text:
- Author / Illustrator: Ellen Stoll Walsh
- Grade Range/Level Recommendation: young reader (2-6 yrs.)
Summary: 3 mice are being chased by a cat. They escape into a pile of shapes. They start to play with the shapes and end up finding a way to scare the cat away.
Themes: imagination, problem solving, working together, shapes
- Why do you think the cat was scared away?
- What would you have done to save yourself from the cat if you were one of the mice?
- Make a mouse from shapes.
- Make a flannel board set of shapes that can be used for retelling and expanding imagination for building other objects.
Comment: Fun, simple, so appropriate for preschoolers.
Mouse Count and Mouse Paint both by Ellen Stoll Walsh


text:
Look up incident in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
For the Wikipedia noticeboard, see Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents.
Incident may refer to:
A property of a graph (mathematics) (see also glossary of graph theory),
Incident (festival), a cultural festival of The National Institute of Technology in Surathkal, Karnataka, India,
Incident (Scientology), a concept in Scientology,
Incident ray, a ray of light that strikes a surface,
Nuclear incident; an irregularity with a nuclear installation not classified as a nuclear accident,
Road traffic incident, when a vehicle collides with another vehicle, pedestrian, animal, road debris, or other stationary obstruction, such as a tree or utility pole.,
The Incident may refer to:
Incident, a 1948 film noir,
The Incident, a 1967 film,
The Incident (conspiracy), an event in British history that took place in 1641,
The Incident (Lost), the season finale of the fifth season of Lost,
The Incident (album), a 2009 album release by the band Porcupine Tree

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Broadside (music)
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"broadside ballads" redirects here. For the 2011 The Baseball Project album, see The Broadside Ballads.
The nature of broadsides[edit]
With primitive early printing presses, printing on a single sheet of paper was the easiest and most inexpensive form of printing available and for much of their history could be sold for as little as a penny.[1] They could also be cut in half lengthways to make 'broadslips', or folded to make chapbooks and where these contained several songs such collections were known as 'garlands'.[2]
An eighteenth-century broadside ballad
The earliest broadsides that survive date from the early sixteenth century, but relatively few survive before 1550.[3] From 1556 the Stationers Company in London attempted to force registration of all ballads and some 2,000 were recorded between then and 1600, but, since they were easy to print and distribute, it is likely that far more were printed.[4] Scholars often distinguish between the earlier blackletter broadsides, using larger heavy 'gothic' print, most common up to the middle of the seventeenth century, and lighter whiteletter, roman or italic typefaces, that were easier to read and became common thereafter.[5]
Broadsides were produced in huge numbers, with over 400,000 being sold in England annually by the 1660s, probably close to their peak of popularity.[6] Many were sold by travelling chapmen in city streets and at fairs or by balladeers, who sang the songs printed on their broadsides in an attempt to attract customers.[7] In Britain broadsides began to decline in popularity in the seventeenth century as initially chapbooks and later bound books and newspapers, began to replace them, until they appear to have died out in the nineteenth century.[6] They lasted longer in Ireland, and although never produced in such huge numbers in North America, they were significant in the eighteenth century and provided an important medium of propaganda, on both sides, in the American War of Independence.[8]
Most of the knowledge of broadsides in England comes from the fact that several significant figures chose to collect them, including Samuel Pepys (1633–1703), Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Mortimer (1661–1724), in what became Roxburghe Ballads.[9] In the eighteenth century there were several printed collections, including Thomas D'Urfey's Wit and Mirth: or, Pills to Purge Melancholy (1719–20), Bishop Thomas Percy's Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (1765), and Joseph Ritson's, The Bishopric Garland (1784).[9] In Scotland similar work was undertaken by figures including Robert Burns and Walter Scott in The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border (1802–03).[9] One of the largest collections was made by Sir Frederick Madden who collected some 30,000 songs now in the 'Madden Collection' in the Cambridge University Library [1].
Broadside ballads[edit]
See also: Ballad
Broadside ballads (also known as 'roadsheet', 'broadsheet', 'stall', 'vulgar' or 'come all ye' ballads) varied from what has been defined as the 'traditional' ballad, which were often tales of some antiquity, which has frequently crossed national and cultural boundaries and developed as part of a process of oral transmission.[10] In contrast broadside ballads often lacked their epic nature, tended not to possess their artistic qualities and usually dealt with less consequential topics. However, confusingly many 'traditional' ballads, as defined particularly by the leading collectors, Svend Grundtvig for Denmark and Francis Child for England and Scotland, only survive as broadsides.[11] Among the topics of broadside ballads were love, religion, drinking-songs, legends, and early journalism, which included disasters, political events and signs, wonders and prodigies.[12] Generally broadside ballads included only the lyrics, often with the name of a known tune that would fit suggested below the title.
See also[edit]
 2. ^ G. Newman and L. E. Brown, Britain in the Hanoverian Age, 1714–1837: An Encyclopedia (Taylor & Francis, 1997), pp. 39–40.
 3. ^ B. R. Smith, The Acoustic World of Early Modern England: Attending to the O-factor (University of Chicago Press, 1999), p. 177.
 4. ^ A. W. Kitch, 'Printing bastards, monsterous birth broadsides in early modern England', in D. A. Brooks, Printing and Parenting in Early Modern England (Ashgate, 2005), p. 227.
 5. ^ G. Taylor, J. Lavagnino and T. Middleton, Thomas Middleton and Early Modern Textual Culture: A Companion to the Collected Works (Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 202.
 8. ^ M. Savelle, Seeds of liberty: The Genesis of the American Mind (Kessinger Publishing, 2005), p. 533.
 10. ^ A. N. Bold, The Ballad (Routledge, 1979), p. 5.
Further reading[edit]
 - Broadside Ballads:Songs from the Streets, Taverns, Theatres and Countryside of 17th Century England (incl songs, orig melodies, and chord suggestions) by Lucie Skeaping (2005), Faber Music Ltd. ISBN 0-571-52223-8 (Information and samples of more than 80 broadside ballads and their music)
 - The British Broadside Ballad and Its Music by Claude M. Simpson (1966), Rutgers University Press. Out of Print. No ISBN. (540 broadside ballad melodies from all periods)
External links[edit]


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What is a pantoum poem example?
A good example of the pantoum is Carolyn Kizer's "Parent's Pantoum," the first three stanzas of which are excerpted here: Where did these enormous children come from, More ladylike than we have ever been? Some of ours look older than we feel.
How do you write a good pantoum?
The pantoum is a poem of four-line stanzas.
How a pantoum works
- The first line of the new stanza is a repeat of the second line in the previous stanza.
- The third line of the new stanza is a repeat of the fourth line in the previous stanza.
- The second and fourth lines of the new stanza are new lines, not seen before.
What is the rhyme scheme for a pantoum poem?
The pantoum consists of a series of quatrains rhyming abab in which the second and fourth lines of a quatrain recur as the first and third lines in the succeeding quatrain; each quatrain introduces a new second rhyme (as bcbc, cdcd).
How many lines is a pantoum?
The contemporary Western version of the pantoum is a poem made up of stanzas whose four lines repeat in a pattern: lines 2 and 4 of each stanza are repeated, whole, as lines 1 and 3 of the next stanza, and so on. The poem can be of any length.
What is repeated in a pantoum poem?
The pantoum is a form of poetry similar to a villanelle in that there are repeating lines throughout the poem. It is composed of a series of quatrains; the second and fourth lines of each stanza are repeated as the first and third lines of the next stanza.
What are the characteristics of a pantoum?
A Malaysian verse form adapted by French poets and occasionally imitated in English. It comprises a series of quatrains, with the second and fourth lines of each quatrain repeated as the first and third lines of the next.
Should a pantoum rhyme?
Traditionally, pantoums consisted of two or three stanzas. Additionally, alternating lines in each stanza had to rhyme. Modern pantoums have no limit in terms of length, and many do not rhyme at all. The defining feature of the pantoum form, both traditional and modern, is the four line stanzas.
How do you write a Triolet?
Rules of the Triolet Form
The requirements of this fixed form are straightforward: the first line is repeated in the fourth and seventh lines; the second line is repeated in the final line; and only the first two end-words are used to complete the tight rhyme scheme.
What is a free verse poem?
Nonmetrical, nonrhyming lines that closely follow the natural rhythms of speech. A regular pattern of sound or rhythm may emerge in free-verse lines, but the poet does not adhere to a metrical plan in their composition.
Who invented the pantoum?
This Form Is Characterized by Interlocking Stanzas
Brought to the West by Victor Hugo in the 19th century, the pantoum, or pantun, is derived from a much older Malaysian form of a folk poem, usually made up of rhyming couplets.
How long should a pantoum be?
Why do poets use pantoum?
It creates a very clear path for how the poem moves and comes full circle as lines "a" and "c" become lines "d" and "b" respectively in the final stanza. In other words, the poem ends with the same line it started with. It comes full circle.
What is 10 line poem called?
Terza Rima A type of poetry consisting of 10 or 11 syllable lines arranged in three-line tercets.
What is a 9 line poem called?
A nonet is a nine-line poem. In the nonet form, each line contains specific, descending syllable counts. The first line contains nine syllables, the second line contains eight, the third line contains seven, and so on.
How do you begin a poem?
The opening line of a poem should grab the reader's attention, invoke the thematic intentions of the poem, and give an insight into the poet's writing style.
How do I start to write a poem?
How to write a poem
- 1 Decide what you want to write about. Unless you've been assigned to write a poem about a specific topic, the first step in writing a poem is determining a topic to write about.
- 2 Determine the best format for your topic.
- 3 Explore words, rhymes, and rhythm.
- 4 Write the poem.
- 5 Edit what you've written.
What does the word pantoum mean?
Definition of pantoum
: a series of quatrains rhyming abab in which the second rhyme of a quatrain recurs as the first in the succeeding quatrain, each quatrain introduces a new second rhyme (as bcbc, cdcd), and the initial rhyme of the series recurs as the second rhyme of the closing quatrain (xaxa)
What is a poem with repeating lines called?
The term anaphora refers to a poetic technique in which successive phrases or lines begin with the same words, often resembling a litany. The repetition can be as simple as a single word or as long as an entire phrase.
What is a 5 line poem?
A quintain (also known as a quintet) is any poetic form or stanza that contains five lines. Quintain poems can contain any line length or meter.
What is a 2 line poem called?
A couplet usually consists of two successive lines that rhyme and have the same metre. A couplet may be formal (closed) or run-on (open). In a formal (or closed) couplet, each of the two lines is end-stopped, implying that there is a grammatical pause at the end of a line of verse.
What is a 1 line poem called?
A poem or stanza with one line is called a monostich, one with two lines is a couplet; with three, tercet or triplet; four, quatrain.
What is a 40 line poem called?
Glose (or Glosa). 40-line poem based off an epigraph.
What are good topics for a poem?
Poetry ideas – Write a poem about:
- A particular color.
- Being underwater.
- A person whose life you're curious about.
- Your mother's perfume.
- Falling asleep or waking up.
- Growing older.
- The feeling of getting lost in a book.
What are the 3 types of poems?
There are many types of poetry. These can be grouped into 3 main genres: narrative poetry, dramatic poetry, and lyric poetry.
What are the 5 examples of repetition?
Here are some familiar examples of repetition:
- Time after time.
- Heart to heart.
- Boys will be boys.
- Hand in hand.
- Get ready; get set; go.
- Hour to hour.
- Sorry, not sorry.
- Over and over.


Consumer Behavior
Understanding consumers in their efforts to cope with the current societal challenges is the core business of the consumer behavior research cluster. In particular, the consumer research team focuses on sustainable consumption, healthy consumption and lifestyle, and consumer well-being. They apply state-ofthe-art research methods such as experimental research and neuroscience to generate novel insights into the why (i.e. the fundamental underlying processes), the how (i.e. decision making processes) and the when (i.e. the impact of the environment and context on the consumer) of consumer behavior.
Recent publications


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(3 quadrocopters = 12 rotors)
To toss the ball, the quadrocopters accelerate rapidly outward to stretch the net tight between them and launch the ball up. Notice in the video that the quadrocopters are then pulled forcefully inward by the tension in the elastic net, and must rapidly stabilize in order to avoid a collision. Once recovered, the quadrotors cooperatively position the net below the ball in order to catch it.
Because they are coupled to each other by the net, the quadrocopters experience complex forces that push the vehicles to the limits of their dynamic capabilities.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
+ H2O2 → Fe2+ + OOH· + H+
In the second reaction, iron (III) is reduced back to iron(II), along with the formation of a peroxide radical and a proton, as a result of the hydrogen peroxide disproportionation.
The above reactions cycle iron between the ferrous and ferric oxidation states until the H2O2 is fully consumed, producing •OH in the process.
The Fenton process requires adjustment of the solution toward acidic, i.e. low pH (2 to 5). If the pH is too high, the iron precipitates as Fe(OH)3. This is a drawback, because the usually highly alkaline textile-processing wastewaters (with high pH) cause large volumes of waste sludge which are generated by the precipitation of ferric iron salts and the process loses effectiveness as H2O2 is catalytically decomposed to oxygen.
In comparison to ozonation, the Fenton process is relatively cheap and results generally in a larger chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction. COD represents the amount of oxygen that is needed by the water in the decomposition and oxidation processes of organic matter, inorganic matter or chemicals.
Fenton's process requires very little energy compared to other oxidation technologies that use O3 or UV.


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WebMD Symptom Checker
Cough, Diarrhea and Runny nose
WebMD Symptom Checker helps you find the most common medical conditions indicated by the symptoms cough, diarrhea and runny nose including Bronchitis, Asthma (child), and Dust exposure.
There are 55 conditions associated with cough, diarrhea and runny nose. The links below will provide you with more detailed information on these medical conditions from the WebMD Symptom Checker and help provide a better understanding of causes and treatment of these related conditions.


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Reefs of Norway
A plethora of Lophelia pertusa in Norwegian waters
Norway has the highest known density of Lophelia pertusa reefs in the world, mapped at depths between 39 and 400 metres. The estimated spatial coverage of Norwegian Lophelia reefs is 2,000 km², a greater coverage than some countries with well known tropical reefs such as Belize, Mozambique or Seychelles. Some of these reefs have been estimated at over 8,000 years old based on geophysical, visual, geochemical, radiocarbon and other analyses. The first Lophelia reef ever photographed under water (left) in Norway was off the coast of northern Norway at 120 m water depth, in 1982, during pipeline route surveys conducted by the petroleum company Statoil. Subsequently, they were found also on the continental shelf off Mid-Norway in 1985 and onwards.
Here, acoustic surveys revealed large mounds, which were 10 to 25 m in height. It wasn't until 1990 that the research team was able to inspect these mounds using a remotely operated vehicle - the first use of an ROV to record Lophelia reefs using colour video. Innovations also included specially designed buckets (left) to collect samples of Lophelia from the sea-floor some 280 - 300 metres down. From that point onwards research into the Norwegian Lophelia reefs has been intensive, with several hundred reefs discovered to date.
The authors thank Dr. Martin Hovland (Statoil) for contributing the amazing videos and imagery of Norwegian Lophelia reefs.


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Question: What is the name of our creator G-d?
Answer: Our Creator has no name. The Hebrew terms we use for Him are expressions of various aspects of His traits, to help us better understand Him and what He is telling us.
Question: So what terms in Hebrew do you use?
Answer: There are specific terms I use when I pray in Hebrew. At most other times it is forbidden for me to say the Names, which as I said, are not actually Names, but descriptive of traits.
Question: So what are the traits of our creator?
Answer: That is an excellent question. Looking at the first line of Genesis: "In the beginning G-d created the Heavens and the Earth." The term used for G-d in that Verse means His attribute of "strict justice." This term for G-d is used many times until we reach Chapter 2, Verse 4. Here a new term is introduced, a term that alludes to His attribute of "mercy."
Up until this point no mercy was required. There was no possibility of rebellion against G-d's word, strict justice prevailed and there was no need for mercy. Three Verses later however, in Verse 2:7, G-d would complete His creation of Man. Man would be the one creation to be given the power to think for himself and choose not to strictly obey.
Under a system of strict justice, Man could therefore not survive. He would disobey and be destroyed. G-d now mixes strict justice with mercy, and the result of this is that Man now has what no other creation has: Free Will. Man can choose to obey or rebel or somewhere in between. Man will make his own choices, and G-d will judge Man with strict justice tempered with mercy.
Regards, Eliahu Levenson


text:
Sea Creatures May Fight Global Warming
Increasing numbers of jellyfish-like animals called salps have been spotted off the eastern coast of Australia, garnering attention from researchers for performing a sort of natural carbon sequestration. Salps feed on phytoplankton, marine algae that absorbs carbon dioxide. The transparent, barrel-shaped animals excrete the digested phytoplankton in the form of carbon-rich fecal pellets, which sink quickly to the ocean floor. While it is estimated that this process can move nearly 4,000 tons of carbon to deeper water each day, some scientists are concerned that salps are replacing krill, a high-nutrient food for southern right and humpback whales.


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Asociación Armonía is a non-profit organization (NGO) dedicated to bird conservation in Bolivia. Armonia's conservation actions are based on scientific studies and the active involvement of local communities, respecting their culture and knowledge. Asociación Armonía is the Bolivian partner of American Bird Conservancy, BirdLife International and World Land Trust-US, three organizations committed to biodiversity conservation.
Our Bird Conservation Center is located in the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, and includes one of the most complete ornithological libraries in the country, as well as a national database of bird records.
Why Conserve Birds?
Besides thier beauty, color, shape, flight, migrations and their adaptability to practically all the habitats in the world, birds are an important indicator of the environmental health due their sensibility to environment changes. Threatened birds are the most evident symptom of the environment crisis we are now facing.
In general, the areas that are rich in birds are also important for biodiversity in general (BirdLife International, 2006), this makes birds one of the most important indicators to identify priority conservation sites.
Bird conservation does not only involve the conservation of this animal group, but also the preservation of their habitat and the diversity within. At the same time, all conservation actions must be developed to include the people who cohabit with these beautiful animals, so both the birds and people can coexist in harmony.
"Because at the end we only care about the things we love, we only love the things we know, and we know only what we were taught" – Baba Diom (African naturalist)


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<0.73; SWI: 0.330.5; wPLI: F<0.33, p>0.5). Topographic connectivity patterns differed significantly between frequency bands at the single electrode level, i.e. in nodal degree (PLI: F>73, pcorrected<0.001; wPLI: F>45, pcorrected<0.001; respective connectomes are displayed in Figure 2 and Figure 3 and in Figure S4 and Figure S5 for regional connectomes).
All individual networks showed a small-world-configuration (medians over frequency bands; PLI-based SWI: 1.024


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Poverty over
Theme: Poverty eradication
Country: Afghanistan, Brazil, Mali
Workshop outline for students aged 16 and over to improve understanding of poverty, its causes, effects and what can be done to tackle it.
Why, in a world of plenty, are so people many living in desperate poverty from around the globe? What does poverty mean for people - and what causes it? This hour-long interactive session is packed with useful information to help students understand what poverty means - and what might be done to eradicate it.
By the end of this session, students will have engaged with the different approaches to defining global poverty and will have engaged with some of the solutions that could bring about a world free from poverty.
Age: 16+ / Sixth form
Subject areas: Geography, RE


5 clear the AR", function 57 does not clear it.
Group 5
Fn Operation
50 Arithmetic right shift a/ar N times
51 Logical right shift a N times, clear ar
52 Multiply a by n, result to a/ar
53 Multiply a by n, single length rounded result to a, clear ar
54 Arithmetic left shift a/ar N times
55 Logical left shift a N times, clear ar
56 Divide a/ar by n, single length quotient to a, clear ar
57 Copy ar to a, set sign bit zero, do NOT clear the ar
Instruction Group 6[edit]
Group 6 is floating point instructions (if a floating point unit is installed).
Floating point numbers are represented in a 39 bit word or in the accumulator as (from most to least significant end):
 - a 30 bit 2's complement signed mantissa a in the range ½ ≤ a < 1 or -1 ≤ a < -½
 - a 9 bit signed exponent b represented as a positive integer 0 ≤ (b+256) ≤ 511.
Zero is always represented by all 39 bits zero.
Note that the test for zero and test for negative jump instructions are equally valid for floating point.
Group 6
Fn Operation a' n'
60 Add n to a a + n n
61 Subtract n from a a - n n
62 Negate a and add n n - a n
63 Multiply a by n a * n n
64 Divide a by n a / n n
65 N = 4096: Convert fixed point integer in the accumulator to floating point
65 N < 4096: Fast left (end round) shift N mod 64 places
66 (Spare)
67 (Spare)
All these instructions clear the auxiliary register.
Instruction Group 7[edit]
Group 7 is input/output, with the exception of 73, which is used for subroutine linkage. There is a much more complete description of the Group 7 functions in the "Our Computer Heritage" link.
Group 7
Fn Operation
70 Read the keyboard number generator to the accumulator
71 Read one character from the tape reader and logically "or" it into the least significant 5 bits of the accumulator
72 Output to optional peripheral device such as the digital plotter:
73 Write the address of this instruction to location N
74 Send a character represented by N to the punch
75 Channel 2 function
76 Channel 2 function
77 Channel 2 function
Digital Plotter Control:
Instruction Pen Motion
72 7168 No motion
72 7169 EAST
72 7170 WEST
72 7172 NORTH
72 7176 SOUTH
72 7173 NORTH EAST
72 7174 NORTH WEST
72 7177 SOUTH EAST
72 7178 SOUTH WEST
72 7184 Pen Up
72 7200 Pen Down
Entry to a subroutine at address N is normally effected by the sequence:
73 LINK : 40 N
The return address has been stored in a link location (typically the location before the start of the subroutine (e.g. N-1) )
and returns by using the sequence:
00 LINK / 40 1
Example Program[edit]
By way of an example, the following is the Initial Instructions, hard-wired into locations 0 - 3, and used for loading binary code from paper tape into memory. In accordance with the 803 convention, it is written with two instructions on each line, representing the contents of one word. The colon or slash between them represent a B digit value of zero or one respectively.
 0: 26 4 : 06 0 Clear loc'n 4; Clear A
 1: 22 4 / 16 3 Increment loc 4; Store A in loc'n (3 + content of loc'n 4) & clear A
 2: 55 5 : 71 0 Left shift A 5 times; Read tape and "or" into A
 3: 43 1 : 40 2 Jump to loc'n 1 if arith overflow; Jump to loc'n 2
There are several interesting and subtle points to note in this very simple program:
 - There is no count. The inner loop (locations 2 and 3) packs 5-bit characters into the accumulator until overflow occurs. Thus a 39 bit word is formed of eight 5 bit characters. The most significant bit of the first character is discarded but must be a 1 (unless the next bit is a 1), in order to provoke arithmetic overflow (a change of the sign bit).
 - The first word read is stored into location 4, and this is then used as the address into which subsequent words are stored.
 - Blank leading and trailing tape is ignored since zeroes can be shifted left indefinitely without causing overflow.
 - There is no provision to terminate the outer loop (inner loop plus location 1). The tape can be stopped manually, or allowed to run out through the reader (since the blank trailer is ignored). More usually, Initial Instructions are used to read a more sophisticated secondary bootstrap (T23) into the top of store. After writing to the last store location (8191) the address is allowed to wrap round to 0. Writing zero to locations 0 - 3 has no effect (since the contents of these locations are created by logic gates rather than being read from the core store), and a special value is then written to location 4. This value has 22 in the function code bits and the secondary bootstrap entry point minus 3 in the address bits. This means that the B digit has the effect of transforming the 16 (store) instruction in location 1 into a 40 (jump) instruction (16 + 22 = 40 in octal), and of adding 3 to the address bits. The net result is a jump to the entry point of the secondary bootstrap!
(In fact the data values for the wrapped-around locations 0 - 3 must be zero since counter values 8192, 8193 etc. change the B-modified second half of location 1 from a 16 to a 17 instruction, which sets a to n - a instead of clearing it, as required by the inner loop.)
The 803 has a little-known interrupt facility. Whilst it is not mentioned in the programming guide and is not used by any of the standard peripherals, the operation of the interrupt logic is described in the 803 hardware handbooks and the logic is shown in the 803 maintenance diagrams (Diagram 1:LB7 Gb). Interrupts are probably used mostly in conjunction with custom interfaces provided as part of ARCH real time process control systems. Since all input and output instructions causes the 803 to become "busy" if input data is not available or if an output device has not completed a previous operation, interrupts are not needed and are not used for driving the standard peripherals.
Raising the interrupt input to the computer causes a break in execution as follows: as soon as the machine is in a suitable state (in particular, when not "busy" and only in certain states of the fetch/execute cycle), the next instruction pair is fetched from store location 5, without changing the Sequence Control Register (SCR). Location 5 is be expected to contain a standard subroutine entry instruction pair (73 LINK : 40 N - see above), allowing the pre-interrupt execution address (still in the SCR) to be saved for later return. The external equipment raising the interrupt is relied upon to refrain from raising another interrupt until the first has been acknowledged by some suitable input/output instruction, so as to prevent interrupts from being nested. Interestingly, the Algol compiler does not regard location 5 as a reserved location, although this may have more to do with the unsuitability of Algol for process control applications than indicating that interrupts are never regarded as a mainstream facility.
The Initial Instructions described as the Example Program above is effectively a primary bootloader which is normally used to read a secondary bootloader known as T23, prepended to all program tapes. T23 allows more flexible program loading facilities including sumchecking of the loaded code.
Machine code programs are written in an octal/decimal representation exemplified in the Example Program above, and loaded by a rudimentary assembler known as the Translation Input Routine. It has no symbolic addressing facilities, but instead allows the source to be broken into blocks which can be manually relocated to allow for the expansion or contraction of a previous block in development. There is also an Autocode for simple programming tasks, allowing faster program development without the need for a knowledge of machine code. This has no formula translation facilities and requires all calculations to be reduced to a series of assignments with no more than a single operator on the right hand side.
The 803B with 8192 words of memory is capable of running the Elliott ALGOL compiler,[4] a major subset of the Algol60 language, capable of loading and running several ALGOL programs in succession. This was largely written by Tony Hoare, employed by Elliotts as a programmer in August 1960. Hoare recounts some of his experiences at Elliotts in his 1980 ACM Turing Award lecture.
The 803B at The National Museum of Computing is now working well enough to run this compiler again. There is a short video on YouTube of it compiling and running a simple program.
The following users are all listed in [1]
 - RMIT Melbourne utilised an Elliott 803 Computer for student use in 1966.
 - Brush Electrical Machines in Loughborough UK used an 803 for design calculation on


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4/07 - Article SummaryBack to table of contents 4/07
A survey concerning the work of ethics committees and licensing authorities for animal experiments in Germany
Download article (6 MB)
Roman Kolar and Irmela Ruhdel
Animal Welfare Academy (Akademie für Tierschutz), German Animal Welfare Federation (Deutscher Tierschutzbund), Neubiberg, Germany
In 2006, the German Animal Welfare Federation started its 3rd survey since the establishment of ethics committees for animal experiments according to the German Animal Welfare Act in Germany in 1987. As animal welfare has been included as a "state goal" in the German constitution in 2002, the present survey aimed at an analysis of specific changes within the licensing process. A series of other aspects of the work of ethics committees and licensing authorities was also examined. The survey was based on questionnaires that had been addressed to licensing authorities and members of ethics committees. One of the main results is that the importance of animal welfare within the licensing process, after inclusion of animal welfare into the German constitution, has not changed or changed only to a small extent. It also becomes clear that ethical parameters are still of minor importance when animal experiments are licensed. The findings underline the importance to reform the German authorisation system for animal experiments. The pending revision of EU-Directive 86/609 is an opportunity which should not be missed in this context.
ALTEX 24(4), 326-334


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The Cone sisters were Claribel Cone (1864–1929) and Etta Cone (1870–1949) of Baltimore, Maryland. Together they gathered one of the finest collections of modern French art in the United States. They were wealthy socialites during the Gilded Age.
Their parents were Herman (Kahn) Cone and Helen (Guggenheimer) Cone, who were German-Jewish immigrants. Herman, who had immigrated from Altenstadt in Bavaria (South of Ulm) changed the spelling of his last name from Kahn to "Cone" almost immediately upon arrival in the United States in 1845, perhaps to become more American. Until 1871 the family lived in Jonesboro, Tennessee, where they had a successful grocery business. This is where the first five of twelve children were born, including Claribel and Etta. They then moved to Baltimore, Maryland.
The eldest Cone brothers, Moses and Ceasar [the non-classical spelling is correct], later relocated to Greensboro, North Carolina. They established a textile business they named Proximity Manufacturing Company (long known as Cone Mills Corporation, now a unit of International Textile Group). During World War I the textile mills that "Brother Moses" started would again increase their fortunes.
The two sisters, one with a grander personage and independent, the other garrulous and sociable, lived in adjoining apartments on Eutaw Street in Baltimore for fifty years. They both graduated from Western Female High School. Claribel attended Women's Medical College of Baltimore and graduated in 1890, to become a physician and pathologist. She then worked in the pathology laboratory of the Johns Hopkins Medical School, but never practiced clinical medicine though she did teach pathology and continued to study with other European researchers over the next twenty years. Etta was a pianist and managed the family household, more as an implementer of Dr Claribel's ideas. They traveled extensively to Europe together almost yearly on long trips starting in 1901.
Career of the sisters
It was Etta who began purchasing art in 1898, when she was given $300 to decorate the family home by an older brother. Her start with five paintings by Theodore Robinson became a lifetime of collecting. Her tastes at first tended toward the conservative, but one day in 1905, while the Cone sisters were on a European holiday, they visited the Steins in Paris. Etta was introduced to Picasso and then to Matisse the next year, marking her lifelong love of his art. Etta made small acquisitions to help up-and-coming artists like Matisse, Picasso, and at home, students of the Maryland Institute College of Art. She also bought at very low prices from the Steins, who were perpetually in need of money and were known to get discarded drawings in Picasso's studio for $2 or $3 apiece.
Claribel, by contrast, purchased much more avant-garde works. She purchased Matisse's Blue Nude (Souvenir de Biskra) (120,760 francs) and Paul Cézanne's Mont Sainte-Victoire Seen From the Bibemus Quarry (410,000 francs) for their collection. Etta was much more conservative and commonly spent an average of 10,000 francs for a painting or a group of drawings. The Cone sisters had a special interest in Matisse's Nice period. However, after Claribel's death, Etta became more adventurous in her purchases, for instance, purchasing Matisse's "Large Reclining Nude" ("The Pink Nude") in 1935.
The Cones and the Steins
Gertrude Stein and her brother Leo Stein were orphaned and moved to Baltimore to live with an aunt. They soon became part of the Cone sisters' social crowd. During Claribel's time at the Women's Medical College of Johns Hopkins University, Gertrude was also studying there. There was a big age gap between Claribel and Gertrude. These unconventional women were drawn to each other, however, by their common interest in music, fine arts, and sociable conversations. Etta credited Leo for helping her develop an eye for modern art. Etta was reserved and conservative. She was awe struck by Gertrude's Bohemian lifestyle, and there are even hints that they were very likely lovers at some point. That relationship cooled, however, after Toklas came on the scene.
Stein wrote about Etta and Claribel in Two Women:
|"||There were two of them, they were sisters, they were large women, they were rich, they were very different one from the other one.||"|
Their particular social contacts produced an advantage from which they could compile a world renowned art collection. The Cone sisters compiled a large collection of paintings and sculptures by Pablo Picasso, Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, and Paul Cézanne. The Cone sisters never married; this was the case for about ten percent of women during this time period. Customary to their rank in society, they traveled extensively in the company of other women. Claribel's pursuit of a medical degree was considered unlady-like in her social sphere. The Cone sisters' use of the family's prosperity to collect fine artwork was unparalleled among other women. They were known as eccentrics and had a comical presence clad in their long Victorian dresses. When they went to the opera in Paris, they would buy an extra seat to hold their day's purchases.
Although Gertrude Stein tried to belittle the Cone sisters as mere "shoppers" guided by her taste, in fact the sisters had strong tastes guided by the enormous collection of books on art which they purchased and studied. Their purchases were displayed on the walls of their Marlborough apartments in Baltimore. The sisters' nephew once commented on this display, The pictures covered every available inch of wall space, even in the bathrooms. While the collection remained private until Etta's death, Etta occasionally lent pieces to museums to exhibit. Claribel had willed her paintings to Etta, stipulating that these pieces should eventually be given to the Baltimore Museum of Art if the spirit of appreciation of modern art in Baltimore should improve. To that museum the bulk of the collection eventually went.
The Cone Collection includes pieces from world famous artists: Matisse's Blue Nude (1907) and Large Reclining Nude (1935), Paul Cézanne's Mont Sainte-Victoire Seen from the Bibémus Quarry (c. 1897), Paul Gauguin's Vahine no te vi (Woman of the Mango) (1892), and Pablo Picasso's Mother and Child (1922). The Cone sisters collected throughout Matisse's career, accumulating 42 of his oil paintings, 18 sculptures, 36 drawings, 155 prints, and seven illustrated books, as well as 250 drawings, prints, and copper plates from Matisse's first illustrated book, Poésies de Stéphane Mallarmé. Other Matisse works they acquired were the 1917 Woman in a Turban (Lorette), Seated Odalisque, Left Knee Bent, Ornamental Background and Checkerboard (1928), and Interior, Flowers and Parakeets (1924). The 500 works by Matisse in the Cone Collection form the largest and most representative group of his works of art in the world.
The Cone sisters also purchased and acquired many of Picasso's works. Among these were 114 of his prints and drawings from his early years in Barcelona and from his Rose period (_PHONE_) in Paris. The Cone sisters also purchased fine arts by American artists, more than 1,000 prints, illustrated books, and drawings. Among these were also a large group of textiles, jewelry, furniture, and other decorative arts. They not only purchased the finest European and Asian artwork, but also Egyptian sculpture, Middle Eastern textiles, Indian metalwork, 18th-century French jewelry, Japanese prints, and African sculpture. Upon Etta's death in 1949, the Cone Collection was donated to the Baltimore Museum of Art. The Cone Wing contains over 3000 works. The estimated value today of the Cone Collection is $1 billion.
A portion of the Cone art collection, including many Matisse lithographs and bronzes, resides at the Weatherspoon Art Museum at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, where the Cone Mills were located. These mills play a large part in the local history and in the Cone sisters' wealth. Moses H. Cone started these mills and had his vacation home Flat Top Manor in nearby Blowing Rock, North Carolina. The Cone sisters often visited their famous brother there.
Other visitors were Julius Cone and his wife Laura Weil, Etta's sister-in-law. Laura Cone was a loyal alumna of the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Etta knew that the Weatherspoon Art Gallery had been established on campus in 1942 and that the organization was struggling to get established. Laura Cone asked her sister-in-law, Etta, if she would consider making a donation of art. In her will dated May 18, 1949, Etta left an astonishing collection to the Weatherspoon Art Gallery of sixty-seven Matisse prints and six Matisse bronzes as well as a large number of modern prints and drawings, including works by Pablo Picasso, Félix Vallotton, Raoul Dufy, and John D. Graham.
The Cone sisters are buried at Baltimore's Druid Ridge Cemetery in an area called Hickory Knoll. The only word on their ten by ten family mausoleum is "Cone." Architect James O. Olney designed the Tennessee marble ma


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I was always taught that one of the primary uses of a comma is for when you're divvying up unnecessary parts of sentences (I'll just go ahead and assume that was right). So, when I'm constructing sentences I will read the sentence without the sections that have been sectioned off by commas and, if it makes sense, I will proceed on to the next sentence.
One thing I have noticed, though, (particularly with the word "but") is that people tend to construct certain sentences like this:
"I'm not particularly one for this type of music, but I love this song."
Now, in this case, the first part of the sentence is the unnecessary part. So, without the first part, it would read:
"But I love this song."
This obvious makes no sense, as it is out of context and was not a reply to anything. Were it me, I would have constructed it like this:
"I'm not particularly one for this type of music but, I love this song."
This way, without the first part it would read
"I love this song."
which, obviously, makes more sense.
So, which way of constructing the sentence is "right"?


Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
by Marc Deisenroth and Yicheng Luo
We will implement the PCA algorithm using the projection perspective. We will first implement PCA, then apply it to the MNIST digit dataset.
Learning objectives
 1. Write code that implements PCA.
 2. Write code that implements PCA for high-dimensional datasets
Let's first import the packages we need for this week.
In [1]:
import numpy as np
import timeit
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt'fivethirtyeight')
from ipywidgets import interact
from sklearn.datasets import fetch_mldata
In [2]:
from sklearn.datasets import fetch_openml
images, labels = fetch_openml('mnist_784', version=1, return_X_y=True)
In [3]:
%matplotlib inline
Now, let's plot a digit from the dataset:
In [4]:
plt.imshow(images[0].reshape(28,28), cmap='gray');
Before we implement PCA, we will need to do some data preprocessing. In this assessment, some of them will be implemented by you, others we will take care of. However, when you are working on real world problems, you will need to do all these steps by yourself.
The preprocessing steps we will do are
 1. Convert unsigned interger 8 (uint8) encoding of pixels to a floating point number between 0 and 1.
 2. Subtract from each image the mean $\boldsymbol \mu$.
 3. Scale each dimension of each image by $\frac{1}{\sigma}$ where $\sigma$ is the stardard deviation.
The steps above ensure that our images will have zero mean and one variance. These preprocessing steps are also known as Data Normalization or Feature Scaling.
1. PCA
Now we will implement PCA. Before we do that, let's pause for a moment and think about the steps for performing PCA. Assume that we are performing PCA on some dataset $\boldsymbol X$ for $M$ principal components. We then need to perform the following steps, which we break into parts:
 1. Data normalization (normalize).
 2. Find eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors for the covariance matrix $S$. Sort by the largest eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors (eig).
After these steps, we can then compute the projection and reconstruction of the data onto the spaced spanned by the top $n$ eigenvectors.
In [5]:
def normalize(X):
 """Normalize the given dataset X
 X: ndarray, dataset
 (Xbar, mean, std): tuple of ndarray, Xbar is the normalized dataset
 with mean 0 and standard deviation 1; mean and std are the
 mean and standard deviation respectively.
 You will encounter dimensions where the standard deviation is
 zero, for those when you do normalization the normalized data
 will be NaN. Handle this by setting using 'std = 1' for those
 dimensions when doing normalization.
 mu = np.zeros(X.shape[1]) # <-- EDIT THIS, compute the mean of X
 std = np.std(X, axis=0)
 std_filled = std.copy()
 std_filled[std==0] = 1.
 Xbar = X # <-- EDIT THIS, compute the normalized data Xbar
 return Xbar, mu, std
def eig(S):
 """Compute the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors
 for the covariance matrix S.
 S: ndarray, covariance matrix
 (eigvals, eigvecs): ndarray, the eigenvalues and eigenvectors
 the eigenvals and eigenvecs should be sorted in descending
 order of the eigen values
 return (None, None) # <-- EDIT THIS to return the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors
def projection_matrix(B):
 """Compute the projection matrix onto the space spanned by 'B'
 B: ndarray of dimension (D, M), the basis for the subspace
 P: the projection matrix
 return np.eye(B.shape[0]) # <-- EDIT THIS to compute the projection matrix
def PCA(X, num_components):
 X: ndarray of size (N, D), where D is the dimension of the data,
 and N is the number of datapoints
 num_components: the number of principal components to use.
 X_reconstruct: ndarray of the reconstruction
 of X from the first 'num_components' principal components.
 # your solution should take advantage of the functions you have implemented above.
 return X # <-- EDIT THIS to return the reconstruction of X
In [6]:
## Some preprocessing of the data
X = (images.reshape(-1, 28 * 28)[:NUM_DATAPOINTS]) / 255.
Xbar, mu, std = normalize(X)
In [7]:
for num_component in range(1, 20):
 from sklearn.decomposition import PCA as SKPCA
 # We can compute a standard solution given by scikit-learn's implementation of PCA
 pca = SKPCA(n_components=num_component, svd_solver='full')
 sklearn_reconst = pca.inverse_transform(pca.fit_transform(Xbar))
 reconst = PCA(Xbar, num_component)
 np.testing.assert_almost_equal(reconst, sklearn_reconst)
 print(np.square(reconst - sklearn_reconst).sum())
The greater number of of principal components we use, the smaller will our reconstruction error be. Now, let's answer the following question:
How many principal components do we need in order to reach a Mean Squared Error (MSE) of less than $100$ for our dataset?
We have provided a function in the next cell that computes the mean squared error (MSE), which will be useful for answering the question above.
In [8]:
def mse(predict, actual):
 """Helper function for computing the mean squared error (MSE)"""
 return np.square(predict - actual).sum(axis=1).mean()
In [ ]:
loss = []
reconstructions = []
# iterate over different numbers of principal components, and compute the MSE
for num_component in range(1, 100):
 reconst = PCA(Xbar, num_component)
 error = mse(reconst, Xbar)
 # print('n = {:d}, reconstruction_error = {:f}'.format(num_component, error))
 loss.append((num_component, error))
reconstructions = np.asarray(reconstructions)
reconstructions = reconstructions * std + mu # "unnormalize" the reconstructed image
loss = np.asarray(loss)
In [ ]:
import pandas as pd
# create a table showing the number of principal components and MSE
We can also put these numbers into perspective by plotting them.
In [ ]:
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.plot(loss[:,0], loss[:,1]);
ax.axhline(100, linestyle='--', color='r', linewidth=2)
ax.xaxis.set_ticks(np.arange(1, 100, 5));
ax.set(xlabel='num_components', ylabel='MSE', title='MSE vs number of principal components');
But numbers dont't tell us everything! Just what does it mean qualitatively for the loss to decrease from around $450.0$ to less than $100.0$?
Let's find out! In the next cell, we draw the the leftmost image is the original dight. Then we show the reconstruction of the image on the right, in descending number of principal components used.
In [ ]:
_USER_(image_idx=(0, 1000))
def show_num_components_reconst(image_idx):
 fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(20., 20.))
 actual = X[image_idx]
 # concatenate the actual and reconstructed images as large image before plotting it
 x = np.concatenate([actual[np.newaxis, :], reconstructions[:, image_idx]])
 ax.imshow(np.hstack(x.reshape(-1, 28, 28)[np.arange(10)]),
 ax.axvline(28, color='orange', linewidth=2)
We can also browse throught the reconstructions for other digits. Once again, interact becomes handy for visualing the reconstruction.
In [ ]:
_USER_(i=(0, 10))
def show_pca_digits(i=1):
 """Show the i th digit and its reconstruction"""
 actual_sample = X[i].reshape(28,28)
 reconst_sample = (reconst[i, :] * std + mu).reshape(28, 28)
 plt.imshow(np.hstack([actual_sample, reconst_sample]), cmap='gray')
2. PCA for high-dimensional datasets
Sometimes, the dimensionality of our dataset may be larger than the number of samples we have. Then it might be inefficient to perform PCA with our implementation above. Instead, we can implement PCA in a more efficient manner, which we call "PCA for high dimensional data" (PCA_high_dim).
Below are the steps for performing PCA for high dimensional dataset
 1. Compute the matrix $\boldsymbol X\boldsymbol X^T$ (a $N$ by $N$ matrix with $N \ll D$)
 2. Compute eigenvalues $\lambda$s and eigenvectors $V$ for $\boldsymbol X\boldsymbol X^T$
 3. Compute the eigenvectors for the original covariance matrix as $\boldsymbol X^T\boldsymbol V$. Choose the eigenvectors associated with the M largest eigenvalues to be the basis of the principal subspace $U$.
 4.


text:
Hollingshead A, Williamson P, Carnahan C. Cognitive and emotional engagement for students with severe intellectual disability defined by the scholars with expertise in the field. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities 2018; 43: 269-284.
This paper discusses engagement in learning for students with severe intellectual disabilities, and it presents concepts which are important for anyone who has contact with individuals who have significant disabilities. Much has been written about behavioral, cognitive, and emotional components of engagement in learning for typically developing children and those with mild disabilities. Learning outcomes have been found to be affected by all three aspects of engagement. For students with severe disabilities, there have only been reports of behavioral components of engagement. Further exploration of engagement is needed because the behavior of children may be deceptive. It is suggested that some students who cannot interact with materials physically seem to be disengaged when they are processing what they hear and enjoying the activity. Others students appear attentive without actually focusing on the lesson.
Beliefs affect teachers' behavior toward students. Pessimism and low expectations for those with severe intellectual disabilities can interfere with quality instruction. A lack of recognition of an individual's unique nonverbal responses may also prevent an observer from noticing signs of attention and learning.
The research question was, "How do scholars with expertise in the field of severe ID conceptualize cognitive and emotional engagement of students with severe ID?" Twenty-three scholars with relevant expertise were interviewed using a series of 11 open-ended questions. Data were analyzed through an approach that includes description and interpretation (transcendental phenomenology).
Cognitive engagement refers to the ability to attend, express attention, and when possible respond in a manner that demonstrates what has been learned. A large range of responses was described for learners with severe intellectual disabilities. Some students may be able to count out a specific amount of money in a class activity, then apply this learning when making a purchase in a store. Evidence of engagement in others may extremely difficulty to detect. One scholar stated that just because we cannot measure cognitive engagement does not mean it is absent. A child with a profound disability was reported to sleep most of the day. He awoke and remained alert when he was brought to a general education class.
Active responding for a child may be limited to completing one step of a task. For another student, cognitive engagement is demonstrated through using a head switch with a scanning augmentative communication device. When a moving light arrives at the row containing a specific letter, the switch is activated; it is pushed again to select the chosen letter. This process must be repeated for each letter in the sentence being composed. In contrast to this complex type of communication, some children respond primarily through eye gaze or by activating a switch. It is reported that although augmentative communication can be an important factor in promoting engagement, this type of technology is neglected for many students who could benefit.
Emotional engagement is based on both enjoying an activity and intrinsic motivation to learn. Self-directed learning leads to students being in charge of learning and results in more motivation than when children are performing while being prompted by others. In order to enhance positive emotional responses, work needs to be reasonably challenging and based on a student's interests. A lack of observed emotional engagement may be the result of a lesson that is not meaningful to the child or to the educator not recognizing the child's cues.
Comments: The concepts presented in this paper are important! One student is clearly misclassified as having a severe intellectual disability, although he may test in that range because of significant limitations in fine motor coordination and speech. He uses a scanning augmentative communication device to compose messages. The comprehension of how to choose a letter, the patience to do so and select many letters to convey a message, and the literacy skills to do so require intelligence, persistence, and high motivation!
We can all help to advocate for augmentative communication services to develop functional communication. Conclusions arrived at by someone who is pessimistic and not attuned to subtle cues are unlikely to reflect a person's ability or potential accomplishments. Emerging attempts to respond can be missed. What appears to be limitations in alertness, may be the result of a lack of meaningful stimulation. Some people are drowsy because of medication or after a seizure, and their responses may be recognized better during periods of increased alertness. There are individuals who require more time to become comfortable with an unfamiliar person and who initially demonstrate limited responsiveness and interaction.
The more a professional interacts with someone and observes carefully, the more likely it is that reactions and communication will be evident. In addition to interacting, we can all encourage and help individuals to participate in a richer environment with more opportunities to interact.
Naomi Lorch, Ph.D., P.T.


and "no" in the latter.
 - Entropy Approximation (EA): Now we're promised that the entropy of the circuit's output distribution is either at least k+1 or at most k-1. The problem is to output "yes" in the former case and "no" in the latter.
NIPZK can be defined similarly.
There is an oracle separating NISZK from PP [BCHTV17].
NISZKh: NISZK With Limited Help
The non-interactive analogue of SZKh.
Defined in [BG03], where the following was also shown:
 - NISZKh contains NISZK and is contained in SZK.
 - Graph Isomorphism is in NISZKh.
 - The following problem is complete for NISZKh: Given two functions from {0,1}n to {0,1}n (specified by circuits), decide whether their ranges are almost equal or almost disjoint, given that one of these is the case.
The quantum lower bound for the set comparison problem in [Aar02] implies an oracle relative to which NISZKh is not in BQP.
NL: Nondeterministic Logarithmic-Space
Has the same relation to L as NP does to P.
In a breakthrough result, was shown to equal coNL [Imm88] [Sze87]. (Though contrast to mNL.)
Is contained in LOGCFL [Sud78], as well as NC2.
Is contained in UL/poly [RA00].
Deciding whether a bipartite graph has a perfect matching is hard for NL [KUW86].
NL can be defined in a logical formalism as SO(krom) and also as FO(tc), reachability in directed graph is NL-Complete under FO-reduction.
NL/poly: Nonuniform NL
Has the same relation to NL as P/poly does to P.
Is contained in ⊕L/poly [GW96], as well as SAC1.
Equals UL/poly [RA00].
NLO: NL Optimization Problems
The class of optimization problems which can be solved in nondeterministic logspace.
Defined in [TAN07] as the logspace equivalent of NPO, where it is shown that the various logspace approximation classes form a hierarchy iff LNL.
As with the definition of NPO in [ACG+99], NLO is defined as a class of "structured" problems, comprising both a "solution relation" (indicating which solutions are acceptable for a given input) and a "measure function" (computing the value of each solution). The equivalent "unstructured" class is OptL. See [TAN07] for discussion.
NLOG: NL With Nondeterministic Oracle Tape
Same as NL -- but if there's an oracle, then NLOG can make queries nondeterministically on a polynomial-size, one-way oracle tape. (NL, by contrast, can use nondeterministic transitions only on the worktape; oracle queries have to be deterministic.)
See [LL76] or [HCK+88] for more information.
Although NLOG is contained in P, there exists an oracle relative to which that is not the case. This illustrates that care is needed when defining oracle access mechanisms.
NLIN: Nondeterministic LIN
Has the same relation to LIN as NP does to P.
NLT: Nearly Linear Time
Class of functions computable in nearly linear time n(log n)O(1) on deterministic random access machines.
Defined in [GS89].
See also QL.
NMCL: Nondeterministic Moore-Crutchfield Languages
Alternative name for QRL. Named such in Abuzer Yakaryilmaz, A. C. Cem Say. Languages recognized by nondeterministic quantum finite automata..
Not to be confused with the similar NQL.
NNC(f(n)): NC with O(f(n)) nondeterministic gates
Same as NC, but with O(f(n)) nondeterministic gates. A nondeterministic gate has no inputs and a single output bit.
Defined in [Wol94], where the author proves various inclusions, including but not limited to NNC(poly(n))=NP, NNC(log(n))=NC, and NNC(polylog)⊆DSPACE(polylog).
NNLT: Nondeterministic Nearly Linear Time
Class of functions computable in nearly linear time n(log n)O(1) on nondeterministic random access machines. Equals NQL [GS89].
Defined in [GS89].
NONE: The Empty Class
The class that does not contain any languages. (It might not surprise you that I put this one in at the suggestion of a mathematician...)
Is the opposite of ALL, but does not equal the complement coALL = ALL.
Is closed under polynomial-time Turing reductions :-).
NP: Nondeterministic Polynomial-Time
The class of dashed hopes and idle dreams.
More formally: an "NP machine" is a nondeterministic polynomial-time Turing machine.
Then NP is the class of decision problems solvable by an NP machine such that
 1. If the answer is "yes," at least one computation path accepts.
 2. If the answer is "no," all computation paths reject.
Equivalently, NP is the class of decision problems such that, if the answer is "yes," then there is a proof of this fact, of length polynomial in the size of the input, that can be verified in P (i.e. by a deterministic polynomial-time algorithm). On the other hand, if the answer is "no," then the algorithm must declare invalid any purported proof that the answer is "yes."
For example, the SAT problem is to decide whether a given Boolean formula has any satisfying truth assignments. SAT is in NP, since a "yes" answer can be proved by just exhibiting a satisfying assignment.
A decision problem is NP-complete if (1) it is in NP, and (2) any problem in NP can be reduced to it (under some notion of reduction). The class of NP-complete problems is sometimes called NPC.
That NP-complete problems exist is immediate from the definition. The seminal result of Cook [Coo71], Karp [Kar72], and Levin [Lev73] is that many natural problems (that have nothing to do with Turing machines) are NP-complete.
The first such problem to be shown NP-complete was SAT [Coo71]. Other classic NP-complete problems include:
 - 3-Colorability: Given a graph, can each vertex be colored red, green, or blue so that no two neighboring vertices have the same color?
 - Hamiltonian Cycle: Given a graph, is there a cycle that visits each vertex exactly once?
 - Traveling Salesperson: Given a set of n cities, and the distance between each pair of cities, is there a route that visits each city exactly once before returning to the starting city, and has length at most T?
 - Maximum Clique: Given a graph, are there k vertices all of which are neighbors of each other?
 - Subset Sum: Given a collection of integers, is there a subset of the integers that sums to exactly x?
For many, many more NP-complete problems, see [GJ79].
NP contains P. I've discovered a marvelous proof that NP and P are unequal, but this web page is too small to contain it. Too bad, since otherwise I'd be eligible for $1,000,000 [CMI00].
There exists an oracle relative to which P and NP are unequal [BGS75]. Indeed, P and NP are unequal relative to a random oracle with probability 1 [BG81] (see [AFM01] for a novel take on this result). Though random oracle results are not always indicative about the unrelativized case [CCG+94].
There even exists an oracle relative to which the P versus NP problem is outside the usual axioms of set theory [HH76].
If we restrict to monotone classes, mP is strictly contained in mNP [Raz85].
Perhaps the most important insight anyone has had into P versus NP is to be found in [RR97]. There the authors show that no 'natural proof' can separate P from NP (or more precisely, place NP outside of P/poly), unless secure pseudorandom generators do not exist. A proof is 'natural' if it satisfies two conditions called constructivity and largeness; essentially all lower bound techniques known to date satisfy these conditions. To obtain unnatural proof techniques, some people suspect we need to relate P versus NP to heavy-duty 'traditional' mathematics, for instance algebraic geometry. See [MS02] (and the survey article [Reg02]) for a development of this point of view.
For more on P versus NP (circa 1992) see [Sip92]. For an opinion poll, see [Gas02].
If P equals NP, then NP equals its complement coNP. Whether NP equals coNP is also open. NP and coNP can be extended to the polynomial hierarchy PH.
The set of decision problems in NP, but not in P or NPC, is sometimes called NPI. If P does not equal NP then NPI is nonempty [Lad75].
Probabilistic generalizations of NP include MA and AM. If NP is in coAM (or BPP) then PH collapses to Σ2P [BHZ87].
PH also collapses to Σ2P if NP is in P/poly [KL82].
There exist oracles relative to which NP is not in BQP [BBB+97].
An alternate characterization is NP = PC


text:
About Write Filters in Windows Embedded
Updated: January 1, 2013
Applies To: System Center Configuration Manager 2007, System Center Configuration Manager 2007 R2, System Center Configuration Manager 2007 R3, System Center Configuration Manager 2007 SP1, System Center Configuration Manager 2007 SP2
For operational reasons, it might be undesirable to write to storage media in Windows Embedded devices. By redirecting all write requests to either a separate disk partition or RAM, a write filter allows the run-time image to maintain the appearance of a writable run-time image without committing the changes to the storage media.
Starting with Feature Pack 2007 for Windows XP Embedded Service Pack 2, the following write filters are available:
File-Based Write Filter, which operates at the file level
Enhanced Write Filter, which operates at the sector level
Enhanced Write Filter and File-Based Write Filter redirect all writes targeted for protected volumes to a RAM or disk cache called an overlay. The overlay stores changes made to the operating system but is removed when the device is restarted, restoring the device to its original state.
Enhanced Write Filter works at the sector level on protected disks and allows you to commit changes so that they persist when the device is restarted. Enhanced Write Filter is useful for thin clients that do not need to store cached information or receive frequent updates. Changes made to a system protected by Enhanced Write Filter are stored in one or more layers that represent snapshots in time. Applying changes to an image applies all changes made to the operating system during a specific period of time.
File-Based Write Filter works at the file level instead of the sector level on protected disks. By default, File-Based Write Filter protects the whole disk, but selective write through exceptions can be granted to specific files and folders. Writes to folders which have been granted exceptions persist when the device restarts.
Windows Embedded also features a registry filter, which monitors all writes to the registry and stores changes in a separate layer that is discarded when the device restarts. For registry writes, the registry filter supports persisting specific registry changes by using registry monitors when the device restarts. This feature is independent from Enhanced Write Filter and File-Based Write Filter and can be used regardless of your specific configuration.
For more information about Windows XP Embedded Enhanced Write Filter, see _URL_
For more information about Windows XP Embedded File-Based Write Filter, see _URL_
For more information about Windows Embedded Standard 2009 Enhanced Write Filter, see _URL_
For more information about Windows Embedded Standard 2009 File-Based Write Filter, see _URL_
General Software Update Processes with Enhanced Write Filter or File-Based Write Filter
When you use Enhanced Write Filter or File-Based Write Filter protection on the drive for the Windows Embedded device, all uncommitted writes to the device are lost when the device restarts. This includes any software or software updates that have been installed. To persist changes when the device restarts, Enhanced Write Filter or File-Based Write Filter must be turned off prior to performing the change actions, or the changes must otherwise be explicitly committed to the drive using the commit command. This is required regardless of the method used to install software or software updates.
You can take the following steps to persist changes when the device is restarted.
To disable and then enable the write filter
Disable Enhanced Write Filter or File-Based Write Filter. Disabling the filter takes effect after the next device restart. All changes to the system made prior to the device restart are discarded before Enhanced Write Filter is disabled.
Note An alternative to this step is to use the -commitanddisable command for Enhanced Write Filter which will cause all pending write operations to be committed to the storage device before the filter is disabled. This is not recommended because it commits an unknown number of changes to the storage device.
After the device restarts, all new changes are written directly to the storage device. The drive remains unprotected until Enhanced Write Filter or File-Based Write Filter is re-enabled.
The required changes can now be made, such as installing or updating software, and changing system settings.
After the necessary changes to the system have been made, Enhanced Write Filter or File-Based Write Filter can be re-enabled. This causes Enhanced Write Filter or File-Based Write Filter to be enabled after the next device restart. All changes prior to the restart are saved on the storage device.
After restarting the device, the system returns to a protected state.
Note If this procedure fails at any point after disabling the write filter, the system is left in an unprotected state.
To use the commit command to write changes
Restart the device to clear any changes that were made to the protected volume.
Make the required changes to the system, such as installing or updating software, and changing system settings.
Issue the commit command to cause all changes made to the system to be committed to the storage device after next device restart.
After restarting the device, any changes to the system are committed and the system returns in a protected state.
If any items that have been installed require the device to be restarted, a second restart might be required. Any changes caused by this second restart are automatically committed to the storage device.
Although the second method does not completely disable the write filter, both methods write the entire contents of the overlay to disk, regardless of the source of the changes. The second method might also require an additional device restart and commit action to account for installations that have post-restart actions, such as file replacement or drivers or services being installed. With the first method, you can handle any additional restarts as part of your software installation before re-enabling the write filter.
The use of write filters on Windows Embedded imposes unique requirements on system administrators who are tasked with change management. One option for administrators is to use a script to automate the additional actions needed to complete a software or software updates installation. For a sample script that performs these write filter modifications, see Example Script for Configuring Write Filters Using Configuration Manager 2007 on Windows Embedded Devices.
For additional information, see Configuration Manager 2007 Information and Support.
To contact the documentation team, email _EMAIL_.


Blood, frog (prepared microscope slide)
Frog Blood Prepared Microscope Slide
Frog blood is similar in appearance to human blood in many ways. This microscope slide shows both individual and dividing red blood cells. The slide features state-of-the-art preservation techniques designed to make microscopic details come alive while extending the shelf life of the slide.
Slide Medium: Glass
Slide Measurement: 3" L x 1" H (75mm x 25mm)
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text:
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology Supported by Research Funding from Office of Naval Research
Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology being developed by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) for coal-based central power generation is being adapted by the U.S. Office of Naval Research for use in advanced unmanned undersea vehicles (UUVs).
The Navy believes SOFC technology could be a transformative technology that could help to better meet ever-broadening mission profiles, enhance national security and maintain maritime superiority into the future. Its use in this regard is a demonstration of the considerable research and development (R&D) progress made by DOE's Fuel Cell technology program since its inception in 2000.
The program, managed by the Office of Fossil Energy's (FE) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), is aimed at the development of clean, efficient and reliable fuel cell technology for central power generation. The goal is to take advantage of the technology's high electrical efficiency, low pollutant emissions, and ease of carbon dioxide capture. Considerable progress has been achieved in performance, reliability, and cost.
Building upon FE's SOFC innovation, the Office of Naval Research is taking advantage of additional features of the technology, such as modularity and fuel flexibility, to meet the U.S. Navy's mission requirements.
A significant challenge in UUV development is the source of propulsion power, which must conform to strict size limits and be able to meet projected endurance requirements, ranging from days to weeks. Additional considerations include reliability; air-independent operation; refuelability; rapid start-up, shut-down, and load following; and the ability to operate with little to no "observables," such as noise or hull discharges.
To address these challenges, the Office of Naval Research has selected several SOFC projects—some with roots in the FE Fuel Cell R&D Program—that have the potential to exceed the limits of current and future high-energy-density batteries.
In 2012, NexTech Materials Ltd., in partnership with Northrop Grumman, Precision Combustion, and Alliant Techsystems, received a contract from the Office of Naval Research to develop an SOFC-based system under the Long Endurance Undersea Vehicle Propulsion program. FE has supported NexTech's development of SOFC technology for large-system applications through projects on seals, interconnect coating applications, novel cell design, and manufacturing analysis. In addition, Precision Combustion was previously supported by FE in the development of logistics fuel processors for SOFC power generation systems.
Also in 2012, FuelCell Energy received an Office of Naval Research contract under the Large Displacement Unmanned Underwater Vehicle Innovative Naval Prototype program. FuelCell Energy is one of three Solid State Energy Conversion Alliance (SECA) Industry Teams within FE's Fuel Cell R&D Program, and is utilizing SOFC technology developed by its subsidiary, Versa Power Systems Inc. In the U.S. Navy project, FuelCell Energy is partnered with NASA, Yardney Technical Products, the Naval Undersea Warfare Center (NUWC), and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). FE has funded SOFC research by both PNNL and NUWC; PNNL is the lead national laboratory developing core SOFC technologies under the SECA program, and NUWC previously received funding to evaluate SOFCs, including those manufactured by Versa and Delphi, under extreme conditions.
Although the naval projects are not directly related to central power generation, their success is expected to provide the electric power industry with valuable SOFC operational experience and contribute to the manufacturing base required for future low-cost mass production.
For more information on: NETL


Metric Panda Games
One pixel at a time.
Standalone Assembly Files And Inlining
Rival Fortress Update #43
Every so often, when the compiler is slacking, I pop the hood and get my hands dirty with assembly.
My modus operandi is to write the optimized function in an.asm, assemble it with NASM and add it to the build, along with other.asm functions, as a static library.
The problem with this approach is that, to my knowledge, GCC, Clang and MSVC are not able to apply Link Time Optimization when working with object files that have been compiled from assembly.
This means that even simple procedures or functions are not inlined, and have to pay the overhead associated with a function call.
A simple example
Ignoring for a moment the fact that the every compiler exposes a builtin that provides this exact functionality (e.g. __builtin_ia32_rdtsc()), imagine you needed to add a Time Stamp Counter function to your application.
The following is a dummy application that uses the RDTSC function (the multiply between GetRDTSC and argc is there to avoid the compiler optimizing it away):
_TAG_ __cplusplus
extern "C"
unsigned long GetRDTSC();
main(int argc, char** argv)
 int Result = (int)(GetRDTSC() * argc);
 return Result;
In order to add the functionality you would have two approaches:
 - compile the function as a standalone assembly file and add the object file to your build
 - use inline assembly (if your compiler supports it)
Standalone assembly
Standalons assembly works on all compilers and, using AT&T syntax, looks like this:
.global GetRDTSC
 rdtsc // read time-stamp counter into EDX:EAX
 shl $32, %rdx // combine into RAX register
 or %rdx, %rax
The output produced by GCC and Clang (MSVC produces something similar) when compiled with all optimizations (-O3 -flto) is:
 Dump of assembler code for function main:
 0x00000000004004a0 <+0>: push %rbx
 0x00000000004004a1 <+1>: mov %edi,%ebx
 0x00000000004004a3 <+3>: callq 0x400488
 0x00000000004004a8 <+8>: imul %ebx,%eax
 0x00000000004004ab <+11>: pop %rbx
 0x00000000004004ac <+12>: retq
As you can see, the function has not been inlined, despite begin just three instructions, because (I speculate) the assembler doesn't decorate the object file with the metadata required by linker in order to optimize the function away when going through link time optimization.
The inline assembly way
When using inline assembly, on the other hand, things work as expected, and the resulting binary is optimized correctly.
This is the inline equivalent of the previous GetRDTSC function, using the GCC Extended Asm syntax:
static unsigned long
 // read time-stamp counter into EDX:EAX
 // then combine into RAX register
 unsigned Low, High;
 __asm__("rdtsc" : "=a"(Low), "=d" (High));
 return ((unsigned long)Low) | (((unsigned long)High) << 32);
And this is the disassembled main function:
 Dump of assembler code for function main:
 0x00000000004003b0 <+0>: rdtsc
 0x00000000004003b2 <+2>: shl $0x20,%rdx
 0x00000000004003b6 <+6>: or %rdx,%rax
 0x00000000004003b9 <+9>: imul %edi,%eax
 0x00000000004003bc <+12>: retq
Perfect! The function call and associated stack manipulation are gone, and only the essential instructions remain.
This is the superior approach for compact procedures that are invoked frequently, but can quickly become impossible to maintain as the complexity of the assembly function rises.
In Rival Fortress I use a mixture of both approaches: I initially write and debug assembly functions as standalone files, and during profiling sessions I decided if it is worth it to inline them.
NOTE: Inline assembly doesn't work on MSVC when compiling for x64 targets, so you are out of luck if that is your compiler of choice.


Keeping fit and active is one of the best defences against Covid-19, both physically and mentally. Claremont Road Runners are happy to encourage socially distanced training sessions for those interested.
We are guided on what is permissible and how to train by England Athletics ( and Rise (
We suggest that when current guidance permits you use email, Facebook etc to arrange to meet with others and run together. So far, during the Covid epidemic, socially distant training sessions have permitted limited numbers to run together (first six individuals, then later just two individuals).
Guidance for running with others during the Covid pandemic
 1. Maintain social distance and remain at least 2 metres from others.
 2. If you are feeling at all unwell then please do not run.
 3. Consider if your health, or someone you live with, places you in a more vulnerable category with respect to Covid. Decide whether it is appropriate for you to take part in group sessions. Government advice is available online.
 4. It is everyone's responsibility to obey social distancing rules. If you feel others are not sticking to the rules, then say something.
 5. There will be no toilet or changing facilities at sessions, so arrive ready to run.
 6. Consider how if you suffer an injury, you will you get home or first aid? You may want to carry cash, a card or first aid kit
 7. If you have not trained for some time, then take it easy to begin with. Injuries are much more common if you have had a period of less stressful training.
 8. If you test positive for Covid-19 after running with others, then please inform the club secretary (, who will let those you have run with know. As we run in a covid-safe environment, contact with others should be minimal, and the risk of infection should be small.
Running Risk Assessment
Hazard Risk Precaution Revised risk
The coronavirus is transmitted by infected persons exhaling droplets containing viral particles. High Assume everyone you meet is infectious. Stay alert and maintain social distancing. Low
The virus can stay alive on various surfaces for several days. High Do not touch anything unnecessarily. Do not touch any your face without removing your gloves or washing your hands first. Low
Exercising near an infected person for an extended period greatly increases the risk of inhaling the virus. High Do not run directly behind another runner. If you have to run in line, allow at least 4 metres from the runner in front. This can be reduced if you run diagonally behind them. Where space allows, run alongside each other rather than in line Low
Although a runner is moving too quickly to have a significant risk of being infected by pedestrians etc that they pass, runners can leave a cloud of infected aerosol vapour behind that could infect others High Maintain a safe distance of at least 2 metres from other road/footpath users. Give warning of approach so that others can take avoiding action if they wish Low


text:
Project Will Bring Reclaimed Water to Clearwater Residents
A project funded by the Southwest Florida Water Management District and the City of Clearwater will bring reclaimed water to residents who live in the Skycrest area of Clearwater.
The project includes the design and construction of a high-service pump station, more than 63,500 linear feet of reclaimed water transmission lines, distribution piping, and a five-million-gallon storage tank.
The project will interconnect reclaimed water supplies from the city's three waste water treatment plants, which will provide the ability to move reclaimed water to areas of high demand, and provide for the pumping and storage necessary to service additional customers in central Clearwater.
This project is expected to provide approximately 410,000 gallons per day (gpd) of reclaimed water to nearly 500 residential and commercial reclaimed water customers in central Clearwater. The project will offset 250,000 gpd of groundwater.
This cooperatively funded effort between the District's Pinellas-Anclote River Basin Board and Clearwater is estimated to cost $10.8 million. The District will contribute 50 percent of the costs.
Construction is scheduled to begin in May 2008 and is expected to be complete by December 2010.
Reclaimed water is wastewater that has received at least secondary treatment and is used for a beneficial purpose, such as irrigation. By offsetting demand for ground water and surface water, this alternative, non-traditional water source reduces stress on environmental systems, provides economic benefits by delaying costly water system expansions, and eliminates the need to discharge wastewater effluent to surface waters.
Return to Current Edition


text:
Consumer & Compliance Information
The following is an overview of the information that Laramie County Community College is required to provide to current and prospective students and current and prospective employees. The list provides links to other departmental sites that disclose specific information that is in compliance with:
- The Higher Education Opportunity Act of 2008, which requires institutions of higher education to disclose information and reports on various aspects of the institution's policies, procedures, operations and costs.
- Title IX, which requires institutions participating in financial aid programs to disclose specified information to all prospective students.
- Family Education Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)
General Student & Institutional Information
- Disability Support Services
- Equity in Athletics (pdf) – consumer information for student athletes
- Residence hall handbook – includes safety and security information
- Student records and FERPA
- Student handbook
- Student outcomes – graduation rates
- Title IX Nondiscrimination and Equal Opportunity Policy
Financial Assistance Information
- Forms required to apply for financial aid
- Gainful Employment Certificate Programs. The U.S. Department of Education requires that institutions report certain information about students enrolled in Title IV eligible education programs that lead to gainful employment in a recognized occupation. This information, provided for all certificate programs, can be found by choosing any certificate program from the Academics page and then clicking on Job Info/Certificate Costs.
- Tuition and fees


text:
The Pocket Guide to Accelerant Evidence Collection
Appendix I: Glossary of Terms for the Fire/Arson
Part A. Definitions:
- A substance used to initiate or promote the spread of fire. The most commonly
encountered arson accelerants are ignitable (flammable or combustible) liquids.
Ignitable liquids, such as gasoline and kerosene, generate heavier than
air, ignitable vapors at ordinary temperatures, are immiscible (don't mix
with water), and float and sheen (rainbow coloration) on surface water.
Other ignitable liquids, such as ethyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol, are
miscible (mix well) and do not float or leave a sheen on water. Common structural
materials and assemblies and natural or man made substances often readily
absorb ignitable liquids.
- Hydrocarbons are grouped according to their molecular structure. The two
major families of hydrocarbons are aliphatic and aromatic. Aliphatic hydrocarbons
can be either straight chain molecules or branched chain molecules.
Hydrocarbons can be further classified as alkanes,
alkenes, alkynes, and alicyclics. Alkanes contain carbon-carbon single bonds
(saturated); examples of alkanes include methane, ethane, and propane. Alkenes
contain carbon-carbon double bonds (unsaturated); an example of an alkene
is ethylene. Alkynes are highly reactive hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon
triple bonds; an example of an alkyne is acetylene. Alicyclic hydrocarbons
contain carbon-carbon single bonds and are arranged in a ring structure
such as cyclohexane.
Most of the common ignitable liquid hydrocarbons
used as arson accelerants are blended products and contain both aliphatic
and aromatic compounds.
- The second major family of hydrocarbon molecules have one or more six
member (benzene) rings of carbon atoms. The simplest aromatic compound is
benzene (C6H6). Aromatics have a characteristic odor.
4. Boiling Point
- The temperature of a pure liquid at which point its vapor pressure is
equal to or slightly greater than atmospheric pressure. Boiling occurs when
a temperature is reached at which the thermal energy of the particles is
great enough to overcome the cohesive forces that hold them in the liquid.
Most common ignitable liquids consist of mixtures of hydrocarbon compounds;
such mixtures are described as having a "boiling range". As an
example, gasoline is described as having a boiling range of -45 degrees
F to over 400 degrees F. This means that the lightest compound of gasoline
boils at -45 degrees F and the heaviest of the more than 300 individual
compounds in gasoline boils at more than 400 degrees F.
5. Carbon -
A non-metallic element (Periodic Table symbol - C) found nearly pure in
nature as in a diamond or graphite or as a component of coal or petroleum.
Carbon, the sixth most abundant element in the universe, has the unique
ability among the elements to be able to react with either metal or non-metal
elements. Carbon also has the ability to form bonds with other carbon atoms
to form long chain or branched molecules. About 3 million carbon compounds
are known. Substances that contain carbon are called organic compounds and
the school of chemistry that studies and uses these compounds is called
- The metric and scientific method of measuring temperature was formerly
known as Centigrade. Expressed as degrees (C), the freezing point of pure
water at sea level is 0 degres C and the boiling point of pure water at
sea level is 100 degrees C. To convert from degrees Fahrenheit to degrees
Celsius subtract 32 then divide by 5/9th i.e. 68 degrees F - 32 = 36; 36
x 5/9 = 20 degrees C.
7. Combustible liquid
- An ignitable liquid having a flash point at or above 100 degres F (37.8
-A rapid (exothermic) combustion reaction proceeding through fuel at a sub-sonic
speed (typically less than 3300 feet/second -1000 meters/second).
- An effect produced by violent, sudden expansion of gases from chemical
change such as detonation of an explosive or ignition of a flammable gas,
mechanical changes such as in a boiler explosion or atomic changes.
10. Explosive limits
- (flammable limits) The extreme lower & upper concentrations of an
air/gas mixture in which combustion or deflagration will be supported. Generally,
fuels with broad flammable/explosive limits such as acetylene (2.5% to 80%
by volume) are considered more hazardous.
- The method of measuring temperature where the freezing point of pure water
at sea level is 32 degrees F and the boiling point is 212 degrees F. To
convert degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit, multiply the Celsius degrees
by 9/5 and add 32 to that number i.e. 20 degrees C x 9/5 = 36; 36 + 32 =
68 degrees F.
12. Fire -
Rapid oxidation with the evolution of heat and light of varying intensities.
Fire is an exothermic reaction (energy is released). Flaming fire is always
a gas phase (gas - gas) reaction meaning one or more ignitable gases are
combining with a gaseous oxidizing agent in the flame zone forming new compounds.
13. Flame Point
- A specific temperature, at which an ignitable liquid would produce sufficient
vapors to support continuous, rather than momentary, combustion. The flame
point is usually is usually a few points higher than the flash point for
a given ignitable liquid.
14. Flammable Liquid
- An ignitable liquid having a flash point below 80 degrees F (26.6 degrees
C) (USCG) or 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) (NFPA) and a vapor pressure
not exceeding 40 psi at 100 degrees F. Flammable liquids are a class of
15. Flash point
- The lowest temperature at which a given ignitable liquid produces an ignitable
vapor in a laboratory test. The "flame or fire point", ordinarily
a few degrees higher than the flash point, is the temperature at which an
ignitable liquid would produce sufficient vapors to support a sustained
16. Gas Chromatography
- Flame Ionization Detector (GC - FID) - A laboratory test method which
vaporizes mixtures by heating and then separates the individual components
according to their boiling points and molecular weights. For each component
present in a sample, the detector produces a signal proportional to the
quantity of that component. The resulting visual graph is called a chromatogram.
Most of the common ignitable liquids used as fire
accelerants produce characteristic chromatograms, which can be readily characterized/identified
by the forensic chemist. The GC - FID is used extensively by forensic laboratories
for fire debris analysis.
17. Heat Release Rate (HRR) - The amount of heat energy released by combustion expressed
in Btu/sec or kilowatts (kW). The HRR of a combustible is related to its
chemical makeup, physical form and the quantity of oxidant present.
18. Heavy Petroleum Distillate (HPD) (C9 - C23) - A general class of combustible liquids which includes
#2 fuel oil (home heating oil) and diesel fuel. Most HPDs considered as
ignitable liquids would have flash points between 100-200 degrees F. The
chromatographic profile of a HPD consists of a series of normal alkanes
the most abundant n-alkane above C12; and at least five consecutive n-alkane peaks must be
present between C14 and C20. Branched alkanes and the compounds pristane and phytane
are present between the normal alkanes. (Refer to Chart 1).
- Organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen. The three simplest
hydrocarbon molecules are methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), and propane (C3H8). Hydrocarbons have one of three molecular structures;
(aromatics) contain at least one six-member benzene ring (unsaturated) such
as benzene (C6H6), toluene and the xylenes; (alicyclics) non-aromatic cyclic
(ring) compounds, or, "open-chain" (aliphatic) structure including
such groups as the alkanes (paraffins), alkenes (olefins), and alkynes (acetylenes).
- The lightest, simplest (one proton and one electron) and most abundant
element in the universe. Hydrogen is a gas without taste, odor, or color.
It combines with carbon in organic matter such as plants, coal, and petroleum
and with oxygen in water. Periodic Table Symbol: H.
21. Ignition temperature
- The minimum temperature to which a substance must be heated in air to
ignite independently of the heating source. This temperature is sometimes
referred to as the auto-ignition temperature. This temperature is derived
from specific laboratory testing of pure substances and serves to classify
the hazard presented by the ignitable liquid. The actual ignition temperature
of most substances may be somewhat higher than those reported in laboratory
- A term that describes substances that do


text:
Ansible is an extremely popular open-source configuration management and software automation project. While IT professionals almost certainly use Ansible on a daily basis, its influence outside the IT industry is not as wide. Ansible is a powerful and flexible tool. It is easily applied to a task common to nearly every desktop computer user: the post-installation "checklist".
Most users like to apply one "tweak" after a new installation. Ansible's idempotent, declarative syntax lends itself perfectly to describing how a system should be configured.
Ansible in a nutshell
The ansible program itself performs a single task against a set of hosts. This is roughly conceptualized as:
for HOST in $HOSTS; do ssh $HOST /usr/bin/echo "Hello World" done
To perform more than one task, Ansible defines the concept of a "playbook". A playbook is a YAML file describing the state of the targeted machine. When run, Ansible inspects each host and performs only the tasks necessary to enforce the state defined in the playbook.
- hosts: all tasks: - name: Echo "Hello World" command: echo "Hello World"
Run the playbook using the ansible-playbook command:
$ ansible-playbook ~/playbook.yml
Configuring a workstation
Start by installing ansible:
dnf install ansible
Next, create a file to store the playbook:
Start by defining the host on which to run this playbook. In this case, "localhost":
- hosts: localhost
Each task consists of a name field and a module field. Ansible has a lot of modules. Be sure to browse the module index to become familiar with all Ansible has to offer.
The package module
Most users install additional packages after a fresh install, and many like to remove some shipped software they don't use. The package module provides a generic wrapper around the system package manager (in Fedora's case, dnf).
- hosts: localhost tasks: - name: Install Builder become: yes package: name: gnome-builder state: present - name: Remove Rhythmbox become: yes package: name: rhythmbox state: absent - name: Install GNOME Music become: yes package: name: gnome-music state: present - name: Remove Shotwell become: yes package: name: shotwell state: absent
This playbook results in the following outcomes:
- GNOME Builder and GNOME Music are installed
- Rhythmbox is removed
- On Fedora 28 or greater, nothing happens with Shotwell (it is not in the default list of packages)
- On Fedora 27 or older, Shotwell is removed
This playbook also introduces the become: yes directive. This specifies the task must be run by a privileged user (in most cases, root).
The DConf Module
Ansible can do a lot more than install software. For example, GNOME includes a great color-shifting feature called Night Light. It ships disabled by default, however the Ansible dconf module can very easily enable it.
- hosts: localhost tasks: - name: Enable Night Light dconf: key: /org/gnome/settings-daemon/plugins/color/night-light-enabled value: true - name: Set Night Light Temperature dconf: key: /org/gnome/settings-daemon/plugins/color/night-light-temperature value: uint32 5500
Ansible can also create files at specified locations with the copy module. In this example, a local file is copied to the destination path.
- hosts: localhost tasks: - name: Enable "AUTH_ADMIN_KEEP" for pkexec become: yes copy: src: files/51-pkexec-auth-admin-keep.rules dest: /etc/polkit-1/rules.d/51-pkexec-auth-admin-keep.rules
The Command Module
Ansible can still run commands even if no specialized module exists (via the aptly named command module). This playbook enables the Flathub repository and installs a few Flatpaks. The commands are crafted in such a way that they are effectively idempotent. This is an important behavior to consider; a playbook should succeed each time it is run on a machine.
- hosts: localhost tasks: - name: Enable Flathub repository become: yes command: flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists flathub _URL_ - name: Install Fractal become: yes command: flatpak install --assumeyes flathub org.gnome.Fractal - name: Install Spotify become: yes command: flatpak install --assumeyes flathub com.spotify.Client
Combine all these tasks together into a single playbook and, in one command, Ansible will customize a freshly installed workstation. Not only that, but 6 months later, after making changes to the playbook, run it again to bring a "seasoned" install back to a known state.
$ ansible-playbook -K ~/post_install.yml
This article only touched the surface of what's possible with Ansible. A follow-up article will go into more advanced Ansible concepts such as roles, configuring multiple hosts with a divided set of responsibilities.