines for SomaliaIn March 2021, COVAX helped secure the first batch of COVID-19 vaccines for Somalia. According to The New Humanitarian, Somalia has one of the weakest healthcare systems in the world. Before the pandemic, Somalia was already struggling with political and economic concerns. The added effects of COVID-19 have significantly impacted the country.
COVAX Donation and Vaccine Hesitancy
More than 300,000 COVID-19 vaccines first arrived in Somalia on March 15, 2021. Donated by COVAX, a global effort to provide equitable vaccine coverage, the doses will prioritize "frontline workers, the elderly and people with chronic health conditions." UNICEF reports that Somalia is one of the first African countries to receive vaccine donations through COVAX, an important act as the country moves into a new wave of infections.
Misinformation has contributed to vaccine hesitancy in Somalia, which may adversely impact a successful vaccination rollout. Somali people working in the medical field are making efforts to combat misinformation and build vaccine trust to ensure vaccine hesitancy does not present a barrier for Somalia.
COVID-19 in Somalia
COVID-19 cases in Somalia stand at more than 13,000 as of April 30, 2021, with more than 700 deaths. COVID-19 deaths and infections in Somalia are low compared to other African countries and the rest of the world, but slow vaccination rates are making it harder to mitigate the spread of COVID-19. More than a year after the first reported case of COVID-19 in Somalia, Somalia is facing a peak, with a death toll far higher than the peak of 2020. Only about 0.8% of 15 million Somali's have been vaccinated so far.
The first cases of COVID-19 in Somalia were mostly travel-related cases, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In the past year, the WHO and partners have helped strengthen Somalia's COVID-19 response by providing critical resources. These efforts contributed to creating three COVID-19 testing labs in Somalia. Furthermore, "73 rapid response teams were deployed for COVID-19 case investigation, alert verification and sample collection." More than 7,000 healthcare workers received COVID-19 health training and 76 oxygen concentrators were provided to health facilities, among other efforts.
Vaccination Efforts for Preventable Diseases
Before the onset of COVID-19 in Somalia, WHO started the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI), which aims to vaccinate Somali children against eight preventable diseases. This program helped control the 2017 and 2018 measles outbreaks in Somalia and helped citizens keep up with routine immunizations, mitigating the spread of common diseases across the country. In 2019, the initiative trained healthcare workers from more than 700 health centers in immunization practices and procedures.
Call to Action
As COVID-19 continues to threaten the world, vulnerable populations in developing countries are most at risk. Recognizing this fact, in June 2021, President Biden announced a plan to donate 500 million COVID-19 vaccines to countries in need through COVAX. The international community needs to come together in a collaborative global effort to ensure disadvantaged countries receive sufficient COVID-19 vaccines.
Monica Mellon
Photo: Flickr
USAID Programs in SomaliaSomalia is one of the most poverty-stricken countries in the world, plagued by frequent violence, widespread food insecurity and natural disasters. To address the nation's incredibly precarious situation, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) programs in Somalia are expansive and well-funded. USAID programs in Somalia aim to provide humanitarian relief and reduce poverty in the area.
Causes of Poverty in Somalia
Droughts are partly responsible for the severe food insecurity in Somalia. From 2011 to 2019, Somalia experienced a devastating drought. The drought was so severe that it was even given a name, Sima. When it first started, it triggered a famine that killed 250,000 Somalians. In the years following, Sima devastated livestock populations in Somalia. Sima has also forced Somalians to relocate: in 2017, drought was responsible for displacing more than one million people. While Somalia has seen several devastating droughts over the past half-century, Sima has been the most catastrophic one yet.
Civil war and political unrest have also contributed to Somalia's struggle with poverty and food insecurity. Since the collapse of the military regime led by President Siad Barre in 1991, Somalia has experienced near-constant warfare. The lack of a functioning Somali government has only made it more difficult for Somalians living in poverty and left the country increasingly reliant on foreign aid.
The numbers illustrate Somalia's dire situation. In 2017, 6.2 million Somalians were experiencing acute food insecurity. Of that number, half were experiencing crisis or emergency levels of food insecurity. Since that time, the U.S. Government had increased funding to the country by more than double when it offered an additional $257 million to USAID programs in Somalia in 2019.
USAID Programs in Somalia
The functions of USAID programs in Somalia are wide-ranging and amounted to about $500 million in 2019. USAID's proclaimed mission statement says "USAID strengthens the foundations for a more stable, democratic and prosperous Somalia while saving lives, alleviating human suffering and reducing the economic impact of disasters." USAID programs cover several key humanitarian areas.
Firstly, the Office of Food for Peace (FFP) received $300 million in funding for the fiscal year of 2019. FFP aims to alleviate food insecurity among Somalia's most vulnerable populations. A different initiative attempts to strengthen trust in Somalia's Government while also working to counteract violent extremist groups. The Democracy, Stabilization and Governance initiative consists of five separate initiatives with separate goals.
The multi-donor trust fund contributions consist of four parts and aim to assist local governments in becoming more effective. Social services initiatives in Somalia work to improve education for marginalized communities. Lastly, economic growth initiatives in Somalia work to revitalize the Somalian economy.
Somalia's struggle with poverty and food insecurity has been lengthy and difficult. Nevertheless, USAID programs have seen quantifiable improvements. For example, USAID provided access and benefits to alternative basic education for 20,248 students. Even with the positive progress, the U.N. predicts further issues in Somalia and that more foreign aid will be necessary to fully restore the country.
– Leo Ratté
Photo: Flickr
Denmark's Foreign Aid
When it comes to foreign aid, one of the most widely-commended countries is the small nation of Denmark. The Danes are well-known for their generous aid spending and both donor and recipient nations recognize Denmark as a highly effective partner in the fight against global poverty. Here are five facts about Denmark's foreign aid.
5 Facts About Denmark's Foreign Aid
 1. Denmark is a world leader in foreign aid spending. In 2019, Denmark spent $2.55 billion on foreign aid, a seemingly small figure compared to the $34.62 billion the United States spent, but Denmark's population is only about 1.76% that of the U.S. When adjusted for population, Denmark's foreign aid totals $447 per-capita, much higher than the United States' $95 per-capita. In fact, Denmark is the fourth-highest per-capita spender of all OECD countries after Norway, Sweden and Luxembourg.
 2. Denmark has consistently been a world leader since the 1970s. The United Nations uses foreign aid as a percentage of Gross National Income to measure a country's proportional spending, and Denmark is one of the few countries that has met or exceeded the U.N.'s target of 0.7% of GNI since 1978. Denmark's foreign aid currently amounts to 0.71% of its GNI, trailing only Luxembourg, Norway and Sweden among OECD countries. However, for a brief period during the 1990s, Denmark actually increased this number to over 1%.
 3. Low-and-middle-income countries rate Denmark high for usefulness, influence and helpfulness in foreign aid. In a new study that AidData conducted, leaders from 40 aid-receiving nations ranked Denmark as a top development partner. Besides meeting the U.N.'s foreign aid target, Denmark scored second among all countries for its usefulness regarding policy advice, second for its influence in setting agendas and first for its helpfulness regarding reform implementation. Since 2009, these reforms have included promoting greater private sector expansion and focusing on social progress as a catalyst for economic growth. Denmark's long-term commitments


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We present DG2VHDL, a design tool which can automatically translate abstract algorithmic descriptions, known as dependence graphs, to synthesizable VHDL models and testbenches representative of distributed memory and control processor arrays, known as signal flow graphs. This translation facilitates the rapid exploration of the large space of available parallel architectures for a given problem and frees the designer from having to code and test separately, using a hardware description language, every candidate architecture under consideration. It is shown that the quality and scalability of the automatically generated VHDL models is near optimal, in the sense that the time required to synthesize them as well as the area of the resulting hardware grows at the lowest possible rate with the problem size. This makes possible the high level synthesis of processor arrays for large size real world problems, such as the computation of the discrete wavelet transform and the estimation of higher order statistics, that are presented as case studies.
Keywords for this software
References in zbMATH (referenced in 3 articles, 1 standard article )
Showing results 1 to 3 of 3.
- Kittitornkun, Surin; Hu, Yu Hen: Processor array synthesis from shift-variant deep nested Do loops (2003)
- Manolakos, E. S.; Stellakis, H. M.: Systematic synthesis of parallel architectures for the computation of higher order cumulants (2000)
- Stone, Andrew; Manolakos, Elias S.: DG2VHDL: A tool to facilitate the high level synthesis of parallel processing array architectures (2000)

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Date of this Version
Published in Chem. Eng. Technol. (2011) 34:12, 1989–1996. DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201100353
Sugarcane bagasse was partially acetylated to enhance its oil-wicking ability in saturated environments while holding moisture for hydrocarbon biodegradation. The water sorption capacity of raw bagasse was reduced fourfold after treatment, which indicated considerably increased hydrophobicity but not a limited capability to hold moisture for hydrocarbon biodegradation. Characterization results by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and surface area analyzer suggested that treated bagasse exhibited enhanced hydrophobicity and surface area. Oil wicking test results indicate that treated bagasse is more effective in wicking oil from highly saturated environments than raw bagasse and suggest that application of this material in remediation of oil spills in highly saturated wetlands is promising.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


NAME Continuity - Abstract away statelessness of HTTP, for stateful Web applications SYNOPSIS #!/usr/bin/perl use strict; use Continuity; my $server = new Continuity; $server->loop; sub main { my $request = shift; $request->print("Your name:
"); $request->next; # this waits for the form to be submitted! my $name = $request->param('name'); $request->print("Hello $name!"); } DESCRIPTION Continuity is a library to simplify web applications. Each session is written and runs as a persistant application, and is able to request additional input at any time without exiting. This is significantly different from the traditional CGI model of web applications in which a program is restarted for each new request. The program is passed a $request variable which holds the request (including any form data) sent from the browser. In concept, this is a lot like a $cgi object from with one very very significant difference. At any point in the code you can call $request->next. Your program will then suspend, waiting for the next request in the session. Since the program doesn't actually halt, all state is preserved, including lexicals -- getting input from the browser is then similar to doing "$line = <>" in a command-line application. GETTING STARTED The first thing to make a note of is that your application is a continuously running program, basically a self contained webserver. This is quite unlike a based application, which is re-started for each new request from a client browser. Once you step away from your experience this is actually more natural (IMO), more like writing an interactive desktop or command-line program. Here's a simple example: #!/usr/bin/perl use strict; use Continuity; my $server = new Continuity; $server->loop; sub main { my $request = shift; while(1) { $request->print("Hello, world!"); $request->next; $request->print("Hello again!"); } } First, check out the small demo applications in the eg/ directory of the distribution. Sample code there ranges from simple counters to more complex multi-user ajax applications. All of the basic uses and some of the advanced uses of Continuity are covered there. Here is an brief explanation of what you will find in a typical application. Declare all your globals, then declare and create your server. Parameters to the server will determine how sessions are tracked, what ports it listens on, what will be served as static content, and things of that nature. You are literally initializing a web server that will serve your application to client browsers. Then call the "loop" method of the server, which will get the server listening for incoming requests and starting new sessions (this never exits). use Continuity; my $server = Continuity->new( port => 8080 ); $server->loop; Continuity must have a starting point when starting new sessions for your application. The default is "\&::main" (a sub named "main" in the default global scope), which is passed the $request handle. See the Continuity::Request documentation for details on the methods available from the $request object beyond this introduction. sub main { my $request = shift; #... } Outputting to the client (that is, sending text to the browser) is done by calling the "$request->print(...)" method, rather than the plain "print" used in applications. $request->print("Hello, guvne'
"); $request->print("'ow ya been?"); HTTP query parameters (both GET and POST) are also gotten through the $request handle, by calling "$p = $request->param('x')", just like in # If they go to http://webapp/?x=7 my $input = $request->param('x'); # now $input is 7 Once you have output your HTML, call "$request->next" to wait for the next response from the client browser. While waiting other sessions will handle other requests, allowing the single process to handle many simultaneous sessions. $request->print("Name:
"); $request->next; # <-- this is where we suspend execution my $name = $request->param('n'); # <-- start here once they submit Anything declared lexically (using my) inside of "main" is private to the session, and anything you make global is available to all sessions. When "main" returns the session is terminated, so that another request from the same client will get a new session. Only one continuation is ever executing at a given time, so there is no immediate need to worry about locking shared global variables when modifying them. ADVANCED USAGE Merely using the above code can completely change the way you think about web application infrastructure. But why stop there? Here are a few more things to ponder. Coro::Event Since Continuity is based on Coro, we also get to use Coro::Event. This means that you can set timers to wake a continuation up after a while, or you can have inner-continuation signaling by watch-events on shared variables. Multiple sessions per-user For AJAX applications, we've found it handy to give each user multiple sessions. In the chat-ajax-push demo each user gets a session for sending messages, and a session for receiving them. The receiving session uses a long-running request (aka COMET) and watches the globally shared chat message log. When a new message is put into the log, it pushes to all of the ajax listeners. Lexical storage and callback links Don't forget about those pretty little lexicals you have at your disposal. Taking a hint from the Seaside folks, instead of regular links you could have callbacks that trigger a anonymous subs. Your code could look like: use Continuity; use strict; my _USER_; my $callback_count; Continuity->new->loop; sub gen_link { my ($text, $code) = _USER_; $callbacks[$callback_count++] = $code; return qq{$text}; } sub process_links { my $request = shift; my $cb = $request->param('cb'); if(exists $callbacks[$cb]) { $callbacks[$cb]->($request); delete $callbacks[$cb]; } } sub main { my $request = shift; my $x; my $link1 = gen_link('This is a link to stuff' => sub { $x = 7 }); my $link2 = gen_link('This is another link' => sub { $x = 42 }); $request->print($link1, $link2); $request->next; process_links($request); $request->print("\$x is now: $x"); } Scaling To scale a Continuity-based application beyond a single process you need to investigate the keywords "session affinity". The Seaside folks have a few articles on various experiments they've done for scaling, see the wiki for links and ideas. Note, however, that premature optimization is evil. We shouldn't even be talking about this. EXTENDING AND CUSTOMIZING This library is designed to be extensible but have good defaults. There are two important components which you can extend or replace. The Adapter, such as the default Continuity::Adapt::HttpDaemon, actually makes the HTTP connections with the client web broswer. If you want to use FastCGI or even a non-HTTP protocol, then you will use or create an Adapter. The Mapper, such as the default Continuity::Mapper, identifies incoming requests from The Adapter and maps them to instances of your program. In other words, Mappers keep track of sessions, figuring out which requests belong to which session. The default mapper can identify sessions based on any combination of cookie, ip address, and URL path. Override The Mapper to create alternative session identification and management. METHODS The main instance of a continuity server really only has two methods, "new" and "loop". These are used at the top of your program to do setup and start the server. Please look at Continuity::Request for documentation on the $request object that is passed to each session in your application. $server = Continuity->new(...) The "Continuity" object wires together an Adapter and a mapper. Creating the "Continuity" object gives you the defaults wired together, or if user-supplied instances are provided, it wires those together. Arguments: * "callback" -- coderef of the main application to run persistantly for each unique visitor -- defaults to "\&::main" * "adapter" -- defaults to an instance of "Continuity::Adapt::HttpDaemon" * "mapper" -- defaults to an instance of "Continuity::Mapper" * "docroot" -- defaults to "." * "staticp" -- defaults to "sub { $_[0]->url =~ m/\.(jpg|jpeg|gif|png|css|ico|js)$/ }", used to indicate whether any request is for static content * "debug_level" -- Set level of debugging. 0 for nothing, 1 for warnings and system messages, 2 for request status info. Default is 1 * "debug_callback" -- Callback for debug messages. Default is print. Arguments passed to the default adapter: * "port" -- the port on which to listen * "no_content_type" -- defaults to 0, set to 1 to disable the "Content-Type: text/html" header and similar headers Arguments passed to the default mapper: * "cookie_session" -- set to name of cookie or undef for no cookies (defaults to 'cid') * "query_session" -- set to the name of a query variable for session tracking (defaults to undef) * "assign_session_id" -- coderef of routine to custom generate session id numbers (


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Arbitration costs generally comprise three categories (i) the cost of the arbitral institution (when there is one), (ii) the fees and expenses of the arbitrators, and (iii) a party's direct costs. A party's direct costs includes its costs of legal representation, the costs of any experts, and out of pocket expenses. Arbitrations are financed by each party generally advancing half of the estimated arbitration costs. Those costs will be finally allocated between the parties in the final award.
Outside the US, the general rule in commercial and sports arbitration is that the losing party pays the winning party's costs which includes the direct costs. This rule is also increasingly being applied in investment arbitration. This means that parties embarking upon international arbitration face the risk of having to pay not only all of the institution's costs and the arbitrators' fees and expenses, but, as well, the legal costs of the winning opponent.
Surveys indicate that parties' direct costs compose the lion's share of the total arbitration costs, in the order of about 75% to 85% of the total, with the arbitrators' costs representing around 10 to 20% of the total and the arbitral institution usually taking no more than 5%.
The costs of the arbitral institution and the arbitrators are generally either a function of the value in dispute or of the time worked by the institution and the arbitrators. Where these costs vary with the amount in dispute, arbitral institutions will often make available a costs calculator for the parties to be able to estimate these arbitration costs.


Beach bacteria battle goes high-tech
Chicagoland effort to keep water safe hits digital age
May 28, 2010|By Joel Hood, TRIBUNE REPORTER
So much for the old warning flag on a stick.
From computer models that can predict conditions where bacteria will thrive, to swimming alerts and beach closures sent out via Twitter, Facebook and text message, officials have adopted high-tech strategies to better inform beachgoers of unhealthy conditions.
"That's how people live now," said Cathy Breitenbach, manager of the Chicago Park District's Office of Green Initiatives. "People have an expectation today to get information quickly and in multiple ways. We're doing our best to meet that expectation."
As thousands across Chicago and the suburbs hit the beach this Memorial Day weekend, health officials warn of the dangers lurking out of sight.
The popular beaches that line the lakefront in Chicago and communities to the north have long been a melting pot for E. coli and other harmful bacteria. Stormwater runoff, pet waste, bird droppings and urban trash contribute to microscopic mountains of filth that can lead to sore throats, stomachaches and all kinds of ailments.
The number of swimming bans has increased in recent years, officials say, likely due to more frequent testing for bacteria than an actual drop-off in water quality. Twice a day, researchers walk the city's 31 beaches collecting water samples in small plastic tubes and sending them to a lab for analysis.
The trouble with that method of water sampling is that results aren't known until the next day. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Geological Survey are pioneering research off Chicago's beaches, using DNA analysis to test for bacteria, that will one day shorten the lab work to a couple of hours, allowing for almost instantaneous water monitoring, said Richard Whitman, a USGS ecologist.
"The results we've been living with are yesterday's numbers, and that's not always good enough," Whitman said. "We know water conditions can change pretty quickly."
This month, Whitman and other scientists dumped red dye into the water a half-mile off 63rd Street Beach, one of the most problematic waterfronts in the city, to track the speed and direction of lake currents in the hopes of better understanding how bacteria builds up along the shoreline.
Thanks to EPA funding, the scientists have developed computer models that can calculate weather data, wave height, wind direction, rainfall and other measurements to project when and where bacteria counts will rise to unsafe levels.
This software, launched in Lake County in 2005, has revolutionized beach research. Instead of having to wait 18 or 20 hours to issue a swimming alert to beachgoers, predictive modeling can anticipate unsafe swimming conditions.
"It's keeping people out of the water when they should be, and not a day after the testing is done," said Mike Adam, a senior biologist for Lake County, which oversees 15 public beaches along the lakefront and several dozen inland beaches. "E. coli levels can change dramatically just between morning and afternoon tests. Imagine how much they change a day later."
Officials in Chicago and Evanston are now compiling data that will enable them to use predictive modeling in a year or two. It is a step toward the ultimate goal of being able to predict high bacteria levels days in advance, Whitman said.
"Wouldn't it be wonderful to know on Friday what the water conditions will be like at your favorite beach on Saturday or Sunday?" Whitman asked. "That's where we want to be."
Until that day arrives, the best defense of our beaches involves a mix of highand low-tech solutions, Breitenbach said.
Last year the Chicago Park District debuted a specially crafted titanium rake with four-inch teeth capable of turning over deeper layers of sand, reducing bacteria by exposing it to UV light and oxygen. Think of it as a sand Zamboni that refreshes Chicago's beaches each morning.
This spring, the Chicago Park District board unanimously passed an ordinance banning the feeding of birds and wildlife along city beaches. The ordinance is designed to reduce the number of gulls, particularly the most common ring-billed gulls, that congregate and defecate on the sand, Breitenbach said.
And once again this summer, the park district plans to station rescued border collies and their handlers on a few of the city's beaches to disrupt gulls when they try to land. The dogs have proven to be a simple, effective and popular answer to the bird problem, Breitenbach said, and is about as low-tech as it gets.
"They stay in the open areas and try to prevent birds from landing and loafing," Breitenbach said.
The time-honored practice of flying brightly colored flags on the beach, to warn swimmers of dangerous water, has not yet gone the way of the typewriter. Flags will still fly this summer, officials said, but park district two years ago set out to modernize how it reached the public.
District officials set up a Facebook page and a Twitter account, _USER_. In addition to the automated phone line _PHONE_) that for years has offered recorded messages about beach conditions, this spring the district plans to send swim-ban notifications via text message.
As scientists learn more about the relationship between waterborne bacteria and public health, getting out the information as quickly as possible becomes the next great challenge, Breitenbach said.
"We've made this a commitment because we know it's a public service," she said. "These beaches are meant for all to enjoy."


Ran Eilam > Aspect-0.12 > Aspect::AdviceContext
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Aspect::AdviceContext - a pointcut context for advice code
 $pointcut = call qr/^Person::[gs]et_/ & cflow company => qr/^Company::/;
 # using in 'before' advice code
 before {
 my $context = shift; # context is only param to advice code
 print $context->type; # 'before': advice type: before/after
 print $context->pointcut; # $pointcut: the pointcut for this advice
 print $context->sub_name; # package + sub name of matched sub
 print $context->package_name; # 'Person': package name of matched sub
 print $context->short_sub_name; # sub name of matched sub
 print $context->self; # 1st parameter to matched sub
 print $context->params->[1]; # 2nd parameter to matched sub
 $context->append_param($rdbms); # append param to matched sub
 $context->append_params($a, $b); # append params to matched sub
 $context->return_value(4) # don't proceed to matched sub, return 4
 $context->original->(x => 3); # call matched sub, don't proceed
 $context->proceed(1); # do proceed to matched sub after all
 print $context->company->name; # access cflow pointcut advice context
 } $pointcut;
Advice code is called when the advice pointcut is matched. In this code, there is always a need to access information about the context of the advice. Information like: what is the actual sub name matched? What are the parameters in this call that we matched? Sometimes you want to change the context for the matched sub: append a parameter, or even stop the matched sub from being called.
You do all these things through the AdviceContext. It is the only parameter provided to the advice code. It provides all the information required about the match context, and allows you to change the behavior of the matched sub.
Note that modifying parameters through the context, in the code of an after advice, will have no effect, since the matched sub has already been called.
If the pointcut of an advice is composed of at least one Aspect::Pointcut::Cflow, advice code may require not only the context of the advice, but also the context of the cflows. This is required if you want to find out, for example, what is the name of the sub that matched a cflow. E.g. for the synopsis example above, what method of Company started the chain of calls that eventually reached the get/set on Person?
You can access cflow context in the synopsis above, by calling:
You get it from the main advice context, by calling a method named after the context key used in the cflow spec. In the synopsis pointcut definition, the cflow part was:
 cflow company => qr/^Company::/
An AdviceContext will be created for the cflow, and you can access it using the key company.
Print parameters to matched sub:
 before { my $c = shift; print join(',', $c->params) } $pointcut;
Append a parameter:
 before { shift->append_param('extra-param') } $pointcut;
Don't proceed to matched sub, return 4 instead:
 before { shift->return_value(4) } $pointcut;
Call matched sub again, and again, until it returns something defined:
 after {
 my $context = shift;
 my $return = $context->return_value;
 while (!defined $return)
 { $return = $context->original($context->params) }
 } $pointcut;
Print the name of the Company object that started the chain of calls that eventually reached the get/set on Person:
 before { print shift->company->name } $pointcut;
See the Aspect pod for a guide to the Aspect module.
You can find examples of using the AdviceContext in any advice code. The aspect library for example (e.g. Aspect::Library::Wormhole).
Aspect::Advice creates the main AdviceContext, and Aspect::Pointcut::Cflow creates contexts for each matched call flow.
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Elon Musk's writing about a Tesla battery fire reminded me of some of the math related to trying to estimate the rate of a rare event from a single occurrence of the event (plus many non-event occurrences). In this article we work through some of the ideas.
Elon Musk wrote that the issues of the recent battery fire were: a significant impact from a large piece of debris (which would clearly have also been dangerous to a gasoline based vehicle) and a "1 fire in over 100 million miles for Tesla" operating record. There are tons of important questions as to what is a proper Apples to Apples comparison of vehicle safety, but what interested me is the minor issue: how biased is evaluating Tesla right after the first occurrence of a rare bad event?
Roughly: evaluating Tesla right after the first report of a rare bad event (called a "failure") is biased against Tesla. It roughly doubles the perceived rate the event occurs at. The math (based on the Markov property) is quick. If the bad event has probability p (p small) then the expected number of such events in n-trials is n*p. However, the expected number of events in n-trials where we picked n such that the n-th trials has the event (n picked after the events happen) is (n-1)*p + 1 (the normal expectation for the first n-1 events and then the forced 1 for the last event). If n is such that n*p is near 1 (which is plausible for an observation near the first occurrence) then we see the scoring right after the first failure roughly double the perceived failure rate.
Now the correct way to work with duration in this sort of problem is using survival analysis which treats duration as a continuous variable and doesn't treat "100 million miles" as 100 million discrete events (the discrete treatment introduces small unnecessary problems in changing scale to "200 million half-miles" and so on). But, let's stay with discrete events for fun. An important issue is: certain relations that are known for true values are only approximations for estimatesso it really matters what you estimate directly and what you infer indirectly.
For example: suppose we try to estimate directly expected duration to first event instead of event rate? Obviously if you know one of these you know the other. But the relationship between estimates of one to estimates of the other is a bit looser. So you really want to set up your experiments to directly estimate the one you care about.
Duration to first failure estimated by watching for the first failure can be estimated as follows. The probability of seeing the first failure on the k-th observation is exactly (1-p)^(k-1) * p ( you see k-1 successes followed by one failure). And if we see the first failure at the k-th step our natural estimate of the duration to first failure is k. The expected value of this sort of estimator summed over all possibilities is:
The 1/p expected value of the estimate is exactly what you would hope for.
However instead suppose we use a similar "reasonable sounding" procedure to try and estimate the rate p instead of the duration to failure. We say that if the first failure is seen at the k-th step then the reasonable estimate for p is 1/k. This estimate ends up being:
That is: our estimation procedure's expected value of estimate is -p*ln(p)/(1-p) instead of the correct (or unbiased) value of p. This is again an over-estimate, using the observed rate as the estimator is net-upward biased (as also shown in the expected number of failures argument).
Also notice that the multiplicative bias term -ln(p)/(1-p) changes as we change scale of p. If instead of measuring 100 million 1-mile events we measured 200 million half-mile events our number of events bias would go up, but slowly enough that our total miles bias would go down. This is why in survival analysis durations are treated as continuous quantities, so changes in scale don't change estimates. The simplest survival analysis would assume road-debris is constant hazard (doesn't systematically go up or down in the age of the car) and therefore the survival function of the car would be the exponential distribution (not "survival" means avoiding the failure event which stops the observations, not living or dying).
The lesson is: you introduce biases by deciding when you calculate (right after a failure) and choosing what to estimate. But with some care you can get all of this right.


March 4, 2021
Abandoned lighthouse on Great Isaac Cay
Great Isaac Cay is a small Bahamian island located about 20 miles NNE of the Bimini Islands. It is accessible only by boat. And it is so small that it's not visible on google map or google earth. The most prominent feature of the island is its lighthouse, which was erected in 1859.
In the late 19th century local lore tells of a ship wreck on the island with one survivor, an infant. The child's distraught mother, known as the Grey Lady, is said to haunt the island to this very day, wailing in sorrow during the full moon.
On August 4, 1969, the station was discovered to have been abandoned by its two keepers, who were never found. The keepers' house, cistern, and assorted buildings are crumbling into ruins. The Lighthouse looks abandoned but is actually still in use, fully automated.
It is also claimed to be haunted!


How Long Is A Day On Earth?
How long is 1 hour in space on Earth?
0.0026 secondsThat number times 1 hour is 0.0026 seconds.
So a person at that deep space location would have a clock that would run for one hour, while that person calculated that our clock ran for 59 minutes, 59.9974 seconds..
How long is 1 year in space?
Why is that considered a year? Well, 365 days is about how long it takes for Earth to orbit all the way around the Sun one time. It's not exactly this simple though. An Earth year is actually about 365 days, plus approximately 6 hours.
Which planet has the longest year?
Planet Neptune has the longest period of revolution, Nearly 164.8 Earth years for evolving the Sun from a distance of about 4493 million kilometers away from the Sun.
Is there life on Venus?
To date, no definitive proof has been found of past or present life on Venus. … With extreme surface temperatures reaching nearly 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F) and an atmospheric pressure 90 times that of Earth, the conditions on Venus make water-based life as we know it unlikely on the surface of the planet.
How long is 24hrs?
How many days is 24 hours? – 24 hours equals 1 days or there are 1 days in 24 hours. 24 hours in days will convert 24 hours to days, weeks, months and more. To convert 24 hours to days, simply divide 24 by 24.
Is a day actually 24 hours?
Day Length On Earth, a solar day is around 24 hours. However, Earth's orbit is elliptical, meaning it's not a perfect circle. That means some solar days on Earth are a few minutes longer than 24 hours and some are a few minutes shorter. … On Earth, a sidereal day is almost exactly 23 hours and 56 minutes.
Do you age in space?
So depending on our position and speed, time can appear to move faster or slower to us relative to others in a different part of space-time. And for astronauts on the International Space Station, that means they get to age just a tiny bit slower than people on Earth. That's because of time-dilation effects.
Which planet spins the fastest?
JupiterGood luck getting any sleep on Jupiter! This humongous gas giant rotates faster than any other planet in the Solar System, completing a day in less than 10 hours!
Is an hour in space 7 years on earth?
No. The time-dilation effect of Einstein's relativity has nothing to do with space. … The faster you're moving, the slower time goes for you. So if you were on some planet moving extremely fast through space, like in the movie Interstellar, then yes, you could miss 7 years on Earth every hour.
Is a day 12 or 24 hours?
Our 24-hour day comes from the ancient Egyptians who divided day-time into 10 hours they measured with devices such as shadow clocks, and added a twilight hour at the beginning and another one at the end of the day-time, says Lomb. "Night-time was divided in 12 hours, based on the observations of stars.
Why is a day 23 hours and 56 minutes?
If our definition of a day was truly based on one complete rotation of the Earth on its axis — a 360 degree spin — then a day would be 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4 seconds. … The mismatch of nearly 4 minutes is because the Earth must rotate more than 360 degrees between one dawn and the next.
Who invented hours?
Ancient BabyloniansThe Ancient Babylonians take credit for the hour being made up of 60 minutes. For reasons that remain unclear, they used a base 60 system of counting. They also divided the circle into 360 parts, which the Ancient Greeks built upon when they tried to divide the Earth into 360 lines of longitude and latitude.
Why is a day on Earth 24 hours?
Because the Earth orbits the Sun elliptically as the Earth spins on an inclined axis, this period can be up to 7.9 seconds more than (or less than) 24 hours. … The length of such a day is nearly constant (24 hours ± 30 seconds). This is the time as indicated by modern sundials.
How long is a day on Mars compared to Earth?
Mars is a planet with a very similar daily cycle as the Earth. Its sidereal day is 24 hours, 37 minutes and 22 seconds and its solar day 24 hours, 39 minutes and 35 seconds. A Martian day (referred to as "sol") is therefore approximately 40 minutes longer than a day on Earth.
Do you age slower on Mars?
To a watcher on Earth, yes. To a very, very, very, very, very minute degree time will move more slowly for you on Mars, as compared to Earth, due to gravitational time dilation. … In their reference frame on Earth, they are aging at exactly the same rate. They will always age at the same rate.


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French Intellectuals and America
Western site that gives historical reality to the utopias of the Renaissance and the Enlightenment?
Jean-Philippe Mathy offers the first systematic examination of French texts that address the question of America. He shows how prominent French intellectuals have represented America as myth and metaphor, covering the entire ideological spectrum from Maurras to Duhamel, and from Sartre to Aron. The texts themselves range from novels and poems to travel narratives and philosophical essays by Claudel, Sartre, de Beauvoir, Lyotard, Baudrillard, Kristeva, and many others.
Mathy deftly situates these discourses on America against the background of French intellectual and political history since 1789. The judgments on American culture that originate in France, he contends, are also statements about France itself. Widespread condemnation of American
materialism and pragmatism cuts across deep ideological and political divides in France, primarily because French intellectuals still operate within a framework of critical and aesthetic models born in the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance and elaborated in the age of French classicism.
Mathy engages issues central to interpreting the American experience, such as the current controversies over multiculturalism and Eurocentrism. Although Mathy deals mainly with French authors, he does not limit himself to them. Rather, he uses a comparative, cross-cultural approach that also takes in accounts of America by Nietzsche, Heidegger, Junger, Gramsci, and other Europeans, as well as American self-interpretations from Emerson and Dewey to Cornel West and Christopher Lasch.
Because debates on American modernity have played a crucial intellectual role in France, Extrême-Occident is a major contribution to modern French cultural
history. It will be essential reading for anyone wishing to understand the main currents of twentieth-century French thought.
Introduction: The Rhetoric of "America"
1. The Contest of America: A Historical Perspective
2. American Dystopia
3. American Identity, American Difference: The Existentialists and the Objective Spirit of the United States
4. Culture in Soda Cans: The Cold War of the French Intellectuals
5. Poetics of Space: The Body of America
6. (Running) Out of History
Epilogue: Transatlantic Theories and the Continental Drift


text:
Skip to main content
This is an advanced seminar to discuss and examine current issues in research and practice of educational psychology. There are two modules in this course.
The first module focuses on social emotional learning. Students will learn about what is social emotional learning, the applications of social emotional learning in elementary, middle and high schools, the assessment of social emotional learning, teachers' training in social emotional learning and social emotional learning in the Asian contexts.
The second module focuses on a number of selected advanced quantitative methods widely applicable in research in education and psychology. Students will learn about logistic regression analysis, hierarchical linear modeling (HLM), exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and path analysis. The focus is on understanding the rationale of these methods, the research and data situations where these methods are applicable, the operational procedures for conducting these analyses, and appropriate interpretation of results of these analyses in research settings.


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MOE – IMTL Portal
The Ministry Of Education (MOE) directs the formulation and implementation of education policies in Singapore. It has control of the development and administration of the Government and Government-aided primary schools, secondary schools, junior colleges, and a centralised institute. It also registers private schools.
The mission of the Education Service is to mould the future of the nation, by moulding the people who will determine the future of the nation. The Service will provide our children with a balanced and well-rounded education, develop them to their full potential, and nurture them into good citizens, conscious of their responsibilities to family, society and country.
In that regard, MOE seeks to engage the current IT-savvy generation and help improve the way they learn the language. The learning portal has a proposed feature which will enable students to recite, record and review their performance. In addition, a text-to-speech feature will assess reading fluency and correct pronunciation errors.
This challenge, to provide a Web-based Interactive Oracy Portal for Mother Tongue Languages, was awarded by MOE to Singtel – ACP Consortium in February 2011. ACP has successfully deployed an online portal that facilitates the teaching and learning spoken MTLs which is scalable for up to 400,000 users and 30,000 concurrent users.
This LMS solution was achieved through the following efforts:
- Publishing and removal of learning resources
- Creation and assignment of MTL oracy tasks
- Monitoring of MTL oracy tasks
- Assessment of MTL oracy tasks in both practice and test conditions
- Text-to-Speech (TTS) and Speech Evaluation capabilities for the system
As a result, ACP was able to achieve a successful nationwide rollout for 400,000 students across Singapore with support for 30,000 concurrent students accessing the system. The iMTL Portal was a runaway success with nationwide coverage and rave reviews from leading media houses and publications.
For more information regarding the iMTL project, you can head for the links below.


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Miscrosoft has announced its newest operating system Windows 8. It also comes with newest features, its main feature is its compatibility to be ported to most all computer architectures. it fully supports touchscreen device and still suitable for most win 7 applications. Metro UI, is its user interface name.
From one article from microsoft i also found some explanation about its new features, here they are :
Fast launching of apps from a tile-based Start screen, which replaces the Windows Start menu with a customizable, scalable full-screen view of apps.
Live tiles with notifications, showing always up-to-date information from your apps.
Fluid, natural switching between running apps.
Convenient ability to snap and resize an app to the side of the screen, so you can really multitask using the capabilities of Windows.
Fully touch-optimized browsing, with all the power of hardware-accelerated Internet Explorer 10.
TCP/IP protocol suite can be modelled related to OSI. Instead seven layer of OSI, in TCP/IP protocol suite (DoD: Department of Defense), it only has four layers.
1. Proces/Application layer in TCP/IP or DoD model integrates the functions of Application, Presentation, and Session Layer of OSI model : node-to-node communication and control of user-interface.
2. Host-to-Host layer in TCP/IP or DoD model represents the functions of Transport Layer of OSI model : transmission service, reliable communication, ensuring error-free delivery of data.
3. Internet Layer in TCP/IP or DoD model represents the functions of Network Layer of OSI model : logical transmission, IP addressing, routing packets across different network.
4. Network Access Layer in TCP/IP or DoD model represents the functions of Data Link Layer + Physical Layer of OSI model : monitors data exchange between host and network, hardware addressing, defines protocol for the physical transmission of data.
TCP/IP protocol suite in DoD model.
1. Telnet : Terminal Emulation, Allows machine (telnet client) to access resources of other (remote) machines (telnet servers).
2. FTP : File Transfer Protocol, Allows user to transfer transfer file between any machines using it. Protocol + Program (Allow user to do performs certain task by hand).
3. TFTP : Trivial File Transfer Protocol, simple version of FTP, reduced functions and security, but faster than FTP.
4. NFS : Network File System, Protocol specializing in File Sharing, allows different types of file systems to interoperate. Ex : NSF server running in NT server and client in unix allows user to access same file with their normal file system in normal way.
5. SMTP : Simple Mail Transfer Protocol handles email, uses spoole or queued, model of mail delivery.
6. LPD : Line Printer Daemon, Printer Sharing
7. X-Window : Client server operation, Display things trough window server on another computer.
8. SNMP : Simple Network Management Protocol collects and manipulates valuable network information.
9. DNS : Domain Name Service, resolves hostname, changes IP address into hostname and hostname into IP address.
10. DHCP : Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol assigns IP addresses to host. BootP : hardware address must be inputted manually in BootP table. DHCP Provides Information : IP address, Subnet Mask, Gateway address, DNS server, Domain Name, WINS information. using UDP to send broadcast message on FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF and 255.255.255.255.
TCP ( Transmission Control Protocol )
takes information from application and breaks them into segments, numbers and sequences segments, so that segments can be putted back together in order.
UDP ( User Datagram Protocol )
unreliable protocol, only break information into segments but doesn't number/sequences the segments, then send it off to destination without any acknowledgement.
1. IP : Internet Protocol = Internet Layer. it looks each address, using the table, choose the best path to deliver packets.
2. ICMP : Internet Control Message Protocol, provides information about network problems : Destination Unreachable, Buffer Full, Hops, Ping, Traceroute.
3. ARP : Address Resolution Protocol : finds hardware address of known host ip address.
4. RARP : Reverse Address Resolution Protocol : resolves MAC address to ip address.
5. Proxy ARP : Helps Machine reach destination without configuring routing or default gateway.
use your firewall to block all exe files in the game's intsall directory from going online.
blocking program to access internet can be done by setting in windows 7 firewall. Step by step to block program using windows 7 firewall :
1. Open start, write firewall in search program and files
2. Choose allow a program through windows firewall.
3. In new window that appear choose 'Change Setting' to enable you to edit firewall rules for each program.
4. Find program names that you want to block, for example Pro Evolution Soccer
if you want to block the program from accessing the internet, make sure the check box is empty.
if you fill the check box before program names, it means you allow this program to access the internet. Removing the check in the check box before the program name means you block/disallow this program to access the internet.
After we started dan make sure it configured correcty. we can then move to the next step. adding IOS image in our GNS to run the simulation of Cisco IOS. Adding the IOS image can be done by these steps :
1. Run GNS3
2. In menu bar, choose edit, choose IOS Images and hypervisors
3. In IOS images and hypervisors window, choose image file
4. New window to locate/select your image file will appear, choose image file with.bin extension
5. Choose save
Now if you drag and drop router icon according to you IOS image for example : router C7200, GNS will not display any warning, and you can start configuring your router simulation.
To download image file you can search via google 🙂
One major advantages of today's technology is Internet, which allow us to communicate each other, browse and find any data, do money transactions, etc. Internet implementation however allows application to track our record when we surf. It can collect our ip address, our browsing preferences, and other data that may be important for other party. One way to minimize our exposure is to use anonymous network.
Downloading and installing Tor in windows is done by usual double click.
After that your download will extract tor files into you location that you have set
In that location new folder named Tor Browser will appear. All you need to do is just to run Start Tor Browser.exe file. After you run this firefox browsrer which is configured with Tor configuration will appear and by default will show you confirmation that you have succesfully established internet connection via Tor.
When we need to download any files in website page we will have a problem because in usual way, we need to manually click each one of the file/link we need to download. Saving page manually sometime doesn't work because any file which is in link format won't be saved/downloaded into our harddisk.
I first face this problem when i need to migrate my multiply blog into blogger. Muliply provides us step by step to migrate multiply blog into other blog. It provided us export post and other data available which is suitable with blogger or other blog. But it doesnt provided us easy media download. so that any media ex photo, video, etc which we have uploaded into our multiply account can't be downloaded in single download. however, multiply provides us link to download each files in one web page. So they suggest us to use chrome extension that will enable us to download any files that is linked or embedded on the website page.
The extension is download master. This extension will make us able to download any files in website page. After installation completed, this extension will be available in upper right of chrome browser. If we click this extension icon, in any web page it will display us check box of the list of the file that can be downloaded in that web page. It nice and easy to use. But since this download master is chrome extension, we just can use it in chrome, and it will do just as the same with manual download in saving its files. so we better set our download folder first before we perform the actions, so that we get our files that we download at that time in certain folder.


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None, if a number is divisible by 210 then it is not a prime number!
prime numbers between 0 -100 which are divisible by 7: 7
No, it is divisible by 2,4 and many other numbers.
By four prime numbers which are: 2 3 5 and 7
No, it is divisible by many numbers including 2 and 320.
All prime numbers are divisible only by one and themselves.
Since there are infinitely many prime numbers there are infinitely many sets of three prime numbers and so there are infinitely many products.
Because many of them are divisible by smaller odd numbers. For example 35 is divisible by 5 and so 35 cannot be a prime number.
There are 27 numbers between 1 and 100 that are divisible by three but not by five.
There are 34 numbers between 200 to 300 that are divisible by three, including 300.


Autostrade of Italy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 (Redirected from Autostrada)
Jump to: navigation, search
"Autostrada" redirects here. For roads called "Autostrada" in other countries, see Roads and expressways in Romania. For the same name, see Roads and expressways in Poland and Transport in Albania.
Autostrada sign
The Autostrade are the Italian national system of motorways. The total length of the system is about 6,661 km. In North and Central Italy this is mainly as tollways, with the biggest portion in concession to the Atlantia group which operates some 3,408 km. Other operators include ASTM and ATP in the north-west, Serenissima and Autovie Venete in the north-east, SALT and Autocisa in the center, all under the control of the state-owned ANAS.
A4 Turin - Trieste
Italy was the first country in the world to build motorways, i.e., fast roads, reserved for motor vehicles.[citation needed] The Milano-Laghi motorway (connecting Milan to Varese) was devised by Piero Puricelli, a civil engineer and entrepreneur. He received the first authorization to build a public-utility fast road in 1921, and completed the construction (one lane each direction) between 1924 and 1926. By the end of the 1930s, over 400 kilometers of multiand dual-single-lane motorways were constructed throughout Italy, linking cities and rural towns.
Italy's autostrade have a standard speed limit of 130 km/h (81 mph) for cars. Limits for other vehicles (or during foul weather and/or low visibility) are lower. Legal provisions allow operators to set the limit to 150 km/h (93 mph) on their concessions on a voluntary basis if these conditions are met: three lanes in each direction and a working SICVE, or Safety Tutor, speed-camera system.
List of current Autostrade[edit]
Map of the Italian motorways
Until 1990, the designation A1 referred only to the Milan-Rome section of the current A1; the Rome-Naples section was known as A2. After a link was built bypassing Rome, the designation A2 was withdrawn and now the A1 designation refers to the whole route. The residual connections to the "Grande Raccordo Anulare" (Great Ring Road, around Rome) were designated as raccordi (see later). Until 1973, the designation A17 referred to the current A16, and the section Canosa-Bari of the current A14.
List of tangenziali (bypass roads around big cities)[edit]
This is a list of tangenziali classified as autostrada.
List of bretelle and raccordi autostradali[edit]
Some autostrade are called bretelle, diramazioni or raccordi because they are short and have few exits.
Bretelle, diramazioni or raccordi are generally connections between two motorways, or connections between motorways and important cities without a motorway.
They have the same number (sometimes with the suffix dir) as one of the two autostrade linked, a combination of the numbers of the two autostrade linked, or the number of the main autostrada.
Number Name (length) Connection
A1 Raccordo Milano-Piazzale Corvetto (2 km) A1 - Milano Piazzale Corvetto
A1 Diramazione Capodichino (3 km) A1 - Aeroporto di Capodichino - A56
A1dir Diramazione Roma nord (23 km) A1 - GRA
A1dir Diramazione Roma sud (20 km) A1 - GRA
A4 Raccordo Chivasso (6 km) A4 - Verolengo
A4/A5 Raccordo Ivrea-Santhià (23,6 km) A4 - A5
Raccordo Aosta-Gran San Bernardo (7,9 km) A5 - SS27
A6 Diramazione per Fossano (6,6 km) A6 - Fossano
A8/A26 Diramazione Gallarate-Gattico (23,2 km) A8 - A26
A11/A12 Diramazione Lucca-Viareggio (20 km) A11 - A12
A12 Diramazione per Livorno (4,5 km) A12 - Livorno
A13 Diramazione per Padova sud (4,3 km) A13 - Padova
A13 Diramazione per Ferrara (6,3 km) A13 - Ferrara - RA8
A14 Raccordo per Tangenziale di Bari (4,6 km) A14 - Tangenziale di Bari
A14dir Diramazione per Ravenna (29,8 km) A14 - Ravenna
A15 Diramazione La Spezia-Santo Stefano di Magra Santo Stefano di Magra - A15 - La Spezia
A18dir Diramazione per Catania (3,7 km) A18 - Catania
A19dir Raccordo A19-Palermo (5,2 km) A19 - Circonvallazione di Palermo
A21dir Diramazione per Fiorenzuola (12,3) A1 - A21
A4/A26 Diramazione Stroppiana-Santhià (29,7 km) A4 - A26
A26/A7 Diramazione Predosa-Bettole (17 km) A7 - A26
A29dir Diramazione Alcamo-Trapani (36,9 km) A29 - Trapani
A29dirA Diramazione per Birgi (13,1 km) A29dir - Aeroporto di Trapani-Birgi
A29racc Bretella aeroporto Falcone e Borsellino (4 km) A29 - Aeroporto di Palermo
A29racc bis Raccordo per via Belgio (5,6 km) A29 - Circonvallazione di Palermo
A55 Diramazione per Pinerolo (23,44 km) A55 - Pinerolo
A55 Diramazione per Moncalieri (6,18 km) A6 - Moncalieri
A55 Raccordo della Falchera (3,13 km) A55 - A4 - SR 11
A57 Bretella/raccordo aeroporto (6,73 km) A57 - Aeroporto di Venezia
Trafori (T)[edit]
Important alpine tunnels ((Italian) trafori) are identified by the capital letter "T" followed by a single digit number. Currently there are only three T-classified tunnels: Mont Blanc Tunnel (T1), Great St Bernard Tunnel (T2) and Frejus Road Tunnel (T4). Tunnels that cross the border between Italy and France (T1, T4) or Switzerland (T2), are treated as motorways (green signage, access control, and so on), although they are not proper motorways. The code T3 was once assigned to the Bargagli-Ferriere Tunnel in Ligurian Appennines before it was reclassified as SP 226.
T1 Traforo del Monte Bianco
T2 Traforo del Gran San Bernardo
T4 Traforo del Frejus
Raccordi autostradali (RA)[edit]
RA stands for Raccordo autostradale (translated as "motorway connection"), a relatively short spur route that connects an autostrada to a nearby city or tourist resort not directly served by the motorway. These spurs are owned and managed by ANAS (with some exceptions, such as the RA7 that became A53 when assigned to a private company for maintenance). Some spurs are toll-free motorways (type-A), but most are type-B or type-C roads. All RA have separate carriageways with two lanes in each direction. Generally, they do not have an emergency lane.
Symbol Number
Italian traffic signs - raccordo autostradale 1.svg RA1 A1 - A13 - A14
(Tangenziale di Bologna)
Italian traffic signs - raccordo autostradale 2.svg RA2 A3 - Avellino
Italian traffic signs - raccordo autostradale 3.svg RA3 A1 - Siena
Italian traffic signs - raccordo autostradale 4.svg RA4 A3 - Reggio Calabria - SS106
Italian traffic signs - raccordo autostradale 5.svg RA5 A3 - Potenza
Italian traffic signs - raccordo autostradale 6.svg RA6 A1 - Perugia
Autostrada A53 Italia.svg A53 (o RA7) A7 - Tangenziale di Pavia
Italian traffic signs - raccordo autostradale 8.svg RA8 A13 - Ferrara - Porto Garibaldi
Italian traffic signs - raccordo autostradale 9.svg RA9 A16 - Benevento
Italian traffic signs - raccordo autostradale 10.svg RA10 Tor


text:
Hot desert regions are undoubtedly challenging to fungal survival on the Arabian Peninsula. Fungi are, however, recognized as the most stress-resistant organisms among all eukaryotes, which could be a result of the rapid evolution of distinct species. Our current understanding of these microorganisms is derived from studies examining only a fraction of the overall fungal diversity. Therefore, further studies are needed to understand the diversity of fungi in desert regions. This paper highlights the taxonomy of several unusual fungal genera collected in a range of aquatic and terrestrial environments in Oman. These taxa were identified based on phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) (LSU, SSU and ITS) and protein-coding genes (TEF, RPB2 and TUB), plus morphological comparisons. Phylogenetic analyses, including the presently recognized genera in Patellariales resulted in splitting the order into four clades in Dothideomycetes. The new family Holmiellaceae and new order Holmiellales are introduced to include Holmiella. Species of Homortomycetaceae form a well-supported and distinct clade and raise it to Homortomycetales ordonovus. Omania (Halojulellaceae), Desertiserpentica (Lophiostomataceae) and Montanitestudina (Testudinaceae) are described as novel genera in Dothideomycetes. A synnematous hyphomycete with basidiomycetous affinity (Corticiales) was also identified and described as Basidiodesertica. Additionally, an asexual morph was observed for Holmiellajunipericola; Patellariaquercus is synonymized under P.atrata, and seven new species are described.
- 14 new taxa
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics


MLS to implement concussion substitution initiative
I can't speak specifically to his concussion history, but Elliot Panicco wears the relevant headgear, so. Courtesy Nashville SC?Major League Soccer
From League release:
NEW YORK (Monday, April 5, 2021) – Continuing its role as a leader in prioritizing player safety, Major League Soccer today announced that the league will participate in FIFA's concussion substitute pilot program.
A concussion task force comprised of sporting and medical leaders from MLS, NWSL, U.S. Soccer, the USL, and NISA, have worked collaboratively to implement the initiative and have been approved by The IFAB and FIFA to participate in the trial.
Beginning in 2021, Major League Soccer teams will be allowed to make up to two concussion substitutes during a match to replace players suffering from a concussion or a suspected concussion, regardless of the number of substitutions already used. Providing clubs an additional two concussion substitutes allows teams to make substitutions in the interest of player health and safety, without being placed at a competitive disadvantage.
MLS teams will have the following three types of substitutions available each game:
 - Normal Substitutes: A continuation from 2020, each club hasfive normal substitutes available to make over three separate opportunities. throughout an MLS match. Any substitutions made during halftime, or between regulation and extra time, or between the two halves of extra time in the postseason will not count as one of the three opportunities.
 - Concussion Substitutes: Each team will be permitted to make up to two concussion substitutions only during instances of suspected concussions. A concussion substitution can be made immediately after a concussion occurs or is suspected, after an on-field assessment, and/or off-field assessment, or at any other time when a concussion occurs or is suspected. This includes when a player has previously been assessed and has returned to the field of play.
 - Additional Substitutes : If a team uses a concussion substitution, the opposing team will receive an additional substitution that will be available to use only after all five of its normal substitutions have been made. If a team makes a second concussion substitution, the opponent receives another additional substitution opportunity.
Each club's technical staff will be responsible for designating the substitution type by providing the Fourth Official with the appropriate color substitution card: white for a normal substitution, pink for a concussion substitute, and blue for an additional substitute.
While referees may stop play due to a suspected head injury, the match officials will not be a part of the decision-making process to determine whether a player should or should not be replaced, nor will they determine if a normal substitute or a concussion substitute should be used.
MLS will also continue to utilize the medical spotter program through which trained professionals monitor the match broadcast to identify potential head injuries and possible concussions. Those medical spotters are able to quickly provide video to the Venue Medical Director at the fourth officials table to assist in assessing head injuries and possible concussions.
The IFAB has set an initial 20-month trial period to test the concussion substitutes initiative in competitions around the world through Aug. 31, 2022. During its Annual General Meeting in March 2022, The IFAB will decide whether to extend the trial period or whether to make a decision on implementing concussion substitutes into the Laws of the Game.
Additional information on The IFAB's concussion substitutes trials can be found here.
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The MNIST dataset contains images of handwritten digits from 0 to 9. Using the machine learning K-Means algorithm to cluster the MNIST dataset achieves poor results. This experiment seeks to improve and measure the accuracy by using an autoencoder to massage the input data prior to K-Means. To measure the results a purity score will be generated and a confusion matrix will display the distribution of the clusters.
The notebook is available on GitHub
Generate a K-Means Baseline
Show Baseline Results
The baseline sorted matrix shows that only the cluster mapping to 0 was correctly matched most frequently. These results show that using K-Means on the MNIST dataset will not work well.
Create Autoencoder
The autoencoder will use the Keras machine learning interface to compress an image and then reconstruct it. The autoencoder will consist of encoder layers which will reduce the image to a specified number of data elements, and decoder layers which will predict the original image data matrix. Once the autoencoder is trained a model will be created using the encoding layers and the weights saved from the autoencoder. This encoder model will then be used to transform the image data prior to K-Means clustering.
View Reconstructed Images to Confirm Auto Encoder is Working
Create Encoder
Visualize Encoded Images
In this example n_dims=10 and only the first 3 dimensions are visualized. Visualization can be more helpful when n_dims=2 or 3.
Train K-Means with Encoded Images
Use the encoded data to train K-Means and visualize the centers of each cluster. Again only the first 3 dimensions are being used for visualization and visualization would be most useful when n_dims=2 or 3.
Create a Purity Score and Visualize the Results
The purity score and visualization will help ascertain the improvement of clustering.
By using a deep learning convolutional and dense network the purity score increased from about 0.59 to about 0.66. The sorted confusion matrix shows that the most common occurrences within a cluster can be used to map all classes to the MNIST training targets with using encoding where when not using encoding only one class was able to be identified.
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Introduction: Removable Pocket for Your Phone
this will show you how to make a small pocket to attach to your phone, wallet etc for things like loose change and credit cards. It's very useful, very easy, and only uses household items.
Step 1: Materials Needed
Step 2: Cut the Paper
Use your scissors to cut the paper twice the size of what you want your pocket to be, and fold it in half. Mine is ripped out of a small notebook.
Step 3: The Middle Stripe
Cut a long strip of duct tape and put ii down the middle of your paper. Try to get it as straight as possible.
Step 4: The Side Stripes
Cut another long piece of duct tape of the same length. Cut it down the middle. Place them on each side of the first strip.
Step 5: Folding
fold bottom tab of duct tape up so it covers about half of the paper. Then fold the paper in half. Turn the paper over, and do the same thing again. Fold in half so it resembles a small folder.
Step 6: Taping the Sides and Attaching It.
cut small strips of tape and place them on each side of one of the sides of the folder. Fold the folder and take the sides together. Then take two longer pieces and attach them to each side. These are for attaching the pocket to your wallet, phone, etc.
Step 7: ( Optional ) Tab
if you would like a lid or flap that goes over the pocket to keep things from falling out, flip your pocket over and attach a piece of duct tape to the back so half of it is on the back of the pocket, and half hangs over. Fold the tape corners so it has a pointed triangle at the end. Fasten the tab over.
Step 8: Happy Dance!!!!!! :-)
You're done! Feel free to dance, pat yourself on the back, out just brag to all your friends.
We have a be nice policy.
Please be positive and constructive.


Storing Soap Nuts
Moisture free is key when storing Soap Nuts. If you are in a humid and hot climate like I am, store them in an air-tight container to prevent moisture from getting to them. And store them in a cool place away from sunlight.
If moisture gets to the Soap Nuts, they will become a little more sticky and gummy. And as it age, the nuts will turn to a darker brown shade. But you don't have to worry, as the cleaning power is still the same. It still cleanse as well.
Another important thing to do is to keep it away from children and store it away from food. Because soap nuts look like an edible dried fruit, people might mistaken it for some snacks. If eaten, the person will most likely vomit. Please store it away like how you would store a detergent.
soap nuts stored in a glass bottle
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Portal:OpenGL Objects/Query Objects
A Query Object represents certain kinds of state, where accessing the state directly would cause severe synchronization problems or degraded performance. So a query object thus represents a result that is not necessarily available yet. Most of these queries are based on rendering operations that happen within a specific, defined boundary.
There are a number of types of queries. There are queries for how many samples in a particular rendering operation passed all of the various post-fragment processing tests and the Fragment Shader itself. That is, how much of a rendered object is visible (if any). There are queries for how long the GPU took to execute some set of commands. And there are queries for how many primitives were written by a Transform Feedback operation.
Like textures, the type of query object is assigned the first time the query object is used. Unlike textures and other OpenGL objects, query objects are never "bound". Because query operations are scoped, query objects use a special begin/end pair of functions. These functions define the type of the query object. Using an existing query object with the wrong type is an error.


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This topic provides an example of the standard approach to configuring MongoDB when you install the Sitecore Experience Database (xDB) with MongoDB as your collection database. This example includes the minimum possible number of MongoDB instances in a single replica set while still ensuring that replication is in place. This setup consists of three Azure virtual servers: one primary and two secondary.
All production deployments should use replication to provide redundancy and increase data availability. Replication copies data to multiple servers, so if one server fails no data is lost. You can place servers in different geographical regions, defaulting to one and using the other as backup for disaster recovery (DR) or high availability (HA) failover.
Depending on how you configure MongoDB, you can increase read capacity by setting the priority on each instance. The primary is the only member of a replica set that can receive write operations. You set priority by allocating a number to each instance, the highest number gets top priority.
In the example in this topic, the member with priority 10 will always be elected the primary if it is available. The other member with priority 9 will be secondary. If you have an arbiter this has no priority setting, as it can never become the primary (it does not store data and its only real use is for voting during elections). Similarly, a data member with priority 0 will never become primary, though it still maintains a copy of the data and can serve reads if the appropriate read preferences are used.
If the primary becomes unavailable for any reason, MongoDB performs an election to determine which member becomes the new primary. Only members that have a value higher than zero (0) can take part in elections and there must be a majority vote.
You can use priorities in many other useful ways, for example, to give priority to nodes with the most powerful hardware or to give priority to the primary data center.
You should not set priorities just to make it more predictable which node will become the primary because this can result in making operations more complicated. This information can easily be discovered using the
Refer to the MongoDB documentation for more information on replica sets, setting priority, and elections: MongoDB replication
The Collection Database (MongoDB) diagram shows an example of a standard MongoDB replica set implementation on three servers (3 data nodes). For reliability and resilience, you should have 3 data nodes (1 primary, 2 secondary), especially if write concern w=majority is used (to avoid rollbacks) and during periods when one of nodes are unavailable (for example, during maintenance, upgrading, or defragmenting).
As the collection database grows, you will find that you need more storage space. You might also find that read and write speeds slow down. In MongoDB there are different ways of configuring your environment to cope with these demands. Sharding enables you to scale horizontally. This means adding more computers to store data and spread the load, which can also help to improve read capabilities, write speeds, and contributes to generally improved performance.
For more information on installation, replication, and the different configuration options available in MongoDB, see the MongoDB website.


Psychology Wiki
Social judgment theory
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Revision as of 23:13, May 14, 2013 by Dr Joe Kiff (Talk | contribs)
Social judgment theory (SJT) is a persuasion theory proposed by Carolyn Sherif, Muzafer Sherif, and Carl Hovland.[1] According to Sherif and Sherif, Social Judgment Theory is the perception and evaluation of an idea by comparing it with current attitudes. We do this theory in our heads by weighing every new idea by comparing it with our present point of view. Basically, we hear a message and immediately judge where it should be placed on the attitude scale [2] in our own minds. SJT is the subconscious sorting out of ideas that occurs at the instant of perception.
Social Judgment Theory arose from Egon Brunswik's Probabilistic Functionalist psychology and his Lens Model which are socio-psychological theories.[3] It also comes from Judgment Theory. SJT is a theory that focuses on the internal processes of an individual's judgment with relation to a communicated message. SJT was intended to be an explanatory method designed to detail when persuasive messages are most likely to succeed. Attitude change is the fundamental objective of persuasive communication. SJT seeks to specify the conditions under which this change takes place and predict the direction and extent of the attitude change. SJT attempts to explain how likely a person might be to change their opinion, the probable direction of that change, their tolerance toward the opinion of others, and their level of commitment to their position.[4] The SJT researchers claimed expectations regarding attitude change could be based on the message receiver's level of involvement, the structure of the stimulus (and how many alternatives it allows), and the value (credibility) of the source.
Development of SJT
SJT arose from social psychology and was based on laboratory findings resulting from experiments. These experiments studied the mental assessment of physical objects, referred to at the time as psychophysical research. Subjects were asked to compare some aspect of an object, such as weight or color, to another, differing object. The researchers discovered that when a standard was provided for comparison, the participants categorized the objects relative to the aspects of the standard. For example, if a very heavy object was used as the standard in assessing weight, then the other objects would be judged to be relatively lighter than if a very light object was used as the standard. The standard is referred to as an "anchor". This work involving physical objects was applied to psychosocial work, in which a participant's limits of acceptability on social issues are studied.[5][6] Social issues include areas such as religion and politics.
Judgment process and attitudes
Rooted in judgment theory, which is concerned with the discrimination and categorization of stimuli, it attempts to explain how attitudes are expressed, judged, and modified.[7] A judgment occurs when a person compares at least two stimuli and makes a choice about them. With regard to social stimuli specifically, judgment processes incorporate both past experiences and present circumstances.[8] Sherif et al. (1965) defined attitudes as "the stands the individual upholds and cherishes about objects, issues, persons, groups, or institutions" (p. 4).[6] Researchers must infer attitudes from behavior. The behavior can be in response to arranged or naturally-occurring stimuli.[5][9] True attitudes are fundamental to self-identity, are complex, and thus can be difficult to change. One of the ways in which the SJT developers observed attitudes was through the Own Categories Questionnaire. This method requires research participants to place statements into piles of most acceptable, most offensive, neutral, and so on, in order for researchers to infer their attitudes. This categorization, an observable judgment process, was seen by Sherif and Hovland (1961) as a major component of attitude formation.[5] As a judgment process, categorization and attitude formation are a product of recurring instances so that past experiences influence decisions regarding aspects of the current situation. Therefore, attitudes are acquired.[6]
Latitudes of rejection, acceptance, and noncommitment
Social Judgment Theory also illustrates how people compare their personal positions on issues to other people's positions. Individuals hold both a personal position on an issue and latitudes of what they think is acceptable or unacceptable in general for other people.[4] Social attitudes are not cumulative, especially regarding issues where the attitude is extreme.[6] This means a person may not agree with less extreme stands relative to his/her position, even though they may be in the same direction. Furthermore, even though two people may seem to hold identical attitudes, their "most preferred" and "least preferred" alternatives may differ. Thus, a person's full attitude can only be understood in terms of what other positions he/she finds acceptable (or not) in addition to his/her own stand.[9] Sherif saw an attitude as amalgam of three zones or latitudes. There is the latitude of acceptance which is the range of ideas that a person sees as a reasonable or worthy of consideration, the latitude of rejection, which is the range of ideas that a person sees as unreasonable or objectionable, and finally the Latitude of noncomitment which is the range of ideas that a person sees as neither acceptable nor questionable.[10]
These degrees or latitudes together create the full spectrum of an individual's attitude. Sherif and Hovland (1961) define the latitude of acceptance "as the range of positions on an issue... an individual considers acceptable to him (including the one'most acceptable' to him)" (p. 129). On the opposite of the continuum lies the latitude of rejection. This is defined as including the "positions he finds objectionable (including the one'most objectionable" to him)".[5] This latitude of rejection was deemed essential by the SJT developers in determining an individual's level of involvement and thus his/her propensity to an attitude change. The greater the rejection latitude, the more involved the individual is in the issue and thus is harder to persuade. In the middle of these opposites lies the latitude of noncommitment, a range of viewpoints where one feels primarily indifferent. Sherif claimed that the greater the discrepancy, the more hearers will adjust their attitudes. Thus, the message that persuades the most is the one that is most discrepant from the listener's position yet falls within his or her latitude of acceptance or latitude of noncommitment.[10]
These degrees of latitude together are very useful when your goal is to persuade someone. If you can judge their latitude of acceptance, rejection, noncommittment or anchor you can better craft your message to move their opinion along the line closer to your goal.
Assimilation and contrast
Sometimes people perceive a message that falls within their latitude of rejection as farther from their anchor than they really are. This is called Contrast. The opposite of Contrast is Assimilation, and that is a perceptual error whereby people judge messages that fall within their latitude of acceptance as less discrepant from their anchor than they really are.[10] These latitudes dictate the likelihood of assimilation and contrast. When a discrepant viewpoint is expressed in a communication message within the person's latitude of acceptance, the message is more likely to be assimilated or viewed as being closer to person's anchor, or own viewpoint, than it actually is. When the message is perceived as being very different from one's anchor and thus falling within the latitude of rejection, persuasion is unlikely due to a contrast effect. The contrast effect is what happens when the message is viewed as being further away than it actually is from the anchor. Messages falling within the latitude of noncommitment, however, are the ones most likely to achieve the desired attitude change. Therefore, the more extreme stand individual has, the greater his/her latitude of rejection and thus the harder he/she is to persuade.[citation needed]
Ego involvement
It was speculated by the SJT researchers that extreme stands, and thus wide latitudes of rejection, were a result of high ego-involvement.[11] Ego involvement is the importance or centrality of an issue to a person's life, often demonstrated by membership in a group with a known stand. According to the 1961 Sherif and Hovland work, the level of ego-involvement depends upon whether the issue "arouses an intense attitude or, rather, whether the individual can regard the issue with some detachment as primarily a 'factual' matter" (p. 191). Religion, politics, and family are examples of issues that typically result in highly involved attitudes; they contribute to one's self-identity.[6]
The concept of involvement is the crux of SJT. In short, Sherif et al. (1965) speculated that individuals who are highly involved in an issue are more likely to evaluate all possible positions, therefore resulting in an extremely limited or nonexistent latitude of noncommitment. People who have a deep concern or have extreme opinions on either side of the argument always care deeply and have a large latitude of rejection because they already have their strong opinion formed and usually aren't willing to change that. High involvement also means that individuals will have a more restricted latitude of acceptance. According to SJT, messages falling within the latitude of rejection are unlikely to successfully persuade. Therefore, highly involved individuals will be harder to persuade per SJT. In opposition, individuals who have less care in the issue, or have a smaller ego involvement, are likely to have a large latitude of acceptance. Because they are less educated and do not care as much about the issue, they are more likely to accept more ideas or opinions about an issue easily. This individual will also have a large latitude of noncommitment because again, if they do


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Introduction to Aquifer
This is the wiki contains documentation for the Aquifer project.
Table of Contents
- What is a 'Drush make workflow'?
- What is Aquifer?
- Quick-start guide
- Scaffold system
- Build system
Contributing to this wiki is painless. Everything is stored and served from the Aquifer wiki repository.
All pages are stored in the
/sections folder, and added to the
SUMMARY.md file as markdown links in a bulleted list. Gitbook is used to compile the docs and create the browser-friendly pages, which is published on Github pages at docs.aquifer.io.
Process for submitting changes
- Fork the Aquifer wiki repository.
- Make your changes in a branch other than
- Submit a PR with your changes.
This wiki uses gitbooks to compile the markdown files into a collection of browser-friendly pages. To compile the markdown:
- Install gitbook:
npm install gitbook-cli -g.
- In the wiki directory, run
- To build the project, in the wiki directory, run
- If you would like to locally test the compiled output, run
gitbook serve, and point your browser at
- NOTE: Gitbooks will remove the CNAME file in the
_bookdirectory. Do not commit this change.


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Nature of Vernalization Stimulus – Vernalin or Gibberellin
Many attempts were made to isolate vernalin but all failed. However, Anton Lang in 1957 showed that application of gibberellins to certain vernalization requiring biennials like henbane induce flowering in them without cold temperature treatment. Purvis in 1961 induced winter annuals to flowers induced by treating their seeds with gibberellins. It was also found that natural gibberellins are formed in greater amounts in vernalization requiring species when these are exposed to low temperatures, e.g., in Chrysanthmum and rudbeckia species. These results indicate that properties of gibberellins may be similar to those expected for vernalin.
But when gibberellins are applied to, vernalization requiring rosette plants, elongation of stem take place first followed by initiating of floral buds on those shoot. However, when plants are provided with cold temperature in order to induce flowering, the floral buds appeared as soon as the shoot begin to elongate (bolt). The results indicate that flowering response to applied gibberellins is not equal to flowering response induced naturally, by cold-temperature treatment.
Mikhail Chailakhyan (1968) in Russia suggested that there are two substances involved in flower formation, one a gibberellin or gibberellin-like substances and anthesin, a hypothetical substance like vernalin. According to him the plants that require low temperatures or long days or both might lack sufficient gibberellins until they have been exposed to inducing environment, i.e., to low temperatures, long day lengths or both; whereas short day plants might contain sufficient gibberellins bit lack anthesin.
Chailakhyan suggested that vernalization requiring plants produce vernalin when subjected to low temperatures and the vernalin is then converted to gibberellins in response to long days, at least in those plants that require exposure to long days after low temperature treatment.
Melchers grafting experiment with photo-inductive Maryland mammoth tobacco plant to anon-inductive henbane plant suggest the presence of two substances as proposed by Chailakhyan. Apparently, each contained one of the substances necessary for inducing flowering. Thus, they obtained these substances from each other when theses are grafted. Henbane was successful in getting the requiring substances whereas the tobacco was not.
However, in many vernalization requiring plants gibberellins failed to replace cold requirement for flowering. Later, on experimental evidence was provided suggesting that gibberellins are less important in flowering.
Factors or Conditions Necessary for Vernalization
Certain conditions or factors are necessary for vernalization. Since, vernalization is dependent on a sequence of steps leading to production of an active substance, the presence of these factors are necessary for the vernalization process. These factors also influence the efficiency of the vernalization process. Some of these important conditions are as followings:
Temperature and its Duration
Lang's experiment with henbane showed relationship between temperature and time of exposure and the influence of this relationship on the efficiency of vernalization. He exposed vernalization requiring henbane to different temperatures from 3°C to 17°C for varying periods of time. The efficiency of low temperature to induce flowering was determined by the number of days the plant took after the treatment. Lang found that temperature range (3 to 17°C) is effective if the period of vernalization is 105 days. The flower initiation occurred in 8 days. But when the vernalization period was shortened to 15 days, different temperatures were effective differently. A temperature of 10°C initiating flowers in 23 days was most important. When the cold treatment period was extended to 42 days, the most effective temperature range was from 3 to 6 °C, requiring 10 days for flower initiation.
Hansel studied the effect of a wide range of temperature on Petkus rye. He found that vernalization fails before -4°C, from 1 to 7°C there is a shortening of number of days to flowering, and there is rapid fall in the rate of vernalization when the temperatures are increased from 7 to 15°C. Exposure to high temperature range result in devernalization.
The age of plant plays a pivotal role in its response vernalization. The age at which a plant is sensitive to vernalization differ from species. For example, in cereals germinating seeds and even embryo as can be receive the stimulus of vernalization, whereas certain biennials require a certain period of growth before responding to the stimulus of vernalization. For instance, Hyoscymus niger must have completed at least 10 days growth in the rosette stage, to be vernalized. The most effective time is when the plant is 30 days old. Other plants such as Oenothera can be vernalized only when at least six to eight leaves are present. The time when a plant is sensitive to vernalization is something referred to as ripeness-to-flower, a term originally used for photoperiod.
The need for a certain amount of vegetative growth to take place in plant so it becomes sensitive to low temperature suggests that some factor accumulates that perhaps receives vernalization stimulus. The substance may be synthesized during photosynthesis and in cases where seeds are vernalized during seedling stage this substance may already be present, either donated by the mother plant or synthesized during the development of the embryo.
An indication that this substance is produced during photosynthesis is provided during experiments with Arabidopsis thaliana. The seeds of this plants are most sensitive to vernalization and sensitivity decreases with the development of seedling. It reaches minimum when the seedling is two weeks old. But as the new leaves develop the sensitivity to low temperature increases once again. The loss of sensitivity may due to depletion of stored food of the seed and increase in sensitivity may be due to synthesis of carbohydrates as a result of photosynthesis. Evidence for the involvement of carbohydrates in vernalization has also been provided by Petkus winter rye embryos. When isolated embryos grown in a medium containing sucrose and minerals these proved to be sensitive to vernalization, but as the sucrose supplies are decreased the vernalization retarded.
Vernalization of dry seeds is impossible unless the seeds have imbibed some moisture.
Purvis pointed out that enough moisture must be present to initiate a small but visible degree of germination. She found that winter strain of Petkus rye must imbibe water 60% or 80% of the absolute dry weight for effective vernalization.
Experiments with grains showed that absence of oxygen make plants unresponsive to low temperature treatment, even if they are provided with adequate supply of water. It was also found that oxygen is also necessary for the vernalization of whole plants, such as henbane.
Both sugars and oxygen are required for the effect of low temperature. This requirement indicates the activation of some metabolic reaction essential for flowering. But in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) formation of new proteins was found after vernalization. The protein pattern after vernalization resembles that of spring wheat does not require vernalization to flower. This suggests that proteins synthesis is another condition necessary for vernalization.
Nature of Vernalization Stimulus
Nature of Vernalization Stimulus – Vernalin or Gibberellin


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How to fix kidney failure? To get damaged kidneys are fixed, we need to start from damaged renal intrinsic cells. Kidney failure is an abnormal illness condition in which kidneys are fail to work normally, leading to a series of problems like itching skin, bubbles in urine, blood in urine, swollen body, elevated blood pressure and so on. Therefore, by fixing kidney failure, these problems can be solved. However, how to fix kidney failure on earth?
Kidney condition can be affected by our diet and living style, so having well-planed diet and good living habits is very helpful. However, for a kidney disease patient, aside from arranging his diet and living style well, he also needs to repair damaged renal intrinsic cells.
Kidney contains 5 kinds of intrinsic cells and they play different role. When they are damaged, kidney function decreases and various symptoms will appear. Kidney failure is a serious illness condition in which massive renal intrinsic cells have been damaged. Under such a condition, we need to improve our kidney condition by repairing these injured renal cells, and only in this way, can kidney failure symptoms be remitted from the root. Actually, similar with cells in our other parts of our body, our renal intrinsic cells also have self-curative ability. When there is mild damages on them, they can recover by themselves. However, when the damage is out of their self-curative ability, they will become necrotic, so a timely diagnosis and treatment is of great significance.
Chinese medicine is based on natural herbs which have a certain of medical function. With history over 5000 years, they have been applied to treat different kinds of refractory diseases and they indeed show great treatment effects on many diseases. In the past several years, Chinese herbs have been successfully used to treat kidney failure and some of the herbs have been proven to be effective in repair kidney damages. With the help of Chinese herbs, self-curative ability of renal intrinsic cells can be increased and some of them can recover effectively. Besides, Chinese herbs also can offer the injured renal cells with abundant nutrient substances, which also help to fix injured renal intrinsic cells.
Kidney failure can not be cured, but it can be fixed well with effective treatment method. Therefore, the key point to fix kidney failure is to find a right treatment method.
Leave your problem to us,You will surely get the free medical advice from experts within 24 hours!