John 3:16- For God So Loved The World, Or Did He…?
In the hustle and bustle of the approaching season, its really essential that we stop long enough to reflect on the scriptures to truly understand the mission of the son. When reading the bible, its also important to ask the question of who, to whom and why in order to fully comprehend and understand the context. Who is speaking, to whom are they speaking and why are they saying what was said. The bible also tells us in Isaiah 28:10 that precept must be upon precept, here a little, there a little. Meaning, to fully understand the bible, you must get bits and pieces of scripture and information from all over the bible to get the full content. All that being said, lets now put emotions to the side, use common sense, and like the bible says, search the scriptures to understand what John 3:16 is truly saying.
16 For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. The word 'world' here is automatically translated by us to mean every single person living on earth, unfortunately, this is an incorrect translation. There are 17 different definitions of the word 'world' in the bible, showing us that there is more than one world spoken of in the bible. Hebrews 1:2 talks about 'worlds' showing us there is more than one world. Therefore, the question begging to be answered is what world is John 3:16 referring to? In Romans 9:13 God tells us Jacob has He loved. Jacob is the father of the 12 tribes of Israel, so God is saying he loves Jacob, and his descendants fall under the blessing of this love. On the other hand, He says he hates Esau who is Jacobs brother. Esau is the father of the Edomites, so God hates Esau and his descendants fall under the curse of God's hate. Therefore, by process of elimination, it is clear that God was not talking about the Edomites in John 3:16, or this would be a contradiction and the bible does not contradict itself. In Isaiah 45:17- But Israel shall be saved in the Lord with an everlasting salvation: ye shall not be ashamed nor confounded world without end. This is the 'world' being referred to in John 3:16, the world of Israel and not the world of everyone on the earth. This was where Christ was quoting the scripture from.
Now we have that out of the way, the next question that begs to be answered is who did God give His son for? Acts 13:23 clearly shows that The Most High gave His son for the nation of Israel. They were the ones who needed a savior, not the entire people on the earth. They needed a savior because they were given a law which they never kept and thus led to their captivity, thus Christ came to be a savior to. Taking religion out of the picture and simply reading the bible as it is using precepts upon precepts, we continue to get understanding. Based on your understanding of how God feels about the Edomites, ask yourself if the 'whosoever' in Hebrews 12:16-17 would include them? The bible clearly tells us that God rejected Esau and he found no place of repentance for him and his descendants. Even the Zondervan bible dictionary defines Edom as a nation that never received any promise of mercy from God. Therefore, the word 'whosever' is not an all inclusive statement. The bible is directed to the Israelites, so 'whosoever' is speaking of whosoever within the Israelites. This is further clarified in Exodus 12:15. Whosoever in Israel that eateth leavened bread would be cut off from the nation. This too is not talking about everyone in the whole world, since they cannot be cut off from the nation of Israel considering they are not a part of the nation.
For more context, we need to read a few verses earlier, John 3:14. Christ gives an analogy saying the same way Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness is the same way he was going to be lifted up. Since Christ was giving a comparison, we need to go back to the old testament to find out who the serpent was lifted up to, so we can determine who Christ will in turn be lifted up to. Numbers 21:5-8 tells us that everyone of Israel that was bitten but looked upon the serpent shall live. This word 'everyone' is synonymous with the word 'whosoever', and in context is speaking of a specific people and not the whole world. Christ was therefore saying that the same way that Moses lifted up the serpent to the people of Israel is the same way he was going to be lifted up to the people of Israel and die on the cross. Therefore in summary, the who? Christ was speaking. To whom? Nicodemus who was a Pharisee and a leader of the Jews aka Israelites. Why? To tell the Israelites why he was on earth and how they were going to be redeemed.
Revelations 12:9 explains that traditions of men have been passed down from generation to generation and is being used by Satan to deceive the whole world. Now, this world here is actually talking about everyone living on the earth. Those lies satan has told by virtue of religion has become peoples reality, and we need to snap out of it. Ecclesiastes 12:13 tells us that knowing who Christ came for is not what is going to get us into the kingdom of heaven. Also, knowing he came for us does not mean Edomites won't make it in either. We are to keep God's commandments, this is what will get us into the kingdom. We are in the soul saving business and our job as we obey His commandments is to lead others to obey His commandments and lead them also to Christ. That is the conclusion of the matter!
Till next time, shalom and blessings.
So You've Fallen…Now What?
We live day to day, try to do our best in all situations, take care of our families, be nice to the neighbor, love our spouse (even though they get on our last nerve), give our best at work….you know, the usual stuff. Everyone likes you, says you're a really nice person, your family loves you, your friends like having you around, everything is great with the world. Unfortunately, no one knows you've, missed the mark in a certain area of your life, and rather than admit or come forward with the issue, you hide it and try to live life as though it's perfect. You even begin to justify it and explain it away to yourself. Slowly but surely, the burden of it begins to eat away at you till you become numb to it. This is not how we are expected to live.
1 John 1: 5-10 tells us that The Most High is light and in Him is no darkness at all. His light is not blurry or diminished. As we are in Him, doing His works that we each individually have been called to do, our light shows. However, because of the fault or faults we are harboring, we move farther and farther away from the father which ultimately takes us away from doing His works. If we say we have no sin on the other hand, we are completely deceiving ourselves because we know Christ came to redeem us from our sins and if we have none, then we make Christ to be a liar. What we do need to be aware of is that none of us are exempt from falling, but when we do fall the bible says we are to confess our faults one to another James 5:16-20. This means we are not to bear the burden of sin alone which causes us to separate ourselves from each other, thus making us an even easier target to be used by the enemy. However, neither does the above scripture say we are to walk around telling everyone our sin…use wisdom! Ecclesiasticus 6:6 in the apocrypha tells us to be at peace with many, but have only one counsellor. After confessing our faults, the bible then tells us to pray for one another, so we can receive healing and be totally restored. However, the prayer must be fervent and continuous for total healing, so we need to stay the course. 1 Corinthians 10:13 also lets us know there is no temptation that has overtaken us that someone else has not dealt with, so don't let the enemy lie you out of speaking up and confessing those faults.
What if you are the counselor, how then should you deal with those confessions? I'm so glad you asked. We must restore one another in the spirit of meekness, and deal with others how we would want to be treated. Don't act all haughty as if you've never fallen before, but also guard your heart to ensure you don't get tempted. Galatians 6:1-10 tells us it is up to the strong to bear the burdens and infirmities of the weak however, every man shall bear his own burden in judgment. Whatever we sow we shall reap. Do good to all people, especially those in the faith.
One key step to keep in mind, which will ultimately save us from even having to confess our faults is we need to be able to identify when we're being led astray. Mark 5:2-13 describes how we get attacked first by one spirit, which once


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You're either A, B or somewhere in-between.
Person A takes the do it now approach and gets things done as they arise or sets time aside to do it in the future.
Person B takes the do nothing approach, also known as the do it later approach, think of a procrastinator. Person B does nothing when things arise even if they know that they could do it now.
They put things off until they're short of time and then wonder why their heart is palpitating (I've been Person B many times).
But there comes a time when you have to do some self-reflection to understand what is and isn't working. Ask yourself 'What can I do to make things in my life run smoother?'
I think reevaluating the approach you take in life is the equivalent of a keystone habit (one habit that has a domino effect where you end up changing a bunch of habits as a result of changing one).
A person that takes the do nothing approach is more likely to be overwhelmed, unorganised, tense, stressed, less productive and be achieving much less than they're capable of.
If you're able to identify with Person B, you might feel like it's too hard to change your ways. But there's a beautiful thing called neuroplasticity that allows your brain to change.
Once you make a commitment to to your own development, it just takes practice.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Initial language selection is based on your web browser preferences.
MobyMax is a FREE, complete curriculum for K-8 Math and Reading that includes progress monitoring, systematic review, IEP, and reporting on common core standards. MobyMax finds and fixes missing skills, resulting in an average of 1.5 grade levels of growth after just 40 hours of use.
MobyMax's K-8 curriculum includes Math, Fact Master, and Vocabulary and will soon include Language, Reading, Writing, and Science as well. MobyMax also offers classroom tools such as Vibes, Clicker, The Wall, Contests, Games, Badges, Goals, Certificates, Parent Portal, Printable Worksheets, and free training!
MobyMax is for all students. Moby's adaptive curriculum creates a unique, individualized education plan for each student, allowing gifted students to progress as quickly as they like while simultaneously ensuring that remedial students get the extra instruction they need. You've never experienced differentiation like this in the classroom.


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|Product #: GYBGDY577E_TQ|
Legends of the Arts: 50 Inspiring Stories of Creative People (Resource Book O eBookGrade 4|Grade 5|Grade 6
Please Note: This ebook is a digital download, NOT a physical product. After purchase, you will be provided a one time link to download ebooks to your computer. Orders paid by PayPal require up to 8 business hours to verify payment and release electronic media. For immediate downloads, payment with credit card is required.
By Arnold Cheyney. Brief biographies cover figures past and present who are famous for a variety of artistic talents - from actors, singers, and dancers to writers, artists, and composers. Students learn where these people came from, the challenges they overcame, and how their work has made a difference in the world. Each one-page biography is followed by reading and social studies activities and a list of books for further reading.
Submit a review

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Ados E3 Epoxy Mortar is a two part silica based epoxy. Once mixed, the putty can be easily moulded to form permanent watertight repairs with a smooth finish to concrete, brick, mortar and plaster. It adheres well to wet surfaces and is suitable for most underwater repairs. In cured form ADOS E3 Epoxy Mortar is many times harder and more impact resistant than concrete, has a similar consistency and colour to new concrete, and has excellent chemical and UV resistance.
Features & Benefits
- Permanent watertight repairs – Concrete, brick, mortar and plaster
- Fast Cure – Cures hard within 3 hours at 30ºC.
- Permanent and super strong – Cures harder and more impact resistant than concrete.
- Cures watertight – Suitable for repairs to most submerged substrates.
- Adheres to wet surfaces – Can be applied underwater.
- Excellent cohesive properties in uncured state – Easy to work and mould, ideal when a smooth even finish is required.
- Appearance – Similar consistency and colour to new concrete.
- Non-slump – Suitable for overhead and vertical applications.
- 100% solids – No shrinkage when cured.
- Resilient – Excellent resistance to chemicals and UV rays.
- Convenient to use – 1:1 formulation, ensures correct mixing each time.
- NZ made
- ADOS EPOXY MORTAR IN CONTACT WITH DRINKING WATER.
ADOS Epoxy Mortar is a two part stoichiometric formulation comprising one part Epoxy Resin (Resin) and one part Epoxy Curing Agent (Hardener)
Once these two components have been mixed in equal volumetric proportions and allowed to cure for 48 hours all individual chemical species will have taken part in the condensation reaction and as such will have been cross-linked into the cured epoxy matrix.
The technical assumption is that following immersion in water the level of contamination is at a very low level and as such does not affect the taste or appearance of water, nor support the growth of microorganisms nor the release cytotoxic, mutagenic compounds or metals.
ADOS Epoxy Mortar is expected to pass the required tests to conform to: AS/NZS 4020:2005 Testing of products for use in contact with drinking water.
- Used to join manhole risers and repairs. For sealing concrete and most plastic pipes. Suitable for patching and forming concrete products, grouting and bedding. Repairing concrete paths and driveways. Patches to vertical walls, cracked bricks and blockwork. Use for starter bolts, concrete forms and ferro cement boats. Ideal for coving, ramps, pool repairs, fishponds, roof tiles.


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What does depersonalisation mean?
I experience myself as strange and unreal, my hand does not belong to me anymore. What could be the reason?
Depersonalisation is a psychiatric technical term, which refers to a changed experiencing of the own person. The persons concerned, experience themselves as unreal, strange or changed. This can also refer to the body. E.g. sometimes they have the impression that individual parts of the body do not belong to them anymore or that they have a body of a stranger. (e.g. "I do not know whether I still belong to my body. The left arm and the right hand do not belong to me any longer").
Also the own identity can be doubted. The patients can feel as if they were somebody else or experience themselves as split.
With the following questions you can perhaps get a hint about if you could be suffering from depersonalisation:
Do you feel changed in some way?
- Do you feel as another person?
Depersonalisation can occur briefly e.g. from tiredness or when using alcohol and drugs and is therefore not a primary symptom of a heavy psychological disturbance.


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This is the central directory of all CMake-related pages on TechBase.
KDE4 Specific CMake Documentation
- CMake tutorial
- An introduction to using CMake for KDE4
- KDE's CMake FAQ
- Some Frequently Asked Questions
- KDE's CMake BuildTypes
- Describes the builtin build types (debugfull, release,...)
- Changes in the buildsystem with KDE 4.2
- What has changed in KDE 4.2 compared to KDE 4.0/4.1
- Source compatiblity with CMake
- This page discusses what has to be taken care of in order to stay source compatible on the CMake level.
- Coding style for CMake files
- Some guidelines how to write CMake scripts in KDE.
- Automoc4 documentation.
- KDE CMake modules API
- Documentation for all CMake modules in kdelibs (generated from kdelibs svn)
- KDE4 CMake macros and variables
- Documentation for the macros and variables for building KDE4 software, provided by FindKDE4Internal.cmake (manually written)
More Places to learn about CMake
Here are some good places to learn about CMake in general:
Also, consider joining the CMake mailing list.
Content is available under Creative Commons License SA 4.0
unless otherwise noted.


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I define sustainable history as a durable progressive trajectory in which the quality of life on this planet or other planets is premised on the guarantee of human dignity for all at all times and under all circumstances.
Many of the great achievements in history that are commonly attributed to one geo-cultural domain often owe a great debt to those of others. In this sense, some of the greatest achievements of human civilisation have been collective efforts and are part of the same human story.
What makes our existence meaningful is highly subjective and ultimately determined by sustainable neurochemical gratification.
The history of human civilisation is a history of mutual borrowings.
There is only one collective human civilisation comprised of geo-cultural domains and cultures.
A set of global values in keeping with human nature and dignity need to be identified and developed
Human beings are "emotional amoral egoists", driven above all by emotional self-interest. All of our thoughts, beliefs and motivations are neurochemically mediated, some predetermined for survival, others alterable.
In my opinion, a life governed by reason is likely to be more dignified than one shaped by dogma and unbridled emotions.


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In today's connected world, geospatial technology is touching every aspect of our lives. From how natural resources are monitored and distributed, to how communities are developed and kept safe—dimensional intelligence is critical for shaping a better global society.
In his keynote address, Hexagon Geosystems President Juergen Dold discusses how the business is empowering geospatial professionals with dimensional intelligence. Dold will share stories from around the world about how to efficiently explore natural resources, reduce waste when using these resources to construct and maintain our infrastructures, and empower the space industry to explore from and in space.
Come along on a geospatial journey that will leave you inspired and ready to take on any challenge.


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Understanding the costs associated with motor vehicle incidents (MVIs or crashes) is an essential part of a business case that motivates management to pay attention to road safety and allocate resources to prevent work-related crashes. The MVI Cost Calculator helps build that business case.
It's an easy and efficient tool to:
- Estimate costs of potential MVIs, and understand the financial advantages of preventing them
- Identify and summarize the real costs of crashes experienced in your workplace
- Track information that facilitates evaluating the effectiveness of a road safety program that prevents crashes and avoids associated costs
Gather the Information You Need Before You Start
In the steps that follow, you will be asked to enter a few types of information. In preparation, you may want to talk to other managers or people in your payroll or human resources departments to get a range of representative values. Call service providers (e.g. towing company, body repair shop) to get estimates of those costs. If you are tracking a real incident, speak with the people who handled the invoices. Ask about:
- Salaries and hourly rates for employees or other people who may be involved
- Costs estimates for significant cost components – emergency response, first aid, vehicle recovery, site clean-up and remediation, repairing or replacing damaged vehicles and company or third-party property, etc.
- Cost estimates for less tangible losses - downtime, lost productivity, loss of reputation, and lost sales or contracts opportunities
- The organizations' current WorkSafeBC Base Rate and Experience Rating
- Premiums and deductible amounts for vehicle, cargo, health care and other insurances that will be affected by a crash-associated claim
Using the MVI Cost Calculator
- On page one, enter information to describe the incident. Make sure that information you plan to track and/or compare with other incidents is on the Incident Overview page.
- Complete fields using actual values or reasonable estimates for crashes that are common in your industry or that may occur in the driving circumstances and conditions your employees encounter.
- For some items there are two entry fields - one is the hourly wage or salary of the person who will do that work, the other is the actual or estimated hours necessary to do that work. The form automatically calculates the product and enters it in the "Costs" column.
- For other items you will see an entry field in the "Costs" column only. Enter actual or estimated values in each of these cells.
- Not all line items will apply to every MVI. When that's the case, leave the data entry field blank.
- Periodically save your work.


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This one is for my Quantity Surveyor friends who love to put together depreciation schedules…
The Commissioner has released a draft Taxation Ruling that considers whether a composite item is itself a depreciating asset or whether its components are separate depreciating assets.
And this is a great question. How far down do we break something down before we start claiming depreciation on it? Part, compound, element, proton, quark?
The Commissioner states that for a component of a composite assets to be considered to be a separate depreciating asset, it is necessary that the component is capable of being separately identified as having commercial and economic value.
The main principles that need to be taken into account in determining whether a composite item is a single depreciating asset are:
- Whether the depreciating asset will tend to be the item that performs a separate identifiable function;
- Whether the asset is an item that performs a discrete function;
- Whether there is a high degree of physical integration of the components;
- Whether attaching the item to another asset, varies the performance of that asset; and
- Whether the item is purchased as a system to function together as a whole and which are necessarily connected in their operation.
The draft ruling has a series of examples that use these factors. For example, the draft Ruling concludes that:
- Connected warehouse storage racks are a single depreciable asset but unconnected racks are not;
- A desktop computer package, including a monitor, keyboard and a mouse, is a single depreciable asset but an additional printer is not;
- A mainframe and 50 slave terminals is a single depreciating asset;
- A built-in GPS unit in a car is a part of the car but a portable GPS unit is not; and
- A solar system is a single depreciable asset.
However, it is worth noting that in many cases adding a new component is a separate depreciable asset and not a modification to the existing asset. For example, adding additional solar panels to a current system will see the new panels treated as a separate depreciable asset.


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Physics LibreTexts
6.3: The Force model
 - Page ID
 - Contributed by Wendell Potter and David Webb et al.
 - Physics at UC Davis
 Some Properties and Characteristics of Forces
 Force is the name we give to a fundamental construct in our theory of interactions. This construct is closely identified with our everyday experience of a push or a pull. Many of the characteristics of pushes and pulls that we are familiar with also apply to forces.
 A notion that takes us well beyond pushes and pulls is the idea of force as the agent of the interaction between two objects. The word "object" is used here in a general sense to include any identifiable mass, which might be a particular volume of a fluid or a single electron, as well as ordinary objects such as books and pieces of chalk. The essential idea here is that forces don't exist in the absence of interacting objects. Our understanding of just what a force is will become sharper and more refined as we progress through the next couple of chapters.
 Forces Act Between Objects
 If we can't identify two interacting objects, then there isn't a real force in the scientific sense of the term "force." For example, when we are the passenger in a moving car and the driver turns sharply, most of us tend to say that we experience a force pushing or pulling us to the outside of the curve. Similarly, when a jet airliner accelerates along the runway during takeoff, most of us would say we experience a force pushing us back into our seat. But in both cases, what we identified as forces are not forces in the scientific sense. There is no object that we are interacting with for which this "force" that we think we experience is the agent of interaction. In fact, the objects we interact with, e.g., the seat, are pushing us in the opposite direction! The term fictitious force is sometimes used to describe what is perceived as a force in situations such as these.
 Forces Come In Pairs
 The starting point for our understanding a very important aspect of forces is that forces come in pairs. We just said in the previous paragraph that force is the agent of interaction between two different objects. But the agent of the interaction, the force, manifests itself two ways, depending on our point of view. Suppose object A is interacting with object B. Focusing on object B, we would say that object A exerts a force on object B. Alternatively, focusing on object A, we would say object B exerts a force on object A. These two forces, associated with the same interaction between the same two objects must be related to each other. But how are they related? It turns out that interactions are very egalitarian. The effect of the interaction on each of the objects, however, does not have to be the same, and usually it is not the same. The effect of the interaction depends on other properties of the specific object, such as its mass and its motion prior to the interaction. This is an important distinction: The interaction is always the same with respect to the two objects, but the effect that the interaction has on each of the two objects does not have to be the same and usually is not. It is very important to keep this distinction in mind when thinking about forces.
 What does it mean to say that the interaction is the same with respect to both objects? It means that the agent of interaction, the force, is the same in some sense. Specifically, the magnitude of the force that object A exerts on object B has the same magnitude as the force that object B exerts on object A. Because the interaction doesn't pick out one direction to favor over any other, the two forces point in opposite directions with respect to each other.
 This relationship in terms of forces between two interacting objects, object A and object B, can be represented using vector notation as:
 \[F_{A on B} = -F_{B on A}. \tag{6.3.1}\]
 In words, this relationship can be expressed as, "If object A exerts a force on object B, then object B exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on object A." The critically important point is that to have an interaction, we must have two objects that are interacting. Force is the agent of interaction. So to have a force, there must be an interaction, and if there is an interaction there will be two objects, each with a force acting on it due to the interaction.
 This fundamental aspect of force has historically been given the name "Newton's Third Law." It is common to refer to the two forces involved in an interaction as a "3rd law pair." The Third Law pair of forces are always equal and opposite and act on different objects–the two objects involved in the interaction.
 The figure 6.3.1 shows an object A sitting atop object B. We use of two separate dots to represent the two different objects A and B. Newton's Third Law relates how the same agent of interaction is manifested as separate forces acting on the two interacting objects. (Note, in this example, these would not be the only forces acting on these objects.)
 Figure 6.3.1
 It is tempting to think that the Third Law applies only to objects "at rest." However, the Third Law applies whenever there is an interaction between two objects, independently of the motion of the two objects that are interacting.
 The Construct of Net Force
 It is important to distinguish between forces exerted by a particular object on other objects and the forces those other objects exert on the original object. Only forces acting ON an object affect that object. Forces that an object itself exerts on other objects do not directly affect itself. They is, of course, a direct relationship between the force that a particular object exerts on a second object and the force the second object exerts back on the first. See the discussion of Newton's 3rd Law on the previous page.
 It turns out that the effect of all forces acting on a particular object can be represented by a single vector construct called the unbalanced force or the net force. We will use the symbol \(\sum F\) (Greek sigma right next to a Roman "F") to represent this construct. \(\sum F\) is not a fictitious force, but neither is it a "real" force. \(\sum F\) is the effect of all the forces acting on an "object." Operationally, \(\sum F\) can be found by constructing the vector sum of the individual forces acting on an object. Net force is not connected to a particular interaction with another object. Because of this lack of connection to a particular interaction, net force is a rather abstract concept, but one that turns out to be very useful.
 Force Diagrams and Net Force
 When we want to analyze a physical situation in terms of forces, it is necessary to focus on forces acting on a particular object. (This need arises first when we consider the next model/approach, Momentum Conservation, and then in the next chapter when we consider Newton's 2nd law.) We will always be interested in the net force on a particular object. To help in identifying forces that act on a particular object it is helpful to pictorially represent the forces as clearly labeled arrows on a diagram. There is a standard convention for representing forces like this, called a "force diagram."
 The figure 6.3.2 shows two forces that act on an object, labeled as "object 1." F3 on 1 is the force that object 3 exerts on object 1. F2 on 1 is the force that object 2 exerts on object 1. The standard way of representing this situation graphically is to make a force diagram. Regardless of what object 1 is, we represent it as a dot and we draw the arrows representing the forces acting on the object pointing out, with their tails at the dot. The net force \(\sum F\) is the sum of F3 on 1 and F2 on 1. In this example, the two forces are not balanced and there is a resulting net force, \(\sum F\). The head-to-tail vector addition required to obtain \(\sum F\) is shown below the force diagram.
 Figure 6.3.2
 The following is a list of common conventions that we will follow when making a force diagram. It is important to be familiar with these and strictly follow them; it will make things clearer in the long run:
 - A force diagram refers only to one object. (If we have several objects to study, we need a separate force diagram for each one.)
 - An object is shown as an enlarged dot in a force diagram. The dot is clearly labeled to indicate what object it refers to.
 - All the forces acting on the chosen object are shown on the force diagram. Forces that the object exerts on other objects are not shown on its own force diagram.
 - Forces like friction and weight (that act over multiple points) are modeled as a single force acting at a single point.
 - To avoid confusion, we usually don't show velocity or other vector quantities on the force diagram.
 - A force diagram focuses on a particular "object" and shows only the forces acting on that "object." However, all forces arise because of interactions between two objects. In order to emphasize this fact, we use the notation FEarth on Ballor FE on B or F1 on 2 to indicate the two objects that are involved and which of the two we are focusing on. Each force shown on a diagram should always have these two subscripts in the


preceded with @), allowing system entries to take up more than one line -- in larger networks a CONNECT.NET entry can fill more than one line. Everything after the system number identifier up to the next "@", corresponds to that system. Thus, the CONNECT.NET files above could also be listed as:
 _USER_ 2=0.00 3=0.10 _USER_ 1=0.00 3=0.10 _USER_ 1=0.10 2=0.10
Thus, the end-of-line indicator (EOL) should be IGNORED.
Neither the BBSLIST.NET nor CONNECT.NET file need to be in any specific order. There cannot, however, be multiple entries per system in either BBSLIST.NET or CONNECT.NET.
It is possible for a system to have references in one or both of the.NET files, but not be reachable from any other system. For example, two systems may be listed in BBSLIST.NET, and listed in CONNECT.NET, but each can only call the other. No other system in the network can connect with them, so they don't exist, essentially. Also, a system can be listed in BBSLIST.NET, but not have any entries in CONNECT.NET. This usually happens for systems just joining the network, and those systems essentially don't exist either.
It is also possible for one system to call another, but the second system can't call back the first. This is unusual, but valid. Also, the cost of a connection can be different in one direction than it is in the other. This is also valid.
BBSLIST.NET is received across the network as main_type 1, minor_type 1 (1/1). CONNECT.NET is received as main_type 1, minor_type 2 (1/2).
C. Figuring the Routing
There are three ways message routing could be determined:
 1. Each time you need to route a message, find the least cost or shortest path (depending on whether new or old update files are being used);
 2. Each time one of the network programs that has to route messages is run, the least-cost or shortest route to each system is decided; or
 3. Each time an update to the.NET files is received, the least cost route is decided to each system.
Options 1 and 2 are simply not practical. Depending on network size and system speed, it can take a minute or more to analyze the network data files and determine the optimal route. Finding the best route to a specific system requires the same operation as finding the best route to all systems, so option #1 is a waste of time (besides possibly requiring the BBS to have the pathfinding code in it). Option #2 holds no advantages over option #3 because it will tie up the BBS unnecessarily.
Therefore, the optimal routes to all the systems in the network should be analyzed only when a network update is received. This routing analysis can be done any way, as long as it determines the best route. The best way, however, could follow these steps:
 1. System records are read into an array from BBSLIST.NET. The array is of struct net_system_list_rec (see below). All fields are filled from the BBSLIST.NET except numhops and forsys, which are set to 65535 and 0, respec tively. For the Group setup, the BBSLIST.NET partial updates (.513-.768) are read in next, and the indicated changes (existing systems replaced, new systems added, systems indicated with "." deleted) are made in the array and in the BBSLIST files themselves. After processing, the partial updates are deleted.
 2. Next, the CONNECT files are read into another array. Since system records may be repeated in the CONNECT files, make sure, when each system record is read in, a check is made in the array to see if there is already an entry for it. If there is, add the connections in the new record to the existing record.
 3. Then, the analysis starts. The analyzer uses the system's callout list (CALLOUT.NET for NETxx) as a base, starting with the first entry and checking each of its connnects, spreading out from there to THEIR connects. This is done for each system in the callout list.
 For each destination system checked, the number of hops found is compared to that entered in the network data array (numhops) and changed if it is less. The forsys is also changed, if that is different. This is for the Group setup.
 If the network is using the old NETXX setup, cost, rather than number of hops, is considered. In this case, when figuring cost, the speed of a connection (highest speed two connecting systems will support) needs to be considered. For instance, two systems connecting at 14400bps at a cost of 0.10 would take precedence over two systems connectiung at 2400bps at a cost of 0.10 (assuming that they are on the path to the same destination system, and all other scosts are equal).
 4. When all systems in the callout list are processed, analysis is complete and the network data array is written to disk. If specified, a piece of mail is then sent to the sysop giving the results of the analysis (for instance, how many valid systems are in the network, how many systems route through each of this system's connections, who the NC and GC and AC are, and so forth).
The data structure NETxx's network3 uses for the network data file is:
 struct net_system_list_rec {
 // system number of the system
 uint16_t sysnum;
 /* phone number of system */
 char phone[13];
 /* name of system */
 char name[40];
 /* group of the system */
 uint8_t group;
 /* max baud rate of system */
 uint16_t speed;
 /* other info about sys (bit-mapped) */
 uint16_t other;
 /* how to get there */
 uint16_t forsys;
 /* how long to get there */
 int16_t numhops;
 union {
 /* routing factor */
 uint16_t rout_fact;
 /* cost factor */
 float cost;
 /* temporary variable */
 int32_t temp;
 } xx;
It is encouraged that this structure be used by any NETXX compatible analyzer. Not only is this used by the WWIV BBS software, but some NETXX add-ons also use this file, so supporting this structure will enhance compatibility with NETXX.
The fields: sysnum, phone, name, group, and speed should be self-explanatory.
other -- This is bitmapped, and contains the modem and other information shown in BBSLIST. The bitmap values are (with corresponding BBSLIST flag):
 \ other_fido 0x0001
 | other_Telebit_19200 0x0002
 < other_USR_9600 0x0004
 > other_Hayes_9600 0x0008
 ^ other_area_coord 0x0010
 ! other_V32 0x0020
 $ other_V32bis 0x0040
 = other_PCP 0x0080
 % other_group_coord 0x0100
 & other_net_coord 0x0200
 / other_compucom 0x0400
 + other_net_server 0x0800
 ? other_FAX 0x1000
 _ other_end_system 0x2000
 ~ other_VFAST 0x4000
forsys -- Where to forward messages destined for this system, also known as "next hop". For example, if a message going from system 1 to system 5 passes through systems 2 and 4, then forsys==2. When it is determined that the system is unreachable (listed in BBSLIST but no connections listed), forsys==65535.
rout_fact -- This is the routing factor, but is currently not used by the NETxx software.
cost -- this holds the cost of the call, calculated as the sum of costs for each hop to the destination.
When all systems have been processed, you should have a database containing all systems in the network and how they may be reached. Whenever a packet that is not destined for the local system is processed, the data file is searched to find the system entry for the destination system. If it is not found, then the system is unknown. If the system is identified as unreachable (forsys==65535), the system is also considered unknown.
That about covers all the technical details for designing software compatible with WWIV networks. Now for some things to consider for those wishing to design a NETXX interface for a non-WWIV BBS, or add-ons to existing NETXX software.
A. NETXX Interface Software
The information provided in this document is enough for anyone wishing to write NETXX interface software from scratch. Unless you are writing for a BBS on a non-PC platform (such as Hermes for Macintosh), there is no need to rewrite all of the software to interface a PC-based BBS to a WWIV network. Since the local mail processor (network2) is the only program that writes to BBS message bases, that is really


Differential pulley
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Example of a differential pulley
A differential pulley, also called "Weston differential pulley", sometimes "chain hoist" or colloquially "chain fall", is used to manually lift very heavy objects like car engines. It is operated by pulling upon the slack section of a continuous chain that wraps around pulleys. The relative size of two connected pulleys determines the maximum weight that can be lifted by hand. The load will remain in place (and not lower under the force of gravity) until the chain is pulled.[1]
The differential pulley was invented in 1854 by Thomas Aldridge Weston from King's Norton, England.[2]
The pulleys were manufactured in collaboration with Richard and George Tangye. According to Richard Tangye's autobiography, the Weston differential pulley evolved from the Chinese windlass, with an endless chain replacing the finite length of rope. He claimed that many engineering firms conceded on the difficulty of efficiently disengaging the chain from the teeth as the pulleys turned, but his firm developed a "pitch" chain which solved the issue. Marketed as "Weston Differential Pulley Blocks with Patent Chain Guides", the pulley had good sales, namely, 3000 sets in 9 months. It was displayed in 5 sizes — from 10 long hundredweight (510 kg) to 3 long tons (3,000 kg) — at the 1862 International Exhibition in London and received a medal for "original application, practical utility and success".
An ironmonger challenged the Tangyes that the pulley had been in use for 30 years before Weston's patent but the judge, William Page Wood ruled in favour of the Tangyes because the engaging mechanism was substantially different from the one presented as evidence.[3]
The Yale Lock Company acquired the patent rights in 1876.[2]
Mode of operation[edit]
A differential pulley can lift very large masses a short distance. It consists of two fixed pulleys of unequal radii that are attached to each other and rotate together, a single pulley bearing the load, and an endless rope looped around the pulleys. To avoid slippage, the rope is usually replaced by a chain, and the connected pulleys by sprockets.
The two sections of chain carrying the single pulley exert opposing and unequal torques on the connected pulleys, such that only the difference of these torques has to be compensated manually by pulling the loose part of the chain. This leads to a mechanical advantage: the force needed to lift a load is only a fraction of the load's weight. At the same time, the distance the load is lifted is smaller than the length of chain pulled by the same factor. This factor (the mechanical advantage MA) depends on the relative difference of the radii r and R of the connected pulleys:
M\!A = \frac{2 R}{R-r} = \frac{2}{1 - \frac{r}{R}}
The effect on the forces and distances (see figure) is quantitatively:
F_\mathrm{Z}=\frac{F_\mathrm{L}}{M\!A}\quad,\quad h=\frac{s}{M\!A}\quad.
The difference in radii can be made very small, making the mechanical advantage of this pulley system very large.[4][5] In the extreme case of zero difference in radii, MA becomes infinite, thus no force (besides friction) is needed to move the chain, but moving the chain will no longer lift the load.
At the other extreme, when r is zero, the system becomes a simple gun tackle with a mechanical advantage of 2.
Comparison of a differential pulley (left) and a differential windlass or Chinese windlass (right). The rope of the windlass is depicted as spirals for clarity, but is more likely helices with axes perpendicular to the image.
The same principle is used in a differential windlass, where the connected pulleys are replaced by winches.
Calculation of mechanical advantage[edit]
In the above graphic, the four segments of the chain are labelled W, X, Y and Z. The magnitudes of their corresponding forces are FW, FX, FY and FZ, respectively.
Assuming that the chain is massless, FX = 0 because segment X is not supporting any weight.
Taking the system at equilibrium, FW and FY are equal — if they were not, the lower pulley would freely turn until they were.
Next, the downward force acting on the lower pulley equal the upward forces acting on it, so
FL = FW + FY, or 2 FW because FW = FY.
Additionally, there is no net torque or moment around the compound pulley, so the clockwise torque is equal to the anticlockwise torque:
FW R + FX r = FY r + FZ R.
Substituting FX and FY from the above equations,
FW R + 0 = FW r + FZ R.
Rearranging gives
FW = FZ · R/Rr.
As FW = F L/2,
F L/2 = FZ · R/Rr.
Finally, the mechanical advantage, F L/F Z = 2 R/Rr or 2/1 − r/R.
See also[edit]
 1. ^ Macauley, David with Ardley, Neil. The New Way Things Work. p.56. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, USA 1998. ISBN 0-395-93847-3.
 2. ^ a b Hoist Magazine - The history makers
 3. ^ Powerhouse Museum, Sydney, Australia - 2003/45/1 Differential pulley block, large and small sheaves, 2 ton (2.032 tonnes) capacity, invented by T A Weston / made by Tangyes Ltd, Birmingham, England, 1860 - 1890
 4. ^ Black, N. Henry, and Harvey N. Davis, Practical physics, fundamental principles and applications to daily life, 2 ed., New York: McMillan, 1922, chapter II, section 34, p. 39.
 5. ^ United States Naval Education and Training Program Development Center, Basic machines and how they work, New York: Dover Publications, 1994, p. 2-6.


text:
Shinnery Oak (Sand Oak; Tucker's Oak)
Quercus havardii var. tuckeri
Synonyms: (A Utah Flora - Quercus welshii). Other scientific names in other sources: Quercus undulata
Family: Fagaceae – Beech Family
Quercus is the only genus from this family represented at Arches National Park; Shrubs or small trees; clonal; deciduous; 2' to 6' tall
Leaves: alternate; simple; lobed or toothed; hairy on both sides (more hairy when young); 0.6" to 2.2" (1.5 to 5.5 cm) long, 0.36" to 1.32" (0.9 to 3.3 cm) wide
Flowers: Monoecious - female (pistillate) flowers and male (staminate) flowers on same plant; unisexual; borne in catkins or in peduncled head that hang downwards; flowers usually axillary on young shoots; female (pistillate) flowers have 0 petals; 4 to 8 lobed sepals; 1 pistil; stigma is 3 lobed; male (staminate) flowers have 0 petals; 4 to 7 lobed sepals; 3 to 12 stamens
Pollinators: other Quercus species are pollinated by wind
Fruits: acorn (1 seeded nut); ripens August/September
Blooms in Arches National Park: April, May
Habitat in Arches National Park: usually in sand in desert shrub and pinyon-juniper communities
Location seen: widespread, Visitor Center area, Windows, Fiery Furnace, Devils Garden
Other: The genus name, "Quercus", is Latin for "oak" and the species name, "havardii", honors the French-born surgeon/naturalist Valery Havard (_PHONE_) who traveled in the West identifying plants and describing plant communities. The type specimen was collected July 10, 1985. The species name, "welshii", is credited to R. A. Denham, who annotated all specimens at Brigham Young University with the epithet, "welshii" at specific rank. Stanley Larson Welsh is a Professor of Integrative Biology at Brigham Young University and one of the authors of A Utah Flora. The variety name, "tuckeri", honors John Maurice Tucker (1916- ), Professor Emeritus of Botany, University of California, Davis.
Different oak species hybridize; often two species can be found on the same plant. Shinnery and Gambel's oak are types of white oak which have leaves with rounded lobes and some teeth and acorns which mature in 1 year. Live Oak is a type of red oak which has pointed lobes and acorns which mature in 2 years. Gambel's oak is poisonous to livestock because of the tannins. Oak galls are caused by wasps.
Did You Know?
Naturally occurring sandstone basins called "potholes" collect rain water and wind-blown sediment, forming tiny ecosystems where a fascinating collection of plants and animals live. Tadpole shrimp, fairy shrimp and many insects can be found in potholes. More...


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Home > Movies > Reviews
Tabu, Irrfan are brilliant in Namesake
Merril Diniz | March 09, 2007 14:07 IST
A still from Namesake
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Nudity in Mira Nair's Namesake
When a book is made into a film, especially one that is penned by a Pulitzer-Prize winning author, there's more scope for potential disaster. Will the characters, locations, plots and sub-plots pan out as effectively on celluloid as they do in the reader's imagination? Mira Nair's The Namesake, adapted from Jhumpa Lahiri's book by the same name (she won the Pullitzer Prize in 2000 for Interpreter of Maladies), does not disappoint. In fact, it surpasses one's expectations.
The story begins in 1971 Kolkata, a time when foreign products dazzled us and visits by expatriate relatives were pretty much the event of the year. A young Bengali settled in the US, Ashoke Ganguli (Irrfan) marries a local girl Ashima (Tabu) and they migrate to the US. Some years down the line, Ashima gives birth to a son (Kal Penn). The basic premise of the film is this: How will this child survive in American society with a name as odd sounding and tongue twisting as Gogol Ganguli?
Nikolai Gogol is Ashoke's favourite author. A brilliant and eccentric man, who penned literary masterpieces like The Overcoat, he eventually starved to death.
His modern-day namesake Gogol Ganguli experiences all the usual clich�s associated with people with unusual names -- his American classmates poke fun at him during lessons on Russian Literature and women raise a quizzical eyebrow at the part when he reveals his name. He grows up, very annoyed. But also, sadly, with a misconception about the origin of his name. Little does he realise that it has a more profound explanation, than he could ever imagine.
Though the premise sounds flimsy, the film breathes life into the book's characters by leaps and bounds, expanding the central idea to encompass a whole lot more. It dissects the complex lot of the American Born Confused Desi and more importantly, their attitude towards India. But sans the caricatures and the clich�s.
A still from NamesakeIt traces a troubled son's pilgrimage back to his family and the realisations that don on prodigal children only in the face of immense tragedy. In fact, the film is a tribute to one's parents, but tackles the subject sans the emotional drama of say, a Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham. The accents, the sets, the costumes and the dialogues boast of an authenticity, which is often missing in Indian films set in a foreign country. And the cinematography boasts a host of frames rich in texture, especially in the scenes set in Kolkata.
Irrfan Khan brilliantly, effortlessly steps into the shoes (which read 'Made In USA') of the very Bengali, practical, cool-headed Ashoke, accent and all (though it slips in one or two places). The chemistry between Khan and Tabu is intense!
Kal Penn has a meaty role and finally, an opportunity to act. And he does a smooth job of it. The rest of the cast measure up perfectly, like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.
Though the film begins on a sombre pace (and slips back off and forth), it gains momentum post Gogol's birth. A person sitting next to me during the premiere complained that he couldn't relate to'such type of art films'. There are two aspects to this. If you thrive on escapist flicks, where the end is more sensational than the journey, forget it. The Namesake is very real, bringing out both humour and tragedy in situations where two very different cultures collide. Secondly, if you are an NRI, ex-NRI or a close relative of an NRI, these situations may seem more reminiscent of real life.
Rediff Rating:
Want to see this movie? Check out Rediff Movie Tickets!


Troll Factory
Troll Factory was developed by a team of experts at Yle, the Finnish Broadcasting Company. The team creates new storytelling methods that combine journalistic practices with digital experiences.
Troll Factory shows you first-hand how information operations work on social media. The goal of the game is to illustrate how fake news, emotive content and bot armies are utilized to affect moods, opinions and decision-making.
PolitiTruth is a non-profit game of distinguishing political fact from fiction.
Swipe left to guess a news story is false and swipe right to guess it is true. The game is made in partnership with the Pulitzer Prize winning organization PolitiFact in the hopes of encouraging players to better discern sources of information while gathering beneficial statistics on public misconceptions. By tapping into our competitive nature, we hope to expand political consciousness.
This game aims to teach media literacy and study how people interact with misinformation. You will see a simulated news feed with articles like the one below. Some coming from legitimate news sources. And some from sites that typically publish false or misleading reports, clickbait headlines, conspiracy theories, junk science, and other types of misinformation. Your goal is to support a healthy social media experience by promoting information from reliable sources and not from low credibility sources.
(Copied from website)
[INACTIVE] Fake News!
Fake news is a real problem. Recently, the Pew Research Center found that about two thirds of U.S. adults say completely made-up news causes a great deal of confusion about current events. So we built Fake News!, a simple game to test our collective ability to distinguish between what's true, and what's just been tweeted.
(Copied from website)
Facticious is a game that allows users to read clips from articles and determine if they are real or fake. Some of the articles are political while others or not. The game allows users to play on different difficulty levels in judging for themselves whether the information is accurate or not.
(Independently written)
Be Internet Awesome
Bad News -DROG


Williamsburg's Midwife
Thousands of Williamsburg mothers entrusted the delivery of their babies to midwives and man-midwives. Medical historian Robin Kipps outlines the ancient profession. August 16, 2010
If you were a child who needed to be born in the 18th century, chances were you were going to meet a midwife on your way into the world. My guest Robin Kipps is a medical historian with Colonial Williamsburg. She works at the apothecary and answers questions about midwives and midwifery all the time.
Robin, thank you for being here today.
Robin Kipps: Thank you for inviting me to come.
Harmony: Well before we get too deep into the topic, I guess we should say what it is. What is a midwife?
Robin: A midwife in the 18th century would be a woman who had been trained either by another midwife or a man-midwife, and her job description would be caring for the mother before, during, and after the delivery.
Harmony: Who could be a midwife?
Robin: Actually in the Williamsburg records we're seeing slave women, free black women, and white women practicing as midwives. And then also in the Williamsburg area we are seeing a number of men who had trained in London, practicing as man-midwives. Which is kind of a neat term.
Harmony: It is. Now is a man-midwife something separate from a doctor?
Robin: This is actually a part of an apothecary or surgeon's trade. So it's something that they can add to their medical practice. There are very, very few 18th-century people that specialized as just man-midwives. There are a couple of men in London that had their own private schools, and you could probably say that they're specializing. But in the colonies, it's just another aspect of your medical practice.
Harmony: What qualifications would you have to have to be considered a midwife?
Robin: You know, today there's a lot of academic qualifications but in the 18th century we're actually seeing some references about the moral character of the person as being considered criteria to practice as a midwife. Because you're actually there to document that the baby is born alive or is stillborn. So you'll see moral character as well as middle age: a woman who is who is middle aged and of sensible qualities.
Harmony: You mentioned there were a couple ways that you could become considered qualified to be a midwife.
Robin: There's a case of John Galt who practices in Williamsburg as a man-midwife. He had trained in London under Colin McKinsey, who had his own private school. So he comes back to Williamsburg and actually trains a female midwife. Mary Rose advertises in the Virginia Gazette that she was trained under John Galt and William Pasteur. So that's one option, would be to train under another practitioner. The other option would be to train under another midwife.
And then there are medical textbooks that are published in the 18th century which are geared for either male practitioners or female practitioners. So it's a combination of hands-on practice as well as textbook study.
Harmony: What do we know about what the training included?
Robin: As far as man-midwives, there are actually cases of Americans going to school in London and writing home to their parents explaining what the curriculum is like. And Samuel Bard, who's an American student who studies in London under Colin McKinsey, writes home to his dad and says that the curriculum included history of midwifery.
It was understanding a little bit about conception, problems which could complicate delivery, the tools that would be used, and also how to handle complications during delivery.There are also some cases of them using mannequins and then actually delivering using a mannequin.
Then when they understand the basics, actually going to a delivery and delivering a patient. So again, it's classroom as well as hands-on practice at that time.
Harmony: And we have pretty good records of this trade being practiced actually in Williamsburg, in the colonial period. We know a good amount about two or three midwives.
Robin: Catherine Blakely, her obituary is in the Virginia Gazette and when she dies in 1771, her obituary mentions she was an eminent midwife and had delivered upwards of 3,000 children, which I imagine kept her pretty busy. And Mary Rose, who advertises in the Virginia Gazette and when she advertises she said she was ready to treat "ladies and others." It's speculated that "others" might have been referring to the slave women at the time.
Harmony: And some man-midwives as well.
Robin: John Galt, who practices in Williamsburg, we actually have some of his account books and he actually does attend some deliveries. His charges tend to be a little more expensive than what the midwives are charging. Generally the man-midwives are taking care of the complications that the midwives are not being taught how to handle.
Harmony: So do you think that we see these different midwives serving different segments of the population?
Robin: There's evidence to support that, but what we really wish we had was a handwritten diary from a Williamsburg midwife. To date, nothing has surfaced at this point.
Harmony: What were some of the complications that a midwife might be expected to be able to handle?
Robin: Traditionally in the professional textbooks written by man-midwives to teach midwives, it specifically says that midwives do not need to know a lot of in-depth details on anatomy, therefore they do not need to know how to handle a lot of complications. So they are actually trained to turn over the complications to the man-midwives. And in the 18th century they actually considered most deliveries normal.
However, their definition of normal would be different from our definition of normal today. But you do see some really unusual cases where we know of a midwife in Ireland in 1730s that actually did a caesarian section and the mother did survive. But that's very, very unusual to see a midwife do a caesarian in the18th century. They're technically being taught to turn those cases over to a man midwife.
Harmony: I think a lot of people now consider childbirth to be one of the riskier things you could undertake in the 18th century. Do we know much about mortality rates for infants and for mothers in that period?
Robin: Unfortunately we don't have any Williamsburg or Virginia statistics. But, one of my favorite medical historians, Laurel Ulrich, took an 18th century diary that was written by Martha Ballard, and she was a midwife in Maine late 18th century. She mentioned that in Martha's diary there were only about five mothers out of 1,000 that died, and they weren't during the delivery, they were after the delivery. And as far as infants, there were about 14 stillbirths in 814 deliveries and 5 infant deaths within an hour or two of birth. So again, we wish we had that kind of statistical information for Virginia but, it hasn't survived.
Harmony: Do you see midwives as being very prominent people in the town, in society?
Robin: Within society and their contribution to society I think they were very well respected at the time. Of course within the professional hierarchy of healthcare in the 18th century, an apothecary surgeon that would be performing midwifery does not have the status of a physician. So to an 18th century person, a physician's at the top and then the apothecary, and the surgeon would be below that.
Harmony: Do you see a lot of commonality as far as the same practices being used in the 18th century that might still be in use today?
Robin: I think when it comes to being concerned for the wellbeing of the mother and the baby and using state-of-the-art equipment, each era has its own paradigm or system of practice and it's taken very seriously. Some of the complications in the18th century that we cannot deal with very well would be like hemorrhaging, infection, which today we can easily resolve. So some of the medical conditions that are encountered by both centuries would be the same.
The one thing I think that's interesting comparing is like today if you're having a baby with ultrasound you know in advance how many babies, and the gender, and in the 18th century it tends to be a surprise. So the midwife might say well, "We have one," and then, "Wait a minute, we have two." So it's a big surprise.
Harmony: What about tools? Are there some of the same tools still in use today that you see in the historic record?
Robin: You know, it's interesting. Obstetric forceps are actually in use in the 18th century. Your professional textbooks in the 18th century will tell you not to use them unless you absolutely have to, and in modern medical practice there are some people that still use them but not to the extent that they had been in use.
Harmony: What do you think it's important to keep in mind about this this trade?
Robin: I think it's interesting when you're looking at historical references to look at it in two ways. One is take your modern knowledge and look back and do a compare and contrast and see how much things have changed and appreciate the changes.
The second way would be to look at medical practice from an 18th century standpoint and say, "All


The Science Behind Giant Robot GortS
The Science Behind Giant Robot GortS
One of the ways that Gort fights when he goes into offensive mode is that his entire huge body breaks down into a swarm of self-replicating microbots that look like metal insects. These microbots are tiny, but visible to the naked eye, and they fly in a giant formation, breaking down all organic substances in their path (buildings, trucks, humans). Basically they seem like a flying gray goo, or a nanotech disaster that eats everything. But they aren't. They are actually more like swarming microbots, a technology that's being developed in several labs across the world right now.
The Science Behind Giant Robot GortS
Most microbots look something like this one, a model used in the i-Swarm project where many tiny robots move in tandem and communicate with each other. Bots like this are the size of an insect, and are intended to behave like them too. They contain a microchip and can walk or fly, communicate via radio with each other or a home base, and may contain sensors that measure everything from the visual field to movement and sound. Right now, these kinds of swarming bots could be used as surveillance devices - scatter them over a wide area of enemy territory, and they can sense the movements of tanks or troops. Or they could be used in a disaster area to climb inside hard-to-reach areas to find out if there are any survivors.
Other types of swarming microbots, such as the magnetic swarming bots being developed at Carnegie Mellon, could easily become the tiny components of a giant robot like Gort. These bots, which you can see in the video from New Scientist below, can bond together to form any shape using magnets along their edges that they can turn on and off at will. So sometimes thousands of them might bond together into a giant robot shape. Then they could turn off their magnets and break into a million tiny pieces that eat through hardened military bases the way Gort does. Or that fly through Central Park in a massive, self-replicating swarm.
Gort is also based on the theoretical idea of a bot swarm that produces what's called a "utility fog," proposed by molecular manufacturing researcher J Storrs Hall and others. Basically a utility fog is a highly-advanced version of the magnetic swarming bots. But instead of magnets, they are covered in tiny robotic arms that can link many individual bots (called foglets) together in a lattice structure. The bots are small enough that when they link together they would create what appears to be a smooth surface - just like Gort's smooth, silvery body.
The Science Behind Giant Robot GortS
When they break apart, they form a "fog," just like the flowing, oozing shape that Gort takes when he breaks down into the microbots and they fly back to New York City. Explains Hall:
Right now, the utility fog is just theoretical, but the i-Swarm bots and the magntic microbots are being perfected in the lab. The ultimate goal is to create something like Gort, capable of taking many forms to get a job done. Hopefully, though, our swarm bots will never have the job of scouring humans from the Earth.
Shape-Shifting Robot Forms from Magnetic Swarms [via New Scientist]
Utility Fog [via Nanotech Now]
i-swarm [via i-swarm]


What Do The Call The Hairstyle What Side Of Head Saved?
What is the hairstyle with shaved sides called?
Fade haircuts taper down from short to shorter or down to the skin. These shaved sides haircuts have mid to high fades. Undercuts are similar to high fades because they shave hair from the top of the temples down but it is all one length. On top, hair can be short or long, styled or loose, curly or straight.
What's it called when half your head is shaved?
Tonsure (/ˈtɒnʃər/) is the practice of cutting or shaving some or all of the hair on the scalp as a sign of religious devotion or humility. The term originates from the Latin word tonsura (meaning "clipping" or "shearing") and referred to a specific practice in medieval Catholicism, abandoned by papal order in 1972.
Where do you shave the side of your head?
Shave the sides and back: Shave off everything below the parted section, or the disconnect line, on top. This is where you have to choose how long you want the sides and back to be. Choose the clipper guard size you prefer; no guard will leave nothing but stubble, a No. 1 guard will leave 1/8 inch of hair, and a No.
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What is Levi's haircut called?
Levi's haircut is called an undercut. Basically it is a cut where the hair on the crown/ top of the head is left longer and lower parts, at the back and round ears is cut short. It's a very popular style with anime characters, and Levi rocks it.
What a shaved head says about you?
Having a shaved head results in greater perceptions of dominance, authority in leadership, confidence, masculinity, height and strength. While having hair is still rated as more attractive – if a man's hair is thinning then he may choose to shave his head in order to enhance these characteristics.
What does a shaved head mean in the Bible?
The head and beard shaving signify Judah's humiliation or deep distress: God commands Judah to shave her head and beard because Judah's customs require those behaviors, God's commandments do not. God's head and beardshaving directive comes from His respect to follow their tradition, not His.
Is shaving your head bad?
Spoiler alert: it certainly does not. Don't smear that stuff on your face, and don't shave your head in hopes of strengthening your hair. However, "[a shaved head ] will not affect the hair shaft or growth cycle," Sadick says. In fact, hair grows from within.
Why do they shave prisoners heads before execution?
When a criminal is to be electrocuted, their head and legs are shaved. Their eyebrows and facial hair may also be trimmed off to reduce the odds of the prisoner catching fire. Once the prisoner is fastened into the chair, a sponge dipped in saline solution is laid on top of their head to encourage conductivity.
You might be interested: Question: How To Do A Victory Roll Hairstyle?
How do you buzz the side of your head?
Cut off the hair on the sides of the head using a shorter guard length. Most people buzz the sides and back of the head using a smaller guard setting than they used on the top of the head. Start where the sideburns are and buzz the sides of the head in an upwards motion. Work carefully around the ears.
Should I get a shaved side?
So your side shave should match your personality and sense of style. If you are a more laid back and casual person, cutting all your hair off and then shaving the side could be too drastic of a change for you. Keeping one side long while shaving the other could be a better start.
Where should you part your hair for the side shave?
Step 1: Part your hair Part your hair with the comb so the parting line on your chosen side to shave lines up to the corner of your eye, with less hair continuing evenly down the back of your head.
What kind of hairstyle suits me?
Best Haircuts for Face Shape
 - Rectangle: Layered cuts, waves or curls, soft and romantic chignons, rounded fringes or curtain bangs.
 - Oval: Blunt bobs and lobs with subtle layers, long waves or curls.
 - Square: Side-parted styles, long and airy layers, short layered bobs, side-swept bangs.
Is an undercut good for thick hair?
What Is The Parallel Undercut? "It's a replicable and consistent way of removing weight and giving movement to thick hair," hairstylist Anh Co Tran told Refinery29. "It's great for all lengths of wavy, straight, and thick hair, but not great for curly or fine hair."
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Human Intruder Detection (HIDS)
Monitoring the baggage system at the airside/landside boundary to prevent unauthorised or accidental intrusion thus creating a secure airside zone.
The landside/airside boundary is meant to be a barrier that prevents unauthorised people being where they shouldn't however due to the way an airport operates there must be holes in that boundary to allow or people or bags to travel back and forth. Whilst personnel access can be easily monitored/controlled the challenge with baggage handling is identifying human intrusion whilst allowing bag movement without false alarming.
Using an Artificial Intelligence (AI) based belt monitoring system is a new way to tackle the problem of human (and child) intrusion through the baggage system.
With machine learning algorithms at the heart of the solution, and using multiple technologies, the system has been taught the difference between bags and humans and over time the system continues to learn the difference between what is a bag and what is a human, getting more and more accurate.
This means that it is not affected by any of the problems associated with just thermal based systems such as hot bags causing false alarms and needing regular recalibration or light curtain based systems which won't detect a human attached to a bag or underneath a bag. The system can also be applied to detect other anomalies within the baggage system such as bags left lying around, multiple bags in a single tray or bags falling off trays from tilt tray sorters.
The system is easily deployed to cover the baggage system using off the shelf components and architecture. As with other Saconsys solutions we believe that in order to maintain uptime and control costs we teach and support the airport to maintain the equipment – this means no costly maintenance contracts or waiting for engineers to attend site.
The system is also scalable meaning that you can add as you go along rather than having to make a large investment on day one.
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California residents might benefit from understanding more about the different types of construction defects that commonly occur. Most construction defects may be classified as subsurface deficiencies, construction deficiencies, material deficiencies or design deficiencies. These defects may be described as shortcomings furnishing the planning, design, inspection, supervision, construction or observation of construction when there is a quality of work that is beneath the buyer's reasonable expectations.
Some of the significant defects that are common include those concerning finishes, doors, glass and windows, moisture or thermal protection, electrical problems, mechanical problems, expansive soil, water intrusion or poor structural integrity. Subsurface deficiencies are common in places like Colorado and California where expansive soil may be a problematic. Building homes on surfaces lacking a stable foundation, such as hills, may cause several different problems, including subsidence or landslides. A poor foundation may also result in cracked floor slabs or other damage to the structure.
Poor artisanship or construction work can also result in a myriad of defects. Often times, mold growth may be the result of water infiltration caused by shoddy work. Other common defects caused by poor construction include rotting wood, cracked walls or foundation, and mechanical or electrical problems. Material deficiencies usually involve inferior structures like leaking windows, substandard drywall or other components used in construction that are failing. Design defects, such as the building being out of code, are issues typically attributable to architects or engineers.
People who need more information about litigating a construction defect case might benefit from consulting a lawyer. Legal counsel may be able to investigate the complaint and determine who might be found culpable for any economic damages. The lawyer might be able to help plaintiffs recover restitution that could account for loss of income and other damages resulting from the construction work.


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Homaranismo (roughly: "Humanitarianism" or "Humanitism") is an Esperanto word used by its creator, Ludwig Zamenhof, to describe his philosophy of human interaction and behaviour. Based largely on the teachings of Hillel the Elder, a 1st-century BCE rabbi, Zamenhof originally called this philosophy Hillelism. He sought to reform Judaism, because he hoped that without the strange dress code and purity requirements, it would no longer be the victim of antisemitic propaganda. The basis of Hillelism is the sentence known as the Golden Rule: One should treat others as one would like others to treat oneself.
Zamenhof said about Homaranismo:[this quote needs a citation]
With Hillelism we don't mean a new denomination; we mean a new corporate-religious order inside the old Jewish religion, which has existed for a long time. Everybody who lives ethically could take part in this religion with a clear conscience, no matter what the religious views he had before looked like.
Based on this idea, he came to the conclusion that this philosophy could be a bridge between religions, not just a subset of Judaism. Zamenhof subsequently renamed his philosophy Homaranismo.
Zamenhof first described this philosophy around the year 1900 and published it anonymously in a brochure in 1906. He later published a revised version in 1913 under the name Homaranismo.
While many different motivations drew early Esperantists to that movement, for Zamenhof Esperanto was always a means by which to facilitate improved human relations, especially beyond boundaries of race, language and culture. Zamenhof's daughter Lidia embraced this philosophy and taught it alongside Esperanto and her adopted religion, the Bahá'í Faith.
The symbol of Homaranismo is a green star like that of Esperanto.
Excerpt from the declaration of Homaranismo
- I am a human being, and I believe that there are only human ideals and ideals linked to the country of origin; every ideal which brings hatred among peoples and entails the power of one ethnicity over another I believe it to be human egoism, which sooner or later must disappear and to which disappearance I must contribute according to my possibilities.
- I believe that all peoples are equally part of humankind, and I value every person only according to his personal values and actions, and not according to his/her origin. Every offense or persecutions of people because they belong to a different ethnicity, with a different language or religion, I regard it as a barbarity.
- I believe that every country does not belong to a particular group of people, but equally to every people who live in it, regardless of their language or religion; the mixing of the country's interests with those of one or another group of people, language or religion I regard it as reminiscence of barbarian times, when there was only the right of fist and sword.
- I believe that in his/her own family life each person has the natural and indisputable right to speak whatever language or dialect he/she wants and to confess whatever religion he/she wants; nevertheless, when communicating with people from other origins he/she must, when it is possible, aim to use a neutral language and to live according to neutral religious principles. Every attempt of a person to impose his/her language or religion to other people when it is not absolutely necessary, I regard it as a barbarity.
- Declaration of Homaranismo - Appendix 5, Origins of Esperanto
- Welger, Helmut: Kosmopoliti human (Homaranismo). Version 1999. ISBN 3-933417-02-3
Note: This article was adapted from the German Wikipedia article
|Esperanto Wikisource has original text related to this article:|


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, with, together with, along with, rather than, no less than, except, nothing but, the verb is used according to the first subject.
3) Neither Salman nor his friends is going to the party. ❌
Neither Salman nor his friends are going to the party. ✔
⚫RULE 25 – When two or more subjects are connected by " not only.. But also, neither… Nor, either.. Or, none.. But", the verb is used according to the nearest subject.
💯CLICK HERE FOR THE HINDU PHRASAL VERBS COMPILATION
Neither of the two girls(a) / have been invited(b) / to the party(c) /No error
Solution : The error is in (b)
Replace 'have' with 'has'
⚫ RULE 26- When the Subjects joined by 'or/nor are of different numbers, the Verb must be Plural, and the Plural Subject must be placed next to the Verb.
Neither the Assistant Masters nor the Headmaster was present.❌
Neither the Headmaster nor the Assistant Masters were present.✔
⚫RULE 27- " Many a/an, More than one" should be followed by singular noun and singular verb.
Many a men have come to the party. ❌
Many a man have come to the party. ❌
Many a man has come to the party. ✔
More than one girls were present. ❌
More than one girl were present. ❌
More than one girl was present. ✔
Many an accident have recently taken place. ❌
Many an accidents have recently taken place.❌
Many an accident has taken place.✔
⚫RULE 28 – The inverted form of Verb is used in the following cases
1) When the sentence is introduced by an adverb.
2) When the verb is meant to express a wish or prayer.
Lets see another example:
Hardly had I reached the station when the train arrived. ✔
May you get great success in life. ✔
⚫RULE 29 – When the sentence begins with 'it', the verb is used according to the subject.
Let's take another example
It is I who is to attend the party. ❌
It is I who am to attend the party.✔
It is the apple that are full of antioxidants. ❌
It is the apples that are full of antioxidants. ✔
It is the apple that is full of antioxidants.✔
⚫RULE 30 – Generally, 'A large number of' is followed by a singular verb while 'The large number of is followed by a plural verb.
A large number of students was absent. ❌
A large number of students were absent. ✔
The number of tourists have gradually fallen off. ❌
The number of tourists has gradually fallen off. ✔
⚫RULE 31- If 'it's high time / it's about time / it's time is used in a sentence, v2 comes in the sentence.
It's high time you start working hard. ❌
It's high time you started working hard. ✔
⚫RULE 32 -when a subject becomes receiver of an action, following verbs take reflexive pronoun : Acquit, Absent, Avail, Reconcile, Amuse, Resign, Adapt, Adjust, Pride etc
I pride on being able to work smoothly under pressure too. ❌
I pride myself on being able to work smoothly under pressure too. ✔
We adapt to the environment.❌
We adapt ourselves to the environment. ✔
⚫ RULE 33- A Collective Noun takes a Singular Verb when the collection is thought of as a whole, a Plural Verb when the individuals of which it is composed are thought of.
The Council has chosen the President.✔
The audience have taken their seats.✔
⚫ RULE 34- When the Subject of the Verb is a Relative Pronoun care should be taken to see that the Verb agrees in Number and Person with the Antecedent of the relative.
I, who is your friend will guard your interests.❌
I, who am your friend will guard your interests.✔
Grammar Rules based on PARTICIPLE AND INFINITIVE
⚫ RULE 35- Ask, advise, allow, command, force, forbid, invite, encourage, compel, beg, order, imagine, instruct, permit, persuade, tell, require, remind, teach, etc. are followed by direct Object and no preposition is used before the object.
He advised to me to do it.❌
He advised me to do it.✔
⚫ RULE 36-Know is followed by how/ where/when/why and Infinitive.
I know to write a letter.❌
I know how to write a letter.✔
⚫RULE 37 – With the following verbs/adjective/phrases, (V1 +ing) is used after 'to'.
(Verb +used to), accustomed to, averse to, with a view to, addicted to, devoted to, in addition to, look forward to, object to, owing to, given to, taken to, prone to etc
I am looking forward to meet my friend Sara. ❌
I am looking forward to meeting my friend Sara. ✔
Sheetal is used to wake up early morning. ❌
Sheetal is used to waking up early morning. ✔
⚫ RULE 38- After let, bid, behold, watch, see, feel, make etc. we use Bare-Infinitive and not To-infinitive.
I heard him to speak on several subjects.❌
I heard him speak on several subjects.✔
⚫ RULE 39- Bare Infinitive is used after Modal Auxiliaries (can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, dare not, need not).
You need not to work hard.❌
You need not work hard.✔
⚫RULE 40 -Dangling Participle.
In the second sentence, if 'it' is not used before being, 'I' becomes the subject of 'rainy day' and gives a wrong meaning to the sentence.
Being a rainy day, I could not attend the class. ❌
It being a rainy day, I could not attend the class. ✔
⚫RULE 41- If an infinitive(to + V1) comes after a noun, an appropriate preposition should be used after the infinitive.
Sheetal has(a) / no achievement (b) to boast(c) /No error
Solution : Error is in (c)
Use 'of ' after boast
⚫ RULE 42- Had better, had rather,had as soon … as …, had sooner etc. are fol-lowed by Bare Infinitive.
She had better to go now.❌
She had better go now.✔
⚫ RULE 43- Conjunction than is also followed by Bare Infinitive.
She had better read than to write.❌
She had better read than write.✔
⚫ RULE 44- When but is used as a Preposition and preceded by any form of the Verb do, then but is followed with Bare Infinitive.
Sohan did nothing but to wonder.❌
Sohan did nothing but wonder.✔
⚫ RULE 45- Every Participle must have a suitable Subject of Reference.
Being a rainy day Vijay decided to stay at home.❌
It being a rainy day Vijay decided to stay at home.✔
⚫ RULE 46- Perfect Participle
(Having + v3) Vs (Having been +v3)
(Having + v3) is used when it qualifies doer of the sentence while (Having been + v3) is used when it qualifies non-doer of the sentence.
Handy Tip – If the clause following the perfect participle is in passive voice,we use having been+v3, otherwise having +v3.
Having typed the letter, it was posted. ❌
Having typed the letter, I posted it. ✔
Having been typed the letter, it was posted. ✔
('It was posted' is in passive form so we will use having been +v3. 'I posted it' is in active form so we will use having +v3.)
⚫ RULE 47- Participles like considering, judging, referring, concerning, regarding, viewing, broadly speaking etc. do not take any Subject of Reference.
Considering the case, I took the decision.✔
(Here I is not a Subject of Reference of considering. So, there is no Subject of Reference for 'considering, still the sentence is correct.)
Grammar Rules based on VERB
⚫ RULE 48- When there are two Subjects in a sentence and they are not in the same Number, then we must have to use separate Auxiliaries (is, are, am, was, were, have, has) for both of them.
Threekilled and one were injured in the mob violence. ❌
Three were killed and one was injured in the mob violence. ✔
⚫ RULE 49- A single Verb should be made to serve two Subjects, only when the form of Verb is same for both the subjects.
I


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Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
- (transitive) To make a rude or obscene gesture at someone.
- Would you believe he flipped me off over that comment?
- He was so pissed he flipped off the policeman.
- The specific gestures this term refers to varies by region and dialect.


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Satellite Antarctica Expedition 2005-2006
About the Expedition
Satellite Antarctica Expedition 2005-2006 - 'SAE 05-06' took place
at the end of 2005 - the beginning of 2006 within the framework of the
'Image of the
Day' project performed by the Brockmann
The purpose of the expedition was:
To make the presented data uniform the Lambert Conformal Conic Projection was used having the following parameters:
The scale is: one pixel - 1000 m
along the Latitude of Intersection (75°S) for the year 2006, and 1000
÷ 1500 m for December, 2005.
The source of the toponymic data and Antarctica maps: USGS.
The operations were performed by
the participants of the expedition.
We ask you to acknowledge Brockmann Consult when using the materials presented on this page.


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Why Are Alcoholic Drinks Impure?
By: Ayatullah al-Uzma Shaykh Nasir Makarim Shirazi
& Ayatullah Ja'far Subhani
Question: Why have the Ulamah (learned) declared that alcoholic drinks are najis, whereas it cleans many things from the effects of contagious disease and kills many bacteria then what is the reason of it being impure?
Answer: Basically those things in Islam which are declared as najis have different reasons: From them some are najis due to their ingredients and because of them many disease take place (for example Urine and Blood) that is why Islam has considered them najis and instructed to refrain from them.
In the other sphere come those things, which are not apparently bad but are inertly bad and that is why Islam has stated them to be impure. For e.g. infidels - it is possible that a Kafir may be clean and tidy, as it is told in the answer of the seventeenth question that they are deviated according to faith; that is why he is impure on a spiritual basis, which cannot be removed by apparent cleanliness.
To safeguard the beliefs of Muslims, Islam has stated the infidels to be impure, that Muslims can be stopped from intermingling with them and save their spiritual cleanliness. If the infidels were not considered impure and it was allowed to intermingle with them it was possible that many people who do not have strong faith would have been impressed from their sayings and thinking.
Free intermingling with infidels would result in their penetrating into Islamic societies so restricting intercourse with them would protect the Muslims from any possible danger from them.
Thirdly are those things in which the above impurity is not there, but they are source to many social and personal problems for e.g. the alcoholic drinks.
It is correct that alcoholic drinks clean the contagious effect, but alcoholic drinks cause many evils. To stop those evils Islam has declared it impure. People would thus remain away from it, because it is natural that by not using something made from alcohol will creates hate towards it and this itself is war against alcoholic drinks.
 Very soon we will discuss about the impurity of infidels
 Whatever is said above is about alcoholic drinks, but as regards artificial alcohol being impure there is discussion between the scholars and Jurisprudents, because this type of alcohol is not generally meant for drinking, rather it is considered to be a poisonous substance.


What Cockroaches With Backpacks Can Do. Ah-mazing : All Tech Considered Researchers are developing technology to control the movement of cockroaches. Strapped with electrodes and sensors, these insects we often loathe could be used for disaster relief or surveillance.
What Cockroaches With Backpacks Can Do. Ah-mazing
What Cockroaches With Backpacks Can Do. Ah-mazing
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An attempt to build the perfect cockroach cyborg. Carlos Sanchez, Ph.D. student of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University hide caption
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An attempt to build the perfect cockroach cyborg.
Cockroaches are widely despised. They're attracted to filth. They frighten people, even give them nightmares.
But for a team of scientists at Texas A&M University, the roach is a hero: the first animal that humans might successfully transform into a robot, a hybrid of insect and machine that we can send anywhere to be our eyes and ears.
The Perfect Roach
Professor Hong Liang opens the door to a small laboratory with hundreds, maybe thousands, of cockroaches. It's not for the faint of heart.
"So they're all here," she whispers.
It's dark in here — the way they like it. If you're quiet, you can hear them squirming, chewing. They sound almost like children sucking lollipops.
"They don't bite," Liang says reassuringly.
This breed from Latin America is slower than the ones you might see crawling under your refrigerator, but also much stronger.
"This is probably one of the larger roaches — and could pick up, you know put a heavier pack on it," Vinson says. "And it would be the ideal starting point for all this."
A "pack" as in a backpack.
The Breakthrough
Vinson is an entomologist — an insect expert. Liang is a mechanical engineer. The point of their work is to build the perfect cockroach cyborg: an animal that can crawl into tiny holes and around jagged edges with recording equipment, for surveillance, for example. Or, if there's an earthquake and a building crashes, Liang says, deploy them to the second floor for search and rescue, "so when they reach there, they can work as a vehicle. If they can carry any sensors, cameras, they can collect information for us."
Her team recently had a breakthrough, which they describe in a paper for the Royal Society.
Since at least the 1990s, scientists around the world have been trying to control the movement of roaches by planting electrodes into their antennae and sending little shocks. These shocks serve to make them think a predator is coming from the left, and so prompt them to go right.
Robot Cockroach
The problem is that roaches stop listening.
"We're trying to override the natural instincts of insects," says Alper Bozkurt, a leading researcher at North Carolina State University. Another team of scientists has worked on building an invisible fence to keep these insect robot hybrids inside a designated area.
"They're pretty smart," says Texas A&M Ph.D. student Carlos Sanchez. "In addition to that, in the wild they lose their antennae pretty frequently anyway, so they learn to adapt, to survive without using an antenna."
Texas A&M switched up the placement of the electrodes, putting them into the "ganglion" — a cluster of neurons that controls the roach's front legs. That way, the shock forces the roach to lose balance and move in the direction desired.
Liang says now the roach is following commands about 60 percent of time. The other 40 percent it does nothing or moves in the wrong direction. "The goal is 100 percent," she says. "We are confident we're going to reach there."
Electrodes And Backpacks
Next door, the roaches get outfitted with backpacks.
Sanchez sprays carbon dioxide gas on a roach to put it to sleep. It curls up, as if it were assuming the fetal position. He uses an acupuncture needle to puncture the mini-brain and insert electrodes.
Asked if it hurts the roach, he says, "I don't think so. I haven't heard any complaints from them."
Scientists doubt that roaches feel pain like humans do. While we both have nerves, roaches' brains are much smaller and the connection between their neurons and muscles are much simpler, Vinson says. "So they probably don't remember pain."
Sanchez brushes whiteout on the hard shell. It acts like glue. He mounts a chip the size of a quarter, securing it to the roach's body with grafting tape.
Cockroach Robot
The backpack syncs with his remote controller. He's ready to play — that is, direct the roach on the floor — like a video game.
He presses left and right to illustrate: "Usually if you stimulate both sides it stops." When he presses just right, the roach swerves along in that direction.
Somehow, in this well-lit laboratory, the roach is becoming less creepy. With its potential to go anywhere, collect audio and video in real time, I kind of want it on my team.
"Do you feel better about cockroaches right now?" Liang asks me. "Less freaky?"
Her question is a setup. "Maybe we could give it a try."
In the spirit of science, I agree to let the roach crawl on me. We put my arm flush against a table, and Sanchez places the animal just above my wrist.
I feel its prickly spines crawling. But then, suddenly, it stops responding to signals and nests in my forearm. It could be sensory overload. With the lights shining, the smell of human skin, all of us talking at once, Vinson says, "The environment is going to have a big effect on him, especially since he's been working out here for quite a while."
Liang and I want to keep trying. We suggest shutting off the lights, to remove one variable. But Vinson and Sanchez say no. The roach has had a long day and deserves to rest.