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Why ABX Testing Usually
Produces Null Results with Human Subjects
ABX testing has been extremely controversial since it was introduced decades ago. It is my hope to put this testing protocol in its final resting place by combining its sad history coupled the difference between how humans perceive sound and how ABX testing actually is applied.
The "X" in the ABX is either A or B, randomly selected, the listener needs to identify whether that "X" is "A" or "B". Unfortunately human beings do not have the ability to compare three sonic events sequentially. One must keep a sonic memory of sample "A" they just listened to so they can compare it to the sample "B" and then listen to "X" and try to decide if it sounds more like "A" or "B". It is the introduction of this third sound that makes it impossible for human beings since we can compare two different sounds as long as we don't wait too long however our sonic memory cannot juggle three no matter how many times one is allowed to go back and forth. Thus ABX tests usually get null results, and cause listening fatigue.
The better way to do this is to play "A" in a relaxed setting for an entire piece of music, at least five minutes and then play the same piece of music with "B" and then ask not if they sound different, but instead which one did you like? This is how most people shop for stereo equipment. Thus, it is not the methodology of ABX tests I object to, but instead their very existence.
Since the introduction of ABX double blind testing protocols many decades ago I have known they were complete and utter frauds and that is one reason I started my print newsletter in the 1980's and later my blog "The Audio Iconoclast" _URL_
From its purpose statement "The Audio Iconoclast will challenge many deeply held beliefs in both the audio and musical communities. In music and its reproduction explaining what one hears when it is not directly measurable is not easy, the common practice is to dismiss it. This is wrong! In our world of music enjoyment there are subjectivists "music listeners" and objectivists "audio scientists" who try to measure phenomenon. Music listeners believe what they hear with their ears. Audio scientists do not believe what they hear unless they can quantify and measure it. If they cannot measure it, it does not exist and they convince themselves they are not hearing what they hear! My quest is to show the wisdom of enjoying the sound of music and accepting what one hears, even if it cannot be scientifically proven."
For example SACD would have replaced CD by now if not for ABX tests and pseudo-scientific studies in AES papers. Anyone possessing a pair of ears on the sides of their head can clearly hear the huge difference between low and high resolution for themselves however too many of them have been brainwashed not to believe their own ears and instead rely on these pseudo-scientists who over the years with ABX double-blind testing have proven:
1) All amplifiers sound the same.
2) All CD players sound the same.
3) A coat hanger sounds the same as an expensive interconnect.
4) MP3 sounds the same as CD.
5) CD sounds the same as SACD.
6) High resolution PCM sounds the same as DSD.
Remember the infamous 1987 blind listening test conducted by Stereo Review that concluded that a pair of Mark Levinson monoblocks, an output-transformerless tubed amplifier, and a $220 Pioneer receiver were all sonically identical?
Or perhaps you remember the ABX test that was likely the most damaging to these pseudo-scientists, comparing a known audibly defective amplifier to a perfectly working one? All listeners were able not only to hear the defect in the amplifier but able to describe it's distorted sound under normal listening conditions. However using ABX testing protocols none were able to identify the difference between the defective and the working amplifier with any statistical significance, thus proving beyond a shadow of a doubt that ABX testing does not work. In addition I am sure none of the participants would be willing to take home the defective amplifier, I am quite sure they would all want the perfect working one!
ABX double-blind testing should be banned by all intelligent people as the absolute scam it is. If one cannot prove the differences people experience every day of their lives when listening to music they love then any such tests are total and complete failures. But more dangerous than that they are hurting the sales of superior audio equipment, superior recordings and the musical satisfaction of gullible music lovers who believe these tests instead of their own ears because of the scientific garb they are dressed in. It is time for the real motives of the anti-high resolution crowd be revealed and their rhetoric buried forever so the masses can actually listen to high resolution with unbiased ears!
In summery ABX double-blind testing does not prove that everything sounds the same as real sonic differences are easily heard in casual listening. No, instead what ABX double-blind testing proves is that human subjects do not have the ability to compare three sonic events sequentially with any statistically significance, revealing a deficiency in short-term sonic memories of our species.
I believe even the most golden-eared audiophiles would not be able to identify differences with any statistical accuracy between an MP3 music file and a professional master recording using ABX double-blind testing protocols. This does not mean we should all only listen to MP3s on the cheapest stereos we can find, quite the contrary it means that we should enjoy the highest resolution music possible on audio equipment that we have determined to sound the best using our ears in standard casual listening evaluations.
Blind Listening Tests are Flawed: An Editorial by Robert Harley


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The unusually beautiful shape and brilliant colours of Strelitzia reginae have made these flowers not just a designer's favorite, but also a popular symbol of paradise. The plant bears a unique flower that resembles a brightly coloured bird in flight, or a birds beak and head plumage. giving it the common name of the Bird of Paradise. The fascinating blooms make wonderful, long lasting cut flowers.
Strelitzia reginae is a bold structural plant, that grows to 2m (6.6ft) tall, with large, strong leaves 25 to 70cm (10 to 28in) long and 10 to 30cm (4 to 12in) broad, produced on petioles up to 1m (39in) long. The leaves are evergreen and arranged in two ranks, making a fan-shaped crown.
The flowers stand above the foliage at the tips of long stalks. The hard, beak-like sheath from which the flower emerges, called the spathe, is placed perpendicular to the stem it gives it the appearance of a bird's head and beak.
In is native enviroments of South Africa it makes a durable perch for holding the sunbirds which pollinate the flowers. The flowers, which emerge one at a time from the spathe, consist of three brilliant orange sepals and three purplish-blue or white petals. Two of the blue or white petals are joined together to form an arrow-like nectary. When the sunbirds sit to drink the nectar, the petals open to cover their feet in pollen.
The grey-green banana-like leaves are evergreen and the flowers stand above the foliage at the tips of long stalks. Mature plants are very floriferous with flowers in autumn, winter and spring.
Strelitzia are not difficult to grow from seed – they just take time but once they flower, you will have to agree, they are well worth the wait!
Strelitzia reginae has been awarded the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Sowing: Sow indoors at any time of year.
Before sowing, remove the bright orange tuft of hairs attached to the seed (aril of each seed), the hard seeds can be scarified (nicked or scratched) to decrease germinate. To scarify, soak the seeds in lukewarm water for several hours, and then nick them with a knife or small file. Scarified seeds will germinate in two to three months.
Another way to decrease germination time is to put un-scarified seeds in a plastic bag and place them in a refrigerator at 4°C (40°F) for two weeks. Then scarify and sow them.
Sow in seed trays filled with a well-drained soil medium at a depth of 12mm (½in)
Keep at a constant temperature of 25°C (77°F) low temperatures retard germination. Germination takes four to eight weeks.
The soil mix must be kept consistently damp until the seeds germinate. To ensure a moist, humid environment, cover the seed container with a sheet of glass or clear plastic and place it in indirect light.
Seedlings should be a good size before transplanted (two to three leaves) into a well drained medium. Young Strelitzia plants must be grown in shade, for the leaves tend to burn in direct sunlight. Regular repotting allows the young plant to develop rapidly. Restricting the root development retards growth.
Strelitzia is an easy plant to grow in the garden. Plants do well in full sun to semi-shade, love a rich loamy soil and plenty of water throughout the year. They respond well to regular feeding with a slow release fertiliser and compost. They are very tolerant plants and will thrive in most soils and can survive with very little water once established. They are also wind resistant and grow well in coastal gardens.
The plants are sensitive to cold and in areas with frosts would need a sheltered position. In cold climates it is better to grow them in pots that could be moved indoors when frosts are expected. As soon as the frosts finish for the winter, you may place the plant outside in a sheltered south facing garden. They tend to do well when temperatures do not drop below 10°C (50°F) and do very well in a greenhouse/conservatory.
Tips for growing in a temperate climate:
Overwintering - One of the main points with exotic plants is to avoid frost. Keep in a warm, well lit area. Stop feeding the plants to allow them to become dormant. Do not overwater in the dormant season/winter. Wet soil is cold soil.
Springtime: - Feed the plant well once growth starts again. Feed regularly throughout the growing season but do not over-feed otherwise your plants will just grow foliage and no flowers.
From seed, plants given ideal conditions will flower within 3 years. To get a mature flowering plant from seed takes about three to five years. They usually start to come into flower at Christmas time and sometimes later in the summer months. The flower spikes take a few months to grow full size, but then open gradually, taking a few weeks, to a few months to open up to reveal their famous flowers.
The bird of paradise plant should be watered thoroughly but then allowed to dry out almost completely before re-watering. They don't like to be over-watered, and in the rest period (winter) they should only be watered when the soil is almost completely bone dry. When growing begins in the Spring they should be given phostrogen feed once every two weeks, to encourage new growth.
During the summer months, Strelitzia require as much sunlight and ventilation as possible. Feed once a week with a phostrogen feed in summer to help encourage new leaves and flower spikes.
As soon as the roots start to stretch the pot wider, it would then be wise to pot the plant up into the next size pot. They tend to do very well in loam-based compost with either grit or bark chippings to aid drainage. The optimum pH is 6.5.
Strelitzia reginae is native to South Africa where it grows wild in the Eastern Cape where it grows on tiver banks and scrub clearings in coastal areas.
It is naturalised in Mexico, Belize, Bangladesh, Madeira Islands and Juan Fernández Islands off the coast of Chile.
It was first introduced to Europe in 1773, when it was grown at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Since then, it has been widely introduced around the world, including the Americas and Australia, growing well in any area that is sunny and warm. In the United States, Florida and California are the main areas of cultivation, due to their warm climate.
In 1909, S. x kewensis, a hybrid between S. reginae and S. alba, flowered at Kew for the first time, producing pale watery yellow flowers. Unfortunately it now seems to have disappeared from cultivation.
Strelitzia reginae is a common ornamental plant in Southern California, and has been chosen as the Official Flower of the City of Los Angeles.
In 1773 Sir Joseph Banks brought back this spectacular new plant to Kew Gardens from South Africa. He named the exotic-looking plant Strelitzia in honour of Queen Charlotte, wife of George III and Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, (_PHONE_). Queen Charlotte was an amateur botanist and lived at Kew for many years. Her husband King George III inherited the Royal Botanic Kew Gardens in 1772.
The species name reginae, is from the Latin regina, meaning 'Queen'.
Pronounced strell-LITZ-zee-uh ree-JIN-nee, it is commonly called the Bird of Paradise or the Crane Flower.
- Additional Information
Packet Size 10 Seeds Family Strelitziaceae Genus Strelitzia Species reginae Common Name The Bird of Paradise Other Common Names Crane flower, Geel Piesang Hardiness Tender Perennial Flowers Orange with Blue, 30cm (12in) long blooms Natural Flower Time September thru to May Foliage Evergreen, Grey-green banana-like leaves Height to 150cm (5ft) in 5 years Spread 100cm (40in) Position Full sun to partial shade Soil Fertile, well drained Time to Sow Sow indoors at any time of year. Germination Keep at a constant temperature of 25°C (77°F)

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Rhode Island Violent Crimes Lawyer
FBI statistics show that more than 2,500 violent crimes were committed in Rhode Island during 2015 resulting in over 800 arrests. Although those numbers are high – they are down considerably from the state's highest points in _PHONE_ with well over 4,ooo recorded violent crimes.
Violent crime is frightening. Its randomness provokes fear and a feeling of helplessness: if it is random, how can you protect yourself? Public outcry and political reaction to it put considerable pressure on law enforcement to prevent violent crimes and to punish them severely when they do occur.
Sometimes that public pressure leads law enforcement to be overzealous in their desire to solve violent crimes and reassure the public. It's the job of Rhode Island violent crimes attorney to protect your rights and make sure that this zeal doesn't end up snaring innocent people.
Most Common Reasons for Arrest in Rhode Island
According to data provided by the Uniform Crime Reporting Program, property crime and violent crime are the most common reasons for arrest in Rhode Island.
Did You Know?
- East Greenwich is the safest city to live in Rhode Island, with a violent crime rate of 7.6.
- The overall crime rate in Providence, Rhode Island is 38% higher than that of the national average.
- You have a 1 in 26 chance of becoming a victim of any crime in Providence.
- There are about 10 daily crimes committed for every 100,000 people.
- Providence, Rhode Island is safer than 17% of the cities in the United States.
- Year over year, the number of crimes in Providence, Rhode Island have decreased by 9%.
Penalties Are Severe
All violent crimes carry significant penalties upon conviction, but the severity varies considerably depending on the specific violent crime. At the extreme end is first degree murder, punishable by 20 years to life. Simple assault or battery charges, in comparison, calls for a maximum prison term of one year and up to $1,000 in fines. Many violent crimes carry sentences of 10 to 20 years and, as a general rule, the more violent, the more severe the sentence.
For violent crimes that also amount to domestic violence, the penalties are enhanced further. For violent crimes that fit the state's hate crime law, the penalty can be increased an additional 1 to 5 years.
Violent Crime Defense in Rhode Island
Violent crime charges can be defended on many different grounds. The types of defense can generally be grouped into the following four categories:
- Affirmative defenses, which admit the facts that the state is charging you with, but claim that your actions were justified. Self defense is the classic example: "Yes, I hit the victim, but only to stop him from stabbing me."
- Defenses that directly attack the accuracy of the facts alleged by the state. Examples include claims that the state has identified the wrong person as the culprit, that the defendant did not have a gun as the state claims, or that a key state witness is lying or simply mistaken.
- Defenses that attack the state's proof of an essential element of the crime. Examples include the lack of "malice aforethought" in a case charging first degree murder, or that there was no coercion in a case charging first degree sexual assault.
- Procedural defenses, like failure to provide a speedy trial. These may result in dismissal of the charge (like failure to provide a speedy trial), or simply make it harder for the state to prove its case by getting preventing some evidence from being used.
It takes considerable time and experience to identify the defenses most likely to succeed. Any challenge to the accuracy of the facts alleged by the state requires significant investigation and interviewing of witnesses.
Call an Experienced Rhode Island Violent Crimes Attorney
If you have been accused of committing a violent crime in Rhode Island, get legal help. The sooner you get the advice of an experienced criminal defense lawyer, the better your chances of still being free when the case is over. Seemingly innocent statements that you make to the police, or even to a cellmate in the local jail, can come back to haunt you. Talk to an experienced defense lawyer before you talk to anyone else.
Violent crime cases are high stakes battles. On one side are the prosecutors, well equipped and with the power and resources of the state at their command. On the other side are you and your defense lawyer. The cases are complex, and many different factors can be considered to increase the potential penalties. Important questions and issues arise quickly and need to be quickly addressed.
Rhode Island criminal defense attorney Stefanie A. Murphy has years of successful experience handling a wide variety of violent crime cases in Rhode Island. She can protect your rights throughout the proceeding by, among other things:
- Working to obtain your release pending trial
- Explaining the case and the various twists and turns it may take
- Seeing to it that the state fulfills its obligations on time limits, points of procedure and sharing evidence with you
- Investigating the state's witnesses for reliability, bias, etc.
- Identifying witnesses whose testimony works in your favor
- Advising you on any plea deals
- Presenting any of the defenses discussed above become relevant to your case as the facts are developed
Call the Law Offices of Stefanie A. Murphy today. There is no charge for your initial consultation.


Coyote Trapping
10 Easy Coyote Trapping Tips
Coyote trapping can be essential if you live in an area where coyotes threaten your crops or your animals. However, coyotes are not unintelligent animals and can oftentimes outsmart even the best traps. The following is a list of 10 easy coyote trapping tips that can help you be successful in capturing the coyotes that are causing you aggravation.
1. Make sure that your trap is fast and large.
The best kind of trap is one that has coil springs and a large jaw spread. It should be powerful enough to actually capture the coyotes, which are strong animals. A small trap might not be able to get a good grip on the coyote's foot and this can make it easier for the coyote to escape. You also want a trap that closes quickly so that the coyote doesn't get the chance to run away once it feels the trap closing in on it. One with 4 coils is preferable. If you want to avoid damaging the coyote's foot then try to find a trap that has a center swivel.
2. Catch the lead coyote.
Sometimes, catching the lead coyote that is causing the damage is enough to stop the other coyotes. The coyote that usually causes the most problems is one that is male and in the prime of his life. This lead coyote can be responsible for killing livestock and is usually stronger and more aggressive than the females and young males.
3. Set traps in places where coyotes are actually killing livestock.
Coyotes tend to return to the same places over and over so setting up a trap where they continue to kill your livestock can help you ensnare them. You can also set traps next to dead animal carcasses, too, because sometimes they return to the site of their kill.
4. Do not set traps near covers.
Coyotes are nervous about approaching places that are well covered. For that reason, avoid setting traps near high weeds or right under trees because they probably will not go near these types of areas.
5. Set more than one trap.
This is especially true if you are coyote trapping near carcasses. Set up several traps around the carcass because sometimes more than one coyote will come back to the scene of the crime to leave their markings or to feed on what is left. However, don't set the traps too close to the carcass or else the other creatures like crows and vultures might get caught in them as well.
6. Stake the carcass.
If you are setting traps near a carcass, then stake the carcass so that the coyote can't drag it away. They are powerful animals and stronger than they might appear.
7. Reset the trap.
Once the coyote has been caught, the trap should be reset. The only time that you might not need to do this is if the dominant coyote has been caught. To cover the trap, mix in some new dirt and new lure and try not to use what was already there, as it might have become contaminated. If you caught a coyote in the trap and they left droppings or urine, then adding that to the backing of the trap can help draw other coyotes to it.
8. Use salt when coyote trapping in the wintertime.
For the most part, coyotes are usually a nuisance in the summer and springtime. Sometimes, it is difficult to catch coyotes in the winter because they are able to smell the salt that is used to keep the soil from freezing. Still, it is worth trying. If you are trapping them when the ground is frozen then mix some dry soil with salt. After you place it on the ground, you should spread another thin payer of soil over that.
9. Release any animals that are not coyotes.
If your intentions are to trap coyotes, then efforts should be made to release any animals that you catch that are not coyotes. However, use caution when dealing with wild animals.
10. Be wary of where you place traps.
The object is to catch coyotes, not your neighbor's dog or cat, or one of your own animals. Don't place coyote traps anywhere that non-target animals frequently use.


Solaris Common Desktop Environment: User's Guide
To Create a Personal Address Card
 1. Choose New from the Card menu.
 Address Manager displays a template for a new card in the scrolling pane. Each line in the template card represents a field specified in the vCard specification. All fields are optional, although you should fill in at least the Name field.
 2. Type the relevant information for the new address card in the scrolling pane.
 If you are unsure as to the appropriate format of information such as phone numbers, and the like, print out an existing card and use it as a guide.
 3. When you are satisfied with the details you have entered, choose Save As from the Card menu.
 Address Manager displays the Save As dialog box.
 4. Type a name for the new card file and click Save.
 The file name should contain the name of the person to which the card relates. Address Manager saves the file under the file name that you specified in the Addresses folder.
 Tip -
 For address cards (which conform to the vCard standard), some operating environments such as Windows recognize the.vcf file extension. If you intend mailing your address cards to users of such systems, you may want to use this file-naming convention.
 5. (Optional) Verify your new personal address card by searching for it with Personal Cards selected in the Search menu.
 Address Manager finds and displays the personal address card you created.


Our Approach
A curriculum at every stage to fit your districts unique needs.
Character development & train the teacher program based on cognitive neuroscience.
Leadership training & mentoring every week for student body, student leader groups and alternative schools.
Condensed combination of both programs with home campus follow-up.
A curriculum based on proven science.
Cognitive Neuroscience
Science of Learning
Positive Psychology
Positive Character Traits
Curriculum founded in meta-cognitive neuroscience to help establish positive cognitive learning with students
Self-efficacy development through everyday learning such as service learning with the VA.
Keeps students motivated and able to make positive changes in behavior.
Based on 14 point positive character traits and 11 positive leadership traits.
Not a one size fits all appproach
This isn't a book, it isn't curriculum you buy and HOPE someone uses it. It is a program designed around each district's unique vision and challenges.
It is precisely why we take a customized approach and work with you to tailor our program curriculum to address your desired outcomes.
© 2018 LT Character, LLC. All Rights Reserved


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Discipline is a vital element of a student's development and should be regarded as one of life's most important factors. Discipline is essential to learning and following the rules. Discipline is as important as education when it comes to a student's overall development, thus pupils must practice it both in and out of the classroom.
The capacity to execute something or finish a job in a prescribed time is one definition of student discipline. Discipline helps pupils attain their objectives by maintaining steadiness. Moreover, it draws all the positive things in a student's life, and they attain greatness in every element through discipline
Table of Contents
Major Positive Effects of Self-discipline on Academic Success
Very often, appropriate people, opportunities, and circumstances gravitate around successful students, allowing them to thrive in every facet of their lives. Self-discipline is meant to help them concentrate on their studies. Results, output, and improved time management are all byproducts of the disciplined lifestyle of Dubai international private school students. Parents have a responsibility to instill in their children an understanding of the value of self-control in the classroom.
- Efficient Time Management
If pupils were more disciplined, they would be better able to organize their time. Disciplined students never waste time and always get their work done on time. Students who are not prepared waste their time on unimportant tasks because they lack organizational skills.
Additionally, the students will complete their assignments on time and continue to be invested in their studies. They'll have more time on their hands to focus on what matters to them. Students who can manage their time well will be able to fully use their potential. Skills in time management are highly sought after by employers.
- Encourages Indian high school Dubai students to be active and healthy
Disciplined students tend to see the world more positively, which is crucial in many ways. Discipline helps students develop resilience and initiative. The impact of these elements on students is a heightened interest in and participation in extracurricular activities. Regular exercise, a nutritious diet, and enough rest may all help students maintain a healthy lifestyle.
- Helps kids maintain focus
When students are disciplined, they are more likely to be focused and motivated in their academic pursuits and other areas of life. Students with focused ambitions are more likely to succeed. Students who lack self-control have a harder time focusing on their studies.
Taking notes on all of the study goals you want to accomplish in your life is a fantastic way to stay inspired. You would be more likely to remain motivated and achieve your goals in life if you do this. Concentrating on one aspect for a set length of time helps you to research more effectively, learn more quickly, and generate more innovative ideas.
Dubai International private school advises students to assess how much progress can be made toward the objective with the time and resources available before deciding what to do next. You'll be more successful if you focus on just one item at a time, and this is why focusing on the goal is so important. Nothing else matters, so you tune out the world and give your whole attention to the task at hand.
Additional Possible impact of Discipline on a Student's Development
- Facilitates the process of education
It's crucial to put in the time and effort required to pursue higher education. Students with self-discipline are more likely to pay attention in class and learn the material covered by the curriculum when they are subjected to rules and regulations. If pupils can maintain consistent routines of discipline, they will be able to complete their work on time.
Discipline has a positive impact on academic performance because it creates a calm environment in which students can allocate their time effectively, encourages them to stick to a regular schedule, shapes their personalities and boosts their spirits, and allows teachers to serve as positive role models.
- Helps students do better in Indian high school Dubai
Student's academic progress is bolstered when they can retain self-control in the classroom. Disciplined students not only improve their academics but also acquire new abilities. Students who can retain self-control will ultimately find success in life.
- Helps one to control oneself
Disciplined students are more likely to be able to manage their impulses. Students should keep their cool in conversations with adults. Therefore, if individuals do not practice self-discipline, they will experience an unpleasant loss of control. Students should think before they speak to build rapport with others.
- Decreases stress levels
Dubai international private school students find it much easier to keep on top of their studies and other responsibilities when they practice self-discipline. The pupils become careless and put off their work till the last minute if they are not held accountable for their actions. This is the most important factor contributing to a student's stress, and it may be overcome by maintaining self-control.
- Creating a model for society to follow
Students who manage to keep their cool in class end up becoming role models for their peers. When other students see positive results in the academic performance or personal growth of those who follow a strict code of conduct, only then do they adopt that norm for themselves.
Discipline is essential in any endeavor and practicing it is crucial for Indian high school Dubai students who are investing time and energy into learning in order to have a brighter future.
For more blogs click here.


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Bose, M and Kumaran, V (2004) Velocity distribution for a two-dimensional sheared granular flow. In: Physical Review E (Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics), 69. 061301/1-16.
The velocity distribution for a two-dimensional collection of disks of number density n per unit area and radius a in a channel of width L is studied. The particle-particle collisions are considered to be inelastic with a coefficient of restitution e, while the particle-wall coefficients of restitution are inelastic with a tangential and normal coefficients of restitution, et and en, respectively. The Knudsen number, which is the ratio of the channel width and the mean free path of the particles, is varied from Kn1 to Kn1. In the limit of high Knudsen number, the distribution function for the streamwise velocity is bimodal, as predicted by theory [V. Kumaran, J. Fluid Mech., 340, 3l9 (1997)], and the scalings of the moments of the velocity distribution with the Knudsen number are in agreement with the theory. In the low Knudsen number limit, the distribution function for the streamwise velocity is a Gaussian if the coefficient of restitution is close to 1, but assumes the form of a "composite Gaussian" if the coefficient of restitution is not close to 1. The distribution function has a complex structure in the intermediate regime, where there are three maxima in the distribution function near the wall, while the distribution function is bimodal at the center. The granular temperature is accurately predicted by kinetic theory at the center of the channel, but there is dissipation at the wall due to inelastic particle-wall collisions, which results in a significant decrease in the temperature even when the coefficient of restitution is 0.9; this finding is in agreement with previous results with bumpy wall boundary conditions and with specular reflection conditions. The slip velocity at the wall has a power law dependence on the Knudsen number, and the exponent in this power law depends on the coefficients of restitution.
|Item Type:||Journal Article|
|Additional Information:||Copyright for this article belongs to American Physical Society (APS).|
|Department/Centre:||Division of Mechanical Sciences > Chemical Engineering|
|Date Deposited:||28 Oct 2004|
|Last Modified:||19 Sep 2010 04:17|
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Aerial Sockets
Aerial sockets, also known as TV sockets are wall-mounted outlets for coaxial connectors. They are most commonly used to provide a signal from a satellite (TV aerial) to a TV or FM. A coaxial cable is plugged into a TV and then the other end of the aerial cable is plugged into a socket to connect to the aerial.
Aerial sockets often come with a faceplate, also known as wall plate, which screws into the wall. Faceplates come in various materials, such as chrome or plastic, and provide a more aesthetic finish.
TV aerial sockets are often found around the home or workplace. You will often find a socket located where TV is to be fitted that requires a satellite signal.
What is a gang?
The number of gangs refers to the number of inputs that the wall socket has. For example, if the socket has "2 gangs" you can plug two coaxial cables into it. These cables are available in various lengths and feature a co-ax connector at each end.
How to connect to your aerial:
Aerial sockets are used when you have outdoor aerials that you wish to connect to. Aerial wall plates are fixed to the wall and you would connect your cable from your TV to the coaxial connector in the wall socket. These cables are available in various lengths to suit your requirements.
Your UHF aerial, for example, would feed into the back of the socket. The wiring from the aerial attaches to the board at the back of the aerial wall plate.
Connecting to your TV aerial provides access
Aerial Socket Connection Types:
TV socket
Radio (FM) socket
SAT (Satellite) socket
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Artist Residency : August 2020
During August 2020 ALOES spent a month on the island of Örö in the southern outskirts of the Finnish archipelago. Örö is a 2 km2 island that was used as a military fortress from the early 1900s until the end of 2014, after which it became part of the Archipelago National Park. As the island had been closed for tourism for over 100 years, its nature is home to many rare species.
On this special location we have explored nature and history, while wandering around the island. We have gathered audio and video material and we have written custom software to process image and sound. With this material we have created short audiovisual compositions that combine site-specific, natureand landscape-related elements, while exploring the idea of remoteness and being surrounded by sea with limited access to resources. Through our audiovisual compositions we want to create an experience that can transport an audience to a place without ever visiting it.
Alex: Apart from the obvious reminders of Örö's history as an island in military use, on our walks and climbs we found a lot of less obvious and explainable remnants of former activity on the island. Rusted steel structures that looked like they were once cranes in (now) odd places, Russian text scratched into the rocks, metal rings drilled into the coast at places where nothing else is visible anymore. Speculating what the function of these places and items was and why they were there was very interesting.
Bent Trees
Alex: Near the coastline of the island not a single tree is growing straight. The wind pushes into the first trees of the forest, bending most inward from the coast. Due to storms some trees aren't just bent over, but have grown into weird shapes, broken, twisted and continued growing in weird angles. The unpredictable shapes add to the dynamic feel of the island.
Marloes: For some reason I imagined Örö to be a very silent place, with no traffic on the island and barely any permanent inhabitants. I couldn't have been more wrong.
We used to live in an apartment in Helsinki relatively close to a highway crossing. Whenever we slept with the window open we'd hear a faint but audible highway hiss. It never really bothered us, it was just there all the time. It was quite a windy the day we arrived on Örö. After we checked the house and unpacked some of our things, we sat down on the stairs in front of the door, listening. A very similar hiss to the one we would hear at home was audible on this island without traffic, only this time it was produced by the sea.
Marloes: we'd been told that adders are quite common on Örö. I had never seen one in my life, so when we encountered a snake pretty much on our doorstep, I had to check what kind of snake we were dealing with. It very obviously was an adder that we were sharing our yard with. After this first encounter we saw many more. We speculated that the adder often sunbathing near our front door was always the same one. I almost stepped on a snake during a walk. I almost drove into one while cycling, twice! Alex even had one on his foot during a walk at night, luckily he was wearing rubber boots. We got very used to looking out for snakes while walking and often mistook dark coloured twigs spotted from the corners of our eyes for snakes, something that even continues now we're back in the city.
Marloes: Dotted all over Örö are smaller and larger bunker complexes. We have probably peeked into all of them. When we entered one on the east-side of the island, we saw a sleeping swallow on a ledge next to a nest. We decided to leave the bunker so we wouldn't wake it up. We passed by the same bunker a few days later during one of our many walks. The sleeping swallow wasn't there during the day, but in the nest we saw tiny beaks, softly squeaking to be fed.
Travel Synth: performing
Marloes: We initially planned to make videos of short performances in nature, but with the amount of snakes, insects and other wildlife around, we decided to restrict our performance and composition practice to inside the residency house.
Travel Synth: programming
Marloes: Before going to Örö I had built a portable, battery powered synthesizer. It wasn't completely finished when we arrived. I still had to do most of the programming, as I wanted to add elements from the island into its sound.
* (find the spider)
Radar Tower Video
Alex: After a few days, we started playing around with the radar tower close to the residency house. I wanted to work with the constant movement on the island, the radar tower, the birds, the ants, and the crickets. I made a controllable program that uses the difference between frames to generate mesh shapes during our residency. We used the program to create some videos for Marloes' sounds.
Barn Birds
Alex: After experimenting with the Ants and Crickets video, I tried to shoot some video of the swallows that built their nests in the roof of the barracks next to the residency house. Every once in a while they were zipping in and out in beautiful circular patterns. Marloes made a composition to the visuals, which was also an interesting experiment as usually we fit the visuals to the sound.
Travel Synth: modules
Travel Synth modules (from left to right):
1. audio output | 5V power input | key switch
2. 4 channel passive mixer with mute buttons
3. ADSR synth with MIDI input: with sine wave | saw wave | noisy cricket layer | glitch mode
4. sample player with 10 samples recorded on Örö
5. contact mic module
6. synth with MIDI input: with sine wave | radar tower wavetable | glitchy envelope controls


John Snow's Map Pedro Borges
This Shiny App was developed to showcase how John Snow might have used the data that he collected on the 1854 London cholera attacks if he had access to modern technology. This visualization provides a summary of the historical events that motivated John Snow coupled with graphics in a dashboard that allow the reader to explore the spatial and demographic data collected and draw their own conclusions about what happened during the 1954 outbreak. It also provides an overview of the UK's 1851 census to as context.
A video tour of the visualization is available on youtube.
The Data
All of the data used in to develop the plots and maps in this project are available at
The data includes:
 1. Records of cholera deaths and attacks during this epidemic
 2. Demographic summary of the afflicted
 3. Location of water pumps
 4. Location of attacks and deaths
 5. 1851 UK census
 6. JPEG of John Snow's map
Example of geographic distribution of cholera deaths
The Code
How to run the code locally:
 1. Install R and RStudio
 2. Download the source code
 3. Unzid the folder into an empty directory
 4. Open app.R with RStudio
 5. Download the necessary libraries listed using the command install.packages("LIBRARY NAME")
 6. Push the "Run App" button
The following libraries are necessary to run this visualization: shiny, shinydashboard, ggplot2, DT, jpeg, leaflet, reshape, rgdal, RColorBrewer and ggrepel
Example of a dashboard tab
The Proof is on the Maps
The strongest evidence supporting John snows claim that cholera outbreaks were caused by contaminated water was in the maps. Below it is obvious how the deaths are concentrated around a central pump, on Broadway and Lexington, which was later found to be contaminated.
How the deaths would look in modern London
Another important evidence was the lacks of deaths at the work house, which had its own water source


text:
Titel: Storing Tooth Segments for Optimal Esthetics
Auteurs: T. Tuzuner, S. Turgut, B. Ozen, H. Kılınç, B. Bagiş
Journal: J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2016;40(2):113-7. doi: 10.17796/_PHONE_.2.113.
OBJECTIVE: A fractured whole crown segment can be reattached to its remnant; crowns from extracted teeth may be used as pontics in splinting techniques. We aimed to evaluate the effect of different storage solutions on tooth segment optical properties after different durations.
STUDY DESIGN: Sixty central incisor crowns were divided into 6 groups (n = 10); Group 1 was kept dry; Groups 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 were placed in an isotonic solution, water, milk, saliva, and casein-phosphopeptide-amorphous-calcium-phosphate (CPP-ACP), respectively, for 30 min, 12 h, 1 day, 1 week, and 3 weeks. Color values were measured using a colorimeter. Data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis tests, Mann-Whitney U-tests, and Friedman Wilcoxon tests with Bonferroni stepwise corrections (p < 0.05).
RESULTS: ΔE* values varied from 0.3 to 15.3 over the 3 week period. Group 1 demonstrated the greatest color changes over all durations; Group 6 exhibited the least. L*, a*, b*, and ΔE* values varied between time periods in all groups; the differences were significant (p < 0.01), except for L* and ΔE* values in Group 2 and a* values in Group 6 (p > 0.01). Comparing ΔE* values, Group 6 was significantly different from the other groups for all durations (p < 0.01), except Group 4.
CONCLUSIONS: A CPP-ACP complex solution seems a good choice for tooth fragment storage. Milk and saliva solutions may cause perceptible color changes if tooth fragments are stored for 3 weeks before use.


Skip to Content
Merge Sort: Conceptual
When merging larger pre-sorted lists, we build the list similarly to how we did with single-element lists.
Let's call the two lists left and right. Bothleft and right are already sorted. We want to combine them (to merge them) into a larger sorted list, let's call it both. To accomplish this we'll need to iterate through both with two indices, left_index and right_index.
At first left_index and right_index both point to the start of their respective lists. left_index points to the smallest element of left (its first element) and right_index points to the smallest element of right.
Compare the elements at left_index and right_index. The smaller of these two elements should be the first element of both because it's the smallest of both! It's the smallest of the two smallest values.
Let's say that smallest value was in left. We continue by incrementing left_index to point to the next-smallest value in left. Then we compare the 2nd smallest value in left against the smallest value of right. Whichever is smaller of these two is now the 2nd smallest value of both.
This process of "look at the two next-smallest elements of each list and add the smaller one to our resulting list" continues on for as long as both lists have elements to compare. Once one list is exhausted, say every element from left has been added to the result, then we know that all the elements of the other list, right, should go at the end of the resulting list (they're larger than every element we've added so far).
Why is it important that we only merge pre-sorted lists?
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Fidget Roller
$2.66 2.66
Available Options
1. Basic play: Gently push with the palm of your hand, rolling back and forth. When you are familiar with rolling, try to practice rolling in a triangle and square shape.
2. Advanced play Roll over the Fidget Roller from left to right with hand and control to hover on the back of the hand.
Control the FIdget Roller with hands at the same time, rolling over in the shape of square.
3. Expert
play Flip Fidget Roller to left with right hand, catch it and Hover in the back of the left hand.
Throw it to the air and let it rotate 360 degrees. Finally let it stand upright firmly with right hand.
Roll the Fidget Roller side by side with one hand
Roll five Fidget Rollers at the same time
4.Play with friends
Battle mode: People sit side by side or site opposite, roll forward to the other side alternately.
Relay mode: Three or more people stand in a row, tumble like marathon relay Material: Plastic, very safe to children
Application: Child over 6 years old and adults


this is too dense and colourful to be informative. 116: I am not familiar/did not find explanations of the big circle notation, can you explain? Supplementary: 31: shown +to 163: where is Delta(v) defined? 340: the -> they
Review 4
Summary and Contributions: This paper proposes Physical Scene Graphs to represent scenes hierarchically and PSGNet that learns to estimate PSGs from visual inputs in a self-supervised manner. Experiments show the validity of proposed methods and generalization ability to real-world images. Detailed ablation studies are conducted to illustrate the importance of each component of the PSGNet architecture.
Strengths: The hierarchical nodes of PSG can locate onto pixels from object subparts to object groupings, which is a natural representation for scenes. The proposed self-supervise learning of such hierarchical representation and its generalization ability to real-world image are novel and experiments are sufficient.
Weaknesses: Some concerns: 1. Previous works on scene graph will model the relations between objects like support relation, occlusion or spatial order. Although hierarchical, PSG only has "edges that represent within-object bonds that hold object parts together", which limits the expressiveness of graph structure. 2. The affinity functions inspired from 4 perceptual grouping principles will encourage the grouping of similarities from many aspects. However it may fail to capture the details of texture in images especially in real-world images, as depicted in Figure 2.
Correctness: With node attributes representing features object position, surface normals, shape and texture properties, making the physical part of scene graph weak. The render and compare methodology is typical in self-supervised/unsupervised scene representation learning.
Clarity: The PSGNet architecture section has too many distinct parts and techniques that need to be addressed, especially the graph construction part. It might be a better idea to further highlight the key points. The experiments are clear and ablation study is well discussed.
Relation to Prior Work: Yes.
Reproducibility: Yes
Additional Feedback: -----Post Rebuttal------ The authors well addressed my concerns and the rebuttal makes the work more clear. Hope to see the corresponding revised version.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Does an accelerated charge always radiate? For example the current electrons in an electric circuit when moving through a turn they are accelerated, do they radiate because of that acceleration?
 1. If the answer is no, then why not?
 2. If the answer is yes, then how small the radiation is?
share|improve this question
Can you clarify that you're talking about synchrotron or cyclotron radiation? – endolith Aug 12 '11 at 21:50
2 Answers 2
An individual electron going around the loop would of course radiate. However, if we have a constant current going around the loop, there are many electrons and their individual radiations cancel each other, so there is no net radiation. They balance each other out. We can show their is no net radiation by solving Maxwell's equations on the net current, which is constant.
There would be some transient radiation when you change the current. Also, in the real world, there would be some infinitesimal radiation due to the fact that the current won't truly be constant at the microscopic level, i.e. because of Johnson noise etc.
share|improve this answer
I do not understand how individual radiations of many electrons would cancel each other. How can we show this using Maxwell's equations, is this a standard calculation or something? Pointing out some textbook in which this is explained (or even listed as an exercise) would be greatly appreciated and helpful. – Revo Aug 10 '11 at 19:20
Well, you can formally prove it using vector potentials and Green functions, if you are comfortable with those. However for a more intuitive take, consider a single electron going around in a loop. His total vector acceleration averaged over the loop must be zero. Now imagine many identical electrons spread around the loop; the total vector acceleration for all electrons at any instant must be the same as the loop-average for a single electron, i.e. zero. Since radiation is proportional the charge times acceleration, they cancel. – user1631 Aug 10 '11 at 19:58
Hmmm, that means a current in a superconducting ring will fade away by radiation? – Revo Aug 10 '11 at 20:11
A "shut up and calculate" way to prove that a ring with current produces no electromagnetic waves is to solve Maxwell's equations for this configuration of electric currents. Thankfully, the solution for a loop with current in infinite space is readily available. It can be found in any physics textbook under "magnetostatics", along with a sketch of magnetic field lines curling around the wire. This solution is unique. No time varying magnetic or electric fields in this solution. Therefore, no electromagnetic waves. – drlemon Aug 10 '11 at 20:35
Without appealing to Green's functions and other esoterica, an easy way to see that it doesn't radiate is that since there is no time-variation in the currents, there is no parameter that would set the frequency of the waves. You might think that the period would equal the time required for an electron to go once around the circuit, but that would be different for different types of wire because of the different drift velocities. Maxwell's equations don't have velocity in them, only current. (The time to drift around the circuit is also ~1 s, so the frequency would be ~1 Hz!) – Ben Crowell Aug 10 '11 at 20:56
Generally speaking, accelerated charges radiate. For the case of a current in a wire, the acceleration is so small that the radiation is hard or impossible to detect.
For example, consider 1 amp traveling down a wire of radius 1mm. How fast do the electrons move? To solve this we need to know the number of mobile charge carriers per unit volume and a few constants. The answer is $v = $ 2 meters per day. You can convert this speed into an acceleration using the formula $a = v^2/R$ where $R$ is the radius of curvature of the corner. It is a very small number.
For comparison, the radiation that makes it so difficult to speed up electrons in a collider experiment comes from electrons that are traveling essentially at the speed of light.
share|improve this answer
Yeah that is the intuitive answer I had in mind, electrons in a current loop radiate but the radiation is infinitesimally small because the drift velocity is infinitesimally small. – Revo Aug 10 '11 at 22:20
The answer by user1631 is also correct (I believe), but only applies to constant currents. In a synchrotron, the currents are not constant but instead come as pulses. – Carl Brannen Aug 10 '11 at 22:30
There are a couple of problems with this answer. One is that the drift velocity is not universal, as you seem to be claiming; it depends on the material. The other is that it is possible to make the acceleration as large as desired simply by making v large and/or making R small. Even with large a, there is no radiation, but your answer makes it sound as though there is. – Ben Crowell Aug 11 '11 at 14:50
_USER_; I keep going back and forth on this. First, I never said drift velocity is universal; I did the calculation with copper because this is common for circuits. Second, if you make v large enough you end up with synchrotron radiation. But I agree that if the - charges of the electrons are exactly cancelled by the + charges of the metal then there is no radiation of this sort. But an exact cancellation is not compatible with a change in the current; for the usual metals, one must have voltage to have current and this implies that the + and - charges did not cancel exactly. – Carl Brannen Aug 11 '11 at 16:33
I'm feeling really doubtful of my arguments here and would appreciate a critique so that I can go ahead and delete the answer. – Carl Brannen Aug 12 '11 at 17:30
Your Answer


William the Worm and the Magic Beans
Scoil Mobhí Glasnaíon, 5th Class, 27th May 2019
Once there was a worm called William. His companion was Passion Fruit the Monkey.
William's friend Passion Fruit was badly injured in the war so he took him to the forest.
They enjoyed a quiet life in the forest - until a year later, when they saw four glowing beans in the night.
Then it started raining salt and the beans disappeared.
William started crying and he went to his underground house in his mini-van.
He found the glowing beans in the ground. William brought the beans to the surface in the mini-van.
Passion Fruit stole the beans from the van.
He used the glowing beans' power to teleport away.
William was confused why Passion Fruit would steal the beans so he went to his secret underground library to study about the beans.
William discovered that the beans were magic and that looking at the beans makes anyone want to steal them.
Meanwhile, Passion Fruit had eaten one of the beans and it turned him into a big, big, big gorilla.
Now, there were only three beans left…


text:
In April of 2015, the City hired the National Research Center to conduct a COMMUNITY LIVABILITY SURVEY. The National Citizen Survey (the NCS) is a specialized, standardized survey administered to more than 500 cities and towns across the United States.
What is Community Livability? It is the sum of all the factors that add up to a community's quality of life. The survey focuses on 8 quality of life areas to measure how the citizens feel about their community. These areas include:
- Natural Environment
- Built Environment
- Recreation and Wellness
- Education and Enrichment
- Community Engagement
One of the main goals of the NCS is to make sure the results are representative of the entire community. Great efforts are made to ensure this happens by using demographic information when selecting the initial distribution of the survey forms. 2,000 surveys were mailed to random households and 494 were completed and returned. This is considered a very good return rate, providing a statistically valid survey with a margin of error of less than 4%. To learn more about the statistical validity of the survey check Appendix C of this document.
By using a firm that surveys so many governmental units, we are provided with interesting and useful benchmark information - a comparison of how our City rated and ranked to all the others. Complete benchmarking information is available in Appendix B of this document.
Enough talking, here are the final reports!
- September 29, 2015 Staff Report
- Community Livability Report 2015
- Dashboard Summary of Findings 2015
- Comparisons by Demographic Subgroups 2015
- Appendix A - Complete Survey Reponses
- Appendix B - Benchmark Comparisons
- Appendix C - Survey Methods
- Appendix D - Survey Materials


text:
What is the molar absorptivity of crystal violet?
When dissolved in water, the dye has a blue-violet colour with an absorbance maximum at 590 nm and an extinction coefficient of 87,000 M−1 cm−1. The colour of the dye depends on the acidity of the solution.
Is Crystal Violet dangerous?
Environmental The product contains a substance which may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. Hazard statements H350 May cause cancer. H412 Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects.
How does crystal violet inhibit growth?
Crystal violet has an antibacterial action against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis and Bacillus subtilis. The effect of the dye, measured as minimum inhibitory concentration or retardation of growth, increases as the pH rises from 6 to 8. Gram‐negative organisms, such as E.
Is Crystal Violet acidic or basic?
If the color portion of the dye resides in the positive ion, as in the above case, it is called a basic dye (examples: methylene blue, crystal violet, safranin). If the color portion is in the negatively charged ion, it is called an acidic dye (examples: nigrosin, congo red).
Is safranin basic or acidic?
Safranin is a basic biological dye commonly used as a counter-stain in some of the staining protocols like gram staining.
How does crystal violet assay work?
It relies on the detachment of adherent cells from cell culture plates during cell death. During the assay, dead detached cells are washed away. The remaining attached live cells are stained with Crystal violet. After a wash step, the Crystal violet dye is solubilized and measured by absorbance at 595 nm.
What are examples of acidic dyes?
Acid dyes stain acidophilic structures (e.g. cytoplasm, basic tissue proteins). Examples of acid dyes are Indian ink, congo red, nigrosoine.
What is the most commonly used dye?
Reactive dyes are the most permanent of all dye types and are the most common type of dye used on cotton and other cellulose fibers.
What is acidic and basic dye?
Acidic Dyes: It is dye which has negative charge so they bind to positively charged cell structures like some proteins. Basic Dyes: This dye have positive charge & bind to negatively charged molecules(nucleic acid, -COOH -OH).
Is India ink acidic or basic?
India Ink or Nigrosin is an acidic stain. This means that the stain readily gives up a hydrogen ion (proton) and the chromophore of the dye becomes negatively charged. Since the surface of most bacterial cells is negatively charged, the cell surface repels the stain.
How do you use Indian ink?
3:55Suggested clip · 114 secondsHow To Use India Ink – YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clip
Why is it called India Ink?
India ink was first invented in China, but the English term India(n) ink was coined due to their later trade with India. In India, the carbon black from which India ink is formulated was obtained indigenously by burning bones, tar, pitch, and other substances.
Is India ink permanent?
Probably the most renowned ink, Indian ink is a permanent, opaque black.
Is India ink safe?
Use India Ink Ink, like the ink from your pen, is not sterile and can be highly toxic. A non-toxic ink, like India ink, would be your best bet. It's natural, carbon-based, and less likely to cause infection. India ink is super cheap, and you can buy tons of it at your local art supply store.
Is India ink washable?
Washable Fabrics Pretreat the stain with heavy-duty liquid detergent. Rinse. Soak fabric in dilute solution of all-fabric powdered bleach. If stain persists and garment is white or colorfast, soak entire garment in diluted solution of liquid chlorine bleach and water.


Programmes > Par auteur > Kissas Konstantinos
Geophysical Explorations of the Classical Coastal Settlement of Lechaion, Peloponnese (Greece)
Apostolos Sarris 1, *@ , Tuna Kalayci 1@ , Nikos Papadopoulos 1@ , Nasos Argyriou 1@ , Jamieson Donati 1@ , Meropi Manataki 1@ , Georgia Kakoulaki 1@ , Nikos Nikas 1@ , Paul Scotton 2@ , Konstantinos Kissas 3@
1 : GeoSat ReSeArch Lab, Institute for Mediterranean Studies, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas
2 : California State University,Long Beach, USA
3 : Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz & EFACOR, Ancient Corinth 20007
* : Auteur correspondant
The geophysical survey at Lechaion was carried out under the framework of the Lechaion Harbor and Settlement Project (LHSP) that aims to study the settlement and its harbor during its habitation. Lechaion was the western and most important seaport of Corinth due to its proximity to the city. Long fortification walls connected the city with the port and the naval dockyard. The basilica of Saint Leonidi which is considered the largest paleochristian church in Greece is sited at the ancient harbor,.
The geophysical results were mainly correlated to a system of parallel N-S roads crossing the site verifying a number of features that were originally suggested from various historical aerial and satellite images. Around the lagoon features follow the direction of the modern shoreline, suggesting that its shape has not changed significantly since the ancient times. Magnetic values were more pronounced closer to the lagoon, showing a denser occupation in this section, probably related to more costal type of activities. The most striking target of the GPR survey was a three aisled basilica oriented in a E-W direction. Its orientation follows more strictly an E-W direction compared to the NE-SW orientation of the Leonidis basilica to the NW, which is built between the inner basin of the lagoon and the sea.
To the north of the central lagoon, an area of more than 100x100m has been clearly differentiated from its surroundings suggesting a region of high deposition intact from other geological processes. The 2D sections of the ERT indicated a three-layer stratigraphy composed of a 2m deep superficial conductive clay horizon saturated with saline water, followed by a 5-9m thick resistive layer (silty clay) sitting on a bedding which slopes towards the NE. The correlation of the ERT data with the lack of GPR reflection signals may suggest that this region could have comprised an outer harbour that has been silted by the continuous sea currents. This was also supported from the GPR data that indicated a series of extensive linear concave features extending parallel to the NE coastline that could be explained as traces of depositions from past incoming sea waves that may have modified the coastline in different historical periods. Furthermore, the geophysical data did not provide any substantial evidence of communication between the outer port and the western lagoon.
The joint employment and interpretation from diverse satellite and ground based techniques proved their efficiency in reconstructing the cultural dynamics of coastal archaeological sites in Eastern Mediterranean.
Personnes connectées : 5 Flux RSS


text:
The impact dug a crater nearly four miles wide that now lies beneath the town of Decorah, said Bevan French, one of the world's foremost crater hunters and an adjunct scientist at the National Museum of Natural History.
The asteroid that carved it would have dwarfed the estimated 55-foot-wide space rock that exploded over southern Russia on Friday.
The Decorah object smashed into bedrock with such force that it shattered tiny grains of minerals. French found this
Finding impact craters is rare, as erosion and the shifting of tectonic plates tend to erase them. The Decorah crater, if accepted by other scientists, would be just the 184th known, according to an international database at the University of New Brunswick.
But spying the evidence of the Earth's most dramatic explosions requires only humble equipment - a simple black microscope. As sun streamed into French's office above Constitution Avenue in Washington one recent afternoon, he placed a glass slide under the microscope's lens and invited a reporter to peer in. A thin slice of rock from beneath Decorah sat on the
Three white circles - quartz crystals no bigger than mustard seeds - popped into view. Dozens of parallel lines striped each circle: evidence of a rock-crushing pulse.
"They're shattered," French said of the crystals. Geologists consider shock quartz near-definitive evidence of an extraterrestrial impact.
The Decorah crater lay undiscovered until now because almost none of it peeks above ground. Instead, it is filled by an unusual shale that formed after an ancient seaway sluiced into the crater, depositing sediment and an array of bizarre sea creatures that hardened into fossils, French said.
This shale was the first clue that certain Iowans may be unknowingly living in a crater.
Jean Young, an amateur geologist in northern Iowa, noticed the shale about a dozen years ago, when inspecting gravel pulled up by well-drilling machines. It looked like no other rock she had seen in the region.
Young sent samples to Robert McKay, a geologist at the Iowa Department of Natural Resources. McKay then pulled from his files "churn gravel" from dozens of other wells drilled in a four-township area centered on Decorah.
He found the same shale in some of the other samples, too. When plotted on a map, the shale-rich borings described a "nice circular basin" about 31/2-miles wide, neatly bisected by the Upper Iowa River and almost completely encompassing Decorah, he said.
McKay, French and other colleagues are preparing a scientific paper describing the discovery.
McKay and colleagues dubbed the black rock Winnesheik Shale and published a scientific paper describing it in 2006. But only after French recently identified the shock quartz - which was pulled from beneath the shale - did a giant impact seem more certain.
"They found what would be expected from an impact," said Michael Velbel, a Michigan State University geologist, on sabbatical at the Smithsonian, who attended French's talk last week. "It's clear the shale fills a crater."
Fossils in the shale - including eel-like conodonts, worms called vermiforms, and shrimp-like creatures called eurypterids - date the crater to about 470 million years ago, McKay said. This geologic period, known as the Middle Ordovician, was marked by an explosion of early life in the oceans. This period was also marred by an apparent uptick in the number of asteroid impacts on Earth. About a dozen of the planet's known impact craters hail from that time.
In 2004, astronomers including Birger Schmitz of the University of Lund, Sweden, proposed a shocking explanation: A massive collision in the asteroid belt beyond Mars about 469 million years ago bombarded Earth with asteroid fragments. Supporting this idea: About 20 percent of all meteorites on Earth - known as "L-chondrites" - date from this period. They appear so similar as to have broken off from the same parent body.
The Decorah crater may have been formed by one such fragment, French said. Even more intriguingly, this newfound crater lies on a line between two other impacts of roughly the same age: the Rock Elm crater in Wisconsin and the Ames crater in Oklahoma.
A single giant asteroid may have flown in from the south, shattered and left a pockmarked trail of smoldering craters strung along about 500 miles. French labeled the possibility "stimulating speculation."
But because dating techniques render it impossible to narrow down the age of the three craters to a single century - let alone a single day - that notion probably will remain in the realm of speculation.
"It's certainly possible," McKay said. "But trying to prove all three came down at the same time would be tough. I'm not exactly sure how we could do that."

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


The Narcissist's Flying Monkeys
Traits and Characteristics of Flying Monkeys
FLYING MONKEYS ARE ENABLERS who act on behalf of narcissists. They are usually friends and relatives who serve as surrogates, emissaries, fixers and drones in the narcissist's network. Moreover, they make it possible for narcissists to carry out their campaigns of abuse by proxy.
A person may rationalize playing the flying monkey role for a variety of reasons. Here are some examples:
 - Necessity – They may feel beholden to the narcissist because they are a relative or friend.
 - Acceptance – They may long for attention and validation from the narcissist.
 - Avarice – They may benefit from enabling the narcissist.
 - Schadenfreude – Some people genuinely enjoy inflicting pain and suffering on others.
 - Manipulation – They may be empathic people with poor boundaries who buy into the narcissist's schemes and mischief-making.
Flying monkeys and the cycle of narcissistic abuse
Flying monkeys are usually active in every stage of the cycle of narcissistic abuse:
 1. Idealization
 2. Devaluation
 3. Discard
 4. Hoover
The Cycle of Narcissistic Abuse
In the idealization or love bombing phase, flying monkeys may be used to provide social proof for the narcissist. At this stage, it's their job to convince the target that the narcissist's false self is real.
Flying monkeys help the narcissist accomplish this by vouching for them and helping them appear to be believable, trustworthy and stable. Flying monkeys also provide false verification for the scapegoat stories/smear campaigns the narcissist has crafted to discredit their previous victims.
During the devaluation phase of narcissistic abuse, the behavior of flying monkeys is similar to canned laughter on a sit-com. In other words, the flying monkeys encourage and echo the abuser's negative sentiments about the person the narcissist is denigrating.
They also cover for the narcissist while they are grooming a new source of attention and adulation i.e. narcissistic supply.
In the discard phase flying monkeys enable the narcissist to control the narrative and escape accountability. Once again, this is done by providing the narcissist with social proof of their scapegoat story/smear campaign which is now directed at their current target.
Flying monkeys provide a narcissist with an alibi for whatever narrative they invent about themselves or the people they target.
They enable the narcissist to use a gaslighting tactics like DARVO against the target. DARVO is an acronym for:
 - Deny the abuse took place.
 - Attack the individual confronting the abuse.
 - Reverse the roles of
 - Victim and
 - Offender
The final stage of the cycle of narcissistic abuse is the hoover maneuver. In this stage the flying monkeys enable the narcissist to hook the target and reel them back into the relationship so the cycle of narcissistic abuse can begin again.
This may be done by carrying messages from the narcissist to the target. For example, flying monkeys often surface when the recipient of abuse has ended contact with the narcissist. The flying monkey may befriend the target to extract information about them for the narcissist.
Alternatively, malevolent flying monkeys may slander, harass, stalk and assassinate the character of the target to such an extent that the recipient of the abuse may feel that the only way to put an end to their torment is to resume contact with the narcissist and plead with them to make it stop.
Types of flying monkeys
Narcissists assign different kinds of flying monkey roles to people depending on the individual's motives.
There are two main subgroups of flying monkeys: benevolent and malevolent.
Benevolent Flying Monkeys
Benevolent Flying Monkeys have four main characteristics.
 - The harm they inflict is largely unintentional.
 - They are susceptible to manipulation.
 - They have poor boundaries.
 - They are people pleasers.
Benevolent Flying Monkeys | Narcissistic Abuse
As people pleasers, it is easy for narcissists and psychopaths to manipulate benevolent flying monkeys into doing their bidding. All they have to do is appeal to their empathy and/or fear.
The benevolent flying monkey turns a blind eye to the narcissist's history of odious behavior. They justify this action with self-deception and put their trust in platitudes like everyone makes mistakeseveryone deserves a second chancethey'll grow out of it someday, and love conquers all.
Benevolent flying monkeys are likely to be triangulated because have a desire to be seen as heroic. They are blind to the true nature of their role as flying monkey. Instead, they view themselves as the peacemaker, the rescuer or savior.
The Meddler | Benevolent Flying Monkey | Narcissistic Abuse Rehab
The Meddler is usually someone seeking the thrill of the rescuer role. They are usually reacting to the theatrics of a narcissist. To cast someone in the role of Meddler, a narcissist may go to them and claim that their target has abused them. Because Meddlers lack boundaries, narcissists can easily overwhelm them by pouring out a never-ending litany of woe peppered with threats of self-destruction.
Meddlers are often in awe of narcissists and find their endless drama titillating. However sometimes exhausted Meddlers interfere in an attempt to stop the narcissist's whinging.
The Empath | Flying Monkeys | Narcissistic Abuse
The Empath can also be triangulated by a narcissist. An unseasoned empath is easily be seduced by the narcissist's manipulation tactics, especially pity plays and love bombing
Highly empathic people often have a blind spot for the scheming nature of a narcissist as they are unable to conceive that anyone would deliberately conjure up the mischief and mayhem that narcissists revel in.
Narcissists corrupt empathic people by mirroring their good-natured persona back at them. Thus, empathic people identify and bond with narcissist's false persona. Seeing their reflection in the narcissist, the unseasoned empath extends trust but fails to verify the facts. In other words, they do not do their due diligence and dismiss the other person's side of the story.
When a narcissist is mirroring an empathic person, their empathy can be weaponized. The Empath believes, "this person is similar to me, therefore I will treat them the way I would like to be treated, I will give them the kind of support I would like to have if I were in their shoes."
To live a life free from manipulation and enabling toxic people, Dr. Paul Bloom's proposes rational compassion as opposed to unbridled empathy.
Empathy is a disaster in this complicated and interesting world. It has several problems. It is biased. We feel more empathy toward people who look like us, who share our skin color or our ethnicity; who are attractive rather than ugly; who are close rather than far. It's innumerate. We feel empathy for the one but not for the hundred. Thirdly it can be weaponized.
Paul Bloom, Yale University.
Dr. Bloom points out that empathy can be biased whereas compassion is just.
Coward | Flying Monkey | What is an enabler of narcissistic abuse?
The Coward is recruited to do the narcissists bidding because they feel intimidated and afraid of the narcissist. The Coward may feel that they stand to lose some advantage by failing to keep the narcissist happy. Their self-interest readily overrides their conscience.
In many instances, the coward relies on the narcissist in some way i.e. they may be employed by the narcissist or they may wish to access privilege through their connection to the narcissist.
Malevolent flying monkeys
Malevolent flying monkeys share several common characteristics, as well.
 - The harm they inflict is intentional.
 - They take genuine pleasure in destroying other people.
 - They have are amoral.
 - They are highly anti-social.
Malevolent Flying Monkeys | Narcissistic Abuse Rehab
Malevolent flying monkeys are divided into three common classes: the Scandalmonger (Sadist), the Narcissist, and the Psychopath.
How do flying monkeys enable narcissists?
The Scandalmonger is always up for the sadistic power trip of destroying another person. They are recruited into the narcissist's triangulation efforts because they relish the thrill and brutality of scapegoating.
Scandalmongering is antisocial behavior and it is done without conscience. This type is callously treacherous. Often they make a pretense of sympathy and solidarity with the target in the aftermath of the devaluation or discard stage of narcissistic abuse.
Their aim is to weaponize the trust of the target. Anything the target confides in them will immediately be conveyed to the narcissist and used to inflict greater harm to the target.
If the scandalmonger believes that the narcissist has a high enough status, they don't bother pretenses and go straight for the target's jugular by gleefully participating in the narcissist's smear campaign and assassinating the target's character.
In both instances, scandalmongers are uninterested in the target's point of view because their goal is to silence them. Scandalmongers don't care about what is right or what is fair. They are happy to shoot first and ask questions later – if at all.
Scandalmongers experience a profound Schadenfreude at being able to participate in the destruction of another person.
Narcissist | What is a flying


text:
Today IBM and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, together with Nokia, Pitney Bowes, and Sony, are announcing the creation of "The Eco-Patent Commons," a new collaborative effort focused on shared use of intellectual property to help the environment.
Together these companies are pledging dozens of patents in what we hope will be an expanding effort. As the industry moves to have greater openness and collaboration as part of their balanced intellectual property strategy, the Commons can help companies ensure that "green" is an essential part of that strategy.
The overview of The Eco-Patent Commons from the World Business Council for Sustainable Development website states that the goals are
- To provide an avenue by which innovations and solutions may be easily shared to accelerate and facilitate implementations to protect the environment and perhaps lead to further innovation.
- To promote and encourage cooperation and collaboration between businesses that pledge patents and potential users to foster further joint innovations and the advancement and development of solutions that benefit the environment.
The press release gives examples of some of the environmental benefits expected for pledged patents:
- Energy conservation or improved energy or fuel efficiency
- Pollution prevention (source reduction, waste reduction)
- Use of environmentally preferable materials or substances
- Water or materials use reduction
- Increased recycling opportunity
Patents in the Commons will typically relate to manufacturing or technical business processes that directly show an environmental benefit.
The idea for the Commons was originally proposed at a IBM Global Innovation Outlook conference. Today's Commons announcement follows IBM's patent non-assertion pledges for
- 500 patents to benefit open source in January, 2005,
- healthcare and education standards in October, 2005, and
- over 150 Internet, SOA, web services, and Web 2.0 core standards for interoperability in July, 2007.
Dave Kappos, IBM Vice President and Asst. General Counsel in Intellectual Property Law, and I recorded a podcast about this announcement that goes into greater detail. The press kit also has additional information.
Finally, if you and your company would like to participate, the Commons overview has contacts as well as this advice:
Contact your Intellectual Property (IP) function and examine your business's patent portfolio. Identify patents your business may want to contribute to the Eco-Patent Commons. Many businesses do not routinely patent innovations that benefit the environment, so some participants will have only a small number of patents to pledge. Contributing even one patent is sufficient for participation and can make a significant difference in helping to further sustainable development.
Selected Media Coverage:
- CNET: "Eco-Patent Commons shares earth-friendly tech", by Martin LaMonica
- Reuters, "IBM, Pitney-Bowes, others give free green patents"
- San Francisco Chronicle, "'Eco-Patent Commons' hopes to improve environmental innovation", by Tom Abate
- Bloomberg, "IBM Joins Sony, Nokia in Sharing Ecologically Friendly Patents", by Matthew R. Miller
- VNUNet, "IT industry forms green coalition", by Iain Thomson
- EARTHtimes.org, "IBM, Sony team up for Eco-Patent Commons", by Brian Holmes
- InfoWorld, "IBM, Nokia, and Sony back green-patent giveaway", by Ted Samson


text:
Examining the significance of the nude in New Zealand art, this book describes how the tradition of life drawing and painting has developed from its introduction by European settlers to the modern times. It also discusses the various social attitudes towards the nude and the experience of being a life model.
- Limba : Engleza
- Data Publicarii : 01 Jan 2002
- Format : Paperback
- Numar pagini : 146
- ISBN : 9781877276378
DISPONIBILITATE INCERTĂ: Cere detalii


text:
Lewistown is a borough in and the county seat of Mifflin County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is the principal city of the Lewistown, Pennsylvania Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses all of Mifflin County. It lies along the Juniata River, northwest of Harrisburg. The number of people living in the borough in 1900 was 4,451; in 1910, 8,166; in 1940, 13,017; and in 2000, 8,998. The population was 8,338 at the 2010 census. It is the principal borough of the Lewistown Micropolitan Statistical Area. Of the four communities in the United States named "Lewistown", this borough is the largest.
The borough was incorporated in 1795 and was named for William "Bill" Lewis, a Quaker and a member of the legislature, who was responsible for the designation of the borough, which was then known as the Village of Ohesson, as the county seat of Mifflin County.
During the late 19th century Mifflin County became the crossroads of the Commonwealth. Located near the geographic center of the state, the area became a hub for traffic moving in every direction.
Early roads crisscrossed the region, but it was the eventual construction of the Pennsylvania Canal and the railroads that followed that truly positioned Mifflin County as an economic force in the state.
Lewistown, as the major city in Mifflin County, saw its economy expand dramatically as entrepreneurs launched companies to construct canal boats or build inns offering lodging for travelers and workers.
At its zenith, Mifflin County was one of the busiest centers for cargo and passenger traffic in the United States. But with the demise of the canal system, Mifflin County eventually lost its place as a major transportation hub.
American Civil War
On April 16, 1861, Lewistown sent its Logan Guards, a militia group originally formed in 1858, to Washington, D.C. for its defense. They were one of only five companies, all recruited in Pennsylvania, to share the honor of being the first U.S. troops sent to the capital. Monument Square, situated at the intersection of Main and Market Streets in Lewistown, serves as a memorial to these men.
Tropical Storm Agnes
Lewistown lost its role as a major transportation hub, but still boasted a strong industrial economy until the early 1970s when the county's industries began a slow decline. A ruinous natural event in June 1972 would cripple the local economy and Lewistown has never recovered.
One June 19, Agnes made initial landfall along the Florida Panhandle as a weak Category 1 Hurricane. Agnes then proceeded through Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina before she moved back over the Atlantic off the North Carolina coast on June 21.
After regaining strength over the Atlantic, she made landfall again over southeastern New York on June 22 and moved westward in an arc over southern New York into north-central Pennsylvania. She became nearly stationary over Pennsylvania by morning of June 23, but was soon absorbed by a low-pressure system that slowly drifted northeastward from Pennsylvania into New York.
Rainfall from storm over the Mid-Atlantic region ranged from 2-3 inches in the extreme upper basins of the Potomac and North Branch Susquehanna Rivers to near Shamokin, Pennsylvania, in the Main Stem Susquehanna River basin. An average of 6-10 inches of rain fell over the Mid-Atlantic region. The soil, already well watered by spring rains, could not absorb so much water so quickly.
While flooding from the Juniata River was somewhat controlled due to a dam at Raystown Lake, west of Lewistown, the county experienced extensive flooding from the river and major streams which resulted in the permanent closure of many businesses along the river. Most notably, the flood submerged much of the American Viscose Plant, then a division of FMC Corporation. The facility, located on the banks of the Juniata River across from Lewistown proper, manufactured rayon fiber (primarily for rayon-belted automobile tires), polyester and Avistrap.
FMC was one of two major employers in the area at the time, the other being the Standard Steel Works. The "Viscose" plant was only marginally profitable before the storm and the cost to reopen was prohibitive. (Ironically, the demand for rayon fabric for trendy clothing shot upward only a few years later.) Rayon production, and with it, thousands of good-paying jobs, moved to another FMC plant in Front Royal, Virginia. The Lewistown polyester plant reopened, but it rehired only a fraction of the previous workforce. The site eventually became the Mifflin County Industrial Plaza and a variety of businesses have come and gone since then.
While Lewistown did receive the prestigious All-American City award in 1973 for its rebuilding process following the disaster, many of the blue collar workforce left the area to head south, along with the companies which chose not to rebuild in Lewistown.
Lewistown is home to the Pennsylvania State Fire School, which is the only such facility in the state. Firefighting in Lewistown is very important, as volunteer firefighters have strong allegiance to the multiple independent fire companies in the borough to which they devote their time.
Today, Lewistown is still looking to rebuild, but is now overshadowed by nearby State College. Due to the growth of Penn State and the construction of a new highway system, Lewistown is now struggling to avoid becoming the last rest stop for travelers coming from the east on their way to State College.


text:
Decoloration of Methylene Blue Via Mesoporous Silica Microspheres Doped with TiO2
Mesoporous silica microsphere was prepared by microwave hydrothermal synthesis，using hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as template agent and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as silica source. And mesoporous silica microspheres doped with TiO2 was prepared by sol-gel method. They were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and N2 adsorption-desorption analysis. Then methylene blue decoloration test was investigated to verify the mechanism proposed elsewhere, with respect to concentration, amount of samples, pH and light illumination. Results indicate that low concentration, large amounts of samples, alkaline and UV illumination are more favorable to adsorption, and TiO2/MSM has higher decoloration rate than MSM.
Zhong Cao, Yinghe He, Lixian Sun and Xueqiang Cao
H. J. Wei et al., "Decoloration of Methylene Blue Via Mesoporous Silica Microspheres Doped with TiO2", Advanced Materials Research, Vols. 236-238, pp. 2166-2171, 2011


Sending Text Messages
You can use the messages node to send text messages to your customers.
Before You Start
You need to meet all the prerequisites listed in the Before You Start section of the Messages documentation.
 - A text message can be a max of 4096 characters long.
Step 1: Make POST Request to /messages
Once you have the WhatsApp ID for the user you want to message, use it to send a text message. Specify text in the type field.
POST /v1/messages
 "preview_url": false | true,
 "recipient_type": "individual",
 "to": "whatsapp-id",
 "type": "text",
 "text": {
 "body": "your-text-message-content"
For more information on parameters, see:
If you want to format your message, see Formatting in Text Messages.
Sending URLs in Text Messages
By default, the mobile WhatsApp application recognizes URLs and makes them clickable. To include a URL preview, include "preview_url": true in the message body and make sure the URL begins with http:// or https://. A hostname is required, IP addresses are not matched.
 "preview_url": true,
 "to": "whatsapp-id",
 "text": {
 "body": "You have to check out this amazing messaging service"
The majority of the time when you send a URL, whether with a preview or not, the receiver of the message will see a URL that they can click on.
URL previews are only rendered after one of the following has happened:
 1. The business has sent a message template to the user.
 2. The user initiates a conversation with a "click to chat" link.
 3. The user adds the business phone number to their address book and initiates a conversation.
Step 2: Check Your Response
A successful response includes a messages object with an ID for the newly created message.
 "messages": [{
 "id": "gBEGkYiEB1VXAglK1ZEqA1YKPrU"
An unsuccessful response contains an error message. See Error and Status Codes for more information.


background
 0x20 invert
 0x40 dotty
 0x80 use custom font
 // e.g. poke(0x5f58, 0x1 | 0x2 | 0x4 | 0x8 | 0x20 | 0x40) -- pinball everywhere
 0x5f59 char_w (low nibble), char_h (high)
 0x5f5a char_w2 (low nibble), tab_w (high)
 0x5f5b offset_x (low nibble), offset_y (high)
 // any nibbles equal to 0 are ignored
 // tab_w values are mapeed to 4..64
0x5f5c / 24412
Auto-repeat delay for btnp(): When a button is held down, this controls the delay between the initial signal and the first auto-repeat signal. Expressed in 30ths of a second. The default value is 0, which tells PICO-8 to use the system delay setting. A value of 255 (or -1) disables the button repeat feature.
0x5f5d / 24413
Auto-repeat interval for btnp(): When a button is held down, this controls the intervals between auto-repeat signals. Expressed in 30ths of a second. The default value is 0, which tells PICO-8 to use the system delay setting.
0x5f5e / 24414
Bitmask for reading and writing colors. Allows PICO-8 to use only certain bits of the source color, and to write only certain bits of the destination color. Applies only when the value is non-zero. In the lower four bits, the 1 bits indicate which bits to set, while 0 bits indicate which bits to preserve. In the upper four bits, the 1 bits indicate which source color bits to keep, and the 0 bits indicate which bits to discard. The default value is 0, which allows all bits to be read and written, as if the mask had been set to 0xff.
This is effectively the pixel-writing operation:
dst_color = (dst_color & ~write_mask) | (src_color & write_mask & read_mask)
0x5f5f / 24415
(Undocumented) Specifies a high-color mode. Allows the usage of a secondary display palette if set to 0x10, or the usage of a gradient if set to 0x30 - 0x3f (the low hex digit specifies the screen color to replace). Other values will disable high-color, and PICO-8 will operate in regular 16-color mode.
0x5f60..0x5f6f / 24416..24431
Look-up table used for sprite fill patterns. Once the draw palette remapping is computed as normal, a byte is taken from this LUT using 0x5f60+color. The lower nibble specifies the color for the "0" bits in the fill pattern, and the upper nibble for the "1" bits. This value is then AND'ed with the read-mask at 0x5f5e as usual.
(Undocumented) This is also a look-up table for the secondary display palette and the colors that make up the gradient (the first color is for the top-most 128×8 section, the second for the 128×8 section underneath, etc.). The format of this section is identical to the screen palette in the Draw State section (see above).
Since this region is used for two different features, the programmer must decide whether sprite fill patterns or the selection of scanline palette modes is applicable for their program.
0x5f70..0x5f7f / 24432..24447
(Undocumented) The bitfield for the screen lines that should use the second screen palette instead of the primary one. This is useful for dividing the screen up into 2 sections, each with a different palette, or even a CRT monitor effect. See Bonevolt's BBS post for more in-depth information and examples.
If gradient mode is used, these instead specify a +1 offset for the indexed gradient color on the given line (e.g. line 60 has gradient color 60 \ 8 = 7, and setting the bit will cause it to be 8), with gradient color 15 wrapping around to 0.
Each of these 16 bytes are for each 8-line section of the screen, which aligns with the gradient sections. Bit 0 contains the section's top-most line, while bit 7 contains its bottom-most line.
Note that the affected sections aren't limited to horizontal rows. The current screen transformation selected in 0x5f2c happens after the selected high-color effect takes place. If rotation modes 133 or 135 are used, this can allow the effects to be applied in vertical columns instead.
GPIO pins[edit | edit source]
This experimental feature provides programs access to the GPIO (general purpose input/output) hardware pins of a Raspberry Pi or CHIP device. These addresses can be used to accept digital input from or write digital output to devices connected to the pins. JavaScript code that runs in a browser can also access them by defining a global array named pico8_gpio. There are up to 128 pins, depending on the platform.
0x5f80..0x5fff / 24448..24575
Each byte represents the value of 1 pin. The possible values vary depending on the platform.
Screen data[edit | edit source]
This 8,192-byte (8 KiB) region contains the graphics buffer. This is what is modified by the built-in drawing functions, and is what is copied to the actual display at the end of the game loop or by a call to flip().
0x6000..0x7fff / 24576..32767
All 128 rows of the screen, top to bottom. Each row contains 128 pixels in 64 bytes. Each byte contains two adjacent pixels, with the lo 4 bits being the left/even pixel and the hi 4 bits being the right/odd pixel.
Upper memory[edit | edit source]
0x8000..0xffff / 32768..65535 / -32768..-1
This address range is considered to be where the program and kernel ROM would reside if this were not a virtual console. It is protected, so trying to peek or poke this area will produce errors.
(undocumented) If bit 4 of the hardware register at 0x5f36 / 24374 is set to 1 (e.g. "poke(24374,16)"), a 32 KiB bank of user-accessible RAM is switched in. This may be accessed at addresses 0x8000..0xffff in hex, or -32768..-1 in PICO-8's decimal number system. It's also possible to write numeric literals for poke() or peek() as 32768..65535, which are technically outside of the PICO-8 number range, but which will be clipped to 16-bit values by the Lua parser, resulting in the range effectively representing -32768..-1. The choice of hex vs. signed vs. unsigned numeric literals is purely cosmetic in this case, e.g. poke(-1,0) is shorter than the equivalent poke(65535,0) or poke(0xffff,0).
Warning: At the time of writing, switching this bank to RAM is a newly-discovered undocumented feature, and it is not yet known if there are any drawbacks. Quite often a discovery like this is followed by discovering a tradeoff, so be aware that there may be unknown caveats.
Lua Memory[edit | edit source]
The Memory used by Lua (global variables, local variables, tables, etc.) is entirely separate from the Pico-8 memory discussed above and is limited to 2 MiB.
The amount of memory currently used by the program can be checked with stat(0) and adds up as follows (all numbers are in bytes):
 - nil / boolean / number - no extra cost.
 - string - 17 + 1 * (# of characters)
Strings of length <= 40 are always interned, meaning creating such a string again (through any means) will simply use the previously created string and cost nothing.
On the other hand, interned strings are also stored in a global hash table, which grows whenever the number of interned strings reaches a new power of 2. Here, each interned string costs an additional ~4-8 bytes, though this cost is only observable - in bulk - whenever the hash table grows.
 - table - 32 + 8 * nextpow2(# of 'array' entries) + 20 * nextpow2(# of 'hash' entries)
Here, nextpow2 gives the next power of 2 (e.g. 2 -> 2, 3 -> 4, 4 -> 4, 5 -> 8, 130 -> 256).
For example, {1,2,a=3,b=4,c=5} takes 128 bytes: 32 + 8 * 2 + 20 * 4
 - function - 16 + 4 * (# of captured variables) + 32 * (# of newly captured variables)
A captured variable is any local variable declared outside the function, that's accessed inside the function.
A "newly" captured variable is merely one


How to Sign In as the User
1. Go to the
2. Navigate to the Users tab and search for the user you wish to log in as.
3. Once the user is selected click on "Sign in as User".
4. Choose a login method of either "Use Fingerprint" (fingerprint is provided by your developer and is the preferred method) or by sending a code to the end user's 2FA device (which will trigger a text message to the user's device). Once either of these methods is completed you will be signed in as the user.
Have more questions? Submit a request