Tuesday, January 29, 2013
Study Group: Functional Encryption
Last week's study group was on Functional Encryption and was given by Georg and Joop.
In traditional Public-Key Encryption (PKE), a user Alice encrypts a message x using the public key of the recipient Bob. Bob then uses his corresponding secret key to decrypt the ciphertext y to recover the message x. In some scenarios, the recipient of the ciphertext is not yet known at the time of the encryption or there are more than one recipient who should be able to decrypt the ciphertext, e.g. according to some policy. Functional Encryption (FE), formalized recently by Boneh, Sahai and Waters [PDF], is a generalization of many recent encryption primitives, e.g., Attribute-Based Encryption (ABE) [PDF] and Predicate Encryption (PE) [PDF] which extend traditional PKE to provide fine-grained access to encrypted data.
A FE scheme for a family of circuits C assigns a secret key skC for every circuit C∈C.
The holder of a secret key skC is able to decrypt a ciphertext y to obtain C(x) and learns nothing more about x.
An FE scheme is formally defined by four algorithms (Setup, KeyGen, Enc, Dec) which are defined as follows:
 - Setup(1λ) this PPT algorithm takes a security parameter λ as input and outputs a pair of master public\secret keys (mpk,msk).
 - KeyGen(msk,C) this PPT algorithm takes as input the master secret key msk and a circuit C∈ and outputs a secret key skC.
 - Enc(mpk,x) this PPT algorithm takes as input the master public key mpk and a message x from the message space X and outputs a ciphertext y.
 - Dec(skC,y) this deterministic algorithm takes as input the secret key skC and the ciphertext y and outputs C(x).
Gorbunov, Vaikuntanathan and Wee [PDF] provide a construction for the class of all polynomial-size circuits secure under a simulation-based bounded collusion definition in which the adversary can make bounded number of KeyGen queries and gets a single challenge ciphertext. The definition ensures that any information that the adversary learns from the keys and ciphertext can be obtained by a simulator from only the keys and the output of the circuit.
In the real world the challenge ciphertext is produced by encrypting the challenge message x* using mpk, whereas in the ideal world, the simulator is equipped with the length of the the challenge message as well as {Ci(x*), skCi, Ci} resulting from the q KeyGen queries the adversary is allowed to make. In the adaptive variant, the adversary is allowed to make further KeyGen queries after it has received the challenge ciphertext.
 Gorbunov, Vaikuntanathan and Wee [PDF] show that their simulation-based definition for a single message implies the indistinguishability definition in both the adaptive and non-adaptive cases. The single-message indistinguishability definition also implies the many-messages indistinguishability definition in both the adaptive and non-adaptive settings. However, while the non-adaptive single-message simulation definition implies the many-messages non-adaptive simulation definition, the same does not hold for the adaptive case.
The idea of their construction for the NC1 class of circuits and a message space X =Fis based on a scheme that is secure under a single key query and is summarized as follows:
The system parameters are t, v, N and S.
 A new family G is defined from as GC,Δ(x,Z1,…, ZS) = C(x) + Σi∈ Δ , where Zi∈ F and Δ ⊆[S].
The setup algorithm independently runs N times the single key query Setup algorithm for the same circuit family. The master public key is then set to MPK={mpk1,…, mpkN}, whereas the master secret key is MSK={msk1,…,mskN}.
The KeyGen algorithm then on input (C,MSK) randomly chooses a set Γ ⊆ [N] of size tD+1, where D is the degree of the circuits. It also chooses a set Δ⊆ [S] of size v. It then runs the KeyGen of the single key query scheme with input (mski,GC,Δ ) for all i∈ Γ and returns skC= ( Γ, Δ, {skC,Δ,i}i∈Γ) .
To encrypt a message (x1,…, xn), choose n random degree t polynomials μi(.) such that xi is the constant term in polynomial μi(.). Also, S random degree tD polynomials ζ(.) whose constant term is 0 are chosen. To encrypt the message encrypt (μ1(i),…μn(i),ζ1(i),…ζS(i)) to obtain ciphertexts yi for i=1,…,N.
To decrypt, compute a degree tD polynomial χ(.) such that χ(i)=SKQDec(skC,Δ,i,, yi) for all i ∈ Γ, where SKQDec is the decryption algorithm of the single key query scheme. The decryption algorithm then outputs χ(0).
Saturday, January 26, 2013
Crypto for 2020 - Day 2
Kenny Patterson talked about theory and practice of key reuse. Key reuse offers some interesting advantages such as reducing storage requirements for certificates and keys, reducing the costs of certification as well as reducing the cryptographic code footprint. A classical scenario where to use this approach would be in an encryption and signature setting. Given all the advantages that key reuse provides in common practice, what can we say about security? At Asiacrypt 2011, an efficient construction based on pairings has been presented for joint security of encryption and signature.
However, in practice, simpler constructions are employed. For instance, the EMV standard uses RSA keys to compute signatures for card authentication and transaction authorization, and to encrypt the PIN between the terminal and the card. No specific analysis has been conducted of whether this approach is detrimental to security. If you are a follower of this blog then you will know that there exists an attack (at least in theory), Nigel described it in some more detail in one of his earlier posts.
Furthermore, Stefan gave a brief overview of the most important developments in the area of physical security in the last 15 years. State-of-the-art attacks can process up to 1 billion measurements of side-channel information (i.e., run time, power consumption or electromagnetic radiation) that typically leaks during the execution of security-critical code. This gives an attacker a lot of information to extract secret key material. That is one of the reasons why there is currently no countermeasure that guarantees absolute side-channel resistance. However, one can make life considerably more difficult for an attacker by employing defence mechanisms that combine higher-order masking with some shuffling of the security-critical code sections or alternatively using a key refreshing solution.
Thursday, January 24, 2013
Crypto for 2020 - security and privacy
The third and final panel discussion here in Tenerife at Crypto for 2020 was entitled 'Crypto for security and privacy', covering the current and expected future challenges to be faced by cryptographers working on protocols and methods for secure, private and/or authenticated communication on the internet. We heard from Nick Mathewson from the Tor project, Zooko Wilcox-O'Hearn, Dan Bernstein and Matthew Green. This is a pretty diverse and multi-faceted topic, so it was interesting to hear some wide-ranging and varied arguments.
The primary theme of the discussion (also quite pervasive throughout the workshop in general) was the divergence between the conceptualization of the problems as understood by theorists designing or analysing protocols and the reality faced by practitioners looking to implement and deploy schemes in the real world.
In terms of specifics, and somewhat related to Kenny Paterson's talk yesterday, the topic of backwards compatibility, poor communication between organisations, standards bodies or academics and influences from commercial or economic pressures resulting in broken or outdated primitives remaining in standards was touched upon. As always in such talks, references to good old TLS were common, but outside of that particular points made by the panel were that we as cryptographers need to consider framing the language we use to describe solutions in a context more useful for implementors, and that it may not be sufficient any more to keep patching up these protocols as they age and become outdated. One particularly weighty point made was that there has been very little academic involvement in the standardisation of many of the major widely deployed cryptographic protocols, and there was a general consensus that engagement between both sides of the equation needs to be both more frequent and more productive.
Matthew Green framed some of this as the problem of having support users who do not use any cryptography with those who do, within the same protocol. The canonical example is that the mechanism for the basic starting point of a user establishing a https connection after hitting enter in the url bar is non-trivial - we've seen some progress in this area with HSTS and certificate pinning, but there is certainly more work to be done.
We also heard about how we should be considering that in many cases on the Internet cryptography is not used by the majority of the userbase. Dan Bernstein discussed how there is potential for building new software to fill these gaps, citing DNSCrypt as an example.


text:
The common spatial pattern (CSP) method is a dimensionality reduction technique widely used in brain-computer interface (BCI) systems. In the two-class CSP problem, training data are linearly projected onto directions maximizing or minimizing the variance ratio between the two classes. The present contribution proves that kurtosis maximization performs CSP in an unsupervised manner, i.e., with no need for labeled data, when the classes follow Gaussian or elliptically symmetric distributions. Numerical analyses on synthetic and real data validate these findings in various experimental conditions, and demonstrate the interest of the proposed unsupervised approach.
Sign-in or become an IEEE member to discover the full contents of the paper.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
- Poster presentation
- Open Access
Stopping clinical trials early for futility: retrospective analysis of several randomised clinical studies
© Jitlal et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2011
Published: 13 December 2011
Phase III clinical trials are generally large and expensive, so stopping early for futility is a potentially attractive approach. It could avoid using further patients and funds on an ineffective intervention. We aimed to see how well futility performs for clinical trials in practice.
Materials and methods
We retrospectively applied a futility method to ten cancer trials, in which the final hazard ratios (HR) showed a large, moderate, or no treatment benefit. The target sample size was reached in all. The conditional power (CP) is the probability of obtaining a HR of a specified magnitude, which is statistically significant. Futility analyses were applied after 25, 50 and 75% of patients were recruited, or events observed. Two methods were used, assuming future data are consistent with either (i) the target HR, or (ii) the observed interim HR. Low CP suggests futility.
Futility analyses could stop some trials with no overall benefit, but not all, depending on the method used and timepoint. For example, after observing 50% of the target number of events, and assuming that future data is consistent with observed data, 4 out of 5 trials with no benefit could be stopped early (CP≤9%). Among 3 (of these 4) studies, trial duration could be reduced by 4-40 months, saving £44k-£385k. The other trial would have already finished accrual and hence no savings made. Of concern is that all 4 trials with moderate treatment effects could have stopped early at some point. For example, assuming that future data is consistent with the observed data, these trials could have stopped after 25% of patient accrual (CP≤9%). However, the final HRs for all four trials showed clinically worthwhile benefits.
Appropriate application of futility methods can substantially shorten trial duration and reduce costs for trials which ultimately show no benefit. However, studies with moderate treatment effects could be stopped early, whilst some studies with no effect may not have been detected as such. Futility needs to be applied with great care to avoid missing a worthwhile treatment. We suggest several criteria for stopping a trial early: low CP (e.g. ≤15%); sufficient number of events; remaining patient accrual is likely to take several months; and lack of evidence of a benefit for important secondary endpoints and pre-defined subgroups.
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (_URL_ which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


text:
Dr Sonal Nakar presents the study: Ethical Dilemmas Faced by Vocational Education and Training (VET) Teachers in Times of Rapid Change.
This study was directed to developing an understanding of how Vocational education and training (VET) teachers in Australia experienced the ethical challenges raised by changes in the contemporary cultural context of their work in the sector. Four common dilemmas were identified. Each was seen as being created by tensions between what participants (intrinsically) understood that they should do in a particular situation and what they felt impelled to do by extrinsic imperatives or pressures from changed circumstances in VET. Three types of response were evident: standing by their intrinsic moral commitments, compromising those commitments and appealing for ethical training.


text:
(Nairobi, Kenya – 3 September 2023) — More than 40 heads-of-state gather in Nairobi this week for the first-ever Africa Climate Summit, providing a pivotal forum to address climate-related concerns across the African continent and highlight the role of nations as agents for positive change.
The Summit comes at an important moment as the African continent is exposed to the serious impacts that climate change is already having on its people, ecosystems and economies, and as these leaders and communities face in an increasingly uncertain future.
Taking place from 4-6 September, the Summit will be a pivotal event for addressing climate-related concerns across the African continent, and IFAW will make the case that wildlife protection and biodiversity conservation are important nature-based solutions to climate change that can deliver benefits for nature, the climate, and people.
Key issues that IFAW will address at the Africa Climate Summit include climate change mitigation, the role of wild animals in climate mitigation, biodiversity loss and habitat fragmentation, human-wildlife conflict, climate adaptation and resilient livelihoods.
"The challenges posed by climate change demand urgent and collaborative action," said Azzedine Downes, CEO and President of IFAW. "Africa's vast landscapes, unparalleled biodiversity and existing carbon sinks are natural assets that deliver huge, unaccounted for benefits to the planet and humanity as a whole, essentially providing a planetary safety net."
IFAW and Downes will use the opportunity to engage in a high-level dialogue with Ministers from East and Southern Africa to discuss the challenges that wildlife and rural communities are facing due to climate change, and how IFAW's Room to Roam initiative is bringing them together to build climate resilient landscapes.
"Strengthening transboundary connectivity for elephants can deliver true benefits for nature, climate, and people. Wildlife and healthy biodiversity are key to maintaining ecosystem balance, and when we are in balance, we are more resilient and able to adapt to changing climate patterns. There is no better species than elephants to show us the path to healthy biodiversity across the globe.
"Through initiatives like Room to Roam, we are taking concrete steps to bridge the gap between conservation and climate adaptation, ensuring a brighter future for Africa's unique biodiversity," said Mr. Downes.
IFAW's presence at the Africa Climate Summit reaffirms its dedication to fostering partnerships, sharing expertise, and driving effective solutions that address the intricate relationship between climate change, wildlife, and communities. By aligning efforts and joining hands with stakeholders from across the continent, IFAW is poised to play a transformative role in shaping the trajectory of climate action in Africa.
- Visual editors will find downloadable resources copyright to IFAW at this link: _URL_
- Picture editors: High resolution professional images available on request.
- Media are invited to attend the following events, hosted by IFAW:
- Ministerial Dialogue
Tuesday, 5 September, 13:00-14:00 pm – KICC.
Building climate resilient landscapes across Southern and Eastern Africa: How strengthening trans-boundary ecosystem connectivity can deliver co-benefits for nature, climate and people.
Moderator: George Wamukoya, Team Lead at Africa Group of Negotiators Experts Support (AGNES)
- Africa Climate Hub event
Thursday, 7 September, 09:45-10:15 am – KICC Courtyard.
Using ecosystem connectivity to build climate resilience: How transnational elephant conservation is addressing the climate crisis through climate smart conservation, landscape restoration and ecosystem-based adaptation in East and Southern Africa.
Main speaker: James Isiche, Director, IFAW Africa
IFAW experts will be on-hand throughout the African Climate Summit for in-person discussion and interviews.
All biographies, pictures and resources can be found here.
International Relations Manager
m: +254 722 607640
Director, Communications Africa
m: +27 82 _PHONE_
Donate nowIFAW affiliates are registered as tax-exempt nonprofit organizations in several countries. Depending on where you reside, your donation may qualify for a tax deduction or benefit. See the pull-down menu at the bottom right of this page to see how IFAW operates in your country.
Our work can't get done without you. Please give what you can to help animals thrive.


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I often find my students confuse 'fair' and 'fare', and incorrectly spell 'welfare' as 'wellfair'.
When helping children differentiate between homophones (words that sound the same but are spelled differently and have different meanings), it is often useful to employ several strategies:
Research the etymology of the words, as an understanding the meaning and history of a word can assist in spelling.
'Fair' can be used as an adjective, a noun, or an adverb. 'Fair' as an adjective referring to a 'pleasing sight', 'morally good' or 'clear, pleasant weather', comes from the Old English word 'fæger'. In the 1200s, 'fair' began to be used to refer to a 'light complexion' reflecting a colonial definition of beauty and in the 1300s it started to be used in reference to 'justice, equity and free from bias'. The use of 'fair' in sport (fair ball, fair catch, etc.) appears in 1856. Interestingly, 'fair play' was not originally used in a sporting context but rather meant 'pleasant amusement' in contrast to 'sinful amusement'. 'Fair-weather friends' was first used in 1736, 'fair sex' in reference to women is from the 1600s and 'fair game' meaning a legitimate target is a hunting term initially used in 1776.
'Fair' as a noun meaning a 'market or a place of public entertainment' is from the Anglo-French word 'feyre' which is derived from the Latin word 'feriae' meaning a 'religious festival or holiday'.
'Fair' as an adverb meaning 'without cheating' also relates to the Old English word 'fæger'.
In contrast, 'fare' used as a noun or a verb relating to a 'journey, travel or get along', is derived from the Old English word 'faran'. The use of 'fare' in reference to the 'payment for passage' dates back to the 1510s. In the 1200s, the word 'fare' also began to be used to mean 'food or sustenance'.
'Welfare' meaning 'a concern for the well-being of others' combines the Old English 'faran' meaning 'to get along' and the Old English adjective 'wel' meaning 'abundantly or to be sure'.
An integral component of spelling is being able to firstly identify the sounds (phonemes) in a word and then to match these sounds with the letters or letter combinations (graphemes) representing those sounds. 'Fair' and 'fare' both have the same two sounds = /f/-/air/. To remember the correct grapheme, it is useful to make a link to a key cue word/picture.
The cue word/picture I use for 'air' is 'chair'. So, I ask my students to make a link between the meaning of 'fair' and 'chair'. Some examples might include:
- It's not fair that you have a chair.
- I went on the swinging chair at the fair.
- The fair-haired girl sat on the chair.
- In fair weather I sit on a chair outside.
The cue word/picture I use for 'are' is 'square'. So, I ask my students to make a link between 'fare' and 'square'. For example:
- I received a square ticket when I paid the bus fare.
- 'Square' parents are concerned about their children's welfare.
- Eating traditional Italian fare would provide you with a 'square' meal.


text:
July 27, 2010 Academics are launching a study to understand what aspects of Twitter content are considered valuable, and how that impacts presentation and perception of online identity.
People may reach for Twitter if they have just had a great breakfast, updated their blog, feel exhausted, or want to share a news article. The question being explored is -- who gives a tweet?
Responding to the widespread perception that the majority of Twitter updates are boring, inane, or largely sandwich-related, researchers from the University of Southampton, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Georgia Institute of Technology want Twitter users to anonymously rate their friends' tweets.
"Social networking sites currently take an optimistically positive view of status updates," says Paul André, graduate student at the University of Southampton's School of Electronics and Computer Science. "Facebook enables users to 'like' their friends' updates, and Twitter has 'favourites'. But this ignores the value that could be gained from understanding which updates are disliked and why."
Michael Bernstein, PhD student at MIT, comments: "Analysing the negatively rated tweets, and the consensus that forms around them, will help us understand the emerging approved or accepted norms in these new forms of online communication."
The researchers have launched the website 'WGATweet.com' (Who Gives A Tweet), and are asking Twitter users to sign up and receive ratings from both followers and strangers. "The site allows us to gather a more nuanced type of feedback than is currently available, and offers users an insight into how their updates are perceived by different groups, helping them understand what their impact really is," explains Kurt Luther, graduate student at Georgia Institute of Technology.
Twitter users can sign up (for free rating and analysis of their tweets) at _URL_
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


It's a matter of taste
Medieval Chefs
How do you taste London's past? That's an easy one and a subject close to my heart; food and drink. Of the two, drink is the trickier to get to grips with. Nobody that I know of in the city brews anything that resembles the medieval ale that Londoners would have drunk. All the ancient wells and drinking fountains have been put beyond use, and I wouldn't advocate drinking water from the River Thames, which to some Londoners in the past was a necessity. So that leaves us with food.
In a past life I was a chef and so the topic of what our ancestors would eat is of interest. If you take the diet of the normal Londoner from six hundred years ago it would be a very bland affair, mainly consisting of a dish called Pottage, a type of vegetable stew. The most common ingredients for pottage making included cabbage, onions, leeks, celery and garden peas, don't forget the potato didn't appear in Britain until 1586. At certain times of the year grains like barley or dried beans would have been added. For the average peasant, extra flavouring for the pottage came from fresh herbs such as parsley, sage, thyme and rosemary. If you were just that little bit more well off you may have added some saffron or cloves, but as spices had to be imported they were expensive. Salt was widely used, but pepper was in the same class as the spices. This would have been eaten with bread, probably made from a blend of wholemeal, barley and rye flours. White flour would have been reserved only for the wealthiest Londoners due to the additional costs of grinding and sieving. This combination of pottage and bread would have been eaten as the main meal every single day. There may have been the occasional piece of meat, but generally this bland diet was the mainstay. Give it a try, it's quite nice, once or twice, but every day!
Vegetable Pottage and Barley Bread
As the quality of life improved for most Londoners, meat became a larger part of their diet, but it would be hard to define an everyday dish other than roast meat to give you a flavour of London in the past. I would imagine reading this, that you would think you know what roast meat tastes like, but I'd say that you have probably never tasted a true roasted meat. Our modern day ovens don't roast, they bake. The only way to get the true taste is to roast your joint in front of an open wood fire, continually basting it with the dripping that comes off of it. Our ancestors when cooking this way would have also coated their roast with something called Dredge, a blend of oat or barley flour and stale breadcrumbs. This combined with the basting would give the meat a crisp exterior. Barbecuing is close, but still not as good as open fire roasting.
Roasted Pork
Putting a bland bowl of vegetables or having to dig a fire pit to one side, let's take a look at a more convenient taste of London, the Oyster. Since the Roman settlement of Londinium was establish nearly two thousand years ago, the Native Oyster has been fished from UK waters such as, Whitstable Bay in Kent and the Blackwater River Estuary in Essex, which are close to London. In excavations of concerning Londinium, Oyster shells are found in abundance. After the Romans left these shores in around 450 AD the Oyster seems to fall out of favour until a resurgence some three hundred years later. Between the 8th and 16th centuries, the oyster became popular with the rich and poor Londoner alike. Oysters were often cooked in their liquor (the small pool of clear seawater found in the oysters' cupped shells) with a splash of ale and black pepper.
In the 17th and 18th centuries, oysters were used in many varied dishes. Smaller oysters were often eaten raw, and larger oysters were often used in stews or cooked in pies. They were used with pork or mutton to make sausages and were stuffed inside fowl, such as turkey or duck, and then roasted; and the oysters' liquor would be poured over the fowl. They were also pickled to preserve them. So next time you eat an oyster, you will be getting the same taste and texture sensations as generations of Londoners experienced before you.
A couple of traditional London dishes that can still be sampled to this day and can transport you back to 19th Century London are Pie 'n' Mash, liquor and Jellied Eel, widely eaten by everyday Londoners. I've already written a piece about the cult of Pie 'n' Mash and to save time, you can find it here if you're interested, Ambrosia
Want to give them a try, but can't get to London to sample their delights? Never fear, the recipes for the pies, the liquor and the jellied Eels are on my Pinterest board along with some other London inspired recipes and places I would recommend to eat at. Enjoy!
Published by endean0
2 thoughts on "It's a matter of taste
 1. Pottage sounds quite good but you are right – having it every day for lunch would be too much. It makes me think that we are quite spoiled nowadays. We can go weeks (if not months) without eating the same dish again!
 2. I went to school with a guy who was a farmers son. In a bizarre accident the boy shot the prize winning pig dead! His punishment for messing around with guns was that his Dad had the entire pig butchered and he ate it for every meal, including sandwiches at school dinner time. He was desperate to swap. I think it took something like 4 months to get through the useable bits 🙂
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
I am currently taking an Assembly programming class, and I honestly find it extremely boring and tedious. While I've programmed some assembly before as part of a C++ program, I find what we are doing to be completely different than actual assembly code I've worked with (we are using a program called MARS MIPS, found here).
Since we are using the MIPS architecture, which from what I gathered is hardly used any more, I find what we are learning hardly applicable to anything outside of the class. Likewise, I find myself not retaining the material we cover in class due to detachment from real world applications as well as the classroom setting itself. I've been trying to write my some code outside of the classroom to get familiar with it, but without any obvious real world applications, I find myself unmotivated to do so.
Is there any advice for trying to learn a programming language (such as assembly) for a class when I don't seen any real world application of it?
Or perhaps a more specific question to this problem would be: Is there any real world application to the MIPS architecture which I am unaware of?
EDIT: I found the following information on StackOverflow concerning MIPS: _URL_
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up vote 7 down vote accepted
I think you're approaching the class with the wrong attitude. You're looking at MIPS and thinking:
Why are we learning this? It's not the most popular processor platform. Most of the world runs on Intel chips -- why aren't we learning that? When will I use MIPS in the real world?
I doubt that the point of the class, however, is to learn the MIPS platform specifically. The point is to learn how a processor works, and how to write code at the assembly level. Once you've learned that, you'll have the knowledge you need to learn to write assembly code for other platforms, and you'll probably be able to read assembly code for most platforms without necessarily learning all the ins and outs of the platform first.
Different processors have different instruction sets, of course, but they all have certain classes of features and instructions in common. There's always a set of address and data registers (sometimes they're the same, sometimes separate), some version of a stack pointer, and some set of condition registers. You'll always find load and store instructions, arithmetic instructions, and branching instructions. If you learn to use those instructions on any platform, you'll find that you can transfer most of that knowledge to other platforms.
This is the kind of stuff you should be learning in college -- ideas that will remain useful even as the flavor of the month changes. Your career will probably last much longer than any one platform, and you'll always have to learn the details of whatever system you happen to be working on. Also, the chance that you'll ever have to write much assembly for any platform is pretty small. The real value in learning it, for most of us, is to be able to debug, and so that you understand how it all works.
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Record-holder Dheeraj is a walking encyclopedia on famed elephants in Kerala
Dheeraj S Nair
Dheeraj S Nair
Kumaranelloor: Meet Dheeraj S Nair who recently entered the India Book of Records for his exceptional knowledge about elephants.
In just 2 minutes and 58 seconds this Kindergarten student can recite the names of 109 elephants in Kerala. He learned about elephants from his grand-uncle, PN Sreekumar who was the Administrative Officer of the Devaswom Board. Dheeraj can also understand the body language of elephants, the name of the mascots as well as the ones who recently died.
Moreover, Dheeraj knows everything from the eye colour of a particular elephant, the length of its trunk, the ones who have the maximum number of nails and why they are considered great, the number of elephants at the Guruvayoor Devaswom, the significance of Guruvayoor Kesavan to Malayalam films, and also about the elephant owners.
Dheeraj will instantly tell you that the heaviest Asian Elephant is Guruvayoor Nandan who weighs 7,500 kg. Of course at times his mom, Divya Nair helps in recalling some of these answers. Dheeraj plans to buy an elephant when he grows up.
Thiruvanchoor Radhakrishnan, MLA, congratulated him. NSS local union administrators and elephant owners once came home with bouquets.


Han Dynasty Female Court Attendant
An elegant Chinese Han Dynasty hollow-moulded terracotta statue of a female court attendant, portrayed in a kneeling position and designed with typical Han Dynasty slender form. The figure is presented wearing the traditional Eastern Han Dynasty court attire, known as shenyi, consisting of a long vest, tied to the waist and long, flaring sleeves, here revealing bright orange and ochre undergarment. The hair of the court attendant is arranged in long, low ponytail down below the shoulders. Facial features, such as eyes and eyebrows, are rendered through a delicate black paint, while the lips are painted in bright red. The original white, orange and dark pigments would have been applied to the figure after firing, with the result that the paint would have been more prone to flaking.
N.B. This item will require additional postage charges after checkout due to weight and size. The price listed is for the pair.
Date: Circa 206 BC- 220 AD
Period: Han Dynasty
Condition: Extremely fine, with original pigmentation visible to the surface.
In stock
In Ancient China, terracotta unglazed and low-fired glazed statuettes of animals and human figures, known in Chinese as mingqi, would have been placed in the deceased's tomb to ensure companionship and service in the afterlife. Mingqi were usually modelled as an intimation of either common objects that once played a vital role in Han Dynasty domestic life, or as zoomorphic and anthropomorphic figures that were closely related to the deceased when they were alive. Terracotta figures of court attendants, such as this fine example, were made for the service and entertainment of the owner, ensuring that their journey in the underworld was a happy one.
To discover more about Chinese terracotta statuettes, please visit our relevant blog post: Terracotta Tomb Attendants.
Weight 4000 g
Dimensions L 16.5 x W 18 x H 40 cm
Pottery and Porcelain
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Our strategy
We've announced an ambitious new strategy to transform the physics landscape for the UK and Ireland, and ensure a thriving physics ecosystem that will contribute to innovation, discovery, research, growth and debate in the UK, Ireland and beyond.
Unlocking the future
The Institute of Physics Strategy 2020 - 2024
As a society we face an unprecedented array of challenges. Globally, we need to address a changing climate and a growing population, to decarbonise economies, improve healthcare and ensure water, food and energy supplies. Domestically, we need to develop the next generation of industries to create jobs and improve productivity to safeguard citizens' futures.
Physics has a vital role to play in tackling these issues and helping make the UK and Ireland fit for a new industrial era of science, technology and engineering.
Three challenges, six aspirations
Our strategy identifies three key challenges that present the greatest barriers to unlocking the potential of physics and its impact in society:
 1. Diversity and skills: We want to build a thriving, diverse physics community and play our part in solving the STEM skills shortage by ensuring that people, no matter their background or where they live, have access to world-class physics education and training.
 2. Unlocking capability: We want to ensure that the UK and Ireland are able to realise the full societal and economic benefits of the new industrial era.
 3. Public dialogue: We want to show the impact of physics on people's lives, enabling informed public debate about funding and policy in areas including healthcare, climate change and cybersecurity.
To meet these challenges, we have six aspirations for the changed world we want to see at the end of the strategy period. This is a broad and ambitious strategy and our aspirations are also ambitious:
 1. every secondary school pupil in the UK and Ireland will have access to a specialist physics teacher
 2. girls will make up at least 30% of those taking physics at age 16-19 and there will be double the current number of young people from black and minority ethnic and lower socio-economic backgrounds
 3. there will be clear roadmaps and funding commitments from the UK and Irish Governments that propel research and development investment towards the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development average of 2.4% of gross domestic product
 4. double the current number of people will be employed in technical roles in physics-based and engineering businesses and the number of those on physics-based science apprenticeships will have increased by a factor of 100
 5. our publishing services to the worldwide physics community will have further improved such that the number of scientists publishing their research in our journals will grow by 25%
 6. 10% of the population will have a meaningful engagement with a physics-based public event and 1% will have sustained contact with physics.
These aspirations will serve as measures of our success in driving change for the UK and Ireland.
Watch our new film which sets out our mission and goals:


text:
Borrowing from French chauvinisme (originally 'idealistic devotion to Napoleon'), named from Nicolas Chauvin de Rochefort, a soldier of the First Republic known for his excessive patriotism, especially famous after featuring as a character in Cogniard's play La Cocarde Tricolore.
- (RP) IPA: /ˈʃəʊ.vɪ.nɪ.zəm/, X-SAMPA: /"_EMAIL_.z@m/
- (US) IPA: /ˈʃoʊ.vɪˌnɪzm̩/, X-SAMPA: /"SoU.vI.nI.z@m/
- (Australia) IPA: /ˈʃəʊ.və.nɪ.zəm/, X-SAMPA: /"S@U.v@.nI.z@m/
- (pejorative) Excessive patriotism, eagerness for national superiority; jingoism.
- (pejorative) Unwarranted bias, favoritism, or devotion to one's own particular group, cause, or idea.
- Feminists say that male chauvinism is still prevalent in cultures worldwide.


Find the EGU on
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Aircraft-based observation of the atmosphere and atmosphere-surface exchange processes
Conveners: Jean-Daniel Paris , Manfred Lange | Co-Conveners: Andreas Petzold , Andreas Volz-Thomas
Aircrafts provide valuable platforms for the observation of the atmosphere and its interaction with the surface (biosphere, hydroshere, geosphere). Manned or unmanned aircrafts enable studies over large horizontal and/or vertical ranges, resolving vertical distributions, and offering the ability to estimate fluxesas well as measuring large suites of chemical and meteorological parameters.
This session aims at bringing together reports on process studies, airmass characterization, remote sensing of the troposphere and the surface, satellite validation, characterization of surface emissions, regular monitoring programmes from chartered or commercial aircrafts, unmanned
platforms as well as specific instrumental and platform developments. Topics are related to atmospheric chemistry and physics and biogeosciences. We welcome presentations based on existing data and also description of future campaigns' design.


text:
Australian humour has a long history that can be traced back to our origins as convict colonies. It is therefore no surprise that a national sense of humour quickly developed that responded to those conditions. This unique sense of humour is recognised (although maybe not always understood) the world over as being distinctly Australian. Our humour is dry, full of extremes, anti-authoritarian, self-mocking and ironic.
The country itself is the ultimate joke; the wave you body-surf into shore after a day at the beach could contain a shark or a rip-tide and, when you get back, your house could have been burnt to the ground in a bush fire. That's where the whole 'no worries' thing comes from.
Humour is seen in the Australian use of slang, and across media from cartoons in print, as sketches on radio, as comedy series on television, in films and with witty observations of life in Australian literature.
A screen shot from one of Australia's most enduring sources of humour – Dad and Dave. Image courtesy of Classic Australian TV.
Styles of humour
A black sense of humour
Australians can have a very black sense of humour. While in many cultures it is considered poor taste to find humour in difficult circumstances, Australians tend to look for this lighter side. This is perhaps our strongest reference to our brutal past, where humour was a means of coping with a bad situation. A (perhaps unintentional) example of this is the naming of the Harold Holt Memorial Swimming Pool in Melbourne after a Prime Minister who disappeared whilst swimming in the ocean in 1967.
Mocking the wowser
Mocking the wowser is another common element in Australian humour. Wowser is a term that refers to a person who is highly moral or politically correct. In 2002, a lawyer called O'Sullivan expertly demonstrated this aspect of Australian humour in the courtroom. Defending his client, who was charged with baring his buttocks, or'mooning', at a policeman, O'Sullivan argued that'mooning was accepted Australian behaviour and should be seen as a national icon'. The prosecutor, Michael Purcell, responded in wowser fashion by asking 'whether bare buttocks should replace the emu and kangaroo on Australia's coat of arms.'
TB East, Billy Blue, 1834, oil portrait. Image courtesy of the State Library of NSW.
Australians also have a very strong anti-authoritarian sense of humour, again a reflection of our past. This aspect has been in evidence since colonial times where the ability to make a policeman or other authority figure laugh often meant the difference between the gallows or harsh labour and freedom. A convict of West Indian origin named Billy Blue (who arrived in Sydney after stealing a small amount of sugar) was notorious among officials for his creative and humourous explanations of his law-breaking - a talent that kept him from being locked up on many occasions. One example of his antics was his explanation, upon being caught smuggling alcohol, that he just kept finding liquor floating in Sydney Harbour and had been caught before he could report this to the authorities. The authorities 'believed' this explanation and Billy was free to continue his adventures. Billy Blue later went on to become friends with Governor Macquarie.
Australians also have a strong tradition of targeting themselves as objects of humour. A regular on the stand-up circuit is comedian Steady Eddy, who has cerebral palsy and uses his disability as material for his routines. One of his gags talks about how hard it is for him to find love – whenever he sees a beautiful woman, he finds himself wishing'…if only she had a limp'. Australians from ethnic backgrounds also use this type of humour very effectively. Television and stage shows such as Acropolis Now and Wogs Out of Work have honed this form of humour to an art, with performers mocking their ethnic backgrounds and traditions.
In Australian literature
The cover of Kathy Lette's latest humorous novel Altar Ego.
One of the great novels in Australian literature is Such is Life, written in 1903 by Joseph Furphy. It is a witty, dry, to the point and slightly cynical look at the world and what it has to offer. The work is described by the author as 'a tale told by a vulgarian, full of slang and blanky, signifying nothing'. The title is reportedly the final words of bushranger Ned Kelly before he was hanged. This novel represents a series of comic and tragic variations based on Furphy's own life as a failed selector, a bullock driver ruined by drought and a foundry worker.
This tradition of humour in literature continues today. Whether writing witty observations of life, as in the works of Kathy Lette and Clive James, or critically acclaimed literature, such as the novels of Tim Winton and the poetry of Les Murray, humour is a central theme in Australian literature.
Most of the successful Australian film and television comedies use Australian humour to present aspects of Australian identity. Films such as They're a Weird Mob (1966) (a film about an Italian arriving in Australia to work for a magazine) shows the foibles of courtship in a different cross cultural situation as the hero tries to win over the father of his sweetheart who hates immigrants and bricklayers. Similarly, Muriel's Wedding (1994), and The Wog Boy (2000) allow Australians to laugh at themselves and their cultural differences. In contrast, the internationally successful Crocodile Dundee (1986) found humour in gently mocking American culture and foreign perceptions of Australians.
Other films have found humour in mocking authority. Strictly Ballroom (1993) and The Castle (1997) are prime examples of finding humour in situations where the little guy stands up to authority and wins.
Humour on Australian television reflects the comedy of extremes. One of the most successful Australian situation comedies on televisions is Mother and Son. Mother and Son is a comedy about the relationship between a newly divorced man (Gary McDonald) living with his mother (Ruth Cracknell) who is suffering from dementia.
Cynical social commentary has also proven to be a successful formula for depicting Australian humour on television. Frontline was a successful 1990s program in this genre, with its often biting look at the news media. The Chaser series, commencing in 2005, has also been successful, with a cynical take on the worlds of politics and media.
On the radio
Graham Kennedy and Bert Newton hosting on radio 3AK in the late 1960s. Image courtesy of _URL_.
Since the 1940s, humour has been an integral part of Australian radio. One of the most popular radio comedies of the time was Dad and Dave, based on Steele Rudd's book On Our Selection. The series ran for more than 16 years and achieved extraordinary ratings for its humorous look at life on the Australian land.
With the advent of television in the 1950s, humour on the radio turned from radio plays and series to become more personality based. One of the first of these personalities was the late Graham Kennedy.
Nearly every major commercial radio station in Australia boasts a morning show that is humour-based. Hosts are often drawn from the world of stand-up comedy and a radio gig is often a springboard to television and wider national recognition. Comedians such as Roy and HG, Rove McManus, Mick Molloy and Wendy Harmer have all brought their unique brand of Australian humour to the radio and beyond.
- Australian humour
- The Chinese in Australian humour
- Melbourne International Comedy Festival
- Australian authors
Film and television
- Kath & Kim - Australian Television Information Archive
- History of the ABC
- Australian programming - Museum of Broadcast Communications
- The history of Australian television
- Cinema in Australia
- Sketch comedy
- Australian film comedy - Senses of Cinema
Last updated: 17th December 2007
Creators: Big Black Dog Communications Pty Ltd


Documentation for Confluence 5.4.
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This page explains how you can export individual Confluence pages, blog posts, entire spaces or selections of pages into a single PDF file.
Exporting single pages
You can export a Confluence page to PDF. This option exports a single page and is available to all users who have permission to view the page.
 - Go to a page in the space and choose Tools > Export to PDF. Follow the prompts to export the page.
Note that the export of a single page to PDF applies any PDF stylesheet customisations, but does not apply any PDF layout customisations. To make your PDF layout customisations apply to a single page exported to PDF, use the'multiple page' method described below to export that single page only. See Customising Exports to PDF.
Exporting a blog post
You can export a Confluence blog post to PDF. This option exports a single blog post and is available to all users who have permission to view the page.
 - Go to a blog post and choose Tools > Export to PDF. Follow the prompts to export the page.
Blog posts can only be exported individually. Blogs cannot be exported at the space level.
Exporting multiple pages or the entire space
Using Confluence's space export functionality, you can convert multiple pages or an entire space to PDF.
To use the space export functionality, you need the 'Export Space' permission. See the guide to space permissions.
To export a space or selected pages to PDF:
 1. Go to the space and choose Space tools > Content Tools on the sidebar.
 2. Choose Export. This option will only be visible if you have the 'Export Space' permission.
 3. Select PDF then choose Next
 4. Decide whether you need to customise the export:
 - Select Normal Export to produce a PDF file containing all the pages that you have permission to view.
 - Select Custom Export if you want to export a subset of pages.
 5. Select the pages you want to export.
 - You have the option to Select All or Deselect All pages.
 - When you select a page, all its child pages will also be selected. Similarly, when you deselect a page all its child pages will also be deselected.
 6. Choose Export.
 7. When the export process has finished, download and save the PDF file as prompted.
If your space uses the Documentation theme:
 1. Choose Browse > Space Operations
 2. Choose PDF Export from the left menu.
 3. Follow the steps above to export the Space.
Screenshot: Selecting pages to export
Customising the appearance of PDF exports
You can add a title page, a table of contents and customised headers and footers to the PDF output. For more advanced customisations, you can apply Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) modifications. These customisations are specific to each space. You need the 'Space Administrator' permission to be able to apply these customisations. For more information, see Customising Exports to PDF.
 - PDF exports will not handle columns created via the page layout option in the editor. If you have a twoor three-column layout, the PDF export will contain the page content in one single column. The issue is tracked here: CONF-25240 - PDF export does not handle page layouts Resolved
 - Comments on the page are not exported to the PDF file. The screenshot above and Confluence both suggest otherwise, issue is tracked here: CONF-27811 - Description of PDF Export is incorrect Resolved
 - Only image attachments that have been inserted into a page are included when exporting to PDF.
 - To export a PDF containing international text, you need to install a Unicode font in Confluence.
 - Blog posts can be individually exported, but are not included when you export a space to PDF.
 - If you have 'Space Administrator' permissions, the link to customise the PDF Stylesheet is provided at the top of the page tree, as shown in the screenshot above.
 - Confluence's PDF export feature is designed to handle a wide variety of content. However, on rare occasions the PDF Export process may fail due to an unrecognised customisation. If that happens the PDF export screen will indicate the title of the page in which the problem occurred, to help you diagnose the cause of the failure.
 1. How do I get the comments on the page to show up in the PDF when I use the export single page icon?
 1. Hi Matt,
 Unfortunately, Confluence does not provide this feature currently. However, we are aware of such needs and there is an improvement request being tracked at the following link:
 The improvement request above suggest Confluence to have the ability to include comments in the page PDF export. If you are keen on this improvement, please cast a vote to increase its popularity and add yourself as a watcher for future updates.
 Choy Li
 2. Anonymous
 This would be really useful. Does anyone know if it's possible yet?
 1. Hi,
 You may want to give a try by using the Auto-Export plugin that is available in our Confluence Extension space:
 If the above is not an option, you may want to give a try to search for other plugins in our Confluence Extension space which might meet your requirement. Hope the information does help.
 Choy Li
 3. If exporting to PDF, I run into problems if tables or pictures are involved. I created an issue for this on JIRA
 4. Hi,
 is it possible, to store the selection of exported pages for a later re-use?
 1. This would be very handy. Is it possible in 3.0?
 5. Anonymous
 Hi there, we found that when multiple users of the wiki exported an entire space at the same time, the wiki runs very slow...logging in to the wiki just hangs....once the export is finished, speed comes back to there any way to allow space export without running into this adverse performance issue?
 1. I have the same issue - needing visitors to be able to export multiple pages (a particular section of a space) as a pdf.
 The best way to deal with this would seem to be by automating PDF export (with certain supplied parameters) on a regular (e.g. nightly) basis. I read in some comment here (but can't find it now) that (ro-)bot-export of spaces is deliberately discouraged by Atlassian to guard against DDOS-type attacks, but would it be possible to create a local-only bot capable of running these exports according to supplied parameters (regularity, page(s) to include, pdf filename,...)?
 Bot-exported PDFs could be saved in a certain folder with a known naming structure, and wiki pages could include links to the appropriate pdf file (perhaps via macro), avoiding the whole automatically-generated performance hit issue.
 2. The space backup process consumes some extra resources, hence, it is understandable that Confluence may perform poorly if there's multiple concurrent space export.
 In the context of permission settings, you can assign/drop the "Space - Export" space permission if necessary.
 In regards to a single automated process, I think one can create a job plugins that runs the space export at an interval. You might be able to find better answers in Atlassian Answers.
 1. Thank you for the information - a job plugin (set up to use Cron) sounds exactly like what we need. Then it's just the case of creating the plugin to export specific pages within a space (or the whole space) and save it - all according to designated parameters. Do you know if the plugin architecture allows you to specify a subset of pages to be exported in the space (like is possible in the UI)?
 Another method would seem to be to use an external script using the RPC API - but right now you can only export an entire space as a PDF (but I've voted up a feature request for extra granularity here - see I found a python script that could be modified (currently exports a space as XML)...
 Anyway, I will search the public forums as you suggest... I just wanted to update this thread with these pointers. Thanks again.
 6. P
 We're using Confluence to create documentation and we use the PDf export mechanism to provide our customers with a PDF version of the documentation.
 Now, in the spaces we use for documentation, we have several pages that have viewing restrictions on them. This can be either pages that are not yet finished or just some internal pages with comments/directions etc.
 I know I can manually uncheck each single page that I do not want to have included before exporting, but I was wondering if it's not possible to run the export in such a way that it will only export what is visible to anonymous users?
 1. Sure - you just need to grant 'Export Space' permission to anonymous users, and then log out before starting the export.
 This will create the PDF including only those pages which are visible to anonymous users.
 If you don't want to enable exports for anonymous users, then you could create a new user, make sure that the permissions are set so that the user does not see your internal pages, and perform your PDF Exports using that restricted user.
 1. P
 Tnx, that'll do the trick. Should have come up with that myself


defined per serial number6 Long timeout value 1 byte maximum 1E (in seconds)7 Short timeout value 1 byte (in 1/10 maximum 0A seconds)8 Max. number of 1 byte (default value 00 ifdisks this jukebox feature is not used).______________________________________
Herein, the short timeout is defined as the maximum time allowed between the sending of a command byte and the receipt of a response byte by the controller. The long timeout is defined as the maximum time allowed between the initiation of a command to the end of the command, where the end of a command is defined as the start of read data, attention asserting, or the end of a seek. This timeout also supplies to spin up and spin down commands.
If within a number of minutes (e.g. 15 min) no command or data output action is issued the drive motor will spin down and the laser will shut off. Read status is a command consisting of 1 command byte (3A) and a number of request bytes (9C). The drive normally echoes the command bytes and responds to the requested byte with the subsequent status byte. The number of response bytes is smaller than or equal to the maximum number. This command does not change any status byte. A "clear error" command is required to clear the error status indications. Drive error codes are not overwritten by subsequent errors. Status packet information may be for example, as follows:
______________________________________0 Reserved for unit number, which may for each drive bepreset by a so-called DIP switch, which can be manuallyactuated.1-4 Last drive command packet that has been given.5, bitExecution status (0=executed, 1=in execution).bit 1Execution result (0=no error, 1=error).bit 2Spun up (0=not spun up, 1=spun up).bit 3Drive not ready (1=not ready, 0=ready).bit 4Door has been opened (1=opened).bit 5Locked (door)bit Reserved (always 0).6-76-7 Drive error code in hexadecimal notation:00 = no error02 = illegal sector address03 = sync error04 = seek error05 = track error06 = end of disk08 = focus error (or no disk mounted)09 = illegal disk0B = ROM error0C = RAM error0D = disk not readable0E = hard reset normally complete0F = operator requested spin down10 = selected disk not present (jukebox only)13 = unit number changed14 = radial error15 = time out due to inactivity time out16 = operator requested spin up17 = reserved18 = subcode error19 = start address larger than end addressCommunication error code (in hexadecimal)01 = illegal command code07 = parity error command line0A = communication error11 = bad parameter byte12 = invalid command (command received while attentionasserted)8-10 Last valid sector address (specified in 1/75 th seconds,seconds and minutes (two BCD digits each)) or end of discaddress (after an illegal sector address). (Not valid ifdisk is spun down).11 Selected disk number.______________________________________
Whenever a status byte 6 or 7 changes from "no error" to "error", attention is asserted.
This byte of the status packet contains the current drive status.
Bit assignements are: 7, 6 always zero; 5 locked; 4 door open; 3 drive not ready; 2 spun up; 1 error; 0 execution
Status of a drive command: 0=done/1=in execution.
Error: Indicates whether or not an error has occurred since the last clear errors command. This bit is set to 1 by all drive error conditions, and asserts attention. When an error occurs, the current sector number is latches into the last valid sector address field of the status packet until the next "clear errors" command resets the error bit to zero.
The following commands and drive status changes set "attention" and an error code when they complete, but do not set the error bit: spin up, spin down, spin down due to inactivity timeout, reset complete, and unit number changed.
Spun up: indicates that the drive is spun up with a sufficient rotary speed. 0=not spun up, 1=spun up.
Drive not ready: asserts when the drive door is closed and there is a disk properly inserted in the drive. The disk does not have to be spinning for this bit to be set. 0=ready, 1=not ready.
Drive door open: asserts when the drive door is opened, and remains set until the drive door is closed and a "clear errors" command is received. Attention is set on the assertion of this bit. If a "clear errors" is received while the drive door is open, attention will clear, but this bit will remain set.
"Clear errors" (4E) is used to clear the error indications in the status packet byte 6, 7 and bit 1 of byte 5, except such attention that is used for data errors. This is the only command that clears errors. This command uses no parameter bytes. Errors must be cleared and attention deasserted before the drive returns the handshake byte for the command.
The "seek" command (59) is used to seek to the specified sector number and enters hold track mode that is the spiral track is not followed, but upon each revolution a reverse jump is executed. This operation therefore continually accesses the same winding of the track. There are three parameter bytes used for a seek, with the low order sector number byte in parameter byte 0. An attempt to seek beyond the last sector number on the disk will cause "attention" to assert and terminate the seek and the last valid sector address of the disk is placed in the last valid sector address (byte 8-10 of status) and "attention" is asserted. This command is aborted by receipt of any other drive command by the drive. There is no explicit completion indication for the seek command. This command is used to allow repositioning for a reread during error processing, and overlapping seeks. The "read" command supersedes the "seek" command cleanly without any error indicatios for this to be possible. This command may not be used when attention is asserted. "Seek" implies, if necessary, a spin up, attention is not asserted.
Spin up disk (63) is used to spin up a disk loaded in the drive. This command uses no parameter bytes. The drive will spin up the disk and seek to a fixed position of the disk. If the disk is already spun up, the drive will treat the spin up as a recalibrate command (optical head goes to the fixed position on the disk). Attention will assert at the completion of the spin up sequence. It may not be issued when attention is asserted.
Spin down disk (74) is used to spin down a disk loaded in the drive. This command uses no parameter bytes. "Attention" will assert on initiating of the spin down. It may not be issued when attention is asserted.
Disk select (813) specifies which disk (less than or equal to maximum number of disks) to use on the selected drive. This command is meaningful only with a "Jukebox" type drive, which can select from an internal library of disks. The disk select command uses one parameter byte. Parameter byte 0 contains the disk number. A drive without this capability should respond to this command with an illegal command error. This command may not be issued when error is asserted. The maximum disk number allowable is contained in the package sent to the controller by the read characteristics command. If a disk number not present in the library is requested the drive should respond with a selected "disk not present" error.
Read audio (B1) operates in the same way as "read data" but operates on the audio address code which reside in the audio subcode (not in a specific fields of the sector).
Seek audio (C5) in the same way as command seek data (59).
Lock/unlock (D2) operates to lock/unlock the disk compartment of the drive by activating/deactivating an electromagnet not further shown.
FIG. 5 gives a byte sequence timing diagram, by way of example. Six byres are shown, each byte being associated with eight clock pulses on clock line 50. The data is valid on the rising clock edges. No data content has been shown for simplicity. Beneath these two traces "data" and "data clock" four different examples are given for contingent occurrencies of the "attention" signal. Also, the relation between attention as following the final upgoing clock edge related to a data byte is shown. In example 1 a flag is asserted on byte 2. In example 2 a flag is asserted on byte 3. In example 3 a flag is asserted on bytes 3, 4 and 5. Thus, the attention is asserted at the final clock pulse of the foregoing byte and dissappears on the final clock pulse of the actual byte. In the fourth example the attention is asserted asynchronously by the microprocessor. This will be switched off when command 4E (=clear errors) is sent by the host controller to the drive apparatus. In case of error flags occurring on the "attention" line, these will only switched off after the eighth and sixteenth rising edge of an eight bit clock pulse packet. The same applies to a switching-on event.
Patent Citations
Cited PatentFiling datePublication dateApp


text:
Woodland Fox is the cunning shape-shifter creature of the woodlands. She peers through the tangled woods, long red tail curling through the bracken ferns, poised, sniffing the autumn air as the resourceful squirrel gathers nuts and the wise hunter owl watches over the mice hidden in the undergrowth. Intelligently negotiating the forces and challenges of the Wilde, the elusive fox is aware and adaptable, providing well for her cubs in her carefully hidden den. Both predator and prey, the skillful fox was known to symbolize the struggle of the ordinary common folk against the feudal barons. Wild, shape-shifter Fox is the wise and shrewd guide through the Mysteries – illuminated by the silver light of the feminine moon. Owl is the solitary wise bird of the night, whose keen sight penetrates the darkness as Squirrel collects the sacred nuts from the Oak Tree – doorway to the Mysteries. Woodpecker's sharp beak taps into the Tree of Life for sustenance as the timid yet resourceful Mice peep out from their burrow in Mother Earth, carrying her secrets from the Underworld. These are our companion guides as we find our path through the often dark, tangled woodlands of our psyche. Llwynog Coch – the beautiful and cunning Red Fox!
Original Design & Text by Jen Delyth ©2011
Featured Artwork Products: Fine Art Print Wall Hanging Bamboo Hoodie artPATCH Bag more...


Tag Archives: jefferson
1. An English name coming from the German name, Vilhelm, literally meaning will(desire, will) and helmet (protection). It has many variants in over 50 languages. Variants include but are not limited to:
Wilhelm, Vilhelm, Guillaume, Guillermo, Guglielmo, and Guilherme
Nicknames for William include: Will, Bill, and Billiam.
According to the 1990 U.S. Census the name William is the 5th most popular first name with 2.451% of the male population
Many famous and successful people have been/are named William.
1. Bill Gates (richest man in the world)
2. Bill Clinton (Former president)
3. William the Conqueror (conqueror of England in 1066)
4. William Shakespeare (greatest writer of the English language)
5. King William of Prussia (Emperor of Germany before WWI)


text:
As the walk along Long Meadow to Eastcote Gardens is popular with many Pinner Residents you may be interested to hear about the Backwater project by the River Pinn currently being implemented by Hillingdon Council:
London Borough of Hillingdon has received funding from Big Green Fund to create two backwaters on the River Pinn, on areas where a meander and a backwater used to be in the past. It is also proposed re-profiling a small section of steep river bank by the footbridge to create a safe and gradual approach to the river.
The works will be undertaken as a partnership between LBHillingdon, Groundwork, Green Corridor, the Friends of Eastcote House Garden, Eastcote Resident's Association and River Pinn Volunteers.
Benefits of the Backwaters include:
- It will improve the ecological value of the land and provide a new and important wetland area for amphibians and aquatic invertebrates.
- Pre planted coir rolls will be installed to encourage marginal vegetation and purification of water.
- It will create additional offstream flood storage potential.
- Scrub and tree management would open river views and overgrown swims. Openings along the river would be aesthetically pleasing.
- Open river views and well managed paths would contribute to the general landscape of the site.


Cookbook:Charoset Maghrebi
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Cookbook | Ingredients | Recipes
Maghrebi Charoset is a dried fruit and nut based paste served during the Jewish celebration of Passover by Jews from Northwest Africa.
See also: Cookbook:Charoset
 1. Plump dried fruit in juice.
 2. Mash reconstituted fruit with almond and spices to get a mortar-like texture.
 3. Adjust texture with matsoh meal and if needed, sweeten with honey.
 4. Serve as part of the Seder. The north west African tradition uses bitter greens such as endive rather than horseradish with the Charoseth.


'OPEN'.
 if the device is open and 'CLOSED' otherwise.
 USER - The username of the owner of the spawning program.
 NOW - The current date and time in the format
 'dd-MMM-yyyy hh:mm'. Most people are likely to use Perl
 functions instead.
 DEVICE * - The current PGPLOT device or file, see also device().
 FILE * - The filename for the current device.
 TYPE * - And the device type for the current device.
 DEV/TYPE * - This combines DEVICE and TYPE in a form that can be used
 as input to new.
 HARDCOPY * - This is flag which is set to 'YES' if the current device is
 a hardcopy device and 'NO' otherwise.
 TERMINAL * - This flag is set to 'YES' if the current device is the
 user's terminal and 'NO' otherwise.
 CURSOR * - A flag ('YES' or 'NO') to inform whether the current device
 has a cursor.
Those items marced with a * only return a valid answer if the window is open. A question mark (?) is returned if the item is not recognised or the information is not available.
This routine takes and array and returns the first hash reference found as well as those elements that are not hashes. Note the latter point because all other references to hashes in the array will be lost.
Convert a unit string or number into a PGPLOT-certified length unit specification, or return undef if it won't go.
This is a convenience routine for parsing a set of options. It returns both the full set of options and those that the user has set.
Saves the PGPLOT state so that changes to settings can be made and then the present state restored by _restore_status.
Restore the PGPLOT state. See "_save_status".
This routine checks and optionally alters the arguments given to it.
This is an internal routine that encapsulates all the nastiness of setting colours depending on the different PGPLOT colour models (although HLS is not supported).
The routine works in the following way:
 - At initialisation of the plot device the work colour index is set to 16. The work index is the index the routine will modify unless the user has specified something else.
 - The routine should be used after standard interpretation and synonym matching has been used. So if the colour is given as input is an integer that colour index is used.
 - If the colour is a reference the routine checks whether it is an ARRAY or a PDL reference. If it is not an error message is given. If it is a PDL reference it will be converted to an array ref.
 - If the array has four elements the first element is interpreted as the colour index to modify and this overrules the setting for the work index used internally. Otherwise the work index is used and incremented until the maximum number of colours for the output device is reached (as indicated by pgqcol). Should you wish to change that you need to read the PGPLOT documentation - it is somewhat device dependent.
 - When the array has been recognised the R,G and B colours of the user-set index or work index is set using the pgscr command and we are finished.
 - If the input colour instead is a string we try to set the colour using the PGPLOT routine pgscrn with no other error-checking. This should be ok, as that routine returns a rather sensible error-message.
This internal routine is the default routine for parsing options. This routine deals with a subset of options that most routines will accept.
Given a PGPLOT tr matrix and an image size, calculate the data world coordinates over which the image ranges. This is used in imag and cont. It keeps track of the required half-pixel offset to display images properly -- eg feeding in no tr matrix at all, nx=20, and ny=20 will will return (-0.5,19.5,-0.5,19.5). It also checks the options hash for XRange/YRange specifications and, if they are present, it overrides the appropriate output with the exact ranges in those fields.
Given a FITS image, return the PGPLOT transformation matrix to convert pixel coordinates to scientific coordinates. Used by fits_imag, fits_rgbi, and fits_cont, but may come in handy for other methods.
 my $tr = _FITS_tr( $win, $img );
 my $tr = _FITS_tr( $win, $img, $opts );
The return value ($tr in the examples above) is the same as returned by the transform() routine, with values set up to convert the pixel to scientific coordinate values for the two-dimensional image $img. The $opts argument is optional and should be a HASH reference; currently it only understands one key (any others are ignored):
 WCS => undef (default), "", or "A" to "Z"
Both the key name and value are case insensitive. If left as undef or "" then the primary coordinate mapping from the header is used, otherwise use the additional WCS mapping given by the appropriate letter. We make no checks that the given mapping is available; the routine falls back to the unit mapping if the specified system is not available.
The WCS option has only been tested on images from the Chandra X-ray satellite (_URL_ created by the CIAO software package (_URL_ for which you should set WCS => "P" to use the PHYSICAL coordinate system.
See _URL_ for further information on the Representation of World Coordinate Systems in FITS.
The coding tries to follow reasonable standards, so that all functions starting with an underscore should be considered as internal and should not be called from outside the package. In addition most routines have a set of options. These are encapsulated and are not accessible outside the routine. This is to avoid collisions between different variables.
Karl Glazebrook [_EMAIL_] modified by Jarle Brinchmann (_EMAIL_) who is also responsible for the OO interface, docs mangled by Tuomas J. Lukka (_EMAIL_) and Christian Soeller (_EMAIL_). Further contributions and bugfixes from Kaj Wiik, Doug Burke, Craig DeForest, and many others.


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08:38, November 15, 2007
Pollution from cars and power stations which causes an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels is changing the face of autumn, according to a new study by British scientists.
Leaves are turning brown later in the year than they once did because of rising levels of CO2 in the atmosphere, researchers at the University of Southampton found.
The Independent newspaper reported Wednesday that the researchers undertook two large forest ecosystem experiments, in which poplar trees in separate plots were exposed either to regular or elevated levels of CO2, from the time of planting to full maturity.
The elevated CO2 concentration was at 550 parts per million, proposed as representative of concentrations that may occur in 2050. The current level is just over 380 parts per million.
They found that the trees exposed to elevated CO2 levels retained their leaves for longer, and also experienced a smaller decline in end-of-season levels of chlorophyll, the green pigment found in leaves.
The elevated CO2 concentration also resulted in a greener autumn canopy compared with the canopy of poplars grown in atmospheric conditions with lower levels of CO2.
The researchers said photosynthesis and canopy greenness are maintained for longer in elevated CO2. This is because a CO2-rich atmosphere allows the tree to generate carbon-rich compounds that are known to prolong the life of leaves.
Over the last 30 years, atmospheric CO2 has risen by 13.5 percent, affecting the physiology and functions of plants and influencing a wide range of their internal processes.
Over the same period, the aging process, known as autumnal senescence, has begun later in Europe by between 1.2 and 1.8 days per decade, parallel to the earlier appearance of spring with buds bursting on oak trees, for example, up to 10 days earlier than they once did.
Both phenomena until now had been thought to be triggered by rising temperatures. The new research showed it is the increasing CO2 which is slowing down the trees' aging processes. Autumnal senescence in such forest ecosystems will be delayed as the atmospheric concentration of CO2 continues to rise, independent of increased temperatures, the researchers said.


Friday, July 17, 2015
How Many Monks?
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how many monks riddle
There's a monastry of fifty monks that have taken a vow of silence. They go through the same routine every day. They wake up, pray. They go to lunch, their only meal of the day, were they all sit round a big circular table, and eat a simple meal. Then they go back to their rooms and pray. Then they fall asleep.
One day, the head monk of the area comes to visit. He's a bit different - he's allowed to talk and has a life outside the monastry. He tells them that there is currently a plague ravaging the land. People everywhere are dying. The disease manifests itself as red blotches on the forehead. The blotches are the only manifestation of the disease for three months, whereupon the next stage starts, a horribly painful death.
The head monk tells them that at least one of their midst will have the disease, probably more. Anybody with the disease should kill themselves, to save all of the pain and suffering. By killing themselves, they will restrict the movement of the disease, and will go to heaven. Anybody with the disease will show the first symptoms within a month. The chief monk then leaves. He returns two months later, to find that all of the infected monks have killed themselves, and they all did it on the same day.
Bear in mind the following:
 - They have no mirrors or any other way of seeing themselves
 - The blotches appear only on the forehead and cannot be seen by the monk
 - Infected monks feel no different - the only manifestation of the first part of the disease are the blotches.
 - The monks cannot talk to each other or in any other way communicate.
 - Any monks with the disease will display the blotches within a month of the head monk leaving.
 - At least one monk definitely has the disease.
 - The monks only see each other once per day, at lunch, when they are all sat round the round table.
 - These monks are brighter than the average monk....
How did they know whether or not they were infected and why did they all kill themselves on the same day?
How Many Monks? Puzzle Solution
The way they work this out and the reason it happens on the same day is as follows. It is important to note that not only are the monks intelligent but they all know all their fellow monks are as well.
Start with one monk:
He knows he is the only one who can have the disease so he kills himself on
day 1.
Then two monks:
They know that either one of them has the disease or both do. If monk1
doesn't see the mark of the disease on monk2 then he will realise that he
must have it so will kill himself. If he sees the mark then he knows that
monk2 will following the same reasoning and kill himself. If the next day
the other monk is still alive then he realises that the other monk must have
seen the mark on him and so they both have the disease and he must kill
himself. Both follow the same reasoning and kill themselves on day 2.
Three monks:
If only one of the monks has the disease he will see no mark on the other
two and so diagnose himself. He will kill himself on day one. If two monks
have the disease then they will each see one monk with the mark and one
without. When they see each other again the next day they will deduce that
the monk they see with the mark would only not have killed himself if he
could see someone else with the mark. They know it is not the third monk so
it must be them. Both diseased monks follow the same reasoning and kill
themselves on day two. If all three monks have the disease then they are all
in the same position as the healthy monk in looking on in the previous
example. Each of them can see two diseased men. When they haven't both
killed themselves on day two there can be only one reason - the viewing monk
must have the mark as well. All taking the same reasoning they all kill
themselves on day three.
And so on...
N monks all with the disease will all kill themselves on day N.
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Plants of the Eastern Broadleaf Forest
Explore the plants of other plant communities
Eastern deciduous forests consist of primarily broad-leaved trees that lose their leaves each autumn. There may be a scattering of evergreens in some locations having poorer soils, such as rock outcroppings and wetlands. Wildflower species include spring ephemerals that typically bloom before the trees begin leafing out each spring. Later blooming wildflowers are generally found at the forest's edge and in openings where sunlight reaches the forest floor.
Individual species have preferences to where they grow. For instance, some species will tend to be found in seasonally flooded forests along the river's edge while others will tend to live in drier upland forests.
Visit a floodplain forest: Crosby Farm Regional Park
Visit an upland forest: Battle Creek Regional Park
Last updated: May 27, 2019
Contact the Park
Mailing Address:
111 E. Kellogg Blvd., Suite 105
Saint Paul, MN 55101
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This article is
- freely available
Mapping Land Subsidence Related to Underground Coal Fires in the Wuda Coalfield (Northern China) Using a Small Stack of ALOS PALSAR Differential Interferograms
Institute of Spatial Information Technique, Department of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
Institute of Remote Sensing and Geoscience, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
Geological Survey of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 311203, China
Laboratory of Ocean Dynamic Processes and Satellite Oceanography of State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou 310012, China
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 12 January 2013; in revised form: 19 February 2013 / Accepted: 28 February 2013 / Published: 4 March 2013
Abstract: Coal fires have been found to be a serious problem worldwide in coal mining reserves. Coal fires burn valuable coal reserves and lead to severe environmental degradation of the region. Moreover, coal fires can result in massive surface displacements due to the reduction in volume of the burning coal and can cause thermal effects in the adjacent rock mass particularly cracks and fissures. The Wuda coalfield in Northern China is known for being an exclusive storehouse of prime coking coal as well as for being the site of occurrence of the maximum number of known coal fires among all the coalfields in China and worldwide, and is chosen as our study area. In this study, we have investigated the capabilities and limitations of ALOS PALSAR data for monitoring the land subsidence that accompanies coal fires by means of satellite differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) observations. An approach to map the large and highly non-linear subsidence based on a small number of SAR images was applied to the Wuda coalfield to reveal the spatial and temporal signals of land subsidence in areas affected by coal fires. The DInSAR results agree well with coal fire data obtained from field investigations and thermal anomaly information, which demonstrates that the capability of ALOS PALSAR data and the proposed approach have remarkable potential to detect this land subsidence of interest. In addition, our results also provide a spatial extent and temporal evolution of the land subsidence behavior accompanying the coal fires, which indicated that several coal fire zones suffer accelerated ongoing land subsidence, whilst other coal fire zones are newly subsiding areas arising from coal fires in the period of development.
Keywords: coal fires; land subsidence; ALOS PALSAR; DInSAR; Wuda coalfield
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Zhou, L.; Zhang, D.; Wang, J.; Huang, Z.; Pan, D. Mapping Land Subsidence Related to Underground Coal Fires in the Wuda Coalfield (Northern China) Using a Small Stack of ALOS PALSAR Differential Interferograms. Remote Sens. 2013, 5, _PHONE_.
Zhou L, Zhang D, Wang J, Huang Z, Pan D. Mapping Land Subsidence Related to Underground Coal Fires in the Wuda Coalfield (Northern China) Using a Small Stack of ALOS PALSAR Differential Interferograms. Remote Sensing. 2013; 5(3):_PHONE_.
Zhou, Lifan; Zhang, Dengrong; Wang, Jie; Huang, Zhaoquan; Pan, Delu. 2013. "Mapping Land Subsidence Related to Underground Coal Fires in the Wuda Coalfield (Northern China) Using a Small Stack of ALOS PALSAR Differential Interferograms." Remote Sens. 5, no. 3: _PHONE_.


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Loud Class Uses WizIQ to Instantly Reach ESL Instructors across 170 Centers in Korea
Loud Class provides English Language training to students of all age groups across Korea. 1300 teachers in 170 Loud Class centers, spread across the length of Korea, are addressing the need of more than 45000 students to get trained in the global language, English. The reason for the popularity of Loud Class is its unconventional method of teaching English to students. Instead of making students learn English grammar and usage, they use critical situations to help students learn the language. This is a very practical approach to learning English. The teachers at Loud Class are specially trained to provide such learning to students at Loud Class. Apart from 1 week training at the center HQ, teachers need to take additional 2 week training and additionally participate in workshops and training sessions once a quarter. The resources involved in getting the teachers trained were way too high. It's then that Loud Class decided to leverage eLearning platform for providing training.
After trying platforms like Adobe Connect, Skype and WizIQ, both the management as well as the teachers found WizIQ to be more cost effective, useful and effective in imparting the trainings.
WizIQ Virtual Classroom enabled Loud Class to:
- Significantly reduce training costs
- Increase attendance for each seminar
- Conduct as many seminars and training workshops as required
- Present highly useful and interactive workshops, using various media and features in one platform
WizIQ enabled Loud Class to continue to provide rich, interactive training sessions to its teachers at fraction of the original cost. With the ability to reach wider audience and engage each participant, Loud Class can now focus on its growth plans and extend its services to new regions and geographies.
Download this free case study and learn how WizIQ's advanced virtual classroom enabled Loud Class to maximize on its teacher training efforts at a fraction of the original cost.


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Harry Potter is definitely shelved in the fantasy section, but certain elements of the series pertain to real life. A Tuscon museum exhibit studies connections between J.K. Rowling's magical world and our own, in an article from NBC.
The Harry Potter stories have been an inspiring literacy phenomenon, and the roots of the story are actually based in Renaissance beliefs, practices and studies. The U.S. National Library of Medicine has conjured up a fun and educational multimedia exhibit exploring the roots of Harry Potter's world of wizardry in Western sciences.
…It features a "Hogwart's Potions Laboratory," including pharmaceutical materials loaned by the History of Pharmacy Museum, a collection of wands, historical illustrations of monsters and magical beasts, and more.
What is your favorite aspect of wizarding culture?


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IEEE Learning Technology Standards Committee (LTSC)
The mission of IEEE LTSC working groups is to develop technical Standards, Recommended Practices, and Guides for software components, tools, technologies and design methods that facilitate the development, deployment, maintenance and interoperation of computer implementations of education and training components and systems. LTSC has been chartered by the IEEE Computer Society Standards Activity Board. Many of the standards developed by LTSC will be advanced as international standards by Working Groups that include: General, Learner-related, Content-related, Data and Metadata, and Management Systems and Applications.
Schools Interoperability Framework
The Schools Interoperability Framework (SIF) is an industry initiative to develop an open specification for ensuring that K-12 instructional and administrative software applications work together more effectively. SIF is not a product, but rather an industry-supported technical blueprint for K-12 software that will enable diverse applications to interact and share data seamlessly; now and in the future.
Consortium for School Networking
The Consortium for School Networking (CoSN) promotes the use of telecommunications to improve K-12 learning. Members represent state and local education agencies, nonprofits, companies and individuals who share that vision. Their goals are: Leadership Development, Advocacy, Coalition Building, and Emerging Technology.


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Analytical Equivalent Circuit Model
Mechanical systems can be converted into electrical circuits by using the analogy between the mechanical and the electrical domains. One way to implement this analogy is to replace the forces in the mechanical domain by voltage sources and velocities by electrical currents. Then, an equivalent circuit of the system is constructed. This method becomes an even more powerful tool for the analysis of electromechanical systems where some parts of the system are already in the electrical domain. For example, equivalent circuit analysis is successfully used for piezoelectric transducers for their design and optimization.
Recently, the equivalent circuit model was employed for the characterization of CMUTs [2, 3]. Fig. 1 shows the equivalent circuit for a CMUT transducer. In the electrical part, C0 is the clamped capacitance of the device at the bias voltage. Spring softening capacitance and the mechanical membrane impedance constitute the mechanical part. The two parts are coupled together through an electromechanical transformer.
Compared to the FEM, the equivalent circuit provides quick solutions for many analyses. For example, collapse voltage is one of the critical parameters of a CMUT device. It may very well take about several hours to calculate the collapse voltage of a specific design. Therefore, there is a need for a fast, yet reliable, design tool. We have developed software, specifically for the CMUT, that outputs most of the important parameters, within an acceptable error margin for most of the practical cases. For example, compared to FEM, this software is capable of calculating the collapse voltage in couple of seconds with less than five percent error. The heart of this software is the ability to find the static displacement profile of the CMUT membrane under a uniform pressure (i.e. atmospheric pressure) and a specific DC voltage. It relies on plate theory to find the exact displacement profile. The calculated profile using this software matches very well the result of FEM simulation. For dynamic simulations, this software uses the well-known equivalent circuit models, depicted in Fig. 1. The value of parameters associated with CMUT in these circuit models (i.e. C0, n and Zmem) are calculated using the displacement profile of the membrane and plate theory. Using these circuits, it is easy to find the input impedance, output pressure, output receive signal, signal-to-noise ratio, etc.
FIGURE 1. (a) Equivalent circuit model of CMUT in transmit. (b) Equivalent circuit model of CMUT in receive. R s: Source Impedance, L TUN: Tuning Inductance, C P,S: Parasitic Series Capacitance, R P,S: Parasitic Series Resistance, R P,P: Parasitic Parallel Resistance, C P,P: Parasitic Parallel Capacitance, C 0: Device Capacitance, n: Electromechanical Conversion Factor, Z mem: Membrane Mechanical Impedance, R loss: Mechanical Loss, Z med: Medium Impedance, C amp: Amplifier Input Capacitance, R amp: Amplifier Input Resistance.
 Mason WP, "Electromechanical Transducers and Wave Filters". New York, NY: Van Nostrand, 1948.
 Ladabaum I, Jin X, Soh HT, Atalar A, and Khuri-Yakub BT, "Surface Micromachined Capacitive Ultrasonic Transducers," IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, vol. 45, pp. 678-690, May 1998.
 Khuri-Yakub BT, Cheng CH, Degertekin FL, Ergun S, Hansen S, Jin XC, and Oralkan Ö, "Silicon Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers," Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 39, pp. 2883-2887, 2000.
 A. Nikoozadeh, B. Bayram, G. G. Yaralioglu, and B. T. Khuri-Yakub, "Analytical calculation of collapse voltage of CMUT membrane", Proc. IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, Vol. 1, Aug. 2004, pp. 256-259.


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Learn about nursing two different aged children.
InteliHealth Medical Content
Tandem nursing is when a mother breastfeeds two or more children of different ages. This may occur if a mother becomes pregnant while she is still nursing her other child. Or, mothers have described instances where a weaned toddler begins to regress in behavior and wants to nurse along with the newborn.
Nursing both infant and toddler can provide an excellent teaching opportunity for the toddler. Tandem breast-feeding enables the toddler to learn to share, to learn gentle touching of the newborn, and allows for periods of affection between the two children with supervision by the mother. Both mother and toddler may not want to give up the special time that they enjoy through breast-feeding.
In deciding whether to tandem nurse, consider whether the nurturing at the breast will provide an important emotional benefit to the toddler. But also consider your own comfort and physical well-being. If you begin to feel resentment toward the toddler, it is better to wean so as not to transmit negative feelings toward him.
While nursing, it is important to maintain a nutritious diet. When nursing two children, the breasts will be well stimulated and produce an ample milk supply. You can reserve a particular breast for each child each day and then rotate. You will be at less risk of engorgement because of the efficient nursing of the toddler. If you have a very strong letdown (initial flow of milk) the toddler can nurse for a few minutes first to reduce the flow of the milk. If the physical logistics of nursing two children at once are difficult, a nursing sling or carrier for the newborn can help.
Mood swings are very common during the early weeks. Mothers often say that they feel "touched out" by the continual nurturing of both children. These feelings are very common. Your partner can help by arranging for you to have some personal time every day.
Last updated December 02, 2011


The y2038 implementation for perl =========================================================================== This is an implementation of POSIX time.h which solves the year 2038 bug on systems where time_t is only 32 bits. It is implemented in bog-standard ANSI C. The latest version can be found at It makes use of the system's native 32 bit functions to perform time zone and daylight savings time calculations and thus does *not* need to ship its own time zone table. time64.h currently implements three public functions, localtime64_r(), gmtime64_r() and timegm64(). They are implementations of localtime_r(), gmtime_r() and timegm64(). To install, simply copy time64.c and time64.h into your project and make use of the functions. To test, run "make test". You must have Perl, prove (which comes with a recent version of the Test::Harness Perl module) and bzdiff installed to run the full test suite. It will do a number of unit tests, plus test against a large table of known good values in different time zones. Limitations, Issues, etc... --------------------------- localtime64_r() gets its time zone and daylight savings time information by mapping the future year back to a similar one between 2010 and 2037, safe for localtime_r(). The calculations are accurate according to current time zone and daylight savings information, but may become inaccurate if a change is made that takes place after 2010. Future versions will probe for a 64 bit safe system localtime_r() and gmtime_r() and use that. The maximum date is still limited by your tm struct. Most 32 bit systems use a signed integer tm_year which means the practical upper limit is the year _PHONE_ which is somewhere around 2**54. You can use a 64 bit clean tm struct by setting USE_TM64 in time64.h Portability ----------- I would like to add some configuration detection stuff in the future, but for now all I can do is document the assumptions... This code assumes that long longs are 64 bit integers which is technically in violation of the C standard. This can be changed in time64.h by changing the Time64_T and Int64 typedefs. There are a number of configuration options in time64.h. Configure variables ------------------- Configure probes for the maximum and minimum values that gmtime () and localtime () accept on the local system. Configure however is only used on unix-like systems. For windows and VMS these values are hard-coded. You can use timecheck.c in the Porting directory to check those values yourself, using the same technique that is used in Configure based on bit-shifting: $ cd perl/Porting $ cc -O -o timecheck timecheck.c $./timecheck ====================== Sizeof time_t = 8 gmtime () boundaries: 8: 0x00f0c2ab7c54a97f: _PHONE_-31 23:59:59 8: -0x0000000e79747c00: 0-01-01 00:00:00 localtime () boundaries: 8: 0x00f0c2ab7c549b6f: _PHONE_-31 23:59:59 8: -0x0000000e79748094: 0-01-01 00:00:00 Configure variables: sGMTIME_max='67768036191676799' sGMTIME_min='-62167219200' sLOCALTIME_max='67768036191673199' sLOCALTIME_min='-62167220372' In the rare case that your system uses a double for time_t, you can use the alternate approach to test for these values: $ cd perl/Porting $ cc -O -o timecheck2{,.c} $./timecheck2 gmtime max 67768036191676800 localtime max 67768036191673200 gmtime min -67768040609740800 localtime min -67768040609741968