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Do you ever feel like you're your own worst enemy? That no matter what you do, you can't seem to win? This is often due to something called the rationalization defense mechanism. This is a psychological term that refers to the way that we sabotage ourselves in order to maintain our self-image. In this blog post, we will discuss what the rationalization defense mechanism is, and how you can make sure that you aren't sabotaging yourself!
What Is Rationalization Defense Mechanism?
Rationalization is a defense mechanism that allows us to justify our actions and thoughts, even if they are harmful to us. This can be done by choosing to believe something that isn't true, or by making excuses for our behavior.
For example, someone who rationalizes their drinking may say "I only drink on weekends" or "I can stop anytime I want." This allows us to convince ourselves that our behavior is not harmful, even when it clearly is.
Rationalization Defense Mechanism Examples
It is important to be aware of the various ways that the rationalization defense mechanism can manifest in our lives. Here are some examples:
- Justifying bad behavior by saying "everyone does it" or "I had a good reason for doing it."
- Making excuses for why we didn't do something instead of admitting that we were too lazy or scared to do it.
- Trying to convince ourselves that we don't really want something that we know deep down we do want.
- Convincing ourselves that someone who hurt us deserved it because of something they did or said.
The bottom line is that rationalization is a way for us to protect ourselves from the truth. It's a way of justifying our actions, even if those actions are harmful to us in the long run. And that's when it's time to make a change.
Reasons For Rationalization Defense Mechanism
There are several reasons why someone may rationalize their behavior:
To Avoid Feeling Pain of Guilt
If someone has done something they know is wrong, they may rationalize it to avoid feeling the pain or guilt of their actions. If you know you should have gone to the gym but didn't, you may rationalize your decision by saying "I'm too tired" or "I'll go tomorrow."
To Boost Self-Esteem
When someone's self-esteem is low, they may rationalize their actions in an attempt to boost it. For example, if you feel like you're not good enough, you may tell yourself that the people around you are just jealous of your success.
To Justify Bad Behavior
Sometimes people rationalize their behavior because they simply don't want to admit that they did something wrong. If you've lied to someone, you may rationalize it by telling yourself that "they deserved it" or "it wasn't a big deal."
There are many reasons why someone might rationalize their behavior. In some cases, it may be to avoid feeling pain or guilt. In other cases, it may be to boost self-esteem or protect relationships.
Sometimes, people may rationalize their behavior in order to justify bad behavior or maintain a positive self-image. No matter the reason, rationalization can be dangerous because it allows people to continue engaging in harmful behaviors without taking responsibility for their actions. If you find yourself Rationalizing your behavior, it is important to take a step back and examine why you are doing so.
How Does Rationalization Change Behavior?
Rationalization is a common defense mechanism that we use to protect ourselves from anxiety or discomfort. It involves coming up with reasons or excuses to justify our behavior, even if those reasons aren't true. For example, someone might rationalize their drinking by saying that they need alcohol to relax after a long day. Or, someone might rationalize their overeating by saying that they're just really hungry.
Rationalization can be helpful in the short term because it allows us to avoid facing up to the uncomfortable truth about our behavior. However, in the long term, rationalization can be harmful because it keeps us from making necessary changes in our lives. If you find yourself using rationalization as a way of avoiding responsibility for your actions, it might be time to talk to a therapist.
Can Rationalization Affect Relationships?
It can be difficult to remain objective when it comes to our own actions and motivations. This is where rationalization can come into play as a defense mechanism. When we rationalize, we offer explanations for our behavior that tend to make us look better than we actually are.
Rationalization can also affect our relationships with others. If we've done something that hurts someone else, we might rationalize our behavior by saying that they deserved it or that they brought it on themselves. This can prevent us from taking responsibility for our actions and from apologizing or making amends. It can also lead to further conflict and hurt feelings.
If you find yourself rationalizing your behavior, try to take a step back and look at the situation objectively. Ask yourself if there is another explanation for your actions that might be more accurate. If so, try to be honest with yourself and with others about what really happened. This can be difficult, but it can help to improve your relationships and make you a better person overall.
How Does Rationalization Work In Therapy?
Rationalization is a defense mechanism that we use to protect ourselves from anxiety or discomfort. It involves coming up with reasons or excuses to justify our behavior, even if those reasons aren't true. For example, someone might rationalize their drinking by saying that they need alcohol to relax after a long day. Or, someone might rationalize their overeating by saying that they're just really hungry.
Rationalization can be helpful in the short term because it allows us to avoid facing up to the uncomfortable truth about our behavior. However, in the long term, rationalization can be harmful because it keeps us from making necessary changes in our lives. If you find yourself using rationalization as a way of avoiding responsibility for your actions, it might be time to talk to a therapist. Therapists can help you explore the underlying reasons for your behavior and work on making changes that will improve your life.
How Can People Stop Rationalizing?
The first step is acknowledging that you might be doing it. Once you're aware of the behavior, you can start to catch yourself in the act and make a conscious effort to change your thinking. If you're not sure whether or not you're rationalizing, consider talking to a therapist or counselor who can help you identify defense mechanisms you may be using.
Changing the way you think isn't easy, but it's possible with practice and patience. If you find yourself rationalizing, remind yourself of your goals and what's important to you. This can help refocus your thoughts and keep you on track. It may also be helpful to talk to someone else about your thoughts and feelings surrounding a situation. This can provide clarity and help you see things from a different perspective.
If you're struggling to overcome rationalization, know that you're not alone. Many people battle with this defense mechanism. However, with effort and support, it is possible to make changes and improve your well-being.
In conclusion, the rationalization defense mechanism is a common way that people try to protect themselves from painful truths. However, it can also lead to self-sabotage if you're not careful. If you find yourself rationalizing your behavior, take a step back and ask yourself if you're really doing what's best for you. Sometimes, the answer will be yes. But other times, you might need to make some changes in order to avoid self-destructive behaviors. Thanks for reading! I hope this was helpful. 🙂
A Word From Therapy Mantra
Your mental health — Your psychological, emotional, and social well-being — has an impact on every aspect of your life. Positive mental health essentially allows you to effectively deal with life's everyday challenges.
At TherapyMantra, we have a team of therapists who provide affordable online therapy to assist you with issues such as depression, anxiety, stress, workplace Issues, addiction, relationship, OCD, LGBTQ, and PTSD. You can book a free therapy or download our free Android or iOS app.


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In the Garden:
Western Mountains and High Plains
The sweet fragrance of this angel's trumpet is a highlight of the evening garden.
The Evening Garden
This is a time when gardens are setting the stage to put on a final display before the onset of autumn. Despite the heat of summer, the roses in my garden are setting buds for another glorious display of color and fragrance. Night temperatures are cooling down a bit and it's the cool breeze that makes it a pleasure to enjoy the sights and sounds of the evening garden.
Hopefully you've planned your garden to include plants that take over during the night shift. With the setting of the sun, it's the nocturnal garden that awakens the senses.
There are many plants that put on their show exclusively in the evening or the coolest part of the day. Many more will wait to release a distinctive scent only in the evening to attract nectar-feeding hawkmoths and other creatures to pollinate the flowers. White blossoms and variegated foliage seem to make the garden glow as the plants and flowers reflect the moonlight. For those of us who work all day, a well-planted landscape provides a peaceful retreat in the evening.
The following are some suggestions that will make your garden come alive in the evening hours.
One of my favorites that returns without fail from seed every spring is the annual angel's trumpet (Datura innoxia). It blooms reliably until a hard frost, growing 2 to 3 feet tall and wide with handsome bluish green foliage. The huge white blossoms are around 6 inches long. They emit a sweet fragrance only at dusk and early morning. (Warning: this plant is toxic and should be kept away from small children.)
Four-o'clocks (Mirabilis jalapa) are also easy to grow from seed. Their colorful trumpet flowers produce a sweet jasmine-like fragrance. Bushy plants can reach 2 feet or more in height. They will self-sow to produce a mix of unique colors.
The lance-shaped leaves of evening stock (Matthiola incana) may not be the showiest in the garden, but the flowers will be noticed. Small pink-to-lavender-toned blooms emit an intoxicating fragrance at night.
Evening primroses (Oenothera spp.) have sweetly scented blooms in bright yellow, white, and pink. They make wonderful ground covers that spread relatively fast. The plants are hardy and drought-enduring.
Don't forget to include evening-fragrant vines for attractive coverage of walls, fences, trellises, and gazebos. Some of the hardy types include climbing hydrangea (Hydrangea anomala subsp. petiolaris), the sweet autumn clematis (Clematis paniculata), and honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica).
With the right planning, plant selection, and site placement, you can make your garden inviting at night with color and fragrance.
Care to share your gardening thoughts, insights, triumphs, or disappointments with your fellow gardening enthusiasts? Join the lively discussions on our FaceBook page and receive free daily tips!

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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In statistics, a number that expresses the probability that the result of a given experiment or study could have occurred purely by chance. This number can be a margin of error ("The results of this public opinion poll are accurate to five percent"), or it can indicate a confidence level ("If this experiment were repeated, there is a probability of ninety-five percent that our conclusions would be substantiated").
|a calculus or concretion found in the stomach or intestines of certain animals, esp. ruminants, formerly reputed to be an effective remedy for poison.|
|a chattering or flighty, light-headed person.|


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aver pond is inhabited by one beaver family: two adults and usually 2-4 kits (very young beavers) and the yearlings from the previous year's litter. When the food supply around the beaver's home is exhausted, they move to another site and start again.
Beaver mating occurs in January or February. The kits are born in early spring, from April through June. When young beavers reach their second summer, they take on adult duties, building and maintaining the lodge and the dams. They reach adulthood during their second winter and move away to find a mate and build a lodge of their own.
The beaver eats aquatic plants (including pond weeds, water-lilies, and cattails) and the cambium (the soft tissue in which new wood and bark grow) of hardwood trees, including birch, aspen, willow, cottonwood, and alder.
Some of the animals that prey upon beavers include foxes, coyotes, wolves, lynx, otters, weasels, hawks, eagles and owls.
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Statement by the Vice President: Pipeline Safety (11/3/00)
 THE WHITE HOUSE
 Office of the Vice President
For Immediate Release Contact: (202)
Friday, November 3, 2000
I am very pleased that the Administration is taking important steps today
to improve the safety of our Nation's oil and gas pipelines. The
Department of Transportation is issuing new, strong requirements for large
hazardous liquid pipeline operators to regularly inspect and promptly
repair their pipelines in populated and environmentally sensitive areas, as
well as to employ measures to detect and prevent leaks. In addition,
President Clinton is directing the Department to take actions that will
further strengthen pipeline safety standards, improve enforcement, form
strong federal-state partnerships, increase public access to information,
and enhance technology using existing authorities to their fullest extent.
Americans deserve to have the safest pipeline system possible. Despite
significant bipartisan efforts, Congress has not passed a comprehensive
pipeline safety law this year. The actions that are being taken today will
help to ensure that pipeline safety is being improved to the maximum extent
possible without a change in law. Tragedies such as the recent pipeline
accidents in Bellingham, Washington, and near Carlsbad, New Mexico, must
not be repeated.
 # # #
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Graphic Version


Nokia Drive 3.1 - Where does My Commute in Nokia Drive retrieve the traffic info from?
The traffic info for My Commute is collected from various sources:
 - Incident reports: Incidents range from jams on highways to planned construction works. These reports come often from local authorities such as the police or a local traffic management central. In many areas we have partnerships with the local authorities who will send the information to us.
 - Highway sensors: Many metropolitan areas have statically installed traffic flow sensors that measure the current average speeds on highways and major roads.
 - Crowd-sourcing: While the incident reports are very punctual and the installed sensors usually focused on major highways, we are also using the wisdom of the crowd to understand the traffic situation over the whole city. These are for example Nokia smartphones running Nokia Drive. People who are consuming traffic information can also improve the service by providing anonymous information about their current travel speed.
 - Historic information: The above information is archived and assumptions are made about the current speed on a street based on the historic information if there's not enough information from sensors or probes. Many streets in a city have a very regular pattern, e.g. the same traffic jam every morning but fast during night times.
 - Modelling: In many cases the traffic situation on the whole street network can be deducted from partial information. E.g. from a heavy jam on a highway one can often deduct the situation on the slip road entering the highway as well as the streets just before that.


What do the buttons do?
 - Power Button (left side button): Use to power on/off or access the Settings menu. Easily add your sensors at any time by tapping the power button and selecting the Add a Sensor.
 - History Button (bottom left button): Use to display recent workout history and weekly report. More detailed workout information is available through the companion app when you connect to wifi (upload of workouts is automatic). Additionally, the History button is also used to stop a workout or start a new lap during your ride.
 - Start Button (bottom centre button): Use to start/pause/resume a workout, or toggle Settings menu items on/off.
 - Page Button (bottom right button): Press the 'Page' button to switch between workout data, climbing and navigation pages.
 - Menu Toggle (right side up/down buttons): Use to navigate the Settings menu or quickly see more or less data by zooming in or out on any page when performing a workout.


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Journal of Biomedical Optics • Open AccessOptical Devices in Ophthalmology and Optometry: Technology, Design Principles and Clinical Applications
Optical Devices in Ophthalmology and Optometry is a highly recommended textbook that explains the physical principles of optics, photonics, metrology, and lasers, and proceeds with the design principles and instrument construction of medical devices that are most often used in diagnosis and treatment. The textbook is based on the lectures that two of the authors taught to graduate students with backgrounds in physics, electrical, and mechanical engineering. The author's aim in their courses is to bridge the physics and engineering with the development of medical devices for ophthalmology and optometry. But this textbook's intended audience consists of engineers and physicists who work in academic or industrial research. Together the authors built upon their expertise in optics, medical technology, laser development and laser applications in medicine, and medical devices to produce a comprehensive textbook that is physically rigorous, clearly written, well illustrated with clear, colored figures, and enhanced by extensive footnotes, problem sets, critical references, a summary of all the used mathematical variables and abbreviations, and an index.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Baking Powder Tea Biscuit
Baking powder biscuits are an old country recipe that is still highly popular today. Traditionally served with high tea they are a quick bread that is distinctly unique from others. Delicious served with melted butter, jam, soup or stew.
No fussing or mussing with yeast just stir in a few common kitchen ingredients, bake or fry, and enjoy. Baking powder is the rising ingredient which makes this quick bread so easy to prepare.
Much debate has raged on the difference between a tea biscuit and a scone but when the many variations to these two baked goods is factored in there really is very little difference between the two. Both are a delightful treat served hot or cold.
The scone is often sweeter and richer (due the addition of sugar and cream into the recipe) but the true difference between the two lies in their name and country of origin. The term scone is traditional in Scotland and England whereas in these countries the term biscuit refers to a cracker or cookie like treat. In the U.S. and Canada our baking powder quick bread is generally referred to as a tea biscuit.
When served hot from the oven and oozing in melting butter these biscuits are a delightfully delicious treat which no other baked good can quite compete with.
Of course there is always more than one way to form a biscuit. 1. The dough can be made into a circle and baked in a pan to be then cut into triangular slices or ripped into sections. 2. It can be rolled out lightly then cut with a round cookie cutter into small cookie size circles. 3. The buns can be formed by hand into biscuits which is the method I will use in this recipe.
2/3 cup of non-hydrogenated transfat free margarine
About 4 cups of flour
5 teaspoons baking powder
1 teaspoon salt
About 3/4 cup milk
There are many variations to the basic recipe and you can add a dash of flavor to your biscuit by adding in one of the optional ingredients listed below.
1/2 cup grated cheddar cheese
1/2 cup blueberries
1/2 cup raisins
1. Begin by mixing together your flour, salt, and baking powder Add your margarine but use a pastry cutter or fork to cut rather than blend your margarine into your flour.
2. Add your milk slowly into the pastry. Fluff your pastry with a fork to blend the milk and crumble between your hands to blend in. Do not overwork the dough. The key to a fluffy biscuit is a fluffy pastry.
3. Take a small handful of pastry and press gently into a biscuit. Lay on greased cookie sheet.
4. Bake at 385 Degrees for 10 to 15 Minutes. Cooking Time Will Depend on the Size of Your Biscuits. Add Butter and Enjoy. There really is nothing like the savor of home baked goodies hot from the oven.
The beauty of cooking at home is that you get to select your ingredients. You can add in or delete ingredients as you choose. Most recipes will adapt somewhat and with trial and error you can create foods to suit your tastes and nutritional requirements.
Cheddar Cheese Tea Biscuit
When it comes to fats in cooking my heart is ruled by my love for olive oil and genuine butter. For texture and economics though these two don't always suit the recipe requirement. This is the reason that I use non-hydrogenated trans fat free margarine in the majority of my baking and also within this recipe.
Making the switch to a healthier heart is easy. There are some fats that your body requires for optimum health but trans fats are not it. They clog your arteries and are a potential heart attack in the making. Please read the labels on your food products and avoid trans-fats whenever possible.
To reduce my family's fat consumption further I use one percent milk in our home rather than whole or 2 percent milk. We switched down gradually from whole milk, to two percent milk, and finally down to one percent milk. Now we actually prefer it over the other higher fat content milks.
Keep your heart healthy. Bake up some love and make the switch to safer fats today. Also to help keep cholesterol in check consume oatmeal. Oatmeal is soluble fiber that absorbs cholesterol and helps to flush it from the body. It's heart healthy food.
Related Articles by Lorelei Cohen


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Geographic Coordinates: 30.700000, 76.220000
Temperature Range: 30.0°C to 45.0°C (86°F to 113°F)
Climate: Seasonal variations with hot summers, monsoon rains from July to September, and cool winters.
Khanna is a city located in the Ludhiana district of Punjab, India. It is situated on the banks of the river Sutlej and is known for its rich cultural heritage, Historical significance, And industrial development. The city has a population of around 1 lakh people and covers an area of 19 square kilometers. The history of Khanna dates back to ancient times when it was known as Khandavaprastha. It was ruled by various dynasties like Maurya, Gupta, Mughal, And Sikh rulers.
The famous Sikh warrior Baba Banda Singh Bahadur also visited this place during his campaigns against the Mughals in the early 18th century. Khanna is famous for its agricultural produce like wheat, Rice, Sugarcane, Cotton etc. It also has a thriving industrial sector with many small-scale industries producing bicycle parts, Sewing machines parts etc. There are many large-scale industries as well such as Hero Cycles Ltd., Avon Cycles Ltd., Oswal Woolen Mills Ltd., Etc. The city has several religious sites that attract tourists from all over India.
One such site is Gurudwara Shri Manji Sahib which was built to commemorate Guru Hargobind Sahib's visit to this place during his travels across Punjab in the 17th century. Another popular religious site is Dukh Niwaran Sahib Gurudwara which is believed to have healing powers. Apart from religious sites and industry-based tourism spots Khanna also offers some great places for nature lovers such as Neelon Wetland Bird Sanctuary which attracts migratory birds from Siberia during winters along with other native bird species throughout the year.
Khanna celebrates several festivals throughout the year including Lohri (harvest festival), Baisakhi (spring festival), Diwali (festival of lights) etc with great enthusiasm and zeal making it a great time to visit the city and experience its vibrant culture. Khanna is a city with a rich cultural heritage, Historical significance, And industrial development. It offers something for everyone from religious sites to nature reserves making it an ideal tourist destination. The city's thriving industries have made it an important economic hub in Punjab.
Overall, Khanna is a must-visit place for anyone interested in exploring the history and culture of Punjab while also experiencing its modern-day developments.
- Gurudwara Shri Manji Sahib: A holy Sikh shrine located in the nearby town of Alamgir.
- Phillaur Fort: A historic fort located about 25 km from Khanna.
- Hardy's World Amusement Park: An amusement park with rides and attractions for all ages, located about 40 km from Khanna.
- Rakh Bagh Park: A beautiful park with a lake and gardens located in Ludhiana, about 20 km from Khanna.
- Nehru Rose Garden: Another beautiful garden with thousands of rose bushes and other plants, also located in Ludhiana about 20 km away from Khanna.
- Maharaja Ranjit Singh War Museum: A museum dedicated to the history of Indian wars and military achievements, situated around 25 km away from Khanna in Ludhiana.
- Punjab Agricultural University Museum: A museum showcasing agricultural tools and technologies used in Punjab over the years, situated around 30 km away from Khanna in Ludhiana city center area.
- Punjab Rural Heritage Museum: This museum is also situated near PAU campus which showcases rural heritage of punjab state including agriculture equipments, folk music instruments, rural home decor items etc.
- Maharaja Ranjit Singh Palace: It is a historical palace turned into heritage hotel by punjab tourism department. It is situated at Bathinda district which is approximately two hours drive (100km) from khana.
These destinations offer visitors plenty to see and do during their stay at or near Khanna.
- Textile industry: Khanna is known for its textile industry with many mills and factories.
- Agriculture: The city has a thriving agriculture industry due to its fertile land.
- Steel industry: Several steel plants in the city contribute to the local economy.
- Dairy farming: Khanna is also known for its dairy farming industry, with both small and large-scale farms.
- Manufacturing: The city has several manufacturing units that produce machinery parts, auto parts, electrical goods, etc.
- Food processing: Various food items such as rice, wheat flour, pulses are processed in several food processing units located here.
- Retail and wholesale trade: Numerous shops sell various goods from clothing to electronics to groceries making it a vibrant retail and wholesale trade sector.
- Transport services: Khanna serves as an important transportation hub connecting various cities in Punjab through roadways and railways.
- Service sector: With the growing economy of the city there is an increasing demand for services such as banking and insurance companies which have established their presence here over time making it one of the fastest-growing economies in Punjab state today!
- Khanna is a city located in the state of Punjab, India.
- The city has been associated with several notable historical events and people that have played a significant role in shaping its culture and history.
- One of the most notable events associated with Khanna is the Battle of Khanna, which took place on January 28, 1762.
- The battle was fought between Ahmad Shah Durrani's Afghan forces and the Sikh army led by Baba Ala Singh.
- The Sikhs emerged victorious from this battle.
- Baba Banda Singh Bahadur, a Sikh military commander who fought against Mughal Empire during the early 18th century also visited Khanna during his campaigns.
- Lala Lajpat Rai, an Indian freedom fighter who played an important role in India's struggle for independence from British rule also visited Khanna during his political campaigns.
- Sant Fateh Singh was another notable figure associated with Khanna.
- He was a spiritual leader and social reformer who founded several educational institutions in Punjab including Guru Nanak College located in Khanna.
- Bhagat Puran Singh was a social worker and environmentalist who founded Pingalwara- a home for destitute patients suffering from leprosy or other diseases near Amritsar but he also had links with Khanna as well.
- Lastly, Operation Blue Star launched by Indian Army to remove militants from Golden Temple complex at Amritsar led to widespread violence across Punjab including cities like Ludhiana & khannna too where curfew has been imposed for several days causing immense hardship to locals living there at that time period.
- These are some of the most notable historical events and people associated with Khanna that have contributed significantly to its rich cultural heritage over time.
- Gurudwara Shri Manji Sahib: A Sikh temple known for its beautiful architecture and religious significance.
- Nehru Rose Garden: A serene garden with a variety of roses and other flowers.
- Hardy's World Amusement Park: An amusement park with various rides and attractions for all ages.
- Maharaja Ranjit Singh War Museum: A museum showcasing the history of the Indian army and their achievements in various wars.
- Sarai Lashkari Khan: An ancient monument built during the Mughal era, known for its intricate architecture.
- Gurdwara Charan Kamal Sahib Machhiwara: A sacred Sikh shrine located on the banks of a river.
- Guru Nanak Sports Stadium: A sports complex that hosts various events throughout the year.
- Sutlej Yamuna Link Canal Bridge: A bridge that connects Punjab to Haryana over a canal, offering scenic views of the surrounding area.
- Rakh Bagh Park: Another peaceful park with lush greenery and facilities for picnics and outdoor activities.
- Chhappar Mela Grounds: An annual fair held in Khanna that attracts thousands of visitors from all over India, featuring food stalls, games, rides, and cultural performances.
- Lohri Festival: This festival is celebrated in January every year with great enthusiasm by the people of Khanna. Bonfires are lit and people dance around it while singing traditional songs.
- Holi: Holi is a colorful festival of India that is celebrated in March every year. People throw colored powder at each other and enjoy traditional food.
- Diwali: Diwali is a festival of lights that marks the victory of good over evil. It falls in October or November every year and is celebrated with lighting diyas (lamps), exchanging sweets, and bursting fireworks.
- Baisakhi: Baisakhi is a harvest festival that falls on April 13 or 14 every year. It marks the beginning of the Sikh New Year and celebrates the harvesting season.
- Gurpurb: Gurpurb refers to the birthday celebrations of Sikh gurus such as Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Guru Gobind Singh Ji, etc., which are celebrated with great zeal by Sikhs all over India.
- Basant Panchami: Basant Panchami marks the onset of spring season in India and usually falls in January or February every year. People wear yellow clothes, fly kites, eat sweet rice pudding (kheer), etc., to celebrate this day.
- Nagar Kirtan: Nagar Kirtan also known as Palki Sahib is a Sikh custom involving processions through streets singing holy hymns from Sri Guru Granth Sahib ji.
- Amritsari Kulcha: This is a popular Punjabi dish that is a must-try in Khanna. Some of the best places to try this dish


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While a young architectural apprentice, Charles Rennie Mackintosh, the son of a Glasgow policeman, attended evening classes at the Glasgow School of Art, where he met Herbert MacNair, Frances Macdonald, and her sister Margaret Macdonald (who would later become Mackintosh's wife). Together they formed "The Four," producing watercolors, poster designs, and small decorative objects that were published in "The Studio." In 1889 Mackintosh was hired as a draftsman at the architectural firm of Honeyman and Keppie, where he would remain until 1914. It was there that he developed a unique design idiom based on the forms and materials of traditional Scottish architecture. Mackintosh undertook all aspects of a design commission, providing every element, from an architectural setting to small decorative objects and textiles. His best-known commissions include a building for the Glasgow School of Art (built in two phases, 1897–99 and 1907–09) and Hill House (1902–04), the Walter Blackie residence in the Glasgow suburb of Helensburgh.
Perhaps frustrated by a lack of success at Honeyman and Keppie, Mackintosh left Glasgow in 1914, and by 1920 he had completely abandoned his architectural career. He increasingly turned to watercolor, a medium he continued to explore until his death.
Mackintosh designed this washstand as part of the furnishings for the Blue Bedroom in Hous'hill, an eighteenth-century residence in a suburb of Glasgow he remodeled for Kate Cranston (Mrs. Cochrane) and her husband. Miss Cranston, one of Mackintosh's most important clients, was the proprietress of a group of highly successful tearooms in Glasgow, many of which she had Mackintosh design. With its uncompromising shape and brilliant abstract panel of glass, the washstand shows the architect/designer at the height of his creative powers.


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The week surrounding Valentine's Day makes us think about love and joy, whether we like it or not. Learning to identify people or pinpoint events and moments that make us happy is a good exercise, though. So we decided to sit down and list 5 reasons why we love being entomologists.
1.) It's not normal. We admit it. Entomology is not a normal profession. It's weird, it's edgy, it's geeky and it's not what people expect (especially of women.) We get a kick out of telling people that we study and teach about insects. Insects are like tiny aliens that live all around us. They have bizarre biologies, incredibly cool body parts and can perform amazing feats. They sting, they bite, they fly. Some shoot boiling acid out of their butts. They make silk and honey, inspired helicopter design and air conditioning. We could go on and on—and we often do. At dinner parties. I guess we could talk about how bad the traffic is, or what Rihanna wore to the Grammys. You know, normal stuff. But who wants to be normal? Let's talk about caterpillars that mimic snakes. Whaaaaat?
1.) We'll never be bored. Everyone gets bored. There are a million things to do and learn and yet we all still have those moments where we think, "Guh, been there done that." Not in entomology! We could study a different species of insect every day for the rest of our lives and have not even looked a fraction of them. Say we live for another 60 years. That's about 22,000 species if we're really focused. Take into account that there are over one million described species of insects and it's estimated that there could be four million species on earth. You get the picture. There's no time to be bored. We're freaking out right now. We should pull an all-nighter studying a species just to make up for the time it took us to write this post…
3.) A life of adventure. Some entomologists work on the frontier of genetics, biochemical engineering and agricultural science. Other entomologists, like systematists and taxonomists work to describe and classify insects and define their relationships to one another. This work is vital for the understanding and conservation of biodiversity. New species of insects are described every day. When you describe your first species you feel like a modern day Magellan, discovering a new land! If you're lucky enough to travel to far off places and collect the specimen yourselfall the better. But there's nothing quite like that moment when you look through the scope or analyze a marker and confirm that you're looking at something new to science.
4.) The "look." We teach about insects all the time and people ask us if it ever gets old, repeating the same information over and over to different people. The answer is never. See, when people first start learning about insects there's a mix of reactions that range from fear and disgust to curiosity and fascination. For people who dwell in the fear and disgust range, there's a surefire way to change their minds. A microscope. When people look through a simple dissecting microscope they can see the intricacy and complexity of insect morphology. The 'look' is that moment when people's eyes widen and then squint and they rush to focus on a specific part of the specimen. It's usually accompanied by an audible gasp or utterance like ooh, ahh or cool! Works like a charm. Every single time we see the look, it helps to reaffirm why we teach. It's an everyday reminder of the happiness our chosen profession brings us.
5.) Making a difference. Getting the opportunity to apply our knowledge to help make the world a better place (no matter how small the difference) is a great perk of the profession. Extension entomologists who work with farmers first hand to solve pest problems have often told us that's their favorite part of the job. Medical entomologists who work to eradicate insect-vectored diseases are tireless in their dedication to the communities they serve.
As educators, we usually focus on the natural history of arthropods. But sometimes we use insects and spiders as a way to talk about prejudice and racism. And it makes sense; people often judge insects and spiders unfairly because they look different from us. And different almost always equals bad. People are afraid of these small animals because they don't understand them. Add in a few preconceived notions and you've got a nasty attitude toward something you know little about. Sounds a lot like prejudice doesn't it?
Recently, we taught at a teen correctional facility for girls ages 13-19. The girls were a mix of races, backgrounds, and socioeconomic classes. When the girls were afraid to get close and learn about the animals, we made the point that they probably scare people because they are in jail. Did they want people to fear them, to judge them in that way? The answer was a resounding no. By the end of our talk not one of the 40 girls was afraid to touch, ask questions and be curious about the insects and spiders we brought. We spent a beautiful morning laughing with the girls, watching 'youth offenders' cheering each other on to hold a cockroach, hearing them talk about how beautiful and cool the insects were. Did we eradicate malaria? No. But we changed their minds that day, about insects and about themselves. In turn, teaching the girls at the correctional facility filled us with happiness about our work and how we choose to spend our lives.
Many people don't live a life they love. Many people work only to get to the weekend. For us, being entomologists means everyday has a bit of weekend in it. It doesn't get much better than that.
Original post can be found on Talking Science.


text:
The secret to treating millions of cancer patients might be hidden in a mushroom.
"Once I was diagnosed, I kind of shut everything down," said cancer patient Lisa Clinton.
Clinton is convinced she recovered because, after surgery, she refused chemotherapy and turned to Bastyr, a natural healing university that is in the middle of a ground breaking investigation.
"We consider cancer a failure of the immune system, so when Lisa came here after being diagnosed with breast cancer, she wanted to know what she could do," said researcher Dr. Leanna Standish.
Standish introduced Clinton to the turkey tail. It is a small mushroom commonly found in northwest forests that physicians in other parts of the world have been using for centuries to boost the body's immune system.
Researchers at Bastyr got permission from the Food and Drug Administration to study turkey tail's healing qualities.
"When they are ingested, they stimulate immune cells that line the intestines and then those cells stimulate other immune cells all over the body," said Standish.


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Category: Science
Episode 397 - Ignobel Prize '20 - Physics
September 21, 2020
We celebrate the Ignobel Prizes once again, and this year we take a deep dive into the Physics prize for 2020. Faraday waves (standing waves in liquids or liquid filled objects) look pretty, but can anything filled with like have one? What about a worm? Can you make Faraday waves and resonant frequencies in Worms? What happens when a laser, a worm, and a speaker go into a lab? The result is an Ignobel Prize.
 1. Maksymov, I.S., Pototsky, A. Excitation of Faraday-like body waves in vibrated living earthworms. Sci Rep 10, 8564 (2020). _URL_
 2. 2020 Ceremony. (2020, September 18). Retrieved September 18, 2020, from _URL_


The preterite tense - when to use it
An explanation of the uses of the preterite tense and how to conjugate it
The Spanish preterite tense is used to describe completed actions in the past. For example:
 - Fui al cine ayer (I went to the cinema yesterday).
 - Viajamos en tren (We travelled by train).
 - Mi hermana hizo sus deberes (My sister did her homework).
The preterite tense is used if the past action had a definite beginning and definite end and is often used with phrases that give a specific time frame, eg:
 - ayer (yesterday)
 - anteayer (the day before yesterday)
 - anoche (last night)
 - el año pasado (last year)
 - el mes pasado (last month)
 - la semana pasada (last week)
 - The preterite tense is NOT used to describe people in the past or to describe or set a scene.
 - It is NOT used to describe repeated or continuous actions in the past with no specific beginning or end.


PUBLISHED: 9/20/2012 11:58 PM | Print | E-mail | Viewed: times
OTHER VIEWS: Use technology to improve higher education
Experiments like the University of South Carolina's Palmetto College are a good start. This program will allow students with two years of classroom college credits to finish a bachelor's degree online.
That could change if colleges and universities move to a higher-volume business model that isn't based on residential students.
If students don't have to live on campus, then they and their parents don't have to pay the college for room and board costs, which often equal tuition.
That would allow South Carolina to have a more educated and higher-skilled workforce, which would enable us to better attract businesses, improving our economy.
USC and other state schools should push forward with online learning. The function of these colleges is not to win football games or to reach high rankings in national magazines. It is to prepare South Carolinians and the state's workforce for their economic future.
That future will require much greater access to higher education, and online learning may be the method to accomplish that goal. - By the Herald Journal of Spartanburg


Definitions for ice bag
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word ice bag
Random House Webster's College Dictionary
ice′ bag'(n.)
 1. a waterproof bag filled with ice and applied to a part of the body, as to reduce pain or swelling.
 Category: Medicine
Origin of ice bag:
Princeton's WordNet
 1. ice pack, ice bag(noun)
 1. ice bag(Noun)
 A waterproof bag with a wide-mouthed stopper designed to hold ice, for service as an ice pack.
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text:
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
|Title:||Research and developments of distributed video coding|
|Publisher:||School of Engineering and Design, Brunel University|
|Abstract:||The recent developed Distributed Video Coding (DVC) is typically suitable for the applications such as wireless/wired video sensor network, mobile camera etc. where the traditional video coding standard is not feasible due to the constrained computation at the encoder. With DVC, the computational burden is moved from encoder to decoder. The compression efficiency is achieved via joint decoding at the decoder. The practical application of DVC is referred to Wyner-Ziv video coding (WZ) where the side information is available at the decoder to perform joint decoding. This join decoding inevitably causes a very complex decoder. In current WZ video coding issues, many of them emphasise how to improve the system coding performance but neglect the huge complexity caused at the decoder. The complexity of the decoder has direct influence to the system output. The beginning period of this research targets to optimise the decoder in pixel domain WZ video coding (PDWZ), while still achieves similar compression performance. More specifically, four issues are raised to optimise the input block size, the side information generation, the side information refinement process and the feedback channel respectively. The transform domain WZ video coding (TDWZ) has distinct superior performance to the normal PDWZ due to the exploitation in spatial direction during the encoding. However, since there is no motion estimation at the encoder in WZ video coding, the temporal correlation is not exploited at all at the encoder in all current WZ video coding issues. In the middle period of this research, the 3D DCT is adopted in the TDWZ to remove redundancy in both spatial and temporal direction thus to provide even higher coding performance. In the next step of this research, the performance of transform domain Distributed Multiview Video Coding (DMVC) is also investigated. Particularly, three types transform domain DMVC frameworks which are transform domain DMVC using TDWZ based 2D DCT, transform domain DMVC using TDWZ based on 3D DCT and transform domain residual DMVC using TDWZ based on 3D DCT are investigated respectively. One of the important applications of WZ coding principle is error-resilience. There have been several attempts to apply WZ error-resilient coding for current video coding standard e.g. H.264/AVC or MEPG 2. The final stage of this research is the design of WZ error-resilient scheme for wavelet based video codec. To balance the trade-off between error resilience ability and bandwidth consumption, the proposed scheme emphasises the protection of the Region of Interest (ROI) area. The efficiency of bandwidth utilisation is achieved by mutual efforts of WZ coding and sacrificing the quality of unimportant area. In summary, this research work contributed to achieves several advances in WZ video coding. First of all, it is targeting to build an efficient PDWZ with optimised decoder. Secondly, it aims to build an advanced TDWZ based on 3D DCT, which then is applied into multiview video coding to realise advanced transform domain DMVC. Finally, it aims to design an efficient error-resilient scheme for wavelet video codec, with which the trade-off between bandwidth consumption and error-resilience can be better balanced.|
|Description:||This thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel University.|
|Appears in Collections:||Multimedia|
Dept of Electronic and Computer Engineering Theses
Items in BURA are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.


text:
3 entries found for bore.
To select an entry, click on it.
Main Entry: 1bore
Pronunciation: b()r, b()r
Inflected Form(s): bored; bor·ing
Etymology: Old English borian "to bore" 1: to make a hole in especially with a drill 2: to make (as a hole shaped like a cylinder) by boring or digging away material 3: to move forward steadily especially by overcoming an opposing force


State lawmakers expected to apologize to those placed in Japanese internment camps
CBS47 News
FRESNO, California — State lawmakers are expected to apologize to the families of more than 100,000 people placed in Japanese internment camps during World War II.
The California State Assembly is expected to approve a resolution Thursday.
Back in 1988, Congress gave survivors each $20,000 in reparations, but now after nearly 80 years the issue has surfaced once again.
The Assemblyman who proposed the resolution said he wants the california legislature to officially acknowledge and apologize while camp survivors are still alive.
One survivor is Les Ouchida.
He was just 5 years old, living in Fresno with his family when internment began for them.
They like many, were forced to abandon jobs, businesses and homes.
Les cites the findings of a presidential commission on why it happened.
"Racial prejudice, war hysteria and lack of political leadership.
So there was a lot of people not just politicians that didn't speak up." said Les Ouchida.
Les is now 82 years old, a volunteer at the california museum who often gives his insights to school children.
On Thursday, Les, as well as, many others are expected to, after so many years, get an apology.


text:
(x2 + xy + ax - b2)2 = (b2 - x2)(x - y + a)2
Dürer calls the curve 'ein muschellini' which means a conchoid, but since it is not a true conchoid we have called it Dürer's shell curve (muschellini = conchoid = shell).
This curve arose from Dürer's work on perspective. He constructed the curve in the following way. He drew lines QRP and P'QR of length 16 units through Q (q, 0) and R (0, r) where q + r = 13. The locus of P and P' as Q and R move on the axes is the curve. Dürer only found one of the two branches of the curve.
The envelope of the line P'QRP is a parabola and the curve is therefore a glissette of a point on a line segment sliding between a parabola and one of its tangents.
There are a number of interesting special cases:
In the above formula we have:
b = 0 : Curve becomes two coincident straight lines x2 = 0.
a = 0 : Curve becomes the line pair x = b/√2, x = -b/√2
together with the circle x2 + y2 = b2.
a = b/2 : The curve has a cusp at (-2a, a).
|Main index||Famous curves index|
|Previous curve||Next curve|
|History Topics Index||Birthplace Maps|
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In Feature Articles
A Great Finish is a Smooth Finish
Oil Finishes
- Sand the wood to remove machine marks and other flaws.
- Allow the finish to dry overnight in a warm room.
Film-building Finishes
acrylic) with some polyurethane resin added.
The Sealer Coat
Sanding Between Coats
Rubbing the Finish
When you have applied all the coats you want, usually three or more including the sealer coat, it's time to make the surface feel smooth.
If the dust nibs aren't bad, you can usually improve the feel significantly by simply rubbing lightly with a folded brown-paper bag. As long as you have allowed the finish to harden well (so you can no longer smell any odor when you press your nose against it), the bag will level the nibs without damaging or changing the sheen of the finish.
To create a more perfect and attractive surface, rub it with #0000 steel wool or gray Scotch-Brite. Rub in the direction of the grain. Rub the three or four inches nearest the ends using short strokes (so you are less likely to rub over the edges and cut through). Then rub the entire length, being careful to stop just short of the edges.
You can achieve even better results by using a soap-and-water or mineral-oil lubricant with the steel wool or Scotch-Brite.
Oil causes the abrasive pad to scratch the least, but cutting will be slower and the gloss attained higher. You can try one and then the other on the same surface to see which you like best. Most professionals use soap and water.
Be careful using any lubricant because if you cut through you won't see the damage until the lubricant dries. Rubbing with an abrasive pad, with or without a lubricant, improves the feel and appearance, but it doesn't remove the flaws; it just rounds them over and disguises them with fine scratches. To achieve the ultimate rubbed finish you have to level the finish first and then rub it.
Leveling and Rubbing
Leveling a finish is a mechanical exercise employing the same exact procedure as sanding wood, with two differences: You use finer grits of sandpaper and you use a lubricant with the sandpaper to prevent clogging. Here is the procedure.
Using a flat sanding block to back your sandpaper, sand the surface until it is perfectly flat. Use a grit sandpaper that cuts through the flaws efficiently without creating larger-than-necessary scratches that then have to be sanded out, usually a grit between #320 and #600 (P400 and P1200).
Use wet/dry sandpaper (black in color) and a lubricant of mineral oil, mineral spirits or a mixture of the two. The oilier the lubricant, the slower the cutting and the less likely the sandpaper will clog. (I find that sandpaper clogs quickly with a water or soap-and-water lubricant, but you can use one of these also.)
On unfilled, open-pored woods you may need to apply more than three coats so you don't sand through. Because finishes differ in solids content and thus build, and because everyone applies finishes differently, you will need to experiment on scrap wood to learn the number of coats necessary so you don't sand through. Think in terms of four to seven.
A finish has no grain so you don't need to sand with the grain. In fact, you can sand in circles, which I find easier, and you can sand cross-grain near the ends (to keep from sanding through the finish at the edges).
Each time you advance to a finer grit sandpaper, change directions (circles, with the grain, across the grain) until you reach your finest grit which should go with the grain. By removing the sanding sludge with naphtha or
mineral spirits, you will be able to see clearly when you have removed all the scratches from each previous grit sandpaper (a big advantage over sanding wood).
You will see your progress better if you use gloss finish rather than satin. After sanding a little, scrape off the sludge from parts of the surface using a plastic spreader. If you see shiny troughs or spots, the surface isn't level. When the surface is an even satin sheen overall, it is level and you can move to a higher grit sandpaper to remove the coarser scratches.
Once the surface is level, sand or rub it with finer and finer grit abrasives until you achieve the sheen you want. Begin by sanding up to at least #1000 grit, continuing to back your sandpaper with a fl at block or a felt or sponge pad. Then rub with #0000 steel wool, or with pumice and a mineral-oil lubricant using a felt or cloth pad.
If you want a higher gloss, sand up to #2000 grit (P2000 or higher) and then rub with rottenstone and a mineral-oil lubricant using a felt or cloth pad. Or use any other abrasive rubbing compound.
A Final Word
I find that woodworkers are often afraid of sanding a finish on a newly made project for fear of sanding through. This is sort of like the fear of sanding veneer the first time. You have to do it to learn that it takes a lot of sanding to actually sand through. So with rubbing a finish, I suggest you first practice on a scrap piece of veneered plywood to gain confidence. Apply a number of coats of finish and sand them after they harden to get a feel for how much sanding it takes to sand through. PW
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text: Future advanced driver assistance systems will contain multiple sensors that are used for several applications, such as highly automated driving on freeways. The problem is that the sensors are usually asynchronous and their data possibly out-of-sequence, making fusion of the sensor data non-trivial. This paper presents a novel approach to track-to-track fusion for automotive applications with asynchronous and out-of-sequence sensors using information matrix fusion. This approach solves the problem of correlation between sensor data due to the common process noise and common track history, which eliminates the need to replace the global track estimate with the fused local estimate at each fusion cycle. The information matrix fusion approach is evaluated in simulation and its performance demonstrated using real sensor data on a test vehicle designed for highly automated driving on freeways.


Charles Fiez, team leader at SLF's snow and permafrost unit
Nick Meek
Switzerland's worst season in modern times was 1951, the so-called "Winter of Terror", when 98 people died in avalanches. In 1999, the country faced a series of major avalanches. Seventeen people died, thousands more were evacuated from their homes, and damage to infrastructure came to more than 600 million Swiss francs (£393 million) after more than 1,300 avalanches fell.
The ever-present risk of avalanche has spurred a national resolve to tackle the problem. Leading the effort is the Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research (SLF). Based in Davos, the SLF is an applied research centre with more than 120 employees. Most are scientists and graduate students -- physicists, geographers, geologists and engineers -- who are engaged in the highest level work on the forecasting of avalanches and the dynamics of snow. The SLF's mission is to help the people and businesses of Switzerland manage the risk of living and working in the avalanche-prone Alps.
To do this, it relies upon the most advanced technology -- "Whatever is available and will work in the harsh alpine environment," as Jurg Schweizer, SLF's head of research, puts it. Its tools range from the use of X-ray CT scanners, to studies of microscopic variations in snow structure, to helicopter-mounted lasers that are fired down on to mountainsides to measure snow distribution.
The SLF also has its own wind tunnel, located 1,645 metres above sea level on the edge of a slope near Davos. Snow particles are blown along its 15 metres and bombarded with lasers, ultrasonics and other measurement apparatus to determine the penetration of near-surface wind into snow pack.
In a six-month project in 2009, SLF researchers joined scientists from Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL) to erect an X-band radar on the mountains above Davos. Its two-metre-wide parabolic antenna scanned the skies for rain and snowfall. Both partners also developed one of the fastest high-resolution cameras in the world, using single-photon detector technology to create an exactingly precise prototype system for monitoring precipitation.
If you've ever been skiing in Switzerland, you'll have come across the SLF's output in the form of the avalanche-warning bulletins posted daily at mountain resorts throughout the country. But the range of its activities is broader, covering areas such as biodiversity, climate change and mountain ecosystems. There are other centres round the world devoted to similar tasks, chiefly in the US, but these operate on a regional level, in Colorado, say, or Alaska. By contrast, the SLF is a nationwide body and it functions at a scale of expertise and technological sophistication that far outstrips its peers. In avalanche research the SLF is comparable to MIT, a place where smart people from different disciplines gather in pursuit of new ways to understand the world.
Human beings have been killed in avalanches for as long as we have been venturing into the mountains. In 218 BC, Hannibal and an army of 38,000 troops were crossing the French Alps when an avalanche struck, sweeping 18,000 of his men and 2,000 horses and elephants to their deaths. In April of this year a huge avalanche engulfed a military complex in Siachen, northern Pakistan, burying 139 soldiers and civilians and leaving no survivors. And as recently as July, nine experienced climbers were killed after an avalanche hit Chamonix in the French Alps. Yet our understanding of the actual mechanics of avalanches remains relatively limited, even now. The SLF hopes to change that.
"Avalanches are rare, but often extreme events; they are characterised by their abruptness with no early warning and the potential for events of nearly any size to occur," Schweizer says. "Studying them is challenging since they are difficult to observe due to their dangerous nature and since their occurrence is largely not predictable. Small changes in snow properties over a limited area -- hidden to the human eye -- may have catastrophic consequences."
It's impossible to predict when or where an avalanche will strike and their speed and ferocity make gathering data extremely difficult. And getting too close involves a high degree of danger. But in order to prevent a repeat of 1951 or 1999, SLF scientists have to turn avalanche chaser and actively seek out conditions at their most capricious and lethal. If the job doesn't exactly require them to risk life and limb, it certainly demands a passion for wild nature that sometimes makes SLF staff sound more like adventurers than dispassionate scientists. As Betty Sovilla, a gregarious, Italian-born SLF scientist, puts it: "They are a mystery. Avalanches are beautiful, sexy and complex. I'm fascinated by them."
 Sad times for mountaineers worldwide.
 international mountain guides
 Jan 11th 2013
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text:
Step Into Conversation - Learning Tool for Autistic Children
The Conversation Learning Tool
for ages 6 and up
More about Step into Conversation
Watch your child's interest in speaking with other people grow as your child gains conversation skill with Step Into Conversation!
Step into Conversation is a learning tool that provides autistic children with the structure and support they need to hold interactive conversations. The cards provide 21 basic, scripted conversations with areas for the child to fill in the blanks. Icons with labels run along the top of each card and remind the child to Stand, Look, Talk and Listen. They are reminded to Listen after they make each statement.
Step into Conversation comes with fun shoe prints to help anchor the child to the floor so he will remember to face the person and not turn away. Number stickers are used to indicate the number of additional questions and statements required to complete the conversation.
Step Into Conversation Materials Include:
- 21 Conversation Cards
- 2 Shoe Print Cards
- 50 Number Stickers
- Convenient Storage Bag
"My son is facing me when we talk and we just started using Step Into Conversation last week! He steps on the sneaker cards and stays there through the whole conversation. We picked out a couple of the conversation cards and he wants to practice them until he can get through a conversation without the cards. I am so proud of him. Thanks for this great product! Can I order a second set of sneaker cards? My son wants me to step on them too!"
From MaryAnne Watson, Providence RI


text:
Changing role of women in education: Dialectic and duality of the organizational power ethos
Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, Volume 18 - Issue 3 p. 179- 191
This paper presents an organizational framework of power depicting the relationship between structure and agency within a continuum of the three dimensions of power. The three dimensions of power are integrated into a model through an example of gender and education. The model links power with innovation.


text:
getpeername - get the name of the peer socket
int getpeername(int socket, struct sockaddr *restrict address,
socklen_t *restrict address_len);
The getpeername() function shall retrieve the peer address of the specified socket, store this address in the sockaddr structure pointed to by the address argument, and store the length of this address in the object pointed to by the address_len argument.
If the actual length of the address is greater than the length of the supplied sockaddr structure, the stored address shall be truncated.
If the protocol permits connections by unbound clients, and the peer is not bound, then the value stored in the object pointed to by address is unspecified.
Upon successful completion, 0 shall be returned. Otherwise, -1 shall be returned and errno set to indicate the error.
The getpeername() function shall fail if:
- The socket argument is not a valid file descriptor.
- The socket has been shut down.
- The socket is not connected or otherwise has not had the peer pre-specified.
- The socket argument does not refer to a socket.
- The operation is not supported for the socket protocol.
The getpeername() function may fail if:
- Insufficient resources were available in the system to complete the call.
accept(), bind(), getsockname(), socket(), the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,
First released in Issue 6. Derived from the XNS, Issue 5.2 specification.
The restrict keyword is added to the getpeername() prototype for alignment with the ISO/IEC 9899:1999 standard.


Provided by: libax25_0.0.11-6.1_i386 bug
 axports - AX.25 port configuration file.
 Axports is an ASCII file that contains information about each of the
 physical AX.25 ports that are to be used. When dealing with an AX.25
 utility such as call, it takes an optional argument that is the port
 name. This port name is a reference to the line within axports, which
 has that name as its first argument. The information on each line
 contains enough information to bind the command to a particular
 physical AX.25 interface, this binding is done by matching the callsign
 on the line in axports with the callsign of the port set by kissattach.
 The lines within axports must either be a comment line, which starts
 with a # in the first column, or a port description in the following
 format, each field being delimited by white space:
 name callsign speed paclen window description
 The field descriptions are:
 name is the unique identifier of the port. This is the
 name given as the port argument of many of the
 AX.25 support programs.
 callsign the callsign of the physical interface to bind to.
 speed this is the speed of interface, a value of zero
 means that no speed will be set by kissattach(8).
 paclen is the default maximum packet size for this
 window the default window size for this interface.
 description a free format description of this interface, this
 field extends to the end of the line. This field
 may contain spaces.
 call(1), ax25(4), axparms(8), kissattach(8).


text:
I think the difference between 50% and 5% might be the difference between marketing and engineering. Engineers tend to be very literal.
If 2 cores get you 180% performance of 1, then in simple terms, that extra core is 50% that gets you the 80%.
What I asked the engineering team was "what is the actual die space of the dedicated integer portion of the module"? So, for instance, if I took an 8 core processor (with 4 modules) and removed one integer core from each module, how much die space would that save. The answer was ~5%.
Simply put, in each module, there are plenty of shared components. And there is a large cache in the processor. And a northbridge/memory controller. The dies themselves are small in relative terms.


Definition of 'Strong Language'
'Strong language' is language that has the potential to offend. It is not possible to compile a definitive list of strong words. Language is fluid, with new words and phrases regularly entering the public vocabulary. Also, the power of established terms to offend may change over time. For example, racist abuse or pejorative terms relating to physical or mental illness and sexual orientation have become increasingly unacceptable to audiences.
The BBC does not ban words or phrases. However, it is the responsibility of all content makers to ensure strong language is used only where it is editorially justified. The acceptability of language to intended audiences should be judged with care. If in doubt consult a senior editorial figure within your department or Editorial Policy.
The strongest language, with the potential to cause most offence, includes terms such as cunt, motherfucker and fuck (which are subject to mandatory referrals to Output Controllers); others such as cocksucker and nigger are also potentially extremely offensive to audiences.
Language that can cause moderate offence includes terms such as wanker, pussy, bastard, slag etc. Care should be taken with using such terms; they may generate complaints if used in pre-watershed programmes on television or in radio or online content and will require clear editorial justification if their use is to be supported.
Language that can cause mild offence includes crap, knob, prat, tart etc. These terms are unlikely to cause widespread offence when set against generally accepted standards if they are used sparingly and on their own. However, they should not be used indiscriminately.
Additionally, words or names associated with religion, such as Jesus Christ, may cause offence to some, but they are unlikely to cause widespread offence according to generally accepted standards. Again, we should still take care to avoid indiscriminate use.
Along with audience expectations, context is key to the acceptability of language. What, where, why, who and how are the foundations of context. Content makers should bear in mind the following:
What was said
Is the language used one of the strongest words, requiring a mandatory referral to the relevant Output Controller? Is the language racist or is it a pejorative term about sexuality, mental health or disability?
Where was the language used?
On television, was it preor post-watershed? On radio and online there isn't a watershed but audience expectations will largely dictate reactions to strong language on all media platforms. For example, the use of words that can cause mild offence will have more impact on BBC1 in a 7.30pm soap such as EastEnders than it would in an 8.30pm comedy such as My Family.
Why was the language used?
Does it reveal something about the person speaking, does it make a joke more amusing, does it add to the power of a dramatic scene etc.? It is always advisable to think through the editorial justification for using strong language. Audiences are more tolerant of strong language if they can understand the reason for its usage; 'is it necessary?' is a vital question for audiences and content-makers alike.
Who used the language?
Our audiences are also influenced by who uses strong language. The public do not expect presenters or journalists to use strong expressions as a matter of course but they may extend more tolerance to guests and interviewees. Special care should be taken by those presenters or performers or characters that hold particular appeal for younger audiences. In drama, comedy and entertainment in particular, well-established series, characters and performers are usually afforded more leeway than those who are less well-known or who have less "heritage" with their audiences.
Who is on the receiving end of the strong language?
The impact of strong language, insults and pejorative terms also varies according to the recipient. For example, an abusive term directed at someone with a disability will have far greater impact than the same insult applied to the non-disabled.
How was the language used, what was the tone and intent?
Tone and intent are important to audiences. Language delivered in an aggressive or threatening manner has a far more negative impact than the same language used in a humorous tone. A genuine exclamation of surprise or fear is more acceptable than the same language which has clearly been scripted.
How much strong language was used?
The amount of strong language used has a bearing on the reaction of our audiences. For example, a small number of words with the potential to cause mild or moderate offence is usually acceptable in a thirty minute pre-watershed programme, as long as it is line with the expectations of the audience. But a high proportion of such language throughout a programme or in a brief section of content will have a much more significant impact on the audience and is more likely to cause offence.
Similarly, whilst the strongest language can sometimes be broadcast post-watershed repeatedly and to great effect without causing widespread offence, audiences can be quick to spot when it serves no real editorial purpose or is designed merely to shock. For example, respondents to the 2009 Taste, Standards and the BBC research recognised the repeated strong language in The Thick of It as editorially justified - a comedy device, crucial to the bullying, manipulative role of a lead character - and had no objections to its broadcast. By contrast, respondents considered the very large number of examples of the strongest language in Gordon Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares to be gratuitous.
Audience Expectations
Audiences have varying expectations of the different BBC platforms. In general terms, television viewers are less tolerant of strong language on BBC1 as it appeals to a broader audience than other channels, with different generations of the same family often watching together.
The vast majority of audiences understand that the 9pm television watershed signals a move to more adult content. Even though strong language - and the strongest language - is permissible after the watershed, audiences may feel it is inappropriate if it appears to be out of context, for example in charity appeals such as Comic Relief or Children in Need. Special consideration should also be given to post-watershed content which may appeal to younger audiences. And on BBC1, the broad nature of the channel's audience means the bar for the strongest language between 9pm and 10pm should remain significantly higher than on other BBC television channels.
In addition to their understanding and expectations of channels, audiences can have long-established expectations of some personalities, actors and fictional characters. If content may be stronger than the normal audience expectations for a particular performer or character, presentation information, listings and billings can all help tp signal a change of role or indicate that the content may be stronger than the audience would normally expect.
Even on radio, where there is no watershed, editorial teams should be conscious that certain slots are associated with particular types of content and appropriate scheduling is important for stronger content.
Online content connected to broadcast programmes should not exceed the expectations of the original audience; the "G for Guidance" system is available to provide informative labelling for other online content.
(See Editorial Guidelines Section 5 Harm and Offence: 5.4.4 - 5.4.5)
Changing Language: Use and Acceptability
Careful judgements have to be made about the acceptability of certain terms. In particular, words relating to minority groups that suffer discrimination are increasingly unacceptable to audiences. For example, words such as 'faggot', 'poof' or 'queer' are sometimes used by members of the gay community to describe each other; but the same terms may be deemed offensive when used by a heterosexual, particularly if the terminology is used aggressively or in a clearly pejorative manner. The use of the word 'gay' to mean 'rubbish' or in a generally pejorative way is offensive to many members of the public.
In a ruling on this issue, the BBC Governors' Complaints Committee suggested that content-makers "should think more carefully about using the word 'gay' in its derogatory sense in the future, given the multiple meanings of the word in modern usage and the potential to cause unintended offence."
Reclamation of the language has led to the term 'nigger' being used by some in the black community and terms such as 'cripple' are sometimes used humorously or sarcastically by people with disabilities. But this usage may still cause distress within these communities and is also much more likely to cause offence when employed by someone who is not a member of the community in question.
Words associated with disability or mental illness, such as'mong' or'retard', have also increased in their potential to offend.
Slang, patois and regional words and phrases should be used carefully as the meaning or the degree of potential offence may differ according to different audiences. For example, 'twat' is a mild word to some people, to others it is another word for 'cunt' and hence one of the strongest terms.
Classic Content
Archive content frequently raises issues about the acceptability of language for a contemporary audience. Difficult decisions have to be made about whether or not to re-version content which contains language that is now clearly out of step with popular tastes.
As with other instances of strong language, context, character and scheduling are important considerations. BBC7, for example, devotes much of its schedule to classic comedy and the station's audiences are less likely than others to be surprised by terminology which would not be acceptable in contemporary comedy. Presentation announcements also help to explain the original context of the broadcast. However, the station's editorial teams still have to make case by case judgements on whether dialogue goes beyond the bounds of acceptability and edit accordingly.
All BBC outlets should take great care if broadcasting un-edited archive programmes as straight-forward repeats in the normal schedules. Audiences will usually judge such content by contemporary standards and may take offence if terms now considered pejorative are retained in the repeat.
Bleeping and Dipping
Production teams may sometimes


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Difference Between Now and Know
Now vs Know
In its most basic sense, the words "now" and "know" shouldn't be confused with each other as "now" denotes time while "know" pertains to a sense of understanding or having knowledge. By this it means that having known or knowing something signifies that you have internalized some information inside your head. Like when you ask, "What is happening now?" you are asking about the current activity at the present time. In another question, "Do you know of someone by the name of…" it seeks (from the one being asked) some knowledge or understanding about the question.
"Now" can serve multiple roles as an adverb, conjunction, adjective, and noun. As an adverb, it pertains to the current time (excludes everything in the future and in the past). Another adverb role of "now" is in the sentence, "Let's answer the exam now!" wherein there is some sense of urgency in the action which must be done at once. If you use "now" like this, "We can't do anything now." the message implied is more in the present situation rather than in the present time. The word "now" can also be used along with some time indicators in a single sentence like "…for ten days now." which implies that an action or event has been occurring for some time already up to the present. "Now" can be a preface word for statements or remarks that warrant somebody else's attention, "Now what will you do?" In addition, the word "now" also has an informal use when you are somewhat hesitating like in the sentence, "Now where were we?"
With regard to its other functions, "now" can also serve as a conjunction similar to the word "since" as in the sentence "He can buy an expensive smartphone now that he has a good-paying job." As a noun, the word "now" shares the same meaning or definition when it is used as an adverb to denote time. In the example, "Now is the perfect opportunity to confess my feelings to her." The word "now" has become the subject and, therefore, the noun of the sentence while retaining the same meaning of current time. As an adjective, "now" can be used like this, "The now look in womenswear fascinates fashion experts." This informal usage of "now" describes the word "look" and means "the latest fashion trend."
By contrast, the word "know" is mostly used as a verb either in its transitive or intransitive forms like, "I know he can make it!" In this example, there is that firm belief or conviction that something will really take place. In another example, "I know all about the elements in the periodic table." This would mean that the knowledge is firmly secured in the mind or, at least, attached to the memory.
1."Now" denotes the time at present while "know" pertains to a sense of understanding about particular information or subject matter.
2."Now" can also be used informally as an adjective and as an adverb when hesitating.
3.As an adverb, "now" can indicate a sense of urgency and grabs somebody else's attention when prefaced in a sentence.
4."Know" is mostly used as a verb.
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For the first part, we're being asked to calculate the solubility of Mg(OH)2 in 0.160 M NaOH. Since the compounds are ionic compounds, they form ions when dissociating in water. The dissociation of CaF2 and NaF in water are as follows:
Magnesium is in Group 2A so its charge is +2. Hydroxide is a polyatomic ion (OH–) so its charge is –1:
Mg(OH)2(s) ⇌ Mg2+(aq) + 2 OH–(aq)
Sodium is in Group 1A so its charge is +1. Hydroxide is a polyatomic ion (OH–) so its charge is –1:
NaOH(s) → Na+(aq) + OH–(aq)
Notice that there is a common ion present, OH–. The common ion effect states that the solubility of a salt is lower in the presence of a common ion.
We can construct an ICE table for the dissociation of Mg(OH)2. Remember that solids are ignored in the ICE table.
Based on the given value of the Ksp, what is the molar solubility of Mg(OH)2 in 0.160 M NaOH? Express your answer with the appropriate units.
Calculate how many times more soluble Mg(OH)2 is in pure water.
Based on the given value of the Ksp, calculate the ratio of solubility of Mg(OH)2 dissolved in pure H2O to Mg(OH)2 dissolved in a 0.160 M NaOH solution. Express your answer numerically to three significant figures.
Ksp = 5.61×10−11.
Frequently Asked Questions


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Our recitals are the perfect event for you or your child to show family and friends the results of months of learning and practice.
Performing is an important skill for any musician. Despite the hard work involved, in the long run, the students find it a rewarding activity. The most important reason for having recital every year is to provide each student with the opportunity to work towards the goal of performing at least one piece really well. Students also get two additional important benefits from recitals: First, they get to hear other students (especially the more advanced ones) who provide the inspiration for them to keep practicing. Second, they involve their family members in the process of preparing for and performing at their recital. As a result, they often receive encouragement and support from those closest to them. This can have a huge impact on their motivation and ultimate sucess!


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Hide the date from the taskbar in Windows 7
By default, Windows 7 displays the date next to the time in the notification area of the taskbar (system tray). This used to be the case with previous versions of Windows when you resized the taskbar to a large enough height to allow enough space to show the date, and even the day of the week. In this tutorial, we will show you how to hide the date from the Windows 7 taskbar, without having to hide the time! This means that you will keep the system clock, but only show the time, without a date.
Note that this tutorial assumes that you want to hide the date from the taskbar, but that you still want to keep the time showing in the notification area; if this is not the case, Windows 7 lets you show or hide the clock altogether, and completely remove it from the taskbar.
Show only time in taskbar, no date
To hide the date from the taskbar, follow these steps:
- Right-click on an empty area of the taskbar, and choose "Properties"
- Windows 7 will open the "Taskbar and Start Menu Properties" window
- Make sure that the Taskbar tab is selected
- When, as is the case by default, Windows 7 uses "Large Icons" in the taskbar, it makes your taskbar higher, as shown on the screenshot below:
- In the Taskbar properties window, check the "Use small icons" checkbox
- Now, click Apply to preview the change; Windows 7 will make the icons smaller, and at the same time make the taskbar itself smaller. As you noticed, the taskbar no longer displays the date, but it still displays the time:
- And, best of all, even if the date is now hidden from the taskbar, you can still see it by moving your mouse cursor above the clock, and leave it there for a second or so:
And this is all it takes to hide the date from the Windows 7 taskbar! You can at any time get the date by moving your mouse above the system clock, or by quickly resizing (temporarily) the taskbar, to get not only the date, but also the day of the week:
Tip: you can also view a full month calendar in the taskbar (instead of just a simple day or date), by giving a single click on the system clock. Some older versions of Windows used to accept a double-click, which would show the full date and time settings, but since Windows Vista you have this mini built-in calendar, right in your taskbar.up ↑


Socket.Connected Property
Gets a value that indicates whether a Socket is connected to a remote host as of the last Send or Receive operation.
Namespace: System.Net.Sockets
Assembly: System (in System.dll)
public bool Connected { get; }
Property Value
Type: System.Boolean
true if the Socket was connected to a remote resource as of the most recent operation; otherwise, false.
The Connected property gets the connection state of the Socket as of the last I/O operation. When it returns false, the Socket was either never connected, or is no longer connected.
The value of the Connected property reflects the state of the connection as of the most recent operation. If you need to determine the current state of the connection, make a nonblocking, zero-byte Send call. If the call returns successfully or throws a WAEWOULDBLOCK error code (10035), then the socket is still connected; otherwise, the socket is no longer connected.
If you call Connect on a User Datagram Protocol (UDP) socket, the Connected property always returns true; however, this action does not change the inherent connectionless nature of UDP.
The following code example connects to a remote endpoint, checks the Connected property, and checks the current state of the connection.
//.Connect throws an exception if unsuccessful
// This is how you can determine whether a socket is still connected.
bool blockingState = client.Blocking;
 byte [] tmp = new byte[1];
 client.Blocking = false;
 client.Send(tmp, 0, 0);
catch (SocketException e)
 // 10035 == WSAEWOULDBLOCK
 if (e.NativeErrorCode.Equals(10035))
 Console.WriteLine("Still Connected, but the Send would block");
 Console.WriteLine("Disconnected: error code {0}!", e.NativeErrorCode);
 client.Blocking = blockingState;
 Console.WriteLine("Connected: {0}", client.Connected);
.NET Framework
.NET Framework Client Profile
Supported in: 4, 3.5 SP1
Supported in: Windows Phone 8.1
Supported in: Windows Phone Silverlight 8.1
Supported in: Windows Phone Silverlight 8
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© 2014 Microsoft


text:
I purchased an inexpensive cnc touch probe many years ago and have always been concerned about the accuracy. These cheap probes (and some expensive ones) use a tripod type arrangement where 3 shafts, spaced 120 degrees apart, rest on pairs of balls. This makes a normally closed circuit, which is opened when probe shaft is moved. Given the geometry of the tripod, either one or two shafts will break the circuit depending on the direction of contact.
The probe is directly connected to the CNC controller board input, so the resistance of the touch probe circuit is important in the detection of the probe touch.
To try and measure this, I fixed a precision disc to the cnc router table, and wrote a gcode routine to probe the outside of the disc, moving from the outside of the disc, towards the center of the disc (the origin, x0 y0). The precision disc came from a 1″-2″ micrometer. This disc is used to "zero" the micrometer to 1″.
This is the gcode (units are in mm)…
# = 15
# = 5
# = 0
o10 repeat [ 360/# ]
# = [# * cos[ # ]]
# = [# * sin[ # ]]
g0 x# y#
g38.2 x0 y0
g0 x# y#
(print,#, #, #)
# = [# + #]
And here are the results…
The chart shows the offset from the outside of the disc (1″). The probe tip diameter is 2.452mm. The green line shows the probe tip radius. This line is where an ideal probe would have triggered. The red and blue lines show the actual results from 2 test runs – very repeatable.
The chart shows 2 clear issues; one is the large offset before triggering – either an electrical switching issue, or the flexibility of the probe. The second issue is how the trigger point varies depending on the angle of approach of the probe. (there also may be an error due to the disc not being truly at the origin (and there may be backlash issues with my machine)).
The first fix would be to add a sensitive detector to the circuit eg an opamp to detect a minute change in circuit resistance. Given that the results are also so predictable, the offset could be corrected based on the travel direction of the probe, but this would require the probe to be inserted into the spindle in the exact position every time.


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Compartmentation of cardiac signalling
Heart failure (HF) represents a major societal and personal burden. Broadly, there are two types of HF: i) HFrEF, with a dilated ventricle and reduced systolic function displaying reduced ejection fraction (EF) and ii) HFpEF, with a stiff heart with concentric hypertrophy, displaying reduced diastolic function and preserved ejection fraction. Treatment for HFrEF includes ACE-inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, SGLT2-inhibitors, spironolactone and β-blockers, whereas effective treatment for HFpEF is so far restricted to certain subgroups of patients.
Our research group is investigating the spatial and temporal signalling through cyclic GMP (cGMP) and cyclic AMP (cAMP) by using FRET-based biosensors localized to specific intracellular compartments in cardiac myocytes. We have a particular emphasis on the role of nitric oxide, natriuretic peptides, beta-adrenergic and 5-HT4 serotonin receptors with the aim to unravel signalling mechanisms that contribute to improving HFpEF in animal models. To determine if treatment targeting these signalling pathways is effective in HF, we perform both shortand long-term treatment of HFpEF and HFrEF in animal models.


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HWND hwnd, // handle of window
HDC hdc // handle of device context );
DECLAREINTEGER ReleaseDC IN user32;
Identifies the window whose device context is to be released
Identifies the device context to be released
The return value specifies whether the device context is released. If the device context is released, the return value is 1
Once you obtain a device context (retrieved by GetDC, or GetWindowDC functions), you may write to the window. At the end of this process the device context must be released using ReleaseDC. Otherwise you will have a memory leak.
GDI Black Book: remember, use the ReleaseDC function only for a display device context that was retrieved from the GDI device-context cache. After you"re done with the memory device context, you must free it by using the DeleteDC function.
- use ReleaseDC for forms (the hwnd used as the first parameter)
- use DeleteDC for memory device contexts (e.g. CreateCompatibleDC function)
Credits: PHP (4.4.9), an HTML-embedded scripting language,
MySQL (5.1.55-log), the Open Source standard SQL database,
Version 4, freeware HTML Editor of choice. Hosted by Korax Online Inc.


Fitting a toilet
Fitting a toilet, which in most circumstances will mean you are changing old for new, is straightforward if you are easily able to isolate the water supply, and both waste and supply pipes do not need major alterations in positioning. Below is shown the installation of a close-coupled toilet. The cistern is positioned on top of the pan, and much of the weight of the cistern is taken by the pan. When fitting a toilet that has the cistern higher up the wall (a low-level or high-level design), you must have strong fixing points to support the cistern weight. For masonry walls this is not a problem, but for hollow walls, cistern fixings must go into the wooden studs. You may have to cut some plasterboard away, fit a nogging (horizontal wooden support) to align with fixing points, and re-board the hole and plaster over before fixing on the wall.
When removing an old close coupled toilet, a good basic guide to follow is:-
 1. Turn off the water supply at the shut-off valve.
 2. Flush the toilet to remove as much water from the cistern as possible.
 3. Use a cup to remove water from the toilet bowl/pan.
 4. Unscrew the screws at the base of the bowl/pan.
 5. Undo the retaining screws inside the cistern that secure it to the wall.
 6. With both disconnected, now ease the bowl and cistern away from the wall, allowing the waste pipe to disengage from the pan connector.
parts of toilet cistern assembling toilet cistern
1. When assembling the new toilet, the main work will be putting the cistern together. Lay out all toilet parts to check you have everything. 2. Follow the manufacturer's guide to assembling the inner part of the cistern. This will vary from toilet to toilet depending on the type of flush valve.
tightening joints on toilet inlet pipe positioning bolts and washers in toilet cistern
3. Make sure that all parts are tightened where specified, but not overtightened. Where possible, hand tighten only. If you use pliers, do so gently. 4. In most cases, the cistern will have bolts that connect it to the toilet bowl. Make sure you thread on any washers in the correct order.
positioning close couple washer and cistern inserting pan connector for toilet
5. Make sure that the large close couple washer is positioned correctly on the top of the pan and then lower the cistern carefully in place. 6. Insert a pan connector into the waste pipe, ensuring that it is a snug fit. In this installation a simple straight connector is required.
toilet and pan connector position pushing toilet into pan connector
7. Place the toilet next to the waste pipe. Check that pipes are aligned. Most are a standard height, but if not, you may need an offset pan connector. 8. Gently push the toilet in place allowing the waste to connect with the pan connector. Make sure that the waste pipe goes right into the connector collar.
checking toilet cistern is level marking toilet fixing positions
9. Ensure the cistern is level by placing a spirit level along the back against the wall. Mark off the fixing holes through the back of the cistern. 10. Check that the toilet pan is level, and mark through the fixing holes in the base of the pan. Be as accurate as possible.
making pencil guideline around the edge of the toilet pan
11. Mark around the edge of the pan with a pencil. This will ensure that you know the exact position of the base when it comes to the final fitting. 12. Pull the toilet away from the wall. Drill fixing holes for the cistern through the marks on the wall. Choose and insert wall plugs according to the wall surface.
using silicone sealant with toilet
13. Drill pilot holes for the pan through the marks on the floor. Choose and insert wall plugs according to the floor surface. For wooden floors (as shown here) no plugs are required. 14. Apply a generous bead of silicone around the inner edge of the marked pencil line, where the toilet base will finally be seated.
fixing toilet cistern in place screwing toilet pan in place
15. Position the toilet once again, carefully onto the sealant and screw the cistern in place. Use the washers provided – do not overtighten. 16. Insert screws at the base of the toilet to fix the pan to the floor. Again, use the washers provided and do not overtighten.
connecting cold water supply for toilet turning on isolation valve for toilet supply
17. Reconnect the cold water supply. It may be necessary to use a flexible connector depending on the position of the new inlet pipe on the cistern. 18. Turn on the water supply at the isolation valve and check for leaks along the pipe at all the joins. Also check whether the pan connector is leak free.
fitting toilet seat applying silicone sealant around the base of the toilet pan
19. Fit the seat by inserting bolts through the pan and adding washers and nuts as provided. Adjust as necessary to fit the exact toilet bowl shape. 20. Apply a final, continuous bead of silicone all the way around the base of the toilet pan and smooth off with a damp sponge for a neat finish.
Further toilet fitting considerations
 - Where waste pipes go down through the floor rather than out through the wall, normally the technique remains the same for connection. A right-angled pan connector is required, but this is the only main difference. If in doubt, ask a professional about the different types of pan connector available.
 - When fitting a toilet, it is always best to bed the toilet pan on silicone sealant to take up any unevenness in the floor surface. Small wooden/plastic wedges may also be used to get the pan level, but ensure there are enough, and that they are bedded on silicone to evenly distribute the weight.
 - If you are changing the floor height in your bathroom, waste and supply pipes will also need to be adjusted. A small difference can be overcome using offset pan connectors and a flexible pipe connector for the cold water supply. For larger differences, more advanced plumbing skills will be required.
 - When fixing into surfaces, take great care not to hit any hidden pipes or cables. A cable, pipe, and stud detector will help you find safe fixing points.
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