text:
assess the human influence on the flood hazard from Lake Palcacocha we considered in turn:
The role of greenhouse-gas emissions in the change in temperature around Palcaraju glacier.
The influence of this change in temperature on the retreat of the glacier.
The impact of the resultant expansion of Lake Palcacocha on the flood hazard to which the people of Huaraz are exposed.
Previous research has established that virtually all global temperature rise since the mid-19th century is the result of greenhouse-gas and aerosol emissions from human activity. Given spatial variation in temperature trends, we first tested whether this relationship between human influence and warming held true in the region around Palcaraju glacier.
We then considered what role this temperature change has played in the retreat of Palcaraju glacier and, therefore, in the expansion of Lake Palcacocha.
Our results show that the observed retreat would not have happened without human-caused warming. Further, our central estimate is that 100% of the retreat is due to the temperature trend since 1850. In other words, in the absence of climate change, it is as likely that the glacier would have lengthened as it is that it would have retreated.
Having established the role of climate change in the dramatic expansion of Lake Palcacocha, we considered how this has changed the outburst flood threat posed by the lake.
Applying two independent "outburst flood hazard" ranking indices, the smaller lake of the 19th century is categorised as having a "medium" hazard. Subsequent growth has raised the lake to the highest hazard level. In response, local authorities have been compelled to implement hazard mitigation measures (pdf).
These findings establish a direct link between greenhouse gas emissions and the growing flood hazard to which Huaraz is exposed. The need to implement protective measures now – as well as any potential damages caused by flooding in future – can, therefore, be linked to climate change for the first time.
Early climate change impacts
The people of Huaraz have experienced the deadly threat posed by Lake Palcacocha once before. In 1941, a devastating outburst flood from the same lake destroyed one-third of the city, causing at least 1,800 fatalities and possibly as many as 4,000.
Our research shows that the emergence of human-induced climate change in the early 20th century initiated the retreat of Palcaraju glacier and the expansion of Lake Palcacocha, giving rise to the dangerous setting depicted in the photographs.
Our results indicate, therefore, that this mid-20th century event was one of the earliest fatal impacts of climate change to have been identified.
Setting a legal precedent?
Our findings offer new evidence relating to an ongoing lawsuit in the German courts.
In this case, Saúl Luciano Lliuya, a farmer and mountain guide from Huaraz, sued RWE – a German energy utility and Europe's largest carbon dioxide emitter – seeking compensation for a portion of the costs of measures to reduce the flood risk from Lake Palcacocha.
The lawsuit argues that RWE is liable for part of the costs of building flood defences, in proportion to their contribution to historical greenhouse gas emissions. As such, the case hinges on the existence of a causal relationship between climate change and the need to build flood defences.
The lawsuit is now in an evidence-gathering phase, in which scientific evidence about this causal relationship may be considered.
And, although evidence from attribution research has not yet entered widespread use in climate lawsuits, climate scientists now possess the tools to provide evidence about the role of greenhouse gas emissions in causing specific impacts.
For example, scientists previously published a study investigating the role of climate change in Japan's 2018 summer heatwave. The research found that a heatwave as intense as that of summer 2018, in which over 1,000 people died, could not have occurred without climate change
Such studies add to the growing body of evidence that lawyers have at their disposal on which to base legal claims for compensation.
Glacial lake outburst floods are already a major hazard as mountain areas. The ongoing retreat of glaciers will threaten growing numbers of communities. Our findings provide clear evidence that the threat to life from Lake Palcacocha is a direct consequence of human-caused climate change.
Even as the impacts of climate change continue to accumulate globally, there remains no comprehensive assessment of what the climate change impacts experienced to date are.
Understanding which events are the consequence of human activity has assumed growing significance and research on this topic may inform litigators and the courts, support policymakers in prioritising adaptation measures, and refine estimates of the economic impacts of climate change.
The latest Uttarakhand tragedy has been devastating to watch. Current reports estimate 32 deaths and nearly 200 missing as a result of an avalanche that has destroyed dams and bridges, and trapped workers at the base of Nanda Devi, India second highest peak.While the exact reasons for the disaster are still being mapped, it is critical for this ecologically fragile Himalayan state to re-evaluate prevailing policy and institutional processes to better coordinate disaster planning and long-term resilience. Over the last six years Acclimatise has spent some time in Uttarakhand engaging with the Department of Environment and Forests to operationalise the state's climate plan. Here are six key take-aways from our work there:
State authorities have a relatively clear picture of current disaster risks as a result of Uttarakhand's topography and its socio-economic and ecological circumstances. That knowledge needs to be concretely applied in the operationalisation of sectoral policies and strategies that determine development and infrastructure growth in the state. Projects linked to land-use planning, hydro power development, and road construction need to be consciously tied to local ecological and climate imperatives. Multiple benefits-based development planning can capture political drivers while also factoring community-led socio-economic needs and considerations of climate risk.
The State's current climate plan, which was approved in 2016, provides generic sectoral recommendations and has had limited resources. This is true for most state climate plans in India, Adaptation has been attempted through isolated projects, supported by some central funds and multilateral agencies. Initiatives have been rolled out as part of short-term technical assistance projects (a few of which we have been a part of). In developing its new climate plan, the state has an opportunity to address some of these gaps. Sectoral recommendations can be cognisant of the current political economy and political ecology of the state. The government can focus on investments and solutions that are scalable and can ensure a better management of physical risks.
Persistent political and bureaucratic shifts tend to impact how the climate and resilience agenda is perceived and adopted across Indian states. Re-establishing a permanent body like the State Climate Change Centre in Uttarakhand can ensure continuity of action, provide much needed institutional memory, and build local capacity for mainstreaming adaptation.
While there is some climate data (based on model-based projections) for Uttarakhand at the district level, there is limited capacity among departments and agencies to interpret and apply the information to plan projects and policies. This is a prevailing challenge globally among governments and the private sector. In addition, sectoral departments and non-government agencies possess rich socio-economic and ecological data that isn't always aggregated. Efforts to unpack technical climate information into Agendas for Sectoral Action, as well as map-based tools to visualise risks, need to be built on and disseminated for better decision-making under uncertainty.
The state disaster management agency has historically focused on current disaster risks. With its funds and fair degree of political traction, there is an opportunity for the organisation to invest time and resources to evaluate future risks to better inform disaster planning and preparedness in the state.
The current disaster in Uttarakhand comes at a crucial juncture, as India leads a multi-stakeholder global partnership under the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure. India has an opportunity to bring global expertise and experiences to bear in developing practical solutions to ensure infrastructure assets and services are more resilient in Himalayan states. These lessons can in turn inform policies and solutions in other countries.
Even as the current tragedy in Uttarakhand unfolds, parallels to the 2013 flash floods, that claimed 6000 lives, are being drawn. Back then I had written about the newly developed state climate plan that needed to be better heeded and operationalised. Eight years on, and some standalone projects later, the state is faced with the challenge many governments and organisations need to address, which is how can institutional pathways be re-engineered to better manage disasters and enable long-term climate resilience.
The connection is possibly quite simple. Rising average temperatures encouraged a change in the natural vegetation of the forests of Yunnan, the southern Chinese province, close to the forests of Laos and Myanmar.
What had been tropical shrubland shifted to tropical savannah and deciduous woodland: the province became a suitable habitat for many bat species. It is also home to the scaly anteater known as the pangolin, and the masked palm civet: both of these have been also proposed as intermediate carriers of the virus.
And, researchers say, in the last century an additional 40 bat species moved into Yunnan: these may have delivered 100 more types of bat coronavirus to the pool of potential infection.
Magnet for bats
And this "global hotspot" − far from the city where the first human cases were first confirmed − is where all the genetic data suggest that the coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2 may have arisen, says a study in the journal Science of the Total Environment.
"Climate change over the last century has made the habitat in Yunnan province suitable for more bat species," said Robert Beyer of the University of Cambridge, now at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research in Germany, who led the research.
"Understanding how the global distribution of bat species has shifted as


text:
The goal of the Minority Science and Engineering Improvement Program is:
To contribute to the development and increase the number of African Americans who graduate from LeMoyne-Owen College and enter into careers in the STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) fields.
The objectives to support the goal of the program are:
(1) To increase the number and proportion of STEM majors by 10% each year.
(2) To provide strictly monitored tutorial programs to increase the retention and achievement of STEM majors.
(3) To increase the number of STEM education majors to teach K-12 students.
(4) To provide strictly monitored mentoring services designed to increase the number of STEM graduates.
(5) To place at-risk or high-need STEM graduates in their declared major fields.
807 Walker Ave.
Memphis, TN 38126

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Common name: Cabbage webworm
Scientific name: Hellula undalis
Synonyms: Cabbage borer, Cabbage center grub, Cauliflower head borer, Imported cabbage webworm, Oriental cabbage webworm, Old world webworm, Striped cabbage heart caterpillar, Webworm cabbage (CABI, 2000).
Crucifers, watercress, radish
The feeding damage made by the larvae are the mined and/or bore leaves and bore stems. They feed first externally on the leaves and continue feeding into the terminal bud. Infested plants produced small heads and in severe cases, they do not form heads at all. The larvae feed beneath their protective webs made from the silken like threads that they form. The silken webs are found on the inner leaves' surfaces and stalks.
The cabbage webworm can be detected by their webs, frass, and other feeding debris produced while feeding.
Eggs are oval and creamy-white in color. These are laid in clusters from 28 to 214 eggs. The egg stage lasts from 2-5 days.
The larva has dark-brown or black heads. Its body is creamy-white with light pinkish-brown longitudinal stripes. It is about 1.2 to 1.5 cm when fully grown. The larval stage is about 6 to 18 days.
The pupa is contained inside a loose cocoon. It has a shining pale-brown color with a dark dorsal stripe. The pupal stage is about 4 to 20 days.
The adult is grayish-brown with pale-dusky hindwings. Each forewing has a prominent black spot and zigzagging light-brown lines. The central band between the lines is sometimes filled with darker-brown scales. The adult moth is capable of flying long distances. It occasionally migrates to areas outside its normal breeding range.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
-For Immediate ReleaseNEW YORK, APRIL 8, 2008 - Columbia University Libraries and the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research announced today a joint initiative to preserve unique and historically significant South American Yiddish newspapers and make them accessible to scholars, researchers, and students.
In 2001, the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research—a preeminent research and academic resource center for East European Jewish Studies—acquired a collection of over 100 South American Yiddish newspapers and journals covering the years _PHONE_. Many of the publications in the
collection are long out of print, and a large number of the last remaining copies were destroyed in the bombing of the Asociación Mutual Israelita Argentina (AMIA) building in Buenos Aires in 1994. Since these unique and irreplaceable documents are not currently accessible to the academic community and the general public, YIVO wanted to preserve its copies on microfilm, and make additional copies of the films available to research libraries, and digitize them for broader Web access.
"This project seeks to protect and present a foremost source for the observation and study of social, economic, political, cultural, religious, and literary trends in past South American Jewish communities," said Carl Rheins, Executive Director of YIVO. "We look forward to what we hope will be a series of new collaborative ventures with Columbia University Libraries."
The newspapers were published in Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, Mexico and Uruguay and provide an important source of primary documentation for research in several key areas, including the growth of Nazi activities in South America before, during and after the Holocaust; the efforts by Central and Eastern European Jews to find sanctuary in Latin America from Nazi oppression; the attitudes of the older (post 1881) indigenous Jewish communities and their reactions to the increase in anti-Semitism both at home and in Europe; and the study of the growth of Yiddish cultural institutions in South America in the immediate post World War II period.
To begin the project of making these resources available to scholars for the first time, YIVO has secured a substantial preservation and access grant from the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany, Inc. Columbia University Libraries is working to identify sources for further joint grant funding to enable its completion. Microfilm copies of the newspapers will be deposited at both Columbia and at YIVO for local use by scholars, students, and researchers.
"Columbia University has long-term research and teaching interests in interdisciplinary Jewish Studies as well as Latin American Studies, said James Neal, Vice President for Information Services and University Librarian. "The collection will provide an extraordinary resource for teaching and learning and research across numerous disciplines."
Columbia University Libraries/Information Services is one of the top five academic research library systems in North America. The collections include over 10 million volumes, over 100,000 journals and serials, as well as extensive electronic resources, manuscripts, rare books, microforms, maps, graphic and audio-visual materials. The services and collections are organized into 25 libraries and various academic technology centers. The Libraries employs more than 550 professional and support staff. The website of the Libraries at _URL_ is the gateway to its services and resources.
The YIVO Institute for Jewish Research was founded in 1925 in Vilna (Wilno, Poland; now Vilnius, Lithuania), by key European intellectuals, including Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud, to record and study the history, language, literature, and culture of the Jews of Eastern Europe. In 1940, YIVO moved its permanent headquarters to New York City, becoming the only pre-Holocaust institution to transfer its mission to the United States from Europe. During World War II, several of YIVO's leading scholars managed to escape from Nazi-occupied Europe and continue their work in the United States. The YIVO Library collection is ranked as the third largest Judaica collection in the Western Hemisphere with 385,000 volumes in 26 languages. The YIVO Archives holds over 24 million documents, photographs, recordings, posters, films, videotapes, and items of ephemera. These include the world's largest collection of East European Jewish sound recordings; over 200,000 photographs; 400+ videos and films; and 50,000 posters documenting Jewish life from the 1900s to the present. YIVO is headquartered at the Center for Jewish History, 15 West 16th Street, New York, NY 10011-6301.Website at _URL_.
Columbia University Libraries Contact: YIVO Institute for Jewish Research Contact:
Laura M. Kenna, _PHONE_ Cathy Callegari, _PHONE_


text: Exam Essentials is our major British English exam preparation series combining exam preparation, practice, and tips for the revised Cambridge English exams. This effective combination of testing and teaching has proved a popular formula with teachers and students. The first two practice tests in each book are 'walk-through' tests. Students are carefully guided through the tests and shown how they work and what they have to do to succeed in each part of the exam. Additional step-by-step support for the Writing paper is offered in all the tests. All of the tests are written by experts in the field, which means that students preparing for the exams experience material that is appropriate for and at a level at least as high as the actual exams. Candidates internationally find the Speaking test very challenging. To help them deal with this, each Practice Test book comes with a DVD-ROM which includes a bespoke video showing a complete Speaking test interview as well as an examiner talking about this part of the exam and giving students expert guidance on how to approach it. The DVD-ROM also features worksheets to use with the interview and all the Listening test files.


text:
What do stellar classifications mean?
I am 14 years old and love astronomy. I need to get some specific information for a project on the big dipper. I'm mapping the big dipper's bowl and I want to know everything possible, but I can get most of that through simple research. My computer gave me some spectral type information on the stars in the area but I don't know what it means. If you could explain what A51v means I would be very grateful. Thank you.
Sure. Spectral type gives you a good idea about the color nad temperature of a star, as well as where it is in its life cycle. The "A" means that the star's surface is about 10,000 degrees Kelvin and the color is white. The "A5" is a subclass of "A," pinning down the temperature to a more exact value, but I wouldn't worry about that. The "1v" should really be the roman numeral "IV" which tells you that the star is a subgiant.
From hot (50,000 K) to cold (2,500 K), blue to red, the spectral types are:
O B A F G K M.
You can remember this with the mneumonic, "O Be A Fine Girl/uy, Kiss Me."
The roman numerals represent:
V: Main Sequence stars, like the sun, which are burning
hydrogen in their cores.
IV: Subgiant stars which have just recently run out of core
hydrogen and are burning hydrogen in a shell around
III: Red giant stars which have exhausted their supplies of
hydrogen and which are larger and brighter than IV
stars. RGs also burn hydrogen in a shell.
II: Asymptotic Giants and Horizontal Branch stars which are
burning elements other than hydrogen in shells (AGs) and
I: Supergiant stars are huge, very massive stars at the end of
The sun is a G2V-class star.
Get More 'Curious?' with Our New PODCAST:
- Podcast? Subscribe? Tell me about the Ask an Astronomer Podcast
- Subscribe to our Podcast | Listen to our current Episode
- Cool! But I can't now. Send me a quick reminder now for later.
- Can you tell me the characteristics of W, R, N and S type stars?
- What is the origin of the stellar classification system "OBAFGKM"?
- How do astronomers measure the radius of a star?
- How does the color index of a star relate to its actual color?
How to ask a question:
If you have a follow-up question concerning the above subject, submit it here. If you have a question about another area of astronomy, find the topic you're interested in from the archive on our site menu, or go here for help.Table 'curious.Referrers' doesn't existTable 'curious.Referrers' doesn't exist
This page has been accessed 17976 times since September 22, 2002.
Last modified: December 3, 2002 3:43:18 PM
Ask an Astronomer is hosted by the Astronomy Department at Cornell University and is produced with PHP and MySQL.
Warning: Your browser is misbehaving! This page might look ugly. (Details)


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I learned at the University some steps to model a database:
 1. Model the problem using the Extended Entity-Relationship Model.
 2. Extract the functional dependencies
 3. Apply some algorithms to normalize the database (3NF or Boyce-Codd)
 4. Create the database
I'm studying Computer Science and since I received that course I'm wondering if I always need to do those steps when creating a complex database for an specified problem.
For example, do PHP /.NET /.. programmers always do that? or there are some tools to simplify that process, maybe using another way of represent the problem instead of the EERM?
share|improve this question
add comment
3 Answers
up vote 1 down vote accepted
Modeling a database is like putting the carriage before the horse. I'd say if anything stop at Entity-Relationship modeling. This is generic enough that you can move from there to Object Modeling which is where the meat of your application lies. The database is there for persistence. The most important thing is getting your class model correct, then you can map the database to support it.
share|improve this answer
add comment
I started using Object Role Modelling recently with the NORMA tool
It compresses points 1 to 3 above, and can generate the script/XSD for point 4.
share|improve this answer
add comment
You can use UML instead of ER diagram, if you are familiar with UML. I would suggest Database Modeling and Design: Logical Design book, it has an example how to convert your domain problem into SQL world.
share|improve this answer
would that simplify those steps? I mean, will I have a normalized database using UML?... – Oscar Mederos Feb 8 '11 at 5:56
It's depends on your database plan, tools won't normalized for us. – Kugathasan Abimaran Feb 8 '11 at 6:09
add comment
Your Answer


Clothed male, naked female
CMNF, or Clothed Male(s), Naked (or Nude) Female(s) is a term for a paraphilia involving one or more nude women and one or more clothed men. It is generally used as a label for pictorial erotica or pornography, or a sexual fantasy depicting such a scenario; however, CMNF gatherings of men and women interested in this type of erotic pursuit do occur as well. CMNF is also a type of sexual objectification of women by men.
The general category of "CMNF" is fairly broad, encompassing several different types of scenario. The most common subdivisions of the genre involve either an activity under the rubric of male domination, exhibitionism or entertainment; combination of all categories is somewhat rare, although several web sites cater to the subgenres separately.
Also striptease is a form of CMNF since the vast majority of visitors to strip clubs is male, whereas the strippers are female.
The stereotype of the damsel in distress was also portrayed in the 19th century as an CMNF scenario: the powerful knight in his armour comes to rescue the naked, helpless female.
One-sided nudity in art is a topic that has been popular for a long time; e.g. many 19th century paintings of slavery and odalisques depict nude women, fulfilling voyeuristic phantasies of mostly male audiences.
The topic of one-sided female nudity is featured in the book "Topping from Below" by Laura Reese. The journalist Nora Tibbs investigates the death of her sister Franny. She meets the boy-friend of Franny, "M.", a music professor, and becomes his new girl-friend. He forces her to be nude all the time when she is in his house. Her one-sided nudity is one of many tokens of her submission to him.
See also
This article is based on "Clothed male, naked female" from the free encyclopedia Wikipedia ( It is licensed under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation Licencse. In the Wikipedia you can find a list of the authors by visiting the following address:


Navision is the original ERP system for Microsoft Dynamics NAV. More specifically, "Navision" was the name of a Danish accounting package that was founded in 1983 in which Microsoft acquired in 2002. Microsoft has 4 business management systems that are part of a category of "Enterprise Resource Planning" systems or ERP that are designed to connect many different business units under one system. Microsoft "Navision" has had several name changes over time including "Navision Financials", "Navision Solutions", "Navision Attain", and "Microsoft Business Solutions". In 2005, Microsoft re-branded this ERP product and called it "Microsoft Dynamics NAV". People call this system "NAV" as it one word, however, the correct terminology is spelling out the words "N, A, V". Frequently, users today, still call it "Navision", though.
Enterprise Software, like Microsoft Dynamics NAV, are designed to handle the complex inter workings of a company's financials, inventory, warehousing, sales, purchases, manufacturing, ect. under one system to streamline supply chain operations and get a much better idea of trends and business data through advanced detailed reporting.
Through its history, Dynamics NAV, has been released with many editions to help gain access to this vital business intelligence and to make it both easy-to-use and customizable to adapt to an organizations unique business needs.
Improvements have been made to NAV along the following areas just discussed:
Business Intelligence: By utilizing a robust data base, such as Microsoft SQL reporting service, business data can be generated and shared for analysis across the enterprise. The latest version include a connection as part of the ERP solution to Power BI (Business Intelligence), which is a Microsoft business analytics service. More specifically, Power BI is a collection or suite of business information and analytics tools to both share insight within the organization and analyze data. There are different options to access this information such as PowerBI Desktop and the Power BI Mobile App. As part of this information analysis includes data retrieved from SQL and data collected from other sources.
User Interface: A "RoleTailored" User interface was introduced in 2008 to increase productivity by having employees log onto their user interface screens that corresponds with their work title to access task that are most relevant to their position. There are 21 "out-of-the" box roles such as Accounting Manager, Bookkeeper, IT Manager, Machine Operator, President, Purchasing Manager and Sales Manager to give some examples. All of these RoleTailored Client or RTC roles are customizable and new roles can be added in addition.
Customization: Also in 2008, part of the RoleTailored Client user interface design was part of a new ERP architecture called the Three-Tier Graphical User Interface or "GUI". In this configuration, the data resides in the SQL data base (called the Data Tier), and the top tier accounts for the RTC User Interface called the Client Tier. The middle tier, is called just that or sometimes the Server Tier. This Middle Tier is a multi-tiered environment that is designed to host and execute all the business logic and makes a significant departure from the previous 2-tier ERP architecture. Having this additional layer makes NAV more scalable and customizable with the addition of NAV's Web Services which makes it easy for other authorized programs and systems to Integrate and tailor the ERP solution to meet the unique requirements of each business.
Collaboration: Latest improvements with Dynamics NAV "Navision" increasing include the ability to share vital information across the enterprise for better decision making. and knowledge sharing. This is accomplished through better business intelligence such as PowerBI that was discussed earlier, and other Microsoft connected applications such as Microsoft CRM (now called Dynamics 365 for Sales) Office 365 and PowerApps which are individual, unique business functionality used to connection information without the need of custom software development. This tight integration with other useful business applications enhances Dynamics NAV's ability to easily allow the accessibly of relevant and actionable information.
New Versions: Microsoft Dynamics NAV continues to be updated and released on a more frequently basic. The current version is called Dynamics NAV 2018 and has improvements in financial management, document management, enhanced business insights, expanded cloud connectivity with other cloud-based services, plus deeper integration with other Microsoft applications. This solutions can be deployed either On Premise or In-The-Cloud.
The latest ERP release is now taking the Microsoft Dynamics NAV information, along with enhancements, to a new Cloud ERP deployment and is called Microsoft Dynamics 365 Business Central. Business Central is a cloud solution built on the rich functionality within Microsoft Dynamics NAV and adaptable to extend business applications to other Microsoft Cloud Services such as Office 365, Microsoft Flow, Power BI and PowerApps. Microsoft Dynamics 365 Business Central Solution can grow as your business requirements change while taking advantage of the the latest technology-a modern digital business management solution.
Learn more about Microsoft Dynamics "Navision" NAV:


text:
1. What legal remedy is proper?
2. Can the lessor decrease the debt amount to 100k so he can file for collection of sum of money at the small claims court? If so, what to do with the 50k balance?
3. Can the lessor provide a Deed of Acknowledgment of Debt and have it signed by the lessee?


text:
South African Journal of Science
Print version ISSN 0038-2353
HUNTER, Alistair. Radiation biology: an important science for an advanced nuclear nation like South Africa. S. Afr. j. sci. [online]. 2012, vol.108, n.7-8, pp. 33-43. ISSN 0038-2353.
The sustainability of radiation biology (radiobiology) is under threat in South Africa because of underdevelopment in the discipline, despite the fact that South Africa has been a user of radiation since radioactivity and X-rays were discovered. The widespread use of radiation in medicine, nuclear reactors, particle accelerators and other sophisticated nuclear facilities in South Africa makes it imperative that the interaction of radiation with biological systems is understood. For example, radiobiology is critical in radiation oncology and cancer treatment. Radiobiology is a distinctly biological science and its uniqueness and value should be highlighted to provide insight for authorities and other relevant parties. Regrettably, radiobiology has been largely neglected despite the importance of maintaining expertise and competence in this discipline. Many radiation-associated disciplines require radiobiology for their training and practice yet few radiobiologists are available nationally. The scientific community needs to be informed of the predicament of radiobiology in South Africa so that the situation can be addressed. Radiobiology is a scarce skill that needs to be developed to support South Africa's mature radiation infrastructure. The country has too few radiobiologist training programmes and there is a lack of succession planning. Radiobiology is required for training and practice in a number of disciplines that use radiation, but, as a result of a shortage of qualified personnel, teaching of radiobiology has frequently been conducted by non-experts. To reinvigorate radiobiology in South Africa, a collective effort by government, academia, industry and allied professionals is required.


text:
NEW STRENGTHENED RULES FOR FOOD FOR INFANTS, YOUNG CHILDREN AND FOOD FOR SPECIFIC MEDICAL PURPOSE 12/06/13
Today, the European Parliament gave its green light on a set of clearer rules protecting specific groups of consumers such as infants and young children. The aim is to better protect consumers on the content and marketing of these "special" food products, and to provide a better environment for businesses, as well as better application of rules.
More and more food products exist on the market that target specific groups of the population. The EU rules in force for these products are complex and fragmented since different sets of rules and concepts can overlap and create confusion for businesses and national authorities who apply the rules.
This new Regulation on food for specific groups will streamline the rules that apply throughout the EU, by eliminating those that are unnecessary and contradictory and by replacing them with a new, simplified Framework.
The new Framework will cover:
- food for infants and young children;
- food for people with specific medical conditions;
- food for weight control that replace the totality of the daily diet.
The new Regulation will do away with the dated broad concept of 'foodstuffs for particular nutritional uses', which has proven not fit for today's market and legal context.
Under the new approach, food for other population groups will fall under different legislation. For example, rules on food for coeliacs will be transferred to the Regulation on Food Information to Consumers.
The Regulation will be published in the EU Official Journal in the coming weeks and will only apply from 2016 to allow time for businesses to adapt their commercial practices. No products will however have to be withdrawn from the market.
Over the next two years, the Commission will: adopt detailed rules (delegated acts) on food covered by the Regulation; and present two reports on the necessity to develop, in the future, specific rules for so-called 'growing up milks' for young children and food for sports people.
The Commission will also adopt specific rules on the use of statements on the absence or reduced presence of lactose in foods.


text:
Trust In God But Tie Your Camel: and Other Arab Proverbs
Compiled by: Stephen J. McGrane
Publisher: Llumina Press
Publication Date: October 2009
Reviewed by: Ellen Feld
Review Date: November 23, 2009
With international tensions between the Western and Islamic worlds increasing on an almost daily basis, it is imperative that the two cultures understand each other. One of the best ways to truly comprehend how a people think is by studying their language, including both daily usage as well as proverbs. Enter Stephen J. McGrane, businessman and seasoned traveler to the Arab world. McGrane has compiled an extremely thorough volume of Arab proverbs that opens the eyes of Westerners to the views of Arabs. Broken down into categories from "fear" to "patience" to "marriage, love, and beauty," to "fate and luck," this book will teach the Westerner much about Arab culture.
Trust In God But Tie Your Camel is a very simply laid out book, with just three proverbs per page. You could easily read it in one sitting but I'd suggest taking your time, digesting the meaning of each proverb as you slowly make your way through the pages. Many of the proverbs have subtle meanings that could easily be lost with a cursory glance.
There is a Preface that notes the importance of learning about a culture through their proverbs as well as an explanation as to how the author arranged the text, noting that Western counterparts, if they exist, are included.
It is interesting to see the frequent Bible quotes that coincide with the various proverbs as it truly gives the reader insight into how various cultures share similar beliefs. For example, a proverb attributed to the prophet Mohammed states, "None of you will be considered believers if you do not love your neighbor as yourself." Sound familiar? It should if you've read Leviticus 19:18 (the New King James version of the Bible), "You shall love your neighbor as yourself."
As mentioned above, many Arab proverbs have a Western equivalent and McGrane points them out whenever possible. "A thousand curses do not tear a robe," may not at first sound familiar until you read the Western version, "Sticks and stones may break my bones but words will never hurt me." Of course, some proverbs have no direct link to the Western world and may leave the reader stumped. "The camel limped from its split lip," offers no immediate clue as it its meaning but McGrane provides a Western translation "A bad workman blames his tools," which elicits an immediate "oh, yes, I get it," from the reader.
Quill says: Trust In God But Tie Your Camel should be required reading for anybody who wishes to understand how the Islamic world thinks.
For more information on Trust In God But Tie Your Camel: and Other Arab Proverbs, please visit the book's website at Llumina Press.


Using the DECTPU Debugger
You can invoke the DECTPU debugger to debug one of the following kinds of files:
 - Section files
 - Command files
 - Files that contain DECTPU programs that are not startup programs
The following sections contain more information on debugging each kind of file. Debugging Section Files
To invoke the debugger for a section file, specify the following command on your command line:
Use of your system's debug command causes the DECTPU initialization routine to execute the debugger file before the system runs its initialization procedure.
The debugger initially creates a window that fills most of the screen. The window consists of the following three areas:
 - Source area---Displays your code when it has been placed in the debugger source buffer.
 - Output area---Displays one-line messages or one-line results of an EXAMINE command.
 - Debug command line---Displays the Debug: prompt.
When DECTPU displays the debug window, you can set breakpoints in the section file by using the SET BREAKPOINT command. For example, if you want to debug a procedure called user_fum, type the following on the debugger command line:
Debug: SET BREAKPOINT user_fum
After setting breakpoints, use the GO command to switch control of execution from the debugger to DECTPU. After you have used this command, the screen displays the code you specified. Debugging Command Files
To invoke the debugger on a command file, use the /DEBUG, /COMMAND, and /NOSECTION qualifiers. To debug a command file called MY_COMMANDS.TPU, type the following at the DCL prompt:
DECTPU compiles and executes the debugger and places the debug window on the screen before compiling the command file. As a result, you must set breakpoints in the command file before it has been compiled. When you set breakpoints, DECTPU notifies you that you have specified breakpoints at nonexistent procedures.
To continue with the debugging session, use the GO command. GO causes DECTPU to compile the contents of the command file. Recompiling a procedure does not remove any breakpoints set in that procedure.
You cannot use the DECTPU debugger on a file that does not contain DECTPU procedures. If your command file does not contain any procedures, you must find a different method of debugging it. Debugging Other DECTPU Source Code
To debug a DECTPU program that is not a section file or a command file, use the /DEBUG qualifier when you invoke DECTPU. For example, to debug procedures in a file called USER_APPLICATION.TPU, invoke the debugger on the command line as follows:
The debugger creates a window that fills the screen as described in Section
5.7.3 Getting Started with the DECTPU Debugger
This section describes using the default DECTPU debugger with EVE.
If you know which parts of the code you want to debug, use the SET BREAKPOINT command to set breakpoints. If you need to look at the code before setting breakpoints, use the GO command as soon as the debugger window appears. This places on the screen the code in the file you specified on the command line. At this point, EVE commands are available so you can manipulate the text. To return to the debugger so you can set breakpoints, enter the command DEBUG at the EVE command line. You can also gain access to the debugger with the DECTPU procedure called DEBUGON. To invoke this procedure from within EVE, type the following at the EVE Command prompt:
When you use either DEBUG or DEBUGON, the screen displays the debugger window and command line. After setting breakpoints, use the GO command to return control of execution to DECTPU.
To compile all code in the buffer, use the EXTEND ALL command or use the COMPILE (CURRENT_BUFFER) statement. To execute a procedure after compilation, use the TPU command. For example, if you want to execute the compiled procedure user_fum, type the following at the EVE Command prompt:
Command: TPU user_fum
When DECTPU encounters a breakpoint (or when you use the STEP command described later), DECTPU invokes the debugger program. As the debugger assumes control, it receives from DECTPU the name of the procedure whose execution has been suspended. The debugger searches its source buffer for that procedure.
When DECTPU encounters the first breakpoint in the session, the code you are debugging has not yet been placed in the debugger's source buffer. The debugger prompts for the name of the file that contains your code. Using your response, the debugger places your code in its source buffer. The debugger uses your previous response to supply missing fields, if any, in subsequent file names that you specify. All files read into the source buffer remain there, so that the time DECTPU takes to find a procedure may increase as more files are read into the source buffer.
You cannot use the TPU command followed by the MESSAGE built-in procedure to examine the contents of a local variable while debugging. To use the MESSAGE built-in to examine a local variable, you must write the MESSAGE built-in into the procedure you are debugging. After the statement that contains MESSAGE is executed, you can examine the message buffer to see the results. Alternatively, you can use the debugger EXAMINE command to examine local variables and the formal parameters of the suspended procedure.
5.8 Handling Errors
Each DECTPU built-in procedure returns one or more status codes telling you what happened when the built-in was executed. A DECTPU status code can have one of the following severity levels:
You can enable or disable the display of informational or success messages with the SET (INFORMATIONAL) and SET (SUCCESS) built-in procedures.
See Chapter 4 for a description of how to use the ON_ERROR language statement to trap error and warning messages.
In addition to messages that are generated by DECTPU, a built-in procedure may return system messages.
Previous Next Contents Index


have been significantly offset by the presence of coral reefs.
"The Great Barrier Reef acts like a giant porous breakwater to reduce the energy [of ocean swell]," said Dr Beaman.
"If it was in existence at the time of this landslide, it would have done a similar job."
He said future risk to the Queensland coast appeared unlikely because it was a "a very old event", but it was a worthy topic for future research.
 Gloria knolls
Deep marine life
The researchers found deep marine life including cold-water corals, molluscs and barnacles were thriving on the knolls.
The corals, unlike their shallow reef counterparts, could survive in 4C temperatures with no sunlight, Dr Beaman said.
He said possibilities for future research were exciting.
"That really is the next frontier," he said.
"We probably have a bit of an idea of what's living up to 200m or 300m [deep], but beyond that, very few people have done much work in this area."
The research was a collaboration between James Cook University, University of Sydney, University of Granada, University of Edinburg
Links :
Tuesday, February 7, 2017
"Striking" new images show impact of Kaikoura earthquake on the sea floor
 A 3D generated image showing the newly-raised sea floor, pictured here between the faultline furthest to right and the one in the centre.
 From Stuff by Philip McSweeney
New maps created with 3-D technology show the effect of the Kaikoura earthquake on the sea floor, demonstrating that the monumental damage of the earthquake wasn't localised to land.
Cracked roads, displaced land and ruptured landmarks have been a fixture in Kaikoura after the quake, but the seabed wasn't immune to the seismological disruptions.
The maps, produced by Land Information New Zealand (LINZ), reveal an uplift in the seabed that wasn't there previously, according to LINZ spokesman John Summers.
The uplift shown from another angle.
An uplifted area has formed between two fault-lines also caused by the earthquake.
The area between two lines in the top left hand corner of the maps represent newly-uplifed sea floor, he said.
The uplift shown in a vertical shot captured using 3D technology.
"Everyone's heard about what's happened to the land, but this shows [the quake] has had a substantial impact on the sea floor too."
Graeme Blick, Chief Geodesist for LINZ, said the information will ensure the safety of mariners.
He described the images as "striking".
Mariners in the area had been warned about potential uncharted hazards, which the maps help localise.
"We're using this to understand what happened in the area to see if we have to update maritime charts," Summers said.
 Kaikoura peninsula with the GeoGarage platform
The land surrounding Kaikoura was also altered by the earthquake.
 Links :
Monday, February 6, 2017
Why nautical charts are fun
From Panama Jack by by Neil Schulman
They look a lot like maps, but they're bigger: giant sheets of paper.
And they have a bunch of tiny numbers and symbols and colors on them.
They show the coast as a mix of odd colors, and lots of tiny numbers in the water.
Welcome to the world of a nautical chart.
Obviously, nautical charts were designed for mariners—mostly big ships—to find themselves safely to and from port.
But even if you don't own a sailboat, there are a lot of reasons to know what all those symbols mean.
And you can make your trip to the coast even more fun.
Solve the Puzzle
The first step to figuring out the puzzle of a nautical chart is figuring out what symbols mean.
A number?
A set of weird looking triangles?
A symbol like this *?
The numbers tell you the depth of the water at average low tide.
The triangles are a set of tide rips, and the * is an undersea rock.
Best of all, the secret code to deciphering all these symbols isn't a secret at all.
It's all in a chart called "Chart No. 1" (like all US nautical charts) for no money whatsoever from the US government.
 Key West with the GeoGarage platform
Find the Marine Life
With the mastery of a nautical chart, it's easy to find coral reefs, tidepools, and other places where sea life gathers.
Look for sets of rocks in shallow water where an olive-drab chart color (which means it covers and uncovers as the tide goes in and out) means that rocks will be exposed, and go at low tide.
If there are some of those weird triangles nearby even better: tide races mean strong currents, which mean more marine life.
Another rule of thumb: the more complex the undersea features look on the chart, the more stuff will live there.
 NOAA Tidal info (GeoGarage platform)
Find a Cool Beach to Explore
Likewise, you can use a chart—often better than a map—to find a new secret cove or a beach to explore.
The chart will show you how much a beach will be walkable at low and high tides, and whether it will be an unbroken stretch of sand great for running, or a rocky complex shore with lots of interesting rocks and coves.
Of course, you'll need a tide table to figure out when to go there.
 Los Angeles, California (GeoGarage platform)
Catch Dinner
A fishing-mad friend of mine who lives on the California coast claims that his most important piece of fishing gear is his chart.
It tells him where the undersea rocks are, and how far down they are.
As he told me, "There's no point in dropping a lure in 12 feet of water is the rock is 14 feet down." From the number of rockfish and cod he hauls up, he's right.
 Maine's Revesing Falls (GeoGarage platform)
Find Tidal Rapids
Charts will tell you where you can watch one of the ocean's weirdest and coolest phenomena: ocean tidal rapid.
Where ocean currents flow through narrow passes, they accelerate, forming a whitewater river….that reverses direction.
They're incredibly cool to watch, and attract everything from marine life to fishermen and whitewater kayakers.
Some are famous, like Washington's Deception Pass, Maine's Revesing Falls, or the Straits of Messina between Sicily and Italy, that Homer made famous as the whirlpool Charybdis, in the Odyssey.
Miami with the GeoGarage platform
Go Paddling or Rowing
And if you get in a small boat—any small boat: rowboat, canoe, dinghy, sailboat, kayak, or outboard—you'll want to know how to read a chart.
Act Like an Old Salt
Best of all, reading a chart can also help talk like an old salt.
Impress (or tease) your friends with phrases like "2 fathoms below mean lower low water" or "that lighthouse over there flashes every 39 seconds and is visible for 5 nautical miles".
They'll stop rolling their eyes when they realize that you know where to catch fish, and they don't.
They're Free!
Nautical charts for anywhere in the US are free for download.
The coast guard knows its cheaper to put them all online than to have to send out the chopper or rescue boat when you get in trouble because your boat ran aground or waded out into a quicksand mudflat you didn't know was there.
You can buy paper charts too–which cost a few bucks to cover the cost of paper and ink.
Humans are killing the marine ecosystem. But this man is trying to reverse that
From CatchNews by Ashwin Aghor
Siddharth Chakravarty worked for a decade in the merchant navy, and even captained cargo vessels. It was a lucrative job, but one day, he realised it was just not for him.
He walked out of the merchant navy in 2011.
The reason? Because the merchant navy's goal was to maximise profits, and let the marine ecosytem be damned.
In his decade on the job, Chakravarty had witnessed violations that led to severe ocean pollution, and destruction of marine wealth.And there was nothing he could do about it if he remained with the merchant navy.
"I would helplessly watch hazardous chemicals loaded on my ship. They took least precautions and hardly followed any rules. The chemicals were haphazardly loaded and unloaded to save time and maximise the profits. It was something I could not be a mute spectator to. That is why I decided to quit the merchant navy," Chakravarty says.
Steve Irwin ship
Man on a mission
Once he had quit, he decided to try and undo the damage he had been witness to for a decade, and try and save the oceans and marine life.
He began searching for a suitable assignment, wherein he could use his skills in the right way to help ocean and marine life conservation.
"I was searching for scientific expeditions to volunteer for and research vessels to crew on. During the search, I stumbled upon the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. It was exactly what I was looking for. Without wasting even a minute, I wrote an email to the society, and within 10 days, I was on my way to Australia," he said.
In early 2011, Chakravarty was posted on the vessel Steve Irwin,and thus began his journey of direct action intervention and marine conservation.
He went on to become captain


text:
Ability to move & manipulate object with one's mind
Telekinesis is a Kinetic Ability that enables one to move and lift an object or objects off the ground with the use of their mind. This power can also allow them to lift people into the air without the use of strings or cables holding them up.
Associations & ApplicationsEdit
- Flight: An ability that enable one to utilize their telekinetic abilities in order to defy gravity.
- Enhanced Physical Attributes: The ability to enhance one's physical abilities with their telekinetic powers.
- Accelerated Healing: The ability to heal physically faster than normal. In cases of Vampires, extremely fast.
- Shield: The ability to erect a invisible shield around one's body with their telekinetic powers.
- Elemental Manipulation: The ability to manipulate and control the elements such as heat, cold, metal, etc.
- Biokinesis: A power known to be by itself, telekinesis allow it's users to manipulate and control, as well as torture their enemies.
- Isabella Wyatt: The witch bride of Maximilian Wyatt is known to have had the power of telekinesis for a very long time and has made good use of it.
- May require intense concentration for it to work.
- May not stop magic based attacks.
- Ability may not allow the generation of elements.


text:
Experts Warn Ignoring 'Use-By' Dates on Food Could Make You Sick
Cash-strapped consumers are turning to a rather dangerous way to stretch their food dollars — they're ignoring expiration dates and keeping leftovers in the fridge for longer periods of time.
In a recent survey, the Food Standards Agency in the UK found that one-third of respondents said that rather than throwing something out once it's expired, they rely on the look and smell of the food to gauge how safe it is to eat. And that can be risky.
"With most of us seeing our weekly shopping bills increase over the last few years, we are all looking for ways to get the most out of our shopping budget," said Bob Martin, a food safety expert with the FSA, but he warns, "Bugs like E.coli and Salmonella don't cause food to smell off, even when they may have grown to dangerous levels. So food could look and smell fine but still be harmful."
Andrew Wilson of the British Dietetic Association concurred and added, "A bout of food poisoning is not only unpleasant but could be potentially life threatening. There's no point in taking risks with food safety."


text:
- Mission Statement:
- History of Hekima Girls' School:
In the 1960, Kamukukubwa was nationalized like most missionary schools at that time. Later it was handed to the Regional Co-operative Union who started a co-educational
private secondary school.
In 1988, the school was handed back to the Theresian Sisters and Hekima was formally established, as the first ever all-girls private secondary school in the region.
Hekima is a boarding school located in the small village of Kashozi, 12 km north of Bukoba town, in the Kagera Region of Tanzania.
- Identity Statement:
The Theresian Sisters recognized the potential of reclaiming the school with the purpose of providing a quality education, as per their mission statement.
Although the Theresian Sisters founded Hekima, it is not religiously biased. Students and teachers from all regions are accommodated and given equal academic and religious opportunities.


Home Discussion Forum Can anyone answer this question on Lao Tzu?
Can anyone answer this question on Lao Tzu?
i have notes i guess i just need the question simplified or something to start me on a roll – thanks in advance.
"Therefore, when the Tao is lost, only then does the doctrin of virtue arise. When virtue is lost, only then does doctrine of humanity arise"
Is this criticism of Confucius way? On what grounds?
If anyone can simplify the quote and maybe very briefy attempt the question I'd much appreciate it
 1. The following commentary followed the Lao Tzu quote:
 " The formulations of the virtues arise only after their roots have been covered. Chuang Tzu sees the Confucian as being "tattooed by humanity," that is, by the doctrine of acting humanely. If you need the doctrine you are already lost, and following the doctrine will not return what you have thrown away but will in fact prevent you from finding it.
 Taoism can be seen to have therapeutic elements such as those that were mentioned earlier in the article. One cannot give a good answer to a bad question. When the Confucians and Moists ask what the grounds of action should be, the Taoists, especially in the Chuang Tzu, are not prepared to give an answer of the same kind as theirs. Saying that one should follow nature does not take one very far. There can be no general answer to the question concerning what I should do or how I should act. The only thing is to act according to my specific nature and in so doing, I will join the circle of the ten thousand things. Taoist literature provides us with a series of reminders concerning the adequacy, plenitude, and nature of the action of the Tao and serves not so much as instruction on how to act but as a demonstration and display that the question about action, posed in the abstract manner in which it is, is misleading and unnecessary."
 From _URL_
 Hope this helps!
 2. I relate it to wu wai.
 When a great hatred is reconciled
 naturally some hatred will remain.
 How can this be made good?
 Therefore the sage keeps the obligations of his contract and axtracts no virtue from others.
 Those who have virtue attend to their obligations those who have no virtue attend to their claims.
 Heaven's Reason shows no preference,
 but always assists the good person.
 Basically dont fall foul of just practicing practice, you know so do, it also questions the real depths of practical selfless living.
 It's questioning the follower, like a test.
 When you become everything and nothing then can you do withought merit, an you become the act of help.
 Then an only then will it make the difference.
Please enter your comment!
Please enter your name here


AAAI Publications, Twenty-Fifth International FLAIRS Conference
Font Size:
Speech Acts, Dialogues and the Common Ground
Michel A. Paquette
Last modified: 2012-05-16
The formal semantics of speech acts, even in the classical framework of illocutionary logic, requires considerations that go beyond individual speech activity and beyond the interpretation of individual sentences. We show how the formal semantics of speech acts can be extended to take into account the social effects and interactive aspects of illocutionary activity. To illustrate our approach, we focus on the semantics of assertions and descriptive discourse, contrasting the individual aspect of speaker's meaning and the epistemic effects of assertion making. The approach presented in this paper generalizes to all other types of illocutionary acts, adding specific content to the conversational record that registers the common ground of speakers and hearers as a dialogue unfolds.
Speech Acts, Dialogue, Game Theory
Full Text: PDF


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I was going through Eric Lippert's latest Blog post for Guidelines and rules for GetHashCode when i hit this para:
We could be even more clever here; just as a List resizes itself when it gets full, the bucket set could resize itself as well, to ensure that the average bucket length stays low. Also, for technical reasons it is often a good idea to make the bucket set length a prime number, rather than 100. There are plenty of improvements we could make to this hash table. But this quick sketch of a naive implementation of a hash table will do for now. I want to keep it simple.
So looks like i'm missing something. Why is it a good practice to set it to a prime number?.
share|improve this question
Why write your own when there are better, tested, and fast implementations built into the.Net framework? Check under System.Collections. – Will Mar 1 '11 at 8:36
_USER_ i am not writing my own.. and moreover Eric is just giving an example there... – Shekhar_Pro Mar 1 '11 at 8:40
add comment
3 Answers
up vote 7 down vote accepted
Say your bucket set length is a power of 2 - that makes the mod calculations quite fast. It also means that the bucket selection is determine solely by the top m bits of the hash code. (Where m = 32 - n, where n is the power of 2 being used). So it's like you're throwing away useful bits of the hashcode immediately.
Or as in this blog post from 2006 puts it:
Suppose your hashCode function results in the following hashCodes among others {x, 2x, 3x, 4x, 5x, 6x...}, then all these are going to be clustered in just m number of buckets, where m = table_length/GreatestCommonFactor(table_length, x). (It is trivial to verify/derive this). Now you can do one of the following to avoid clustering:
Or simply make m equal to the table_length by making GreatestCommonFactor(table_length, x) equal to 1, i.e by making table_length coprime with x. And if x can be just about any number then make sure that table_length is a prime number.
share|improve this answer
I know this is resurrecting an old thread, but your first paragraph confuses me. Consider your power of 2 to be 128, in this case hash%128 will be the same as hash&127, which means only the last 7 bits are going to decide the bucket selection. Or is my understanding wrong? – jogabonito Feb 21 at 7:33
add comment
Because this produces a better hash function and reduces the number of possible collisions. This is explained in Choosing a good hashing function:
A basic requirement is that the function should provide a uniform distribution of hash values. A non-uniform distribution increases the number of collisions, and the cost of resolving them.
The distribution needs to be uniform only for table sizes s that occur in the application. In particular, if one uses dynamic resizing with exact doubling and halving of s, the hash function needs to be uniform only when s is a power of two. On the other hand, some hashing algorithms provide uniform hashes only when s is a prime number.
share|improve this answer
+1 thats a good answer... but then don't we loose the number of hashes we can have within a given range... – Shekhar_Pro Mar 1 '11 at 8:44
add comment
You can find people that suggest the two opposite ends of the spectrum. On the one side, choosing a prime number for the size of the hash table will reduce the chances of collisions, even if the hash function is not too effective distributing the results. Note that if (in the simplest example to argue about) a power of 2 size is decided, only the lower bits affect the bucket, while for a prime number most bits in the result of the hash will be used.
On the other hand, you can gain more by choosing a better hash function, or even rehashing he result of the hash function by applying some bit operations, and using a power of 2 hash size to speed up calculations.
As an example from real life, Java HashTable were initially implemented by using prime (or almost prime sizes), but from Java 1.4 on, the design was changed to use power of two number of buckets and added a second fast hash function applied to the result of the initial hash. An interesting article commenting that change can be found here.
So basically:
 - a prime number helps dispersing the inputs across the different buckets even in the event of not-so-good hash functions.
 - a similar effect can be achieved by post processing the result of the hash function, and using a power of 2 size to speedup the modulo operation (bit mask) and compensate for the post processing.
share|improve this answer
+1 thanx.. this one's more descriptive.. – Shekhar_Pro Mar 4 '11 at 3:38
add comment
Your Answer


text:
Refereed Article Identification key to scarabaeid larvae attacking sugarcane in South Africa
Citation: Dittrich-Schröder, G., Conlong, D.E., Way, M., Harrison, J.duG. & Mitchell, A.. 2009. Identification key to scarabaeid larvae attacking sugarcane in South Africa. Proceedings of the South African Sugarcane Technologists' Association. 82. 500-524.Abstract:
Scarabaeid pests in South Africa and especially KwaZulu-Natal are characterised by a very long larval life cycle and short pupal and adult periods. However, it has nearly always been the adults of the species that have been identified, with very little attention paid to larval identification. This is unfortunate, as it is mainly the larval stage that is found to be associated with crop damage. Inadequate keys for the taxonomy of larvae of these groups, as well as the lack of taxonomists working on these groups have been identified as constraints. Using mitochondrial DNA data variation in the base pair sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase sub unit I (cox 1) gene, sequences of cox 1 from scarabaeid larvae collected from sugarcane fields were compared with sequences from scarabaeid adults of known species in order to identify the species attacking sugarcane. The major groupings delimited specimens belonging to the subfamilies Dynastinae, Melolonthinae and Rutelinae. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of larval specimens was linked with mtDNA of identified adult specimens through phylogenetic analysis. This allowed the identification of those larvae through morphological characteristics unique to certain species. Keys were produced during this study which will allow workers to identify larvae, in many cases to species. Obtaining species identifications for larvae will allow the application of species-specific control measures and also will facilitate analysis of interactions among species. These taxonomic advances are a start to the improvement of knowledge of the species composition of scarabaeid larvae in sugarcane fields, thus making management and biological control of these pests a greater possibility.
Full PDF: SASTA


the directory where this file already exist. Some of the systems I know just give you a validation error and ask to rename a file. But it is a good user experience? I don't think so.
So what are our options to tackle this issue?
Option 1. Append some random string to the filename e.g 'a-asdsds.jpg'
But is it a solution? How random are those strings? Does this look appealing?
I think it is a solution, but a pretty ugly one.
Option 2. Append a number to the filename that is incremented with every creation
This solutions is definitely not a new one, it is used by some OS, and I think it might be the easiest and most elegant one. E.g 'picture.png' becomes 'picture-1.png' and then 'picture-2.png'.
Any other options you can think of? Please comment and let me know ;)
Meanwhile we will go with Option 2.
Next question is:
Based on what should we increment this number?
Some of the solutions I have seen before is based on counting number of files, and then incrementing count by one. This makes sense, but unfortunately this won't work. ;)
Lets say I have files 'a-1.jpg', 'a-2.jpg',a-3.jpg'. Count is 3 here. Now Imagine I have deleted file 'a-2.jpg', and I want to add a new file. So current Count is 2 (a-1 and a-3), so my next filename based on logic should be a-3 (we increment count by 1 -> 2+1), but it is already taken.
Here is the strategy that I think might work:
Lets say we again have 3 files – 'a-1.jpg', 'a-2.jpg',a-3.jpg'. We will take the numbers of those files (1,2,3) find the largest and increment it by one. So if we apply to it to previous use-case – we will delete 'a-2', but largest number is still 3, so new filename will be 'a-4'.
What do you think?
I know that most of you are code-maniacs and want to dig into code right away, so I will shut up now and show you some code I have built to do exactly this :)
 # Function generates uniq file name from the String passed to it
 # based on extension and basename
 # _USER_ [String] new_file_name desired file_name
 # _USER_ [String] generated file name
 def self.generate_random_filename(filename)
 ext = File.extname(filename)
 name = File.basename(filename, ext)
 related_file_indexes = [] do |file|
 if File.basename(file).include?(name) && File.extname(file) == ext
 related_file_indexes << file.split("-").last.to_i
 return name + '-' + (related_file_indexes.max + 1).to_s + ext
Short Explanation:
1. I take the file lets say 'a.jpg', and divide it into 'a' as a name and '.jpg' as an extension.
2. I have a _USER_ array that is pre-populated with filenames in the directory lets say _USER_ is ['a-1.jpg','a-3.jpg', 'a.jpg','a-1.png'].
3. I check if filename in _USER_ consist of 'a' and with extension '.jpg', thus I get 3 files ['a-1.jpg','a.jpg','a-3.jpg']
4. I have another array 'related_file_indexes', that splits every element of an array by last '-' and returns the number which gives me ['1′,'3']
5. I built filename with name, max of 1 and 3 which is 3+1=4 and append extension so my output will be 'a-4.jpg
Full version of this code with unit tests can be found here.
Once again, all suggestions and recommendation are more than welcome in the comments to this post ;)
Have a wonderful day!
Posted in Ruby, Useful Functions | Tagged,,,,, | 2 Comments
How to mock file upload with RSpec 3.0? [SOLVED]
One more note on RSpec 3.0, this time one useful function that mocks File Upload, saves file/archive content to memory so after it you can do whatever your soul wants with it. Test file/archive should exist in the file system.
def mock_archive_upload(archive_path, type)
 return => + archive_path , :type => type, :filename => File.basename( + archive_path))))
e.g of use:
_TAG_ archive into memory so it can be manipulated in tests
mock_archive_upload("../fixtues/", "application/zip")
Posted in open-source, Programming Languages, Rails, Rspec, Ruby | Tagged,,,,,, | Leave a comment
How to stub in RSpec 3 [RAILS, TDD]?
Recently, I have been doing whole bunch of spec rewriting from RSpec 2 to Rspec 3. As a result I have found that documentation is not that straightforward, and some cases you need to really spend time and figure out yourself. So I'll be posting some cases that I have not been able to find in docs, just as notes for myself, and hopefully it will be useful for someone else.
Use Case:
I have JSON file that I need to read, and I already have tests that this JSON file opens properly. I also have a Validator that looks for certain patterns keys in this JSON file. Validator leaves separately from the main app, and I don't want to replicate File Upload -> File Save to Cloud -> File Open in my Validator Tests, I just want on every to return certain data, and it does not matter to me what exactly is being read, and if path exists or not.
How would I do it in Rspec?
data = {:name => "test", :description => "test"}.to_json
allow(File).to receive(:read).and_return(data)
What does it give you?
It looks for every in the scope of your spec and instead of actually reading file returns 'data' every time.
Cool, huh?
Posted in Programming Languages, Rails, Rspec | Tagged,,,,, | Leave a comment


The simple answer is no. Or rather, no and yes. Crapper was indeed a real person, and his story is a fascinating example of how misinformation can assume a life of its own once it appears in print.
Most of the confusion about Crapper is the fault of a New Zealand-born author named Wallace Reyburn, who wrote Flushed With Pride: The Story of Thomas Crapper in 1969. An odd semifactual biography, it falsely claimed that Crapper invented the flush toilet (in reality, the first flush-mechanism patents were issued in the mid-1770s, some 60 years before his birth) and that his work earned him a knighthood from Queen Victoria.
As the title suggests, Reyburn's book was also loaded with wordplay and toilet humor. Reyburn himself died in 2001, so we can only guess at what his intentions were; the evidence suggests he was less interested in ridiculing Crapper than in poking fun at a certain academic approach to writing about history.
To complicate matters, Reyburn later came out with a second historical biography, Bust-Up: The Uplifting Tale of Otto Titzling and the Development of the Bra. Unlike the Crapper bio, Bust-Up was pure spoof, populated by such outlandish characters as buxom opera singer Swanhilda Olafson, for whom Titzling supposedly created the first supportive undergarment in 1912; Danish assistant Hans Delving; and conniving Frenchman Phillip de Brassiere, who stole the patent rights to Titzling's invention.
Titzling was so obviously fictional, skeptics began questioning the existence of Crapper as well. To this day, many print and electronic references to Crapper insist, incorrectly, that Reyburn created him from whole cloth.
As for the real Thomas Crapper, the company he founded in 1861 is, remarkably enough, still in business. Although sold and stripped of its assets in 1966, Thomas Crapper & Co. was revived in 1998 and now manufactures authentic reproductions of Crapper's original wares, selling them over the Internet from its Stratford-upon-Avon office.
According to the firm's managing director, Simon Kirby, Crapper entered the plumbing business as a 14-year-old apprentice, retired in 1904, died on January 27, 1910, and is buried in Elmers End Cemetery in Beckenham, Kent. Primarily a manufacturer and installer, Crapper did hold at least nine fixture-related patents. But in Kirby's view, his most enduring contribution to the bathroom-fixtures industry had to do with his approach to sales.
For much of the Victorian era, plumbing fixtures were not spoken of in public, much less exposed to public view. Breaking with tradition, Crapper boldly displayed his products behind plate glass in the busy Chelsea district of London, where the sight of so much exposed, gleaming porcelain reportedly caused some onlookers to feel faint.
In other words, although Crapper didn't invent the toilet, he may well be the father of the modern plumbing-fixture showroom.
Nevertheless, it is his name — rather than any particular accomplishment — that has secured his place in history, despite the fact that "Crapper" wouldn't have seemed funny to the company's original customers.
"Crap" originated as an Old English word for grain chaff — and was later extended to include brewery dregs, residue from rendering fat, and other unpleasant waste products — but, as Kirby notes, the term fell out of use in England sometime during the 1600s.
Fortunately, however, early colonists had already transplanted it to this side of the Atlantic, where it took root and flourished. This set the stage for an etymological punch line a couple of centuries later, when American soldiers stationed in England during World War I (who would have been familiar with the word "crap" but not "crapper") found toilet fixtures emblazoned with the Crapper brand name to be indescribably funny.
Some people still think they're funny.


The American Heart Association Recognizes
 Baptist Grove as a Fit-Friendly Church
 The American Heart Association has recognized Baptist Grove as a fit-friendly church and has awarded the church Gold Status Certification.
 The American Heart Association's Fit-Friendly certification program recognizes
 employers and clergy who go above and beyond when it comes to their member's health. A Fit-friendly church reaches gold and platinum level status by
 implementing various activities and programs to encourage physical activity,
 choices in vending machines, promote annual member health risk assessments and other online tools.
 Gold-level churches must meet the following criteria:
 1. Offer members physical activity options at the church
 2. Increase healthy eating options at the church
 3. Promote a wellness culture in the church


text:
|About this Abstract
||2018 TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition
||Coupling Experiments and Modeling to Understand Plasticity and Failure
||Understanding Shear Band Formation Using High-resolution X-ray Diffraction and Numerical Modeling
||Darren Pagan, Armand Beaudoin, Matthew Miller
|On-Site Speaker (Planned)
There exists a general consensus that localization of deformation at the crystal scale leads to life-limiting processes like crack initiation. A limitation to understating this process has been the lack of mechanistically-based localization data. In this presentation, high-resolution X-ray diffraction is used along with a kinematic model of slip to identify underlying slip activity in-situ during shear band formation within a copper single crystal specimen. The diffraction results indicate that, as expected, the primary active slip system during plastic deformation was that predicted by Schmid's Law. However, simultaneous DIC measurements show that the shear banding does not have a one-to one relationship with the primary active slip system, suggesting that boundary conditions and the current stress distribution strongly influence the features of shear bands. In addition, a further study exploring the stress fields generated by explicitly modeled geometrically necessary dislocation arrangements consistent with shear band formation will also be presented.
||Planned: Supplemental Proceedings volume


text:
This week's Drawing Challenge has asked users to draw a cityscape using PicsArt's Drawing Tools, so this tutorial will show you how to draw a glittering metropolis for the occasion.
Raising a city is not like other drawing subjects. This challenge calls for some special tricks that, once you learn, will produce some startling results. Just grab your hard hat and follow the steps below!
Step 1: First Two Rows
Select the Shape icon and select the rectangular shape on the "Fill" setting. Select a medium dark color and create your first row of buildings. Use a slightly darker color to darken the sides of the buildings. Add a layer below, and use black to create your second row of buildings.
Step 2: Foreground & Background
Add layers in the foreground and use a variety of colors and shapes to create your front row of buildings and a street or river. Choose another dark color for your final row of buildings at the bottom, and on the very bottom layer, fill in a sky.
Step 3: Shade
Add a layer on top of your buildings and use black brushes and shapes to draw shadows being cast on top of and behind buildings. Reduce the opacity to make them translucent like shadows.
Step 4: Lights
Select bright and pale colors to dot your buildings with specks of lights. Experiment with different brush shapes to vary your light patterns. Create streaks of varied tones in your sky to give it texture, and reduce the opacity of your back row of buildings for a cool effect.
Step 5: Final Details
Add the final details that will bring your drawing to life. Create specks of colored lights with large, nearly transparent halos for traffic. If you have a river, reflect your city and add waves.


text:
Egyptian mummies trace malaria's roots
Malaria DNA has been found in two mummies from the ancient Egyptian capital of Thebes, providing clear evidence for the earliest known cases of the disease, say researchers.
Pathologist Dr Andreas Nerlich and colleagues, from the Academic Teaching Hospital München-Bogenhausen in Munich, Germany, presented their research this week in Naples at an international conference on ancient DNA.
Nerlich and colleagues studied 91 bone tissue samples from ancient Egyptian mummies and skeletons dating from 3500 to 500 BC.
Using special techniques from molecular biology, such as DNA amplification and gene sequencing, the researchers identified ancient DNA for the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in tissues from two mummies.
"We now know for sure that malaria was endemic in ancient Egypt. This was only been speculated on the basis reports by [the 5th century BC Greek historian] Herodotus and some very faint evidence from ancient Egyptian papyri," says Nerlich.
Caused by four different kinds of parasites belonging to the Plasmodium family - falciparum, malariae, ovale and vivax - malaria is transmitted to humans through a bite from an infected female Anopheles mosquito.
Of the four, P. falciparum is the most deadly. It produces the most severe form of malaria, characterised by symptoms that include undulating high fever, chills, anaemia and an enlarged spleen.
Although it is believed that malaria widely affected humanity long before the Greek physician Hippocrates wrote the first clinical description of the disease in 400 BC, until now only one study, which used molecular analysis, clearly identified P. falciparum from that period.
The ancient DNA for the parasite was found in a Roman infant dating back to the 5th century AD.
"In our finding, both positive cases came from two different tomb complexes at Thebes-West, dating from the New Kingdom until Late Period (1500 to 500 BC)," Nerlich says.
Upper class Egyptians
The capital of Egypt around 1500 BC, Thebes, hosts a huge necropolis, which mostly contains the remains of upper class ancient Egyptians.
"Both infected mummies were adults and had some mild signs of chronic anaemia. Unfortunately, no further information is available since they came from 'no name burials'. However, the location of their tombs in the necropolis strongly suggests that they were of high class local descent," Nerlich says.
The wealth of these people did not provide them with protection against diseases. In a previous study, Nerlich and colleagues discovered that most people buried at the site died between the ages of 20 and 30.
"Our discovery adds another infectious disease to the spectrum of palaeomicrobiology in ancient Egypt, further explaining the influence of infectious diseases on such low life expectancy," says Nerlich.
The ancient scourge, which has shaped history by decimating invading armies and making villages in the grip of the fever hard to colonise, still plagues humanity.
Today the disease kills between one and three million people, most of whom live in the world's poorest countries.
Significance for today
Nerlich and colleagues believe that their work in identifying one of the earliest forms of the disease may help develop new treatments.
"We are now hopeful we can identify the 'precursor' of malaria pathogens," says Nerlich.
According to anatomist and palaeopathologist Dr Frank Rühli, head of the Swiss Mummy Project at the University of Zurich, the discovery is important because it is "based on reliable molecular detection of pathogen ancient DNA."
"This study adds new insights into the evolutionary prevalence of a disease which still kills millions of people worldwide. It also highlights again the enormous importance of ancient mummy research for modern clinical medicine," says Rühli.


text:
fatwa, in Islamic law, an opinion made by a judicial/religious scholar (a mufti) on a legal, civil, or religious matter. The fatwa is usually a valuable source of information on any subject for private individuals or for judges or other authorities, and it is normally used as a guide and does not have the force of law. Under normal circumstances, a fatwa is legally binding only in matters of marriage, divorce, and inheritance. Fatwas are often issued to raise awareness and provide clarification regarding a specific issue for Muslims, who then may or may not follow them. Over the centuries, hundreds of thousands of fatwas have been produced. They came to the attention of many Westerners in 1989 when Iran's Ayatollah Khomeini issued a fatwa calling for the death of author Salman Rushdie, whom he accused of blasphemy. Another well-known and deadly fatwa was issued by Osama bin Laden in 1998 and called for Muslims to execute Americans and their allies.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
More on fatwa from Infoplease:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Islam


Home > Fukuoka > Kurume kasuri (splashed pattern fabric)
Kurume kasuri (splashed pattern fabric)
Tradition has it that the manufacture of cotton textiles became widespread in the present-day city of Kurume in Fukuoka Prefecture when the feudal lord who governed this region admonished the people for their desire for luxury and encouraged them to wear cotton garments. In the 19th century, a skilled weaver by the name of Den Inoue, while still a teenager, carried out extensive research and experimented with different weaving techniques, eventually developing a style of weaving in which parts of the textile appear to have a splashed pattern. This style of weaving, kasuri, became greatly prized and quickly spread across the region. After World War II automated looms spread quickly, but traditional hand weaving techniques are still preserved in this region. Kurume-kasuri was designated a traditional craft in 1976.
Address:, Kurume-shi, Fukuoka
Area Map
Related Information
Official Sites


text:
If you've never heard of cubic Hamiltonian graphs before then take a look at Christopher Manning's wonderful cubic Hamiltonian graph builder. No, really, do! We too had never heard of them and now we think they are the bee's knees!
But what is a cubic Hamiltonian graph, you ask? A graph, of course, is just a bunch of points (vertices) connected by lines (edges). A cubic graph is a graph where every vertex has 3 edges – that is, each vertex is connected to exactly three others in the graph. And a Hamiltonian graph is a graph which has a closed loop of edges (a cycle) that visits each vertex in the graph once and only once, (this is called a Hamiltonian cycle). So a cubic Hamiltonian graph is a graph where each vertex is joined to exactly three others and the graph has a cycle visiting each vertex exactly once.
What has made us so excited about cubic Hamiltonian graphs is watching Manning's cubic Hamiltonian graph builder in action. The builder starts from the Hamiltonian cycle in the graph. This loop of edges accounts for two out of the three edges for every vertex in the graph. The builder then starts adding in the third edge for each vertex, knitting the graph together before your eyes. The creation of a torus is particularly beautiful to watch.
Manning uses something called the LCF notation to build the graphs. This ingenious notation succinctly describes the structure of cubic Hamiltonian graphs by describing how you add the extra edge to each vertex by counting backwards or forwards around the Hamiltonian cycle. For example our torus has the LCF notation 150. This means that every vertex is joined to another 10 edges along the cycle, and this process is repeated 150 times, once for each vertex, to complete the graph. (The 1st vertex is joined to the 11th, the 2nd to the 12th, the 3rd to the 13th, and so on...)
A graph represented by the LCF notation [10,7,4,-4,-7,10,-4,7,-7,4]2 starts with a cycle of 20 vertices – inside the square brackets is a list of instructions for 10 edges, and these are repeated twice, giving the total number of extra edges, and therefore vertices, as 20. In this graph the 1st vertex is joined to the 11th (a distance of 10 edges), the 2nd to the 9th (a distance of 7), the 3rd to the 7th (a distance of 4), the 4th to the 20th (a distance of -4, or counting backwards 4 edges), the 5th to the 18th (distance of -7), and so on. This graph is knitted into a dodecahedron.
Watching Manning's program knit together these graphs is beautiful to watch. But this mathematics has many important uses as well. Not only are Hamiltonian cycles important mathematically, they also have many useful applications. You can read more about graphs on Plus, and about the role Hamiltonian cycles play in bell ringing and DNA analysis. And you can read more about Christopher Manning's work on his blog.


text:
In the early 1800's port cities in the USA bore the burden of immigration. By the time they arrived, so many immigrants were tired, hungry and poor they ended up in the City Almshouse.
As far back as the colonial era, New York City assumed responsibility for its citizens who were destitute, sick, homeless, or otherwise unable to care for themselves. The city maintained an almshouse, various hospitals, and a workhouse on Blackwell's Island (now called Roosevelt Island) for the poor.
Part of the information taken Almshouse clerks was the place of birth of each person, the name of the ship they arrived on and where the ship sailed from. Using this online (free) database will allow you to find individuals from many countries and many states within USA.
I have just uploaded new records for NY City Almshouse for 1826 and 1827. This adds to the existing records on Olive Tree Genealogy for 1819, 1820, 1821, 1822, 1823, 1824, 1855,1856,1857 and 1858. When this project is finished the records will be complete from _PHONE_ and _PHONE_
1826 Almshouse Registers
There are 180 individuals listed in the 1826 Alms House Registers, along with the following ships they sailed on:
Albion, Ann, Ann Marie, Atlantic, Baltic, Barcelona, Bimmahome?, Boston, Bowditch, Camillons, Carolina Ann, Catherine, Chesapeake, Cincinnatus,Combine,Comhand?, Compeer, Constitution, Courier, Cuba, Danube, Diana, Dublin Packet, Edward Bonasse, General Putnam, Gulorace?Gulosase?, Henry, Hibernian, Howard, Hunter, Huskinson, Isaac[illegible], James Cegzar, John & Elizabeth, John & James, Lady Hunter, Laurel, Leonidas, Lord Strangford, Louisa, Maine, Margaret, Orizambo, Panther, Phoenix, Plutarch, Remittance, Reunion, Richmond, Sabina, Salidas, Silas Richmond, Splendid,Superior, Sylvester Haley, Thames, Thompson, Tontine, Two Mary's, United States, Virginia, William, Wilson, Zenophon
Of the 180 individuals listed, 125 were from Ireland.
1827 Almshouse Registers
There are 270 individuals listed with the following ship names in the 1827 Alms House Admission Records:
Albion, Alicia, Amelia, American, Ann Marie, Atlantic, Aurora, Baltic, Blakely, Borneo, Brighton, Brittania, Candis, Carleton, Carolina Ann, Clover, Compeer, Concordia, Constitution, Cortes, Courier, Curlew, Dalhousie Castle,Dancer, Danish Iris, Diana, Dublin Packet, Edward, Edward Bonasse, Eliza, Eliza Baker, Emulous, Fame, Fenwick, Francis Henrietta, Franklin, Ganges, Garland, Gen. Putnam, Gentile, George Clinton, Gridley, Hamilton, Hector, Henrietta, Henry Freeland? Kneeland?, Holbert, Hope & Easter, Hudson, Hunter, India, Ivory, James & Margaret, Java, Jno (John) & Elizabeth, John Adams, Jubilee, Lady Henrietta, Lady Hunter, Lady Wellington, Lark, Leeds, Liverpool,Lord Wellington, Louisa, Lydia, Main, Manchester, Margaret Boyle, Martha, Mary, Mary Howland, Meteor, Michaels, Nelson? Wilson?, New England, New Hampshire, New Orleans, Newry, Peru, Plutarch, Princess Charlotte, Robert Edwards, Robert Fulton, Roman, Sarah George, Silvanus Genkins, St Michael, St. Croix, St. Nichady, Thomas, Thomas & William, Thompson, Torn? Tom?, Traveler, Trident, Trio, Union, Venus, Virginia, Westmoreland, William, William & George, William Byrnes, William Dawson, Wilson, Wm. H. Pantheon
Of the 270 individuals listed, 201 were from Ireland.
Places of birth for these years were "at sea", Canada,England, France, Germany, Glascow, Ireland, Liverpool, London, Long Island, Massachusetts, New York, Newry, Quebec, Sag Harbour, Scotland, St Johns NB, Switzerland, Virginia and Wales
Ports of departure were Belfast, Bremen,Cork, Dublin,Dundee,Easport, Galway, Greenock, Halifax NS, Havre, Jamaica, Liverpool,London, Londonderry, Marseilles, New Castle, New Haven, Newry, Porto Cabello, Savannah, Sligo, Richmond, Rotterdam,Sligo, Newfoundland, St. Johns N.B.


text:
We took our Earth day ball outdoors on a bright and sunny day and played a game called, "Around the World!"
Dreading those cold winter days? See how just spending a few minutes outdoors can make your whole day a better, happier experience.
Taking a walk through our "forest" to gather up the colors of fall!
Exploring pumpkins through all kinds of play in our outdoor classroom!
There are so many wonderful ways preschoolers can explore scrap wood. Stop by and see some of the unique ways we are exploring in our classroom!
Introducing the basics of a relay race to preschool age children with this stack the box relay!
Counting and drawing our own ants and exploring our outdoor log maze too!
Taking our cans outside to play a preschool version of "Kick the Can" on "I Can Day!"
Collecting, counting, and tweezing acorns in the summer time – isn't this supposed to be a fall activity?
Noodles bring a big variety of playful opportunities into the preschool classroom!
See how hula hoops can create all sorts of outdoor play opportunities!
Get outside and play this simple color mix-up game. A great way to give those large motor skills a workout!
Heading outdoors to explore our very own erupting volcanoes in preschool…
Make your own simple easels to take outdoors for some outdoor easel painting…
We read the children's book, "The Listening Walk" by Paul Showers then headed outdoors with a checklist in hand to do our own listening walk!
There are so many types of toddler development going on with time spent in a little water play!
← Previous Entries
Enter your email address:
Delivered by FeedBurner
Get smart with the Thesis WordPress Theme from DIYthemes.
© 2009-2013 Teach Preschool by Deborah J. Stewart All Rights Reserved! -- Copyright notice by Blog Copyright


text:
With more patients demanding spectacle independence after cataract surgery, the Lenstar 900 APS biometer is your go-to tool to help them achieve this goal.
- Use HAAG-STREIT's proprietary Hill-RBF database to compare measurements to a database of real patient information.
- Increase speed and efficiency with access to complete eye data in a single click.
- Enjoy the ability to precisely assess the axis and astigmatism for stronger toric IOL results.
- Access to popularly used IOL prediction methods to select the optimal lens.
Enhance your measurement capabilities. The Lenstar 900 APS is all you need for faster, more efficient cataract measurements.
- Provides all the measurements necessary to take full advantage of the latest IOL prediction methods.
- Access to full eye data in a single click.
- Easier mechanical tracking minimizes user delay and error.
- Quicker measurement for improved tear-film stability.
- Improves the repeatability of measurements.
- Supports T-Cone measurements through the latest EyeSuite™ software.
HILL-RBF CALCULATOR exclusively
The Hill-RBF Calculator represents a new approach in IOL calculation, based on pattern recognition, data interpolation and a validating boundary model, for improved accuracy and confidence with IOL power prediction.
An excellent choice for accurate IOL calculations for every patient
The Lenstar 900 APS provides highly accurate laser optic measurements for every section of the eye −from the cornea to the retina− and is the first optical biometer on the market that can measure the thickness of the crystalline lens. With its integrated Hill-RBF Method, Barrett and Olsen formula and the optional Toric Planner featuring the Barrett Toric Calculator, Lenstar 900 APS provides the user with latest technology in IOL prediction for any patient.
Easily add the Lenstar Myopia module to your Lenstar 900 APS
Expand your practice with state-of-the-art myopia management today and meet the demands of your patients tomorrow.
EyeSuite Myopia is a compact, highly customizable, easy-to-use, yet comprehensive myopia management software platform. It is designed to facilitate education and consultation of patients on the prevalence, causes and consequences of Myopia.EyeSuite
Myopia is based on the latest findings of myopia research:
- Refractive progression trends
- Axial length growth
- Environmental factors
ADVANCED IOL PLANNING
- Improved refractive outcomes with any patient
- Predictable outcomes
- Master post refractive cases
- Match the axis
Lenstar features dual-zone keratometry or T-Cone topography for
precise astigmatism and axis measurement
Lenstar features dual-zone keratometry or T-Cone topography for precise astigmatism and axis measurement
- Best Toric Results
- Lenstar features dual-zone keratometry or T-Cone topography for precise astigmatism and axis measurement.
- Improved outcomes with dual zone keratometry
- Measurement equivalent to the "Gold Standard"
- Spaced 32 measurement point pattern improves precision
- Topography for torics – match the axis
- With the optional T-Cone toric platform, the axis and astigmatism measurement of Lenstar is extended with true 11-ring Placido topography. This additional data improves the efficacy and safety of toric IOL surgery, eliminating the risk of irregularities and allowing the user to double check the axis location.